cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1602g Shiftwork, automated vehicles, and functional impairments in transportation

Introduction Shiftwork has been linked to functional impairments such as fatigue and distraction that increase crash risk. Automated vehicles may decrease these risk factors. Simultaneously, automated vehicles will allow a broader range of ‘drivers’ to operate the vehicle such as those with cognitive and physical impairments, creating additional benefits and impacts to shiftworking drivers with such impairments. We have developed a conceptual model of how automation at all levels can be used to reduce the impacts of shiftwork on functional impairments in transportation. Methods Over 100 articles were reviewed in the areas of shiftwork, automation, and functional impairment using established key words and recognised search domains. Central to the understanding of the relations among shiftwork, automation and functional impairments is knowledge of how drivers use, misuse, disuse and are abused by automation. Results The result of the literature search and its analysis is a conceptual model which clarifies how shiftwork impacts the use, misuse and disuse of automation at each level, and how those impacts affect drivers with different types and levels of functional impairment. Existing research suggests that long shifts can lead to an increase in the misuse of automation, with fatigued and distracted drivers over-trusting automation. This effect will be magnified for those with cognitive impairments. However, systems are now deployed that can detect driver state such as fatigue and distraction, and could potentially communicate with an automatic driving suite and intervene when the driver is fatigued or distracted. Discussion The conceptual model creates a roadmap for future research, applications and regulations that various stakeholders can use to improve the safety and well-being of shiftworkers.
Prospective Comparison of Three Bowel Preparation Regimens: Fleet Phosphosoda, Two-Liter and Four-Liter Electrolyte Lavage Solutions:

In an attempt to improve patients' tolerance for colon cleaning, three bowel preparation regimens: 90-mL Fleet phosphosoda (FPS), 2-L electrolyte lavage solution plus 20 mg oral bisacodyl, and 4-L lavage, were compared for efficacy and safety. A total of 912 patients were prospectively nonrandomized into three study groups. In Group A, 304 patients were given 45-mL Fleet phosphosoda at 9 AM and 6 PM the day before colonoscopy. In Group B, 304 patients were given four tablets of 5 mg bisacodyl at 12 PM the day before colonoscopy followed by 2 L electrolyte lavage by mouth at 6:00 PM the evening before colonoscopy. In Group C, 304 patients were given 4 L electrolyte lavage at 6:00 PM the evening before colonoscopy. All patients were kept on a clear liquid diet the day before colonoscopy. The bowel cleanliness was accessed by one colonoscopist. One registered nurse accessed the ease of the patient. In Group A (FPS), every patient finished the 90-mL Fleet phosphosoda. Colon cleanliness was 95.1 per cent. In Group B (2 L), three patients (0.6%) could not finish the laxative. Colon cleanliness was 95.9 per cent. In Group C (4 L), 22 patients (7.3%) could not finish the laxative preparation. Colon cleanliness was 95.3 per cent. The study found these three regimens can achieve equally good results of bowel preparation; however, the small volume laxative (FPS) has been accepted favorably by patients.
Congenital Dacryocele: A Collaborative Review

Abstract Fifty-four cases of congenital dacryocele from several medical centers were reviewed retrospectively. There was strong female preponderance (73%) and unilateral involvement (88%). Lacrimal sac contents could be expressed by local massage through the puncta in 21 % of cases. Probing and irrigation were done under general (27.8%) or local (55.6%) anesthesia, while in other cases (16.7%), the cyst resolved before intervention. Recurrence of the dacryocele occurred in 10 patients (22%) after probing. Nasal cysts were visualized in six cases. Marsupialization of nasal cysts was necessary in four cases. In one center, after conservative therapy, 80% of cysts resolved spontaneously and 20% developed dacryocystitis. Surgical intervention is indicated in cases of dacryocystitis, cellulitis, breathing difficulty from large nasal cysts, recurrent dacryocele, and lack of its resolution after a short trial of digital massage. Ophthalmology 1991; 98:1744-1751
The Role of Dendritic Cells in the Initiation of Host Resistance to Toxoplasma Gondii

Intracellular bacteria and protozoa typically stimulate host responses dominated by Type 1 cytokine production and cell-mediated immune effector functions. While the probable role of these responses is to limit growth of the infecting pathogen, the basis of their preferential induction is poorly understood and poses a fundamental question in immunologic class selection(1).
Hormonal Effects on Bone Cells

This chapter focuses on the direct effects of systemic hormones on the skeleton. Parathyroid hormone increases bone formation and resorption by acting through receptors expressed in cells of the osteoblastic lineage, and exerts catabolic or anabolic effects depending on the mechanism of elevation (continuous or intermittent). The sex steroids, androgens and estrogens, protect the growing and mature skeleton through receptors expressed in osteoblasts, as well as in osteoclasts, by maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. Glucocorticoids, when present in excess due to endogenous elevation or to administration as immunosuppressant therapy, have deleterious effects on bone resulting from acceleration of bone resorption, inhibition of bone formation, and increased bone fragility. Other hormones, such as thyroid hormone, growth hormone, insulin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and leptin affect bone development and homeostasis of the mature skeleton by acting on bone cells of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic lineages.
Hereditary Pancreatitis in the United States: Survival and Rates of Pancreatic Cancer.

