cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child care policy reform and the employment of single mothers

Objective. We estimate how the expansion of public child care subsidies from 1991–1996 contributed to single mothers' employment rates, controlling for other policy changes. Methods. Using new measures of child care spending that distinguish between subsidies for welfare-reliant and working-poor families, we compare their effect on the employment rates of single mothers with young children to those without. Results. We find that spending on child care subsidies for working families had substantial and significant positive effects on the employment of single mothers with young children. Conclusions. Dollar for dollar, the effects of child care subsidies were similar to, or greater than, those associated with tax policy changes. However, because increases in tax benefits dwarf those in child care subsidies and because one-half of all means-tested child care subsidies were directed toward welfare-reliant families, tax policies are estimated to explain a larger share of the growth in single mothers' employment during the 1990s.
Coupling of Alkynyl Ligands at a Quadruply Bonded Molybdenum Dimer

The complex [Mo2(C≡CSiMe3)3(μ,η2:η2-HC≡CSiMe3){μ,η1-CC(SiMe3)-η2-C⋮CSiMe3}(μ-dmpm)2][Li(dme)] ([1][Li(dme)]; dmpm = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)methane, dme = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) was prepared in 32% yield from the reaction between Mo2Cl4(dmpm)2, LiCCSiMe3, and HCCSiMe3 in dme. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of [1][Li(dme)0.5(OEt2)0.5] revealed that 1 contains an alkynylvinylidene ligand derived from the head-to-tail coupling of two alkynyl ligands.
Revisiting the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.

Background: The relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease has been a subject of reviews and debates for long time, but there is now growing evidence that the two common movement disorders are pathogenically related, at least in some patient populations. Methods: PubMed as well as authors' own files were searched for relevant keywords regarding overlap between the disorders in clinical features as well as on epidemiologic, genetic, imaging, and pathological studies. Results: New findings in each of these categories are critically reviewed and placed in the context of previously published data. DISCUSSION: Although we believe that there is compelling evidence for the notion that some patients with “pure” ET evolve into PD, the biologic nature of the association is not well understood. Furthermore, it is not clear what factors predict which ET patients later develop PD and whether patients with PD are more likely to develop ET. Further epidemiologic, clinical, genetic, imaging, and pathological studies are needed to better understand this mixed, ET-PD phenotype. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Creating a Vision for the Future: Key Competencies and Strategies for Culturally Competent Practice With Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Older Adults in the Health and Human Services

Sexual orientation and gender identity are not commonly addressed in health and human service delivery, or in educational degree programs. Based on findings from Caring and Aging with Pride: The National Health, Aging and Sexuality Study (CAP), the first national federally-funded research project on LGBT health and aging, this article outlines 10 core competencies and aligns them with specific strategies to improve professional practice and service development to promote the well-being of LGBT older adults and their families. The articulation of key competencies is needed to provide a blueprint for action for addressing the growing needs of LGBT older adults, their families, and their communities.
Revision of Holarctic Teleiodini (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The 25 genera of Teleiodini (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) occurring in the Holarctic Region are revised. A new genus and new species, Arcutelphusa talladega, are described from Alabama and Mississippi, United States. Evippe Chambers (1873a) is synonymized with Agnippe Chambers (1872a), Hapalosaris Meyrick (1917) is synonymized with Coleotechnites Chambers (1880b), and Laris Omelko (1988) is synonymized with Parastenolechia Kanazawa (1985). Telphusa is restricted to three species, and Teleiodes is restricted to four species. A key to genera and a checklist of species, which includes 28 new combinations, are provided. Each generic treatment includes descriptions of imagos, including venation and genitalia, and immature stages so far as known, larval hosts, diversity and distribution, and illustrations of selected species.
A lightweight kernel for the Harness metacomputing framework

Harness is a pluggable heterogeneous distributed virtual machine (DVM) environment for parallel and distributed scientific computing. This paper describes recent improvements in the Harness kernel design. By using a lightweight approach and moving previously integrated system services into software modules, the software becomes more versatile and adaptable. This paper outlines these changes and explains the major Harness kernel components in more detail. A short overview is given of ongoing efforts in integrating RMIX, a dynamic heterogeneous reconfigurable communication framework, into the Harness environment as a new plug-in software module. We describe the overall impact of these changes and how they relate to other ongoing work.
Consumptions of plain water, moisture in foods and beverages, and total water in relation to dietary micronutrient intakes and serum nutrient profiles among US adults.

