cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MSE: a methodology for software evolution

SUMMARY Every program must continuously evolve, or it will become obsolete. This paper explores a methodology for software evolution within the setting of object-orientated programming. The methodology is based on the top‐down propagation of change, and it is remotely related to stepwise refinement. To present the methodology, this paper uses one small example (Gregorian calendar) and one medium-sized example (calendar maintainer). This paper also explores an algorithm for scheduling object classes for update, and introduces a tool, ‘Ripples’, which helps programmers work with the process of software evolution. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Software Maintenance 9: 103‐124, 1997.
Zoonoses and Public Health

History tells us that animals were first domesticated around 6000 B.C., which resulted in constant close contact with people. Humans have routinely used animals for work, food, transportation, clot...
Effect of nonuniform coupling on junction paraconductivity

Abstract The effect of spatial variations of the junction coupling on the excess current-voltage characteristics is studied in the paraconducting regime. A nonlinear increase of the peak voltage Vp(ϵ) with ϵ is predicted in agreement with experiments.
Growth, decomposition, and stability of monolayer clusters.

The microscopic approach to solid-state nucleation [J. Salik, Phys. Stat. Solidi B 142, K19 (1987)] is applied to the case of monolayers. A criterion for cluster stability is derived and used for analyzing the stability of square monolayer clusters on a two-dimensional square lattice. The nucleation and growth behavior is found to be similar to that predicted by the classical theories only when the binding energy is high enough or the temperature low enough. Computer simulations show that this conclusion can be generalized to clusters of random shapes.
Barotropic and Baroclinic M2 Tides in the Monterey Bay Region

Abstract A high-resolution (250 m) primitive equation model is used to simulate the depth-averaged and baroclinic M2 tides in the Monterey Bay region. The model shows a high level of skill in comparisons with sea level observations. ADCP current observations within the submarine canyon are reasonably well reproduced. The modeled depth-averaged currents have a complex spatial pattern with magnitudes in excess of 0.1 m s−1 near Moss Landing. During the second half of flood (ebb) tide, the flow is into (out of) the bay through the canyon but out of (into) the bay over the shelf regions. This depth-averaged flow pattern is not evident in a diagnostic run, implying a feedback between the internal tides and the pressure gradient in the bay. The depth-integrated baroclinic (total minus depth-averaged) energy fluxes show a complex beamlike pattern due to the interaction of energy from multiple sources. The beams have magnitudes up to 1 kW m−1 interspersed with regions of near-zero depth-integrated flux. Energy en...
Money and Credit in Radical Political Economy: A Survey of Contemporary Perspectives:

This article reviews radical political economic (RPE) analyses written since 1970 in which money or credit relations are centrally important. Contemporary authors within RPE differ on how important money and credit are in economic dynamics because they have very different ideas about whether money and credit perform essential economic functions. This paper argues that these essential functions arise only if financing constraints, uncertainty, and information asymmetry are elements of an author's analytical framework.
Catalysis of amino acid deamination in soils by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.

Abstract Arginine, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, histidine, methionine and serine were deaminated when 4 ml of 50 mM solutions of each were exposed to 3 g soil, 1 ml of 10 mM pyridoxal-S'-phosphate (PLP) and 0.2ml 0.5 m NaN 3 for 24 h at 35°C. Cysteine was deaminated to the largest extent in the six soils tested, producing amounts of NH + 4 -N ranging from 48 to 257 mg kg −1 soil. Pyridoxine did not possess the same catalytic capabilities as PLP. Inhibition of microbial activity by NaN 3 or toluene addition, or using autoclaved soil resulted in similar NH 4 + -N production values indicating the lack of enzymic involvement in deamination. Ammonium production in the assay system was limited by the amount of PLP and not by the amount of soil or the concentration of amino acid. Deamination of individual amino acids varied from soil to soil possibly being dependent upon pH, texture and the presence of chelating agents. Glutamic acid was deaminated most actively in those soils highest in clay content, while cysteine was deaminated most readily in those soils highest in pH, but lowest in clay content. Various B vitamins and amino acids have been identified in root exudates, thus indicating that PLP-catalyzed deamination reactions exclusive of an enzyme are possible in the rhizosphere.
Snmp-1, a Novel Membrane Protein of Olfactory Neurons of the Silk Moth Antheraea polyphemus with Homology to the CD36 Family of Membrane Proteins

