cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fulfilling the promise of "anyone, anywhere" to perform CPR

Closed-chest cardiac massage for the treatment of cardiac arrest was first described in the medical literature in 1960. The report provided the basis to revolutionize care for one of the leading causes of death. In a statement filled with hope and promise, the authors wrote that “Anyone, anywhere, can now initiate cardiac resuscitative procedures. All that is needed are two hands.” Prior to closed-chest massage, the only recourse to achieve artificial circulation was open-chest massage involving emergency thoracotomy. Today the procedure widely known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been shown to double or triple the odds of survival from cardiac arrest.2
The sacred fire of liberty

The sacred fire of liberty framed the ideology that formed the revolutions of England, France and the United States of America. These triumphs guided many other states, until the strength of liberty became the measure of political legitimacy throughout the world. But the strain of revolution pulled liberty away from its sources in republican government. Liberty for many came to mean little more than a greater ability to do what one wants. This violated the ancient distinction between liberty and license, reflecting deep changes in European attitudes, following the violent excesses and ultimate failure of (ostensibly) republican government in France. The idea of liberty and the republican model of government grew up together in Rome, and were still firmly linked two thousand years later at George Washington’s inauguration, when he endorsed the “sacred” experiment of the American people. After Robespierre, European friends of liberty despaired of republican institutions, seeking their “liberties” instead from emperors and kings. This created the new doctrine of liberalism, which preached liberty without politics, in deference to “enlightened” rulers and their judicial employees.
On the use of discrete wavelet transform for robust scalable speech coding

We developed scalable narrowband and wideband speech coding schemes based on the internet low bitrate codec (iLBC). Some of these newer codecs used the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) instead of the Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT). This paper explores the choice of wavelet packet transform (WPT) for an application for a new scalable speech codec for IP networks using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to encode the core-layer coding error in the enhancement layer. The issues regarding the design and in particular the choice of wavelet for the wideband codec are discussed. Experimental simulation results show that the DWT is a promising technique to use for encoding highly non-stationary signals such as the speech coding error. The wideband codec achieved speech quality equivalent to ITU-G.718 and similar codecs and is more robust. We also show that the best choice of wavelet depends on many factors including the order and number o f levels of the wavelet tree, delay and how well it approximates the human auditory system.
Electro-Clinical Syndromes by Age of Onset—Childhood, Adolescence, and Adult

Childhood absence epilepsy occurs in children 4–8 years of age with peaks around 6 years. It is more frequent in girls. CAE is characterized by very frequent absence seizures (pyknolepsy). Hyperventilation induces the absence seizures. Based on clinical and electrographic features, absence seizures are classified as typical and atypical absence seizures.
A Novel Abdominal Hysterectomy Simulator and Its Impact on Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents' Surgical Confidence.

Introduction The number of abdominal hysterectomies (AHs) performed by OB/GYN residents has decreased dramatically. Thus, there is a need for simulation training to complement operating room experi...
A Graph Representation and Similarity Measure for Brain Networks with Nodal Features

The human brain demonstrates a network structure that is commonly represented using graphs with pseudonym connectome. Traditionally, connectomes encode only inter-regional connectivity as edges, while regional information, such as centrality of a node that may be crucial to the analysis, is usually handled as statistical covariates. This results in an incomplete encoding of valuable information. In order to alleviate such problems, we propose an enriched connectome encoding regional properties of the brain network, such as structural node degree, strength, and centrality, as node features in addition to representing structural connectivity between regions as weighted edges. We further present an efficient graph matching algorithm, providing two measures to quantify similarity between enriched connectomes. We demonstrate the utility of our graph representation and similarity measures on classifying a traumatic brain injury dataset. Our results show that the enriched representation combining nodal features and structural connectivity information with the graph matching based similarity measures is able to differentiate the groups better than the traditional connectome representation.
Study on the R TDS Simulation Platform of Parallel Injection Hybrid Active Power Filter

To ensure the dynamic compensation performance of the parallel injection hybrid active power filter (IHAPF) input into the grid, established the Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) loop simulation system of the parallel IHAPF using on-line simulation software. The switch frequency of Parallel HIAPF is up to several kHz, conventional RTDS model library can't achieve high frequency simulation, for the modeling difficulties of the parallel IHAPF, using RTDS small step model approach. Introducing the small step modeling approach of the parallel IHAPF in details, and summarized the key and difficulty of modeling, the 35kV substation closed-loop simulation results verify the correct of model. The modeling approach has a significant guiding for the closed-loop RTDS modeling of high switching frequency equipments.
Measurement of T2* in the human spinal cord at 3T.

