cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A message-optimal protocol for global surveys in faulty networks

The problem of conducting a global survey in faulty networks is studied. The global survey problem (GSP) can be considered as an extension of that of network broadcasting. It is shown that the time complexity lower bound for the GSP is Omega ( mod V mod ) and the message complexity is Omega min( mod V mod ,k) mod V where k is the number of links failed. While there is a straightforward protocol to achieve the time complexity lower bounds, the design of message-optimal protocols is rather complex. This work provides such a protocol. >
The sensitivity of the Spontaneous Selective Attention Test (SSAT): a study of schizophrenic inpatients and outpatients versus normal controls

The Spontaneous Selective Attention Task (SSAT) is a visual word-identification task that measures the type of selective attention that occurs spontaneously when there are multiple stimuli, all potentially relevant, and insufficient time to process each of them fully. The present study was designed to examine the sensitivity of the SSAT by comparing the performance of 40 schizophrenic inpatients and 30 schizophrenic outpatients to that of 70 normal controls. The pattern of results reported previously for schizophrenic inpatients versus normals was replicated, and these findings were extended to include schizophrenic outpatients in partial symptom remission. Schizophrenic inpatients and outpatients were just as accurate in identifying words as normals, but spontaneous selective attention under conditions of predictability was abnormal in both patient groups. Furthermore, the ability of the SSAT to discriminate between schizophrenic patients and controls was confirmed. A ratio measure of spontaneous selective attention had a sensitivity of 77% and a base rate of 9% in a normal population (when a cutoff value was set to minimize false positives and false negatives). Thus, the SSAT is a sensitive measure of an attentional phenotype that may be useful in genetic studies of schizophrenia.
Logging options to minimize soil disturbance in the northern Lake States

Forest harvesting is likely to have greater impacts on site productivity than any other activity during the rotation. We determined eflects of commercial, winter-logging of four aspen-dominated stands on "pi. p t3c b ;; EqQ. site disturbance and development of regeneration on clay soils in western Upper Michigan. A large skidder - m i-e caused deep rutting on 20% of a site in a thinning that removed 7.8 m2 ha-' (34ftz ac-') of basal area, and on @t CE g4 38% of a clearcut site. After the first growing season, 45% of the clearcut had no aspen regeneration, and 82 % 2 2. U had less than the recommended minimum of 15,000 (15 k) suckers ha-' (6 k ac-I). Options that can be utilized z 2 to minimize logging impacts include: (1) excluding riparian areas andpoorly drained inclusions from cutting units; (2) dry season harvesting; (3) plowing snow from (or packing the snow or^) skid trails and landings, permitting them to freeze; (4) felling with delayed skidding until trails and landings have frozen; and (5) application of best management practices (BMP) recommendations such as progressive (back-to-front) harvesting. Each of these should have minimal efSects on logging costs and may be economically advanta- geous. As an interim guide, a minimum of 7.5 cm (3.0 in.) of soil frost is recommended for small equipment & 0 r,"","" "I? and 15 cm (6.0 in.) for large equipment. BMP guides could be egective in communicating management objectives to foresters, sale administrators, contractors, and operators, increasing their awareness of (and sensitivity toward) soil disturbance and thus, contribute to sustaining future productivity. North. J. Appl. For. 19(3):115-121.
ELF waves generated by modulated HF heating of the auroral electrojet and observed at a ground distance of ∼4400 km

[1] We present calibrated measurements of ELF waves generated by modulated HF heating of the auroral electrojet by the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) HF transmitter in Gakona, Alaska, and detected after propagating more than 4400 km in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to Midway Atoll. The magnitude of the 2125 Hz wave received at Midway Atoll is consistent with the radiation from a horizontal dipole located at the altitude of the maximum Hall conductivity variation (created by modulated HF heating) and radiating � 4–32 W. The HF-ELF conversion efficiency at HAARP is thus estimated to be � 0.0004–0.0032% for the 2125 Hz wave generated using sinusoidal amplitude modulation.
Impact of ringing on switching losses of wide band-gap devices in a phase-leg configuration

This paper investigates the effects of ringing on the switching losses of wide band-gap (WBG) devices in a phase-leg configuration. An analytical switching loss model considering the parasitic inductance, stray resistance, devices' junction capacitances, and reverse recovery characteristics of the freewheeling diode is derived to identify the switching energy dissipation induced by damping ringing. This part of energy is found to be at most the reverse recovery energy and the energy stored in the parasitics, which is a small portion of the total switching energy. But the parasitic ringing causes interference between two devices in a phase-leg (i.e., cross talk). It is observed that during the turn-on transient of one device, the resonance among parasitics results in high overshoot voltage on the complementary device in a phase-leg. It worsens the cross talk, leading to large shoot-through current and excessive switching losses. The analysis results have been verified by double pulse test with a 1200 V SiC MOSFETs based phase-leg power module.
Predicting Diet Quality of Donkeys via Fecal-NIRS Calibrations

