cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appendix 5: Marginal References

Following a practice that was typical of sixteenth-century texts, Bale included copious marginal citations in the Preface and Part 1 of the Image. The majority of these are biblical references, but he also provides references to other exegetes, historians, and theologians. Explaining his intentions, Bale writes that ‘I minded also there by my labours to ease the readers for search of the places and to signify unto them that I did nothing therein without authority. And undoubtedly the gathering of those places was so laborious unto me as the making of the commentary, which nevertheless I thought well-bestowed for the comfort of my brethren’ (106). The information provided in these margins gives valuable information about Bale’s sources and influences.
Higher derivative effects on η/s at finite chemical potential

We examine the effects of higher derivative corrections on �/s, the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density, in the case of a finite R-charge chemical potential. In particular, we work in the framework of five-dimensional N = 2 gauged supergravity, and include terms up to four derivatives, representing the supersymmetric completion of the Chern-Simons term A∧Tr(R∧R). The addition of the four-derivative terms yields a correction which is a 1/N effect, and in general gives rise to a violation of the �/s bound. Furthermore, we find that, once the bound is violated, turning on the chemical potential only leads to an even larger violation of the bound.
Contingent Requirements for Artifical Intelligent Systems Development

A substantial portion of project failures are due to poorly defined requirements before enough is known about pragmatic end-item product capability, technology maturity, or development strategy. Process models either start with requirements or are weakly structured to elicit and derive actual stakeholder needs and to establish incontrovertible requirements. Existing process models are used acceptably for systems but are wholly inadequate for system and system of systems requirements that involve interactions with humans at a personal level. Problems with products and services are notable when artificial intelligent systems are put into use. Rather than establishing a technology baseline then working up requirements to advance and then use technology, a set of contingent requirements are posed to be promoted and advanced through a vetting process. From the technology chosen, a requirement is methodically planned to devise a capability, characteristic, or condition as part of the first phase of that vetting. This paper introduces a new form of requirements, termed contingent requirements. A contingent requirement stipulates the conditions for it to be modified according to the way things in fact are (or will be). From scenarios developed systematically by applying the Rand-Stanford method, technology dependencies are postulated, analyzed, and evaluated. The aim for introducing contingent requirements into the lifecycle engineering of Artificial Intelligent Systems (AIS) recognizes that technology should be considered within domains of influences, context(s), and consequences when put into use. Linear, incremental process models do not test for unforeseen consequences. Intelligent systems built on contingent requirements explore those unforeseen consequences by formally test the Intelligent Systems in various environments to explore the risks of interactions with individuals and in communities.
Wooden chest syndrome: Beware of opioid antagonists, not just agonists.

Abstract Background In a constantly increasing world of opioid addiction, naloxone has become a topic of great discussion and use. With seemingly minimal side effects, naloxone has become one of the most wellknown and widely used reversal agents for opioid intoxication. While more common effects of using naloxone include agitation, abdominal cramps, piloerection, diarrhea, nausea, and yawning, lesser known side effects involve muscle spasms, flushing, hyperreflexia in neonates, and seizures. This case study demonstrates a side effect of rigidity secondary to IV naloxone that has not previously been documented. Case A 56 year old man was brought in by EMS after being found unresponsive in a car with a bag of drugs beside him. He was given 0.5 mg naloxone IV by EMS and immediately brought to the hospital. On arrival, the pt was noted to have tight rigidity of his upper extremities, with severe flexion. This presentation was not noted before the delivery of naloxone by EMS. Conclusions While this case highlights a patient with a rare side effect of naloxone, it reminds physicians that all medications come with a cost. Of course, ABCs remain the highest priority of resuscitation, however when administering a medication to reverse a drug overdose, it is important to keep in mind all possible consequences of said agent. Recognizing that complete muscle rigidity may remain a result of naloxone administration allows physicians to perhaps save patients from further medical workup.
Highly Potent and Vastly Conditional Instructional Practices: Variations in Use and Utility of Language Interactions for Kindergarten

Research Findings: This study of kindergarten monolingual and Dual Language Learners (DLLs) (N=263; mean age = 63.40 months) and their teachers (N=27) found significant mean differences in the obse...
Metabolic effects associated with changes in the availability of glucose for lactating dairy cows

