cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A coupled kinetic Monte Carlo-finite element mesoscale model for thermoelastic martensitic phase transformations in shape memory alloys

Abstract A mesoscale modeling framework integrating thermodynamics, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) and finite element mechanics (FEM) is developed to simulate displacive thermoelastic transformations between austenite and martensite in shape memory alloys (SMAs). The model is based on a transition state approximation for the energy landscape of the two phases under loading or cooling, which leads to the activation energy and rate for transformation domains incorporating local stress states. The evolved stress state after each domain transformation event is calculated by FEM, and is subsequently used in the stochastic KMC algorithm to determine the next domain to transform. The model captures transformation stochasticity, and predicts internal phase and stress distributions and evolution throughout the entire incubation, nucleation and growth process. It also relates the critical transformation stresses or temperatures to internal activation energies. It therefore enables quantitative exploration of transformation dynamics and transformation–microstructure interactions. The model is used to simulate superelasticity (mechanically induced transformation) under both load control and strain control in single-crystal SMAs under uniaxial tension.
Purification and Partial Characterization of an Acid Phosphatase from Spirodela oligorrhiza and Its Affinity for Selected Organophosphate Pesticides

An acid phosphatase from the aquatic plant Spirodela oligorrhiza (duckweed) was isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography and partially characterized. The enzyme was purified 1871-fold with a total yield of 40%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE) of the pure acid phosphatase resolved a single protein band that migrated to approximately 60 kDa. Nondenaturing SDS−PAGE electrophoresis revealed a single protein band around 120 kDa after staining with Coomassie Brilliant blue. Quantitative gel filtration chromatography estimated a native molecular mass of this enzyme to be 120 kDa. Thus, this acid phosphatase likely functions as a homodimer, consisting of two similar 60 kDa subunits. An electrophoretic technique using the flourogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate enabled visualization of an acid phosphatase activity that corresponded to the protein band at 120 kDa on a nondenaturing PAGE gel. It was determined that the acid phosphatase had a pH optimum of 6.0 a...
PHOTOGRAPHIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS WITH NONROTATIONAL ASPHERIC SURFACES

Sections of nonrotational aspheric surfaces can be useful in a variety of optical situations. In several examples, image-forming objectives, as for photographic or electronic camera products, are described in which suitably located asymmetric pairs of refractive surfaces are devised, such that relative rotation about a displaced axis of one with respect to the other can be used to produce a focusing effect that is satisfactory for imaging purposes over reasonable fields of view and for practicable apertures and achromatic corrections. Taylor expansions about assignable reference points in any given surface of a sequence, together with suitable coordinate systems, can be employed to relate performance to shape parameters.
Optical Möbius symmetry in metamaterials.

We experimentally observed a new topological symmetry in optical composites, namely, metamaterials. While it is not found yet in nature materials, the electromagnetic Mobius symmetry discovered in metamaterials is equivalent to the structural symmetry of a Mobius strip, with the number of twists controlled by the sign change of the electromagnetic coupling between the meta-atoms. We further demonstrate that metamaterials with different coupling signs exhibit resonance frequencies that depend only on the number but not the locations of the ''twists,'' thus confirming its topological nature. The new topological symmetry found in metamaterials may enable unique functionalities in optical materials.
Political Economic Analysis in Sociology as Dramatic Rhetoric

The relationship between political economy and social problems advanced by S. M. Miller in his presidential address to the Society for the Study of Social Problems is analyzed. Political economy is judged to qualify as ritual drama as much as science or as ideology because (1) political economy reduces Maclver's distributive and conjunctural phenomena to collective phenomena, (2) it fails to grapple directly with political and economic obstacles to its proposed policies, and (3) it does invest these obstacles with symbolism. The function of ritual drama is suggested and the concept is applied to the work of other sociologists.
Three-dimensional radiative transfer using a Fourier-transform matrix-operator method

The three-dimensional equation of transfer for a scattering medium with planar geometry is solved by using a spatial Fourier transform and extending matrix-operator techniques developed previously for the one-dimensional equation. Doubling and adding algorithms were derived by means of an interaction principle for computing the Fourier-transformed radiation field. The resulting expressions fully describe the radiative transfer process in a scattering medium, inhomogeneous in the x-, y- and z-directions, illuminated from above by an arbitrarily general intensity field and bounded from below by a surface with completely general reflection properties.
The global resurgence of arboviral diseases

Introduction There has been a global resurgence of infectious diseases, especially arboviruses, in the past 15 years (INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE, 1992; CDC, 1994). Of 8 emergent infectious diseases listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as causing important epidemics in 1993, 3 (37.5%: dengue, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever) were caused by arboviruses (CDC, 1994). This trend has continued in 1994 and 1995; major arboviral epidemics that have occurred from 1980 to 1995 are shown in the Figure by geographical region. This paper will briefly review these diseases and discuss important factors relating to their emergence as major public health problems.
How Viktor Yanukovych Won: Reassessing the Dominant Narratives of Ukraine’s 2010 Presidential Election

This article explores two prominent narratives through an analysis of election data. The first narrative is that Yanukovych’s win was legitimate. While fraud may have been present, its scale was small and it was not decisive. The second narrative suggests that Ukraine’s major operational political cleavage separates eastern and western regions, rendering the central region of the country a crucial prize for candidates to secure victory in presidential contests.
Low-noise parametric frequency comb for continuous C-plus-L-band 16-QAM channels generation.

