cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Political Analysis of Negotiation: How Who Gets What and When

Negotiation is one of the basic political or decision-making processes, but if processes in general have been sorely neglected in political analysis, negotiation has been neglected more than most. Legislation as an institutional function has a respectable literature; as a process wherein goal values are constant and decisions are made by aggregating a sufficient number of parties to constitute a numerically superior side, it has become the subject of coalition theory. Adjudication has also given rise to a large quantity of institutional literature, although a theory explaining the process wherein a single party combines events and values to produce a decision is less well established. Similarly, diplomacy—and more recently, collective bargaining—has been thoroughly described, and economists and mathematicians using game and utility theories have developed some complex models of bargaining. But negotiation as a political process, specifically explained in terms of power, is an underdeveloped area of theory.
The Developing Technology of Computerized Information Systems

Space constraints allow only a narrow exploration of the subject assigned. Therefore, this paper discusses the potential impact of the developing technology on the design and usefulness of computerized information systems. This paper places major emphasis on examining the potential impact of technology already developed and tested. Less emphasis is given to theoretically possible or prototype technology because of the low probability that many of these technologies will ever become operational. In addition, this paper further limits the discussion to those technologies which are most likely to affect agricultural economists and their clientele groups. Finally, the technologies discussed in this paper reflect the author's interpretation of conversations with scientists in the computer and communications industry, reviewing the computer and information systems literature and the author's own experiences in this area. Emphasis placed on the various components discussed reflect the author's own perspective of the situation. It is highly probable that others acquainted with the topic would choose different, or emphasize other, concepts.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Effect of Potassium on Activity and Selectivity for Oxide and Carbide Fe Catalysts

The effect of potassium on oxides and carbides of iron for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was investigated by pretreating Fe3O4 and K-promoted Fe catalysts with different gases (H2/H2O and CO). A freshly activated sample and catalysts that were recovered from the CSTR before, during and after FT synthesis were characterized ex situ using Mossbauer spectroscopy. Iron carbide is found to be active for both FT and water gas shift (WGS) reactions. After H2/H2O activation, all three catalysts (Fe3O4, low α-Fe, and high α-Fe) exhibit a steady but low FT activity for a period of FT synthesis. However, both FT and WGS activity for Fe3O4 and low α-Fe catalysts were greatly improved after CO activation. In contrast, the high potassium containing catalyst (high α-Fe) did not show any further improvement in activity after CO activation. The difference in FT and WGS activity observed after pretreatment conditions using these catalysts may be associated to the amount of potassium and conversely the iron carbide present in the catalysts.
Protein Dynamics at the Picosecond-Nanosecond Time Scale: a Complementary Study by Dielectric Spectroscopy, Neutron Spectroscopy and MD Simulation

We have studied dynamics of hydrated protein (h ∼ 0.4 grams of water per gram of protein) in picoseconds-nanosecond time scale using dielectric spectroscopy, neutron spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We have observed two relaxation processes in dielectric spectra of hydrated protein: “main” (tens of picoseconds) and “slow” (nanoseconds). Traditionally these processes have been attributed to the relaxation of bound hydration water and not to the protein. Using Neutron scattering data, the “main” process has been assigned to the protein-water coupled motion. MD simulations focused on protein relaxation processes in picoseconds-nanosecond time range also revealed protein motions at the same time-scale as the processes observed in dielectric spectra of hydrated protein. Detailed analysis of the MD simulations and comparison to dielectric data indicate that the observed relaxation process in the nanosecond time range is mainly due to the protein. The relaxation processes involve the entire structure of the protein, including atoms in the protein backbone, side chains and turns. Both surface and buried protein atoms contribute to this motion, however surface atoms demonstrate slightly faster dynamics. Analysis of the water atom residence times reveals that 90% of hydration water exchange with the bulk on time scale shorter than 100 ps, and indicates that there are not enough stationary water molecules at the protein surface to support the bound water-only interpretation of the observed dielectric process in nanosecond time range.
Entrepreneurship Training for the Developing World

Developing countries, once economically marginal, are now a critical part of the world's economy. Non-OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries account for three-quarters of the world's population, three-quarters of real gross domestic product growth over the last decade and nearly two-thirds of the world's energy, steel, and copper consumption ( 1 ). China and India constitute a sizable part of this development, but many other countries are showing impressive economic growth; Bangladesh and sub-Saharan Africa are projected to grow at around 6% this year ( 2 ).
Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction

Vegetation maps of the lower Laguna Madre prepared from surveys conducted in 1965–1967, 1974–1976, and 1988 document a >330 km2 decrease in cover byHalodule wrightii, an increase of almost 190 km2 in other seagrass species, and an increase of 140 km2 in bare bottom. Loss in seagrass cover is confined to deeper parts of the laguna; turbidity caused by maintenance dredging is the suspected cause. The species shifts are consistent with observed reductions in salinity maxima. Although the hydrological alterations and climatic shift responsible for moderating the salinity regime occurred between 1948 and 1965, the biological changes continue. Establishment of patches away from source meadows appears to be the process for displacing species that limits their rate of expansion into suitable habitat in this elongate embayment.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children review of 16 cases

