cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic Modification Of Plasma Membrane Function In Erythrocytes Sensitized By Xanthenes: What Determines Potency?

Several xanthene sensitizers were compared as sensitizers of membrane function in erythrocytes and some of their physico-chemical properties were examined. Eosin derivatives that localize at different membrane sites were equally effective at sensitizing both ion leaks and inactivation of membrane cholinesterase, implying that a diffusible intermediate reacts with membrane targets. Assessments of membrane loading and calculations of diffusion distances for singlet oxygen indicate that amounts of membrane-located sensitizer are quantitatively much greater than amounts in the nearby reaction medium. Potency measurements and assessment of absorption spectra and singlet oxygen production in water-dioxane mixtures lead to the conclusion that differential sorption to membranes, photon capture in low polarity environments and conversion of excited states to singlet oxygen are they key determinants of sensitizing potency.
Adhesin degradation: a possible function for a Prevotella loescheii protease?

Prevotella loescheii PK1295 produces at least 3 proteases that are separable by isoelectric focusing. One of these proteases, an enzyme with an isoelectric point at 8.5 and an Mr of 36,000, hydrolyzes the fimbria-associated adhesin on P. loescheii responsible for coaggregation with Streptococcus oralis 34, as well as gelatin, casein and fibrin. The action of this protease may contribute to the detachment of P. loescheii from its streptococcal coaggregation partner and provide a mechanism for bacterial relocation in dental plaque.
Due window scheduling for parallel machines

Just-In-Time concepts are of increasing importance in today's competitive manufacturing environment. Concerning problem settings with earliness and tardiness penalties, researchers have studied a variety of problems where jobs incur no penalty for completion at a certain point in time. In practice, however, a job completion is acceptable without penalty rather for a time interval, which we call due window. We therefore extend recent work concerning due window scheduling from the single machine case to the parallel machine case. We show that even the unit weight case is NP-complete for parallel machines, provide a dynamic programming algorithm for the two machine case as well as a heuristic with absolute error bound. The heuristic and its error bound are extended to the general case. As the number of jobs increase, the relative error bound vanishes.
Insights into neutralizing antibodies and HIV envelope

Purpose of review HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies are directed to the Envelope glycoprotein trimer on the surface of the virion and block entry into target cells in vitro. During infection, closely related but distinct variants arise in infected individuals, and the interplay of Envelope and neutralizing antibodies is a dynamic process. Vaccines that generate neutralizing antibodies and drugs that inhibit entry must address the issue of variation of subtypes worldwide. The purpose of this review is to summarize major advances in the neutralizing antibody field published during 2005 and early 2006. Recent findings The main themes that are covered in this review include new findings in the development of neutralizing antibodies during natural and experimental infection, characterization of monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity, Envelope structural data, the development of novel Envelope constructs, and novel approaches designed to generate neutralizing antibodies by vaccination. Summary Advances leading to a better understanding of the structure of the Envelope and the character of neutralizing antibodies that develop during the course of infection have provided important clues to guide the design of better immunogens and drugs to block attachment. These findings have implications for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine approaches, drugs, and antibody-based therapies to reduce HIV transmission.
Social workers in palliative care: assessing activities and barriers in the intensive care unit.

Social workers are playing an increasingly important role in providing palliative care to dying patients and their families in the intensive care unit (ICU). The purpose of this study was to determine which activities social workers provided to families of patients who die in the ICU, what barriers to care social workers identified, and whether these activities and barriers were associated with the social workers' satisfaction with the care provided to family members. The study took place at a 350-bed hospital with 65 ICU beds. We examined hospital records and identified 253 consecutive eligible patients who had died in an ICU between August 2003 and March 2004. Of these, 157 (62%) received social work services from one or more social workers. One hundred and seventy-eight questionnaires were sent to 27 social workers; 20 social workers completed 150 questionnaires for 136 patients giving a response rate of 84% for questionnaires sent to social workers (150/178). A multiple regression model with clusterin...
Diffractive analysis of limits of an occulter experiment

An external occulter is a specially-shaped spacecraft own along the line-of-sight of a space telescope to block starlight before reaching its entrance pupil. Using optimization methods, occulter shapes can be designed to most effectively block starlight. A full-scale occulter cannot be tested on the ground and its performance must be predicted; therefore the fidelity of the optical propagation models used for design and performance prediction must be verified under scaled conditions. In this paper we present both contrast and suppression laboratory measurements for a scaled occulter, and perform a diffractive analysis to determine the factors limiting performance of the laboratory occulter.
Presence, diversity and enumeration of functional genes (bssA and bamA) relating to toluene degradation across a range of redox conditions and inoculum sources

