cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REACTION SYNTHESIS MECHANISM IN DYNAMICALLY DENSIFIED Ti + C POWDER COMPACTS

Abstract Elemental titanium and carbon powder mixtures were statically and dynamically densified to make ∼88–90% dense compacts for subsequent reaction synthesis in an induction-heated hot press at 1100°–1400°C, with 60 minutes constant hold time and a nominal pressure of 34.5 MPa (5000 psi). The reaction behavior of the dynamically (shock) densified powder compacts was observed to be dominated by defect-enhanced solid-state diffusion. Measurements of titanium carbide formation rates revealed that the otherwise-sluggish diffusion of Ti or C through the initial C-deficient TiC x layer is significantly altered in the dynamically compressed powders with activation energies for diffusion reduced by 4–6 times. The reacted dynamically densified compacts are ∼85% dense, and have a ∼5μm grain size. In contrast, statically pressed Ti + C compacts were observed to react via a combustion-type process (following initial solid-state reaction) resulting in porous reaction products with >30% retained porosity. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors: 2: sidechain optimization and demonstration of in vivo efficacy

Potent, subnanomolar thrombin inhibitors 4, 5, and 6 are developed through side chain optimization of novel, benzo[b]thiophene-based small organic entities 2 and 3 and through SAR additivity studies of the new structural elements identified. X-ray crystallographic studies of 4b-thrombin complex revealed a hydrophobic and an electrostatic interaction of these new elements with thrombin at the S2 and S3 binding sites. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies showed that 4, 5, and 6 are potent anticoagulants in human plasma with demonstrated antithrombotic efficacy in a rat model of thrombosis.
Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) interaction with actin and the calponin homology (CH) domain of actin-binding proteins.

An interaction between extracellular regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and calponin has previously been reported (Menice, Hulvershorn, Adam, Wang and Morgan (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272 (40), 25157‐25161) and has been suggested to reflect a function of calponin as a signalling molecule. We report in this study that calponin binds to both ERK1 and ERK2 under native conditions as well as in an overlay assay. Using chymotryptic fragments of calponin, the binding site of ERK on calponin was identified as the calponin homology (CH) domain, an N-terminal region of calponin found in other actin-binding proteins. ERK also bound, in a gel overlay assay, a-actinin, a protein with two tandem CH domains, as well as a 27 kDa thermolysin product of a-actinin containing the CH domains of a-actinin. The CH domain of calponin could compete with intact calponin or a-actinin for
Conflict resolution in sooty mangabeys

Abstract Abstract. Behaviour associated with conflict and conflict resolution (i.e. aggression, aid to the victim, join with aggressor, reconciliation) and the individuals involved (kin versus non-kin) provide an important means by which to compare the social systems of different primate species. To better understand the social nature of a little known primate species, sooty mangabeys, Cerocebus torquatus atys , aggression and its sequelae were studied in a captive group over a period of 1 year for a total of 307 agonistic episodes. Most aggression between sooty mangabeys did not involve contact (53%) and contact that did occur was controlled. Aid to the victim following agonistic interactions was recorded during 4·4% of the episodes in sooty mangabeys and 15·6% in rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta , in a specific comparison between these two species. Additionally, for mangabeys, victims involved in heavy aggression received aid more frequently than victims involved in light aggression. Regarding post-aggressive behaviour, interaction with the opponent was initiated following the aggressive episode during 55% of the post-conflict sessions compared with only 2% of the matched controls. By far the most common interaction initiated by the victim following an aggressive episode was returning to or staying with 1 m of the aggressor (94%). This behaviour was accompanied by a hindquarters present while looking at the opponent over the shoulder or simply returning to or staying within 1 m and looking at the opponent. Importantly, kinship did not play a role in influencing the frequency of interactions following aggressive behaviour. Thus, sooty mangabeys do not exhibit damaging aggression under stable social conditions, perhaps influencing the fact that aid to the victim in this species is infrequent, and non-aggressive interactions between opponents occur following the majority of agonistic episodes without regard to kinship.
Beam control and diagnostic functions in the NIF transport spatial filter

Beam control and diagnostic systems are required to align the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser prior to a shot as well as to provide diagnostics on 192 beam lines at shot time. A design that allows each beam`s large spatial filter lenses to also serve as objective lenses for beam control and diagnostic sensor packages helps to accomplish the task at a reasonable cost. However, this approach also causes a high concentration of small optics near the pinhole plane of the transport spatial filter (TSF) at the output of each beam. This paper describes the optomechanical design in and near the central vacuum vessel of the TSF.
Characterization of leader-related small RNAs in coronavirus-infected cells: further evidence for leader-primed mechanism of transcription.

