cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cohesion / knowledge interactions in post-tutoring reflective text

In a previous paper we showed that providing a reflective/abstractive text can significantly improve how much middle motivation students learn from qualitative physics tutoring. In this paper we further find that the effect can be substantially improved by adjusting the cohesiveness of that text according to these students' level of prior knowledge. However, in contrast to previous work in the field, we find that our high knowledge students learned significantly more from high rather than low, cohesion text.
Constrained control allocation - Three-moment problem

This paper presents a method for the solution of the constrained control allocation problem for the case of three moments. The control allocation problem is to find the "best" combination of several flight control effectors for the generation of specified body-axis moments. The number of controls is greater than the number of moments being controlled, and the ranges of the controls are constrained to certain limits. The controls are assumed to be individually linear in their effect throughout their ranges of motion and complete in the sense that they generate moments in arbitrary combinations. The best combination of controls is taken to be an apportioning of the controls that yields the greatest total moment in a specified ratio of moments without exceeding any control constraint. The method of solving the allocation problem is presented as an algorithm and is demonstrated for a problem of seven aerodynamic controls on an F-18 airplane.
The characteristics, isolation and synthesis of the phagocytosis stimulating peptide tuftsin

Summary The phagocytosis stimulating peptide present in γ-globulin has been isolated and its amino acid sequence shown to be L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine. It was synthesized by the solid phase technic.
Physical and Social Organization of Space in a Combined Credential Programme: Implications for Inclusion.

Social geography brings a new perspective to understanding longstanding separation between general and special education in higher education. This paper uses methods from social geography to consider how the structures and processes of space function to maintain longstanding divisions between general and special education in a US teacher education programme that strives towards inclusivity. This intensive ten‐month qualitative case study includes mapping, observations, and interviews to understand better the physical and social space in a teacher education building. Results indicate not only separation between disability and typicality in the department, but also boundary lines drawn around race, ethnicity, and language in relation to special and general education teacher education.
Outcome of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with previous spinal cord injury in the Department of Veterans' Affairs hospitals

Abstract A retrospective review was carried out to determine the morbidity and mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with previous spinal cord injury. A population-based study utilizing computer records on all patients in Department of Veterans' Affairs medical centers from 1987–1991 identified 31 patients with spinal cord injury who underwent subsequent infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Additional information was obtained from individual medical records. Some twenty patients (65%) were paraplegics and 11 (35%) were quadriplegics. Aneurysms were most commonly discovered incidentally during work-up of other conditions. All patients had no symptoms referable to their abdominal aortic aneurysm. In total, 29 patients (94%) underwent elective operations. The complication rate (57%) involved mostly pulmonary, cutaneous or urinary tract morbidity. The 30-day mortality rate was 3% for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Two patients were operated upon as an emergencies for rupture, with one operative death. Long-term follow-up revealed a median survival duration of 5.4 years after aneurysm repair. In conclusion, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with previous spinal cord injury has a low mortality rate. Postoperative complications are often related to spinal cord injury and are potentially preventable; thus, such injury should not preclude surgical intervention for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Community‐Based Participatory Research as a Tool for Policy Change: A Case Study of the Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative

In 2000, a regional rule governing maximum individual cancer risk from stationary facilities in Southern California was dramatically altered, reducing allowable risk levels by 75%. This article uses a case study approach to explore the role of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership, the Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative, in producing research and helping spearhead policy advocacy leading to this policy change. It also highlights the role of the collaborative in helping to change the framing of the issue from individual to cumulative risk assessment, so that the regulatory agencies began to reflect this broader thinking in their policymaking. The collaborative's structure and methodology, regional focus, relationships with key decision makers, and its reputation as an important source of both credible science and “people power” were seen as contributing to its effectiveness. The role of contextual factors including a recovering and more regulation-friendly economy also is highlighted, as are key barriers faced. Implications for other community–academic partnerships working to address regional and statewide public policy are discussed.
Precision measurement of gamma ray energies from 238U daughters

Abstract Precision measurements of gamma ray energies from the 234m Pa and 234 Pa daughters in equilibrium with a 238 U source are reported. The energies of eight prominent peaks in the spectrum from a 238 U source in the energy region from 740–1200 keV are presented with assigned errors ranging from 20 eV to 36 eV.
Monte Carlo simulation of radiant transport through an adiabatic packed bed or porous solid

