cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rare complication of monoclonal gammopathy

A64-year-old white woman was admitted to University of Rochester Medical Center in August 2000 with a 1-month history of intermittent fever, malaise, and upper and lower extremity joint pain. Medical workup revealed a hematocrit of 32%, proteinuria, and a serum creatinine of 4.4 mg/dL. Serum immunoelectrophoresis showed an IgA spike, and serum immunofixation confirmed the presence of an IgA monoclonal gammopathy with a total quantitated serum IgA level of 316 mg/dL (normal range, 90 to 325 mg/dL) and a level of 1,280 mg/dL (normal range, 200 to 440 mg/dL). Urine protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal spike composed of free light chains.
Electrical Transport Properties of Thin Bismuth Films.

The resistivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetoresistance coefficient of well ordered but twinned bismuth films were measured between 1. 15 and 300 K. It was found that the surface scattering in these films is not specular, contrary to the findings of some other workers. At 300 K the thickness dependence of the resistivity can be roughly fitted by the Fuchs-Sondheimer boundary-scattering theory with a surface reflection coefficient of 0.6, indicating partially diffuse scattering. It was also observed that the apparent scattering becomes more diffuse with decreasing temperature until at low temperatures the data can no longer be explained by the Fuchs-Sondheimer theory. This indicates that an additional size-dependent temperature-dependent scattering mechanism exists in thin-film transport. It was observed that at low temperatures the temperature dependence of the conductivity could be explained on the basis of a constant mean free path for the thicker samples. For thinner samples, the temperature dependence of the conductivity again indicates that there is an additional scattering mechanism that becomes stronger with decreasing temperature and decreasing sample thickness. Values of the mobility and mean free path, calculated from the data, were also observed to vary consistently with the sample thickness. The conclusions, drawn from the thickness dependence of the resistivity, concerning the diffuseness of the surface scattering of the charge carriers were confirmed by the dependence of the mean free path upon the sample thickness. Finally, quantum size-effect oscillations were observed in all of the transport properties of the thin bismuth films at low temperatures. The period (about 400 \AA{}) and phase of the oscillations are in reasonable agreement with the theory and in good agreement with other values reported in the literature.
Numerical Simulation of the Airflow over Lake Michigan for a Major Lake-Effect Snow Event

Abstract A mesoscale model is used to simulate the airflow over Lake Michigan for the major lake-effect snowstorm of 10 December 1977. This storm was characterized by a land breeze circulation and a narrow shore-parallel radar reflectivity band. The model successfully simulated the major atmospheric circulation features including a mesoscale low pressure center and a land breeze front. The model also captured the general character of the observed precipitation pattern which was typified by a narrow band of heavy precipitation along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Further simulations were made to examine the effects of latent heat release, lake surface temperature distribution and model grid resolution upon the simulation. Latent heat release was found to have an important effect in strengthening convection. However, the basic land-breeze circulation was found to develop for the simulated conditions even without latent beating. For a given mean lake-land temperature difference, details of the lake surf...
Reduced metabolic rate accompanies the hemorrhage-induced hypothermia in conscious rats

Abstract The mechanism for the hemorrhage-induced drop in body temperature is unknown. This study determined the alterations in cutaneous heat exchange and metabolic heat production caused by a moderate hemorrhage in conscious rats. Chronically instrumented rats were subjected to a 16 ml/kg hemorrhage, followed by a 4-h recovery period, while monitoring body core temperature and cutaneous temperature. Cutaneous heat transfer was disrupted by housing the animals at an elevated (28°C) ambient temperature. A separate group of experiments measured the change in oxygen consumption in the post-hemorrhage period. Moderate hemorrhage caused a drop in body core temperature which stabilized at 0.7±0.3°C below control in the second hour following hemorrhage. Disruption of cutaneous heat exchange by reducing the thermal gradient did not diminish the hemorrhage-induced hypothermia. Hemorrhage caused a significant decline of oxygen consumption (−0.21±0.05 ml O 2 /g per h). This 16% drop in resting oxygen consumption was prevented by immediately retransfusing the aspirated blood back into the rat. These data indicate that a decrease in metabolic heat production mediates the drop in body core temperature caused by moderate hemorrhage in conscious rats.
Possible False-Positive Diagnosis of Pericardial Effusion by Echocardiography in Presence of Large Left Atrium

Initial echocardiographic examination in a young woman with cardiomegaly suggested the presence of pericardial effusion. Echocardiographic scanning revealed continuity of the space defined posterior to the posterior left ventricular wall with an enlarged left atrium. Subsequent cineangiographic studies confirmed left atrial enlargement and the absence of pericardial effusion. Scanning, which can be accomplished in most, but not in all patients, is an important component technique of the echocardiographic examination for pericardial fluid. Left atrial enlargement represents a potentially common cause of false-positive echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion, of which the examiner must be aware.
Accelerated Integral Equation Solution Methods on Clusters and Multicore Processors Session Name: Algorithm and Techniques for Parallel Processing for EMI/EMC

