cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emissions of Glyoxal and Other Carbonyl Compounds from Agricultural Biomass Burning Plumes Sampled by Aircraft

We report enhancements of glyoxal and methylglyoxal relative to carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in agricultural biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the 2013 Southeast Nexus and 2015 Shale Oil and Natural Gas Nexus campaigns. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal were measured using broadband cavity enhanced spectroscopy, which for glyoxal provides a highly selective and sensitive measurement. While enhancement ratios of other species such as methane and formaldehyde were consistent with previous measurements, glyoxal enhancements relative to carbon monoxide averaged 0.0016 ± 0.0009, a factor of 4 lower than values used in global models. Glyoxal enhancements relative to formaldehyde were 30 times lower than previously reported, averaging 0.038 ± 0.02. Several glyoxal loss processes such as photolysis, reactions with hydroxyl radicals, and aerosol uptake were found to be insufficient to explain the lower measured values of glyoxal relative to other biomass burning trace gases, indicati...
A Language Teacher's Agency in the Development of Her Professional Identities: A Narrative Case Study.

ABSTRACTThis narrative case study examined how a Hispanic language teacher invested agency while developing professional identities in different contexts. A recursive analysis of interviews and jou...
Characterization of newborn hearing screening failures in multigestational births

Abstract Objective To define the rate and characterize the type of newborn hearing screening failures in multigestational births. Methods Retrospective chart review of all multigestational births that occurred in a 10-year period (2002–2012) in which at least one newborn failed newborn hearing screening at two tertiary care hospitals in the Northwell Health System. Results Out of 125,405 total births, we identified 2961 multigestational births, of which 59 (2.0%) newborns failed newborn hearing screening. None of their 66 twin/triplet siblings failed their newborn hearing screens. Of 43 newborns that returned for follow-up, 56.0% (24/43) had confirmed hearing loss, resulting in an overall rate of 0.81% in all multigestational newborns with hearing loss. Of 19 infants that passed repeat testing, two were judged to need myringotomy tube placement. Twenty-four infants had a confirmed hearing loss, 11 of which had sensorineural hearing loss (0.37%), and 13 with a conductive or mixed hearing loss (0.44%). Conclusions We identified a greater than expected risk of conductive hearing loss, not attributable to otitis media, than sensorineural hearing loss in this population. These observations are consistent with the increased risk of birth defects in multigestational births.
The modulation of cathepsin activities by HIV protease inhibitors alters the processing and cross-presentation of pathogens

Immune recognition by T cells relies on the presentation of pathogen-derived peptides by infected cells but the persistence of chronic infections calls for new approaches to modulate immune recognition. Pathogen uptake in phagosomes initiates infection of macrophages and leads to the priming of T cell responses by dendritic cells. The original degradation of antigens is performed by pH-dependent endolysosomal cathepsins. We show that HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) prescribed to HIV-infected persons variably modulate cathepsin hydrolytic activities in human antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells and macrophages, and CD4 T cells, three cell subsets infected by HIV. Two HIV PIs acted in two complementary ways on cathepsin activities: They directly enhanced procathepsin maturation and increased cathepsin hydrolytic activities. They indirectly altered regulators of cathepsin functions by inhibiting Akt kinase activities, reducing NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation, lowering phagolysosomal ROS production and pH, which altogether led to enhanced cathepsin activities. HIV PIs modified endolysosomal degradation and epitope production of proteins from HIV and other pathogens in a sequence-dependent manner. They altered cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells and epitope-specific T cell-mediated killing by up to 2.5-fold. HIV PI-induced modulation of antigen processing partly changed the self MHC-peptidome displayed by primary human cells. This first identification of prescription drugs modifying the regulation of cathepsin activities and the MHC-peptidome may provide an alternate therapeutic approach to modulate immune recognition in immune disease beyond HIV.
Opportunities for social workers in an aging world

It is believed that there are professional opportunities for gerontological social workers in an aging world. To be discussed are potential social work roles within international organizations, multi-national businesses, foreign social service and academic institutions, with newly-arrived elderly immigrants, and in social work education, research, and training. It is concluded that - given global aging - if gerontological social workers do not respond to career opportunities, they will lose out to those from other professions.
The Role of Bacteria in the Signs and Symptoms of Interdigital “Athlete’s Foot” Infections

This disease of the interdigital toe web space has been regarded as an infection caused solely by dermatophyte fungi. This concept is troublesome, however, in view of the repeated finding in several large series that fungi could not always be recovered from abnormal interspaces. The author concludes, based on studies, that dermatophyte fungi initiate damage and that subsequent interactions with bacteria result in bacterial overgrowth, which further damages the interspace and produces symptomatic infections.
Food Safety: Biological Agents

In the next two chapters I will explore the safety issues surrounding the one product which all Americans consume every day, namely food. In this chapter I will discuss biological (infectious) agents, and in Chapter 13 I will discuss problems associated with chemicals in food. Infectious agents spread through food are acquired via the ingestion route and not surprisingly include many of the same agents implicated in waterborne disease. However, there are several differences which make food a more dangerous vehicle of transmission than water. Whereas water is provided to communities from a central source with a controlled treatment facility and distributed through closed mains to the consumer, food comes from multiple sources and goes through multiple handling steps including those of final home or restaurant preparation. Thus, there are multiple opportunities for contamination and mishandling. In addition, although water is a carrier of pathogens, it does not provide a good medium for growth and multiplication. Many foods, on the other hand, particularly those which are proteinaceous, lend themselves to proliferation to high concentrations, especially when temperatures are in the mesophilic (near body temperature) range.
Human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene.

