cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Factors Related to Bisexual Individuals' Preference for Future Parenting Partner

Although a notable amount of research has examined sexual minority parents and their families over the last decade, very little literature has focused on bisexual parents. Most of the research emphasis has been placed on parenting by lesbian women and gay men, with parenting by bisexual individuals often being subsumed by these categories. There is currently a lack of understanding of what factors contribute to bisexual individuals’ preference for gender of their future parenting partner. Because of this, the current study examined the factors related to parenting partner preferences of bisexual students. Forty-seven bisexual individuals completed a series of questionnaires examining variables such as general religiosity, the desire to have children, sexual attractions and behaviors, experiences of anti-bisexual prejudice, and internalized biphobia. Preferences for opposite-sex and same-sex future parenting partners were assessed among all participants. Findings indicated that various components of bisexual participants’ identities were related to parenting partner preferences. Specifically, higher levels of opposite-sex attractions predicted higher preferences for opposite-sex partners, whereas higher levels of same-sex attractions predicted lower preferences for opposite-sex partners. Further, higher amounts of sexual contact with the opposite-sex predicted higher preferences for opposite-sex partners. In contrast, higher amounts of sexual contact with the same-sex predicted higher preferences for same-sex partners. Lastly, participants’ desire to have children was predictive of both opposite-sex and same-sex partner preferences, where parenting desire demonstrated linear and quadratic predictive relationships with opposite-sex and same-sex partner preferences, respectively.
Combining hyperpolarized 13 C MRI with a liver-specific gadolinium contrast agent for selective assessment of hepatocyte metabolism.

PURPOSE Hyperpolarized 13 C MRI is a powerful tool for studying metabolism, but can lack tissue specificity. Gadoxetate is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent that is selectively taken into hepatocytes. The goal of this project was to investigate whether gadoxetate can be used to selectively suppress the hyperpolarized signal arising from hepatocytes, which could in future studies be applied to generate specificity for signal from abnormal cell types. METHODS Baseline gadoxetate uptake kinetics were measured using T1 -weighted contrast enhanced imaging. Relaxivity of gadoxetate was measured for [1-13 C]pyruvate, [1-13 C]lactate, and [1-13 C]alanine. Four healthy rats were imaged with hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate using a three-dimensional (3D) MRSI sequence prior to and 15 min following administration of gadoxetate. The lactate:pyruvate ratio and alanine:pyruvate ratios were measured in liver and kidney. RESULTS Overall, the hyperpolarized signal decreased approximately 60% as a result of pre-injection of gadoxetate. In liver, the lactate:pyruvate and alanine:pyruvate ratios decreased 42% and 78%, respectively (P < 0.05) following gadoxetate administration. In kidneys, these ratios did not change significantly. Relaxivity of gadoxetate for [1-13 C]alanine was 12.6 times higher than relaxivity of gadoxetate for [1-13 C]pyruvate, explaining the greater selective relaxation effect on alanine. CONCLUSIONS The liver-specific gadolinium contrast-agent gadoxetate can selectively suppress normal hepatocyte contributions to hyperpolarized 13 C MRI signals. Magn Reson Med 77:2356-2363, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Prelinguistic Communication and Joint Attention

This chapter reviews prelinguistic communication and joint attention in infants with typical development and in individuals with autism spectrum disorder who have minimal verbal skills. Joint attention is described as triadic coordination or sharing between self, communication partner, and an object or event. From early on, infants show developmental progression in joint attention abilities. Joint attention in infancy can be classified into two types, depending on if infants are responding to others’ joint attention bids (by following another person’s eye gaze and/or points) or spontaneously initiating joint attention overtures with others (by producing triadic gaze shift, pointing and/or showing gestures). By 13 months of age, young children with typical development enter into sustained episodes of coordinated joint engagement. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder have differences in both joint attention and sustained joint engagement. Joint attention abilities relate to concurrent and later language development in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Teaching joint attention, symbolic play, and imitation may affect other areas of development. Clinical implications for promoting joint attention in individuals with or at risk for autism spectrum disorder are discussed.
Surface Contamination Removal Using Dense-Phase Fluids: Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The physical and thermodynamic characteristics of liquid and supercritical CO 2 , including the gas-like viscosity and the liquid-like density and the very low surface tension of CO 2, make these states very attractive for precision cleaning applications, particularly for intricate parts with complex geometries. The cleaning process is operated as a batch process at near-ambient temperatures. Applications cleaning and drying of micro and nanostructures; sterilization of microbial organisms and food pasteurization, and medical equipment; precision cleaning and drying of metal surfaces and complex parts, glass, optical elements, silicon wafers, and polymers; garment cleaning; pesticide mitigation in museum collections; and soil decontamination.
The paradox of sufficient reason

