cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating behavioral-motive and experiential-requirement perspectives on psychological needs: a two process model

Psychological need theories offer much explanatory potential for behavioral scientists, but there is considerable disagreement and confusion about what needs are and how they work. A 2-process model of psychological needs is outlined, viewing needs as evolved functional systems that provide both (a) innate psychosocial motives that tend to impel adaptive behavior and (b) innate experiential requirements that when met reinforce adaptive behavior and promote mental health. The literature is reviewed to find support for 8 hypotheses derived from this model: that certain basic psychosocial motives are present at birth; that successful enactment of these motives supports the functioning and wellness of all humans; that individual differences in these motives develop in childhood; that these strong motive dispositions tend to produce the satisfying experiences they seek; that motive dispositions do not moderate the effect of motive-corresponding need satisfaction on well-being but do moderate the effect of assigned goal-type on rated self-concordance for those goals; that need dissatisfaction and need satisfaction correspond to the separable behavioral-motive and experiential-reward aspects of needs; and that motives and needs can become decoupled when chronic dissatisfaction of particular requirements warps or depresses the corresponding motives, such that the adaptive process fails in its function. Implications for self-determination theory and motive disposition theory are considered.
The principles of aerosol samplers and sampling

Abstract The principles of aerosol sampling involve both a) the scientific factors which govern the way in which particles are transported from the air outside the sampler to a filter or sensing region inside it, and b) recognition of particle size-selective criteria which relate the act of sampling to the reason it is being carried out (e.g., assessment of health risk associated with inhalation). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in both these areas, and goes on to mention some recent technical developments concerning practical sampling instruments.
The use of tricubic interpolation with spectral derivatives to integrate particle trajectories in complicated electromagnetic fields

Codes that calculate the trajectories of particles in complicated electromagnetic fields often include spectral methods, which take advantage of the speed of FFTs to rapidly solve for the fields. In this case, Hermite tricubic interpolation can be used to calculate the fields between grid points, with spectral derivates used to determine the interpolation coefficients. This method is extremely accurate, and in the case of electrostatic fields produces an energy conserving force when incorporated into a particle follower code.
Direct measurements of the size and amplitude of irregularities in the topside ionosphere

Data obtained from the Alouette 2 Langmuir probe experiment during a 3-month period in the fall of 1966 have been examined for effects due to electron concentration irregularities (fine structure). Irregularities occur in patches hundreds of kilometers in horizontal extent, and individual irregularities have amplitudes between 5% (limit of resolution) and 70% and dimensions of less than 2 km along the satellite path. These irregularities appear more often at night than during the day, and they occur in a region that contains the auroral oval and extends to both higher and lower latitudes. Comparison of the probe data with Alouette 2 ionograms obtained simultaneously shows that spread F occurred at the height of the satellite whenever fine structure was observed. However, particularly at mid latitudes, spread F often occurs at the satellite even when the probe does not detect irregularities. When spread F occurs, but the probe does not observe fine structure, the irregularities are less than 5% in amplitude (i.e., below the probe’s resolution). Calculations using an irregularity model indicate that spread F is often caused by irregularities less than 0.5 km thick. Several irregularity production mechanisms that could account for the results are discussed.
Review of the Neotropical Isertieae (Rubiaceae)

All neotropical genera previously included in the tribe Isertieae A. Rich. ex DC. are considered. The tribe Isertieae is here delimited by the following characters: absence of rhaphides, valvate aestivation of the corolla, cordiform or discoid placenta, fleshy indehiscent fruit, and seed coat cells with pitted walls. As so delimited, the tribe definitely includes the neotropical generaIsertia Schreb.,Gonzalagunia Ruiz & Pav.,Amphidasya Standl.,Raritebe Wernh.,Sabicea Aubl., andMussaenda L. as well as some paleotropical genera not here considered. The following neotropical genera are excluded from tribe Isertieae:Hippotis Ruiz & Pav.,Pentagonia Benth.,Sommera Schlecht.,Tammsia Karst.,Coccocypselum P. Browne,Schradera Vahl,Didymochlamys Hook, f., andXerococcus Oerst. The position of four genera,Striolaria Ducke,Patima Aubl.,Habroneuron Standl., andNeosabicea Wernh., remains uncertain due to a lack of material.
Strobilurin (QoI) Resistance in Populations of Erysiphe necator on Grapes in Michigan

Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe necator, is the most common and destructive disease of grapes (Vitis spp.) worldwide. In Michigan, it is primarily controlled with fungicides, including strobilurins (quinone outside inhibitors [QoIs]). Within the United States, resistance to this class of fungicides has been reported in E. necator populations in some east coast states. Among 12 E. necator isolates collected from five Michigan vineyards in 2008, one carried the G143A single-nucleotide mutation responsible for QoI resistance. This isolate was confirmed to be resistant in a conidium germination assay on water agar amended with trifloxystrobin at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μg/ml and salicylhydroxamic acid (100 mg/liter). The mutant isolate was able to germinate on media amended with 100 μg/ml trifloxystrobin, whereas a representative wild-type isolate did not germinate at concentrations higher than 0.1 μg/ml. In 2009, 172 isolates were collected from a total of 21 vineyards (juice and wine grapes): three vineyards with no fungicide application history (baseline sites), six research vineyards, and 12 commercial vineyards. QoI resistance was defined as the effective concentration that inhibited 50% of conidial germination (EC50) > 1 μg/ml. Isolates from baseline sites had EC50 values mostly below 0.01 μg/ml, while isolates that were highly resistant to trifloxystrobin (EC50 > 100 μg/ml) occurred in five research and three commercial wine grape vineyards at frequencies of 40 to 100% and 25 to 75% of the isolates, respectively. The G143A mutation was detected in every isolate with an EC50 > 1 μg/ml. These results suggest that fungicide resistance may play a role in suboptimal control of powdery mildew observed in some Michigan vineyards and emphasizes the need for continued fungicide resistance management.
When climate and life finally devolve

It is traditional, as the year draws to a close, to try to predict what the future holds in store. It is less common to ask, as Caldeira and Kasting do in this issue, “how much future?” .
Interaction in teacher communities: Three forms teachers use to express contrasting ideas in video clubs

Abstract Interaction and the expression of contrasting ideas are thought to be important components of teacher learning communities. However, criteria for identifying beneficial interactional practices are needed. In this paper we use the tools of conversation analysis to examine mathematics teachers' expressions of contrasting ideas in a video club setting. Using turn-by-turn analyses of talk, we describe criteria for distinguishing three forms for expressing contrasting ideas – open discussion, implicit critique, and serial turns. We consider potential implications of each form for teacher learning and conclude with suggestions to help teacher communities move between the three forms.
Investigation of 44Ti decay X-ray lines in CasA

Abstract Radioactive 44 Ti is of great interest as a diagnostic of the core collapse supernova explosion mechanism and as the source of stable 44 Ca in our Galaxy. Its decay gamma-ray lines have been measured several times in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, with some inconsistencies among the measurements. This isotope’s decay ( 44 Ti → 44 Sc) also produces X-ray fluorescence emission following the electron capture, which might provide an alternate method of direct measurement of the mass of 44 Ti ejected, and the location of the 44 Ti within the remnant. Here we search for the Sc K-α emission in Chandra ACIS observations of Cassiopeia A. This instrument has sufficient effective area to detect the expected line flux, but because of the large continuum flux, we thus far have obtained only upper limits on the line emission. In two Chandra observations the 2 σ upper limit for the 4.09 keV line flux from the entire remnant is ∼3.8 × 10 −5 γ /cm 2 s. We also study more limited parts of the remnant, including apparently iron-rich regions of CasA, and discuss possible complications and limitations of this method.
ADAPTATIONS AND RESPONSES OF DASYMUTILLA OCCIDENTALIS (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) TO PREDATORS

The mutillid wasp Dasymutilla occidentalis possesses several adaptations and exhibits a number of responses which appear to be of defensive value: a long mobile sting with powerful venom; a strong, rounded and slippery cuticle; an ability to run very rapidly and evasively; an aposematic warning coloration pattern; and the ability to respond to an attack by making stridulatory sounds and by releasing a chemical secretion or both. The effectiveness of these defenses is supported by tests utilizing various vertebrate and arthropod predators. The raison d'etre of the multiple lines of defense possessed by D. occidentalis and the relative value of each line of defense are discussed. It is postulated that aposematic coloration, audible stridulation, and a volatile defensive exudate all function primarily as part of an early warning system enabling a predator to recognize this wasp - with its very algogenic venom - as unpalatable and potentially dangerous. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ANPASSUNGEN UND REAKTIONEN VON DASYMUTILLA OCCIDENTALIS (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) GEGENUBER RAUBERN Die Mutillide Wespe Dasymutilla occidentalis besitzt verschiedene Anpassungen und zeigt eine Anzahl von Reaktionen, die fur die Verteidigung von Wert sind: ein langer, beweglicher Stachel mit starkem Gift, eine starke, runde und glatte Kutikula, die Moglichkeit, sehr schnell und ausweichend zu laufen sowie ein aposematisches Warn-Farben-Muster. Desweiteren ist sie fahig, einem Angriff mit einem knisternden Ton entgegenzutreten sowie ein chemisches Sekret abzugeben oder auch beides. Im Labor durchgefuhrte Zusammenstose zwischen vertebraten und invertebraten Raubern und D. occidentalis beweisen klar den Wert der ganzen Anzahl von Verteidigungsmechanismen fur die Wespe. Diese Zusammenstose liefern auch einen Einblick in die raison d'etre der vielseitigen Verteidigung. Die starkere Kutikula und ihre Glatte, Haupteigenschaften zum Uberleben gegen Rauber, funktionieren gleichzeitig mit dem Stich zum Schutz gegen Vertebraten und mit schneller Fluchtmoglichkeit zum Schutz gegen die meisten Invertebraten. Das akustische Gerausch scheint eine Hilfsverteidigung zu sein wenigstens gegen einige Spinnen und vermutlich auch gegen einige Vertebraten. Die chemische Sekretion, die hauptsachlich aus 4-methyl-3-heptanon besteht, scheint moglicherweise direkten Verteidigungswert gegen einige Eidechsen zu haben und funktioniert hochstwahrscheinlich hauptsachlich im Zusammenhang mit der roten und schwarzen aposematischen Farbung und dem knisternden Ton als vielseitiges Warnsystem, das fahig ist, durch Signalisieren allen potentiellen vertebraten Raubern mitzuteilen, das dieses Insekt ungeniesbar ist.
Effects of adenosine and cadmium on presynaptic fiber spikes in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus in vitro

