cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of the effects of dilution of dietary energy with olestra on energy intake

The non-absorbable substitute for dietary triacylglycerol, olestra, has been marketed in the United States for fifteen years. Olestra is comprised of sucrose with six to eight of its hydroxyl groups forming ester links with long-chain fatty acids. Because olestra is not hydrolyzed by fat-splitting enzymes in the small intestine, it is not absorbed from the small intestine into blood and tissues, and therefore provides no energy that can be utilized by the body. The hedonic properties of olestra with a specific fatty acid composition are similar to those of a triacylglycerol with the same fatty acid composition. Its use by consumers has been restricted by federal regulation to the commercial preparation of savory snack food items, principally as a frying medium for potato chips. An important question about the substitution of olestra for absorbable fat in the diet is whether the consumer will sense that a smaller amount of energy has been ingested. If it is sensed, thereby providing no satiation, then consuming additional energy in later meals will compensate for the removal of absorbable energy from the diet. If it is not sensed at all, then there is no compensation, and the person reduces caloric intake. This review first summarizes studies with olestra that have focused on its effect on the physiology of appetite. In general these studies have demonstrated that olestra does not influence signals of satiation including cholecystokinin and stomach emptying. The review then discusses studies of food consumption in experimental animals in which olestra was substituted for fat in the diet. Rodents have been repeatedly observed to compensate completely for the substitution of olestra for normal fat by eating more total diet. Most studies of the effect of olestra on human satiation have found incomplete or no compensation through additional energy consumption when olestra was substituted for dietary fat. In two clinical studies, however, complete compensation was observed, suggesting that experimental conditions and individual variability influence the ability to sense the substitution of olestra for absorbable fat. There is no evidence that dietary olestra causes consumption of more energy than would have been consumed without olestra in the diet. The data from animals and humans strongly suggest that the rodent is not a satisfactory model for the human in the determination of the extent of compensation by substitution of olestra for dietary fat.
Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) part I: effects on soil water and plant water uptake

We investigated the effects of winter and summer drought on plants of the Colorado Plateau in western North America. This winter-cold, summer-hot desert region receives both winter and summer precipitation. Droughts were imposed for two consecutive years using rainout shelters. Here, we examine drought effects on the hydrologic interactions between plants and soil. We chose three perennial species for this study, representing different rooting patterns and responsiveness to precipitation pulses: Oryzopsis hymenoides, a perennial bunch grass with shallow roots; Gutierrezia sarothrae, a subshrub with dimorphic roots; and Ceratoides lanata, a predominantly deep-rooted woody shrub. Drought effects on plant water status were qualitatively similar among species, despite morphological differences. Summer drought affected the water status of all species more negatively than winter drought. Isotopic analysis of stem water revealed that all three species took up deeper soil water under drought conditions and shallow soil water after a large rainfall event in summer. Thus all three species appeared to use the same water sources most of the time. However, after a particularly dry summer, only the deepest-rooted species continued to take up soil water, while the more shallow-rooted species were either dead or dormant. Our study suggests therefore that increased occurrence of summer drought could favor the most deep-rooted species in ecosystem.
Do Objects Depend on Structures

AbstractOntic structural realists hold that structure is all there is, or at least all there is fundamentally. This thesis has proved to be puzzling: What exactly does it say about the relationship...
SU-FF-I-101: Inverse Consistency Deformable Image Registration On Partially Matched Images

Purpose: For many RT applications, deformable image registrations (DIR) are often carried out between two images that only match partially. In addition, it is often desirable to use inverse consistency DIR to improve accuracy and to compute both the forward and backward deformation vector fields (DVF) simultaneously and consistently. Inverse consistency is especially important for adaptive radiotherapy applications because doses and structures need to be remapped between the planning image and the daily image using both forward and backward DVFs. Image mismatching (superior‐inferior coverage difference, field‐of‐view (FOV) cutoff, etc) makes it difficult for inverse consistency DIR algorithms which normally need both images to have matched image content and dimensions. Therefore, we propose a method in this study to perform inverse consistency DIR for these image mismatch situations. Method: Our method is based on the inverse consistency optical flow algorithm (Yang, PMB, 2008). The idea of allowing image mismatching is to extend the image volumes and define the extension voxel (outside the original image volume) values as NaN (not‐a‐number). NaN values are transparent to all floating‐point arithmetic computations in the DIR computation, including re‐sampling, interpolation, etc. With the NaN voxels, registrations are carried out with one additional rule that a NaN voxel can match any voxel. In this way, the matched sections of the images are registered properly, and the mismatched sections of the images are registered to NaN voxels. Results: We demonstrate the proposed method with Tomotherapy MVCT images with FOV cutoff problems and smaller volumetric coverage. Our results suggest that the proposed method could significantly improve image registration accuracy, especially near or in the mismatched image regions. Conclusion: This proposed method makes it possible to obtain inverse consistent DVFs on partially matched images that are usually difficult to register otherwise.
The needle in the haystack: application of breast fine-needle aspirate samples to quantitative protein microarray technology.