OBJECTIVE To investigate water contributors in relation to dietary and serum micronutrient profiles. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. The main exposures were water contributors. Selected dietary and serum micronutrient levels were outcome measures. Settings The US population and its subgroups. SUBJECTS US adults (n 2691) aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. RESULTS The daily mean total water intake was 3.1 (se 0.047) litres, with 68 % of adults consuming below the Adequate Intake level. Total water intake was higher in adults with higher BMI and physical activity, those taking dietary supplements and alcohol consumers (P < 0.05). Plain water intake was positively associated with food moisture and negatively with beverage moisture (P < 0.001). Beverage moisture was negatively associated with food moisture (P < 0.001). In multivariate regression analyses, plain water and food moisture intakes were positively associated with Fe, Ca, vitamins A, B, C, E and K and carotenoid intakes (P < 0.05). However, beverage moisture was unrelated to Ca, niacin and vitamin B6 intakes, and negatively associated with Fe, vitamin A, folate, vitamins C, E and K and carotenoid intakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of serum vitamins A and C and carotenoids increased with plain water and food moisture intakes (P < 0.05) but decreased (P < 0.01) or were unrelated to beverage moisture intake. CONCLUSIONS Various contributors of total water intake differed in their associations with dietary and serum micronutrient profiles in US adults. The study provides evidence of plain water benefits on micronutrient adequacy over beverages.
A note on latent heat transport in nucleate boiling

A simple one-dimensional transport calculation is made which indicates that latent heat transport, by simultaneous evaporation and condensation at different portions of the bubble surfaces, can account for the major portion of the total heat flux in the neighborhood of the departure from subcooled nucleate boiling (burnout). This differs from the previously held view that the stirring action of the bubbles accounted for most of the heat flow in subcooled nucleate boiling. Other evidence is discussed which favors the latent heat transport theory.
A hybridization of Mathematical Programming and search techniques for integrated operation and workforce planning

Decision-support tools are essential to assist planners when scheduling operations in complex systems. It is critical that real-world operational and workforce details be taken into account when constructing models of the system, so as to ensure the feasibility and implementability of the final solution. However, the level of detail can greatly impact the tractability of the model - for example, increased modeling complexity can decrease the performance of mathematical programming (MP) techniques. Furthermore, high levels of detail are often important for ensuring feasibility but may not dramatically impact system cost. This research is motivated by our efforts to develop decision-support tools that simultaneously create workforce and detailed operational plans. The focus of this paper is to solve the first phase of an integrated workforce and operation plan, that is, to determine the minimum amount of time workers are required to meet demand. In our initial experience, we were able to model the real-world problem with sufficient accuracy, but found that MP approaches to finding optimal solutions to this model were inefficient. In this paper, we describe how using MP to find feasible solutions, then embedding these feasibility problems in a search-based algorithm, allowed us to find high-quality solutions. We present the general model and algorithm and then an automotive supply chain example to illustrate this technique.
Importance of flow and particle-scale heterogeneity on CoII/IIIEDTA reactive transport

The effect of flow and particle-scale heterogeneity on the applicability of batch-derived reaction networks for CoII/IIIEDTA interaction with synthetic and natural Fe oxide-containing subsurface sediments was evaluated using batch and column systems. At pH 4.5 and 6.5, CoIIEDTA reactions with sediments involved adsorption (within 0.2 to 2 h), followed by iron dissolution, forming Co2+ and FeIIIEDTA (within 10 to 300 h) and oxidation, forming CoIIIEDTA (within 5 to 50 h). Reaction parameters that were based upon numerous batch experiments, in some cases, poorly described reactive transport in columns. For five sediment/pH combinations, column breakthrough could be well described with systematic change in some reaction parameters which included: slower metal–EDTA adsorption rates; a greater number of adsorption sites; slower iron dissolution; and faster oxidation. Additional simulations were used to determine the significance and uncertainty in determining these reaction parameters in the 15-reaction system with 22 species. Simulations that incorporated particle-scale heterogeneity with spatial distributions of adsorption site density, affinity, and rate could reproduce the column/batch trends that were observed, indicating that spatial averaging across reactive and nonreactive surface sites results in different single-valued reaction parameters needed to describe the column system as an equivalent porous media. The impact of solute advection and additional mass transfer in columns on accurately predicting column behavior with batch-derived parameters was not responsible for the batch to column disparity. This study demonstrates that while the nature of the reaction network (i.e. reaction identity and stoichiometry) is identical in batch and column systems, development of transport-relevant reaction parameters is needed for nonlinear reactions as particle-scale heterogeneities can significantly influence the apparent manifestation of the reaction network during advective flow.
Pitfalls of information access with visualizations in remote collaborative analysis

