cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Constellation of Stigmas: Intersectional Stigma Management and the Professional Dominatrix

In this article, we explore stigma management among dominatrices, a relatively understudied profession within the literature on sex work. Our analysis is based on in-depth interviews with current and former dominatrices and published memoirs and blogs written by women who have worked in the industry. We argue that the professional dominatrix occupies a unique position within the sex industry, responding to stigma directed toward her both as a sex worker and practitioner of sadomasochism. Our research has implications for understanding the management of intersecting stigmas and the relationship between stigma management and social ideologies of gender, sexuality, and sex work.
Teaching Tense through Texts and Drills: Comparison of Test Scores

Comparison of Teaching Tense through Texts and Drills: A Case Study in Thailand was to study the effectiveness, the causes and advantages and disadvantages of the effects following from these teaching methods. Both grammar classes of grade 11 students of English Program Department of Assumption College Thonburi were taught by two different teaching methods, using texts and drills. They were tested by pre-test and post-test. The results and the opinions of both tests of both classes were compared. The students in the class taught by drills got higher development score; however, the other class already got high scores in their pre-test and we can't see much improvement from their score because there's not much chance to improve anymore. Moreover, the questionnaire asking about the students' opinions and suggestions about the tests expressed that one of the most possible way suggested is that teachers should choose the teaching styles which are appropriate with their own students according to some specific, individual factors of each class.
The Socialization of Emotional Understanding: A Comparison of Neglectful and Nonneglectful Mothers and Their Children

This study investigated the influence of maternal socialization (i.e., maternal support, discussion of emotion, negative affect) on children's emotional understanding in 24 neglectful mother-child dyads and a matched control group. Mothers and children were administered an interaction task. Mothers were also assessed for negative emotional experience, and children were assessed for emotional understanding and expectations of maternal support. Findings indicated that neglectful mothers, compared with nonneglectful mothers, provided less support in response to their children's emotional displays, engaged in less emotional discussion, and reported more negative emotion. As well, neglected children demonstrated lower levels of emotional understanding than nonmaltreated children. Further, maternal support mediated the relation between neglect and children's emotional understanding. Findings are discussed from the functionalist approach to emotional development, emphasizing the importance of social context and socialization on children's emotional understanding.
Chute Flows of Granular Material: Some Computer Simulations

A computer simulation has been developed to describe unidirectional flows of granular materials. Results are presented for a simulation of the two-dimensional flow of disks or cylinders down an inclined plane or chute. Velocity and solid fraction profiles were measured from the simulated systems and compared with theoretical analyses and are compared with the limited experimental results now available. The behavior is shown to be critically dependent on a third field quantity -- the "granular temperature" -- a measure of the kinetic energy contained in the random motions of the particles.
How well do shopbots represent online markets? A study of shopbots’ vendor coverage strategy

Consumers often use shopbots to search for information when making purchase decisions in Internet markets. Although they have varying sensitivity to shopbot bias, consumers generally prefer accurate market representation. However, in choosing the accuracy of market representation, shopbots must balance the desires of consumers with the costs of providing their services and with the desires of the vendors, who are often the largest source of their revenue. In this paper, we study how accurately shopbots represent a market and analyze the strategies shopbots adopt to achieve market representativeness. We theoretically identify two important drivers in shopbot vendor coverage strategy – how many vendors it covers (shopbot size) and which vendors it covers (shopbot affiliation) – and analytically show how the drivers affect shopbot market representativeness. We report the results of a large-scale study in which we collected 2.2 million vendor price listings from eight shopbots and develop metrics for measuring shopbot size, shopbot affiliation, and shopbot market representativeness. We found that (1) shopbots do not represent markets equally well; (2) size drives a shopbot's market representativeness positively whereas affiliation drives a shopbot's market representativeness negatively; (3) shopbots follow differnet vendor representative strategies to pursue market representativeness.
Scheduling of Work Forces Required in Continuous Operations Under Alternative Labor Policies

For a seven day a week operation in which N employees are needed on each weekday and n on each weekend day, with N at least as large as n, the effects of time-off policies on the size of the work force are studied. The simplest time-off schedule considered is one in which each employee has two days off out of the week. The most complicated is the policy under which each employee gets even other weekend off, four days off in each two weeks, and all days off in two-day blocks. After the minimum necessary work force has been determined for a policy, it is then shown how any work force meeting the requirement can actually be scheduled.
Group-Valued Measures on the Lattice of Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space

We show there are no non-trivial finite Abelian group-valued measures on the lattice of closed subspaces of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, and we use this to establish that the unigroup of the lattice of closed subspaces of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is divisible. The main technique is a combinatorial construction of a set of vectors in R2ngeneralizing properties of those used in various treatments of the Kochen–Specker theorem in R4.
Isolation and identification of major metabolites of rifalazil in mouse and human.

