cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sri Lankan Muslims: between ethno‐nationalism and the global ummah

ABSTRACT. Sri Lanka's Sunni Muslims or “Moors”, who make up eight percent of the population, are the country's third largest ethnic group, after the Buddhist Sinhalese (seventy-four per cent) and the Hindu Tamils (eighteen per cent). Although the armed LTTE (Tamil Tiger) rebel movement was defeated militarily by government forces in May 2009, the island's Muslims still face the long-standing external threats of ethno-linguistic Tamil nationalism and pro-Sinhala Buddhist government land and resettlement policies. In addition, during the past decade a sharp internal conflict has arisen within the Sri Lankan Muslim community between locally popular Sufi sheiks and the followers of hostile Islamic reformist movements energised by ideas and resources from the global ummah, or world community of Muslims. This simultaneous combination of “external” ethno-nationalist rivalries and “internal” Islamic doctrinal conflict has placed Sri Lanka's Muslims in a double bind: how to defend against Tamil and Sinhalese ethnic hegemonies while not appearing to embrace an Islamist or jihadist agenda. This article first traces the historical development of Sri Lankan Muslim identity in the context of twentieth-century Sri Lankan nationalism and the south Indian Dravidian movement, then examines the recent anti-Sufi violence that threatens to divide the Sri Lankan Muslim community today.
Percorsi: L’Italia attraverso la lingua e la cultura by ITALIANO, FRANCESCA, & IRENE MARCHEGIANI Percorsi: L’Italia attraverso la lingua e la cultura. Student Activities Manual by ITALIANO, FRANCESCA, IRENE MARCHEGIANI, CECILIA BOGGIO, & CINZIA NOBLE

The article reviews the books "Percorsi: L'Italia attraverso la lingua e la cultura," by Francesca Italiano and Irene Marchegiani and "Percorsi: L'Italia attraverso la lingua e la cultura: Student Activities Manual," by Francesca Italiano, Irene Marchegiani, Cecilia Boggio and Cinzia Noble.
Low birth weight, social factors, and developmental outcomes among children in the United States.

We used six waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Data (1986–1996) to assess the relative impact of adverse birth outcomes vis-a-vis social risk factors on children’s developmental outcomes. Using the Peabody Individual Achievement Tests of Mathematics and Reading Recognition as our outcome variables, we also evaluated the dynamic nature of biological and social risk factors from ages 6 to 14. We found the following: (1) birth weight is significantly related to developmental outcomes, net of important social and economic controls; (2) the effect associated with adverse birth outcomes is significantly more pronounced at very low birth weights (< 1,500 grams) than at moderately low birth weights (1,500–2,499 grams); (3) whereas the relative effect of very low-birth-weight status is large, the effect of moderately low weight status, when compared with race/ethnicity and mother’s education, is small; and (4) the observed differentials between moderately low-birth-weight and normal-birth-weight children are substantially smaller among older children in comparison with younger children.
The Importance of Population‐Based Performance Measures

Crossing the Quality Chasm, the landmark report issued by the Institute of Medicine, identified six aims to guide quality improvement efforts in health care—safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity—and recommended restructuring payment methods to align incentives to support these aims in the organization and delivery of health care services (Institute of Medicine 2001). The movement toward higher quality care has involved substantial leadership to create change, nationally and locally. Public and private stakeholders representing patients, physicians and other health care professionals, hospitals, health plans, employers, government, and regulators have collaborated in an effort to improve quality in the U.S. health care system. Many experts have argued that nationwide quality improvement will not take place without the establishment of national goals, common measures of performance, and transparency of information around quality and costs. As might be expected, early efforts of nationwide quality improvement have focused significant attention on the more reasonable and achievable of these tasks, the adoption of common measures of performance. Their adoption has been driven in part by the work of quality improvement organizations, such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, the National Quality Forum, and the National Committee for Quality Assurance, who have set performance measurement priorities and established consensus standards.
Impact ejection, spallation, and the origin of meteorites

A model for the ejection of material from an impact crater which links ejection velocity, fragment size, and shock pressure through a simplified stress-wave propagation and reflection scheme is presented. It is shown that a small amount of material (0.01 to 0.05 projectile mass) may be ejected at high velocity without suffering petrologically detectable shock pressures. The largest fragments ejected at any velocity are spalls that originate from the target planet's surface. The spall size is proportional to the radius of the primary impactor and the target tensile strength and inversely proportional to ejection velocity. The shock level in the spalls is low, typically half of the dynamic crushing strength of the rock. The model also predicts the aspect ratio of the spalled fragments, the angle of ejection, and the sizes and shock level of other fragments originating deeper in the target. Comparison with observational and experimental data shows generally good agreement.
Airway pressure release ventilation in severe acute respiratory failure.

