cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Global Refugee Crisis: Regional Destabilization & Humanitarian Protection

In addition to being a tragic output of civil war, large-scale displacement crises often become enmeshed in the politics, security, and economics of the conflict. Refugee and internally displaced populations thus exacerbate concerns about regional destabilization. The Syrian refugee crisis, for example, is deeply entwined with civil and international conflict. Neighboring host states of Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon bear the brunt of the crisis, while European states seek to prevent further encroachment by Middle Eastern asylum seekers. Policy-makers often mistakenly view host state security and refugee security as unrelated–or even opposing–factors. In reality, refugee protection and state stability are linked together; undermining one factor weakens the other. Policies to protect refugees, both physically and legally, reduce potential threats from the crisis and bolster state security. In general, risks of conflict are higher when refugees live in oppressive settings, lack legal income-generation options,...
TANF leavers and economic self-sufficiency: results from a study in Georgia

Since 1996 the U.S. government has stated the primary purpose of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is to help needy families achieve self-sufficiency. Twenty years after welfare reform...
Virus and Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The theory that viruses cause insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been advanced sporadically for more than a century. During the past decade this theory has attracted renewed interest following the description by Craighead and McLane (1968) of a murine model of IDDM induced by the M variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. An intriguing aspect of this model, which recapitulates many of the metabolic and pathologic features of human IDDM, is that EMC viruses are picomaviruses closely related to certain human pathogens, specifically coxsackieviruses. Although there is little evidence to suggest that EMC viruses per se cause human diabetes, efforts to incriminate Coxsackieviruses in IDDM have met with considerable success. In this chapter, we will review the evidence linking viruses to the etiology of IDDM.
After the Catastrophe: Disaster Relief for Hospitals

Disaster planning for health care providers following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and, more recently, Hurricane Katrina, focuses on preparing hospitals and other emergency services to respond to victims' medical needs. But little attention has been paid to the challenges that providers would face resuming normal operations after responding to the catastrophe. A large-scale catastrophe could create unprecedented demand for health care and emergency services. Hospitals already struggle to fulfill the high demand for and high costs of emergency care. Following a major disaster, hospitals would face additional financial challenges. Strained capacity and financial reserves, may force hospitals to close, just as occurred with the two largest public hospitals in New Orleans, following Katrina. To prevent the initial crisis of a terrorist-related or natural disaster from spiraling into a lasting crisis in access to medical care, this Article proposes a three-part federal disaster relief program for hospitals to be implemented before the next catastrophe.
A Learned Helplessness Analysis of Problems Confronting The Black Community

The life experience of many economically deprived black Americans is largely a direct result of racial discrimination and prejudice, abject poverty, and educational, economic, social, and political control in America (Collier, 1977; Harwood, 1969). Under these conditions, it is not surprising that many experience some form of depression, hopelessness, and helplessness (Kerr, 1972; McCord, 1969). The tendency in America has been to invoke arguments of innate intellectual inferiority (Jensen, 1969) or inferior personality structure as an explanation for these behaviors (e.g., Kardiner & Ovesey, 1962). A more parsimonious and empirically testable model of hopelessness and helplessness is provided by the learned helplessness theory (Seligman, 1975, 1978). The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the learned helplessness model, describe how it can be used to account for numerous problems confronting economically deprived black Americans, and discuss behavior change procedures which emanate from the model. In addition, a brief discussion of depression which sometimes develops from feelings of chronic helplessness will be included. A word of caution is needed at this juncture. The discussion of learned helplessness in this chapter is not meant to imply that all black Americans suffer from this problem.
Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on outcomes in stage IB non-small cell lung cancer.

e20002Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) has an established role in stage II and IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to prevent disease recurrence. However, the role of ACT in stage IB NSC...
Hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy use and survival in older patients with higher risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) in the United States (USA): A large population-based study.

7057Background: The HMA azacitidine improved overall survival (OS) compared to conventional care in patients with HR-MDS in the landmark randomized clinical trial AZA-001 by a median of 9.5 months ...
Nitrous Oxide Production From Soils in the Future: Processes, Controls, and Responses to Climate Change

Abstract The increasing abundance of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere is a global concern. Although it is well known that soils are a major source of atmospheric N2O, elucidation of the complexity of the underlying microbial and chemical production processes and the roles of biotic and abiotic factors is still needed. Land management practices, especially nitrogen (N) fertilization in agroecosystems, are important determinants of soil N2O production and its consequent contribution to climate change. Here, we summarize the known N2O production pathways that contribute to soil N2O production and the factors that control these pathways, highlight the importance of land management practices in controlling soil N2O production, and discuss management strategies to reduce soil N2O emissions. We also address the roles of climate change itself and adopted strategies to mitigate climate change on soil N2O emissions. Although management practices have been identified to reduce soil N2O emissions, understanding of how these management practices act in combination and whether they lead to additive or multiplicative reductions in N2O remains limited. Examination of the underlying mechanisms of soil N cycling and N2O production and collection of empirical data across multiple management practices and soil landscapes under conditions that reflect a changing climate will facilitate model development and identification of effective N2O mitigation strategies.
Prospective trial of functional liver image-guided hepatic therapy (FLIGHT) with hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scans and update of institutional experience.