It can be shown by means of a paradox that, given the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), there is no conjunction of all contingent truths. The question is, or ought to be, how to interpret that result: Quid sibi velit? A celebrated argument against PSR due to Peter van Inwagen and Jonathan Bennett in effect interprets the result to mean that PSR entails that there are no contingent truths. But reflection on parallels in philosophy of mathematics shows it can equally be interpreted either as a proof that there are “too many” contingent truths to combine in a single conjunction or as a proof that the concept contingent truth is indefinitely extensible and there is no such thing as “all contingent truths.” Either interpretation would reconcile PSR with contingent truth, but the natural rationales of those interpretations are at odds. This essay argues that the second interpretation is a more satisfactory explanation of why, if PSR is true, there should be no conjunction of all contingent truths. This sheds new light on the nature of the explanatory demand embedded in PSR and uncovers a number of surprising implications for the commitments of rationalism.
Springfield Race Riot of 1908: Preserving a Memory

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at Digital Commons @ IWU. It has been accepted for inclusion inConstructing the Past by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ IWU. For more information, please contact sdaviska@iwu.edu.©Copyright is owned by the author of this document.
Protean Career Model

The protean career model, developed by Hall in the 1970s, describes the shift of focus from the organization to the individual with respect to career choices. It highlights the fact that the traditional view of career as advancement within organizations was no longer accurate. The definition of career has become a series of work experiences throughout a lifetime, with each experience adding to the whole rather than an ultimate end goal of a single high-ranking position. Today, the protean person is flexible and able to adapt his or her skills and knowledge to a wide variety of careers. Keywords: career stage; learning; protean career model; retirement
Method to Predict the Shock Response Spectrum Shape from Frequency Response Functions

In an effort to understand the details of why a Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) has a particular shape, a method was designed to predict the shape of the SRS based on Frequency Response Functions (FRFs). Gaining a full understand of the relationship between the FRF of a structure and the SRS shape should prove to be very useful in reducing SRS test time and allow the general shape of an SRS response to be predicted more efficiently using finite element methods or experimentally obtained data. To allow comparisons of different shock response plates and fixtures through the use of FRFs a normalized Shock Response Spectrum (nSRS) was developed. The nSRS is derived directly from the FRF of a structure and when coupled with a library of characterized impactor input spectrums allows an SRS to be predicted without performing any testing. This approach allows modifications to the shock response plate/fixture to be evaluated efficiently and the effect of different impactors to be studied without performing a large number of experimental tests. It is hoped that this approach to understanding and predicting SRSs improves the understanding of how the structural dynamics effects an SRS and efficiency of testing.
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Motion Sensitivity in Parasol Ganglion Cells of the Primate Retina

Summary Considerable theoretical and experimental effort has been dedicated to understanding how neural circuits detect visual motion. In primates, much is known about the cortical circuits that contribute to motion processing, but the role of the retina in this fundamental neural computation is poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of extracellular and whole-cell recording to test for motion sensitivity in the two main classes of output neurons in the primate retina—midget (parvocellular-projecting) and parasol (magnocellular-projecting) ganglion cells. We report that parasol, but not midget, ganglion cells are motion sensitive. This motion sensitivity is present in synaptic excitation and disinhibition from presynaptic bipolar cells and amacrine cells, respectively. Moreover, electrical coupling between neighboring bipolar cells and the nonlinear nature of synaptic release contribute to the observed motion sensitivity. Our findings indicate that motion computations arise far earlier in the primate visual stream than previously thought.
A Comparison of Perturbation Methods for Nonlinear Hyperbolic Waves

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the comparison of perturbation methods for nonlinear hyperbolic waves. It discusses five numbers of perturbation methods including the method of renormalization, the method of strained coordinates, the analytic method of characteristics, the method of multiple scales, and the Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolsky method. These techniques are applied to nonlinear acoustic waves propagating in thermoviscous fluids. For lossless, oppositely traveling, one-dimensional waves, a first-order uniformly valid expansion can be obtained by using any of these techniques provided the waves do not mutually interact in the body of the medium. This is so if the waves are periodic or pulses. If the mutual-interaction terms are not negligible, only the method of renormalization, strained coordinates, and characteristics can be used. For dissipative media, it is not clear how one can use the method of renormalization, strained coordinates, and characteristics to determine an approximate solution when the dissipation term is the same order as the nonlinear term. For conservative multidimensional waves, a combination of the methods of renormalization and matched asymptotic expansions appear to be the most powerful. In applying the analytic method of characteristics to multi-dimensional waves, one can obtain uniformly valid expansions only if the characteristic surfaces are chosen appropriately. For waves that are short compared with the radii of curvature of the wave fronts, choosing the appropriate characteristics does not present any difficulty because the linear solution displays the role of the characteristic and geometric rays.
Spectroscopy of Highly Ionized Atoms in the Interior of Tokamak Plasma

