cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tierras comestibles de la Cuenca del Titicaca: Geofagia en la prehistoria boliviana

This paper summarizes the evidence for 24 different earths utilized as food supplements or medicines by peoples of the Central Andes, based on current market samples and archaeological specimens. The earths include a phyllosillicate cluster, a sodium and calcium earth cluster, a sulfur mineral cluster, and an iron and copper salt cluster. Archaeological evidence for usage of the main minerals dates back at least five millennia.
Determining seed performance of frost-damaged maize seed lots

Seed quality of maize(Zea mays L.) can be negatively impacted by a fall frost event. It is important for the seed industry to detect frost damage early and to make marketing decisions before the seed lots are conditioned for sale. This study compared several seed quality tests (standard germination [WG], accelerated aging [AA], saturated cold [SC], and soak tests) for their ability to quantify frost damage. Additionally, these tests were used to predict field emergence under poor and average to good field conditions. Two genotypes (B73 x IRF311 and Mo17 x IRF311) were harvested at three moisture contents (300-350, 400-450, and 500-550 g H 2 O kg-1 fresh weight). An artificial frost treatment was applied to the seed and damage was determined by testing seed after approximately 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 mo of storage. The artificial frost treatment significantly decreased viability and vigor of all the seed lots except Mo17 x IRF311 harvested at 300 to 350g H 2 O kg-1 fresh weight. As seeds matured, the damage associated with frost treatment decreased. Laboratory tests did not accurately predict field emergence of frost-damaged seed under poor field conditions; however, AA at 0 mo, SC at approximately 0, 1.5, and 3 mo, and soak at approximately 0, 1.5, and 3 mo had strong relationships to field emergence under average to good field conditions. These results indicate that frost damage in seed lots is quantifiable using the SC and soak tests during approximately the first 3 mo of storage and both tests accurately predict field emergence.
Ethical issues and palliative care in the cardiovascular intensive care unit.

Palliative care has been shown to improve outcomes for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), particularly in improving symptom control and satisfaction with care plans. Patients who are hospitalized in the ICU should have a care conference to define the goals of care within 5 days of admission, and have such meetings every 7 days during their stay in the ICU, not to discuss “withdrawal of support” but rather to focus on the complexity of multidisciplinary care. It is morally and ethically permissible to withhold a treatment or withdraw a treatment once started if it is not consistent with a patient’s goals of care, and granting such requests is not akin to euthanasia. Such treatment includes cardiac devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, ventricular assist devices, and total artificial hearts. Advance care planning can be helpful in avoiding ethical dilemmas, particularly related to issues of surrogate decision making and goals of care, when patients are critically ill and possibly approaching the end of life. Ongoing discussion and reassessment of goals is critical to patient-centered outcomes. There is a distinct difference between hospice and palliative care in that palliative care can be provided at any point in the continuum of illness and is not synonymous with dying or “giving up.”
Representing Prison Rape: Race, Masculinity, and Incarceration in Donald Goines's White Man's Justice, Black Man's Grief

In April 1981, in the early years of what Randall Kennedy terms the racial "darkening" (134) of America's jail and prison populations, the New York Times reported that a New York Criminal Court judge refused to send a young, middle-class white male to the city's Rikers Island jail on the grounds that the defendant would almost certainly be sexually assaulted by the jail's predominantly African American and Latino inmate popula tion. "We take judicial notice of the defendant's slight build, his manner isms, dress, color, and ethnic background," the judge wrote in his opinion, "and are cognizant of the unfortunate realities that he would not last for ten minutes at Rikers Island." Arguing that "the State of New York could not guarantee [the man's] safety in prison surroundings," the judge predicted that the defendant, if sent to jail, "would be immediately subject to homo sexual rape and sodomy and to brutalities from prisoners such as make the imagination recoil in horror" (Shipp B3).1 As the somewhat baroque language of that final sentence attests, the possibility that a white man could be raped in jail by African American or Latino inmates exerts a powerful hold over the American racial imaginary. As Ted Conover puts it, the "rape-of-the-white-guy trope" is "a fixture of how middle-class America thinks about prison" (262). At the same time, this "trope" is at least partially rooted in statistical reality: as Patricia Hill
Segmentation with Depth: A Level Set Approach

Segmentation with depth is the challenging problem of obtaining three dimensional information from a single two dimensional image. Unlike the standard segmentation problem, the goal of segmentation with depth is to determine not only the boundaries of objects that appear in the image, but also their relative distances to the observer by making use of occlusion relations. Nitzberg, Mumford, and Shiota [The 2.1D sketch, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computer Vision, Osaka, Japan, 1990; Filtering, Segmentation, and Depth, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. 662, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993] proposed a variational formulation of this problem; according to their model, called the 2.1D sketch model, the regions that the objects occupy and their relative depth are to be extracted from the two dimensional image by minimizing a curvature based functional. Numerically, this is a highly nontrivial problem as the functional involves curvatures of the unknown contours. In this paper, we develop a level set based procedure for minimizing the Nitzberg-Mumford-Shiota energy. Unlike the minimization technique of Nitzberg-Mumford-Shiota [Filtering, Segmentation, and Depth, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. 662, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993], our technique represents contours implicitly and thus allows for connections between T-junctions to take place automatically.
Safety of essential amino acid restriction in adults with malignant brain tumors

