cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the treatment of intergovernmental aid symmetric

In this note we use a variable parameter model to test for asymmetries in the treatment of intergovernmental aid. The central question is whether local government officials treat intergovernmental aid differently during periods of aid certainty and uncertainty. We find evidence of fiscal replacement for 94% of Wisconsin municipalities and fiscal inducement for only a small handful of municipalities. The lower the dependency on shared revenues, the higher the odds that the municipality will replace lost shared revenues with own source revenues.
Succinic dehydrogenase levels in striated muscle in relation to male hormone.

THERE are two well recognized instances where striated muscle has been observed to undergo marked atrophic changes following castration in the male. Papanicolaou and Falk (1938) observed this to occur in temporal muscles of the male guinea pig, and Wainman and Shipounoff (1941) indicated that similar changes occurred in the perineal musculature of the male rat. As interest in the problems of the mechanism of hormone action through modifications of intra-cellular enzyme concentration and activity has increased, it seemed that studies of pertinent enzyme systems in this type of skeletal muscle should be considered. In this report, succinic dehydrogenase was measured in the striated muscle of the perineal complex of male rats following castration, and after treatment of young males with testosterone proprionate. Succinic dehydrogenase was chosen because other investigators had studied the levels of this enzyme in certain striated muscle following atrophy induced by other methods, namely, by vitamin E deficie...
Application of Multiple Bioindicators to Differentiate Spatial and Temporal Variability from the Effects of Contaminant Exposure on Fish

Bioindicators of fish health were measured from 1989 through 1994 in populations of redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) at three sites within a stream receiving inputs of mixed contaminants from an industrial facility, and at two reference sites. Bioindicator responses differed for fish from contaminated and reference sites throughout the study period, but temporal trends at contaminated sites reflected improved water quality associated with pollution-control efforts. Temporal variability unrelated to contaminant exposure strongly influenced the response of bioindicators at both reference and contaminated sites, but spatial variability rarely influenced these responses. Temporal variability was less influential on slower responding indicators at higher levels of biological organization. The diverse response characteristics of indicators increased the ability to differentiate natural from anthropogenic sources of variability. Integrated bioindicator responses were compared among site-year groups by multivariate canonical analysis. The primary canonical variable, associated with differences in growth, exhibited trends consistent with the timing of pollution-control efforts. Two indicators of contaminant exposure (7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish muscle) also exhibited trends consistent with the timing of pollution-control efforts, but the likelihood of possible mechanistic linkages cannot be assessed with available data.
Developments in the RN First Assistant Role During the Korean War

During times of war, demand for health care providers has stimulated increased employment of nurses and broadened the dimensions of the scope of nursing practice in the surgical arena. This article examines how the work of army nurses during the Korean War helped develop the role of the RN first assistant.
Organized Labor and Class Consciousness in the United States

Michael D. Yates, Why Unions Matter, 2nd ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2009, 240 pp. Michael D. Yates, In and Out of the Working Class. Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 2009, 217 pp.
Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes produced using the floating catalyst method : Synthesis, purification and hydrogen up-take

The floating catalyst (FC) method for synthesis of single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes was optimized and scaled up to yield 6 g/h and 20 g/h of products, respectively. Different CNTs purification methods were compared. It was found that the procedure involving room temperature bromination is the most effective to purify the FC-CNTs. The hydrogen up-take capacities of the different products were measured using the quasi-equilibrium volumetric method. It was shown that, at room temperature and gas pressure up to 150 atm for both SWCNTs and MWCNTs, hydrogen up-take does not exceed 1.5 wt.% and is weakly dependent on the product purity.
Segmenting luxe-bargain shoppers using a fuzzy clustering method

Purpose – This study aims to identify consumer segments among luxe-bargain shoppers using a fuzzy clustering method based on psychographic variables related to both luxury consumption and bargain processes and profiles the identified segments in behavioral tendencies. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consists of 500 consumers who purchased a luxury brand at a bargain. The analyses involve running a confirmatory factor analysis, a fuzzy clustering analysis based on psychographic variables, and ANOVA for profiling the segments. Findings – A fuzzy clustering analysis identifies four distinct segments: deal hunters, sale-prone shoppers, active luxe-bargain shoppers, and royal shoppers. Each consumer segment exhibits differences in consumer characteristics, demographics, and behavioral tendencies. The study provides insight into varied luxury consumers. Research limitations/implications – In an effort to fill the gap between traditional framework in luxury research and today ' s luxury market that prov...
Rotor-state feedback in the design of flight control laws for a hovering helicopter

