cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Densification and strengthening of silver-reinforced hydroxyapatite-matrix composite prepared by sintering

Ductile-phase reinforcement of hydroxyapatite (HA) was achieved by addition of silver particulates (5–30 vol %) in HA powder and subsequent sintering of HA−Ag powder compacts. A composite made by sintering 10 vol % Ag and the balance HA at 1200 °C for 1 h in air had flexural strength of 75±7 MPa, which was almost double that of pure HA sintered under an identical condition. The density of HA-10 vol % Ag composite was 90±2% of the theoretical density (as calculated from the rule of mixture) and was lower than that (98.7±0.4%) of pure HA sintered at a similar condition. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite did not indicate any decomposition of HA or any reaction between HA and Ag. Ag in the composite melted during sintering, but, due to poor wetting, did not spread in between HA particles. The addition of Ag reduced densification and grain growth during sintering of HA−Ag composites. Indentation cracks in the composites went around Ag inclusions and often stopped at Ag inclusions. The increase in the flexural strength of the composites was thought to be due to crack-bridging and crack-arrest by silver particles.
Integration Of Landsat, Dted, And Dfad

Procedures for the integration of Landsat Thematic Mapper digital data with DMA provided DTED and DFAD data sets are presented. Geometric correction issues in the merging of the data sets are addressed and examples are given. Presentation of the results of a data merge are displayed using a licensed perspective sceneration program GTVISIT.
COMPUTER‐ASSISTED POLICY ANALYSIS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CHARGING TUITION IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES

This paper addresses the problems associated with establishing sound administrative policies in complex community college systems. A quantitative, computer simulation model of a community college financial system is described. A simulation technique — system dynamics — is utilized that permits the authors to describe the behavior of three basic income groups within a student population as they react individually to increases in tuition. This model will assist community college decision makers at the state and local levels as they consider problems of increasing tuition in the face of declining enrollment. At the same time, system dynamics is introduced as a powerful research technique with numerous applications in the study of complex community college systems.
Enabling Portable Optimizations of Data Placement on GPU

Modern GPU memory systems manifest more varieties, increasing complexities, and rapid changes. Different placements of data on memory systems often cause significant differences in program performance. Most current GPU programming systems rely on programmers to indicate the appropriate placements, but finding the appropriate placements is difficult for programmers in practice owing to the complexity and fast changes of memory systems, as well as the input sensitivity of appropriate data placements--that is, the best placements often differ when a program runs on a different input data set. This article introduces a software framework called Porple. It offers a solution that, for the first time, makes it possible to automatically enhance data placement across a GPU. Through Porple, a GPU program's data gets placed appropriately on memory on the fly, customized to the current input dataset. Moreover, when new memory systems arrive, it can easily adapt the placements accordingly. Experiments on three types of GPU systems show that Porple consistently finds optimal or near-optimal placement, yielding up to 2.93 times (1.75 times average on three generations of GPU) speedups compared to programmers' decisions.
Compatibility of systemic acquired resistance and microbial biocontrol for suppression of plant disease in a laboratory assay

Systemic acquired resistance (SARI and microbial biocontrol each hold promise as alternatives to pesticides for control of plant diseases. SAR and Bacillus cereus UW85, a microbial biocontrol agent, separately suppress seedling damping-off diseases caused by oomycete pathogens. The purposes of this study were to investigate how expression of SAR affected the efficacy of biocontrol by UW85 and if UW85 treatment of plants induced SAR. We devised a laboratory assay in which seedling damping-off disease, induction of SAR, and growth of UW85 could be quantified. Seedlings of Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi nc were germinated on moist filter paper and transferred after 7 days to water agar plates (40 seedlings per plate). Zoospores of oomycete pathogens (Pythium tomlosum, Pythium aphanidermafum, or Phytophthora parasitical were applied at concentrations that caused = 80% seedling mortality within 10 days. Seedling mortality was dependent on zoospore inoculum concentration. The level of disease suppression caused by treatment with UW85 depended on the UWS5 dose applied. SAR was induced with 0.5-m~ salicylic acid or O.l-mM 2,6-dichloroisonicotc acid. Expression of an SAR-related gene was confirmed by northern analysis with a probe prepared from a tobacco PR-la cDNA. Induction of SAR suppressed disease caused by each of the oomycete pathogens, but did not alter the growth of W85 on roots. Treatment of seedlings with UW85 did not induce the expression of PR-la. The combination of induction of SAR and treatment with UW85 resulted in additive suppression of disease as measured by seedling survivaI.
Structures in Public Human Resource Management: Shared Services in State Governments

