cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and High-Temperature Characteristics of Ion-Implanted GaAs Bipolar Transistors and Ring-Oscillators

GaAs bipolar transistors and ring-oscillators were fabricated by ion implantation into VPE structures. The transistor and circuit performance was tested between 25°C and 400°C. Leakage currents determine the useful temperature range. Present GaAs circuits fail at approximately 390°C due to the metallization technology.
Routing with adaptive flooding in heterogeneous mobile networks

In practice, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) must operate efficiently under a wide range of node mobility and link quality regimes. Stateful protocols such as OLSR are suitable for networks connected by stable paths, but are outperformed by stateless flooding in sparse and rapidly changing networks. Neither routing nor flooding alone perform well in heterogeneous networks comprised of both stable and highly dynamic components. Rather than design a new protocol for routing in heterogeneous mobile networks from scratch, we use an approach that leverages prior work by operating nodes individually as routers or flooders and switching mode in response to changing network conditions. We present two greedy algorithms, k-flood and adaptive-flood, that dynamically classify nodes as routers or flooders. Our simulations show that nodes can effectively adapt their individual operation as routers/flooders, achieving performance equivalent to, and in some cases significantly better than, that of network-wide routing or flooding alone.
Prenatal diagnosis for keratin mutations to exclude transmission of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma) is an autosomal dominant skin disorder caused by mutations in keratins 1 and 10. We have used direct gene sequencing to ascertain the status of a 15 week fetus of parents whose first child was affected with this disorder. The parents show no clinical signs of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis but were concerned about the possibility of transmitting the disorder due to germline mosaicism. Molecular analysis of the affected son revealed a G to A mutation in codon 156 of keratin 10, resulting in an arginine to histidine substitution within the highly conserved 1A region. Codon 156 has been previously identified as a mutational hot spot and substitutions of this arginine residue are very common in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis patients. Analysis of genomic DNA isolated from amniotic cells showed that the fetus did not harbour this mutation and a healthy infant was eventually born that was unaffected by this disorder.
Implications of timing of maternal depressive symptoms for early cognitive and language development.

Statistically, women, particularly pregnant women and new mothers, are at heightened risk for depression. The present review describes the current state of the research linking maternal depressed mood and children’s cognitive and language development. Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms, whether during the prenatal period, postpartum period, or chronically, has been found to increase children’s risk for later cognitive and language difficulties. The present review considers both the timing of maternal depression and the chronicity of mothers’ depression on children’s risk for cognitive and language delays. Infancy is frequently identified as a sensitive period in which environmental stimulation has the potential to substantially influence children’s cognitive and language development. However, children’s exposure to chronic maternal depression seems to be associated with more problematic outcomes for children, perhaps because depression interferes with mothers’ ability to respond sensitively and consistently over time. Consistent with this expectation, interventions targeting parenting practices of depressed mothers have been found to increase children’s cognitive competence during early childhood. The current review provides a synthesis of the current state of the field regarding the association between maternal depression and children’s cognitive and language development during early childhood.
"Colonel Hillendale": A Comment

The editorial on "Colonel Hillendale" is a position well taken, but it is the "image" idea which the editor and others use that prompts this comment. He writes:We must ask what image of America we wish to project beyond our borders. We like to think of ourselves in terms of beliefs in the extension of human freedom, in the dignity of the individual, and in the ability of the common man to gain increasing control over his own destiny. We would like others to regard us in this light….
Control of efferent activity in the cockroach terminal abdominal ganglion by extracts of corpora cardiaca.

Abstract Increased activity and regular rhythmic bursts of efferent impulses are seen on nerves IX and X from the terminal abdominal ganglion of roaches after decapitation or after cutting the nerve cord anywhere between the subesophageal ganglion and the terminal abdominal ganglion. These burst of efferent impulses result in an ordered pattern of movement of the phallomeres, probably like those occurring during copulation. Applications of extracts of corpora cardiaca to the uninjured nerve cord can produce phallic nerve activity similar to that released by decapitation. The extract may be heated to 100°C for 10 minutes, incubated with chymotrypsin for one hour, or quick-frozen and thawed without significant loss of activity. This extract has no effect on the transmission across the synapse between the sensory cercal nerve and the giant fiber interneurones; it has a mild depressant effect on the interneurone activity of the isolated abdominal cord; and it increases the efferent activity from the third thoracic ganglion. In an effort to duplicate the effects of corpus cardiacum extract we applied the following substances to the nerve cord and to the desheathed terminal ganglion; DDT, DDT-toxin, ethyl alcohol, picrotoxin, pilocarpine, DFP, d -tubocurarine, eserine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophane, lysergic acid diethylamide, γ-aminobutyric acid, catechol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, reserpine, strychnine, and tetanus toxin. None of these compounds produced bursts of impulses on the phallic nerves and no rhythm of nerve impulses leading to phallomeric movement was seen. DDT-toxin, pilocarpine, picrotoxin, alcohol, and catechol gave rise to a general excitation throughout the nervous system. This eventually reached a high enough level to excite the phallic motoneurons to produce an arhythmic activity. Strychnine and tetanus toxin applied to the ganglia of decapitated roaches depress the rhythmic phallic efferent activity at concentrations at which the nerve cord impulses seem unaffected. These substances also block the action of corpus cardiacum extract in cockroaches with undamaged nervous systems.
Fuzzy logic and process control: applications to rice wine production

