cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient cysts of the fetal choroid plexus: Morphology and histogenesis

In this report, we correlate the clinical and morphologic features of bilateral choroid plexus cysts in three fetuses. These cysts were detected as incidental findings during sonography at 18 to 20 weeks gestation before elective abortion. Two fetuses were normal; the third had trisomy 18. All cysts were present bilaterally in the posterior horns of the lateral ventricles and ranged from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm in diameter. The walls were translucent, and the cavities were filled with clear serous fluid, except for the left cyst in the third fetus, which was hemorrhagic. The cysts were surrounded by the loose stroma of the choroid plexus. We believe that the formation of these cysts is related to the histogenesis of the choroid plexus. Although such cysts have now been described by sonographers in several fetuses with chromosomal anomalies, this association may reflect ascertainment bias. At this time, we therefore advise caution in interpreting sonographic evidence of isolated choroid plexus cysts as anomalous.
Direct and indirect actions of impromidine (a new H2-receptor agonist) on atrial tissue

Abstract The maximum chronotropic response of rabbit atria to impromidine, a new H2 agonist is ⋍72% of the histamine response, but the dose needed to cause a half-maximum increase in rate is 1,000 times less for impromidine than for histamine. Pharmacological data using propranolol strongly suggests that the release of norepinephrine is partially responsible for this response, and the effect of diphenhydramine suggests that histamine may be released as well. Improidine also appears to release both compounds when guines pig atria are tested. Before impromidine can be characterized as a specific and potent H2-receptor agonist, additional data concerning some of its indirect actions must be obtained.
In vivo imaging of hydrogen peroxide with chemiluminescent nanoparticles

The overproduction of hydrogen peroxide is implicated in the development of numerous diseases and there is currently great interest in developing contrast agents that can image hydrogen peroxide in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate that nanoparticles formulated from peroxalate esters and fluorescent dyes can image hydrogen peroxide in vivo with high specificity and sensitivity. The peroxalate nanoparticles image hydrogen peroxide by undergoing a three-component chemiluminescent reaction between hydrogen peroxide, peroxalate esters and fluorescent dyes. The peroxalate nanoparticles have several attractive properties for in vivo imaging, such as tunable wavelength emission (460-630 nm), nanomolar sensitivity for hydrogen peroxide and excellent specificity for hydrogen peroxide over other reactive oxygen species. The peroxalate nanoparticles were capable of imaging hydrogen peroxide in the peritoneal cavity of mice during a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. We anticipate numerous applications of peroxalate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of hydrogen peroxide, given their high specificity and sensitivity and deep-tissue-imaging capability.
Alkali decomposition of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with sodium hydroxide in nonaqueous ethylene glycol: A study on recycling of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol

Pellets of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET; 0.48–1.92 g) were heated in anhydrous ethylene glycol (EG; 5 mL) with 2-equivs of NaOH at 150°C for 80 min or 180°C for 15 min to convert them quantitatively to disodium terephthalate (Na2-TPA) and EG. The disodium salt was precipitated quantitatively in pure state from the EG solution and separated readily. The other product EG, being the same component to the solvent, remains in the solution and can be obtained after distillation as a part of the solvent. The rate of decomposition was significantly accelerated by the addition of ethereal solvents to EG, such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethoxyethane. The reaction system is simple; no water and no extra reagent other than NaOH and EG are used. A few recycling systems of PET can be designed on the basis of the present alkali decomposition reaction. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 595–601, 1997
Progress at Last

Refinement of protein structures from a correct topology to atomically detailed resolution has proven remarkably difficult. Jian et al. (in this issue of Structure) illustrate a significant advance in this task by carefully incorporating into the refinement process many body interactions extracted from fragment statistics.
Toward a hybrid Artificial Pancreas

Management of insulinopenic diabetic individuals centers on administration of insulin by means of multiple injections, a wearable or implantable insulin-infusion pump, or a whole-organ or segmental-pancreas transplant. Preliminary trials indicate that surgical implantation of a hybrid device containing living insulin-secreting tissue may function as a combined glucose sensor and insulin-infusion pump. By means of a chamber composed of a semipermeable membrane shaped into hollow fibers or a box surrounding endocrine tissue, pilot studies have shown that isolated islets of Langerhans, fragments of insulinoma, or a fetal pancreas retains function for days to weeks, as judged by the ability to sustain euglycemic conditions in chemically induced diabetic rats. Lacking clear proof that normalizing blood glucose levels will prevent vascular complications of diabetes in humans, the case for further development of a hybrid (tissue plus fabricated components) device rests mainly on optimistic extrapolation of results attained in the chemically induced diabetic rat and dog. For the minority of diabetic patients who have insulin-dependent diabetes, the benefit afforded by a bionic device establishing internal insulin release regulated by silently sensed blood glucose level is more than enough payoff for the discomfort and surgery involved in its implantation. Further trials of a hybrid artificial pancreas in the dog appear warranted as a logical extension of preliminary studies with this species.
The water pollution potential from demolition waste disposal