373Background: Functional liver image-guided hepatic therapy (FLIGHT) is a novel stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) planning technique. A functional map, generated from hepatobiliary iminod...
A new recombinant rabies virus expressing a green fluorescent protein: A novel and fast approach to quantify virus neutralizing antibodies.

Abstract The Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) is a standard assay used to detect and assess the titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in blood sera. To simplify the multistep RFFIT procedure by eliminating the immunostaining step, we generated a new recombinant RV expressing a green fluorescent protein (rRV-GFP) and assess its suitability for quantifying RVNA. We rescued the rRV-GFP virus from plasmid DNA carrying a full-length genome of the CVS-N2c strain of RV in which the eGFP gene was inserted between the glycoprotein and RNA-polymerase genes. The recombinant virus was genetically stable and grew efficiently in appropriate cells expressing sufficient GFP fluorescence to detect directly 20 h post infection (hpi). We evaluated the feasibility of using rRV-GFP in RFFIT by comparing RVNA titers in 27 serum samples measured by conventional RFFIT and RFFIT-GFP. A linear regression analysis of the data demonstrated a good agreement between these two methods (r = 0.9776) including results with samples having RVNA titers close to the minimally acceptable vaccine potency threshold (0.5 IU/ml). Study results showed that the rRV-GFP virus could replace the CVS-11 challenge virus currently used in the conventional RFFIT and enabling more rapid, simpler, and less expensive detection and quantitation of RVNA.
Low-Dose Radiation Therapy is an Effective Treatment for Refractory Postoperative Chylous Ascites: A Case Report.

Abstract Purpose When lymphatic pathways are disrupted via obstruction or traumatic injury, a temporary or chronic chyle leak may result, which is defined as the presence of chyle that collects outside of the lymphatic vessels within the thoracic or abdominal cavities. For a chyle leak that is refractory to surgical repair, no good options exist. Radiation therapy (RT) can result in scarring and fibrosis of the lymphatic fistula. We report on the first clinical case in the United States with the successful use of low-dose (LD) RT in the management of refractory chylous ascites. Methods and Materials A 74-year-old man developed significant chylous ascites after a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. After failure of numerous conservative and surgical interventions, he was referred for radiation medicine. We delivered a dose of 10 Gy in daily 1 Gy fractions to the para-aortic region, including the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct from T12 to L2. Results The patient tolerated LD-RT well with no toxicity. By the time of the 8-month post-RT follow-up visit, he had decreased chylous ascite levels and required no paracentesis or peritoneovenous shunting. There was no evidence of chylous ascites or recurrent chyle leak at the time of the 18-month follow-up visit. Conclusions LD-RT for refractory postoperative chylous ascites is a safe and reasonable option that can provide temporary relief in addition to other conservative methods. This is the first reported case of refractory chylous ascites in the United States that was successfully treated with LD-RT.
Optimization-based simultaneous alignment and reconstruction in multi-element tomography

As x-ray microscopy is pushed into the nanoscale with the advent of more bright and coherent x-ray sources, associated improvement in spatial resolution becomes highly vulnerable to geometrical errors and uncertainties during data collection. We address a form of error in tomography experiments, namely, the drift between projections during the tomographic scan. Our proposed method can simultaneously recover the drift, while tomographically reconstructing the specimen based on a joint iterative optimization scheme. This approach utilizes the correlation provided from different view angles and different signals. While generally applicable, we demonstrate our method on x-ray fluorescence tomography from a tissue specimen and compare the reconstruction quality with conventional methods.
Abstract 139: Systemic Analysis and Discovery of Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Exosomal Long Non-coding RNAs as Potential Therapeutic Modulators of Myocardial Repair

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Exogenous stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach and various stem cell types, including embryonic stem cells ...
Decline in beetle abundance and diversity in an intact temperate forest linked to climate warming

