cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor Technologies for Particulate Detection and Characterization

Planned Lunar missions have resulted in renewed attention to problems attributable to fine particulates. While the difficulties experienced during the sequence of Apollo missions did not prove critical in all cases, the comparatively long duration of impending missions may present a different situation. This situation creates the need for a spectrum of particulate sensing technologies. From a fundamental perspective, an improved understanding of the properties of the dust fraction is required. Described here is laboratory-based reference instrumentation for the measurement of fundamental particle size distribution (PSD) functions from 2.5 nanometers to 20 micrometers. Concomitant efforts for separating samples into fractional size bins are also presented. A requirement also exists for developing mission compatible sensors. Examples include provisions for air quality monitoring in spacecraft and remote habitation modules. Required sensor attributes such as low mass, volume, and power consumption, autonomy of operation, and extended reliability cannot be accommodated by existing technologies.
What is F2 Good For

Abstract It is commonly assumed that a significant item analysis (F2) provides an assurance that the treatment effect is generalizable to the population of items from which the items were drawn, which in turn implies that the effect is reasonably general across items. The latter implication is shown to be false, and it is argued that a new test of generality rather than generalizability is required. Comments from a number of prominent researchers in the field are provided on a separate website.
Next steps on grain reserves

Abstract The author examines American views on grain reserves and the policies of the Ford and Carter Administrations. He then focusses on the issues to be resolved in the present negotiations aimed at establishing an international grain stabilization reserve. These include the scope of the reserve, crucial to which is the recognition that the world grain market is, essentially, a single market; the price range; and membership and treatment of nonparticipants. The discussion should be carried on at both the International Wheat Council and the Multilateral Trade Negotiations in Geneva. The author sees no reason why an international grains agreement establishing a coordinated system of national grain reserves could not be ready by spring 1978.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Error Reduction for Complex Systems

The cost-benefit tradeoff of analysis fidelity in complex systems analysis has been posed as an optimization problem providing quantitative guidance for investment in improving analysis. A nonlinear constrained optimizer to solve this problem has been integrated into an error tradeoff environment providing an intuitive tool for the decision maker to consider investment in fidelity at the same time as design decisions are considered. An example demonstrates the efficacy of the improved interface to enable fidelity improvement investment decisions.
Band-gap shifts in heavily p-type doped semiconductors of the zinc-blende and diamond type.

We present derivations of the band-gap shifts in, and photoluminescence spectra from, heavily doped p-type semiconductors of zinc-blende and diamond type. The calculated final-state lifetimes are taken into account in the derivation of the luminescence peaks. They stem from the imaginary parts of the self-energy shifts due to electron-electron and electron\char21{}dopant-ion scattering. These are derived within the same formalism as the real parts causing the band shifts. Our results are compared in detail to those from photoluminescence experiments on p-type GaAs. The lifetime broadening is found to explain fully the low-energy tailing of the luminescence peaks. No assumption of band tailing is needed.
Mitoxantrone‐containing regimen for treatment of childhood acute leukemia AML and analysis of prognostic factors: Results of the EORTC Children Leukemia Cooperative Study 58872

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, the toxicity and the efficiency of a BFM-like treatment protocol for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) of children in which mitoxantrone was substituted for conventional anthracycline. The chemotherapy called for induction (mitoxantrone, cytosine arabinoside, etoposide), consolidation (mitoxantrone, cytosine arabinoside, 6 thioguanine), followed by two intensification courses with cytosine arabinoside plus, respectively, mitoxantrone during the first and etoposide during the second courses. Maintenance therapy consisted of daily 6 thioguanine, four-weekly courses of cytosine arabinoside (s.c. daily during 4 days) and eight-weekly courses of mitoxantrone. The latter drug was pursued up to a total cumulative dose of 150 mg/sqm. Maintenance therapy was stopped at 2 years of diagnosis. Out of 108 patients, 84 (77%) achieved a complete remission, 10 died during induction of hemorrhage, sepsis or pulmonary infiltration by leukemic cells. A total of 32 relapses occurred. The median follow-up was 3.5 years. Actuarial event-free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival at 3 years as 41%, 52%, 56%, respectively. These results compare favorably with most reported data, and cytogenetic findings appear to be the most important prognostic factor.
Emergency Medical Services Out-of-Hospital Scene and Transport Times and Their Association With Mortality in Trauma Patients Presenting to an Urban Level I Trauma Center