Abstract Field and laboratory studies were conducted to establish the water pollution potential of the improper landfill disposal of demolition waste. Water samples were analyzed from four different demolition waste sites. The results showed significant increases in hardness, alkalinity, conductivity, COD, iron, and manganese. From these field studies, the most extreme concentrations determined were 40 mg/l of iron, 9.0 mg/l of manganese, EDTA hardness of 1100 mg/l (CaCO3), and a COD of 270 mg/l. The interim results of the laboratory study, simulating unsaturated flow through demolition waste, are in close agreement with the field measurements. These results indicate the potential for subsequent deleterious environmental effects.
4-Nitro-L-histidine as a substrate for histidine ammonia-lyase: The role of β-hydrogen acidity in the rate-limiting step

Abstract The K m for the interaction of 4-nitro-L-histidine with histidine ammonia-lyase (reduced enzyme, pH 8.0) is comparable to that for L-histidine, while V max is 1 8 that for the natural substrate. With the analog, addition of Cd +2 effects a small decrease in K m but fails to alter V max ; the normal deuterium isotope effect for removal of the β-hydrogen (1.5–2.0) is eliminated; and enzyme-catalyzed incorporation of solvent tritium into substrate occurs to a much greater extent than into histidine. Thus, the nitro group increases the acidity of the β-hydrogen and the stability of the conjugate carbanion to such a degree that CH bond cleavage now precedes rate-limiting CN bond cleavage.
ARE THERE EXPLICIT ANAPHORIC CORRELATES BETWEEN CHILDREN'S WRITING AND READING?

ABSTRACT The reading/writing relationship has become a popular eduction topic, achieving considerable acceptance among educators and researchers across many disciplines. Although many studies have correlated reading and writing in some way, there is still surprisingly little empirical research supporting the notion and even less defining shared commonalities. This is especially true with regard to connections between children;s reading comprehension and their own writing. Shanahan and Lomax (1986) as well as Durkin (1990) have cautioned that accepting the existence of a reading/writing relationship based on faith rather than empirical evidence may influence the soundness of instructional recommendations.
Small Increases To Employer Premiums Could Shift Millions Of People To The Exchanges And Add Billions To Federal Outlays

The Affordable Care Act will expand insurance coverage to more than twenty-five million Americans, partly through subsidized private insurance available from newly created health insurance exchange...
Distinguishing Mast Cell and Granulocyte Differentiation at the Single-Cell Level

The lineage restriction of prospectively isolated hematopoietic progenitors has been traditionally assessed by bulk in vitro culture and transplantation of large number of cells in vivo. These methods, however, cannot distinguish between homogenous multipotent or heterogeneous lineage-restricted populations. Using clonal assays of 1 or 5 cells in vitro, single-cell quantitative gene expression analyses, and transplantation of mice with low numbers of cells, we show that a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) is Sca-1(lo)lin(-)c-Kit(+)CD27(+)Flk-2(-) (SL-CMP; Sca-1(lo) CMP) and a granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) is Sca-1(lo)lin(-)c-Kit(+)CD27(+)Flk-2(+)CD150(-/lo) (SL-GMP; Sca-1(lo) GMP). We found that mast cell progenitor potential is present in the SL-CMP fraction, but not in the more differentiated SL-GMP population, and is more closely related to megakaryocyte/erythrocyte specification. Our data provide criteria for the prospective isolation of SL-CMP and SL-GMP and support the conclusion that mast cells are specified during hematopoiesis earlier than and independently from granulocytes.
Representing Place in Corrozet's Antiquitez de Paris

This article investigates how the French Renaissance guidebook creates a legible sense of place. In part a response to the developing marketplace for printed texts in the capital, the genre was developed by Gilles Corrozet between 1530 and 1550. A hybrid text, part urban history, part folkloric national memoir, the guidebook narrates the history of the city through an examination of its antiquities and origin stories. For Corrozet, place was a means to understand and negotiate relations between history, the self and space at an historical moment when the book, like the map, functioned as a material signifier for the exploration and the representation of the self and the world. While Corrozet's guidebooks locate the experience of given places within an historical trajectory, the portability of these books, produced mostly in handheld format, reveals another of the guidebook's functions as it traces a traveller's itinerary, a journey that provides the book's spatial plan. As a portable 'lieu de memoire', it guides the reader to experience place and landscape as a continuum between the book and its object, and also participates in a larger historical and political demography by aligning writings on cities with an emerging politics of centralization.
On Orthogonal Latin p-Dimensional Cubes

We give a construction of p orthogonal Latin p-dimensional cubes (or Latin hypercubes) of order n for every natural number n ≠ 2, 6 and p ≥ 2. Our result generalizes the well known result about orthogonal Latin squares published in 1960 by R. C. Bose, S. S. Shikhande and E. T. Parker.
Influence of Impedance Mismatch Between a Chiral Scatterer and the Surrounding Chiral Medium