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a murine coronavirus, replicates in the cytoplasm and synthesizes 7 viral mRNAs containing an identical stretch of leader RNA sequences at the 5'-end of each RNA. The leader-coding sequences at the 5'-end of genomic RNA are at least 72 nucleotides in length and are joined to the viral mRNAs by a unique mechanism. Utilizing a leader-specific cDNA probe, we have detected several free leader RNA species ranging from 70 to 82 nucleotides in length. The predominant leader RNA was approximately 75 nucleotides. In addition, larger distinct leader-containing RNAs were also detected ranging from 130 to 250 nucleotides in length. The 70–82-nucleotide leader-related RNAs were present in both the cytosol and membrane fractions of infected cells. They were also detected only in the small RNA fractions but not associated with the replicative-intermediate RNA. These data suggest that the leader RNAs were associated with the membrane-bound transcription complex but at least part of them were dissociated from the RNA template. We have also identified a temperature-sensitive mutant, which synthesizes only leader RNA but not mRNAs at nonpermissive temperature, indicating that leader RNA synthesis is distinct from the transcription of mRNAs. These data support the leader-primed mechanism for coronavirus transcription and suggest that one or more free leader RNAs are used as primers of mRNA synthesis.
Compton scattered neutron capture gamma rays for photofission studies

Abstract A novel facility for producing photons of continuously variable energy from 3.0 MeV to 8.0 MeV has been constructed at the Ames Laboratory Research Reactor. Gamma rays produced by neutron capture in the reactor are Compton scattered from a curved aluminum plate whose curvature is easily varied for different scattering configurations. This facility has been used for photofission yield measurements and preliminary results of the relative photofission cross section from 5.0 MeV to 8.0 MeV are presented for 238U.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RUNNING LOSS ON CONSISTENT RUNNERS

This study examined the psychological effects of running loss upon consistent runners. We compared a group of 30 "Prevented Runners" who were unable to run for at least two weeks with a group of 30 "Continuing Runners" who ran without interruption on the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Zung Depression Scale, and a Running Information questionnaire. We found that Prevented Runners displayed significantly greater symptoms of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, confusion, over-all mood disturbance, and lower self-esteem than did Continuing Runners. Deprivation of running may result in withdrawal symptoms of psychological distress for consistent runners who rely on running as a coping strategy for stress reduction and who feel dependent upon the psychological reinforcements of running.
Sensitivity of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 (Cyanobacteria) to water stress

Cells of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 from liquid cultures expressed an upshift in nitrogenase activity when immobilised on inert supports and exposed to matric water potentials between -1.10 and -99.5 MPa. Cells incubated at 0.10 MPa (aw=c 1.0) maintained increased activity for at least 48 h following immobilization. At water potentials below -23.1 MPa (aw=0.85), the upshift was transitory. Nitrogenase activity decreased rapidly when immobilised cells were incubated at lower values of ψm.
The effect of sedimentation and diffusion on cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles

In vitro experiments typically measure the uptake of nanoparticles by exposing cells at the bottom of a culture plate to a suspension of nanoparticles, and it is generally assumed that this suspension is well-dispersed. However, nanoparticles can sediment, which means that the concentration of nanoparticles on the cell surface may be higher than the initial bulk concentration, and this could lead to increased uptake by cells. Here, we use upright and inverted cell culture configurations to show that cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles depends on the sedimentation and diffusion velocities of the nanoparticles and is independent of size, shape, density, surface coating and initial concentration of the nanoparticles. Generally, more nanoparticles are taken up in the upright configuration than in the inverted one, and nanoparticles with faster sedimentation rates showed greater differences in uptake between the two configurations. Our results suggest that sedimentation needs to be considered when performing in vitro studies for large and/or heavy nanoparticles.
Talking with Patients About Spirituality and Worldview: Practical Interviewing Techniques and Strategies

Psychiatrists now recognize that religion and spirituality are important to much of the populace and that attending to them probably will improve clinical psychiatric practice. This article presents a practical guide for addressing some of the key interviewing skills needed to explore a patient's framework for meaning—the patient's religion, spirituality, and worldview. It offers guidelines on the process of the interview, including ways to initiate conversation in this area, with suggestions and specific questions for a more thorough exploration of the patient's religious and spiritual life.
Another missed opportunity? Recognition of alcohol use problems by mental health providers.