Abstract Insect abundances are declining in many areas around the world, but the causes of those declines are seldom clear. Here we report a dramatic decline in the abundance and diversity of Coleoptera (beetle) taxa in a large tract of intact northern hardwood forest during the last 45 years, and provide evidence supporting winter warming as the primary cause. Beetles were sampled using the same method (window traps) and in the same locations within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, in 1973–1977 and again in 2015–2017. The mean (±SE) number of beetles captured per 48-h fell from 23.2 (±3.89) to 3.9 (±1.19), a decline of 83% over this 45-year period. The number of beetle taxa captured decreased by 39%, with 19 beetle families disappearing entirely. Beetle capture rate was least when and where climate was warmest. Capture rate was significantly lower in the 2010s when mean daily temperature was about 1.8 °C warmer, and sampling during 2016–2017 at low, mid and high elevations (320, 540, and 810 m asl, respectively) revealed lowest beetle captures at low elevation where climate was warmest. Most importantly, beetle capture rate was significantly lower after winters with less snow cover during the previous winter, indicating that snow cover in northern hardwood forest is essential for sustaining the beetle community. These results imply that additional climate warming might further reduce the abundance and diversity of beetles and other arthropods inhabiting the forest-floor, potentially affecting critical ecosystem processes such as decomposition and carbon storage.
Timing, Patterns and Predictors of 90-Day Readmission Rate after Robotic Radical Cystectomy

Purpose:We examine the timing, patterns and predictors of 90-day readmission after robotic radical cystectomy.Materials and Methods:From September 2009 to March 2017, 271 consecutive patients under...
Administrative Burdens, Sludge, and Individual Taxpayer Rights

The tax system designed by Congress imposes significant administrative burdens on taxpayers. IRS decisions regarding how it administers tax laws can add to congressionally imposed burdens. The administrative burdens are consequential and hurt some people, especially lower- or moderate-income individual taxpayers, more than others. While the IRS strives to measure and reduce the time and money taxpayers spend to comply with their tax obligations, it does not consider the effect administrative burdens have on taxpayer rights, including the right to be informed, the right to pay no more than the correct amount of tax, and the right to a fair and just tax system. In this Article, building on the work of public administration scholars Pamela Herd and Don Moynihan, we discuss the concept of administrative burdens and reveal specific examples of how IRS actions, and inaction, have burdened taxpayers and jeopardized taxpayer rights. In addition to identifying and contextualizing these problems, building off the insights of Cass Sunstein, who refers to a subset of these burdens as sludge, we propose the IRS conducts and reports on internal “sludge audits” to evaluate when it would be appropriate to reduce, eliminate, or shift burdens away from citizens and onto the government or third parties.
Sublingual insulin administration: application of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin and poloxamer188 as permeation enhancers

The objective of this investigation is to investigate the feasibility of sublingual insulin administration. Insulin solutions formulated with permeation enhancers (HPβCD/poloxamer 188) and their in...
Active SLAM over Continuous Trajectory and Control: A Covariance-Feedback Approach.

This paper proposes a novel active Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) method with continuous trajectory optimization over a stochastic robot dynamics model. The problem is formalized as a stochastic optimal control over the continuous robot kinematic model to minimize a cost function that involves the covariance matrix of the landmark states. We tackle the problem by separately obtaining an open-loop control sequence subject to deterministic dynamics by iterative Covariance Regulation (iCR) and a closed-loop feedback control under stochastic robot and covariance dynamics by Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). The proposed optimization method captures the coupling between localization and mapping in predicting uncertainty evolution and synthesizes highly informative sensing trajectories. We demonstrate its performance in active landmark-based SLAM using relative-position measurements with a limited field of view.
Tannin as a Carcinogen in Bush-Tea: Tea, Mate’, and Khat

Field investigations of high-risk areas for esophageal cancer have re­vealed significant correlations between the disease and excessive intake of condensed tannin in bush-tea (plant decoctions taken as cold reme­dies) and have led to increasing awareness of the carcinogenicity of high-tannin foods, beverages, and masticatories taken in quantity frequently and over a long period of time. These include ordinary tea (Camellia sinensis), mate’ (Ilex paraguariensis), and khat (Cacha edulis), the use of which is expanding with cultural migrations and air transport supply.
Radiation dose during CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors: Effect of a dose reduction protocol

Abstract Purpose To estimate and compare the radiation dose using a standard protocol and that of a dose reduction protocol in patients undergoing CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors. Materials and methods An IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study of 97 CT-guided cryoablation procedures to treat a solitary renal tumor in each of 97 patients (64M, 33F; range 31–84 yrs) was performed. Fifty patients were treated using a standard dose protocol (kVp = 120, mean mAs = 180, monitoring scans every 3 min during freezes), and an additional 47 patients were treated using a dose reduction protocol (kVp = 100, mean mAs = 100, monitoring scans less frequently than every 3 min during freezes). Multiple Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney (rank-sum) tests were used to compare dose-length product (DLP) between the two groups. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare technique effectiveness at 12 months post ablation between the two groups. Results Median DLP for the standard protocol group was 4833.5 mGy*cm (range, 1667–8267 mGy*cm); median DLP for the dose reduction group was 2648 mGy*cm (range, 850–7169 mGy*cm), significantly less than that of the standard protocol group (p Conclusion The radiation dose during percutaneous CT-guided cryoablation of renal tumors was substantial in both the standard and the dose reduction groups; however, it was significantly lower with the protocol change that reduced dose parameters and decreased the number of CT scans.
Simpson's paradox … and how to avoid it

