cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherence and chaos in the driven damped sine-Gordon equation: measurement of the soliton spectrum

Abstract A numerical procedure is developed which measures the sine-Gordon soliton and radiation content of any field (φ, φt) which is periodic in space. The procedure is applied to the field generated by a damped, driven sine-Gordon equation. This field can be either temporally periodic (locked to the driver) or chaotic. In either case the numerical measurement shows that the spatial structure can be described by only a few spatially localized (soliton wave-train) modes. The numerical procedure quantitatively identifies the presence, number and properties of these soliton wave-trains. For example, an increase of spatial symmetry is accompanied by the injection of additional solitons into the field.
The Potential Activist and His Perception of the University

Starting with an attitude survey of freshmen entering three University of California campuses on the issue of support for, opposition to, or neutral feelings concerning the Free Speech Movement (FSM) at Berkeley, the author goes on to label the supporters as "potential activists" and to record their perceptions of present and ideal university education, in contrast to the anti-FSMers and neutrals (who often operated as a single comparison group). Data on the perceptions of a second comparison group composed of Berkeley students are also presented. Variables examined include political/social attitudes and educational goals and ideals. Using personality scales taken from the Omnibus Personality Inventory (Heist & Yonge, 1968), pro-FSMers were found to resemble the participants in the movement. The role of the psychologist in campus conflicts is introduced, and the implications of the potential activist profile for university policy planning are suggested.
Carrier Dynamics Investigation in Quantum Cascade Lasers using Femtosecond Mid-IR Pulses

Femtosecond Mid-IR pulses are coupled into a pulsed biased, room temperature QCL. Gain recovery due to depletion by pump-pulses is observed using time-delayed probe-pulses to investigate the carrier dynamics of the QCL.
Convective heat transfer during dendritic solidification

Experiments on succinonitrile are described in which the dependence of dendritic growth velocity is studied as a function of orientation with respect to gravity. Growth rate measurements were carried out at a relatively small supercooling, requiring high specimen purity as well as extreme thermal stability and precision temperature measurement. The normalized growth velocity showed a dependence on orientation described by the ratio of observed growth velocity to that expected for convection-free growth being equal to 3.52 times the n-th power of Cos half the orientation angle, where n lies between 0.5 and 0.75.
Redistributive politics and market efficiency: an experimental study

We study the interaction between competitive markets that produce large but unequally distributed welfare gains and elections through which the poor majority can redistribute income away from the rich minority. In our simple laboratory democracy, subjects first earn their income by trading in a double auction market and thereafter vote on redistributive policies in two-candidate elections. In addition, in one of the treatments subjects can attempt to influence the candidates’ policy choices by transferring money to them. We observe very high levels of redistribution – even when transfers to candidates are possible – with little effect on market efficiency. Overall, the experimental results are explained by our equilibrium predictions.
Elastic properties of polycrystalline Sc, Re, Ru and Pt-21 Ir☆

Abstract The elastic properties of polycrystalline Sc, Re, Ru, and Pt-21 Ir were determined at 23°C. In units of 10 6 kg/cm 2 , the Young's moduli are 0.770, 4.63, 4.47, and 2.18; the shear moduli, 0.294, 1.786, 1.73, and 0.899; and the bulk moduli, 0.672, 3.78, 3.65, and 1.25, respectively. The Poisson's ratios are 0.31, 0.30, 0.30, and 0.21, respectively. The specific electrical resistivities (μΩ-cm at 20°C) are 86.6, 17.4, 7.06, and 29.9, respectively. The deviation of our values for scandium from those previously-reported or estimated [ Young ' s ≅ 0.81, shear ≅ 0.32, bulk ≅0.44 (units of 106 kg/cm 2 ), and Poisson's ratio ≅ 0.27] is most probably the result of some degree of preferred orientation in the samples used for the measurements.
Patterns of nitrogen utilization between the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus dispar and its symbiotic fungus

Abstract Some parameters of nitrogen utilization between the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus dispar in mutualistic association with its symbiotic fungus Ambrosiella hartigii , were examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the major nitrogenous excretory products were made on the various life stages of X. dispar . The main nitrogenous product found in excreta and hindguts of beetles, larvae, and pupae, was uric acid (range 7·6–14·8 μg uric acid/beetle). No ninhydrin-positive compounds were located in excreta of the beetles. The concentration of ammonia-nitrogen in the various life stages averaged between 0·70 and 1·13 μg NH 3 -N/beetle. Total nitrogen determinations were made on sapwood samples of Malus sylvestris (0·34 ± 0·005% N by dry weight), attacked wood, ‘pre-brood’ (0·31 ± 0·005% N by dry weight), and attacked wood ‘post-brood’ (0·17 ± 0·02% N). Similar determinations of the artificial medium ( l -asparagine medium) indicated that a nitrogen requirement of about 0·08–0·1% N by dry weight was necessary before oviposition could occur. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by individual X. dispar beetles in vitro was not indicated using the acetylene ethylene reductase method. Proteolytic enzyme activity was not found on examination of diapause beetles, their excreta, larval and pupal excreta, and the ambrosial and mycelial forms of A. hartigii . Comparative concentrations of soluble proteins and free amino acids suggested that fungus in the mycangia was built up from free amino acids of the insects. At the period of emergence, flight, and attack of new hosts, the females were found to have a concentration of soluble proteins more than double that found in the beetles during the remainder of the year. The free amino acids were the lowest values recorded during this period (March–October).
Low-power, modular, wireless dynamic measurement of bicycle motion

