cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On localized Kelvin-Voigt damping

We consider one-dimensional wave propagation through two layers consisting, respectively, of an elastic and a viscoelastic medium. The viscoelastic medium is of Kelvin-Voigt type. We assume that the material coefficients change smoothly without a discontinuity near the interface. It is proved that the decay rate of high frequency modes tends to infinity with frequency.
How much do your co-opetitors' capabilities matter in the face of technological change?

Firms often lose their competitive advantage when a technological change renders their existing capabilities obsolete. An important question that has received little or no attention is, what happens to these firms’ competitive advantage when the technological change instead renders obsolete the capabilities of their co-opetitors—the suppliers, customers, and complementors whose very success may underpin that of the firm and with whom it must collaborate and compete. This paper explores the effects on a firm of the impact of a technological change on its co-opetitors. It argues that a firm’s post-technological change performance decreases with the extent to which the technological change renders co-opetitors’ capabilities obsolete. It uses detailed data on the adoption of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) technology by computer workstation makers to demonstrate the need to view resources as residing in a network and not in the firm alone. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic increases in IL-1 synthesis by the human monocytic cell line THP-1 treated with PAF and endotoxin.

Abstract The capacity to stimulate cytokine release may be important to the long-term effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF), which has a very short half-life. Previous studies have shown that PAF stimulates interleukin 1 (IL-1) release by human monocytes. IL-1 and other cytokines produced in response to PAF may be important to the long-term effects of this short-lived lipid. The THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cell line, was used to study the mechanism by which PAF stimulates IL-1 release. PAF stimulates the release of IL-1 β activity into THP-1 cell supernatants with a multiphasic dose-response curve very similar to that for monocytes. When THP-1 cells are treated with PAF and LPS in combination, these two stimuli interact synergistically to greatly increase the release of IL-1 activity. To assess the effect of PAF on IL-1 β synthesis, THP-1 cell pellet proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted, and immunostained to detect IL-1β. Immunostaining revealed that PAF increases intracellular IL-1 β precursor and that the combination of PAF and LPS increases IL-1 β precursor synergistically. PAF increases IL-1 β release mainly by increasing IL-1 β synthesis.
Long-latency contributions to reciprocal inhibition during various levels of muscle contraction

Abstract Reciprocal inhibition is a functional term and refers to the proportional decrease in antagonist motoneuron activity that accompanies an agonist contraction. A condition-test (C-T) H-reflex paradigm (conditioned stimulus applied to the common peroneal nerve; test reflex elicited by posterior tibial nerve stimulation) was used during: (1) rest, (2) a tonic isometric tibialis anterior (TA) contraction at 10% of its maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and, (3) a TA contraction at 25% MVC. The purpose of the study was to assess whether or not long-latency contributions to reciprocal inhibition of soleus H-reflexes changed with increasing levels of TA contraction. C-T intervals ranged from 5 to 150 ms. Subjects ( n =14) had long-latency inhibition at rest ( x =−35.0±18.7%). This inhibition was enhanced during 10% ( x =−46.1±17.9%; p =0.17) and 25% MVCs ( x =−56.3±14.0%; p
Ornithine carbamyl transferase as a liver function test comparative studies in the dog, swine, and man☆

Abstract Selective tissue damage was induced in groups of dogs and swine, either chemically by the nephrotoxic agent uranyl nitrate or the hepatoxic agent carbon tetrachloride, or surgically by biliary duct or coronary artery ligation. Human cases with myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, myositis, viral and toxic hepatitis were included in this study. The following blood assays were monitored throughout the study: Cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, coagulation tests, blood urea nitrogen, fasting blood sugar, isocitric dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Our data show that ornithine carbamyl transferase became elevated only when the hepatic parenchyma was damaged, and that this elevation became evident just as early and was much higher than that of the other enzymes assayed.
Political Activism and Association Involvement: The French Choice in Comparative Perspective

The ‘Participatory Revolution’ of the past decades has caused not only a surge in political activism, but more importantly a reconsideration of the relevance of the level of political engagement: individual and collective levels of activism have started competing for political participants. In this context, a close analysis of the French case might reveal whether it is political involvement at the individual level, more than at the collective one, that drives the country's strong political activism. The testing of this political behavior paradigm will provide important conclusions on the validity of the literature on social capital, questioning the positive correlation between high levels of conventional or unconventional political activism and high levels of associationism and collective activity in social and political organizations.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin phenethylamide reduces atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice

Abstract Non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) has been reported to reduce atherosclerosis in both rabbit and murine models. In contrast, selective inhibition of COX-2 has been shown to suppress early atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor null mice but not more advanced lesions in apoE deficient (apoE −/− ) mice. We investigated the efficacy of the novel COX inhibitor indomethacin phenethylamide (INDO-PA) on the development of different stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation in female apoE −/− mice. INDO-PA, which is highly selective for COX-2 in vitro, reduced platelet thromboxane production by 61% in vivo, indicating partial inhibition of COX-1 in vivo. Treatment of female apoE −/− mice with 5 mg/kg INDO-PA significantly reduced early to intermediate aortic atherosclerotic lesion formation (44 and 53%, respectively) in both the aortic sinus and aorta en face compared to controls. Interestingly, there was no difference in the extent of atherosclerosis in the proximal aorta in apoE −/− mice treated from 11 to 21 weeks of age with INDO-PA, yet there was a striking (76%) reduction in lesion size by en face analysis in these mice. These studies demonstrate the ability of non-selective COX inhibition with INDO-PA to reduce early to intermediate atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE −/− mice, supporting a role for anti-inflammatory approaches in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
On a problem of counting by weighing

Suppose it is desired to obtain a large number N, of items for which individual counting is impractical, but one can demand a batch to weigh at least w units so that the number of items N in the batch may be close to the desired number Ns. If the items have mean weight 0, it is reasonable to have w equal to ON, when O is known. When 9 is unknown, one can take a sample of size n, not bigger than Ns, estimate O by a good estimator O,, and set w equal to ONs. Let R, = Kp2N2/In + Ksn be a measure of loss, where Ke and Ks are the coefficients representing the cost of the error in estimation and the cost of the sampling respectively, and p is the coefficient of variation for the weight of the items. If one determines the sample size to be the integer closest to pCN, when p is known, where C is (Ke/Ks,), then R, will be minimized. If p is unknown, a simple sequential procedure is proposed for which the average sample number is shown to be asymptotically equal to the optimal fixed sample size. When the weights are assumed to have a gamma distribution given O and 0 has a prior inverted gamma distribution, the optimal sample size can be found to be the nonnegative integer closest to pCN, +p2A(pC - 1), where A is a known constant given in the prior distribution.
Rapid AMPA receptor desensitization in catfish cone horizontal cells

AMPA and NMDA type glutamate receptors were studied in isolated catfish cone horizontal cells using the whole-cell and outside-out patch-recording techniques. In whole-cell recordings, cyclothiazide (CTZ) enhanced the peak current in response to glutamate (in the presence of NMDA receptor antagonists). In patch recordings, currents evoked by rapid and maintained applications of glutamate desensitized with a time constant of one millisecond. CTZ blocked this rapid desensitization. Recovery from desensitization of the AMPA receptors was rapid, having a time constant of 8.65 ms. In contrast, the whole-cell and patch responses to applications of NMDA were much smaller than the AMPA receptor responses and did not desensitize. The relative contribution of these two receptor subtypes depends critically on the condition of the synapse: if glutamate levels are tonically present, the NMDA receptors contribute significantly to the postsynaptic response. If glutamate levels fall rapidly following the release of a single quantum of glutamate, then AMPA receptor currents will dominate the postsynaptic response.
Destabilizing the Fixed

Using the critical framework of Cornwall and Lindisfarne in Dislocating Masculinities, The author reviews recent ethnographies focusing on masculinities, taking as given the need to question established categories of understanding gender, sex, and sexuality. Examining Derne's Culture in Action, a study of upper-class men in Banaras, India, and Moodie and Ndatshe's Going for Gold, an analysis of South African miners, The author discusses the ways that change, contingency, negotiation, and struggle are brought into ethnographies on men and masculinities.
Integral membrane lipid phosphatases/phosphotransferases: common structure and diverse functions

Phospholipids and sphingolipids play critical roles in signal transduction, intracellular membrane trafficking, and control of cell growth and survival. We discuss recent progress in the identification and characterization of a family of integral membrane proteins with central roles in bioactive lipid metabolism and signalling. These five groups of homologous proteins, which we collectively term LPTs (lipid phosphatases/phosphotransferases), are characterized by a core domain containing six transmembrane-spanning α-helices connected by extramembrane loops, two of which interact to form the catalytic site. LPT family members are localized to all major membrane compartments of the cell. The transmembrane topology of these proteins places their active site facing the lumen of endomembrane compartments or the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. Sequence conservation between the active site of the LPPs (lipid phosphate phosphatases), SPPs (sphingosine phosphate phosphatases) and the recently identified SMSs (sphingomyelin synthases) with vanadium-dependent fungal oxidases provides a framework for understanding their common catalytic mechanism. LPPs hydrolyse LPA (lysophosphatidic acid), S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) and structurally-related substrates. Although LPPs can dephosphorylate intracellularly generated substrates to control intracellular lipid metabolism and signalling, their best understood function is to regulate cell surface receptor-mediated signalling by LPA and S1P by inactivating these lipids at the plasma membrane or in the extracellular space. SPPs are intracellularly localized S1P-selective phosphatases, with key roles in the pathways of sphingolipid metabolism linked to control of cell growth and survival. The SMS enzymes catalyse the interconversion of phosphatidylcholine and ceramide with sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol, suggesting a pivotal role in both housekeeping lipid synthesis and regulation of bioactive lipid mediators. The remaining members of the LPT family, the LPR/PRGs (lipid phosphatase-related proteins/plasticity-related genes) and CSS2s (type 2 candidate sphingomyelin synthases), are presently much less well studied. These two groups include proteins that lack critical amino acids within the catalytic site, and could therefore not use the conserved LPT reaction mechanism to catalyse lipid phosphatase or phosphotransferase reactions. In this review, we discuss recent ideas about their possible biological activities and functions, which appear to involve regulation of cellular morphology and, possibly, lipid metabolism and signalling in the nuclear envelope.
Site-specific S-glutathiolation of mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone reductase.

