cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal amnesia disrupts verbal play and the creative use of language in social interaction.

Background: While the neural substrates and cognitive components of creativity have received considerable attention in cognitive neuroscience, the creative use of language in social interaction has been less well studied. As part of a broader programme of research on language‐and‐memory‐in‐use in individuals with hippocampal amnesia, we analysed verbal play, a creative use of language that is pervasive in everyday communicative interaction. Aims: To identify instances of creative uses of language in the protocols of social and collaborative interactions, to characterise the qualitative nature, and to determine the frequency of these interactions initiated by participants with hippocampal amnesia vs comparison participants in order to ascertain whether amnesia impairs this aspect of social communication. Methods & Procedures: This study uses quantitative group comparisons and detailed discourse analysis to analyse verbal play in the interactional discourse sessions of four participants with hippocampal amn...
The semantics of future and its use in program optimization

The future annotations of MultiLisp provide a simple method for taming the implicit parallelism of functional programs. Past research concerning futures has focused on implementation issues. In this paper, we present a series of operational semantics for an idealized functional language with futures with varying degrees of intensionality. We develop a set-based analysis algorithm from the most intensional semantics, and use that algorithm to perform touch optimization on programs. Experiments with the Gambit compiler indicates that this optimization substantially reduces program execution times.
THE EFFECT OF SEPARATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION, DEPRESSION, AND SELF-ESTEEM

The marital dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem problems of 37 wives of naval personnel assigned to 4 submarines, who were each separated from their spouses for 14 weeks, were monitored biweekly, beginning 5 weeks before separation until 5 weeks following reunion. Hypothesized quadratic trends, as well as higher order trends, were found to be significant for each of the dependent variables. It was concluded that time-dependent fluctuations in marital dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem problems can be predicted relative to separation and reunion dates for individuals separated from their spouses for extended periods. The specific trends for each variable are fully discussed and should be of particular interest to social workers counseling couples faced with repeated job-related separations.
Gravity Gradiometry from the Tethered Satellite System

Measurement of the gradient of the gravitational acceleration from a satellite platform is likely to provide the next improvement in knowledge of the Earth's gravity field after the upcoming Geopotential Research Mission (GRM). Observations from the subsatellite of a Tethered Satellite System (TSS) would increase sensitivity and resolution due to the low altitude possible. However, the TSS is a dynamically "noisy" system and would be perturbed by atmospheric drag fluctuations. The dynamic noise is being modeled in order to evaluate the feasibility of TSS gradiometry and to design methods of abating the error caused by this noise. The demonstration flights of the TSS will provide an opportunity to directly observe the dynamical environment and refine modeling techniques.
Effective bifurcation analysis: a time-stepper-based approach

We introduce a numerical approach to perform the effective (coarse-scale) bifurcation analysis of solutions of dissipative evolution equations with spatially varying coefficients. The advantage of this approach is that the `coarse model' (the averaged, effective equation) need not be explicitly constructed. The method only uses a time-integrator code for the detailed problem and judicious choices of initial data and integration times; the bifurcation computations are based on the so-called recursive projection method (Shroff and Keller 1993 SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 30 1099-120).
Narrow versus wide diameter portacaval H-graft shunts.

Objective. Results of the first prospective randomized clinical trial comparing partial and total portacaval shunt for variceal hemorrhage are reported. Summary Background Data. Total portacaval shunts produce subnormal portal pressures, completely diverting hepatic portal flow. Partial shunts maintain higher pressures and preserve hepatopedal flow. No randomized trials of these two approaches have been performed. Methods. Alcoholic patients with cirrhosis (n = 30) and variceal hemorrhage treated at one institution were randomized to receive partial (8-mm diameter portacaval H grafts with collateral ablation, n = 14) or total shunts (16-mm diameter grafts, n = 16). Portography was performed after operation and then yearly. Investigators blinded to shunt type assessed encephalopathy; hospitalizations were reviewed. Results. Child's class, age and operative urgency were similar for the two groups. Two patients (with total shunts) died within 30 days. Hepatopedal flow was maintained in 13 partial and 0 total shunt patients (p ＜ 0.0001). Shunt gradients were 16 ± 5 compared with 6 ± 3 cm saline after partial and total shunts (p ＜ 0.0001). There were no shunt thromboses or variceal hemorrhages. Encephalopathy-free survival was significantly greater after partial shunts (p = 0.013; life table analysis). Five total compared with zero partial shunt patients required hospitalization for coma (p = 0.02). Long-term survival was not different for the two groups of patients. Conclusions. Partial shunts control variceal hemorrhages while maintaining hepatopedal flow and elevated portal pressures. By minimizing encephalopathy rates, partial shunts provide improved quality of survival compared with total shunts.
Neutron stars: A magnetar by another name

