cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Losing the Battle for Balanced Bilingualism: The German-American Case

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer verlorene Kampf um zweisprachiges Gleichgewicht bei den Deutschen in AmerikaDiese Studie vergleicht die sprachliche Assimilierung von zwei verschiedenen Konfessionen deutsch-amerikanischer Kirchen, der Evangelischen Synode des Westens (spater Teil der Evangelisch-Reformierten Kirche) und der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Synode von Missouri und anderen Staaten, heute allgemein bekannt als die "Missouri Lutheran Church."Trotz ihrer unterschiedlichen theologischen Ausrichtungen hatten diese beiden Korperschaften zunachst der Anglisierung gegenuber eine ahnliche Sprachhaltung eingenommen, im Laufe der Zeit war es jedoch die LCMS (Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod), die der Anglisierung aufgrund ihrer Betonung der theologischen Unverfalschtheit starker widerstand. Doch nach 1882, als die deutsche Einwanderung das Hoch uberschritten hatte und der Zustrom neuer Mitglieder abzunehmen begann, stellten beide Kirchen fest, daB ihre jungeren, in Amerika geborenen Mitglieder allmahlich anglisiert wurden, sodaB die Forderung nach englischsprachigen Gottesdiensten sich deutlicher bemerkbar machte. Beide Konfessionen unterhielten deutschsprachige Gemeindeschulen. Als Folge einer Fehlauffassung vom Wesen der Zweisprachigkeit glaubten sie jedoch, daB der Gebrauch von Englisch als Unterrichtssprache in den Sakularfachern der Erhaltung der deutschen Sprache so lange nicht abtraglich sein wurde, wie "religiose" Facher weiter auf Deutsch unterrichtet wurden.Die Sprachpolitik dieser Kirchen und dabei ihrer Schulen war versteckt auf Angleichung ausgerichtet, indem die Sakularfacher auf Englisch angeboten wurden und folglich Kinder daraus hervorgingen, die nicht mehr zweisprachig waren mit deutscher Sprachdominanz, sondern bei denen Englisch jetzt sprachdominant wurde.RESUMOLa malvenka batalo por dulingva ekvilibro ce la germanaj usonanojLa anglalingvigo de du gravaj uson-germanaj protestantismaj konfesioj interese kontrastas. Malgrau siaj teologiaj malsimiloj, la du eklezioj komence sekvis similajn politikojn pri la angla lingvo, sed poste la Missouri-eklezio, pro sia teologia puremo, pli forte ol la Evangelia Sinodo rezistis la anglalingvigon. Post 1882, tamen, kiam la germana migrado al Usono preterpasis sian pinton kaj la enfluo de novaj anoj ekfalis, ambau eklezioj rimarkis kreskantajn anglalingvigon ce siaj usone naskitaj anoj kaj postulojn je anglalingvaj ritoj. Ambau eklezioj funkciigis germanlingvajn lernejojn, sed miskredis ke tiuj lernejoj povas instrui la "laikajn" fakojn anglalingve (kaj nur la "religiajn" fakojn germane) sen dangero al la plua vigleco de la germana. Tiu instrua praktiko estis, tamen, kasa relingvigilo: gi produktis ne germanpreferajn sed anglapreferajn kaj nur provizorajn dulingvulojn.
Quantitative Defect Analysis of GaN Thick Films by TEM and AFM

Ever since the discovery of the astonishing properties of GaN, many research groups have been involved in the processing of the perfect GaN crystal. Iodine Vapor Phase Growth (IVPG) technique was employed to grow GaN epilayer on a MOCVD pre-deposited buffer layer. This new epitaxial system was characterized by TEM, AFM and EFM. A complete AFM study involved the polarity measurements and the etch pit density measurements. For the first time a systematic study was performed of the dislocation density changing as a function of distance from the substrate. TEM performed on the cross-section, as well as the plan view, of the samples showed a remarkable decrease in the dislocations in the current system, compared to the samples that were solely deposited by MOCVD. Advanced analytical methods of polarity and dislocation density measurements have been established to understand the relation between microstructure and electrical properties of the thick film GaN. Electrostatic Force Microscopy has been suggested as a potential tool for obtaining polarity information.
Heart-specific autoantibodies can be eluted from the hearts of Coxsackievirus B3-infected mice.