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP), an autosomal dominant disease typically caused by mutations in PRSS1, has a broad range of clinical characteristics and high cumulative risk of pancreatic cancer. We describe survival and pancreatic cancer risk in the largest HP cohort in the US. HP probands and family members prospectively recruited from 1995 to 2013 completed medical and family history questionnaires, and provided blood for DNA testing. Overall survival (until 12/31/2015) was determined from the Social Security Death Index (SSDI), National Death Index (NDI), and family members. Cause of death was obtained from the NDI. 217 PRSS1 carriers (181 symptomatic) formed the study cohort. The most frequently detected mutations were p.R122H (83.9%) and p.N29I (11.5%). Thirty-seven PRSS1 carriers (30 symptomatic, 7 asymptomatic) were deceased at conclusion of the study (5 from pancreatic cancer). Median overall survival was 79.3 years (IQR 72.2–85.2). Risk of pancreatic cancer was significantly greater than age- and sex- matched SEER data (SIR 59, 95% CI 19-138), and cumulative risk was 7.2% (95% CI 0–15.4) at 70 years. We confirm prior observations on survival and pancreatic cancer SIR in PRSS1 subjects. Although risk of pancreatic cancer was significantly high in these patients, its cumulative risk was much lower than previous reports.
Annual Benchmarking of Intra-facility Hydroelectric Unit Dispatch Decisions for Reliability

As hydroelectric utilities move toward probabilistic risk assessments that capture the increased degradation resulting from an increase in unit starts, there is a need to capture how reliably a hydroelectric facility is being operated. Traditional statistics like EAF and EFOR are still necessary but do not capture intra-facility decisions made on a yearly or sub-yearly time frame, as it is possible to operate in the least reliable dispatch case for small periods of time and still avoid major unit outages. Our proposed Reliability Index fills this need and provides asset management decision makers with another tool for benchmarking facilities.
Impact of epidural analgesia on the systemic biomarker response after hepatic resection.

Background Perioperative inflammation is associated with poor oncologic outcomes. Regional analgesia has been shown mitigate some of these inflammatory changes and be associated with better oncologic outcomes in patients with hepatic malignancies. The mechanism for this effect, however, remains unclear. The authors sought to compare systemic biomarker concentrations in a comprehensive and oncologically relevant panel in the perioperative setting between patients undergoing thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and intra-venous patient- controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) for resection of hepatic metastatic disease. Results Clinicopathologic variables and baseline biomarkers were similar between TEA (n = 46) and IV-PCA (n = 16) groups. Of the biomarkers which were significantly changed from baseline, there was a lower fold change from baseline in the TEA patients compared to IV-PCA including IL-6 (13.5vs19.1), MCP-1 (1.9vs3.0), IL-8 (2.4vs3.0), and Pentraxin-3 (10.8vs15.6). Overall decreased systemic concentrations of TGFb signaling were noted in TEA patients on POD1 TGFb3 (243.2 vs. 86.0, p = 0.005), POD3 TGFb1 (6558.0 vs. 2063.3, p = 0.004), POD3 TGFb2 (468.3 vs. 368.9, p = 0.036), POD3 TGFb3 (132.2 vs. 77.8, p = 0.028), and POD5 TGFb3 (306.5 vs. 92.2, p = 0.032). POD1 IL-12p70 concentrations were significantly higher in TEA patients (8.3 vs. 1.6, p = 0.024). Conclusion Epidural analgesia damped the postoperative inflammatory response and systemic immunosuppressive signaling, as well as promoted Th1 systemic signaling early in the post-operative period after hepatic resection for metastatic disease. These differences elaborate on known mechanisms for improved oncologic outcomes with regional anesthesia, and may be considered for biomarker monitoring of effective regional anesthesia in oncologic surgery. Materials and methods Patient data, including clinicopathologic variables were collected for this study from the database of a randomized controlled trial comparing perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing hepatic resection with TEA vs. IV-PCA. Patients undergoing resection for metastatic disease were selected for this study. Plasma concentrations (pg/mL) of well-studied biomarkers (IL-1b/2/4/5/6/7/8/10/12p70/13/17, MCP-1 IFNγ, TNFα, MIP-1b, GM-CSF, G-CSF, VEGF, Resistin, TGFb1, TGFb2, and TGFb3), as well as novel perioperative markers (CXCL12, CXCL10, Omentin-1, sLeptin R, Vaspin, Pentraxin-3, Galactin-3, FGF-23, PON-1, FGF-21) were measured preoperatively, and on postoperative day (POD)1, POD3, and POD5 using multiplex bead assays. Clinicopathologic variables and perioperative variations in these biomarkers were compared between TEA vs IV-PCA groups.
Designing the microstructure of routines

