cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disaster Planning for the Intensive Care Unit: A Critical Framework

Safe and efficient delivery of critical care during disasters is a complex endeavor that requires meticulous planning. Development of an initial plan should take an “all-hazards” approach, building a basic plan that covers all disaster types. Planners can then use a hazard-vulnerability analysis (HVA) to focus more specific planning on those disaster types for which a given health system, hospital, or intensive care unit is at greatest risk. Plans should incorporate three equally important areas: the availability and use of physical space, hospital resources (supplies and equipment) both on site and readily available, and staffing concerns. Potential need for evacuation should also be addressed. Horizontal (within hospital) and vertical (complete) evacuation planning should also be undertaken. Finally, disaster plans should include guidance for the allocation of scarce healthcare resources if all surge capacity is exhausted and evacuation is not possible. Scarce resource allocation planning is essential to maximizing the likelihood that limited resources will be distributed in a fair and transparent way during a crisis. Disasters create a myriad of challenges for healthcare delivery. Careful planning can mitigate the potential harms to patients in such situations and provide a structure for delivering safe, efficient care in spite of those challenges.
Design and dispatch optimization of a solid-oxide fuel cell assembly for unconventional oil and gas production

This paper presents design and dispatch optimization models of a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) assembly for unconventional oil and gas production. Fuel cells are galvanic cells which electrochemically convert hydrocarbon-based fuels to electricity. The Geothermic Fuel Cell (GFC) concept involves utilizing heat from fuel cells during electricity generation to provide thermal energy required to pyrolyze kerogen into a mixture of oil, hydrocarbon gas and carbon-rich shale coke. We formulate a continuous, non-convex nonlinear program (NLP) in A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) to analyze the techno-economic characteristics of the GFC system. The problem is separated into a design model $$({{\mathcal {D}}})$$ and a dispatch model $$({{\mathcal {O}}})$$ . The GFC design problem determines the size and configuration of a single heater well. Specifically, we optimize the heater length and number of SOFC stacks in each assembly such that the maximum volume of oil shale is heated per well. Using the resulting design from $$({{\mathcal {D}}})$$ , the dispatch model $$({{\mathcal {O}}})$$ determines daily GFC operating conditions through variation in electric current, fuel utilization, and stoics of excess air. We optimize the system operating costs and the combined-heat-and-power efficiency, subject to geology heating demands, auxiliary component electric power demands and GFC system performance characteristics. Solutions to the design and dispatch problems are obtained using the IPOPT and KNITRO solvers. A case study shows that the optimal well-head cost of oil and gas produced using the GFC technology is about $39 bbl $$^{-1}$$ , which is comparable to that from other unconventional crude oil extraction techniques. The optimal dispatch strategy results in a maximum heating efficiency of 43% and a combined-heat-and-power efficiency of 79%. The Geothermic Fuel Cell’s performance is better than current in situ upgrading technologies that rely on electricity supplied from the grid at generation-and-transmission efficiencies near 33%.
Glucocorticoids cause mandibular bone fragility and suppress osteocyte perilacunar-canalicular remodeling.

Abstract Osteocytes support dynamic, cell-intrinsic resorption and deposition of bone matrix through a process called perilacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR). In long bones, PLR depends on MMP13 and is tightly regulated by PTH, sclerostin, TGFβ, and glucocorticoids. However, PLR is regulated differently in the cochlea, suggesting a mechanism that is anatomically distinct. Unlike long bones, the mandible derives from neural crest and exhibits unique susceptibility to medication and radiation induced osteonecrosis. Therefore, we sought to determine if PLR in the mandible is suppressed by glucocorticoids, as it is in long bone. Hemimandibles were collected from mice subcutaneously implanted with prednisolone or vehicle containing pellets for 7, 21, or 55 days (n = 8/group) for radiographic and histological analyses. Within 21 days, micro-computed tomography revealed a glucocorticoid-dependent reduction in bone volume/total volume and trabecular thickness and a significant decrease in bone mineral density after 55 days. Within 7 days, glucocorticoids strongly and persistently repressed osteocytic expression of the key PLR enzyme MMP13 in both trabecular and cortical bone of the mandible. Cathepsin K expression was significantly reduced only after 55 days of glucocorticoid treatment, at which point histological analysis revealed a glucocorticoid-dependent reduction in the lacunocanalicular surface area. In addition to reducing bone mass and suppressing PLR, glucocorticoids also reduced the stiffness of mandibular bone in flexural tests. Thus, osteocyte PLR in the neural crest-derived mandible is susceptible to glucocorticoids, just as it is in the mesodermally-derived femur, highlighting the need to further study PLR as a target of drugs, and radiation in mandibular osteonecrosis.
The VA Transplant Program: A rebuttal to criticism and a look to the future