1. Three metabolites of rifalazil have been isolated from dog urine and identified as 25-deacetyl-rifalazil, 30-hydroxy-rifalazil and 25-deacetyl-30-hydroxy-rifalazil. In the current study major metabolites of rifalazil in mouse and human were isolated and identified, and their antimicrobial activities determined. 2. Urinary excretion of rifalazil and its metabolites in six mouse strains, CD-1 (ICR), BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/He, DBA/2 and CBA/J, was examined. Two major metabolites were detected in mouse urine obtained after several oral doses, and the proportion of rifalazil metabolites against total urinary excretion varied over a 2-fold range (4.8-8.7%) in the different mouse strains. 3. One of two major metabolites in mouse urine was 25-deacetyl-rifalazil and the other was unknown: it was isolated from mouse urine and identified by ms and 1H- and 13C-nmr as 32-hydroxy-rifalazil. 4. In human, two major metabolites of rifalazil were detected in urine obtained after administration of a single oral dose. These...
Tetralogy of Fallot and Coarctation of the Aorta: Successful Repair in an Infant

Abstract A 4½-month-old infant was referred to our center with the rare combination of tetralogy of Fallot and coarctation of the aorta. Despite the presence of severe right ventricular outflow obstruction, the infant was virtually acyanotic because of the systemic afterload associated with the coarctation. She had marked systemic hypertension. The embryological and therapeutic implications of this child's defects are discussed.
Futures Commitments and Exchange Rate Volatility

It is commonly suggested that certain groups of futures traders, such as speculators and small traders, exacerbate cash market volatility. Empirical research on the subject has been conducted in context of the relationship between price volatility and futures volume or open interest and fails to satisfactorily resolve such an issue. This paper examines the relationship between exchange rate variability and futures trading activity in the context of disaggregated open interest. The data and techniques employed allow for more specific inferences regarding which group of traders contribute to exchange volatility. The results suggest that while ‘typical’ levels of futures commitments are not destabilizing, surges in the level of commitments of large speculators and small traders causes exchange rate volatility. The actual release of the commitment-of-traders data, however, has no impact on spot prices.
Some Consequences of Thermosolutal Convection: The Grain Structure of Castings

The essential principles of thermosolutal convection are outlined, and how convection provides a transport mechanism between the mushy region of a casting and the open bulk liquid is illustrated. The convective flow patterns which develop assist in heat exchange and macroscopic solute segregation during solidification; they also provide a mechanism for the transport of dendritic fragments from the mushy region into the bulk liquid. Surviving fragments become nuclei for equiaxed grains and so lead to blocking of the parental columnar, dendritic growth front from which they originated. The physical steps in such a sequence are considered and some experimental data are provided to support the argument.
The effects of environmental stress on outbreaks of infectious diseases of fishes

Infectious diseases of fishes occur when susceptible fishes are exposed to virulent pathogens under certain environmental stress conditions. Very little research has been carried out to show the effect of pollution on outbreaks of infectious diseases of fishes. Therefore, examples taken from the literature were selected and reviewed to show the coincidence of infectious diseases with stress caused by temperature, eutrophication, sewage, metabolic products of fishes, industrial pollution, and pesticides.
Performance study of a new crosslink-aided User Range Accuracy (URA) integrity monitor algorithm for LPV-200

A new algorithm for the GPS satellite User Range Accuracy (URA) integrity monitor that incorporates the satellite ranging measurements taken at ground monitor stations, aided by the crosslink ranging measurements taken between the GPS satellites, is presented. The new algorithm provides improved performance and eliminates the need for a key assumption of a previous algorithm that used ground and crosslink measurements. The performance of the new algorithm is analyzed and measured by the values of the minimum monitorable URA (MMU) for the satellites in the constellation. The availability of LPV-200 operations for an aviation GPS receiver that uses the MMU values as URAs to derive its integrity assured navigation position solution is also analyzed. The LPV- 200 availabilities at representative US and worldwide airport locations are presented. Improved performance of the new algorithm is shown as a reduction of the MMU value and an increase of the LPV-200 availability.
A TDC-based front-end for rapid impedance spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy (IS) is an important technique for monitoring and detection of biomaterials. In order to enable point-of-care systems, low-cost IS systems capable of rapidly measuring a wide range of biomaterials are required. This paper presents an IS front-end which utilizes a time-to-digital converter (TDC) and a peak detector circuit (PDC) for quick measurement of both impedance phase and magnitude, respectively. Designed in a 0.18μm CMOS process, the front-end is capable of performing impedance measurements in 6μs at frequencies ranging from 100Hz-10MHz and with a 100Ω-1MΩ dynamic range. Simulation results with cell impedance models show that the system achieves <;2.5% magnitude and <;2.2° phase error. The front-end consumes 28mW total power and occupies 0.4mm2 area.
Loss of the nf1 tumor suppressor gene decreases fas antigen expression in myeloid cells.

