cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Left ventricular assist devices psychosocial burden and implications for heart transplant programs

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) driven by external sources and capable of sustaining life over weeks to months as a bridge to heart transplantation have been implanted in over 300 patients in the United States. Because of the limited availability of organs for transplantation, the remarkable degree to which LVADs reverse end-organ dysfunction, and patient acceptance, proposals for home LVAD treatment and for use of the LVAD as a permanent treatment for heart failure are being considered. LVAD therapy is associated with characteristic psychiatric and psychosocial problems, however, which must be addressed to optimize results. Among the first 30 LVAD patients treated at our center, psychiatric interventions were frequently required for family stress, major depression, organic mental syndromes, and serious adjustment disorders. Psychiatric problems most often occurred in patients with ongoing medical complications following LVAD implantation, and often significantly impaired rehabilitation. Both depression and organic mental syndromes were frequently associated with preexisting cerebrovascular disease, which was sometimes occult, and with strokes complicating LVAD therapy. Aggressive treatment of depression played a major role in improving functional status. LVADs may decompress heart transplant waiting lists and make it possible to optimize patients' physiological and functional status before transplantation. With increased LVAD use, however, neuropsychiatric factors can be expected to play a large role in determining quality of life and outcome both before and after heart transplantation.
Upwelling relaxation and estuarine plumes

[1] After coastal upwelling, the water properties in the nearshore coastal region close to estuaries is determined by the race between the new estuarine plume traveling along the coast and the upwelled front (a marker for the old upwelled plume and the coastal pycnocline) returning to the coast under downwelling winds. Away from an estuary, downwelling winds can return the upwelled front to the coast bringing less dense water nearshore. Near the estuary, the estuarine plume can arrive along the coast and return less dense water to the nearshore region before the upwelled front returns to the coast. Where the plume brings less dense water to the coast first, the plume keeps the upwelled front from returning to the coast. In this region, only the plume and the anthropogenic input and larvae associated with the plume waters influence the nearshore after upwelling. We quantify the extent of the region where the plume is responsible for bringing less dense water to the nearshore and keeping the upwelled front from returning to the coast after upwelling. We successfully tested our predictions against numerical experiments and field observations of the Chesapeake plume near Duck, North Carolina. We argue that this alongshore region exists for other estuaries where the time-integrated upwelling and downwelling wind stresses are comparable.
Enzymatic methylation of transfer RNA by extracts of polyoma virus-transformed cells.

Abstract A study of the enzymatic methylation of Escherichia coli tRNA and rat liver tRNA in vitro by extracts of five mammalian cell lines failed to provide evidence of a polyoma virus-induced tRNA methylase.
Dysphagia as the presenting symptom of recurrent breast carcinoma

Esophageal obstruction secondary to recurrent breast carcinoma is not widely recognized. Frequently, the esophageal narrowing is attributed to a benign process, resulting in delays of diagnosis and treatment. Such a case prompted this report and review of the literature.
The orthogonality constrained basis set expansion method for treating off-diagonal lagrange multipliers in calculations of electronic wave functions☆

Abstract We propose an alternative to the coupling operator approach for the solution of the self-consistent field equations containing off-diagonal Lagrange multipliers. This method involves a transformation of the basis set after formation of the Hamiltonian matrices and leads to considerable simplification in the equations to be solved, reducing th ehomogeneous equations to pseudo-eigenvalue form. Typical results are reported for the lowest 2 A 1 state of H 2 O + and the lowest 3 A 1 excited states of H 2 O.
Detecting molecular separation in nano-fluidic channels through velocity analysis of temporal image sequences by multivariate curve resolution

In this study, we report on a method of determining individual velocities of molecular species being separated in a fluid medium within array of nanofluidic channels that can be useful in the detection of molecular species. The method is based on the application of multivariate image analysis methods, in this case principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution, to temporal image series capturing multiple species moving through the medium. There are two novel and unique advantages of the reported method. First, it is possible to identify transport velocities of different molecular species, even those tagged with the same fluorophore. And second, the velocity determination can be made before there is any visual separation of the species in the medium at the very initial stages of separation. The capability of the methodology to detect the separation of species without fluorescent labeling and to provide an accurate ratio of their velocities even at the very early pre-visual stage of separation will significantly optimize separation experiments and assist in fast and accurate detection of analytes based on micro- and nano-fluidics assays. The presented method can be practiced in connection with various molecular separation techniques including, but not limited to, nanochannel electrophoresis, microchannel capillary electrophoresis, and gel electrophoresis.
A Scalable Configurable Architecture for Advanced Wireless Communication Algorithms