This paper will discuss fuzzy control and PID control to the application of rice wine production.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Re-evaluating the concept of “dominant/index tumor nodule” in multifocal prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) often presents as a multifocal disease with heterogeneity in Gleason score (GS) and genetic alterations. Dominant/index tumor nodule (DN), the largest nodule in a multifocal disease, is presumed to harbor the most aggressive biological behavior and therefore dictate the overall clinical behavior of PCa. In this study, we examined the pathological features of DN and re-evaluated the validity of the "DN" concept in multifocal PCa. A total of 201 consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens were totally submitted and examined. All independent cancer foci were recorded with prognostically important pathological parameters. Unifocal and multifocal disease was present in 25 (12.4 %) and 176 (87.6 %) cases, respectively. In 20 (11.3 %) multifocal cases, the highest GS, the largest tumor volume (TV), and extraprostatic extension (EPE) did not concur in the same tumor nodules. Non-DNs had a higher GS and EPE in 13 cases each and had both the highest GS and EPE in 5 cases. In the majority of multifocal prostate cancer (88.7 %), DNs have the highest GS and EPE. In these cases, DN is still a valid concept and can be used for assigning overall GS and procuring tissue for research. However, in a significant number of cases (11.3 %), the largest TV, the highest GS, and EPE did not concur in the same tumor nodules. In these cases, pathologists should de-emphasize the concept of DN. Instead, they should place the emphasis on the multifocal nature of the disease and document the pathological features of all independent tumor foci that have the largest TV, the highest GS, and EPE.
CHOOSING THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF CLASSES IN THE CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR ARBITRARY POWER LEVELS

When values of a random variable X19 X2, .., XN are fitted to a hypothe sized statistical distribution, the x2 tes* is sometimes used to determine whether the fit is accep table. When the postulated distribution is continuous and completely specified, Mann and Wald (1942) suggest a method for determining the optimum number of classes k into which the JV observations should be divided. They prove that for large enough N the power p of the xa test against a fixed alternative is always one-half or greater, provided that k is determined by a formula involving N, a distance A between the distribution and the data and a significance level a. In this report we give more general formulas relating N, k, A, and a when the power must exceed some arbitrary constant ?.
Process Tuning of Silica Thin-Film Deposition

Use of high-resolution deposition-rate monitoring and programmatic control of electron-beam position results in improvements in rate consistency and uniformity of source depletion during SiO2 thin-film deposition by electron-beam evaporation.
Competing mechanisms for methyl cation formation upon collision-induced dissociation of protonated acetaldehyde

Abstract Isotopic labeling and energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments show that methyl cation loss from protonated acetaldehyde occurs by at least two different mechanisms, one involving direct cleavage and the second involving rearrangement. A statistical scrambling mechanism is ruled out from the CID appearance curves for the CH3+ and CH2D+ products from CH3C(OD)H+, whereas a possible kinetic isotope effect is ruled out by using the alternately labeled CD3C(OH)H+ acetaldehyde ion. The results show that dissociation of protonated aldehydes is even more complex than is suggested by standard CID spectra.
Revised Classification of the Prehistoric Cultures of Minnesota

In the first classification of the prehistoric cultures of Minnesota (Wilford 1941), no attempt was made to present a chronological sequence, though some temporal relationships were indicated. Since that time the efforts of archaeologists in all parts of the eastern United States in excavating sites and in reporting the results, in pooling their knowledge at regional conferences, and in constructing and publishing cultural sequences for regions and for the entire area, have crystallized in a framework in which the 3 major cultural groupings, the patterns, have been fitted into a chronological sequence of 4 periods. It is now possible to place the Minnesota cultures in this framework with a fair degree of confidence. Table 6 presents this placement in terms of the categories of the Midwestern Taxonomic System.
Approach to anorectal disease in HIV-infected patients

Anorectal disorders are prevalent in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. This high frequency is often related to receptive anorectal intercourse leading to associated trauma and sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, anorectal neoplasia is increased in these patients because of human papilloma virus infection. Gastroenterologists must be knowledgeable of the anatomy of the anorectum, the methods for evaluation of anorectal complaints, and the appearance of common anorectal diseases.
Electron microscopy: New views of catalysts