Computations are presented that can be exploited to yield effective view factors for the transmission of radiation through porous solids or packed beds. The approach is valid only to the extent that there is equivalence between gas molecule behavior in the Knudsen diffusion and photon behavior in the case of radiant transport. This imposes the following restrictions: the pore size or bed interstices should be sufficiently small that they can be considered optically thin yet much larger than the wavelength of the radiation; the pore walls or packing surface must be diffuse surfaces so that reflected or emitted photons leave at random angles to the normal with a cosine probability distribution; the pore walls or packing surface must be adiabatic surfaces; and the porous solid is large compared to the pores (or the packed bed large compared to the packing). Included are diagrams of a porous plug (or packed bed) separating a source of radiation from a sink and possible trajectories of incident radiation; a graph of fraction of photons transmitted through the plug as a function of plug thickness; and correlation of ''data'' from the Monte Carlo simulations with the porosity, pore size and standard deviation of pore sizemore » for several solids.« less
Flow sensing and control strategies to address race-tracking disturbances in resin transfer molding—part II: automation and validation

Abstract Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is an advanced processing technology for composites manufacturing. In this process, the fiber preform is placed in a closed mold and the resin is injected into the mold to saturate the preform. After the resin cures, the mold is opened and the net shape composite part is removed. RTM is capable of making complex and high quality composite parts in fairly short cycle times. However, by introducing more complexity into the part, one also introduces higher probability of disturbances, such as race tracking along preform edges, into the molding system and increases the risk of failure. Part-I [Hsiao KT, Advani SG. Flow sensing and control strategies to address the race-tracking disturbances in resin transfer molding—Part I: design and algorithm development. Composites Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2004;35(10):1149–59] outlined the methodology using process models and simulations along with sensing and control strategies to address flow disturbances. It was demonstrated in a virtual environment that one can increase the success rate significantly by selectively placing the sensors to identify the location of the disturbance and strategically opening and closing auxiliary gates to steer the resin flow to impregnate all the fibers. In part-II, an automated system designed to implement the on-line control strategy of part-I is demonstrated. Once the design of on-line control strategy is completed as delineated in part-I, the results can be seamlessly interfaced with the manufacturing platform to communicate with the sensors in the mold and control the injection and vent valves on an experimental platform. Thus, this streamlines the feedback control in RTM from the design stage to the automation stage. An experimental case study is presented to validate the use of model based on-line control of the RTM process and to demonstrate how it lends itself to automation in the manufacturing process.
Development of metal hydride beds for sorption cryocoolers in space applications

Abstract The development of hydrogen sorption cryocoolers over the past 30 years is briefly reviewed. The behavior of the metal hydride sorbent beds used in the sorption compressors dominates both the performance and reliability of these closed-cycle Joule–Thomson cryocoolers. Improved compressor elements have been recently designed to minimize their input power requirements and to enhance hydride durability during extended temperature cycling while in operation. ZrNi hydride is used to provide variable gas pressure in the gas-gap heat switches for each compressor element. Characterization tests have been performed on the compressor elements built for an engineering breadboard (EBB) cryocooler to evaluate the behavior of both the sorbent bed and gas-gap switches under conditions simulating flight operation for the future Planck mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). Operation of the Planck EBB sorption cryocooler has produced a cooling capacity of 1.0–1.7 W at a temperature of 17.7 K during initial laboratory tests.
Field induced d x 2 − y 2 + i d xy state in d -density-wave metals

We argue that the ${d}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ component of the order parameter can be generated to form the ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}{+id}_{\mathrm{xy}}$-density-wave state by an external magnetic field. The driving force for this transition is the coupling of the magnetic field with orbital magnetism. The fully gapped particle spectrum and the magnetically active collective mode of the condensate are discussed as a possible signature of the ${d+id}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-density-wave state.
Modeling discourse in and around markets

Abstract Each production market is socially constructed within relational networks across some population of firms. Profit maximization is sought by firms but only after footings of comparability are achieved among that set of firms which thereby constitute a market. This market mechanism adjusts to perceived contexts upstream and downstream. Discourse, written and oral, is principal medium of this social construction. How the mechanism works can be tested by tracing features of discourse. Indexical reflexivity provides basis for identifying market membership. Switch in orientation of a market between upstream and down is traceable through their characteristic packets of conventional stories, idioms. An explicit mathematical model relates substitutability in a market, and thence whether it is crowded, to the degree of overlap between customer bases, which is reflected in overlap of the respective registers in vocabulary and idiom.
“Mechanical” Causes of Pulmonary Edema

RAP = right atrial pressure; RVP = right ventricular pressure; SVR = systemic vascular resistance; PVR = pulmonary vascular resistance
Catalytic activity of metals in petroleum and their removal