Genetic alterations or predisposition of human cancers have been studied extensively in the last few decades (1–3). These genetic changes, which may be responsible for the genesis of cancers, can either be inherited or occur as a result of somatic mutation. In many cases of heritable human cancers, such as retinoblastoma (RB), Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma) and familial polyposis (4–6), the transmission of these genetic defects in affected families is suggested to render them at higher risk and/or higher susceptibility to certain types of cancer (7,8). One of the most well studied heritable cancers is retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma occurs in young children at an incidence of about 1 in 20,000 live births and it is the most common intraocular tumor of the pediatric age group (9). Two forms of retinoblastoma are distinguished based on their genetic origins (10). Typically, bilateral and/or multifocal retinoblastoma occurs in hereditary cases which comprise 40% of all retinoblastomas. The hereditary form of retinoblastoma is transmitted as an autosomaldominant trait with 90% penetrance (11,12). In addition to the occurrence of childhood retinoblastomas, those people carrying the trait often develop secondary primary tumors, such as osteosarcoma or fibrosarcoma, at higher incidence than the normal population (13,14).
Family Visitation and Its Relationship to Parental Stress Among Jailed Fathers

This study explores the relationship between jail visitation with children and levels of parental stress among a sample of jailed fathers. Quantitative analyses of the self-report data reveal that ...
Frequency-dependent contributions of sagittal-plane foot force to upright human standing.

Abstract Quiet standing is a mechanically unstable postural objective that humans typically perform with ease. Control of upright posture requires stabilization of both translational and rotational degrees-of-freedom that is accomplished by neuro-muscular coordination. This coordination produces a force at the ground-foot interface (F) that is quantified by magnitude, direction (θF), and point of application (center-of-pressure, CP). Previous research has shown that the nervous system controls muscle activation such that CP motion occurs at both slow and fast time scales. However, it is unknown how θF varies with respect to CP and how that relationship varies across time scales. We present a novel method for assessing the frequency-dependent relative variation in θF and CP. The center-of-pressure (CP) and direction of the ground-on-foot force (F) in the sagittal-plane during quiet standing were decomposed into 0.2 Hz-width frequency bands within 0.4–8.0 Hz. The relation between the direction and CP was approximately linear with a slope positively related to frequency. These frequency-dependent features of F have critical implications for understanding balance strategy because the translational and rotational acceleration effects of F were coupled, but with opposite phasing at high versus low frequencies. Such results suggest a system tuned for one stability mode at low frequencies and another mode at higher frequencies. This frequency-wise approach to examining the translational and rotational effects of humans’ preferred F may be useful for establishing balance rehabilitation metrics, directing study of the underlying neural mechanisms responsible for the observed coordination, and for setting a biometric standard to inform biomimetic prosthetics and robotics.
Increased Akt signaling in the fat body of Anopheles stephensi extends lifespan and increases lifetime fecundity through modulation of insulin-like peptides

Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling (IIS) cascade regulate numerous physiological functions, including lifespan, reproduction, immunity, and metabolism, in diverse eukaryotes. We previously demonstrated that in female Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, activation of the IIS cascade in the fat body led to a significant increase in lifespan. In this work, we elucidated two putative mechanisms in A. stephensi behind the observed lifespan extension and assessed whether this lifespan extension confers an overall fitness advantage to the mosquito. Specifically, we demonstrated that increased Akt signaling in the mosquito fat body following a blood meal significantly suppressed the expression of ILP2 in the head. Moreover, overexpression of active Akt in the fat body altered the expression of a putative insulin binding protein ortholog, Imaginal morphogenesis protein-Late 2 (Imp-L2), in response to transgene expression. Combined, these two factors may act to reduce overall levels of circulating ILP2 or other ILPs in the mosquito, in turn conferring increased survival. We also examined the impact increased fat body IIS had on lifetime fecundity and demonstrated that transgenic female mosquito populations had higher lifetime fecundity relative to non-transgenic sibling controls. These studies provide new insights into the complex hormonal and molecular mechanisms regulating the interplay between IIS, aging, and reproduction in this important vector of human malaria parasites.
Discoveries and challenges

