cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser Flash Photolysis Studies on the First Superoxide Thermal Source. First Direct Measurements of the Rates of Solvent-Assisted 1,2-Hydrogen Atom Shifts and a Proposed New Mechanism for This Unusual Rearrangement1

The thermal decomposition of bis(4-carboxybenzyl)hyponitrite (SOTS-1) in aerated water under physiological conditions has previously been shown to give the superoxide radical anion in a yield of 40 mol % (Ingold, K. U.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12364). The absolute kinetics of the elementary reactions involved in the cascade of events leading from the first-formed water-soluble benzyloxyl radical to superoxide have been determined by laser flash photolysis. On the basis of these kinetics it is concluded that SOTS-1 will be suitable for studies of superoxide-induced oxidative stress in most biological systems. A water-assisted 1,2-H shift converting benzyloxyl into the benzyl ketyl radical is an important step in the above reaction cascade. The kinetics of the 1,2-H shift assisted by H2O, D2O, and a number of nucleophilic alcohols have been measured for the first time. These data have led to a proposed new mechanism involving the initial formation of a ketyl radical anion and an oxonium cation w...
Current awareness for better library acquisitions

The acquisitions librarian needs to keep him/herself apprised of a wide variety of extramural developments, especially those occurring within the rapidly changing publishing and bookselling industries. One can keep in touch with acquisitions-related developments by participating in organized activities, by monitoring appropriate publications, and by informally exchanging information with both booksellers and other librarians. The author details those activities and publications he believes most valuable to the student of acquisitions, and he also gives an example of a successful attempt by acquisitions persons to better exchange information among themselves.
The role of agroforestry in reducing water loss through soil evaporation and crop transpiration in coffee agroecosystems

Abstract With increasing patterns of climate change and variability, water resources for agriculture may become more unpredictable. The possibilities of decreased precipitation and increased competition for water resources will be especially important for farmers who depend on rainfed agriculture. A study of coffee agroforestry systems in Southern Mexico (Chiapas, Mexico) was conducted to examine the ability of shade trees to maintain water availability for the coffee crop in a shade agroecosystem. Soil moisture, soil evaporation rates, and the evaporative transpiration potential of coffee plants were measured to examine the amount of water available to coffee plants and potential amount of water lost by the soil and coffee plants in systems under varying levels of shade cover. Soil evaporation and evaporative demand for crop transpiration were compared in coffee systems under different levels of shade canopy during both the wet season and dry season between July 2004 and June 2005. With 60–80% shade cover, daily soil evaporation rates significantly decreased by 41% compared to the low shade site (10–30% shade), although high levels of soil moisture were maintained in the dry season with only 30–65% shade cover. Coffee transpiration demand was strongly affected by shade cover as shade cover affects microclimate and the radiant energy within the system. Microclimate factors (light, temperature, and air saturation vapor pressure deficit) showed strong correlations to evaporative demand as a result. Shade cover ≥30% showed significant reductions of 32% in evaporative transpiration demand when compared to the low shade site. The presence of shade cover in agroforestry systems is capable of reducing overall evaporative demand from soil evaporation and coffee transpiration, therefore offering a higher level of crop protection for farmers with agricultural vulnerability to reduced water resources.
Conducting Polypyrrole-based Field Effect Transistors Fabricated by Spin Coating and Inkjet Printing

Spin coating and inkjet printing are two major deposition techniques for flexible polymer plastic electronics. This paper presents polymer field effect transistors (FET) fabricated by these two techniques using conducting poylmer polypyrole (PPy) as a semiconductor material. These thin film polymer field effect transistors operate in the depletion mode. The field effect mobilities are calculated to be 0.045 cm2 V−1s−1 and 0.036 cm2 V−1s−1, and transconductances are 0.104 pS and 0.096 µS at saturation region of the I-V curves for the spin coated and the inkjet printed transistors, respectively. The measured turn-off threshold voltage is around 20 V for both the spin coated and inkjet printed PPy FET transistors. The device performance of the spin coated transistors is slightly better than that of the inkjet printed transistors. This is mainly due to high surface roughness of the printed polymer film and printed dot boundaries, leading to low charge carrier mobility in the printed polymer FET transistors.
Pleuropulmonary blastoma: A marker for familial disease

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To catalog and evaluate patterns of disease in families of children with pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB). METHODS: Data have been collected since 1988 on 45 children with PPB and their families. All pathologic materials were centrally reviewed. Preliminary molecular genetic analyses were performed when possible. RESULTS: In 12 of 45 patients, an association was found between PPB and other dysplasias, neoplasias, or malignancies in the patients with or in their young relatives. The diseases found to be associated with PPB include other cases of PPB, pulmonary cysts, cystic nephromas, sarcomas, medulloblastomas, thyroid dysplasias and neoplasias, malignant germ cell tumors, Hodgkin disease, leukemia, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Abnormalities of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1), and the putative second genetic locus for Wilms tumor (WT2) were not found in preliminary investigations. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of PPB appears to herald a constitutional and heritable predisposition to dysplastic or neoplastic disease in approximately 25% of cases. All patients with PPB and their families should be investigated carefully. Further research of this new family cancer syndrome may provide insight into the genetic basis of these diseases. (J P EDIATR 1996;128:220-4)
Heterogeneous pools of cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in adrenal mitochondria from ACTH-treated rats: Differential responses to different reducing precursors

