cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sometimes It Takes a Village-Reducing Retained Surgical Items Through Multidisciplinary Collaboration.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM Our high-volume academic surgical center experienced a spike in unintentionally retained surgical items (RSIs) during fiscal years 2013 and 2014. Of the 39,323 surgical cases completed during this 24-month period, 8 cases with RSIs were discovered—approximately 1 RSI per 4,915 surgical cases (Figure 1). This finding was in sharp contrast to the preceding 5 years, during which no RSIs were reported, for more than 55,100 completed operative cases. Currently, “retained surgical items” is the preferred term, because it references the fact that the material or instruments that were unintentionally retained within a patient’s body were placed by the surgical team. RSIs should be differentiated from “retained foreign bodies,” which describes objects placed nonsurgically, such as swallowed material (eg, batteries, magnets, coins), shrapnel, bullets, and other miscellaneous objects. RSIs may cause significant patient morbidity and mortality depending on the type of surgical item and the length of time it was retained. Although the true incidence of RSIs after open surgery in the United States is unknown,
Predictive framework for shape-selective separations in three-dimensional zeolites and metal-organic frameworks.

With the growing number of zeolites and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) available, computational methods are needed to screen databases of structures to identify those most suitable for applications of interest. We have developed novel methods based on mathematical optimization to predict the shape selectivity of zeolites and MOFs in three dimensions by considering the energy costs of transport through possible pathways. Our approach is applied to databases of over 1800 microporous materials including zeolites, MOFs, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, and hypothetical MOFs. New materials are identified for applications in gas separations (CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and CO2/H2), air separation (O2/N2), and chemicals (propane/propylene, ethane/ethylene, styrene/ethylbenzene, and xylenes).
The Isaiah Master of the Sainte-Chapelle in Burgundy

The emergence of the Gothic as a style has been closely linked with the limited geographical area of the Ile-de-France. By the time of Saint Louis (1227–1270), however, the great artistic innovations had become increasingly dependent on royal patronage, a development that Robert Branner has labeled “the court style.”1 In glass painting, Paris and the royal family exerted a profound influence on many provincial areas, a phenomenon first observed by Jean Lafond.2 The Burgundian area in particular has proved a rich source of information on the dissemination of various Parisian glazing styles over an extended period.3 This development reached its high point when a master who contributed windows to the Ste.-Chapelle in Paris travelled to the Cathedral of St.-Etienne at Auxerre and the collegiate church of St.-Pierre at St.-Julien-du-Sault.
Disruption of Microtubules Post-Virus Entry Enhances Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Transduction.

Perinuclear retention of viral particles is a poorly understood phenomenon observed during many virus infections. In this study, we investigated whether perinuclear accumulation acts as a barrier to limit recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) transduction. After nocodazole treatment to disrupt microtubules at microtubule-organization center (MT-MTOC) after virus entry, we observed higher rAAV transduction. To elucidate the role of MT-MTOC in rAAV infection and study its underlying mechanisms, we demonstrated that rAAV's perinuclear localization was retained by MT-MTOC with fluorescent analysis, and enhanced rAAV transduction from MT-MTOC disruption was dependent on the rAAV capsid's nuclear import signals. Interestingly, after knocking down RhoA or inhibiting its downstream effectors (ROCK and Actin), MT-MTOC disruption failed to increase rAAV transduction or nuclear entry. These data suggest that enhancement of rAAV transduction is the result of increased trafficking to the nucleus via the RhoA-ROCK-...
Bulimia Nervosa as an Addiction

Bulimia nervosa (BN) and drug addiction share common features, and BN is often treated as an addiction. However, there is an ongoing controversy about whether BN is a type of addiction. This chapter compares the neurobiological features of BN and drug addiction. The synthesis of the two bodies of research suggests that BN has more neurobiological similarities than differences with drug addiction. Specifically, similar to many addictive drugs, there is an elevation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine, VTA DAT binding/mRNA, and NAc D1 binding in animal models of BN. Sucrose bingeing in animal models of BN decreases D2 binding, which occurs for cocaine but not for other drugs. Both BN and drug addiction have similar adaptations in glutamate receptor expression, μ opioid receptor binding, and prefrontal cortex activity. There is a difference in the effectiveness of drugs that target glutamate to treat these disorders. Together, these results suggest that BN may be a type of addiction.
The quintessential sealant

A method of placing a reinforced resin-bonded sealant is described. When the beneficial properties of resin-bonded sealants are combined with those of preventive resin restorations, the outcome is perhaps the "quintessential sealant."
Effects of Reading Mastery as a Small Group Intervention for Young Children with ASD

