cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperoxia Exacerbates Microvascular Lung Injury Following Acid Aspiration

Objectives To examine the effects of an increase in ambient oxygen (O 2 ) concentrations on the extent of inflammatory pulmonary damage following acid aspiration. Design Prospective, controlled laboratory study. Settings University-affiliated animal research facility. Subjects Male, Long Evans rats weighing 250 to 300 g. Intervention Rats were injured by instillation of 1.2 mL/kg normal saline solution/HCl, pH =1.25 (acid), into the lungs via a tracheotomy. Animals were allowed to awaken and were exposed to 21%, 50%, or 98% O 2 for 0 to 5 h (n/group≥10). In a separate set of experiments, injured rats exposed to 98% O 2 were treated with different doses of deferoxamine, just prior to injury. Uninjured rats and rats injured with normal saline solution, pH=5.3, were used as the control group. Measurements Injury was determined by assessing lung function (lung compliance and arterial blood gases) and alveolar-capillary wall integrity (wet/dry weight, lung albumin permeability index [PI], and intrapulmonary hemorrhage [HI]). Results Intrapulmonary instillation of acid increased PI, HI, and decreased static lung compliance compared to uninjured control animals. Increased ambient oxygen following acid aspiration decreased lung compliance, 1.06 ±0.03 mL/kg/cm H 2 O, in oxygen-exposed lungs when compared to the lungs exposed to air, 1.26 ±0.04, following a low pH aspirate (p 2 for 2 h was sufficient to produce the same increase in microvascular protein leakage as 5-h exposure to O 2 following low pH aspirate. Conclusion Hyperoxia increases acid aspiration-induced inflammatory microvascular lung injury. This appears to be mediated by production of reactive species of O 2 .
VARIATIONS IN A CHICKEN SARCOMA CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE AGENT

Variations are described which have from time to time occurred in the structure and behavior of a transplantable, spindle-celled sarcoma of the fowl, a growth caused, as elsewhere shown, by a filterable agent. Of late the growth has frequently given rise to fatal hemorrhages from its substance. In some of the recent, rapidly growing tumors the cells have tended to be spherical, showing only a very tardy and imperfect differentiation to the spindle form. A giant-celled form of the growth is sometimes met with. Despite their diversity the tumors grade into one another and in the final analysis are all to be considered as spindle-celled sarcomata. Attempts to obtain an action of the etiological agent upon cells other than those it usually affects have failed, as have attempts to bring about changes in the histology of the sarcomata by attenuating the agent. Some of the lesser morphological variations in the sarcoma are undoubtedly due to local conditions in the host, and of the more important changes some have been associated with an increase in the growth's malignancy. For others the determining conditions have yet to be discovered. On the whole the variations described are not more marked than those occasionally manifested by the transplantable mammalian tumors, and traceable to the changes in a single strain of tumor cells during their propagation in successive hosts. In mammals the ultimate reason for these changes is not known. In the case of the chicken tumor some of them are undoubtedly the expression of changes in the growth's causative agent.
Calcium-responsive expression of plasmid-mediated outer membrane proteins from Yersinia enterocolitica grown on solid media.

In vitro synthesis of proteins directed byYersinia enterocolitica virulence plasmid DNA was studied using a cell-freeEscherichia coli coupled transcription-translation system. Out of a total of twenty-four polypeptides synthesized in vitro, ten were identified (based on virtually identical molecular masses) as outer membrane proteins synthesized in vivo when virulent plasmid-bearingY. enterocolitica cells were grown on four different solid media. Two high molecular weight outer membrane proteins synthesized in vivo by plasmid-bearing cells were not detected in the in vitro protein synthesizing system. Different plasmid-mediated outer membrane proteins were expressed in vivo inY. enterocolitica grown on different media.Y. enterocolitica grown on media with high calcium concentration (1·4–1·5 mM) expressed twice the number of lower molecular weight outer membrane proteins than the organism grown on low calcium (238–311 μM) media. This is the first report that a single serotype has been shown to synthesize all the reported virulence plasmid-encoded outer membrane proteins including three new polypeptides. The constituents in the medium as well as the level of calcium appeared to have a regulatory role in plasmid gene expression for lower molecular weight outer membrane proteins.
The Cultural Definition of Illness in Village India