Side-chain cleavage (SCC) of endogenous cholesterol in adrenal mitochondria isolated from ACTH-treated rats indicates that the size of the reactive cholesterol pool depends on the reducing precursor. At optimal concentrations of reductant, this pool was typically at least 2 times greater for isocitrate than for succinate. Succinate-supported reactions were rapidly completed, were highly sensitive to a 2-min preincubation, and failed to deplete spectrally detected P-450SCC-cholesterol complexes. Cholesterol SCC with 1 mM isocitrate exhibited 2-3 times more fast-phase metabolism, a pronounced slow phase, insensitivity to preincubation, and 60% depletion of spectrally detected cholesterol-P-450SCC complexes. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and EDTA, either during homogenization or directly to the incubation, prevented preincubation losses in response to succinate and removed most of the difference between succinate and isocitrate activities. This effect of BSA/EDTA was reversed within 5 min by octanoate by a mechanism that was enhanced by Ca2+. These distinct reductant characteristics suggest that only a subpopulation of mitochondria or of pools of activity within individual mitochondria can support cholesterol SCC with succinate while isocitrate is necessary for the remainder. The rapid responses of succinate-supported metabolism to preincubation or to octanoate suggest depletion of a critical factor for cholesterol metabolism. Metabolism of added 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol or deoxycorticosterone established that NADPH remained fully available after succinate-supported cholesterol metabolism had stopped or after preincubation. Cessation of pregnenolone formation, therefore, results from a failure to supply cholesterol, not inadequate NADPH. The preincubation effect suggests loss of an energy-dependent component that enhances this supply of cholesterol. One possibility tested was that GTP, an activator of intermembrane cholesterol transfer (Xu et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17674-17680), was being lost. Added GTP slightly activated succinate-supported pregnenolone production but did not prevent preincubation-induced losses. alpha-Ketoglutarate, which can generate matrix GTP, is an effective reductant that, in combination with succinate, prevents preincubation-induced losses.
Correlation of Neurologic Outcome with Head Ultrasound and Brain MRI in Full Term Infants Treated with ECMO 1193

Correlation of Neurologic Outcome with Head Ultrasound and Brain MRI in Full Term Infants Treated with ECMO 1193
Synthesis and characteristic properties of poly(naphtho)[2,3-c] thiophene) as a series of fused-ring conducting polymers analogous to poly(isothianaphthene)

Abstract Naphtho[2,3- c ]thiophene was easily obtained as a yellow solid containing 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3- c ]thiophene as a by-product through dehydration of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3- c ]thiophene 2-oxide by refluxing with neutral alumina in deoxygenated methylene chloride solution. Naphtho[2,3- c ]thiophene was electrochemically polymerized by a well-known technique to form a thin film of poly(naphtho[2,3- c ]thiophene) (PNT) which showed barely perceptible color changes associated with the electrochemical doping at a redox potential of ≈0.69 V versus Ag/AgCl. An opto-electrochemical study revealed that the band gap ( E g ) of PNT was 1.5 eV, whereas it had been previously expected from theoretical calculations to be nearly zero eV.
Comparison of the hospital costs for radical prostatectomy and cryosurgical ablation of the prostate

Objectives. To compare the hospital costs of radical prostatectomy (RP) and cryosurgical ablation of the prostate (CSAP). Methods. All patients who underwent either RP or CSAP at Allegheny General Hospital during an 18-month period beginning in January 1995 were included in this study. Hospital costs were generated for each case, and a chart review was undertaken for each patient. Costs were obtained from the hospital accounting office and divided into 11 categories, including total costs. Pretreatment grade, clinical stage, and prostate-specific antigen level were obtained from the patient’s chart. Noncost information such as length of stay, number of operating room units charged, and patient age were also obtained from the hospital record. Results. Sixty-seven men underwent RP and 114 men underwent CSAP during the study period. Average hospital costs were $4150 for men undergoing CSAP and $5660 for men undergoing RP, a difference of 27.2% (P < 0.001). The difference in hospital costs was almost completely explained by the difference in room costs ($682 for CSAP and $2348 for RP). Length of stay was 1.1 days for CSAP and 3.5 days for RP. Average operating room costs were higher for CSAP ($2309) than for RP ($1326). Conclusions. As costs become an ever more critical factor in healthcare, the costs of various treatment options for clinically localized prostate cancer will become as important as clinical outcomes in deciding appropriate treatment. From a strictly financial perspective, CSAP is a viable treatment option for clinically localized prostate cancer.
The instrumentation of X-ray beam lines with PIN diode detectors

