cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of storm-induced coastal trapped waves on the transport of marine debris using high-frequency radar data

The intensity, frequency, and duration of North Atlantic hurricanes have increased since the early 1980s. Every year these storms impact the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), a region that includes the coastline with the highest US coastal population density, important commercial and naval ports, and commercial and recreational fisheries. The interaction between the storms and the surface currents, including tides and coastal trapped waves (CTWs), have a large economic and destructive impact as well as great implications on marine debris transport before, during, and after storms. The effect of storms on CTWs is the least understood of these interactions. Observations of CTWs from high-frequency radar (HFR) SeaSonde data indicate typical surface velocity amplitudes of 10–20 cm s−1, while maximum velocities can reach as high as 100 cm s−1 during strong storms. This suggests that storm-induced CTWs are capable of transporting marine debris farther than typical, non-storm conditions. Focusing on 2012 Hurricane Sandy, which had a major impact in the MAB, the study area is seeded with 100 artificial Lagrangian particles just before Hurricane Sandy made landfall in New Jersey and we calculate their trajectories over five days using observed HFR velocities. The distance traveled and particle paths for full velocity are compared to a CTW-only velocity case during Hurricane Sandy, as well as for a five day non-storm period. In all cases, particles are transported farther under Hurricane Sandy storm conditions than non-storm conditions, with percentage increases between 150–250 %. CTWs have a larger contribution to the total distance traveled using full velocity under storm conditions (47 %) than non-storm conditions (33 %) although CTW increases in distance traveled is directly proportional to increases in wind strength. Furthermore, particle trajectories suggest estuaries disrupt theoretical CTW propagation patterns.
High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli

Abstract Bacteriophages (phages) are critical players in the dynamics and function of microbial communities and drive processes as diverse as global biogeochemical cycles and human health. Phages tend to be predators finely tuned to attack specific hosts, even down to the strain level, which in turn defend themselves using an array of mechanisms. However, to date, efforts to rapidly and comprehensively identify bacterial host factors important in phage infection and resistance have yet to be fully realized. Here, we globally map the host genetic determinants involved in resistance to 14 phylogenetically diverse double-stranded DNA phages using two model Escherichia coli strains (K-12 and BL21) with known sequence divergence to demonstrate strain-specific differences. Using genome-wide loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic technologies, we are able to confirm previously described phage receptors as well as uncover a number of previously unknown host factors that confer resistance to one or more of these phages. We uncover differences in resistance factors that strongly align with the susceptibility of K-12 and BL21 to specific phage. We also identify both phage specific mechanisms, such as the unexpected role of cyclic-di-GMP in host sensitivity to phage N4, and more generic defenses, such as the overproduction of colanic acid capsular polysaccharide that defends against a wide array of phages. Our results indicate that host responses to phages can occur via diverse cellular mechanisms. Our systematic and high-throughput genetic workflow to characterize phage-host interaction determinants can be extended to diverse bacteria to generate datasets that allow predictive models of how phage-mediated selection will shape bacterial phenotype and evolution. The results of this study and future efforts to map the phage resistance landscape will lead to new insights into the coevolution of hosts and their phage, which can ultimately be used to design better phage therapeutic treatments and tools for precision microbiome engineering.
“Appearance of Corruption”: Linking Public Opinion and Campaign Finance Reform

At present, campaign finance regulations may only be justified if their primary purpose is to prevent quid pro quo corruption or the appearance of corruption. References to the “appearance of corru...
Chemotherapy toxicities and geriatric syndromes in older patients with malignant gliomas.

Abstract Objective To describe treatment toxicities and polypharmacy in older patients with malignant gliomas (MG). Background Advanced age in cancer patients is associated with increased treatment-related toxicities, acute care utilization and functional decline. Most patients with MG are over age 65, yet treatment patterns and toxicities are poorly defined. Methods A retrospective chart review of 125 patients with MG age 65 or older at the University of Rochester from January 2012 to December 2018. Results 115 patients with glioblastoma and 10 with anaplastic astrocytoma had a median age of 71 (range 65–89) at diagnosis and median overall survival (OS) of 10.3 months. Radiotherapy (RT) was offered and completed in 79% (fractionated, n = 69, hypofractionated, n = 30). 24% of the 98 patients treated with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) experienced treatment delays (n = 24). Median of 4 cycles of adjuvant TMZ were taken by 61% (n = 76). Delays and dose reductions occurred in 55% during treatment with adjuvant TMZ, most commonly due to thrombocytopenia (n = 29) and fatigue (n = 15). 16/98 patients required transfusions during treatment with concurrent or adjuvant TMZ. At baseline, patients were prescribed a median of 11 medications. OS was longer in patients prescribed less than 8 medications vs. 8 or more (14 vs. 8.6 months, p = .0738). 96% experienced a non-elective hospital admission and 64% reported at least one fall. Conclusion Older patients with MG experience significant polypharmacy, treatment toxicities and falls. Studies incorporating geriatric assessment tools may better determine associations between geriatric syndromes and survival. Clinical trials in older patients should also include non-survival outcomes.
Climate Cages: Connecting Migration, the Carceral State, Extinction Rebellion, and the Coronavirus through Cicero and 21 Savage

