cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purpose-Driven Conversations: An Interview With James Bitter

James Bitter is a professor of counseling at East Tennessee State University. He is a Diplomat in Adlerian Psychology (National Association of Student Affairs Professionals, 2002) and a former edit...
Decentralized Cooperative Trajectory Planning of Multiple Aircraft with Hard Safety Guarantees

This paper presents a framework for provably safe decentralized trajectory planning of multiple (autonomous) aircraft. Each aircraft plans its trajectory individually using a receding horizon strategy based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP). A constrained, inertial, first-order linear model is used to capture the dynamics and kinematics of the vehicle. Safety is guaranteed by maintaining, at each time step, a dynamically feasible trajectory for each aircraft that terminates in a loiter pattern. Conflicts between multiple aircraft are resolved in a sequential, decentralized fashion, in which each aircraft takes into account the latest trajectory and loiter pattern of the other aircraft. Besides maintaining feasibility, if the problem is too complex to be solved within the time constraints of a realtime system, this approach also provides an a priori safe rescue solution consisting of the previous trajectories and individual loiter patterns. Several examples of conflict situations resolved by the proposed method are presented.
A method for transplantation of the rabbit kidney.

SummaryHomologous transplants of the rabbit kidney have been carried out by a procedure in which vascular anastomoses of the donor aorta and vena cava were made to the carotid artery and jugular vein of the host. During the operation, plastic tubes were employed to maintain the patency of the vessels. These tubes were removed after completion of the anastomoses. Some nucleated cells can survive 4 weeks in homologous kidney transplants. The destructive process in the rabbit kidney is considerably slower than in the dog. It is suggested that the breakdown in the vascular supply to the transplant may be important in the rejection process.
Adverse effects secondary to baclofen withdrawal

Drug therapy is now the preferred method of treatment for spasticity, and several effective agents have been developed. The safety and efficacy of these drugs has been established in short-term studies. Overall, due to its low incidence of sedation and serious side effects, baclofen appears to be the drug of choice in the treatment of spinal cord-related spasticity. It is, however, not without its side effects due to both its administration and abrupt withdrawal. This case illustrates some significant problems associated with the abrupt withdrawal of long-term baclofen therapy in a patient with multiple sclerosis.
The Acute Pain Team

Aside from the moral imperative to avert needless suffering from pain, ineffective postoperative pain management may contribute to multiple adverse perioperative outcomes. The primary objective of the modern acute pain service (APS) is to diagnose and treat acute pain as a pathophysiologic process. The APS includes physicians, nurses in the procedural care area and in the units/wards, and a variety of consultant staff critical for the delivery of safe and effective care of patients suffering from acute pain. The modern APS functions across not only multiple inpatient hospital environments, but also at multiple scales of healthcare coordination and delivery. While nominally charged with improving a patient’s pain, this objective is entirely predicated upon the context of optimizing patient functioning while guaranteeing patient safety. This contextualized objective has driven a reexamination of not only the evaluation of a patient’s acute pain, but also measures of APS efficacy. Future work is necessary to continually optimize the effective and efficient delivery of acute pain management services in an increasingly complex healthcare system.
Resuspension of Sediments from Long Island Sound (U.S.A.)

Resuspension experiments were conducted in sea water in an annular flume on fine-grained sediments from Long Island Sound. From these experiments, the resuspension rates and the sediment concentrations at steady-state were quantitatively determined as a function of shear stress and bed compaction. In addition, net resuspension experiments were conducted. From these, the total amount of sediment that could be resuspended at a particular shear stress was determined. In these tests, the resuspension rate decreased with time and the total amount of sediment that could be resuspended at a constant shear stress approached a constant value as time increased. This demonstrates a major difference between the resuspension characteristics of fine-grained sediments and those of uniform-size, coarse-grained, non-cohesive sediments. For the latter case, the resuspension rate ideally would be constant with time. Resuspension experiments were also conducted with deposit-feeding Nucula clams seeded into the sediment bed. In all cases, the steady-state concentrations as a function of shear stress were significantly greater than those in tests without Nucula. The tests also suggest that after sediments are seeded with Nucula for approximately 7 days, the sediment resuspension does not change with time of consolidation.
Light-Charged-Particle Reactions

Isotopes discovered in low-energy charged particle reactions during the 1930s were discussed in Chap. 4. The present chapter describes the discovery of an additional more than 300 isotopes in the following decades. These discoveries were made possible by more and more sophisticated experimental techniques to separate and identify the new isotopes.
Unsupervised nonparametric anomaly detection: A kernel method

An anomaly detection problem is investigated, in which s out of n sequences are anomalous and need to be detected. Each sequence consists of m independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples drawn either from a nominal distribution p or from an anomalous distribution q that is distinct from p. Neither p nor q is known a priori. Two scenarios respectively with s known and unknown are studied. Distribution-free tests are constructed based on the metric of the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD). It is shown that if the value of s is known, as n goes to infinity, the number m of samples in each sequence should be of order O(log n) or larger to guarantee that the constructed test is exponentially consistent. On the other hand, if the value of s is unknown, the number m of samples in each sequence should be of the order strictly greater than O(log n) to guarantee the constructed test is consistent. The computational complexity of all tests are shown to be polynomial. Numerical results are provided to confirm the theoretic characterization of the performance. Further numerical results on both synthetic data sets and real data sets demonstrate that the MMD-based tests outperform or perform as well as other approaches.
Medically Documented Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Army Soldiers.

