cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Les associations de consommateurs de santé aux États-Unis

La profession medicale est supposee agir en tant qu’agent des patients, mais cette norme professionnelle ne garantit pas que ces derniers puissent s’exprimer sur la nature des soins qui leurs sont delivres ou sur les politiques qui les fondent. Cet article decrit les efforts realises aux Etats-Unis pour accroitre le role des patients dans la construction des politiques de sante, en insistant plus particulierement sur le role des associations de malades. Les motifs et les valeurs qui poussent les malades a s’engager dans les politiques de la sante sont presentees en introduction de meme que les avantages qu’on peut en attendre. Nous analysons ensuite certaines de leurs actions les plus emblematiques menees en leur nom tout en illustrant les grandes lignes de forces et les efforts de l’Etat pour institutionnaliser cette place des patients dans le processus de construction des politiques de sante. Enfin, une discussion est engagee sur certains aspects positifs et negatifs que peuvent avoir des formes differentes de representation (directe ou par l’intermediaire de porte-parole «professionnels» appartenant aux associations). En conclusion, il apparait que le jugement sur le role des patients dans les politiques de sante et sur les resultats de l’action des associations doit etre nuance, car si le mouvement associatif peut se targuer de victoires importantes pour les patients et leurs familles, sa voix demeure encore trop peu audible tant au niveau du processus politique que dans le champ des pratiques cliniques.
A Dynamical Proof of the Method of Lagrange

Standard careful proofs of the method of Lagrange multipliers for constrained optimization rely on the implicit function theorem. An alternative proof is presented which is based instead on an existence theorem from the theory of ordinary differential equations. This approach has several conceptual and pedagogical advantages.
Network data analysis server (NDAS) prototype development

We have developed a simple and robust system based on standard UNIX tools and frame library code to transfer and merge data from multiple gravitational wave detectors distributed worldwide. The transfer and merger take place with less than 20 minute delay and the output frames are available for all participants. Presently VIRGO and LIGO participate in the exchange and only environmental data are shared. The system is modular to allow future improvements and the use of new tools like Grid.
In pursuit of doctor Whipple's nemesis.

Abstract Raoult D, Birg M, La Scola B, et al.: Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple’s Disease, N Engl J Med 2000;342:620–5 Using specimens from the mitral valve of a patient with Whipple’s disease (WD), a bacterium believed to be the causative agent was isolated and cultivated via inoculation in a human fibroblast cell line. With the index patient’s serum as the primary antibody, an immunofluorescence serological test was developed and tested in nine patients with WD and in 40 control subjects. IgG antibodies against the bacillus were detected in all nine patients with confirmed WD and 29 of 40 controls. The presence of IgM antibodies was more specific to patients with WD: using a titer of 1:50 as a cutoff, seven of nine patients with WD had positive results, compared with three of 40 control subjects (p
Stabilizing compensator design for uncertain nonlinear systems

Abstract An observer-based control scheme is proposed for exponentially stabilizing a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. The control and observer gain expressions given in this paper resemble those used in variable-structure designs but they are continuous in nature resulting in a simple analysis of stability.
Specific counterion effects on naphthalene solubilized in SDS micelles investigated by optically detected magnetic resonance

Abstract The nature of the phosphorescence emission, optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) transitions and triplet state lifetime data of naphthalene (N) solubilized in frozen mixed micelles containing sodium dodecyi sulfate (NaDS) and either silver dodecyi sulfate (AgDS) or thallium dodecyi sulfate (T1DS) suggest stronger perturbation of the N triplet state by the Ag + counterion than by Tl + . Very broad ODMR transitions and a broadening of the phosphorescence for NaDS/AgDS indicate a strong specific interaction between the N probe and the Ag + counterion, absent with Tl + .
Some situational determinants of the motives attributed to the person who performs a helping act1

Summary Two studies were directed at the assessment of donor motives for and appropriateness and evaluation of an unsolicited helping act directed at a high versus a low power person by self or other Results of the first study demonstrated no differences between self and other, but highly significant differences between high and low power on all three dependent measures, with an act directed at a high power person being seen as more self-seeking and being more negatively evaluated. A manipulation of liking for other in the second study resulted in significant differences between self and a disliked other on all three measures, with more negative attributions and evaluations of die disliked other As predicted, there were no differences between self and a liked other Power differences remained significant over all conditions of self and other Results were considered not to be attributable to trans-situational need states of the low power person, however, the act was consistently viewed as more appropriate when directed at a low power person.
Chronic Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Exposure Induces Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition and Promotes Gastric and Colon Cancers