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), a new ventilatory support technique, was compared with conventional intermittent positive-pressure ventilation plus PEEP (CPPV) in 18 patients with severe acute respiratory failure. Patients were initially stabilized on CPPV and then switched to APRV. The APRV provided effective ventilatory support in 17 of 18 patients; APRV achieved similar levels of alveolar ventilation as CPPV (for APRV, mean PaCO 2 = 45.0 ± 6.2 mm Hg; vs for CPPV, mean PaCO 2 = 43.3 ± 5.7 mm Hg), with significantly lower mean maximum airway pressures (38.9 ± 10.1 cm H 2 O vs 64.6 ± 15.4 cm H 2 O; p = 0.0001) and mean VT (0.79 ± 0.11 L vs 1.05 ± 0.15 L; p = 0.0002). No significant differences in mean airway pressure, end-expiratory pressure, FIo 2 , ventilator rate, arterial blood gas levels, and hemodynamic function were noted between APRV and CPPV. (Chest 1991; 100:460-63)
Uptake of perchlorate in terrestrial plants

Abstract Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), and soybean ( Glycine max ) were used to determine uptake of the perchlorate anion (100 ppb) from sand. Plants were watered with different ratios of Hydrosol (a diluted solution of Peters All-Purpose Plant Food) to Milli-Q water (18 MΩ) to determine if the presence of other nutrients (such as nitrate) influenced perchlorate uptake. Perchlorate concentrations in sand and plant tissues were determined weekly. Perchlorate uptake was observed in all three plant species. In most experiments, perchlorate was completely depleted from sand in which plants were growing. Perchlorate concentrations in lettuce were also significantly higher than those in cucumber and soybean ( P
Taking It to the Streets

Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State. Edited by David S. Meyer, Nancy Whittier, Belinda Robnett. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 384 pp., $65.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-19-514355-8), $21.95 paper (ISBN: 0-19-514356-6). The surge in protests against globalization in recent years has provided an incentive for observers and practitioners of international relations to acquaint themselves with social movement theory. Although not claiming to be an introduction, Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State offers an accessible overview, with a balance between cases from around the world and a theoretical synthesis. The volume—edited by David Meyer, Nancy Whittier, and Belinda Robnett—seeks to demonstrate various ways in which scholars can integrate insights about movement mobilization into their analyses of the structural contexts within which that activity occurs. This kind of breadth, however, can be both a strength and a weakness. As is common with edited volumes, Social Movements offers an array of material rather than one overall theoretical point. David Meyer's introduction calls for building bridges between the “political process” and the “collective identity” schools of social movement research. (Readers new to the social movements literature will find a useful introduction to the …
Design and synthesis of mimics of the T7-loop of FtsZ.

Mimics of the T7-loop of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ have been designed and synthesized. The design is based on the X-ray cocrystal structure of P. aeruginosa FtsZ:SulA. Fast Rigid Exhaustive Docking (FRED) was employed to select compounds that can mimic the key interacting residues. Bicyclic oxazolidinones 1a–d were selected for further study and synthesized from a key bicyclic aziridine intermediate, which is synthesized from a readily available unsaturated aldehyde and amides derived from α-amino acids.
Glioblastoma brain tumours: estimating the time from brain tumour initiation and resolution of a patient survival anomaly after similar treatment protocols

A practical mathematical model for glioblastomas (brain tumours), which incorporates the two key parameters of tumour growth, namely the cancer cell diffusion and the cell proliferation rate, has been shown to be clinically useful and predictive. Previous studies explain why multifocal recurrence is inevitable and show how various treatment scenarios have been incorporated in the model. In most tumours, it is not known when the cancer started. Based on patient in vivo parameters, obtained from two brain scans, it is shown how to estimate the time, after initial detection, when the tumour started. This is an input of potential importance in any future controlled clinical study of any connection between cell phone radiation and brain tumour incidence. It is also used to estimate more accurately survival times from detection. Finally, based on patient parameters, the solution of the model equation of the tumour growth helps to explain why certain patients live longer than others after similar treatment protocols specifically surgical resection (removal) and irradiation.
Electricity price and Southern California’s water supply options

Abstract This paper evaluates the impact of fluctuating electricity prices on the cost of five options to increase the water supply to urban areas in Southern California—new surface storage, water purchases, desalination, wastewater recycling, and conservation. We show that the price of electricity required to produce and transport water influences the cost of water supply options and may alter the decision makers economic ranking of these options. When electricity prices are low, water purchase is the cost effective option. When prices exceed US$ 86/MWh, conservation of electricity and water through installation of high efficiency clothes washers is the most effective option.
A Burden of Responsibility: The Role of Social Approval at the Onset of a Crisis