This study was undertaken to determine if immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies could be eluted from the hearts of mice with Coxsackievirus B3-induced autoimmune myocarditis and to characterize the immunoreactivity of any elutable autoantibodies. Susceptible (A/J) and resistant (B10.A) mice were administered the virus or the control treatment and killed at various times after treatment. Acid eluates from pooled heart tissue from each treatment group and each time were tested for IgG reactivity with normal heart tissue by immunohistochemistry and with normal heart extracts by Western immunostaining. Eluates from infected A/J mice reacted strongly with syngeneic heart and modestly with syngeneic skeletal muscle tissue. Eluates from infected B10.A or control mice of either strain exhibited little reactivity with either tissue. Tissue reactivity was similar when allogeneic tissue was used as the substrate. Eluates from infected A/J mice recognized the heavy chain of cardiac myosin and several other cardiac antigens by Western immunostaining while eluates from the other treatment groups exhibited little or no reactivity with any normal heart constituents. These results indicate that in vivo IgG deposition occurs in the hearts of mice with post-infectious autoimmune myocarditis and that the specificity of these antibodies is similar to that reported for serum from animals with this disease. The mechanism(s) leading to myocardial IgG deposition and its possible role in pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.
Effects of surface roughness and graybody emissivity on martian thermal infrared spectra

Slopes are present in martian apparent surface emissivity observations collected by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS). These slopes are attributed to misrepresenting the surface temperature, either through incorrect assumptions about the maximum emissivity of surface materials or the presumption of a uniform surface temperature within the field of view. These incorrect assumptions leave distinct characteristics in the resulting apparent emissivity data that can be used to gain a better understanding of the surface properties. Surfaces with steep slopes typically have a variable surface temperatures within the field of view that cause distinct and highly variable slopes in apparent emissivity spectra based on the observing conditions. These properties are documented on the southwestern flank of Apollinaris Patera and can be reasonably approximated by modeled data. This spectral behavior is associated with extremely rough martian surfaces and includes surfaces south of Arsia Mons and near Warrego Valles that also appear to have high slopes in high resolution images. Surfaces with low maximum values of emissivity have apparent emissivity spectra with more consistent spectral slopes that do not vary greatly based on observing conditions. This spectral surface type is documented in Terra Serenum and is consistent with associated high resolution images that do not indicate the presence of a surface significantly rougher that the surrounding terrain.
Establishing school-centered asthma programs

Asthma is a common chronic childhood disease associated with significant morbidity and high rates of school absenteeism, along with excessive costs for the patient and society. Asthma is a leading cause of school absenteeism, but this absenteeism is not equally distributed among those with asthma. Second to their home, school-aged children spend the largest portion of their wakeful hours at school. Opportunities exist to partner with schools to reach most children with asthma and those at the highest risk for asthma burden and in need of assistance. Asthma management at schools is important for pediatric pulmonologists and allergists, primary care providers, and the whole interdisciplinary team working alongside them to provide quality asthma care. The variability of asthma care services and programs provided in schools should prompt clinicians to understand their own school system and to advocate for appropriate services. Models of asthma care that place schools at the center or core of the model and coordinate evidence-based asthma care are applicable nationwide and might serve as a model for managing other chronic illnesses.
Techniques for virus detection in aquatic sediments

Abstract Laboratory experiments have been undertaken to study the adsorption-desorption of poliovirus to and from marine and freshwater sediments. It was observed that marine sediments retained 99% of added virus, whereas freshwater sediments adsorbed approximately 40% of the added virus. Ten eluents were investigated for their ability to desorb viruses from a marine sediment. It was found that virus elution from the marine sediment was relatively low and ranged from The urea-lysine method was used for the detection of indigenous enteroviruses in sediments from a closed shellfish bed. Enteroviruses were recovered with concentrations up to 708 TCID 50 /50 g of sediment.
A framework for simulating map error in ecosystem models

Abstract The temporal depth and spatial breadth of observations from platforms such as Landsat provide unique perspective on ecosystem dynamics, but the integration of these observations into formal decision support will rely upon improved uncertainty accounting. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations offer a practical, empirical method of accounting for potential map errors in broader ecosystem assessments. However, unless steps are taken across simulations to vary the probability density functions (PDFs) that control simulated map error, the large number of map units to which those PDFs are applied may cause convergence of mean simulated conditions and an artificial reduction of MC estimates of uncertainty. For MC simulation of errors in categorical maps, we introduce a technique we call “PDF weaving” which both: 1) allows variation of PDFs across simulations; and, 2) explicitly aligns the resulting range of simulated populations with estimates and uncertainties identified by traditional monitoring methods such as design-based inventories. This approach is based on solving systems of linear equations and inequalities for each simulation. Each system incorporates linear constraints related to the unchanging distribution of area among classes in the original map (akin to the fixed longitudinal “warp” on a loom) with variable linear constraints related to the class distribution to be simulated in any one iteration (analogous to the perpendicular, variable fibers of the “weft”). Additional constraints specify how many map units to treat as “correct” based on validation exercises at the map unit level. Solution of these systems provides PDFs which will simulate error at both the map unit level and the population level in a way that is consistent with validation exercises and available population-level estimates. We illustrated this approach in an assessment of the effects of wildfire and harvest on carbon storage over 20 years on a forested landscape in the western United States (US). This assessment utilized the Forest Carbon Management Framework (ForCaMF) approach, which is being implemented by the US National Forest System (NFS). Results showed that simulating map error through the use of dynamic PDFs can contribute significant, realistic uncertainty in a Monte Carlo analysis, but that impacts of fire and harvest on carbon storage may nevertheless be clearly identified and differentiated using remotely sensed maps of vegetation and disturbance.
Domoic acid and the eastern Canadian molluscan shellfish industry