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Transplant Program was established decades ago, is well resourced, and provides timely and high quality solid organ transplant care and services to a Nation of Veterans. In the past few years, the VA Transplant Program has received criticism that can be characterized as follows: the location of VA Transplant Centers (VATCs) requires Veterans to travel considerable distances for transplant care and services; the National Surgery Office (NSO) that provides oversight limits the number of active VATCs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA) policy limits referral of Veterans to non-VA transplant centers (community care); and the VA Transplant Program does not provide living donor transplant procedures. The MISSION Act of 2018 (Public Law 115-182) was enacted in part to address these themes by promoting community care and living donation. This article provides perspective regarding the VA Transplant Program and rebuttal to stated criticism: Travel to a transplant center is not isolated to the VA; the NSO does not limit VATC activation; current VHA policy authorizes community care; and the VA Transplant Program currently performs living donor procedures. The MISSION Act, as intended, has the potential to decrease referrals to the VA Transplant Program by 30%.
Character and Virtue Ethics in International Marketing: An Agenda for Managers, Researchers and Educators

This article examines the applicability of character and virtue ethics to international marketing. The historical background of this field, dimensions of virtue ethics and its relationship to other ethical theories are explained. Five core virtues – integrity, fairness, trust, respect and empathy – are suggested as especially relevant for marketing in a multicultural and multinational context. Implications are drawn for marketing scholars, practitioners and educators.
A Review of the Complex Role of Family Caregivers as Health Team Members and Second-Order Patients

In Palliative Care, the unit of care is the patient and their family. Although members of the health care team often address the family caregiver’s opinions and concerns, the focus of care remains on the needs of the patient. The readiness and willingness of the family caregiver is often overlooked as they are expected to assume a complex caregiving role. When family caregivers are not intellectually or emotionally prepared or physically capable, the caregiver is at high risk for serious health issues and cognitive, emotional, and physical decline particularly as caregiving extends over time. Family caregivers are often a neglected and at-risk population. Illustrated through the use of a case study, this article addresses the complex role of family caregivers, as both health team members and second-order patients. It emphasizes the importance of family assessment and interventions to balance the burdens and benefits of family caregiving and protect caregivers’ health and well-being.
Getting youth PrEPared: adolescent consent laws and implications for the availability of PrEP among youth in countries outside of the United States.

Introduction Youth under the age of 25 are at high risk for HIV infection. While pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to curb new infections within this population, it is unclear how country-specific laws and policies that govern youth access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services impact access to PrEP. The purpose of this review was to analyse laws and policies concerning PrEP implementation and SRH services available to youth in countries with a high HIV incidence. To the best of our knowledge this is the first systematic assessment of country-level policies that impact the availability of PrEP to adolescent populations. Methods We conducted a review of national policies published on or before 12 June 2018 that could impact adolescents' access to PrEP, SRH services and ability to consent to medical intervention. Countries were included if: (1) there was a high incidence of HIV; (2) they had active PrEP trials or PrEP was available for distribution; (3) information regarding PrEP guidelines were publicly available. We also included a selected number of countries with lower adolescent HIV incidence. Internet and legal database searches were used to identify policies relevant to adolescent PrEP (e.g. age of consent to HIV testing). Results and discussion Fifteen countries were selected for inclusion in this review. Countries varied considerably in their respective laws and policies governing adolescents' access to PrEP, HIV testing and SRH services. Six countries had specific polices around the provision of PrEP to youth under the age of 18. Five countries required people to be 18 years or older to access HIV testing, and six countries had specific laws addressing adolescent consent for- and access to- contraceptives. Conclusions Adolescents' access to PrEP without parental consent remains limited or uncertain in many countries where this biomedical intervention is needed. Observational and qualitative studies are needed to determine if and how adolescent consent laws are followed in relation to adolescent PrEP provisions. Intensified efforts to amend laws that limit adolescent access to PrEP and restrict the establishment of national guidelines supporting adolescent PrEP are also needed to address the epidemic in this group.
Do Not Disturb While Driving – Use of cellphone blockers among adult drivers