We return to what we said at the start of this volume. We have reported on 80 black spots found across the regions of the globe, showing how they have led us to rethink sovereignty and the nature of the global economy. We have made discoveries about the nature of the global illicit economy as well as how globalization appears to be facilitating the development of smaller sovereign units rather than moving us toward global governance. But we have also come face-to-face with a set of challenges that confront those authorities engaged in understanding how the organizations involved in transnational criminal activities see the world and conduct their activities. These challenges raise issues that law enforcement as well as national, regional, and international government structures are going to encounter in dealing with this black spots organized world. We are interested in ways others have thought about or studied the challenges that we have raised in this chapter. Indeed, this chapter and book have merely laid the foundation for the study of the black spots world. Our intention is to contribute to what others have done in rethinking sovereignty and the global economy by providing an initial exploration of the map of the world as viewed through the eyes of insurgent, terrorist, and transnational criminal organizations.
Thermal stabilization of a fiber-based channeled spectropolarimetry

Channeled spectropolarimetry (CSP) is a spectral modulation technique that furnishes snapshot polarimetric measurements. Among the different spectropolarimetric methods, fiber-based techniques are fundamental requirements in specific biomedical procedures, such as endoscopy. However, the optical fiber exhibits high sensitivity to temperature changes, which subsequently incurs errors in the polarimetric reconstructions. We present a calibration technique for fiber-based CSP that leverages phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) to acquire and demodulate the fiber’s retardation phase accurately. This technique provides high robustness against temperature variations and improved polarimetric reconstruction performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the PSI calibrations offer higher stability and accuracy, at different optical fiber temperatures, as compared to reference-beam calibrations.
The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focusing Event to Promote Community Midwifery Policies in the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented stress on health care systems across the globe. This stress has altered prenatal, labor, delivery, and postpartum care in the U.S., motivating many pregnant people to seek maternal health care with community midwives in a home or freestanding birth center setting. Although the dominant maternal health care providers across the globe, community midwives work on the margins of the U.S. health care system, in large part due to policy restrictions. This commentary extends previous research to theorize that the COVID-19-related disrupted health care system and the heightened visibility of community midwives may create a "focusing event," or policy window, which may enable midwives and their advocates to shift policy.
Association of weight status and carbohydrate intake with gestational weight gain.

Test the hypothesis that women with obesity have greater gestation weight gain (GWG) with a moderately higher, vs lower, carbohydrate (CHO) diet, independent of energy intake, whereas GWG for women of normal weight would not differ by CHO group. This was a secondary analysis of data collected from glucose tolerant women with normal weight (NW) or obesity in pregnancy. Women completed a three-day food diary 16 to 20 weeks. A median split for percent kilocalories from CHO (median = 49.6%) categorized women into moderately highCHO vs lowCHO groups (n = 13-15/group). GWG was calculated between consent and the last prenatal care visit. A two-way ANOVA was used to examine whether there was an interaction between weight status and CHO group on GWG, independent of energy intake, time between consent and last prenatal visit, and age. Women in both highCHO groups consumed more sugars and starches compared to women in the lowCHO groups (P < .05). A significant interaction between weight status and CHO content of the diet was found (P < .05), such that, for women with obesity, those consuming a lowCHO diet had less GWG than those consuming a highCHO diet, whereas the pattern was opposite for women with NW. Results suggest that intake of a moderately lower CHO diet may help limit GWG among glucose tolerant women with obesity. Given that women in this study were eligible only if they had normal fasting glucose concentrations in early pregnancy, it is not clear if these results would generalize to all women with obesity during pregnancy.
SP Methodology Reimagined: Human Simulation Online

On March 11, 2020, the Coronavirus also known as COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. Citizens of countries around the world were directed to shelter-in-place as increasing numbers of people became infected and have died including frontline healthcare workers. At the time of the writing of this chapter nearly 180,000 Americans and more than 800,000 people worldwide have died. During this time employees who were fortunate to be able to work remotely were directed to do so from home, including many simulation professionals working for academic institutions. Most face-to-face educational activities stopped and SP Educators (SPEs) across the United States and the world needed to pivot and mobilize as quickly as possible to bring simulation activities with SPs online to keep learners progressing while safely implementing operations for all stakeholders, including SPs. Safety is a guiding principle in Domain 1 of the ASPE Standards of Best Practices and is paramount in discussing SP work during this pandemic. Given that SP activities are primarily face-to face encounters, prioritizing their on-the-job safety was of the utmost importance and the ethical choice. This chapter details how SPEs trained and implemented fully online SP activities for health sciences learners as part of the COVID-19 response. However, while COVID-19 was a stimulus, it has highlighted new potential and opportunities for SP based curriculums using online platforms as part of a collaborative educational design process. It is likely that online SP training and events will continue as innovation born from this crisis. Therefore, we offer and advance the definition of human simulation online as simulation designed to teach or assess learning objectives via any human simulation/SP learning activity that may be effectively planned and implemented synchronously (live) in online platforms.
Policy-rich interdomain routing with local coordination