The use of rigid-body and rotor-state feedback gains in the design of helicopter flight control laws was investigated analytically on a blade element, articulated rotor, helicopter model. The study was conducted while designing a control law to meet an existing military rotorcraft handling qualities design specification (ADS-33C) in low-speed flight. A systematic approach to meet this specification was developed along with an assessment of the function of these gains in the feedback loops. Using the results of this assessment, the pitch and roll crossover behavior was easily modified by adjusting the body attitude and rotor-flap feedback gains. Critical to understanding the feedback gains is that the roll and pitch rate dynamics each have second-order behavior, not the classic first-order behavior, which arises from a quasi-static rotor, six degree-of-freedom model.
Psychological and Somatic Symptoms in Screening for Depression in Asthma Patients

Correctly identifying asthma patients who need treatment for depression is part of comprehensive care. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms measured by the short-form Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-SF), which measures somatic and psychological symptoms, with the original and short-form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS and GDS-SF), which measure only psychological symptoms. In total, 257 asthma patients (mean age 42 years, 75% women) completed the GDS (score range 0-30, positive screen > or = 11) and the CESD-SF (score range 0-30, positive screen > or = 10). The performance of each scale was compared to clinical diagnoses of depressive disorders reported by physicians using a skill score analysis. Twenty percent of patients had GDS scores > or = 11 and 32% had CESD-SF scores > or = 10. The somatic symptom of restless sleep was the most common CESD-SF symptom and the symptom that contributed most to the total score. The GDS had a skill score of +.16 (+1 = maximum possible, 0 = best guess) and the CESD-SF had a skill score of -.02 compared to physician-reported depressive disorders. Similar results were found for the GDS-SF. Thus, more patients had a positive CESD-SF screen, which was attributable mostly to a somatic sleep symptom that overlaps with asthma symptoms, and the GDS was more consistent with physicians' reports of depressive disorders.
Cavum septi pellucidi as a cause of shunt dysfunction

Cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae are generally asymptomatic fluid collections between the leaves of the septum pellucidum and are present in approximately 15% of adult brains. There are occasional reported cases of symptomatic cysts arising in this area. This paper reports a case in which a cavum septi pellucidi was a cause of shunt malfunction. On an air ventriculogram this condition was initially confused with a subdural collection.
Cultivation of Various Species of Trypanosomes in the Developing Chick Embryo

ConclusionsThe following species of trypanosomes were successfully cultivated in the developing chick embryo: rhodesiense, equiperdum, brucei, evansi and hippicum. T. lewisi was cultivated but not very satisfactorily. No change in virulence of these organisms appeared during the time of cultivation. The strain of T. rhodesiense remained arsenic-fast throughout the period of 41 days of cultivation in the chick embryo.
Patterns of childhood asthma management practices by physicians in the inner city

Abstract Rationale Understanding the underlying patterns, frequencies and determinants of national guideline recommended childhood asthma management practices (CHAMP) in the inner-city is important in tailoring interventions to increase the quality of asthma care. Methods Primary care providers identified by parents of children with doctor-diagnosed asthma were recruited as part of an asthma education intervention study. Physicians (n=117; pediatricians 87%, family doctors 13%) completed a survey which assessed the use of 16 specific CHAMP during routine asthma care visits. Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation was used to identify CHAMP factors (patterns of correlated CHAMP's). Results Principal Component Analysis yielded 4 CHAMP factors which were labeled as: patient tailored education (4 variables α=.75), asthma medication assessment (4 variables, α=.60), pulmonary function monitoring (2 variables, α=.71), and assessment of patient/family issues about asthma (3 variables, α=.48). These 4 factors accounted for 61% of CHAMP's variability. Frequency analysis showed that physicians were most likely to engage in asthma medication assessment followed by assessment of patient/family issues about asthma and pulmonary function monitoring , and least likely to provide patient tailored education . Physician's age, gender, race/ethnicity were not significantly associated with CHAMP factors. Conclusions Primary care physicians caring for inner-city children with asthma discuss asthma management practices in characteristic patterns. While discussion of asthma medication is frequent, there may be a need to further emphasize education tailored to the patient.
Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopic investigation of the role of structural water and F in carbonate-rich fluorapatite

We have studied the substitutions in a natural well-crystallized carbonate-containing apatite-(CaF) (var. staffelite) using infrared (IR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Our results show the presence of both A- and B-type carbonate plus a large amount of structural water (0.44 pfu). This sample also contains 0.21 pfu excess F, but only weak C-F dipolar coupling is observed indicating that a tetrahedral CO3F 3– complex does not occur. 19 F NMR results indicate the presence of a second F environment in the apatite structure at a concentration similar to that of B-type carbonate but which does not differ from channel F in terms of coupling to 31 P or 1 H.
In vivo human Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) promoter activity