Study objective We determine the association between emergency medical services (EMS) out-of-hospital times and mortality in trauma patients presenting to an urban Level I trauma center. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort registry of trauma patients presenting to a Level I trauma center during a 14-year period (1996 to 2009). Inclusion criteria were patients sustaining traumatic injury who presented to an urban Level I trauma center. Exclusion criteria were extrication, missing or erroneous out-of-hospital times, and intervals exceeding 5 hours. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. EMS out-of-hospital intervals (scene time and transport time) were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression. Results There were 19,167 trauma patients available for analysis, with 865 (4.5%) deaths; 16,170 (84%) injuries were blunt, with 596 (3.7%) deaths, and 2,997 (16%) were penetrating, with 269 (9%) deaths. Mean age and sex for blunt and penetrating trauma were 34.5 years (68% men) and 28.1 years (90% men), respectively. Of those with Injury Severity Score less than or equal to 15, 0.4% died, and 26.1% of those with a score greater than 15 died. We analyzed the relationship of scene time and transport time with mortality among patients with Injury Severity Score greater than 15, controlling for age, sex, Injury Severity Score, and Revised Trauma Score. On multivariate regression of patients with penetrating trauma, we observed that a scene time greater than 20 minutes was associated with higher odds of mortality than scene time less than 10 minutes (odds ratio [OR] 2.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09 to 7.74). Scene time of 10 to 19 minutes was not significantly associated with mortality (OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.66 to 2.16). Longer transport times were likewise not associated with increased odds of mortality in penetrating trauma cases; OR for transport time greater than or equal to 20 minutes was 0.40 (95% CI 0.14 to 1.19), and OR for transport time 10 to 19 minutes was 0.64 (95% CI 0.35 to 1.15). For patients with blunt trauma, we did not observe any association between scene or transport times and increased odds of mortality. Conclusion In this analysis of patients presenting to an urban Level I trauma center during a 14-year period, we observed increased odds of mortality among patients with penetrating trauma if scene time was greater than 20 minutes. We did not observe associations between increased odds of mortality and out-of-hospital times in blunt trauma victims. These findings should be validated in an external data set.
Weak decays of charmed hadrons

SU(3) relations among various two-body channels in weak decays of charmed hadrons are worked out in the framework of the four-quark model of the weak interactions. Effects analogous to ${K}^{0}$, ${\overline{K}}^{0}$ mixing are discussed for charmed mesons. A certain dominance possibility, analogous to octet dominance for charm-conserving weak reactions, is noted.
Money as a growth-enhancing mechanism

When money and capital coexist in an economy in which the marginal product of capital fluctuates heterogeneously across individuals, money serves to exchange productivity. The result is greater efficiency in the sense of encouraging high-return) investment, higher growth rates and higher welfare in a monetary economy. The findings illustrate the benefits of a transition from a financially repressed to a financially developed state, and why extreme breakdowns of the monetary system might he expected to have significant real effects.
Seismic imaging of subduction zone metamorphism

Combined analysis of high-resolution seismic images of the Alaska and Cascadia subduction zones reveals where metamorphic fl uids are released. Both images show the subducted oceanic crust as a dipping low-velocity layer with a clear termination depth. However, in Alaska the crust is thicker (15-20 km compared to 8 km) and terminates at greater depth (120 km com- pared to 40 km) than in Cascadia. Based on metamorphic reaction estimates and geodynamic models, we demonstrate that the termination depth corresponds to eclogitization of the crust triggered by dehydration of water-bearing minerals, and that the location of this reaction is dependent on the thermal structure of the subducted slab.
Electron mobility in modulation-doped heterostructures

A model for electron mobility in a two-dimensional electron gas confined in a triangular well was developed. All major scattering processes---i.e., deformation potential and piezoelectric acoustic, polar optical, ionized impurity, and alloy disorder---were included as well as intrasubband and intersubband scattering. The model is applied to two types of modulation-doped heterostructures, namely GaAs-GaAlAs and ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}$As-${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.52}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.48}$As. In the former case phonons and remote ionized impurities ultimately limit the mobility, whereas in the latter, alloy disorder is a predominant scattering process at low temperatures. The calculated mobilities are in very good agreement with recently reported experimental characteristics for both GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}$As-${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.52}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.48}$As modulation-doped heterostructures.
Tunic cell populations during fusion events in the colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum (Tunicata)

We documented changes in the abundance and distribution patterns of tunic cells involved in the allorecognition response of the colonial aplousobranch Didemnum vexillum, whose zooids do not share a common vascular system. A histological examination of the fusion zone of isogeneic (CIAs) and allogeneic (CAAs) fused colony assays revealed that tunic cuticles were rapidly regenerated. The underlying tunic matrix fused readily in all assays and controls. We identified four different types of tunic cells. Phagocytic cells represented the most abundant cell type in allogeneic fusions, followed by morula cells. These cells were more abundant at the immediate fusion junction than at 120 μm or 240 μm from the junction, most likely because they mediate the allorecognition reaction. Elongated filopodial cells also were present, although only at very low abundances, and a layer of bladder cells was located immediately below the cuticle. Our results provide quantitative evidence for the involvement of tunic cells in the allorecognition response of a highly invasive ascidian.
The effect of substituents on the oxidation potentials of substituted tetraphenyporhinatosilver (II) complexes

