cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The limits of technological solutions to sustainable development

Sustainable development has been defined by political and corporate leaders as the combination of environmental protection and economic growth. As a result, the concept of eco-efficiency has been promoted as the primary tool for achieving industrial sustainability. However, there are at least four reasons why technological improvements in eco-efficiency alone will be insufficient to bring about a transition to sustainability. First, considering that the very foundations of western industrial societies are based on the exploitation of non-renewable minerals and fuels, it will be extremely difficult to switch to an industrial and economic system based solely on renewable resources. Clearly, the continuing use of non-renewables is inherently unsustainable because of finite material supplies and the fact that 100% recycling is impossible. Second, given the limited supply of non-renewable fuels, long-term sustainability can only be guaranteed if all energy is derived directly or indirectly from the sun. However, if the current U.S. energy demand would have to be supplied solely from solar sources, a wide range of serious and unavoidable negative environmental impacts are likely to result. Third, even the best of human ingenuity and the greatest technological optimism are bounded by the second law of thermodynamics, which dictates that all industrial and economic activities have unavoidable negative environmental consequences. Finally, improvements in eco-efficiency alone will not guarantee a reduction in the total environmental impact if economic growth is allowed to continue. Unless growth in both population and consumption is restrained, these technological improvements only delay the onset of negative consequences that, as a result, will have increased in severity, thereby reducing our freedom to choose satisfying solutions.
TOWARDS A HIGHLY ACCURATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE KIRCHHOFF APPROACH FOR COMPUTATIONAL AEROACOUSTICS

This paper describes the development of high-order Kirchhoff algorithms and confirms that high-order accuracy can be achieved with the Kirchhoff approach when high-order integration and interpolation are properly implemented. This paper also establishes guidelines for enhancing accuracy of a given order property when the Kirchhoff formula is applied to results obtained from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution. Accuracy is shown to increase when the Kirchhoff surface size is minimized. Reduction of the Kirchhoff surface size also enhances efficiency of the calculation because the size of the relatively expensive CFD computation is reduced. The accuracy of the Kirchhoff approach is also enhanced by increasing the density of information along the Kirchhoff surface. This increase in information is necessary because evaluation of the Kirchhoff integrand at the retarded time demands higher spatial resolution than the integration of the time-dependent nonlinear equations of the CFD calculation. A procedure has been developed that addresses the Kirchhoff resolution requirements without sacrificing efficiency. The error reduction realized with this procedure matches that realized with CFD mesh refinement, with almost no increase in cost.
Diversity of MICA and Linkage Disequilibrium with HLA-B in Two North American Populations

The MICA gene has a high degree of polymorphism. Allelic variation of MICA may influence binding of these ligands to the NK cell receptor NKG2D and may affect organ transplantation and/or disease pathogenesis. Knowledge of the population distribution of MICA alleles and their linkage disequilibrium (LD) with class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) will enhance our understanding of the potential functional significance of the MICA polymorphism. In the present study, we characterized the MICA and HLA-B polymorphisms in two North American populations: European and African. The individual racial groups showed rather limited variation at the MICA locus, where the same set of three most common alleles, MICA*00201, *004, and *00801, account for 64 and 71% of the allele frequency in European-Americans and African-Americans, respectively. Other common alleles (allele frequency >5% in a population) include MICA*00901 and *010. MICA alleles showed strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B. Typically, a common MICA allele has strong LD with several HLA-B alleles, whereas most HLA-B alleles and their related serological groups are associated with a single MICA allele. The lack of evidence for an active diversification of the MICA gene after racial separation indicates an evolutionary history distinct from that of the classical HLA genes.
Use of Inertial Sensors to Predict Pivot-Shift Grade and Diagnose an ACL Injury During Preoperative Testing

Background:The pivot-shift (PS) examination is used to demonstrate knee instability and detect anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Prior studies using inertial sensors identified the ACL-deficient knee with reasonable accuracy, but none addressed the more difficult problem of using these sensors to determine whether a subject has an ACL deficiency and to correctly assign a PS grade to a patient’s knee.Hypothesis:Inertial sensor data recorded during a PS examination can accurately predict ACL deficiency and the PS score assigned by the examining physician.Study Design:Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods:A total of 32 patients with unilateral ACL deficiency and 29 with intact ACLs in both knees had inertial sensor modules strapped to the tibia and femur of each limb for preoperative PS testing under anesthesia. Support vector machine (SVM) methods assessed PS grades on the basis of these data, with the examiner’s clinical grading shift used as ground truth. A fusion of regression and...
Essentials of the Human Prostate

In this chapter we will review the development, anatomy, and physiology of the prostate and seminal vesicles.
Color Bind: Lessons from the Failed Homeland Security Advisory System

