cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of continuum configuration interaction on the position of sp 6 in neutral chlorine and other halogens

Ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations in the single-configuration approximation predict that the 3s3p6 2S1/2 level of Cl i lies far above the ionization limit, although this level is observed to be the lowest of all even J = 1/2 levels other than 3s23p44s4P1/2, 2P1/2. The solution of this anomaly lies in configuration interaction with the high-lying portion of the 3s23p4∊d2S1/2 continuum, which is sufficiently strong to depress the computed sp6 level to its observed position. This interaction with the continuum is an extension of the well-known interaction of spw+1 with the discrete s2pw−1nd Rydberg series, and is important in all neutral third-row elements Al to Cl, as well as in Br and I and probably other fourth- and fifth-row elements. The effect is, however, somewhat smaller in Br i and I i than in Cl i, with the result that there exists no bromine nor iodine level that is primarily sp6 in nature. The interactions produce large changes in computed transition probabilities and photoionization cross sections.
TOWARDS A DEVELOPMENTAL PARADIGM OF LEADERSHIP

The potential of a probabilistic developmental model of leadership with a possible vast array of organisational applications, suggested by a recent study, is evaluated in light of the historical development of the leadership construct and to suggest directions for the future. The historical development of leadership theories is explored, the model presented, and its potential and limitations discussed.
Range of cube-indexed random walk

For given finite, connected, bipartite graphG=(V,E) with distinguishedν0 ∈V, set {fx189-1} Our main result says there is a fixedb so that whenG is a Hamming cube ({0, 1}n with the usual adjacency), andf is chosen uniformly fromF, the probability thatf takes more thanb values is at most e−Ω(n). this settles in a very strong way a conjecture of I. Benjamini, O. Haggstrom and E. Mossel [2].
Allelopathic substances in ecosystems : Effectiveness of sterile soil components in altering recovery of ferulic acid.

Recovery studies were conducted with ferulic acid, a common allelopathic agent, using various soils and soil components. Ferulic acid was placed into sterile soil components (gibbsite, geothite, Georgia kaolin, and Utah bentonite), and different sterile soil materials (from different horizons in the same profile) varying in mineralogy and in organic matter content. The initial concentration of ferulic acid added to the soil materials was 1000 μg/g (5.149 mmol/g). The pH of the soil materials was adjusted and maintained at approximately 4.5 or 7.5. Samples were extracted with 0.03 M EDTA at days, 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 after addition of ferulic acid. Concentrations of ferulic acid in the extracts were determined with a high performance liquid chromatograph. No breakdown products were detected. Models were developed to describe the recovery of ferulic acid from each soil material and soil component over time. Organic matter was the most active soil component involved in the irreversible retention of ferulic acid. The inorganic soil components were much less active than organic matter but appeared to be similar to each other in activity. Irreversible retention of ferulic acid by soil and soil components was greatest as pH 7.5.
Enhanced monitoring of sulfur dioxide sources with hyperspectral UV sensors

Sulfur dioxide, a short-lived atmospheric constituent, is oxidized to sulfate aerosols, a climate agent. Main sources are volcanoes, smelters, and fossil fuel combustion. Satellite monitoring of SO2 began with TOMS data in 1978 that detected volcanic eruption clouds. Hyperspectral instruments, like OMI and GOME, have a twenty-fold improvement in sensitivity. Degassing volcanoes, smelters, and large power plants are now monitored for a database of SO2 emission to the atmosphere. SO2 is a distinctive marker for volcanic ash clouds, a hazard to aircraft.
A new technique of analysis for the investigation of kinetic data using the differential scanning calorimeter

Abstract This method of analysis for kinetic data of solid state chemical reactions takes advantage of the binomial series expansion to normalize various mathematical expressions related to various solid state models into a power series. This facilitates analysis by computer methods, in that deviations of the various models will be perceptible at the outset.
Enhancing food safety culture to reduce rates of foodborne illness

A culture of food safety is built on a set of shared values that operators and their staff follow to produce and provide food in the safest manner. Maintaining a food safety culture means that operators and staff know the risks associated with the products or meals they produce, know why managing the risks is important, and effectively manage those risks in a demonstrable way. In an organization with a good food safety culture, individuals are expected to enact practices that represent the shared value system and point out where others may fail. By using a variety of tools, consequences and incentives, businesses can demonstrate to their staff and customers that they are aware of current food safety issues, that they can learn from others’ mistakes, and that food safety is important within the organization. The three case studies presented in this paper demonstrate that creating a culture of food safety requires application of the best science with the best management and communication systems, including compelling, rapid, relevant, reliable and repeated food safety messages using multiple media.
Numerical simulation of laser irradiation to a randomly packed bimodal powder bed

