cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Evidence for γ-Aminobutyric Acid Formation via Pyruvate Carboxylase in Rat Brain: A Metabolic Basis for Compartmentation0

The compartmentation of amino acid metabolism is an active and important area of brain research. 13C labeling and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are powerful tools for studying metabolic pathways, because information about the metabolic histories of metabolites can be determined from the appearance and position of the label in products. We have used 13C labeling and 13C NMR in order to investigate the metabolic history of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in rat brain. [1-13C]Glucose was infused into anesthetized rats and the 13C labeling patterns in GABA and glutamate examined in brain tissue extracts obtained at various times after infusion of the label. Five minutes after infusion, most of the 13C label in glutamate appeared at the C4 position; at later times, label was also present at C2 and C3. This 13C labeling pattern occurs when [1-13C]glucose is metabolized to pyruvate by glycolysis and enters the pool of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates via pyruvate dehydrogenase. The label exchanges into glutamate from the TCA cycle pool through glutamate transaminases or dehydrogenase. After 30 min of infusion, approximately 10% of the total 13C in brain extracts appeared in GABA, primarily (greater than 80%) at the amino carbon (C4), indicating that the GABA detected is labeled through pyruvate carboxylase. The different labeling patterns observed for glutamate and GABA show that the large detectable glutamate pool does not serve as the precursor to GABA. Our NMR data support previous experiments suggesting compartmentation of metabolism in brain, and further demonstrate that GABA is formed from a pool of TCA cycle intermediates derived from an anaplerotic pathway involving pyruvate carboxylase.
The Changing Structure of Opportunity: Recruitment and Careers in Large Law Firms

Growth and bureaucratization have begun to transform patterns of recruitment and career development in large law firms. Based on a case study of four large Chicago firms, this article examines these changes and their implications. The findings indicate that the social composition of large firms has become substantially more heterogeneous with respect to the status of law school attended, gender, and ethnoreligious background. However, data on lawyers' careers suggest that associates entering firms today face an increasingly bureaucratic organizational context marked by higher levels of turnover, earlier and more intensive specialization, decreased levels of client responsibility, and more frequent assignment to large-scale litigation. The article also addresses the dynamics of individual choice over type of work performed in firms. Lawyers initially working in litigation fields are far more likely to change fields of practice than are lawyers who begin in office practice fields, reflecting the increased tendency for firms to assign new associates to litigation as well as the alienating propensity of large-firm litigation for many associates. Paradoxically, a greater proportion of lawyers in traditionally organized, general service firms than in bureaucratically organized, specialty firms report that their choice of work was dictated by the firm. Also, somewhat surprisingly, the frequency with which firms explicitly direct lawyers into particular fields has not increased from earlier periods. The article concludes that these anomalies result from the fact that firms control the career choices of lawyers, and always have, but that the way such control is exercised varies across firms and historical periods.
Heart Rates of High School Physical Education Students During Team Sports, Individual Sports, and Fitness Activities

This study examined how activity type influenced heart rates and time spent in target heart rate zones of high school students participating in physical education classes. Significantly higher average heart rates existed for fitness (142 ± 24 beats per minute [bpm]) compared to team (118 ± 24 bpm) or individual (114 ± 18) activities. Similar results occurred for the percentage of activity time spent within a target heart rate zone (fitness 81.7 ± 15.9%, individual 68.4 ± 30.5%, and team 60.6 ± 30.5%). Boys attained higher heart rates during team activities, while female students had higher rates during individual activities indicating male and female adolescents respond differently to activity types. The highest mean heart rates were observed during fitness activities.
Occurrence of deficient galactosylation of serum IgG prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis

Previous reports have shown that deficient galactosylation of serum IgG occurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune disorders. In this study, we investigated the relationship between galactosylation of serum IgG and disease status in a population of Pima and Papago Indians, who are characterized by a frequent occurrence of RA. The mean galactose levels of serum IgG collected from 11 individuals 1.5–10 years prior to onset (T1), at onset (T2), and 1.7–7 years post-onset (T3) of RA were lower than those from 25 seronegative controls without RA from the same population (P=0.01, 0.005, and ≦0.001, respectively). The mean galactose content of IgG decreased in the order T1>T2>T3, but the differences were not significant. The galactosylation of serum IgG from the RA patients did not differ from that of seropositive Pima Indian controls who did not develop RA over the course of study. The occurrence of IgG galactose deficiency in individuals with RA prior to the onset of the disease supports the contention that this phenomenon may be a risk factor for the development of RA. Furthermore, the occurrence of IgG galactose deficiency in healthy seropositive individuals suggests a relationship between diminished galactosylation and induction of rheumatoid factor (RF).
Some remarks on the string problem treated by Singh and Demin