We extend research on social evaluations and crisis management by explicating the sociocognitive mechanisms that influence how an organization and its external evaluators perceive and respond to the onset of a crisis. Specifically, we highlight the role of social approval—evaluators’ general affinity toward an organization—not only as a critical outcome of crisis management but also as an important antecedent. We first identify the distinct aspects of social approval and explain why it is an important perception in a crisis context. We then detail how managers attempt to limit the probability and magnitude of social approval loss when responding to a crisis, and how an organization’s existing endowment of social approval affects this decision. We theorize that social approval will serve as either a buffer or a burden in influencing evaluators’ crisis sensemaking and attributions. As a result, we argue, organizations endowed with higher and lower levels of social approval may be motivated to take less responsibility at the onset of a crisis than has been previously theorized. We conclude with a discussion of the broader managerial and social implications of our theory and how it expands our understanding of the crisis management process.
Potential distribution in the solution interface of a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract The linearized Poisson—Boltzmann equation is solved in the region between a sphere and a plane, which is modelling the electrolyte solution interface between the tip and the substrate in a scanning tunneling microscope. A series expansion in modified Bessel functions and Legendre polynomials, which are solutions to the linearized Poisson—Boltzmann equation, is used to fit the boundary conditions. Another numerical method of finite difference is also used with the domain transformed into bispherical coordinates. Results for cases of different potential values on the boundary surfaces and different distances of the sphere from the plane are presented.
Susceptibility of strawberry varieties to breakdown in sulphite by endopolygalacturonase from zygomycete spoilage fungi

Differences were observed in the texture and susceptibility to enzymic breakdown of sulphited fruit of eight strawberry varieties. Cambridge Favourite was the softest variety in sulphite and was also the most susceptible to breakdown by pectolytic enzymes of Rhizopus and Mucor spp. Endopolygalacturonases (endo-PG) from these species were more rapidly inactivated in sulphite liquor in the presence of fruit of the variety Harvester, which consequently showed the greatest resistance to breakdown. Isoelectric focusing indicated that a single major isoenzyme from each strain of R. sexualis, R. stolonifer and M. piriformis persisted in sulphite liquor and was, therefore, responsible for breakdown, although the major form of M. piriformis was less acid-stable than those of the Rhizopus spp. Other minor isoenzymes produced by the fungi were inactivated within 24 h of sulphiting. Each species produced its major acid-stable endo-PG in the three varieties tested; thus varietal differences in susceptibility to breakdown may be related to the occurrence of natural enzyme inhibitors and/or fruit structure.
Studies on the differential response to insulin on the stimulation of amino acid incorporation into protein in isolated hepatocytes containing different levels of glycogen.

Abstract Effect of insulin on amino acid incorporation into protein by isolated rat liver hepatocytes was studied. A two to three-fold increase in the incorporation of U- 14 C-Leucine and U- 14 C-Phenylalanine into protein by insulin (100 μUnits) was observed in isolated hepatocytes containing high glycogen. This effect was abolished by the addition of glucagon (3 × 10 −6 M). No stimulation in amino acid incorporation by insulin was observed when isolated hepatocytes contained low or no glycogen. Electron micrographs of incubated cells show that in the presence of insulin more normal parallel strands of polyribosomes are maintained as compared to control cell preparation.
Structure and expression of the human gene encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor, PAI-1.

Abstract The gene ( pail ) encoding human plasminogen activator inhibitor, PAI-1 was cloned from a λEMBL3 genomic library and was found to span approx. 12 kb and to contain eight introns. Primer extension and S1 nuclease analyses both showed the transcription start point to be located 142 nt upstream from the start codon. The 5'-flanking region was sequenced and found to contain a TATA box, but no CAAT sequence. When a fragment containing 730 nt of 5'-untranslated region was placed upstream from a promoterless cat gene, it was shown to function as a promoter when transfected into COS cells. Northern-blot analysis was consistent with low level expression of the endogenous pail gene in COS cells. When the pail gene structure was compared to those of other members of the serine-protease-inhibitor encoding gene family, little conservation of intron positions was observed.
Chromogenic substrates for sulfurtransferases

The azo dye 4-(dimethylamino)-4'-azobenzene (DAB) thiosulfonate anion can serve as a sulfur-donor substrate for rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) and for thiosulfate reductase (EC unassigned) with cyanide anion and GSH, respectively, as acceptor substrates. In either case, the dye product is DAB sulfinate, which differs substantially in light absorption at 500 nm. Moreover, DAB sulfinate can serve as a sulfur-acceptor substrate for rhodanese with either inorganic thiosulfate or a colorless thiosulfonate anion as donor, and this reaction provides a second chromogenic assay procedure.
Viscosity and Mass Transport in Nonuniform Keplerian Disks

A quantitative formalism for Keplerian particulate disk dynamics having its basis in a heuristic description of viscous transport is presently applied to the case of a ring with optical thickness radial gradient. A steady-state velocity distribution solution directly yields both the radial mass transport and the viscosity. The analytical method employed involves the solution of a novel form of the Krook equation through the separation of the phase-space collisional-products distribution into a symmetrical component and a delta function-approachable remainder. While this model is simplified for the case treated, its general approach may be extended to less artificially restricted cases.
Is there concordance of invasive breast cancer pathologic tumor size with magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Background In the era of breast conservation therapy, preoperative imaging is imperative in planning a single definitive surgical treatment. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of patients treated at a single institution for invasive breast cancer over 5 years. Clinical and pathologic variables were analyzed with respect to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathologic tumor size using analysis of variance F tests and chi-square tests. Results Of 190 patients, 53% had concordance of MRI and pathologic cancer size within .5 cm. MRI overestimated 33% and underestimated 15% of tumors. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and lymph node status were associated with discordance. Among tumors overestimated by MRI, 65% had additional significant findings in the breast tissue around the main lesion: satellite lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ, and/or lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions Breast MRI is concordant with pathologic tumor size within .5 cm among 53% of patients. Most patients with tumors overestimated by MRI have significant findings in the surrounding breast tissue, the excision of which would be expected to benefit the patient.
Einfluß von E2, Progesteron und Tamoxifen auf den immunhistochemischen Rezeptorgehalt in Zellkulturen