Five Holsteln cows, six weeks postpartum, were used to test how cows In negative energy balance would respond to a sudden decrease In availability of glucose, caused by phlorizin. Cows were fed equal amounts of feed twice dally to supply 100% of NRC recommendations for protein and 90% of NRC recommendations for Cows were In negative energy balance throughout the experiment. Phlorizin, at 0, 2, and 4 g/d, was Injected subcutaneously every 6 h for 48 h and caused excretion of glucose Into urine of 0, 225, and 337 g/d. Milk production was not affected, but percentage of milk fat Increased linearly (3.34, 3.56, and 3.70%) with Increasing phlorizin. Concentrations of glucose (64.2, 62.6, and 59.4 mg/dl) and Insulin (518, 432, and 329 pg/ml) In plasma decreased linearly, whereas B-hydroxybutyrate (6.11, 8.88, and 9.98 mg/dl) and nonesterlfled fatty acids (181, 220, and 271 ueg/1) Increased linearly. The most dramatic changes were seen during the final 12 h of the 48-h Injection Interval. Results suggest that healthy, early-lactation cows in negative energy balance have the metabolic capacity to change substrates used for energy and milk synthesis and to compensate for short-term Increased needs
An assessment of violent imagery in advertisements on city buses in Manhattan, New York City

Background: Violence or violent imagery, defined as any image that conveys an imminent physical or existential threat to person(s), property, or society, with or without weaponry, is often featured in advertising. However, the effects of exposure (sporadic or chronic) to such imagery are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and types of violence portrayed in advertising on public buses in New York City (NYC). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, from April to July 2019, researchers catalogued and coded the print advertising images present on the passenger entry side of all Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) bus lines in Manhattan to determine whether images of violence or violent acts were present. Unlike images of alcohol and tobacco products (banned from MTA property in 2017 and 1992, respectively), there are no similar restrictions on violence or violent imagery. Results: A total of 23 out of 136 (17%) observed advertisements included images of violence and/or actual or imminent violent acts. One hundred percent of images involving violence were embedded in advertisements for mass media/entertainment purposes often featuring well known and favorably regarded actors and entertainment personalities or companies. Conclusion: People of all ages and backgrounds are passively exposed to bus advertisements in a variety of settings. This study contributes to the literature regarding the extent to which the public is passively exposed to violent advertising. Additional study is required to further understand the link between violent imagery and attitudes toward/tolerance of violence.
Establishing Telemedicine in an Academic Total Joint Arthroplasty Practice: Needs and Opportunities Highlighted by the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted rapid restructuring of the health-care system in an effort to stop the spread of the virus and to treat patients who are acutely ill with COVID-19, while continuing to provide outpatient care for the remainder of patients. To help control spread of this pandemic, many centers, including total joint arthroplasty clinics, have boosted telemedicine capability to care for patients who would typically be seen in person in outpatient settings. We review key components relevant to the establishment and effective use of telemedicine, focused on patient education, practice logistics, technological considerations, and sensitive patient health information–associated compliance factors, which are necessary to provide care remotely for total joint arthroplasty patients.
Chapter 13 – Optical Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the optical response of fullerenes over a photon energy range from the near infrared (IR) through the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum (1-6 eV). This region of the spectrum is used to explore the nature of the electronic states of fullerenes, whether they are studied in the gas phase, in solution, or assembled in the solid state. Results of experiments to obtain the linear, as well as the nonlinear, optical response are considered and compared, when possible, with theoretical models and calculations. Since the absorption and luminescence spectra of solid C60 resemble to a considerable degree the corresponding spectra observed for C60 in solution, it is believed that molecular states should be a good starting point for the description of the electronic bands in solid C60.
On Rereading Stein’s Lemma: Its Intrinsic Connection with Cramér-Rao Identity and Some New Identities

Now is an opportune time to revisit Stein’s (1973) beautiful lemma all over again. It is especially so since researchers have recently begun discovering a great deal of potential of closely related Stein’s unbiased risk estimate (SURE) in a number of directions involving novel applications. In recognition of the importance of the topic of Stein’s (1973; Ann Statist 9:1135–1151, 1981) research and its elegance, we include a selective review from the field. The process of rereading Stein’s lemma and reliving its awesome simplicity as well as versatility rekindled a number of personal thoughts, queries, and observations. A number of new and interesting insights are highlighted in the spirit of providing updated and futuristic versions of the celebrated lemma by largely focusing on univariate continuous distributions not belonging to an exponential family. In doing so, a number of new identities have emerged when the parent population is continuous, but they are highly non-normal. Last, but not the least, we have argued that there is no big foundational difference between the basic messages obtained via Stein’s identity and Cramer-Rao identity.
A Combined Students’ and Teachers’ Online Education Perspective—You May Ask Yourself: Some Key Questions to Consider Before Beginning an Online Course or Program

The COVID-19 pandemic has sped up a process that had already begun: an increase in online teaching at all levels. While face-to-face courses will resume at some point, online learning is not only here to stay, but is perhaps the future face of many facets of education. This chapter offers both a student’s and teacher’s point of view—as the authors are both students in an online doctoral program and professors in higher education. The chapter offers a series of questions designed to assist students and teachers as they develop strategies and prepare to move online.
Increased coverage and high confidence in suspect screening of emerging contaminants in global environmental samples.