Bimodal packing arrangements can be used to overcome the balling phenomena in selective laser sintering (SLS). However, little attention has been paid to the effects of bimodal packing structures on radiative transfer in the SLS powder beds. In this study, a sequential addition packing algorithm is firstly employed to generate 3-D random packing of opaque, diffusively or specularly reflecting spherical particles with the same or different sizes. Then, a Monte Carlo based ray tracing algorithm is formulated, for the first time, to simulate the radiative transfer in the bimodal random packing structures composed of particles with different sizes and emissivities. The credibility of the computer code is verified with published experimental data. A comparison is also made between the calculating results and those obtained by two-flux model. By using the present algorithm, the radiative heat fluxes at both levels of particle and entire bed as well as the transmitted laser energy are statistically evaluated. The influences of bimodal size distribution and particle surface emissivity on the radiative transfer process are examined. Such information is expected to be helpful for optimizing the SLS process.
Simple Surfactant-Free Route to Mesoporous Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Silicas Containing Covalently Bound Cyclodextrins

Novel mesoporous organic−inorganic hybrid silicas containing covalently bound cyclodextrins have been synthesized by a simple, surfactant-free sol−gel route and are shown to have high BET surface areas and narrow pore-size distributions.
Truck driver perceptions and preferences: Congestion and conflict, managed lanes, and tolls

Growing truck traffic has elevated interest for developing new policy and engineering strategies to address efficiency and safety challenges associated with increasingly mixed traffic streams, especially in dense and congested urban areas. This paper focuses on revealing perceptions of truck drivers to urban congestion and safety challenges and gauges their interests in potential geometric or operational solutions, including managed truck lanes and tolling. A survey of 500 long-haul truck drivers was administered in Knoxville, Tennessee, at the crossroads of major north-south and east-west interstate highways. The dataset was evenly divided between independent owner-operators and company employed drivers. These two populations had somewhat varied trip making behavior, but their perceptions of traffic problems were consistent. The most problematic factors on Knoxville's urban highways include aggressive drivers, congestion, car lane changing behavior, and merging vehicles. The survey suggested several alternative truck lane management configurations and most of the respondents supported moving truck lanes to the inside travel lanes to avoid merging and lane-changing cars, either through traditional truck lanes restrictions or truck-only lanes. Respondents were polarized for and against the current truck lane restrictions; mandating trucks use the right two lanes. The mean willingness-to-pay to avoid ten minutes of congestion (through truck management) is about $2.00, lower than other studies. The results of this survey could be generalizable to other urban areas since most traffic is non-local. Future managed lane approaches can balance driver perceptions with operational efficiency to provide acceptable and high performing truck infrastructure.
Early childhood development of four boys with 47, XXY karyotype.

In an epidemiological study, infants identified at birth as having sex chromosome anomalies are enrolled in a voluntary, long term evaluation program. Case histories are presented of the first four boys in the series to have a 47, XXY karyotype. They have been followed from birth for 6 to 9 years, with physical and psychological evaluations. Parents were informed in general terms of the child's genetic defect, and were offered continuing support and encouragement throughout the study. Close cooperation with the families was maintained. So far, the development of all these children has fallen clearly within the normal range and a reasonable healthy developmental pattern has been secured. Minor deviations in motor, speech and emotional development suggest a common underlying pattern, but four cases are too few on which to establish a relationship between karyotype and phenotype. The data suggest that the symptomatology reported in selected children with a 47, XXY karyotype may be strongly dependent on factors other than the chromosomal constitution, and that an appropriate familial and environmental situation may minimize elevated risks due to the marked genetic defect.
Dusty winds – I. Self-similar solutions

We address the dusty wind problem, from the point where dust formation has been completed and outward. Given the grain properties, both radiative transfer and hydrodynamics components of the problem are fully defined by four additional input parameters. The wind radiative emission and the shape of its velocity profile are both independent of the actual magnitude of the velocity and are determined by just three dimensionless free parameters. Of the three, only one is always significant – for most of the phase space the solution is described by a set of similarity functions of a single independent variable, which can be chosen as the overall optical depth at visual τV. The self-similarity implies general scaling relations among mass-loss rate (M˙), luminosity (L) and terminal velocity (v∞). Systems with different M˙, L and v∞ but the same combination M˙/L3/4 necessarily have also the same . For optically thin winds we find the exact analytic solution, including the effects of radiation pressure, gravitation and (sub and supersonic) dust drift. For optically thick winds we present numerical results that cover the entire relevant range of optical depths, and summarize all correlations among the three global parameters in terms of τV. In all winds, M˙ with a proportionality constant that depends only on grain properties. The optically thin end of this universal correlation, , has been verified in observations; even though the wind is driven by radiation pressure, the luminosity does not enter because of the dominant role of dust drift in this regime. The correlation is . At a fixed luminosity, M˙ is not linearly proportional to τV, again because of dust drift. The velocity–luminosity correlation is , explaining the narrow range of outflow velocities displayed by dusty winds. Eliminating τV produces , where A and B are coefficients that contain the only dependence of this universal correlation on chemical composition. At a given L, the maximal velocity of a dusty wind is attained at , with proportionality coefficients derived from A and B.
A MEMS acoustic energy harvester