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that is highly produced in gastrointestinal cancers. Since chronic inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis in these cancers, in this study, the role of MIF in pro-tumorigenic events was examined. MIF and its receptor, CD74, were examined in gastric and colon tumors and found to be increased in most tumors with significantly higher expression in tumors from patients with lymph node metastasis. MIF was also found to be highly produced by cancer associated fibroblasts isolated from human tumors compared to fibroblasts from matched normal tissues from uninvolved areas. Fibroblast-produced MIF highly increased GI cancer cell proliferation, which was decreased upon neutralizing MIF or CD74. Chronic MIF treatment led to sustained proliferation and signaling events in non-transformed GI fibroblast cells, which was maintained upon removing MIF treatment for 8 weeks. Additionally, chronic treatment of normal GI cells expressing fibroblast markers for up to 16 weeks with MIF led to a drastic decrease of fibroblast markers with concurrent increase of epithelial markers. Transformation was examined by telomerase and focus forming assays. These results suggest the MIF promotes mesenchymal epithelial transition, cell transformation and tumorigenesis in GI cancers, and thus may be an important link between chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.
Larval Sucker Distribution and Condition before and after Large-Scale Restoration at the Williamson River Delta, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

We monitored the response of endangered Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) larvae and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) larvae prior to, and during the first 2 seasons after, restoration of historic wetlands at the mouth of the Williamson River, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. In 2006 and 2007 (prerestoration) and in 2009 and 2010 (postrestoration), we used pop nets set in shallow-water (<1-m-deep) wetland habitats to document the distribution and condition of larval fish throughout the Williamson River Delta Preserve, as well as at a reference site along the Goose Bay shoreline in Upper Klamath Lake. From prerestoration to postrestoration, we witnessed significant declines in abundance of larval suckers at the reference site along the Goose Bay shoreline but no similarly significant declines in the 2 pilot restoration projects (t = 9.92, df = 400, P < 0.0001; t = 0.8, df = 400, P = 0.3438). In 2009 and 2010, larvae were documented using the newly restored portions of the delta. Larval suckers captured during pre- and postrestoration in the pilot areas and during postrestoration in the restored areas of the preserve were more likely to have fuller guts than larvae captured at the reference site along the Goose Bay shoreline. Throughout the study, length trends were more variable than gut fullness trends: larvae captured in pilot areas prior to restoration were larger than those captured after restoration, and larvae captured at the reference site postrestoration were on average larger than postrestoration sucker larvae from the restored and pilot areas.
The development of lamination of afferent fibers to the olfactory cortex in rats, with additional observations in the adult.

The complementary distribution of the fibers from the olfactory bulb and the intracortical associational fibers to layers Ia and Ib, respectively, of the olfactory cortex has been examined in both adult and neonatal rats, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3H-leucine as double tracers in the same animal. The observations presented here confirm and extend the previous demonstration (Price, '73) that in the adult the two projections are essentially nonoverlapping throughout the olfactory cortex. Indeed, when the distribution of axons from the olfactory bulb (labeled by HRP inserted into a cut in the LOT) is compared on the same section with that of associational fibers (labeled by 3H-leucine injected into the cortex), the overlap between the two projections is limited to a zone only 5–10 μm in width in both the piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle. In contrast, at P1 the two projections overlap throughout layer I, although the bulbar and associational fibers are slightly concentrated superficially and deeply in layer I, respectively. This overlap is especially prominent in the part of the anterior piriform cortex deep to the LOT. During the remainder of the first postnatal week, this overlap resolves and by P7 the segregation of the two sets of afferent fibers is nearly equivalent to that seen in the adult. However, there are several instances in adults where the segregation of these afferents does not develop. First, a relatively small population of aberrant axons derived from the LOT may be traced from layer Ia into layer Ib and then back to layer Ia. Most of these axons are large in diameter and lack the boutonlike varicosities found on smaller axons in layer Ia. They are most prominent in areas where the cortex is highly curved. Second, in layer I of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, bulbar and associational fibers are extensively intermingled. In this case also, the bulbar fibers are large in diameter with only a few boutonlike varicosities. The developmental emergence of afferent segregation and its breakdown in cases where the fibers from the olfactory bulb do not form boutons suggest that an interaction between the two distinct sets of fibers and the dendritic field is responsible for the normal development of this segregation and that this interaction depends on the process of synaptogenesis.
A HeLa subline with an established chromosome pattern and with a stemline chromosome number of 59.

