cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Favorable response to parenteral nutrition and medical therapy in Crohn's colitis: A report of 38 patients comparing severe Crohn's and ulcerative colitis

The courses of 38 patients with severe, uncomplicated acute colitis (16 with Crohn's colitis and 22 with ulcerative colitis) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were placed on total parenteral nutrition and treated concomitantly with corticosteroids, antibiotics (often metronidazole), sulfasalazine, and/or azathioprine. Fifteen of the 16 Crohn's colitis patients were initially managed without surgery. Four patients subsequently relapsed, two responded to reinstituted medical therapy, and two underwent colon resection 2 and 4 years later. Of 22 ulcerative colitis patients, 16 required surgery during the initial hospitalization, one patient subsequently had surgery, and one died after refusing surgery. Three of the other four continue in remission on medical therapy. Thus, there were significant differences in this series between the clinical courses of severe ulcerative colitis and severe Crohn's colitis. While most of the ulcerative colitis patients with severe disease underwent colectomy, most of the patients with severe but uncomplicated Crohn's colitis responded to aggressive medical therapy, of which total parenteral nutrition and perhaps bowel rest seemed to be an important part. Afterwards, the majority remained in remission on long-term medical therapy.
Intraperitoneal injection of MSC-derived exosomes prevent experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Abstract Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) derived exosomes mediate tissue protection and regeneration in many injuries and diseases by modulating cell protein production, protecting from apoptosis, inhibiting inflammation, and increasing angiogenesis. In the present study, daily intraperitoneal injection of MSC-derived exosomes protected alveolarization and angiogenesis in a newborn rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) induced by 14 days of neonatal hyperoxia exposure (85% O2). Exosome treatment during hyperoxia prevented disruption of alveolar growth, increased small blood vessel number, and inhibited right heart hypertrophy at P14, P21, and P56. In vitro, exosomes significantly increased tube-like network formation by HUVEC, in part through a VEGF mediated mechanism. In summary, daily intraperitoneal injection of exosomes increased blood vessel number and size in the lung through pro-angiogenic mechanisms. MSC-derived exosomes therefore have both anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic mechanism to protect the lung from hyperoxia induced lung and heart disease associated with BPD.
Implementation and evaluation of high-dose methotrexate administration guidelines.

BackgroundHigh-dose methotrexate is used to treat a variety of malignancies. Methotrexate-associated supportive care and the threshold methotrexate level for the discontinuation of supportive care ...
Psychological Contracts in the Laboratory: A New Method for Examining an Old Construct

In response to recent critiques of the methods commonly used to study the psychological contract, this study details and advocates the use of an experimental design within this literature. The expe...
The queer youth cultural competency (QYCC) scale: Measuring competency in direct-care behavioral health workers

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youths are disproportionately represented in behavioral health treatment settings, and face disparities in outcomes when compared to their non-SGM peers. These yout...
Hybrid Approaches to Detect Comments Violating Macro Norms on Reddit

In this dataset paper, we present a three-stage process to collect Reddit comments that are removed comments by moderators of several subreddits, for violating subreddit rules and guidelines. Other than the fact that these comments were flagged by moderators for violating community norms, we do not have any other information regarding the nature of the violations. Through this procedure, we collect over 2M comments removed by moderators of 100 different Reddit communities, and publicly release the data. Working with this dataset of removed comments, we identify 8 macro norms---norms that are widely enforced on most parts of Reddit. We extract these macro norms by employing a hybrid approach---classification, topic modeling, and open-coding---on comments identified to be norm violations within at least 85 out of the 100 study subreddits. Finally, we label over 40K Reddit comments removed by moderators according to the specific type of macro norm being violated, and make this dataset publicly available. By breaking down a collection of removed comments into more granular types of macro norm violation, our dataset can be used to train more nuanced machine learning classifiers for online moderation.
Aggregation of Graphene Oxide in Natural Waters: Role of Solution Chemistry and Specific Interactions

AbstractIn this paper, the impact of pH, ionic strength, and dissolved organic matter [humic acid (HA) and tannic acid (TA)] on graphene oxide (GO) stability was investigated. The results showed th...
Inflection-Point Inflation with Axion Dark Matter in light of Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture

Abstract Motivated by the recently proposed Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC), we propose a gauged B − L model of inflection-point inflation with axion dark matter. The Hubble scale during inflation ( H inf ) satisfies the TCC bound of H inf ≲ 1 GeV, the axion dark matter scenario is free from the axion domain wall and isocurvature problems. The seesaw mechanism is automatically incorporated in the model and the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe can be reproduced via resonant leptogenesis.
219 Trends in the prevalence of concurrent non-VA opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions among veterans receiving long-term opioid therapy from the VA

