cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dependence of In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation Analysis Acceptability on Model Selections

The objectives of this study were to assess the influence of pharmacokinetic and dissolution model selection on the success of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) analysis of fast-, medium-, and slow-dissolving metoprolol tartrate immediate-release tablet formulations. Several different compartmental models were fit to the fast formulation plasma data. Three candidate models with the best fits were ranked 1, 2, and 3 and used to predict AUC and Cmax of the medium and slow formulations. Acceptability of each model to predict the medium and slow formulations was determined using +/- 20% as the limit for acceptable relative prediction error. When the best dissolution models were used, models 1 and 2 each failed to adequately predict Cmax for slow formulation (-26.8% error for model 1 and -20.4% error for model 2). However, the less appropriate model 3 adequately predicted Cmax for slow formulation (-15.1% error). The selection of the dissolution model also determined the outcome of IVIVC analysis, again with a less appropriate model resulting in successful prediction. When the Weibull function was used to characterize dissolution, model 2 failed to adequately predict Cmax for slow formulation (-20.4% error); however, model 2 adequately predicted Cmax for slow formulation when dissolution was characterized using the poorer fitting first-order model (-14.4% error). These results indicate that the success or failure of external validation of these metoprolol tartrate tablets was dependent on the pharmacokinetic and the dissolution models employed. Considering the role of subjectivity in identifying pharmacokinetic and dissolution models, these findings suggest a need to develop objective criteria to identify models a priori to IVIVC analysis.
El Niño/La Niña and Sahel precipitation during the Middle Holocene

Simulations with a synchronously coupled atmo- sphere-land-ocean-sea ice model indicate El Nino/La Nina-like events in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene (6 ka) with similar intensities and frequencies as at present (0 ka). July-August-September Sahel precipitation shifts northward as expected from proxy data. For present- day, interannual-decadal variability of western Sahel precipi- tation is correlated with both Pacific El Nino/La Nina sea sur- face temperature (SST) anomalies and the Atlantic dipole. Teleconnections at 6 ka between Sahel precipitation and El Nino/La Nina SST anomalies are absent with tropical Atlantic SSTs asserting a dominant influence. These results illustrate potential problems with using present-day teleconnection patterns in interpreting past climate variability from proxy data.
Extending Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Supportive Organizational Policies: Communities Matter Too

Like King and Cortina (2010), we believe that there is a social and economic imperative for organizations to support their lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) employees. We would extend King and Cortina’s argument, however, and propose that to recruit the best employees, employers ought to be concerned not just with the climate within their organization but also with the climate within their local communities. It is, no doubt, of major importance for employers to foster equal opportunity within the bounds of their organizations. But employers who write an LGBT antidiscrimination policy into their handbooks and diversity training seminars, offer domestic partner benefits, and even offer LGBT support groups should not consider themselves done.
Measurement and modeling of infrared nonlinear absorption coefficients and laser-induced damage thresholds in Ge and GaSb

Using a simultaneous fitting technique to extract nonlinear absorption coefficients from data at two pulse widths, we measure two-photon and free-carrier absorption coefficients for Ge and GaSb at 2.05 and 2.5 μm for the first time, to our knowledge. Results agreed well with published theory. Single-shot damage thresholds were also measured at 2.5 μm and agreed well with modeled thresholds using experimentally determined parameters including nonlinear absorption coefficients and temperature dependent linear absorption. The damage threshold for a single-layer Al2O3 anti-reflective coating on Ge was 55% or 35% lower than the uncoated threshold for picosecond or nanosecond pulses, respectively.
Epicardial-Derived Cell Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fate Specification Require PDGF Receptor Signaling

Rationale:In early heart development, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor expression in the heart ventricles is restricted to the epicardium. Previously, we showed that PDGFRβ is require...
A new pathovar, Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis pv. nov., proposed for the causal agent of bacterial blight of broccoli and broccoli raab.

The etiology of three foliar bacterial diseases of crucifers and the relationships between their causal agents were evaluated. Data from LOPAT, carbon utilization tests, and fatty acid analysis indicated that bacterial blights of broccoli and broccoli raab, and leaf spot of broccolini, were caused by strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Data from phage sensitivity, ice nucleation, single carbon source utilization, Polymerase chain reaction using BOXA1R primer (BOX-PCR), and host range analyses were identical for the pathogen causing leaf spot of broccolini and P. syringae pv. maculicola. The broccoli raab and broccoli pathogens infected broccoli raab, all crucifers tested, tomato, and three monocots (California brome, oat, and common timothy). None of the other pathogens tested (P. syringae pv. maculicola, P. syringae pv. tomato, or P. syringae pv. coronafaciens) caused disease on broccoli raab or on both crucifers and monocots. Data from phage sensitivity, ice nucleation, single carbon source utilization, BOX-PCR, and host range analyses were identical for the pathogens from broccoli raab and broccoli, but were different from other pathovars tested, and supported the hypothesis that a new pathovar of P. syringae pv. alisalensis pv. nov. caused a leaf blight on broccoli and broccoli raab.
Group-wise motion correction of brain perfusion images