The purpose of this study was to compare direct instruction using the Reading Mastery curriculum in small groups with peers and typical reading instruction on the beginning literacy skills of moderate to high functioning young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Thirty-two children were in the Reading Mastery intervention group and 30 were in a comparison condition. All participants met criteria as beginning readers, based on assessments at the beginning and middle of Kindergarten. Results indicated that school-based implementers were able to use the curriculum with fidelity and that there were significant group differences in growth on curriculum-based content, letter sound fluency, and word recognition favoring the Reading Mastery intervention.
Reflectance dependence of polytetrafluoroethylene on thickness for xenon scintillation light

Abstract Many rare event searches including dark matter direct detection and neutrinoless double beta decay experiments take advantage of the high VUV reflective surfaces made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reflector materials to achieve high light collection efficiency in their detectors. As the detectors have grown in size over the past decade, there has also been an increased need for ever thinner detector walls without significant loss in reflectance to reduce dead volumes around active noble liquids, outgassing, and potential backgrounds. We report on the experimental results to measure the dependence of the reflectance on thickness of two PTFE samples at wavelengths near 178 nm. No change in reflectance was observed as the wall thickness of a cylindrically shaped PTFE vessel immersed in liquid xenon was varied between 1 mm to 9.5 mm.
Computationally Efficient Finite-Element Modeling of Braided Inflatable Structural Members with Axial Reinforcing

AbstractBraided, inflatable structural members with axial reinforcing cords have the ability to accommodate loading with a low mass and small storage volume. These members are particularly attracti...
Control Strategy for Salvador Concentrator Flotation Columns

Abstract The experience of developping a hierarchical control strategy in an industrial flotation column circuit is discussed. The system was installed in two columns, located in the copper cleaning circuit at Salvador. This concentrator produces over two hundreds thousands tons per year of 30 % copper concentrate. The supervisor control considered mainly three aspects: process data validation, metallurgical objectives control and operating problems detection. Plant characteristics, its instrumentation and distributed control system, and how some of the actual operating problems were solved are discussed. The system was installed in august 1997, and fine tuning was completed by october 1997.
Reporting the Retreat: War Correspondents in Burma

By Philip WoodsNew York: Oxford University Press, 2016, 206 pp.During World War II, the campaign in Burma was often referred to as the “Forgotten War.” Thus it makes sense that reporting from this ...
Utilizing commodity hardware and software to distribute a real-world application: maximizing reuse while improving performance: Research Articles

Commodity computing hardware continues to increase performance while decreasing price. This combination is driving a renewed interest in parallel and distributed computing. In this study, we examine the performance of an existing application in a ten-node computing cluster using commodity off-the-shelf components. The application is a statistical analysis software package that processes categorical data used by state public safety programs. The study examines various network topologies and focuses on minimizing the software modifications required to distribute the application. We conclude that parallel computing using commodity components is an effective mechanism to increase the performance of real-world applications especially when the underlying application architectures have the flexibility to support efficient reuse of the existing code. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific factor VIII-related antigen fragmentation: an in vivo and in vitro phenomenon

Factor VIII concentrates have been shown to have reduced ability to correct the bleeding time defect in von Willebrand's disease and to have abnormal mobility of their VIIIR:Ag on crossed immunoelectrophoresis. This report concerns the partial characterization of a fragment of VIIIR:Ag that lacks some of the normal antigenic determinants present on VIIIR:Ag. It is present in commercial factor VIII concentrates, but not in cryoprecipitate, and is recovered from the plasma of hemophilic patients who have been infused with these concentrates. The fragment is also produced during disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although it has a similar mobility on SDS agarose electrophoresis to the smallest multimer of VIIIR:Ag, they are not immunologically identical.
P007 Purity and yield optimization of EasySep human whole blood CD34 + cell isolation kit

Aim Relapse of the underlying hematological malignant disease after stem cell transplantation remains a major cause of mortality. Decline of CD34 + cell subset donor chimerism is an early marker of relapse before it can be detected in unfractionated peripheral blood or other cell subsets. One of the main challenges in performing CD34 + cell donor chimerism is obtaining pure CD34 + cell due to very low frequency of this cell population in peripheral blood. In this report, we describe our experience in optimizing the EasySep Human Total CD34 + isolation protocol to maximize the yield without compromising the purity of this rare cell subpopulation. Methods CD34 subset is isolated from 6 ml of buffy coat using EasySep Human Total CD34 + Kit, StemCell Technologies. CD15+, CD3+, CD19+, and CD34 + subsets are isolated by immunomagnetic positive selection in series from buffy coat. First, CD15 + subset is isolated using 1 ml buffy coat. The remaining 5 ml sample is used to obtain pure lymphocyte using Lymphocyte Enrichment Kit. CD3 + subset is isolated and followed by CD19 + subset isolation from supernatant of CD3 + subset isolation. Supernatant of CD19 + subset isolation was treated with RosetteSep cocktail provided in the kit and 10% whole blood mixture. CD34 + subset was then isolated from RosetteSep cocktail treated supernatant. Lineage-specific subsets were measured in flow cytometry. Results CD34 + purity was confirmed via flow cytometry. Conclusions The optimized method improved the efficiency of vendor recommended protocols by using less starting blood sample and producing higher yield and purity. Download high-res image (307KB) Download full-size image
Chemical Labeling and Affinity Capture of Inosine-Containing RNAs Using Acrylamidofluorescein.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a widespread and conserved post-transcriptional modification, producing significant changes in cellular function and behavior. Accurately identifying, detecting, and quantifying these sites in the transcriptome is necessary to improve our understanding of editing dynamics, its broader biological roles, and connections with diseases. Chemical labeling of edited bases coupled with affinity enrichment has enabled improved characterization of several forms of RNA editing. However, there are no approaches currently available for pull-down of inosines. To address this need, we explore acrylamide as a labeling motif and report here an acrylamidofluorescein reagent that reacts with inosine and enables enrichment of inosine-containing RNA transcripts. This method provides improved sensitivity in the detection and identification of inosines toward a more comprehensive transcriptome-wide analysis of A-to-I editing. Acrylamide derivatization is also highly generalizable, p...
Quasi-Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensing Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges

Developing a practical framework for long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) of large structures, like a suspension bridge, poses a major challenge. The issue has been exacerbated by the fact that many of the world’s bridges are reaching the end of their initially designed service lives. The next generation of bridge SHM technology not only needs to continuously monitor and issue early warnings prior to costly repair or catastrophic failures, but also needs to gauge the effects of rare events like earthquakes or hurricanes on structural conditions. Current battery-powered SHM methods use periodic sampling with relatively long sleep-cycles to increase a sensor’s operational life. However, long sleep-cycles make the technology vulnerable to missing out on or incorrectly measuring the effect of rare events. To address these practical issues, we present a novel quasi-self-powered Piezo-Floating-Gate (PFG) sensing solution for long-term and cost-effective monitoring of large-scale bridges. The approach combines our previously reported and validated self-powered PFG sensing technique with ultra-low-power long-range wireless communications. The physics of PFG sensing continuously captures and stores cumulative, local information of the bridge dynamic loading condition on a floating-gate based non-volatile memory. Using extensive numerical and laboratory studies we demonstrate the capabilities of the PFG sensor towards predicting structural condition. We then present a system level design that adapts PFG sensing for SHM in bridges. A challenging aspect of SHM in bridges is the need for long-range wireless interrogation, as many portions of the structure are not easily accessible for frequent inspection and portions of the bridge cannot be frequently taken out-of-service. We show that by combining PFG sensors with a small battery and optimizing the quasi-self-powered system for sporadic long-range active wireless transmissions, the system can easily achieve continuous operating lifespan exceeding 20 years. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified in a case study of the Mackinac Bridge in Michigan, the longest suspension bridge across anchorages in the Western Hemisphere. Associated data interpretation systems integrating deterministic, machine learning and statistical methods are presented; furthermore, limitations, challenges and future directions for widespread field deployment of the proposed SHM framework are discussed.
Infantile right hemisphere injury: a case report with MRI and 13 year follow-up

Serial neuropsychological findings were obtained in a case of infantile right parietal injury who was studied over a 13 year follow-up period. Magnetic resonance imaging at age 13 years documented extensive injury to the right hemisphere, particularly the parietal region. Serial examinations at age 7 and 13 years showed intact visual attention, normal expression and processing of affect and variable visuospatial abilities. However, intellectual development was generally depressed. Implications of these findings for recovery from early brain injury are discussed.
Neuromechanical control of leg length and orientation in children and adults during single-leg hopping.

Adult-like fine control of cyclical motor patterns found in locomotion develops into adolescence. Single-leg hopping in place is one such motor pattern where children have demonstrated a reduced capacity to control horizontal motion and match metronome cues. These developmental differences might arise from immature inter-segment coordination strategies and variability regulation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use an uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis to evaluate the control of segment angle variance (i.e., local variables) to stabilize leg length and leg orientation (i.e., task variables) in the sagittal plane between young adults and children aged 5–11 years old while hopping at different frequencies. The UCM space and its orthogonal space were constructed and segment angle variance was partitioned into these two spaces. Increased variance in the UCM space represents the stabilization of a task variable, while increased variance in its orthogonal space indicates a greater deviation of a task variable from its mean value. Our results indicated that children have developed an adult-like inter-segment coordination strategy of stabilizing leg length at mid-stance and leg orientation during flight. However, children might have an underdeveloped capacity to modulate leg length at take-off from cycle-to-cycle. Moreover, when increasing hopping frequency, children showed limited capacity to selectively increase leg-length stabilization. When decreasing hopping frequency, children illustrated an increased stabilization of leg orientation over the entire stance phase. Mid-stance leg-length stabilization might emerge with the motor skill; however, other inter-segment coordination strategies might continue to develop beyond 11-years of age.
A dilemma about kinds and kind terms