Alcohol use problems (AUPs) are prev-alent among people seeking psychother-apy. Despite mandates from managedcare companies to routinely screen forAUPs, little is known about the screen-ing practices of providers or their abil-ity to identify AUPs based on present-ing symptoms. Participants ( N 117)read two case vignettes and suggestedinitial diagnoses and questions theywould ask in order to clarify a diagno-sis. Participants were more likely toask about substance use and diagnosean AUP when the vignette containedexplicit reference to the clients sub-stance use as compared to a vignettewhere the signs of an AUP were moresubtle. In both vignettes, a mentalhealth problem was a more likely diag-nosis than an AUP. Neither participantattributes nor personal or professionalexperiences with AUPs reliably shapedresponses to the vignettes. The ndingsare discussed in light of their implica-tions for future research and improvedtraining in addictions for mental healthproviders.Keywords: alcohol screening, alcoholassessment, problem drinking, mentalhealth, addiction training
Iterative decoding for the concatenated system of VLC and STTC in presence of channel estimation errors

For wireless communications with limited bandwidth and fading channels, both source coding and MIMO techniqueare generally desired. In this paper, we consider the receiver design for a concatenated system with reversible variable length code (RVLC) and space time trellis code (STTC). The maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding algorithm is adapted for both component decoders considering the facts that information are in both bit and symbol domains; systematic information are inseparable and the trellis structure of RVLC is non-symmetric. Conversion from the extrinsic information to the a priori information is also designed based on the modulation mode and mapping method. As a result, the decoding results of each component decoder can be utilized by the other component decoder iteratively so as to improve the overall decoding performance. The designed receiver is then tested for both quasi-static at and rapid fading channels when channel information is known to the receiver either perfectly or non-perfectly, which has shown significant improvement over the traditional receiver without iterative decoding.
On the sign of the mountain pass solution

We consider a class of superlinear elliptic problems on a bounded domain in R n .I t is known that (besides the zero solution) such superlinear problems possess at least one positive and one negative solution of mountain-pass type, as well as a sign-changing solution. Moreover, the least-energy solutions (\ground-states") are among those one-sign solutions. We study the eect of the nonlinearity on the sign of such ground-states and the corresponding role played by the \interior geometry" of and the geometry of @. ? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bisexual Counseling Competence: Investigating the Role of Attitudes and Empathy

Researchers have identified factors that contribute to counseling competence and multicultural competence, yet there continues to remain a gap in bisexual counseling competence. Negative attitudes faced by bisexual individuals have significant implications for their psychological well-being and identity development. It is important for clinicians to explore their ability to empathize with this population and their attitudes toward bisexual clients. This study sought to determine whether clinician empathy and attitudes toward bisexuality were significant predictors of perceived and actual competence with bisexual clients. The study surveyed 101 clinicians. Multivariate multiple regression analyses revealed that only attitudes toward bisexuality were significant predictors of perceived and actual bisexual counseling competency. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
Deliberate hypotension in head and neck surgery

The deliberate reduction of blood pressure in an attempt to reduce intraoperative blood loss has generated significant controversy in the 30 years since its clinical introduction. Numerous series have been reported, but few have met generally accepted, current criteria for controlled studies. In this article, the effect of blood pressure reduction on organ perfusion will be presented together with a review of techniques of achieving hypotension. A summary of results is included and, based on this data, recommendations are offered regarding the application and limits of deliberate hypotension.
Comparative studies of the responses of rat liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase to phospholipase C treatment and phospholipid supplementation.

Abstract 1. 1.|Comparative studies of the responses of Glc-6- P phosphohydrolase and PP i -glucose phosphotransferase activities of rat liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) to in vitro phospholipid modifications have been carried out. Various conditions for assay enzymic activities were employed, and results compared. 2. 2.|Based on activity assays performed at pH 6 in the absence of added detergent, both activities decreased progressively and in parallel fashion with increasing length of exposure of microsomes to the action of phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3). These activities of such treated preparation were increased by the addition of micellular dispersions of supplemental phospholipid (rat liver microsomal phospholipid preparations or, in one study, various classes of purified phospholipids). These observations provide yet another piece of evidence in support of catalysis of these two enzymic activities by a single microsomal enzyme. 3. 3.|The degree of restoration of activities towards original control levels through phospholipid supplementation following phospholipase C exposure of microsomes was much less when based on activity values obtained in the presence of the detergent deoxycholate than in its absence. 4. 4.|Enzymic activities of phospholipid-supplemented, phospholipase C-treated preparations were quite insensitive to stimulation by deoxycholate, while those of unexposed preparations were highly stimulated by this same detergent. 5. 5.|The pH-activity profile for PP i -glucose phosphotransferase activity obtained after phospholipase C exposure and phospholipid supplementation resembled strongly that noted with detergent-activated, otherwise untreated microsomal preparations, displaying a maximum at pH 5.6 in comparison with that at pH 4.5 exhibited by untreated microsomal preparations. 6. 6.|These observations are interpreted to indicate that phospholipid supplementation following phospholipase C exposure of rat liver microsomes does not lead to the restoration of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase in its original form. Further, it is concluded that, in view of these findings and other observations in the literature, a reconsideration of the whole subject of the involvement of phospholipids in glucose-6-phosphatase action appears to be in order.
Plutonium uptake by brucite and hydroxylated periclase

Abstract Batch adsorption experiments and spectroscopic investigations consistently show that aqueous Pu(IV) is quickly removed from solution and becomes incorporated in a brucite or hydroxylated MgO surface to a depth of at least 50 nm, primarily as Pu(IV) within a pH range of 8.5–12.5, and is unaffected by the presence of the organic ligand, citrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) were used to estimate Pu penetration depth and provide information about its chemical state.
Raman mapping of low-content API pharmaceutical formulations. I. Mapping of Alprazolam in Alprazolam/Xanax tablets.