Erkenntnisse uber die Regulation von Ostrogenrezeptor (ER) und Progesteronrezeptor (PR) hormonabhangiger Zellen beruhen uberwiegend auf biochemischen Analysen der Steroidhormonbindungskapazitat an kultivierten Mammakarzinomzellen (Horwitz et al. 1978).
Radical prostatectomy for clinical T3 disease: expanding indications while optimizing cancer control and quality of life.

Background A 61-year-old male presented with a history of gradually rising PSA over several years. His PSA had increased from 3.3 to 7 ng/ml over 3 years. Investigations Digital rectal examination, prostate biopsy, bone scan, and endorectal MRI were carried out to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of the cancer, with subsequent histopathologic examination of the radical prostatectomy specimen. Diagnosis Preoperative clinical stage (based on the digital rectal examination alone) was cT3a. Biopsy demonstrated extraprostatic extension in one core (Gleason 9 [4 + 5]). Endorectal MRI suggested a large volume cancer with probable extraprostatic extension in the posterior midline at the apex. Examination of the radical prostatectomy specimen demonstrated a pT3aN0 prostate cancer (Gleason 4 + 3 = 7 with a minor component of Gleason pattern 5). Extraprostatic extension was seen in the right posterior apex in the area of the dominant tumor mass. Surgical margins and seminal vesicles were negative for cancer. Management Radical retropubic prostatectomy with preservation of both neurovascular bundles plus bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection was performed. Postoperative PSA has been nondetectable. The patient is continent and, with the aid of vardenafil HCl, has erections sufficient for intercourse.
Synthesis of oligonucleotides containing N2-[2-(imidazol-4-ylacetamido)ethyll-2′-deoxyguanosine

Abstract Synthesis of 2′-deoxyguanosine tethered through N-2 to an imidazole is described. The modified 2′-deoxyguanosine was converted to two different phosphoramidites, one with and the other without a 6- O -protecting group. The phosphoramidites were incorporated into oligonucleotide alone or together with a 2′-deoxyuridine tethered to a bipyridine. Protection and deprotection of the imidazole are also briefly described.
Optimal control of fluid equations with buoyancy

We consider the optimal control of a set of fluid equations made up of the momentum equations coupled with an equation modeling thermal effects. Control is exerted by means of heat sources within the fluid with the goal of controlling the temperature or velocity distribution of the fluid. Existence as well as the regularity properties of optimal controls are analyzed. Stability with respect to observations is discussed. Finally, compactness of the solution set and uniqueness properties are determined.
Curable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

In the United States and Europe, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men and women. In the course of their disease, many patients will present with metastasis, with the liver and lung being the most common locations. Untreated metastatic disease carries a poor prognosis. However, cure is still possible for selected patients with stage IV CRC. Surgical resection provides the best chance for cure, and chemotherapy can be a valuable adjunct when given in a (neo-)adjuvant fashion or as conversion therapy to downsize initially unresectable tumors. For unresectable metastases, alternative treatment options include radiofrequency ablation and hepatic artery infusion. Additional local therapies are being explored, including chemoembolization, radioembolization, and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Prospective randomized trials are needed to further clarify the roles of these novel treatment options in the clinician's repertoire for metastatic CRC.
The impact of age on innovation

Purpose – This paper aims to develop a model of individual innovation based on an employee’s innate propensity to innovate and the specific costs and benefits expected to the individual from the innovation. This model is then used to study the way an employees’ age will impact innovation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes variables which drive an individual’s innovative behavior based on a literature review. This theoretical model is then maximized to show how age drives an employees’ innovation output in three ways. A small survey is used to substantiate the theory. Findings – In this model, the age of the employee becomes an important independent variable with negative elements associated with both the cost and benefit the employee will receive from their innovation efforts. However, age will be positively associated with an employee’s ability to implement and capitalize on their innovation. Practical implications – Firm’s must pay attention to the career life cycle of their employees. T...
Thrombopoietic agents for the treatment of persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia in children.

