cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Terrorism could Affect the 2016 Election

Politics is often frightening, whether because of a terrorist attack, a public health outbreak, or an immigration crisis. In this essay, we argue that when politics is threatening, an anxious public wants to feel protected. In turn, the public support leaders and policies they believe will keep them safe. In a world made threatening by terrorism, politicians may be all too eager to amplify alarm bells in order to promote their preferred policies. We hope that the election season means Americans will see some contestation over the best way to keep us safe.
Political Development and the Fragmentation of Protection Markets: Politically Affiliated Gangs in Indonesia

Why do gangs proliferate during democratization and decline in number during authoritarian consolidation? I utilize primary evidence of two Indonesian gangs to inform a model of protection gangs un...
On a class of non-local operators in conformal geometry

In this expository article, the authors discuss the connection between the study of non-local operators on Euclidean space to the study of fractional GJMS operators in conformal geometry. The emphasis is on the study of a class of fourth order operators and their third order boundary operators. These third order operators are generalizations of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator.
Calcium-Induced Sculpturing of the Plasma Membrane: Lipid Microclusters Cast by Anionic Lipids

The plasma membrane of the cell is a complex, tightly-controlled heterogeneous environment. While anionic lipids constitute a small part of all phospholipids in the plasma membrane, they play key functional roles in regulation of vital cellular processes such as blood clotting, signaling, vesicle fusion, and apoptosis. Lipid composition and distribution in the plasma membrane are highly dynamic, with anionic phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids typically found on the interior leaflet. In turn, the concentration of divalent Ca2+ ions, an important cellular messenger, is three orders of magnitude greater outside of the cell, spatially separating the ions from anionic lipids. PS lipids can become externalized to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in the case of cell injury, disease, or apoptotic changes allowing them to interact with Ca2+, resulting in changes in the plasma membrane structure and initiation of signaling cascades. Nonetheless, the molecular details of lipid-Ca2+ interactions are not completely understood. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of binary mixtures of PS and phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids using highly mobile membrane mimetic model (HMMM) that enabled extended sampling. Simulations revealed that lipid microclusters are formed by higher order (three or more) lipid oligomers coordinated by Ca2+, with two distinct conformations of the PS headgroup serving as building blocks. In parallel, 13C-dephased 31P-observed solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) experiments were performed with spin-diluted Nanodisc samples to report on 31P-13C distances. Experimental data are consistent with both intra- and inter-molecular lipid headgroup characteristic distances of approximately 4.8 +/- 0.5 A that match well with all-atom MD results. To our knowledge, this is one of the first joint MD and high-resolution SSNMR studies to characterize how lipid microclusters are formed at the atomic level and how they reshape the plasma membrane.
Utilizing BD MAX™ Enteric Bacterial Panel to Detect Stool Pathogens from Rectal Swabs

The BD MAX™ Enteric Bacterial Panel (BDM-EBP) is designed and FDA-cleared to detect Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Shiga toxin genes stx1/2 from stool samples. However, rectal swabs, which are not FDA-cleared for clinical testing with the BDM-EBP, are common specimens received from pediatric patients for enteric pathogen testing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the BDM-EBP to detect stool pathogens from rectal swabs. Routine cultures, Shiga toxin testing, and molecular testing with BDM-EBP were performed on 272 sequential rectal swabs collected from August 2015 to December 2015. Discrepant test results were resolved using Verigene® Enteric Pathogens Nucleic Acid Test (EP). 36 challenge samples (13 Salmonella spp., 3 Shigella spp., 10 Campylobacter spp., and 10 Shiga toxin positive Escherichia coli) were tested using reference strains (American Type Culture Collection) and previous patient isolates diluted to103-104 cfu/ml in saline then added to Sample Buffer Tube (SBT) with negative stool matrix delivered via a swab. Limit of detection testing was performed by serial 10 fold dilutions in saline then added to SBT with negative stool matrix provided via a swab. A total of 272 rectal swab specimens were evaluated and 89 were positive by culture and/or MAX EBP. All discrepant results were BDM-EBP positive and culture negative. 21 of 31 (68%) of the apparent false positive BDM-EBP discrepant results resolved as positive with Nanosphere’s Verigene® EP. After resolution of the discordant results, the Positive Percent Agreement (PPA) and Negative Percent Agreement (NPA) are as follows for each target: Salmonella (n = 4) 100%, PPA and 100%, NPA; Shigella (n = 79) 100%, PPA and 95.3%, NPA; Campylobacter (n = 4) 100%, PPA and 99.6%, NPA; and Shiga toxin producing organisms (n = 2) 100%, PPA and 100%, NPA. 8.8% of the patient samples did not initially yield a result on the BDM-System. Upon repeat, half of the problematic samples resolved, and 4.4% of the total specimen tested did not yield a result. All organisms in the challenge samples were detected. Limits of detection for BDM-EBP testing of rectal swabs were as follows (in cfu/ml in SBT): Salmonella-1.44 × 102; Shigella-5.10 × 100; Campylobacter-1.51 × 101; and Shiga Toxin-1.13 ×103. Rectal swabs are acceptable samples for detecting Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Shiga toxin using BDM-EBP.
The Every Student Succeeds Act, the Decline of the Federal Role in Education Policy, and the Curbing of Executive Authority