We propose a configurable and scalable architecture targeted for the implementation of advanced wireless communication algorithms based on matrix computations. A design methodology for programming and configuring the processor architecture is developed. The design entry point is the representation of the algorithm in Matlab/Simulink. The Simulink description is parsed and the algorithm's Dependence Flow Graph is derived, which is scheduled and space---time mapped onto the proposed architecture. The compiler reconfigures the switch boxes of the proposed hierarchical interconnection network in the architecture. An energy consumption model is derived, and design examples are provided that demonstrate the enhanced energy efficiency of the proposed architecture compared to a state of the art programmable VLIW DSP processors.
Rigorous modeling of antenna and circuit coupling in MIMO systems: application to handheld devices

While multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems can improve communication performance over single-antenna systems in multipath propagation environments, there has been concern about integrating the technology into small mobile devices. Specifically, the necessary close antenna spacing and integration of multiple radio front-ends on a single chip lead to coupling effects at the antenna and circuit levels that impact the operation. It is therefore important to carefully characterize this coupling. In this paper, we provide a detailed framework based on network theory for analyzing the performance of MIMO systems where coupling is present. We apply the approach to multi-antenna handset topologies characterized using full-wave finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of the antennas and a simple model for front-end amplifier coupling. The results show the relative performance for different matching conditions between the receive antennas and amplifiers as well as different amplifier coupling for the handsets operating in a realistic propagation environment.
Considerations for Use of Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors: Dose Effect on Hepatic Cytochromes P450

Recombinant adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 is a vector commonly used for gene delivery. Although this vector has a natural tropism for the liver, there is a limited understanding of how Ad administration affects one of the primary hepatic processes, drug metabolism. The effects of systemic administration of a model recombinant adenoviral vector on two hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, CYP3A2 and 2C11, were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with one of six vector doses, ranging from 5.7 x 10(6) to 5.7 x 10(12) virus particles (vp)/kg. Hepatic P450 protein expression, catalytic activity, and mRNA levels were measured over 14 days. Ad administration (5.7 x 10(10)-5.7 x 10(12) vp/kg) reduced CYP3A2 over the duration of the study. Six hours after administration of 5.7 x 10(12) vp/kg, CYP3A2 activity and mRNA levels were suppressed by 45 and 65%, respectively (P < or = 0.01). This continued throughout the study with levels dropping to 36 and 45% of controls by 14 days, respectively (P < or = 0.01). A similar trend was detected for CYP2C11 within this dosing range. Administration of 5.7 x 10(6), 5.7 x 10(8), and 5.7 x 10(9) vp/kg of Ad significantly increased both CYP2C11 protein expression by 86, 71, and 107% and activity 110, 118, and 53%, respectively, above those of animals treated with saline (P < or = 0.01). These results clearly indicate that a single dose of adenovirus significantly alters key drug metabolizing enzymes for an extended period of time and should be investigated further in the context of the design and implementation of clinical trial protocols.
Constraints on the masses and couplings of heavy Majorana right-handed neutrinos

Abstract The masses and couplings of heavy unstable right-handed Majorana neutrinos can be constrained using existing and expected future results from both accelerator and astrophysics experiments. In particular we examine limits on rare decay modes of particles containing s, c, and b quarks as well as the τ lepton and interpret these in terms of a hypothetical massive neutrino. In addition, cosmological limits result from a consideration of the nucleosynthesis epoch in the early universe.
A low-cost, variable-amplitude haptic distributed display for persons who are blind and visually impaired

Previously in our lab, we developed a low-cost mouse-like device that has high position accuracy, very good temporal and spatial collocation between kinesthetic and tactile information, a fairly large temporal bandwidth and a short time delay. However, it can still be limiting when generating texture-like patterns. We have therefore extended the function of the device to be able to vary the amplitude as well, while maintaining its low cost (under $500). Various virtual textures have been developed which can be used to create salient graphics that can be perceived through this device. Preliminary investigations suggest that having multiple amplitude levels increases the number of distinguishable textures as well as the amount of information that can be displayed.
Efficacy of pulsed UV-light for the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on raspberries and strawberries.