This article addresses the unmapped linkage of mass incarceration and encagement as responses to climate change and the coronavirus. I coin the phrase, climate cages, to highlight how public policy responses to atmospheric dynamics limit mobility, worsen prison conditions, and increase carcerality. In this article, I use the song lyrics of 21 Savage’s “A Lot” and his subsequent arrest as an example to highlight the intersectionality of race, climate change, migration, protest movements, and COVID-19. Further, I reexamine Cicero’s adage of “summum ius summa iniuria” to show problematic configurations of the carceral state and the edifice of the law generally. A warming planet has decreased available land, freshwater, and clean air to live and earn a livelihood. The world’s megacities from New Delhi to Houston are choking from air pollution of their vehicles, power plants, factories, and industrial facilities. Not even rural areas are immune from the impacts of chemicals from agricultural activities. These natural resource stresses have served as threat multipliers for conflict, compounding centuries of economic and racial inequality. Economic and environmental chokepoints are leading to migration, movement, and higher rates of mass incarceration. Currently, the level of income inequality is at its peak, and record high and low temperatures are becoming the norm. The governmental response from the halls of Congress to the desk of the Oval Office has not been to find solutions to the climate crisis, but to restrict mobility and incarcerate black and brown people to maximize available land and space for those who are either more affluent and/or of the more preferred race, religion, and national origin. While historically human hierarchies and caste systems have existed for thousands of years, the impacts of intensified global warming have correlated with the increased prison populations and worsening prison conditions in the age of the Anthropocene.
The Future of Moral Responsibility and Desert

Most contemporary accounts of moral responsibility take desert to play a central role in the nature of moral responsibility. It is also assumed that desert is a backward-looking concept that is not directly derivable from any forward-looking or consequentialist considerations, such as whether blaming an agent would deter the agent from performing similar bad actions in the future. When determining which account of moral responsibility is correct, proponents of desert-based accounts often take intuitions about cases to provide evidence either in favor of or against a proposed theory. In this paper, I discuss two experiments that test whether folk intuitions accord with what desert-based accounts would predict. Results suggest that moral responsibility intuitions are sensitive to forward-looking considerations, thus posing a problem for desert-based accounts of moral responsibility. If appealing to intuitions about cases is a valid method of discovering the nature of moral responsibility and desert, it seems either desert is not entirely backward-looking or moral responsibility is not exclusively desert-based. These experimental results also suggest that consequentialist accounts of moral responsibility, which have largely been abandoned due to their counterintuitive nature, are perhaps not so counterintuitive after all.
Laser nanobubbles induce immunogenic cell death in breast cancer

Recent advances in immunotherapy have highlighted a need for therapeutics that initiate immunogenic cell death in tumors to stimulate the body's immune response to cancer. This study examines whether laser-generated bubbles surrounding nanoparticles ("nanobubbles") induce an immunogenic response for cancer treatment. A single nanosecond laser pulse at 1064 nm generates micron-sized bubbles surrounding gold nanorods in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells. Cell death occurred in cells treated with nanorods and irradiated, but not in cells with irradiation treatment alone. Cells treated with nanorods and irradiation had increased damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including increased expression of chaperone proteins human high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). This enhanced expression of DAMPs led to the activation of dendritic cells. Overall, this treatment approach is a rapid and highly specific method to eradicate tumor cells with simultaneous immunogenic cell death signaling, showing potential as a combination strategy for immunotherapy.
Inherited predisposition to pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer death in the US by 2030. There are multiple germline pathogenic variants and cancer syndromes associated with an increased risk of PDAC. Precision treatment, informed by germline genetic testing and molecular tumor analysis, can optimize therapeutic regimens and outcomes for those diagnosed with PDAC. As a result, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network currently recommends genetic testing for all newly diagnosed PDAC patients given the clinical implications for treatment but also for the identification of at-risk family members who can benefit from pancreatic cancer screening and other cancer prevention strategies. This article reviews inherited risk factors for the development of PDAC and current screening strategies for the early detection of PDAC in high-risk populations.
Information, Finance, and Markets The Architercute of Allocative Mechanisms

While bankers and businessmen have long recognized the importance of finance. financial constraints, and financial institutions, they have played a secondary role in neoclassical economic theory. This paper identifies the economic functions with which financial institutions have been concerned, the central problems which they face, and the alternative ways by which those problems can and have been addressed. The importance of limited liability and the legal environment is stressed. The final section explores the relationship between information-based finance constraints, the evolution of the firm, and the growth of the economy.
Visual illusions and inattention: Their association with adiposity among adolescent girls.