A low phase noise frequency comb generated from a continuous-wave seed is experimentally demonstrated across continuous C- and L-bands. Parametrically generated carriers with optical signal-to-noise ratio in excess of 45dB were used to generate 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulated signals. We characterize 20 GBaud channels’ performance that was varied by only 1.7 dB across the combined C/L band.
Partisan Transformation of the Federal Judiciary, 1869-1992

Time series analytic models are developed to evaluate institutional and political factors affecting the president's ability to appoint same-party members to the federal courts over the period 1869-1992. Controlling for party of the president, the authors examine the percentage of partisan appointments to and voluntary departures from these courts. The authors find that although the outcomes of presidential elections lead to sweeping changes in the partisan composition of the bench, the judiciary itself plays a large role in abetting same-party appointments through politically timed departures. Government control (unified versus divided) also enters the equation, as does the unique politics of filling positions created by omnibus judgeship legislation. The study underscores the importance of interinstitutional relationships to analyses of change in the partisan composition of the judiciary.
Hydrogeologic insights for a Devil's Slide‐like system

Tectonically active coastal margins commonly host landslides that are influenced by hydrologic, geologic, and/or anthropogenic perturbations. The work reported here is motivated by the hydrologically driven, deep-seated bedrock slides that intersect the (former) Pacific Coast Highway in the active landslide zone at Devil's Slide near Pacifica, California. Numerical simulation of subsurface flow is employed to investigate saturated zone fluid pressure scenarios for 3-D Devil's Slide-like systems. The four-phase concept-development effort is comprised of 134 hydrogeologic simulation scenarios which investigate fluid pressure response for complex subsurface conditions and historically based climate forcings. Recharge, heterogeneity, and anisotropy are shown to increase fluid pressures in targeted failure-prone locations by up to 73.8, 10.3, and 1.8 %, respectively. The interaction between fault zone characteristics and topographically driven flow are shown to influence fluid pressures for up to 85% of the approximately 7.0 × 105 m2 study area. Simulated fluid pressures support the known slope instability for the Devil's Slide site. A quantitative hypothesis-testing discussion explores the likelihood of perched water above the regional water table at the site. Further understanding of hydrologically driven slope movement in the active landslide zone will require additional data focused on rigorous characterization of the unsaturated zone.
Hydrogen Peroxide Associated with Ambient Fine-Mode, Diesel, and Biodiesel Aerosol Particles in Southern California

To investigate the sources of H2O2 generation in fine-mode aerosols, a series of measurements on laboratory-generated particles, source materials, and ambient particles collected in the Los Angeles area were performed. Ambient fine-mode H2O2 levels were associated with transition metals, and were increased by the addition of dithiothreitol, a marker for quinone redox activity. H2O2 levels were sensitive to the pH of the particle extraction solutions, peaking in the pH range of 2.5–5.5. The initial rate of H2O2 generation by fine-mode ambient aerosols averaged 5.9 (±2.8) × 10−9 M min−1, in the range of the initial rates of H2O2 generation by active quinones and hydroxyl radical generation by transition metals. H2O2 levels were persistent, remaining nearly constant for about a week in ambient fine-mode particles. Laboratory experiments show that secondary organic aerosols and diesel and biodiesel exhaust particles generate as much or more H2O2 than ambient particles. These data indicate roles for metals suc...
Characterization of Naturally-occurring and Anthropogenic PAHs in Urban Sediments-Wycoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous constituents in urban sedimentary environments. The accurate characterization of their source(s) in sediments influences decisions regarding the liability for clean-up and remedial options. In this study, an extensive PAH dataset that included 50 non-alkylated (parent) and alkylated PAH groups and isomers was acquired using a modified EPA Method 8270 for the study of 5 cm intervals from 10 sediment cores (28-78 cm) obtained from the Eagle Harbor Superfund Site on Bainbridge Island, Washington. Conventional hydrocarbon "fingerprinting" and the PAH profiles in the Pb 210 age-dated cores revealed three primary PAH sources to the sediments over the past 220 years, namely (1) naturally occurring background; (2) urban runoff, and (3) creosote, the latter resulting from prior operations at the former Wyckoff wood-processing facility located on the Harbor. Naturally occurring background PAH in the pre-industrial (<1900) sediments were dominated by perylene, 1,...
Intracerebroventricular Cholecystokinin A-Receptor Antagonist Does Not Reduce Satiation by Endogenous CCK

