cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A single-mode associates global patterns of brain network structure and behavior across the human lifespan

Multiple human behaviors improve early in life, peaking in young adulthood, and declining thereafter. Several properties of brain structure and function progress similarly across the lifespan. Cognitive and neuroscience research has approached aging primarily using associations between a few behaviors, brain functions, and structures. Because of this, the multivariate, global factors relating brain and behavior across the lifespan are not understood. We investigated the global patterns of associations between 334 behavioral and clinical measures and 376 brain structural connections in 594 individuals across the lifespan. A single-axis associated changes in multiple behavioral domains and brain structural connections (r=0.5808). Individual variability within the single association-axis well predicted the subjects age (r=0.6275). Representational similarity analysis evidenced global patterns of interactions across multiple brain networks systems and behavioral domains. Results show that a global process of human aging is well captured by multivariate data fusion approach.
On the convexity condition for the Semi-Geostrophic system

We show that conservative distributional solutions to the Semi-Geostrophic systems in a rigid domain are in some well-defined sense critical points of a time-shifted energy functional involving measure-preserving rearrangements of the absolute density and momentum, which arise as one-parameter flow maps of continuously differentiable, compactly supported divergence free vector fields. We also show directly, with no recourse to Monge-Kantorovich theory, that the convexity requirement on the modified pressure potentials arises naturally if these critical points are local minimizers of said energy functional for any admissible vector field. The obligatory connection with the Monge-Kantorovich theory is addressed briefly.
Preventing Futile Liver Resection: A Risk-Based Approach to Surgical Selection in Major Hepatectomy for Colorectal Cancer

Early recurrence following liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer generally portends poor survival. We sought to identify factors associated with early disease recurrence after major hepatectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer in order to improve patient selection and prevent futile hepatectomy. Sequential major (four or more segments) liver resections performed for metastatic colorectal cancer between 1995 and 2019 were selected from our prospectively maintained database. Univariate analyses, multivariable regression modelling, and survival analyses were used to identify predictors of futile resection (recurrence within 6 months of hepatectomy). Of 259 patients included, the median age was 61.3 years (interquartile range [IQR] 15.3) and the median number of liver tumors was 3.0 (IQR 2.0); 78.0% of patients received prehepatectomy chemotherapy. Surgeries were right (56.4%), left (19.3%), and extended hepatectomy (24.3%). Futile resection occurred in 26 (12.6%) patients. Margin positivity was similar in the futile resection group compared with the non-futile resection group (11.5% vs. 11.4%). Extrahepatic disease that disappeared with chemotherapy was present in 23.1% of patients with a futile resection and 7.2% of those without (p = 0.019). After multivariable regression, the factors predictive of futile resection were extrahepatic disease (odds ratio [OR] 5.6; p = 0.004), more than three liver lesions (OR 4.9; p = 0.001), and extended hepatectomy (OR 2.6; p = 0.038). Notably, 70.8% of futile recurrences occurred within the liver remnant and 20.8% were pulmonary metastases. Overall survival was 11.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1–16.2) for the futile resection cohort versus 45.6 (95% CI 39.1–52.1) for non-futile hepatectomies (p < 0.001). Futile hepatic resection can be predicted based on preoperative factors and carries a poor prognosis. Improved risk stratification for futility will aid in patient selection and treatment discussions.
Mechanisms of age-cognition relations in adulthood

This monograph is the written version of a series of talks delivered as recent MacEachran Lectures at the University of Alberta. The informal style of the lectures, and the inclusion of a relatively large number of figures, has been preserved in order to keep the monograph faithful to the concept of an individual attempting to integrate his own research into a reasonably coherent framework. Although the volume is very much a personal account of one individual's perspective, the studies reported are naturally a product of many collaborations as well as inspirations from colleagues. The fundamental issue addressed is how adult age differences in fluid or process aspects of cognitive functioning are to be explained. Several potential mediators are considered, with most of the emphasis devoted to the investigation of working memory and processing speed as variables mediating relations between age and cognition.
Capacity Building of Beginning Teachers from Alternative Certification Programs: Implications for Instructional Leadership:

This study explored the role of principals in building teacher capacity. It identified principals’ perceptions of teachers’ capacities, methods of assessment, and capacity-building strategies. Data...
Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mineralocorticoid Disorders