Purpose Raman chemical imaging of API was carried out to provide information on whether there is any structural difference between the commercial Xanax and Alprazolam tablets (the API content less than 1% w/w in both cases) in the batches with low and good recovery.
Active-Site-Dependent Elimination of 4-Nitrophenol from 4-Nitrophenyl Alkylphosphonyl Serine Protease Adducts

Chymotrypsin and subtilisin BPN‘ can be inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate (NMN) and bis(4-nitrophenyl) propylphosphonate (NPN) very efficiently with second-order rate constants, ki/Ki, between 544 and 4300 M-1 s-1 at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C at the pH maxima. The second-order rate constants for the inhibition of trypsin are 26.3 ± 1.4 M-1 s-1 with NMN and 891 ± 14 M-1 s-1 with NPN at pH 8.3 and 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. A second stoichiometric equivalent 4-nitrophenol is also lost from 4-nitrophenyl alkylphosphonyl adducts of chymotrypsin but not from trypsin and subtilisin BPN‘. Elimination of 4-nitrophenol from the propylphosphonyl adduct is at a rate only about twice the rate of hydrolysis of a comparable phosphonate diester, whereas 4-nitrophenol is eliminated 270 times faster from the methylphosphonyl adduct of chymotrypsin. The activation enthalpies, in kcal/mol, for 4-nitrophenol elimination from 4-nitrophenyl alkylphosphonylchymotrypsin are 15.0 ± 1.3 for the propyl derivative, 16.4 ± 0.5 for the methyl...
Analysis of secondary organic aerosols in air using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS)

Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been shown, in other laboratories, to be a useful technique for the analysis of aerosols from a variety of sources. EESI-MS is applied here, for the first time, to the analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the reaction of ozone and α-pinene. The results are compared to those obtained using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). The SOA was generated in the laboratory and merged with electrospray droplets. The recovered ions were directed towards the inlet of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Through the use of a denuder to remove gas phase compounds, the EESI-MS technique was found to be effective for measuring the major ozonolysis products either in particles alone or in a combination of vapor phase and particulate products. Due to its relatively simple setup and the avoidance of sample collection and work-up, EESI-MS shows promise as an excellent tool for the characterization of atmospherically relevant particles.
Offshore Internet Gambling and the World Trade Organization: Is it Criminal Behavior or a Commodity?

Internet gambling possesses an array of attractive attributes. For one thing, there is no necessity to leave home, with the associated outlay for lodging and meals, and the expenditure for transportation costs. For another, gambling at home avoids the noise and confusion of crowded confines, the distractions of seductive servers, the windowless gaming rooms, with no wall clocks to make customers aware of the time. Internet gambling is an industry that is growing exponentially and its perception as criminal is a matter of intense debate. On the transnational scene it has emerged as a public policy issue of significant ideological interest and of massive financial importance. This paper traces the development of the WTO case and attempts at its resolution and also offers a view of what is regarded as the most sensible, and probably the inevitable path that the trajectory of Internet gambling should and will take.
Adaptive and reliable parallel computing on networks of workstations

In this paper, we present the design of Cilk-NOW, a runtime system that adaptively and reliably executes functional Cilk programs in parallel on a network of UNIX workstations. Cilk (pronounced "silk") is a parallel multithreaded extension of the C language, and all Cilk runtime systems employ a provably efficient threadscheduling algorithm. Cilk-NOW is such a runtime system, and in addition, Cilk-NOW automatically delivers adaptive and reliable execution for a functional subset of Cilk programs. By adaptive execution, we mean that each Cilk program dynamically utilizes a changing set of otherwise-idle workstations. By reliable execution, we mean that the Cilk-NOW system as a whole and each executing Cilk program are able to tolerate machine and network faults. Cilk-NOW provides these features while programs remain fault oblivious, meaning that Cilk programmers need not code for fault tolerance. Throughout this paper, we focus on end-to-end design decisions, and we show how these decisions allow the design to exploit high-level algorithmic properties of the Cilk programming model in order to simplify and streamline the implementation.
Middle Palaeolithic Cave Taphonomy: Discerning Humans from Hyenas at Arcy‐sur‐Cure, France