This article explains an emerging trend in state human resource management, the adoption of shared services. According to a 2007 survey of state governments (n = 42), approximately 38% of states adopted a shared services model between 2005 and 2007 and another 26% of other states are considering adopting shared services. Shared services is a blended model which addresses challenges associated with dominantly decentralized and centralized human resource management systems by capitalizing on new technologies and sharing expertise. The study finds that both organizational and political factors drive adoption.
Development and Testing of a Community Stakeholder Park Audit Tool

Background Parks are valuable community resources, and auditing park environments is important for understanding their influence on physical activity and health. However, few tools exist that engage citizens in this process. Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a user-friendly tool that would enable diverse stakeholders to quickly and reliably audit community parks for their potential to promote physical activity. A secondary aim was to examine community stakeholders' reactions to the process of developing and using the new tool. Methods The study employed a sequential, multiphase process including three workshops and field testing to ensure the new instrument was the product of input and feedback from a variety of potential stakeholders and was psychometrically sound. All study stages, including data collection and analysis, occurred in 2010. Results Stakeholder recommendations were combined with reviews of existing instruments to create the new Community Park Audit Tool (CPAT). The CPAT contains four sections titled Park Information, Access and Surrounding Neighborhood, Park Activity Areas, and Park Quality and Safety. Inter-rater analyses demonstrated strong reliability for the vast majority of the items in the tool. Further, stakeholders reported a range of positive reactions resulting from their engagement in the project. Conclusions The CPAT provides a reliable and user-friendly means of auditing parks for their potential to promote physical activity. Future use of the CPAT can facilitate greater engagement of diverse groups in evaluating and advocating for improved parks and overall healthy community design.
Decreased Expression of the Ets Family Transcription Factor Fli-1 Markedly Prolongs Survival and Significantly Reduces Renal Disease in MRL/lpr Mice

Increased Fli-1 mRNA is present in PBLs from systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and transgenic overexpression of Fli-1 in normal mice leads to a lupus-like disease. We report in this study that MRL/lpr mice, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus, have increased splenic expression of Fli-1 protein compared with BALB/c mice. Using mice with targeted gene disruption, we examined the effect of reduced Fli-1 expression on disease development in MRL/lpr mice. Complete knockout of Fli-1 is lethal in utero. Fli-1 protein expression in heterozygous MRL/lpr (Fli-1(+/-)) mice was reduced by 50% compared with wild-type MRL/lpr (Fli-1(+/+)) mice. Fli-1(+/-) MRL/lpr mice had significantly decreased serum levels of total IgG and anti-dsDNA Abs as disease progressed. Fli-1(+/-) MRL/lpr mice had significantly increased splenic CD8(+) and naive T cells compared with Fli-1(+/+) MRL/lpr mice. Both in vivo and in vitro production of MCP-1 were significantly decreased in Fli-1(+/-) MRL/lpr mice. The Fli-1(+/-) mice had markedly decreased proteinuria and significantly lower pathologic renal scores. At 48 wk of age, survival was significantly increased in the Fli-1(+/-) MRL/lpr mice, as 100% of Fli-1(+/-) MRL/lpr mice were alive, in contrast to only 27% of Fli-1(+/+) mice. These findings indicate that Fli-1 expression is important in lupus-like disease development, and that modulation of Fli-1 expression profoundly decreases renal disease and improves survival in MRL/lpr mice.
“May No Act of Ours Bring Shame” Fan-Enacted Crisis Communication Surrounding the Penn State Sex Abuse Scandal

This study examined the Penn State sex abuse scandal by applying traditional crisis communication strategies, usually invoked by an organization, to the online communication of the university’s active stakeholders, sports fans. Previous findings suggest sports fans will act on behalf of an organization during a crisis. Yet, the tweets of Penn State fans showed that they turned on the university and placed their loyalty with Coach Joe Paterno. Furthermore, this study discovered that fans engaged in the ingratiation, reminder, and scapegoat strategies most befitting the typology offered by Coombs, empowering the active stakeholders in the process. Results of this case provide a warning for organizations that online fan-based crisis response may not always be enacted in their best interests.
Preparing Educators and Related School Personnel to Work with At-Risk Students

One of the largest growing populations of students in the United States are those identified as at-risk for educational failure. The term at-risk implies that the student is in danger of negative future events, such as dropping out of school, abusing drugs, becoming a gang member or committing suicide. A separate course was designed at our university to prepare teachers and related school personnel to work with at-risk students in inclusive settings. We describe the course briefly including course content, in-class instructional approaches, out-of-class student activities, as well as students' reactions to the course. We then report the results of a national survey comparing the course at our university to other courses offered in other education teacher preparation programs across the United States.
Comparing online with brick and mortar course learning outcomes: An analysis of quantitative methods curriculum in public administration

Teaching graduate students in an intensive adult-learning format presents a special challenge for quantitative analytical competencies. Students often lack necessary background, skills and motivati...
Subvoxel processing: A method for reducing partial volume blurring with application to in vivo MR images of trabecular bone