(1979). Safety of essential amino acid restriction in adults with malignant brain tumors. Nutrition and Cancer: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 16-21.
Some post‐tertiary changes in Alaska of climatic significance

Discussion of relatively late changes in Alaska that may have had climatic significance is much hampered by the lack of specific information relating to many of the pertinent factors, but even then it is too large a topic to touch more than the fringes of in the short time allotted. One of the speculations that crops up periodically both in its relation to climate and to migrations of animals and plants, is the inquiry into what would be the result if the region near Bering Strait had been at one time more depressed or more elevated than at present. The details of the situation that would have been produced can not be stated with finality, but it seems doubtful whether possible changes of this sort would have effected as radical physical differences as might be conjectured from the casual inspection of an ordinary map. The reason for this conclusion is, that unless depression exceeded 2,300 feet the Strait would maintain practically its present width as the portals at Cape Prince of Wales and at East Cape rise abruptly to elevations of 2,300 and 2,521 feet, respectively, and in the midst of the Strait are three islands, the largest of which is from three to four miles in diameter and has a height of 1,759 feet above the sea. In Seward Peninsula there are no deposits or other evidence that even remotely suggest that the region has been submerged two thousand feet below its present stand during Tertiary time or later.
Improving Pediatric Drug Development: Challenges, Opportunities and Lessons Learned.

Pediatric drug development has been challenging for more than 5 decades. Two recent books; one a workshop report and the other a volume prepared from the perspective of the pharmaceutical industry offer modest hope that clinical therapeutics within this vulnerable population is beginning to be addressed. Both unfortunately focus predominantly on pediatric drug development within the US, however, parallel activity within the World Health Organization (WHO) offers hope that pediatric drug development will improve in both developed and developing countries (see the WHO website for more information http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs341/en/index.html, accessed 25 August 2010). The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development and Translation held a workshop in 2006 to explore issues in pediatric drug development. Topics addressed included; regulatory framework, challenges in developing and prescribing drugs, models for enhancing pediatric drug development and challenges and opportunities for the future. Several legislative activities have stimulated pediatric drug development in the United States beginning with the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and Pediatric Research Equity Act. Despite the recent legislative, regulatory and research activity in the US and Europe, barriers to pediatric drug development are substantial, and the workshop identified many of them. See the following web sites for current information: US NIH: http://bpca.nichd.nih.gov/ FDA: http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/PediatricTherapeuticsResearch/default.htm EMEA: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000302.jsp&murl=menus/special_topics/special_topics.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058002d4ea DG Research: http://imi.europa.eu/index_en.html Published after the IOM report is a volume with potential solutions to some of the challenges identified by the IOM Forum. While pediatric pharmacology began in earnest in the late 1960s, the struggle to place drug development for infants, children, and youth on the same footing as adult drug development remains far from satisfactory. The editors of Pediatric Drug Development have created a volume which reviews earlier work in pediatric pharmacology while providing a resource for learning about pediatric drug development from a pharmaceutical industry perspective. They summarize the history of pediatric drug development, explore ethical aspects, describe regulatory environments, and then consider the traditional steps in drug development: preclinical evaluation, clinical studies across the diverse ages and developmental stages. The two final sections focus on manufacturing and case studies.
Theoretical estimates of equilibrium Fe-isotope fractionations from vibrational spectroscopy

The magnitude and direction of equilibrium iron-isotope (^(54)Fe–^(56)Fe) fractionations among simple iron-bearing complexes and α-Fe metal are calculated using a combination of force-field modeling and existing infrared, Raman, and inelastic neutron scattering measurements of vibrational frequencies. Fractionations of up to several per mil are predicted between complexes in which iron is bonded to different ligands (i.e. 4 per mil for [Fe(H_(2)O)_6]^3+ vs. [FeCl_4]^− at 25°C). Similar fractionations are predicted between the different oxidation states of iron. The heavy iron isotopes will be concentrated in complexes with high-frequency metal-ligand stretching vibrations, which means that ^(56)Fe/^(54)Fe will be higher in complexes with strongly bonding ligands such as CN− and H2O relative to complexes with weakly bonding ligands like Cl^− and Br^−. 56Fe/54Fe will also usually be higher in Fe(III) compounds than in Fe(II)-bearing species; the Fe(II) and Fe(III) hexacyano complexes are exceptions to this rule of thumb. Heavy iron isotopes will be concentrated in sites of 4-fold coordination relative to 6-fold coordination. Model results for a ferrous hexacyanide complex, [Fe(CN)_6]^4−, are in agreement with predictions based on Mossbauer spectra (Polyakov, 1997), suggesting that both approaches give reasonable estimates of iron-isotope partitioning behavior.
Abstract 4827: A novel FGFR2 haplotype is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in African American women

