cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Health: A Review of the Literature

Mortality rates in the developed world have fallen sharply during the twentieth century. Individuals of lower socioeconomic status, however, generally have faced higher mortality rates than individuals of higher status. The literature documenting the relationship between socioeconomic status and health is reviewed, including several recent contributions and evidence from other countries. A conceptual framework then draws two distinctions: one contrasting the relative impact of lifestyle habits with the use of health care on health outcomes; and the other seeking to quantify the importance of resources relative to behavioral factors in explaining differential outcomes. The literature to date has been more successful in documenting health inequalities than in explaining why these inequalities persist.
The Use of Neo-Penil, a Diethylaminoethyl-Ester of Penicillin, in Pulmonary Disease

1)Clinical studies and biological assays of a new penicillin preparation (Diethylaminoethyl-ester-hydroiodide) were carried out in patients with pulmonary diseases. 2)Clinical results were encouraging and mostly evident in the relief of cough, the decrease and change in character of the expectoration and control of temperature. 3)Penicillin sputum peak levels were consistently much higher than those obtained in the blood serum. 4)The conversion of bacterial flora lagged behind the clinical results. The appearance at the end of treatment of new bacterial flora, though frequent, did not alter the beneficial clinical results. 5)Neo-penil appeared to be an effective penicillin preparation for pulmonary diseases, whenever a higher local concentration of the drug in the diseased lung was desired.
The sensitivity of carboxyl-terminal methionines in calmodulin isoforms to oxidation by H(2)O(2) modulates the ability to activate the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase.

The oxidative modification of methionines within the primary sequence of calmodulin (CaM) results in an inability to activate the PM-Ca-ATPase fully, and may contribute to alterations in calcium homeostasis under conditions of oxidative stress. To identify differences in the sensitivities of CaM isoforms to oxidative modification, we have compared the function and patterns of oxidative modification resulting from the exposure of CaM isolated from bovine testes and wheat germ to H(2)O(2). In comparison to CaM isolated from wheat germ, vertebrate CaM is functionally resistant to oxidant-induced loss of function. The decreased functional sensitivity of vertebrate CaM correlates with a 75 +/- 3% reduction in the rate of oxidative modification of a methionine near the carboxyl terminus (i.e., Met(144) or Met(145)). The extent of oxidative modification to other methionines in these CaM isoforms is similar. These results suggest that the sensitivity of Met(144) or Met(145) to oxidation modulates the ability of CaM to activate the PM-Ca-ATPase. Consistent with this interpretation, a CaM mutant in which glutamines were substituted for Met(144) and Met(145) fully activates the PM-Ca-ATPase irrespective of the oxidative modification of the other seven methionines to their corresponding methionine sulfoxides. The extent of oxidative modification to individual methionines in vertebrate CaM by H(2)O(2) correlates with the time-averaged surface accessibility of individual sulfurs calculated from molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, the sensitivity of individual methionines to oxidative modification is directly related to the solvent accessibility. These results indicate that sequence differences between vertebrate and plant CaM alter the sensitivity of methionines near the carboxyl terminus to oxidative modification because of alterations in their solvent accessibility. We suggest that these sequence differences between CaM isoforms have a regulatory role in modulating the functional sensitivity of CaM to conditions of oxidative stress.
716 BACTERIOSTATIC QUALITIES OF HUMAN MILK

We have previously reported no increase in bacterial colony forming units/ml (BCFU/ml) in human milk(HM) after 48 hours of refrigeration. The bacteriostatic quality of HM without the benefit of refrigeration is a practical concern of working mothers. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the number of BCFU/ml of milk vs timed room temperature (19-26°C) incubation (storage). Quantitative cultures of milk stored at room temperature were performed at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours post expression. Milk from 10 mothers less than six days postpartum (colostrum) and from 10 mothers 7-42 weeks postpartum (mature milk) was studied. a=hours room temperature incubation; b=BCFU×103; c=p<.005 The number of BCFU/ml at 0 time did not significantly increase in mature milk after 6 hours nor in colostrum after 24 hours of storage at room temperature. However, the BCFU/ml in mature milk was significantly greater (p<.005) at 24 hours than after 0 and 6 hours of incubation. Thus, mothers who express milk at work for their own infants may assume that the bacterial contamination of their milk will not increase significantly for up to six hours post expression even if they have no access to refrigeration.
Neural stem cells for the treatment of disorders of the enteric nervous system: Strategies and challenges