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure control, fluid, and electrolyte balance in humans. Chronic activation of mineralocorticoid production leads to dysregulation of the cardiovascular system and to hypertension. The key mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Hyperaldosteronism causes sodium and fluid retention in the kidney. Combined with the actions of angiotensin II, chronic elevation in aldosterone leads to detrimental effects in the vasculature, heart, and brain. The adverse effects of excess aldosterone are heavily dependent on increased dietary salt intake as has been demonstrated in animal models and in humans. Hypertension develops due to complex genetic influences combined with environmental factors. In the last two decades, primary aldosteronism has been found to occur in 5% to 13% of subjects with hypertension. In addition, patients with hyperaldosteronism have more end organ manifestations such as left ventricular hypertrophy and have significant cardiovascular complications including higher rates of heart failure and atrial fibrillation compared to similarly matched patients with essential hypertension. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary aldosteronism will be extensively reviewed. There are many pitfalls in the diagnosis and confirmation of the disorder that will be discussed. Other rare forms of hyper- and hypo-aldosteronism and unusual disorders of hypertension will also be reviewed in this article.
Consumer Attitudes Towards GM Food

Abstract To communicate effectively with consumers about genetically modified (GM) food, gaining insight in the formation of consumer attitude regarding GM food is essential. Therefore, the current paper first reviews relevant literature describing how consumer attitudes towards GM food are formed. Next, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is applied to own quantitative data to model the formation of consumer attitude towards GM food. Previous analysis of these quantitative data led to the identification and characterisation of four consumer segments (Halfhearted, Green Opponents, Balancers and Enthusiasts) based on beliefs and attitudes towards GM food. Based on the SEM results, recommendations are formulated for each of the four identified consumer segments.
Portraits of the earth

Geodesy--measuring the earth Map projections Scale factors Distances and shortest paths on the sphere Angles, triangles, and area on a sphere Curvature of surfaces Classical projections Equal-area maps Conformal maps Analysis of map distortion Oblique perspectives Other worlds: Maps of surfaces of revolution Appendix A: Aspects of thematic cartography: Symbolization, data classification, and thematic maps Appendix B: Laboratory projects Appendix C: Portraits of the earth: How the maps in this book were produced Bibliography Index.
Social Inequality and the Politics of Production: Identifying Potential Supporters of Economic Democracy

Race, class, and gender are the major bases of social inequality in contemporary America. In this study I investigate the consequences of social inequality on “socialist” ideology. Through a descriptive group analysis I identify who is most supportive of economic democracy. National survey data are employed to measure public opinion toward nationalization and workplace democracy. Such “politics of production” seek to redistribute control of the means of production, representing a fundamental challenge to class relations. Incorporating analysis of variance, I test for group differences in attitudes. Class position is operationalized by Wright's (Wright, Erik Olin, 1978, Class, Crisis and the State. London: Verso) contradictory class locations model. Race is found to be the most important basis of attitudes toward economic democracy. Class location and gender are critical in shaping Latino attitudes, but are largely irrelevant for African Americans. Despite class and gender effects, the analysis highlights the relative conservativism of whites. The mobilization potential of social movements advocating economic democracy is discussed. Given my findings and recent historical developments, the implications for workplace democracy are considered.
The QTc effect of low-dose methadone for chronic pain: a prospective pilot study.

Objective Methadone is associated with QT prolongation and serious cardiac complications, but this has been primarily demonstrated in opioid dependent patients receiving moderate to high doses. This study investigates the effect of low-dose methadone on the QTc interval in a chronic pain population. Design and Subjects We conducted a prospective cohort study in a chronic pain clinic including 82 patients receiving methadone and 102 patients receiving non-methadone opioid therapy. Methods We analyzed automated QTc calculations from 12-lead electrocardiograms at baseline and during the subsequent 6 months. The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of QTc greater than 470 milliseconds or an increase from baseline of greater than 60 milliseconds. Results The methadone group did not manifest an overall higher frequency of QTc > 470 milliseconds (6% for the methadone group vs 5% for controls, P = 0.722) or an increase in the QTc of > 60 milliseconds (4% for the methadone group vs 4% for controls, P = 0.94). In the first month after initiating methadone, patients demonstrated an increase in QTc compared to controls (5% for the methadone group vs 0% for the controls, P = 0.073) but the difference disappeared in the third and sixth months. Conclusion Data from our chronic pain clinic support a potential association of QTc prolongation during the initiation of methadone, but this effect is small and short lived. We believe larger scale studies to further characterize the safety profile of low-dose methadone are warranted.
Serum lipid response of hypercholesterolemic men to single and divided doses of canned beans

Dried beans lower serum lipid concentrations in healthy and hyperlipidemic subjects. To determine the effects of canned beans on serum lipid concentrations, 24 hyperlipidemic men ate one of three bean diets for 21 d in a metabolic ward. Diets A and B included 227 g canned beans (120 g beans with 107 g tomato sauce) daily, in a single dose for diet A and in a divided dose for diet B. Diet C included 182 g canned beans (162 g beans with 20 g tomato sauce) daily in a divided dose. All bean diets combined lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations 10.4% (p less than 0.001) and 10.8% (p less than 0.025), respectively. Diet B was as effective as diet C, and the groups on those diets had greater cholesterol reductions than did the group on diet A. Serum cholesterol reduction was positively correlated (p less than 0.01) with intake of total dietary fiber and soluble fiber. The ratios of low- to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol remained constant for all groups. Body weight decreased 1.0-1.5 kg for all groups despite constant energy intakes. Canned beans may make an important contribution to hyperlipidemia management.
The Apparent Myth of Morality and the Reality of Genocide