Abstract A low power, light-weight, and modular system of sensors and data acquisition hardware was developed to measure the configuration, velocities, and accelerations of a bicycle. Measurement of angular velocity of the bicycle frame, acceleration of three points fixed to the frame, steer angle, and wheel spin rates is implemented. Measurements will be compared with dynamic models of the bicycle and human rider in order to assess model fidelity. In this way, we hope to (1) better understand how humans control bicycles, and (2) pave the way for bicycle design improvements based on quantitative and relevant dynamic measurements.
Why I’m still a proportionalist

Mark Schroeder has, rather famously, defended a powerful Humean Theory of Reasons. In doing so, he abandons what many take to be the default Humean view of weighting reasons—namely, proportionalism . On Schroeder’s view, the pressure that Humeans feel to adopt proportionalism is illusory, and proportionalism is unable to make sense of the fact that the weight of reasons is a normative matter. He thus offers his own ‘Recursive View’, which directly explains how it is that the weight of reasons is a normative matter. In this paper, I argue against Schroeder that a Humean ought to be a proportionalist. On my view, proportionalism is clearly an intuitive theory of weighting for a Humean, so we should resist it only if Schroeder can demonstrate either that there is a serious problem with the view, or that there is a better alternative. I then further argue that Schroeder fails to deliver on either condition. As a result, I conclude that there are good intuitive reasons for a Humean to be a proportionalist, and no good reason not to be.
Synthesis of Ecology and Human Dimensions for Predictive Management of Bighead and Silver Carp in the United States

Prolific non-native organisms pose serious threats to ecosystems and economies worldwide. Nonnative bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), collectively referred to as Asian carps, continue to colonize aquatic ecosystems throughout the central United States. These species are r-selected, exhibiting iteroparous spawning, rapid growth, broad environmental tolerance, high density, and long-distance movement. Hydrological, thermal, and physicochemical conditions are favorable for establishment beyond the current range, rendering containment and control imperative. Ecological approaches to confine Asian carp populations and prevent colonization characterize contemporary management in the United States. Foraging and reproduction of Asian carps govern habitat selection and movement, providing valuable insight for predictive control. Current management approaches are progressive and often anticipatory but deficient in human dimensions. We define predictive management of Asian carp...
EPR study of defects in neutron-irradiated silicon: Quenched-in alignment under 〈 110 〉 -uniaxial stress

The stress effect in an EPR study is first treated rigorously in terms of the piezospectroscopic tensor, taking account of the local symmetry of a defect. It is found that the degree of alignment ($\frac{{n}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{{n}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$) provides incisive information on the structure of a defect; in general, a nonplanar vacancy cluster results in $\frac{{n}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{{n}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}l1.0$ and a {110}-planar vacancy chain gives rise to $\frac{{n}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{{n}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}g1.0$. We reanalyze the results on the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}P1$ and $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}P3$ spectra. Based on the quenched-in alignment under 110g uniaxial stress, we confirm the assignment on the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}P1$ and the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}P3$ spectra to a negative charge state of nonplanar pentavacancy cluster and to the neutral charge state (spin 1) of the {110}-planar tetravacancy chain, respectively. Tentative models of the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}A3$ as a tetravacancy cluster and the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}A4$ spectra as a {110}-planar trivacancy chain are discussed.
Changing tree composition by life history strategy in a grassland‐forest landscape