The Delboeuf concentric circle illusion is frequently invoked as an explanation for the hypothesized association between dinner plate size and overeating. We examined its association with adiposity among 162 girls, aged 14-18 years. We also examined the association of adiposity with neural and behavioral responses during a separate visual discrimination task. The analysis showed that girls with a body mass index percentile ≥ 85, or with greater triceps skinfold thickness, exhibited less sensitivity to the Delboeuf illusion than girls with normal adiposity. The excess adiposity group also exhibited significantly smaller electroencephalographic responses and more errors during the separate visual discrimination task. In combination, the findings from the two tasks suggest that girls with an elevated body mass are less sensitive to visual cues in their environment. The implications of these findings for weight loss education should be considered. Language: en
Equiripple Design Method

This chapter contains sections titled: Equiripple Criterion Remez Exchange Algorithm Weighted Equiripple FIR Design Hilbert Equiripple FIR Equiripple Order Estimate Matlab Equiripple FIR L P FIR Design MATLAB L P Design ]]>
A Tool Kit for Knowledge Based Production Planning Systems

This paper describes the logic programming language PROTOS-L and how to use it as a tool kit for the programming of knowledge based production planning system prototypes. PROTOS-L embeds transparent access to relational databases, supports the programming of deductive databases, provides a module concept similar to Modula-2 and contains a type concept with subtypes and polymorphism. The programming language PROTOS-L and the PROTOS-L system have been developed and implemented at IBM Stuttgart. PROTOS-L is currently used to reinsplement parts of production planning systems which have been developed at Sandoz AG in Basel and at Hoechst AG in Frankfurt. The investigated production planning applications need an integration of both concepts: read access to relational databases (which contain the relevant planning data) and a logic programming language for the implemention of heuristic rules (whirls control the planning strategy). In order to support both facilities, PHOTOS-L fully embeds database access into a logic programming language.
Financial competitiveness of organic agriculture on a global scale

To promote global food and ecosystem security, several innovative farming systems have been identified that better balance multiple sustainability goals. The most rapidly growing and contentious of these systems is organic agriculture. Whether organic agriculture can continue to expand will likely be determined by whether it is economically competitive with conventional agriculture. Here, we examined the financial performance of organic and conventional agriculture by conducting a meta-analysis of a global dataset spanning 55 crops grown on five continents. When organic premiums were not applied, benefit/cost ratios (−8 to −7%) and net present values (−27 to −23%) of organic agriculture were significantly lower than conventional agriculture. However, when actual premiums were applied, organic agriculture was significantly more profitable (22–35%) and had higher benefit/cost ratios (20–24%) than conventional agriculture. Although premiums were 29–32%, breakeven premiums necessary for organic profits to match conventional profits were only 5–7%, even with organic yields being 10–18% lower. Total costs were not significantly different, but labor costs were significantly higher (7–13%) with organic farming practices. Studies in our meta-analysis accounted for neither environmental costs (negative externalities) nor ecosystem services from good farming practices, which likely favor organic agriculture. With only 1% of the global agricultural land in organic production, our findings suggest that organic agriculture can continue to expand even if premiums decline. Furthermore, with their multiple sustainability benefits, organic farming systems can contribute a larger share in feeding the world.
Santiago Mataindios: la continuación de un discurso medieval en la Nueva España

El simbolo medieval del apostol Santiago llego a sistematizarse durante la conquista de la Nueva Espana en la manera en que se negociaban las identidades y se controlaban los nuevos espacios geograficos y sus realidades fisicas. El apostol de Cristo se convirtio rapidamente en un poderoso simbolo discursivo que fue interiorizado por las comuniddes indigenas en un proceso llevado a cabo por diferentes resemantizaciones simbolicas y negociaciones culturales. La conquista del Nuevo Mundo liderada por Santiago Apostol se mostro como en una extension, temporal y espacial, de la consumida reconquista peninsular.
Linear magnetoresistance in three-dimensional carbon nanostructure with periodic spherical voids

We report electrical transport properties of carbon nanostructures with close-packed spherical voids. Under zero magnetic field, a non-metallic behavior is observed. With increasing magnetic field, magnetoresistance (MR) crosses over from quadratic to linear dependence. Longitudinal response, typically negligible in most materials, exhibits the same value and field-temperature dependence as transverse MR. At intermediate angles (0°–90°) MR is also found to be independent of the direction of magnetic field. It is reasoned that orientation-insensitive, linear MR is due to distorted current flow in the 3-dimensional porous structures of this system.
Comment on "Conventional B2 B cell depletion ameliorates whereas its adoptive transfer aggravates atherosclerosis".