The study investigates two functional genes for toluene degradation across three redox conditions (nitrate and sulfate amended and methanogenic). The genes targeted include benzylsuccinate synthase α-subunit (bssA) and a gene recently identified as being a strong indicator of anaerobic aromatic degradation, called 6-oxocylcohex-1-ene-1-carbonyl-CoA hydrolase (bamA). In all, sixteen different anaerobic toluene degrading microcosms were investigated using several primers sets targeting bssA and one primer set targeting bamA. One bssA primer set (7772f/8546r) was the most successful in producing a strong amplicon (eight from sixteen) with the other bssA primers sets producing strong amplicons in six or less samples. In contrast, the bamA primer set (bam-sp9 and bam-asp1) produced a strong amplicon in DNA extracted from all except one microcosm. Partial bssA and bamA sequences were obtained for a number of samples and compared to those available in GenBank. The partial bssA sequences (from nitrate amended and methanogenic microcosms) were most similar to Thauera sp. DNT-1, Thauera aromatica, Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1 and bssA clones from a study involving sulfate reducing toluene degradation. The bamA sequences obtained could be placed into five previously defined clades (bamA-clade 1, Georgfuchsia/Azoarcus, Magnetospirillum/Thauera Syntrophus and Geobacter clades), with the placement generally depending on redox conditions. Gene numbers were also correlated with toluene degradation and the final gene number for both genes differed considerably between the range of redox conditions. The work is the first in depth investigation of bamA diversity over a range of redox conditions and inoculum sources.
From scholarship student to responsible scholar: a transformative process

The purpose of this paper is to explore the journey of the scholarship student as he or she becomes a responsible scholar. We present three narratives, each one providing a different lens through which we view the journey of the scholarship student. We use transformative learning (as expounded by Mezirow) as a framework to discuss this transition, assuming that becoming a responsible scholar is the goal we have in mind in higher education. Hoggart's and Rodriguez's works contribute to our understanding and illumination of this transition. Foucault's examination of self-disciplinary power and the Jungian notions of the shadow and soul help us discuss different facets of the journey. Based on discussions of the framework and the individual stories, we suggest implications for teaching and learning.
Structure-Function Relationships to Guide Rational Design and Fabrication of Particulate Food Delivery Systems

The rational design and fabrication of food-grade delivery systems can draw extensively from the knowledge gained through the development of drug delivery systems. This review provides a concise overview of particulate delivery systems and outlines current research trends linking their structural properties to their functionality, e.g., matrix compatibility, stability, release characteristics and bioavailability. The need to establish quantitative structure–function relationships (QSFR) between particle properties and delivery system functionality is highlighted for the efficient development of food-grade delivery systems in the future.
Signal to clutter measurement and ATR performance

Many different ATR algorithms have had their performance quantified for more than twenty years. These algorithms have been tested on data sets with significantly varying difficulty, however, the quantification of the data set difficulty has previously only been coarsely partitioned based on target operational state and the meteorological environment. Also, this has typically been done without mention of the correlation between the training and test set. In this paper we show the quantification of the signal to clutter measure (SCM) versus ATR performance, specifically the typical probabilities of detection (Pd), recognition (Pr) and false alarm rates directly. This SCM provides a basis for knowing what these performance statistics actually mean, since a 'good' or 'bad' set of performance numbers taken without quantified knowledge of the difficulty level of the data generally does not reflect the limitations or capabilities of the ATR algorithm(s) or provide an especially relevant basis for comparison.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The impact of victim provocation on judgments of legal responsibility: An experimental assessment

Abstract This study examines the effects of victim provocation on judgments of the legal responsibility for a homicide. Previous research and various legal rulings suggest that victim provocation is related to judicial decision-making. However, the magnitude of this relationship has not been assessed. Using a quasi-experimental procedure in which subjects read a case account of a homicide, this study indicates that as victim provocation increases, the level of legal responsibility and the years of imprisonment attributed to the offender decreases. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research in actual judicial decision-making, victim precipitation, and applying an attributional framework to these areas.
Dual Brønsted Acid/Nucleophilic Activation of Carbonylimidazole Derivatives

Carbonylimidazole derivatives have been found to be highly active acylation reagents for esterification and amidation in the presence of pyridinium salts. These reactions are thought to involve both Bronsted acid and nucleophilic catalysis. This mode of activation has been applied to the synthesis of difficult to access oxazolidinones, as well as esters and amides. Finally, the use of pyridinium salts has been shown to accelerate the esterification of carboxylic acids with imidazole carbamates.
A case-control study evaluating the association of purposeful physical activity, body fat distribution, and steroid hormones on premenopausal breast cancer risk.