Is a rotating neutron star powered by rotational energy loss or by magnetic-field decay? The answer seems to be yes.
GRB progenitors and their environments

The detection of supernova features in the late spectra of several gamma-ray burst afterglows has shown that at least a fraction of long-duration gamma-ray bursts are associated to the final evolutionary stages of massive stars. Such direct observations are impossible for bursts located at redshift beyond z~0.5 and different methods must be used to understand the nature and properties of their progenitors. We review the observational evidence for two particular bursts, for which high quality data are available: GRB 021004 (at z=2.323) and the record redshift GRB 050904 (at z=6.29). We show that both GRBs are likely to be associated to very massive stars, and that in both cases the progenitor stars were able to modify their immediate environments with their radiative and mechanic (wind) luminosity.
Force and Influence in International Crises

Given the high degree of scholarly interest in the political use of military force and its prominence in international relations, I believe the time is ripe to develop a framework for analyzing the utility of such military operations. Using the political use of military force by the United States from 1953-1978 as my empirical referent, I develop a simple, but testable framework for explaining under what conditions a state is able to influence another to undertake some behavior. I find that when examining the short-term outcomes of incidents involving the political use of military force, the U.S. is more likely to achieve positive outcomes when its level of relative capabilities is greater and when it seeks to deter rather than compel its targets. In the long term, positive crisis outcomes for the United States are associated with U.S. credibility, target predisposition and deterrence objectives.
Case study for evaluating campus sustainability: nitrogen balance for the University of Minnesota

American ecologists recently began to address the ecology of cities. Concurrently, higher education institutions have developed sustainability education programs and instituted sustainability policies and projects. This paper draws together these two disparate areas by examining the nitrogen (N) budget of the Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota. We addressed the question: what were the annual inputs, outputs and internal cycles of N on the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus? We found that 508 Mg N yr-1 were brought into the campus and 494 Mg N yr-1 were emitted from the University of Minnesota campus. The largest N inputs were abiotic fixation (conversion of N2 to NOx by combustion) and food for humans and animals. The largest N output was NOx, followed by wastewater. Our results expand the understanding of the ecology of institutions within an urban area and provide an opportunity for improving urban ecology education and environmental policy at educational institutions.
Progress of fruit-fly control by irradiation sterilization in Hawaii and the Marianas Islands

Results are reported from studies on the usefulness of the sterile-fly release method for eradication of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, and the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis. Data from laborntory and field tests are suramarized. (C.H.)
Bridging the mechanical and the human mind: spontaneous mimicry of a physically present android.

The spontaneous mimicry of others' emotional facial expressions constitutes a rudimentary form of empathy and facilitates social understanding. Here, we show that human participants spontaneously match facial expressions of an android physically present in the room with them. This mimicry occurs even though these participants find the android unsettling and are fully aware that it lacks intentionality. Interestingly, a video of that same android elicits weaker mimicry reactions, occurring only in participants who find the android “humanlike.” These findings suggest that spontaneous mimicry depends on the salience of humanlike features highlighted by face-to-face contact, emphasizing the role of presence in human-robot interaction. Further, the findings suggest that mimicry of androids can dissociate from knowledge of artificiality and experienced emotional unease. These findings have implications for theoretical debates about the mechanisms of imitation. They also inform creation of future robots that effectively build rapport and engagement with their human users.
Southeastern U.S. Rainfall Prediction in the North American Multi-Model Ensemble

AbstractThe present study investigates the predictive skill of the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) system for intraseasonal-to-interannual (ISI) prediction with focus on southeastern U.S. precipitation. The southeastern United States is of particular interest because of the typically short-lived nature of above- and below-normal extended rainfall events allowing for focus on seasonal prediction, as well as the tendency for more predictability in the winter months. Included in this study is analysis of the forecast quality of the NMME system when predicting above- and below-normal rainfall and individual rainfall events, with particular emphasis on results from the 2007 dry period. Both deterministic and probabilistic measures of skill are utilized in order to gain a more complete understanding of how accurately the system predicts precipitation at both short and long lead times and to investigate the multimodel aspect of the system as compared to using an individual predictive model. The NMME s...
Evaluation of the Orbit-Dependent Hyperfine Constants of the 2 p -Series Atoms from Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock Wave Functions

The values of the orbit-dependent hyperfine-structure constants are given for the ground-state terms of the atoms B, C, O, and F. These values are obtained from multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock wave functions using a very limited number of excited terms. The excited terms are chosen from guidelines based on second-order perturbation theory. The results are in satisfactory agreement with available experimental data and accurate many-body perturbation-theory calculations for O. A physical explanation, in terms of the configuration-interaction model, is presented for the essential importance of non-core-polarization contributions to the Fermi contact term for these atoms.
Is Iodate a Strongly Hydrated Cation