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify new and validate known SNPs and haplotypes in FGFR2 associated with risk of breast cancer in African American women. Methods: Study participants were from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study conducted in North Carolina. Cases and controls were frequency-matched on age and race. 1536 SNPs and 158 AIMs (ancestry informative markers) were genotyped with the Illumina GoldenGate assay. 89% of the SNP panel and 91% of the AIMs passed quality control. Associations between single SNPs and breast cancer were examined using logistic regression in SAS 9.2, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs was tested with SAS/Genetics. Haplotypes were constructed and evaluated for association with breast cancer using generalized linear models as implemented in Haplo. stats. Statistical analyses were conducted on the whole dataset and stratified by race and age at diagnosis. 10 single SNPs in FGFR2 were analyzed. Of these 10 SNPs, rs11200014, rs2981579, rs1219648 and rs2420946 were further analyzed in haplotype analysis in order to compare our results with previous studies. As African Americans were over-sampled, all analyses were adjusted to account for study design. Results: There were 3748 participants in the study; 742 cases (37.6% of cases) and 658 controls (37.0% of controls) were African American, and 1230 cases and 1118 controls were non-African American. 9 SNPs in all women, 9 SNPs in older women (> 50 years at diagnosis), 7 SNPs in younger women (< 50 years at diagnosis), 8 SNPs in African Americans and 9 SNPs in non-African Americans were associated with increased risk of breast cancer after adjusting for European ancestry and/or race and age. In all subjects, the ATGT, GTGT and GTAT haplotypes were associated with increased odds of breast cancer after adjusting for age, race and ancestry. In African American women, the GTGT haplotype was associated with significant increased risk of breast cancer while the ATGT haplotype was associated with increased risk in non-African American women. Interestingly, the GTGT haplotype was also found to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer among women aged <50 years old at diagnosis. Conclusions: The GTGT haplotype in FGFR2 is a newly discovered haplotype that is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in African American and younger women. Previous studies have primarily focused on post-menopausal, European American women, and these results highlight the need to conduct genetic epidemiology studies in a variety of racial/ethnic populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4827.
FACILITATION OF HOST LYMPHOID TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN NEONATALLY THYMECTOMIZED MICE BY INJECTION OF ALLOGENEIC DISPERSED THYMUS CELLS.

Facilitation of Host Lymphoid Tissue Development in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice by Injection of Allogeneic Dispersed Thymus Cells
A strategy for industry's continuing education needs

Abstract Today's engineers face the difficult task of maintaining vitality during a time of rapid technological change. With world wide competition and massive industrial _right-sizing_, traditional mentoring and informal training is no longer sufficient to enable young engineers to achieve the levels of competence expected for such professionals. Experienced engineers likewise face similar challenges as technology moves beyond the levels that were current at the time of their formal education. In early 1993, the Education Activities Board of the IEEE approved plans for INDUSTRY 2000, a workshop designed to bring together leaden from industry, technology experts, and continuing education providers, to (1) identify industry_s continuing education needs and (2) to define a strategy through and academia can work together to maintain technical vitality of engineering professionals. This paper reports on the results of INDUSTRY 2000, particularly as they apply to Continuing Education within Control Systems technology. (This version, for the Preprint Volume, isprepared before INDUSTRY 2000; an updated version will be distributed to conference attendees.)
The status of projective techniques: Or, “wishing won't make it go away”

Analyzed predicted decline of projective techniques in usefulness and emphasis when viewed from several different perspectives: (a) the academic community; (b) members of APA Division 12; (c) internship centers; (d) the applied clinical setting; and (e) private practitioners. An extensive review of empirical, survey, and position studies over the past two decades supports the utility of projective techniques, with the exception of the clinical academic setting. The apparent loss in status of projective assessment is attributed, in part, to changing roles and functions of clinical psychologists. Implications for graduate training are discussed.
Quantum electrodynamics in an expanding universe