Abstract Successful applications of fecal-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (fecal-NIRS) techniques have been reported for ruminant animals. Information on the ability of fecal-NIRS to characterize diet quality in equines is lacking. The objective of these studies was to determine the potential of fecal-NIRS to predict diet quality of free-grazing equines. Two independent in vivo feeding trials, one in Texas (United States) and one in Kenya, were conducted to generate paired samples of diet chemistry:fecal spectrum (D:F). Using 20 female donkeys ( Equus asinus ), 14 (10 US, 4 Kenya) in vivo pen feeding trials were conducted to generate 140 (100 US, 40 Kenya) D:F paired samples. Over 25 species of forage and crop residues ranging from 3.3% to 21.4% crude protein (CP) were used to blend unique diets. Three CP predictive equations based on paired samples from US alone, Kenya alone, US + Kenya combined, and one predictive equation for digestible organic matter (DOM) from US alone were developed. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) and R 2 values were 0.77 and 0.97, 0.97 and 0.95, and 0.88 and 0.90, respectively, for the US, US + Kenya, and Kenya CP equations. The US DOM equation resulted in an SEC of 2.58 with a corresponding R 2 of 0.60. Validation of the US CP equation using an independent dataset resulted in standard error of prediction (SEP) and R 2 of 1.79 and 0.82, respectively, indicating acceptable predictive ability. The validation results (SEP = 15.56) for the US DOM equation were not satisfactory. We calibrated and validated fecal-NIRS equations to predict the DOM and CP contents of diets for donkeys. Crude protein content of diets was predicted with acceptable levels of accuracy, but prediction of diet digestibility was less successful. The degree of accuracy obtained for CP equations indicated that fecal-NIRS can be considered as a tool for routine nutritional management of donkeys.
The future of ITiCSE

Now that ITiCSE has reached its teenage years, it's time to take a look at where we've been, where we are, and where we'd like to go. The panelists will offer a historical perspective of the conference, what makes it stand out from other conferences, and give some ideas of how they would like to see ITiCSE mature. Come hear what they have to say, and there will be plenty of time for the audience to offer their own suggestions of where they would like to see ITiCSE go.
Do Students With and Without Lexical Retrieval Weaknesses Respond Differently to Instruction

Deficits in phonological processing are theorized to be responsible for at least some reading disabilities. A considerable amount of research demonstrates that many students can be taught one of these phonological processes-phonemic awareness. However, not all students have responded favorably to this instruction. Research has suggested that these nonresponders may be unable to retrieve phonological codes quickly from long-term memory. The purpose of this study was to examine whether such a deficiency, which we refer to as lexical retrieval weakness, blunts the effectiveness of combined phonemic awareness and decoding training. To this end, we compared the effectiveness of phonemic awareness and decoding training for students with and without severe lexical retrieval weaknesses. All students in both groups demonstrated poor phonemic awareness. The results suggested that students with relatively strong lexical retrieval skill responded more favorably to beginning reading instruction than did students with weak lexical retrieval skill. In other words, lexical retrieval weakness may influence reading development independently of the effects of phonemic awareness. Implications for instruction are discussed.
MicroRNAs Play a Big Role in Regulating Ovarian Cancer–Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment

Mitra and colleagues analyzed microRNA expression profiles of fibroblasts isolated from ovarian cancer patients, searching for dysregulated microRNAs in the stromal compartment of human cancer. They found that decreased miR-31 and miR-214 and increased miR-155 expression can reprogram normal fibroblasts into tumor-promoting cancer-associated fibroblasts. They identified CCL5, a protumorigenic chemokine that is highly expressed in tumors, as a key target of miR-214, thus showing that microRNA perturbation in the stromal microenvironment can affect tumor growth.
Discussion of “Evaporation study at silver Lake in the Mojave Desert, California”

Blaney's paper is the latest of his invaluable contributions to large-scale evaporation studies. The fact that the shallow Silver Lake sensibly dried up during the period of observation might suggest that the data are not necessarily representative of the evaporation from a perennial lake of substantial depth in a similar situation. Nevertheless if we take the mean relative humidity Hr at say 55 pct, the mean wind speed U at ten meters as, say, seven miles per hour, the mean annual temperature T as 70°F, the writer's formula Figure 1. suggests a value of 72 inches for the evaporation from an open lake in the circumstances.
Modeling Billion-Node Torus Networks Using Massively Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation

Exascale supercomputers will have millions or even hundreds of millions of processing cores and the potential for nearly billion-way parallelism. Exascale compute and data storage architectures will be critically dependent on the interconnection network. The most popular interconnection network for current and future supercomputer systems is the torus (e.g., k-ary, n-cube). This paper focuses on the modeling and simulation of ultra-large-scale torus networks using Rensselaer's Optimistic Simulator System (ROSS). We compare real communication delays between our model and the actual torus network from the Blue Gene/L using 2,048 processors. Our performance experiments demonstrate the ability to simulate million to billion-node torus networks. The torus network model for a 16-million-node configuration shows a high degree of strong scaling when going from 1,024 cores to 32,768 cores on Blue Gene/L with a peak event-rate of nearly 5 billion events per second. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of our torus network model configured with 1-billion-nodes using up to 16,384 Blue Gene/L processors.
The Establishment Strikes Back