We used administrative data to examine predictors of medically documented suicide ideation (SI) among Regular Army soldiers from 2006 through 2009 (N = 10,466 ideators, 124,959 control person-months). Enlisted ideators (97.8% of all cases) were more likely than controls to be female, younger, older when entering service, less educated, never or previously deployed, and have a recent mental health diagnosis. Officer ideators were more likely than controls to be female, younger, younger when entering service, never married, and have a recent mental health diagnosis. Risk among enlisted soldiers peaked in the second month of service and declined steadily, whereas risk among officers remained relatively stable over time. Risk of SI is highest among enlisted soldiers early in Army service, females, and those with a recent mental health diagnosis.
Treating Suicidality in College Counseling Centers: A Response to Polychronis

This is a commentary on the article by Paul D. Polychronis, "Changes Across Three Editions of The Suicidal Patient: Clinical and Legal Standards of Care: Relevance to Counseling Centers," published in this issue of the Journal of College Student Psychotherapy.
What do popular YouTubeTM videos say about vaccines

SummaryBackground The unregulated social network YouTubeTM has become an increasingly popular source of information on health topics such as vaccine safety. With a reach of over one billion users per month, the potential for misinformation is significant. Methods Using the keywords ‘vaccine safety’ and ‘vaccines and children’, 87 of the most widely viewed YouTubeTM videos were identified and analyzed for content, author status and view count. Results The range of view counts was 25 532 to 6 229 835, with a median of 62 075 views per video. Most videos (n = 74, 85.1%) were devoted exclusively to the topic of vaccination. The three most common sources of these YouTubeTM videos were consumers (27.6%), TV-based or Internet-based news (26.4%) and individual health professionals (25.3%). Top topics covered were autism causality (47.1% of videos), undisclosed or poorly understood risks (42.5%), adverse reactions (40.2%) and thimerosol or mercury in vaccines (36.8%). The majority of videos (65.5%) discouraged the use of vaccines. Conclusion Health professionals should be aware of the widely disseminated vaccination information available on the Internet and should appreciate its possible effect on the public.
Using Interval Constraint Solving Techniques to better understand and predict future behaviors of dynamic problems

The ability to make observations of natural phenomena has played a fundamental role in our world. From what we observe, models are derived and we can get an understanding about how things work by simulating our models. This has been particularly important in areas such as medicine, physics, chemistry. However, when we do not initiate simulations but that we are simply observing a phenomenon, it is valuable to be able to understand it “on the fly” and be able to predict its future behavior. Added challenges come from the fact that observations are never 100% accurate and therefore we must deal with uncertainty. In this work, we use Interval Constraint Solving Techniques (ICST) to handle uncertainty in the observations of a given phenomenon, and to be able to determine its initial conditions and unfold the dynamic behavior further in time.
Emerging White-Collar Robotics: The Case of Watson Analytics

This article discusses easy and smart analytics through the example of Watson Analytics. The author reviews Watson Analytics capabilities, summarizes its strengths and limitations, and analyzes data in two case studies.
Posttranslationally modified progesterone receptors direct ligand-specific expression of breast cancer stem cell-associated gene programs.

