cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLUE - A Component Connecting Schema-based Reactive to Higher-level Deliberative Layers for Autonomous Agents.

Several problems need to be addressed when integrating reactive and deliberative layers in a hybrid architecture, most importantly the different time scales of operation and (possibly) different data representations of the individual layers. This paper proposes an interface component calledGLUE that is designed to mediate between a schema-based reactive and higher-level deliberative layer. We demonstrate the viability of the conceptual architectural design by defining and implementing a schema-based reactive architecture for a ball following task on an autonomous agent, which is then extended by the GLUE component to interface with a simple deliberative layer.
The Will of the Beast: Sexual Imagery in the Trachiniae

The Women of Trachis — or more properly, the Girls of Trachis — looks backward to a work of Aeschylus, and forward to one of Euripides. All three, the Oresteia, the Trachiniae, the Medea, are tragedies about the sexes.The Trachiniae reminds us of the Oresteia in the following points: Heracles, like Agamemnon, has been away for a long time, on ‘men's business’. He brings home a concubine, Iole, as Agamemnon brings Cassandra. Deianeira, like Clytemnestra, comments on the silence of the captive girl. Deianeira, like Clytemnestra, causes the death of her husband. Deianeira has a son Hyllus who, like Orestes, is loyal to his father and outraged by his father's murder. There the similarity ends. Although Heracles is not totally unlike Agamemnon, Deianeira could hardly be more different from Clytemnestra: she is feminine and passive, gentle with Iole, whose silence she understands, and she kills her husband accidentally, from love, not hatred. Hyllus, too, is different from Orestes: even when he thinks Deianeira has wilfully murdered his father, the worst treatment he can conceive for her is banishment with his curse. In the Oresteia, gods are ever-present, and appear in person on the stage to effect the happy conclusion of the trilogy.
Chapter 2 – Philosophical and Ethical Foundations

The philosophical viewpoints and ethical use of animals are discussed with an emphasis on the use of animals in research. The relationship of people with animals has changed significantly from using animals for food, clothing, and labor toward an urbanized relationship where animals serve as companions. Different philosophical approaches to the interaction with animals include those of contractarianism, utilitarianism, and the animal rights view. Animal welfare objectively and scientifically identifies the needs of animals and determines if those needs are being met. People who believe in “animal rights” are often identified as those who wish to eliminate the use of animals in research, industry, agriculture, and entertainment. Advances made within medicine through the use of animals in research are discussed along with arguments made by those opposing the use of animals in research. Benefits of animal experimentation and methods used to decrease the ethical cost of studies using animals are reviewed.
From Atoms to Circuits: Theoretical and Empirical Modeling of Hot Carrier Degradation

The increase in CMOS hot carrier lifetime due to Deuterium anneals motivates a straightforward physical picture for hot carrier degradation. The various possible isotope effects provide context for a discussion of some qualitative aspects of the physics. Typical industry DC hot carrier stress models and their application to AC circuit models are described and motivated in that context.
Can contaminated water be rendered safe for nasal saline irrigations

Objectives/Hypothesis To compare sterile water to three methods of sterilization (carbon filtration, boiling, and ultraviolet [UV] light) for preparation of nasal saline irrigants free of bacterial and amebic contaminants. Study Design Bench-top translational research and cost comparison. Methods Sterile water was compared to common sterilization methods. Sterile water was contaminated with known concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila, and Naegleria fowleri. Test samples were subjected to boiling, carbon filtration, or ultraviolet light (UV) and then cultivated on appropriate media. Controls included samples of sterile water (negative control) and untreated test samples (positive control). Results Carbon filtration reduced but did not eliminate the number of organisms present in test samples. Boiling test samples for 5 minutes and UV light treatment resulted in sterilization of all organisms. Negative (sham contaminated) samples produced no growth, whereas positive (untreated) samples grew numerous organisms as expected. A cost comparison between bottled water and UV water sterilization (with SteriPEN Ultra) became equal in less than 2 years of consistent use. Conclusions Carbon filtration reduces contamination but does not sterilize water and is thus unsafe for preparation of nasal saline irrigant. Boiling and UV treatment resulted in sterilization and are equivalent to purchased sterile water. Ultraviolet treatment was found to be safe, convenient, and a cost-effective alternative to purchased sterile water. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 127:1513–1519, 2017
Heuristic Rules Underlying Dragonfly Prey Selection and Interception

