cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-frequency characterization and modeling of distortion behavior of MOSFETs for RF IC design

High frequency (HF) distortion of MOSFETs has been characterized at different frequencies and bias conditions with a single tone measurement system. The results show that a MOSFET has much higher "low frequency limit" (LFL) than a bipolar transistor with similar critical dimensions, implying that the HF distortion characteristics of MOSFETs operating at a frequency lower than LFL is dictated by its low-frequency behavior. This discovery is useful for designers and modelers to validate the distortion of a MOSFET model for RF application. It has also been found that the second harmonic P/sub f2/ reaches to its minimum as f/sub T/ peaks, due to a similar nonlinearity cancellation as in bipolar transistors. Furthermore, the measured data shows fairly constant distortion characteristics over a wide range of drain biases as the device operates in the saturation region. Simulation with a BSIM3v3-based sub-circuit model demonstrates that the distortion behavior of MOSFETs can be well predicted by an RF model if it can accurately describe both dc and ac characteristics with proper parameter extraction. Sensitivity of the distortion on various physical effects, such as the mobility degradation, velocity saturation, channel length modulation, and drain-induced barrier lowering, are also studied to provide insights of the key nonlinearity variation contributors from a practical modeling point of view.
Multi-corner multi-voltage domain clock mesh design

This paper introduces a novel multi-voltage domain clock mesh design methodology that is effective under multiple process corners. In multi-voltage designs, a single clock mesh that spans multiple voltage domains is infeasible due to the incompatibility of voltage levels of the clock drivers on the electrically-shorted mesh-each voltage domain requires a separate mesh. The skew among these isolated meshes need to be matched and a novel premesh tree synthesis is required to tolerate the impact of PVT variations exacerbated due to the separation of clock meshes for multiple voltage levels. The experiments performed with the largest three ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits operating at 500 MHz, 90 nm technology and 3 process corners show that: 1) The multi-voltage domain clock mesh can achieve up to 42% lower power on average with 39.04 ps skew, as low as ≈1.95% of the clock period, on average over a typical single voltage domain clock mesh, and 2) multi-corner optimized multi-voltage domain clock mesh can decrease the global skew of all corners by 190.42 ps on average over a multi-voltage domain clock mesh optimized for a single corner with a 15% degradation in power consumption necessary for variation-tolerance.
Metabolism of 3-Nitrotyrosine Induces Apoptotic Death in Dopaminergic Cells

Intrastriatal injection of 3-nitrotyrosine, which is a biomarker for nitrating oxidants, provokes dopaminergic neuronal death in rats by unknown mechanisms. Herein, we show that extracellular 3-nitrotyrosine is transported via the l-aromatic amino acid transporter in nondopaminergic NT2 cells, whereas in dopaminergic PC12 cells, it is transported by both the l-aromatic amino acid and the dopamine transporters. In both cell lines, 3-nitrotyrosine is a substrate for tyrosine tubulin ligase, resulting in its incorporation into the C terminus of α-tubulin. In NT2 cells, incorporation of 3-nitrotyrosine into α-tubulin induces a progressive, reversible reorganization of the microtubule architecture. In PC12 cells, 3-nitrotyrosine decreases intracellular dopamine levels and is metabolized by the concerted action of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase. Intracellular levels of 133 μmol of 3-nitrotyrosine per mole of tyrosine did not alter NT2 viability but induced PC12 apoptosis. The cell death was reversed by caspases and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 3-Nitrotyrosine induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive primary rat neurons, which was also prevented by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which products generated by reactive nitrogen species induce dopaminergic neuron death and thus may contribute to the selective neurodegeneration in Parkinson9s disease.
Segregation and School Violence

While research exploring the consequences of desegregation and resegregation for academic achievement and intergroup attitudes and behavior has been prolific, scant attention has been paid to the impact that school segregation differences has had on school violence. Using data from the state of Florida Department of Education and the U.S. Bureau of the Census, we attempt to adjudicate between competing hypotheses about the nature of a relationship between segregation and school violence: (1) that segregation is associated with increased school violence; and (2) that segregation is associated with decreased school violence, especially under conditions of racial inequality. Results from a multilevel analysis show that increased school district segregation has a substantive negative association with school violence, particularly in contexts of greater community inequality, consistent with Pettigrew's (1971) observations about the contact hypothesis. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Controlling polymer adhesion with "pancakes".