This article analyzes the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 and the evolving role of the federal government in educational policy. We rely on John Kingdon’s policy window framework to evaluate how key political constituencies on both the political right and left pressured Congress to limit both the executive branch and federal roles in educational policy. We find that policies during the Obama Administration shifted political attitudes on key issues and within key constituencies that had previously supported a stronger federal role. We conclude with a discussion of how this shift in federal education policy can yield insights applicable to other policy areas and also how this informs the current direction of federal–state relations.
Abstract 204: Prioritizing Genome-Wide Association Study Lipid Loci With Global Gene Networks

Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in humans by the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC) have identified more than 150 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with variation in plasma lipid levels (cholesterol, LDL/HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides). Some loci contain genes with well-described roles in lipid metabolism, such as CETP , LDLR , and APOB ; however, for many genome-wide significant loci, there is no clear causal gene. To test the hypothesis that lipid genes in the liver are co-regulated, we constructed global co-expression gene networks from genome-wide gene expression data obtained from the livers of multiple independent mouse genetic crosses. All together, we constructed global gene networks from eight distinct studies, representing more than 800 unique mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. For all studies analyzed, we identified a module (or sub-network) of genes that is significantly enriched (p -15 ) functionally for cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism genes. This module ranges in size from 70 to 824 genes across the eight studies and contains all genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway ( Acat2, Hmgcs2, Hmgcr, Lss, Sc5d, etc. ). This module also contains many genes involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, such as Ldlr , Pcsk9 , and Insig1 . Because of the significant enrichment of cholesterol genes in this module, we have begun to cross-reference all genes in the module against the GLGC lipid GWAS data. Through this analysis, we have identified genes of unknown function that are clearly located within genome-wide significant lipid loci as well as sub-threshold (suggestive significant) lipid loci. Among the genes we identified was Sestrin1 , which was located within a clear sub-threshold locus associated with plasma cholesterol (rs12206606; p=1.4 x 10 -5 ). In conclusion, our studies provide a framework to identify causal genes within reported lipid GWAS loci as well as to identify novel sub-threshold loci associated with variations in lipids among humans. We illustrate the approach by identifying Sestrin1 within a sub-threshold locus associated with plasma cholesterol levels and show that Sestrin1 is transcriptionally regulated in the liver by dietary cholesterol.
Pharmacological Effects of Cordyceps and Its Bioactive Compounds

Abstract The genus Cordyceps , which comprises a group of insect parasitizing fungi, is regarded as an important component of traditional Chinese medicines and extensively investigated for its pharmacological actions. A wide range of natural products such as proteins, cyclic peptides, polyamines, nucleosides, polysaccharides, and sterols have been reported to be present in Cordyceps . Nucleosides cordycepin and its analogs, polysaccharides, and sterols are the major bioactive compounds in Cordyceps , which are associated with multiple pharmacological effects, such as anticancer, immunomodulatory, aphrodisiac, and hypoglycemic properties. Most of the health benefits of Cordyceps were reported from in vitro and in vivo animal experiments and a few clinical trials. Cordyceps is considered as generally safe for human use and has a potential to be used as adjunctive therapy in diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and renal failure; however, no well-defined toxicological studies have been published. Because of significant structural and compositional variation among bioactive compounds and the potential of contamination/adulteration, quality control of Cordyceps or Cordyceps- based dietary supplements is critical to ensure its safety and efficacy. This review highlights the recent advances in profiling the bioactive compounds from Cordyceps sinensis , their pharmacological properties, and quality control of this supplement.
The perception of sexual orientation through speech: Generational change