Boundary element based methods are now prevalent as analysis methods for large-scale microelectronic circuits. With the advent of fast multilevel techniques, these are comparable to and often surpass PDE-based solutions. The next challenge is to ensure these algorithms are scaleable on multi-core machines and parallel clusters. This paper discusses the parallelization of multilevel low-rank based algorithms for fast boundary element solvers applied to microelectronics.
Trypanosoma rhodesiense: Antigenicity and immunogenicity of flagellar pocket membrane components

A low density membrane fraction, isolated from the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma rhodesiense and enriched in flagellar pocket membrane, was characterized with regard to antigenicity using antibodies raised against purified flagellar pocket membrane. Mild trypsinolysis of flagellar pocket membrane released two small peptides (Mr = 13-16 X 10(3)) separated by chromatofocusing (pI = 6.8 and 5.8) that were antigenic as monitored by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Both of these antigenic peptides were enriched in relative fluorescence when flagellar pocket membrane was prepared from surface labeled (fluorescamine-beta-cyclodextrin) trypanosomes, indicating that cleaved peptides were on the external (luminal) side of the flagellar pocket membrane. More extensive release of fluorescamine labeled flagellar pocket membrane components was affected using mild detergent treatment (0.15% Zwittergent 3-12/0.4% Triton X-100), crossed immunoelectrophoresis separating two prominent antigens was more pronounced after incubation of flagellar pocket membrane with either porcine pancreas phospholipase A2 or umbilical cord sphingomyelinase. The use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent electroblotting to nitrocellulose also revealed two principal flagellar pocket membrane antigens (Mr approximately 60 and 66 X 10(3)), the latter showing greater release after exposure to sphingomyelinase or phospholipase, compared to mild detergent or 50 mM acetate, pH 5.0. Both antigens were glycoprotein as judged by electroblotting and the use of concanavalin A conjugated horseradish peroxidase as probe. Neither flagellar pocket membrane antigen was found to react with monoclonal antibodies prepared against T. rhodesiense variable surface antigen. The use of flagellar pocket membrane in the presence of Freund's complete adjuvant was found to protect mice against challenge infections with either the CP344 clone or uncloned CT Well-come isolate of T. rhodesiense.
Thoughts about clintonomics

The major economic accomplishment of the new administration's first nine months has been its significant role in lowering long-term interest rates. It made a mistake, however, in overestimating the strength of the economy during the first half of 1993 and failed to press hard for a stimulus package. In international economic policy there have been traces of mercantilist thinking, but support for GATT and NAFTA could outweigh these faults. Health care proposals look very promising but need tighter reasoning and better quantitative analysis for assessment of the costs and financing of the program. The health program reveals a tendency towards excessive complication of economic policies.
Helical aromatic oligoamides: reliable, readily predictable folding from the combination of rigidified structural motifs.

Factors responsible for the folding of aromatic oligoamides with backbones rigidified by local three-center H-bonds were investigated. The stability of the three-center H-bonds was quantified by the half-lives of amide proton−deuterium exchange reactions, which show that the three-center H-bonds were largely intact at room temperature in the oligomer examined. This result is consistent with our current and previous 2D NMR studies. The overall helical conformation of nonamer 1 was found by variable-temperature NOESY studies to be dynamic. As temperature rose, the end-to-end NOEs rapidly disappeared, while the amide side chain NOEs were still readily detectable, corresponding to the “breath” and stretching of the helix by slightly twisting the local H-bonded rings. Based on the simple repetition of the same structural motif and local conformational preference, undecamer 2 was found to fold into well-defined helical conformation. The predictability of the folding of these backbone-rigidified aromatic oligoam...
Adaptive noise estimation and reduction based on two-stage wiener filtering in MCLT domain

We propose an adaptive noise estimation and reduction algorithm which is capable of reducing additive noise from the noisy speech signals with low SNR values. The algorithm uses Modulated Complex Lapped Transform (MCLT) to estimate the power spectrum of input signal. The noise is estimated continuously from the spectrum using time-frequency dependent smoothing factor and tracking spectral minima. The gain function is then estimated using the smoothed a priori SNR value for the current frame instead of the previous frame using two-stage wiener filters. This method is simple to implement and greatly suppresses the residual musical noise as well as delay, providing consistent speech quality improvement across all SNRs and on average, nearly 0.13 Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) improvements.
Effects of Brocresine on Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Report of 2 Cases

Brocresine, an inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase activity, was given to 2 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In Patient 1, during a short period of study, there appeared to be a reduction in gastric acid secretion, manifested primarily by a decrease in the volume of secretion. In Patient 2, during a longer period of brocresine treatment, there was significant reduction in both concentration and output of acid but no significant change in the acid secretory response to administered histamine. These findings, though inconclusive, are consistent with the hypothesis that histamine may serve as the chemical mediator of the effect of gastrin on gastric acid secretion in man. In each patient there was marked relief of diarrhea which antedated any detectable effect of brocresine on gastric acid secretion. This finding was not anticipated and its mechanism is unexplained. It suggests that in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, diarrhea may occur as a result of factors other than gastric acid hypersecretion.
Neuropsychology of autism in young children and its implications for early intervention