After rapid deforestation in the eastern United States, which generally occurred during the period of 1850-1920, forests did not return to historical composition and structure. We examined forest compositional change and then considered how historical land use and current land use may influence forests in a grassland-forest landscape, the Missouri Plains, where frequent surface fire was the historical land use and intensive agricultural is the current land use. We compared composition, distribution, and environmental relationships during historical (1813-1860) and current (2004-2008) forest surveys. We also examined changing composition of life history strategies of (1) stress tolerators based on fire tolerance, (2) colonizers based on shade intolerance, and (3) competitors based on shade tolerance. Open forest ecosystems of fire-tolerant oaks have been replaced by forests of fire-sensitive species, such as ashes, hackberry, and maples that expanded from riparian firebreaks and osage-orange and eastern redcedar that expanded from planted windbreaks and rocky firebreaks. Colonizing species increased from 7% to 32% of total composition, with assisted tree migration from planting; we expect continued expansion particularly by eastern redcedar into areas unoccupied by trees. Competitive species have increased slightly to 38% of total composition although the trajectory of current forests suggested competitors may increase to 56% of total composition by replacing oaks in forest ecosystems. Changed success of life history strategies in an agricultural landscape without fire resulted in increased composition and extent of fire-sensitive colonizers compared to fire-tolerant oaks. We suggest that patterns of loss of fire-tolerant oaks and increased distribution of fire-sensitive species reflect suppression of fire, the historical land use. In addition, we suggest that subsequent land use dictates the success of either shade-intolerant colonizers or shade-tolerant competitors in current forests. Forests will be composed of shade-intolerant colonizers where land use disturbance is frequent, such as in agricultural landscapes, and forests will be composed of species with greater shade tolerance where land use disturbance is less frequent.
Pancreatic exocrine secretory proteins.

Pancreatic secretory enzymes are briefly reviewed and suggestions are made for work toward using them in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. (JWP)
Dynamic coupling between two paramagnetic spin species induced by resonant phonons

Abstract Results of paramagnetic relaxation studies conducted at ≈11 GHz and liquid helium temperature, involving lanthanum magnesium nitrate doped with Ce 3+ and Pr 3+ in spatially separated regions, are presented. The Ce transition alone was excited by fast passage, and the Pr paramagnetic resonance signal was observed. The spectral separation of the center frequencies of the two transitions, and the time during which the separation was maintained, could be independently adjusted. In this way both the temporal and spectral properties of the phenomenon could be studied. The Pr transition was found to exhibit in time a delayed onset of rapid heating followed by a gradual return to thermal equilibrium. The Pr line shape exhibited heating in those portions of the line localized in frequency nearest to the center of the Ce line. The spectral and temporal behavior of the Pr signal were both sensitive to the degree of Ce excitation as well as the relative spectral separation between the two lines. The observed effects are attributed to heating of Pr spin packets induced by hot photons created in the course of the paramagnetic relaxation of the Ce transition. Two simple analytical descriptions of the Ce-Pr interaction are presented.
Wind shear terms in the equations of aircraft motion

Conventional analyses of aircraft motion in the atmosphere have neglected wind speed variability on the scales associated with many atmospheric phenomena such as thunderstorms, low level jets, etc These phenomena produce wind shears that have been determined as the probable cause in many recent commercial airline ac cidents This paper derives the 6 deg equations of motion for an aircraft incorporating the variable wind terms The equations are presented in several coordinate systems (i e , body coordinates, inertia! coordinates, etc ) The wind shear terms, including the temporal and spatial gradients of the wind, appear differently in the various coordinate systems; these terms are discussed. Also, the influence of wind shear on inputs to computing the aerodynamic coefficients, such as the effects of wind velocity vector rotation on relative angular rates of rotation and on the time rate of change of angles of attack and sideslip, are addressed
Virus Particle Explorer (VIPER), a Website for Virus Capsid Structures and Their Computational Analyses

The number of icosahedral-capsid structures determined at a near-atomic level of resolution is growing rapidly as advances in synchrotron radiation sources, fast-readout detectors, and computer hardware and software are made. Hence, there is an increasing need to organize these mega-assemblies into a uniform and easy-to-use database. The coordinates of the icosahedral-capsid structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) (2) follow a variety of conventions in which the icosahedral symmetry axes are oriented differently in the orthogonal coordinate system. While trying to analyze the various capsid structures en masse, we became aware of the need for a database in which all capsid structures (coordinates) are stored in a standard icosahedral orientation. Such a structural database of viral capsids would indeed facilitate the development of tools for high-throughput analyses of the virus structures. We report here the creation of a web-base (website and database) of virus structures, the Virus Particle Explorer (VIPER), which can be accessed through the World Wide Web (WWW) at the uniform resource locator (URL) http://mmtsb.scripps.edu /viper/. The organization of the VIPER database is shown in Fig. ​Fig.1.1. FIG. 1 Flow chart showing the organization of the contents of the VIPER site. The VIPER database contains the structures of viral capsids determined at a nearly atomic-level resolution. Coordinates of the capsid structures are stored in the z(2)-3-5-x(2) convention. ...
Cropland management versus dredging: An economic analysis of reservoir sediment management

Abstract Erosion of agricultural cropland has been identified as a major source of sediment accumulating in water reservoirs. Emphasis is increasingly on finding the most cost-effective ways to control soil erosion to reduce reservoir sedimentation. In this study, biophysical and economic models for the Tuttle Creek Lake watershed in northeastern Kansas were integrated to determine if implementation of alternative cropland management strategies to reduce reservoir sediment are more cost-effective than dredging. In the Tuttle Creek Lake watershed, we found that if the marginal costs of agricultural best management practices (BMP) implementation become >$6.90/t of sediment reduction, then dredging becomes the economically preferred alternative. Meeting this cost requires that BMP in the form of filter strips and no-till cultivation are implemented in a targeted, cost-effective manner, not in a random pattern of voluntary adoption that may characterize BMP adoption in some watersheds. Although reservoir dred...
Added mass of a spheriod oscillating in a linearly stratified fluid

