cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pearls & Oy-sters: Reversible Ondine's curse in a case of lateral medullary infarction

Ondine's curse is an eponym that refers to central alveolar apnea/hypopnea observed among patients with acquired or congenital brainstem disorders. This condition results in loss of automatic and/or voluntary respiration with characteristic polysomnographic finding of impaired ventilator responses to hypercapnia and sleep apnea, which are more pronounced during non-REM sleep, less in REM sleep, and least during wakefulness.
A Conceptual Model of the Effects of Physical and Mental Health on Senior Citizens Purchasing Patterns

As people grow older, their income and lifestyles change. Not only do purchases made change, the decision making process in making purchases changes as individuals’ physical and mental health deteriorate. This paper proposes a class-ificational matrix to describe steps in this process and the resulting implications for shopping.
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation

The hippocampus is one of the few areas of the rodent brain that continues to produce neurons postnatally. Neurogenesis reportedly persists in rats up to 11 months of age. Using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, the present study confirms that in the adult rat brain, neuronal progenitor cells divide at the border between the hilus and the granule cell layer (GCL). In adult rats, the progeny of these cells migrate into the GCL and express the neuronal markers NeuN and calbindin-D28k. However, neurogenesis was drastically reduced in aged rats. Six-to 27-month-old Fischer rats were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU to detect newborn cells in vivo and to follow their fate in the dentate gyrus. When killed 4–6 weeks after BrdU labeling, 12- to 27- month-old rats exhibited a significant decline in the density of BrdU- positive cells in the granule cell layer compared with 6-month-old controls. Decreased neurogenesis in aging rats was accompanied by reduced immunoreactivity for poly-sialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, a molecule that is involved in migration and process elongation of developing neurons. When animals were killed immediately (12 hr) after BrdU injection, significantly fewer labeled cells were observed in the GCL and adjacent subgranular zone of aged rats, indicative of a decrease in mitotic activity of neuronal precursor cells. The reduced proliferation was not attributable to a general aged- related metabolic impairment, because the density of BrdU-positive cells was not altered in other brain regions with known mitotic activity (e.g., hilus and lateral ventricle wall). The decline in neurogenesis that occurs throughout the lifespan of an animal can thus be related to a decreasing proliferation of granule cell precursors.
Modeling Growth in Boys' Aggressive Behavior Across Elementary School: Links to Later Criminal Involvement, Conduct Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder

The present study used general growth mixture modeling to identify pathways of antisocial behavior development within an epidemiological sample of urban, primarily African American boys. Teacher-rated aggression, measured longitudinally from 1st to 7th grade, was used to define growth trajectories. Three high-risk trajectories (chronic high, moderate, and increasing aggression) and one low-risk trajectory (stable low aggression) were found. Boys with chronic high and increasing trajectories were at increased risk for conduct disorder, juvenile and adult arrest, and antisocial personality disorder. Concentration problems were highest among boys with a chronic high trajectory and also differentiated boys with increasing aggression from boys with stable low aggression. Peer rejection was highest among boys with chronic high aggression. Interventions with boys with distinct patterns of aggression are discussed.
Animals as Lifechangers and Lifesavers: Pets in the Redemption Narratives of Homeless People

This paper examines personal narratives in which homeless and formerly homeless people construct their companion animals as having changed or saved their lives. The analysis considers selfhood a narrative accomplishment, the strategic outcome rather than the source of the stories people tell. These particular stories employ the theme of redemption, in which tellers describe overcoming adversity to face a better future, with animals playing key roles. The analysis reveals the narrative elements through which animals become vehicles for redemption. As dependent others, animals encourage a sense of responsibility. As the providers of unconditional love, they reward the fulfillment of responsibility. And as silent witnesses, they keep the tellers from lapsing into risky behavior. Narratives that describe animals in these ways allow for the construction of a positive moral identity. They also indicate that commitment belongs among the recognized languages of redemption and highlight the social embeddedness of ...
First-principles studies of the effects of impurities on the ionic and electronic conduction in LiFePO4

a b s t r a c t Olivine-type LiFePO4 is widely considered as a candidate for Li-ion battery electrodes, yet its applicability in the pristine state is limited due to poor ionic and electronic conduction. Doping can be employed to enhance the material's electrical conductivity. However, this should be understood as incorporating elec- trically active impurities to manipulate the concentration of native point defects such as lithium vacancies and small hole polarons which are responsible for ionic and electronic conduction, respectively, and not as generating band-like carriers. Possible effects of monovalent (Na, K, Cu, and Ag), divalent (Mg and Zn), trivalent (Al), tetravalent (Zr, C, and Si), and pentavalent (V and Nb) impurities on the ionic and elec- tronic conductivities of LiFePO4 are analyzed based on results from first-principles density-functional theory calculations. We identify impurities that are effective (or ineffective) at enhancing the concen- tration of lithium vacancies or small hole polarons. Based on our studies, we discuss specific strategies for enhancing the electrical conductivity in LiFePO4 and provide suggestions for further experimental studies.
The use of electronic debit cards in longitudinal data collection with geographically mobile drug users.