Abstract Suspect screening using liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry provides an opportunity for expanding the detection coverage of emerging contaminants in the environment. Screening workflows may suffer from high frequency of false positives or insufficient confidence in the identification of compounds; however, stringent criteria could lead to high false negatives. A workflow must have a balanced criteria, both selective and sensitive, to be able to identify real features without missing low abundant features traceable to analytes of interest. A highly selective (87%) and sensitive (97%) workflow was developed by characterizing the occurrence of contaminants in wastewater and surface water from Hong Kong, India, Philippines, Sweden, Switzerland, and the U.S. Sixty-eight contaminants were identified and confirmed with reference standards, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. The antimicrobials metronidazole, clindamycin, linezolid, and rifaximin were detected. Notably, antifungal compounds were detected in samples from six countries, with levels up to 1380 ng/L. Amoxicillin transformation products, penilloic acid (285–8047 ng/L) and penicilloic acid (107 ng/L), were confirmed for the first time with reference standards in wastewater samples from India, Sweden, and U.S. This workflow provides an efficient approach to broad-scale identification of emerging contaminants using publicly-available databases for suspect screening and prioritization.
Fabrication and characteristic study on mixing enhancement of a magnetofluidic mixer

Abstract The needs for fast mixing of two miscible fluids in microfluidic device is increasing recently and has been widely used for DNA synthesis, clinic diagnostics and chemical reaction. However, the mixing at microscale relies heavily on slow molecular diffusion because of its low Reynolds number and thus laminar flow. In this work, therefore, a magnetofluidic mixer with the integration of magnetic field is presented for rapid mixing between ferrofluid and distilled water with no harmful Joule heat generated. Parametric study of experiment and simulation was performed to discuss the effect of flow rate, placement angle of magnet and width of magnet on the mixing efficiency between two fluids. It was found that the mixing performance of 0.76 was the most homogeneous when the angle α = 1/12π because of the acceleration-deceleration couples (ADC) and mass conservation law. It was also found that the mixing performance increases from 0.13 to 0.49 as the magnet width increases from w m = 50 μ m to w m = 250 μ m while decreases when magnet width is wider than w m = 250 μ m due to local reduced Peclet number. The developed micromixer and mixing mechanism will be of great potentials and insight for future quick optimization of biomedical and chemical mixing devices.
Ecmo for severely morbidly obese patient with COVID-19

Introduction It was traditionally taught that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) should be avoided in the morbidly obese due to the higher risk of mortality. Recently, a few case reports have shown that the mortality risk among this population is not significantly different than in the general population, though there may be selection bias. Veno-venous (VV) ECMO has been a useful technique to improve mortality among those afflicted with the severest forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 pneumonia, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Case reports of ECMO therapy for ARDS due to COVID-19 in the severely morbidly obese are lacking. This is a case of a male with a body mass index (BMI) of 75 who suffered from severe ARDS and was treated with VV-ECMO successfully. Case A 54-year-old male with a past medical history of severely morbid obesity (BMI of 75), hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, and obstructive sleep apnea presented to the emergency room with three days of fatigue, cough and dyspnea. His initial vitals revealed a fever of 101.3F, 30 breaths per minute, and hypoxia requiring 4 L O2 via nasal cannula. Initial chest xray demonstrated bilateral multifocal opacities. COVID-19 PCR testing was positive. The patient was started on dexamethasone, remdesivir, and convalescent plasma. He was also treated for community acquired pneumonia. The patient, initially admitted to the floor, continued to decompensate with worsening hypoxia requiring BIPAP and was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) three days after admission. Due to persistent oxygen saturations in the mid-80s on CPAP of 20 with FiO2 of 100%, patient was intubated eight days after admission. He continued to decompensate with saturations in the 70s despite maximum inhaled epoprostenol and VV-ECMO was initiated. His ECMO course was without significant events and was decannulated fifteen days after initiation. His course was complicated by an acute kidney injury which eventually required dialysis, as well as prolonged encephalopathy. Stroke work-up was negative. The patient remained ventilator dependent, underwent a tracheostomy and was discharged to a long-term acute care hospital fifty-six days after admission. He eventually was decannulated at the long-term acute care hospital. Discussion This case describes a successful VV-ECMO therapy in a severely morbidly obese 54 year-old male with ARDS due to COVID-19, which has not been previously described in case reports. Obesity should not be considered a contraindication for VV-ECMO in a select group of patients.
Policy Responses to the Addiction Crisis.