We read with interest the paper by Kyaw and colleagues ([1][1]), which used adoptive transfer of B cells into μMT Apoe−/− mice to determine if these cells were atherogenic in a model selectively deficient in B lymphocytes. When compared with PBS control, injection of 5 × 106 C57BL/6 splenic B
Ovarian and placental lesions in sheep from ingesting locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus).

Ingestion of 380 g per day of locoweed by pregnant ewes during day 40 to 72 of pregnancy results in vacuolation of the fetal membranes, specifically of the chorionic epithelium. These cells become hypertrophied and their cytoplasm severely vacuolated. It is postulated that this cytoplasmic vacuolation interferes with the transport of nutrients across the placental barrier. The vacuolating factor itself may, or may not, be associated with death of the conceptus and subsequent abortion. A contributing factor may be that luteal cells of the ovary are also extremely vacuolated in the ewes poisoned by locoweed and may not be producing sufficient progesterone to maintain pregnancy.
Total synthesis of cytotoxic macrolide amphidinolide B1 and the proposed structure of amphidinolide B2.

The first enantioselective total syntheses of cytotoxic macrolide amphidinolide B1 and the proposed structure for amphidinolide B2 have been accomplished. Key features of the syntheses include a diastereoselective aldol condensation, a spontaneous Wadsworth−Emmons macrocyclization and a directed epoxidation/elimination sequence.
Intrauterine transfusion, an unusual cause of bowel perforation in the neonate

A case of bowel perforation is presented in a preterm infant who received an intrauterine intraperitoneal blood transfusion. Pediatric personnel caring for neonates who have been transfused in utero should be alert to the development of complications such as the one reported herein.
N-substituted maleimide inactivation of the response to taste cell stimulation.

N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) irreversibly inactivates the response of gustatory cells to stimulation by NaCl, sucrose and hydrogen ions. The rate of inactivation can be measured by monitoring the decay of NaCl-stimulated summated electrophysiological activity at the chorda tympani nerve in the presence of NEM. The observed pseudo first-order rate constants are linear with NEM concentration, and the second-order rate constant is 0.38 M−1 sec−1. Other N-substituted maleimides, such as N-methylmaleimide and N-butylmaleimide, which have ether:water partition coefficients similar to NEM, inactivate the NaCl-stimulated response at rates comparable to NEM. However, the hydrophobic derivative, 4-(N-maleimido)phenyltrimethylammonium has a significantly lower ether:water partition coefficient and is essentially ineffective as an inactivator of the NaCl response. These results, together with the observation that the inactivation rate is independent of pH between 4.5 and 7.0, indicate the inactivation site is either intracellular or buried within the cell membrane at a locus inaccessible to most extracellular fluids. The rate of inactivation of the sucrose and HCl responses were measured indirectly and found to be comparable to the NaCl-stimulated inactivation rate, indicating the inhibited event is common to the transduction of the response for all of the stimuli examined. Possible sites of inactivation by N-Substituted maleimides are considered in the context of the results. This kinetic approach should have application in searching for and characterizing receptor-specific as well as other classes of taste cell inhibitors.
“Just one damn machine after another?” Technological innovation and the industrialization of tree harvesting systems

Abstract Tree harvesting has undergone rapid, recent, and relatively unstudied industrialization. Forest engineers have depicted this industrialization as a process in which tree harvesting went from using men, muscles, and chainsaws to the use of machines, diesel fuel, and hydraulics—all within a few decades. This article examines the engineers' account of this change, noting particularly the significance they place on technology. In the course of examining some of these technologies, we identify a number of limitations and anomalies in the forest engineers' narrative. We suggest an alternative understanding of development centered around alterations in the division of labour that characterizes tree harvesting systems. We argue that our emphasis on these changes in the labour process, and the goals they were designed to serve, better explain the industrialization of woodswork, accounting for not only the principal pattern of development but also the apparent anomalies. We believe technology must be systematically located in the production or labour process, and its development interpreted accordingly.
Dapsone-induced hemolytic anemia: Effect of N-hydroxy dapsone on the sulfhydryl status and membrane proteins of rat erythrocytes