: The objective of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between purposeful physical activity, body fat distribution, body mass index, and steroid hormones. These factors are known to be implicated in modulating breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. A total of 112 newly diagnosed, premenopausal breast cancer patients and 106 age-matched premenopausal disease-free controls were admitted to the study. Information regarding personal, medical, hormonal, and reproductive history, smoking and alcohol use, physical activity history, and anthropometric measurements was obtained. Serum samples for steroid hormone assays were collected and analyzed. Disease-free premenopausal controls had a significantly higher physical activity index (PAI) (p ≤ 0.05), however, significantly higher weight (p ≤ 0.05), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.01), waist (p ≤ 0.005) and hip (p ≤ 0.05) circumferences, waist:hip ratios (p ≤ 0.05), and serum total estradiol levels (p < 0.0005) were observed in cancer cases. The final model using stepwise logistic regression analysis indicates that the variables that significantly predicted breast cancer risk were waist:hip ratio (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11, p ≤ 0.005) and serum total estradiol levels (OR = 1.03, p ≤ 0.0001). Our study provides some evidence that purposeful physical activity may reduce upper body fat distribution associated with adult weight gain. This may be a result of alterations in the steroid hormone pathway, such as reduced estradiol levels. This demonstrates the potential mechanism through which increased physical activity can reduce the risk for breast cancer in premenopausal women.
The pathology of validity

Stephen Read has presented an argument for the inconsistency of the concept of validity. We extend Read’s results and show that this inconsistency is but one half of a larger problem. Like the concept of truth, validity is infected with what we call semantic pathology, a condition that actually gives rise to two symptoms: inconsistency and indeterminacy. After sketching the basic ideas behind semantic pathology and explaining how it manifests both symptoms in the concept of truth, we present cases that establish the indeterminacy of validity and that link this indeterminacy with the concept’s inconsistency. Our conclusion is that an adequate treatment of the semantic pathology thus revealed must deal with both of its symptoms. Further, it must extend to the occurrences of this condition elsewhere: in the concept of truth, in the other central semantic notions, and even in certain philosophical concepts outside semantics.
Nonlinear dynamics of galloping-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters

The normal form is proposed as a tool to analyze the performance and reliability of galloping-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters. Two different harvesting systems are considered. The first system consists of a tip mass prismatic structure (isosceles 30° or square cross-section geometry) attached to a multilayered cantilever beam. The only source of nonlinearity in this system is the aerodynamic nonlinearity. The second system consists of an equilateral triangle cross-section bar attached to two cantilever beams. This system is designed to have structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities. The coupled governing equations for the structure’s transverse displacement and the generated voltage are derived and analyzed for both systems. The effects of the electrical load resistance and the type of harvester on the onset speed of galloping are quantified. The results show that the onset speed of galloping is strongly affected by the load resistance for both types of harvesters. The normal form of the dynamic system near the onset of galloping (Hopf bifurcation) is then derived. Based on the nonlinear normal form, it is demonstrated that smaller levels of generated voltage or power are obtained for higher absolute values of the effective nonlinearity. For the first harvesting system, the results show a supercritical Hopf bifurcation for both isosceles 30° or square cross-section geometries. The nonlinear normal form shows that the isosceles triangle section (30°) is more efficient than the square section. For the second harvesting system, the normal form is used to identify the values of the nonlinear torsional spring which changes the harvester’s instability. It is demonstrated that this critical value of the nonlinear torsional spring depends strongly on the load resistance.
Measurement of transmissibility on individuals

With the increase of interest in aerobic exercises attention should be paid not only to their benefits, but also to the risks involved. During the execution of human gait, a reduction of the acceleration occurs as the foot touches the ground, causing a shockwave that travels throughout the body. The present study is aimed to develop data acquisition system for acceleration, using low-cost accelerometers for the gait assessment. Data were collected from an accelerometer at three speeds with sensors attached to the column and tibia of the user to test the acquisition system and get the real data to be processed. The results obtained with gait analysis are consistent with findings of similar studies. The gait analysis system used in the present study was found to be a practical low-cost alternative for the monitoring and study of human motion.
Survivorship: childhood cancer survivors.

Long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer are a high-risk population of patients who often seek acute or preventive health care with a primary care clinician. Of importance is that the curative therapy administered for the cancer also affects growing and developing organ systems. Following chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, many survivors will experience chronic or late-occurring health problems, often not becoming clinically apparent until decades after therapy. Survivors face an increase in risk of serious morbidity, premature mortality, and diminished health status associated with their previous cancer therapy. Risk is further modified by the survivor's genetics, lifestyle habits, and comorbid health conditions. The aims of this review are threefold: (1) to provide an overview of the risks faced by long-term survivors of pediatric cancer; (2) to highlight the Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers, and encourage use of these guidelines when following long-term survivors; and (3) to provide a brief overview of key late effects of childhood cancer therapy.
Synthesis and Properties of GaAs Nanocrystals in Sio2 Formed by Ion Implantation

