cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monolayers of elaidic acid on aqueous glycerol solutions

Abstract Force-area and surface-potential area data for elaidic acid monomolecular films have been determined on aqueous (pH 2) glycerol substrates (0, 30, and 50 wt. % glycerol) over the temperature range 1° to 14°C. Unlike materials exhibiting condensed isotherms, elaidic acid isotherms were observed to undergo significant expansion, particularly at low surface pressures, with a phase change from liquid expanded to vapor expanded occurring at higher glycerol concentrations. Surface potentials were observed to decrease with increasing glycerol content, the larger effects being observed for the close-packed film. These effects were ascribed primarily to substrate contributions to the potentials. A thermodynamic treatment of the force-area plots, based on the approach of Ter Minassian-Saraga and Prigogine (1), was carried out. This indicated that the Helmholtz free energies of compression are positive and the entropies of compression are negative on all three substrates. It is postulated that compression of an elaidic acid monolayer will be less exothermic (or more endothermic) on aqueous glycerol substrates than on water. The results are interpreted in terms of film-film and film-substrate interactions with the importance of the latter being stressed.
Ethical Reasoning and Equitable Relief

Professional manager perceptions were investigated in this study using a survey containing two equitable relief situational vignettes to investigate empirically two of the four steps from Rest's (1986) ethical reasoning process. Business societal perceptions of the equitable relief subset of the innocent spouse rules were also investigated, focusing on the knowledge of evasion and abuse factors. The results indicated that the ethical reasoning process was significantly related to ethical decision making and Rest's (1986) model. Furthermore, decision makers were more likely to judge that relief be granted in an equitable relief scenario involving abuse than to one not involving abuse. The knowledge of evasion factor contained in both scenarios appeared to influence indirectly respondents' judgments to deny equitable relief, while the presence of emotional abuse strengthened relief judgments. Finally, the study presents a general framework involving the interrelationship of Congressional intent with societa...
Contributions of the ORNL piping program to nuclear piping design codes and standards

The ORNL Piping Program was conceived and established to develop basic information on the structural behavior of nuclear power plant piping components and to prepare this information in forms suitable for use in design analysis and codes and standards. One of the objectives was to develop and qualify stress indices and flexibility factors for direct use in Code-prescribed design analysis methods. Progress in this area is described. (auth)
STARCH GEL IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS

Summary The present status of the starch gel immunoelectrophoretic techniques was reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the variety of techniques were demonstrated. New techniques employing electrophoresis in buffers containing urea and applicable to immunoanalytical studies of structural subunits, polypeptide chains, and large peptides of gamma globulins and other proteins were described and examples given. The importance of the resolving power of the media used for the electrophoretic separation prior to the immunoanalysis was discussed.
Chemical technologies for probing embryonic development

Embryogenesis is a remarkable program of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation that transforms a single fertilized egg into a complex multicellular organism. Understanding this process at the molecular and systems levels will require an interdisciplinary approach, including the concepts and technologies of chemical biology. This tutorial review provides an overview of chemical tools that have been used in developmental biology research, focusing on methods that enable spatiotemporal control of gene function and the visualization of embryonic patterning. Limitations of current approaches and future challenges are also discussed.
Dynamics of non-classical interval exchanges

A natural generalization of interval exchange maps are linear involutions, first introduced by Danthony and Nogueira [Measured foliations on non-orientable surfaces. Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Super. (4) 26(6) (1993), 645–664]. Recurrent train tracks with a single switch provide a subclass of linear involutions. We call such linear involutions non-classical interval exchanges. They are related to measured foliations on orientable flat surfaces. Non-classical interval exchanges can be studied as a dynamical system by considering Rauzy induction in this context. This gives a refinement process on the parameter space similar to Kerckhoff’s simplicial systems. We show that the refinement process gives an expansion that has a key dynamical property called uniform distortion. We use uniform distortion to prove normality of the expansion. Consequently, we prove an analog of Keane’s conjecture: almost every non-classical interval exchange is uniquely ergodic. Uniform distortion has been independently shown in [A. Avila and M. Resende. Exponential mixing for the Teichmuller flow in the space of quadratic differentials, http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1102].
Regioselective [3 + 2] annulations with rhodium(ii)-stabilized vinylcarbenoids

Abstract Construction of two series of cyclopentenes with predictable regiochemistry was achieved by means of rhodium(lI)-catalyzed decomposition of vinyldiazomethanes in the presence of vinyl ethers.
Toward a New Sociology of Rights: A Genealogy of “Buried Bodies” of Citizenship and Human Rights