This work presents a group-wise motion correction method to align a series of brain perfusion scans simultaneously. The cost function used in this group-wise registration technique is derived from the total quadratic variation of image intensity. Optimization of the total quadratic variation with respect to rigid registration parameters is a least squares problem and can be efficiently solved by the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The group-wise registration error was quantitatively measured by comparing the registration results with ground truths that were obtained by applying artificial motions to a series of 50 brain perfusion scans. The average registration error is 0.869 ± 0.579 mm, and the maximum error is 3.550 mm. The capture range and robustness was also tested by 11 MR brain perfusion scans with large patient motion. The results demonstrated a high level of accuracy and robustness achieved by the group-wise registration.
Moderate versus severe early life stress: associations with stress reactivity and regulation in 10-12-year-old children.

Summary Early life stress (ELS) is expected to increase reactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis; however, several recent studies have shown diminished cortisol reactivity among adults and children with ELS exposure. The goal of this study was to examine cortisol activity in 10–12-year-old internationally adopted children to determine if moderate and severe ELS have different impacts on the HPA axis. Salivary cortisol and two measures of autonomic activity were collected in response to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Three groups reflecting moderate, severe, and little ELS were studied: early adopted children who came predominantly from foster care overseas (early adopted/foster care (EA/FC), n = 44), later adopted children cared for predominantly in orphanages overseas (late adopted/post-institutionalized (LA/PI), n = 42) and non-adopted (NA) children reared continuously by their middle- to upper-income parents in the United States ( n = 38). Diminished cortisol activity was noted for the EA/FC group (moderate ELS), while the LA/PI group (severe ELS) did not differ from the NA group. Overall, few children showed cortisol elevations to the TSST-C in any group. The presence/absence of severe growth delay at adoption proved to be a critical predictive factor in cortisol activity. Regardless of growth delay, however, LA/PI children exhibited higher sympathetic tone than did NA children. These results suggest that moderate ELS is associated with diminished cortisol activity; however, marked individual differences in cortisol activity among the LA/PI children suggest that child factors modify the impact of severe ELS. Lack of effects of severe ELS even for growth delayed children may reflect the restorative effects of adoption or the generally low responsiveness of this age group to the TSST-C.
Multidimensional separating equilibria and moral hazard: An empirical study of National Football League contract negotiations

This paper empirically tests for a multidimensional separating equilibrium in contract negotiations and tests for evidence of the moral hazard inherent in many contracts. Using contract and performance data on players drafted into the National Football League from 1986 through 1991, we find evidence that players use delay to agreement and incentive clauses to reveal their private information during contract negotiations. In addition, our empirical tests of the moral hazard issue indicate that a player's effort level is influenced by the structure of his contract.
Using information on uncertainty to improve environmental fate modeling: a case study on DDT.

Present and future concentrations of DDT in the environment are calculated with the global multimedia model CliMoChem. Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess the importance of uncertainties in substance property data, emission rates, and environmental parameters for model results. Uncertainties in the model results, expressed as 95% confidence intervals of DDT concentrations in various environmental media, in different geographical locations, and at different points in time are typically between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude. An analysis of rank correlations between model inputs and predicted DDT concentrations indicates that emission estimates and degradation rate constants, in particular in the atmosphere, are the most influential model inputs. For DDT levels in the Arctic, temperature dependencies of substance properties are also influential parameters. A Bayesian Monte Carlo approach is used to update uncertain model inputs based on measurements of DDT in the field. The updating procedure suggests a...
Estimation and Comparison of Mosquito Survival Rates with Release-Recapture-Removal Data

Methods for the estimation and comparison of survival rates are considered when data arises from a release of individuals followed by a sequence of recaptures, with recaptured individuals removed from the population. It is shown that commonly used methods based on linear regression of the log of recapture numbers versus time can lead to substantial errors if individuals are removed from the population. A general nonlinear regression approach is proposed combined with bootstrap techniques for obtaining confidence intervals and tests of hypotheses. Simulations demonstrate that these techniques perform well using data from an Aedes aegypit L. mark-release-recapture study in Thailand.
Murine yolk sac endoderm- and mesoderm-derived cell lines support in vitro growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells

AMMALIAN HEMATOPOIESIS begins in the yolk sac and proceeds through sequential developmental phases to result in tissue-specific patterns of blood cell production.’.’ Understanding of the regulation of mammalian yolk sac hematopoiesis is rudimentary, but much has been learned from studies of other vertebrates. In the chick, mesenchymal precursors of hematopoietic cells migrate from the primitive streak of the blastoderm to the visceral yolk sac mesoderm layer.3 These mesenchymal cells differentiate into precursors of yolk sac endothelial cells (angioblasts) and hematopoietic cells (hemangioblasts). Whereas the hematopoietic cells arise only from precursors derived from the mesoderm, visceral yolk sac endoderm cells appear critical for differentiation of the mesenchymal cells into blood The endoderm factors that enhance hemangioblast precursor differentiation have not been identified. Murine yolk sac hematopoiesis commences on day 7.5 post-coitus (pc).’ The migration of hemangioblast precursors into the mesoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac and the mesodermal origin of the hemangioblasts and angioblasts appears similar to the chick embry~.~ The role of murine yolk sac endoderm cells in modulating hemangioblast differentiation is not clear. Nevertheless, the endoderm and mesoderm layers of the murine yolk sac are sufficient to initiate hematopoiesis in vitro in the absence of a viable embryo:-’ In some vertebrates, yolk sac hematopoiesis includes a
Characterization of Regulatory Extracellular Vesicles from Osteoclasts

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and ectosomes/microvesicles, have emerged as important intercellular regulators. EVs can interact with surface receptors of target cells and can transport luminal components, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs, and enzymes, to the cytosol of the target cell. Here, we show that hematopoietic cells grown in culture shed exosome-like EVs as they differentiate from preosteoclasts into osteoclasts. These EVs were between 25 and 120 nm (mean, 40 nm) in diameter determined by transmission electron microscopy. The exosome-associated markers CD63 and EpCAM were enriched in the isolated EVs while markers of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum were not detected. Treatment of isolated hematopoietic cells with EVs did not affect their receptor activator of nuclear factor κB-ligand (RANKL)-stimulated differentiation into osteoclasts. However, EVs from osteoclast precursors promoted 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent osteoclast formation in whole mouse marrow cultures, and EVs from osteoclast-enriched cultures inhibited osteoclastogenesis in the same cultures. These data suggested that osteoclast-derived EVs are paracrine regulators of osteoclastogenesis. EVs from mature osteoclasts contained receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK). Immunogold labeling showed RANK was enriched in 1 in every 32 EVs isolated from osteoclast-enriched cultures. Depletion of RANK-rich EVs relieved the ability of osteoclast-derived EVs to inhibit osteoclast formation in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated marrow cultures. In summary, we show for the first time that EVs released by osteoclasts are novel regulators of osteoclastogenesis. Our data suggest that RANK in EVs may be mechanistically linked to the inhibition of osteoclast formation. RANK present in EVs may function by competitively inhibiting the stimulation of RANK on osteoclast surfaces by RANKL similar to osteoprotegerin. RANK-rich EVs may also take advantage of the RANK/RANKL interaction to target RANK-rich EVs to RANKL-bearing cells for the delivery of other regulatory molecules.
How pharmacists can help their dementia patients

I read with great interest the “Focus on Dementia” piece by Chang et al.1 published in the July/August issue of CPJ. As a community pharmacist and a previously active caregiver to my mother, who suffered from frontotemporal dementia, I think I am in a unique position to share my experience from the dual vantage points of health care professional and caregiver. I would like to expand on some of the “5 main pillars” and Box 5 discussed in Chang et al.1 because they resonate well with what I learned as I helped my mother progress through the disease and the system caring for her. Specifically, I would like to call on all pharmacists to become more involved in the health of their dementia patients, especially those without strong advocates.
Immunoregulation in Infection Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Presence of Suppressor Monocytes and the Alteration of Subpopulations of T Lymphocytes

This study was designed to characterize qualitative and quantitative alterations, occurring before and during chemotherapy, in the mononuclear cells of patients with infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A hemolytic plaque-forming (PFC) assay indicated that the production of antibody to sheep red blood cells by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed in treated and untreated patients as compared with that in normal adult donors (P less than 0.001). The removal of adherent cells from the suspensions of mononuclear cells significantly enhanced the responses to the PFC assay for both the untreated (P less than 0.01) and treated (P less than 0.05) patients. Mononuclear cells from patients with tuberculosis, however, did not suppress the PFC responses of allogeneic normal mononuclear cells (P greater than 0.02). Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were proportionally reduced in untreated subjects (P less than 0.001) but returned to normal levels after four to six weeks of therapy (P greater than 0.2). Both groups of patients had a consistent reduction in the absolute number of circulating T cells. However, untreated patients had a relative increase in the percentage of TG cells (the subpopulation of T cells with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG) (P less than 0.001) and a concomitant decrease in TM cells (the subpopulation with Fc receptors for IgM) (P less than 0.05). These alterations in the subsets of T cells were reversed after four to six weeks of therapy.
Uncertainty Estimation in Induced Drag by Virtual Surface Deflection and Trefftz Plane Analysis