In March, 1947, the Department of Health of the Government of India named a committee to consider measures to be taken to increase the usefulness of the indigenous systems of medicine, primarily Hindu Ayurveda and Muslim Unānī Tibbi. In 1948 this Committee on Indigenous Systems of Medicine issued a volume of explanatory appendices and a report. The principal explanation of Ayurveda in the appendices is found in a "Scientific Memorandum" compiled by a prominent member of the Committee, Dr. B. A. Pathak, the principal of Ayurvedic College, Benares Hindu University. Much of this Memorandum is devoted to a discussion of a view of disease called the tridosha or "three disorder" theory. In introducing it, the Memorandum declares:This theory is the foundation of Ayurvedic science. Its embryological, anatomical, physiological, pathological and therapeutical conceptions rest upon this foundation. It has been the product of the genius of this country and has not been borrowed from outside. There are references to i...
Full-wafer spatial mapping of macrodefects on HgCdTe epitaxial wafers grown by MBE

We have constructed an optical microscopy system to automatically locate, count, and determine the size of polycrystalline “void” defects on epitaxial layers of HgCdTe grown on CdZnTe or Si substrates. Void macrodefects are readily imaged because their polycrystalline surface is rough, and consequently they scatter light out of the image under specular reflection imaging conditions. Using a computer-controlled stage to move the wafer, a succession of individual, contiguous bright-field images is recorded over the entire wafer. Each image is analyzed by software to locate and characterize all the light-scattering objects present in the frame. Several different representations of the spatial distribution and size of defects are generated, and these can be presented either as false-color density maps or dot-location maps. In addition, various types of statistics on the defect population and size distributions are also available. These data not only convey overall information on the quality of a given wafer, and as such are quite useful for screening to determine which wafers are suitable for array fabrication, but they also allow inferences to be made concerning the origin or root cause of different classes of defects. Several examples are presented to illustrate the use of full-wafer defect mapping to identify macrodefect problems in HgCdTe growth on CdZnTe that can arise from substrate temperature lateral nonuniformity, nonmatched source flux angular distributions, substrate contamination, and intrinsic substrate imperfections.
Overexpression of an Inhibitory Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP), IGFBP-4, Delays Onset of Prostate Tumor Formation

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been shown to either inhibit or enhance the action of IGF, or act in an IGF-independent manner in the prostate. We have overexpressed the IGF-inhibitory IGFBP-4 in the malignant M12 prostate epithelial cell line to determine the effects on tumor formation and apoptosis. Overexpression was determined by Northern, Western immunoblot and Western radioligand blot analysis. IGF-induced proliferation was reduced in the IGFBP-4 transfected cells compared with control cells (P ≤ 0.01). Colony formation in soft agar was significantly inhibited up to 14 days after plating in the IGFBP-4 transfected cells when compared with the M12 controls (P ≤ 0.01): however, in the presence of des(1–3)IGF-I, there was no significant difference between the control and IGFBP-4 transfectants in colony formation in soft agar. Apoptosis in an IGFBP-4 transfected cell line was significantly increased in response to induction by 6-hydroxyurea compared with the control line....
THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF CARIES PREVENTION

ABSTRACT Background and Overview Dental caries is a bacterially based disease. When it progresses, acid produced by bacterial action on dietary fermentable carbohydrates diffuses into the tooth and dissolves the carbonated hydroxyapatite mineral—a process called demineralization. Pathological factors including acidogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci and lactobacilli), salivary dysfunction, and dietary carbohydrates are related to caries progression. Protective factors—which include salivary calcium, phosphate and proteins, salivary flow, fluoride in saliva, and antibacterial components or agents—can balance, prevent or reverse dental caries. Conclusions Caries progression or reversal is determined by the balance between protective and pathological factors. Fluoride, the key agent in battling caries, works primarily via topical mechanisms: inhibition of demineralization, enhancement of remineralization and inhibition of bacterial enzymes. Clinical Implications Fluoride in drinking water and in fluoride-containing products reduces caries via these topical mechanisms. Antibacterial therapy must be used to combat a high bacterial challenge. For practical caries management and prevention or reversal of dental caries, the sum of the preventive factors must outweigh the pathological factors.
Increased Stem Cell Adhesion on Carbon Nanotubes Grown from Anodized Titanium

Stem cells are the source of all differentiated cells in the body. However, the stimuli that control stem cell differentiation into other cell types is still not well understood. In order to investigate this, novel carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) were synthesized on anodized titanium substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Human mesenchymal stem cell (HMCS) adhesion was investigated on this nano-structured surface. The results showed significant evidence for the enhancement of HMSC adhesion on carbon nanotubes with respect to the template they were synthesized on, specifically, anodized titanium. Such evidence provides promise for the use of carbon nanotubes grown from anodized titanium to serve as novel stem cell differentiation devices.
Parameter convergence in systems with a general nonlinear parameterization using a hierarchical algorithm