Abstract The Internet has evolved from a hierarchical and multi-tiered interconnection network to a meshed network, where autonomous systems (ASes) are interconnected with a dense topology and more and more potential paths can be used to reach a destination. However, routing policies are the key to enable these potential paths and to allow the selection of these paths. While the Gao–Rexford guidelines provide routing policies that derive a safe routing system, those potential paths are not enabled by the Gao–Rexford guidelines. A survey on deployed routing policies has shown that a significant portion of networks or ASes do not follow the Gao–Rexford guidelines completely. In this paper, we propose to broaden routing policies that enable the availability of diverse paths and provide flexibility in selecting these paths. We systematically bring out more and more flexible routing policies to implement various routing requirements. More specifically, we propose FlexibleRC, PeerBoost and hierarchical sibling routing policies and derive sufficient conditions for guaranteeing the routing system derived by these routing policies to be safe. The sufficient conditions can be verified through coordination among neighboring ASes. Thus, local coordination guarantees the routing system to be safe.
Disease Flare and Reactogenicity in Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Following Two-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccination.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate disease flare and postvaccination reactions (reactogenicity) in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) following 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination. METHODS RMD patients (n = 1,377) who received 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination between December 16, 2020 and April 15, 2021 completed questionnaires detailing local and systemic reactions experienced within 7 days of each vaccine dose (dose 1 and dose 2), and 1 month after dose 2, detailing any flares of RMD. Associations between demographic/clinical characteristics and flares requiring treatment were evaluated using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS Among the patients, 11% reported flares requiring treatment; there were no reports of severe flares. Flares were associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.09, P = 0.02), flares in the 6 months preceding vaccination (IRR 2.36, P < 0.001), and the use of combination immunomodulatory therapy (IRR 1.95, P < 0.001). The most frequently reported local and systemic reactions included injection site pain (87% after dose 1, 86% after dose 2) and fatigue (60% after dose 1, 80% after dose 2). Reactogenicity increased after dose 2, particularly for systemic reactions. No allergic reactions or SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses were reported. CONCLUSION Flares of underlying RMD following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were uncommon. There were no reports of severe flares. Local and systemic reactions typically did not interfere with daily activity. These early safety data can help address vaccine hesitancy in RMD patients.
Magnetic Monopoles about us

In the first of these workshops, indications of neutrino oscillations were reported. In the second, candidate nucleon-decay events were shown. In this third workshop, we have heard of the Valentine’s Day monopole. What is left for future workshops? Perhaps we will have axions next year, and neutron-antineutron oscillations the year after.
An empirical fingerprint framework to detect Rogue Access Points

The aim of this paper is to detect Rogue Access Points (RAPs) that clone some of the characteristics of nearby legitimate Access Points (APs). A new passive approach that takes advantage of the first frame that the RAP sends (i.e., Beacon Frame (BF)) when it is planted in the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is proposed. We apply the proposed fingerprint to detect RAPs to evaluate the fingerprint effectiveness. The proposed framework examines every beacon frame size, and compares it with a threshold value. The technique is implemented on a commercially available Wireless Network Interface Controller (WNIC) to evaluate its accuracy. The detection algorithm achieves 100 percent accuracy to determine the RAPs in a lightly loaded traffic environment. The detection time can be taken in approximately 100 ms and is scanned in real-time setting. The robustness and the efficiency of the detection algorithm are examined in two different locations.
Efficient conversion of ultracold Feshbach-resonance-related polar molecules into ultracold ground state (X 1Σ+ v = 0, j = 0) molecules

It is proposed that bound states of ultracold heteronuclear alkali dimer molecules derived from Feshbach resonances can be efficiently converted into true ground state ultracold molecules (X $^{1}{\Sigma}^{ + }$ v = 0, J = 0) by a stimulated Raman process via b $^{3}{\Pi} \sim {\rm A}$ $^{1}{\Sigma}^{ + }$ mixed levels. This is illustrated and discussed for five of the ten polar heteronuclear alkali dimers: LiNa, NaK, NaRb, RbCs, and especially KRb.
Decomposition of [14C]Lignocelluloses of Spartina alterniflora and a Comparison with Field Experiments

Decomposition of lignocelluloses from Spartina alterniflora in salt-marsh sediments was measured by using 14C-labeled compounds. Rates of decomposition were fastest in the first 4 days of incubation and declined later. Lignins labeled in side chains were mineralized slightly faster than uniformly labeled lignins; 12% of the [side chain-14C]lignin-labeled lignocellulose was mineralized after 816 h of incubation, whereas only 8% of the [U-14C]lignin-labeled lignocelluloses were degraded during this period. The carbohydrate moiety within the lignocellulose complex was degraded about four times faster than the lignin moiety; after 816 h of incubation, 29 to 37% of the carbohydrate moiety had been mineralized. Changes in concentration of lignin and cellulose in litter of S. alterniflora were followed over 2 years of decay. Cellulose disappeared from litter more rapidly than lignin; 50% of the initial content of cellulose was lost after 130 days, whereas lignin required 330 to 380 days for 50% loss. The slow loss of lignin compared with other litter components resulted in a progressive enrichment of litter in lignin content. The rates of mineralization of [14C]lignocelluloses in marsh sediments were similar to the rates of lignocellulose decomposition in litter on the marsh.
An Ultraviolet View of Stellar Winds