Topographical patterns are used to selectively tune the adhesion of polymers. Although nature has provided guidance, relatively little is known of how topographic patterns can be intelligently used not only to enhance adhesion but, more importantly, to tune adhesion. We demonstrate that properly designed, low-aspect-ratio posts can alter adhesion from 20% to 400% the value of conventional adhesion descriptors for nonpatterned interfaces. This control is not related to the magnitude of interfacial area but, rather, to altering the local separation processes at an interface by geometry. We establish general relationships that govern the interaction between material properties, pattern length scales, and the control of adhesion. These relationships provide insight into the mechanisms of adhesion for examples in nature, such as the gecko, while also providing concrete guidance for the future design of “smart” adhesives and coatings with nanoscale patterns.
Cultural Categories and the American Welfare State: The Case of Guaranteed Income Policy1

There is considerable evidence that cultural categories of worth are central to the ideological foundation of the American welfare state. However, existing perspectives on U.S. welfare policy development grant little explanatory power to the role of culture. For this reason, they cannot adequately explain the dynamics of an important, but frequently overlooked, episode in American welfare state history: the rise and fall of guaranteed annual income proposals in the 1960s and 1970s. The author outlines three mechanisms—schematic, discursive, and institutional—through which culture can influence policy outcomes. He then argues that cultural categories of worthiness affected welfare policy development through their constitutive contribution to cultural schemas, their deployment by actors as resources in expert deliberation and public discourse, and their institutionalization in social programs that reinforced the symbolic and programmatic boundaries between categories of the poor. The author discusses how th...
Pharmacology of some substituted 2-thiohydantoins with particular reference to anticonvulsant properties.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of 3,5-disubstituted-2-thiohydantoins have been investigated for anticonvulsant activity in the mouse. Varying the alkyl substituents at the 5-position of the 3-allyl-2-thiohydantoin nucleus was found to influence potency principally in the Metrazol seizure threshold test, whereas short-chain variants at the 3-position of 5-isobutyl-2-thiohydantoin had a greater influence on potency in the maximal electroshock seizure pattern test. In general, and in contrast to active hydantoins, the 2-thiohydantoins studied were found to be more effective against Metrazol convulsions than against maximal electroshock seizures. All these structures were more potent anticonvulsants than was trimethadione. 2. 2. Further pharmacologic assessment in mice and rats of 3-allyl-5-isobutyl-2-thiohydantoin as a representative and most active member of this series revealed weak sedative effects on acute administration; and minimal thyroid suppressant activity and the development of a slight tolerance to anticonvulsant effectiveness following the subacute administration of otherwise toxic dose levels.
Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates. 61. Isolation and structure elucidation of new A-nor sterols from the marine sponge Phakellia aruensis

An examination of the Australian sponge Phakellia aruensis led to the isolation and identification of sterols with six different nuclei. Eight new sterols were isolated which included three delta 15-A-nor sterols, three delta 7-A-nor sterols, and two saturated A-nor sterols. Their structures were established through mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectral studies.
Polypeptide models of collagen: Properties of (Pro-Pro-βAla)n

We have synthesized (Pro-Pro-βAla)n as a model for collagen. The synthetic polytripeptide, mol wt 6500, exhibits a large negative optical rotation with a very strong negative Cotton effect centered at 216 nm. The optical rotatory dispersion of (Pro-Pro-βAla)n followed a single-term Drude equation and the λc was 195 nm. The rotation decreased markedly on heating with the midpoint of the broad transition at 55°C. Preliminary studies also showed loss of structure in guadinine HCl. The circular dichroism spectrum of the polymer exhibited a deep trough at 190 nm. The marked similarities of solution properties of (Pro-Pro-βAla)n to (Pro-Pro-Gly)n suggest that β-alanine can replace glycine in generating collagen-like helix in solution.
South Asian and East Asian International Students' Perceived Prejudice, Acculturation, and Frequency of Help Resource Utilization

Relationships of perceived prejudice and acculturation with frequency of help resource utilization were examined for South Asian and East Asian international students (N = 110). All predictors, including interactions, were significant but showed different relationships for the 2 groups. The mean frequency of help resource utilization was significantly higher for South Asians. Las relaciones del prejuicio y la aculturacion percibidas con la frecuencia de la utilizacion del recurso de ayuda se examinaron para el Sur Asiatico y el Este estudiantes internacionales asiaticos (N = 110). Los pronosticadores, incluyendo interacciones, eran significativas pero mostro diferentes relaciones para los 2 grupos. La frecuencia media de la utilizacion del recurso de ayuda fue apreciablemente mas alta para Asiaticos del Sur.
Manufacturing Sexual Subjects `Harassment', Desire and Discipline on a Maquiladora Shopfloor

Standing for all instances of problematic workplace sexuality, the notion of ‘sexual harassment’ illuminates but also obscures the role of desire in work relations. It spotlights isolated individual interactions at the expense of structural processes and stresses choice and blame rather than the way in which a given workplace evokes particular sexual subjectivities in the service of production. An ethnography of shopfloor relations in a Mexican export-processing plant shows how labor control operates through the interpellation of both workers and supervisors as sexual subjects. In this plant, panoptic architecture evokes and focuses the male gaze in the service of ‘quality’ and ‘efficiency’, and desire emerges as a force of production. Male supervisors are located as voyeurs and young female workers as sexual objects to be consumed. Worker efficiency and desirability are conflated and workers become subject to management for the affirmation of both. In such a setting, framing shopfloor sexuality as aberrant distracts from its primary, and equally problematic, function as a shopfloor discipline. © 2000, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.
Overview and On-orbit Performance of the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Uplink