Recent excavations at the Grotte du Bison, Arcy-sur-Cure, demonstrate essential continuity in industrial succession from the late Mousterian into the Châtelperronian. The faunal assemblage, however, demon- strates considerable occupation by hyenas and bears in alternation with that by humans in the under- lying Mousterian levels. This demonstrates one of the fundamental problems of cave stratigraphies. The archaeological record of the Middle Palaeolithic rarely presents unambiguous associations and spatial configuration. A substantial proportion of the Middle Palaeolithic archaeological record has been investigated in cave mouth and rock shelter sites. Cave taphonomy most often results in complex palimpsests of depositional history, mixing debris from prehistoric human occupations with those from other processes, both geological and faunal. Spatial analysis may be one way of deciphering portions of complex depositions. Data from one Middle Palaeolithic level of the Grotte du Bison are presented here to illustrate the potential for discerning differential activity and occupation areas resulting from Neanderthals, hyenas and other animals. Signatures of associations of bone fragments with other classes of material recovered from recent excavations are offered to identify those portions of the pa- limpsest attributable to human activities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Molecular Window on Sleep: Changes in Gene Expression between Sleep and Wakefulness:

Sleep is thought to be "by the brain and for the brain," but despite decades of behavioral and neurophysiologic research, we still do not know why the brain actually needs to sleep. Recently, gene expression studies have allowed researchers to investigate the molecular correlates of sleep and wakefulness and to gain new insights into the benefits that sleep may bring at the cellular level. In the latest series of studies, a genome-wide screening of brain gene expression was performed in rats that had been asleep, spontaneously awake, or sleep deprived for 8 hours. It was found that of approximately 15,000 transcripts expressed in the cerebral cortex, about 5% change their expression levels depending on behavioral state but independently of time of day. Half of the modulated genes increase in wakefulness and half in sleep. Moreover, wakefulness-related and sleep-related transcripts belong to different functional categories. Waking-related transcripts are involved in energy metabolism, excitatory neurotransmission, transcriptional activation, synaptic potentiation and memory acquisition, and the response to cellular stress. Sleep-related transcripts are involved in brain protein synthesis, synaptic consolidation/depression, and membrane trafficking and maintenance, including cholesterol metabolism, myelin formation, and synaptic vesicle turnover.
Acute pancreatitis associated with interferon alpha therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia

Acute pancreatitis related to interferon alpha therapy is very rare. We report two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who developed acute pancreatitis following treatment with interferon alpha. A review of the literature on the association of pancreatitis and interferon alpha is provided. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms are also discussed.
Teaching evidence-based practice: Strategic and pedagogical recommendations for schools of social work

Widespread adoption of pedagogical methods promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) could enhance the effectiveness of social work practice education. Schools of social work should ensure that facul...
Electromagnetic emissions and performance for proximity RFID

We examined the electromagnetic emissions, and performance of commercial High-Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems including their susceptibility to jamming and eavesdropping. These proximity RFID systems are used in an increasing number of financial, identification, and access control applications. We performed investigations of whether transactions can be detected and read at a distance. The measurements were performed to determine the power radiated by commercial systems and how they perform in adverse electromagnetic (EM) environments.
Computerized detection of colorectal masses in CT colonography based on fuzzy merging and wall-thickening analysis.

In recent years, several computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes have been developed for the detection of polyps in CT colonography (CTC). However, few studies have addressed the problem of computerized detection of colorectal masses in CTC. This is mostly because masses are considered to be well visualized by a radiologist because of their size and invasiveness. Nevertheless, the automated detection of masses would naturally complement the automated detection of polyps in CTC and would produce a more comprehensive computer aid to radiologists. Therefore, in this study, we identified some of the problems involved with the computerized detection of masses, and we developed a scheme for the computerized detection of masses that can be integrated into a CAD scheme for the detection of polyps. The performance of the mass detection scheme was evaluated by application to clinical CTCdata sets.CTC was performed on 82 patients with helical CT scanners and reconstruction intervals of 1.0–5.0 mm in the supine and prone positions. Fourteen patients (17%) had a total of 14 masses of 30–50 mm, and sixteen patients (20%) had a total of 30 polyps 5–25 mm in diameter. Four patients had both polyps and masses. Fifty-six of the patients (68%) were normal. The CTC data were interpolated linearly to yield isotropic data sets, and the colon was extracted by use of a knowledge-guided segmentation technique. Two methods, fuzzy merging and wall-thickening analysis, were developed for the detection of masses. The fuzzy merging method detected masses with a significant intraluminal component by separating the initial CAD detections of locally cap-like shapes within the colonic wall into mass candidates and polyp candidates. The wall-thickening analysis detected nonintraluminal masses by searching the colonic wall for abnormal thickening. The final regions of the mass candidates were extracted by use of a level set method based on a fast marching algorithm. False-positive (FP) detections were reduced by a quadratic discriminant classifier. The performance of the scheme was evaluated by use of a leave-one-out (round-robin) method with by-patient elimination. All but one of the 14 masses, which was partially cut off from the CTC data set in both supine and prone positions, were detected. The fuzzy merging method detected 11 of the masses, and the wall-thickening analysis detected 3 of the masses including all nonintraluminal masses. In combination, the two methods detected 13 of the 14 masses with 0.21 FPs per patient on average based on the leave-one-out evaluation. Most FPs were generated by extrinsic compression of the colonic wall that would be recognized easily and quickly by a radiologist. The mass detection methods did not affect the result of the polyp detection. The results indicate that the scheme is potentially useful in providing a high-performance CAD scheme for the detection of colorectal neoplasms in CTC.
Chromatin Structure, DNA Sequences and Replication Proteins: Searching for the Principles of Eukaryotic Chromosome Replication