Abstract Brenner, L. A. and R. C. Ritter. Intracerebroventricular cholecystokinin A-receptor antagonist does not reduce satiation by endogenous CCK. Physiol Behav 63(4) 711–716, 1998. Suppression of sham feeding by exogenous CCK-8 or intraintestinal oleate infusion is attenuated by peripheral administration of the CCK-A receptor antagonist, devazepide, but not by the CCK-B antagonist, L365260. Likewise, systemically administered devazepide increases food intake by real feeding rats. These results suggest that endogenous CCK participates in the reduction of food intake by intestinal oleate and ingested food. Although originally categorized as a “peripheral” receptor subtype, the CCK-A receptor is also present in the brain. In an effort to examine whether devazepide acts in the brain or in the periphery to attenuate suppression of food intake by intraintestinal oleate, we injected devazepide into the lateral or fourth cerebral ventricles of intraintestinally infused, sham-fed rats. We also compared the ability of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) devazepide to elicit increased food intake in real feeding rats. Doses of devazepide that were sufficient to attenuate or abolish oleate-induced suppression of sham feeding, when administered i.p., failed to attenuate suppression of intake when administered i.c.v.. i.p. devazepide also was more effective than i.c.v. devazepide for attenuation of the suppression of sham feeding by i.p. injection of exogenous CCK-8. Finally, i.c.v. devazepide was ineffective for increasing real food intake, whereas the same dose administered i.p. significantly increased food intake. Our results do not support participation of brain CCK–A receptors in the suppression of food intake by exogenous CCK, or by endogenous CCK released after intraintestinal oleate infusion, or food intake.
Quality University Decision-Making in Times of Crisis: Advice to Continuing Educators.

When I first began to sketch out this article in October 2008, the contours of our nation's budgetary meltdown were just beginning to emerge. Now, in February 2009, there are few people who remain ...
Circadian variation of blood pressure and the assessment of antihypertensive therapy.

The inherent variability of activity and the awake-sleep cycle creates changes in hemodynamics that may influence the outcome of a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Recently, data suggest that increased variability of blood pressure may promote excessive hypertensive target organ disease. Several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death have an excess incidence in the first several hours post-awakening. Additionally, surveys of the incidence of stroke (both ischemic and hemorrhagic) have shown an excess for the hours between 8 a.m. and noon. The pathophysiologic bases for the increased number of cardiac and cerebrovascular events in the early morning hours may be both due to hemodynamic and hematorrheologic factors. During the past several years, therapeutic studies have evaluated the effects of antihypertensive therapies on blood pressure and heart rate during the circadian or 24 h period. There are a few studies that have evaluated nighttime dosing of conventional antihypertensive therapies but these have generally been statistically underpowered to demonstrate differences of morning versus evening dosing on circadian blood pressure. Since the timing of dosing (and hence the delivery of antihypertensive therapy) may be clinically relevant, prospective and well-performed clinical trials of chronotherapy are necessary. In this review, we evaluate new data on the clinical impact of cardiovascular chronotherapy and the importance of timing of dosing on pharmacodynamics.
Techniques for the Analysis and Elimination of Transient Oscillations in Wideband and Ultra-Wideband Pulsed Power Amplifiers

Wideband pulsed power amplifiers (PAs) often exhibit undesirable transient oscillations at the trailing edges of the pulsed radiofrequency (RF) output. To combat this problem, this paper introduces an approach for predicting and eliminating such transient oscillations in pulsed PAs. Root causes for the transient oscillations are identified and contrasted with other time-domain pulse-distortion phenomena. Effective analytical techniques are presented for predicting transient instability during the PA design process. These techniques are demonstrated using a series of monolithic GaAs HBT Class-A and Class-C ultra-wideband (UWB) pulsed PA RF integrated circuits (RFICs). RFIC variants designed to exhibit no transient oscillations successfully show no such effects; RFIC variants designed without considering transient stability as a design tradeoff do indeed generate pulsed transients with measured oscillation frequencies and damping ratio parameters in less than 2% error with predictions. These results should greatly facilitate the design of pulsed transmitters for wideband/UWB communications and radar applications.
PLANNING FOR DROUGHT: THE ROLE OF STATE GOVERNMENT

: Although droughts are a frequent occurrence over much of the United States, response by state and federal government has been ineffective and poorly coordinated. Recently, several states have recognized the value of drought emergency planning and have developed plans to assist them in responding more effectively to prolonged periods of water shortage. These states have created an organizational structure to coordinate the assessment and response activities of state and federal agencies. Each state's drought response plan is unique since each state's water supply and management problems, and their consequent impacts, are unique. The drought response plans developed by Colorado, South Dakota and New York are reviewed here in detail. We recommend that other states affected by frequent and severe water shortages also develop drought emergency plans. These plans will enhance state government's ability to implement effective measures in a timely manner and, ultimately, may provide added incentive for the federal government to develop the national drought response plan called for by the General Accounting Office in 1979.
A modified quadratic cost problem and feedback stabilization of a linear system