The main goal of this review is to summarize the status of the research in the field of stem cells transplantation, as it is applicable to the treatment of gastrointestinal motility. This field of research has advanced tremendously in the past 10 years, and recent data produced in our laboratories as well as others is contributing to the excitement on the use of neural stem cells (NSC) as a valuable therapeutic approach for disorders of the enteric nervous system characterized by a loss of critical neuronal subpopulations. There are several sources of NSC, and here we describe therapeutic strategies for NSC transplantation in the gut. These include using NSC as a relatively nonspecific cellular replacement strategy in conditions where large populations of neurons or their subsets are missing or destroyed. As with many other recent “breakthroughs” stem cell therapy may eventually prove to be overrated. However, at the present time, it does appear to provide the hope for a true cure for many currently intractable diseases of both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Certainly more extensive research is needed in this field. We hope that our review will encourage new investigators in entering this field of research ad contribute to our knowledge of the potentials of NSC and other cells for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility. Developmental Dynamics 236:33– 43, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Change-point diagnostics in competing risks models: Two posterior predictive p-value approaches

This paper presents a Bayesian diagnostic procedure for examining change-point assumption in the competing risks model framework. It considers the family of distributions arising from the cause-specific model as reported by Chiang (Introduction to stochastic processes in biostatistics. Wiley, New York, 1968) upon which change-points are added to accommodate possible distributional heterogeneity. Model departure, due to misspecification of change-points associated with either the overall survival distribution or cause-specific probabilities, is quantified in terms of a sequence of cumulative-sum statistics between each pair of adjacent change-points assumed. When assessing the asymptotic behavior of each sequence of cumulative-sum statistics using its posterior predictive p-values, see Rubin (Ann Stat 12:1151–1172, 1984) and partial posterior predictive p-values as reported by Bayarri and Berger (J Am Stat Assoc 95:1127–1142, 2000), we show that both types of p-values attain their greatest departure from 0.5 at the change-point that is missed in the assumed model, from which a diagnostic procedure is formalized. Statistical power of these two types of p-values is discussed.
Index for Evaluating Initial Overlay Smoothness with Measured Profiles

An index was developed for evaluating the acceptability of initial overlay smoothness based on surface profile measurements. The proposed index predicts the change in overlay service life due to differences between the target surface profile assumed in the design and the as-built profile. From theoretical considerations, the change in overlay life, based on reflection cracking, was found to be a function of the fracture characteristics of the overlay mix and the variability in vehicle dynamic loading due to unevenness in the surface profile. The index for evaluating initial overlay smoothness was applied using profile data from actual overlay projects. Using the final surface profile, the index is applicable to projects where the overlay thickness is more than 64 mm or where surface preparations, such as milling to grade or in-place recycling, are used to correct or remove existing surface distress. Implementation of the proposed index in a smoothness specification will require the use of surface profilers and the simulation of vehicle dynamic loads from measured profiles.
“Liar, Liar... ” Cheap Talk and Reputation in Repeated Public Goods Settings

An abstract public goods setting is considered in which individually rational strategies lead to collectively irrational outcomes. Theorists argue that individual reputations can provide an important means for solving repeated versions of that public goods game. Numerous experimental findings also show that preplay communication leads to higher rates of contributions to public goods. The authors investigate whether preplay communication and reputational information aid in solving collective actions problems by using laboratory experimental methods to disentangle the separate effects of both signals and past behavioral information. The results are discouraging. Increased information about the past behavior of subjects, coupled with preplay signaling, decreases levels of contributions to the public good. These results point to how quickly group distrust takes root and the consequences of that distrust.
Grouping in Japanese Quail 1. Agonistic Behavior During Feeding

Abstract Agonistic behavior in male Japanese quail, shown by aggressive pecking after feed restriction, was potentiated in unstable groups (a visitor bird moved to a new cage containing an unfamiliar resident each 24-hr period) but not in stable (a pair that was never changed once the birds were placed in cages) groups. The resident quail were more aggressive than either visitors or individuals of the stable groups. Ambivalent behavior (behavior characterized by an aggressive action followed immediately by a submissive posture) during feeding competition was observed in both the unstable and stable groupings. The ambivalent behavior appeared to be a conditioned response and was probably a result of the motivation to feed after a period of feed deprivation. During the experimental period the stable pairs of quail gained 28% of their initial body weight, but the resident and visitor quail, which were in the unstable grouping, gained only 15 and 13%, respectively. The differences in percentage weight gain were significant. Paired testes weights of the resident and visitor quail were significantly less than those of the stable birds.
CHYLOMICRON METABOLISM IN NORMAL, CHOLESTEROL-FED, AND WATANABE HERITABLE HYPERLIPIDEMIC RABBITS : SATURATION OF THE SEQUESTRATION STEP OF THE REMNANT CLEARANCE PATHWAY

