cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flapping Wing Structural Deformation and Thrust Correlation Study with Flexible Membrane Wings

This experimental study investigates the relationship between flapping wing structure and the production of aerodynamic forces for micro air vehicle hovering flight by measuring full-field structural deformation and thrust generation. Results from four flexible micromembrane wings with different skeletal reinforcement demonstrate that wing compliance is crucial in thrust production: only certain modes of passive aeroelastic deformation allow the wing to effectively produce thrust. The experimental setup consists of a flapping mechanism with a single-degree-of- freedom rotary actuation up to 45 Hz at 70 deg stoke amplitude and with power measurement, a force and torque sensor that measures the lift and thrust, and a digital image correlation system that consists of four cameras capable of capturing the complete stroke kinematics and structural deformation. Several technical challenges related to the experimental testing of microflapping wings are resolved in this study: primarily, flapping wings less than 3 in. in length produce loads and deformations that are difficult to measure in an accurate and nonintrusive manner. Furthermore, the synchronization of the load measurement system, the vision-based wing deformation measurement system, and the flapping mechanism is demonstrated. Intensive data analyses are performed to extract useful information from the measurements in both air and vacuum.
Shearing and Crushing Device for Mixing Powders

An inexpensive way to reduce granular samples of ash to a fine powder (75–150 μ particle size) has been developed by modifying a device suggested by Dutton.1 A piece of 20-mil tungsten wire, formed into a spiral in the shape of a cocoon around a 3/8-in. tungsten carbide ball (see Fig. 1), is placed with the sample in a plastic vial with a polyethylene cap and agitated on a mixer mill. The dimensions of the spiral are not critical. It should slide freely inside the vial and should be at least half as long as the vial. Since the plastic containers can withstand only about 20–30 sec of pounding at one time, agitation times should be kept to about 15 sec and the agitation repeated if the sample is not reduced to a powder in that length of time. After use, the ball-spiral device is removed with forceps, washed with a brush in dilute HC1, rinsed in distilled water, and dried and stored in an oven where it is kept ready to use again.
On lateral cracks in glass

The importance of lateral cracks in solid particle erosion of brittle materials has been confirmed as a result of a large number of previous investigations in this area. Even though the underlying mechanism of steady-state erosion of a brittle material is the formation and growth of lateral cracks, the surface morphology of the eroded material does not readily indicate this aspect. This has precipitated the need for a study of single impact events. This study concentrates on lateral cracks in glass produced by solid particle impacts. Single impacts are studied in terms of lateral crack extensions and their probability of chipping at two angles of impact of 20 and 90°. Comparisons between these two sets of data were made at the same normal component of velocity to clearly bring out behavioural differences at the two angles o of impact. Steady-state erosion results are then interpreted in terms of the above results obtained from a study of single impacts. There appears to be marked agreement between these results and experimental observations. The same trend was observed in strength degradation measurements. Increased chipping and lateral crack extensions in the 20° impact situation has been explained in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics, as opposed to the plastic deformation mechanism proposed earlier. The importance of single impacts in the study of steady-state erosion of brittle materials by solid particle impact is well demonstrated by this study.[/p]
Expectancies for Success as a Multidimensional Construct among Employed Adults.

The Generalized Expectancy for Success–Revised (GESS-R) scale was administered in the United States to 547 full-time employees. An exploratory factor analysis yielded four distinct factors. Scores on the four subscales were minimally related to demographics of the subjects and had adequate internal consistency. These results indicated that GESS-R scores measured a multidimensional construct when administered to the present sample of employed adults.
The enemy within: keeping self-reactive T cells at bay in the periphery

The remarkable capacity of the mammalian immune system to coordinate deadly attacks against numerous invading pathogens, yet turn a blind eye to self-tissues continues to fascinate immunologists. It has been clear for some time that immune cells capable of recognizing self-proteins exist in normal individuals without seemingly causing harm. The 'peripheral tolerance' mechanisms that keep these cells in check are the focus of intense research, not least because defects in these pathways might cause autoimmune diseases. In this review, new developments in our understanding of peripheral tolerance are discussed.
POPULATION MORTALITY AND CYCLICITY AS AFFECTED BY INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

A model for intraspecific competition that incorporates the effects of inter- and intra-stage survival rates, spatial distribution, and variation in growth is developed using basic probability theory. Simulation results for cannibalism in Heliothis zea (Boddie) are presented and intraspecific competition is shown to have effects on population cyclicity and on mortality.
Methylamine dehydrogenase is a light-dependent oxidase.

