cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthcare demand in response to rabies elimination campaigns in Latin America

The World Health Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, and the Food and Agriculture Organization have resolved to eliminate human rabies deaths due to dog bites by 2030, and the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi) has added human rabies vaccines to their investments for 2021–2025. Implementing these goals cost-effectively and sustainably requires understanding the complex connections between dog rabies vaccination and human risk and response. The objective of this paper is to estimate how dog rabies vaccinations affect human rabies deaths, mediated through dog rabies cases, dog bite reporting, and post-exposure human rabies vaccination. To approach this objective, we apply multivariate regression analysis over five rabies-related outcomes: (a) dog vaccinations, (b) dog rabies cases, (c) reported human exposures, (d) human post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) use, and (e) human rabies cases. Analysis uses aggregate annual data over 1995–2005 for seven Latin American countries that experienced dramatic declines in canine and human rabies. Among other results, we estimate the following. (i) A 10% increase in dog vaccinations decreases dog rabies cases by 2.3%. (ii) Reported exposures decline as concurrent dog rabies cases decline, but these declines are more than offset by increases in reported exposures per dog rabies case, which may result from higher rabies awareness due to anti-rabies campaigns. (iii) A 10% increase in PEP use decreases human deaths by 7%, but a 10% increase in dog vaccination induces a 2.8% decrease in PEP use. The net effect is that a 10% increase in dog vaccination reduces human deaths by 12.4% overall, although marginal effectiveness declines as dog rabies incidence declines. (iv) Increases in income and public health expenditures increase PEP demand. The findings highlight the importance of mass dog vaccination, heightened awareness, treatment access, and clinical algorithms to reduce both false negatives leading to death and false positives leading to costly unnecessary PEP prescriptions.
Everolimus, Letrozole, and Metformin in Women with Advanced or Recurrent Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer: A Multi-Center, Single Arm, Phase II Study.

Purpose: Treatment for patients with recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) are limited as paclitaxel is the only second-line chemotherapy with a response rate >13%. Targeting PIK3/mTOR in combination with hormonal therapy has shown promise. The addition of metformin may enhance this response. We conducted a phase II study evaluating everolimus, letrozole, and metformin in advanced/recurrent EEC. Patients and Methods: A Simon two-stage design was employed. Women with ≤2 prior chemotherapy regimens for recurrence were eligible. Pretreatment biopsy was required, followed by everolimus 10 mg orally, letrozole 2.5 mg orally, and metformin 500 mg orally twice a day on a 4-week cycle. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit (CB), defined as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) confirmed at 16 weeks. Patients were treated until progression or toxicity. Results: Sixty-two patients were enrolled. Median age was 62 years (40–77) with 401 cycles completed, median of 6 cycles (1–31). Fifty-four patients were evaluable for response with a CB rate of 50% (27/54). Best overall response (OR) was PR 28% (15/54) and SD 22% (12/54). Thirteen patients received >12 cycles. Median follow-up was 17.9 months (2–47). Median progression-free survival was 5.7 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.0–8.1] and OS was 19.6 months (95% CI, 14.2–26.3). Positive progesterone receptor expression was associated with CB (89.5% vs. 27.3%, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Everolimus, letrozole, and metformin resulted in 50% CB and 28% OR in women with recurrent EEC. Progesterone receptor–positive tumors may have better response; validation studies are needed. See related commentary by Madariaga et al., p. 523
A Renewed Call for a More Equitable and Holistic Review of Residency Applications in the Era of COVID-19

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated racial disparities within healthcare1-4;unfortunately, the pandemic may also exacerbate the impact of disparities that exist within medical student evaluation Without proper acknowledgement or intervention, the outsized impact of COVID-19 on the Underrepresented-in-Medicine (URiM) student will have significant consequences
SDSS J1254+0846: A Binary Quasar Caught in the Act of Merging

We present the first luminous, spatially resolved binary quasar that clearly inhabits an ongoing galaxy merger. SDSS J125455.09+084653.9 and SDSS J125454.87+084652.1 (SDSS J1254+0846 hereafter) are two luminous z=0.44 radio quiet quasars, with a radial velocity difference of just 215 km/s, separated on the sky by 21 kpc in a disturbed host galaxy merger showing obvious tidal tails. The pair was targeted as part of a complete sample of binary quasar candidates with small transverse separations drawn from SDSS DR6 photometry. We present follow-up optical imaging which shows broad, symmetrical tidal arm features spanning some 75 kpc at the quasars' redshift. Numerical modeling suggests that the system consists of two massive disk galaxies prograde to their mutual orbit, caught during the first passage of an active merger. This demonstrates rapid black hole growth during the early stages of a merger between galaxies with pre-existing bulges. Neither of the two luminous nuclei show significant instrinsic absorption by gas or dust in our optical or X-ray observations, illustrating that not all merging quasars will be in an obscured, ultraluminous phase. We find that the Eddington ratio for the fainter component B is rather normal, while for the A component L/LEdd is quite (>3sigma) high compared to quasars of similar luminosity and redshift, possibly evidence for strong merger-triggered accretion. More such mergers should be identifiable at higher redshifts using binary quasars as tracers.
Monitoring Behaviors of Patients With Late-Stage Dementia Using Passive Environmental Sensing Approaches: A Case Series.

