cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional X-ray diffraction characterization of (Zn,Cd,Mg)Se wurtzite layers grown on Bi 2 Se 3

Abstract ZnSe, Zn0.49Cd0.51Se and Zn0.23Cd0.25Mg0.52Se layers grown on Bi2Se3/sapphire (0001) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are characterized by two-dimensional X-ray diffraction. Pole figures are calculated for cubic and hexagonal planes of the (Zn,Cd,Mg)Se family and compared to their expected values. The targeted wurtzite plane was (11-22), while the cubic ones were the (220) and (311). The results show that, under our MBE growth conditions, ZnSe, Zn0.49Cd0.51Se and Zn0.23Cd0.25Mg0.52Se layers prefer to form the hexagonal (wurtzite) phase rather than the cubic one when grown on Bi2Se3/sapphire in (0001) direction. These results have implications for the next generation devices combining semiconductors and topological insulator materials.
On reducing the splitting error in Yosida methods for the Navier–Stokes equations with grad-div stabilization

Abstract This paper analyzes the accuracy of the ‘discretize-then-split’ Yosida solver for incompressible flow problems, when divergence-free elements are used together with grad-div stabilization (with parameter γ ). The Yosida method uses an inexact block LU factorization to create linear algebraic systems that are easier to solve, but at the expense of accuracy. We prove the difference between solutions of the exact and approximated linear algebraic systems is O ( γ − 2 ) in the natural norms of the associated finite element problems, and thus that full accuracy can be obtained by the Yosida method if large γ is used ( γ ≥ 10 is sufficient in our numerical examples). The proof is based on transforming the Yosida inexact linear algebraic system into finite element problems, and analyzing these problems with finite element techniques based on pointwise divergence-free subspaces and their orthogonal complements.
TP53 and gastric carcinoma: a review.

In this article, we survey the major p53 (TP53) alterations identified in gastric carcinomas and their precursors. These include p53 expression, mutations, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Not only are the various abnormalities summarized, but in addition there is a survey of the literature with respect to the impact of these changes on patient prognosis and treatment response. The majority of published studies involve the immunohistochemical detection of the protein. These use different antibodies, different detection techniques, and different methods of interpretation. Therefore not surprisingly, the results of many of the studies are contradictory with one another. Overall, however, it appears that p53 alterations occur early in the development of gastric carcinoma, being present even in the nonneoplastic mucosa and they increase in frequency as one progresses along the pathway of gastric carcinoma development. p53 immunoreactivity is seen in 17%-90.7% of invasive gastric carcinomas. p53 alterations occur much more commonly in proximal lesions than in distal ones, suggesting that the molecular events leading to the development of gastric carcinoma may be very different in proximal vs. distal tumors. p53 mutations occur in 0%-77% of gastric carcinomas. The mutations are distributed widely across the gene from exons 4-11 with hot spots of mutation at codons 175, 248, 273, 282, 245, and 213. G:C>A:T transitions at CpG sites are the commonest type of mutation. At least 60% of carcinomas with mutations also exhibit p53 LOH.
Interaction of berberine with human platelet α2 adrenoceptors

Berberine, an alkaloid, has been found to have a myriad of pharmacological effects including hypotensive, antisecretory, sedative, and antimicrobial effects, some of which are similar to those of clonidine, an alpha 2 adrenoceptor partial agonist. The interaction of berberine with human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptor was investigated in this study. Berberine was found to inhibit competitively the specific binding of [3H]-yohimbine. The displacement curve was parallel to those of clonidine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, with the rank order of potency (IC50) being clonidine (0.4 microM) greater than epinephrine (7.5 microM) greater than norepinephrine (14.5 microM) = berberine (16.6 microM). Increasing concentrations of berberine from 0.1 microM to 10 microM inhibited [3H]-yohimbine binding, shifting the saturation binding curve to the right without decreasing the maximum binding capacity. In platelet cyclic AMP accumulation experiments, berberine at concentrations of 0.1 microM to 0.1 mM inhibited the cAMP accumulation induced by 10 microM prostaglandin E1 in a dose dependent manner, acting as an alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist. In the presence of L-epinephrine, berberine blocked the inhibitory effect of L-epinephrine behaving as an alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonist. These properties are similar to those of clonidine on human platelets, suggesting that berberine is a partial agonist of platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. These findings may provide potential mechanisms for the hypotensive, antisecretory, and sedative effects of berberine.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 185

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=185, and corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies, are presented. New experimental evidence indicates a possible coexistence of prolate and oblate nuclear shapes in the Au and Hg isotopes. This evaluation for A=185 supersedes the earlier one by Y. A. Ellis-Akovali (81E111). published in Nuclear Data Sheets 33, 557 (1981).
Explaining order in religious systems

