cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The design tree: a visual approach to top-down design and data flow

Top-down design, an accepted technique for program development in most teaching environments, is an integral part of the introductory computing courses taught at Carnegie Mellon University. Although this planning technique works well for experts, it's application among less experienced users is limited: many novices abandon this technique as soon as implementation begins, focusing their attention instead on low-level details. This paper proposes a solution to this problem: the Design Tree, a simple graphic tool used to represent the top-down decomposition of a problem. This tool can be used by instructors, as well as students, independent of the software used to build their programs. The Design Tree not only facilitates top-down decomposition of problems, but also help students decide what type of control structures and data flow to use in implementation.
A2BR Adenosine Receptor Modulates Sweet Taste in Circumvallate Taste Buds

In response to taste stimulation, taste buds release ATP, which activates ionotropic ATP receptors (P2X2/P2X3) on taste nerves as well as metabotropic (P2Y) purinergic receptors on taste bud cells. The action of the extracellular ATP is terminated by ectonucleotidases, ultimately generating adenosine, which itself can activate one or more G-protein coupled adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Here we investigated the expression of adenosine receptors in mouse taste buds at both the nucleotide and protein expression levels. Of the adenosine receptors, only A2B receptor (A2BR) is expressed specifically in taste epithelia. Further, A2BR is expressed abundantly only in a subset of taste bud cells of posterior (circumvallate, foliate), but not anterior (fungiform, palate) taste fields in mice. Analysis of double-labeled tissue indicates that A2BR occurs on Type II taste bud cells that also express Gα14, which is present only in sweet-sensitive taste cells of the foliate and circumvallate papillae. Glossopharyngeal nerve recordings from A2BR knockout mice show significantly reduced responses to both sucrose and synthetic sweeteners, but normal responses to tastants representing other qualities. Thus, our study identified a novel regulator of sweet taste, the A2BR, which functions to potentiate sweet responses in posterior lingual taste fields.
Further Studies of Breeding Restrictions among Crypthecodinium cohnii-like Dinoflagellates. Evidence of a New Interbreeding Group

SYNOPSIS. Studies on sexual compatibility among populations of different origins of axenically cultivated, heterotrophic, homothallic dinoflagellates resembling Crypthecodinium cohnii have been undertaken using motility mutants and complementation testing. We showed previously that one interbreeding group or biologic species can be found on the East and West coasts of the United States, thus far associated only with Fucus. In addition, we found several strains of these organisms each of which, though fertile in intrastrain crosses, appeared infertile with all other isolates. A continuation of these studies has revealed another biologic species of wide geographic distribution (Taiwan, California, Florida, New York) and apparently associated with sea weeds other than Fucus.
Linear mixed model selection for false discovery rate control in microarray data analysis

In a microarray experiment, one experimental design is used to obtain expression measures for all genes. One popular analysis method involves fitting the same linear mixed model for each gene, obtaining gene-specific p-values for tests of interest involving fixed effects, and then choosing a threshold for significance that is intended to control false discovery rate (FDR) at a desired level. When one or more random factors have zero variance components for some genes, the standard practice of fitting the same full linear mixed model for all genes can result in failure to control FDR. We propose a new method that combines results from the fit of full and selected linear mixed models to identify differentially expressed genes and provide FDR control at target levels when the true underlying random effects structure varies across genes.
A Flexible Ball-End Milling System Model for Cutting Force and Machining Error Prediction

This paper presents a flexible system model for the prediction of cutting forces and the resulting machining errors in the ball-end milling process. Unlike the previously developed rigid system model, the present model takes into account the instantaneous and regenerative feedback of cutting system deflections to establish the chip geometry in the cutting force calculation algorithm. The deflection-dependent chip geometry is identified by using an iterative procedure to balance the cutting forces and the associated cutting system deflections. A series of steady state 3D cross-feed ball-end milling cuts were performed to validate the capability of the present model in predicting the cutting forces and the resulting machining errors. It is shown that the flexible system model gives significantly better predictions of the cutting forces than the rigid system model. Good agreement between the predicted and measured machining errors is demonstrated for the simple surfaces generated by horizontal cuts.
Tuberculoma of the Choroid

A 22-year-old South American man with known active pulmonary tuberculosis was seen because of marked unilateral loss of vision. A diagnosis of choroidal tuberculoma was made. Resolution of the lesion while under antituberculous medication was documented by the use of serial fundus photographs and fluorescein angiography. The typical presenting features of ocular tuberculosis are discussed. Fluorescein angiography has been performed infrequently in cases of tuberculosis.
Research of Line-Friction Multi Driving Belt Conveyor

