cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VARIABLE MARKUP IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY WITH INFLATION

This paper analyzes markup disturbances in a small open economy with flexible exchange rates and secular inflation. Specifically, I assume that the private sector fully controls a variable markup over costs. The markup is shown to vary (pro)anticyclically depending on the magnitude of the initial jump in the exchange rate following the disturbance.
Spatial Aptitude and Permutational Ability.

Summary The relationship between spatial aptitude and the ability to permute letters and numbers was investigated by presenting the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board (MPFB), a letter rearrangement test (LRT), and a number rearrangement test (NRT) to two separate samples of college students (N = 94 and N = 53). For every comparison (MPFB vs. LRT and MPFB vs. NRT) and for males and females alike, significant positive correlations were obtained. In addition, a high positive correlation between the two permutational tasks (LRT vs. NRT) was observed. The results confirmed the hypothesis that spatial aptitude is associated with permutational skill and suggested that the former may also be associated with some of Guilford's divergent production factors.
Fourier pseudospectral method with Kepler mapping for travelling waves with discontinuous slope: application to corner waves of the Ostrovsky-Hunter equation and equatorial Kelvin waves in the four-mode approximation

Many species of travelling waves have a single branch of solutions which ends at finite amplitude with a singular wave whose slope is discontinuous, a so-called "corner wave". Fourier pseudospectral methods converge exponentially fast with N, the truncation of the series, for the smooth waves, but the error falls only as O(1/N) for a wave with a slope discontinuity. We show that the error rate can be accelerated to O(1/N3) by making the change-of-coordinate ("Kepler map") x = z - sin(z). Unfortunately, there is a subtlety: the end-in-a-singular-solution bifurcation is possible only for infinite-dimensional systems. We show that the truncated Fourier pseudospectral approximation has roots on both sides of the corner wave. The bifurcation can be detected by (i) a step-function-like jump in the residual of the differential equation at the corner wave and (ii) by observing the slope of u(x), which becomes discontinuous only at the corner wave itself. These concepts are illustrated for the equatorially trapped ocean Kelvin wave in the so-called "four-latitudinal-mode" approximation. However, corner waves arise in many species of waves and the concepts explained here are applicable to all.
Optical constants of bismuth tellurium sulfide from ellipsometric data

The problem of determining the optical constants of uniaxial anisotropic crystals by ellipsometry has been studied. In case the optical axis is perpendicular to the surface—true in most of the cleavable crystals and in films where the anisotropy is induced by a size effect—it is practically impossible to evaluate the component Nc = nc + ikc (electric vector parallel with the optical axis) unless the values of n and k are very small. Reasonable values of Na = na + ika can be obtained, regardless of the Nc value assumed.
Bovine prolactin, growth hormone, thyroxine and corticoid response to thyrotropin releasing hormone.

Preliminary experiments utilizing lactating cows and dairy bulls demonstrated release of prolactin by a single iv injection of 100 Mg synthetic thyrotropin—releasing hormone (TRH). Thereafter, a second experiment described more completely the endocrine changes occurring in the bovine after TRH. Twenty—five, 50 or 100 μg synthetic TRH was administered via jugular cannulae to each of four lactating cows. Serum prolactin immediately before TRH averaged 3.4 ng/ml. Prolactin averaged 21.1, 9.2 and 23.9 ng/ml at 2 min after 25, 50 or 100 μg TRH, respectively. Comparable values at the prolactin peak were 68.0, 23.4 and 60.6 and intervals to the prolactin peak were 10, 8 and 8 min, respectively. Serum prolactin increased in each cow after each dose of TRH, and returned to baseline within 2 hr. Serum thyroxine (μg/100 ml) increased linearly (p < 0.01) for 5 hr, but the increase was not linearly related to dose of TRH. In contrast, growth hormone increased proportionally to the dose of TRH. Total serum glucocortico...
Fractal characterization of fracture networks: An improved box-counting technique

given by N / rD , where N is the number of boxes containing one or more fractures and r is the box size, then the network is considered to be fractal. However, researchers are divided in their opinion about which is the best box-counting algorithm to use, or whether fracture networks are indeed fractals. A synthetic fractal fracture network with a known D value was used to develop a new algorithm for the box-counting method that returns improved estimates of D. The method is based on identifying the lower limit of fractal behavior (rcutoff) using the condition ds/dr ! 0, where s is the standard deviation from a linear regression equation fitted to log(N) versus log(r) with data for r < rcutoff sequentially excluded. A set of 7 nested fracture maps from the Hornelen Basin, Norway was used to test the improved method and demonstrate its accuracy for natural patterns. We also reanalyzed a suite of 17 fracture trace maps that had previously been evaluated for their fractal nature. The improved estimates of D for these maps ranged from 1.56 ± 0.02 to 1.79 ± 0.02, and were much greater than the original estimates. These higher D values imply a greater degree of fracture connectivity and thus increased propensity for fracture flow and the transport of miscible or immiscible chemicals.
Transistorized Audio AGC Amplifier