Ours is a problem of order, cognitive and cultural. Were religion simply chaotic, we would not recognize it as an object of study. In this article, I outline two complementary approaches to religious phenomena; both aim to explain different aspects of order in religion. First, recently-developed cognitive theories of religious phenomena account for some aspects of cultural order in terms of cognitive constraints. Second, complexity theory offers hypotheses about the emergent dynamics of entire religious systems. Before examining these theories themselves, however, I will explain in more detail the problem of order and the place of these theories in explaining it.
Transient non-axisymmetric wave propagation in an infinite isotropic elastic plate

Abstract Using linear elasticity theory, the formal solutions to a general class of non-axisymmetric, transient, elastic wave-propagation problems involving an infinite, isotropic, elastic plate are given. For the particular problem of the sudden application of normal half-ring loads on the faces of the plate, explicit inversion is achieved, and some far-field numerical results, based on a low-frequency, large-wavelength approximation are presented.
Selection of Microsites by Grizzly Bears to Excavate Biscuitroots

Roots of the biscuitroot ( Lomatium cous ) are a common food of grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) in drier parts of their southern range. I used random sampling and locations of radiomarked bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem to investigate the importance of mass and starch content of roots, digability of the site, and density of plants relative to selection of sites by grizzly bears to dig biscuitroots. Where biscuitroots were present, most differences between dug and undug sites were related to digability of the site and mass and starch content of roots. Grizzly bears more often dug in sites where average milligrams of starch per kilogram of pull per root (≈energy gain) was high. Density of biscuitroots was not related to selection of sites by grizzly bears. Mass of biscuitroot stems also provided relatively little information about mass of roots. Distribution of biscuitroots was associated with increased cover of rocks and exposure to wind, and with decreased slopes and cover of forbs. Digs by grizzly bears were associated with the presence of biscuitroots, proximity to edge of forest, and increased cover of rocks. Results were consistent with previously observed tendencies of grizzly bears to concentrate their feeding within 50–100 m of cover.
Using image pyramids for the visualization of large terrain data sets

Viewing terrain data from various remote sensors in three dimensions has proven to be a valuable tool for scientists in understanding a variety of problems. A technique is presented for using image pyramids in such visualization of large terrain data sets, providing up to two orders of magnitude performance enhancement over simpler techniques, while at the same time eliminating false high-frequency information, which causes animations to sparkle.
Solving For The Inverse Of A Matrix Using The Bimodal Optical Computer (Experimental Results)

The Bimodal Optical Computer algorithm for solving systems of linear equations with bipolar numbers is presented along with the experimental results. In addition, the experimental results of solving for the inverse of a matrix is reported.
Chronic mesenteric ischemia resulting from isolated lesions of the superior mesenteric artery : A case report

Atherosclerosis is a common cause of chronic mesenteric ischemia, generally affecting 2 or more arterial branches supplying the gut. The authors present a case in which symptomatic mesenteric ischemia was the result of 2 tandem atherosclerotic lesions in the superior mesenteric artery. Both the celiac axis and inferior mesenteric arteries were fully patent. The patient experienced complete relief of symptoms after percutaneous deployment of an intravascular stent across the proximal arterial narrowing. The case also documents the existence of an atheroma in a distal mesenteric artery.
Truncation-error reduction in 2D spherical/cylindrical near-field scanning

The spherical and cylindrical near-field (NF) antenna measurement techniques are an indispensable tool for the antenna community. NF samples are almost always collected over a truncated surface. Far-field (FF) values computed from truncated NF data suffer from truncation errors. In this paper, we introduce a new NF-to-FF transformation for two-dimensional cylindrical/spherical scanning that significantly reduces truncation errors. After examining the limitations of the traditional multipole-based expansion of truncated scan data, we consider an alternative expansion based on Slepian functions and show how FF values can be extracted from the resulting expansion coefficients.
Injection Solvent Enhancement of Peak Height in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Peak height and plate number were Increased under certain conditions when eluites that were dissolved in weak solvents were injected into strong mobile phases. Eluites with a k' of about 3 or greater did not exhibit this phenomenon.
What Makes Connectionism Different

This anthology consists of twelve studies concerning the theoretical foundations of connectionism, which the series editor, David Rumelhart, characterizes in the “Series Foreword” as “brain-style computation”. In the Preface, the three editors (including Rumelhart) contrast connectionism with Newell and Simon’s conception of “physical symbol systems”. This conception finds its philosophical counterpart in the theories of Chomsky (regarding syntax) and Fodor (regarding syntax and semantics), which underlie the language of thought hypothesis that humans have linguistic abilities among their innate genetic endowments, an approach which connectionistic conceptions reject.
Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting Using the Olsen Cycle on Relaxor Ferroelectric 8/65/35 PLZT