Abstract This report summarises the events surrounding the food poisoning associated with the occurrence of domoic acid in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Cardigan Bay, Prince Edward Island, in the fall of 1987. A possible chain of events leading to domoic acid accumulation in mussels is suggested; the epidemiology of domoic acid poisoning is reviewed briefly and its toxicology is discussed. The implications of the incident for the mollusc fishery in general are discussed since these may prove useful to managers of molluscan shellfish producing areas which have not had experience with the toxin. Although an intensive monitoring and inspection programme will allow adequate consumer and producer protection, successful long-term management of the fishery demands a better understanding of the synthesis, distribution and fate of domoic acid, and of molluscan toxins in general.
Percolation and statistical properties of low- and high-angle interface networks in polycrystalline ensembles

Percolation theory is often used to model intergranular or transgranular phenomena in polycrystals by treating low- and high-angle interfaces as strong and weak links, respectively. Here we demonstrate that triple-junction coordinations and percolation thresholds of such interfacial networks are significantly different from those of randomly assembled lattices, which invalidates the use of standard percolation theory for these problems. This departure is due to local crystallographic constraints for low- and high-angle boundary coordinations at triple junctions, which we understand here through (i) two-dimensional simulations of polycrystals with various textures and (ii) an analytical model using local transition probabilities. Both methods capture the tendency for high-angle boundaries to cluster, and the computational method also provides percolation threshold values for general and fiber-textured microstructures.
Eruption rate, area, and length relationships for some Hawaiian lava flows

The relationships between the morphological parameters of lava flows and the process parameters of lava composition, eruption rate, and eruption temperature were investigated using literature data on Hawaiian lava flows. Two simple models for lava flow heat loss by Stefan-Boltzmann radiation were employed to derive eruption rate versus planimetric area relationship. For the Hawaiian basaltic flows, the eruption rate is highly correlated with the planimetric area. Moreover, this observed correlation is superior to those from other obvious combinations of eruption rate and flow dimensions. The correlations obtained on the basis of the two theoretical models, suggest that the surface of the Hawaiian flows radiates at an effective temperature much less than the inner parts of the flowing lava, which is in agreement with field observations. The data also indicate that the eruption rate versus planimetric area correlations can be markedly degraded when data from different vents, volcanoes, and epochs are combined.
The association of regional intensity of neurosurgical care with spinal fusion surgery in the USA

Purpose There is wide regional variability in the volume of procedures performed for similar surgical patients throughout the USA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of spinal fusion operations with several socioeconomic factors.
Serum-free serial culture of adult human keratinocytes from suction-blister roof epidermis

Coating cell culture flasks with natural extracellular matrix (ECM) enhanced the culture of adult human keratinocytes from suction-blister roof epidermis in an environment without fetal calf serum (FCS), bovine pituitary extracts or cellular feeder layers. A higher incidence of cell attachment on natural ECM was observed than on collagen and human fibronectins(HFN)-coated plastic dishes, and natural ECM was necessary for growth and proliferation of attached cells under the culture conditions used. Cells in primary culture grew to confluency on natural ECM-coated surfaces within about 14 days, and subsequent serial passage could be made up to fourth passage in collagen- and HFN-coated plastic flasks. Cultured keratinocytes in this serum-free environment formed colonies of small cuboidal, healthy cells with little keratinization or stratification and demonstrated antigenic characteristics of human basal cells.
Inhibition of neuroleptic-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity by cyclo (Leu-Gly).

Abstract Behavioral supersensitivity of dopamine receptors was induced in mice by chronic administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day for 21 days) and its subsequent withdrawal for 48 hr. This was evidenced by enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity and hypothermic responses to a dopamine agonist, apomorphine. Concurrent administration of cyclo (Leu-Gly), the enzymatically resistant diketopiperazine, an analog of melantropin release inhibiting factor, blocked haloperidol-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity as evidenced by the blockade of apomorphine induced responses. Since many studies have linked the development of neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesias with enhanced sensitivity of brain dopamine receptors, and the latter was blocked by cyclo (Leu-Gly), this agent may be of value in preventing the development of symptoms of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesias.
Silicon analogs of phenothiazine

Abstract Synthesis of tricyclic derivatives which contain both silicon and nitrogen in the central ring (phenazasilines) as well as a dimethylaminopropyl side chain bonded either to Si or to N are described. Reaction of 4,4′-dibromo-2,2′-dilithio- N -(γ-dimethylaminopropyl)diphenylamine with Me 2 SiCl 2 provides a ring brominated silicon analog of the tranquilizer promazine. Reaction of 4,4′-dibromo-2,2′-dilithio- N -methyldiphenylamine with MeSiHCl 2 followed by SiH addition of the phenazasiline to allylamine provided the isomeric derivative. Debromination of three phenazasilines with BuLi followed by hydrolysis demonstrated formation of both 2-bromophenazasilines as well as phenazasilines. Structural comparisons to phenothiazines are discussed.
THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LOW CORONA DURING SOLAR CYCLES 21-23 ∗