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a large extracellular matrix protein whose function is unknown. Mutations in COMP cause pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, two skeletal dysplasias which are associated with intracellular retention of COMP in chondrocytes. In contrast, COMP null mice are normal suggesting gene redundancy or that the detrimental effect is associated with mutant COMP rather than the absence of functional COMP. To define the elements that regulate COMP transcription and tissue-specificity, we have evaluated the human COMP promoter driving fusion gene expression in vitro and in vivo. COMP promoter activity is higher in rat chondrosarcoma cells (RCS) than in a fibroblast cell line. In RCS cells, expression of a reporter gene containing 1.7 kb of the human COMP promoter was three-fold higher than all shorter COMP promoter constructs. In transgenic mice, 1.7 kb of the human COMP promoter is active early in development in the limbs, spine, and eye. As development progresses, promoter activity diminishes in the eye and migrates from the center to the ends of the long bones. On the other hand, while 375 bp of the human COMP promoter is sufficient for proper tissue-specific expression, levels are less than those found with the 1.7-COMP promoter. The expression pattern of both promoters recapitulates endogenous cartilage COMP expression in mice. Our findings indicate that the elements required for chondrocyte-specific expression lie within 375 bp of the translational start site, while DNA enhancer elements are located between 1.0 to 1.7 kb.
Splice Length of Prestressing Strands in Field-Cast UHPC Connections

The development length of reinforcement embedded into ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) can be significantly shorter than the lengths normally associated with conventional concrete. Shortening the development length of prestressing strands can allow for a redesign of some structural systems, including spliced girder and continuous-for-live-load bridges. UHPC, when used in field-cast connections between prefabricated elements, can create robust connections which emulate monolithic components. This study investigated the development length of 12.7- and 15.2-mm diameter untensioned prestressing strands embedded in steel fiber and PVA fiber reinforced UHPC. The volumetric fiber content was 2 %. A novel tension test method allowed for replication of the stress state that occurs when strands are lap spliced within a connection between two linear elements. The results suggest that, for the steel fiber reinforced UHPC, the 12.7-mm diameter strands can be fully developed within 51 cm and the 15.2-mm diameter strands can be fully developed in approximately 61 cm. The 12.7-mm diameter strands can be fully developed in the PVA fiber reinforced UHPC in approximately 91 cm. Applying UHPC to create lap splice connections of prestressing strands may allow for increased structural efficiency and increased structural redundancy through the use of simple, non-congested, non-post-tensioned connection details.
Use of Plasmapheresis and Partial Plasma Exchange in the Management of Patients with Cryoglobulinemia

The management of patients with cryoglobulins often meets with limited success. Reported here is the use of plasmapheresis and/or partial plasma exchange in the management of five patients with cryoglobulinemia. The procedure was carried out at room temperature with reinfusion through a blood warmer. Circulating levels of mixed cryoglobulins and monoclonal IgM cryoglobulins were more easily reduced than were IgG cryoproteins. Improvement in symptoms was associated with removal of the cryoprotein. Pheresis can be used as primary therapy for reduction of cryoglobulin levels in cases of symptomatic essential cryoglobulinemia. Where an etiology for cryoglobulinemia is known and specific treatment exists, pheresis can be used as effective adjunct therapy.
The effects of workforce heterogeneity on productivity in an experiential learning environment

This paper investigates the effects of heterogeneity in various workforce learning/forgetting characteristics on productivity. An important aspect of this study is that worker heterogeneity is spec...
The Multistate Life Table Method: An Application to Contraceptive Switching Behavior

In many demographic behaviors (e.g., those relating to marriage, contraception, migration, and health), people change among multiple statuses through time, sometimes leaving and then returning to the same status. Data on such behaviors are often collected in surveys as censored event histories. The multistate life table (MSLT) can be used to properly describe, in a single analysis, these complex transitions among multiple states measured in such data, but MSLT is rarely applied in the demographic literature because practical guidance is lacking on how to compute MSLTs with such data. We provide methods for computing MSLT quantities using censored event-history data: namely, transition intensities and probabilities, "state occupancy" probabilities and standard errors, average time spent in specified states, and average number of visits to specified states. Applying these methods to contraceptive use, we find high levels of switching back and forth, particularly between barrier methods and non-use, resulting in high rates of unintended pregnancy.
In vitro RNA synthesis and nuclear proteins of isolated sea urchin embryo nuclei

Abstract Isolated nuclei and/or chromatin from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus gametes and early developmental stages were analyzed for their basic protein content as well as their ability to serve as templates for in vitro RNA synthesis. 1. 1. Sperm chromatin exhibited little or no template activity. Unfertilized egg nuclei directed 1.5 % of the RNA synthesized by pure sperm DNA. This level of template activity increased at 32–64 cell, blastula and gastrula stages reaching a maximum of 6 % during pluteus stage. 2. 2. Trypsin digestion of sperm chromatin and blastula nuclei caused a 6–8-fold increase in template activity. Similarly treated egg nuclei showed no increase in available template. Sonication of egg and blastula nuclei resulted only in a slight increase in template activity. This was less pronounced for egg nuclei. Sonicated and trypsinized blastula nuclei showed an increased template activity over controls. Similar treatment of egg nuclei resulted in no release of genetic restriction. 3. 3. Typical histone patterns could not be electrophoretically demonstrated from extracted nuclear protein prior to blastula stage. 4. 4. The above results indicate a lack of histones during early sea urchin development although there is substantial template restriction.
Bone suture anchors versus the pullout button for repair of distal profundus tendon injuries: A comparison of strength in human cadaveric hands