Abstract Introduction Cellphone blockers are an emerging countermeasure for limiting driver distraction. This study focused on Apple’s Do Not Disturb While Driving (DND) application because of its unique rollout where owners were prompted to try it as part of a software update. Method A telephone survey of 800 adult drivers who own smartphones was conducted to estimate cellphone blocker use. Logistic regression estimated relationships between cellphone blocker use and likelihood of reported cellphone use while driving. Results Only 20.5% of respondents with DND-compatible iPhones had DND set to activate automatically when driving or when connected to a vehicle’s Bluetooth. Among respondents with DND-incompatible phones, 18.7% of respondents reported having an alternative non-DND blocker, and only half of these reported turning it on while driving at least three quarters of the time. Thirty-nine percent of drivers with DND-compatible iPhones who had DND set to turn on when manually activated trip-by-trip said they would not be frustrated if they received another prompt to use the application, and 26.7% reported they would be likely to try it if they received another prompt. Respondents classified as using blockers were less likely to report cellphone use, although results varied between those with DND and other blockers. Conclusion Cellphone blockers have potential to limit cellphone distractions, although it is uncertain whether differences in behaviors reported here are caused by blockers or are a result of drivers selecting to use blockers because they are averse to phone use while driving. Practical applications Prompts to activate cellphone blockers from providers may increase their use.
Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Mechanical Circulatory Assist Devices

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have become standard therapies for children with advanced cardiac and/or respiratory disease requiring high levels of support. Recent developments in device and circuit design, patient selection, and clinical management have permitted good outcomes even amongst small patients with complex disease. This chapter will feature the indications, circuitry, management, complications, and current research relating to pediatric ECMO and MCS.
How CBP/Shank3 Guards Rap and H-Ras

In this issue of Structure, Cai et al. (2020) describe crystal structures of the postsynaptic protein Shank3, a homolog of cortactin binding protein 1 (CBP1), in complex with small G proteins Rap1 and H-Ras. Functional studies suggest that binding of Ras and Rap to Shank3 is modulated by synaptic plasticity.
Supporting families of children with overweight and obesity to live healthy lifestyles: Design and rationale for the Fitline cluster randomized controlled pediatric practice-based trial.

Abstract Background Over a third of preadolescent children with overweight or obesity. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends pediatric providers help families make changes in eating and activity to improve body mass index (BMI). However, implementation is challenging given limited time and referral sources, and family burden to access in-person weight management programs. Purpose To describe the design of a National Heart Blood and Lung Institute sponsored cluster randomized controlled pediatric-based trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Fitline pediatric practice-based referral program to reduce BMI and improve diet and physical activity in children with overweight or obesity. Comparison will be made between brief provider intervention plus referral to (1) eight weekly nutritionist-delivered coaching calls with workbook to help families make AAP-recommended lifestyle changes (Fitline-Coaching), vs. (2) the same workbook in eight mailings without coaching (Fitline-Workbook). Methods Twenty practices are pair-matched and randomized to one of the two conditions; 494 parents and their children ages 8–12 with a BMI of ≥85th percentile are being recruited. The primary outcome is child BMI; secondary outcomes are child's diet and physical activity at baseline and 6- and 12-months post-baseline. Cost-effectiveness of the two interventions also will be examined. Conclusion This is the first randomized controlled trial to examine use of a centrally located telephonic coaching service to support families of children with overweight and obesity in making AAP-recommended lifestyle changes. If effective, the Fitline program will provide an innovative model for widespread dissemination, setting new standards for weight management care in pediatric practice. Trial registration: The ClinicalTrials.gov registration number is NCT03143660 .
Uncovering the Mitigating Psychological Response to Monitoring Technologies: Police Body Cameras Not Only Constrain but Also Depolarize

Despite organizational psychologists’ long-standing caution against monitoring (citing its reduction in employee autonomy and thus effectiveness), many organizations continue to use it, often with ...
Sirtuin-3 mediates sex differences in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury

Studies suggest that biological sex influences susceptibility to kidney diseases with males demonstrating greater risk for developing ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Sex-related differences in mitochondrial function and homeostasis exist, likely contributing to sexual dimorphism in kidney injury, but the mechanisms are not well characterized. Our observations reveal lower baseline expression of Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3, a major mitochondrial acetyltransferase) in the kidneys of male mice versus females. We tested the hypothesis that differential expression of kidney Sirt3 may mediate sexual dimorphism in AKI using a bilateral kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) model and three transgenic mouse models: (1) mice with global transgenic overexpression of Sirt3; (2) mice with inducible, kidney tubule-specific Sirt3 knockdown (iKD); and (3) mice with global Sirt3 knockout. Low mitochondrial Sirt3 (mtSirt3) in males versus females is associated with development of kidney tubular epithelium vacuoles, increased mitochondrial ROS and susceptibility to IRI. Transgenic overexpression of Sirt3 in males protects against kidney IRI and development of tubular epithelium vacuoles. In both sexes, mice with partial kidney tubular epithelium-specific Sirt3 knockdown display intermediate - while global Sirt3 knockout mice display the highest susceptibility to IRI. Female Sirt3 iKD mice demonstrate decreased survival and kidney function after IRI indistinguishable from control males, abolishing the protective effects observed in females. Mechanistically, observed differences in kidney mtSirt3 are sex hormone-dependent; estradiol increases - while testosterone decreases mtSirt3 protein. Our results demonstrate that Sirt3 is an important contributor to the observed sex-related differences in IRI susceptibility, and a potential therapeutic target in the clinical management of AKI.
Haiti and the United States: In Black print