Dapsone hydroxylamine (DDS-NOH), a known metabolite of dapsone, has recently been shown to be a direct-acting hemotoxin responsible in part for dapsone-induced hemolytic anemia in the rat. The effect of DDS-NOH on the morphology, sulfhydryl status, and membrane skeletal proteins of the rat red cell has been investigated. Exposure of rat red cells to a TC50 of DDS-NOH induced transformation of about 50% of the cells to an extreme echinocyte morphology. Reduced glutathione content of the cells was rapidly lost with concomitant increase in the formation of mixed disulfide between glutathione and the soluble protein of the cell. Oxidized glutathione content of the cells did not increase at any time during exposure to DDS-NOH. Examination of the skeletal membrane proteins by SDS-PAGE indicated that DDS-NOH caused the apparent loss of band 4.2, decrease in peaks 1, 2.1, and 3, and the appearance of new bands at about 16, 27, 40, and 54 kDa. Bands 4.1 and 7 appeared unchanged. Treatment of DDS-NOH altered proteins with dithiothreitol, reversed the protein changes, and indicated that the observed alterations were due to the formation of disulfide-linked adducts between hemoglobin and the various skeletal proteins as well as between hemoglobin monomers. The possible significance of the parallel changes in cell morphology and in membrane skeletal proteins for the premature splenic sequestration of the injured rat red cells is discussed.
Rapid coupling of sinking particle fluxes between surface and deep ocean waters

SETTLING particles are thought to be responsible for much of the transport of mass and energy from the upper ocean to the sea floor. Photosynthetic production by phytoplankton is a major source of these particles, either as phytoplankton biomass sinks directly1or as it is transformed into rapidly sinking forms such as aggregates2,3 and zooplankton faeces4. Because a variety of processes may act on sinking matter, however, it is not known to what extent fluxes of organic matter to the deep sea are coupled to processes at the ocean surface. Some studies have provided evidence for direct coupling2,5–7, but transformation processes and advection exist which have the potential to modify the transmission of surface signals to the deep sea8–11. If these mechanisms overwhelm surface production signals, seasonal and annual variations in deep-sea geochemistry and biology would be controlled largely by lateral processes associated with ocean circulation rather than by surface processes. Here we report direct measurements of seasonal variations in upper-ocean primary production concurrent with particle fluxes measured at several depths ranging from the upper to the deep ocean in the Atlantic. We find that the productivity signal can be transferred rapidly to the deep sea by settling particles, yielding close temporal coupling between the surface and deep oceans.
Pseudepigrapha Notes I: 1. Lunationes Danielis; 2. Biblical Figures outside the Bible

This is the first in a series of articles introducing (1) new texts or new copies of known texts from manuscripts, and (2) thematic updates to the Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. This article presents some new manuscript copies of the Lunationes Danielis (the lunar prognosticon attributes to the prophet Daniel) and a working bibliography of secondary sources on the apocryphal texts and traditions associated with .gures from the Hebrew Bible.
Scientific news and epidemiologic editorials: a reply to the critics.

must cooperate with reporters in making the data simple enough for reporters to understand, reformulate, and convey to others. The best way to accomplish this is to focus the data around two to three key points, avoid jargon, and discuss the implications of the data in terms of the need (or lack thereof) for personal action. Epidemiologists and other sources need a better un derstanding of the press because the public needs a bet ter understanding of disease clusters. We believe that sources can learn to adjust to journalists' news-gathering practices without compromising their substantive mes sage and thus help communicate important health risk information to the public.
Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity

The ability to resist the urge to eat requires the proper functioning of neuronal circuits involved in top-down control to oppose the conditioned responses that predict reward from eating the food and the desire to eat the food. Imaging studies show that obese subjects might have impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated with reward sensitivity, conditioning and control. It is known that the neuropeptides that regulate energy balance (homeostatic processes) through the hypothalamus also modulate the activity of dopamine cells and their projections into regions involved in the rewarding processes underlying food intake. It is postulated that this could also be a mechanism by which overeating and the resultant resistance to homoeostatic signals impairs the function of circuits involved in reward sensitivity, conditioning and cognitive control.
Performance improvement of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with atomic layer deposition (ALD) of SiO2 and HfAlO dielectrics

GaN metal oxide semiconductor heterojunction field effect transistors have been fabricated with SiO2 and HfAlO gate dielectrics deposited via atomic layer deposition. These transistors have threshold voltages more positive than -4 V and exhibit 3 orders of magnitude lower gate leakage than Schottky gated heterojunction field effect transistors (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The EISN Testbed for Evaluation of Network Routing and Control Techniques

The Experimental Integrated Switched Network (EISN) was set up to develop and experimentally evaluate new routing and control techniques potentially applicable in the Defense Switched Network, focusing on the new routing and preemption algorithms described in the companion paper [1]. Significant achievements in the EISN effort include establishment of a geographically distributed telecommunications testbed, featuring common channel signalling (CCS), multi-media trunking, and off-the-shelf digital switches with programmable out-board Routing/Control Processors (RCPs). Selected new algorithms have been evaluated in the form of actual implementations on the testbed. A preliminary description of the EISN testbed, its components, and its objectives was given at MILCOM '83 [2], along with earlier steady-state analysis results on the new adaptive routing algorithms. This paper focuses primarily on the EISN testbed as it is now implemented. The design philosophy and functional characteristics of the testbed are presented, and a series of routing and control experiments is described, as well as some additional experiments in voice/data integration using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for the data transfers. The routing experiments are aimed at validating the logic and the CCS protocols developed for the new routing and preemption algorithms described in the companion paper.
The Social Negotiation of Group Prototype Ambiguity in Dynamic Organizational Contexts