Avulsion or distal tendon laceration of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) is classically repaired to the base of the distal phalanx via a pullout suture over a button. Bone suture anchors, used extensively in other surgical areas, have recently been proposed for reattachment of the FDP to the distal phalanx. The FDP tendons of the index, long, and ring fingers in 9 fresh frozen cadeveric hands were randomized to 1 of 3 repair techniques after simulated distal avulsion injuries. These were the pullout button using 3-0 monofilament nylon in a 2-strand Bunnell suture pattern, the 1.8 mm Mini QuickAnchor (Mitek Products, Norwood, MA) using 3-0 braided polyester in a 2-strand Bunnell suture pattern, and the Mitek micro anchor using 3-0 braided polyester with a modified 4-strand Becker suture pattern. Nine specimens were loaded to failure, noting maximum load and mode of failure. The 1.3 mm Micro QuickAnchor (Mitek) technique (69.6 +/- 10.8 N) was significantly stronger than the pullout button (43.3 +/- 4.8 N) or the Mini anchor technique (44.6 +/- 12.7 N). The Micro bone suture anchor provides a stronger tendon to bone repair than the pullout button or the Mini anchor. Given the disadvantages of the pullout button, the Micro bone suture anchor with the modified Becker technique is worth consideration as an alternative method to repair distal FDP avulsions.
Expression of preproenkephalin mRNA in rat superior cervical ganglion during postnatal development

Abstract The number of principal neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) exhibiting enkephalin-peptide immunoreactivity is reported to be limited. To better determine the degree of enkephalinergic phenotype in sympathetic neurons, sections of SCGs from rats aged newborn to adult were processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry, using a [ 35 S]cRNA probe directed against preproenkephalin (PPENK). > 50% of principal ganglion neurons express mRNA for PPENK in adults. Striking variability in labeling intensity is observed. PPENK mRNA is detected in developing ganglia beginning at postnatal days 4–7. Both the number of cells and intensity of labeling increases with postnatal development. These results indicate that expression of PPENK mRNA is more widespread than expression of enkephalin peptides and develops postnatally.
Turbulence in Flowing Soap Films: Velocity, Vorticity, and Thickness Fields

We report experimental measurements of the velocity, vorticity, and thickness fields of turbulent flowing soap films using a modified particle-image velocimetry technique. These data yield the turbulent energy and enstrophy of the two-dimensional flows with microscale Reynolds numbers of about 100 and demonstrate the effects of compressibility arising from variations in film thickness. Despite the compressibility of the flow, real-space correlations of velocity, vorticity, and enstrophy flux are consistent with theoretical predictions for two-dimensional turbulence. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Regge behavior under asymptotic freedom

Abstract By a new method, we show that the asymptotically free o 6 3 field theory has a point of accumulation of Regge poles but no fixed cut. It is plausible that nonabelian gauge theories have an analogous singularity at j = 1.
News Coverage of the Failed Plensa Project: How Framing Affected the Diffusion of Public Art

This study combines diffusion theory and framing theory to analyze news coverage of a failure to diffuse a large-scale public art project into a renovated Southern downtown. Parallel concepts between framing and diffusion are outlined and used in the quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The authors found that the dominant procedural frames boosted the legitimacy of the donor and museum director while shorting elected officials and the artist. Substantive frames focused on blame while emphasizing a punch-list of practical concerns rather than artistic notions. This shaped the proposed remedies and directed the public's reaction to those same problems. Elites' addition of complexity to the public art proposal slowed its diffusion, along with its lack of compatibility with local artistic norms and limited resonance with the city's identity.
Public Health Nursing Research Priorities: A Collaborative Delphi Study

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify research questions and priorities in public health nursing based on the perceived needs of practicing public health nurses, and to assess whether the respondents believed that the profession should provide leadership in the study of the identified questions. Using a modified Delphi survey. 76 research priorities were ranked and produced three factors or categories of questions during the two rounds: outcomes in maternal-child and family planning, outcomes in home health services, and public health nurse recruitment, retention, job satisfaction, and image. Forty-seven (62%) of the 76 priorities were deemed appropriate for nursing to assume leadership in seeking answers. Results reveal a consensus of research priorities generated by front-line nurses consistent with year 2000 health objectives for the nation.
Snow on the Branches of Trees