Abstract The oxidation potentials of several substituted tetraphenylporphyrin (p-OCH3, p-CH3, m-CH3, -H, p-F, p-Cl, and p-Br(TPP)) complexes of silver(II) have been measured in CH2Cl2 using the cyclic voltammetry method. The E 1 2 values obtained for the first ring oxidation and the Ag(II) ⇌ Ag(III) + e redox reaction have been correlated using the Hammett LFER equation and the respective ϱ values are 0.21 and 0.10 v. It was found that electron donating substituents make ring oxidation easier while electron withdrawing substituents have the opposite effects. The non-coplanar nature between the phenyl rings and the porphyrin plane permits the correlation of the electron-chemical data with σ° values for insulated reaction centers.
Vulvovaginitis in the Prepubertal Child

Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and vaginal tissues. Signs and symptoms include irritation and erythema of the vulva, vaginal discharge, soreness, itching, dysuria, excoriation of the area, and bleeding. It is one of the more common gynecological problems among prepubertal girls. In this review, we address methods of evaluation and physical findings in the prepubescent child. We will describe the causes of vulvovaginitis, which include physical, chemical, or infectious agents, and will discuss diagnostic testing and review the most common bacterial pathogens isolated from symptomatic prepubertal girls. This article will also review management strategies of improved hygiene and sitz baths and the indications for antibiotics.
How do community pharmacies recover from e-prescription errors?

Abstract Background The use of e-prescribing is increasing annually, with over 788 million e-prescriptions received in US pharmacies in 2012. Approximately 9% of e-prescriptions have medication errors. Objective To describe the process used by community pharmacy staff to detect, explain, and correct e-prescription errors. Methods The error recovery conceptual framework was employed for data collection and analysis. 13 pharmacists and 14 technicians from five community pharmacies in Wisconsin participated in the study. A combination of data collection methods were utilized, including direct observations, interviews, and focus groups. The transcription and content analysis of recordings were guided by the three-step error recovery model. Results Most of the e-prescription errors were detected during the entering of information into the pharmacy system. These errors were detected by both pharmacists and technicians using a variety of strategies which included: (1) performing double checks of e-prescription information; (2) printing the e-prescription to paper and confirming the information on the computer screen with information from the paper printout; and (3) using colored pens to highlight important information. Strategies used for explaining errors included: (1) careful review of patient's medication history; (2) pharmacist consultation with patients; (3) consultation with another pharmacy team member; and (4) use of online resources. In order to correct e-prescription errors, participants made educated guesses of the prescriber's intent or contacted the prescriber via telephone or fax. When e-prescription errors were encountered in the community pharmacies, the primary goal of participants was to get the order right for patients by verifying the prescriber's intent. Conclusion Pharmacists and technicians play an important role in preventing e-prescription errors through the detection of errors and the verification of prescribers' intent. Future studies are needed to examine factors that facilitate or hinder recovery from e-prescription errors.
The Effects of Glia on the Tensile Properties of the Spinal Cord

Glia, the primary non-neuronal cells of the central nervous system, were initially believed to bind or glue neurons together and/or provide a supporting scaffold [1, 2]. It is now recognized that these cells provide specialized and essential biological and regulatory functions. Still, their contributions to the overall mechanical properties would also strongly influence the tissue’s tolerance to loading conditions experienced during trauma and potentially regulate of function and growth in neurons and glia [3, 4]. White matter represents an intriguing tissue to appreciate the role of glia in tissue and cellular mechanics. White matter consists of bundles of axons aligned in parallel, which are myelinated by oligodendrocytes, and a network of astrocytes, which interconnect axons and the vascular supply. In this study, we selectively interfered with the glial network during chick embryo development and evaluated the tensile properties of the spinal cord. Myelination was suppressed by injecting ethidium bromide (EB), which is cytotoxic to dividing cells and kills oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, or an antibody against galactocerebroside (αGalC) with serum complement, which interferes with oligodendrocytes during the myelination process without affecting astrocytes.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Image Processing for IMRT QA Dosimetry

We have automated the determination of the placement location of the dosimetry ion chamber within intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) fields, as part of streamlining the entire IMRT quality assurance process. This paper describes the mathematical image processing techniques to arrive at the appropriate measurement locations within the planar dose maps of the IMRT fields. A specific spot within the found region is identified based on its flatness, radiation magnitude, location, area, and the avoidance of the inter-leaf spaces. The techniques used include applying a Laplacian, dilation, erosion, region identification, and measurement point selection based on three parameters. These parameters are the size of the erosion operator, gradient, and the importance of the area of a region versus its magnitude. These three parameters are adjustable by the user. However, the first one requires tweaking in extremely rare occasions, the gradient requires rare adjustments, and the last parameter needs occasional fine-tuning. This algorithm has been tested in over 50 cases. In about 5% of cases, the algorithm does not find a measurement point due to the extremely steep and narrow regions within the fluence maps. In such cases, manual selection of a point is allowed by our code, which is also difficult to ascertain, since the fluence map does not yield itself to an appropriate measurement point selection.
WE‐E‐AUD B‐07: EGSnrc Benchmarking Against High‐Precision Angular Electron Scattering Data Through Thin Foils

