cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cache performance in vector supercomputers

Traditional supercomputers use a flat multi-bank SRAM memory organization to supply high bandwidth at low latency. Most other computers use a hierarchical organization with a small SRAM cache and a slower, cheaper DRAM for the main memory. Such systems rely heavily on data locality for achieving optimum performance. This paper evaluates cache-based memory systems for vector supercomputers. We develop a simulation model for a cache-based version of the Cray Research C90 and use the NAS parallel benchmarks to provide a large-scale workload. We show that while caches reduce memory traffic and improve the performance of plain DRAM memory, they still lag behind cacheless SRAM. We identify the performance bottlenecks in DRAM-based memory systems and quantify their contribution to program performance degradation. We find the data fetch strategy to be a significant parameter affecting performance, we evaluate the performance of several fetch policies, and we show that small fetch sizes improve performance by maximizing the use of available memory bandwidth. >
Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumors: Building on Success

We have come a long way in our understanding and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors since the term "karzinoide" was coined in 1907. Neuroendocrine tumors are a group of biologically and clinically heterogeneous neoplasms that most commonly originate in the lungs, GI tract, and pancreas. The selection of initial and subsequent therapies requires careful consideration of both tumor and treatment characteristics. With recent advances, we now have more tools for the diagnosis and treatment of our patients. This comprehensive review article summarizes recent advances in the field of neuroendocrine tumors and places them into context for best management practices.
Thermal measurements of active semiconductor micro-structures acquired through the substrate using near IR thermoreflectance

Abstract Modern, high-density integrated circuits (IC) typically use a flip chip bonding technique to increase performance on a greater number of interconnects. In doing so, the active devices of the IC are hidden under the exposed substrate, which precludes the use of typical surface thermal characterization techniques. A near infrared thermoreflectance method is described such that the temperature of active semiconductor devices can be measured through the substrate. Experimental results were obtained through a 200 μm thick silicon substrate. Temperature resolution of 0.1 K and spatial resolution of 5 μm has been achieved. The Fabry–Perot effect, due to multiple reflections between the device and the back of the substrate, has been experimentally and theoretically analyzed. Techniques to enhance the spatial resolution will be discussed.
Markers of Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer in a California Population

Because of the distinctive geographic pattern of breast cancer, which generally increases with increasing latitude and consequently decreasing ultraviolet B light, it was proposed that vitamin D may alter breast cancer risk [1, 2]. The geographic pattern of breast cancer incidence and mortality [1, 2] was noted to be strikingly similar to that of colon cancer, for which dietary intake of vitamin D has been reported to be protective. A study of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations showed an inverse association with colon cancer incidence [3]. Animal studies have supported a possible protective effect of dietary vitamin D in mammary tumor development [4]. Milk is fortified with vitamin D in the United States, although it it has not been fortified in Europe, except in some northern countries. A case-control study in an area with some vitamin D added to milk found that consumption of 3 or more 8-oz. glasses a day of milk was associated with a 23 per cent reduction in risk of breast cancer [5]. These lines of evidence led to this prospective study which examined the association of milk consumption, the primary source of dietary vitamin D in the U. S. diet, and breast cancer incidence. The study was performed in a cohort of elderly women who were followed for 16 years in Rancho Bernardo, California, USA.
Gender and gonadal hormone effects on vagal modulation of tonic nociception.

Abstract We studied the influence of gender and gonadal hormones on modulation of tonic nociception exerted by vagal activity. In male rats, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy resulted in significantly reduced nociceptive behavior during phase 2 of the formalin test. Whereas gonadectomy alone had no effect, it completely eliminated the suppressive effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy; however, sex hormone replacement with either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone did not restore the ability of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy to suppress nociceptive behavior. These results suggest that, in males, a gonad-dependent but androgenic gonadal hormone-independent mechanism contributes to pronociceptive effects of vagal afferent activity. Although neither gonadectomy nor subdiaphragmatic vagotomy alone affected the response to formalin in females, gonadectomy plus vagotomy resulted in significantly reduced nociceptive behavior during phase 2. Reconstitution with 17β-estradiol implants in gonadectomized females not only prevented suppression of nociceptive behavior seen with gonadectomy plus vagotomy, but also led to increased nociceptive behavior in the interphase between phases 1 and 2. However, placement of 17β-estradiol implants in gonad-intact females had no effect on formalin-induced nociceptive behavior. The finding that estrogen produced an increase in nociceptive behavior in gonadectomized female rats after vagotomy but not in normal female rats (with intact gonads and subdiaphragmatic vagus) suggests that the interaction between estrogen and nociceptive afferent activity is suppressed by vagal function. In conclusion, a nonandrogenic action of testicular function in male rats and estrogen in females seems to influence the effect of vagal activity on formalin-induced nociceptive behavior.
Modifying Antiretroviral Therapy in Virologically Suppressed HIV-1-Infected Patients