This paper considers a feedback control law for linear systems based on a minimum energy regulator problem with fixed terminal constraints on the state. A modification of this control law based on a receding horizon notion is shown to be asymptotically stable and to result in a new method for stabilizing linear time-varying systems, as well as extending some well-known methods for stabilizing time-invariant systems by state variable feedback.
Dysplasia and high proliferation rate are common in acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16)(p13q22).

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with inv(16)(p13q22), also known as M4Eo, is a distinct type of AML with a favorable prognosis associated with abnormal bone marrow eosinophils. We reviewed the morphologic findings of archival bone marrow specimens with M4Eo, specifically assessing for dysplasia, and performed immunohistochemical studies to assess the growth fraction using the MIB-1 (Ki-67) antibody. We also assessed the apoptotic rate by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling. All assessable cases had more than 10% dysplastic forms in at least 1 lineage. Seventeen cases had 10% or more dysplastic forms, and 3 cases had more than 50% dysplastic forms in at least 2 lineages. Immunoreactivity for Ki-67 was higher in M4Eo than in other AML types (P = .000). The apoptotic rate in M4Eo was similar to other AML types (P = .724). Our data show that dysplasia is a prominent feature, but not a prognostic indicator, in M4Eo. M4Eo is associated with a significantly higher proliferation rate than other AML types.
3D terahertz synthetic aperture imaging of objects with arbitrary boundaries

Terahertz (THz) imaging has shown promise for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of a wide variety of manufactured products including integrated circuits and pharmaceutical tablets. Its ability to penetrate many non-polar dielectrics allows tomographic imaging of an object's 3D structure. In NDE applications, the material properties of the target(s) and background media are often well-known a priori and the objective is to identify the presence and/or 3D location of structures or defects within. The authors' earlier work demonstrated the ability to produce accurate 3D images of conductive targets embedded within a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) background. That work assumed a priori knowledge of the refractive index of the HDPE as well as the physical location of the planar air-HDPE boundary. However, many objects of interest exhibit non-planar interfaces, such as varying degrees of curvature over the extent of the surface. Such irregular boundaries introduce refraction effects and other artifacts that distort 3D tomographic images. In this work, two reconstruction techniques are applied to THz synthetic aperture tomography; a holographic reconstruction method that accurately detects the 3D location of an object's irregular boundaries, and a split­-step Fourier algorithm that corrects the artifacts introduced by the surface irregularities. The methods are demonstrated with measurements from a THz time-domain imaging system.
Prolactin release and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity following single and double injections of morphine.

Abstract It is well established that opiate agonists alter tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic activity and consequently prolactin release. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of morphine on prolactin secretion and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity with respect to time after administration. Additionally, the effect of an initial morphine injection on the response produced by a second injection of morphine was determined. The rate of depletion of median eminence dopamine content following synthesis inhibition byα-methyl-p-tyrosine was used as an index of dopaminergic neuronal activity. Male rats given a single injection of morphine sulfate (15 mg/kg, s.c.) showed a significant increase in circulating prolactin levels and had a lower rate of median eminence dopamine turnover 1 h after injection. Four hours after injection, circulating prolactin levels were similar to those in vehicle treated rats, while dopamine turnover was significantly higher than controls. When two injections of morphine sulfate (15 mg/kg, s.c.) were given 4 h apart, the stimulation of prolactin release produced by the second injection was significantly attenuated. Although this second injection caused a significant decrease in dopamine turnover, the turnover rate following this injection was significantly greater than that following the initial injection. The combination of fluoxetine and 5-hydroxytryptophan (FLX/5-HTP) caused an initial increase in prolactin secretion with plasma values returning to basal levels by 4 h. When rats were pretreated with FLX/5-HTP instead of morphine, the prolactin response to an injection of morphine 4 h later was not attenuated. Similarly a FLX/5-HTP pretreatment had no influence on a second injection of FLX/5-HTP administered 4 h later. The attenuation of a secretory response to a second morphine injection is specific to prolactin, since the growth hormone responses to the initial and the second injections of morphine were the same. These results indicate that the response of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons to morphine is biphasic. Following morphine administration, dopamine turnover is initially decreased but by 4 h turnover is increased above pretreatment rates. These alterations in dopamine turnover affect prolactin secretion such that release is initially stimulated, but 4 h later the response to a second morphine stimulation is attenuated.
Anaphylactoid transfusion reactions associated with anti-IgA.