The generation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria acts as a redox signal in triggering cellular events such as apoptosis, proliferation, and senescence. Overproduction of superoxide (O2•-) and O2•--derived oxidants changes the redox status of the mitochondrial GSH pool. An electron transport protein, mitochondrial complex I, is the major host of reactive/regulatory protein thiols. An important response of protein thiols to oxidative stress is to reversibly form protein mixed disulfide via S-glutathiolation. Exposure of complex I to oxidized GSH, GSSG, resulted in specific S-glutathiolation at the 51 kDa and 75 kDa subunits (Beer et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 47939−47951). Here, to investigate the molecular mechanism of S-glutathiolation of complex I, we prepared isolated bovine complex I under nonreducing conditions and employed the techniques of mass spectrometry and EPR spin trapping for analysis. LC/MS/MS analysis of tryptic digests of the 51 kDa and 75 kDa polypeptides from glutathiolated ...
Patterns of Students' and Teachers' Interactions in Learning Centres: A Case Study of Three Teacher Leaders in an Elementary School.

This study investigated the instructional practices of three teacher leaders employed in a diverse, elementary school in the USA. Through extended observations, it was found that learning centres occupied a central role in the organisation and learning in each of the classrooms. Bernstein's theory of classification and framing was used to analyse the patterns of classroom interactions and identify the skills and values from learning centres. This research critically examined the role centres play in developing academic and social skills in learners, including those learners from lower socio-economic backgrounds and English language learners (ELL). Learning centres were constructed on an expectation that learners made self-initiated decisions, collaborated with peers, and contributed to the development of students' academic, linguistic, and social skills in students of colour, students from lower socio-economic class backgrounds, and ELL.
The chromatic index of complete multipartite graphs

We show that a complete multipartite graph is class one if and only if it is not eoverfull, thus determining its chromatic index.
Measurements of gf-values for FeI lines☆

Abstract Iron atoms were formed in an all-glass shock tube from mixtures of Fe(CO) 5 in Ar. Observations of the reflected shock region have led to the following gf -values (within ±20 per cent) for selected low-excitation lines of multiplet 13: 1·05 × 10 -4 for the line at 6280·620 A, 1·70 × 10 -4 at 6358·690 A, and 6·70 × 10 -5 at 6498·950 A. The following results (within ±30 per cent) were obtained for gf -values of high-excitation lines belonging to multiplets 1032, 843 and 928, respectively: 1·05 × 10 -1 for the line at 5187·92 A, 3·00 × 10 -1 at 5242·50 A, and 1·10 × 10 -1 at 5379·58 A. The new measurements correspond to an increase of the more recently accepted f -number scale by about a factor of two. Curves of growth for the strong, high-excitation lines have been used to determine half-widths for collision broadening of Fe by the gas mixture existing under equilibrium conditions. The most frequent collision partners are argon atoms and electrons. At room temperature, the broadening coefficient is 0·15 cm -1 at 1 atm, which is about five times larger than the values normally observed in nonreactive collisions, but is appreciably smaller than the line-widths expected for hydrogen-atom broadening of iron lines. Particular care was exercised in these investigations in order to define the gas composition in the reflected-shock region. Large systematic errors were encountered when a conventional static mixing procedure was used in place of a dynamic procedure, which is required for adequate composition control of strongly-adsorbed gases [Fe(CO) 5 ] in a large excess of inert diluent (Ar). The consistency of our observations was demonstrated by showing that, although measured intensity-time data were strongly affected, final estimates for gf -values were not influenced by the following systematic variations in experimental technique: changes in the mole ratio of Fe(CO) 5 to Ar produced by temperature alterations in the liquid Fe(CO) 5 -bath which served as an equilibrium source for Fe(CO) 5 ; changes in the flow rate of Ar through the isothermal Fe(CO) 5 supply source; changes in the volume of the liquid Fe(CO) 5 supply source; admixture of excess CO to the Ar which served as carrier gas for Fe(CO) 5 ; changes in the slit functions; changes in the concentration of the dominant collision partners for the iron atoms.
Thick films or thin