Observations of the forbidden coronal lines Fe xiv 530.3 nm and Fe x 637.4 nm obtained at the National Solar Observatory at Sacramento Peak are used to determine the variation of coronal temperature at latitudes above 30∘ during solar activity cycles 21–23. Features of the long-term variation of emission in the two lines are also discussed. Temperatures at latitudes below 30∘ are not studied because the technique used to determine the coronal temperature is not applicable in active regions. The polar temperature varies cyclically from approximately 1.3 to 1.7 MK. The temperatures are similar in both hemispheres. The temperature near solar minimum decreases strongly from mid-latitudes to the poles. The temperature of the corona above 80∘ latitude generally follows the sunspot cycle, with minima in 1985 and 1995–1996 (cf. 1986 and 1996 for the smoothed sunspot number, Rz) and maxima in 1989 and 2000 (cf. 1989 and 2000 for Rz). The temperature of the corona above 30∘ latitude at solar maximum is nearly uniform, i.e., there is little latitude dependence. If the maximum temperatures of cycles 22 and 23 are aligned in time (superposed epochs), the average annual N + S temperature (average of the northern and southern hemisphere) in cycle 23 is hotter than that in cycle 22 at all times both above 80∘ latitude and above 30∘ latitude. The difference in the average annual N + S maximum temperature between cycles 23 and 22 was 56 kK near the poles and 64 kK for all latitudes above 30∘. Cycle 23 was also hotter at mid-latitudes than cycle 22 by 60 kK. The last 3 years of cycle 21 were hotter than the last 3 years of cycle 22. The difference in average annual N + S temperatures at the end of cycles 21 and 22 was 32 kK near the poles and 23 kK for all latitudes above 30∘. Cycle 21 was also hotter at mid-latitudes than cycle 22 by at least 90 kK. Thus, there does not seem to be a solar-cycle trend in the low-coronal temperature outside of active regions.
CD3 stimulation causes phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 on serine and tyrosine residues in a human T-cell line.

Abstract The human T-cell line Jurkat was found to contain at least two immunologically distinct isoforms of inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC), PLC-beta 1 and PLC-gamma 1. Treatment of Jurkat cells with antibody to CD3 led to phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 but not of PLC-beta 1. The phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 occurred rapidly and transiently on both serine and tyrosine residues; tyrosine phosphorylation reached a maximum level less than 1 min after stimulation and decreased rapidly, both in the presence and in the absence of orthovanadate. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide map analysis revealed that the major sites of tyrosine and serine phosphorylation in PLC-gamma 1 from activated Jurkat cells are the same as those in PLC-gamma 1 from cells treated with peptide growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. Previously, it has been shown that multiple phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 by the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases leads to activation of PLC-gamma 1. Thus, the current data suggest that inositol phospholipid hydrolysis triggered by the T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex is due, at least in part, to activation of PLC-gamma 1 and that the mechanism by which this activation is achieved involves phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues on PLC-gamma 1 by a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase coupled to the T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex.
Diagnosis of Lung Cancer*: The Guidelines

Lung cancer is usually suspected in individuals who have abnormal chest radiograph findings or have symptoms caused by either local or systemic effects of the tumor. The method of diagnosis of suspected lung cancer depends on the type of lung cancer (ie, small cell lung cancer or non-small cell lung cancer), the size and location of the primary tumor, the presence of metastasis, and the overall clinical status of the patient. Achieving a diagnosis and staging are usually done in concert because the most efficient way to make a diagnosis often is dictated by the stage of the cancer. The best sequence of studies and interventions in a particular patient involves careful judgment of the probable reliability of a number of presumptive diagnostic issues, so as to maximize the sensitivity and to avoid performing multiple or unnecessary invasive procedures. In this article, we consider all manner of clinical presentations of lung cancer in light of currently available diagnostic procedures. Published data supporting a particular diagnostic approach is weighed based on the quality of the benefit as well as the estimated net benefit. Recommendations are graded in terms of strength to provide clinicians with guidance as to the most efficient and approach to the diagnosis of lung cancer in individual patients.
The Importance of Being Early: Presidential Primary Front-Loading and the Impact of the Proposed Western Regional Primary

Every state wants to be “the” state that selects the next president. Every state wants the attention of the presidential candidates and wants its voters to have a say in the presidential nomination process. But since the early 1980s, presidential nomination events in more and more states have essentially been meaningless as the parties' nominations have effectively been wrapped up before citizens have cast their primary ballots or attended their local caucuses.
No deal in space: A bargaining model analysis of U.S. resistance to space arms control

Abstract Space systems are essential to the global economy and security. The possibility of disruptions arising from competition between the United States and China through the testing and deployment of weapons in space has led to concerns over an incipient space arms race that would threaten satellites, leading to international calls for a space arms control treaty. The paper presents a rationalist theory analysis on the lack of progress in establishing such a treaty, identifying the United States' position of primacy in the global order and its preeminence in space as a primary cause.
Grain size partitioning of metals in contaminated, coarse-grained river floodplain sediment: Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.