Quinoproteins may function either as oxidases or dehydrogenases, depending on the nature of their quinone prosthetic group. The tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ)-linked methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) is relatively inert towards O2 in its reduced form. It is shown that on exposure to long range UV (ultaviolet) light, MADH is oxidized in the presence of O2 and exhibits substrate-dependent steady-state oxidase activity. The effects of light are completely reversible, and oxidase activity is lost when the light is turned off. The light-dependent oxidation of MADH proceeds via a semiquinone intermediate which accumulates to near stoichiometric levels. The absorption of the light appears to provide energy to overcome a thermodynamic barrier to the transfer of an electron from TTQ to O2. These studies provide a basis for understanding what factors dictate whether an oxidoreductase is a dehydrogenase or an oxidase.
Development of the 1990 Kalapana flow field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

The 1990 Kalapana flow field is a complex patchwork of tube-fed pahoehoe flows erupted from the Kupaianaha vent at a low effusion rate (approximately 3.5 m3/s). These flows accumulated over an 11-month period on the coastal plain of Kilauea Volcano, where the pre-eruption slope angle was less than 2°. the composite field thickened by the addition of new flows to its surface, as well as by inflation of these flows and flows emplaced earlier. Two major flow types were identified during the development of the flow field: large primary flows and smaller breakouts that extruded from inflated primary flows. Primary flows advanced more quickly and covered new land at a much higher rate than breakouts. The cumulative area covered by breakouts exceeded that of primary flows, although breakouts frequently covered areas already buried by recent flows. Lava tubes established within primary flows were longer-lived than those formed within breakouts and were often reoccupied by lava after a brief hiatus in supply; tubes within breakouts were never reoccupied once the supply was interrupted. During intervals of steady supply from the vent, the daily areal coverage by lava in Kalapana was constant, whereas the forward advance of the flows was sporadic. This implies that planimetric area, rather than flow length, provides the best indicator of effusion rate for pahoehoe flow fields that form on lowangle slopes.
Capabilities of simple lenses in a free-space perfect shuffle

We examine the optical limits on the packing density of free-space optical interconnection networks. We investigate this question by using a particular free-space perfect shuffle architecture implemented with simple lenses, shown in figure 1. Using the constraints of physical optics, we optimize the system design and determine the number of independent data lines which may be resolved by the system. We then compare packaging density limits set by our optical system to the limits set by heat dissipation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The scatter factor in the reliability assessment of aircraft structures

The lack of reliability of the analytical methods of prediction of fatigue lives of structural parts and complete structures requires the use of "scatter factors" to be applied to the results of full-scale fatigue tests of aircraft components and of structures under loading representative of conditions of service. These factors, so far, have been selected on the basis of subjective judgment based on engineering experience and therefore cannot be related to any specific level of reliability. An attempt is made to define the scatter factor in probabilistic terms as the ratio between the best estimator of the fatigue life obtained in a small number of tests and the time to the first failure in a fleet of aircraft of specified size, at a specified reliability level. It is shown that with this definition the scatter factor can be related to the result of a single full-scale test of a complete structure and associated with a specific reliability level. The effect of the minimum fatigue life on the scatter factor is studied and its significance demonstrated in a set of tables computed on the basis of the derived equations.
At-a-station hydraulic geometry relations, 1: theoretical development

This paper, the first of two, hypothesizes that: (1) the temporal variation of stream power of a river channel at a given station with varying discharge is accomplished by the temporal variation in channel form (flow depth and channel width) and hydraulic variables, including energy slope, flow velocity and friction; (2) the change in stream power is distributed among the changes in flow depth, channel width, flow velocity, slope, and friction, depending on the boundary conditions that the channels has to satisfy. The second hypothesis is a result of the principle of maximum entropy and the theory of minimum energy dissipation or its simplified minimum stream power. These two hypotheses lead to families of at-a-station hydraulic geometry relations. The conditions under which these families of relations can occur in the field are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High frequency Pnp AlGaAs/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor with an ultrathin strained base

High performance Pnp AlGaAs/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have been fabricated. The transistors have a 300 A strained InGaAs base, with indium composition linearly graded from 0 to 15%. The cutoff frequency and maximum oscillation frequency for a transistor with emitter area of 2 × 8 μm2 are measured to be 23.3 GHz and 40 GHz, respectively, at a collector current of −10 mA. These are the highest published results for Pnp HBTs.
Multivariate modeling of age and retest in longitudinal studies of cognitive abilities