Abstract Much of the X-ray work on synchrotron-radiation beam lines is still done using ion chambers as detectors. Silicon PIN photodiodes offer considerable advantages over ion chambers for many applications. In addition to greater efficiency over a wide energy range (1–20 keV), they possess a flat configuration, large areas, an absence of bias requirements, high dynamic range, and compatability with ultrahigh vacuum. We have characterized the properties of several commercial PIN photodiodes at X-ray energies, have had diodes commercially produced which were specialized for use in synchrotron beam lines, and have produced new photodiode devices for synchrotron-radiation applications. We review the performance of these devices over extended periods of time in beam-line control and as detectors in experiments.
The Receptors for Mammalian Sweet and Umami Taste

Sweet and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate) are the main attractive taste modalities in humans. T1Rs are candidate mammalian taste receptors that combine to assemble two heteromeric G-protein-coupled receptor complexes: T1R1+3, an umami sensor, and T1R2+3, a sweet receptor. We now report the behavioral and physiological characterization of T1R1, T1R2, and T1R3 knockout mice. We demonstrate that sweet and umami taste are strictly dependent on T1R-receptors, and show that selective elimination of T1R-subunits differentially abolishes detection and perception of these two taste modalities. To examine the basis of sweet tastant recognition and coding, we engineered animals expressing either the human T1R2-receptor (hT1R2), or a modified opioid-receptor (RASSL) in sweet cells. Expression of hT1R2 in mice generates animals with humanized sweet taste preferences, while expression of RASSL drives strong attraction to a synthetic opiate, demonstrating that sweet cells trigger dedicated behavioral outputs, but their tastant selectivity is determined by the nature of the receptors.
Temperature-Dependent Development of Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), as a Parasitoid o the Russian Wheat Aphid

Temperature-dependent development of a Czechoslovakian population of the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae Haliday was measured at eight constant temperatures between 11 and 31°C using the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), as a host. Development rate from oviposition to emergence of adult wasps increased linearly with increasing temperature between 11 and 26°C. No adult wasps emerged from parasitized aphids at 31°C. Requirements for development from oviposition to adult eclosionwere 273.1 ± 5.9 degree-days above a threshold of 4.5 ± 0.4°C. These results are compared with previously reported data on temperature-dependent development of other populations of A. matricariae and the host, D. noxia .
Expression and functions of proteases in vascular tissues

With the emergence of new models for wood formation and the increasing emphasis on improving the efficiency of cellulosic biofuel production, research on vascular tissue biology has intensified in recent years. Some of the most active areas of research focus on manipulating activity of enzymes in the cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin pathways. In addition, great strides have been made in the characterization of transcriptional networks controlling genes that affect differentiation, secondary cell wall synthesis and programmed cell death in xylem. Less attention has been devoted to the characterization of proteases that may be important regulators of post-translational events that affect vascular cell differentiation and function and cell wall composition. Several genes for proteases and components of the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway are upregulated in xylem and phloem and in cell culture systems for studying the differentiation of xylem tracheary elements (TEs). Although small molecule protease inhibitors have been used to explore the roles of proteases during the differentiation of cultured TEs, only a small number of vascular tissue-associated protease genes have been directly tested to determine whether they play roles in vascular tissue biology. In this report, we review roles for proteases in vascular cell differentiation and function as determined through the use of protease inhibitors and genetic analyses and conclude by identifying opportunities for future research in this area.
Vibrational modes identify soft spots in a sheared disordered packing.

We analyze low-frequency vibrational modes in a two-dimensional, zero-temperature, quasistatically sheared model glass to identify a population of structural ‘‘soft spots’’ where particle rearrangements are initiated. The population of spots evolves slowly compared to the interval between particle rearrangements, and the soft spots are structurally different from the rest of the system. Our results suggest that disordered solids flow via localized rearrangements that tend to occur at soft spots, which are analogous to dislocations in crystalline solids.
72 Topographical localization of Peroxisomal Acyl-CoA Ligases: Differential localization of Palmitoyl-CoA and Lignoceroyl-CoA Ligases

We found that peroxisomal licjnoceroyl-CoA ligase, like palmitoyl-CoA ligase, is present in the peroxisomal membrane. To further define the role of peroxisomal acyl-CoA ligases we examined the transverse topographical localization of enzymatic sites of palmitoyl-CoA and lignoceroyl-CoA ligases in the peroxisomal membranes. Proteolytic enzyme treatment irihibited palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity in intact peroxisomes and ligrraceroyl-CoA ligase activity was inhibited only if peroxisomes were disrupted prior to trypsin treatment. Antibodies to palmitoyl-CoA ligase and to peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMP) inhibited palmtoyl-CoA ligase in intact peroxisomes, and no pool of “latent” activity appeared when antibody-treated peroxisomes were disrupted. On the other hand, disruption of PMP antibody-treated peroxisomes with detergent resulted in the appearance of a “latent” pool of lignoceroyl-CoA ligase activity. These results demonstrate that the enzymatic site of palmitoyl-CoA ligase is on the cytoplasmic surface whereas that for ligncceroyl-CoA ligase is on the luminal surface of peroxisomal membranes. The implication of these findings to X-adrenoleukodystiuphy will be discussed.
Prediction of the meaningfulness level of nonsense syllables via computer simulation