We show, through a combination of density function theory-based molecular dynamics simulations (DFT-MD) and experimental X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) studies, that the iodate ion (IO3–) contains a local region that is strongly hydrated as a cation. The local region adjoining the I atom is sufficiently electropositive that three hydrating waters are oriented with their O atoms directly interacting with the iodine atom at an I–OH2O distance of 2.94 A. This is the orientation of water hydrating a cation. Further, approximately 2–3 water molecules hydrate each O of IO3– through their H atoms in an orientation of the water that is expected for an anion at an I–OH2O distance of 3.83 A. We predict that this structure persists, although to a much lesser degree, for BrO3–, and ClO3–. This type of local microstructure profoundly affects the behavior of the “anion” at interfaces and how it interacts with other ionic species in solution.
MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma is generally refractory to clinical treatment. Here, we report that inactivation of the MYC oncogene is sufficient to induce sustained regression of invasive liver cancers. MYC inactivation resulted en masse in tumour cells differentiating into hepatocytes and biliary cells forming bile duct structures, and this was associated with rapid loss of expression of the tumour marker alpha-fetoprotein, the increase in expression of liver cell markers cytokeratin 8 and carcinoembryonic antigen, and in some cells the liver stem cell marker cytokeratin 19. Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging we found that many of these tumour cells remained dormant as long as MYC remain inactivated; however, MYC reactivation immediately restored their neoplastic features. Using array comparative genomic hybridization we confirmed that these dormant liver cells and the restored tumour retained the identical molecular signature and hence were clonally derived from the tumour cells. Our results show how oncogene inactivation may reverse tumorigenesis in the most clinically difficult cancers. Oncogene inactivation uncovers the pluripotent capacity of tumours to differentiate into normal cellular lineages and tissue structures, while retaining their latent potential to become cancerous, and hence existing in a state of tumour dormancy.
Design and Tessellation of B-Spline Developable Surfaces

Developable surfaces are widely used in various engineering applications. However, little attention has been paid to implementing developable surfaces from the onset of a design. The first half of the paper describes a user friendly method of designing developable surfaces in terms of a B-Spline representation whose two directrices lie on parallel planes. The second half of the paper investigates a new method for development and tessellation of such B-Spline developable surfaces, which is necessary for plate cutting and finite element analysis.
A RANK-FREE METHOD OF CALCULATING KENDALL'S TAU

A rank-free method of calculating Kendall's τ is described. Derived from Daniels' 1944 general treatment of correlation, it is based on the signs of all possible paired comparisons in a data set. Unlike the 1975 alternative methods of Cooper and those of 1977 by Stuart, it allows for ties and thus yields the same coefficient as that of Kendall's original method. The execution is simpler, however, because it does not require ranking of data.
Living With Overweight

Aided by nurses using the belief clarification approach to intervention, a group of 20 females participated in eight structured sessions that addressed their beliefs and attitudes about being overweight. One participant redefined her negative experience into a more positive and realistic one that included recognizing additional sources of stress that contributed to low self-esteem and negative body image. The overweight experience is discussed in terms of unrealistic expectations of dieting and weight loss.
Electron-induced cutting of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Electron beam irradiation with moderate fluences of approximately 10 16 –10 17 electrons per cm 2 is used for controllable, bulk-scale cutting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The effectiveness of high energy electron irradiation in cutting SWCNTs is dependent on the nature of the sidewall. While pristine nanotubes are very stable under irradiation conditions, ozonated SWCNTs combined with a moderate fluence of electrons resulted in bulk-scale cutting of nanotubes. The length distribution of the cut SWCNTs could be controlled by adjusting the irradiation fluence. The average length of the cut nanotubes was 65 nm with 85% of the nanotubes shorter than 100 nm.
Estrogen induction of ovalbumin mRNA: Evidence for transcription control

Estrogen induces the synthesis and accumulation of the specific messenger RNA for the egg white protein ovalbumin. The messenger RNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity on a preparative scale and utilized to synthesize a radioactive complementary DNA copy. This complementary DNA probe was first used to reveal that although ovalbumin constitutes 60% of the total protein of chick oviduct the gene which codes for the ovalbumin mRNA is represented only once in each haploid genome: The induction of gene transcription and subsequent accumulation of ovalbumin mRNA during estrogen-mediated tissue differentiation was also investigated. Ovalbumin mRNA sequences were quantified using the complementary DNA probe and by anin vitro heterologous translation system. Similar experiments were performed using chicks which were withdrawn from hormone treatment and then given a single injection of estrogen. The data suggest pure transcriptional control for the mechanism by which estrogen regulates the synthesis of the tissue specific protein ovalbumin. Finally, severalin vitro translation systems are compared with respect to their usefullness to assess the effects of hormones on mRNA production. It is concluded that the protein synthesis system derived from wheat germ offers the greatest advantages for initial studies.
Regulation of inhibitor of differentiation gene 3 (Id3) expression by Sp2-motif binding factor in myogenic C2C12 cells: Downregulation of DNA binding activity following skeletal muscle differentiation