Abstract Six patients whose serum contains antiIgA antibodies had have serious reactions after administration of blood, plasma, or gamma-globulins, presumably due to incompatible IgA globulins. The patients can be divided into two general groups. The first group consists of three patients deficient in IgA who have anti-IgA of broad reactivity (possibly class-specific) and a history of anaphylactic reactions to blood, plasma, or Cohn fraction II. The second group consists of multi-transfused patients whose anti-IgA is of more limited specificity, and who react with urticaria and/or anaphylactoid symptoms: in one of this group, evidence is presented incriminating anti-IgA as the cause of the reaction.
Aortoiliac interventions: Getting started

Preparation is the key to the successful completion of any job. Before performing any procedure, the operator should be intimately familiar with the patient's complaint, the natural history of the disease process, and the risks and benefits of any potential interventions relative to the patient's problem. There are several considerations regarding diagnostic arteriography that implicate subsequent interventions. In general, the common femoral artery is the optimal access route for arteriography and intervention. Occasionally, ipsilateral femoral access facilitates iliac artery revascularization, and other times contralateral access is better. Bilateral femoral access is often required. Accessing a common femoral artery without a pulse is often necessary and can usually be achieved without much difficulty. If the external iliac artery is occluded ipsilateral to the accessed femoral artery, then specialized equipment is required to permit the exchange of the access needle and traversal of the occluded iliac artery.
Investigation of the mathematical properties of a new negative resistance oscillator model

A new negative resistance oscillator model was proposed by Walker and Connelly. We investigate the mathematical properties of the associated nonlinear differential equation for a single-mode LCR network oscillator. In particular, we prove that under suitable conditions, small-amplitude stable limit-cycle oscillations can occur. The method of harmonic balance is used to calculate an analytic approximation to the limit-cycle parameters. Also, the general properties of trajectories in phase-space are presented. These predictions are compared with the results obtained by numerical integration of the differential equation.
In vitro evaluation of early embryo viability and development in summer heat-stressed, superovulated dairy cows.

Our study evaluated the viability and the development in vitro of embryos flushed from superovulated heat-stressed (hot season) and unstressed (cool season) Holstein cows 6 to 8 d after artificial insemination (AI). Plasma progesterone (P4) levels were measured in all cows. The incidence of unfertilized ova was significantly increased in hot-season cows (P < 0.05). There was no seasonal effect on the highly variable P4 levels 6 to 8 d after AI. Morulae and blastocysts flushed from hot-season cows were significantly less viable in culture than morulae or blastocysts flushed from cool-season cows (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0025, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant seasonal effect both on blastulation (P < 0.0025) and hatching of blastocysts developed from morulae in culture (P < 0.005) and on expansion of blastocysts placed in culture at the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). These data lead us to suggest that the reduced fertility of summer heat-stressed dairy cows may result from decreased viability and developmental capacity of Day-6 to Day-8 embryos. In addition, the results indicate that the efficiency of embryo transfer procedures may be significantly lowered by the reduced embryo viability associated with hot weather and that reduced embryo viability may be the cause of the well-documented seasonal reduction in the efficiency of AI.
Carbon nanotube electronics - Materials, devices, circuits, design, modeling, and performance projection

Three key advances in device technology must be made to realize the potential of carbon nanotube transistors: (1) aligned CNT density of ≥200 CNT/µm on a wafer scale, (2) stable p- and n-type doping on the same wafer with control over the doping level, (3) low resistance metal to CNT contact at short (&#60;20 nm) contact length. CNFET technology has now advanced to a point where large scale circuit level demonstration can be contemplated. This is made possible by advances in wafer-scale CNT growth, multiple CNT transfer, and imperfection-immune design techniques to overcome mis-positioned CNTs [11] and m-CNTs (e.g. VMR [18–19] and ACCNT [27]). In order to minimize CNT-specific variations (e.g. CNT count variations [45]), circuit design techniques co-optimized with process technology will play an important role. In the near future, CNFET circuit performance demonstration at GHz clock speed with the requisite device density is expected.
Repression of Smad3 activity by histone demethylase SMCX/JARID1C

Abstract SMCX/JARID1C was recently shown to be a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase. Here, we have identified an SMCX isoform that predominantly resides in the cytoplasm, but still efficiently demethylates trimethylated H3K4. SMCX requires several functional domains for its demethylase activity and is also capable of forming homomers through amino acids 204–493. Further, SMCX physically interacts with Smad3, a mediator of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and overexpression of SMCX inhibits the ability of Smad3 to activate transcription. Thus, SMCX is a novel Smad3 corepressor that may antagonize the tumor suppressing activity of the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway and thereby contribute to tumorigenesis. Indeed, SMCX is overexpressed in prostate tumors and seminomas, suggesting that SMCX might be a novel oncogene.
Energy scaling of spintronics for information processing — A new paradigm towards intelligent systems