Estrogen and progesterone are potent breast mitogens. In addition to steroid hormones, multiple signaling pathways input to estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) actions via posttranslational events. Protein kinases commonly activated in breast cancers phosphorylate steroid hormone receptors (SRs) and profoundly impact their activities. To better understand the role of modified PRs in breast cancer, we measured total and phospho-Ser294 PRs in 209 human breast tumors represented on 2754 individual tissue spots within a tissue microarray and assayed the regulation of this site in human tumor explants cultured ex vivo. To complement this analysis, we assayed PR target gene regulation in T47D luminal breast cancer models following treatment with progestin (promegestone; R5020) and antiprogestins (mifepristone, onapristone, or aglepristone) in conditions under which the receptor is regulated by Lys388 SUMOylation (K388 intact) or is SUMO-deficient (via K388R mutation to mimic persistent Ser294 phosphorylation). Selected phospho-PR-driven target genes were validated by qRT-PCR and following RUNX2 shRNA knockdown in breast cancer cell lines. Primary and secondary mammosphere assays were performed to implicate phospho-Ser294 PRs, epidermal growth factor signaling, and RUNX2 in breast cancer stem cell biology. Phospho-Ser294 PR species were abundant in a majority (54%) of luminal breast tumors, and PR promoter selectivity was exquisitely sensitive to posttranslational modifications. Phospho-PR expression and target gene programs were significantly associated with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Consistent with our finding that activated phospho-PRs undergo rapid ligand-dependent turnover, unique phospho-PR gene signatures were most prevalent in breast tumors clinically designated as PR-low to PR-null (luminal B) and included gene sets associated with cancer stem cell biology (HER2, PAX2, AHR, AR, RUNX). Validation studies demonstrated a requirement for RUNX2 in the regulation of selected phospho-PR target genes (SLC37A2). In vitro mammosphere formation assays support a role for phospho-Ser294-PRs via growth factor (EGF) signaling as well as RUNX2 as potent drivers of breast cancer stem cell fate. We conclude that PR Ser294 phosphorylation is a common event in breast cancer progression that is required to maintain breast cancer stem cell fate, in part via cooperation with growth factor-initiated signaling pathways and key phospho-PR target genes including SLC37A2 and RUNX2. Clinical measurement of phosphorylated PRs should be considered a useful marker of breast tumor stem cell potential. Alternatively, unique phospho-PR target gene sets may provide useful tools with which to identify patients likely to respond to selective PR modulators that block PR Ser294 phosphorylation as part of rational combination (i.e., with antiestrogens) endocrine therapies designed to durably block breast cancer recurrence.
Linear Phase Retrieval in Phase Space

Based on a generalized formulation of phase-space tomography methods for phase recovery are reinterpreted and related to one another. Linear and nonlinear phase retrieval is discussed, with special attention given to sampling requirements.
Book Review: The Role of the Family in Criminal Law

The authors of Privilege or Punish (PoP) pose two questions, one descriptive and the other morally evaluative. "First, how does the criminal justice system in this country approach the issue of family status? Second, how should family status be recognized, if at all, in a criminal justice system situated within a liberal democracy committed to egalitarian principles of nondiscrimination?"
Health Technology-Enabled Interventions for Adherence Support and Retention in Care Among US HIV-Infected Adolescents and Young Adults: An Integrative Review

The objective of this integrative review was to describe current US trends for health technology-enabled adherence interventions among behaviorally HIV-infected youth (ages 13–29 years), and present the feasibility and efficacy of identified interventions. A comprehensive search was executed across five electronic databases (January 2005–March 2016). Of the 1911 identified studies, nine met the inclusion criteria of quantitative or mixed methods design, technology-enabled adherence and or retention intervention for US HIV-infected youth. The majority were small pilots. Intervention dose varied between studies applying similar technology platforms with more than half not informed by a theoretical framework. Retention in care was not a reported outcome, and operationalization of adherence was heterogeneous across studies. Despite these limitations, synthesized findings from this review demonstrate feasibility of computer-based interventions, and initial efficacy of SMS texting for adherence support among HIV-infected youth. Moving forward, there is a pressing need for the expansion of this evidence base.
Oral health beliefs and behavior among young adults in Appalachian Kentucky

ABSTRACTWe used communication infrastructure theory to investigate oral health beliefs and behavior among young adults in Appalachian Kentucky. We conducted 7 focus groups with 67 participants who reported poor oral health behavior, but this was not necessarily the result of poor oral health knowledge. Participants identified several sociocultural factors affecting their oral health, including lack of oral health prioritization among older generations, and risky health behaviors that competed with good oral health. These sociocultural factors create a context in which standard oral health recommendations are commonly seen as excessive. Participants described various responses to the poor oral health in the region, including fatalism and a distrust of dentists, and that oral healthcare professionals may be using potentially problematic communication tactics. Practical implications for designing effective oral health promotion campaigns in the region and theoretical implications for developing social-contex...
The Elastic Properties of Crystals with Jahn—Teller Structural Phase Transitions

In the first two chapters we have described how the Jahn—Teller effect gives rise to local distortions around a degenerate center and how the degenerate states of different Jahn—Teller sites interact. We have shown that interstitial interaction makes the ground state of the crystal correspond to a certain packing of “frozen” (in contrast with the case of an isolated center) local Jahn—Teller distortions. With increasing temperature the correlations of the Jahn—Teller distortions become weaker, and a transition to a disordered phase occurs. This structural phase transition associated with the cooperative Jahn—Teller effect is naturally determined by the lowest electronic state of the lattice sites and by the character of their vibronic coupling. In this chapter we discuss the main types of conceptually different situations produced by the cooperative Jahn—Teller effect and examine the elastic anomalies accompanying this structural phase transition.
Simulation of production metal cutting Processes