It is sometimes difficult to decide between thick-film and thin-film technologies in the fabrication of hybrid integrated circuits consisting of a ceramic substrate with deposited passive components and attached active devices. In the case of thick films, the deposited pattern of conductors, resistors, capacitors, and inductors is applied to the substrate by screen-printing and firing special conductive, resistive, or dielectric pastes. Thin-film layers, on the other hand, are deposited in vacuum by evaporation or cathode-sputtering of appropriate source materials. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both technologies as well as their application ranges.
Prolonged Treatment Interruption after Immunologic Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Duration of treatment interruption (TI) was investigated in 105 human immunodeficiency virus—infected patients whose antiretroviral therapy was interrupted with the intention to resume therapy on the basis of clinical or laboratory indicators. In a mixed cohort study, 57% of patients had not resumed therapy at the time of writing (median TI duration, 114 weeks); the most recent analysis of this group revealed a mean CD4 cell count of 500 cells/mm 3 . Patients with lower CD4 cell counts at therapy initiation were more likely to resume therapy than were those with counts of >500 cells/mm 3 (<200 cells/mm 3 [relative hazard, 4.4]; and 200–350 cells/mm 3 [relative hazard, 2.9]). Patients who met current United States Department of Health and Human Services criteria for starting therapy at the time of therapy initiation were 3 times more likely to resume therapy than were those who did not. Our results have implications for this TI strategy: there may be a subset of patients who can safely discontinue therapy for prolonged periods of time.
Multidimensional magnetic memory selection systems

Many investigators have for several years been studying the use of rectangular loop magnetic cores as memory elements. It seems profitable at this time to examine, from a dimensional point of view, the various selection systems which have been developed, and to find the relations between their operating principles.
Solid tumor preparation for clinical application of flow cytometry

Intense interest in advanced squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (SCC of H&N) has resulted from the recent progress made in tumor responses with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, the response patterns and clinical outcome of such patients are not adequately predicted on an individual patient basis using clinical parameters or conventional morphology. The study of flow cytometrically determined cellular parameters in such tumors is therefore of interest, but is hindered by inadequate tumor preparative technology. The previous article (10) in this journal describes the use of a murine SCC tumor, LC12, which was employed for comparative testing and determination of optimum techniques of preparation for this tumor. This report describes the application of these techniques to 144 specimens of human SCC of H&N. The mean total yield for these specimens is 7.4 X 10(7) cells/g of tissue. The mean viable enzymatic yield (3.3 X 10(7) cells/g) was higher than the mean viable mechanical yield (2.0 X 10(7) cells/g) except when lymph nodes were the source of the specimen (5.4 X 10(7) cells/g). The mean dye exclusion viability from enzymatically dissociated specimens were above 90%. Significant aneuploidal subpopulation losses were evident in mechanically dissociated and enucleated specimens. 65% of the enzymatically dissociated specimens were successfully cultured with a mean cloning efficiency of 2.1 X 10(-3). Preparative techniques derived from comparative testing with a murine standard tumor have been successfully applied to 144 specimens of SCC of H&N with resultant high yields and excellent viability. Technical problems detected during the preliminary testing with LC12 were confirmed in the human tumors.
Helping Behavior and Physical Attractiveness

(1978). Helping Behavior and Physical Attractiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 313-314.
Is Chordin a Long-Range- or Short-Range-Acting Factor? Roles for BMP1-Related Metalloproteases in Chordin and BMP4 Autofeedback Loop Regulation

Diffusible morphogen models have been used widely to explain regional specification of tissues and body axes during animal development. The three-signal model for patterning the dorsal-ventral axis of the amphibian embryo proposes, in part, that a factor(s) secreted from Spemann's organizer is responsible for converting lateral marginal zone into more dorsal cell fates. We examine the possibility that chordin, a secreted inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and candidate "dorsalizing signal," is a long-range-acting factor. We show that chordin can, when overexpressed, act directly over distances of at least 450 microm in the early Xenopus embryo to create a gradient of BMP signaling. However, since lower levels of chordin can still induce secondary axes and these amounts of chordin act only locally to inhibit a BMP target gene, we suggest that chordin likely acts as a short-range signal in vivo. Furthermore, BMP1, a secreted metalloprotease that cleaves chordin protein in vitro, inhibits chordin's axis-inducing effects, suggesting that BMP1 functions to negatively regulate chordin's action in vivo. A dominant-negative mutant BMP1 blocks the in vitro cleavage of chordin protein by wild-type BMP1 and induces secondary axes when injected ventrally. We argue that BMP1 and Xolloid are probably functionally redundant metalloproteases and may have two roles in the early Xenopus embryo. One role may be to inhibit the action of low-level chordin protein expressed throughout the entire embryo and a possible second role may be to inhibit activation of a juxtacrine cell relay, thereby confining chordin's action to the organizer region preventing chordin from functioning as a long-range-acting factor.
Community psychology and feminism: Tensions and commonalities