While olfactory neurons of silk moths are well known for their exquisite sensitivity to sex pheromone odorants, molecular mechanisms underlying this sensitivity are poorly understood. In searching for proteins that might support olfactory mechanisms, we characterized the protein profile of olfactory neuron receptor membranes of the wild silk moth Antheraea polyphemus. We have purified and cloned a prominent 67-kDa protein which we have named Snmp-1 (sensory neuron membrane protein-1). Northern blot analysis suggests that Snmp-1 is uniquely expressed in antennal tissue; in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analyses show that Snmp-1 is expressed in olfactory neurons and that the protein is localized to the cilia, dendrites, and somata but not the axons. Snmp-1 mRNA expression increases significantly 1–2 days before the end of adult development, coincident with the functional maturation of the olfactory system. Sequence analysis suggests Snmp-1 is homologous with the CD36 protein family, a phylogenetically diverse family of receptor-like membrane proteins. CD36 family proteins are characterized as having two transmembrane domains and interacting with proteinaceous ligands; Snmp-1 is the first member of this family identified in nervous tissue. These findings argue that Snmp-1 has an important role in olfaction; possible roles of Snmp-1 in odorant detection are discussed.
On the estimation of overwater buoyancy length from routine measurements

The stability parameter (z/L, where z is the height and L the buoyancy length) is an essential parameter in atmospheric boundary layer studies. From routine measurements, the bulk Richardson number (Rb) is usually computed. On the basis of appropriate field measurements at sea, it is shown that z/L = A Rb where A = 10.2 (with R 2 = 0.97) for unstable and 6.3 (with R 2 = 0.97) for stable conditions, respectively. It is also demonstrated that the proposed simplified equations are in excellent agreement with those more complicated formulations.
Selecting your Training Venue

Finding and booking facilities for a course or conference can be a nightmare in terms of time consumed and results achieved. This article aims to show training managers how to use external resources to resolve their problems in this area.
Protein folding on rugged energy landscapes: conformational diffusion on fractal networks.

We perform simulations of model proteins to study folding on rugged energy landscapes. We construct ``first-passage'' networks as the system transitions from unfolded to native states. The nodes and bonds in these networks correspond to basins and transitions between them in the energy landscape. We find power-law relations between the folding time and the number of nodes and bonds. We show that these scalings are determined by the fractal properties of first-passage networks. Thus, we have identified a possible mechanism---the small fractal dimension of first passage networks---which can give rise to reliable folding in proteins with rugged energy landscapes.
Nerves and psychosomatic illness: the case of Um Ramadan.

Belief in the unity of mind and body among poor working class women in metropolitan Cairo is exemplified by the “state of being upset.”; The Egyptian women of this study use physical symptoms that they believe derive from emotional causes to negotiate and give meaning to relationships with neighbors, friends, and relatives; to jockey for power; to fill emotional needs; to manage presentation of self; and to weave the political fabric of interpersonal life. A detailed case study of Um Ramadan, a woman whose misuse by her husband made her nerfiza, illustrates the relationship between emotional upset and physical illness and the use of psychosomatic illness to gain sympathy and exact revenge. The expression of Um Ramadan's symptoms is further analyzed in terms of the underlying cultural constraints placed on Muslim women and the tensions inherent in local gender role relations.
Isospora buteonis Henry 1932 in an American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) and a Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtos)1

Isospora buteonis Henry 1932 was considered the probable cause of death in an American kestrel (Falco sparveius) and a possible cause of death in a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the state of Washington, U.S.A. I. buteonis has been reported only from the western part of North America. It resembles I. bigemina in size, in location and sporulation of oocysts beneath the intestinal epithelium, and in fragility of the oocyst wall.
Study of efficiency trends and productivity changes in the US TL carriers: 2000–2009

In this study, the nature and extent of efficiency and productivity growth in the US truckload (TL) carriers is investigated using non-parametric techniques. To analyse efficiency trends, a DEA window analysis is conducted on publicly available financial data with a representative sample of ten publicly listed TL carriers for the period 2000 to 2009. Malmquist index is used to study the productivity changes in the US TL carriers. The window analysis results reveal that the average overall efficiencies of the TL carriers are relatively low. They do not show a definite trend, but tend to follow the general economic conditions prevalent during the study period. Furthermore, a majority of the carriers are scale inefficient, which demonstrates that the TL carriers are not operating at their optimal size. Malmquist results, calculated from the DEA results, allows productivity changes to be decomposed into two categories: technical efficiency changes, and technological changes. The results reveal that in general the productivity of the TL carriers has decreased mainly due to the technological regression.
Gastric secretion and emptying in hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is commonly thought to cause decreased gastric emptying and secretion, but these may be related to associated autoimmune disease or chronic changes. Therefore, we measured gastric emptying and secretion in 11 healthy controls and in nine patients (19-54 years old; five females and 4 males) rendered athyreotic by surgery and/or 131I for thyroid cancer. Replacement T4 was stopped 47-65 days and subsequent replacement T3 was stopped 33-40 days before the study. All patients were symptomatic with complaints including weight gain, lethargy, and constipation. Deep tendon reflexes had delayed relaxation phase. Serum cholesterol and creatine phosphokinase levels were elevated. Thyroid hormone levels were markedly decreased (means +/- SE; T4: 0.7 +/- 0.3 micrograms/dl; free T4: 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/dl; T3: 28 +/- 6 ng/dl) and TSH was markedly increased (88 +/- 16 microU/ml). Gastric fractional emptying rate (%/min) and hydrogen ion (H+) output (meq/hr) were determined before and following two sequential stimulations: a 250-ml water load and an intravenous infusion of pentagastrin (6 micrograms/kg/hr). There were no significant differences between controls and athyreotic patients. Our data demonstrated that short-term, profound, thyroid hormone deficiency does not modify gastric emptying or acid output.
Comments on: Control of the false discovery rate under dependence using the bootstrap and subsampling

