cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion and utilization of discretionary vs. non-discretionary inpatient surgery.

ABSTRACT Background While pre-Affordable Care Act expansions in Medicaid eligibility led to increased utilization of elective inpatient procedures, the impact of the Affordable Care Act on such preference-sensitive procedures (also known as discretionary procedures) versus time-sensitive non-discretionary procedures remains unknown. As such, we performed a hospital-level quasi-experimental evaluation to measure the differential effects of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion on utilization of discretionary procedures versus non-discretionary procedures. Methods The State Inpatient Database (2012–2014) yielded 476 hospitals providing selected discretionary procedures or non-discretionary procedures performed on 288,446 non-elderly, adult patients across 3 expansion states and 2 non-expansion control states. Discretionary procedures included non-emergent total knee and hip arthroplasty, while non-discretionary procedures included nine cancer surgeries. Mixed Poisson interrupted time series analyses were performed to determine the impact of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion on the number of discretionary procedures versus non-discretionary procedures provided among non–privately insured patients (Medicaid and uninsured patients) and privately insured patients. Results Analysis of the number of non–privately insured procedures showed an increase in discretionary procedures of +15.1% (IRR 1.15, 95% CI:1.11–1.19) vs –4.0% (IRR 0.96, 95% CI:0.94–0.99) and non-discretionary procedures of +4.1% (IRR 1.04, 95% CI:1.0–1.1) vs –5.3% (IRR 0.95, 95% CI:0.93–0.97) in expansion states compared to non-expansion states, respectively. Analysis of privately insured procedures showed no statistically meaningful change in discretionary procedures or non-discretionary procedures in either expansion or non-expansion states. Conclusion In this multi-state evaluation, the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion preferentially increased utilization of discretionary procedures versus non-discretionary procedures in expansion states compared to non-expansion states among non–privately insured patients. These preliminary findings suggest that increased Medicaid coverage may have contributed to the increased use of inpatient surgery for discretionary procedures.
Dermatologic Adverse Events

Patients diagnosed with cancer will face various adverse events (AEs) of chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or stem cell transplants. Numerous dermatological AEs associated with these treatments range from those with minor psychosocial impact to being potentially life-threatening. Adverse events may result in decreased quality of life and dose reduction or treatment interruption, all of which may compromise clinical outcome. A variety of adverse events such as alopecia, mucositis, hand–foot syndrome, and rashes associated with conventional cytotoxic agents have been well-described, but with the advent of novel targeted agents, new dermatologic adverse events and systemic AEs have emerged. AEs affecting the skin and its adnexa (i.e., hair, nails) such as hand–foot skin reaction, acneiform rash, and paronychia may present both diagnostic and management challenges for health-care providers. Although many antitoxicity interventions have not been investigated in randomized studies, there are ways of mitigating these untoward events in clinical practice. This chapter will address multiple skin and nail AEs induced by conventional, targeted chemotherapy agents and immunotherapies and will describe adverse effects associated with radiotherapy. Proposed underlying mechanisms will be reviewed, and special attention will be directed to management strategies that are available to date.
Simultaneous Multimodal Access to Wheelchair and Computer for People with Tetraplegia

Existing assistive technologies often capture and utilize a single remaining ability to assist people with tetraplegia which is unable to do complex interaction efficiently. In this work, we developed a multimodal assistive system (MAS) to utilize multiple remaining abilities (speech, tongue, and head motion) sequentially or simultaneously to facilitate complex computer interactions such as scrolling, drag and drop, and typing long sentences. Inputs of MAS can be used to drive a wheelchair using only tongue motion, mouse functionalities (e.g., clicks, navigation) by combining the tongue and head motions. To enhance seamless interface, MAS processes both head and tongue motions in the headset with an average accuracy of 88.5%. In a pilot study, a modified center-out tapping task was performed by four able-bodied participants to navigate cursor, using head tracking, click using tongue command, and text entry through speech recognition, respectively. The average throughput in the final round was 1.28 bits/s and a cursor navigation path efficiency of 68.62%.
Dynamic energy absorption characteristics of additively-manufactured shape-recovering lattice structures

With the advent of additive manufacturing, fabrication of complex structures with high efficiency for energy absorption and blast and impact mitigation has entered a new era. In this research the role of the architecture and material properties on the static and dynamic energy absorption properties of additively-manufactured complex cellular structures out of two different materials were studied under puncture and crush tests. A finite element simulation of the unit cell was also conducted to study the effect of loading rate on the final response of the material where the results showed good agreement with the experimental observations. It is shown that the studied additively manufactured structures were able to recover their shape significantly after a major deformation due to the impact. These results show the potential of additive manufacturing as a versatile tool for creating structures with complex geometries for energy absorption.
Implementation Science for the Bedside.

Implementation Science for the Bedside The man knew he had life-threatening renal failure, but he didn’t believe dialysis would help, especially in achieving his goal of returning to his home count...
A systematic study of injectable anesthetic agents in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei ).

