cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caregiver Feeding Practices as Predictors for Child Dietary Intake in Low-Income, Appalachian Communities.

The Appalachian region of the U.S. is disproportionately impacted by poverty, obesity, and nutrition-related chronic diseases. Evidence suggests that caregiver feeding practices may promote healthful eating behaviors among children; however, this has not been examined in low-income, rural, Appalachian populations. This study examines caregiver feeding practices as predictors for child diet in low-income Appalachian families, using a cross-sectional analysis of 178 caregivers of young children (ages 2–10 years old), that were recruited from low-income, rural communities in East Tennessee, from November 2017 to June 2018. Caregivers self-reported measures of demographics, feeding practices, and child dietary intake. Multiple linear regression analyses were run, and found that higher use of caregiver modeling positively predicted child vegetable consumption (Beta = 1.02; p = 0.04). Higher caregiver intake of fruits and vegetables positively predicted child fruit consumption (Beta = 0.29; p = 0.02) and vegetable consumption (Beta = 1.56; p < 0.001), respectively. Higher home availability of healthier foods positively predicted child fruit consumption (Beta = 0.06; p = 0.002) and vegetable consumption (Beta = 0.09; p = 0.05). Higher home availability of less healthy foods positively predicted child consumption of high-sugar/high-fat snack foods (Beta = 0.59; p = 0.003). The findings of this study indicate that caregiver modeling, healthy caregiver dietary intake, and healthful home food availability are associated with healthier child dietary intake among young children in low-income, rural, Appalachian areas. Promoting these practices among caregivers may be an important strategy to enhancing dietary intake of children in this hard-to-reach, underserved population.
Virtue theory and ideal observers

Virtue theorists in ethics often embrace the following characterizationof right action: An action is right iff a virtuous agent would performthat action in like circumstances. Zagzebski offers a parallel virtue-basedaccount of epistemically justified belief. Such proposals are severely flawedbecause virtuous agents in adverse circumstances, or through lack ofknowledge can perform poorly. I propose an alternative virtue-based accountaccording to which an action is right (a belief is justified) for an agentin a given situation iff an unimpaired, fully-informed virtuous observerwould deem the action to be right (the belief to be justified).
Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations with China II

As noted above, one of the causes for the failure of the Baikoff’s mission was the conflict between Russians and Chinese on the Amur. After Russians began again to move into the Amur, new difficulties arose which led the Chinese frontier authorities to open communications with local Siberian authorities. In 1670 the Defense Commissioner of Ninguta sent dispatches to Nerchinsk, protesting against Russian encroachments on the Amur, and demanding the extradition of Gantimur, a Solon prince, who, with his tribe, had gone over to Russia. In reply Danilo Arshinsky, voevoda of Nerchinsk, who apparently had little comprehension of the real situation, sent a Cossack, Ignashka Milovanoff, to Peking with proposals that Emperor K’ang-hsi accept Russian suzerainty. Although the Chinese officials, or perhaps the Jesuit interpreters, must have suppressed the offensive passage, yet such a demand caused China to impose subsequent humiliation on Russia.1 Chinese records reveal the event as follows: 2 In the fourth month of the ninth year (of K’ang-hsi) Russia sent an envoy to present his piao (official letter) as a sign of submission, but the text of it was uncomprehensible; the script went from the bottom to the top, like the Taoist charm seals. Therefore, the Russian envoy was summoned to translate the document in order to present to the Emperor.
Is your weather being modified

Most atmospheric modification that exists in the United States is occurring accidentally as a result of man’s land-use changes. Cities, power plants, and certain agricultural activities modify the weather, often dramatically, on local and regional scales. These unintentional changes are so important and widespread that study of their scale and nature is essential in many design and policy areas. Knowing more about inadvertent weather modification has become a part of wise planning for hydrologic, agricultural, transportation systems, and activities. Furthermore, regional weather changes due to man’s use of land may reduce or enhance the effectiveness of efforts to purposefully modify the weather.
Fabrication of ultra-fine line circuits on PWB substrates

One of the greatest challenges facing the packaging industry at present is the availability of organic substrates capable of routing and interconnecting high I/O fine pitch area array flip chip. These substrates require line widths and spacing of 3.5 to 12 /spl mu/m for flip chip systems applications supporting chip I/O densities of 5 K-10 K/cm/sup 2/ and pitch of 50 to 100 /spl mu/m. The system-on-a-package (SOP) module being developed at the Packaging Research Center (PRC) at Georgia Tech is focused on providing lines and spaces in the 6 to 10 /spl mu/m range and microvias in the 10 to 15 /spl mu/m range to support these applications. The PRC has been evaluating low cost materials and processes by integrating them into the SOP substrates. These substrates demonstrate the very fine and ultra fine line widths and spaces necessary to meet next-generation interconnect density requirements. Line widths and spaces of 15 to 25 /spl mu/m and microvia diameters of 50 /spl mu/m on low-cost organic substrates has been demonstrated in the fabrication of SOP testbed prototypes. Processes for 10 /spl mu/m fine lines and spaces coupled with 25 /spl mu/m small microvia interconnect are currently being developed for inclusion in the next phase of PRC SOP prototype test beds. The PRC plans further exploration into developing low-cost processes capable of achieving line widths and spaces of 6 to 10 /spl mu/m for inclusion into future SOP test bed prototypes. A fine line and width structure made of 4 /spl mu/m copper lines on build-up laminate (FR-4) is discussed in this paper. Additionally, we present highlights of a novel stack-via technology that enables the wiring density necessary to meet future interconnect requirements as indicated in the SIA semiconductor roadmap.
Helical flux ropes in solar prominences