In a world of widespread information access, information can overwhelm collaborators, even with visualizations to help. We extend prior work to study the effect of shared information on collaboration. We analyzed the success and discussion process of remote pairs trying to identify a serial killer in multiple crime cases. Each partner had half of the evidence, or each partner had all the available evidence. Pairs also used one of three tools: spreadsheet only (control condition), unshared visualizations, or shared visualization. Visualizations improved analysis over the control condition but this improvement depended on how much evidence each partner had. When each partner possessed all the evidence with visualizations, discussion flagged and pairs showed evidence of more confirmation bias. They discussed fewer hypotheses and persisted on the wrong hypothesis. We discuss the possible reasons for this phenomenon and implications for design of remote collaboration systems to incorporate awareness of intermediate processes important to collaborative success.
Diagnostics and Prognostics for Safe and Secure Operation of Small Modular Reactors

Sustainable nuclear power to promote energy security is a key national energy priority. The development of small modular reactors (SMRs) is expected to provide the United States with an economically viable energy option that supports this priority. Small modular reactors (SMR) are typically defined as nuclear reactors that have electrical output less than about 300 MWe [1]. In recent years, SMRs are seeing renewed interest due to several factors: 1. Economy of scale. Modular or grid-appropriate reactors can be used to expand power plants to meet needs [2], resulting in potential economies of scale that larger reactors cannot easily provide. 2. Ease of fabrication/construction. The forging capabilities for the smaller reactor pressure vessels and piping necessary for SMRs are more readily available. This also enables potentially faster and easier construction of SMRs. 3. Usually grid-following. SMRs can ramp up or down production of electricity as needed as the modular design allows for better control of grid-appropriate reactors. 4. Improved safety characteristics. Most current SMR designs rely on passive rather than active safety systems.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Nucleation Behavior and Morphology of Chemically‐Vapor‐Deposited Zirconia on Hi‐Nicalon Fiber and Si

A ZrO2 coating was prepared on Hi-Nicalon fiber and single-crystal Si by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using ZrCl4, CO2, and H2 as precursors at 1050°C. The effects of oxygen partial pressure on the nucleation behavior of the CVD-ZrO2 coating were systematically studied by intentionally varying the controlled amount of O2 into the CVD chamber. Characterization results suggested that the number density of tetragonal ZrO2 nuclei apparently decreased with increasing the oxygen partial pressure from 4 × 10−3 to 1.6 Pa. Also, the coating layer became more columnar and contained larger monoclinic ZrO2 grains. The observed relationships between the oxygen partial pressure and the nucleation and morphologic characteristics of the ZrO2 coating were attributed to the grain size and oxygen deficiency effects, which have been previously reported to cause the stabilization of the tetragonal ZrO2 phase in bulk ZrO2 specimens.
Pediatric specific shock index accurately identifies severely injured children.

Abstract Introduction Shock index (SI) (heart rate/systolic blood pressure) >0.9 predicts mortality in adult trauma patients. We hypothesized that age adjusted SI could more accurately predict outcomes in children. Methods Retrospective review of children age 4–16years admitted to two trauma centers between 1/07 and 6/13 following blunt trauma with an injury severity score (ISS) >15 was performed. We evaluated the ability of SI >0.9 at emergency department presentation and elevated shock index, pediatric age adjusted (SIPA) to predict outcomes. SIPA was defined by maximum normal HR and minimum normal SBP by age. Cutoffs included SI >1.22 (age 4–6), >1.0 (7–12), and >0.9 (13–16). Results Among 543 children, 50% of children had an SI>0.9 but this fell to 28% using age adjusted SI (SIPA). SIPA demonstrated improved discrimination of severe injury relative to SI: ISS>30: 37% vs 26%; blood transfusion within the first 24hours: 27% vs 20%; Grade III liver/spleen laceration requiring blood transfusion: 41% vs 26%; and in-hospital mortality: 11% vs 7%. Conclusion A pediatric specific shock index (SIPA) more accurately identifies children who are most severely injured, have intraabdominal injury requiring transfusion, and are at highest risk of death when compared to shock index unadjusted for age.
MUTATIONS OF BACTERIA FROM VIRUS SENSITIVITY TO VIRUS RESISTANCE

This article reported Luria and Delbruck's breakthrough study in which they established that viruses do not induce mutations in bacteria, but that virus-resisting mutations are spontaneous. Their "fluctuation test" theory demonstrated that bacteria were ideal subjects for genetic research.
Investigating the Monophyly of Pellaea (Pteridaceae) in the Context of a Phylogenetic Analysis of Cheilanthoid Ferns

