cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the combination of hardware and software concurrency extraction methods

It has been shown that parallelism is a very promising alternative for enhancing computer performance. Parallelism, however, introduces much complexity to the programming effort. This has lead to the development of automatic concurrency extraction techniques. Prior work has demonstrated that static program restructuring via compiler based techniques provides a large degree of parallelism to the target machine. Purely hardware based extraction techniques (without software preprocessing) have also demonstrated significant (but lesser) degrees of parallelism. This paper considers the performance effects of the combination of both hardware and software techniques. The concurrency extracted from a given set of benchmarks by each technique separately, and together, is determined via simulations and or analysis. The "common parallelism" extracted by the two methods is thus also considered, using new metrics. The analytic techniques for predicting the performance of specific programs are also described.
Structure functions in an interacting Boson system

Abstract A microscopic analysis of the dynamic structure factor in a simple interacting Boson system at T=0 shows that the coherent two-phonon backflow leads to the breakdown of the one-phonon Feynman relation for the statis structure factor at orderk3.
Johnston-Ogston effect in the ultracentrifugation of solutions of denatured collagen

Abstract Denatured collagen, made by raising the temperature of acid-soluble collagen dissolved in sodium chloride-acetic acid to 4-°, consists of two main protein species, α and β, and a small quantity of a third species, γ-collagen. It is shown that the ratio of the amounts of the α- and β-proteins may be calculated from the ratio of the areas of the schlieren α- and β-peaks and the sedimentation coefficients of the peaks. The method is tested by comparing the α/β/γ ratios of two denatured collagen fractions, quantitatively separated by salt gradient elution from a carboxymethylcellulose column, with the ratio in the collagen solution which was the starting material on the column.
Genome-wide association study of temperament and tenderness using different Bayesian approaches in a Nellore–Angus crossbred population

Abstract Genomic prediction models using Bayesian inference determine marker associations based on available data. The objective of this study was to evaluate marker associations for two traits using different Bayesian models applied to a crossbred population. Nellore–Angus F2, F3 and half-sibling calves were used with records for overall temperament at weaning (TEMP; a subjective scoring system on a 1–9 scale, where 1 is docile or calm and 9 is wild or unruly; n=769) and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF; a measure of tenderness; n=387). After quality control filtering, there were 34,913 SNP markers distributed across the genome available for use (excluding the Y chromosome). An unknown proportion of these markers (designated as π) were assumed not to contribute to the variation in these traits. Bayesian methods employed were BayesC to estimate the ideal π (i.e., value that used as few markers as possible while maintaining heritability, designated as π ˜ ). For WBSF or TEMP, π ˜ =0.995 or 0.997, respectively. Then BayesB (using π ˜ ) or BayesC (using π=0 or π ˜ ) were fitted to estimate SNP marker effects. Markers were mapped to genes closest to their placement on Bos taurus UMD 3.1 assembly and grouped into 1 Mb windows to identify associated regions, where association was determined based on the posterior probability of association of that window being greater than 0.75. No regions associated with either trait were found using π ˜ , but with π=0, 37 and 147 regions were found to account for more variation than expected under an infinitesimal model for TEMP and WBSF, respectively. Genes from windows identified as associated were used to conduct enrichment analyses. Significant ontology terms related to sodium ion transport and activity, especially voltage-gated channel activity were identified for TEMP, which could be identifying genetic differences between nervous system response to environment and stress stimuli in this population. For WBSF, significant ontology terms related to activity of serine peptidases were identified, but little is known about their true role in muscle tenderness, although they are known to be expressed in muscle.
Evaluation of Variation in Control Region Sequences for Hispanic Individuals in the SWGDAM mtDNA Data Set

The Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) Hispanic data set was analyzed to determine the diversity, phylogeny, and relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that describe haplogroup patterns for Hispanic Americans (N = 686), and to assess the degree of admixture regarding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The largest component of admixture based on mtDNA analysis derives from the four major haplogroups previously observed in Native American ancestry, including A (29.3%), B (15.7%), C (20.6%), and D (4.8%). European (17.8%) and African (11.8%) haplogroups also were observed within this data set. Hispanic SWGDAM samples from the southwest, compared with other SWGDAM Hispanic samples, were observed to have a greater percent of Native American haplogroups present (79.9%), and fewer African American haplogroups (4.5%). A total of 234 SNPs were observed in the data set, including 36 newly reported variable positions. These SWGDAM Hispanic data set SNPs ranged from having 1 to 31 changes (Length = L) on the phylogenetic tree, with site 16519 being the most variable. On average, there were 3.9 character changes for each variable position on the tree. The most variable sites (with 13 or more changes each listed from fastest to slowest) observed were 16519 (L = 31), 16189 (L = 23), 152 (L = 23), 16311 (L = 19), 146 (L = 17) 195 (L = 17), 16093 (L = 15), 16362 (L = 14), 16129 (L = 13), 150 (L = 13), and 153 (L = 13). These sites are consistent with other reports on highly variable positions. A total of 27 SNPs were chosen to identify all clusters containing 1% (N = 7) or more individuals in the SWGDAM Hispanic data set. The descriptive analyses revealed that the SWGDAM Hispanic data set is similar to published Native American and Hispanic data sets.
Temperature and circulation in the stratosphere of the outer planets