‘The kind Lion’ denotes a kind. Yet many generics are thought to denote kinds also, like the subject-terms in ‘The lion has a mane’, ‘Dinosaurs are extinct’, and ‘The potato was cultivated in Ireland by the end of the 17th century.’ This view may be adequate for the linguist’s overall purposes—however, if we limit our attention to the theory of reference, it seems unworkable. The problem is that what is often predicated of kinds is not what is predicated of the lion, dinosaurs, and the potato. Thus, kinds are sometimes said to be abstract objects, immanent universals, nominal essences, etc. But the lion is a predatory cat—it is not an abstract object, nor an immanent universal, nor a nominal essence. I consider several proposals about resolving the dilemma; however, the conclusion is that none of the proposals are adequate. We are thus hard pressed to make sense of allegedly kind-denoting generics, and the lesson is a “Socratic” one about the depths of our ignorance.
Ductility, Fracture Resistance, and R-Curves

A method for analytical predictions of the thickness effect on fracture toughness, and of R-curves is presented. It is based on the recent observation that the fracture resistance K R is proportional to the local fracturestrain ∈ F , α β , where a = σ 2 /σ 1 , and β = σ 3 /σ 1 characterize the local stress state. As this stress state varies from the surface, where it is plane stress (a = 0, β = 0.61), to the center, where it approaches plane strain (a = 0.81, β = 0.61) for sufficiently thick specimens, the local fracture resistance varies correspondingly. The model proposed here assumes that the measured fracture resistance represents the average of the local G R values along the crack front. The calculated thickness effect is in excellent agreement with experimental results. From the same model an analytical expression for R-curves is suggested with the additional consideration of the relation between the plastic zone size as a function of crack growth. The preliminary results of the predicted R-curves are in reasonable agreement with the experimental curves.
Complete Surgical Metastasectomy of Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Post-Cytokine Era

Purpose:Data supporting complete metastasectomy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma were derived primarily from the era of cytokine therapy. Whether complete metastasectomy remains beneficial in pat...
Optical Properties of Nanoparticle Pair Structures

The synthesis of nanoparticle pair structures via porous host electrochemical template synthesis reviewed. Electrochemical template synthesis offers two advantages over solution methods, namely: 1) control over particle pair structure and orientation; and 2) control over geometry, size and composition of each member of the particle pair. These features of electrochemical template synthesis allow for straightforward comparison of experimental and theoretical spectra. Orientation control allows for the evaluation of second order nonlinear optical properties of centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric nanoparticle pair systems. The dependence of Second Harmonic Generation intensity on particle pair shape size and orientation is discussed. The synthesis and linear spectra of metal-semiconductor nanoparticle pair structures are also discussed, with emphasis on interparticle physical and electromagnetic interactions.
SCeVE: A Component-based Framework to Author Mixed Reality Tours

Authoring a collaborative, interactive Mixed Reality (MR) tour requires flexible design and development of various software modules for tasks such as managing geographically distributed participants, adaptable travel and virtual camera techniques, data logging for assessment of the incorporated techniques, as well as for evaluating the Quality of Experiences (QoE). In most cases, authors might have to develop all these software modules, instead of focusing only on the virtual environment design. In this article, we propose SCeVE, a component-based framework that supports flexible design and authoring of interactive MR tours by offering ease of access to four major design choices: (i) Synchronization, (ii) Collaborative exploration, (iii) Visualization, and (iv) Evaluation. Based on tour requirements, an author can access one or more components (or software libraries) of design choices via SCeVE’s API (Application Programming Interface) services, as demonstrated by the two case studies on group travel in a plant walk MR tour. SCeVE framework is innovative in the sense that it facilitates group travel in virtual environments involving “live” models of participants from geographically distributed sites. SCeVE empowers authors to focus only on the design of the required virtual environments. They can quickly build a diverse set of collaborative MR tours by utilizing the flexibility of SCeVE in terms of the various available options for traveling, rendering on multiple devices, and virtual camera viewpoint computation strategies. By providing data logs of various components, SCeVE facilitates performance evaluation of the various strategies used as well as the user experience in collaborative MR tours. SCeVE is designed in an extensible manner, allowing authors to add devices and software services as additional components.
Public health financial social work: a model syllabus for research practice for graduate social work students

Social work students consistently dread research and research classes, but studies suggest that integrating research with more appealing topics may help overcome this bias. As such, a new class int...
Using Frankenstein-themed science activities for science ethics education: An exploratory study

In order to help students become scientifically literate citizens, science education should allow them to gain a more concrete understanding of the potential social and ethical impacts of scientifi...
Edgeworth Expansions for Realized Volatility and Related Estimators