The problem of the motion of a string attached to a satellite on a circular orbit, as treated by Singh and Demin, is reconsidered. In their paper they discuss problems of uniqueness and stability. In particular the radial equilibrium positions were found to be unstable in a certain sense. In the present paper it is shown that: (i) with the stability definition used by Singh and Demin the equilibrium of a string hanging in a uniform gravity field would also be unstable; (ii) a definition of stability more appropriate for continuous systems would establish the stability of the string both in orbit and in a uniform gravity field.
Menu Costs and Nominal Price Friction: An Experimental Examination

Abstract This paper examines how menu costs affect monopoly behavior using experimental markets. This research takes a New Keynesian theory of business fluctuations, and tests it in a controlled environment where people are making decisions for real, salient payoffs. These experiments are the first controlled test of a New Keynesian explanation for sticky product prices, and they offer some insights into nominal price frictions. The results from this research indicate that menu costs have real economic effects in a static situation, but not in a dynamic setting.
New basic science concepts in the treatment of classic bladder exstrophy.

T achievement of normal genital function and urinary continence permits both a better social and a better personal lifestyle for patients with bladder exstrophy. Not only is the accomplishment of total continence and good genital cosmesis important, but also the number of required procedures and the delay before these goals are reached remain major concerns in this population. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that bladder exstrophy is not simply a urinary tract abnormality; rather, it is a multiorgan, multisystem, congenital defect. We consider the bony pelvis, muscular pelvic floor, neural innervation, and collagen and smooth muscle in the bladder wall to be important factors that interfere with global bladder equilibrium and functioning. Recent basic science studies concerning the prostate and the anatomy of the penis in bladder exstrophy also help describe this disease in its entire dimension.
α1β1 integrin/Rac1-dependent mesangial invasion of glomerular capillaries in Alport syndrome.

Alport syndrome, hereditary glomerulonephritis with hearing loss, results from mutations in type IV collagen COL4A3, COL4A4, or COL4A5 genes. The mechanism for delayed glomerular disease onset is unknown. Comparative analysis of Alport mice and CD151 knockout mice revealed progressive accumulation of laminin 211 in the glomerular basement membrane. We show mesangial processes invading the capillary loops of both models as well as in human Alport glomeruli, as the likely source of this laminin. l-NAME salt–induced hypertension accelerated mesangial cell process invasion. Cultured mesangial cells showed reduced migratory potential when treated with either integrin-linked kinase inhibitor or Rac1 inhibitor, or by deletion of integrin α1. Treatment of Alport mice with Rac1 inhibitor or deletion of integrin α1 reduced mesangial cell process invasion of the glomerular capillary tuft. Laminin α2–deficient Alport mice show reduced mesangial process invasion, and cultured laminin α2–null cells showed reduced migratory potential, indicating a functional role for mesangial laminins in progression of Alport glomerular pathogenesis. Collectively, these findings predict a role for biomechanical insult in the induction of integrin α1β1–dependent Rac1-mediated mesangial cell process invasion of the glomerular capillary tuft as an initiation mechanism of Alport glomerular pathology.
On Equilibrium Dynamics Under Externalities in a Model of Economic Development

This paper studies a discrete-time version of a model of economic development proposed by Lucas, in which the average stock of human capital produces a positive externality in the production of the physical capital good. It establishes the existence of equilibrium programmes from arbitrary initial conditions, and of an equilibrium steady-state programme. The principal results are concerned with the global dynamic behaviour of equilibrium programmes off the steady state. They show that the asymptotic growth rates of consumption, physical and human capital on any equilibrium programme will equal the growth rates of the respective variables along the equilibrium steady state JEL Classification Numbers: C62, D90, O41
Tyrosine phosphorylation induced by C4 peptide constructs from HIV Gp120

Treatment of HUT78 cells with CD4-binding peptide constructs derived from the C4 domain of HIV-1 gp120 results in autophosphorylation of a src-related kinase, p56lck. This leads to p56lck activation and the subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in several intracellular proteins. The phosphorylation is specific to the C4 peptides as no new phosphorylation occurs when the cells are treated with control peptides or polymers. The induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by the C4 peptide constructs depends on the capability of the peptide to assume a helical conformation because similar peptide constructs that were not able to form helices did not induce cellular tyrosine phosphorylation.
On the calculation of classical vibrational energy exchange

Abstract A three-dimensional, Monte Carlo classical model for the calculation of vibrational energy relaxation and transfer rates for both diatomic—monatomic and diatomic—diatomic systems was developed, analyzed and implemented. Mediation by internal angular momentum changes was demonstrated to be important in these energy transfer processes. This mechanism was incorporated into the model in order to achieve statistically significant results within reasonable computer running times. This made possible the extension of the model calculations to much lower temperatures than had been previously investigated. This calculational procedure was applied to Ar—O 2 , to He—O 2 and to the near resonant CO—N 2 process at several temperatures between room temperature and 4000 K with the use of exponential repulsive intermolecular potential. Three different sets of potential parameters obtained from three independent sources were used. The results were compared to experiment.
Comparison of midplane, full-chest tomograms, diffusing capacities, sputum eosinophil content, and other parameters in patients with asthma and emphysema.