Abstract In a homogeneous isotropic chiral medium, the electromagnetic field has to be described in terms of left-circularly and right-circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) components, each of which has a different wavenumber associated with it. In general, when a wave propagating in a homogeneous isotropic chiral medium encounters a homogeneous isotropic chiral scatterer, both the scattered and the internally induced fields contain LCP and RCP components regardless of the state of polarization of the incident field. It is proved here that the scattered as well as the internal fields have the same state of polarization as the incident field, if the scatterer and the surrounding medium are impedance-matched; this conclusion holds regardless of the two chiral parameters involved as well as the geometry of the scatterer. Two examples are also given.
Chromium-like antiferromagnetic behavior of CrB∗2

Abstract The compound CrB2 is found to order antiferromagnetically on the basis of the extinction of the 11B nmr signal, yielding a Neel temperature TN = 88.0±2.0°K. In contrast, nmr measurements of the magnetic shift anisotropy indicate that MnB2 orders ferromagnetically with ϱp = 140±2.0°K.
Different sites control voltage dependence and conductance of sarcoball anion channel

Single anion-selective channels from frog skeletal muscle SR were recorded using the sarcoball technique (Stein, P., and P. T. Palade. 1988. Biophys. J. 54:357–363). The voltage dependence of the open probability (Po) was found to be dependent on the concentration of permeant anions on either side of the patch membrane. With 50 mM or greater permeant anions present on both sides of the membrane, the Po vs. voltage plot yielded a bell-shaped curve centered around 0 mV (Hals, G. D., P. G. Stein, and P. T. Palade. 1989. J. Gen. Physiol. 93:385–410). When permeant anions in the bath (Cl-) were replaced with relatively impermeant anions (gluconate, MOPS, propionate, or Hepes), the Po vs. voltage relationship was shifted by approximately -35 mV. Similarly, analogous experiments with the pipette solution produced a shift of comparable magnitude, but opposite polarity (approximately +35 mV). The stilbene derivative DIDS also shifted the voltage dependence, which suggests that amino groups may be involved in the shifts in voltage dependence. Other amino group modifiers reduced the single-channel conductance, and these data more strongly support the notion that amino groups are involved in conduction as well. The results indicate that amino groups involved in the conductance decrease are separate from those related to voltage sensitivity.
A Cys3His zinc-binding domain from Nup475/tristetraprolin: a novel fold with a disklike structure.

Nup475 (also known as tristetraprolin and TIS11) includes two zinc-binding domains of the form Cys-X8-Cys-X5-Cys-X3-His. These domains are required for rapid degradation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other mRNAs through the interaction with AU-rich elements in their 3‘-untranslated regions. The three-dimensional solution structure of the first domain was determined by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing a novel fold around a central zinc ion. The core structure is disklike with a diameter of ∼25 A and a width of ∼12 A. This structure provides a basis for evaluating the role of individual residues for structural stability and for nucleic acid binding.
An Automatic Profiler of the Temperature, Wind and Humidity in the Troposphere.

Abstract A remote-sensing system for continuously profiling the troposphere is discussed; the prototype Profiler utilizes radio wavelengths, thereby achieving essentially all-weather operation. Designed for unattended operation, the Profiler employs radiometric and Doppler radar technology. Design, construction and calibration of the instruments composing the Profiler system are described along with some of the physics and mathematics upon which their operation is based. Examples of profiles and other variables of meteorological interest are given, and comparisons are made with simultaneous data from colocated operational (NWS) sondes. An algorithm based on climatological statistics of measurements by radiosonde is used in the radiometric retrieval process, but there is no reliance of the products of the Profiler upon any current radiosonde data. The role of the Profiler in mesoscale and synoptic weather forecasting and its relationship to systems employing sounders on satellite platforms are also discussed.
Anatomy of the neurosecretory cells in the cerebral and subesophageal ganglia of the female European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract The anatomy of the neurosecretory cells in the brain-subesophageal ganglion complex of female European corn borer moth Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied using histological and cobalt backfilling techniques. Histological staining revealed the presence of 2 median and one lateral neurosecretory cell groups in the brain. These brain neurosecretory cells are made up of mainly type A cells with a few type B cells in the median group. Three type C neurosecretory cell clusters occupy the apparent mandibular, maxillary, and labial neuromeres at the ventral median aspect of the subesophageal ganglion. Axonal pathways of the neurosecretory cell groups were delineated by retrograde cobalt filling from the corpora cardiaca. Fibers of the 3 brain neurosecretory cell groups merged to form a distinct axonal tract that exits the brain via the fused nervi corporis cardiaci-1 + 2. Cobalt backfilling from the corpora cardiaca filled 4 groups of cell bodies in the subesophageal ganglion. The presence in the subesophageal ganglion of extensive dendritic arborizations derived from the brain suggests interactions between neurosecretory cell groups in the 2 head ganglia.
Delirious mania in the elderly