Commonalities between recent feminist thinking and community psychology are described in order to argue that a feminist agenda can and should be more fully incorporated into the discipline of community psychology. The two domains share a historical context and significant theoretical assumptions — e.g., the importance of empowerment for social change. Generally accepted goals and methods from each domain and examples of research, theory, and practice are presented for purposes of documentation and illustration. This article also addresses the critical question, Why hasn't community psychology incorporated a feminist agenda more fully into research, theory, and practice, given its compatibility with feminism? Finally, a discussion of how a feminist agenda would strengthen community psychology and strategies for accomplishing such an agenda are presented. Areas of concern include classroom dynamics, field placement opportunities, the psychological consequences of sexist language, the complex interactional effects of multiple oppressions (e.g., racism, sexism, and ageism), homophobia as a community problem, violence against women, and the feminization of poverty.
A multiscale adjoint method to compute sensitivity coefficients for flow in heterogeneous porous media

A multiscale adjoint (MSADJ) method is developed to compute high-resolution sensitivity coefficients for subsurface flow in large-scale heterogeneous geologic formations. In this method, the original fine-scale problem is partitioned into a set of coupled subgrid problems, such that the global adjoint problem can be efficiently solved on a coarse grid. Then, the coarse-scale sensitivities are interpolated to the local fine grid by reconstructing the local variability of the model parameters with the aid of solving embedded adjoint subproblems. The approach employs the multiscale finite-volume (MSFV) formulation to accurately and efficiently solve the highly detailed flow problem. The MSFV method couples a global coarse-scale solution with local fine-scale reconstruction operators, hence yielding model responses that are quite accurate at both scales. The MSADJ method is equally efficient in computing the gradient of the objective function with respect to model parameters. Several examples demonstrate that the approach is accurate and computationally efficient. The accuracy of our multiscale method for inverse problems is twofold: the sensitivity coefficients computed by this approach are more accurate than the traditional finite-difference-based numerical method for computing derivatives, and the calibrated models after history matching honor the available dynamic data on the fine scale. In other words, the multiscale based adjoint scheme can be used to history match fine-scale models quite effectively.
Psychologists in the Schools of Nebraska: Professional Functions.

A survey of practicing school psychologists in the state of Nebraska was conducted to gather facts and opinions across a broad spectrum of topics. This article is based on one section of that survey which was concerned with profesional functions of the school psychologist. Five functions of the school psychologist were explored: Assessment, Consultation, Evaluation, Administration, and Intervention. Respondents were asked to rate a number of subactivities under each of these five major functions on a five-point scale in terms of importance. Each subactivity was rated from two Points of view: (a) the importance of the activity as the respordent perceived the ideal role of the school psychologist, and (b) the importance of the activity in the present job situation. Weekly time engaged in each subactivity was, recorded. Results indicate that Consultation was considered the most important function in both the hypothetical ideal situation and on the job, though a significantly greater amount of time was reported spent in Assessment.
Does AFDC‐up encourage two‐parent families?

Effective October 1990, the Family Support Act (FSA) of 1988 extended the previously state-optional AFDC-Unemployed Parent (UP) program to all states. This policy was undertaken in an effort to reduce the two-parent penalty of the AFDC program, but little is actually known about UP and its influence on family structure. This study clarifies what is meant by “two-parent family” in the federal legislation and provides new evidence on AFDC's incentive effects. The empirical analysis makes use of the cross-state variation in the generosity of AFDC benefits and the presence (or absence) of AFDC-UP before the FSA of 1988. Specifically, these state-level data are appended to data from the 1987 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). A real advantage of the NSFH is that it allows for the identification of those truly eligible for the UP program-married and unmarried couples who have an “in-common” dependent child. The major empirical finding is that contrary to the hopes of Congress, a state's provision of a UP program is not found to encourage two-parent families.
WIDE-FIELD ASTRONOMICAL MULTISCALE CAMERAS