This essay examines the editorial positions of Thelismon Bouchereau and Frederick Douglass on abolition and Black uplift to explore a transnational, bilingual discussion of Black freedom in the Atl...
Values: A Core Guiding Principle for Behavior-Analytic Intervention and Research

Values represent qualities or beliefs that are of high priority to individuals or society and represent one of the core processes within acceptance and commitment therapy or training (ACT or ACTr). The current article discusses values and valuing not only as a centralized process in ACT but also as a core process guiding the field of applied behavior analysis with applications that extend across several intervention domains. A relational frame theory model of values as hierarchical frames that augment reinforcing functions that can influence socially meaningful behavior change is reviewed. This basic model is then extended to encompass temporal, deictic, and causal frames. Values-based intervention research is emerging in areas such as guided decision making, professional development, organizational behavior management, parent training, and treatment plans for children and adults. Although this research is promising, more work is needed to further explore the role of values and valuing within ACT, and when they are used within other intervention strategies. Several potential avenues for future research that may aid in the development of values-based intervention by behavior analysts and extend the scope of our field and practice are discussed.
Marginal costotomy: A novel surgical technique to rescue from "Large for size Syndrome" in liver transplantation

In the early post-transplant period, severe liver allograft compression can lead to liver necrosis, vascular complications, and even primary nonfunction (1). Although this condition is more common in pediatric recipients, it has been described in adult liver transplant (LT), especially when a large liver allograft is transplanted in a small recipient cavity and for this reason it is known as large for size syndrome (LFS)(2, 3).
The Development and Evaluation of a Scale to Measure Professional Values in Radiologic Technology.

Purpose To develop an instrument to measure professional values in radiologic technology. Methods The original Professionalism in Physical Therapy Core Values Self-Assessment instrument was modified into the Radiologic Technologists' Perceptions of Professional Values Scale (RTPPVS), which had 61 items. Psychometric analysis was used to produce the final 34-item scale. Results The psychometric properties of the scale were examined using factor analysis and item analysis. The scale was refined using factor analysis to produce the final 34-item scale. Discussion A factor analysis was performed on the RTPPVS and the scale was revised from 61 items to 34 items and renamed as the Haynes Scale of Professionalism for Radiologic Technology. The results of this study provide psychometric support for a professionalism scale for radiologic technology, which can be used as an assessment instrument for radiologic science educational programs and technologists. Conclusion An instrument was created to measure professionalism in radiologic technology. Professional values encourage consistent patterns of behaviors, which are internal motivations to do the right thing. Adopting professional values stimulates the appropriate professional conduct, thereby supporting the legal, ethical, and regulatory standards.
Dynamic Analysis and Response of Aircraft Arresting Systems

Arresting "gear" consists primarily of cables and pulleys for engaging landing airplane and transmitting arresting forces to energy dissipator, arresting engine; arresting systems are used on board aircraft carriers and also on land; differential equations for aircraft displacement and for cable elongation solved by phase-plane graphical methods; studies on effect of varying frontal-shape and rise-time energy dissipation function, initial cable tension, deck pendant length, and mass of moving parts in arresting engine.
Thoracic Manifestations of Pediatric Systemic Diseases

There are a wide variety of systemic diseases that have a component of thoracic manifestations in pediatric patients. Although the imaging findings of these systemic diseases may be varied and non-specific, an understanding of their characteristic manifestations in the chest may allow the radiologist to suggest a diagnosis in often complex cases. Systemic diseases that have either a primary or a secondary component of thoracic manifestations in pediatric patients include collagen vascular diseases, immunodeficiencies, lysosomal storage disease, systemic granulomatous disorders, vasculitis, and miscellaneous conditions such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and tuberous sclerosis. It is important to recognize that systemic diseases may have secondary effects that affect the chest. Abnormal host defenses result in increased infectious complications. Abnormal esophageal motility may result in aspiration. Fluid overload due to treatment may result in pulmonary edema. In many cases, these nonspecific findings are more common than the changes that are characteristic of a specific disease. The overarching goal of this chapter is to review the typical clinical presentation as well as the characteristic thoracic and extrathoracic imaging manifestations of important systemic diseases in the pediatric population.
Irregularity of Prime Numbers over Real Quadratic Fields