A tokamak is a device to create and confine a high temperature hydrogen isotope plasma, with the ultimate objective to produce thermonuclear fusion energy (see ref. 1 for a comprehensive review). It consists of a toroidal current in an externally applied toroidal magnetic field, and some provision for preventing the current loop from expanding in major radius. Since the plasma current both heats the plasma and produces a magnetic field, and since the local plasma conductivity (and hence current density and power input distribution, and the magnetic field topology) depends on the local electron temperature, the plasma dynamics in tokamaks are extraordinarily complicated, and only vaguely understood in many important respects. In particular, the mechanism of particle transport across the magnetic field has been a mystery of long standing. The principal difficulty in solution of the problem is the scarcity of reliable measurements of local particle transport rates, and other local plasma parameters of interest, in the hot interior of the plasma. It is in such local diagnostics where spectroscopy of highly ionized atoms of e.g. Fe, Ni, Ti, Kr and others offer many interesting possibilities.
Heritability of self-reported health.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore the contribution of genes and environmental factors to variation in a common measure (i.e., a five-point--excellent, very good, good, fair, and poor--Likert scale) of self-reported health. DATA SOURCES: Data were analyzed from 4,638 male-male twin pair members of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry who responded to a 1987 health survey. STUDY DESIGN: Varying models for the relationship between genetic and environmental influences on self-reported health were tested in an attempt to explain the relative contributions of additive genetic, shared and nonshared environmental effects, and health conditions reported since 1975 to perceived health status. DATA COLLECTION: A mail and telephone survey of health was administered in 1987 to VET Registry twins. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Variance component estimates under the best-fitting model included a 39.6 percent genetic contribution to self-reported health. In a model which included the effect of health condition, genes accounted for 32.5 percent and health condition accounted for 15.0 percent of the variance in self-reported health. The magnitude of the genetic contribution to perceived health status was not significantly different in a model with or without health condition. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest over one-third of the variability of self-reported health can be attributed to genes. Since perceived health status is a major predictor of morbidity, mortality, and health services utilization, future analyses should consider the role of heritable influences on traditional health services variables.
Why are African American Governors and U.S. Senators so Rare? Exploring White Voters’ Responses to African American Statewide Candidates

Despite making notable gains at the local level, very few African Americans have been elected to the high-profile statewide offices of governor or U.S. senator. Previous research offers little systematic evidence on the role of racial prejudice in the campaigns of African Americans trying to reach these offices for the first time. In this paper, I introduce a new data set designed to test whether African American candidates for these offices are penalized due to their race. Comparing all 24 African American challengers (non-incumbents) from 2000 to 2014 to white challengers from the same party running in the same state for the same office around the same time, I find that white challengers are about three times more likely to win and receive about 13 percentage points more support among white voters. These estimates hold when controlling for a number of potential confounding factors and when employing several statistical matching estimators. The results conflict with earlier studies that focus on a single gubernatorial contest or elections at the U.S. House level.
Antecedents and Consequences of Executive Pay Dispersion in the U.S. Banking Industry

There has been an increasing debate on the issue of pay inequality due to the recent financial crisis. Over the last few decades, the issues of executive pay dispersion and its performance implication have been a key research topic. However, previous studies have paid little attention to the role of compensation committee regarding executive pay dispersion. Social comparison theory and institutional theory suggest that committee members on corporate board show mimetic behaviors when making decisions on executive pay structure. Specifically, we propose that compensation committees are likely to create similar level of pay dispersion for focal firm (i.e. where committee member as serve directors) that mirrors the pay dispersion of tied firm (i.e. where committee member serve as managers). We also propose that the executive pay dispersion before financial crisis had negative performance implications. Using a sample of U.S. banks, we found that the pay dispersion level of tied firms is positively associated w...
Social Norms and the Theory of the Firm

For decades, the economic theory of the firm referred to as agency theory has dominated business research and education in the United States. Although agency theory has been influential in accounting, finance, and managerial economics, it lacks informal and nonfinancial controls. Douglas E. Stevens resolves to enhance this theory through the incorporation of social norms. Drawing on historical context related to the firm, the theory of the firm, and social norm theory related to the firm, he demonstrates the importance of social norms in the formation and development of free-market capitalism and the firm. He also describes the latest theoretical, experimental, and archival evidence to exhibit the growing body of research that incorporates social norms into the theory of the firm. These foundations enable Stevens to create a comprehensive roadmap of agency theory that will have strong implications for practice and public policy.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Effect of Home Institution on Emergency Medicine Standardized Letters of Evaluation.