The COVID-19 pandemic is just one of two public health crises the new Biden administration will confront. The addiction crisis is the other. The opioid epidemic has already killed more Americans than World Wars I and II combined. And it is but the most visible sign of a broader population health challenge that includes methamphetamine, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. This essay presents practical legislative and executive actions required to address these challenges. We focus on two broad policy challenges: (1) improving financing and delivery of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) and (2) reducing population exposure to addictive and lethal substances. Through both of these channels, a portfolio of well-implemented, evidence-informed policies can save many thousands of lives every year.
Modulation of Glia-Mediated Processes by Spinal Cord Stimulation in Animal Models of Neuropathic Pain

Glial cells play an essential role in maintaining the proper functioning of the nervous system. They are more abundant than neurons in most neural tissues and provide metabolic and catabolic regulation, maintaining the homeostatic balance at the synapse. Chronic pain is generated and sustained by the disruption of glia-mediated processes in the central nervous system resulting in unbalanced neuron-glial interactions. Animal models of neuropathic pain have been used to demonstrate that changes in immune and neuroinflammatory processes take place in the course of pain chronification. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an electrical neuromodulation therapy proven to be safe and effective for treating intractable chronic pain. Traditional SCS therapies were developed on the foundation of the gate control theory of pain and rely on stimulating large Aβ neurons to induce paresthesia in the painful dermatome intended to mask nociceptive input carried out by small sensory neurons. A paradigm shift was introduced with SCS treatments that do not require paresthesia to provide effective pain relief. Efforts to understand the mechanism of action of SCS have considered the role of glial cells and the effect of electrical parameters on neuron-glial interactions. Recent work has provided evidence that SCS affects expression levels of glia-related genes and proteins. This inspired the development of a differential target multiplexed programming (DTMP) approach using electrical signals that can re-balance neuroglial interactions by targeting neurons and glial cells differentially. Our group pioneered the utilization of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify the mechanism of action by which SCS works, emphasizing the DTMP approach. This is an account of evidence demonstrating the effect of SCS on glia-mediated processes using neuropathic pain models, with emphasis on studies that rely on the evaluation of large sets of genes and proteins. We show that SCS using a DTMP approach has a strong effect on the expression of neuron and glia-specific transcriptomes while modulating them toward expression levels of healthy animals. The ability of DTMP to modulate key genes and proteins involved in glia-mediated processes affected by pain toward levels found in uninjured animals demonstrates a shift in the neuron-glial environment promoting analgesia.
End-to-End Optimized High-Speed Single-Pixel Imaging via Pattern Scanning

We demonstrated a new single-pixel imaging modality synthesizing light scanning and compressed sensing techniques. We optimized the image formation and reconstruction in an end-to-end training framework. Our method enables fast and high-quality compressed imaging.
Stability of non-Foster circuits for broadband impedance matching of electrically small antennas

Non-Foster circuits are promising for numerous microwave and antenna applications because they are not limited by the gain-bandwidth product. However, the stability of these circuits is a key issue for their design. In this paper we introduce a three-step scheme to systematically stabilize a non-Foster circuit (NFC) topology that can be used in numerous applications. To demonstrate the stabilization procedure, a NFC to match electrically small antenna is examined. The circuit is stabilized using conventional controllers. Measurements have been performed and results are showing improvement in the antenna gain up to 14 dB.
Increased glutamate synaptic transmission in the nucleus raphe magnus neurons from morphine-tolerant rats.

Currently, opioid-based drugs are the most effective pain relievers that are widely used in the treatment of pain. However, the analgesic efficacy of opioids is significantly limited by the development of tolerance after repeated opioid administration. Glutamate receptors have been reported to critically participate in the development and maintenance of opioid tolerance, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in brainstem slices, the present study investigated chronic morphine-induced adaptations in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), a key supraspinal relay for pain modulation and opioid analgesia. Chronic morphine significantly increased glutamate synaptic transmission exclusively in one class of NRM cells that contains μ-opioid receptors in a morphine-tolerant state. The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and the cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP mimicked the chronic morphine effect in control neurons and their potency in enhancing the glutamate synaptic current was significantly increased in neurons from morphine-tolerant rats. MDL12330a, an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, and H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, reversed the increase in glutamate synaptic transmission induced by chronic morphine. In addition, PMA, a phorbol ester activator of protein kinase C (PKC), also showed an increased potency in enhancing the glutamate synaptic current in these morphine-tolerant cells. The PKC inhibitor GF109203X attenuated the chronic morphine effect. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic morphine increases presynaptic glutamate release in μ receptor-containing NRM neurons in a morphine-tolerant state, and that the increased glutamate synaptic transmission appears to involve an upregulation of both the cAMP/PKA pathway and the PKC pathway. This glutamate-mediated activation of these NRM neurons that are thought to facilitate spinal pain transmission may contribute to the reduced opioid analgesia during opioid tolerance.
A novel fuzzy neural network for the control of complex systems