Purpose Since 2014, the Veterans Health Administration (VA) has reduced high-risk opioid prescribing, and opioid-benzodiazepine co-prescribing, at every VA healthcare system in the United States. However, Veterans who use VA healthcare services may receive opioids or benzodiazepines from non-VA healthcare providers. We examined the prevalence of concurrent non-VA opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions among a sample of Veterans receiving long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) from the VA between 2014 and July, 2019. Methods VA healthcare data were probabilistically linked to Oregon prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data for a total of 30,820 post-9/11 VA users in Oregon. Veterans who received outpatient services and LTOT (defined as ≥90 days of prescribed opioids in any 104-day period) from the VA were included in analyses for each respective year. We examined patterns in Veterans’ receipt of concurrent (defined as ≥1 days of overlap) non-VA opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions by year. Results The proportion of VA users receiving opioid prescriptions from the VA decreased between 2014 and 2019. Among Veterans receiving LTOT, the proportions receiving concurrent non-VA opioids also decreased between 2014 and 2019 (24.1% in 2014; 26.1% in 2015; 19.3% in 2016; 19.0% in 2017; 15.6% in 2018; 6.3% in 2019). Smaller proportions of Veterans received concurrent non-VA benzodiazepines (3.8% in 2014; 4.9% in 2015; 2.8% in 2016; 3.4% in 2017; 3.8% in 2018; 1.2% in 2019). Conclusion Among Veterans receiving VA LTOT, the proportions receiving concurrent non-VA opioids have been reduced during the 6-year analytical period. However, a substantial number of Veterans still receive concurrent VA and non-VA opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions. Significance Although improvements in safe opioid prescribing have been realized within the VA, there is still a need to account for non-VA prescriptions when considering Veterans’ overall opioid safety.
Cognitive Ability in Everyday Life: The Utility of Open-Source Measures

The measurement of individual differences in cognitive ability has a long and important history in psychology, but it has been impeded by the proprietary nature of most assessment measures. With th...
Single and multiple channel communication: A review of research and a proposed model

The author was a staff member of the Pennsylvania State University Division of Academic Research and Services when he prepared this article under a grant from the Television Bureau of Advertising of New York. He wishes to acknowledge the support and encouragement of C. R. Carpenter and L. P. Greenhill, director and associate director, respectively, o] the Division; Mr. Greenhill added materially to the clarity of exposition in several instances. Frank R. Hartman is now assistant professor of psychology at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Role of Inferior Frontal Junction (IFJ) in the Control of Feature versus Spatial Attention.

Feature-based visual attention refers to preferential selection and processing of visual stimuli based on their nonspatial attributes, such as color or shape. Recent studies have highlighted the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) as a control region for feature but not spatial attention. However, the extent to which IFJ contributes to spatial versus feature attention control remains a topic of debate. We investigated in humans of both sexes the role of IFJ in the control of feature versus spatial attention in a cued visual spatial (attend-left or attend-right) and feature (attend-red or attend-green) attention task using fMRI. Analyzing cue-related fMRI using both univariate activation and multivoxel pattern analysis, we found the following results in IFJ. First, in line with some prior studies, the univariate activations were not different between feature and spatial attentional control. Second, in contrast, the multivoxel pattern analysis decoding accuracy was above chance level for feature attention (attend-red vs attend-green) but not for spatial attention (attend-left vs attend-right). Third, while the decoding accuracy for feature attention was above chance level during attentional control in the cue-to-target interval, it was not during target processing. Fourth, the right IFJ and visual cortex (V4) were observed to be functionally connected during feature but not during spatial attention control, and this functional connectivity was positively associated with subsequent attentional selection of targets in V4, as well as with behavioral performance. These results support a model in which IFJ plays a crucial role in top-down control of visual feature but not visual spatial attention. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Past work has shown that the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), a prefrontal structure, is activated by both attention-to-feature (e.g., color) and attention-to-location, but the precise role of IFJ in the control of feature- versus spatial-attention is debated. We investigated this issue in a cued visual spatial (attend-left or attend-right) and feature (attend-red or attend-green) attention task using fMRI, multivoxel pattern analysis, and functional connectivity methods. The results show that (1) attend-red versus attend-green can be decoded in single-trial cue-evoked BOLD activity in IFJ but not attend-left versus attend-right and (2) only right IFJ modulates V4 to enhance task performance. This study sheds light on the function and hemispheric specialization of IFJ in the control of visual attention.
Influence of hip and knee positions on gluteus maximus and hamstrings contributions to hip extension torque production.