Waste heat can be directly converted into electrical energy by performing the Olsen cycle on pyroelectric materials. The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the electric displacement versus electric field diagram. This paper reports on the energy harvested by lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (8/65/35 PLZT) subjected to the Olsen cycle. The material was alternatively dipped into a cold and a hot silicone oil bath under specified electric fields. A maximum energy density of 770 J/L per cycle corresponding to a power density of 9.6 W/L was obtained for temperatures between 25 and 160°C and electric fields cycled between 0.2 and 4.5 MV/m.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Exploring the Subtle Relationships between Environmental Concern and Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behavior

Abstract Data on the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale and a scale designed to measure ecologically conscious consumer behavior (ECCR) were collected from a national mail sample of 572 respondents. The NEP and ECCB scales were factor analyzed using CCAL clustering and LISREL. This two-stage approach often identifies factors that common factor analysis overlooks. The relationships between the four resulting environmental concern dimensions of the NEP scale and ECCB were explored and discussed.
Segregation and trapping of oxygen vacancies near the SrTiO3 Σ3 (1 1 2) [1¯10] tilt grain boundary

Abstract In nanocrystalline materials, structural discontinuities at grain boundaries (GBs) and the segregation of point defects to these GBs play a key role in defining the structural stability of a material, as well as its macroscopic electrical/mechanical properties. In this study, the segregation of oxygen vacancies near the Σ3 (1 1 2) [ 1 ¯ 1 0 ] tilt GB in SrTiO3 is explored using density functional theory. We find that oxygen vacancies segregate toward the GB, preferring to reside within the next nearest-neighbor layer. This oxygen vacancy segregation is found to be crucial for stabilizing this tilt GB. Furthermore, we find that the migration barriers of oxygen vacancies diffusing toward the first nearest-neighbor layer of the GB are low, while those away from this layer are very high. The segregation and trapping of the oxygen vacancies in the first nearest-neighbor layer of GBs are attributed to the large local distortions, which can now accommodate the preferred sixfold coordination of Ti. These results suggest that the electronic, transport, and capacitive properties of SrTiO3 can be engineered through the control of GB structure and grain size or layer thickness.
Position of branch points in replicating λ DNA

Abstract Recent experiments by Ogawa, Tomizawa & Fuke (1968) have shown that it is possible to isolate intracellular λ DNA having a circular structure but with an extra length of DNA extending between two branch points. An attempt has been made to map the position of these branch points with respect to the point on the circular structure corresponding to the ends of the mature λ phage DNA molecule. If the circular branched molecules do, in fact, represent replicating DNA, then certain conclusions may be drawn concerning the starting point and direction of replication.
Acute and subacute toxicity studies of AC-1370 sodium in mice and rats.

Abstract The i.v. LD50 of the cephalosporin antibiotic 7-β- d (−)-α-[4(5)-carboxyimidazole-5(4) carboxamido] phenylacetamido-3-(4-β-sulfoethylpyridinium) methyl-3-cephem-4 carboxylic acid sodium (AC-1370 sodium) for the rat was found to be 4.2 and 3.5 g/kg body weight for males and females, respectively; corresponding values for the mouse were 2.7 (male) and 2.9 (female). Daily i.v. administration to rats for 35 days caused decreased food intake and increased water consumption and body weight gain, relative increase of kidney weight, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and proteinuria, renal tubular degeneration and/or necrosis and ballooning of the caecum at 1500 mg/kg/day, and less marked changes at 500 mg/kg/day. There were so significant adverse effects at 40 or 150 mg/kg/day. The approximate LD50 values (g/kg) by other routes were: s.c. mouse, 7–8; s.c. rat, 11–12; i.m. mouse and rat, >;1.2; per os mouse and rat, >15.
Nitric oxide-dependent Ethanol stimulation of ciliary motility is linked to cAMP-dependent Protein kinase (PKA) activation in bovine bronchial epithelium

Background: The first line of protection in the lung from the outside environment is provided by the mucociliary apparatus, which continually clears the airways of inhaled microorganisms, dust, and debris. Because alcohol is known to impair airway host defenses, we have examined the effects of ethanol on mucociliary function. In earlier studies, we found that ethanol rapidly and transiently stimulates ciliary motility through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Because many agonists stimulate ciliary motility through activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, we hypothesized that ethanol stimulates ciliary motility by activating protein kinases. Methods: Protein kinase activity and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were assayed in primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to ethanol. Results: Ethanol markedly activated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase A (PKA)] at biologically relevant concentrations (20-100 mM), with activation detectable after 15 min and persisting up to 4 hr. Ethanol's PKA activation was blocked by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, indicating a nitric oxide-dependent pathway, and was also specifically blocked by PKA inhibitors. Ethanol did not directly activate cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase G (PKG)] in bovine bronchial epithelial cells, but inhibitors of PKG attenuated PKA activation, suggesting a link between PKA activation and PKG activation during ethanol exposure. CBF increased in parallel to PKA activation, suggesting tight coupling between stimulated CBF and PKA activation. Conclusion: We conclude that ethanol stimulates CBF through activating PKA in bovine bronchial epithelial cells and wc suggest a cooperative mechanism involving PKA and nitric oxide.
Dust-to-gas ratio in the outer regions of spiral galaxies