Abstract Adenosine was found to decrease the amplitude of presynaptic fiber spikes recorded in stratum radiatum of the CA1 region of the hippocampus following stimulation of the Schaffer collateral and commissural afferents. The presynaptic fiber spike reflects currents activated in the presynaptic fibers and nerve terminals of this projection. However, the effect of adenosine was largely the result of: (a) temporal overlap between the presynaptic fiber spike and the field EPSP response and (b) an indirect effect most likely related to the hyperpolarization of CA3 neurons giving rise to the Schaffer collateral fibers. When the CA3 region was separated by a knife cut from the CA1 region and the field EPSP blocked with 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, the effect of adenosine was markedly reduced, but was still significant (4.4 ± 1.4% reduction in the amplitude of the presynaptic fiber spike). However, this action was not mimicked by the Ca2+ channel antagonist cadmium, suggesting that it did not reflect an inhibition of Ca2+ currents by adenosine. This effect was not observed in the presence of the K+ channel antagonists Ba2+ or diaminopyridine. These results suggest that adenosine may have a small hyperpolarizing effect on the presynaptic nerve terminals, but this is unlikely to be the mechanism by which adenosine modulates transmission in this brain region.
An Assessment of the Training and Resources Dedicated Nationally to Investigation of the Production of Child Pornography

The purpose of this article is to address the gap in the literature investigating law enforcement agencies' reactions to the growing occurrence of cyber crime, specifically, production of child pornography cases. This study investigated the prevalence of online child pornography production investigations and arrests by law enforcement agencies in the USA, as well as the training and resources dedicated to investigating cyber crimes. Results revealed that specialized task forces and an increased number of sworn officers in a law enforcement agency increased the number of production of child pornography investigations and arrests in a jurisdiction. These findings indicate a need for more resources and training for law enforcement to better handle the growing presence of child pornography online, as well as other forms of cyber criminality. Language: en
The synthesis of deuterium labeled macrocyclic polyethers (crown ethers)

Five tetradeuterated analogues (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1e) of 3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxa-21-aza-bicyclo[15.3.1]heneicosa-1(21),17,19-triene (pyridyl-18-crown-6, 1) have been prepared corresponding to the five unique protonated carbon atoms of the polyether cycle. Deuterium labeling was ≥ 99% for four of the compounds and ≥ 97% for the other (1a).
EnsemBlue: integrating distributed storage and consumer electronics

EnsemBlue is a distributed file system for personal multimedia that incorporates both general-purpose computers and consumer electronic devices (CEDs). Ensem-Blue leverages the capabilities of a few general-purpose computers to make CEDs first class clients of the file system. It supports namespace diversity by translating between its distributed namespace and the local namespaces of CEDs. It supports extensibility through persistent queries, a robust event notification mechanism that leverages the underlying cache consistency protocols of the file system. Finally, it allows mobile clients to self-organize and share data through device ensembles. Our results show that these features impose little overhead, yet they enable the integration of emerging platforms such as digital cameras, MP3 players, and DVRs.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for the Gamma Distribution Using Data Containing Zeros

Abstract A method for fitting parameters of the gamma distribution to data containing some zero values using maximum likelihood methods is presented. The procedure is based on a conceptual model of the data having resulted from a censoring process so that the number, but not the numerical values of observations failing below a detection limit are known. For the case of precipitation data, this detection limit is related to the threshold value for reporting occurrence or nonoccurrence. The procedure is shown to provide parameter estimates that are more efficient (i.e., precise) than those obtained using the method of moments.
Histologic changes in allergic and nonallergic wheals