Summary Animals use rules to initiate behaviors. Such rules are often described as triggers that determine when behavior begins. However, although less explored, these selection rules are also an opportunity to establish sensorimotor constraints that influence how the behavior ends. These constraints may be particularly significant in influencing success in prey capture. Here we explore this in dragonfly prey interception. We found that in the moments leading up to takeoff, perched dragonflies employ a series of sensorimotor rules that determine the time of takeoff and increase the probability of successful capture. First, the dragonfly makes a head saccade followed by smooth pursuit movements to orient its direction-of-gaze at potential prey. Second, the dragonfly assesses whether the prey's angular size and speed co-vary within a privileged range. Finally, the dragonfly times the moment of its takeoff to a prediction of when the prey will cross the zenith. Each of these processes serves a purpose. The angular size-speed criteria biases interception flights to catchable prey, while the head movements and the predictive takeoff ensure flights begin with the prey visually fixated and directly overhead—the key parameters that underlie interception steering. Prey that do not elicit takeoff generally fail at least one of the criterion, and the loss of prey fixation or overhead positioning during flight is strongly correlated with terminated flights. Thus from an abundance of potential targets, the dragonfly selects a stereotyped set of takeoff conditions based on the prey and body states most likely to end in successful capture.
Making It Count: Breadth and Intensity of Extracurricular Engagement and High School Dropout

Previous research suggests that extracurricular engagement reduces the likelihood of high school dropout, particularly among traditionally at-risk populations such as racial and ethnic minorities a...
EFT, Privacy, and the Public Good

Although still in its infancy, electronic funds transfer (EFT) has attracted much public attention. Speculation about its far-reaching effects on financial market structures, the postal service, commercial law, consumers’ control of funds, and a host of other areas has fueled a national debate and caused considerable legal and economic uncertainty. Indeed, as the public debate unfolds, all that appears certain is that public policy will affect the future of EFT profoundly—if only in terms of delay.
Evidence-based initiation of warfarin (Coumadin).

Many physicians continue to use clinical judgment alone as the basis for initiating and adjusting warfarin dosages in patients who require oral anticoagulation. A number of studies have validated approaches to initiation of anticoagulation that provide more rapid anticoagulation with less chance of complications.
Glucagon Biosynthesis in Anglerfish Islets: Identification of A 4,900 Dalton Metabolic Conversion Intermediate

3H-tryptophan- and 14C-isoleucine-labeled anglerfish islet peptides have been separated and analyzed by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ion exchange chromatography and tested for immunologic activity by the Unger 30K antiserum. The results indicate that anglerfish proglucagon (~12,100 daltons) undergoes sequential metabolic cleavage through intermediates of ~9,100 (I) and ~4,900 daltons (II) to yield 3,500 dalton glucagon. Proglucagon and intermediate I proved to be more electronegative than glucagon during high pH PAGE, whereas intermediate II was found to be more electropositive than glucagon. Conversion of intermediate II to glucagon occurs at a very slow rate. Limited treatment with trypsin rapidly degrades proglucagon and both intermediates. Therefore, trypsin or an enzyme having a similar specificity may participate in the metabolic conversion of anglerfish proglucagon to glucagon. Preliminary results from experiments in which anglerfish islet mRNA was utilized to direct the synthesis of cell-free translation products in a wheat germ system indicate that the maximum possible size for an anglerfish pre-proglucagon is less than 18,000 daltons.
Worry, anxiety sensitivity, and electronic cigarettes among adults

Abstract Although electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is now a common substance use behavior, there is little understanding of the individual difference factors related to e-cigarette use beliefs and dependence. The present investigation sought to test a theoretically-driven model of anxiety sensitivity as an explanatory element in a worry-e-cigarette beliefs and dependence model. Participants included 558 adult e-cigarette users (51.4% female; 35.2 years, SD = 10.1) who were nationally recruited via an online survey system. Participants completed a single survey that assessed their mood and e-cigarette behavior and beliefs. Results supported a statistically significant indirect pathway for worry in relation to perceived benefits of e-cigarettes, e-cigarette positive outcome expectancies, and e-cigarette dependence via anxiety sensitivity; effect sizes were small. The indirect effects were evident when accounting for several theoretically relevant covariates (sex, income, education, concurrent cigarette use, and neuroticism). This study provides the first empirical evidence of the role of anxiety sensitivity in the relation between worry and e-cigarette use beliefs and behavior, which may represent a novel intervention target.
Literature Review of Power Sharing Control Strategies in Islanded AC Microgrids with Nonlinear Loads

Power sharing in AC microgrids is a critical need to overcome the challenge of an increase of the power demand. AC microgrids need to meet active and reactive power and load requirements to maintain and stabilize the microgrid voltage and frequency. This paper provides a literature review of primary control methods to regulate voltage, and frequency, achieve proper power sharing, and stabilize the parallel inverters in microgrids with linear loads. Our focus is on methods that do not require communication. This paper discusses the advantages and drawbacks of these primary control methods and current and future challenges that need to be investigated and overcome.
Parole and the moral self: Moral change mitigates responsibility

Recent studies demonstrate a moral self effect: continuity in moral values is crucial to ascriptions of identity in and over time. Since Locke, personal identity has been referred to as a ‘forensic...
Potential mechanisms of cellular injury following exposure to a physiologically relevant species of inorganic mercury.