The present numerical method for the computation of force-free, cancelling magnetic structures shows that flux cancellation at the neutral line in a sheared magnetic arcade generates helical field lines that can support a prominence's plasma. With increasing flux cancellation, the axis of the helical fields moves to greater heights; this is suggestive of a prominence eruption. Two alternative scenarios are proposed for the formation of polar crown prominences which yield the correct axial magnetic field sign. Both models are noted to retain the formation of helical flux tubes through flux cancellation as their key feature.
Thinking in the space between Winnicott and Lacan

The author, following Andre Green, maintains that the two most original psychoanalytic thinkers since Freud were Donald Winnicott and Jacques Lacan. Winnicott, it has been said, introduced the comic tradition into psychoanalysis, while Lacan sustained Freud's tragic/ironic vision. Years of mutual avoidance by their followers (especially of Lacan by Anglophone clinicians) has arguably diminished understanding of the full spectrum of psychoanalytic thought. The author outlines some basic constructs of Winnicott and of Lacan, including: their organizing tropes of selfhood versus subjectivity, their views of the "mirror stage", and their definitions of the aims of treatment. While the ideas of Winnicott and Lacan appear at some points complementary, the goal is not to integrate them into one master discourse, but rather to bring their radically different paradigms into provocative contact. A clinical vignette is offered to demonstrate concepts from Lacan and Winnicott, illustrating what it might mean to think and teach in the potential space between them.
Targeting of muralytic enzymes to the cell division site of Gram‐positive bacteria: repeat domains direct autolysin to the equatorial surface ring of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus secretes autolysin (Atl) to complete cell division by hydrolyzing its thick cell wall layer at a designated site, known as the equatorial surface ring. Secreted pro-Atl (1256 amino acids) is cleaved at residues 198 and 775 to generate a pro-peptide, amidase and glucosaminidase, respectively. Here we examined the mechanism that directs amidase and glucosaminidase to the cell division site on the staphylococcal surface. Targeting of pro-Atl to the cell surface occurred prior to its proteolytic processing. Three repeat domains (R1, R2 and R3) located at the center of pro-Atl are necessary and sufficient for the targeting of reporter proteins to the equatorial surface ring. Pro-Atl cleavage at residue 775 separates the polypeptide such that R1 and R2 are linked to the C-terminus of amidase, whereas R3 is located at the N-terminus of glucosaminidase. Thus, it appears that the repeat domains direct pro-Atl, amidase and glucosaminidase to a specific receptor at the equatorial surface ring of staphylococci, thereby allowing localized peptidoglycan hydrolysis and separation of the dividing cells.
Conformal energy-momentum tensor in curved spacetime: Adiabatic regularization and renormalization

In preparation for an investigation of whether field-theoretic effects helped to make the early universe become isotropic, we seek to determine the physical (divergence-free) energy-momentum tensor through which the geometry of spacetime is influenced by a quantized scalar field with conformal ("new improved") coupling to the metric. The cosmological models studied are the Kasner-like (type I) metrics (homogeneous, spatially flat, nonrotating, but anisotropic), and also the isotropic Robertson-Walker metrics. The methods employed have previously been expounded in the context of a minimally coupled scalar field and a Robertson-Walker metric. Three divergent leading terms are extracted from an adiabatic expansion of the formal expressions for the expectation values of the energy density and pressures. In the Kasner case a slight reshuffling of the leading terms in the energy density displays all divergences to be proportional to either the metric tensor or a second-order curvature tensor which vanishes when the spacetime is isotropic; hence a finite energy-momentum tensor remains after renormalization of the cosmological constant and one other coupling constant in a generalized Einstein equation. In the Robertson-Walker cases, because of conformal flatness, there is no divergence beyond the usual quartically divergent constant vacuum energy; when the mass is not zero, however, a finite renormalization of the gravitational constant is suggested. The correctness of the methods is tested by considering a coordinate system in which flat spacetime assumes the form of a Kasner universe: The adiabatic definition of particle number and vacuum, which is basic to our expansion and renormalization methods, is seen to be consistent with the usual flat-space concepts.
PHASE BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY-P-PHENYLENE TEREPHTHALAMIDE/AMORPHOUS NYLON MOLECULAR COMPOSITES

Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA)/amorphous nylon (AN) molecular composites were prepared from sulfuric acid solution by rapidly coagulating in distilled water. The regenerated films appear homogeneous and transparent. However, the rod-like and flexible macromolecules are probably entrapped in a single phase during rapid coagulation, thus thermodynamically unstable and undergoing phase segregation upon thermal treatment. The miscibility between PPTA/AN was identified by a dielectric relaxation method. Phase behavior and kinetics of phase separation in PPTA/AN mixtures were thoroughly investigated by time-resolved light scattering as well as optical microscope. A pseudo phase diagram reminiscent of a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was established by a cloud point measurement. Several temperature-jump experiments were undertaken from ambient to a two-phase temperature region. The low PPTA content molecular composites were prepared by coagulating in a non-solvent, then by compression molding below the phase separation temperatures. The 30 wt% PPTA molecular composite exhibits over three-fold increase in tensile modulus relative to that of the neat AN, however, there is little or no improvement in the tensile strength. On the other hand, by a slight addition of AN into PPTA, the tensile and compressive failures of spun fibers may be improved.
Regiocontrol by electron withdrawing groups in the Rh-catalyzed CH insertion of α-diazoketones

Summary It is possible to control the regiochemistry of the Rh-catalyzed insertion of α-diazoketones into C H bonds by taking advantage of the greatly reduced rate of insertion into methylenes which are α or β to a carboxyl function. The 2-carboxyethyl group is especially useful for this purpose because it can be transformed eventually into a variety of other substituents.
PHYSICALISM AND THE VIA NEGATIVA

Some philosophers have suggested that, instead of attempting to arrive at a satisfactory definition of the physical, we should adopt the ‘via negativa.’ That is, we should take the notion of the mental as fundamental, and define the physical in contrast, as the non-mental. I defend a variant of this approach, based on some information about how children form concepts. I suggest we are hard-wired to form a concept of intentional agency from a very young age, and so there’s some reason to believe that our concept of the physical does include, as part of its content, a contrast with the mental.
Ab initio Physical Analysis of Single Dimensional Laser Machining of Silicon Nitride

The capability of pulsed Nd:YAG lasers to carry out the machining of Si 3 N 4 was explored in this study. An ab initio integrated machining model was developed by taking into account the in-situ physical phenomena such as evaporation and decomposition of the ceramic and effect of their recoil pressure on the melt pool expulsion. The model based machined depth prediction for a given number of pulses was in close agreement with the actual measured depth of the machined cavity, thus rendering the model useful for advance machined depth predictions under a given set of processing conditions.
How carriers and suppliers are evolving to provide next generation mobile TV service

Mobile TV systems are in their infancy and are about to being a rapid evolution from vertical standalone systems to more complicated and user centric services. These next generation services will be more closely aligned with subscriber desires so the subscribers can experience a more holistic entertainment experience.
What Do Repetitive and Stereotyped Movements Mean for Infant Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Repetitive and stereotyped movements (RSMs) in infancy are associated with later diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet this relationship has not been fully explored in high-risk populations. The current study investigated how RSMs involving object and body use are related to diagnostic outcomes in infant siblings of children with ASD (Sibs-ASD) and typically developing children (Sibs-TD). The rate and number of different types of RSMs were measured at an average of 15 months with follow-up diagnostic evaluations approximately 18 months later. While Sibs-ASD displayed higher rates of RSMs relative to Sibs-TD, rates did not differ according to diagnostic outcome in Sibs-ASD. However preliminary evidence suggests that qualitative differences in RSM type warrant further investigation as early diagnostic markers.
Optical Enhancements in Diagnosis and Surveillance of Colorectal Neoplasia

The influx of new endoscopic technologies produces continuous evolution in diagnostic modalities, especially in colorectal cancer screening. New technologies seek not only to improve the detection of flat and difficult-to-visualize lesions, but also to more precisely differentiate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. The oldest technology, chromoendoscopy, has been shown to improve neoplasia detection in high-risk subjects, but it is not widely accepted due to its cumbersome nature. Newer technologies such as narrow-band imaging provide digital chromoendoscopy, yielding improved lesion detection and characterization with less inconvenience. Other technologies such as confocal endomicroscopy allow endoscopists to make in vivo histologic diagnoses of suspicious areas. Collectively, these emerging technologies may change the way that colonoscopy is performed.
Quadrupole moments of the alkali dimers, Li2, Na2, and K2

The quadrupole moments ( )o f Li 2 ,N a 2, and K2 have been determined using SCF, B3LYP, and CCSD(T). Included in this study is the effect of valence and core- valence correlation. The variation of as a function of bond length has also been evaluated from which vibrational contributions have been determined. Additionally, the shape and relative magnitude of vs. bond length are attributed to the s-s nature of the bonding.
Algorithms and architecture constraints for a class of real-time image processing problems