ABSTRACT: Small fruits are increasingly being implicated in outbreaks of foodborne illness, and fresh produce is now the 2nd leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Conventional methods of decontamination are not effective, and there is a need to evaluate novel technologies. Pulsed ultraviolet (UV)-light is one such technology. In this study, pulsed UV-light was applied to strawberries and raspberries at varying UV doses and times. On raspberries, maximum reductions of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were 3.9 and 3.4 log10 CFU/g at 72 and 59.2 J/cm2, respectively. On the surfaces of strawberries, maximum reductions were 2.1 and 2.8 log10 CFU/g at 25.7 and 34.2 J/cm2, respectively. There was no observable damage to the fruits at these UV doses. The results obtained in this study indicate that pulsed UV-light has the potential to be used as a decontamination method for raspberries and strawberries.
Effect of somatotropin on adipose tissue metabolism: Ontogeny of the enhanced response to adrenergic challenge in the lactating cow

Abstract Seven multiparous Holstein cows (>150 d postpartum) were used to evaluate the time course of the chronic adaptation in lipolytic response to adrenergic challenge with bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment. Cows received daily bST (sometribove; 40 mg/d) or excipient injections for 7 d (single reversal design) with a 7-d interim between periods. Epinephrine challenges (1.4 μg/kg body weight intravenously) were administered on Days −2, −1, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 of treatment at 10:00 a.m. (15 hr after bST or excipient injection). Frequent blood samples were collected, and concentrations of plasma glycerol (GLY) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined. Treatment with bST increased milk yield 23% (P
An analysis for estimating the probability of particle coalescence in liquid phase sintered systems

During liquid phase sintering solid particles move about within the liquid and make contact with each other. Microstructural examination of liquid phase sintered alloys clearly indicates that some of these contacts lead to particle coalescence even in systems in which wetting of the solid by the liquid is presumed to occur. Under these circumstances, the grain boundary formed by the particles must have a rather low energy and hence, misorientation. In this study, attention is directed at the problem of calculating the probability of a collision between particles that lead to the formation of a low angle grain boundary and hence, coalescence. By making simple but physically plausible assumptions about the nature of low angle grain boundaries, the coalescence probabilityp c can be determined as a function of a parameterθ where θ = $$\left( {2\gamma _{SL} /\bar \gamma } \right)\Phi $$ withγ SL =solid-liquid surface energy,γ ss = average solid-solid grain boundary energy and У is the angular extent of the energy cusp associated with a low angle grain boundary. A simple analytical expression ofp c ,p c = 0.1θ (1-cosθ) is derived and found to be in excellent agreement with other techniques for calculatingp c for values ofθ ≲ 10 deg, the range most probable for liquid phase sintered alloys. Some discussion of the accuracy and assumptions of the present model is also given.
A tool to evaluate your website for patient engagement

AbstractIntroductionThe current healthcare environment encourages patients to participate in their healthcare. One way to do so is to design and manage a website that empowers patients and family members to be involved in their care. The authors previously developed a model that classifies hospital websites into four levels by how well the websites engaged the patients. This paper presents a tool based on that model that can be used by hospitals to objectively measure the level of hospital website patient engagement.MethodThe tool was developed and given to 20 students in a senior-level management information systems course to evaluate 40 hospital websites taken from the 2012 Most Wired Hospitals list. Based on their comments, the tool was revised to increase readability and usability.ResultsThe tool can: (1) correctly identify the current level of engagement of a hospital's website; (2) prescribe the characteristics required to advance the website to the next level while still allowing for flexibility in...
Clues from the beaten path: Location estimation with bursty sequences of tourist photos

Image-based location estimation methods typically recognize every photo independently, and their resulting reliance on strong visual feature matches makes them most suited for distinctive landmark scenes. We observe that when touring a city, people tend to follow common travel patterns — for example, a stroll down Wall Street might be followed by a ferry ride, then a visit to the Statue of Liberty. We propose an approach that learns these trends directly from online image data, and then leverages them within a Hidden Markov Model to robustly estimate locations for novel sequences of tourist photos. We further devise a set-to-set matching-based likelihood that treats each “burst” of photos from the same camera as a single observation, thereby better accommodating images that may not contain particularly distinctive scenes. Our experiments with two large datasets of major tourist cities clearly demonstrate the approach's advantages over methods that recognize each photo individually, as well as a simpler HMM baseline that lacks the proposed burst-based observation model.
Analysis of Heat Shock Response in Perennial Ryegrass Using Maize Heat Shock Protein Clones

Evidence suggests that heat shock proteins (HSP) may be involved in differences in thermal tolerance among perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars. It seems possible that HSP could be useful in developing laboratory assays for thermal tolerance in perennial ryegrass. To evaluate the possibility of using HSP genes or gene products to screen for thermal tolerance, thermal-tolerant and thermal-sensitive cultivars were germinated and heat treatments were conducted in a dry germinator in constant light. The two cultivars exhibited differences in root, shoot, and total seedling length when briefly subjected to high temperatures (55 o C) following an initial acclimation period (40 o C) [...]
Evolution of community- and healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent cause of human infections globally. The high prevalence of infections is compounded by antibiotic resistance—a significant problem for treatment. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is endemic in hospitals and healthcare facilities worldwide, and is an increasingly common cause of community-associated bacterial infections in industrialized countries. Although much focus is placed on the role of S. aureus as a human pathogen, it is in fact a human commensal organism that has had a relatively long coexistence with the human host. Many S. aureus infections can be explained by host susceptibility or other predisposing risk factors. On the other hand, the emergence/re-emergence of successful S. aureus clones (referred to as epidemic waves) suggests a rapid bacterial adaption and evolution, which includes the emergence of antibiotic resistance and increased virulence and/or transmissibility. It is within this context that we review our understanding of selected S. aureus epidemic waves, and highlight the use of genome sequencing as a means to better understand the evolution of each lineage.
Greedy Algorithms in Banach Spaces