Abstract Considerable difficulty can be encountered in clinically differentiating patients with chronic, persistent, perennial asthma from those with emphysema. We have attempted to resolve this problem by comparing the results of a number of standard tests in 15 nonsmoking patients with asthma and 9 nonatopic patients with emphysema. Patients were studied when they were in relative remission. Inspiratory wheezes were present in all 15 asthma patients and none of the 9 emphysema patients. Breath sound intensity (at time of remission) was reduced in none of the 15 asthma patients and in all of the 9 emphysema patients. Clumps of eosinophils were present in the sputum of all 15 asthma patients and 3 of 8 emphysema patients. They were rated 2+ or more (Hansel's scale) in 14 of the 15 asthma patients and none of 8 emphysema patients. Steady-state CO diffusing capacities were reduced in 1 of the 15 asthma patients and 8 of the 9 emphysema patients. Midplane, full-chest tomograms demonstrated abnormal medium and smaller branches of the pulmonary arteries which were reduced in caliber or obliterated in none of the 15 asthma patients and 8 of 8 emphysema patients. The correlated results of these tests afforded a basis for differentiating asthma and emphysema patients.
Correlation of endotoxin, procalcitonin and C-reactive peptide patterns with ICU admission

The ability to stratify patients with evidence of sepsis and to determine appropriate ICU admission is often hampered by inadequate history and a paucity of physical examination findings. The literature is replete with multiple markers used to determine the presence and severity of sepsis. Among the proposed biomarkers, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive peptide (CRP) and recently the endotoxin activity assay (EAA) have been proposed as tools to aid in the diagnosis of sepsis from various etiologies. The purpose of this current investigation is to compare baseline EAA levels with PCT and CRP in their ability to correlate with ICU admission above specified levels.
Polydiacetylene Liposome Arrays for Selective Potassium Detection

Potassium is an important cation in biology, and quantitative detection of the extracellular potassium level is important. However, selective detection of extracellular physiological potassium is a challenging task due to the presence of sodium in a much higher concentration. In this contribution, we describe the development of practical polydiacetylene (PDA) liposome-based microarrays to selectively detect potassium even in the presence of sodium. We utilize the fact that the G-rich ssDNA can fold into a G-quadruplex via intramolecular hydrogen bonding by wrapping around a potassium ion exclusively. We rationally design the PDA liposome in such a way that the G-rich ssDNA probes are presented densely at the liposome surface and form bulky quadruplexes upon binding with K+. The resulting bulky quadruplexes are sterically hindered and repulse each other and impose mechanical stress on the PDA backbone, resulting in the conformational change of the ene-yne backbone of the PDA. As a result, polydiacetylene liposomes turn into the emissive red phase from the nonfluorescent blue phase.
The role of marketing in supply chain management

The concept of supply chain management (SCM) started in the logistics literature, and logistics has continued to have a significant impact on the concept. This study, however, proposes that the concepts of the marketing concept, a market orientation, relationship marketing, and SCM are not separate. Rather they are inextricably intertwined. The main purpose of this study is to highlight the role of marketing in the implementation of SCM by suggesting cause‐and‐effect relationships. Research propositions are presented and future empirical studies are called for to test the cause‐and‐effect relationships suggested in an integrative model.
Film analyses of lordosis in female rats.

Abstract Responses of male and female rats during the initiation of lordosis by the female are described using observations with films taken from a side or ventral view. Where possible, behavioral events were described objectively, quantified and plotted as a function of time. Responses of receptive and unreceptive females to mounts by the male rat are compared.
El Paso: Local Frontiers at a Global Crossroads

El Paso: Local Frontiers at. Global Crossroads. Victor M. Ortiz-Gonzalez, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. xl. 172 pp.
Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Predicts Lipid-lowering Response to High-Dose Atorvastatin

Background Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a provitamin synthesized via the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase pathway, and thus may serve as a potential marker of intrinsic HMG-CoA reductase activity. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease CoQ10, although it is unclear whether this is due to reductions in lipoproteins, which transport CoQ10. Objective We evaluated whether baseline plasma CoQ10 concentrations predict lipid-lowering response to high-dose atorvastatin, and to what extent CoQ10 changes after atorvastatin therapy depend on lipoprotein changes. Methods Individuals without dyslipidemia or known cardiovascular disease (n = 84) received atorvastatin 80 mg/day for 16 weeks. Blood samples collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 16 weeks of treatment were assayed for CoQ10. Results Individuals with higher baseline CoQ10/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ratios displayed diminished absolute and percent LDL-C reductions at 8 and 16 weeks of atorvastatin treatment ( P P = 0.01). After 16 weeks of atorvastatin, plasma CoQ10 decreased 45% from 762 ± 301 to 374 ± 150 ng/mL ( P r = 0.27 − 0.38; P = 0.001 to P = 0.02), but remained significant when normalized to all lipoproteins. CoQ10 changes were not associated with adverse drug reactions. Conclusion Baseline CoQ10/LDL-C ratio was associated with the degree of LDL-C response to atorvastatin. Atorvastatin decreased CoQ10 concentrations in a manner that was not completely dependent on lipoprotein changes. The utility of CoQ10 as a predictor of atorvastatin response should be further explored in patients with dyslipidemia.
Covert Narcissism as a Predictor of Internalizing Symptoms After Performance Feedback in Adolescents

