cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonpairing like-nucleon valence residual interactions.

Nonpairing like-nucleon residual interactions, \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{n}}$ and \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{p}}$, of the last two neutrons or protons are extracted from double differences of nuclear binding energies for all even-even nuclei. They are found to be weakly repulsive and, combined with analogous information on p-n interactions, provide an alternate way of demonstrating that the T=0 interaction is strongly attractive. Anomalies in \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{n}}$ and \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{p}}$ are shown to correlate with changes in core structure, and repulsive spikes for N=Z nuclei are interpreted in terms of shell-model calculations with realistic interactions.
Object-Oriented Model for Repetitive Construction Scheduling

This paper presents the development of an object-oriented model for scheduling of repetitive construction projects such as high-rise buildings, housing projects, highways, pipeline networks, bridges, tunnels, railways, airport runways, and water and sewer mains. The paper provides an overview of the analysis, design, and implementation stages of the developed object-oriented model. These stages are designed to provide an effective model for scheduling repetitive construction projects and to satisfy practical scheduling requirements. The model incorporates newly developed procedures for resource-driven scheduling of repetitive activities, optimization of repetitive construction scheduling, and integration of repetitive and nonrepetitive scheduling techniques. The model is named LSCHEDULER and is implemented as a windows application that supports user-friendly interface including menus, dialogue boxes, and windows. LSCHEDULER can be applied to perform regular scheduling as well as optimized scheduling. In optimized scheduling, the model can assist in identifying an optimum crew utilization option for each repetitive activity in the project that provides a minimum duration or cost for the scheduled repetitive construction project.
Light-colored compound conductive coatings based on CuI: Effect of volume fraction of CuI on morphology and electrical conductivity

Abstract A novel family of compound conductive coating has been designed and developed using Cu(I)I (cuprous iodide) as electrical conducting material. A carefully designed polyurethane matrix material allowed incorporation of large volume fraction of CuI, much above its critical volume concentration, while maintaining good film integrity. Electrical conductivity of a series of such coatings has been studied using dielectric spectroscopy, as a function of volume fraction of CuI and temperature. The light-colored (white–beige colored) coatings having electrical conductivity of the order of up to 10 −3 –10 −2 S cm −1 have been demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to characterize bulk coating microstructures. The result of this study provides useful insight for fabrication of compound conductive coatings based on CuI.
Effect of genotype and practice upon behavioral development in mice

Psychomotor development from birth to 18 days of age was observed in 3 lines of mice selected for high (H), medium (M), and low (L) brain weight. Litters were cut to 8 at birth and half of the individuals randomly assigned to a practiced group tested daily; the remainder were assigned to a nonpracticed group and were tested only on selected tests on the day at which their littermates met a predesignated criterion. Significant differences between the lines were found in open field activity, balancing on a rotorod, age of eye-opening, and edge avoidance. The H-line was generally more advanced than either M or L. On some measures, righting for example, no strain variation was found. The effects of practice were usually significant, but did not abolish strain differences. Most research on the behavioral effects of genetic variation in the nervous system has been concerned with effects of mutant genes producing major disruption of developmental patterns. Our results indicate that genes affecting the rate and amount of normal brain growth also influence behavioral development. Genes of this type may be responsible for some of the individuality of behavioral phenotype found in natural populations.
Generalized multifractal analysis of the mixing rate across turbulent jet scalar interfaces using the multiscale-minima meshless (M3) method

This work demonstrates generalized multifractal analysis on scalar conditional dissipation rate fields using the multiscale-minima meshless (M3) method. We investigate how the generalized multifractal dimension varies as a function of scale in order to characterize the geometrical structure of the scalar dissipation regions. We also examine how the generalized multifractal dimension varies with the multifractal exponent. The investigation is carried out using a high-resolution experimental two-dimensional image database of fully developed turbulent scalar fields in jets. The conditional dissipation field on scalar interfaces, which represents the mixing rate across the interfaces, is calculated for the outer interface with Taylor's hypothesis in the jet similarity plane. Isosets of multifractal exponents of the dissipation field are identified. Examination of the generalized multifractal dimension of the isosets using the M3 method shows strong dependence on scale. This indicates the presence of scalar co...
A New 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid-Conjugating Activity in Tomato Fruit