GaAs nanocrystals have been formed by the sequential ion implantation method. The sequence of Ga and As ion implantation (i.e., Ga + As or As + Ga) is found to affect the size distributions of GaAs nanocrystals significantly. The nanocrystal sizes are much bigger in the samples with Ga implanted first than those with As implanted first. This phenomenon is explained by the different diffusion behaviors of Ga and As species. Different precipitate regions have been observed in the samples implanted with Ga first and then As. Optical absorption measurements show that Ga particles have already formed in the as-implanted stage.
Reduced Lean Mass in Early Alzheimer Disease and Its Association With Brain Atrophy

Objective To examine body composition in individuals with early AD and without dementia and its relation to cognition and brain volume. Design Cross-sectional case-control study. Participants Individuals without dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating, 0; n = 70) and with early-stage AD (Clinical Dementia Rating, 0.5 or 1; n = 70) in the Alzheimer and Memory Program at the University of Kansas School of Medicine. Main Outcome Measures Participants were evaluated with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuropsychological testing, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to determine whole-body fat and lean masses. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Results Lean mass was reduced in persons with early AD compared with controls without dementia ( F = 7.73; P = .006) after controlling for sex. Whole-brain volume (β = .20; P P P = .007) were associated with lean mass (dependent variable) when controlling for age and sex. The total body fat and percentage of body fat values were not different across groups or related to cognition and brain volume. Conclusion Loss of lean mass is accelerated in AD and is associated with brain atrophy and cognitive performance, perhaps as a direct or indirect consequence of AD pathophysiology or through shared mechanisms common to both AD and sarcopenia.
Calculation of isotope enrichment using a unimolecular decomposition scheme for polyatomic molecules following infrared laser excition

Abstract A mechanism is proposed to account for laser-induced isotope enrichment reactions which proceed by unimolecular dissociation following selective vibrational excitation. Assuming that the internal vibrational energy relaxation is not complete during the molecular dissociative lifetime, both selective single and multiphoton absorption mechanisms were investigated.
Embryonic, juvenile, and adult development of the toadfish sonic muscle

Background Sonic muscle fibers intrinsic to the swim bladder of the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau proliferate throughout adult life and have an unusual radial morphology: alternating ribbons of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and myofibrils surround a central core of sarcoplasm. Large fibers in adults form multiple cores, fragment, and appear to divide into smaller, more energy efficient units. Methods We examined embryonic to adult development of sonic muscle using electron and light microscopy and focused on the incidence of satellite cells (SC). Results Muscle fibers form late in the larval period from myoblasts, which do not appear to fuse into myotubes, but enlarge and differentiate myofibrils in a single patch. The SR differentiates from the outside inward, separating the myofibrils into bundles of varying thickness, which often exceed the thickness seen in adults. SCs in juveniles and adults have a sparse cytoplasm and a heterochromatic nucleus. The % SC nuclei (SC nuclei/total nuclei) decreases from a high of 88% in larvae to a low of 1% in adults although the adult average is 10%. No embryonic type fibers in the process of differentiating myofibrils were seen in adults. Small immature fibers, which had not yet formed the central core, have a complete radially organized contractile cylinder. Conclusions Immature muscle fibers formed embryonically in the larval period have a different morphology from immature fibers in adults, suggesting that splitting rather than SCs is a major source of new fibers in adults. Anat. Rec. 249:469-477, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Darwinians at war Bateson's place in histories of Darwinism

The controversy between Biometricians and Mendelians has been called an “inexplicable embarrassment” since it revolved around the mistaken identification of Mendelian genetics with non-Darwinian saltationism, a mistake traced back to the non-Darwinian William Bateson, who introduced Mendelian analysis to British science. The following paper beings to unravel this standard account of the controversy by raising a simple question: Given that Bateson embraced evolution by natural selection and that he studied the causes of variation within a broadly Darwinian framework of problems and questions, how are we to understand the claim that he was a non-Darwinian? A brief survey of possible responses to this question is followed by an alternative proposal: the controversy will be considered as a struggle among Darwinians about the future course of Darwinism. On this account, Darwin's own work led to the juncture at which Mendelians and Biometricians parted company, indeed, the Origin itself prepared the divergent methodological stances subsequently adopted by Bateson and his antagonists. The inexplicable embarrassment is dissolved through the parsimonious reconstruction of the profound substantive conflict between Biometricians and Mendelians as a chapter in the articulation and differentiation of the Darwinian research programme.
Estimating the conductivity of a nanoconfined liquid subjected to an experimentally accessible external field

Using the transient-time correlation function formalism, we show how nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations can be extended to study the conductivity of a model liquid confined in a slit nanopore and subjected to an arbitrarily low (and realistic) field. This is a definite improvement over conventional NEMD methods, which are restricted to fields several orders of magnitude stronger than those accessible by experiment. Our results provide a full picture of the dependence of conductivity on the applied field in slit nanopores.
ANALYSIS OF WORK LOAD IN BLOOD BANK.