HIV-1-infected patients with suppressed plasma viral loads often require changes to their antiretroviral (ARV) therapy to manage drug toxicity and intolerance, to improve adherence, and to avoid drug interactions. In patients who have never experienced virologic failure while receiving ARV therapy and who have no evidence of drug resistance, switching to any of the acceptable US Department of Health and Human Services first-line therapies is expected to maintain virologic suppression. However, in virologically suppressed patients with a history of virologic failure or drug resistance, it can be more challenging to change therapy while still maintaining virologic suppression. In these patients, it may be difficult to know whether the discontinuation of one of the ARVs in a suppressive regimen constitutes the removal of a key regimen component that will not be adequately supplanted by one or more substituted ARVs. In this article, we review many of the clinical scenarios requiring ARV therapy modification in patients with stable virologic suppression and outline the strategies for modifying therapy while maintaining long-term virologic suppression.
Ordered ionic liquid structure observed at terraced graphite interfaces.

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction is presented as a contactless, surface-specific method to probe the ion organization and layering at the ionic liquid–solid interfaces. Three regimes can be identified for the structure of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][Tf2N]) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, which is strongly dependent on the distances of ions from the surface. Direct observations showed that the ultrathin ionic liquid (IL) assembly can exhibit bulk-like phase-transition behaviours as a result of the structural matching between the IL and graphite layers and the confinement template effect due to the surface topography of graphite. The present study illustrates the opportunities for conducting further studies of the structures and ultrafast dynamics of IL–solid interfaces.
Book Review: Implementing the Social Model of Disability: Theory and Research

Author: Colin Barnes and Geof Mercer, Eds. Reviewer: Liat Ben-Moshe Publisher: The Disability Press, 2004 Cost: $30.00, paperback (20% discount for orders of four or more). ISBN: 0952845083 Available from: Centre for Disability Studies, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds, A CD ROM of the book may be requested at the time of book purchase and is supplied free of charge.
A new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient variant in a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

A description is given of enzymatic characteristics of a new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G-6-PD) found in 2 male members of an inbred Pakistani family. Properties of this enzyme differ in respect to electrophoretic mobility, utilization of deamino NADP, and Km for both G-6-PD and NADP from the variant reported to be common in Pakistan. The propositus, in addition to G-6-PD deficiency, also had Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Some male members of this family are affected by two distinct clinical disorders. One disease is characterized by intermittent jaundice and anemia, often concurrent with infection, compatible with G-6-PD deficiency. The other is characterized by severe, frequent, and occasionally fatal infections that are not necessarily associated with jaundice, a disease pattern compatible with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. A possible additive relationship of G-6-PD deficiency with Chediak-Higashi syndrome in causing frequent infections was examined. Only moderately decreased activity of G-6-PD was found in nonerythroid cells of 2 male children having this G-6-PD deficient variant. Moreover, the study of the patient's mother revealed no obvious survival disadvantage of her nonerythroid cell clones carrying the G-6-PD-deficient variant as compared to the clones carrying the normal G-6-PD isoenzyme. Ascorbic acid therapy for the brother affected by both of these diseases did not lead to increased hemolysis. No obvious clinical improvement of severity and infection frequency was noted after several months of ascorbic acid therapy.
Path Analysis of Buyer Behavior under Conditions of Crowding

By use of path analysis on data from 600 shoppers, the authors explore the sequential relationships among several variables pertinent to retail crowding. Results furnish evidence that perceived cro...
Precise and accurate location of the 1999 Haicheng--Xiuyan earthquake sequence

An earthquake of MS5.4 occurred in Haicheng--Xiuyan area,Liaoning,northeastern China at 12:10:39 BJT(04:10:39 UTC)on November 29,1999.This event is the largest to occur since the 1975 Haicheng MS7.3 earthquake in Haicheng--Xiuyan area.The foreshocks,mainshock and aftershocks of the sequence were well-recorded by Liaoning Digital Seismic Network(LNDSN).Firstly,we used the regional distance travel time data recorded by the LNDSN to relocate the Haicheng--Xiuyan earthquake sequence by using double-difference earthquake location algorithm.Secondly,the earthquakes with well-recorded near-source recordings by Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration(IGCEA)and Southern Methodist University(SMU)Broadband Seismic Network(BSN)in the Haicheng--Xiuyan area are employed as ground truth(GT)events to calibrate the source parameters of the Haicheng--Xiuyan earthquake sequence.The obtained precise and accurate hypocentral distribution of the sequence clearly indicated that a nearby local Kangjialing fault is the seismogenic fault of the Haicheng--Xiuyan earthquake sequence.The WNW--ESE striking Kangjialing fault is nearly parallel to the Haichenghe--Dayanghe fault.Both the 1975 Haicheng earthquake and the 1999 Haicheng--Xiuyan earthquake are the consequence under near horizontal,ENE--WSW compression,and the occurrence of the Haicheng--Xiuyan earthquake is the activities of a nearby Kangjialing fault under of influence the Haichenghe--Dayanghe fault.
Rubisco Activase: A New Enzyme in the Regulation of Photosynthesis