In this paper, we address the problem of parameter convergence in systems with a general nonlinear parametrization. Using the stability framework for studying adaptive systems with nonlinear parametrization recently established, we consider parameter convergence in a class of systems with a general nonlinear parameterization. To accomplish this task, a hierarchical algorithm is proposed where the lower-level consists of a min-max algorithm as in earlier papers. To this, a higher-level component is added that updates the bounds on the parameter region within which the unknown parameter is known to lie. A necessary and sufficient condition is established for global parameter convergence using this algorithm for a class of nonlinear systems with a general nonlinear parameterization. An explanation of this condition, examples of the class of systems and simulation results are included to illustrate the behavior of the hierarchical algorithm.
The Effects of Residential and Activity Behaviors on Old People’s Environmental Experiences

The quality of life in a community is often judged from the perspective of its residents. Their subjective accounts reveal the contents of the environment with which they transact,1 defining “all the actual things or ongoing events” (Leff, 1978, p. 112) that provide them with information about their place’s “people, activities, buildings, vegetation, weather conditions, media messages, and so on.” Their reported awareness of the services and facilities in their communities, the boundaries of their neighborhoods, the people and stores that leave their community, and the architectural forms of their houses are examples. Their accounts further reveal how they evaluate the outcomes or consequences of their environmental transactions. Reports by residents of their dwelling or community satisfaction, difficulties in walking on sidewalks, fear of driving at night, and postponing plans because of bad weather are examples. Together, these responses, describing an environment’s subjectively interpreted content and consequences, are referred to in this chapter as people’s environmental experiences or experiential environment. Such a conceptualization of the environment has many precedents in the psychological literature. Environments defined by perceiving and thinking individuals are exemplified by Koffka’s (1935) “behavioral environment,” Murray’s (1938) “beta environmental press,” Rogers’s (1951) “phenomenal field,” Gibson’s (1960) “effective stimulus,” and Ittelson’s (1973) “perceptual information.”
Relative reinforcing strength of three N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists with different onsets of action.

The potential contribution of onset and duration of pharmacological action to the reinforcing strength of three intravenously delivered N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists was evaluated in this study. The onsets and durations of action of ketamine, phencyclidine, and dizocilpine were evaluated by observation and tabulation of their behavioral effects in rhesus monkeys after i.v. administration. The reinforcing effects of each drug were tested in a paradigm in which the fixed ratio requirements for i.v. drug injection were increased systematically. The peak observable effect of ketamine occurred immediately after its administration. There were some immediately observable effects of phencyclidine, although the peak effect of phencyclidine was delayed for 3 to 10 min. Dizocilpine had few immediate effects and a peak effect 32 min after administration. Ketamine had the shortest duration of action, followed by phencyclidine and dizocilpine. Analysis of demand curves and response output curves that were normalized to account for potency differences among the drugs revealed that ketamine and phencyclidine were equally effective as reinforcers, and they were both much stronger reinforcers than was dizocilpine. The data therefore suggest that a fast onset of action increases the reinforcing strength of drugs, although duration of action may play a role as well.
Optimal Policy for a Multiechelon Inventory System with Remanufacturing

We analyze a multiechelon inventory system with inventory stages arranged in series. In addition to traditional forward material flows, used products are returned to a recovery facility, where they can be stored, disposed, or remanufactured and shipped to one of the stages to re-enter the forward flow of material. This system combines the key elements of two simpler systems: the series system studied by Clark and Scarf (1960) and the single-stage remanufacturing systems studied by Simpson (1978) and Inderfurth (1997). We focus on identifying the structure of the optimal remanufacturing/ordering/disposal policy for such a system. In particular, we investigate whether the optimal policy inherits the basic structural properties of the simpler systems. We show that if remanufactured items flow into the most upstream stage, then this is the case. Specifically, the system can be solved by decomposition into a sequence of single-stage systems, with each downstream stage following an echelon base-stock policy and the most upstream stage following a three-parameter policy with a simple (and intuitive) structure. We show that similar results hold when remanufactured products flow into a downstream stage; however, in this case some modifications must be made. In particular, the definition of echelon inventory must be adjusted for stages upstream of the remanufacturing stage, and disposal of used items can no longer be allowed. We also compare the information required for managing this system to that required in the Clark and Scarf or Inderfurth settings, and we point out how the requirements are somewhat different depending on whether remanufacturing occurs upstream or downstream.
Board level flat and vertical drop impact reliability for wafer level chip scale package

In this paper, a comprehensive modeling is carried out to investigate the dynamic behaviors of WL-CSP subjected to both flat and vertical drop impacts. The non-linear dynamic properties include solder, Cu pad and the metal stacking under the UBM. Both of the JEDEC standard flat drop test and the vertical drop test modeling for different solder bump height are studied. The results showed that, in the JEDEC standard flat drop test, Stress of the corner balls at each WL-CSP is much higher than the balls in other locations on the same components. The results showed the vertical drop stress is lower than the flat drop stress. The result of JEDEC standard flat drop test modeling showed that the higher solder joint of the WL-CSP can result in lower plastic impact energy but higher tensile (first principal) stress S1 at solder joint.
Performance of the RHIC main power supply system