Abstract A spheriod oscillating vertically along its axis of symmetry in an otherwise-still, inviscid, incompressible, linearly stratified fluid of infinite extent is considered. Using linearized Boussinesq equation, the exact solution for the Stokes stream function is obtained for the case when the frequency of oscillation is greater than the Brunt-Vaisala frequency of the fluid. The fluid force acting on the oscillating spheriod is calculated and expressed in terms of the added mass for all range of frequency. It is found that the effect of density stratification is to reduce the added mass for high frequency when no internal gravity waves are generated. For frequency less than the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, the effect of stratification on the fluid force is to increase its magnitude and also cause a phase shift with respect to the acceleration of the spheriod.
“Backward masking” of simple detection latencies

Simple detection latencies were determined with stimuli that comprised two successive flashes. The second flash either equaled or exceeded the first in luminance, duration, or both. When a low-luminance flash preceded either a low-or a high-luminance flash, the flashes summated, yielding latencies that were shorter than the latency for the first flash alone. In the limit, when the second flash was intense and followed the first by a short time, the latency for the paired flashes behaved as if it was determined by the second flash alone. This limit was analogous to the retroactive interference in studies of the neurophysiological concomitants of backward masking. However, the S in masking studies detects the first flash despite interference by the second, whereas the present S detected the onset of the stimulus light. The need for an analysis of the S’s response under masking is thus indicated.
A survey of data resources for simulating patient flows in healthcare delivery systems

Modeling and simulation studies of patient flows in healthcare systems have been reported consistently in these proceedings for over a decade. Our ongoing research in this area is motivated by our desire to develop models which will illuminate the causes and remedies for repeated area-wide ambulance diversions experienced in a metropolitan hospital system. In this paper we summarize our background research on the sources of data available to calibrate patient-flow simulation models, including time series for patient admission, discharge, diagnoses, length-of-stay, and inpatient census for emergency departments and hospitals. Specifically, we review the input analyses reported for various prior simulation studies, including data capture and technical difficulties in reducing data for model calibration. We also suggest alternative sources of data that could prove especially useful in simulation studies of mass ambulance diversions, as well as heavy, area-wide patient loads that might be associated with emergency responses.
The formal verification of a reintegration protocol

We report the first formal verification of a reintegration protocol for a safety-critical distributed embedded system. A reintegration protocol increases system survivability by allowing a transiently-faulty node to regain state. The protocol is verified in the Symbolic Analysis Laboratory (SAL), where bounded model-checking and decision procedures are used to verify infinite-state systems by k-induction. The protocol and its environment are modeled using a recently-developed explicit real-time model. Because k-induction has exponential complexity, we optimize this model to reduce the size of k necessary for the verification and to make $k$ invariant to the number of nodes. A corollary of the verification is that a clique avoidance property is satisfied.
Noise reduction in genome-wide perturbation screens using linear mixed-effect models

Motivation: High-throughput perturbation screens measure the phenotypes of thousands of biological samples under various conditions. The phenotypes measured in the screens are subject to substantial biological and technical variation. At the same time, in order to enable high throughput, it is often impossible to include a large number of replicates, and to randomize their order throughout the screens. Distinguishing true changes in the phenotype from stochastic variation in such experimental designs is extremely challenging, and requires adequate statistical methodology. Results: We propose a statistical modeling framework that is based on experimental designs with at least two controls profiled throughout the experiment, and a normalization and variance estimation procedure with linear mixed-effects models. We evaluate the framework using three comprehensive screens of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which involve 4940 single-gene knock-out haploid mutants, 1127 single-gene knock-out diploid mutants and 5798 single-gene overexpression haploid strains. We show that the proposed approach (i) can be used in conjunction with practical experimental designs; (ii) allows extensions to alternative experimental workflows; (iii) enables a sensitive discovery of biologically meaningful changes; and (iv) strongly outperforms the existing noise reduction procedures. Availability: All experimental datasets are publicly available at www.ionomicshub.org. The R package HTSmix is available at http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~ovitek/HTSmix.html. Contact: ovitek@stat.purdue.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Impact of staged palliation on somatic growth in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Background. Somatic growth pattern in infants undergoing staged palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Norwood procedure [NP], stage 2 palliation [S2P], and Fontan procedure [FP]) during transition toward a more energy efficient series circulation is not well understood. Objectives. We sought to determine growth pattern in these infants and factors influencing it. Methods. Patients who underwent NP since 2001 and survived at least 1 year after S2P were followed until FP or death/heart transplantation (n = 46). Weight for age z-scores (WAZ) were measured prior to NP; at initial discharge; prior to S2P; at four time periods after S2P; and prior to FP. Impact of gender, race, era of NP, anatomic subtype, NP shunt type, gastrostomy, home-surveillance program (daily weights and pulse oximetry), and interstage oxygen saturation on WAZ was evaluated. Results. Repeated measures anova showed a significant change in WAZ across time periods (P < 0.0005), with a significant decline from Pre-NP to Pre-S2P (P < 0.0005) and steady increase from Pre-S2P to Pre-FP (P= 0.016). None of the factors evaluated had a significant effect on this growth pattern. Length of hospital stay after NP was negatively correlated with WAZ at discharge (P= 0.001), but not for other time periods. Intervals from discharge to S2P and NP to S2P interval did not correlate with WAZ. Conclusion. Somatic growth is significantly impaired after NP but recovers steadily following S2P, as the patient transitions toward separated series circulation. Earlier S2P may lead to earlier resumption of normal growth in this critical period of early infancy.
The Relationship between Work-Team Personality Composition and the Job Performance of Teams:

In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between work team effectiveness and two distinct aspects of the personality composition of teams: (a) the average level of a given trait within a team, referred to as team personality elevation (TPE); and (b) the variability or differences in personality traits found within a team, or team personality diversity (TPD). Retail assistants (N = 328) working in 82 teams were assessed on a broad range of traits organized around the framework of the Big Five personality factors. Across the set of Big Five traits, TPE and TPD predicted unique variance in ratings of team job performance. For each specific trait of the Big Five, either TPE or TPD predicted team performance. For the traits of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience, TPE was positively related to team performance; TPD of extraversion and emotional stability was positively related to team performance.
Medication Use and Disability Among Migraineurs: A National Probability Sample Survey

SYNOPSIS Objective: To measure the use of prescription medication in treating migraine headache and the associations betweenmedication use and sociodemographic factors, and headache characteristics. Design: National sample survey using a mailed questionnaire to determine symptoms accompanying or preceding severe headaches; frequency, duration, and disability from severe attacks: use of medications to control pain; and medical-care use for severe headaches. Setting: A stratified sample of United States households. Patients: A sample of 20,468 respondents, aged 12 to 80 years, who responded to a survey on “severe” headaches during the prior year. Measurements and Main Results: Overall, 20.2% of respondants reported severe headaches. Migraine was found in 17.6% of females and 5.7% of males. Of the migraineurs, 40.1% of female and 28.3% of male migraineurs reported using prescription drugs to control pain. Blacks were less likely then whites to report prescription use. Insignificant differences were seen in rates of prescription use among various income levels and regions of the country. Use of prescription medication varied considerably by symptoms and characteristics of migraine attacks. Vomiting and sensory aura were most frequently associated with medication use, as were severity and duration of attacks. Use of urgent-care services for severe headache attacks was associated with frequent use of prescription medications. Patients who reported a physician diagnosis of migraine were more likely to use prescription medication than other migraineurs. Conclusions: Most migraineurs in the United States are not being treated with prescription medications. Many active migraine patients would benefit from appropriate treatment if care was sought and diagnosis made.
Health and Communication in a Negro Census Tract

There is a widespread feeling among health professionals that health programs are relatively difficult to put across in Negro' communities. This conclusion is to a large extent a result of the frustration experienced by agency workers attempting to "reach" any socio-economically disadvantaged group. When socio-economic status is controlled, Negroes sometimes comply with specific recommended practices more often than Whites and
Empirical Study of Market Segmentation Based on Factor Clustering Analysis Model

This paper studies the application of the compound model of factor analysis and cluster analysis in the market segmentation of telecommunications services. Fourteen observed variables of consumers' attitudes to mobile communication company are represented by three public factors through factor analysis. Then according to different public factor scores, the samples are clustered to four segmentation markets by K-means cluster analysis. Four segmentations' respective market development proposals are put forward. Keywords-factor analysis, cluster analysis, market segmentation, market development proposal
The Many Faces of Turbine Surface Roughness

Results are presented for contact stylus measurements of surface roughness on in-service turbine blades and vanes. Nearly 100 turbine components were assembled from four land-based turbine manufacturers. Both coated and uncoated, cooled and uncooled components were measured, with part sizes varying from 2 to 20 cm. Spanwise and chordwise two-dimensional roughness profiles were taken on both pressure and suction surfaces. Statistical computations were performed on each trace to determine centerline averaged roughness, rms roughness, and peak to-valley height. In addition, skewness and kurtosis were calculated; as well as the autocorrelation length and dominant harmonics in each trace. Extensive three-dimensional surface maps made of deposits, pitting, erosion, and coating spallation expose unique features for each roughness type. Significant spatial variations are evidenced and transitions from rough to smooth surface conditions are shown to be remarkably abrupt in some cases. Film cooling sites are shown to be particularly prone to surface degradation.
Barnacle larvae in ice: Survival, reproduction, and time to postsettlement metamorphosis