Modern broadcasters are calling for transistorized amplifiers in their studio installations. The use of transistors has resulted in small, compact amplifier designs, with the added features of lower power consumption, less heating, and greater reliability than with tube-type equipment. Many studio amplifiers have been transistorized. The exception has been the popular automatic Gain Control amplifier. Ever since the introduction of the Unilevel in 1954, the studio compression amplifier has found many applications in radio and television broadcast applications. It has proven to be highly useful in intercom service, as well as its major function of providing automatic control of program channel levels.
The development of dentotropic micelles with biodegradable tooth-binding moieties

Purpose Development of dentotropic (tooth-binding) micelle formulations to improved efficacy and safety of antimicrobial therapy for dental plaque prevention and treatment.
Taylor Cylinder Test Reduction Using a One-Dimensional Theory

A one-dimensional analysis of the Taylor impact test [4] has been used to estimate the quasi-static stress for several different alloys. One criticism of this work was the use of Taylor cylinder test data to estimate the quasi-static true stress/true strain compression diagram. The one-dimensional theory does accommodate this estimate. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that this process leads to acceptable results by analyzing a series of high, medium, and low strength materials.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Application of complex stochastic averaging to non-linear random vibration problems

Abstract The stochastic averaging procedure in a complex-variable setting, used previously by Ariaratnam and Tarn to analyze a linear system under random parametric excitation, is extended to non-linear systems under both parametric and external random excitations. It is shown that equations for the moments of the system response, while still constituting an infinite hierarchy, form a simpler pattern compared with the corresponding equations obtained from the usual amplitude and phase formulation. From this simpler pattern, it is possible to identify those moments which tend to zero at the stationary state. Furthermore, a much smaller number of equations needs to be solved when the infinite hierarchy is truncated to calculate approximately the non-zero moments.
The interaction of rare gases with metals

Abstract Interaction potentials of rare gases with metal surfaces are calculated and compared with experimental data. A local dielectric function formalism and the density functional method are used in the calculation of the attractive and repulsive energies respectively. Depth and curvature variations of the potentials suggest a classification into light (He, Ne) and heavy rare gases. Sensitivity of the results to the model description of the metal surface electronic density is examined.
Taming TLR4 may ease seizures

Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) via a nuclear protein released from dying cells, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, leads to chronic epilepsy in rat models and in human epileptic tissue. Blocking this inflammatory pathway may constitute a new antiepileptic treatment strategy ( pages 413–419 ).
The status of medical education in end-of-life care: a national report.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the status of medical education in end-of-life care and identify opportunities for improvement.
Protective Effects of Resveratrol in Experimental Retinal Detachment

Background Oxidative stress is one of the major factors that trigger photoreceptor apoptosis. To investigate whether resveratrol, a potent antioxidant and small molecule activator of the FoxO pathway, would be neuroprotective against photoreceptor cell death in a rodent model of retinal detachment.
Suitability of Dynamic and Relaxation Tests for the Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures

The presence of waIn ter in asphalt pavements deteriorates their condition and causes distresses that result in high maintenance costs to state and federal agencies. The objective of this research was to execute dynamic and relaxation tests and evaluate their effectiveness in assessing moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture specimens with different air void structures determined using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and conditioned using the modified Lottman procedure. The dynamic test consisted of the application of a sinusoidal cyclic compressive load on the specimen while maintaining the strain within a specified range. The relaxation test, performed in both direct tension and compression, consisted of the application of a constant static strain. A statistical analysis was used to study the effectiveness of the tests in evaluating the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures. The results showed that none of the tests (dynamic or relaxation) were consistent in differentiating between the moisture conditioned and unconditioned specimens or between the responses of the different mixtures within each condition. In addition, the results of the dynamic and relaxation tests were compared after applying different methods to convert frequency-domain data to time-domain data.
Evaluation of polymorphisms known to contribute to risk for diabetes in African and African-American populations.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Populations of direct African ancestry have much greater genetic diversity than do other populations. African-American populations exhibit twice the prevalence of type 2 diabetes as compared with their Caucasian counterparts. African-American populations are likely to have unique genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. This review addresses current knowledge of susceptibility genes that are shared with other groups and those that are unique to populations of African descent. RECENT FINDINGS When compared with the plethora of Caucasian studies, relatively few studies have been conducted in African or African-American populations. The most exciting findings have been family-based linkage studies, which point to multiple regions that may harbor susceptibility genes. Recent work suggests that the major Caucasian locus, TCF7L2, plays a role in some African-based populations, whereas unique factors remain to be confirmed. SUMMARY Although progress has been made in finding the genetic cause of type 2 diabetes in African and African-American populations, at this time no variant can be considered unequivocally confirmed as a diabetes susceptibility locus.
Poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) dendrimer–cisplatin complexes for chemotherapy of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells

Dendrimer–cisplatin complexes were prepared using PAMAM dendrimers with terminal –NH2 and –COOH groups as well as biotin-conjugated dendrimers. Preformulation parameters of dendrimer–cisplatin complexes were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Cytotoxicity and mechanism of cytotoxicity of dendrimer-cisplatin complexes was investigated in OVCAR-3, SKOV, A2780 and cisplatin-resistant CP70 human ovarian cancer cell lines. The loading of cisplatin in dendrimers was ~11 % (w/w). PAMAM G4 dendrimers with amine surface groups (biotinylated and native) have shown 2.5- to 3.0-fold reduction in IC50 values in ovarian cancer cells when compared with carboxylate surface dendrimers (p < 0.05). A correlation was observed among cytotoxicity of the complexes, cellular uptake, and platinum–DNA adduct formation. Treatment with dendrimer–cisplatin complexes resulted in a 7.0-fold increase (p < 0.05) in expression of apoptotic genes (Bcl2, Bax, p53) and 13.2- to 27.1-fold increase (p < 0.05) in the activity of caspases 3, 8, and 9 in vitro. Results suggest that PAMAM dendrimers can be used as potential carrier for cisplatin chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
Religious issues in diagnosis: the V-Code and beyond.

This paper addresses the issues around considering clients' religious and spiritual functioning as a matter of client diversity. Such issues may be under appreciated by many clinicians. The introduction of a religious and spiritual problem V-Code (V62.89) into the DSM-IV provided a significant accommodation of client religious and spiritual functioning in contemporary psychodiagnostics. The V-Code allows for explicit identification of a non-pathological religious or spiritual focus in treatment. The nature of and history of the V-Code's inclusion in DSM-IV is briefly reviewed. The strengths and limitations of the V-Code for raising clinician awareness of the religious and spiritual domain of client functioning is discussed and illustrated by a number of case examples. The V-Code approach is contrasted with Hathaway's (2003) clinically significant religious impairment concept. Both are viewed as making complementary contributions to a religiously and spiritually sensitive clinical practice.
Thin Film Deposition, Patterning, and Printing in Organic Thin Film Transistors

Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) will play an important role in future plastic electronic devices. The device performance is greatly affected by the molecular structure and morphology of the organic semiconductors. Various methods for organic semiconductor deposition are reviewed. Recent progress in printing and patterning of OTFTs are also surveyed.
Father‐Daughter incest as social transgression: A feminist reading of Joyce Carol Oates

(1992). Father‐Daughter incest as social transgression: A feminist reading of Joyce Carol Oates. Women's Studies: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 251-263.
Effects of dihydrogen bonding on fluxionality in ReH5(PPh3)2L

Abstract Hydride fluxionality in ReH 5 (PPh 3 ) 2 L ( 2 , L = N -acetyl-2-aminopyridine) is affected by intramolecular Re-HH-N dihydrogen bonding.
THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STRONGLY UNSTEADY FLOW WITH HUNDREDS OF MOVING BODIES

A methodology for the simulation of strongly unsteady flows with hundreds of moving bodies has been developed. An unstructured grid, high-order, monotonicity preserving, ALE solver with automatic refinement and remeshing capabilities was enhanced by adding equations of state for high explosives, deactivation techniques and optimal data structures to minimize CPU overheads, automatic recovery of CAD data from discrete data, two new remeshing options, and a number of visualization tools for the preprocessing phase of large runs. The combination of these improvements has enabled the simulation of strongly unsteady flows with hundreds of moving bodies. Several examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology
High-dose progestin therapy for metastatic breast cancer.

Summary Progestin therapy has become an established endocrine modality for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, with medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate being the most widely used agents. Both drugs display similar effectiveness as initial and secondary therapy for pa tients with advanced disease, with combined complete and partial response rates of approximately 30% to 40%. Uncon trolled trials have suggested that high doses of medroxypro gesterone may be more effective than lower doses, but ran domized trials have yielded conflicting results. Clinical trials of megestrol acetate have demonstrated it to be an effective, well-tolerated oral progestin, and a recent randomized trial has suggested that higher megestrol acetate doses may be as sociated with not only improved response but also improved time to disease progression and survival. Further trials of high-dose megestrol acetate for both initial and secondary therapy are under way, and their results will provide valuable information concerning the role of such treatment.
Impact of the Hall effect on high-energy-density plasma jets.

