cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Simulation of Radiant Floor Heating System Using Hele-Shaw Analogy

Radiant floor heating systems are becoming increasingly popular in green building designs. Typically, solar or geothermal energy is employed as a source for such hydronic heating systems. Buried heating pipe system can be used for heating both residential and industrial spaces as well as defrosting snow on walkways, driveways and sport fields. Most of the heating pipes considered in such applications are buried in a porous medium (i.e., insulation layer or soils). Hele-Shaw cells with different pipe spacing were constructed to simulate different floor heating configurations. The objective of the present experimental study is to examine the flow field within porous medium using the Hele-Shaw analogy. The flow visualization experiment was set up to investigate how a change in pipe spacing and pipe temperature would affect the flow patterns from the heated pipes. Using time-elapsed photographs, one observes that the flow fields for different pipe spacings with different buoyancy strengths display distinct characteristics.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
18 Chronic hepatitis C and porphyria cutanea tarda

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between chronic hepatitis C and porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Several studies have shown an increased prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients with PCT, with variability depending on the country in which the study was performed. In the United States, the prevalence is on the order of 50–60%. However, HCV is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause PCT. Rather; it is probably one of several precipitating factors that may bring out the disease in the patient who has a metabolic predisposition to the hepatic overproduction of uroporphyrin. The mechanism by which HCV may precipitate PCT in the susceptible individual remains undetermined. One possibility is that HCV alters hepatic iron metabolism. Hepatic iron overload is common in patients with PCT, and iron appears to play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Other possibilities are nonspecific effects of the chronic viral illness or that HCV promotes oxidative stress in hepatocytes independent of iron. Specific viral parameters of HCV, such as genotype and viral level, do not appear to be important. The initial management of the patient with PCT who has concomitant HCV should be phlebotomy to remove iron from the liver. Once phlebotomy has been completed, therapy of HCV may be considered. Because ribavirin causes hemolysis and therefore has the potential to cause relapse or worsen disease in the patient with PCT by altering iron metabolism, the patient should be monitored appropriately if combination therapy is used.
Chromatin-associated proteins of the developing sea urchin embryo. I. Kinetics of synthesis and characterization of non-histone proteins.

Abstract Chromatin-associated non-histone proteins of the sea urchin embryo are heterogeneous, and undergo qualitative as well as quantitative changes throughout early development. The rate of synthesis of these proteins is fairly constant to the pluteus stage and, in contrast to histone synthesis, does not parallel changes in the rates of synthesis of DNA. Evidence for a pool of chromatin-associated nonhistone proteins is provided by following the kinetics of entry into chromatin of labeled protein in pulse-chase experiments of prolonged duration. This pool is synthesized during cleavage and some non-histone proteins continue to associate with chromatin until gastrulation. In addition, different rates of entry of non-histone proteins into chromatin could be detected at different stages.
Supraumbilical primary trocar insertion for laparoscopic access: the relationship between points of entry and retroperitoneal vital vasculature by imaging

Objectives Advances in laparoscopy have demonstrated that supraumbilical primary ports can be desirable in complex cases with large masses. This study evaluated distances to vital retroperitoneal vasculature that were encountered with 45- and 90-degree angle entry from the umbilicus and 2 commonly described supraumbilical entry points at 3 and 5 cm cephalad from the umbilicus. Study Design Retrospective analysis of computed tomography scans of the abdomen and pelvis from 100 randomly selected women who were 18-50 years old with normal anatomy was performed. Three-dimensional models of sagittal sections were generated using IMPAX software. Measurements from the abdominal wall at the umbilicus and 3 and 5 cm cephalad with 45- and 90-degree angles to retroperitoneal structures were performed. Results With 90-degree angle entry, the abdominal wall thickness (AWT) was thinnest at the umbilicus; however, the thickness at 3 and 5 cm was similar. AWT increased at all sites with 45-degree angle entry, and the same pattern was observed. AWT and intraperitoneal distance positively correlated with body mass index and supraumbilical entry points. With 90-degree angle entry, the aorta was 1.9 cm (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–2.4) and 2.5 cm (95% CI, 2.0–2.9) farther away at 3 and 5 cm cephalad compared with umbilical entry. In one-third of the cases, regardless of port placement, a vascular structure other than the aorta was the most anterior vessel. With 45-degree angle entry at the umbilicus, no vessels were encountered. With 45-degree angle entry at 3 and 5 cm cephalad, the aorta was the most anterior vessel in 1% and 2% of cases, respectively, and was noted to be 1.0 cm (95% CI, 1.0–1.0) and 2.3 cm (95% CI, 1.2–3.3) farther away than with 90-degree angle entry. A vessel other than the aorta was encountered in 4% and 7% of cases at 3 and 5 cm, respectively. Conclusion According to theoretic modeling, supraumbilical primary port placement can be implemented safely in laparoscopy. With supraumbilical entry, the distance to retroperitoneal vessels was greater than at the umbilicus. Compared with a 90-degree angle, with a 45-degree angle entry, it was uncommon to encounter vasculature, and all measured distances were greater.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Heterosynaptic Depression at a Cerebellar Synapse