Delirious mania is a clinical syndrome in which the signs and symptoms of delirium manifest themselves in the context of a manic episode. Though there have been numerous descriptions and case reports of this syndrome, all have described mania as the presenting feature, with signs of delirium developing subsequently, and none of the vignettes have involved elderly patients. We report two cases of elderly individuals with mania who initially presented as in a delirium. Both of them experienced clear manic episodes, which were confirmed by their psychiatric histories and clinical responses to mood stabilizers. Mania needs to be in the differential diagnosis of elderly people presenting with confusion, disorientation, and perceptual changes, particularly in those with a history of bipolar disorder.
Postannealing of coldly condensed Ag films: Influence of pyridine preadsorption.

Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to demonstrate that pyridine adsorption at low temperature on coldly condensed Ag films results in trenchlike features after annealing to room temperature. These features are tentatively assigned to reshaped intercrystallite channels present before annealing.
Head to head with Boas: did he err on the plasticity of head form?

Ever since Anders Retzius' invention of the cephalic index late in the nineteenth century, legions of anthropologists armed with spreading calipers have bravely endured the apprehension of their subjects and have accumulated thousands of measurements of head lengths and breadths and divided the latter by the former to achieve that purportedly objective characterization, the cranial index, mellifluously categorized as “dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, or brachycephalic.” From this index, one could (if properly trained) hazard a guess about whether someone was from the Northwestern, the Mediterranean, or the Alpine region of Europe. There was even hope that all groups throughout the world could be characterized and classified similarly. The uses to which this index were put ranged from the beneficent to the grotesque, from simple curiosity to preventing people from being accepted as immigrants, and to the characterization of “ideal” racial types as ingredients in racial classifications. On the humorous side, Hooten (1) noted that only hat makers paid no attention to the differences in head shape. I confess that over my years of teaching human skeletal biology, I have enjoyed almost each and every head measurement that I've taken. I ordinarily managed to demonstrate that the index meant nothing in terms of defining whence came a person. I doubt that any of us practicing these arts have failed to mention the findings of Franz Boas' 1910–1913 publications (2) that the offspring of immigrants born in the United States showed a “significant” difference from their immigrant parents in this index. (I say significant because that was what we were taught.) This finding was perhaps one of the most …
Production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a diverse class of metabolites that exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities and are synthesized through plant biosynthetic pathways comprised of complex enzyme activities and regulatory strategies. We have engineered yeast to produce the key intermediate reticuline and downstream BIA metabolites from a commercially available substrate. An enzyme tuning strategy was implemented that identified activity differences between variants from different plants and determined optimal expression levels. By synthesizing both stereoisomer forms of reticuline and integrating enzyme activities from three plant sources and humans, we demonstrated the synthesis of metabolites in the sanguinarine/berberine and morphinan branches. We also demonstrated that a human P450 enzyme exhibits a novel activity in the conversion of (R)-reticuline to the morphinan alkaloid salutaridine. Our engineered microbial hosts offer access to a rich group of BIA molecules and associated activities that will be further expanded through synthetic chemistry and biology approaches.
Photochemical generation and reversible cycloaromatization of a nine-membered ring cyclic enediyne.

Irradiation of the nine-membered ring enediyne precursor, which has one of its triple bonds masked as cyclopropenone, efficiently (Φ = 0.34) generates the reactive 4,5-benzocyclonona-2,6-diynol. The latter rapidly equilibrates with the corresponding 1,4-didehydronaphthalene diradical and then undergoes rate-limiting hydrogen abstraction to produce the ultimate product of the Bergman cyclization, benz[f]indanol.
What Effect Does an Exercise Program for Healthy Pregnant Women Have on the Mother, Fetus, and Child?

Forty-two percent of women report exercising during pregnancy. Current American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines recommend only 30 minutes of exercise per day. Developments in research have occurred since the 2002 publication of the ACOG guidelines. Evaluation of specific outcomes related to the mother, fetus, and child provide new clinical insight regarding the safety of exercise programs for healthy pregnant women. The purpose of this focused review is to critically evaluate recent studies regarding the effect of exercise during a healthy pregnancy on maternal, fetal, and child outcomes. A search of electronic bibliographic databases was undertaken. Based on this review, healthy pregnant women can benefit from exercising at a moderate intensity for a longer duration than recommended in the current ACOG guidelines that are based on studies published before or during 2002.
CXCR3 chemokine receptor-ligand interactions in the lymph node optimize CD4+ T helper 1 cell differentiation.

