cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil water controls on aerobic soil emission of gaseous nitrogen oxides

Abstract Soil water content has multiple effects on the emission of gaseous N oxides. To separate and characterize these effects, we monitored rates of CO 2 , NO 2 and N 2 O evolution and changes in inorganic N concentrations of soil under a factorial combination of three N treatments and three water treatments during a 10-day laboratory incubation study. Because the emission of NO from control and NH 4 NO 3 -amended soil varied with the rate of chemoautotrophic NH 4 + oxidation and was virtually eliminated by a specific inhibitor of that process [nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine)], we concluded that nitrification was the principal NO source over the entire tested range of soil water potentials (−10 to less than − 1000 kPa). Denitrifikation made no significant contribution to N oxide emissions from even the wettest soil, so nitrifiers were probably also responsible for the much smaller emission of N 2 O under all treatments. Slower gas diffusion in soil with highest, compared to lowest, water content caused a 3-fold reduction in the mean NO:NO 3 − product ratio of nitrification, suggesting that the NO produced by NH 4 + -oxidizers is further oxidized unless conditions permit its rapid escape to the atmosphere. Nitrapyrin also eliminated the brief burst of N oxide emissions that typically follows wetting of dry soil, indicating that chemoautotrophic NH 4 + oxidation is also involved in this phenomenon despite the poor correlation of the burst's magnitude with soil NH 4 + or NO 2 − concentrations. A second burst of N oxide emissions from control or NH 4 NO 3 -amended soil with no inhibitor occurred only where desiccation reduced both NO and CO 2 evolution to near zero prior to rewetting the soil after a 7-day drying cycle.
Labour Migration to the Northern Nigerian Tin Mines, 1903–1945

The study of migrant labour in Africa has tended to emphasize social form rather than historical context. This study of the immense migrant labour force that worked the Northern Nigerian tin mines is placed in the context of the ongoing subsumption of labour and existing social relationships by capital. Colonial conquest was required for the establishment of tin mining in Nigeria on a capitalist basis to serve the industrial needs of the West. Pre-colonial social organization prevented the release of sufficient labour for this purpose. After conquest, a migrant labour force was built up in conjuncture with a growing reserve army of labour by means of cash taxation, penetration of the market, weakening of slavery and state use of forced labour. In the second decade of the twentieth century there was substantial pressure from mineowners for the colonial regime to institute Rhodesian-style labour recruitment methods, but this was ultimately rejected because of the costs involved, the desire to encourage cash crop growth and the overarching aim of social stability. As a result, it was largely market forces which threw up the pool of labour that worked the mines, notably from the cash crop poor parts of Northern Nigeria and neighbouring French colonies. Initially, migrant labour was the most satisfactory option for many Northern Nigerian peasants, whose wages earned most in the pre-World War I era. The purchasing power of a miner's wage tended to decline, but social forces continued to throw up cheap labour. In World War II, the state instituted forced labour to mine tin, but the scheme was expensive, unproductive and opposed by business. The 1940s represented the nadir of worker poverty and the war was followed by a period of heightened social and political resistance to capital and the state. The tin mines both helped to cause and profited from the decay of the older mode of production in Northern Nigeria.
A Three-Dimensional Display System for Diagnostic Imaging Applications

Digitally formatted 3-D imaging will become increasingly important in medical diagnosis. What is the best trade-off of speed, picture quality, and storage requirements?
Making Blended Instruction Better: Integrating the Principles of Universal Design for Instruction into Course Design and Delivery

Abstract Online instruction in general and blended instruction in particular have gained a sizable and permanent foothold in postsecondary educational environments. In addition, student diversity has become the norm. Universal design for instruction is a framework that consists of nine principles for instructional design and delivery; it proposes that course designers proactively consider the needs of all students. The present article discusses the convergence of blended instructional techniques with universal design for instruction, which provides a unique opportunity for course designers to address the needs of a diverse student population.
Interaction-based programming with classages

This paper presents Classages, a novel interaction-centric object-oriented language. Classes and objects in Classages are fully encapsulated, with explicit interfaces for all interactions they might be involved in. The design of Classages touches upon a wide range of language design topics, including encapsulation, object relationship representation, and object confinement. An encoding of Java's OO model in Classages is provided, showing how standard paradigms are supported. A prototype Classages compiler is described.
Energy shift effects in pion-nucleus charge exchange

The effect of the shift of the effective energy of the pion-nucleon amplitude on the pion-nucleus charge exchange due to isospin splitting of the core is investigated. Calculations are done in both plane wave and distorted wave frameworks.
The Relative Importance of Maturation and Habit in the Development of an Instinct

1 The writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Dr. K. S. Lashley of the University of Minnesota for criticisms and suggestions in the preparation of this paper.
Development of the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire: Components, Reliability, and Validity