Longitudinal multivariate mixed models were used to examine the correlates of change between memory and processing speed and the contribution of age and retest to such change correlates. Various age- and occasion-mixed models were fitted to 2 longitudinal data sets of adult individuals (N>1,200). For both data sets, the results indicated that the correlation between the age slopes of memory and processing speed decreased when retest effects were included in the model. If retest effects existed in the data but were not modeled, the correlation between the age slopes was positively biased. The authors suggest that although the changes in memory and processing speed may be correlated over time, age alone does not capture such a covariation.
Quantification of Uncertainty in Reserve Estimation From Decline Curve Analysis of Production Data for Unconventional Reservoirs

Decline curve analysis is the most commonly used technique to estimate reserves from historical production data for the evaluation of unconventional resources. Quantifying the uncertainty of reserve estimates is an important issue in decline curve analysis, particularly for unconventional resources since forecasting future performance is particularly difficult in the analysis of unconventional oil or gas wells. Probabilistic approaches are sometimes used to provide a distribution of reserve estimates with three confidence levels (P10, P50, and P90) and a corresponding 80% confidence interval to quantify uncertainties. Our investigation indicates that uncertainty is commonly underestimated in practice when using traditional statistical analyses. The challenge in probabilistic reserve estimation is not only how to appropriately characterize probabilistic properties of complex production data sets, but also how to determine and then improve the reliability of the uncertainty quantifications. In this paper, we present an advanced technique for the probabilistic quantification of reserve estimates using decline curve analysis. We examine the reliability of the uncertainty quantification of reserve estimates by analyzing actual oil and gas wells that have produced to near-abandonment conditions, and also show how uncertainty in reserve estimates changes with time as more data become available. We demonstrate that our method provides a more reliable probabilistic reserve estimation than other methods proposed in the literature. These results have important impacts on economic risk analysis and on reservoir management.
A study of the carbon-14 content of blood after the oral administration of C14-carboxyl acetylsalicylic acid to nonfevered and fevered rats.

Abstract Salicylates act as antipyretics only on elevated body temperatures. In searching for the mechanism of this action, the blood salicylate levels have been investigated after the administration of an antipyretic dose of aspirin to fevered and nonfevered rats. The concentration of “salicylate” present in the plasma and red cells was determined by use of acetylsalicylic acid labeled in the carboxyl position with carbon-14. Absorption was faster, the peak concentration was greater, and the amount of proteinbinding of the salicylate was greater in the fevered rats as compared to nonfevered rats. As the body temperature diminished, the concentration of salicylate in the plasma was greatly decreased.
Association between reported venlafaxine use in early pregnancy and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997–2007

BACKGROUND Few epidemiologic studies have investigated the use of venlafaxine (Effexor XR capsules, Product Monograph, Wyeth, Montreal, Canada), an antidepressant used to treat major depression and anxiety disorders in adults, during pregnancy. Our objective was to determine whether use of venlafaxine during pregnancy is associated with specific birth defects. METHODS We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a population-based, case-control study in the United States. Our analysis included mothers with pregnancies affected by one of 30 selected birth defects (cases) and babies without birth defects (controls) with estimated dates of delivery between 1997 and 2007. Exposure was any reported use of venlafaxine from 1 month preconception through the third month of pregnancy. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% Fisher Exact confidence intervals (CIs) for 24 birth defect groups for which at least 400 case mothers were interviewed. Our adjusted analyses controlled for maternal age and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Among the 27,045 NBDPS participants who met inclusion criteria, 0.17% (14/8002) of control mothers and 0.40% (77/19,043) of case mothers reported any use of venlafaxine from 1 month preconception through the third month of pregnancy. Statistically significant associations were found for anencephaly, atrial septal defect (ASD) secundum, or ASD not otherwise specified, coarctation of the aorta, cleft palate, and gastroschisis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest associations between periconceptional use of venlafaxine and some birth defects. However, sample sizes were small, CIs were wide, and additional studies are needed to confirm these results. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Odorant identification in rats: An update

Abstract In a previous report, Youngentob et al. (8) described a new and substantially different type of animal psychophysical procedure in which rats were trained to differentially report (i.e., identify) five different odorants. The present study confirms and extends the usefulness of the cross-modal association paradigm as an effective means for developing an extensive nonverbal “vocabulary” with which an animal can communicate multiple changes in sensory stimuli. Given the appropriate nonverbal means of communication, a rat has the channel capacity to differentially report (i.e., identify), at least ten different odorants. The expansion to a ten odorant identification task is discussed with respect to the analytic capabilities of the animal model for the study of olfactory quality perception.
The mPED randomized controlled clinical trial: applying mobile persuasive technologies to increase physical activity in sedentary women protocol