This paper presents the development of a micromachined acoustic energy harvester for aeroacoustic applications. The acoustic energy harvester employs a silicon-micromachined circular, piezoelectric composite diaphragm for electroacoustic transduction. Lumped element modeling, design, fabrication and characterization of a micromachined acoustic energy harvester prototype are presented. Experimental results indicate a maximum output power density of 0.34 µW cm−2 at 149 dB (ref. 20 µPa) and suggest a potential output power density, for this design, of 250 µW cm−2 with an improved fabrication process.
Secret to marital bliss

The Random Samples item “Less bliss in China?” (6 Oct., p. 41) reports that questionnaires filled out in Turkey, China, and the United States indicate that “moderate husband dominance seems to maximize marital satisfaction.” Psychologist Lisabeth Dilalla of Southern Illinois University suggests (Dilalla, private communication) that this could be explained if dominant husbands do the ratings of marital satisfaction for their wives: “Are you happy? Of course you're happy! Put down ‘Yes.’”
Heavy-electron behavior in single-crystal YbNi2B2C.

We have measured the magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical resistivity on single crystals of the intermetallic borocarbide Yb${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C. An enhanced linear contribution is observed in the specific heat with a Sommerfeld coefficient of 530 mJ/mol ${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$, indicative of a heavy-electron system with a Kondo temperature \ensuremath{\sim}10 K. The magnetic susceptibility, which is anisotropic and Curie-Weiss-like at high temperatures, is also consistent with our interpretation of a strongly correlated ground state at low temperatures and crystal-electric-field excitations at higher temperatures. At $T=1.8$ K, the Wilson ratio is determined to be 0.85 using the high-temperature effective moment. The resistivity shows a quadratic temperature dependence below 1.5 K with a ${T}^{2}$ coefficient of 1.2 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Unlike the other members of the series $R{\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\mathrm{C}(R=\mathrm{Y},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{d}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{u})$, Yb${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C does not order above our lowest measurement temperature of 0.34 K. The suppression of superconductivity in Yb${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C is consistent with a significantly enhanced hybridization between the conduction electrons and the $4f$ states.
Rapid and simple method for the determination of tryptophan in cereal grains.

Abstract Alkaline extracts of cereal proteins are treated in the prescribed sequence: Glacial acetic acid-ferric chloride and 25.8 n H 2 SO 4 solutions. Specified amounts of these solutions and the sample are added in order to obtain the required sulfuric acid concentration in the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is heated at 60°C for 45 min (cereal proteins) or 110 min (standard tryptophan). The absorbance of the resulting violet solution is read at 545 nm. Results are highly precise and agree quite favorably with those of the modified Spies and Chambers method using Pronase hydrolyzates. As little as 6–7 μg of tryptophan in cereal proteins may be determined reliably in samples with negligible blank corrections. The factors affecting color development and the accuracy and precision of the method are discussed.
Improvement in mood and ideation associated with increase in right caudate volume

Abstract Background The basal ganglia, particularly caudate, are hypothesized to play a role in affective and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The depressive syndrome is a feature of untreated Cushing's disease. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that after treatment of Cushing's disease reduces elevated cortisol, improvement in mood and related ideations are associated with increase in caudate volume. Methods In this longitudinal, interventional study of 23 patients with Cushing's disease, 24-hour urinary free cortisol, structural magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral measures were obtained prior to treatment and approximately one year after pituitary microadenomectomy. Five SCL-90-R subscales measuring change in mood, related ideations and physical symptoms were utilized. Results Partial correlations (adjusted for age and time since surgery) showed change in caudate, but not hippocampal, volume was significantly associated with change in behavioral SCL-90-R subscales, indicating selectivity for structure. Right but not left caudate showed associations, suggesting selectivity for lateralization. Right caudate volume increase was significantly associated with decreases in Depression, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Paranoid scores, but not with Somatization (physical symptoms), indicating specificity for behavioral but not physical variables. Limitations A limitation is that relatively low-resolution scans were utilized. Although most likely not diminishing the significant findings, less sensitive methodology could lead to an increased probability of a type 2 error. Conclusions These findings support the concept that caudate, and likely right caudate, participates in human brain circuitry regulating mood.
Increased lethality after endotoxin in old or leukemic AKR mice.