A new conjugate, 1-([gamma]-L-glutamylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (GACC), of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is identified. The only previously identified conjugate of ACC is 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC). GACC, not MACC, was the major conjugate formed by crude protein extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Ailsa Craig) fruit pericarp and seeds incubated with [14C]ACC. GACC was resolved from [14C]ACC and [14C]MACC by reversed-phase C18 thin-layer chromatography and subsequently detected and quantified using a radioisotope-imaging system. Proteins precipitated from crude extracts failed to catalyze formation of GACC unless the supernatant was added back. Reduced glutathione, but not other reducing agents, replaced the crude supernatant. When [35S-cysteine]glutathione and [3H-2-glycine]glutathione were used as substrates, neither radiolabeled glycine nor cysteine from the glutathione tripeptide was incorporated into GACC. Oxidized glutathione, S-substituted glutathione, and di- and tripeptides having an N-terminal [gamma]-L-glutamic acid, but lacking cysteine and glycine, also served as substrates for GACC formation. Peptides lacking the N-terminal [gamma]-L-glutamic acid did not serve as substrates. Acid hydrolysis of GACC yielded ACC, suggesting that GACC is an amide-linked conjugate of ACC. Taken together, these results indicate that GACC is 1-([gamma]-glutamylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and that its formation is catalyzed by a [gamma]-glutamyltranspeptidase. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the N-acetyl dimethyl ester of GACC confirmed this structure.
On the determination of the thermal accommodation coefficient of gases on a tungsten surface at elevated temperatures

Abstract Details are given of a thermal conductivity cell designed specifically to measure thermal accommodation coefficients (A. C.) of rare gases on clean tungsten at elevated temperatures. The cell was used to measure the A.C. of helium on tungsten for temperatures between 300 °K and 623 °K. The values obtained are compared with other available experimental data and, in view of the comparison, suggestions are made regarding further use of the cell. The experimental data are compared also with the results of several theoretical models.
Role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies: a "two hit" hypothesis of the cause of muscle necrosis.

Although the genetic and biochemical bases of many of the muscular dystrophies have been elucidated, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to muscle cell death and degeneration remain elusive. Among the most well studied of the dystrophies are those due to defects in proteins that make up the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). There has been much interest in the role of nitric oxide (NO(*)) in the pathogenesis of these diseases because the enzyme that synthesizes NO(*), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is associated with the DGC. Recent studies of dystrophies related to DGC defects suggest that one mechanism of cellular injury is functional ischemia related to alterations in cellular NOS and disruption of a normal protective action of NO(*). This protective action is the prevention of local ischemia during contraction-induced increases in sympathetic vasoconstriction. However, the loss of this protection, alone, does not explain the subsequent muscle cell death and degeneration since mice lacking neuronal NOS (the predominant isoform expressed in muscle) do not develop a muscular dystrophy. Thus, there must be additional biochemical changes conferred upon the cells by these DGC defects, and these changes are discussed in terms of a proposed "two hit" hypothesis of the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the muscular dystrophies. According to this hypothesis, pathogenic defects in the DGC have at least two biochemical consequences: a reduction in NO(*)-mediated protection against ischemia, and an increase in cellular susceptibility to metabolic stress. Either one alone may be insufficient to lead to muscle cell death. However, in combination, the biochemical consequences are sufficient to cause muscle degeneration. The role of oxidative stress as a final common pathophysiologic pathway is discussed in terms of data showing that oxidative injury precedes pathologic changes and that muscle cells with defects in the DGC have an increased susceptibility to oxidant challenges. Accordingly, this "two hit" hypothesis may explain many of the complex spatial and temporal variations in disease expression that characterize the muscular dystrophies, such as grouped necrosis, a pre-necrotic phase of the disease, and selective muscle involvement.
Stathmin expression and its relationship to microtubule-associated protein tau and outcome in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) endogenously regulate microtubule stability. Here, the prognostic value of stathmin, a destabilizing protein, was assessed in combination with MAP-tau, a stabilizing protein, in order to evaluate microtubule stabilization as a potential biomarker. METHODS: Stathmin and MAP-tau expression levels were measured in a breast cancer cohort (n ¼ 651) using the tissue microarray format and quantitative immunofluorescence (AQUA) technology, then correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics and disease-free survival. RESULTS: Univariate Cox proportional hazard models indicated that high stathmin expression predicts worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] ¼ 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 1.119-1.966; P ¼ .0061). Survival analysis showed 10-year survival of 53.1% for patients with high stathmin expression versus 67% for low expressers (log-rank, P < .003). Cox multivariate analysis showed high stathmin expression was independent of age, menopausal status, nodal status, nuclear grade, tumor size, and estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression (HR ¼ 1.19; 95% CI ¼ 1.03-1.37; P ¼ .01). The ratio of MAP-tau to stathmin expression showed a positive correlation to disease-free survival (HR ¼ 0.679; 95% CI ¼ 0.517-0.891; P ¼ .0053) with a 10-year survival of 65.4% for patients who had a high ratio of MAP-tau to stathmin versus 52.5% 10-year survival rate for those with a low ratio (log-rank, P ¼ .0009). Cox multivariate analysis showed the ratio of MAP-tau to stathmin was an independent predictor of overall survival (HR ¼ 0.609; 95% CI ¼ 0.422-0.879; P ¼ .008). CONCLUSIONS: Low stathmin and high MAP-tau are associated with increased microtubule stability and better prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer 2012;118:4660-9. V C 2012 American Cancer Society.
Enalapril treatment of posttransplant erythrocytosis: efficacy independent of circulating erythropoietin levels.