Book reviewed in this article: William Bundy, A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency
The Spontaneous Loss of Coherence Catastrophe in Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

The spontaneous loss of coherence catastrophe (SLCC) is a frequently observed, yet poorly studied, space-charge related effect in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). This manuscript presents an application of the filter diagonalization method (FDM) in the analysis of this phenomenon. The temporal frequency behavior reproduced by frequency shift analysis using the FDM shows the complex nature of the SLCC, which can be explained by a combination of factors occurring concurrently, governed by electrostatics and ion packet trajectories inside the ICR cell.
Pediatric Odontogenic Tumors

Pediatric odontogenic tumors are rare, and are often associated with impacted teeth. Although they can develop anywhere in the jaws, odontogenic tumors mainly occur in the posterior mandible. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of the most common pediatric odontogenic tumors, such as ameloblastoma, keratocystic odontogenic tumor, odontoma, and cementoblastoma.
Corrosion by Chloride Deicers on Highway Maintenance Equipment: Renewed Perspective and Laboratory Investigation

This work aimed to identify and evaluate best practices that could be implemented to minimize the corrosion of chloride deicers on winter application equipment and vehicles. Identified practices included design improvements, maintenance practices, anticorrosion coatings, corrosion inhibitors, salt removers, and so on. A nationwide survey was conducted to capture current knowledge about estimating the deicer corrosion costs to vehicles and equipment, defining the chloride deicer corrosion problem, and identifying best practices or products for managing the problem. For agencies that report deicer corrosion to equipment as a significant issue, the total cost of current corrosion management and corrosion risks related to deicer exposure was estimated to average $1.06 million and $14.05 million per year, respectively. On average, deicer exposure leads to risks in six areas: 17.3% depreciation in equipment value, 8.5% increase in equipment downtime, 11.9% reduction in equipment reliability, 17.3% reduction in ...
A Titchmarsh divisor problem for elliptic curves

Let E / Q be an elliptic curve with complex multiplication. We study the average size of τ(# E ( F p )) as p varies over primes of good ordinary reduction. We work out in detail the case of E : y 2 = x 3 − x , where we prove that $$\begin{equation} \sum_{\substack{p \leq x \\p \equiv 1\pmod{4}}} \tau(\#E({\bf{F}}_p)) \sim \left(\frac{5\pi}{16} \prod_{p > 2} \frac{p^4-\chi(p)}{p^2(p^2-1)}\right)x, \quad\text{as $x\to\infty$}. \end{equation}$$ Here χ is the nontrivial Dirichlet character modulo 4. The proof uses number field analogues of the Brun–Titchmarsh and Bombieri–Vinogradov theorems, along with a theorem of Wirsing on mean values of nonnegative multiplicative functions. Now suppose that E / Q is a non-CM elliptic curve. We conjecture that the sum of τ(# E ( F p )), taken over p ⩽ x of good reduction, is ~ c E x for some c E > 0, and we give a heuristic argument suggesting the precise value of c E . Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis for Dedekind zeta functions, we prove that this sum is ≍ E x . The proof uses combinatorial ideas of Erdős.
Bacterial Volatiles Attract Gravid Secondary Screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Bovine blood inoculated and incubated with bacteria was tested to determine if secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), would be attracted to the incubated substrate for oviposition. Five species of bacteria, Klebsiella oxytoca (Flugge), Proteus mirabilis Hauser, Proteus vulgaris Hauser, Providencia rettgeri Hadley, Elkins and Caldwell, and Providencia stuartii Ewing, previously isolated from animal wounds infested by primary screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were used. Incubated substrates were tested in a two-choice cage bioassay to study landing response and oviposition by gravid C. macellaria. Significantly more flies landed on substrates containing P. mirabilis than on substrates with other species of bacteria. Klebsiella oxytoca-treated substrates attracted the least flies. Substrates containing bacteria incubated for 72 h attracted significantly more flies than those incubated for 24-, 48-, or 96-h period. In 3-h duration oviposition tests, substrates with P. rettgeri attracted significantly more flies to oviposit than the other four species. The most eggs were recorded when substrates treated with all five species of bacteria were offered for oviposition. It is likely that multiple active chemicals present in the volatiles from substrates treated with all five species result in greater response than those in a single species. At least 72-h incubation seems to be necessary to obtain the most active volatile chemicals. Results suggest that C. macellaria uses similar chemical cues as C. hominivorax from bacteria volatiles as oviposition attractant/stimulant.
Isolation and characterization of erythrocyte receptors for measles virus.