In the analysis of blood bank work load, the kind of institution whether it serves the community or one hospital, the variety of services offered, the kind of patients involved, and emergency coverage are considered. An attempt is made to determine a safe work load per technical employee. The need for further study of these problems is stressed.
Identification and distribution of mouse carboxypeptidase A-6

Carboxypeptidase A-6 (CPA6) was recently discovered in the human genome. To gain information regarding the potential function of this novel protein, the mouse homolog of CPA6 was identified using a combination of bioinformatics and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, homologs in rat, chicken, and frog were identified using a bioinformatics approach. The distribution of CPA6 mRNA in mouse tissues was examined using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. A strong RT-PCR signal is detectable in olfactory bulb, and much lower levels are present in other regions such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum, and medulla. In peripheral tissues, a moderate RT-PCR signal is present in epididymis, and low levels are detectable in colon and spleen. The high level of CPA6 in adult mouse brain olfactory bulb was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Lower levels of CPA6 mRNA were found to be present in the cingulate cortex, lateral septum, pontine nucleus, and inferior olivary nucleus of the hindbrain. Within the olfactory bulb, CPA6 mRNA is enriched in the mitral and granular layer. A lower level of CPA6 mRNA is present in the internal and external plexiform layers, and no signal is detectable in the olfactory nerve layer. The distribution was also examined in whole embryos at embryonic day 14.5 and CPA6 mRNA was found to be enriched in eye, ear, osteoblasts, stomach, skin, dorsal root ganglia, and throughout the CNS. The presence of CPA6 mRNA in the rectus muscle layer of the eye at embryonic day 14.5 is consistent with the observation that the CPA6 gene is disrupted in a patient with Duane syndrome, a congenital eye defect. Taken together, the distribution of CPA6 suggests a specific role in a limited number of tissues, and it is possible that this role involves an aspect of cell migration.
Characterization of two missense mutations in human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase: different molecular mechanisms for galactosemia.

Abstract We report the molecular characterization of two novel galactosemia mutations that exhibit different molecular phenotypes. Both are of the missense type with low or no residual enzyme activity. The R148W mutation results in an unstable protein, although messenger RNA is still produced. In contrast, the L195P mutation produces stable but inactive immunoreactive protein. The R148W mutation alters an amino acid that is not evolutionarily conserved, while the L195P mutation affects a well-conserved residue nine amino acids downstream from the putative active site nucleophile. These mutations provide evidence that different mechanisms can result in galactosemia: destabilizing mutations in any given area of the protein and missense mutations in conserved domains of the enzyme resulting in low or no activity. These two mutant alleles represent the fifth and sixth galactosemia mutations and confirm the hypothesis that galactosemia results from a multiplicity of mutations at the molecular level.
Status legitimizing beliefs predict positivity toward Whites who claim anti-White bias

Abstract Although Whites are increasingly likely to perceive themselves as victims of racial bias, research provides little insight into how anti-White bias claimants are perceived. Two studies examined whether Whites' endorsement of status legitimizing beliefs (SLBs) moderates their reactions toward White discrimination claimants. In Study 1, Whites who rejected SLBs reacted less favorably to an anti-White bias claimant relative to one who made a nondiscriminatory external claim, whereas Whites who endorsed SLBs expressed equally positive attitudes toward an anti-White bias claimant and a non-claimant. In Study 2, Whites who were not primed with status legitimizing beliefs displayed negative reactions toward an anti-White bias claimant compared to a non-claimant, whereas those primed with SLBs expressed more positive attitudes and a desire to help the anti-White bias claimant. Implications for affirmative action litigation are discussed.
Image reconstruction of effective Mie scattering parameters of breast tissue in vivo with near-infrared tomography.

A method for image reconstruction of the effective size and number density of scattering particles is discussed within the context of interpreting near-infrared (NIR) tomography images of breast tissue. An approach to use Mie theory to estimate the effective scattering parameters is examined and applied, given some assumptions about the index of refraction change expected in lipid membrane-bound scatterers. When using a limited number of NIR wavelengths in the reduced scattering spectra, the parameter extraction technique is limited to representing a continuous distribution of scatterer sizes, which is modeled as a simple exponentially decreasing distribution function. In this paper, image formation of effective scatterer size and number density is presented based on the estimation method. The method was evaluated with Intralipid phantom studies to demonstrate particle size estimation to within 9% of the expected value. Then the method was used in NIR patient images, and it indicates that for a cancer tumor, the effective scatterer size is smaller than the background breast values and the effective number density is higher. In contrast, for benign tumor patients, there is not a significant difference in effective scatterer size or number density between tumor and normal tissues. The method was used to interpret magnetic resonance imaging–coupled NIR images of adipose and fibroglandular tissues, and it indicated that the fibroglandular tissue has smaller effective scatterer size and larger effective number density than the adipose tissue does.
Phosphorylation of the V2 Vasopressin Receptor