Each of the main power supply systems for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) consists of a power module, a digital regulator and an output circuit compartment. The sextant test provided an opportunity to test the prototype main power supply system. This test indicated areas where improvements could be made in the system. Changes were incorporated into the design. Testing of the system, using the actual ring as a load, is expected to be complete by March 1999. The performance of this completed system is presented and discussed.
When Failure Elevates Self-Esteem

Subjects were induced to play the role of a reprehensible person in response to a series of moral dilemmas. They then learned from audience feedback that they had succeeded or failed in their role-playing task. High self-monitors showed higher self-esteem after success than failure; low self-monitors showed higher self-esteem after failure than success. Results are discussed in terms of the relative importance of self-presentational content in coping with the implications of audience feedback
A Three‐Dimensional Rolling Contact Model for a Reinforced Rubber Tire

Abstract A steady state formulation of the rolling contact problem with friction that allows the analysis of free rolling, cornering, acceleration, and braking is presented. This formulation is applied to the finite element analysis of tires. A layered shell finite element with shear deformation that allows for large deflection and rotation is developed. In each layer, orthotropic Hookean materials or Mooney‐Rivlin type materials with fiber reinforcements can be used and the incompressibility constraint is enforced with Lagrange multipliers. The contact constraint is enforced with a penalty and the friction term, instead of the usual Coulomb friction, is regularized by a differentiable form that makes it more suitable for numerical analysis. A numerical example for a typical tire is also given.
On the impact of packet spraying in data center networks

Modern data center networks are commonly organized in multi-rooted tree topologies. They typically rely on equal-cost multipath to split flows across multiple paths, which can lead to significant load imbalance. Splitting individual flows can provide better load balance, but is not preferred because of potential packet reordering that conventional wisdom suggests may negatively interact with TCP congestion control. In this paper, we revisit this “myth” in the context of data center networks which have regular topologies such as multi-rooted trees. We argue that due to symmetry, the multiple equal-cost paths between two hosts are composed of links that exhibit similar queuing properties. As a result, TCP is able to tolerate the induced packet reordering and maintain a single estimate of RTT. We validate the efficacy of random packet spraying (RPS) using a data center testbed comprising real hardware switches. We also reveal the adverse impact on the performance of RPS when the symmetry is disturbed (e.g., during link failures) and suggest solutions to mitigate this effect.
Balinese “Water Temples” and the Management of Irrigation

Bali has figured prominently in debates on the question of whether irrigation centralizes state power. New evidence shows that irrigation is actually organized by networks of “water temples” that constitute an institutional system separate from the state. Earlier attempts to identify a discrete system of irrigation management misconceived the problem. For most crops, irrigation simply provides water for the plant's roots. But in a Balinese rice terrace, water is used to construct a complex, pulsed artificial ecosystem. Water temples manipulate the states of the system, at ascending levels in regional hierarchies. The permanence of water temple networks contrasts sharply with the instability of the traditional Balinese states. Since the water temples are real, perhaps it is the Balinese “state” that is chimerical.
An experience with two symbolic execution-based approaches to formal verification of Ada tasking programs

Two different approaches that use symbolic execution were used to prove partial correctness and general safety properties of Ada programs. One approach is based on interleaving the task components while the other is based on verifying the tasks in isolation and then performing cooperation proofs. Both approaches extend past efforts by incorporating tasking proof rules into the symbolic executor, allowing Ada programs with tasking to be formally verified. The limitations of each approach are presented, along with each approach's advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the difficulty of dealing with communication statements in a loop structure is addressed in detail. >
Understanding the common elements of evidence-based practice: misconceptions and clinical examples.