Id3 is a member of the Id family of transcriptional regulators that have been implicated in the development of multiple tissues. Altered expression of the Id genes and proteins contribute to carcinogenesis and atherosclerosis. Id3 is highly expressed in proliferating skeletal muscle cells but becomes downregulated upon terminal differentiation. We have identified several DNase I protected footprints within a proximal region of the mouse Id3 promoter that has been shown previously to support high levels of transcriptional activity in proliferating skeletal muscle cells. Two of these sites interacted, respectively, in vitro with Sp2 and Egr-1 proteins present in muscle cell nuclear extracts. Mutation analysis revealed that the Sp2 site accounted for a major part of the Id3 promoter activity in proliferating muscle cells whereas the Egr-1 site was dispensable. Consistent with the previously observed downregulation of the endogenous Id3 gene, protein binding to the Sp2 site was substantially reduced with extracts from differentiated muscle cells. Our results reveal Id3 as a potential target for Sp2 and raise the possibility that acute activation and the chronic and maintained expression of Id3 gene might be regulated by different mechanisms.
The Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility Instrument Interface Requirements

A variety of instruments will be placed at the focus of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) telescope, either by moving them into focus through the use of an instrument carousel or by moving the telescope assembly. Focal plane instrument categories under consideration for AXAF encompass high and moderate resolution X-ray cameras, X-ray spectrometers, and polarimeters; some of these instruments may require such consumables as a cryogen, in the case of solid state device cooling, or a gas, as in the case of proportional counters. Attention is presently given to interface requirements impacting on the maintenance that must be conducted over the 15-year service life of AXAF, and, especially, on the 'aspect solution' criteria that must be met to minimize stiffness stability criteria.
A harness for enhanced comfort and loading during treadmill exercise in space

Abstract Introduction Locomotor and some resistance exercises in space require a gravity replacement force in order to allow 1g-like ground reaction forces to be generated. Currently bungee cords, or other loading devices, interface with the crew member through a harness with a waist belt and shoulder straps. Crew members often find the application of the required loads to be uncomfortable, particularly at the hips. Methods An experimental harness was built that differed from previous in-flight designs by having a wider, moldable waist belt and contoured shoulder straps with additional padding. Eight subjects ran at 100% body weight (BW) loading for a total duration of 30 min per day on 12 days over a 3-week period in simulated 0-g conditions using horizontal suspension. A 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 1 was used to assess harness-related and lower extremity discomfort at the end of each run. Results The overall rating of harness discomfort decreased from 27 mm on the 100 mm scale on day 1 to 10 mm on day 12, with significant decreases recorded for the back and hip regions as well as the overall harness. Discussion The experimental harness allows for repeated exposure to 30-minute bouts of 100% BW loaded simulated 0-g running with levels of discomfort less than 30 mm on a VAS scale of 0–100 mm. We believe that the use of such a harness during on-orbit exercise countermeasures may allow exercise to be performed at levels which are more effective in preventing bone and muscle loss.
Flexible type analysis

Run-time type dispatch enables a variety of advanced optimization techniques for polymorphic languages, including tag-free garbage collection, unboxed function arguments, and flattened data structures. However, modern type-preserving compilers transform types between stages of compilation, making type dispatch prohibitively complex at low levels of typed compilation. It is crucial therefore for type analysis at these low levels to refer to the types of previous stages. Unfortunately, no current intermediate language supports this facility.To fill this gap, we present the language LX, which provides a rich language of type constructors supporting type analysis (possibly of previous-stage types) as a programming idiom. This language is quite flexible, supporting a variety of other applications such as analysis of quantified types, analysis with incomplete type information, and type classes. We also show that LX is compatible with a type-erasure semantics.
Analysis of thin-film systems using nonresonant multiphoton ionization

Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) has been used to probe thin‐film chemical compositions. Ar+ sputtering at 5–7 keV is used for ion beam milling together with nonresonant photoionization of sputtered neutrals. Photoions are analyzed by reflection time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. SALI depth profiles of UHV deposited Au on GaAs show diffusion of Ga and As in the Au film and dramatic compositional variation at the interface after annealing at 405 °C for 10 min. Mass spectra taken from different depths within a superconducting thin film of nominal composition YBa2Cu3O7 show a variety of impurity compounds even though critical current densities are quite high.
Optimal Repair Allocation in a Series System

In this paper we consider a problem on the optimal assignment over time of a single repairman to failed components in a series system. The following assumptions are made. The component failure and repair times are random variables with exponential distributions, independent of the state of other components. Component failures can occur even while the system is not functioning and it is permissible to reassign the repairman among failed components without penalty. It is shown that the policy which always assigns the repairman to the failed component with the smallest failure rate, among the failed ones, maximizes the availability of the system, irrespective of the values of the repair rates.
γδ T cells acquire effector fates in the thymus and differentiate into cytokine-producing effectors in a Listeria model of infection independently of CD28 costimulation.