ABSTRACT Many important problems in real-time image processing involve both high computational requirements and a complex and substantial data flow. The system designer must weigh the difficulty of partitioning the problem to fit onto commercial hardware versus the expense of embedding the algorithm in an ASIC or an ASIC chip set subject to constraints on device and pin count, data path complexity, etc. A consistent system architecture evaluation methodology and tool set for addressing the implementation of such problems in a combination of software and hardware is sorely needed; this paper presents first steps in that direction.In order to demonstrate a typical set of trade-offs, we cite the pan-zoom-rotate (PZR) problem, i.e., the problem of processing an input scene for viewing at arbitrary translation, rotation, and magnification in real time. This problem requires both a very high computational rate and high image data bandwidth; sophisticated memory addressing and management are also needed, as access patterns to the input data are non-trivial. We are using the Architecture Design and Assessment System (ADAS) and a number of other tools to determine and model the computational and data flow constraints of this problem and to experiment with different partition­ ing strategies for the algorithms. We describe the methods we have used to determine these constraints, why these constraints rule out implementation via commercial DSP chips, and how our architecture assessment tools have been used to develop candidate, highly pipelined ASIC architectures with sophisticated internal data buffering which meet these constraints.
Paradigm changes in spine surgery—evolution of minimally invasive techniques

Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) techniques were developed to address morbidities associated with open spinal surgery approaches. MISS was initially applied for indications such as the microendoscopic decompression of stenosis (MEDS)-an operation that has become widely implemented in modern spine surgery practice. Minimally invasive surgery for MEDS is an excellent example of how an MISS technique has improved outcomes compared with the use of traditional open surgical procedures. In parallel with reports of surgeon experience, accumulating clinical evidence suggests that MISS is favoured over open surgery, and one could argue that the role of MISS techniques will continue to expand. As the field of minimally invasive surgery has developed, MISS has been implemented for the treatment of increasingly difficult and complex pathologies, including trauma, spinal malignancies and spinal deformity in adults. In this Review, we present the accumulating evidence in support of minimally invasive techniques for established MISS indications, such as lumbar stenosis, and discuss the need for additional level I and level II data to demonstrate the benefit of MISS over traditional open surgery. The expanding utility of MISS techniques to address an increasingly broad range of spinal pathologies is also highlighted.
Integrating optimization models and human expertise in decision support tools

Abstract Decision Support literature, specially in the subarea of Model Management, has long recognized that complex problems rarely can be solved by a single model encompassing all problem aspects. Solutions to such problems often require the integration of multiple models each addressing a specific aspect of the problem. Considerable heuristic knowledge from human experts is also required in the solution procedure. In this paper, we present the architecture of a design tool that facilitates interaction among models and a human expert in arriving at a complete solution to a complex problem. A blackboard and an associated truth maintenance system form the basis of computer-based support for such interaction. The architecture of the design tool is independent of the application domain. Its implementation in Turbo Pascal is demonstrated using a problem in distributed computer systems design.
Molecular analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease IV expressed in Pseudomonas putida.

PURPOSE. In this study, the protease IV gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was expressed in the nonocular pathogenic host, Pseudomonas putida, to elucidate the molecular properties and virulence contribution of the enzyme. Recent determination of the protease IV gene sequence suggests that the protein of 463 amino acids contains a signal sequence, a propeptide domain, and a mature protease. The only form of this protein that has been detected previously is the extracellular mature protease. METHODS. The protease IV gene was cloned and expressed in a protease IV-negative Pseudomonas species, P. putida. The cloned protease IV gene product was analyzed to identify biochemical, enzymatic, and immunologic properties and its contribution to corneal virulence. RESULTS. P. putida expressing the cloned protease IV gene had significantly greater extracellular enzyme activity than P. aeruginosa. These P. putida cell extracts produced a protein with the same molecular mass as mature protease IV and two other polypeptides representing larger precursors, all of which were recognized by protease IV‐specific antibodies. P. putida producing protease IV, relative to P. putida with the vector alone, caused a threefold increase in ocular inflammation and tissue damage when intrastromally injected into rabbit corneas. CONCLUSIONS. The present study demonstrates for the first time that protease IV is synthesized as a large precursor that is processed intracellularly through an intermediate form and secreted into the extracellular milieu as a mature protease. The results also confirm a significant correlation between production of protease IV and corneal virulence. (Invest Ophthalmol
The effects of tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acids on tyrosine 3-monooxygenase☆

Abstract The effects of tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acids, derived from dopamine and various phenylpyruvates, on the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase have been investigated. Using a partially purified tyrosine 3-monooxygenase from bovine adrenal medulla, 3′,4′-deoxynorlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid was found to be a mixed inhibitor against the cofactor ( K i = 122 μM), equipotent with norepinephrine. Norlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid inhibited tyrosine 3-monooxygenase competitively with respect to the cofactor ( K i = 126 μM). When tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity in catecholamine-free striatal homogenates was studied, again 3′,4′-deoxynorlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid ( K i = 40 μM) behaved as a mixed inhibitor whereas norlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid ( K i = 136 μM) was competitive. When the rat striatal tyrosine 3-monooxygenase was subjected to phosphorylating conditions in vitro , decreases in the K i of norlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid and in that of 3′,4′-deoxynorlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid were observed, whereas the K i of dopamine was increased. Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity in rat striatal synaptosomes was also inhibited by 3′,4′-deoxynorlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid (IC 50 = 100 μ m ) and phosphorylating conditions affected only that inhibition produced by dopamine, but not that by the tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acids. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of the tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acids and their possible role in vivo .
Influenza surveillance in Shenzhen, the largest migratory metropolitan city of China, 2006-2009