Developments in electron microscopy are generating more realistic views of catalysts, allowing optimization of their structure to improve their performance.
Learning without lessons: Opportunities to expand knowledge

AbstractA puzzle presented itself when I began to study cognitive development in a Guatemalan Mayan town, decades ago: How do people learn without being taught? In many Indigenous communities of the Americas, children are included in the wide range of activities of the community and they learn by observing what goes on around them and by pitching in. A new puzzle emerged as I wrote my 2011 book, Developing Destinies: A Mayan Midwife and Town. The midwife who is central to this book claims that she did not learn by being taught, nor by observing and pitching in to childbirth events, but through dreams and divine selection. This invited article reflects on this research and my ongoing work on cultural values and practices associated with children pitching in to collaborative endeavors with initiative.
Semiconductor devices "from inside"

Operation of any semiconductor device can be presented by unique configuration of the electrical field (potential) and charge (doping) distribution within the device. More specifically, the status of operation is described by the quasi-Fermi energy (QFE) profile across the device. Visualization of the dynamic operation of the device and quantitative measurements of the QFE profile is provided by differential voltage contrast (DVC), which is a modification of the secondary electron imaging in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The DVC consists of storing two images of a tested semiconductor device. Exposed to the electron beam is a cross section, for example, of a field effect transistor (FET). The first image, covering the entire inside of the FET from source to drain, is taken when the device is not biased. The second image of the same area is taken when the transistor is biased. The secondary electron signal is enhanced or retarded by actual distribution of a potential across the tested device. Subtraction pixel by pixel of the two carefully aligned images removes morphologic contrast from the screen, takes away surface features and contamination of the sample, and reveals the contribution of the electrical field to the changes of contrast. The calibration procedure allows measurement of the potential distribution with a precision of 0.05 V. The first derivative of a potential profile provides for distribution of the electrical field and the second derivative gives the doping profile across the tested device. A variety of semiconductor devices such as p-n junctions, Zener diodes, MOSFET's, MESFET's, solar cells and optical detectors, quantum well lasers, etc., were tested. Videotaping of the tested devices allows us to observe the changes in the electrical field and charge distribution as the device operates in a wide range of electrical or optical signals.
School Warmth, Student Participation, and Achievement

Abstract In this study, the author tested the hypothesis that student perceptions of school warmth contribute to the explanation of important student behaviors such as participation in class and academic achievement. School warmth was defined as the degree of teacher warmth, caring, and supportiveness as perceived by the student. Using a nationwide sample of 13,121 eighth graders, the author examined the influence of participation as a mediator between school warmth and academic achievement. The findings indicated that, although warmth was significantly related to academic achievement and to participation, the relationship between warmth and achievement was nonexistent after the effect of participation was eliminated. Students' participation in class may have a prominent and crucial influence on the relationship between students' perceptions and achievement.
Geographic Distribution of R&D Activity: How Does it Affect Innovation Quality?

I examine the impact of the geographic distribution of R&D activity on the quality of innovation. Through an analysis of patent data from 100 firms in the global semiconductor manufacturing industr...
Self-efficacy and self-esteem in third-year pharmacy students.

Objective. To identify the experiential and demographic factors affecting the self-efficacy and self-esteem of third-year pharmacy (P3) students. Methods. A 25-item survey that included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, as well as types and length of pharmacy practice experiences and demographic information was administered to doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students from 5 schools of pharmacy in New England at the completion of their P3 year. Results. The survey response rate was approximately 50% of the total target population (399/820). Students with a grade point average (GPA)≥3.0 demonstrated a higher significant effect from unpaid introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) on their self-efficacy scores (p<0.05) compared to students with lower GPAs. Students who had completed more than the required amount of pharmacy experiences had higher levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem (p<0.05). Ethnicity also was related to students’ levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem. Conclusion. Self-efficacy and self-esteem are two important factors in pharmacy practice. Colleges and schools of pharmacy should ensure that students complete enough practice experiences, beyond the minimum of 300 IPPE hours, as one way to improve their self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Prenatal cocaine exposure and neonatal condition

Abstract Infants who are prenatally exposed to cocaine have an increased risk of suffering neonatal medical complications. We hypothesized that this effect is mediated by the relation between cocaine use and prenatal medical risk of the mother, birth weight, and intrapartum risk, that would lead to increased neonatal complications. This study used structural equation modeling to assess the direct and indirect effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on neonatal medical risk in a sample of 337 neonates. Prenatal cocaine exposure had a significant indirect, but not direct effect on neonatal medical risk. Several paths contributed to this indirect effect. The strongest was via cocaine’s impact on birth weight, and birth weight’s effect on neonatal medical risk. The paths through prenatal risk and intrapartum risk also contributed to the total indirect effect. These results suggest that the observed relation between prenatal cocaine exposure and neonatal medical complications is mediated by prenatal and intrapartum risk factors.
Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during short-term contractile activity in vivo: Effect of prior contractions