An effective terrorism alert system in a federal government has one central task: to motivate actors to take costly protective measures. The United States' color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) failed in this mission. In federal systems, national leaders cannot compel protective actions by setting an alert level; they must convince constituent governments and private parties that the desired actions are worth the costs. Such beliefs can be generated either by sharing the information behind an alert or by developing enough confidence in the alert system that the government's word alone suffices. The HSAS did neither, largely because it was not designed to generate confidence. Rather, the system's creators assumed that the public would trust the national leadership and believe in the utility of the system's information. Over time, as the HSAS became increasingly perceived as politically manipulated, there was no built-in mechanism to recover confidence in the system. An alternative, trust-bas...
Molecular Interaction of Stereoisomers When in Solid State

Studies of acid-base association of asymmetric molecules in the solid state, involving the determination of melting points of the formed diastereoisomeric salts, their infrared spectra, and for a number of examples, X-ray diffraction powder photography, have been carried out. In these examples, in which crystalline salts were obtained using optically active acids and bases, the diastereoisomeric salts prepared from components of the same configuration had higher melting points than those of different configuration. Although infrared measurements could not be used to indicate configuration of the components, definite differences in the spectrum of salts formed from isomers of like configuration from those of unlike configuration have been observed; likewise, the X-ray diffraction pattern was different.
Engagement of B7 on effector T cells by regulatory T cells prevents autoimmune disease

Although there is considerable evidence that a subpopulation of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells can suppress the response of autoreactive T cells, the underlying molecular mechanism is not understood. We find that transmission of a suppressive signal by CD4CD25+ regulatory cells requires engagement of the B7 molecule expressed on target T cells. The response of T cells from B7-deficient mice is resistant to suppression in vitro, and these cells provoke a lethal wasting disease in lymphopenic mice despite the presence of regulatory T cells. Susceptibility of B7-deficient cells to suppression is restored by lentiviral-based expression of full-length, but not truncated, B7 lacking a transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain. Because expression of these B7 truncation mutants restores CD28-dependent costimulatory activity, these findings that indicate B7-based transmission of suppressive activity suggest new approaches to modifying autoimmune responses.
Supplementary site interactions are critical for the regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein by microRNA-30c

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) is an essential chaperone that assists in the assembly of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins to transport lipids. We have shown that microRNA (miR)-30c regulates MTTP expression but other members of the same family do not. Further, we showed that interactions between miR-30c seed sequence and the 3΄-untranslated region (UTR) of the MTTP mRNA are critical for this regulation. The same seed sequence is shared by all the members of the miR-30 family. Therefore, it is unclear why only miR-30c regulates MTTP expression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that, miR-30c interacts with MTTP mRNA involving supplementary site, besides seed sequence, forming an intervening loop. Here, we evaluated the importance of the supplementary site and the size of the intervening loop in miR-30c/MTTP mRNA interactions by cloning MTTP 3΄-UTR at the end of the luciferase gene and subjecting it to site-directed mutagenesis. Reducing the number of base pairs at the supplementary site abolished the ability of miR-30c to reduce luciferase activity. However, increasing the number of base pairs at the supplementary site, seed sequence or in the intervening loop enhanced the efficacy of miR-30c in reducing luciferase activity. These studies demonstrated that the supplementary site of miR-30c is, but the intervening loop is not, critical for binding to the MTTP mRNA. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that miRs might require both seed and supplementary interactions to regulate target mRNA specificity. Further, this study suggests that more potent miR-30c mimics could be synthesized by increasing base pairing in the loop region.
Elements of an Emerging Virtual Stochastic Life Cycle Design Environment

Presented at the 4th World Aviation Congress and Exposition, San Francisco, CA, October 19-21, 1999.
Effects of an 8-Month Yoga Intervention on Arterial Compliance and Muscle Strength In Premenopausal Women

Previous studies have indicated that Yoga exercise has a positive effect on reducing blood pressure and heart rate. However, no randomized controlled studies to date have investigated its effects on arterial compliance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-month Yoga intervention on arterial compliance and muscle strength in normal premenopausal women 35-50 years of age. Thirty-four women were randomly assigned either to a Yoga exercise group (YE, n = 16) or a control group (CON, n = 18). Participants in YE group performed 60 minutes of an Ashtanga Yoga series 2 times/week with one day between sessions for 8 months. Each Yoga session consisted of 15 minutes of warm-up exercises, 35 minutes of Ashtanga Yoga postures and 10 minutes of cool-down with relaxation; and the session intensity was progressively increased during the 8 months. Participants in CON were encouraged to maintain their normal daily lifestyles monitored by the bone-specific physical activity questionnaire at 2 month intervals for 8 months. Arterial compliance (pulse contour analysis) and muscle strength (1 Repetition Maximum) were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Arterial compliance of the large and small arteries was not affected by the 8 month Yoga training (p > 0.05). Also, there were no significant (p > 0.05) group, time, or group × time interaction effects for cardiovascular variables. YE group significantly (p < 0.01) improved leg press muscle strength compared to CON (11.4% vs. -6.5%). Eight months of Ashtanga Yoga training was beneficial for improving leg press strength, but not arterial compliance in premenopausal women. Key pointsThe 8 month Yoga training did not affect arterial compliance of the large and small arteries.None of the cardiovascular variables were changed by the Yoga intervention.Isotonic muscle strength was not altered by the Yoga intervention, with the exception of leg press.
Integration of Functional and Environmental Performance Design Decisions: A Mechanical Component Case Study