Genetic loss of surface Fas antigen expression leads to reduced apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells, and a propensity to develop autoimmunity and myeloid leukemia in mouse models. Oncogenic p21ras decreases surface Fas antigen expression and renders fibroblasts resistant to Fas mediated apoptosis. Neurofibromin, which is encoded by NF1, is a GTPase activating protein that negatively regulates p21ras activity. NF1 loss leads to deregulation of p21ras-effector pathways, which control myeloid cell survival. Heterozygous inactivation of Nf1 increases mast cell numbers in Nf1 +/− mice, and enhances mast cell survival in response to c-kit ligand (kit-L). Here, we show that Nf1-deficient mast cells have reduced surface Fas antigen expression in response to kit-L and are resistant to Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis. Using genetic intercrosses between Nf1 +/− and class I A-PI-3K-deficient mice, we demonstrate that hyperactivation of the p21ras-class IA PI-3K pathway is the mechanism for this phenotype. Finally, we demonstrate that mast cells from both Fas antigen-deficient mice and Nf1 +/− mice are resistant to apoptosis following kit-L withdrawal in vivo. Thus, therapies designed to decrease p21ras activity and up-regulate Fas antigen expression may limit the pathological accumulation of myeloid cells in disease states where p21ras is hyperactivated.
Prostato-symphyseal Fistula After Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate: Case Series and Literature Review of a Rare Complication

Objective To report our experience with the management of prostato-symphyseal fistula (PSF) after photoselective vaporization (PVP) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and review cases of this complication in published reports. Materials and Methods We report the management of 3 patients with PSF after PVP at our institution. A total of 5 published cases of PSF after PVP or TURP were identified from the National Library of Medicine MEDLINE database. A total of 8 patients were reviewed. Results Overall, the mean age was 71 years (range, 50-83 years), and average follow-up was 4.3 months (range, 1-7 months). Mean prostate volume was 32 mL (range, 16-38 mL). Five patients developed PSF after PVP and 3 patients after TURP. The most common postoperative symptoms included difficulty ambulating (100%) and pelvic, groin, and/or lower abdominal pain (85%). Associated diagnoses included osteitis pubis (38%) and urinoma (50%). Infectious complications were urinary tract infection (25%), osteomyelitis (38%), and infected urinoma (38%). Average time to diagnosis of PSF was 3.5 months (range, 0.5-11 months). Operative intervention was necessary in 75% of patients. Conclusion This is the first reported case series on the management of PSF after PVP or TURP. This complication can be difficult to diagnose, manage, and may cause significant patient morbidity. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients commonly present with non-urologic symptoms leading to a delay in diagnosis. Further studies are needed to assess the incidence and optimal management of this complication.
Semiempirical polarization potential for low-energy positron-atom and positron-atomic-ion interactions. I. Theory: Hydrogen and the noble gases

A simple model for the effects of polarization is introduced for the study of positron-atom interactions. The model is also used to study positronium-atom interactions by treatment of such systems as the interactions of positrons with polarizable anions. The model depends upon the average dipole polarizability of the atom (or ion) and one disposable parameter, an effective radius. The effective radius is determined by fitting calculated scattering lengths for H and He and the calculated positronium affinity of H to their well-established values, and by interpolating on the ionization potentials for other atoms. The model produces quite satisfactory phase shifts and cross sections for positrons scattering elastically off H, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. The model appears to be equal or superior in predictive power to the much more elaborate polarized-orbital model recently formulated by McEachran et al. The model predicts that none of the rare-gas atoms studied will bind a positron. As a measure of how far from binding they are, negative values of the positron affinity are devised by appealing to effective-range theory and a heuristic argument involving the dependence of the calculated scattering length on the disposable parameter in the model.
Modeling instability development in layered systems

Abstract This study investigates patterns of finger development and propagation in layered porous media. Fingers are created with interfacial perturbations, formed by adding a thin zone of regularly varying hydraulic conductivity along the layer. Simulation results agree qualitatively with those observed in two-dimensional laboratory experiments. In all cases, the formation of instabilities requires seeding of perturbations, even if the system is unstably stratified. A series of simulations show how the shapes of the instabilities differ according to where along the unstable interface the instabilities form and the layer in which they develop. Pathline analyses indicate how the patterns of flow in the domain can be exceedingly complex. Concentration distributions are influenced by movements of water between layers and the formation of a large convection cell in the lowermost layer. These numerical investigations reinforce inferences from the experimental studies that classical stability theory is less useful in determining whether instabilities will form and what their shape will be. Even with the relatively simple layering, patterns of flow and resulting concentrations are complex.
Energetic electrons in the midlatitude nighttime E-region