Abstract A histologic study was made of 31 specimens of human skin obtained from 27 individuals hypersensitive to ragweed pollen, dust, heat, cold or scratching and from 4 individuals not hypersensitive five, ten, fifteen, twenty, thirty, thirty-five, forty-five, sixty-five minutes, three, six and twenty-two hours after the intracutaneous injection of allergen, histamine, exposure to heat, to cold or to scratching. It was noted that in allergic individuals the injection of allergen rapidly gave rise to an inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue and that the changes in the first ten minutes and after as early as three hours later were much like those of ordinary inflammation of considerable intensity. Fifteen minutes after injection, however, it was noted in the early inflammatory leucocytosis that 25 per cent of the wandering cells were eosinophilic and that twenty to thirty-five minutes after injection the changes of inflammation not only were pronounced but were most unusual in that the majority of the wandering cells were of eosinophilic type. In addition, the study has shown that whereas intracutaneous injection of histamine produces but a slight tissue reaction in nonallergic individuals, its effect thirty-five minutes, three, six and twenty-two hours after injection in allergic individuals is almost indistinguishable from that produced by allergen. These findings apparently give some support to the view of Lewis and others that in the allergic individual there is an increased tendency of stimulated or injured cells to release histamine or histamine-like substance which then causes the local reaction.
The Root Cause of Failure in Complex IT Projects: Complexity Itself

Increased demand for better technology and perpetual global expansion continue to provide developers with many project opportunities for success, as well as failure. While no industry is immune from project failure, the Information Technology (IT) industry is shown to be more susceptible to risk and failure than those of other industries. Agile project management, which facilitates adaptation to changing circumstances and alleviates rigid formal controls, has become more popular in the software development industry though is not entirely compatible with traditional project management approaches. In this paper we will examine the primary causes of IT project management failure stated in modern literature, analyze these causes, and discuss the degree of complexity within the projects from a systemic perspective related to emergence, nonmonotonicity, and non-ergodicity. The paper concludes with some conceptual management approaches that respond to these
Reduction of rapid-eye-movement sleep after electroconvulsions—An experiment in cats on the mode of action of electroconvulsive treatment

Abstract A technique was devised to obtain continuous polygraphic recording for 12 days on four cats whose wake-sleep rhythm was undisturbed. Electroconvulsions, induced once a day, on the fifth through the ninth days of the experiment markedly decreased the rapid-eye-movement portion of sleep compared with the four baseline and four recovery days. During the recovery period there was no compensatory rebound in rapid-eye-movement sleep to make up for the lost portion of this stage of sleep. Thus, electroconvulsive treatment can substitute for rapid-eye-movement sleep. Because sleep stages are influenced by biogenic amines which also play a role in emotions and in the psychopharmacological treatment of emotional disorders, there may be a common denominator for electroconvulsive and drug treatment of depressive illness.
Effects of radiochemical impurities on measurements of transfer constants for [14C]sucrose permeation of normal and injured blood-brain barrier of rats.

Abstract Radiolabeled sucrose is often used to assess blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in the rat, but published transfer constants ( K i s) for sucrose permeation of the intact BBB (control K i s) are highly discrepant. A potential problem with the commonly used tracer, [ 14 C(U)]sucrose, is radiolytic generation, preuse, of radiocontaminants that might readily penetrate the BBB. How such contaminants might affect measurements of sucrose K i s was examined for both the intact and the ischemically injured BBB. Three stocks of [ 14 C(U)]sucrose were studied: newly purchased (“new”), 4-year-old, and 7-year-old. A high purity (99.9%) “new” and a 2-year-old stock of [ 3 H(fructose-1)]sucrose were also tested. Pentobarbital-anesthetized male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected IV with each tracer separately (six to eight rats) and K i s in five brain regions were measured by the multiple-time graphical method. The “new” 14 C-, “new” 3 H-, and 2-year-old 3 H-sucrose yielded comparable K i s, ranging from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 2.4 ± 0.3 nl · g −1 · s −1 (mean ± SE) across the regions. The two old stocks of 14 C-sucrose yielded significantly higher regional K i s: 5.1–6.3 (4-year-old) and 8.4–9.7 (7-year-old). Thin-layer chromatography of the three 14 C-tracers revealed that each contained radioimpurities (ca. 2% in both the “new” and 4-year-old, and 9% in the 7-year-old), but that the old stocks contained larger amounts of relatively mobile (more lipophilic) impurities, which can be suspected as the main cause of the elevated K i s obtained. Additional rats were subjected to 10 min of cerebral ischemia, which effects a delayed BBB injury, and 6 h later the “new” 3 H- and the 4-year-old 14 C-sucrose were injected together. The K i s for both tracers were elevated by like, absolute amounts (Δ K i s), but by very different percentages, over their disparate baseline values in uninjured rats (for striatum and hippocampus, the most injured regions, Δ K i s were 3.9 to 4.4 nl · g −1 · s −1 ). It is concluded that radiolysis of [ 14 C(U)]sucrose yields certain labeled products that readily cross the BBB and that can seriously distort baseline K i s, even if present only in very small amounts. While this appears not to compromise assessment of BBB injury, definition of the authentic range of baseline, sucrose K i s for the rat BBB would appear to remain a challenge.
Learning and relearning effects with innovative service designs: An empirical analysis of top golf courses