Using a 1-MA, 100 ns-rise-time pulsed power generator, radial foil configurations can produce strongly collimated plasma jets. The resulting jets have electron densities on the order of 10(20) cm(-3), temperatures above 50 eV and plasma velocities on the order of 100 km/s, giving Reynolds numbers of the order of 10(3), magnetic Reynolds and Peclet numbers on the order of 1. While Hall physics does not dominate jet dynamics due to the large particle density and flow inside, it strongly impacts flows in the jet periphery where plasma density is low. As a result, Hall physics affects indirectly the geometrical shape of the jet and its density profile. The comparison between experiments and numerical simulations demonstrates that the Hall term enhances the jet density when the plasma current flows away from the jet compared to the case where the plasma current flows towards it.
Aging and oxidative stress: Modulation by dietary restriction

Aging is an inevitable biological process that affects most living organisms. Despite the enormous consequences associated with the aging process, until recently, relatively little systematic effort has been expended on the scientific understanding of this important life process. Society, however, urged by an ever increasing older population, is challenging scientists from many disciplines to explore one of nature's most complex phenomena-biological aging. For the past two decades, research directed toward the basic understanding of biological aging mechanisms and possible aging interventions have given us new insights into the molecular bases and the biological events that contribute to age-related deterioration. To further investigate the aging processes, one probe uniquely suited to exploring the progression of aging in animal models is dietary restriction, currently the only antiaging intervention accepted by gerontologists and nutritionists. Recent research renders a better understanding of how reduced dietary intake extends the life span, supplying evidence that dietary restriction is a diverse and effective modulator of oxidative stress. It has been proposed that this antioxidative mechanism is the underlying anti-aging action of dietary restriction.
Leading in the connected era

Purpose – Leaders are recognizing that the current connected era is fundamentally changing how customers, employees and partners engage, according to an IBM survey of CEOs and senior public sector leaders from around the globe. Design/methodology/approach – Between September 2011 and January 2012, IBM leaders met face to face with leaders worldwide to better understand their future plans and challenges in an increasingly connected economy. The CEOs surveyed lead organizations of different sizes in 64 countries and 18 industries The analysis also sought to understand differences between responses of CEOs in financially outperforming organizations and those in underperforming organizations. Findings – Key survey findings include: CEOs are creating more open and collaborative cultures – encouraging employees to connect, learn from each other and thrive in a world of rapid change; the emphasis on openness and collaboration is even higher among outperforming organizations; to engage customers as individuals, C...
Apparatus to measure thermal conductance

Abstract An apparatus for measuring the thermal conductance of insulating mechanical supports under compression is described. It requires no installation of thermometers on the sample. Results on sample supports are presented by plots of the heat conducted between two temperatures as a function of the force compressing the support. The importance of contact resistance is discussed.
Embedding Care and Unpaid Work in Macroeconomic Modeling: A Structuralist Approach

Abstract This study embeds paid and unpaid care work in a structuralist macroeconomic model. Care work is formally modeled as a gendered input into the market production process via its impact on the current and future labor force, with altruistic motivations determining both how much support people give one another and the economic effectiveness of that support. This study uses the model to distinguish between two types of economies – a “selfish” versus an “altruistic” economy – and seeks to understand how different macroeconomic conditions and events play out in the two cases. Whether and how women and men share the financial and time costs of care condition the results of the comparison with more equal sharing of care responsibilities making the “altruistic” case more likely.
The mechanics of crack growth in layered materials

Layered materials comprised of one brittle and one ductile constituent exhibit crack growth characteristics that depend on the sequential renucleation of cracks in each brittle layer. An analysis of the problem is presented with two different interface responses. One for a well-bonded, slipping interface and the other for an interface that debonds. It is shown that either slip or debonding enhance the fracture resistance, with debonding being the more effective. The analysis is compared with experimental results for several layered systems.
Trends in young adult smoking uptake

Purpose While smoking initiation among adolescents has declined since 1977, the decline in young adult (YA) smoking uptake is not as encouraging. To examine trends in YA smoking initiation, we examined seven years of data from the National Health Information Survey (NHIS). Methods Study subjects were participants in the 1997–2003 NHIS surveys between the ages of 25 and 34 who gave an answer to the question about ever having smoked ≥100 cigarettes (n = 44,137). Age of YA smoking uptake was defined as 18–24 years. Smoking initiation was defined according to CDC guidelines (lifetime use >100 cigarettes). Trends in the proportion of YA initiatiors were examined by sex, race, highest level of educational attainment, and number of cigarettes smoked per day over seven years of data. Analyses were weighted to take into account the complex sampling design of the NHIS. Results The proportion of adolsecent initiators ( Conclusion There are significant trends in YA smoking by race and educational attainment. These results suggest that targeted antismoking campaigns have the potential for success if aimed at those who are most susceptible – the college educated and the ethnic minorities. Furthermore, because YA initiators have demonstrated a decreasing trend in the number of cigarettes they smoke per day, it is also possible that they may be more responsive to antismoking programs.
Faculae and East-West Asymmetry of Sunspot Area

Asymmetry of sunspot area with respect to the central meridian is found to depend strongly on the location of the spot group in its chromospheric facula or plage. The usual area excess for spots in the eastern half of the disk is reversed for the relatively rare spot groups situated in the following part of the plage. Qualitatively, the observed asymmetries can be explained by supposing that the apparent area of the spot is decreased by overlying bright facula, especially west of central meridian where the spot (in the usual preceding position) is viewed through the relatively bright and extensive follower part of the plage. Since both facula and spot effects are seen along the same line of sight, optical depth must change slowly with geometric depth, that is, in the active region the atmosphere is relatively transparent.
Posttranslationale Proteinmodifikation: die Chemie der Proteomdiversifizierung