On the basis of analyzing the line friction belt conveyor transmission mechanism of driving forces, the calculation method of driving force, as well as the design essentials of this conveyor system were pointed out. According to the conditons that the line friction drive motor power, the driving belt tensile strength and its minimum tension, the calculation formula of transmission belt length were obtained respectively. Meanwhile according to the maximum tension that supporting belt permitted, the position of the driving belt would be confirmed. Line friction driving mode may reduce the conveyor belt maximum tension, that is, the belt with a lower intensity levels could be selected, thereby the cost of conveying belt would be greatly reduced.
Lung Cell-specific Expression of the Murine Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) Gene Is Mediated by Interactions between the SP-A Promoter and Thyroid Transcription Factor-1

Cis-acting elements determining lung epithelial cell-selective transcription of the murine surfactant protein A (SP-A) gene were identified between nucleotide positions −255 and −57. This region of the murine SP-A gene contained nucleotide sequences consistent with thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) binding motifs. An SP-A-CAT plasmid containing the TTF-1 binding sites was transcriptionally active in mouse lung epithelial (MLE-15) cells but not in HeLa, 3T3, or H441 cells. However, transcription of the SP-A-CAT construct was activated after cotransfection of HeLa cells with a vector expressing recombinant TTF-1, pCMV-TTF-1. Recombinant TTF-1 homeodomain protein bound to four distinct binding sites located between nucleotides −231 to −168. Proteins in nuclear extracts of MLE-15 cells bound TTF-1 binding sites and were supershifted by TTF-1 antibody. Mutations of three of the TTF-1 binding sites in this region reduced expression of the SP-A-CAT construct in transfected MLE-15 cells and reduced transactivation in HeLa cells. TTF-1 interacts with complex protein/DNA binding sites located in the 5′-flanking region of the murine SP-A gene enhancing lung epithelial cell-specific expression in vitro.
Miscibility of Propylene-Ethylene Copolymer Blends

Miscibility of homogeneous propylene/ethylene (P/E) copolymers of relatively narrow molecular weight distribution was studied as a function of constituent comonomer content. Polymers with up to 31 mol % ethylene were blended in pairs in order to vary the comonomer content difference. Binary blends were rapidly quenched from the melt to retain the phase morphology, and the phase volume fractions were obtained from AFM images. Copolymers of molecular weight about 200 kg mol-1 were miscible if the difference in ethylene content was less than about 18 mol % and immiscible if the ethylene content difference was greater than about 20 mol %. Blends with constituent composition difference in the range of 18−20 mol % exhibited partial miscibility in the melt as indicated by a phase volume fraction that was different from the blend volume fraction. The temperature dependence of blend morphology confirmed the UCST behavior of P/E copolymer blends. The phase composition and the χ interaction parameter were extracted ...
Representativeness of Single Vertical Wind Profiles for Determining Volume Flux in Valleys

Abstract Wind data collected by a Doppler lidar in a deep mountain valley are used to determine the representativeness of single vertical profiles for approximating the volume flux. A method is described that interpolates these profiles to be representative of an entire valley cross section and provides guidance for placing vertically profiling sensors in future mountain valley studies. It is shown that the horizontal homogeneity assumption leads to large overestimates when volume fluxes are calculated using single vertical wind profiles. Proper sensor placement and a Knowledge of the morphology of the wind field within the valley leads to greater accuracies in estimated volume fluxes.
Inverse laser ablation: formation and chemistry of nanoparticles from gaseous precursors

Abstract Unlike traditional laser ablation experiments where solids are volatilized by the focused laser beam, we give the term `inverse laser ablation' to the process of particle formation following the interaction of the laser with a gaseous precursor. Experiments are described where the transition from a normally gas phase species to a normally condensed phase particle takes place within a single gas-phase cluster in a collisionless environment. In addition, by adding reactant molecules to the initial cluster, it is possible to observe and characterize chemical reactions occurring within this novel `test tube'. In this technique, a heterocluster composed of iron pentacarbonyl molecules and potential reactant species is formed by coexpansion in a supersonic jet. Photoionization of the precursor molecules by a picosecond, 266 nm laser pulse efficiently strips away the ligands, leaving metal ions and metal cluster ions (and neutrals) in close proximity to reactant molecules. Subsequent reactions take place which are followed by monitoring the products by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reaction with carbon disulfide is described in detail.
Analytical comparison of the matched filter and orthogonal subspace projection detectors in structured models for hyperspectral images