Although a thriving social science literature in citizenship has emerged in the past two decades, to date there exists neither a sociology of rights nor a sociology of human rights. Theoretical obstacles include the association of rights with the philosophical discourse of normativity, the abstraction of universalism, and the individualism attributed to rights-bearers. Parallel historical obstacles dating from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 include American exceptionalism and racism, cultural relativism, the institutional primacy of sovereignty, and the privileging of civil rights over socioeconomic rights. Except in the United States, today human rights discourse is the lingua franca of global struggles*; building a sociology of rights as a collective project is now imperative. This article unearths and reconstructs 60 years of political clashes, intellectual debates, and struggles for inclusion and recognition surrounding human rights and citizenship—much of which has been hidd...
An Introduction to Holographic QCD for Nonspecialists

Holographic quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is an extra-dimensional approach to modelling hadrons, the bound states of the strong interactions. In holographic models, the extra spatial dimension creates a waveguide for fields, and the discrete towers of modes propagating in that waveguide are interpreted as hadronic resonances. These models are motivated by the AdS/CFT correspondence, which is a duality that relates theories in different numbers of spatial dimensions. Holographic models have the potential to provide a better understanding of strongly interacting systems of quarks and gluons, as well as unconventional superconductors and other nonperturbative systems.
Innovative US energy policy: a review of states' policy experiences

Since the early 1990s, US energy policy has been driven by state governments. States have adopted a variety of innovative policy instruments to diversify, decarbonize, and decentralize their electricity markets. Because states are still active energy policy leaders, and are continually adopting new or revising existing policies, there is great need for continual evaluation of the effects, effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities associated with these different policy instruments. This analysis synthesizes the findings in the literature to date and provides a summary of both the policy landscapes and the effects associated with some of the leading energy policies, including the renewable portfolio standard, the energy efficiency resource standard, net metering, and interconnection standards. C
Upper limits on the observational effects of nuclear pasta in neutron stars

The effects of the existence of exotic nuclear shapes at the bottom of the neutron star inner crust - nuclear `pasta' - on observational phenomena are estimated by comparing the limiting cases that those phases have a vanishing shear modulus and that they have the shear modulus of a crystalline solid . We estimate the effect on torsional crustal vibrations and on the maximum quadrupole ellipticity sustainable by the crust. The crust composition and transition densities are calculated consistently with the global properties, using a liquid drop model with a bulk nuclear equation of state (EoS) which allows a systematic variation of the nuclear symmetry energy. The symmetry energy J and its density dependence L at nuclear saturation density are the dominant nuclear inputs which determine the thickness of the crust, the range of densities at which pasta might appear, as well as global properties such as the radius and moment of inertia. We show the importance of calculating the global neutron star properties on the same footing as the crust EoS, and demonstrate that in the range of experimentally acceptable values of L, the pasta phase can alter the crust frequencies by up to a factor of three, exceeding the effects of superfluidity on the crust modes, and decrease the maximum quadrupole ellipticity sustainable by the crust by up to an order of magnitude. The signature of the pasta phases and the density dependence of the symmetry energy on the potential observables highlights the possibility of constraining the EoS of dense, neutron-rich matter and the properties of the pasta phases using astrophysical observations.
Desktop and Mobile Web Page Comparison: Characteristics, Trends, and Implications

The broad proliferation of mobile devices in recent years has drastically changed the means of accessing the World Wide Web. Describing a shift away from the desktop computer era for content consumption, predictions indicate that the main access of web-based content will come from mobile devices. Concurrently, the manner of content presentation has changed as well; web artifacts are allowing for richer media and higher levels of user interaction which is enabled by the increasing speeds of access networks. This article provides an overview of more than two years of high level web page characteristics by comparing the desktop and mobile client versions. Our study is the first long-term evaluation of differences as seen by desktop and mobile web browser clients. We showcase the main differentiating factors with respect to the number of web page object requests, their sizes, relationships, and web page object caching. We find that over time, initial page view sizes and number of objects increase faster for desktop versions. However, web page objects have similar sizes in both versions, though they exhibit a different composition by type of object in greater detail.
Perspective on the Development of High‐Toughness Ceramics

The science governing the strength and fracture of structural ceramics has developed from a mostly empirical topic in 1965 into a mature discipline that now sets the standards in the field of mechanical behavior. The intent of this review is to provide a perspective regarding this evolution, followed by succinct descriptions of current understanding. The rapid developments in the field are considered to have commenced upon the first concerted attempt to apply fracture mechanics concepts to ceramics, beginning in the middle 1960s. This allowed a distinction between the separate contributions to strength from the flaws in the material and from the microstructure, as manifest in the fracture toughness. Another contribution that accelerated the learning process was the development of indentation techniques, which allowed trends in the damage resistance of new ceramics to be assessed on a routine basis. However, the most important development, which originated at about the same time, was the discovery of toughened zirconia alloys. The ensuing research on these alloys established two vital precedents.
X-ray lithography sources: a review