Abstract To determine the mechanism of action by which angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower hematocrit in patients with posttransplant erythrocytosis, indices of red blood cell production and red blood cell destruction were obtained serially for 6 months from 10 renal transplant patients receiving treatment with enalapril for this problem. Before treatment, five patients had an elevated red blood cell mass, four had plasma volume contraction, and one had both. The mean hemoglobin concentration decreased by 2 g/dL (range, 0.5 to 3.3 g/dL), from 17 ± 1 g/dL to 15 ± 1 g/dL ( P = 0.001) following 6 months of enalapril therapy. Similarly, the mean hematocrit decreased by 8% (range, 3% to 12%), from 52% ± 2% to 44% ± 3% ( P = 0.001) during the same period. The mean reticulocyte count tended to decrease, although the change was not significant. The red blood cell mass decreased dramatically by 15% to 50%, from 32 ± 9 mL/kl to 23 ± 4 mL/kg ( P = 0.008). Although serial erythropoietin levels declined steadily in two patients, there was no consistent change in the other patients. Mean levels decreased modestly, from 20 ± 11 mU/mL at baseline to 12 ± 5 mU/mL at 6 months, a change that was not statistically significant. Mean levels at each time point were not statistically different from the mean pretreatment value. Furthermore, during enalapril therapy, there was no correlation between mean circulating erythropoietin level and mean hematocrit ( r = 0.43, P = 0.20) or hemoglobin concentration ( r = 0.36, P = 0.30) or between changes in these parameters. Indices of red blood cell destruction, including haptoglobin, billrubin, and lactic dehydrogenase, were unchanged by enalapril therapy, as was calculated plasma volume at the beginning and end of the study. The current data suggest that enalapril improves posttransplant erythrocytosis by impairing red blood cell production without affecting red blood cell destruction or plasma volume. Furthermore, hematocrit decreased in most patients without a concomitant decrease in circulating erythropoietin levels. These results suggest that an inhibition of erythropoietin synthesis is not an essential component of the mechanism by which angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower hematocrit in most patients with posttransplant erythrocytosis. An inhibitory effect (ie, erythropoietin resistance) at the level of the bone marrow appears more likely, a hypothesis that would have to be proven by ferrokinetic studies in patients or by direct studies of erythropoiesis in vitro.
Epithelialization in Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review

Significance: Keratinocytes, a major cellular component of the epidermis, are responsible for restoring the epidermis after injury through a process termed epithelialization. This review will focus on the pivotal role of keratinocytes in epithelialization, including cellular processes and mechanisms of their regulation during re-epithelialization, and their cross talk with other cell types participating in wound healing. Recent Advances: Discoveries in epidermal stem cells, keratinocyte immune function, and the role of the epidermis as an independent neuroendocrine organ will be reviewed. Novel mechanisms of gene expression regulation important for re-epithelialization, including microRNAs and histone modifications, will also be discussed. Critical Issues: Epithelialization is an essential component of wound healing used as a defining parameter of a successful wound closure. A wound cannot be considered healed in the absence of re-epithelialization. The epithelialization process is impaired in all types o...
Maximizing educational achievement of youth in foster care and alumni: Factors associated with success ☆

Abstract The challenges faced by the United States and other countries with respect to education are particularly acute with respect to youth placed in out of home care and alumni of foster care. After describing the number of youth in foster care in the United States and recent research on their outcomes, this article will describe what factors have been linked with educational success for these youth and young adults. Strategies for improvement outlined in the article include pursuing permanency to help youth find enduring mentors, maximizing placement and school stability, conducting strengths-based assessment, aggressively pursuing educational supports, and treating mental health problems that may act as barriers to classroom success.
Specific targeting of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by immunoliposomes in vitro

Abstract The monoclonal antibody AF-20 was raised against the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line FOCUS and binds with high affinity to a rapidly internalized 180-kd homodimeric glycoprotein that is abundantly expressed on the surface of human HCC and other human cancer cell lines. Immunoliposomes were produced by covalently coupling AF-20 to liposomes containing carboxyfluorescein. Interaction of immunoliposomes with various HCC cell lines in vitro was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry and qualitatively analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Liposomes bearing an isotypematched nonrelevant monoclonal antibody (MAb) and cell lines not expressing AF-20 antigen served as controls. AF-20-immunoliposomes specifically bound to HCC and other human cancer cell lines expressing the AF-20 antigen and were rapidly internalized at 37°C. Interaction of AF-20-conjugated liposomes with these cell lines was between 5 and 200 times greater than that of unconjugated liposomes, whereas no difference was observed between control liposomes bearing a nonrelevant antibody and unconjugated liposomes. Specificity of liposome-target cell interaction was confirmed by competitive inhibition assays. Kinetic analysis showed rapid association of AF-20 immunoliposomes with target cells, with saturation conditions being reached after 60 minutes. We conclude that the MAb AF-20 directs highly efficient, specific, and rapid targeting of immunoliposomes to human HCC and other human cancer cell lines in vitro . This targeted liposomal delivery system represents a promising approach for the development of immunotargeted diagnosis and therapy strategies against HCC.
A Meta-Analysis of the Dimensions of a Learning Organization Questionnaire Looking Across Cultures, Ranks, and Industries