SummaryGlycoproteins extracted in water-soluble form from rhesus monkey erythrocytes were shown to inhibit hemagglutination by measles virus. PAGE analysis of glycoproteins from erythrocyte membranes and in LIS-ph extracts showed that lower-molecular-weight glycoproteins readily formed aggregates which resisted dissociation with SDS and 2-ME at 100°. Preferential binding of isolated glycoproteins of erythrocyte membranes to purified virus was demonstrated even though all of these inhibited hemagglutination to some extent. Data presented here suggest that specific forms or configurations of membrane glycoproteins constitute receptors for measles virus.
Relation of Potency of Anterior Pituitary-Like Hormone to Hydrogen ion Concentration:

ConclusionsFrom the foregoing results, conclusions are drawn that the urine of pregnant women is most potent in anterior pituitary-like action at a pH of 6.1 to 7.3. Potency is defined as the smallest amount of urine causing the graafian follicles to rupture in 3 out of 5 test animals. The hormone may be protein-like in nature, or carried down with the foreign protein at the isoelectric point of 6.1.Potency is little affected by acid, but varies with the alkali content, sometimes being greatly reduced, as when sodium hydroxide is added, and again showing less change after 3 months in the icebox at an alkaline pH which has developed on standing.These observations in no way affect the Friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test,4 since larger amounts varying from 5 to 10 cc. are always used in the latter.
Compositional Screening of the Pb–Bi–Mo–O System. Spontaneous Formation of a Composite of p-PbMoO4 and n-Bi2O3 with Improved Photoelectrochemical Efficiency and Stability

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to identify more efficient p-type photocatalysts for H+ reduction in the Pb–Bi–Mo trimetal oxide system. An atomic ratio of (1:1:1) between Pb, Bi, and Mo showed higher photocurrent than other spots in screening experiments. The crystal structure of Pb–Bi–Mo oxide was studied by X-ray diffraction, indicating that a composite of p-PbMoO4 and n-Bi2O3 coexisted as a heterostructure. Photoelectrochemical performance of the p-PbMoO4/n-Bi2O3 composite electrode showed enhanced stability for the H+ and O2 reduction reactions. We propose a reaction mechanism to explain this stabilization of a p-type semiconductor.
Structural Control of Nonadiabatic Bond Formation: The Photochemical Formation and Stability of Substituted 4a,4b-Dihydrotriphenylenes

Nonadiabatic photocyclization makes bonds and is the first step in the photoinduced cyclodehydrogenation of ortho-arenes to yield polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. How molecular structure alters potential-energy landscapes, excited-state dynamics, and stabilities of reactants and intermediates underlies the feasibility of desirable photochemistry. In order to gain insight into these structure–dynamics relationships, we have used femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) to examine photoinduced dynamics of 1,2,3-triphenylbenzene (TPB) and ortho-quaterphenyl (OQTP), phenyl-subsituted analogues of ortho-terphenyl (OTP). Dynamics of TPB and OTP are quite similar: TPB exhibits fast (7.4 ps) excited-state decay with concomitant formation and vibrational relaxation of 9-phenyl-dihydrotriphenylene (9-phenyl DHT). In contrast, photoexcited OQTP exhibits multistate kinetics leading to formation of 1-phenyl DHT. Excited-state calculations reveal the existence of two distinct minima on the OQTP S1 surface a...
Progress in toxicity of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenol

As a kind of pesticide,preservative and fungicide,pentachlorophenol(PCP) and sodium pentachlorophenol(NaPCP) could biologically amplify through food chain,thus leading to different levels of biological damage.PCP and NaPCP could through the skin,respiratory tract,gastrointestinal tract and other ways enter into organism,and express their system biology toxicity,reproductive development toxicity,endocrine disturbance,tumorigenesis,and immune toxicity.PCP and NaPCP affect reproductive development with weak estrogen function and enzyme function change.They interfere with the normal function of the thyroid element.PCP and NaPCP themself are not toxic,but their metabolic product is toxic.This paper systematically elaborated the synthesis,in vivo distribution and metabolism,toxicity mechanism,main toxicity effects and target organ of PCP and NaPCP.
Energy and nutrient consumption of patients with dysgeusia

To evaluate the effects of dysgeusia (taste distortion) on nutritional status, 3-day diet records, taste and smell function, and indexes of nutritional risk were measured in 65 patients with dysgeusia and in 37 normal volunteers. The patients with dysgeusia were categorized with the use of a semiquantitative scale into four types (I to IV) on the basis of the number and types of foods or beverages perceived as distorted. Energy intake decreased significantly as the severity of dysgeusia increased, but energy intake was unaffected by hypogeusia and/or hyposmia. In patients with dysgeusia, nutrient intake was correlated with energy intake. Intake of vitamins A and C and calcium was significantly less than the RDAs. Fifty-two percent of all patients with dysgeusia had at least one index of nutritional risk, and 11 percent exhibited more than three indexes.
Clinical Characteristics of Rituximab-Induced Late Onset Neutropenia