Conventional and high-speed metal cutting processes are in common use in industry. For example, in order to reduce the weight of an airplane or an automobile, a large amount of material is shaved off metal panels while maintaining required material strength of the panels. The development of a new machining process requires accurate prediction of pertinent physical information such as cutting forces and temperature. Process features such as tool geometry and cutting speed directly influence chip morphology, cutting forces, final product dimensionality, and life of the tool. Computer simulation of the cutting process can potentially reduce the number of design iterations for cutting tool design and result in cost saving. On April 25, 1997 Troy D. Marusich from Third Wave Systems described a finite element scheme he developed jointly with Ortiz [1]. He presented results which correctly predict (i) continuous or shear-localized chip morphologies (for different metals); (ii) temperature and stress distribution throughout the chip, workpiece and tool; and (iii) orthogonal cutting force components.
Novel Cooperative Interactions and Structural Ordering in H2S-H2

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and hydrogen (H(2)) crystallize into a 'guest-host' structure at 3.5 GPa and, at the initial formation pressure, the rotationally disordered component molecules exhibit weak van der Waals-type interactions. With increasing pressure, hydrogen bonding develops and strengthens between neighboring H(2)S molecules, reflected in a pronounced drop in S-H vibrational stretching frequency and also observed in first-principles calculations. At 17 GPa, an ordering process occurs where H(2)S molecules orient themselves to maximize hydrogen bonding and H(2) molecules simultaneously occupy a chemically distinct lattice site. Intermolecular forces in the H(2)S+H(2) system may be tuned with pressure from the weak hydrogen-bonding limit to the ordered hydrogen-bonding regime, resulting in a novel clathrate structure stabilized by cooperative interactions.
Reconstructing the Diets of Fossil Primates

Feeding adaptations are of great interest to primatologists whether they study living or fossil species. Diet both underlies many of the behavioral and ecological differences that separate extant taxa, and plays an important role in defining ecological niche, with all its implications for the ecology and evolution of extinct forms. While we can directly observe most living primates to see what they eat, deductions about the diets of fossils must be based on indirect evidence. Most recent work in this domain has employed the comparative method. Researchers attempt to relate anatomical evidence to diet in living primates to form a baseline for the inference of feeding behaviors from the remains of fossil forms. The idea is simple enough. We observe the manifestation of some feature in a fossil, and look for a corresponding condition in living primates. If every time we observe that trait in living primates it functions in a given way, we assume it functioned that way for the fossil form.
An Improved Algorithm for Motion Tomography by Incorporating Vehicle Travel Time

Motion Tomography (MT) is a novel method to estimate an ambient flow field experienced by autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). MT formulates flow estimation as finding a solution to a set of nonlinear equations. In this paper, the MT algorithm is revised and extended to obtain more accurate results. We propose an additional step to use timing data to improve flow estimate. We define a new concept called the time integration error. We derive its dynamics and we prove that the error converges to zero when applying the MT algorithm. Furthermore, a comparison between the unmodified MT algorithm and the proposed algorithm is performed using simulation results.
Ultrahigh-efficiency wavelength conversion in nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides

Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides are a powerful platform for efficient wavelength conversion. Conventional PPLN converters, however, typically require long device lengths and high pump powers due to the limited nonlinear interaction strength. Here we use a nanostructured PPLN waveguide to demonstrate an ultrahigh normalized efficiency of 2600%/W−cm2 for second-harmonic generation of 1.5 μm radiation, more than 20 times higher than that in state-of-the-art diffused waveguides. This is achieved by a combination of sub-wavelength optical confinement and high-fidelity periodic poling at a first-order poling period of 4 μm. Our highly integrated PPLN waveguides are promising for future chip-scale integration of classical and quantum photonic systems.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Grading in Medical School

Phenomenon: Performance during the clinical phase of medical school is associated with membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society, competitiveness for highly selective residency spec...
Nomen est omen, cognitive dissonance, and homology of memory centers in crustaceans and insects.

In 1882, the Italian embryologist Giuseppe Bellonci introduced a nomenclature for structures in the stomatopod crustacean Squilla mantis that he claimed correspond to insect mushroom bodies, today recognized as cardinal centers that in insects mediate associative memory. The use of Bellonci's terminology has, through a series of misunderstandings and entrenched opinions, led to contesting views regarding whether centers in crustacean and insect brains that occupy corresponding locations and receive comparable multisensory inputs are homologous or homoplasic. The following describes the fate of terms used to denote sensory association neuropils in crustacean species and relates how those terms were deployed in the 1920s and 1930s by the Swedish neuroanatomist Bertil Hanstrom to claim homology in insects and crustaceans. Yet the same terminology has been repurposed by subsequent researchers to promote the very opposite view: that mushroom bodies are a derived trait of hexapods and that equivalent centers in crustaceans evolved independently.
Synchronization of Distributed Generators in a Microgrid under Communication Latency