Abstract Experiments are described to elucidate the transformations of metals and metalloporphyrins during hydrosulphurization and to probe the catalytic implications of these transformations. It is shown that at least two reactions involving metal compounds are important, the catalytic hydrogenation reaction and a direct metal extraction by H2S, both of which result in deposition of metal as sulphide on the catalyst. The former reaction predominates with metalloporphyrins but there is evidence that the latter may be significant with non-porphyrinic metals. The catalytic activity of the resultant sulphide deposits, in particular VSx, although measurable, is perhaps an order of magnitude lower than that of CoMo.
Effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) and glycine on the oscillatory potentials of the rat electroretinogram *

Oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram were monitored in dark-adapted rats following intravitreal injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), a glutamate analog that preferentially blocks the light response of depolarizing bipolar cells, or glycine, a known endogenous inhibitory neurotransmitter that suppresses the light response of cells in the inner retina postsynaptic to glycinergic neurons. Oscillatory potentials were abolished in conjunction with the b-wave with APB and selectively reduced or eliminated by glycine; neither agent attenuated the a-wave. The results are compatible with the idea that light-induced depolarizing bipolar cell, hyperpolarizing bipolar cell, and glycinergic amacrine cell responses are all necessary for the generation of oscillatory potentials in the rat. The results also suggest that hyperpolarizing bipolar cells do not contribute to b-wave generation.
Autoradiographic localization of neuromedin B binding sites in rat brain.

The binding properties and autoradiographic distribution of radiolabeled neuromedin B (NMB) to rat brain sections were investigated. 125I-NMB bound with high affinity (Kd = 1 nM) to a single class of sites (Bmax = 80 fmol/mg protein) in coronal rat brain sections. Binding was specific, time dependent, and reversible. Structure activity studies indicated that NMB, litorin, ranatensin, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), and GRP18–27 but not GRP1–16 inhibited 125I-NMB binding with high affinity. Autoradiographic studies indicated that high 125I-NMB grain densities were present in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, and central medial thalamic nucleus. Moderate grain densities were present in the septum, stria terminalis, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, locus coeruleus, dorsal parabrachial nucleus, and superior olive. Grains were absent in the corpus callosum, lateral thalamus, and cerebellum. Because NMB binds with high affinity to discrete brain regions, it may function as a regulatory peptide in the rat central nervous system.
Description of a Mixed Ethnic, Elderly Population. III. Special Diets, Food Preferences, and Medicinal Intakes

Background. The objective was to assess the use of physician-prescribed special diets, food preferences, and daily and occasional drug use by elderly participants in a Title III-C Nutrition Program.Methods. Data were collected by nonrandom interviews of congregate and meals-on-wheels clients. Chi-square was used to assess whether food and drug behaviors were related to six population variables: ethnicity, age, gender, congregate versus meals-on-wheels clients, proportion of noon meal usually eaten, and whether clients lived alone or with others.Results. Special diets and daily and occasional medications showed no significant differences with regard to the six variables. Broccoli was the food disliked most frequently. Suggestions that certain foods be served more frequently were greater among white than black clients (p < .001) and among home delivery than among congregate clients (p < .005). Persons who regularly ate half or less of the noon meal made more suggestions for cooking foods differently (p < .005) and had longer lists of favorite foods (p < .001) than those who usually ate most of or all of the meal. Persons who lived alone had more suggestions for cooking foods differently (p < .005) and serving certain items more often (p < .05) than those who lived with other persons. Favorite foods, changes in cooking methods, and frequency of offering certain foods were not related significantly to age or to gender.Conclusions. Certain suggested changes in food choices and preparation can be implemented within Title III guidelines and may improve food intakes. While medicinal intakes were similar to those reported previously for the elderly cohort, there is reason for concern with regard to drug-induced illness.
Overcoming glucocorticoid resistance: a new pathway from an ancient Chinese medicine?

Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. In multiple myeloma, GC remains an essential part of most standard treatment regimens. These steroid hormones ...
A New Insight into the Formation of Osteolytic Lesions in Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells undergo clonal expansion. Its characteristic feature is the monoclonal, or M, spike, usually detectable in serum or urine...
Welcome to the Family

Becoming a professional means joining the family, with all the rights, responsibilities, and discipline that come with membership.
Modified Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiodes Heterogeneously Integrated on Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)

We propose and demonstrate a novel InP-based evanescently-coupled modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode (MUTC PD) on SOI waveguide. A 100-µm long waveguide MUTC PD reaches a third-order local intercept point (IP3) of 20 dBm at 7 GHz and 10 mA.
A Mathematical Model for the Cranking Period in the Cold Start of Diesel Engines