In this paper, we perform an analytical comparison of two well-known detectors-the matched filter detector (MFD) and the orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) detector for the subpixel target detection in hyperspectral images under the assumption of the structured model. The OSP detector (equivalent to the least squares estimator) is a popular detector utilizing background signature information. On the other hand, the MFD is intended for a model without background information, and it is often used for its simplicity. The OSP detector seems to be more reliable because it removes the interference of background signatures. However, it has been demonstrated in the literature that sometimes the MFD can be more powerful. In this paper, we show analytical results explaining the relationship between the two detectors beyond the anecdotal evidence from specific hyperspectral images or simulations. We also give some guidelines on when the MFD may be more beneficial than the OSP, and when the OSP is better because of being more robust against a wide range of conditions.
DNA fragments from F9 PyEC mutants increase expression of heterologous genes in transfected F9 cells

Restrictions fragments encompassing the DNA sequence changes, which allow polyoma mutants to productively infect embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, have been coupled to the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV TK) gene and to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene. F9 TK(-) EC cells have been transfected with the TK constructions and transformation to TK(+) colonies has been determined. F9 EC cells, retinoic-acid-induced differentiating F9 cultures, mouse fibroblasts, and mouse myoblasts have been transfected with the CAT constructions and CAT enzyme activity has been measured from the transfected cells. The results suggest that the mutant changes function at the level of gene-expression enhancement, the mutant constructions increasing the TK transformation frequency and also yielding a higher level of CAT enzyme activity when compared with constructions having no polyoma fragment or the analogous wild-type polyoma restriction fragment. The sequence specificity for enhancement changes upon differentiation of F9 EC cells, with the CAT enzyme levels from the wild-type construction approaching the values obtained from a PyEC mutant construction having a single base-pair difference.
The AT-hook motif-encoding gene METABOLIC NETWORK MODULATOR 1 underlies natural variation in Arabidopsis primary metabolism

Regulation of primary metabolism is a central mechanism by which plants coordinate their various responses to biotic and abiotic challenge. To identify genes responsible for natural variation in primary metabolism, we focused on cloning a locus from Arabidopsis thaliana that influences the level of TCA cycle metabolites in planta. We found that the Met.V.67 locus was controlled by natural variation in METABOLIC NETWORK MODULATOR 1 (MNM1), which encoded an AT-hook motif-containing protein that was unique to the Brassicales lineage. MNM1 had wide ranging effects on plant metabolism and displayed a tissue expression pattern that was suggestive of a function in sink tissues. Natural variation within MNM1 had differential effects during a diurnal time course, and this temporal dependency was supported by analysis of T-DNA insertion and over-expression lines for MNM1. Thus, the cloning of a natural variation locus specifically associated with primary metabolism allowed us to identify MNM1 as a lineage-specific modulator of primary metabolism, suggesting that the regulation of primary metabolism can change during evolution.
Production of detergent-grade trisodium citrate

An efficient process to produce a technical-grade trisodium citrate suitable for detergent use has been demonstrated. Ammonium citrate is produced as an intermediate by a continuous fermentation approach usingCandiada lipolytica yeast and C10–C20 linear paraffin. After removing yeast cells and residual oil by centrifuge, ammonia is distilled off with addition of sodium hydroxide. Trisodium citrate is recovered by methanol precipitation. Impurities, e.g., isocitrate, coloring materials and odorous substances dissolve in methanol and are removed. The methanol is recovered and recycled. A simple approach to convert the trisodium citrate solution directly to a solid for possible use in detergents failed because of the objectionable color, odor and high hygroscopicity.
Enhancing asset management through a better understanding of energy consumption

ABSTRACTAsset management is a systems approach to managing an organization's portfolio of real property assets. Although a range of activities exist to help manage these assets, understanding facility energy consumption is a critical component from a life-cycle decision-making perspective. Since energy consumption is a national concern for most countries, this has resulted in various initiatives regarding energy conservation measures. To better understand the factors affecting energy consumption in facilities, energy and meteorological data covering 22 years were collected for 74 sites located throughout the world. A regression model with an adjusted R2 value of 81% was subsequently developed to predict energy consumption for each site. Additionally, using trend analysis, we found that the amount of energy used to meet heating load requirements was much greater than the amount used to meet cooling load requirements. The insight gained through the research can help facility managers develop energy initiati...
X-rays Destroy the Lamellar Structure of Model Membranes

Lipid membranes undergo a dramatic lamellar-to-non-lamellar phase transformation upon being irradiated with X-rays. The structure change was evidenced by chemical breakdown of the lipid and by a change in the X-ray diffraction properties of the model membrane indicating complete disruption of lamellar stacking. Considering the importance of X-ray diffraction as a structure probe the problem of radiation damage to biological materials must be duly recognized. Because X-ray damage has been shown to be free radical-mediated these results suggest a means by which free radicals accumulating in cells during aging might compromise membrane integrity and contribute to cell death.
Effect of anemia on blood and tissue lead in rats.