We examine the errors in predicting the induced drag using a Trefftz plane analysis and using trailing edge “virtual flaps” to control the span-wise lift distribution over a finite wing. An uncertainty analysis is used to quantify the several errors known to the numerical model. We compare Euler code results of an untwisted, finite rectangular wing (NACA 0012, AR = 40/6) with trailing edge flap deflections against a transpiration boundary condition. A comparison of the numerical and theoretical lift distributions, under flow conditions representing Mach 0.3 at small angle of attack, shows good agreement with a quantifiable uncertainty. We study the potential of a far-field (Trefftz plane) analysis to delineate between induced drag and irreversible artificial diffusion in order to obtain a better estimate of the uncertainty in the error in the induced drag prediction.
Fluorescence of Mercury Vapour

AN experiment with a double bulb of quartz containing mercury in vacuo and heated to a constant temperature, which showed fluorescence under illumination by the light of an aluminium spark only when one of the bulbs was cooled by an air blast, has been cited by one of us as proof that only distilling mercury vapour exhibits the phenomenon. This has been denied by Niewodnizanski, who obtained brilliant fluorescence in stagnant vapour.
Winter Survival of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in College Station, Texas

Prepupae of Heliothis virescens (F.) and H. zea (Boddie) were allowed to burrow into soil and pupate in field plots in College Station, Tex. Survival of these pupae was monitored by excavation of plots during the winters of 1978–79 and 1979–1980 and by spring emergence. Pupal survival based on field plot excavation was low (>10%) for both species during 1978–1979 and for H. zea during 1979–1980. Twenty-four percent of the pupae of H. virescens were still alive on the last excavation date in the spring of 1980. Survival of pupae of H. zea based on spring emergence of adults was 1.0% during both winters, and that of H. virescens was 0.0 and 0.8% during 1978–1979 and 1979–1980, respectively. Spring emergence of adults was consistently higher in subplots elevated ca. 30 cm above the normal soil level than in subplots at the normal soil level. Predicted percent survival based on soil temperatures at a depth of 2.5 cm was much higher than observed percent survival in the field plots. Mean pupal depths were 2.58 and 2.81 cm for H. virescens and H. zea, respectively.
Impact of Advanced Energy Technologies on Aircraft Design

The impact of low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) technology on the design of aircraft is examined. Energy conversion possibilities considered and a Brayton cycle engine with an LENR heat exchanger is selected. Potential aerospace applications of LENR devices are discussed and a high altitude long endurance (HALE) unmanned aerial vehicle with multi-year endurance is conceptualized with primary focus on energy management.
Communicating Science to a Lay Audience: Why a Postdoc Should Care: Postdoctoral researchers can benefit from opportunities to talk or write about science to a general audience

Postdoctoral researchers, or postdocs, are those scientists who have completed a Ph.D. and want to acquire more knowledge and skills in a specialized area of a discipline. In many countries, completing a postdoc has become almost a requirement before formally starting an academic career, especially in the biological sciences. Regardless of the type of institution in which they aspire to work, from a university focused on undergraduate education to a university with an emphasis on research and graduate programs, it is expected that a competitive candidate has had some postdoctoral experience.
Tetrad, Random Spore, and Molecular Analysis of Meiotic Segregation and Recombination

The power of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an experimental organism derives from its genetic tractability. Mutant variants can be isolated or constructed and phenotypically characterized with relative ease. In addition, the ability to recover and characterize all four products of meiosis, as haploid spores in a tetrad ascus, greatly facilitates determining the allelic composition of variants, measuring linkage relationships between alleles, and constructing new allele combinations for the analysis of genetic interactions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae also is a preeminent model organism for the study of meiotic recombination, by analysis of tetrads, by analysis of populations of single spores (often called random spore analysis), and by direct monitoring of recombination at the DNA level. This chapter contains methods for tetrad dissection, for random spore preparation, and for preparing DNA for molecular analysis from liquid cultures undergoing synchronous meiosis.
Stockpiled forage or limit-fed corn as alternatives to hay for gestating and lactating beef cows