Nike Apache 14.439 was launched from Wallops Island at 0003 EST on 1 November 1972, a very disturbed night (K sub P = 8). A Geiger counter in the payload detected electrons ( keV) with a maximum flux of 1086 + or -261/sq cm/sec/ster. The height-averaged ionization rate in the upper E region is calculated from the measured electron density profile and has a value of 35 1/cu/cm/sec. The ionization rate can be reconciled with the observed flux of electrons ( 70 2 keV) if the spectrum ( keV) is of the form J ( E) = J sub O exp(-E/E sub O) with E sub O equal to 8.3 keV. The ionization rate on this and other nights is found to be strongly dependent on geomagnetic activity. It is suggested that energetic electrons are the principal source of ionization at midlatitudes in the upper E region near midnight, even under rather quiet geomagnetic conditions.
Modeling of Fatigue Crack Propagation During Sliding Wear of Polymers

The propagation of a crack initiating at the surface was analyzed to simulate the fatigue wear behavior of glassy polymer materials. A crack in a material half plane was assumed to propagate along a predefined path as a result of contact loading by a cylinder sliding on the polymer surface. The crack path consisted of a vertical straight-line segment and a declined straight line originating at a branch point on the vertical crack segment. The stress intensity factors K I and K II along the crack path were computed by using finite element methods, and their values utilized in the Paris law to determine crack propagation rates. Because this process simulates surface pitting. component fatigue life is assumed to be proportional to the time needed for the propagating declined crack to intersect a neighboring vertical crack, a condition known to lead to pitting. This fatigue life is estimated by integrating the Paris law. Numerical results show that the branch point where the declined crack path originates can effectively hinder crack propagation, and that the rate limiting step in fatigue is crack propagation along a small segment of the declined crack near the branch point. Some important factors that affect the reliability of numerically predicted fatigue life cycles are discussed. Experimental crack propagation paths and lifetimes are shown.
Efficient computation of close lower and upper bounds on the minimum number of recombinations in biological sequence evolution

Motivation: We are interested in studying the evolution of DNA single nucleotide polymorphism sequences which have undergone (meiotic) recombination. For a given set of sequences, computing the minimum number of recombinations needed to explain the sequences (with one mutation per site) is a standard question of interest, but it has been shown to be NP-hard, and previous algorithms that compute it exactly work either only on very small datasets or on problems with special structure. Results: In this paper, we present efficient, practical methods for computing both upper and lower bounds on the minimum number of needed recombinations, and for constructing evolutionary histories that explain the input sequences. We study in detail the efficiency and accuracy of these algorithms on both simulated and real data sets. The algorithms produce very close upper and lower bounds, which match exactly in a surprisingly wide range of data. Thus, with the use of new, very effective lower bounding methods and an efficient algorithm for computing upper bounds, this approach allows the efficient, exact computation of the minimum number of needed recombinations, with high frequency in a large range of data. When upper and lower bounds match, evolutionary histories found by our algorithm correspond to the most parsimonious histories. Availability: HapBound and SHRUB, programs implementing the new algorithms discussed in this paper, are available at http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~gusfield/lu.html Contact: yssong@cs.ucdavis.edu
Young women's perceptions of the benefits of childbearing: associations with contraceptive use and pregnancy.

CONTEXT: High unintended pregnancy rates and inconsistencies between reported pregnancy intentions and contraceptive behaviors have been well documented among young U.S. women. Womens beliefs about the benefits of childbearing and motherhood may be related to the apparent disconnect between pregnancy intentions and reproductive outcomes. METHODS: Perceived benefits of childbearing and feelings about a potential pregnancy were assessed among 1377 women aged 15-24 (most of them black or Latina) participating in a longitudinal study in 2005-2008. The women who were initiating hormonal contraception at public family planning clinics and did not want to become pregnant for one year were followed for 12 months. Differences in perceived benefits of childbearing by participant characteristics were examined with linear regression using a new multi-item measure. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to investigate the association of perceived benefits of childbearing with subsequent contraceptive discontinuation and pregnancy. RESULTS: Perceptions of the benefits of childbearing decreased with increasing age (coefficient -0.04) and white women perceived fewer benefits to childbearing than blacks (-0.2). As womens perception of the benefits of childbearing increased their one-year pregnancy rates increased after demographic characteristics and feelings about a potential pregnancy were controlled for (hazard ratio 1.2). Benefits of childbearing were not associated with contraceptive discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: To better assess pregnancy risk among young women wanting to avoid pregnancy it may be useful to acknowledge that they hold not only explicit pregnancy desires but also beliefs about the benefits of childbearing which may influence sexual behavior and pregnancy. Copyright (c) 2013 by the Guttmacher Institute.
The shape of 433 eros from the NEAR-shoemaker laser rangefinder