A zonally symmetric, linear radiative-dynamical model is compared with observations of the upper tropospheres and stratospheres of the outer planets. Seasonal variation is included in the model. Friction is parameterized by linear drag (Rayleigh friction). Gas opacities are accounted for but aerosols are omitted. Horizontal temperature gradients are small on all the planets. Seasonal effects are strongest on Saturn and Neptune but are weak even in these cases, because the latitudinal gradient of radiative heating is weak. Seasonal effects on Uranus are extremely weak because the radiative time constant is longer that the orbital period. One free parameter in the model is the frictional time constant. Comparison with observed temperature perturbations over zonal currents in the troposphere shows that the frictional time constant is on the same order as the radiative time constant for all these objects. Vertical motions predicted by the model are extremely weak. They are much smaller than one scale height per orbital period, except in the immediate neighborhood of tropospheric and zonal currents.
Three-dimensional confocal microscopy and visualization of the in situ cornea

The in situ cornea is an ideal test specimen to evaluate techniques for 3D reconstruction and visualization of unstained, unfixed, transparent living tissues from a stack of optical sections. The 0.4 mm thick transparent specimen has been optically sectioned into 365 sections using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) with a water immersion objective. Depth-dependent light attenuation due to absorption and scatter within the specimen was manually compensated at each sampled section. A water immersion microscope minimized the spherical aberrations that would have occurred with the use of an oil immersion objective. Isometric sampling resulted in near-cubic voxels, which compensated for the reduced microscopic resolution in the z axis as compared to x and y resolution.
Tool-Workpiece Interface Temperature Measurement in Friction Stir Welding

The objectives of this work are to develop an improved temperature measurement system for Friction Stir Welding (FSW). FSW is a novel joining technology enabling welds with excellent metallurgical and mechanical properties, as well as significant energy consumption and cost savings compared to traditional fusion welding processes.The measurement of temperatures during FSW is employed for process monitoring, heat transfer model verification and process control, but current methods have limitations due to their restricted spatial and temporal resolution and have found only few industrial applications so far. Thermocouples, which are most commonly used, are either placed too far away from the weld zone or are destructively embedded into the weld path, and therefore fail to provide suitable data about the dynamic thermal phenomena at the tool-workpiece interface.Previous work showed that temperatures at the tool shoulder-workpiece interface can be measured and utilized for closed-loop control of temperature. The method is improved by adding an additional thermocouple at the tool pin-workpiece interface to gain better insight into the temperature distribution in the weld zone. Both thermocouples were placed in through holes right at the interface of tool and workpiece so that the sheaths are in contact with the workpiece material. This measurement strategy reveals dynamic temperature variations at the shoulder and the pin within a single rotation of the tool in real-time.Due to the thermocouple’s limited response time and inherent delays due to physical heat conduction, the temperature response is experiencing attenuation in magnitude and a phase lag. Heat transfer models were constructed to correct for this issue. It was found that the highest temperatures are between the advancing side and the trailing edge of the tool. Further work is needed to increase the accuracy of the correction. Experimental results show that the weld quality is sensitive to the measured interface temperatures, but that temperature is not the only factor influencing the weld quality.The dynamic temperature measurements obtained with the current system are of unmatched resolution, fast and reliable and are likely to be of interest for both fundamental studies and process control of FSW.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Using Fractional Desorption Spectroscopy To Determine Kinetic Parameters for Surface Processes

Fractional desorption spectroscopy (FDS) is an interesting new approach for the determination of activation energies for a large range of surface processes. The activation energy can be determined over a wide coverage range using a single experiment. The FDS method utilizes a modulated temperature program during the desorption experiment by applying a modified Arrhenius analysis to extract kinetic parameters from desorption rate vs temperature data. FDS improves on other differential approaches in two important aspects. First, it enables determination of the activation energy over a range of accessible surface concentrations in a single adsorption/desorption experiment. This is particularly useful for studying surface reactions involving multiple species or in cases where complex surface preparations are required prior to the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiment. Second, the FDS method possesses unique self-diagnostic and system-diagnostic abilities. The self-diagnostic aspect of the method ...
Lower-urinary-tract reconstruction using stomach tissue in children and young adults