Despite the significant health benefits of regular physical activity, approximately half of American adults, particularly women and minorities, do not meet the current physical activity recommendations. Mobile phone technologies are readily available, easily accessible and may provide a potentially powerful tool for delivering physical activity interventions. However, we need to understand how to effectively apply these mobile technologies to increase and maintain physical activity in physically inactive women. The purpose of this paper is to describe the study design and protocol of the mPED (mobile phone based physical activity education) randomized controlled clinical trial that examines the efficacy of a 3-month mobile phone and pedometer based physical activity intervention and compares two different 6-month maintenance interventions. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three arms; 1) PLUS (3-month mobile phone and pedometer based physical activity intervention and 6-month mobile phone diary maintenance intervention), 2) REGULAR (3-month mobile phone and pedometer based physical activity intervention and 6-month pedometer maintenance intervention), and 3) CONTROL (pedometer only, but no intervention will be conducted). A total of 192 physically inactive women who meet all inclusion criteria and successfully complete a 3-week run-in will be randomized into one of the three groups. The mobile phone serves as a means of delivering the physical activity intervention, setting individualized weekly physical activity goals, and providing self-monitoring (activity diary), immediate feedback and social support. The mobile phone also functions as a tool for communication and real-time data capture. The primary outcome is objectively measured physical activity. If efficacy of the intervention with a mobile phone is demonstrated, the results of this RCT will be able to provide new insights for current behavioral sciences and mHealth. ClinicalTrials.gov#: NCTO1280812
Proteomic profiling of Myc-associated proteins

Mammalian c-Myc is a member of a small family of three closely related transcription factors. The Myc family of proto-oncogenes are among the most potent activators of tumorigenesis and are frequently overexpressed in diverse cancers. c-Myc has an unusually broad array of regulatory functions, which include, in addition to roles in the cell cycle and apoptosis, effects on a variety of metabolic functions, cell differentiation, senescence and stem cell maintenance. A significant number of c-Myc interacting proteins have already been defined, but it is widely believed that the c-Myc interactome is vastly larger than currently documented. In addition to interactions with components of the transcription machinery, transcription independent nuclear interactions with the DNA replication and RNA processing pathways have been reported. Cytoplasmic roles of c-Myc have also been recently substantiated. Recent advances in proteomics have opened new possibilities for the isolation of protein complexes under native conditions and confidently identifying the components using ultrasensitive, high mass accuracy and high resolution mass spectrometry techniques. In this communication we report a new tandem affinity purification (TAP) c-Myc interaction screen that employed new cell lines with near-physiological levels of c-Myc expression with multi-dimensional protein identification techniques (MudPIT) for the detection and quantification of proteins. Both label-free and the recently developed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) methodologies were used. Combined data from multiple biological replicates provided a dataset of 418 non-redundant proteins, 389 of which are putative novel interactors. This new information should significantly advance our understanding of this interesting and important master regulator.
Towards an evaluation framework for SOA security testing tools

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a paradigm that organizes and uses distributed capabilities to bring together a technical solution to a business problem. Despite the large and increasing dependency on SOA by the enterprise, testing SOA systems is still a nascent and immature field. In particular, testing SOA applications from a security perspective is an essential yet underserved activity. This paper presents preliminary work towards an evaluation framework for SOA security testing tools, in order to address the question “Which testing tool(s) provide(s) the best value in testing SOA security with respect to our needs and context?”
Education and Implementation of an Approach for New Product Design: An Industry-University Collaboration

This paper discusses the education and implementation of a formal product design process in Praxair, Inc. a Fortune 500 company, and identifies the changing educational needs of the engineering designer. There is a growing need to be able to implement formal product design processes effectively and efficiently in industry, rather than using a collection of scattered and ad hoc design tools. This need stems from the ever-increasing global pressures to reduce costs, improve products, and provide faster delivery. Embracing and implementing a formal product design process allows a company to approach product design more from a holistic standpoint, where information, preferences, and tradeoffs, can be quickly processed resulting in better and quicker design decisions throughout the design process. In this paper, we share our experiences and lessons learned with both the teaching of such a design process and the implementation of the process in a corporate environment. This paper is intended to be an educational resource and to provide design process researchers continued motivation for their work.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Complications associated with chemotherapy in testicular cancer management

Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor among men aged 15-35 years. The introduction of cisplatin-based chemotherapy has resulted in a cure rate of over 95% for men with testicular cancer, which has put increased emphasis on understanding the morbidity associated with chemotherapy. Hematological, gastrointestinal, gonadal, otological, renal, neurological, and pulmonary toxicities are the most common acute adverse effects. Although most patients recover, some of these effects can persist after the chemotherapy regimen has been completed and can become chronic problems. The late complications associated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy include secondary malignancies, cardiovascular disease, avascular necrosis, and cognitive impairment. Late complications can have considerable effects on survival and quality of life, so close monitoring of patients is critical for the early diagnosis of late adverse effects and to limit associated damage. All patients should adopt a healthy lifestyle and follow age-appropriate cancer screening programs. Hormonal supplementation should be considered for those with a low testosterone level, in order to reduce the risk of sexual dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. Prompt diagnosis of avascular necrosis is essential, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for any long-term testicular cancer survivor complaining of hip pain. Finally, sperm cryopreservation should be discussed with all patients before chemotherapy is initiated.
Importance of intromission in maintaining the alternating pattern of male mounting behavior and hemipenis use in the lizard Anolis sagrei

Previous studies of the lizard Anolis sagrei have shown that males in a series of copulations exhibit a significant alternating pattern of mounting behavior and hemipenis use and that this behavior may be adaptive by increasing sperm transfer. To investigate the role sensory feedback from the hemipenis may play in maintaining this alternation of mounting behavior and hemipenis use, the effects of preventing intromission, interrupting copulation, and controlling which hemipenis is used were examined. Males that were allowed to mount, but not to intromit in the first of two successive matings, or bilaterally hemipenectomized males that were allowed to complete four matings, did not exhibit significant alternation of mounting behavior. Significant alternation of hemipenis use was exhibited by males that were allowed to intromit but were interrupted in copulation immediately after intromission. Males that were allowed to intromit but were forced in the first of two copulations to use either the left hemipenis, the right hemipenis, or the hemipenis that was used in an earlier copulation did not exhibit significant alternation of hemipenis use. These results suggest that the alternation of male mounting behavior and hemipenis use observed in A. sagrei is dependent on a hemipenis being intromitted and which hemipenis is used, but is independent of copulation duration.
Spousal congruence on disability, pain, and spouse responses to pain

We examined congruence between chronic pain patients and their spouses on their reports of patient pain severity, patient disability, and spouse responses to pain. Patients reported that they were more physically and psychosocially disabled than their spouses reported them to be. However, spouses reported that the patients' pain was more severe than patients reported. Depressive disorders in the patient and gender interacted with patient-spouse ratings. For physical and psychosocial disability, depressed patient couples reported significantly larger differences in disability ratings than non-depressed patient couples. In addition, female patients' disability was rated as more severe by the female patients than by their husbands. Male patient couples did not report differences on physical disability. Findings relating to other forms of disability and to spouse responses are also described. The results are discussed in the context of an interpersonal perspective of chronic pain and have implications for the assessment of pain and disability.
An Ethos of Access: How a Small Academic Library Transformed Its Collection-Building Processes

This article details the way that a small academic library transformed its collection-building processes and took a fresh look at the objectives of cataloging along the way. The St. Edward's University Library accomplished this by embracing a convergence of new technologies and tools: demand-driven acquisitions, a powerful discovery layer, the robust e-book marketplace for academic libraries, and Amazon's vast stock and two-day shipping.
A phase I study of IMP321 and gemcitabine as the front-line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Purpose This phase I study was conducted to determine the safety profile and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of IMP321, a soluble lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) Ig fusion protein and MHC Class II agonist, combined with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients and methods Patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma were treated with gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2)(level 1), gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2) plus IMP 321 at 0.5 mg (level 2) and 2.0 mg (level 3), respectively. Safety, toxicity, and immunological markers at baseline and post treatment were assessed. Results A total of 18 patients were enrolled to the study, and 17 were evaluable for toxicity. None of the 6 patients who received 0.5 mg IMP321 experienced IMP321-related adverse events. Of the 5 patients who received IMP321 at the 2 mg dose level, 1 experienced rash, 1 reported hot flashes and 2 had mild pain at the injection sites. No severe adverse events previously attributed to IMP321 were observed. No significant differences were observed when comparing pre- and post-treatment levels of monocytes (CD11b+CD14+), conventional dendritic cells (CD11c+) or T cell subsets (CD4, CD8). Conclusions IMP321 in combination with gemcitabine is a well-tolerated regimen. IMP321 did not result in any severe adverse events. No incremental activity observed for the additional IMP 321 to gemcitabine at the dose levels evaluated, likely due to sub-optimal dosing. Immunological markers suggested that higher dose levels of IMP321 are needed for future clinical studies.
Flexible microfluidic devices with three-dimensional interconnected microporous walls for gas and liquid applications.