Abstract Objective : To assess the use of electronic debit (ATM) cards in conducting longitudinal research with geographically mobile (“urban nomad”) drug users. Methods : Young illicit drug users with recent travel history were street-recruited from the Lower East Side area of New York City. Multiple efforts were made to develop positive relationships between participants and the study. Honoraria were paid through electronic debit cards usable at ATMs countrywide. Participants were encouraged to complete follow-up interviews in person if they were in New York, or by telephone if elsewhere. Follow-up rates from two other recent cohort studies of young drug users in New York are used to illustrate use of the electronic debit card method. Results : One hundred and thirty-nine participants were recruited during 2001–2002. They had traveled extensively, averaging 31 trips per participant to different cities during the previous 3 years. Telephone follow-up interviews were obtained from participants in over 200 different cities/towns. Follow-up interview rates were 81% at 6 months and 71% at 12 months – substantially higher than corresponding rates in the comparison studies. Conclusions : The use of electronic debit cards, combined with other efforts to develop positive relationships with participants, led to high rates of continued study participation. Debit cards may be very useful in conducting longitudinal research with geographically mobile populations.
Nedd4–2 does not regulate wt-CFTR in human airway epithelial cells

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a Cl− channel in airway epithelial cells, plays an important role in maintaining the volume of the airway surface liquid and therefor...
Fast adaptive algorithms for multichannel filtering and system identification

Fast transversal and lattice least squares algorithms for adaptive multichannel filtering and system identification are developed. Models with different orders for input and output channels are allowed. Four topics are considered: multichannel FIR filtering, rational IIR filtering, ARX multichannel system identification, and general linear system identification possessing a certain shift invariance structure. The resulting algorithms can be viewed as fast realizations of the recursive prediction error algorithm. Computational complexity is then reduced by an order of magnitude as compared to standard recursive least squares and stochastic Gauss-Newton methods. The proposed transversal and lattice algorithms rely on suitable order step-up-step-down updating procedures for the computation of the Kalman gain. Stabilizing feedback for the control of numerical errors together with long run simulations are included. >
A review of morbidity associated with bone harvest from the proximal tibial metaphysis

Aim The proximal tibia has become a well-accepted donor site for autologous bone, but there are few reports of complications with its use in maxillofacial reconstruction. Our retrospective study quantifies incidence and type of complications related to the proximal tibia bone harvest.
Habitat Use by Meso-Predators in a Corridor Environment

Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are found throughout the United States, wherever there is suitable denning habitat and food resources. Densities of these predators have increased throughout the Intermountain West as a consequence of human alterations in habitat. Within the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge (hereafter, refuge), in northern Utah, USA, upland nesting habitat for ducks is limited to the levee banks and roadsides. Red foxes, raccoons, and striped skunks, which prey on upland nesting birds, are also abundant on the refuge. We studied red foxes, raccoons, and striped skunks' use of levees and the edges associated with them within a wetland environment. Red fox, raccoon, and striped skunk locations were negatively correlated with distance to the nearest dike (−0.78, −0.69, and −0.45, respectively). Animals incorporated more roads and/or levees into their home ranges than expected by chance (x = 2.6; Z < 0.001); incorporation of levees was greater during the dispersal season than the rearing season (P = 0.03). Skunk home ranges (average size, 3.0 km2) were oriented along roads and levees (P = 0.03), whereas raccoon (average size, 3.6 km2) and fox home ranges (average size, 3.5 km2) were not (P = 0.93, P = 0.13, respectively). Fox home ranges in the refuge were more oblong in shape than reported elsewhere (P = 0.03). However, home-range shapes of raccoons and striped skunks were similar to previous studies (P = 0.84, P = 0.97, respectively). The use of roads and levees within the refuge increases the possible travel distance and penetration of predators into wetland environments. This contributes to increased depredation of waterfowl nests and to decreased recruitment. Managers of similar areas might decrease depredation of waterfowl by disrupting the linear pattern of corridors, thereby decreasing the congestion of animal roads and levees. This would, then, decrease the encounter rates of predators and prey.
Internal calcium modulates apparent affinity of metabotropic GABA receptors.