PURPOSE To measure the transverse relaxation time T2* in healthy human cervical spinal cord gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) at 3T. METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited. Axial images were acquired using an averaged multi-echo gradient-echo (mFFE) T2*-weighted sequence with 5 echoes. We used the signal equation for an mFFE sequence with constant dephasing gradients after each echo to jointly estimate the spin density and T2* for each voxel. RESULTS No global difference in T2* was observed between all GM (41.3 ± 5.6 ms) and all WM (39.8 ± 5.4 ms). No significant differences were observed between left (43.2 ± 6.8 ms) and right (43.4 ± 5.5 ms) ventral GM, left (38.3 ± 6.1 ms) and right (38.6 ± 6.5 ms) dorsal GM, and left (39.4 ± 5.8 ms) and right (40.3 ± 5.8 ms) lateral WM. However, significant regional differences were observed between ventral (43.4 ± 5.7 ms) and dorsal (38.4 ± 6.0 ms) GM (p < 0.05), as well as between ventral (42.9 ± 6.5 ms) and dorsal (37.9 ± 6.2 ms) WM (p < 0.05). In analyses across slices, inferior T2* was longer than superior T2* in GM (44.7 ms vs. 40.1 ms; p < 0.01) and in WM (41.8 ms vs. 35.9 ms; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences in T2* are observed between ventral and dorsal GM, ventral and dorsal WM, and superior and inferior GM and WM. There is no evidence for bilateral asymmetry in T2* in the healthy cord. These values of T2* in the spinal cord are notably lower than most reported values of T2* in the cortex.
Cartographic Presentation as the Central Theme for Geospatial Education

Abstract. North Carolina Central University is committed to student education and training in cartography and geospatial sciences. This paper demonstrates the importance of applying cartographic principles to train students to convert historical deed records into geospatial data. Students were required to take text information from the 1960s and input this information it into a spatial database. The historical information was recorded on typed deeds in COGO (direction-distance) and the historic coordinate system of 1927 in the 1960s. Students applied cartographic principles that were used to identify contextual and spatial variations and anomalies to flag areas and records that didn’t meet project specifications and to trouble shoot conflicting information. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of using cartography as a tool to educate students in allied aspects of geospatial sciences such as creating and managing spatial data. For example, students used tools such as markers and color coding to identify areas of overlap and areas of mismatched records (Figure 1). The authors found that using cartography helped enhance the spatial understanding of the project for students. Education is the foundation of projects at North Carolina Central University and cartography has demonstrated appeal at the university level. Various geospatial aspects such as datums and projections, overlays, gaps, overlaps, and converting written information to spatial (geometric) information lend themselves well to cartographic principles. Cartography is an essential element that supports learning and teaching of spatial information as demonstrated by this project. Students were in a better position to understand and detect spatial anomalies with help from cartography than they were without using cartography and relying solely of written information. This enhanced their understanding and use of spatial data.
Why do some combinations perform better than others

Abstract The evidence from the literature on forecast combination shows that combinations generally perform well. We discuss here how the accuracy and diversity of the methods being combined and the robustness of the combination rule can influence performance, and illustrate this by showing that a simple, robust combination of a subset of the nine methods used in the M4 competition’s best combination performs almost as well as that forecast, and is easier to implement. We screened out methods with low accuracy or highly correlated errors and combined the remaining methods using a trimmed mean. We also investigated the accuracy risk (the risk of a bad forecast), proposing two new accuracy measures for this purpose. Our trimmed mean and the trimmed mean of all nine methods both had lower accuracy risk than either the best combination in the M4 competition or the simple mean of the nine methods.
Sensitivity of “2D pinhole” collimation: An axial slit complemented with septa

543 Objectives: Pinhole SPECT offers higher resolution and sensitivity than parallel-beam (PB) and fan-beam (FB) collimation for objects near the aperture. This is due to magnification, which mitigates detector blurring, and the h-2 dependence of sensitivity. However, pinhole SPECT does not offer complete sampling from a circular orbit. Helical SPECT is one method of obtaining complete data. Herein, we investigate an alternative method that we term “2D Pinhole” (2DP) collimation. 2DP uses axial septa (i.e., septa perpendicular to the axis of rotation (AOR)) to complement the transverse collimation achieved with either a set of pinholes or a slit parallel to the AOR. 2DP is 2D in that each axial slice of the detector acquires complete information for reconstruction during a circular scan, just as for PB and FB. However, the multiple pinholes/slit and the presence of the septa may modify the h-2 dependence of the sensitivity. In this study, we determine the sensitivity using analytic, Monte Carlo (MC), and experimental methods. Methods: We have developed a MC and a first-order theoretical formula for sensitivity in the plane normal to the detector and containing the apertures or slit (central plane). Experimentally, tungsten slats (0.11 mm thick; 17 mm wide; 125 mm long) separated by 1-mm-thick nylon spacers were used as septa. A 3-mm-wide slit was formed with two tungsten plates whose nearest edges formed a 90-degree acceptance angle. Point-source (57Co) data were acquired with a Picker 3000 SPECT scanner using positioning stages that moved the source in the central plane. Data were acquired for 60 s at 10 mm intervals from 63 mm through 213 mm away from the aperture plane. Sensitivity was obtained by dividing the number of counts by the measured system efficiency and source emission rate. Results: Both the MC and analytic formula suggest an approximate h-1 dependence for sensitivity. Experimental data agree both in distance dependence and magnitude with the MC and formula. Conclusions: The sensitivity of 2DP collimation has an h-1 dependence for the parameters and range considered. Research Support (if any): This research was supported by the National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health under grant R33-EB-1543.
Progressive Tax Procedure