Nobody has openly pronounced that stopping genocide is immoral or that allowing genocide to proceed is moral. It would, therefore, seem that since no one is capable of posing an argument contradictory to these statements, they must be inherently true beyond debate. How is it then, that on numerous occasions, the world has proven itself to be quite content to sit idly by while so many are brutally murdered? What happened to the moral imperative? What happened to morality in general? To understand these questions an analysis of the underlying motives that seem to dictate the actions of the nations of the world might prove illuminating. What seems to become overtly evident, though, is the fact that self-interest, or the lack thereof, ultimately rules the world, while morality is discreetly pushed under the rug.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Definition and Epidemiology

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to cause a heavy health and economic burden in the United States and around the world. Some of the risk factors for COPD are well known and include smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma, and certain genetic variations, although many questions remain, such as why < 20% of smokers develop substantial airway obstruction. There are several different definitions of COPD and the definitions depend on accurate diagnosis. Small differences in the definition can have large effects on the estimates of COPD in the population. In addition, newer measures, such as functional status or exercise capability, have emerged as important in determining the prognosis of COPD patients. Furthermore, evidence continues to emerge that COPD represents several different disease processes, with potentially different interventions required. In most of the world COPD prevalence and mortality are still increasing and will probably continue to rise in response to increases in smoking, particularly by women and adolescents. Resources aimed at smoking cessation and prevention, COPD education, early detection, and better treatment will be of the most benefit in our continuing efforts against this important cause of morbidity and mortality.
Practical application of automated fault diagnosis at the chip and board levels

As the sizes of electronic products grow larger, the process of diagnosing failed components becomes increasingly complex. The problem is compounded by the fact that there exists no unified system with which to diagnose problems at all levels of the product design-integrated circuit (IC), printed circuit board (PCB), and system. This paper presents the results of an industrial experiment with techniques for automating the diagnosis process. The authors have developed a prototype automated fault diagnosis (AFD) system which can input a fault dictionary from either of two different commercial ATPG systems along with results from test pattern application and produce a list of candidate defect sites within a given circuit. The authors ran the prototype against simulated single and multiple stuck-at faults in a portion of a commercial floating point unit and at the PCB level using a special test PCB. Results have been encouraging in that the authors have obtained fairly accurate diagnoses with relatively low coverage stuck-at fault sets and in the presence of simulated non-classical defects. It is possible to produce a uniform methodology for AFD at the IC and PCB levels. >
Environmental Interest Group Behavior and Self-Selection Bias in Contingent Valuation Mail Surveys

This paper analyzes the behavior of a general sample and an environmental interest group sample in a contingent market for wetlands preservation. Mail survey response rates and environmental values for wetlands preservation are significantly greater in the environmental interest group sample than in the general population sample. An estimate of the potential self-selection bias in the benefits of wetlands preservation is made. These results suggest that self-selection bias in contingent valuation mail surveys could upwardly bias aggregate benefit estimates as much as 50 percent. Potential, but costly, solutions to the problem of self-selection bias are suggested.
High performance InGaAsP/InP lasers on Si substrates

The performance of 1.3 µm InGaAsP buried heterostructure lasers with both n- and p-type contacts fabricated on one side is discussed. The lasers are flipchip bonded to Si wafers. The DC characteristics of the laser (Ith ≃ 12–15 mA, η = 0.19 mA/mW) are identical to those obtained on conventional metal heatsinks. The modulation bandwidth exceeds 3 GHz at a bias current of 20 mA. A bandwidth of 1.5 GHz can be obtained at a current of only 3 mA above threshold. The flipchip bonded lasers are shown to be stable up to at least 65°C.
Bridging the Gaps: Interoperability for GrAF, GATE, and UIMA

This paper explores interoperability for data represented using the Graph Annotation Framework (GrAF) (Ide and Suderman, 2007) and the data formats utilized by two general-purpose annotation systems: the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) (Cunningham, 2002) and the Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA). GrAF is intended to serve as a "pivot" to enable interoperability among different formats, and both GATE and UIMA are at least implicitly designed with an eye toward interoperability with other formats and tools. We describe the steps required to perform a round-trip rendering from GrAF to GATE and GrAF to UIMA CAS and back again, and outline the commonalities as well as the differences and gaps that came to light in the process.
Relation between conduction delay and ventricular fibrillation: Characteristics of conduction of premature impulses during acute myocardial ischemia☆