FOLLOWING upon the remarkable ice-storm of which I wrote you last month (NATURE, February 5, p. 317), we have had a wonderful and beautiful display of the amount of snow which the branches of trees can bear. There had been the beginning of an ice-storm on Sunday last; and on Monday, the 9th instant, there followed a damp but light snow which fell rapidly in a calm atmosphere. The whole appearance of trees and air and sky was very beautiful. Some of the trees caught a large quantity of snow, fastened to the branches in a form resembling elliptical cylinders, of which the lower lines of the branches were elements. I made some measurements on the extremities of drooping branches of an elm-tree on our lower campus. One twig with a diameter of 0˙21 inch sustained a mass of snow with diameters of 2˙50 and 2˙33 inches; a second, 0˙15 inch in diameter, carried snow the diameters of which were 2˙30 and 1˙93 inches; so that the area of the cross-sections of this snow was not far from 120 and 153 times that of the twigs which supported it. Two other measurements were still more remarkable. In one the twig was one-tenth of an inch in diameter, and the mass of snow had diameters of 2˙40 and 1˙75 inches, making the area of the sections 420 times that of the wood; and in the other, a twig 0˙11 inch in diameter, carried snow with diameters of 2˙50 and 2˙05 inches, so that the area of the sections of the snow was 424 times that of the wood. The snow was so loosely attached to the branches that it seemed impossible to make accurate measurements of the weight of the twigs and of the snow which was piled up on them; but the ratio of the weights was, of course, by no means equal to the ratio of the sections—which was practically that of the bulks—of the wood and the snow.
The role of purchasing in corporate social responsibility : a structural equation analysis

Researchers in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have examined a broad array of activities including environmental management, ethical issues, the advancement of a diverse workplace, safety, human rights, philanthropic donations, and community involvement. Yet despite over 30 years of inquiry in this field, there has been no holistic, empirical investigation of the particular dimensions or sets of activities that are encompassed by CSR and the relationship between ethics and CSR. In the purchasing and supply management literature, similar sets of activities have been investigated, but generally as separate, standalone streams of research with little recognition of their potential inter-relatedness. The current study empirically identified the dimensions of purchasing's involvement in CSR and applied the label purchasing social responsibility (PSR).
CB1 augments mGluR5 function in medial prefrontal cortical neurons to inhibit amygdala hyperactivity in an arthritis pain model

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves executive control functions and forms direct connections with subcortical areas such as the amygdala. Our previous work showed abnormal inhibition of mPFC pyramidal cells and hyperactivity of amygdala output neurons in an arthritis pain model. To restore mPFC activity and hence control pain-related amygdala hyperactivity this study focused on CB1 and mGluR5 receptors, which are important modulators of cortical functions. Extracellular single-unit recordings of infralimbic mPFC pyramidal cells and of amygdala output neurons in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus (CeLC) were made in anesthetised adult male rats. mPFC neurons were classified as 'excited' or 'inhibited' based on their response to brief innocuous and noxious test stimuli. After arthritis pain induction, background activity and evoked responses of excited neurons and background activity and inhibition of inhibited neurons decreased. Stereotaxic application of an mGluR5-positive allosteric modulator (N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl) nicotinamide hydrochloride, VU0360172) into the mPFC increased background and evoked activity of excited, but not inhibited, mPFC neurons under normal conditions but not in arthritis. A selective CB1 receptor agonist (arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide) alone had no effect but restored the facilitatory effects of VU0360172 in the pain model. Coactivation of CB1 and mGluR5 in the mPFC inhibited the pain-related activity increase of CeLC neurons but had no effect under normal conditions. The data suggest that excited mPFC neurons are inversely linked to amygdala output (CeLC) and that CB1 can increase mGluR5 function in this subset of mPFC neurons to engage cortical control of abnormally enhanced amygdala output in pain.
Mechanism of HBV genome variability and replication of HBV mutants

Naturally occurring mutations in the H13V genome have been extensively documented, yet the biological consequences of even the dominant mutations have not been well characterized. In a recent study of HBeAg-positive French patients infected with genotype A, we obtained full-length clones with high or low replication capacities in the transfected human hepatoma cells. Surprisingly, high replicating clones were all derived from low viremia samples, and harbored core promoter mutations. The highest replicating clones all contained point mutations in addition to those at 1762/1764, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed their role in further enhancing genome replication and suppressing HBeAg expression. Several core promoter mutants were defective in virion secretion, and mapping experiments revealed three missense mutations in the small envelope protein to be responsible: I110M, G119E, and R169P The effect of I110M and G119E mutations can be relieved by another point mutation that creates a novel N-linked glycosylation site. Finally, the African/Asian subgroup of genotype A (genotype Aa) contains unique mutations and is associated with low viremia titers as well as low HBeAg prevalence. We found point mutations upstream of the precore ATG codon of genotype Aa suppressed HBeAg expression, while the G1862T mutation in the precore region greatly impaired viral replication. Thus, molecular characterization can shed light on viral properties associated with clinical infection.
Comparison of evolutionary and static modeling of stresses around a salt diapir