Summary Differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells into T helper (Th) cells is a defining event in adaptive immunity. The cytokines and transcription factors that control Th cell differentiation are understood, but it is not known how this process is orchestrated within lymph nodes (LNs). Here we have shown that the CXCR3 chemokine receptor was required for optimal generation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-secreting Th1 cells in vivo. By using a CXCR3 ligand reporter mouse, we found that stromal cells predominately expressed the chemokine ligand CXCL9 whereas hematopoietic cells expressed CXCL10 in LNs. Dendritic cell (DC)-derived CXCL10 facilitated T cell-DC interactions in LNs during T cell priming while both chemokines guided intranodal positioning of CD4 + T cells to interfollicular and medullary zones. Thus, different chemokines acting on the same receptor can function locally to facilitate DC-T cell interactions and globally to influence intranodal positioning, and both functions contribute to Th1 cell differentiation.
Aortic aneurysm after patch aortoplasty for coarctation in childhood

Abstract In 2 patients who had previously undergone patch aortoplasty for repair of coarctation of the aorta (CoA), progressive aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta developed at the site of the repair. Both patients underwent operative resection of the aneurysm.
Strategies for Mainstream Cellular Phone Use by Individuals with Moderate to Severe Cognitive Impairments

A population often overlooked in the design of cellular phones is people with cognitive disabilities. This study evaluated the ability of persons with moderate to severe cognitive impairments to use mainstream cellular phones programmed with experimental interface features that allowed operation with minimum cognitive ability. Two modes were tested. The first allowed an individual to place calls by simply opening a flip phone. The second displayed four pictures on the touchscreen and allowed a call to be made by touching one of the pictures. Sixteen individuals with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores from 6 to 19 participated. There was a 100% success rate using the flip mode in both Instruction and Carryover conditions and a 100% success rate in Instruction and 81.3% success in Carryover for the picture mode. This was compared to standard ‘touchtone’ dialing mode success rate of 12.5% in the Instruction condition and 6.3% in Carryover condition.
Evaluation of a triggered 50 kV, 100 Hz, sub-ns jitter high pressure gas switch with pressure, trigger magnitude and gas temperature

Research efforts at Texas Tech University on impulse antenna phased array has resulted in the development of a dependable high voltage, high repetition rate switch that can minimize jitter into the ps range. To accurately synchronize a phased array to steer and preserve the risetime of a radiated pulse, the jitter can only be a fraction of this risetime. Initial testing with a similar system in produced sub-ns jitter results for operations in different gases and gas mixtures. This paper discusses in detail 50 kV, 100 Hz switch operations using different testing parameters. The switch jitter as a function of triggering conditions is discussed, including a comprehensive evaluation of jitter as a function of operation pressure as well as trigger magnitude. Several phenomenon were observed and discussed to quantify the switch jitter with respect to operation pressure and trigger magnitude. The temperature of gas and its effects on switch jitter is also documented in this paper, with a jitter improvement of ~25% recorded. An empirical formula was determined as a function of the gas density, electric field of the main gap, and electric field for the trigger for the experiments conducted in this manuscript. A 50 Ω, 1 nF pulse forming line is charged to 50 kV and provides the low inductance voltage source to test the switch. The hermetically sealed spark gap, with a modular design composed of copper tungsten electrodes, gas feeds, Kel-F lining, as a well as a G-10 shell is used to house the high pressure gases for the experiments. Trigatron-type triggering is provided by a solid state opening switch voltage source that supplies 75-150 kV, 10 ns risetime pulses at a rep rate up to 100 Hz in burst mode.
Lessons in Pediatric Neuropsycho-Oncology: What We Have Learned Since Johnny Gunther

Objective This article provides a commentary on the progression of research over the last six decades into the neurobehavioral outcomes of children treated for intracranial tumors. Methods Published studies and literature reviews are surveyed, with illustrations from the author's ongoing longitudinal study. Results Research on late effects in pediatric brain tumors continues to increase in both volume and quality. Samples are larger and more differentiated, scope of outcome measurement has increased, and more powerful developmental research designs are being used. Particularly promising recent developments are described, including research on: imaging-behavior relationships, improved modeling of dose-volume heterogeneity in radiation therapy, improved late effects measurement, and treatments for neurobehavioral sequelae. Conclusions There is now a large body of scientific evidence of increasing sophistication regarding the outcomes of patients receiving the most toxic treatments. It is argued that more research into the neuropsychological effects associated with "benign" tumors of childhood is needed.
Activation of human T cell clones through the UM4D4/CDw60 surface antigen.