I would like to commend the authors on a really nice piece of work. It is well written and gives a very general solution to the problem of bootstrap adjustment for multiplicity while controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). At the time that I was working on the normal-theory FDR controlling procedure (Troendle 2000), I had ideas about resampling-based FDR control. However, I have reservations about using FDRcontrolling procedures in applications, which led me to discontinue my research on them. The false discovery proportion (FDP) seems like the most natural thing to control when control of the familywise error rate is not needed. In applications there is only one FDP generated, and the bottom line question is “what can you claim about the likelihood of a large FDP with this set of rejected hypotheses?” Even with exact (as opposed to asymptotic) FDR control, the answer is “not much.” That is because the FDR is an expected value and says nothing about the tail behavior of the FDP. A simple realistic example give in Korn et al. (2004) showed that a procedure controlling the FDR at 0.1 has an actual FDP ≥ 0.29 with probability 0.1. One exciting possibility to take from this paper is that the subsampling ideas given in Sect. 6 might be extended to control of the FDP. The fact that the subsampling procedure did not behave well in the simulations for fairly small sample sizes is discouraging, but perhaps that can be overcome. It may take a lot of computation to get satisfactory results because the sample size should be large (for approximately asymptotic behavior to be expected), while the subsample size should also be large yet small relative to the sample size. There are a tremendous number of such subsets
Saflufenacil absorption and translocation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Research was conducted to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for safening winter wheat to postemergence-applied saflufenacil when mixed with 2,4-D amine or bentazon. Less than 10% of applied saflufenacil was absorbed when mixed with bentazon whereas absorption peaked at 16% at 14 days after treatment when saflufenacil was applied alone. Wheat plants absorbed 2.8- to 3.5-times more saflufenacil when saflufenacil was applied with 2,4-D amine compared to saflufenacil alone. Regardless of herbicide treatment and harvest timing, <10% of absorbed saflufenacil was translocated from the treated leaf to other plant parts. Safening of saflufenacil with bentazon is likely due to reduced absorption of saflufenacil into winter wheat plants. In the presence of crop oil concentrate, saflufenacil absorption was enhanced by 2,4-D amine. The influence of bentazon and 2,4-D amine on saflufenacil absorption in wheat plants likely explains the differences in wheat response observed in previous research.
Black slaves in the Mediterranean world: Introduction to a neglected aspect of the African Diaspora

(1992). Black slaves in the Mediterranean world: Introduction to a neglected aspect of the African Diaspora. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 5-38.
THE EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND A GROWTH RETARDANT ON OVULE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF EXCISED PISTILS OF NIGELLA RANUNCULACEAE

A B S T R A C T The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and the growth retardant AMO-1618 on ovule formation in excised pistils of Nigella sativa L. were studied by sterile culture techniques. Gibberellic acid promoted pistil growth and inhibited ovule formation. The role of endogenous gibberellins in ovule formation and pistil growth was investigated by adding AMO to the basal medium. Both pistil lengths and ovule formation were reduced significantly with increasing concentrations of AMO. The addition of low concentrations of GA3 to the medium restored pistil growth but did not reverse the inhibitory effect of AMO on ovule formation. The addition of kinetin or indoleacetic acid (IAA) to the medium containing AMO had no effect on pistil lengths. However, with the addition of 107 M kinetin, the number of ovules in pistils was increased but not to the levels found in pistils grown in the absence of AMO.
Light-Polymerizing Plastics as Slide Mounting Media

Currently available mounting media require solvent evaporation for hardening. This process is slow and often is complicated by the formation of air spaces under the coverslip. Light-polymerizing plastics are introduced as histologic mounting media that eliminate these problems because they harden quickly when exposed to ultraviolet light and, therefore, do not depend upon solvent evaporation. These light-polymerizing plastics are easy to use, permit rapid and controlled hardening, and eliminate the formation of air spaces under the coverslip. The optical characteristics are satisfactory for light and fluorescence microscopy.
A total synthesis of d,1-histrionicotoxin

Abstract The first total synthesis of d,1-histrionicotoxin (1) from the spirolactam (5) is reported.
Decreased prolactin secretion in childhood obesity