The plasma clearance of radiolabeled chylomicrons was compared in normal, cholesterol-fed, and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. Chylomicron clearance was rapid in normal rabbits but was significantly retarded in cholesterol-fed and WHHL rabbits. At 40 min after the injection of chylomicrons, 14-17% of the injected dose remained in the plasma of normal rabbits, whereas ∼40-50% of the injected dose remained in the plasma of cholesterol-fed and WHHL rabbits. The differences were reflected in the reduced plasma clearance by the liver and bone marrow of the cholesterol-fed and WHHL rabbits. The hyperlipidemic rabbits expressed normal levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor in the liver. In contrast, the hepatic levels of LDL receptors were lower in hyperlipidemic rabbits; as expected, they were significantly lower in WHHL rabbits compared with normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that lipoproteins accumulating in the plasma of the hyperlipidemic rabbits competed for and retarded the clearance of chylomicrons from the plasma. Competition was demonstrated by cross-circulation of normal and cholesterol-fed or normal and WHHL rabbits, in which the rapid influx of plasma containing the accumulated plasma lipoproteins from cholesterol-fed or WHHL rabbits was shown to impair the uptake of chylomicrons by the liver and bone marrow of normal rabbits. These observations were extended by infusing isolated lipoproteins into normal rabbits. The rabbit d
Adapting Service-Learning into the Online Technical Communication Classroom: A Framework and Model

Previous research in technical communication indicates service-learning pedagogies can help prepare students for the workplace. The field, however, has only recently and tentatively extended these pedagogies into online environments and has not yet demonstrated how and whether such service-eLearning could as effectively bridge the gap between the classroom and workplace. In this article, the author discusses one such extension and offers a framework and model.
The development of the ionic microphase in sulfonated poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-ethylidene norbornene) ionomers during physical aging above Tg

Abstract The effect of physical aging above Tg on ionic aggregation in the zinc salt of sulfonated poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-ethylidene norbornene) ionomer was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The time-dependent development of a high temperature DSC endotherm and a high temperature tan δ relaxation were attributed to the dynamics of microphase separation of ionic aggregates. That conclusion was confirmed by the concurrent growth of a SAXS peak corresponding to the ionic microphase. The aging process at 25 °C occurred over a period of about 1 month, even though the ionomer was ca. 70 °C above Tg, where segmental mobility of the polymer is expected to be high. The kinetics of aging were dependent on temperature; a maximum in the rate of ionic aggregate formation occurred between 10 and 45 °C.
Ureteric embolization with stainless-steel coils for managing refractory lower urinary tract fistula: A 12-year experience

OBJECTIVE To report our 12-year experience with radiological treatment (ureteric embolization) for refractory urinary fistula, as malignancy, radiation therapy, and/or chronic inflammation increase the risk of lower urinary tract fistula after surgical urinary diversion, which can lead to significant morbidity, and for patients who are not surgical candidates permanent nephrostomy drainage and ureteric embolization offer an alternative form of urinary diversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients who had ureteric occlusion for refractory urinary fistula at our institution between 1993 and 2005. Stainless-steel coils, with or without gelatine sponge, were placed antegradely through a percutaneous nephrostomy tract. Patients were then managed by long-term nephrostomy drainage until death or definitive reconstructive surgery. RESULTS In all, 29 patients (23 women and six men; mean age 59 years, sd 16) were identified who had urinary fistulae that were refractory to nephrostomy drainage alone. One patient had a history of severe perineal trauma and the remaining 28 had a history of cancer. Seventeen fistulae occurred in the setting of previous surgery, 20 patients had received adjunctive pelvic irradiation and 11 had had chemotherapy. In all, 52 ureters were embolized; occlusion was successful in all cases, with complete or near-complete (<1 pad/day) dryness within 3 days. No repeat embolization was required and there were no significant complications. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Three patients had definitive urinary diversion surgery and currently are well. One patient is alive and living with nephrostomy tubes; 23 patients have died. CONCLUSION Ureteric embolization is a viable option for managing complex lower urinary tract fistulae in patients with a poor performance status. It can be used as definitive management in patients with a limited life-expectancy or as a temporary measure in those for whom another management plan is anticipated.
POST MITOTIC FINE STRUCTURE OF GOMPHONEMA PARVULUM.

Electron microscopic examination of sections of a recently divided cell of the diatom Gomphonema parvulum showed that the two new cell wall halves are deposited within a membrane-limited vesicle appressed to the inside of, but separate from, the cytoplasmic membrane of each daughter cell. New cell wall edges are mottled at the sites of silica deposition, but no pattern of deposition is obvious. Silica particles were not recognized in the cytoplasm outside the silica deposition vesicles. Dictyosomes are perinuclear, and mitochondria are not concentrated near the area of new wall formation. A membrane-limited vesicular complex occurs in the central cytoplasm of each daughter cell which is distinct and separate from the dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. It resembles similar structures in some animal cells. A cytoplasmic bridge connects the two daughter cells through their adjacent raphes.
On the Dirac Delta Approximation and the MGF Method for ASER Analyses of Digital Communications over Fading Channels

Two distinct methods are applied to derive tighter closed-form approximations for the average symbol error rate (ASER) of a multitude of coherent and differentially coherent digital modulations (with/without diversity) in different fading environments. The first approach relies on the Dirac delta function approximation of a generalized function g(x)=xc-1 exp(-ax) to eliminate the need for integration, while the second method exploits a tight exponential-type approximation for the Gaussian probability integral to express the ASER in terms of only the moment generating function (MGF) of received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) random variable.
Determination of overall system efficiency of an energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer using a bremsstrahlung exciting source