The present study examined the association between covert narcissism and internalizing symptoms (i.e., shame, anxiety) in adolescents following an ego threat. Participants were 132 adolescents (101 males, 30 females, 1 not reported), ages 16–19 (M = 16.81 years, SD = .81), attending a residential program. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three feedback conditions (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral). Contrary to the main hypothesis, Time 2 internalizing symptoms tended to be highest for individuals in the positive feedback condition who had higher levels of narcissism. The implications of this study for understanding the role of narcissism in internalizing symptoms are discussed.
Isolated pulmonic valvular regurgitation.

An extremely rare case of isolated organic insufficiency of the pulmonic valve is reported along with clinical and hemodynamic data.
Language contact in Amazonia

The author of this long-awaited book has published many other important books and articles on Amazonian languages. This monograph synthesizes her findings regarding how several of these languages h...
Prostatic adenocarcinoma occurring in men under 50 years of age.

Twenty-six cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate in men under 50 years of age were reviewed and compared with a larger group of 599 patients more than 50 years old who also had prostatic carcinoma. Although the disease was more frequently diagnosed in its later stages in the younger population, comparison of survival rates by stage of disease suggested that prognosis was worse in men less than 50 years old. Histologic grading was not useful as an aid in determining prognosis. A plea is made for performing a digital examination of the prostate as a part of all routine physical examinations, regardless of the age of the patient.
Optimization of a natural circulation two phase closed thermosyphon flat plate solar water heater

Abstract In the present study, a natural circulation two phase closed thermosyphon flat plate solar water heater has been investigated theoretically under the actual field conditions of Cairo, Egypt. Also, the heater design parameters are optimized by means of the author’s simulation program that was verified experimentally in a previous paper. These parameters include the ratio of storage tank volume to collector area, storage tank dimensions ratios and height between the heater storage tank and collector. The computational results indicate that the storage tank volume to collector area ratio and the storage tank dimensions ratios have significant effects on the heater performance, while the height between the heater tank and collector has little effect.
Low energy ion backscattering angular distributions of 6Li+ from Cu(001)

Low energy ion backscattering angular distributions (LEIBAD) from a single crystal may be used to image the atomic structure of the near-surface region. For an incident ion beam oriented randomly with respect to the crystal axes, the ions can penetrate more than 100 A into the crystal, and the angular distributions of backscattered ions are dominated by the bulk atomic structure. Thus, a bulk stereogram of the crystal may be obtained. For incidence along a low-Miller-index axis of the crystal, shadowing effects limit the penetration depth of the elastically backscattered ions to a region near the surface of the crystal. However, neutralized Li atoms, which are not filtered out of the backscattered yield by the retarding field analyzer used in this study, provide a background characteristic of the bulk of the sample that adds to the signal from the surface plane. These effects are demonstrated by comparing experimentally determined backscattered-ion angular distributions with Monte Carlo simulations for 20 keV6Li+ scattering from a Cu(001) surface. Modifications necessary to improve the surface sensitivity of the technique are discussed.
Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Gurney Flaps on Various Airfoils

The aerodynamic effects of the application of Gurney flaps of different heights and chordwise locations to five airfoils have been investigated in the Pennsylvania State University low-speed, low-turbulence wind tunnel. The effectiveness of each Gurney flap/airfoil combination is measured by the change in the maximum lift coefficient of the airfoil. When grouped by flap height and plotted against chordwise location, there is considerable scatter in the data, indicating that the effectiveness of the Gurney flap is strongly influenced by airfoil shape. Two anomalous cases are considered in detail. In the first case, the increase in cl,max is considerably different for two airfoils with the addition of a Gurney flap having the same height and mounted at the same chordwise location. The second case is one in which a Gurney flap of a specific height and mounting location is found to increase cl,max on one airfoil and decrease it on another. For these cases, pressure distributions, lift curves, and drag polars ...
Total desmosine content in the organic matrix of various avian and reptile eggs