Given a variety of encouraging outcome reports regarding the progress of young children with autism in certain early intervention programs, there is a new emphasis nationally on providing more systematic and focused interventions for these children. There is also considerable national debate regarding the appropriate nature and forms of successful interventions. While published intervention strategies differ with respect to world view, beliefs about intervention, and goals for outcome, successful programs produce better outcomes for children because there are deep similarities between them that address core neuropsychological difficulties of young children with autism. These core difficulties affect development of intersubjectivity, imitation/praxis, possible deficits in executive functioning, emotional functioning, and sensory/arousal functioning. The neuropsychological perspective provides a tool for examining any intervention approach to autism to discriminate: what need(s) the approach addresses, what educational strategies it uses to address the need, and the degree to which it fits with the needs of a given child. Successful intervention approaches: 1) address the individual child's and family's needs, strengths, and preferences, 2) can be delivered by the persons responsible for the child's intervention, and 3) result in satisfying gains for the child and family. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:104–112. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Sucrose, Guar Gum, and Carboxymethylcellulose on the Release of Volatile Flavor Compounds under Dynamic Conditions

The effect of viscosity and thickener type (sucrose, guar gum, and carboxymethylcellulose) on dynamic flavor release was tested with model flavor solutions at two equiviscous levels. Dynamic flavor release was measured under simulated mouth conditions in an apparatus at 37 °C, with a shear rate of 100 s-1. The volatilized flavors were swept in a flow of helium gas into a mass spectrometer for selected ion monitoring chemical ionization. A plot of time versus ion abundance was recorded for each data set. The highly volatile compounds showed a large decrease in maximum ion abundance (Imax) as viscosity increased. Carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum, and sucrose solutions with a viscosity of 160 mPa s showed 36, 44, and 86% decreases compared to water, respectively, for the release of α-pinene. Similarly, 1,8-cineole decreased 32, 40, and 70% and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate decreased 58, 63, and 94%, respectively. The less volatile compounds methyl anthranilate, vanillin, and maltol showed less of an effect. Thicken...
SYNTHESIS OF PLASMALOGEN VIA 2,3-BIS-O-(4'-METHOXYBENZYL)-SN-GLYCEROL

The synthesis of the O-vinyl ether phospholipid plasmalogen 1 from 2,3-bis-O-[p-methoxybenzyl (PMB)]-sn-glycerol (13) is described. Treatment of 13 with potassium hydride, trichloroethylene, and n-butyllithium gave a 1-O-alkynyl glycerol derivative, which was alkylated with 1-iodohexadecane to afford the long-chain O-alkynyl ether 14. The latter was quantitatively converted to cis-enol ether 15 (Z/E ratio between 35:1 and 100:1) with Lindlar catalyst in hexane/EtOAc 1:1 containing quinoline. The PMB groups of 15 were removed by Birch reduction (Na, NH3), giving 1-O-[1‘-(Z)-octadecenyl]-sn-glycerol (2) in 95% yield. Regioselective silylation of 2 followed by palmitoylation provided 1-O-[1‘-(Z)-octadecenyl]-2-O-palmitoyl-3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-sn-glycerol (17). Desilylation with Bu4NF/imidazole at −23 °C followed by phosphocholine insertion (using 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with 2 equiv of pyridine in benzene at 4 °C and then trimethylamine in benzene/MeCN 1:3 at 70 °C) completes the synthes...
Religiosity and attitudes about abortion.

In a sample of 55 undergraduates, religiosity scores were associated with more restrictive attitudes toward abortion.
Experimental partitioning of Be, Cs, and other trace elements between cordierite and felsic melt, and the chemical signature of S-type granite