The traditional concept of the relationship between metal content and grain size assumes that the fine fraction carries most of the metals in natural sediments. This concept is supported in many cases by strong, significant linear relationships between total-sediment metal concentrations and percentages of various fine-size fractions. Such observations have led to development of methods to correct for the effects of grain size in order to accurately document geographical and temporal variations and identify trends in metal concentrations away from a particular source. Samples from the floodplain sediment of a large, coarse-grained river system indicates that these concepts do not hold for sediments contaminated by mining and milling wastes. In this particular system, the application of methods to correct for grain-size effects would lead to erroneous conclusions about trends of metals in the drainage. This indicates that the a priori application of grain-size correction factors limits interpretation of actual metal distributions and should not be used unless data indicate that correlations exist between metals and particular size fractions.
Search for linear polarization of the cosmic background radiation

We present preliminary measurements of the linear polarization of the cosmic microwave background (3 K blackbody) radiation. These ground-based measurements are made at 9-mm wavelength. We find no evidence for linear polarization, and set an upper limit for a polarized component of 0.8 mK with 95% confidence level. This implies that the present rate of expansion of the Universe is isotropic to 1 part in ${10}^{6}$, assuming no reionization of the primordial plasma after recombination.
Positronium atom reactions in aqueous solutions of iron III complexes

The rate constants for the reactions between thermal Ps atoms and a series of iron (III) compounds including some complexes which can be considered as model compounds for biologically active systems have been determined.
Katherine Mansfield's HOW PEARL BUTTON WAS KIDNAPPED

Interpretations of Katherine Mansfield's early story “How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped” usually revolve around the understanding of Pearl Button as a child who is already, at a very young age, bound ...
REVISITING ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL PARADIGMS IN MANUFACTURING STRATEGY

Testing and cross-validation of theories and paradigms are necessary to advance the field of manufacturing strategy. When the findings of one study are also obtained in other studies, using entirely different databases, we become more confident in the results. Replication alleviates concerns about spurious results and is one motivation for this study. We examine aspects of the tradeoffs concept, production competence paradigm, and a manufacturing strategy taxonomy framework. In regard to the tradeoffs concept, we found evidence of tradeoffs between some, but certainly not all, manufacturing capabilities of quality, cost, delivery, and customization. The relationships get sharper when controlling for process choice. For example, the tradeoff between cost and customization is particularly strong between plants that have different process choices. We find that such tradeoffs can change, or even disappear, however, once the process choice is in place. With respect to the production competence paradigm, our analysis shows a statistically significant correlation between production competence and operations performance in batch shops, but not in plants with other process choices. Finally, using variables similar to those of Miller and Roth, our data produced three similar clusters even though their unit of analysis was much more macro than ours. Controlling for process choice is consistent with the current manufacturing strategy literature that emphasizes dynamic development of capabilities within the context of path dependencies. A major argument of this strand of research is that operations decisions not only affect current capabilities, but also set the framework for development of capabilities in the future. That being the case, controlling for process choice (or other factors such as industry or markets) should contribute to the understanding of capability-development paths adopted by different manufacturing plants. In short, we found at least partial support for each of the theories examined here, even though the theories seem on the surface to be contradictory and mutually exclusive. Controlling for process choice or other measures of dependency goes a long way in uncovering consistency across different theories and empirical studies in operations management.
Rhetorical intent in ancient historiography: Herodotus and the battle of marathon

Throughout history the credibility of Herodotus's account of the Persian wars has been reviewed with skepticism by both ancient and modern scholars. Yet, such criticism, particularly that of contemporary researchers, has refused to consider rhetoric as a possible explanation for Herodotus's historiography. Drawing from his account of the Battle of Marathon, this study indicates how Herodotus's bias against the Persian Empire prompted a pro‐Athenian perspective. Most importantly, Herodotus's intent, evident throughout his account of the Battle of Marathon, was to unobtrusively establish a construct of values that would function as a standard for the diverse views of Hellenic civilization. Herodotus initiated a tradition of a persuasive style of historiography that would be of impact to such historians as Isocrates, Ephoros, and Theopompos, who would consciously incorporate principles of rhetoric into their writings for the purpose of fostering panhellenism. In this respect, Herodotus can be considered not ...
Nanomagnetism: spin doctors play with single electrons.