A mathematical model is developed to predict the length of the cranking period of direct injection diesel engines at low ambient temperatures. The model takes into consideration the physical and chemical process that develop in the cylinder over the whole cranking period. The model accounts for the variation in the following: (a) fuel accumulated in the cylinder in both the liquid and the vapor phases, (b) gas temperature and pressure, (c) wall temperature and (d) the autoignition reactions rate. An “Autoignition Index” (AI) is developed to account for the combined effects of fuel volatility and its Cetane Number. The model considers that autoignition starts in the cycle where AI reaches a critical value at the end of the cranking period. The model predictions are compared with the experimental data obtained on a single cylinder diesel engine tested in a cold room using four distillate fuels having different volatilities and Cetane numbers.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Self-evaluated health status and smoking behaviour

The relationship between smoking behaviour and self-evaluated health status is investigated from several different perspectives. Separate models are developed to study the simultaneous relationships between health status and whether a person currently smokes, has quit, and the number of cigarettes consumed. The models indicate that current smokers have lower odds of being in good health than non-smokers and the odds favouring good health are higher for those who have never smoked than for ex-smokers. No evidence was found that ex-smokers have higher odds of having good health than current smokers.
Portfolio assessment and reflection: enhancing learning through effective practice

Portfolio assessment across the disciplines can be enhanced by the addition of vital reflective pieces. While many instructors include reflection as a part of their practice, fewer utilize critical steps necessary to further students' responsibility for their own learning. This article reviews a number of guidelines to aid in this process. They are as follows: creating a safe and supportive environment for candid reflection, the development and design of strategic prompts to enhance learning and move students toward metacognitive independence, use of a shared discourse so students and teachers are able to develop reflections from common understandings and vocabulary, and the construction of concise rubrics to ensure knowledge of required tasks.
Public response to the 1970 census: a Wisconsin survey.

The 1970 census included numerous procedural innovations, of which the most important was the use of mail-out/mail-back techniques. A statewide survey of Wisconsin households (conducted in May and June, 1970) included questions designed to elicit information on the degree of cooperation rendered, ease of comprehension of the form, possible objectionable items on the census, whether or not contacts were made by enumerators, and respondent judgments of the adequacy of enumerators’ performance. The results indicate that Wisconsin respondents tended to comply with census procedures, that they found very little difficulty in filling out the mailed forms, and that they regarded the census enumerators as doing a “good job” in most cases.
ALS syndrome in patients with HIV-1 infection.

Abstract Background A viral etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been proposed because of the selective vulnerability of motor neurons to certain viruses. During the last 20 years, at least 19 cases of ALS or ALS-like disease have been reported in HIV-1 (HIV) seropositive individuals. Objective To describe two cases of clinically definite ALS in patients with HIV infection and to review the previously reported cases of HIV-associated ALS syndrome. Setting A multidisciplinary ALS center and Neuro-AIDS clinic at a tertiary care university hospital. Patients/Design We investigated and prospectively monitored two patients who had developed clinically definite ALS by El Escorial criteria several years after acquiring the HIV infection. The previously reported cases of ALS or ALS-like disease in patients with HIV infection were reviewed for comparison and contrast with the characteristics of sporadic ALS. Results The clinical course of ALS in our two HIV seropositive individuals mirrored that of classical sporadic ALS. A review of previously described 19 patients with ALS syndrome revealed clinically definite ALS in 4 cases and clinically probable or possible ALS in 15. ALS commenced at different stages of the HIV disease; in 7 patients, HIV infection was discovered contemporaneously with diagnosis of ALS. CD4 + T cell count ranged from 2 to 560 cells/mm 3 . Three (1 definite ALS) of the fatal cases were studied at autopsy and all exhibited pathology outside the motor neuron pool. Unlike our patients, 7 of 8 patients with HIV-associated ALS syndrome receiving HAART demonstrated at least partial recovery of their motor deficit. Conclusions ALS-like syndrome can occur in association with HIV infection; however, the causal relationship remains uncertain. Patients with ALS syndrome related to HIV infection are generally younger in age and often demonstrate pathology outside the motor neuron system. Patients with HIV-associated ALS syndrome may improve following antiretroviral therapy. An aggressive HAART regimen to reduce viral load should be pursued in all such cases.
Strictureplasty without concomitant resection for small bowel obstruction in Crohn's disease.