Abstract 1107 Introduction: Rituximab, the monoclonal antibody against CD20 on B-lymphocytes, has been widely used for more than a dozen years for lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases. Late onset neutropenia (LON) has been appreciated in the last few years, but its clinical spectrum is not well-defined. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts on patients in our Hematology clinic from 2001 to 2011 who received rituximab and suffered neutropenia, defined as grade 3–4 neutropenia (neutrophil count Results: Twelve patients were identified who had rituximab LON. Median age was 56.5 (25–78) and 50% were male. Of six patients retreated with rituximab after an initial episode of LON, three had at least one recurrent event, so the total number of analyzed episodes was 20. Four patients had Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), 2 had Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, 2 had Follicular Lymphoma, 2 had Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and 2 had idiopathic Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA). While the two patients with AIHA received only rituximab, all other patients received concomitant chemotherapy. Median time to LON was 99 days from the last rituximab dose. Median time to first LON was 95 days and with subsequent episodes was 99 days. The median neutrophil count nadir was 159.5/mm3 with four patients having absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of zero, including both AIHA patients. The episodes resolved in a median of 5 days, with 15 episodes treated with colony stimulating factors. Ten percent of episodes were complicated by febrile neutropenia, but there were no deaths. Patients were frequently on contemporaneous medications which frequently were initially blamed for the neutropenia, but prior and subsequent time courses clearly implicated rituximab. These included one patient on herbal medicines, two on ACE inhibitor anti-hypertensives and two on maintenance 6-mercaptopurine and/or methotrexate. Seven out of 10 patients who received previous chemotherapy had prior GCSF exposure due to neutropenia during previous chemotherapy. At onset of 10 out of 20 LON episodes, bone marrow biopsies were performed. The most common findings were myeloid hypoplasia (3/10) and myeloid dysplasia (2/10). 15 out of 20 episodes of LON were treated with GCSF. Discussion: LON appears to be much more common than has been realized, reported in 3–27% in published literature. One recent study has implicated imbalanced recovery of B cell clones with stromal derived factor-1 deficiency in the pathogenesis of rituximab LON. The neutropenia can be severe and life-threatening, although fortunately there were no deaths among our patients. We found that LON occurs with malignant and benign disorders, with or without concomitant chemotherapy. This potential problem should be considered when making therapeutic decisions on the use of rituximab, and increased awareness could lead to interventions minimizing patient risk. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The nuance neutrino physics simulation, and the future

This article briefly describes the nuance neutrino simulation software and outlines the program of the working group on neutrino event generators which met for the first time at the NUINT'01 meeting.
Optical data storage and retrieval: research directions for the '90s

The computational power of current high-performance computers is increasingly limited by data storage and retrieval rates rather than the processing power of the central processing units. No single existing memory technology can combine the required fast access and large data capacity. Instead, a hierarchy of serial access memory devices has provided a performance continuum which allows a balanced system design. Conventional memory technology can only marginally support the needs of high performance computers in terms of required capacity, data rates, access times and cost. Significant gaps in secondary and tertiary storage have emerged which make storage hierarchy design increasingly difficult. This paper reviews a radically different approach to data storage using the parallelism and three dimensionality of optical storage. 3-D optical storage has the potential to significantly alter the present hierarchy and fill the pressing need for high performance secondary and tertiary storage systems.
CBirTox is a selective antigen-specific agonist of the Treg-IgA-microbiota homeostatic pathway.

Cultivating an environment of mutualism between host cells and the microbiota is vital, and dysregulation of this relationship is associated with multiple immune disorders including metabolic and skin diseases, asthma, allergy, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). One prominent mechanism for maintaining homeostasis is the protective regulatory T cell (Treg)- Immunoglobulin A (IgA) pathway toward microbiota antigens, in which Tregs maintain homeostasis and provide critical survival factors to IgA+ B cells. In order to amplify the Treg-IgA pathway, we have generated a fusion protein, CBirTox, comprised of a portion of the carboxy terminus of CBir1, a microbiota flagellin, genetically coupled to Cholera Toxin B subunit (CTB) via the A2 linker of CT. Both dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells pulsed with CBirTox selectively induced functional CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in vitro, and CBirTox augmented CD4+Foxp3+ cell numbers in vivo. The induced Foxp3 expression was independent of retinoic acid (RA) signaling but was inhibited by neutralization of TGF-β. CBirTox treatment of B cells downregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, CBirTox-pulsed DCs induced substantial production of IgA from naive B cells. Collectively these data demonstrate that CBirTox represents a novel approach to bolstering the Treg-IgA pathway at the host-microbiota interface.
Systematic Adjustment of Pitch and Particle Dimensions within a Family of Chiral Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticle Single Helices

