cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer adoption of smart in-store technology: assessing the predictive value of attitude versus beliefs in the technology acceptance model

ABSTRACTAn explosion of smart technologies provides fashion retailers with innovative ways to transform the shopping experience and capitalise on strategic opportunities. Due to the fast growth of smart in-store technology (SIST) applications in retailing (e.g. tablets, smartphones, WiFi, augmented reality, apps, video, virtual catalogues, and smart tags), it is critical for academic researchers as well as retailers to understand consumer responses to these technologies. Thus, we examined the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) for explaining consumer adoption of SIST. Online survey data (N = 657) were collected from US consumer panels managed by a marketing research firm in three different SIST settings (i.e. virtual mirror, socially interactive dressing room, and Radio Frequency IDentification music tag). The data indicated that the effects of the TAM beliefs on behavioural intention varied across the three SIST settings. Results also showed mixed evidence about the full mediating rol...
The Myers-Goodboy/Dok Approach to Positive Disposition through Feedback Training in Preservice Teacher Education

The practice of formative assessment through teacher question and student response has received increased research attention in recent years (Chin, 2006; Evans, 2013; Havnes et al., 2012; Heritage & Heritage, 2013; Lueng, 2004; Ruiz-Primo, 2011; Wiliam, 2001) Specifically, Ruiz-Primo (2011) argued that all interaction between teachers and students can be understood as informal assessment situations, and quantified over the course of time to develop a picture of student learning (p. 16).
Exploring the Linkage Between Rankings and Strategic Planning

In today’s era of globalization, colleges and universities are increasing their efforts in the global recruitment of students and talent, as well as expanding international collaboration at the institutional and programme levels. Institutions are, in turn, broadening their focus from domestic, national rankings to include various international rankings, as the importance of international rankings in promoting and marketing themselves in a global context becomes apparent.
Accuracy analysis of point cloud modeling for evaluating concrete specimens

Photogrammetric methods such as structure from motion (SFM) have the capability to acquire accurate information about geometric features, surface cracks, and mechanical properties of specimens and structures in civil engineering. Conventional approaches to verify the accuracy in photogrammetric models usually require the use of other optical techniques such as LiDAR. In this paper, geometric accuracy of photogrammetric modeling is investigated by studying the effects of number of photos, radius of curvature, and point cloud density (PCD) on estimated lengths, areas, volumes, and different stress states of concrete cylinders and panels. Four plain concrete cylinders and two plain mortar panels were used for the study. A commercially available mobile phone camera was used in collecting all photographs. Agisoft PhotoScan software was applied in photogrammetric modeling of all concrete specimens. From our results, it was found that the increase of number of photos does not necessarily improve the geometric accuracy of point cloud models (PCM). It was also found that the effect of radius of curvature is not significant when compared with the ones of number of photos and PCD. A PCD threshold of 15.7194 pts/cm3 is proposed to construct reliable and accurate PCM for condition assessment. At this PCD threshold, all errors for estimating lengths, areas, and volumes were less than 5%. Finally, from the study of mechanical property of a plain concrete cylinder, we have found that the increase of stress level inside the concrete cylinder can be captured by the increase of radial strain in its PCM.
Photoelectron Velocity Map Imaging Spectroscopy of the Beryllium Sulfide Anion, BeS.

Slow electron velocity map imaging (SEVI) spectroscopy was used to examine the BeS– anion to neutral ground-state transition, X 2Σ+ → X 1Σ+. Rotational constants, vibrational intervals, and the electron binding energy of BeS– were determined. Partially resolved rotational contours were seen due to the relatively small moment of inertia of beryllium sulfide. Upon analysis of the rotational contours, it was found that changes in the molecular rotational angular momentum, ΔN = −1, −2, −3, and −4, facilitated photodetachment at near-threshold photon energies. The electron affinity of BeS was found to be 2.3346(2) eV. SEVI spectra recorded using photon energies near the threshold for Δv = −1 processes exhibited features that were associated with a dipole-bound state (DBS) of BeS–. Autodetachment spectroscopy was used to probe this state, and rotationally resolved data were obtained for the DBS 2Σ+, v′ = 0 – X 2Σ+, v″ = 0 transition. Analysis of this structure provided the rotational constants for BeS– X, v″ = ...
SKIER FALLS AND INJURIES: VIDEO TAPE AND SURVEY STUDY OF MECHANISMS