It is pointed out that synchrotron radiation from dipole magnets in electron storage rings has emerged as a useful source of X-rays for lithography. To meet the need for these sources numerous groups around the world have embarked on projects to design and construct storage rings for X-ray lithography. Both conventional electromagnets and superconducting (SC) dipoles have been incorporated into the various designs. An overview of the worldwide effort to produce commercial X-ray sources is presented. To better illustrate the elements involved in these sources, a closer examination of the Superconducting X-ray Lithography Source Project (SXLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is presented. >
Fair Welfare Maximization

We consider the general problem of finding fair constrained resource allocations. As a criterion for fairness we propose an inequality index, termed “fairness ratio,” the maximization of which produces Lorenz-undominated, Pareto-optimal allocations. The fairness ratio does not depend on the choice of any particular social welfare function, and hence it can be used for an a priori evaluation of any given feasible resource allocation. The fairness ratio for an allocation provides a bound on the discrepancy between this allocation and any other feasible allocation with respect to a large class of social welfare functions. We provide a simple representation of the fairness ratio as well as a general method that can be used to directly determine optimal fair allocations. For general convex environments, we provide a fundamental lower bound for the optimal fairness ratio and show that as the population size increases, the optimal fairness ratio decreases at most logarithmically in what we call the “inhomogeneity” of the problem. Our method yields a unique and “balanced” fair optimum for an important class of problems with linear budget constraints.
Tandem methodology for heterocyclic synthesis

Tandem methodology for heterocyclic synthesis represents a powerful approach for the rapid buildup of molecular complexity from potentially simple starting materials. Work from our laboratory has shown that the rhodium(II)-catalyzed cyclization cascade of α-diazo imides represents an effective method for the synthesis of a variety of heterocyclic systems. As an extension of these studies, we became interested in using a linked Pummerer/N-acyl- iminium ion cyclization sequence since we felt that this combination offers unique opportu- nities for the assemblage of complex target molecules. A synthetic method that combines transformations of different reaction types significantly broadens the scope of such proce- dures in synthetic chemistry. α-Thiocarbocations generated from the Pummerer reaction of β-phenylsulfinylmethyl-α,β-unsaturated amides can be intercepted by the adjacent amido group to produce transient amino-substituted furans which undergo subsequent Diels-Alder cycloadditions. Using this domino amido Pummerer/Diels-Alder cascade, we were able to assemble novel polycyclic systems in a single operation. The key step in the process involves the generation of a reactive N-acyliminium ion by fragmentation of an amino-substituted (4+2)-cycloadduct. The successful synthesis of a number of alkaloids by this sequence of re- actions reveals the usefulness and importance of this unique domino cascade. Application of the process for the preparation of the stenoma alkaloid stenine was recently carried out in our laboratory.
Realization using the Roesser model for implementations in distributed grid sensor networks

Using the Roesser model, a method for distributed information processing in grid sensor networks is presented by Sumanasena and Bauer (A Roesser model based multidimensional systems approach for grid sensor networks. Pacific Grove, California, 2009). The method can be used to implement linear systems in grid sensor networks. Unless information originating in a node can be conveyed over the entire sensor network in a single time slot, for a system described by the Roesser model to be implementable in real-time on a sensor network, the system matrices of the Roesser model have to assume a particular form. A necessary and sufficient condition for a proper transfer matrix to be realizable in the constrained Roesser model is established in this paper. A realization algorithm to derive the Roesser model of the desired form, given an admissible transfer matrix is derived. The analogues problem for the realization of non-proper transfer matrices is also addressed.
Role of non-coplanar beams in IMRT

The authors have investigated the benefits of using noncoplanar beams with optimized directions for intensity modulated radiation therapy. They have considered three typical cases of localized prostate cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and paraspinal treatment. Nine fields were used for each treatment. For all cases, three types of treatment plan optimization were done: (1) nine uniformly spaced coplanar beams with optimized beam intensity profiles; (2) beam orientations and beam profiles were optimized, but only coplanar beams were allowed; (3) similar to (2), except that non-coplanar beams were allowed during beam orientation optimization. Simulated annealing was used for beam orientation optimization and an iterative optimization algorithm was used for beam intensity profile optimization. For the localized prostate case, all three types of optimization described above resulted in a dose distribution of similar quality. For the nasopharyngeal case, optimized non-coplanar beams provided a significant improvement in GTV coverage. For the paraspinal case, orientation optimization of non-coplanar beams resulted in significant improvement of kidney sparing and In increased GTV coverage. It is concluded that the use of non-coplanar beams with optimized orientations presents a viable option to improve target coverage and critical structure sparing in complicated cases.
New metric for predicting target acquisition performance