Two separate investigations were conducted to develop an objective self-report instrument, the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), designed to measure four personality tendencies associated with sexual awareness and sexual assertiveness: sexual-consciousness (attention to internal private sexual cues), sexual-monitoring (sensitivity to others' evaluation of one's sexuality), sexual-assertiveness (self-reliance in sexual decision making), and sex appeal-consciousness (awareness of one's own public sexiness). Factor and reliability analyses from both studies confirmed the factorial validity and reliability of the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire. Other results provided evidence supporting the convergent and discriminant validity of the SAQ. All four SAQ subscales tended to be negatively related to measures of sex-anxiety and sex-guilt for both males and females, and sexual-consciousness was directly related to erotophilic feelings. Other findings indicated that men's and women's responses to the four SAQ subscales were related in a predictable fashion to their sexual attitudes, dispositions, and behaviors. Research and clinical applications are discussed.
The Superintendency and School Effectiveness: An Organizational Hierarchy Perspective

ABSTRACT The extant literature provides little clarity in an understanding of the chief executive officer's (CEO) impact on school effectiveness. From ah exploratory study of suburban school superintendents near the city of Chicago, indications are that CEO influences upon the school‐site may evolve out of normative relationships with the surrounding community, the dynamics of governing board‐superintendent relationships, the risk‐constrained nature of the superintendency, and the superintendent's unique relationship with building principals. A conclusion is that administrator effects upon the schools are best conceived as a “balanced system” of both centralized and decentralized controls.
Increasing Student Involvement in Cognitive Aging Research

The involvement of undergraduates in research on aging has benefits for the students and for the faculty mentors, as well as for their departments, their universities, and the field of gerontology at large. This article reports on the application of a 3-year Academic Research Enhancement Award (AREA) by the National Institute on Aging awarded to Fairfield University—a selective, midsize private Jesuit institution—to increase undergraduate involvement in cognitive aging research. The series of studies examines age-related differences in veridical and false memories arising from repeated attempts to remember information. The grant has greatly expanded the research opportunities available for undergraduates, and has provided research training to a greater number and broader range of students than was previously possible (over the 3-year period, over 30 students gained hands-on, in depth research training). Specific student research activities on the Fairfield Cognitive Aging Project are discussed, and the de...
The role of perceptions and attributions for response‐outcome noncontingency in learned helplessness: A commentary and discussion

Three papers in the Journal of Personality (Oakes & Curtis, 1982; Tennen, Drum, Gillen, & Stanton, 1982; Tennen, Gillen, & Drum, 1982) report that behavioral deficits characteristic of learned helplessness occur independently of perceptions of and attributions for noncontingency. The present article discusses the problems for the cognitive mediational component of helplessness theory raised by these three papers. It is argued that while these papers do not seriously challenge helplessness theory because they fail to test adequately the central proposition of the model, they point to the theory's need for greater elaboration of the processes or mechanisms linking objective experiences, perceptions, attributions, expectations, and behavioral effects of uncontrollability. Suggestions for some of the additional mediational processes a revised helplessness theory should incorporate are offered, followed by a discussion of the role of these processes in leading to the relatively greater support found for perceptions and attributions as mediators of behavioral helplessness in natural vs. laboratory environments.
The Impact of Depressive Symptoms and Health on Sexual Satisfaction for Older Couples: Implications for Clinicians

This study of 535 older married couples examined the relationship between depression and health and sexual satisfaction directly and when mediated by communication. The sample included 535 older couples who completed a survey questionnaire known as Project Couple Retire. Among the items in the questionnaire were measures of depression, health, perception of sexual intimacy, communication and other demographic information. Results from Structural Equation Modeling indicated that for women, health was a significant predictor of sexual satisfaction. For both genders, the results suggest that depression, when mediated by communication, is a predictor of sexual satisfaction among older couples. Implications for clinicians are discussed.
Real-time sample entropy predicts life-saving interventions after the Boston Marathon bombing