It is now possible to prepare a semiconductor quantum dot that contains a single magnetic atom, and then add just one extra electron or 'hole' to it, opening up the possibility of a new era in spintronics.
Interaction between GABA agonists and the cholinergic muscarinic system in rat corpus striatum.

Abstract Chronic treatment with γ-acetylenic GABA(GAG), a GABA transaminase inhibitor, causes an increase in striatal dopamine receptor binding and function in rat brain suggesting that extrapyramidal side effects may accompany the use of these agents. In the present investigation it was found that chronic administration of THIP, a direct acting GABA receptor agonist, induced a similar increase in dopamine receptor binding. In addition, co-administration of atropine, a cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, was found to completely prevent the GABA-induced dopamine receptor increase. Furthermore, high affinity choline uptake, a measure of cholinergic activity, in striatal synaptosomes is enhanced after the acute administration of either GAG or THIP. Taken together these results support the notion of an interaction between dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABA-ergic neurons in the extrapyramidal system and indicate that co-administration of an anticholinergic agent may be of benefit in preventing the extrapyramidal side effects which may accompany the use of GABAergic agonists.
Piezoresistive and piezoelectric MEMS strain sensors for vibration detection

Both piezoresistive and piezoelectric materials are commonly used to detect strain caused by structural vibrations in macro-scale structures. With the increasing complexity and miniaturization of modern mechanical systems such as hard disk drive suspensions, it is imperative to explore the performance of these strain sensors when their dimensions must shrink along with those of the host structures. The miniaturized strain sensors must remain as small as possible so as to minimum their effect on structure dynamics, yet still have acceptable sensing resolution. The performances of two types of novel micro-scale strain gage for installation on stainless steel parts are compared in this paper. Micro-fabrication processes have been developed to build polycrystalline silicon piezoresistive strain sensors on a silicon substrate, which are later bonded to a steel substrate for testing. Piezoresistor geometries are optimized to effectively increase the gage factor of piezoresistive sensors while reducing sensor size. The advantage and disadvantage of these piezoresistors are compared to those of piezoelectric sensors. Experimental results reveal that the MEMS piezoelectric sensors are able to achieve a better resolution than piezoresistors, while piezoresistors can be built in much smaller areas. Both types of the MEMS strain sensors are capable of high sensitivity measurements, subject to differing constraints.
The northwestern Indian Ocean during the monsoons of 1979: distribution, abundance, and feeding of zooplankton

Abstract Upwelling induced by the separation of the Somali Current from the coast of east Africa is associated with low surface temperatures, high concentrations of nitrate, and blooms of phytoplankton. Coefficients of concordance, based upon 17 taxa of zooplankton collected at 33 stations in the southwest monsoon and 15 stations in the northeast monsoon, were consistently larger for the southwest monsoon and indicative of a general response of the zooplankton in the northwestern Indian Ocean. The largest coefficients of concordance in the southwest monsoon were among adult females of Paracalanus denudatus, Paracalanus parvus , and Paracalanus aculeatus and of Calanoides carinatus and Eucalanus spp. Coefficients of concordance among copepodids of six taxa had a trend similar to adult females in the southwest monsoon. During the southwest monsoon, total biomass of zooplankton was significantly greater within areas of upwelling than outside; adult females and copepodids of C. carinatus and Eucalanus spp. were significantly more abundant within the upwelling regions, along with adult females of Clausocalanus furcatus and Clausocalanus minor . The upwelling regions, which are associated with a reproductively active population of the large-bodied C. carinatus , are the primary features affecting distributions of zooplankton during the southwest monsoon and the main difference between monsoons. The ontogenetic migration of C. carinatus is essentially an annual life-history strategy and therefore on the same temporal scale as the reversals in the monsoonal winds and associated upwelling. The ability of C. carinatus to ingest readily the diatoms that dominate the upwelling regions and to store lipid is crucial to its dominance of the areas of upwelling both in numbers and biomass.
Optimal two-qubit quantum circuits using exchange interactions

We give the optimal decomposition of a universal two-qubit circuit using Heisenberg exchange interactions and single qubit rotations. Tuning the strength and duration of the Heisenberg exchange allows one to implement ${(\mathrm{SWAP})}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ gates. Our optimal circuit is constructed from only three ${(\mathrm{SWAP})}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ gates and six single qubit gates. We show that three ${(\mathrm{SWAP})}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ gates are not only sufficient, but necessary. Since six single-qubit gates are already known to be necessary, our implementation is optimal in gate count.
The Fine Structure of Shape Tuning in Area V4