Background The standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE) was developed to make letters of recommendation in emergency medicine (EM) more objective and discerning. Typically, students obtain one SLOE from a home EM rotation and at least one more SLOE from an away clerkship. It is unclear if students perform better on their home or away EM rotations. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if students perform better on the group SLOE at their home institution compared to an away institution. Methods The authors performed a retrospective application review of all allopathic applicants to an urban, academic EM residency program. The authors calculated a composite score (CS) for each group SLOE, using the global assessment scores for comparative rank and rank list position. A lower CS indicates better performance. The authors compared mean CS for students' first home rotations with first away rotations. For students in the study who had a third (second away or second home site) SLOE available, the authors compared mean CS on the students' first SLOEs with mean CS on the students' third SLOEs. Results A total of 624 records were included in the primary analysis. There was a small, but significant difference between mean CS for students' home rotations when compared to away rotations (4.67 vs. 4.85, p = 0.024). Students performed better on their home rotations. Students who had three SLOEs available performed worse on their third rotation (first = 4.40, second = 4.63, third = 4.77, p = 0.012 for first vs. third). For all available SLOEs, more than 50% of students fell into the top 10% or top one-third categories. Conclusion Students perform slightly better on their home EM rotations. Students' mean SLOE CS is slightly worse for a third rotation when compared to a first rotation.
Embracing Diversity: Differences in Virulence Mechanisms, Disease Severity, and Host Adaptations Contribute to the Success of Nontyphoidal Salmonella as a Foodborne Pathogen.

Not all Salmonella enterica serovars cause the same disease. S. enterica represents an incredibly diverse species comprising >2,600 unique serovars. While some S. enterica serovars are host-restricted, others infect a wide range of hosts. The diseases that nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause vary considerably, with some serovars being significantly more likely to cause invasive disease in humans than others. Furthermore, while genomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the genetic diversity of these serovars, they have not been able to fully account for the observed clinical differences. One overarching challenge is that much of what is known about Salmonella’s general biology and virulence strategies is concluded from studies examining a select few serovars, especially serovar Typhimurium. As targeted control strategies have been implemented to control select serovars, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks involving serovars that are less frequently associated with human clinical illness are being detected. Harnessing what is known about the diversity of NTS serovars represents an important factor in achieving the ultimate goal of reducing salmonellosis-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the differences and similarities among NTS serovars, highlighting the virulence mechanisms, genetic differences, and sources that characterize S. enterica diversity and contribute to its success as a foodborne pathogen.
Organic Electron Delocalization Modulated by Ligand Charge States in [L2M]n- Complexes of Group 13 Ions.

Water-stable organic mixed valence (MV) compounds have been prepared by the reaction of reduced bis(imino)pyridine ligands (I2P) with the trichloride salts of Al, Ga, and In. The coordination of two tridentate ligands to each ion affords octahedral complexes that are accessible with five ligand charge states: [(I2P0)(I2P–)M]2+, [(I2P–)2M]+, (I2P–)(I2P2–)M, [(I2P2–)2M]−, and [(I2P2–)(I2P3–)M]2–, and for M = Al only, [(I2P3–)2M]3–. In solid-state structures, the anionic members of the redox series are stabilized by the intercalation of Na+ cations within the ligands. The MV members of the redox series, (I2P–)(I2P2–)M and [(I2P2–)(I2P3–)M]2–, show characteristic intervalence transitions, in the near-infrared regions between 6800–7400 and 7800–9000 cm–1, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), NIR spectroscopic, and X-ray structural studies support the assignment of class II for compounds [(I2P2–)(I2P3–)M]2– and class III for M = Al and Ga in (I2P–)(I2P2–)M. All compounds containing a singly reduced I2P– ligan...
Pose2Pose: pose selection and transfer for 2D character animation

An artist faces two challenges when creating a 2D animated character to mimic a specific human performance. First, the artist must design and draw a collection of artwork depicting portions of the character in a suitable set of poses, for example arm and hand poses that can be selected and combined to express the range of gestures typical for that person. Next, to depict a specific performance, the artist must select and position the appropriate set of artwork at each moment of the animation. This paper presents a system that addresses these challenges by leveraging video of the target human performer. Our system tracks arm and hand poses in an example video of the target. The UI displays clusters of these poses to help artists select representative poses that capture the actor's style and personality. From this mapping of pose data to character artwork, our system can generate an animation from a new performance video. It relies on a dynamic programming algorithm to optimize for smooth animations that match the poses found in the video. Artists used our system to create four 2D characters and were pleased with the final automatically animated results. We also describe additional applications addressing audio-driven or text-based animations.
Metastatic epidural spinal column compression due to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma causing subacute Cauda equina syndrome: A case report.