This paper shows that the asymptotic normal approximation is often insufficiently accurate for volatility estimators based on high frequency data. To remedy this, we compute Edgeworth expansions for such estimators. Unlike the usual expansions, we have found that in order to obtain meaningful terms, one needs to let the size of the noise to go zero asymptotically. The results have application to Cornish-Fisher inversion and bootstrapping.
Beneficial use of the aqueous phase generated during hydrothermal carbonization of algae as nutrient source for algae cultivation

Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization converts algal biomass to hydrochar, but also generates a waste aqueous phase rich in nitrogen and other elements that need to be treated before discharge into water bodies. At the same time, cultivation of microalgae requires significant amounts of nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and trace metals. Utilization of aqueous phase in algae cultivation can potentially reduce algae production cost, while mitigating waste generation, leading to a circular process that enhances the sustainability of algal biofuels and bioproducts. In the present study, we assessed the potential of aqueous phase generated during hydrothermal carbonization of lipid-extracted algae to support algal biomass and lipid production from Chlorella vulgaris. The aqueous phase was found to contain high concentrations of nitrogen (2.4 g/L), phosphorus (1.75 g/L), organic carbon (20.9 g/L), and trace elements. Among several aqueous phase dilutions in non-sterilized water (2.5–7.5% v/v) tested for algae cultivation, maximum lipid productivity that was 1.7-fold higher than with standard cultivation media was achieved when C. vulgaris was grown in 5% aqueous phase. Time course studies showed significant nutrient removal of 95% nitrate, 60% ammonia, 47% phosphate, and 30% organic carbon by C. vulgaris over the course of a 10-day cultivation. Moreover, when compared with standard media, utilization of the aqueous phase resulted in augmentation of both storage and structural algal lipids that can be used for biofuel and nutraceutical production, respectively. Subsequent bench-top photobioreactor cultivation validated that the aqueous phase is a promising cultivation medium for algal product manufacturing.
Cardiac Device Therapy in Children

It is ironic that the first transistorized, wearable pacemaker was designed by Earl Bakken specifically to make open heart surgery in children possible (1). Despite their pediatric origins, however, current heart rhythm control devices and leads are not designed or manufactured for children. Instead, they are designed with adults in mind, with respect to device size and lead length, as well as to the indications that prompt pacemaker implantation in adults. For this reason, the clinician who implants pacemakers in children and who follows such children must adapt the technology to the unique requirements of children. These requirements include the need for small size, but they also include flexibility in programmability, to take into account potentially higher levels of activity, higher natural heart rates, and the wide spectrum of problems encountered with congenital heart disease.
Isolation and partial characterization of the exocellular polysaccharides of Penicillium charlesii: II. The occurrence of phosphate groups in high molecular weight polysaccharides

Abstract Growth of Penicillium charlesii G. Smith on a medium containing 32 P orthophosphate followed by chromatography of the medium on DEAE-Sephadex (borate form) resulted in the isolation of three polysaccharide fractions each labeled significantly with 32 P. Spectrophotometric analyses indicated that substances absorbing in the region 260–280 mμ were eluted from DEAE-Sephadex with the polysaccharide fractions. The substances in each of the polysaccharide fractions were passed onto Sephadex G-50. Most of the 32 P eluted with the polysaccharide fractions in the void volume of Sephadex G-50. Nearly all of the absorbing components eluted later as small molecular weight fractions. Treatment of intact 32 P-labeled polysaccharides with either alkaline phosphatase or phosphodiesterase released no 32 P orthophosphate nor did it decrease the sedimentation velocity of the polysaccharide. Paper chromatography of mild acid hydrolysates of all three fractions showed the presence of 32 P-labeled orthophosphate together with labeled compounds migrating like hexose phosphates.
Operator Volume and Clinical Outcomes of Primary Coronary Angioplasty for Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

An inverse relationship between the annual number of patients treated by a hospital or physician and rates of mortality and complications has been repeatedly documented. These volume-outcome relationships have been explored in particular detail in cardiovascular medicine, including for procedures such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery and coronary angioplasty and conditions such as acute myocardial infarction. There is considerable controversy regarding how these data should be interpreted and, in particular, whether policies should be based on hospital or physician volume. In the present issue of Circulation , Vakili and associates1 present data on the effect of operator volume on the outcome of primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. To place this study in context, we will first review the data on volume-outcome relationships, then assess why these relationships exist, and finally discuss what policies might be based on these findings. See p 2171 The relationship of coronary angioplasty volumes to outcome has been examined in many studies. Jollis and coworkers2 analyzed claims data from 1987 through 1990 for 217 836 Medicare beneficiaries and found an inverse relationship between mortality and the annual number of angioplasty procedures performed in a hospital. They found the volume-outcome relationship was J-shaped, ie, had a stronger inverse relationship at low angioplasty volumes than at high volumes. This study highlights several methodological issues common to all studies of volume and outcome. First, very large sample sizes are needed to provide sufficient statistical power to document a relationship between mortality and procedure volume. Second, unless a wide range of procedure volumes is examined, a real relationship between volume and outcome may be missed. The inverse relationship between hospital volume of coronary angioplasty and short-term adverse outcomes (mortality, need for emergency coronary bypass surgery) reported by Jollis and coworkers2 has been repeatedly confirmed. Kimmel …
The Spectral Representation of a Stationary Process