Twelve obese patients and 7 control subjects, age and sex matched, whose weights were >200% of ideal weight and 100% of ideal body weight, respectively, underwent intravenous insulin and thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) tests. Serial prolactin growth hormone, insulin, blood sugar, cortisol, glucagon, thyrotropin stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine were obtained by RIA. Obese patients showed no significant differences from controls in basal and nadir glucose, basal and peak glucagon, cortisol, and thyroid responses to both tests. Basal insulin levels were higher (36±9.4 vs 10±2.3 μU/ml, P
Diffraction studies on ethylene and ethylene-xenon films adsorbed on graphite

Results of neutron diffraction studies on monolayer and multilayer ethylene adsorbed on graphite are reported. In the monolayer regime, ethylene shows two incommensurate solid phases. At higher coverages and at low temperatures a coexistence of one adsorbed layer and bulk phase is observed. Increasing the temperature gives rise to distinct layering transitions involving the transfer of molecules from the bulk to the adsorbed phase, ultimately resulting in a surface wetting transition near the triple point of ethylene. Preplating of graphite with one layer of xenon prevents even a single ethylene layer to be adsorbed at low temperatures. The layering and the ultimate wetting transition, however, seem to be unaffected by the preplated xenon layer.
Genetic Gain Equation with Correlated Genotype × Environment Effects

The genetic gain formula has been used to determine the best allocation of resources. The assumptions of this formula are that genotypes are selected based on the mean of data averaged across several locations within years. When plant breeders select genotypes after the first year of replicated yield tests, the assumptions of the genetic gain formula are violated. For this reason, information provided by the genetic gain formula is not useful for determining the optimum allocation of replicates and environments. Our objectives were to (i) develop a heritability formula that included covariances between genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction effects for the same genotype evaluated in different environments; and (ii) show how these G × E covariances influence resource allocation strategies to maximize genetic gain. Our operational genetic gain formula considers genetic gain to be a correlated response between the test and target environments and allows for G × E covariances between the same genotype evaluated at two selection sites. When selection was conducted at two sites that had a small G × E component of variance and also conducted at two sites with a large G × E component of variance, the realized gain was equal in the target environments. Optimal resource allocation cannot be decided, based on the genetic gain formula.
Distinguishing immunosilent AIDS from the acute retroviral syndrome in a frequent blood donor.

BACKGROUND: There are seven reports of “immunosilent AIDS” in which there was a lack of development of anti-HIV for more than 6 months. Thus, when a frequent blood donor presented with clinical findings highly suggestive of overt AIDS, there was concern that he may have had a prolonged immunosilent infection. CASE REPORT: A 24-year-old man who had donated blood six times in the previous year was diagnosed as having AIDS; he presented with fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and oral candidiasis. The anti-HIV enzyme immunoassay was positive, the Western blot was indeterminate (gp160 only), the CD4+ count was 174 per mL, the HIV polymerase chain reaction was positive (2.8 × 106 copies/mL), and the HIV p24 antigen assay was positive. Twelve components from previous donations had been transfused, and 2 units of fresh-frozen plasma were still in inventory. Repeat donor testing 57 days after donation indicated seroconversion with a positive anti-HIV enzyme immunoassay, a positive Western blot, a negative HIV p24 antigen assay, and a positive test for HIV by polymerase chain reaction (89,000 copies/mL). Both units of fresh-frozen plasma tested negative for HIV by polymerase chain reaction. Four transfusion recipients had died, and the remaining eight are anti-HIV negative with >6 months' follow-up. CONCLUSION: The donor had an unusually severe acute retroviral syndrome and presented with findings that were difficult to distinguish from overt AIDS.
Labeling of nucleolar RNA with orotic acid-2-C14 in livers of normal and thioacetamide-treated rats.

Abstract Evidence obtained by short time studies with orotic acid-2-C14 as a tracer has shown the existence in liver cells of two metabolically distinct nucleolar RNAs which are differentiated from two extranucleolar RNAs (12). In normal livers, the RNA with the highest initial specific activity was the nuclear r-RNA. In livers of thioacetamide-treated animals, the RNA with the highest initial specific activity was nucleolar p-RNA. The nuclear p-RNA had the lowest specific activity in these studies. The data obtained suggest the presence of three RNA fractions in nuclei with high rates of turnover.
Antihypertensive Medication Use and Change in Kidney Function in Elderly Adults: A Marginal Structural Model Analysis