The results are presented of three-year karyological studies in a HeLa cell line. During this period, only hypotriploid chromosome numbers with a stemline number of 59 were observed.
Controlled release of insulin from injectable biodegradable triblock copolymer depot in ZDF rats.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to design sustained release system which provides basal insulin release over a week by one injection in diabetic animals. For an effective injectable formulation and controlled release of insulin, a water soluble biodegradable triblock copolymer of PLGA-PEG-PLGA was used.
Signal Mechanisms of Phototransduction in Retinal RO

The levels of intracellular molecules are modulated by illumination of rod photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina. Among these are Ca ions, cyclic nucleotides (cGMP in particular), and phosphate nucleotides (ATP and GTP). It is presumed now that at least two of these molecules, Ca and cGMP, may function as chemical linkers between the absorption of light by rhodopsin and the ionic channels of the plasma membrane of the rod outer segment that close when the rod is illuminated. The manuscript will review the physiology of the rod cell, the evidence in support of light-dependent changes in the intracellular levels of various small molecules, and the role of these changes in coupling rhodopsin excitation to the control of the light-sensitive membrane channels in the rod.
Donor fluorescence at high trap concentration

We investigate the time development of the donor fluorescence in the presence of a high concentration of acceptor ions which act as traps for the excitation. It is assumed that the transfer rates between donors are symmetric and independent of the energy mismatch and that there is no back transfer from the traps. The donor and acceptor ions are randomly distributed on a lattice with site occupation probabilities ${c}_{D}$ and ${c}_{A}$, respectively. We specialize to the case of dipole-dipole transfer between donors and from donors to acceptors. For a dilute system, ${c}_{D}$, ${c}_{A}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, we use a coherent-potential approximation to calculate the Laplace transform of the donor fluorescence-decay curve for all values of the ratio $\frac{{c}_{A}}{{c}_{D}}$. It is argued that the theory should apply when the microscopic transfer rate between donor ions is at least as large as the corresponding transfer rate from donors to acceptors.
Dielectronic and Radiative Recombination of Highly Stripped Sulfur Ions Incident on Argon

We have measured sulfur K x-ray emission following electron capture for 70 MeV Sq+(q=13-16) ions incident on Ar. K radiation resulting from capture was isolated by detecting coincidences between S K x rays and electron capture events. Two recombination processes which result in the emission of a K x ray were identified: (1) dielectronic recombination, which is the inverse Auger effect and (2) radiative recombination, which results from capture into a high n state (n?2). The cross section for K radiation following capture increases by more than three orders of magnitude for q = 13+ to 16+. The fraction of capture events which result in K radiation increases from 0.0004 for q = 13+ to 0.3 for q = 16+, indicating that radiative recombination becomes relatively more important for high charge states, i.e. as q ? Z. Possible applications to radiative loss processes in a plasma are discussed.
On the gains from an expansion in factor mobility in bilateral trade

A single composite-good two-factor input production model is employed to investigate the gains from an expansion in factor mobility between two countries with different neoclassical technologies. Necessary and sufficient conditions for both countries to gain from an expansion in factor mobility are established. The analysis then develops a criterion based on market information for predicting whether a country would gain from an expansion in factor mobility. Finally, the income distributional effects within and between countries of an expansion in factor mobility are discussed.
Rates of ligand substitution by bromide, thiocyanate, and azide lons at iron (III) ion in dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent

Rate constants for ligand substitution by bromide, thiocyanate and azide ions at iron(III) ion in dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent, determined by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, are similar and are consistent with a dissociative mechanism. In addition, azide ion gives a second much slower, reaction, attributed to formation of a binuclear complex. Results of similar measurements with thiocyanate ion in acetonitrile were more complicated, attributed to a marked influence of residual water on the reactivity of iron (III) ion.
Endothelial cell mitogenesis induced by LPA: inhibition by thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2.

Abstract We examined the effects of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) on the uptake of tritiated thymidine by bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells in response to two growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). bFGF and LPA stimulate cell proliferation through distinct receptors that have convergent signaling pathways. The doses of LPA that trigger proliferation of BAE cells, which have not been reported previously, were 1 to 30 μmol/L, as opposed to the 5 to 100 μmol/L concentrations required to stimulate proliferation of human foreskin fibroblasts. Baseline mitogenic activity and activity stimulated by either bFGF or LPA on BAE cells was inhibited by human TSP1 purified from platelets or a recombinant source with a similar dose response. These results demonstrate that the anti-proliferative effect of platelet TSP1 is not caused by contaminants from the stimulated platelet. Recombinant mouse TSP2 inhibited BAE cell proliferation in response to LPA in a dose range similar to that of TSP1. Inasmuch as TSP2 does not activate latent TGFβ1 (Schultz-Cherry et al., J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 7304), these results show that inhibition of angiogenesis by TSPs is not related to control of activation of TGFβ. Together, these studies suggest that structural motifs common to TSP1 and TSP2 inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, TSPs inhibit cell proliferation stimulated by two growth factor receptors that act through distinct signaling pathways.
Spatial and temporal dimensions of Middle Eastern skeletal populations