The efficacy of strictureplasty in the treatment of Crohn's disease is often attributed in part to concomitant resection of strictured small bowel segments. Fifty-four patients with obstructive Crohn's disease who underwent 215 strictureplasty procedures (Heineke-Mikulicz, 179; Finney, 36) without concomitant resection of small bowel were reviewed. The median age was 38 (range 18-66) years and the median follow-up 3 (range 1-7) years. The mean number of strictureplasties per patient was 4 (range 1-13). Twenty-four patients had undergone at least one previous small bowel resection. There was no operative death. Intraabdominal abscess and enterocutaneous fistula occurred in two patients each and reoperation for sepsis was needed in one
Cartographies of supranationalism: Creating and silencing territories in the “Arab Homeland”

Abstract In the predominately Arab states of north Africa and southwest Asia, a geopolitical entity exists that is rather uncommon elsewhere in the world. The “Arab Homeland,” as it is referred, is a readily accepted cartographic discourse throughout much of this extensive region. The construction of this entity emerged at the same time as the pan-Arab movement of the mid-twentieth century, which was fueled and motivated by 20th century geopolitical conflicts between Arabs and European imperialists, and between Arabs and Israelis. Through a critical reading of its cartographic construction since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1919, I provide unique insights into the numerous, complex, and even contradictory geopolitics of the construction of the Arab Homeland. My analysis of several hundred maps produced in eight different states of the Arab Homeland reveals that from the mid 1950s onward that the Arab Homeland was not only commonplace, but also how this supranational territorial entity confused and at times defied generally accepted divisions of the world. Expanding upon literature on supranational entities and the state, I show that territory is not only still important in our globalized world, but that it also has a complex and at times contradictory relationship with the concepts and scales of the state and the supranational. In emphasizing the role of territory in its construction, I also inject the importance of geography and territory for the pan-Arab movement, which is a factor that has been greatly under-theorized.
Pretreatment of Coastal Bermudagrass with Sodium Hydroxide and Cellulase Before Ensiling

Abstract When a cellulase produced by Trichoderma viride was added to Coastal bermudagrass before ensiling to increase digestibility, the content of the residual water-soluble carbohydrate was increased significantly above controls or NaOH-treated silage. Significant increases of acetic and lactic acids were obtained by pretreatment with NaOH followed by neutralization before ensiling and also by NaOH plus cellulase treatment (both neutralized and not neutralized) before ensiling. Treatment of Coastal bermudagrass with NaOH, which was not neutralized before ensiling, produced poor silage with high pH and butyric acid content. Digestibility was significantly increased by either NaOH treatment with or without cellulase. In addition, acetic acid produced during in vitro digestibility studies was significantly higher after 48-h incubation for all treatments compared with controls. Coastal bermudagrass silage made with all treatments except NaOH that was not neutralized showed significantly higher propionic acid content at the end of 48-h fermentation than controls. Laboratory studies suggest that treatment with NaOH and cellulase improves silage.
A dicationic gallium–oxo–hydroxide cage compound

The crystal structure of hexa-μ-hydroxo-do­deca­methylocta-μ3-oxo-do­deca­gallium(III) bis­[tetra­kis­(penta­fluoro­phenyl)­borate(III)] chloro­benzene disolvate dihydrate, [Ga12(CH3)12(μ3-O)8(μ-OH)6](C24F20B)2·2C6H5Cl·2H2O, is reported. The gallium–oxo–hydroxide dication is located on an inversion center and adopts a cage structure composed of 12 fused Ga3O3 rings and is associated with the hydrate mol­ecules and the [B(C6F5)4]− anions through hydrogen bonds and one O—H⋯π-ring interaction. Disordered chloro­benzene solvent mol­ecules are also present in the crystal structure.
Preparing for avian influenza.

Purpose of review Pandemic influenza is inevitable, will have significant impact on the population and will challenge healthcare delivery. Planning for an influenza pandemic will improve the ability of healthcare facilities to respond successfully. Recent findings Planning activities involve determining the role of the facility during an influenza pandemic, estimating resources necessary to fulfil this role and developing the infrastructure, material and human resources surge capacity necessary to meet the estimated needs. Plans to perform surveillance for potentially contagious individuals, handle clinical specimens, increase social distancing during a pandemic and the development of personal preparedness plans may be beneficial. Summary The goal of this review is to provide a framework for healthcare facility pandemic influenza planning.
Structural and optical studies of In(Ga)P nanowires grown on Si(111) substrates by MOCVD

We demonstrated the synthesis of In(Ga)P nanowires on silicon using MOCVD at temperatures 350/spl sim/430 /spl deg/C. PL studies on the In(Ga)P nanowires indicate their tenability of optical properties in spite of a large lattice mismatch 8.07%.
The Millage Rate Offset and Property Tax Revenue Stability

Abstract One of the alleged virtues of the property tax is that it produces stable revenues regardless of price movements in real estate markets. One explanation for this is that local governments adjust their millage rates to offset changes in their property tax base. Little evidence, however, exists on the strength of this millage rate offset mechanism. We hypothesize that the importance of this mechanism will vary among local governments depending upon the monopoly power that they possess. The results provide strong support for our hypothesis.
The overlap between personality disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD).