ABSTRACT Objective To show the feasibility of using different unobtrusive activity-sensing technologies to provide objective behavioral markers of persons with dementia (PwD). Design Monitored the behaviors of two PwD living in memory care unit using the Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH) platform, and the behaviors of two PwD living in assisted living facility using the Emerald device. Setting A memory care unit in Portland, Oregon and an assisted living facility in Framingham, Massachusetts. Participants A 63-year-old male with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and an 80-year-old female with frontotemporal dementia, both lived in a memory care unit in Portland, Oregon. An 89-year-old woman with a diagnosis of AD, and an 85-year-old woman with a diagnosis of major neurocognitive disorder, Alzheimer's type with behavioral symptoms, both resided at an assisted living facility in Framingham, Massachusetts. Measurements These include: sleep quality measured by the bed pressure mat; number of transitions between spaces and dwell times in different spaces measured by the motion sensors; activity levels measured by the wearable actigraphy device; and couch usage and limb movements measured by the Emerald device. Results Number of transitions between spaces can identify the patient's episodes of agitation; activity levels correlate well with the patient's excessive level of agitation and lack of movement when the patient received potentially inappropriate medication and neared the end of life; couch usage can detect the patient's increased level of apathy; and periodic limb movements can help detect risperidone-induced side effects. This is the first demonstration that the ORCATECH platform and the Emerald device can measure such activities. Conclusion The use of technologies for monitoring behaviors of PwD can provide more objective and intensive measurements of PwD behaviors.
Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting anterior cruciate ligament tear location and tear degree.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the location of ACL tears in preoperative planning for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. Methods Thirty-four patients who underwent ACL repair were retrospectively analyzed to compare intraoperative arthroscopic findings with preoperative MRIs. Results For identifying type I tears, the sensitivity of MRI was 9.0% and the accuracy of MRI was 8.8%. There was moderate interrater agreement between MRI findings for tear location and tear degree. Conclusion MRI alone may not necessarily be accurate in identifying which ACL tears are amenable to repair. Study design Retrospective case series; Level of Evidence: IV;
Resource scarcity compromises explore-exploit decision-making

Abstract Residents living in neighborhoods marked by concentrated disadvantage (i.e., poverty, joblessness, residential segregation) contend with resource scarcity. Theories indicate that competition for resources from an insufficient pool within the context of concentrated disadvantage may be one factor that promotes social norm violations. A limited body of experimental research has explored the impact of concentrated disadvantage on decision-making about obtaining resources, and in other research, the potential connection between concentrated disadvantage and engagement in social norm violation. Participants (N = 112) completed patch-foraging tasks in resource-rich and resource-depleted (i.e., scarce) environments. Participants then completed a social norm foraging task where they could trespass and forage on their neighbor's land, which was resource-rich compared to their own. Computational modeling was used to evaluate explore-exploit decision-making in the resource-rich and resource-depleted environments. The frequency of crossing and foraging was used to capture social norm violations. Results indicated that individuals who experience higher levels of concentrated disadvantage in the real-world made fewer resource-maximizing decisions in resource-rich and resource-depleted environments. Model fits revealed that the performance difference in the resource-rich and resource-depleted environments for individuals higher on concentrated disadvantage was due to difficulty in discriminating between competing choice options and not due to a general bias toward exploring or exploiting. Finally, when foraging in a relatively depleted environment compared to the enriched environment of their neighbor, the majority of participants, regardless of experienced real-world concentrated disadvantage, engaged in social norm violations. Overall, resource scarcity, whether in the real world or experimental context, affects cognition and behavior.
Kinetic Analyses and the Reaction Mechanism of the Na,K-ATPase