In this paper we study the voltage and frequency synchronization control of distributed generators (DG) in an islanded microgrid (MG) over a time-delayed communication network. When the microgrid is islanded from the utility grid, the transient voltage and frequency instability is further worsened by the presence of a large time delay in the network. As a means to achieve stability and satisfactory synchronization control for the group of DGs within the MG, this paper presents a consensus based distributed voltage and frequency control protocol, in which the effects of time delays associated with the exchange of information through the communication network is considered. By using the low gain methodology, sufficient delay dependent stability conditions and an upper bound for the low gain parameter were derived to ensure the stability of the synchronization in the face of communication delays. With the low gain parameter being selected from the derived bounds, we also show that the control protocol can always achieve this synchronization for any arbitrarily large delays. Finally, we validate the developed theoretical results in this paper with the help of a numerical example.
Artificial Intelligence and COVID-19: Present State and Future Vision.

The COVID-19 pandemic has lead to catastrophic number of deaths and revealed that much work still remains with data and artificial intelligence. To fully comprehend the dynamics of a pandemic with relevance to artificial intelligence, a primer on global health concepts is first presented. Following this, various aspects of diagnosis and therapy and the relationship to artificial intelligence are presented along with a future projection of an ideal deployment of artificial intelligence in a pandemic. Final thoughts are made about lessons learned and what lies ahead.
When narcissistic CEOs meet power: Effects of CEO narcissism and power on the likelihood of product recalls in consumer-packaged goods

Abstract CEO narcissism and power significantly influence firm performance. However, little is investigated how CEO narcissism interacts with power and influences the likelihood of product recalls that often significantly hurt firm performance. This paper investigates how CEO narcissism affects the likelihood of product recalls depending on the type of power they have, either structural or ownership power. Further, the role of the age of narcissistic CEOs on the product recall likelihood is examined. Using product recall data in the consumer-packaged goods (CPG) from 2006 to 2013, we found different moderating effects of structural and ownership power, as well as CEO age on the relationship between CEO narcissism and the likelihood of product recalls. Finally, the results emphasize that young narcissistic CEOs are more likely to experience product recalls than old narcissistic CEOs. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Historical and near-real time SST retrievals from Metop AVHRR FRAC with the advanced clear-sky processor for ocean

The first full-mission AVHRR FRAC SST dataset with nominal 1.1km resolution at nadir was created from three Metop First Generation (FG) satellites: A (2006-present), B (2012-present) and C (2018-present), using the NOAA Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Ocean (ACSPO) enterprise system. Historical reprocessing (Reanalysis-1, RAN1) starts at the beginning of each mission and continues into near-real time (NRT) processing. ACSPO generates two SST products: Global Regression (GR) SST, highly sensitive to the skin SST, and Piecewise Regression (PWR) SST, a proxy for the depth SST. The effect of orbital and sensor drift on the stability of the SST time series is mitigated by retraining the regression coefficients daily against matchups with the drifting and tropical moored buoys. Those matchups are collected within moving windows: 91-day for GR and 361-day for PWR, with the offsets adjusted within a 31 day window. In RAN1, all training and offset correction windows are centered at the processed day. In NRT processing, the training and offset delayed windows of the same sizes and ending in 4-10 days prior to the processed day are used. This mitigates longterm calibration trends on scales from 1-2 months in both RAN1 and NRT. Short-term variations in SST biases in NRT are higher than in RAN1 but do not exceed ~0.05 K. Delayed-mode RAN processing follows the NRT with a lag of ~2 months, resulting in higher quality, more consistent Metop-FG SST record. The presentation evaluates the performance of the ACSPO AVHRR FRAC dataset and compares it with the EUMETSAT OSISAF Metop-A and -B FRAC SSTs available in PO.DAAC.
ZINC40099027 Promotes Gastric Mucosal Repair in Ongoing Aspirin-Associated Gastric Injury by Activating Focal Adhesion Kinase

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause gastric ulcers and gastritis. No drug that treats GI injury directly stimulates mucosal healing. ZINC40099027 (ZN27) activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and heals acute indomethacin-induced small bowel injury. We investigated the efficacy of ZN27 in rat and human gastric epithelial cells and ongoing aspirin-associated gastric injury. ZN27 (10 nM) stimulated FAK activation and wound closure in rat and human gastric cell lines. C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg/day aspirin for five days to induce ongoing gastric injury. One day after the initial injury, mice received 900 µg/kg/6 h ZN27, 10 mg/kg/day omeprazole, or 900 µg/kg/6 h ZN27 plus 10 mg/kg/day omeprazole. Like omeprazole, ZN27 reduced gastric injury vs. vehicle controls. ZN27-treated mice displayed better gastric architecture, with thicker mucosa and less hyperemia, inflammation, and submucosal edema, and lost less weight than vehicle controls. Gastric pH, serum creatinine, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and renal and hepatic histology were unaffected by ZN27. Blinded scoring of pFAK-Y-397 immunoreactivity at the edge of ZN27-treated lesions demonstrated increased FAK activation, compared to vehicle-treated lesions, confirming target activation in vivo. These results suggest that ZN27 ameliorates ongoing aspirin-associated gastric mucosal injury by a pathway involving FAK activation. ZN27-derivatives may be useful to promote gastric mucosal repair.
The role of drivers’ social interactions in their driving behavior: Empirical evidence and implications for car-following and traffic flow