The Johnson criteria have been shown to be fundamentally flawed due to their insensitivity to effects below the limiting frequency. This flaw makes predictions for many modern imaging systems inaccurate. A new target acquisition metric, the targeting task performance (TTP) metric, has been developed that provides better accuracy than the Johnson criteria. Further, unlike the Johnson criteria, the TTP metric can be applied directly to sampled imagers and to imagers that exhibit colored (spectrally weighted) noise due to frequency boost. Experimental data using both target recognition and target identification tasks show the problems with the Johnson criteria and illustrate the robust performance of the TTP metric. The simplicity of implementing a range performance model with the Johnson criteria is retained by the TTP metric while extending applicability of the model to sampled imagers and digital image enhancement.
Increasing Influenza Vaccination Rates in a Busy Urban Clinic.

Influenza infection is the cause of thousands of hospitalizations and deaths each year; infection during pregnancy results in increased morbidity and mortality. Underserved women are particularly susceptible to not receiving recommended vaccinations. This project explored the effect of a simple paper based prompt on the influenza vaccination rate in a resident continuity clinic for the underserved. Using this reminder to providers to discuss the influenza vaccination with their patients, we were able to increase vaccination rates in our clinic from 2.2% to 14.2%. This implementation of a simple, low cost, low tech prompt to providers increased the rate of influenza vaccination in our clinic and we present this approach as an easy to implement method of improving vaccination rates. We also suggest this method as an alternative to an alert in the electronic medical record in situations where the electronic medical record may not be accessed during every patient encounter. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(3):e57, 2015.
Origin of hot ions observed in a modified Penning discharge

Ions with a Maxwellian energy distribution and kinetic temperatures ranging from below 100 eV to several keV have been observed in a steady‐state modified Penning discharge. Observations in the plasma, with capacitive probes at several azimuthal locations, are consistent with the existence of two distinct spokes rotating with different velocities in the sheath between the plasma and the anode ring. The faster (0.3−10 MHz) spoke consists of electrons rotating with the E/B drift velocity. The slow 0.06−0.8 MHz) spoke consists of ions, the measured thermal velocity of which is directly proportional to the spoke velocity. The interaction of the two spokes is apparently responsible for the observed electrostatic “turbulence” and ion thermalization. The anode sheath thickness is smaller than the ion gyrodiameter in this plasma. Thus, the ions are in the electric field of the sheath for only a fraction of their orbit, and their E / B drift (spoke) velocity is smaller than that of the electrons.
A method of moments model for VHF propagation

Predictions of a numerical model for site specific very high frequency (VHF) propagation over irregular terrain are compared to experimental data and to other propagation models. The numerical model is based on an iterative version of the method of moments (MOM) known as the banded matrix flat surface iterative approach (BMFSIA) for either perfectly conducting or penetrable surfaces rough in one direction only. Due to the large size of the numerical problem (65000 to 130000 unknowns), a parallel implementation of the method is presented and applied in the simulations. Comparisons with measurement data show good agreement overall and also illustrate the sensitivity of the model to input terrain profiles. Comparisons with other propagation models show good agreement also in cases where these models are expected to be valid and further clarify the limitations of the approximations made in these methods.
Enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereogenic centers through copper-catalyzed conjugate additions of aryl- and alkylaluminum reagents to acyclic trisubstituted enones.

Development of methods for efficient catalytic enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) of readily accessible carbon-based nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls is a major objective of research in chemical synthesis.[1] Progress has been made in designing effective chiral complexes that promote a variety of catalytic ECA reactions. One especially challenging area corresponds to transformations that furnish all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers;[2] recent years have witnessed a number of important advances in this regard,[3, 4, 5, 6] including applications to synthesis of complex natural products.[7] Nonetheless, several important limitations remain. One shortcoming is that the majority of processes relate to reactions with cyclic systems.[4-7] The paucity of ECA processes that involve acyclic trisubstituted substrates might be because their transformations, unlike those of cyclic enones, are not facilitated by ring strain; catalysts shown to be effective in differentiating the enantiotopic faces of a Z cyclic olefin might not provide optimal enantioselectivity with commonly used linear E alkenes. The limited number of cases involving acyclic substrates[3] correspond to incorporation of alkyl groups or highly activated Meldrum acid derivatives.[3b-d] There is one report of enantioselective Rh-catalyzed ECA of acyclic enoates with sodium tetraarylborates (one aryl unit transferred);[8] in a recent disclosure, three related examples of Pd-catalyzed ECA with PhB(OH)2 are shown to proceed in up to 80:20 enantiomeric ratio (e.r.).[6c] Another study relates to Cu-catalyzed ECA of methyl units to acyclic α,β-unsaturated aryl- or heteroaryl-substituted ketones; in all but one case (with Et3Al), Me3Al was used.[9]
Conspicuous Consumption and Dynamic Pricing