Shenzhen is one of the largest migratory metropolitan cities in China. A standardized influenza surveillance system has been operating in Shenzhen for several years. The objectives of the present study were to describe the epidemiology of influenza in Shenzhen and to assess the impact of pandemic H1N1 on influenza activity. An average rate of 71 cases of influenza-like illness (ILI)/1000 consultations was reported, which was greater than the rate in the preceding 3 years. Laboratory surveillance showed that the annual proportion of specimens positive for influenza was 25·4% in 2009, representing a significant increase over the proportions of 5·4%, 11·6% and 12·2% in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. A total of 414 ILI outbreaks were reported in 2009, which was a marked increase compared to the previous 3 years. Influenza activity reached a record high in Shenzhen in 2009. Seasonal A/H3N2 was the dominant strain during the summer and was gradually replaced by pandemic H1N1. A semi-annual cycle for influenza circulation began to appear due to the emergence of pandemic H1N1.
A holistic view of GPCR signaling.

Dynamic mass redistribution assays measure the complexity of G protein–coupled receptor signaling.
Arterial Switch Operation: Early and Late Outcome for Intramural Coronary Arteries

Background Intramural coronary artery course (IMCA) is associated with an increased risk of coronary event and mortality after the arterial switch operation (ASO). We describe early and late outcomes at our institution from 1996 to 2006. Methods Operation notes for all patients who underwent ASO within 60 days of birth were reviewed, and those with IMCA were identified. Mortality and morbidity were obtained from discharge summary, predischarge electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram. Follow-up included clinical review, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, dobutamine stress echocardiography, and angiography. Results Eighteen patients of 215 in the cohort (8.4%) had IMCA. Intramural coronary artery course was more common in patients from French Polynesia (6 of 17; 35.3% versus 12 of 198; 6.1%; p = 0.001). Early mortality for patients with IMCA was 1 of 18 (5.6%) compared with 6 of 197 (3%) for those without IMCA ( p = 0.46). One IMCA patient was lost to follow-up. The remaining 16 are alive and asymptomatic. Of the 13 who underwent angiography, 2 had minor coronary artery stenoses at initial nonselective aortic root angiography. Both stenoses resolved at subsequent selective coronary angiography. None of the 11 who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography had inducible ischemia. Conclusions We report a high prevalence of IMCA in an ASO population, particularly among patients referred from French Polynesia. Intramural coronary artery course was not a risk factor for mortality after ASO. Angiography demonstrated excellent short-term and long-term structural outcome for IMCA.
Additions and Corrections to the Monograph on the Plecoptera of North America.

Since the publication in 1925 of the Plecoptera of North America by Dr. J. G. Needham and myself we have discovered several errors in the text, particularly in the keys to species of some of the genera. Inadvertently the list of unrecognizable species of North American forms, which was to be included in the monograph was omitted.
Detecting and Treating Retinopathy in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus: A Health Policy Model

Abstract Diabetic retinopathy is the major cause of new cases of blindness among working-age Americans. The authors analyzed the medical and economic implications of alternative screening strategies for detecting retinopathy in a diabetic population. The approaches compared included dilated fundus examination at 6-,12-, and 24-month intervals with and without fundus photography. Potential savings from screening and treatment are based on amounts paid by the federal government for blindness-related disability. Screening for and treating retinopathy in patients with type I diabetes mellitus was cost-effective using all screening strategies. Between 71,474 and 85,315 person years of sight and 76,886 and 94,705 person years of reading vision can be saved for each annual cohort of patients with type I diabetes mellitus when proper laser photocoagulation is administered. This results in a cost savings of $62.1 to $108.6 million. Annual examination of all diabetic patients and semi-annual examination of those with retinopathy was more effective than annual examination with fundus photography. This screening strategy is consistent with the Preferred Practice Pattern for Diabetic Retinopathy of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Proton NMR studies of a large protein. pH, substrate titrations, and NOESY experiments with perdeuterated yeast phosphoglycerate kinase containing [1H]histidine residues.