Both antigen recognition and CD28 costimulation are required for the activation of naive αβ T cells and their subsequent differentiation into cytokine-producing or cytotoxic effectors. Notably, this two-signal paradigm holds true for all αβ T cell subsets, regardless of whether they acquire their effector function in the periphery or the thymus. Because of contradictory results, however, it remains unresolved as to whether CD28 costimulation is necessary for γδ T cell activation and differentiation. Given that γδ T cells have been recently shown to acquire their effector fates in the thymus, it is conceivable that the contradictory results may be explained, in part, by a differential requirement for CD28 costimulation in the development or differentiation of each γδ T cell effector subset. To test this, we examined the role of CD28 in γδ T cell effector fate determination and function. We report that, although IFNγ-producing γδ T (γδ-IFNγ) cells express higher levels of CD28 than IL-17-producing γδ T (γδ-17) cells, CD28-deficiency had no effect on the thymic development of either subset. Also, following Listeria infection, we found that the expansion and differentiation of γδ-17 and γδ-IFNγ effectors were comparable between CD28+/+ and CD28−/− mice. To understand why CD28 costimulation is dispensable for γδ T cell activation and differentiation, we assessed glucose uptake and utilization by γδ T cells, as CD28 costimulation is known to promote glycolysis in αβ T cells. Importantly, we found that γδ T cells express higher surface levels of glucose transporters than αβ T cells and, when activated, exhibit effector functions over a broader range of glucose concentrations than activated αβ T cells. Together, these data not only demonstrate an enhanced glucose metabolism in γδ T cells but also provide an explanation for why γδ T cells are less dependent on CD28 costimulation than αβ T cells.
Resonant Auger Effect at High X-Ray Intensity

The resonant Auger effect of atomic neon exposed to high-intensity x-ray radiation in resonance with the 1s {yields} 3p transition is discussed. High intensity here means that the x-ray peak intensity is sufficient ({approx} 10{sup 18} W/cm{sup 2}) to induce Rabi oscillations between the neon ground state and the 1s{sup -1}3p ({sup 1}P) state within the relaxation lifetime of the inner-shell vacancy. For the numerical analysis presented, an effective two-level model, including a description of the resonant Auger decay process, is employed. Both coherent and chaotic x-ray pulses are treated. The latter are used to simulate radiation from x-ray free-electron lasers based on the principle of self-amplified spontaneous emission. Observing x-ray-driven atomic population dynamics in the time domain is challenging for chaotic pulse ensembles. A more practical option for experiments using x-ray free-electron lasers is to measure the line profiles in the kinetic energy distribution of the resonant Auger electron. This provides information on both atomic population dynamics and x-ray pulse properties.
Evidence for Higher Proportion of “Little” Growth Hormone with Increased Radioreceptor Activity in Acromegalic Plasma

Abstract Plasma growth hormone (GH) from both normal and acromegalic patients comprises multiple immunoreactive components that can be separated by G-100 Sephadex gel filtration and measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and radioreceptor assay (RRA). The higher molecular weight immunoreactive components, from both normal and acromegalic subjects, have a lower RRA/RIA than does the lower molecular weight “little” GH component. The “little” GH component comprises a higher proportion of the total immunoreactive GH in acromegalic plasma than in normal plasma whether the data are expressed only in terms of the “big” and “little” components (89 vs. 71%), or as a function of total immunoreactive GH (76vs. 55%), or whether the plasma is obtained in the basal or stimulated state for the acromegalic patients. When the RRA/RIA × 100 is determined for the isolated “little” component, the acromegalic has a significantly greater ratio than the normal (110 vs. 75%). We conclude that acromegalic plasma contains a higher pro...
Changes in spectral intensities of thermal plasmas in the presence of fast charged particles

Abstract The influence of monoenergetic, fast, charged particles present in a Maxwellian plasma on excitation and ionization processes is studied in the context of plasmas and fast particle diagnostics. It is shown that the influence can be significant for relative fast-particle densities as low as 10 -4 . On the other hand, the indirect influence through secondary electrons is found to be small in an approximate analytical calculation. Allowed transitions are significantly enhanced in the presence of fast particles, while spin-forbidden excitations are hardly affected. Although the limiting conditions for LTE, partial LTE or corona equilibria are nearly unaltered, the populations of highly excited states are enhanced. Under partial-LTE conditions, this enhancement occurs without significantly influencing the relative populations of these upper levels. Illustrative calculations on the intensities and intensity ratios for outer and inner shell lines of diagnostic interest are presented.
Effect of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in the normal and ventilated fetal lamb.