The trace-element signature that cordierite (Crd) imparts to silicic magmas was evaluated by experiment using metapelite mineral mixtures to produce cordierite-bearing peraluminous granitic melts at 200 MPa (PH2O), from 700 to 850 °C. Most elemental partition coefficients vary with T. Beryllium is strongly compatible, with DBe Crd/melt values decreasing linearly from 202.0 to 6.7 as T rises from 700 to 850 °C. Manganese is compatible (DMn Crd/melt=7.67 to 1.92 over the same range of T), and shows similar values to those reported for biotite in silicic melts. Incompatible components include Li, Rb, B, F and P, although Cs is nearly compatible in cordierite, especially at higher T (DCs Crd/melt=~0.19 to 0.60) where the large alkalis are better accommodated structurally. Cordierite appears to be the most effective crystalline reservoir of Be and Cs in metapelites and their anatectic melts. Natural data support the hypothesis that Crd, when present in granitic melts, sequesters Be, Cs and, in the absence of garnet, Mn. S-type granitic rocks containing Crd show consistently low Be contents (mean=0.8 ppm Be with an average range of <1 to 1.20) whereas Crd-free granites (e.g., containing accessory garnet) exhibit distinctly higher Be contents (mean=6 ppm Be with an average range of 3 to 12). These values increase further in evolved facies (mean=69 ppm Be with a an average range of 11 to 145) which commonly give rise to beryl-bearing pegmatites. Whole-rock signatures of Be discriminate source environments of silicic magmas at a resolution equal to the boundaries of the cordierite stability field – e.g., at the P–T–X conditions where cordierite gives rise to garnet+aluminum silicate. Cordierite-bearing granitic rocks contain low Cs contents (mean=1.8 ppm Cs) compared to the Crd-free equivalents (mean=18 ppm Cs). Mn contents also correlate with the presence (mean=0.01 wt% MnO) or absence of Crd (mean=0.09 wt% MnO). Depending on its contribution to anatexis, cordierite may either give or take S-type chemical character from granitic liquids, resulting in a distinctive Crd-associated group of S-type elements. This signature is different from that of micas (high Li, F and, to a lesser degree, Be and Mn). Whole-rock compositions of granites, coupled with notable absences of beryl in their associated pegmatites, indicate that a sizable population of S-type granites originated from Crd-bearing sources. The normative Crd component of silicic peraluminous melts is ≤4 wt% to 850 °C. Higher modal contents of cordierite reflect either restite entrainment or peritectic reactions which produce Crd after magma ascent to shallow depths. The distinctive trace-element signature of cordierite now provides improved resolution of the source mineralogy for S-type magmas.
The role of cell cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p27 in thyroid carcinogenesis

The cell cycle is controlled in part by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are activated by forming complexes with cyclins. CDKs phosphorylate certain substrates to facilitate the proliferating cells through the cell cycle. CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) such as p27 inhibit cyclin-CDK complexes and function as a negative cell cycle regulator. The overexpression of the positive regulators (cyclins) or the underexpression of the negative regulators including p27 has been seen in a variety of neoplasms, but their role and interaction in thyroid carcinogenesis is yet to be established. We studied the expression of cyclins D1 and E, and the CDKI, p27 by immunohistochemistry in 116 cases, including 59 cases of follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC) and 57 cases of follicular adenoma (FA). The positive staining was divided into four grades: 1+ if less than 10%, 2+ if 11% to 25%, 3+ if 26% to 50%, and 4+ if greater than 50% of the nuclei of tumor cells stained positively. Cyclin D1 expression was seen in 37 (63%) FVPC and 34 (60%) FA. Cyclin E-positive cells were seen in 51 (86%) FVPC and 47 (82%) FA. No significant differences in the grade of cyclins D1 (P = .261) and E (P = .284) staining was seen between FVPC and FA. Of the 59 FVPC, 53 (89%) showed p27-positive cells; of these, 33 were 1+, nine were 2+, seven were 3+ and only four were 4+ positive. Conversely, all 57 FA were p27 positive, 53 were 4+, and four were 3+ positive. This difference in the grade of p27 staining between FVPC and FA was statistically significant (P < .001). This study shows a significant underexpression of p27 in FVPC compared with FA, suggesting that a decrease in p27 expression plays a more important role than overexpression of cyclins D1 and E alone in thyroid carcinogenesis and that p27 immunostaining may be helpful in the diagnosis of FVPC.
The Effect of Freshmen Cohort Groups on Academic Performance and Retention

The goals of increasing student retention and the development of effective learning structures have led the faculty of the College of Business and Economics to experiment with freshman learning communities. In the fall of 1998, a total of 92 business and accounting freshmen were placed in cohorts of approximately 10 students. The students in each cohort took the same English, math, and economics courses. Comparisons among the business cohorts and with a psychology cohort, a non-major cohort, and a control group suggest that this structure does not increase academic performance or retention.
QUENCHING OF PEROXIDIZED LUMINOL CHEMILUMINESCENCE BY REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES

— Reduced pyridine nucleotides were observed to cause a delay as well as a diminution of light emission from peroxidized luminol at pH 6.5. Other reductants were found to have similar effects. Neither superoxide nor hydroxyl radical scavengers quenched chemiluminescence of luminol in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and H2O2. A scheme in which reductants such as NADH and NADPH prevent peroxidase from oxidizing luminol to aminophthalate is proposed. Moreover, it is concluded that neither O2−nor OH’ play a role in the peroxidation of luminol by horseradish peroxidase.
Apparent ionization constants, spectral properties and metal chelation of the cotransaminases and related compounds