The goal of the present study was to examine the time course of skeletal muscle glucose uptake and changes in intracellular metabolites occurring with the onset of in situ stimulation, and to assess the effect of a prior period of contractions on subsequent contraction-induced increases in glucose uptake. Hindlimb muscle in anesthetized rabbits was studied noninvasively using the positron-emitting glucose analog 18F-2-fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG). Fractional rates of FDG phosphorylation were measured on a minute-to-minute basis during rest, 3.5 minutes of priming exercise (PE), 15 or 30 minutes of PE recovery, and a subsequent 15-minute period of contractions. Muscles were electrically stimulated at 2 Hz, and force production was held constant during the contraction period(s). FDG uptake did not differ from control values either during PE or during 60 minutes of recovery from PE. In response to 15 minutes of contractions, muscle stimulated without PE demonstrated increased FDG uptake, but only after a delay of 5.0 ± 0.7 minutes. Muscle with PE but rested 15 minutes had increased FDG uptake with a delay of 0.5 ± 0.2 minutes, and muscle with PE but rested 30 minutes had increased FDG uptake after a delay of 8.0 ± 0.9 minutes (P < .01 all groups). All groups reached similar levels of FDG uptake by the end of 15 minutes of contractions. Both groups with PE had control levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr), and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) after PE recovery, but glycogen level was lower than the control value (P < .05). During the subsequent 15-minute contractile period, metabolites and glycogen demonstrated similar changes despite differences in rates of FDG uptake. In summary, we have demonstrated that (1) the kinetics of glucose uptake in contracting skeletal muscle can be quantified on a minute-to-minute basis using a positron-emitting 2-deoxyglucose tracer, (2) the early time course of glucose uptake in contracting muscle can be modified by prior contractions, and (3) uptake in the first minutes of contractile activity is determined by factors other than glycogen, G6P, PCr, and ATP.
Innovations in gas permeable multifocal contact lenses

Correspondence: edward S Bennett College of Optometry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA Tel +1 314 516 6258 Fax +1 314 516 6708 email ebennett@umsl.edu Abstract: A current area of great consumer interest, as well as potential for practice growth, pertains to the contact lens correction of presbyopia. In particular many recent innovations with gas permeable multifocal lens designs have resulted in them comparing favorably – and often superiorly – to both soft multifocal lenses and monovision lenses, notably in the area of quality of vision. Gas permeable (GP) back surface aspheric multifocal designs have become increasingly popular because newer designs often are able to incorporate higher add powers than their predecessors, often via the addition of add power to the front surface of the lens. In addition, several front surface lens designs have recently been introduced which have the benefits of minimizing any corneal topography changes as they are typically fit in alignment with the cornea, while also providing a higher add than can be provided on the back surface of the lens. Some high specific gravity materials have been introduced which potentially allow for thinner lenses which have less mass and may exhibit more consistent centration than aspheric multifocal designs in conventional materials. New segmented, translating designs are available with the ability to provide an intermediate correction while the introduction of a hybrid design provides the practitioner with a viable option when a GP lens results in either poor centration of excessive subjective awareness.
An incomplete inverse as a preconditioner for the conjugate gradient method

Abstract This paper introduces a new preconditioner with a super convergence for the conjugate gradient method for solving a system of linear equations in a banded structure. The idea is based upon an innovative method of the author to decompose a symmetric matrix into its inverse, and the preconditioner is the result of an incomplete decomposition, i.e., an approximation to the inverse. By the presented preconditioner, the rate of convergence can be significantly improved. Examples to demonstrate the improvement of rate of convergence and the speedup implemented on an Alliant/FX8 computer are included.
Caste at Birth? Redefining Disparity in India

Using household information in the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS) 1992/93 data, this paper examines regional variations in intercaste disparity in India. Based on five variables that are indicators of the standard of living of the three major caste/tribe groups identifiable in the data, a “caste deprivation index” is constructed that can be reversed to read as a “caste development index.” Mapping the regional variation in this index, the paper makes a plea for focusing on caste as an essential ingredient in the study of stratification patterns in India’s population.
686 INTESTINAL LIPID PEROXIDATION: INFLUENCE OF ISCHEMIA AND VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY

Free radical mechanisms are important mediators of ischemic injury in many tissues. Unscavenged free radicals can react with cellular fatty acids leading to fatty acid peroxidation (FAP) and loss of membrane function and integrity. Vitamin E (vit E) is an important defense against free radical injury. We have developed a model to explore the susceptibility of small intestinal mucosa to FAP in response to ischemia and vit E deficiency. Vit E deficient and replete Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to mesenteric artery occlusion of 45 min followed by a 15 min reperfusion period. Nonoccluded control animals, vit E deficient and replete, were subjected to sham, time matched laparotomy and exposure. Following ischemia and reperfusion or sham operation, intestinal mucosal scrapings from separate portions of the gut (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) were homogenized and assayed for in vitro FAP based on thiobarbituric acid assay of malondialdehyde. With n=4 for each of the four groups (vit E deficient and replete, with and without arterial occlusion) the following observations have been made: 1) there is no difference in FAP between control and vit E deficient rats in the duodenum and no changes in FAP are observed in this proximal gut segment with ischemia; 2) significantly greater (p<0.05) FAP occurs in the jejunum and ileum of nonoccluded vit E deficient compared to replete animals; 3) ischemia causes no change in FAP in any gut segment of replete animals, but causes a significant (p<0.05) further increase in FAP in the ileum of vit E deficient animals.
Co-constructing home with photovoice: Older residents of an assisted living facility build a Photonarrative:

The purpose of this secondary data analysis study was to understand how older adults of an assisted living facility used photo narratives to co-construct a shared narrative of home and plan for res...
Sequence analysis of a full-length cDNA for the murine proα2(I) collagen chain: Comparison of the derived primary structure with human proα2(I) collagen

Comparison of the nucleotide sequence and primary structure of murine and human pro alpha 2(I) collagen indicates a high degree of homology: 87% at the nucleotide level and 87% at the amino acid level, with the greatest degree of variability in the amino- and carboxy-pro-peptide domains. The homology is greatest in the triple helical domain, repeating [Gly-X-Y]338, exhibiting 90% homology at the amino acid level, with only X and Y position residue substitutions. The X and Y residues show 86% homology between murine and human pro alpha 2(I) collagen triple helices, with no truly nonconservative substitutions.
The Association of Ophiothrix lineata and Callyspongia vaginalis: A Brittlestar‐Sponge Cleaning Symbiosis?

Abstract. The relationship between a sponge, Callyspongia vaginalis, and an associated brittlestar, Ophiothrix lineata, was examined for mutualistic symbiotic interaction. Cinematography, feeding experiments, and analyses of stomach contents reveal that O. lineata (unlike other Ophiothrix species) is a non-selective deposit feeder. Its diet consists of detrital particles adhering to the sponge, which are too large to be utilized by the sponge as food. Thus, the brittlestar cleans the inhalent surface of the sponge as it feeds. Since siltation interferes with sponge pumping-activity, it is suggested that the cleaning behavior of O. lineata may enhance the filtration capability of C. vaginalis. In situ elapsed-time films show that brittlestars expose their arms when they feed, suggesting that they feed only at night because of a need to avoid diurnal predators. Manipulative experiments show that residence in C. vaginalis protects O. lineata from predatory fish. A comparison of the incidence of arm regeneration for brittlestars residing on C. vaginalis, and on a toxic sponge, Neofibularia nolitangere, indicates that factors other than sponge toxicity are involved in protecting sponge-dwelling brittlestars.
Neural representation of expected value in the adolescent brain

Previous work shows that the adolescent reward system is hyperactive, but this finding may be confounded by differences in how teens value money. To address this, we examined the neural ontogeny of objective value representation. Adolescent and adult participants performed a monetary gambling task in which they chose to accept or reject gambles of varying expected value. Increasing expected value had a stronger influence over gambling choices in adolescents relative to adults, an effect that was paralleled by greater activation in the ventral striatum in adolescents. This unique adolescent ventral striatum response remained even after matching groups on acceptance behavior. These behavioral and neural data suggest that the value of available options has a greater influence in adolescent versus adult choices, even when objective value and subjective choice are held constant. This research provides further evidence that hyperactivation of reward circuitry in adolescence may be a normative ontogenetic shift that is due to greater valuation in the adolescent brain.
Role of oxidative stress and the mitochondrial permeability transition in methylmercury cytotoxicity.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of methylmercury (MeHg) neurotoxicity. Studies of mature neurons suggest that the mitochondrion may be a major source of MeHg-induced reactive oxygen species and a critical mediator of MeHg-induced neuronal death, likely by activation of apoptotic pathways. It is unclear, however, whether the mitochondria of developing and mature neurons are equally susceptible to MeHg. Murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which differentiate into neurons following exposure to retinoic acid, were used to compare the differentiation-dependent effects of MeHg on ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization. EC cells and their neuronal derivatives were pre-incubated with the ROS indicator 2’,7’-dichlorofluoroscin diacetate or tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, with or without cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy in the presence of 1.5 μM MeHg. To examine consequences of mitochondrial perturbation, immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome c (cyt c) was determined after incubation of cells in MeHg for 4 hours. MeHg treatment induced earlier and significantly higher levels of ROS production and more extensive mitochondrial depolarization in neurons than in undifferentiated EC cells. CsA completely inhibited mitochondrial depolarization by MeHg in EC cells but only delayed this response in the neurons. In contrast, CsA significantly inhibited MeHg-induced neuronal ROS production. Cyt c release was also more extensive in neurons, with less protection afforded by CsA. These data indicate that neuronal differentiation state influences mitochondrial transition pore dynamics and MeHg-stimulated production of ROS.
Cognitive model of problem-solving in chess.