The spectral representation of a stationary process {X t , t = 0, ± 1, ... } essentially decomposes {X t } into a sum of sinusoidal components with uncorrelated random coefficients. In conjunction with this decomposition there is a corresponding decomposition into sinusoids of the autocovariance function of {X t }. The spectral decomposition is thus an analogue for stationary stochastic processes of the more familiar Fourier representation of deterministic functions. The analysis of stationary processes by means of their spectral representations is often referred to as the “frequency domain” analysis of time series. It is equivalent to “time domain” analysis, based on the autocovariance function, but provides an alternative way of viewing the process which for some applications may be more illuminating. For example in the design of a structure subject to a randomly fluctuating load it is important to be aware of the presence in the loading force of a large harmonic with a particular frequency to ensure that the frequency in question is not a resonant frequency of the structure. The spectral point of view is particularly advantageous in the analysis of multivariate stationary processes (Chapter 11) and in the analysis of very large data sets, for which numerical calculations can be performed rapidly using the fast Fourier transform (Section 10.7).
Hermeneutics of Trust vs. Hermeneutics of Doubt

This article uses the Shaker revival period, also known as Mother’s Work, to examine different interpretive approaches that can be used by scholars of religious history and spirituality when studying a particular group or event. It contends that a hermeneutic of doubt reduces religious experiences (and the believers committed to them) to something distant and ‘other’, while a hermeneutic of trust enables scholars to reconstruct religious worldviews. Such an approach thus allows one to capture better the way believers approached, experienced and shared, and described spirituality.
Municipal Water Supply: Ozonation

Since the first full-scale application of ozone for water treatment in late 1800s, ozone has been widely used in municipal water supplies in many countries. The primary goal of the ozonation process in water treatment is often disinfection, but ozonation is also used in many other applications, including taste and odor control, color removal, oxidation of manganese and iron, flocculation enhancement, oxidation of natural organic matter (NOM) and accompanying promotion of its biodegradability, and control of chlorination byproducts (1). Recently, the application of ozone as a disinfectant has been receiving more attention because of its effectiveness in treating pathogens, such as oocysts of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which have shown strong resistance to chlorine-based disinfectants (2, 3). In water treatment, ozone can be applied either at the early stage of treatment (i.e., preozonation) or after other treatment processes, including conventional processes such as coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation. Ozone is sometimes used with hydrogen peroxide or UV to promote the formation of hydroxyl radicals in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Due to the increased biodegradability of organic matter after ozonation, ozonation is typically followed by biological filtration to remove biodegradable organic matter and to minimize microbial regrowth in the distribution system. Ozone decomposes relatively fast, so secondary disinfectants such as free chlorine and monochloramine are often applied after ozonation to provide residual disinfectant in the distribution system. Keywords: ozone; ozonation; ozone contactor; disinfection; water treatment; disinfection by-product
Digital identification of cartographic control points

Techniques have been developed for the sub-pixel location of control points in satellite images returned by the Voyager spacecraft. The procedure uses digital imaging data in the neighborhood of the point to form a multipicture model of a piece of the surface. Comparison of this model with the digital image in each picture determines the control point locations to about a tenth of a pixel. At this level of precision, previously insignificant effects must be considered, including chromatic aberration, high level imaging distortions, and systematic errors due to navigation uncertainties. Use of these methods in the study of Jupiter's satellite Io has proven very fruitful.
Post-Kala-Azar-dermal-leishmaniasis: an unusual presentation from Uttarachal (a non-endemic hilly region of India).

A 26-year-old male resident of Uttaranchal had a single large, erythematous, indurated verrucous plaque on chin of 1 year duration. He had suffered from visceral leishmaniasis 4-years back for which he was treated with injection sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) i.m. OD for 20 days. He had never been to regions endemic for kala-czar (KA) or post-kala-azar-dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Skin biopsy showed chronic granulomatous inflammation in the dermis. Giemsa stain revealed LD bodies inside the macrophages. The patient was treated successfully with injection SAG 20 mg/kg parenterally for 60 days. To the best of our knowledge, this is probably the first case of PKDL from the hills of Uttaranchal.
Comparing Career Awareness Opportunities Of Academically At-Risk And Non At-Risk Freshman Engineering Students