Effect of Indomethacin on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation in the Normal and Ventilated Fetal Lamb
Polymer education in the united states

L'A. decrit les changements apportes a l'enseignement polymere dans les departements de physique aux Etats-Unis. Il explique ensuite comment les programmes ont evolue au fur et a mesure que cette science aquierait un nouveau prestige dans l'enseignement des sciences
Massive Extraperitoneal Air in a 71-Year-Old Woman: Occurrence During a Radiological Study

History A 71-year-old woman was referred to the radiology department for a study to be described later. During the study a large amount of gas was noted in the retroperitoneum, under the diaphragm, in the mediastinum, and in the subcutaneous tissues of the neck in chest x-ray films in the posteroanterior and lateral positions (Fig 1, left and right). Gas outlined most of the liver, the entire spleen, the psoas muscles, the right kidney, and the adrenal gland and extended laterally to the flank stripe. Mediastinal and cervical air outlined the descending thoracic aorta and border of the right side of the heart. In the lateral view the air was noted in the posterior pararenal space extending anteriorly over the liver extraperitoneally and outlining the anterior attachment of the diaphragm to the xyphoid (Fig 1, right, arrow). On the second day after the study, subcutaneous emphysema involved the face, base
CZTS nanocrystals: a promising approach for next generation thin film photovoltaics

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) has received considerable attention as a material capable of driving the development of low-cost and high performance photovoltaics. Its high absorption coefficient, optimal band gap, and non-toxic, naturally abundant elemental constituents give it a number of advantages over most thin film absorber materials. In this manuscript, we discuss the current status of CZTSSe photovoltaics, and provide a comprehensive review of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) nanocrystal (NCs)-based fabrication methods and solar cell characteristics. The focus will be on the relevant synthetic chemistry, film deposition, and the production of high efficiency photovoltaic devices. Various colloidal synthesis routes are currently used to form the highest quality CZTSSe film from the nanocrystals with controllable phase, size, shape, composition, and surface ligands. A variety of recipes are summarized for producing nanocrystal inks that are appropriate for forming CZTSSe absorber materials with a wide range of controllable optoelectronic properties. Deposition and post-processing, such as annealing and selenization treatments, play an important role in defining the phase and structure of the resulting material. Various film treatment strategies are outlined here, and their resulting material quality, device performance, and dominant photovoltaic loss mechanisms are discussed. Suggestions regarding needed improvements and future research directions are provided based on the current field of available literature.
Load transfer mechanism in carbon nanotube ropes

Abstract We used molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics to study the nature of load transfer in a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle consisting of seven (10,10) SWCNTs: one core tube surrounded by six tubes on the perimeter. The surface tension and the inter-tube corrugation are identified as the two factors that contribute to load transfer. The surface tension effectively acts over a “line” (roughly over the circumference of each tube). The inter-tube corrugation scales linearly with respect to the contact surface area, and increases non-linearly as the inter-tube distance decreases. Relaxation in the nanotube cross-section leads to better inter-tube load transfer as a slight “faceting” develops; the tubes appear to be partially polygonized, rather than perfect cylinders. Compared with parallel bundles, twisting can significantly enhance the load transfer between neighboring tubes; this has been computed as a function of twist angle for this nanotube bundle system.
The CD154-CD40 costimulation pathway in organ transplantation

Abstract The CD154-CD40 costimulation pathway is one of the most extensively studied in organ transplantation. However, despite impressive results reported in a number of allograft models, precise mechanisms behind its in vivo blockade remain unclear. Several issues related to its potential clinical application have been addressed, resulting in some intriguing findings, particularly on interaction with conventional immunosuppressive agents and differential effects on T cells under the influence of infections. This review focuses on recent data from rodent studies to provide new insights and builds a cohesive picture of the interlocked immune mechanisms in CD154-CD40 signaling at work in transplant recipients.
A Root Locus Method for Stability Analysis of Heat Conduction in Multilayer Composite Solids

Excessive heat generation within a body can cause unbounded temperature or thermal instability. In this work, a stability criterion is established for one-dimensional composite solids with internal heat generation at a rate proportional to their temperature. In the development, a spatial state formulation is used to derive a characteristic equation for system eigenvalues. A root locus analysis of the characteristic equation yields a stability criterion, by which an upper bound of heat source for thermal stability is obtained, and the gain of heat source is related to the number of unstable (positive) eigenvalues. The proposed stability test requires minimum numerical effort, does not require the information about system eigenvalues, and is applicable to various spatial distributions of heat source.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Tomographic Reconstruction of the Luminosity Distribution of a Combustion Flame