Partial volume blurring precludes accurate measurement of structural dimensions in the limited-resolution regime in which image voxel size is larger than the typical structural element to be resolved. Since acquiring images at increased resolution often exacts an unacceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) penalty, methods to alleviate the adverse effects of partial volume blurring are instrumental for the accurate measurement of architectural parameters in applications such as predicting the mechanical competence of trabecular bone networks. In the current work, a novel post-processing method, referred to as “subvoxel processing,” is described for increasing apparent image resolution. The method is applicable to volumes of interest containing material phases of two discrete signal intensities. The principal strategy consists of subdividing voxels and assigning voxel intensities to each subvoxel on the basis of local neighborhood criteria and strict mass conservation. In the current work, the method’s accuracy has been evaluated using microcomputed tomography images (22 22 22 m 3 voxel size) of human trabecular bone. The results demonstrate that subvoxel processing is significantly more accurate than trilinear interpolation in decreasing apparent voxel size, especially in the presence of noise. In addition, the method’s effectiveness is illustrated with MR images of human trabecular bone acquired in vivo at 137 137 350 m 3 voxel size. The subvoxel
Sensitivity of 70-mer oligonucleotides and cDNAs for microarray analysis of gene expression in Arabidopsis and its related species

Synthetic oligonucleotides (oligos) represent an attractive alternative to cDNA amplicons for spotted microarray analysis in a number of model organisms, including Arabidopsis, C. elegans, Drosophila, human, mouse and yeast. However, little is known about the relative effectiveness of 60-70-mer oligos and cDNAs for detecting gene expression changes. Using 192 pairs of Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs and corresponding 70-mer oligos, we performed three sets of dye-swap experiments and used analysis of variance (anova) to compare sources of variation and sensitivities for detecting gene expression changes in A. thaliana, A. arenosa and Brassica oleracea. Our major findings were: (1) variation among different RNA preparations from the same tissue was small, but large variation among dye-labellings and slides indicates the need to replicate these factors; (2) sources of variation were similar for experiments with all three species, suggesting these feature types are effective for analysing gene expression in related species; (3) oligo and cDNA features had similar sensitivities for detecting expression changes and they identified a common subset of significant genes, but results from quantitative RT-PCR did not support the use of one over the other. These findings indicate that spotted oligos are at least as effective as cDNAs for microarray analyses of gene expression. We are using oligos designed from approximately 26,000 annotated genes of A. thaliana to study gene expression changes in Arabidopsis and Brassica polyploids.
Total Variation Inpainting using Split Bregman

Given an image where a specified region is unknown, image inpainting or image completion is the problem of inferring the image content in this region. Traditional retouching or inpainting is the practice of restoring aged artwork, where damaged or missing portions are repainted based on the surrounding content to approximate the original appearance. In the context of digital images, inpainting is used to restore regions of an image that are corrupted by noise or where the data is missing. Inpainting is also used to solve disocclusion, to estimate the scene behind an obscuring foreground object. A popular use of digital inpainting is object removal, for example, to remove a trashcan that disrupts a scene of otherwise natural beauty. Inpainting is an interpolation problem, filling the unknown region with a condition to agree with the known image on the boundary. A classical solution for such an interpolation is to solve Laplace’s equation. However, Laplace’s equation is usually unsatisfactory for images since it is overly smooth. It cannot recover a step edge passing through the region. Total variation (TV) regularization is an effective inpainting technique which is capable of recovering sharp edges under some conditions (these conditions will be explained). The use of TV regularization was originally developed for image denoising by Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi [3] and then applied to inpainting by Chan and Shen [13]. TV-regularized inpainting does not create texture, the method is limited to inpainting the geometric structure.
Outlines of the theory of choice: attitude, desire, attention, will

The process of choice is vitally important for animals including humans because they are open, active, and limited systems. The term orientation is used in this work in two meanings corresponding to two main aspects of choice -an appraisal of the elements of choice one by one, and their comparison resulting in the choice being made. An appraisal of a singled out element of choice is also an act of orientation of a subject to it that can be positive or negative, toward or away from it. Comparison of elements of choice is also an act of orientation, this time between the objects of choice. The terms orientation and choice are often used in this work interchangeably. The word orientation, however, being a choice of direction in the broad sense of it, carries an intentional, directional or vectorial connotation that is valuable for the objectives of this work.
Antibody Arrays in Cancer Research