In order to produce sufficiently low aberrations with a large aperture, telescopes have a limited field of view. Because of this narrow field, large areas of the sky at a given time are unobserved. We propose several telescopes based on monocentric reflective, catadioptric, and refractive objectives that may be scaled to wide fields of view and achieve 1.''1 resolution, which in most locations is the practical seeing limit of the atmosphere. The reflective and Schmidt catadioptric objectives have relatively simple configurations and enable large fields to be captured at the expense of the obscuration of the mirror by secondary optics, a defect that may be managed by image plane design. The refractive telescope design does not have an obscuration but the objective has substantial bulk. The refractive design is a 38 gigapixel camera which consists of a single monocentric objective and 4272 microcameras. Monocentric multiscale telescopes, with their wide fields of view, may observe phenomena that might otherwise be unnoticed, such as supernovae, glint from orbital space debris, and near-earth objects.
Effect of in situ annealing on highly-mismatched In 0.75 Ga 0.25 As on InP grown using molecular beam epitaxy

We demonstrate that the electrical quality of junctions fabricated in lattice-mismatched In0.75Ga0.25As on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy can be improved with the addition of in situ anneals in the buffer layer that separates the substrate from the In0.75Ga0.25As device layers. Near infrared photodetectors fabricated using this material had dark current densities of approximately 2.5 mA/cm2 at a reverse bias of 1 V, which is more than one order of magnitude smaller than commercially available photodetectors grown using vapor phase epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that dislocations due to the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the epitaxial layer are confined primarily to the buffer layer for all samples studied. No significant differences in x-ray diffraction spectra or dislocation distribution were observed on samples with and without in situ annealing. Atomic force microscopy indicated that all samples had a crosshatch pattern, and that the average surface roughness of the sample that contained in situ anneals is a factor of three greater than the sample without in situ anneals.
The Motor Domain Transducer is Key in Kinesin Functional Plasticity

Kinesin orthologs within the motor protein superfamily recently have been shown to have an unanticipated functional breadth via motor domain-microtubule interactions. This functional range suggests motor domains exhibit functional specialization despite conservation of chemistry, structure, and overall sequence. Herein, our bioinformatic and computational studies uncover a protein sector of the motor domain responsible for tailoring the enzyme towards a specific cellular task: the kinesin transducer element. From this work, we propose the chemomechanical outcomes of the motor domain evolve through modification of transducer behavior via sequence modifications of L5 and core beta-strand residues. This hypothesis broadens models that the cellular role of a kinesin evolves through duplication/motif addition or by domains outside the motor head. Second, our study reveals that motifs within the transducer have properties associated with NTPase switches and have family-specific sequence consensus. Thus, unique elements of the transducer system in NTPases may be exploited as targets for chemical inhibitors with inherently high selectivity.
Selection of motor operated valves (MOV'S) for nuclear power plant application

Nuclear power plants are reviewed and qualified by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to operate only if it is certified that every safety related installed equipment is in good standing and operative. They should be able to perform the functions for which they are designed whenever they are called upon to do so, especially in cases of nuclear emergencies. Motor operated valves (MOVs) are one of such very important equipment. They are used to seat and unseat valves which perform safety related duties in nuclear power plants. Most of the failure of the valves reported are due to the incorrect sizing and selection of the actuator motor. The problem is that the valves are mechanical equipment with their associated mechanical terminology, yet the electrical engineer is more often than not called upon to size and select the appropriate motor required to drive the valve in order to perform the desired functions. This paper presents a background on motor operated valves in order-to provide a starting point for electrical engineers stepping freshly into this field. It reviews the procedure to select the correct size of the actuator motor to match a given application. Examples of typical selection procedures are provided.
Radio-Frequency Operation of Transparent Nanowire Thin-Film Transistors

In this letter, radio-frequency characterization of fully transparent thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on chemically synthesized nanowires (NWs) has been carried out. The NW TFTs show current-gain cutoff frequency f T of 109 MHz and power-gain cutoff frequency f max of 286 MHz. The TFTs were fabricated on glass substrates using aligned SnO2 NWs as the transistor channel and sputtered indium-tin-oxide films as the source-drain and gate electrodes. Besides exhibiting > 100-MHz operation frequencies, the transparent NW TFTs show a narrow distribution of performance metrics among different devices. These results suggest the NW-TFT approach may be promising for high-speed transparent and flexible integrated circuits fabricated on diverse substrates.
Dimensions of functional social support and psychological symptoms

In the summer following graduation a sample of 125 female college graduates (mean age = 28) completed Cohen & Wills' ISEL (1985) which includes scales measuring four social support functions: belonging (social companionship), appraisal (availability of confidants), tangible (instrumental), and self-esteem support. In the summer and fall subject status on two outcome scales was ascertained: the Psychophysiologic Symptom Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Reliability of the difference scores suggested that the ISEL scales do not measure entirely different constructs and the ISEL Self-esteem Scale is operationally redundant with the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale and the CES-D. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that the ISEL scales were related to symptoms. By contrast, standard longitudinal and prospective MLR analyses indicated that only the Belonging Scale was significantly related to future symptoms. The issues of confounding support with symptoms and the dimensionality of the subscales were discussed. The study suggests that specific functions of support take on greater importance during major life transitions and that any one supportive behaviour often serves multiple functions.
The miracles of the Kasuga deity