We present an implementation overview and demonstrated error-free coded performance over the 400,000-km link between an Earth-based laser communication terminal and the LADEE satellite orbiting the moon at 9.72-Mbps and 19.44-Mbps uplink rates.
Exploring the Leucine-Proline Binding Pocket of the Src SH3 Domain Using Structure-Based, Split-Pool Synthesis and Affinity-Based Selection

Structure-based, split-pool synthesis was used to discover non-peptide binding elements for the leucine-proline binding pocket of the Src SH3 domain. Binding characteristics of the protein pocket were then explored by comparing a series of ligands that contains subtle variants of the parent non-peptide binding structure. Further insights into this receptor -ligand interaction were provided by multidimensional NMR structure determination of one of the non-peptide ligands. The study of small molecules that bind protein receptors can provide insight into the molecular forces that govern receptor- ligand interactions. Important binding requirements are often revealed when molecules with very different structures use similar binding contacts to adhere to the protein receptor. We have chosen SH3 domains to test our ability to discover novel structures that have an affinity for the same or similar protein surfaces. Furthermore, analysis of the dependence of the protein affinity on ligand structure reveals much about the intricacies
Tubal ligation at cesarean delivery in five Asian centers: a comparison with tubal ligation soon after vaginal delivery

Increasingly more tubal sterilizations are being performed at the time of cesarean section in the United States and probably also in developing countries. This descriptive study provides us with hitherto unavailable information on the impact of this combined procedure on the women undergoing it. Five Asian centers were included for study. In these centers, 618 women had concurrent tubal ligation at cesarean section in 1973 and 1974. During this period, 3399 women had tubal ligation soon after term vaginal deliveries. The much higher morbidity and mortality in the former group were judged to be attributable to the indications leading to, or the complications of, cesarean section and not to the concurrent tubal ligation. Women undergoing the combined procedure of tubal ligation and cesarean section were more likely to have characteristics associated with later regretting the sterilization.
Sexual polyploidization and depolyploidization: some terminology and definitions

Sexual polyploidization (deployploidization) is the process through which a euploid zygote is formed whose chromosome number is increased above (decreased below) the level that would be expected if each parent contributed a gamete carrying one-half the parental premeiotic chromosome number. One or both gametes may contribute (lack) the extra genome (s) so that these processes may be unilateral or bilateral. Sexual polyploidization has the distinctive characteristic of being a genetically innovative mechanism. This is believed to be its most significant difference with respect to somatic doubling. Sexual depolyploidization, which may be conceived to arise in some rare situations, also has the capacity for innovation. Several cytological mechanisms may be envisioned which give rise to polyploidizing gametes. The genetic consequences of these mechanisms can be markedly different in regards to gene reassortment. Short of a mitotic-like method, FDR (first division restitution) appears to be the most appropriate mechanism to attain such a goal. Other modified meiotic processes generally result in more disturbance of the premeiotic genotypes. Under these circumstances, sexual polyploidization is probably associated with mitigated heterotic responses and a more extensive release of genetic variability.
A partially closed-mode platinum dimer based on a binucleating hexaphosphine ligand system: Crystal structure of [Pt2Cl2(eHTp)2+][PF6−]2 (eHTP = (Et2PCH2CH2)2PCH2P(CH2CH2PEt2)2

Abstract The reaction of two equivalents of K2PtCl4 with the hexaphosphine ligand system (Et2PCH2CH2)2PCH2P(CH2CH2PEt2)2, EHTP, quantitatively yields the diamagnetic dimer species, Pt2Cl2(eHTP)2+, 3. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the PF6− salt of 3 reveals a distorted square-planar environment about the metal atoms with the EHTP ligand adopting a symmetrical bischelating/bridging, partially closed-mode coordination geometry with a PtPt distance of 4.6707(9) A.
Rad50S alleles of the Mre11 complex: Questions answered and questions raised