Previous research has shown that listeners can perceive the sexual orientation of some lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people at a greater than chance levels based on the acoustic-perceptual characteristics of their speech (Munson et al., J. Phonetics [2006], Pierrehumbert et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. [2004]). The cues to these judgments were the pronunciation of specific sounds (i.e., /ae/, /ɛ/, /oʊ/, /u/, /s/), rather than global speech characteristics (like f0 range or formant-frequency scaling). In the years since those studies were conducted, societal attitudes toward LGB people have changed substantially. Moreover, ongoing sound changes have affected the pronunciation of many of the sounds that cued judgments of sexual orientation from speech. The current study examines whether these changes affect the perception of sexual orientation through speech. The perception experiments described in Munson et al. are being redone using two groups of listeners. One group is matched in age to subjects whose data were reported previously (i.e, currently 18-30 years old). The second group that is matched in birth year to the subjects from the earlier study (i.e., currently 33-45 years old). Ongoing analyses compare these new data are compared to those from Munson et al. Previous research has shown that listeners can perceive the sexual orientation of some lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people at a greater than chance levels based on the acoustic-perceptual characteristics of their speech (Munson et al., J. Phonetics [2006], Pierrehumbert et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. [2004]). The cues to these judgments were the pronunciation of specific sounds (i.e., /ae/, /ɛ/, /oʊ/, /u/, /s/), rather than global speech characteristics (like f0 range or formant-frequency scaling). In the years since those studies were conducted, societal attitudes toward LGB people have changed substantially. Moreover, ongoing sound changes have affected the pronunciation of many of the sounds that cued judgments of sexual orientation from speech. The current study examines whether these changes affect the perception of sexual orientation through speech. The perception experiments described in Munson et al. are being redone using two groups of listeners. One group is matched in age to subjects whose data...
Delta Opioid Agonists Inhibit Proliferation of Highlypurified Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cells

A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that opiates and opioid peptides modulate immune function. The present study used highly purified murine CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells to determine the effects of delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonists on proliferation. Splenic T-cells, obtained from male or female C57BL/6 or CD1 mice, were separated by a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Cells were stimulated to proliferate in serum free medium by cross-linking the T-cell receptor using plate-coated anti-CD3-e; 3H-thymidine uptake was determined at 48 hours. Previous experiments had shown that deltorphin and [D-A1a2]-met-enkephalinamide (DAME), at concentrations from 10-11 to 10-7 M, dose dependently inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells obtained from female C57BL/6 or CD1 mice. Similarly, the experiments herein demonstrate that proliferation of CD4+ T-cells from female CD1 mice was inhibited by 2,5 DPDP-enkephalin (DPDP-E), in direct relation to dose. In contrast, the anti-proliferative response of cells from C57BL/6 mice demonstrated an inverse relationship to dose. At 10-11 M, the most effective dose of DPDP-E studied, 3Hthymidine uptake was inhibited by 50%. The selective DOR antagonist, naltrindole (10-12 M), abolished this. DAME was used to compare the effects of DOR agonists on CD8+ T-cells from both strains of female mice. 3H-Thymidine uptake was dose-dependently inhibited to a similar degree in both strains; 10-7 M DAME maximally reduced proliferation by 70%. DAME had similar effects on both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells from male mice, and its inhibitory effect was markedly attenuated after 72 hours. In summary, the dose-response profiles for the anti-proliferative effects of DAME and deltorphin are similar in CD1 and C57BL/6 mice, whereas the profiles are distinctively different for DPDP-E. The effects of DPDP-E appear to be mediated through a δ-like opiate receptor.
Evaluation of Perceptual Biases in Facial Expression Recognition by Humans and Machines

In this paper, we applied a reverse correlation approach to study the features that humans use to categorize facial expressions. The well-known portrait of Mona Lisa was used as the base image to investigate the features differentiating happy and sad expressions. The base image was blended with sinusoidal noise masks to create the stimulus. Observers were required to view each image and categorized it as happy or sad. Analysis of responses using superimposed classification images revealed both locations and identity of information required to represent each certain expression. To further investigate the results, a neural network based classifier was developed to identify the expression of the superimposed images from the machine learning perspective, which reveals that the pattern which humans perceive the expression is acknowledged by machines.
Who is Afraid of the Total Constitution? Constitutional Rights as Principles and the Constitutionalization of Private Law

In 1931 Carl Schmitt published an article titled “the turn to the total state.” The total state that Schmitt describes is not yet a totalitarian state. Germany is still a liberal democracy and the Weimar Constitution is still the supreme law of the land. But the total state Schmitt describes is a state in which the traditional lines between the sphere in which the private law society governs itself and the sphere of state intervention, or the public domain, have been undermined. According to Schmitt, the pluralistic forces of civil society have captured the state and made it an instrument to serve their purposes. Everything is up for grabs politically. It is a state of political mobilization and deep ideological conflict, reflected in the plurality of deeply divided political parties in parliament. It is possible to distinguish between three features, which together illustrate the total prevalence of politics over law underlying “the turn to the total state.”
A Survey on Deep Learning: Algorithms, Techniques, and Applications