Abstract Critical conduction delay has been shown to be the important factor in reentrant arrhythmias. To determine the causal relation between conduction delay and spontaneous Ischemic ventricular fibrillation, conduction delay of induced premature ventricular impulses in the ischemic and the border zones of ventricular myocardium was investigated in 23 dogs. There were 8 control dogs, 9 dogs that manifested ventricular fibrillation within 30 minutes of ligation of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery (group I), and 6 dogs that manifested ventricular fibrillation between 30 and 60 minutes of ligation of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (group II). Conduction delay was measured as the change of conduction time from preligation levels to postligation levels in epicardial and endocardial sites in both base to apex (anterograde) and apex to base (retrograde) directions. Conduction delay in all four directions was compared in the control group and groups I and II (ventricular fibrillation). By means of continuous recordings on tape, the origin of ventricular fibrillation was determined to be in the Ischemic zone (13 of 15 dogs) or in the border zone (2 of 15 dogs). Conduction delay in all directions was greater in the group with ventricular fibrillation whether the fibrillation occurred after the first or second ligation. Specifically, epicardial anterograde conduction (in the border zone) and retrograde conduction (in the ischemic zone) were significantly delayed in group I. Conduction in group II was significantly delayed in both the ischemic and the border zones in three of four directions at 35 minutes. The rate of change of conduction time in all four directions was significantly greater in the group with ventricular fibrillation than in the control group. Pending further work, this model may provide a reliable marker for the development of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial ischemia and may permit assessment of various interventions as specific therapy for acute reentrant ischemic tachyarrhythmlas leading to ventricular fibrillation.
Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Aluminate Powders

The Pechini process was used to produce high-purity, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl 2 O 4 ) powders at temperatures as low as 900 o C. Absorption spectrometry and BET measurements revealed particles with sizes ranging from submicrometer to 100 μm, with specific surface areas as high as 10 m 2 /g. Auger electron spectrometry (AES) was used to study the progressive elimination of surface carbon from the organic burnout as a function of temperature. The growth kinetics of calcium aluminate crystallites from a polymeric precursor were studied during calcination as a function of temperature, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Paneth cell α-defensins in enteric innate immunity

Paneth cells at the base of small intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete high levels of α-defensins in response to cholinergic and microbial stimuli. Paneth cell α-defensins are broad spectrum microbicides that function in the extracellular environment of the intestinal lumen, and they are responsible for the majority of secreted bactericidal peptide activity. Paneth cell α-defensins confer immunity to oral infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and they are major determinants of the composition of the small intestinal microbiome. In addition to host defense molecules such as α-defensins, lysozyme, and Pla2g2a, Paneth cells also produce and release proinflammatory mediators as components of secretory granules. Disruption of Paneth cell homeostasis, with subsequent induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, or apoptosis, contributes to inflammation in diverse genetic and experimental mouse models.
Comment on analysis of transport properties determined by Langevin dynamics using Green–Kubo formulae

Abstract The development of Langevin models for molecular dynamics represents a promising approach to deal with the cost issue of Boltzmann equation solutions. A recent paper of Zhang et al. suggested to study the Prandtl number variability of such molecular Langevin models under equilibrium conditions. This paper comments on several questions related to the approach of Zhang et al. First, a correction is presented for the Green–Kubo minimum Prandtl number derived by Zhang et al. Second, the relationship between the Green–Kubo Prandtl number and a Prandtl number defined in the Boltzmann equation sense is analytically explained. Third, based on this relationship it is shown that the consideration of a Prandtl number defined in the Boltzmann equation sense represents a more appropriate approach to address the question considered.
Language as a consequence and an enabler of the exercise of higher-order relational capabilities: Evidence from toddlers

Data on toddler language acquisition and use support the idea of a cognitive “supermodule” that can resolve contradictory claims about human-animal similarities. Examples of imagination, aesthetic evaluation, theory of mind (ToM), and language learning reveal higher-order, relational, abstract capabilities early on. Although language itself may be a consequence of exercising this supermodule, it enables further cognitive operations on indirect experience to go far beyond animal accomplishments.
Determinants of condom use to prevent HIV infection among youth in Ghana

Abstract Purpose: To identify the psychosocial and behavioral factors that influence condom use to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among young men in Ghana. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design in which data on a community-based sample of 601 young men, 15–24 years of age, were collected by a household survey instrument. For a conceptual framework, the study used constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the Ghanaian context. Results: While 65% of the sexually active male respondents had used condoms at least once, only 25% had used condoms at last intercourse. Findings from multiple logistic regression analysis indicate that perceived susceptibility to HIV infection, perceived self-efficacy to use condoms, perceived barriers to condom use, and perceived social support were significant predictors of condom use. The most important finding, however, is that perceived barriers significantly interacted with perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy. Subjects who perceived a high level of susceptibility to HIV infection and a low level of barriers to condom use were almost six times as likely to have used condoms at last intercourse, compared to others. Similarly, young men who perceived a high level of self-efficacy to use condoms and a low level of barriers to condom use were nearly three times more likely to have used condoms at last intercourse when compared to others. Conclusion: These results suggest that HIV prevention programs for youth should emphasize personal vulnerability to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, instill in youth the self-belief that they can use condoms any time, and address how to overcome barriers to condom use.
Outwardly Rectifying Currents in Hepatocytes are Inhibited by 2-APB

