cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoperiod and population density interact to affect reproductive and immune function in male prairie voles

Seasonal breeding of rodents is often associated with changes in adrenal function; altered adrenal function could account, in part, for seasonal changes in immune function and, ultimately, influence seasonal fluctuations in survival. Animals commonly monitor the annual change in photoperiod to ascertain the time of year and to make appropriate seasonal adjustments in physiology and behavior. Several extrinsic factors affect reproductive responsiveness to photoperiod. The interaction between population density and reproductive and adrenal responsiveness to photoperiod was assessed in the present experiment. Adult male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were maintained individually for 10 wk in long [light:dark (LD) 16:8] or short (LD 8:16) photoperiods in rooms with either high (10.96 animals/m3) or low (0.18 animals/m3) population densities. Regardless of population density, short-day voles regressed the size of their reproductive organs; reproductive organ masses were higher in long-day voles housed in high-density compared with low-density rooms. Paired adrenal masses were reduced in short-day voles, but were unaffected by population density; serum corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in short-day compared with long-day animals. In both photoperiods, basal blood corticosterone levels were higher in voles from low-density compared with high-density rooms. Splenic masses were unaffected by day length, but were elevated among high-density animals. Similarly, serum immunoglobulin (IgG) levels were elevated among high-density animals. These results suggest that population density per se, in the absence of behavioral interactions, can affect reproductive size, and possibly function, in long-day conditions, and that prairie voles, which are highly social, exhibit higher corticosterone and lower IgG levels in low compared with high densities. These results may be important in understanding arvicoline population fluctuations, as well as improving animal husbandry practices in the lab.
Validity of Medical Student Questionnaire Data in Prediction of Rural Practice Choice and Its Association With Service Orientation

Purpose The validity of medical student projection of, and predictors for, rural practice and the association of a measure of service orientation, projected practice accessibility to the indigent, were investigated. Methods West Virginia (WV) medical student online pre- and postrural rotation questionnaire data were collected during the time period 2001-2009. Of the 1,517 respondent students, submissions by 1,271 met the time interval criterion for inclusion in analyses. Subsequent WV licensing data were available for 461 in 2013. These 2 databases were used to assess for validity of projection of rural practice, for predictors of rural practice, and for student projected accessibility of the future practice to indigent patients. Findings There were statistically significant associations between both pre- and postrotation projections of rural practice and subsequent rural practice. The most significant independent predictors of rural practice were student rural background, reported primary care intent, prediction of rural practice and projection of greater accessibility of the future practice to indigent patients. For scoring of practice access, there were trends for higher scoring by rural students and rural practitioners, with greater pre-post increases for those with urban hometowns. Conclusions This study demonstrates the utility of medical student questionnaires for projections of numbers of future rural physicians. It suggests that students with a rural background, rural practice intent, or greater service orientation are more likely to enter rural practice. It also suggests that students, particularly those with urban hometowns, are influenced by rural rotation experiences in forecasting greater practice accessibility and in entering rural practice.
Evidence for balancing of KM, but not GM, alleles by heterotic advantage in South Amerinds.

Two KM alleles occur in 1075 South Amerinds of 14 tribes in approximately balanced and uniform frequency. However, the number of heterozygotes is 12.7% greater than expected by frequency analysis and 16.5% greater by segregation analysis. This excess is evident in children 0–4 years of age and may reflect either prenatal or early childhood selection. The frequencies of GM haplotypes were different, and quite uniformly so, in diverse tribes. Most GM heterozygotes can only be distinguished from GM 1,2,17 21 homozygotes by DNA or family relationship. No deficit of GM homozygotes was observed in 119 children in whom heterozygosis was determined by family. Thus, the KM polymorphism, like HLA, may be maintained by preferential survival of heterozygotes, but GM probably depends on another mechanism.
Steroid hormones and neurotrophism: Relationship to nerve injury