Publisher Summary With the Na, K–ATPase, as in the study of most enzymes, kinetic analyses have suggested plausible reaction schemes derived from the examination of substrate, product, activator, and inhibitor interactions. Such early studies, coupled with more recent measurements of ligand binding to the enzyme, have led to a formulation modified in only one significant feature from the original Albers–Post scheme proposed a decade and a half ago. This formulation is presented in the chapter as an exemplary effort to accommodate the various phenomena described over the years and as a specific interpretation against which conflicting observations and constructs can be pitted. The chapter presents a collection of contradictory interpretations, possible anomalies, and observations that are considered difficult to incorporate within the framework of the proposed model. Kinetic analysis can exclude certain reaction mechanisms rather than prove an alternative. The concern about anomalies—about observations that seem inconsistent with the current formulation—should be tempered by the realization that anomalies are a common companion of scientific practice. Although such inconsistencies may indicate the need for a major revision, apparent anomalies may also reflect merely a circumscribed defect readily accommodated by minor readjustments.
Seagull: intelligent cloud bursting for enterprise applications

Enterprises with existing IT infrastructure are beginning to employ a hybrid cloud model where the enterprise uses its own private resources for the majority of its computing, but then "bursts" into the cloud when local resources are insufficient. However, current approaches to cloud bursting cannot be effectively automated because they heavily rely on system administrator knowledge to make decisions. In this paper we describe Seagull, a system designed to facilitate cloud bursting by determining which applications can be transitioned into the cloud most economically, and automating the movement process at the proper time. We further optimize the deployment of applications into the cloud using an intelligent precopying mechanism that proactively replicates virtualized applications, lowering the bursting time from hours to minutes. Our evaluation illustrates how our prototype can reduce cloud costs by more than 45% when bursting to the cloud, and the incremental cost added by precopying applications is offset by a burst time reduction of nearly 95%.
The results of graduate external degree programs: Some emerging patterns

The Institute for Personal and Career Development, the external degree-granting arm of Central Michigan University, has been administering graduate external degree programs for approximately eight years. A survey of the graduates of Institute graduate programs revealed that these graduates are satisfied with the education they received through the Institute's external degree programs, that they have experienced personal and career development which they attribute at least in part to participation in Institute programs, and that they feel the educational goals and objectives of Institute programs have been accomplished.
Systemic therapy for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: beyond imatinib.

Progression on first-line therapy with imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is caused by either initial resistance or more often a secondary mutation in tyrosine kinases KIT or PDGFR. Therapies in development for imatinib-resistant GIST include agents that target KIT/PDGFR with greater potency or possess broader kinase inhibition profiles including VEGFR. To circumvent secondary mutations in KIT/PDGFR, inhibition of the downstream signaling in PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and enhanced degradation of KIT/PDGFR are also under investigation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:901–906. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regionalism Is Back! Now What?

The Political Economy of Regionalism edited by Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner Network Power: Japan and Asia edited by Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi
Perspectives on the Caribbean: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2010 Pages: 320 Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: 978-1-4051-0565-1 (hard cover).
Micro- and Nanoelectromechanical Sensors

This chapter highlights the use of micro- and nanoscale mechanical devices whose mechanical properties are being used to create biological sensors. One aim is to provide tools and improvements upon current methods for biological and biomedical research. Currently used biosensors such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assays, though quite sensitive, have several drawbacks and resist miniaturization. The research highlighted in the chapter may provide alternative measurement techniques that readily lend themselves to miniaturization and portability. The ultimate goal of much of this research is to provide inexpensive, portable sensors that rival or surpass present techniques with regard to sensitivity. Keywords: MEMS; NEMS; cantilever; microfluidics; biosensor; resonance; deflection
Theology in Ecological Perspective: An Interdisciplinary, Inquiry‐Based Experiment

As the result of an extensive self-study for the purpose of reaccreditation, the Department of The- ology at The University of Portland began offering a new series of courses called Theological Perspective Courses (THEP). THEP courses are upper division and offered by theology faculty in conjunction with another department that has required core courses in the College of Arts and Sciences. They are intended to be interdis- ciplinary, with two faculty members from different disciplines collaborating on new course design and implementation. THEP 482, Theology in Ecological Perspective, was one of the first two THEP courses taught. This article describes and reflects on the nature of this religion and science course in terms of subject matter, learning theory, and development of com- munity. Several additional appendices to this article appear online at: http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/ journal/article2.aspx?id=12397
Effects of CXC chemokines on neutrophil activation and sequestration in hepatic vasculature.

The initiating step of neutrophil-induced cytotoxicity in the liver is the recruitment of these phagocytes into sinusoids. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of systemic exposure with...
Successful transradial retrieval of an embolized guidewire during transradial vascular access.