To investigate the electrophysiological properties of hepatocytes, we carried out whole-cell patch-clamp experiments using primary mammalian hepatocytes. We found that mouse, rat, and human hepatocytes exhibit characteristic currents that are activated upon dialysis of intracellular contents and comprise substantial current densities (mouse: 275±44 pA/pF, n=10 cells; rat: 206±35 pA/pF, n=15 cells; human: 258±123 pA/pF, n=6 cells; Vm= +100 mV). The currents exhibit outward rectification (13.4 ratio of current at +100 mV over −100 mV), a reversal potential close to the hepatocyte resting membrane potential (−30 to −40 mV), and inhibition by 2-aminoethoxy diphenyl borate (2-APB) (K1/2 = 18.4±2.5 μM, n=5 mouse hepatocytes). The currents are also inhibited by clotrimazole (88.3±5.1 % inhibition with 10 μM clotrimazole, n=4 mouse hepatocytes); are insensitive to 5 mM Ba2+; and are largely insensitive to 5 mM TEA. The currents are also present in the human hepatocyte cell line HepG2, which is derived from the malignant liver tumor hepatocellular carcinoma (101±31 pA/pF, n=9 cells; Vm= +100 mV). The currents in HepG2 cells additionally exhibit inward rectification at voltages more positive than +40 mV. This inward rectification is steeply voltage-dependent, suggesting block by intracellular cations that is not observed in primary hepatocytes. Additional experiments are pending to identify the molecular basis of these currents, as well as to elucidate their physiological role in the mammalian liver.
Acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells: From Bench to Bedside

Despite reaching remission with traditional chemotherapy, most adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) will relapse and die of their disease. Numerous studies have identified a rare subset of leukemia cells that evade traditional chemotherapy and are capable of self-renewal and initiating leukemia. These cells are thought to be responsible for relapse and are termed leukemia stem cells (LSCs). This article will review the current LSC translational research and focus on new approaches to detect LSC burden and its prognostic implications, as well as the identification and development of therapeutic agents active against LSCs.
The decomposition of condensed phase fluorine azide

Abstract The burn rate of 5–80-μm-thick cryogenic films of fluorine azide was determined by schlierern photography to be 1.6 ± 0.2 mm/μs. This rate was found to be strongly influenced by the presence of N2F2, but less so by the presence of CO2. By analogy with the results from the gas-phase decomposition of fluorine azide, the nascent decomposition products were expected to be NF(a) and N2. A thermal combustion mechanism driven by the energy released upon production and quenching of the NF(a) species was, therefore, proposed.
Laser bandwidth effects in quantitative cavity ring-down spectroscopy

We have investigated the effects of laser bandwidth on quantitative cavity ring-down spectroscopy using the rR transitions of the b(υ = 0) ← X(υ = 0) band of molecular oxygen. It is found that failure to account properly for the laser bandwidth leads to systematic errors in the number densities determined from measured ring-down signals. When the frequency-integrated expression for the ring-down signal is fitted and measured laser line shapes are used, excellent agreement between measured and predicted number densities is found.
Analysis of torsional spectra of molecules with two internal C3, rotors. XVII. The torsional potential function for isopropylchloride☆

Abstract To demonstrate the utility of the Raman effect in determining the torsional potential function and the coupling parameters, the Raman spectrum of isopropylchloride was recorded between 50 and 520 cm−1 with a resolution of 2 cm−1. The far infrared spectrum was recorded over the same frequency range with a resolution of 0.5 cm−1. Considerable torsional data are reported and used to characterize the torsional potential function based on a semi-rigid model. The average effective V3 was found to be 1380 ± 3 cm−1 (3.95 ± 0.01 kcal/mole). The cosine-cosine coupling term V33 was found to be 209 ± 12 cm−1 (0.60 ± 0.03 kcal/mole) and the sine-sine coupling term V′33 has a value of −17 ± 2 cm−1 (−0.05 ± 0.01 kcal/mole). These data are compared with the corresponding quantities obtained from microwave data and torsional studies on the solid phase. The effects on the barrier by the addition of chlorine atoms or methyl groups on one end of ethane are discussed.
Theory of Non-Ohmic Conduction from Charge-Density Waves in Nb Se 3