Purpose: The EGSnrc Monte Carlo code was benchmarked against newly measured angular scattering distributions of electron beams through thin materials. Method and Materials: The BEAMnrc user code was used for the simulation of the experimental setup. The geometry, beam and material properties were implemented in BEAMnrc, while the DOSXYZnrc user code was used to score the absorbed dose up to angles of 10°. The electron beam was generated using the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) Vickers linear accelerator, which allows for the production of narrow pencil beams of electrons with well known energies. Six materials: Be, C, Al, Ti, Cu,Ta and Au, were used as scattering foils and measurements were made at two energies — 13 MeV and 20 MeV. Great care was taken to obtain high accuracy experimental data for comparison with the results of the simulations. Results: The obtained angular distributions were fitted with a Gaussian and the characteristic angle (the angle at which the absorbed dose decreases by 1/e) was used to compare the measured and simulated distributions. The discrepancy between the measured and the EGSnrc characteristic angles is on average about 1.5%. A careful error estimation was performed on the measured data, that resulted in a value of about 1%. The EGSnrc code shows an agreement with the measured data at the 2σ level. In general, the EGSnrc predicts narrower distributions. The full distributions were also compared and the shapes were found to be very similar even at large angles. Conclusion: The present study shows that the EGSnrc code predicts electron angular scattering distributions in agreement with the measured data at the 2% level. It is intended to make the experimental data available to the user community to be used for benchmarking of other Monte Carlo codes. Partial support from NIH R01 CA104777‐01A2.
Conduction Processes In Polysilicon: Effects Of Laser Restructuring

3-D integration of semiconductor devices will ultimately be realized via the use of laser or electron beam processed polysilicon. Although it is desirable to generate single crystal regions from polycrystalline silicon deposited in appropriate locations on a device structure during the course of device fabrication, that may not always be feasible for various reasons. It is, therefore, absolutely imperative to understand the performance of devices fabricated in either very large grain polysilicon or in near single crystal material containing defects and grain boundaries. In order to model devices fabricated in polysilicon with arbitrary grain size and trap density distribution, we have developed a conceptually novel approach to describe conduction in polysilicon. This methodology has been used to investigate the effects of laser restructuring of polysilicon.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proof of Thomson's theorem of electrostatics

Abstract A 100 years old formula that was given by Thomson [Footnote on p. 154 of J.J. Thomson, Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Dover, New York, NY, 1954.] recently found numerous applications in computational electrostatics and electromagnetics. Thomson himself never gave a proof for the formula; but a proof based on Differential Geometry was suggested by Jackson [Classical Electrodynamics, Wiley, New York, NY, 1962, p. 51] and later published by Pappas [Differential geometric solution of a problem in electrostatics, SIAM Rev. 28 (1986) 225]. Unfortunately, Differential Geometry, being a specialized branch of mathematics, is normally inaccessible to the majority of scientists and engineers. This paper provides for the first time a proof that does not depend on Differential Geometry.
ISOTRETINOIN EFFECTS NEURAL CREST CELLS IN VITRO

We have described the clinical manifestations of isotretinoin (ISO) neuroembryopathy (J Ped, 105, 595, 1984) and with others have suggested that disturbances in neural crest development may underlie the pathogenesis of this teratogenic disorder (NEJM 313, 832, 1985). To investigate this possibility in a controlled experimental situation, cranial neural crest explant cultures were exposed to different concentrations of ISO (2 and 20 ug/ml medium) and cell morphology was monitored at 24 hour intervals for a total/ of 5 days using inverted phase contrast microscopy. In contrast to the control cultures of confluent flattened cells, ISO treated crest cells became rounded or spindle shaped, separated from their neighbors, and frequently detached from the substrate or clumped together. Similiar changes in morphology occurred in trunk neural crest cultures but not in neural tube cells or in cardiac fibroblasts. Exposure to ISO did not appear to change the amount or distribution of antibody binding to cell surface antigens HNK-1 or CSAT. Taken together, these results suggest that ISO selectively effects neural crest cells by decreasing their cell-substratum adhesion and strongly supports the hypothesis that ISO associated birth defects in humans may be caused by abnormalities in neural crest development.
Hyperbolic trigonometry in the Einstein relativistic velocity model of hyperbolic geometry