Abstract 1. 1. The apparent ionization constants of pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, and pyridoxamine 5-phosphate have been determined. 2. 2. The compounds exist as zwitterions in neutral solution. 3. 3. The acid strength of the phenolic hydroxyl group follows the order pyridoxamine > pyridoxamine phosphate > pyridoxal phosphate > pyridoxal > pyridoxine. 4. 4. The base strength of the heterocyclic nitrogen atom follows the inverse sequence pyridoxine > pyridoxal > pyridoxal phosphate > pyridoxamine phosphate > pyridoxamine. 5. 5. The effect of ionization of the phenolic hydroxyl group and ring nitrogen atom on the ultraviolet absorption spectra have been recorded systematically. 6. 6. Titration of pyridoxal in the presence of excess ethanolamine, ethylalanate, or ethylenediamine gave a new partial equivalent of acid consumed in the pH range 5.0–6.5. This new partial equivalent probably represents the titration of a Schiff base derivative of the amines with pyridoxal. 7. 7. Titration of pyridoxamine in the presence of various metals showed that only copper, of the series tested, efficiently chelated with the vitamin in neutral solution. 8. 8. The emerald-green copper chelate of pyridoxamine contains two moles of pyridoxamine per mole of copper. Both the phenolic and amino groups of pyridoxamine enter into chelate formation with the metal.
Numerical modeling of two-phase flow in the NaCl-H2O system: Introduction of a numerical method and benchmarking

[1] In order to facilitate modeling of fluid flow processes in seafloor hydrothermal systems, we introduce a numerical scheme called FISHES that is capable of simulating two-phase fluid flow in the NaCl-H2O system. We discuss the equations governing fluid flow, the thermodynamic relations between various quantities employed, and the coupling of these elements together in a time marching scheme. The thermodynamic relations are expressed in terms of equations of state compiled from lookup tables. These are based on previously published formulations for the density and enthalpy of NaCl-H2O fluid in regions of phase space that are relevant to the study of seafloor hydrothermal systems. We show that the thermodynamic quantities vary both smoothly and physically in P-T-X space. In particular, vapor salinity values near the vapor-liquid-halite coexistence surface are in agreement with recently measured values. We compare code output from an approximately one-dimensional scenario to the analytic solution of the classical one-dimensional thermal advection-diffusion equation and find that the numerical output and analytic solution are in agreement. The numerical code is also benchmarked against previously published results for the Elder problem and for the problem of fluid extraction from a one-dimensional, two-phase horizontal pipe. We find that the results using FISHES are in agreement with previously published results. Finally, we show that results from a one-dimensional vertical salt pipe simulation agree with an analytic solution.
Seasonal variations in N and O isotopes of nitrate in snow at Summit, Greenland: Implications for the study of nitrate in snow and ice cores

[1] Nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of NO3− have been measured in snow and firn from Summit, Greenland. The 15N/14N and 18O/16O ratios of NO3− in recently fallen snow are similar to those of surface snow. Diurnal variation is observed in 15N/14N of NO3−, and possibly 18O/16O, suggesting fractionating loss of NO3− from snow during the day, which is subsequently recovered at night. A larger seasonal variation is observed, with higher 15N/14N and lower 18O/16O of NO3− in summer than winter, which cannot be explained by postdepositional fractionation. The generally high 18O/16O of NO3− in Greenland snow (δ18O versus VSMOW = 65.2 to 79.6‰) indicates that oxygen atoms from ozone have been incorporated into NOx that was subsequently deposited as HNO3. The lower mean δ18O of NO3− in summer snow relative to winter (68.9‰ in summer 2000 and 70.5‰ in summer 2001 versus 77.5‰ in winter 2000–01) is a result of summertime HNO3 production via NO2 reaction with hydroxyl radical (OH), which dilutes the high δ18O imparted on NO2 from ozone. The higher mean 15N/14N of NO3− observed in snow from spring (δ15N versus air N2 = +5.9‰ in 2000 and −1.4‰ in 2001) and summer (+0.1‰ in 2000 and −0.8‰ in 2001) than fall (−9.2‰ in 2000) and winter (−10.0‰ in 2000–01) is more difficult to explain with seasonal photochemistry, given current knowledge. The seasonal 15N/14N change may reflect NOx sources, with a greater fall and wintertime contribution from fossil fuel emissions relative to other inputs of NOx (i.e., biogenic soil emissions, biomass burning, and lightning).
Gamma-ray emission from millisecond pulsars in globular clusters

RECENT observations indicate that a typical globular cluster may contain hundreds of millisecond pulsars1,2. Because millisecond pulsars have some similarities to the Vela pulsar, which is known to be a source of γ-rays, they could also be gamma emitters of modest power. Here I estimate the γ-ray luminosity of globular clusters, assuming that they indeed harbour large numbers of millisecond pulsars. An upper limit obtained by the Cos-B satellite on the γ-ray emission from 47 Tucanae, which contains at least 10 millisecond pulsars1, is too large to constrain the model presented here, but the estimated luminosities are high enough to be detectable by the recently launched Gamma Ray Observatory. In the near future, γ-ray observations will thus be able to test this model, and the theory of γ-ray emission by millisecond pulsars.
Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in a college sample.