Abstract Models for describing the microscopic driving behavior rarely consider the “social effects” on drivers’ driving decisions. However, social effect can be generated due to interactions with surrounding vehicles and affect drivers’ driving behavior, e.g., the interactions result in imitating the behavior of peer drivers. Therefore, social environment and peer influence can impact the drivers’ instantaneous behavior and shift the individuals’ driving state. This study aims to explore empirical evidence for existence of a social effect, i.e., when a fast-moving vehicle passes a subject vehicle, does the driver mimic the behavior of passing vehicle? High-resolution Basic Safety Message data set (N = 151,380,578) from the Safety Pilot Model Deployment program in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is used to explore the issue. The data relates to positions, speeds, and accelerations of 63 host vehicles traveling in connected vehicles with detailed information on surrounding environment at a frequency of 10 Hz. Rigorous random parameter logit models are estimated to capture the heterogeneity among the observations and to explore if the correlates of social effect can vary both positively and negatively. Results show that subject drivers do mimic the behavior of passing vehicles –in 16 percent of passing events (N = 18,099 total passings occurred in freeways), subject vehicle drivers are observed to follow the passing vehicles accelerating. We found that only 1.2 percent of drivers normally sped up (10 km/hr in 10 s) during their trips, when they were not passed by other vehicles. However, if passed by a high speed vehicle the percentage of drivers who sped up is 16.0 percent. The speed change of at least 10 km/hr within 10 s duration is considered as accelerating threshold. Furthermore, the acceleration of subject vehicle is more likely if the speed of subject driver is higher and more surrounding vehicles are present. Interestingly, if the difference with passing vehicle speed is high, the likelihood of subject driver’s acceleration is lower, consistent with expectation that if such differences are too high, the subject driver may be minimally affected. The study provides new evidence that drivers’ social interactions can change traffic flow and implications of the study results are discussed.
Differential Impact of Severity and Duration of Status Epilepticus, Medical Countermeasures, and a Disease-Modifier, Saracatinib, on Brain Regions in the Rat Diisopropylfluorophosphate Model

Acute organophosphate (OP) toxicity poses a significant threat to both military and civilian personnel as it can lead to a variety of cholinergic symptoms including the development of status epilepticus (SE). Depending on its severity, SE can lead to a spectrum of neurological changes including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we determined the impact of SE severity and duration on disease promoting parameters such as gliosis and neurodegeneration and the efficacy of a disease modifier, saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Animals were exposed to 4 mg/kg diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, s.c.) followed by medical countermeasures. We had five experimental groups: controls (no DFP), animals with no continuous convulsive seizures (CS), animals with ~20-minutes continuous CS, 31-60-minutes continuous CS, and >60-minutes continuous CS. These groups were then assessed for astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration 8 days after DFP exposure. The 31-60-minutes and >60-minutes groups, but not ~20-minutes group, had significantly upregulated gliosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus compared to controls. In the piriform cortex and amygdala, however, all three continuous CS groups had significant upregulation in both gliosis and neurodegeneration. In a separate cohort of animals that had ~20 and >60-minutes of continuous CS, we administered saracatinib for 7 days beginning three hours after DFP. There was bodyweight loss and mortality irrespective of the initial SE severity and duration. However, in survived animals, saracatinib prevented spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) during the first week in both severity groups. In the ~20-minutes CS group, compared to the vehicle, saracatinib significantly reduced neurodegeneration in the piriform cortex and amygdala. There were no significant differences in the measured parameters between the naive control and saracatinib on its own (without DFP) groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the differential effects of the initial SE severity and duration on the localization of gliosis and neurodegeneration. We have also demonstrated the disease-modifying potential of saracatinib. However, its’ dosing regimen should be optimized based on initial severity and duration of CS during SE to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize toxicity in the DFP model as well as in other OP models such as soman.
Cold-Induced Adaptations to the Proteome of Mouse Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue (scWAT) Reveal Proteins Relevant for Tissue Remodeling and Plasticity