Abstract Mercury is a toxic metal that is found ubiquitously in the environment. Humans are exposed to different forms of mercury via ingestion, inhalation, and/or dermal absorption. Following exposure, mercuric ions may gain access to target cells and subsequently lead to cellular intoxication. The mechanisms by which mercury accumulation leads to cellular injury and death are not understood fully. Therefore, purpose of this study was to identify the specific intracellular mechanisms that are altered by exposure to inorganic mercury (Hg2+). Normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were exposed to a physiologically relevant form of Hg2+, as a conjugate of cysteine (10 μM or 50 μM). Alterations in oxidative stress were estimated by measuring lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Alterations in actin and tubulin were measured using specific fluorescent dyes. Calcium levels were measured using Fluo-3 AM Calcium Indicator while autophagy was identified with Premo™ Autophagy Sensor LC3B-GFP. The current findings show that exposure to Hg2+ leads to enhanced oxidative stress, alterations in cytoskeletal structure, increases in intracellular calcium, and enhanced autophagy. We have established a more complete understanding of intoxication and cellular injury induced by a relevant form of Hg2+ in proximal tubule cells.
The good, the neutral, and the positive: buffer identity impacts CO 2 reduction activity by nickel(ii) cyclam

Development of new synthetic catalysts for CO2 reduction has been a central focus of chemical research efforts towards mitigating rising global carbon dioxide levels. In parallel with generating new molecular systems, characterization and benchmarking of these compounds across well-defined catalytic conditions are essential. Nickel(II) cyclam is known to be an active catalyst for CO2 reduction to CO. The degree of selectivity and activity has been found to differ widely across electrodes used and upon modification of the ligand environment, though without a molecular-level understanding of this variation. Moreover, while proton transfer is key for catalytic activity, the effects of varying the nature of the proton donor remain unclear. In this work, a systematic investigation of the electrochemical and light-driven catalytic behaviour of nickel(II) cyclam under different aqueous reaction conditions has been performed. The activity and selectivity are seen to vary widely depending on the nature of the buffering agent, even at a constant pH, highlighting the importance of proton transfer for catalysis. Buffer binding to the nickel center is negatively correlated with selectivity, and cationic buffers show high levels of selectivity and activity. These results are discussed in the context of molecular design principles for developing increasingly efficient and selective catalysts. Moreover, identifying these key contributors towards activity has implications for understanding the role of the conserved secondary coordination environments in naturally occurring CO2-reducing enzymes, including carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase.
Friluftsliv in Eating Disorder Recovery: A Systematic Review.

Participation in friluftsliv has gained increased attention along with the growing concern regarding the extended prominence of mental health challenges. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of various forms of friluftsliv as part of recovery processes for people experiencing eating disorders. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched in five databases and 5,994 hits were retrieved. Screening of abstracts according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria identified 13 full-text studies as eligible. The most prominent findings were improved body image and enhanced self-esteem following participation in friluftsliv. However, more high-quality research is necessary for an increased understanding of if, and how, friluftsliv can contribute in the recovery processes and reduction of factors associated with eating disorders.Subscribe to JOREL
Peripheral femoral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as bridge to heart‐lung transplant omne iter incipit primus

Heart-lung transplant (HLT) is a widely accepted modality for certain patients with advanced and refractory cardiopulmonary disease. Some of these patients are critically ill on the transplant waiting list, and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) can be used as a bridge to transplantation. Although the experience with ECMO as a bridge to lung transplant is promising, there is limited evidence to use ECMO as a bridge to HLT. Femoral cannulation remains a concern for ambulation given the risk of bleeding and cannula complications despite studies reporting its safety. We present a case of a 56-year-old male with interstitial lung disease and severe secondary pulmonary hypertension, who was successfully bridged to HLT with ambulatory femoral VA-ECMO.
Composite System Reliability Analysis using Deep Learning enhanced by Transfer Learning

This paper proposes a new algorithm for evaluation of power systems reliability based on Artificial Intelligence. This algorithm proposes an efficient technique to gather training samples and training Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for computing power system reliability indices considering changes in system parameters. It is shown that the computational efficiency gained by machine learning can be increased even further by reducing the time required for collecting training samples and applying transfer learning. Three different modifications of IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS) are used to show the performance of proposed method during changes in system. The results of case studies show that CNNs together with the proposed algorithm provide a good classification accuracy while reducing computation time.
The impact of COVID-19: graduate students’ emotional and psychological experiences