Abstract Hyperbolic geometry is a fundamental aspect of modern physics. We explore in this paper the use of Einstein's velocity addition as a model of vector addition in hyperbolic geometry. Guided by analogies with ordinary vector addition, we develop hyperbolic vector spaces, called gyrovector spaces, which provide the setting for hyperbolic geometry in the same way that vector spaces provide the setting for Euclidean geometry. The resulting gyrovector spaces enable Euclidean trigonometry to be extended to hyperbolic trigonometry. In particular, we present the hyperbolic law of cosines and sines and the Hyperbolic Pythagorean Theorem emerges when the common vector addition is replaced by the Einstein velocity addition.
Modified crack-analogy methodology: the equivalent theory

Abstract The crack initiation process of fretting fatigue is a complex phenomenon, and various approaches have been instigated to investigate fretting fatigue damage tolerance and crack initiation. The Crack-Analogy Methodology (CAM) is one approach, which is introduced by Giannakopoulos et al. It utilizes the similarity between contact mechanics and fracture mechanics to investigate fretting fatigue life. The present study is motivated by the crack-analogy methodology where a Modified Crack-Analogy Methodology (MCAM) is developed to extend CAM capabilities and to improve its prediction of crack initiation. The modified form extends CAM to include various indenter–substrate geometries as well as modifying its crack initiation parameter to include the effect of the bulk stress in the substrate. MCAM uses the change of the stress intensity factor (Δ K -parameter) as a fretting fatigue crack initiation parameter, since the change is consistent with the cyclic mechanism of fretting fatigue. It uses experimental data to establish Δ K -parameter–life curves similar to the stress–life S – N curve prototype in fatigue and to validate crack initiation for various geometric configurations under various load conditions. The results show similar trends to plain fatigue with lower damage tolerance as expected. By including the bulk stress, the crack initiation predictions of fretting fatigue show better consistency with the experimental data than without it where it exhibits fatigue characteristics consistent with S – N curves. In general, the Δ K -parameter–life trends show dependency on applied load and pad geometry. Reduced scatter is observed when bulk stress is included in the analyses as compared to that without it. It further demonstrates that the presence of bulk stress in general shifts fretting fatigue characteristics toward low cycle fatigue. The MCAM also predicts the limit of high cycle fatigue. The MCAM formulation shows potentials in life prediction such that it can be used as a tool in the design of components under fretting fatigue.
Enhanced surface anharmonicity observed in vibrations on Cu(110).

Surface anharmonicity has been measured on Cu(110) by examining the temperature dependence of surface phonons with atomic motion normal to the surface using high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. At the Brillouin zone center {bar {Gamma}} the energy of the {ital MS}{sub 7} resonance decreases by 3.2 meV and the intrinsic width increased by 8.6 meV as the temperature increases from 21 to 766 K. Energy decrease and width increase are also observed at the Brillouin zone edge {ital {bar Y}} in the {ital S}{sub 3} phonon. The percentage energy decrease is the same in both phonons. Direct comparison with bulk-phonon measurements shows that the anharmonicity at the surface is 4.1--4.8 times greater than in the bulk.
Restoration of Pi-ATP exchange in the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase: Effect of a coupling factor

Summary P i -ATP exchange activity has been restored to the bovine heart mitochondrial ATPase. The exchange rates can be doubled by addition of coupling factor 1 (F 1 and the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP), and further stimulated 2·5-fold by the addition of a coupling factor which has Factor B as a major component. The activity is sensitive to oligomycin, uncoupler or valinomycin + K + .
Statistical phonon transport model for multiscale simulation of thermal transport in silicon: Part II – Model verification and validation

Abstract In Part I, the statistical phonon transport (SPT) model for solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation in a statistical framework was presented. In this part, verification and validation of the SPT model is performed. The three-phonon scattering model is evaluated by considering populations of phonons interacting within an enclosed volume of silicon. The capability of the SPT model to capture the unique aspects of phonon transport from the diffuse to the ballistic thermal transport regimes is verified. Steady-state and transient results are validated against analytical solutions, results from Monte Carlo models, and experimental data for homogeneous silicon.
Text Coherence and Readability

The goal of matching texts to readers can be aided by using readability formulas in concert with considering text, task, reader, and strategy variables. For example, signaling makes sentences longer and readability scores soar, but eases readability for readers employing the structure strategy and l
A Multi-dimensional Micro-benchmark for Performance Study and Prediction

In this paper, we describe a multi-dimensional synthetic benchmark called Apex-MAP. One distinguishing feature of this benchmark is that its input parameters can be varied independent of each other between extreme values, allowing it to generate continuous performance surfaces for performance and architecture study. Moreover, Apex-MAP can be used as performance proxy for applications to provide realistic and reliable performance indicator on various target platforms.
UV absorption by mycosporine-like amino acids in Phaeocystis antarctica Karsten induced by photosynthetically available radiation