How do firms develop marketing strategy when consumers seek to satisfy both quality and status-related considerations? We develop an analytical model to study this issue, examining both pricing and product management decisions in markets for conspicuous durable goods. Our analysis yields many interesting and nontrivial insights. First, we demonstrate that high intrinsic quality indirectly generates exclusivity via pricing effects; in turn, this exclusivity generates considerable social payoffs where consumers value status. This insight reverses the direction of causality in the existing literature, wherein only status considerations matter and mere price increases may enhance consumer utility. Second, our dynamic model indicates that where consumers prioritize status benefits, producers incur substantial price depreciation in equilibrium. Third, we examine the product management strategies used by firms to preserve early adopter exclusivity. Finally, we discuss the boundary conditions of our results as well as our results' implications for managerial and policy issues.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Jet Noise Suppression Mechanisms

A unified aeroacoustic jet noise prediction method has been developed based on the modeling of principal noise generation and emission mechanisms from first principles. It is demonstrated herein that this jet noise prediction method is a useful diagnostic tool for assessing the relative importance of the various mechanisms for a given nozzle type. The relative contributions of 1) turbulent mixing noise suppression, 2) shock-cell broadband noise suppression, 3) convective amplification suppression, and 4) fluid shielding attenuation have been evaluated for a high element number multichute suppressor to arrive at a plausible explanation for how multielement suppressors suppress jet noise. This explanation, an alternative view to historical conceptions of jet noise suppression, suggests an approach to designing low noise suppressor nozzles.
A Characterization of Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

As in classical coding theory, quantum analogs of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have offered good error correction performance and low decoding complexity by employing the Calderbank-Shor-Steane construction. However, special requirements in the quantum setting severely limit the structures such quantum codes can have. While the entanglement-assisted stabilizer formalism overcomes this limitation by exploiting maximally entangled states (ebits), excessive reliance on ebits is a substantial obstacle to implementation. This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of quantum LDPC codes which are obtainable from pairs of identical LDPC codes and consume only one ebit, and studies the spectrum of attainable code parameters.
Health in All Policies—The Finnish Initiative: Background, Principles, and Current Issues

Many historical developments, such as the Alma Ata Declaration or the Ottawa Charter, have drawn attention to the need for intersectoral work and for considering the health aspects of different policy proposals. In the 1970s, Finland started broad actions to change national diets to reduce the high mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This and other work in Finland have involved many sectors and policies, resulted in significant public health improvements, and paved the way for the Health in All Policies (HiAP) initiative started during the Finnish European Union (EU) presidency in 2006. The initiative and the principles have encouraged further developments in Finland and have been linked with related developments within the EU and the World Health Organization (WHO).
IRCS: Valuing Ethics at the Expense of Inventory

ABSTRACT: Lisa Martin, the newly promoted controller at International Retail Computer Solutions (IRCS), faces an ethical dilemma. According to her calculations, the company should record a substantial inventory impairment loss. However, top management at IRCS is concerned that Martin's proposed inventory impairment adjustment will place the company in violation of an important debt covenant, which would allow the bank to call IRCS's $10 million note. Should Martin insist on keeping her original inventory impairment adjustment? Or should she be a team player and revise the adjustment downward to prevent a debt covenant violation? As students respond to the case questions, they are exposed to a realistic scenario requiring them to think critically about the underlying accounting issues and to consider the ethical implications of Martin's actions. In addition, the case requires them to apply an ethical framework (the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct) to determine the ethical course of action.
THE MASS-METALLICITY RELATION WITH THE DIRECT METHOD ON STACKED SPECTRA OF SDSS GALAXIES