High levels of activity at a synapse can lead to spillover of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. This extrasynaptic neurotransmitter can diffuse to neighboring synapses and modulate transmission via presynaptic receptors. We studied such modulation at the synapse between granule cells and Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar slices. Brief tetanic stimulation of granule cell parallel fibers activated inhibitory neurons, leading to a transient elevation of extracellular GABA, which in turn caused a short-lived heterosynaptic depression of the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell EPSC. Fluorometric calcium measurements revealed that this synaptic inhibition was associated with a decrease in presynaptic calcium influx. Heterosynaptic inhibition of synaptic currents and calcium influx was eliminated by antagonists of the GABAB receptor. The magnitude and time course of the depression of calcium influx were mimicked by the rapid release of an estimated 10 microM GABA using the technique of flash photolysis. We found that inhibition of presynaptic calcium influx peaked within 300 msec and decayed in <3 sec at 32 degrees C. These results indicate that presynaptic GABAB receptors can sense extrasynaptic GABA increases of several micromolar and that they rapidly regulate the release of neurotransmitter primarily by modulating voltage-gated calcium channels.
Effect of total dose, dose rate and time of irradiation on synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.

IT has been postulated that the process of DNA synthesis is radio-resistant. During the period of DNA synthesis of the cell cycle in regenerating rat liver, a large dose of radiation is required to produce any measurable effect1–3. This preliminary note reports three observations made from an in vivo investigation of the effect of X-irradiation on DNA synthesis in 21 h regenerating rat liver: (a) A small dose of radiation (94 rads) produces a significant depression in DNA synthesis; (b) for a specific total dose, the slower the dose rates of irradiation, the greater is the depression in DNA synthesis within certain limits; and (c) the time period of irradiation is a major factor in producing this change, while the effect of total dose is secondary within the range of the experiments.
Characteristic Boundary Conditions for the Two-Step Taylor-Galerkin FEM

A general framework for implementing numerical boundary conditions, based upon the rigorous application of characteristic theory, has been developed for the two-step Taylor–Galerkin FEM scheme. The method consists of solving the compatibility equations for the temporal change in characteristic variables using the first step of the two-step Taylor–Galerkin FEM. This application of characteristic boundary conditions is consistent with the spatial and temporal discretization of the two-step Taylor–Galerkin FEM. It is ideal for domains discretized with linear unstructured finite elements as time and space extrapolation from interior elements is not required. Boundary conditions are constructed from the characteristic solution for solid wall and symmetry boundaries, flow exits, and flow inlets. Two simulations are shown highlighting the performance of these boundary conditions.
Angular Distributions from Resonant Two-Photon Ionization

A general theory is developed to treat two-photon ionization through a single intermediate state in which an arbitrary degree of relaxation may occur. The method is set up to probe the parameters governing the relaxation, by determination of the angular distribution of photoelectrons. The method is applied to the ionization of Na atoms, through the $3p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $3p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ intermediate states.
Responses of somatosensory cortical neurons to inhibitory amino acids during topical and iontophoretic application of epileptogenic agents

Abstract Single unit activity in cat primary somatosensory cortex (layers IV–VI) with contralateral forelimb receptive fields was recorded extracellularly via compound multi-barrelled micropipettes with simultaneous iontophoresis of amino acids. Units exhibited inhibitory responses to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), β-alanine (ALA), and l -glycine (GLY). The order of potency was GABA > ALA > GLY. Excitatory responses to d,l -homocysteic acid (HC) and l -glutamate (GLU) were observed. HC was more potent than GLU. In topical penicillin, bicuculline, or strychnine foci units, at the depth studied (1–2 mm), had HC-induced interburst activity which was normally responsive to GABA, ALA or GLY. This occurred despite obvious epileptic involvement of the unit in a bursting firing pattern associated with paroxysmal electrocorticogram (ECoG) discharges. Unit bursts proved to be completely resistant to the exogenous inhibitory amino acids applied by iontophoresis. Iontophoretic application of bicuculline (100 nA) antagonized neuronal responses to GABA and ALA without effect on GLY. Strychnine (100 nA) antagonized responses to GLY and ALA, without effect on GABA. A comparison of topical and iontophoretic results indicated failure of topical epileptogenic agents to consistently diffuse in adequate concentration into deeper cortical layers (IV–VI) to produce characteristic receptor antagonism. The iontophoretic application technique was consequently selected as the most appropriate method for further study of the effects of penicillin iontophoresis on responses of deep cortical neurons to amino acids.
Nuclear relaxation of 59Co in a dilute alloy of Co in Fe