The global lockdown of higher education institutions due to COVID-19 has led to major modifications in the way education is delivered. While students were enrolled in traditional learning environme...
High efficiency of III-nitride and AlGaInP micro-light-emitting diodes using atomic layer deposition

The reduction in efficiency by shrinking device dimensions of micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) has been identified as one of the main drawbacks in the literature. The decrease in efficiency is attributed to surface recombination and sidewall damage due to dry etching, where the efficiency drop is more severe in the AlGaInP material system because of the higher surface recombination velocity and the greater minority carrier diffusion length, compared to the III -nitride system. In this work, the device performance with and without dielectric sidewall passivation using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) are first compared, since PECVD is the common method for dielectric sidewall passivation. It is shown that ALD is more effective in terms of suppressing leakage current and enhancing light output power. Moreover, the efficiency of devices with ALD sidewall passivation is partially recovered, indicating that the efficiency drop in μLEDs can be lessened or mitigated by post-etch fabrication techniques. To further improve the efficiency characteristic, the combination of chemical treatments and ALD sidewall passivation are employed to demonstrate size-independent efficiency performance of III-nitride and AlGaInP μLEDs.
The Durability of EUS-Guided Chemoablation of Mucinous Pancreatic Cysts: A Long-Term Follow-Up of the CHARM trial

Pancreatic cancer has known precursor lesions with potential to develop into malignancy over time. At least 20% of pancreatic cancer evolves from mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, which are often discovered incidentally.1,2 Current guidelines for the management of mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms include long-term surveillance, which is expensive and nontherapeutic, or surgical resection, which is associated with major risk and may not be an option for patients with significant concomitant illness.3.
Evaluation of Electronic Health Record-Based Suicide Risk Prediction Models on Contemporary Data.

Background Suicide risk prediction models have been developed by using information from patients' electronic health records (EHR), but the time elapsed between model development and health system implementation is often substantial. Temporal changes in health systems and EHR coding practices necessitate the evaluation of such models in more contemporary data. Objectives A set of published suicide risk prediction models developed by using EHR data from 2009 to 2015 across seven health systems reported c-statistics of 0.85 for suicide attempt and 0.83 to 0.86 for suicide death. Our objective was to evaluate these models' performance with contemporary data (2014–2017) from these systems. Methods We evaluated performance using mental health visits (6,832,439 to mental health specialty providers and 3,987,078 to general medical providers) from 2014 to 2017 made by 1,799,765 patients aged 13+ across the health systems. No visits in our evaluation were used in the previous model development. Outcomes were suicide attempt (health system records) and suicide death (state death certificates) within 90 days following a visit. We assessed calibration and computed c-statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and cut-point specific estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive value. Results Models were well calibrated; 46% of suicide attempts and 35% of suicide deaths in the mental health specialty sample were preceded by a visit (within 90 days) with a risk score in the top 5%. In the general medical sample, 53% of attempts and 35% of deaths were preceded by such a visit. Among these two samples, respectively, c-statistics were 0.862 (95% CI: 0.860–0.864) and 0.864 (95% CI: 0.860–0.869) for suicide attempt, and 0.806 (95% CI: 0.790–0.822) and 0.804 (95% CI: 0.782–0.829) for suicide death. Conclusion Performance of the risk prediction models in this contemporary sample was similar to historical estimates for suicide attempt but modestly lower for suicide death. These published models can inform clinical practice and patient care today.
Risk factors for poor engagement in drug-resistant TB care in South Africa: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND Metrics of poor patient engagement, including missed appointments, treatment interruption, sub-optimal medication adherence, and loss to follow-up, have been linked to poor clinical multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) outcomes. Understanding the risk factors for poor patient engagement is necessary to improve outcomes and control TB. This review synthesizes the risk factors for poor patient engagement in MDR-TB treatment across South Africa. DESIGN A systematic review of five databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science) was conducted, covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. Articles were included if they provided information about risk factors associated with poor engagement among adults (⩾15 years) in treatment for MDR-TB in South Africa. Reviews, editorials, abstracts, and case studies were excluded. RESULTS Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Male sex and younger age were the most consistently identified risk factors for poor engagement; however, there was a lack of consistency in the choice of covariates, measurement of the variables, analytic methods, and significant factors associated with poor engagement between studies. Alcohol use, substance use, living with HIV, pulmonary TB site, and ethnicity were all identified as risk factors in at least one included study, while formal housing and steady employment were found to be protective. CONCLUSION The available literature offers little cohesive data to address poor patient engagement in this population. Further research needs to focus on identifying and addressing risk factors for poor patient engagement. This is particularly salient within the context of newer all-oral and short-course MDR-TB treatment regimens.
Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs by the James Webb Space Telescope