Abusive tax avoidance and tax evasion by high-income taxpayers pose unique threats to the tax system. These strategies undermine the tax system’s progressive features and distort its distributional burdens. Responses to this challenge generally fall within two categories: calls to increase IRS enforcement and “activity-based rules” targeting the specific strategies that enable tax avoidance and evasion by these taxpayers. Both of these responses, however, offer incomplete solutions to the problems of high-end noncompliance. This Article presents the case for “progressive tax procedure”—means-based adjustments to the tax procedure rules for high-income taxpayers. In contrast to the activity-based rules in current law, progressive tax procedure would tailor rules to the economic circumstances of the actors rather than their activities. For example, under this approach, a high-income taxpayer would face higher tax penalty rates or longer periods where the IRS could assess tax deficiencies. Progressive tax procedure could also allow an exception for low-value tax underpayments, to avoid excessive IRS scrutiny or unduly burdensome rules for less serious offenses. Progressive tax procedure could address the unique challenges posed by high-end tax noncompliance and equalize the effect of the tax procedure rules for taxpayers in varying economic circumstances. It could also complement the alternative approaches of increasing tax enforcement and activity-based rules while avoiding the limitations of relying exclusively on these responses. After developing the normative case for progressive tax procedure, the Article illustrates how it could be applied in three specific areas: accuracy-related tax penalties, the reasonable cause defense, and the statute of limitations. These applications illuminate the basic design choices in implementing progressive tax procedure, including the types of rules that should be adjusted and the methods for designing these adjustments.
Miriam Toews’s Women Talking: A Call For Artistic Prophethood

Prophets typically speak from the margins. They tend not to be welcomed by the establishment. Such is the case with Canadian Mennonite novelist Miriam Toews. In her most recent novel, Women Talking , Toews produces a dark story of Mennonite women on a Bolivian colony who were brutally raped by fellow members of the community. The novel, based upon true events, gives a fictive but powerful voice to women not yet able to speak to power and violence. The story details the decision before these women; should they stay in the colony or should they leave? Do they submit to power or move on? Through this Mennonite story, Toews sparks a prophetic impulse for a discussion among Pentecostals. Her voice will enliven current and future artists to speak boldly about violence against women and other forms of injustice.
Long-range collectivity in small collision-systems with two- and four-particle correlations @ STAR

Abstract New STAR differential and integral v 2 , 3 measurements that explicitly account for non-flow contributions, are reported for p/d/3He+Au, collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . The measurements, which leverage the two-particle correlators for p/d/3He+Au and minimum-bias p + p collisions in tandem with three well established methods of non-flow subtraction, are observed to be method-independent. For comparable multiplicities, they further indicate system-independent v 2 { 2 } and v 3 { 2 } values that are consistent with the critical role of both “size” (Nch) and the subnucleonic-fluctuations-driven eccentricities e 2 , 3 , but are inconsistent with the notion of shape engineering in p/d/3He+Au collisions. The scaling function derived from the measurements, confirm the important role of final-state effects across a broad spectrum of collision-system sizes and energies, and suggests an increase in η / s ( T , μ B ) for small collision-systems.
Introduction to Special Series on Universal Design for Learning

This special series of Remedial and Special Education features four articles about universal design for learning (UDL). One intervention study describes learning outcomes for middle school students...
Specifying advantages of multi-modal cueing: Quantifying improvements with augmented tactile information

This work examines how tactile cues, encoded with azimuth and distance information, compare with visual and speech cues on performance and mental workload in a target detection task. Two experiments are reported using a simulated environment in which targets were presented at varying azimuth and distance locations. In the first experiment, participants engaged targets both while stationary and while in motion using tactile, visual, or speech cues. A no cueing control was included. In the second multi-modal experiment, participants completed the same task using cue pairings. Performance metrics consisted of hits, misses due to non-detection, misses due to inaccurate engagement, false alarms, response time, navigation errors as well as subjective ratings of mental workload scores were also collected. Results demonstrate the superiority of tactile cues as a means to communicate target location information either as a single modality or when paired with the two other cue types.
Comparison study of the implementations of BURMI and UMA in Beijing， Shanghai，