Abstract Nuclear relaxation times of 59 Co nuclei in a dilute alloy of Co in Fe have been measured in externally applied dc fields. A high field value of T 1 T of 0.92 sec δK is obtained at 77°K and 4.2°K.
Parental Deportation, Families, and Mental Health

T here are an estimated 5.5 million children in the United States whose parents are unauthorized immigrants, and approximately three fourths of these children are American citizens. For these children, parental deportation is a real threat. From 1998 through 2007, more than 100,000 parents of U.S. citizen children were deported. Since then, immigration enforcement has intensified, with 1.5 million people deported during the first 4 years of the Obama presidency. In the first 6 months of 2011 alone, 46,000 mothers and fathers of U.S. citizen children were removed, and there are estimated to be at least 5,100 children in the United States currently living in foster care after the detention or deportation of their parents. Fear of deportation is widespread. Fifty-seven percent of Latino respondents from a large national survey reported worrying that they, a family member, or close friend might be deported. So what happens to children whose parents are deported or who live in fear of a parent’s deportation? This question is not foreign to our field’s history. Some of the foundational work in child development and psychopathology came from studying children separated from parents (Anna Freud and war orphans, Rene Spitz and hospitalized infants). Nevertheless, three fourths of a century later, understanding childhood psychiatric disorders and distress in the context of an obvious social stressor remains a challenge: stressors go hand in hand, vulnerabilities accrue. Deportation offers a case in point. It typically occurs in the context of living liminally in society, ‘‘illegally,’’ and in poverty. It is often associated with criminal activity, insofar as immigration violations frequently come to light from an encounter with law enforcement (although the infraction can be excruciatingly minor). It commonly takes place against a backdrop of exploitation, stigma, and discrimination. Moreover, social marginalization of undocumented immigrants, combined with their frequent wariness of professional and
The Wnt Signaling Pathway Protects Retinal Ganglion Cell 5 (RGC-5) Cells from Elevated Pressure

The Wnt pathway is an essential signaling cascade that regulates survival and differentiation in the retina. We recently demonstrated that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have constitutively active Wnt signaling in vivo. However, the role of Wnt in RGC viability or function is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Wnt protects the retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5 from elevated pressure, oxidative stress, and hypoxia injuries. Expression of RGC marker genes in the RGC-5 cultures was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and PCR. We demonstrated that the Wnt3a ligand significantly reduced pressure-induced caspase activity in RGC-5 cells (n = 5, P = 0.03) and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells (n = 5, P = 0.0014). Notably, Wnt3a-dependent protection was reversed by the Wnt signaling inhibitor Dkk1. In contrast, Wnt3a did not protect RGC-5 cells from oxidative stress or hypoxia. Furthermore, Wnt3a significantly increased growth factor expression in the presence of elevated pressure but not in the presence of oxidative stress and hypoxia. These results indicate that Wnt3a induces injury-specific survival pathways in RGC-5 cells, potentially by upregulating neuroprotective growth factors. Therefore, activation of the Wnt pathway by Wnt3a could be investigated further as a tool to develop novel molecular therapeutic strategies for the prevention of RGC death in retinal disease.
Semantic control theory

Abstract An overview of a new methodology, involving the application of artifical intelligence techniques to the design and implementation of some decision and control systems, is given.
The system planning grid: a model for building integrated information systems

Information systems have evolved as a result of technological advances and the increasing demand for information. Over the past few years, systems that developed separately are being forced to merge. This paper describes a model for building a set of integrated architectural guidelines to ensure that a "system" is being built. The use of the System Planning Grid as a model for setting product standards and organization responsibilities will also be discussed.
Long-term record of nss-sulfate and nitrate in aerosols on Midway Island, 1981–2000: Evidence of increased (now decreasing?) anthropogenic emissions from Asia

[1] Increasing anthropogenic emissions from Asia, especially from regions undergoing rapid industrial development, have raised interest in the outflow of chemically and radiatively important gases and aerosols. Previous studies have shown that high concentrations of Asian pollution spread over a broad region of the North Pacific every spring. Here we report on studies of aerosol concentrations at Midway Island (28°13′N, 177°22′W) in the central North Pacific over the period 1981–2000. Using a relatively simple procedure we estimate the natural and anthropogenic fractions of sulfate and nitrate aerosol and show that the estimated anthropogenic component almost doubled from 1981 to the mid-1990s. This increase closely parallels estimates of increased emissions of SO2 from China. However, measurements in the late 1990s suggest that sulfate and nitrate concentrations have stabilized and perhaps decreased. Thus over the longer term pollution emissions from Asia and concentrations over the North Pacific may be less than earlier projections, a factor which has implications for the assessment of future climate trends.
Analysis of Subjective Body Discomfort Ratings during Simulated Prolonged Driving Tasks: What Measures are most Effective?