The scheduled launch of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in late 2021 marks a new start for studies of galaxy formation at high redshift z>~6 during the era of Cosmic Reionization. JWST can capture sensitive, high-resolution images and multi-object spectroscopy in the infrared that will transform our view of galaxy formation during the first billion years of cosmic history. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of galaxies in reionizing intergalactic hydrogen ahead of JWST, achieved through observations with Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based facilities including Keck, the Very Large Telescope, Subaru, and the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. We identify outstanding questions in the field that JWST can address during its mission lifetime, including with the planned JWST Cycle 1 programs. (Abridged)
Structural basis of glycan276-dependent recognition by HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Summary Recognition of N-linked glycan at residue N276 (glycan276) at the periphery of the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) on the HIV-envelope trimer is a formidable challenge for many CD4bs-directed antibodies. To understand how this glycan can be recognized, here we isolate two lineages of glycan276-dependent CD4bs antibodies. Antibody CH540-VRC40.01 (named for donor-lineage.clone) neutralizes 81% of a panel of 208 diverse strains, while antibody CH314-VRC33.01 neutralizes 45%. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of these two antibodies and 179NC75, a previously identified glycan276-dependent CD4bs antibody, in complex with HIV-envelope trimer reveal substantially different modes of glycan276 recognition. Despite these differences, binding of glycan276-dependent antibodies maintains a glycan276 conformation similar to that observed in the absence of glycan276-binding antibodies. By contrast, glycan276-independent CD4bs antibodies, such as VRC01, displace glycan276 upon binding. These results provide a foundation for understanding antibody recognition of glycan276 and suggest its presence may be crucial for priming immunogens seeking to initiate broad CD4bs recognition.
Neonatal Weight: No fire without smoke (particles)

Pollution from landscape fires, which are increasing with climate change, leads to babies being born with lower birthweights in low- and middle-income countries.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Residual Stress of Cold Sprayed Nickel-based Superalloys

Residual stress formation during cold spraying process may result in deteriorative effects on the performance of coating materials. The objective of this investigation is to characterize residual stress built-up in two well-known nickel-based superalloys (Inconel 625 and Inconel 718) deposited using cold spraying technique. To this end, the residual stress was precisely measured using x-ray diffraction method. Here, residual stress in the subsurface regions was only studied because the surface properties may alter during sample preparation. The average residual stress was slightly higher in Inconel 625 compared to the Inconel 718 sample. Heat treatment at 800 °C helped in the reduction of porosities which exerted tensile stress in subsurface regions of both coatings. Stresses with opposite signs could cancel each other and result in reduction of residual stress after heat treatment. However, the recovery of residual stress was higher for Inconel 718 coating. In the next step as-sprayed and heat-treated coating samples were subjected to microindentation test to measure their hardness and study the crack formation in the samples. The as-sprayed Inconel 625 exhibited higher hardness than Inconel 718, but the hardness of Inconel 625 decreased more drastically after heat treatment. While the cracks were formed on both as-sprayed samples around indents, no cracks were found in the heat-treated samples. The results from this study will contribute to better understanding the performance of cold spray deposited superalloys under service conditions and the effect of stress relaxation heat treatment on elimination of residual stress.
TPAD: Hardware Trojan Prevention and Detection for Trusted Integrated Circuits

There are increasing concerns about possible malicious modifications of integrated circuits (ICs) used in critical applications. Such attacks are often referred to as hardware Trojans. While many techniques focus on hardware Trojan detection during IC testing, it is still possible for attacks to go undetected. Using a combination of new design techniques and new memory technologies, we present a new approach that detects a wide variety of hardware Trojans during IC testing and also during system operation in the field. Our approach can also prevent a wide variety of attacks during synthesis, place-and-route, and fabrication of ICs. It can be applied to any digital system, and can be tuned for both traditional and split-manufacturing methods. We demonstrate its applicability for both application-specified integrated circuits and field-programmable gate arrays. Using fabricated test chips with Trojan emulation capabilities and also using simulations, we demonstrate: 1) the area and power costs of our approach can range between 7.4%–165% and 7%–60%, respectively, depending on the design and the attacks targeted; 2) the speed impact can be minimal (close to 0%); 3) our approach can detect 99.998% of Trojans (emulated using test chips) that do not require detailed knowledge of the design being attacked; 4) our approach can prevent 99.98% of specific attacks (simulated) that utilize detailed knowledge of the design being attacked (e.g., through reverse engineering); and 5) our approach never produces any false positives, i.e., it does not report attacks when the IC operates correctly.
Explicit Finite Element Methods for Linear Hyperbolic Systems