ABSTRACT A video tape study of naturally occurring falls was carried out during the 1975-1977 seasons at Waterville Valley, NH. Binding release torques were measured for a total of 270 recorded cases. Falls were analyzed as to potential danger and as to the principal mode of torque exerted on the binding: pure twist, forward twist, backward twist, forward bend, backward bend, or roll. Finer subdivisions of this categorization were made according to the ASTM binding test procedures and according to a set of 18 fall category sketches. Differences in speed, fall type and binding releases were evident between different ability skiers. Results are compared with a simultaneous survey of fall types incurred by injured skiers studied by means of a nationwide questionnaire. The frequency of fall types in injury is far different than it is in the non-injured cases or in the innocent falls. In particular, whereas the forward twist fall accounts for the largest proportion of the beginner to advanced injuries and forward bending for the largest proportion of the expert injuries, backward bending accounts for the largest percentage of innocent falls among the non-injured video tape cases. The report shows not only the frequency of certain modes of falling, but the potential danger for leg injuries and other injuries resulting from such falls. This progress report on our video study of skier falls summarizes the work done during the 1976 and 1977 ski seasons and the subsequent analysis. Recorded were 270 falls by our team of students at Waterville Valley, NH. Skiers were interviewed as to ability, experience, height, weight, and age, and their unweighted toe and heel release torques were measured with a Look release tester. The results in this report are preliminary, awaiting the taping of further cases. The tapes were reviewed by at least four observers and the falls classified as either dangerous or nondangerous. (A dangerous fall is one in which it was deemed desirable to have the binding release.) They were also categorized according to the ASTM test configuration and according to the pictures in the MIT injured skier questionnaire. It was found necessary to add another category (R) to account for the pure roll without any ski entrapment. Because of the small numbers in each category, the fall types were collapsed into 6 groups (Pure Twist, Forward Twist, Backward Twist, Forward Bend, Backward Bend, Roll). Finally, each skier's speed was estimated. A similar paper will be published in Skiing Safety II , J. Figueras, editor; (International Series on Sports Sciences), University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 1978.
Qualitative inquiry using social media: A field-tested example:

Social media is a rapidly expanding set of technology tools that people use to communicate, learn, interact, document, create, and participate in societies worldwide. It is also transforming how so...
Diels-Alder reactions of fused 5-, 6- and 7-membered ring 2-vinylindoles: Synthesis of annulated tetrahydrocarbazoles

Abstract Scaffolds of tetrahydrocarbazoles are an important class of biologically active compounds found abundant in nature. In the present investigation, functionalized polycyclic tetrahydrocarbazoles were synthesized using Diels-Alder cycloaddition between fused 5-, 6- and 7-membered ring 2-vinylindoles and various dienophiles. The dienophiles used were N -phenylmaleimides, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD). When 1,4-naphthoquinone was used as a dienophile, the 5-membered ring Diels-Alder adduct was obtained in the oxidized form, but this form was not observed in the case of 6- and 7-membered ring Diels-Alder adducts. The desired product yields ranged from 60–70% and the structure of final compounds were determined using 1D and 2D NMR analysis. 1 H NMR studies confirmed excellent diastereoselectivity (>99% de).
Village Dispute Mediation in China, 2002–10: An Enduring Institution amid Rural Change

The mediation of disputes by community leaders in China has deep historical roots and has long been among the responsibilities of neighbourhoods and villages. While most research on the topic has looked at cities, mediation is in fact more common in the countryside. This paper draws on a survey conducted in 2002 (n=2,164) and repeated in 2010 (n=2,659), covering 23 villages in five provinces, which provides detailed data on conflict from disputants themselves. We examine the evolution of this much-debated mode of conflict resolution and assess its prevalence and effectiveness relative to alternatives. We find that, even as overall rates of disputing declined, seeking intervention by village authorities remained as common a response to disputes in 2010 as it was eight years prior. The paper thus sheds light on a primary means through which the party-state has tried to maintain stability, tamp down strife, and assert its primacy at the community level.
Improved sweep efficiency due to foam flooding in a heterogeneous microfluidic device

Abstract In this work, the flow behavior of foam and its impact on mobility control in displacing oil are investigated using a glass microfluidic device comprising a complex heterogeneous porous medium. The medium, fabricated with a centrally located low permeability zone and two high permeability zones on its sides, is initially saturated with crude oil. A blend of surfactants are used to stabilize CO2 foam in the presence of crude oil. Flow behavior in the microfluidic device is captured using a high-resolution camera. Foam is able to mobilize and recover oil trapped in the low permeability zone by increasing the resistance to flow in the high permeability zones and diverting the surfactant solution into the adjacent low-permeability zone. Foam remains gas-rich in the high permeability zones and solvent-rich in the low permeability zone throughout the experiments. The observed displacement dynamics are explained by characterizing channel geometries and calculating capillary entry pressure values for various fluids and zones of the medium.
VMAT2 Inhibitors and the Path to Ingrezza (Valbenazine)