We find that Rad50S mutations in yeast and mammals exhibit constitutive PIKK (PI3-kinase like kinase)-dependent signaling [T. Usui, H. Ogawa, J.H. Petrini, A DNA damage response pathway controlled by Tel1 and the Mre11 complex. Mol. Cell 7 (2001) 1255-1266.; M. Morales, J.W. Theunissen, C.F. Kim, R. Kitagawa, M.B. Kastan, J.H. Petrini, The Rad50S allele promotes ATM-dependent DNA damage responses and suppresses ATM deficiency: implications for the Mre11 complex as a DNA damage sensor. Genes Dev. 19 (2005) 3043-4354.]. The signaling depends on Mre11 complex functions, consistent with its role as a DNA damage sensor. Rad50S is distinct from hypomorphic mutations of Mre11 and Nbs1 in mammals [M. Morales, J.W. Theunissen, C.F. Kim, R. Kitagawa, M.B. Kastan, J.H. Petrini, The Rad50S allele promotes ATM-dependent DNA damage responses and suppresses ATM deficiency: implications for the Mre11 complex as a DNA damage sensor. Genes Dev. 19 (2005) 3043-3054.; J.P. Carney, R.S. Maser, H. Olivares, E.M. Davis, Le M. Beau, J.R. Yates, III, L. Hays, W.F. Morgan, J.H. Petrini, The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage syndrome: linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response. Cell 93 (1998) 477-486.; G.S. Stewart, R.S. Maser, T. Stankovic, D.A. Bressan, M.I. Kaplan, N.G. Jaspers, A. Raams, P.J. Byrd, J.H. Petrini, A.M. Taylor, The DNA double-strand break repair gene hMRE11 is mutated in individuals with an ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder. Cell 99 (1999) 577-587.; B.R. Williams, O.K. Mirzoeva, W.F. Morgan, J. Lin, W. Dunnick, J.H. Petrini, A murine model of nijmegen breakage syndrome. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 648-653.; J.W. Theunissen, M.I. Kaplan, P.A. Hunt, B.R. Williams, D.O. Ferguson, F.W. Alt, J.H. Petrini, Checkpoint failure and chromosomal instability without lymphomagenesis in Mre11(ATLD1/ATLD1) mice. Mol. Cell 12 (2003) 1511-1523.] and the Mre11 complex deficiency in yeast [T. Usui, H. Ogawa, J.H. Petrini, A DNA damage response pathway controlled by Tel1 and the Mre11 complex. Mol. Cell 7 (2001) 1255-1266.; D'D. Amours, S.P. Jackson, The yeast Xrs2 complex functions in S phase checkpoint regulation. Genes Dev. 15 (2001) 2238-49. ; M. Grenon, C. Gilbert, N.F. Lowndes, Checkpoint activation in response to double-strand breaks requires the Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (2001) 844-847. ] where the signaling is compromised. Herein, we describe evidence for chronic signaling by Rad50S and discuss possible mechanisms.
Craniofacial, caudal, and visceral anomalies associated with mutant sirenomelic mice

Craniofacial anomalies were correlated with mutant murine sirenomelia. Ninety-eight newborn sirens from heterozygous matings were examined and analyzed. In the 96 sirens that had intact craniofacial structures, micrognathia was seen in 39% of the sirens, microstomia in 34%, macroglossia in 26%, and cleft palate in 21%. Even when not cleft, the siren palates were narrower and more highly arched than those of nonsiren littermates. The frequency of abnormal craniofacial development was greater in those sirens that were more severely affected caudally. Even though some earlier studies had indicated a preponderance of males, 46 of the 95 sirens with intact pelvic viscera were females. Fifty-three percent of the sirens were monopodal, 35% were apodal, and 11% were dipodal. A penile-like projection on the genital tubercle occurred on 15 apodal sirens and four monopodal sirens; all but three of these sirens were males. Bladder agenesis was seen in 100% of the sirens, anal atresia in 80%, and bilateral renal agenesis in 43%. No siren was found with bilaterally normal kidneys. The srn gene responsible for sirenomelia might either directly affect the embryo at both the caudal and cranial regions or indirectly affect the embryo by producing lateral mechanical compression at both these sites. The srn gene was earlier characterized as autosomal-recessive; our data confirm this. Sirenomelia was found in only 11% of the newborns from crosses of carrier mice in the colony. Analyses of uterine contents at days 12-14 suggest that the srn gene is fully penetrant, but often lethal, during the fetal period.
Sodium activity measurements in protein solutions with sodium amalgam electrodes

A method using sodium amalgam electrodes has been developed to study the effect of protein on activity measurements and residual liquid junction potential of sodium in protein-containing solutions. It was tested for reliability by application to aqueous sodium chloride solutions before it was applied to protein-containing solutions. The experimentally determined activity coefficients are in good agreement with the activity coefficients for aqueous sodium chloride solutions reported in literature. Therefore, we used this method to measure the activity of NaCl solutions containing varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The electrode slope of the electrode responses in a protein-containing medium does not differ from that of pure aqueous solutions. A functional relationship has been established between the concentration of protein and the percent bias in the measurements. Measurements of electromotive force made in protein-containing solutions do not show any evidence of protein effect on liquid junction potential.
The eccentric cleavage product of β-carotene, β-apo-13-carotenone, functions as an antagonist of RXRα

In this study, we investigated the effects of eccentric cleavage products of β-carotene, i.e. β-apocarotenoids (BACs), on retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) signaling. Transactivation assays were performed to test whether BACs activate or antagonize RXRα. Reporter gene constructs (RXRE-Luc, pRL-tk) and RXRα were transfected into Cos-1 cells and used to perform these assays. None of the BACs tested activated RXRα. Among the compounds tested, β-apo-13-carotenone was found to antagonize the activation of RXRα by 9-cis-retinoic acid and was effective at concentrations as low as 1 nM. Molecular modeling studies revealed that β-apo-13-carotenone makes molecular interactions like an antagonist of RXRα. The results suggest a possible function of BACs on RXRα signaling.
Effects of Zinc Deuteroporphyrin Bis Glycol on Newborn Mice After Heme-Loading