The field of machine learning is witnessing its golden era as deep learning slowly becomes the leader in this domain. Deep learning uses multiple layers to represent the abstractions of data to build computational models. Some key enabler deep learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks, convolutional neural networks, and model transfers have completely changed our perception of information processing. However, there exists an aperture of understanding behind this tremendously fast-paced domain, because it was never previously represented from a multiscope perspective. The lack of core understanding renders these powerful methods as black-box machines that inhibit development at a fundamental level. Moreover, deep learning has repeatedly been perceived as a silver bullet to all stumbling blocks in machine learning, which is far from the truth. This article presents a comprehensive review of historical and recent state-of-the-art approaches in visual, audio, and text processing; social network analysis; and natural language processing, followed by the in-depth analysis on pivoting and groundbreaking advances in deep learning applications. It was also undertaken to review the issues faced in deep learning such as unsupervised learning, black-box models, and online learning and to illustrate how these challenges can be transformed into prolific future research avenues.
Anodic stimulation misunderstood: preferential activation of fiber orientations with anodic waveforms in deep brain stimulation.

Objective: During deep brain stimulation (DBS), it is well understood that extracellular cathodic stimulation can cause activation of passing axons. Activation can be predicted from the second derivative of the electric potential along an axon, which depends on axonal orientation with respect to the stimulation source. We hypothesize that fiber orientation influences activation thresholds and that fiber orientations can be selectively targeted with DBS waveforms.&#13; &#13; Approach: We used bioelectric field and multicompartment NEURON models to explore preferential activation based on fiber orientation during monopolar or bipolar stimulation. Preferential fiber orientation was extracted from the principal eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix of the electric potential. We tested cathodic, anodic, and charge-balanced pulses to target neurons based on fiber orientation in general and clinical scenarios.&#13; &#13; Main Results: Axons passing the DBS lead have positive second derivatives around a cathode, whereas orthogonal axons have positive second derivatives around an anode, as indicated by the Hessian. Multicompartment NEURON models confirm that passing fibers are activated by cathodic stimulation, and orthogonal fibers are activated by anodic stimulation. Additionally, orthogonal axons have lower thresholds compared to passing axons. In a clinical scenario, fiber pathways associated with therapeutic benefit can be targeted with anodic stimulation at 50% lower stimulation amplitudes.&#13; &#13; Significance: Fiber orientations can be selectively targeted with simple changes to the stimulus waveform. Anodic stimulation preferentially activates orthogonal fibers, approaching or leaving the electrode, at lower thresholds for similar therapeutic benefit in DBS with decreased power consumption.
Clinical and imaging characteristics of posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa with a specific FLVCR1 mutation.

Background: Posterior column ataxia retinitis pigmentosa (PCARP) with feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 1 (FLVCR1) gene mutation is a rare disorder with significant ophthalmic feat...
The Use of Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells in an In Vitro Invasion Assay as a Measure of Oncogenic Cell Behavior

The in vitro invasion assay uses a protein-rich matrix in a Boyden chamber to measure the ability of cultured cells to pass through the matrix and a porous membrane in a process analogous to the initial steps of cancer cell metastasis. The tested cells can be altered for the gene expression or treated with inhibitors to test for changes in the invasion potential. This experiment tests the aggressive phenotype of the mouse mammary tumor cells to discover and characterize the potential oncogenes that promote cell invasion. This technique, however, can be versatile and adapted to many different applications. The experiment itself can be done in one day and the results are acquired by light microscopy in less than a day. The results include counts of the number of invading cells for comparison and analysis. The in vitro invasion assay is a rapid, inexpensive, and clear-cut method for determining cell behavior in a culture that can be used as an initial assessment before more involved in vivo assays.
The Synchrotron Peak Shift during High-Energy Flares of Blazars

A prediction for the energy shift of the synchrotron spectrum of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) during high-energy flares is presented. If the γ-ray emission of FSRQs is produced by Comptonization of external radiation, then the peak of the synchrotron spectrum is predicted to move to lower energies in the flare state. This is opposite to the well-known broadband spectral behavior of high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects in which the external radiation field is believed to be weak and synchrotron self-Compton scattering might be the dominant γ-ray radiation mechanism. The synchrotron peak shift, if observed in FSRQs, can thus be used as a diagnostic to determine the dominant radiation mechanism in these objects. I suggest a few FSRQs as promising candidates to test the prediction of the external Comptonization model.
Applications and Trends in Connected Vehicles: Debates and Conclusions

Smart cities and connected vehicles have witnessed rapid research and technological developments over the last two decades. Early research has indicated that together these technologies can significantly benefit public safety in particular post collision care. This paper reviews the literature relating three key aspects of public safety presented in relation to post collision care, which include first responders response time, crash vehicle communication time to the first responder and the ability of the first responder to focus on collisions where they are needed the most.
Dance Trends: Pointe Work Readiness

Tevin Johnson. Photo by Tevin Johnson.Alandmark in the training of many young ballet dancers is the moment they begin working in pointe shoes. It is also a landmark moment for the dance educator, w...
The Use of Small Area Estimates in Place-Based Health Research.