Previous studies have shown that neurons in area V4 are involved in the processing of shapes of intermediate complexity and are sensitive to curvature. These studies also suggest that curvature-tuned neurons are position invariant. We sought to examine the mechanisms that endow V4 neurons with these properties. Consistent with previous studies, we found that response rank order to the most- and least-preferred stimuli was preserved throughout the receptive field. However, a fine-grained analysis of shape tuning revealed a surprising result: V4 neurons tuned to highly curved shapes exhibit very limited translation invariance. At a fine spatial scale, these neurons exhibit local variation in orientation. In contrast, neurons that prefer straight contours exhibit spatially invariant orientation-tuning and homogenous fine-scale orientation maps. Both of these patterns are consistent with a simple orientation-pooling model, with tuning for straight or curved shapes resulting, respectively, from pooling of homogenous or heterogeneous orientation signals inherited from early visual areas.
Multistage gene expression profiling in a differentially susceptible mouse colon cancer model

The DNA alkylating agent, azoxymethane (AOM), induces tumor formation in the distal colon of susceptible mice. Differential susceptibility to this colonotropic carcinogen has been well characterized in A/J (sensitive) and AKR/J (resistant) mice. However, the reasons underlying the differential response to AOM and the molecular mechanisms involved in colon tumor progression remain unclear. To address these issues, we used a cDNA microarray approach to determine time-related changes in gene expression patterns in A/J and AKR/J colons following carcinogen treatment. In the present study, mice were injected intraperitoneally with either AOM (10mg/kg body weight once a week for 6 weeks) or 0.9% NaCl solution (vehicle controls). Total RNA was isolated from the distal colons at 1, 4, and 24 weeks post-AOM exposure. RNA was reverse transcribed and cDNA samples labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 were hybridized to a glass chip containing 4608 mouse cDNA duplicate clones. The resulting mRNA expression levels were analyzed using GLEAMS 3.0, a Unix/Linux-based software program. Genes with more than twofold variations in expression levels were considered significant. Further clustering analysis was performed based on gene expression patterns at different time points using a novel adaptive centroid algorithm (ACA). Of the 4608 genes, 118 clustered into 11 significant groups that displayed similar and distinct expression patterns between the strains following carcinogen treatment. Nine clusters were selected for further analysis based on their divergence in response between A/J and AKR/J and their potential role in tumorigenesis. Overall, our data indicate time- and strain-specific genetic alterations during different stages of colon tumorigenesis following AOM treatment.
Formate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana: characterization and possible targeting to the chloroplast

Abstract Formate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.2) is a mitochondrial-localized NAD-requiring enzyme in green plants. The enzyme activity and corresponding mRNA in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana are induced by treatment with one-carbon metabolites. The cDNA for the Arabidopsis formate dehydrogenase is similar to that of other plants except for the N-terminal region, which is predicted to target chloroplasts as well as mitochondria. The specific of activity of the enzyme in isolated chloroplasts suggests it is targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts in Arabidopsis . Formate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis was partially purified and K m values for formate and NAD + were determined to be 10 mM and 65 μM, respectively; the K i for NADH was 17 μM. We conclude that formate dehydrogenase is normally present in Arabidopsis chloroplasts and that sensitivity to inhibition by NADH may play a role in whether cellular formate is assimilated or dissimilated.
Challenges in the Treatment of Patients Coinfected with HIV and Hepatitis C Virus: Need for Team Care

We estimate that only one-third of patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are eligible for therapy for HCV with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin, and, of those who are eligible, two-thirds decline treatment. To date we have initiated treatment with IFN and ribavirin for 8% of coinfected patients evaluated, and <1% of patients have had a sustained virological response. During this process, we have identified many problems that significantly limit our ability to initiate and complete treatment with IFN in this population and have categorized these difficulties into 4 main challenges. They include access to care, contraindications or barriers to treatment, patients' reluctance to start treatment with IFN, and the low tolerability of treatment. If patients coinfected with HCV and HIV are to be treated for hepatitis C in greater numbers, these issues will need to be addressed.
A direct carbon budgeting approach to infer carbon sources and sinks. Design and synthetic application to complement the NACP observation network

In order to exploit the upcoming regular measurements of vertical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) profiles over North America implemented in the framework of the North American Carbon Program (NACP), we design a direct carbon budgeting approach to infer carbon sources and sinks over the continent using model simulations. Direct budgeting puts a control volume on top of North America, balances air mass in- and outflows into the volume and solves for the surface fluxes. The flows are derived from the observations through a geostatistical interpolation technique called Kriging combined with transport fields from weather analysis. The use of CO 2 vertical profiles simulated by the atmospheric transport model MOZART-2 at the planned 19 stations of the NACP network has given an estimation of the error of 0.39 GtC yr −1 within the model world. Reducing this error may be achieved through a better estimation of mass fluxes associated with convective processes affecting North America. Complementary stations in the north-west and the north-east are also needed to resolve the variability of CO 2 in these regions. For instance, the addition of a single station near 52°N; 110°W is shown to decrease the estimation error to 0.34 GtC yr −1 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00214.x
Effects of cutting edge geometry, workpiece hardness, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness and forces in finish turning of hardened AISI H13 steel