Infants with hemolytic diseases frequently develop hyperbilirubinemia and are treated with phototherapy, which only eliminates bilirubin after its production. A better strategy might be to directly inhibit heme oxygenase (HO), the rate-limiting enzyme in bilirubin production. Metalloporphyrins (Mps) are heme analogs that competitively inhibit HO activity in vitro and in vivo and suppress plasma bilirubin levels in vivo. A promising Mp, zinc deuteroporphyrin bis glycol (ZnBG), is orally absorbed and effectively inhibits HO activity at relatively low doses. We determined the I50 (the dose needed to inhibit HO activity by 50%) of orally administered ZnBG in vivo and then evaluated ZnBG's effects on in vivo bilirubin production, HO activity, HO protein levels, and HO-1 gene expression in newborn mice after heme loading, a model analogous to a hemolytic infant. The I50 of ZnBG was found to be 4.0 μmol/kg body weight (BW). At a dose of 15 μmol/kg BW, ZnBG reduced in vivo bilirubin production, inhibited heme-induced liver HO activity and spleen HO activity to and below baseline, respectively, transiently induced liver and spleen HO-1 gene transcription, and induced liver and spleen HO-1 protein levels. We conclude that ZnBG may be an attractive compound for treating severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia caused by hemolytic disease.
Experimental manipulation of state occupancy in a Markov model for avoidance conditioning

Abstract In several avoidance conditioning experiments with rats, state occupancy in a Markov model was controlled by experimentally manipulating the association between the conditioned stimulus and emotional responses. It was possible to establish identifications between experimental operations and the values of parameters in the model. The results support a memory model which is based upon the assumption that errors subsequent to the first avoidance response are due to the temporary loss of the association between the conditioned stimulus and an emotional response rather than to the loss of an association involving the instrumental running response.
In vivo full range complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

The author presents a system and algorithm to achieve full range complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) capable of imaging biological tissues in vivo. The method utilizes the Hilbert transformation to obtain the analytic functions for spatial interference signals obtained from each single wavelength covered in the broadband OCT light source before performing the Fourier transformation to localize the scatters within a sample. A constant carrier frequency is introduced in the spatial OCT interference signal so that its Hilbert transformation is strictly equal to its quadrature representation. The method is experimentally validated for in vivo imaging.
Ethnology Versus Ethnographic Analogy: A Common Confusion in Archaeological Interpretation

Archaeologists must use analogies to interpret the archaeological record. In recent years a number of archaeologists have made a strong case that many of the analogies commonly used are inappropria...
Alteration of the Ganglioside Composition of Skeletal Muscle in Murine Muscular Dystrophy

MUSCULAR dystrophy in the mouse is a hereditary disorder which is considered to be a primary myopathy1–5. Reports that the reactions of the muscles of dystrophic mice to neostigmine and d-tubocurarine are similar to those of denervated muscle6, that about one-quarter of the fibres are functionally denervated7, that dystrophic muscle has fewer functional motor units and less motor nerve fibres than normal muscle8 and the transplantation studies of Salafsky9, suggest, however, that neural factors are important in this disease. We have reported that denervation of skeletal muscle results in an increase in the content of the major sialoglycolipid of skeletal muscle, N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide, GM3 (named according to Svennerholm's ganglioside nomenclature)10. The increased level of GM3 was shown to result from de novo synthesis of this material. We therefore examined the ganglioside composition of skeletal muscle in hereditary mouse myopathy to look for an effect similar to that induced by denervation. Our data, however, indicate that the GM3 level is decreased in dystrophic muscle. The decrease is accompanied by an increase in the amounts of the higher ganglioside homologues.
VEGF expression is inhibited by apigenin in human breast cancer cells

Objective To study the effects of apigenin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231.
Central pulmonary embolism with normal ventilation/perfusion scan-diagnosis by nuclear pulmonary artery flow studies

Pulmonary embolism, although uncommon in children, occurs in as many as 104 per 100,000 pediatric patients. Undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary embolism has a high mortality rate; thus, a high index of clinical suspicion and reliable diagnostic modalities are necessary to ensure prompt and accurate diagnosis. We report the case of a patient with severe central pulmonary embolism with a normal ventilation-perfusion scan. The embolus was identified by a nuclear pulmonary flow study using dynamic imaging, which obviated the need for contrast pulmonary angiography. The traditional ventilation-perfusion scan may appear normal despite severe central pulmonary embolism. In this situation, early dynamic imaging is necessary to detect severe obstruction of the central pulmonary arteries. This approach may obviate the need for contrast pulmonary angiography in hemodynamically stable patients.
Parasitism of fruit flies Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Guatemala.