BACKGROUND. There is an unmet clinical need for economic, minimally invasive procedures that use a limited number of cells for the molecular profiling of tumors in individual patients. Reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPM) technology has been applied successfully to the quantitative analysis of breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers using frozen surgical specimens. METHODS. For this report, the authors investigated the novel use of RPPM technology for the analysis of both archival cytology aspirate smears and frozen fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples. RPPMs were printed with 63 breast FNA samples that were obtained before, during, and after treatment from 21 patients who were enrolled in a Phase II trial of neoadjuvant capecitabine and docetaxel therapy for breast cancer. RESULTS. Based on an MCF7 cell line model of breast adenocarcinoma, the sensitivity of the RPPM detection method was in the femtomolar range with a coefficient of variance <13.5% for the most dilute sample. Assay linearity was noted from 1.0 μg/μL to 7.8 ng/μL total protein/array spot (R2 = 0.9887) for a membrane receptor protein (epidermal growth factor receptor; R2 = 0.9935). CONCLUSIONS. The results from this study indicated that low-abundance analytes and phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated proteins in specimens that consist of a few thousand cells obtained through FNA can be quantified with RPPM technology. The ability to monitor the in vivo state of cell-signaling proteins before and after treatment potentially will augment the ability to design individualized therapy regimens through the mapping of aberrant cell-signaling phenotypes. The mapping of these protein pathways will further the development of rational drug targets. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society.
"Vector chromatography" : modeling micropatterned separation devices

Abstract A repetitive sequence of quiescent fluid layers of differing viscosities through which small spherical Brownian particles move is analyzed in order to illustrate in a simple context how the theory of macrotransport processes, a generalization of Taylor dispersion theory, may be employed to rigorously analyze spatially periodic micropatterned chromatographic separation devices for circumstances in which the solute species to be separated are animated by the action of species-specific external forces oriented asymmetrically relative to the body-fixed pattern. In the generic “vector” separation scheme, illustrated by our elementary example, the different species undergoing separation move, on average, in different directions relative to pattern-fixed axes, whence their chromatographic sorting is effected according to their different mean angular trajectories through the device. This scheme differs fundamentally from traditional “scalar” chromatographic separation schemes, wherein all species move on average parallel to the animating force (including circumstances in which they are passively entrained in a unidirectional solvent flow) and hence for which the sorting is effected by the relative speeds of the several species through the chromatographic column. Vector chromatography is quantified by two global “macrotransport coefficients”, namely the solute mobility dyadic M * (representing the tensor proportionality coefficient between the mean solute velocity vector Ū * and the external force vector F acting upon the solute molecules) and the dispersivity dyadic D * (resulting from the deviation of the instantaneous position of the particle from its mean position based upon its mean velocity vector). In the present example these coefficients are studied parametrically as functions of: (i) the orientation of the external force relative to the symmetry axis of the fluid layers; (ii) the local viscosity distribution within a layer; (iii) the vector particle Peclet number (constructed from the vector force, the length of the viscosity period, and the Boltzmann factor kT ); and (iv) the thermodynamic interphase solute partition distribution coefficient between the two fluid layers comprising a unit cell.
Comparison of two nonradiographic methods of predicting permanent tooth size in the mixed dentition

The determination of the tooth size-arch length discrepancy in the mixed dentition requires an accurate prediction of the mesiodistal widths of the unerupted permanent teeth. Three approaches have been used to estimate the mesiodistal crown widths of unerupted canines and premolars: (1) measurements from erupted teeth, (2) measurements from radiographs, and (3) a combination of measurements from erupted teeth and from radiographs of unerupted teeth. The purpose of this study was to compare two mixed dentition prediction methods that do not require the use of periapical radiographs of the unerupted permanent teeth. The two methods compared were the Tanaka/Johnston and the Boston University Prediction approaches. Records on 33 male and 22 female subjects who were participants in the Iowa Longitudinal Growth Study were used in the present study. The findings indicated that on the average the Tanaka/Johnston approach slightly overestimated the tooth size of the unerupted teeth (mean = 1.1 +/- 0.9 mm). On the other hand, the Boston University approach slightly underestimated the tooth size of the unerupted teeth (mean = -0.1 +/- 1.2 mm). The findings further indicated that there were statistically significant correlations between the predicted and actual tooth size. In general the r values were higher for the Tanaka/Johnston method than with the Boston University approach. The error involved in the use of the predicted equations was expressed as the standard error of the estimate. The present findings indicated that the standard error of the estimate for Tanaka/Johnston prediction equations ranged between 0.67 and 0.92 mm and the corresponding values for the Boston University equations ranged between 0.92 and 1.02 mm. Depending on the stage of dental development, i.e., which deciduous and permanent teeth are present, the Tanaka/Johnston approach can be used when the four mandibular incisors have completely erupted, whereas the Boston University approach can be used when all the deciduous canines and first molars are still present.
Space Velocities of Southern Globular Clusters. II. New Results for 10 Clusters