Ultraviolet observations of mass-loss effects in 0 stars have, over the past decade, revealed a broad picture of a phenomenon whose extent was only partially evident from earlier ground-based observations. Ultraviolet resonance lines of a variety of ionization stages of several common elements provide a comprehensive probe of the low-density, extended winds. Three general types of information have been derived from ultraviolet spectroscopy of mass-loss profiles: (1) the nature of the stars which experience mass loss via radiatively-driven winds; (2) the physical conditions in the winds; and (3) variability in the outflow, which in turn may yield clues to the origins of the winds. Observations and results in each of these areas are reviewed, and some new results are included. A good correlation of mass loss rate and luminosity is indicated by the data, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Time variations in the P Cygni profiles may be quite common, with variability on times of hours or longer. Anticipated new observations, which should be possible with existing and planned instrumentation, are described.
Partial purification of endonuclease activity from human lymphoblasts Separation of activities for depurinated DNA and DNA irradiated with ultraviolet light

Abstract Crude extracts of cultured human lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM) contain endonuclease activity that cleaves ultraviolet-irradiated DNA in preference to untreated DNA. Purification of this activity was carried out using ultraviolet-irradiated PM2 phage DNA (5000 ergs/mm 2 ) as substrate in the enzyme assay. Since endonuclease specific for depurinated or depyrimidinated DNA might account for the apparent ultraviolet-irradiated DNA-specific activity, fractions derived during purification were also assayed with partially depurinated DNA. Chromatography of a 45–60% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fraction on a Sephadex G-100 column yielded a peak of activity (35 000 daltons) highly active against depurinated DNA but also active for ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. Further purification by DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved two activities. One was highly specific for depurinated DNA with only minor activity for ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, and was strongly stimulated by Mg 2+ . The other was non-specifically active against ultraviolet-irradiated or untreated DNA and was independent of Mg 2+ . Additional studies suggest that neither of these two activities but a third enzyme is responsible for the ultraviolet-irradiated DNA-specific endonuclease activity observed in crude cell extracts.
Hydrodynamic studies with foaming and non‐newtonian solutions in bubble columns

Experiments were conducted in 0.05 m ID and 0.23 m ID by 3 m tall bubble columns to study the effect of surfactants and viscosity of liquid medium on gas hold-up and Sauter mean bubble diameter. The addition of n-butanol (0.5 and 1 wt.%) to water leads to the formation of foam and consequently produces higher gas hold-ups. The foam could be eliminated completely with the addition of a sufficient quantity (0.5 wt.%) of carboxymethyl cellulose to the aqueous alcohol solution. In the absence of foam, gas hold-ups were similar to those obtained with pure liquids. Sauter mean bubble diameters, obtained using the dynamic gas disengagement technique, increase with viscosity of liquid medium. Des experiences ont ete menees dans des colonnes a bulles de 3 m de hauteur et de 0,05 et 0,23 m de diametre interieur, dans le but d'etudier l'effet de surfactants et la viscosite du milieu liquide sur la retention de gaz et le diametre moyen de Sauter des bulles. L'ajout de n-butanol (0,5 et 1 % en poids) dans l'eau entraǐne la formation de mousse et donc des retentions de gaz plus importantes. La mousse peut ětre completement eliminee en ajoutant une quantite suffisante (0,5 % en poids) de carboxymethyl cellulose a la solution alcoolique aqueuse. En l'absence de mousse, les retentions de gaz sont similaires a celles qui ont ete obtenues avec des liquides purs. Les diametres moyens de Sauteur des bulles, obtenus par une technique de desengagement du gaz dynamique, augmentent avec la viscosite du milieu liquide.
The quadrupole model for rigid-body gravity simulations

Abstract We introduce two new models for gravitational simulations of systems of non-spherical bodies, such as comets and asteroids. In both models, one body (the “primary”) may be represented by any convenient means, to arbitrary accuracy. In our first model, all of the other bodies are represented by small gravitational “molecules” consisting of a few point masses, rigidly linked together. In our second model, all of the other bodies are treated as point quadrupoles, with gravitational potentials including spherical harmonic terms up to the third degree (rather than only the first degree, as for ideal spheres or point masses). This quadrupole formulation may be regarded as a generalization of MacCullagh’s approximation. Both models permit the efficient calculation of the interaction energy, the force, and the torque acting on a small body in an arbitrary external gravitational potential. We test both models for the cases of a triaxial ellipsoid, a rectangular parallelepiped, and “duplex” combinations of two spheres, all in a point-mass potential. These examples were chosen in order to compare the accuracy of our technique with known analytical results, but the ellipsoid and duplex are also useful models for comets and asteroids. We find that both approaches show significant promise for more efficient gravitational simulations of binary asteroids, for example. An appendix also describes the duplex model in detail.
Where Did the Serious Study of Philanthropy Come From, Anyway?