The concept of regular and irregular primes has played an important role in number theory at least since the time of Kummer. We extend this concept to the setting of arbitrary totally real number fields k o, using the values of the zeta function ζk0 at negative integers as our “higher Bernoulli numbers”. Once we have defined k 0-regular primes and the index of k 0-irregularity, we discuss how to compute these indices when k 0 is a real quadratic field. Finally, we present the results of some preliminary computations, and show that the frequency of various indices seems to agree with those predicted by a heuristic argument.
Evaluating the Impact of State Level Welfare Reform on Female Heads of Households

To what extent do state level welfare policies affect single mothers in poverty? Census Bureau data is used to determine whether or not state policies are moving female heads of households out ofpoverty or merely of/ of the weljbre rolls. Time 4 limits, the family cap, maximum benefits and the earned income tax credit are independents assessed in this study. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol11/iss1/8
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and conformational characterization of mouse-human alpha-interferon hybrids.

Reciprocal hybrids were constructed between human and mouse interferons (IFNs), and their antiviral activity was examined on different target cells and compared to the activity of the parental molecules. In addition, we used a number of predictive algorithms on a data base of the available alpha-interferon sequences to propose a working model for the overall conformation of the alpha-interferon molecule that is consistent with the structural predictions. Remarkable conservation within the predicted alpha-helical segments of the interferon molecule was observed. We propose that the observed changes in the activity and specificity of the hybrids obtained are largely due to the sequences present in the loops at the ends of the major helical structures; these are less conserved, contain beta-bends, and are generally hydrophilic and flexible. The data on the constructed mouse-human hybrids have shown that the activity on human cells is contributed by determinants present in the N-terminal 122 amino acids of human IFN, thus implicating one or more loops within this region (e.g. loops 1-12, 25-38, 70-74, and 103-113). The activity on bovine cells appears to be localized mainly in sequence 60-121, implicating the role of loops 70-74 and/or 103-113 of the human IFN molecule. The specificity of mouse IFN for mouse cells is in some or all of the loops (70-74, 103-113, 134-139, and 163-166) in the C-terminal sequence. The proposed working model should provide guidelines for the study of the specificity of action in molecular terms.
Is Christian Education Compatible With Science Education

Science education and Christian education are not compatible if by’’Christian education‘‘ one means teaching someone to be a Christian. Onegoal of science education is to give students factual knowledge. Even whenthere is no actual conflict of this knowledge with the dogmas ofChristianity, there exists the potential for conflict. Another goal ofscience education is to teach students to have the propensity to be sensitiveto evidence: to hold beliefs tentatively in light of evidence and to rejectthese beliefs in the light of new evidence if rejection is warranted by thisevidence. This propensity conflicts with one way in which beliefs are oftentaught in Christian education: namely as fundamental dogmas, rather than assubject to revision in the light of the evidence.
Network analysis of cortical visual pathways mapped with PET

Brain metabolic mapping techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), can provide information about the functional interactions within entire neural systems. With the large quantity of data that can accumulate from a mapping study, a network analysis, which makes sense of the complex interactions among neural elements, is necessary. A network analysis was performed on data obtained from a PET study that examined both the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and interregional correlations among human cortical areas during performance of an object vision (face matching) and spatial vision (dot-location matching) task. Brain areas for the network were selected based on regions showing significant rCBF or interregional correlations between tasks. Anterior temporal and frontal lobe regions were added to the network using a principal components analysis. Interactions among selected regions were quantified with structural equation modeling. In the structural equation models, connections between brain areas were based on known neuroanatomy and the interregional correlations were used to calculate path coefficients representing the magnitude of the influence of each directional path. The combination of the anatomical network and interregional correlations created a functional network for each task. The functional network for the right hemisphere showed that in the object vision task, dominant path influences were among occipitotemporal areas, while in the spatial vision task, occipitoparietal interactions were stronger. The network for the spatial vision task also had a strong feedback path from area 46 to occipital cortex, an effect that was absent in the object vision task. There were strong interactions between dorsal and ventral pathways in both networks. Functional networks for the left hemisphere did not differ between tasks. Networks for the interhemispheric interactions showed that the dominant pathway in the right hemisphere also had stronger effects on homologous left hemisphere areas and are consistent with a hypothesis that intrahemispheric interactions were greater in the right hemisphere in both tasks, and that these influences were transmitted callosally to the left hemisphere.
Characterizing urbanization, and agricultural and conservation land-use change in Riverside County, California, USA.