Absolute proper motions have been measured for 10 clusters, in addition to the sample of five clusters presented in an earlier paper. These newly measured clusters are NGC 1904 (M79), NGC 2298, NGC 4590 (M68), NGC 5139 (ω Cen), NGC 5897, NGC 6093 (M80), NGC 6121 (M4), NGC 6144, NGC 6809 (M55), and NGC 7099 (M30). The correction to absolute proper motion is determined based on galaxies, except for one field with high extinction, for which we used the Hipparcos system. This latter correction proves to be very useful for fields at low Galactic latitude, provided magnitude-dependent systematics are well controlled. The errors in absolute proper motion per cluster range between 0.4 and 1.0 mas yr-1. Space velocities are also determined, and the kinematics are briefly discussed; a companion paper will present a detailed analysis of orbits in conjunction with other physical parameters of clusters.
Ascaris suum: immunosuppression in mice during acute infection.

Abstract Mice inoculated by stomach intubation with 10,000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs, 4, 11, or 21 days before an intraperitoneal (ip) immunization with 2 × 108 sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) had reduced numbers of direct (IgM) splenic hemolytic plaques measured at 4 days after immunization and only a marginal reduction in indirect plaques (IgG) measured at 9 days after immunization. Lower dosages of Ascaris eggs or simultaneous inoculation of Ascaris eggs and SRBC did not suppress antibody responses to SRBC. No reduction in a secondary antibody response to SRBC injected 4 days after Ascaris inoculation was observed. IgM and IgG hemagglutinin titers, as distinguished by 2-mercaptoethanol sensitivity, were suppressed in mice injected ip with 108 SRBC 10 days following inoculation of 10,000 Ascaris eggs, but titers in both Ig classes were similar in infected and control mice injected with 2 × 109 SRBC. At Day 20, antibody titers following ip injection of 1.0 or 100 μg of ovalbumin in alum were reduced in mice infected with 10,000 Ascaris eggs 4 days before antigen injection. Contact hypersensitivity to oxazalone was not altered in mice sensitized at 5 or 14 days after inoculation of 10,000 Ascaris eggs. The delayed hypersensitivity response, measured by footpad swelling, to an optimum intravenous sensitizing dosage of SRBC was inhibited in mice sensitized 10 days after Ascaris infection, but not inhibited in mice sensitized at 21 or 32 days after infection. In contrast, the delayed hypersensitivity response to subcutaneous sensitization with SRBC 10 days after Ascaris infection was not altered.
Analytic Model Driven Organizational Design and Experimentation in Adaptive Command and Control

Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for the design of experiments to examine the organizational behavior of command and control teams operating in a complex mission environment. This methodology can be used to design an executable model for human-in-the-loop, model-based experiments that provide the necessary empirical components for current and future research in adaptive C2 architectures. The authors discuss a joint model of a mission and an organization to specify the structure of the mission, organizational constraints and processes, and the requirements for an organizational design. Their methodology illustrates the underlying principles that guide the design of organizations. The paper provides an analytical starting point for model-based experimental research on adaptive architectures. In coordination with companion empirical efforts, it seeks to integrate optimization, modeling, and simulation-based research efforts with psychology-based and experimental activities to conduct humans-in-the-loop, model-driven experiments studying adaptive C2 architectures. The proposed models drive the formulation of hypotheses, the determination of key variables and their values, and the prediction of organizational performance and the processes of adaptation. The generated measures of organizational performance provide a basis for post-experimental model-data comparison. In addition, the implementation of the design procedure in software allows one to estimate the optimal experimental conditions to test a specific hypothesis. The empirical findings will assist a modeler in identifying new design parameters affecting organizational performance to further study the dependency of organizational performance on the mission structure and on organizational design.
Long-term outcome of Boix-Ochoa and Nissen fundoplication in normal and neurologically impaired children