Abstract Of fifty two children with nasopharyngeal tumors who were registered and treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), from 1961 through 1977, 16 had carcinoma. The results of retrospective analysis of these patients are presented here. There were 7 girls and 9 boys between 12 and 16 years of age. One patient had a Stage I tumor; one had a Stage II tumor and 14 had Stage IV tumors. The histology was poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma in all patients. All patients had radiotherapy to the primary site. Six patients received chemotherapy for distant metastases, and 2 had adjuvant chemotherapy. Of the 13 patients who were treated initially with radiation alone, 2 were alive and free of disease at 12 and 14 years respectively. Of the 3 patients who had chemotherapy at initial treatment, one was alive and free of disease 18 months from diagnosis and one patient died of treatment without tumor. Bone was the most common site of distant metastases. While radiation therapy alone appears to be adequate treatment for early tumors, adjuvant chemotherapy should be tried to improve results in advanced tumors.
Splitting vessels: Keeping lymph apart from blood

Mixing lymph and blood in the vascular system can have dramatic effects on health, but how these two systems remain separate has been unclear. Now, it seems that two signaling molecules expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells segregate lymphatic and blood vessels during development and tissue revascularization.
Environmental modification of nest-building in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract Exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to low ambient temperature (5°C versus 26°C) during a 5-day test resulted in the building of larger nests. The weight of cotton used by the animal was employed as an index of nest size. Animals which had been acclimated to 5°C for 6 weeks prior to testing built larger nests at 5°C and smaller nests at 26°C than did warm-acclimated mice. In addition, warmacclimated P. leucopus maintained for 6 weeks under short photoperiod (LD9:15; L=light, D=dark) built larger nests at both 5°C and 26°C than did animals maintained under long photoperiod (LD 16:8). This pattern of response to environmental conditions approximating winter (low ambient temperature, short photoperiod) indicates that nesting is a component of the physiological-behavioural complex of cold adaptation.
Energetics, electronic structures and geometries of didehydroazines

When calibrated against the available experimental data for didehydrobenzenes, RB3LYP/cc-pVTZ, QCISD/cc-pVTZ, CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ, and G3 electronic structure calculations provide reliable predictions of standard enthalpies and singlet—triplet splittings in all possible isomers of didehydroazines that (with a possible exception of 2,6-didehydropyridine) possess singlet ground states. Singlet didehydroazines with larger numbers of nitrogen atoms turn out to be more prone to ring opening, as indicated by the fact that out of the 6, 11, 6 and 3 possible didehydropyridines, didehydrodiazines, didehydrotriazines, and didehydrotetrazines, respectively, 5, 7, 2 and none are actually found. Immediate proximity of the nitrogen atom to the formally triple carbon—carbon bond confers decreased thermodynamic stabilities and smaller singlet—triplet splittings on the species of the 1,2-didehydro type. Some of the aza analogues of singlet 1,3-didehydrobenzene are as stable as their 1,2-didehydro counterparts. The only existi...
The effect of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment on carbon tetrachloride-stimulated heme degradation and carbon monoxide expiration in vivo

Abstract Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) to rats resulted in an increase in carbon monoxide (CO) expiration within 15 min. Both phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) increased CCL 4 stimulated CO expiration but only PB increased CCl 4 -stimulated microsomal cytochrome P-450 and heme destruction. CO was formed by peroxidizing methyl linolenate and suggested that a portion of the CO exhaled by rats administered CCl4 may be formed during the peroxidative degradation of membrane lipids. However, because of multiplicity of sources of CO, this gas does not appear to be a suitable index of in vivo lipid peroxidation.
Hypopituitarism after radiotherapy for extracranial head and neck cancers

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of radiotherapy-induced primary and secondary hypopituitarism. Methods. Three hundred twelve patients treated with radio- therapy for extracranial head and neck tumors between 1964 and 2000 were evaluated. Radiotherapy doses to the hypothala- mus and pituitary were estimated by reconstructing treatment plans. Results. Clinical hypopituitarism was observed in 44 (14.1%) patients after a median interval of 5.6 years. Hypothalamic dys- function was reported in 14 patients after a median interval of 4.4 years. Neither fractionation nor adjuvant chemotherapy sig- nificantly impacted clinical hypopituitarism on multivariate analy- sis, but total dose to the pituitary was significant (p 5 .0228). Twenty-three of 68 (33.8%) patients tested for hypopituitarism demonstrated subclinical hypopituitarism. The 5- and 10-year rates of freedom from clinical hypopituitarism were 93% and 72%. The 5- and 10-year rates of freedom from subclinical hypo- pituitarism were 85% and 65%. Conclusion. Clinical and subclinical manifestations of late radiation toxicity were observed in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. V V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 30: 1182- 1192, 2008
Perceived and ideal physiques in male and female university students.