When data from two or more groups are combined, patterns previously seen in the data can reverse or disappear altogether. H. James Norton and George Divine explain why this happens, and how to prevent it from leading researchers astray
Global scientific and engineering simulations on scalar, vector and parallel LCAP-type supercomputers

We present here an example of the global simulation approach to complex systems, selecting, as example, the study of a liquid, specifically water. We start by building the molecules of the liquid from nuclei and electrons using quantum mechanics. Next we obtain the interaction potentials (two, three and four body), again by quantum mechanics. Then we use Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics to study the motions of a water molecule within its Onsager sphere, and the collective properties; subsequently we overlap fluid dynamics by considering a flow along a channel with or without obstacles; finally we extend further and report a preliminary simulation of a Benard problem, using Newton’s equations. These simulations are performed on a parallel supercomputer which we have recently assembled; the system is briefly described in the second part of this work. A number of applications in science and engineering are analysed with attention to the degree of parallelization achievable with and without special hardwares such as busses and bulk shared memory. To conclude the implication of the global simulation methodology and supercomputers evolution is discussed in terms of productivity of information.
Prognostic significance of new onset ascites in patients with pancreatic cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for development of malignant ascites and its prognostic significance in patients with pancreatic cancer. A prospective database was queried to identify patients with pancreatic cancer who develop ascites. Stage at presentation, size, and location of primary tumor, treatment received and length of survival after onset of ascites were determined. A total of 15 patients were identified. Of which 4 patients (1 stage II, 3 stage III) underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and manifested with ascites 2, 3, 24 and 47 months after surgery (tumor size 2.9 ± 1.32 cm). All but one of the remaining 11 patients (tumor size 4.4 ± 3.38 cm) presented with metastatic disease, and all developed malignant ascites 9 months after diagnosis, dying 2 months later. Resected patients lived longer before the onset of ascites, but not after. Once diagnosed, ascites in pancreatic cancer patients heralds imminent death. Limited survival should be considered when determining the aggressiveness of further intervention.
Left Ventricular Dilatation Increases the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Reduced Systolic Function.

Background Reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmias; however, LV ejection fraction has a low sensitivity to predict ventricular arrhythmias. LV dilatation and mass may be useful to further risk‐stratify for ventricular arrhythmias. Methods and Results Patients from the Genetic Risk of Assessment of Defibrillator Events (GRADE) study (N=930), a study of heart failure subjects with defibrillators, were assessed for appropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shock and death, heart transplant, or ventricular assist device placement by LV diameter and mass. LV mass was divided into normal, mild, moderate, and severe classifications. Severe LV end‐diastolic diameter had worse shock‐free survival than normal and mild LV end‐diastolic diameter ( P =0.0002 and 0.0063, respectively; 2‐year shock free, severe 74%, moderate 80%, mild 91%, normal 88%; 4‐year shock free, severe 62%, moderate 69%, mild 72%, normal 81%) and freedom from death, transplant, or ventricular assist device compared with normal and moderate LV end‐diastolic diameter ( P <0.0001 and 0.0441, respectively; 2‐year survival: severe 78%, moderate 85%, mild 82%, normal 89%; 4‐year survival: severe 55%, moderate 64%, mild 63%, normal 74%). Severe LV mass had worse shock‐free survival than normal and mild LV mass ( P =0.0370 and 0.0280, respectively; 2‐year shock free: severe 80%, moderate 81%, mild 91%, normal 87%; 4‐year shock free: severe 68%, moderate 73%, mild 76%, normal 76%) but no association with death, transplant, or ventricular assist device ( P =0.1319). In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusted for LV ejection fraction, LV end‐diastolic diameter was associated with appropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shocks (hazard ratio 1.22, P =0.020). LV end‐diastolic diameter was associated with time to death, transplant, or ventricular assist device (hazard ratio 1.29, P =0.0009). Conclusions LV dilatation may complement ejection fraction to predict ventricular arrhythmias. Clinical Trial Registration URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT02045043][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT02045043&atom=%2Fahaoa%2F4%2F8%2Fe001566.atom
A simple accelerated rock weathering method to predict acid generation kinetics