In a 4-year surveyDoryctobracon crawfordi Viereck andBiosteres longicaudatus Ashmead were the most common parasitoids recovered from bothCeratitis capitata (Wiedemann) andAnastrepha spp. Other braconids recovered from both genera wereD. areolatus Szepligeti,Bracanastrepha anastrephae (Viereck), and a Cynipid. Combined parasitization in both generally by ranged from 0.04 to 7.95% (Av. 1.5%). The numbers were particularly low in economically important fruit crops such as coffee, orange, and peach. Combined parasitoid population was correlated with the combined fruit fly infestation at 5 elevation strata.
On Syntax and Phonology within the Early Irish verbal complex

SUMMARYThis article treats the development of the dual flexional system of the Early Irish verb, whereby verbs in absolute initial position in the clause and those preceded by any of the null position elements traditionally called conjunct particles followed different flexional patterns; some attention is also paid to the absence of expected phonological mutations after initial preverbs. The dual flexional system is found to be the result of syntactic movement within the verbal complex; the system proposed has the advantage of also explaining why the responsive and imperative categories of the verbal system largely do not particpate in the dual system.RESUMECet article traite du developpement du double systeme flexionnel du verbe en vieil irlandais, ou les verbes en position initiale absolue dans la clause et ceux precedes par quelques elements en position nulle, traditionnellement ap-peles particules conjonctives, sont flechis de favon differente. On traite ici egalement de l'absence de mutations phonologiques attendues apres les e1e-. ments pre-verbaux a 1'initiale. On en conclut que le double systeme flexionnel resulte d'un mouvement syntaxique a l'interieur du groupe verbal; le systeme propose ici a l'avantage d'expliquer egalement pourquoi les categories respon-sives et imperatives du systeme verbal ne participent pas en grande partie a ce double systeme.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer vorliegende Aufsatz behandelt die Entwicklung des zweifachen Fle-xionssystems des altirischen Verbums, wonach Verben in absoluter Satzan-fangsstellung und Verben, denen ein Nullpositionselement, traditionell als Konjunktpartikel bekannt, vorangeht, unterschiedliche Flexionstypen aufwei-sen; das Fehlen der zu erwartenden phonologischen Mutationen nach initialen Praverben wird ebenfalls behandelt. Das doppelte Flexionssystem entpuppt sich als das Ergebnis syntaktischer Verschiebung innerhalb des Verbalkom-plexes. Das hier vorgestellte Modell hat den Vorteil, auch eine Erklarung dafur zu liefern, weshalb die responsiven und imperativen Kategorien des Verbal-systems an dem zweifachen System weitgehend nicht teilhaben.
Application of time-resolved step-scan FTIR to the photodynamics of transition metal complexes and heme proteins

Time-resolved step-scan FT-IR spectroscopy is used to monitor two distinct photo-induced processes. In the first, the third harmonic of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (355 nm) is used to initiate a metal-to-ligand charge transfer process (MLCT) in a number of Ru(II) and/or Re(I) polypyridyl complexes. Changes in the position and shape of the vibrational signatures of (pi) -backbonding ligands such as CO and/or CN provide information about the changes in oxidation state of the metal resulting from electronic excitation. Changes in the other ligands vibrational bands indicate which is the electron acceptor (radical anion). In the second example demonstrated here, the second harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) pumps into the (beta) -Visible band of carbonmonoxymyoglobin (MbCO). This dissociates the Fe-CO bond of the heme prosthetic group, and the recombination process is observed as indicated by changes in the amide bands of the polypeptide chain. In both cases, these are some of the very few examples of fast (sub-microsecond(s) ) TR FT-IR in the absorbance mode.
Predicting departure times in multi-stage queueing systems

We develop an approximation model for the state-dependent sojourn time distribution of customers or orders in a multi-stage, multi-server queueing system, when interarrival and service times can take on general distributions. The model can be used to make probabilistic statements about the departure time of a customer or order, given the number and location of customers currently in process or waiting, and these probabilities can be recomputed while waiting at any point during the sojourn time. The model uses phase-type distributions and a new method to estimate the remaining processing times of customers in service when the sojourn time distribution is computed.
A rigorous breakage matrix methodology for characterization of multi-particle interactions in dense-phase particle breakage

Abstract Broadbent and Calcott's breakage matrix methodology has been used for more than 50 years to model various comminution processes and to determine breakage functions from experimental data. The methodology assumes first-order law of breakage and neglects mechanical multi-particle interactions that are especially prevalent in dense-phase comminution processes and breakage tests. Although several researchers severely criticized this aspect of the methodology, Baxter et al. (2004, Powder Technol. 143–144:174–178) were the first to modify the methodology toward determining the elements of a feed-dependent breakage matrix. However, no non-linear breakage matrix has ever been constructed from experimental data using the modified approach. In this study, a critical analysis of this modified approach has been performed, and the non-linear breakage matrix was fundamentally derived from a non-linear population balance model. Different approaches were proposed to identify the breakage functions based on the nature of available breakage tests on multiple mono-dispersed feed samples and at least one poly-dispersed sample. Using the derived equations, available experimental data on the breakage of a binary mixture of coarse and fine limestone particles in uniaxial compression test were fitted to quantify the multi-particle interactions. Superior fitting capability of rational approximation to the effectiveness factor was demonstrated.
"Sunday Work, Scheduling Preferences, and Scheduling Attitudes"