Measurements from the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR)–Shoemaker Laser Rangefinder (NLR) indicate that asteroid 433 Eros is a consolidated body with a complex shape dominated by collisions. The offset between the asteroid's center of mass and center of figure indicates a small deviation from a homogeneous internal structure that is most simply explained by variations in mechanical structure. Regional-scale relief and slope distributions show evidence for control of topography by a competent substrate. Impact crater morphology is influenced by both gravity and structural control. Small-scale topography reveals ridges and grooves that may be generated by impact-related fracturing.
Confused, timid, and unstable: picking a video streaming rate is hard

Today's commercial video streaming services use dynamic rate selection to provide a high-quality user experience. Most services host content on standard HTTP servers in CDNs, so rate selection must occur at the client. We measure three popular video streaming services -- Hulu, Netflix, and Vudu -- and find that accurate client-side bandwidth estimation above the HTTP layer is hard. As a result, rate selection based on inaccurate estimates can trigger a feedback loop, leading to undesirably variable and low-quality video. We call this phenomenon the "downward spiral effect", and we measure it on all three services, present insights into its root causes, and validate initial solutions to prevent it.
Effects of inadequate vitamin E and/or selenium nutrition on enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism.

Abstract Effects of inadequate vitamin E (E) and/or selenium (Se) nutrition on the activities of cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidase system (heme hydroperoxidase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase), and epoxide hydrolase have been investigated. Heme hydroperoxidase activity of liver and lung microsomes was significantly decreased in E deficiency. In the liver, Se deficiency resulted in a significant increase in hydroperoxidase activity. In contrast to the peroxidase activity, liver demethylase activity was only marginally affected in E Se deficiency states. However, kidney demethylase activity was increased two fold in Se deficient states. Liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity was significantly increased in both E and Se deficiency states.
Cdk4 disruption renders primary mouse cells resistant to oncogenic transformation, leading to Arf/p53-independent senescence

A large number of human cancers display alterations in the Ink4a/cyclin D/Cdk4 genetic pathway, suggesting that activation of Cdk4 plays an important role in oncogenesis. Here we report that Cdk4-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts are resistant to transformation in response to Ras activation with dominant-negative (DN) p53 expression or in the Ink4a/Arf-null background, judged by foci formation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenesis in athymic mice. Cdk4-null fibroblasts proliferate at normal rates during early passages. Whereas Cdk4(+/+)Ink4a/Arf(-/-) cells are immortal in culture, Cdk4(-/-)Ink4a/Arf(-/-) cells undergo senescence during continuous culture, as do wild-type cells. Activated Ras also induces premature senescence in Cdk4(-/-)Ink4a/Arf(-/-) cells and Cdk4(-/-) cells with DNp53 expression. Thus, Cdk4 deficiency causes senescence in a unique Arf/p53-independent manner, which accounts for the loss of transformation potential. Cdk4-null cells express high levels of p21(Cip1/Waf1) with increased protein stability. Suppression of p21(Cip1/Waf1) by small interfering RNA (siRNA), as well as expression of HPV-E7 oncoprotein, restores immortalization and Ras-mediated transformation in Cdk4(-/-)Ink4a/Arf(-/-) cells and Cdk4(-/-) cells with DNp53 expression. Therefore, Cdk4 is essential for immortalization, and suppression of Cdk4 could be a prospective strategy to recruit cells with inactive Arf/p53 pathway to senescence.
Prevalence and Sequence Variants of IS481 in Bordetella bronchiseptica: Implications for IS481-Based Detection of Bordetella pertussis

We report the prevalence in Bordetella bronchiseptica of IS481, a frequent target for diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis, as approximately 5%. However, PCR amplicons of the predicted size were detectable in 78% of IS481-negative strains. Our results suggest that PCR targeting IS481 may not be sufficiently specific for reliable identification of B. pertussis.
An investigation of tissue-temperature elevation caused by recharging of transcutaneous nueromodulation devices

Heat transfer associated with the electrical recharging of transcutaneous neuromodulation devices was investigated by a combination of experimentation and numerical simulation. The investigation was performed for the most commonly used neuromodulation systems. Temperature elevations within perfused tissue were obtained. For one selected device, it is shown that temperature elevations are sufficiently moderate so as not to cause concern of injury.
Cryptic transcripts from a ubiquitous plasmid origin of replication confound tests for cis-regulatory function