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the results of Boix-Ochoa and Nissen fundoplication performed in the authors' department in normal and neurologically impaired children. Methods: The medical records of all children who underwent fundoplication in the span of 10 years from 1988 to 1997 were reviewed. Boix-Ochoa procedure was the preferred operation before 1993. Since 1993, the Nissen fundoplication has been used as the operation of choice for surgical antireflux treatment. Results: A total of 109 fundoplications were performed during that period, of which 64.2% of the children involved were neurologically impaired. The Boix-Ochoa procedure and Nissen fundoplication were the 2 types of operations performed for antireflux surgical treatment. There were 22 recurrences of gastroesophageal reflux, 14 in the neurologically impaired group and 6 in the normal group. All except 2 recurrences were after the Boix-Ochoa procedure. Neurological impairment increased the morbidity rates after these procedures and dictated the effectiveness of the operation. Nissen fundoplication fared better in comparison with the Boix-Ochoa procedure in both the neurologically impaired and the normal group. Conclusions: Antireflux surgery is beneficial in children with significant gastroesophageal reflux, irrespective of their neurological status, although complications are more common in the neurologically impaired group. Nissen fundoplication is more effective and has fewer complications. J Pediatr Surg 35:1214-1216. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Osmium Alkyl and Silyl Derivatives with Cyclopentadienyl(phosphine) and Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl(phosphine) Ligand Sets

The preparation and characterization of new osmium(II) and osmium(IV) silyl derivatives containing the cyclopentadienyl(phosphine) and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl(phosphine) ligand sets are described. The osmium silyl complexes are prepared by thermal reactions of hydrosilanes with osmium(II) alkyl complexes of the type Cp‘(PR3)2OsCH2SiMe3 (Cp‘ = Cp, R = Ph (4), Me (5); Cp‘ = η5-C5Me5, R = Me (7)), which in turn are available via alkylation of the corresponding bromo complexes. The synthesis of alkyl derivatives of Cp(PR3)2Os (R = Ph, Me) requires the use of dialkylmagnesium reagents, while alkylation of the more electron-rich Cp*(PMe3)2Os system can be achieved using Grignard reagents. Additionally, reaction of Cp(PPh3)2OsBr with AgOTf (Tf = SO2CF3) affords the osmium(II) triflate complex Cp(PPh3)2OsOTf (2), which possesses a labile triflate group. The structure of complex 2 was determined by X-ray crystallography. Similar to their ruthenium analogs, the osmium(II) alkyl complexes 4, 5, and 7 thermally a...
Direct marketing attitudes

Abstract The study examines empirically consumers' attitudes toward direct marketing using a sample of 354 consumers. The sample was randomly drawn from a large southern metropolitan area. The study instrument comprised items developed from literature sources. Respondents' evaluations of the items were obtained through in-home personal interviews. Underlying the study is the hypothesis that consumers' attitudes toward direct marketing are a function of their shopping orientation and patronage intention, and that consumers' attitudes toward direct marketing, in turn, influence their patronage intention. The study results indicate that four of the five shopping orientation factors examined significantly underlie consumers' attitudes toward direct marketing, i.e., too much direct mail, like to examine product before purchase, retail people are pushy, and past direct marketing experience. The results also suggest that consumers' attitudes toward direct marketing significantly influence their intention to patronize direct marketing offerings but not vice versa. The industry implications of the findings are discussed.
Intraoperative and early complications ofstaging pelvic lymph node dissection in prostatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Pelvic lymphadenectomy is the final staging procedure before institution of therapy patients with clinically locally confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate, a normal acid phosphatase and a bone scan free of metastatic disease. The pathologic information it provides cannot be accurately acquired at the present time by any other method. Extraperitoneal lymphadenectomy is associated with some morbidity intraoperatively and in the early postoperative period. We enumerate our results with 284 extraperitoneal lymphadenectomies.
Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: Inhibition of eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase by NaF, pyrophosphate and cations

Abstract The nature and the role of eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase in rabbit reticulocyte lysates have been examined. The eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase is inhibited by a variety of divalent metal ions (Cd++>Ag++> Cu++>Pb++>Zn++>Co++>Sr++>Mo++) in lysates in situ . In addition, PPi, EDTA and NaF inhibit this enzyme. The eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase is also inhibited by NaHSO3 and Na2S2O5. Na2S2O5 is, however, more effective. Na2S2O5 has been found to be a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in lysates. This inhibition is associated with the phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of initiation factor eIF-2. eIF-2 overcomes this inhibition. These findings suggest that under optimum conditions of protein synthesis the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of eIF-2 are in a dynamic state of equilibrium in which dephosphorylation is favored. The inhibition of eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase by Na2S2O5 shifts this equilibrium in favor of eIF-2 phosphorylation, consequently, protein synthesis is inhibited. The sulfhydryl nature of eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase has been established.
Expansion of a Power System using Existing Switchgear

Today's power system engineer is often faced with expansion of his system with additions usually small, yet sometimes large. With the exception of brand new plants, he must utilize his existing power system equipment and add to it as necessary to increase its power handling capacity. Increased capacity nearly always means increased interrupting duty, and a problem comes with what to do with existing switchgear to prevent exceeding its fault-interrupting capability. A number of system tools or methods are outlined to aid the power system designer with sufficient choice to provide the optimum expansion while utilizing his existing switchgear equipment.
Evaluation of market efficiency for supplementary accounting disclosures: The case of pension assets and liabilities*