This article presents a simple, low-cost method of fabrication and the applications of flexible polystyrene microfluidic devices with three-dimensional (3D) interconnected microporous walls based on treatment using a solvent/non-solvent mixture at room temperature. The complete fabrication process from device design concept to working device can be completed in less than an hour in a regular laboratory setting, without the need for expensive equipment. Microfluidic devices were used to demonstrate gas generation and absorption reactions by acidifying water with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. By selectively treating the microporous structures with oxygen plasma, acidification of water by acetic acid (distilled white vinegar) perfusion was also demonstrated with the same device design.
Differential influence of various instructional factors on self-concepts of handicapped and non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes.

Sunmry.-The purpose of this study was to determine the differential influence of students' expression of effort, school, teachers' expectations, sex, being handicapped/non-handicapped, grade, teachers, and race on self-concept of 28 handicapped and !08 non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes (K-3 ) . The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale measured self-concept and two unpublished tests were used to test students' expression of effort and teachers' expectations. A stepwise multiple regression technique was applied to self-concept to determine the comparative influence of the eight independent variables. Data analysis showed that three of the independent variables contributed significantly to the variability of self-concept. Students' expression of effort had the strongest influence followed by school and teachers' expectation of studenrs' ability to reason. It is accepted that self-concept has powerful effects on school learning. It is also generally accepted that many handicapped youngsters have poor selfconcepts (Cratty, 1980; Sherrill, 1981). As a result of Public Law 94-142, many mildly handicapped youngsters are now being taught in regular classes with non-handicapped students. Martinek and Karper' showed that nonhandicapped elementary school-aged children in a physical education program had significantly higher self-concepts on en;ry than their mildly handicapped peers in the same classes. If physical educators have handicapped students with low self-concepts in regular classes, it is important to know whether those children can be positively affected by various instructional factors in the programs. Zaichkowsky, Zaichkowsky, and Martinek (1980) have stated that children's self-concepts can improve through involvement in a physical education program. It is also assumed mainstreaming will remove the stigma of being different for handicapped children. Their self-esteem and self-confidence will be positively affected (Arnheim, Awter, & Crowe, 1973; Cratty, 1980). Physical educators need information regarding instructional factors that may affect self-concepts of mainstreamed handicapped children. Two such
Kinetic Mechanism of the Hairpin Ribozyme IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NONEXCHANGEABLE CONFORMATIONS

Abstract To investigate the relationship between RNA folding and ribozyme catalysis, we have carried out a detailed kinetic analysis of four structural derivatives of the hairpin ribozyme. Optimal and suboptimal (wild-type) substrate sequences were studied in conjunction with stabilization of helix 4, which supports formation of the catalytic core. Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetic studies strongly support a model in which each of the ribozyme variants partitions between two major conformations leading to active and inactive ribozyme· substrate complexes. Reaction rates for cleavage, ligation, and substrate binding to both ribozyme conformations were determined. Ligation rates (3 min−1) were typically 15-fold greater than cleavage rates (0.2 min−1), demonstrating that the hairpin ribozyme is an efficient RNA ligase. On the other hand, substrate binding is very rapid (k on = 4 × 108 m −1 min−1), and the ribozyme· substrate complex is very stable (K D< 25 pm; koff < 0.01 min−1). Stabilization of helix 4 increases the proportion of RNA molecules folded into the active conformation, and enhances substrate association and ligation rates. These effects can be explained by stabilization of the catalytic core of the ribozyme. Rigorous consideration of conformational isomers and their intrinsic kinetic properties was necessary for development of a kinetic scheme for the ribozyme-catalyzed reaction.
The effects of purpose and frequency on vocabulary learning from written context of high and low ability reading comprehenders

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of purpose for reading and frequency of encounters with unknown words in written context on learning from context tasks performed by good and poor reading comprehenders. One hundred nineteen sixth‐grade subjects classified as having high or low reading ability on the basis of their SRA Test reading comprehension scores were randomly assigned to purpose‐specified and no‐purpose‐specified groups, and to 4‐encounters and 10‐encounters groups. After reading either two or five series of six brief passages in which six nonsense words were embedded, subjects completed two vocabulary tasks. There were main effects for reading level and frequency, but not for purpose. No significant interactions were found. Results provide at least partial support for Sternberg's model of verbal comprehension. Inconsistencies between results of the study and both Sternberg's model and current research literature are identified.
Decreased Sexual Motivation and Heightened Anxiety in Male Long-Evans Rats are Correlated with the Memory for a Traumatic Event