The dopaminergic system plays a key role in the central nervous system, regulating executive function, arousal, reward, and motor control. Dysregulation of this critical monoaminergic system has been associated with diseases of the central nervous system including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and addiction. Drugs that modify the dopaminergic system by modulating the activity of dopamine have been successful in demonstrating clinical efficacy by providing treatments for these diseases. Specifically, antipsychotics, both typical and atypical, while acting on a number of monoaminergic systems in the brain, primarily target the dopamine system via inhibition of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is an integral presynaptic protein that regulates the packaging and subsequent release of dopamine and other monoamines from neuronal vesicles into the synapse. Despite acting on opposing sides of the synapse, both antipsychotics and VMAT2 inhibitors act to decrease the activity of central dopaminergic systems. Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by involuntary repetitive movements and thought to be a result of a hyperdopaminergic state precipitated by the use of antipsychotics. Valbenazine (NBI-98854), a novel compound that selectively inhibits VMAT2 through an active metabolite, has been developed for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and is the first drug approved for the treatment of this disorder. This chapter describes the process leading to the discovery of valbenazine, its pharmacological characteristics, along with preclinical and clinical evidence of its efficacy.
Directed network topology inference via sparse joint diagonalization

Discovering the connectivity patterns of directed networks is a crucial step towards understanding complex systems such as human brains and financial markets. Network inference approaches aim at estimating the hidden topology given nodal observations. Existing approaches relying on structural equation models (SEMs) require full knowledge of exogenous inputs, which may be unrealistic in certain applications. Recent tensor-based alternatives advocate reformulation of SEMs as a three-way tensor decomposition task that only requires second-order statistics of exogenous inputs for identifying the hidden topology. However, the tensor-based methods are computationally expensive, and is hard to incorporate prior information of the network structure (e.g., sparsity and local smoothness), but prior information is often important for enhancing performance. The present work puts forth a joint diagonalizaition (JD)-based formulation for directed network inference. JD can be viewed as a variant of tensor decomposition, but features more efficient algorithms and can readily incorporate prior information of network topology. New topology identification guarantees that do not rely on knowledge of exogenous inputs are established. Judiciously designed simulations are presented to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Early temporary asymmetrical hearing impairs behavioral and neural sensitivity to sound location

Children experiencing asymmetrical hearing early in life often display binaural hearing impairments that persist long after symmetric hearing is restored, suggesting abnormal central auditory development. Here, we test the hypothesis that abnormal neural coding of the interaural level difference (ILD) cue to sound location, resulting from asymmetrical hearing during development, underlies the hearing impairments. Guinea pigs were reared for 8 weeks from birth with a unilateral conductive hearing loss (CHL via earplug). After earplug removal we measured behavioral spatial acuity, the binaural interaction component (BIC) of the auditory brainstem response (ABR), and sensitivity to ILDs in auditory midbrain neurons (inferior colliculus, IC). Animals raised with asymmetric hearing displayed worse spatial acuity (~2x worse) for high-pass noise compared to age-matched controls, suggesting impaired sensitivity to ILDs. Physiologically, animals displayed abnormal BICs of the ABR indicating altered binaural proces...
Pathophysiology of Neuromuscular Respiratory Diseases

Gas exchange between the atmosphere and the human body depends on the lungs and the function of the respiratory pump. The respiratory pump consists of the respiratory control center located in the brain, bony rib cage, diaphragm, and intercostal, accessory, and abdominal muscles. A variety of muscles serve to fine-tune adjustments of ventilation to metabolic demands. Appropriate evaluation and interventions can prevent respiratory complications and prolong life in individuals with neuromuscular diseases. This article discusses normal function of the respiratory pump, general pathophysiologic issues, and abnormalities in more common neuromuscular diseases.
Hardware and Software: How Can We Establish Concurrency between the Two?

Today, most of our products are combinations of hardware and software. we must remember software works on hardware. But the function of hardware is fixed, while that of software is evolving throughout its life cycle.
Spheres with tubes

The geometric objects we are interested in this monograph are spheres with tubes and the sewing operation. We introduce and discuss these geometric objects in this chapter.
A Record- Keeping System for Capture of Lameness and Foot-Care Information in Cattle