Transradial catheterization is associated with lower complication rates; however limited information is available regarding techniques to overcome unusual complications. We present a case of a 58-year-old male with suspected non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction who underwent transradial coronary angiography complicated by guidewire embolization into the radial artery and subsequent access loss. Successful retrieval of the embolized guidewire was achieved by re-accessing the same radial artery and the use of a 2 mm gooseneck microsnare. This technique was safe and prevented the need for surgical intervention or femoral access for retrieval, which are commonly described in the literature and can result in additional complications. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantification of cathepsins B and L in cells

A method for quantifying active cysteine proteinases in mammalian cells has been developed using an active-site-directed inhibitor. Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl(di-iodotyrosylalanyl)-diaz omethane (Fmoc-[I2]Tyr-Ala-CHN2) was prepared and shown to react irreversibly with cathepsins B and L, but not with cathepsin S. The non- and mono-iodo forms of the inhibitor reacted with all three enzymes. These results demonstrate that, unlike cathepsins B and L, cathepsin S has a restricted S2-binding site that cannot accommodate the bulky di-iodotyrosine. Fmoc-[I2]Tyr-Ala-CHN2 was able to penetrate cells and react with active enzymes within the cells. A radiolabelled form of the inhibitor was synthesized and the concentration of functional inhibitor was established by titration with papain. This inhibitor was used to quantify active cysteine proteinases in cultured cells. Active cathepsin B was found to be expressed by all of the cells studied, consistently with a housekeeping role for this enzyme. Active forms of cathepsin L were also expressed by all of the cells, but in different quantities. Two additional proteins were labelled in some of the cells, and these may represent other non-characterized proteinases. Higher levels of active cathepsins B and L, and an unidentified protein of Mr 39000, were found in breast tumour cells that are invasive, compared with those that are not invasive. From the data obtained, it can be calculated that the concentrations of both active cathepsins B and L in lysosomes can be as high as 1 mM, each constituting up to 20% of total protein in the organelle. This new technique provides a more direct procedure for determining the proteolytic potential of cellular lysosomes.
Artists, employment and the Great Recession: A cross-sectional analysis using US Current Population Survey data

This paper uses cross-sectional data from the US Current Population Survey to examine employment behavior among artists before and after a major period of economic transition – the Great Recession. The analysis looks at employment behavior among artists as an occupational group compared to other creative class workers and analyzes trends in periods before, during and after the recession. The results suggest that as a result of the downturn, many artists changed occupations to non-arts-related work or left the workforce altogether; artists became self-employed, and new artists opted for self-employment over wage/salary work; artists were disproportionately adversely impacted – either unemployed or underemployed – than other types of workers. Level of educational attainment was a significant determinant of whether an artist maintained quality employment and stayed in the occupation of his choice; and gender and marital status had a bearing on artists' ability to remain employed as an artist and maintain qua...
Initial concepts for CELT adaptive optics

The California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT) project has recently completed a 12-month conceptual design phase that has investigated major technology challenges in a number of Observatory subsystems, including adaptive optics (AO). The goal of this effort was not to adopt one or more specific AO architectures. Rather, it was to investigate the feasibility of adaptive optics correction of a 30-meter diameter telescope and to suggest realistic cost ceilings for various adaptive optics capabilities. We present here the key design issues uncovered during conceptual design and present two non-exclusive "baseline" adaptive optics concepts that are expected to be further developed during the following preliminary design phase. Further analysis, detailed engineering trade studies, and certain laboratory and telescope experiments must be performed, and key component technology prototypes demonstrated, prior to adopting one or more adaptive optics systems architectures for realization.
New procedure for determination of [Cu-O]+p charge and oxygen content in high Tc copper oxides

Abstract The properties of High Tc Superconductors are critically dependent on the degree of oxidation, i.e., on the average [Cu-O]+p charge (or formal oxidation state Cu+2+p of copper). This fact makes it important to accurately characterize High Tc copper oxide samples in term of this key parameter. We describe here a simple and reliable procedure for determining the effective copper oxidation level and, as a result, the oxygen content. Using a modification of standard iodometric titration techniques, our procedure involves the ratio of the results of two titrations: one to determine the copper concentration in the sample and the second to measure the degree of oxidation beyond Cu+. Using this ratio, numerous errors and difficulties are minimized. In addition, the exact stoichiometry of the sample need not be known. Experimental results on YBa2Cu3Oy are discussed which demonstrate the accuracy, reproducibility and reliability of our procedure.
The Rethinking Resource Sharing Initiative: education, advocacy and inspiration for libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to communicate the Rethinking Resource Sharing Initiative's goals and activities to an international audience of librarians concerned with using best practices and technology to make library resource sharing more responsive to user needs.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a descriptive analysis explaining the Rethinking Resource Sharing Initiative's mission and the activities it employs to fulfill it.Findings – The paper explains how the activities of the Rethinking Resource Sharing Initiative contribute to improving the delivery of library information services.Originality/value – The paper provides examples of innovative strategies, programs and activities designed to advocate for, inspire, and enable successful resource sharing.
Identification of associations between SSR markers and fiber traits in an exotic germplasm derived from multiple crosses among Gossypium tetraploid species.