This paper presents computing algorithms for the tomographic reconstruction of the luminosity distribution of a combustion flame from its two-dimensional images captured simultaneously by CCD cameras. Two reconstruction algorithms, filtered back-projection and algebraic reconstruction, are described. A direct comparison between the two approaches is made in respect of their reconstruction effectiveness through computer simulation for a varying number of projections. Images of candle and gaseous flames are used to test the effectiveness of the algorithms developed. The outcome of the investigation has led to the establishment of an improved method for the reconstruction of the luminosity distribution of flame cross-sections and ultimately the quantitative characterization of the inter-structures of a combustion flame.
Developmental progression of myosin gene expression in cultured muscle cells

Myosin heavy chains are encoded by distinct members of a multigene family at different stages of muscle development. Study of the underlying regulatory mechanisms has been hindered because transitions in myosin expression have not been readily attained in tissue culture. Here we show a transition from early (fetal) to late (perinatal/adult) myosins defined by two monoclonal antibodies, F1.652 and N3.36, in the myotubes of mouse C2C12 cells. On day 1 of differentiation, essentially all myosin was early myosin. By day 8, early myosin dropped to 25% of its day 1 value and was replaced by late myosin. The transition occurred without neural contact, connective tissue components, or complex substrates, suggesting that its regulation may be intrinsic to the muscle cell. Our results demonstrate that a developmental progression in myosin gene expression, which occurs rapidly, with high frequency, and under relatively simple conditions, is now amenable to molecular analysis in cultured muscle cells.
Ethical Issues in Trauma-Related Research: A Review

ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING ABOUT TRAUMA-RELATED STUDIES requires a flexible approach that counters assumptions and biases about victims, assures a favorable ethical cost-benefit ratio, and promotes advancement of knowledge that can benefit survivors of traumatic stress. This paper reviews several ethical issues in the field of traumatic stress: benefit and risks in trauma-related research, whether trauma-related research poses unique risks and if so what those might be, informed consent and mandatory reporting, and supervision of trauma-related research. For each topic, we review potential ethical issues, summarize the research conducted thus far to inform ethical practice, and recommend future practice, research questions and policies to advance the field so that research on trauma can continue to be a win-win situation for all stakeholders in the research enterprise.
A simple proof of a rate of embedding for the partial sum process

A simple proof of Skorokhod embedding of the partial sum process at a rate is given. Nothing more sophisticated than the HBjek-RBnyi inequality, the monotone inequality, the one sided reflection principal for Brownian motion and Mill's ratio is used.
Sensitivity of uplift patterns to dip of the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley, California

Three-dimensional mechanical simulations of the San Andreas fault system within the Coachella Valley in southern California produce deformation that matches geologic observations and demonstrate the first-order impact of fault geometry on uplift patterns. To date, most models that include the Coachella Valley segment of the San Andreas fault have assumed a vertical orientation for this fault, but recent studies of seismicity and geodetically observed strain suggest that this segment of the fault may dip 60°–70° to the northeast. We compare models with varied geometry along this segment of the fault and evaluate how well they reproduce observed uplift patterns in the Mecca Hills and Coachella Valley. Incorporating well-constrained fault geometry in regional models will provide a more accurate understanding of active faulting in southern California, which is critical for rupture and hazard modeling that is used to identify regions most susceptible to earthquake damage. We have tested three boundary-element method models for the active geometry of the Coachella Valley segment of the San Andreas fault: one contains a vertical Coachella segment, the second contains a northeast ∼65° dipping Coachella segment, and the final alternative contains a vertical Coachella segment plus a subparallel northeast-dipping fault at depth. This final model honors the geometric interpretation of seismicity from the Southern California Earthquake Center Community Fault Model version 4.0. The models containing vertical Coachella Valley segments both produce uplift between the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults that is more uniformly distributed than geologic observations suggest, and these models fail to produce uplift in the Mecca Hills. The dipping model produces tilting of the Coachella Valley consistent with geologic observations of tilting between the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults. The dipping model also produces relative subsidence southwest of the fault and localized uplift in the Mecca Hills that better match the geologic observations. These results suggest that the active Coachella Valley segment of the San Andreas fault dips 60°–70° to the northeast.
Computer-aided design of monolithic distributed amplifiers with yield optimization