BACKGROUND The evidence for the effectiveness of antihypertensive medication use for slowing decline in kidney function in older persons is sparse. We addressed this research question by the application of novel methods in a marginal structural model. METHODS Change in kidney function was measured by two or more measures of cystatin C in 1,576 hypertensive participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study over 7 years of follow-up (1989-1997 in four U.S. communities). The exposure of interest was antihypertensive medication use. We used a novel estimator in a marginal structural model to account for bias due to confounding and informative censoring. RESULTS The mean annual decline in eGFR was 2.41 ± 4.91 mL/min/1.73 m(2). In unadjusted analysis, antihypertensive medication use was not associated with annual change in kidney function. Traditional multivariable regression did not substantially change these estimates. Based on a marginal structural analysis, persons on antihypertensives had slower declines in kidney function; participants had an estimated 0.88 (0.13, 1.63) ml/min/1.73 m(2) per year slower decline in eGFR compared with persons on no treatment. In a model that also accounted for bias due to informative censoring, the estimate for the treatment effect was 2.23 (-0.13, 4.59) ml/min/1.73 m(2) per year slower decline in eGFR. CONCLUSION In summary, estimates from a marginal structural model suggested that antihypertensive therapy was associated with preserved kidney function in hypertensive elderly adults. Confirmatory studies may provide power to determine the strength and validity of the findings.
Ambulance diversion and lost hospital revenues.

Study objective We estimate ambulance revenues lost from each hour spent on ambulance diversion at an urban teaching hospital's emergency department (ED) and examine the financial impact of increased ICU capacity, which reduced diversion hours by 63%. Methods This was a secondary analysis of administrative data to determine the time and date of ambulance arrivals, as well as the insurance status and revenues from each ED patient arriving by ambulance between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003. The primary outcome measure was hourly revenues (ie, payments to the hospital) for ambulance patients. Results Ten thousand three hundred one adult, non–trauma-system ED patients arrived by ambulance in 2002 and 2003, with average hospital revenues of $4,492. Each hour spent on diversion was associated with $1,086 (95% confidence interval $611 to $1,461) in forgone hospital revenues from ambulance patients. In August 2002, the study hospital increased its staffed ICU beds from 47 to 67, and diversion decreased from an average of 307 to 114 hours per month. In association with the reduction in diversion, the hospital received more patients by ambulance, which translated into approximately $175,000 in additional monthly revenues from ambulance patients. However, these gains were relatively small in relation to total ambulance revenues and to their large monthly variance. Conclusion Ambulance patients generated substantial revenues for hospital services. Decreasing diversion time led to improved revenues. The potential for increased revenues may provide some incentive for hospitals to take greater efforts to reduce ambulance diversion.
A testing assistant for object-oriented programs

Within the last decade, the object-oriented approach to software development has become widely used. The features that make object-oriented software appealing are features that also cause complexity in the testing process. Inheritance is the characteristic that most distinguishes object-oriented languages from traditional imperative languages; however, its use makes the testing of the programs challenging. Testing the inherited features is clearly crucial; however, the testing process can easily become very complex if features in the child classes are unnecessarily tested. In this paper, we present a testing assistant, Object-Oriented Testing Assistant (OOTA), that facilitates the testing of object-oriented code by incorporating procedures to support object level testing and inheritance testing. OOTA provides a framework that helps to ensure that appropriate components and interactions are tested by generating code segments that drive the testing process. OOTA was developed and tested using the object-oriented paradigm.
Active Potassium Transport by the Isolated Lepidopteran Larval Midgut: Stimulation of Net Potassium Flux and Elimination of the Slower Phase Decline of the Short-Circuit Current

SUMMARY 1. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), Antibiotic A23187, caffeine, cholera toxin, dibutyryladenosine 3' :5'-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), larval blood, and theophylline were tested for their effects on active potassium transport, as measured by the short-circuit current (SCC), in isolated Manduca sext a larval midgut. 2. None of the tested materials affected the short-circuit current during the rapid phase of its usual exponential decline, and only dbcAMP and larval blood affected the short-circuit current during the slower phase of its exponential decline. 3. Dibutyryl-cyclic AMP stimulated an increase in short-circuit current and net potassium flux (measured using 42 K). Both unidirectional potassium fluxes increased but there was no effect on the flux ratio or on the rate at which net potassium transport declined with time. 4. A dialysable extract of fifth instar larval blood effected potassium transport in a manner similar to that of dbcAMP, indicating that larval blood contains natural transport-stimulating factors. 5. A dialysable extract of fourth instar larval blood not only stimulated potassium transport but also prevented the slow phase of decline in the short-circuit current. Therefore, in addition to transport-stimulating factors present in fifth instar blood, fourth instar blood appears to contain substances which prevent degeneration of at least the transport related functions of midgut in vitro. 6. It is argued that the action of the transport-stimulating factor in larval blood on the electrogenic cation pump in larval midgut cells is mediated by cyclic AMP without involving a change in intracellular calcium ion concentration.
A Three-Dimensional Model of Cultural Congruence: Framework for Intervention

Culture provides the context for all health care and social service throughout the human life span. Improving end-of-life and palliative care and enhancing patient and family outcomes requires a nuanced understanding of cultural contexts for those who provide care and those who receive it. The authors of this article propose an emerging model of culturally congruent care that can guide intervention for social workers, mental health professionals, nurses, and other health care workers caring for a diverse population of patients, families, and communities.
Cooperation and Conflict in Multiracial School Districts

This study examines politics in 118 multiracial urban school districts. It starts with an examination of the logic of the "rainbow coalition," suggested as feasible by both academics and politicians. A rival hypothesis based on social distance theory would suggest more intergroup conflict than would the rainbow coalition thesis. Using elections to urban school boards, we find evidence consistent with the notion that Anglos will coalesce with Latinos rather than Blacks. The evidence suggests that in future research the power thesis should be a coequal rival hypothesis with the rainbow coalition thesis.
Commentary: Masters of radiology panel discussion--how do we maintain control over imaging?