This article focuses on how the changing nature of work and working today elicits prototype ambiguity in groups—a shared perception among group members that the attributes, attitudes, and actions that define and describe the typical group member are unclear. We offer a functionalist account of prototype ambiguity identifying social contexts that reliably trigger ambiguity in group prototypes, group-level consequences of prototype ambiguity that motivate corrective action, and social negotiation processes by which group members adaptively resolve prototype ambiguity. We outline how group members' social negotiation efforts unfold in different but predictable ways (in response to specific triggers of prototype ambiguity) to yield emergent prototypes based on either central tendencies (as exemplified by the average group member) or ideals (as exemplified by the extraordinary group member). Concluding the article is a discussion of implications for research on social identity processes, group prototypes, and ...
Hydrogen production from water by thermochemical cycles

Abstract It is expected that in the future hydrogen will play a major role in the storage, distribution, and usage of energy involving its various physical states: gaseous—solid hydride—cryogenic liquid. One of the most modern concepts for the production of hydrogen from water, thermochemical cycles, is reviewed and a compilation of 72 published cycles is presented.
Response discriminative and reinforcement factors in stimulus control of performance on multiple and chained schedules of reinforcement

Abstract Discriminative control of the response rates of two groups of rats was equated by training them to cease bar pressing in light-out no-tone (T + L) and to respond during tone and light. Multiple-schedule subjects received food at the same rate for responding during tone or light as for nonresponding in T + L. For the chained-schedule subjects responding in tone or light only produced T + L where food was received for nonresponding. In extinction tests multiple-schedule subjects emitted approximately twice the responses to tone-plus-light as to tone or light presented individually (additive summation). The rats trained on the chained schedule, in which the tone and light each controlled substantial response rates but were never paired with food, showed no summation when the tone and light were presented together. The results indicate that discriminative control of response rates and reinforcement differences between schedule components determine stimulus control.
Performance Evaluation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Engines Integrated With Single/Dual-Spool Turbochargers

This study investigates the performance and operating characteristics of 5kW-class solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid systems for two different configurations, namely single- and dual- spool gas turbines. Both single and dual spool turbochargers are widely used in the gas turbine industry. Even though their operation is based on the same physical principles, their performance characteristics and operation parameters vary considerably due to different designs. The implications of the differences on the performance of the hybrid SOFC/GT have not been discussed in literature, and will be the topic of this paper. Operating envelops of single and dual shaft systems are identified and compared. Performance in terms of system efficiency and load following is analyzed. Sensitivities of key variables such as power, SOFC temperature, and GT shaft speed to the control inputs (namely, fuel flow, SOFC current, generator load) are characterized, all in an attempt to gain insights on the design implication for the single and dual shaft SOFC/GT systems. Dynamic analysis are also performed for part load operation and load transitions, which shed lights for the development of safe and optimal control strategies. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004471]
Local Labor Markets and Caseload Decline in Louisiana in the 1990s

Efforts to explain declines in welfare caseloads in the 1990s focus on three factors (economic opportunity, welfare policy, and demographic characteristics) and produce mixed results. Although several recent studies consider state differences, few consider local differences within states. Failure to control for caseload persistence and within-state variation in program implementation may be one reason why studies produce contradictory results regarding the effect of economic conditions on caseload decline. Using data for Louisiana parishes from 1991 to 1998, we analyze local caseload decline. Our results support other researchers' finding of a “threat effect” before 1996 welfare reform; they indicate that, all else being equal, reducing caseloads will be most difficult in nonadjacent nonmetropolitan parishes and easiest in adjacent nonmetropolitan parishes.
The in vivo production of carbon disulfide from tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (antabuse).

Abstract Injected tetraethylthiuramdisulfide is rapidly converted in vivo to diethyl-dithiocarbamate, which in trun decomposes to carbon disulfide. In the rat, carbon disulfide was detected in the exhaled breath after the intravenous administration of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide or diethyl-dithiocarbamate, or after the consumption of 2500 ppm of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide in the daily diet for 8 weeks. The maximum excretion of carbon disulfide occurred in the first half hour after injection of either compound. Maximum blood levels of dithiocarbamate were found 5 minutes after injection of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide. The reduction of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide in vitro is not confined to any one tissue, but takes place in liver, kidney, brain, muscle and whole blood; it is not prevented by glutathione or vitamin C.
Control of nephrotoxicity in the rat during repeated cis-platinum treatments.