Various fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) were proposed to enhance the performance of neural networks (NNs) for complex, uncertain systems with highly nonlinearities. In this paper, we propose a novel FNN with the following features: a simple structure of three layers with different types of fuzzy neurons; a straightforward method for generating suitable FNN rule base connection structure; a simple learning algorithm and a method for obtaining a good guess of the initial weights of the proposed FNN. The design of the fuzzy neurons and network structure of this FNN are presented. This FNN is then evaluated by a simulation study of inverse kinematics of a two degrees of freedom manipulator. It is shown that the proposed FNN outperforms conventional feedforward multilayer neural networks and is simpler than existing FNN proposed by Lin and Lee (1991). The potential applications of this FNN are discussed. >
Generalized effective medium resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir

With the advancement in oil exploration, producible oil and gas are being found in low resistivity reservoirs, which may otherwise be erroneously thought as water zones from their resistivity. However, the evaluation of low resistivity reservoirs remains difficult from log interpretation. Since low resistivity in hydrocarbon bearing sands can be caused by dispersed clay, laminated shale, conductive matrix grains, microscopic capillary pores and high saline water, a new resistivity model is required for more accurate hydrocarbon saturation prediction for low resistivity formations. Herein, a generalized effective medium resistivity model has been proposed for low resistivity reservoirs, based on experimental measurements on artificial low resistivity shaly sand samples, symmetrical anisotropic effective medium theory for resistivity interpretations, and geneses and conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs. By analyzing effects of some factors on the proposed model, we show theoretically the model can describe conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs with five geneses. Also, shale distribution largely affects water saturation predicted by the model. Resistivity index decreases as fraction and conductivity of laminated shale, or fraction of dispersed clay, or conductivity of rock matrix grains increases. Resistivity index decreases as matrix percolation exponent, or percolation rate of capillary bound water increases, and as percolation exponent of capillary bound water, or matrix percolation rate, or free water percolation rate decreases. Rock sample data from low resistivity reservoirs with different geneses and interpretation results for log data show that the proposed model can be applied in low resistivity reservoirs containing high salinity water, dispersed clay, microscopic capillary pores, laminated shale and conductive matrix grains, and thus is considered as a generalized resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir evaluation.
The Design of Experiments in Neuroscience

Using engaging prose, Mary E. Harrington introduces neuroscience students to the principles of scientific research including selecting a topic, designing an experiment, analyzing data, and presenting research. This new third edition updates and clarifies the book's wealth of examples while maintaining the clear and effective practical advice of the previous editions. New and expanded topics in this edition include techniques such as optogenetics and conditional transgenes as well as a discussion of rigor and reproducibility in neuroscience research. Extended coverage of descriptive and inferential statistics arms readers with the analytical tools needed to interpret data. Throughout, practical guidelines are provided on avoiding experimental design problems, presenting research including creating posters and giving talks, and using a '12-step guide' to reading scientific journal articles.
In search of ice-stream sticky spots

The basal shear stress of an ice stream may be supported disproportionately on localized regions or “sticky spots”. The drag induced by large bedrock bumps sticking into the base of an ice stream is the most likely cause of sticky spots. Discontinuity of lubricating till can cause sticky spots, but they will collect lubricating water and therefore are unlikely to support a shear stress of more than a few tenths of a bar unless they contain abundant large bumps. Raised regions on the ice-air surface can also cause moderate increases in the shear stress supported on the bed beneath. Surveys of large-scale bed roughness would identify sticky spots caused by bedrock bumps, water-pressure measurements in regions of thin or zero till might reveal whether they were sticky spots, and strain grids across the margins of ice-surface highs would show whether the highs were causing sticky spots. Sticky spots probably are not dominant in controlling Ice Stream Β near the Upstream Β camp, West Antarctica.
Metallogeny of Oceanic-Type Crust

The volumes of magma generated per year along the current < 50 000-km-long system of oceanic spreading ridges are estimated to exceed that of the remainder of the earth by about one order of magnitude (Menard 1967). Oceanic crust and lithosphere are mainly formed at so-called midocean ridge systems, but essentially similar oceanic crust is also generated during the earlier stages of continental separation (e.g., Red Sea), and during the formation of marginal basins behind some subduction-related arc systems (Karig 1971). Pearce et al. (1984) have also suggested, based on geologic observation and geochemical data, that many well-preserved ophiolite complexes formed directly above subduction zones, prior to mature arc construction.
Investigating the Empirical Relationship between Polity and Economic Growth

The long-run relationship between polity change and economic growth has been considered by a number of researchers, yet no clear consensus has emerged concerning the causal link between these two important measures of progress. This study used various estimation methods based on different assumptions of the unknown error structure to investigate this relationship in 154 countries from 1961 to 2007. First, we found no globally significant relationship between polity change and economic growth. However, we found several significant relationships at the local level, including (a) a positive relationship in the 1980s and in Africa and (b) a negative relationship in the 1970s and in Europe. Second, we found that previous economic growth hinders democracy, albeit slightly; in contrast, the influence of democracy on economic growth is negligible.
Multilayer model of indium arsenide epilayers