Background. Research studies have focused attention on the importance of the comorbidity of personality disorders and depression.Methods. The present review examines seven potential explanations for the overlap to clarify the nature of the relationship, if any, between depression and personality disorder diagnoses.Results. There may be many explanations for the potential overlap of personality disorders (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). For example, the distinction between states and traits may not be as clear and definitive as suggested in the DSM-IV. In some cases, depression may influence personality pathology, and may even lead to personality disorders. In other cases, personality disorders may lead to MDD.Conclusion. Further research may clarify the nature of the relationship, if any, between depression and personality disorder diagnoses, as well as the relationship between comorbidity and treatment response.
Enantioselective total syntheses of plectosphaeroic acids B and C.

Evolution of the synthetic strategy that culminated in the first total syntheses of the structurally unique plectosphaeroic acids B (2) and C (3) is described. The successful enantioselective route to (+)-2 and (+)-3 proceeds in 6 and 11 steps from the known hexahydro-2H-pyrazinopyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-1,4-dione 39, which in turn is available in enantiomerically pure form by chemical synthesis. The central challenge in this synthesis endeavor was uniting the hexahydro-2H-pyrazinopyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-1,4-dione and cinnabarinic acid fragments of these marine alkaloids. Critical for achieving this successful C–N bond formation was the use of an iodocinnabarinic acid diester in which the amino group was masked with two Boc substituents, a Cu(I) carboxylate complex and the weak base KOAc. The highly congested C–N bond generated in this coupling, in conjunction with the delicate nature of the densely functionalized coupling partners, provided a striking testament to the power of modern copper-mediated amination me...
Target detection in urban clutter

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of urban background clutter on observer target detection performance. Tests consisted of measuring observer ability to find tank targets in synthetic images displayed on a TV monitor. Results were measured in terms of detection probability versus false alarm probability for various spatial resolutions and clutter levels. The results were compared to those from previous measurements made with rural clutter. The comparison showed that, contrary to expectations, better performance was obtained in urban clutter. It was postulated that the contextual cues of urban background clutter aided the observer screening process. The need for a better clutter definition and further research to generalize the results to a larger population of images is discussed. >
On the parabolic potentials in degenerate-type heat equation

Using distributions theory technique we introduce parabolic potentials for the heat equation with one time-dependent coefficient (not everywhere positive and continuous) at the highest space-derivative, discuss their properties, and apply obtained results to three illustrative problems. Presented technique allows to deal with some equation of the degenerate/mixed type.
DNA Damage, DNA Repair, and Alcohol Toxicity—A Review

Alcohol (ethanol) is clearly a toxic substance when consumed in excess. Chronic alcohol abuse results in a variety of pathological effects, including damage to the liver and brain, as well as other organs, and is associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancers. Alcohol consumption by pregnant women can result in fetal alcohol effects and fetal alcohol syndrome. All of these toxic effects are well documented. What is needed at present is a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which alcohol causes these toxic effects. Such an understanding may lead to better treatments of some of these toxic effects. This review, focuses on the possibility that toxic effects of ethanol are mediated, at least in part, by damage to DNA. In particular, I emphasize data on the production of endogenous DNA-damaging molecules as a result of alcohol consumption and metabolism. Specific examples of DNA-damaging molecules to be considered are reactive oxygen species, including oxygen radicals, lipid peroxidation products, and acetaldehyde. The relevant DNA repair pathways that protect cells against DNA damage produced by these molecules will also be reviewed. The goal of this review is to integrate recent results from the fields of mutagenesis and DNA repair with the alcohol toxicity literature, with the aim of stimulating research into the role of DNA damage in different types of alcohol toxicity and the role of DNA repair in protecting cells from alcohol-related damage.
Hall effect studies of the mixed and normal states of Y1 − xPrxBa2Cu3O7 − δ single crystals (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)

Abstract Hall effect measurements on single-crystal specimens of Y 1 − x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) reveal a “negative Hall anomaly” below T c , in the superconducting state. The depth Δ the negative Hall signal scales with T / T c and the maximum value of Δ decreases linearly with x and vanishes at x ≈ 0.24. These results show that the sign anomaly is not consistent with models that invoke pinning to explain this effect, and suggest that the negative anomaly could have an intrinsic origin. Hall effect measurements in the normal state show that the cotangent of the Hall angle can be described by cot Θ H = AT 2 + B with both A and B increasing linearly with decreasing T c , in agreement with recent reports on Y 1 − x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ thin films.
Getting to page four of King Lear with Jean-Luc Godard