Some spiral galaxies are surrounded by extended clouds of neutral hydrogen; if dust is associated with this gas, the dust should appear as a faint extended reflection nebula illuminated by the light from the entire galaxy. It is suggested that observations of the surface brightness of the outer regions of M83 and M101 could be worthwhile, since these two galaxies are bright and have extended surrounding gas clouds. Such studies would be of interest with regard to the possible presence of faint extended halos of stars around galaxies, the extent of the metallicity gradients in galaxies, and the value of the dust-to-gas ratio in quasar absorption-line systems.
Probable nuclear interaction of a hydrogen hypernucleus

A particle (A) of unit charge, mass (3.6 ± 1.1) proton masses, and velocityv = (0.26 ± 0.02)c, is emitted from a 4.5 GeV π- star in emulsion. After travelling 2.4 mm, particle A interacts with a nucleus of the emulsion, the only visible product being a helium hypernucleus, identified by direct mass and charge measurements, and by its mesonic decay. The energy of particle A is insufficient to produce directly the observed HeΛ, and the multiple scattering and ionization results on track A are inconsistent with its being a heavy meson or hyperon interacting in flight. The most probable interpretation is to identify particle A as a hydrogen hypernucleus which interacts by charge exchange or proton pickup.
The Thickness of Shock Layers in Liquid Chromatography

At high concentrations, one boundary (the front if the isotherm is convex upward) of the elution band of a single component becomes very steep. Similarly, in frontal analysis, the same boundary is self-sharpening. These steep boundaries are called shock layers. They result from the steady-state equilibrium between a nonlinear thermodynamics of phase equilibrium on the one hand, which tends to create a concentration discontinuity, and axial dispersion and a finite rate of mass transfer on the other hand, which tend to relax the concentration gradient. We show that the width of experimental breakthrough curves recorded in frontal analysis agrees well with the prediction of the shock layer theory of Rhee and Amundson in the high concentration range. It is a function of the coefficients of the column HETP equation and the height of the concentration step and is independent of the column length, after the steady state is achieved. In the low concentration range, a discrepancy is observed when the column length is short and the migration distance is insufficient to achieve constant pattern behavior.
Protein phosphorylation and neuronal function.

Studies in the past several years have provided direct evidence that protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of neuronal function. Electrophysiological experiments have demonstrated that three distinct classes of protein kinases, i.e., cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, and CaM kinase II, modulate physiological processes in neurons. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and kinase C have been shown to modify potassium and calcium channels, and CaM kinase II has been shown to enhance neurotransmitter release. A large number of substrates for these protein kinases have been found in neurons. In some cases (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase, acetylcholine receptor, sodium channel) these proteins have a known function, whereas most of these proteins (e.g., synapsin I) had no known function when they were first identified as phosphoproteins. In the case of synapsin I, evidence now suggests that it regulates neurotransmitter release. These studies of synapsin I suggest that the characterization of previously unknown neuronal phosphoproteins will lead to the elucidation of previously unknown regulatory processes in neurons.
Differentiation-inducing agents decrease cryptic prolactin receptors in cultured rat mammary tumor cells.

Abstract Normal proliferating and neoplastic mammary cells in culture have cryptic prolactin receptors. These cryptic sites represent 80–95% of the total receptors and can be unmasked by energy depletion. Since lactating mammary tissue and other prolactin targets do not contain cryptic receptors, we have suggested that these sites may be important in the growth response to prolactin. In this study, therefore, we determined the effects of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and sodium butyrate, two inducers of differentiation in other cell systems, on primary cultures of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. These substances decreased cryptic receptor levels and inhibited growth. Sodium butyrate (5 mM) decreased receptor levels within 3 h; by 24 h, receptor levels averaged 11 ± 3% of the controls (n = 13). Similarly, DMSO (1–5%) caused a dose-dependent decrease in receptor levels. With 4% DMSO, there was a progressive decrease in prolactin binding to a nadir of 22 ± 6% of the controls (n = 8) at 12–24 h. Receptor levels returned to pretreatment values by 24 h after the removal of sodium butyrate or DMSO. In addition, sodium butyrate and DMSO increased the formation of the multicellular structures called ‘domes’ and the accumulation of lipid droplets. Since sodium butyrate and DMSO decreased cryptic sites, inhibited cell growth and evoked the expression of some morphologic features of differentiation, we conclude that the loss of cryptic prolactin receptors may be involved in the acquisition of a differentiated phenotype in mammary cells.
Validating a Measure of Self and Partner Change in Romantic Relationships: The Perceived Change in Relationships Scale