Die Vielfalt an kovalenten Proteinvarianten (das Proteom) ubersteigt bei weitem die Zahl an Proteinen, die sich aus der Codierkapazitat der DNA ableitet. Ursache fur diese Diversitat sind gerichtete posttranslationale Modifikationen. Unter den Enzymen, die solche Modifikationen ausfuhren, finden sich etwa 500 humane Proteinkinasen, 150 Proteinphosphatasen und 500 Proteasen. Die Hauptarten der kovalenten Proteinmodifikationen – Phosphorylierung, Acetylierung, Glycosylierung, Methylierung und Ubiquitinierung – konnen nach der modifizierten Aminosaureseitenkette, dem modifizierenden Enzym und dem Grad an Reversibilitat klassifiziert werden. Auch chemische Ereignisse wie das Proteinspleisen, die Reifung des grunen Fluoreszenzproteins und die Selbstaktivierung des Proteasoms zahlen zu den posttranslationalen Modifikationen. Ein grundliches Verstandnis von Umfang und Muster der posttranslationalen Modifikationen vermittelt Einblicke in die Funktion und Dynamik eukaryotischer Proteomzusammensetzungen.
Acidification of a kaolinitic Alfisol under continuous cropping with nitrogen fertilization in West Africa

Increased use of N fertilizer and more intensive cropping due to the rising food demand in the tropics requires design and evaluation of sustainable cropping systems with minimum soil acidification. The objectives of this study were to quantify acidification of an Oxic Kandiustalf with different types of N fertilizer in two cropping systems under no-tillage and its effect on crop performance. Chemical soil properties in continuous maize (Zea mays L.) and maize-cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) rotation were determined with three N sources (urea (UA), ammonium sulfate (AS) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)) in Nigeria, West Africa, during five years. Chemical soil properties were related to grain yield and diagnostic plant nutrient concentrations. For the three N sources, the rate of decline in soil pH in maize-cowpea rotation was 57±7.5% of that in continuous maize, where double the amount of N fertilizer was applied. The rate of soil acidification during the five years was greater for AS than for UA or CAN in continuous maize, and not different for UA and CAN in both cropping systems. With AS, soil pH decreased from 5.8 to 4.5 during five years of continuous maize cropping. Exchangeable acidity increased with N fertilization, but did not reach levels limiting maize or cowpea growth. Return of residues to the soil surface may have reduced soluble and exchangeable Al levels by providing a source of organic ligands. Soil solution Mn concentrations increased with N fertilization to levels likely detrimental for crop growth. Symptoms of Mn toxicity were observed on cowpea leaves where AS was applied to the preceding maize crop, but not on maize plants. Soil acidification caused significant reductions in exchangeable Ca and effective CEC. Main season maize yield with N fertilization was lower with AS than with UA or CAN, but not different between UA and CAN during the six years of cropping. The lower maize grain yield with AS than with the other N sources was attributed to lower pH and a greater extractable Mn concentration with AS. When kaolinitic Alfisols are used for continuous maize cropping, even under no-tillage with crop residues returned as mulch, the soil may become acidifed to pH values of 5.0 and below after a few years. The no-till cereal-legume rotation with judicial use of urea or CAN as N sources for the cereal crop is a more suitable system for these poorly buffered, kaolinitic soils than continuous maize cropping. The use of AS as N source should be avoided. H Marschner Section editor
The dollar and the current account deficit: How much should we worry?

Abstract The U.S. current account deficit is unsustainable and will need to fall by half as a share of GDP in coming years. The adjustment process will necessarily involve (1) substantial further real effective depreciation of the U.S. dollar, (2) slowing of U.S. demand growth below potential output growth, and (3) acceleration of demand growth relative to output growth in the rest of the world. Adjustment is likely to be reasonably orderly, with only modest risks of a “dollar crash”. Policy, including more aggressive fiscal consolidation in the U.S. and more rapid appreciation of key Asian currencies, can help assure orderly adjustment.
Effective Doping and Suppression of Fermi Surface Reconstruction via Fe Vacancy Disorder in K x Fe 2 − y Se 2

We investigate the effect of disordered vacancies on the normal-state electronic structure of the newly discovered alkali-intercalated iron selenide superconductors. To this end, we use a recently developed Wannier function based method to calculate from first principles the configuration-averaged spectral function $⟨A(k,\ensuremath{\omega})⟩$ of ${\mathrm{K}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{1.6}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ with disordered Fe and K vacancies. We find that the disorder can suppress the expected Fermi surface reconstruction without completely destroying the Fermi surface. More interestingly, the disorder effect raises the chemical potential significantly, giving enlarged electron pockets similar to highly doped ${\mathrm{KFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, without adding carriers to the system.
Photogating of ionic currents across lipid bilayers. Electrostatics of ions and dipoles inside the membrane