Osteometric variables of 48 local populations from Southern Europe and the Middle East, ranging in time from 3100 B.C. to 200 A.D., are analyzed to determine their spatial and temporal relationships. Probit analysis is carried out on each population to insure the normality of each sample. The Student-Newman-Keuls test is used to determine significant differences between population means for populations which vary in time but not in space. The few significant differences which exist can be explained by either drift, selection or migration. The population means of all variables are plotted against time to determine whether significant correlations exist. Only two of 16 variables show a significant correlation with time. A model of this region as a single interbreeding group of populations is rejected. F-ratios and Bartlett's test are used to test models in which at least partially isolated subgroups are assumed. A model based on modern political boundaries is rejected because of non-significant F-ratios and heterogeneous variance. However, a model based on spatial isolation and ancient cultural boundaries shows significant F-ratios for all variables except one; also, Bartlett's test confirms the homogeneity of variance for all variables. In the evolution of these populations during the time period under consideration, it is concluded that evolution proceeds slowly; small changes per generation of phenotypic characteristics are noted. Except in a few cases, migration is believed to have little effect on the population evolution of this area. Drift also is believed to have little effect, so that the primary factor affecting these populations is natural selection.
The Heritability of Personality is not Always 50%: Gene-Environment Interactions and Correlations between Personality and Parenting

Twin studies of personality are consistent in attributing approximately half of the variance in personality to genetic effects, with the remaining variance attributed to environments that make people within the same families different. Such conclusions, however, are based on quantitative models of human individual differences that estimate genetic and environmental contributions as constants for entire populations. Recent advances in statistical modeling allow for the possibility of estimating genetic and environmental contributions contingent on other variables, allowing the quantification of phenomena that have traditionally been characterized as gene-environment interaction and correlation. We applied these newer models to understand how adolescents' descriptions of their relationships with their parents might change or moderate the impact of genetic and environmental factors on personality. We documented notable moderation in the domains of positive and negative emotionality, with parental relationships acting both to enhance and diminish both genetic and environmental effects. We discuss how genetic and environmental contributions to personality might be more richly conceptualized as dynamic systems of gene-environment interplay--systems that are not captured by classical concepts, such as the overall heritability of personality.
Host Acid Sphingomyelinase Regulates Microvascular Function Not Tumor Immunity

Previous studies provided evidence that MCA/129 fibrosarcomas and B16 melanomas grow 2- to 4-fold faster in acid sphingomyelinase (asmase)-deficient mice than in asmase(+/+) littermates and are resistant to single-dose irradiation due to inability to mount an apoptotic response in tumor microvascular endothelium. However, others postulated the differences might be associated with a host antitumor immune response in asmase(+/+) mice that is not expressed in asmase(-/-) mice due to phenotypic deficiency in antitumor immunity. The present studies demonstrate that none of the tumor-host combinations displayed the classic criteria of an immunogenic tumor because they lacked endotumoral or peritumoral infiltrates almost entirely. Furthermore, neither MCA/129 fibrosarcoma nor B16 melanoma tumors showed differences in growth or radioresponsiveness when implanted into mutant mouse models (Rag(-/-) and MEF(-/-)) lacking functional immune cell [natural killer (NK), NK-T, T, and B cells] populations. Additionally, development and function of B-, T-, and NK-cell populations in asmase(-/-) mice were normal, indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates. These data provide definitive evidence that MCA/129 fibrosarcomas and B16F1 melanomas do not elicit a host immune response in wild-type mice and that the asmase(-/-) phenotype is not deficient in antitumor immunity, supporting the notion that the patterns of tumors growth and radiation response are conditionally linked to the ability of the tumor endothelium to undergo ASMase-mediated apoptosis.
Two-frequency two-time correlations and spectra for an ionospheric reflection channel

A wideband HF oblique experiment over the ionospheric reflection channel has been conducted. The experiment measures the complex transfer function simultaneously at six frequencies selected from 800 discrete frequencies in the range of 5 to 15 MHz in the west-east path 1400 km long. Based on the measured transfer function, the two-frequency two-time correlation function and the power spectral density are computed. Various statistics, such as correlation time and correlation bandwidth are deduced, and their evolution with time is studied. >
Mitigating residential exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