In romantic relationships, individuals take attributes of their romantic partner into their own self-concept, thus becoming increasingly similar to their partner. The current research tested the possibility that some individuals may take on the characteristics of their romantic partner to a greater extent. The Perceived Change in Relationships Scale was designed to measure the extent to which individuals report changing to be like their romantic partners and report that their romantic partners change to be more like them. We investigated the properties of this scale across two studies. The first study explored the factor structure of the scale. The second study demonstrated that generally perceiving greater self-change in relationships predicted individuals actually altering their self-concepts in romantic contexts.
Comparison of gene expression profiles in chromate transformed BEAS-2B cells.

Background Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a potent human carcinogen. Occupational exposure has been associated with increased risk of respiratory cancer. Multiple mechanisms have been shown to contribute to Cr(VI) induced carcinogenesis, including DNA damage, genomic instability, and epigenetic modulation, however, the molecular mechanism and downstream genes mediating chromium's carcinogenicity remain to be elucidated. Methods/Results We established chromate transformed cell lines by chronic exposure of normal human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells to low doses of Cr(VI) followed by anchorage-independent growth. These transformed cell lines not only exhibited consistent morphological changes but also acquired altered and distinct gene expression patterns compared with normal BEAS-2B cells and control cell lines (untreated) that arose spontaneously in soft agar. Interestingly, the gene expression profiles of six Cr(VI) transformed cell lines were remarkably similar to each other yet differed significantly from that of either control cell lines or normal BEAS-2B cells. A total of 409 differentially expressed genes were identified in Cr(VI) transformed cells compared to control cells. Genes related to cell-to-cell junction were upregulated in all Cr(VI) transformed cells, while genes associated with the interaction between cells and their extracellular matrices were down-regulated. Additionally, expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis were also changed. Conclusion This study is the first to report gene expression profiling of Cr(VI) transformed cells. The gene expression changes across individual chromate exposed clones were remarkably similar to each other but differed significantly from the gene expression found in anchorage-independent clones that arose spontaneously. Our analysis identified many novel gene expression changes that may contribute to chromate induced cell transformation, and collectively this type of information will provide a better understanding of the mechanism underlying chromate carcinogenicity.
Reading Performance Is Predicted by More Than Phonological Processing

We compared three phonological processing components (phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming and phonological memory), verbal working memory, and attention control in terms of how well they predict the various aspects of reading: word recognition, pseudoword decoding, fluency and comprehension, in a mixed sample of 182 children ages 8–12 years. Participants displayed a wide range of reading ability and attention control. Multiple regression was used to determine how well the phonological processing components, verbal working memory, and attention control predict reading performance. All equations were highly significant. Phonological memory predicted word identification and decoding. In addition, phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming predicted every aspect of reading assessed, supporting the notion that phonological processing is a core contributor to reading ability. Nonetheless, phonological processing was not the only predictor of reading performance. Verbal working memory predicted fluency, decoding and comprehension, and attention control predicted fluency. Based upon our results, when using Baddeley’s model of working memory it appears that the phonological loop contributes to basic reading ability, whereas the central executive contributes to fluency and comprehension, along with decoding. Attention control was of interest as some children with ADHD have poor reading ability even if it is not sufficiently impaired to warrant diagnosis. Our finding that attention control predicts reading fluency is consistent with prior research which showed sustained attention plays a role in fluency. Taken together, our results suggest that reading is a highly complex skill that entails more than phonological processing to perform well.
Relationship Between Estrogen Levels, Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Breast Cancer

We sought to determine the strength of the evidence suggesting that estrogen and postmenopausal replacement hormones play a role in the development of breast cancer. We reviewed the existing English language literature in MEDLINE on hormones and breast cancer, including reports on cell proliferation and endogenous hormone levels, as well as epidemiologic studies of the relationship between the use of postmenopausal hormones and the risk of breast cancer in women. A factor that increases the probability that cancer will develop in an individual has been defined as a cancer cause. The Hill criteria for demonstrating a link between environmental factors and disease were used to review the evidence for a causal relationship between female hormones and breast cancer. We found evidence of a causal relationship between these hormones and breast cancer, based on the following criteria: consistency, dose-response pattern, biologic plausibility, temporality, strength of association, and coherence. The magnitude of the increase in breast cancer risk per year of hormone use is comparable to that associated with delaying menopause by a year. The positive relationship between endogenous hormone levels in postmenopausal women and risk of breast cancer supports a biologic mechanism for the relationship between use of hormones and increased risk of this disease. The finding that the increase in risk of breast cancer associated with increasing duration of hormone use does not vary substantially across studies offers further evidence for a causal relationship. We conclude that existing evidence supports a causal relationship between use of estrogens and progestins, levels of endogenous estrogens, and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. Hormones may act to promote the late stages of carcinogenesis among postmenopausal women and to facilitate the proliferation of malignant cells. Strategies that do not cause breast cancer are urgently needed for the relief of menopausal symptoms and the long-term prevention of osteoporosis and heart disease.
Tactility and Distraction