A theory of non-Ohmic conduction from depinning of charge-density waves by an electric field is presented. It is based on Zener-type tunneling of the charge-density waves across a gap at the Fermi surface that is determined by the pinning frequency. The theory applies to relatively pure specimens for which the pinning is due to approach to commensurability or cooperative action of impurities.
The structure of an acoustically forced, reacting two-phase jet

An experimental study of the structure of an acoustically forced, reacting two-phase jet was performed. The jet was acoustically forced to control the formation and evolution of large-scale structures in the near field of the jet. Phase-locked data acquisition techniques were used to correlate droplet statistics and dynamics with features of the large-scale structures. Phase Doppler interferometry was used to acquire droplet statistics. Planar imaging techniques were applied to document the distribution of droplets within the jet. The results show that the interaction between droplets and large-scale structures leads to a nonuniform distribution of droplets in the reacting jet. The combination of transport effects and droplet evaporation leads to the formation of droplet clusters. The group combustion behavior of the droplet field was evaluated by estimating the group combustion number from experimental data. External sheath burning is present in the early portion of the flame followed by a transition to external group combustion as clusters begin to be the dominant feature. Late in the cluster lifetime there is a shift to internal group combustion.
The effect of distension of the left ventricle of the heart on the length of the individual myocardial fibers

Based on the ellipsoid model of the left ventricle and the helicoidal course of the left ventricular myocardial fibers, a theory has been developed for calculating the length of the individual myocardial fibers. Numerical solutions of the final equation show that when the left ventricle is distended, the increase in length of the myocardial fibers is not uniform throughout the thickness of the myocardial wall. It was shown that with increasing dimensions of the left ventricle, the distension of the myocardial fibers becomes smaller as one advances from the endocardium to the middle layer of fibers, whereas it increases as one advances from the middle layer to the epicardial layer. The mechanism by which this effect is brought about as well as its physiological implications are discussed.
Tax inflicts DNA damage through activation of Nitric Oxide production

Adult T-cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4+ T-lymphocytes associated with HTLV-1 infection, and an effective treatment is not yet available. The molecular mechanism underlying ATLL has not been fully elucidated. However, accumulation of genomic instability is believed to be a driving force for leukemogensis. How genomic instability accumulates in HTLV-1 infected cells is currently under intensive investigation. Recently, we found that the HTLV-1 viral oncoprotein, Tax, which is implicated in the chronic inflammatory response, induces DNA Double Strand Breaks (DDSB). Tax is known to activate the key T-cell inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB, and this activation is critical for the leukemogenic process associated with HTLV-1 infection. Of note, we found that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the enzyme that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) is highly expressed in HTLV-1 and Tax expressing cells. Interestingly, we show that the expression of iNOS is Tax-dependent and specifically requires the classical NF-kB pathway. In addition, IRF-1, the interferon regulatory factor that collaborates with NF-kB transcription factors to activate iNOS expression was also found activated by the JAK/STAT pathway. Our results show a correlation between the number of DDSB and the production of NO in tumors isolated from Tax transgenic mice. We also observed a dramatic reduction of DDSB when NO production was inhibited. Determination of the impact of NO on tumors in an ATLL mouse model will open a new area in the development of alternative strategies for the treatment/prevention of ATLL.
The development of the lower permanent incisors and their supporting bone

Abstract In order to learn about the developmental relationship between alveolar bone and basal bone, as well as the physiology of the harmonious alignment of the incisors, the growth of the mandibular permanent incisors and their supporting bone was studied roentgenographically and histologically in a series of rhesus monkeys (forty-one and twenty animals, respectively). Findings suggest that alveolar bone is formed during the eruption of each tooth, while basal bone constitutes a developmental entity with the facial skeleton of its own specific growth pattern. The conclusion was reached that the permanent incisor germs develop in the basal bone of the primary dentition and that their eruption into proper alignment depends upon two correlated factors: (1) Sufficient periosteal growth of the mandibular body at its entire circumference in order to provide the expanding germs with sufficient basal bone for straight (unrotated) accommodation. (2) Differential growth of the odontogenic epithelium at discrete areas in order to induce the pre-eruptive and eruptive movements of the germ, and the formation of new alveolar bone. Histologic evidence was ascertained that no landmark located at the mandibular periphery remains stable during the growth period of the dentition; hence, adequate allowances for periosteal growth are to be made, using them as points of reference in roentgenographic growth studies.
Size And Shape Variations Of Liquid Droplets Deduced From Morphology-Dependent Resonances In Fluorescence Spectra

A new optical technique for determining the evaporation and condensation rate of flowing liquid droplets is described. The same technique can also be used to detect small shape distortions. The method is based on the precise measurement of resonance peaks in the fluorescence spectrum. These resonances, which are a sensitive function of the size, shape, and index of refraction of dye-impregnated dielectric micro-objects, have been called morphology-dependent resonances.
Functional Stability of Antioxidant-washed, Cryoprotectant-treated Beef Heart Surimi During Frozen Storage