We study efficiency of approximation and convergence of two greedy type algorithms in uniformly smooth Banach spaces. The Weak Chebyshev Greedy Algorithm (WCGA) is defined for an arbitrary dictionary D and provides nonlinear m-term approximation with regard to D. This algorithm is defined inductively with the mth step consisting of two basic substeps: (1) selection of an mth element ϕ m c from D, and (2) constructing an m-term approximant G m c . We include the name of Chebyshev in the name of this algorithm because at the substep (2) the approximant G m c is chosen as the best approximant from Span(ϕ 1 c ,...,ϕ m c ). The term Weak Greedy Algorithm indicates that at each substep (1) we choose ϕ m c as an element of D that satisfies some condition which is “t m -times weaker” than the condition for ϕ m c to be optimal (t m =1). We got error estimates for Banach spaces with modulus of smoothness ρ(u)≤γu q , 1<q≤2. We proved that for any f from the closure of the convex hull of D the error of m-term approximation by WCGA is of order (1+t 1 p +⋅⋅⋅+t m p )−1/p , 1/p+1/q=1. Similar results are obtained for Weak Relaxed Greedy Algorithm (WRGA) and its modification. In this case an approximant G r m is a convex linear combination of 0,ϕ1 r ,...,ϕ r m . We also proved some convergence results for WCGA and WRGA.
Accumulation, fractionation and release of oil by the intertidal clam Macoma balthica

The bivalve mollusc Macoma balthica accumulated hydrocarbons during 180 days of continuous exposure to Prudhoe Bay crude oil in seawater dispersions with nominal concentrations of 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 mg l-1. The mollusc's ability to concentrate oil from seawater increased with decreasing oil-in-water concentration. Decreases in oil burden began after 30 to 120 days (depending on the oil concentration) and continued for at least 60 days after exposure to oil ceased. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were fractionated in markedly different ways by the bivalve. Branched and cyclic aliphatics in the molecular weight-range dodecane through hexadecane were preferentially retained over straightchain and their higher homologs. Larger and more substituted aromatic compounds were selectively concentrated. There appeared to be no selective concentration of aromatic sulphur compounds.
Exploring the Participation of Women in Financial Cooperatives and Credit Unions in Developing Countries

Participation of women in microfinance institutions (MFIs) is touted to advance development in developing economies. By applying the stakeholder theory, we examine the magnitude of women’s participation across MFIs based on their legal characteristics, that is, cooperatives and non-cooperatives across the following dimensions—organizational size, efficiency, loan size, and gender mix. We find that in the case of the cooperative types of MFIs, increases in average loan sizes are associated with decreases in female participation in the administration and governance. Further, the findings demonstrate that with increases in the participation of women borrowers, the number of women in organizational governance also increases. These findings suggest important research and practical implications regarding women’s empowerment through participation in mutual cooperative societies. We conclude that credit unions and cooperatives could be an effective tool for enhancing women’s participation in organizational administration and governance.
Acute haloperidol increases impulse activity of brain noradrenergic neurons.

Abstract Haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased impulse activity of every noradrenergic locus coeruleus neuron tested in chloral hydrate anesthetized rats. Mean discharge rate increased from 1.4 ± 0.2 Hz before to 2.7 ± 0.4 Hz at 45 min after injection, with significantly increased activity occurring by 15 min post-drug. Elevated activity was apparent for at least 2 h following haloperidol. These results reveal that haloperidol has profound effects on brain noradrenergic neurons, indicating a possible site of action for effects of this neuroleptic agent.
Panorama de la digitalización de la ciencia y la cultura en la red

This paper shows, using a critical approach, a broad view of different cultural and scientific initiatives taking place on the Internet: history, current projects, controversies, and possible future developments. The limited extension available doesn’t allow the study of specific cases, yet it is possible to refer to the ideas of the main discussions. This work refers mainly to the digitization of books and scientific papers, yet many topics are true for other cultural sectors.
Pulmonary tissue volume and blood flow as functions of body surface area and age.