Between January 1985 and July 1991, a total of 86 patients (50 males, 36 females) underwent reconstruction of the lower urinary tract using gastric tissue. Their mean age was 14 years (range, 1.3–53 years). Augmentation gastrocystoplasty was performed in 79 cases and total gastric-bladder substitution in 7 others. The diagnoses were cloacal exstrophy (13 patients), classic bladder exstrophy (23 subjects), myelomeningocele (21 cases), posterior urethral valves (8 patients) nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (7 subjects), and others (14 cases). The mean follow-up period was 26.5 months (range, 3–65 months). Total daytime and nighttime continence was achieved in 75 patients (87%). Early complications included gastric hemorrhage (2 patients), urinary extravasation (1 subject), subphrenic abscess (1 case), and intraoperative anaphylactic reaction to latex (3 patients). Late complications included dysuria/hematuria syndrome (17 patients, 19.7%), bowel obstruction (7 subjects), augmented bladder perforation (2 cases), gastric atony (1 patient), transient ureterovesical junction obstruction (3 patients), and ureteral reflux (2 subjects). Secondary augmentation ileocystoplasty was required in 2 cases for persistently poor compliance, and 1 patient underwent deaugmentation for intractable metabolic alkalosis. Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis requiring hospitalization occurred in 9 subjects. Stomach tissue is readily available and represents a viable alternative to bowel tissue for reconstruction of the lower urinary tract. Complications associated with gastrocystoplasty seem to be related to the secretory function of the stomach, whereas complications of intestinocystoplasty are related to the absorptive characteristics of the bowel.
HISTORY AND RELIGION IN THE MODERN AGE

This essay seeks to clarify the relationship between history and religion in the modern age. It proceeds in three steps. First, it draws attention to the radical asymmetry between first-person and third-person statements that Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations rescued from the metaphysical exile to which it had been condemned by Descartes's definition of the self as a thing. Second, it argues that religion is designed to alleviate the peculiarly human kind of suffering arising from this asymmetry. Third, it maintains that history relies on the same means as religion in order to achieve the same results. The turn to historical evidence performed by historians and their readers is more than just a path to knowledge. It is a religious ritual designed to make participants at home in their natural and social environments. Quite like the ritual representation of the death and resurrection of Christ in the Mass, the historical representation of the past underwrites the faith in human liberty and the hope in redemption from suffering. It helps human beings to find their bearings in the modern age without having to go to pre-industrial churches and pray in old agrarian ways. History does not conflict with the historical religions merely because it reveals them to have been founded on beliefs that cannot be supported by the evidence. History conflicts with the historical religions because it is a rival religion.
Prognostic Significance of Decreased Expression of Six Large Common Fragile Site Genes in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Common fragile sites (CFSs) are large regions with profound genomic instability that often span extremely large genes a number of which have been found to be important tumor suppressors. RNA sequencing previously revealed that there was a group of six large CFS genes which frequently had decreased expression in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction experiments validated that these six large CFS genes (PARK2, DLG2, NBEA, CTNNA3, DMD, and FHIT) had decreased expression in most of the tumor samples. In this study, we investigated whether the decreased expression of these genes has any clinical significance in OPSCCs. We analyzed the six CFS large genes in 45 OPSCC patients and found that 27 (60%) of the OPSCC tumors had decreased expression of these six genes. When we correlated the expression of these six genes to each patient’s clinical records, for 11 patients who had tumor recurrence, 10 of them had decreased expression of almost all 6 genes. When we divided the patients into two groups, one group with decreased expression of the six genes and the other group with either slight changes or increased expression of the six genes, we found that there is significant difference in the incidence of tumor recurrence between these two groups by Kaplan-Meier plot analysis (P < .05). Our results demonstrated that those OPSCC tumors with decreased expression of this select group of six large CFS genes were much more likely to be associated with tumor recurrence and these genes are potential prognostic markers for predicting tumor recurrence in OPSCC.
Discovery and classification of ecological diversity in the bacterial world: the role of DNA sequence data

All living organisms fall into discrete clusters of closely related individuals on the basis of gene sequence similarity. Evolutionary genetic theory predicts that in the bacterial world, each sequence similarity cluster should correspond to an ecologically distinct population. Indeed, surveys of sequence diversity in protein-coding genes show that sequence clusters correspond to ecological populations. Future population surveys of protein-coding gene sequences can be expected to disclose many previously unknown ecological populations of bacteria. Sequence similarity clustering in protein-coding genes is recommended as a primary criterion for demarcating taxa.
New pediatric model of ischemic stroke in infant piglets by photothrombosis: acute changes in cerebral blood flow, microvasculature, and early histopathology.