(1993). Perceived and Ideal Physiques in Male and Female University Students. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 133, No. 5, pp. 751-752.
Environmental modification for treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's patients

Agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is a common behavior problem in middle stages of the disease. The treatment of agitation at present mostly focuses on pharmacological intervention. The patients in the two case studies presented here showed agitated behavior due to mirror self-misperception. The agitation was measured by CohenMansfield test one week before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of covering mirrors accessible to the patients, which completely alleviated their agitation. This intervention illustrates the great benefits to be gained by awareness of practical solutions to overcome environmental stressors, since the simple non-pharmcological changes avoided unnecessary medication with attendant problems of drug interactions and side effects.
The incredible journey: From megakaryocyte development to platelet formation

Circulating blood platelets are specialized cells that prevent bleeding and minimize blood vessel injury. Large progenitor cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes (MKs) are the source of platelets. MKs release platelets through a series of fascinating cell biological events. During maturation, they become polyploid and accumulate massive amounts of protein and membrane. Then, in a cytoskeletal-driven process, they extend long branching processes, designated proplatelets, into sinusoidal blood vessels where they undergo fission to release platelets. Given the need for platelets in many pathological situations, understanding how this process occurs is an active area of research with important clinical applications.
Cognitive Approach to Construction Safety: Task Demand-Capability Model

In the evolution of safety research, the literature identifies three paradigms: normative, error-based, and cognitive engineering. Traditionally, strategies to improve construction safety have been based on the normative paradigm—compliance with prescribed safety rules. However, the normative approach ignores how the characteristics of the production system and team processes influence the work behaviors and the possibility of errors and accidents. These factors are the focus of the cognitive engineering perspective. This study develops a cognitive model of construction safety, which conceptualizes safety as an emergent property of the production system. The model proposes that during a task, the task demands and the applied capabilities determine the potential for errors and accidents. It also proposes that the production practices and the teamwork processes of the crew shape the work situations that the workers face—that is, the task demands and the applied capability. Empirical evidence from recent cas...
Development And Design Of An Airborne Autonomous Wavemeter For Laser Tuning

The development and design of an instrument for making water vapor Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) measurements from a down-looking airborne platform are described. The wavemeter device for this NASA-LASE (Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment) project involves a classical Fabry-Perot interferometer approach. The interoferometer design, breadboard design, data retrieval algorithms, and errors are examined, and the design of the airborne instrument is discussed, including the illumination and imaging considerations, optomechanical component arrangement, electronic configuration, and proposed calibration technique.
Measuring female mating preferences

Interest in the evolution of female mating preferences has increased greatly in recent years, and numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain how mating preferences evolve. Despite this interest, little is known about how selection acts on mating preferences in natural populations. One reason for this lack of information may be that experimental designs commonly used for testing female preferences make it difficult to quantify the preferences of individual females. Most commonly used designs share three features: they examine the preferences of populations of females, they test female responses when they are presented simultaneously with two stimuli, and they infer information on female preferences by observing female choices between alternative stimuli. Population-level choice tests, in which each female is tested only once with a set of stimuli, do not evaluate within-female variation in preference, which is necessary to document between-female variation in preference. Two-stimulus designs test only for directional preferences if female responses are tested with only a single pair of stimuli. In addition, dichotomous scoring of female responses makes detection of between-female variation in preference difficult. Simultaneous stimulus presentations can confound female preference and female sampling behaviour. An alternative method to assess female preferences is to measure repeatedly the preference functions of individual females using a single-stimulus design. The shape of a female's preference function indicates how a female's mating response varies with male trait value, and repeated measures of individual preference functions allow measurement of within- and between-female variation in preferences.
Methadone Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Human Immune Cells

Opiate abuse has been postulated to be a cofactor in the immunopathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study evaluated whether methadone, a drug widely prescribed for the treatment of drug abusers with opioid dependence, affects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of human immune cells. When added to human fetal microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophage cultures, methadone significantly enhanced HIV infection of these cells. This enhancement was associated with the up-regulation of expression of CCR5, a primary coreceptor for macrophage-tropic HIV entry into macrophages. Most importantly, the addition of methadone to the cultures of latently infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients enhanced viral activation and replication. Although the in vivo relevance of these findings remains to be determined, the data underscore the necessity of further studies to define the role of opioids, including methadone, in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS.
Elementary Flux Mode Analysis of Acetyl-CoA Pathway in Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901

Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans is a carboxydotrophic hydrogenogenic bacterium species that produces hydrogen molecule by utilizing carbon monoxide (CO) or pyruvate as a carbon source. To investigate the underlying biochemical mechanism of hydrogen production, an elementary mode analysis of acetyl-CoA pathway was performed to determine the intermediate fluxes by combining linear programming (LP) method available in CellNetAnalyzer software. We hypothesized that addition of enzymes necessary for carbon monoxide fixation and pyruvate dissimilation would enhance the theoretical yield of hydrogen. An in silico gene knockout of pyk, pykC, and mdh genes of modeled acetyl-CoA pathway allows the maximum theoretical hydrogen yield of 47.62 mmol/gCDW/h for 1 mole of carbon monoxide (CO) uptake. The obtained hydrogen yield is comparatively two times greater than the previous experimental data. Therefore, it could be concluded that this elementary flux mode analysis is a crucial way to achieve efficient hydrogen production through acetyl-CoA pathway and act as a model for strain improvement.
Phase I Trial and Pharmacokinetic Study of Lexatumumab in Pediatric Patients With Solid Tumors

Purpose Lexatumumab is an agonistic, fully human monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 with preclinical evidence of activity in pediatric solid tumors. Patients and Methods This phase I dose-escalation study examined the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of lexatumumab at doses up to, but not exceeding, the adult maximum-tolerated dose (3, 5, 8, and 10 mg/kg), administered once every 2 weeks to patients age ≤ 21 years with recurrent or progressive solid tumors. Results Twenty-four patients received a total of 56 cycles of lexatumumab over all four planned dose levels. One patient had grade 2 pericarditis consistent with radiation recall, and one patient developed grade 3 pneumonia with hypoxia during the second cycle. Five patients experienced stable disease for three to 24 cycles. No patients experienced complete or partial response, but several showed evidence of antitumor activity, including one patient with recurrent pro...
Maximum Likelihood Item Easiness Models for Test Theory Without an Answer Key

Cultural consensus theory (CCT) is a data aggregation technique with many applications in the social and behavioral sciences. We describe the intuition and theory behind a set of CCT models for continuous type data using maximum likelihood inference methodology. We describe how bias parameters can be incorporated into these models. We introduce two extensions to the basic model in order to account for item rating easiness/difficulty. The first extension is a multiplicative model and the second is an additive model. We show how the multiplicative model is related to the Rasch model. We describe several maximum-likelihood estimation procedures for the models and discuss issues of model fit and identifiability. We describe how the CCT models could be used to give alternative consensus-based measures of reliability. We demonstrate the utility of both the basic and extended models on a set of essay rating data and give ideas for future research.
VOLUME EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THE COORDINATION OF Zn(II) TO POLYFUNCTIONAL ORGANIC ACIDS

Abstract To interpret the volume changes, A V, produced by the interaction of Zn(I1) with proteins the values for the δ V of coordination of Zn(I1) with the specific ligands must be known. This consideration provided the impetus for determining the δV for the formation of 1 : 1 Zn(I1): poly-functional acid complexes. The data for monocarboxylates are omitted because the reactions do not go to completion.1,2 Water and 8.00 M urea were employed as solvents to establish medium effects.
RhoA and Rac1 are both required for efficient wound closure of airway epithelial cells

Repair of the airway epithelium after injury is critical for restoring normal lung. The reepithelialization process involves spreading and migration followed later by cell proliferation. Rho-GTPases are key components of the wound healing process in many different types of tissues, but the specific roles for RhoA and Rac1 vary and have not been identified in lung epithelial cells. We investigated whether RhoA and Rac1 regulate wound closure of bronchial epithelial cells. RhoA and Rac1 proteins were efficiently expressed in a cell line of human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) by adenovirus-based gene transfer. We found that both constitutively active RhoA and dominant negative RhoA inhibited wound healing, suggesting that both activation and inhibition of RhoA interfere with normal wound healing. Overexpression of wild-type Rac1 induced upregulation of RhoA, disrupted intercellular junctions, and inhibited wound closure. Dominant negative Rac1 also inhibited wound closure. Inhibition of the downstream effector of RhoA, Rho-kinase, with Y-27632 suppressed actin stress fibers and focal adhesion formation, increased Rac1 activity, and stimulated wound closure. The activity of both RhoA and Rac1 are influenced by the polymerization state of microtubules, and cell migration involves coordinated action of actin and microtubules. Microtubule depolymerization upon nocodazole treatment led to an increase in focal adhesions and decreased wound closure. We conclude that coordination of both RhoA and Rac1 activity contributes to bronchial epithelial wound repair mechanisms in vitro, that inhibition of Rho-kinase accelerates wound closure, and that efficient repair involves intact microtubules.
Alternative Statistical Approaches to the Use of Data as Evidence for Hypotheses in Human Behavioral Ecology