The American Association of Bovine Practitioners' (AABP) Bovine Lameness Committee met for the first time at the association's annual convention in Rapid City, South Dakota, in September 2000. The committee developed a mission statement and established a series of subcommittees to address specific issues. One subcommittee accepted the challenge to develop a system for recording lameness, trimming and foot care information. Objectives were to devise a system that would be simple to use, compatible with Dairy Herd Improvement Association record keeping systems or other record keeping programmes, and in agreement with internationally recognized definitions and nomenclature used to describe lameness conditions. With this system the veterinarian, trimmer or data recorder is required to identify specific lameness conditions through the use of a single upper case letter, which serves as the specific code for a particular disorder. In most cases, this letter corresponds to the first letter of the name for the lameness condition in question. If desired, lower case letters may be used as sub-codes to provide more detailed descriptions. Upper case letter codes are combined with numbered claw zones that specify location of the lesion. Whereas nine claw/foot zones were identified in the original diagrams, this system permits identification of lesions in four additional areas, including the interdigital skin, palmar/plantar interdigital cleft and axial wall. Using this system, lameness conditions may be simply and accurately documented by use of the upper case letter and number corresponding to the appropriate zone or region of the claw or foot affected. Claws, feet and limbs are identified or numbered from left to right beginning with the left front foot; left front lateral claw (LFL) #1, left front medial (LFM) claw #2, right front medial (RFM) claw #3, right front lateral (RFL) claw #4, left rear lateral (LRL) claw #5, left rear medial (LRM) claw #6, right rear medial (RRM) claw #7, and right rear lateral (RRL) claw #8. A foot or limb may be designated by use of the appropriate capital letters or both claw numbers; left front (LF) foot or limb #12, right front (RF) foot or limb #34, left rear (LR) foot or limb #56, and right rear (RR) foot or limb #78. This system provides a flexible yet uniform model for the capture of lameness information that will assist veterinarians, trimmers and others in the evaluation and monitoring of lameness and foot care information in cattle.
Major Market Trends and Demographic Changes

In recent years, home ownership has become a feature of the American Dream. This was not always the case. Historically, the American Dream was characterized as people being rewarded fairly for their effort and each new generation being better off than the prior one (Adams 1931). The dream has evolved to include home ownership for reasons that are not entirely clear (Rohe and Watson 2007). Fulfillment of that part of the dream has been largely achieved. Since the end of World War II, home ownership in the United States rose from 55 percent in 19501 to 69 percent in 2004.2 By 2030, however, it will may be less attainable or even desirable. Reasons for this include rising energy costs, falling incomes, lagging employment, shifting wealth to upper classes, and tighter mortgage underwriting requirements. Added to these reasons are market trends including key population and sweeping generational changes, the rise of a new housing market, and important nonresidential trends. These trends and changes will lead to a new America in 2030.
Compensation for uranium miners world-wide: The need for an assessment and action

Abstract We review the two major programs that compensated uranium miners, one in the United States, the other in Germany. From those programs we anticipate that if compensation were extended world wide, it would be extensive and costly. We see a need to assess the magnitude and extent of the need for compensating uranium miners globally.
Quantum mechanics and data assimilation

A framework for data assimilation combining aspects of operator-theoretic ergodic theory and quantum mechanics is developed. This framework adapts the Dirac--von Neumann formalism of quantum dynamics and measurement to perform sequential data assimilation (filtering) of a partially observed, measure-preserving dynamical system, using the Koopman operator on the ${L}^{2}$ space associated with the invariant measure as an analog of the Heisenberg evolution operator in quantum mechanics. In addition, the state of the data assimilation system is represented by a trace-class operator analogous to the quantum mechanical density operator, and the assimilated observables by self-adjoint multiplication operators. An averaging approach is also introduced, rendering the spectrum of the assimilated observables discrete and thus amenable to numerical approximation. We present a data-driven formulation of the quantum mechanical data assimilation approach, utilizing kernel methods from machine learning and delay-coordinate maps of dynamical systems to represent the evolution and measurement operators via matrices in a data-driven basis. The data-driven formulation is structurally similar to its infinite-dimensional counterpart and shown to converge in a limit of large data under mild assumptions. Applications to periodic oscillators and the Lorenz 63 system demonstrate that the framework is able to naturally handle highly non-Gaussian statistics, complex state space geometries, and chaotic dynamics.
Re-evaluation of the environmental dependence of Pacific sardine recruitment

Abstract The environment influences the recruitment of small pelagic fishes, so environmental indices are used to match fishing mortalities to the stocks’ productivities. For example, the exploitation fraction for the northern stock of Pacific sardine in the Northeastern Pacific is a function of sea-surface temperature (SST). The functional relationship changes, however, because our perception of the environmental effects on sardine recruitment is based on assessment models that are periodically updated with new input data and assumptions. In this paper, we use data from recent stock assessments to re-examine previously identified correlations of sardine recruitment success (the logarithmic ratio of recruitment and spawning stock biomass) with indices of SST off Southern California and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). We show that the earlier correlation with SST is likely invalid, and the persistent correlation with the PDO is weaker. Because many environmental stock-recruitment relationships fail upon re-examination, environmental proxies for fish productivity might not always prescribe the correct amount of fishing mortality and should be avoided. Alternatively, for species assessed periodically, dynamic fishing mortalities could be based on measurements of recent stock productivity inferred directly from surveys, or from the results of analytical assessments based on those observations.
Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Organ and Cellular Considerations