Objective and Participants: The authors examined (1) the relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in a college sample and (2) the role of smoking self-efficacy (one's perceived ability to abstain from smoking) in explaining the relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Methods: Predominantly first-year college students at a large public university completed a self-report inventory indexing depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking, and smoking self-efficacy. Results: Findings indicated that students high in depressive symptoms smoked significantly more cigarettes per day than did those with low depressive symptoms. Further, among current smokers, smoking self-efficacy explained the relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Conclusions: These findings add to accumulating evidence that depressive symptoms are a risk factor for increased cigarette smoking in college students. The authors discuss implications for university-based smoking cessation...
Linking the genes: inferring quantitative gene networks from microarray data

Modern microarray technology is capable of providing data about the expression of thousands of genes, and even of whole genomes. An important question is how this technology can be used most effectively to unravel the workings of cellular machinery. Here, we propose a method to infer genetic networks on the basis of data from appropriately designed microarray experiments. In addition to identifying the genes that affect a specific other gene directly, this method also estimates the strength of such effects. We will discuss both the experimental setup and the theoretical background.
The status of women and minorities in academic computer science

The results of a survey concerning women and minority students and faculty in computer science during the years 1971 to 1975 are presented. Analysis of the data indicated that effective affirmative action programs for recruitment into graduate degree programs are needed to enlarge the number of women and minorities qualified for later employment in computer science. Also, possible discrimination in employment of women and minority graduate students was revealed.
Carbon and nitrogen trends in soil chronosequences of the Transantarctic Mountains

Abstract Determination of carbon and nitrogen levels in soils of ice-free areas of the Transantarctic Mountains, along with their origin, may determine whether these soils serve as a source or sink of carbon with an increasingly warmer climate. Organic and inorganic forms of carbon and nitrogen were measured in five soil chronosequences in the Transantarctic Mountains using flash combustion and spectrometry. Accumulation of coal carbon was significant in the Beardmore Glacier area and was quantified using chemi-thermal oxidation followed by flash combustion. Carbon levels decreased with drift age for two of the sequences. Decreases in carbon in the Hatherton Glacier sequence were due primarily to high levels of carbon in young ice-cored drifts. Carbon content increased with drift age for the Beardmore Glacier sequence due to the presence of coal in older drifts. Nitrogen content increased with age for a majority of the soil chronosequences. Inorganic carbon and all forms of nitrogen were significantly and positively correlated with mean annual precipitation. Our results suggest that carbon levels in similar settings do not significantly change over time; changes in temperature or moisture associated with microclimate likely play a much larger role in carbon and nitrogen levels.
Environmental determinants of smoking behaviors: The role of policy and environmental interventions in preventing smoking initiation and supporting cessation.

Tobacco control strategies have contributed to substantial declines in smoking in the United States. However, smoking still remains the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature deaths in the country. Despite the continuing challenges of implementing tobacco control strategies and the pervasive influence of the tobacco industry to undermine such strategies, there are now unprecedented opportunities to prevent smoking initiation, facilitate cessation, and protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke. In this paper, we briefly review the most recent literature discussing key strategies that have proven effective in tobacco control including regulations on marketing and sales of tobacco products, taxation, and smoke-free legislation. We focused on these 3 tobacco control strategies because of their potential to positively influence the environment of both minors and adults regardless of their smoking status. Although research has identified significant individual and social predictors of tobacco use, environmental influences are also important risk factors for tobacco use.
EFFECT OF SHOCK POLARITY ON BIPHASIC DEFIBRILLATION THRESHOLDS USING AN ACTIVE PECTORAL LEAD SYSTEM

Polarity and Biphasic Defibrillation Thresholds. Introduction: The downsizing of implantable defibrillator pulse generators has made pectoral placement routine. A further reduction of defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) may simplify implantation defibrillation testing and allow for smaller, lower output pulse generators while maintaining an adequate defibrillation safety margin. One factor that may affect defibrillation efficacy is shock polarity. Methods and Results: Sixty consecutive patients undergoing dual-coil, active left pectoral defibrillator implantation were evaluated. Paired, biphasic DFTs were measured in normal (RV apex = cathode) and reverse (RV apex = anode) polarity with order of testing randomized. Reverse polarity conferred a 15% reduction of mean DFTs (8.5 ± 5.0 J normal. 7.2 ± 4.6 J reverse polarity. P = 0.02). The effect of polarity appeared most pronounced among the patients with a high DFT (> 15 J) resulting in a 31% reduction with reverse polarity (16.7 ± 2.5 J normal, 11.5 ± 5.9 J reverse, P = 0.03). Conclusion: Reversing shock polarity results in significantly lower biphasic DFTs with an active pectoral lead system, particularly in the subgroup of patients with a high normal polarity threshold. Reversing polarity in these patients may simplify acute defibrillation testing and allow for lower output devices.
Anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in THP-1 cells