Abstract Fully deuterated yeast phosphoglycerate kinase ([ 2 H]PGK) was prepared biosynthetically with only histidine side chains of normal ( 1 H) isotopic composition. The 1 H NMR spectrum of this enzyme([ 1 H]His[ 2 H]PGK) showed that the histidine side chains are clearly visible as sharp signals. Thus detailed structural studies by 1 H NMR became feasible with isotope-hybrid phosphoglycerate kinase which is otherwise too large ( M r ∼ 46,000) for conventional 1 H NMR studies. Proton signals of bound substrates were visible in the 1 H NMR spectrum even with a substrate-to-enzyme ratio of less than 1/2 (mol/mol). The 2D NOESY spectrum of enzyme-MgdATP-glycerol 3-phosphate complex showed that, although protein concentration was very high (1.5 m M ), no intraprotein cross peaks were observed other than those of intraresidue histidine NOE cross peaks. In addition, intrasubstrate NOEs and intermolecular NOEs between histidine and substrate protons were visible at a 1.5/1 substrate/enzyme (mol/mol) ratio. Paramagnetic effects of a substrate analog, Cr(III)ATP, on some of the histidine side chains indicated that the formation of the ternary enzyme-substrate complex causes large conformational changes in the enzyme.
Interacting electrons in two-dimensional Landau levels: Results for small clusters

We study the two-dimensional electron gas in a quantizing magnetic field for the cases of Coulomb and harmonic interactions among the electrons. Numerical solutions for the quantum states of clusters of up to five electrons show that the strength of the excitation gap is a strongly oscillating function of the density not unlike what is observed in the anomalous quantum Hall effect. We present analytic results for the case of harmonic interactions and show that the variational wave function recently proposed by Laughlin for the Coulomb problem is in fact an exact eigenstate of the harmonic problem.
Allosteric behavior of platelet myosin.

Abstract The allosteric properties of platelet actomyosin and myosin have been further studied. At pH 7.2, both exhibit sigmoid kinetics with at least two interacting ATP binding sites. At pH 8.9, the velocity versus substrate curve is shifted to the right and becomes more sigmoidal. In contrast, at pH 5.5, the enzyme appears to follow hyperbolic kinetics and the K m is reduced. In the presence of 1.4 m urea, the sigmoidicity is lost and the enzyme obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The effect of ADP on the ATPase activity was also investigated. ADP shows characteristics of a competitive inhibitor; it increases K m (shifts sigmoid curve to the right) without affecting V . When the enzyme is desensitized by low pH (5.5) or urea (1.4 m ), the allosteric interaction is abolished without impairing the catalytic activity and ADP is no longer inhibitory. These findings suggest that platelet myosin possesses two interacting sites and that ADP binds to the allosteric site which appears to be different from the catalytic site.
π − Scattering from Complex Nuclei

Differential cross sections were measured for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-carbon scattering at 69.5 and 87.5 Mev and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-oxygen scattering at 87.5 Mev from 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} extending the technique of Baker, Rainwater, and Williams. The energy resolution was sufficient to measure pure elastic as well as 5- and 10-Mev inelastic cross sections. The modified Kisslinger optical-model equation was used to fit the elastic-cross-section data. A ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ analysis for the 69.5-Mev carbon data gave a nuclear radius parameter ${r}_{0}=1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ fermis and a fall-off parameter $t=1.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ fermis. These parameters give good fits to the other data as well. An energy dependence in the strength parameters for carbon is observed in qualitative agreement with prediction.
Uniaxial creep response of Alloy 800H in impure helium and in low oxygen potential environments for nuclear reactor applications

Studies were conducted on the creep behavior of Alloy 800H in impure helium and in a 1%CO-CO{sub 2} environment. At relatively low applied stresses and at low temperatures, the presence of methane in helium reduced the rupture strain significantly while increasing the rupture life relative to the behavior in pure helium. The degradation in rupture strain is due to the occurrence of cleavage fracture in the He + CH{sub 4} environment; this explanation is also supported by high activation energy (Q = 723 kJ/mol) for creep in He + CH{sub 4}. At higher applied stresses and also at higher temperatures, creep-rupture behavior in He and He + CH{sub 4} was similar. Creep response in pure He and in CO-CO{sub 2} follows a dislocation climb-controlled power-law behavior whereas that in He + CH{sub 4} has a different behavior as indicated by the high stress exponent (n = 9.8). The activation energy for creep in pure He was 391 kJ/mol and in CO-CO{sub 2} was 398 kJ/mol, and appeared to be independent of stress in both environments. On the other hand, in He + CH{sub 4}, the activation energy (Q = 723 kJ/mol) seems to be dependent on stress.
Healing macrocracks in YBCO bulk superconductors

We report a simple and effective method for healing macrocracks in YBCO bulk superconductors. The samples with cracks were processed in a furnace in flowing oxygen to eliminate problems caused by nitrogen entrapment during the healing process. Samples were heated several degrees above their decomposition temperature to seal the cracks. The results demonstrate that cracks which form during sample growth or subsequent mechanical processing can be successfully repaired. Multiple domains formed by macrocracks are rejoined into a single domain.
Flow velocity waveforms of the vascular system in the anemic fetus before and after intravascular transfusion for severe red blood cell alloimmunization.