The effect of anemia on the lead content of blood, red cells, and tissue was studied in rats given oral lead, 54 mg/kg‐day for 6 days. The 16 rats made anemic (hematocrit, 26%) by bleeding on days 1, 3, and 5 had significantly higher concentrations of lead in the kidney, liver, red cells, blood, and brain (but not in the bone marrow). Increases in blood lead in anemic subjects were correlated with the concentrations in red cells, kidney, and liver. The greater increase in the lead content of all tissues of the anemic rats is consistent with increased lead absorption in anemia and is considered relevant to the clinical coexistence of anemia and lead poisoning.
Association of Physical Activity Levels With Adiposity and Lipid Profiles in Children With Hyperlipidemia † 644

Association of Physical Activity Levels With Adiposity and Lipid Profiles in Children With Hyperlipidemia † 644
CXCR4-Tropic HIV-1 Suppresses Replication of CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 in Human Lymphoid Tissue by Selective Induction of CC-Chemokines

In infected individuals, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exist as a "swarm" of quasi species compartmentalized in tissues where individual viral variants may interact locally. We have used human lymphoid tissue, where the critical events of HIV disease occur, to study local interactions in model HIV-1 binary swarms ex vivo. We infected tissue blocks with binary mixtures consisting either of CCR5-dependent and CXCR4-dependent variants or of 2 dual-tropic HIV-1 variants, of which one is skewed to utilization of CXCR4 and the other of CCR5. HIV-1 variants that use CXCR4 suppress replication of CCR5-dependent HIV-1 variants, whereas CCR5-dependent HIV-1 variants do not affect replication of CXCR4-dependent HIV-1. CC-chemokines that inhibit replication of CCR5-dependent HIV-1 variants were up-regulated by CXCR4-dependent HIV-1, thus possibly contributing to this suppression. Tissue-specific chemokine/cytokine network modulations triggered by individual HIV-1 variants may be an important mechanism of local interactions among HIV-1 quasi species in infected tissue.
A symbolic model of human attentional networks

An increasing body of evidence has shown that attention is a multi-type and multilevel cognitive faculty. The dominant computational modeling approaches to attention have often focused on one specific type of attention at one specific level. In particular, various connectionist modeling techniques at the subsymbolic level have been widely adopted. In this paper, we report a symbolic computational model of the Attentional Network Test, which simultaneously involves different types of attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control), each subserved by distinctive attentional networks in the brain. The model was developed in ACT-R, a rule-based cognitive architecture. The results show that the model, by sequentially firing rules at a rate of about one every 40 ms, was able to capture the effect of each attentional network. The model implies that while the attentional networks can be distinguished at both neuroanatomical and behavioral levels, different attentional networks may adopt similar computational operations at least at a symbolic rule level.
Self-aligned n-channel germanium MOSFETs with a thin Ge oxynitride gate dielectric and tungsten gate

In this letter, we report self-aligned n-channel germanium (Ge) MOSFETs with a thin Ge oxynitride gate dielectric and tungsten gate electrode. Excellent off-state current is achieved through the reduction of junction leakage. For the first time, we have demonstrated an n-channel Ge MOSFET with a subthreshold slope of 150 mV/dec and an on-off current ratio of /spl sim/10/sup 4/.
A continuous state space model of multiple service, multiple resource communication networks

The merging of telephone and computer networks is introducing multiple resources into networks, and information is becoming increasingly distributed across the network. Related services are being integrated onto a single network rather than being offered on separate uncoordinated networks. We focus upon communication networks that integrate multiple services using multiple resources. In previous work, such networks have been modeled by multidimensional Markov chains with product form distributions. We approximate the distribution on the original discrete state space by a similar product form distribution on a continuous state space. We consider access control of such a system and prove that the resulting optimal coordinate-convex control policy is convex. Based on this result, we suggest an algorithm for ending a near-optimal policy for the discrete problem that has much less complexity than existing methods for finding optimal or near-optimal policies. >
IDENTITY, SURVIVAL, AND THE REASONABLENESS OF REPLICATION

L'A. analyse les arguments d'E. Sosa (« Surviving Matters », 1990) contre les conceptions de D. Parfit relatives a la survie et a l'identite. Selon lui, certaines de ces objections ne sont pas defendables
Intramuscular crossed connective tissue fibres: skeletal support in the lateral fins of squid and cuttlefish (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