Abstract Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves the recruitment and engagement of cellular processes originating in specific compartments of the kidney on the one hand and biochemical pathways of cell injury that contribute to these processes on the other hand. Many of these processes possess the capacity to ramify broadly beyond the compartment where they initially arose. It is this essential consideration that contributes so fundamentally to the increasing loss of functional nephrons and the progression of CKD. A number of different biochemical pathways contribute to CKD progression: angiotensin II induces TGF-β1 and the consequent elaboration of extracellular matrix; angiotensin II also induces oxidative stress which itself can upregulate TGF-β1 in vicinal cells and thus the propagation of a fibrosing response. This lack of containment of compartmental processes, and this versatility of injurious biochemical pathways, not only underlies the pathogenesis of CKD but also holds substantial therapeutic significance. Namely, the best hope for retarding or preventing the progression of CKD resides in a combined, multipronged therapeutic approach that interrupts these processes and pathways at separate and several steps.
Collagen and PAPP-A in the Etiology of Postpartum Breast Cancer

Pregnancy has a dual effect on the risk of breast cancer. On one hand, pregnancy at a young age is known to be protective. However, pregnancy is also associated with a transient increased risk of breast cancer. For women that have children after the age of 30, the risk remains higher than women who never had children for decades. Involution of the breast has been identified as a window of mammary development associated with the adverse effect of pregnancy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of involution and describe the role of collagen in this setting. We also discuss the role of a collagen-dependent protease, pappalysin-1, in postpartum breast cancer and its role in activating both insulin-like growth factor signaling and discoidin domain collagen receptor 2, DDR2. Together, these novel advances in our understanding of postpartum breast cancer open the way to targeted therapies against this aggressive breast cancer sub-type.
Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and therapeutic hypothermia for suspected hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

To evaluate the association between prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure and postnatal therapeutic hypothermia for suspected hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Matched case-control study of singleton deliveries at a tertiary hospital from 2010 to 2016. Cases were infants treated with therapeutic hypothermia for suspected hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Controls were noncase infants, matched on gestational age, maternal age, obstetric provider group, and hospital shift. Prenatal SSRI exposure occurred in 18.4% of cases compared with 4.1% of controls (aOR: 5.9, 95% CI: 1.8–19.7). Among all cases, 36.8% had evidence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy on postnatal MRI. In addition, 28.6% of SSRI-exposed cases and 38.7% of SSRI-unexposed cases had MRI confirmation of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, respectively. Future research to disentangle signs of SSRI exposure from true hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy may facilitate targeting therapeutic hypothermia stewardship toward infants more likely to benefit.
Thin and Ultra-Thin Split-Thickness Skin Grafts Are Safe and Efficacious in the Burn Population

Split-thickness skin-grafts are a mainstay of burn management. Studies suggest no benefit to using thick (0.025 inch) over standard (0.012-0.020 inch) grafts, and some support the use of thin (0.008 inch) over standard thickness. Data on the use of even thinner grafts is scarce. This study reviewed outcomes of burn patients treated with thin (0.008-0.011 inch) and ultra-thin (≤0.007 inch) grafts. Retrospective review of records from July 2012 to June 2016 included patients who sustained operative burns treated by a single surgeon. Patients were excluded for nonoperative injuries, inhalational injuries, or prolonged hospitalizations. Outcome measures were compared between thin and ultra-thin groups. One-hundred twenty-eight patients met inclusion criteria; 35 received thin split-thickness skin-grafts while 93 received ultra-thin. Cohort analysis demonstrated equivalent graft-take, time to reepithelialization, and functional outcomes. Time to donor-site healing was significantly faster in the ultra-thin cohort (P = .04). Of those with functional outcomes recorded, 88.1% had good-excellent function and 11.9% retained a limitation in function as designated in physical therapy notes. There were fewer complications overall (P = .004) and a lower incidence of hypertrophic scarring (P = .025) in the ultra-thin cohort. This study presents a single-surgeon experience with thin and ultra-thin split-thickness skin-grafts. These grafts are exhibit excellent graft-take and few complications. There was no correlation between thickness and functional outcome at the time of physical therapy discharge. Donor-site reepithelialization was faster with ultra-thin grafts, which may be important in patients with large burns and limited donor sites.
Memorability of Enhanced Informational Graphics: The effects of design relevance and chart type on recall