The equations of quantum electrodynamics are investigated in an expanding universe characterized by a de Sitter metric. It is assumed that the expansion occurs on a microscopic level and that ħ, the bare electron mass and the bare charge are all constant. For a particular coordinate system the operators may be expressed in terms of coupled flat-space fields which havem replaced bymR(t). The equivalent quantized field problem is soluble using standard perturbation theory with modified commutators and Green’s functions. As a first approxmation, adiabatic changes caused by the expansion are evaluated by imaking the replacementm→mR in all final formulae. Renormalization effects are examined using asymptotic expressions which contain ultraviolet cut-offs. Assuming that the cutoff procedures are meaningful and are related to the structure of the physical electron, it is noted that the renormalized mass and charge could vary with time for a particular kind of cut-off process.
Heating and cooling rates, heart rate and simulated diving in the Galapagos marine iguana

Abstract 1. 1. During enforced submergences of 30–50 min, the animals remained quiet. Bradycardia developed slowly following submergence and conspicuous arrhythmia appeared. Bradycardia ended almost immediately following the termination of submergence. 2. 2. In both air and water the lizards heated approximately twice as rapidly as they cooled. 3. 3. Heart rate at any given body temperature was much slower during cooling than during heating, suggesting that circulatory adjustments are important in controlling rate of temperature change. 4. 4. Minimum heart rates in air increased with increasing temperature, and at all temperatures the smaller animal had a more rapid heart beat than the larger one. 5. 5. Ecological and comparative aspects of the responses of the marine iguana are discussed.
Contact dermatitis from silver fulminate – fulminate itch

Although fulminates were widely used in the past as explosives, they are now little encountered. Fulminate itch is of historical interest. We have investigated a factory utilising silver fulminate in the manufacture of explosive snaps. Workers in this factory still experience the ‘itch’, which we consider to have both an irritant and an allergic basis.
Uptake Of Tritium-Labeled Thymidine In The Rabbit Cornea Infected With Herpes Simplex

Adult rabbit corneas were infected with the RE strain of the herpes simplex virus, which resulted in dendritic ulceration of the cornea followed by severe disciform keratoconjunctivitis. Changes in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid by the corneal cells and in cell migration were determined through the use of autoradiographic film techniques after intraocular injection of tritium-labeled thymidine. One day after the virus application, small well defined areas of the epithelium showed a marked increase in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. These areas corresponded to the virus-infected cells, and some of these cells pulled loose by the second day, leading to dendritic ulcerations. The number and the size of the virus-infected areas increased until there was a loss of most of the superficial epithelial cells by the 7th–12th day. At this point, a few basal epithelial cells were incorporating tritium-labeled thymidine. The remaining intact epithelium was invaded by polymorphonuclear leukocytes that presumably destroyed the architecture of the epithelial layer parallel with the development of the disciform keratitis. When the epithelial layer became ulcerated, a band of stromal cells beneath the ulceration began nuclear incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine. Some of these cells changed into fibroblasts, and the whole area was invaded by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is suggested that the inflammatory response with this strain of virus, produced by epithelial denudation rather than by viral invasion of the stroma, leads to the severe disciform keratoconjunctivitis.
Convergence analysis of cascade error projection--an efficient learning algorithm for hardware implementation.

In this paper, we present a mathematical foundation, including a convergence analysis, for cascading architecture neural network.
Dystrophin and utrophin isoforms are expressed in glia, but not neurons, of the avian parasympathetic ciliary ganglion

Muscular dystrophy patients often show cognitive impairment, in addition to muscle degeneration caused by dystrophin gene defects. The cognitive impairments lead to speculation that the dystrophin protein family may play a key role at neuronal synapses. Dystrophin regulates the stability of selected GABAA receptor subtypes and α3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at a subset of central GABAergic and peripheral sympathetic nicotinic neuron synapses. Similarly, utrophin, the autosomal homologue of dystrophin, is not required for clustering but indirectly stabilizes muscle-type nAChRs at the neuromuscular junction. We examined dystrophin and utrophin expression and localization in the avian parasympathetic ciliary ganglion (CG) to determine whether these proteins play a general role at neuronal nicotinic synapses. We have determined that full-length utrophin and dystrophin and the short dystrophin isoform Dp116 are the major isoforms expressed in the CG based on immunoblotting and immunolabeling. Unexpectedly, the cytoskeletal proteins were not detected at nicotinic synapses or in CG neurons. They are expressed in myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. Further, utrophin expression developmentally precedes that of dystrophin. The proteins show partially overlapping distributions, but also differential accumulation along the surface membrane of Schwann cells adjacent to neuronal somata versus axonal processes. Our findings are consistent with reports that dystrophin protein family members function in the maintenance of cell–cell interactions and myelination by anchoring the Schwann cell surface membrane to the basal lamina. In contrast, our results differ from those in skeletal muscle and a subset of sympathetic neurons where utrophin and dystrophin localize at nicotinic synapses.
Studies on the induction of nitroreductase activity by DDT and phenobarbital.