Abstract The charge carrier transport coefficients of an inhomogeneous thin semiconductor in a MOS structure were obtained using a multilayer model. The expression for the Hall coefficient of a three-layer system extended to arbitrary strength magnetic fields was used to separate the bulk transport parameters from the parameters describing transport at the two surfaces. Experimentally, a gate voltage was used to vary the surface under the oxide from depletion to accumulation, and the Hall coefficient was measured as a function of magnetic field. The characteristics of the back surface were obtained with the front surface held at the flat-band condition. The variation of the front surface parameters with gate voltage was obtained with the front surface in accumulation. The measurements were made on a MOS structure consisting of an InAs epilayer deposited by vapor phase epitaxy procedures on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate covered by a pyrolytic silicon dioxide insulating layer and an aluminum gate.
Rank order analysis of state general obligation bond ratings

This study extends research which suggests the possibility that different economic variables might have been emphasized by Moody’s in establishing state bond ratings. The objectives and the scope of the earlier study preclude formal testing, and the Scheffe test is not the proper statistical tool to investigate the issue. This study uses rank order analysis to conduct a formal test. It confirms the existence of regionalization in state bond ratings. It finds statistical evidence that beginning in the early 1970s different economic variables were emphasized in establishing the ratings. The change in economic variables coincides with the administrative change in Moody’s in 1972.
A 4 µW/Ch analog front-end module with moderate inversion and power-scalable sampling operation for 3-D neural microsystems

We report an analog front-end prototype designed for integration into 3-D neural recording microsystems. For scaling towards massive parallel neural recording, the prototype has investigated some critical circuit challenges in power, area, interface, and modularity. The front-end features an extremely low power consumption (4µW/channel), optimized energy efficiency using moderate inversion in low-noise amplifier (K LNA of 5.98×108 and NEF of 2.9) and programmable-gain amplifier, a minimized asynchronous interface (only 2 per 16 channels) for command and data capturing, a power-scalable sampling and digital operation (up to 50kS/s/channel), and a wide configuration range (9-bit) of gain and bandwidth. The implemented front-end module has achieved a reduction in noise-power-area by a factor of 5–25 times as compared to the-state-of-the-art front-ends reported up to date.
Effect of topical anti-transforming growth factor-β on corneal stromal haze after photorefractive keratectomy in rabbits

Abstract Purpose: To determine the relationship between anti-transforming growth factor-β (anti-TGF-β) antibodies and the amount of corneal stromal haze after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Setting: Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Methods: Nineteen rabbits had bilateral PRK. Dichlorotriazinyl fluorescein was used to stain the exposed stroma; all rabbits were then treated with antibiotic ointment for 4 days. Ten rabbits were randomized to treatment with topical anti-TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 antibody 50 gg three times a day for 4 days; the others received diluent three times a day for 4 days. Stromal haze was graded weekly for 8 weeks on a 0 to 4+ scale. At the end of the study, all corneas were examined histopathologically. Results: All treated eyes developed appreciable haze. Seven control rabbits and one antibody-treated rabbit had an epithelial erosion ( P = .00001). Antibody-treated rabbits had significantly less haze at 3, 4, and 5 weeks (right eyes) and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 weeks (left eyes) ( P Conclusions: Topical anti-TGF-β antibody reduced stromal haze after PRK in the rabbit model and may be clinically beneficial in humans.
Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures in antenna engineering: From fundamentals to recent advances

Periodic structures are abundant in nature, which have fascinated artists and scientists alike. When they interact with electromagnetic waves, exciting phenomena appear and amazing features result. In particular, characteristics such as frequency stop bands, pass bands, and band gaps could be identified. Reviewing the literature, one observes that various terminologies have been used depending on the domain of the applications. These applications are seen in filter designs, gratings, frequency selective surfaces (FSS), photonic crystals and photonic band-gaps (PBG), etc. We classify them under the broad terminology of "electromagnetic band gap (EBG)" structures. EBG structures have provided promising paradigm for novel antenna designs. Due to the complexity of the EBG structures, it is usually difficult to characterize them through purely analytical methods. Instead, full wave simulators that are based on advanced numerical methods have been used in EBG analysis. Dispersion diagram, surface impedance, and reflection phase features are revealed for different EBG structures. These analysis tools have been integrated with modern optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to synthesis unique EBG structures. The applications of EBG structures in antenna designs have become a thrilling topic for antenna scientists and engineers. This is the central focus of this presentation by initially reviewing the fundamentals and then demonstrating recent advances. Utilizing several representative antenna examples it will be demonstrated that proper utilizations of EBG structures could enhance the performance of low profile antennas; however, considerable care must be exercised to fully appreciate their advantages and disadvantages.
Deterministic models of the simplest chemical reactions