The metabotropic GABA receptor (GABABR) regulates calcium influx in neurons. Whole cell voltage-clamp techniques were employed to determine the effects of internal calcium on the activity of GABABR...
Laboratory Studies of Galvanic Corrosion – II. Three‐metal Couples

Abstract Galvanic interaction of stainless steel 304L, Ni 270, Cu, Ti-6AI-4V, Sn, 4130 steel, Cd, and Zn has been studied in 3.5% NaCl using galvanic current and weight loss measurements in 24-hour tests. Galvanic couples of 4130 steel and one of the Al alloys 1100, 2024, 2213, 6061, and 7075 have also been evaluated in tap water and distilled water. Galvanic current data can be used to assess both the effect of different dissimilar cathode materials as well as the relative susceptibility to galvanic corrosion of anode materials. For 3.5% NaCl, it has been found that the effect of the cathode material decreases in the order Cu > Ni > stainless steel >Ti-6Al-4V, while the relative susceptibility of anode materials decreases in the order Sn > Zn > 4130 steel > Cd. An analysis of data in various electrolytes shows that coupling of 4130 steel to Al alloys leads to cathodic protection of the steel in 3.5% NaCl, but to accelerated corrosion in tap water and distilled water.
Identification and function of conformational dynamics in the multidomain GTPase dynamin.

Abstract Vesicle release upon endocytosis requires membrane fission, catalyzed by the large GTPase dynamin. Dynamin contains five domains that together orchestrate its mechanochemical activity. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry revealed global nucleotide‐ and membrane‐binding‐dependent conformational changes, as well as the existence of an allosteric relay element in the α2 S helix of the dynamin stalk domain. As predicted from structural studies, FRET analyses detect large movements of the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) from a ‘closed’ conformation docked near the stalk to an ‘open’ conformation able to interact with membranes. We engineered dynamin constructs locked in either the closed or open state by chemical cross‐linking or deletion mutagenesis and showed that PHD movements function as a conformational switch to regulate dynamin self‐assembly, membrane binding, and fission. This PHD conformational switch is impaired by a centronuclear myopathy‐causing disease mutation, S619L, highlighting the physiological significance of its role in regulating dynamin function. Together, these data provide new insight into coordinated conformational changes that regulate dynamin function and couple membrane binding, oligomerization, and GTPase activity during dynamin‐catalyzed membrane fission.
Dynamic approach to linear statistical calibration with an application in microwave radiometry

ABSTRACTThe problem of statistical calibration of a measuring instrument can be framed both in a statistical context as well as in an engineering context. In the first, the problem is dealt with by distinguishing between the ‘classical’ approach and the ‘inverse’ regression approach. Both of these models are static models and are used to estimate exact measurements from measurements that are affected by error. In the engineering context, the variables of interest are considered to be taken at the time at which you observe it. The Bayesian time series analysis method of Dynamic Linear Models can be used to monitor the evolution of the measures, thus introducing a dynamic approach to statistical calibration. The research presented employs a new approach to performing statistical calibration. A simulation study in the context of microwave radiometry is conducted that compares the dynamic model to traditional static frequentist and Bayesian approaches. The focus of the study is to understand how well the dyna...
Mechanical characteristics of the porcine retina in low temperatures.

BACKGROUND We previously observed that the stiffness of the porcine retina was significantly higher when deforming at room temperature than at body temperature. The present study further investigates this phenomenon by examining the mechanical properties of the retina in saline at temperature lower than room temperature. METHODS Tensile testing was performed on a total of 15 retinal strips dissected from pig eyes. Equal amount of strips from the dissection were tested at 37.0 ± 0.3°C, 26.1 ± 0.1°C, and 7.8 ± 1.2°C. Their transition modulus, stress, and strain were measured for statistical analysis. RESULTS The transition modulus, the transition stress, and the transition strain of the retinal strips were found to be 11.12 ± 6.10 kPa, 0.12 ± 0.07 kPa, and 0.016 ± 0.001, respectively, at 37.0°C. These values were 111.25 ± 88.16 kPa, 1.11 ± 0.85 kPa, and 0.016 ± 0.001 at 26.1°C, and 125.13 ± 63.61 kPa, 1.30 ± 0.50 kPa, and 0.017 ± 0.003 at 7.8°C, respectively. The differences of the transition modulus and the transition stress at between 37.0°C and 26.1°C and at between 37.0°C and 7.8°C were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in these values at between 26.1°C and 7.8°C. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that lowering the temperature of the retina from body temperature is potentially useful to decrease retinal damage in posterior eye surgeries by increasing the resistance of the retina to mechanical deformation.
Influence of Elm Spanworm Oviposition Sites on Parasitism by Ooencyrtus clisiocampae and Telenomus alsophilae

The egg parasitoids Telenomus alsophilae Viereck and Ooencyrtus clisiocampae (Ashmead) suppress populations of Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner). O. clisiocampae parasitizes eggs during the foliated period of the year and T. alsophilae during the dormant afoliated season. Incidence of parasitism by these two parasitoids in host eggs deposited on boles was similar to that of eggs deposited on undersides of branches. O. clisiocampae was found to be most abundant in host eggs in the upper portions of the forest. In an area where O. clisiocampae was extremely abundant, almost all host eggs were parasitized at all levels of the forest. Parasitism by T. alsophilae was similar at all levels of a forest where O. clisiocampae was not abundant. In a forest where O. clisiocampae was moderately abundant, a significant negative correlation was obtained for relationship of eggs parasitized by this parasitoid to those parasitized by T. alsophilae . The immature stages of both parasitoids were highly overdispersed. It should also be noted that the mortality of host eggs by causes other than parasitism was more pervalent in smaller egg masses than in larger ones.
Aggregation pheromone components inDrosophila mulleri : A chiral ester and an unsaturated ketone.