Interest in the impact of the built environment on health behaviors, outcomes, and disparities is increasing, and the growing development of statistical modeling techniques has allowed researchers ...
Evaluating Change in the Conversation of a Person With Mild Aphasia After Attentive Reading With Constrained Summarization-Written Treatment

Purpose The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of a discourse-level treatment, Attentive Reading with Constrained Summarization–Written (ARCS-W), on conversational discourse. ARCS-W...
A Systematic Review of Multiple Terminologies for ICT in Government: A Mesh of Concentric and Overlapping Circles:

The purpose of the current article is to identify the frequently used terms for the field of study that deals with the information and communication technology usage in the government and explore t...
The Market Value Spillovers of Mergers and Acquisitions: Revaluing Technological Capabilities and Product Market Positioning

The strategy literature emphasizes the ownership of resources or market positioning as fundamental sources of a firm's value. Building on these perspectives, this study shows that when an acquisition is announced, the market value of other non-merging companies can be simultaneously affected by revaluations of their technological capabilities and of their product market positioning. To disentangle these channels, I use text-based similarity measures to define technological and product proximity to the acquired company. Technological revaluation is driven by technology similarities and is moderated by factors signaling undervaluation. Product market revaluation is driven by product proximity and is moderated by the expected competitive effects of the merger. The more dynamic the product market environment, the more technological revaluation effects dominate product market revaluations.
LGBTQ Privacy Concerns on Social Media.

We conducted semi-structured interviews with members of the LGBTQ community about their privacy practices and concerns on social networking sites. Participants used different social media sites for different needs and adapted to not being completely out on each site. We would value the opportunity to discuss the unique privacy and security needs of this population with workshop participants and learn more about the privacy needs of other marginalized user groups from researchers who have worked in those communities.
Rehabilitation and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

In recent years there has been increased interest in the application of neuropsychological test results to rehabilitation planning. In general, rehabilitation psychologists who have worked with brain-injured patients have developed their own batteries by combining a variety of individual tests, chosen on the basis of their own idiosyncratic preferences. Recently, attempts have been made to adapt more standardized batteries (such as the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery) to this process. However, all of these tests have been limited in that they were developed with no clear theory of rehabilitation in mind. Their purpose was most often diagnostic rather than prescriptive.
Factor Geometries and Congruence Relations

In this chapter the family of halfspaces of a nonempty linear space is converted into a join system—called a factor geometry—by defining a join operation in it in a natural way. The theory of factor geometries has its roots in the problem of constructing a geometry out of the family of rays that emanate from a given point in a Euclidean space. Such a ray geometry is implicit in classical geometry and is closely related to spherical geometry. Factor geometries and join geometries share many common properties and can be studied by similar methods. Thus in a factor geometry convexity and linearity are treated in a familiar way. However a factor geometry, as an algebraic system, differs markedly from a join geometry since it contains an identity element and its elements have inverses. The development has strong—though unforced—analogies with algebraic theories of congruence relations and factor or quotient systems.
Development of integrated assessment platform for biofuels production via fast pyrolysis and upgrading pathway

vii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Biofuels 1 Bioenergy Assessment 5 Dissertation Organization 11 References 11 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND 19 Methodology 19 Case Study 27 References 29 CHAPTER 3 TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS FAST WITH TWO UPGRADING PATHWAYS 32 Abstract 32 Introduction 33 Process Model Description 37 Analysis and Results 44 Uncertainty Analysis 51 Conclusions 56 Acknowledgements 58 References 58 CHAPTER 4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND TRANSPORTATION FUELS FROM CORN STOVER VIA FAST PYROLYSIS ......... 62 Abstract 62 Introduction 63
An Ounce of Prevention: Solving Some Unforeseen Problems with the Proposed Amendments to Rule 56 and the Federal Summary Judgment Process

The Civil Rules Advisory Committee has recently proposed the most significant revisions to Rule 56 since the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were adopted seventy years ago. Although the stated goal of the proposed amendments is laudable - "to improve the procedures for making and opposing summary-judgment motions, and to facilitate the judge's work in resolving them" - this Essay in the Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy identifies some unanticipated problems with the proposed text. Contrary to the Advisory Committee's intent, the proposed text may inadvertently make substantial changes to the summary-judgment standard and the burdens on litigants at the summary-judgment phase. This Essay suggests specific solutions that would eliminate the potentially troubling consequences of the new rule while preserving its improvements to the summary-judgment process.
Effects of Various Levels of Silica Ash in the Diet of Juvenile Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