A vast amount of research on the regulation of gene expression has relied on plasmid reporter assays. In this study, we show that plasmids widely used for this purpose constitutively produce substantial amounts of RNA from a TATA-containing cryptic promoter within the origin of replication. Readthrough of these RNAs into the intended transcriptional unit potently stimulated reporter activity when the inserted test sequence contained a 3' splice site (ss). We show that two human sequences, originally reported to be internal ribosome entry sites and later to instead be promoters, mimic both types of element in dicistronic reporter assays by causing these cryptic readthrough transcripts to splice in patterns that allow efficient translation of the downstream cistron. Introduction of test sequences containing 3' ss into monocistronic luciferase reporter vectors widely used in the study of transcriptional regulation also created the false appearance of promoter function via the same mechanism. Across a large number of variants of these plasmids, we found a very highly significant correlation between reporter activity and levels of such spliced readthrough transcripts. Computational estimation of the frequency of cryptic 3' ss in genomic sequences suggests that misattribution of cis-regulatory function may be a common occurrence.
In‐Service Teachers' Perspectives on Adolescent ELL Writing Instruction

As writing has assumed increasing importance in discussions of pedagogy for diverse classrooms, attention to the contexts in which secondary teachers develop and implement writing instruction for adolescent English language learners (ELLs) is of great importance. Drawing on ecological language learning theories and situated teacher learning theory (van Lier, 2003; Borko, 2004), the authors present findings from participants in a focus group (N = 10) and follow-up interviews (N = 6) conducted with a set of secondary English language arts and English as a second language (ESL) teachers. Within overlapping institutional/professional and pedagogical contexts, teachers identified teacher expertise, high-stakes testing, classroom assessment and grading, placement and tracking, and disciplinary disconnects as the ecological factors most influential in their instructional choices related to ELL writers. Implications of these findings for research and teacher education are discussed.
The conformation fo poly‐L‐alanine in hexafluoroisopropanol

High-molecular-weight poly-L-alanine dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol exhibits infrared, ultraviolet, circular dichroism, and optical rotatory dispersion spectra which are unique and unlike any other previously reported polypeptide spectra. Strong evidence that a helical conformation is present is shown by the high degree of hypochromism in the 187mμ absorption peak and by the positions of the amide infrared bands. The CD and ORD spectra are also similar to those of α-helical polypeptides, though important qualitative and qualitative differences are observed. To explain the novel spectra, which are not mixtures of the spectra of previously reported polypeptide conformations, a new α-helix-like conformation is proposed. The postulated conformation (a doubly hydrogen-bonded helix) is a distorted α-helix in which the peptide carbonyl groups point slightly out from the helix axis and are hydrogen bonded simul taneously both to the NH of the fourth peptide residue to the carboxyl terminal side (as in the classical α-helix), as well as to a solvent molecule's hydroxyl hydrogen.
On Analyzing the Capacity of WDM PONs

By taking advantage of the multiple wavelength provisioning capability, WDM PON dramatically enlarges its capacity as compared to TDM PON. The capacity of a WDM PON system depends on many factors, such as the number and capacities of wavelength channels, the network architecture, the wavelength support of receivers, and the tuning ability of lasers. This paper introduces the definition of achievable rate region to describe the capacity of WDM PON and analyzes the achievable rate region for a given network architecture from the perspective of wavelength sharing. This can facilitate comparison of different WDM PON architectures and help design an efficient access control scheme.
Turing's formula revisited*

Abstract A simple frequentist's justification of Turing's formula, an improvement to Turing's formula by means of reduced bias, a clarification of the relationships among various objects related to Turing's formula, a conservative confidence interval to Turing's target, and a conservative testing procedure using observed rank-frequencies under a hypothesized known infinite-dimensional multinomial distribution are given in this paper. As an example, the authorship of the nine-stanza poem “Shall I Die?” is tested against Shakespeare's canon and statistically significant evidence is found for a difference in word type usage.
Measurements of Strain Induced Resistivity by the Eddy-Current Decay Method

The eddy-current decay method developed by Bean for electrical resistivity measurements is well-suited for bulk metal characterization studies. The technique can be applied to investigations of low temperature plastic strain in pure aluminum.
Detecting and preventing measurement errors

Modern e-beam probers may be as convenient to use as oscilloscopes, but their measurements can be misleading or even erroneous. The author warns of potential problems and suggests ways to prevent and cure faulty readings.
2004 SIVB CONGRESS SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS “THINKING OUTSIDE THE CELL”: APPLICATIONS OF SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION AND CYBRIDIZATION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT, WITH CITRUS AS A MODEL