Summary Sixteen intravascular transfusions were performed in 16 anemic human fetuses. To investigate the status of the vascular system with Doppler ultrasonography before and after correction of anemia, pulsatility index values were obtained for the flow velocity waveforms of the middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, renal artery, femoral artery, and umbilical artery before and the day after the correction of anemia. The fetuses were divided into two groups: (1) fetuses with a hematocrit level between 2 and 4 SDs below the normal mean value for gestational age and (2) fetuses with a hematocrit value < 4 SDs below the normal mean value for gestational age. No significant differences were observed in the pulsatility index values of the vessels studied before and after correction of anemia in both groups of fetuses. These data suggest that the pulsatility index cannot be used as an indicator of fetal anemia at the hematocrit values studied. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:1060-4.)
Ion-molecule reactions in trifluoromethyl iodide and pentafluoroethyl iodide

Abstract Ion-molecule reactions in trifluoromethyl iodide and pentafluoroethyl iodide were studied using time-of-flight and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, respectively, to obtain information about reaction rates and mechanistic pathways. In the CF 3 I system, CF 3 + reacts with parent via F − transfer (exoergic) or via charge exchange (strongly endoergic). The I + ion reacts by I atom abstraction (exoergic) giving I 2 + or by endoergic charge exchange. The parent ion CF 3 I + can decay via collisionally induced dissociation, but also undergoes condensation reactions with neutral CF 3 I yielding CF 3 I 2 + and the dimer ion (CF 3 I) 2 + ; the ether-structure product (CF 3 ) 2 I + was not seen. Many of the same reaction types are seen in the C 2 F 5 I system. The CF + ion undergoes I − and CF 3 − transfer reactions with parent, giving C 2 F 5 + and CF 2 I + , respectively. As in the CF 3 I system, CF 3 + (and also CF 2 I + and C 2 F 5 + ) react with substrate either via energetically favorable F − transfer or via strongly unfavorable charge transfer processes, giving C 2 F 4 I + and C 2 F 4 I + , respectively, with each reactant. Again, I − reacts by energetically favorable I atom abstraction or unfavorable charge transfer. Endoergic charge transfer also occurs between parent and C 2 F 4 + ion. Two condensation products were seen which are analogous to the methyl case — namely C 2 F 5 I 2 + and (C 2 F 5 I) 2 + . In both the CF 3 I and C 2 F 5 I systems, there is strong evidence for participation of ions with as much as 1.5 eV of excitation energy.
Applications Of The Faraday Effect And Magnetic Circular Dichroism In Chemistry And Physics

The theory and observed characteristics of magneto-optical rotation (MOR) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) are described. They are then related to applications in optical instrumentation, and in the determination of atomic and molecular structure. Special emphasis is given to the use of lasers in improving the measurement of these magneto-optic effects. It is suggested that high-resolution laser spectroscopy will replace MCD measurements in some applications.
The Occurrence and Replication of Escherichia coli in Cattle Feeds

Sixty-three of 209 (30.1%) samples of cattle feed that were collected from multiple commercial sources and from farms were found to contain Eschericha coli. However, none of the feed samples examined were culture-positive for E. coli O157. Replication of fecal E. coli, including E. coli O157, was demonstrated in a variety of feeds at temperatures that were similar to those found on farms in summer months. Fresh mixed rations containing corn silage were sampled from 16 dairies. Rations from 12 of these dairies were found to contain E. coli, and the rations from 5 dairies had concentrations of E. coli that were greater than 1000 cfu/g. The ability of experimental mixed rations to support the replication of E. coli was correlated with the concentration of organic acids in the corn silage that was used in the ration. Widespread contamination of cattle feeds with E. coli and the ability of E. coli to replicate in feeds suggest that feeds are a potentially important factor in the ecology of organisms that can be transmitted from feces to mouth, such as E. coli O157.
The heat-shock response in vivo: experimental induction during mammalian organogenesis.

According to the embryonic stress hypothesis of teratogenesis, anatomical malformation can be the consequence of the induction of a heat-shock response (HSR) in the embryo at some critical stage during the determination or differentiation of organs. This hypothesis states that a teratogen is any agent (i) that is capable of inducing a HSR and (ii) that can reach the developing embryo. As a first step in determining whether the hypothesis is tenable, it was necessary to determine whether the embryo in fact is capable of making the HSR during the period of organogenesis. Pregnant mice were treated with two classical inducers of the HSR, one a physical and the other a chemical agent—namely, hyperthermia and sodium arsenite. The embryos, while still in the living mouse, responded with heat-shock protein induction, as did control bone marrow.
The structure of the ethyl radical

A consistent experimental and theoretical view is presented for the structure of the ethyl radical. These results show that the stable conformation is the staggered form and that the CH3 group in the radical is distorted.
Molecular aspects of human cellular zinc homeostasis: redox control of zinc potentials and zinc signals.