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which occur in diverse taxonomic groups, exhibit in vivo absorption maxima between 310 nm and 360 nm and may play a photoprotective role against ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Using cultures of colonial Phaeocystis antarctica, we examined the relationship between MAA concentration, in vivo UV absorption, photoprotective (carotenoid) and photosynthetic pigments, and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, 350–700 nm). UV absorption was high; chlorophyll-specific absorption, a * ph, at 330 nm ranged from 0.06 to 0.41 m2/mg chlorophyll a. Values of a * ph (330) were 4–13 times greater than a * ph (676). Mycosporine-glycine, shinorine, and mycosporine-glycine valine are responsible for the strong in vivo UV absorption. The sum of all MAAs increased with irradiance when normalized to chlorophyll a or carbon concentrations, whereas individual MAAs varied independently from each other. Mycosporine-glycine concentrations showed no statistically significant change over the range of light intensities, whereas mycosporine-glycine and shinorine concentrations increased at higher irradiances. The relative fluorescence yield for chlorophyll a was low in the UV region compared to the visible region, implying that absorbed UV radiation (<375 nm) is transferred inefficiently to chlorophyll a in the reaction center. Quantitative estimates of UV screening by MAAs are attributed to elevated MAA concentrations and increased diameter at high light.
Genetic conversion of a fungal plant pathogen to a nonpathogenic, endophytic mutualist.

The filamentous fungal ascomycete Colletotrichum magna causes anthracnose in cucurbit plants. Isolation of a nonpathogenic mutant of this species (path-1) resulted in maintained wild-type levels of in vitro sporulation, spore adhesion, appressorial formation, and infection. Path-1 grew throughout host tissues as an endophyte and retained the wild-type host range, which indicates that the genetics involved in pathogenicity and host specificity are distinct. Prior infection with path-1 protected plants from disease caused by Colletotrichum and Fusarium.Genetic analysis of a cross between path-1 and wild-type strains indicated mutation of a single locus.
Preliminary guided rocket feasibility study.

The feasibility of actively guiding sounding rockets to reduce impact dispersion has been investigated. The theoretical probability of range safety thrust termination for several high performance rockets was combined with the cost of acquiring the extended range at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) to establish a guidance system price ceiling of $20K per flight. Guiding the Black Brant VC (BBVC) for the first five seconds of flight results in sufficient dispersion reduction to impact within the standard range boundaries at WSMR. The guidance system thrust level required to statically control the vehicle to a nominal-wind weighted trajectory for five seconds is between 150-200 pounds. A six-degree-of-freedom trajectory program with guidance simulation capability has been developed and the equations are presented.
The promotion of interest in the role of the physician associate as a potential career opportunity for nurses: an alternative strategy.

Several frameworks are presented for understanding the development of interest in the role of the Physician Associate as a potential career opportunity for nurses. The contribu- tion of professional role identification with nursing, medicine, and amalgamation of the two professions are explored as a basis for career choice. The usefulness of the current mobility model in health careers emphasizing differential vertical and horizontal mobility is contrasted with a classical sociological mobility model. Deficiencies are noted in both professional role identification and mobility models employing horizontal and vertical mobility as a basis for the development of interest in the role of the Physician Associate as a potential career opportunity for nurses. An examination of the factors implicit in the development of the Physician Associate in the emerging nations leads to significant understandings with regard to the development of interest ib assuming some roles in those settings. Such cross cultural considerations make possible an integrated approach for understanding interest development of the Physician Associate. Attention is focused upon interest development as a function of: 1. Individual competencies. 2. Aspirational patterns. 3. The structure of opportunities which are made available, as well as upon specific career strategies. Examination of these factors indicates that a major deterrent to career development by nurses in the role of Physician Associate is the pervasive psycho-sexual deference associated with current nursing practice. Attention to this factor in both training and practice settings is imperative in order to facilitate role alteration by nurses.
A curve fitting signal processing scheme for a white-light interferometric system with a synthetic source

A white-light interferometric system, which comprises two Michelson interferometers linked by a 100 μm diameter core multimode step index fibre has been investigated, where a signal processing scheme, using curve fitting, has been introduced to suppress the noise induced in the system. The theoretical resolution of such a sensor with the use of an appropriate curve fitting signal processing scheme has been discussed. The experimental results obtained show the short term repeatability (to three standard deviations) to be better than 5 nm after signal processing, under conditions where the fibre is constantly vibrated in a known and reproducible way.
A three-dimensional method for integrated transient analysis of reactor-piping systems