people in this city of New York, those who were born here, those who have recently arrived from other everydays far away, those who have money, those who don't. This would be an obvious point, the founding orientation of a sociology of experience, were it not for the peculiar and unexamined ways by which "the everyday" seems, in the diffuseness of its ineffability, to erase difference in much the same way as modern European-derived notions of the public and the masses do. This apparent erasure suggests the trace of a diffuse commonality in the commonweal so otherwise deeply divided, a commonality that is no doubt used to manipulate consensus but also promises the possibility of other sorts of nonexploitative solidarities which, in order to exist at all, will have to at some point be based on a common sense of the everyday and, what is more, the ability to sense other everydaynesses. But what sort of sense is constitutive of this everydayness? Surely this sense includes much that is not sense so much as sensuousness, an embodied and somewhat automatic "knowledge" that functions like peripheral vision, not studied contemplation, a knowledge that is imageric and sensate rather than ideational and as such not only challenges practically all critical practice across the board of academic disciplines but is a knowledge that lies as much in the objects and spaces of observation as in the body and mind of the observer. What's more, this sense has an activist, constructivist, bent; not so much contemplative as it is caught in media res working on, making anew, amalgamating, acting and reacting. We are thus mindful of Nietzsche's notion of the senses as bound to their object as much as their organs of reception, a fluid bond to be sure in which, as he says, "seeing
Explaining the Credit Union Entry Decision, and Implications for Performance

Earlier research exploring rural bank entry decisions suggests that market size and its growth seem to be major explanatory factors. In addition, the role of leading bank holding companies is found to be important in stimulating entry of smaller rivals. This article finds that credit union entry responds in a similar way, and in addition that the state-level financial regulatory climate matters. An ordered-probit analysis of credit union numbers yields the intuitive result that credit unions possess little market power (even in rural markets where they might be expected to play a significant role), and what little there is can likely be eliminated by a third credit union in the market.
Inactivation of renin substrate by soybean trypsin inhibitors : implications for measurement of circulating inactive renin

Semipurified soybean trypsin inhibitor added to rat and human plasma leads to a concentration dependent decrease in the rate of angiotensin I generation. This inhibition is due to binding of renin substrate to the inhibitor. Renin substrate present in nephrectomized rat plasma was more susceptible to binding than substrate of the normal rat suggesting structural differences in the substrate generated following nephrectomy. Because trypsin inhibition is necessary for measurement of active and inactive renin, we examined several alternate trypsin inhibitors. The Bowman-Birk inhibitor from soybean had similar actions as purified soybean trypsin inhibitor while trypsin inhibitors from lima bean and chicken did not depress renin substrate, but did have variable effects on the measured levels of active and total plasma renin. Surprisingly, crude soybean trypsin inhibitor did not suppress renin substrate and actually increased angiotensin I generation during PRA and PRC measurements. Since the crude preparation did not suppress renin substrate, changes in the specificity of the inhibitor may occur during its purification. The augmentation of PRA and PRC may be related to angiotensinase inhibitory actions.
Solvent evaporation rates.

A system of equations for predicting the evaporation rates of solvents is presented. These equations may be used by the industrial hygienist, in conjunction with the diffusion equations developed elsewhere, to predict the atmospheric concentrations of vapors from spilled toxic liquids. The equations are derived from wind tunnel tests and applied to predictions for spills both indoors and outdoors.
An impediment to polyhedrality

Abstract A triangulated 3-sphere is said to be polyhedral provided it is isomorphic to the boundary of some convex 4-dimensional polytope. We show that a certain complex of six triangles when embedded in a 3-sphere in a certain way will prevent polyhedrality of the sphere. We also show that spheres with this subcomplex are not invertible, and that this complex together with an additional triangle prevents the existence of a dual diagram.
Influence of heat treatment on the tensile properties and fracture behaviour of an aluminium alloy-ceramic particle composite