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently report disturbances in sexual functioning in addition to alterations in their affective behaviors. Notably, maladaptive cognitions and dysfunctional behaviors are perpetuated by the emergence of the intrusive thoughts that characterize the disorder. In rats, reminders of a traumatic event designed to simulate intrusive thoughts are associated with impairments in affective, social, and sexual behaviors. The current study examined the relationship between the memory for a traumatic event and changes in sexual and affective behaviors in male Long-Evans rats (N = 36). The trauma featured a combination stressor consisting of simultaneous exposure to a footshock and the odor of soiled cat litter. Memory for the trauma was reactivated by re-exposures to the context of the trauma in the absence of stressors and confirmed by assessing the percentage of time spent freezing. Following the second and final reminder, traumatized males exhibited reduced sexual motivation and increased anxiety, signified by longer latencies to achieve their first mount on a post-stress test of sexual behavior, and longer latencies to begin feeding in a novel environment, respectively. Correlational analyses revealed that decreased sexual motivation and heightened anxiety were predicted by the memory for the trauma as indicated by the time spent freezing during the re-exposures. The findings from the current study have implications for understanding the relationship between stress and sexual functioning and indicate that the impairments in sexual behavior that often occur in individuals with PTSD may be impacted by their memory for the trauma.
Social and familial determinants of health: Mediating effects of caregiver mental and physical health on children's mental health

Abstract Child welfare research suggests that a family's social support and stress levels impact both caregiver health and child well-being. Furthermore, studies indicate that caregiver mental and physical health affects the quality of caregiving practices, and may mediate the damaging effects of low social support and high family stress upon child mental health. Using a national sample of child welfare-involved children and their caregivers, this study examines whether caregiver mental and physical health mediates the impact of low social support and high family stress upon child mental health. Subjects were 3255 children and adolescents involved with Child Protective Services (CPS), from the second cohort of the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II). Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the pathways between each predictor variable (i.e., low social support and high family stress), caregiver mental and physical health, and child internalizing and externalizing problems. A series of multiple regression analyses found that caregiver mental and physical health mediated the relationship between high family stress and increased child internalizing problems. In addition, caregiver mental health partially mediated the relationship between low social support and child internalizing and externalizing problems. Findings are discussed within the context of child welfare policy, practice, and future research.
Guidelines for Reducing the Risk of Disease Transmission in the Psychophysiology Laboratory

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has highlighted the need for safeguards against the inadvertent transmission of infectious disease in the psychophysiology laboratory. These Guidelines identify factors contributing to the risk of bloodborne disease transmission to subjects or technicians, and recommend procedures to minimize such risk, given current knowledge and techniques. The lowest risk is associated with the application of devices, such as surface electrodes, to nonabraded, intact skin. Such devices should be clean, but do not require disinfection. The potential risk of infection is higher when surface electrodes are applied to non-intact skin. Abrasion, or other breaks in the skin, can allow seepage of blood products carrying such pathogens as hepatitis B virus and the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Thus electrodes require high-level disinfection before reuse on non-intact skin. In addition, technicians should wear gloves during skin preparation and should abrade the skin no more than necessary, using only sterile, preferably non-sharp materials. The highest risk is that associated with items that enter sterile tissue, such as subdermal electrodes and the needles and lancets sometimes used in skin preparation. Such items must be sterile at the time of use and must be handled with extreme caution.
Four point parabolic interpolation

Abstract We show that four points in the plane may be interpolated by one or two parabolas or possibly by no parabola, depending on the configuration of points. We provide methods for distinguishing the cases and constructing the parabolas.
Primum Non Nocere: In Reply

In response to Storms’ letter, a cursory reading of my commentary will show that I did not advocate “mass neonatal circumcision.” What I did say is that the American Academy of Pediatrics should reconsider its policy regarding this procedure in light of the new evidence with respect to sexually transmitted diseases, …
Traffic engineering in multigranularity heterogeneous optical WDM mesh networks through dynamic traffic grooming

In this article we investigate the problem of efficiently provisioning connections of different bandwidth granularities in a heterogeneous WDM mesh network through dynamic traffic grooming schemes under traffic engineering principles. Due to the huge amount of traffic a WDM backbone network can support and the large geographic area it can cover, constructing and upgrading such an optical WDM network can be costly. Hence, it is extremely important for network operators to apply traffic engineering strategies to cost-effectively support different bandwidth granularity services using only the appropriate amount of network resources. This requires an optical WDM network to have multigranularity switching capability, and such a network tends to be a multivendor heterogeneous network. However, WDM network heterogeneity increases the difficulty and challenge of efficient traffic provisioning. In this article we present different TE issues that need to be carefully considered in such an optical WDM network, and propose possible solutions and extensions for the generalized multiprotocol label switching optical network control plane. We extend an existing generic graph model to perform efficient traffic grooming and achieve different TE objectives through simple shortest path computation algorithms. We show that our approach is very practical and very suitable for traffic engineering in a heterogeneous multigranularity optical WDM mesh network.
Impedance Spectroscopy of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111): Evidence for Complex Double-Layer Structure in Aqueous NaClO4 at the Potential of Zero Charge