Abstract Purpose Identifying patients in need of a life-saving intervention (LSI) during a mass casualty event is a priority. We hypothesized that real-time, instantaneous sample entropy (SampEn) could predict the need for LSI in the Boston Marathon bombing victims. Materials and methods Severely injured Boston Marathon bombing victims (n = 10) had sample entropy (SampEn) recorded upon presentation using a continuous 200-beat rolling average in real time. Treating clinicians were blinded to real-time results. The correlation between SampEn, injury severity, number, and type of LSI was examined. Results Victims were males (60%) with a mean age of 39.1 years. Injuries involved lower extremities (50.0%), head and neck (24.2%), or upper extremities (9.7%). Sample entropy negatively correlated with Injury Severity Score (r = − 0.70; P = .023), number of injuries (r = − 0.70; P = .026), and the number and need for LSI (r = − 0.82; P = .004). Sample entropy was reduced under a variety of conditions. SampEn (mean ± SD) P Amputation, n = 5 0.7 ± 0.3 No amputation, n = 5 1.9 ± 0.8 .027 Transfusion, n = 5 0.7 ± 0.3 No transfusion, n = 5 1.9 ± 0.8 .027 Intubation, n = 6 0.8 ± 0.3 No intubation, n = 4 2.1 ± 0.7 .027 Vasopressors, n = 7 0.8 ± 0.3 No vasopressors, n = 3 2.4 ± 0.3 .004 Conclusions Sample entropy strongly correlates with injury severity and predicts LSI after blast injuries sustained in the Boston Marathon bombings. Sample entropy may be a useful triage tool after blast injury.
Payment expectations for research participation among subjects who tell the truth, subjects who conceal information, and subjects who fabricate information

Abstract Multiple models guide researchers' payment practices but few studies have assessed subjects' expectations for payment. Payments in excess of subjects' expectations may result in undue inducement, while payments below these expectations may be associated with exploitation. Data on subjects' payment expectations will help inform practices to avoid undue inducement and exploitation. This study examined subjects' expectations for payment for common research procedures and explored the relationship between subjects' honesty and payment expectations. One-hundred subjects who participated in two or more studies in the last year reported the minimum payment they expect for completing study procedures. They were also asked about their use of deception while screening for studies. Subjects expected $20 on average to complete the least risky and least burdensome procedure. Subjects' expectations for payment consistently increased with greater procedure risks. Subjects who denied using deception to enroll in studies refused more procedures than subjects who reported using deception. Among subjects who used deception, the rate of procedure refusal increased with procedure risks, suggesting that these subjects have some risk aversion and may act to protect themselves from undue inducement. Although subjects expect greater payments for more risky procedures, ethical considerations for limiting undue inducement may prevent researchers from meeting subjects' expectations. Subjects who use deceptive practices appear to be more risk-tolerant than subjects who deny using deception; nonetheless, these deceptive subjects also exercise some risk aversion when they refuse higher-risk procedures. These subjects may be able to protect themselves from undue inducement by refusing procedures that exceed their risk tolerance.
Characterization of functional assays of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein transport activity

P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance has emerged as one of the most attractive targets to improve anticancer therapy. The P-glycoprotein functions as an energy-dependent, membrane transport pump capable of decreasing the intracellular concentration of a broad range of chemotherapeutic agents. Pharmaceuticals which inhibit P-glycoprotein transport activity are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Characterization of P-glycoprotein functional activity is critical in determining if these multidrug resistance reversal agents improve therapeutic responses of tumors expressing P-glycoprotein. In this report, we directly compare and characterize assays using rhodamine 123, dimethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DiOC2), [3H]daunorubicin and hexakis(2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile)technetium(I) ([(99m)Tc]Sestamibi) as P-glycoprotein transport probes to quantitate functional activity. The accumulation of certain substrates is concentration dependent and the parameters which determine probe accumulation are impacted by the level of P-glycoprotein expression. In addition, higher concentrations of reversal agents are required to inhibit multidrug resistance in cell lines expressing higher levels of P-glycoprotein. Furthermore, the concentration of reversal agents required to inhibit completely P-glycoprotein transport activity is higher than generally recognized. Thus, the level of P-glycoprotein expression may confound intersample comparisons unless sensitive probes are used in combination with saturating concentrations of potent reversal agents. These results highlight the importance of carefully characterizing assay systems under uniform conditions to quantitate P-glycoprotein function.
Laser-Induced Noninvasive Vascular Injury Models in Mice Generate Platelet- and Coagulation-Dependent Thrombi

A minimally invasive laser-induced injury model is described to study thrombus development in mice in vivo. The protocol involves focusing the beam of an argon-ion laser through a compound microscope on the vasculature of a mouse ear that is sufficiently thin such that blood flow can be visualized by intravital microscopy. Two distinct injury models have been established. The first involves direct laser illumination with a short, high-intensity pulse. In this case, thrombus formation is inhibited by the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, G4120. However, the anticoagulants, hirulog, PPACK, and NapC2 have minimal effect. This indicates that thrombus development induced by this model mainly involves platelet interactions. The second model involves low-intensity laser illumination of mice injected with Rose Bengal dye to induce photochemical injury in the region of laser illumination. Thrombi generated by this latter procedure have a slower development and are inhibited by both anticoagulant and anti-platelet compounds.
Update on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumbar Nonunions

Strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar nonunion were reviewed. The reported rates of lumbar nonunion ranged from 5 to 70% of cases depending on surgical technique. Risk factors include tobacco use, malnutrition, oral anti-inflammatory use, multilevel fusion, prior spine surgery, and sagittal imbalance. Diagnosis can be based on history, examination, and radiographic imaging including reconstructed computed tomography. The surgical approach is guided by prior surgery as well as the sagittal balance of the spine. The use of autologous bone graft as well as biologic graft extenders or substitutes may be of benefit. Lumbar nonunion presents a difficult clinical scenario. Surgical revision yields high fusion rates but may not improve functional outcomes.
Iterative inversion-based control of piezoactuator for evaluating cilia-based micro-mixing

This work evaluates the use of different excitation waveforms to improve biomimetic-cilia-based mixing in microfluidic applications. A challenge in such studies is that, at high frequencies, vibrations in the piezoactuator can distort the achieved excitation waveform. An iterative approach is used in this work to account for the vibrational dynamics and avoid unwanted vibrations in the achieved excitation waveforms, and thereby enable the evaluation of different excitation waveforms on mixing. The main contribution of this work is to use these controlled, excitation waveforms for showing that (i) mixing time is substantially reduced (by more than an order of magnitude) with the use of cilia when compared to the case without cilia and (ii) mixing time with cilia can be further reduced (by more than half) by using an asymmetric excitation waveform when compared to sinusoidal excitation.
Activities Using Process‐Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) in the Foreign Language Classroom

Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is a method that requires students to work in small groups, view models or diagrams, and answer carefully designed questions that guide them to an understanding of the subject matter on their own, with minimal direction from the instructor. Several studies show that the method has been highly effective in teaching high school and university math and science students. This paper shows that the method is also effective in the foreign language classroom, and explains its main features and implementation.
The half-life of cognitive-affective states during complex learning

We investigated the temporal dynamics of students' cognitive-affective states (confusion, frustration, boredom, engagement/flow, delight, and surprise) during deep learning activities. After a learning session with an intelligent tutoring system with conversational dialogue, the cognitive-affective states of the learner were classified by the learner, a peer, and two trained judges at approximately 100 points in the tutorial session. Decay rates for the cognitive-affective states were estimated by fitting exponential curves to time series of affect responses. The results partially confirmed predictions of goal-appraisal theories of emotion by supporting a tripartite classification of the states along a temporal dimension: persistent states (boredom, engagement/flow, and confusion), transitory states (delight and surprise), and an intermediate state (frustration). Patterns of decay rates were generally consistent across affect judges, except that a reversed actor-observer effect was discovered for engagement/flow and frustration. Correlations between decay rates of the cognitive-affective states and several learning measures confirmed the major predictions and uncovered some novel findings that have implications for theories of pedagogy that integrate cognition and affect during deep learning.
A Multifaceted Approach to Teamwork Assessment in an Undergraduate Business Program

We describe a multifaceted, multilevel approach to teamwork learning and assessment. It includes teamwork knowledge, peer and self-appraisal of teamwork behavior, and individual and team performanc...
Shocked Molecular Gas in the Supernova Remnants W28 and W44: Near-Infrared and Millimeter-Wave Observations

High-resolution millimeter-wave (CO, CS, and HCO+ rotational lines) and near-infrared (H2 2.12 μm rovibrational and Fe II fine-structure lines) observations of the supernova remnants W28 and W44 reveal extensive shocked molecular gas, where supernova blast waves are propagating into giant molecular clouds. New CO observations were carried out with the IRAM 30 m and Arizona Radio Observatory 12 m telescopes, and the near-infrared observations were with the PFIRCAM and Wide-Field Infrared Camera on the Palomar Hale 200 inch (5.08 m) telescope. The near-infrared observations reveal shocked H2 emission from both supernova remnants, showing intricate networks of filaments on arcsecond scales, following the bright ridges of the radio shells. The emission is particularly bright in the northeastern, southern, and western parts of W44 and in the eastern bar in W28. The H2 emission reveals some bright, clumpy structures, as well as very thin filamentary structures likely to be individual shock fronts seen edge-on. The high-resolution IRAM CO(2 → 1) and CS(2 → 1) spectra clearly distinguish between the shocked and preshock gas for most of the supernova remnants. Some of the CO spectra appear to have multiple components, but the less optically thick 13CO lines clearly demonstrate that the CO(2 → 1) lines are broad, with deep absorption dips caused by cold, dense gas in the line of sight. The CO and CS line widths, indicative of the shock speed, are 20-30 km s-1. Both the near-infrared and millimeter-wave emission are attributed to shocks into gas with density higher than 103 cm-3. Individual shock structures are resolved in the H2 emission, with inferred edge-on shock thicknesses of ~1017 cm, consistent with nondissociative shocks into gas densities of 103-104 cm-3. Bright 1720 MHz OH masers are located within the shocked H2 gas complexes and highlight only localized areas, where the conditions for masing are optimal. The Hα and X-ray emission, which trace hotter shocked gas, have morphologies very different from the radio. We find a detailed correlation of the radio and H2 emission for some long filaments, indicating cosmic-ray acceleration or reacceleration due to shocks into moderately dense gas. Compared to the interclump gas and the very dense cores, the synchrotron emissivity of the moderate-density (CO emitting) medium is highest, which explains the radio-H2 correlation and the very bright radio emission of these two supernova remnants despite their relatively advanced age. The different morphologies of these two remnants at different wavelengths are explained by the highly nonuniform structure of giant molecular clouds, with low-density (~5 cm-3) gas occupying most (~90%) of the volume, moderate-density gas (~103 cm-3) gas occupying most of the rest of the volume, and dense gas in the cores.
Diamagnetic magnetization of normal and superfluid3He