The development of effective, and economical pre-development waste rock management plans requires an accurate estimate of the quality of drainage generated during mining. This study was conducted to determine if a simple accelerated rock weathering method with lower capital and personnel costs can be used in lieu of the elaborate and costly ASTM method to predict the quality of drainage generated. It involves subjecting rock samples to a constant relative humidity and temperature for 7 days and leach flooding the weathered samples on the 7th day.The acid production rate from the new weathering method correlates quite well with the net neutralization potential generated from the standard acid-base accounting procedure (R2=0.940) which has been demonstrated to be correct 90% of the time in assessing overburden quality, and a mineralogical method (R2=0.924). For investigators interested in generating weathering kinetic parameters, the simple and less costly accelerated weathering method is proposed.
Turbulent collision-coalescence in maritime shallow convection

Abstract. This paper discusses cloud simulations aiming at quantitative assessment of the effects of cloud turbulence on rain development in shallow ice-free convective clouds. Cloud fields from large-eddy simulations (LES) applying bin microphysics with the collection kernel enhanced by cloud turbulence are compared to those with the standard gravitational collection kernel. Simulations for a range of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are contrasted. Details on how the parameterized turbulent collection kernel is used in LES simulations are presented. Because of the disparity in spatial scales between the bottom-up numerical studies guiding the turbulent kernel development and the top-down LES simulations of cloud dynamics, we address the consequence of the turbulence intermittency in the unresolved range of scales on the mean collection kernel applied in LES. We show that intermittency effects are unlikely to play an important role in the current simulations. Highly-idealized single-cloud simulations are used to illustrate two mechanisms that operate in cloud field simulations. First, the microphysical enhancement leads to earlier formation of drizzle through faster autoconversion of cloud water into drizzle, as suggested by previous studies. Second, more efficient removal of condensed water from cloudy volumes when a turbulent collection kernel is used leads to an increased cloud buoyancy and enables clouds to reach higher levels. This is the dynamical enhancement. Both mechanisms operate in the cloud field simulations. The microphysical enhancement leads to the increased drizzle and rain inside clouds in simulations with high CCN. In low-CCN simulations with significant surface rainfall, dynamical enhancement leads to a larger contribution of deeper clouds to the entire cloud population, and results in a dramatically increased mean surface rain accumulation. These results call for future modeling and observational studies to corroborate the findings.
Plant Growth Regulating Properties of Some Acetone Condensation Products

DURING chromatographic purification of plant hormones extracted with acetone, we noted that a mixture of self-condensation products of acetone formed when this solvent was subsequently used to extract silica gel or aluminium oxide removed from thin-layer plates. These products of acetone were also obtained by simply combining acetone with silica gel H or with aluminium oxide G powder and stirring the mixture for a short time. The silica gel or aluminium oxide was separated by centrifugation and the acetone was evaporated to obtain the condensation products. When one 5 g sample of the silical gel was subjected repeatedly to acetone (eight 25 ml. aliquots), we obtained the following amounts of condensation products: 300, 410, 330, 380, 550, 510, 430 and 480 µg. We believe that self-condensation of acetone had occurred, for the weight of the material obtained did not decrease when the silica gel was exposed repeatedly to fresh aliquots of acetone.
Questions Regarding Knowledge Engineering and Management

Knowledge is considered a key asset in most organizations. Ineffective knowledge engineering and management practices can lead to disastrous outcomes. This paper aims to raise questions regarding knowledge within distributed software engineering teams through two perspectives. First, some examples of ineffective practices will be discussed and used to reflect on the possible causes which contributed to the disastrous outcomes. These examples are used to determine gaps in knowledge engineering practices. Second, tools our research team has developed are used as case studies of alternative approaches to knowledge management. Regarding knowledge through both these perspectives highlights the need to articulate social and cultural knowledge. These perspectives also raise questions regarding knowledge management and engineering.
Letting Form Follow Function: A Multipurpose Model for Undergraduate Psychology Conferences

(1983). Letting Form Follow Function: A Multipurpose Model for Undergraduate Psychology Conferences. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 204-206.
Validation of a brief measure of teachers’ perceptions of school climate: relations to student achievement and suspensions

Based on theory and research on learning environments, the Delaware School Climate Survey–Teacher/Staff (DSCS–T/S) was developed to provide schools with a brief, psychometrically sound measure of teachers’ perceptions of school climate. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, conducted on a sample of 5,781 teachers, support staff, administrators and other staff in 132 schools, showed that a bifactor model consisting of seven specific factors best represented the data. Those factors were Teacher–Student Relations, Student–Student Relations, Teacher–Home Communication, Respect for Diversity, School Safety, Fairness of Rules, and Clarity of Expectations. Measurement invariance was found across grade levels (i.e., elementary, middle, and high schools) and subgroups of respondents (i.e., teachers, instructional support staff and noninstructional staff). As evidence of concurrent validity across grade levels, nearly all scores, aggregated at the school level and correlated significantly and negatively with suspensions/expulsion rates and positively with academic achievement. The DSCS–T/S is likely to be useful to schools interested in assessing school climate and the effects of various programs, such bullying prevention programs, that target the seven dimensions of school climate measured.
Short-term cerebral ischemia causes the dysfunction of interneurons and more excitation of pyramidal neurons in rats.