The effects of linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were compared to that of palmitic acid (PA), on inflammatory responses in human monocytic THP-1 cells. When cells were pre-incubated with fatty acids for 2-h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide for 24-h in the presence of fatty acids, secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) was significantly decreased after treatment with LA, ALA, and DHA versus PA (P < 0.01 for all); ALA and DHA elicited more favorable effects. These effects were comparable to those for 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and were dose-dependent. In addition, LA, ALA, and DHA decreased IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha gene expression (P < 0.05 for all) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB DNA-binding activity, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) DNA-binding activity was increased. The results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids may be, in part, due to the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation via activation of PPARgamma.
Contribution of spinal glutamatergic mechanisms in heterosegmental antinociception induced by noxious stimulation

We evaluated the role of spinal glutamate and substance P receptors in noxious stimulus-induced antinociception (NSIA). NSIA was produced by subdermal capsaicin administration in the hind paw of the rat and measured as attenuation of the jaw-opening reflex. NSIA was completely blocked by spinal intrathecal administration of the selective NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 as well as the mGluR5 antagonists MPEP and SIB-1757 and partially attenuated by the selective AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist NBQX; however, neither the mGluR1 receptor antagonist LY367385 nor the NK1 antagonist L-703,606 affected NSIA. These results suggest that NSIA depends on glutamate, released from the central terminals of the primary afferent nociceptors, acting primarily on NMDA and mGluR5 receptors. Although substance P is also known to be released by similar stimuli, NK1 receptors do not appear to play a role in NSIA. The implications of these findings in the context of a proposed spinal circuit that mediates NSIA are discussed.
Investigating amino acid utilization by soil microorganisms using compound specific stable isotope analysis

Abstract Amino acids comprise a large proportion of soil organic nitrogen (N). Microorganisms can take up amino acids as intact molecules or as ammonium and α-keto acids after enzymatic deamination. The objective of this study was to trace double labeled ( 13 C, 15 N) glycine and l -leucine from soil solution into microbial biomass using compound specific stable isotope analysis. The two amino acids were utilized rapidly by soil microorganisms, with the half-life of glycine and leucine in soil solution being 2.9 and 5.0 h, respectively. The highest concentration of added glycine and leucine in the microbial biomass was measured after 4 h and corresponded to 10 and 13% of the glycine and leucine added, respectively, showing that a part of the added amino acids was taken up as intact molecules. Based on the results from an accompanying isotope pool dilution experiment, at least 15% of the glycine and 50% of the leucine was taken up as intact molecules. Our results suggest that glycine mainly served as carbon (C) source, while leucine provided C as well as N for the soil microbial community. Labeled keto acids were detected in soil solution and in the microbial biomass; however, their concentration corresponded only to a small fraction of the C added with the amino acids. The fact that 30 and 65% of glycine and leucine N was mineralized within 12 h, while never more than 5% of the amino acid C was recovered in the form of keto acids highlights how quickly keto acids were utilized by soil microorganisms. The combination of compound specific stable isotope analysis and chloroform fumigation extraction proved to be a valuable tool to trace amino acids and keto acids in soil solution and the microbial biomass.
Latency in vitro of varicella-zoster virus in cells derived from human fetal dorsal root ganglia.

ABSTRACT: A potential in vitro model of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) latency was developed. Dissociated human dorsal root ganglion cultures were infected with VZV and maintained for 1 wk in the presence of bromovinyl arabinosyl uracil, a potent inhibitor of VZV. Seven to 21 d after removing the inhibitor (≥14 d after infection), the cells were trypsinized, passed to monolayers of human embryonic lung fibroblasts, and observed for VZV reactivation as indicated by typical cytopathic effects and the appearance of VZV antigens. VZV reactivated from 56% of the cultures containing both neurons and satellite cells but not from cultures specifically enriched for either neurons, satellite cells, or ganglion-derived fibroblasts. The failure to isolate VZV from cell suspensions that were sonicated before cocultivation with fibroblasts indicated that infectious VZV was not present before reactivation. Moreover, immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation studies revealed no VZV-specific antigens in any cultures before the reactivation stimulus. VZV antigens were detected after trypsinization and cocultivation. These findings suggest that cultures containing both neurons and satellite cells provide a model system for VZV persistence that possesses many properties of a latent infection.
Spatial variation of PM2.5 chemical species and source-apportioned mass concentrations in New York City