The absolute thermodynamic magnetization of liquid3He has been measured from 0.5 mK–100 mK at saturated vapor pressure. The measurement uses a SQUID magnetometer and a simple displacement technique to reference the total magnetization of the liquid to an absolute vacuum level. Because the nuclear paramagnetic magnetization equilibrates on a time scale long compared to that of the core diamagnetic magnetization, we are able to separate these two signals throughout much of the normal Fermi liquid regime. The diamagnetic component dominantes the paramagnetic over the entire temperature range.
Women as generalized other and self theory: A strategy for empirical research

Following the argument that women as generalized other (Mead, 1934) could be empirically explored in much the same manner as self concepts, a variant of Kuhn's (1960) twenty statements test was applied to an examination of perceptions of women in general and of the relationship between self concepts and conceptions of women. College men and women were asked to reply to the questions “Who are they (women)?” and “Who am I?” in 20 open-ended responses. Content analysis of the statements revealed findings both consistent and inconsistent with other sex-role research findings.
A technique for the rapid extraction of microalgal DNA from single live and preserved cells.

Molecular methods are increasingly being used in the study of harmful microalgae; however, DNA extraction techniques have imposed limitations on the species and questions studied, with research primarily restricted to cultured specimens. Here we describe a simple method that merges two existing techniques for DNA extraction from live and preserved single dinoflagellate cells. DNA was successfully isolated from live single cells of Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo, 1979 and cells preserved using formalin/methanol fixation. This method supplements existing techniques and expands the scope of genetics studies conducted on dinoflagellates to include routine molecular analysis of single cells isolated from field samples.
Conformal grid generation for high aspect ratio simply and doubly connected regions

Conformal co-ordinate transformations are used to map rectangular computational domains onto arbitrary simply and doubly connected regions with smooth boundaries. The efficient numerical schemes of Wegmann involving the solution of the inverse boundary correspondence function problems associated with the mapping of the unit disc or circular annulus onto simply or doubly connected domains, respectively, are employed. The numerical implementation of these schemes is emphasized. Examples are generated for regions with elliptic inner and outer boundaries. Additional examples are used to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the schemes and their practical limitations. The techniques are found to converge well if holomorphic functions are used to describe the boundaries. The use of preconditioning maps is also discussed.
Linear stability analysis of two monomer systems of frontal polymerization

Frontal polymerization is a method of manufacturing polymer via a self-propagating reaction wave. A mathematical model that describes both free-radical binary frontal polymerization and frontal copolymerization is presented. Linear stability of polymerization waves in the two monomer systems is studied. Parameters that are responsible for the loss of stability are identified, and stability boundaries in the parameter space are obtained.
Perceived costs and benefits as determinants of user behaviour: an experiment with matchmaking

Abstract A cost-benefit approach is employed to model the discretionary use of a computerized information system. The model is constructed by integrating a systemic view of human-computer interaction with a contingency model for selecting decision strategies. It is then used to analyse the effect of presentation format on search behaviour. An experiment on matchmaking was performed using two formats: sequential and parallel. Subjects were asked to find the best spouse for a candidate using an information retrieval system that displayed information about the individuals according to the subject's specific requests. The subject's search behaviour and perception of complexity were recorded. A first analysis of the protocols revealed different behaviours, as predicted by the cost-benefit mechanism. A second analysis incorporated a measure of individual differences in perception to gain a better understanding of the effects of display format on perceived complexity and, thereby, on behaviour. The findings supp...
Modeling dichloroacetic acid formation from the reaction of monochloramine with natural organic matter