The nephrotoxicity of cis-platinum (CDDP) in the rat can be controlled throughout a series of weekly administrations of CDDP (each of 5 mg kg−1, i.v.) for at least three weeks by a combination of protective measures involving pretreatment with dithiocarbamates and diuretics and the administration of appropriate dithiocarbamates given 1h after the CDDP. The use of dithiocarbamates with polar substitutents is effective in removing both renal and hepatic deposits of platinum from rats subsequent to its administration and in this respect these compounds are significantly superior to meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in the rate at which platinum is removed and in the amounts removed. The most effective of the dithiocarbamates remove ca. 70% of the platinum from the kidneys and the liver; the least effective remove ca. 50% of the platinum from these organs when given at a level of 1.57 mmol kg−1 i.p. for 6 days subsequent to the administration of CDDP. Acetazolamide was shown to be much less effective in preventing renal damage than the dithiocarbamates and was not effective in reducing renal or hepatic levels of platinum. Pretreatment with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 12h prior to the administration of the CDDP was more effective in preventing renal damage than the administration of this compound 30 min before the cis-platinum. Several dithiocarbamates are found to be superior to sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in reducing renal platinum burdens of rats given CDDP at the level of 6 mg kg−1, and dose—response curves for the removal of renal and hepatic platinum were determined for sodium N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (NaG). The use of dithiocarbamates, other than sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, to control the nephrotoxicity of CDDP may possess some advantages in the clinic.
Characteristics of criminal justice and noncriminal justice clients receiving treatment for substance abuse

This study compared three groups of substance abuse clients drawn from a representative sample of community treatment facilities in a large metropolitan area. Clients mandated to treatment from the criminal justice system (CJ-mandated; n = 124), clients currently involved with the criminal justice system but whose treatment was not legally mandated (CJ contact; n = 77), and clients who had no current criminal justice contact (no-CJ contact; n = 364) were compared with respect to sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics including prior history of drug treatment and criminal justice system involvement, criminal behavior, psychological and physical health status, and treatment-related beliefs (e.g., motivation). The three groups differed from one another in certain respects; nonmandated clients currently in contact with the justice system showed similarities to other voluntary clients as well as to clients mandated to receive treatment. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Biosynthesis of monoterpenes: regio- and stereochemistry of (+)-3-carene biosynthesis.

Abstract Incubation of [1-3H1]geraniol with stem disks of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and incubation of [1-3H1]geranyl pyrophosphate with both a soluble enzyme extract from Douglas fir and a partially purified preparation of (+)-3-carene synthase from lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) resulted in the production of (+)-3-[3H] carene. Subsequent conversion of the product to car-3-en-5-one and to 4-isocaranone followed by base-catalyzed exchange of the α-hydrogens established that the 3H located at C1 in the geranyl substrate resided at C5 of (+)-3-carene. Incubation of the (+)-3-carene synthase preparation with (S)-[5-3H1, 4-14C]geranyl pyrophosphate resulted in the production of (+)-3-carene without loss of tritium, indicating that the 5-proR hydrogen is eliminated during cyclopropyl ring closure. Analysis of the conformational requirements for this 1,3 elimination involving the 5-proR hydrogen suggested that cyclopropyl ring formation occurs via a (4S)-α-terpinyl cation derived from the anti-endo cyclization of a (3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate intermediate. Kinetic analyses of the conversion of (1Z, 3R)-[1-3H1]linalyl pyrophosphate, (1Z, 3S)-[1-3H1]linalyl pyrophosphate and [1-3H1]geranyl pyrophosphate by (+)-3-carene synthase revealed that the velocity of the reaction with the (3S)-linalyl enantiomer was 25-fold greater than the velocity with the (3R)-enantiomer and twice that of the natural substrate, geranyl pyrophosphate, thereby confirming this stereo-chemical prediction and also indicating that the cyclization of the linalyl intermediate is faster than the coupled isomerization and cyclization of the geranyl substrate. From these results, a model that details the regio- and stereochemistry of the enzymatic conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-3-carene is proposed.
Dirac and Dirac-Pauli equations in the Foldy-Wouthuysen representation

The Foldy-Wouthuysen representation of the Dirac equation corresponding to the case of general electromagnetic fields is reordered such that it completes a symmetry of form with the free-particle and static-magnetic field cases. The procedure explicitly separates the spin-orbit and Thomas precessional energies while partially resumming the transformed Hamiltonian into a form similar to that of the exactly transformed Dirac-Pauli Hamiltonian.
A robust optimization approach for the capacitated vehicle routing problem with demand uncertainty

In this paper we introduce a robust optimization approach to solve the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with demand uncertainty. This approach yields routes that minimize transportation costs while satisfying all demands in a given bounded uncertainty set. We show that for the Miller–Tucker–Zemlin formulation of the VRP and specific uncertainty sets, solving for the robust solution is no more difficult than solving a single deterministic VRP. Our computational results on benchmark instances and on families of clustered instances show that the robust solution can protect from unmet demand while incurring a small additional cost over deterministic optimal routes. This is most pronounced for clustered instances under moderate uncertainty, where remaining vehicle capacity is used to protect against variations within each cluster at a small additional cost. We compare the robust optimization model with classic stochastic VRP models for this problem to illustrate the differences and similarities between them. We a...
The genetic control of host range and serological specificity in bacteriophages T2 and T4.