Background and Purpose— The etiology and pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke in children differ greatly from those in adults. The purpose of this study was to establish a new pediatric model of ischemic stroke in infant piglets for use in future studies of the response of the developing brain to focal ischemic injury. Methods— Ischemic stroke was produced in male infant piglets (2 to 4 weeks old) by photothrombotic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres up to 4 hours after occlusion. Early histopathology, including caspase-3 immunohistochemistry for apoptosis, was examined 4 hours after ischemia. The nature of the thrombus and its interaction with vascular endothelium were assessed by electron microscopy. Results— Severe ischemia (0 to 15 mL/100 g per min) occurred rapidly in 1.4±0.2 g of tissue at 15 minutes and increased to 2.4±0.7 g at 4 hours. Similarly, moderate ischemia (16 to 30 mL/100 g per min) was measured in 1.2±0.3...
Learning-based anomaly detection in BGP updates

Detecting anomalous BGP-route advertisements is crucial for improving the security and robustness of the Internet's interdomain-routing system. In this paper, we propose an instance-learning framework that identifies anomalies based on deviations from the "normal" BGP-update dynamics for a given destination prefix and across prefixes. We employ wavelets for a systematic, multi-scaled analysis that avoids the "magic numbers" (e.g., for grouping related update messages) needed in previous approaches to BGP-anomaly detection. Our preliminary results show that the update dynamics are generally consistent across prefixes and time. Only a few prefixes differ from the majority, and most prefixes exhibit similar behavior across time. This small set of abnormal prefixes and time intervals may be further examined to determine the source of anomalous behavior. In particular, we observe that many of the unusual prefixes are unstable prefixes that experience frequent routing changes.
Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite ― a study of tonstein

A laterally persistent kaolinitic mudstone parting (tonstein) occurring in a Wyoming coal bed of Eocene age was sampled to estimate the compositional contrast with a probable silicic ash precursor, and to determine the compositional influence of leached ash on immediately adjacent coal. With the exception of Al, and possibly Ti, the tonstein is highly to moderately leached of major elements, relative to a range of compositions estimated for silicic ash of the region. In agreement with the behaviour of geochemically similar major elements, alkali trace elements (Rb, Cs) are highly leached, transition-series metals moderately leached, and Ga is residual. Additional immobile trace elements are Zr and Hf but some other trace elements that are considered relatively immobile during low-temperature alteration (Th, Ta, Nb, REE, Y) were apparently leached by the low-Eh, low-pH, organic-rich pore fluids of the coal-forming swamp. The migrational range of many of the leached elements is highly limited by the intimate association of tonstein with enclosing organic matter. Mixtures of coal + minor tonstein that occur within 20 mm of contacts are consistently enriched in some elements relative to either tonstein or nearby coal (U, Cu), or relative to calculated mixtures of tonstein and coal in their measured proportions (Th, Y, REE, Pb, Ba, V, Ti). Direct observations by fission-track radiography and electron microprobe indicate a preference of U and Fe for the organic component of mixtures. Metal fixation is probably by adsorption on insoluble organic matter (humic acids), or by precipitation as minor sulphides in these low-sulphur coals.
Engaging Students in Community Health A Public Health Advocacy Curriculum

Individual risk assessment and behavior change dominate the content of high school health education instruction whereas broader social, political, and economic factors that influence health-known as upstream causes-are less commonly considered. With input from instructors and students, we developed a 10-lesson experiential Public Health Advocacy Curriculum that uses classroom-based activities to teach high school students about the upstream causes of health and engages them in community-based health advocacy. The Curriculum, most suitable for health- or advocacy-related elective classes or after-school programs, may be taught in its entirety or as single lessons integrated into existing coursework. Although students at many schools are using the Curriculum, it has been formally evaluated with 110 predominantly Latino students at one urban and one semirural public high school in Northern California (six classes). In pre-post surveys, students showed highly significant and positive changes in the nine questions that covered the three main Curriculum domains (Upstream Causes, Community Exploration, and Public Health Advocacy), p values .02 to <.001. The Curriculum is being widely disseminated without charge to local, national, and international audiences, with the objective of grooming a generation of youth who are committed to the public health perspective to health.
Directional statistics BRDF model

We introduce a novel parametric BRDF model that can accurately encode a wide variety of real-world isotropic BRDFs with a small number of parameters. The key observation we make is that a BRDF may be viewed as a statistical distribution on a unit hemisphere. We derive a novel directional statistics distribution, which we refer to as the hemispherical exponential power distribution, and model an isotropic BRDF with a mixture of it. The novel directional statistics BRDF model allows us to derive a canonical probabilistic method for estimating its parameters including the number of components. We show that the model captures the full spectrum of real-world isotropic BRDFs with accuracy comparable to non-parametric models but with a much more compact representation. We also experimentally show that the model achieves better accuracy with less measurements compared with such non-parametric models. We further demonstrate the advantages of the novel BRDF model by showing its use for reflection component separation and for exploring the space of isotropic BRDFs.
Images of Mizar a from Long Baseline Optical Interferometry