Summary Product design-for-environment (DfE) has traditionally relied on life-cycle assessment (LCA) as a primary means of assessing environmental performance. To date, LCA has focused on static inventory and impacts of material streams during the stages of resource extraction, component manufacture, product use, and end of life at a high level of aggregation. Improvement analysis, though theoretically an important stage of LCA, is practically very challenging to implement using LCA alone. One reason for this is that the focus on detailed characterization of material streams does not facilitate a development of an understanding of the mechanistic relationship between design intent and material, manufacturing, and use-phase potential impacts. As the product development community transitions from sequential design to more streamlined concurrent design, interactive design tools are needed as a supplement to assessment tools in order to facilitate tradeoffs among environmental and other factors. This article presents an environmental analysis approach based on detailed process modeling which evaluates components from a functional design point of view. From a manufacturer's perspective, local potential effects in aggregate are often as important as global potential impacts. Furthermore, impacts often relate to explicit trade-offs between different life-cycle stages, such as production and use. In this article, the influence of functional design and manufacturing specifications (surface tolerance and finish) on localized potential impacts is illustrated through two different mechanical component (steel roller bearing and rotating shaft) case studies. Detailed analytical tools are key in enabling optimization and trade-offs by designers and process planners. The functional modeling approach is an important complement to LCA in providing a well-defined view of environmental performance.
The effects of extending cognitive‐behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder among initial treatment nonresponders

Objective The study was designed with the aim of determining whether extending group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) would enhance outcome among individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) who failed to stop binge eating after an initial 12-week CBT intervention. Method: Forty-six participants who met diagnostic criteria for BED were randomly allocated to either a 12-week group CBT intervention or a waiting list control condition. At the end of 12 weeks, treated participants who met clinical criteria for improvement subsequently received 12 sessions of behavioral weight loss. Remaining participants received 12 additional sessions of CBT for binge eating. Results: Fifty percent of treated participants improved with the initial 12-week course of CBT. There was a strong trend for the extension of CBT to affect improvement in binge eating among initial nonresponders (6 of 14 subjects no longer met diagnostic criteria for BED). Overall, extending CBT led to clinical improvement in 66.7% of all treated participants, with treatment gains occurring through session 20. Discussion: The results suggest that an extended course of CBT (i.e., longer than 12 weeks) will likely maximize the number of potential responders to treatment. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 347–352, 1997.
Neural correlates of impaired functional independence in early Alzheimer's disease.

Cognitive and physical decline are important predictors of functional independence in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about AD-related neural change leading to decreased independence. We hypothesized that regional gray matter atrophy, including the medial frontal cortex, would be related to cognition, physical function, and functional independence. Individuals without dementia (n = 56) and subjects with early-stage AD (n = 58) underwent MRI and a comprehensive cognitive and physical function evaluation. The relationship of cognitive and physical function measures and independence performing complex daily activities was explored using correlation and mediation analysis. These results suggest that cognition had both a strong direct effect and mediated the influence of physical function on independence for those with AD. We followed this with a voxel-based morphometric global conjunction analysis of imaging data within each group to identify neural substrates common to our function measures. Imaging evidence supported our mediation analysis results. Imaging evidence revealed that in AD, regional gray matter atrophy measures in medial frontal and temporo-parietal areas were related to decreased cognition, physical function, and independence. Loss of independence in early AD is closely related to impaired cognition associated with performing complex behaviors. People with early AD may have decreased gray matter volume in the medial frontal and temporal-parietal cortices that is associated with loss of independence in activities of daily living. These results are the first to identify regionally specific brain volume changes that may be related to functional dependence seen in early AD.
Extreme halogen abundances in tin-rich magma of the Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico

Crystal-bearing glass inclusions are hosted by quartz phenocrysts in eruptive units of the tin-mineralized Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico. Inclusions from four units were refused at 2 to 4 kbars and temperatures > or = 890 degrees C and analyzed for major and minor elements by electron microprobe and for H, Li, Be, B, Rb, St, Y, Nb, Mo, Sn, Cs, Ce, Th, and U by ion microprobe. Average glass inclusion compositions are chemically representative of Taylor Creek melt, and comparison of inclusion compositions with their whole-rock equivalents suggests that Li, F, Cl, Ca, and H 2 O degassed from cooling lava and/or magma after inclusion entrapment.Taylor Creek magma was strongly and variably enriched in F and Cl prior to eruption; average F concentrations of melt apparently ranged from 0.15 to 3.9 wt percent. Eruptive units containing the most F-enriched glass inclusions are characterized by comparatively high average molar (Na 2 O/Na 2 O + K 2 O) ratios, low Li concentrations, and relatively low phenocryst contents which are compatible with high preeruptive concentrations of F in magma. Average C1 concentrations were more uniform, ranging from 0.23 to 0.37 wt percent. High concentrations of F and Cl are in accord with the style and extent of alteration in vapor-phase altered parts of Taylor Creek Rhyolite and are consistent with alkali chloride-rich fluid inclusions in vapor-phase minerals of altered rhyolites. Preeruptive enrichments in other volatiles were not as significant; B in melt was <100 ppm and the apparent H 2 O content of melt was <2 wt percent.Geochemical studies of other tin-topaz rhyolites and molybdenite-bearing, Climax-type, porphyritic granites imply that their magmatic F concentrations were highly variable and that some fractions of magma were strongly enriched in halogens. We suggest that such high levels of halogen enrichment may be generally representative of other highly evolved granitic magmas genetically associated with lithophile mineralization.
The physics of plastic deformation

Abstract A simplified physical picture is extracted from the many complicated processes occuring during plastic deformation. It is based upon a set of continuously distributed straight edge dislocations, the carriers of plastic deformation, moving along their slip plane, interacting with each other and the lattice, multiplying and annihilating. The principles of continuum physics, that is the conservation laws of mass and momentum, and results from discrete dislocation modelling are then employed to analyze the situation and deduce a closed set of relations describing the evolution of deformation and the associated forces that bring it about. A simple method is suggested for extending these relations to macroscales. This way, current phenomenological models of plasticity are physically substantiated. Moreover, a framework is provided for rigorously constructing small and large deformation theories of plasticity. Finally, a new possibility is made available for capturing the salient features of the heteogeneity of plastic flow including the wavelength of persistent slip bands, the width of shear bands, and the velocity of Portevin-Le Chatelier bands.
Fluid registration of medical images using Jensen-Renyi divergence reveals 3D profile of brain atrophy in HIV/AIDS

We propose a novel fluid image registration strategy based on an information-theoretic measure, the Jensen-Renyi divergence (JRD) of two images. We modified the definition of JRD, which is based on the joint histogram of two images, to develop a variational approach in which driving forces are applied throughout the deforming image to maximize the JRD between it and the target image. A viscous fluid regularizer was applied to guarantee diffeomorphic (i.e., smooth, one-to-one) deformation mappings. The resulting partial differential equation (PDE) was solved iteratively by convolving the applied force field with the Green's function of the linear differential operator. The fluid JRD method provided accurate, robust correspondences for registrations requiring large deformations in 2D and 3D. Finally, we applied our algorithm to tensor-based morphometry (i.e. shape analysis) of 3D brain MRIs from 26 HIV/AIDS patients and 14 matched healthy control subjects, showing that the algorithm can help identify subtle and clinically significant differences in brain structure. Detected white matter changes were correlated with cognitive impairment in AIDS. These techniques may help measure and visualize disease burden in drug trials and in morphometric studies of degenerative brain disease.
Color and Affect: A Review and Semantic Evaluation

(1952). Color and Affect: A Review and Semantic Evaluation. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 185-223.
DIALOGUES OF THE NATIONS: Revisiting Visions and Its Critics

Critics of Visions in this symposium raise three general questions. The question of inclusiveness is addressed by linking pertinent criteria to the book's aims ; that of justifying national traditions by reviewing pertinent evidence ; and that of the viability of dialogue by arguing that responsive communication does not entail full agreement. A number of particular issues the critics raise are addressed by the book's arguments regarding the relation of the discipline of sociology to its philosophical background, the international setting of early sociology, Durkheim's individualism, Weber's distinction between naturalism and interpretability, Marx's treatment of Feuerbach and of nationalism, and the relation between power and knowledge. This response concludes by explicating the proposal that the time may be ripe to rejoin a number of the elements of Aristotelian social science that had been delegated to various national traditions of social theory in the modern era
EVOLUTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE BY HUMAN AND BACTERIAL NICHE CONSTRUCTION