Coordinating organizational routines is a strategic challenge in contexts ranging from healthcare to software development. Yet, we have few theories of the design of routines. This paper compares field data on routines at two Korean restaurants to theorize their design. We identified a core coordination challenge as the need for concurrency—the simultaneous coordination of diverse activities of indeterminate order. The restaurants enabled concurrency using distinct solutions for providing information to agents about their routine activities. We normatively frame these solutions as firm-level strategies for coordinating routines based on uniformity (providing information about fixed sequences of activities) or compatibility (providing information about particular performances of activities). While prior work assumes strategies for coordinating routines depend on extensive codification, our framework shows how extensive codification is specific to a uniformity strategy. We argue that the compatibility strategy characterizes how firms increasingly coordinate routines amid blurring firm boundaries and discuss implications for landscape design.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FACILITATED METABOLOMIC PROFILING IN ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (ACHD)

ACHD patients have high rates of hospitalization and premature death attributable to heart failure (HF) and arrhythmia. Understanding metabolic changes characteristic of specific ACHD lesions may lead to a better understanding of pathogenesis, identify at risk individuals and suggest therapeutic
A Bad Moon A-Rising: Raising Our Voices Against Racism, Hatred, Violence, and Oppression in Troubled Times

The time for silence has long since passed. It is time to raise our voices in outrage at the racism, the brutality, the ignorance, the hatred, the oppression, and the cowardice of the political rig...
Abnormal Levels of Some Biomarkers of Immune Activation Despite Very Early Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

BACKGROUND Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART-suppressed people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) remain at higher risk for infections and infection-related cancers than the general population. The immunologic pathways that remain abnormal in this setting, potentially contributing to these complications, are unclear. METHODS ART-suppressed PWH and HIV-negative controls, all cytomegalovirus seropositive and enriched for HIV risk factors, were sampled from an influenza vaccine responsiveness study. PWH were stratified by timing of ART initiation (within 6 months of infection [early ART] vs later) and nadir CD4+ T-cell count among later initiators. Between-group differences in kynurenine-tryptophan (KT) ratio, interferon-inducible protein 10, soluble CD14 and CD163, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, interleukin 6, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor were assessed after confounder adjustment. RESULTS Most participants (92%) were male, reflecting the demographics of early-ART initiators in San Francisco. Most biomarkers were higher among later-ART initiators. Participants in the early-ART group achieved near-normal soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, interleukin 6, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels, but substantially higher KT ratio than those without HIV after confounder adjustment (P = .008). Soluble CD14, soluble CD163, and interferon-inducible protein 10 trended similarly. CONCLUSIONS While early-ART initiators restore near-normal levels of many inflammatory markers, the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism remains abnormally high. Because this pathway confers adaptive immune defects and predicts tuberculosis and cancer progression, this it may contribute to persistent risks of these complications in this setting.
Ongoing innovation in geoscience education and transitions in JGE leadership

By the time this Editorial sees print, as a community we should be most of the way through the Fall 2020 semester. We will have innovated, succeeded, crashed occasionally, but all in all we will ha...
Immunotherapy-Resistant Vitreoretinal Metastatic Melanoma.

Purpose: To describe 2 cases of vitreoretinal metastases in patients treated with immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Methods: Retrospective case series. Results: We pre­sent 2 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with systemic immunotherapy with subsequent development of ocular vitreoretinal metastasis. The first patient was a male with metastatic melanoma from a site of unknown origin that was in complete remission following a course of ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy. He presented to an outside provider for evaluation of vitritis and a pigmented lesion in the right eye that was presumed secondary to toxoplasmosis. After failing initial management with oral antibiotics, he underwent diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy, and vitreous biopsy was consistent with metastatic melanoma to the vitreous. He was additionally found to have an elevated pigmented retinal mass consistent with a retinal metastasis from melanoma that initially failed treatment with plaque brachytherapy and ultimately required enucleation. The second case was a monocular male with metastatic melanoma from cutaneous melanoma with decreased vision 3 months after the initiation of nivolumab therapy. He presented with dense vitreous debris in his seeing eye and was thought to have nivolumab-associated inflammation. He was initially treated with difluprednate with improved vision and decrease in vitreous debris, but developed dense pigment deposition in the affected eye later in the treatment course. Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy was performed, and vitreous biopsy was positive for malignant melanoma cells. His systemic disease was in remission at the time of diagnosis of ocular metastasis. External beam radiation was recommended given his monocular status. Conclusion: Vitreoretinal metastasis can develop despite favorable systemic response to immunotherapy in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Lack of ocular penetration and extension of life span with immunotherapeutic agents may be the underlying mechanism for vitreoretinal metastasis.
Precision defect engineering of metal/insulator/metal diodes using atomic layer deposition to localize Ni impurities in Al2O3 tunnel barriers