Four independent techniques for quantitatively calibrating an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence system are compared. These include commercially available powder standards, vacuum deposited standards, laboratory developed powder standards and a semi-theoretical method. A technique is presented for using the latter method in the case where the exciting radiation is bremsstrahlung. These methods are discussed and their resulting efficiency values compared. The most complete, most reliable and easiest method is the semi-theoretical method. Single compound powders of standard chemicals can be used one at a time for periodic checks of the system.
A nanophotonic solar thermophotovoltaic device

The most common approaches to generating power from sunlight are either photovoltaic, in which sunlight directly excites electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor, or solar-thermal, in which sunlight drives a mechanical heat engine. Photovoltaic power generation is intermittent and typically only exploits a portion of the solar spectrum efficiently, whereas the intrinsic irreversibilities of small heat engines make the solar-thermal approach best suited for utility-scale power plants. There is, therefore, an increasing need for hybrid technologies for solar power generation. By converting sunlight into thermal emission tuned to energies directly above the photovoltaic bandgap using a hot absorber-emitter, solar thermophotovoltaics promise to leverage the benefits of both approaches: high efficiency, by harnessing the entire solar spectrum; scalability and compactness, because of their solid-state nature; and dispatchablility, owing to the ability to store energy using thermal or chemical means. However, efficient collection of sunlight in the absorber and spectral control in the emitter are particularly challenging at high operating temperatures. This drawback has limited previous experimental demonstrations of this approach to conversion efficiencies around or below 1% (refs 9, 10, 11). Here, we report on a full solar thermophotovoltaic device, which, thanks to the nanophotonic properties of the absorber-emitter surface, reaches experimental efficiencies of 3.2%. The device integrates a multiwalled carbon nanotube absorber and a one-dimensional Si/SiO2 photonic-crystal emitter on the same substrate, with the absorber-emitter areas optimized to tune the energy balance of the device. Our device is planar and compact and could become a viable option for high-performance solar thermophotovoltaic energy conversion.
Indium-Tin-Oxide-Based Transparent Conducting Layers for Highly Efficient Photovoltaic Devices

Additional hydrogen (H2) annealing and subsequent electrochemical treatment are found to make tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)-based photoelectrodes suitable for highly efficient dye sensitized solar cells. The additional H2 annealing process recovered the electrical conductivity of the ITO film the same as its initial high conductivity, which enhanced the charge collecting property. Moreover, the employment of electrochemical oxidation of TiO2/ITO photoelectrode improved the energy conversion efficiency of the ITO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), higher than that of a conventional FTO-based DSSC. Electrochemical impedance analysis showed that the H2 annealing process reduced the internal resistance of the cell, i.e., the resistance of the ITO and the Schottky barrier at the TiO2/ITO interface were reduced, and that the electrochemical treatment recovered the diodelike characteristics of the DSSC by retarding back electron transfer from the photoelectrode to the electrolyte. The present work demonstra...
Invited paper: Millimeter-wave and optoelectronic applications of heterostructure integrated circuits

The properties are reviewed of heterostructure devices for microwave-monolithic-integrated circuits (MMICs) and optoelectronic integrated circuits (OICs). Specific devices examined include lattice-matched and pseudomorphic InAlAs/InGaAs high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), mixer/multiplier diodes, and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) developed with a number of materials. MMICs are reviewed that can be employed for amplification, mixing, and signal generation, and receiver/transmitter applications are set forth for OICs based on GaAs and InP heterostructure designs. HEMTs, HBTs, and junction-FETs can be utilized in combination with PIN, MSM, and laser diodes to develop novel communication systems based on technologies that combine microwave and photonic capabilities.
PSWIMS, a profiling instrument system for remote physical and chemical measurements in shallow water

PSWIMS (ProfilingShallowWaterInstrumentMountingSystem) is a relatively simple instrumentation system that has been developed to remotely collect vertical profiles of physical and chemical parameters in shallow water that is subject to significant changes in depth. The system is designed for observations that can not practically be made with moored sensors (due to the high cost of multiple sensors, the physical size of sensors, or the inability of moored instruments to accommodate changes in water depth) or with hand held sensors (due to the need for frequent observations over extended periods of time). Results are presented from two field deployments that demonstrate the utility of PSWIMS for measuring horizontal flux and for monitoring water quality parameters in shallow water.
Nanostructured Dendrimer-Based Networks with Hydrophilic Polyamidoamine and Hydrophobic Organosilicon Domains

Covalently cross-linked, three-dimensional nanodomained networks were prepared from radially layered poly(amidoamine−organosilicon) (PAMAMOS) copolymeric dendrimers containing hydrophilic polyamido...
Column phenomena in the gas—liquid chromatography of metal β-diketonates