Peter Sellars once disclosed to a film critic that Jean-Luc Godard had never actually read King Lear at the point at which he was directing a film with the same title. What Godard had read, according to Sellars, were the first three and last three pages of Shakespeare's play; if the film could be said to be about anything, it was, as Sellars put it, about Godard “trying to get to page four.” Critical opinion concerning the film has varied considerably, with good cause: what we see onscreen at first bears little relation to Shakespeare. Yet if this film is not about Lear – as many have argued – why, then, is it titled King Lear? Why does it make any pretence of being associated with the play or, more broadly, with Shakespeare? This article will posit and interrogate links between film and play (specifically the first “three pages” of the latter) to argue that Godard's meditation on fragmentation and loss speaks to the problematics of posterity pervading the entirety of Lear and that Lear, in turn, represen...
Electrical behavior of a Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System (SETS)

Many novel electrodynamic and space plasma physics experiments can be done from the space shuttle using a gravity gradient stabilized subsatellite tethered 10-30 km above the Orbiter via a long, conducting wire which is insulated from the ionospheric plasma. This system, called the Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System (SETS), is described in the present paper with emphasis upon the various electrical processes which determine its coupling to the ambient plasma. The three most important physical effects include sheath formation and electron collection by the subsatellite, the generation of a large emf through the orbital motion of the tether across geomagnetic field lines, and the active ejection of electrons from the Orbiter into the surrounding ionosphere. An electrical circuit analogy is presented for SETS together with a brief outline of possible areas related to the artificial generation of magnetohydrodynamic waves.
Blindness associated with enlarging mycotic aneurysm after cavernous sinus thrombosis.

Abstract Purpose We report a patient with an enlarging internal carotid mycotic aneurysm secondary to septic cavernous sinus thrombosis presenting with acute visual loss. Design Single observational case report. Methods Retrospective review of the medical record and review of the literature. Results A 19-year-old man with residual left sixth nerve palsy and decreased vision in his left eye caused by left cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to pansinusitis was seen 2 weeks after discharge with acute decreased visual acuity in the right eye. A workup revealed an enlarging left carotid/ophthalmic aneurysm that compressed the optic chiasm and right optic nerve. The patient was taken to the interventional angiography suite, where his left internal carotid artery was occluded endovascularly. The patient's vision improved on discharge. Conclusions Visual loss caused by a mycotic carotid aneurysm is an infrequent sequelae after cavernous sinus thrombosis and is not well described in the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute visual loss associated with a mycotic ophthalmic aneurysm. The result of treatment was good in this case, with the patient's visual acuity returning to pretreatment status.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Word Recognition and Spelling Deficits as a Function of Age

Previous twin studies have suggested a possible developmental dissociation between genetic influences on word recognition and spelling deficits, wherein genetic influence declined across age for word recognition, and increased for spelling recognition. The present study included two measures of word recognition (timed, untimed) and two measures of spelling (recognition, production) in younger and older twins. The heritability estimates for the two word recognition measures were .65 (timed) and .64 (untimed) in the younger group and .65 and .58 respectively in the older group. For spelling, the corresponding estimates were .57 (recognition) and .51 (production) in the younger group and .65 and .67 in the older group. Although these age group differences were not significant, the pattern of decline in heritability across age for reading and increase for spelling conformed to that predicted by the developmental dissociation hypothesis. However, the tests for an interaction between genetic influences on word recognition and spelling deficits as a function of age were not significant.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE PROSTATE LIMITS THE USEFULNESS OF SURVIVIN FOR THE DETECTION OF BLADDER CANCER

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined if urinary survivin is influenced by the prostate and analyzed survivin levels in a healthy control population. Materials and Methods: This was a blinded, retrospective analysis of frozen urine samples. Three groups were designated. Group 1 patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer and samples were collected immediately prior to radical retropubic prostatectomy. Group 2 patients had already undergone radical retropubic prostatectomy at least 3 months prior to providing a urine sample. Group 3 comprised healthy controls. Groups 1 and 2 patients were recruited at an institutional practice. Group 3 patients were recruited from the local community. Results: The frequency of high survivin scores was much lower in patients who did not have a prostate (p Conclusions: Urinary survivin markedly decreases after prostatectomy. There is a 50% false-positive rate when using urinary survivin in controls. These 2 features make urinary survivin a poor bladder cancer biomarker.
Fluorescence as a Means of Identifying Smog Markings on Plants.