Although somatic hybridization techniques are being ignored by variety improvement programs for most commodities, their contribution to citrus variety improvement continnes to expland and with increasing complexity. Citrus is, one of the few commodities where somatic hybridization is reaching its predicted potential, as somatic hybrids are now possible from most desirable parental combinations. Somatic hybrid citrus plants have been produced from more than 250 parental combinations, including more than 130 at the CREC. The CREC hybrids include 34 from sexually compatible intergeneric combinations, 16 from sexually incompatible combinations, and 81 interspecific combinations. The objective of this report is to demonstrate the impact of somatic hybridization on citrus improvement programs, and to discuss its potential with other commodities. For citrus scion improvement, several applications are aimed at the development of improved seedless fresh fruit varieties, and these include symmetric somatic hybridization, haploid+diploid fusion, targeted cybridization to transfer cytoplasmic male sterility (mtCMS) from Satsuma mandarin, and triploidy via interploid crosses using somatic hybrid allotetrapoid breeding parents. For rootstock improvement symmetric somatic hybridization provides an opportunity to hybridize complementary rootstocks without breaking up successful gene combinations. Rootstock somatic hybridization is providing opportunities for improving disease and inseet resistance, soil adaptation, and tree size control. Wide somatic hybridization provides an opportunity for gene transfer from related species, including some that are sexually incompatible. Extensive field research on citrus somatic hybrid rootstocks combined with emerging molecular analyses of citrus has allowed for the development of additional strategies for rootstock improvement. These include rootstock breeding and selection, at the tetraploid level using somatic hybrid parents, and the resynthesis of important rootstocks at the tetraploid level via fusion of selected superior parents. Ongoing examples of each strategy will be provided, along with ideas for extending the technology to other commodities.
The use of Spanish language educational materials by American cleft palate-craniofacial association teams.

Abstract Objective: The goals of this study were to assess U.S.-based American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association (ACPA) teams' use and perceived need for Spanish-language educational materials and to evaluate trends in number of Spanish-speaking patients treated. Methods: A facsimile survey was sent to U.S.-based teams listed in the ACPA 1999 to 2000 and 2001 to 2002 Team Directories. Questions addressed demographics for Spanish-speaking patients/families and use of Spanish-language educational materials. Teams with a recent increase in Spanish speakers, 25% or more Spanish speakers, or both received a more in-depth follow-up survey. Results: Response rate to the initial survey was 71%. Almost 16% of teams reported having greater than 25% primarily Spanish speakers. Forty-four percent of responders saw an increase in Spanish speakers over the past 5 years, and 41% of responders used Spanish-language materials of some type. Fifty-seven teams were sent a follow-up survey and 29 (51%) teams responded. Te...
A Comparison of GOES Moisture-Derived Product and GPS-IPW Data during IHOP-2002

Abstract Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounder–derived total column water vapor is compared with other data sources obtained during the 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP-2002) field experiment. Specifically, GPS-derived total integrated precipitable water (GPS-IPW) and radiosonde observations (raob) data are used to assess GOES bias and standard deviation. GPS integrated water calculated from signal delay closely matches raob data, both from special sondes launched for the IHOP-2002 exercise and routine National Weather Service (NWS) soundings. After examining the average differences between GPS and GOES product total precipitable water over the full diurnal cycle between 26 May and 15 June 2002, it was discovered that only 0000 UTC time differences were comparable to published comparisons. Differences at other times were larger and varied by a factor of 6, increasing from 0000 to 1800 UTC, and decreasing thereafter. Reasons for this behavior are explored to a limited degree ...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Emergencies

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the spine is increasingly being used in the evaluation of spinal emergencies because it is highly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of acute conditions of the spine. The prompt and accurate recognition allows for appropriate medical and surgical intervention. This article reviews the MR imaging features of common emergent conditions, such as spinal trauma, acute disc herniation, infection, and tumors. In addition, we describe common MR imaging sequences, discuss challenges encountered in emergency imaging of the spine, and illustrate multiple mimics of acute conditions.
Observers change their target template based on expected context

Previous studies have shown that when observers search repeatedly for a target in a particular context, they may develop a target template that is biased for that context. Because the same target may appear in multiple contexts, we wondered whether observers are able to develop multiple templates for the same target, with each template biased for a particular context. In a series of behavioral experiments, we show that observers can learn multiple target templates for a single target and that they can voluntarily switch among these templates depending on the context they expect to see. Our results suggest that these biased templates may coexist with an unbiased representation of the target, provided they are learned first.
Operating system-style protections for language-based systems

Process-based separation has long been the prevalent model for providing security and isolation to protection domains in computer systems. However, the recent rise of component-based systems, which execute multiple plug-ins in the same process, has exposed a weakness of processes. At the same time, the recent spate of vulnerabilities in software has revealed the usefulness of language-based schemes to supplement the protections offered by processes. I propose a language-based protection model to replace processes as the basis for providing security and isolation. In this thesis, I present three different language-based mechanisms which add particular operating system-style protection semantics to the language. Soft termination provides a mechanism for guaranteed, safe termination of a task without interfering with other modules. Garbage collector memory accounting provides an accurate accounting of the memory used by each individual task running in the language-based system. Soft boundaries is a set of static analyses to verify that a specified task separation policy is followed by a particular codebase. These mechanisms provide the security and isolation that process-based separation provides, while tackling the problems of component-based architectures and malicious code head-on.
Optical Flow Measurement of Cavitation in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle Using High-Speed Imagery