Systematically controlling the assembly architecture within a class of chiral nanoparticle superstructures is important for fine-tuning their chiroptical properties. Here, we report a family of chiral gold nanoparticle single helices, varying in helical pitch and nanoparticle dimensions, that is assembled using a series of peptide conjugate molecules Cx-(PEPAuM-ox)2 (PEPAuM-ox = AYSSGAPPMoxPPF; x = 16–22). We demonstrate that the aliphatic tail length (i) can be used as a handle to systematically tune the helical pitch from 80 to 130 nm; and (ii) influences the size, shape, and aspect ratio of the component nanoparticles. Certain members of this family of materials exhibit intense plasmonic chiroptical activity. These studies highlight the multiple levels of structural control that can be achieved within a class of chiral nanoparticle superstructures via careful design and selection of peptide conjugate precursor.
Photoluminescence Up-Conversion in CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals

We report the first observation of phonon-assisted photoluminescence up-conversion from CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) at both the ensemble and single-NC levels. Ensemble up-conversion efficiencies are estimated to be on the order of 75% for a ΔE = 23 meV excitation detuning into the nanocrystal gap.
Topologically Protected Complete Polarization Conversion

We consider the process of conversion between linear polarizations as light is reflected from a photonic crystal slab. We observe that, over a wide range of frequencies, complete polarization conversion can be found at isolated wave vectors. Moreover, such an effect is topological: the complex reflection coefficients have a nonzero winding number in the wave vector space. We also show that bound states in continuum in this system have their wave vectors lying on the critical coupling curve that defines the condition for complete polarization conversion. Our work points to the use of topological photonics concepts for the control of polarization, and suggests the exploration of topological properties of scattering matrices as a route towards creating robust optical devices.
Automatic contouring of geologic fabric and finite strain data on the unit hyperboloid

Abstract Fabric and finite strain analysis, an integral part of studies of geologic structures and orogenic belts, is commonly done by the analysis of particles whose shapes can be approximated as ellipses. Given a sample of such particles, the mean and confidence intervals of particular parameters can be calculated, however, taking the extra step of plotting and contouring the density distribution can identify asymmetries or modes related to sedimentary fabrics or other factors. A common graphical strain analysis technique is to plot final ellipse ratios, R f , versus orientations, ϕ f on polar Elliott or R f / ϕ plots to examine the density distribution. The plot may be contoured, however, it is desirable to have a contouring method that is rapid, reproducible, and based on the underlying geometry of the data. The unit hyperboloid, H 2 , gives a natural parameter space for two-dimensional strain, and various projections, including equal-area and stereographic, have useful properties for examining density distributions for anisotropy. An index, I a , is given to quantify the magnitude and direction of anisotropy. Elliott and R f / ϕ plots can be understood by applying hyperbolic geometry and recognizing them as projections of H 2 . These both distort area, however, so the equal-area projection is preferred for examining density distributions. The algorithm presented here gives fast, accurate, and reproducible contours of density distributions calculated directly on H 2 . The algorithm back-projects the data onto H 2 , where the density calculation is done at regular nodes using a weighting value based on the hyperboloid distribution, which is then contoured. It is implemented as an Octave compatible MATLAB function that plots ellipse data using a variety of projections, and calculates and displays contours of their density distribution on H 2 .
Linear-array based full-view high-resolution photoacoustic computed tomography of whole mouse brain functions in vivo

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is a non-invasive imaging technique offering high contrast, high resolution, and deep penetration in biological tissues. We report a photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) system equipped with a high frequency linear array for anatomical and functional imaging of the mouse whole brain. The linear array was rotationally scanned in the coronal plane to achieve the full-view coverage. We investigated spontaneous neural activities in the deep brain by monitoring the hemodynamics and observed strong interhemispherical correlations between contralateral regions, both in the cortical layer and in the deep regions.
Measurement of Transient Tool Internal Temperature Fields During Hard Turning by Embedded Thin Film Sensors

This paper presents a novel approach for obtaining thermomechanical data from the close vicinity (i.e., 10s of micrometers) of the tool-workpiece interface while machining hardened steel. Arrays of micro thin film C-type thermocouples with a junction size of 5 μm × 5 μm were fabricated by standard microfabrication methods and have been successfully embedded into polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) using a diffusion bonding technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed to examine material interactions at the bonding interface and to determine optimal bonding parameters. Static and dynamic sensor performances have been characterized. The sensors exhibit excellent linearity up to 1300 °C, fast rise time of 150 ns, and good sensitivity. The PCBN inserts instrumented with embedded thin film C-type thermocouples were successfully applied to measure internal tool temperatures as close as 70 μm to the cutting edge while machining hardened steel workpieces at industrially relevant cutting parameters. Acquired temperature data followed theoretical trends very well. Correlations between temperature and cutting parameters have been established. The embedded micro thin film sensor array provided unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution as well as high accuracy for micro-scale transient tool-internal temperature field measurements. Tool internal temperature maps were generated from acquired data. In the frequency domain, obtained thermal data indicated the onset of regenerative machining chatter earlier and more effective than conventional force measurement by dynamometer.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Beyond Causality in The Social Sciences: Reciprocity as a Model of Non-Exploitative Social Relations