Neural excitotoxicity is a typical factor in the early phase pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Its cellular and molecular mechanisms are still unclear and clinical approaches are still lacking of promising therapies. We have examined the vulnerability of cortical neurons to short-term ischemia in rats by simultaneously analyzing the activities of inhibitory and principal neurons in brain slices. Our results demonstrate that short-term in vitro ischemia permanently impairs the excitability of inhibitory neurons (IN) and synaptic transmission mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However, principal neurons appear to be more exciting during the reperfusion. The vulnerability of inhibitory neurons to ischemia acquires during postnatal development. Our findings signify a major contribution of the ischemic dysfunction of inhibitory neurons to neural excitotoxicity as well as a strategy to prevent the progress of ischemic stroke by protecting inhibitory neurons.
Thermal expansion of single-crystal forsterite to 1023 K by Fizeau interferometry

Using a Fizeau interferometry technique, we have measured the coefficients of linear thermal expansion of single-crystal forsterite (Mg2SiO4) along three axial direc- tions to 1023 K during heating and cooling cycles. Overall, the present data are consistent in magnitude (within I to 2%) with those previously reported but have less scatter. We used the Grfineisen statistical mechanical approach in analzying the data. The least-squares method was applied to evaluate thermal parameters (0, Q0, k and a) in two cases. The expansion coefficients in wider temperature ranges were extrapolated by using the parameters of solu- tion 2 (i.e., solution by fixing 0 and k). In contrast to earlier findings, our results show that for forsterite the Grfineisen parameter decreases with temperature, implying that it does not behave too differently from fayalite (FegSiO4) and peri- clase (MgO).
An experimental and theoretical study of a hydronic radiant ceiling panel heating system

The objective of this study is to improve the design of hydronic radiant panel systems through the understanding of the thermal performance of panel systems. The scope of this study includes performing experiments using testing facilities and the radiant panel ceiling in the Energy Research House, and developing a theoretical model that can predict heat transfer from a radiant ceiling panel. In the experimental part of this study, a solar-radiant heating system was field tested to examine the feasibility of using a radiant system coupled to a solar heating system to provide space heating. Through experimental testing a system energy flow chart was made which showed how solar energy is utilized by the system through its various components. It was also found that room temperatures could be maintained at comfort levels using hot water from a solar storage tank at only about 32°C. This verified the concept that a radiant panel ceiling, due to its extended heat transfer surface, can effectively utilize low temperature heat sources such as solar energy. By operating the solar collector at a low temperature, the collector efficiency was also improved; an average efficiency of 40% was maintained in the test. A monthly averaged analysis showed that about 50% of the heating load was met by solar energy when using these combined systems in March, 1985. A study on the transient thermal response of the radiant ceiling and room enclosure was also performed. This study provided a data pool for checking the theoretical model to be developed in the later part of this study. Another experimental study performed at the Energy Research House was a comparison of radiant heating and forced-air heating. Its major objective was to determine if radiant heating saves energy compared to forced-air heating. The experiment was carried out by alternatively operating the two systems and recording all relevant data during a tenweek testing period. It was concluded that the radiant heating was 15 to 20% more energy efficient than forced-air heating in normal winter conditions. Theoretical modeling of the radiant panel heating system was performed in three steps. First, a panel unit was isolated from whole panel in order to to set up a domain. Numerical methods were used to solve heat transfer in this domain. Then a semi-analytical correlation was developed. Finally, a complete model was built by integrating heat output per panel unit along the entire tubeline, thus establishing an interrelationship between various system parameters. The model predicted the thermal behavior of the radiant panel to a reasonable accuracy.
Shubnikov-de Haas Frequency Anisotropy in GaSb

Measurements, which are more precise than those previously reported, of the Shubnikov-de Haas frequency anisotropy in $n$-type GaSb are presented. The observed anisotropy is found to be in excellent agreement with a warped model of the Fermi surface recently presented by Seiler and Becker.
The detection of social exclusion: Evolution and beyond.