Abstract A study was conducted on the effects of variations in amounts of tissue and NADP concentrations on the nitroreductase activity of whole homogenates, 9000 g supernatant, soluble, and microsomal fractions of rat livers. The contribution of various liver fractions to the total nitroreductase activity was investigated especially in relation to DDT and phenobarbital induction. Increasing both NADP and tissue concentrations increased nitroreductase activity. This effect was more pronounced after treatment of rats with DDT or phenobarbital. The increase was observed in whole homogenates and the microsomal fraction but not in the soluble fraction. Addition of cobra venom to split the pyrophosphate linkage of NADP prevented the observation of the increase in activity of the microsomal fraction by enzyme inducers but did not affect the activity of the soluble fraction. Addition of the microsomal enzyme inhibitor, SKF 525A, gave similar results. Sodium cyanide (1 × 10−3 m ) inhibited the activity of the soluble protein fraction more strongly than the activity of the microsomal fraction. Microsomal nitroreductase activity rose sharply with increased NADPH levels. Rats injected intraperitoneally with p-nitrobenzoic acid excreted similar amounts of reduction product (p-aminobenzoic acid) regardless of whether or not they were pretreated with DDT or phenobarbital.
Type I and Type II Micromachined Vibratory Gyroscopes

All Micromachined Vibratory Gyroscopes (MVG) are based on the principle that the Coriolis forces produced by rotation of the gyro cause a transfer of energy between two of the gyro's modes of vibration. Vibratory Gyroscopes can be classified into two broad types, angle gyroscopes (or Type I) and rate gyroscopes (or Type II). Gyroscopes of the first type measure orientation angles directly, while gyroscopes of the second type measure rotational rate. Most MVG implementations to date are found exclusively in the angular rate measuring variety, however there are opportunities for implementation on the micro-scale angle gyroscopes. This paper introduces a unified approach for description of MVGs and emphasizes the differences between the two types of devices. We also review our recent results in development of Type I and Type II gyroscopes. I. INTRODUCTION All vibratory gyroscopes use the Coriolis acceleration that arises in rotating reference frames to measure rotation. The Coriolis forces produced by vibration of the sensing element and rotation of the system cause a transfer of energy between two of the gyro's modes of vibration. Vibratory gyros divide naturally into two classes depending on whether the two modes are of the same kind or different. In the classical tuning fork gyro (Fig. 1), for example, the two modes are different. One consists of a flexural vibration of the tines and the other a torsional vibration about the stem. Vibratory gyros utilizing similar modes include the vibrating string, the vibrating rectangular bar, the vibrating cylinder, and the hemispherical resonator gyro, Fig. 2. Vibratory gyros utilizing similar modes can be operated in the whole angle mode (direct angle measurement mode) or the open-loop mode(or force-to-rebalance modes) to measure rotational rate. Conventionally, different modes gyros are used for angular rate measurement. We introduced the classification of vibratory gyroscopes based on phenomena they measure - angle gyroscopes (or Type I) and rate gyroscopes (or Type II). Almost all reported to date Micromachined Vibratory Gy- roscopes (MVG) are of Type II. They operate on the Coriolis principle of a vibrating proof mass suspended above the substrate. The proof mass is supported by anchored flexures, which serve as the flexible suspension between the proof mass and the substrate, making the mass free to oscillate in two orthogonal directions: the drive direction and the sense direction. In Type II implementation, the overall dynamical
Factors in Sustaining Professional Learning Community

School change efforts to develop schools as learning communities result in schools that are constantly learning and thus changing. This collective case study of four schools involved in a 4-year reform effort begins to examine the ongoing sustainability of a learning community. The study draws insights about the sustainability of learning communities in these schools as involving issues of change, loss, and hope. After offering a description for each of these themes, a discussion is offered that draws connections to the environmental factors of administrative support, collaborative structures, relational integrity, enablers, and coherence that operated to perpetuate reform in these schools.
Mappability, stratigraphic variation, and diagenetic problems in sedimentary map unit definition and field mapping

Mapping, recognizing, and defining sedimentary formations in poorly exposed terrains, especially in units with significant stratigraphic variations and disparate definitive diagenetic characteristics, focuses attention on both the problems of field mapping and the contrast between classical field mapping practices and modern stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses. Field mappers must contend with issues of scale and mappability in defining formations, diagenetic versus primary depositional characteristics in delineating contacts, and facies changes, while making standard 1:24,000–1:25,000 scale maps. Formations were defined as mappable units, even before codification of stratigraphic practice, and pre–twentieth-century "legacy formations" remain as widely recognized units. Many "modern formations" recognized and defined in the late twentieth century also meet stratigraphic code definitions. However, postlegacy analyses of exceptionally well-exposed sections using new techniques and insights, while yielding knowledge of stratigraphic variability, may yield newly named, but not necessarily mappable "formations." Resulting problems of formation recognition, formation definition, and field mapping of units and contacts on 1:24,000 or 1:25,000 scale maps are faced repeatedly by STATEMAP and other mappers. In some cases, mapping of "hybrid" formations, composed of two or more previously defined units is required. In other cases, stratigraphic position and general character must override details of type section stratigraphy in mapping formations. We recommend latitude in correlation with type sections and suggest that, while well-exposed sections provide important insights into paleoenvironments and stratigraphic variations, unless units are demonstrably mappable at the 1:24,000 or 1:25,000 scale, these variations should not be used to subdivide previously defined and mappable formations into new unmappable "formations."
Photoimmunotherapy and irradiance modulation reduce chemotherapy cycles and toxicity in a murine model for ovarian carcinomatosis: perspective and results