Abstract UM4D4 is a recently defined antigen that is expressed on ~25% of peripheral blood T cells, but on the majority of T cells in inflammatory synovial fluid. Anti-UM4D4 activates peripheral blood T cells in the presence of accessory cells and/or phorbol ester. UM4D4 has been assigned to a new antigen cluster termed CDw60. The present study examined the ability of anti-UM4D4 to activate T cell clones derived from the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. UM4D4 was expressed at varying levels on both lectin-generated and antigen-specific clones, including clones of CD4 + , CD8 + , and CD4 − CD8 − phenotypes. Anti-UM4D4 used in soluble form as a single stimulus was typically mitogenic for the CD4 + and some of the CD8 + clones, but not for the CD4 − CD8 − clones. Phorbol ester boosted the response to anti-UM4D4 in some clones, had no effect in others, and diminished the responses in some cases. In contrast to anti-UM4D4, anti-CD3 was generally not mitogenic in soluble form, although it was mitogenic when conjugated to beads. The data show that T cell clones derived from an inflammatory T cell infiltrate can be readily activated through the UM4D4/CDw60 antigen.
Informed consent for clinical research involving patients with chest disease in the United States

The concept of informed consent was applied to clinical research in the United States after research abuses were documented in Nazi Germany and this country. The concept is imbedded in the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report. Federal regulations governing clinical research require both the consent of subjects and peer review of research proposals by institutional review boards (IRBs). Subpart A of the Code of Federal Regulations contains basic provisions for the protection of research subjects and requirements for informed consent by subjects or their surrogates; surrogate consent may or may not be allowed under state law. Other subparts contain further protections for subjects with diminished capacity, such as children, that limit the kind of research in which they can participate. Whether these protections should be extended to decisionally impaired adults, including those who are critically ill, remains to be determined. Consent can be deferred or waived for emergency research only rarely in the United States, in contrast to other countries.
Trust and Power in Adults: An Investigation Using Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings:

Trust is a critical element in establishing a therapeutic nurse-client relationship that can help to change people's health experiences and quality of life. This study's purpose was to examine the relationship between trust and power using Rogers' science of unitary human beings and Barrett's theory of power. A national sample, comprised of 189 women and men, aged 21 to 60, completed Barrett's Power as Knowing Participation in Change Test that measured power and Gibb's TORI Self-Diagnosis Scale that measured trust, trust of self, and trust of others. Correlation analyses revealed support for the three hypotheses stated which predicted a positive relationship between power and trust, trust of self, and trust of others. Findings support the conceptualization of trust and power.
Crystallographic Influences on Pressure Solution in a Quartzose Sandstone: ABSTRACT

The solubility of quartz differs with crystallographic direction. A universal stage was used to measure the orientations of the optic axes and contact planes of 160 pairs of quartz grains in the Bromide Formation (Simpson Group) of Oklahoma. These quartz grains exhibit long, sutured, and concave-convex contacts. Results indicate that the geometry of a pressolved contact is independent of the crystallographic orientation of opposing grains. However, given a concave-convex contact, the optic axis of the concave grain tends to lie at a higher angle to the contact plane than the optic axis of the convex grain. We conclude that the extent and type of pressure-solution contacts in quartzose sandstones are not significantly influenced by crystallographic orientation. Other facto s, such as grain size and clay content, are probably more important in controlling the pressure-solution features. Geometric etch pits, which form at the point of emergence of crystal defects, were produced by hydrothermally etching quartz crystals, quartz sand, and quartzose sandstones. The abundance, nature, and distribution pattern of crystal defects inherited from source rocks might be more important factors in affecting pressure solution of quartz grains than differences in quartz solubilities arising solely from variations in Si-O bond strengths. The extent of etch-pit formation on quartz cement may also serve as a qualitative indicator of the dissolved silica saturation in pore fluids. End_of_Article - Last_Page 265------------
A Reconfigurable Architecture for Wireless Communication Systems

New wireless communication standards are introduced even before the previous standards are fully utilized. The increasing number of wireless communication standards creates new demands for their platform architectures. In addition to high data rate, low cost and low power consumption requirements for these systems, they need to be flexible enough to support multiple standards in a multimode radio system. In this paper we introduce a new version of MorphoSys, a reconfigurable architecture which is designed for Wireless communication systems. Experimental results show that for the wireless systems it provides a performance close to ASICs while is flexible enough to support changes in the current standards.
Cooperative scattering of light and atoms in ultracold atomic gases

Superradiance and coherent atomic recoil lasing are two closely related phenomena, both resulting from the cooperative scattering of light by atoms. In ultracold atomic gases below the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation these processes take place with the simultaneous amplification of the atomic matter waves. We explore these phenomena by surveying some of the experimental and theoretical developments that have emerged in this field of study since the first observation of superradiant scattering from a Bose-Einstein condensate in 1999 [1].
A theory of architecture for spatial abstraction

A great mystery is how the brain abstracts during the process of development. It is also unclear how motor actions alter cortical representation. The architecture theory introduced here indicates that for each cortical area, the bottom-up space and top-down space are two sources of its representation — bridge representation which embeds manifolds of both spaces into a single space. A bridge representation has the following properties (a) responses from developed neurons are relatively less sensitive to irrelevant sensory information (i.e., invariants) but are relatively more sensitive to relevant sensory information for classification (i.e., discriminants), (b) neurons form topographic cortical areas according to abstract classes. Both properties transform meaningless (iconic, pixel like) raw sensory inputs into an internal representation with abstract meanings. The most abstract area can be considered as frontal cortex (or motor area if each firing pattern of the motor represents a unique abstract class). Such a cortical representation system is neither a purely symbolic system nor a monolithic meaning system, but is iconic-abstract two-way: bottom-up attention, top-down attention and recognition are all tightly integrated and highly distributed throughout the developmental network.
Data from the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation/E-Defense Collaborative Test Program on Innovative Isolation Systems and Nonstructural Components