Abstract Cheilanthoid ferns have a worldwide distribution and are found in rocky and seasonally dry habitats. Difficulty in deciphering natural lineages of cheilanthoids has been attributed to morphological convergence associated with adaptation to xeric environments. The goal of this study was to investigate the monophyly of the genus Pellaea by generating a DNA sequence-based cheilanthoid phylogeny. DNA sequences of the chloroplast rps4 gene and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer (IGS) were generated from 105 exemplars; chloroplast trnL-F IGS sequences were also generated from 60 of these samples. Results show that Pellaea sensu Tryon and Tryon is polyphyletic; Pellaea sections Holcochlaena and Ormopteris are distant relatives of sections Pellaea and Platyloma and have closer relationships with Doryopteris. A monophyletic circumscription of “pellaeoid” ferns is here defined to include traditional P. sect. Pellaea, P. sect. Platyloma, Astrolepis, and elements of Paragymnopteris and Paraceterach, all of which fo...
Book-Tax Conformity and the Corporate Tax Shelter Debate: Assessing the Proposed Section 475 Mark-to-Market Safe Harbor

Recent accounting scandals in which large corporations such as Enron and Freddie Mac have used complex financial products and transactions to puff or hide income, sometimes with the assistance of major financial institutions, have brought renewed attention to the relationship between financial and tax accounting. In an earlier article, I examined the ways that heightened disclosure and penalty requirements for aggressive tax transactions, coupled with cooperation between the SEC and the IRS and disclosure of certain tax information in SEC filings, could improve corporate governance and simultaneously discourage abusive tax transactions. This Article continues my examination of the relationship between financial accounting and tax issues in two ways. First, it examines the history of book-tax conformity proposals to determine the concerns most relevant to an assessment of conformity proposals. Second, it evaluates Treasury's conformity proposal for mark-to-market accounting of securities dealers' notional principal contracts in light of those concerns. In assessing particular conformity proposals, the Article concludes that the most important concerns are whether conformity enhances or reduces structural coherence and whether it supports the self-assessment principle underlying our voluntary compliance scheme. Especially problematic are conformity proposals in areas of rapid financial and tax innovation that significantly increase the potential for "self-help" manipulation of income determinations. Treasury's proposed safe harbor for marking securities to market falls short of the normative standards for conforming tax to financial accounting. The case for conformity in this context rests almost entirely on lessening dealers' compliance burdens by eliminating the need for separate tax valuations; yet, given the availability of commercial valuation programs and electronic data storage to these sophisticated financial intermediaries who must provide various kinds of information on their portfolio to different regulators, these potential burdens do not appear to merit significant weight. This is especially true where, as here, the financial accounting rules for marking to market do not provide the required assurance of consistency with income tax and anti-manipulation values. Furthermore, because a regulation project will be necessary even if the proposed mark-to-market safe harbor is adopted, the Article recommends that Treasury instead develop tailored regulatory guidance that establishes guidelines for permissible valuation methodologies. The Article concludes with some preliminary suggestions for areas that the regulations should cover and ways that the difficult issues such as credit risk adjustments might be addressed.
The Future of the Greens in the Obama Era

At the end of the 20th century, the American two-party system appeared to be in danger. In both 1992 and 2000, the presence a minor-party presidential candidate changed the outcome from what it would have been in a strict two-party contest. Three consecutive elections, 1992-2000, saw no majority of the popular vote.2 Many students of the US party system, including me, thought there was a serious possibility that one or both of the major parties would collapse or split, leading to the rise of a new, more representative party system.
13.4 A microwave injection-locking outphasing modulator with 30dB dynamic range and 22% system efficiency in 45nm CMOS SOI

High-capacity microwave systems demand high-efficiency transmit architectures that support complex waveforms with high peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) modulation. The outphasing scheme transforms the arbitrary amplitude and phase of a complex signal into two phase-modulated constant-envelope waveforms and allows the power amplifiers (PAs) to operate at peak power and efficiency while transmitting high PAPR waveforms. Recent work has adopted outphasing modulation with off-chip digital signal processing (DSP) [1–3], or with on-chip DSP approximations [4]. However, these approaches tend to require high power consumption and degrade the overall system power efficiency as symbol rates scale up.
Nonstoichiometry and Doping of Zinc Oxide

Contrary to the commonly accepted model, we conclude that the zinc interstitials in Zn1+xO are not ionized. Instead, the electron pair associated with the interstitial zinc is trapped in a metal—metal bond. The increase in conductivity on initial reduction of zinc oxide is associated with impurities such as silicon which are compensated by extra oxygen unless removed by reduction. Zinc oxide powders and thin films were prepared with the dopants B, Al, Ga, In, and Ge. By using high temperatures and highly reducing conditions, conductivities 1000 times higher than previously reported for powders were obtained for some of our powders.
Phylogenetic position of Arotis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).