Significant toxicities from multiple cycles of chemotherapy often cause delays or early termination of treatment, leading to poor outcomes in ovarian cancer patients. Complementary modalities that potentiate the efficacy of traditional agents with fewer cycles and less toxicity are needed. Photodynamic therapy is a mechanistically-distinct modality that synergizes with chemo and biologic agents. A combination regimen with a clinically relevant chemotherapy cocktail (cisplatin + paclitaxel) and anti-EGFR targeted photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is evaluated in a murine model for ovarian carcinomatosis. Mice received either 1 or 2 chemotherapy cycles followed by PIT with a chlorine6-Erbitux photoimmunoconjugate and 25 J/cm2 light. PIT + 1 cycle of chemotherapy significantly reduced tumor burden, comparable to multiple chemotherapy cycles. Relative to 1 cycle of chemotherapy, the addition of PIT did not cause significant mouse weight loss, whereas 2 cycles of chemotherapy led to a significant reduction in weight. Irradiance-dependence on PIT efficacy was a function of the conjugation chemistry, providing an additional variable for optimization of PIT outcome.
Structural basis for carbon dioxide binding by 2-ketopropyl coenzyme M oxidoreductase/carboxylase.

Abstract The structure of 2-ketopropyl coenzyme M oxidoreductase/carboxylase (2-KPCC) has been determined in a state in which CO2 is observed providing insights into the mechanism of carboxylation. In the substrate encapsulated state of the enzyme, CO2 is bound at the base of a narrow hydrophobic substrate access channel. The base of the channel is demarcated by a transition from a hydrophobic to hydrophilic environment where CO2 is located in position for attack on the carbanion of the ketopropyl group of the substrate to ultimately produce acetoacetate. This binding mode effectively discriminates against H2O and prevents protonation of the ketopropyl leaving group. Structured summary 2-KPCC binds to 2-KPCC by x-ray crystallography ( View interaction )
Potassium and fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to social determinants and access to produce in New York City

Background: Potassium-rich diets are inversely associated with blood pressure. Potassium intake before this study had not been objectively measured by using potassium excretion in a population-based sample in the United States. Objectives: The objectives of the analysis were to 1) report mean potassium excretion in a diverse urban population by using 24-h urine collections, 2) corroborate potassium excretion by using selfreported fruit and vegetable consumption, and 3) characterize associations between potassium excretion and socioeconomic indicators and access to produce. Design: Participants were from the 2010 Community Health Survey Heart Follow-Up Study—a population-based study including data from 24-h urine collections. The final sample of 1656 adults was weighted to be representative of New York City adults as a whole. Results: Mean urinary potassium excretion was 2180 mg/d, and mean self-reported fruit and vegetable intake was 2.5 servings/d. Adjusted urinary potassium excretion was 21% lower in blacks than in whites (P , 0.001), 13% lower in non–college graduates than in college graduates (P , 0.001), and 9% lower in the lowest-income than in the highest-income group (P = 0.03). Potassium excretion was correlated with fruit and vegetable intake. Most New York City residents reported a ,10 min walk to fresh fruit and vegetables; this indicator of access was not associated with potassium excretion or fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions: Potassium intake is low in NYC adults, especially in lower socioeconomic groups. Innovative programs that increase fruit and vegetable intake may help increase dietary potassium and reduce hypertension-related disease. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01889589. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.059204.
Management of the acute coronary syndrome patient

Clinical trials have shown that the lowering of total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels substantially reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality due to coronary heart disease. However, the benefits of lipid lowering in patients with acute coronary syndromes have been less well studied. The majority of statin trials excluded patients who had experienced recent unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction and, therefore, were not able to evaluate the potential beneficial effects that may result from early statin therapy. However, new evidence is emerging that statins may be effective immediately after an acute coronary event. Recent observational studies indicate that patients who are treated with a statin early after a coronary event have a more favourable outcome than those who are not, and retrospective analyses of clinical trial databases of patients with acute coronary syndromes have also shown this pattern. Statin therapy favourably impacts interrelated pathophysiologic mechanisms that are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes, most notably endothelial function, platelet thrombus deposition and inflammation. The first clinical trial to study early statin intervention in acute coronary syndromes is the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) study, which has demonstrated that lipid-lowering therapy initiated during hospitalization results in an early reduction in the incidence of recurrent ischaemic events.
Liver Fatty Acid-binding Protein Gene Ablation Inhibits Branched-chain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cultured Primary Hepatocytes