Background Diminished gluteus maximus muscle strength has been proposed to be contributory to various lower-limb injuries. As such, it is of clinical importance to perform hip extensor strength testing in a position that biases torque contribution of the gluteus maximus relative to the other hip extensors (i.e. hamstrings). Objectives To determine the relative torque contributions of the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles in various hip extensor strength testing positions. Methods 13 Young, healthy participants performed maximum isometric hip extension on a dynamometer in 4 different positions that varied in terms of hip and knee flexion. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess activation of gluteus maximus and hamstrings during the maximum isometric contractions. Normalized EMG data were used as an input to determine individual muscle contribution to hip extension torque production using SIMM modeling software. The gluteus maximus/hamstring torque contribution ratio was compared across the 4 positions using a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results The highest gluteus maximus torque contribution value occurred in positions where the hip was flexed to 45°, while the highest hamstring torque contribution occurred in positions in which the knee was fully extended. The gluteus maximus/hamstring torque contribution ratio was highest at 0° of hip extension and 90° of knee flexion. Conclusion Testing isometric hip extensor strength at 0° of hip extension and 90° of knee flexion should be considered in order to bias torque production of the gluteus maximus relative to the hamstrings.
WILLS, TRUSTS, AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES Trusts: Provide for Termination of Irrevocable Trusts in Certain Circumstances

The Act provides for the termination of otherwise irrevocable trusts which have become economically unfeasible to administer. A court is permitted to terminate such trusts under certain circumstances upon petition by the trustee or any beneficiary of the trust. The Act repeals Code section 53-12-25, which provided that a trust could be created only for a minor, an incompetent, or a person unfit to be entrusted with the management of property.
Neue Wissenschaften und deren Anwendung

Wenn in der Sonne die gelbbraunen Kappen der Pilze herbstlich schimmern, freuen sich die Menschen daran — so war es schon immer. Wir kennen erste Zeugnisse aus dem antiken Myzelos. Die Myzeten sammelten leidenschaftlich Pilze, die sie in geheiligten Raumen ausstellten. Dank fruh ausgebildeter einzigartiger Konservierungskunst lassen sich noch in unserer Zeit uralte, herrliche Stucke bewundern, die in dieser Grose nicht mehr zu finden sind.
Chapter 1 Neural mechanisms of visual orienting responses

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neural mechanisms of visual orienting responses. Orienting has several components—(1) the reflexive response triggered by the appearance of an object in the visual field; (2) the internally programmed, exploratory motor search that may occur without a specific visual target; and (3) the shift of attention that accompanies both reflex and search. The chapter distinguishes three components of the orienting response—(1) targeting (directional), (2) arousal, and (3) perceptual. Orienting is a function for exploration of the environment by telereceptors of eyes, ears, and nose and by receptors on the body surface; thus, it is multimodal in operation-olfaction, vision, acoustic, and somesthetic. The recognition that SN R is a part of a neural orienting system that comprise cortex, striatum, nigra, superior colliculus, and thalamus in several species. Understanding the neural mechanisms of the colliculus in visual orienting is enhanced by the demonstration that this laminated structure can be divided into superficial and deep layers, on the basis of both structure and function in the tree shrew.
Sound fields near building facades

Measurement of sound transmission through the exterior facade of a building requires a determination of the incident sound power. Direct measurement of the sound field near the relevant surface seems preferable to the use of a `calibrated source' because of variability in outdoor propagation associated with ground reflections and atmospheric conditions. The interpretation of sound pressure level measurements in this environment is, however, complicated by the interference between incident sound waves and those reflected from building surfaces. This paper presents experimental results and a simple predictive model
An in-plane high-sensitivity, low-noise micro-g silicon accelerometer

A high-sensitivity, low-noise in-plane capacitive microaccelerometer utilizing a combined bulk and surface micromachining technology is demonstrated. The accelerometer utilizes a 0.5 mm-thick, 2.4 mm /spl times/ 1.0 mm proof-mass and high aspect-ratio vertical polysilicon sensing electrodes fabricated using a trench refill process. The electrodes are separated from the proof-mass through a 1.1 /spl mu/m sensing gap that is formed using a sacrificial oxide layer. The measured sensitivity of the device is 5.6pF/g and the output noise floor of the accelerometer hybrid assembled with CMOS interface circuit is 1.6pg/4Hz in atmosphere.
Highly diastereo- and enantioselective catalytic synthesis of the bis-tetrahydrofuran alcohol of Brecanavir and Darunavir

Abstract An efficient highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of the bis-tetrahydrofuran (bis-THF) alcohol of several HIV protease inhibitors, including Brecanavir and Darunavir, has been achieved utilizing an Evans Mukaiyama aldol reaction of (benzyloxy)acetaldehyde and a silyl ketene acetal. The lactone alcohol intermediate from the catalytic aldol reaction was reduced to a lactol. Palladium catalyzed hydrogenolysis removed the benzyl protection and promoted an in situ cyclization to form the epimer of the bis-THF alcohol in a 98:2 diastereomeric ratio and 97:3 enantiomeric ratio. The alcohol epimer was readily converted to the target in two steps by oxidation to a ketone followed by highly selective reduction to the bis-THF alcohol.
Wetting, Prewetting and Superfluidity

