cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural and linguistic adaptation of psychosocial measurements for latinx participants—Leveraging community‐engaged research methods

Predominantly Spanish-speaking Latinx individuals are underrepresented in research, and one primary barrier is the lack of infrastructure to effectively engage, among them, adequate cultural and linguistic adaptation of research measures. Capitalizing on existing recommendations for appropriate and ethical engagement of Latinx individuals in research, we present a comprehensive approach to cultural and linguistic adaptation, and describe the application of this approach in the context of an ongoing longitudinal, observational, community-engaged study that follows a cohort of young adult Latinx immigrants (ages 18-44) in the Southeastern region of the United States who were predominantly Spanish-speakers (N = 391). We describe barriers that researchers may face in their pursuit of cultural and linguistic adaptation and offset these challenges with tangible solutions. We discuss lessons learned through our application to a research study. This approach holds promise for reducing barriers to participation in research and health disparities in predominantly Spanish-speaking Latinx individuals, who represent a population that is growing in size in the United States yet is still underrepresented as research participants and in the research workforce.
Osteopetrosis, a potential mimicker of sclerotic metastatic bone lesions in breast cancer

Abstract Bone is the most common site of metastasis in breast cancer. Metastatic bone disease mimickers occur and some of have been defined previously. They can lead to unnecessary biopsies, improper or delayed therapy, and patient anxiety. Here we report on a patient with a history of osteopetrosis, a sclerotic bone disease, who developed breast cancer. Following treatment of breast cancer her osteopetrosis was confused for metastatic bone disease three times on imaging studies due to the lack of proper clinical history offered to the radiologist prior to the interpretation of the exams. Various discrete and generalized bone conditions that can mimic bone metastasis in breast cancer have been reported. Discrete conditions include vertebral osteomyelitis, brown fat, osteopoikilosis, and myositis ossificans. Generalized conditions include mastocytosis and now osteopetrosis. Other sclerotic bone disorders may potentially be confused with metastatic disease to bone. A list of the more common examples with characteristic radiographic features is presented. Considering a patient's past medical history including sclerosing bone disorders and prior imaging findings when interpreting new imaging studies can help reduce unnecessary confusion. Patients with sclerosing bone disease should be counseled to inform ordering and interpreting physicians about potential misinterpretation.
Use of bivalirudin for anticoagulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

This study describes the use of bivalirudin in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Pediatric patients receiving bivalirudin were compared to patients receiving heparin as the an...
Investigative Genetic Genealogy: Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues and Directions for Future Research

Investigative genetic genealogy—the use of direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy databases to assist in the resolution of crimes involving DNA evidence—holds tremendous potential for law enforcement...
Localization free super-resolution microbubble velocimetry using a long short-term memory neural network

Ultrasound localization microscopy is a super-resolution imaging technique that exploits the unique characteristics of contrast microbubbles to side-step the fundamental trade-off between imaging resolution and penetration depth. However, the conventional reconstruction technique is confined to low microbubble concentrations to avoid localization and tracking errors. Several research groups have introduced sparsity- and deep learning-based approaches to overcome this constraint to extract useful vascular structural information from overlapping microbubble signals, but these solutions have not been demonstrated to produce blood flow velocity maps of the microcirculation. Here, we introduce Deep-SMV, a localization free super-resolution microbubble velocimetry technique, based on a long short-term memory neural network, that provides high imaging speed and robustness to high microbubble concentrations, and directly outputs blood velocity measurements at a super-resolution. Deep-SMV is trained efficiently using microbubble flow simulation on real in vivo vascular data and demonstrates real-time velocity map reconstruction suitable for functional vascular imaging at super-resolution. The technique is successfully applied to a wide variety of imaging scenarios, include flow channel phantoms, chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes, and mouse kidney, tumor, and brain imaging.
The Philippine Chinese: from aliens to cultural minority.