Objectives To determine the safety, tolerability, or efficacy of 2 licensed thrombopoietic agents in children with persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Study design Retrospective analysis approved by the institutional review board of children with ITP not on-study who received thrombopoietin (TPO) therapy; 21 received romiplostim (11 at Children's Hospital of Orange County, 10 at Weill Cornell Medical Center) and 12 received eltrombopag (all at Weill Cornell Medical Center). Primary response measures were platelet counts ≥50 × 10 9 /L or ≥20 × 10 9 /L above baseline for 2 consecutive weeks and 50% of platelet counts ≥50 × 10 9 /L. Duration of treatment and adverse events, including bone marrow myelofibrosis (MF) consensus grades, were tabulated. Results Twenty-seven of 33 (82%) patients responded to TPO agents, 18 of 21 to romiplostim, and 9 of 12 to eltrombopag, after an average of 3.6 previous ITP therapies. These 27 patients had platelet counts ≥50 × 10 9 /L and ≥20 × 10 9 /L above baseline for 2 consecutive weeks; 26 had 50% of platelet counts ≥50 × 10 9 /L. Duration of romiplostim use ranged from 6 to 44 months (11/18 ongoing) and of eltrombopag 23 to 53 months (7/12 ongoing). One patient on eltrombopag experienced a provoked deep-vein thrombosis at site of ankle fracture. No other serious drug-related adverse events occurred. Among 24 bone marrows, 10 after greater than 2 years of therapy, 23 were normal (MF grades 0-1); 1 was MF-2. Conclusion Retrospective analysis of off-study use of TPO agents in children with mainly chronic ITP showed increases in platelet counts in more than 4 of 5 children. The long-term use of TPO agents, up to 53 months, without tachyphylaxis supports their efficacy. These agents appear safe, effective, and tolerable in children with chronic ITP.
The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to observe the pathologic changes resulting from untreated experimental pulp exposures in germ-free rats as compared with conventional rats with a normally complex microflora. The pulp tissues of these rats were exposed by drilling through the occlusal surface of the maxillary right first molar with a carbide round bur mounted in a jeweler's spindle-topped hand mandrel. After varying postoperative time intervals (1 to 42 days), the animals were killed and the appropriate tissues were serially sectioned. By the eighth day, vital pulp tissue remained only in the apical half of the roots in the conventional animals. Complete pulpal necrosis with granulomas and abscess formation occurred in all older specimens. Evidence of repair was uniformly lacking. In contrast, no devitalized pulps, apical granulomas, or abscesses were found in the germ-free animals. Dentinal bridging began at 14 days and by 21 and 28 days was complete, regardless of the angle or severity of the exposure. These results, even in the face of gross food impactions, indicate that the presence or absence of a microbial flora is the major determinant in the healing of exposed rodent pulps.
Protection of chlordecone-potentiated carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity and lethality by partial hepatectomy

Chlordecone (CD) pretreatment is known to markedly potentiate CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that prior exposure to CD obtunds the increased hepatocellular regeneration and repair observed in non-treated rats challenged with a single, low dose of CCl4. These observations allowed us to hypothesize that suppression of hepatic regeneration and tissue repair by CD + CCl4 combination treatment might be involved in this interaction. To test this hypothesis, CCl4 hepatotoxicity was evaluated in actively regenerating livers using CD-treated (10 ppm in the diet for 15 days), surgically partially hepatectomized (PH) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats undergoing no surgical manipulation (CTRL) and sham operation (SH) were included as appropriate controls. Surgical manipulations were conducted on day 15 of the dietary protocol. Based on liver-to-body weight ratios (LW/BW), mitotic indices, hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, and hepatic glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels, PH-induced hepatocellular regeneration was not affected by pretreatment with CD. Thus, the PH model was considered valid for assessing the effects of CD + CCl4 combination treatment. CCl4 (100 μl/kg; i.p.) was administered 1, 2, 4 or 7 days after the surgical manipulations. Hepatotoxicity was assessed 24 h later by measuring LW/BW and serum enzymes (SGPT, SGOT and ICD) in all four groups. Hepatic histopathological, histomorphometric and lethal effects were assessed in animals receiving CCl4 1 or 7 days after the surgical manipulations. CCl4-induced increases in LW/BW were observed in CD + PH rats receiving CCl4 4 or 7 days post-PH, but not in the 1 or 2 day post-PH groups in which the hepatocellular regeneration was maximal. CCl4-induced serum enzyme elevations were significantly less in the CD + PH rats as compared to CD + SH. This decrease in the serum enzyme elevations was most prominent in the 1 day post-PH group, where the hepatocellular mitotic activity was most pronounced. CCl4 lethality, assessed in the 1 day post-surgical manipulation group, was also decreased in the CD + PH rats in comparison to CD + SH rats. Such a protection was not observed in rats receiving CCl4 7 days post-PH. These data are consistent with and are supportive of the hypothesis that a suppression of otherwise normally stimulated hepatocellular regeneration following low-dose CCl4 administration is involved in the marked amplification of CCl4 toxicity by CD.
Structure of dactyl sensilla in the kelp crab, Pugettia producta.