The impedance of a Au(111) electrode modified by three different self-assembled monolayers has been studied over a wide frequency range in aqueous NaClO4 solutions. The impedance characteristics of the bare electrode are compared with those of the same electrode modified with decanethiol, ω-hydroxydecanethiol, and 4‘-hydroxy-4-mercaptobiphenyl. In the case of the decanethiol system the interfacial impedance can be represented as a capacitor due to the self-assembled monolayer in series with the solution resistance. However, for the latter two systems, the impedance behavior is more complex with a high resistance in the monolayer parallel to the expected capacitance. This behavior is quite different than that discussed to date in the literature and assumed in the interpretation of voltammetric data for modified electrodes. The parameters for these systems are reported here as a function of electrolyte concentration at the point of zero charge on the bare Au(111). The consequences of the present observation...
Complex itinerant ferromagnetism in noncentrosymmetric Cr11Ge19

The noncentrosymmetric ferromagnet Cr${}_{11}$Ge${}_{19}$ has been investigated by electrical transport, AC and DC magnetization, heat capacity, x-ray diffraction, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, and first principles electronic structure calculations. Complex itinerant ferromagnetism in this material is indicated by nonlinearity in conventional Arrott plots, unusual behavior of AC susceptibility, and a weak heat capacity anomaly near the Curie temperature (88 K). The inclusion of spin wave excitations was found to be important in modeling the low temperature heat capacity. The temperature dependence of the elastic moduli and lattice constants, including negative thermal expansion along the $c$ axis at low temperatures, indicates strong magneto-elastic coupling in this system. Calculations show strong evidence for itinerant ferromagnetism and suggest a noncollinear ground state may be expected.
Slow formation of stable complexes during coincubation of minimal rRNA and ribosomal protein S4.

Ribosomal protein S4 binds and stabilizes a five-helix junction in the 5’ domain of the 16S rRNA, and is one of two proteins responsible for nucleating 30S ribosome assembly. Upon binding, both protein S4 and the five-helix junction reorganize their structures. We show that labile S4 complexes rearrange to stable complexes within a few minutes at 42°C, with longer coincubation leading to an increased population of stable complexes. In contrast, prefolding the rRNA has a smaller effect on stable S4 binding. Experiments with minimal rRNA fragments show this structural change depends only on 16S residues within the S4 binding site. SHAPE chemical-probing experiments showed that S4 strongly stabilizes the five-helix junction and helix 18 pseudoknot, which become tightly folded within the first minute of S4 binding. However, a kink in helix 16 that makes specific contacts with the S4 N-terminal extension, and a right angle motif between helices 3, 4 and 18, require a minute or more to become fully structured. Surprisingly, S4 structurally reorganizes the 530-loop and increases the flexibility of helix 3, which is proposed to undergo a conformational switch during 30S assembly. These elements of the S4 binding site may require other 30S proteins to reach a stable conformation.
Tandem catalysis and self-assembly: a one-pot approach to functionalized polymers.

Side-chain functionalized polymers possessing terminal palladated SCS pincer complexes at each repeat unit were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. These palladium centers function as both well-defined Heck catalysts and recognition units capable of quantitative self-assembly of pyridine-containing molecules. Exploitation of both the catalytic and self-assembly properties has led to the development of a controlled, one-pot tandem catalysis/self-assembly sequence for the synthesis of functionalized polymers.
Modifications of optical properties with ceramic coatings

Coatings of ceramic materials that exhibited high thermal absorptivities and emissivities were chemical vapor deposited on graphite and refractory metals. The coatings prepared were SiC and B4C and the substrates used were graphite molybdenum titanium and NblZr. The coatings were characterized with regard to adherence optical properties and response to potential harsh environments. 2.
An introduction to interactive elevision

The author discusses the following aspects: analogue versus digital systems, program content, compression capabilities, storage hierarchy and control system, transmission system, return path, set top box, remote control and navigation system, subscriber management, legal issues and the information superhighway.
Complementary replacement: a meta scheduling principle

A principle of scheduling is presented that includes a wide class of time and space allocation problems met in time sharing and virtual systems. Its essence is a method, based on symmetry, to use any of several rules for admission-to-service in a single server system to derive a space-replacement rule. This method, called complementary replacement includes several known job dispatching rules as well as some page-replacement algorithms such as the MIN and LRU (last-recently-used). A fundamental but unsolved problem with the principle is its range of applicability and the conditions under which it guarantees an optimum.