The conductances of the lipophilic ions tetraphenylboride and tetraphenylphosphonium across a lipid bilayer can be increased or decreased, i.e., gated, by the photoformation of closed-shell metalloporphyrin cations within the bilayer. The gating can be effected by pulsed or continuous light or by chemical oxidants. At high concentrations of lipophilic anions where the dark conductance is saturated due to space charge in the bilayer, the photogated conductance can increase 15-fold. The formation of porphyrin cations allows the conductance to increase to its nonspace charge limited value. Conversely, the decrease of conductance in the light of phosphonium cations diminishes toward zero as the dark conductance becomes space charge limited. We present electrostatic models of the space charge limited conductance that accurately fit the data. One model includes an exponentially varying dielectric constant for the polar regions of the bilayer that allows an analytical solution to the electrostatic problem. The exponential variation of the dielectric constant effectively screens the potential and implies that the inside and outside of real dielectric interfaces can be electrically isolated from one another. The charge density, the distance into the membrane of the ions, about one-quarter of its thickness, and the dielectric constant at that position are determined by these models. These calculations indicate that there is insufficient porphyrin charge density to cancel the boride ion space charge and the following article proposes a novel ion chain mechanism to explain these effects. These models indicate that the positive potential arising from oriented carbonyl ester groups, previously used to explain the 10(3)-fold larger conductance of hydrophobic anions over cations, is smaller than previously estimated. However, the synergistic movement of the positive choline group into the membrane can account for the large positive potential.
Child abuse and autonomic nervous system hyporesponsivity among psychiatrically impaired children

Abstract Objective Sexually or physically abused children are at risk for neurobiological dysregulation as well as for internalizing and disruptive behavior disorders. Stress-related autonomic nervous system (ANS) down-regulation has been proposed as a sequela of abuse and was investigated in the present study. Methods Child Protective Services documented incidents of abuse were recorded for children in a sample of 262 pediatric psychiatric inpatients, as well as demographic, physical and intellectual functioning, and diagnostic and medication prescription data. Before and after a mildly stressful blood draw, noninvasive assessments of ANS activity were obtained. Results Controlling for all other variables in logistic regression analyses, a history of physical abuse (45% overall prevalence) was associated with poststressor ANS hyporesponsivity (i.e., heart rate deceleration). Conclusions Results suggest that a history of physical (but not sexual) abuse is associated with stressor-related ANS down-regulation in psychiatrically impaired children and adolescents. Practice implications Stressor-related autonomic hyporesponsivity secondary to physical abuse may contribute to the impairment of severely emotionally disturbed children. Differential diagnosis of psychiatrically impaired children should include identification of those who have a history of physical abuse, and their treatment should address stressor-related hyporeactivity.
Effect of Divorce on State Medicaid Expenditures

This article tests the hypothesis that family structure, among other factors, helps explain state variation in social services spending. Specifically, the authors regress Medicaid spending (as a percentage of gross state product) on a set of control variables and their independent variable of interest—the prevalence of divorce. The authors compile data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and other sources from 2001 to 2005 in a pooled time series, quasi-experimental design focusing on factors that affect Medicaid spending in the American states. Control variables include population demographics and summary measures of policy, political ideology, poverty, and economic capacity. Implications for policy include a reassessment of the effects of social institutions on vulnerable populations.
Appendix N: Sampled Noise

This appendix contains sections titled: Case 1: Wn f ref Case 2: 1/T Wn f ref Case 3: Wn 1/T f ref Variance of Sampled Noise (1/T f ref) Convolution of PSDs Representing Squared PSDs
Synthesis and characterization of a dianionic carbohydrate-based phospholipid

Abstract A novel carbohydrate-based phospholipid containing a phosphatidic acid head group, bis-(2,3-lauroyl)-1-methoxy-5-ribo-phosphatidic acid (DLRPA), was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR. This molecule is an analog of dilauroyl phosphatidic acid (DLPA). The Tm of DLRPA decreases with increasing pH in a similar pattern to DLPA, as determined by MDSC. From this thermotropic behavior, the apparent pKas of DLRPA are estimated to be 4 and 8.
Zernike phase contrast electron microscopy with a spherically corrected foil lens.