The ProblemOrganizations strive to develop their employees to a level that meets current and future needs at a time when those needs are great and resources scarce. Human resource developers are ch...
“Peter? He comes and goes…”: First Graders' Perspectives on a Part-Time Mainstream Student:

Part-time integration of students with moderate and severe disabilities into regular classes has become a common feature of special education programs. How regular education students think about th...
Stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial arteriovenous malformations and the use of the K index in determining treatment dose.

Object The appropriate dose during stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains a matter of debate. In the present study, the authors retrospectively evaluated the association of using a prescribed dose calculated utilizing the K index with the obliteration rate of cerebral AVMs after SRS. Methods The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the Cleveland Clinic SRS database. All patients undergoing Gamma Knife radiosurgery for cerebral AVMs from 1997 to 2010 were selected. Regression techniques and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to investigate the effect of divergence from the optimal K index dose on the rate of AVM obliteration. Results In the study period 152 patients (mean age 43.6 years; 53.9% of treatments were performed in females) underwent 165 Gamma Knife radiosurgery treatments for AVMs. In a univariate analysis Spetzler-Martin grade (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.42–0.93]), higher AVM score (OR 0.43 [95% CI 0.27–0.70]), larger AVM volume (OR 0.88 [95% CI 0.82...
Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents: Clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance

We have evaluated the efficacy of plant sterol preparations from two different sources and in two different physical forms in lowering the plasma cholesterol of a total of 46 patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia when given in addition to appropriate diet therapy. In addition, the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolemic effect were investigated in 7 patients by a sterol balance technique. The maximal mean cholesterol lowering in response to any preparation was 12 percent, although it was much greater in some individual patients. Sterol balance data showed that plant sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption with maximal negative cholesterol balance in adults at a dose of 3 g/day of a tall oil sterol suspension. Interestingly, maximal plasma cholesterol reduction in the adult outpatients on this preparation was seen at the same dose level. Since the tall oil sterol suspension is relatively palatable and is poorly absorbed, it has potential value as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia for whom long-term drug therapy is deemed advisable.
SCREENING FOR PTSD AMONG INCARCERATED MEN: A Comparative Analysis of Computer-Administered and Orally Administered Modalities.

Trauma exposure is overrepresented in incarcerated male populations and is linked to psychiatric morbidity, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study tests the feasibility, reliability, and validity of using computer-administered interviewing (CAI) versus orally administered interviewing (OAI) to screen for PTSD among incarcerated men. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to randomly assign 592 incarcerated men to screening modality. Findings indicate that computer screening was feasible. Compared with OAI, CAI produced equally reliable screening information on PTSD symptoms, with test–retest intraclass correlations for the PTSD Checklist (PCL) total score ranging from .774 to .817, and the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale and PCL scores were significantly correlated for OAI and CAI. These findings indicate that data on PTSD symptoms can be reliably and validly obtained from CAI technology, increasing the efficiency by which incarcerated populations can be screened for PTSD, and those at...
Receptors and Actions of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Primate Pituitary Gland

Receptors for CRH were identified in the pituitary gland of several primate species, and their binding characteristics were compared to the ability of CRH to elicit ACTH and cAMP responses in vitro. Autoradiographic analysis of the binding of [125I]Tyr-ovine CRH to frozen pituitary sections revealed CRH receptors in the intermediate and anterior lobes of human, marmoset, and cynomolgus monkey pituitaries. In the cynomolgus monkey, a high density of CRH receptors was present throughout the anterior and intermediate lobes. In the human pituitary, binding was concentrated in the anteromedial portion of the gland, whereas in the marmoset, binding was dense in the intermediate lobe and scattered as clusters throughout the anterior lobe. In membrane-rich fractions from the cynomolgus pituitary binding of [125I]Tyr-ovine CRH was time and temperature dependent, and was specific for CRH-related peptides; specific binding was increased by divalent cations and inhibited by guanyl nucleotides. Scatchard analyses of the binding data revealed a single class of high affinity sites [Kd, 1.93 +/- 0.23 (+/- SEM) nM], with a receptor concentration of 605 +/- 121 fmol/mg. In marmoset pituitary membranes, there were fewer receptors (200 +/- 15 fmol/mg), in agreement with the lower autoradiographic density of CRH binding. In anterior pituitary cell cultures from cynomolgus monkeys, CRH caused a dose-dependent stimulation of cAMP production and ACTH release, with half-maximum effective concentrations in the range of the CRH receptor affinity. Vasopressin and norepinephrine stimulated ACTH release to a much lesser extent, but both potentiated the stimulatory effect of CRH. Angiotensin II had no effect alone, but it also potentiated the effect of CRH. These data demonstrate the presence of CRH receptors in the primate pituitary, with characteristics similar to those in other species in their binding properties, coupling to adenylate cyclase, and functional interactions with other regulators of ACTH secretion that mediate the stimulatory effect of the peptide in the corticotroph.
On the stability of linear recurrence equations with arbitrary time lags