The talk will first give a brief overview of the energy scaling challenge of today's CMOS and its derivatives, including FINFET, TUNNET, etc. Several potential spintronics devices, which are being pursued by the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI), along with benchmark efforts will be briefly described. 1 Then I will describe the physics and principles as well as advantages and impact of magnetic devices in terms of their low switching energy, high speed, high endurance, and scalability. In particular, the energy dissipation of spin transfer torque (STT) devices will be described for embedded memory applications when benchmarked with scaled CMOS. Recent progress of spin-orbital interactions for the benefit of energy scaling for potential spintronics devices will be discussed, to improve energy efficient switching via polarized spins. In particular, the new discovered engineering of spin-orbit interaction at the interface will be delineated. 2 ' 3 Recently, it was shown to possibly use electric fields to control magnetic properties of metallic ferromagnetic layers at the metal/insulator interface. For the latter, we will describe a couple of fundamental mechanisms of voltage control of magnetic moment and direction at the metallic surface. Specifically electric field control of metallic magnetism via engineering of the spin-orbit interactions at the metallic interface will be discussed. This leads to electric-field or voltage controlled magneto-electric (ME) memory (MeRAM) 4 , resulting in much reduced energy dissipation for switching as well as improved scaling and density. The dynamics of the switching as well as additional physical processes in improving the switching process will be outlined. Additionally the recent progress in using spin Hall effect with high spin orbital metals 5 as well as topological insulators will be shown to produce large torque for further reducing energy in switching nanomagnets. Energy scaling will be addressed. Further advances are possible by adopting the spin wave bus (SWB) concept - the use of spin waves for logic and interconnect 6 as an alternative for CMOS. This SWB along with other related spin based logic devices will be benchmarked against CMOS in terms of energy dissipation. With low energy, high density embedded memory, and spin wave bus, it may be possible to construct a new type of neuromorphic information processing electronics. Spintronic memory may be integrated directly on top of front-end processed CMOS; further on, it is possible to incorporate SWB to enable new generations of nonvolatile instant-on electronics and a new paradigm of intelligent nano-systems. 7 Other device possibilities using new materials and their emerging potentials will be discussed.
Using event stratigraphy to map the Anthropocene - An example from the historic coal mining region in eastern Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists are increasingly examining the effects of anthropogenic impact on Earth surface processes. To this end, geoscientists have proposed the Anthropocene epoch or age as a new stratigraphic interval documenting sedimentary and biogeochemical evidence of human impact on the geologic record. Although human impact on the surrounding environment is notable, it is time-transgressive, likely occurred in multiple, discrete, short-lived events, and of varying spatial extent. To address this complexity, we propose identifying and measuring anthropogenic impacts on the environment using Anthropogenic event stratigraphy . Much like a debris flow, volcanic ash deposit, or eustatic flooding surface, anthropogenic impacts on the environment can be classified as events. Using geomorphic mapping and event stratigraphy, we document the widespread, but patchy, presence of lithologically unique coal alluvium deposited along the Lehigh and Schuylkill River valleys between 1840 and 1960 AD. The genesis of this stratigraphic event is inextricably linked with increased 19th–20th century coal production through culm bank extraction (and the attendant wastewater effects) and canal and railroad transport to growing markets. This history of human land-use led to widespread alluvial deposition of coal fines along floodplains and terraces. It is formally defined here as the Mammoth Coal Event (MCE). A literature review confirms the presence of the MCE in alluvial environments in Tennessee, northern England, the Netherlands, and possibly New Zealand. Although the MCE may not be present in every alluvial environment on the globe, the systematic study of anthropogenic event complexity in time and space will provide a more comprehensive history of the timing, magnitude, extent and duration of human impact on Earth's surface. We contend that continued mapping of anthropogenic events from a regional to global scale will lead to a more practical and useable age/epoch designation for the Anthropocene.
Effects of ketamine on outcome from temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract This experiment evaluated the potential for ketamine HCl, a non-competitive glutamate antagonist, to minimize injury resulting from temporary focal cerebral ischemia. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly assigned to receive either ketamine (n = 13) or halo hane anesthesia (n = 12) during 2 h reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Ketamine was administered as a 50 mg/kg i.v. loading dose followed by a continous 1.25 mg/kg/min i.v. infusion beginning 25 min prior to ischemia and continued until 30 min after reperfusion. An additional group of rats (ketamine-shmas, n = 8) underwent craniectomy and ketamine administration (as above) but the middle cerebral artery was not ligated. Physiologic values were similar between groups with the exception of plasma glucose which was elevated in the halothane-MCAO group. After 4 days recovery. rats in all groups were neurologically evaluated. There were no differences between the two groups undergoing MCAO for neurologic grading or open field behavior, although both groups performed worse than did ketamine-shams (P
HEPATIC CLEARANCE OF INDOCYANINE GREEN IN THE BEAGLE.