Antibiotic treatment by humans generates strong viability selection for antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. The frequency of host antibiotic use often determines the strength of this selection, and changing patterns of antibiotic use can generate many types of behaviors in the population dynamics of resistant and sensitive bacterial populations. In this paper, we present a simple model of hosts dimorphic for their tendency to use/avoid antibiotics and bacterial pathogens dimorphic in their resistance/sensitivity to antibiotic treatment. When a constant fraction of hosts uses antibiotics, the two bacterial strain populations can coexist unless host use-frequency is above a critical value; this critical value is derived as the ratio of the fitness cost of resistance to the fitness cost of undergoing treatment. When strain frequencies can affect host behavior, the dynamics may be analyzed in the light of niche construction. We consider three models underlying changing host behavior: conformism, the avoidance of long infections, and adherence to the advice of public health officials. In the latter two, we find that the pathogen can have quite a strong effect on host behavior. In particular, if antibiotic use is discouraged when resistance levels are high, we observe a classic niche-construction phenomenon of maintaining strain polymorphism even in parameter regions where it would not be expected.
Stabilized bubbles in the body: pressure-radius relationships and the limits to stabilization

We previously outlined the fundamental principles that govern behavior of stabilized bubbles, such as the microbubbles being put forward as ultrasound contrast agents. Our present goals are to develop the idea that there are limits to the stabilization and to provide a conceptual framework for comparison of bubbles stabilized by different mechanisms. Gases diffuse in or out of stabilized bubbles in a limited and reversible manner in response to changes in the environment, but strong growth influences will cause the bubbles to cross a threshold into uncontrolled growth. Also, bubbles stabilized by mechanical structures will be destroyed if outside influences bring them below a critical small size. The in vivo behavior of different kinds of stabilized bubbles can be compared by using plots of bubble radius as a function of forces that affect diffusion of gases in or out of the bubble. The two ends of the plot are the limits for unstabilized growth and destruction; these and the curve's slope predict the bubble's practical usefulness for ultrasonic imaging or O2 carriage to tissues.
Nonuniform D-C Electron Flow in Magnetically Focused Cylindrical Beams

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nonuniform D-C electron flow in magnetically focused cylindrical beams. A summary of the important properties of a Brillouin-flow beam, in its usual environment, is presented. It has been demonstrated that electrons entering the region of uniform magnetic-flux density have the Larmor angular velocity, provided that the magnetic field is everywhere axially symmetric. Only negligible magnetic flux threads through the cathode, and the cathode is completely shielded magnetically. In order to be able to deal with nonuniform flow in the environment capable of supporting Brillouin flow, it is necessary to complete the statement of the force-law relations. The equation for the radial force components is stated in a right-handed system of cylindrical coordinates and for the region of uniform magnetic-flux density. It is suggested that both the radial and axial components of the potential gradient must be continuous across the boundary between the beam surface and the annular space-charge-free region outside of it. The axial periodicity with space-charge-limited virtual cathodes is also elaborated.
11C-MP-10 is a suitable radiotracer for PET imaging of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A)

361 Objectives We have previously demonstrated the capability of 11C-MP-10 to image PDE10A in baboons with reversible kinetics and high specific binding signals1. Accurate quantification requires negligible radiolabeled metabolites in the brain. However, a study in rhesus monkeys indicated that 11C-MP-10 displayed irreversible uptake kinetics attributable to the presence of a radiolabeled metabolite in the brain2. This study addressed these discrepancies in rhesus monkeys. Methods Ex vivo studies in one rhesus monkey and 4 rats were performed to investigate radioactivity profile in the brain 45 or 60 min after 11C-MP-10 injection (305 MBq and 30.9±6.3 MBq, respectively). PET scans were performed in rhesus monkeys (mean injected activity and mass doses of 142 MBq and 0.018 μg/kg, respectively, n = 6) on the FOCUS-220 scanner to assess baseline kinetics (n=3), and binding specificity with pretreatment of unlabeled MP-10 (0.1, 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg). Metabolite-corrected arterial input function was measured for all scans. Imaging data were analyzed with kinetic models to estimate regional volume of distribution (VT). Results The ex vivo studies confirmed specific binding of 11C-MP-10 in the striatum, with no or negligible radiolabeled metabolites in the frontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum of both species. In rhesus monkeys, 11C-MP-10 displayed reversible uptake kinetics, although clearance appeared to be slower than in baboons. 11C-MP-10 uptake in PDE10A-rich brain regions was decreased in a dose-dependent manner when the monkeys were pretreated with unlabeled MP-10. The multilinear analysis (MA1) method proved to be the most appropriate for estimation of VT values. Conclusions PET scans with 11C-MP-10 in rhesus monkeys demonstrated tissue kinetics and specific binding signals consistent with our previous observations in baboons1. Little or no radioactive metabolites were found in the brain of monkey or rat. Hence, our current results strongly support the suitability of 11C-MP-10 for PET imaging and quantification of PDE10A.
Hand-mirror cell leukemia associated with mental retardation: immunologic, chromosome, and morphological studies