In their ambitious Evolutionary Anthropology paper, Winterhalder and Smith1 review the history, theory, and methods of human behavioral ecology (HBE). In establishing how HBE differs from traditional approaches within sociocultural anthropology, they and others laud its hypothetical-deductive research method.1–3 Our aim is to critically examine how human behavioral ecologists conduct their research, specifically how they analyze and interpret data as evidence for scientific hypotheses. Through computer simulations and a review of empirical studies of human sex ratios, we consider some limitations of the status quo and present alternatives that could strengthen the field. In particular, we suggest that because human behavioral ecologists often consider multiple hypotheses, they should use statistical approaches that can quantify the evidence in empirical data for competing hypotheses. Although we focus on HBE, the principles of this paper apply broadly within biological anthropology.
Sympatric speciation in animals: new wine in old bottles.

Recent research on natural host races and sympatric sister species, comparative phylogenetic analyses, laboratory experiments and theoretical models has greatly strengthened the case for sympatric speciation. Traits evolving in response to divergent selection experienced by subpopulations adapting to different habitats provide sufficient intrinsic premating isolation for sympatric speciation to occur. The initiation of speciation through a habitat shift in animals which mate within a preferred habitat (such as many phytophagous and parasitic invertebrates and some vertebrates, including birds) requires few genetic changes.
Intramembranous Absorption of Water from the Ovine Allantoic Cavity

The ovine allantoic cavity may receive up to 500 ml/day of fetal urine in late gestation even though there is no anatomic outlet from the allantoic space. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the fluid which moves across the allantoic membrane is absorbed through the intramembranous pathway directly into the fetal circulation. Thirteen chronically catheterized fetal sheep were utilized in three groups: 1) 6 control experiments, 2) 9 experiments with injection of 500 ml of warmed distilled water into each horn of the allantoic cavity, and 3) 7 experiments with fetuses killed prior to the intraallantoic water injection. Allantoic osmolality was unchanged during control experiments and decreased following water injection from 280 mOsm/kg to 65 mOsm/kg (P < 0.0001). The injected water was rapidly absorbed into the fetal circulation resulting in a decrease in fetal plasma osmolality (7.0 ± 1.1 [SE] mOsm/kg, P < 0.0001). Amniotic fluid osmolality decreased (6.7 ± 1.3 mOsm/kg, P < 0.001) bu...
p38 MAPK is a likely component of the signal transduction pathway triggering rapid cold hardening in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is an adaptation enabling insects to quickly respond to low temperature, but little is known about the molecular events that trigger this response. In this study of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, we explore a possible role for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the low temperature signaling that elicits RCH. We report that p38 MAPK from S. crassipalpis, which shows high cDNA sequence homology to p38 MAPKs from other insects and mammals, is rapidly activated at temperatures around 0 degrees C, temperatures that are most effective for inducing RCH. By contrast, low temperature does not activate either extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). An increase in phospho-p38 MAPK was observed within 10 min following exposure to 0 degrees C and reached its maximum level in 2 h. When flies were transferred from 0 to 25 degrees C, the level of phospho-p38 MAPK decreased immediately and reached trace levels by 3 h. Nondiapausing flies were much more responsive to p38 MAPK activation than cold-hardy diapausing pupae. Thus, p38 MAPK activation and RCH both show the same narrow ranges of temperature sensitivity, temporal profiles of activation and decay, and developmental specificity. These correlations suggest that p38 MAPK plays a potential role in regulating the induction of RCH. The p38 MAPK response was not dependent upon the brain, as evidenced by high activation in isolated abdomens exposed to low temperature.
Information Maintenance by Retinal Ganglion Cell Spikes

We present a simple, biologically plausible technique for reconstructing a continuous time-varying signal from interspike intervals. This method is used to show that a model retinal ganglion cell spike generator can preserve most of the information about time-varying stimuli in single interspike intervals. The decoding method works best when the Nyquist criterion is satisfied, i.e., by filtering the input signal to a bandwidth less than half the average spike rate.
Water-treated Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for methane partial oxidation

A water treatment technique, using H2 as a reducing agent in a wet environment, was applied to a conventional Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Both standard- and water-treated Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared and their catalytic performances were tested in methane partial oxidation reaction. The water-treated Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst shows higher CO selectivity and lower CO2 selectivity between 300 and 600 °C, compared with the standard-treated catalyst. The enhancement is attributed to the formation of well-dispersed smaller Rh nanoparticles.
Measuring the Velocity of a Supersonic Airflow with Laser Ionization Tagged Radar Anemometry (LITRA)