After the market economic reform in China,the planned-economy based Government Insurance Program and Labor Insurance Program were no longer feasible,replaced by the Basic Urban Labor Medical Insurance Program (BULMI) in the 1990s.Yet BULMI is not a universal social insurance program covering the whole city population,it rules out numerous urban unemployment and jobless people,the major composition of China urban poor.In a considerable period of time,those need medical assistance the most received the least policy benefits.This gap was initially fixed at 2007,after enacting the Basic Urban Resident Medical Insurance Program (BURMI) and Urban Medical Assistance Program (UMA).This article is based on a comparison study of the implementations of BURMI and UMA in Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangzhou,discussing the internal logic of the China healthcare oolicv development. Key words: Basic Urban Labor Medical Insurance; Besic Urban Resident Medical Insurance; Urban Medical Assistance; Urban Resident Minimum Living Standard; Urban Low-Income
Simultaneous fortification of rice with folic acid and β-carotene or vitamin A by limited-water parboiling

Abstract Rice fortification by parboiling has been used to fortify rice with a single or a combination of multiple nutrients. While several studies have demonstrated the success of rice fortification with minerals by the parboiling technique, the number of studies that used vitamins as fortificants is limited with varying results. A limited-water soaking method has been introduced as a feasible and more sustainable alternative to the conventional excess-water soaking in parboiling. This study investigated the application of limited-water soaking in the simultaneous fortification of rice with water- and fat-soluble vitamins. Pure and water-soluble forms of β-carotene and vitamin A were first compared to identify a more effective form to be combined with folic acid. Water-soluble forms of β-carotene and vitamin A were easy to incorporate into the soaking water and presented effective fortification without affecting rice milling quality, the amount of wastewater and solids in wastewater. Milled rice fortified with folic acid combined with water-soluble forms of β-carotene or vitamin A in the limited-water soaking method contributed to about 75% of the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for folic acid, about 173% (female) and 134% (male) of the RDAs for β-carotene, and to about 58% (female) and 45% (male) of the RDAs for vitamin A. Rice fortified with β-carotene showed a greater uptake and a more orange color compared to the others. Thus, fortification of rice with vitamins by limited-water parboiling is an efficient process to obtain fortified rice that can significantly increase vitamin intake with limited environmental impacts.
Optimizing ceftaroline dosing in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy

Background and objectives Currently, no dosing information exists for ceftaroline fosamil in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The objectives of this study are to characterize the pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in critically ill patients undergoing CRRT modalities and to derive individualized dosing recommendations. Methods This pharmacokinetic study aimed to enroll critically ill patients receiving ceftaroline fosamil and any CRRT modality from adult intensive care units. Selection of the specific CRRT modality and dosing regimen was based on clinical discretion. Pre-filter, post-filter, and ultrafiltrate samples were obtained before the administration of the fourth dose, after the completion of the infusion, and up to five additional time points post-infusion. Plasma concentrations were measured using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography assay. Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis. Results Four patients were enrolled to investigate the need for dosing adjustments. The average sieving coefficient for ceftaroline was 0.81 ± 0.1, indicating high filter efficiency. The average volume of distribution was 41.8 L (0.48 L/kg) and is within the previously reported range in patients with normal renal function. Non-renal clearance accounted for more than 50% of the total clearance observed in patients. The observed pharmacokinetic profiles suggest that the pharmacodynamic target for 2-log10 CFU reduction from baseline (%fT >1 mg/L of 50%) was met for each patient. Due to the impact of CRRT and non-renal clearance, dosing recommendations were derived for different ranges of effluent flow rates and adjusted body weights. For a patient with an adjusted body weight of 70 kg and receiving CRRT at an effluent flow rate of 3 L/h, a ceftaroline fosamil dosing regimen of 400 mg every 12 h is proposed. Conclusion Ceftaroline is cleared extensively in critically ill patients receiving CRRT and may impact pharmacodynamic target achievement. Dose adjustments should be based on the intensity of the CRRT regimen, patient weight, and the clinical status of the patient.
The Ambiguous World of Heteroglossic Computer-Mediated Language Learning