The demand for alternative feedstuffs to fish meal is anticipated to continue increasing due to fish meal's limited supply and escalating price. One group of alternative feedstuffs includes lipid-extracted algae (LEA) by-products from algae production for biofuels. Most LEA by-products are known to contain relatively high levels of ash ranging from 20 to 30% of dry weight. Thus, inclusion of LEA by-products in aquafeeds may contribute a substantial amount of ash, which potentially could have negative effects on utilization of other nutrients. To study the ash component of LEA by-products, diatomaceous earth (DE) was used as a homogeneous source of silica ash. Therefore, two feeding trials were conducted with red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, in a closed, recirculating system to evaluate the effects of graded levels of dietary silica ash. In Experiment 1, semi-purified diets were formulated to contain 35% crude protein, with DE included at 0, 5, 10, 20, or 30% of dry weight in place of cellulose to provide diets with analyzed ash levels of 8.6, 12.4, 16.7, 25.5, and 33.8% of dry weight in a regression design. Similar diets were fed in Experiment 2 but DE and cellulose were restricted to no more than 20% of diet. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish (initial average weight of 1.4 ± 0.2 and 2.3 ± 0.1 g) for 8 wk. In both experiments it was apparent that red drum did not respond negatively to even the highest dietary ash levels based on weight gain, feed efficiency, survival, or body composition. No apparent histological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of fish fed the graded levels of ash were observed. Therefore, inclusion of algae by-products in diets of red drum will not be limited due to their contribution of ash.
Parallel Unification: Theory and Implementations

This Chapter deals with parallel unification architectures and algorithms. We show how parallel unification can be exploited and we review a parallel unification algorithm. Static scheduling, binding environment, and memory representation of terms are also discussed. Finally, we review some of the parallel unification projects.
A digitally enhanced 1.8 V 15 b 40 MS/s CMOS pipelined ADC

A 1.8 V 15 b 40 MS/s CMOS pipelined ADC with 90 dB SFDR and 72 dB peak SNR over the full Nyquist band is described. ADC performance is enhanced by digital background calibration of DAC noise and interstage gain error. The IC is realized in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process, consumes 400 mW, and has a die size of 4 mm/spl times/5 mm.
We Can Remember It for You Wholesale: Implications of Data Remanence on the Use of RAM for True Random Number Generation on RFID Tags (RFIDSec 2009)

Random number generation is a fundamental security primitive for RFID devices. However, even this relatively simple requirement is beyond the capacity of today's average RFID tag. A recently proposed solution, Fingerprint Extraction and Random Number Generation in SRAM (FERNS) [14, 15], involves the use of onboard RAM as the source of "true" randomness. Unfortunately, practical considerations prevent this approach from reaching its full potential. First, this method must compete with other system functionalities for use of memory. Thus, the amount of uninitialized RAM available for utilization as a randomness generator may be severely restricted. Second, RAM is subject to data remanence; there is a time period after losing power during which stored data remains intact in memory. This means that after a portion of memory has been used for entropy collection once it will require a relatively extended period of time without power before it can be reused. In a usable RFID based security application, which requires multiple or long random numbers, this may lead to unacceptably high delays. In this paper, we show that data remanence negatively affects RAM based random number generation. We demonstrate the practical considerations that must be taken into account when using RAM as an entropy source. We also discuss the implementation of a true random number generator on Intel's WISP RFID tag, which is the first such implementation to the authors' best knowledge. By relating this to the requirements of some popular RFID authentication protocols, we assess the (im)practicality of utilizing memory based randomness techniques on resource constrained devices.
The pro's and con's of gravitational lenses in CETI.

Gravitational lenses are an intriguing means of generating intense, achromatic gain for cosmic communication (Eshleman, 1979). Yet for their vast advantage in gain, they provide some severe constraints in modulation modes and bit rates. These limitations arise from the transience of the gain, caused by breaking of the rigid alignment required between observer, lensing star, and the transmitter. Except in cases where the positions of the observer and transmitter are known and corrected for with great accuracy (requiring its own large scale tracking system), significant gain (greater than 30 dB) may only last for a fraction of a second during the proper alignment. This would suggest a very fast bit rate and concurrent wide bandwidth for any message transmitted with a non-targetted strategy. Diffraction and relativistic time delay effects are expected to add a phase problem, which will appear to an observer measuring the total radiation of the lensed message as a chromatic signal, if the transmitter is itself coherent. Rapid gain variations and phase effects warrant the use of phase and frequency modulation in this mode, and a digital encoding may prove the most efficient. If the observer is unprepared to decode the transient, lensed transmission, it may be misconstrued as being spurious, terrestrial, or natural in origin.
Critical access health care: a concept analysis.