Subjective discomfort ratings are a common assessment technique in human factors and ergonomics, and there exist a number of different methods for analyzing ratings (e.g., mean, median, maximum rating, etc.). The objective of this research was to evaluate multiple methods for analyzing body discomfort ratings. Perceived discomfort of eight participants was measured across ten body parts (buttock, left buttock, right buttock, lower back, upper back, neck, shoulder, eye, thigh and whole body) during 2-hour simulated driving tasks at 3 backrest angles (105°, 120°, 135°). Discomfort ratings were collected every 15 minutes using a modified Borg CR-scale. The time weighted discomfort (TWD) average of was found to be more sensitive to backrest angle changes than other measures considered. In addition, factor analysis revealed different methods provided different groupings of body parts, and the method selected for analyzing subjective discomfort ratings should be selected based on the objective of the study. Language: en
Central timing deficits in subtypes of primary speech disorders

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a proposed speech disorder subtype that interferes with motor planning and/or programming, affecting prosody in many cases. Pilot data (Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2005) were consistent with the notion that deficits in timing accuracy in speech and music-related tasks may be associated with CAS. This study replicated and expanded earlier findings. Eleven children with speech disorders and age-and gender-matched controls participated in non-word imitation, clapped rhythm imitation, and paced repetitive tapping tasks. Results suggest a central timing deficit, expressed in both the oral and the limb modality, and observable in two different types of timing measures, overall rhythmic structures and small-scale durations. Associations among timing measures were strongest in the participants with speech disorders, who also showed lower timing accuracy than the controls in all measures. The number of observed CAS characteristics was associated with timing deficits.
Association of levels of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase with severity of psychiatric symptoms in panic disorder

Abstract Urinary levels of N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured in 58 patients with panic disorder. NAG levels were found to be significantly related to the severity of 23 of 72 mood states, measured by the Profile of Mood States, which were grouped in three categories: hostility or irritability, sadness, and panic. A similar result was found in a previous study of bipolar patients. NAG levels were also related to scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and the Sheehan Patient-Rated Anxiety Scale. It is speculated that NAG could be a marker for serotonin.
Impurity calculations via a distorted-wave matrix Green's-function method.

The computational efficiency of matrix Green's-function scattering theory is improved by solving Dyson's equation in two steps. The first step yields a distorted-wave Green's function that incorporates the effects of the kinetic-energy matrix's impurity-host blocks. This is the longest-ranged component of the impurity-host interaction, but is iteration independent. The second step, which must be performed numerous times as one iterates to self-consistency, adds the effects of the electron-electron interaction. Computational effort per iteration is reduced because the range of the electron-electron interaction matrix is limited by screening. The distorted-wave method is illustrated via calculations of the adsorption energy of a single Al adatom on an Al(111) substrate.
Practice parameter: risk of driving and Alzheimer's disease (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Studies of automobile accident frequency among drivers with AD have yielded conflicting results about the risk of accidents. To develop a practice parameter regarding driving and AD the authors performed a systematic review of the literature. The authors identified well-designed, controlled studies of driving and AD using the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database. The authors also compared the relative rates of crashes and other performance measurements of driving ability in the populations studied. Driving was found to be mildly impaired in those drivers with probable AD at a severity of Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0.5. This impairment was no greater than that tolerated in other segments of the driving population (e.g., drivers age 16 to 21 and those driving under the influence of alcohol at a blood alcohol concentration [BAC] < 0.08%). Drivers with AD at a severity of CDR 1 were found to pose a significant traffic safety problem both from crashes and from driving performance measurements.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE SMALL-FIRM EFFECT ON THE BASIS OF SKEWNESS PREFERENCE

This paper tests the hypothesis that the small-firm effect can be explained on the basis of investor preference for positive skewness. Traditional stochastic dominance methodology is extended to consider portfolios including variable weights of investment in a riskless asset. Including a riskless asset provides the result that small-firm portfolios stochastically dominate all other portfolios. This result, which is derived on the basis of 19 years of monthly returns, indicates that the small-firm effect cannot be fully attributed to tax effects, benchmark error, or incorrect assumptions of the CAPM about investor risk aversion.
A Theorem on the Exact Nonsimilar Steady-State Motions of a Nonlinear Oscillator

In this work the steady-state motions of a nonlinear, discrete, undamped oscillator are examined. This is achieved by using the notion of exact steady state, i.e., a motion where all coordinates of the system oscillate equiperiodically, with a period equal to that of the excitation. Special forcing functions that are periodic but not necessarily harmonic are applied to the system, and its steady response is approximately computed by an asymptotic methodology. For a system with cubic nonlinearity, a general theorem is given on the necessary and sufficient conditions that a excitation should satisfy in order to lead to an exact steady motion. As a result of this theorem, a whole class of admissible periodic functions capable of producing steady motions is identified (in contrast to the linear case, where the only excitation leading to a steady-state motion is the harmonic one). An analytic expression for the modal curve describing the steady motion of the system in the configuration space is derived and numerical simulations of the steady-state motions of a strongly nonlinear oscillator excited by two different forcing functions are presented.
Effect of timing of information about mitigating circumstances on emotional responses to provocation and retaliatory behavior