Antibody arrays have valuable applications in cancer research. Many different antibody array technologies have been developed, each with particular advantages, disadvantages, and optimal applications. The methods have been demonstrated on various sample types, such as serum, plasma, and other bodily fluids; cell culture supernatants; tissue culture lysates; and resected tumor specimens. The applications to cancer research have included profiling proteins to identify candidate biomarkers, characterizing signaling pathways, and the measurement of changes in modification or expression level of cancer-related proteins. Further innovations in the methods and experimental strategies are broadening the scope of the applications and the type of information that can be gathered. These alternate formats and uses of antibody arrays include arrays to measure whole cells, arrays to measure enzyme activities, reverse phase arrays, and bead-based arrays. This article reviews the various types of antibody array methods and their applications to cancer research.
A Prototype Economic Model Characterized by Cointegration

In the previous two chapters, we discussed the econometric problems in drawing inferences from vector error correction models. The conclusion of that discussion is that the estimated parameters of the VECM, and in particular the estimated cointegrating vectors, cannot be given a unique interpretation absent an identified economic structure. In subsequent chapters, we present estimates of vector error correction models that we allege provide information about certain aspects of the aggregate economic structure of the economy, in particular about the character of the equilibrium aggregate demand for real balances. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss a rational expectations aggregate economic model that is characterized by both permanent (nonstationary) and transitory (stationary) shocks, derive the reduced form error correction representation of that model, show that the model is characterized by cointegration, and show that the estimated cointegrating vectors provide information on some of the equilibrium parameters of the economic model. In addition we derive moving average (Wold) representation of the model and interpret common trends representations of such structures.
Dissecting practical intelligence theory: Its claims and evidence

Abstract Sternberg et al. [Sternberg, R. J., Forsythe, G. B., Hedlund, J., Horvath, J. A., Wagner, R. K., Williams, W. M., Snook, S. A., Grigorenko, E. L. (2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press] review the theoretical and empirical supports for their bold claim that there exists a general factor of practical intelligence that is distinct from “academic intelligence” (g) and which predicts future success as well as g, if not better. The evidence collapses, however, upon close examination. Their two key theoretical propositions are made plausible only by ignoring the considerable evidence contradicting them. Their six key empirical claims rest primarily on the illusion of evidence, which is enhanced by the selective reporting of results. Their small set of usually poorly documented studies on the correlates of tacit knowledge (the “important aspect of practical intelligence”) in five occupations cannot, whatever the results, do what the work is said to have done—dethroned g as the only highly general mental ability or intelligence.
The enigma of the clandestine association between chloroquine and HIV-1 infection.

Objectives The antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) dampens the immune system and is used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. CQ also shows antiviral activity against nonenveloped and enveloped viruses, including HIV-1. Persistent immune activation in chronic HIV-1infection leads to CD4 T-cell depletion. CQ is envisioned to attenuate immune activation and virus activity in HIV-1-infected patients. The role of CQ in immune activation and virus activity is discussed here. Methods To elucidate the effect of CQ on immune activation, a retrospective review of published clinical trials, in vivo experimental studies in animals, and the most relevant in vitro observations in HIV-1-infected cells, together with observations from our own laboratory studies, was carried out and the findings discussed. Results In a few clinical studies and animal experiments, CQ was ineffective in decreasing immune activation and HIV-1 infection. In vitro, CQ markedly increased HIV-1 infection in astrocytes and other non-CD4 cells. Conclusions The use of CQ in HIV-1-infected patients is questionable. The evidence for a dampening of immune activation by CQ is inconclusive.
Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct.

This article argues for the value in socialization research of focusing explicitly on the construct of parental psychological control of children--control that constrains, invalidates, and manipulates children's psychological and emotional experience and expression. The article traces the history of the construct and distinguishes psychological control theoretically and empirically from more behaviorally oriented control. 2 new measures of psychological control are developed. Data from 3 separate studies are presented which indicate that psychological control can be adequately measured across demographically varied samples and mode of measurement. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, psychological control, particularly as perceived by preadolescents and adolescents, is consistently predictive of youth internalized problems (depression) and, in some cases, externalized problems (delinquency). In contrast, behavioral control is related primarily to externalized problems.
Species interactions and thermal constraints on ant community structure