Late stage larvae (cyprids) of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides frequently encounter freezing conditions along the northwest Atlantic coast. S. balanoides cyprids survived for more than 4 weeks embedded in sea ice, and a significant fraction of larvae held in ice up to 2 weeks successfully settled and metamorphosed after thawing. Larvae that completed metamorphosis continued to develop and reproduce. In settlement experiments with cyprids of known age and where settled cyprids were removed every other day from the experimental containers, cyprids held in ice for 2 weeks settled and metamorphosed more than nonfrozen larvae. Mean time to metamorphosis was longer for frozen cyprids than for nonfrozen ones, and maximum time to metamorphosis was 38 d for cyprids held in sea ice for 2 weeks and 26 d for cyprids in nonfrozen treatments. Larval tolerance to freezing conditions greatly expands the environmental tolerance repertoire of marine invertebrates and may help explain the ecological success of this widespread intertidal species.
The increase in prevalence of high frequency hearing impairment among college students.

There are numerous intense sounds in the environment to which regularity. To assess the effect of such noise exposure upon the hearing of persons under 21, a 2-part study was conducted. In the Fall of 1968, 2 769 Freshman entering the University of Tennessee were given a modified screening test for hearing. The failure level was established to be 15 dB (ISO, 1964 standard). If a student failed at any frequency, his threshold for hearing was measured for that frequency and recorded on a printed form. It was found that 4.6% of the students failed to respond to a 2 000 Hz stimulus. Failure levels were found to be 6.8, 10.5 and 29.4% for 3 000, 4 000 and 6 000 Hz, respectively. The procedure was repeated in testing 1 410 students in the Fall of 1969. It was discovered, however, that the prevalence of high frequency hearing impairment rose dramatically in this group. Failure rates were found to be 6.3, 13, 14.3 and 54.9% for the 2 000, 3 000, 4 000 and 6 000 Hz signals, respectively. Of the students tested, 7....
An algorithm for all-du-path testing coverage of shared memory parallel programs

Little attention has focused on applying traditional testing methodology to parallel programs. This paper discusses issues involved in providing all-du-path coverage in shared memory parallel programs, and describes an algorithm for finding a set of paths covering all define-use pairs. To our knowledge, this is the first effort of this kind.
Arthur Posnansky y su Obsesion Milenaria. Biografia lntelectual de un Pionero, by Carlos Ponce Sangines, 1994, La Paz: Producciones Cima

Ponce proposes to develop an intellectual history of Posnansky, whom many view as the father of Bolivian archaeology, which he hopes will contribute to the establishment of context for the development of local prehistory. However, for the most part, the volume serves more as a foil for Ponce to refer to his own work and publications, as they update, contradict, and improve on the earlier archaeological reconstructions of Posnansky. Arthur Posnansky (1873-1946) was an important contributor to Bolivian culture history, being not only a pioneer in Bolivian archaeology, but also in Bolivian cinematography, in the development of the national park system, and in the introduction of the first automobile into Bolivia. He was trained as a naval engineer in his native Vienna, a skill which he quickly parlayed into a fortune in Bolivia in the rubber boom, in terms of transporting the latex by river transport. With the loss of Arce to Brazil in 1903, he shifted his focus to other fields. He brought the first gasoline-powered motorboat to Lake Titicaca that year, and while visiting the excavations of the French Crequi-Montfort and Senechal de La Grange Mission, under the direction of George Courty, during trips to the lake, he became very intrigued with the site of Tiwanaku and its place in Bolivian prehistory. Posnansky shortly thereafter began his extensive collection of material artifacts from Tiwanaku, constructing the -"Palacio Tihuanacu" in 1917-1918 to house the stela, ceramics and other materials which he collected. This structure and its collections were subsequently sold to the state, becoming the current Museo Nacional de Arqueologia.
Model resolution influence on simulated sea ice decline

Abstract. Satellite observations and model predictions of recent and future Arctic sea ice decline have raised concerns over the timing and potential impacts of a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean. Model predictions of seasonally ice-free Arctic conditions are, however, highly variable. Here I present results from fourteen climate system models from the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multi-model dataset that indicate modeled Arctic sea ice sensitivity to increased atmospheric CO2 forcing is strongly correlated with ice/ocean model horizontal resolution. Based on coupled model analyses and ice only simulations with the Los Alamos National Lab sea ice model (CICE), the correlation between declining Arctic sea ice cover and ice/ocean model resolution appears to depend largely on ocean model resolution and its influence on ocean heat transport into the Arctic basin. The correlation between model resolution, northward ocean heat transport, and the degree of Arctic ice loss is independent of ice model physics and complexity. This not only illustrates one difficulty in using numerical models to accurately predict the timing and magnitude of Arctic sea ice decline under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas forcing, but also highlights one area where improved simulation (of northward ocean heat transport) could greatly decrease the uncertainties associated with predictions of future Arctic sea ice cover.
FTIR spectroscopic study of biogenic Mn-oxide formation by Pseudomonas putida GB-1