Abstract To determine whether the reduction of retaliatory behavior by knowledge of mitigating circumstances is due to less motivation to retaliate or to an inhibition of motivated retaliation, subjects were provoked by a rude experimenter and informed of mitigating conditions (a) before provocation, (b) after provocation, or (c) not at all. Physiological data revealed that prior knowledge of mitigation prevented pronounced excitatory responses to prococation. In contrast, when mitigating conditions were not known, excitatory responses to provocation were intense. In addition, when mitigating information was supplied after provocation, excitatory responses decayed more rapidly than when no such information was supplied. Retaliatory behavior, as measured in complaints about the rude experimenter, was substantially lower in the condition in which mitigation preceded provocation than in the other two conditions. The retaliatory behavior of subjects who were informed of mitigation after being provoked did not differ significantly from that of subjects who were not informed of mitigation. The findings were interpreted as incompatible with the assumption that under mitigating conditions retaliation is motivated but inhibited and as generally supportive of the proposal that mitigation attenuates the response to provocation. In order to explain the failure of the reception of mitigating information after provocation to reduce retaliatory behavior in spite of the observed facilitation of excitatory decay, it was suggested that when subjects were experiencing high levels of anger, they formed a behavioral disposition to retaliate, which outlasted the state of elevated arousal.
Trials of the postmodern

Abstract The criminal courtroom is an important institutional site where a modernist epistemology works hard to keep the postmodern disturbance of such concepts as ‘truth’ and ‘reality’ at bay. Nevertheless, some popular television programs exploit the imagistic conditions of postmodernity in order to volatilize the truths certified as final ones by criminal courts. Similarly, in the first trial of the LAPD officers who beat Rodney King, the prosecution team exploited the instability of truth in a mediatized society in order to resignify events whose meanings had previously been configured quite differently. This essay examines these events as manifestations of cultural and political contestation in an image-saturated society where the modernist ‘reality principle’ has dissolved and been replaced by a mediatizing process of resimulation and resignification.
Intra-metropolitan area comparisons in retailing productivity: Implications for central business district retail firms

Intra-metropolitan comparisons were made in retailing labor productivity for a national sample of forty-nine SMSAs. Productivity levels were calculated for the CBD, the city excluding the CBD, and the suburban ring for 1958 and 1972. It was hypothesized that productivity would be lower in the CBD than in other areas of the city and metropolitan region due to inefficiencies in the CBD physical plant and the long term market decline for downtown retailing. The findings of this study did support this hypothesis, thereby suggesting the need for CBD firms to consider methods of increasing labor productivity in order to make the businesses more economically viable and more competitive with stores in suburban areas. While strategies on both the revenue and cost side can be used in attempts to increase CBD productivity, those on the cost side would appear to offer the greatest likelihood of an immediate response.
Beam Loading in Plasma Waves

Certain key accelerator issues relevant to plasma-based accelerators are studied in this article. Analytic results for important quantities of interest, such as maximum beam current, efficiency, and energy spread will be given. These results will then be compared with one-and two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) computer simulations. Special emphasis will be placed on those schemes that offer not only high accelerating gradients, but also high efficiency and small energy spread.
Electromechanical Wave Imaging for non-invasive localization and quantification of partially ischemic regions in vivo

Electromechanical Wave Imaging (EWI) has recently been introduced as a non-invasive, ultrasound-based imaging modality, which could map the electrical activation of the heart in various echocardiographic planes in mice, dogs and humans in vivo. By acquiring radio-frequency (RF) frames at very high frame rates (390–520Hz), the onset of small, localized, transient deformations resulting from the electrical activation of the heart, i.e., generating the electromechanical wave (EMW), can be mapped. In this study, we pursue the development of EWI and analysis of the EMW properties in dogs in vivo for early detection of ischemia. EWI was performed in normal and ischemic open-chested dogs during sinus rhythm. Ischemia of increasing severity was obtained by gradually obstructing the left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. EWI was shown to be sensitive to the presence of intermediate ischemia. EWI localized the ischemic region when the LAD was occluded at 60% and beyond and was capable of mapping the increase of the ischemic region size as the LAD occlusion level increased. Those results indicate that EWI could be used to assess electrical conduction properties of the myocardium, and detect ischemic onset and disease progression entirely non-invasively.
Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing.