The Philippine Chinese community has been characterized by patterns that are often contradictory. Historically the size and distribution of the Philippine Chinese community have always been the subject of political controversy and scholarly uncertainty. During the American colonial period the number of alien Chinese grew rapidly by immigration and by natural increase since Chinese born in the Philippines could not easily become citizens in the American Philippines. By the beginning of Philippine independence only 1/2 of the total Philippine Chinese community lived in the Manila area. Nowhere else in Southeast Asia did the Chinese face more restrictions and cope with a more precarious existence than in the Spanish Philippines. The Spanish colonial pattern was to make it as difficult as possible for the Chinese to remain Chinese while at the same time the Spaniards made it very easy to assimilate as quickly as possible. The vast majority of the present day Chinese are descended from those who migrated to the Philippines in the post 1900 period despite or because of practices connected with the application of "exclusion." Although the exclusion practices failed to prevent the growth of the Chinese community in the Philippines they undoubtedly kept the rate of growth under control. A new era began for the Philippine Chinese when the Philippines became an independent republic early in the post war period. The family system that the Philippine Chinese brought with them is described as patronymic patrilocal patriarchal and patrilineal. The Philippine Chinese appear relieved to see the end of the near chaos of the early 1970s; if the marcos regime lasts harmoniously for a long time and if contradictions within the Chinese community are resolved then a solution to a perennial problem may be achieved.
Abstract 2776: Overexpression of HGF is an effective indicator for Met-targeting therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The success of molecular targeted therapy against cancer depends on discovering the essential pathways that contribute to carcinogenesis and cancer progression and the molecular targets that control the pathway activity. By using genetically engineered mouse models, we show that overexpression of Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulated HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) production and accelerated the HCC progression. HGF transgenic mouse model produced spontaneous HCC with genomic profiles similar to that HBV-positive HCC patients with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, MET receptor expression is required for repair of virus-induced liver damage and HCC development. Importantly, HGF overexpression induces an autocrine activation which determines the sensitivity to small-molecule Met inhibitors. MET inhibitors are entering clinical trials against cancer, and our data provide a molecular basis for targeting the Met pathway in hepatitis B-induced HCC. Our results demonstrate that HGF is a driver of HBV-induced HCC progression and may serve as an effective biomarker for Met-targeted therapy, and that hgf-transgenic mouse model serves as a good tool for studying human HCC biology and preclinical evaluating therapeutics. Citation Format: Qian Xie. Overexpression of HGF is an effective indicator for Met-targeting therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2776. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2776
Biochemistry of insect differentiation. A system for studying the mechanism of chitinase activity in vitro.

Abstract Results obtained with an in vitro system for the study of chitinase are described. The system involves soluble enzyme protein(s) and an insoluble substrate preparation. With insect molting fluid chitinase, it shows properties that parallel those observed during in vivo breakdown of cuticle during the molt. For example, molting fluid chitinase activity not previously exposed to chitin is stronly and specifically adsorbed to the substrate, in contrast to other enzymatic activities including hexosaminidase (chitobiase) present in molting fluid. This leads to partial purification of molting fluid chitinase activity reflected in increased specific activity of chitinase associated with the insoluble chitin substrate; we have previously reported increase of specific chitinase activity of (deproteinized) cuticle resulting from its incubation with molting fluid ( M. L. Bade and A. Stinson, 1978 , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.84, 381–388). Soluble end product is generated rapidly and linearly with time by the in vitro system; the end product is assumed to be N-acetylglucosamine since the specific radioactivity of this compound is unchanged during the 10 min required for assay. Molting fluid chitinase activity may involve a number of polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 145,000 to less than 20,000 daltons. The system described gives results consistent with a processive mechanism for molting fluid chitinase, i.e., data are given demonstrating that molting fluid chitinase continues to act on the same chitin particle(s) with which it initially associates rather than diffusing freely from substrate particle to substrate particle, and the product of its action appears to be a monosaccharide rather than a mixture of oligosaccharides. Processive behavior for chitinase would be predicted from the known structure, and the in vivo measured rate of breakdown, of cuticle chitin during the molt; the preliminary nature of this conclusion, based on what is so far known about the structure of the substrate used in the in vitro system, is briefly discussed.
Combining Pediocin (ALTA™ 2341) with Thermal Pasteurization for Control of Listeria monocytogenes on Frankfurters

Combining heat pasteurization after packaging with addition of pediocin (ALTA™ 2341) as a antimicrobial treatment for frankfurters was more effective than either treatment alone for reducing the number of contaminating Listeria monocytogenes. Heat treatments were most effective for single link packages, intermediate for 5-link packages and least effective for 10-link packages. Combining these treatments provides for improved control of contaminating L. monocytogenes on frankfurters and increases the safety of these products for consumers.
Stress profile derivation-an empirical approach

The author describes how a thermal stress test profile was derived by experiment for more effective screening of IBM Personal System 2 planar cards. Profile components are optimized from Model 50 experimental data and reassembled into an empirically engineered power-temperature profile used in stress testing electronic cards. The resultant profile is shown to be more effective in accelerating early life failures and has become the standard framework for all PS/2 stress profiles used in IBM Greenock's SMT (surface mount technology) card stress screening. Thermal shock and voltage biasing have been introduced into Greenock's stress test for the first time. >
Evidence for stratosphere sudden warming-ionosphere coupling due to vertically propagating tides