Abstract The extent to which the relative meaningfulness level of nonsense syllables can be predicted by the formalization of certain commonplace assumptions about the underlying basis of meaningfulness was tested. A large number of syllables (1,015), presumed to be familiar to the typical subject, was stored in the computer model's memory. For each CVC to be scaled, this memory was searched first for the CVC in its input form and then, if that failed, for one of several transformed forms of the CVC corresponding to each of several feasible phonemic representations (i.e., pronunciations). Moderately high correlations between predicted and observed values were obtained.
THE INFLUENCE OF FEVER ON THE VAGO-INSULIN AND SYMPATHETICO-ADRENAL SYSTEMS1

THERE is evidence in the literature that fever produced by the injection of bac-terial toxins acts on both the vagO-insulin and sympathetico-adrenal systems. Cannon and Pereira (I) showed that typhoid vaccine causes fever and an in- creased adrenalin secretion. Geiger (2) observed that colitoxin produced fever and hyperglycemia, but he found also evidence of an excitation of the vagO-insulin system since during the time in which the temperature returned to normal a hypoglycemia occurred in rabbits. This effect was absent in rabbits in which the vagi had been cut previously, but not in dogs under similar conditions (2). LaBarre (3), however, showed in dogs that injection of polyvalent vaccine produced fever and increased insulin se-cretion mediated by the vagus. He assayed the insulin concentration of the blood by the blood sugar reaction in cross-Circulation experiments. Ranson (4) observed in cats, in which fever was produced by typhoid vaccine, that the rise in temperature is not smooth but shows marked...
A new variance estimator for parameters of semiparametric generalized additive models

Generalized additive models (GAMs) have become popular in the air pollution epidemiology literature. Two problems, recently surfaced, concern implementation of these semiparametric models. The first problem, easily corrected, was laxity of the default convergence criteria. The other, noted independently by Klein, Flanders, and Tolbert, and Ramsay, Burnett, and Krewski concerned variance estimates produced by commercially available software. In simulations, they were as much as 50% too small. We derive an expression for a variance estimator for the parametric component of generalized additive models that can include up to three smoothing splines, and show how the standard error (SE) estimated by this method differs from the corresponding SE estimated with error in a study of air pollution and emergency room admissions for cardiorespiratory disease. The derivation is based on asymptotic linearity. Using Monte Carlo experiments, we evaluated performance of the estimator in finite samples. The estimator performed well in Monte Carlo experiments, in the situations considered. However, more work is needed to address performance in additional situations. Using data from our study of air pollution and cardiovascular disease, the standard error estimated using the new method was about 10% to 20% larger than the biased, commercially available standard error estimate.
A full repetitive jaw movement response after 70% depletion of caudate D1 receptors.

Abstract Repetitive jaw movements (RJM) in the rat can be produced in a dose-dependent manner with the selective D 1 agonist, SKF 38393. Administration of the protein coupling agent, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) to rats pretreated with a D 2 receptor blocker resulted in a 70–80% reduction of D 1 dopamine receptors, but only a 10% reduction of D 2 receptors in the rat caudate. Twenty-four hours following EEDQ, the RJM response to SKF 38393 was assessed. The massive selective reduction of the D 1 receptor density was found not to modify the rate of RJM induced by SKF 38393 in that dose response curves in control and EEDQ-treated rats were essentially identical. These data provide evidence to indicate that there is a functional D 1 receptor reserve for D 1 -mediated RJM behavior.
Using Representational Difference Analysis to detect changes in transcript expression of Aiptasia genes after laboratory exposure to lindane.

Abstract Molecular stress responses to pesticide exposures represent an understudied area of cnidarian transcriptome investigations. The organochlorine pesticide lindane is known to disrupt normal neuron function. Cnidarians with simple nervous systems are recognized as sensitive indicators of water quality, yet nothing is known about cnidarian responses to lindane. Sea anemones ( Aiptasia pallida ) were exposed for 4 h to lindane (20 μg/l). Because anemones have neurons and lindane is known to target neurons, it is anticipated that cnidarian stress responses will include changes in transcription of genes associated with neurons. Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) was utilized to isolate differentially transcribed genes in the anemones exposed to the pesticide. After two rounds of RDA hybridizations, 148 amplified fragments ranging in size from 150 to 800 bp were cloned. Sequencing and bioinformatic analyses of 106 clones revealed 56 different gene fragments. Virtual Northern dot blots were used as a preliminary screening tool to identify the most responsive RDA products. To further characterize the specificity of response, additional anemones were exposed to a series of lindane concentrations (0, 0.2, 2.0, 10, and 20 μg/l). Northern dot blots were subsequently used to develop expression profiles for selected RDA products over the range of pesticide concentrations. The seven most responsive RDA products represent genes with products associated with neuron development, immune responses, and Ca 2+ binding/transport. The resulting expression profiles illustrate that these RDA products exhibit various degrees of concentration specificity with some RDA products being significantly up-regulated at 20 μg/l while other RDA products are most responsive at concentrations
Concentrations of selenium in biota, sediments, and water at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge

Selenium contamination was studied at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge (Cibola NWR) in the lower Colorado River Valley, California and Arizona, USA. The objective was to determine whether local irrigation practices resulted in exposure of fish to toxic concentrations of selenium. Water, sediment, fish, and crayfish were collected from sites that received irrigation return flows and sites that did not. At sites receiving irrigation return flows, selenium was below concentrations that are toxic to fish. However, at two sites receiving water directly from the Colorado River, selenium was at the toxicity threshold for fish. Selenium concentrations were also elevated in crayfish from the sites where concentrations in sunfish were at the toxicity threshold. Further increases in selenium concentrations at sites that are already at the toxicity threshold could impair reproduction of sensitive species. Site-specific limnological conditions may play a role in accumulation of selenium to toxic concentrations, but major sources of selenium seem to be upstream in the Colorado River basin rather than from local agricultural practices. Selenium input to the Colorado River from irrigation projects, coal-fired power plants, and natural sources should be reduced to minimize the potential for selenium-induced toxicity in fish in backwaters along the lower Colorado River.
Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiation therapy for spinal tumors

Spinal tumors constitute 15% of all CNS neoplasms. Radiation therapy can be administered for palliation of pain and spinal cord compression. However, the amount of radiation that can be administered is often limited by the tolerance of the spinal cord, especially in cases where prior radiation therapy has been given. Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy allow the delivery of a higher dose of radiation to spinal lesions, while limiting the spinal cord dose to below the tolerance level. These are technically demanding procedures and should be performed only when proper equipment and expertise are available. Data on spinal stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy have emerged in recent years. This review summarizes the clinical applications of stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy for spinal tumors.
Is it just a rise in the mean sea level

I have a suggestion for those numerous authors who almost invariably say that after a certain amount of land-supported ice melts, the sea level will rise “so much.” It would be much more correct to say that the oceans will get “so much” deeper. As is well known, there are over a dozen reasons for mean sea level changes. When land-supported ice melts, the amount of water in oceans increases and all of the oceans get deeper. This will cause an immediate increase in the pressure on every square meter of the ocean floor, which covers approximately 70% of Earth's surface. Due to the isostatic equilibrium between large surface areas, it would not be unreasonable to expect that the ocean floor would start to sink due to the increased pressure, and the rest of the Earth's surface—that is, the continents—will start to rise, especially where the ice melted.
Applications of Wood's Lamp technology to detect skin infections in resource-constrained settings

Abstract- Skin diseases such as Tinea Capitis, Scabies and Erythrasma are serious and common problems in developing countries. Unfortunately they are often overlooked and left untreated, causing extreme discomfort to those afflicted. Their contagious nature is also compromising to community health as a whole. Early detection of opportunistic infections often leads to the diagnosis of more serious immuno-compromising diseases such as HIV. This article investigates the feasibility of using a UV light source called Wood’s Lamp to detect the presence of select fungal, bacterial and parasitic skin infections. A Wood’s Lamp is based on fluorescence – the phenomenon by which light excites valence electrons in certain fungi and bacteria and results in a fluorescent emission visible to the naked eye. Traditional Wood’s Lamps use UV tube lights that are fragile and unsuitable for the harsh operating environments of developing countries. The recent emergence of UV LED-based lamps has led to compact, ruggedized and low-cost devices with good contrast that can be used by low-skilled health workers. This article synthesizes the capabilities and applications of this proven effective yet underutilized technology and illustrates how it can be integrated into fledgling healthcare systems in developing countries. For the purpose of this article, the term, skin infection,
Design of broadband metasurfaces to manipulate waves with arbitrary polarizations

In this paper, broadband metasurfaces with the capability to manipulate electromagnetic waves with arbitrary polarizations are studied. Various types of metasurfaces with different geometries will be investigated. The proposed devices will be able to provide the same performance under different polarizations. Metasurface is known as metamaterials surface with ultra-thin thickness (i.e. much smaller than wavelength). Since its invention, it has attracted significant attentions due to its extraordinary light-manipulation capabilities. For example, it can introduce abrupt phase change to wavefronts that are propagating through it, leading to anomalous reflections and refractions. In the past two years, metasurfaces have been applied to areas including imaging [X. Ni et al., Nature Communications, 4: 2807, 2013], sensing, spin optics [G. Li et al., Nano Lett., 13, 4148–4151, 2012], and data storage [A. V. Kildishev et al., Science, 339, 1232009, 2013].
Applications of NMR in sensory science