Extrinsic impurity defect engineering is demonstrated to increase the maximum asymmetry of metal/insulator/metal (MIM) tunnel diodes. Using atomic layer deposition, transition metal Ni impurities are inserted at precise physical locations within the thickness of the insulating tunnel barrier in asymmetric electrode TiN/Al2O3/Al MIM diodes. The presence of Ni in Al2O3 is found to suppress the onset of Fowler–Nordheim tunneling from the Al electrode without changing the relative dielectric constant or refractive index of the insulator. Current–voltage asymmetry, a performance metric for MIM diodes, is reversed in Al2O3(Ni) devices and is increased over the control Al2O3 device (without Ni impurities) when the Ni impurities are placed close to the Al electrode. Capacitance–voltage measurements on MIM and metal/oxide/semiconductor devices along with Fowler–Nordheim derivative analysis all indicate the introduction of negative charge highly correlated with the position of the Ni defect layer within the Al2O3. Internal photoemission measurements show little change in zero-field energy barrier heights at the electrode interfaces, but varying field dependencies with respect to the position of the Ni defect layer. Combined results suggest that the level of the deep states introduced by the Ni atoms in Al2O3 is consistent with DFT predictions for the corundum Al2O3 system. Overall, this work demonstrates the possibility of improving MIM diode performance using precisely placed extrinsic defects.
Changes in Clinician Attitudes Toward Sharing Visit Notes: Surveys Pre-and Post-Implementation.

Clinician perceptions before and after inviting patients to read office notes (open notes) are unknown. To describe changes in clinicians’ attitudes about sharing notes with patients. Survey of outpatient primary and specialty care clinicians who were from a large group practice and had one or more patients who accessed notes. The main outcome was percent change (before vs. after implementation) in clinician perception that online visit notes are beneficial overall. Of the 563 invited clinicians, 400 (71%) took the baseline survey; 295 were eligible for a follow-up survey with 192 (65%) responding (119 primary care, 47 medical specialties, 26 surgical specialties). Before implementation, 29% agreed or somewhat agreed that visit notes online are beneficial overall, increasing to 71% following implementation (p<0.001); 44% switched beliefs from bad to good idea; and 2% reported the opposite change (p<0.001). This post-implementation change was observed in all clinician categories. Compared to pre-implementation, fewer clinicians had concerns about office visits taking longer (47% pre vs. 15% post) or requiring more time for questions (71% vs. 16%), or producing notes (57% vs. 28%). Before and after implementation, most clinicians reported being less candid in documentation (65% vs. 52%) and that patients would have more control of their care (72% vs. 78%) and worry more (72% vs. 65%). Following implementation, more primary and specialty care clinicians agreed that sharing notes with patients online was beneficial overall. Fewer had concerns about more time needed for office visits or documentation. Most thought patients would worry more and reported being less candid in documentation.
Social identity and acceptability of wild pig (Sus scrofa) control actions: A case study of Texas hunters

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) pose significant challenges to wildlife managers. This research explored Texas hunters’ acceptability of wild pig control actions, and whether acceptability varied according ...
A Retrospective Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Regulated and Unregulated E-Cigarette Liquids

E-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) was identified with the incidents of a multi-state outbreak of acute lung injuries associated with the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and attributed to vitamin E acetate in off-market cannabis-based e-liquids. Aside from EVALI, hypersecretion of mucus, irritated nasal passages, and watery, red eyes have been defined as complaints associated with vaping standard nicotine-based e-liquids. The chemical composition of e-liquids varies between manufacturers and robust oversight of ingredients is lacking. Manufacturers use chemicals deemed "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the FDA, a designation for chemicals used in foodstuffs to be ingested. Most "GRAS" chemicals are associated with at least one Global Harmonization System (GHS) warning class, ranging from irritant to toxic. Untargeted chemical analysis is critical to evaluate e-liquid products to determine chemical composition; equally important is the quantitation of components to help elucidate the potential harms from exceeding recommended exposure limits. Untargeted screening of e-liquids was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Direct Analysis in Real Time-AccuTOF™ mass spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS) and has identified 350 chemical constituents from 241 products analyzed. Nicotine, caffeine, menthol, and vitamin E were confirmed and quantitated by GC-MS, ethanol was confirmed and quantitated by headspace-gas chromatography-dual flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID), and olivetol and cannabinoids were confirmed and quantitated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Maximum identified concentrations of nicotine, caffeine, menthol, vitamin E, ethanol, olivetol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol were 56.4, 26.9, 4.28, 307.9, 217.2, 399.6, 497.7, and 332.6 mg/ml, respectively. Evaluation of untargeted analysis and quantitation of unlabeled chemical components of e-liquids is essential to improving etiology of acute lung injury and less severe impacts of vaping, both short-term and long-term. The historical documentation of unlabeled ingredients can provide some insight for a retrospective analysis of health consequences and inform policy discussions.
Variability and the Logic of Firms and Markets

There is concern among certain economists regarding the lack of content the notions of firm and market have in most present theories trying to explain their existence. Coase (1992) referring to the papers in the recently published Handbook of Industrial Organization, Schmalensee-Willig, eds., (1989), states “The firm and the market appear by name but they lack any substance.” This lack of content is also stressed by Demsetz (1988) when he asserts that “‘firm’ in the theory of price is simply a rhetorical device adopted to facilitate discussion of the price system.”
Adrenal medullary cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase: Subcellular distribution, partial purification and regulation of enzyme activity