We measured pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and capillary blood flow\(\dot Q_c \) by rebreathing acetylene as the soluble gas in 94 male and 82 female patients with normal healthy lungs. We found that the standard deviation of Vt was a function of Vt and that the standard deviation of\(\dot Q_c \) was a function of\(\dot Q_c \) logarithm transforms were used to prevent this. A significant correlation exists between log Vt and body surface area (BSA) and log Vt and vital capacity (VC). For both sets of regressions older subjects (≥40 years of age) exhibited greater variability about the regression line than younger subjects; therefore the 2 age groups of subjects were analyzed separately for tissue volume. We describe regression equations of log Vt vs. BSA or VC for younger male, younger female, older male, and older female patients. The normal limits by sex and age groups are also included. A significant correlation was found between log\(\dot Q_c \), BSA, and age. Thus 2 equations, for male and female patients, are used to predict log\(\dot Q_c \) based on these 2 covariates.
A Level Set Formulation of Eulerian Interface Capturing Methods for Incompressible Fluid Flows

A level set formulation is derived for incompressible, immiscible Navier?Stokes equations separated by a free surface. The interface is identified as the zero level set of a smooth function. Eulerian finite difference methods based on this level set formulation are proposed. These methods are robust and efficient and are capable of computing interface singularities such as merging and reconnection. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.
Managing and Analyzing Behavioral Records: Explorations in Nonnumeric Data Analysis

This paper argues that the text processing and interpreting capabilities of computers can and should be applied to the problems of managing and analyzing nonnumeric social data. It identifies behavioral records such as observation records or open-ended interview responses as good candidates for such an application because they are text based and at least semistructured. It describes one specific implementation of a behavioral record data analysis program. In contrast to most analyses of verbal records that begin by first transforming them into numeric form, the method described here preserves the data in verbal form. Notable features of computer-based processing of verbal data are reducing researcher clerical tasks, keeping attribute descriptors embedded in their context, and preserving the information content of descriptors.
A weighted least-squares procedure for estimating the parameters of Altham's multiplicative generalization of the binomial distribution

A weighted least-squares procedure is proposed for estimating the two parameters of the multiplicative generalization of the binomial distribution proposed by Altham (1978). These estimators are asymptotically efficient and are offered as simpler alternatives to the maximum likelihood estimators. In some small sample cases, the proposed estimators have smaller mean squared error.
Histologic changes induced by intraperitoneal chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin c in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from cystadenocarcinoma of the colon or appendix

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil has been used to rescue patients from peritoneal carcinomatosis after perforated cystadenocarcinoma of the large bowel or appendix. A staging celiotomy was used to assess the results of therapy. In nine patients tumor was recovered from the abdominal cavity and was subjected to careful histopathologic examination. The posttreatment appearance of the tumor was compared with that before treatment. Also, tumor deposits harvested from these same patients, but from anatomic sites not directly exposed to chemotherapy were examined. The most striking findings observed in treated patients were as follows: (1) the marked reduction in the number of foci of atypical neoplastic epithelium lining the mucin globules, and (2) atrophy and degeneration of the atypical neoplastic epithelium. All treated patients showed these effects but they were not in all sampled tumor specimens, suggesting nonuniform drug distribution in the abdominal cavity and limited penetration of chemotherapy into tumor. The authors conclude that intraperitoneal chemotherapy produces marked histologic changes in mucinous tumors when there is direct contact between tumor and intracavitary drugs.
Validation and Error Characterization of the GPCP-1DD Precipitation Product over the Contiguous United States

Abstract A validation and error characterization study of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, 1 degree daily (GPCP-1DD) precipitation product over the contiguous United States is presented. Daily precipitation estimates over a 1° grid are compared against aggregated precipitation values obtained from the forcing field of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS). LDAS daily values are consistent with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gauge-based daily precipitation product and hence are regarded as realistic ground-truth values with full coverage of the United States. Continuous and categorical measures of skill are presented, so that both the ability of GPCP-1DD to identify a precipitation event and its accuracy in determining cumulative precipitation amounts are evaluated. Daily values are aggregated into seasonal averages, and spatial averages are computed for five arbitrarily defined zones that cover most of the study area. Result...
Investigation of cocaine plumes using surface acoustic wave immunoassay sensors.