The lateral fins of cuttlefish and squid were modelled to test the hypothesis that an array of crossed connective tissue fibres embedded within the musculature of the fins provides the support required for bending and to evaluate the role of the connective tissue in elastic energy storage. Previous morphological studies showed that the fins consist of a tightly packed array of musculature similar to that found in other muscular hydrostats. However, an electromyographical study of low amplitude, low frequency fin beating found that, unlike other muscular hydrostats, synergistic muscle contractions do not provide the support required for fin bending. Three computer simulations were performed. The first, a force analysis. considered the resistance to lateral compression provided by the crossed connective tissue fibres of an unbent fin. The second, an energy minimization analysis, considered the shape and deformation of the fin when subjected to lateral compressive forces confined to either the dorsal or ventral surface of the fin. The results from these first two simulations were combined in a third simulation that calculated the upper limit for connective tissue strain as a function of the angle subtended by the arc of the fin. This last simulation suggests that the connective tissue array provides the support required. It also predicts that the connective tissue strain is slightly non-linear as a function of fin angle and that the connective tissue fibres on the concave side are considerably more strained than those on the convex side of a bent fin. Further, the original fibre angle of the connective tissue is such that the total amount of elastic energy stored in the array is parabolic as a function of fin angle, suggesting that the array may allow the fin to function as a harmonic oscillator. The ‘spring stiffness’ predicted by the model approximates the optimal value calculated for a harmonically oscillating fin at the frequency and wavelength observed. This suggests that elastic energy storage in the connective tissue fibre array may increase the efficiency of the fins during locomotion.
New Perspectives on Continuum Traffic Flow Models

This paper discusses the mathematical properties of two classes of continuum models that extend the basic kinematic wave model of Lighthill and Whitham, and Richards (LWR)—lower-order and higher-order continuum models. While the differences among the discussed models are pointed out and contrasted, the emphasis is on their commonality. In the latter we found that 1) both classes of models, including the basic kinematic wave model, can violate the anisotropic property of traffic flow, 2) both types of models produce waves non-existent in the LWR model, and 3) both lower and higher order models can be reduced to a kinematic wave model with an effective fundamental diagram. It can therefore be said that the two classes of models are much more closely related than their appearances had led people to believe. The paper concludes with a discussion on the treatment of inhomogeneities and a proposal of a proper procedure for experimentally validating any continuum traffic flow models.
Exotic earthworm effects on hardwood forest floor, nutrient availability and native plants: a mesocosm study

A greenhouse mesocosm experiment, representing earthworm-free North American Acer-dominated forest floor and soil conditions, was used to examine the individual and combined effects of initial invasion by three European earthworm species (Dendrobaena octaedra, Lumbricus rubellus and Lumbricus terrestris) on the forest floor and upper soil horizons, N and P availability, and the mortality and biomass of four native understory plant species (Acer saccharum, Aquilegia canadensis, Aralia racemosa, and Carex pensylvanica). All the three earthworm species combined caused larger impacts on most variables measured than any single earthworm species. These included loss of O horizon mass, decreased thickness of the O horizon and increased thickness of the A horizon, and higher availability of N and P. The latter finding differs from field reports where nutrients were less available after invasion, and probably represents an initial transient increase in nutrient supply as earthworms consume and incorporate the O horizon into the A horizon. Earthworms also increased mortality of plants and decreased total mesocosm plant biomass, but here the impact of all the three earthworm species was no greater than that of L. terrestris and/or L. rubellus alone. This study corroborates field studies that European earthworm invasions alter North American forest ecosystem processes by initiating a cascade of impacts on plant community composition and soil properties.
Two Patterns of Genome Organization in Mammals: the Chromosomal Distribution of Duplicate Genes in Human and Mouse

Gene duplication occurs repeatedly in the evolution of genomes, and the rearrangement of genomic segments has also occurred repeatedly over the evolution of eukaryotes. We studied the interaction of these two factors in mammalian evolution by comparing the chromosomal distribution of multigene families in human and mouse. In both species, gene families tended to be confined to a single chromosome to a greater extent than expected by chance. The average number of families shared between chromosomes was nearly 60% higher in mouse than in human, and human chromosomes rarely shared large numbers of gene families with more than one or two other chromosomes, whereas mouse chromosomes frequently did so. A higher proportion of duplicate gene pairs on the same chromosome originated from recent duplications in human than in mouse, whereas a higher proportion of duplicate gene pairs on separate chromosomes arose from ancient duplications in human than in mouse. These observations are most easily explained by the hypotheses that (1) most gene duplications arise in tandem and are subsequently separated by segmental rearrangement events, and (2) that the process of segmental rearrangement has occurred at a higher rate in the lineage of mouse than in that of human.
Trends of Incidence and Survival of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors in the United States: A Seer Analysis

OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in detection and survival of hollow viscus gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) across time and geographic regions of the U.S. METHODS: We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to investigate 19,669 individuals with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal NETs. Trends in incidence were tested using Poisson regression. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine survival. RESULTS: Incidence increased over time for NETs of all gastrointestinal sites (all P < 0.001), except appendix. Rates have risen faster for NETs of the small intestine and rectum than stomach and colon. Rectal NETs were detected at a faster pace among blacks than whites (P < 0.001) and slower in the East than other regions (P < 0.001). We observed that appendiceal and rectal NETs carry the best prognosis and survival of small intestinal and colon NETs has improved for both men and women. Colon NETs showed different temporal trends in survival according to geographic region (Pinteraction = 0.028). Improved prognosis was more consistent across the country for small intestinal NETs. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of gastrointestinal NETs has increased, accompanied by inconsistently improved survival for different anatomic sites among certain groups defined by race and geographic region.
The Double Life of Double Effect

The U.S. Supreme Court's majority opinion in Vacco v. Quill assumes that the principle of double effect explains the permissibility of hastening death in the context of ordinary palliative care and in extraordinary cases in which painkilling drugs have failed to relieve especially intractable suffering and terminal sedation has been adopted as a last resort. The traditional doctrine of double effect, understood as providing a prohibition on instrumental harming as opposed to incidental harming or harming as a side effect, must be distinguished from other ways in which the claim that a result is not intended might be offered as part of a justification for it. Although double effect might appropriately be invoked as a constraint on ordinary palliative care, it is not clear that it can be coherently extended to justify such practices as terminal sedation. A better approach would reconsider double effect's traditional prohibition on hastening death as a means to relieve suffering in the context of acute palliative care.
Diascalar flux and the rate of fluid mixing

We define the rate at which a scalar 0 mixes in a fluid flow in terms of the flux of θ across isoscalar surfaces. This flux Φ d is purely diffusive and is, in principle, exactly known at all times given the scalar field and the coefficient of molecular diffusivity. In general, the complex geometry of isoscalar surfaces would appear to make the calculation of this flux very difficult. In this paper, we derive an exact expression relating the instantaneous diascalar flux to the average squared scalar gradient on an isoscalar surface which does not require knowledge of the spatial structure of the surface itself. To obtain this result, a time-dependent reference state θ(t, z * ) is defined. When the scalar is taken to be density, this reference state is that of minimum potential energy. The rate of change of the reference state due to diffusion is shown to equal the divergence of the diffusive flux, i.e. (∂/∂z * )Φ d . This result provides a mathematical framework that exactly separates diffusive and advective scalar transport in incompressible fluid flows. The relationship between diffusive and advective transport is discussed in relation to the scalar variance equation and the Osborn-Cox model. Estimation of water mass transformation from oceanic microstructure profiles and determination of the time-dependent mixing rate in numerically simulated flows are discussed.
Psychological stress and colitis

In cardiovascular disease, the role of stressful life events, personality profiles, and affective disorders as risk factors for the development of morbidity and mortality from established coronary artery disease is well established.1 Furthermore, specific biological mediators of these psychosocial factors, such as reduced cardiovagal tone and altered platelet function have been identified.2 In contrast, the role of psychosocial factors in the development and modulation of common gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional and inflammatory bowel disorders and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease remain controversial. This is particularly surprising in view of the unique well established bidirectional interactions between the brain and gut, the prominent role of the gut associated lymphoid tissue in this brain-gut interaction, and in view of the common clinical impression that certain stressful life events frequently precede exacerbation of symptoms in all of these disorders. However, recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the neurobiology of the stress response both under acute conditions and in the setting of chronic stress provide a framework for scientific investigation which allow us to move from the traditional psychological and epidemiological domain into the biological interface between mind, brain, and gut function.3 The article by Qiu and colleagues4is a good example of this new approach to unravelling the role of stress in disorders of the gut. Evidence for a role of chronic stressors in the modulation of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comes from …
State estimation for force-controlled humanoid balance using simple models in the presence of modeling error

This paper considers the design of state estimators for dynamic balancing systems using a Linear Inverted Pendulum model with unknown modeling errors such as a center of mass measurement offset or an external force. A variety of process and output models are constructed and compared. For a system containing modeling error, it is shown that a naive estimator (one that doesn't account for this error) will result in inaccurate state estimates. These state estimators are evaluated on a force-controlled humanoid robot for a sinusoidal swaying task and a forward push recovery task.
The importance of personality in students' perceptions of the online learning experience