. This paper examines the extent to which stock prices fully reflected the off-balance-sheet item net over- (under-) funded pension liabilities during the four-year period 1979–82. The evidence suggests that the market was informationally inefficient and that it displayed a general underreaction relative to the net pension liability. Significant excess returns could have been earned by using the net pension liability as an instrument for portfolio selection. The empirical analysis fails to identify the existence of confounding variables such as beta risk, size, or industry effects. Resume. Les auteurs examinent dans quelle mesure le cours des actions a reflete l'evolution du poste net hors bilan de l'excedent (ou du deficit) de provisionnement de la dette au titre des regimes de retraite, pendant la periode de quatre ans ecoulee entre 1979 et 1982. Les constatations des auteurs laissent supposer que le marche etait inefficient sur le plan informationnel et qu'il a enregistre une reaction generale mitigee a la dette nette au titre des regimes de retraite. L'utilisation de la dette nette au titre des regimes de retraite comme critere de selection de portefeuilles aurait permis d'obtenir des rendements excedentaires importants. L'analyse empirique ne parvient pas a determiner l'existence de variables contradictoires telles que le risque Beta, la taille ou les effets du secteur.
Indomethacin Does Not Diminish the Pulmonary Vascular Response of the Fetus to Increased Oxygen Tension

Indomethacin Does Not Diminish the Pulmonary Vascular Response of the Fetus to Increased Oxygen Tension
Angels and Demons: Online Library Instruction the Jesuit Way

ABSTRACT Spirituality, reflection, community, and cura personalis are not terms generally associated with library instruction, but they are commonly found in discussions of Jesuit education. In order to develop a library instruction course for online graduate students, 2 librarians at Gonzaga University were required to take the Competency Assessment in Distributed Education Course Design Workshop developed by JesuitNET. Completion of the course portfolio involved thinking about desired competencies and evidence of student mastery, as well as reflecting on how the library course would adhere to themes of Jesuit pedagogy. Throughout the development of the research primer course, the efforts to unite spiritual contemplation and material content offered unusual challenges as did the demons of managing workload issues and dealing with academic protocol.
Preoperative Planning and Surgical Technique in the Management of Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures Using a Tapered Modular Fluted Prosthesis With Distal Fixation

The number of periprosthetic femoral fractures is on the rise with the increasing prevalence of primary and revision hip arthroplasty and the longer life expectancy of the population. The management of these fractures is difficult. We describe the preoperative planning and the operative technique for the management of Vancouver B2 and B3 fractures, using a tapered, fluted, modular, distally fixed, cementless stem. We reviewed the results of 14 patients who underwent revision arthroplasty with the above technique with Vancouver type B2 and B3 femoral fractures. The average age of the patient was 67.3 years. There were 12 Vancouver type B2 and 2 Vancouver type B3 fractures. The mean follow-up time was 3.34 years. The average operative time was 194 minutes and the average blood loss was 1007 mL. At the most recent follow-up of the patients, the mean Harris hip score was 83.9. Radiographic evaluation revealed periprosthetic fracture union in all the cases and no hips showed subsidence beyond 2 mm. There were 2 cases of dislocation of the hip joint and 2 cases of superficial wound infection. This technique has proven to be reliable in the treatment of difficult fractures in this population.
Myths and the prehistory of grammars

Only a small number of the world's languages have any kind of recorded history over more than a few generations, and in no case do records go back more than a few thousand years. From some perspectives, this doesn't matter. There are plenty of grammars to write and plenty of changes to describe accurately and then to explain in these recorded histories. Explanations for structural changes may be grounded in grammatical theory, and careful examination of historical changes, where the goal is explanation for how and why they happened, sometimes leads to innovations in grammatical theory, illuminating the nature of grammatical categories or the conditions for movement operations, for example. That has been the focus of some work on language change and data from changes have been used to argue for claims not only about grammatical theory but also about language acquisition, that children learn only from simple structures (DEGREE-O COMPLEX) and that acquisition is cue-based (Lightfoot I99I, I999). That is not to say, of course, that these propositions could not have been based on other kinds of data, but the fact is that they were based on analyses of historical change. From analyses of historical changes, we have learned things about the nature of the language faculty and about how it develops in children, unhampered by the limited inventory of changes. The limits on the records of human language history, however, are a problem if one is interested in inductive generalizations about possible changes. In that case, one might seek to extend the available data about change by reconstructing changes which occurred prehistorically, i.e. before we have attestation in written records. This involves postulating a protolanguage and the changes which mapped that proto-language into the
Voiding after Burch colposuspension and effects of concomitant pelvic surgery: correlation with preoperative voiding mechanism.