SummaryLethality following a single injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (LPS) was found to be higher for 6- to 10-month “old” AKR than for “young” adult (3 months old) of the same strain. “Young” AKR mice with transplanted lymphoma were also more sensitive to the lethal effects of endotoxin than the nonlymphomatous “young” mice. Exposure to radiation 3 days prior to endotoxin injection increased sensitivity in both the normal “young” mice and the “old” AKR mice but significant increases were seen at lower radiation doses in the “old” mice. “Old” mice were more sensitive to the radiation than “young” mice. Several possible causes for differences observed were investigated. Reticuloendothelial function as measured by rate of clearance of colloidal carbon from blood was the same for “young” and “old” mice. Previous studies have implicated the gut in the increased sensitivity to endotoxin seen 3 days after radiation. The present studies showed no differences between young and old in degree of small inte...
Spectrum Sharing through Contracts

Development of dynamic spectrum access and allo- cation techniques recently [6] have made feasible the vision of cognitive radio systems. However, a fundamental question arises: Why would licensed primary users of a spectrum band allow secondary users to share the band and degrade performance for them? This incentive issue has been sought to be addressed by designing incentive-compatible auction mechanisms [4]. This, however, does not solve the problem. It is not clear who acts as the auctioneer. If the primary himself does, why would the secondary trust the primary to not manipulate the auction. We propose that a more appropriate mechanism to solve this incentive problem is a contractual mechanism. In this paper, we consider a simple setting: A single primary transmitter-receiver pair and a single secondary transmitter-receiver pair with a Gaussian interference channel between them. We consider the setting of complete information when channel attenuation coefficients and noise levels at the receivers are common knowledge. We consider that receivers cooperate to do successive-interference cancellation. Unlike the results of [7] for unlicensed bands, we show that it is possible to achieve socially optimal rate allocations with contracts in licensed bands.
Shock Tube Autoignition Studies for Conventional and Alternative Transportation Fuel Components

Gas-phase autoignition, a fundamental indicator of fuel reactivity, and its underlying reaction kinetics are of importance to the operation of gas turbine and internal combustion engines, particularly in advanced engine concepts where kinetics may play a more important role than in legacy designs. The increasing significance of kinetics in modern engine operation and the rapid development of alternative fuels motivates an understanding of reaction kinetics and in particular the influence of fuel structure on oxidation and autoignition. A series of shock tube autoignition studies have been carried for pure fuel components found in conventional and alternative transportation fuels over the last five years. Results of these studies are summarized here. Measurements have been made for compounds found in or relevant to conventional gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels and alternative fuels including biodiesels, Fischer-Tropsch fuels, and hydroprocessed renewable fuels. Experiments were carried out for gaseous fuel/air mixtures in a heated shock tube facility. Fuel/air mixtures were studied for rich to lean conditions at high pressures (10–60 atm) and for a large range of temperatures spanning three distinct regions of reactivity from the high-temperature Arrhenius region, through the negative-temperature-coefficient region, and into the low-temperature region. The experimental results provide fundamental information about the structure-reactivity relationships for fuels and targets for the development of fuel oxidation kinetic models.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Usury and Homosexual Behaviour: Parallel Theological Tracks?

This essay traces the development of the Christian teachings on the (im)morality of taking interest on a loan, initially called usury, and homosexual behaviour from their beginnings in the scriptures, through the tradition, down to the present day. It demonstrates the development of the teaching on usury, thanks to the interventions of the theologians, from absolutely immoral to perfectly moral; highlights the trajectory of the teaching on homosexual behaviour; and suggests that it too, again thanks to the teaching of the theologians, is moving along the same trajectory from absolutely immoral to perfectly moral.
Tissue-Engineered Lungs for in Vivo Implantation

Because adult lung tissue has limited regeneration capacity, lung transplantation is the primary therapy for severely damaged lungs. To explore whether lung tissue can be regenerated in vitro, we treated lungs from adult rats using a procedure that removes cellular components but leaves behind a scaffold of extracellular matrix that retains the hierarchical branching structures of airways and vasculature. We then used a bioreactor to culture pulmonary epithelium and vascular endothelium on the acellular lung matrix. The seeded epithelium displayed remarkable hierarchical organization within the matrix, and the seeded endothelial cells efficiently repopulated the vascular compartment. In vitro, the mechanical characteristics of the engineered lungs were similar to those of native lung tissue, and when implanted into rats in vivo for short time intervals (45 to 120 minutes) the engineered lungs participated in gas exchange. Although representing only an initial step toward the ultimate goal of generating fully functional lungs in vitro, these results suggest that repopulation of lung matrix is a viable strategy for lung regeneration.
Fractal characteristics of desert storm sequences and implications for geomorphic studies

Abstract Daily precipitation sequences from desert climate stations located in southern California and Nevada exhibit fractal characteristics at time bins less than 100 days and non-fractal characteristics at time bins greater than 100 days. The fractal behavior of these data is described as Cantor dust with fractal dimensions ranging from 0.37 for Bishop, California, down to 0.26 for the Eagle Mountain, California. Due to its nature as a clustered event sequence, computer modelers hoping to simulate geomorphic processes responding to precipitation events such as soil leaching, paleoclimate, lake levels and other processes linked to hydrologic budgets, must use caution in devising time increments for their models. Significant water budget changes are possible without changing long-term precipitation averages, but rather, by changing the precipitation delivery schedule over a period of time. The Cantor dust aptly quantifies these and other aspects of a precipitation sequence and can be used to more precisely characterize a climatic type. Because many geomorphic processes dependent on precipitation are a function of frequency, magnitude and antecedent conditions, the fractal characteristics of the precipitation sequence play an important role in understanding the limits of forward modeling.
Postoperative parathyroid hormone testing decreases symptomatic hypocalcemia and associated emergency room visits after total thyroidectomy.