Laser Ionization Tagged Radar Anemometry (LITRA) is a velocimetry technique which uses microwaves to follow a microplasma created within an airow. The microplasma is generated at a point of interest via laser breakdown and is assumed to faithfully follow the ow during its lifetime. Changes in the phase of scattered microwaves result from the motion of the microplasma and also from the dynamic interaction between the microwaves and plasma. The additional phase shifts which occur independent of any motion interfere with the measurement of velocity. A dierential detection system has been developed to determine and eliminate these intrinsic phase shifts and isolate the phase shift due to motion alone. Experiments to test the operation of this system have been conducted in a supersonic (Mach 2.4) wind tunnel. Velocity measurements obtained using LITRA are compared with secondary measurements obtained using a pitot tube system. LITRA velocimetry measurements deviate from the simultaneous pitot tube velocimetry measurements. It is believed that the observed deviation is a result of microwave scattering from background objects other than the plasma. Current work is aimed at identifying this and other sources of error in the LITRA measurement.
Analyzing Marketing Research Data with Association Models

The author demonstrates the usefulness of some association models for ordered cross-classifications. The models are applied to problems common in marketing research, including analyzing the associa...
Domain evolution in epitaxial (001) Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 ultrathin films under an electric field applied along the [111] direction

The multidomain structure evolution in Pb(Zr,Ti)O${}_{3}$ ultrathin films subject to an electric field applied along the pseudocubic [111] direction is investigated via the use of an effective Hamiltonian. Varying the magnitude of this electric field (that possesses both in-plane and out-of-plane components) leads to the formation of five different states, whose microstructures and properties are revealed here. Such variation also makes the polarization changing not only in magnitude but also in direction. The field-induced correlation between the polar distortions and the oxygen octahedral tilting is also discussed as an important factor affecting the polarization.
Tongue-lip adhesion in Pierre Robin sequence

Patients with Pierre Robin sequence exhibit varying degrees of airway obstruction and feeding difficulty. In some patients, airway obstruction may be profound, warranting surgical intervention to maintain a patent airway. The purpose of this article is to highlight the advantages of the tongue-lip adhesion procedure for the management of airway obstruction in such patients compared to the currently available options.
Development of Holding Pole with Modular Mast Section and Its Application in Qinghai-Xizang DC Transmission Project

Because of low temperature,deficient Oxygen and bad nature conditions at high elevations,it is difficult to construct for Qinghai-Xizang DC transmission project.In order to solve the low efficiency of the workers in the construction,the holding pole with modular mast section is developed,which has components of light weight and occupies little space in transportation,effectively reducing labor intensity in site handling,achieving convenient mechanical transport and improving construction safety.
Documentation tips for reducing malpractice risk.

You can improve the quality of your communication and decrease malpractice risk with this revised version of SOAP.
TH-D-BRB-01: Scripting Fundamentals: Killing Cancer with Code

Scripting capabilities and application programming interfaces (APIs) are becoming commonly available in modern treatment planning systems. These links to the treatment planning system (TPS) allow users to read data from the TPS, and in some cases use TPS functionality and write data back to the TPS. Such tools are powerful extensions, allowing automation of routine clinical tasks and supporting research, particularly research involving repetitive tasks on large patient populations. The data and functionality exposed by scripting/API capabilities is vendor dependent, as are the languages used by script/API engines, such as the Microsoft .NET framework or Python. Scripts deployed in a clinical environment must be commissioned and validated like any other software tool. This session will provide an overview of scripting applications and a discussion of best practices, followed by a practical introduction to the scripting capabilities of three commercial treatment planning systems. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the scripting capabilities available in several treatment planning systems 2.Learn how to get started using scripting capabilities 3.Understand the best practices for safe script deployment in a clinical environment R. Popple, Varian Medical Systems has provided research support unrelated to the topic of this session.R. Cardan, Varian Medical Systems for grant research, product evaluation, and teaching honorarium.
SU‐F‐T‐601: Equivalence of CyberKnife and TrueBeam STx for Spine Irradiation

Purpose: To evaluate the equivalence of spine SBRT treatment plans created in Eclipse for the TrueBeam STx (Varian Medical System, Palo Alto, CA) compared to plans using CyberKnife and MultiPlan (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA). Methods: CT data and contours for 23 spine SBRT patients previously treated using CyberKnife (CK) were exported from MultiPlan treatment planning system into Eclipse where they were planned using static IMRT 6MV coplanar beams. Plans were created according to the original prescription dose and fractionation schedule while limiting spinal dose according to the RTOG 0631 protocol and maintaining target coverage comparable to the original CK plans. Plans were evaluated using new conformity index (nCI), homogeneity index (HI), dose-volume histogram data, number of MU, and estimated treatment time. To ensure all Eclipse plans were deliverable, standard clinical IMRT QA was performed. The plan results were matched with their complimentary CK plans for paired statistical analysis. Results: Plans generated in Eclipse demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.01) improvements compared to complimentary CK plans in median values of maximum spinal cord dose (17.39 vs. 18.12 Gy), RTOG spinal cord constraint dose (14.50 vs. 16.93 Gy), nCI (1.28 vs. 1.54), HI (1.13 vs. 1.27), MU (3918 vs. 36416), and estimated treatment time (8 vs. 48 min). All Eclipse generated plans passed our clinically used protocols for IMRT QA. Conclusion: CK spine SBRT replanned utilizing Eclipse for LINAC delivery demonstrated dosimetric advantages. We propose improvements in plan quality metrics reviewed in this study may be attributed to dynamic MLCs that facilitate treatment of complicated geometries as well as posterior beams ideal for centrally located and/or posterior targets afforded by gantry-based RT delivery.
Vector Analysis in Space