Science has fostered renewed optimism in mental health practice over the last decade through advances in the development of treatment supported by research (Kazdin and Weisz, 2003; Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1995; Wilson, 1995). The challenge that continues to confront both the scientific and applied domains of psychology and psychiatry is the widespread promotion and implementation of empirically supported treatments in general, and in children_s mental health in particular (Barlow, 2000; Chorpita et al., 2002; Schoenwald and Hoagwood, 2001; Weisz et al., 1995). With more than 500 documented treatments available for children and adolescents (Kazdin, 2000), how do practicing clinicians begin to identify the appropriate evidence-based interventions for their clients? On the one hand, it would appear that practitioners could consult the literature to learn more about efficacious interventions for particular problem areas. On the other hand, the increasing proliferation of guidelines, lists, and definitions that has followed has been rather complex (e.g., Chorpita et al., 2002; Lonigan et al., 1998; Schinke et al., 2002; Weisz, 2003), and in some ways has paradoxically increased the complexity of identifying Bbest candidate[ interventions for treating children_s disorders. Contributing to the complexity of identifying evidence-based interventions is ambiguity surrounding the meaning of the term Bevidence-based.[ Traditionally, albeit a recent tradition, the term has denoted specific treatment protocols with a particular degree and type of empirical support (e.g., Chambless and Hollon, 1998). Thus, the Bmanualization[ of interventions (e.g., Coping Cat, Kendall, 1990; Defiant Children, Barkley, 1997) has lent itself to a method of defining evidence-based treatments. At this manual level of analysis, practitioners may choose from a variety of specific treatment programs that have demonstrated their efficacy in research trials. However, evidencebased, manualized treatments often have overlapping strategies, and it is difficult for practitioners to determine the relative appropriateness of one given treatment manual over another for particular clients and situations (Kazdin et al., 1990).
The Medical Director and Quality Requirements in the Dialysis Facility

Four decades after the successful implementation of the ESRD program currently providing life-saving dialysis therapy to >430,000 patients, the definitions of and demands for a high-quality program have evolved and increased at the same time. Through substantial technological advances ESRD care improved, with a predominant focus on the technical aspects of care and the introduction of medications such as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and active vitamin D for anemia and bone disease management. Despite many advances, the size of the program and the increasingly older and multimorbid patient population have contributed to continuing challenges for providing consistently high-quality care. Medicare's Final Rule of the Conditions for Coverage (April 2008) define the medical director of the dialysis center as the leader of the interdisciplinary team and the person ultimately accountable for quality, safety, and care provided in the center. Knowledge and active leadership with a hands-on approach in the quality assessment and performance improvement process (QAPI) is essential for the achievement of high-quality outcomes in dialysis centers. A collaborative approach between the dialysis provider and medical director is required to optimize outcomes and deliver evidence-based quality care. In 2011 the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services introduced a pay-for-performance program—the ESRD quality incentive program (QIP)— with yearly varying quality metrics that result in payment reductions in subsequent years when targets are not achieved during the performance period. Success with the QIP requires a clear understanding of the structure, metrics, and scoring methods. Information on achievement and nonachievement is publicly available, both in facilities (through the facility performance score card) and on public websites (including Medicare’s Dialysis Facility Compare). By assuming the leadership role in the quality program of dialysis facilities, the medical director is given an important opportunity to improve patients’ lives and effect true change in a patient population dealing with a very challenging chronic disease. This article in the series on the role of the medical director summarizes the medical director’s specific role in the quality improvement process in the dialysis facility and the associated requirements and programs, including QAPI and QIP.
The Role of Attendance in Lecture Classes You Can Lead a Horse to Water

A review of prior research on the role of attendance policies in large lecture classes (including psychology) is presented. This research showed that although students often did not attend class, v...
Investigation of the characterstics of a mode-locked Nd:Glass laser with the aid of a picosecond streak camera

An infrared-sensitive streak camera, capable of resolving optical pulses of durations of ∼3 ps, has been used to analyze the temporal development of the individual picosecond pulses in a mode-locked pulse train. A progressive increase in the duration of the individual pulses throughout the pulse train is observed, the rate of increase in the pulse duration being an approximate quadratic function of the optical field. In addition, temporal analysis of the laser output signal, dispersively delayed with the aid of a grating pair, confirms the existence of phase-modulation effects during the development of the mode-locked pulse train.
Run-Time Detection of Malwares via Dynamic Control-Flow Inspection

Conventional approach of detecting malwares relies on static scanning of malware signature. However, it may not work on the malwares that use software protection methods such as encryption and packing with run-time decryption and unpacking. We propose a hardware-assisted malware detection system that detects malwares during program run time to complement the conventional approach. It searches for control flow-based signature of malware during program execution, therefore bypassing the protection method used by those malwares. A new hardware design is used to assist the collection of control flow information. We have implemented and evaluated a prototype system on top of a full-system simulator based on the Intel x86 architecture. The experimental results show that the system can successfully distinguish all 30 malware variants and other benign programs that we have randomly collected, and that the overall run-time performance overhead is negligible. In short, the study demonstrates that it is a viable approach to detect malware in run time using control flow-based signature.
Time-dependent solubilization of IgG in AOT-brine-isooctane microemulsions: role of cluster formation.