This article gives a brief account of the historical development of the systematic academic study of the field of philanthropy from the point of view of one of the original investigators in the field. It attempts to identify the institutional factors (in the field of philanthropy, within the universities, and among funding agencies) that have determined the current nature of research on philanthropy. Finally, it points out some of the leading problems in the further development of philanthropy as a research field, especially those of cooperative relations between researchers and philanthropic practitioners.
Asymptotics of aeroelastic modes and basis property of mode shapes for aircraft wing model

Abstract In this paper, we announce our recent results on the asymptotic and spectral analysis of the model of an aircraft wing in a subsonic air flow. This model has been developed in the Flight Systems Research Center of UCLA and is presented in the works by Balakrishnan. The model is governed by a system of two coupled integro-differential equations and a two-parameter family of boundary conditions modeling the action of the self-straining actuators. The differential parts of the above equations form a coupled linear hyperbolic system; the integral parts are of the convolution type. We provide the spectral asymptotics for the eigenfrequencies of the system (or aeroelastic modes) and the asymptotical approximations for the corresponding eigenfunctions (or the mode shapes). Based on the asymptotical results, we (a) state that the set of the mode shapes is complete in the energy space; (b) construct a system which is biorthogonal to the set of the mode shapes in the case when there might be multiple aeroelastic modes; and (c) show that the mode shapes form a Riesz basis in the energy space.
Daily and seasonal patterns of construction activity byOdontotermes latericius (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Colonies ofOdontotermes ?latericius in the vicinity of Lusaka, Zambia, built their mounds primarily during the rainy season. Individual colonies began building some time before or after the beginning of the rains. Building usually ended before the end of the rains, but some colonies continued to build for some time after this. Occasionally a heavy rain after a period of dry weather caused numerous colonies to begin building again. There was no clear relation between building activity and other environmental factors.
Learning prediction suffix trees with Winnow

Prediction suffix trees (PSTs) are a popular tool for modeling sequences and have been successfully applied in many domains such as compression and language modeling. In this work we adapt the well studied Winnow algorithm to the task of learning PSTs. The proposed algorithm automatically grows the tree, so that it provably remains competitive with any fixed PST determined in hindsight. At the same time we prove that the depth of the tree grows only logarithmically with the number of mistakes made by the algorithm. Finally, we empirically demonstrate its effectiveness in two different tasks.
Light scattering by micron-sized conducting fibers: an experimental determination

The entire sixteen-element light scattering matrix is experimentally determined for a circular cross-sectioned conducting fiber illuminated with lambda = 632.8-nm radiation at normal incidence. The radius (1.552 +/- 0.007) microm, determined by comparison to Mie theory modified for cylinders, indicates that micron-sized fiber radii can be determined within a few nanometers by polarized light scattering techniques. We discuss changes that occur in matrix elements as a quartz fiber is coated with aluminum to form a conducting fiber. Mueller matrices can be used to study time-varying processes, such as water vapor buildup on small particles and surfaces.
Antarctic ice depthsounding radar instrumentation for the NASA DC-8

Prediction of the polar ice sheets' contribution to sea-level change has prompted an intensive glacial characterization with fine spatial and temporal resolution. To provide key metrics required by predictive mass balance models including surface topography, ice thickness, and basal conditions (topography, roughness, frozen or wet boundary conditions, grounding-line position), an expanding series of data collection campaigns have been conducted over the last two decades involving ground-based, airborne, and spaceborne instruments.
Biochemical mechanisms and clusters of damage for high-let radiation

Abstract Using mechanisms of indirect and direct radiation, a generalized theory has been developed to account for strand break yields by high-LET particles. The major assumptions of this theory are: (i) damage at deoxyribose sites results primarily in strand break formation and (2) damage to bases leads to a variety of base alterations. Results of the present theory compare well with cellular data without enzymatic repair. As an extension of this theory, we show that damage clusters are formed near each double strand break for high-LET radiation only. For 10 MeV/n (LET = 450 keV/μm) neon ions, the results show that on average there are ∼3 additional breaks and ∼3 damaged bases formed near each double strand break. For 100 MeV/n helium ions (LET = 3 keV/μm), less than 1% of the strand breaks have additional damage within 10 base pairs.
Hydrogen storage in metal–hydrogen systems and their derivatives