Current data on the neurotrophic effects of steroid hormones suggest that, in brain and spinal cord regions containing receptor systems, steroids act at the level of RNA and protein synthesis to effect metabolic changes associated with nerve-cell survival, elaboration/maintenance of dendritic and axonal processes, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission. While many of these effects appear to be associated with the neuroanatomical systems involved in the endocrine and behavioral aspects of reproduction, evidence does exist for similar neurotrophic effects outside the reproductive sphere. Both estrogens and androgens appear to exert this stimulatory, growthlike effect on target neurons. The effects of progesterone are not discussed in this review because relatively little information is available regarding the independent effects of progesterone on the brain. We have just completed a study (Jones et al., 1987b) which suggests that progesterone may act independently in the brain to affect protein synthesis. A number of conclusions concerning the mechanism of steroid action in producing trophic effects on neurons can be drawn. First, the time course of hormone action is similar to that found in nonneural target tissue, such as the uterus. Second, steroid hormones act on neurons through receptor-mediated genomic activation. Third, this effect on the genome appears to be at the level of both transcription and translation. Fourth, there is brain-region specificity in the gene products resulting from steroid hormone administration. Finally, short-term exposure to estrogens or androgens generally results in an anabolic response within target neurons. The brain and spinal cord, injured either by disease or by experimentally induced trauma, is responsive in a reparative manner to exogenous and/or endogenous gonadal steroid hormones. The mechanism underlying this therapeutic role of steroids on damaged neurons is not known but has been postulated to involve direct action of steroid hormones or target neurons. It has been hypothesized that two diseases, Alzheimer's and ALS, may be related to steroid hormone/receptor deficiencies. In this regard, Appel (1981) has suggested that putative "neurotrophic hormones" acting at the synapse may be critical in maintaining the neural networks affected in ALS, Alzheimer's disease, and parkinsonism. Extending that hypothesis to include direct action of such putative hormones within the cell body and at the level of the genome, the evidence presented in this discussion would argue that possible candidates could be gonadal steroids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
What is κc on a finite lattice

Abstract Motivated by the suggestion that it may not be possible to approach the chiral limit of QCD with Wilson fermions from the confined phase, we attempt to find a definition of κ c on a finite lattice (where there is no continuous chiral symmetry) which is useful in practice. We propose that the smallest value of κ for which the Wilson kernel has a vanishing eigenvalue is such a definition, and we use it to study the phase diagram on an 8 3 ×4 lattice. We also verify that it is possible to reach the unbroken chiral limit on an 8 4 lattice at β = 5.0.
Support of multilingual medical research

Using X Window system, the C programming language, and an extended form of the MUMPS programming language, we have defined and are implementing a workstation-based environment that allows multiple natural languages to appear in independent windows on the same display. The MUMPS language extension creates a polymorphic facility that can execute without change on character sets and linguistic elements of different, languages. Syntax of the proposed language extensions are described. Initial application areas will include research involving medical records written in several different natural languages, the development of teaching tools for language instruction, and recognition of domain-sensitive information in scanning large free text files.
Informatics for chemical crystallography

A fundamental question in inorganic crystallography is the relationship between chemical stoichiometry and crystal structure. The relationship between specific compounds and specific crystal structures is usually developed heuristically by surveying crystallographic data of known compounds. This process of structure-chemistry association has laid the historical foundation for identifying crystal structure prototypes and structural classifications. This paper demonstrates how informatics can quantitatively accelerate the discovery of structure—chemistry relationships but also be used as the foundation for developing structure—chemistry-property relationships.
Template activity of 2'-O-methylpolyribonucleotides with Pseudomonas putida DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Summary Pseudomonas putida RNA polymerase can use the single stranded 2′- O -methylpolyribonucleotides, poly(Um) and poly(Cm), as templates for the synthesis of poly(A) and poly(G), respectively. No template activity was detected with the purine-containing 2′- O -methylated homopolymers, poly(Am) and poly(Im). The poly(Am) strand of either poly(Am)·poly(U) or poly(Am)·poly(Um) was not a template for poly(U) synthesis, and did not prevent the poly(U) or poly(Um) strand of the duplex from serving as a template for poly(A) synthesis. The poly(Um) strand of the duplex poly(Am)·poly(Um) was an effective template for poly(A) synthesis, but the poly(Um) strand of poly(A)·poly(Um) was not.
Allegiance Effects in Treatment Research: A Commentary

Allegiance effects are ubiquitous in treatment outcome research. Luborsky and colleagues (this issue) extend the methods of assessing investigator allegiance and find, once again, that it predicts response in a powerful and robust fashion. They further speculate about the mechanisms that may account for this phenomenon. My own sense is that allegiance effects are most likely to occur (and be most problematic) when investigators compare some preferred modality in which they have both interest and expertise with some other alternative intervention in which they have neither. Rather than reflecting some underlying misrepresentation of the scientific process, I suspect that they more often reflect honest differences in competence in executing the competing approaches. To the extent that this is true, the solution lies not in eliminating allegiances but in balancing them, largely by making sure that colleagues are added to the research team who have the necessary interest and expertise to ensure that each modality tested is adequately implemented.
A consistent theory of attributes in a logic without contraction

This essay demonstrates proof-theoretically the consistency of a type-free theoryC with an unrestricted principle of comprehension and based on a predicate logic in which contraction (A → (A →B)) → (A →B), although it cannot holds in general, is provable for a wide range ofA's.C is presented as an axiomatic theoryCH (with a natural-deduction equivalentCS) as a finitary system, without formulas of infinite length. ThenCH is proved simply consistent by passing to a Gentzen-style natural-deduction systemCG that allows countably infinite conjunctions and in which all theorems ofCH are provable.CG is seen to be a consistent by a normalization argument. It also shown that in a senseC is highly non-extensional.
Writing in Undergraduate Geography Classes: Faculty Challenges and Rewards