Abstract NMR spectroscopy is already of great value in determining the relationships between a moleculeśstructure and its odor, flavor, color and textural characteristics. Newer applications of NMR techniques in sensory science include studies of the effects of ion and water binding on taste perception; for example, 23 Na NMR has been used to examine the effects on perceived saltiness of Na − binding to ionic and non-ionic gums. The range of useful applications is expanding as both NMR and sensory science techniques continue to develop.
One microRNA controls both angiogenesis and TLR-mediated innate immunity to nucleic acids.

Upon in vivo administration of gene therapy vectors, the invading vector genome and other macromolecular structures are sensed by innate immune receptors, thereby putting the immune system on alert. Among these, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for the function of certain immune cells. How the effects of TLR expression, function, and downstream signaling are controlled is not well understood. However, a new study in Nature Immunology provides unexpected answers to some of these questions.1 Agudo et al. found that mice deficient in a specific microRNA (miR-126) failed to respond to oligonucleotides that are known potent agonists of the endosomal receptors TLR7 and TLR9. TLR7 is a sensor of single-stranded RNA molecules, and TLR9 senses unmethylated DNA such as that present in viral genomes or plasmids. Therefore, these new findings have broad implications for innate immune recognition of many different gene transfer vectors.
Overlapping genes in RNA phage: a new protein implicated in lysis.

Abstract We have identified a new 75 amino acid polypeptide (L protein) following f2 phage infection of E. coli. It is encoded by an out-of-phase overlapping gene which begins within the coat protein gene, ends in the replicase gene and covers the 36 base intercistronic space between them. A mutant f2 phage carrying a UGA mutation (op3), which complements mutations in the other three f2 genes (coat, A protein and replicase), fails to lyse cells (Model, Webster and Zinder, 1979) and also fails to produce L protein. Both lysis and L protein are restored following op3 infection of a UGA suppressor-containing strain or infection of wild-type bacteria with a revertant of op3. L protein is found in the insoluble fraction of artificially lysed cells. In this paper, we present the time course of its synthesis relative to the other f2-coded polypeptides: L protein synthesis increases as replicase synthesis decreases. We also report the discovery of another phage-coded polypeptide, which appears to be the product of a novel mode of translation: initiation at the coat protein initiation site, followed by translational frame shifting into the L protein frame and termination at the L protein terminus.
What Does Kant Mean by ‘Power of Judgement’ in his Critique of the Power of Judgement?

The notion of ‘power of judgement’ in the title of Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgement is commonly taken to refer to a cognitive power inclusive of both determining judgement and reflecting judgement. I argue, first, that this seemingly innocuous view is in conflict both with the textual fact that Kant attempts a Critical justification of the reflecting power of judgement – only – and with the systematic impossibility of a transcendentally grounded determining power of judgement. The conventional response to these difficulties is to point out that, Kant's systematic ambitions in the third Critique notwithstanding, reflection, qua concept-forming synthesis, is too closely tied to determination to be a cognitive power in its own right. I argue, second, that this response is question-begging, since the notion of reflection it employs is not only not one central to the third Critique but one antecedently tied to the understanding. I argue, third, that Kant's discussion, in the pivotal § § 76–7, of our cognitive relation to sensible particularity addresses an epistemic problem present (but not raised) in the Critique of Pure Reason. This is the problem of the synthesizability, qua absolute unity, of unsynthesized intuitions. Solving this problem requires Critical justification of a principle of reflection. It follows that Kant's systematic ambitions in the third Critique are appropriate. Given the problem Kant seeks to address, he must offer what he takes himself to be offering: a Critique of the (Reflecting) Power of Judgement.
Retellings of Literature and the Comprehension Process

What is involved in a reader's comprehension of literature? What happens during the act of reading itself and what occurs at the end of the reading that has impact on a reader's comprehension? In what way do the features of written literature aid or interfere with readers' comprehension? Through miscue analysis (Goodman and Burke, 1972), which always includes reader's retellings of what they have read, researchers and teachers can begin to find some answers to these questions. In this paper, I will share what insights I have gained from retellings of literature into readers' comprehension processes and then discuss the significance for instruction.
Effects of a sclerosing agent on odontogenesis.