Abstract Results of studies defining the partitioning and non-equilibrium phenomena observed when mixed-ligand complexes of the lanthanides are gas chromatographed are reported. An equation describing the retention volume of the mixed-ligand complexes is presented in which adsorption at the liquid and solid surfaces and solid—liquid interface are accounted for. Bulk liquid partitioning ratios and solid adsorption coefficients are evaluated. The nature of column loading and displacement is reported to be liquid phase dependent as well as dependent upon the complex itself.
Pseudomonas-Infected Cystic Fibrosis Patient Sputum Inhibits the Bactericidal Activity of Normal Human Serum

Summary: Sputum samples were obtained from nineteen cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with respiratory tract infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and were examined for the presence of a specific local protective or blocking factor, which might partially explain the inability of CF patients' pulmonary defense mechanisms to clear their lungs of Pseudomonas infection. Using an assay that measures the bactericidal activity of fresh normal human serum (FHS), eighteen of nineteen CF sputa examined were capable of protecting either autologous or heterologous strains of P. aeruginosa from serum bactericidal activity. Most of this protective activity was absorbable at 4°C by Pseudomonas, and could be reduced by dilution in phosphate buffered saline or counteracted by an increase in serum concentration. This protective activity is believed to be due to a Pseudomonas-specific bactericidal blocking antibody. In contrast, only two of 17 non-CF sputa were found to significantly inhibit the bactericidal activity of FHS for P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, three out of five CF sputa also protected Escherichia coli from the bactericidal activity of FHS. This protective activity was much less than that observed with P. aeruginosa, and was not absorbable at 4°C, suggesting the presence of a second blocking or protective factor in CF sputum. From these observations, we conclude that sputum from CF patients infected with P. aeruginosa contains one or more factors that interfere with the bactericidal activity present in FHS.
Facile ring opening of iron(III) and iron(II) complexes of meso-amino-octaethylporphyrin by dioxygen.

Pyridine solutions of ClFeIII(meso-NH2-OEP) undergo oxidative ring opening when exposed to dioxygen. The high-spin iron(III) complex, ClFeIII(meso-NH2-OEP), has been isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. In the solid state, it has a five-coordinate structure typical for high-spin (S = 5/2) iron(III) complex. In chloroform-d solution, ClFeIII(meso-NH2-OEP) displays an 1H NMR spectrum characteristic of a high-spin, five-coordinate complex and is unreactive toward dioxygen. However, in pyridine-d5 solution a temperature-dependent equilibrium exists between the high-spin (S = 5/2), six-coordinate complex, {(py)ClFeIII(meso-NH2-OEP)}, and the six-coordinate, low spin (S = 1/2 with the less common (dxzdyz)4(dxy)1 ground state)) complex, [(py)2FeIII(meso-NH2-OEP)]+. Such pyridine solutions are air-sensitive, and the remarkable degradation has been monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. These studies reveal a stepwise conversion of ClFeIII(meso-NH2-OEP) into an open-chain tetrapyrrole complex in which t...
Analytical Solution to the Minimum Fuel Consumption Optimization Problem With the Existence of a Traffic Light

Today’s driving patterns consume significant amount of useless energy, especially, when the fuel consumptions while braking, idling and re-accelerating at each traffic light are considered for millions of vehicles. This makes a high level management of driving profile crucial. In this paper, an analytical solution to the fuel consumption minimization problem with the existence of a single traffic light is investigated. The analytical solution is important for on-line implementation and sharing the information of the estimated fuel consumption of the road ahead with other vehicles. Pontryagin’s minimum principle is used to calculate the optimal velocity profile. Prior to the calculations, it is assumed that we have the knowledge of starting and ending points of the trip, the position and the operation sequence of the traffic light. In order to make the problem solvable, a simplified vehicle model is used. Furthermore, Willans approximation is utilized for fuel consumption calculations with addition of certain amount of idle speed fuel cost. The vehicle is forced to operate between a feasible torque and speed range. The optimization problem is simulated for an SUV vehicle first on a level road, then on a level road with the traffic light and finally on a road with grade. The results have shown that in addition to operating the vehicle close to its optimal point, it is possible to avoid the consumption of useless fuel due to the braking, idling and re-acceleration phases of a traffic light.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Rubella: current status, diagnosis, outbreak control, and use of rubella vaccine in females of childbearing age.