Abstract This paper examines learning and relearning effects for initial service designs and later service redesigns. We analyze an experience-based service where external design firms typically perform service design and implementation tasks, while local service personnel manage daily operations. We examine whether the quality of service during routine operation periods exhibits learning effect patterns. We also examine window of opportunity effects after major redesigns. Examining yearly data on top Texas golf courses, we observe learning across the lifespan of golf courses and relearning after golf course redesigns. The findings contribute to the literature on learning and experience-based services. The study provides managerial insight by demonstrating the extent of learning, illustrating how redesigns can affect service outcomes negatively, showing how relearning occurs, and discussing tactics for success when redesigning services.
Synthesis of 7-O-(2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-4-methylcoumarin sodium salt: a fluorogenic substrate for sulfamidase

Abstract The title compound, useful for testing the efficacy of heparin sulfamidase, was synthesized in good yield starting from 2-azido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl- d -glucopyranosyl fluoride, reducing the azido group efficiently with SnCl2–PhSH–Et3N reagent and finally crystallizing the N-sulfated product from methanol after deacetylation.
Mathematical Modelling of the Primary and Secondary Drying Stages of Bulk Solution Freeze-Drying in Trays: Parameter Estimation and Model Discrimination by Comparison of Theoretical Results With Experimental Data

ABSTRACT A mathematical model was constructed and solved in order to describe quantitatively the dynamic behavior of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals in trays. The theoretical results were compared with the experimental data of the freeze-drying of skim milk, and the agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical results is good. Detailed model calculations have indicated that the contribution of the removal of hound (unfrozen) water to the total mass flux of the water removed during primary drying, is not significant. For this reason, it was found that one could not
OPTICAL IDENTIFICATION OF X-RAY SOURCES IN THE EINSTEIN OBSERVATORY MEDIUM AND DEEP SURVEYS

Methods are discussed for establishing the optical identification of X ray sources in the ‘medium’ and ‘deep’ X-ray surveys of the Einstein Observatory. Of the 63 X-ray sources with a statistical significance of ≥ 5σ in the medium survey (Maccacaro et al. 1981), optical identification work is summarized for 51, of which identifications have been made with 30 active galactic nuclei. The optical properties of some of these X-ray selected objects are briefly discussed.
Effect of Cd on photosynthesis and transpiration of excised leaves of corn and sunflower

Detached corn and sunflower leaves exposed to various concentrations of Cd, supplied as CdCl2, exhibit reduced photosynthesis and transpiration. The reduction is dependent on the concentration of CdCl2 solution and generally becomes more pronounced with time. In sunflower, net photosynthesis and transpiration are completely inhibited within 45 min after the introduction of 18 mM Cd. Within two hours net photosynthesis is reduced to 40% and 70% of maximum after the introduction of 9 and 4.5 mM Cd respectively. In corn the trend of photo-synthetic response to Cd is similar to that in sunflower except that the inhibition in corn is more pronounced at all treatment levels. A strong linear relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration inhibition is obtained in both species suggesting that Cd contamination induces stomatal closure.
Komplexe Systeme in Natur und Gesellschaft

Die komplexen dynamischen Systeme der Naturwissenschaftler erweisen sich zunehmend als Paradigmen fur das Verhalten okonomischer und soziologischer Systeme. Konnen sie auch das Zusammenleben der Menschen in der modernen Massengesellschaft beschreiben?
Interpersonal Perception Skills: Self-Concept Correlates

Individual differences in scores on self-concept scales of shyness, sociability, and self-consciousness influenced interpersonal perception skills as measured by scores on the Interpersonal Perception Task videotape in a sample of 56 students.
Run-Time Integration of Robotic Manipulators and Their Controllers

This paper describes an information model and interface by which a general purpose robotic manipulator can publish its kinematic- and dynamic parameters to enable real-time trajectory control. The motivation for the work was the control of various robotic manipulators in USARSim, an urban search and rescue simulation environment, wherein manipulators are dynamically introduced. The objective was to avoid a static description, such as a configuration file, in favor of real-time communication channels. Although the interface originated with simulations, it has been applied to real robotic manipulators, including serial- and parallel kinematics. The interface is being used as the basis for robot competitions in the RoboCup Rescue Simulation league, which provides a plug-and-play software environment for robots and the competing controllers.
A rational screening and treatment strategy based on the electrocardiogram alone for suspected cardiac contusion.

Abstract The charts of 71 patients admitted to one teaching institution over a 4-year period with a primary or secondary diagnosis of “rule out cardiac contusion” and of another 62 admitted to a second institution with more severe injuries and suspicion of cardiac contusion were reviewed to determine if mortality or morbidity would have occurred if all patients with normal electrocardiograms (EKGs) in the emergency department (ED) were discharged (or admitted to unmonitored beds for other injuries). Only 13 patients developed cardiac problems: two elderly patients died in the ED, while the others experienced arrhythmias or, less commonly, pump failure requiring treatment or observation. All 13 had EKC changes present while still undergoing evaluation in the ED: 11 had a specific problem on arrival, 1 developed a problem while still being evaluated in the ED, and the 13th had what was probably an iatrogenic problem. Importantly, 5 of 12 patients had normal creatine phosphokinase-MB fractions, and 5 of 9 had normal echocardiograms. No patient with a normal EKG had subsequent cardiac problems. Operative intervention for other injuries was necessary in 26 patients overall, and there was no cardiac morbidity. We conclude that had the EKG been used as the sole screening tool, approximately 25% of these patients could have been discharged from the ED without missing problems. In addition, management would have been greatly simplified, and the hospital would have realized substantial savings, both in terms of direct costs and in the freeing of valuable and scarce resources.
Restructuring rates creates value and reduces stranded costs