This study explored how freshman engineering students utilized career awareness developmental opportunities prior to entry into post-secondary academics. Specifically, the study delved into separations and distinctions among students at-risk of non-continuation due to matriculation concerns and students non at-risk. Founded on the amended arrangement of Nasta’s (2007) Career Exploration Survey-Revised instrument, singular factors were studied through hypotheses targeting career awareness behaviors among at-risk and non at-risk subgroups. The results show there are possible contradictions to commonly accepted beliefs about career awareness between at-risk and non at-risk students. Several deductions, considerations, and implications are highlighted based upon the findings of the study.
Singular values and least squares matching

In this paper we investigate least squares matching problems, extending the methods of our earlier paper (1989) in such a way as to make them applicable to problems involving sets of points that are so large that approximate answers are of interest. These problems are formulated in terms of continuous descent equations, and lower bounds on the quality of the best match are obtained in terms of the singular values of certain matrices determined directly by the data.
Studies of human operators manipulating double-pendulum bridge cranes

Crane oscillations make it challenging to manipulate payloads quickly, accurately, and safely. The problem is compounded when the payload creates a double-pendulum effect. This paper presents an input-shaping control method for reducing double-pendulum oscillations. Experiments with human operators driving a 10-ton industrial bridge crane are used to verify the effectiveness of the method. These experiments show that operators perform manipulation tasks faster and safer with the proposed control scheme.
Structure of the diffuse interstellar medium

The interstellar medium has a thick disk structure (|z|≲1500 pc, the ECL or extracloud layer) with a thin zone of cloud contamination at |z|≲100 pc. The properties of all components other than clouds (e.g. cosmic rays, magnetic field, extracloud matter, pressure) drop slowly with |z| across the thick distribution, giving this layer a very important influence in the evolution of superbubbles. It seems likely to quench blowout or breakout and virtually all fountain activity. The weight of this layer stabilizes the clouds at low z; its high pressure and low density provide a cushion for impacts of infalling clouds.
Letter to the Editor regarding the article "Left ventricular assist devices: a kidney's perspective".

To the Editors, I enjoyed the recent review on left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) and kidney function by Tromp et al. [1]. I would, however, like to clarify one point related to animal studies on continuous flow (cf) versus pulsatile flow (pf) LVADs. The authors state ‘‘Animal studies report proliferation of SMCs in the afferent arteriole in the renal cortex [2, 3] and perivascular tissue [3], but could not determine whether this change in morphology affected afferent arteriolar constriction and renal function. Infiltration of inflammatory cells in the renal cortical matrix has been observed, suggesting an immunologic mechanism for SMC hypertrophy [2]. Interestingly, reduced pulsatility may induce (severe) periarteritis in the kidneys, an observation not made in control animals supported by pf-devices.’’ Ohnishi et al. do indeed report proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the renal afferent arterioles of goats implanted with cf-LVADs. Ootaki et al., on the other hand, do not report any changes to the afferent arterioles in six calves implanted with cf-LVADs. Rather, the lesions reported by Ootaki et al. were observed in medium arcuate and interlobular arteries at the corticomedullary junction. These medium artery findings were consistent with previously described renal medium arterial lesions in calves implanted with cf-LVADs as reported by Kihara et al. [4], and with pulmonary artery lesions more recently reported in calves with cf-RVADs [5]. This critical distinction on lesion location (and species) is germane because, while smooth muscle cell proliferation in the afferent arteriole is fully consistent with fine control of glomerular blood pressure, lesions in the arcuate and interlobular (and pulmonary) arteries of calves may represent something else entirely. We have recently published a large retrospective study describing lesions of the renal arcuate and radial arteries and pulmonary arteries in 56 calves, including those implanted with either pulsatile or non-pulsatile LVADs as well as unimplanted calves [6]. Lesions included both smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and inflammation. The common thread to these cases was the use of intravenous cephalosporin antibiotics, unrelated to pump design (or even presence). Characteristic pulmonary arterial lesions in calves receiving intravenous penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics were originally described in studies by Majeski and Fitts [7], and appear to be a specific idiopathic reaction in cattle. Regrettably, neither Ootaki et al. nor Kihara et al. indicate whether the calves in their studies similarly received intravenous beta-lactam class antibiotics. It therefore remains to be seen the translatability of the arterial findings in the calf LVAD preclinical model to human patients. It should be noted that humans and sheep implanted with cf-LVADs do not appear to show any renal arterial lesions [8, 9].
Standard Model Gauging of the Wess-Zumino-Witten Term: Anomalies, Global Currents and pseudo-Chern-Simons Interactions