The data sets generated from E-Defense shake table experiments of a full-scale, five-story building tested with two innovative isolation systems and in the fixed-base configuration are available in...
Steiner network construction for timing critical nets

Conventionally, signal net routing is almost always implemented as Steiner trees. However, non-tree topology is often superior on timing performance as well as tolerance to open faults and variations. These advantages are particularly appealing for timing critical net routings in nano-scale VLSI designs where interconnect delay is a performance bottleneck and variation effects are increasingly remarkable. We propose Steiner network construction heuristics which can generate either tree or non-tree with different slack-wirelength tradeoff, and handle both long path and short path constraints. Incremental non-tree delay update techniques are developed to facilitate fast Steiner network evaluations. Extensive experiments in different scenarios show that our heuristics usually improve timing slack by hundreds of pico seconds compared to traditional tree approaches.
Applications of fuzzy set theory to handwriting recognition

A survey of applications of fuzzy set theory to handwriting recognition is given. Three specific applications are described: 1) the fuzzy k-nearest neighbor algorithm for handwritten word recognition; 2) the fuzzy logic for handwritten street number location; and 3) the fuzzy integral for handwritten character recognition. New research utilizing fuzzy integrals in dynamic programming based handwritten word recognition is also described. >
Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of Ferrite-Loaded CBS Antenna Using Material Shaping and Positioning

Loading a cavity-backed slot (CBS) antenna with ferrite material and applying a biasing static magnetic field can be used to control its resonant frequency. Such a mechanism results in a frequency-reconfigurable antenna. However, placing a lossy ferrite material inside the cavity reduces the gain and impacts the impedance bandwidth. This letter develops guidelines, based on a nonuniform applied magnetic field and nonuniform magnetic field internal to the ferrite specimen, for the design of ferrite-loaded CBS that enhance its gain and tunable bandwidth by shaping the ferrite specimen and judiciously locating it within the cavity. To validate the modeling, simulations were performed using ANSYS's Maxwell 3D and HFSS, and they were compared to measurements conducted in the Arizona State University (ASU) anechoic chamber.
High Performance Computational Astrophysics with PKDGRAV/Gasoline

We describe the design and implementation of the pkdgrav (gravity) and gasoline (gravity plus hydrodynamics) astrophysical N-body codes. We present a diverse spectrum of applications using these codes, from cosmological N-body simulations including gas physics, to solar system formation and granular dynamics simulations.
Submicrosecond intense pulsed electric field effects on intracellular free calcium: mechanisms and effects

Application of submicrosecond intense pulsed electric fields (sm/i-PEF) to cells results in rapid, transient rises in intracellular free calcium concentrations ([Ca/sup ++/]/sub i/) in human blood neutrophils, human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60), and human T-cell leukemia cells (Jurkat cells). The magnitude of the rise in [Ca/sup ++/]/sub i/ in human neutrophils is related to the intensity of applied sm/i-PEF. Some 10-50% of the rise in [Ca/sup ++/]/sub i/ triggered by 300-ns pulses is due to release of Ca/sup ++/ from intracellular sources, while maximally 10% of the rise in [Ca/sup ++/]/sub i/ triggered by 60-ns pulses is due to release from intracellular sources. Repetition of a sm/i-PEF application of lesser intensity than the first pulse fails to induce a rise in [Ca/sup ++/]/sub i/, while a second pulse of equal or greater intensity elicits a small or moderate rise, respectively. When sm/i-PEF applications were examined for effects on cellular function, no effect was observed on neutrophil phagocytosis. Suppression of spontaneous H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ production was observed after a 300-ns, 60-kV/cm pulse, and transient suppression of neutrophil chemotaxis was observed following a 300-ns and 60-ns, 60-kV/cm pulse. No evidence of proton influx/efflux was found following sm/i-PEF application. sm/i-PEF applications may allow manipulation of selected cell behaviors/function based on their ability to initiate changes in [Ca/sup ++/]/sub i/.
Corneal Confocal Microscopy as a Measure of Diabetic Neuropathy