Abstract Current electricity rate structures do not reflect the true cost of providing electricity to customers. With a two-part rate—a lower energy rate close to the utilities' true marginal cost and a fixed charge that makes up the required difference in present revenue requirements— utilities can make both their stockholders and ratepayers better off. But the window of opportunity to do this is closing.
Effect of High Iodine Intake on Selected Parameters of Immunity in Sheep

The study aimed at defining the immunity risks connected with high iodine supplementation in ewes and their lambs. The feed ration for control group (C) of ewes (n=6) contained 3.1 mg of iodine per kilogram of dietary dry matter and for experimental group (E) of ewes (n=6) 5.1 mg of iodine per kilogram of dietary dry matter. The animals were fed the diets for 8 months. Parallelly with different iodine supplementation, some immunological parameters (percentage of γ-globulins, concentration of immunoglobulin G, and white blood cell count) were examined in ewes and their lambs. The difference in the average concentration of immunoglobulin G between the ewes of group C and E was not significant during the experiment. A significant decrease (P<0.01) in the concentration of immunoglobulin G from 19.6 mg/mL before the experiment to 9.8 mg/mL on day 60 of the experiment was demonstrated in the ewes of group E. The average percentage of γ-globulins in the whole period after parturition was lower in the ewes of group E than in group C. The concentration of immunoglobulin G and the percentage of γ-globulins in lambs from dams in group E was continually lower (P<0.01) for the entire period of 1-30 d and demonstrated immunological risks of the excessive intake of iodine. The obtained results document a dangerous influence of high iodine intake on immunity in the prenatal period in ewes and mainly in the postnatal period in their lambs.
Who missed the class? — Unifying multi-face detection, tracking and recognition in videos

We investigate the problem of checking class attendance by detecting, tracking and recognizing multiple student faces in classroom videos taken by instructors. Instead of recognizing each individual face independently, first, we perform multi-object tracking to associate detected faces (including false positives) into face tracklets (each tracklet contains multiple instances of the same individual with variations in pose, illumination etc.) and then we cluster the face instances in each tracklet into a small number of clusters, achieving sparse face representation with less redundancy. Then, we formulate a unified optimization problem to (a) identify false positive face tracklets; (b) link broken face tracklets belonging to the same person due to long occlusion; and (c) recognize the group of faces simultaneously with spatial and temporal context constraints in the video. We test the proposed method on Honda/UCSD database and real classroom scenarios. The high recognition performance achieved by recognizing a group of multi-instance tracklets simultaneously demonstrates that multi-face recognition is more accurate than recognizing each individual face independently.
Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling with sample rotation

Abstract Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the application of multilayered structured materials, as opposed to bulk materials, in many areas of technological development. Accurate characterization of the structure and composition of advanced multilayers such as superlattices, quantum wells, contacts, and coatings is important for materials and device fabrication technology. Surface analysis techniques including Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in conjunction with ion beam sputtering (sputter depth profiling) are at present the most widely used methods for characterization of modern multilayer thin film materials and devices. Ion-beam-induced surface topography, however, can limit depth resolution, and with SIMS, can also cause changes in the secondary ion yield. These changes are due to the high sensitivity of secondary ion yield to the local angle of incidence on sputter-roughened surfaces. Degradation of depth resolution and changes in secondary ion yields during sputter depth profiling have often limited studies of thin film interdiffusion, segregation, oxidation at interfaces, and impurity effects. Much theoretical and experimental work has been carried out to try to improve depth resolution including the use of low ion beam energy, high angle of incidence, and two ion guns. Recent studies of AES and SIMS with sample rotation have shown that depth resolution can be improved substantially and that constant secondary ion yields in SIMS can be achieved. We will first provide an overview of the studies made by various groups to improve depth resolution of metal multilayers using AES with rotation. Next we will review recent investigations of SIMS using sample rotation including studies of the effects of sample rotation on O2+ ion-beam-induced topography, secondary ion yield, and the depth resolution of electronic, metallurgical and dielectric materials. The results presented demonstrate that SIMS with sample rotation provides constant secondary ion yield, and depth-independent depth resolution because sample rotation prevents ion-beam-induced roughness and reduces the effect of the inhomogeneity of low energy ion beams.
Edge-Packing Planar Graphs by Cyclic Graphs