Abstract We compare an evolutionary with a static approach for modeling stress and deformation around a salt diapir; we show that the two approaches predict different stress histories and very different strains within adjacent wall rocks. Near the base of a rising salt diapir, significantly higher shear stresses develop when the evolutionary analysis is used. In addition, the static approach is not able to capture the decrease in the hoop stress caused by the circumferential diapir expansion, nor the increase in the horizontal stress caused by the rise of the diapir. Hence, only the evolutionary approach is able to predict a sudden decrease in the fracture gradient and identify areas of borehole instability near salt. Furthermore, the evolutionary model predicts strains an order of magnitude higher than the strains within the static model. More importantly, the evolutionary model shows significant shearing in the horizontal plane as a result of radial shortening accompanied by an almost-equivalent hoop extension. The evolutionary analysis is performed with ELFEN, and the static analysis with ABAQUS. We model the sediments using a poro-elastoplastic model. Overall, our results highlight the ability of forward evolutionary modeling to capture the stress history of mudrocks close to salt diapirs, which is essential for estimating the present strength and anisotropic characteristics of these sediments.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Review of the literature and report of three cases

Abstract 1.1. The literature on thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is reviewed and three cases are added; in one of these the patient was unsuccessfully treated with splenectomy and ACTH. 2.2. Eight of the thirty-two patients now reported have shown, in addition to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, evidence of some condition thought to be due to a hypersensitive state. The possibility that thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura may be a manifestation of a hypersensitive state or even, in some cases, of disseminated lupus erythematosus, is discussed. 3.3. The importance of further study of the condition and of increased efforts at antemortem diagnosis is stressed.
Bucking e‐commerce trends: A content analysis comparing commercial real estate brokerage and residential real estate brokerage websites

The real estate industry is an e‐commerce anomaly. Although the overall growth of ecommerce is driven by the business‐to‐business sector, the majority of real estate e‐commerce is derived from its retail‐oriented residential sector. This study examines the structure of residential and commercial real estate websites, with the goal of determining whether some patterns of content might increase the quality and quantity of information available to buyers and sellers thereby contributing to the disparity between residential and commercial real estate e‐commerce growth. The results of the research show residential real estate websites offer richer informational content than commercial real estate websites. No significant differences are found for the user friendliness and functionality (ie ancillary services) provided by residential and commercial real estate websites.
Peer Teaching and Learning: Co-Constructing Language in a Dual Language First Grade.

This paper presents findings from a study of teaching and learning strategies co-constructed by peers in a Spanish/English dual language first grade classroom. Grounded in sociocultural theory and developed using ethnographic approaches to data collection and analysis, the study analyses the children’s mediation of their own and each other’s language learning within and across languages, focusing on strategies that support learning. The strategies are analysed within the context of teaching/learning interactions in a Dual Language Programme with attention given to the children’s ongoing negotiation of the linguistic roles of novice, expert, and dual language expert when working in mixed groups in the English and Spanish classrooms.
Optical monitoring of ultrasound-induced bioeffects in glass catfish.

Abstract This study is an investigation of the therapeutic ultrasound (US) effects on the blood vessels of optically transparent fish in vivo. Although many investigators have characterized cavitation in vivo using remote-sensing methods (i.e., measuring the acoustic emissions caused by oscillating bubbles) very few have made direct observations of cavitation-induced damage. Anesthetized glass catfish, which are optically transparent, was injected with the contrast agent, Optison®, and then insonified at pressures that ranged from 0.5–10 MPa (peak negative pressures). Two focused transducers were used in these experiments to cover a frequency range of 0.7–3.3 MHz. Sonications were pulsed with pulse durations of 100, 10, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 ms and a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 1 Hz. The entire length of one sonication at a specific pressure level was 20 s. An inverted microscope combined with a digital camera and video monitor were used optically to monitor and record US interaction with the blood vessels in the tail of the anesthetized fish at 200× magnification. The effects of the burst sonication were analyzed visually at each pressure level. For the 1.091-MHz sonications, the first type of damage that occurred due to the US interaction was structural damage to the cartilage rods that comprise the tail of the fish, and was characterized by a disintegration of the lining of the rod. Damage to the rods occurred, starting at 3.5 MPa, 3.1 MPa, 4.1 MPa and 5.5 MPa for the 100-ms, 10-ms, 1-ms and 100-μs sonications, respectively. The formation of large gas bubbles was observed in the blood vessels of the fish at threshold values of 3.8 MPa, 3.8 MPa and 5.3 MPa, for the 100-ms, 10-ms and 1-ms sonications, respectively. Neither gas bubble formation nor hemorrhaging was observed during 100-μs sonications. Bubble formation was always accompanied by an increase of damage to the rods at the area surrounding the bubble. At 1.091 MHz, petechial hemorrhage thresholds were observed at 4.1 MPa, 4.1 MPa and 6.1 MPa, respectively, for the three pulse durations. The thresholds for damage were the lowest for the 0.747-MHz sonications: they were 2.6 MPa for damage to the rods, 3.7 MPa for gas bubble formation and 2.4 MPa for hemorrhaging. ( subha@bwh.harvard.edu )
Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Floral Control