White adipose tissue (WAT) is a dynamic organ capable of modulating its mass in response to positive energy balance via hyperplasia or hypertrophy of adipocytes, developing inducible brown adipocytes (‘browning’), and altering mitochondrial content and function in response to stimuli such as cold exposure. Most notably, cold stimulation and release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals can drive lipolysis in WAT (decreasing lipid droplet and adipocyte cell size) and promote increased neurite density and browning in neurite-dense regions. While several RNA-sequencing studies have been performed in WAT, very little work has been done to investigate changes to the adipose proteome during tissue remodeling. Here, we conducted the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of inguinal subcutaneous (sc)WAT after 24 or 72hrs of cold exposure in mice. We have identified significant pathways impacted by cold stimulation that are involved in tissue remodeling, including proteins with functions in mitochondrial dynamics, the immune system, and the nervous system.
Basic Quantum Theory and the Necessity for Its Revision

We have several objectives for this chapter: (i) to review classical mechanics and standard quantum mechanics, providing the reader and author with a common language and common mathematical tools, (ii) to note some of the features of classical mechanics desirable but missing from quantum theory, (iii) to review quantum mechanical representations of [the Galilei and Poincare] groups in enough detail to understand the terms “(non)relativistic quantum mechanics,” (iv) to review the connection between classical and quantum theory due to Wigner, (v) to cursorily review the algebraic and logic approaches to quantum mechanics, (vi) and above all, to isolate incompatibilities among these various formalisms.
Mixed Hematologic Chimerism After Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation for Severe Aplastic Anemia Is Associated With a Higher Risk of Graft Rejection and a Lessened Incidence of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Ninety-six patients with severe aplastic anemia who received a sex-mismatched, HLA-identical allogeneic sibling marrow transplant had sequential cytogenetic analyses performed to determine the incidence and implications of posttransplant mixed hematologic chimerism. Of the 96 patients, 56 (58.3%) became mixed chimeras with coexisting host and donor cells detected in peripheral blood or marrow 14 days or later after transplant, and 40 patients (41.7%) were complete chimeras with 100% donor-type hematopoietic cells. The incidence of mixed chimerism was independent of prior blood production transfusions and infusion of donor buffy coat. The rejection rate was significantly increased in the mixed chimeric group, particularly in patients not receiving buffy coat (14 of 36 rejecting), although overall, the majority (69.7%) retained their first graft. Rejection was seen almost exclusively in patients exposed to multiple transfusions before transplantation. If patients who reject their first graft are censored, the overall incidence of grades II through IV acute graft-v-host disease (GVHD) was significantly reduced in those with mixed chimerism. Transfused patients with mixed chimerism in particular were less likely to develop grades II through IV acute GVHD. The incidence of chronic GVHD was similar in the two groups and did not significantly influence survival. In this study, mixed chimerism persisted for up to 395 days posttransplant, either the first graft being rejected or, more commonly, hematopoiesis reverting to 100% donor-type cells. Mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism may persist in patients with aplastic anemia who have received matched allogeneic marrow transplants for significant periods before hematopoiesis reverts to donor cell type.
Adrian Vermeule. Mechanisms of Democracy: Institutional Design Writ Small

In their analysis of the transition from communism to capitalism, Elster et al. (1998)employthe analogy of a ship at sea. Because the ship is already aﬂoat, the crew cannot engage ina wholesale restructuring of the entire vessel. Instead, the crew must make smaller changesand improvements given the existing constraints of being aﬂoat at sea. This analogy capturesthe motivation behind Adrian Vermeule’s
Precise cascade synchronization of two digitally tuned space clocks to UTC (GPS)

We report the results of a three-clock, cascade synchronization experiment, in which a crystal oscillator clock is slaved to a Rb atomic clock while the Rb clock is independently slaved to a Cs reference clock. The Cs clock in the experiment is calibrated against a GPS receiver. With such a cascade scheme and a real-time linear regression algorithm, we are able to precisely synchronize the digitally-tuned space clock with the Cs clock within 50 ns with an averaged residual frequency offset of 5 × 10−13. This cascade synchronization technique has also significantly reduced the two space clocks' long-term frequency drift to 1.7 × 10−14 per day and 2.5 × 10−13 per day for the Rb clock and the crystal oscillator clock, respectively.
Synaptotagmins interact with APP and promote Aβ generation

Accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that synaptic Aβ toxicity may directly impair synaptic function. However, proteins regulating Aβ generation at the synapse have not been characterized. Here, we sought to identify synaptic proteins that interact with the extracellular domain of APP and regulate Aβ generation. Affinity purification-coupled mass spectrometry identified members of the Synaptotagmin (Syt) family as novel interacting proteins with the APP ectodomain in mouse brains. Syt-1, −2 and −9 interacted with APP in cells and in mouse brains in vivo. Using a GST pull-down approach, we have further demonstrated that the Syt interaction site lies in the 108 amino acids linker region between the E1 and KPI domains of APP. Stable overexpression of Syt-1 or Syt-9 with APP in CHO and rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) significantly increased APP-CTF and sAPP levels, with a 2 to 3 fold increase in secreted Aβ levels in PC12 cells. Moreover, using a stable knockdown approach to reduce the expression of endogenous Syt-1 in PC12 cells, we have observed a ~ 50 % reduction in secreted Aβ generation. APP processing also decreased in these cells, shown by lower CTF levels. Lentiviral-mediated knock down of endogenous Syt-1 in mouse primary neurons also led to a significant reduction in both Aβ40 and Aβ42 generation. As secreted sAPPβ levels were significantly reduced in PC12 cells lacking Syt-1 expression, our results suggest that Syt-1 regulates Aβ generation by modulating BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP. Altogether, our data identify the synaptic vesicle proteins Syt-1 and 9 as novel APP-interacting proteins that promote Aβ generation and thus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Protection of computer systems from computer viruses: ethical and practical issues

Computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horse programs cost individuals, companies and government agencies millions of dollars every year. Traditional responses have involved use of antiviral software which remove infections or which restrict the transmission of infected communications, and firewalls. The need to rapidly respond to new or threatened attacks has increased the popularity of subscription services which allow users to quickly obtain the most up-to-date antiviral protection. However, unprotected systems can become infected and can rapidly propagate that infection to many other systems. In response, more invasive antiviral agents can be imagined. This paper addresses ethical issues related to the protection of computer systems and delivery of that protection. Five categories in a "Protection Mechanism Grid" are proposed. The categories are based upon possible protection delivery mechanisms and the options available to system owners. The practical and ethical implications of each category are addressed.
Bringing supermarkets into food deserts : an analysis of retail intervention policies

This paper looks at policy efforts used to address the food access issues plaguing urban areas commonly referred to as food deserts. The efforts are framed as retail intervention policies, and the paper follows a structured inquiry to assess retail intervention policy effectiveness in bringing supermarkets in underserved urban areas. Through five case studies (Liberty City, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Chicago, New Orleans, and Kansas City) this paper examines the creation and use of several different retail intervention policies. Each case study presents the conditions predicating the need to improve food access and the policy instruments used to address the issues. The paper assesses the policies based on seven features: strategy components, funding stream, viability, duration, scope, cost-effectiveness, and repeatability. The analysis compares the cases to determine overall policy efficacy and impact. The paper makes several conclusions regarding retail intervention policies. Corporation-initiated efforts to open stores indicate market-expansion rather than actual policy. While TIF (tax increment financing) polices can be effective for financing and land development in urban revitalization projects, the market analyses used in TIF models are not appropriately designed to understand and measure the potential success of supermarket projects. A specifically designed food financing policy such as FFFI needs to have a community-based food-advocacy group, sufficient start-up funds, and a capable CDFI (community development financial institution) in order to sustain program operations and support successful supermarket projects.
Li-ion batteries and Li-ion ultracapacitors: Characteristics, modeling and grid applications

This paper presents two of the most promising compact energy storage types, Li-ion batteries and ultracapacitors, for grid applications. Different types of lithium-ion batteries are discussed and compared and a generic electrical model for this type of batteries is presented, which models the battery dynamics, capacity, efficiency, and performance. Characteristics and electrical equivalent model of the Li-ion capacitors are also presented and discussed. The electrical models are verified for both devices by conducting extensive testing. Various grid level applications of these energy storage elements including renewable integration, ancillary services, energy time-shifting, and applications in islanded grids are discussed.
Multi-path selection for multiple description video streaming over overlay networks

Abstract Real-time media distribution over the Internet poses several challenging problems due to its stringent delay/loss requirements and complex network dynamics. A promising approach to alleviate the severe impacts of these dynamics is to transmit the media over diverse paths. For such an environment, multiple description (MD) coding has been previously proposed to produce multiple independently decodable streams that are routed over partially link–disjoint (non-shared) paths for combatting bursty packet losses and error propagation. However, selecting these paths appropriately is fundamental to the success of MD streaming and path diversity. Hence, in this paper we develop models for MD streaming over multiple paths and based on these models we propose a multi-path selection method that chooses a set of paths maximizing the overall quality at the client under various constraints. The simulation results with MPEG-2 show that sizeable average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improvements (ranging from 0.73 to 6.07 dB) can be achieved when the source video is streamed over intelligently selected multiple paths as opposed to over the shortest path or maximally link–disjoint paths. In addition to the PSNR improvement, end-users experience a more continual, i.e., uninterrupted, streaming quality. Our work also considers the architecture and mechanisms by which multi-path streaming can be accomplished over a conventional IP network.
Large, orientation-dependent enhancements of critical currents in Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x epitaxial thin films: Evidence for intrinsic flux pinning?

The basal plane transport critical current density J c of YBCO epitaxial thin films is strongly anisotropic, leading to large enhancements of J c when H is precisely parallel to the copper-oxygen planes. Experimental evidence shows that the enhancement is a bulk phenomenon, and the orientation dependence is compared with a model of “intrinsic flux pinning” by the layered crystal structure.