Abstract In a companion paper, we used a simulation model to explore secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposures for typical conditions in residences. In the current paper, we extend this analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of physical mitigation approaches in reducing nonsmokers’ exposure to airborne SHS particulate matter in a hypothetical 6-zone house. Measures investigated included closing doors or opening windows in response to smoking activity, modifying location patterns to segregate the nonsmoker and the active smoker, and operating particle filtration devices. We first performed 24 scripted simulation trials using hypothetical patterns of occupant location. We then performed cohort simulation trials across 25 mitigation scenarios using over 1000 pairs of nonsmoker and smoker time-location patterns that were selected from a survey of human activity patterns in US homes. We limited cohort pairs to cases where more than 10 cigarettes were smoked indoors at home each day and the nonsmoker was at home for more than two thirds of the day. We evaluated the effectiveness of each mitigation approach by examining its impact on the simulated frequency distribution of residential SHS particle exposure. The two most effective strategies were the isolation of the smoker in a closed room with an open window, and a ban on smoking whenever the nonsmoker was at home. The use of open windows to supply local or cross ventilation, or the operation of portable filtration devices in smoking rooms, provided moderate exposure reductions. Closed doors, by themselves, were not effective.
High Prevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminths in Western Kenya: Failure to Implement Deworming Guidelines in Rural Nyanza Province

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections affect an estimated 2 billion people world wide. Children experience the greatest morbidity, limiting their potential in academic and physical endeavors. Our study assessed the prevalence of STH infections in primary school-aged children in a rural village in the Nyanza Province of Kenya. Over two-thirds (68%) of the sampled population tested positive using a direct smear microscopic analysis of single stool samples. Only heavy worm infections would be detected with this technique; thus 68% is a minimum estimate of prevalence. Prior to our study, there were no deworming programs in this village, despite WHO and Kenyan government guidelines supporting regular deworming programs. Our study demonstrates the significant burden of STH infections in a rural Kenyan village and highlights the need for deworming programs in similar venues. We also demonstrate that with basic infrastructure and community involvement, regular deworming can be implemented effectively in remote, rural communities.
The decision to continue a pregnancy affected by Down syndrome: timing of decision and satisfaction with receiving a prenatal diagnosis.

In order to provide the best genetic counseling possible for women who learn of a diagnosis of Down syndrome prenatally, we sought to assess the timing of the decision to continue a pregnancy and the satisfaction these women had with learning this information. Fifty-six mothers of children with Down syndrome diagnosed prenatally between 2007 and 2010 completed a survey regarding their experience with decision-making after prenatal diagnosis. Approximately one third (17/56) of participants reported they knew before getting pregnant that they would not terminate for any reason, and almost half of the participants (24/56) reported they did not decide to continue their pregnancy until after the diagnosis. Many participants (82 %; 42/56) stated that learning the diagnosis during pregnancy increased their anxiety. The majority (88 %; 45/56) also reported that if they could do it over again, they would undergo prenatal testing for preparation purposes, despite increased anxiety. Religious and spiritual beliefs as well as feeling attached to the baby were the personal factors that had the greatest impact on most women’s decision-making. Despite increased anxiety caused by learning the diagnosis prenatally, most women favored prenatal diagnosis as it allowed them time to process the information and prepare for the birth of their child.
Group intervention to reduce HIV transmission risk behavior among persons living with HIV/AIDS

Results of a randomized controlled trial show that a behavioral intervention grounded in social cognitive theory reduces unprotected sexual behaviors among men and women living with HIV infection, with the greatest reductions in HIV transmission risk behaviors occurring with non-HIV-positive sex partners. In this article, the authors describe the intervention development and intervention content of the social cognitive risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive persons. The effective five group session intervention focused on enhancing motivation through self-reflection and developing coping efficacy skills for HIV disclosure decision making, active listening, assertiveness, and problem solving for disclosure and transmission risk reduction behaviors. Intervention components were tailored for gender and sexual orientation and integrated skills practice sessions used role-plays couched within scenes from popular films. This intervention was demonstrated to be effective in a community-service delivery setting and can be adapted for implementation in HIV-related services delivered within support groups.
Characterization of hydrogen etched 6H–SiC(0001) substrates and subsequently grown AlN films