with ai real (i = 1, 2,..., n) and 0 < ~l ~ ~2 < "'" < ~n, under what conditions on ~l ,..., ~n and a 1 ,..., an is x(t) asymptotic to zero for large t; furthermore, what can happen to x(t) when one (or more) of the delays ~i is varied slightly ? When the delays are rationally dependent and hence multiples of a common positive quantity, say ~i ~kih, where k i (i ~1, 2 , . , n) are positive integers, with ka < k2 < "'" <5 kn then, putting xj = x(jh), we can write (1.1) for t = j h as
Nature of the tremors induced by p-methoxydopamine

Abstract The nature of the tremors and rigidity induced by p-methoxy-dopamine was investigated. None of the antiparkinson drugs tested was effective against the tremors. The majority of the drugs, however, relieved the rigidity in the mice to some degree. These results are similar to those seen in the Parkinsonian patient, since antiparkinson drugs are not noted for their effectiveness against tremors, but for relieving the rigidity and spasticity. Of the other drugs tested, only phenobarbital and chlorpromazine were effective in reducing the tremors. The possible role of p-methoxydopamine in Parkinson's disease is discussed.
Smokeless tobacco use among male adolescents: patterns, correlates, predictors, and the use of other drugs.

Abstract Questionnaire data from a sample of 3,023 adolescents indicated that over 60% of boys have tried smokeless tobacco, and 7% use it daily. Daily users reported an average of 5.3 uses per day. Among boys the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in the past 6 months (18.8%) was higher than that for cigarette use (10.4%). For 86% of boys, the initial use of smokeless tobacco occurred in a social setting with other boys. Split-sample discriminant analyses identified peer use of smokeless tobacco as a discriminator between users and nonusers. Male triers of smokeless tobacco were discriminated from those who had never tried it by whether they had also tried smoking, intended to smoke, or had peers who used smokeless tobacco. Nine-month longitudinal data indicated that onset of smokeless tobacco use was not well predicted. Among daily users, the initial rate of use was the best prospective predictor of rate of use at follow-up ( r = 0.576). Smokeless tobacco use was related to the use of other drugs, with 83% of male daily users indicating concurrent use of alcohol, marijuana, and/or cigarettes ( τ = 0.354, 0.210, and 0.284, respectively). The use of smokeless tobacco was a prospective risk factor for the onset or increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana.
Forage production and quality as influenced by amended quartz sand-tailings following phosphate mining.

Quartz-sand tailings is a waste product from the Florida phosphate mining industry. Individual tailings disposal areas may occupy 20 to 60 ha and support no vegetation. A split plot field experiment was conducted on a sand tailings deposit to study the effect of various amendments on yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of ‘Callie’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var.aridus Harlan et de Wet) and ‘Siratro’ [Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb]. The two species were established on nine treatments: one sand-tailings control (SC); three with air-dried phosphatic clay (PC) at 110, 225, and 340 Mg ha-1; and three with overburden (OB) at 448, 1,120, and 1,800 Mg ha-1. All PC and OB treatment rates contained air-dried sewage sludge (SS) at 45 Mg ha-1 and were all roto-tilled to a 20 to 25 cm depth. There were two additional treatments of OB at 1800 Mg ha-1 without SS, with and without roto-tilling into sand tailings. Callie established slower (P<0.05) on SC and OB, than on treatments containing SS and/or PC. However, after the root system developed, yields were similar on all sand-tailings treatments. Crude protein andin vitro organic matter digestion for Callie and Siratro did not differ between soil treatments, but Siratro was generally superior to Callie in forage quality. Forage concentrations of P, K, Ca. Mg, Mn, and Zn were adequate in both species for good cattle growth on all treatments. However, Cu tended to be low in Siratro for plant and cattle growth. Once root systems were well established, good yields of quality forage with suitable mineral concentrations were produced on regularly fertilized, quartz-sand tailings.
Line shapes of lithium-like ions emitted from plasmas

The calculation of the spectral line broadening of lithium-like ions is presented. The motivation for these calculations is to extend present theoretical calculations to more complex atomic structures and provide further diagnostic possibilities. The profiles of Li I, Ti XX and Br XXXIII are shown as a representative sampling of the possible effects which can occur. The calculations are performed for all level 2 to level 3 and 4 transitions, with dipole-forbidden and overlapping components fully taken into account.
Strong structure sensitivity in the partial oxidation of styrene on silver single crystals