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid analysis for desmosine and isodesmosine was performed on the eggshells of various avian and reptilian eggs. 2. 2. Reptile egg samples included pliable-shelled lepidosaurian eggs, pliable-shelled chelydrid and emydid eggs, rigid-shelled trionyx and kinosternid eggs and rigid-shelled alligator eggs. 3. 3. Avian egg samples included the Gallus, Coturnix , and Eudromia 4. 4. The data showed these crosslinking amino acids of desmosine and isodesmosine were found to be present in the eggshells of every species studied.
Evaluation of estrous cycle stage and gender on behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury

Female sex hormones are acutely neuroprotective in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because hormonal profiles are known to vary with estrous cycle stage, the purpose of this study was to evaluate how pre-injury estrous stage affects motor and cognitive performance after experimental TBI. We also sought to compare post-injury behavioral performance in males vs. females. Under anesthesia, male (n=18) and female (n=35) Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury (2.7 mm; 4 m/s) or sham operations. Females were grouped according to estrous stage (proestrous or non-proestrous) at the time of surgery. Motor function was assessed pre-injury and for the first 5 days after surgery using beam balance and walking tasks. Spatial memory was assessed beginning 14 days post-injury utilizing the Morris water maze (MWM) task. No significant differences were found on any task between injured females regardless of estrous cycle stage. Females performed significantly better than males on both motor tasks, but gender did not influence MWM performance. Mixed effects multivariate analysis corroborated these results by showing that pre-injury serum hormone levels had little affect on behavioral performance. The results suggest that the presence of endogenous circulating hormones, rather than hormonal status at time of injury, may confer early neuroprotection in females after TBI. The impact of early neuroprotection on later behavioral outcome and the anatomic structural specificity of hormonal neuroprotection require further study.
Functional rundown of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors in human hypothalamic hamartomas

Objective Human hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are highly associated with treatment-resistant gelastic seizures. HH are intrinsically epileptogenic, although the basic cellular mechanisms responsible for seizure activity are unknown. Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function can contribute to epileptogenesis in humans and animal models. Recently, functional GABAA receptor (GABAAR) rundown has been described in surgically-resected human temporal lobe epilepsy tissue. We asked whether functional GABAAR rundown also occurs in human HH neurons.
You Need to Understand My Gender Role: An Empirical Test of Tannen's Model of Gender and Communication

In her popular book on gender differences in communication, Deborah Tannen proposed that women and men interpret messages along different dimensions (intimacy and control) and that these differing interpretations make intersex communication difficult. In the present study, we contrasted Tannen's model with a more complex model that incorporated gender role as a factor that influences the interpretations of messages. Causal modeling of data from questionnaires (N = 192) administered to predominately European American university students revealed stronger support for a complex model than for the basic model.
Entrainment, deposition, and transport of fine-grained sediments in lakes

Recent work on the settling, diffusion, entrainment, and deposition of fine-grained sediments in fresh water is reviewed and synthesized. Particular attention is given to the dependence of these processes on sediment properties such as particle size. The application of this knowledge to the analysis and numerical modeling of sediment transport is also discussed. Much of the work is concerned with the Great Lakes and, more specifically, with the Western Basin of Lake Erie.
Mortality of acute infantile diarrhea at the Louisville General Hospital from 1943 to 1947.

Summary The mortality rate of acute diarrhea of infants varies greatly duringdifferent months or years. From 1943 through 1946, 570 patients with severe acute infantile diarrheawere admitted to the Louisville General Hospital. Sixty-two of the patients died. The death rate was 10.92 per cent, and the corrected mortality rate was 7.5 per cent.
The small group technique of the radical revolutionary: A synthetic study of consciousness raising

The primary purpose of this study was to identify the aggregate or central symbols which characterize the different stages in consciousness raising. The researchers tape‐recorded several consciousness raising sessions. The results of the study indicated that in moving through a four‐stage process, participants generally created a new identity for themselves (Stage One), perceived themselves as pitted against agents of the establishment (Stage Two), denied establishment values for newly created values (Stage Three), and finally agreed to support the liberation efforts of unrecognized oppressed groups, hence broadening the revolution (Stage Four). An examination of consciousness raising as a small group technique appears to have important implications regarding the reliability, prior reported results, methodology, and future studies of small groups.
Training issues in cross-cultural orientation

Abstract In this article the author presents an overview of the subsequent articles in this special issue of IJIR. The articles were originally presented as papers at a seminar held in Minneapolis in November 1984: “Cross-Cultural Orientation: Theories, Practices, Problems and Solutions. ” The author first reviews each article, highlighting the major contribution of each author and then identifies common themes that emerge in the papers. Finally, she presents several areas that need to be addressed by researchers and practitioners in conceptualizing, designing, and implementing cross-cultural orientation training.
Organizational Structure, Authority and Protest: The Case of Union Organizing in the United States, 1990–2001

Robert Michels' famous "iron law of oligarchy" has come under criticism from scholars that question assumptions regarding the concentration of power within social movement organizations (SMOs). Despite such concerns, Michels' broader interests in organizational structure and power continue to be relevant for analyzing the goals and strategies of SMOs. The recent revitalization of the American labor movement presents a unique opportunity to explore these topics within the context of union organizing efforts. Findings based on the organizing activities of 70 local unions measured from 1990-2001 indicate that the distribution of authority has clear effects on the allocation of resources for organizing, the type of repertoire selected to recruit new members, and, to a lesser extent, the outcome of the organizing drive. Although the analysis provides insight into unions today, the conceptualization of authority and outcomes explored have wider implications for research on formal organizations.
Angiotensin receptor blockers and drug-drug interactions.