Rubisco has been one of the most studied enzymes in the photosynthetic process, since its discovery in 1956 (1). However our biochemical knowledge of the mechanism of the enzyme in vitro has been inadequate to account for its ability to function in vivo as measured by the photosynthetic rate of a leaf relative to its rubisco content. It was not until the middle 1970’s that sufficient activity could be achieved in vitro to account for in vivo rates of photosynthesis (2,3). However, as soon as this problem was apparently resolved, another became more evident as research progressed. Namely, discrepancies exist between measurements of enzyme capacity in vivo and our knowledge of how the capacity of the enzyme for catalysis can be maintained in vitro (4–9). With the discovery and initial characterization of rubisco activase, many of these discrepancies have been resolved and a more detailed understanding of rubisco functioning should be possible in the near future.
Cardiovascular Causes of Exercise Intolerance

Exercise intolerance, due to cardiovascular disease in horses, may be caused by cardiac arrhythmias, valvular regurgitation, congenital abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, pericardial disease, and vascular thrombosis. The most common cardiovascular cause of exercise intolerance in horses is atrial fibrillation. Cardiovascular abnormalities such as cardiac arrhythmias or murmurs, however, are common in athletic horses and are not always associated with exercise intolerance. Use of an electrocardiography (during rest and exercise) and echocardiography may be necessary to better determine the significance of the cardiovascular abnormality.
Approaches to Risk in National Security

The use of risk as a concept in defense planning, and the use of procedural risk frameworks, have proliferated in the national security field over the last decade. These approaches tend to cluster naturally into a few basic categories—program, force management and operational risk being three common ones. The question, in the context of the experience with risk in the financial crisis, is whether these approaches are likely to improve strategy—or pose a danger to it.
Pacifism, Peace Activism, and Gender

American peace activism and women's rights have been linked since the early nineteenth century. Reform-minded women sought to enter the political arena to crusade against slavery, alcohol consumption, and militarism – particularly opposing male aggression and gender-based violence at home and abroad. Pacifism, which stood at the heart of women-led peace movements through the twentieth century, often fared poorly as activists broke away to support particular wars. Many women activists across the centuries have come from middle-class and evangelical Protestant and pacifist Quaker backgrounds. Whether in the nineteenth or twentieth century, women peace activists have had to struggle to enter a male-dominated political debate over American foreign policy. Keywords: gender-based violence; history; militarism; movements; politics
The Paul A M Dirac papers at Florida State University: a search for informal mathematical investigations

The research discussed in this article is an archival study of pages of mathematical work produced by the physicist Paul A M Dirac. The pages, referred to as the ‘shoebox papers’, are thought to date back at least to Dirac's time as a student at the University of Cambridge in the 1920s. Florida State University, where the research was conducted and where Dirac worked for the last fourteen years of his life, received the entirety of his papers after his death in 1984. The research so far has identified major themes that recur throughout the collection of papers, including an interest in combinatorics and their relation to algebra problems. Due to Dirac's importance as a physicist and a possible relation to combinatorics work by Leibniz, the collection may have significant implications for the history of mathematics.
A rare histologic variant of a common lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 57-year-old man with no prior medical history underwent skin excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy for invasive melanoma. The lymph node was grossly enlarged, raising suspicion for metastasis. Histologic evaluation showed a proliferation of atypical follicles that were widely
Interaction between the ADH1B*3 allele and drinking motives on alcohol use among Black college students.

ABSTRACTBackground: Black young adults have lower rates of alcohol use than other racial groups. Genetic factors may protect against drinking. Specifically, the ADH1B*3 allele is present almost exclusively in Black populations and has been protective against alcohol use and alcohol use disorder. The protective effects of the ADH1B*3 allele, however, may differ as a function of alcohol-promoting cognitions. Objectives: The current study examined whether ADH1B*3 moderated relations of drinking motives with alcohol consumption among Black college drinkers. Methods: Participants were 241 undergraduate students of self-identified Black race (mean age = 20 years; 66% female) who reported consuming alcohol at least once in the past 30 days. Results: ADH1B*3 was not significantly associated with drinking motives or drinking behaviors. However, significant, albeit small, interaction effects of ADH1B*3 with drinking motives on drinking behavior were found; the presence of an ADH1B*3 allele protected against greater...
How Placebo Responses are Formed: From Bench to Bedside

The observation that cognitive factors, such as beliefs, expectations and prior experiences, not only modulate the perception of pain but also the therapeutic benefit and adverse effects of pharmacologic treatments is not new. However, to date, the contribution of cognitive factors to pharmacotherapy is still poorly understood and far from being systematically exploited to maximize treatment outcome. This chapter gives an overview on the contribution of placebo and nocebo mechanisms to the outcome of analgesic treatments, insights into the neurobiologic mechanisms by which both factors combine or interact, and discusses implications for clinical care and the design of clinical studies.
Evolution of Floral Morphology and Function: An Integrative Approach to Adaptation, Constraint, and Compromise in Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae)