Monitoring trends in urbanization and land use related to population growth and changing social and economic conditions is an important tool for developing in land use and habitat conservation policy. We analyzed urbanization and agricultural land-use change in Riverside County, California from 1984 to 2002, comparing maps every two years on the basis of aerial photographs. Matrix analysis combined with information theory was applied to study land type conversion. Results showed that the total area of “Urban and Built-Up Land” increased the most whereas total area of “Prime Farmland” decreased most. Land-use characterized as “Grazing Land,”“Farmland of Local Importance,” and “Farmland of Statewide Importance” also decreased. Mean patch size also decreased for “Grazing Land,”“Water Area,”“Other Land,” and “Prime Farmland.” The diversity of land types decreased dramatically after 1992. Urbanization patterns were different among three city groups (Riverside City, Coachella Valley, and Blythe), indicating the different times for “leapfrog” development in the three areas. Furthermore, the unpredictability and change in composition of land use increased after 1996 due to intensified urbanization. If the current driving forces continue, our model projects that in 2020 the area of “Urban and Built-Up Land” may increase between 25% and 39% in comparison with 2002. Percentages of most agricultural land types are projected to decrease, especially “Farmland of Local Importance,”“Prime Farmland,” and “Farmland of Statewide Importance.” If the county's goal is to preserve agricultural lands and natural biodiversity, while maintaining sustainable development, current land-use policies and practices should be changed. This study demonstrates new useful methods for monitoring and detection of change of land-use processes.
Mind-Mirror: EEG-Guided Image Evolution

We propose a brain-computer interface (BCI) system for evolving images in real-time based on subject feedback derived from electroencephalography (EEG). The goal of this system is to produce a picture best resembling a subject's `imagined' image. This system evolves images using Compositional Pattern Producing Networks (CPPNs) via the NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) genetic algorithm. Fitness values for NEAT-based evolution are derived from a real-time EEG classifier as images are presented using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Here, we report the design and performance, for a pilot training session, of a BCI system for real-time single-trial binary classification of viewed images based on participant-specific brain response signatures present in 128-channel EEG data. Selected training-session image clips created by the image evolution algorithm were presented in 2-s bursts at 8/s. The subject indicated by subsequent button press whether or not each burst included an image resembling two eyes. Approximately half the bursts included such an image. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to extract a set of maximally independent EEG source time-courses and their 100 minimally-redundant low-dimensional informative features in the time and time-frequency amplitude domains from the (94%) bursts followed by correct manual responses. To estimate the likelihood that the post-image EEG contained EEG `flickers' of target recognition, we applied two Fisher discriminant classifiers to the time and/or time-frequency features. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve by tenfold cross-validation was 0.96 using time-domain features, 0.97 using time-frequency domain features, and 0.98 using both domain features.
A Synthesis of Script Fading Effects With Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 20-Year Review

One of the defining characteristics of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe deficit in the area of social communication. Script fading interventions are used to promote language development and are associated with an increase in novel language for individuals with ASD. Sixteen single-case design studies of script fading interventions were synthesized between the years of 1993 and 2013. Results of the reviewed research indicate that script fading is used with children ages 2 through 15, with the majority of studies conducted in clinical settings. We conclude that script fading is an empirically supported treatment (What Works Clearinghouse 2014) and is an evidence-based practice (Wong et al. 2013). Implications and future directions for research are proposed.
Strategy Usage among Deaf and Hearing Readers

High school youths who were prelingually and profoundly deaf hearing elementary-school-age youths, and hearing reading-disabled high school youths read expository texts and filled in deleted words and phrases. After making word replacements, they explained their decisions in sign or verbally. As expected, the hearing youths had an easier time filling in the deleted portions and explaining what strategies they were using. While the deaf youths reported using similar strategies as the hearing youths, the frequency of each type of strategy differed. Deaf readers more often relied on rereading and background knowledge, while the hearing readers made greater use of context clues. The results suggest that instruction for deaf readers should include more effective comprehension strategies.
CLID: A general approach to validate security policies in a dynamic network

Many researchers have considered security policy management, including how to configure policies manually and even how to automatically generate security policies based on security requirements. Both can be error prone, especially when properties of the network topology change, because security requirements are usually not bound to any particular route path. Our DETER lab emulation results show that conflicts could be caused by these factors. Therefore, a systematic way to validate the correctness of the security policies is essential. This paper presents an approach, CLID (conflict and looping identification and detection), to verify whether a set of security policies (e.g. IPSec/VPN tunnels) satisfy the given security requirements, without causing any conflicts. This approach utilizes the definition of a security policy lo include network routing data as well as traffic selector information, thus it works for general network topologies. We also analyze and justify the correctness of the approach. The paper concludes with our simulation results and addresses future work.
Suspended sediment behavior in a coastal dry-summer subtropical catchment: Effects of hydrologic preconditions