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the angiotensin receptor blocker class are such that significant drug–drug interactions are unlikely. Moreover, this drug class is devoid of relevant class-specific side effects. These features provide some of the basis for the excellent tolerance of drugs in this class.
Evaluation of the sedimentation behavior of serum proteins using the spinco model-L preparative ultracentrifuge.

Abstract Obtaining data on the ultracentrifugal behavior of human serum has been difficult for most clinicians because of the expense of analysis and the fact that the analytical ultracentrifuge is not widely available. By utilizing the less expensive Spinco Model-L preparative ultracentrifuge, a machine already in general use in most clinical research laboratories, together with the technique of sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient, it has been possible to attain simple, accurate, and less expensive studies of sedimentation characteristics of serum. The results approach, both qualitatively and quantitatively, those of the analytical ultracentrifuge.
Time-series analysis of response rates: alcohol effects on variability-contingent operants

Albino rats were trained in a two-bar LAG-5 reinforcement schedule in which the previous five four-response sequences could not be repeated. Accounting for order, on different days, the animals were given ethanol (0,.4, and.8 g/kg) 10-min prior to the operant sessions and measures were made of total responses per minute for 16 min. Fourier transforms of the data for each animal showed that although alcohol diminished response rate, it did not diminish response variability. The data are compared with Fourier analyses of alcohol effects on CRF reinforcement schedules for which alcohol is shown to diminish both rate and variability of responding. The possible importance of this differential effect of alcohol on variability of responding is discussed.
Infrared array measurements of sunspot magnetic fields

We have used a 128 × 128 format HgCdTl infrared array with the Sacramento Peak Observatory Vacuum Telescope (VTT) and Echelle spectrograph to obtain two-dimensional observations of the true magnetic field strength in a sunspot. The system we describe retains all of the spectral information contained in the unpolarized IR Fraunhofer line profile with time resolution of about a minute (depending on the scan area and spatial resolution). Unlike previous optical observations (cf. Adam, 1990), infrared observations readily allow direct field strength measurements out to the outer edge of the penumbra. Our data suggest that the magnetic flux density in the outer penumbra is not well described by an extrapolation of the quadratic polynomial, in normalized central distance, that describes the umbral field. We measure a relatively high field strength of 800 G at the penumbra-quiet-Sun boundary, which is consistent with the ‘return-flux’ model of Osherovich and Garcia (1989).
Negative feedback regulation of Wnt signaling via N-linked fucosylation in zebrafish

L-fucose, a monosaccharide widely distributed in eukaryotes and certain bacteria, is a determinant of many functional glycans that play central roles in numerous biological processes. The molecular mechanism, however, by which fucosylation mediates these processes remains largely elusive. To study how changes in fucosylation impact embryonic development, we up-regulated N-linked fucosylation via over-expression of a key GDP-Fucose transporter, Slc35c1, in zebrafish. We show that Slc35c1 overexpression causes elevated N-linked fucosylation and disrupts embryonic patterning in a transporter activity dependent manner. We demonstrate that patterning defects associated with enhanced N-linked fucosylation are due to diminished canonical Wnt signaling. Chimeric analyses demonstrate that elevated Slc35c1 expression in receiving cells decreases the signaling range of Wnt8a during zebrafish embryogenesis. Moreover, we provide biochemical evidence that this decrease is associated with reduced Wnt8 ligand and elevated Lrp6 coreceptor, which we show are both substrates for N-linked fucosylation in zebrafish embryos. Strikingly, slc35c1 expression is regulated by canonical Wnt signaling. These results suggest that Wnt limits its own signaling activity in part via up-regulation of a transporter, slc35c1 that promotes terminal fucosylation and thereby limits Wnt activity.
A poly‐ellipsoid particle for non‐spherical discrete element method

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a simple non‐symmetric shape, the poly‐ellipsoid, to describe particles in discrete element simulations that incur a computational cost similar to ellipsoidal particles.Design/methodology/approach – Particle shapes are derived from joining octants of eight ellipsoids, each having different aspect ratios, across their respective principal planes to produce a compound surface that is continuous in both surface coordinate and normal direction. Because each octant of the poly‐ellipsoid is described as an ellipsoid, the mathematical representation of the particle shape can be in the form of either an implicit function or as parametric equations.Findings – The particle surface is defined by six parameters (vs the 24 parameters required to define the eight component ellipsoids) owing to dependencies among parameters that must be imposed to create continuous intersections. Despite the complexity of the particle shapes, the particle mass, centroid and moment of ine...
Interpretation and inference in mixture models: Simple MCMC works