[1] Observations of the Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) are used to study the coupling between the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) and ionospheric perturbations. The observations reveal both migrating and nonmigrating perturbations to the semidiurnal tide in the equatorial ionization anomaly crest region that are associated with changes in electric fields induced by the tidal dynamo. In particular, a significant enhancement is observed in the nonmigrating semidiurnal westward propagating tide with zonal wavenumber 1 (SW1) in GPS TEC during the SSW. The SW1 perturbations in the low-latitude ionosphere are found to oscillate with a similar period as planetary wave-1 activity in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere. This connection is attributed to the nonlinear interaction between tides and planetary waves and strongly supports the theory that planetary wave-tide interaction is the primary mechanism coupling SSWs to ionospheric variability. Enhancements are also observed in the nonmigrating semidiurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 0 (S0) during this time period and may be related to the nonlinear interaction between the migrating semidiurnal tide and planetary wave-2. The connection between planetary wave-2 and S0 is, however, less clear which may be attributed to differences in the zonal mean zonal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the times of peak planetary wave-1 and planetary wave-2 activity. We conclude that the changing zonal winds during SSWs play an important role in the coupling between ionospheric variability and the forcing from planetary waves of lower atmospheric origin during SSWs.
The Clinical Stability of Serum Cholinesterase Activity

Intra-individual variation of serum cholinesterase activity as determined in 82 normal adults studied 373 times over periods up to 5 years is found to be relatively low. The over-all coefficient of variation was 8.4, the linear correlation between the first and subsequent tests in the same person was r = .87 (first versus second test in 82 subjects) and r = .90 (first versus seventh test in 14 people). A decline of 0.66 U. from a single prior measurement when in normal health is significant at the .05 level. The clinical significance of the test is discussed.
History, Power, Ideology: Central Issues in Marxism and Anthropology

History, Power, Ideology: Central Issues in Marxism and Anthropology. Donald L. Donham. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 240 pp.
PROJECT ROVER LIQUID HYDROGEN SAFETY: A FIVE YEAR LOOK

Liquid hydrogen has been used by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory on Project Rover[1] since 1959. An early involvement in liquid hydrogen safety was the preparation of a set of instructions to drivers hauling liquid hydrogen to Jackass Flats. By the end of 1960, over 70,000 gal of liquid were received at Test Cell “A” at Jackass Flats. This liquid was vaporized by a stationary Linde pump vaporizer installation and stored at 3500 psi in the tank farm. The first dewars for liquid hydrogen storage were constructed in 1961, and the following shows the trend in dewar capacity and usage of LH2.
Trimodality approach for ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the external auditory canal.

Background:Ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the external auditory canal is extremely rare. This paper highlights the impact of concurrent chemoradiotherapy on the outcomes of this disease.Case report:A 47-year-old female presented with a 2-month history of otalgia and a mass in her right ear. Biopsy revealed high grade ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma. She underwent surgical excision of the right external auditory canal and right upper neck dissection. Pathological analysis of tumour–node–metastasis staging revealed a T2 N0 (stage II) tumour. One year later, computed tomography scanning of the temporal bone showed tumour recurrence. Biopsy revealed recurrent ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patient underwent salvage resection. Pathology revealed that the tumour was diffusely invading nearby structures, with perineural invasion, lymphatic spread and extracapsular extension. Pathological analysis of tumour–node–metastasis staging revealed a T3 N1 M0 (recurrent stage IV) tumour.Results:The patient subsequently received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. There was no evidence of disease at 37 months' follow up.Conclusion:The trimodality approach, using surgery plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy, provided reasonable loco-regional control with tolerable toxicity. Further detailed case reports are warranted to optimise the management of this rare malignancy.
Effect of pH on the Dynamic Rheological Properties of Chicken Breast Salt-Soluble Proteins During Heat-Induced Gelation

Abstract The effects of pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5) on the nondestructive dynamic rheological properties of chicken breast salt-soluble proteins were investigated during heating in .6 M NaCl. No major rheological transitions occurred during heating at 1 C/min for proteins at pH 4.5, whereas several transition peaks were observed at pH 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5. The first transition temperature for loss modulus occurred before that for storage modulus under all conditions, indicating that proteins unfolded prior to aggregating into a gel matrix. Proteins at pH 5.5 exhibited lower thermal stability than proteins at pH 6.5 and 7.5 The first transition peak of storage modulus became broader as pH decreased from 7.5 to 5.5. Salt soluble proteins at pH 4.5 exhibited more viscous properties and did not form a gel network. Gels at pH 6.5 and 7.5 were more elastic.
Proteomic Analysis of Wild-type and Mutant Huntingtin-associated Proteins in Mouse Brains Identifies Unique Interactions and Involvement in Protein Synthesis