The stability and structure of protein-containing water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions were investigated by using the large protein immunoglobulin G (IgG, MW 155,000) in a mixture comprised of brine, sulfosuccinic acid bis [2-ethylhexyl]ester (sodium salt), and isooctane. We explored factors affecting the initial uptake of IgG into the w/o microemulsion and its subsequent release to a solid (precipitate) phase, and the kinetics of the latter process. Influences of such parameters as pH, ionic strength, and protein concentration on the solubilization and precipitation of bovine IgG in the organic phase are described. The structure and dynamics in microemulsions containing bovine IgG were probed by using dynamic light scattering, and it was found that the presence of IgG in the microemulsion induced strong attractive forces between the droplets. Based on results obtained by using these various experimental approaches, a model for protein solubilization and release is proposed. In this model, we propose the formation of clusters within which bovine IgG resides and which substantially slow the kinetics of protein release from the droplets to the precipitate phase.
Assessing the impacts of federal forest planning on wildfire risk mitigation in the Pacific Northwest, USA

We analyzed the impact of amenity and biodiversity protection as mandated in national forest plans on the implementation of hazardous fuel reduction treatments aimed at protecting the wildland urban interface (WUI) and restoring fire resilient forests. We used simulation modeling to delineate areas on national forests that can potentially transmit fires to adjacent WUI. We then intersected these areas with national forest planning maps to determine where mechanical treatments are allowed for restoration and fire protection, versus areas where they are prohibited. We found that a large proportion of the national forest lands (79%) can spawn fires that burn adjacent WUIs. The bulk of the predicted WUI exposure originated from simulated fires ignited outside of conservation and preservation reserves and in dry forests, rather than moist mixed conifer forests. Thus the notion that fuel buildup in reserves on national forests contributes to wildfire risk in the urban interface was only partially supported by the data for the region studied. Most of the national forest lands that contribute wildfires to the WUI are not within the boundaries of community wildfire protection plans, which may undermine the effectiveness of these planning efforts. We used the spatial data themes developed in the study to map conflicts and opportunities for restoration and mitigation of WUI wildfire risk. The analysis disentangles the spatial complexity of managing landscapes for multiple socio-ecological objectives as part of ongoing restoration programs, collaborative planning, and national forest plan revisions on national forests in the US.
Physical Deterioration in Patients with Advanced Cancer

Previous discussions in this symposium have addressed the problems encountered by patients and their families in coping with the stresses of impending death. We have also considered the stresses on the medical staff of coping with the dying. Changes in attitudes during the last few years have resulted in our giving more attention to both of those areas. It seems inevitable that concern for the emotional needs of the dying will produce better care for those needs. The opening of communication which is occurring as we allow death to “come out of the closet” is helping to dispel the discomfort that doctors have felt in their impotence. As we can talk with patients, we can better understand all of their needs. We can discuss what may be expected to occur and how we will deal with it; in anticipating some of the problems, we can relieve some of the fears of them. We can more effectively address, also, the physical problems which may be remediable.
Archaeology and Precollege Education

While archaeology never has been a regular part of the precollege curriculum, there have long been a few teachers, educators, and professional archaeologists who have believed in archaeology's educational potential for precollege students. Most often such teachers and educators have had a strong personal interest in the subject, and their enthusiasm provided the initial impetus for developing varied ways to incorporate archaeology into classroom teaching and school programs. Some educators have been further motivated to share their enthusiasm for archaeology, and for archaeology in precollege education, with other teachers and educators through the educational literature. Professional archaeologists, perhaps preoccupied with research and with the instruction of advanced students, have made a much smaller contribution to this literature; nevertheless, several have been heavily involved in programs for precollege students and teachers, and others have acted as consultants to classroom teachers on a less reg...
Functional dyadicity and heterophilicity of gene-gene interactions in statistical epistasis networks

The interaction effect among multiple genetic factors, i.e. epistasis, plays an important role in explaining susceptibility on common human diseases and phenotypic traits. The uncertainty over the number of genetic attributes involved in interactions poses great challenges in genetic association studies and calls for advanced bioinformatics methodologies. Network science has gained popularity in modeling genetic interactions thanks to its structural characterization of large numbers of entities and their complex relationships. However, little has been done on functionally interpreting statistically inferred epistatic interactions using networks. In this study, we propose to characterize gene functional properties in the context of interaction network structure. We used Gene Ontology (GO) to functionally annotate genes as vertices in a statistical epistasis network, and quantitatively characterize the correlation between the distribution of gene functional properties and the network structure by measuring dyadicity and heterophilicity of each functional category in the network. These two parameters quantify whether genetic interactions tend to occur more frequently for genes from the same functional category, i.e. dyadic effect, or more frequently for genes from across different functional categories, i.e. heterophilic effect. By applying this framework to a population-based bladder cancer dataset, we were able to identify several GO categories that have significant dyadicity or heterophilicity associated with bladder cancer susceptibility. Thus, our informatics framework suggests a new methodology for embedding functional analysis in network modeling of statistical epistasis in genetic association studies.
Entropy in the category of perfect complexes with cohomology of finite length