Abstract Variation in fluvial suspended sediment–discharge behavior is generally thought to be the product of changes in processes governing the delivery of sediment and water to the channel. The objective of this study was to infer sediment supply dynamics from the response of suspended sediment behavior to antecedent hydrologic factors. The Salinas River (California) is seasonally active, moderately sized, and potentially susceptible to lasting impacts of hydrologic event history because of aridity, high discharge variability, and in-channel terminating flows. Forty-five years of suspended sediment data from the lower Salinas and 80 years of hydrologic data were used to construct hydrologic descriptors of basin preconditioning and to test the effects of these preconditions on suspended sediment behavior. Hydrologic precondition factors — including change in mean daily discharge and increasing elapsed time since the last moderate discharge event (~ 10–20 times mean discharge ( Q mean )) — were found to have significant positive effects on discharge-corrected, fine suspended-sediment concentrations. Conversely, increased elapsed time since the last low discharge event (~ 0.1–0.4 times Q mean ), and the sum of low flow conditions over interannual time scales were found to cause significant negative trends in fine suspended sediment concentration residuals. Suspended sand concentrations are suppressed by increased elapsed time after threshold discharges of ~ 0.1–2 and 5–100 times Q mean , and increased low to no flow days over time scales from 1 to 2000 days. Current and previous year water yield and precipitation magnitudes correlate positively with sand concentration. Addition of fine sediment from lower Salinas hillslope or channel sources on the rising limb of the hydrograph is the major mechanism behind an overall positive hysteretic pattern, which was forensically supported by the annual occurrence of in-channel suspended sediment deposition by early season, channel terminating flows and by the flushing function of moderate hydrologic events found in this study. The importance of hillslope and/or channel fine sediment contributions proximal to the lower Salinas are further highlighted by the lack of control exerted by upper subbasin water provenance on fine suspended sediment concentration, while sand behavior is differentiated by upper basin water provenance. Investigation of suspension of bed-sized sediment showed that the channel bed could exert significant effects on fine and sand-sized suspended sediment dynamics, but this mediation for fine sediment was most likely small in terms of decadal-scale sediment budgets. The magnitude of the effects of hydrologic variables on sediment dynamics remains uncertain, but the factors identified here may play a significant role in water quality, if not long-term sediment flux to the ocean.
LXIII. On the theory of storms, with reference to the views of Mr. Redfield

(1841). LXIII. On the theory of storms, with reference to the views of Mr. Redfield. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 19, No. 126, pp. 423-432.
Selecting for rapid leaf expansion in early-maturing maize.

Assimilate supply (source) reportedly limits grain yields (sink) of early-maturing maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. This field research sought to determine if selecting for high average leaf expansion rates (ALER) in early maize could increase leaf area without delaying maturity. Combining abilities of S₂ (second selfed generation) lines with differing ALER values were estimated for ALER, leaf area/plant, silking date, leaf number, length and width, and ear and cob dimensions. The S₂ hybrids were selected to represent a 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of ALER types (HER = high ALER and LER = low ALER). Two groups (GI and GII) of lines were selected from S₂ lines previously rated using the formula ALER = (leaf number ✕ ear leaf length ✕ ear leaf width ✕ 0.75)/(d to pollination). Four sets of lines with differing ALER ratings were paired by source population, year evaluated, and silking date. Within each set, the four S₂ lines from GI were crossed to the four S₂ lines from Gil to produce 16 hybrids representing a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of four hybrids each of HER ✕ HER, HER ✕ LER, LER ✕ HER, and LER ✕ LER classes. Field experiments arranged in simple lattice designs were grown with two replicates for each of seven environments. Averaged across environments, hybrids from HER parents in both GI and GII had significantly higher ALER, due to more leaf area/plant. The HER hybrids had more, longer, and wider leaves than LER hybrids but silked earlier. Both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were detected, but there was little evidence of interaction with environments for GCA or SCA for ALER and its components. Data indicated that selection for high ALER in a single environment should enable breeders of early maize to increase leaf area (source) without delaying maturity. Contribution of Dep. of Crop and Weed Sciences, Agric. Exp. Stn., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105. Journal Article no. 1818.
Effects of ozone on lung and somatic growth. Pair fed rats after ozone exposure and recovery periods.