The tensile deformation and fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy 2124 reinforced with different amounts of silicon carbide particulates was studied, in the as-extruded and heat-treated conditions, with the objective of investigating the influence of heat treatment and composite microstructural effects on tensile properties and quasi-static fracture behaviour. Results indicate that for a given microstructural condition, the elastic modulus and strength of the metal-matrix composite increased with reinforcement content in the metal matrix. For a given volume fraction of reinforcement, the heat-treated composite exhibited significantly improved modulus and strength-ductility relationships over the as-extruded counterpart. The increased strength of the Al-SiC composite is attributed to the competing and synergistic influence of strengthening precipitates in the matrix metal, residual stresses generated due to intrinsic differences in thermal expansion coefficients between components of the composite and strengthening from constrained plastic flow and triaxiality in the ductile matrix due to the presence of brittle reinforcement. Fracture on a microscopic scale is initiated by cracking of the individual or clusters of SiC particles present in the microstructure. Particle cracking was dominant for the as-extruded composite microstructure. For both the as-extruded and heat-treated conditions, particle cracking increased with reinforcement content in the matrix. Final fracture of the composite resulted from crack propagation through the matrix between clusters. Although these composites exhibited limited ductility on a macroscopic scale, on a microscopic scale the fracture mechanism revealed features reminiscent of ductile failure.
Thermodynamics of loop formation in the denatured state of rhodopseudomonas palustris cytochrome c': scaling exponents and the reconciliation problem.

Abstract The observation that denatured proteins yield scaling exponents, ν, consistent with random-coil behavior and yet can also have pockets of residual or nonrandom structure has been termed the “reconciliation problem”. To provide greater insight into the denatured state of a foldable sequence, we have measured histidine–heme loop formation equilibria in the denatured state of a class II c -type cytochrome, cytochrome c ′ from Rhodopseudomonas palustris . We have prepared a series of variants that provide His–heme loop stabilities, p K loop (His), for loop sizes ranging from 10 to 111 residues at intervals of 7 to 11 residues along the sequence of the protein. We observe a scaling exponent for loop formation, ν 3 , of 2.5 ± 0.3. Theoretical values for ν 3 range from 1.8 to 2.4; thus, the observed ν 3 is consistent with random-coil behavior. However, in contrast to data for loop formation as a function of loop size obtained with peptides of homogeneous sequence, we observe considerable scatter about the linear dependence of loop stability on loop size. Thus, foldable sequences behave very differently from homogeneous peptide sequences. The observed scatter suggests that there is considerable variation in the conformational properties along the backbone of a foldable sequence, consistent with alternating compact and extended regions. With regard to the reconciliation problem, it is evident that a scaling exponent consistent with a random coil is necessary but not sufficient to demonstrate random-coil behavior.
Sociogenetic responses to ecological variation in the ant Myrmica punctiventris are context dependent

Models of social evolution predict a strong relationship between ecological factors and sociogenetic organization in social insects (e.g. queen number, nestmate relatedness and population structure). Despite a large body of coherent theory, empirical support for these predictions is weak. Here we report the results of an experiment that manipulated two ecological parameters, food and nestsite availability, thought to be important for a population of the forest ant Myrmica punctiventris. Earlier work had shown that the sociogenetic structure varies between two populations of this species, and an ecological experiment in one of the populations (in Vermont) revealed that food supplementation had the strongest effects on nestmate relatedness. We repeated the experiment in the second population (in New York) and obtained strikingly different results. We show that nestsite supplementation had the strongest effect in the New York population, and that adding both food and nestsites affected nestmate relatedness in a direction opposite to that reported from the Vermont study. These results show that the ecological context is critically important for understanding the determinants of colony structure in ants. Furthermore, comparison of our data with that of a previous study shows that social organization in New York is temporally unstable. Thus, not only do ecological factors strongly influence social organization, but their influence can vary over time. Our study underscores the need for detailed information on the natural history and ecology of social species.
Fiber containment for improved laboratory handling and uniform nanocoating of milligram quantities of carbon nanotubes by atomic layer deposition.

The presence of nanostructured materials in the workplace is bringing attention to the importance of safe practices for nanomaterial handling. We explored novel fiber containment methods to improve...
Tensile measurement of single crystal gallium nitride nanowires on MEMS test stages

Abstract This paper reports direct tensile tests on n-type (Si-doped) gallium nitride single crystal nanowires 1 that were grown by nitrogen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and which are essentially free of defects and residual strain. Nanowires were integrated with actuated, active microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices using dielectrophoresis-driven self-assembly and platinum-carbon clamps created using a gallium focused ion beam. For one nanowire, failure strain of 0.042 ± 0.011 was found. Most nanowire specimens appeared to demonstrate tensile strength in the range of 4.0 ± 1.7 GPa to 7.5 ± 3.4 GPa. Failure modes included clamp failure, transverse (nanowire c-plane) fractures, and insufficient force from the MEMS test actuator.
Quantity, stress and reduplication in Washo

Plural internal reduplication in Washo has generated much interest in the phonological literature. This study presents a novel analysis that unifies the treatment of a set of seemingly disparate aspects of this plural reduplication pattern (e.g. variation in the placement and size of the reduplicant, contrastive vowel length in stressed syllables, post-tonic gemination, and vowel-length inheritance in reduplication), relying on the interaction between constraints on weight assignment, affix anchoring and stress assignment. In particular, the odd placement of the plural reduplicant in roots with internal consonant sequences and the restricted distribution of long vowels in Washo can be attributed to a previously unnoticed emerging preference for heavy stressed syllables on the surface. The results of this study have implications for theories of reduplication and theories of weight phenomena in general.
Passive filter topology study of single-phase ac-dc converters for DC nanogrid applications