Abstract Local and category-theoretical entropies associated with an endomorphism of finite length (i.e., with zero-dimensional closed fiber) of a commutative Noetherian local ring are compared. Local entropy is shown to be less than or equal to category-theoretical entropy. The two entropies are shown to be equal when the ring is regular, and also for the Frobenius endomorphism of a complete local ring of positive characteristic. Furthermore, given a flat morphism of Cohen–Macaulay local rings endowed with compatible endomorphisms of finite length, it is shown that local entropy is “additive”. Finally, over a ring that is a homomorphic image of a regular local ring, a formula for local entropy in terms of an asymptotic partial Euler characteristic is given.
Testing the Differential Effect of Business Incubators on Firm Growth

This research examines whether business incubators produce a differential effect on the growth of firms. Given that there is no direct estimate for the counterfactual (simultaneously measuring the ...
Delivery of Ivermectin by Injectable Microspheres

A bioabsorbable, injectable microsphere formulation containing ivermectin in poly- (Iactide-co-glycolide) copolymer (PLA/ PCA) was developed to provide long-lasting delivery of the drug for control of livestock pests. A solvent-evaporation technique was used to produce the spherical beads containing ≍30% ivermectin and ranging in size from 25-250 μm. The pattern of delivery of the drug into the blood stream of Spanish goats was characterized for a 50:50PLA/PCA, a 90:10 PLA/PCA copolymer formulation, and a PLA monomer formulation. When the 50:50 PLA/PGA formulation was used in cattle at the rate of2 mg (AI)/kg body weight, 2 peaks of 45-50 ppb of ivermectin in serum were observed. The 1st peak was at ≍1 wk after injection and the 2nd peak, which was broader than the 1st, occurred at ≍6-7 wk after injection. Percentage of inhibition of estimated larvae for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), placed on treated cattle was 100% for the first 8 wk after injection and was 75, 57, 46 and 44%for wk 9,10,11, and 12,respectively. The treatment provided 98-100% control of larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), in the manure of treated cattle for 10 wk. The bioassay results against lone star ticks and larval horn flies were in agreement with the serum concentration data. The injectable microsphere formulation of ivermectin should be useful in a variety of other applications ranging from the control of Boophilus spp. ticks in south Texas to heartworms in pets.
Histidine regulatory mutants in Salmonella typhimurium. I. Isolation and general properties.

At least four genetically distinct classes of mutations give rise to triazolealanine resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Each class studied affects regulation of the histidine operon. Mutants of one class, hisO, are located at one end of the histidine operon. This class may be similar to operator constitutive mutants studied in other systems. At least two genetic sites are present in this region. A second class, hisS, is linked in transduction tests to the guaA and strB loci. This class contains a low specific activity of histidyl-tRNA synthetase and may represent mutations in the structural gene for this enzyme Roth & Ames 1966. Mutations of a third class, hisR, are linked in transduction tests to the ilv and metE loci Roth & Hartman 1965 and affect the levels of effective transfer RNA his Silbert, Fink & Ames 1966. A fourth class of mutants, hisT, is linked to the purF and aroD loci.
Trimetrexate in advanced renal cell carcinoma. An ECOG phase II trial.

Thirty-four chemotherapy-naive, ambulatory patients with advanced renal cell cancer were treated with the non-classical antifol trimetrexate at the intravenous dose of 12 mg/m2 daily × 5 every three weeks (8 mg/m2 qd × 5 for > 30% bone marrow previously irradiated). One patient experienced a partial response lasting 24 weeks for a response rate of 3% (exact 95% CI, 0.1 to 15.3%). Toxicity was manageable and primarily myelosuppression, gastrointestinal, and mucosal. Trimetrexate has little activity in advanced renal cell carcinoma at this dose and schedule.
Reforming the Division of Juvenile Justice: LessonsLearned

VII.LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT REFORMING JUVENILE CORRECTIONS SYSTEMS IN OTHER STATES 809 A. Closing the Massachusetts Reform Schools and Routinizing the Continuum of Care 809 B. Creating and Sustaining the Missouri Model 811 C. The Role of Staff in Reforming the New York State Juvenile Corrections System 812 D. Bedlam in Arizona 814
Adaptive dose modification for phase I clinical trials