Abstract In contrast to the formation of styrene oxide on Ag(1 1 1), phenylacetaldehyde and phenylketene dominate the partial oxidation of styrene on Ag(1 1 0), even though the reactions follow the same mechanism on both surfaces. The origin of this difference is that on Ag(1 1 0) the activation energy for transformation of the oxametallacycle to the combustion intermediate is much lower than on the (1 1 1) surface, so that ring-closure of the oxametallacycle to form styrene oxide is short circuited. Also the combustion intermediate appears more stable on Ag(1 1 0) than on Ag(1 1 1).
Metaphon: Factors contributing to treatment outcomes

(1995). Metaphon: Factors contributing to treatment outcomes. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 28-36.
Variation in plant resource quality and the transmission and fitness of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata nucleopolyhedrovirus

This study tested the ‘resource quality-pathogen fitness hypothesis’ which proposes that reduced food quality tends to increase susceptibility to pathogens. In addition, we tested whether food quality would affect other fitness parameters, namely viral reproduction and transmission. Larvae grown for a controlled period of time suffered lower mortality (13%) on a high quality plant species oak, Quercus robur, and comparatively high mortality (43%) on a poor quality host, Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis. Per capita virus reproduction was higher on oak due to the higher yield of virus from larger cadavers, although the rapid growth of larvae on oak would have precluded additional cycles of infection. As older Q. robur foliage is less nutritious for winter moth, we used the within-species variation in bud-burst and foliage quality to test the same hypotheses. In contrast to our first experiment, pathogen reproduction was greatest on plants with the smaller larvae since the greater yield of virus per cadaver from older instars did not compensate for their reduced viral mortality. Budburst date did not affect larval growth rates but did affect viral transmission since viral mortality was increased for smaller larvae on early-flushing trees. We hypothesize that compensatory feeding on older, poorer quality foliage led to higher doses of ingested virus. In summary, reduced plant quality may increase the pathogen fitness in three ways: by increasing the opportunity for additional cycles of infection, by increasing the mortality of slower growing individuals and by increased ingestion rates on poorer quality hosts.
Enhancement in Dibenzothiophene Reactive Adsorption from Liquid Fuel via Incorporation of Sulfur Heteroatoms into the Nanoporous Carbon Matrix

Adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT) from simulated diesel fuel was investigated with polymer-derived carbon matrices. Sulfur was incorporated to the carbon surface via a high-temperature hydrogen sulfide reduction of oxygen-containing groups. The resultant carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, thermal analysis, potentiometric titration, and elemental analysis. The selectivities for DBT and DMDBT adsorption were calculated with reference to naphthalene. The carbon matrices studied had comparable structures, hence, the effects of the sulfur functionalities were evident in an increase in dibenzothiophenes selectivity and the breakthrough capacity; this was especially visible at a breakthrough point where small pores are expected to be active in the adsorption process. Incorporation of sulfur atoms into the aromatic rings of the carbon matrix increases the ability of the surface to attract dibenzothiophenes via dispersive interactions (sulfur-sulfur bridges). Sulfur and sulfur-oxygen groups present in larger pores enhance the amount of adsorbed dibenzothiophenes via specific acid-base and polar interactions. They also contribute to the reactive adsorption of DBT and DMDBT (oxidized) and their chemisorption on the carbon surface.
In vivo SELEX for Identification of Brain-penetrating Aptamers

The physiological barriers of the brain impair drug delivery for treatment of many neurological disorders. One delivery approach that has not been investigated for their ability to penetrate the brain is RNA-based aptamers. These molecules can impart delivery to peripheral tissues and circulating immune cells, where they act as ligand mimics or can be modified to carry payloads. We developed a library of aptamers and an in vivo evolution protocol to determine whether specific aptamers could be identified that would home to the brain after injection into the peripheral vasculature. Unlike biopanning with recombinant bacteriophage libraries, we found that the aptamer library employed here required more than 15 rounds of in vivo selection for convergence to specific sequences. The aptamer species identified through this approach bound to brain capillary endothelia and penetrated into the parenchyma. The methods described may find general utility for targeting various payloads to the brain.
The economic functions of nonprofit enterprise: The case of art museums