The genus Arotis Mabille is removed from synonymy with Euphyes Scudder and is defined as a monophyletic unit including Arotis sirene Mabille, Arotis derasa (Herrich-Schaffer), n. comb., Arotis kayei (Bell), n. comb., Arotis mapirica (Bell), n. comb., Arotis pandora (Lindsey), n. comb., Arotis bryna (Evans), n. comb., and Arotis evansi (Mielke), n. comb. The genus Pereneia Lindsey is a junior subjective synonym of Arotis . Based upon a phylogenetic analysis, I suggest that Problema Skinner and Williams is the sister group of Arotis and that these two genera together form the sister group of Euphyes .
An Offer They Can't Refuse: Teaching Persuasive Writing Through a Settlement Offer Email Assignment

This article discusses the use of a settlement offer assignment in a first-year legal writing course.
The effect of massive doses of cortisone on the peripheral blood and bone marrow of the mouse.

1. The subcutaneous administration of a single massive dose of cortisone to mature male albino mice produces: (1) A prompt and prolonged fall in the level of circulating lymphocytes and eosinophils which persists as long as nine days after the administration of the hormone. (2) A granulocytopenia which resolves at two days and is accompanied by a period of bone marrow blocking followed by resumption of delivery and myeloid hyperplasia. 2. No inhibitory effect of cortisone on cell proliferation is seen in the bone marrow. 3. There is no change in hemoglobin concentration following cortisone treatment. 4. Adult male albino mice are satisfactory animals for serial observations of the effect of cortisone on the circulating blood elements and the bone marrow.
Patterns of tumor metastasis: organ selectivity in the spread of cancer cells.

More than a century ago, Fuchs recognized that although tumors varied in their propensity for metastasis, there was, as well, discrimination in the different organs of the body, some providing a more fertile soil for growth for specific tumors than others. Paget dramatized this clear distinction between the intrinsic properties of the cancer cell and the properties of the host when he expanded on the analogy between tumors and plants: "When a plant goes to seed, its seeds are carried in all directions; but they can only live and grow if they fall on congenial soil." Paget is almost apologetic as he contrasts the work of those that study the 'seed' to his own work on the 'soil': "The best work in the pathology of cancer is done by those who...are studying the nature of the seed. They are like scientific botanists; and he who turns over the records of cases of cancer is only a ploughman, but his observations of the properties of the soil may also be useful." In a time where the primary emphasis in cancer research is at the level of gene expression, of regulation and of epigenetic modification of the "seed," those individuals, such as Pauli and Lee, who study the properties of the host environment should not be ignored. Not only are the observations of the 'soil' useful, they provide essential information without which we will not be able to understand the nature of the metastatic process.
Proximal Femoral Anthropometry by Computed Tomography

Age-related and pediatric disorders of the hip are common and confer strong risk factors for current and future disability. Because many of these disorders are associated with variations in proximal femoral structure, the study of the anthropometry of the hip has been of considerable interest to the medical research community. Imaging has become critical to the evaluation of human proximal femoral morphology in clinical research studies and in surgical practice. Using this overall approach, a simple radiograph or a computed tomography (CT) scan may be obtained, and landmarks identified either on radiographic films or digital images. As long as the physical size of the pixels is known, the distance between landmarks may be quantified. In this chapter, we will describe the use of computed tomography (CT) images for morphological assessment of the proximal femur. CT images provide a full three-dimensional assessment of the hip bone, allowing for morphometric analysis of both external and internal structures. Because of the inherently volumetric nature of the data, the orientation of the CT image can be standardized, allowing for reproducible metrics of size and distance. The discussion of CT morphology will be focused on the use of CT to characterize response of the proximal femur to aging, on the limitations of this technique for visualizing anatomic detail, and on practical considerations for using CT in studies of cadaveric specimens and in vivo human studies.
Direct Taxes – Article I, Section 9, Clause 4

This essay discusses the apportionment rule in the Constitution that applies to direct taxes. Taxes that are direct (and are not taxes from incomes) must be apportioned among the states on the basis of population, regardless of how the tax base is spread across the country. That constitutional requirement makes direct taxes almost impossible to use, expect perhaps in times of war. This essay discusses the origins of the direct-tax clauses and considers what remains of the apportionment requirement today.
“#Literate Lives Matter”: Black Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening in the 21st Century

Literacy for African Americans has never been merely about skill development and text comprehension. Its primary purposes and foci have been liberation, empowerment, and self-determination. From sl...
Family and Neighborhood Influences on Meeting College Expectations in Emerging Adulthood

This study examined how family socioeconomic status and social emotional climate together with neighborhood affluence predict the probability that college attainment in emerging adulthood (20–26 ye...
Designing energy dissipation properties via thermal spray coatings

Abstract The coefficient of restitution is a measure of energy dissipation in a system across impact events. Often, the dissipative qualities of a pair of impacting components are neglected during the design phase. This research looks at the effect of applying a thin layer of metallic coating, using thermal spray technologies, to significantly alter the dissipative properties of a system. The dissipative properties are studied across multiple impacts in order to assess the effects of work hardening, the change in microstructure, and the change in surface topography. The results of the experiments indicate that any work hardening-like effects are likely attributable to the crushing of asperities, and the permanent changes in the dissipative properties of the system, as measured by the coefficient of restitution, are attributable to the microstructure formed by the thermal spray coating. Further, the microstructure appears to be robust across impact events of moderate energy levels, exhibiting negligible changes across multiple impact events.
Reference Standards for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Using Cycle Ergometry: Data From the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND) Registry