In this annotated translation and study of an early fourteenth-century Japanese devotional picture scroll set, Royall Tyler illuminates the complex relationships between medieval Japanese religion and politics, text, and art. The Kasuga Gongen genki ("The Miracles of the Kasuga Deity") mingles text and painting on silk to tell the tale of miraculous events at the Kasuga shrine in Nara, a site favored by the dominant Fujiwara clan for centuries. The work's values are aristocratic, but the text sheds light on the syncretic nature of the era's religious practices, allowing Tyler to collapse the distinction between high and low forms of medieval Japanese religion. Tyler provides a detailed examination of the scrolls, the shrine, and their history and political role. He also elucidates the scrolls' relationship to literary genre and religious practice, including the interaction between Shintoism and Buddhism. His copious annotations describe the work's historical context, as well as its religious and cultural influences. This study is essential for scholars of religion, art historians, and cultural historians alike.
Transaction Level Error Susceptibility Model for Bus Based SoC Architectures

System on Chip architectures have traditionally relied upon bus based interconnect for their communication needs. However, increasing bus frequencies and the load on the bus calls for focus on reliability issues in such bus based systems. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of different kinds of errors and the susceptibility of such systems to such errors on various components that the bus comprises of. With elaborate experiments we determine the effect of a single bit error on the bus system during the course of different transactions. The work demonstrates the fact that only a few signals in a bus system are really critical and need to be guarded. Such transaction based analysis helps us to develop an effective prediction methodology to predict the effect of a single bit error on any application running on a bus based architecture. We demonstrate that our transaction based prediction scheme works with an average accuracy of 92% over all the benchmarks when compared with the actual simulation results.
High data rate acoustic telemetry for moving ROVs in a fading multipath shallow water environment

A compact telemetry system for digital data telemetry at rates up to 10 kb/s over 1 to 10 km is presented. The system is designed for worst-case ocean acoustic channel conditions, and operates in the presence of source/receiver motion, fading, and multiple transmission paths. In addition, the system incorporates spatial diversity by utilizing multiple hydrophones and data processing subsystems. This allows much more reliable operation under realistic circumstances where noise events and transducer masking are unavoidable. The result is a system specifically geared toward use at sea with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Preliminary dockside test results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this multichannel system. >
Constrained solutions in importance via robust statistics

The problem of estimating estimating expectations of functions of random vectors via simulation is investigated. Monte Carlo simulations, also known as simple averaging, have been used as a direct means of estimation. A technique known as importance sampling can be used to modify the simulation via weighted averaging in the hope that the estimate will converge more rapidly to the expected value than standard Monte Carlo simulations. A constrained optimal solution to the problem of minimizing the variance of the importance sampling estimator is derived. This is accomplished by finding the distribution which is closest to the unconstrained optimal solution in the Ali-Silvey sense (S. Ali et al., 1966). The solution from the constraint class is shown to be the least favorable density function in terms of Bayes risk against the optimal density function. Examples of constraint classes, which include epsilon -mixture, show that the constrained optimal solution can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal solution. Applications to estimating probability of error in communication systems are presented. >
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Deficiency Impairs Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice

Background— Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine expressed widely by vascular cells. However, scant in vivo evidence supports direct participation of MIF in atherogenesis. Therefore, we investigated whether deficiency of MIF modulates atherosclerotic lesion formation and composition in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr−/−) mice. Methods and Results— MIF−/−LDLr−/− and LDLr−/− mice were generated and consumed an atherogenic diet for 12 or 26 weeks. MIF−/−LDLr−/− mice had significantly reduced abdominal aorta lipid deposition and intimal thickening from aortic arch throughout the abdominal aorta compared with LDLr−/− mice. Marked retardation of atherosclerosis over time in MIF-deficient mice accompanied decreased lesion cell proliferation. At 26 weeks, 20% of MIF-deficient mice developed only early, fatty streak-like lesions, whereas >80% of LDLr−/− mice developed advanced lesions containing calcification and lipid cores. Analysis of smooth muscle cells fr...
Formal verification of a microprocessor control