In the kelp crab, Pugettia producta, flat plate setae cover all but the ventral surfaces of the walking leg dactyls. Dendrites enter the setal shaft located inside the plate superstructure, and extend to a region of the setal tip that contains a system of minute pores resembling the pore systems found in chemosensory sensilla of insects. Presumably, much of the chemosensitivity of the dactyls in the kelp crab is mediated by the plate setae. In the interior of the dactyl, supporting cells and the neurons innervating plate setae, other types of setae, and other presumptive sensilla form scolopidia. Large scolopidia, containing as many as 12 dendrites, appear to innervate some of the plate setae and also large ventral rodlike setae that might be chemosensory. Two of the dendrites of large scolopidia usually have more densely packed microtubules, longer ciliary axonemes, slightly larger rootlets, and dark A fibers with arms, characteristics indicative of mechanosensory function. Some dactyl setae, therefore, could be both mechanosensory and chemosensory. Small scolopidia containing two or three dendrites that exhibit mechanosensory characteristics appear to innervate small, rodlike setae, which presumably are strictly mechanosensory. The two types of structures located on the epicuticular cap, elliptical structures resembling campaniform sensilla and small cones in pits resembling CAP organs, appear to be dually innervated and presumably are mechanosensory, although other functions are possible. The internal positions of the scolopidia, together with the support afforded by an extracellular dendritic sheath, by the scolopale, and by desmosomelike and septate junctions, may serve to protect internal portions of setal dendrites, some of which appear to remain functional in nonmolting adults that have abraded setae.
Lack of Repeatability Among Persons Using the Roche Color Fan to Assess the Shank Color of Broilers

Abstract The Roche color fan, designed to numerically evaluate the pigment of egg yolks, is frequently used to assess the skin and shank pigments of broilers. Broilers grown on diets containing different sources and levels of carotenoid pigments were scored independently by three different persons using the yolk color fan. Low repeatability values and diet × scorer interactions indicate that the Roche yolk color fan does not effectively match skin or shank colors of broilers.
The Bruised Ego Syndrome: Its Etiology and Cure

Asserting formal authority to address student incivility in the classroom is counterproductive. Rather, professors should employ teaching authority.
ABT-199: taking dead aim at BCL-2

ABT-199 is a new selective small molecule inhibitor of BCL-2 that appears to spare platelets while achieving potent antitumor activity. Assays that can predict the efficacy of ABT-199 in individual tumors will be critical in determining how best to incorporate this promising agent into the armamentarium of cancer therapies.
Electrophysiological studies of aphasia: Review and prospects

Abstract This paper is a short review of some of the studies in cognitive electrophysiology which have been carried out in brain-damaged aphasic subjects and points out, from the standpoint of neuropsychological investigation, some areas worthy of closer study in the future. Specifically, five groups of studies are under review; namely, (1) EEG studies in aphasia, (2) EP (evoked potentials) studies in aphasia, which are expected to account for both linguistic and anatomical determinants, (3) related studies using VEP (visual evoked potentials), (4) the CNV in aphasia, and (5) inferences from neuropsychological studies in which are listed four areas worthy of closer study in the future. That is, (i) the suggestion of semantic processing being more bilaterally distributed than phonological processing, (ii) the role of the right hemisphere in aphasia symptomatology and recovery, (iii) the need to take into consideration age effects in EP studies, not just in children but throughout the lifespan, and (iv) the question of the neurophysiological correlates of hallucinatory and other image experiences, study of the late components of the EP in amnestic (Korsakoff) states, EP studies of attentional phenomena in confusional states, and habituation studies linked to various types (semantic, phonological) of stimulus satiation.
An Optimal Property of Principal Components in the Context of Restricted Least Squares

Abstract A new optimal property for principal components regression is presented. In particular, it is shown that the trace of the covariance matrix for estimators obtained by deleting principal components associated with the smallest eigenvalues is at least as small as that for any other least-squares estimator with an equal or smaller number of linear restrictions. This property is useful in suggesting data transformations and determining the maximum variance reduction obtainable from the introduction of linear restrictions on the parameter space.
Fluorescent Sensors for Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Mimics

We present a small molecule sensor that provides an optical response to the presence of an organophosphorus (OP)-containing nerve agent mimic. The design contains three key features: a primary alcohol, a tertiary amine in close proximity to the alcohol, and a fluorescent group used as the optical readout. In the sensor's rest state, the lone pair of electrons of the basic amine quenches the fluorescence of the nearby fluorophore through photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Exposure to an OP nerve agent mimic triggers phosphorylation of the primary alcohol followed rapidly by an intramolecular substitution reaction as the amine displaces the created phosphate. The quaternized ammonium salt produced by this cyclization reaction no longer possesses a lone pair of electrons, and a fluorescence readout is observed as the nonradiative PET quenching pathway of the fluorophore is shut down.
Trance and the trickster: hypnosis as a liminal phenomenon.