Background Symptomatic hypocalcemia, the most common complication of total thyroidectomy, can lead to postoperative emergency room visits for laboratory testing and intravenous calcium infusion. A method to identify patients reliably at risk for postoperative hypocalcemia could allow prophylactic treatment to avoid this. We hypothesized that quick parathyroid hormone testing within 4 hours of thyroidectomy and a protocol to treat parathyroid-hormone–deficient patients would reduce symptomatic hypocalcemia, eliminating the need for emergency room visits. Methods After January 1, 2006, 271 consecutive patients underwent total thyroidectomy with postoperative parathyroid hormone testing (group 1). Patients with parathyroid hormone levels Results Patients in the 2 groups were similar with regard to age, sex, and thyroiditis. However, patients in group 1, who had parathyroid hormone testing, had greater postoperative calcium levels (P Conclusion Postoperative parathyroid hormone testing reliably identifies patients at risk for hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Moreover, parathyroid hormone testing and calcitriol administration to patients at risk decreases the incidence of hypocalcemia and associated emergency room visits after total thyroidectomy. Therefore, patients with postoperative serum parathyroid hormone levels
Simulation as a Tool in Understanding the Concepts of Lean Manufacturing

This paper presents the use of discrete event simulation to understand the concepts of lean manufacturing, including line balancing against Takt time, pull versus push manufacturing, Kanban inventory control, and process variability reduction. Several simulation models were used to evaluate the impact of these lean concepts on production, work in process, and station/operator utilization.
Spermatozoal glycogen in two species of Rana.

Cytochemical and morphological evidence indicates the presence of glycogen packets in the condensed nuclei of Rana pipiens and Rana clamitans testicular spermatozoa. A possible reason for its existence is discussed. Glycogen is also demonstrated in the acrosomes of R. pipiens spermatozoa and in the middle pieces and tails of R. clamitans spermatozoa.
The norm of a composition operator with linear symbol acting on the Dirichlet space

Abstract We obtain a representation for the norm of a composition operator on the Dirichlet space induced by a map of the form φ ( z ) = a z + b . We compare this result to an upper bound for ‖ C φ ‖ that is valid whenever φ is univalent. Our work relies heavily on an adjoint formula recently discovered by Gallardo-Gutierrez and Montes-Rodriguez.
Suicidal children grow up : psychiatric treatment during follow-up period

This study compares the treatment course during a 6- to 8-year follow-up period of 53 suicidal preadolescent and young adolescent psychiatric inpatients with those of 16 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients and 64 nonpatients selected from a community. The three groups of subjects were matched on demographic characteristics. All 69 patients and 10 (15.6%) nonpatients received treatment during follow-up. Treatment course during follow-up for suicidal patients was significantly longer, earlier, and more intensive than for the nonpatient controls. Fifty-five percent of 20 subjects who attempted suicide during follow-up were in treatment at the time of the suicide attempt.
Bruhat Lattices, Plane Partition Generating Functions, and Minuscule Representations*

The Bruhat posets (arising from Weyl groups) which are lattices are classified. Seshadri's standard monomial result for miniscule representations is used to show that certain combinatorially defined generating functions associated to these lattices satisfy certain identities. The most interesting cases of these identities are known plane partition generating function identities. Independent combinatorial proofs of the other identities are given. Then the combinatorial proofs of these identities are used as a step in a simplified proof of Seshadri's standard monomial result. Partial results to the effect that the Bruhat lattices are the only distributive lattices with such generating function identities are quoted (‘Gaussian poset’ conjecture), a potential Dynkin diagram classification result. New proofs of the fact that Bruhat lattices are rank unimodal and strongly Sperner are given. Geometric interpretations (with respect to minuscule flag manifolds) of the combinatorial quantities studied are described.
ω-3 Fatty acid supplements in women at high risk of breast cancer have dose-dependent effects on breast adipose tissue fatty acid composition