Abstract The major cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (3′:5′-cyclic-AMP 5′-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.17) of bovine adrenal medulla has been purified 360-fold and characterized with respect to subcellular distribution, substrate specificity and kinetic properties. When assayed at millimolar concentrations of cyclic nucleotides, only one major activity was found in this tissue, and it was localized in the 100 000 × g supernatant. The enzyme has activity directed against both cyclic AMP ( K m = 83.8 μ M ; V = 126 nmol/min per mg protein) and cyclic GMP ( K m = 69.4 μ M ; V = 131 nmol/min per mg protein). Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP appear to be hydrolyzed at the same catalytic site. In addition to the observations that the cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolyzing activities copurified during protein fractionation, and had identical electrophoretic behavior, each cyclic nucleotide was determined to be a competitive inhibitor of the hydrolysis of the other, with K i values being roughly similar to their respective K m values as substrates. The enzyme displays positive cooperative kinetic behavior when either cyclic nucleotide is the substrate; however, the cooperativity is more marked with cyclic AMP than with cyclic GMP. Low concentrations of cyclic GMP (1 μM) activate cyclic AMP hydrolysis approximately six fold. This activation is due to a loss of cooperativity accompanied by a two fold decrease in the apparent K m value for cyclic AMP. Cyclic IMP is a less effective activator of the enzyme. Low concentrations of para-chloromercuribenzoate activate cyclic AMP hydrolysis in the absence of cyclic GMP, but do not potentiate the cyclic GMP activation of the enzyme. The enzyme is competitively inhibited by aminophylline and noncompetitively inhibited by desipramine. The finding that the major cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of adrenal medulla is a cyclic GMP-activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase suggests that this enzyme may be important in regulating changes in the cyclic AMP: cyclic GMP ratio following cholinergic stimulation in this tissue.
Pharmacokinetics of the antiarrhythmic disopyramide in healthy humans

The pharmacokinetics of the antiarrhythmic disopyramide, 4-diisopropylamino-2-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)butyramide phosphate, and its monodealkylated metabolite were investigated in seven volunteers after intravenous (1 and 2 mg/kg) and oral (3 and 6 mg/kg) administration. Unchanged drug (52%) and the monodealkylated metabolite (25%) were renally excreted on intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide were first order and dose independent only when referenced to the drug not bound to plasma proteins since this binding was dose dependent. The apparent half-lives of the α and β phases on intravenous administration were 2 min and 4.5 hr, respectively. The apparent volumes of distribution of the central and peripheral compartments, referenced to unbound disopyramide in the plasma, were 9 and 80 liters, respectively. The half-life of absorption of oral aqueous disopyramide phosphate was 30 min with a lag time of 16 min and an apparent first-pass metabolism of 16% of the absorbed dose, consistent with the hepatic efficiency of 14%. The renal and metabolic clearances were 125 and 111 ml/min, respectively. Graphical and computer analysis of the plasma and urine data showed dose-independent first-order pharmacokinetics of plasma unbound drug in a two-compartment-body model to give two metabolites and a first-pass transformation of a fraction of the oral dose. The absorption efficiency of unchanged drug was 83%.
Assembly planning with intermediate states

The nonmonotonicity of assembly planning in different states is characterized and used to represent the three-dimensional geometric constraints of assembly operations in the form of blocking states. A subsumption mechanism based on the blocking states is used to reduce the search space so that a feasible plan can be efficiently found. An algorithm, NOMOL, which can generate nonmonotonic and nonlinear plans is presented and shown to be correct and complete. >
Reactions forming smythite, Fe9S11

This study evaluates the processes that form smythite, a mineral associated normally either with siderite in sedimentary iron formations and hydrothermal carbonate veins, or with pyrrhotite in nickel sulfide ore deposits. Smythite was found to form via either of two processes, the replacement of siderite in low temperature aqueous environments as proposed by Rickard (1968) or exsolution from high-temperature, S-rich pyrrhotite during cooling as proposed by Fleet (1982). In solutions with pH > 6 at temperatures below 53°C, surface-bound Fe2+ reacts with aqueous sulfide on the siderite surface to form smythite. On the other hand, in low pH sulfide solutions with little dissolved CO2, siderite dissolves rapidly yielding free Fe2+ and saturates the bulk solution with amorphous Fe(HS)2. Amorphous Fe(HS)2 is subsequently replaced by mackinawite and then by pyrite but not smythite. When S-rich (less than ∼46 Fe atomic %) hexagonal pyrrhotite 1C is cooled slowly from 500°C or higher, it re-equilibrates to an assemblage that is stable at low temperature (S-poor pyrrhotite + pyrite). However, if cooling is rapid (several hundred °C/s), in the absence of local pyrite grains, pyrite does not exsolve owing to its slow nucleation. Because smythite is structurally similar to pyrrhotite, its nucleation is possible during such rapid cooling thereby balancing the bulk composition of the system without pyrite exsolution. Smythite exsolution occurs only in a pyrite-free environment because pyrite overgrowths can occur if pre-existing pyrite is present for nucleation. This eliminates the need for metastable exsolution of smythite to achieve a mass balance for sulfur. Pyrrhotite containing some Ni (1.6 ∼ 2.9 atomic %) exsolves smythite during slower cooling because Ni retards the equilibrium exsolution of pyrite.
A Study of Conflict in Northern Ireland: An Application of Metagame Theory