A lens system is proposed that not only provides spherical correction of the objective lens by charges that are induced on a thin foil, in the way proposed in a paper by Otto Scherzer [Optik56(2), 133–147, 1980], but also provides Zernike phase contrast by means of an appropriate phase shift of the scattered electrons within the foil. This system has the potential to provide strong phase contrast from very low spatial frequencies to frequencies above 1/(100 pm).
Antenna element bandwidth and adaptive array performance

It is well known that the radiation patterns of the individual elements, as well as the antenna geometry, affect the performance of an adaptive antenna array. In the open literature, these effects have been studied for single tone (CW) interfering signals. In the real world, the interfering signals incident on an antenna array are hardly single tones. Depending on the environment, the interfering signals can have the same bandwidth as the desired signals. Under these conditions, the response of the individual antenna elements over the system bandwidth would effect the adaptive antenna performance. In general, individual antenna elements are dispersive; i.e., the phase of the signal received by an antenna varies nonlinearly with frequency. This is especially true for narrowband antenna elements (thin dipoles, monopoles, patch antennas, etc.). When these antenna elements are used in an antenna array, the presence of the mutual coupling leads to dissimilar in situ element patterns. Thus, various channels of an adaptive array will be dispersive and dissimilar. This means that the adaptive array may have to use more degrees of freedom to null wideband interfering signals. The choice of individual antenna elements, therefore, can have significant effect on the performance of an adaptive antenna. In this paper, the same is demonstrated using an array of thin dipoles and another array of biconical antennas. It is shown that in the presence of wideband jammers the biconical antenna array performs significantly better than the dipole antenna array
EGF and PGE2: Effects on corneal endothelial cell migration and monolayer spreading during wound repair in vitro

In vivo repair of the adult human corneal endothelium occurs mainly by movement of cells into the wound defect rather than by cell division. Two forms of cell movement contribute to endothelial wound repair: migration of individual cells into the defect and spreading of the confluent monolayer into the wound area. This laboratory has developed a tissue culture model using rabbit corneal endothelial cells pretreated with the mitotic inhibitor 5-fluorouracil to mimic the relatively amitotic state of human corneal endothelium in vivo. This model permits study of the effects of growth factors and other agents on individual cell migration and monolayer spreading in response to wounding. mRNA for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor has been detected in cultured corneal endothelial cells and EGF receptors have been detected on human corneal endothelial cells in situ, suggesting that this growth factor may act in an autocrine manner. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is synthesized by cultured corneal endothelia...
Taking electrons out of bioelectronics: bioprotonic memories, transistors, and enzyme logic

The ability of bioelectronic devices to conduct protons and other ions opens up opportunities to interface with biology. In this research highlight, we report on our recent efforts in bioprotonic devices. These devices monitor and modulate a current of protons with an applied voltage. Voltage-controlled proton flow mimics semiconductor devices with complementary transistors or biological behaviors such as synaptic-like memories and enzyme logic.
Feed conversion indices: controversy or convention?

Abstract Various methods of calculating and reporting the efficiency of food use in fish husbandry are examined. The effects of moisture content of feed and fish flesh, supplemental feeds augmented with natural feed items, differences in energy content due to feed formulations, and the usefulness of the various feed efficiency indices to aquaculturists and fish husbandry researchers are discussed.
Aptamers and the next generation of diagnostic reagents

Antibodies have been extensively used as capture and detection reagents in diagnostic applications of proteomics-based technologies. Proteomic assays need high sensitivity and specificity, a wide dynamic range for detection, and accurate, reproducible quantification with small confidence values. However, several inherent limitations of monoclonal antibodies in meeting the emerging challenges of proteomics led to the development of a new class of oligonucleotide-based reagents. Natural and derivatized nucleic acid aptamers are emerging as promising alternatives to monoclonal antibodies. Aptamers can be effectively used to simultaneously detect thousands of proteins in multiplex discovery platforms, where antibodies often fail due to cross-reactivity problems. Through chemical modification, vast range of additional functional groups can be added at any desired position in the oligonucleotide sequence, therefore the best features of small molecule drugs, proteins, and antibodies can be brought together into aptamers, making aptamers the most versatile reagent in proteomics. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in aptamer technology, including new selection methods and the aptamers' application in proteomics.
Modeling the strain-rate dependence of fatigue life of hot-pressed silicon nitride

This paper presents the results of a micromechanical model used to explain the strain-rate dependence of the compression fatigue lives of amorphous and crystalline grain boundary phase; denoted by ABP and CBP silicon nitrides, respectively. When the strain-rate is changed from 400 to 0.01/s, the fatigue lives of both materials, evaluated at a peak stress of 3.2 GPa, increased by more than two orders of magnitude (Sharma et al. (1996a,b)). The model is based on the dynamic and quasi-static microstructural damage mechanisms observed in both materials. The microstructure of ABP and CBP silicon nitrides is modeled as a simple composite in which silicon nitride grains are embedded in a continuous network of the grain boundary phase. Since the subsurface fatigue cracks in both materials nucleate mainly from the contact region between silicon nitride grains, contact stresses between adjacent silicon nitride grains are obtained, and the frequency dependence of the fatigue lives of ABP and CBP silicon nitrides is explained on the basis of the strain-rate sensitivity of the grain boundary phase.
Non-existence of certain perfect binary arrays