The problem to which I address myself in this paper is the construction of an adequate model of explanation in the social sciences. Causal models of explanation have been criticized as inadequate in their conception of human action. Such criticisms have been offered by, among others, Anscombe, Peters, Melden and Hamlyn in their critique of behaviorism, Winch in his critique of causal explanation in sociology, von Wright in his discussion of explanation in history and the social sciences, and of course Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre in their analyses of consciousness, Dasein and choice. In general, I am in agreement with the well-known criticisms which these philosophers have offered, but I want to go beyond them in various ways. In particular, the criticism of causal models which I shall propose in the first part of my paper will focus not only on the inadequacy of these models in their account of human action, but also on their inadequacy as accounts of interaction. However, in rejecting causal explanations of human action and interaction, I do not intend to exclude causality from the social sciences. Rather, I will claim that human agency is causal insofar as it acts on nonhuman objects. As such, causality will be seen to be a delimited but important aspect of a total explanation in the social sciences.
Hardy Type Inequalities for Choquet Integrals

Here we present Hardy type integral inequalities for Choquet integrals. These are very general inequalities involving convex and increasing functions. Initially we collect a rich machinery of results about Choquet integrals needed next, and we prove also results of their own merit such as, Choquet–Holder’s inequalities for more than two functions and a multivariate Choquet–Fubini’s theorem. The main proving tool here is the property of comonotonicity of functions. We finish with independent estimates on left and right Riemann–Liouville–Choquet fractional integrals.
Die Untersuchung von Dispositiven. Zur fokussierten Diskurs- und Dispositivethnografie in der Wissenssoziologischen Diskursanalyse

Vor langerer Zeit habe ich vorgeschlagen, Diskursanalysen in bestimmten Fallen bzw. im Hinblick auf bestimmte Fragestellungen um Dispositivanalysen zu erweitern, und dazu Strategien einer fokussierten Diskursethnografie zu entwickeln bzw. zu nutzen. Mittlerweile sind einige Konzepte insbesondere zur Wissenssoziologischen Diskursethnografie vorgelegt worden, die zum einen an diese Ideen anschliesen, sie zum anderen auch um ganz unterschiedliche Akzentsetzungen und -erweiterungen erganzen. Exemplarisch dafur stehen die aus einem Workshop in St. Gallen hervorgegangenen instruktiven Beitrage im Schwerpunktheft „Wissenssoziologische Diskursethnografie“ der Zeitschrift fur Diskursforschung, das 2017 erschienen ist. Andere diskurstheoretische Perspektiven haben ebenfalls Diskurs- bzw. Dispositivethnografien angeregt. Auch der Dispositivbegriff ist immer wieder Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen. Der vorliegende Text greift die ursprungliche Idee einer fokussierten Diskurs- und Dispositivethnografie wieder auf, um sie naher zu erlautern und auf die Analyse von Dispositiven auszurichten.
Missed Work Among Caregivers of Children With a High Body Mass Index: Child, Parent, and Household Characteristics:

An underexamined consequence of childhood obesity is caregivers' missed work attributed to child absence from school due to a health condition. This secondary analysis (N = 123) reported the frequency of missed work among caregivers of children with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 75th percentile and examined associations with select child, parent, and household characteristics. Caregivers missed work 1.3 (SD = 1.2) times in the past year with 41% reporting 2 or more times. A child visiting a health-care provider 2 or more times in the past year and parent perception of their child's health as good/fair/poor were significantly associated with caregivers' missing work 2 or more times in a year (OR = 5.8 and OR = 3.0, respectively). A significant association between children's physical and psychosocial well-being and caregivers' missed work emphasizes the school nurse role working with children with high BMI and families to address student absenteeism and caregivers' missed work.
Desirable Behaviors for Companion Bots in First-Person Shooters

First-Person Shooter games are a popular genre that often includes a team deathmatch mode of play: teams of agents score by killing members of the other team. When played without other humans, this mode features both opponent bots and companion bots. This paper uses a human subject study with 30 participants to analyze player preference for cooperative teammates vs. skilled, but less cooperative, teammates in the game Unreal Tournament 2004. Specifically, participants play with both a skilled bot based on neuroevolution and a less skilled bot hand-coded to be more cooperative. Survey results indicate that users perceived significant differences between the bots in several categories, e.g. following behavior and skill at scoring, but did not have a significant preference for one bot over another. However, participants did significantly prefer whichever bot they personally felt was more "helpful" and also preferred whichever bot they happened to see more of. These data indicate how user perception can strongly depend on coincidental interactions, such as being seen more. They also identify some qualities that humans desire in teammates, and indicate that simply scoring more will not necessarily result in a higher user preference.
Analysis of microstructural facet fatigue failure in ultra-fine grained powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V produced through hydrogen sintering