Existence of an aggregation pheromone was demonstrated inDrosophila mulleri. Mature males produce at least two compounds that are lacking from females and newly emerged males and that attract both males and females in a wind-tunnel bioassay. These compounds are (S)-(+)-2-tridecanol acetate and (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one. Both were synthesized, and the flies responded to the synthetic compounds as well as to fly-derived preparations. The flies also responded to racemic 2-tridecanol acetate but not to the pureR enantiomer. A more polar, very volatile attractant was also extracted from both sexes ofD. mulleri but was not identified.
Abstract 034: Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) Channels Mediate the Sympathoexcitatory and Pressor Responses to Central NaCl Stimulation

Accumulating evidence indicates a high salt diet increases cerebrospinal fluid sodium concentration to elevate sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) in salt-sensitive hypertension. Recent evidence suggests TRPV1 channels underlie the ability of the brain to sense changes in osmotic pressure. The present study investigated whether the sympathoexcitatory response to intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of hypertonic NaCl was mediated by central TRPV1 channels. In Inactin-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, ICV infusion of 1M NaCl (n=8) significantly increased lumbar SNA (140±12%), heart rate (20±7bpm), and mean ABP (9±1mmHg). ICV pretreatment with the broad-spectrum TRPV channel blocker ruthenium red (5mM, 2uL, n=8) eliminated the sympathoexcitatory response to ICV 1M NaCl: lumbar SNA (106±5%), heart rate (-6±7bpm), and mean ABP (1±2mmHg). Similarly, ICV pretreatment with the selective TRPV1 channel antagonist SB366791 (3mM, 2uL, n=8) prevented any change in lumbar SNA (106±3%), heart rate (4±6), and mean ABP (1±1mmHg). ICV injection of ruthenium red or SB366791 alone did not alter any variable. Surprisingly, ICV infusion of 1M NaCl (1μL) produced similar pressor responses in wild-type versus TRPV1-/- mice (12±2 vs 11±2 mmHg, n>4). Pretreatment with SB366791 attenuated the pressor response in wild-type but not TRPV1-/- mice. In vitro patch clamp recordings of neurons in the ventral lamina terminalis reveal that increases in bath osmolality produced dose-dependent membrane depolarization (5 mOsm: 5.0±0.63 mV, 10 mOsm: 6.1±1.24 mV, 15 mOsm: 12.4±2.1; n=5, P<0.05) and increase discharge frequency (5 mOsm: 208±32%, 10 mOsm: 246±55%, 15 mOsm: 274±101%, 20 mOsm: 496±53%; n=5, P<0.05). These responses were attenuated by bath application of the broad spectrum TRPV blocker ruthenium red. Collectively, these observations suggest that central TRPV channels mediate changes in neuronal excitability and cardiovascular responses to central osmotic stimulation.
Abstract 236: Sirt6 Heterozygosity Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice

Sirt6 is a member of the class III histone deacetylase family and is reported to promote longevity. Whether Sirt6 is involved in atherosclerosis, one aging associated disease and the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, is unknown. We investigated effects of Sirt6 on atherosclerosis development. We found that in human atherosclerotic plaques, Sirt6 expression was decreased. Sirt6+/-ApoE-/- mice exhibited increased atherosclerosis development and decreased plaque stability than ApoE-/- mice. We found that Sirt6 downregulation showed increased expression of NKG2D ligands (H60b in mice and MICA/B in human). Sirt6 bound to promoters of these genes and regulated the H3K9 acetylation levels. Thus, atherosclerosis development was promoted by Sirt6 heterozygosity and epigenetic modification of NKG2D ligand expression is involved in this process.
Determining the Re-Sources

In the ‘Yawn’ chapter of Finnegans Wake, a heroic effort is under way to obtain some factual information. The method employed is recognisably catechistic, a series of interviews undertaken by the Four Old Men (‘Those four claymen clomb together to hold their sworn starchamber quiry’ — FW p. 475, 11. 18–19) of the buried body of Shaun/Yawn, resulting in a sequence of various voices responding to their questions. This quartet of ‘Shanators’ conducts its seance on a hill in County Meath under frustrating circumstances, especially when the Yawn voice is inexplicably replaced by that of Anna Livia Plurabelle, followed by an anonymous witness, then another, and then (in rapid succession) Issy, Kate and Earwicker himself. The claymen prove to be ineffectual and they too are supplanted — by ‘bright young chaps of the brandnew braintrust’ (FW, p. 529, 1. 5). Even when the reader feels confident in identifying the sources of the question asked and the answer given, the multiplicity of voices remains confusing and does little to clarify the ‘information’ obtained.
Cui Bono? Public and Private Goals in Nonprofit Organizations:

Who benefits (cui bono) from nonprofit organizational structures and practices? I draw on interviews, observation, and archival data from 25 grantmaking foundations to examine the mechanisms by whi...
IDENTIFICATION OF PHOTOSYSTEM II-THYLAKOID PROTEINS THROUGH MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS WITH CHLAMYDOMONAS AND SCENEDESMUS PHENOTYPES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the identification of photosystem II(PS-II)-thylakoid proteins through mutational analysis with Chlamydomonas and Scenedesmus phenotypes. In a study discussed in the chapter, normal and mutant phenotypes of Scenedesmus obliguus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were employed. Primarily the mutants selected lacked PS-II activity either as a result of deletion of the chlorophyll-proteins of this system, or because of loss of water photolysis or through deletion of the total photosystem. The results of thylakoid membranes of the mutant phenotypes of Scenedesmus affected in PS-II have failed to show a specific loss of the 16 and 20 kDa polypeptides. However, the original observation of these proteins and their potential association with water photolysis was made with PS-II deficient phenotypes of Chlamydomonas . The polypeptide profile of mutant PS-II confirms the identity of the primary thylakoid proteins of PS-II in Chlamydomonas as it is a high fluorescent, pleiotropic strain completely devoid of PS-II.
The management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: A review

The first literary reference to persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) of the newborn (PPHN) can be found in 1969 by Gersony et al., who described it as persistence of physiologic characteristics of the fetal circulation in the absence of disease. Defined as a failure of normal circulatory transition at birth, or more specifically as failure of the pulmonary vasculature to relax after birth, with continued shunting of non-oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation via fetal channels (ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale), it remains a challenging neonatal emergency to manage. Term and nearterm infants are most commonly affected, but PPHN can occur in premature infants.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is required for induction of p21 cip1/waf1 expression and growth inhibition by SU5416 in hepatoma cells

// Edmond F. O’Donnell 1, 2 , Hyo Sang Jang 1, 2 , Martin Pearce 1, 2 , Nancy I. Kerkvliet 2 , Siva Kumar Kolluri 1, 2 1 Cancer Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA 2 Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Correspondence to: Siva Kumar Kolluri, email: siva.kolluri@oregonstate.edu Keywords: AhR, proliferation, ligands, nuclear receptor, Arnt Received: September 12, 2016 Accepted: February 06, 2017 Published: March 09, 2017 ABSTRACT The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a potential clinical target for cancer and autoimmune dysfunction. Identifying selective AhR modulators that produce desirable clinical outcomes represents an opportunity for developing new anti-cancer agents. Repurposing clinically-used drugs with established safety profiles that activate the AhR represents a good starting place to pursue this goal. In this study, we characterized the AhR-dependent effects of SU5416 (Semaxanib) following its identification in a small-molecule library screen. SU5416 potently activated AhR-dependent reporter genes, induced AhR nuclear localization, facilitated AhR-DNA binding, and increased, expression of its endogenous target genes. SU5416 significantly inhibited proliferation of Hepa1 hepatoma cells in an AhR-dependent manner, but did not induce apoptosis. SU5416 also inhibited the growth of human HepG2 liver cancer cells. The effects of SU5416 correlated with an increased G1 population and increased expression of cell cycle inhibitor p21 cip1/waf1 at both the mRNA and protein level. Increased expression of p21 cip1/waf1 by SU5416 required expression of both AhR and Arnt. In addition, evidence for long-term activation of the AhR in vivo by a single dose of SU5416 was identified by analyzing published microarray data. Our results provide support for continued investigation of the AhR as therapeutic for cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, our findings raise the possibility that some of the previously observed anti-proliferative effects of SU5416 may be due to activation of the AhR.
Supreme Court Practice 1900

In 1900 practice in the Supreme Court of the United States often involved direct dealings with individual Justices at their home offices. This paper sketches that aspect of appellate litigation at the turn of the century.
Multiple Gestations and Assisted Reproductive Technology

Abstract Many are aware of the recent “epidemic of multiples” in industrialized nations, with a multiple birth rate that has increased by 76% in the past three decades. The main contributors to this increase are increased utilization of assisted reproductive technologies and an increased risk of spontaneous twinning in women delaying childbearing. Multiple gestations are at high risk for both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, which increase as fetal number increases. Zygosity and chorionicity are important predictors of perinatal morbidity, with monochorionic diamniotic and monochorionic monoamniotic twins at higher risk. There is evidence that the risk of monozygotic twinning is increased in IVF, etiologies may include zona pellucida manipulation and extended in vitro culture. Most neonatal complications in multiple gestations are sequelae of prematurity, including low birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, NICU admission, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Up to 80% of women with multiple gestations experience antepartum complications, which include preterm labor, PPROM, and placental abruption. Women carrying multiples are at increased risk for the three major causes of maternal mortality: postpartum hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism, and hypertensive disorders. Multiple gestations are also associated with increased financial and psychosocial costs. Strategies for decreasing the rate of multiples resulting from ART include increasing the number of single embryo transfers performed in IVF and using “low and slow” protocols for superovulation cycles with gonadotropins. Multifetal pregnancy reduction can be performed to decrease the fetal number and lower the risk of morbidity, although the procedure does involve some medical and psychological risk.
Analysis of Bicycle Environment Using Instrumented Probe Bicycle