During the last years, the power densities of automotive fuel cell systems have been raised dramatically. However, a major technology improvement is still needed for the on-board fuel storage system since hydrogen exhibits a rather low volumetric energy density (regardless whether it is stored as a liquid at cryogenic temperatures or as a compressed gas). Furthermore, the cost for current hydrogen containers is far from what gasoline tanks cost. Therefore, alternatives like solid-state absorbers of hydrogen (e.g. metal hydrides or complex hydrides) are investigated for their feasibility by the car industry. These kinds of systems show very high volumetric storage densities on a materials basis. Unfortunately, the host compounds are usually quite heavy and thus possess a low gravimetric storage density. Also, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the absorption/desorption reactions and their impact on the tank design in general (and on the heat management in particular) have to be considered. Within the framework of this paper, the properties of the most promising solid-state storage systems are discussed and compared to those of the liquid and compressed gaseous hydrogen technologies.
Distribution and regulation of calmodulin mRNAs in rat brain

Selective oligonucleotide probes were developed to determine the distribution and hormonal regulation of different calmodulin genes in rat brain and the relationship to calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase activity. (1) Probes directed against known CaMI, CaMII and CaMIII mRNA sequences selectively recognized molecular mRNA species of approximately 4.1 and 1.7 (CaMI mRNA), 1.4 (CaMII mRNA) and 2.0 and 1.0 kb (CaMIII mRNA) in rat brain. All three calmodulin genes appeared actively coexpressed at high levels in neuronal cell layers, as revealed by in situ hybridization and northern analysis. (2) Adrenalectomy selectively attenuated levels of CaMIII, but not CaMI or CaMII mRNA, in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus. (3) Adrenalectomy also decreased calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase activity in hippocampal, but not cortical, cell membranes. (4) Corticosterone administration prevented adrenalectomy effects on hippocampal adenylate cyclase activity and calmodulin mRNA levels. However, steroid treatment also increased forskolin-stimulated enzyme activity in cerebral cortex, but not in hippocampus. These results suggest that hormonal factors regulate calmodulin gene expression in adult brain. Further evidence is required to establish the temporal interrelationships between steroid regulation of calmodulin and its target proteins.
Specific tumor immunity induced with soluble materials: Purification of antigens inducing tumor resistance

Abstract The tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) in crude three molar potassium chloride (3M KCl) extracts of a chemically-induced, murine fibrosarcoma was purified by ammonium sulfate salt fraction at 20% saturation (S20S) and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Mice, which had been pretreated with the S20S precipitate, displayed retarded outgrowth of a 100-fold supralethal dose of the corresponding, but not of a non-cross-reactive syngeneic tumor. Analysis of PAGE gels by Coomassie Blue staining revealed at least 30 bands in the crude 3M KCl extract, and only two components (Rf 0.34 and 0.43) in the ammonium sulfate fraction. That these two components bore TSTA activity was demonstrated by the observation that the immunoprotective activity of crude 3M KCl extracts was localized to the Rf 0.25–0.50 region. The two components present in the S20S fraction had isoelectric points of 5.05 and 6.9, and estimated molecular weights of 40,000 and 75,000, thus demonstrating the soluble nature of the active principle. These findings offer the prospect of a chemical dissection of the polymorphic TSTA surface markers on MCA-induced murine tumors.
Influence of corn planting date on the life stage development and phenology of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.

Under field conditions in eastern South Dakota, USA three different planting dates of corn and three times of egg infestation were used to imposed synchronous and asynchronous timing of corn growth and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte egg hatch and subsequent development. Median occurrence of each of the three larval stages and of the adult stage for each of the infestation-planting treatments was determined by relating occurrence to thermal units and to days after infestation. No significant differences were found among the treatments for median occurrence of each life stage when the thermal unit approach was used. However, significant differences were found among treatments for median occurrence when the day after infestation approach was used. Consistent parameters are needed for prediction of the occurrence of life stages of this insect. Despite the various imposed conditions, this study indicates that the least variable method of predicting life stage occurrence and adult emergence of D. v. virgifera was the use of thermal unit accumulations (base 11 °C). Resume Influence de la date des semailles du mais sur le developpement et la phenologie de Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Dans les conditions de l'est du Sud Dakota (USA), 3 dates de semailles de mais et 3 dates de contamination avec des œufs de D. virgifera virgifera LeConte ont servi a imposer ou a empecher la synchronisation des eclosions des œufs et par consequent des developpements ulterieurs. Les dates medianes d'apparition de chacun des 3 stades larvaires et des imagos ont ete determinees en relation avec les unites de temperature et le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Aucune difference significative entre les dates medianes d'apparition n'a ete mise en evidence par utilisation des unites de temperature; par contre, ces differences deviennent significatives lorsque l'on utilise le nombre de jours depuis la contamination. Des parametres fiables sont necessaires pour predire la presence des differentes stades de cet insecte. En depit des differentes conditions imposees pour cette etude, la methode la moins capricieuse pour predire l'apparition d'un stade larvaire et l'emergence des adultes est la somme de temperatures avec une base de 11 °C.
Pattern of extrastriate visual areas connecting reciprocally with striate cortex in the mouse.