Our objective has been to understand, at the molecular level, the replication of eukaryotic chromosomes as a prerequisite to investigating the regulation of chromosome replication and its relationship to cell proliferation. Chromosomes from eukaryotic cells, simian virus 40 and polyoma virus consist of a series of nucleosomes, each containing about 200bp of DNA coiled around an octamer consisting of two each of the four core histones that gives chromatin its stable repeating structure. Additional structure is provided by histone H1 and non-histone chromosomal proteins. However, chromatin is not homogenous. The chromatin structure of quiescent genes differs from that of active genes, and chromosomal regions differ in their higher-ordered structure. For example, chromatin can be euchromatic or heterochromatic, 10nm thick fibers or 30nm thick coils, folded into loops or not folded. Therefore, replication of eukaryotic chromosomes, in contrast to prokaryotic chromosomes, requires accurate duplication of the structure of both chromatin and DNA. Furthermore, both chromatin structure and DNA sequence are likely involved in controlling replication by modifying the interaction of proteins with DNA. For example, nonuniformly spaced clusters of replication origins are activated at different times during S phase, but the same origin is never activated twice, and some origins that are active in embryonic cells are not used in somatic cells9. Once a replicon is activated, replication proteins must be directed to replication forks and termination of replication must result in complete separation of sibling chromatids to allow normal mitosis.
A 13-b Linear, 40-MS/s Pipelined ADC With Self-Configured Capacitor Matching

Using statistical matching properties of capacitor arrays, a pipelined ADC self-configures the multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) capacitor array for best matching from many trial combinations of smaller capacitive sub-elements. These sub-elements having opposite error magnitudes are grouped together to form matched elements thus permitting an accurate multi-bit MDAC to be created without using an explicit trimming network. A random search algorithm enables the self-configuration process by quickly regrouping the sub-elements to reduce the spread between the reconstructed elements. The proposed state machine based permutation algorithm allows near unique permutations of the sub-elements and achieves a near unity state repetition ratio with a simple hardware implementation. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) system is designed with the self-configuration algorithm contained in the same die, and improvement in capacitor matching is demonstrated after the self-configuration process. A 0.18-mum CMOS prototype achieves 13-b linearity and over 80-dB spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) at 43 MS/s. The chip consumes 268 mW at 1.8 V and occupies 3.6 mm2.
Review of Statistical Modeling for Biomedical Researchers by Dupont

The new book by Dupont (2002) is reviewed. 1 General comments Let me start with a disclaimer: the term biomedical researcher may include many different types of people doing research in the medical eld. My ow n experience has been exclusively with physicians doing clinical research, so this review is based on how I think William Duponts new book would be viewed by such an audience. The preface states that it will enable biomedical researchers to use a number of advanced statistical methods that have proven valuable in medical research. It fur- ther states that (t)he emphasis is on understanding the assumpti ons underlying each method, using exploratory techniques to determine the most appropriate method, and presenting results in a way that will be readily understood by clinical colleagues and nally that the goal is to allow investigators to effectively use some of th e most valu- able multivariate methods without requiring an understanding of more than high school algebra. Much mathematical detail is avoided by focusing on the use of a specic sta- tistical software package. Some of the topics covered include linear r egression, logistic regression, survival analysis, and Poisson regression. The author uses his book as the text for a second-level biostatistics course for a Masters of Public Health (MPH) degree program. Therefore, he suggests that read- ers should have taken a basic biostatistics course beforehand. He also says the book is self-contained but recommends introductory biostatistics an d epidemiology texts to supplement the material. On reading this preface, I got very excited. At last, a book had been written that addresses the needs of the highly skilled but sometimes statistically challenged medical researchers who want to have a better understanding of the appropriate statistical methods to analyze their data, yet who have little training in traditional biostatistics. For the most part, such researchers are not particularly interested in the underlying statistical theory or formulas. What matters is how to apply the appropriate test to their data, to know the assumptions that make that test appropriate, and to understand when violating those assumptions may make a result invalid. Further, they need to be able to present results to their peers in an easily understandable way, while still maintaining the integrity of any conclusions. This is not to say that we expect medical researchers to eliminate the need for biostatisticians.
Accident Sequence Precursor Lessons for PRA