The V2 vasopressin receptor undergoes ligand-induced sequestration and desensitization (Birnbaumer, M., Antaramian, A., Themmen, A. P. N., and Gilbert, S. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11783-11788). The V2 receptor expressed in transfected cells labeled with [32P] orthophosphate was phosphorylated following the addition of 100 nM arginine vasopressin (AVP). Phosphorylation was complete 5 min after addition of AVP, and was not stimulated by increased levels of Ca2+ or cAMP. The half-maximal dose of AVP that stimulated phosphorylation was 2.4 +/- 0.4 nM, similar to the receptor KD of 4. 5 +/- 0.4 nM. The role of phosphorylation on receptor desensitization was investigated by studying two vasopressin receptors 14 and 27 amino acids shorter than the wild type receptor. The missing segments were not needed for normal ligand binding or coupling to Gs, but the last 14 amino acids were required for phosphorylation. The truncated receptors exposed to 100 nM AVP were sequestered and desensitized. The R137H V2R mutant receptor that binds vasopressin with wild type-like affinity and does not couple to Gs (Rosenthal, W., Antaramian, A., Gilbert, S., and Birnbaumer, M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13030-13033) was phosphorylated and subjected to ligand-induced sequestration. These results established that phosphorylation is not essential for sequestration and desensitization of the V2 vasopressin receptor. Furthermore, they revealed that the conformation acquired after ligand occupancy is necessary for receptor phosphorylation and sequestration, while coupling to Gs is not.
Vitreal Elimination Kinetics of Large Molecular Weight FITC‐Labeled Dextrans in Albino Rabbits Using a Novel Microsampling Technique

Abstract A novel sampling technique that allowed for continuous vitreal sampling of high molecular weight compounds was developed. This technique generated consistent and reproducible results. Fluorescein isothiocyanate‐linked dextrans (FITC‐dextrans) with average molecular weights of 4.4 , 9.3, and 38.9 kD were selected for the study. A 100 μg dose was administered into the vitreous by a short‐term infusion (100 μL) over a period of 45 s, and sampling was carried out for 10 h. The vitreal elimination of these dextrans was found to follow apparent first‐order elimination kinetics, having half‐lives of 246 min, 275 min, and 484 min, respectively. Aqueous levels were also determined at the end of 10 h and were correlated with vitreal dextran concentrations. The FITC‐dextrans displayed an initial equilibration phase of about 200 min followed by linear first‐order elimination. Apparent diffusion coefficients in the vitreous have been calculated to be 7.56 × 10 −6 and 6.18 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s for 4.4 and 9.3 kD dextrans, respectively. Furthermore, it became evident that with progressively higher molecular weight FITC‐dextrans the vitreal elimination rate constant gradually decreased. The elimination rate constant was found to be inversely related to the logarithm of molecular weight with a correlation coefficient of 0.983. Results obtained suggest an elimination mechanism primarily involving the transretinal route possibly with some involvement of the aqueous pathway. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 89: 572–578, 2000
Kawasaki Disease With an Exanthem Limited to the Diaper Area

This department of AJDC is reserved for comment, criticism, observation, and discussion of "issues of current concern and importance for children's health." The Editor encourages our readers to express themselves on a variety of topics and issues. Further, we encourage the submission of unique and brief clinical and scientific observations that do not fulfill the criteria for original articles. Sir.—The occurrence of a rash, usually described as truncal, is one of the major criteria for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease.1The exanthem may appear morbilliform or scarlatiniform or may be composed of erythematous plaques or papules, thereby simulating urticaria or erythema multiforme.1,2Less frequently, vesicles, pustules, or petechiae may be observed.1Recently, three groups of investigators have described patients with Kawasaki disease in whom the exanthem either began or was most prominent in the diaper area.2-4We report a 21-month-old child with Kawasaki disease whose
SHIFTING SHAPE IMPROVES ESCAPE

![Figure][1] A wide variety of invertebrate animals are known for their capacity to develop different forms depending on the presence or absence of predators. Among vertebrates, crucian carp exemplify such `predator-induced phenotypic plasticity' and exhibit fairly streamlined, torpedo-like
Retrograde amnesia for medical and other knowledge in a physician with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Previous studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrate that these patients exhibit marked loss of premorbldly acquired knowledge with a tendency for relative preservation of information from the distant past. Few studies have examined the multiple components of remote memory in the same patients and no study has measured memory for old (1.e. obsolete) and recent aspects of any patient's professional knowledge. We studied two retired physicians: an internist (A) with probable AD, and a general practitioner (P) with Parkinson's disease. Both were symptomatic for about 5 years. A displayed marked and general deficits in remote memory, and on almost all tests showed relatively better memory for more recent information. P performed normally on all remote memory tests. In AD, memory for premorbid knowledge appears to deteriorate rapidly over the course of the disease; more recent memories may be partially protected because they are more often rehearsed.
Rain Erosion-Resistant Antireflective Coatings For Infrared Windows