Biomineralization in heterogeneous aqueous systems results from a complex association between pre-existing surfaces, bacterial cells, extracellular biomacromolecules, and neoformed precipitates. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used in several complementary sample introduction modes (attenuated total reflectance [ATR], diffuse reflectance [DRIFT], and transmission) to investigate the processes of cell adhesion, biofilm growth, and biological Mn-oxidation by Pseudomonas putida strain GB-1. Distinct differences in the adhesive properties of GB-1 were observed upon Mn oxidation. No adhesion to the ZnSe crystal surface was observed for planktonic GB-1 cells coated with biogenic MnO x , whereas cell adhesion was extensive and a GB-1 biofilm was readily grown on ZnSe, CdTe, and Ge crystals prior to Mn-oxidation. IR peak intensity ratios reveal changes in biomolecular (carbohydrate, phosphate, and protein) composition during biologically catalyzed Mn-oxidation. In situ monitoring via ATR-FTIR o...
Atomic Relaxation of a Junction Profile

Nonlinear relaxation of a sharp concentration profile typical in layered semiconductor junctions is investigated using the Path Probability Method (PPM) of irreversible statistical mechanics. We employ the vacancy mechanism for atomic migration and the pair approximation for the statistical treatment. The PPM is a microscopic method, from which we can derive macroscopic parameters. Our results show that at the initial stage of the relaxation of a sharp concentration profile, atoms near the junction may diffuse up against the concentration gradient. More surprisingly, our numerical examples convincingly demonstrate that the atom flux goes up against the local chemical potential gradient near a sharp profile, indicating that in such highly nonlinear regime the usual linear diffusion theory in which the atom flux is linearly proportional to the chemical potential gradient breaks down. It is shown that the cause of the uphill diffusion is the repulsion among different species, which is also the physical origin of the square gradient term.
Breaking a paradigm: male-produced aggregation pheromone for the Colorado potato beetle

A male-produced aggregation pheromone was identified for the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). While male beetles produced only minor amounts of the pheromone, its production could be enhanced by topical application of juvenile hormone III (JH III) (eightfold), by antennectomy (40-fold) or by the combined treatment of JH III and antennectomy (almost 200-fold); this enhancement enabled the identification of the compound as (S)-3,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-oct-6-ene-1,3-diol [(S)-CPB I], a unique structure for an insect pheromone. Antennal receptors of both sexes responded selectively to the (S)-enantiomer. Both male and female Colorado potato beetles were attracted to serial source loads of (S)-CPB I in laboratory bioassays; (R)-CPB I was inactive or inhibitory, as demonstrated by the inactivity of the racemate. This is the first identification of a pheromone for the Colorado potato beetle and differs from the paradigm of a female-produced pheromone for this insect. The attractant is also the first male-produced pheromone identified for the Chrysomelidae. The discovery that both JH III and antennectomy increase levels of the pheromone (S)-CPB I indicates the existence of a feedback system involving antennal input, and this system may be under hormonal control.
Opportunistic spectrum access using Fuzzy Logic for cognitive radio networks

Recent studies and measurements have shown that, with the traditional spectrum access approach, the radio spectrum assigned to primary (licensed) users is vastly underutilized. While many spectrum methods have been proposed to use spectrum effectively, the opportunistic spectrum access has become the most viable approach to achieve near-optimal spectrum utilization by allowing secondary (unlicensed) users to sense and access available spectrum opportunistically. Opportunistic spectrum access approach is enabled by cognitive radios which are able to sense the unused spectrum and adapt their operating characteristics to the real-time environment. However, a naive spectrum access for secondary users can make spectrum utilization inefficient and increase interference to adjacent users. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) to control the spectrum access. Three descriptors are used: spectrum utilization efficiency of the secondary user, its degree of mobility, and its distance to the primary user. The linguistic knowledge of spectrum access based on these three descriptors is obtained from a group of network experts. 27 fuzzy rules are set up based on this linguistic knowledge. The output of the FLS provide the possibility of accessing spectrum band for secondary users and the user with the greatest possibility will be assigned the available spectrum band.
Electrostatic and magnetostatic finite-difference analysis without the 'staircase' effect