Beef heart surimi was prepared in the presence or absence of propyl gallate and blended with or without cryoprotectants (sorbitol, sucrose) prior to frozen storage at � �� � 15�
Impact Of Global Sourcing Of Talent On Graduate Is Curricula: A Case Study Of One Approach To Redesign

AbstractWith the extensive availability and rapidly decreasing cost of the Internet bandwidth around the world, the share of the outsourced service work from developed countries that is offshored is increasing. The global impact of this phenomenon has implications for properly preparing information systems (IS) students for this reality, whether to survive in this harsh reality or to seek potential opportunities. We present an exploratory case study of a successful curricular response to this reality. First, we examine background literature on outsourcing/offshoring phenomenon and on IS curricular redesign. A conceptual model is presented of team collaboration and outsourcing as they relate to IS graduate curriculum. A case study of one approach to an IS graduate curriculum redesign incorporating outsourcing is then introduced. The paper examines whether or not the case supports the usefulness of the model. We found that improved curricular coverage of interpersonal communications, cultural diversity, tea...
The nucleocapsid of vesicular stomatitis virus

The nucleocapsid of vesicular stomatitis virus serves as the genomic template for transcription and replication. The viral genomic RNA is sequestered in the nucleocapsid in every step of the virus replication cycle. The structure of the nucleocapsid and the entire virion revealed how the viral genomic RNA is encapsidated and packaged in the virus. A unique mechanism for viral RNA synthesis is derived from the structure of the nuleocapsid and its interactions with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
The numbers of individual mitochondrial DNA molecules and mitochondrial DNA nucleoids in yeast are co-regulated by the general amino acid control pathway.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited as a protein–DNA complex (the nucleoid). We show that activation of the general amino acid response pathway in ρ+ and ρ− petite cells results in an increased number of nucleoids without an increase in mtDNA copy number. In ρ− cells, activation of the general amino acid response pathway results in increased intramolecular recombination between tandemly repeated sequences of ρ− mtDNA to produce small, circular oligomers that are packaged into individual nucleoids, resulting in an ∼10-fold increase in nucleoid number. The parsing of mtDNA into nucleoids due to general amino acid control requires Ilv5p, a mitochondrial protein that also functions in branched chain amino acid biosynthesis, and one or more factors required for mtDNA recombination. Two additional proteins known to function in mtDNA recombination, Abf2p and Mgt1p, are also required for parsing mtDNA into a larger number of nucleoids, although expression of these proteins is not under general amino acid control. Increased nucleoid number leads to increased mtDNA transmission, suggesting a mechanism to enhance mtDNA inheritance under amino acid starvation conditions.
Lactoperoxidase. IV. Immunological analysis of bovine lactoperoxidase preparations obtained by a simplified fractionation procedure.

Abstract Antiserum to crude lactoperoxidase was employed in agar diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analyses of fractions obtained in the isolation and purification of lactoperoxidase from cow's milk by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The presence of seven antigenic components could be detected in a crude enzyme preparation by immunological analysis and their fate monitored during the purification procedure. Purified lactoperoxidase, prepared by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, was found by immunological analysis to consist of a single antigenic component.
The Rise (and Decline?) of Arab Aid: Generosity and Allocation in the Oil Era

Summary Among non-DAC donors, wealthy Arab states are some of the most prolific contributors of foreign aid. Despite this, relatively little is known about Arab foreign aid. The OECD development database offers a paucity of information, aggregating data for “Arab countries” and “Arab agencies,” without identifying the constituent units of either. A further complication is that Arab donors are not uniformly transparent about their aid efforts, publicizing some of them while keeping other donations secret. In this paper, we advance the state of knowledge of Arab foreign aid in a number of ways. We use AidData to document the trends in reported donations from specific bilateral donors (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and multilateral agencies (Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, OPEC’s Fund for International Development, and the Islamic Development Bank). Notably, Arab bilateral donors have given less generously over time with aid levels remaining relatively stable despite skyrocketing national wealth. We explore reasons for this decline, including that Arab donors have: shifted their giving from bilateral to multilateral channels, given less as DAC donors have given more, and increased domestic spending at the expense of foreign aid with a view to safeguarding regime security. In addition, we look at the sectoral allocations of Arab bilateral and multilateral organizations, and compare the aid practices of Arab donors to their DAC counterparts. Finally, we suggest why an exclusive focus on aid commitments is problematic where Arab aid is concerned.
The separation of adenosinetriphosphatase and triphosphatase in rat liver homogenates.