The complexity of the instruction set of modern processors often leads to faults in the microinstruction sequencing, and timing errors, which are difficult to detect with conventional simulation methods. Formal verification offers a powerful alternative for dealing with these problems. In this paper we present a mathematical model of the microcode of a transputer-like microprocessor, and demonstrate how to test for the satisfaction of desired properties and the absence of improper microinstruction sequencing. The verification is based on a recently introduced technique using the inductively defined notion of series parallel posets, which offers low time and space complexity.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Intention to Comply With a Food Recall Message

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has provided considerable insight into the public's intention to comply with many different health-related messages, but has not been applied previously to inte...
Glass Transition Thermodynamics and Kinetics

The remarkable kinetic slowdown experienced by liquids as they are cooled toward their glass transition is not accompanied by any obvious structural change. Understanding the origin of this behavior is a major scientific challenge. At present, this area of condensed matter theory is characterized by an abundance of divergent viewpoints that attempt to describe well-defined physical phenomena. We review representative theoretical views on the unusual kinetics of liquid supercooling, which fall into two broad competing categories: thermodynamic and kinetic. In the former, an apparent “ideal,” thermodynamic, glass transition caused by rapid loss of entropy in the supercooled liquid underlies kinetic slowdown; in the latter, purely kinetic constraints are responsible for loss of ergodicity. The possible existence of an ideal thermodynamic glass transition is discussed and placed in its proper statistical mechanical context.
Influence of the Rate of Coronary Plasma Flow on the Extraction of Rb86 from Coronary Blood

To determine whether myocardial uptake of Rb86 can be used as a useful index of coronary plasma flow, the extraction of Rb86 from arterial plasma during one passage through the myocardium of dogs was measured at varying rates of flow. At rates of flow which are encountered in man, changes in the rates of flow and uptake of isotope by the myocardium paralleled each other closely. Rb86 uptake is a useful index of coronary blood flow in dogs.
Evaluation of the static belt fit provided by belt-positioning booster seats

Belt-positioning booster seats are recommended for children who use vehicle seat belts as primary restraints but who are too small to obtain good belt fit. Previous research has shown that belt-positioning boosters reduce injury risk, but the belt fit produced by the wide range of boosters in the US market has not previously been assessed. The present study describes the development of a method for quantifying static belt fit with a Hybrid-III 6-year-old test dummy. The measurement method was applied in a laboratory seat mockup to 31 boosters (10 in both backless and highback modes) across a range of belt geometries obtained from in-vehicle measurements. Belt fit varied widely across boosters. Backless boosters generally produced better lap belt fit than highback boosters, largely because adding the back component moved the dummy forward with respect to the lap belt routing guides. However, highback boosters produced more consistent shoulder belt fit because of the presence of belt routing guides near the shoulder. Some boosters performed well on both lap belt and shoulder belt fit. Lap belt fit in dedicated boosters was generally better than in combination restraints that also can be used with an integrated harness. Results demonstrate that certain booster design features produce better belt fit across a wide range of belt geometries. Lap belt guides that hold the belt down, rather than up, and shoulder belt guides integrated into the booster backrest provided better belt fit.
The Semitisms of Middle English Literature1

This essay, focusing on recent criticism published since the mid-1990s, considers representations of Jews in Middle English literature (1350–1500). In the following essay, I explore the many ways these scholars and critics of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have sought to unpack the complex signifiers that speak of the legally absent but psychically present Jewish Other. Although the arguments and approaches of these scholars and critics widely vary and are sometimes politically motivated, each shares in theorizing medieval Jewish Otherness through an interdisciplinary lens.
Apoplastic hydrogen peroxide in the growth zone of the maize primary root under water stress. I. Increased levels are specific to the apical region of growth maintenance

Previous work on the adaptation of maize (Zea mays L.) primary root growth to water stress showed that cell elongation is maintained in the apical region of the growth zone but progressively inhibited further from the apex. Cell wall proteomic analysis suggested that levels of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), may be modified in a region-specific manner within the growth zone of water-stressed roots. Apoplastic ROS may have wall loosening or tightening effects and may also have other growth regulatory functions. To gain an understanding of how apoplastic ROS levels change under water stress, cerium chloride staining was used in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy to examine the spatial distribution of apoplastic H2O2. The results revealed that apoplastic H2O2 levels increased specifically in the apical region of the growth zone under water stress, correlating spatially with the maintenance of cell elongation. The basal regions of the growth zone of water-stressed roots and the entire growth zone of well-watered roots exhibited relatively low levels of apoplastic H2O2. The increase in apoplastic H2O2 in the apical region under water stress probably resulted, at least in part, from a pronounced increase in oxalate oxidase activity in this region. By contrast, well-watered roots showed negligible oxalate oxidase activity throughout the growth zone. The results show that changes in apoplastic ROS levels in the root growth zone under water-deficit conditions are regulated in a spatially-specific manner, suggesting that this response may play an important role in maize root adaptation to water stress.