Abstract Several areas reciprocally connected to striate cortex were found in the extrastriate cortex of the mouse after small single injections of horseradish peroxidase into the striate cortex. By showing that the arrangement of these labeled extrastriate areas resembles closely the physiologic and anatomic subdivision of the extrastriate cortex reported previously in several rodent species, this study supports the hypothesis that there exists a common pattern of visual cortical organization in rodents.
Decomposition of CCl3F over vanadium oxides and [MgVxOy]MgO shell/core-like particles

Abstract Decomposition of gaseous CCl 3 F over in-house-prepared V 2 O 3 (HP-V 2 O 3 ), commercial V 2 O 3 , VO 2 , V 2 O 5 , a mechanical mixture of the HP-V 2 O 3 /Aerogel-prepared MgO (AP-MgO), and [MgV x O y ]MgO shell/core-like particles at 280 °C has been investigated with FTIR spectroscopy. The reaction of CCl 3 F with the HP-V 2 O 3 proceeds vigorously. Intermediate compounds including CCl 4 , CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 2 O, and final gaseous products CClF 3 , CO 2 were detected. No chloride/fluoride was found on the sample surface, suggesting the formation of volatile vanadium–halogen products as well. Vanadium–chloride product was found to react with the surface of the bare AP-MgO leading to deposition of vanadium–chloride species. Activities of VO 2 and V 2 O 3 were found to be qualitatively similar to the HP-V 2 O 3 . The reaction of CCl 3 F with V 2 O 5 proceeds much slower, with only CCl 2 O and CO 2 gaseous products observed. Activation of the AP-MgO with vanadium-containing species leads to formation of [MgV x O y ]MgO shell/core-like particles. The MgO crystalline phase was the only one detected in the [MgV x O y ]MgO samples. In the reaction with CCl 3 F, the [MgV x O y ]MgO samples retain some properties characteristic for the bare AP-MgO (presence of an induction period for V/Mg=1 mol%, lower activity toward CCl 4 than toward CCl 2 F 2 for V/Mg=1, 10 mol%), and some properties characteristic for the HP-V 2 O 3 /AP-MgO mechanical mixture (accumulation of chlorine but no fluorine on the [MgV x O y ]MgO, V/Mg=10 mol% sample surface).
Suckling behavior as a function of gestational age: A cross-sectional study☆

Abstract In the present study, we provide a cross-sectional analysis of sucking organization as a function of gestational age (GA). One hundred and eighty six infants (GA 33–40 weeks) were observed during 5-min test sessions with the Kron Nutritive Sucking Apparatus either on the second day (GA 35–40), or as soon as was practicable during the first week (GA 33 and 34) of life. The within-burst suck frequency did not vary with GA suggesting that this basic aspect of patterned sucking behavior was already in place in the most premature infants. For four sucking parameters (number of sucks per session, duration of sucking bursts, burst time as percentage of sucking bout, and mean maximum sucking pressure) that varied with GA, the transitions were not seen across the earliest GAs, but rather occurred between 36/37 and full term (38–42 weeks GA). An earlier transition (GA33/34) was suggested for the coefficient of variation (CV) for the distribution of within-burst intersuck intervals and for the CV of the maximum sucking pressure distribution. Significant changes were described over bout quintiles for several parameters, but there were no meaningful interactions between GA and the manner by which sucking changes as meals progress. Our results suggest that different aspects of the sucking pattern mature at different GAs, and are of relevance to discussions of neurobehavioral development.
Design and application for cruising and contesting robot

Aiming at the requirements of the first national undergraduate intelligent car contest, we had designed and made a cruising and contesting robot. The novelties lie in that the methods of selecting the power regulator optimized, using a virtual coder to measure the robot speed, recognizing the roadway by a image sensor and process of real time N-1 data compression and offering switching control method to the cruising and contesting robotpsilas control, are integrated to design our cruising and contesting robot. In the competitive contest among 112 delegations, our cruising and contesting robot take the tenth in the first national undergraduate intelligent car contest.
Light emission from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon oxide (SiO x ) nanoparticles

Bright orange-red light emission was observed from single crystal silicon nanoparticles and silicon oxide (SiOx) nanoparticles. The emission peak was recorded at about 1.5 eV both at room temperature and 77K. Varying the mean silicon particle size, we observed no effect of particle diameter on the emission wavelength. Amorphous silicon oxide (SiOx) nanoparticles also showed essentially the same emission spectrum as the crystalline particles. The absence of change in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum with variations in particle size and crystallinity indicates that quantum confinement is not the controlling PL mechanism. An examination of the hydrogen content with relation to the PL intensity showed no direct correlation; however, all samples did contain some hydrogen, so its effect on PL cannot be ruled out. To test for the presence of photoluminescent siloxene on the surface of the particles, nitric acid was applied; a violent reaction occurred with the silicon particles, while the SiOx particles showed no reaction. Taken in conjunction with the emission data, these experiments demonstrate that the PL of the SiOx is also not dependant on siloxene. Evidence points to an amorphous coating as the source of photoluminescence.