By performing a series of five experiments with two subjects, several aspects of one of the subject9s behavior in solving chess problems were found to be predictable, and a model was developed to explain this predictability. The heuristics used in this model may be applicable in developing future computer programs for chess play.
BACK DISORDERS AND REHABILITATION ACHIEVEMENT.

DISORDERS of the back represent a problem of considerable economic and health significance. Its economic importance is particularly felt by those m the fields of labor and management as well as public and private insurance. The magnitude of the problem can be partially demonstrated by the numbers and proportions of compensation claims resulting from back impairments. Reporting on a study of employees of two companies, D~VELY and OGLWIE indicate that compensation costs to employers of people with low back disorders over an average year amounted to about half of the total cost of all types of injuries and disabilities [l]. The seriousness of the problem can be further illustrated by a year’s experience of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, reported by the National Safety Council in 1955, which included 6900 cases of low back injuries costing about $1,500,000 in compensation payments [2]. More recent experiences in Ohio during the 4-year period 19551958 show that the average annual incidence of claims due to low back problems amounted to 11,815 persons [3]. They constituted about 18 per cent of the claims requiring more than one week of work time loss. Precise data about the total time loss is lacking; however, CAN& found an average loss of 40 work days for a small sample of post-traumatic back cases in Ohio [3]. In addition to the high incidence rate of low back disorders, their particular significance to health practitioners stems from the obscurity of the pathological condition underlying some types and the uncertainty of prognosis even for cases with established diagnoses. The unpredictability of the course of pathology of these disorders is generally attributed to the influence and complexity of the social-pyschological and environmental factors involved. As early as 191 I these notions were embodied in the clinical observations of physicians, as illustrated by the following statement of RICHARD CABOT [4]:
Thyroid hormone enhancement of estradiol stimulation of breast carcinoma proliferation.

Abstract Thyroid hormone (T3) and estradiol (Est) modulate biological processes by binding to nuclear receptor proteins that, through interactions with specific response elements in the regulatory regions of genes, modulate gene transcription. Est stimulation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast carcinoma cell growth occurs through its ability to bind to the ER and activate gene transcription. We now report that physiological concentrations of T3 significantly enhance Est stimulation of growth of a number of human breast carcinoma cell lines. The effect of T3 is specific for Est stimulation of growth and has no effect on insulin-like growth factor-I stimulation of growth. The effect of T3 on enhancing Est-mediated growth was specifically blocked by the addition of ligands inducing retinoid X receptor (RXR) homodimer receptor formation, suggesting that RXR-thyroid nuclear receptor (TR) heterodimer formation is required for the T3-mediated effect on estradiol-stimulated growth. Four thyroid nuclear receptors have been described in tissues, TRα1, α2, β1, and β2. Breast carcinoma cells were found to express TRβ1 and TRα2 mRNA and very low levels of TRαl mRNA. T3 did not increase ER mRNA or protein levels and did not enhance Est-mediated increases in gene transcription of a number of genes, i.e., transforming growth factor-α and pS2 which contain estrogen-response elements (EREs) in their regulatory regions. However, T3 enhanced Est-stimulated ERE-TK-CAT activity. Thus significant cross-talk appears to occur between the TRs and ER and T3 appears to enhance Est-mediated gene transcription.
Group G streptococcal arthritis and bowel disease: a rare enteropathic arthropathy

Group G streptococci may be seen as normal flora in many parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract. They are rarely pathogens in humans, but they have been isolated from septic joints in debilitated patients. Three patients with group G streptococcal arthritis were further evaluated using contrast studies of the colon. Abnormalities, including an occult carcinoma and a colocutaneous fistula, were found. We conclude that group G streptococcal arthritis may be associated with gastrointestinal abnormalities that allow a portal of entry for an otherwise innocuous organism, and that this represents a rare enteropathic arthropathy.
White Dwarfs as X-ray Sources