This paper presents an exhaustive study of the topology of passive components based on a two-stage singlephase (1Φ) ac-dc converter for a DC nanogrid application. The design of passive components is discussed by considering the aspects of power density, power quality, conducted EMI, dc small-signal interaction, grounding scheme and the common-mode (CM) voltage level. The first-stage ac differential-mode (DM) capacitors are utilized to clamp the dc-side CM voltage level, thereby reducing the CM switching harmonics by more than 30 dB. This article presents the the whole converter system structure in terms of the existing residence distribution system in North America, and presents design considerations and experimental results.
Transforming Growth Factor β Blocks Tec Kinase Phosphorylation, Ca2+ Influx, and NFATc Translocation Causing Inhibition of T Cell Differentiation

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inhibits T cell proliferation and differentiation. TGF-β has been shown to inhibit the expression of transcription factors such as GATA-3 and T-bet that play important roles in T cell differentiation. Here we show that TGF-β inhibits T cell differentiation at a more proximal step. An early event during T cell activation is increased intracellular calcium levels. Calcium influx in activated T cells and the subsequent activation of transcription factors such as NFATc, events essential for T cell differentiation, are modulated by the Tec kinases that are downstream of the T cell receptor and CD28. We show that in stimulated CD4+ T cells, TGF-β inhibits phosphorylation and activation of the Tec kinase Itk, increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels, NFATc translocation, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK that together regulate T cell differentiation. Our studies suggest that by inhibiting Itk, and consequently Ca2+ influx, TGF-β limits T cell differentiation along both the Th1 and Th2 lineages.
The disintegration of B10 and F19 by fast neutrons

Abstract The disintegration of B10 and F19 by fast neutrons has been studied using a grid-type ionization chamber filled with argon and boron trifluoride enriched in B10. Monoenergetic neutrons for studying the reactions from 0.2 to 8.2 MeV were produced with the Li7 (p, n)Be7, T(p, n)He3 and D(d, n)He3 reactions. Alpha groups from the B10((n, α)Li7 reaction leaving Li7 in its ground and first excited state at 478 keV were studied over the entire energy range. The cross section for the (n, α) reaction decreased rapidly from 1048 mb at 0.2 MeV to 180 mb at 1.2 MeV and then increased to 451±60 mb at the 1,84 MeV resonance. For higher energies broad resonance structure was observed with the cross section generally decreasing and reaching a value of 31 mb at 8.2 MeV. The B10(n, t2α) reaction was observed for neutron energies above 1.3 MeV. The cross section for this reaction increased to 80 mb at 4.5 MeV and was comparable to that for the B10(n, α)Li7 reaction above 5 MeV. The B10 (n, t2α) reaction was found to proceed mainly by three-body breakup or through the 4.63 MeV excited state of Li7. Some reactions may have proceeded through the 2.9 MeV level of Be8 but few, if any, proceeded through the ground state of Be8. The total excitation function for the F19(n, α)N16 reaction leaving N16 in the ground and first three excited states was studied for neutron energies above 2.9 MeV. Ten resonances were observed. The cross section increases to 135±50 mb at 5.80 MeV and then decreases at higher energies.
Patient Evaluation and Selection for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: The Heart Team Approach

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been shown to significantly impact mortality and quality of life in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are deemed high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Essential to these outcomes is proper patient selection. The multidisciplinary TAVR heart team was created to provide comprehensive patient evaluation and aid in proper selection. This review with outline the history and components of the heart team, and delineate the team’s role in risk and frailty assessment, evaluation of common co-morbidities that impact outcomes, and the complex multi-modality imaging necessary for procedural planning and patient selection. The heart team is critical in determining patient eligibility and benefit and the optimal operative approach for TAVR. The future of structural heart disease will certainly require a team approach, and the TAVR heart team will serve as the successful model.
QFilter: fine-grained run-time XML access control via NFA-based query rewriting

At present, most of the state-of-the-art solutions for XML access controls are either (1) document-level access control techniques that are too limited to support fine-grained security enforcement; (2) view-based approaches that are often expensive to create and maintain; or (3) impractical proposals that require substantial security-related support from underlying XML databases. In this paper, we take a different approach that assumes no security support from underlying XML databases and examine three alternative fine-grained XML access control solutions, namely primitive, pre-processing and post-processing approaches. In particular, we advocate a pre-processing method called QFilter that uses Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) to rewrite user's query such that any parts violating access control rules are pruned. We show the construction and execution of a QFilter and demonstrate its superiority to other competing methods.