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has been seen as offering a way to sensitize language learners to heteroglossia in all its forms: varieties of linguistic codes and styles, varieties of opinions and ideological points of view, diversity of semiotic meaning-making modalities—all of which are difficult to instantiate through one single teacher in a classroom. Thus, CMC has been touted as an ideal pedagogic solution to an age-old problem: How to put foreign language learners in dialogue with genuine native speakers to experience this heteroglossia? CMC, however, does not always deliver what it promises. Drawing upon an ethnographic analysis of in-classroom observations, online discourse, and learner reflections, this chapter attempts to conceptualize and describe a manner of online language that is neither the multivoicedness that Bakhtin called heteroglossia nor the authoritative discourse he presented as its antithesis, but echoings and mirrorings that turn learners back on themselves.
Mutunga Peter and Stewart Julie. Life Skills, Sexual Maturation and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Kenya . Harare: Weaver Press/University of Zimbabwe, Women's Law Centre, 2003. Distributed by African Books Collective Ltd., 27 Park End Street, Oxford, 0X1 1HU U.K. 200 pp. Tables. Notes. Index. Index of References. $27.95. Paper.

Peter Mutunga and Julie Stewart. Life Skills, Sexual Maturation and Sanitation: What's (Not) Happening in Our Schools? An Exploratory Study from Kenya. Harare: Weaver Press/University of Zimbabwe, Women's Law Centre, 2003. Distributed by African Books Collective Ltd., 27 Park End Street, Oxford, 0X1 1HU U.K. 200 pp. Tables. Notes. Index. Index of References. $27.95. Paper. This valuable exploratory study from Kenya, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, examines the teaching of "life skills" at the primary school level and its relationship to girls' enrollment, retention, and academic achievement. Life skills refers to basic learning competence and issues of girls' sexual maturation and menstrual practices. The hypothesis is that girls' perennial low enrollment and level of academic success are linked, perhaps causally, to how factors often shrouded in secrecy and silence at home-sexual maturation, sanitation, and life skills acquisition-are (not) addressed in the primary school curriculum or the wider educational context. The book consists of six case studies and several tables, and an introduction and conclusion by Peter Mutunga. The researchers found "great gender disparity in access to education and performance at all tiers of education" (23) linked to several factors: infrastructural shortcomings, an examination-oriented curriculum, inadequate teacher training, insufficiently implemented educational policies, and negative cultural beliefs, attitudes, and practices surrounding girls' puberty both at home and school. Kenyan girls tend to start school older in age than boys, have higher primary school dropout rates than boys, experience sexual maturation while still in lower grades even though "family education" is not taught until the middle school years, are prioritized lower than boys in the wider cultural context, particularly where education is concerned, and receive education from policymakers and planners who are predominantly male (22). Macro-level variables shaping gender disparity in education include Kenya's high fertility rate and population growth, drought and economic decline in the late 1990s and early 2000s, ethnic, geographical, and cultural diversity, and poverty, as well as what rural parents often experience as the exorbitant costs associated with education-school fees, mandatory uniforms, and supplies. Institutional problems loom large: underequipped infrastructures with severely inadequate sanitation systems make girls' modest management of personal hygiene an imposing if not impossible challenge. …
Control system failure monitoring using generalized parity relations

Many applications require that a control system must be tolerant to the failure of its components. This is especially true for large space-based systems that must work unattended and with long periods between maintenance. Fault tolerance can be obtained by detecting the failure of the control system component, determining which component has failed, and reconfiguring the system so that the failed component is isolated from the controller. Component failure detection experiments that were conducted on an experimental space structure, the NASA Langley Mini-Mast are presented. Two methodologies for failure detection and isolation (FDI) exist that do not require the specification of failure modes and are applicable to both actuators and sensors. These methods are known as the Failure Detection Filter and the method of Generalized Parity Relations. The latter method was applied to three different sensor types on the Mini-Mast. Failures were simulated in input-output data that were recorded during operation of the Mini-Mast. Both single and double sensor parity relations were tested and the effect of several design parameters on the performance of these relations is discussed. The detection of actuator failures is also treated. It is shown that in all the cases it is possible to identify the parity relations directly from input-output data. Frequency domain analysis is used to explain the behavior of the parity relations.
Technical change in technology management

Technical change is a definition of the evolution of technology in such a way that the attributes can be measured. Once measured, the measurements can be used to develop product development strategies for maximum effect within the constraints of the organization. The author presents an overview of what has been learned about the general characteristics of technical change. The results of the measurements of technical change are presented, and a product development scheduling example is worked out. >
Active and passive environmental DNA surveillance of aquatic invasive species

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is useful for delimiting species ranges in aquatic systems, whereby water samples are screened for the presence of DNA from a single species. However, DNA from many species...
Unusual Presentation of Benign Cystic Brenner Tumor With Exuberant Psammomatous Calcifications