A reduction in the incidence of unusual initiating events and total system failures observed in the Accident Sequence Precursor program indicates an improvement in the risk-related performance of U.S. commercial nuclear power plants during 1969–94. However, a number of historic system failures are inconsistent with PRA models, an indication of the need for more careful consideration of operational events when developing these models.
The Application of Decision-Making Processes in Extension Work—In Marketing

T HIS paper must start by disclaiming its title. So far as the work of the Agricultural Extension Service is concerned, there is no application of the decision-making process at the level of the individual firm. The extension worker can only assist management by providing technical information, by training people to use the information, and by evaluating alternative courses of action in the decision-making process. The Agricultural Extension Service has had a long and distinguished history of assisting farmers in interpreting new developments in such areas as fertilizers, insecticides, crop varieties, cultivation practices, and general farm management practices. More recently it has expanded its activities to assist agricultural marketing firms. Specialists in food technology, dairy manufacturing and horticulture have assisted individual managers with problems of product quality. Engineering specialists have advised on equipment and handling methods. Economists have provided information on market structures and price behavior. However, agricultural extension has not made it a practice to give to the management of marketing firms the same type of problem-solving, decision-making assistance that it has traditionally offered to individual farmers. After presenting some of the reasons why extension has given only limited assistance to marketing firms, we will outline some of the specific areas in which extension can be useful in the decision-making process and will discuss some of the implications of such assistance to the Agricultural Extension Service.
Vote Fluidity on the Hughes Court: The Critical Terms, 1934-1936

This article makes four principal claims. The first is that the justices of the Hughes Court often changed their positions in major cases between the time that they cast their votes in conference and their final votes on the merits. The second is that the Court achieved comparatively high rates of unanimity even during its most turbulent Terms because justices who had served on earlier Courts had internalized a norm counseling those who lost at the conference vote to acquiesce in the judgment of the majority. The third is that the justices who most frequently did so in this period’s major cases were those widely considered to be its most recalcitrant conservatives: James Clark McReynolds and Pierce Butler. The fourth concerns the common claim that Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, for the purpose of lending greater credibility to judgments rendered by a divided Court, frequently changed his vote in major cases so as transform what would have been 5-4 decisions into cases decided by a vote of 6-3. This article contends that such a claim finds little support in the sources by which it could be most reliably verified or refuted.Until recently, it would have been quite challenging to substantiate any of these claims. For many years, the docket books kept by a number of the Hughes Court justices have been held by the Office of the Curator of the Supreme Court. Yet the existence of these docket books was not widely known, and access to them was highly restricted. Recently, however, the Court adopted new guidelines designed to increase access to the docket books for researchers. This article offers a report and analysis based on a review of all of the docket books that the Curator’s Office holds from the critical 1934-1936 Terms of the Hughes Court. This review includes sixty-two major decisions concerning the Commerce Clause, the dormant Commerce Clause, substantive due process, equal protection, labor relations, intergovernmental tax immunities, criminal procedure, civil rights, and civil liberties. Analysis of the voting data in the docket books offers a novel contribution to the extensive political science literature on judicial behavior, specifically to the scholarship on vote fluidity and unanimity norms in the Supreme Court.
O-006 A novel microcatheter based device for endovascular mechanical thrombectomy/flow restoration

Purpose To evaluate the performance of a new microcatheter based device (ReStore, Reverse Medical, Irvine, California, USA) for endovascular mechanical thrombectomy/flow restoration in a swine thromboembolic model and to compare its efficacy over other available devices for mechanical thromboembolectomy. Method We investigated the use of ReStore for thrombectomy treatment against similar control devices. The cerebral vasculature swine model was utilized in which 12 of each carotid artery branches were prepared with prophylactic papaverine due to the vasospastic nature of the swine model and occluded with radio-opacified blood thrombi. The thrombi were prepared in such a way to represent characteristics of those found in acute stroke patients. The thrombi were injected into target arteries via a 6 Fr guiding catheter. The thrombi were allowed to set up in situ for at least 15 min until complete localized occlusion of the target vessels were confirmed by angiography. Once the occlusion was confirmed, ReStore or a control device was advanced via a 6 Fr guide catheter and precisely positioned across the target thrombi over a microguide wire. No flow arresting means was utilized during retrieval or recanalization attempts. Only localized aspiration was conducted via the 6 Fr guide catheter, once the ReStore or control device holding retrieved thrombi was pulled down to the tip of the guide catheter. Parameters collected for this assessment study were TIMI score, number of retrieval attempts, per cent clot retrieved, time to recanalization, thrombus fragmentation and loss of thrombus at the tip of the guide catheter. Results We found higher TIMI scores (OR 9; 95% CI 0.28 to 285.3), recanalization on the first attempt (9/10 vs 0/2; p Conclusion ReStore is effective in removal of thrombi and recanalization of blood flow within the swine cranial arteries.
SPECT IMAGING PROVIDES LONG-TERM PROGNOSTIC VALUE OVER EXERCISE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY ALONE IN PATIENTS WITH A NORMAL BASELINE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