In Exp. 1, 31, 24, and 17 mature, pregnant Simmental x Angus cows (initial BW = 662.0 +/- 10.4 kg) in each of 3 yr were used to determine the efficacy of stockpiled orchardgrass, limit-fed corn, or ad libitum hay for maintaining cows in mid- to late gestation, respectively. In Exp. 2, 24 mature, pregnant crossbred cows (initial BW = 677.7 +/- 9.4 kg) per treatment in each of 3 yr were used to determine the efficacy of stockpiled orchardgrass, limit-fed corn, or ad libitum hay for maintaining cows in late gestation and early lactation, respectively. Each year, cows were assigned to treatment by BW. From November to February or from January to April, respectively, nutritional needs for mid- to late gestation (Exp. 1) or late gestation and early lactation (Exp. 2) were met either by 1) rotating cows on approximately 15.2 or 21.7 ha of predominantly orchardgrass pasture, set aside and fertilized in late August, 2) limit-feeding approximately 5.8 kg of whole shelled corn, 1.1 kg of a pelleted supplement, and 1.2 kg of hay daily, or 3) ad libitum feeding of round-baled hay. During extreme weather conditions, cows grazing stockpiled orchardgrass were limit-fed a grain-based diet. Postcalving weight (P 0.15) in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, weight at weaning did not differ among treatments (P > 0.17); however, postcalving weight (P 0.38), nor did calving date, calf birth and weaning weights, and conception rate (P > 0.12). Because of the few differences in cow performance, selection of energy sources for beef cows can be made based on economics. The cost to feed a cow hay in early to mid-gestation was nearly double that of limit-feeding the corn-based diet or grazing stockpiled orchardgrass. Because of lower quality pastures, the cost to graze cows on stockpiled orchardgrass during late gestation and early lactation was not as cost effective as limit feeding a corn-based diet.
Novel method to label solid lipid nanoparticles with 64cu for positron emission tomography imaging.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are submicrometer (1−1000 nm) colloidal carriers developed in the past decade as an alternative system to traditional carriers (emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles) for intravenous applications. Because of their potential as drug carriers, there is much interest in understanding the in vivo biodistribution of SLNs following intravenous (i.v.) injection. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an attractive method for investigating biodistribution but requires a radiolabeled compound. In this work, we describe a method to radiolabel SLN for in vivo PET studies. A copper specific chelator, 6-[p-(bromoacetamido)benzyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetraacetic acid (BAT), conjugated with a synthetic lipid, was incorporated into the SLN. Following incubation with 64CuCl2 for 1 h at 25 °C in 0.1 M NH4OAc buffer (pH 5.5), the SLNs (∼150 nm) were successfully radiolabeled with 64Cu (66.5% radiolabeling yield), exhibiting >95% radiolabeled particles f...
Targeted disruption of the murine tissue factor gene results in embryonic lethality

Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane glycoprotein that is believed to be the physiologic initiator of the blood coagulation cascade. Disruption of the mouse tissue factor gene leads to embryonic lethality between days E9.5-E11.5 of gestation. On E9.5, TF(-/-) embryos appear indistinguishable from their TF(+/+) and TF(+/-) littermates. By E10.5, TF(-/-) embryos are severely growth retarded, appear nearly bloodless, and are in most cases dead. Initial observations suggest that TF(-/-) embryos are dying of circulatory failure. Approximately 15% of the TF(-/-) embryos survive beyond E10.5, but none complete gestation. Heterozygotes appear normal and free of bleeding complications.
Weight status and behavioral problems among very young Children in Chile

Our objective was to explore the association between weight status and behavioral problems in children before school age. We examined whether the association between weight status and behavioral problems varied by age and sex.
Genetic improvement in density and nitrogen stress tolerance traits over 38 years of commercial maize hybrid release.

Abstract Research attention to improving source and sink strength in maize production is requisite for enhancing yield. Improvement in source strength has been achieved with higher post-silking dry matter accumulation, whereas historical improvement in sink strength has been mostly attributed to increasing kernel number (KN) per unit area, in part because KN is known to be more vulnerable to abiotic stresses compared to kernel weight (KW). However, KW can also vary widely as it is dependent on both genotype and dry matter accumulation during the post-silking period. In order to illustrate the consequences of breeding efforts over a 4-decade period for enhancing source and sink strength at varying nitrogen rates and plant densities, a 2-year and 2-location study was conducted in 2013 and 2014. Eight commercial hybrids from DeKalb released from 1967 to 2005 were compared at 2 nitrogen rates (55 and 220 kg N ha −1 ) and 3 plant densities (54,000 (D1), 79,000 (D2) and 104,000 (D3) plants ha −1 ). Breeding progress increased grain yield per hectare (GY) by an average of 66 kg ha −1 year −1 , and grain yield per plant (GYP) by 0.91 g plant −1 year −1 across all treatments and environments. This yield increase with hybrid improvement was attributed more to an increase in KW (1.29 mg kernel −1 year −1 across all treatments and both locations), than to any increase in KN. The overall source-sink ratio (SSR − ratio of post-silking dry matter accumulation to kernel number per plant) also increased by an average of 1.25 mg kernel −1 year −1 across all treatment and locations. The hybrid improvement in SSR was more pronounced at the high N rate or low plant density. Post-silking dry matter accumulation (PostDM) increased by an average of 54 kg ha −1 year −1 across all treatments and locations. KW was highly correlated with ear growth rate (EGR) during grain fill. New hybrids had much higher KW gain per unit of EGR. Newer hybrids also had a longer active grain filling period, but the correlation of post-silking dry matter accumulation to the duration of active grain filling period was weak. This study showed that the breeding progress for yield gain in these DeKalb hybrids was achieved by (i) longer duration of the grain filling period plus longer leaf stay green that accompanied a higher PostDM of newer hybrids, (ii) enhanced source to sink strength during grain filling by a higher SSR in newer hybrids, (iii) improved efficiency for transferring source from cob and husk to grain by increasing KW gain per unit of EGR, and (iv) enhanced stress tolerance in newer hybrids to maintain grain yield even under high density.
Understanding and predicting classes of college students who use pornography