This article analyzes how humans detect threats to social inclusion. The authors begin by noting the likely evolutionary roots of (a) the human sensitivity to threats of both interpersonal and group exclusion and (b) the nature of the primitive system that humans developed for detecting such threats. The authors then propose seven generic classes of signals (hurting, avoiding, exploiting, deregulating, disengaging, differentiating, and slandering) that modern humans use in detecting exclusion and compare our taxonomy to prior empirical attempts to identify rejection cues. Finally, the authors offer a preliminary model of how the modern sociometer operates, emphasizing the importance of behavioral expectations and attribution processes, and discuss open questions suggested by our analysis.
The Effect of 13-cis Retinoic Acid on Epidermal Lysosomal Hydrolase Activity in Darier's Disease and Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris

Five patients with Darier's disease and 6 patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris were treated with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Extracts of separated epidermis were assayed for extractable protein, lactic dehydrogenase, Cathepsin D, beta glucuronidase and neutral proteinase before beginning therapy and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after therapy had begun. The epidermal extracts from patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris before beginning therapy were similar to extracts from normal control patients. During the course of therapy with 13-cis-retinoic acid, protein extractability, lactic dehydrogenase and neutral proteinase did not change; there was a highly significant decrease in the specific activity of the lysosomal hydrolases Cathepsin D and beta glucuronidase. A similar but less dramatic fall was noted in the Darier's patients taking 13-cis-retinoic acid. Darier's patients also had a decrease in neutral proteinase activity before beginning therapy; the specific activity of this enzyme increased during the course of therapy. 13-cis-retinoic acid does not induce clinical remission by increasing the intracellular concentration of lysosomal enzymes in epidermis in vivo.
Results of Extracranial-Intracranial Arterial Bypass for Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: Review of 105 Cases

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass was performed for intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis in 105 patients who had ischemic symptoms 1 to 3 months before operation. The degree of stenosis, measured angiographically, was 60 to 98%. The postoperative bypass patency rate, determined angiographically or by Doppler examination, was 97%. The surgical mortality rate was 1%, and the permanent surgical morbidity rate was 2%. During a mean follow-up period of 54 months, 22 patients died; 10 deaths were caused by cardiac disease and 3 were related to stroke, 2 of which were ipsilateral to the bypass. One patient was lost to follow-up. Seventy-three of the 82 survivors (89%) had no further transient ischemic attacks or stroke after operation. Seven patients had a late stroke: 5 were ipsilateral, 1 was contralateral, and 1 was vertebrobasilar. Three of these strokes were fatal. The overall late death rate was 4% per year, and the late death rate from neurological causes was 0.6% per year. The late stroke rate was 1.5% per year, and the rate of ipsilateral late stroke in patients who had a patent bypass was 0.6% per year. We conclude that extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass for symptomatic intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis is a reasonably safe and technically satisfactory procedure that has a potential for improving outcome, compared with the natural history of the disease.
Evaluation of the sphincter pharyngoplasty.

Abstract The results of the sphincter pharyngoplasty were evaluated in 139 patients with velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) who demonstrated active velar elevation. All patients underwent perceptual speech evaluation and lateral phonation radiographic study; select patients underwent multiview videofluoroscopic, flexible nasendoscopic, and pressure-flow studies. All but one patient demonstrated improvement and 109/139 (78.42%) demonstrated resolution of VPI. Sixteen of thirty failed pharyngoplasties were revised. Revision was successful in 8/16 patients yielding an overall success rate of 117/139 (84.17%). Success rate was 67.65 percent for patients managed during the first 5 years and improved to 84.78 percent for patients managed during the last 5 years of this 15-year series. Analysis revealed that younger patients were treated more successfully than older patients, large velopharyngeal areas were treated as successfully as smaller ones, and circular closure patterns were treated more successfully than ...
A molecular assessment of the iron stress response in the two phylogenetic clades of Trichodesmium

Summary Trichodesmium spp. play key roles in global carbon and nitrogen budgets and thus defining what controls their productivity is important for understanding climate change. While iron availability has been shown to be an important chemical factor for controlling both growth and nitrogen fixation rates in Trichodesmium, all culture experiments to date have focused solely on representatives from one clade of Trichodesmium. Genomic sequence analysis determined that the Trichodesmium erythraeum (IMS101) genome contains many of the archetypical genes involved in the prokaryotic iron stress response. Focusing on three of these genes, isiB, idiA and feoB, we found that all three showed an iron stress response in axenic T. erythraeum (IMS101), and their sequences were well conserved across four species in our Trichodesmium culture collection [consisting of two T. erythraeum strains (IMS101 and GBRTRLI101), two Trichodesmium tenue strains (Z-1 and H9-4), Trichodesmium thiebautii and Trichodesmium spiralis]. With clade-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers for one of these genes, isiB, we found that high isiB expression at low Fe levels corresponded to specific reductions in N2 fixation rates in both major phylogenetic clades of Trichodesmium (the T. erythraeum clade and T. tenue clade). With regard to the two clades, the most significant difference determined was temperature optima, while more subtle differences in growth, N2 fixation rate and gene expression responses to Fe stress were also observed. However the apparent conservation of the Fe stress response in the Trichodesmium genus suggests that it is an important adaptation for their niche in the oligotrophic ocean.
GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING UNMODELED OBJECTIVES IN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