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a chemically non-specific pollutant, and may originate or be derived from different emission source types. Thus, its toxicity may well vary depending on its chemical composition. If the PM toxicity could be determined based on source types, the regulation of PM may be implemented more effectively. A large number of monitors began collecting PM less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) mass samples for subsequent chemical speciation starting 2000–2001 in the US. The data from this chemical speciation network can be useful for source-oriented evaluations of PM health effects. However, there are several issues that need to be considered in the analysis and interpretation of these data. One major issue is a monitor's representation of regional, sub-regional, and local air pollution exposures to the population in a city or metropolitan area. Because health outcomes in time-series air pollution epidemiological studies are aggregated over a wide geographical area, regional PM pollution may have smaller errors in exposure estimates than more spatially varying local pollution. However, the relative strength of association between source-apportioned PM and health outcomes may not be interpretable as the relative causal role of the source types. To our knowledge, there has not yet been a systematic and quantitative evaluation of this issue. In this study, we attempt to evaluate this issue by analyzing newly available PM2.5 speciation data from three monitors (a few miles apart) in New York City during 2001–2002. The strongest temporal correlations across the three monitors were found for the individual PM components that are related to secondary aerosols (e.g., S, NH4). We also conducted source-apportionment of the data using absolute principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization. We identified four major source/pollution types: (1) secondary (largely regional) aerosols; (2) soil; (3) traffic-related; and (4) residual oil burning/incineration, in each of the three monitors. The estimated source-apportioned PM2.5 mass showed generally the highest monitor-to-monitor correlation for the secondary aerosol factor (r range: 0.72–0.93). The correlation for the more localized traffic-related factor was more variable (r range: 0.26–0.95). The estimated mean PM2.5 mass contributions by source/pollution type across the monitors varied least for the secondary aerosol factor. The extent of variability in the source-apportioned PM2.5 mass by the monitor was comparable to that from the difference due to the two source-apportionment techniques used. The implication of the results of our study is that a source-oriented evaluation of PM health effects needs to take into consideration the uncertainty associated with spatial representative of the species measured at a single monitor.
Modeling of Turbulence Effects on Liquid Jet Atomization and Breakup

Recent experimental investigations and physical modeling studies have indicated that turbulence behaviors within a liquid jet have considerable effects on the atomization process. This study aims to model the turbulence effect in the atomization process of a cylindrical liquid jet. Two widely used models, the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability of Reitz (blob model) and the Taylor-Analogy-Breakup (TAB) secondary droplet breakup by O Rourke et al, are further extended to include turbulence effects. In the primary breakup model, the level of the turbulence effect on the liquid breakup depends on the characteristic scales and the initial flow conditions. For the secondary breakup, an additional turbulence force acted on parent drops is modeled and integrated into the TAB governing equation. The drop size formed from this breakup regime is estimated based on the energy balance before and after the breakup occurrence. This paper describes theoretical development of the current models, called "T-blob" and "T-TAB", for primary and secondary breakup respectivety. Several assessment studies are also presented in this paper.
Stress intensity factor in orthotropic medium in the presence of symmetrical body forces

The stress and the displacement fields in the vicinity of a stress-free Griffith crack, are obtained in closed form by using Fourier transform when a crack is opened by a symmetrical system of body forces. The physical quantities: stress intensity factor, crack shape and plastic-zone length are determined and shown graphically for oak wood. It is observed that plastic-zone length is a function of material properties in contradiction to Dugdale's [10] plane stress for isotropic materials.
The Spatiality of The Limits to Capital

In The Limits to Capital, David Harvey (1982) sets himself three goals. First, he offers a dialectical reading of Das Kapital, together with Die Grundrisse (Marx 1972; 1983), replicating the spirit of Marx’s own analysis in opposition to the more analytical and methodologically individualist readings of rational choice Marxism prevailing at the time (Barnes and Sheppard 1992). Second, he extends Marx’s analysis to pay explicit attention to space, in order to demonstrate that the geographical nature of capitalism fundamentally shapes its evolution. Third, he seeks to explain why capitalism cannot transcend its own limits, despite its flexibility and inventiveness (hence the book’s title). With respect to the first goal, he succeeds brilliantly. Of the many accounts of Capital that I have read, Harvey comes closest to replicating the spirit and scope of Marx. It is a sad commentary on radical political economy, and on the status of economic geography among economists of all ideological persuasions, that the book never received the attention it deserves outside geography. 1 His geographical extension of Marx has been enormously influential, however, among geographers and others interested in the geographical dynamics of capitalism. A whole lexicon of concepts, now widely used and discussed, is articulated for the first time in Limits. These include uneven geographical development; the spatial fix; the built environment as a barrier to capital accumulation; the three circuits of investment capital; territorial regulation; space–time compression; local entrepreneurialism and inter-place competition; the production of place, space and scale; finance, fixed and fictitious capital; rent and urban redevelopment; and the instability of the capitalist spaceeconomy. When I sat down to re-read Limits for this symposium, I was surprised to find him developing concepts that received little attention until even a decade later. This prescience is further tribute to how much the efflorescence of radical geography owes homage to Harvey, also among those who have become vocal critics. In this brief essay, I seek to summarize how Harvey spatializes Capital; to assess this achievement in light of subsequent research