The current research examined the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and five specific types of online course impressions (engagement, value to career, overall evaluation, anxiety/frustration, and preference for online courses). Results revealed that conscientiousness was the most consistent predictor of an individual's impressions of online courses. Specifically, conscientiousness was significantly related with each of the five online course impressions studied. In addition, agreeableness and openness were both positively related with the perceived value of online courses to one's career. Work experience was positively associated with engagement, value to career, and overall evaluation, and negatively associated with anxiety/frustration. Undergraduates reported stronger preferences for online courses than did graduate students, and married students reported lower levels of anxiety/frustration with online courses. Results are interpreted with the intent of providing an enhanced understanding of the importance of personality in students' impressions of the online learning experience.
Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Examine Judgment Consistency in a Complex Multiattribute Task

This paper investigates the impact of framing and time pressure on human judgment performance in a complex multiattribute judgment task. We focus on the decision process of human participants who must choose between pairwise alternatives in a resource-allocation task. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to calculate the relative weights of the four alternatives (i.e., C1, C2, C3, and C4) and the judgment consistency. Using the AHP, we examined two sets of hypotheses that address the impact of task conditions on the weight prioritization of choice alternatives and the internal consistency of the judgment behavior under varying task conditions. The experiment simulated the allocation of robotic assets across the battlefield to collect data about an enemy. Participants had to make a judgment about which asset to allocate to a new area by taking into account three criteria related to the likelihood of success. We manipulated the information frame and the nature of the task. We found that, in general, participants gave significantly different weights to the same alternatives under different frames and task conditions. Specifically, in terms of ln-transformed priority weights, participants gave significantly lower weights to C2 and C4 and higher weight to C3 under gain frame than under loss frame, and also, under different task conditions (i.e., Tasks #1, #2, and #3), participants gave significantly higher weight to C4 in Task #1, lower weights to C1 and C4, higher weight to C3 in Task #2, and lower weight to C3 in Task #3. Furthermore, we found that the internal consistency of the decision behavior was worse, first, in the loss frame than the gain frame and, second, under time pressure. Our methodology complements utility-theoretic frameworks by assessing judgment consistency without requiring the use of task-performance outcomes. This work is a step toward establishing a coherence criterion to investigate judgment under naturalistic conditions. The results will be useful for the design of multiattribute interfaces and decision aiding tools for real-time judgments in time-pressured task environments.
Affective modulation of the startle response among children at high and low risk for anxiety disorders.

Background Identifying early markers of risk for anxiety disorders in children may aid in understanding underlying mechanisms and informing prevention efforts. Affective modulation of the startle response indexes sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant environmental contexts and has been shown to relate to anxiety, yet the extent to which abnormalities in affect-modulated startle reflect vulnerability for anxiety disorders in children has yet to be examined. The current study assessed the effects of parental psychopathology on affective modulation of startle in offspring. Method Nine-year-old children (n = 144) with no history of anxiety or depressive disorders completed a passive picture viewing task in which eye-blink startle responses were measured during the presentation of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images. Results Maternal anxiety was associated with distinct patterns of affective modulation of startle in offspring, such that children with maternal histories of anxiety showed potentiation of the startle response while viewing unpleasant images, but not attenuation during pleasant images, whereas children with no maternal history of anxiety exhibited attenuation of the startle response during pleasant images, but did not exhibit unpleasant potentiation – even when controlling for child symptoms of anxiety and depression. No effects of maternal depression or paternal psychopathology were observed. Conclusions These findings suggest that both enhanced startle responses in unpleasant conditions and failure to inhibit startle responses in pleasant conditions may reflect early emerging vulnerabilities that contribute to the later development of anxiety disorders.
The Origins of Major War. By Dale C. Copeland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000. 322p. $52.00 cloth, $29.50 paper.

Studies of the relationship between the distribution of power and prospects for conflict or cooperation have a distinguished history in the field of international politics. Several competing theories have been offered to explain variation in foreign policy behavior as a function of power distributions. Moreover, a wealth of empirical evidence suggests the crucial role that power plays in international bargaining. The Origins of Major War is a deeply penetrat- ing, extraordinarily wide-ranging, and judicious treatment of the onset of major conflict, and it offers an explanation and some evidence for the relationship between power differentials and major power conflict. Copeland provides a dynamic theory of major power war, building upon classic realism. In my view, his diagnosis and combination of prescription are substantially correct.
Application of ξ-Limiting Process to Intermediate Bosons