Vapor sensors, aka electronic noses, are becoming an increasingly popular analytical tool for detection and identification of small molecules in the gas phase. In this paper, we present the results of a series of experiments demonstrating real-time vapor phase detection of cocaine molecules. A distinctive response or signature was observed under laboratory conditions in which the cocaine vapors were presented using an INEL vapor generator and under “field” conditions facilitated by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) Crime Lab. For these experiments, the sensor component was a two-port resonator on ST-X quartz with a center frequency of ∼250 MHz. On this cut of quartz, a temperature-compensated surface acoustic wave is generated via an interdigital transducer. Antibenzoylecgonine (anti-BZE) antibodies are attached to the electrodes on the device surface via a protein-A cross linker. We observed a large transient frequency shift accompanied by baseline shift with the anti-BZE coated sensor. After rep...
Striatal and Hippocampal Entropy and Recognition Signals in Category Learning: Simultaneous Processes Revealed by Model-Based fMRI

Category learning is a complex phenomenon that engages multiple cognitive processes, many of which occur simultaneously and unfold dynamically over time. For example, as people encounter objects in the world, they simultaneously engage processes to determine their fit with current knowledge structures, gather new information about the objects, and adjust their representations to support behavior in future encounters. Many techniques that are available to understand the neural basis of category learning assume that the multiple processes that subserve it can be neatly separated between different trials of an experiment. Model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging offers a promising tool to separate multiple, simultaneously occurring processes and bring the analysis of neuroimaging data more in line with category learning's dynamic and multifaceted nature. We use model-based imaging to explore the neural basis of recognition and entropy signals in the medial temporal lobe and striatum that are engaged while participants learn to categorize novel stimuli. Consistent with theories suggesting a role for the anterior hippocampus and ventral striatum in motivated learning in response to uncertainty, we find that activation in both regions correlates with a model-based measure of entropy. Simultaneously, separate subregions of the hippocampus and striatum exhibit activation correlated with a model-based recognition strength measure. Our results suggest that model-based analyses are exceptionally useful for extracting information about cognitive processes from neuroimaging data. Models provide a basis for identifying the multiple neural processes that contribute to behavior, and neuroimaging data can provide a powerful test bed for constraining and testing model predictions.
Using Military Spending Data: The Complexity of Simple Inference

This study assesses the reliability of estimates of the direction of military spending growth obtained from two main sources - the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). It examines the average directional agreement between early and late ACDA and SIPRI spending estimates for a full sample of countries and for seven different regions (Africa, East Asia, Latin America, Middle East, South Asia, NATO Europe, and the Warsaw Pact). It shows that the direction of ACDA and SIPRI estimates diverge significantly over time and that the two data sources appear especially challenged when estimating the sign of smaller, and especially negative, growth-rate changes and of spending in regions (Africa and the Middle East) where growth-rates vary markedly. It further establishes that, when a single source publishes consistent directional estimates, these estimates can diverge considerably from those published by the other source. Based on the findings, this study proposes a set of simple validation procedures and tests their strengths and weaknesses on various sets of countries.
Bubble Behavior and Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Saturated FC-72 Spray Cooling

Bubble behavior during saturated FC-72 spray cooling was experimentally investigated. A heater previously used for pool boiling was used to allow direct comparison. The results are analyzed to reveal the interaction between bubbles and impinging droplets. The following are presented: (1) the importance of secondary nuclei entrained by impingement droplets, (2) the role of impinging droplets on bubble parameters such as growth, diameter at puncture, lifetime, life cycle and bubble number density, and (3) the relative contribution of nucleation, especially that of secondary nuclei, to the heat transfer. It is concluded that increasing the droplet flux increases the number of secondary nuclei helps to lower surface temperature for a given heat flux, increases the overall heat transfer coefficient, and increases heat transfer due to both nucleate boiling and enhanced convection. Increasing the droplet flux also shortens the bubble growth time (i.e., resulting in earlier bubble removal) and life cycle. However, increasing the droplet flux (and, therefore, secondary nucleation) for each of the three heat flux values does not affect the percentage of either nucleate or convection heat transfer. This suggests that both the nucleate and convection heat transfer are enhanced, as a result of increased secondary nuclei and turbulent mixing due to the impinging droplets.
Review paper: Advanced source and drain technologies for low power CMOS at 22/20 nm node and below

As device dimensions scale, optimization of the source and drain portions of MOSFETs becomes more important in order to reduce parasitic resistance and capacitance, and thus ultimately improve overall device performance. Reduction of parasitic resistance requires careful optimization of dopant incorporation and activation. In current cutting-edge technologies, the source/drain region also plays a key role in improving channel carrier mobility though process-induced strain. Introducing various alloys into NiSi and/or implanting appropriate elements has shown to give significant reduction of the Schottky barrier height between NiSi and Si, thereby improving resistance. In this paper, we review key aforementioned source and drain engineering technologies relevant to the 22/20 nm logic technology node and below.
A model for the selective amplification of spatially coherent waves in a centrifugal compressor on the verge of rotating stall