Abstract The factors controlling the T2, the T4, and the T2 h host ranges are allelic. The serological specificity characteristic of T2 and of T4, as determined by neutralizing antisera, cannot be separated genetically from their host range.
Simulating and Characterizing Water Flows Inside Hydroentangling Orifices

The hydroentangling technique uses cone-capillary orifice nozzles to direct high-energy water jets against loose fiber webs. This study simulates the effects of orifice configuration on the water-jet properties. An axisymmetric steady-state model is considered for this two-phase system. The turbulent water jet is simulated using a realizable k - e model, and the behaviors of cone-up and cone-down geometries are investigated. The simulation reveals that the water jet produced by a cone-up orifice keeps contact with the walls all the way through the orifice and may undergo cavitation to reduce the water-jet intact length and damage to the orifice surface. In contrast, the cone-down geometry can form a constricted water jet that is enveloped by an air gap, which separates the water from the orifice surface and therefore prevents cavitation. The results are in excellent agreement with previous experimental studies.
Cooperative caching for k-NN search in ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks have multiple limitations in performing similarity-based nearest neighbor search - dynamic topology, frequent disconnections, limited power, and restricted bandwidth. Cooperative caching is an effective technique to reduce network traffic and increase accessibility. In this paper, we propose to solve the k-nearest-neighbor search problem in ad hoc networks using a semantic-based caching scheme which reflects the content distribution in the network. The proposed scheme describes the semantic similarity among data objects using constraints, and employs cooperative caching to estimate the content distribution in the network. The query resolution based on the cooperative caching scheme is non-flooding and hierarchy-free.
High Reynolds number and turbulence effects on aerodynamics and heat transfer in a turbine cascade

Experimental data on pressure distribution and heat transfer on a turbine airfoil were obtained over a range of Reynolds numbers from 0.75 to 7.5 x 10 exp 6 and a range of turbulence intensities from 1.8 to about 15 percent. The purpose of this study was to obtain fundamental heat transfer and pressure distribution data over a wide range of high Reynolds numbers and to extend the heat transfer data base to include the range of Reynolds numbers encountered in the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) turbopump turbines. Specifically, the study aimed to determine (1) the effect of Reynolds number on heat transfer, (2) the effect of upstream turbulence on heat transfer and pressure distribution, and (3) the relationship between heat transfer at high Reynolds numbers and the current data base. The results of this study indicated that Reynolds number and turbulence intensity have a large effect on both the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and the resulting heat transfer. For a given turbulence intensity, heat transfer for all Reynolds numbers at the leading edge can be correlated with the Frossling number developed for lower Reynolds numbers. For a given turbulence intensity, heat transfer for the airfoil surfaces downstream of the leading edge can be approximately correlated with a dimensionless parameter. Comparison of the experimental results were also made with a numerical solution from a two-dimensional Navier-Stokes code.
3D Cryo-Imaging: A Very High-Resolution View of the Whole Mouse

We developed the Case Cryo-imaging system that provides information rich, very high-resolution, color brightfield, and molecular fluorescence images of a whole mouse using a section-and-image block-face imaging technology. The system consists of a mouse-sized, motorized cryo-microtome with special features for imaging, a modified, brightfield/fluorescence microscope, and a robotic xyz imaging system positioner, all of which is fully automated by a control system. Using the robotic system, we acquired microscopic tiled images at a pixel size of 15.6 microm over the block face of a whole mouse sectioned at 40 microm, with a total data volume of 55 GB. Viewing 2D images at multiple resolutions, we identified small structures such as cardiac vessels, muscle layers, villi of the small intestine, the optic nerve, and layers of the eye. Cryo-imaging was also suitable for imaging embryo mutants in 3D. A mouse, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein was expressed under gamma actin promoter in smooth muscle cells, gave clear 3D views of smooth muscle in the urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. With cryo-imaging, we could obtain 3D vasculature down to 10 microm, over very large regions of mouse brain. Software is fully automated with fully programmable imaging/sectioning protocols, email notifications, and automatic volume visualization. With a unique combination of field-of-view, depth of field, contrast, and resolution, the Case Cryo-imaging system fills the gap between whole animal in vivo imaging and histology.