The standard model SU(2){sub L}xU(1){sub Y} gauging of the Wess-Zumino-Witten term requires a modified counterterm when background fields, needed to generate the full set of currents, are introduced. The modified counterterm plays an essential role in properly defining covariant global currents and their anomalies. For example, it is required in order to correctly derive the gauge-invariant baryon number current and its anomalous divergence. The background fields can also be promoted to a description of the physical spin-1 vector and axial-vector mesons in QCD and the counterterm leads to novel interactions. These are (pseudo)Chern-Simons terms, such as {epsilon}{sup {mu}}{sup {nu}}{sup {rho}}{sup {sigma}}{omega}{sub {mu}}Z{sub {nu}}{partial_derivative}{sub {rho}}A{sub {sigma}} and {epsilon}{sup {mu}}{sup {nu}}{sup {rho}}{sup {sigma}}{rho}{sub {mu}}{sup {+-}}W{sub {nu}}{sup {+-}}{partial_derivative}{sub {rho}}A{sub {sigma}} that mediate new interactions between neutrinos and photons at finite baryon density.
Noise control in modern position sensor design for avionics

The effects of noise generated by digital electronics on avionics hardware has raised concerns over the last several years. Particularly vulnerable to this noise are the many analog sensors used throughout an aircraft for monitoring a significant number of commands and their responses. A description is formulated of the widely used positioning sensor in aircraft known as the linear variable differential transformer. A study is performed of some of the most common noise problem that could affect the performance of this sensor. Techniques are develop to easily correct some of these noise problems. Measurement are performed to corroborate some of the noise control techniques.
QUANTITATIVE RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF NATALIZUMAB

I read with interest the analysis by Thompson et al.1 that assessed the risks and benefits of natalizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The study is based on an incorrect assumption and does not consider another fatal complication besides progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Following reports of the development of PML under natalizumab therapy, it is currently approved in a subgroup of patients with MS who “have had an inadequate response to, or are unable to tolerate, alternate therapies.”2 However, this indication is based on the observed effect of natalizumab in two studies that did not examine its impact in the selective subgroup of patients with MS who already had not responded to immunosuppressive therapy.3 Ironically, it seems that natalizumab is indicated for a clinical setting in which it was not tested. The current therapeutic approach in MS is based on the unproven assumption that relapses in MS are due to acute CNS inflammation and therefore immunomodulating or immunosuppressive therapies are aimed at preventing the immune …
“Blue-body” Epithelial Cell Inclusions in Conjunctivitis

In 10.4% of conjunctival scrapings received from 1731 patients with conjunctivitis during the years 1970 through 1980, basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions of unknown etiology were found in the epithelial cells when Giemsa stained. These "blue-bodies" differed in morphology from bacteria, chlamydia, and other frequent cytoplasmic inclusions. By electron microscopy, they consisted of a variety of dense bodies and phagolysosomal vacuoles containing complex lipids, indicating injury to the epithelial cells. The presence of these inclusions had a statistically significant association with the use of topical medications, especially Neosporin. Administration of other antibiotics and medications was less frequently related. Patients with the most prolific "blue-body" inclusions usually showed a clinical picture of subacute to chronic conjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis thought to represent hypersensitivity. Recognizing the nature of these easily seen inclusions is important to distinguish them from infectious organisms, and may also support the diagnosis of a drug-related reaction.
Functional behavioural assessment in people with intellectual disabilities.

Purpose of reviewThe presence of problem behaviours often impede an individual's quality of life and ability to be fully included in the environments of his or her choice. Functional behavioural assessment has been gaining widespread use in all settings in which people with intellectual disabilities
Assignment of the casein kinase II gene family to cattle chromosomes

Theileriosis, or East Coast fever, a parasitic disease in cattle, is associated with overexpression of casein kinase II. Casein kinase II is composed of two catalytic subunits (alpha or alpha') and two regulatory beta subunits. The genes encoding these subunits of casein kinase II were mapped to bovine chromosomes by polymerase chain reaction analysis of a well-characterized bovine x rodent somatic hybrid cell panel. The alpha-subunit (CSNK2A1) was mapped to bovine chromosome 13, the alpha'-subunit (CSNK2A2) to chromosome 5 and the beta-subunit (CSNK2B) to chromosome 23. Both CSNK2A1 and CSNK2B mapped to known regions of conserved synteny between human and cattle, while CSNK2A2 defined a new homology segment between the human and bovine genomes.
Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in L5178Y/TK+/−-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells☆

Abstract 3-chloro-4(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) was tested without exogenous activation in L51785/TK +/− -3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells for mutation at the thymidine kinase locus and for clastogenicity. At a concentration of 0.75 μg/ml, the induced mutant frequency was 1027 per 10 6 survivors (survival = 11%). A concentration-related increase of large and small colony mutants was observed, but the majority of the MX induced mutants formed small colonies, consistent with the positive clastogenic response that was observed. MX primarily induced chromatid breaks and rearrangements (30 chromatid and 4 chromosome aberrations per 100 cells) at the 0.75 μg/ml dose. These studies indicate that MX induces a broad spectrum of genetic damage.