We present a general mathematical framework for constructing deterministic models of simple chemical reactions. In such a model, an underlying dynamical system drives a process in which a particle undergoes a reaction (changes color) when it enters a certain subset (the catalytic site) of the phase space and (possibly) some other conditions are satisfied. The framework we suggest allows us to define the entropy of reaction precisely and does not rely, as was the case in previous studies, on a stochastic mechanism to generate additional entropy. Thus our approach provides a natural setting in which to derive macroscopic chemical reaction laws from microscopic deterministic dynamics without invoking any random mechanisms.
Probabilistic models for cable tray fires

A probabilistic model for determining the time-dependent severity of a nuclear power plant compartment fire is proposed. The model is developed by analysing the frequency of the loss of two electrical divisions in the cable spreading room. The methodology requires the use of a physical model for fire, analysis of the uncertainties in this model due to statistical and state-of-knowledge uncertainties, a model for fire suppression and a model for the failure of cables due to thermal effects.
Human Tibial Cartilage Reveals Non-Linear and Non-Uniform Regional Topography Under Physiological Loading Rates

Nearly 3% of individuals worldwide experience pain, immobility, and compromised quality of life due to knee osteoarthritis (OA)1. It has been widely accepted that joint mechanics play a critical role in the initiation and progression of knee OA2. A shift away from the normal joint motion, for example due to injury or malalignment, is believed to produce an abnormal pattern of cartilage loading that creates unusual and damaging stresses within the tissue. Accurate knowledge of cartilage’s normal mechanical response to physiological loading—and particularly the regional dependence of this response—is critical to successfully testing this theory. To our knowledge, little is known about the regionally-dependent mechanical response of healthy human tibial cartilage under physiological loading conditions. There is also a compelling need for more accurate cartilage data to be integrated into computational simulations of the knee joint. Hence, the purpose of this study was two-fold:1) to characterize the typical stress-strain response of tibial cartilage at 21 locations across the tibial plateau when subjected to loading representative of human walking, and2) to demonstrate that these 21 sites can be reduced to a small number of regions displaying significantly different average moduli.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Endotoxin conditioning induces VCP/p97-mediated and inducible nitric-oxide synthase-dependent Tyr284 nitration in protein phosphatase 2A.

Endotoxins activate Toll-like receptors and reprogram cells to be refractory to secondary exposure. Here we found that activation of different Toll-like receptors elicited a time- and dose-dependent increase in the levels of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) but not its partner A subunit. We purified the lipopolysaccharide-induced form of PP2A by chromatography plus immunoprecipitation and used mass spectrometry to identify VCP/p97 as a novel partner for PP2Ac. Endogenous VCP/p97 and PP2Ac were co-immunoprecipitated from primary murine macrophages and human lymphocytes. GST-VCP/p97 bound purified PP2A in pulldown assays, showing direct protein-protein interaction. Endotoxin conditioning of macrophages induced formation of 3-nitrotyrosine in the PP2Ac associated with VCP/p97, a response severely reduced in macrophages from iNOS knock-out mice. The reaction of purified PP2A with peroxynitrite dissociated the A subunit, and 3-nitro-Tyr284 was identified in PP2Ac by mass spectrometry. Myc-PP2Ac (Y284F) expressed in cells was resistant to peroxynitrite-induced nitration and reduction of A subunit binding. Transient expression of either VCP/p97 or PP2Ac was sufficient to elevate levels of the dual specificity phosphatase DUSP1, reduce p38 MAPK activation, and suppress tumor necrosis factor-α release. We propose that VCP/p97-mediated Tyr nitration of PP2A increases the levels of phosphatases PP2A and DUSP1 to contribute to the refractory response of conditioned cells.
THE AFFINITY OF PYRIDOXAL 5'-PHOSPHATE FOR FOLDING INTERMEDIATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI SERINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE

Escherichia coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase is a 94-kDa homodimer. Each subunit contains a covalently attached pyridoxal-P, which is required for catalytic activity. At which step pyridoxal-P binds in the folding pathway of E. coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase is addressed in this study. E. coli serine hydroxymethyl-transferase is rapidly unfolded to an apparent random coil in 8 M urea. Removal of the urea initiates a complete refolding to the native holoenzyme in less than 10 min at 30 degrees C. Several intermediates on the folding pathway have been identified. The most important information was obtained during folding studies at 4 degrees C. At this temperature, the far-UV circular dichroism spectrum and the fluorescence spectrum of the 3 tryptophan residues become characteristic of the native apoenzyme in less than 10 min. Size exclusion chromatography shows that under these conditions the refolding enzyme is a mixture of monomeric and dimeric species. Continued incubation at 4 degrees C for 60 min results in the formation of only a dimeric species. Neither the monomer nor dimer formed at 4 degrees C bind pyridoxal phosphate. Raising the temperature to 30 degrees C results in the formation of a dimeric enzyme which rapidly binds pyridoxal phosphate forming active enzyme. These studies support the interpretation that pyridoxal phosphate binds only at the end of the folding pathway to dimeric apoenzyme and plays no significant role in the folding mechanism.
Effects of hypogastric neurectomy on escape responses to uterine distention in the rat