Experiments on adsorption and wetting of quantum fluids (4He and 3He) on weakly binding alkali metal substrates are reviewed. Helium on weak substrates can undergo a variety of phase transitions including wetting, prewetting, layering, and liquid-vapor transitions. Another characteristic feature of weak substrates is the absence of an immobile quasi solid layer which is present on all conventional strong substrates. Both the absence of the immobile layer and the interaction with surface phase transitions can strongly affect superfluid onset. The Kosterlitz-Thouless superfluid transition can terminate in either a critical endpoint where it meets a first order structural transition or a tricritical point where it meets critical point such as the prewetting critical point or the 2D liquid-vapor critical point.
Inorganic microanalysis utilizing thin-layer chromatographic procedures

Abstract Microcrystalline cellulose was used as the adsorbent on TLC plates, and a number of inorganic ions were found to behave exactly as in paper chromatography. Semiquantitative results were obtained by comparing spots with known quantities on the same plates. The basis for a method of water analysis has been established that will lead to simplified field testing of water samples.
When Is a Trifluoromethyl Group More Lipophilic than a Methyl Group? Partition Coefficients and Selected Chemical Shifts of Aliphatic Alcohols and Trifluoroalcohols

Octanol-water partition coefficients were determined for 12 trifluoromethylated aliphatic alcohols and their unfluorinated counterparts. The latter values were derived from measurements using the benzyl alcohol-water solvent system after developing an appropriate correlation equation. Incidentally, an empirical equation was found which allows the partition coefficient of an unsubstituted alcohol to be estimated given the molecular formula and boiling point. Trifluorination strongly enhances lipophilicity only when the trifluoromethyl group is in the α-position. The enhancement is barely measurable for the β- and γ-(trifluoromethyl) alcohols, while the δ- and ϵ-(trifluoromethyl) compounds are considerably more hydrophilic than their parent compounds. Chemical shift comparisons suggest that the changes in relative lipophilicity are controlled primarily by the inductive effect of the trifluoromethyl group on the acidity-basicity of the hydroxyl group. New synthetic procedures for obtaining some of the alcohols are presented.
Anemia is associated with decreased survival time in dogs with lymphoma.

Background: Anemia is a common complication in human patients with neoplasia and has been associated with decreased survival time and a poorer quality of life. Hypothesis: The presence of anemia at diagnosis is negatively associated with survival and remission times in dogs with lymphoma, but not in dogs with osteosarcoma. Animals: Eighty-four dogs with lymphoma and 91 dogs with osteosarcoma that presented for treatment at the Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University. Methods: Retrospective, case-control study. Medical records were reviewed to determine the presence or absence of anemia (PCV < 40) at initial presentation. Median survival and remission times were identified by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and the association between anemia and survival was determined by a multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results: Cancer-related anemia is more frequent in dogs with lymphoma than in control dogs or dogs with osteosarcoma. Dogs with lymphoma and anemia had a significantly decreased survival time compared with dogs without anemia. There was no effect of anemia on remission time in dogs with lymphoma. Anemic dogs with osteosarcoma did not have decreased survival or remission time compared with nonanemic dogs with osteosarcoma. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Shortened survival time in dogs with lymphoma and anemia at initial presentation has important prognostic significance. Understanding cancer-related anemia in dogs might offer new opportunities to improve quality of life and survival times in these patients.
On a question of Pollák and Volkov regarding hereditarily finitely based identities

A semigroup identity is alternating if it is formed by a simple word and an almost simple word. A complete description of all hereditarily finitely based, alternating identities is presented. This answers a question of Gyorgy Pollak and Mikhail V. Volkov posted in the 1980s.
Anterolateral approach to the upper cervical spine: Case report and operative technique.

Background Transcervical approaches to the upper cervical spine are challenging because several upper anterior neurovascular structures need to be displaced to provide access. Although various techniques have been described, the anterolateral approach is one of the safest and most effective methods available to access the anterior C2–C3 disc space. Despite the approach's efficacy, however, it can cause postoperative complications because of, at least partly, the inter-surgeon differences in the methods by which the larynx and hypopharynx are displaced medially. Methods and Results We present a case report of a patient treated with a modified anterolateral approach to C2–C3. The approach provided excellent visualization while protecting vital structures. The patient recovered without any postoperative dysphagia or other surgical complications. Conclusion The anterolateral approach to C2–C3 described herein safely protects the contents of the submandibular triangle while providing a wide exposure for direct access to the C2–C3 disc space. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E115–E119, 2015
The effects of response mode and importance on decision-making strategies: Judgment versus choice