Genetic improvement in yield and fiber quality is needed for worldwide cotton production. Identification of molecular markers associated with fiber-related traits can facilitate selection for these traits in breeding. This study was designed to identify associations between SSR markers and fiber traits using an exotic germplasm population, species polycross (SP), derived from multiple crosses among Gossypium tetraploid species. The SP population underwent 11 generations of mixed random mating and selfing followed by 12 generations of selfing. A total of 260 lines were evaluated for fiber-related traits under three environments in 2005 and 2006. Large genotypic variance components in traits were identified relative to components of genotype × environment. Eighty-six primer pairs amplified a total of 314 polymorphic fragments among 260 lines. A total of 202 fragments with above 6% allele frequency were analyzed for associations. Fifty-nine markers were found to have a significant (P < 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001) association with six fiber traits. There were six groups identified within the population using structure analysis. Allele frequency divergence among six groups ranged from 0.11 to 0.27. Of the 59 marker–trait associations, 39 remained significant after correction for population structure and kinship using a mixed linear model. The effect of population sub-structure on associations was most significant in boll weight among the traits analyzed. The sub-structure among the SP lines may be caused by natural selection, the breeding method applied during development of inbred lines, and unknown factors. The identified marker–trait associations can be useful in breeding and help determine genetic mechanisms underlying interrelationships among fiber traits.
A changing epidemiology of suicide? The influence of birth cohorts on suicide rates in the United States

The increases in suicide among middle-aged baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) in the United States since 1999 suggest a changing epidemiology of suicide. Using data from 1935 to 2010, this paper conducts age-period-cohort analyses to determine the impact of cohorts in shaping temporal patterns of suicide in the United States. The analysis demonstrates that age, period and cohort effects are all important in determining suicide trends. Net of age and period effects, the cohort pattern of suicide rates is U-shaped, with cohorts born between 1915 and 1945 possessing among the very lowest suicide rates. Suicide rates begin to rise with boomers and subsequent cohorts exhibit increasingly higher rates of suicide. The general pattern exists for both men and women but is especially pronounced among males. The average suicide rate over the entire period for males is about 28 per 100,000, 95% CI [27.4, 28.7]. For males born in 1930-34, the suicide rate is estimated to be 17.4 per 100,000, 95% CI [15.9, 18.8]; for males born between 1955 and 1959, the rate is essentially the same as the average for the period while for males born between 1985 and 1989, the suicide rate is estimated to be 37.8 per 100,000, 95% CI [33.1, 43.4]. The results dispute popular claims that boomers exhibit an elevated suicide rate relative to other generations, but boomers do appear to have ushered in new cohort patterns of suicide rates over the life course. These patterns are interpreted within a Durkheimian framework that suggests weakened forms of social integration and regulation among postwar cohorts may be producing increased suicide rates.
Implementation of a tagged architecture for block structured languages

This paper describes the implementation of a tagged architecture for a block structured language. First a model for the environment of block structured languages based on an extension to MADCAP VI is developed. Then the implementation of the model in hardware is described.
Silicification and local granitization in the Reading Hills

Quartz and microcline replacing minerals in pre-Cambrian and Cambrian formations in the Reading Hills indicate a magmatic source for solutions that have introduced large volumes of material. This introduction was likely in post-Hardyston time. The widespread occurrence of quartz showing cross-cutting and replacement relationships to the other minerals of pre-Cambrian formations of the Reading Hills, in eastern Pennsylvania, invites a study of the source of the silica involved.
Evaluation of expectations and knowledge in bariatric surgery patients.

Abstract Background Preoperative psychosocial evaluations of bariatric surgery candidates primarily focus on screening for psychiatric co-morbidities. However, the role of weight loss expectations and knowledge about surgery can also influence patients' postoperative behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate preoperative patient knowledge and expectations about postoperative weight loss. Methods Data on the knowledge and expectations were extracted from a database of psychosocial evaluations of 334 bariatric surgery candidates. Expectations were measured by patient report of the expected pounds to be lost. Knowledge was operationalized using the University of Virginia Bariatric Knowledge Scale, a 22-item multiple choice scale, that assesses knowledge about medical, nutritional, and psychosocial components related to bariatric surgery. The data were analyzed using frequencies, descriptive statistics, and analysis of variance. Results The data on weight loss expectations from 217 preoperative patients indicated that, compared with the average weight loss data presented in published reports, 65% of patients overestimated the degree of weight loss and only 25% of patients maintained accurate expectations of weight loss. Knowledge data on the nutritional, medical, and behavioral components of the surgery were available for 96 patients. The items frequently answered incorrectly included expected weight loss and the utility of surgery in increasing the ability to make changes in diet and exercise. The mean body mass index differences were observed to determine the accuracy of weight loss expectations Conclusion The results of our study have shown that a significant number of bariatric surgery patients present with misconceptions about weight loss. The preoperative psychosocial evaluation can be used as an intervention to use psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, and behavioral interventions to improve patients' knowledge and expectations.
Lead increases red cell sodium-lithium countertransport.