SummaryThe clearance rate of indocyanine green was determined in 24 beagle dogs and 12 mongrel dogs. The results indicate that in the unanesthetized state, the purebred animals exhibited an increased rate of clearance of the dye and decreased T-1/2 when compared with the mongrel dogs. Several possibilities were discussed to account for the differences noted.
Field Screening of Waterborne Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Thickness Shear-Mode Resonator Measurements

An inexpensive, field-portable sensor for direct, aggregate determination of aqueous petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) down to sub-ppm levels was developed. The basis of this sensor was an unusual, highly nongravimetric frequency response of 10 MHz (series fundamental) AT-cut quartz crystals when coated with rubbery silicone films. The response depended linearly and reliably on the total concentration of dissolved hydrocarbons over a range of 0.01-100 mg x L(-1) or up to aqueous solubility limits. Calibration sensitivities were measured individually for laboratory-prepared solutions of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers) and C6-C8 aliphatic components. Each component demonstrated a method detection limit (MDL) in the low-to sub-ppm range (benzene 10 mg x L(-1), n-hexane 0.54 mg x L(-1)) for light coatings of a commercially available poly-(dimethylsiloxane) gum (OV-1, > 10(6) g x mol(-1)) and lower MDLs for heavier coatings. Pairwise responses for the aliphatic and benzenoid standards were additive, indicating that aggregate determinations of mixtures (especially light fuels) were possible. Natural matrix interferences caused by sample turbidity and ionic strength were overcome by simple preparative methods. Fuel-spiked natural waters were determined with respect to standards and verified by gas chromatography. A 0.19 mg x L(-1) MDL for gasoline was obtained for heavy OV-1 films. Field determinations of groundwater surrounding a leaking underground fuel tank demonstrated that the sensor and method were useful for on-site PH screening. Large differences between the equilibration times of aliphatic and benzenoid components also indicated one avenue for BTEX speciation with the device.
Effect of low birth weight on women's health.

Abstract Purpose The theory of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesizes that low birth weight (≤5.5 lb) indicative of poor fetal growth is associated with an increased risk of chronic, noncommunicable disease in later life, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis. Whether women are at greater risk than men is not clear. Experimental studies that mimic the cause of slow fetal growth are being used to examine the underlying mechanisms that link a poor fetal environment with later chronic disease and investigate how sex and age affect programmed risk. Thus, the aims of this review are to summarize the current literature related to the effect of low birth weight on women’s health and provide insight into potential mechanisms that program increased risk of chronic disease across the lifespan. Methods A search of PubMed was performed with the keywords low birth weight, women’s health, female, and sex differences; additional terms included blood pressure, hypertension, renal, cardiovascular, obesity, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, bone health, reproductive senescence, menopause, and aging. Findings The major chronic diseases associated with low birth weight include high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, impaired glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes, impaired bone mass and osteoporosis, and early reproductive aging. Implications Low birth weight increases the risk of chronic disease in men and women. Low birth weight is also associated with increased risk of early menopause. Further studies are needed to fully address the effect of sex and age on the developmental programming of adult health and disease in women across their lifespan.
A Fast Print-from-Video Technique for Cell-Phone Cameras

Print-from-video can be achieved by using super-resolution techniques. These techniques involve combining information from multiple low resolution images to generate and print a high resolution image. Among the existing super-resolution techniques, the most suitable one for deployment on portable consumer electronics products, in particular on cell-phones, that have limited processing and memory resources is the shift-and-add approach. However, this approach is known to generate artifacts when applied to real video sequences. This paper introduces a number of improvements made to the shift-and-add approach in terms of frame alignment, frame selection, and frame fusion to reduce such artifacts in computationally efficient manner. In addition, a post-processing step named pattern filtering is applied to reduce visual artifacts in printed images. The effectiveness of the developed solution is demonstrated by showing both quantitative and qualitative comparison results for video sequences captured by cell-phone cameras1.
The Relationship Between Total Output and Man-Hour Output in American Manufacturing Industry

Introduction: the problem, 239. — I. Data and methods used, 240.— The findings: for groups of industries, 244; for specific industries, 244; for different periods, 245. — Evidence from comparisons of a less formal sort, 246. — II. Calculations based upon indices of man-hour output not precise, 247. — III. Errors due to failure to distinguish between directly and indirectly productive labor, 249. — IV. Summary of conclusions, 252.
Planning of youth violence-prevention programs: development of a guiding measure