A simple model for the stability zones of a low speed centrifugal compressor is developed, with the goal of understanding the driving mechanism for the changes in stalling behavior predicted for, and observed in, the Purdue Low Speed Centrifugal Research Compressor Facility. To this end, earlier analyses of rotating stall suppression in centrifugal compressors are presented in a reduced form that preserves the essential parameters of the model that affect the stalling behavior of the compressor. The model is then used to illuminate the relationship between compressor geometry, expected mode shape, and regions of amplification for weak waves which are indicative of the susceptibility of the system to rotating stall. The results demonstrate that increasing the stagger angle of the diffuser vanes, and consequently the diffusion path length, results in the compressor moving towards a condition where higher-order spatial modes are excited during stall initiation. Similarly, flow acceleration in the diffuser section caused by an increase in the number of diffuser vanes also results in the excitation of higher modes.
Prominent transverse (Bowdler) bone spurs as a diagnostic clue in a case of neonatal hypophosphatasia without metaphyseal irregularity.

Transverse midshaft spurs allowed a diagnosis of hypophosphatasia in a newborn infant without metaphyseal irregularity.
The surface chemistry of methylene iodide adsorbed on clean and oxygen-covered Mo(100): formation and chemistry of carbenes

Abstract Carbene species are grafted onto Mo(100) by the thermal decomposition of methylene iodide, where the decomposition is followed using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbenes hydrogenate to methane by reaction with surface hydrogen via a second-order reaction with an activation energy of 21 ± 2 kJ mol −1 . Experiments with deuterium show that there appears to be no hydrogen-deuterium exchange between the carbene and surface hydrogen. The carbene decomposition temperature increases with the addition of oxygen to the surface, and this effect is ascribed to the effect of site blocking rather than a chemical modification of the adsorbed carbene by coadsorbed oxygen. Similarly, although the methane desorption temperature increases with increasing oxygen coverage, this effect is found to be due to a change in the surface coverage of carbene and hydrogen rather than a chemical modification of the carbene itself. Finally, no ethylene or ethane are found to desorb from the surface.
A new nonhydrolyzable reactive cAMP analog, (Sp)-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)monophosphorothioate irreversibly inactivates human platelet cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase.

Levels of cAMP that control critical platelet functions are regulated by cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE3A). We previously showed that millimolar concentrations of the hydrolyzable 8-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thioadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BDB-TcAMP) inactivate PDE3A. We have now synthesized a nonhydrolyzable affinity label to probe the active site of PDE3A. The nonhydrolyzable adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioates, Sp-cAMPS and Rp-cAMPS, function as competitive inhibitors of PDE3A with K(i) = 47.6 and 4400 microM, respectively. We therefore coupled Sp-cAMPS with 1,4-dibromobutanedione to yield (Sp)-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)monophosphorothioate, [Sp-cAMPS-(BDB)]. Sp-cAMPS-(BDB) inactivates PDE3A in a time-dependent, irreversible reaction with k(max) = 0.0116 min(-1) and K(I) = 10.1 microM. The order of effectiveness of protectants in decreasing the rate of inactivation (with K(d) in microM) is: Sp-cAMPS (24) > Rp-cGMPS (1360), Sp-cGMPS (1460) > GMP (4250), AMP (10600), Rp-cAMPS (22170). These results suggest that the inactivation of PDE3A by Sp-cAMPS-(BDB) is a consequence of reaction at the overlap of the cAMP and cGMP binding regions in the active site.
Abdominal pain in the adolescent female

Abstract There are a variety of unique and challenging problems that can present with abdominal pain in the adolescent female A history of sexual activity or the concerns of physical or sexual abuse are often concealed, difficult to confirm, and frequently present with only a complaint of abdominal pain. Intrauterine or extrauterine pregnancy and their complications must be considered in the differential diagnosis of every adolescent female with abdominal pain. This article reviews the myriad of clinical problems that can present with abdominal pain in the adolescent female with special emphasis on those issues that can be associated with high morbidity and/or mortality if not promptly recognized and treated.
Anesthetized- and awake-patched whole-cell recordings in freely moving rats using UV-cured collar-based electrode stabilization

Intracellular recording allows precise measurement and manipulation of individual neurons, but it requires stable mechanical contact between the electrode and the cell membrane, and thus it has remained challenging to perform in behaving animals. Whole-cell recordings in freely moving animals can be obtained by rigidly fixing ('anchoring') the pipette electrode to the head; however, previous anchoring procedures were slow and often caused substantial pipette movement, resulting in loss of the recording or of recording quality. We describe a UV-transparent collar and UV-cured adhesive technique that rapidly (within 15 s) anchors pipettes in place with virtually no movement, thus substantially improving the reliability, yield and quality of freely moving whole-cell recordings. Recordings are first obtained from anesthetized or awake head-fixed rats. UV light cures the thin adhesive layers linking pipette to collar to head. Then, the animals are rapidly and smoothly released for recording during unrestrained behavior. The anesthetized-patched version can be completed in ∼4-7 h (excluding histology) and the awake-patched version requires ∼1-4 h per day for ∼2 weeks. These advances should greatly facilitate studies of neuronal integration and plasticity in identified cells during natural behaviors.
Biomedical Imaging with Radio-Frequency Radiometry