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic malignancy, which rarely metastasizes to the spine. Case description Here, we present a lytic lumbar metastatic PDAC resulting in severe epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) with instability. The lesion required preoperative particle embolization, surgical decompression, and fusion. Conclusion This case report shows that PDAC may metastasize to the lumbar spine requiring routine decompression with fusion.
Structured estimation for the nonparametric Cox model

© 2015, Institute of Mathematical Statistics. All right received. In this paper, we study theoretical properties of the non-parametric Cox proportional hazards model in a high dimensional non-asymptotic setting. We establish the finite sample oracle l2 bounds for a general class of group penalties that allow possible hierarchical and overlapping structures. We approximate the log partial likelihood with a quadratic functional and use truncation arguments to reduce the error. Unlike the existing literature, we exemplify differences between bounded and possibly unbounded non-parametric covariate effects. In particular, we show that bounded effects can lead to prediction bounds similar to the simple linear models, whereas unbounded effects can lead to larger prediction bounds. In both situations we do not assume that the true parameter is necessarily sparse. Lastly, we present new theoretical results for hierarchical and smoothed estimation in the non-parametric Cox model. We provide two examples of the proposed general framework: a Cox model with interactions and an ANOVA type Cox model.
Circulating Leptin in the Preclinical Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease (4065)

Objective: To determine if circulating leptin levels are altered in preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Background: Weight loss is an early manifestation of AD that can precede the cognitive decline. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that is essential for regulating body weight. However, it is not known if leptin signaling is altered in individuals during the preclinical stage of AD, where there is Aβ and tau pathology but no significant cognitive decline. Design/Methods: Cognitively normal (Clinical Dementia Rating of 0) volunteers from two cohorts, 156 subjects (58% female) from St. Louis and 28 subjects (50% female) from Atlanta, with fasting plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were included in this cross-sectional study. Preclinical AD was defined by previously established CSF criteria. Plasma leptin was measured by ELISA (R&D Systems). Results: St. Louis Cohort: In males, plasma leptin was significantly lower in preclinical AD compared to controls (control: 3.97 ± 1.61 ng/mL; preclinical AD: 2.83 ± 1.18 ng/mL, p=0.006). Plasma leptin was associated with CSF Aβ42 (β=0.41, p=0.001) but not CSF tau or p-tau181 (all p>0.05). In females, there was no significant difference in plasma leptin levels between preclinical AD and controls (p>0.05). Atlanta cohort: In males, there was a trend towards lower plasma leptin levels in preclinical AD compared to controls (p=0.17). In females, there was an insufficient number of preclinical AD subjects for analysis. Secondary analysis in this cohort showed that African Americans have significantly higher plasma leptin levels than Caucasians, suggesting leptin resistance may be a confounding factor for African Americans. Conclusions: These results suggest that alterations in leptin signaling may be caused by early Aβ pathology. Although these findings need verification in additional sufficiently powered cohorts and the mechanisms defined including any differences due to sex and race, these findings may provide key insights into the mechanisms underlying weight loss early in AD. Disclosure: Dr. Sha has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hu has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with AARP, Locks Law Firm, Interpleader Law, and Roche Diagnostics USA. Dr. Hu has received research support from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals and Fujirebio US. Dr. Iadecola has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ishii has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Relias Media. Dr. Ishii holds stock and/or stock options in Regneron Pharmaceuticals.
The Indirect Effects of Psychopathy on Trait Aggression through Anxiety Sensitivity across Genders

Prior literature has supported associations between psychopathic personality traits and aggressive behavior among criminal and non-criminal populations. Extant literature is limited in examining af...
Fiber-coupled terahertz source based on passive transponder nanoantennas

We present a telecommunication-compatible terahertz source based on passive transponder nanoantennas. When excited with an optical pump beam, photogenerated carriers in a photo-absorbing substrate are swept to an array of terahertz radiating nanoantennas by a built-in electric field formed between the nanoantennas and substrate. The photoconductive substrate is specifically grown to maximize the strength and overlap of the built-in electric field with the photogenerated carriers to provide high optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies. We have used this terahertz generation scheme to develop a fiber-coupled passive transponder that provides more than a 110 dB dynamic range over a 5 THz bandwidth.
An externalist teleology