Abstract Minor differences in lung growth and development during childhood have been considered as a potential cause of rapid decline in pulmonary function in adulthood. Inhalation of ozone commonly causes changes in both body weight and lung volumes, which complicates interpretation of any changes in lung growth. The effects of ozone on lung growth were studied in rats which were pair fed. This technique permitted comparison of ozone-exposed and filtered-air control rats of the same body weight and body size as well as age and sex. Exposure was to filtered air or to 0.64 or 0.96 ppm ozone (UV standard) 8 h/night for 42 nights. A second control group was fed ad libitum and exposed to only filtered air. Half the rats were studied at the end of the 42-night exposures, the rest after a 42-day post-exposure period during which all rats were fed ad libitum and breathed filtered air. Rats examined at the end of the exposure period had larger saline and fixed lung volumes. These larger lungs had greater volumes of parenchyma, alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. Some of these changes persisted throughout a 42-day post-exposure period. Ozone inhalation by young rats alters lung growth and development in ways likely to be detrimental and those changes persist after ozone inhalation stops.
Ecdysteroids accelerate mitoses in accessory glands of beetle pupae

During the 9-day pupal period of Tenebrio molitor (the mealworm beetle), the cells of the male accessory glands undergo divisions for 7 days. There are two maxima in the mitotic activity in the glands in vivo, one at 1 day and the other at 4 days. The latter peak coincides with the large surge of ecdysterone occurring in the pupal stage. By the use of in vitro culture techniques, it has been demonstrated that the first bout of mitosis in both glands proceeds in basal medium, while the second bout of mitosis requires a physiological level of ecdysterone. Ecdysone was less effective than ecdysterone. Sensitivity to ecdysterone did not change significantly between Day 1 and Day 4 of the pupal stage. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of ecdysterone on cell division in mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Elevated Cyclic Adenosine 3′, 5′ Monophosphate Enhances Lactic Acid Production by Streptococcus lactis

Abstract Elevation of cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate levels induced by prostaglandin E 1 enhanced growth of Streptococcus lactis C2 in a medium supplemented with lactose. The prostaglandin E 1 -induced enhancement of growth did not appear to result from stimulation of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system because o-nitrophenol-β-D-galactopyranoside phosphorylation was not elevated by prostaglandin E 1, treatment. Measurement of the extracellular proteolytic activity revealed increased activity in prostaglandin E 1 -treated cultures suggesting that an increase in the organic nitrogen source contributed to increased growth rate. Moreover, elevations in intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate induced by prostaglandin E 1 treatment increased lactic acid production at the cellular level.
Modeling of Low Frequency Multi-Source Energy Harvesting Systems

Accurate modeling of multi-source harvesters present design challenges such as the integration of mixed circuit topologies, passive versus active topologies, impedance matching, and optimization. Commercial modeling and simulation software packages offer solutions but often times are not comprehensive enough. In this work P-Spice, Simulink, and Comsol Multiphysics were used to model a multi-source energy harvesting system that incorporates the energy producing capabilities of the piezoelectric, the pyroelectric, and thermoelectric effect. A systems approach that models the material properties of the converters, the power electronics and storage was implemented. Low frequency experimental data from PZT based harvesters and thermoelectric generators were used to produce lumped parameter models. It was demonstrated that within 12% that combining effects may contribute to continuous energy harvesting operation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Modeling Pollutant Transport during High-Ozone Episodes in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Abstract Airflow patterns and pollution transport in the southern Appalachian Mountains region of the southeastern United States are examined using mesoscale meteorological models and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The two primary goals of this work are 1) to identify a meteorological modeling methodology that can be used in regional photochemical modeling, and 2) to identify large regional ozone precursor sources that may impact the southern Appalachians during periods having high ozone levels. Four episodes characterized by measured high levels of ozone (1-h average concentrations greater than 90 ppb) at remote monitoring sites are the focus of the modeling efforts. To address the first goal, several methods of airflow modeling involving varying degrees of complexity are examined to find one that reliably simulates the complex wind patterns that occur. A hydrostatic model with homogeneous initialization, a nonhydrostatic model with homogeneous initialization, and a nonhydrostatic model w...
Alkaloid synthesis via the intramolecular imidate methylide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction

Abstract A concise synthesis for the neurotoxic physostigmine alkaloid d,l-eserethole is described which relys upon an intramolecular cycloaddition reaction involving a “non-stabilized” imidate methylide and an unactivated alkene. The facility of this cyclization is enhanced by the rigid alignment inforced upon the dipole and dipolarophile by their ortho-disposition on an aryl nucleus. The synthetic limitations of this annulation method were revealed in an attempted synthesis of the erythrina skeleton. In this instance, prototropic rearrangement of the imidate methylide to the isomeric enamine occurred to the exclusion of the desired cyclization reaction.
cis‐5‐Amino‐6‐hydroxycyclohexadiene as a Chiral Building Block: An Asymmetric Synthesis of (−)‐Swainsonine

The four contiguous stereocenters of (−)-swainsonine were efficiently set in a 15-step synthesis with a 15 % overall yield and >99% ee. In order to differeniate the double bond in the key building block oxazolidin-2-one 2, a synthetic equivalent of oxazolidinone 3, is synthesized from the achiral diol 1 followed by a palladium-catalyzed desymmetrization of the meso-bis-carbamate.