Despite the widespread acceptance and use of pornography, much remains unknown about the heterogeneity among consumers of pornography. Using a sample of 457 college students from a mid-western university in the United States, a latent profile analysis was conducted to identify unique classifications of pornography users considering motivations of pornography use, level of pornography use, age of user, degree of pornography acceptance, and religiosity. Results indicated three classes of pornography users: Porn Abstainers (n=285), Auto-Erotic Porn Users (n=85), and Complex Porn Users (n=87). These three classes of pornography use are carefully defined. The odds of membership in these three unique classes of pornography users was significantly distinguished by relationship status, self-esteem, and gender. These results expand what is known about pornography users by providing a more person-centered approach that is more nuanced in understanding pornography use. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Three classes of pornography users were delineated using a latent profile analysis.Porn Abstainers (62%) had small porn acceptance, use, and motivations for porn use.Complex Porn Users (19%) had high reports of use and many reasons of porn use.Auto-Erotic Porn Users (19%) had high reports of use and used it for masturbation.
Deep historical ecology: the Kula ring as a representative moral system from the Indo-Pacific

ABSTRACTThe timescape for this paper is human action across the changes configured through the Holocene. The landscapes it outlines contrast social action coming out of Western Europe with the very different management plans witnessed from India and China to Australia. This opening funnels into a focused view of the Kula Ring in Papua New Guinea understood as a particular realization of the Austronesian spread out of East Asia. Unlike in the Euro-American model, where an external ‘nature’ is constantly imported into an ever-expanding ‘culture’, the practices featured here show how the means of life are generated within the limits of an intensively known and made moral world. This comparative insight suggests new ways for comprehending human action on the earth.
The Missing Piece of Survivorship: Cancer Prevention.

The patient, R.C., finished her chemotherapy for breast cancer on June 4, 2007. At 58, she was ready for a better year, putting cancer treatment behind her and beginning her new life after cancer. In 2014, I was surprised to see R.C. on the schedule for chemotherapy education for FOLFOX (leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin). Colorectal cancer had been discovered during a routine colonoscopy. When I met with her, she was obviously shaken and asked, "What happened? I thought I was done with cancer." .
The Importance of Planning in Motor Learning

The addition of differentiating follow-through motions can facilitate simultaneous learning of multiple motor skills that would otherwise interfere with each other. In this issue of Neuron, Sheahan and colleagues (2016) demonstrate that it is the preparation, not execution, of different follow-through movements that separates motor memories and reduces interference.
Incidence and Association of CT Findings of Ankle Tendon Injuries in Patients Presenting With Ankle and Hindfoot Fractures.

OBJECTIVE. Tendon injuries are a commonly encountered finding in ankle CT examinations performed for fractures. This study was designed to identify the incidence and associations of tendon injuries in ankle CT examinations performed for fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review was performed of 410 patients who underwent ankle CT during a 6-year period. RESULTS. Tendon injuries were common, seen in 25% of all ankle CT examinations. Tendon subluxation-dislocation accounted for most of the tendon injuries (77 of 196 total injuries). Pilon fractures carried 2.2 times increased risk of tibialis posterior tendon injury (p = 0.0094). Calcaneus fractures carried 11.86 times increased risk of peroneus brevis tendon and 10.71 times increased risk of peroneus longus tendon injury (p < 0.0001). Calcaneus fractures also carried 5.21 times increased risk of flexor hallucis longus tendon injury (p = 0.0024). Talus fracture was associated with injury to all flexor compartment tendons. Talus fractures carr...
Decision-making and adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

One of the primary challenges in the treatment of patients with early-stage breast cancer is determining which patients will benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Traditionally, treatment decisions have been made based on a combination of tumor characteristics and patient and physician perspectives regarding risks and benefits. Recent technologic advances, including the development of gene-expression arrays, have led to the identification of molecular signatures that provide prognostic information in addition to the basic clinicopathologic features of individual tumors. While these new methods allow for more refined determination of prognosis for an individual patient, few data are available to support use of these new technologies in the clinic for treatment decision-making. At present, data from a single retrospective study are available to support the use of one assay, the 21-gene recurrence score, for decision-making regarding adjuvant chemotherapy. Large, multinational clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the use of two of the multiparameter assays, although it will be many years before oncologists can apply the results of these trials in the clinic.
Ryle on the Explanatory Role of Knowledge How