In his treatise on the structure and fertilization of flowers, Sprengel (1793) described in great detail how the structures of flowers are designed for efficient function in attracting pollinating insects and placing pollen on, and receiving it from, them. Sprengel also noted that there may be conflicting requirements on floral design: Flowers also need to protect pollen and nectar from rain. Flower design must therefore represent a compromise between these competing functions. Thus, Sprengel anticipated an area of modern interest: the role of constraints and adaptive compromise in the evolution of morphology (see review by Arnold, 1992). The focus of Sprengel’s book, however, was on the optimality of floral design for efficient pollination.
National characteristics of Emergency Department visits by patients with cancer in the United States

Abstract Purpose The Emergency Department (ED) is an important venue for the care of patients with cancer. We sought to describe the national characteristics of ED visits by patients with cancer in the United States. Methods We performed an analysis of 2012–2014 ED visit data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). We included adult (age ≥ 18 years) ED patients, stratified by history of cancer. Using the NHAMCS survey design and weighting variables, we estimated the annual number of adult ED visits by patients with cancer. We compared demographics, clinical characteristics, ED resource utilization, and disposition of cancer vs. non-cancer patients. Results There were an estimated 104,836,398 annual ED visits. Patients with cancer accounted for an estimated 3,879,665 (95% CI: 3,416,435–4,342,895) annual ED visits. Compared with other ED patients, those with cancer were older (mean 64.8 vs. 45.4 years), more likely to arrive by Emergency Medical Services (28.0 vs. 16.9%), and experienced longer lengths of ED stay (mean 4.9 vs. 3.8 h). Over 65% of ED patients with cancer underwent radiologic imaging. Patients with cancer almost twice as likely to undergo CT scanning; four times more likely to present with sepsis; twice as likely to present with thrombosis, and three times more likely to be admitted to the hospital than non-cancer patients. Conclusions Patients with cancer comprise nearly 4 million ED visits annually. The findings highlight the important role of the ED in cancer care and need for addressing acute care conditions in patients with cancer.
Applied Research into Combustion in Small Diesel Engines

In a spark-ignition (SI) engine, the mixture formation is performed partly in the intake manifold and partly in the cylinder. At worst, a period of 360° crankshaft is available. In a diesel engine, on the other hand, all fuel injection, mixture formation, ignition delay and combustion must be commenced and completed within only 30–50° crankshaft. Thus it can be seen that the diesel engine can be primarily understood in terms of the special features of its mixture formation and its ignition delay, which takes from 2 to 20° CA from that time.
A complexity analysis of cooperative mechanisms in reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning algorithms, when used to solve multi-stage decision problems, perform a kind of online (incremental) search to find an optimal decision policy. The time complexity of this search strongly depends upon the size and structure of the state space and upon a priori knowledge encoded in the learners initial parameter values. When a priori knowledge is not available, search is unbiased and can be excessive. Cooperative mechanisms help reduce search by providing the learner with shorter latency feedback and auxiliary sources of experience. These mechanisms are based on the observation that in nature, intelligent agents exist in a cooperative social environment that helps structure and guide learning. Within this context, learning involves information transfer as much as it does discovery by trial-and-error. Two cooperative mechanisms are described: Learning with an External Critic (or LEC) and Learning By Watching (or LBW). The search time complexity of these algorithms, along with unbiased Q-learning, are analyzed for problem solving tasks on a restricted class of state spaces. The results indicate that while unbiased search can be expected to require time moderately exponential in the size of the state space, the LEC and LBW algorithms require at most time linear in the size of the state space and under appropriate conditions, are independent of the state space size altogether; requiring time proportional to the length of the optimal solution path. While these analytic results apply only to a restricted class of tasks, they shed light on the complexity of search in reinforcement learning in general and the utility of cooperative mechanisms for reducing search.
Effector Translocation by the Legionella Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System

Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for Legionnaires’ disease. This bacterium survives and replicates within phagocytes by bypassing their bactericidal activity. Intracellular replication of L. pneumophila requires the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system made of approximately 27 proteins that presumably traverses the bacterial and phagosomal membranes. The perturbation of the host killing ability largely is mediated by the collective functions of the protein substrates injected into host cells via the Dot/Icm transporter. Proper protein translocation by Dot/Icm is determined by a number of factors, including signals recognizable by the translocator, chaperones that may facilitate the proper folding of substrates and transcriptional regulation and protein stability that determine the abundance and temporal transfer of the substrates. Although a large number of Dot/Icm substrates have been identified, investigation to understand the translocation is ongoing. Here we summarized the recent advancements in our understanding of the factors that determine the protein translocation activity of the Dot/Icm transporter.
Racial discrimination and racial identity: Daily moderation among black youth