Abstract Widespread rubella vaccination of children ≥ 12 months of age with a secondary emphasis on vaccinating susceptible adolescents and young adults has prevented epidemics of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). This effort has resulted in a ≥ 90% decrease in the reported incidence rate of rubella in all age groups compared to prevaccine years. However, since 10–20% of postpubertal individuals are still susceptible, outbreaks of rubella continue to occur wherever large numbers of such persons congregate, such as in colleges and universities. As a result, cases of CRS continue to be reported. Rubella can best be prevented by ensuring that all students, both male and female, be required to provide proof of immunity prior to matriculation. If rubella does occur, recognition of an outbreak and initiation of appropriate outbreak-control measures must be made as soon as possible to maximize control efforts. One case of rubella should be considered evidence of an outbreak. Although cases of rubell...
Evaluation of birth statistics derived retrospectively from fertility histories reported in a national population survey: United States, 1945–64

This report evaluates the retrospective estimates of the number of births and birth rates for the United States derivedfrom fertility histories reported in a national population survey conducted in 1965. More particularly, this report is concerned with the variation in the quality of fertility statistics derived from the population survey as related to the length of the retrospective period. To obtain a measure of the bias in the population survey estimates, births and birth rates by color, age of mother, and birth order of child derived from the 1965 survey are compared with those based on the birth registration system appropriately adjusted for underregistration. To obtain a measure of the consistency of population survey estimates, births and birth rates by color, age of mother, and birth order of child derived from the 1965 population survey are compared with those derived from an earlier population survey conducted in 1959.
Dysfunctional temporomandibular joint and muscle pain

Abstract The relationship between occlusal disharmony and pain in the temporomandibular joint and adjacent muscles was tested clinically and electromyographically before and after occlusal adjustment on 32 patients. Various degrees of bruxism associated with psychic tension and occlusal interferences were observed in all of the patients. Clinically, all patients experienced relief of the pain and discomfort after complete occlusal adjustment. Electromyographically, a harmonious and well-synchronized contraction pattern of the temporal and masseter muscles was recorded after the adjustment. Any type of occlusal interference was found to trigger muscle spasms and pain, but the most consistent and significant interference was a discrepancy between centric relation and centric occlusion. The muscle disharmony was displayed electromyographically mainly in swallowing. The second most significant occlusal disharmony was balancing side interference. The balancing side contact had to be lighter than the working side contacts to establish a harmonious masticatory pattern. The patients' symptoms subsided without altering the vertical dimension. A close correlation was observed between the clinical and electromyographic recordings of occlusal interferences and muscle disharmony. However, electromyographic evidence of muscle balance in rest position could be obtained in more than one-half of the patients in spite of occlusal interference and temporomandibular joint pain. Masticatory contacts were seldom observed posterior to centric occlusion. However, the occlusal contacts in swallowing apparently occurred between centric occlusion and centric relation. The occlusal stability in centric relation was found to be of extreme importance for muscle harmony during swallowing. Rest position determined by conventional clinical methods did not always correspond to minimal, harmonious muscle activity electromyographically. A slight opening from the clinically determined rest position often facilitated the recording of an even, minimal contraction of the temporal and masseter muscles. The mandible could be opened from this position about 1/2 inch further (a resting range) without eliciting any increased muscle activity from these muscles.
CT assessment of the prevalence of retinacular injuries associated with hindfoot fractures

To determine the incidence of injuries to the flexor and peroneal retinacula in hindfoot fractures as demonstrated on ankle computed tomography (CT). Study patients were identified via review of CT records at a single institution. CT scans were retrospectively reviewed and compared with surgical reports. Hindfoot fractures undergoing CT showed flexor retinacular injuries in 23.7% of cases and peroneal retinacular injuries in 10.2%. The posterior tibial tendon was partly torn in 4.2% of cases, and entrapped between fracture fragments in 16.1%. The peroneal tendon was rarely injured, being entrapped in 1.7% of cases. Pilon, distal tibial shaft, malleolar, talar, and calcaneal fractures were all associated with retinacular injuries. CT findings correlated well with surgical findings; there were no false-positive CT findings, and only 1 false-negative finding, a posterior tibial tendon that was entrapped at surgery, but in a normal position on the CT. Retinacular injuries are commonly demonstrated on CT in patients with ankle fractures. The contribution of these injuries to fracture outcomes is unknown.
Data Entry Interaction Techniques for Graphical User Interfaces

Despite the widespread use of graphical forms-based interfaces, there are no widely accepted and proven interaction methods for supporting even the most common data entry tasks. We present three common data entry tasks (task flow, domain-related data entry, hierarchical list selection) and a variety of commonly-used designs to support them, and some pros and cons of each. We recommend that good designs to commonly performed data entry tasks be identified and catalogued
Ginzburg-Landau free energy in unconventional superconductors

We study the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional for the case of an unconventional order parameter. We derive explicit expressions for the coefficients of the gradient terms, taking into account the effects of impurity scattering, by using the weak-coupling quasiclassical theory, several interesting features of our results are discussed.
Distinctive Characteristics of Educational Donors.