Teleology has a complicated history in the biological sciences. Some have argued that Darwin’s theory has allowed biology to purge itself of teleological explanations. Others have been content to retain teleology and to treat it as metaphorical, or have sought to replace it with less problematic notions like teleonomy. And still others have tried to naturalize it in a way that distances it from the vitalism of the nineteenth century, focusing on the role that function plays in teleological explanation. No consensus has seemed possible in this debate. This paper takes a different approach. It argues that teleology is a perfectly acceptable scientific notion, but that the debate took an unfortunate misstep some 2300 years ago, one that has confused things ever since. The misstep comes in the beginning of Aristotle’s Physics when a distinction is made between two types of teleological explanation. One type pertains to artifacts while the other pertains to entities in nature. For Aristotle, artifacts are guided by something external to themselves, human intentions, while natural entities are guided by an internal nature. We aim to show that there is, in fact, only one type of legitimate teleological explanation, what Aristotle would have considered a variant of an artifact model, where entities are guided by external fields. We begin with an analysis of the differences between the two types of explanation. We then examine some evidence in Aristotle’s biological works suggesting that in his account of the natural-artifactual distinction, he encountered difficulties in trying to provide teleological accounts of spontaneous generation. And we show that it is possible to resolve these difficulties with a more robust version of an artifact model of teleology, in other words, with an externalist teleology. This is McShea’s model, in which goal-directed entities are guided by a nested series a of upper-level fields. To explain teleological behavior, this account invokes only external physical forces rather than mysterious internal natures. We then consider how field theory differs from other efforts to naturalize teleology in biology. And finally, we show how the account enables us to grapple with certain difficult cases—genes and intentions—where, even in biology today, the temptation to posit internal natures remains strong.
Impact of Early, Low-Dose Factor VIIa on Subsequent Transfusions and Length of Stay in Cardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVE Recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) is used to treat cardiac surgical bleeding in an off-label manner. However, optimal dosing and timing of administration to provide efficacious yet safe outcomes remain unknown. DESIGN Retrospective, observational study. SETTING Tertiary care academic center. PARTICIPANTS Cardiac surgical patients (N = 214) who received low-dose rFVIIa for cardiac surgical bleeding. INTERVENTIONS Patients were allocated into one of three groups based on timing of rFVIIa administration during the course of bleeding resuscitation based on the number of hemostatic products given before rFVIIa administration: group one = ≤one products (n = 82); group two = two-to-four products (n = 73); and group three= ≥five products (n = 59). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients who received low-dose rFVIIa later in the course of bleeding resuscitation (group three) had longer intensive care unit stays (p = 0.014) and increased incidence of postoperative renal failure when compared with group one (p = 0.039). Total transfusions were lowest in patients who received rFVIIa early in the course of resuscitation (group one) (median, two [interquartile range (IQR), 1-4.75]) and highest in group three (median, 11 [IQR, 8-14]; p < 0.001). Subsequent blood product transfusions after rFVIIa administration were highest in group two (p = 0.003); however, the median for all three groups was two products. There were no differences in thrombosis, reexplorations, or mortality in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study identified no differences in adverse outcomes based on timing of administration of low-dose rFVIIa for cardiac surgical bleeding defined by stage of resuscitation, but the benefits of early administration remain unclear.
Factors Associated with Child Malnutrition in the Somali Region of Ethiopia: a Cross-Sectional Survey

In Ethiopia, malnutrition contributes to more than one-third of under-five child deaths. This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying risk factors for child malnutrition by examining the role of underlying determinants such as food insecurity and water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions (WASH). A total of 116 households with under-five children in the Somali region of Ethiopia were recruited using a simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire that assessed socioeconomic status, child anthropometrics, household food insecurity, dietary diversity, and WASH. SPSS version 24 and R version 3.5.1 were used to conduct analysis. Most (71.56%) of children were malnourished. A majority of households reported food insecurity (70.69%) and consumed a diet with limited dietary diversity (80.17%). Most households did not have access to improved drinking water sources (72.42%) and sanitation facilities (98.28%). Maternal self-employment status was a risk factor for child wasting (OR = 3.80, 95% CI [1.04, 13.84], p = .05) and underweight (OR = 4.90, 95% CI [1.58, 15.17], p = .01). Child wasting was associated with household income (OR = .62, 95% CI [.42, .91], p = .03) and open defecation (OR = 11.17, 95% CI [1.57, 79.39], p = .02). While low household dietary diversity was a risk factor for child stunting (OR = 5.33, 95% CI [1.85, 16.55], p < .01), maternal hand washing practices after defecation were a protective factor for child stunting (OR = .28, 95% CI [.12, .68], p = .01). These findings underscore the importance of developing an integrated approach between different sectors in Nutrition, Health, WASH, and Food Security for health promotion among young children.
Selective area heteroepitaxy of antiphase boundary free GaAs microridges on on-axis (001) Si for silicon photonics