The relation between galaxy stellar mass and gas-phase metallicity is a sensitive diagnostic of the main processes that drive galaxy evolution, namely cosmological gas inflow, metal production in stars, and gas outflow via galactic winds. We employed the direct method to measure the metallicities of ~200,000 star-forming galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey that were stacked in bins of (1) stellar mass and (2) both stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR) to significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the weak [O III] λ4363 and [O II] λλ7320, 7330 auroral lines required to apply the direct method. These metallicity measurements span three decades in stellar mass from log(M /M ☉) = 7.4-10.5, which allows the direct method mass-metallicity relation to simultaneously capture the high-mass turnover and extend a full decade lower in mass than previous studies that employed more uncertain strong line methods. The direct method mass-metallicity relation rises steeply at low mass (O/H M 1/2) until it turns over at log(M /M ☉) = 8.9 and asymptotes to 12 + log(O/H) = 8.8 at high mass. The direct method mass-metallicity relation has a steeper slope, a lower turnover mass, and a factor of two to three greater dependence on SFR than strong line mass-metallicity relations. Furthermore, the SFR-dependence appears monotonic with stellar mass, unlike strong line mass-metallicity relations. We also measure the N/O abundance ratio, an important tracer of star formation history, and find the clear signature of primary and secondary nitrogen enrichment. N/O correlates tightly with oxygen abundance, and even more so with stellar mass.
Expressive Profile Specification and Its Semantics for a Web Monitoring System

World wide web has gained a lot of prominence with respect to information retrieval and data delivery. With such a prolific growth, a user interested in a specific change has to continuously retrieve/pull information from the web and analyze it. This results in wastage of resources and more importantly the burden is on the user. Pull-based retrieval needs to be replaced with a push-based paradigm for efficiency and notification of relevant information in a timely manner. WebVigiL is an efficient profile-based system to monitor, retrieve, detect and notify specific changes to HTML and XML pages on the web. In this paper, we describe the expressive profile specification language along with its semantics. We also present an efficient implementation of these profiles. Finally, we present the overall architecture of the WebVigiL system and its implementation status.
Low-frequency vortex dynamic susceptibility and relaxation in mesoscopic ferromagnetic dots

Vortex dynamics in a restricted geometry is considered for a magnetic system consisting of ferromagnetic cylindrical dots. To describe the vortex dynamic susceptibility and relaxation the equation of motion for the vortex center position is applied. The dependencies of the vortex dynamic susceptibility and resonance linewidth on geometrical parameters are calculated. A method of extracting damping parameter from the vortex low-frequency resonance peaks is proposed and applied for interpretation of resonance data on FeNi circular dots.
Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: A complex systems approach to human pathobiology

Contemporary classification of human disease derives from observational correlation between pathological analysis and clinical syndromes. Characterizing disease in this way established a nosology that has served clinicians well to the current time, and depends on observational skills and simple laboratory tools to define the syndromic phenotype. Yet, this time-honored diagnostic strategy has significant shortcomings that reflect both a lack of sensitivity in identifying preclinical disease, and a lack of specificity in defining disease unequivocally. In this paper, we focus on the latter limitation, viewing it as a reflection both of the different clinical presentations of many diseases (variable phenotypic expression), and of the excessive reliance on Cartesian reductionism in establishing diagnoses. The purpose of this perspective is to provide a logical basis for a new approach to classifying human disease that uses conventional reductionism and incorporates the non-reductionist approach of systems biomedicine.
Test enrichment for path delay faults using multiple sets of target faults

Test sets for path delay faults in circuits with large numbers of paths are typically generated for path delay faults associated with the longest circuit paths. It is shown that such test sets may not detect faults associated with the next-to-longest paths. This may lead to undetected failures since shorter paths may fail without any of the longest paths failing. In addition, paths that appear to be shorter may actually be longer than the longest paths if the procedure used for estimating path length is inaccurate. A test enrichment procedure is proposed that increases significantly the number of faults associated with the next-to-longest paths that are detected by a test set without increasing its size. This is achieved by targeting both types of faults, but ensuring that the test generation procedure would detect the faults associated with the longest paths, while allowing the procedure the flexibility of detecting or not detecting the faults associated with the next-to-longest paths. The proposed procedure thus improves the quality of the test set without increasing its size. The test enrichment procedure is built on top of a new and effective dynamic test compaction procedure in order to demonstrate that test enrichment is effective even for compact test sets.
Calibration of a polarimetric imaging SAR

Calibration using point targets is discussed. The fourport network calibration technique is used to describe the radar error model. The processor ambiguity function and the radar distortion matrices are combined to form a generalized polarimetric ambiguity function. The polarimetric ambiguity function of the SAR is found using a single point target, namely a trihedral corner reflector. Based on the resultant polarimetric ambiguity function, an estimate for the backscattering coefficient of the terrain is found using a modified version of the single target calibration technique (STCT). A radar image recorded by the JPL aircraft SAR, which includes a variety of point targets, is used for verification of the new calibration method. The calibrated responses of the point targets are compared both with theory and responses based on the POLCAL technique. >
Kalman-Bucy filter for optimum radio-inertial navigation