AJR:201, July 2013 and reasonable turnaround time. We also need to see hospitals as legitimate customers and maintain good relations with them. Occasionally we see groups in conflict with their hospitals. This is not a recipe for long-term success. A battle with a large customer base is an unenviable position for any enterprise. Like any other business, if we want to prosper, we need to provide value to our customers. Our patients’ and referring clinicians’ experience is increasingly dependent on how well we function as a team. Excellent individual performance is only part of the equation. Patients experience us as organized groups of professionals; we need to act competently as organizations, not just as individuals. That means we need to consistently get the details right—even minor reporting errors. It is the details that make us professionals. The rock group Van Halen famously had a rider in its touring contract demanding that there be a bowl of M&Ms in the dressing room with all of the brown ones removed. They used this as a quick, and rather accurate, test. They knew that if a venue operator didn’t pay attention to these small details, large, very important details were also likely to be missed—such as ensuring that the girders would support the heavy weight requirements for their equipment. In short, I believe that the best way to maintain control of imaging is to consistently do it very well. Beauchamp: How do we maintain control over imaging? We must continue to earn it by showing that we are the best stewards of imaging. First, and foremost, is to put the patients first. Quality, safety, and service are absolutely the key. We need to advocate for the patient by making sure that we constrain the use of imaging where it does not add value to care and foster the use of imaging only when it does. We cannot simply state that we are excellent, we must have measures of quality, safety, and service that we continuCommentary: Masters of Radiology Panel Discussion—How Do We Maintain Control Over Imaging?
Toward a Philosophy of Child-Rearing Helping Parents Develop Healthy Attitudes

This article describes an approach which I have found useful when lecturing aver age parents of average chil dren. Some of these ideas may be helpful when coun selling parents of children with serious problems also, though in those circum stances the giving of advice alone, without some analysis of underlying feelings, may be largely ineffective.
Sensitized Photooxygenation of Olefins

Sensitized photooxygenations of olefins have been extensively studied; they represent convenient methods for the introduction of oxygen at specific sites. When an aerated solution containing a monolefin, diene, or polyene, and a sensitizer is irradiated with light that can be absorbed by the sensitizer, oxygenated products are formed whose nature depends upon the structure of the substrate and the lability of the initial photoproducts under the reaction conditions. The ready reducibility of hydroperoxides to alcohols enhances the synthetic usefulness of these photoxygenations In this chapter, coverage is restricted to molecules with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Keywords: sensitized photooxygenation; olefins; rearrangements; reduction; monoolefins; solvent effects; steric effects; electronic effects; dioxetane reaction; allylic hydroperoxides; 1,4-epidioxides; experimental conditions
The K/BxN mouse: a model of human inflammatory arthritis.

Abstract Animal models are an important tool for dissection of pathways and mechanisms involved in inflammatory arthritis. Recently, significant interest has focused on the K/BxN mouse model, in which a spontaneously erosive arthritis with many similarities to human rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritides occurs. The disease in these mice is dependent on the major histocompatibility complex class II allele-specific recognition of a peptide derived from the ubiquitously expressed self-protein, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), by T cells that escape negative selection. However, interestingly, the disease is caused by arthritogenic autoantibodies to GPI, and passive transfer of these antibodies to naive mice is sufficient to induce disease. Recently, careful dissection of the downstream pathways involved in arthritis in the K/BxN mouse has yielded significant insight into disease mechanisms that might be involved in human arthritis. These features will be discussed in this review, as well as the role of GPI as a potential autoantigen in human inflammatory arthritis.
Induced Stereoscopic Motion as an Aid in the Search for Tall Targets

Induced stereoscopic motion, ISM, is apparent movement in tall static objects projecting from a reasonably flat background when viewed stereoscopically. ISM is produced by a smooth but extensive variation of the stereo-base (the separation of camera points) in a pair of moving picture films. The two films are projected by two separate but synchronized projectors onto rear view screens which are placed in the field of view of a stereoscope. In a controlled test it was found that subjects located targets faster and with fewer errors with ISM film than with comparable film in which the stereo-base was fixed at the maximum of the ISM film. This improvement of search is due almost entirely to searchs for targets which are difficult to find. Easy targets were always found and found quickly by both methods. ISM is as yet a laboratory production, but plans are being made for developing its field and applicability.
Naturalistic Inquiry in Theory and Practice