Design enhancements are often added to charts, signage, and infographics to help garner attention or communicate a message. Though it is argued that they may also detract user’s focus on the underlying information, prior studies have contributed evidence that visual design enhancements and even simple decorations can improve memory of visual displays. However, there is limited empirical knowledge about how the type of aesthetic enhancements infuences memory, and what informational and data elements are remembered from a visualization. We conducted a user study testing chart types (line, pie, and bar), the presence of color, and whether added enhancements were contextually related to the data topic presented in each chart. We found that enhancements relevant to the data helped in the recall of title and thematic elements, but enhancements did not signifcantly affect recall of specifc data values. This suggests that using relevant enhancements can have a positive effect on memorability of some chart content, but only if the design styles are chosen well to match the information topic. Recall of chart topics for unrelated embellishments was worse than plain, un-enhanced charts, which suggests that visual enhancement can distract or interfere with memorability if the viewer does not understand a meaningful connection between informational topic and design modifcations.
Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Use in Trauma Patients: A Descriptive Study.

Background Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) present with similar signs and symptoms, yet their treatment strategies differ greatly. AWS treatment includes the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) protocol, which grades withdrawal signs and symptoms. A major purpose of CIWA is to guide the addition and titration of central nervous system (CNS) depressants, most commonly benzodiazepines. Conversely, best practice is to avoid these same CNS depressants in the setting of TBI. Thus, patients with TBI presenting with AWS risk may receive undesirable interventions that could worsen outcome. Objective To describe the relationship of TBI diagnosis with CIWA protocol scores and intervention implementation. Design Retrospective cohort observational study. Setting Single university-based, level one trauma center. Patients Three hundred seventy-five patients with head trauma or AWS classification, identified through the trauma center's trauma registry. Interventions CIWA protocol and related medication use. Main outcome measures Frequency of elevated CIWA score, length of CIWA administration, and medication administration incidence were abstracted from patients' medical records. Results The percentage of elevated CIWA scores increased significantly with TBI severity, from 4.5%(0-60) in the No TBI group, up to 12.5% (0-36) in the Mild TBI group, 27.1% (0-57) in the Moderate TBI group, and 50.0% (14-77) in the Severe TBI group. Nominally, lorazepam use showed a similar pattern of escalation with TBI severity, but it did not reach statistical significance. Haloperidol use did significantly escalate with higher TBI severity. No group differences were observed for total lorazepam equivalents or length on the CIWA protocol. Conclusions TBI diagnosis and higher TBI severity level correlate with higher CIWA scores, but neither increased nor decreased benzodiazepine usage was observed. Antipsychotic use did escalate with TBI diagnosis and severity. The risks versus benefits of minimizing benzodiazepines in patients with TBI who are at risk for AWS warrant future study.
Do Short Sellers Exploit Investors’ Under- and Overreactions?

We examine if short sellers’ reaction to current earnings surprise can be explained by cross-sectional differences in a history of earnings surprises (earnings momentum) or value-glamour characteristics. This study is motivated by our findings that short sellers tend to increase their short positions after both negative and positive earnings surprises, which is anomalous in terms of a post-earnings-announcement-drift (PEAD) story. First, we provide evidence on short sellers’ exploitation of earnings momentum after earnings announcements by showing that short sellers strongly increase their activity in negative-surprise stocks with past positive earnings surprises. Second, when we limit our analysis only to null-surprise stocks, we find that short sellers strongly increase their positions in the null-surprise stocks with past positive earnings surprises, which are likely to be followed by price reversals. Third, we investigate if short sellers increase their short positions in glamour stocks which are associated with investors’ under-reaction (overreaction) to negative (positive) earnings surprises. As expected, the results show that short sellers strongly increase their transactions in glamour stocks following both negative and positive earnings surprises. The overall results provide indirect implications on short sellers’ exploitation of market mispricing driven by investors’ under- and overreactions during the post-announcement period.
Strike While the Rebate Is Hot: Savvy Consumers and Strategic Technology Adoption Timing

The California Solar Initiative (CSI) rebate program disbursed more than two billion dollars in incentives to install solar photovoltaics (PV) over roughly a decade, and was implemented using “stepdowns” that decreased rebates as pre-determined installed capacity goals were reached. However, the exact dates (i.e., timing) of the step-down events were not known. Despite this, recent analyses find evidence of an “announcement effect” wherein consumer adoption is “pulled-forward” across these stepdown events. Using unique data from our recent household-level survey on the decision-making process for these very consumers, we compare the decision-making processes of pulled-forward consumers to their counterparts that adopt just after a rebate stepdown. We examine and compare behavioral drivers of 194 residential PV adoptions within a narrow window of eight CSI rebate stepdown events, and find evidence that a sub-set of pre-stepdown adopters engage in more “savvy” decision-making behaviors from their post-stepdown counterparts, including strategic adoption timing. Given these behavioral differences, we conclude that future analyses should carefully consider aspects of individual decision-making processes as potential confounders and control for them if possible. Experience is identified as a potential pathway through which this non-negligible subset of adopters may gain the ability to execute savvy decision-making behaviors; future research should assess the degree to which policy implementation can explicitly leverage this pathway.
Competition in american social work education during times of COVID-19: a midwestern case study