Abstract A three-dimensional method for integrated hydrodynamic, structural, and thermal analyses of reactor-piping systems is presented. The hydrodynamics are analyzed in a reference frame fixed to the piping and are treated with a two-dimensional Eulerian finite-difference technique. The structural responses are calculated with a three-dimensional co-rotational finite-element methodology. Interaction between fluid and structure is accounted for by iteratively enforcing the interface boundary conditions. A thermal transient capability has been developed. A system energy equation is used to compute the coolant temperatures due to convection. A radial heat-conduction equation is employed to establish the temperature profile throughout the pipe-wall thickness. The constitutive equation used for the thermal-mechanical stress calculation is suited for a large number of materials under various loading conditions, such as those having thermal, plastic, and viscous effects. The flow surface, which defined the purely elastic regime, can be arbitrarily small; an associated flow rule is utilized for regimes of material plasticity. Three sample problems are presented to illustrate this method. The first one calculates the piping response under the seismic excitation. The second one validates the heat-conduction model. The third problem deals with a coupled hydrodynamic-structural-thermal analysis of a piping system. Results are discussed in detail.
Model of carbon fixation in microbial mats from 3,500 Myr ago to the present

Using modern microbial mats as analogs for ancient stromatolites, it is shown that the rate of carbon fixation is higher at the greater levels of atmospheric CO2 that were probably present in the past. It is suggested that carbon fixation in microbial mats was not carbon-limited during the early Precambrian, but became carbon-limited as the supply of inorganic carbon decreased. Carbon limitation led to a lower rate of carbon fixation, especially towards the end of the Precambrian.
Regulatory T-cell recovery in recipients of haploidentical nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation with a humanized anti-CD2 mAb, MEDI-507, with or without fludarabine.

Objective We have evaluated T-cell reconstitution and reactivity in patients receiving nonmyeloablative haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) protocols involving an anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody (MEDI 507) to treat chemorefractory hematopoietic malignancies. Methods Three cohorts of four patients each and one cohort of six patients received one of four Medi-507–based regimens, all of which included cyclophosphamide, thymic irradiation, and a short posttransplantation course of cyclosporine. Results Following marked T-cell depletion, initially recovering CD4 and CD8 T cells were mainly memory-type cells. A high percentage of CD4 T cells expressed high levels of CD25 in recipients of all protocols, except the only protocol to include fludarabine, early post-HCT. CD25 expression varied inversely with T-cell concentrations in blood. CD25 high CD4 T cells expressed Foxp3 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4, indicating that they were regulatory T cells (Treg). Conclusions Fludarabine treatment prevents Treg enrichment after haploidentical nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation, presumably by depleting recipient Tregs. In vitro analyses of allorecognition were consistent with a cytokine-mediated rejection process in one case and in another provided proof of principle that mixed chimerism achieved without graft-vs-host disease induces donor- and recipient-specific tolerance. More reliable achievement of this outcome could provide a promising strategy for organ allograft tolerance induction.
Optical Properties Of Proton Implanted N-Type GaAs

U.S. Army ARRADCOM, Dover, New Jersey 07801AbstractThe optical properties of semiconductor crystalline materials can be altered through ion implantationaccording to various physical mechanisms. In this paper we examine the optical changes in GaAs brought aboutby free carrier compensation. N -type GaAs wafers with a high free carrier concentration are implanted withprotons having an energy of 300 keV. The infrared properties of the resulting altered surface layer arecharacterized by infrared reflectance measurements. A spectrophotometer is used to measure the reflectivityof the implanted wafers from 4000 cm-1 to 200 cm-1. Interference fringes typical of a thin layer /substratestructure is observed. From the location of the fringes and a classical dielectric model, the effectivethickness and the average free carrier concentration of the altered layer are obtained. This data is used incomputer simulations to achieve good agreement with the measured reflectivity over the entire spectral range.IntroductionIon implantation of crystalline semiconductor materials can lead to changes in the refractive index throughseveral different physical mechanisms. These include: damage to the crystal; introduction of dopant atomsinto the lattice; generation of localized regions of stress; and, the compensation of the free carriers insuitably doped materials. In any actual implantation, the above mechanisms are interrelated and the resultantchange in the refractive index of the implanted material is due to the total effect of these processes. How-ever, it is possible, by careful design of experimental conditions, to accentuate one of these mechanisms andto minimize the effects of the others.Proton implantation of n -GaAs is a semiconductor processing technique that produces optical and electronicchanges primarily through free carrier compensation. This technique has been used to form infrared opticalwaveguides1 and to provide electronic isolation of components on IC chips2. Characterization of the implantedregions has been mainly confined to the electronic properties through capacitance- voltage and resistivitymeasurements3. The optical changes have been more difficult to characterize due to small dimensions overwhich these effects are present and to the infrared measurements that are necessary.In this paper, infrared spectral reflectivity is examined as a means for measuring the optical properties
KoBaMIN: a knowledge-based minimization web server for protein structure refinement