Herbert Blumer sought to develop “naturalistic inquiry” to provide sociologists, especially those who subscribe to the perspective known as “symbolic interactionism,” with an alternative methodology to positivism for them to use in their research. Since Blumer died before he could complete the job, an attempt is made to finish the work that he left undone on the method of naturalistic inquiry along the lines originally envisioned by him. Among other things, more details are provided to help researchers to carry out the two stages of naturalistic inquiry that he identified: “exploration” and “inspection.” A third stage, confirmation, is also added to the method. Although Blumer described naturalistic inquiry only in theory, it is described here both in theory and actual practice, which is essential to make the method more understandable to others. In addition to providing a more complete statement of naturalistic inquiry, the ideas that he drew on to develop the method are revealed. Several myths surroundi...
Recognizing and quantifying human movement patterns through haptic-based applications

Biometrics has been introduced recently to identify people by their behavior and physiological features. It offers a wide application scope to detect fraud attempts in organizations, corporations, educational institutions, electronic resources and even crime scenes. The field of biometrics can be divided into two main classes according to features that humans are born with, such as fingerprints or facial features, or behavioral characteristics of humans, like a handwritten signature or voice (J. Ortega-Garcia et al., 2004). The work presented in this paper pursues the latter class, specifically how a person reacts to using daily devices or tools. The fact that we can exploit people's habits in handling devices to identity individuals was the hypothesis that motivated this work. Among the many examples of the potential use of this class of biometrics is the particular force applied to the keys in a keyboard. There is also the time interval between each keypad when dialing a telephone number. Another example that can be extracted from the latter would be the map described by the fingers in navigating through solving maze operation. Extracting these features by using a haptic-based application and defining the subsequent individual pattern is the objective of this research. A framework that identifies behavioral patterns through physical parameters such as direction, force, pressure and velocity has been built. The set up for the experimental work consisted of a multisensory tool, using the Reachin system (Reachin Technologies, User's Programmers Guide and API).
Blood Pressure Increase With Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Young Adult American Blacks

Hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are more prevalent in blacks than whites. The convergence of these 2 disorders augments the expression and severity of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alterations in glucose metabolism are related to an increase in blood pressure (BP). This study was conducted on 304 nondiabetic blacks (mean age=32 years). Measurements in all subjects included BP, anthropometric measures, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin clamp to measure insulin sensitivity, and plasma lipids. The sample was stratified according to plasma glucose on oral glucose tolerance test to normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus (DM). A 2-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences between the metabolic groups. With the use of American Diabetic Association criteria, 20.4% of the samples were classified as IGT and 5.9% were diabetic. A significant increase in BP existed from NGT to IGT to DM, which was stronger in women than men (systolic blood pressure in women: NGT=122, IGT=127, and DM=140 mm Hg, P<0.001) with a significant linear trend (P<0.001). With the use of body mass index as a covariate, the group difference in BP remained significant (P=0.006). Measures of insulin sensitivity demonstrated significant metabolic group differences (P<0.001) with a linear trend (P<0.001) of decreasing insulin sensitivity from NGT to DM. These results indicate that early alterations in glucose metabolism effects an upward shift in BP. The higher BP in IGT and DM may be due to vascular endothelial cell resistance to insulin action.
Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1965

Abstract F-region electron densities, electron and ion temperatures observed during the year 1965 at the Millstone Hill radar observatory (42.6°N, 71.5°W) by the UHF Thomson (incoherent) scatter radar are presented. The measurements were made over 48-hr periods that were usually scheduled to include the International Geophysical World days near the center of each month. Most measurements were made during magnetically quiet periods, and are thought to be representative of the behavior expected on the rising part of the sunspot cycle. It is shown that Millstone is a midlatitude station exhibiting a characteristic ‘winter’ and ‘summer’ daytime density variation, and that the transition between these two types occurs rapidly around equinox without any corresponding seasonal change in the F-region thermal structure. Current ideas concerning the mechanisms responsible for this and other features of diurnal and seasonal variations are discussed. It is proposed that photoelectron escape leading to heat deposition in the protonosphere serves to equalize the plasma temperatures in conjugate ionospheres. As a result there is little seasonal variation in electron or ion temperature and magnetic control of the topside electron densities is established.
The Arf GAP ASAP1 provides a platform to regulate Arf4- and Rab11–Rab8-mediated ciliary receptor targeting