Abstract Public sector decision-making typically involves complex problems that are often not completely understood. In these problems, there are invariably unmodeled issues that can greatly impact the acceptability of solutions. Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) is an approach for addressing unmodeled issues in an optimization context. MGA techniques are used to generate a small number of good, yet very different, solutions to optimization problems. Because these solutions are different in decision space, they may differ considerably in performance when unmodeled objectives are considered. Many problems are sufficiently complex that traditional optimization solution procedures, and therefore traditional MGA techniques, are not readily applicable. Two techniques for performing MGA using genetic algorithms (GAs) are investigated and compared. One of these techniques, which uses specialized MGA operators, is shown to produce solutions that are both better in quality and more different. This technique ...
Low-Tide Exposure of Sponges in a Caribbean Mangrove Community

. Sponges on subtidal red-mangrove prop roots may become exposed to air many times per year during very low tides. Full exposure is stressful and potentially fatal, particularly if occurring in full sun. Large root sponges show distinct species zonation between mean low water and -0.5 m. Haliclona implexiformis and Lissodendoryx isodictyalis are near the top while Scopalina ruetzleri are near the lower end of the range. Temporary experimental desiccation resulted in 100% recovery of all three species after they had been exposed to either sun or shade for up to 2 h. Scopalina is the least resistant and lost over 90% tissue within 3 days after the 4-h and 6-h experiments; the remaining cell mass succumbed to infestation by microbes. Haliclona and Lissodendoryx recovered from as much as 6 h in full sun but lost 85% and 80% of the original tissue volume, respectively. In Lissodendoryx, clusters of larvae developed in the regenerating fragments. Water loss tolerated by the three species is estimated as 66% of wet weight in Haliclona, 54% in Lissodendoryx and 38% in Scopalina. Salinity of interstitial seawater (pore water) extracted from exposed sponges rose from ambient 3.5% to 4.348% after 1 h, to 5.1–5.9% after 6 h. Most endobionts died or left their host during this last phase. Natural vertical zonation in these sponges reflects their resistance to tidal exposure.
The structure of internship training: Current patterns and implications for the future of clinical and counseling psychologists

Understanding the structure of internship training is important for at least 2 reasons. First, the field needs an accurate and comprehensive picture of what internships are currently teaching clinical and counseling psychologists. Second, the field needs to understand this structure in order to reflect on how well these training patterns are preparing new clinical and counseling psychologists for the realities of professional practice in today's market. This article presents a comprehensive description of the current training structure and considers the relationship between that structure and projected workforce needs and opportunities for clinical providers.
Generalized dilaton-Maxwell cosmic string and wall solutions

Abstract The class of static solutions found by Gibbons and Wells for dilaton-electrodynamics in flat spacetime, which describe nontopological strings and walls that trap magnetic flux, is extended to a class of dynamical solutions supporting arbitrarily large, nondissipative traveling waves, using techniques previously applied to global and local topological defects. These solutions can then be used in conjunction with S-duality to obtain more general solitonic solutions for various axidilaton-Maxwell theories. As an example, a set of dynamical solutions is found for axion, dilaton, and Maxwell fields in low energy heterotic string theory using the SL ( 2 , R ) invariance of the equations of motion.
Heat Transfer Measurements in Incompressible Turbulent Flat Plate Boundary Layers With Step Wall Temperature Boundary Conditions

This paper presents heat transfer data for the case of incompressible turbulent boundary layer flow of air over a smooth flat plate with an unheated starting length followed by a heated region with constant wall temperature. This problem is one of the fundamental problems of convective heat transfer. Under the assumption of incompressible flow with constant fluid properties, the boundary layer momentum and energy equations become uncoupled and, in addition, the energy equation becomes linear. Therefore, the problem of heat transfer in the boundary layer with an arbitrary surface temperature is amenable to solution by superposition. The simplest boundary condition for which solutions can serve as the kernel of this superposition is the step wall temperature. As shown by Reynolds et al. (1958), the heat transfer solution for complicated wall temperature distributions can be reduced to a rather simple quadrature by using superposition with the step wall temperature solution.