The present study examined daily ethnic/racial identity as a moderator for racial discrimination. The idiographic approach was used to understand when Black youth are at risk for negative outcomes in the context of racial discrimination. The current study assessed if within-person changes in racial centrality, private regard, and public regard moderated the daily relation between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Daily measures of racial discrimination, ethnic/racial identity, and depressive symptoms were administered to a sample of 103 Black adolescents for 2 weeks. The results suggest that neither racial centrality nor private regard moderated the same-day or lagged associations between daily racial discrimination experiences and daily depressive symptoms. Although low public regard fluctuations evidenced no moderation for the within-day relation, low public regard fluctuations exacerbated the lagged day relation between daily racial discrimination experiences and daily depressive symptoms. When Black youth experienced lower levels of public regard compared to their average levels, previous-day racial discrimination experiences were associated with an increase in depressive symptoms. The results are discussed in the context of within-person changes in ethnic/racial identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Increased cryptococcal meningitis mortality among HIV negative, non-transplant patients: a single US center cohort study:

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is an opportunistic fungal infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other forms of immunosuppression. We lack a clear understanding of CM associ...
Diversified homotopic behavior of closed orbits of some -covered Anosov flows

We produce infinitely many examples of Anosov flows in closed $3$ -manifolds where the set of periodic orbits is partitioned into two infinite subsets. In one subset every closed orbit is freely homotopic to infinitely other closed orbits of the flow. In the other subset every closed orbit is freely homotopic to only one other closed orbit. The examples are obtained by Dehn surgery on geodesic flows. The manifolds are toroidal and have Seifert pieces and atoroidal pieces in their torus decompositions.
Chapter 7 Neutralization of Donor Dopants and Formation of Hydrogen-Induced Defects in n-Type Silicon

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two hydrogen-related phenomena that have been predominantly observed in n -type silicon. The first is hydrogen (H) neutralization of shallow-donor impurities, which was first reported in 1986. Prior to this, it was generally accepted that H could passivate only shallow-acceptor dopants in silicon (Si), in addition to deep-level impurities. Spectroscopic confirmation of the existence of donor-hydrogen complexes was soon obtained from infrared absorption measurements. Since the first report, several studies have confirmed experimentally the phenomenon of hydrogen neutralization of donor dopants, and theoretical studies have verified (specifically, the qualitative features of) the novel microscopic model discussed in the chapter for the donor–hydrogen complex. The chapter presents a review on the kinetics of the thermal dissociation of the donor-hydrogen complex, which establishes the existence of a negative charge state for migrating hydrogen in silicon as well as yielding the activation energy (1.2 eV) for thermal dissociation. The chapter also discusses the phenomenon of hydrogen-induced defects in silicon. The experimental evidence strongly supports the conclusion that hydrogen, diffused into single-crystal silicon at moderate temperatures (for example, I50°C), can generate extended defects and electrically-active defects that are unrelated either to plasma or radiation damage.
Storm‐driven groundwater flow in a salt marsh

[1] Storms can cause significant groundwater flow in coastal settings, but prior studies of the effects of storms on groundwater flow and transport have largely focused on very large storms and used salinity as a tracer. We have little information about the effects of smaller storms on coastal flow and how storm-induced variability affects key tidal wetlands like salt marshes, which may remain saline throughout a storm. Here we show that even the distant passage of a moderate storm can strongly increase groundwater flow and transport in salt marsh ecosystems and adjacent barrier islands. Groundwater monitoring and radium isotope tracer analyses revealed significant influx of saline creek water into the confined aquifer below the marsh platform, driven by storm surge. This pulse of fluids reached depths exceeding 5 m, and surge-enhanced tides propagated through the aquifer to affect flow in the upland >100 m from the creek bank. Groundwater discharge from the marsh varied significantly prior to the storm, doubling during inundating tides compared to a period of noninundating neap tides. Storm surge then caused groundwater discharge to decline ∼50% compared to similar inundating tides. Ra- and nutrient-poor creek water that entered the confined aquifer below the marsh was quickly enriched in nutrients and carbon, even on 12 h tidal cycles, so that nutrient discharge was likely proportional to groundwater discharge. Storm-related flow could also drive significant contaminant discharge from developed coastlines. The enhanced transport and variability observed here likely affected hundreds of kilometers of the coastline impacted by the storm.
Foucault and Althusser: Epistemological Differences with Political Effects

Michel Foucault was at times critical of the Marxist tradition, and at other times more sympathetic. After his dismissal of Marx in The Order of Things , he conceded the existence of a more compelling, non-humanist version of this discourse. Louis Althusser’s innovations are crucial for the existence of this second Marxism. While consideration of the relation between Foucault and Althusser varies between those who emphasize relations between State and capital, and conversely those who inscribe Marxist considerations into a micro-political account, the distinction between the two thinkers takes place earlier in the development of their respective outlooks. Foucault initially emphasized Marxism as an anthropological eschatology; he revises this argument, commending the possibility of an epistemological mutation of history inherent in Marx’s thought. I locate crucial distinctions between Foucault and Althusser in the early work of the 1960s as inflecting relations in the seemingly more proximate work of the 1970s. In this approach, we can better examine Foucault’s non-Marxist contentions in order to consider the reciprocal distinctions and contributions between these two forms of anti-humanism, providing the necessary groundwork for debates regarding the nature of subjectivity, the State, and revolution.
Molecular aspects of microfilament structure and assembly