Gender schema theory proposes that the phenomenon of sex typing derives, in part, from gender-based schematic processing, from a generalized readiness to process information on the basis of the sex-linked associations that constitute the gender schema. In particular, the theory proposes that sex typing results from the fact that the self-concept itself gets assimilated to the gender schema. Several studies are described which demonstrate that sex-typed individuals do, in fact, have a greater readiness to process information—including information about the self—in terms of the gender schema. It is speculated that such gender-based schematic processing derives, in part, from the society's ubiquitous insistence on the functional importance of the gender dichotomy. The political implications of gender schema theory are discussed, as is the relationship of the theory to the concept of androgyny. The distinction between male and female serves as a basic organizing principle for every human culture. Although societies differ in the specific tasks they assign to the two sexes, all societies allocate adult roles on the basis of sex and anticipate this allocation in the socialization of their children. Not only are boys and girls expected to acquire sex-specific skills, they are also expected to have or to acquire sex-specific self
A Budget Analysis of Bottom-Water Dissolved Oxygen in Chesapeake Bay

A coupled hydrodynamic-dissolved oxygen model is developed to simulate the seasonal cycle of dissolved oxygen (DO) in Chesapeake Bay and investigate processes regulating summer hypoxia in the estuary. A budget analysis of DO in the bottom water reveals a balance between physical transport and biological consumption. In addition to the vertical diffusive flux, the longitudinal and vertical advective fluxes are important suppliers of DO to the bottom water. The longitudinal advective flux is affected not only by gravitational circulation but also by wind-driven currents. The vertical advective flux is affected by wind-driven lateral circulation and shows a strong dependence on wind speed and direction. Up-estuary winds weaken the landward bottom flow and generate a clockwise lateral circulation that exchanges DO between the deep channel and adjacent shoals, thereby reducing the longitudinal advective flux and increasing the vertical advective flux. In contrast, down-estuary winds amplify the longitudinal flux and reduce the vertical flux. During the summer, water column respiration contributes to about 74 % of the total biological consumption and sediment oxygen demand accounts for about 26 %. Sensitivity analysis model runs are conducted to analyze how changing river flows and winds affect the hypoxia prediction and oxygen budget balance. Due to the compensating changes in longitudinal and vertical fluxes, the hypoxic volume is relatively insensitive to changes in the river flow. In contrast, the timing and size of hypoxic volume changes with wind speed. Sensitivity analysis also shows that plankton oxygen production, water column respiration, and sediment oxygen demand all affect the hypoxia prediction and bottom oxygen balance.
Nonsexist Curricula, Sex of Teacher, and Children's Sex-Role Learning.

This study examined the impact of nonsexist curricula and teacher's sex on children's sex role learning. Thirty-two boys and 32 girls, aged three to five, were equally divided among four programs: nonsexist curriculum, female director; nonsexist curriculum, male director; control curriculum, female director; and control curriculum, male director. Sex role discrimination and preference were measured at the beginning and end of a six-month period. Exposure to the nonsexist curriculum produced significantly greater reductions in sex stereotyping on all measures than exposure to the control curriculum. Moreover, children in the male-directed nonsexist program displayed greater decreases in stereotypic knowledge and preference for sex-typed children's activities than those in the female-directed nonsexist program, while children in the male-directed control program showed more stereotypic increases on these measures than their counterparts in the female-directed control program. Finally, children under the direction of an opposite-sex teacher exhibited less stereotypic changes in preference for adult activities than children under the direction of a same-sex teacher. Implications for early childhood programs are discussed.
Cardiac Myosin Isoforms from Different Species Have Unique Enzymatic and Mechanical Properties

The mammalian heart contains two cardiac myosin isoforms: beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC) is found predominantly in the ventricles of large mammals, and alpha-MHC is expressed in the atria. The sequence identity between these isoforms is approximately 93%, with nonidentical residues clustered in discrete, functionally important domains associated with actin binding and ATPase activity. It is well-established that rabbit alpha-cardiac myosin has a 2-fold greater unloaded shortening velocity than beta-cardiac myosin but a 2-fold lower average isometric force. Here, we test the generality of these relationships for another large mammal, the pig, as well as for a small rodent, the mouse, which expresses alpha-MHC in its ventricles throughout adulthood. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) was used to purify myosin from mouse, rabbit, and pig hearts. The superior resolving power of HIC made it possible to prepare highly homogeneous, enzymatically active myosin from small amounts of tissue. The movement of actin filaments by myosin was measured in an in vitro motility assay. The same assay could be used to determine average isometric force by loading the actin filaments with increasing concentrations of alpha-actinin to stop filament motion. We conclude that myosin from the mouse has significantly higher velocities for both alpha and beta isoforms than myosin from rabbits and pigs, even though the 2-fold difference in velocity between isoforms is maintained. Unlike the larger mammals, however, the small rodent generates the same high isometric force for both alpha and beta isoforms. Thus, nature has adapted the function of cardiac myosin isoforms to optimize power output for hearts of a given species.
IMMUNOCONFOCAL LOCALIZATION OF GELATINASE B EXPRESSED BY MIGRATING INTRASTROMAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AFTER DEEP ANNULAR EXCIMER KERATECTOMY