ACCORDING to Uhuru data, the 1.24 s period in the X-ray emission of Hercules X-l decreased at a rate of 9 µs yr−1 during the first half of 1972 (ref. 1). Further study has shown that the period variation is rather complex, with both increases and decreases occurring, although the net result over a full year remains a period decrease2. Most authors have interpreted the period decrease in terms of models involving accretion of matter with angular momentum on to a rotating neutron star. We point out here that models involving pulsating white dwarfs should not be prematurely rejected and that they may account quantitatively for the overall period change.
Dynamic color mapping of bivariate qualitative data

Color is widely and reliably used to display the value of a single scalar variable. It is more rarely, and far less reliably, used to display multivariate data. Dynamic control over the parameters of the color mapping results in a more effective environment for the exploration of multivariate spatial distributions. The paper describes an empirical study comparing the effectiveness of static versus dynamic representations for the exploration of qualitative aspects of bivariate distributions. In this experiment, subjects made judgments about the correspondence of the shape, location, and magnitude of two patterns under conditions with varying amounts of random noise. Subjects made significantly more correct judgements (p<0.001) about feature shape and relative positions using the dynamic representation, on average forty-five percent more. The differences between static and dynamic representations were greater in the presence of noise.
Post-translational modification of nuclear co-repressor receptor interacting protein 140 by acetylation

Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a versatile co-regulator for nuclear receptors and many transcription factors and contains several autonomous repressive domains. RIP140 can be acetylated, and acetylation affects its biological activity. In this study, a comprehensive proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was conducted to identify the in vivo acetylation sites on RIP140 purified from Sf21 insect cells. Eight acetylation sites were found within the amino-terminal and the central regions, including Lys111, Lys158, Lys287, Lys311, Lys482, Lys529, Lys607, and Lys932. Reporter assays were conducted to examine the effects of acetylation on various domains of RIP140. Green fluorescent protein-tagged fusion proteins were used to demonstrate the effect on nuclear translocation of these domains. A general inhibitor of reversible protein deacetylation was used to enrich the acetylated population of RIP140. The amino-terminal region (amino acids (aa) 1–495) was more repressive and accumulated more in the nuclei under hyperacetylated conditions, whereas hyperacetylation reduced the repressive activity and nuclear translocation of the central region (aa 336–1006). The deacetylase inhibitor had no effect on the carboxyl-terminal region (aa 977–1161) where no acetylation sites were found. Hyperacetylation also enhanced the repressive activity of the full-length protein but triggered its export into the cytosol in a small population of cells. This study revealed differential effects of post-translational modification on various domains of RIP140 through acetylation, including its effects on repressive activity and nuclear translocation of the full-length protein and its subdomains.
The Contents of an Ostrich’s Stomach:

Giraffes have no vocal chords. The last animal in the dictionary is the Zyzzyva, a tropical weevil. A cow gives nearly 200,000 glasses of milk in her lifetime. Camels chew in a figure-of-eight pattern. Butterflies taste with their feet. All polar bears are left-handed. A group of herons is called a siege. A group of jellyfish is called a smack. A group of owls is called a parliament. According to experts, whale songs rhyme. A snail can sleep for three years. A dog was once the King of Norway for three years during the 11th century AD. In 1939, a shower of tiny frogs fell on the English town of Trowbridge. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.
Breast cancer cells cultured in a system of new design presecrete an extracellular matrix and proliferate within it without cell-cell adhesion.

Abstract Breast cancer cells, MCF-7 line, when cultured in microporous, hydrophobic polymer tubes, presecrete ribbon shaped, gauze-like extracellular matrices within which they then reside and proliferate without observable cell–cell adhesion and can do so in the complete absence of serum supplement in the culture media. This cell functioning is attributed to the direct access of oxygen to the cell attachment site.
A characteristic-based nonconvex entropy-fix upwind scheme for the ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations

In this paper we perform an analysis of the wave structure of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. We present an analytical expression of the nonlinearity term associated to each characteristic field derived from a scaled version of the complete system of eigenvectors proposed by Brio and Wu [M. Brio, C.C. Wu, An upwind differencing scheme for the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics, J. Comput. Phys. 75 (2) (1988) 400-422] and adopting the eight wave approach by Powell et al. [K.G. Powell, P.L. Roe, R.S. Myong, T. Gombosi, D. deZeeuw, An upwind scheme for magnetohydrodynamics, AIAA 12th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, San Diego, CA, 1995, pp. 661-674]. A criterion for the detection of local regions containing points for which a nonlinear characteristic field becomes nonconvex is formulated for the two-dimensional case. We then design a characteristic-based upwind scheme for the ideal MHD equations that resolves the wave dynamics by local characteristic wavefields. The new scheme is able to detect local regions containing nonconvex singularities and to handle an entropy correction through a prescription of a local viscosity ensuring convergence to the entropy solution. A third order accurate version of the scheme performs satisfactorily in resolving one and two-dimensional MHD problems. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme behaves low dissipative, stable and accurate under high CFL numbers.
Coordinated control algorithm for hybrid energy storage systems