Huntington disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat amplification in the gene huntingtin (HTT) that is reflected by a polyglutamine expansion in the Htt protein. Nearly 20 years of research have uncovered roles for Htt in a wide range of cellular processes, and many of these discoveries stemmed from the identification of Htt-interacting proteins. However, no study has employed an impartial and comprehensive strategy to identify proteins that differentially associate with full-length wild-type and mutant Htt in brain tissue, the most relevant sample source to the disease condition. We analyzed Htt affinity-purified complexes from wild-type and HTT mutant juvenile mouse brain from two different biochemical fractions by tandem mass spectrometry. We compared variations in protein spectral counts relative to Htt to identify those proteins that are the most significantly contrasted between wild-type and mutant Htt purifications. Previously unreported Htt interactions with Myo5a, Prkra (PACT), Gnb2l1 (RACK1), Rps6, and Syt2 were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Gene Ontology analysis of these and other Htt-associated proteins revealed a statistically significant enrichment for proteins involved in translation among other categories. Furthermore, Htt co-sedimentation with polysomes in cytoplasmic mouse brain extracts is dependent upon the presence of intact ribosomes. Finally, wild-type or mutant Htt overexpression inhibits cap-dependent translation of a reporter mRNA in an in vitro system. Cumulatively, these data support a new role for Htt in translation and provide impetus for further study into the link between protein synthesis and Huntington disease pathogenesis.
Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit.

The resolution of conventional optical instruments is limited to length scales of roughly the wavelength of the light used. Nanoscale superlenses offer a solution for achieving much higher resolutions that may find appllications in many imaging areas.
Efectos de la Exposición de los Adolescentes a la Violencia en la Comunidad: El Proyecto MORE

Resumen La investigacion sobre la exposicion a la violencia cronica en la comunidad se centra en las minorias etnicas y en los colectivos mas pobres y azotados por la delincuencia, mientras que los programas de tratamiento y prevencion se centran en los perpetradores de la violencia, y no en los adolescentes, que son sus victimas directas o indirectas. Las intervenciones de tratamiento y prevencion en el ambito escolar son necesarias en el caso de menores con un alto riesgo de exposicion a la violencia en su comunidad. En este trabajo se describe el proyecto Multiple Opportunities to Reach Excellence (MORE), un estudio epidemiologico longitudinal centrado en las comunidades y que ha sido puesto en practica en la actualidad para comprender mejor el impacto de la exposicion a la violencia cronica en el vecindario sobre el funcionamiento emocional, conductual, de consumo de drogas y academico de los menores y adolescentes, con el objetivo ultimo de identificar los factores maleables de riesgo y proteccion en los que se puede incidir mediante programas de prevencion e intervencion.
Hypocalcemia in a critically ill patient

Objective: To present a case of clinical hypocalcemia in a critically ill septic dog. Case summary: A 12-year old, female spayed English sheepdog presented in septic shock 5 days following hemilaminectomy surgery. Streptococcus canis was cultured from the incision site. Seven days after surgery, muscle tremors were noted and a subsequent low serum ionized calcium level was measured and treated. Intensive monitoring, fluid therapy, and antibiotic treatment were continued because of the sepsis and hypocalcemia, but the dog was euthanized 2 weeks after surgery. New or unique information provided: Low serum ionized calcium levels are a common finding in critically ill human patients, especially in cases of sepsis, pancreatitis, and rhabdomyolysis. In veterinary patients, sepsis or streptococcal infections are not commonly thought of as a contributing factor for hypocalcemia. Potential mechanisms of low serum ionized calcium levels in critically ill patients include intracellular accumulation of calcium ions, altered sensitivity and function of the parathyroid gland, alterations in Vitamin D levels or activity, renal loss of calcium, and severe hypomagnesemia. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and calcitonin have also been proposed to contribute to low ionized calcium in the critically ill. Many veterinarians rely on total calcium levels instead of serum ionized calcium levels to assess critical patients and may be missing the development of hypocalcemia. Serum ionized calcium levels are recommended over total calcium levels to evaluate critically ill veterinary patients.
Prenatal detection of an accessory chromosome identified as an inversion duplication (15).