Abstract Judgment and choice have not always been clearly distinguished, and there is little direct research on their effects on the decision process. As compared to choice, judgment is predicted to lead to more information searched, a less variable pattern of search, and a greater amount of interdimensional search. In essence, search processes that imply elimination by aspects will occur more often under choice than judgment. It is further argued that a number of variables may moderate this response mode effect. The potential moderator examined here is decision importance, which is predicted to produce analytical judgment processes prior to choice. Using an information search board, 104 subjects made decisions (choices or judgments) on candidates for residence hall advisor, under high or low decision importance. Response mode produced strong effects on all measures of the decision process. Importance had fewer effects; it affected the frequency of an intradimensional/variable search mode, but moderated the response mode effect only for amount of information searched. Given these results, several implications follow. Research which uses ajudgment response (e.g., policy capturing) should not be generalized to choice tasks. Also, requiring an explict judgment even when only the final choice matters may be a useful procedure. Further research is needed to examine the effects of response mode on additional outcomes, such as how the information is organized in memory and which alternative is actually selected.
The Quantification of Seal-Interface Leakage of an Elastomer Face Seal

Current gas leak rate prediction methods for elastomeric face seals rely heavily on the assumption that all leakage is permeation, rather than leakage across the seal interface [1–3]. To date, there has been no definitive evidence that this is indeed the case. It is essential to investigate the magnitude of interface leakage to facilitate the validation of the current compressible permeation model and to quantify the interfacial leakage for the design of future state-of-the-art face seals. To this end, a series of leak rate experiments is presented on a square-ring seal, manufactured from silicone elastomer S0383-70. The unique experimental design affords the ability to quantify both a metal-elastomer interface, as well as an elastomer-elastomer interface. The experiments utilized two square-ring test specimens, each with a common width but different in height. The test apparatus consisted of stainless steel platens, near-hermetic plumbing, programmable environmental chamber, and the required instrumentation. The initial data reduction was accomplished by the mass point leak rate technique; whereas mass was calculated through measurements of gas pressure, temperature, and volume and a regression analysis yielded the leak rate of the seal. A secondary reduction of the leak rates in the unique experimental configuration further distinguished the total leakage into permeation and interface leak components, accomplished through the algebraic solution of the design of experiments guided matrix. Results showed that, with modest contact pressure, permeation was the largest component of the total leakage. In addition, the interface leakage for the various seal mating conditions (i.e., seal-on-flange, seal-on-seal) was quantified for the contact pressure investigated. Contrary to previous conclusions, the interface leakages were found to be significant. In the application of space docking seals, a common example of elastomeric face seals, the significance of quantifying the interfacial leakages guides the design of the seal for incomplete seal compression conditions as well has for the androgynous docking configuration.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of increasing component commonality on service level and holding cost

We investigate the effect of increasing component commonality in an assemble-to-order system. Numerical investigation of two end products that share up to three components, and whose demands are identically distributed according to either the exponential or the geometric distribution, shows that increasing component commonality results in increasing marginal returns when the criteria are aggregate service level and aggregate stock requirement. For arbitrary end-product demands and general service measures, it is shown that the optimal holding cost for a given service level is concave in the level of commonality. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What makes faces special

What may be special about faces, compared to non-face objects, is that their neural representation may be fundamentally spatial, e.g., Gabor-like. Subjects matched a sequence of two filtered images, each containing every other combination of spatial frequency and orientation, of faces or non-face 3D blobs, judging whether the person or blob was the same or different. On a match trial, the images were either identical or complementary (containing the remaining spatial frequency and orientation content). Relative to an identical pair of images, a complementary pair of faces, but not blobs, reduced matching accuracy and released fMRI adaptation in the fusiform face area.
Aggregation of the amyloid precursor protein within degenerating neurons and dystrophic neurites in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Using a monoclonal antibody raised against purified, native, human protease nexin-2/amyloid precursor protein, which recognizes an amino terminal epitope on the amyloid precursor protein and detects all major isoforms of amyloid precursor protein, we examined the localization of the amyloid precursor protein within Alzheimer's and aged control brains. Very light cytoplasmic neuronal amyloid precursor protein staining but no neuritic staining was visible in control brains. In the Alzheimer's brain, we detected numerous amyloid precursor protein-immunopositive neurons with moderate to strong staining in select regions. Many neurons also contained varying levels of discrete granular, intracellular accumulations of amyloid precursor protein, and a few pyramidal neurons in particular appeared completely filled with amyloid precursor protein granules. “Ghost”-like deposits of amyloid precursor protein granules arranged in pyramidal, plaque-like shapes were identified. We detected long, amyloid precursor protein-immunopositive neuntes surrounding and entering plaques. Many contained swollen varicosities along their length or ended in bulbous tips. Amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in the Alzheimer's brain was primarily present as granular deposits (plaques). The amyloid precursor protein granules do not appear to co-localize within either astrocytes or microglia, as evidenced by double-labeling immunohistochemistry with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-leukocyte common antigen antibodies or Rinucus cummunicus agglutin lectin. Amyloid precursor protein could occasionally be detected in blood vessels in Alzheimer's brains. The predominantly neuronal and neuritic localization of amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity indicates a neuronal source for much of the amyloid precursor protein observed in Alzheimer's disease pathology, and suggests a time-course of plaque development beginning with neuronal amyloid precursor protein accumulation, then deposition into the extracellular space, subsequent processing by astrocytes or microglia, and resulting in β-amyloid peptide accumulation in plaques.
Structural and optical properties of GaN films grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