Background: Preclinical evidence of the preventive benefits of ω-3 (n–3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast cancer continues to fuel interest in the potential role of dietary fat content in reducing breast cancer risk. The dose of fish-oil/ω-3 PUFAs needed to achieve maximal target tissue effects for breast cancer prevention remains undefined. Objective: To determine the dose effects of ω-3 fatty acids on breast adipose tissue fatty acid profiles, we conducted a study of 4 doses of ω-3 PUFAs in women at high risk of breast cancer. Design: In this 6-mo randomized open-label study, 48 women with increased breast cancer risk received 1, 3, 6, or 9 capsules/d of an ω-3 PUFA supplement that provided 0.84, 2.52, 5.04, and 7.56 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) daily, respectively. Subjects made monthly visits, at which time pill counts were made and fasting blood samples were collected to determine fatty acid profiles; anthropometric measurements were made, breast adipose tissue samples were collected, and laboratory tests of toxicity (alanine aminotransferase, LDL cholesterol, and platelet function) were made at baseline and at 3 and 6 mo. Results: All doses led to increased serum and breast adipose tissue EPA and DHA concentrations, but the response to 0.84 g DHA+EPA/d was less than the maximum possible response with ≥2.52 g/d. Body mass index attenuated the dose response for serum tissue DHA and EPA (P = 0.015 and 0.027, respectively) and breast adipose tissue DHA (P = 0.0022) in all of the treatment groups. The incremental increase in DHA and EPA correlated inversely with baseline fat and serum values. Compliance over 6 mo was 92.9 ± 9.2% and was unaffected by treatment arm. No severe or serious toxicities were reported. Conclusions: Daily doses up to 7.56 g DHA+EPA were well tolerated with excellent compliance in this cohort at high risk of breast cancer. Body mass index and baseline fatty acid concentrations modulated the dose-response effects of ω-3 PUFA supplements on serum EPA and DHA and breast adipose tissue DHA.
Effects of hormone and cellular modulators of protein phosphorylation on transcriptional activity, DNA binding, and phosphorylation of human progesterone receptors.

Human progesterone receptors (PR) in T47D breast cancer cells are synthesized as two different sized proteins, PR-A [94 kilodaltons (kDa)] and PR-B (120 kDa). Progestin addition to cells (in vivo) causes a 2-fold increase in total phosphorylation of PR and an increase in the apparent mol wt of both PR-A and PR-B on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gels. Time-course experiments showed that increased PR phosphorylation that results from hormone addition is a multistep process and involves a rapid increase into total 32P labeling that takes place before the more slowly occurring phosphorylation(s) responsible for the change in electrophoretic mobility of PR on SDS-gels. As an approach to test whether phosphorylation is involved in regulating PR activity, we have examined the effects of cellular modulators of protein phosphorylation on PR-mediated target gene transcription in vivo using a T47D cloned cell line containing a stably transfected mouse mammary tumor virus-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct. T...
The Presence of Inducible Cytochrome P450 Types 1A1 and 1A2 in the BeWo Cell Line

The activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 systems (CYP1A1:1A2) of the human placenta were assessed in a representative human trophoblast-like cell line, BeWo. The activity of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in microsome preparations from human liver, placenta, primary cultures of human cytotrophoblast, and BeWo cells was measured by O -dealkylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O -demethylation (MROD), respectively. Results indicated high EROD and MROD activity associated with human liver microsomes, sometimes comparable activities in human placenta microsomes prepared from smokers, and relatively low activities in human placenta microsomes from nonsmokers and in the primary cultures of cytotrophoblasts isolated from nonsmokers. Microsomes from BeWo cell monolayers exhibited the lowest EROD and MROD activities relative to all other microsome preparations. However, compared to primary cultures of normal trophoblasts, the EROD activity of the BeWo cells was far more sensitive to typical inducers, 3-methylcholanthrene, 1,2-benzanthracene, and beta-naphthoflavone. EROD activity in BeWo cells was induced approximately 200-fold by 3-methylcholanthrene. Both EROD and MROD activity in BeWo cells was readily induced by 1,2-benzanthracene, 100-fold and 60-fold, respectively. After induction with 1,2-benzanthracene, the CYP1A1 selective inhibitor, alpha-naphthoflavone, and the CYP1A2 selective inhibitor, furafylline, effectively inhibited enzyme activities with IC(50)s of 2.4 microM and 12.8 microM, respectively, in microsomes from both trophoblasts culture systems. These results show that major cytochrome P450 forms present in human placenta are present and inducible in BeWo cells, a potential model for investigation of drug metabolism mechanisms in the human trophoblast.
Characterization of peptide YY receptors in rabbit colonic mucosa

Abstract Quantitative receptor autoradiography localized a high-affinity binding site for 125 I-peptide YY to the mucosa in rabbit distal colon. Scatchard binding analysis revealed a single-affinity binding site ( K D = 0.29 n M ) with binding specificity similar to other peptide YY-preferring receptors ( peptide YY ≥ neuropeptide Y > pancreatic polypeptide ). Radioligand binding studies using colonic mucosal membranes confirmed high-affinity peptide YY binding sites ( K D = 0.26 n M ) with time, temperature, and protein dependence, as well as saturability characteristic of receptor-ligand binding. Selective peptide analogues showed a subpopulation of these 125 I-peptide YY binding sites to resemble the Y 1 -type neuropeptide Y receptor. Peptide YY may exert local antisecretory effects on the colonic epithelium via these binding sites.
Hypothesis Testing and Power Calculations for Taxonomic-Based Human Microbiome Data