The mixture model likelihood function is invariant with respect to permutation of the components of the mixture. If functions of interest are permutation sensitive, as in classification applications, then interpretation of the likelihood function requires valid inequality constraints and a very large sample may be required to resolve ambiguities. If functions of interest are permutation invariant, as in prediction applications, then there are no such problems of interpretation. Contrary to assessments in some recent publications, simple and widely used Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms with data augmentation reliably recover the entire posterior distribution.
Funding Library Automation

A successful automation project combines a sound financial plan with convincing arguments, thoughtful strategies, and sensitive treatment of potential supporters. A proposal that details costs and returns is as essential to raising funds as a well‐ conceived technical plan. Sources of financial support include governing bodies, foundations, granting agencies, businesses, and individuals. Creative alternatives for financing library automation are mentioned.
Methodological issues in screening for dementia: The problem of education adjustment

The methodological problems of developing efficient and unbiased screening methods for population-based studies of dementia have received scant attention. The potential advantages of education-adjusted screening methods are discussed. The implications for adjustment techniques of a negative correlation of educational attainment with age are emphasized. Two education adjustment methods, a stratified regression method and a nonparametric method, which take the age-education correlation into account are described, compared, and illustrated.
Inhibition of electron transport in chloroplasts between the two photosystems by a water-soluble carbodiimide

Abstract 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide, which is water soluble, had little effect on electron flow and phosphorylation when chloroplasts were incubated in the dark with this reagent. In contrast, an irreversible inhibition of these reactions was observed in chloroplasts illuminated in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. The inhibition of phosphorylation appeared to be the result of inhibition of electron flow rather than of a phosphorylation reaction itself since the treatment of chloroplasts with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide in the light did not inhibit phosphorylation induced by an acid-to-base transition in the dark. Electron flow from water to ferricyanide, water to methyl viologen, and diaminodurene to methyl viologen (in the presence of 3,4-dicholorophenyl-1,1-dimethyl urea) was sensitive to 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. In contrast, the reduction of diaminodurene and the oxidation of endogenous cytochrome f were not inhibited by the prior exposure of chloroplasts to 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide in the light. It is concluded that 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide attacks a component in the chloroplast electron-transport chain in the region between plastoquinone and cytochrome f.
Paraffin Actuated Micromirror for Endoscopic OCT

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have great potential for use in gastrointestinal (GI) imaging. Ultrasound and magnetic resonant imaging can provide useful information about the GI tract, but only optical coherence tomography (OCT) delivered endoscopically can be used to perform an optical biopsy of the GI tissue. In monitoring a condition such as Barrett’s esophagus, which typically requires regular random biopsies, the ability to achieve an optical biopsy is indispensible. While the existing method for obtaining an optical biopsy of the GI tract tissue produces functional images, there are drawbacks that could be improved upon. The gear-and-shaft assembly used to couple force from the motor at the proximal end to the distal imaging end requires a complex design [1]. By introducing a rotational MEMS device into the distal imaging end, a rotating optical coupling joint is no longer required at the proximal end, there is no need to precisely align the fixed fiber with the rotational drive shaft, and the metallic reinforcement sleeve can be eliminated leaving a simpler, more flexible delivery method [2]. In order to produce 3D OCT images, displacement in the z-direction needs to be coupled with rotation. A MEMS device that can achieve both vertical displacement and rotation further increases the simplicity of the device and decreases potential alignment and coupling errors. Our MEMS devices needs to be able to bend an OCT beam of light 90°, rotate that beam of light 360°, and simultaneously scan in the z-direction in order to produce 3D OCT images. Also, the device must fit inside the 1 mm diameter available in the endoscope. To accomplish this, we have designed, and are continuing to develop, a paraffin actuated micro mirror. The thermal expansion properties of paraffin wax have often been utilized in MEMS devices [3, 4]. We have made use of these properties in designing a piston like actuator. Heat is applied to a reservoir of paraffin enclosed by a parylene membrane. The paraffin expands and pushes the post above it upward with the developed force from its expansion. The amount of paraffin in each reservoir is controlled by the reservoir’s geometry and so by controlling the amount of heat applied, we can control how far the post above it moves in the vertical direction. Each device has three heaters, three reservoirs, and three posts. All three posts are attached to a single mirror. By appropriately cycling the applied heat to each reservoir, we expect to be able to move the mirror in a spiral like fashion. This will bend an applied beam of light 90° and rotate it 360° while achieving displacement in the z-direction.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Synthesis and opioid activity of [D-Pro10]dynorphin A-(1-11) analogues with N-terminal alkyl substitution.