Low defect density gallium arsenide microridges were selectively grown on patterned (001) silicon. Antiphase boundaries were eliminated by bending and self-annihilation, enabled by low temperature nucleation and subsequent growth temperature optimization.
Self-Interested Giving: The Relationship Between Conditional Gifts, Charitable Donations, and Donor Self-Interestedness

Nonprofits regularly use conditional “thank you” gifts to entice prospective donors to give, yet experimental evidence suggests that their effects are mixed in practice. This paper uses multiple la...
One-Step Ahead Prediction of Angular Momentum about the Contact Point for Control of Bipedal Locomotion: Validation in a LIP-inspired Controller

Ultimately, feedback control is about making adjustments using current state information in order to meet an objective in the future. In the control of bipedal locomotion, linear velocity of the center of mass has been widely accepted as the primary variable around which feedback control objectives are formulated. In this paper, we argue that it is easier to predict the one-step ahead evolution of angular momentum about the contact point than it is to make a similar prediction for linear velocity, and hence it provides a superior quantity for feedback control. So as not to confuse the benefits of predicting angular momentum with any other control design decisions, we reformulate the standard LIP model in terms of angular momentum and show how to regulate swing foot touchdown position at the end of the current step so as to meet an angular momentum objective at the end of the next step. We implement the resulting feedback controller on the 20 degree-of-freedom bipedal robot, Cassie Blue, where each leg accounts for nearly one-third of the robot’s total mass of 32 Kg. Under this controller, the robot achieves fast walking, rapid turning while walking, large disturbance rejection, and locomotion on rough terrain.
More Structural Analogies Between Pronouns and Tenses

In the early seventies, Barbara Partee suggested that tenses in natural languages mi ght not be operators , but pronouns . Like pronouns , they have indexical , anaphoric, and bound variable uses. In this short presentation, I wil l discuss one more parallel between tenses and pronouns. S ometimes, tense features are not interpreted at all , a phenomenon traditionally cal led ' sequence of tense ' . Here are some illustrations:
Economic Returns to Higher Education: Signaling v. Human Capital Theory; An Analysis of Competing Theories

This study, in concert with previous studies, attempts to separate out the independent effects of the signaling and human capital mechanisms, arguing that individuals utilize higher education to signal a broad set of inherent productivity enhancing characteristics, which are unobserved by employers. I argue that several past studies, namely Chevalier (2004), have focused too narrowly on measures of inherent intelligence as representative of an individual’s signaled productivity-enhancing characteristics and that estimates of the signaling effect might have been downwardly biased as a result. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol16/iss1/14 The Park Place Economist, Volume XVI 70 Jim Kjelland Economic Returns to Higher Education: Signaling v. Human Capital Theory An Analysis of Competing Theories
Activation of calpain‐1 in myelin and microglia in the white matter of the aged rhesus monkey

Ultrastructural disruption of myelin sheaths and a loss of myelin with age are well-documented phenomena in both the human and rhesus monkey. Age-dependent activation of calpain-1 (EC 3.4.22.52) has been suggested as a plausible mechanism for increased proteolysis in the white matter of the rhesus monkey. The present study documents activation of calpain-1 throughout brain white matter in aged animals, evidenced by immunodetection of the activated enzyme as well as a calpain-derived spectrin fragment in both tissue section and Triton X-100-soluble homogenate of subcortical white matter from the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Separation of myelin fractions from brain stem tissue into intact and floating myelin confirmed previous reports of an age-related increase in activated calpain-1 in the floating fraction. Measurements of calpain-1 activity using a fluorescent substrate revealed an age-related increase in calpain-1 proteolytic activity in the floating myelin fraction consistent with immunodetection of the activated enzyme in this fraction. Double-immunofluorescence demonstrated co-localization of activated calpain-1 with human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), a marker for activated microglia, suggesting that these cells represent the major source of the increase in activated calpain-1 in the aging brain. These data solidify the role of calpain-1 in myelin protein metabolism and further implicate activated microglia in the pathology of the aging brain.
Only the Strong: Restricting Situation Variables