This paper presents new biostatistical methods for the analysis of microbiome data based on a fully parametric approach using all the data. The Dirichlet-multinomial distribution allows the analyst to calculate power and sample sizes for experimental design, perform tests of hypotheses (e.g., compare microbiomes across groups), and to estimate parameters describing microbiome properties. The use of a fully parametric model for these data has the benefit over alternative non-parametric approaches such as bootstrapping and permutation testing, in that this model is able to retain more information contained in the data. This paper details the statistical approaches for several tests of hypothesis and power/sample size calculations, and applies them for illustration to taxonomic abundance distribution and rank abundance distribution data using HMP Jumpstart data on 24 subjects for saliva, subgingival, and supragingival samples. Software for running these analyses is available.
Improving the Preparation of Teachers

any policy-makers and educational critics believe that teacher education is ineffective. Educational research, however, refutes that belief. Teachers who earn more credit hours in professional education obtain higher ratings from supervisors and have higher student test scores than teachers with fewer credits in professional education; supervisors rate the effectiveness of graduates of colleges of education more highly than graduates from liberal arts or other non-education majors, and teachers with regular state certification receive higher supervisor ratings and have higher student achievement than teachers who do not meet certification standards (Ashton & Crocker, 1986; Darling-Hammond & Sclan, 1996). Despite compelling evidence of the effectiveness of teacher education, states continue to reduce certification requirements and hire teachers who do not meet certification standards. These practices no doubt contribute to students' academic failure. Furthermore, these policies exacerbate inequities in the quality of education offered lowincome children in comparison to children from more economically advantaged homes. Teachers without regular certification are more often assigned to teach in schools with predominantly low-income children and children of color than are regularly certified teachers. For example, in 1991, about 33% of the new teachers assigned to teach mathematics, science, social studies, and special education were ineligible for certification in those fields, but students in urban schools had only a 50% chance of being taught by a certified mathematics or science teacher (DarlingHammond & Sclan, 1996). At least 40 states have alternative certification programs. Some of these programs require teachers to take only a few weeks of training before assuming responsibility for a class. In 1991, 20,000 teachers-5% of the new teachers hired-held alternative certi-
Aerothermal anchoring of CBAERO using high fidelity CFD

The Configuration Based Aerodynamics (CBAERO) software package is used to predict the convective and radiative heating environments for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). A limited number of high fidelity CFD solutions are used to "anchor" the engineering level estimates obtained using CBAERO.
Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures

Prospective studies indicate that individuals with elevated dietary restraint scores are at increased risk for future bulimic symptom onset, suggesting that these individuals may show hyper-responsivity of reward regions to food and food cues. Thus, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of chocolate milkshake and exposure to pictures of appetizing foods in 39 female adolescents (mean age = 15.5 ± 0.94). Dietary restraint scores were positively correlated with activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in response to milkshake receipt. However, dietary restraint scores did not correlate with activation in response to anticipated milkshake receipt or exposure to food pictures. Results indicate that individuals who report high dietary restraint have a hyper-responsivity in reward-related brain regions when food intake is occurring, which may increase risk for overeating and binge eating.
Tillage and nitrogen fertilization influence grain and soil nitrogen in an annual cropping system

Increasing the frequency of cropping in dryland systems in the northern Great Plains requires the application of N fertilizer to maintain optimum crop yields. A 12-yr annual cropping rotation [spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)] under dryland conditions was monitored to determine the influence of tillage system [conventional till (CT), minimum till (MT), and no till (NT)] and N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha -1 ) on N removed in grain and annual changes in postharvest soil NO 3 -N. Nitrogen removal in the grain increased with increasing N rate in most years. Total grain N removal was lowest with NT at the lowest N rate and highest with NT at the highest N rate compared with CT. Total grain N removal after 12 cropping seasons was 144, 84, and 61% of the total N applied for the 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha -1 fertilizer rates, respectively. Residual soil NO 3 -N levels were not affected by N rate or tillage system in the first 3 yr, but they increased significantly following consecutive drought years. Residual NO 3 -N in the 150-cm soil profile tended to be higher with CT and MT than with NT. Soil NO 3 -N movement below the crop root zone may have occurred in 1 or 2 yr when precipitation was above average. Results indicate that NT, with annual cropping, may reduce the quantity of residual soil NO 3 -N available for leaching compared with MT and CT systems.
Delayed fluorescence from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides reaction centers. Enthalpy and free energy changes accompanying electron transfer from P-870 to quinones