GaN films are grown on [0 0 1] GaAs substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy using a three-step process that consists of a substrate nitridation, deposition of a low-temperature buffer layer, and a high-temperature overgrowth. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate that this method promotes prismatic growth of c-oriented α-GaN. Photoluminescence studies show that the emission from cubic β-GaN inclusions dominates the spectrum.
Variations in the detection of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Comparison with IgVH mutation analysis

Lack of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes (IgV(H)) mutation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with rapid disease progression and shorter survival. The zeta-chain (T-cell receptor) associated protein kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70) has been reported to be a surrogate marker for IgV(H) mutation status, and its expression in leukemic cells correlates with unmutated IgV(H). However, ZAP-70 detection by flow cytometry varies significantly dependant on the antibodies used, the method of performing the assay, and the condition of the cells in the specimen. The clinical value of ZAP-70 testing when samples are shipped under poorly controlled conditions is not known. Furthermore, testing in a research environment may differ from testing in a routine clinical laboratory. We validated an assay for ZAP-70 by comparing results with clinical outcome and the mutation status of the IgV(H). Using stored samples, we show significant correlation between ZAP-70 expression and clinical outcome as well as IgV(H) mutation at a cut-off point of 15%. While positive samples (>15% positivity) remain positive when kept in the laboratory environment for 48 h after initial testing, results obtained from samples from CLL patients tested after shipping at room temperature for routine testing showed no correlation with IgV(H) mutation status when 15% cut-off was used. In these samples, cut-point of 10% correlated with the IgV(H) mutation (P = 0.0001). This data suggests that although ZAP-70 positivity correlates with IgV(H) mutation status and survival, variations in sample handling and preparation may influence results. We show that IgV(H) mutation results, unlike ZAP-70 remain correlated with CD38 expression and beta-2 microglobulin in shipped samples, and ZAP-70 testing should not be used as the sole criterion for stratifying patients for therapy.
Digital System, Evidence & Forensics Issues in Correctional Environments

The correctional environment is one of the most controlled in the United States. Despite the regimentedsystem that epitomizes correctional facilities, digital systems have entered that environment as contraband anddata backchannels subject to compromise that threaten control of institution and the effectiveness of incarceration for the incapacitation of offenders. We examined data on this issue and possible solutions.
Nonthoracotomy lead implantable cardioverter defibrillators : normal radiographic appearance

Recently, cardioverter defibrillators with leads and patches that can be implanted via a combination of transvenous and subcutaneous routes rather than via thoracotomy have been developed. Early experience in patients subject to serious ventricular arrhythmias suggests that, as with surgically implanted defibrillators, these nonthoracotomy defibrillators can reduce the risk of sudden death due to cardiac arrest [1]. Moreover, high perioperative complication rates associated with thoracotomy-inserted cardioverter defibrillators are avoided [2]. Four models are currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States. We have used three of these models: PCD (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN), ENDOTAK (Cardiac Pacemakers Inc., St. Paul, MN), and RES-Q (Intermedics, Freeport, TX). This essay illustrates the normal radiographic appearance of these devices.
Treatment of exogenous Candida endophthalmitis in rabbits with oral fluconazole.

We investigated the efficacy of oral fluconazole, alone or in combination with oral flucytosine (5FC), in treating Candida endophthalmitis using a rabbit model. Albino rabbits were infected with an intravitreal inoculation of 1,000 CFU of susceptible Candida albicans and randomized 5 days later to receive treatment with oral fluconazole alone (80 mg/kg of body weight per day), a combination of fluconazole and 5FC (100 mg/kg/12 h), or no treatment. The treatment effect was assessed at 2 and 4 weeks after therapy by funduscopy, quantitative vitreous culture, and histopathology. Intravitreal levels of fluconazole, 2 to 24 h after the first dose, were measured to be > 10 times the MIC of the drug for C. albicans. Among rabbits treated with fluconazole for 2 weeks, 67% had a > 90% reduction in fungal load (P 99% reduction in fungal load (P 90% reduction in fungal load (P < 0.05) and 25% were sterile. We conclude that oral fluconazole may be useful for treatment of Candida endophthalmitis. Addition of 5FC was associated with high toxicity and minimal additional antifungal effect in our rabbit model.
Changes in Children's Pretend Play Over Two Decades

There is growing recognition that children have less time to engage in play, and, concurrently, recent evidence suggests a decrease in divergent thinking ability in young children. This study investigated changes in pretend play ability during a 23-year period. The same standardized measure of pretend play, the Affect in Play Scale (APS; Russ, 1993; 2004), was the measure of pretend play in all studies. This puppet play task is videotaped and scored from the tapes. Fourteen studies of children from 6 to 10 years of age in school-based samples from 1985–2008 were included in the analyses. A cross-temporal meta-analysis examined correlations between weighted mean scores and year of data collection. Main findings were that imagination in play and comfort with play significantly increased over time. There was no evidence of change in organization of the story or in overall expression of affect in play. When one outlier was removed, there was a significant decrease in negative affect expression in play. Even t...
Autonomy and futility.