In long baseline interferometry, a single large aperture is replaced by a comparatively small selection of its subapertures, which is physically realized as an array of independent telescopes or siderostats. For each subaperture pair (baseline), the mutual coherence, or fringe visibility, of the two light beams is measured by correlation or superposition, giving a component of the Fourier transform of the object brightness distribution (van Cittert-Zernike theorem). Thus, by measuring amplitude and phase of the visibility over as many baselines as possible, the image can be reconstructed.
Light of Reason, Light of Nature. Catholic and Protestant Metaphors of Scientific Knowledge

Many of the epistemological issues that occupied natural philosophers of the seventeenth century were expressed visually in title-page engravings. One of those issues concerned the relative status to be accorded to evidence of the senses, as compared to knowledge gained by faith or reason. In title-page illustrations, the various arguments were often waged by a series of light metaphors: the Light of Reason, the Light of Nature, and the Lights of Sense, Scripture, and Grace. When such illustrations are examined with the authors' theological views in mind, it becomes apparent that in the first half of the seventeenth century, Catholic authors favored the Light of Reason as a source of truth, while Protestant authors favored the Light of Nature. Since by the end of the century it was widely accepted by scientists of all religious persuasions that certain knowledge must be grounded in sense evidence and the direct study of nature, one might argue that in this instance Protestantism was responsible for nurturing an important development of the Scientific Revolution. However, the skewed nature of the sample (the Catholics who used light metaphors were mostly Jesuits; the Protestants who did so mostly alchemists) and the large number of counterexamples available (many Catholic scientists believed in the ascendancy of the senses but failed to engage in metaphorical warfare) mitigate against taking this offshoot of the Merton thesis too seriously.
The Skin Color Paradox and the American Racial Order

Dark-skinned blacks in the United States have lower socioeconomic status, more punitive relationships with the criminal justice system, diminished prestige, and less likelihood of holding elective office compared with their lighter counterparts. This phenomenon of “colorism” both occurs within the African American community and is expressed by outsiders, and most blacks are aware of it. Nevertheless, blacks’ perceptions of discrimination, belief that their fates are linked, or attachment to their race almost never vary by skin color. We identify this disparity between treatment and political attitudes as “the skin color paradox,” and use it as a window into the politics of race in the United States over the past half-century. Using national surveys, we explain the skin color paradox as follows: Blacks’ commitment to racial identity overrides the potential for skin color discrimination to have political significance. That is, because most blacks see the fight against racial hierarchy as requiring their primary allegiance, they do not see or do not choose to express concern about the internal hierarchy of skin tone. Thus dark-skinned blacks’ widespread experience of harm has no political outlet – which generates the skin color paradox. The article concludes by asking how much concern the skin color paradox really warrants. Without fully resolving that question, we note that policies designed to solve the problem of racial hierarchy are not helpful to and may even make worse the problem of skin color hierarchy within the black population.
Singular perturbation analysis of system order reduction via system balancing

In this paper we first present several alternative techniques for system order reduction based on system balancing by employing the method of singular perturbations. The techniques obtained have the same robustness accuracy evaluated with respect to the H/sub /spl infin// norm of the reduced-order system as the two techniques existing in the control literature known as the direct truncation and balancing residualization methods. We propose how to perform order-reduction of a balanced system using theory of singular perturbations that can produce very good accuracy at high frequencies particularly for systems that have lightly damped highly oscillatory modes. The result obtained for such kind of systems requires that the modes with higher Hankel singular values should be neglected and those with smaller Hankel singular values should be retained, which is counter-intuitive result in the spirit of H/sub /spl infin// theory, but an intuitive result in the spirit of theory of singular perturbations. This result raises an important question about validity of the system robustness estimate based on the H/sub /spl infin// norm for linear systems with lightly damped highly oscillatory modes.
Lead Sorption Efficiencies of Natural and Synthetic Mn and Fe-oxides