Transitional cell tumors of the ovary comprise about 1% to 2% of all ovarian neoplasms. Most of these tumors are benign Brenner tumors and account for about 5% of benign surface epithelial-stromal tumors. Spicules of calcifications are found in the stroma of about 50% of benign Brenner tumors. Although diagnostic challenges might occur more frequently with either of the borderline or malignant Brenner tumors, this problem is not that common when diagnosing a benign Brenner tumor. This study reports a case of benign Brenner tumor with exuberant dystrophic calcifications that obscured most of the epithelium and posed a diagnostic challenge in differentiating it from the more common malignant counterparts such as serous carcinoma and specifically psammocarcinoma.
Variable pressure electron beam lithography (VP-eBL): A new tool for direct patterning of nanometer-scale features on substrates with low electrical conductivity

We introduce variable pressure electron beam lithography (VP-eBL), as a new approach for the fabrication of nanometer-scale structures on electrically insulating substrates. This novel approach combines the high-resolution patterning capability of electron beam lithography with the charge-balance mechanism of the variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) to control charging effects during pattern exposure. VP-eBL eliminates the need for any of the additional materials or processing steps required to eliminate pattern distortion artifacts during high vacuum eBL patterning on such substrates. Preliminary characterization of the VP-eBL process is presented, which demonstrates no significant change in ultimate pattern definition or enhancement of the local proximity effects due to primary beam scattering. In addition, we find that the shape of the scattering profile in the resist layer is modified in the presence of the chamber gas, allowing improved pattern definition at higher pressures.
Integration of teen pregnancy and child abuse research: identifying mediator variables for pregnancy outcome.

In the past two decades, as sexual activity has increased among adolescents in the United States, so have the numbers of unplanned teen pregnancies; these young families with children have higher rates of poverty than any other group. Child abuse and neglect has also increased dramatically in this country in recent years. Pregnant or parenting teens have been found to be significantly more maladjusted than matched controls. Research into the dynamics of childhood maltreatment suggests that psychopathology increases with severity of abuse. Dissociation and depression, specifically, have been shown to mediate the effects of child abuse on life experiences. Furthermore, dissociation was found to be associated with reports of becoming pregnant or of having an abortion in high school, and child abuse history was significantly correlated with male reports of a girlfriend's becoming pregnant and reports of a girlfriend's having an abortion in high school. Findings like these from research on teen pregnancy and from the child abuse literature suggest a link between the two fields. The authors review relevant data, suggest ways to integrate the two areas of research, discuss implications for future studies, and propose a model for further investigation.
Computer Simulation of Waveform Distortions in Digital Magnetic Recordings

When frequency or phase modulation is applied to digital magnetic recording, both peak shift and amplitude variation occur in the readback signals. These distortions are due specifically to pulse crowding, noise, and variation of separation between read head and recording medium. When such waveform distortions are simulated on the digital computer, the results agree well with those obtained from a time-consuming experimental method, and are more accurate than an approximate analytical solution. Simulation results are also produced in graphical form, and thus provide an additional guide for designing and evaluating the performance of optimal recording systems.
The reliability and validity of measurements designed to quantify posterior shoulder tightness

Commentary on ‘The reliability and validity of measurements designed to quantify posterior shoulder tightness’, Salamh et al. The authors of this review1 should be commended on their thorough syste...
HEMATOLOGIC AND VITAMIN STATUS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PREGNANCY OUTCOME

Abstract A prospective observational study was conducted to investigate the effects of nutrition and related factors on the outcome of pregnancy in nulliparous African American women 16–35 years of age. Blood samples from a subset of these subjects were taken during the first (1st), second (2nd) and third (3rd) trimesters of pregnancy and at delivery. Cord blood samples were also collected at delivery. Levels of selected biochemical variables including serum ferritin, vitamin B 12 and folate as well as whole blood folate, and selected hematologic indices were determined and correlated with pregnancy outcome variables. During the second trimester of pregnancy, values for hematocrit and hemoglobin were less than 30% and 11 g/dL, respectively, in 16% and 30% of the participants, respectively. Serum and whole blood (WB) folate increased sequentially during pregnancy. Cord concentrations of serum folate were significantly higher than maternal concentrations at delivery (P 2 =0.21), while gestational age was inversely correlated with 3rd trimester vitamin B 12 (R 2 =0.34). These data suggest that vitamin B 12 and folate play an important role in the outcome of pregnancy in this population.
Direct Analytical Comparisons of Video Preamplifier Configurations for Optimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio Performance

A detailed analytical study has been made of the various factors affecting the band-limited signal-to-noise ratio in wideband video preamplifiers, where the signal source is essentially a current source and where the basic limitation on high-frequency performance is that of the input time-constant. This study involves an evaluation of the factors involved in creating "feasibility circuit models" preliminary to design optimization for specific requirements. Using identical overall frequency response forms, four basic types of amplifiers which correct for the input capacitance limitation are compared.
MEGAHPOL: A FAST ON-LINE NONCOMPUTER MULTIPARAMETER DATA REDUCTION SYSTEM.