Contemporary discussions of knowledge how typically focus on the question whether or not knowing how to do ϕ consists in propositional knowledge, and divide the field between intellectualists (who think that it does) and anti-intellectualists (who think that it does not, and that it consists instead in the possession of the ability to ϕ). This way of framing the issue is said to derive from Gilbert Ryle. I argue that this is a misreading of Ryle, whose primary interest in discussing knowledge how was not epistemological but rather action-theoretical, whose argument against intellectualism has for this reason been misunderstood and underestimated (by Jason Stanley, among others), and whose positive view aims to chart a middle course between intellectualism and anti-intellectualism.
A Deeper Analysis of Culturally Competent Practice: Delving Beneath White Privilege

As schools of social work adhere to newer standards of diversity and cultural competence, it will mean more than educating students on terms of White privilege. In attempts to become in tune with o...
Low temperature specific heat of B.C.C. alloys of 3d transition elements and aluminum

Abstract Low temperature specific heat measurements were made with b.c.c. alloys in the following binary and ternary systems: Cr-Al, V-A1, V-Sn, V-Sb, Ti-V-Al, V-Cr-Al, Cr-Fe-Al and Fe-Co-Al. The results indicate that the addition of aluminum does not result in the filling of the d -band.
Resonant drag instabilities in protoplanetary discs: the streaming instability and new, faster growing instabilities

We identify and study a number of new, rapidly growing instabilities of dust grains in protoplanetary discs, which may be important for planetesimal formation. The study is based on the recognition that dust–gas mixtures are generically unstable to a resonant drag instability (RDI), whenever the gas, absent dust, supports undamped linear modes. We show that the ‘streaming instability’ is an RDI associated with epicyclic oscillations; this provides simple interpretations for its mechanisms and accurate analytic expressions for its growth rates and fastest growing wavelengths. We extend this analysis to more general dust streaming motions and other waves, including buoyancy and magnetohydrodynamic oscillations, finding various new instabilities. Most importantly, we identify the disc ‘settling instability,’ which occurs as dust settles vertically into the mid-plane of a rotating disc. For small grains, this instability grows many orders of magnitude faster than the standard streaming instability, with a growth rate that is independent of grain size. Growth time scales for realistic dust-to-gas ratios are comparable to the disc orbital period, and the characteristic wavelengths are more than an order of magnitude larger than the streaming instability (allowing the instability to concentrate larger masses). This suggests that in the process of settling, dust will band into rings then filaments or clumps, potentially seeding dust traps, high-metallicity regions that in turn seed the streaming instability, or even overdensities that coagulate or directly collapse to planetesimals.
"Thus Saith the Lord": Edwardsean Anti-criterialism and the Physicalist Problem of Resurrection Identity

The doctrine of bodily resurrection is a core tenet of Christian faith, yet it is a doctrine fraught with several philosophical problems, the most significant of which concerns the persistence of personal identity. This is especially true for physicalist accounts of human nature. Here I put forth a possible solution to the problem of resurrection identity. Turning to the theology of the 18th century American colonial theologian, Jonathan Edwards, as a resource, I argue for what I am calling “Edwardsean Anti-Criterialism.” This is a form of anti-criterialism in which pre- and post-resurrection bodies are identical because God treats these bodies a metaphysically one. After providing a sketch of this view I defend Edwardsean Anti-Criterialism from two objections and provide three reasons why Christians might be inclined to accept this proposal.
Microstructure and dynamic strain aging behavior in oxide dispersion strengthened 91Fe-8Ni-1Zr (at%) alloy

Abstract Mechanically alloyed 91Fe-8Ni-1Zr (at%) powders were fabricated through high energy ball milling of elemental powder and subsequently consolidated via equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) at 800 °C and 1000 °C. The resulting microstructure was fine grain with a nano-dispersion of Zr-oxide within the matrix, which was spherical for the 800 °C. ECAE and plate-like (and volumetrically larger) for the 1000 °C ECAE conditions. Atom probe tomography confirmed trace levels of C, N, and Cr impurities within the alloy making it similar to a low-carbon steel. By performing mechanical testing at a quasi-static strain rate (10−3 s−1) and at high strain rate (103 s−1) at room temperature and 473 K, a load drop was noted after yielding. In general, this load drop became more pronounced with increasing strain rate and temperature and has been shown to be a result of dynamic strain aging in the ODS alloy.
Six-month follow-up of the injured trauma survivor screen: Clinical implications and future directions