Energy storage is an essential element of future power systems to integrate high level of variable renewable energy resources. Earlier studies have found that energy storage can compensate for the stochastic nature of intermittent energy sources by absorbing the excessive energy when generation exceeds predicted levels and providing it back to the grid when generation levels fall short. However, earlier economic studies have shown that battery energy storage and flywheel energy storage is not economically competitive comparing to traditional generation units. An optimal control algorithm has been developed to coordinate the slow unit (having respond time greater than 1 minute) and fast energy storage unit (having response time less than 1 minute) to maximize the revenue (or minimize the total cost) of the hybrid energy storage system. The fast energy storage unit, (which can be a flywheel or battery bank) is tuned to pick up the fluctuations of regulation signal while the slow unit, (which can be a traditional generation unit or slow energy storage system) is adjusted less than once per hour to provide regulation service. Simulation models of hydro, combined cycle, and flywheel unit have been developed and implemented in MATLAB. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm. The value of the algorithm has been shown from power plant wear and tear aspect and reducing system balancing reserve aspect.
Pharmacokinetics of the thymidine analog 2′-Fluoro-5-[14C]-methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([14C]FMAU) in rat prostate tumor cells

Abstract 2′-Fluoro-5-[ 14 C]-methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (FMAU) is an analog of thymidine (TdR) that is resistant to catabolism, is incorporated into DNA, and has been labeled with 11 C for use with positron emission tomography. We compared the uptake and metabolism of [ 14 C]FMAU with that of [ 3 H]TdR in fast- and slow-growing cell lines of a rat prostate tumor. Although FMAU was incorporated much less rapidly than TdR, FMAU behaved very similarly to TdR with respect to correlation between uptake velocity and cell growth rate, saturability of cellular incorporation, and intracellular metabolite pools. Thus, FMAU warrants further evaluation as an in vivo indicator of tumor cell division.
Cell-specific targeting of lentiviral vectors mediated by fusion proteins derived from Sindbis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, or avian sarcoma/leukosis virus

The ability to efficiently and selectively target gene delivery vectors to specific cell types in vitro and in vivo remains one of the formidable challenges in gene therapy. We pursued two different strategies to target lentiviral vector delivery to specific cell types. In one of the strategies, vector particles bearing a membrane-bound stem cell factor sequence plus a separate fusion protein based either on Sindbis virus strain TR339 glycoproteins or the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein were used to selectively transduce cells expressing the corresponding stem cell factor receptor (c-kit). An alternative approach involved soluble avian sarcoma/leukosis virus receptors fused to cell-specific ligands including stem cell factor and erythropoietin for targeting lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with avian sarcoma/leukosis virus envelope proteins to cells that express the corresponding receptors. The titers of unconcentrated vector particles bearing Sindbis virus strain TR339 or vesicular stomatitis virus G fusion proteins plus stem cell factor in the context of c-kit expressing cells were up to 3.2 × 105 transducing units per ml while vector particles lacking the stem cell factor ligand displayed titers that were approximately 80 fold lower. On cells that lacked the c-kit receptor, the titers of stem cell factor-containing vectors were approximately 40 times lower compared to c-kit-expressing cells. Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with avian sarcoma/leukosis virus subgroup A or B envelope proteins and bearing bi-functional bridge proteins encoding erythropoietin or stem cell factor fused to the soluble extracellular domains of the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus subgroup A or B receptors resulted in efficient transduction of erythropoietin receptor or c-kit-expressing cells. Transduction of erythropoietin receptor-expressing cells mediated by bi-functional bridge proteins was found to be dependent on the dose, the correct subgroup-specific virus receptor and the correct envelope protein. Furthermore, transduction was completely abolished in the presence of anti-erythropoietin antibody. Our results indicate that the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus bridge strategy provides a reliable approach for cell-specific lentiviral vector targeting. The background levels were lower compared to alternative strategies involving Sindbis virus strain TR339 or vesicular stomatitis virus fusion proteins.
Rhabdomyosarcoma with heterologous cartilage of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of an aggressive neoplasm in a young female.

This report concerns a 20-year-old female who had a F.I.G.O. stage I rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the cervix with a predominant embryonal pattern and heterologous cartilage that pursued an aggressive course despite surgery and chemotherapy. The patient had a pelvic recurrence, developed pulmonary metastases 15 months after diagnosis, and died 6 months later. Despite some previously published favorable prognostic assessments about this unique variant of cervical rhabdomyosarcoma, our limited experience would interject a note of caution, especially in the presence of a focal alveolar pattern and invasion of lymphatics in the cervix.