The $\ensuremath{\xi}$-limiting process discussed in the preceding paper is used to study the electromagnetic properties of the intermediate boson ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$. Assuming that the limit $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ exists, it is found that, by a rearrangement of the perturbation series, the radiative correction to the quadrupole moment of ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ can be calculated and is proportional to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Similar radiative corrections to the leptonic decay modes of ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay, and the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of a "bare" nucleon are also discussed.
A Systematic Review of Suicide Prevention Programs for Military or Veterans

Military personnel and veterans have important suicide risk factors. After a systematic review of the literature on suicide prevention, seven (five in the U.S.) studies of military personnel were identified containing interventions that may reduce the risk of suicide. The effectiveness of the individual components was not assessed, and problems in methodology or reporting of data were common. Overall, multifaceted interventions for active duty military personnel are supported by consistent evidence, although of very mixed quality, and in some cases during intervals of declines in suicide rates in the general population. There were insufficient studies of U.S. Veterans to reach conclusions.
Analysis of Beam-Columns on Elastic Supports

The analysis of beam-columns on continuous elastic foundations is required for applications in systems as diverse as a nail embedded in wood, laterally braced beam-columns, bearing piles, or beams on soil foundations. In addition, related problems such as a network of beams on soil foundations. In addition, related problems such as a network of beams, stiffened thin-walled tubes, ribbed plates, or ribbed shells all have a mathematical form identical to that of the beam-column on elastic supports. For these cases it is sometimes necessary to obtain not only a deflection and stress analysis but a stability analysis as well. The purpose of this paper is to present Fourier series analysis techniques for performing the elastic stability analysis of beam-columns supported by continuous Winkler supports including arbitrary rotational and translational restraints at the boundaries. As a byproduct of the stability analysis, the deflection analysis for general loadings will also be generated.
Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology

R. W. Burkhardt Jr. 2005. Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 496 pp. ISBN 0-226-08090-0, price (paper), $29.00. Burkhardt, a historian of biology, 1st began his research for Patterns of Behavior five years after Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and Karl von Frisch shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to the founding of ethology. Ethology, Burkhardt quotes Tinbergen, is “the biological study of behavior.” Patterns of Behavior begins in the early 1900s, connecting major as well as minor events that led to the founding of ethology as a scientific field in the 1930s and through its development into the 1970s. The high level of detail in this book is a testament to Burkhardt's patience and persistence in pulling together a mass of sources, including records of conversations, letters, presentations, publications, photographs, and personal interviews. Patterns of Behavior is a close examination of how people, place, and society (e.g., politics) interact to influence scientific theories and structure research directions. Burkhardt provides minibiographies of scientists who directly or indirectly influenced ethology. The first 2 chapters cover the forerunners of ethology, including scientists from the United States (Charles Otis and Whitman Wallace Craig) and …
A Physics for Studies of Civilization

This chapter applies the general physical outlook described in Chapters 24 and 27 to human social systems. Social systems, like other complex systems, are characterized by conservations that determine their dynamics over a wide range of time scales. In addition to the usual physical driving forces, human social systems also introduce a number of distinct factors, such as epigenetic memory storage, transmission of information (e.g., tool use, technology), and transfer of social values. They also introduce two new conservations: (1) reproduction of number and (2) value-in-trade. These new factors are given an extended physical interpretation.
A Practical Solution: Ureakin

Von Leibnitz was a German philosopher-mathematician who gave us our concept of kinetic energy. With the help of Issac Newton, he developed the first theories of differential calculus over 300 years ago. Early in the seventeenth century Von Leibnitz invented a calculator that probably inspired the above quote.
Kenalog® Dermatologic (Squibb)

Kenalog action stems from the anti-inflammatory action of the synthetic corticosteroid, triamcinolone acetonide. These creams, lotions, ointments, and sprays are primarily effective because of their anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive actions.
Comprehensive mapping of O-GlcNAc modification sites using a chemically cleavable tag

The post-translational modification of serine or threonine residues of proteins with a single N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide (O-GlcNAcylation) is essential for cell survival and function. However, relatively few O-GlcNAc modification sites have been mapped due to the difficulty of enriching and detecting O-GlcNAcylated peptides from complex samples. Here we describe an improved approach to quantitatively label and enrich O-GlcNAcylated proteins for site identification. Chemoenzymatic labelling followed by copper(I)-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) installs a new mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible linker designed for facile purification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins from cell lysates. The linker also allows subsequent quantitative release of O-GlcNAcylated proteins for downstream MS analysis. We validate the approach by unambiguously identifying several established O-GlcNAc sites on the proteins α-crystallin and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), as well as discovering new, previously unreported sites on OGT. Notably, these novel sites on OGT lie in key functional domains of the protein, underscoring how this site identification method may reveal important biological insights into protein activity and regulation.