Wafers of n-type, 6H–SiC(0001) with (ND–NA)=(5.1–7.5)×1017 and 2.5×1018 were etched in a flowing 25%H2/75%He mixture within the range of 1500–1640 °C at 1 atm. Equilibrium thermodynamic calculations indicated that the presence of atomic hydrogen is necessary to achieve etching of SiC. Atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and low energy electron diffraction of the etched surface revealed a faceted surface morphology with unit cell and half unit cell high steps and a 1×1 reconstruction. The latter sample also exhibited a much larger number of hexagonal pits on the surface. Annealing the etched samples under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) at 1030 °C for 15 min resulted in (1) a reduction of the surface oxygen and adventitious hydrocarbons below the detection limit of Auger electron spectroscopy, (2) a (√3×√3)R30° reconstructed surface and (3) a Si-to-C peak-to-peak height ratio of 1.2. By contrast, using a chemical vapor cleaning (CVC) process consisting of an exposure to 3000 Langmuir (L) of silane at 1030 ...
GIS-based urban modelling: practices problems and prospects.

"This paper reviews the practices, problems, and prospects of GIS-based urban modelling. The author argues that current stand-alone and various loose/tight coupling approaches for GIS-based urban modelling are essentially technology-driven without adequate justification and verification for the urban models being implemented. The absolute view of space and time embodied in the current generation of GIS also imposes constraints on the type of new urban models that can be developed. By reframing the future research agenda from a geographical information science (GISci) perspective, the author contends that the integration of urban modelling with GIS must proceed with the development of new models for the informational cities, the incorporation of multi-dimensional concepts of space and time in GIS, and the further extension of the feature-based model to implement these new urban models and spatial-temporal concepts according to the emerging interoperable paradigm."
Techniques for early warning of systematic failures of aerospace components

Fleets of aerospace equipment are managed through carefully controlled supply chain processes. When any of the planning assumptions are no longer valid, an unexpected demand on maintenance and supply can develop, reducing the availability of equipment. Earlier detection of unexpected trends in demand can mitigate their impact. Systematic failures of components in man-made fleets bear an analogy to disease outbreaks in the human community. This paper presents evidence that mathematics originally developed for public health surveillance can be effectively used in support of aerospace fleet management. The central results include the formulation of new data-driven analytics to allow maintenance and supply managers to be notified about emergence of a possible problem substantially earlier than it was possible before, the ability to routinely screen incoming data for indications of problems of a broad variety of types even if their number is very large, and the ability to pragmatically prioritize investigative efforts according to the statistical significance of the detections. 12
Intention, interpretation and the computational structure of language

I show how a conversational process that takes simple, intuitively meaningful steps may be understood as a sophisticated computation that derives the richly detailed, complex representations implicit in our knowledge of language. To develop the account, I argue that natural language is structured in a way that lets us formalize grammatical knowledge precisely in terms of rich primitives of interpretation. Primitives of interpretation can be correctly viewed intentionally, as explanations of our choices of linguistic actions; the model therefore fits our intuitions about meaning in conversation. Nevertheless, interpretations for complex utterances can be built from these primitives by simple operations of grammatical derivation. In bridging analyses of meaning at semantic and symbol-processing levels, this account underscores the fundamental place for computation in the cognitive science of language use.
Effect of Glucosamine on Glucose Control

Objective:To review the literature regarding the effect of glucosamine on glucose control.Data Sources:English-language articles on the effects of administration of exogenous glucosamine on glucose control were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966–March 2006), EMBASE (1988–March 2006), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2006) databases using the search terms glucosamine, blood glucose, and diabetes mellitus. Abstracts of articles were then reviewed to determine relevance to the topic. Bibliographies of selected articles were screened for other pertinent references.Data Synthesis:Theoretically, glucosamine may alter glucose metabolism. Insulin resistance has been noted following intravenous administration of glucosamine in animal studies; however, these findings have not been confirmed in humans. Alterations in glucose control have not been documented in long-term efficacy studies using oral glucosamine for osteoarthritis or in trials of short duration conducted in healthy or di...
Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI)

The National Research Council Earth Science Decadal Survey, Earth Science Applications from Space, recommends that DESDynI (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice), an integrated L-band InSAR and multibeam Lidar mission, launch in the 2010-2013 timeframe. The mission will measure surface deformation for solid Earth and cryosphere objectives and vegetation structure for understanding the carbon cycle. InSAR has been used to study surface deformation of the solid Earth and cryosphere and more recently vegetation structure for estimates of biomass and ecosystem function. Lidar directly measures topography and vegetation structure and is used to estimate biomass and detect changes in surface elevation. The goal of DESDynI is to take advantage of the spatial continuity of InSAR and the precision and directness of Lidar. There are several issues related to the design of the DESDynI mission, including combining the two instruments into a single platform, optimizing the coverage and orbit for the two techniques, and carrying out the science modeling to define and maximize the scientific output of the mission.
Developing a Community Cyber Security Incident Response Capability