Guidelines recommend exercise electrocardiography (ECG) for patients with a normal baseline ECG referred for diagnostic stress testing. The additive value of myocardial perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (MPS) for ischemia detection, and its prognostic impact in this population
Parental Self-Efficacy and Bullying in Elementary School

ABSTRACTThis study investigated associations of general and specific parental self-efficacy factors with bullying and peer victimization behaviors among 142 fourth and fifth graders and their parents. Using structural equation modeling, exploratory factor analysis was used to examine one general parenting self-efficacy measure and a bullying-specific parent self-efficacy measure. The latter produced two unique factors: (a) self-efficacy to know when one’s child is bullied, and (b) self-efficacy to respond to one’s child being bullied. Child reports of bullying and peer victimization were simultaneously regressed on the three (i.e., one general and two specific) parent self-efficacy factors. Findings revealed that parental self-efficacy to know when one’s child is bullied was uniquely and negatively associated with both bullying and victimization. Additionally, and contrary to expectations, parental self-efficacy to respond when one’s child is being bullied was uniquely and positively associated with victi...
Numerical Modeling of the Transition between Free Surface and Pressurized Flow in Storm Sewers

Stormwater drainage systems are typically composed of a network of closed conduits designed to operate under normal conditions in an open-channel, free-surface…
A Case Study on the Side Effects Caused by Immunization

Objective To distinghish between the side effects caused by immunization and the illness caused by the seasonal respiratory tract infection. Method Epidemiological technics and serological methods were used in this study. MDCK cells were used for virus isolation and identification. Result Results from epidemiological study indicated that there was no association between vaccination with hepatitis A vaccine and the occurrence of hepatitis. The clinical manifestations of the sufferers were similar to upper respiratory tract infection. 8 out of 24 patients (33.3%) had the infection by influenza A virus. Conclusion This is a small flu epidemic rather than the adverse reaction caused by immunization. Through this epidemiological study, a dispute on the adverse effects caused by immunization was avoided.
Family as a framing resource for political identity construction: Introduction sequences in presidential primary debates

This study investigatestheconstruction ofpoliticalidentity inthe2011-2012 US Republican presidential primary debates. Focusing on candidates' self- introductions, I analyze how candidates use references to family members and rolesto frame their political identities or 'presidential selves'. Family ref- erences are shown to (i) frame candidates' personal identities as family men/ women; (ii) interweave the spheres of home and politics and consequently, their private and public selves; (iii) serve as a tool of discursive one-upman- ship in self-introduction sequences; and (iv) demonstrate intimate familiarity and expertise on the topic of national security. This studyextends research on family discourse and identity by examining the rhetorical function of men- tioning family-related identities in explicitly persuasive public discourse, and contributes to sociolinguistic research on political discourse by examin- ing how family identities serve as a resource for framing political identities. (Discourse analysis, framing, family, identity, political discourse, presiden- tial debates, sequentiality)
Mixed mania associated with cessation of breastfeeding

This case chronicles the unique presentation of psychotic mixed mania in a female 5 months after parturition and 1 week following breastfeeding discontinuation, highlighting a rarely recognized mania risk factor that is temporally delayed from parturition: breastfeeding discontinuation. A 25-year-old G1P1 female with a past psychiatric history of a depressive episode in adolescence presented to the Emergency Department with her 5-month-old daughter, fiancee, and family 1 week after breastfeeding cessation. She endorsed sleep-deprived energy enhancement, unfulfilled goal-oriented productivity, hyper-talkativeness, hyper-sexuality and increased nicotine use. Concurrent depressive symptoms included hopelessness, worthlessness, poor concentration, lack of appetite, and ego-dystonic intrusive thoughts that she may kill herself or her child. She exhibited pressured speech, affective lability, expansiveness, distractibility, and tangential, grandiose, delusional self-referential content. Transient thoughts of self-harm and harm to her child were not associated with intent. Her family history was significant for a deceased mother who had bipolar I disorder. The patient was hospitalized for 5 days and diagnosed with bipolar disorder, type I, current episode manic with psychotic features with a mixed-feature specifier. Olanzapine and lithium were initiated and the patient’s acute episode of mania resolved prior to discharge. This case extends the limited literature on mania following weaning and highlights the role of rapid serum dopamine rise following breastfeeding cessation in mania.