A seemingly paradoxical situation existed in the Kalman-Bucy formulation of a problem of optimum radio-inertial navigation. The difficulty is traced to the a priori information used in the estimate and variance equations. The reason for the existence of an improved a priori estimate is given. It is shown that with the improved a priori information as initial conditions, the Kalman-Bucy filter gives the same result as that obtained by Peterson originally using the integral equation approach.
Quantum cryptography with imperfect apparatus

Quantum key distribution, first proposed by C.H. Bennett and G. Brassard (1984), provides a possible key distribution scheme whose security depends only on the quantum laws of physics. So far the protocol has been proved secure even under channel noise and detector faults of the receiver but is vulnerable if the photon source used is imperfect. In this paper we propose and give a concrete design for a new concept, self-checking source, which requires the manufacturer of the photon source to provide certain tests; these tests are designed such that, if passed, the source is guaranteed to be adequate for the security of the quantum key distribution protocol, even though the testing devices may not be built to the original specification. The main mathematical result is a structural theorem which states that, for any state in a Hilbert space, if certain EPR-type equations are satisfied, the state must be essentially the orthogonal sum of EPR pairs.
X-ray Signatures of Non-equilibrium Ionization Effects in Galaxy Cluster Accretion Shock Regions

The densities in the outer regions of clusters of galaxies are very low, and the collisional timescales are very long. As a result, heavy elements will be under-ionized after they have passed through the accretion shock. We have studied systematically the effects of non-equilibrium ionization for relaxed clusters in the ΛCDM cosmology using one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. We found that non-equilibrium ionization effects do not depend on cluster mass, but depend strongly on redshift which can be understood by self-similar scaling arguments. The effects are stronger for clusters at lower redshifts. We present X-ray signatures such as surface brightness profiles and emission lines in detail for a massive cluster at low redshift. In general, soft emission (0.3-1.0 keV) is enhanced significantly by under-ionization, and the enhancement can be nearly an order of magnitude near the shock radius. The most prominent non-equilibrium ionization signature we found is the O VII and O VIII line ratio. The ratios for non-equilibrium ionization and collisional ionization equilibrium models are different by more than an order of magnitude at radii beyond half of the shock radius. These non-equilibrium ionization signatures are equally strong for models with different non-adiabatic shock electron heating efficiencies. We have also calculated the detectability of the O VII and O VIII lines with the future International X-ray Observatory (IXO). Depending on the line ratio measured, we conclude that an exposure of ~130-380 ks on a moderate-redshift, massive regular cluster with the X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (XMS) on the IXO will be sufficient to provide a strong test for the non-equilibrium ionization model.
Corrosion and Strength of SiC‐Whisker‐Reinforced Alumina Exposed at High Temperatures to H2—H2O Atmospheres

The flexural strengths and corrosion behavior of a SiC-whisker-reinforced alumina composite material (Al2O3—SiCw) were studied as functions of time, temperature, and PH2O in H2—H2O environments. Experimental conditions included temperatures of 1300° and 1400°C, exposure times up to 30 h, and water vapor levels ranging from very dry (PH2O= 4.6 × 10−7 MPa) to relatively wet (PH2O= 2.2 × 10−3 MPa). The study showed that the weight, strength, composition, and microstructure were strongly dependent on the PH2O level in the environment. When the PH2O in the H2 atmosphere was low, active oxidation of the SiC whiskers in the composite occurred, causing severe reductions in the weight and strength of the samples. At 1400°C, the most severe degradation was observed following exposure to an atmosphere with PH2O= 1.3 × 10−5 MPa. Exposure for 10 h to such an environment reduced the room-temperature flexural strength of the material to less than 50% of that of the unexposed samples. At higher water vapor levels, the reductions in weight and strength became less severe because of the formation of aluminosilicate glass and mullite at the sample surface. Finally, when the composite was exposed at 1400°C to H2 atmospheres containing water vapor pressures of 5 × 10−4 MPa and above, weight gains were observed; and the strength of the material was significantly higher than that of the unexposed material. The increase in strength was attributed to crack healing or blunting as a result of the formation of aluminosilicate glass and mullite on the sample surface. Similar dependencies of strength and weight on the level of oxidant (H2O) in the atmosphere were noted following the exposures at 1300°C; however, the effects were smaller in magnitude.
Total synthesis of (+)-asperazine