This paper summarizes a study of the conflict in Northern Ireland using the particular analytic technique of metagame theory known as the analysis of options.Four major alternative political structures were identified and the relative stability of each was analyzed. The alternatives were: (1) a United Ireland, (2) Dominion status or legislative independence for Northern Ireland, (3) Colonial status with a legislative Assembly subordinate to the British Government, and token representation at Westminster, (4) an integrated Parliament of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Alternatives (2) and (3) were evaluated with and without a Council of Ireland or other link with the Republic of Ireland.The results suggest the most stable structure would be Dominion status for Northern Ireland with constitutional guarantees for participation by minorities in the processes of government.
Mapping of serpentinites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt by using Landsat thematic mapper data

Serpentinites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt were mapped from Landsat thematic mapper (TM) data by using procedures that take advantage of the distinctive spectral reflectance of these rocks caused by the abundance of antigorite, lizardite, clinochrysotile, and magnetite. The method employs a threshold classifier based on three reflectance ratios: (1) band 5/7 for estimating the abundance of hydroxyl-bearing phases, (2) band 5/1 for magnetite content, and (3) the calculated value of reflectance for band 4, based on a linear interpolation between bands 3 and 5, divided by the observed band-4 reflectance. The third ratio was used to identify rocks in iron-bearing aluminosilicates and thereby to distinguish mafic rocks containing substantial amounts of magnetite and hydroxyl-bearing phases from serpentinites. The method was first successfully tested over the Meatiq dome and Wadi Ghadir areas, where serpentinites and ophiolitic melanges dominated by serpentinites have been mapped during the course of field work. A TM-based map was then generated; the map covered about 60,000 km/sup 2/ in the Eastern Desert. Results demonstrate that TM data can be used with reliability to distinguish serpentinites from surrounding rocks in arid regions and to generate detailed maps over wide regions by using quantitative, reproducible mapping criteria.more » Possibilities for locating suture zones over the less well known parts of arid continents are clear.« less
Integrative cancer care in a US academic cancer centre: The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Experience.

Various surveys show that interest in complementary and alternative medicine (cam) is high among cancer patients. Patients want to explore all options that may help their treatment. Many cam modalities offer patients an active role in their self-care, and the resulting sense of empowerment is very appealing. On the other hand, many unscrupulous marketeers promote alternative cancer “cures,” targeting cancer patients who are particularly vulnerable. Some alternative therapies can hurt patients by delaying effective treatment or by causing adverse effects or detrimental interactions with other medications. It is not in the best interest of cancer patients if they cannot get appropriate guidance on the use of cam from the health care professionals who are part of their cancer care team. The Integrative Medicine Service at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York was established in 1999 to address patient interest in cam, to incorporate helpful complementary therapies into each patient’s overall treatment management, to guide patients in avoiding harmful alternative therapies, and to develop prospective research to evaluate the efficacy of cam modalities.
Simple method for immobilization and characterization of cationic indicators on an optically clear polystyrene surface

A simple method to immobilize cationic indicators onto the surface of ‘disposable’ polystyrene cuvettes is described. The cuvettes are sulfonated simply by exposure to sulfuric acid; cationic indicators then bind to the sulfonated polystyrene surface by electrostatic attractions. Following immobilization, the cuvettes can be used for analytical work and in classroom demonstrations, or machined into reusable sensor strips, or disks suitable for use with optical fibers.
Fabrication of Cu-coated Ag nanocrystals in silica by sequential ion implantation

Abstract Metal nanocrystal glass composites were fabricated by single and sequential element implantations of Ag + and Cu + ions into high purity silica. Implantation doses (×10 16 ions/cm 2 ) were 3Ag, 9Cu and 3Ag/9Cu. Composites were analyzed using Rutherford backscattering techniques (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and optical spectroscopy. An optical density spectrum based on the size distribution observed in the sequentially implanted sample for Cu shell and Ag core nanocrystals has been calculated using the dipole and quadrupole terms in a Mie series summation and is compared with the observed absorption spectrum. Results from TEM and EDS as well as the optical simulations demonstrate that Cu shell and Ag core nanocrystals are formed by the sequential implantation of Ag and Cu.
Pathogenesis of salt sensitivity of blood pressure

The effect of sodium in human blood pressure has been a contentious subject of considerable debate for decades. Nonetheless, it is generally conceded that there is heterogeneity to alterations in sodium and extracellular fluid volume in the blood pressure responses of normal and hypertensive humans. Although there are many forms of experimental and clinical hypertension that are clearly related to abnormalities of sodium handling and metabolism, it has been only the advent of the genetic revolution that has provided critical new insight into the mechanisms involved in many of these conditions. In this review, the clinical manifestations of salt sensitivity and several clinical syndromes associated with abnormal sodium metabolism are discussed, and factors that appear to be involved in many of the clinical abnormalities as well as relevant new insights derived from basic research are elucidated.
Amoxicillin, a New Penicillin Antibiotic