Examining the charitable behavior of 56,663 US households, this paper evaluates the distinctive characteristics of educational donors as compared with donors to noneducational charitable organizations and with nondonors. In general, educational donors had significantly greater income, wealth, and education than other donors. Educational donors were broadly generous, giving more to religious charities, as well as noneducational and other charities than did other donors. Probit and Tobit regression analyses revealed that an individual's educational level was the strongest predictor of charitable donations to education institutions. Educational attainment was also more strongly associated with educational giving than with other types of charitable giving.
Membrane technology applied to donor plasmapheresis

Abstract Membrane technology is being increasingly applied to the collection of plasma by plasmapheresis, a procedure in which plasma is separated from whole blood, and the cellular components reinfused to the donor. Although still somewhat controversial, there is a general understanding of the physics and fluid mechanics involved in the transport phenomena associated with the microporous filtration of whole blood. The filtration process is governed by concentration polarization, with the red blood cell being the polarizing species. Shear-enhanced cellular diffusion has been proposed to explain how such a large cell can depolarize to allow the observed separation rates. The filtration rate per unit area is proportional to the first power of the shear rate and therefore, can remain approximately constant if the shear rate is increased to accommodate a decrease in surface area. Three automated membrane-based plasmapheresis systems are currently in use, primarily at fixed-site locations. They all collect 500-600 cc of plasma within 30-50 min. Two use hollow fiber membrane filter modules, while the third uses a rotating cylinder which relies on Couette rather than Poiseuille flow to generate the required shear rates at the membrane surface. Two portable systems have been developed; one centrifuge-based system requires house current, the other membrane system uses gravity, augmented by a battery power source. Both of the latter systems, due to their size and low weight are well suited for use in an environment where the equipment is moved on a frequent basis.
ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSION OF PATIENTS WITH ABNORMAL LUNGS TREATED WITH HYPERBARIC OXYGEN IS GREATER THAN PREDICTED

The arterial oxygen (O 2 ) tension (PaO 2 ) of patients with normal gas exchange treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO 2 ) can be predicted from their pre-HBO 2 arterial to alveolar O 2 tension ratio (a/A) which remains constant up to a PaO 2 of 2, 000 mm Hg. We observed that the a/A could not be used to predict the PaO 2 of patients with impaired gas exchange (reduced pre-HBO 2 a/As) treated with HBO 2 . Our study provides information about the PaO 2 of patients with abnormal lungs treated with HBO 2 . For clinical reasons, we measured the PaO 2 of 24 patients treated with HBO 2 . We obtained arterial blood gas values from patients with lung dysfunction (a/A 2 . The pre-HBO 2 a/A=0.45±0.17 (mean±1 SD). During HBO 2 the a/A ranged from 0.7 to 0.8 depending on chamber pressure and returned to the pre-HBO 2 baseline after HBO 2 . We conclude the following: (1) The hyperbaric PaO 2 s of patients with a/A 2 is lower than in patients with normal lung function (a/A >0.75). Possible explanations include improvement in ventilation/perfusion matching, reduction of venous admixture, and/or extra-alveolar uptake of O 2 . (3) Exposures to HBO 2 treatment pressures greater than recommended by existing protocols may be required in patients with impaired transfer of O 2 across the lung to achieve PaO 2 s similar to patients with normal lung function treated with HBO 2 .
Coalescence/dispersion modeling of turbulent combustion in a jet-stirred reactor

The results of a direct simulation of high-intensit y methane/air combustion are compared to previously reported measurements of OH and O atom concentrations in a jet-stirred reactor. The simulation uses a zerodimensional coalescence/dispersion model that requires only the initial reactor feed conditions, an appropriate chemical rate mechanism, and estimates of the fluid mixing time scales. Empirical time scales, determined by forcing agreement between simulation and experiment, are of the same order of magnitude as those estimated from either global fluid dissipation length and velocity scales or inviscid arguments based on reactor length and velocity scales. Simulations using these estimates satisfactorily represent the measured temperature and species profiles over a wide range of fuel-air equivalence ratios and, in direct contrast to perfectly stirred reactor predictions, show close agreement with the measured values near stoichiometric conditions. Nomenclature c = concentration C/D = coalescence dispersion L = reactor length scale M = total mass flow rate N = number of Monte Carlo particles TV = time rate of change of TV TV5 = number of time series samples P(c) = concentration probability density function P0(c) = reactor inlet stream concentration probability density function pdf = probability density function PSR = perfectly stirred reactor
Successful Civil Engineering Education