Objective : To determine if concomitant abdominal hysterecomy, posterior colporrhaphy, or preoperative voiding mechanism adversely affect the duration of voiding dysfunction experienced after Burch colposuspension. Methods : A retrospective review was conducted of 154 consecutive women with genuine stress incontinence managed by Burch colposuspension over 4 years. Fifty-three (35%) women underwent colposuspension alone, 33 (22%) underwent colposuspension with posterior colpoperineorhaphy, and 68 (44%) underwent colposuspension with total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). A suprapubic Foley catheter was placed after all operations and removed when the post-void residual urine reached 20% or less of the volume voided on two consecutive attempts. Results : Women who underwent colposuspension alone, colposuspension with posterior colpoperineorrhaphy, and colposuspension with TAH required a mean duration of 4.3, and 4.8 days of postoperative bladder drainage, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Women who voided with Valsalva maneuver without a detrusor contraction took significantly longer to resume normal micturition than did those who voided with a detrusor contraction with or without Valsalva maneuver, or urethral relaxation alone (mean 9.0 days compared with 3.6, 4.7, and 4.8 days, respectively; P Conclusion : Concomitant abdominal hysterectomy or posterior colpoperineorrhaphy did not prolong voiding dysfunction after colposuspension. Women who voided with valsalva maneuver and without a detrusor contraction took significantly longer to resume normal micturition after colposuspension with or without concomitant TAH.
Potential Benefits of Agricultural Research and Extension in Peru

The benefits of agricultural research and extension are examined in an ex ante consumer-producer surplus framework for five commodities in Peru. The effects of demand shifts over time and government pricing policies on research and extension benefits are considered. Data for the analysis include the results of research and extension questionnaires administered at seven sites in Peru. The projected rates of return to research and extension indicate substantial returns to public investments.
Aggregation and solvation of 9-propylfluorenyllithium and of α,ω-BIS(9-fluorenyllithium)polymethylenes in toluene

Bolaform salts of the type Li+,Fl−(CH2)n Fl−,Li+ (Fl− = 9-fluorenyl, n = 2,4 or 6), when dissolved in toluene, were shown to be present as intramolecular aggregates (λm 370 nm) which can be broken up on addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) or tetrahydropyran (THP) to form solvated tight ion pairs (λm 361 nm) and loose ion pairs (λm 386 nm). For n = 6 the ratio K1/K2 of the loose ion pair formation constants for the two terminal ion pairs is close to the statistical factor 4, but for n = 2 the ratio is only 0.3. This is attributed to a higher stability of the intramolecular aggregate for this compound. The data for the bolaform salts were compared with those obtained for the one ended salt 9-(n-propyl)-fluorenyllithium. For the latter compound, an equilibrium between the monomeric ion pair (λm 353 nm) and the dimeric ion pair aggregate (λm 370 nm) was found, the dissociation constant Kd being 2.9 X 10−6 M. Addition of THP produces the THP solvated tight ion pair (λm 361 nm) and the loose ion pair (λm 386 nm).
Comparison of two brief parent-training interventions for child distress during parent-administered needle procedures

This randomized clinical trial employed a 2-group (general child behavior management training vs. distraction for pain management training) design across repeated parent-administered needle procedures. Forty-seven children with a chronic illness requiring recurrent injections were observed at baseline and 2 intervention sessions. Videotaped observations of parent–child interactions were coded for child behavioral distress and parents' use of behavior management strategies. Across groups, many children displayed minimal to no distress at baseline. Among participants with significant distress, neither intervention group displayed consistently decreased procedural distress or increased use of child behavior management strategies.
Studies on Cell Growth and Cell Division III: Action of Azaserine on Cell Division

The inhibitory action of azaserine on cell division of heat treated Tetrabymena pyriformis in a nutrient-free medium is not reversed by either glutamine or formylglycinamide riboside, but is completely reversed by phenylalanine. These findings support our previous report that azaserine exerts its selective inhibitory action on cell division by some means other than by inhibition of any one of those intermediate steps involved in purine synthesis. Diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON), an antibiotic with a close structural analogy to azaserine, has essentially the same biologic activity on cell growth and cell division. Diazouracil, a pyrimidine derivative, inhibits both cell growth and cell division.
From Expeditions to Exhibitions: Circulation of Anthropological Knowledge in Copán, Honduras

: [commentary, circulation, Copan, Peabody Museum, archaeology, community, identity, Fragile Memories]
A Natural Experiment on Residential Change and Recidivism: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina

Ex-prisoners tend to be geographically concentrated in a relatively small number of neighborhoods within the most resource deprived sections of metropolitan areas. Furthermore, many prisoners return “home” to the same criminogenic environment with the same criminal opportunities and criminal peers that proved so detrimental prior to incarceration. Yet estimating the causal impact of place of residence on the likelihood of recidivism is complicated by the issue of selection bias. In this study, I use a natural experiment as a means of addressing the selection issue and examine whether the migration of ex-prisoners away from their former place of residence will lead to lower levels of recidivism. In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina ravaged the Louisiana Gulf Coast, damaging many of the neighborhoods where ex-prisoners typically reside. The residential destruction resulting from Hurricane Katrina is an exogenous source of variation that influences where a parolee will reside upon release from prison. Findings ...
Immune privilege as the result of local tissue barriers and immunosuppressive microenvironments

As the cellular and molecular bases of immune privilege are elucidated experimentally, the phenomenon emerges as an active and dynamic exercise in immune regulation. Local tissue factors play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of privilege, particularly tissue cytokines and mediators within the local microenvironment, which modify both the induction and expression of immunity to antigens that are introduced into, or arise within, privileged sites.
Efficacy and safety of intravenous voriconazole and intravenous itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome.

To compare the efficacy and safety of voriconazole with itraconazole as prophylaxis in leukemia patients. Open-label, randomized study. Patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing induction chemotherapy or first salvage were eligible. Patients received voriconazole (400 mg intravenous (IV) every 12 h for two doses, followed by 300 mg BID) or itraconazole (200 mg IV twice daily for 2 days, followed by 200 mg IV daily). A total of 127 patients were enrolled. Four were excluded because they did not receive study drug (n = 3) or received two antifungal agents during the first week on study (n = 1), leaving 123 patients for analysis. None of the 71 patients receiving voriconazole developed proven or probable invasive fungal infection, compared to two (4%) of the 52 patients receiving itraconazole (P = 0.17). Drug discontinuation because of adverse events occurred in 15 patients (21%) receiving voriconazole and six (11%) receiving itraconazole (P = 0.23). Voriconazole is a good alternative for prophylaxis in patients with leukemia. Elevated baseline bilirubin levels were associated with a higher risk of side effects in patients receiving IV voriconazole or IV itraconazole. Monitoring of liver function and drug levels should be considered for some patients.
Quality assessment and improvement activities should be incorporated into our pain practices

Abstract Changes in medical practice are encouraging physicians and others involved in pain medicine to better understand and attempt to manage the relationships of cost, value, quality, and appropriateness of care provided to patients with pain. It is important for us to understand the societal dynamic energizing these changes, if we are to have available the resources necessary to provide pain care to these patients. Pain medicine is especially vulnerable to quality-related misunderstandings, since pain is difficult to quantify and, for many physicians and laypersons, poorly and incompletely understood. The author believes the most practical way of communicating this needed information is to use existing accreditation bodies to assist in communicating information about pain medicine. The focus article will briefly outline some broad concepts about the history of quality monitoring, the development of accrediting bodies, the evaluation of pain medicine quality programs, and, finally, hints on incorporating these concepts into practice.
Autonomy and question asking: The role of personal control in guided student-generated questioning

Abstract University students in small groups used a question-asking strategy to guide their discussion of material presented in class lectures. Students in a learner-controlled condition used thought-provoking generic question stems to guide them in generating their own discussion questions specific to the lecture, whereas those in an experimenter-controlled condition were provided with similar lecture-specific questions generated by students in the same course during the previous semester using identical question stems. Students in both conditions posed their questions to their small-group peers and answered each other's questions. On tests of lecture comprehension students who generated their own questions outperformed students provided with others' questions. Locus of control was also a predictor of performance. Internals allowed to generate their own questions performed better on comprehension tests than internals provided with others' questions. Because of its small n, this study must be considered a pilot; however, results of this study do suggest that learner control in guided questioning may be a beneficial feature of that strategy, at least for individuals with internal locus of control.
The Effect of Multinationality on Security Analyst Underreaction

Previous research presented evidence of bias and positive serial correlation in forecast errors suggesting that analysts do not properly recognize the time–series properties of earnings when setting expectations of future earnings. A reason for the security analyst underreaction is the level of multinationality of the firm’s activities. This study shows that analysts underreact to prior information more as the level of multinationality of the firm examined increases.
VForce: An environment for portable applications on high performance systems with accelerators

Special Purpose Processors (SPPs), including Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), are increasingly being used to accelerate scientific applications. VForce aims to aid application programmers in using such accelerators with minimal changes in user code. VForce is an extensible middleware framework that enables VSIPL++ (the Vector Signal Image Processing Library extension) programs to transparently use Special Purpose Processors (SPPs) while maintaining portability across platforms with and without SPP hardware. The framework is designed to maintain a VSIPL++-like environment and hide hardware-specific details from the application programmer while preserving performance and productivity. VForce focuses on the interface between application code and accelerator code. The same application code can run in software on a general purpose processor or take advantage of SPPs if they are available. VForce is unique in that it supports calls to both FPGAs and GPUs while requiring no changes in user code. Results on systems with NVIDIA Tesla GPUs and Xilinx FPGAs are presented. This paper describes VForce, illustrates its support for portability, and discusses lessons learned for providing support for different hardware configurations at run time. Key considerations involve global knowledge about the relationship between processing steps for defining application mapping, memory allocation, and task parallelism.
Acceleration of Osteogenic Differentiation of Preosteoblastic Cells by Chitosan Containing Nanofibrous Scaffolds