Whereas the role of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the uptake, transport, mitochondrial oxidation, and esterification of normal straight-chain fatty acids has been studied extensively, almost nothing is known regarding the function of L-FABP in peroxisomal oxidation and metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids. Therefore, phytanic acid (most common dietary branched-chain fatty acid) was chosen to address these issues in cultured primary hepatocytes isolated from livers of L-FABP gene-ablated (-/-) and wild type (+/+) mice. These studies provided three new insights: First, L-FABP gene ablation reduced maximal, but not initial, uptake of phytanic acid 3.2-fold. Initial uptake of phytanic acid uptake was unaltered apparently due to concomitant 5.3-, 1.6-, and 1.4-fold up-regulation of plasma membrane fatty acid transporter/translocase proteins (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, fatty acid transport protein, and fatty acid translocase, respectively). Second, L-FABP gene ablation inhibited phytanic acid peroxisomal oxidation and microsomal esterification. These effects were consistent with reduced cytoplasmic fatty acid transport as evidenced by multiphoton fluorescence photobleaching recovery, where L-FABP gene ablation reduced the cytoplasmic, but not membrane, diffusional component of NBD-stearic acid movement 2-fold. Third, lipid analysis of the L-FABP gene-ablated hepatocytes revealed an altered fatty acid phenotype. Free fatty acid and triglyceride levels were decreased 1.9- and 1.6-fold, respectively. In summary, results with cultured primary hepatocytes isolated from L-FABP (+/+) and L-FABP (-/-) mice demonstrated for the first time a physiological role of L-FABP in the uptake and metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids.
AIDS-Induced Orphanhood as a Systemic Shock: Magnitude, Impact, and Program Interventions in Africa

Abstract According to many descriptive accounts, the orphan crisis in Africa has assumed alarming proportions, largely due to AIDS-related deaths. Using household panel data from Uganda to confirm this and assess the impact on affected households and children, we find that (a) receiving a foster child leads to a significant reduction of investment; (b) initial disadvantages in foster children’s access to education were largely eliminated by the introduction of a program of Universal Primary Education; and (c) new inequalities have emerged in foster children’s access to health services. Even though this suggests that specific programs could help to alleviate some of the negative impacts of orphanhood, the policy response in many African countries has remained piecemeal. We use data from existing programs to estimate the cost of a concerted policy response and highlight implications for further research.
Amygdala Stimulation Evokes Time-Varying Synaptic Responses in the Gustatory Cortex of Anesthetized Rats

Gustatory stimuli are characterized by a specific hedonic value; they are either palatable or aversive. Hedonic value, along with other psychological dimensions of tastes, is coded in the time-course of gustatory cortex (GC) neural responses and appears to emerge via top-down modulation by the basolateral amygdala (BLA). While the importance of BLA in modulating gustatory cortical function has been well established, the nature of its input onto GC neurons is largely unknown. Somewhat conflicting results from extracellular recordings point to either excitatory or inhibitory effects. Here, we directly test the hypothesis that BLA can evoke time-varying – excitatory and inhibitory – synaptic responses in GC using in vivo intracellular recording techniques in urethane anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of BLA evoked a post-synaptic potential (PSP) in GC neurons that resulted from a combination of short and long latency components: an initial monosynaptic, glutamatergic potential followed by a multisynaptic, GABAergic hyperpolarization. As predicted by the dynamic nature of amygdala evoked potentials, trains of five BLA stimuli at rates that mimic physiological firing rates (5–40 Hz) evoke a combination of excitation and inhibition in GC cells. The magnitude of the different components varies depending on the frequency of stimulation, with summation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs reaching its maximum at higher frequencies. These experiments provide the first description of BLA synaptic inputs to GC and reveal that amygdalar afferents can modulate gustatory cortical network activity and its processing of sensory information via time-varying synaptic dynamics.
Improving the accuracy of PSI-BLAST protein database searches with composition-based statistics and other refinements