Cycochemical, morphological, immunologic, and cytogenetic studies were carried out on hand-mirror cells (HMC) from a mentally retarded patient with a constitutional chromosome abnormality, 46,XX,r(21), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Scanning electron and differential interference contrast microscopy showed microspikes on the uropodia, but little evidence of cellular motility, despite formation and disappearance of individual uropodia in cell suspensions. The cells rosetted with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting T-cell origin. Cells derived from the bone marrow (80% HMC) showed a high degree of polyploidy (60%) and a bimodal chromosome number of 49 (49,XX,+10,-21, +3 rings) and 94 (6 no. 10, 3 no. 18, 2 no. 21 chromosomes, 3 ring chromosomes, plus 4 copies of each other chromosome).
On the Disincentive to Sell an Additional Fuel Efficient Light Truck Under the Revised CAFE Regulation

In 2006, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) revised its longstanding Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulation for light trucks. Under the new regulation, each light truck's fuel economy target varies depending on the size of the truck. We show that under the revised regulation automakers can still be penalized for selling an additional, fuel efficient light truck.
A ManeuverBased Hybrid Control Architecture for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planning

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction System Dynamics Problem Formulation Maneuver Automaton Motion Planning in the Maneuver Space Example: Three-Degree-of-Freedom Helicopter Conclusion References ]]>
Effect of L-cysteine hydrochloride, DL-alanine, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrosulfide on experimental polyarthritis of rats.

Mouse and rat polyarthritis, induced by pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO), represent a new but important type of disease. This disease has been studied by relatively few investigators. Collier1 and Findlay, Mackenzie and MacCallum2 found that gold compounds exert a preventive action against development of rat polyarthritis. Sabin and Warren3 and Preston, Block and Freyberg4 also reported that such compounds have a curative action on experimental mouse polyarthritis. Although rodent polyarthritis is not identical in its pathology with human rheumatoid arthritis, certain similarities and the beneficial effect of gold in both suggested a common denominator in their etiology, and also the possibility that, through chemotherapeutic trials in animals, other agents could be found more effective and less toxic than the
Abstract 2504: Defining the contribution of the extracellular domain of ICAM-2 to the non metastatic phenotype of neuroblastoma cells using chimeric fusion proteins

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial pediatric cancer, accounting for 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Recently, our lab reported the novel finding of ICAM-2 expression in NB cell lines and primary NB tumor cells. Interestingly, ICAM-2-expressing NB cells exhibited decreased motility in vitro and decreased metastatic potential in vivo. In these ICAM-2-expressing non-metastatic NB cells, the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-2 interacted with β-actinin, which in turn interacted with actin, leading to subsequent redistribution of actin fibers to a non-motile state. The goal of the current study is determining the potential role of the ICAM-2 extracellular domain in NB metastasis development. Therefore, we constructed a series of chimeric fusion proteins, one of which consists of the extra cellular domain of CD89 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of ICAM-2 (CD89αED). CD89 is the receptor for IgA, and bears striking similarity to ICAM-2 in terms of size (287AA vs. 275AA, respectively) and structure. Both are immunoglobulin superfamily members with two Ig-like domains, six extracellular N-glycosylation sites, and short cytoplasmic domains. Furthermore, there is no literature implicating CD89 in cancer progression. This construct was stably transfected into a non-ICAM-2 expressing SK-N-AS NB cell line, and protein expression was confirmed by flow cytometry and western blot. Our preliminary data showed distinct phenotypic differences between NB cells stably transfected with the CD89αED construct compared to wild type ICAM-2. In scratch assays, CD89αED cells showed faster migration ability than ICAM-2 wt (75% vs. 50% wound closure) at 72 hour time points. Furthermore, in anchorage-independent colony growth in soft agar, CD89αED cells formed a significantly (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2504. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2504
Images in clinical medicine. Sand as a foreign body.

Figure 1. A 30-year-old woman was trapped in a car that had flipped over and landed in a shallow lake with a sandy bottom. She was rescued and rushed to the emergency department, where computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained. Several hyperdense collections (denser than bone) are apparent on the radiographic studies. The CT scan of the head shows sand in the right maxillary sinus (Panel A, arrow). The scan of the chest shows sand in the bronchial tree (Panel B, arrow), and the abdominal CT scan shows sand in the stomach (Panel C, arrow). After the placement of a . . .
The Effect of Therapy on Platelet-Associated Autoantibody in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder due to autoantibody-induced destruction of platelets. Several forms of therapy have been used, including corticosteroids, splenectomy, danazol, and a variety of immunosuppressants. We studied the mechanism of action of some of these treatments by evaluating patients' platelet- associated autoantibodies (PAAb) and platelet count before and serially following therapy. Treatment with corticosteroids, splenectomy, cyclophosphamide, and combination chemotherapy resulted in a progressive decrease in PAAb associated with an improvement in the platelet count, and appeared to act by primarily affecting autoantibody production. Conversely, PAAb levels either remained stable or increased during vincristine or danazol therapy despite improvement in the platelet count, suggesting that the major effect of these agents was decreased platelet removal by the reticuloendothelial (RE) system.
Cellular Metabolism Controls Lymphocyte Activation and Differentiation