A standard work schedule is generally defined by work between the hours of 9am-5pm Monday through Friday. However in the United States and Europe there are an increasing numbers of employees that a...
Acclimation to simulated altitude in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

Abstract 1. 1. Desert iguanas acclimated to a simulated altitude of 5500 m (18,000 ft) for 4 weeks had hematocrits and hemoglobin concentrations which averaged 22 and 19 per cent higher, respectively, than values for sea level controls. 2. 2. Erythrocyte count was increased 21 per cent by acclimation to altitude. 3. 3. Exposure to chronic hypoxia had no effect on mean corpuscular hemoglobin, heart-body weight ratio or total body water content.
REL1, a Homologue of Drosophila Dorsal, Regulates Toll Antifungal Immune Pathway in the Female Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Signaling by Drosophila Toll pathway activates two Rel/NF-κB transcription factors, Dorsal (Dl) and Dorsal-related immune factor (Dif). Dl plays a central role in the establishment of dorsoventral polarity during early embryogenesis, whereas Dif mediates the Toll receptor-dependent antifungal immune response in adult Drosophila. The absence of a Dif ortholog in mosquito genomes suggests that Dl may play its functional role in the mosquito Toll-mediated innate immune responses. We have cloned and molecularly characterized the gene homologous to Drosophila Dl and to Anopheles gambiae REL1 (Gambif1) from the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, named AaREL1. AaREL1 alternative transcripts encode two isoforms, AaREL1-A and AaREL1-B. Both transcripts are enriched during embryogenesis and are inducible by septic injury in larval and female mosquitoes. AaREL1 and AaREL2 (Aedes Relish) selectively bind to different κB motifs from insect immune gene promoters. Ectopic expression of AaREL1-A in both Drosophila mbn-2 cells and transgenic flies specifically activates Drosomycin and results in increased resistance against the fungus Beauveria bassiana. AaREL1-B acted cooperatively with AaREL1-A to enhance the immune gene activation in Aag-2 cells. The RNA interference knock-outs revealed that AaREL1 affected the expression of Aedes homologue of Drosophila Serpin-27A and mediated specific antifungal immune response against B. bassiana. These results indicate that the homologue of Dl, but not that of Dif, is a key regulator of the Toll antifungal immune pathway in A. aegypti female mosquitoes.
Validated numerical modelling of galvanic corrosion for couples: Magnesium alloy (AE44)–mild steel and AE44–aluminium alloy (AA6063) in brine solution

Abstract A numerical model is presented in this work that predicts the corrosion rate of a galvanic couple. The model is capable of tracking moving boundary of the corroding constituent of the couple. The corrosion rates obtained from the model are compared with those estimated from mixed potential theory and two experimental techniques, namely Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) and immersion technique. The corrosion rates predicted using the model are in good agreement with those estimated from the experimental techniques for magnesium alloy AE44–mild steel couple, however, the model under predicts the corrosion rate for AE44–aluminium alloy AA6063 couple.
Split Genes: Another Surprise from Giardia

Some genes in the candidate early-branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia occur in separate pieces, transcribed from non-contiguous chromosomal locations. The pre-mRNAs from the separate pieces apparently find each other by regions of complementarity and are subsequently spliced together by the spliceosome. Could genes in pieces, transcribed into separate pre-mRNAs, have been an early feature of spliceosomal evolution?
Dielectric behavior of sulfonic acid–polystyrene films

The dielectric properties of partially sulfonated polystyrene films (15% degree of sulfonation) in their dry and slightly wet (4.7% by weight of water content) states were measured over the frequency range between 102 and 105 Hz with temperature as a parameter. Loosely crosslinked (1% divinyl benzene) polystyrene films were synthesized and sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid to a 15% degree of sulfonation. Films containing more than 15% sulfonation were very brittle. Dielectric constant and loss data of these sulfonic acid films are presented at various temperatures and are correlated in terms of Cole-Cole plots. The dielectric response characteristics of these films find application in the electroformation of sulfonated polymer electrets, which have been shown to possess a high degree of polarizability and are capable of storing large amounts of electric charge.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of bladder in a child

Abstract A female child with gross painless hematuria and cutaneous telangiectasia was found to have 3 telangiectasic areas in the bladder. This represents a case of Osler-Weber-Rendu disease (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia), a rare occurrence in a child or in the urinary bladder.
Possible Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Protein Synthesis

BERGMANN1 has proposed that proteolytic enzymes mediate in the biological synthesis of proteins from amino-acids. The 400–4,000 2 or more3 calories per mole required for peptide bond formation from free amino-acids can, however, be provided only when synthesis is coupled with an energy-yielding reaction4. To accommodate this energy requirement, Brenner, Hanes, Fruton and co-workers4a have demonstrated that a variety of proteolytic enzymes catalyse a reaction of esters, amides, or peptides (including the naturally occurring peptide, glutathione) with amines or amino-acids in which new amides or peptides are formed. The enzymes show their usual specificity; that is, they synthesize only those peptide bonds that they also hydrolyse. The energy requirement is met by the initial ester, amide or peptide linkage which is split, for there is presumably very little difference in energy between the bond destroyed and that formed. These workers have shown beyond doubt that some or perhaps most proteolytic enzymes can catalyse polypeptide synthesis from amino-acids, providing there is an independent method of ‘energizing’ the amino-acid (ester, amide, peptide, etc.). From there it is possible to speculate that in a similar way these proteolytic enzymes play a part in normal protein synthesis.
Oral mucosal bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis in a patient with AIDS associated with rapid alveolar bone loss : case report