PURPOSE. The purpose of this paper is to provide a concept analysis of critical access health care. A common understanding of critical access health care would benefit those who legislate, provide, and consume health care. METHODS. A review of the literature was conducted using an identical set of search terms that yielded a variety of sources; however, none were specifically related to critical access health care. FINDINGS. No literature of concept analysis of critical access health care could be found. CONCLUSIONS. A concrete and measurable understanding of the concept will provide a common foundation to assist public and private entities in developing viable methods to understand healthcare policies, problems related to access, disparities in health care, and ways to increase health promotion and disease prevention.
The field of fertility preservation comes of age.

We welcome our readership to this unique issue of JARG featuring the fast-paced world of fertility preservation. Our treatment of this topic comes from a mix of motivations, not the least of which is to provide our readership with up-to-date coverage of the various facets of fertility preservation as advances in this domain continue to influence patterns of patient care. A further stimulus derives from a meeting held earlier at which up and coming young scientists and physicians were invited to present their findings alongside many of the leaders in the field. Most of the papers comprising this special issue of JARG are original contributions from the meeting participants and represent a full spectrum of the topics currently attracting so much attention from patients, clinicians, and scientists alike. What has piqued the interests of so many in the past decade is the maturation of a range of ARTs intended for protection and/or restoration of fertility threatened in individuals who have undergone gonadotoxic therapies, typically due to cancer. The road to today’s array of options has not been a straightforward one, nor has it been without controversy given the societal issues attendant to life and death decisions for both male and female patients across the age spectrum. And in retrospect, the pioneering efforts made by Teresa Woodruff and her colleagues in the Oncofertility program at Northwestern University not only brought bench technology to the stage but recognized early on the importance of a communication highway between patients, oncologists, and fertility specialists if ever the needs of this expanding population were to be met. The range of technologies that have received inspiration in some cases, and scrutiny in others, is well represented by the contributors in the following pages. Whatever technology has emerged de novo or witnessed refinement as a result of the momentum gained through the practical realization of fertility preservation, we most certainly remain in an early stage of maturation that will eventually touch upon ARTs broadly and our fundamental understanding of human reproductive biology. Towards this end, the reader will find not simply updates on subjects as varied as the ethics of oocyte cryopreservation, or fertility recovery prospects in different disease conditions, but an engaging series of papers on the impacts of ovarian tissue cryopreservation in animal models that reveals properties of the mammalian ovary previously not appreciated. Insights from these studies are being developed to improve the success rates after autologous transplantation in humans. To wit, reported here is the most recent inventory of live births resulting from autologous grafts from cryopreserved ovarian tissues, a procedure that remains deeply embedded in the realm of the experimental. We welcome your feedback on our humble attempt to bring the JARG readership a step or two closer to the field of fertility preservation and its nascent triumphs and future challenges.
The U.C. Berkeley School of Information Management and Systems

In May 1995 the Regents of the University of California approved the creation of the new School of Information Management and Systems (SIMS) on the Berkeley campus. SIMS will focus on research and teaching in a broad range of areas concerning information systems and services, the rapidly growing "information industry", and the expansion of the international information infrastructure as well as the importance of these systems and services in the professions, in scholarship and research, and in daily life. This paper discusses the mission and developing curriculum of the School of Information Management and Systems.
Highly Exfoliated Water-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by phenyl groups can be sulfonated in oleum (H2SO4, 20% free SO3) to give materials that exhibit high solubility in water as determined by centrifugation in conjunction with UV−vis−near-infrared measurements. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy images show that extensive debundling occurs during the sulfonation step.
Dayside merging and cusp geometry

Geometrical considerations are presented to show that dayside magnetic merging when constrained to act only where the fields are antiparallel results in lines of merging that converge at the polar cusps. An important consequence of this geometry is that no accelerated flows are predicted across the dayside magnetopause. Acceleration owing to merging acts in opposition to the magnetosheath flow at the merging point and produces the variably directed, slower-than-magnetosheath flows observed in the entry layer. Another consequence of the merging geometry is that much of the time closed field lines constitute the subsolar region of the magnetopause. The manner in which the polar cap convection patterns predicted by the proposed geometry change as the interplanetary field is rotated through 360 deg provides a unifying description of how the observed single circular vortex and the crescent-shaped double vortex patterns mutually evolve under the influence of a single operating principle.
Glutathione S-transferase overexpression protects against anthracycline-induced H9C2 cell death

Anthracyclines (AC) are antitumor antibiotics with significant activity against solid and hematologic malignancies. One problem preventing more widespread use has been the development of cardiac to...
Thermal expansion of vitrified blood vessels permeated with DP6 and synthetic ice modulators

This study provides thermal expansion data for blood vessels permeated with the cryoprotective cocktail DP6, when combined with selected synthetic ice modulators (SIMs): 12% polyethylene glycol 400, 6% 1,3-cyclohexanediol, and 6% 2,3-butanediol. The general classification of SIMs includes molecules that modulate ice nucleation and growth, or possess properties of stabilizing the amorphous state, by virtue of their chemical structure and at concentrations that are not explained on a purely colligative basis. The current study is part of an ongoing effort to characterize thermo-mechanical effects on structural integrity of cryopreserved materials, where thermal expansion is the driving mechanism to thermo-mechanical stress. This study focuses on the lower part of the cryogenic temperature range, where the cryoprotective agent (CPA) behaves as a solid for all practical applications. By combining results obtained in the current study with literature data on the thermal expansion in the upper part of the cryogenic temperature range, unified thermal expansion curves are presented.
Modeling the interaction of peroxynitrite with low-density lipoproteins. I. Plasma levels of peroxynitrite.