The art museum is a nexus for culturally-determined aesthetic values, social mores, sometimes even political action, and economic behavior. By examining this nexus something can be said about the interrelation of economics with the rest of the social system. The art museum from an economic point of view is an example of what can be called a "nonprofit enterprise." Most of economic theory is concerned with profit-making enterprises Called firms organizations which contain members at least one of whom has a property right over the difference between total revenue and total cost. All other types of organizations are nonprofit enterprises: households, governments, unions, churches, clubs, political parties, etc. Many of these organizations do much more in the economy than allocate resources and distribute income. In the next section an expanded taxonomy of economic functions is proposed for nonprofit enterprises, building on Musgrave's classification of fiscal policies. The activities of the art museum will be described in terms of this taxonomy, and comparisons will be made to libraries, churches, and other nonprofit enterprises. The third section will argue that because of the nature and variety of the economic functions they perform, the activities Of nonprofit enterprises cannot be evaluated using present economic criteria. In the last section a few conclusions are drawn.
Electrodialytic transport of inorganic and of organic anions

The electrodialysis of monocarboxylic acids and their potassium salts in the series formic acid to valeric acid has been investigated. A laboratory-scale continuous-flow unit was operated over the current density range 0·4 to 6·0 mA/cm2 with total feed concentrations of 13·1 and 26·2 meq/1. Initial experiments were conducted with chloride and sulphate, for which the total transport and selectivities are established. At pH values set to assure 95% dissociation of the monocarboxylic acids, the transport (in the presence of chloride) of formate, acetate and propionate was about 20%, but that of butyrate and valerate was less. Acid salt selectivities (transport compared with chloride) ranged from 0·5 for formate through propionate to 0·3 for butyrate and valerate. For butyrate, the percentage transport increased approximately linearly with current density and was a random function of equivalent fraction of butyrate in the feed. Increases in total concentration produced no increases in transport. Butyrate selectivities were somewhat independent of current density and of equivalent fraction. Throughout the study, there was only limited evidence of fouling of the membrane by the organic acids and their salts, although valerate did produce temporary fouling.
The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake a Century Later: Introduction to the Special Section

The great 1906 San Francisco earthquake is perhaps the landmark event in the history of earthquake science. It began with a foreshock at 5:12 a.m. local time in the morning of 18 April 1906. Some 30 sec later, the main event initiated on the San Andreas fault, just off the San Francisco coast (Lawson, 1908). Within 90 sec, nearly 480 km of the San Andreas fault ruptured (see Fig. 1), extending south to the northern end of the creeping section near San Juan Bautista and north to the terminus of the fault at the triple junction near Cape Mendocino (Song et al. , 2008). As it ruptured, it generated powerful seismic waves over the entire rupture length and set in motion a chain of events that led to the destruction of most of San Francisco, the largest city of the western United States at the time. The earthquake occurred in the early days of instrumental seismology, which renders the data difficult to analyze, but our best estimate is that the moment magnitude was 7.9 (Song et al. , 2008), about 26 times the size of the 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake as measured by seismic moment (Hanks and Krawinkler, 1991; Song et al. , 2008). Figure 1. The thick dark line shows the extent of rupture along the San Andreas fault in the 1906 earthquake, and the star denotes the epicenter. The strong shaking caused widespread damage along the entire length of the rupture (see Figs. 2⇓–4). Masonry walls were reduced to rubble, houses were knocked off their foundations, chimneys fell down, and pipes were severed (Lawson, 1908). Ground failures in the form of landslides and liquefaction were also prevalent, especially in the man-made fill along the San Francisco waterfront (Lawson, 1908). The city of San Francisco, a bustling city of 400,000, suffered …
A Real-Time Data Compression and Occupancy Grid Map Generation for Ground-Based 3D LIDAR Data Using Wavelets

A map generated from ground-based 3D LIDAR data is a critical component for autonomous vehicle navigation using a vision based sensor. When the size of a map is large and the number of grid cells is relatively big, managing the map associated with a dense data set from 3D LIDAR scanner is a demanding task. Wavelets serve as the basis for an efficient compression scheme which makes it possible to significantly reduce processing effort to generate and manage a grid map in real-time. This paper proposes a novel approach to generate an occupancy map from compressed measurement signals. A one-dimensional Haar wavelet transform has been applied to compress 3D LIDAR data, from which occupancy maps have been generated. Our experimental results show that this method performs well to provide an autonomous vehicle with rich 3D environment information.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Chronic graft versus host disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a complex, immune phenomenon that occurs after allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) and resembles a plethora of autoimmune diseases [1]. It can have minimal features like a dry eye or can be disabling with sclerodermatous fascitis and bronchiolitis obliterans. The incidence and time course is variable. Despite improvement in other areas of SCT, little significant progress has been made in the treatment of cGVHD [2]. One of the major reasons may be that cGVHD is a heterogeneous disease, with various subtypes having differing natural history. The development of cGVHD has been associated with the protective effect of graft-versus-tumor effect. It is likely that various subtypes of chronic GVHD have varying graft-versus-tumor effect, with non-relapse mortality from chronic GVHD as a constant competing risk.
Intrathecal Granuloma and Intramedullary Abscess Associated With an Intrathecal Morphine Pump