Our focus is on explicit finite element discretization of transient, linear hyperbolic systems in arbitrarily many space dimensions. We propose several ways of generating suitable “explicit” meshes, and sketch an O(h n+1/2) error estimate for a discontinuous Galerkin method. Continuous methods are also considered briefly. This paper parallels [2] in large part, while using a different approach in the analysis.
Gaussian reconstruction of swarm behavior from partial data

Swarms consist of large numbers of individual agents that generally maintain no fixed relative positions, which makes describing the behavior of the swarm as a whole difficult. Furthermore, the high number of agents leads to frequent occlusions that prevent observations of the entire swarm. In this paper, we represent the behavior of swarms using velocity fields, yielding a description which is invariant to the number of agents in a swarm, and the position, orientation, and scale of the swarm. The velocity field representation allows the behavior of swarms to be modeled as a Gaussian distribution. We demonstrate that this Gaussian model can be used to reconstruct the behavior of the swarm as a whole from partial observations.
A feasible and cost effective two-factor authentication for online transactions

Authentication is the process of verifying a user's identity when the user is requesting services from any secure IT system. By far, the most popular authentication is a basic username-password based method that is commonly considered to be a weak technique of authentication. A more secure method is the multi-factor authentication that verifies not only the username/password pair, but also requires a second or third unique physical or biological factor. However, the feasibility of multi-factor authentication is largely restricted by the deployment complexity and cost. In this paper, we propose a technique of two-factor authentication, called SofToken, that eases the deployment process and greatly reduces the cost, while maintaining the same level of security as achieved by current available techniques. A RFID application is also proposed to improve the portability of SofToken.
Selective effects of hyperprolactinemia on in vitro dopamine release from median eminence synaptosomes

Prolactin is thought to exert an autoregulatory, negative feedback effect on its own secretion via stimulation of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons. To investigate possible mechanisms involved in this feedback, the effects of experimentally induced hyperprolactinemia on the release of 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) were studied in nerve terminals (synaptosomes) isolated from rat median eminence (ME), the TIDA neuronal projection field. Synaptosomes were prepared from adult male rats treated with ovine prolactin (oPRL) or the vehicle for 48 hr. Synaptosomes were incubated in 0.1 microM 3H-DA at 30 degrees C until steady-state conditions were achieved, and then release of the preaccumulated transmitter was measured over 1–20 sec time intervals under basal and depolarizing conditions. Release of 3H-DA elicited by depolarization of the terminals was significantly greater in ME synaptosomes prepared from oPRL-treated animals as compared with preparations from controls. This effect of the hyperprolactinemia appeared to be specific to the TIDA neurons since oPRL treatment did not result in increased evoked release of 3H-DA from terminals prepared from the mesolimbic, tuberohypophyseal, or nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Basal efflux in all preparations was not changed from controls. The increased evoked release in oPRL-treated ME occurred when depolarization was induced either with high external [KCl] or veratridine. The enhanced 3H-DA efflux was evident during depolarization over a wide range of external calcium concentrations (0.01–3.0 mM), in the presence of 20 nM Ni2+ to block Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated channels, or when all external Ca2+ had been chelated, indicating that this effect of oPRL involves DA released through a mechanism independent of external calcium.
Ruptured spleen simulating ectopic pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. A case has been reported of massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen clinically simulating a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. 2. 2. It is suggested that colpocentesis be utilized as an aid in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal bleeding from any source.
Prognostic significance of metastasis-associated protein S100A4 (Mts1) in prostate cancer progression and chemoprevention regimens in an autochthonous mouse model

Purpose: We recently showed that metastasis-promoting Mts1 gene (S100A4) and protein is overexpressed during progression of prostate cancer in humans. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of S100A4 during autochthonous prostate cancer progression in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Because oral consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) has been shown to inhibit metastasis and prostate cancer in TRAMP, we further assessed the significance of S100A4 during chemoprevention regimen. Experimental Design: Male TRAMP mice 8 weeks of age were equally divided into two groups. A freshly prepared 0.1% GTP solution in tap water was supplied thrice a week to experimental animals as the sole source of drinking fluid for 24 weeks, whereas the control group of animals received the same tap water throughout the experiment. The animals were sacrificed at 0, 8, 16, and 24 weeks of GTP feeding and were analyzed for S100A4 and E-cadherin. Additional untreated and treated nontransgenic controls were also included in the study. Results: With the progression of age and prostate cancer growth in TRAMP mice, an increase in the expression of S100A4 at mRNA and protein level in dorsolateral prostate, but not in nontransgenic mice, occurred. GTP feeding to TRAMP mice resulted in marked inhibition of prostate cancer progression, which was associated with reduction of S100A4 and restoration of E-cadherin. Conclusions: S100A4 represents a promising marker for prostate cancer progression and could be employed as a biomarker in chemoprevention regimens.
SYSTEMATICS AND TAXONOMY OF EOCENE TOMISTOMINE CROCODYLIANS FROM BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EUROPE