The KoBaMIN web server provides an online interface to a simple, consistent and computationally efficient protein structure refinement protocol based on minimization of a knowledge-based potential of mean force. The server can be used to refine either a single protein structure or an ensemble of proteins starting from their unrefined coordinates in PDB format. The refinement method is particularly fast and accurate due to the underlying knowledge-based potential derived from structures deposited in the PDB; as such, the energy function implicitly includes the effects of solvent and the crystal environment. Our server allows for an optional but recommended step that optimizes stereochemistry using the MESHI software. The KoBaMIN server also allows comparison of the refined structures with a provided reference structure to assess the changes brought about by the refinement protocol. The performance of KoBaMIN has been benchmarked widely on a large set of decoys, all models generated at the seventh worldwide experiments on critical assessment of techniques for protein structure prediction (CASP7) and it was also shown to produce top-ranking predictions in the refinement category at both CASP8 and CASP9, yielding consistently good results across a broad range of model quality values. The web server is fully functional and freely available at http://csb.stanford.edu/kobamin.
The politics of energy: an introduction

Just minutes after the magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off Japan's northeast coast on the afternoon of 11 March 2011, waves from the 14-meter tsunami that it triggered crashed over the seawalls bui...
Characteristics of adolescent girls with depressive symptoms in a so-called "normal' sample.

Objective: Forty-four percent of adolescent girls who had been screened for absence of psychiatric disorder reported depressive symptoms on a structured interview. Girls reporting symptoms were assigned to a depression group and compared to those who were free of depressive symptoms on behavioral and neuropsychological measures to determine if there were meaningful differences in cognition, behavior and motivation/self-perception between groups. Method: Adolescent girls were randomly selected from local schools to participate in a study of neuropsychological development in adolescence. Those who volunteered and whose parents reported them to be free of psychiatric disorders were enrolled and completed a battery of behavioral, neuropsychological and motivation/self-perception measures. Results: The depressed group showed more behavioral problems, evaluated themselves as less competent, showed more extrinsic motivational orientation, had lower IQ and differed on a measure of visual spatial perception. Conclusion: The frequency of subclinical depression is high in adolescent girls, even when parents report no psychiatric/emotional problems. The increase in problem behaviors and extrinsic motivation, as well as the decrease in feelings of self-worth suggest that this group may benefit from intervention. Poorer performance on a measure of visual spatial perception needs further investigation to confirm its association with depression and understand its relationship to depressive symptoms.
Racial and Ethnic Semiosis in Mitsuye Yamada's "Mrs. Higashi Is Dead"

At a time when affirmative action and immigration are under attack, how do we as teachers and critics acknowledge the viciousness of our society while also professing the possibility of change? The writings of Mitsuye Yamada offer one way of engaging the issues raised in an ethnically diverse society while sidestepping platitudes about multiculturalism. Yamada promotes understanding between various segments of the population, but her optimism differs markedly from the images used in advertising, presidential races, or campaigns for charities, where music erupts, faces glow, and viewers' eyes mist as people of assorted heritages unite. In Yamada's poems and stories, brief meetings between persons of different racial or ethnic backgrounds are unexpectedly productive, revealing both similarities and differences among those who have experienced oppression. Such moments force individuals to reinterpret the past and to make their histories known. As an especially intricate example of this process, Yamada's short story "Mrs. Higashi is Dead" portrays a woman for whom a cross-racial encounter reveals her own subordinate and dominate roles in a system of multiple oppressions. The story presents a multicultural America more complicated than the media's portrayals of easy equality or absolute division along racial lines. Although "Mrs. Higashi" belongs most obviously to a growing body of literature about mothers and daughters, theories of both ethnic and racial semiosis also explain the dynamics at work within the story. Born in 1923, Yamada grew up in Seattle and was interned during World War II in Minidoka Relocation Center. She examines these experiences and the politics of everyday conflicts in Camp Notes and Other Poems (1976) and Desert Run: Poems and Stories (1988).1 The confrontations Yamada describes serve as an antidote to the multiculturalism that, according to some observers, has replaced struggles for justice with slogans and festivals. As Richard Rodriguez points out,
A temperature-based model of direct-, water-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) stand establishment in California

Abstract We used data sets from 23 field and greenhouse experiments to develop, validate, and evaluate a temperature-based model of stand establishment for direct-, water-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Data were split for model estimation and validation. The best performing stand density model used seed rate and total degree–days (adjusted R2=65%). We detected no problems with this model's assumptions or statistical adequacy, and alternate models performed worse or were invalidated. The cultivars used in validation account for almost 75% of the rice currently grown in California. The model is therefore widely applicable and is useful either alone or as a submodel in rice growth and management models. Using long-term degree–day averages for California rice growing areas, we evaluated the effects of planting dates and rates on achieving optimal stand densities. These results showed why typical grower practices have been successful, but suggested ways that planting date and seeding rates might be adjusted to increase stand densities when weed problems are anticipated.