Abstract A major advance in the past year has been the description of the three-dimensional structures of monomeric and filamentous actin. In addition, sequence analyses have revealed homologous domains among several F-actin crosslinking and membrane attachment proteins. Mechanisms for the assembly of specific microfilament arrangements are beginning to be understood.
Experimental study of shock wave interference heating on a cylindrical leading edge

An experimental study of shock wave interference heating on a cylindrical leading edge representative of the cowl of a rectangular hypersonic engine inlet at Mach numbers of 6.3, 6.5, and 8.0 is presented. Stream Reynolds numbers ranged from 0.5 x 106 to 4.9 x 106 per ft. and stream total temperature ranged from 2100 to 3400 R. The model consisted of a 3" dia. cylinder and a shock generation wedge articulated to angles of 10, 12.5, and 15 deg. A fundamental understanding was obtained of the fluid mechanics of shock wave interference induced flow impingement on a cylindrical leading edge and the attendant surface pressure and heat flux distributions. The first detailed heat transfer rate and pressure distributions for two dimensional shock wave interference on a cylinder was provided along with insight into the effects of specific heat variation with temperature on the phenomena. Results show that the flow around a body in hypersonic flow is altered significantly by the shock wave interference pattern that is created by an oblique shock wave from an external source intersecting the bow shock wave produced in front of the body.
Psychosomatic Reactions of Very Young Children to Divorce

Abstract When parents divorce, disruptions of physical function often accompany psychological distress and disorder. In a small child, physiological symptoms may be the primary indication that the child is affected. This article presents three case studies of German children three and under who experienced psychosomatic disturbances as responses to parental divorce.
Defining Feminist Social Work

IN NUMEROUS ways, the values, ethical commitments, purposes, and philo sophical systems of feminism and social work converge and impart added mean ing to each other. Although the social work profession has recognized some value in the insights provided by feminism, little effort has been made to incorporate femi nist perspectives and theories into social work's knowledge base. The profession has yet to recognize and articulate the elemental core of shared social work and
An additive congruential method for generating a multiple occurrence uniform random sequence

The formalism behind a novel additive congruential method (ACM) is described. This method yields uniform random sequences whose outcomes occur more than once throughout the sequence. The approach to generating a uniformly distributed pseudorandom sequence (PS) is presented. For a selected prime, p, the PS is a sequence of random variables (RV) over the Galois field GF(p). The ACM yields a Markov PS, where each valid outcome appears more than once within the main period, and still obeys a uniform distribution.
Genetic Relatedness and Spatial Associations of Jointly Captured Alabama Beach Mice (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates)

Genetic relatedness estimates and capture records were used to examine population ecology of endangered Alabama beach mice (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates). Because of their monogamous mating strategy, biparental natal care, and limited dispersal patterns, we hypothesized that beach mice form gamodemes with family groups representing the core units. Under this hypothesis, we predicted that groups of related individuals would utilize common habitat spaces and that nonrandom age or sex associations could occur. To test these predictions, livetrapping data from an 8-year study were used to examine demography and relatedness of mice involved in joint and single captures (4,683 capture events involving 1,404 individuals, of which 949 were genotyped using microsatellite data). Mice were observed in joint captures nonrandomly with respect to age and sex, implying that there are nonrandom spatial associations among beach mice. Specifically, adult females were captured more often than expected with adult males and subadults were involved in joint captures more often than expected. Subadults captured with adults were the most related cocaptures, which, along with parental assignment, provided evidence of familial clustering. Adult male‐female cocaptures were among the least related pairings, suggesting that inbreeding avoidance may play a role in mate choice.
Reducing the potential for migration of radioactive waste: Aqueous thermal degradation of the chelating agent disodium edta

Abstract Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a common component of cleaning solutions used for decontamination of radioactive equipment, has been associated with increased migration of radionuclides into local groundwaters at some radwaste disposal sites. It has been proposed that predisposal thermal degradation of EDTA-containing aqueous solutions may reduce the potential for chelate-enhanced mobilization of radionuclides at these sites. Aqueous thermal degradation experiments with disodium EDTA have shown that the compound degrades rapidly at 200°C (half-life of 1.1 ± 0.41 hours), with an activation energy of 114.3 ± 7.87 kJ/mol, and forms the decomposition product methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA). A comparison of the values for stability constants of transition metal and actinide complexes with EDTA, MIDA, and two other reported degradation products, iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid (HEIDA), indicates that the chelating efficiency of the degradation products is 6 to 22 orders of magnitude lower than that of EDTA at 25°C. In addition, other researchers have shown that the primary degradation products of EDTA rapidly decarboxylate at 265°C, which should eliminate their chelating capability. It is concluded that aqueous thermal degradation should significantly reduce the overall chelating efficiency of EDTA-containing solutions.
Trichotillomania and repetitive behavior in bulimia nervosa