Dysfunctional trafficking to primary cilia is a frequent cause of human diseases known as ciliopathies, yet molecular mechanisms for specific targeting of sensory receptors to cilia are largely unknown. Here, we show that the targeting of ciliary cargo, represented by rhodopsin, is mediated by a specialized system, the principal component of which is the Arf GAP ASAP1. Ablation of ASAP1 abolishes ciliary targeting and causes formation of actin-rich periciliary membrane projections that accumulate mislocalized rhodopsin. We find that ASAP1 serves as a scaffold that brings together the proteins necessary for transport to the cilia including the GTP-binding protein Arf4 and the two G proteins of the Rab family—Rab11 and Rab8—linked by the Rab8 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rabin8. ASAP1 recognizes the FR ciliary targeting signal of rhodopsin. Rhodopsin FR-AA mutant, defective in ASAP1 binding, fails to interact with Rab8 and translocate across the periciliary diffusion barrier. Our study implies that other rhodopsin-like sensory receptors may interact with this conserved system and reach the cilia using the same platform.
Quine on Psychology

“Epistemology,” Quine (1969, p. 69) says at the beginning of ‘Epis-temology Naturalized’ (EN), “is concerned with the foundations of science”. That is, the fundamental epistemological questions ask: ‘What is the nature of (scientific) evidence?’ and ‘How are (scientific) claims confirmed?’ There are two approaches one can take in seeking answers to these questions: the a priori approach and the empirical approach. The former Quine refers to as the project of ‘rational reconstruction’. The latter is just that part of psychology which explains the behavior, exhibited by so-called ‘rational’ creatures, of theory construction and confirmation. The burden of EN is to argue for the second approach. Thus, on Quine’s view, epistemology is a field of natural science, itself the activity epistemology is supposed to explain.
Therapeutic Advances and Future Prospects in Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis

Identifying effective therapies for the treatment of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly relevant priority and one of the greatest challenges for the global MS community. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in progression of the disease, novel trial designs, drug repurposing strategies, and new models of collaboration may assist in identifying effective therapies. In this review, we discuss various therapies under study in phase II or III trials, including antioxidants (idebenone); tyrosine kinase inhibitors (masitinib); sphingosine receptor modulators (siponimod); monoclonal antibodies (anti-leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain containing neurite outgrowth inhibitor receptor-interacting protein-1, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, intrathecal rituximab); hematopoetic stem cell therapy; statins and other possible neuroprotective agents (amiloride, riluzole, fluoxetine, oxcarbazepine); lithium; phosphodiesterase inhibitors (ibudilast); hormone-based therapies (adrenocorticotrophic hormone and erythropoietin); T-cell receptor peptide vaccine (NeuroVax); autologous T-cell immunotherapy (Tcelna); MIS416 (a microparticulate immune response modifier); dopamine antagonists (domperidone); and nutritional supplements, including lipoic acid, biotin, and sunphenon epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea extract). Given ongoing and planned clinical trial initiatives, and the largest ever focus of the global research community on progressive MS, future prospects for developing targeted therapeutics aimed at reducing disability in progressive forms of MS appear promising.
Optimal Volatility Timing: A Life-Cycle Perspective

We study the role of time-varying stock return volatility in a consumption and portfolio choice problem for a life-cycle investor facing short-selling and borrowing constraints. Faced with a benchmark investment strategy that conditions on age and wealth only, we find that an investor is willing to pay a fee of up to 1%-1.5% of total life time consumption in order to optimally condition on volatility. Tilts in the optimal asset allocation in response to volatility shocks are considerably more pronounced than tilts in response to wealth shocks, and almost as important as life-cycle effects. Lastly, we find that the correlation between volatility and permanent labor income shocks may explain the low equity share of young households in the data.
Flow over a Distribution of Obliquely Aligned Elements: Part II - Computational Simulations

Part I of this study presented experimental measurements of the primary and secondary boundary-layers over a flat plate with coupons containing obliquely aligned control elements. The flow control elements used in the study were right-angle, truncated cones of elliptical cross-section. The boundary-layer measurements were performed for test coupons with arrays of elements aligned at 0°, -5°, -10°, and -15° to the free stream flow direction under free stream velocities of 2, 5, and 10 m/s. The resulting turbulent boundary-layer measurements demonstrated the ability of obliquely aligned elements to produce tailored secondary flows. Since the test coupons used were of a finite span, the results also demonstrated that tailored longitudinal vortical structures can also be generated using the arrays. In Part II, CFD simulations are presented that were performed using ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 with grids resolving the flow control element features. For each of the simulations, the realizable k-e turbulence model was used, and solutions were allowed to converge to residuals near 1×10 -5 for flow and turbulence quantities. Grid independence was evaluated by comparing the flow angles predicted at the downstream measurement plane. The simulation results compare well with experimental measurements of spanwise flow, yet because of a lack of grid resolution at the leading edge of the plate, the simulation results do not agree with experimental measurements in the streamwise flow. The difference in the levels of agreement for the velocity components implies that the production of the transverse flows using oblique element distributions is an artifact of inviscid-flow or pressure-based effects.