Linguists often assume that possible worlds and times are represented as pronouns in natural language (see Cresswell 1990, Percus 2000, Kusumoto 2005, Keshet 2008). This paper will construe such pronouns as world-time pairs, which will be referred to as situations, for simplicity. A predicate taking such a pair as an argument is evaluated in the world and the time specified by that situation, effectively determining whether it is de re or de dicto. Researchers such as Percus (2000) have noted that such a system overgenerates and proposed generalizations describing where this overgeneralization occurs. This paper will examine three such generalizations: Percus’s (2000) Generalization X, a generalization by Musan (1997), and a new generalization covering modifiers of nouns. Ultimately, a unified generalization will be proposed, stating that only strong DPs ever may receive a de re interpretation. An explanation for this generalization is offered, involving a change in the semantic type system, under which only strong determiners may take situation pronouns.
A new precursor for the chemical vapor deposition of tantalum nitride films

A new precursor system for the deposition of tantalum nitride films has been developed. The tantalum(IV) complexes Ta(NEt2)2Cl2(p-Me2Npy)2 and Ta(NEt2)2(NCy2)2 were synthesized and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Ta(NEt2)2Cl2(p-Me2Npy)2 has an octahedral structure with trans chloride and cis amido ligands, and Ta(NEt2)2(NCy2)2 has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Tantalum nitride films were prepared from Ta(NEt2)2(NCy2)2 and ammonia at 340 °C using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The films on glass had resistivities of 2.5 ± 0.1 × 105 μΩ cm. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, forward recoil spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data suggest the films have a composition of approximately TaN1.5H0.3–0.5. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data also indicate that the average tantalum oxidation state is +4 and that each hydrogen atom in the film is associated with two nitrogen atoms on average. The films were a barrier to diffusion between copper and silicon at 500 °C for one hour. The results of this study suggest that the oxidation state of the metal in the precursor controls the oxidation state of the metal in the film, and thereby the film stoichiometry and properties.
Laser-based external corrosion mapping of pipelines

Hardware and software advancement in computer technology enable the development of faster and better application of laser inspection technology in the field of pipe surface corrosion inspection as well as weld profile inspection. Several software programs for inspecting surface defects on pipelines have been developed by EWI within the past few years. The most recent development, utilizing an algorithm that accommodates for normal pipeline deviations such as bulges, bends and dents, was developed and incorporated into a mechanical pipeline-scanning device. This automated laser-based corrosion mapping system was designed for inspection of corroded surfaces of in-service pipelines. The new system has been used successfully for external measurement of exposed pipelines. The system is based on the use of laser spot range finders on a circumferential slide carried by a magnetically attached crawler. The crawler has the ability to auto steer to maintain its circumferential position on the pipe, and the circumferential slide allows a 100-degree segment of the pipe to be scanned. The portable system is able to map corrosion profiles in the presence of surface deviations such as ripples, bulges, and welds. A graphical user interface (GUI) allows easy data display, analysis and archiving. Results generated with the system are used in corrosion assessment procedures such as RSTRENG (3) to evaluate the condition of the pipeline and suggest the appropriate remedial action, if required.
The use of inhalation techniques to assess the kinetic constants of 1,1-dichloroethylene metabolism.

The toxicity of many volatile, industrial chemicals is due to the formation of toxic metabolites rather than the intrinsic toxicity of the chemicals themselves. Complete toxicological evaluations of such chemicals necessitate determination of the pertinent kinetic constants of the activation reaction. Previously, the studies required to determine these constants have been technically very difficult and time consuming. A much simpler technique to assess the kinetic constants for metabolism of gaseous toxicants has been developed. The rate of gas uptake by rats has been studied in a closed chamber system and by analyzing the time course of uptake curves obtained at various concentrations the Km (as atmospheric ppm) of the reaction as well as the maximal rate of metabolism, Vmax, was determined. Using these inhalation techniques, the metabolism of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) has been examined in detail. Gas phase uptake of 1,1-DCE occurred in two distinct phases. A rapid phase with a concentration-independent rate constant of 2.2 hr−1 represented whole body equilibration. The magnitude of the rapid phase was proportional to the mass of rats in the chamber and the concentration of 1,1-DCE. Rapid phase uptake corresponded to a whole body/gas distribution coefficient of 4.04. The slow phase represented metabolism and was abolished by pretreatment with pyrazole or simultaneous exposure to CCl4. The concentration dependence of the rate of the slow phase followed the Michealis-Menten form with an inhalation Km of 335 ppm and a chamber Vmax of 132 ppm/kg/hr (corresponding to an in vivo Vmax of 15.87 mg metabolized/kg/hr). From these rate data the acute inhalation toxicity in naive rats was shown to be a direct function of the amount of metabolite formed, and not of the concentration of 1,1-DCE. Short term exposures produced mortality after formation of 25–30 mg of metabolite/kg. At concentrations between 200–1000 ppm, a direct correspondence was found between the time of exposure required to kill rats and the time calculated to produce a constant amount of metabolite(s).