Abstract This note describes why we eliminated on-line computers from our experiments and how we replaced them with a faster “MEGAHPOL” (MEGA-event Hardware-Programmed On-Line) data reduction system. MEGAHPOL is capable of reducing data in multiparameter experiments involving readout of up to 100 scintillation counters at a rate of 100 000 events per second. Integrated circuit interface elements are wired according to a program determined by the physics objectives. The interface reduces the contents of the counters into one word which is stored in a special purpose multi-channel analyzer. At the end of each 30 min run the analyzer memory, containing typically 10 7 events binned in up to 4096 combinations, is dumped onto magnetic tape.
Starbursts in the nuclei of shell galaxies

Simulations of shell-forming galaxy mergers are reported in which gas and stars are tracked separately to study the implications of observations that indicate fine structures in elliptical galaxies. The hybrid N-body/hydrodynamics code by Hernquist and Katz (1989) is employed neglecting the self-gravity of galaxies in tidal disruptions by massive primaries of small dwarf galaxies. The evolution of the galactic debris is examined showing that the gas and stars are effectively segregated with the stars forming sharp-edged features and the gas forming disks in the nucleus of the primary. Star formation is theorized to occur in the nuclei of shell galaxies due to shocks in the gas, and the added presence of a black hole can lead to an active galactic nucleus. The simulation is of interest to the interpretation of such observations as those of NGC1275 in which dormant elliptical galaxies are activated by mergers between large galaxies and gas-rich satellites.
Photodetachment cross section of H- in crossed electric and magnetic fields. I. Closed-orbit theory.

In this, the first of two papers, we obtain a simple analytic formula for the photodetachment cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in crossed electric and magnetic fields. The three-dimensional semiclassical approximation predicts oscillations in the spectrum and these oscillations are correlated with closed classical orbits. In the following paper [A. D. Peters and J. B. Delos, Phys. Rev. A 47, 3036 (1993)] we derive fully-quantum-mechanical formulas for the cross section in perpendicular electric and magnetic fields and show how these results can be reduced to the semiclassical results of this paper.
Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 among Hispanics in the USA: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2008

To examine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) among Hispanics in the USA, we used the cross-sectional, nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to compare the seroprevalence of HSV-2 between Hispanic persons of Mexican heritage and non-Mexican heritage aged 14-44 years, from survey years 2007-2008. The overall HSV-2 seroprevalence among Hispanics aged 14-44 years was 17.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.2, 20.1) in the USA. HSV-2 seroprevalence was significantly lower among Mexican Americans than among other Hispanics (11.7% vs. 27.8%, P < 0.01). Prevalence of HSV-2 was also significantly associated with gender and age. The significant difference in HSV-2 seroprevalence between Hispanic persons of Mexican heritage and non-Mexican heritage suggested that targeting specific subgroups of Hispanics for preventive interventions may be a strategy to reduce the transmission of HSV-2 and HIV among Hispanics in the USA.
LANtastic : simple, powerful local area network for PCs

LANtastic is a local area network package for connecting two or more IBM‐compatible computers. The package allows users to share resources such as disks, directories, printers, and CD‐ROM drives, and to use electronic mail. The basic LANtastic starter kit, which connects two IBM‐compatible personal computers, comes with adapter cards, plugs, cable, manual and software for $525. Adapters for additional computers cost $249 each. Voice adapters for voice mail sell for $149 each. The vendor is Artisoft, Inc., 575 E. River Rd., Tucson, AZ 85704, USA. Tel: +1 (602) 293–6363. In the UK LANtastic is distributed by Mirai Networks Ltd, Unit 7, Metro Centre, Pulpit Lane, Watford WD1 8SS. Tel: +44 (0)9232 20111.
Error detecting multiple block (d,k) codes

The authors present a construction for two families of error detecting multiple block (d,k) codes. The first family has the ability to detect when encoded blocks have become offset in time by a single bit cell, while the second family has the ability to detect when a one in an encoded block is misdetected and appears in an adjacent bit cell. The authors present sub-block constructions for the two families of error detecting (d,k) codes and maximize the code rate over the set of all legitimate (d,k) codes formed from single and multiple sub-blocks. It is noted that, for both families of error detection codes, the construction is able to retain over half of the (d,k) sequences of a given length usable in a non-error-detecting block code. Therefore, using this construction, a non-error-detecting (d,k) block code which encodes m binary bits to an average of n channel bits can be converted to an error detecting (d,k) block with a rate loss of at most 1/n. >
Hartree-fock calculations of crystalline packing of small linear n-alkanes