Maximum G Edge-Packing is the problem of finding the maximum number of edge-disjoint isomorphic copies of a fixed guest graph G in a host graph H. This paper considers the cases where G and H are planar and G is cyclic. Recent work on the general problem is surveyed, inadequacies and limitations in these results are identified, and NP-completeness proofs for key cases are presented.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The adult respiratory distress syndrome is an acute clinical illness characterized by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and refractory hypoxemia. Injury to the alveolar-capillary barrier and lung inflammation lead to intrapulmonary shunting of blood, surfactant depletion, and pulmonary vascular obstruction. Numerous mediators contribute to the pathologic response. Conventional therapy includes treating underlying causes and positive pressure mechanical ventilation. Concern about pressure-induced lung injury had led to new strategies to accomplish adequate gas exchange. Novel therapeutic interventions have included extracorporeal support techniques, use of compounds designed to neutralize proinflammatory cytokines, and administration of surfactants, but these efforts have not definitely affected mortality in randomized trials. Potent antioxidant agents have shown promise in animal models of acute lung injury, but human studies are lacking. Inhaled nitric oxide appears to have temporary effects on pulmonary artery pressure and on ventilation or perfusion relationships, but longer-term efficacy and safety in patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome is unknown and awaits results of ongoing clinical trials. (Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:29-38)
VectoBac pesticide susceptibility in Culex mosquitoes on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii.

I investigated the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae collected from taro fields around Kauai island (Hawaii, USA) to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (VectoBac). Susceptibility was based on the time required for standardized concentrations of the insecticide to kill the larvae. While 2-h exposure mortalities at an insecticide concentration of 10 μg/μl for all population samples were very similar (92–100%), sensitivities to exposures of shorter durations varied. The different time-courses of mortality suggest that the three treatment populations may have reduced sensitivity to VectoBac relative to an untreated population. However, all of the sampled mosquitoes were susceptible to VectoBac.
Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus Rep Protein Inhibition of Adenovirus E2a Gene Expression

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) replication (Rep) proteins are pleiotropic effectors of viral DNA replication, RNA transcription, and site-specific integration into chromosome 19. In addition to regulating AAV gene expression, the Rep proteins modulate expression of a variety of cellular and viral genes. In this report we investigate Rep-mediated effects on expression of the adenovirus (Ad) E2a gene and the Ad major late promoter. We have found that all four Rep proteins repress E2a expression at the protein level, with Rep40 showing the weakest repression. Mutations in the purine nucleotide binding (PNB) site weakened each of the protein's abilities to repress expression. Analysis of steady-state E2a mRNA showed that Rep proteins decreased mRNA levels, but to a lesser extent than E2a protein levels. Analysis of mRNA stability demonstrated that neither Rep78 nor Rep52 affected E2a mRNA stability, suggesting that the decrease in mRNA is due to Rep-mediated inhibition of Ad E2a transcription. To determine if Rep68 proteins could directly inhibit RNA transcription, we performed in vitro transcription assays using HeLa nuclear extracts supplemented with Rep68 and Rep68PNB. We demonstrate that Rep68, but not mutant Rep68PNB, blocked in vitro transcription of a template containing the Ad major late promoter. These results provide insight into how AAV and its encoded Rep proteins interact with Ad and provide a model system for the study of AAV and host-cell interactions.
Dilemmas of Expanding Transitional Justice, or Forging the Nexus between Transitional Justice and Development

∗It is timely that in just its second year of publication, the International Journal of Transitional Justice (IJTJ) has chosen to focus this special issue on the nexus between transitional justice and development. This is an indication of the salience of the issues of development generally and social justice specifically to the process of seeking transitional justice in societies moving out of conflict or other forms of crisis and repression. The number of articles received for consideration in this special issue and the range of seminal topics they raise serve to underline the pressing need to consider concerns of development and social justice as experienced and expressed by both scholars and practitioners. In introducing this special issue, I want to highlight four areas of inquiry that scholars, advocates and practitioners of both transitional justice and development must consider if either field is to achieve its intended goals. The articles in this issue explore many of these four areas in greater depth, with potent illustrative examples that draw on a range of cases, as outlined below. Thefirstthornyquestionis:Cantransitionaljustice(TJ)todayaffordnottoconcern itself directly with social injustice and patterns of inequality, discrimination and marginalization that were underlying causes of a conflict and that inflicted major suffering and victimization on vast swathes of a population? How can (or should) TJ have a more direct impact on reducing social and economic inequality? Second, should TJ measures cost less and deliver more? For impoverished countries, TJ often represents a costly luxury in a highly resource-constrained environment where all aspects of social, economic and political life need to be rebuilt and development is a priority. In this context, TJ often comes to represent a trade-off of sorts between justice or development, rather than promoting development with justice. Third, should TJ concern itself directly with war economies and corruption, particularly the exploitation of natural and mineral resources, as these are often perpetrated by the same war criminals ‐ and with the same abusive, violent and exploitative means and devastating effect on victims ‐ as the war crimes that historically fall within the purview of TJ?
Social Interaction of Rats as Indicated By Trapping Procedures