Upon antigen recognition, activated lymphocytes differentiate into different subsets depending on the cytokine environment. It is clear that in addition to the signaling and transcriptional reprogramming that governs lymphocyte activation, metabolic reprogramming plays an essential role in the activation and differentiation process. While naive T cells utilize glucose oxidation through the TCA cycle, activated lymphocytes engage mainly in aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon that has been long observed in tumor cells. While effector T cells show a higher glycolytic rate, memory T cells and also regulatory T cells show higher dependence on fatty acid oxidation. To this end, several molecules and enzymes critical for regulating metabolism have also emerged as playing an important role in guiding both T cell differentiation and function. Understanding how metabolism regulates different T cell subsets provides a new avenue by which to therapeutically regulate immune-mediated diseases.
High Intensity multiphoton Ionization experiments at 1053 mm and 527 nm

We have performed multiphoton ionization experiments on rare gases using the T3 laser, a high intensity laser which uses chirped pulse amplification to generate 1-ps pulses with energies of several hundred millijoules. With f/4 optics the fundamental 1053-nm wavelength can be focused to peak intensities in the mid-1016-W/cm2 range. The frequency-doubted laser light at 527 nm has been focused to 3 X 1016 W/cm2.
A Cluster Algorithm for the Study of Jets in High-energy Physics

A cluster algorithm using angular correlations and leading particle effects is presented which is applicable to the study of jets produced in high energy storage ring collisions. The algorithm uses the concept of a minimal spanning tree and is computationally very efficient. Events are classified by their cluster number and the cluster number frequency distribution can be used for comparison with particle production models. Individual particles are assigned to the clusters and the vector sum of their momenta generate a cluster axis. These cluster properties permit the study of the dynamics of the jet production and fragmentation processes. The example of two and three jet production at PEP and PETRA energies is used to illustrate this technique.
Computer-Based Instruction (CBI) Within Special Education

Computer-based instruction (CBI) has the potential to help stakeholders meet new expectations regarding the academic achievement and educational outcomes of students receiving special education services. Part of the optimism about CBI’s transformative role in special education has focused on its potential to provide flexible materials and practices surrounding academic curricula. This chapter focuses specifically on academic instruction as implemented within CBI and as it relates to the largest group of students with disabilities in public schools: students with mild to moderate, or specific, learning disabilities. We first identify some priority concerns for students in special education that may be addressed by digital tools and technology-based solutions. We then review existing research literature to determine when and how technology may support the cognitive processes and learning outcomes of students in special education. Finally, we summarize the research findings into a set of practical recommendations based upon currently available evidence.
Unsupervised land cover classification in multispectral imagery with sparse representations on learned dictionaries

Techniques for automated feature extraction, including neuroscience-inspired machine vision, are of current interest in the areas of climate change monitoring, change detection, and Land Use/Land Cover classification using satellite image data. We describe an approach for automatic classification of land cover in multispectral satellite imagery of the Arctic using sparse representations over learned dictionaries. We demonstrate our method using DigitalGlobe Worldview-2 visible/near infrared high spatial resolution imagery. We use a Hebbian learning rule to build spectral-textural dictionaries that are adapted to the data. We learn our dictionaries from millions of overlapping image patches and then use a pursuit search to generate sparse classification features. These sparse representations of pixel patches are used to perform unsupervised k-means clustering into land-cover categories. Our approach combines spectral and spatial textural characteristics to detect geologic, vegetative, and hydrologic features. We compare our technique to standard remote sensing classification algorithms. Our results suggest that neuroscience-based models are a promising approach to practical pattern recognition problems in remote sensing, even for datasets using spectral bands not found in natural visual systems.
Rheological behavior of polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile/lignin blends

Abstract Dynamic shear rheology study is conducted on the polyacrylonitirile (PAN) solution and composite solutions of PAN with up to 37.5 wt% annual plant lignin (APL) to address current barriers of PAN/lignin blend development as carbon fiber precursor. PAN/APL blends exhibit lower yield stresses, lower relaxation times, and lower viscosities than to PAN solution according to the dynamic frequency sweep measurements from −7 °C to 56 °C. Yet an increase of solution activation energy of flow is observed with the increasing lignin content in solution. This is attributed to the potential interactions of PAN and lignin. Solution loss tangents obtained from dynamic frequency sweeps between −7 °C and 56 °C at an oscillatory frequency of 100 rad/s is used to envision the effect of lignin on solution structure during fiber processing.
Responding to Gendered Violence Among College Students: The Impact of Participant Characteristics on Direct Bystander Intervention Behavior