Abstract Peroxynitrite is a strong candidate for the material responsible for the initiation of peroxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) which is considered the first step in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Recent advances in the understanding of peroxynitrite chemistry allow the construction of a kinetic model that can be used to understand the factors controlling levels in plasma. These results indicate that the carbon dioxide catalysed decomposition of peroxynitrite produces large quantities of reactive species, but the rapid decomposition of this intermediate, ONOOCO − 2 , may limit its availability to attack LDLs at points distant from the site of production. In this case, peroxynitrite itself may be of greater quantitative importance in LDL peroxidation.
Curtailed versions of randomized binomial tests

Consider a fixed sample size uniformly most powerful test of Ho: p ≤ po versus H1 : p > po, where p is a Bernoulli parameter. If the test is non randomized, an optimally curtailed version stops sampling as soon as the final decision is certain. If the test is andomized, the optimal curtailment procedure is more complex. This paper gives a Simple, complete characterization of weakly admissible curtailments of such randomized tests.
Structural superposition in fault systems bounding Santa Clara Valley, California

Santa Clara Valley is bounded on the southwest and northeast by active strike-slip and reverse-oblique faults of the San Andreas fault system. On both sides of the valley, these faults are superposed on older normal and/or right-lateral normal oblique faults. The older faults comprised early components of the San Andreas fault system as it formed in the wake of the northward passage of the Mendocino Triple Junction. On the east side of the valley, the great majority of fault displacement was accommodated by the older faults, which were almost entirely abandoned when the presently active faults became active after ca. 2.5 Ma. On the west side of the valley, the older faults were abandoned earlier, before ca. 8 Ma and probably accumulated only a small amount, if any, of the total right-lateral offset accommodated by the fault zone as a whole. Apparent contradictions in observations of fault offset and the relation of the gravity field to the distribution of dense rocks at the surface are explained by recognition of superposed structures in the Santa Clara Valley region.
Fast Parzen density estimation using clustering-based branch and bound

This correspondence proposes a fast Parzen density estimation algorithm that would be especially useful in nonparametric discriminant analysis problems. By preclustering the data and applying a simple branch and bound procedure to the clusters, significant numbers of data samples that would contribute little to the density estimate can be excluded without detriment to actual evaluation via the kernel functions. This technique is especially helpful in the multivariant case, and does not require a uniform sampling grid. The proposed algorithm may also be used in conjunction with the data reduction technique of Fukunaga and Hayes (1989) to further reduce the computational load. Experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of this algorithm. >
Measuring Neighborhood Connection and the Association with Violence in Young Adolescents

Purpose The objectives of this study were to construct measures of adolescent neighborhood connection and test the association of these measures with violence-related behaviors.
The influence of multiple inseminations and multiple foundresses on social evolution

The breeding biology of a population determines the way in which individuals are distributed within and between progeny groups and, thus, affects the genetic variation within and between these groups. The breeding biology of any organism can be characterized by the distribution of the numbers of mates of females, the apportionment of paternity among males, the distribution of the numbers of females reproducing in common nests, and the apportionment of total fecundity within a nest among founding females. In addition, the possibility of genetic correlations among mates or among founding females is an important consideration and will be addressed in a later paper. The influence of the breeding biology on social evolution was evaluated by deriving the necessary conditions for the spread of genes for social behaviors and the rate of spread of these genes for populations with different breeding biologies. The first step in this derivation is to demonstrate that selection for genes determining social behavior can be represented as the covariance between gene frequency and relative fitness. Secondly, it is shown that this covariance can be formally partitioned into within and between group components. Thirdly, each covariance component is shown to be equivalent to the product of a genetic variance and a coefficient of linear regression of relative fitness on gene frequency. Lastly, specific models for the genotype fitnesses and breeding biologies are assumed and the necessary conditions for the increase in the frequency of altruistic alleles are obtained. The theory illustrates that variation in the numbers of mates per female has less of an effect on the evolution of social behaviors than does variation in the numbers of reproductive females per nest. In addition, it points out that the harmonic mean number of mates per female or of females per nest is a more useful summary statistic for characterizing populations with respect to the expected degree of evolved sociality than is the arithmetic mean.