The effect of 1, 3, 5, and 20 μmol/L lead on normal red cell sodium-lithium countertransport was studied in vitro. Red cell suspensions incubated with lead had increased sodium-lithium countertransport at all concentration levels compared with paired, unleaded controls when all groups were evaluated by analysis of covariance (F = 19.2, P r = 0.998, P
Review of dental practices in Tudor England

Some of the dental practices of physicians and surgeons during the 16th century in England are described using reports in the colorful language of that time.
Effect of Processing on Density of Mg-6Zn-0.5Y Alloy

Effect of different melt temperatures, holding time, cooling rate and C2Cl6 degasser treatment on the density of Mg-6Zn-0.5Y alloy was studied. The experimental results indicated that the density of RPT samples decreased with increasing of melt temperature, which indicating that the hydrogen content increased with the increment of temperature. And the results also showed that the density of RPT samples rapidly decreased at first and then decreased slowly with increasing of holding time, suggesting that the hydrogen content rapidly increased at first and then reached a saturated state with increasing of holding time. When cooling rate increased, the density of ingots gradually increased at the same melt temperature. When the melt was treated by 1%, 3% and 5% C2Cl6 degasser at 720°C, the density of ingots gradually increased compared with the ingot without treatment by C2Cl6 degasser. The density of ingot reached the maximum value when C2Cl6 degasser content was 3%, i.e, the ingot density value increased from 1.8649g.cm-3 of the untreated sample to 1.8774g.cm-3 of the sample treated by 3% C2Cl6 degasser, indicating that 3% C2Cl6 degasser treatment has an optimum degassing effect.
Clinical and Neuropathological Correlates of Apolipoprotein E Genotype in Alzheimer's Disease ‐ Window on Molecular Epidemiologya

Inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (apo E) epsilon 4 allele has recently been found to be associated with Alzheimer's disease. We have studied the clinical and neuropathological correlates of apolipoprotein E genotype in a large group of Alzheimer's patients. The primary influence on clinical presentation is a shift towards earlier age of onset in individuals who have the apo E epsilon 4 gene: no change in clinical course was observed. In neuropathological studies, we find that the major influence of apo E epsilon 4 is on increased A beta deposition. These results led to a model of the biological interaction between the apo E protein and Alzheimer's disease.
Links between CD147 Function, Glycosylation, and Caveolin-1

Cell surface CD147 shows remarkable variations in size (31-65 kDa) because of heterogeneous N-glycosylation, with the most highly glycosylated forms functioning to induce matrix metalloproteinase (...
Eye Movement Task Related to Frontal Lobe Functioning in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been postulated to be related to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. In the oculomotor delayed response task, a subject is cued as to where he or she should look (shift visual gaze to) but must delay a short period and then shift gaze to the location where the cue previously existed but no longer exists (a memory-guided saccade). Dependent measures from this task provide information on three functions tentatively tied to prefrontal cortex functioning: the ability to inhibit response (during the delay period), preparation of motor response (inversely tied to the latency of shifting visual gaze), and accuracy of working visuospatial memory (accuracy of the memory-guided saccade). Method Thirteen children with ADHD and 10 normal controls, aged 9 to 12 years, were tested using an 800-msec delay period. Results Children with ADHD showed, relative to normal controls, deficits on inhibiting response during the delay period but no differences in latency (preparation of motor response) or accuracy of visuospatial memory. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that the primary deficit in ADHD is difficulty in inhibition of response. This deficit may be associated with pathology located outside the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Endometrial cancer arising in both horns of didelphys uterus in a Down's syndrome woman.

Abstract Background. There are only few reports of endometrial cancer arising in patients with uterine malformations. Down's syndrome is characterized by a reduced risk of solid tumors, and there are no reports about its correlation with uterine malformations. Case. An endometrial adenocarcinoma arising in both horns of a didelphys uterus of a Down's syndrome woman. Conclusion. Uterine malformations and genetical disorders may cause a delayed diagnosis of gynecological cancers. Gynecological examination in asymptomatic patients and differential diagnosis in abnormal uterine bleeding patients should be considered.
Quality-specific effects of aging on the human taste system.