Patterns of species occurrence and abundance are infl uenced by abiotic factors and biotic interactions, but these factors are diffi cult to disentangle without experimental manipulations. In this study, we used observational and experimental approaches to investigate the role of temperature and interspecifi c competition in controlling the structure of groundforaging ant communities in forests of the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. To assess the potential role of competition, we fi rst used null model analyses to ask whether species partition temporal and/or spatial environments. To understand how thermal tolerances infl uence the structure of communities, we conducted a laboratory experiment to estimate the maximum thermal tolerance of workers and a fi eld experiment in which we added shaded microhabitats and monitored the response of foragers. Finally, to evaluate the roles of temperature and interspecifi c competition in the fi eld, we simultaneously manipulated shading and the presence of a dominant competitor (Formica moki). Th e foraging activity of species broadly overlapped during the diurnal range of temperatures. Species co-occurrence patterns varied across the diurnal temperature range: species were spatially segregated at bait stations at low temperatures, but co-occurred randomly at high temperatures. Th e decreased abundance of the co-occurring thermophilic Temnothorax nevadensis in shaded plots was a direct eff ect of shading and not an indirect eff ect of competitive interactions. Th ermal tolerance predicted the response of ant species to the shading experiment: species with the lowest tolerances to high temperatures showed the greatest increase in abundance in the shaded plots. Moreover, species with more similar thermal tolerance values segregated more frequently on baits than did species that diff ered in their thermal tolerances. Collectively, our results suggest that thermal tolerances of ants may mediate competitive eff ects in habitats that experience strong diurnal temperature fl uctuations. A major goal of ecology is to identify the processes that con trol patterns of community structure. At large spatial scales, historical processes determine properties of the regional species pool (Ricklefs 2004), which in turn infl uence the composition of local communities (Webb et al. 2002, Wiens and Donoghue 2004). At smaller spatial scales, both abiotic fi ltering (pH, temperature, water availability, etc.), and biotic interactions (interspecifi c competition, parasites, herbivory, etc.) may operate to determine which species occur, and cooccur, together within the local community (Weiher and Keddy 1999, Cavender-Bares et al. 2009).
Feature selection for static security assessment using neural networks

Addresses the issue of the curse of dimensionality with respect to building neural network classifiers for large-scale power systems. Rather than using all the available measurement variables as classifier inputs, the authors use statistical techniques to extract features with maximum first- and second-order discriminatory information. The selected features are then used as inputs for training and testing the layered perceptron classifier. Classification in the resulting lower-dimensional space leads to reduced complexity and enhanced accuracy. The resulting compact classifier is easier to build in terms of both hardware and software. The concepts were proved through simulations on the extended IEEE-8 bus and 30-bus systems. >
Homochiral 3D lanthanide coordination networks with an unprecedented 4966 topology

Homochiral 3D metal–organic open frameworks based on enantiopure atropisomeric dicarboxylic acid bridging ligands and dilanthanide secondary building units exhibit an unprecedented 4966 topology, and possess ethoxy-protected BINOL functionalities that are pointing toward the open channels.
Characterizing the ontogeny of ethanol-associated increases in corticosterone

Abstract The following experiments were conducted as adjuncts to previous work in an effort to characterize the ontogenetic profile of the elevations in corticosterone after ethanol challenge. In Experiment 1, female and male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered intraperitoneally either a 1.5- or a 4.5-g/kg dose of ethanol on postnatal day (PND) 16, 26, 36, or 56. Blood samples were collected at 40, 80, or 160 min after ethanol injection and analyzed by means of radioimmunoassay for corticosterone levels and correlated with brain alcohol levels (BrALs) determined from brain samples collected at the same time intervals. In Experiment 2, the ethanol dose was varied ontogenetically to equate functional impairment across age, with the use of intraperitoneal doses of ethanol of 3.2, 2.6, or 2.2 g/kg, to induce equivalent amounts of ethanol-induced motor impairment in infant (PND 22), adolescent (PND 28), or adult (PND 60) rats, respectively. Animals were tested on a swim task 15 min after injection, with blood and brain samples collected immediately after the swim and analyzed for corticosterone levels and BrALs as in Experiment 1. Reminiscent of previous reports of an age-related increase in sensitivity to the hypnotic and motor-impairing effects of ethanol, the corticosterone response to an ethanol challenge increased at least through adolescence, with sex differences emerging by PND 26 and becoming more pronounced in adulthood. To the extent that corticosterone release is involved in the reinforcing effects of drugs, ontogenetic differences in the response of the hypothalamic–adrenal–pituitary (HPA) axis to ethanol could contribute to the excessive alcohol consumption often observed during adolescence.
Diel Patterns of Canopy Arthropods Associated with Three Tree Species

Canopy arthropods on dogwood, Cornus florida L.; red maple, Acer rubrum L.; and yellow poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera L., were bag-sampled during the day and night on six dates from July through September 1986 in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina. Diurnal and nocturnal comparisons were made for arthropod community composition and similarity. Overall numbers of canopy arthropod taxa were similar both between and within tree species, as was relative taxon abundance as assessed by community diversity measures. However, there were substantial differences in faunal composition and weighted arthropod numbers between daytime and nighttime canopies. Diel differences in canopy faunal composition is related to differential periods of activity among some canopy arthropods. These data suggest that canopy foliage may support greater densities and kinds of arthropods than those previously reported based on daytime sampling only. Experimental designs that include diel sampling would provide a more complete assessment of the structure and composition of canopy communities by taking into account the dynamic component of these communities.
“A GEM” for increasing the effectiveness of diversity training