A success of a given profession can be measured by its prestige, the social position of its members, by the relative size of their salaries, and by its attractiveness for the best and brightest students. In this context, civil engineering is not very successful. However, this situation can be improved if the civil engineering education is seriously reconsidered and reformulated with the ultimate goal to make it much more successful. In this paper, a new educational paradigm is proposed, which is based mostly on the theory of successful intelligence, recently proposed in cognitive psychology by Sternberg 1985, 1996, 1997a . This paradigm is called “Successful Civil Engineering Education,” and its implementation should ultimately make our civil engineering profession more successful. In the past, civil engineers were leaders of our civilization as the creators of its built environment. They were uniquely qualified to design and build novel bridges, tunnels, water-filtration systems, etc. Their role significantly increased during the Industrial Revolution and through the Second World War. Today, however, civil engineers are seen as followers, mostly implementing ideas developed by others Arciszewski 2006; Galloway 2008 . They are qualified and competent, but primarily to do routine and analytical work. During the last century something changed in the nature of civil engineering. This change has led to the present stagnation of ideas, and in turn to the reduced prestige of civil engineers. We are living in a rapidly evolving world that poses intellectual challenges such as ever-growing environmental and safety regulations, homeland security, and global warming. These challenges, which arise outside the purview of long-established civil engineering practice, cannot be met using only the well-known, routine solutions that arise from traditional engineering analysis and optimization. Rather, they demand the development of novel, nonroutine solutions. They simply demand engineering creativity. U.S. civil engineering companies are involved in a fierce competition for market share—indeed for survival—with competitors from many countries that offer a significant labor cost advantage. Changing the course of U.S. civil engineering to emphasize creative problem solving would create a novelty-driven competitive advantage. In addition, novel engineering solutions that directly address the specific challenges of a project can often produce significant cost savings. Today, globalization of routine civil engineering work is an objective trend driven by costs, by the high quality of the traditional civil engineering education in many developing countries, and by progress in information technology that has made out-
Electron transport in large-area epitaxial MoS2

We have investigated the electron transport phenomena in large area chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown epitaxial MoS 2 on sapphire with in-plane and out of plane crystallinity over centimeter length scales. The high quality of these films leads to record high room temperature electron mobility of 192 cm 2 /Vs and high current density (> 150 mA/mm). The transport measurements are in good agreement with theoretical predictions of scattering and anisotropy in effective mass. This is the first report of synthetic few layer MoS 2 with longrange crystalline order, and mobility approaching theoretical limits.
Investigations of the Dispersion of Pd in H-ZSM-5

Abstract The state of Pd dispersion in Pd–H-ZSM-5 was investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption spectroscopy, using CO and NO as probe molecules. Following oxidation in O2at 773 K of a freshly prepared, low-loaded sample (Pd/Al=0.048), most of the Pd is found to be present as isolated cations, viz. Pdn+(n=1–3). CO reduction at 773 K leads to the formation of Pd particles that fill the local pore space of the zeolite and are inaccessible to CO. Following CO reduction, oxidation in O2for 2 or 8 h at 773 K only partially redisperses the Pd. During treatment of a reduced sample in 5000 ppm NO for 60 min at 673 K, N2O and N2are produced in an amount sufficient to oxidize all the Pd to PdO. Characterization of the state of Pd dispersion after NO pretreatment shows that all of the Pd has been redispersed as cations. Reoxidation of the reduced sample in NO is accompanied by a decrease in the infrared band due to Bronsted acid groups in an amount nearly equivalent to 2H+/Pd. Subsequent reduction of the sample regenerates the Bronsted acid band intensity. These observations suggest that isolated Pd cations may reside as Z−H+(PdO)H+Z−in association with pairs of Al sites in the zeolite that are next-nearest neighbors. Following oxidation in O2at 773 K, a high-loaded sample of Pd–H-ZSM-5 (Pd/Al=0.48) is found to have nearly the same concentration of highly dispersed Pd cations as the low-loaded sample, with the balance of the Pd in this case being present as small particles of PdO. Treatment of a reduced, high-loaded sample of Pd–H-ZSM-5 in NO at 773 K redisperses all of the Pd in structures that are proposed to be Z−H+[(PdO)(NO)]H+Z−and Z−H+[(PdO)(NO)]. However, upon removal of the adsorbed NO by treatment in O2at 773 K, the Z−H+[(PdO)(NO)] species revert to PdO, but the Z−H+[(PdO)(NO)]H+Z species remain stable as Z−H+(PdO)H+Z−. The present results suggest that maintenance of Pd in a high state of dispersion as isolated Pdn+cations in the presence of O2at elevated temperatures requires pairs of next-nearest-neighbor Al sites in the zeolite.
Interactive Visualization of Rotational Symmetry Fields on Surfaces

Rotational symmetries (RoSys) have found uses in several computer graphics applications, such as global surface parameterization, geometry remeshing, texture and geometry synthesis, and nonphotorealistic visualization of surfaces. The visualization of N-way rotational symmetry (N-RoSy) fields is a challenging problem due to the ambiguities in the N directions represented by an N-way symmetry. We provide an algorithm that allows faithful and interactive representation of N-RoSy fields in the plane and on surfaces, by adapting the well-known line integral convolution (LIC) technique from vector and second-order tensor fields. Our algorithm captures N directions associated with each point in a given field by decomposing the field into multiple different vector fields, generating LIC images of these fields, and then blending the results. To address the loss of contrast caused by the blending of images, we observe that the pixel values in LIC images closely approximate normally distributed random variables. This allows us to use concepts from probability theory to correct the loss of contrast without the need to perform any image analysis at each frame.