Much has been written on cyber incident response and there are many documents that address the process an organization should follow in the event of a cyber attack or incident. What is not addressed, however, is what the response process should be in the event of a cyber attack on a community. Community leaders do not have direct control or authority over the many disparate organizations within a community but may reasonably be expected to direct the response to such an attack. This paper addresses this issue and makes various recommendations for what communities can do in preparing for a community response to a cyber attack or incident.
Tractional Retinal Detachments in Adults and Children

Tractional retinal detachments (TRDs) are amongst the most difficult cases for vitreoretinal surgeons. However, recent advances in instrumentation, technique, and adjunctive therapies have helped facilitate better surgical outcomes. TRDs may occur in both children and adults, and though they share many anatomic and pathophysiologic similarities, there are important distinctions in the approaches to surgical repair. Here we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and strategies for management of TRDs in adults and children.
Fixed-boundary constituencies and the principle of equal representation in Ireland

AbstractThe process of constituency boundary revision in Ireland, designed to satisfy what is perceived as a rigid requirement that a uniform deputy-population ratio be maintained across constituencies, has traditionally consumed a great deal of the time of politicians and officials. For almost two decades after a High Court ruling in 1961, the process was a political one, was highly contentious, and was marked by serious allegations of ministerial gerrymandering. The introduction in 1979 of constituency commissions made up of officials neutralised, for the most part, charges that the system had become too politicised, but it continued the process of micro-management of constituency boundaries. This article suggests that the continuing problems caused by this system – notably, the permanently changing nature of constituency boundaries and resulting difficulties of geographical identification – could be resolved by reversion to the procedure that is normal in proportional representation systems: periodic p...
Nomographic Solutions for Position Relations Between a Close Earth Satellite and its Observer

(1959). Nomographic Solutions for Position Relations Between a Close Earth Satellite and its Observer. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 393-401.
The Distribution of Selling Effort among Geographic Areas

EDITOR'S NOTE: This article by Professor Wellman and the accompanying answer [by Dr. Cowan deal with some very important questions of statistical procedure and interpretation. At one point Professor Wellman says, "If the independent variables used in the correlation analysis had explained all of the variations in the dependent variable, the estimated values would have been identical with the actual values." Some market analysts would say, then, that the differences result from differences in selling effectiveness. Whether the problem is as simple as this, and what else is involved, is developed at length in the article and answer.
Economic Assessment of Producing Corn and Cellulosic Ethanol Mandate on Agricultural Producers and Consumers in the United States

Strong support for the biofuels program in the USA is expected to influence dedicated biomass crops production. Their production is expected to compete for resources with traditional crops and in turn influence commodity prices, economic surplus, and trade balance. Implications of dedicated biomass crop as bioenergy feedstock, alternative energy policies, and government initiatives on agricultural producers and consumers are evaluated using a national quantitative model, AGSIM. Economic impacts include effect on cropping patterns, crop prices, fertilizer prices, consumer and producer surplus, and trade balance. Economic analyses based on alternative assumptions related to marginal lands currently in conservation use returning to crop production as well as biomass crop yields are conducted. Results indicate that present biofuel policies are associated with large costs to consumers in terms of increased commodity prices and negative trade balance. Increase in net farm income is offset by decrease in consumer surplus. The results represent a robust set of economic impacts, which suggests policy makers to consider the unexpected economic consequences of bioenergy policy and warrants consideration of multiple alternative energy sources to achieve a sustainable energy goal.
Experimental treatment strategies in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.

Purpose of reviewCutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies derived from skin-homing or resident T cells. Effective treatments are limited, thus new therapies are in development to address the unmet medical need.Recent findingsRecent studies uncovering the genet
High-Performance Energy-Efficient Multicore-Based Parallel Embedded Computing*