This chapter contains sections titled: Symbolic Vector And Symbolic Vector Expressions Differential Formulas of the Symbolic Expression in the Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate System for Gradient, Divergence, and Curl Invariance of the Differential Operators Differential Formulas of the Symbolic Expression in the General Curvilinear System Alternative Definitions of Gradient and Curl The Method of Gradient Symbolic Expressions with Two Functions and the Partial Symbolic Vectors Symbolic Expressions with Double Symbolic Vectors Generalized Gauss Theorem in Space Scalar and Vector Green's Theorems Solenoidal Vector, Irrotational Vector, and Potential Functions
Sex and Intimacy after Stroke.

Problem The sequelae of a stroke can negatively affect sex and intimacy for survivors and their partners. Purpose This clinical article offers practical evidence-based recommendations for nurses to use in advising couples who may be experiencing sexual problems due to decreased desire, erectile dysfunction, vaginal dryness, paraparesis, pain, spasticity, fatigue, aphasia, concrete thinking, emotional lability, shame, embarrassment, fear, depression, or neurogenic bladder. Key Findings and Clinical Relevance Recent research and clinical articles show that intimacy and sexual concerns are often ignored by the rehabilitation team, yet research shows that couples want information to assist them to maintain their sexual relationships. Using the PLISSIT model to address sexual concerns, nurses can facilitate discussions to aid couples toward improved sexual function and quality of life.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing-Do We Have to Change Gears in Heart Failure?

The majority of patients with heart failure have sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)—with central (rather than obstructive) sleep apnoea becoming the predominant form in those with more severe disease. Cyclical apnoeas and hypopnoeas are associated with sleep disturbance, hypoxaemia, haemodynamic changes, and sympathetic activation. Such patients have a worse prognosis than those without SDB. Mask-based therapies of positive airway pressure targeted at SDB can improve measures of sleep quality and partially normalise the sleep and respiratory physiology, but recent randomised trials of cardiovascular outcomes in central sleep apnoea have been neutral or suggested the possibility of harm, likely from increased sudden death. Further randomised outcome studies (with cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisation endpoints) are required to determine whether mask-based treatment for SDB is appropriate for patients with chronic systolic heart failure and obstructive sleep apnoea, for those with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and for those with decompensated heart failure. New therapies for sleep apnoea—such as implantable phrenic nerve stimulators—also require robust assessment. No longer can the surrogate endpoints of improvement in respiratory and sleep metrics be taken as adequate therapeutic outcome measures in patients with heart failure and sleep apnoea.
The Eudaimonics of the True Self

This chapter reviews our research program on the true self-concept and how it serves as a hub of meaning in people’s lives. In this work, we adopt a lay theories approach and investigate the pervasiveness of a “true-self-as-guide” lay theory of decision making that suggests people should use their true self as a compass when the make decisions. This lay theory indirectly suggests that choices that express the true self are meaningful for that reason alone and need no further justification. As such, the true self-concept is able to imbue other aspects of life (e.g. one’s career, relationships, hobbies) with meaning. Our research demonstrates how pervasive this lay theory is and the resulting strong link between the true self-concept and judgments of meaning. Specifically, when people feel more “in touch” with their true self, they perceive more meaning in their lives and are more satisfied with their decisions. This meaning is an important part of eudaimnoic well-being.
Hydraulic Imperialism: Hydroelectric Development and Treaty 9 in the Abitibi Region

ABSTRACTThis study aims to untangle the knot of treaty-making, industrialization, and hydroelectric development in the Lake Abitibi region in northeastern Ontario by examining the extent to which industrialist discourses on waterways influenced changes to the physical and political landscape. An analysis of events leading up to the signing of Treaty No. 9 in 1906, and then the Abitibi River hydroelectric dams and concomitant flooding of Lake Abitibi in 1914–15 made possible by the treaty, is provided. Changes to Lake Abitibi during this period are evidence of a process of hydraulic imperialism whereby the Canadian state used waterways to exercise control of the James Bay watershed and encourage industrial and agricultural development in northeastern Ontario in the early twentieth century. This process not only contextualized the state’s understanding of Treaty No. 9 but is further evidence of inherent ambiguities concerning First Nations reserves around Lake Abitibi created by the treaty.
Modified genetic crossover and mutation operators for sparse regressor selection in NARMAX brain connectivity modeling