Abstract Numerous studies have shown both anecdotal and formal evidence of the benefits students obtain from doing writing activities in classes. Little formal discussion exists about how student writing in geography classes professionally affects faculty. In this article, focus shifts from student-derived benefits of writing in classes to faculty challenges and rewards for implementing writing in their classes. Based on the experience of participating in a Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) Fellows program, the authors discuss how faculty overcame challenges and reaped the benefits of student writing in their teaching and scholarly pursuits.
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 complexed with a class II major histocompatibility molecule HLA-DR1

The three-dimensional structure of a Staphylococcus aureus superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), complexed with a human class II major histocompatibility molecule (DR1), was determined by x-ray crystallography. The TSST-1 binding site on DR1 overlaps that of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), but the two binding modes differ. Whereas SEB binds primarily off one edge of the peptide binding site of DR1, TSST-1 extends over almost one-half of the binding site and contacts both the flanking alpha helices of the histocompatibility antigen and the bound peptide. This difference suggests that the T cell receptor (TCR) would bind to TSST-1:DR1 very differently than to DR1:peptide or SEB:DR1. It also suggests that TSST-1 binding may be dependent on the peptide, though less so than TCR binding, providing a possible explanation for the inability of TSST-1 to competitively block SEB binding to all DR1 molecules on cells (even though the binding sites of TSST-1 and SEB on DR1 overlap almost completely) and suggesting the possibility that T cell activation by superantigen could be directed by peptide antigen.
Effects of cytochalasin B on cultivated human diploid fibroblasts and its use for the isolation of tetraploid clones.

Abstract In cultures of human diploid fibroblasts, cytochalasin B inhibits the completion of cytokinesis and logarithmic cell growth; it reduces the proportion of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine, the mitotic index, and the cloning efficiency; it leads to a relative increase in the proportion of tetraploid versus diploid metaphases in mass cultures. Under cloning conditions, after cytochalasin treatment, a higher proportion of cells give rise to tetraploid progeny compared to untreated controls. The drug is therefore useful for the isolation of tetraploid clones of fibroblasts.
Thermal Stability of LiPF6 Salt and Li-ion Battery Electrolytes Containing LiPF6

The thermal stability of the neat LiPF6 salt and of 1 molal solutions of LiPF6 in prototypical Li-ion battery solvents was studied with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and on-line FTIR. Pure LiPF6 salt is thermally stable up to 380 K in a dry inert atmosphere, and its decomposition path is a simple dissociation producing LiF as solid and PF5 as gaseous products. In the presence of water (300 ppm) in the carrier gas, its decomposition onset temperature is lowered as a result of direct thermal reaction between LiPF6 and water vapor to form POF3 and HF. No new products were observed in 1 molal solutions of LiPF6 in EC, DMC and EMC by on-line TGA-FTIR analysis. The storage of the same solutions in sealed containers at 358 K for 300 420 hrs. did not produce any significant quantity of new products as well. In particular, noalkylflurophosphates were found in the solutions after storage at elevated temperature. In the absence of either an impurity like alcohol or cathode active material that may (or may not) act as a catalyst, there is no evidence of thermally induced reaction between LiPF6 and the prototypical Li-ion battery solvents EC, PC, DMC or EMC.
Triphosphoinositide increases glycoprotein lateral mobility in erythrocyte membranes

The finding1 that the turnover of the anionic phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI), increases with increased synaptic activity has long stimulated interest in the possible functional roles of this phospholipid and its phosphorylated products, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (triphosphoinositide or TPI) and phosphatidyl-myoinositol 4-phosphate (diphosphoinositide or DPI)2. TPI metabolism is altered by a variety of cellular stimuli2, but no specific function of the lipid has been identified. However, in many instances (see, for example, refs 3–6) a correlation has been observed between changes in PI metabolism and membrane structure. We have recently correlated membrane macro-viscosity with the lateral mobility of membrane glycoproteins7, and have shown that 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which is similar in structure to TPI, increases glycoprotein lateral mobility8. We now report that TPI also increases the lateral mobility of glycoproteins when added to erythrocyte membranes, and suggest that TPI acts similarly to other polyanions by disrupting the erythrocyte membrane skeleton.
Mutagenesis and DNA adduct formation by 1-nitropyrene in Chinese hamster ovary cells without exogenous metabolic activation.