Researchers have suggested a possible association between trichotillomania and bulimia nervosa. This study utilized a questionnaire to compare the prevalence of trichotillomania, other habits, self-injurious behaviors, and other impulse control behaviors in 65 subjects with bulimia nervosa and 40 controls. There was no difference in the prevalence of trichotillomania between the two populations. There was a trend towards a higher prevalence of compulsive stealing in subjects with bulimia nervosa.
The pathway of O2 to the active site in heme–copper oxidases

Abstract The route of O2 to and from the high-spin heme in heme–copper oxidases has generally been believed to emulate that of carbon monoxide (CO). Time-resolved and stationary infrared experiments in our laboratories of the fully reduced CO-bound enzymes, as well as transient optical absorption saturation kinetics studies as a function of CO pressure, have provided strong support for CO binding to CuB+ on the pathway to and from the high-spin heme. The presence of CO on CuB+ suggests that O2 binding may be compromised in CO flow-flash experiments. Time-resolved optical absorption studies show that the rate of O2 and NO binding in the bovine enzyme (1 × 108 M− 1 s− 1) is unaffected by the presence of CO, which is consistent with the rapid dissociation (t1/2 = 1.5 μs) of CO from CuB+. In contrast, in Thermus thermophilus (Tt) cytochrome ba3 the O2 and NO binding to heme a3 slows by an order of magnitude in the presence of CO (from 1 × 109 to 1 × 108 M− 1 s− 1), but is still considerably faster (~ 10 μs at 1 atm O2) than the CO off-rate from CuB in the absence of O2 (milliseconds). These results show that traditional CO flow-flash experiments do not give accurate results for the physiological binding of O2 and NO in Tt ba3, namely, in the absence of CO. They also raise the question whether in CO flow-flash experiments on Tt ba3 the presence of CO on CuB+ impedes the binding of O2 to CuB+ or, if O2 does not bind to CuB+ prior to heme a3, whether the CuB+–CO complex sterically restricts access of O2 to the heme. Both possibilities are discussed, and we argue that O2 binds directly to heme a3 in Tt ba3, causing CO to dissociate from CuB+ in a concerted manner through steric and/or electronic effects. This would allow CuB+ to function as an electron donor during the fast (5 μs) breaking of the O O bond. These results suggest that the binding of CO to CuB+ on the path to and from heme a3 may not be applicable to O2 and NO in all heme-copper oxidases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems.
Milky Way Satellites: Galaxies with a Dark Side

We review recent progress in understanding the mass distributions of the Milky Way dwarf satellite population, with a specific focus on the implications for gamma-ray fluxes from dark matter. We outline a method that self-consitently predicts the gamma-ray fluxes from the satellites using line-of-sight velocities, the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (CMSSM), and a model for the boost from substructure in the dark matter halos. Combining all of these ingredients, and accounting for the reduced astrophysical backgrounds relative to the Galactic center, the dwarf satellites make strong candidates for indirect detection with Fermi/GLAST and future Air Cerenkov Telescopes.
FE Analysis and LDA Measurement of the Dynamic Rotor/Stator Contact in a Ring-Type Ultrasonic Motor

We study the dynamic contact characteristics between the rotor and stator of a ring-type ultrasonic motor by measurement and simulation. First, we measure the tangential and normal velocities and displacements of the rotor/stator interface using a LDA (laser Doppler anemometer). It is especially suitable for our measurement since it directly measures the velocity with high precision. Next, we solve the dynamic contact problem of the rotor/stator interface by use of finite element analysis taking into consideration inertial effects and replacing the ring by an equiualent straight model of the rotor/stator
Multiscale dislocation dynamics simulations of shock compression in copper single crystal

Abstract Ultra short pulse shock wave propagation, plastic deformation and evolution of dislocations in copper single crystals with (0 0 1), (0 1 1) and (1 1 1) orientations are investigated using multiscale dislocation dynamics plasticity analyses. The effects of peak pressure, pulse duration, crystal anisotropy and the nonlinear elastic properties on the interaction between shock wave and dislocations are investigated. The results of our calculations show that the dislocation density has a power law dependence on pressure with a power of 1.70 and that the dislocation density is proportional to pulse duration and sensitive to crystal orientation. These results are in very good agreement with the analytical predications of Meyers et al. [Meyers, M.A., Gregori, F., Kad, B.K., Schneider, M.S., Kalantar, D.H., Remington, B.A., Ravichandran G., Boehly, T., Wark, J., 2003. Laser-induced shock compression of monocrystalline copper: characterization and analysis. Acta Materialia 51, 1211–1228] and the experimental results of Murr [Murr, L.E., 1981. Residual microstructure-mechanical property relationships in shock loaded metals and alloys. In: Meyers, M.A., Murr, L.E. (Eds.), Shock Waves and High Strain Rate Phenomena in Metals. Plenum, New York, pp. 607–673]. It is shown also that incorporating the effect of crystal anisotropy in the elastic properties results in orientation dependent wave speed and peak pressure. The relaxed configurations of dislocation microstructures show the formation of microbands coincident with the slip planes.
Magnetic characteristics of LnCo5ThCo5 pseudobinary systems