One of the underlying ethical values of the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) is the legal right of patients to decide on their own medical care, i.e., to accept or refuse medical treatment. Yet, there is a growing concern that a patient's legal right to determine medical treatment might result in health care professionals violating their own personal and/or professional ethical values. I shall therefore briefly review the requirements of the PSDA and outline the consequences of this act for a particular case. The application of the Act becomes problematic in this case because the health care professionals involved believe that the treatments involved are medically futile. I consider the potential conflict between autonomy and futility. The thesis defended is that patient autonomy is not an absolute moral right and that health care professionals are not only permitted, but are sometimes morally required, to withhold and/or withdraw futile treatments even if the patient or the patient's surrogate request (demand!) that the treatments be continued.
Surface Modification and Measurement Using a Scanning Tunneling Microscope With a Diamond Tip

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy is used to modify and measure the surface of magnetic media disks. A very rugged diamond lip allows continued scanning after it has severely scratched or punched the surface. Three techniques are used. First a manual method of penetrating the surface using a stand-alone head makes a scratch of essentially uncontrollable length and depth. Then the normal head is used to cause surface penetration by removing the bias voltage while scanning
Evaluating deformation in Spheroolithus dinosaur eggs from Zhejiang, China

Lack of stratigraphic context for dinosaur eggs inhibits understanding of dinosaur reproductive biology and the taphonomic processes of egg preservation. Past taphonomic work suggests two features,...
How Variety-Seeking versus Inertial Tendency Influences the Effectiveness of Immediate versus Delayed Promotions:

Abstract Four studies investigate (1) whether a variety-seeking versus inertial environment activates a certain mind-set about risk propensity and (2) whether this mind-set influences preferences for immediate versus delayed promotions. Study 1 demonstrates that a variety-seeking environment activates a risk-taking mind-set, whereas an inertial environment activates a risk-averse mind-set and that such a difference in risk propensity makes a delayed (immediate) promotion relatively more appealing for consumers with a variety-seeking (inertial) tendency. Study 2 reveals that preferences for a brand offering a delayed promotion are stronger when consumers have a variety-seeking tendency and that preferences of consumers low (vs. high) in need for cognitive closure are more influenced by the difference in variety-seeking versus inertial tendency. Study 3 provides further insights by allowing participants to be variety seeking or inertial and by controlling for redemption effort and the hedonic/utilitarian as...
Changes in antipyrine and indocyanine green kinetics during nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem therapy

Ten healthy subjects received oral antipyrine and intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) alone and after 5 days of oral nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil. Antipyrine clearance decreased during verapamil (range 4% to 26%) and diltiazem (6% to 24%) therapy (P < 0.001) but did not change during nifedipine treatment. Antipyrine t1/2 also increased during verapamil and diltiazem treatment (P < 0.001). ICG clearance did not change during diltiazem therapy but increased during dosing with nifedipine and verapamil (P < 0.05). Estimated liver blood flow (derived from ICG clearance and hematocrit) also increased during verapamil (mean 33%) and nifedipine (mean 27%) treatment (P < 0.05). Drug interactions with other liver-metabolized drugs may occur during therapy with these calcium antagonists. Nifedipine appears to increase liver blood flow whereas diltiazem inhibits oxidative drug metabolism. Drug interactions with verapamil could involve both mechanisms. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 239–242; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.169
Anxiety, Intelligence, and Achievement:

The emphasis on procedures for establishing rapport, adaptive testing, and corrections for the adverse effects of anxiety on intellectual testing performance, reflects a feeling that anxiety is an undesirable variable in the intelligence testing situation which should be eliminated or corrected for, in order to most accurately measure ability to achieve. Suppression of anxiety is usually accomplished by rapport establishing procedures designed to equate testee anxiety at minimal levels. If, in spite of such procedures, the testee's anxiety level is still felt to be higher than average, the testee is seen as having intellectual "potential" not adequately reflected in the test results, which are reported as an underestimate of ability to achieve. The negative correlation between amount of test anxiety and intelligence test scores is established (Waite, Sarason, Lighthall, & Davidson, 1958). It has been suggested that this inverse relationship is due primarily to the interfering influence of anxiety rather than to test failure which then leads to arousal of anxiety ( Sarason, Davidson, Lighthall, & Waite, 1958a). However, the evidence for interference does not, in itself, indicate that suppression of anxiety aroused by testing would increase prediction of achievement. The prediction of achievement from intellectual test performance is a function of the similar influence of variables on performance in both situations. Therefore, unless ( 1 ) anxiety is related differently to intelligence testing and achievement situations, e.g., anxiety is aroused more in the intelligence test situation, or interferes more with performance in that situation, or (2) unless the interfering anxiety of highly anxious testees decreases predictably over time, elimination of anxiety as a factor influencing intelligence test performance would be expected to lower the utility of intelligence tests in measuring current performance or predicting future performance, respectively. The utility would be lowered because, unless one of the above conditions hold, the test scores of anxious Ss would be raised spuriously by eliminating their anxiety as an interfering factor in the intelligence test situation while anxiety would still act to: decrease their performance in current and/or future achievement situations. The purpose of the present investigation is to study the utility of suppressing test anxiety through understanding these relations between anxiety, intelligence test results, and achievement.
Reactions of Ar+ with Selected Volatile Organic Compounds. A Flowing Afterglow and Selected Ion Flow Tube Study

Temperature-dependent rate coefficients and branching ratios for the reactions of Ar+ with a variety of volatile organic hydrocarbons are reported. Reactions of N2+ and CO2+ were undertaken to calibrate a newly constructed variable-temperature flowing afterglow (VTFA) complemented with a selected ion flow tube (SIFT). In addition, the first determinations of rate coefficients for the reaction of Ar+ with several organic hydrocarbons (toluene, pyridine, furan, thiophene, cyclohexene, cyclooctene, cyclohexane, and tetrahydrofuran) have been measured between 298 and 423 K with a VT-SIFT. Analogous to the Ar+ + C6H6 reaction, these reactions proceed by nondissociative and dissociative charge transfer, and very little temperature dependence is observed for the rate coefficients. At 298 K and 0.5 Torr, the rate coefficients are similar [(1.4−1.8 ) × 10-9 cm3/s] for all of the Ar+ reactions with the organic hydrocarbons, except for pyridine (2.3 × 10-9 cm3/s). These values are in reasonable agreement with rate c...
REGULATION BY INTERLEUKIN-1 OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR SECRETION AND NERVE GROWTH FACTOR MRNA EXPRESSION IN RAT PRIMARY ASTROGLIAL CULTURES

Primary cultures of neonatal rat cortical astrocytes contain low cellular levels (about 2 pg/mg of protein) of nerve growth factor (NGF), but secrete significant amounts of NGF into the culture medium (about 540 pg of NGF/mg of cell protein/38-h incubation). Incubation of astrocytes with interleukin-1 (IL-1) increased the cellular content of NGF and the amount secreted by about threefold. In comparison, cerebellar astrocytes secreted significant amounts of NGF, and the secretion was also stimulated by IL-1. The stimulatory action of IL-1 on astrocytes prepared from cortex was dose- and time-dependent. Concentrations of IL-1 causing half-maximal and maximal stimulation of NGF secretion were 1 and 10 U/ml, respectively). Maximal NGF secretion induced by IL-1 (10 U/ml) was seen following 38 h of incubation. The basal secretion of NGF was reduced by about 50% under Ca2(+)-free conditions; however, the percent stimulation of NGF secretion by IL-1 was the same in the absence or presence of Ca2+. The stimulatory action of IL-1 was specific, because other glial growth factors and cytokines were almost ineffective in stimulating NGF secretion from cortical astroglial cells. IL-1 treatment also increased cellular NGF mRNA content twofold. The results indicate that IL-1 specifically triggers a cascade of events, independent of cell growth, which regulate NGF mRNA content and NGF secretion by astrocytes.
The economics of Jewish continuity

A model distinguishing between Jews and non-Jews is developed to analyze the benefits and costs of Jewish assimilation and hence the economic incentives affecting Jewish continuity. Judaism and Jewish communal life are viewed as a single self-produced good, for which production efficiency can be enhanced by investing in Jewish-specific human capital. Non-Jews produce an analogous good with the aid of human capital specific to their own group. Groups are formally distinguished from each other by the specificity of their human capital, the level of group-specific investment, and the degree of complementarity between group-specific and general human capital. The group production functions also permit interactions between individuals to generate bandwagon and club effects.
Making the Wire Frame Solid

At SNLA, the primary computer-aided drafting tool is the Applicon Graphics System (AGS). The data base for mechanical parts on the AGS is a "wire frame" model. Experiments are underway for adding surface information to the wire frame and passing this information "up stream" to a VAX computer. On this computer, a programming system for manipulating polygonal information (MOVIE.BYU) is available. One of the output devices is a RAMTEK 9400 high resolution color display. This display has also been interfaced to a color recorder.