Background Cycling has been an important mode of transportation that enhances transportation sustainability by reducing air and noise pollution as well as traffic congestion. This study seeks to improve the methodology for determining the relationship between cycling dynamic performance and roadway environment characteristics across different bicyclists’ skill levels. We examined two facets of performances: mobility and comfortability. Methods To achieve the goal of this study, an Instrumented Probe Bicycle (IPB) equipped with various sensors was built. Using sensors allowed us to monitor bicyclist interactions to roadway environment and dynamic movements. A naturalistic field experiment, including intersections, roundabout, alignment changes, and different road surface conditions, was conducted. The Pavement Surface and Evaluation Rating System (PASER) was used to determine the quality of road surfaces. In addition, two self-reported questionnaires were used in order to obtain each participant's skill level as well as their perception on the level of cycling comfortability. Results Fault Tree Analysis was employed to develop the performance measures for recognizing the probability of fault event occurrence. Bicycle speed is being used to measure the mobility performance of the bicycle environment system. The probability that a particular segment fails to support a rider is defined as mobility performance failure. Moreover, the bicycle dynamic movements as well as the PASER rating estimate the comfortability level of the bicyclists. The probabilistic outcome of the proposed Ordered Probit Model was considered to develop the Cycling Comfortability Index (CCI). CCI is a continuous value between 0 and 1, which is adopted to find the probability of comfort level for each observation. At the end, by having two failure probabilities (mobility and comfort), the probability of a fault event occurrence is calculated. Conclusions We found that the probability of a fault event occurrence, was strongly related to the bicyclist's level of experience. The fact that inexperienced bicyclists had higher failure ratio implies that their levels of mobility and comfortability are lower. In addition, the quality of road surface had a significant impact on the speed as well as the comfortability index. The Ordered Probit Model showed that cycling comfortability was significantly affected by the average Y-axis acceleration and the mean absolute deviation of Z-axis velocity. Steering movements and Z-axis angular movements (yawing) also affected cycling comfortability. The IPB developed in this study turned out to be very useful in collecting cycling maneuver data and in analyzing bicycle safety associated with bicycle infrastructure.
Motives and Consequences

It is not difficult to illustrate the obvious fact that a consideration of motives and consequences does play a very important role in making moral decisions. In all the preceding pages there has been a constant appeal to consequences and occasionally to motives. In judging, for example, whether it was right to expose the abortionist consideration was given to the effect of exposure on the various people involved. In arguing whether or not it is right to lie, extensive appeals were made to consequences. If one tries to decide whether or not a person who said something false was lying, his motives would be carefully examined. Suppose, for example, Mr. A in New York tells Mr. B in Philadelphia, “It is snowing in Boston.” Mr. B, who has just spoken to Mr. C in Boston, replies, “It is not. You are lying.” Mr. A in all probability might be indignant and could say, “Perhaps what I said is false. But I did not lie. I did not intend to deceive you or mislead you by deliberately falsifying what is the case.” Mr. B might argue in this fashion: “Anyone who tells an untruth is lying. Whether or not your motive was to deceive, you did tell an untruth. Therefore, you are lying.”
Part 1: a matter of size: evaluating the growth-restricted neonate.

ABSTRACTThe relative size of a neonate impacts many aspects of prenatal and postnatal surveillance and care. The designations of appropriate for gestational age, small-for-gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, and large-for-gestational age are systematic categorizations used to assess an
State-Directed Development: Colonial Nigeria: Origins of a Neopatrimonial State and a Commodity-Exporting Economy

At the heart of Nigeria's disappointing economic performance lies a poorly functioning state, characterized here as a neopatrimonial state. While the economic impact of this state's actions were manifested mainly in the second half of the twentieth century, the distortions were the product of earlier historical developments. This chapter reconsiders existing historical knowledge with the aim of elucidating, first, the nature of the political economies that the British carved into Nigeria and, second, the state and the economy that emerged in colonial Nigeria, both in the early colonial phase, which lasted until the onset of the Second World War, and in the late colonial phase, which ended with independence in 1960. Three main themes emerge: one concerning the precolonial situation and two focused on the impact of British rule during the early and the late colonial phases. Although the British brought together highly diverse political economies that became Nigeria, the localized political economies shared some important traits: They were generally small-scale, relatively simple political units, and they were based on rather undeveloped technology. Of note, therefore, is the highly rudimentary quality of the polities and economies that would become Nigeria. While most scholars of development do not usually compare “levels of development” within “premodern” settings, it is important to do so. Nigeria at the turn of the twentieth century was at a much lower level of development than any of the other societies considered in this study.
Pulsed coherent drive in the Jaynes--Cummings model