The first total synthesis of the structurally novel cyclotryptophan alkaloid asperazine is reported. The central step in the synthetic sequence is a diastereoselective intramolecular Heck reaction in which the substituent controlling stereoselection is external to the ring being formed. This synthesis confirmed the structure of (+)-asperazine (1) proposed by Crews and co-workers and provided material for additional biological studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity originally reported for the marine isolate was not confirmed with synthetic (+)-asperazine.
THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL TAXES AND SPENDING ON BUSINESS STARTUPS

This paper examines the effects of local taxes and government spending on new business startups in 8,576 Maine city-industries between 1993 and 1994. Empirical findings indicate that local property tax rates have a negative effect on the number of startups, whereas spending on education and total local government spending on public services have a positive effect on new business activity.
The reaction of aryl triflates and aryl pivalates with electrophiles. The triflate as a meta-directing group

Electrophilic reactions of substituted aryl triflates yield products wherein the substituents direct the regioselectivity of electrophilic substitution.
The local clinical scientist: A bridge between science and practice.

The local clinical scientist brings the attitudes and knowledge base of the scientist to bear on the problems that must be addressed by the clinician in the consulting room. The problems of inadequate generalizability are reduced by a recognition of the value of local observations and local solutions to problems. However, these observations and solutions benefit by the scientific attitude of the clinician and are subjected to the same need for verifiability that greets all scientific enterprises. The clinical setting is viewed as analogous to a scientific laboratory, and, by doing so, the scientist-practitioner model is enacted.
Therapeutic Applications of Oligonucleotides

This review focuses strictly on the pharmacodynamic considerations of the use of oligonucleotides designed to interact with nucleic acids as therapeutics. The objectives are to place oligonucleotide therapeutics in the context of modern drug discovery and development and to summarize recent progress.
The Future of Conflict Management Systems

This article acknowledges Chris Merchant's contribution to the development of the concept of a conflict management system (CMS). It discusses the relationship between a CMS and a closely related concept, an integrated conflict management system (ICMS), which is a more comprehensive or integrated approach to conflict management. The article reports on surveys of Fortune 1000 corporations that show that the implementation of a CMS in these corporations rose from 17 percent in 1997 to about 30 percent in 2011. Chris Merchant expressed optimism about the future of conflict management systems. Although her vision of the future of conflict management systems has not yet been fulfilled, one can hope that if these systems provide not only organizational efficiency but also workplace justice, her optimism will one day be justified.
The Educated Blogger: Using Weblogs to Promote Literacy in the Classroom.

This article explores the role of weblogs in promoting literacy in classroom settings. Literacy remains paramount in learning, not only for language development, but also as the foundation of all academic disciplines including science and mathematics. Storytelling ignites literacy and remains an important part of life from childhood through adulthood. Weblogs resemble personal journals or diaries and provide an online venue where self-expression and creativity is encouraged and online communities are built. Therefore weblogs provide an excellent tool where storytelling and literacy advance for both individual expressions and collaborative learning. Furthermore, weblogs can be used across academic disciplines, making it a viable tool for educational technologists.
Synthesis of potential molecular electronic devices containing pyridine units

Abstract Conjugated linear molecules containing pyridyl groups as ‘alligator clips’ have been synthesized as potential molecular electronic devices using palladium-catalyzed couplings.
Todorokite-type manganese oxide nanowires as an intercalation cathode for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

Extended hydrothermal treatment at an elevated temperature of 220 °C allowed high yield synthesis of manganese oxide nanowires with a todorokite crystal structure suitable for ions intercalation. The flexible, high aspect ratio nanowires are 50–100 nm in diameter and up to several microns long, with 3 × 3 structural tunnels running parallel to the nanowire longitudinal axis. The tunnels are occupied by magnesium ions and water molecules, with the chemical composition found to be Mg0.2MnO2·0.5H2O. The todorokite nanowires were, for the first time, electrochemically tested in both Li-ion and Na-ion cells. A first discharge capacity of 158 mA h g−1 was achieved in a Na-ion system, which was found to be greater than the first discharge capacity in a Li-ion system (133 mA h g−1). Despite large structural tunnel dimensions, todorokite showed a significant first cycle capacity loss in a Na-ion battery. After 20 cycles, the capacity was found to stabilize around 50 mA h g−1 and remained at this level for 100 cycles. In a Li-ion system, todorokite nanowires showed significantly better capacity retention with 78% of its initial capacity remaining after 100 cycles. Rate capability tests also showed superior performance of todorokite nanowires in Li-ion cells compared to Na-ion cells at higher current rates. These results highlight the difference in electrochemical cycling behavior of Li-ion and Na-ion batteries for a host material with spacious 3 × 3 tunnels tailored for large Na+ ion intercalation.