Abstract Magnetic characteristics of Ln1−xThxCo5 ternaries, with Ln = Gd, Ho or Er, are reported. Th is introduced into the lattice in an effort to achieve ferromagnetic coupling. It is observed that the antiferromagnetic LnCo coupling, which exists in the LnCo5 binaries, also persists in the ternaries. The cobalt moment and Curie temperature are reduced as the Th content of the sample is increased. The decreased cobalt moment is ascribed to electron transfer from Th to the cobalt d-shell. Failure to achieve ferromagnetism in the ternaries is ascribed to electron capture by cobalt, which prevents a rise in electron concentration as Th replaces Ln in the lattice.
Relativistic one-dimensional binding and two-dimensional motion

Abstract An explicit solution is given of the Dirac equation for a particle under the influence of a force which acts only when the particle crosses a simple plane. Both Lorentz scalar and vector potentials are considered. The discussion includes bound states as well as scattering solutions.
Nonsense codon suppression in fission yeast due to mutations of tRNA Ser.11 and translation release factor Sup35 (eRF3)

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, sup9 mutations can suppress the termination of translation at nonsense (stop) codons. We localized sup9 physically to the spctrnaser.11 locus and confirmed that one allele (sup9-UGA) alters the anticodon of a serine tRNA. We also found that another purported allele is not allelic. Instead, strains with that suppressor (renamed sup35-F592S) have a single base pair substitution (T1775C) that introduces an amino acid substitution in the Sup35 protein (Sup35-F592S). Reduced functionality of Sup35 (eRF3), the ubiquitous guanine nucleotide-responsive translation release factor of eukaryotes, increases read-through of stop codons. Tetrad dissection revealed that suppression is tightly linked to (inseparable from) the sup35-F592S mutation and that there are no additional extragenic modifiers. The Mendelian inheritance indicates that the Sup35-F592S protein does not adopt an infectious amyloid state ([PSI+] prion) to affect suppression, consistent with recent evidence that fission yeast Sup35 does not form prions. We also report that sup9-UGA and sup35-F592S exhibit different strengths of suppression for opal stop codons of ade6-M26 and ade6-M375. We discuss possible mechanisms for the variation in suppressibility exhibited by the two alleles.
Examining the Use of Spoken Dialect Indices With African American Children in the Southern United States

Purpose To examine the utility of different dialect indices that have been used to characterize the Non-Mainstream American English (NMAE) dialect of African American children. The relationships am...
Effects on INDSCAL of Non-Orthogonal Perceptions of Object Space Dimensions.

A general question is raised concerning the possible consequences of employing the very popular INDSCAL multidimensional scaling model in cases where the assumptions of that model may be violated. Simulated data are generated which violate the INDSCAL assumption that all individuals perceive the dimensions of the common object space to be orthogonal. INDSCAL solutions for these various sets of data are found to exhibit extremely high goodness of fit, but systematically distorted object spaces and negative subject weights. The author advises use of Tucker's three-mode model for multidimensional scaling, which can account for non-orthogonal perceptions of the object space dimensions. It is shown that the INDSCAL model is a special case of the three-mode model.
B-completeness in nearness spaces

Abstract Another generalization of the concept of completeness for a nearness space, called B -completeness, is presented. Using B -completeness the generalization of the Niemytzki-Tychonoff theorem is obtained for nearness spaces. A nearness space is compact if and only it it is B -complete and totally bounded. Every nearness structure is shown to be contained in a compatible totally bounded nearness structure.
Morphological instability in epitaxially strained dislocation-free solid films: Nonlinear evolution

We consider a continuum model for the evolution of an epitaxially strained dislocation-free solid film on a rigid substrate in the absence of vapor deposition. In the context of this model a planar film is unstable for film thicknesses greater than a critical thickness and the instability is characterized by long waves at the critical thickness. By exploiting the long-wave nature of the instability we are able to derive a nonlinear evolution equation for the film surface. We examine the nonlinear evolution equation for two-dimensional steady states and find subcritical spatially periodic finite-amplitude rounded-cusp steady solutions as well as near-critical spatially periodic small-amplitude steady solutions. We analyze these solutions for stability and find them all to be unstable. Our analysis suggests that there are no stable two-dimensional steady states that can be described by long-wave theory. Thus, the evolution of the film may be to a steady state outside the realm of long-wave theory or to a transient state characterized by coarsening.