We present a technique for biomedical imaging without radiation. The technique is based on the principles of thermal radiation and RF radiometry, which can be used to generate tomographic images for medical diagnosis such as early detection of breast cancer. Thermal radiation refers to the blackbody radiation emitted by matter, which extends all through the electromagnetic spectrum. By wirelessly measuring this thermal radiation transmitted by the patient's body and internal tissues at RF frequencies using RF radiometry, a mapping of the temperature distribution can be established, from which information such as images of the body and internal tissues can be formed. Biomedical imaging using RF radiometry is valuable for biomedical imaging applications as it promises to retain the full benefits of RF imaging without exposing patients to radiation, thus benefiting not only patients but also health-care professionals and industries.
Reduction of a Class of Fox-Wright PSI Functions for Certain Rational Parameters

Abstract The Fox-Wright Psi function is a special case of Fox's H -function and a generalization of the generalized hypergeometric function. In the present paper, we show that the Psi function reduces to a single generalized hypergeometric function when certain of its parameters are integers and to a finite sum of generalized hypergeometric functions when these parameters are rational numbers. Applications to the solution of algebraic trinomial equations and to a problem in information theory are provided. A connection with Meijer's G -function is also discussed.
The spectrum of radiocarbon

The power spectral density of the specific activity of radiocarbon variations, using an absolute chronology based on tree ring count, exhibits spectral lines at a number of periods: 2300, 964, 753, 717, 493, 413, 357, 229 and 208 years as well as recording a secular variation over the full 9000-year record. These variations appear in both the La Jolla and Belfast radiocarbon records and some are also detected in the Camp Century 10Be record, though its secular variation appears to lead that of the radiocarbon by about 2100 years. Of the total number of nine prominent radiocarbon features, most are mutually dependent with perhaps only three independent lines. The 208-year period appears modulated by the long 2300-year period. The evidence of modulation of the 208- (and possibly 229-) year period (s) by the 2300-year period suggests a solar source for the latter features, through 200-year spectral features are also detected in the tree ring spectrum, thus tying Sun and climate together. A solar source signalled jointly through correlated radiocarbon and atmospheric temperature variations suggests that solar hydromagnetic and bolometric variations are coupled. Moreover, as evidence is lacking for variations in 10Be or in the geomagnetic field with a period of 2300 years, by a process of elimination together with suggestive global ocean deep water return times of more or less a millennium, a surmise is that chemical resonances may account for the periodicity in radiocarbon with the variation in oceanic carbonate concentration recorded in the radiocarbon record as tracer. The evidence for correlated oscillations in air temperature detected by tree-ring-growth cyclicity in Campito Mt bristlecone pine trees and the radiocarbon variability is consistent with a model of atmosphere-ocean resonances underlying the radiocarbon periodicities.
Ethnographic interviews guide design of ford vehicles website

This case study describes ethnographic interviews with vehicle buyers to learn how they make purchase decisions. The research was conducted for J. Walter Thompson (JWT), the digital design agency of the Ford Division of the Ford Motor Company; the authors faced challenges of tight schedule, limited budget, and difficulties in finding suitable participants. We nevertheless obtained valuable data that helped JWT refine the Ford Vehicles website.
P01-526 - A prospective analysis of youth violence in adolescents: influence of depression, personality, social environment and media violence

Objective Understanding youth violence remains a pressing issue of social concern. Identifying key risk factors for youth violence may help guide prevention and intervention efforts. Aims To examine the relative impact of varying social influences related to family, community, mental health, television and video games on youth violence in a multivariate format. Study design The current study involved a one-year prospective study of multiple risk and protective factors for youth violence in a Hispanic-majority sample of early adolescents. Multiple regression was used to examine risk factors from a multivariate format. Results Results find that current depression level was the most significant risk factor for youth violence. The influence of depression was most pronounced in individuals with preexisting antisocial personality traits. Risk and protective factors related to schools, neighborhoods, family environment or video game or television violence use were not predictive of youth violence. Conclusions Potentially, prevention efforts which focus on mental health issues may demonstrate the most positive effects. The degree of resources and rhetoric spent on other factors, particularly television and video game violence may conversely proove unhelpful in reducing youth violence.