Abstract A kinetic model was developed to predict dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) formation in chloraminated systems. Equations describing DCAA formation were incorporated into an established comprehensive monochloramine–natural organic matter (NOM) reaction model. DCAA formation was theorized to be proportional to the amount of NOM oxidized by monochloramine and described by a single dimensionless DCAA formation coefficient, θDCAA ( M DCAA / M DOC ox ) . The applicability of the model to describe DCAA formation in the presence of six different NOM sources was evaluated. DCAA formation could be described by considering a single NOM source-specific value for θDCAA over a wide range of experimental conditions (i.e., pH, NOM, free ammonia, and monochloramine concentrations). DCAA formation appears to be directly proportional to the amount of active chlorine (monochloramine and free chlorine) that reacted with the NOM under these experimental conditions. Values of θDCAA for all six NOM sources, determined by nonlinear regression analysis, varied from 6.51×10−3 to 1.15×10−2 and were linearly correlated with specific ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm (SUVA280). The ability to model monochloramine loss and DCAA formation in the presence of NOM provides insight into disinfection by-product (DBP) formation pathways under chloramination conditions. The subsequent model and correlations to SUVA has the potential to aid the water treatment industry as a tool in developing strategies that minimize DBP formation while maintaining the microbial integrity of the water distribution system.
PION PRODUCTION IN ANTIPROTON-PROTON ANNIHILATIONS AT 3.3 AND 3.7 Bev/c

A study of antiproton-proton collisions at $3.3 \mathrm{and} 3.7 \frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c}$ indicates that (41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)% of the total interaction cross section can be attributed to annihilation into pions. The average pion multiplicity is 6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5. The positively charged pions and dipions tend to be emitted backward, while the negatively charged pions and dipions tend to be emitted forward in the center-of-mass system. Although there is a substantial amount of resonance production, especially of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ mesons, there is no clear evidence for double or associated resonance production in these final states. A search for new resonances as well as for some of the recently discovered mesons proved unsuccessful.
A qualitative study of perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of long-term levonorgestrel implant users.

ABSTRACT The present study examined the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of long-term contraceptive implant users. Group interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative in-depth attitude and opinion data from 31 women who had used the implant for a minimum of four years. Results indicated that many women had experienced side effects with implant use, in particular during the first year. The primary motivations for continuing the use of implant were: women's strong desire for a long-term, reversible, and convenient method that offered effective protection from pregnancy, a strong need for control over one's life, and general dissatisfaction with alternative methods. Exposure to negative media reports, and peer commentaries did not influence implant's continued use. However, intensive educational counseling prior to insertion played a significant role in the long-term use of implant. Findings from this study indicate that women are willing to accept side effects as the price to be paid for an effecti...
Geochemical methods for inferring seasonal occupation of an estuarine shellmound: a case study from San Francisco Bay

Abstract Seasonal patterns of Native American residence and use of shell mounds of the San Francisco Bay area, California are of great interest. This work investigates seasonal occupation by means of a new method for interpretation of geochemical data from Mytilus trossulus specimens recovered from one of these structures, the Ellis Landing Shell Mound (CA-CCO-295). The approach, which is suitable for relatively small shell fragments from a variety of archaeological contexts, is used to infer the environmental conditions (temperature and salinity of ambient water) at harvest time, compared with average conditions for the period, and thus estimate the season during which the shells were harvested. This information, in turn, is employed to evaluate current models about the growth and construction of prehistoric shell mounds in San Francisco Bay. The method was applied to seven different lenses in the shell mound ranging in age from ∼240 cal yr BP to ∼3510 cal yr BP. We found that, although seasonal occupation varied over time, it generally was confined to summer through late fall, with little indication of winter gathering. Our findings suggest that California shell mounds, such as Ellis Landing, were constructed in a very different manner than some other mounded places used by contemporaneous hunter-gatherers elsewhere in North America.
Implications of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, falling rates for biological control in resistant and susceptible winter wheat

The restriction of aphid reestablishment onto plants by epigeal predators represents a critical component of integrated pest management. To further realize the potential that these predators might have in control programs, it is necessary to quantify such behavior as aphid falling rate to reveal the number of aphids that are available as potential prey. This study calculated the falling rate of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), and tested whether this aphid more likely fell from wheat plants that differed between flat leaf architecture versus those with furled leaves. Specifically, the hypothesis was tested that a resistant wheat line (flat leaves) will have a higher aphid falling rate than a susceptible closely related line (furled leaves). The experiment was performed at Fort Collins and Akron, Colorado, USA, from May through July, 2008. Aphids were sampled from infested wheat rows to estimate aphid density, and sticky traps were used to capture falling aphids and to measure falling rate. Falling rates ranged from 0.7 to 69.5% in Fort Collins and from 1.4 to 59.5% in Akron. The falling rate of D. noxia was more influenced by plant growth stage than aphid densities, with the highest falling rate occurring after wheat senescence. Wheat plants with flat leaf architecture did not significantly increase aphid falling rate. Diuraphis noxia falls at a higher rate at lower aphid densities, which is when epigeal predators could have their greatest biological control impact.
Variable responses of native eelgrass Zostera marina to a non-indigenous bivalve Musculista senhousia.