Questions about diversity training's utility and effectiveness remain despite its widespread use and the significant investments many firms make in such training. As a result, some HR practitioners have doubts about its relevance in the workplace. In this paper, we envision a future state of diversity training whereby diversity is embedded into work practices and programs through direct knowledge transfer, continuous skill development, and accountability for learning. We recommend four specific guidelines that HR leaders can follow to achieve this “future state” called A.G.E.M.—Approach, Goals, Executive Commitment, and Mandatory Attendance. We suggest that following the A.G.E.M. approach will lead to the kind of transformative behavioral changes required for effective diversity training programs.
Tissue Adaptation to Physical Stress: A Proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to Guide Physical Therapist Practice, Education, and Research

The purpose of this perspective is to present a general theory—the Physical Stress Theory (PST). The basic premise of the PST is that changes in the relative level of physical stress cause a predictable adaptive response in all biological tissue. Specific thresholds define the upper and lower stress levels for each characteristic tissue response. Qualitatively, the 5 tissue responses to physical stress are decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy), injury, and death. Fundamental principles of tissue adaptation to physical stress are described that, in the authors' opinion, can be used to help guide physical therapy practice, education, and research. The description of fundamental principles is followed by a review of selected literature describing adaptation to physical stress for each of the 4 main organ systems described in the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice (ie, cardiovascular/pulmonary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular). Limitations and implications of the PST for practice, research, and education are presented.
Generalizations of the Nakano Vanishing Theorem

In Chapter II, we saw that the Kodaira Vanishing Theorem holds for semi-positive or semi-negative line bundles (Corollary (2.32)). However, the Nakano Vanishing Theorem does not hold for these bundles, as shown below in Example (3.23). This chapter presents some generalizations of the Nakano Vanishing Theorem without strict positivity or negativity. First, we give a generalization to k-positive and k-negative line bundles. We then introduce a powerful “slicing technique” in order to further extend the Nakano Theorem. We also introduce the concept of k-ampleness and show the relationship between the First Lefschetz Theorem and the Nakano Theorem.
A motion detection algorithm using local phase information

Previous research demonstrated that global phase alone can be used to faithfully represent visual scenes. Here we provide a reconstruction algorithm by using only local phase information. We also demonstrate that local phase alone can be effectively used to detect local motion. The local phase-based motion detector is akin to models employed to detect motion in biological vision, for example, the Reichardt detector. The local phase-based motion detection algorithm introduced here consists of two building blocks. The first building block measures/evaluates the temporal change of the local phase. The temporal derivative of the local phase is shown to exhibit the structure of a second order Volterra kernel with two normalized inputs. We provide an efficient, FFT-based algorithm for implementing the change of the local phase. The second processing building block implements the detector; it compares the maximum of the Radon transform of the local phase derivative with a chosen threshold. We demonstrate examples of applying the local phase-based motion detection algorithm on several video sequences. We also show how the locally detected motion can be used for segmenting moving objects in video scenes and compare our local phase-based algorithm to segmentation achieved with a widely used optic flow algorithm.
Ecological divergence and conservatism: spatiotemporal patterns of niche evolution in a genus of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae: Xiphophorus)

Ecological factors often have a strong impact on spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity. The integration of spatial ecology and phylogenetics allows for rigorous tests of whether speciation is associated with niche conservatism (constraints on ecological divergence) or niche divergence. We address this question in a genus of livebearing fishes for which the role of sexual selection in speciation has long been studied, but in which the potential role of ecological divergence during speciation has not been tested. By combining reconstruction of ancestral climate tolerances and disparity indices, we show that the earliest evolutionary split in Xiphophorus was associated with significant divergence for temperature variables. Niche evolution and present day niches were most closely associated with each species’ geographic distribution relative to a biogeographic barrier, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Tests for similarity of the environmental backgrounds of closely related species suggested that the relative importance of niche conservatism and divergence during speciation varied among the primary clades of Xiphophorus. Closely related species in the two swordtail clades exhibited higher levels of niche overlap than expected given environmental background similarity indicative of niche conservatism. In contrast, almost all species of platyfish had significantly divergent niches compared to environmental backgrounds, which is indicative of niche divergence. The results suggest that the relative importance of niche conservatism and divergence differed among the clades of Xiphophorus and that traits associated with niche evolution may be more evolutionarily labile in the platyfishes. Our results ultimately suggest that the taxonomic scale of tests for conservatism and divergence could greatly influence inferences of their relative importance in the speciation process.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Targeting Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Task-Induced Acute Pain in Healthy Volunteers