Purpose. Intrastromal epithelial migration occurs following deep excimer annular keratectomy. Our purpose is to determine the localization of gelatinase B expression and its relationship to migrating intrastromal epithelial cells following deep annular excimer keratectomy.Methods. Rabbit corneas were treated with deep annular ablation and harvested 3, 5, 7 and 14 days following surgery. Histo-logical examination was performed. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the time and the pattern of gelatinase B expression. This was compared to AE-5, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunolocalization.Results. Histologic examination revealed islands of epithelial cells within the corneal stroma after deep annular excimer ablation, whereas eyes treated with superficial annular keratectomy did not show intrastromal epithelial migration. Immunoconfocal microscopy using monoclonal anti-matrix metailoproteinase-9 (MMP-9) antibody demonstrated the presence of gelatinase B at the outer borders of the intrastr...
Polymerization rates by calorimetry. II

By means of isothermal kinetic calorimetry, an automatic instantaneous record of polymerization rate can be obtained, independent of conversion. A large improvement in resolving kinetic events is thereby realized. Certain abrupt changes in rate due to electrolyte level have been observed.
THE STANDOFF AEROSOL ACTIVE SIGNATURE TESTBED (SAAST) AT MIT LINCOLN LABORATORY

Standoff LIDAR detection of BW agents depends on accurate knowledge of the infrared and ultraviolet optical elastic scatter (ES) and ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) signatures of bio-agents and interferents. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed the Standoff Aerosol Active Signature Testbed (SAAST) for measuring polarization-dependent ES cross sections from aerosol samples at all angles including 180° (direct backscatter) [1]. Measurements of interest include the dependence of the ES and UVF signatures on several spore production parameters including growth medium, sporulation protocol, washing protocol, fluidizing additives, and degree of aggregation. Using SAAST, we have made measurements of the polarization-dependent ES signature of Bacillus globigii (atropheaus, Bg) spores grown under different growth methods. We have also investigated one common interferent (Arizona Test Dust). Future samples will include pollen and diesel exhaust. This paper presents the details of the apparatus along with the results of recent measurements.
DNA sequence-directed assembly of two peptide bioconjugates

Peptide bioconjugates combine the molecular recognition features of the polypeptide from a DNA-binding protein and the DNA-sensitive fluorescence of an intercalating dye. Here, DNA template-directed assembly of two bioconjugate probes was examined by steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer and time-resolved single photon counting. The Forster critical distance was determined to be approximately 26 A for the oxazole yellow and thiazole orange donor-acceptor pair. The efficiency of energy transfer for two bioconjugates was a function of the number of intervening base pairs between two DNA cognate sites. These probes were sufficiently sensitive to detect sequence dependent curvature and polypeptide induced bending of the DNA. Molecular probes capable of examining spatial aspects of protein complexes at promoter sites could yield important information about the early events in transcription initiation.
Transnational Feminisms in a New Global Matrix

Utilizing an ethnographic case-study approach, this article examines the experiences of women of color encountering globalization, and the shifting political and economic landscape through forms of transnational organizing. Central to this analysis is an examination of the increased pressures born by women of color and the emergence of new strategies of resistance that move outside nationalist and state-centered models. The article highlights such alliances between a group of US Chicanas and Latinas from Colorado, and indigenous women in Chiapas, Mexico, paying particular attention to the transformative relationships as well as the points of tension and disruption. Overall, the article brings into conversation theories of oppositional consciousness among US ‘Third World Feminists’ and postcolonial feminist critiques of globalization to map the boundaries of a transnational feminism useful for women encountering hierarchies of race, class and gender in the new millennium.
Clinical Research in Otolaryngology Journals

• In an era of cost-effectiveness and quality control, the need for sound clinical research as a basis for health care decisions has intensified. To identify trends in clinical research, a survey of 1831 articles in four otolaryngology journals spanning a 20-year period was performed. Clinical research comprised 77% of all articles and has steadily increased in volume. Significant trends have occurred toward multiple authorship, more female first authors, and a declining proportion of articles with grant support. In 1989, a total of 224 articles (40%) employed analytic or experimental study designs vs only 64 articles (18%) in 1969. Descriptive studies and review articles have declined in prevalence. These findings suggest that over the past two decades, clinical research in otolaryngology journals has increased in both quantity and quality. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117:164-170)
Diffusion-controlled current at the stationary finite disk electrode: Theory