The Jaynes-Cummings system is one of the most fundamental models of how light and matter interact. When driving the system with a coherent state (e.g., laser light), it is often assumed that whether the light couples through the cavity or atom plays an important role in determining the dynamics of the system and its emitted field. Here, we prove that the dynamics are identical in either case except for the offset of a trivial coherent state. In particular, our formalism allows for both steady state and the treatment of any arbitrary multimode coherent state driving the system. Finally, the offset coherent state can be interferometrically canceled by appropriately homodyning the emitted light, which is especially important for nanocavity quantum electrodynamics where driving the atom is much more difficult than driving the cavity.
Retrieving Hidden Friends: A Collusion Privacy Attack Against Online Friend Search Engine

Online social networks (OSNs) are providing a variety of applications for human users to interact with families, friends, and even strangers. One such application, the friend search engine, allows the general public to query individual users’ friend lists and has been gaining popularity recently. However, without proper design, this application may mistakenly disclose users’ private relationship information. Our previous work has proposed a privacy preservation solution that can effectively boost OSNs’ sociability while protecting users’ friendship privacy against attacks launched by individual malicious requestors. In this paper, we propose an advanced collusion attack, where a victim user’s friendship privacy can be compromised through a series of carefully designed queries coordinately launched by multiple malicious requestors. The effect of the proposed collusion attack is validated through synthetic and real-world social network data sets. The in-depth research on the advanced collusion attacks will help us design a more robust and secure friend search engine on OSNs in the near future.
Holographic circuits

Holographic circuits are defined here to be circuits in which information is represented as linear superpositions. Holographic circuits when suitably formulated can be emulated on classical computers in polynomial time. The questions we investigate are those of characterizing the complexity classes of computations that can be expressed by holographic circuits.
Obituary: César Milstein (1927-2002).

Milstein, who died on 24 March, was coinventor with Georges Kohler of the hybridoma technique of producing monoclonal antibodies – an innovation that revolutionized wide areas of biomedicine.
Spatiotemporal Lagged Models for Variable Rate Irrigation in Agriculture

Irrigation is responsible for 80–90% of freshwater consumption in the USA. However, excess water demand, drought, declining groundwater levels, and water quality degradation all threaten future water supplies. In an effort to better understand how to efficiently use water resources, this analysis seeks to quantify the effect of soil water at various depths on the eventual crop yield at the end of a season as a lagged effect of space and time. As a novel modeling contribution, we propose a multiple spatiotemporal lagged model for crop yield to identify critical water times and patterns that can increase the crop yield per drop of water used. Because the crop yield data consist of nearly 20,000 observations, we propose the use of a nearest neighbor Gaussian process to facilitate computation. In applying the model to soil water and yield in Grace, Idaho, for the 2016 season, results indicate that soil moisture in the 0–0.3 m depth of soil was most correlated with crop yield earlier in the season (primarily during May and June), while the soil moisture at the 0.3–1.2 m depth was more correlated with crop yield later in the season around mid-June to mid-July. These results are specific to a crop of winter wheat under center-pivot irrigation, but the model could be used to understand relationships between water and yield for other crops and irrigation systems. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
Mythic forecasts: researcher portrayals of extraterrestrial life discovery

Scientific discovery, especially at the boundaries of human observational capacity, is an extended, incremental and sometimes controversy-laden process; but practicing researchers' published statements do not always portray it as such. If extraterrestrial life (ETL) exists, and if we find it, the process of observation, interpretation, understanding and confirmation may take decades. Though it is, thus, likely that scientific consensus will accrue around an ETL interpretation in a gradual and subtle process, the general public and even practicing scientists often discuss ETL discovery as though it will be rapid and dramatic. To illustrate this phenomenon, this review analyses a convenience sample of astronomers', astrobiologists' and astrosociologists' statements and assumptions in scholarly and general-audience media regarding a prospective discovery of ETL. Of 30 surveyed scholarly studies and 37 surveyed general-audience pieces, 24 scholarly and scientists' perspectives in 32 general-audience pieces do not acknowledge the extended nature of scientific discovery; and only three and four, respectively, do so explicitly. These results suggest that ETL researchers' statements could often portray an inaccurate or at least atypical vision of scientific progress in their own studies and to general-audience media outlets.
Burden associated with nonfatal slip and fall injuries in the surface stone, sand, and gravel mining industry