In finite difference methods, the notorious 'staircase' effect arises when a slanted or curved boundary is rendered on a cartesian grid. The new flexible local approximation methods (FLAME) approximate material interfaces algebraically, by a suitable set of basis functions, rather than by geometrically conforming meshes. For example, the approximating functions in the vicinity of spherical particles are chosen as spherical harmonics. FLAME seamlessly incorporates these local analytical approximations into the difference scheme. Even though FLAME typically operates on cartesian grids, its solution for problems with dielectric or magnetic particles can be orders of magnitude more accurate than the finite-element solution on complex meshes.
SeaWinds views Greenland

Data from the Ku-band SeaWinds scatterometer is used to investigate the extent of the ice facies in Greenland. The duration of the summer melt over the Greenland ice sheet is calculated using the temporal signature of the SeaWinds data. Daily ascending and descending enhanced resolution radar backscatter images of Greenland are produced to investigate diurnal variations in backscatter measurements. These are compared with diurnal variations in the brightness temperature measured by SSM/I. Multi-annual changes in the Greenland ice sheet are studied by comparing 1999 SeaWinds data to 1996 NSCAT data.
Cerebello-thalamic synapses and motor adaptation.

The cerebellum’s influence on voluntary movement is mediated, in large part, through the cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) pathway. Of particular relevance here are those neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that project, via thalamus, to pyramidal tract neurons in primary motor cortex. Several lines of evidence implicate cerebello-thalamic (CT) synaptic plasticity as a neural substrate underlying movement adaptation in adult animals. CT synapses exhibit a number of structural characteristics suggestive of a capacity for both formation of new synapses, and alterations in efficacy of transmission across existing synapses. Long-term potentiation can be evoked across CT synapsesin vitro by high frequency stimulation, albeit in young animals. Evidence regarding the contribution of CT synaptic plasticity to two different types of movement adaptation in adult animals is conflicting. Adaptation involving a strengthening and re-coordination of voluntary movement is associated with an increase in density of CT synaptic boutons and an increase in number of synaptic vesicles available for immediate neurotransmitter release within each bouton. On the other hand, adaptation involving associative conditioning of a reduced sensorimotor neural circuit is associated with plasticity at thalamo-cortical but not CT synapses. These conflicting findings may reflect differences in the extent of synaptic re-organization that occurs at thalamic versus cortical levels, differences in the neural circuitry mediating each behavior, and/or differences in the spatio-temporal convergence of activity in the thalamus during the adaptive processes. It is concluded that CT synaptic plasticity can underlie movement adaptation if the adaptation requires reorganization of the cerebellum’s influence on cerebral cortex.
Effect of ouabain on growth regulation by serum components in Balb/C-3T3 cells: Inhibition of entry into s phase by decreased protein synthesis

The effect of inhibition of the cell membrane Na+-K+ pump on the Balb/c-3T3 cell growth cycle was studied. Inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of intracellular K+ concentration ({K+}i). However, inhibition of protein synthesis in G0/G1 and of subsequent entry into S phase occurred only after {K+}i fell below a critical threshold (50–60 mmoles/liter). Thus, when the {K+}i falls below a critical threshold, protein synthesis is inhibited, preventing cells from entering the S phase. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induces cells to become “competent” to traverse the cell cycle; the platelet-poor plasma component of serum allows competent cells to progress through G0/G1 and enter S phase. Inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump did not prevent the induction of competence by PDGF, but it did reversibly inhibit plasma-mediated events in early G0/G1. Similarly, cycloheximide inhibited plasma-mediated events but did not prevent PDGF-induced competence. Thus, protein synthesis may not be required for induction of competence; alternatively, the induction of the competent state may occur in these cells after removal of PDGF and protein synthesis inhibitor. Protein synthesis is required for subsequent plasma-mediated events in G0/G1.
The Missing Band

Fig. 1. Serum immunofixation electrophoresis. Arrow denotes application point. Lanes labeled according to the antiserum applied (G, anti-IgG; D, anti-IgD; E, anti-IgE; K, total kappa; FKS, free kappa using antisera manufactured by Sebia; FKH, free kappa using antisera manufactured by Helena; L, total lambda; FLS, free lambda using antisera manufactured by Sebia; FLH, free lambda using antisera manufactured by Helena); ×2 denotes …
From documenting death to comprehensive care: Applying lessons from the HIV/AIDS epidemic to addiction.

In recent years, we have seen a rising tide of deaths documented in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that bears a chilling familiarity to the early years of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. These deaths are from opioid overdoses, due to the underlying disease of opioid addiction, just as AIDS deaths are due to the underlying HIV infection. Overdose from opioid addiction now kills more Americans than motor vehicle crashes or firearms.1 As with HIV/AIDS, many of the victims are young, previously healthy, and already stigmatized, with effective care hindered by a public impression that only certain groups of people become opioid addicts. While the death toll of these parallel epidemics is comparable, the efficacy of the response to opioid addiction has yet to match that of HIV/AIDS. As tangible evidence of our failure to effectively disseminate addiction treatment, every 19 minutes another American dies from an unintentional overdose.1