A small accessory chromosome was detected in amniocytes and maternal lymphocytes and identified as an inversion duplication of the short arms of two chromosomes 15. This is the first time that complete identification of this extra chromosome has been possible prenatally. The variant chromosome was not associated with clinical abnormalities.
On the Generation of English Sentences

A simple, efficient procedure for generating a large number of English sentences is described. The procedure uses Beckmann's error-detecting code model for the structure of natural languages.
Preliminary Investigations of a High Temperature Cu-13.3%Al-4%Ni Shape Memory Alloy Single Crystal

Preliminary investigations on the constitutive response of a Cu-13.3%Al-4%Ni (wt%) shape memory alloy single crystal with stress-free transformation temperatures around 100 to 150°C are reported. Room temperature stress cycling tests were carried out at very low deformation rates. Reproducible stress/strain curves of up to 9% strain due to detwinning (martensitematensite phase transformations) with no plastic deformation were obtained. The data also indicated that a period of stress cycling is required to stabilize the material before reproducible stress-strain curves are obtained due to martensite reorientation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on circulating catecholamines and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity during exercise in normal subjects

We investigated the effects of beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (P) on circulating catecholamines at rest and during isometric and dynamic exercise. By means of a radioenzymatic assay, we measured plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations in nine normal, sedentary men, aged 22 to 34 years. Measurements were made during resting conditions, at 3 minutes of 30% maximal isometric handgrip exercise (IHE), and during submaximal and maximal dynamic treadmill exercise. Measurements were repeated one week later after the subjects received P in doses ranging from 40 to 80 mg four times a day (plasma P levels at the time of exercise ranged from 96 to 303 ng/ml with a mean of 178 ng/ml). We also measured serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity to detect changes in chronic sympathetic tone. Changes in NE from rest to exercise were significant (p 0.05). For NE, there were no significant differences between the control and P values either at rest or during any form of exercise. For E, there were no significant changes between the control and p values at rest or at maximal dynamic exercise, although there were mild increases (p < 0.05) with IHE and submaximal dynamic exercise. DBH activity increased significantly (p < 0.01) from rest to exercise for all exercise points with and without P, but there were no significant differences between the control and p values either at rest or during any form of exercise. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that competitive blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors at the tissue level does not alter neural release of NE or DBH and has little effect on adrenal release of E.
Rate of aneuploidy in miscarriages following in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the incidence of aneuploidy in miscarriages after IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures. Design Retrospective study. Setting University IVF program. Patient(s) All IVF patients with missed abortions undergoing uterine curettage. Intervention(s) Cytogenetic analysis of products of conception (POC). Main outcome measure(s) Incidence of aneuploidy in POC. Result(s) Thirty-two of 59 specimens (54%) reviewed were abnormal. The patients with ICSI were more likely to have aneuploidy identified in their POC than conventional IVF, 76% vs. 41%. The average ages in these groups were similar: 37.1 vs. 37.8 years. There was a trend toward decreased aneuploidy with day 5 compared to day 3 embryo transfers; 38% vs. 63%. Conclusion(s) We found a significantly higher aneuploidy rate in the abortuses of patients who conceived with ICSI. It is possible that this increased incidence is due to abnormalities in the sperm of patients with ICSI, but could also be partially related to the technique itself.
Natural frequencies of an elastic spherical shell submerged in a compressible viscous fluid medium

The frequency equations previously derived for free, axisymmetric vibrations of an elastic spherical shell submerged in a compressible viscous fluid is reduced to a simple polynomial expression. Its complete solutions are numerically obtained and presented for a steel shell submerged in water. Although free oscillatory motion is damped due to acoustic radiation and viscous dissipation, viscosity slightly reduces the total damping in some cases. Because damping due to viscous dissipation is always positive, the reduction of damping in these shell modes implies that viscosity reduces acoustic radiation.
Child, parent, and family predictors of child welfare services involvement among TANF applicant families

Abstract Data from the Milwaukee TANF Applicant Study were used to identify parent, family, and child-specific predictors of child welfare services involvement among 1075 families that applied for TANF assistance in 1999. Child-specific measures related to a randomly selected focal child from each applicant family were collected. Thirty-eight percent of the families were investigated for child maltreatment and 11% of the focal children were placed in out-of-home care between the 1999 TANF applications and the end of 2005. Prior child welfare services involvement and economic hardships were significant predictors of both child maltreatment investigations and out-of-home care placements. However, neither outcome was related to child-specific attributes nor behaviors once parent and family characteristics were taken into account. These findings suggest that TANF agencies are serving a population that needs help balancing family and work responsibilities.
Early and aggressive treatment of patients with acute ST segment elevation and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction leads to improved clinical outcomes.