Abstract Conformation energies for n -propane and n -butane complexes which model the unit cell and the packing of even and odd paraffin hydrocarbons along the crystal c -axis are determined. It is found that Huzinaga's MINI-1 basis is well suited for a first study of the weak interactions which determine the difference between even and odd n -alkanes, whereas the STO-3G basis fails.
Investigation of STM image artifacts by in-situ reflection electron microscopy

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) image artifacts have been studied using an STM operating inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). This instrument allows independent imaging of the same region by STM and reflection electron microscopy (REM). Modifications made recently have increased its rigidity. STM atomic resolution imaging of graphite inside the TEM demonstrate its stability. Comparison of STM and REM images of nanometer-scale features have revealed image artifacts caused by the STM tip. In particular, instances where features were broadened by tip convolution have been directly identified. Broadening of objects by up to three times is a common occurrence. We have also found instances where features were compressed by the STM tip while imaging. This results in inaccurate STM height information about the feature. This leads to questions about the accuracy of STM images of nanometer-scale features.
The genetic basis of phenotypic heterogeneity in myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are malignant clonal disorders of haematopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment, affecting older individuals (median age ∼70 years). Unique features that are associated with MDS - but which are not necessarily present in every patient with MDS - include excessive apoptosis in maturing clonal cells, a pro-inflammatory bone marrow microenvironment, specific chromosomal abnormalities, abnormal ribosomal protein biogenesis, the presence of uniparental disomy, and mutations affecting genes involved in proliferation, methylation and epigenetic modifications. Although emerging insights establish an association between molecular abnormalities and the phenotypic heterogeneity of MDS, their origin and progression remain enigmatic.
Presenting complaint among patients with myocardial infarction who present to an urban, public hospital emergency department

Abstract Study objective: We determine the frequency of patients presenting without a primary complaint of chest pain who are admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and identify factors associated with an increased risk of a presentation without chest pain. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study over a 5-year period (July 1, 1993, to June 30, 1998) of patients presenting to a large urban, public hospital emergency department who were admitted and determined to have an AMI based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, coding and chart review. Main outcome measures were prevalence of presentation without chest pain and prevalence of other predefined presentations (ie, shortness of breath, cardiac arrest, abdominal pain, dizziness/weakness/syncope) as determined by the primary chief complaint entered on arrival at the ED. We calculated univariate relative risks and multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for presentation without chest pain in women, nonwhite ethnic groups, and older age groups. Results: Of the 721 cases of diagnosed AMI, 53% (380; 95% confidence interval [CI] 49% to 56%) of patients presented with chest pain. The frequency of other complaints were shortness of breath, 17% (121); cardiac arrest, 7% (50); dizziness/weakness/syncope, 4% (32); abdominal pain, 2% (14); and other, 17% (124). The risk of a presentation without chest pain in a patient with AMI increased with age. The characteristic with the highest risk for a presentation without chest pain in patients with AMI was age older than 84 years old (multivariate OR 5.76; 95% CI 3.06 to 10.83). Women were more likely than men to present without chest pain (multivariate OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.28). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that patients with AMI commonly present to the ED without a primary initial complaint of chest pain and that the frequency of initial presentations without chest pain in our urban, public hospital is as high or higher than that reported in the general ED population. Heightened awareness of atypical presentations may affect assessment of patients with AMI and provide further focus for research into presentations of acute coronary syndrome other than chest pain. [Gupta M, Tabas JA, Kohn MA. Presenting complaint among patients with myocardial infarction who present to an urban, public hospital emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. August 2002;40:180-186.]
The west-central Florida inner shelf and coastal system: a geologic conceptual overview and introduction to the special issue

Abstract This paper provides an overview for this special publication on the geologic framework of the inner shelf and coastal zone of west-central Florida. This is a significant geologic setting in that it lies at the center of an ancient carbonate platform facing an enormous ramp that has exerted large-scale control on coastal geomorphology, the availability of sediments, and the level of wave energy. In order to understand the Holocene geologic history of this depositional system, a regional study defined by natural boundaries (north end of a barrier island to the apex of a headland) was undertaken by a group of government and university coastal geologists using a wide variety of laboratory and field techniques. It is the purpose of this introductory paper to define the character of this coastal/inner shelf system, provide a historical geologic perspective and background of environmental information, define the overall database, present the collective objectives of this regional study, and very briefly present the main aspects of each contribution. Specific conclusions are presented at the end of each paper composing this volume.