Abstract: The holotype of Dollosuchus dixoni (Owen) from the Early–Middle Eocene Bracklesham Beds of England is a set of mandibular fragments that cannot be distinguished from corresponding parts of other longirostrine crocodylians. An isolated humerus from the Bracklesham Beds is consistent with a gavialoid, but it cannot be referred to the holotype of D. dixoni. The name Dollosuchoides densmorei is established for the well-preserved skull and skeleton of a tomistomine from the Middle Eocene of Belgium that had been referred to D. dixoni. It can be clearly distinguished from the basal tomistomine ‘Crocodilus’spenceri Buckland from the Lower Eocene of England, which cannot be referred to Dollosuchoides and is provisionally referred to Kentisuchus Mook. Although basal within Tomistominae, Dollosuchoides is more closely related to Tomistoma than to Kentisuchus.
Making Economic Principles Personal: Student Journals and Reflection Papers

Abstract: The authors address two informal writing assignments implemented in introductory economics classes. One assignment involves students writing short reflection papers, and the other assignment involves students writing short journal entries for a designated period of time. Both assignments are designed to help students realize that economics is directly pertinent to their daily lives. Pedagogical issues related to both the benefits to students and the benefits and costs to faculty who implement the assignments are discussed. These assignments can provide beneficial insights to newer faculty members, who are adjusting to university and local community life, and contribute to developing new course material of perceived relevance to students.
Magnetic and thermal scaling of electric machines

In this paper, we will investigate performance relationships between electric machines whose dimensions are related by a uniform scaling factor. It is shown, assuming that the voltages applied to the scaled machine windings possess the same magnitude as those applied to the original ‘unit’ machine, that a corresponding scaling of the time domain ensures the magnetic fields in the machine are consistent with the original, unscaled machine. Furthermore, under the assumption of linear thermal conduction within the machine materials, it is shown that the temperature profile is consistent as well, provided the scaled cooling system can maintain the same temperatures at the machine’s boundaries. This serendipitous result allows for straightforward scaling of machine performance characteristics, such as torque-speed curves and efficiency maps, which may be particularly useful for variable-speed and automotive applications.
CARBON MONOXIDE IN A CH STAR IN M22

Spectra from 2.1-2.5 microns and broad-band observations from 1.2-3.5 microns are presented for the CH star III-106 in the globular cluster M22. The visual to infrared color implies an effective temperature of about 4600 K. The CO index is 0.11, significantly greater than for other cluster giants of this temperature and metallicity. The strength of the CO can be understood if the carbon abundance in III-106 has been enriched by nucleosynthesis. A carbon enhancement of at least a factor of 4 appears to be required.
Developing E-Science and Research Services and Support at the University of Minnesota Health Sciences Libraries

ABSTRACT This article describes the development and implementation of e-science and research support services in the Health Sciences Libraries (HSL) at the University of Minnesota (UMN). A review of the broader e-science initiatives within the UMN demonstrates the needs and opportunities that the University Libraries face while building knowledge, skills, and capacity to support e-research. These experiences are being used by the University Libraries administration and HSL to apply support for the growing needs of researchers in the health sciences. Several research areas that would benefit from enhanced e-science support are described. Plans to address the growing e-research needs of health sciences researchers are also discussed.
Subunit exchange between and specific activities of mutant bacterial luciferases

Abstract Complementation has been demonstrated between two mutant bacterial luciferases which possess low activities due to different structural defects in different subunits. Activity characteristic of the wild type dimer was obtained by incubating under non-denaturing conditions. The specific activities of the two mutant enzymes were determined by using specific antiserum made against the wild type luciferase.
Irinotecan in non-small-cell lung cancer: status of ongoing trials