Competition to attract students for enrollment in American social work degree programs is intense. Program attributes (e.g. minimum grade point average, maximum transfer credits permitted, institut...
Selenium-associated differentially expressed microRNAs and their targeted mRNAs across the placental genome in two U.S. birth cohorts.

Selenium is an important micronutrient for foetal development. MicroRNAs play an important role in the function of the placenta, in communication between the placenta and maternal systems, and their expression can be altered through environmental and nutritional cues. To investigate the associations between placental selenium concentration and microRNA expression in the placenta, our observational study included 393 mother-child pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) and the Rhode Island Child Health Study (RICHS). Placental selenium concentrations were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and microRNA transcripts were measured using RNA-seq. We fit negative binomial additive models for assessing the association between selenium and microRNAs. We used the microRNA Data Integration Portal (mirDIP) to predict the target mRNAs of the differentially expressed microRNAs and verified the relationships between miRNA and mRNA targets in a subset of samples using existing whole transcriptome data (N = 199). We identified a non-monotonic association between selenium concentration and the expression of miR-216a-5p/miR-217-5p cluster (effective degrees of freedom, EDF = 2.44 and 2.08; FDR = 3.08 × 10-5) in placenta. Thirty putative target mRNAs of miR-216a-5p and/or miR-217-5p were identified computationally and empirically and were enriched in selenium metabolic pathways (driven by selenoprotein coding genes, TXNRD2 and SELENON). Our findings suggest that selenium influences placental microRNA expression. Further, miR-216a-5p and its putative target mRNAs could be the potential mechanistic targets of the health effect of selenium.
ARMADA: Assessing reliable measurement in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive aging project methods.

Introduction Early detection of cognitive decline in older adults is a public health priority. Advancing Reliable Measurement in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Aging (ARMADA), a multisite study, is validating cognition, emotion, motor, and sensory modules of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIHTB) in the aging spectrum from cognitively normal to dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). Methods Participants 65 to 85 years old, in demographic groups racially proportional to the general US population, are recruited in one of three groups to validate the NIHTB: cognitively normal, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or mild DAT. Additional special emphasis cohorts include (1) Blacks in the three clinical groups; (2) Spanish-speakers in the three clinical groups; (3) cognitively normal, population-proportional, over age 85. Discussion Longitudinal study will determine whether NIHTB can predict cognitive decline and is associated with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Here, we detail the methods for the ARMADA study.
Matching AIDS Service Organizations' Philosophy of Service Provision with a Compatible Style of Program Evaluation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to outline the unique features of AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) that should be considered when developing an evaluation strategy. It describes current evaluation approaches used by ASOs which are incongruent with the service philosophy of these organizations and the drawbacks these current evaluation efforts present. It then describes an alternative evaluation approach that better matches ASOs' philosophy of service delivery with the evaluation process. An illustrative case example is used to show how a more participatory approach can be used in an ASO and why such an approach is more likely to produce meaningful data that will be utilized for program development and refinement.
The Collapsar Engine for GRBS and Hypernovae

For most collapsing stars, neutrinos from the proto-neutron star are able to drive a strong supernova explosion with a neutron star remnant. But very massive stars (>20M ⊙) will ultimately form black holes. These stars have the potential to drive enormous explosions by tapping the energy in a black hole accretion disk. The engine behind this black hole accretion disk explosion has been termed “collapsar”. In this chapter, we review the collapsar mechanism for gammaray bursts, hypernovae, and X-ray flashes from progenitor formation through jet propogation.
Photocatalytic activity of Fe-modified bismuth titanate pyrochlores: Insights into its stability, photoelectrochemical, and optical responses