Abstract : Rigorous expressions for diffusion-controlled currents at a stationary finite disk electrode are derived through use of the Winer-Hofp technique. The chronoamperometric curve obtained varies smoothly from a curve represented by the Cottrell equation to a steady state value similar to that obtained for a spherical electrode as time elapses. The solution can be expressed also as the Cottrell term multiplied by a power series in the parameter sq. rt (Dt/a), where a is the electrode radius. The present work is discussed in terms of the coefficient of the first term in this formulation. (Author)
Biosynthesis of glycoproteins in human placenta: Differential labeling of mannose and heterogeneity of oligosaccharide lipid intermediates☆

Abstract The biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides has been studied in first trimester human placentas. Tissue was pulsed with [2-3H]mannose, [1-3H]glucosamine, and [1-3H]galactose (for [3H]glucose incorporation). The lipid-linked oligosaccharides (OSL) were purified on DEAE-cellulose. After cleaving the lipid from OSL the oligosaccharides were purified by paper chromatography and borate high-voltage electrophoresis. Four major oligosaccharides with the composition Glc0–3Man9GlcNAc2 thus obtained were characterized enzymatically by digestion with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and α-mannosidase, and chemically by methylation, acetolysis, and Smith degradation. While identical Glc1–3Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides have been isolated from other in vivo systems, the presence of Man9Glc2 is novel for human placenta. Furthermore, Man9GlcNAc2 is present in appreciable amounts in placenta. Second, one mannose in Man9GlcNAc2 had a significantly higher specific radioactivity than the other mannosyl residues of the Glc0–3Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides. Third, the differential labeling in Man9GlcNAc2 and our pulse-chase studies indicate that Man9GlcNAc2 is not a major precursor of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. The data also suggest that the ninth mannose, which has the highest radioactivity, may be incorporated in a different subcellular compartment and may serve as a regulatory step in the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. A model is proposed which outlines possible multiple pathways of lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in human placenta.
The Role of Postformal Cognitive Development in Death Acceptance

This research is the first to test the relation between postformal complex thought (PFT) and death acceptance. College students (N = 225) completed the PFT questionnaire (Cartwright et al., J Adult Dev, 2009), the Need for Cognition scale (Cacioppo et al., J Personality Assess 48:3, 1984), and Klug’s Death Acceptance Scale, comprised of death integration and confrontation scales (Klug and Sinha, Omega 18:229–235, 1987). A series of hierarchical regression analyses showed PFT made a significant contribution to death acceptance over the contributions of other cognitive and demographic variables, as predicted. Further, PFT made a significant contribution to death integration but not to death confrontation. These results are consistent with contemporary theories of adult cognitive development and PFT.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTROPHY AND ATROPHY OF THE PROSTATE GLAND

For some years we have been studying the etiology of prostatic hypertrophy. One of the first steps in our studies was the investigation of a substance, androtin, which is secured from the urine of males, which produces comb growth in capons and which has all the physiologic properties of a hormone which has been extracted from the testes (1). However, we soon found that this hormone alone failed to maintain a castrated animal in a completely normal state, and hence failed to explain all the endocrine functions of the testes. Androtin maintains the size of the secondary sex glands but fails to correct the hypertrophy of the pituitary which results from castration. These experimental findings prompted us, two years ago, to postulate the existence of a second internal secretion from the testes, one property of which is the depression of pituitary activity (2). This hypothetical substance, therefore, has been called inhibin. We have previously demonstrated that androtin will cause prostatic hypertrophy in nor...
Incidence of amiodarone hypersensitivity in patients with previous allergy to iodine or iodinated contrast agents

tudy Objective To determine the incidence and nature of allergic reactions to amiodarone in hospitalized patients with a listed allergy to iodine or iodinated radiocontrast agents. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Two academic medical centers. Patients A total of 234 sequential hospitalized patients with a listed iodine and/or iodinated radiocontrast agent allergy who received oral or intravenous amiodarone between January 2006 and December 2010. Measurements and Main Results Demographic and clinical data, as well as documentation of an allergic reaction to amiodarone, were collected for each patient from electronic medical records. Mean ± SD age was 69 ± 12 years, and 51% were male. Of the 234 patients, 167 (71%) had a listed previous allergy to iodinated contrast agents, 55 (24%) to iodine, and 12 (5%) to both. Patients received an average inpatient total dose of 2.9 ± 3.2 g of either oral (106 patients [45%]), intravenous (39 patients [17%]), or both oral and intravenous (89 patients [38%]) amiodarone. Only 1 (0.4%) of the 234 patients was identified as having a probable allergic reaction to amiodarone (score of 6 on the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale). One additional patient receiving intravenous amiodarone experienced a rash that was determined to be caused by an antibiotic. All other patients received amiodarone without any identifiable allergic reactions. Conclusion The incidence of hypersensitivity reaction to amiodarone in hospitalized patients with a listed allergy to iodine or iodinated contrast agents was less than 1%, and all identified reactions were without long-term sequelae. Allergy to iodine and iodinated contrast agents may not be a valid absolute contraindication to amiodarone administration in the inpatient setting.