Objective . Current chronic pain treatments target nociception rather than affective “suffering” and its associated functional and psychiatric comorbidities. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been implicated in affective, cognitive, and attentional aspects of pain and is a primary target of neuromodulation for affective disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can non-invasively modulate cortical activity. The present study tests whether anodal tDCS targeting the left DLPFC will increase tolerability of acute painful stimuli vs cathodal tDCS. Methods . Forty tDCS-naive healthy volunteers received anodal and cathodal stimulation targeting the left DLPFC in two randomized and counterbalanced sessions. During stimulation, each participant performed cold pressor (CP) and breath holding (BH) tasks. We measured pain intensity with the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) before and after each task. Results . Mixed ANOVA revealed no main effect of stimulation polarity for mean CP threshold, tolerance, or endurance, or mean BH time (all P > 0.27). However, DVPRS rise associated with CP was significantly smaller with anodal vs cathodal tDCS ( P = 0.024). We further observed a significant tDCS polarity × stimulation order interaction ( P = 0.042) on CP threshold, suggesting task sensitization. Conclusions . Although our results do not suggest that polarity of tDCS targeting the left DLPFC differentially modulates the tolerability of CP- and BH-related pain distress in healthy volunteers, there was a significant effect on DVPRS pain ratings. This contrasts with our previous findings that tDCS targeting the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex showed a trend toward higher mean CP tolerance with cathodal vs anodal stimulation. The present results may suggest tDCS-related effects on nociception or DLPFC-mediated attention, or preferential modulation of the affective valence of pain as captured by the DVPRS. Sham-controlled clinical studies are needed.
What is professionalism and how can we promote it

Professionalism is understood differently by members of different professions and within the medical profession itself. In its broadest sense, medical professionalism encompasses all of the aspects of the higher attributes of being a physician. This article explores some of the characteristics of being a professional, some of its challenges, and what we can do to promote professionalism.
The Historical Role of Marxism and the Soviet System

NO analyst of Soviet Communism has failed to express surprise that a Marxist movement should have triumphed in a prevailingly agrarian society. Equally trite has been the observation that the Russian Marxists have not been able to solve the problem of the peasant and his full integration into their socialist system. Marx was a city boy, we are told, and that is why Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, has to spend his time discussing the failure of Soviet agriculture to keep up with the industrial sector of the economy. We are left with a truly confusing picture. Marxism, on its own premises designed as a movement for fully industrialized societies, comes to power or is a serious contender for power in societies that are mainly agrarian, while mature industrial countries adhere perversely to something (but something that is definitely non-Marxist) variously described as “the social welfare state,” “liberal capitalism,” and the like. Perhaps Marx was wrong and—for reasons unforeseen by him—his system is peculiarly suitable to what we now term “backward” countries, with predominantly agrarian economies and a low standard of living. Then why cannot Marxism solve its central problem of the agrarian economy? Or is it perhaps merely one form of Marxism—Soviet Communism—which is thus incapacitated? No wonder that scholars, first secretaries, and the rest of us tend to become confused.
Claudins form ion-selective channels in the paracellular pathway. Focus on "Claudin extracellular domains determine paracellular charge selectively and resistance but not tight junction fibril architecture"

the ability of epithelia to form a diffusion barrier between cellular compartments of very different fluid and solute composition is dependent not only on asymmetrically distributed transcellular transport mechanisms (transcellular pathway ) but also on structures that regulate the diffusion of ions
Secondary cleft deformities.

Fistulas are an unfortunate complication that may follow repair of a palatal cleft. This article describes classification systems and nomenclature of cleft palate fistulas in the literature. A thorough evaluation includes a full history, physical examination, and specialized studies such as speech evaluation. Surgical management of a cleft palate fistula also is presented.
Cross-cutting exposure on social networking sites

Drawing on a national probability survey, this study explores the relationship between discussion disagreement on social networking sites and political participation by focusing on the intervening effects of political discussion and news use. The results revealed that discussion disagreement on SNSs inhibits off- and online political participation, and this relationship is partially mediated by the frequency of SNS political discussion. Furthermore, the frequency of news-related activities on SNSs is found to moderate the mediating effect of political discussion. The implications are discussed. We investigated how SNS discussion disagreement relates to political participation.SNS discussion disagreement inhibits online and offline political participation.SNS political discussion mediates the link between disagreement and participation.Frequency of SNS news use moderates the mediating effect of political discussion.
A Low-Power and Area-Efficient 64-Bit Digital Comparator

A new low-power and area-efficient radix-4 tree-based 64-bit digital comparator is presented in this paper. The proposed design with 64 XOR-XNOR (XE) blocks is custom implemented in 90nm 1.2V multi-threshold technology using Cadence-Virtuoso layout editor. The 64 bit comparator has an area of 1009μm2, a worst case delay of 858ps, and a power consumption of 898uW at 1G bit/s. The two features, lower power consumption and smaller area compared to other published comparators, make the proposed design most suitable for low-power portable devices. Resource sharing is an important feature for the proposed design. The 64 XE blocks occupy approximately 60% (600μm2) of the total comparator area and contributes 54% (484μW) of the total worst power consumption. The 64 XE blocks can also be used to design XE based 64-bit adders, encryption devices, etc.
Textual geography in Sallust's 'The War With Jugurtha'