Irinotecan possesses significant single-agent activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is active in combination with either cisplatin or carboplatin. Two phase III trials completed in Japan have suggested that the combination of irinotecan/cisplatin yields superior survival rates in stage IV NSCLC patients compared to vindesine/cisplatin. The principal toxicities of the irinotecan/cisplatin regimen are neutropenia and diarrhea. This regimen is currently being tested in Japan against regimens commonly used in the United States, such as cisplatin/gemcitabine, cisplatin/vinorelbine, and carboplatin/paclitaxel. These studies include evaluation of monthly as well as weekly schedules of cisplatin in combination with irinotecan as well as a triplet regimen of irinotecan/carboplatin/paclitaxel. Ongoing trials are evaluating these regimens as well as irinotecan/carboplatin and several nonplatinum-based irinotecan-containing doublets in both the first- and second-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. Several ongoing trials are attempting to integrate irinotecan with thoracic radiation therapy in stage III NSCLC. These trials are using irinotecan-containing regimens as induction and concurrent therapy with thoracic radiation therapy. Irinotecan is also being evaluated in the preoperative setting in early-stage resectable NSCLC. Many of these trials are also incorporating celecoxib, a potent inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway, in combination with irinotecan-containing regimens in both advanced as well as early-stage NSCLC. Future trials should focus on the integration of the new targeted agents in combination with irinotecan-containing regimens in all stages of NSCLC.
A combinatorial prediction market for the U.S. elections

We report on a large-scale case study of a combinatorial prediction market. We implemented a back-end pricing engine based on Dudik et al.'s (2012) combinatorial market maker, together with a wizard-like front end to guide users to constructing any of millions of predictions about the presidential, senatorial, and gubernatorial elections in the United States in 2012. Users could create complex combinations of predictions and, as a result, we obtained detailed information about the joint distribution and conditional estimates of election results. We describe our market, how users behaved, and how well our predictions compared with benchmark forecasts. We conduct a series of counterfactual simulations to investigate how our market might be improved in the future.
Adolescent relationship abuse and reproductive and sexual coercion among teens.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) involves a range of coercive and violent behaviours in romantic or consensual relationships. ARA is prevalent and is associated with multiple poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes, especially for adolescent girls. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies and reviews of ARA research point to the prevalence of ARA, health consequences of ARA and the contribution of social and cultural norms to ARA perpetration, all of which can inform how to address ARA more effectively with adolescents. Emerging research on reproductive and sexual coercion among adolescents and technology-based abuse is directly relevant to the reproductive and sexual healthcare of adolescents. SUMMARY: Current findings underscore the extent to which young, reproductive-aged women may particularly benefit from more effective methods to address ARA. In line with recent American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations, clinicians should assess for and counsel their adolescent female patients about how ARA and reproductive and sexual coercion may influence adolescent girls' reproductive health. Recent evidence also highlights that ARA manifests in ways that may be less recognizable to clinicians, such as cyber dating abuse. Finally, ARA prevention and intervention efforts should continue to promote gender equity and address the social and cultural norms that shape adolescent girls' experiences of abuse. Language: en
SU-FF-T-172: Verification of Whole-Body Dosimetry in An IMRT Treatment Planning System

Purpose:IMRT has been widely used in radiation therapy, since this technique shows potential for further improving the therapeutic ratio and reducing complications. On the other hand, it has been suggested that IMRT presents a potential impact on the induction of second malignancies, because it can result in a higher whole‐body dose due to leakage radiation. In the routine treatment planning process, complete information on the whole‐body dose‐volume histogram is not available due to the limited patient body volume imaged in the CTtreatment planning process. In addition, for IMRT, larger volumes of normal tissues are being exposed to low doses, and the dosimetric uncertainties of a treatment planning system at these doses are relatively large. In this study, whole‐body dosimetry calculated from the Eclipse‐Helios planning system was verified using a whole‐body anthropomorphic phantom and MOSFET detectors, as well as polymergels.Method and Materials: The “ATOM” whole‐body anthropomorphic phantom was CT‐ scanned into the Eclipse‐Helios system. An IMRT prostate plan was designed for the ATOM phantom. Each MOSFET detector was calibrated at various angles based on ion chamber dosimetry. The MOSFET detectors were precisely placed in relocatable dosimeter positions corresponding to various internal organs, allowing point‐dose measurements and comparison. BANG® polymergel, prepared in a cylindrical container, was placed at the phantom head position to measure the 3D dose distribution. The DVH in the gel cylinder, analyzed with an optical CT scanner, was compared with that from the planning system. Results: Preliminary results show that the agreement between the MOSFET measurements and the calculated results is within 5% for points within the target. At low‐dose regions (0.1–60%), discrepancies are larger but reasonable. DVH comparison between gels and the treatment planning will be presented. Conclusion: Anthropomorphic phantom with MOSFET detectors and polymergels can provide whole‐body dosimetry verification for IMRT.