ABSTRACTBystander intervention has been an effective strategy for crime prevention and has been successful in the context of campus sexual assault. Less is known about the extent to which individual-level factors correlate with intervention behavior in situations of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual harassment. The present study used a sample of 377 undergraduate student surveys on a campus without a bystander intervention program to examine the impact of individual-level participant factors on direct intervention across sexual assault, IPV, and sexual harassment scenarios. Findings demonstrated statistically significant differences where positive bystander attitudes and violence prevention efficacy correlated with direct intervention for sexual assault; positive bystander attitudes, personality extroversion, and exposure to a victim increased intervention behavior in an IPV scenario, and positive bystander attitudes and violence prevention efficacy increased direct intervention and lifetime expe...
Abstract 2109: Transcriptional analysis of human leukemia cells treated with the experimental anticancer drug laromustine

Laromustine is an experimental anticancer prodrug that demonstrated significant activity against acute myeloid leukemia in human clinical trials. Upon base-catalyzed activation, laromustine yields two reactive, electrophilic species in situ: 90CE, which can chloroethylate the O6 position of guanine in DNA causing lethal interstrand crosslinks, and methyl isocyanate, which can carbamoylate biochemically relevant nucleophiles, such as cysteine sulfhydryl groups. Previous in vitro and ex vivo investigations into laromustine’s molecular mechanism of action reveal several biochemical consequences of methyl isocyanate, many of which may explain either the acute cytotoxicity of the drug’s carbamoylating activity or the observed synergism with the cytotoxicity of guanine O6 chloroethylation. The combined activities of the electrophilic subspecies of laromustine are believed to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells. Presented herein are extensive flow cytometry experiments using FITC-AnnexinV and propidium iodide suggesting a dose-dependent cytotoxicity that includes apoptotosis. So as to gain a more complete understanding of the drug’s toxicity, an investigation into how laromustine modulates gene transcription in HL60 cells is also carried out and reported here. Total mRNA was harvested from cultured HL60 cells treated with sub-lethal doses of laromustine or analogs lacking either carbamoylating or chloroethylating activity. These samples were subjected to GeneChip analyses against control mRNA. More than 4,000 genes were significantly dysregulated upon the cells’ exposure to laromustine. The analog of laromustine possessing only carbamoylating activity caused the dysregulation of nearly 3,000 genes, the vast majority of which were also dysregulated in response to laromustine. 90CE, which lacks carbamoylating activity but retains chloroethylating activity, understood to be principally responsible for therapeutic cytotoxicity, demonstrated very little effect on gene transcription in HL60 cells. Preliminary analysis of gene pathways affected by laromustine suggests that among the altered pathways, those associated with cancer progression, the G1/S checkpoint, and hematological disorders are particularly stressed. The carbamoylating activity of laromustine is responsible for most of these effects. Identifying genetic pathways disrupted by this potentially useful drug may inform clinical strategies or identify potential targets for co-therapeutic agents. Citation Format: Amanda J. Loya, Dylan J. Cincotta, Abdel Elkahloun, David Bodine, Kevin P. Rice. Transcriptional analysis of human leukemia cells treated with the experimental anticancer drug laromustine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2109. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2109
Atrial ERK1/2 activation in the embryo leads to incomplete Septal closure: a novel mouse model of atrial Septal defect

MEK1 mutation and activated MAPK signaling has been found in patients with RASopathies and abnormal cardiac development. Previous studies have suggested that regulation of fetal MAPK signaling is essential for normal cardiac development. We investigated the effect of active MEK1 overexpression on fetal atrial septal development. An inducible double transgenic (DTg) mouse model was developed in which cardiac-specific fetal expression of a constitutively active form of human MEK1 (aMEK1) was induced primarily in the atrium via the withdrawal of doxycycline from the drinking water of pregnant mice. Atrial septal defect (ASD) was found in 51% (23/45) of DTg mice. Fifty-two percent (12/23) of ASD mice died before weaning, and surviving ASD mice exhibited hypertrophic hearts with enlarged right atria and decreased fractional shorting (40 ± 2% vs. 48 ± 0%, p < 0.05). The model mimicked human ASD in several key clinical features: severe ASD was associated with growth impairment; ASD-specific mortality was highest within the early postnatal period; despite an even distribution of ASD among the sexes, early mortality was significantly higher in males. The expression of aMEK1 and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was documented via Western blot in DTg fetal hearts, with the largest increases seen in atrial tissue. In an alternative transgenic aMEK1 model with elevated atrial MKP3 expression and corresponding suppression of increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, animals did not develop ASD. This new model of ASD suggests that enhanced atrial MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling during fetal development disrupts normal atrial septation, possibly regulated by the balance of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.