Abstract Acute myocardial infarction remains a significant burden to our society. Despite being the number 1 cause of mortality, there remains no uniform approach to treatment, which is unlike that of the triage and care of trauma victims. It is now well documented that acute reperfusion therapy has a profound benefit; however, many current strategies take too long to be performed and thus those potential benefits are often reduced. The emergence of prehospital treatment as a means to reducing time to reperfusion provides a new avenue for earlier therapy. With a coordinated aggressive treatment strategy and the identification of primary cardiovascular centers dedicated to the treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI), we believe the mortality of an STEMI can be significantly reduced. Similarly, the treatment of non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction has shifted to an aggressive approach. Although thrombolytic therapy is not indicated, the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, as well as early interventional revascularization, is the current preferred treatment strategy. We review important current trials that shape the practice of treatment as well as introduce a novel concept of combined prehospital administration of thrombolytics with urgent culprit artery revascularization.
Elastic Scattering of Protons by F 19

The differential cross section for the elastic scattering of protons by ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ has been measured for proton energies from 550 to 1800 kev at center-of-mass angles of 90, 125.3, and 159.8 degrees and for proton energies from 1300 to 1500 kev at 53.2, 60, 70, 80, 100, 110, and 136 degrees. Marked scattering anomalies were observed for proton energies near 669 (${1}^{+}$), 843 (${0}^{+}$), 873 (${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), 935 (${1}^{+}$), 1346 (${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), 1372 (${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), 1422 (${1}^{+}$), and 1700 kev. The indicated spin and parity assignments for the corresponding levels in ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ are required by the results of this experiment or are consistent with them. Observations of the elastic scattering have also been made in the regions of 340 and 480 kev at 159.8 degrees, and no anomaly was observed in either case. The ambiguity in the choice of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{p}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ has been resolved for several of the ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ levels. An approximate method of correcting the observed cross sections for the effects of finite energy resolution has been developed, and the relative stopping cross section for protons in lithium fluoride has been measured for proton energies from 400 to 1600 kev.
Calcium transport by the isolated chick chorio-allantoic membrane.

Abstract Unidirectional fluxes of 45 Ca were measured from ectoderm to endoderm (O → I) and from endoderm to ectoderm (I → O) in the normal chick chorio-allantoic membrane under both open circuit and short circuit conditions. In each case a net calcium transport from O → I could be demonstrated, and the measured flux ratios were at least three times greater than the corresponding theoretical ratios indicating an active transport process. Upon removal of the acellular inner-shell membrane from the ectodermal surface, net calcium transport was reversed. The results have been interpreted as suggesting the presence of two opposing calcium pumps. Since in vivo calcium transport does not proceed across the entire membrane, the transported calcium would undoubtedly see only one pump. The orientation of the electrical potential difference and the short-circuit current indicates the existence of at least one other actively transported ion. Ion substitution experiments suggest the possible existence of an active sodium transport mechanism.
Interleukin-6 modulates hepatic and muscle protein synthesis during hemodialysis

Increased demand for amino acids to sustain acute-phase protein synthesis could be the stimulus for the increased muscle protein catabolism during hemodialysis (HD). This could be attenuated by intradialytic amino-acid infusion. To test this, we measured the fractional synthesis rates of albumin, fibrinogen, and muscle protein in eight patients with end-stage renal disease at baseline before dialysis and during HD without or with amino-acid infusion. The percentage change in the fractional synthesis rates of albumin, fibrinogen, and muscle protein from baseline was significantly higher during HD with amino-acid infusion than without amino-acid infusion. Leg muscle proteolysis was significantly increased during unsupplemented HD compared with baseline, but this was not decreased by amino-acid infusion. Arteriovenous balance studies across the leg showed a net efflux of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from the muscle into the vein during HD. The fractional synthesis rate of albumin, fibrinogen, and muscle protein correlated with each other and with the IL-6 efflux from the leg. Leg muscle protein catabolism was positively related to IL-6 release from the leg and not associated with amino-acid availability. Our results show that intradialytic cytokine activation and not amino-acid depletion is the major protein catabolic signal during HD.
Abstract 2872: Effects of ethanol and folate on peripubertal mouse mammary gland

Alcohol consumption has been clearly linked with increased breast cancer risk in women, with risks incurred even at low levels of consumption. The proposed mechanisms whereby ethanol exerts its effects include decreased folate levels and diminished DNA repair capacity, coupled with acetaldehyde-generated DNA damage. Based on these proposed mechanisms, we hypothesized that ethanol would have increased deleterious effects during periods of rapid mammary gland epithelial proliferation, such as peripuberty. We also hypothesized that folate deficiency alone might mimic the effects of ethanol, and that folate deficiency would exacerbate the effects of ethanol. CD2/F1 female mice (N=8 per group) were pair-fed control and ethanol-containing liquid diets +/− 0.2g/L folate supplementation from 5 weeks until 9 weeks of age. Mice were sacrificed after this 4 week feeding regimen, and mammary glands were harvested for preparation of whole mounts and paraffin sections. Folate levels of liver and kidney were assessed to verify folate status. Analysis of mammary gland whole mounts revealed that mammary gland structure was significantly altered in folate-replete mice fed ethanol, compared to control-fed mice (no ethanol/ folate-replete). These ethanol/folate replete mice showed an increased total number of ductal branches, due to an increased number of terminal short branches; no effect was seen on the number of terminal end buds or primitive alveolar buds. Systematic histological analysis of paraffin sections using NIH Image J software revealed that diets containing ethanol in the presence of folate significantly increased the total number of ducts, ductal epithelial area, and number of ducts with epithelial multilayering. These results demonstrate that folate deficiency alone does not mimic the effects of ethanol, and that folate deficiency in the presence of ethanol blocks proliferative effects of ethanol on the mammary ductal tree. Future studies are examining the effects of peripubertal ethanol and folate exposure on gene expression in the mouse mammary gland. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2872.
Provider encouragement of breast-feeding: evidence from a national survey.