Abstract The activity of rat liver homogenates toward TP can be separated from the ATPase by adjustment of the pH to 5.6 and centrifugation of the homogenates at 25,000 × g . While the pellet material will contain both ATPase and TPase, the clear supernatant will contain TPase but no ATPase. Evidence has been brought forth to show that two soluble TPase fractions are contained in the supernatant, one of which is activated by cysteine and inactivated by NEM, while the other is neither inactivated by NEM nor activated by cysteine.
Cooperative Hydration of Pyruvic Acid in Ice

About 3.5 ± 0.3 water molecules are still involved in the exothermic hydration of 2-oxopropanoic acid (PA) into its monohydrate (2,2-dihydroxypropanoic acid, PAH) in ice at 230 K. This is borne out by thermodynamic analysis of the fact that QH(T) = [PAH]/[PA] becomes temperature independent below ∼250 K (in chemically and thermally equilibrated frozen 0.1 ≤ [PA]/M ≤ 4.6 solutions in D2O), which requires that the enthalpy of PA hydration (ΔHH ∼ −22 kJ mol-1) be balanced by a multiple of the enthalpy of ice melting (ΔHM = 6.3 kJ mol-1). Considering that: (1) thermograms of frozen PA solutions display a single endotherm, at the onset of ice melting, (2) the sum of the integral intensities of the 1δPAH and 1δPA methyl proton NMR resonances is nearly constant while, (3) line widths increase exponentially with decreasing temperature before diverging below ∼230 K, we infer that PA in ice remains cooperatively hydrated within interstitial microfluids until they vitrify.
Photoelectrochemical decomposition of water utilizing monolithic tandem cells

Abstract Photovoltaic tandem cells consisting of a gallium indium phosphide (GaInP 2 ) homojunction grown epitaxially upon a gallium arsenide (GaAs) homojunction, with a GaAs tunnel-diode interconnection were utilized to photoelectrochemically decompose water in a 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte solution. Using a sol–gel process, a platinum colloid in water was used to modify the illuminated front surface of the device to catalyze the water decomposition process. A unique feature of this device is that the hydrogen and oxygen are co-evolved from the illuminated surface. The exact mechanism of the water decomposition process is not fully understood at this time.
Infant signs as intervention? Promoting symbolic gestures for preverbal children in low-income families supports responsive parent-child relationships

Abstract Gestures are a natural form of communication between preverbal children and parents which support children's social and language development; however, low-income parents gesture less frequently, disadvantaging their children. In addition to pointing and waving, children are capable of learning many symbolic gestures, known as “infant signs,” if modeled by adults. The practice of signing with infants is increasingly popular in middle-income populations around the world, but has not been examined as an intervention to promote positive qualities of the parent–child relationship. This study tested whether an infant sign intervention (ISI) encouraging low-income parents to use symbolic gestures could enhance the parent–child relationship. A final sample of twenty-nine toddlers and their families were followed for 7 months after assignment to the ISI or a control group. Children and mothers in ISI group families used more symbolic gestures than those in control families. Mothers’ in the ISI group were more attuned to changes in children's affect and more responsive to children's distress cues. Mothers in the intervention group also viewed their children more positively, reducing parenting-related stress. This study provides evidence that a simple infant sign intervention is an effective tool to promote bidirectional communication and positive interactions for preverbal children and their parents.
Biophysics of cochlear implant/MRI interactions emphasizing bone biomechanical properties.

Objective/Hypothesis: The forces exerted during a 1.5-Tesla MRI evaluation on the internal magnet of a cochlear implant (CI) raise concern about the safety for CI recipients. This study determines the magnitude of force required to fracture the floor of a CI receiver bed. Method Recessed CI beds were drilled to maximum uniform thinness into formalin-fixed and fresh-frozen human calvaria specimens. A Med-El stainless steel CI template mounted to the piston of an electrohydraulic testing device was used to fracture the floor of the implant beds. Force and displacement were measured as a function of time using a digital data acquisition system. Results: Mean force to first failure, displacement to first failure, and minimum thickness, respectively, were: group 1 (formalin-fixed, 0.3-0.4-mm thick [n = 22]), 34.08 N (8.21-59.64 N, standard deviation [SD] 15.41 N), 1.09 mm (0.40-2.16 mm, SD 0.51 mm), 0.36 mm (0.3-0.4 mm, SD 0.05 mm); group 2 (formalin-fixed, 0.5-0.9 mm thick [n = 21]), 52.82 N (20.28-135.53 N, SD 25.29 N), 1.08 mm (0.50-2.28 mm, SD 0.47 mm), 0.58 mm (0.5-0.9 mm, SD 0.12 mm); group 3 (fresh-frozen [n = 9]), 134.13 N (86.44-190.70 N, SD 34.92 N), 1.96 mm (1.47-2.46 mm, SD 0.35 mm), 0.42 mm (0.3-0.6 mm, SD 0.11 mm). Conclusions: The mean magnitude of force required to fracture the floor of a CI bed is significantly greater than those that are generated when a Med-El Combi 40+, CII Bionic Ear CI, or Nucleus Contour CI is placed into a 1.5-Tesla MRI unit.