The direct-acting mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), a tumorigenic environmental pollutant and model nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Previous reports indicated that 1-NP, a potent direct-acting mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium, was mutagenic in CHO cells only in the presence of an exogenous activation system. In this study, a DNA-repair-deficient CHO cell line, CHO-UV5, and the repair-proficient CHO-K1-BH4 cell line were used to measure the direct-acting mutagenicity of highly purified samples of 1-NP. Exposure of CHO-K1-BH4 cells for 5, 12, and 24 hr did not increase mutations at the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus (p > 0.1; paired t test; n = 5–6), while treatment of CHO-UV5 cells for 24 hr produced a statistically significant induction of mutants (22 ± 6 mutants per 106 clonable cells vs a solvent control value of 9 ± 3 per 106 cells; p < 0.01; n = 6). 32P-Postlabeling analysis of the DNA adducts formed in CHO-UV5 cells following 1-NP exposure revealed the presence of a single major adduct. Based on its chromatographic properties, its sensitivity to nuclease P1 digestion, and its resistance to hydrazine treatment, the adduct appeared to be N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene, which was presumably produced by nitroreduction of 1-NP to N-hydroxy-1-aminopyrene. These results suggest that the use of extended treatment times and DNA-repair-deficient cells may be required to assess adequately the mutagenicity of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in CHO cells.
Rod Worth Minimizer

Based on reliability, efficiency and economic considerations, it was decided to design a new Rod Worth Minimizer as part of General Electric's line of microcomputer based NUclear Measurement Analysis and Control (NUMAC) instrumentation. This RWM was designed to work with new, concurrently installed process computers while using existing rod position indicating and control systems. In addition to providing a direct replacement for existing RWM functions, the new instrument has incorporated capabilities not previously found. This paper discusses the functions of a Rod Worth Minimizer, describes the configuration of a new RWM system and the hardware and software designs of the NUMAC instrument, and presents the results of the instrument's first application in an operating plant.
Polynomial Identities on Eigenforms

Abstract In this paper, we fix a polynomial with complex coefficients and determine the eigenforms for SL 2 ( Z ) which can be expressed as the fixed polynomial evaluated at other eigenforms. In particular, we show that when one excludes trivial cases, only finitely many such identities hold for a fixed polynomial.
Social preference of zebra finches for siblings, cousins and non-kin

Abstract Adult zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, were tested for their tendency to perch selectively near relatives in two experiments. In the first experiment, males and females were allowed to choose between opposite-sex siblings (r=1/2) and non-kin (r≤1/16); males were also tested with male siblings and non-kin. The second experiment was similar to the first, except that stimulus sets consisted of first cousins (r=1/8) and non-kin of test birds. Neither sex discriminated between siblings and non-kin in heterosexual tests, but males preferred to associate with siblings in isosexual tests. Females preferred male first cousins over non-kin; this result is believed to reflect a mating preference. For both female heterosexual preferences and male isosexual preferences, discrimination of kin was not dependent on shared prior experience.
Adaptive nonlinear filtering techniques for data transmission

This paper describes the structure and the simulated performance of nonlinear adaptive filters appropriate for high speed serial data transmission over time-dispersive and slowly time-variant channels. The filters are designed to combat the two major obstacles in high speed digital signaling over such channels, namely, the presence of intersymbol interference due to the non-ideal frequency response of the channel and the slow, randomly time-variant response characteristics of the channel. Some results on the error rate performance of the adaptive filters, obtained by means of Monte Carlo computer simulation, are also presented.
Challenges Confronting Female Surgical Leaders: Overcoming the Barriers

Background The number of women reaching top ranks in academic surgery is remarkably low. The purpose of this study was to identify: 1) barriers to becoming a female surgical leader; 2) key attributes that enable advancement and success; and 3) current leadership challenges faced as senior leaders. Methods Semi-structured interviews of ten female surgical leaders queried the following dimensions: attributes for success, lessons learned, mistakes, key career steps, the role of mentoring, gender advantages/disadvantages, and challenges. Results Perseverance (60%) and drive (50%) were identified as critical success factors, as were good communication skills, a passion for scholarship, a stable home life and a positive outlook. Eighty percent identified discrimination or gender prejudice as a major obstacle in their careers. While 90% percent had mentors, 50% acknowledged that they had not been effectively mentored. Career advice included: develop broad career goals (50%); select a conducive environment (30%); find a mentor (60%); take personal responsibility (40%); organize time and achieve balance (40%); network (30%); create a niche (30%); pursue research (30%); publish (50%); speak in public (30%); and enjoy the process (30%). Being in a minority, being highly visible and being collaborative were identified as advantages. Obtaining buy-in and achieving consensus was the greatest leadership challenge reported. Conclusions Female academic surgeons face challenges to career advancement. While these barriers are real, they can be overcome by resolve, commitment, and developing strong communication skills. These elements should be taken into consideration in designing career development programs for junior female surgical faculty.
Selecting Station-Type Switchgear Equipment for Large Generating Stations [includes discussion]