Most phase I dose-finding methods in oncology aim to find the maximum-tolerated dose from a set of prespecified doses. However, in practice, because of a lack of understanding of the true dose-toxicity relationship, it is likely that none of these prespecified doses are equal or reasonably close to the true maximum-tolerated dose. To handle this issue, we propose an adaptive dose modification (ADM) method that can be coupled with any existing dose-finding method to adaptively modify the dose, when it is needed, during the course of dose finding. To reflect clinical practice, we divide the toxicity probability into three regions: underdosing, acceptable, and overdosing regions. We adaptively add a new dose whenever the observed data suggest that none of the investigational doses are likely to be located in the acceptable region. The new dose is estimated via a nonparametric dose-toxicity model based on local polynomial regression. The simulation study shows that ADM substantially outperforms the similar existing method. We applied ADM to a phase I cancer trial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difference Analysis on Grain Weight and Seed Setting Rate of Different Grain Positions at Panicle Between Two Panicle Types of Japonica Rice

In order to explore the formation causes of rice quality differences of different panicle varieties,taking three japonicavarieties with erect panicle and three with curved panicle as materials,the differences of grain weight and seed setting rate between different grain positions of two panicle types were analyzed.The results showed that the difference of panicle traits between erect panicle type and curved panicle varieties was obvious; panicle types had no direct correlation with varieties for grain weight and seed setting rate.The variation in grain weight and seed setting rate of grains at the different positions within a panicle was closely related to the flowering order of rice grains on the rachis branches.Generally,grain weight and seed setting rate on the branches at the upper part of a panicle exhibited the greatest,at the middle part the middle,and at the basal part the least.Grain weight and seed setting rate for the grains on a primary branch were greater than those on a secondary branch at the same part of a panicle.Grain weight and seed setting rate for the grain 4,5and 6on the primary branch showed the highest,the grain 2showed the lowest.Grain weight and seed setting rate were the least for the second grain and the greatest for the first grain on a secondary branch within a panicle.The significant difference was found in grain weight among grains located on different rachises(primary and secondary rachises)and panicle position(top,middle and bottom)of rice.The variation in grain weight and seed setting rate of grains at the different positions within a panicle in erect panicle type varieties was greater than that of the curved panicle type varieties.
E-selectin-dependent neutrophil adhesion to Rickettsia rickettsii-infected endothelial cells.

Increased neutrophil or HL60 cell adhesion to Rickettsia rickettsii- infected endothelial cells (ECs) was observed at 6 to 8 hours after the initiation of infection, diminishing by 24 hours. Similar increases were observed using formaldehyde-fixed neutrophils. Cellular association and likely the intracellular presence of rickettsiae was required for enhanced neutrophil adhesion, because culture medium conditioned by infected cells or rickettsiae rendered noninfective by pretreatment with tetracycline were ineffective at inducing neutrophil adhesion. Increases in neutrophil adhesion caused by infection were blocked by pretreatment of ECs with cycloheximide, suggesting the involvement of new protein synthesis in the cells' response. Flow cytometric analysis of infected cells showed increases in cell surface expression of E-selectin compared with uninfected control cells. Furthermore, incubation of 6- to 8-hour infected cells with a blocking monoclonal antibody against E-selectin (BB11) inhibited neutrophil adhesion an average of 61%. These results suggest the involvement of E- selectin in neutrophil adhesion to infected ECs occurring early in the course of the infection process. EC-initiated recruitment of neutrophil adhesion during rickettsiae infection could contribute to the pathologic changes associated with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
Genetics of Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy

The relationship of phenotype to genotype in a clinically and genetically well defined population of 157 affected patients and 62 kindreds with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) was examined at the University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY, and Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Quantification of the microstructures of Bakken shale reservoirs using multi-fractal and lacunarity analysis

Abstract Pore structures are one of the most important factors affecting the hydro-mechanical properties of the reservoirs. Unlike the homogeneous pore structures in sandstones, the pores in the shale formations are heterogeneous and more complex to characterize due to the diagenesis and geological processes that they experienced. The heterogeneous rock pore structures can influence not only the flow properties of the oil and gas but also the fracture initiation and propagation characteristics which can impact the hydraulic fracturing performance, a common technique to increase the total production in tight shale formations. Therefore, quantifying the heterogeneities of the pore structures in unconventional shale formations carries a great importance. In this paper, we collected the samples from Bakken formation, which is a typical unconventional oil shale reservoir in North America. We applied image analysis method to study the pore structures. After segmentation of these images, we determined the representative elementary area (REA) of the samples based on the relationships between porosity and magnification ratios. Multifractal theory and lacunarity methods were applied to analyze the pore structures. Multifractal parameters were used to describe the pore probability distributions and the lacunarity value was applied to quantify the heterogeneity of the pores. The impact of the mineral compositions on heterogeneity values is also discussed. Finally, a new REA indicator, which contains the porosity and heterogeneity information, was proposed.