Abstract The effects of sodium tetradecyl sulfate on odontogenesis were studied in three rhesus monkeys. This sclerosing agent was not completely effective in inhibiting the development and growth of all of the injected teeth. The results were encouraging, and more extensive studies have been recommended.
Accidental rhetoric: The root metaphors of three mile Island

Even though the communication practices at Three Mile Island confounded advocates and critics alike, the root assumptions of this discourse have remained unexamined. This essay theorizes, however, that much of contemporary communication tends to withhold its presuppositions from ready critical access. Accordingly, it may remain for a rhetorical crisis to disclose for us the limits of our most ordinary activities. Our contention is that Three Mile Island presented such a crisis. In actuality, if not intent, the inadequacies of accidental rhetoric at Three Mile Island point to a failure larger than the technical breakdown of 1979: the failure of technical reason itself to offer communication practices capable of mastering the problems of our age. The essay begins by examining three inclusive world views which have gradually advanced the power of technical reason over social concerns in general and nuclear power in particular. Following a detailed reconstruction of the discourse at Three Mile Island, the ess...
Toward Responsible Global Financial Risk Management: The Reckoning and Reform Recommendations

This review article makes a contribution to understanding the current U.S. subprime mortgage and credit crisis that has adversely affected the global financial system in terms of its historical parallels with a recent Asia-Pacific financial crisis. It also looks at the distinctive ways in which bad actors and flawed processes at the macro-, meso-, and microlevels have unilaterally shifted risks onto innocent stakeholders and are now facing a time of global reckoning and reform. An alternative business model, the global business integrity capacity model (GBICM), is proposed that inclusively balances types of capitalist, moral accountability, and human nature theories and provides a framework for selected reforms at the macro-, meso-, and microlevels, which are designed to prevent a recurrence of the current financial meltdown, to re-create systemic financial institution integrity, and to promote sustainable prosperity for current and future generations.
Representation of Waveform Periodicity in the Auditory Midbrain of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

The period of complex signals is encoded in the bullfrog’s eighth nerve by a synchrony code based on phase-locked responding. We examined how these arrays of phase-locked activity are represented in different subnuclei of the auditory midbrain, the torus semicircularis (TS). Recording sites in different areas of the TS differ in their ability to synchronize to the envelope of complex stimuli, and these differences in synchronous activity are related to response latency. Cells in the caudal principal nucleus (cell sparse zone) have longer latencies, and show little or no phase-locked activity, even in response to low modulation rates, while some cells in lateral areas of the TS (magnocellular nucleus, lateral part of principal nucleus) synchronize to rates as high as 90–100 Hz. At midlevels of the TS, there is a lateral-to-medial gradient of synchronization ability: cells located more laterally show better phase-locking than those located more medially. Pooled all-order interval histograms from short latency cells located in the lateral TS represent the waveform periodicity of a biologically relevant complex harmonic signal at different stimulus levels, and in a manner consistent with behavioral data from vocalizing male frogs. Long latency cells in the caudal parts of the TS (cell sparse zone, caudal magnocellular nucleus) code stimulus period by changes in spike rate, rather than by changes in synchronized activity. These data suggest that neural codes based on rate processing and time domain processing are represented in anatomically different areas of the TS. They further show that a population-based analysis can increase the precision with which temporal features are represented in the central auditory system.
Predictors of outcome in blunt diaphragm rupture.

Objective : Identify outcome predictors in blunt diaphragm rupture (BDR). Design : Retrospective chart and trauma registry review. Materials and Methods : We reviewed records of patients with BDR from January 1987 through May 1994 for outcomes of mortality, intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, and ventilator days. Predictors tested were age, sex, Injury Severity Score (ISS), diagnostic delay, rupture side, head injury, and associated injuries. Stepwise regression models were developed and tested on an additional data base of 115 BDR records from four trauma centers. Results : Thirty-two patients were identified. Age was the only significant predictor for all outcomes (p < 0.05). Age, ISS, and severe head injury were mortality predictors. In the larger data base, age and ISS remained predictive of mortality, but age was not predictive of morbidity. Conclusions : Age and ISS are predictive of BDR mortality. No morbidity predictor was validated in the larger data base. These data emphasize that predictive models from a single institution should be applied cautiously.
Resolution dependence of the non-metric trabecular structure indices.

Non-metric indices of topological features of trabecular bone structure, such as structure model index (SMI), connectivity density (Conn.D), and degree of anisotropy (DA), provide unique information relevant to bone quality. With recent technological advancement, in vivo assessment of these indices may be possible from images acquired using high-resolution imaging techniques such as high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). However, more detailed investigation of the dependence of non-metric indices on spatial resolution is needed to determine their applicability. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these three non-metric indices are affected by the spatial resolution of CT images. First, the SMI, Conn.D, and DA were calculated for trabecular bone specimens with varying plate-like and rod-like structures from resampled µCT images across a range of spatial resolutions and compared to the reference values. To account for differences in size across different species and anatomical sites, the results are reported in normalized resolution units. Next, the impact of resolution on the non-metric indices for cores of human distal tibia trabecular bone from clinical HR-pQCT images was evaluated to determine the applicability of the non-metric indices to in vivo imaging. We found that the non-metric indices of trabecular bone structure were affected by spatial resolution of CT images. Particularly, the SMI deviated from the high-resolution µCT reference value depending on the structure type, whether plate-like or rod-like. Both Conn.D and DA were underestimated in the images obtained at an in vivo resolution. It is not trivial to determine absolute threshold for validity of these non-metric indices without considering a specific study design (e.g. relative resolution, the size of the treatment effect to detect, and specimen type). The results of this study provide an upper bound for the accuracy of the non-metric indices under limited resolution scenarios.
Cloning of the breakpoints of a submicroscopic deletion in an Angelman syndrome patient