The apparent geographical inaccuracies in Sallust's account of the war with Jugurtha have attracted the attention of many scholars. Several years ago Etienne Tiffou devoted a study to the fact that Sallust's three historical works show a progressively greater interest in geography, but many topographical difficulties in The War with Jugurtha remain unexplained. Others see the geographical excursuses in The War with Jugurtha as simply traditional devices or perhaps structural fillers whose content is purely derivative and whose contribution to the themes of the work is minimal or nil: Sallust does not contribute much more than ‘Greek erudition and fancies’. Yet many of the supposed inaccuracies and thematically empty excursuses can be better understood and appreciated as part of a consistent Sallustian technique of internal allusion. A careful reading of Sallust's references to places in The War with Jugurtha reveals the author's sophisticated use of a ‘textual geography’, i.e. the deliberate selection and arrangement of places in the text to allude to and support his central ideas. Most significantly he compares Rome to Carthage in their origins, growth and decline, he describes the reactions of the Roman people to the course of the war, and he characterizes Roman leaders in their conduct of the war against Jugurtha by using this device.
In a Prospective Inceptional Cohort Study of Children with Thrombosis, a Persistently Positive Dilute Russell Viper Venom Time Is Associated with Thrombus Progression or Recurrence and Multiple Antiphospholipid Antibodies

BACKGROUND: Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) that persist ≥12 weeks in adults with acute thrombosis are predictive of thrombus recurrence. The significance of APA in children with thrombosis is unclear. This study was developed to examine the relationship of a persistently positive lupus anticoagulant (≥ 12 weeks), assessed by the dilute Russell Viper Venom Time (dRVVT), to adverse thrombus outcomes including progression or recurrence. In addition, the relationship of a persistently positive dRVVT to the prevalence and titer of several other APA in children with thrombosis were examined. METHODS: Data from a consented prospective inceptional cohort study of pediatric thrombosis and thrombophilia (COMIRB 05–0339) were extracted for this analytic project. Eligibility included age ≤ 21 years at presentation, objectively confirmed thrombus, dRVVT within 4 weeks of presentation and repeated ≥ 12 weeks later. Patients with a persistently positive dRVVT (ratio of Screen/Confirm ≥1.2) were classified as having antiphospholipid syndrome (APS positive), and those with a negative dRVVT were classified as APS negative. Twelve or more weeks from presentation, patient plasmas were tested in ELISA assays for the presence and titer of IgM and IgG antibodies directed against protein C (PC), protein S (PS), prothrombin (II), β-2-Glycoprotein I (B2GPI), and cardiolipin (ACA). A euglobulin clot lysis assay (ELT) and hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid assay (STACLOT LA, Diagnostica Stago, Inc.) were also performed. RESULTS: The cohort included 122 cases with thrombosis. Of these, 35 failed eligibility due to transient dRVVT positivity or lack of blood sampling within the specified time period. Of the remaining 87 patients, 43 were APS positive and 44 were APS negative. APS positivity was associated with longer duration of therapy (p CONCLUSION: In this pediatric prospective inceptional cohort study, APS (defined as a persistence of positive dRVVT 12 weeks or greater in children affected with thrombosis), was found in more than one third of children and was associated with higher prevalence and titers of several APA. In spite of longer duration of therapy, children with APS had a significantly higher rate of thrombus progression or recurrence. APA testing in children with thrombosis is important to predict outcomes. Future clinical trials must consider APS status in evaluating risk-stratified therapy for thrombotic diseases in children.
SSRI Facilitated Crack Dancing

Choreoathetoid movement secondary to cocaine use is a well-documented phenomenon better known as "crack dancing." It consists of uncontrolled writhing movements secondary to excess dopamine from cocaine use. We present a 32-year-old male who had been using cocaine for many years and was recently started on paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for worsening depression four weeks before presentation. He had been doing cocaine every 2 weeks for the last three years and had never "crack danced" before this episode. The authors have conducted a thorough literature review and cited studies that suggest "crack dancing" is associated with excess dopamine. There has never been a documented case report of an SSRI being linked with "crack dancing." The authors propose that the excess dopaminergic effect of the SSRI lowered the dopamine threshold for "crack dancing." There is a communication with the Raphe Nucleus and the Substantia Nigra, which explains how the SSRI increases dopamine levels. This is the first documented case of an SSRI facilitating the "crack dance."