The high-performance energy-efficient embedded computing (HPEEC) domain addresses the unique design challenges of high-performance and low-power/energy embedded computing. This chapter focuses on high-performance and energy-efficient techniques that are applicable to embedded systems (chip multiprocessors (CMPs), systems-on-chip (SoCs), or multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs)) to meet particular application requirements. The HPEPEC domain benefits from architectural innovations in processor core layouts, memory design and interconnection networks. The chapter discusses various characteristics of embedded system applications and presents novel architectural approaches to increase performance and reduce energy consumption in parallel embedded systems. It also discusses hardware-assisted middleware techniques for performance and energy optimization of parallel embedded systems and describes software approaches for improving performance and power efficiency of a parallel embedded platform. In addition, it addresses some prominent multicore-based parallel processors and emphasizes on their HPEEC features. Finally, the chapter highlights research challenges and future research directions for HPEPEC.
General and non-general intelligence factors simultaneously influence SAT, SAT-V, and SAT-M performance

Abstract This study compared two views that differ about the composition of the SAT: one view that proposes both general intelligence and non-general intelligence factors predict SAT, SAT-V, and SAT-M performance and a second view that proposes that just a general intelligence factor or “g” predicts SAT, SAT-V, and SAT-M performance. The results suggested that structural equation models (i.e., SEMs) that included multiple factors (i.e., general intelligence, metacognitive awareness, and performance avoidance-test anxiety) as predictors were significantly better at explaining the SAT and SAT-M data than were SEMs that included: (i) just a general intelligence factor as a predictor or (ii) just metacognitive + social-personality factors as predictors (i.e., metacognitive awareness, performance avoidance-test anxiety). Moreover, this multiple factor SEM was also suitable for explaining the SAT-V data. However for the SAT-V, the results also suggested that a SEM that included just a general intelligence factor as a predictor was better at explaining the SAT-V data than was a SEM that included multiple factors as predictors (i.e., general intelligence, metacognitive awareness, and performance avoidance-test anxiety) or a SEM that included just metacognitive and social-personality factors as predictors (i.e., metacognitive awareness, performance avoidance-test anxiety).
Taking the Challenge for Real Food: Student Engagement in Procuring Sustainably Produced Food on Campus

In the fall of 2011, a graduate seminar in applied environmental sociology at a southern university in the U.S. took on a project to help an undergraduate student environmental organization obtain local and sustainably produced food for the university cafeteria. The aim was for our seminar to use community-based research (CBR) to help Reconnect, the student club, drive social change. An important objective was for the seminar students to apply their academic skills to helping the student club while acquiring the new skills developed through engaging in social change. In this reflective essay, we share our experience as a team of practitioners utilizing a community-based research approach in working with an undergradu­ate student group to launch a campaign to get local and sustainably produced food into the university cafeteria. During the project, we encountered many challenges yet had many accomplishments. For instance, there was resistance from the university’s corporate food vendor, which ultimately prevented Reconnect from realizing local and sustainable food in the university cafeteria. However, we helped Reconnect build capacity for the initiative and catalyzed other institutional successes includ­ing laying the groundwork for a permanent farmers market on campus.
U.S. Federal Trade Commission Investigation of Google Search (2013)

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission opened an investigation into Google’s search practices in 2012. The investigation responded to complaints that Google’s “Universal Search” display favored its own web properties and demoted competing services. The Commission also investigated Google’s “scraping” of websites to obtain data for its proprietary properties and an allegation that Google prevented third parties from porting programs developed for Google “AdWords” keyword advertising to other search platforms. The Commission ended its investigation in 2013 with no action regarding alleged search bias. The Commission accepted a unilateral commitment from Google to allow websites to opt out of scraping and to amend its conditions to allow porting of AdWords management programs to other platforms. The European Commission reached a different conclusion in its investigation of Google’s search-related practices. This chapter describes the allegations and the factors that should be considered to assess allegations that Google harms competition by favoring services in which it has a financial interest.
The Role of the Primitive Lateral Basilovertebral Anastomosis of Padget in Variations of the Vertebrobasilar Arterial System.

Purpose: The primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis (PLBA) is an embryonic longitudinal anastomotic channel that transiently interconnects the developing branches of the vertebrobasilar system. This study reviews the anatomy of the PLBA and describes several variants associated with its partial persistence. Methods: Four types of vertebrobasilar anomalies linked to the PLBA are illustrated by 13 angiographic observations. Results: The angiographic appearances of (i) typical and atypical persistent trigeminal artery variants, (ii) common trunks of origin for one, two or three cerebellar arteries, (iii) aberrant origins of the cerebellar arteries, and (iv) vertebrobasilar duplications are described. The PLBA is the cranial continuation of the ascending ramus of the dorsal radicular branch of the proatlantal artery (i.e., the radicular artery of C1) and represents the cranial equivalent of the posterior-lateral spinal artery. Conclusion: Several previously ill-defined or misunderstood variations of the vertebrobasilar system can be explained by partial persistence of the PLBA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.