The application of switchgear equipment for use in high-capacity generating stations has always emphasized the necessity of insuring uninterrupted service. Power pools and the increased capacity of generator units has made this phase of power-station design more important than ever. Although station-type switchgear equipment today embraces certain basic features, the system designer must analyze each application, taking into consideration the location of the power plant in the system. Therefore, a knowledge of the various types of construction and the design of the co-ordinated details is required to select station-type switchgear that will give reliable and economical service.
CDF Run 2 muon system

The CDF muon detection system for Run 2 of the Fermilab Tevatron is described. Muon stubs are detected for |{eta}| < 1.5, and are matched to tracks in the central drift chamber at trigger level 1 for |{eta}| < 1.25. Detectors in the |{eta}| < 1 central region, built for previous runs, have been enhanced to survive the higher rate environment and closer bunch spacing (3.5 {micro}sec to 396 nsec) of Run 2. Azimuthal gaps in the central region have been filled in. New detectors have been added to extend the coverage from |{eta}| < 1 to |{eta}| < 1.5, consisting of four layers of drift chambers covered with matching scintillators for triggering. The Level 1 Extremely Fast Tracker supplies matching tracks with measured p{sub T} for the muon trigger. The system has been in operation for over 18 months. Operating experience and reconstructed data are presented.
Index futures leadership, basis behavior, and trader selectivity

Employing intraday data for futures and cash values for the S&P 500 over the 1993–1996 period, we attempt to characterize the lead–lag relationship between these two markets and their basis behavior. Our findings show evidence of pronounced futures leadership when markets are rising, with no feedback from the cash market. However, when markets are falling, futures leadership is less evident and significant feedback from the cash market is noted. We also provide evidence of a positive relationship between the basis and return volatility. We offer an explanation, based on trader selectivity, for the leadership-asymmetry and the basis–volatility relationship. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:649–677, 2002
Scale-dependent relationships between the spatial distribution of a limiting resource and plant species diversity in an African grassland ecosystem

One cornerstone of ecological theory is that nutrient availability limits the number of species that can inhabit a community. However, the relationship between the spatial distribution of limiting nutrients and species diversity is not well established because there is no single scale appropriate for measuring variation in resource distribution. Instead, the correct scale for analyzing resource variation depends on the range of species sizes within the community. To quantify the relationship between nutrient distribution and plant species diversity, we measured NO3 - distribution and plant species diversity in 16 paired, modified Whittaker grassland plots in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Semivariograms were used to quantify the spatial structure of NO3 - from scales of 0.4–26 m. Plant species diversity (Shannon-Weiner diversity index; H ′) was quantified in 1-m2 plots, while plant species richness was measured at multiple spatial scales between 1 and 1,000 m2. Small-scale variation in NO3 - (<0.4 m) was positively correlated with 1-m2 H ′, while 1,000-m2 species richness was a log-normal function of average NO3 - patch size. Nine of the 16 grassland plots had a fractal (self-similar across scales) NO3 - spatial distribution; of the nine fractal plots, five were adjacent to plots that had a non-fractal distribution of NO3 -. This finding offered the unique opportunity to test predictions of Ritchie and Olff (1999): when the spatial distribution of limiting resources is fractal, communities should display a left-skewed log-size distribution and a log-normal relationship between net primary production and species richness. These predictions were supported by comparisons of plant size distributions and biomass-richness relationships in paired plots, one with a fractal and one with a non-fractal distribution of NO3 -. In addition, fractal plots had greater large-scale richness than paired non-fractal plots (1,0–1000 m2), but neither species diversity (H ′) nor richness was significantly different at small scales (1 m2). This result is most likely explained by differences in the scale of resource variation among plots: fractal and non-fractal plots had equivalent NO3 - variation at small scales but differed in NO3 - variation at large scales (as measured by the fractal dimension). We propose that small-scale variation in NO3 - is largely due to the direct effects of plants on soil, while patterns of species richness at large scales is controlled by the patch size and fractal dimension of NO3 - in the landscape. This study provides an important empirical step in understanding the relationship between the spatial distribution of resources and patterns of species diversity across multiple spatial scales.
Metastasis: two assays explore the two roads traveled.

A spheroid assay that recapitulates angiogenesis in vivo and a ring assay to measure lymphangiogenesis in vitro expand the toolbox of techniques to investigate these processes during development and tumor progression.
Diagnosing degenerate forms in software

The degeneration of source code due to maintenance is a long known but little understood phenomenon. Currently, researchers face significant logistical challenges when conducting empirical studies and experiments, studying large-scale projects, and characterizing the development and growth of degenerative forms. These logistical challenges can be partially alleviated by developing automated metrics designed to identify degenerate forms. Furthermore, such metrics are essential for targeted refactoring and repairing degenerative forms. This dissertation research investigates a set of metrics targeted at specific degenerate forms common in software. The successful implementation and characterization of such metrics will enable further research in many forms of software maintenance.
Analysis of the ν3 band of 14N16O2