To accelerate bone tissue formation, scaffolds better provide stimulatory niches to the residing cells for osteogenic differentiation. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers containing various amounts of chitosan (0, 3, 9, and 23%) were prepared and evaluated for their osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts in 2D and 3D cultures. Characterization of the obtained nanofibers revealed that average fiber diameter, hydrophilicity, Young's modulus, and fiber degradation were closely correlated with the amount of chitosan in PCL nanofibers. Incorporation of chitosan in PCL nanofibers not only improved the adhesion and proliferation of MC 3T3-E1 cells but also elevated calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the expression of osteopontin (OPN) compared to PCL alone nanofibers. Culture of cell-rich 3D constructs prepared by layer-by-layer assembling MC 3T3-E1 with chitosan containing PCL nanofibers led to a uniform tissue formation with significant mineralization at 21 days. In all, chitosan containing PCL nanofibers are superior to PCL nanofibers in promoting bone tissue formation.
Factors Influencing a Motorist's Ability to Detect Deer at Night

Abstract Most deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) occur at night when deer are active and the ability of motorists to see them is impaired. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of motorists to detect deer at night and examine select factors which may influence detection distances. We examined the ability of motorists to detect deer at night and the factors that influence detection using deer decoys, volunteer motorists, and a series of driving courses. Deer decoys were detected at significantly greater distances when located on the right rather than on the left side of the road and when
Distribution of Frequencies of Spontaneous Oscillations in Hair Cells of the Bullfrog Sacculus

Under in vitro conditions, free-standing hair bundles of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus have exhibited spontaneous oscillations. We used a high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor camera to track the active movements of multiple hair cells in a single field of view. Our techniques enabled us to probe for correlations between pairs of cells, and to acquire records on over 100 actively oscillating bundles per epithelium. We measured the statistical distribution of oscillation periods of cells from different areas within the sacculus, and on different epithelia. Spontaneous oscillations exhibited a peak period of 33 ms (+29 ms, −14 ms) and uniform spatial distribution across the sacculus.
Application of generalized ellipsometry to anisotropic crystals

The technique of generalized ellipsometry is briefly reviewed. An improved criterion for computing the normalized 2 × 2 complex reflection matrix of an anisotropic surface from multiple-null ellipsometer measurements (in excess of three) is given. Generalized ellipsometry, together with the recently developed 4 × 4-matrix methods for the study of the reflection and transmission of polarized light by stratified anisotropic media, provide the basic tools to carry out and to interpret ellipsometric measurements on anisotropic structures. As an example, the case of uniaxial (absorbing) crystals, with the optic axis parallel to the surface, is considered. From three or more null measurements at a single unknown orientation of the optic axis, the five parameters (the ordinary and extraordinary complex indices of refraction and the angle of inclination of the optic axis from the plane of incidence) that characterize a uniaxial crystal of calcite are all determined.
Friction Stir Processing of Investment-Cast Ti-6Al-4V: Microstructure and Properties

Investment-cast titanium components are becoming increasingly common in the aerospace industry due to the ability to produce large, complex, one-piece components that were previously fabricated by mechanically fastening multiple pieces together. The fabricated components are labor-intensive and the fastener holes are stress concentrators and prime sites for fatigue crack initiation. The castings are typically hot-isostatically-pressed (HIP) to close internal porosity, but have a coarse, fully lamellar structure that has low resistance to fatigue crack initiation. The as-cast + HIP material exhibited 1- to 1.5-mm prior β grains containing a fully lamellar α + β microstructure consistent with slow cooling from above the β transus. Friction stir processing (FSP) was used to locally modify the microstructure on the surface of an investment-cast Ti-6Al-4V plate. Friction stir processing converted the as-cast microstructure to fine (1- to 2-μm) equiaxed α grains. Using micropillars created with a dual-beam focused ion beam device, it was found that the fine-grained equiaxed structure has about a 12 pct higher compressive yield stress. In wrought products, higher strength conditions are more resistant to fatigue crack initiation, while the coarse lamellar microstructure in the base material has better fatigue crack growth resistance. In combination, these two microstructures can increase the fatigue life of titanium alloy castings by increasing the number of cycles prior to crack initiation while retaining the same low-crack growth rates of the colony microstructure in the remainder of the component. In the current study, high-cycle fatigue testing of investment-cast Ti-6Al-4V was performed on four-point bend specimens. Early results show that FSP can increase fatigue strength dramatically.