The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is well established. This report provides newly developed standards for CRF reference values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) using cycle ergometry in the United States. Ten laboratories in the United States experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the "Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Database" (FRIEND) Registry from April 2014 through May 2016. Data from 4494 maximal (respiratory exchange ratio, ≥1.1) cycle ergometer tests from men and women (20-79 years) from 27 states, without cardiovascular disease, were used to develop these references values. Percentiles of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) for men and women were determined for each decade from age 20 years through age 79 years. Comparisons of VO2max were made to reference data established with CPX data from treadmill data in the FRIEND Registry and previously published reports. As expected, there were significant differences between sex and age groups for VO2max (P<.01). For cycle tests within the FRIEND Registry, the 50th percentile VO2max of men and women aged 20 to 29 years declined from 41.9 and 31.0 mLO2/kg/min to 19.5 and 14.8 mLO2/kg/min for ages 70 to 79 years, respectively. The rate of decline in this cohort was approximately 10% per decade. The FRIEND Registry reference data will be useful in providing more accurate interpretations for the US population of CPX-measured VO2max from exercise tests using cycle ergometry compared with previous approaches based on estimations of standard differences from treadmill testing reference values.
Interactions between patients' experiences in mental health treatment and lay social network attitudes toward doctors in recovery from mental illness

Research in the area of social networks and health has demonstrated that lay social network members play a critical role in the early stages of the illness career, influencing key decisions and pathways to formal care. Here, we revisit and extend this body of work, examining how the lay social network context can moderate the influence of treatment experiences on recovery outcomes as the illness career unfolds. To achieve this goal, we address two research questions, drawing on a longitudinal sample of people making their initial contact with the mental health treatment system: First, we explore how treatment experiences, lay social network characteristics, and recovery outcomes change over 2 years, beginning with the point of entry into treatment. Second, we examine whether the relationship between perceived treatment experiences and recovery outcomes is contingent on characteristics of the lay network context in which clients are socially embedded, focusing on the network's cultural orientation toward medical professionals. We find that positive treatment interactions facilitate improved self-esteem, mastery, role functioning, recovery optimism, and global functioning when the lay network culture is pro-medical, but largely have null effects on the recovery process when the lay network is more hostile to medical professionals.
A lung adenocarcinoma subset associated with non-smokers, micropapillary architecture, distinct transcript profile, and EGFR mutation

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4530 Background: The most common recognized cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking, however about 15% of patients have never smoked. It is likely that lung cancer molecular subtypes are strongly influenced by the predisposing carcinogenic exposures. Our assumption is that molecular mechanisms contributing to the biology of tumors in non-smokers differ from those of smokers. Material and Methods: 106 primary lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed by transcript profile (Affymetrix U133A), hotspot mutation profile (EGFR, ERBB2, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK3, PI3CA and TP53) and immunohistochemistry for EGFR, HER2, ERBB-3&-4, KIT, p-AKT, p-Erk, ER, PR, Ki67 and caspase3. A subset of cases were further studied by complete sequencing of EGFR, ERBB2, BRAF, AKT, EPHB2, EPHA3, FES2, FGFR2, KDR, KIT, NTRK-1,-2&-3, MET, PTEN, PI3CA, TP53. Histological review was performed and clinical features were recorded. Result: A robust molecular subgroup of 16 cases was identified by unsupervised clustering analysis of transcript profiles. The subgroup showed strong association with never or short smoking history (< 10 pack years), younger age and EGFR mutation. Histologically, the subgroup correlated with presence of papillary and micropapillary component. Deletion or point mutations of EGFR were detected in 11 of 16 cases within this subgroup and only 4 of 90 others (p<0.001). One of 16 had a point mutation of PI3CA and 1 of 16 had TP53 mutation. Mutation of codon 12 or 13 of KRAS was detected in 0 of 16 subgroup cases and 15 of 90 others. Nonsynonymous somatic mutation of the coding region was not detected for any other gene. The subgroup showed correlation with immunohistochemical expression of p-AKT (p=0.023) and TTF1 (p=0.027). Discussion: Our data suggest there is a lung adenocarcinoma molecular subtype that commonly arises in non-smokers and has distinctive clinicopathologic and molecular features. This subgroup has transcript profiles similar to patients with activating mutations of EGFR implicating the EGFR signaling pathway regardless of EGFR status. Our data suggest that there are few genomic mutations in other receptor tyrosine kinase and cancer related genes evaluated. Our initial studies also suggest that these subtypes are associated with distinct pathologic features. Although independent validation is needed, these studies help define a subclass of lung adenocarcinoma for which EGFR mediated signal transduction may be a relevant therapeutic target.
Water system hardware and management rehabilitation: qualitative evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia.