Objective and Importance. Several previous reports have documented cord compression resulting from the formation of an intrathecal inflammatory mass in patients using intrathecal drug delivery systems. We present the first reported case of an intramedullary abscess and intrathecal inflammatory mass associated with an intrathecal drug delivery system. Clinical Presentation. A 47-year-old man was transferred to our institution from an outside hospital with a 3-week history of the inability to ambulate or move his legs. His medical history included multiple failed back surgeries for back pain that had been effectively managed after the implantation of an intrathecal drug delivery system eight years prior. Upon presentation to us, his examination showed no movement in his lower extremities with pinprick-preserved sensation in his toes. Imaging showed an intrathecal mass at the catheter tip, at spinal level T10 and T11. Contrast-enhanced imaging indicated an intramedullary abscess at T11 and T12 level. Intervention. The patient underwent T10–L1 laminectomies with complete resection of the inflammatory mass, catheter tip, and explantation of the intrathecal drug delivery pump. A midline myelotomy also was performed to aspirate the abscess and the cavity was profusely irrigated. Pathology studies demonstrated that the inflammatory mass contained chronic inflammatory markers and necrotic tissue. The abscess was linked to infection with Streptococcus anginosus. Conclusion. Generally, inflammatory masses forming along the catheter tip are not associated with infections. We report the first case of an intramedullary abscess associated with an intrathecal drug delivery pump.
Merging data from genetic and epigenetic approaches to better understand autistic spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a wide range of cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. Genetic research has identified large numbers of genes that contribute to ASD phenotypes. There is compelling evidence that environmental factors contribute to ASD through influences that differentially impact the brain through epigenetic mechanisms. Both genetic mutations and epigenetic influences alter gene expression in different cell types of the brain. Mutations impact the expression of large numbers of genes and also have downstream consequences depending on specific pathways associated with the mutation. Environmental factors impact the expression of sets of genes by altering methylation/hydroxymethylation patterns, local histone modification patterns and chromatin remodeling. Herein, we discuss recent developments in the research of ASD with a focus on epigenetic pathways as a complement to current genetic screening.
Calculation of Maximum Entropy Densities with Application to Income Distribtuions

This paper shows that there exits a unique maximum entropy density for any finite sample when arithmetic sample moments are used as side conditions. A sequential updating method to calculate the maxent entropy density subject to known moment constraints is proposed. Instead of imposing the moment constraints simultaneously, the sequential updating method incorporates the moment constraints into the calculation from lower to higher moments and updates the density estimates sequentially. The proposed method is employed to approximate the size distribution of U.S. family income. Numerical experiments and empirical evidence demonstrate the efficiency of this method.
Paceline: Improving Single-Thread Performance in Nanoscale CMPs through Core Overclocking

Under current worst-case design practices, manufacturers specify conservative values for processor frequencies in order to guarantee correctness. To recover some of the lost performance and improve single-thread performance, this paper presents the Paceline leader-checker microarchitecture. In Paceline, a leader core runs the thread at higher-than-rated frequency, while passing execution hints and prefetches to a safely-clocked checker core in the same chip multiprocessor. The checker redundantly executes the thread faster than without the leader, while checking the results to guarantee correctness. Leader and checker cores periodically swap functionality. The result is that the thread improves performance substantially without significantly increasing the power density or the hardware design complexity of the chip. By overclocking the leader by 30%, we estimate that Paceline improves SPECint and SPECfp performance by a geometric mean of 21% and 9%, respectively. Moreover, Paceline also provides tolerance to transient faults such as soft errors.
Fish Oil Supplementation and Urinary Oxalate Excretion in Normal Subjects on a Low-oxalate Diet

Objective To determine if fish oil supplementation reduces endogenous oxalate synthesis in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods Fifteen healthy non–stone-forming adults participated in this study. Subjects first abstained from using vitamins, medications, or foods enriched in omega-3 fatty acids for 30 days. Next, they collected two 24-hour urine specimens while consuming a self-selected diet. Subjects consumed an extremely low-oxalate and normal-calcium diet for 5 days and collected 24-hour urine specimens on the last 3 days of this diet. Next, the subjects took 2 fish oil capsules containing 650-mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 450-mg docosahexaenoic acid twice daily for 30 days. They consumed a self-selected diet on days 1-25 and the controlled diet on days 26-30. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected on days 28-30. Excretion levels of urinary analytes including oxalate and glycolate were analyzed. Results Although there was a significant reduction in urinary oxalate, magnesium, and potassium excretions and an increase in uric acid excretion during the controlled dietary phases compared with the self-selected diet, there were no significant differences in their excretion during controlled diet phases with and without fish oil supplementation. Conclusion These results suggest that fish oil supplementation does not reduce endogenous oxalate synthesis or urinary oxalate excretion in normal adults during periods of extremely low oxalate intake. However, these results do not challenge the previously described reduction in urinary oxalate excretion demonstrated in normal subjects consuming a moderate amount of oxalate in conjunction with fish oil.