Cavitation is a phenomenon where liquids will vaporize when subjected to low pressures. Essentially, the pressure is reduced sufficiently such that the liquid boils at the given temperature. The highest pressure at which cavitation could occur is called the vapor pressure. However, the pressure associated with the onset of cavitation could be lower than the vapor pressure. This indicates the liquid exists under a meta-stable condition.The current research is investigating different aspects of cavitation and cavitating flow characteristics. Particle tracking using high-speed photography provided further insight as to what the velocity profile of cavitating flow may resemble. The research has shown that the cavitation that occurred in the current nozzle appears to have a laminar velocity profile. In the experiments that were conducted, it was also observed that as the back pressure of the downstream decreased, the volumetric flow rate would increase. However, a maximum volumetric flow rate was measured once the flow had begun cavitation regardless of the back pressure. This indicated that choked flow conditions likely exist within the nozzle. Choked flow within the nozzle indicates that near the region of the throat the fluid velocity has reached the speed of sound. Using high-speed photography, visualization of flow separation and recirculation was recorded.The information obtained from the research provides a more detailed description of the velocity profile near the onset of cavitation. The main objectives of this research were to obtain measurements of the overall flow for support of on-going research and analysis of nozzle flow cavitation. This study will provide a foundation for further and more detailed research into cavitation phenomena.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Childhood Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

Figure 1. A three-year-old girl with a declining growth rate and recurrent iron-deficiency anemia presented with a five-day history of nonproductive cough, fever, and anorexia. In association with an upper respiratory tract infection two weeks earlier, she had had hemoptysis involving 3-cm globs of bright red blood. Examination revealed a temperature of 39°C (102.2°F), a heart rate of 150 per minute, a respiratory rate of 60 per minute, and an oxygen saturation of 88 percent while she was breathing room air. Her breathing was labored, and breath sounds were decreased but coarse bilaterally. Chest radiographs revealed bilateral patchy alveolar infiltrates. . . .
Residual flexural strength of corroded reinforced concrete beams

Abstract In order to develop a cost-effective retrofit system for deteriorated concrete members, there is a need for sound evaluation of their remaining strength. Unfortunately, there is a lack of reliable models for evaluating the residual strength of steel reinforced concrete beams, and further, there is no simplified analytical model that can reasonably estimate the ultimate capacity of corroded reinforced concrete (CRC) beams. To address these issues, this research presents a new methodology for the evaluation of the residual flexural strength of CRC beams. Finite Element (FE), detailed, and simplified analytical models that account for damaged material properties and geometry, were developed and verified against the experimental data obtained by others. The detailed analytical model was employed to investigate the effects of corrosion degree, length of corroded zone, and span to depth ratio on flexural strength. This analysis showed that for beams with high corrosion degrees, the decrease in capacity is mainly because of the decrease in both the steel reinforcement cross-section and strength due to corrosion, whereas the major cause of strength reduction for beams subjected to low corrosion degrees is the loss of bond between steel and surrounding concrete.
Ethics and the Moon

Although Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead remains Stoppard’s most popular play, Jumpers is more brilliant and more substantial. Suppose that we are visiting the Old Vic once again, on an evening in February 1972, when this farcical and troubling vision of the not too distant future was first being presented by the National Theatre under Peter Wood’s direction. Before us is a bare stage, with a big screen as backdrop. When the houselights go down, we hear an off-stage master of ceremonies (played by Graham Crowden, the Player of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead) introduce at some political victory-party ‘the much-missed, much-loved star of the musical stage, the incomparable, magnetic, Dorothy Moore’. A spotlight follows the singer (played by Diana Rigg) toward centre stage. Knowing Stoppard’s predilections, we might expect to hear something like an updated version of the ‘Twentieth Century Blues’ that ends Noel Coward’s Cavalcade:
Taking Over What Belongs to God: The Historical Ecology of Tonga Since European Contact

The New Zealand-sponsored banana export scheme of the 1960s and 1970s marked the first invasive agricultural techniques introduced in Tonga since its initial colonization. The scheme resulted in clear-cutting acres of old forest trees, tractor tillage, and fertilizer and pesticide application not previously known in the kingdom. After banana production ceased, introduced plant viruses remained, part of the hidden cost of doing business. The recent growing of squash for the Japanese market affords quick returns on farmers' labor investments and on the costs of intensive tractor tillage and costly chemical inputs. The monocropping of squash also results in desiccation, and compaction and acidification of soils; tractor tillage prevents the regrowth of deciduous trees, creates soil hardpans, and favors the infiltration of guinea grass in fallow fields. This article presents oral histories of Tongan farmers that document the replacement of sustainable agroforestry with farm-as-factory models of market-crop production.