The leaf markings that result from smog appear to fluoresce distinctively under ultraviolet radiation. This observation has been checked by comparing the response to ultraviolet radiation of sensitive plants exposed to actual smog, to synthetic atmospheres, and to a variety of cultural conditions. If further work confirms the results of these studies, the bright pale blue fluorescence of smog-marked leaves will provide the first objective means of assessing the responsibility of smog for vegetation damage.
A transition-phase teleconnection of the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation

The atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) are investigated using available observational data from 1948 to 2007. Previous studies indicate that the Pacific QDO is characterized by a distinct lifecycle in the form of sea surface temperature (SST) patterns. In the warm and cool phases of the Pacific QDO, the SST patterns resemble those associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During the warm–cool and cool–warm transitions of the Pacific QDO, recurrent SST patterns are also clearly visible. The rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis on the 10–15 year filtered data shows that the evolutions of SST and atmospheric circulation are well coupled. While the warm-/cool-phase Pacific QDO generates an ENSO-like circulation pattern, the transition phases form a distinct short-wave train emanating from Southeast Asia towards North America. This short-wave train is particularly robust in the streamfunction of water vapor flux. Diagnostic analyses of the heat budget, the stationary wave flux, and a barotropic model indicate that this short-wave train is thermodynamically maintained and is likely forced by diabatic heating near Southeast Asia. Additional modulations of forcing sources in the western and eastern tropical Pacific on this short-wave teleconnection are also discussed.
Counterfactual Thinking and Self-Motives

Three studies indicated that valenced events and self-motives have implications for understanding processes underlying counterfactual thinking. Moods (Study 1) and outcome valence (Study 3) influenced counterfactuals when self-motives (self-improvement, mood-repair, mood-maintenance, and self-protection) were manipulated directly. Agreement and reaction times (Studies 1 and 2), as well as time pressure (Study 3), indicated that counterfactual responses can be quick or slow depending on whether self-motives suggest a direction either consistent or inconsistent with direction activated initially. In Study 2, responses to manipulated outcomes by high- and low-self-esteem persons, who differ naturally in self-motives, provided further evidence for proposals when task repeatability was varied. Implications for antecedents and consequences of counterfactual thinking, self-motives, and dual-process models, are discussed.
The spatial resolution of crossmodal attention: Implications for the design of multimodal interfaces

Previous research on crossmodal attentional orienting has reported speeded reaction times (RT) when the stimuli from the different modalities are in the same spatial location and slowed RTs when the stimuli are presented in very different locations (e.g., opposite sides of the body). However, little is known about what occurs for spatial interactions between these two extremes. We systematically varied the separation between cues and targets to quantify the spatial distribution of crossmodal attention. The orthogonal cueing paradigm [Spence et al. 1998] was used. Visual targets presented above or below the forearm were preceded by either vibrotactile cues presented on the forearm, auditory cues presented below the forearm, or visual cues presented on the forearm. The presentation of both unimodal and crossmodal cues led to a roughly monotonic increase in RT as a function of the cue-target separation. Unimodal visual cueing resulted in an attentional focus that was significantly narrower than that produced by crossmodal cues: the distribution of visual attention for visual cues had roughly half of the lateral extent of that produced by tactile cueing and roughly one fourth of the lateral extent as that produced by auditory cueing. This occurred when both seven (Experiment 1) and three (Experiment 2) cue locations were used suggesting that the effects are not primarily due to differences in the ability to localize the cues. These findings suggest that the location of tactile and auditory warning signals does not have to be controlled as precisely as the location of visual warning signals to facilitate a response to the critical visual event.
The utilization of individual capabilities in group approaches to strategic decision‐making

Previous research has found that groups using dialectical inquiry (DI) or devil's advocacy (DA) make better strategic decisions than groups using a consensus (C) approach. This paper explains those findings by using new data to show that the DI and DA approaches make better use of the capabilities of individual group members. Specifically, the DI and DA groups yielded significantly higher quality recommendations and assumptions than the average of the individuals in the respective groups, whereas the C groups did not. Moreover, the recommendations and assumptions of the DI groups and the recommendations of the DA groups significantly exceeded those of the best individual in the respective groups. There were no significant differences for the C groups.
The significance of microbial carbon in the nutrition of the deposit feeding polychaete Nereis succinea

A partial carbon budget was calculated for a population of the deposit feeding polychaete Nereis succinea (Frey and Leuckart) for a North Carolina, USA salt marsh in order to determine if the ingestion and assimilation of microbial carbon was sufficient to meet the carbon requirement. Carbon required by the population was estimated by calculating annual production, 2.1 g C m-2, and respiration, 9.4 g. There was no net release of dissolved organic carbon. Annual consumption of microbial carbon (as determined by ATP) was estimated to be 5.2 g m-2. Assimilation efficiency of heterotrophic, detrital microbes was estimated to be 57%. If this value is used for all the microbial carbon, then total assimilation was 3.0 g C m-2, or about one-fourth the carbon requirement. N. succinea was able to assimilate carbon from sterile plant detritus which suggests that some of the carbon needed to balance the budget may come from direct uptake of the plant substrate. Other possible additional sources of carbon include consumption of meiofauna and uptake of dissolved organic matter.