Abstract Background Sufficient, safe, continuously available drinking water is important for human health and development, yet one in three handpumps in sub-Saharan Africa are non-functional at any given time. Community management, coupled with access to external technical expertise and spare parts, is a widely promoted model for rural water supply management. However, there is limited evidence describing how community management can address common hardware and management failures of rural water systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We identified hardware and management rehabilitation pathways using qualitative data from 267 interviews and 57 focus group discussions in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. Study participants were water committee members, community members, and local leaders in 18 communities (six in each study country) with water systems managed by a water committee and supported by World Vision (WV), an international non-governmental organization (NGO). Government, WV or private sector employees engaged in supporting the water systems were also interviewed. Inductive analysis was used to allow for pathways to emerge from the data, based on the perspectives and experiences of study participants. Results Four hardware rehabilitation pathways were identified, based on the types of support used in rehabilitation. Types of support were differentiated as community or external. External support includes financial and/or technical support from government or WV employees. Community actor understanding of who to contact when a hardware breakdown occurs and easy access to technical experts were consistent reasons for rapid rehabilitation for all hardware rehabilitation pathways. Three management rehabilitation pathways were identified. All require the involvement of community leaders and were best carried out when the action was participatory. Conclusions The rehabilitation pathways show how available resources can be leveraged to restore hardware breakdowns and management failures for rural water systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Governments, NGOs, and private sector actors can better build capacity of community actors by focusing on their role in rehabilitating hardware and management and to ensure that they are able to quickly contact external support actors when needed for rehabilitation. Using qualitative and participatory methods allows for insight into rapid rehabilitation of hardware and management.
Intracellular Fibroblast Growth Factor 14: Emerging Risk Factor for Brain Disorders.

The finely tuned regulation of neuronal firing relies on the integrity of ion channel macromolecular complexes. Minimal disturbances of these tightly regulated networks can lead to persistent maladaptive plasticity of brain circuitry. The intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) belongs to the nexus of proteins interacting with voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels at the axonal initial segment. At this site, FGF14 acts as a molecular determinant of neuronal excitability. Through isoform-specific interactions with the intracellular C-terminal tail of neuronal Nav channels (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.6), FGF14 controls channel gating, axonal targeting and phosphorylation in neurons effecting excitability, synaptic transmission, plasticity and neurogenesis in the cortico-mesolimbic circuit with cognitive and affective behavioral outcomes. In translational studies, interest in FGF14 continues to rise with a growing list of associative links to diseases of the cognitive and affective domains such as neurodegeneration, depression, anxiety, addictive behaviors and recently schizophrenia, suggesting its role as a converging node in the etiology of complex brain disorders. Yet, a full understanding of FGF14 function in neurons is far from being complete and likely to involve other functions unrelated to the direct regulation of Nav channels. The goal of this Mini Review is to provide a summary of the most recent studies on the emerging role of FGF14 in complex brain disorders.
Late follow-up after transcatheter occlusion of a thoracic aortic aneurysm for a premature infant

• Although Uncommon infants can develop a thoracic aortic aneurysm that may heroine incidentally.
Towards a results-based management approach for capacity-building in space science, technology and applications to support the implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development

Abstract The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) has the mandate to assist Member States with building capacity in using space science, technology and their applications in support of sustainable economic, social and environmental development. From 20 to 21 June 2018 the international community will gather in Vienna for UNISPACE + 50, a special segment of the 61st session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first UNISPACE conference and to reach consensus on a global space agenda for the next two decades. “Capacity-building for the twenty-first century” is one of the seven thematic priorities of UNISPACE + 50, identified and agreed upon by COPUOS. The Committee has tasked UNOOSA with undertaking the work under this thematic priority and with reporting regularly to the Committee and its Subcommittees on the progress of its work. It is therefore appropriate, in this context, to take stock of the achievements of the capacity-building activities of the Office, to review the relevant mandates and activities and to consider the necessity to strengthen and better align them with the future needs of the World and in particular with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This paper describes the efforts on-going at UNOOSA, building on its experiences with implementing the United Nations Programme on Space Applications and the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) and working with Member States and other United Nations entities, to develop a results-based management approach, based on an indicator framework and a database with space solutions, for promoting the use of space-based solutions to help Member States achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and successfully implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The Electrifying Future of Air Transportation