AbstractAR coatings for potential window materials (ZnS and GaAs) were developed. Emphasis wasplaced on developing AR coatings with rain erosion resistance.Rain erosion resistance of two -layer AR coatings (NdF3 /ZnSe, LaF /ZnSe, and ThF4 /ZnSe)on small ZnS substrates was demonstrated. When exposed to a simulated one inch per hourrainfall at 470 mph for 20 minutes, the coatings remained intact with about 10 percent lossin transmittance. The same coatings on GaAs were severely degraded by the rain erosion test. The surface finish of the substrate appeared to be an important factor for rainerosion resistance. Coatings on substrates that satisfied the scratch -dig specificationof 60 -40 exhibited superior rain erosion resitance.IntroductionTo be suitable as an aperture on the multisensor systems being developed for high -per-formance aircraft, a window material must possess the following properties: 1) high trans - mittance at the wavelength of interest, 2) rain erosion resistance, 3) high temperature(200 °C) stability, and 4) low -cost for sizes up to 12" x 18" x 3/4 ". ZnS and GaAs, althoughnot having all of these properties, are being developed as IR windows for certain applica-
Time-dependent effects in nucleation near the critical point

Application of the critical dynamics to the nucleation process results in a Langevin-type equation for the radius of the nucleus, which is transformed to a Fokker-Planck equation for the distribution function. The time-dependent solution of this equation is shown to be crucially dependent upon the initial conditions. The time lag associated with the establishment of the steady state following a fast quench is exponentially larger than that for a slow quench. Numerical estimates of the time lag are presented.
Extracting equivalent circuit parameters of lead-acid cells from sparse impedance measurements

Abstract A method for extracting the equivalent circuit parameters of a lead–acid battery from sparse (only three) impedance spectroscopy observations at three different frequencies is outlined. The method is ideal for finding the parameters in an equivalent circuit consisting of bulk resistance, a reaction resistance and a constant phase element (CPE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were made on spirally wound 2.5 Ah lead–acid cells. The equivalent circuit parameters found using our method closely compare with those extracted from the EIS measurements. The complete EIS spectrum calculated using the estimated circuit parameters at all other frequencies also closely matched the actual measurements.
Response of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in a northern Michigan stream to reduced summer streamflows

We evaluated the response of benthic macroinvertebrates in a Michigan trout stream to flow reduction by diverting water from a 602 m reach of Hunt Creek from June through August of 1994, 1997 and 1998. We also assessed the utility of the Physical Habitat Simulation system (PHABSIM) in predicting the response of benthic insects to water withdrawals by testing the assumption of a positive linear relationship between modelled habitat (weighted usable area, WUA) and the density of 13 benthic insect families. Our findings showed that the density of filter feeding and grazing insect taxa, as well as insects classified as obligate erosional zone taxa, declined significantly in the dewatered (treatment) zone (TZ) when 90% of flow was diverted. Density of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa in the TZ was significantly lower when 90% of water was diverted as compared to density at baseflow or when flow was reduced by 50%. The density of all insects in an upstream reference zone riffle (RZ), where flow was not altered, did not change among experimental periods. Although overall reductions in the density of benthic insects at 90% flow reduction coincided with lower PHABSIM predictions of WUA, we found poor linear correlation between WUA at different flows and the density of the 13 benthic insect families for which WUA was modelled. The low proportion of variation explained by WUA for all families modelled suggests that WUA alone is not an accurate predictor of benthic insect density. Resource managers should consider the potential consequences of water withdrawals to all components of stream communities, including benthic macroinvertebrates. However, caution should be applied when using the PHABSIM technique in groundwater-fed streams such as Hunt Creek, because most relationships between WUA and benthic insect density were insignificant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“If He Murdered Someone, He Shouldn't Get A Lawyer”: Engaging Young Children In Civics Deliberation

Abstract This study examines student engagement in elementary civics deliberation. Civics problem-solving steps and audience roles were introduced to two suburban fourth-grade classes to increase student engagement. Lessons were adapted from the We The People curriculum. Student engagement increased dramatically as students appropriated the steps and roles. Students also changed the roles to serve both academic and social purposes. Students dealt with complex problems by asking “what if” questions and through appeals to common sense. Conflicts raised through voicing minority opinions created particular complications. Implications for deliberating civics issues with young children are offered.
A Study of the Influence of Rubbing on the Dynamics of a Flexible Disk Rotor System