Amoxicillin (α-amino- p -hydroxybenzyl penicillin, BRL 2333) is a new semisynthetic penicillin which is structurally similar to ampicillin, but which is better absorbed and yields higher concentrations in serum and urine. The in vitro susceptibility of 145 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 30 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined against various concentrations of amoxicillin and ampicillin in agar. In addition, inhibitory zones around discs containing 10 μg of amoxicillin were measured and compared with results of agar dilution studies. The drug also was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients with bacteriuria, who received doses of either 750 mg or 1 g/day for 10 days. In vitro, amoxicillin was comparable in activity to ampicillin; most isolates of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were inhibited by 10 μg or less/ml, whereas the majority of strains of Enterobacter, Klebsiella , indole-positive Proteus species, and Pseudomonas grew in concentrations greater than 50 μg/ml. Clinically, amoxicillin was effective in eradicating bacteriuria due to susceptible organisms and was very well tolerated. For practical purposes, however, amoxicillin performed no better than a host of other drugs presently available for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated bacteriuria.
Differential algebraic aspect of orthogonal polynomials and modular forms

The purpose of this talk is to investigate the positive-characteristic version of classical objects related to differential operators. An application of the study would be the use of algorithms for CAS such as Maple and Magma; another, the novel use of those objects in coding theory and cryptography. We focus on Orthogonal Polynomials (OPs) and Modular Forms. A program of classification of differential equations satisfied by OPs was begun in 1929, when S. Bochner answered the question of classifying all differential equations of the form
Interaction of the S6 Proline Hinge with N-Type and C-Type Inactivation in Kv1.4 Channels

Several voltage-gated channels share a proline-valine-proline (proline hinge) sequence motif at the intracellular side of S6. We studied the proline hinge in Kv1.4 channels, which inactivate via two mechanisms: N- and C-type. We mutated the second proline to glycine or alanine: P558A, P558G. These mutations were studied in the presence/absence of the N-terminal to separate the effects of the interaction between the proline hinge and N- and C-type inactivation. Both S6 mutations slowed or removed N- and C-type inactivation, and altered recovery from inactivation. P558G slowed activation and N- and C-type inactivation by nearly an order of magnitude. Sensitivity to extracellular acidosis and intracellular quinidine binding remained, suggesting that transmembrane communication in N- and C-type inactivation was preserved, consistent with our previous findings of major structural rearrangements involving S6 during C-type inactivation. P558A was very disruptive: activation was slowed by more than an order of magnitude, and no inactivation was observed. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that the proline hinge and intracellular S6 movement play a significant role in inactivation and recovery. Computer modeling suggests that both P558G and P558A mutations modify early voltage-dependent steps and make a final voltage-insensitive step that is rate limiting at positive potentials.
Which Wič Is Which? Prefixing and Suffixing in Klamath Full-Root Reduplication

This article presents a new analysis of full-root reduplication in Klamath. This process, hitherto termed "intensive" reduplication, has previously been analyzed as involving prefixation. Klamath prefixes normally induce vowel reduction in the following morpheme, but the intensive reduplicant does not. McCarthy and Prince (1995) attempt to account for this divergent behavior by invoking base-reduplicant faithfulness; Zoll (2002) attributes it to a stem-internal/stem-external distinction among prefixes. Based on phonological and semantic criteria, our analysis resolves intensive reduplication into several classes, including both prefixing and suffixing types. This analysis improves empirical coverage over previous accounts while minimizing assumptions and demonstrates that careful morphological and phonological analysis can distinguish between prefixing and suffixing copying in cases of seemingly ambiguous total reduplication.
Interactions of Fusarium moniliforme , its metabolites and bacteria with corn

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon is an economically important pathogen of corn (Zea mays L.) which causes stalk, root and ear rot. Several mycotoxins have also been isolated, identified and implicated in both animal and human toxicoses. The fungus can be disseminated in symptomless corn seed and can also survive in crop residues in the soil. Asymptomatic infection may be related to different corn cultivars, fungal strains, and environmental factors. Symptomatic expression of pathogenicity may vary, but usually the result of such infections is death of the plant. The greatest concern is the asymptomatic infection, since it is in this form that fungal toxins may surreptitiously enter animal and human food chains. F. moniliforme produces both fusaric acid, which is phytotoxic to corn and interferes with seed germination, and plant growth regulators that may affect pathogenicity of the fungus or be associated with the production of mycotoxins. Other metabolites, including fusarin C, moniliformin, and the fumonisins, may or may not be phytotoxic, but are associated with animal and human toxicoses. The control of F. moniliforme in corn is therefore quite important. One potential means to accomplish this reduction is biocontrol by the application of antagonistic rhizobacteria to corn kernels at planting. To be effective the bacteria must be able to colonize the corn root system and be able to prevent root infection by successful competing with F. moniliforme which may be accomplished by siderophore and or antibiotic activity.
Genetic Screen Yields Mutations in Genes Encoding All Known Components of the Escherichia coli Signal Recognition Particle Pathway