In this study, the effects of cutting edge geometry, workpiece hardness, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness and resultant forces in the finish hard turning of AISI H13 steel were experimentally investigated. Cubic boron nitrite inserts with two distinct edge preparations and through-hardened AISI H13 steel bars were used. Four-factor (hardness, edge geometry, feed rate and cutting speed) two-level fractional experiments were conducted and statistical analysis of variance was performed. During hard turning experiments, three components of tool forces and roughness of the machined surface were measured. This study shows that the effects of workpiece hardness, cutting edge geometry, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness are statistically significant. The effects of two-factor interactions of the edge geometry and the workpiece hardness, the edge geometry and the feed rate, and the cutting speed and feed rate also appeared to be important. Especially honed edge geometry and lower workpiece surface hardness resulted in better surface roughness. Cutting-edge geometry, workpiece hardness and cutting speed are found to be affecting force components. The lower workpiece surface hardness and honed edge geometry resulted in lower tangential and radial forces.
Brooding, provisioning, and compensatory care in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker

We analyzed reproductive investment in parental care (brooding and the provisioning of nestlings) in the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), a cooperatively breeding species in which both polygynandry and helping-at-the-nest are common. As predicted based on the strategies pursued by birds of different sex and status, breeders generally invested more in parental care than helpers, and breeder females invested more than breeder males. Contrary to expectations, however, the degree to which individuals reduced their effort with increasing group size (i.e., patterns of load lightening or compensatory care) did not match overall investment. Instead, as group size increased, there was no significant difference in compensation in either brooding or provisioning among the different categories of birds. Compensation, at least by breeders, was significantly lower during the first week of the nestling period than later on, supporting the hypothesis that compensatory reduction in care is less likely when brood reduction is more common and was not affected by the acorn crop, which had no significant effect on the incidence of brood reduction despite being important to overall reproductive success. Our results offer support for the hypothesis that levels of compensation are influenced by the relative importance of brood reduction. More theoretical work, however, will be needed in order to understand the basis for patterns of compensation among individuals of different sex and status. Key words: acorn woodpecker, compensation, compensatory care, cooperative breeding, helping behavior, load lightening, parental care. [Behav Ecol]
Adaptation and the physiology of ocean acidification

Summary Ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of atmospheric CO2, is a threat to marine biodiversity, potentially rivalling the threat imposed by rising temperatures in some marine ecosystems. Although a growing body of literature documents negative effects of acidification on marine organisms, the majority of this work has focused on the effects of future conditions on modern populations, ignoring the potential effects of adaptation and physiological acclimatization. We review current literature on the potential for adaptation to elevated pCO2 in marine organisms. Although this body of work is currently quite small, we argue that data on the physiological effects of acidification, natural variation in pH and lessons learned from previous work on thermal adaptation can all inform predictions and priorities for future research. Spatially varying selection is one of the most important forces maintaining intraspecific genetic variation. Unlike temperature, pH lacks a strong and persistent global gradient, and so selection may maintain less adaptive variation for pH than for temperature. On the other hand, we are only beginning to amass long-term data sets for pH variation in natural habitats, and thus, pH gradients may be more common than previously observed. Two of the most important effects of elevated pCO2 are reduced calcification and changes in metabolism. We discuss the ways that a detailed understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects is key to predicting the capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Important priorities for future research will be to assess local adaptation to pH conditions and to measure the capacity for adaptation to future acidified conditions in natural populations. Tools for this work include traditional quantitative genetics, transcriptomics and the adaptation of ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) technology for use in continuous seawater pH monitoring in the field.
Visit to the Radiologist

It’s like getting ready for a first date only different Then I chose high heels hoping for a sexy sway Now I put on sensible shoes to appear a person of substance who deserves to live Then I researched football and other sports I knew boys liked so I’d seem smart but not as smart as they were Now I research metastasis to show my doctor I know something but not as much as he does Then I applied liner and mascara drawing bedroom eyes Now I put on lipstick to prove I care about myself, so the doctor should care about me too Then I wanted to be liked Now I want to be saved Then I pleaded Choose me, choose me! Choose me to be your girlfriend! Now it is the same Choose me to be the patient you love the one you linger on for a moment before plunging needle into bone Maybe it’s not so different after all It’s all about yearning for something just beyond reach
A convergent neural network learning algorithm

A globally guided backpropagation (GGBP) training algorithm is presented. This algorithm is a modification of the standard backpropagation algorithm. Instead of changing a weight w/sub ij/ according to the partial derivative or error, E, with respect to w/sub ij/, an attempt is made to minimize E in the output space. The change in weights W is computed based on the desired changes in the output O. The new algorithm is an analog to backpropagation with a dynamically adjusted learning rate eta . This learning rate changing scheme avoids the problems associated with a heuristic learning rate adjusting method. Two main advantages of GGBP are fast learning speed and convergence to a global optimal solution. >