The transport and establishment of non-indigenous species in coastal marine environments are increasing worldwide, yet few studies have experimentally addressed the interactions between potentially dominant non-native species and native organisms. We studied the effects of the introduced mussel Musculista senhousia on leaf and rhizome growth and shoot density of eelgrass Zostera marina in San Diego Bay, California. We added M. senhousia over a natural range in biomass (0-1200 g dry mass/m2) to eelgrass in transplanted and established beds. The effects of the non-indigenous mussel varied from facilitation to interference depending on time, the abundance of M. senhousia, and the response variable considered. Consistent results were that mussel additions linearly inhibited eelgrass rhizome elongation rates. With 800 g dry mass/m2 of M. senhousia, eelgrass rhizomes grew 40% less than controls in two eelgrass transplantations and in one established eelgrass bed. These results indicate that M. senhousia, could both impair the success of transplantations of eelgrass, which spread vegetatively by rhizomes, and the spread of established Z. marina beds to areas inhabited by M. senhousia. Although effects on leaf growth were not always significant, in August in both eelgrass transplantations and established meadows leaf growth was fertilized by mussels, and showed a saturation-type relationship to sediment ammonium concentrations. Ammonium concentrations and sediment organic content were linear functions of mussel biomass. We found only small, non-consistent effects of M. senhousia on shoot density of eelgrass over 6-month periods. In established eelgrass beds, but not in transplanted eelgrass patches (≈0.8 m in diameter), added mussels suffered large declines. Hence, eelgrass is likely to be affected by M. senhousia primarily where Z. marina beds are patchy and sparse. Our study has management and conservation implications for eelgrass because many beds are already seriously degraded and limited in southern California where the mussel is very abundant.
Analysis of inter-nest movement by workers of the ant Formica opaciventris emery (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

Abstract Marking experiments under field conditions indicate that workers visit between nests with a ratio of marked to recovered visiting workers of between 0·05 per cent, and 5·46 per cent, over a period of several days. Mean visiting ratio for a group of seven nests studied in 1963 was l-99± 0·70 per cent, in close agreement with similar low ratios found at separate nests in 1962. Workers marked at one nest visit at several nests in the vicinity and individual nests are visited by workers from several surrounding nests. The maximum visiting radius observed was 25·0 metres. Differences in the frequency with which marked workers visit at neighbouring colonies is related to the distance from the marked nest and to the conditions of the colony visited, colonies in recent decline being the most heavily visited. Colonies which released the smallest number of visitors, were visited the least, The existence of visiting behaviour among discrete colonies is interpreted as further evidence that, in Formica opaciventris , colonies are integrated to form a social unit at the level of the population of colonies.
Quantum key distribution using nonclassical photon-number correlations in macroscopic light pulses

We propose a scheme for quantum key distribution using macroscopic nonclassical pulses of light having of the order 10 6 photons per pulse. Sub-shot-noise quantum correlation between the two polarization modes in a pulse gives the necessary sensitivity to eavesdropping that ensures the security of the protocol. We consider pulses of two-mode squeezed light generated by a type-II seeded parametric amplification process. We analyze the security of the system in terms of the effect of an eavesdropper on the bit error rates for the legitimate parties in the key distribution system. We also consider the effects of imperfect detectors and lossy channels on the security of the scheme.
Recent research on methodology for seismic qualification of nuclear power plant equipment

Abstract A brief review of methodology and a description of some related recent research are given for seismic qualification of equipment. Some of the developments allow a better satisfaction of current requirements and a reduction in unnecessary conservatism. Examples include the use of response spectrum to power transformations and various parameters for synthesizing more suitable test waveforms. Other developments allow a comparison of earlier simple test procedures with recent more complex criteria by means of a vibration equivalence concept based on fragility.
Widening of subthreshold conduction region of MOS devices at very high temperatures

Abstract The subthreshold conduction region of MOS devices is usually defined as the region where the device operates between the ‘ flat band ’ and ‘ strong inversion ’ conditions. At temperatures higher than 200°C, this ‘ conduction region ’ is widened as a result of the population increase of surface minority carriers. The broadening effect subsequently causes subthreshold leakage current to occur at even lower gate-to-source voltages, thereby degrading the noise margin (NM) of MOS digital circuits
Electronic states of interstitial ions in alkali halide crystals

Abstract Semicontinuum and continuum models are used to treat the electronic states of interstitial ions and atoms in insulating crystals. The Hartree-Fock-Slater approximation is used to treat the internal structure of the ions, in cases where such structure exists. Three systems are considered, namely, Na0 in Nal, the U2 center in KCl, and Ca+ in KCl. In the second case, our results are somewhat at variance with those of Schechter, and cast some doubt on the vacancy-centered model of the lowest excited state.
Effects of long-term therapy with naltrexone on body weight in obesity