Abstract The rotational structure of the ν3 fundamental of 14N16O2 has been recorded by employing a vacuum grating infrared spectrograph. The analysis has led to the assignment of over 500 R- and P-branch transitions in the spectral region 1562–1650 cm−1. Molecular constants for the upper state, 001, have been presented. No Q-branch transitions were used in the evaluation of these constants. The presently obtained a 3 A = 0.22517 cm −1 and the band center ν0 = 1616.846 cm−1 differ significantly from previous determinations. Spin splitting was observed but no information was extracted about upper state spin splitting parameters.
ALLOY SOFTENING IN GROUP VIA METALS ALLOYED WITH RHENIUM

Low temperature and composition effects on alloy softening in group 6A metals alloyed with Re
Flexural phonons and thermal transport in graphene

We show through an exact numerical solution of the phonon Boltzmann equation that the lattice thermal conductivity of graphene is dominated by contributions from the out-of-plane or flexural phonon modes, previously thought to be negligible. We connect this unexpected result to the anomalously large density of states of flexural phonons compared to their in-plane counterparts and to a symmetry-based selection rule that significantly restricts anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering of the flexural modes. The result is found to hold in the presence of the ripples known to occur in graphene, phonon-isotopic impurity scattering, and rigidity of the flexural phonon branch arising from the long-wavelength coupling between flexural and in-plane modes. Finally, accurate inclusion of the momentum conserving Normal phonon-phonon scattering processes within the context of a full solution of the phonon Boltzmann equation are shown to be essential in accurately describing the graphene thermal conductivity, in contrast to the more commonly used relaxation time and long wavelength approximations.
Beyond phrenology, at last.

Although integration is a widely acknowledged goal in neuroscience, our approach to the function of biological entities often places boundaries that defy integration. Mapping across systems — from the genome to cognitive function — will require innovative methods that can identify every contributing component to a function, and instantaneously scale numerous changes in large data sets to consequences over the entire biological hierarchy.
Transcriptional Regulation of Chorionic Gonadotropin α- and β-Subunit Gene Expression by 8-Bromo-Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate

In placental explants and cell lines, cAMP stimulates the biosynthesis of CG alpha- and beta-subunits and produces marked stimulation of CG secretion. We investigated the effect of a cell-permeable analog, 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), on CG alpha- and beta-subunit gene expression in the JEG-3 placental cell line. RNA blot hybridization analysis demonstrated that 8-Br-cAMP increased CG alpha and beta mRNA levels 15- to 30-fold, consistent with 8-Br-cAMP regulation of CG biosynthesis at a pretranslational level. Transcription rates for CG alpha- and beta-subunit genes were determined in the absence and presence of 8-Br-cAMP using nuclear run-on assays. The basal transcription rates for the alpha- and beta-subunit genes were similar and increased 4- to 6-fold after treatment with 8-Br-cAMP. Expression of chimeric genes, consisting of alpha gene [1.5 kilobase (Kb)] or CG beta gene (0.3 Kb) 5'-flanking sequences ligated to the coding sequence of a reporter enzyme chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), was used to analyze the mechanism of 8-Br-cAMP stimulation of gene transcription. A 1.5-kb segment of the alpha- gene 5'-flanking sequence was expressed efficiently in JEG-3 cells and contains both cell-specific enhancers and cAMP response elements. Basal expression of the CG beta CAT reporter gene was not observed in either JEG-3 cells or HeLa cells, and expression was not stimulated by 8-Br-cAMP. The regulatory response elements of the CG beta gene must reside in sequences outside the 0.3-kb 5'-flanking region of the CG beta gene.
Identification of the midbrain locomotor region and its relation to descending locomotor pathways in the Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina.

Abstract The midbrain locomotor region (MLR) in the Atlantic stingray,Dasyatis sabina, was identified and characterized. Stimulation (50–100 μA, 60 Hz) of the midbrain in decerebrated, paralyzed animals was used to elicit locomotion monitored as alternating activity in nerves innervating an antagonist pair of elevator and depressor muscles. Effective sites for evoking locomotion in the midbrain included parts of several nuclei: the caudal portion of the interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the caudomedial parts of the cuneiform and subcuneiform nuclei. This region did not include the red nucleus, any parts of the optic tectum or the medial or lateral mesencephalic nuclei. Electrical stimulation in the MLR evokes locomotion in either the ipsi- or contralateral pectoral fin, wheres stimulation in the medullary reticular formation evokes locomotion only in the contralateral fin. Lesion experiments were performed to identify the location of descending pathways from the midbrain to the medullary reticular formation. To abolish locomotion evoked by electrical stimulation in the MLR, the medial reticular formation in the rostral medulla had to be lesioned bilaterally, or the ipsilateral medial medullary reticular formation and fibers projecting from the MLR to the contralateral midbrain had to be disrupted. Injections of HRP into the magnocellular/gigantocellular reticular formation confirmed that this area received bilateral projections from the MLR. The MLR of the Atlantic stingray appears to be similar to the lateral component of the mammalian MLR and to the MLR in other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Superconvergence of mixed finite element methods for parabolic problems with nonsmooth initial data