We describe the further utilization of a genetic screen that identifies mutations defective in the assembly of proteins into the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane. The screen yielded mutations in each of the known genes encoding components of the E. coli signal recognition particle pathway: ffh, ffs, and ftsY, which encode Ffh, 4.5S RNA, and FtsY, respectively. In addition, the screen yielded mutations in secM, which is involved in regulating levels of the SecA component of the bacterium’s protein export pathway. We used a sensitive assay involving biotinylation to show that all of the mutations caused defects in the membrane insertions of three topologically distinct membrane proteins, AcrB, MalF, and FtsQ. Among the mutations that resulted in membrane protein insertion defects, only the secM mutations also showed defects in the translocation of proteins into the E. coli periplasm. Genetic evidence suggests that the S382T alteration of Ffh affects the interaction between Ffh and 4.5S RNA.
Identification of static and dynamic muscle activation patterns for intuitive human/computer interfaces

The goal of this pilot research was to create an intuitive human-computer interface that would allow control of a robotic arm using the electromyographic (EMG) signals from a person's own arm movements (or muscle activations). There is enough information contained within EMG data to accurately differentiate between different movements based on the observed muscle strategy. After designing an algorithm, accurate prediction of arm movements was obtained; it determined whether the test subject's arm was moving up, down, left, right, or closing a fist, and also what base position the test subject was in if not moving. A successful interface was designed for using EMG data with a robotic arm, moving the robotic arm in the same direction that the test subject's arm moved, replicating a static position with the arm, and grabbing a piece of Styrofoam. With further research and refinement, this library of kinesiological movements can be expanded to encapsulate the spectrum of human arm movement.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis in nuclei isolated from Musca domestica

Nuclei isolated from adult houseflies by centrifugation in 2.2 M sucrose-3 mM CaCl2 and filtration through 10-μm. pore nylon bolting cloth have an RNA/DNA ratio of 3.08. This ratio is 4.05 in nuclei isolated from larval tissues. Nuclei catalyse the incorporation of labelled nucleoside triphosphates into acid-insoluble RNA. The RNA polymerase of nuclei depends on the presence of four nucleoside triphosphates and either Mn2+ or Mg2+. RNA synthesis is inhibited by DNase, RNase, and actinomycin D. DDT added in vitro has no effect on the polymerase activity. The reaction product from nuclei isolated from adult insects and in the presence of Mg2+ is high in adenine and uridine, with a U/G ratio of 1.77. In the presence of Mn2+ the U/G ratio decreases to 1.33. The product from larval nuclei in the presence of Mg2+ is high in guanine, whereas in the presence of Mn2+ it is high in uridine. Nuclear preparations from insects pretreated with DDT have a higher polymerase activity than control preparations. The increase in activity is only evident during the first hour of treatment.
SU‐E‐T‐641: Flattening Filter Free Dynamic Conformal Arcs for Lung Radiotherapy

Purpose: To investigate the use of dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) with the flattening filter free (FFF) beams for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) on the TrueBeam STx (Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). Methods: Eight SBRT patients receiving 10–18 Gy per fraction were planned in Eclipse 10 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) for the TrueBeam STx using DCA's with 6 MV FFF beams. The isocenter was placed such that the point fell near midline on each patient allowing full arc rotation without patient collision.Several planning methods were employed depending on the location of the tumor. For peripheral tumors a single arc was used. For peripheral tumors with chestwall interference, additional oblique fields were used to help pull dose off of the chestwall. For tumors located in the central region or close to the spine, multiple DCA's were used. One standard open DCA was used to deliver the majority of the dose, then one or two additional DCA's with organs blocked automatically using the‘Fit and Shield’ feature of Eclipse were used to help shape the dose. The arcs were then weighted to create the desired dose distribution. Results: Beam on times for the 8 patients averaged 2.00 minutes with a minimum time of 1.22 minutes and a maximum time of 3.3 minutes total. With multiple arcs or additional static fields, treatment time is lengthened by the time it takes to mode up between arcs (∼1 minute) and/or move between fields. The PTV coverage of the 100% isodose line was >= 95% in all cases. The conformality index ranged 1.12 – 4.5, with an average of 2.5. Conclusions: FFF DCA is a fast, efficient way to plan and delivery SBRT treatments. The short treatment times directly lead to reduced patient motion and discomfort, which may yield improved targeting and outcomes.
Toward a Multidimensional Perspective on Teacher-Coach Role Conflict

Research grounded in role theory and occupational socialization theory point to the potential consequences of occupying the roles of physical education teacher and athletic coach concurrently. Specifically, time constraints and inconsistencies in role requirements, organization, rewards, and modes of accountability in teaching and coaching create challenges and may force some teacher/coaches to choose one role as primary to the detriment of the other role. However, most of this research has diminished or altogether neglected the impact of individual identity and social context on the experience of role conflict. The purpose of this paper is to review research related to role conflict in the dual role of teacher/coaches and to propose a conceptual model for viewing teacher/coaches role conflict from a multidimensional perspective. Finally, a case is made for a revitalization of teacher/coaches role conflict research in physical education.