Abstract Objective: To examine the influence of provider encouragement on breast-feeding among women of different social and ethnic backgrounds in the United States. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 2017 parents with children younger than 3 years was surveyed by telephone. The responses of the 1229 women interviewed were included in the analysis. Respondents were asked to recall whether their physicians or nurses had encouraged or discouraged them from breast-feeding. The effects of provider encouragement on breast-feeding initiation and duration were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. The sample was then stratified to allow subset analyses by race and ethnicity, education, income class, age group, and marital status. Results: More than one-third (34.4%) of respondents did not initiate breast-feeding. Three-fourths (73.2%) of women reported having been encouraged by their physicians or nurses to breast-feed; 74.6% of women who were encouraged initiated breast-feeding, compared with only 43.2% of those who were not encouraged (P Conclusion: Provider encouragement significantly increases breast-feeding initiation among American women of all social and ethnic backgrounds.
Nanomechanical strength mechanisms of hierarchical biological materials and tissues

Biological protein materials (BPMs), intriguing hierarchical structures formed by assembly of chemical building blocks, are crucial for critical functions of life. The structural details of BPMs are fascinating: They represent a combination of universally found motifs such as α-helices or β-sheets with highly adapted protein structures such as cytoskeletal networks or spider silk nanocomposites. BPMs combine properties like strength and robustness, self-healing ability, adaptability, changeability, evolvability and others into multi-functional materials at a level unmatched in synthetic materials. The ability to achieve these properties depends critically on the particular traits of these materials, first and foremost their hierarchical architecture and seamless integration of material and structure, from nano to macro. Here, we provide a brief review of this field and outline new research directions, along with a review of recent research results in the development of structure–property relationships of ...
Formulating Poultry Diets to Nutrient-Energy Balance Without Setting an Energy Level

Abstract A method is described which provides for the formulation of complete diets which are in nutritional balance without the necessity of pre-establishing a dietary available energy level. The nutritionist sets all ingredient levels except the major grain and protein sources; the quantities of these are calculated by formula. The specifications for calcium, phosphorus (total or inorganic), methionine, cystine, and lysine are stated on a percentage per therm of metabolizable energy basis. The ration is quickly and inexpensively calculated using a programmable calculator (TI-59) and provides, in addition, dietary sodium level, dietary cost, and cost-energy ratio. Test ingredients may be easily introduced and cost-energy ratio compared using diets of identical nutritional balance. The method provided utilizes the programmable calculator, but it may be easily adapted to computer formulation, which would allow consideration of a larger ration formulation problem.
Human plasma glutathione peroxidase and symptom severity in schizophrenia.

Abstract Background: Previous studies have shown impaired antioxidant defense system in schizophrenia, including alterations in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in erythrocytes. There exists a related enzyme, human plasma GSH-Px (hpGSH-Px), that has not been previously examined in schizophrenia. Methods: An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to determine hpGSH-Px levels in male schizophrenic patients ( n = 39), using a within-subject, on–off haloperidol (HD) treatment design, compared with age- and gender-matched normal control subjects ( n = 37). Results: hpGSH-Px was not significantly different between normal control subjects and patients, consistent with our previous findings in erythrocyte GSH-Px. There were no significant treatment effects. hpGSH-Px was significantly and positively correlated with psychosis rating scores in patients both on and off HD treatment. Conclusions: Although not different from normal controls, hpGSH-Px levels in patients may reflect oxidative stress associated with greater psychosis severity. The present findings thus suggest that schizophrenic patients, without obvious increase of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (e.g., hpGSH-Px), may be at risk for oxidative damage.
Structural control with regenerative force actuation networks