A perfect binary array (PBA) is an r-dimensional matrix with elements ± 1 such that all out-of-phase periodic autocorrelation coefficients are zero. The two smallest sizes for which the existence of a PBA is undecided, 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 9 and 4 × 3 × 3 × 9, are ruled out using computer search and a combinatorial argument.
Structures and processes of care in ambulatory oncology settings and nurse-reported exposure to chemotherapy

Purpose: Oncology nurses in ambulatory settings are at increased risk for unintentional chemotherapy exposure due to the large volumes of agents delivered and the absence of regulatory enforcement. Given the limited data regarding the correlates of exposure, the authors sought to identify the relationship between the organisational structures and processes of care in ambulatory oncology settings associated with increased risk of unintentional chemotherapy. Methods: Between April 2010 and June 2010, a statewide sample of oncology nurses were surveyed who reported their employment outside of hospital inpatient units (n¼1339). The survey examined the likelihood of self-reported exposure to chemotherapy as a function of perceived quality of the practice environment, nursing workload, and seven ambulatory chemotherapy administration safety standards. Results: The response rate was 30.4%, with minimal demographic differences observed between respondents and non-respondents. The overall rate of exposure to the skin or eyes in the past year was 16.9%. In multivariable logistic regression models that controlled for demographic characteristics and clustering of nurses in practices, the likelihood of exposure decreased when nurses reported adequate staffing and resources (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.73; p¼0.001), and when nurses reported that chemotherapy doses were verified by two nurses frequently or very frequently (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.59; p¼0.001). Conclusions: Oncology nurses in the ambulatory setting report substantial unintentional skin and eye exposure to chemotherapy. Ensuring adequate staffing and resources and adherence to recognised practice standards may protect oncology nurses from harm.
Evaluation of Osmotic Induction of Calcein Treatments for Marking Juvenile Walleyes

Abstract Osmotic induction of calcein was evaluated as a nonlethally detectable alternative to immersion in oxytetracycline for batch marking 42–58-d old walleyes Sander vitreus. A preliminary laboratory study and five larger-scale pond experiments were conducted to evaluate mark efficacy, mark retention, and tolerance to immersion in solutions of salt at 25 g/L or 50 g/L of water followed by immersion in a solution of calcein at 5 g/L of water. Walleyes became obviously stressed when immersed in the salt solutions, and mortalities immediately following the treatments ranged from 0% to 53%. All surviving walleyes possessed marks visible with a hand-held detector. However, the intensity of marks decreased exponentially on walleyes held in ponds, and only walleyes treated by initial immersion in the salt solution of 50 g/L possessed detectable marks when harvested 17–19 weeks posttreatment. The brightest marks occurred on structures most protected from sunlight. Marks on pelvic scales removed at time of cap...
TGF‐β1 perturbs vascular development and inhibits epithelial differentiation in fetal lung in vivo

Members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of polypeptides have been implicated in morphogenesis and differentiation in numerous tissues, including the lung. In order to further define effects of TGF-β signaling in lung morphogenesis, a constitutively active form of TGF-β1 was expressed in respiratory epithelial cells of the fetal mouse lung in vivo. Expression of TGF-β1 arrested lung morphogenesis in the pseudoglandular stage of development, inhibiting synthesis of differentiation-dependent proteins, SP-B, SP-C, and CCSP, and maintaining embryonic patterns of staining for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor-3β (HNF-3β). The pulmonary mesenchyme was thickened and vascular density was increased by TGF-β1. TGF-β1 decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) mRNA and protein, and the abundance of Flk-1 mRNA in the lung mesenchyme. Distribution of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1, a marker of pulmonary blood vessels, was altered, and ultrastructural studies demonstrated that TGF-β1 inhibited vascular development in the fetal lung. TGF-β1 perturbed both epithelial cell differentiation and formation of the pulmonary vasculature, supporting the concept that precise control of signaling via the TGF-β receptor pathway is critical for normal lung morphogenesis. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Principles and applications of fiber-optic Fabry-Perot sensors

Summary form only given. A versatile technology based upon the fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) is proving its merit in industrial sensing applications. The FFPI consists of two internal mirrors separated by a length L of single-mode optical fiber. A sensor head is designed such that the measurand of interest (e.g., pressure, strain, acceleration, magnetic field, temperature) affects the optical length of the interferometer. A signal conditioning unit that performs multiplexing and signal processing functions is capable of monitoring many sensors with a single distributed feedback laser and digital signal processor. An alternative monitoring scheme using a white light interferometry with a low coherence light source has also been demonstrated. Applications include monitoring gas pressure in engines, liquid pressure in pumps, strain in civil structures, defects in bearings, and vibration in rotating machinery. In extensive field tests, the engine pressure sensor has shown an unprecedented combination of accuracy and durability at high temperatures. Other advantages over competing technologies include high sensitivity, immunity from electromagnetic interference, small size, the ability to locate sensors far from monitoring equipment, and the potential for least-cost implementation through multiplexing and networking.