Slips, trips, and falls (STFs) pose a significant financial burden to employers and account for over 33% of the total nonfatal workers' compensation cost in the United States. Previous analyses documenting the burden of STF incidents in the mining industry have focused on occupational fatalities or STFs during equipment ingress, egress. There is limited information on the burden of nonfatal STF incidents in the mining industry and most of it is outdated. Hence, to increase awareness and highlight the importance of STFs in the mining industry, this analysis documents the burden associated with nonfatal STF incidents at surface stone, sand, and gravel (SSG) mines from 2008 through 2017. In this time frame, nonfatal STF incidents occurred at a rate of 62 per 10,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) employees per year. Pits had a higher prevalence of injuries, but plants had a higher incidence rate. In addition, nonfatal STF incidents at surface SSG mines led to approximately 23,800 total days lost per year with an estimated cost to the mining industry of $17.5 million per year. Assessed violations that are not related to reported injuries but are related to STF hazards identified during Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) inspections cost the mining industry approximately $3 million per year from 2013 through 2017. Based on the data analyzed in this study, falls to the lower level pose a higher burden in terms of cost; however, falls to the same level have a higher number of incidents and incidence rate.
Risk Factors for Red Blood Cell Transfusions in Children Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization.

Objective To identify risk factors associated with risk of red blood cell transfusions (RBCTs) following pediatric cardiac catheterizations. Study design We performed a review of all pediatric cardiac catheterizations from 2012 to 2017. The primary endpoint was RBCT within 72 hours of pediatric cardiac catheterization. Patient and procedural factors were reviewed. Generalized linear modelling was performed to describe interactions among relevant risk factors. Results In total, 831 RBCTs occurred within 72 hours of 6028 pediatric cardiac catheterizations (13.8%). Univariate analysis revealed that the prevalence of RBCT was highest among infants (37.6% incidence of RBCT) and among those with higher estimated blood loss as a percent of blood volume (P = .03). Among infants, multivariate analysis revealed that weight (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.63-0.81), complex 2-ventricle (OR 3.14, 95% CI 2.18-4.57), and single ventricle status (OR 5.21, 95% CI 3.42-8.01) were associated with risk of RBCT. Inpatient infants from intensive care (OR 4.74; 95% CI 3.49-6.49) or stepdown units (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.58-3.46) were at higher risk. Length of procedure (OR 2.57; 95% CI 2.03-3.26) and oxygen saturation (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99; P Conclusions Hospitalized infants with single ventricle or complex 2-ventricle anatomy are at highest risk of RBCT. Length of procedure, blood loss, and oxygen saturations are additional risk factors associated with RBCT. Operators should consider these factors when planning pediatric cardiac catheterizations, particularly when exposure to RBCT is undesirable.
Two-Incision Four-Compartment Lower Extremity Fasciotomy

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for two-incision four-compartment lower extremity fasciotomy. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique. This introduction is followed by a template operative dictation. A description of the following critical concepts for this procedure: identifying landmarks for planning surgical incisions, lateral skin incision from upper leg to the ankle, identification of the intramuscular septum, H-type longitudinal incision in the fascia of the anterior and lateral compartments, medial skin incision from the upper leg to the ankle, incision of superficial fascia, longitudinal incision of the soleus muscle until the posterior fascia can be identified, and fascial release of the deep compartment.
Data for HIPEC for Pseudomyxoma Peritonei/Tumors of the Appendix

Appendiceal tumors are rare, and there are various subtypes with very different histologic characteristics and biologic behavior. Mucinous appendiceal tumors tend to spread within the peritoneal cavity and lead to the clinical syndrome of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Because PMP tends to stay confined to the peritoneal cavity, aggressive regional therapy with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been applied to this disease and is currently considered the standard-of-care. The aim of this chapter is to summarize existing data on CRS with HIPEC for appendiceal tumors with peritoneal dissemination, including both PMP from mucinous neoplasms and carcinomatosis from appendiceal adenocarcinoma.
Screening for chronic kidney disease in a hypertensive primary care cohort.

BACKGROUND Screening rates for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in primary care settings remain low. Although primary care providers are well positioned to offer this testing, there are many barriers that contribute to low screening rates. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine both practice and contextual factors that relate to screening for CKD in a cohort of primary care patients with hypertension. METHODS A mixed-methods, single-embedded, convergent parallel design was used for this organizational case study. The Chronic Care Model served as the framework. Electronic medical record data, resource walk-through, and provider surveys were collected from selected primary care clinics within one large academic medical center in the Pacific Northwest. Analyses included regression models, descriptive statistics, narrative content analysis, and pattern matching for organizational case creation. RESULTS Screening rates were low in the cohort, but patients with more risk factors for CKD were more likely to receive orders for screening. Organizational and community support was deemed necessary for primary care providers to effectively translate guidelines into practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The results of this study offer support for a wholistic approach to guideline translation into practice. Participants in the study were open to increased screening for CKD but needed support in multiple ways from the organization. Guidelines alone were not deemed the ideal vehicles for translation of research into practice.
Increases in Suicide Deaths Among Adolescents and Young Adults Following US Food and Drug Administration Antidepressant Boxed Warnings and Declines in Depression Care

Objective Studies show decreased depression diagnosis, psychotherapy, and medications and increased suicide attempts following US Food and Drug Administration antidepressant warnings regarding suic...