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy is the most common pattern of nerve injury in patients with diabetes (1,2). In fact, up to 50% of patients with diabetes will develop distal symmetric polyneuropathy at some point during their illness (3). Currently, the only effective treatment to prevent this prevalent condition is glucose control (4). Unfortunately, demonstrating an improvement in neuropathy over time has been much more difficult to achieve than preventing progression (5). Possible explanations for the lack of improvement in outcome measures include a lack of an effective treatment and/or a lack of a sensitive test for nerve fiber repair. No consensus exists as to which neuropathy outcomes should be obtained after a therapeutic intervention, and all currently available options have advantages and disadvantages. Clinical assessments and scales have the advantage of taking into account patients’ symptoms and neurologic examination, but recent work has indicated that this approach may have poor reproducibility (6). Nerve conduction studies have long been used in studies of glucose control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and they have the advantage of being quantitative. However, improvement in nerve conduction studies may take years to manifest, and these studies do not assess small fiber nerve function, which are often the first nerves to be injured and perhaps the first to be repaired. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density …
MULTIPLE-ION DIFFUSION-I. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING AND CALCULATING APPARENT SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN HETEROIONIC SYSTEMS*

This investigation was designed to integrate the quick-freeze technique for ion diffusion with two computer programs to permit the simultaneous measurement and calculation of the diffus- ivity of a variable number of ions in heteroionic soil system. Kaolinite clay was prepared so as to have the following percentage saturations of the CEC, Sr2+65, MgZ+15, Rb+10, Na+5 and H+5. A quadruplicate radioisotope tag consisting of 85Sr, 28Mg, SrRb, and 2ZNa was used to measure the diffusivity of each ion. The complex spectra were resolved by use of Schonfeld's revised Alpha-M computer program. A probit-transformation procedure was formulated into a computer program to enable the calculation of each diffusion coefficient. These programs are described and illustrated with the diffusivity of 86Rb in kaolinite clay.
Distinguishing PANDAS from Sydenham's chorea: case report and review of the literature

Children with Sydenham's chorea and PANDAS (Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal throat infections) share an array of neuropsychiatric symptoms and distinguishing one from the other, especially at onset can prove challenging. It is, however, important to distinguish between these two post-streptococcal disorders since their response to therapy differs. Children with Sydenham's chorea require long-term benzathine penicillin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of rheumatic heart disease. In contrast, the efficacy of penicillin prophylaxis in preventing tic or obsessive-compulsive symptom exacerbations in children with PANDAS remains doubtful. Immunomodulatory therapies such as plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin have shown to reduce neuropsychiatric symptom severity in children with PANDAS. Tonsillectomy may also represent an effective treatment option in children severely affected by PANDAS. We present this case to demonstrate the pitfalls in differentiating between these two closely associated conditions in a developing country where the prevalence of rheumatic fever is high.
Retroviral integration at the Epi1 locus cooperates with Nf1 gene loss in the progression to acute myeloid leukemia

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a disease that occurs in young children and is associated with a high mortality rate. In most patients, JMML has a progressive course leading to death by virtue of infection, bleeding, or progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As it is known that children with neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome have a markedly increased risk of developing JMML, we have previously developed a mouse model of JMML through reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice with hematopoietic stem cells homozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in the Nf1 gene (D. L. Largaespada, C. I. Brannan, N. A. Jenkins, and N. G. Copeland, Nat. Genet. 12:137–143, 1996). In the course of these experiments, we found that all these genetically identical reconstituted mice developed a JMML-like disorder, but only a subset went on to develop more acute disease. This result strongly suggests that additional genetic lesions are responsible for disease progression to AML. Here, we describe the production of a unique tumor panel, created using the BXH-2 genetic background, for identification of these additional genetic lesions. Using this tumor panel, we have identified a locus, Epi1 , which maps 30 to 40 kb downstream of the Myb gene and appears to be the most common site of somatic viral integration in BXH-2 mice. Our findings suggest that proviral integrations at Epi1 cooperate with loss of Nf1 to cause AML.
Introduction to Integrative Dermatology

Modern medicine has many answers, but there is a clear and important role for alternative and complementary approaches. Many patients seek alternative therapies. Integrative medicine seeks to take the “best from both worlds” to give maximum benefit to the patients safely. We limit our approach to evidence-based treatments, though it is acknowledged that—by definition—the evidence here is not up to conventional standards.
Some Metabolic Constraints to Oat Productivity

The yield of oats and other cereals has been increased considerably over the years through plant breeding. To a large extent this has been accomplished through the elimination of defects, such as insect and disease susceptibility and weak straw. However, yield per se has been increased, largely through the breeding of cultivars that have a higher proportion of their dry matter at maturity in the grains. This has been called the harvest index, and has been defined as: grain wt/(grain wt + straw wt). This trend was demonstrated by Wych and Stuthman(1) who compared nine oat cultivars released over six decades in Minnesota. They found a correlation coefficient of 0.90 between grain yield and harvest index (Table 1). Biological yield was also positively correlated with grain yield, but the correlation coeffecient was lower (0.67). Lawes(2) found that grain yield of European cultivars introduced since 1908 was also highly correlated with harvest index, although the harvest indices of the European cultivars averaged considerably higher than the American ones.
Mandated Engagement: The Impact of Early College High Schools.

BackgroundEarly college high schools, small schools that blur the line between high school and college, have been obtaining very strong results. This paper uses the frame of student engagement to p...