This presentation discusses the NASA Aeronautics Advanced Air Transport Technology Project’s perspective on electric, hybrid-electric, and related distributed propulsion technologies for future generations of large transport aircraft. Recent system studies commissioned by NASA and other organizations have identified these technologies as promising approaches to dramatically reduce aircraft fuel consumption, noise, and emissions. These technologies are part of the Project’s overall research portfolio aimed toward developing ultra-efficient commercial aircraft in conjunction with alternative low carbon propulsion and energy systems to enable safe and sustainable future growth in global aviation. It is anticipated that both room temperature and cryogenic electrical technologies will be needed in the future. Room temperature electrical systems are likely to impact aviation in the near term by making their way onto smaller aircraft and by augmenting traditional propulsion systems on larger aircraft, while cryogenic technologies will likely be needed in the far term to deliver the several tens of megawatts of propulsive power needed for large transport aircraft. The presentation outlines the opportunities and challenges for electric propulsion technologies for commercial aviation, and describes some of the related concepts and enabling technologies that are currently being developed.
Towards scalable and privacy preserving commercial content dissemination in social wireless networks

This paper proposes a Q-learning based Device-to-Device multicast routing framework for Social Wireless Networks. The goal of the proposed Scalable Q-learning based Gain-aware Routing (SQGR) content dissemination algorithm is to maximize a predefined economic gain for commercial content generators. This economic gain is defined as the revenue from delivery of a coupon minus the forwarding cost associated with that delivery. SQGR, with its embedding learning abilities, is expected to be robust in dynamic mobility environments. It also preserves scalability and privacy since it does not require storage of perindividual consuming interest and interaction profiles within the network. Using the DTN simulator software ONE, we evaluate functional validity and compare gain performance of SQGR with few existing protocols under various commercial, network and protocol parameters.
Vitamin D in Foods: An Evolution of Knowledge

Abstract Accurate data for vitamin D in foods are essential to support epidemiological and clinical studies seeking to identify associations between total vitamin D “exposure” and health outcomes that require quantification of dietary intake and also to inform health professionals about wise food choices for clients. Challenges in developing reliable vitamin D food composition data encompass the existence of multiple forms of the vitamin including its hydroxylated metabolite 25(OH)D, variation among samples of the same food because of animal diet, ultraviolet exposure of provitamin D sterol-containing foods, and validation of analytical methods. Decisions made during development of vitamin D food composition databases also affect the representativeness of mean values used to calculate dietary intake in a specific context. These challenges are discussed, along with the potential impact on estimation of vitamin D intake from foods. Data for naturally occurring vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in animal products are summarized.
Turbulence-driven anisotropic electron tail generation during magnetic reconnection

Magnetic reconnection (MR) plays an important role in particle transport, energization, and acceleration in space, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas. In the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch, discrete MR events release large amounts of energy from the equilibrium magnetic field, a fraction of which is transferred to electrons and ions. Previous experiments revealed an anisotropic electron tail that favors the perpendicular direction and is symmetric in the parallel. New profile measurements of x-ray emission show that the tail distribution is localized near the magnetic axis, consistent modeling of the bremsstrahlung emission. The tail appears first near the magnetic axis and then spreads radially, and the dynamics in the anisotropy and diffusion are discussed. The data presented imply that the electron tail formation likely results from a turbulent wave-particle interaction and provides evidence that high energy electrons are escaping the core-localized region through pitch angle scatterin...
Reimagining Performance in Public Administration Theory and Practice: Creating a Democratic Performativity of Care and Hope

Public administration scholars and practitioners for too long have understood the concept of performance almost exclusively in terms of the neoliberal, new public management project where it is def...
Contact Lenses and Infectious Keratitis

We review the evolution of contact lenses, risk factors for contact lens-related infectious keratitis, and updates on management. Infectious keratitis is still a devastating complication of contact lens use, with improper lens hygiene and use as significant risk factors. Cosmetic contact lenses have become popular among the younger generations. They can be obtained online without a doctor’s prescription or supervision, leading to an increased risk of serious infection. Topical antibiotics remain the best treatment for bacterial keratitis, but resistance to fourth-generation fluoroquinolones has increased. Fungal ulcers fare worse than bacterial ulcers, with no new commercially available topical treatments since topical natamycin. Despite the well-established link between water exposure of contact lenses and development of Acanthamoeba keratitis, patients still regularly expose their lenses to tap water. Corneal cross-linking, new methods for antimicrobial drug delivery, and novel antimicrobial targets represent the next frontiers in the treatment of infectious keratitis. Contact lens-related infectious keratitis remains a serious cause of ocular morbidity, with the rates of atypical causative organisms (Acanthamoeba and fungus) on the rise. Strategies for risk reduction include prevention through patient education; collaboration with industry to develop novel antimicrobials, lens materials, and care system products; and reporting of infections and illegal sale of contact lenses to regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).