Abstract This paper makes the case that hypnotic phenomena are liminal in nature and that hypnotic practitioners (such as Milton Erickson) share many traits with traditional societies’ “tricksters.” The ambiguous nature of hypnosis has been apparent since the days of Mesmer's animal magnetism. Hypnotized people often report hallucinations that confound their ordinary distinctions between reality and illusion, external and internal processes, and many other binary oppositions, including time and space as well as mind and body. In addition, hypnosis can obscure the distinction between fact and fiction in one's memory, as is evident in the “recovered memory” controversy. The role played by imagination is central to both indigenous rituals and hypnosis, and hypnosis is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring explanation at multiple levels. Some investigators and practitioners have missed the importance of the social context in which hypnosis occurs, while others have come close to destroying the most interesting ...
Multiwave generation and interaction in a ring self-pumped phase conjugate oscillator

Abstract We report here for the first time the observation of multiwave generation and interaction in the ring self-pumped phase conjugate oscillator with KNSBN:Fe crystal, and the effect of this interaction on the reflectivities of the front and back faces of the photorefractive crystal.
Dry mass of lymphocytes during transformation after stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin.

PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ is known to stimulate the human peripheral blood lymphocytes to enlarge and divide1. The process of the morphological transformation2 of these cells through nucleolated prolymphocytes into blastoid cells is accompanied by cytochemical3 changes and the acquisition of the ability to synthesize RNA and DNA4–6.
On the interpretation of near-bottom water temperature anomalies

Abstract A positive water temperature anomaly of 0.11°C and an inverse gradient of potential temperature of 1.5 × 10 −2 °C/m has been measured at the TAG hydrothermal field in the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at latitude 26°N by means of a thermistor array towed between 2 and 20 m above the seafloor. This anomaly appears to be associated with hydrothermal discharge from the oceanic crust. The temperature data are interpreted in terms of (1) a steady, turbulent thermal plume rising in a homogeneous, neutrally buoyant medium, and (2) turbulent diffusion in the ocean-bottom boundary layer. The calculations indicate that the thermal output of the TAG anomaly area is of the order of several megawatts, which is of the same order of magnitude as some continental geothermal systems. The thermal output from the TAG anomaly area represents a significant fraction of the total heat loss resulting from the generation of new lithosphere at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26°N.
Adsorption/desorption of dimethylsulfide on activated carbon modified with iron chloride

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon for the natural gas contaminant dimethylsulfide (DMS) was improved by impregnating it with FeCl3 introduced in solution to affect surface modification. A DMS adsorption mechanism and roles of impregnated FeCl3 on the capacity enhancement were proposed based on experimental tests results. Samples of activated carbon and activated carbon impregnated with FeCl3 were tested as DMS sorbents. Samples loaded with DMS were subsequently extracted with n-octane and the resulting solvents were analyzed for sulfur species using a gas chromatograph equipped with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. No other sulfur compounds were detected in the liquid samples other than DMS. DMS, dimethyl disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide were recovered from identical DMS-adsorbed samples of activated carbon impregnated with FeCl3 subjected to temperature programmed desorption (TPD) in a nitrogen gas stream. Only DMS was recovered from the activated carbon samples. The TPD patterns indicate different kinetics of DMS desorption related to the carbon phase and the new active sites created by the FeCl3 impregnation. The new active sites improved DMS adsorption capacity and likely had stronger affinity with DMS molecule. As a reference, similar tests were investigated using methyl mercaptan (MM) as an adsorbate on the carbon sorbents. A different adsorption mechanism was found and discussed from these experimental results. Regeneration of the used carbon sorbents by thermal desorption was also explored.
Current imaging and therapy of malignant soft tissue tumors and tumor-like lesions.

Soft tissue tumors are histologically classified based on the tissue type they reflect. MR and computed tomography imaging remains the mainstay for the evaluation of a soft tissue mass including guiding the biopsy to the most aggressive portion of the lesion, tumor staging, and evaluating local recurrence and metastatic disease. Although some lesions may be readily identified based on their imaging characteristics, many soft tissue tumors remain indeterminate and require biopsy for diagnosis of histologic type and lesion grade, factors that have an impact on therapeutic options and long-term disease-free survival. In this article we review the current literature regarding imaging and treatment of soft tissue lesions in the musculoskeletal system. Positron emission tomography and specialized MR techniques, such as spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging, are useful in the diagnosis of high-grade soft tissue sarcomas, although imaging overlap exists with benign and low-grade sarcomas. These modalities are proving useful in primary tumor staging, evaluation of therapeutic response, and metastatic disease assessment. We also discuss the roles of percutaneous ablation in the treatment of focal disease and palliative pain control, and review current targeted cancer therapies.
Posterior shoulder dislocation associated with proximal humeral comminuted fracture

Abstract Posterior shoulder dislocation associated with proximal humeral comminuted fracture is rare. The posterior dislocation component is usually hidden behind comminuted fracture and not easy to be detected in routine roentgenogram. Comminuted proximal humeral fracture will cause patients to experience too much pain to receive a thorough physical examination, which can make this type of injury more frequently neglected. We present three cases of posterior shoulder dislocation associated with proximal humeral comminuted fracture. The components of the posterior shoulder dislocations were initially neglected, which led to late sequelae in the first case, reoperation in the second case, and a change of operation planning in the third case. Computed tomography is valuable in preoperative planning and detection of posterior dislocation. If it is not available, good patient positioning on the operation table with full access to a fluoroscopic guide is another way to detect posterior dislocation component. Since this type of injury is rare and easily neglected, orthopedic surgeons should have a high clinical suspicion in daily practice so as to avoid misdiagnoses.
Dynamics of long-wavelength fluctuations in a fluid layer heated from above.