Several N-terminal di- and monoalkylated derivatives of [d-Pro10]dynorphin A-(1−11) were synthesized in order to explore the structure−activity relationships for antagonist vs agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors. N,N-Dialkylated and N-monoalkylated (alkyl = allyl, benzyl, and cyclopropylmethyl (CPM)) tyrosine derivatives were prepared from tyrosine tert-butyl ester and the corresponding alkyl halides. [d-Pro10]Dyn A-(2−11) was prepared by solid phase synthesis using Fmoc-protected amino acids, and the tyrosine derivatives were coupled to the peptide with BOP ((benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate). Both the degree of substitution and the identity of the alkyl group affected κ-receptor affinity, selectivity, and efficacy. All of the N-monoalkylated derivatives exhibited much higher affinity (Ki 200) compared to the N,N-dialkyl [d-Pro10]Dyn A-(1−11) anal...
Anti-inflammatory Strategies and Hemostatic Agents: Old Drugs, New Ideas

Hemostatic abnormalities occur following injury associated with both cardiac and noncardiac surgery. These changes are part of inflammatory pathways with signaling mechanisms that link these diverse pathways. The inflammatory response to surgery is exacerbated by allogeneic blood transfusion by enhancing intrinsic inflammatory activity and directly increasing plasma levels of inflammatory mediators. Surgical patients can be preventively treated with pharmacologic agents to modulate inflammatory responses. Multiple studies have reported preventive pharmacologic therapies to reduce bleeding and the need for allogeneic transfusions in surgery. Strategies for cardiac surgical patients during cardiopulmonary bypass include administration of either lysine analogs, such as epsilon aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid, or the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin.
Crude Oil Blending Effects on Asphaltene Stability in Refinery Fouling

It has been known for some time that blending of incompatible crude oils may lead to asphaltene destabilization. The link between such asphaltene destabilization and their subsequent fouling of equipment in refinery operations was established in this study. Several refinery crude blends known to cause problems ranging from desalter upsets to fouling in pre-heat train were studied. Stability analysis of the crudes and their blends using a solvent titration method with a laser-based solids detection system showed that destabilization of the asphaltenes is caused, in the main, by blending of incompatible crudes. The stability data showed that the individual crudes had a high, medium, or low fouling potential. The blends of those that are incompatible however showed increased instability and may be the cause of the fouling problems encountered in the pre-heat train heat exchangers during their processing.
Contamination of PCB congeners in bear lake fish tissues, livers, and brains

The concentrations of PCB congeners and DDE in Bear Lake fish tissues, livers, and brains were determined in this study. Three different species of fish — Northern Pike, Walleye, and Bullhead — were examined and 59 congeners were detected. PCB profiles were dominated by congeners 118, 138, 153, and 180. The levels of PCB congeners in fish from Pickeral Lake, an inland lake, were presented for reference purposes. PCB concentrations in Pickeral Lake fish were considerably lower than that in Bear Lake fish, which demonstrated the influence of the Great Lakes in the contamination of tributary streams. Some non‐ortho and mono‐ortho substituted co‐planar congeners were determined in the fish tissues and the toxic equivalent factors were calculated using the factors described by Safe (Safe, 1990). The concentration ratio of lightly ortho‐substituted congeners such as PCB 28 and 52, which were suggested to induce neurotoxicity in humans and animals, to congener 153 was calculated in this study. However, accumulat...
High-tech wheelchairs gain the competitive edge

Some of the features of ultralight and rigid sports wheelchairs are described, and some of the rationale behind sport wheelchair design is explained. The discussion covers frame design, materials, geometry, locating the center of gravity, ride comfort and durability, the user-wheelchair interface, wheels and casters, alignment, and components. >
Atomic Spectra Bibliography Databases at NIST

NIST’s Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center maintains three online Bibliographic Databases (BD) containing references to papers with atomic data for controlled fusion research, modeling and diagnostics of astrophysical and terrestrial plasmas, and fundamental properties of electronic spectra of atoms and ions. The NIST Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra BD now includes about 11800 references, mostly for years 1967–2008. The NIST Atomic Transition Probability BD, v. 8.1 with its 7600 references mainly covers years 1964–2007. The NIST Spectral Line Broadening BD, v. 2.0 has 3840 references, mostly for 1978–2006. All three databases are maintained in a unified database management system that allows us to quickly update the contents. An automated Data Entry module makes it easy to enter and categorize the data. The system allows us to keep the contents of all BDs up to date. Updates become available to users on the next day. A number of enhancements made since last year, such as direct links to articles in online journal archives and inclusion of digital object identifiers, greatly increased public usability of the databases.
Assessment of depressive symptom severity among patients with co-occurring bipolar disorder and substance dependence.

Background We examined a modified version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) among treatment-seeking patients with co-occurring bipolar disorder and substance dependence in order to elucidate key features of depression in this specific population of patients.