The analysis of double and triple catches of Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in box traps permits an examination of the interaction according to sex and to recapture status. It was found that in 518 double catches and 144 triple catches the number of pairs of males was significantly less than the number expected by chance (using single catches for an estimate of the true proportion of males). These results are interpreted as indicating that males repulse one another in agreement with the known belligerency of males. Similarly the simultaneous captures of marked and unmarked rats (when both belonged to the same sex) were less than expected by chance. These results are interpreted as indicating that a marked rat drives away an unmarked rat (if it belongs to the same sex). These interpretations cast doubt upon the applicability of recapture data for the estimation of population since there is a tendency for marked rats to repulse unmarked. Also sex ratios calculated from multiple catches may be erroneous because males repulse males.
Phosphorylation of VACM-1/Cul5 by Protein Kinase A Regulates Its Neddylation and Antiproliferative Effect *

Expression of the VACM-1/cul5 gene in endothelial and in cancer cell lines in vitro inhibits cellular proliferation and decreases phosphorylation of MAPK. Structure-function analysis of the VACM-1 protein sequence identified consensus sites specific for phosphorylation by protein kinases A and C (PKA and PKC) and a Nedd8 protein modification site. Mutations at the PKA-specific site in VACM-1/Cul5 (S730AVACM-1) sequence resulted in increased cellular growth and the appearance of a Nedd8-modified VACM-1/Cul5. The aim of this study was to examine if PKA-dependent phosphorylation of VACM-1/Cul5 controls its neddylation status, phosphorylation by PKC, and ultimately growth. Our results indicate that in vitro transfection of rat adrenal medullary endothelial cells with anti-VACM-1-specific small interfering RNA oligonucleotides decreases endogenous VACM-1 protein concentration and increases cell growth. Western blot analysis of cell lysates immunoprecipitated with an antibody directed against a PKA-specific phosphorylation site and probed with anti-VACM-1-specific antibody showed that PKA-dependent phosphorylation of VACM-1 protein was decreased in cells transfected with S730AVACM-1 cDNA when compared with the cytomegalovirus-transfected cells. This change was associated with increased modification of VACM-1 protein by Nedd8. Induction of PKA activity with forskolin reduced modification of VACM-1 protein by Nedd8. Finally, rat adrenal medullary endothelial cells transfected with S730AVACM-1/cul5 cDNA and treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 and 100 nm) to induce PKC activity grew significantly faster than the control cells. These results suggest that the antiproliferative effect of VACM-1/Cul5 is dependent on its posttranslational modifications and will help in the design of new anticancer therapeutics that target the Nedd8 pathway.
Leadership in a Complex Adaptive System: Insights from Positive Deviance

A case study of how the organizational change process known as Positive Deviance was used to fight healthcare-associated infections at Maine Medical Center highlights the human and social aspects o...
POPS: Coherence Protocol Optimization for Both Private and Shared Data

As the number of cores in a chip multiprocessor (CMP) increases, the need for larger on-chip caches also increases in order to avoid creating a bottleneck at the off-chip interconnect. Utilization of these CMPs include combinations of multithreading and multiprogramming, showing a range of sharing behavior, from frequent inter-thread communication to no communication. The goal of the CMP cache design is to maximize capacity for a given size while providing as low a latency as possible for the entire range of sharing behavior. In a typical CMP design, the last level cache (LLC) is shared across the cores and incurs a latency of access that is a function of distance on the chip. Sharing helps avoid the need for replicas at the LLC and allows access to the entire on-chip cache space by any core. However, the cost is the increased latency of communication based on where data is mapped on the chip. In this paper, we propose a cache coherence design we call POPS that provides localized data and metadata access for both shared data (in multithreaded workloads) and private data (predominant in multiprogrammed workloads). POPS achieves its goal by (1) decoupling data and metadata, allowing both to be delegated to local LLC slices for private data and between sharers for shared data, (2) freeing delegated data storage in the LLC for larger effective capacity, and (3) changing the delegation and/or coherence protocol action based on the observed sharing pattern. Our analysis on an execution-driven full system simulator using multithreaded and multiprogrammed workloads shows that POPS performs 42% (28% without micro benchmarks) better for multithreaded workloads, 16% better for multiprogrammed workloads, and 8% better when one single-threaded application is the only running process, compared to the base non-uniform shared L2 protocol. POPS has the added benefits of reduced on-chip and off-chip traffic and reduced dynamic energy consumption.
Theory of atomic excitation and ionization by ultrashort laser pulses

An alternative momentum-space representation (``impulse representation'') well adapted to the evaluation of converged nonperturbative solutions of the nonrelativistic time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for atoms subject to intense, ultrashort laser pulses is described. Exact expressions for survival, excitation, and ionization probabilities and photoelectron energy spectra are presented for the case of a hydrogen atom struck by a \ensuremath{\delta}-function pulse. A method for the extension of such calculations to realistic ultrashort pulses is described, based on a Sturmian basis expansion of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger wave function.