PSI-BLAST is an iterative program to search a database for proteins with distant similarity to a query sequence. We investigated over a dozen modifications to the methods used in PSI-BLAST, with the goal of improving accuracy in finding true positive matches. To evaluate performance we used a set of 103 queries for which the true positives in yeast had been annotated by human experts, and a popular measure of retrieval accuracy (ROC) that can be normalized to take on values between 0 (worst) and 1 (best). The modifications we consider novel improve the ROC score from 0.758± 0.005 to 0.895 ± 0.003. This does not include the benefits from four modifications we included in the ‘baseline’ version, even though they were not implemented in PSI-BLAST version 2.0. The improvement in accuracy was confirmed on a small second test set. This test involved analyzing three protein families with curated lists of true positives from the non-redundant protein database. The modification that accounts for the majority of the improvement is the use, for each database sequence, of a positionspecific scoring system tuned to that sequence’s amino acid composition. The use of compositionbased statistics is particularly beneficial for largescale automated applications of PSI-BLAST.
Superoxide production in rat hippocampal neurons: selective imaging with hydroethidine

Digital-imaging microfluorimetry of the oxidation of hydroethidine (HEt) to ethidium can be used to monitor superoxide (O2-) production selectively within individual rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons in culture and in brain slices. Under assay conditions, oxidation was not accomplished by hydroxyl radical, singlet O2, H2O2, or nitrogen radicals. Neuronal O2- production varied with metabolic activity and age. O2- generation increased after treatment with AMPA, kainic acid, and NMDA, and the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonylcyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl hydrazone, but usually not after depolarization (50 mM K+). O2- concentrations were sensitive to scavengers and nitric oxide. HEt oxidation was higher in Ca(2+)-containing versus Ca(2+)-free saline. However, Ca2+ ionophores did not increase oxidation greatly. H2O2 application produced a secondary increase in O2-. The major source of O2- under basal and stimulated conditions appeared to be the mitochondria. Consistent with this, ethidium staining in dendrites was punctate, colocalized with mitochondria, and blocked by CN-.
Study of performance and leakage currents in nanometer-scale bulk, SOI and double-gate MOSFETs

We consider the performance and leakage issues in 80-to-20 nm Ge, Si, and InGaAs bulk, SOI and Double-gate (DG) devices. The performance is studied with DAMOCLES, band-to-band tunneling processes with a nonlocal band-to-band model as a post-processor in DAMOCLES, and gate tunneling by a Green’s function method accounting also for image force effects, so far ignored at ‘internal’ interfaces. The performance is affected by the bottleneck effect in III–Vs, especially for thin channels, but InGaAs and Ge still may be optimized to outperform Si. Zener leakage is high for Ge and tolerable for InGaAs. The effect of image forces led to an order of magnitude increase in gate tunneling currents.
Acoustic noise characteristics of a 4 Telsa MRI scanner

Purpose: To quantify the acoustic noise characteristics of a 4 Tesla MRI scanner, and determine the effects of structural acoustics and gradient pulse excitations on the sound field so that feasible noise control measures can be developed. Materials and Methods: Acoustic noise emissions were measured in the ear and mouth locations of a typical adult. The sound pressure measurements were acquired simultaneously with the electrical current signals of the gradient pulses. Two forms of gradient waveforms (impulsive and operating pulses) were studied. Results: The sound pressure levels (SPLs) emitted by the MRI scanner operating in echo-planar imaging (EPI) mode were in the range of 120 –130 decibels. Three types of sound pressure responses were observed in the EPI sequences: 1) harmonic, 2) nonharmonic, and 3) broadband. The frequency-encoding gradient pulses were the most dominant and produced generally odd-number harmonics and nonharmonics. The phase-encoding gradient pulses generated mostly even-number harmonics, and the slice-selection gradient pulses produced primarily a broadband spectrum. Conclusion: The operating condition acoustic spectrum can be predicted from the magnet-structural acoustic transfer functions, which are independent of imaging sequences. This finding is encouraging because it shows that it is possible to treat such noises with an active noise control application.
Neoclassical Economic Theory, Executive Control, and Organizational Outcomes

This manuscript examines neoclassical economic theory's egoistic, hedonistic, and autonomous kind of individualism and argues that this theoretical perspective on self can be congruent with executive power and control behavior. Using ideal-types of models, it proposes how this kind of executive behavior can arise from ego-insecurity to stifle the potential for shared meaning and social integration in organizations.
Body-Composition Dynamics in Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) of Southeastern Colorado

Abstract Body-composition dynamics in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were examined by noninvasive EM-SCAN® methods for 12 mo. At the population level, body mass and fat-free mass varied seasonally with highs in spring and summer and lows in autumn and winter. In autumn and winter, losses in body mass and fat-free mass occurred in individual adults (40+ g summer body mass), whereas voles maintained 2–3 g of lipid mass year-round, equating to 4% body fat in summer and 7% body fat in winter. Thus, changes in body composition were primarily due to changes in fat-free mass and not changes in lipid mass. Voles may rely more on energy sparing (reduction in fat-free mass and body mass) than on energy storing as a primary means of overwinter survival. Compared with results from more northern populations of arvicoline rodents, the lesser change in total body mass observed in this study suggests a latitudinal influence on seasonal change, possibly due to reduced environmental circumstances.