Delayed fluorescence from isolated reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was measured to study the energetics of electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll complex (P-870, or P) to the primary and secondary quinones (QA and QB). The analysis was based on the assumption that electron transfer between P and Q reaches equilibrium quickly after flash excitation, and stays in equilibrium during the lifetime of the P+Q− radical pair. Delayed fluorescence of 1Q reaction centers (reaction centers that contain only QA) has a lifetime of about 0.1 s, which corresponds to the decay of P+Q−A. 2Q reaction centers (which contain both QA and QB) have a much weaker delayed fluorescence, with a lifetime that corresponds to that of P+Q−B (about 1 s). In the presence of o-phenanthroline, the delayed fluorescence of 2Q reaction centers becomes similar in intensity and decay kinetics to that of 1Q reaction centers. From comparisons of the intensities of the delayed fluorescence from P+Q−A and P+Q−B, the standard free energy difference between P+Q−A and P+Q−B is calculated to be 78 ± 8 meV. From a comparison of the intensity of the delayed fluorescence with that of prompt fluorescence, we calculate that P+Q−A is 0.86 ± 0.02 eV below the excited singlet state of P in free energy, or about 0.52 eV above the ground state PQA. The temperature dependence of the delayed fluorescence indicates that P+Q−A is about 0.75 eV below the excited singlet state in enthalpy, or about 0.63 eV above the ground state.
c-Src Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor-induced Proliferation in Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts

Activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) propagates FGF signals through multiple intracellular pathways via intermediates FRS2, PLCgamma, and Ras. Conflicting reports exist concerning the interaction between FGFR1 and Src family kinases. To address the role of c-Src in FGFR1 signaling, we compared proliferative responses of murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) deficient in c-Src, Yes, and Fyn to MEF expressing either endogenous levels or overexpressing c-Src. MEF with endogenous c-Src had significantly greater FGF-induced DNA synthesis and proliferation than cells lacking or overexpressing c-Src. This was related directly to c-Src expression by analysis of c-Src-deficient cells transfected with and sorted for varying levels of a c-Src expression vector. This suggests an "optimal" quantity of c-Src expression for FGF-induced proliferation. To determine if this was a general phenomenon for growth factor signaling pathways utilizing c-Src, responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) were examined. As for FGF, responses to EGF were clearly inhibited when c-Src was absent or overexpressed. In contrast, varying levels of c-Src had little effect on responses to PDGF or LPA. The data show that mitogenic pathways activated by FGF-1 and EGF are regulated by c-Src protein levels and appear to differ significantly from those activated by PDGF and LPA.
INVESTIGATING FORM COMPARABILITY IN THE IDAHO COMPREHENSIVE LITERACY ASSESSMENT: MATTERS OF FAIRNESS AND TRANSPARENCY

Abstract The Idaho Comprehensive Literacy Assessment (ICLA) is a faculty-developed, state-wide, high-stakes assessment of pre-service teachers’ knowledge and application of research based literacy practices. The literacy faculty control all aspects of the test, including construction, refinement, administration, scoring and reporting. The test development and validation process is open to public inspection. This article investigates the comparability of three Forms administered across two years. The results of statistical analyses show that while there are small differences in pass rates across forms in some administrative periods, those differences are negligible and due to unsystematic variability.
Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females.

Many women are seeking alternatives to HRT, including the use of dietary supplements that have a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia. Examples of frequently used botanicals are soy, black cohosh, red clover, grape derivatives, St. John’s wort, Ginko biloba and Echinacea. While many of these botanicals appear to ameliorate some postmenopausal symptoms (i.e., bone loss, hot flushes/flashes and night sweats), none of the tested botanicals has proven as effective as HRT in decreasing the affective disorders of menopause. Further, despite the increasing usage of botanical supplements, their efficacy and safety have not been well documented by critical research studies. This review summarizes recent findings related to the utility of botanicals for menopause-related cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, specifically hypertension, diabetes, progressive cognitive decline and hyperlipidemia. While great caution should be exercised in the translation of animal findings to the human, these studies, along with those of others, suggest that some commonly used botanical supplements may be useful adjuvants for providing protection to women (and men) against cardiovascular risk.
Effects of certain O-acyl derivatives of oleandomycin and erythromycin on chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis.

SYNOPSIS. A series of mono-, di- and triesters of oleandomycin and monoesters of erythromycin was tested for bleaching activity on the chloroplast system of Euglena gracilis. Many esters were more active than the original antibiotic base. The most active substances were those with esterification at the neutral sugar oleandrose. The effect of triacetyloleandomycin relative to oleandomycin on Euglena cells correlates directly with its relative antibacterial activity in vivo, while the effect correlates inversely with relative antibacterial activity in vitro. Like the macroorganism, E. gracilis probably accommodates the triester in a manner affording a net, relatively higher concentration of substances to which the chloroplasts are more sensitive.