A semidiscrete mixed finite element approximation to parabolic initial-boundary value problems is introduced and analyzed. Superconvergence estimates for both pressure and velocity are obtained. The estimates for the errors in pressure and velocity depend on the smoothness of the initial data including the limiting cases of data in \(L^2\) and data in \(H^r\), for \(r\) sufficiently large. Because of the smoothing properties of the parabolic operator, these estimates for large time levels essentially coincide with the estimates obtained earlier for smooth solutions. However, for small time intervals we obtain the correct convergence orders for nonsmooth data.
Effect of phosphate on phosphatidylserine-mediated calcium transport.

Experiments were performed to study the effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on phosphatidylserine-mediated Ca2+ transport utilizing two- and three-compartment lipid-aqueous phase model systems. When the three-compartment model was used, the rate of Ca2+ transport from an aqueous donor compartment to an aqueous receiver compartment, separated by a nonaqueous phospholipid phase, was determined. This experiment showed that the rate of Ca2+ transport was proportional to the phosphatidylserine concentration and the pH. Pi modulated the rate of Ca2+ transport; even when the Pi concentration of the donor aqueous phase was low, there was a marked enhancement of transport. To determine whether the Pi-mediated rise in the Ca2+ transport rate was due to an increase in the uptake of Ca2+ into the lipid phase, or to an increase in the ability of the lipid phase to release Ca2+, a two-compartment model was used. It was found that the ability of the phosphatidylserine phase to take up Ca2+ increased as the Pi concentration of the aqueous donor phase was raised. With the increase in Ca2+ uptake there was a concomitant elevation in the rate of Ca2+ transport into an aqueous receiver phase. However, Pi did not stimulate Ca2+ release from the phosphatide. Thus it was concluded that Pi enhanced the interaction between Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine, possibly by forming a Ca-phospholipid-Pi complex. Once this interaction had taken place, Ca2+ release into the aqueous receiver compartment was independent of the Pi concentration.
Biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces : Multiscale approach

Micro- and macrodroplet evaporation and condensation upon micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces built of flattop pillars are investigated with the use of an environmental scanning electron microscope. It is shown that the contact angle hysteresis depends upon both kinetic effects at the triple line and adhesion hysteresis (inherently present even at a smooth surface) and that the magnitude of the two contributions is comparable. The transition between the composite (Cassie) and wetted (Wenzel) states is a linear effect with the microdroplet radius proportional to the pitch over pillar diameter. It is shown that wetting of a superhydrophobic surface is a multiscale phenomenon that involves three scale lengths. Although the contact angle is the macroscale parameter, the contact angle hysteresis and the Cassie−Wenzel transition cannot be determined from the macroscale equations and are governed by micro- and nanoscale effects.
Steric Enhancement of Group 12 Metal Hydride Stability and the Reaction of an Arylzinc Hydride with Tetramethylpiperidinyl Oxide (TEMPO)

The synthesis and characterization of arylzinc hydrides Ar*Zn(μ-H)2ZnAr* (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Pri3)2, 5) and {(4-Me3Si-Ar*)Zn(μ-H)2Zn(Ar*-4-SiMe3)} (4-Me3Si-Ar* = C6H2-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Pri3)2-4-SiMe3, 7) as well as the monomeric arylcadmium hydride Ar*CdH (9) are described. They were prepared by the transmetalation of the corresponding aryl metal iodides with NaH. The Ar*CdH monomer displayed significantly greater thermal stability than its recently reported dimeric congener Ar′Cd(μ-H)2CdAr′ (Ar′ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2), which decomposed at room temperature to afford Ar′CdCdAr′. This result supports the proposal that decomposition of the metal hydrides occurs by an associative mechanism. The reactions of these compounds with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl oxide) were also examined, but the only crystalline product obtained was 4-Me3Si-Ar*ZnTEMPO, in which the metal is bound to the TEMPO ligand in a quasi side-on fashion primarily through the oxygen but with a significant zinc−nitrogen in...
The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on chick embryo limb bud mesenchyme in organ culture.

The thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prevents chondrogenesis in organ cultures of limb bud mesenchyme of 312 day chick embryos. The biologically active levels of BrdU inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis, but the synthesis of methylated RNA is inhibited less than that of unmethylated RNA. If cell division is partially synchronized the ratio of incorporation of BrdU to thymidine is greater during the first few minutes of the S period than for unsynchronized cells. The results suggest that BrdU may be preferentially incorporated into the starting points of replicons and that this may affect subsequent transcription necessary for chondrogenesis.
All modes fracture toughness of two aluminium alloys

Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to study the resistance to crack growth under pure Modes I, II and III and mixed II and III modes of loading in two aluminum alloys. One of the two alloys (5083-H131) was solution hardened, textured by cold rolling, and had an ultimate tensile strength of 360 MPa. The other alloy (2519-T87) was age hardened to an ultimate tensile strength of 495 MPa. Mode I fracture toughness measurements indicated that the K IC of 5083-H131 alloy was independent of orientation despite the greatly anisotropic nature of this material. On the contrary, the K IC of the nearly isotropic 2519-T87 alloy was orientation dependent. The Ki IIQ was found to decrease with aspect ratio and to be nearly independent of orientation in both alloys. The superimposition of Mode III on Mode II caused unstable crack growth in the 5083-H131 alloy. The K IC values for the 5083-H131 and 2519-T87 alloys were 31.1–33.3 and 27.3–38.2 MPa √ m , respectively. The K IIQ and K IIIQ values of the former alloy were 27.3–31.2 and 16.6– 19.1 MPa √ m , and the corresponding values for the latter alloy were 37.0–41.6 and 11.7–31.9 MPa √ m .
Supervision of children with an autism spectrum disorder in the context of unintentional injury

Abstract Despite high rates of severe medically attended injuries, a thorough understanding of the correlates of injury for children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently lacking. The present study sought to determine the effect of an ASD diagnosis, self-reported supervision styles, and supervisor characteristics on behavioral supervisory responses in childhood injury risk scenarios. Objective eye tracking methodology was utilized to allow for greater precision during measurement of behavioral responses exhibited by 161 young adults between the ages of 18 and 26 years old. Multivariate analyses revealed that participants engaged in more effective child monitoring strategies when asked to imagine that children they were viewing were diagnosed with an ASD, p
The use of functional assessment to facilitate treatment adherence: A case of a child with HIV and pill refusal

Inability or refusal to swallow medication is a serious problem for individuals with both chronic and acute illness. This and other forms of medication nonadherence are especially problematic for individuals diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), because medication is necessary to ward off the onset of other illnesses and to prolong life. We present the case of a 7-year-old boy with HIV and pill refusal. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to illustrate the utility of a functional assessment to facilitate treatment for pill refusal in a boy diagnosed with HIV, and (b) to replicate other studies demonstrating the efficacy of stimulus-fading procedures.
"Show me the data": resolving challenges in network data sharing

This panel will address current and proposed solutions to navigating network data sharing restrictions discussed by the prior panel. The underlying dynamics which prevent or impede research access to network data are similar across several data-sharing regimes related to networked infrastructure vulnerabilities. We hope to engage technologists, policy makers, researchers and legal professionals across industry, government, law enforcement and academia as we discuss how to balance the interests of: Network researchers pursuing knowledge that will inform business models and communications policies,Network users seeking the benefits of technology advancement without having to surrender control of personal information,Network/platform owners exercising their rights to design and protect intellectual property, infrastructure, and business and customer relationships.The intended outcome of this panel is to help raise the level of discourse surrounding network data sharing, to inform and instigate actionable solutions that effectively balance the interests of these stakeholders. The following discussion questions will help frame the conversation: What are the economic, social and cultural incentives to sharing data and how do we leverage law and technology to create or improve them?What are the costs involved in sharing network data? How can those costs be reallocated?What is the role of technologies (code) and law (contract, regulation, case law) in striking a balanced solution?Is it necessary to revise current laws to protect network research interests, or can we more efficiently and effectively undertake more informal routes, i.e., privacy impact assessments, resolutions by authoritative bodies (ICANN, IETF, ACM, Internet2), reliance on third party trusted intermediaries?Can we construct a framework to guide risk analysis as well as the design and implementation of policies and mechanisms to address the trust and privacy issues that hamper data sharing? What are the essential capabilities of such a framework, e.g., auditability, certification, enforcement, negotiation, validation, informed consent, redressability?What mechanisms prevent abuse of authority regarding the shared data, i.e., provable compliance thru audit, privacy forensics; anonymization; filtering? How do we develop consensus on levels of confidence in these mechanisms? How do we protect the integrity of the shared data and enable trust to promote adoption and efficiency in sharing arrangements?How does the network research community generate collective action to steward its interests and inform policy? How does the community articulate its interests to influence the debate, i.e., via legislation, lobbying, etc.?
Preference for complex stimuli as an index of diversive exploration.

Frequently, tests of exploratory behavior allow Ss exposure to stimulus material and then measure how often or how long Ss choose to look at the same material. Such an approach does not preclude a tension-reduction interpretation of the data. Diversive exploration or the seeking of new experiences was demonstrated more decisively by the modified technique described.