This study is concerned with investigating the influence of lateral disk flexibility on the dynamics of a rotor system experiencing rub. A rotating, flexible continuous disk/shaft model was developed and the dynamical behavior of this system with and without rubbing was studied. The model developed in this study is similar to the Jeffcott rotor model except that the disk is treated as a laterally flexible continuous circular plate. The motion of the disk was transformed from physical coordinates to a set of generalized coordinates under which the generalized motion was uncoupled and the responses were calculated. Then the inertial moment acting on the shaft was computed and introduced into the governing equations of the shaft motion.Direct integration and the harmonic balance method were used to study the steady state motion of the system. A number of parameter variation studies were performed for varied rub clearances and disk mass influence ratios. The system responses to the rub, its occurrence and development, and the global stability of the observed responses were studied.The results show that rub can be classified into two types: light rub and heavy rub, and the light rub has the forms of forward, backward, or mixed whirling motion. The results also show that the disk flexibility may alter the critical speed to some degree and may also significantly affect the amplitude and stability of the rotor vibration.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Private Finance Initiative—The Theory Behind Practice

Abstract Since its launch in 1992, the UK's Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is being used more often as an innovative means for governments to expand public infrastructures and services. The practical advantages and disadvantages of PFI have been considered, but theoretical justifications for PFI remain unexamined. Compared with conventional capital budgeting practice, we examined four theoretical justifications: the competitive market model, a new principal-agent relationship, shifting of risk, and the accountability problem. We found some theoretical support for PFI; however, some questions still remain about the theory and practice of PFI.
Credentialing strategically ambiguous and heterogeneous social skills: the emperor without clothes.

_____________________________________________________________________________________ H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., Ph.D., M.D., Dr.h.c., is Professor, Department of Philosophy, Rice University, and Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. P.O. Box 1892, Rice University, Department of Philosophy, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; email: htengelh@rice.edu. Credentialing Strategically Ambiguous and Heterogeneous Social Skills: The Emperor Without Clothes
Abstract 3541: Pharmacological chaperones increase membrane expression of ABCG2 harboring the Q141K single nucleotide polymorphism

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC ABCG2 is an ATP-binding cassette half-transporter that functions as a xenobiotic transporter. Since ABCG2's discovery in multidrug-resistant cancer cells, the transporter has garnered interest in pharmacogenomics as a component of the blood-brain barrier and the maternal-fetal barrier as well as a modulator of oral drug absorption. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C421A in ABCG2, resulting in a glutamic acid to leucine mutation at amino acid 141 (Q141K), has been extensively studied and has been found to affect protein expression and ATPase activity, but may also affect protein folding. As misfolded ABCG2 has been shown to be degraded through the endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation (ERAD) system (T. Furukawa et al., Pharm Res., 26(2): 469-479, 2008), we postulated that pharmacological chaperones such as mitoxantrone, a known substrate of ABCG2, might increase surface expression of Q141K ABCG2. In this study, we used HEK293 stably transfected with Q141K ABCG2 to examine whether incubating cells expressing the mutated transporter with mitoxantrone or other ABCG2 substrates would serve to “rescue” Q141K ABCG2 and improve trafficking to the cell surface, as we have demonstrated in other mutations that impair trafficking (O. Polgar et al., Biochemistry, 43(29): 9448-9456, 2004). Expression of ABCG2 in cells transfected with wild-type or Q141K ABCG2 was measured by immunoblot analysis and flow cytometry. After treatment with 5 μM of mitoxantrone, cell surface expression of ABCG2 in cells transfected with vector containing Q141K ABCG2 increased, while cells transfected with wild-type ABCG2 showed no change. Increased ABCG2 expression was also observed in membrane preparations from mitoxantrone-treated cells transfected with Q141K ABCG2 compared to wild-type ABCG2 transfected cells. Interestingly, immunoblot analysis showed that when cells transfected with Q141K ABCG2 were incubated with 50 μM of the dietary compounds tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and dibenzoylmethane (DBM), increased expression of ABCG2 was observed in membrane preparations, while no change was observed for cells expressing wild-type ABCG2. These results suggest that some dietary compounds may promote proper folding and membrane localization of mutant forms of ABCG2. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3541.
Early Transverse Treatment

Expansion of the maxillary arch to improve transverse inter-arch relationships during the primary or mixed dentition stage is considered early transverse treatment as part of a two-phase treatment protocol. Traditionally, early expansion has been used to correct posterior crossbite. More recently, it has been suggested that early transverse treatment may be beneficial, in the absence of posterior crossbite, to improve arch length deficiency, and to facilitate correction of skeletal class II malocclusions. In this article, the rationale for early transverse treatment in the presence and absence of posterior crossbite is reviewed.