The endogenous opiate system is thought to be associated with the regulation of food intake and body weight. Opiate antagonists decrease food intake in animals, but there are no controlled studies in obese man to evaluate body weight response to naltrexone. Sixty obese people were randomized into three groups and given 0, 50, or 100 mg of the opiate antagonist naltrexone for 8 weeks in an outpatient, double-blind study. Weight loss was not significant in either the 50 or 100 mg groups as compared with placebo. However, when broken down by sex, women had a significant (P less than 0.05) weight loss of 1.7 kg, while men did not lose weight. Side effects were modest, but six subjects had one or more abnormal liver function test results; in one subject these abnormalities appeared to be clinically significant. The effects of naltrexone on weight loss were less than expected in light of prior animal studies, but further studies with a wider dose range of naltrexone may be indicated.
Optical digital computing and interconnections

A digital optical processing system consisting of optical gates and optical interconnections is described. Past and present experimental work on demonstrating the concept includes a sixteen-gate flip-flop circuit and one cell of a parallel cellular logic processor. A holographic technique for implementing massively parallel interconnections between optical gates or processing elements is also described, which permits higher connectivity and in general has a lower area complexity than VLSI interconnections. >
Infrared Measurements with a Cesium Iodide Prism

A 35° cesium iodide prism has been installed in a Perkin-Elmer 12C infrared spectrometer. After the stray radiation had been reduced by filters, it was possible to observe infrared radiation at wavelengths as long as 54μ. The spectrometer was calibrated by the identification of rotational lines of atmospheric water by using the known grating values. The single-pass and the Walsh double-pass systems were compared and their advantages noted. The transmittances of crystals of CsBr, TlBr-I, CsI, and of films of polystyrene and polyethylene have been measured. In addition, the absorption spectrum of three halomethanes and three halobenzenes has also been observed. Prism spectrometry from 24 to 54μ with a CsI prism is handled by the same methods as those used with a CsBr prism. The spectra of several molecules are given for the region from 25 to 50μ.
Detection of Urban-Induced Rainfall Anomalies in a Major Coastal City

There is increasing evidence that large coastal cities, like Houston, Texas, can influence weather through complex urban land use- weather-climate feedbacks. Recent work in the literature establishes the ex- istence of enhanced lightning activity over and downwind of Houston. Since lightning is a signature of convection in the atmosphere, it would seem rea- sonable that urbanized Houston would also impact the distribution of rainfall. This paper presents results using data from the world's first satellite-based precipitation radar (PR) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and ground-based rain gauges to quantify rainfall anomalies that we hypothesize to be linked to extensive urbanization in the Houston area. It is one of the first rigorous efforts to quantify an urban-induced rainfall anomaly near a major U.S. coastal city and one of the first applications of space-borne radar data to the problem. Quantitative results reveal the presence of annual and warm season rainfall anomalies over and downwind of Houston. Several hypotheses have surfaced to explain how the sea breeze, coastline curvature,
Comparison of auranofin, gold sodium thiomalate, and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial

A prospective controlled, double-blind multicenter trial compared placebo, auranofin (an orally administered gold complex), and parenteral gold sodium thiomalate (GST) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Of 193 patients who received any treatment, the only important improvement identified for either auranofin or GST was for pain/tenderness scores. When 161 patients who completed 20 weeks of treatment were examined, both auranofin and GST treatments were superior to placebo as measured by improvement in number of painful and/or tender joints, joint pain/tenderness scores, physician's assessment of disease activity, and decrease in erythrocyte sedimentation rate when elevated at entry. GST was superior to placebo in improvement of joint swelling scores, anemia, thrombocytosis, and rheumatoid factor. No drug-related remissions were observed. The only statistically significant advantages of GST over auranofin for efficacy were an increase in hemoglobin concentration and decrease of thrombocytosis with GST. Withdrawals for adverse effects were 5 times more frequent with GST treatment. Thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, elevated liver enzymes, "nitritoid" reactions, and "gold pneumonitis" were observed only in the GST treatment group. These results confirm that both parenteral and oral gold may be effective for the treatment of RA, that GST tends to show greater efficacy than auranofin, and that auranofin has fewer significant adverse effects than GST. However, long-term benefits, tolerability, and safety cannot be inferred from this study.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR M -ESTIMATORS OVER A CONVEX KERNEL

We study the convergence in distribution of M -estimators over a convex kernel. Under convexity, the limit distribution of M -estimators can be obtained under minimal assumptions. We consider the case when the limit is arbitrary, not necessarily normal. If some Taylor expansions hold, the limit distribution is stable. As an application, we examine the limit distribution of M -estimators for the multivariate linear regression model. We obtain the distributional convergence of M -estimators for the multivariate linear regression model for a wide range of sequences of regressors and different types of conditions on the sequence of errors.