The majority of cases of the two distinct disorders Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) result from cytogenetic deletions of chromosome 15q11-q13. These deletions are exclusively of maternal origin in AS but of paternal origin in PWS indicating that the 15q11-q13 region is subject to genomic imprinting. Transmission of a submicroscopic deletion in one three generation family resulted in AS only upon maternal transmission of the deletion with no clinical phenotype associated with paternal transmission (1,2). The breakpoint of this submicroscopic deletion has been cloned and sequenced. This is the first deletion junction from the AS/PWS region which has been so characterized. The nucleotide sequence of the deletion junction revealed a 19 bp insertion of unknown origin with no evidence of repetitive elements. A probe from the proximal deletion breakpoint, PB11, lies within the currently defined minimum region of deletion overlap in PWS, which contains the SNRPN and D15S63 loci. Our results suggest that the imprinted gene(s) responsible for the PWS phenotype are proximal of pB11 in this deletion overlap region.
The Council of Youth Research: Critical Literacy and Civic Agency in the Digital Age

This article explores the relationship between critical literacy practice, digital media production, and civic agency in the Council of Youth Research, a youth participatory action research program in which Los Angeles high school students conduct research and create dynamic, multimedia presentations as leaders of a growing youth movement for educational justice. We examine theories of critical literacy to articulate a vision of literacy that is tied to societal power structures for the purpose of personal and social transformation. In order to bring critical literacy theory into practice, we explore the ways in which critical pedagogy and participatory digital literacies structure the work of the Council. We use ethnography of communication and visual sociology to analyze literacy events from 1 year of the Council's work to highlight ways in which student digital literacy production manifested powerful civic agency. We conclude by discussing the implications of this work for classrooms and further ground...
Naloxone and shuttlebox self-stimulation in the rat

Abstract Rats self timed electrical brain stimulation on and off periods in a shuttlebox. Electrodes for self-stimulation were located either in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) or the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Doses of the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, were administered intraperitoneally immediately prior to self-stimulation testing. Doses of 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 50.0 mg/kg failed to alter shuttlebox self-stimulation behavior. These results are inconsistent with one lever-press self-stimulation study employing PAG electrodes [3], but agree with other studies using LHA electrodes [9, 15, 21, 24]. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are suggested.
Toward Visualization for Games: Theory, Design Space, and Patterns

Electronic games are starting to incorporate in-game telemetry that collects data about player, team, and community performance on a massive scale, and as data begins to accumulate, so does the demand for effectively analyzing this data. In this paper, we use examples from both old and new games of different genres to explore the theory and design space of visualization for games. Drawing on these examples, we define a design space for this novel research topic and use it to formulate design patterns for how to best apply visualization technology to games. We then discuss the implications that this new framework will potentially have on the design and development of game and visualization technology in the future.
On the apparent particle dispersion in granular media

Abstract The apparent particle dispersion in a granular medium due to the combined effects of random granular arrangements and interstitial fluid flow was studied. The particle motion was a two-dimensional random walk on the transverse plane. The corresponding dispersion coefficient was found by sampling all possible trajectories with the aid of two granular media models. The theoretical results were verified by numerical simulation data obtained with commercial CFD software. Reasonably good agreement between the theory and simulation suggests that the present theory may be applied to practical granular system applications.
Magnetic fields of the outer planets

It is difficult to imagine a group of planetary dynamos more diverse than those visited by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft. The magnetic field of Jupiter is large in magnitude and has a dipole axis within 10 deg of its rotation axis, comfortably consistent with the paleomagnetic history of the geodynamo. Saturn's remarkable (zonal harmonic) magnetic field has an axis of symmetry that is indistinguishable from its rotation axis (mush less than 1 deg angular separation); it is also highly antisymmetric with respect to the equator plane. According to one hypothesis, the spin symmetry may arise from the differential rotation of an electrically conducting and stably stratified layer above the dynamo. The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are very much alike, and equally unlike those of the other known magnetized planets. These two planets are characterized by a large dipole tilts (59 deg and 47 deg, respectively) and quadrupole moments (Schmidt-normalized quadrupole/dipole ratio approximately equal 1.0). These properties may be characteristic of dynamo generation in the relatively poorly conducting 'ice' interiors of Uranus and Neptune. Characteristics of these planetary magnetic fields are illustrated using contour maps of the field on the planet's surface and discussed in the context of planetary interiors and dynamo generation.