Abstract The hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT) process is a powder metallurgy method that produces Ti-6Al-4V with fatigue properties rivaling wrought processed Ti-6Al-4V. Previous fatigue work on HSPT Ti-6Al-4V has shown failure to be frequently caused by microstructural facets, which were believed to be grain boundary (GB) α phase. This belief conflicts with other reports as fatigue failure typically occurs across α colonies or primary α grains, not GB α. In this work, electron backscattered diffraction is used to identify these facets as GB α. Furthermore, a simple geometric model predicting the effective slip length of GB α is presented.
Therapist and Treatment-Seeking Students’ Perceptions of Telemental Health

There is limited research on client and clinician perceptions of telemental health and how these perceptions differ. The current study examines interest in and perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of telemental health, from both college students, who are seeking mental health services, and clinicians. College student clients (N = 270) and therapists (N = 46) were surveyed to determine perceptions (e.g., benefits, concerns, preference, comfort) of several telemental health modalities. Both clinicians and clients reported interest in telemental health, endorsing convenience, frequency of interaction, and ease of access to previous session’s materials as advantages. However, clinicians and student clients also endorsed at least mild concerns about the efficacy and confidentiality of therapy, the effect on the therapeutic relationship, and technology concerns; clinicians endorsed significantly greater concerns about telemental health than clients. Dissemination of research demonstrating the effectiveness of telemental health to both clients and clinicians is necessary.
Impact of Palliation Strategy on Interstage Feeding and Somatic Growth for Infants With Ductal‐Dependent Pulmonary Blood Flow: Results from the Congenital Catheterization Research Collaborative

Background In infants with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow, the impact of palliation strategy on interstage growth and feeding regimen is unknown. Methods and Results This was a retrospective multicenter study of infants with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow palliated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stent or Blalock-Taussig shunt (BTS) from 2008 to 2015. Subjects with a defined interstage, the time between initial palliation and subsequent palliation or repair, were included. Primary outcome was change in weight-for-age Z-score. Secondary outcomes included % of patients on: all oral feeds, feeding-related medications, higher calorie feeds, and feeding-related readmission. Propensity score was used to account for baseline differences. Subgroup analysis was performed in 1- (1V) and 2-ventricle (2V) groups. The cohort included 66 PDA stent (43.9% 1V) and 195 BTS (54.4% 1V) subjects. Prematurity was more common in the PDA stent group (P=0.051). After adjustment, change in weight-for-age Z-score did not differ between groups over the entire interstage. However, change in weight-for-age Z-score favored PDA stent during the inpatient interstage (P=0.005) and BTS during the outpatient interstage (P=0.032). At initial hospital discharge, PDA stent treatment was associated with all oral feeds (P<0.001) and absence of feeding-related medications (P=0.002). Subgroup analysis revealed that 2V but not 1V patients demonstrated significant increase in weight-for-age Z-score. In the 2V cohort, feeding-related readmissions were more common in the BTS group (P=0.008). Conclusions In infants with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow who underwent palliation with PDA stent or BTS, there was no difference in interstage growth. PDA stent was associated with a simpler feeding regimen and fewer feeding-related readmissions.
Kinetic modeling of molybdenum sorption and transport in soils

In this investigation, batch and column experiments were conducted to investigate the molybdenum (Mo) sorption and transport processes on a neutral-pH soil (Webster loam) and an acidic soil (Mahan sand) in Ca2+ and K+ background solutions. Batch results showed that the adsorption of Mo was strongly non-linear in both soils and amount of Mo sorbed in the acidic soil was larger than the neutral soil. The Freundlich distribution coefficients (Kf) and Langmuir sorption maxima (Smax) in Ca2+ background solution are larger than that in K+ solution, indicating greater Mo sorption in Ca2+ than in K+. Experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs) demonstrated that mobility of Mo was higher at neutral condition than that at acidic condition. A multi-reaction transport model (MRTM) formulation with two kinetic retention reactions (reversible and irreversible) well described Mo transport for Webster soil. However, MRTM model which accounts for equilibrium and kinetic sites is recommended for Mo transport in Mahan soil, reflecting different soil properties. Based on inverse modeling, the sorption forward rate coefficients (k1) obtained from Ca2+ in both soils are larger than that from K+, which consistent with batch experiment. Overall, MRTM model was capable of describing the Mo transport behavior under different geochemical conditions.
Essential pathways: An examination of how community colleges compromise their unique contributions to American higher education

Community colleges in the United States have historically held a unique position within the system of higher education because of three characteristics. These characteristics include their doctrine of open access, their consistent affordability in comparison to other higher education options, and courses that are directly applicable to the workforce. However, over the years, contradictions have arisen that compromise the practice of these ideals. Focusing on three policy priorities, this analysis determines how effective community colleges are today in offering students an education that is accessible, applicable to the labor market, and affordable. The concluding points include predictions of what the future of community colleges looks like within the next twenty years.