In support of a method for nonlinear modeling of cortical connectivity, an innovation in evolutionary processing is reported. By a strategic modification to the crossover and mutation operators within the NSGA-II genetic algorithm, the number of generations required to achieve optimal nonlinear regressor models with 99.9% confidence is reduced by 52%.
A Note on an Inequality of Schur

Let K be a measurable function on (0, ∞) x (0, ∞) such that (i) K is homogeneous of degree - 1, i.e. K(au, ax) = a -1 K(u, x) for all real a > 0.
Azimuthally anisotropic hydride lens structures in Zircaloy 4 nuclear fuel cladding: High-resolution neutron radiography imaging and BISON finite element analysis

Abstract High-resolution neutron radiography has been used to image bulk circumferential hydride lens particles in unirradiated Zircaloy 4 tubing cross section specimens. Zircaloy 4 is a common light water nuclear reactor (LWR) fuel cladding; hydrogen pickup, hydride formation, and the concomitant effect on the mechanical response are important for LWR applications. Ring cross section specimens with three hydrogen concentrations (460, 950, and 2830 parts per million by weight) and an as-received reference specimen were imaged. Azimuthally anisotropic hydride lens particles were observed at 950 and 2830 wppm. The BISON finite element analysis nuclear fuel performance code was used to model the system elastic response induced by hydride volumetric dilatation. The compressive hoop stress within the lens structure becomes azimuthally anisotropic at high hydrogen concentrations or high hydride phase fraction. This compressive stress anisotropy matches the observed lens anisotropy, implicating the effect of stress on hydride formation as the cause of the observed lens azimuthal asymmetry. The cause and effect relation between compressive stress and hydride lens anisotropy represents an indirect validation of a key BISON output, the evolved hoop stress associated with hydride formation.
Safer Patient Mealtimes: An interdisciplinary Educational Initiative for HSCP students in a neurorehabilitation setting

Aims & Objectives : To outline the development and implementation of an interdisciplinary educational initiative regarding safer patient mealtimes for third level HSCP (Speech & Language Therapy, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy) students. Learning aims, approaches and outcomes will be outlined as well as participant feedback. Methodology : The topic of safer patient mealtimes was addressed from an interdisciplinary perspective focusing on swallowing, positioning, sensory, and compensatory and adaptive perspectives. Experiential, participatory, interactive and peer-learning methods were used. Discussion of Results : Interdisciplinary forms of learning are prevalent and growing in abundance and stature throughout higher education. Repko¹ asserts that interdisciplinary education fosters advances in cognitive ability and other educational researchers have identified a number of distinct educational benefits of interdisciplinary learning including gains in the ability to think critically and acknowledge and appreciate ethical concerns² ³. Research suggests that educational experiences are more authentic and of greater value to students when the subject-matter reflects real life, which is multi-faceted rather than being compartmentalized into neat subject-matter packages. Students who took part in this initiative reported improved understanding of their own roles and the roles of other team members in promoting safer patient mealtimes in a neurorehabilitation setting. They also indicated greater likelihood to liaise with colleagues from other disciplines when working with patients with swallowing and feeding difficulties. The participants also reported a preference for the experiential and active participatory learning approaches adopted in the tutorial. Conclusion : Interdisciplinary education is a cost-effective, rewarding and valid method promoting a holistic approach to patient-centred care. References : 1. Repko, A.F. Assessing Interdisciplinary Learning Outcomes. Working Paper, School of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Texas at Arlington. 2009 2. Field, M., Lee, R., and Field, M.L. "Assessing Interdisciplinary Learning." New Directions in Teaching and Learning, 1994;58:69-84. 3. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L. and Cocking, R.R. How People Learn. National Academies Press. 2000
God and the Meaning of History

In contrast to Temple’s social philosophy, his philosophy of history points up the defects of his position. The task which Temple set for himself in formulating a philosophy of history is certainly a formidable one, namely, to bring together all of the basic truths which traditional Christianity has taught regarding God and history: (1) the complete supremacy of God over history while claiming that man is free; (2) the reality of history and belief in progress; (3) finally, the eschatological expectation of Christians who anticipate the day when God will usher in His new kingdom. Has Temple succeeded in bringing together these facets of Christian tradition and demonstrating their cogency for rendering history intelligible? Concerning Temple’s ambitious endeavor, W. R. Matthews writes: “We are persuaded, while we read, that in principle the problem is solved, but subsequent reflection awakens doubt whether the solution may not be partly verbal.”1 The justification for this negative judgment can be indicated by reference to two fundamental issues: (1) the relation of God to history and history to God; (2) the meaning of human history and the grounds for belief in the survival of human personality beyond history.