Abstract Lead sorption efficiencies (sorption per specific surface area) were measured for a number of natural and synthetic Mn and Fe-oxides using a flow-through reactor. The Mn-oxide phases examined included synthetic birnessite, natural and synthetic cryptomelane, and natural and synthetic pyrolusite; the Fe-oxides studied were synthetic akaganeite, synthetic ferrihydrite, natural and synthetic goethite, and natural and synthetic hematite. The sorption flow study experiments were conducted with 10 ppm Pb with an ionic strength of either 0.01 M NaNO3 or 0.01 M KNO3, both at pH 5.5. The experimental effluent solution was analyzed using aqueous spectroscopic methods and the reacted solids were analyzed using microscopy (field emission scanning electron microscopy, FE-SEM), structure analysis (powder X-ray diffraction, XRD), bulk chemical spectroscopy (energy dispersive spectroscopy, EDS), and surface sensitive spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS). Overall and under these conditions, the synthetic Mn-oxides have higher sorption efficiencies than the natural Mn-oxides, which in turn are higher than the natural and synthetic Fe-oxides. Only natural pyrolusite had a sorption efficiency as low as the Fe-oxides. Most of the natural and synthetic Fe-oxides examined in this study removed about the same amount of Pb from solution once normalized to BET N2 surface area, although synthetic akaganeite and hematite were significantly less reactive than the rest. It is suggested that the observed efficiency of Mn-oxides for Pb sorption is directly related to internal reactive sites in the structures that contain them (birnessite and cryptomelane, in the case of this study). Comparisons of solution data to XPS data indicated that Pb went into the interlayer of the birnessite, which was supported by XRD; similarly some Pb may go into the tunnels of the cryptomelane structure. Layer structures such as birnessite have the highest Pb sorption efficiency, while the 2 × 2 tunnel structure of cryptomelane has lower efficiencies than birnessite, but higher efficiencies than other Mn- or Fe-oxide structures without internal reactive sites.
British Administration and the Chiefs' Tyranny in Early Colonial Kenya A Case Study of the First Generation of Chiefs from Kiambu District, 1895-1920

This article argues that the chiefs' tyranny in early colonial Kenya had its roots in the British administrative style since the Government needed strong-handed local leaders to enforce its unpopular laws and regulations. That was why the chiefs got away with their tyranny because the Government condoned it to a certain extent. They also got away with it because of the alien nature of their positions, their duties and their people inadvertently condoning it. The first generation of chiefs from Kiambu district is used as a case study to illustrate what was happening in the colony during the period under study.
Assessing Human and Economic Benefits of Cancer Prevention

It is critically important to discuss and attempt to quantify the human and economic value of cancer prevention. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the ways in which this value can be defined and assessed. As will be described in much more detail in subsequent chapters, cancer prevention takes many forms. At the individual level, virtually all prevention activities involve: (1) engaging in particular behaviors (e.g., following screening and immunization recommendations, taking tamoxifen for secondary prevention of breast cancer); (2) avoiding particular behaviors (e.g., sunbathing, smoking); or (3) changing particular behaviors once they have become habitual or routine (e.g., quitting smoking, lowering dietary fat). Each of these prevention behaviors, or the lack of them, can have short- and long-term health, quality of life, and/or economic consequences.
Accelerated life testing of PV arc-fault detectors

As of 2011, the National Electrical Code® (NEC) has required arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) to be incorporated into photovoltaic (PV) systems to prevent fires. Some manufacturers are designing AFCIs to consist of arc-fault detectors (AFD) incorporated into inverters or combiner boxes in order to take advantage of the DC switching functionality of the existing hardware. Since AFCIs and AFDs are safety devices, it is critical to ensure the long-term functionality of AFD devices in these harsh environments. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has performed accelerated life tests on 10 arc-fault detectors. The devices were tested after being subjected to the thermal damage equivalent of 1.7-year increments in an inverter until 77.6 equivalent years of solder fatigue damage. 30% of the boards experienced component failures but there were no solder failures, indicating solder fatigue is not the primary failure mode. Based on these results, Sandia recommends an appropriate burn-in process be used for production of arc-fault prevention devices.
Accurate measurement of antenna gain and polarization at reduced distances by an extrapolation technique

A new technique is described for determining power gain and polarization of antennas at reduced range distances. It is based on a generalized three-antenna approach which, for the first time, permits absolute gain and polarization measurements to be performed without quantitative a priori knowledge of the antennas. The required data are obtained by an extrapolation technique which includes provisions for rigorously evaluating and correcting for errors due to proximity and multipath interference effects. The theoretical basis provides a convenient and powerful approach for describing and solving antenna measurement problems, and the experimental method employed illustrates the utility of this approach. Examples of measurements are included which exhibit errors in gain as small as \pm0.11 dB ( 3\sigma ).
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE WRENTIT BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME b SEQUENCES

Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of the Wrentit (Chamaea fasciata) to other passerine birds is understood poorly. A variety of taxa have been proposed as closely related to the Wrentit, but in general this species is placed in a monotypic taxon to emphasize its morphological distinctiveness and lack of clear relationship to other groups of birds. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to infer the relationship of this monotypic genus to other avian groups including representatives of Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea, and Passeroidea. Results of this study corroborate in part earlier proposals based on DNA-DNA hybridization. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses support the Wrentit, Sylvia, and babblers (Garrulax, Illadopsis, Leiothrix, Pomatorhinus, Stachyris, and Yuhina) as a clade, with the Wrentit sharing a more recent common ancestor with Sylvia than with babblers. A Sylvia and Wrentit association is further supported by similarities in morphology and ecology. I...
TRUST-DISCOUNT TRADEOFF IN THREE CONTEXTS: FRUGALITY MODERATING PRIVACY AND SECURITY CONCERNS

This study examines the role individuals' frugality plays in moderating the impact of privacy and security concerns on trust-discount tradeoff. Trust-discount tradeoff measures a user's intention on a continuum to transact with a higher-trust, higher-premium website as opposed to lower-trust, higher-discount website. The hypotheses are examined in three different contexts: e-commerce, health and finance. The findings suggest that frugality does moderate the impact of privacy and security concerns on trust-discount tradeoff in all three contexts, such that security concern is positively associated with preference for higher-trust, higher-premium websites for individuals with a high level of frugality, and that privacy concern is positively associated with preference for higher-trust, higher-premium websites for individuals with a low level of frugality. However, the subsequent analysis reveals that the reasons for the above moderating impact differ depending upon the underlying contextual sensitivity. This...
Literacy Development and Language Expression for Adult Learners in Transition.

This chapter provides examples of transitions that learners face connected to their participation in adult education and English literacy instruction. It describes their efforts to attain relevant language expression skills.
Ultrasmooth gold thin films by self-limiting galvanic displacement on silicon.

Galvanic displacement (GD), a type of electroless deposition, has been used to obtain ultrasmooth gold thin films on silicon ⟨111⟩. The novel aspect of the method presented herein is the absence of fluoride ions in the liquid phase, and its principal advantage when compared to previous efforts is that the process is inherently self-limiting. The self-limiting factor is due to the fact that in the absence of fluorinated species, no silicon oxide is removed during the process. Thus, the maximum gold film thickness is achieved when elemental silicon is no longer available once the surface is oxidized completely during the galvanic displacement process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used as a tool for thickness measurement, using the gold to silicon ratio as an analytical signal. Three gold plating solutions with different concentrations of KAuCl4 (2, 0.2, and 0.02 mM) have been used to obtain information about the formation rate of the gold film. This XPS analysis demonstrates the formation of go...
The Effect of Temephos and Chlorpyrifos on the Aquatic Insect Community of a New Jersey Salt Marsh

The effects of 4 biweekly applications of recommended dosages of the mosquito larvicides temephos and chlorpyrifos on the community structure and seasonal succession of aquatic insects inhabiting salt marsh potholes were examined. Using an open-ended cylinder, benthic, neustonic and nectonic organisms were sampled at weekly intervals in treated and untreated potholes from May 29 through Aug. 15, 1974. Twenty species of aquatic insects were recovered, including both larval and adult life stages. One corixid, Trichocorixa verticalis (Fieber), dominated the pothole community. Effects of the larvicides on insect community structure were tested by monitoring species richness, species diversity, and densities of dominant, subdominant and predatory insects before and after pesticide applications. The results of this study confirmed that temephos and chlorpyrifos were selective mosquito larvicides, controlling bloodsucking Nematocera without significantly changing the species richness and diversity of the nontarget salt marsh aquatic insect community or altering the densities of the dominant insects.
Inflammatory dermatopathology: a survival kit for the surgical pathologist

Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the skin is vexing for general surgical pathologists. There is considerable overlap in histologic features, and the terminology in dermatopathology often seems impenetrable. This course will cover a wide range of inflammatory diseases of the skin that may be encountered by the germinal surgical pathologist. A practical approach utilising reaction patterns will be emphasised, including spongiotic, psoriasiform, interface, perivascular, nodular, palisading granulomatous, panniculitis, and bullous diseases. During the course, practical tips and strategies to construct effective reports even in the setting of non-specific findings will be provided. By the end of the course, the participants will hopefully be able to approach inflammatory disease of the skin with less trepidation.
Influence of Alcohol Consumption on the Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus among Women in the Nurses' Health Study Cohorts.