Elderly persons are known to have elevated taste thresholds, with those for bitter more affected by age, for example, than those for sweet. Do analogous quality-specific effects occur at suprathreshold levels? Young (mean age = 20.3 years,SD = 2.99) and elderly (mean age = 72.5 years,SD = 4.58) subjects made magnitude estimates of sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and saltiness for the unmixed components sucrose, caffeine, citric acid, and NaCI at three concentration levels for each. They also made magnitude estimates of the separate taste qualities in two-component mixtures of sucrose with each of the other three qualities, at various levels of the two components in each mixture. Magnitude estimates of taste intensity were interweaved with magnitude estimates of the heaviness of six weights, which subjects were to judge on the same subjective intensity scale: This is the calibration feature of the method of magnitude matching, and permits the comparison of elderly and young subjects on the absolute intensity of tastes. When unmixed components were judged, elderly subjects found the characteristic tastes of caffeine and citric acid less intense than, but those of sucrose and NaCI as intense as, younger subjects did. In judging mixtures, the elderly found bitterness, but not the other three qualities, less intense than did the young subjects.
STABLE MANIFOLDS OF HOLOMORPHIC HYPERBOLIC MAPS

We investigate stable manifolds of hyperbolic holomorphic automorphisms. Our main result is that these can always be embedded as open subsets of complex Euclidean space.
Irradiation-induced up-regulation of Fas in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is not accompanied by Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis.

Background and Objectives: Fas (APO-1) induces apoptosis after binding Fas ligand (FasL). Evidence suggests that tumors may use this interaction to evade the host immune response. Fas/FasL expression has not been reported in esophageal cancer. We hypothesized that Fas expression would render esophageal cancer cells susceptible to Fas ligation and that irradiation of the cells would increase Fas expression. Methods: Two human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma lines, KYSE 150, which has a wild-type (wt) p53 gene, and 410 (mutated p53), were irradiated. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect Fas and FasL expression. Fas protein was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its presence further confirmed by Western analysis. FasL was detected by Western analysis. Cells were treated with Fas monoclonal antibody (maximum 0.05 μg/ml) ± cycloheximide, and viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cells were also transduced with FasL cDNA and then quantified. Results: Both lines expressed Fas and FasL, but only the KYSE 150 cell line displayed an increase in Fas following irradiation. No alteration in cell growth was detected for Fas antibody- or FasL-transduced groups versus controls. Conclusions: We have demonstrated Fas and FasL expression in esophageal tumor lines. We have also shown that Fas levels are significantly increased in response to irradiation in a wt p53 line. However, cells were resistant to treatment with Fas antibody or following transduction with FasL, suggesting that these tumor cells may use Fas/FasL expression to evade the host immune response.
Reversible Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphadenopathy and bone marrow involved by Hodgkin's lymphoma in a rheumatoid arthritis patient undergoing long-term treatment with low-dose methotrexate: a case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of spontaneous regression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative methotrexate-associated lymphadenopathy occurring with Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the bone marrow of a 48-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis. Following 10 years of treatment with low-dose methotrexate, the patient developed pancytopenia, hypercalcemia, and elevated levels of liver enzymes over the course of 2 months. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed splenomegaly and enlarged abdominal lymph nodes. A bone marrow biopsy demonstrated cellular marrow with 2 paratrabecular granuloma-like lesions composed of histiocytes, fibroblasts, small lymphocytes, a few plasma cells, and scattered CD30+CD15+ Hodgkin’s cells, including a classic Reed-Sternberg cell. The results of EBV studies of the bone marrow were negative. Within a month from withdrawal of methotrexate treatment, the patient’s symptoms and the abnormalities in the laboratory results had regressed completely. A positron emission tomography scan failed to detect lymphadenopathy. Twelve months later, the patient remains free of symptoms.
Automatic creation of face composite images for consumer applications

This paper presents a method to perform automatic extraction, manipulation and blending of human face and hair images into other media such as licensed commercial content. We describe automatic image processing algorithms to perform such tasks, and discuss applications in personalized publishing and merchandising. We demonstrate our work through automatically segmenting out the face and hair image in a consumer photo and embedding it in another photo or document. The goal is to perform these steps seamlessly with natural look and minimal manual intervention. The primary application of this technology is the personalization of various documents and products such as licensed merchandise, children's storybook, puzzles and marketing collaterals.
The Treatment of Acute Branch Vein Occlusion by Photocoagulation

Twenty-eight eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion were treated by photocoagulation. The clinical posttreatment findings indicated rapid clearing of hemorrhages and exudates. Visual acuity in 12 (43%) eyes improved, in 11 (39%) remained static, and in five (18%) worsened.
Structure of the Escherichia coli response regulator NarL.