Oral manifestations of bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis have been described in the literature, but without histopathologic evidence confirming the presence of the etiologic bacilli. The clinical and histopathologic similarities between bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis and Kaposi's sarcoma may have contributed to confusion in diagnosis and treatment of the latter. Furthermore, inclusion of bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis in the differential diagnosis of proliferative vascular lesions may help to clarify the etiology, pathology and epidemiology of these lesions. This article is the first report of the intraoral manifestation of bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis with histopathologic documentation of the causative pathogen.
David John Roddy (1932–2002)

David John Roddy, an astrogeologist and an internationally-recognized expert on impact cratering, died on 21 March 2002. His work on the processes and effects of impact cratering contributed greatly to the recognition of the importance of such phenomena in shaping the Earth, Moon, and other terrestrial planets. David Roddy had been a member of AGU (Planetary Sciences) since 1962.
WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF THE QUANTUM YIELD FOR THE STRUCTURAL ISOMERIZATION OF BILIRUBIN

The quantum yield and the relative photochemical yield for lumirubin formation from bilirubin bound to human albumin were determined at eight wavelengths from 410 to 520 nm. The quantum yield averaged 0.0015 for irradiation between 450 and 490 nm. At 410 and 430 nm the quantum yield was slightly lower. At the long wavelength end of the absorption band, from 500 to 520 nm, the quantum yield averaged 0.003. The relative photochemical yield, normalized to constant fluence, was greatest at 500 nm.
Isolated palatal paralysis

Summary 1. Three cases of paralysis of the palate unassociated with other neuromuscular involvement are presented, and the mechanism of production of the associated speech defect is discussed. 2. The importance of early recognition of this condition in prevention of the secondary emotional disturbances is stressed.
Influencing Factors Leading to Malpractice Litigation in Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: The litigious nature of the medical-legal environment is a major concern for American physicians with an estimated cost of $10 billion. In this study we identify the causes of litigation in cases of radical prostatectomy as well as the factors that contribute to verdicts or settlements resulting in indemnity payments.Materials and Methods: Publicly available verdict reports were recorded using the Westlaw® legal database. To identify pertinent cases we used the search terms “medical malpractice” and “prostate” or “prostatectomy” with dates ranging from 2000 to 2013. Cases were evaluated for alleged cause of malpractice, resulting injury, findings and indemnity payment (if any).Results: The database search yielded 222 cases, with 25 being relevant to radical prostatectomy. Of these cases 24.0% were settled out of court and the remaining 76.0% went to trial. Of those cases that went to trial 20.8% saw patients awarded damages. There was no significant difference in awards between verdict and settle...
Automatic Parallelization of Scripting Languages: Toward Transparent Desktop Parallel Computing

Desktop computing remains indispensable in scientific exploration, largely because it provides people with devices for human interaction and environments for interactive job execution. However, with today's rapidly growing data volume and task complexity, it is increasingly hard for individual workstations to meet the demands of interactive scientific data processing. The increasing cost of such interactive processing is hindering the productivity of end-to-end scientific computing workflows. While existing distributed computing systems allow people to aggregate desktop workstation resources for parallel computing, the burden of explicit parallel programming and parallel job execution often prohibits scientists to take advantage of such platforms. In this paper, we discuss the need for transparent desktop parallel computing in scientific data processing. As an initial step toward this goal, we present our on-going work on the automatic parallelization of the scripting language R, a popular tool for statistical computing. Our preliminary results suggest that a reasonable speedup can be achieved on real-world sequential R programs without requiring any code modification.
Design and fabrication of accommodating fluidic intraocular lens

Intraocular lens (IOL) is a replacement lens for patients with crystalline lens problems. One key problem for today's IOL is its limited ability to retain the original accommodation capability inherent to human eyes. Unlike conventional optical lenses, a bio-inspired fluidic lens changes the curvature of the lens under an external force, resulting in a lens tuning power about 5 times as large as the current devices. By mimicking this desirable feature, a fluidic intraocular lens can achieve a large accommodation range as well. The device is designed that the lens can fully utilize the ciliary muscle force and the deformation of capsular bag during accommodation. Experimental results on fluidic IOL demonstrated a record high 12 Diopter (D) tuning range with a movement around its equator as small as 0.3 mm, achieved under a modest amount of force of 6 grams or 0.06 Newtons. The tuning range of the bio-inspired fluidic lens is comparable to a young, healthy eye, but the force and the movement required for ciliary muscle in order to achieve the wide accommodation range is comparable to an aged eye.