In the last 15 years, knowledge of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that underlie floral induction, floral patterning, and floral organ identity has exploded. Elucidation of basic mechanisms has derived primarily from work in three dicot species: Antirrhinum majus , Arabidopsis thaliana , and
Fissile type analysis: modular checking of almost everywhere invariants

We present a generic analysis approach to the imperative relationship update problem, in which destructive updates temporarily violate a global invariant of interest. Such invariants can be conveniently and concisely specified with dependent refinement types, which are efficient to check flow-insensitively. Unfortunately, while traditional flow-insensitive type checking is fast, it is inapplicable when the desired invariants can be temporarily broken. To overcome this limitation, past works have directly ratcheted up the complexity of the type analysis and associated type invariants, leading to inefficient analysis and verbose specifications. In contrast, we propose a generic lifting of modular refinement type analyses with a symbolic analysis to efficiently and effectively check concise invariants that hold almost everywhere. The result is an efficient, highly modular flow-insensitive type analysis to optimistically check the preservation of global relationship invariants that can fall back to a precise, disjunctive symbolic analysis when the optimistic assumption is violated. This technique permits programmers to temporarily break and then re-establish relationship invariants--a flexibility that is crucial for checking relationships in real-world, imperative languages. A significant challenge is selectively violating the global type consistency invariant over heap locations, which we achieve via almost type-consistent heaps. To evaluate our approach, we have encoded the problem of verifying the safety of reflective method calls in dynamic languages as a refinement type checking problem. Our analysis is capable of validating reflective call safety at interactive speeds on commonly-used Objective-C libraries and applications.
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for Imaging Pigmented Basal Cell Cancers In-Vivo

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may permit in-vivo diagnosis of pigmented basal cell carcinomas. RCM demonstrated distinctive aggregations of tumor cells forming cords and nodules of variable brightness, associated with bright granular and dendritic structures.
VARIATION IN EFFECTS OF FRAGMENTATION ON THE WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE (PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS) DURING THE BREEDING SEASON

The effects of fragmentation may be variable for species that have seasonal patterns of density and reproduction. We tested whether the effects of fragment size and habitat on reproduction and density varied over the course of the breeding season for the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). The relative density of mice changed; in small fragments densities were lower in spring, similar during the midsummer lull, and higher in autumn than in large fragments. Large fragments displayed the bimodal pattern of litter production previously reported for P. leucopus, but small fragments showed a relatively constant number of litters among spring, lull, and autumn reproductive periods. Although no differences were found between edge and interior habitats in density, litter production, and reproductive effort during spring and lull periods, all were higher in edge than interior habitats during autumn. Changes in effects of fragment size and habitat may be mediated by the influence of fragmentation on seasonally important abiotic and biotic factors.
COLLISIONAL AND LUMINOSITY EVOLUTION OF A DEBRIS DISK: THE CASE OF HD 12039

Extrasolar debris disks that are bright enough to be observed are dense enough to be collision-dominated; i.e., the small grains that produce their infrared excess have collisional lifetimes shorter than their Poynting-Robertson decay times. This paper describes a numerical code for the modeling of such disks, including accretion and gravitational stirring as well as disruptive collisions. A constraint relating the mass of a debris disk and the sizes of the largest embedded bodies to its luminosity is demonstrated. The collisional code is applied to the debris disk around HD 12039, which has been intensively observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The evolution in time of the disk's luminosity is computed for a range of initial disk masses and planetesimal sizes. The luminosity at a given age depends on both the initial disk mass and the initial size of the planetesimals. Luminosity decays more rapidly for massive disks due to the combination of collisional depletion of small bodies and their accretion by bodies too large to contribute to dust production. Disks with low initial masses evolve slowly and can maintain their luminosities for ~ Gyr timescales. This behavior may explain the lack of correlation between stellar metallicity and the abundance of debris disks.
Histomonas meleagridis after One Thousand in vitro Passages