Objective Moderate alcohol consumption has antiinflammatory properties and is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis risks. We investigated the association between alcohol consumption and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk among women followed in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) cohorts. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort analysis among 204,055 women in NHS (1980–2012) and NHSII (1989–2011) who were free of connective tissue disease and provided alcohol information at baseline. Alcohol consumption was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire every 2–4 years. We validated incident SLE through medical record review after self-report. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for SLE based on cumulative average alcohol intake, adjusting for potential confounders. Results were meta-analyzed using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models. We further investigated SLE risk associated with wine, beer, and liquor intake. Results We identified 125 incident SLE cases in NHS and 119 in NHSII. Mean ± SD age at SLE diagnosis was 55.8 ± 9.5 years in NHS and 43.4 ± 7.7 years in NHSII. Compared to no alcohol intake, the meta-analyzed multivariable HR for cumulative alcohol consumption ≥5 gm/day was 0.61 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.41–0.89). When limiting alcohol exposure to >4 years prior to SLE diagnosis, the multivariable HR was similar: 0.61 (95% CI 0.41–0.91). Women who drank ≥2 servings/week of wine had significantly decreased SLE risk (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.96) compared to women who did not drink wine. Conclusion In these large prospective cohorts, we demonstrated an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption (≥5 grams or 0.5 drink/day) and SLE risk in women.
A Sense of Success: Heredity, Intelligence, and Race in American History and Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current debate concerning race and IQ in American history and culture. The current debate concerning race and IQ is profoundly disturbing to many people, partly because it concerns public and particularly educational policy and partly because it touches deep nerves of moral concern in the culture. The central contention is that the very essences of the concepts involved are culturally bound, that the conceptualization and application of the central terms, in particular ways at certain times, are part of the culture in which one participate—the whole debate governed as cultures are by cumulative experience. There have indeed been interesting changes during the past one hundred years, but there have also been profound continuities in thinking about race and intelligence despite Darwin, Mendel, Boas, and a changing climate in academia. This view suggests that because things have been going on in a particular way for a long time, they are not going to change very rapidly, not very much, nor very soon. Yet it also suggests that one is now on the cusp of an appreciable change because one is losing that sense of success that animated the overseas venturing and conquests.
Double-passage propagation of laser beams in non-Kolmogorov turbulence

In the atmospheric boundary layer, with some exceptions very close to the ground, optical turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic obeying the Kolmogorov power spectrum model of the refractive index within the inertial sub-range. However, in free atmosphere, in particular within the stably-layered stratosphere, the Kolmogorov power spectrum might not properly describe the real turbulence behavior. In this paper we use the general non-Kolmogorov power spectrum for theoretical investigation of laser beam propagation for the double-passage problem: transmitter-target-receiver. We show that long-term beam spread and scintillation are remarkably affected by non-Kolmogorov turbulent channels. Our analysis focuses on the mono-static configuration leading to the enhanced backscattering effects. The presented results are of interest in LIDARs operating at high altitude, where non-Kolmogorov turbulence may be present.
‘Words and Music’, ‘Cascando’, ‘Play’, ‘Film’ and ‘Eh Joe’

Samuel Beckett has not written a full-length play since Happy Days. Instead he has produced a series of briefer dramatic works for stage, radio, film and television and, as well, a series of works of prose fiction. Whereas the shorter plays follow his typical pattern, representing images of the past revolving in the consciousness of his characters, they locate these figures in less specifically defined spaces. In fact, several of these shorter plays avoid conventional scenographic images altogether, using the stage or studio simply as a place that accommodates the characters’ experience.
Characterization and mechanisms of the pharyngeal swallow activated by stimulation of the esophagus

Stimulation of the esophagus activates the pharyngeal swallow response (EPSR) in human infants and animals. The aims of this study were to characterize the stimulus and response of the EPSR and to determine the function and mechanisms generating the EPSR. Studies were conducted in 46 decerebrate cats in which pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal motility was monitored using EMG, strain gauges, or manometry. The esophagus was stimulated by balloon distension or luminal fluid infusion. We found that esophageal distension increased the chance of occurrence of the EPSR, but the delay was variable. The chance of occurrence of the EPSR was related to the position, magnitude, and length of the stimulus in the esophagus. The most effective stimulus was long, strong, and situated in the cervical esophagus. Acidification of the esophagus activated pharyngeal swallows and sensitized the receptors that activate the EPSR. The EPSR was blocked by local anesthesia applied to the esophageal lumen, and electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve caudal to the cricoid cartilage (RLNc) activated the pharyngeal swallow response. We conclude that the EPSR is activated in a probabilistic manner. The receptors mediating the EPSR are probably mucosal slowly adapting tension receptors. The sensory neural pathway includes the RLNc and superior laryngeal nerve. We hypothesize that, because the EPSR is observed in human infants and animals, but not human adults, activation of EPSR is related to the elevated position of the larynx. In this situation, the EPSR occurs rather than secondary peristalsis to prevent supraesophageal reflux when the esophageal bolus is in the proximal esophagus.