This article describes the development and pilot testing of the Good-Fit Measure (GFM), a measure that public health nurses and other providers involved with planning multidisciplinary violence prevention efforts can use. Themes derived from a series of focus group discussions from a larger study, including individuals (n = 83) from multiple community sectors, guided development of the measure. Participants in three follow-up focus groups (n = 32 participants) reviewed the measure, which was then pilot tested in two phases. Guided by information from the first phase, in which respondents indicated the measure was too complex, the measure was simplified and field tested in phase two. Results from both phases were similar. The GFM score was significantly higher for the program selected by the respondent before completing the measure than the nonselected program (p < 0.01). Participants indicated that the tool was helpful in articulating the specific factors for their decisions. Participants underscored the utility of the tool in facilitating program planning by individual providers and interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary teams. The GFM provides systematic consideration of multiple factors that motivate public health nurses and other community providers in their decision-making process when planning prevention strategies, increasing the likelihood of successful programs.
Performance Isolation in Network and Computing Systems with Multiple Inputs

The growing use of virtualization technologies in settings such as multi-tenant compute and storage clouds challenges us to both specify and enforce the isolation of clients sharing network and compute resources. In this paper we propose a novel analytical measure of performance isolation for shared resource systems serving multiple traffic flows or computing workloads. By basing our isolation measure on well-known results from network calculus, we demonstrate how isolation metrics can be calculated for flows traversing both individual system elements and networks of those elements. We argue that this measure facilitates the design of systems capable of ensuring that clients can realize a specified isolation target. We present illustrative examples of how our quantitative isolation measure can be used to compare the isolation properties of alternative instantiations of resource sharing systems ranging from experimental testbeds to dynamically-instantiated compute clouds. Finally, we show how next generation resource allocators can be designed to preserve the isolation of clients by either routing newly arriving flows, or re-arrange existing flows.
Solving the Riddle of the Sphinx May Provide New Insights Into Diabetes and Polyneuropathy

The biological mechanisms of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) are diverse, but only limited clinical benefits are found in therapeutic approaches beyond glucose control where major impact on polyneuropathy development is demonstrated (1). In this issue of Diabetes , a new hope emerges with an article by Hornemann and colleagues (2) that reports that L-serine dietary supplementation showed a remarkably favorable effect on neuropathy in a diabetic streptozotocin (STZ) rat model. Not only was the neurotoxic sphingolipid byproduct, 1-deoxysphingolipid (1-deoxySL), reduced in plasma by serine supplementation but also sensory nerve function was improved by measures of 1 ) mechanical sensitivity, 2 ) nerve conductions, 3 ) percentage of large diameter fibers/axons, and 4 ) neuronal NA+/K+-ATPase activity. The serine-enriched diet did not affect body weight, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or food intake in STZ rats, directly supporting the causal relation of the deoxysphingolipids in the pathogenesis of DPN. The complex and enigmatic nature of sphingolipids are similar to the sphinx, a mythological creature for which sphingolipids are named. This heterogeneous group of sphingolipids is unique compared to the more abundant phospholipids because their hydrophobic tails are attached to a serine rather than a glycerol molecule. They are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells and essential in signal transduction, cell metabolism, and channel localization in neural tissues (3). Sphinganine is an abundant sphingolipid intermediate that is formed with the nonessential amino acid serine serving as the substrate. In contrast, toxic 1-deoxySLs are formed when alanine or glycine …
A Glycine-Rich Domain of hnRNP H/F Promotes Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling and Nuclear Import through an Interaction with Transportin 1

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and F are members of a closely related subfamily of hnRNP proteins that are implicated in many aspects of RNA processing. hnRNP H and F are alternative splicing factors for numerous U2- and U12-dependent introns. The proteins have three RNA binding domains and two glycine-rich domains and localize to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but little is known about which domains govern subcellular localization or splicing activity. We show here that the central glycine-tyrosine-arginine-rich (GYR) domain is responsible for nuclear localization, and a nonclassical nuclear localization signal (NLS) was mapped to a short, highly conserved sequence whose activity was compromised by point mutations. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assays demonstrated that the hnRNP H NLS interacts with the import receptor transportin 1. Finally, we show that hnRNP H/F are transcription-dependent shuttling proteins. Collectively, the results suggest that hnRNP H and F are GYR domain-dependent shuttling proteins whose posttranslational modifications may alter nuclear localization and hence function.
Particle Image Velocimetry Evaluation of a Novel Oscillatory-Flow Flexible Chamber Mixer

This paper describes a novel oscillatory-flow mixer consisting of a pair of flexible chambers connected by a perforated plate, or septum. During operation, the septum undergoes reciprocating motion such that the two chambers are alternately compressed and expanded. During compression, fluid is forced from one chamber to the other through the septum holes, creating an array of jets that drive the mixing process. Flow characterization within the mixer was conducted using particle image velocimetry. Tests were performed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 4 to 23,000, which encompass the creeping, laminar, and turbulent flow regimes. Results include mean and rms velocity maps, shear rate maps, vertical velocity profiles, and flow development data. The results suggest that the mixer is capable of gentle, continuous stirring (important for biological applications), as well as vigorous agitation. Finally, a comparison between this mixer and other existing mixing technologies is presented. DOI: 10.1115/1.2409347