The crystal structure analysis of the NarL protein provides a first look at interactions between receiver and effector domains of a full-length bacterial response regulator. The N-terminal receiver domain, with 131 amino acids, is folded into a 5-strand β sheet flanked by 5 α helices, as seen in CheY and in the N-terminal domain of NTRC. The C-terminal DNA-binding domain, with 62 amino acids, is a compact bundle of 4 α helices, of which the middle 2 form a helix−turn−helix motif closely related to that of Drosophila paired protein and other H-T-H DNA-binding proteins. The 2 domains are connected by an α helix of 10 amino acids and a 13-residue flexible tether that is not visible and presumably disordered in the X-ray structure. In this unphosphorylated form of NarL, the C-terminal domain is turned against the receiver domain in a manner that would preclude DNA binding. Activation of NarL via phosphorylation of Asp59 must involve transfer of information to the interdomain interface and either rotation or d...
The steady state occupancy and Effective Fermi Level of P-N junction

Explicit difference between occupation probability of the transition Gibbs free energy level (TGFEL) of semiconductor under equilibrium and that under steady state is pointed out. Our own computer simulation results are presented to show the detailed steady state occupancy of TGFELs under forward and reverse bias cases‥ The result shows that Quasi Fermi levels and capture cross section of defects which is due to columbic interaction or other effects determine the different occupation probability in the region where Quasi Fermi levels are present. An Effective Fermi Level EFeff is defined for these two cases of the semiconductor P-N junction, with the presence of two Quasi Fermi levels.
PURE STATES AS A DUAL OBJECT FOR C* ALGEBRAS

We consider the set of pure states of aC*-algebra as a uniform space equipped with transition probabilities and orientation, and show that the pure states with this structure determine theC*-algebra up to *-isomorphism.
Genetic admixture, social–behavioural factors and body composition are associated with blood pressure differently by racial–ethnic group among children

Cardiovascular disease has a progressively earlier age of onset, and disproportionately affects African Americans (AAs) in the United States. It has been difficult to establish the extent to which group differences are due to physiological, genetic, social or behavioural factors. In this study, we examined the association between blood pressure and these factors among a sample of 294 children, identified as AA, European American or Hispanic American. We use body composition, behavioural (diet and physical activity) and survey-based measures (socio-economic status and perceived racial discrimination), as well as genetic admixture based on 142 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to examine associations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We find that associations differ by ethnic/racial group. Notably, among AAs, physical activity and perceived racial discrimination, but not African genetic admixture, are associated with blood pressure, while the association between blood pressure and body fat is nearly absent. We find an association between blood pressure and an AIM near a marker identified by a recent genome-wide association study. Our findings shed light on the differences in risk factors for elevated blood pressure among ethnic/racial groups, and the importance of including social and behavioural measures to grasp the full genetic/environmental aetiology of disparities in blood pressure.
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in urology: Review of the world literature

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has gained momentum in the recent urologic literature as a new surgical approach for intra-abdominal organs with scarless and painless postoperative recoveries. We sought to review the published literature concerning the safety and reproducibility of NOTES in urology. PubMed literature review of articles published in the English language was performed over a 10-year period, i.e., between 2001 and 2011; all articles were critically reviewed and analyzed. Despite its novelty, pure or hybrid surgical approaches have been adapted in performing NOTES. NOTES essentially utilizes transluminal flexible endoscopic instruments along with laparoscopic instruments to gain access to abdominal, pelvic, and/or retroperitoneal cavities. The preliminary results of NOTES in surgery and to a limited extent in urology appear promising, yet further research in animal survival and human cadaveric models is requisite prior to human applications, especially for complex surgeries. Future innovative research, particularly biomedical engineering, should be directed to improving the technicality and mechanistic application of NOTES; hence, better safety and efficacy of NOTES.
Changes in the radiative balance of the atmosphere due to increases in CO2 and trace gases

Abstract Increases in CO2 and trace gases in the earth's atmosphere can lead to changes in the radiative balance of the earth's atmosphere in two ways. Changes in the amount of these constituents leads directly to changes in outgoing longwave radiation. This change in outgoing longwave radiation causes the thermal structure of the atmosphere to change. These changes in thermal structure can then alter the distribution of outgoing longwave radiation. Changes in the distribution and amount of outgoing radiation due to various increases in CO2 and trace gases are presented from a model with a spectral resolution of 5 cm−1. The effects of stratospheric aerosols, and the use of general circulation models for detecting changes in the radiative balance are discussed.