SYNOPSIS. During a 7-year period Histomonas meleagridis survived 1000 passages in Medium 199 fortified with serum and antibiotic-killed bacteria. The histomonads were originally isolated from a chicken's cecal dropping, and the bacteria were cultivated from the cecal contents of a normal turkey. In many respects, the histomonads remained unchanged during cultivation, but in some other respects they changed considerably, perhaps irreversibly. Morphologically, the histomonads propagated in vitro showed only slight changes. When returned to birds, they resumed the structure characteristic of lumen-dwelling individuals of this species. However, they had long since lost their ability to produce disease in either chickens or turkeys, and organisms of the tissue-dwelling type were rarely seen. The long-cultivated histomonads are actually as nonpathogenic as Histomonas wenrichi, but they have none of the distinguishing morphologic characteristics of the latter. As has been reported elsewhere, H. meleagridis long maintained in the tissue culture medium has also lost much of its ability to immunize either chickens or turkeys against infection with virulent strains of this parasite. Also lost in the process of adaptation to its restricted medium has been the ability to multiply satisfactorily in vitro with the complement of bacteria normal to the ceca of the birds. However, in some instances, histomonads which have become adapted to in vitro cultivation are still able to live in birds with this diversified flora. Activity of the histomonads cultivated in vitro differed but little from that of H. meleagridis freshly isolated from birds, when both were viewed under the same conditions. Histomonads from each of the above sources multiplied most satisfactorily in their accustomed habitat, probably because of a difference in nutritional requirements.
Reliability in Experimental Sociology

Although scientists from various disciplines stress the importance of estimating random measurement error, these discussions have little effect on experimenters who do behavioral sociological research. There have been two important results: (i) many experimenters continue to adopt a laissez-faire approach to measurement error, and (ii) there are very few discussions that illustrate its practical importance in laboratory research. In this article I examine the role of abstract measurement theory in modern experimental sociology, giving particular emphasis to the improvement of data analysis and theory building. I detail the cause and effect of random measurement error in the laboratory and review how the reliability of behavioral data is estimated and interpreted. Discussed are issues of statistical power, Type I and Type II errors, internal and external validity, and the prospects for cumulative theory
A NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM

We examine cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature power spectra from the BOOMERANG, MAXIMA, and DASI experiments. We nonparametrically estimate the true power spectrum with no model assumptions. This is a significant departure from previous research that used either cosmological models or some other parameterized form (e.g., parabolic fits). Our nonparametric estimate is practically indistinguishable from the best-fit cosmological model, thus lending independent support to the underlying physics that governs these models. We also generate a confidence set for the nonparametric fit and extract confidence intervals for the numbers, locations, and heights of peaks and the successive peak-to-peak height ratios. At the 95%, 68%, and 40% confidence levels, we find functions that fit the data with one, two, and three peaks, respectively (0 ≤ l ≤ 1100). Therefore, the current data prefer two peaks at the 1 σ level. However, we also rule out a constant temperature function at the greater than 8 σ level. If we assume that there are three peaks in the data, we find their locations to be within l1 = (118, 300), l2 = (377, 650), and l3 = (597, 900). We find the ratio of the first peak height to the second (ΔT1/ΔT2)2 = (1.06, 4.27) and the second to the third (ΔT2/ΔT3)2 = (0.41, 2.5). All measurements are for 95% confidence. If the standard errors on the temperature measurements were reduced to a third of what they are currently, as we expect to be achieved by the Microwave Anisotropy Probe and Planck CMB experiments, we could eliminate two-peak models at the 95% confidence limit. The nonparametric methodology discussed in this Letter has many astrophysical applications.
On mixing properties of compact group extensions of hyperbolic systems

We study compact group extensions of hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. We relate mixing properties of such extensions with accessibility properties of their stable and unstable laminations. We show that generically the correlations decay faster than any power of time. In particular, this is always the case for ergodic semisimple extensions as well as for stably ergodic extensions of Anosov diffeomorphisms of infranilmanifolds.
Lower Diabetes Risk with Hormone Replacement Therapy: An Encore for Estrogen?

In this issue, Kanaya and colleagues report a lower risk for new-onset type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women receiving combined estrogenprogestin hormone replacement therapy. These results from t...
Performance of Hybrid Ball Bearings in Oil and Jet Fuel

A 308-size hybrid ball bearing, with ceramic balls and steel rings, was tested using a diester oil and gas turbine fuel as lubricants at several speeds and loads. Heat generation data from this testwork was then correlated with the heat generation model from a widely used computer code. The ability of this hybrid split inner ring bearing design to endure thrust reversals, which are expected in many turbine applications, was demonstrated. Finally, the bearing was successfully endurance tested in JP-10 fuel for 25 hours at 7560 N axial load and 36000 rpm. This work has successfully demonstrated the technology necessary to use fuel-lubricated hybrid bearings in limited-life gas turbine engine applications such as missiles, drones, and other unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). In addition, it has provided guidance for use in designing such bearing systems. As a result, the benefits of removing the conventional oil lubricant system, i.e., design simplification and reduced maintenance, can be realized. Presented at t...