Background The injured trauma survivor screen (ITSS) has been shown to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression risk at 1 month after traumatic injury. This study explored the ability of the ITSS to predict chronic distress after injury, as well as the impact of combining the ITSS with an additional screening measure. Methods Patients were enrolled following admission to a Level I trauma center. Baseline measurements were collected during initial hospitalization, and follow-up measures were collected an average of 6.5 months after injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were run to determine predictive accuracy, controlling for participants who had mental health intervention and for those who experienced additional potentially psychologically traumatic events since their injury event. Results Utilizing a cut score of 2, the ITSS PTSD scale had a sensitivity of 85.42%, specificity of 67.35%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.9% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 51.4%. The combined PTSD risk group (risk positive on the baseline ITSS and the PTSD checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) had a sensitivity of 72.92%, specificity of 81.63%, NPV of 88.2%, and PPV of 61.6%. Also using a cut score of 2, the ITSS Depression Scale had a sensitivity of 72.50%, specificity of 70.29%, NPV of 91.1%, and PPV of 37.9%. Conclusion The nine-item ITSS, which takes approximately 5 minutes to administer, is a stable screening tool for predicting those most at risk for PTSD and/or depression 6 months after admission to a Level I trauma center following traumatic injury. The combined PTSD risk group data provide evidence that symptom evaluation by a psychologist can improve specificity. These results further inform the recommendation of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma regarding PTSD and depression screening in trauma centers. Level of evidence Prognostic study, level III.
Experimental Aneurysm Models

Abstract Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with aneurysms affecting 1% of the population and causing 30,000 annual cases of rupture in the United States. While we have made large leaps forward in understanding the aneurysmal pathophysiology and used this knowledge to improve devices and treatment options, it is important to return to the bench in order to make major breakthroughs. All such major research hinges on the use of a good experimental model, which should be easy to use, cost effective, and reliably recapitulate the disease in patients. In this chapter, we review a variety of historical and modern experimental aneurysm models and their use. Finally, we discuss future aneurysmal research and the models that may help address those challenges.
Management of Pediatric Delirium in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Patients: An International Survey of Current Practices.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe how pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians assess and manage delirium in patients following cardiac surgery. Design Descriptive self-report survey. Setting A web-based survey of pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians who are members of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society. Patient or subjects Pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians (physicians and nurses). Interventions None. Measurement and main results One-hundred seventy-three clinicians practicing in 71 different institutions located in 13 countries completed the survey. Respondents described their clinical impression of the occurrence of delirium to be approximately 25%. Most respondents (75%) reported that their ICU does not routinely screen for delirium. Over half of the respondents (61%) have never attended a lecture on delirium. The majority of respondents (86%) were not satisfied with current delirium screening, diagnosis, and management practices. Promotion of day/night cycle, exposure to natural light, deintensification of care, sleep hygiene, and reorientation to prevent or manage delirium were among nonpharmacologic interventions reported along with the use of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and medications for insomnia. Conclusions Clinicians responding to the survey reported a range of delirium assessment and management practices in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Study results highlight the need for improvement in delirium education for pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians as well as the need for systematic evaluation of current delirium assessment and management practices.
Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Peptides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of peptides. There are several strong motivating factors for developing and applying the methods and theories of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to the study of peptides. Sufficient work has been carried out in a number of laboratories to demonstrate that solid-state NMR spectroscopy is an effective way to describe both the structure and the dynamics of polycrystalline peptides. The direct comparison of chemical shifts in solution and the solid state was one of the first goals of solid-state NMR studies of polycrystalline peptides. In the biological and synthetic peptides of interest, the hetero- and homonuclear dipolar, chemical shift, and quadrupolar interactions contribute to the spectral properties. Although many peptides and proteins are associated with membranes, there are few studies of systems in which the peptide rather than the lipids have been described. The bilayers provide a model membrane environment presumably quite similar to that of natural biological membranes, and they serve to immobilize the peptides by constraining their overall motions. As the bilayer itself does not reorient on the NMR time scales, the peptides can be studied by solid-state NMR using the same array of approaches that are used on crystalline peptides.
Extracellular Matrix Interactions with Tumor-Progressing Cells: Tumor versus Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter presents extracellular matrix interactions with tumor-progressing cells and their mechanism of actions. It presents a review of fibronectin (FN) adhesion mechanisms for only two tumor-cell systems. This indicates the complexity by which tumor cells interact with various matrices that they would encounter during tumor progression. Tumor cells can regulate adhesion processes at the level of matrix receptor gene expression and the nature and degrees of splicing of FN pre-mRNAs. The results analyzed in the chapter provide an insight into cell type-specific adhesion mechanisms, as differentiated from commonly shared tumor-specific mechanisms. In addition to transformant-associated changes in the amounts or catabolism of various integrin receptors, there are also cell type-specific differences in the catabolism of membrane-intercalated heparin sulfate proteoglycans in the substratum adhesion sites of these two tumors. Both neuroblastoma and ras/3T3 tumor cells utilize some degree of cooperativity between the cellt domain of FNs and a second domain cellx. Many more tumor cell systems should be analyzed, both in vivo and in vitro, during tumor progression, for their matrix adhesion mechanisms.