Abstract Anatomical data indicate that the rat uterine horn is innervated primarily by afferent fibers in the hypogastric nerves, suggesting that hypogastric neurectomy, but not pelvic or pudendal neurectomy, should eliminate behavioral responses to uterine horn stimulation. To test this hypothesis, detection and escape responses of rats to different volumes of uterine horn distention (via an indwelling intrauterine balloon) were compared before and after bilateral hypogastric ( n = 9), sham-hypogastric ( n = 3), pelvic ( n = 3), or pudendal ( n = 2) neurectomies. As predicted, sham-hypogastric, pelvic, and pudendal neurectomies had no effect on the rats' responses. However, although hypogastric neurectomy completely eliminated responses in five rats whose postmortem evaluation revealed no signs that the uterine balloons had evoked any pelvic pathophysiology, the neurectomy had no effect on the responses of an additional four rats. Postmortem evaluation of these rats revealed gross signs of severe pathology in the vicinity of the balloon in two rats, and evidence that the balloon had shifted caudally so that it was stimulating the cervix rather than the uterine horn in a third. In the fourth rat, pathophysiology had been deliberately induced by the prior implantation of a small pellet that released ∼1 μg/day of prostaglandin PF2α over the uterine horn. Similar findings have been reported in clinical studies on the efficacy of hypogastric (‘presacral’) neurectomy for dysmenorrhea. Together, the findings support the hypothesis that the major source of afferent innervation of the uterine horn in healthy rats and women is the hypogastric nerve but that the situation changes under conditions of pelvic pathology. Such changes could include additional activation of afferent fibers in nerves that supply other pelvic organs, activation by the uterine pathophysiology of latent uterine innervation from afferent fibers in the pelvic, vagus or ovarian plexus nerves, or some form of central sensitization.
A new method for optimum alignment of digital communications equipment

The technique is to perform final adjustments on the equipment while monitoring the bit error rate at a very low signal-to-Gaussian noise ratio. Experimental verification of the method is presented.
Mechanisms for Variability of ZrB2‐30 vol% SiC Oxidation Kinetics

The oxidation kinetics of ZrB2-30 vol% SiC were analyzed statistically with the goal of understanding the underlying mechanisms for observed variability. A box furnace was used to oxidize specimens for times between 30 s and 100 h at temperatures of 1300°C–1550°C in air. The specimens were characterized to determine weight change, scale thickness, and scale composition to quantify the oxidation behavior. Weight gain measurements of different specimens after 100 min of exposure showed differences of up to 2 mg/cm2 for the same testing conditions where the average weight gain was 2.54 mg/cm2. Variation of 30%–80% was observed in the average thickness of each layer of the oxide within a single specimen. Viscous glass flow was ruled out as a potential mechanism. Glass bubble formation was proposed as the main cause for oxidation kinetics variability.
Severe obstructive sleep apnea—I: Onset, clinical course, and characteristics

The clinical course and characteristics of severe obstructive sleep apnea are described for 50 adults whose condition warranted recommendation for tracheostomy. All patients had a history of snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks, nocturnal snorting and gasping sounds and observer-noted nocturnal breath cessations. Generally, these symptoms became manifest before age 40, their appearance tended to cluster together within only a few years and, invariably, they were chronic. Aside from snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness was on average often the first symptom and began at a mean age of 36 years. However, in half of the patients either hypertension or overweight preceded excessive daytime sleepiness by at least 1 year. Physicians in the office setting should suspect severe obstructive sleep apnea in patients who have loud snoring and either excessive daytime sleepiness, hypertension, or obesity. Further evidence of apnea can be obtained by determining the presence of the additional signs of loud nocturnal snorting and gasping sounds and nocturnal breath cessations.
Boresight gain enhancement of planar stair-like UWB monopole antenna

A novel configuration of a compact stair-like ultrawideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna is presented for improved boresight gain performance and pattern stability. The geometry of the basic antenna has been modified to include a gate-like ground plane structure which alleviates unwanted squinting effects in the gain pattern at higher frequencies. The boresight gain is then further enhanced through the addition of a stacked parasitic patch composed of a scaled copy of the basic stair-like geometry. Prototypes of the proposed antenna geometries are fabricated and measured to validate the concept. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2809–2812, 2014