A Regenerative Force Actuation (RFA) Network consists of multiple electromechanical forcing devices distributed throughout a structural system and actuated in such a way as to reduce the response of the structure when subject to an excitation. The associated electronics of the devices are connected together such that they are capable of sharing electrical power with each other. This makes it possible for some devices to extract mechanical energy from the structure, while others re-inject a portion of that energy back into the structure at other locations. The forcing capability of an RFA network is constrained only by the requirement that in the aggregate the total network must always dissipate energy. The electromechanical currents generated by RFA networks must be controlled to create the desired structural forces. This control is facilitated by the alternation of a multitude of power-electronic transistor switches in the electrical network. In this study, a sliding-mode switching controller is proposed for realizing zero-error force command tracking. It is shown that parameter uncertainty is a critical issue for force commands which require the network to operate near its optimum transmissive efficiency. RFA networks can be used to create velocity-proportional damping forces in structures. However, unlike traditional structural damping, RFA networks have the ability to create non-local and asymmetric damping forces. It is shown that this more generalized damping capability can lead to significant improvements in the forced response of a structure, as compared with traditional linear damping. RFA networks may also be used for feedback control. In this context, the forcing capability of the RFA network is constrained by its physical limitations. In this study, a systematic method of nonlinear control design called "Damping-Reference" control is proposed, which guarantees a certain level of quadratic performance for the structural response. Variants of the control law synthesis are proposed for quadratic regulation, stochastic control, and H[infinity] control contexts. These ideas are illustrated in the context of earthquake engineering through a simulation example, involving a three-story structure with a two-actuator RFA network installed. In this example, it is shown that the "power sharing" nature of the RFA network has a significant influence on the response.
Redirection of Silencing Targets by Adenosine-to-Inosine Editing of miRNAs

Primary transcripts of certain microRNA (miRNA) genes are subject to RNA editing that converts adenosine to inosine. However, the importance of miRNA editing remains largely undetermined. Here we report that tissue-specific adenosine-to-inosine editing of miR-376 cluster transcripts leads to predominant expression of edited miR-376 isoform RNAs. One highly edited site is positioned in the middle of the 5'-proximal half "seed" region critical for the hybridization of miRNAs to targets. We provide evidence that the edited miR-376 RNA silences specifically a different set of genes. Repression of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1, a target of the edited miR-376 RNA and an enzyme involved in the uric-acid synthesis pathway, contributes to tight and tissue-specific regulation of uric-acid levels, revealing a previously unknown role for RNA editing in miRNA-mediated gene silencing.
The “frog story” narratives of Irish–English bilinguals

Four bilingual speakers of Irish (Gaelic) and English, two men and two women, were audiorecorded as they produced narratives based on pictures from the Mercer Mayer book Frog, where are you? Order of narration was counterbalanced. The narratives were analyzed according to certain features of global and local structure originally identified in Berman and Slobin (1994). Differences within and across narratives emerged in the number of components included, the number of planning components explicitly marked for purpose, the marking of tense and aspect, and the use of extended aspectual categories. These variations were attributed to 1) the order in which the narrative was told (first-told versus second-told versions), 2) the language of the narrative (Irish versus English), and 3) the particular preferences of individual narrators.
Brain sites mediating opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat: methylnaloxonium mapping study

Previous work has demonstrated that direct injections of methylnaloxonium (MN), a hydrophilic quaternary opiate antagonist, in the area of the nucleus raphe pontis (RPn) significantly attenuated alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in the rat. To extend these observations and to explore further the regions important for opiate-induced rigidity, rats were implanted with chronic guide cannulae aimed at discrete brain sites with an emphasis on the region from the periaqueductal grey (PAG) to the RPn. Each animal was pretreated by a blinded observer with an intracerebral injection of MN (125 ng total dose) or saline, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle. Alfentanil (ALF; 500 micrograms/kg) was then administered subcutaneously and the magnitude of tonic EMG activity was assessed as a measure of hindlimb rigidity. The administration of MN into the pontine raphe nucleus (RPn) and also into the more lateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis significantly attenuated ALF rigidity compared with saline-pretreated controls. Within the midbrain, MN selectively reversed rigidity when injected into the periaqueductal grey (PAG). The dorsal PAG appeared to be a more important site than the ventral PAG. There was no significant effect on ALF rigidity of MN injections into brain regions between the ventral PAG and the RPn while MN injections into the deep layers of the superior colliculus, lateral to the dorsal PAG, partially attenuated ALF rigidity. In contrast, rigidity was not consistently reversed after MN injections into the basal ganglia, the dorsal superior colliculus, or the region of the decussation of the dorsal tegmentum. This study provides strong evidence that nuclei of the reticular formation, specifically the PAG, raphe pontis, and reticularis tegmenti pontis that are known to play a role in other opioid-mediated behaviors, are important in opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat. These results could have implications for the prevention of this undesirable effect of high-dose opiate administration.