Abstract This work examines the catalytic activity of a pyrochlore phase bismuth titanate (Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 –BTO) in driving the photo-assisted decomposition of a model pollutant, methyl orange (MO). The photoactivity of the BTO has been probed with the inclusion of Fe with BTO and with the addition of a co-catalyst- Pt external to the Fe-BTO. The addition of Fe enhances BTO photoactivity by ∼38%, while the presences of Pt along with Fe demonstrate the most favorable increase at 88% compared to the plain BTO. The MO degradation follows a pseudo first order kinetics. Under 100% visible light illumination, all catalysts demonstrate photoactivity. Specifically, a 10%, 15%, and 21% degradation of MO with BTO, Fe-BTO, and Pt/Fe-BTO, respectively, is noted. Stability analysis indicates that a mild oxidative treatment at 350 °C is sufficient to recover ∼86% of the photoactivity lost over 6 h of exposure to photoillumination in 2 h increments. Further, for the first time, complementary photoelectrochemical and optical measurement tools have been used to systematically probe the functioning of BTO in the presence of Fe and Pt. Electrochemical impedance, chronopotentiometry (intermittent illumination studies), and fluorescence measurements reveals (i) Fe aids in visible light assisted charge separation, (ii) Pt is not as effective with visible light as it is with UV, and (iii) a high concentration of hydroxyl radical in the Pt/Fe-BTO is the basis for improved photoactivity of the catalysts. Using bismuth titanate pyrochlore as a case study, this work demonstrates the approach to leverage optical and photoelectrochemical tools for systematic analysis of other multi-metal oxides that belong to the sillenite, delafossites, pyrochlores, and scheelites.
Short-term overeating results in incomplete energy intake compensation regardless of energy density or macronutrient composition.

Objective To evaluate the effects of overeating (140% of energy requirements) a high-fat low-energy density diet (HF/LED, 1.05 kcal/g), high-fat high-energy density diet (HF/HED, 1.60 kcal/g), and high-carbohydrate (HC) LED (1.05 kcal/g) for 2-days on subsequent 4-day energy intake (EI), activity levels, appetite, and mood. Design and Methods Using a randomized cross-over design, energy expenditure and EI were standardized during overeating. Results In 20 adults with a mean ± SD BMI of 30.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2, EI was not suppressed until the second day after overeating and accounted for ∼30% of the excess EI. Reductions in EI did not differ among the three diets or across days. Overeating had no effect on subsequent energy expenditure but steps/day decreased after the HC/LED and HF/HED. Sleep time was increased after the HF/HED compared to both LEDs. After overeating a HF/HED vs. HF/LED, carbohydrate cravings, hunger, prospective food consumption, and sadness increased and satisfaction, relaxation, and tranquility decreased. Conclusions Diet type, time, or their interaction had no impact on compensation over 4 days. No adaptive thermogenesis was observed. The HF/HED vs. HF/LED had detrimental effects on food cravings, appetite, and mood. These results suggest short-term overeating is associated with incomplete compensation.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/gp120-Mediated Cerebellar Granule Cell Death by Preventing gp120 Internalization

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein gp120 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia. Thus, inhibition of gp120 activity could reduce HIV toxicity in the brain. We have used primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells to examine mechanisms whereby gp120 causes cell death and to characterize neuroprotective agents. gp120 induced a time- and concentration-dependent apoptotic cell death, which was caspase-3-mediated but caspase-1 independent, and was totally blocked by the irreversible caspase-3-like protease inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-chloromethylketone. Caspase-3 activation was observed only in neurons that internalize gp120, indicating that internalization is key to gp120 toxicity. Because brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) prevents caspase-3-mediated neuronal cell death, we examined whether BDNF could prevent gp120-mediated apoptosis. Preincubation of neurons with BDNF before the addition of gp120 reduced caspase-3 activation, and consequently rescued 80% of neurons from apoptosis. Most importantly, BDNF reduced the levels of CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), a receptor that mediates HIV-1 gp120-induced apoptosis. This effect correlated with the ability of BDNF to reduce gp120 internalization and apoptosis. Moreover, BDNF blocked the neurotoxic effect of stromal-derived factor-1alpha, a natural ligand for CXCR4, further establishing a correlation between neuroprotection and downregulation of CXCR4. We propose that BDNF may be a valid therapy to slow down the progression of HIV/gp120-mediated neurotoxicity.
SESSION 8A: INDUSTRY STUDIES AND STRUCTURES: The Closing of the Frontier in Barbados: Economies of Scale and the Distributional Impact of the Sugar Revolution

This paper investigates the dynamics of rapid frontier development in the 40 years of Barbados' history before 1680, the decades of its transition to sugar island and slave-based “plantocracy” from a settler economy peopled by white servants and numerous small land-owners. It uses a linked data set of several thousand individuals who appeared over time in three key data sources: the 1665 export registration, the 1679 census holdings of property, and the record of deeds. Combining these sources into career histories of thousands of the people who lived in Barbados during its sugar revolution make it possible to answer some of the most intriguing questions about that economic transition. In particular, these new data shed light on the land-consolidating activities of individual landowners over time, the role of small planters and artisans in the process of land clearing and agricultural capital formation, and the participation of merchants and foreign investors in creating sugar enterprises.