A CAD procedure for monolithic distributed amplifiers with yield optimization is presented. Because of the difficulty of fabricating exact circuit parameters with the present technology, a yield optimization, which optimizes the predicted yield rate of circuits produced when circuit elements deviate from their nominal values, has been integrated into this CAD process. Comparison of a distributed amplifier designed without yield optimization and one generated with yield optimization using this procedure shows that the predicted yield rate is increased from 30% to 50%. >
The Impact of Culture on Adaptive Versus Maladaptive Self-Reflection

Although recent findings indicate that people can reflect either adaptively or maladaptively over negative experiences, extant research has not examined how culture influences this process. We compared the self-reflective practices of Russians (members of an interdependent culture characterized by a tendency to brood) and Americans (members of an independent culture in which self-reflection has been studied extensively). We predicted that self-reflection would be associated with less-detrimental outcomes among Russians because they self-distance more when analyzing their feelings than Americans do. Findings from two studies supported these predictions. In Study 1, self-reflection was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among Russians than among Americans. In Study 2, Russians displayed less distress and a more adaptive pattern of construals than Americans after reflecting over a recent negative event. In addition, they self-distanced more than Americans while analyzing their feelings, and self-distancing mediated the cultural differences in self-reflection. These findings demonstrate how culture shapes the way people reflect over negative experiences.
Tensor Decomposition for Fast Parsing with Latent-Variable PCFGs

We describe an approach to speed-up inference with latent-variable PCFGs, which have been shown to be highly effective for natural language parsing. Our approach is based on a tensor formulation recently introduced for spectral estimation of latent-variable PCFGs coupled with a tensor decomposition algorithm well-known in the multilinear algebra literature. We also describe an error bound for this approximation, which gives guarantees showing that if the underlying tensors are well approximated, then the probability distribution over trees will also be well approximated. Empirical evaluation on real-world natural language parsing data demonstrates a significant speed-up at minimal cost for parsing performance.
SENSE OF HUMOR AS A MEDIATOR DURING INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF HUMOR-RELATED MATERIAL '

Variations in attention during intentional or incidental learning were investigated. Materials for intentional learning were presented to 165 college students in conjunction with peripheral cues of humorous and non-humorous materials presented for incidental learning. An hypothesized funneling effect, an attentional shift during learning to the incidental materials, was not found for humorous or non-humorous materials and intentional recall of materials. Subjects with high self-reported sense of humor attended significantly more than subjects with a low sense of humor to incidental humorous materials. Further, subjects with high sense of humor showed significantly greater recall of incidental humorous materials than subjects with low sense of humor. A one-item self-report scale of sense of humor provided behavioral discrimination. The complexity of intentional and incidental learning and the effects of sense of humor on attention to intentional and incidental materials were discussed.
Smoking and Risk of Preterm Birth among Predominantly Puerto Rican Women

Purpose Studies of smoking during pregnancy and preterm birth among Hispanic women are sparse. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking during pre-pregnancy, early pregnancy, and mid pregnancy on preterm birth among Hispanic women, the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States. Methods We evaluated data from a prospective cohort study of 1,041 Hispanic (predominantly Puerto Rican) women recruited between 2000 and 2004 in Springfield, Massachusetts. At recruitment (mean = 15 weeks), women reported their smoking since pregnancy awareness (early pregnancy) and in the year prior to pregnancy (pre-pregnancy). Mid pregnancy smoking was collected at a second interview (mean = 28 weeks). Results Smoking in pre-pregnancy was not associated with preterm birth. After adjustment for age, parity, education, and illicit drug use, women who smoked in early pregnancy had 1.6 times the risk of preterm birth (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–2.7) compared with nonsmokers. Women who smoked in mid pregnancy had 2.1 times the risk of preterm birth (95% CI, 1.0–4.2) compared with nonsmokers with a trend of increased risk of preterm birth with increasing levels of smoking ( p trend, 0.03). Conclusions Smoking in early or mid pregnancy increased the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in a Hispanic population.
Flow of compressible fluids

Previously derived equations describing compressible flow have been rearranged in terms of known downstream conditions to facilitate determination of unknown upstream conditions. A 650 I.B.M. computor was used to solve the simultaneous equations numerically to permit construction of convenient design graphs in parametric form. Use of these graphs will eliminate a tedious trial and error computation formerly necessary with presently available methods when the upstream pressure and temperature are to be determined in gas flow problems. Application to design is illustrated by a worked sample.
Meningococcal control in the United States and Africa.

cases of invasive meningococcal infections each year in the United States, and serogroups B, C, and Y cause approximately one-third of the cases each [ 1 ]. The highest age-specific incidence occurs in young children, but a secondary peak is seen in adolescents [2]. Furthermore, morbidity and mortality caused by meningococcus are higher in older children than in younger children [3, 4]. College freshmen, especially those living in dormitories, have an increased incidence of systemic meningococcal infections, most of which are caused by serogroup C [5]. The Centers for Disease Control and Pre-