Zinc(II) ions are essential for all forms of life. In humans, they have catalytic and structural functions in an estimated 3,000 zinc proteins. In addition, they interact with proteins transiently when they regulate proteins or when proteins regulate cellular zinc re-distribution. As yet, these types of zinc proteins have been explored poorly. Therefore the number of zinc/protein interactions is potentially larger than that given by the above estimate. Confronted with such a wide range of functions, which affect virtually all aspects of cellular physiology, investigators have begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cellular homeostatic control of zinc, especially the functions of transporter, sensor, and trafficking proteins, such as metallothioneins, in providing the correct amounts of zinc ions for the synthesis of zinc metalloproteins. The sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine in proteins has an important role in the cellular mobility of zinc ions. Sulfur-coordination environments provide sufficiently strong interactions with zinc ions; they can undergo fast ligand-exchange; and they can serve as molecular redox switches for zinc binding and release. For the cellular functions of zinc, the free zinc ion concentrations (zinc potentials, pZn = −log[Zn2+]) and the zinc buffering capacity are critically important parameters that need to be defined quantitatively. In the cytoplasm, free zinc ions are kept at picomolar concentrations as a minute fraction of the few hundred micromolar concentrations of total cellular zinc. However, zinc ion concentrations can fluctuate under various conditions. Zinc ions released intracellularly from the zinc/thiolate clusters of metallothioneins or secreted from specialized organelles are potent effectors of proteins and are considered zinc signals. The cellular zinc buffering capacity determines the threshold between physiological and pathophysiological actions of zinc ions. When drugs, toxins, other transition metal ions or reactive compounds compromise zinc buffering, large zinc ion fluctuations can injure cells through effects on redox biology and interactions of zinc ions with proteins that are normally not targeted.
Low-dose ranitidine for the relief of heartburn.

Background : Approximately 30% of adults in the USA suffer from heartburn or related symptoms monthly; more than 20% of these sufferers experience heartburn at least once per day. Although many rely on self-medication with antacids for the relief of their symptoms, treatments that decrease gastric volume as well as increase the pH of refluxed material should be more effective in relieving heartburn. Aim : To compare the safety and efficacy of low-dose regimens of ranitidine for the relief of heartburn. Methods : Adults with at least a 3-month history of heartburn were eligible for this randomized, double-blind, parallel group, multicentre dose-ranging study. Following a 1-week open-label run-in phase to document baseline heartburn frequency, subjects were randomized to receive treatment with one tablet of either ranitidine 75 mg (n = 491), ranitidine 25 mg (n = 504), or placebo (n = 494), to be taken as needed up to four times daily for 2 weeks for the relief of heartburn. Results : The ranitidine 75 mg regimen was clinically (> 10 percentage points) and statistically (P < 0.05) significantly more effective than placebo for all measured efficacy end-points in relieving heartburn and reducing antacid consumption. In addition, the ranitidine 75 mg regimen was superior to placebo in providing heartburn relief within 30 min of dosing that lasted for up to 12 h. Ranitidine 25 mg was observed to be statistically superior (P < 0.05) but not clinically different from placebo, as defined a priori, in providing heartburn relief. All treatments were well tolerated and adverse events occurred no more frequently with the ranitidine regimens than with placebo. Conclusions : Ranitidine 75 mg provides prompt relief of heartburn that lasts for up to 12 h and has a safety profile comparable to that of placebo.
A Proof of Minkowski's Inequality for Convex Curves

(1968). A Proof of Minkowski's Inequality for Convex Curves. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 581-593.
Incorporating Wildlife Conservation into County Comprehensive Plans: A GIS Approach

Within the United States (U.S.), state wildlife agencies are required to identify Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN), the factors that impact these species, and the conservation actions needed to conserve these species through documentation of a Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS). While the identification of SGCN represents an essential first step towards a comprehensive management strategy at the state level, the incorporation of this information into county level comprehensive plans will likely increase conservation efforts needed statewide. Our objective for this study was to use spatial data to delineate areas of human activity overlapping with areas rich in biodiversity to provide state wildlife agencies and local county planners recommended conservation actions to reduce biodiversity loss by human activities. Using the state of Idaho as an example, we delineated areas within the state where biodiversity hotspots for terrestrial and aquatic SGCN and human activities may be conflicting. We then identified counties within the state where these areas of conflict occur and identified conservation actions that may mitigate human activities to benefit SGCN. Our study used available geospatial data and a simple geographical information system (GIS) based approach which could be applied to other areas to support county-level land use planning for wildlife conservation.
Selecting Outstanding Faculty: Indicators of Quality.

Moore investigates indicators of faculty quality as perceived by deans of SCDEs. Data were collected by mailing a special ly constructed instrument to a sample of 243 deans of education. The instru ment was comprised of selected quality indicator categories: academic prepara tion, professional experience, personal qualities, documentation of teaching ef fectiveness, evidence of scholarship, ser vice activities, candidate's personal and professional development, and leader ship qualities. Responses were returned by 178 deans. Data were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics. Eight criteria were ranked as the most important indicators of quality for initial employment. Those indicators were pre sented and discussed.