We report an experimental study of the dynamics of thermal fluctuations in a 4.86 mm thick layer of ${\mathrm{CS}}_{2}$ heated from above. Stabilizing gradients ranged from 10.3 to $61.7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{cm}$. Power spectral measurements were made over the wave vector range $9\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}lql100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, using a shadowgraph apparatus. Over this range, the spectra change from having a well-resolved oscillatory mode at low $q$ to monotonic decay at higher $q$. For the smallest gradient, the results for the power spectra compare very well with theory, but slight deviations are seen for larger gradients.
Position-Space Renormalization-Group Transformations: Some Proofs and Some Problems

It is shown that certain types of position-space, or "cell," renormalization-group transformations from an Ising-model object Hamiltonian onto another Ising-model image Hamiltonian are well defined and smooth in the thermodynamic limit, provided the object Hamiltonian has a large enough magnetic field. In certain other cases there is evidence (though not a rigorous proof) that no thermodynamic limit exists, or, if it exists, the transformation is not smooth.
Raising the axion mass

Abstract We present a mechanism which raises the axion mass while maintaining the standard axion-fermion coupling and the removal of strong CP violation. The source of this new contribution to the axion mass is small color SU(3) instantins; these may be important if new physics above the weak interaction scale causes the color coupling constant to grow strong and produces anomalous dimensions for certain many-fermion operators. Strongly interacting hyperquarks may be responsible for both effects. We discuss the working of this mechanism in an explicit hypercolor-sideways interaction model in which a Peccei-Quinn symmetry appears naturally. In this particular model, heavy axion exchange could produce significant DO D O mixing.
A Semiparametric Technique to Estimate Survival Probabilities.

The role of the so-called surplus processes in the assessment of probability of survival of a company is well-known in risk theory and applications thereof. However, the insurance models used in this regard ignore the fact that, in many situations, no relevant information is available for the assessment of survival after the company goes out of business. In this paper, we revisit the classical risk model in order to remedy this situation. Having stopped the deficit process, which is negative of the surplus process, at the time of ruin, under two different sampling schemes, we obtain inference procedure for ruin probabilities. As by products of our methodology, we also obtain procedures to assess the reliability of systems whose survival depends on a cumulative damage process, which is equivalent to the aggregate claim size process of the classical risk model.
Photocrosslinking-induced phase separation in evaporative solvents: formation of skin layers and microspheres

We report the structure formation of films obtained via photocrosslinking of precursors during the evaporation of solvents. Although most precursor/solvent systems result in uniform dense films after the process, reaction-induced phase separation can occur in solvents with a unique combination of solubility, evaporation rate and ratio of latent heat to heat capacity. Most significantly, for such solvents, the forced convective evaporation under controlled N2 flow results in a highly hierarchical film morphology, featuring a skin layer on top of a layer of microspheres formed via a nucleation and growth mechanism. For the first time, the skin layer formed during the evaporation was directly observed after the complete evaporation of the solvent. The thickness of the skin layer is dependent on the processing parameters including the N2 flow rate, UV intensity and precursor concentrations. The skin layer formation could be suppressed by addition of non-solvent, in which case the characteristic morphology resulted from dominant spinodal decomposition. A model is presented that can qualitatively describe the skin layer formation and its dependence on the processing parameters, providing a mechanistic understanding of the photocrosslinking-induced phase separation under evaporative environments.
Functionalized congeners of tyrosine-based P2X7 receptor antagonists: Probing multiple sites for linking and dimerization

Chemically funtionalized analogues of antagonists of the P2X7 receptor, an ATP-gated cation channel, were synthesized as tools for biophysical studies of the receptor. These functionalized congeners were intended for use in chemical conjugation with retention of biological potency. The antagonists were l-tyrosine derivatives, related to [N-benzyloxycarbonyl-O-(4-arylsulfonyl)-l-tyrosyl]benzoylpiperazine (such as MRS2409, 2). The analogues were demonstrated to be antagonists in an assay of human P2X7 receptor function, consisting of inhibition of ATP-induced K+ efflux in HEK293 cells expressing the recombinant receptor. The analogues were of the general structure R1-Tyr(OR2)-piperazinyl-R3, in which three positions (R1−R3) were systematically varied in structure through introduction of chemically reactive groups. Each of the three positions was designed to incorporate a 3- or 4-nitrophenyl group. The nitro groups were reduced using NaBH4−copper(II) acetylacetonate to amines, which were either converted to ...