Anolis lizards have served as important research models in fields ranging from evolution and ecology to physiology and biomechanics. However, anoles are also emerging as important models for studie...
Mobilities in Diffusion in Alpha Brass

Diffusion coefficients and mobilities were determined as functions of concentration in the a phase of the Cu-Zn system. Use was made of incremental diffusion couples to determine the Kirkendall effect at various concentrations. Darken’s analysis was used to calculate the individual diffusion coefficients and mobilities from these data. The general diffusion coefficient is a single-valued function of the concentration in this system to within the limits of accuracy of the experimental methods used. The form of the various functions (diffusion coefficients and mobilities) of concentration is the same in every case: it is essentially the same as the usual D vs c curve.
A Rapid Quasi-Static Time Series Method for Evaluating Current-Related Distributed PV Impacts including Feeder Loading and Line Losses

Significant changes in the regulatory environment, coupled with economic viability, has led various electric utilities to consider distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems as an alternative to traditional circuit upgrades. Increased penetration of distributed PV can result in the overload of the distribution system infrastructure, which can lead to premature failures and costly repairs. Quasi-static time series (QSTS) analysis is the state-of-the-art for evaluating distributed PV impacts, however, existing QSTS methods require significant computational time. To address this issue, this paper presents a fast, scalable, and novel method to estimate the current-related PV impact metrics including circuit element loading, overload duration, and line losses for a yearlong, 1-second resolution QSTS simulation. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is tested on a utility-provided 2969-bus distribution system model, demonstrating a 99.3% reduction in computation time.
Acquisition of remifentanil self-administration: Enhanced in female rats but no effect of adolescent stress exposure.

Abstract Animal models of acquisition have been vital in shaping our understanding of vulnerability factors that influence susceptibility to drugs of abuse. Decades of research substantiates a number of biological, environmental, and behavioral factors that predict vulnerability – many of which have been important in the development of early intervention efforts in humans. The goal of the present study was to examine the acquisition of a synthetic opioid derivative in 66 adult male and female Long-Evans rats following histories of stress exposure during adolescence. Stress-exposed rats were subjected to a mild stress paradigm, which included alternating exposure to synthetic fox feces and physical restraint for eight days. Following stress induction and assessment, all rats were implanted with intravenous catheters in order to self-administer remifentanil (1 μm/kg/infusion) with no prior operant training. Acquisition of remifentanil self-administration was measured over 15 days. Findings indicate that regardless of stress condition, female rats acquired remifentanil self-administration sooner and emitted more active lever presses than males. Stress exposed animals exhibited increased anxiety-like response compared to the control group following exposure to stress, operationalized as decreased exploratory behavior on an Elevated Plus Maze. However, these effects were not expressed as significant differences in self-administration by stress. Together, these findings indicate that sex differences are evident in remifentanil self-administration.
APPENDIX 4L Growth and Manipulation of Yeast

This unit describes preparation of selected media for growing yeast and also discusses strain storage and revival. Protocols are provided for the assay of β-galactosidase in liquid culture and for transformation using lithium acetate.
The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform

Stefan Bauer, The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Oxford-Warburg Studies, 2020, 288 pags., ISBN 978-0-19-880700-1 [Book review]
Silencing John Doe: Defamation & Discourse in Cyberspace

John Doe has become a popular defamation defendant as corporations and their officers bring defamation suits for statements made about them in Internet discussion fora. These new suits are not even arguably about recovering money damages but instead are brought for symbolic reasons-some worthy, some not so worthy. If the only consequence of these suits were that Internet users were held accountable for their speech, the suits would be an unalloyed good. However, these suits threaten to suppress legitimate criticism along with intentional and reckless falsehoods, and existing First Amendment law doctrines are not responsive to the threat these suits pose to Internet discourse. Although the constitutional privilege for opinion holds promise as a solution to this problem, the Supreme Court's jurisprudence provides little assurance that the privilege can protect the "robust, uninhibited, and wide-open nature" of Internet discourse without giving Internet speakers free license to harm the reputation of Copyright © 2000 by Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky t Associate Professor of Law, University of Florida College of Law. I owe a debt of gratitude to numerous people who helped me throughout the process of writing this Article: Amy Mashburn, Elizabeth Lear, Howard Lidsky, Rick Matasar, Max Steams, Chris Slobogin, Chris Hansen, Ann Beeson, Megan Gray, and Rebecca Newton Clarke. Special thanks go to David A. Anderson and Ron Krotoszynski, Jr., for reading the draft quickly and making incisive comments at critical stages of its development and to my research assistant Robert Lancaster for his extraordinary dedication in the final stages of the process. My other research assistants, Christopher Vallandingham and Susan Wynn, also provided great research support. Finally, I would like to thank all of the lawyers and parties involved in the new Internet libel cases who were kind enough to share their stories and their documents with me. HeinOnline -49 Duke L.J. 855 1999-2000
Defensive Politics

I analyze a minimax solution to the problem of social choice in a multidimensional policy space called the defensive optimum (DO). The proposed solution applies to a wide variety of models in voting including those concerning political advertising, incumbency advantage and interest group politics. The defensive optimum always exists, is unique and is continuous in the density of voter preferences. When a Condorcet winner exists it corresponds to the defensive optimum and, appealingly, the DO is always located on planes about with the density of voters is symmetric.
Health Disparities in Otology: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Review.

ObjectiveSocial determinants of health (SDOHs), including but not limited to sex, race, socioeconomic status, insurance status, and education level, play a significant role in health disparities an...
The evolution of water quality criteria in the United States, 1922-2003

The microbiological quality of recreational waters was first discussed in the UnitedStates as early as 1922 by the American Public Health Association’s Committeeon Bathing Beaches (APHA, 1922). The Committee surveyed 2000 physiciansand state health officials inquiring about the prevalence of infections associatedwith bathing places. The Committee Report in 1924 (APHA, 1924) reviewed thesurvey results and concluded that there was not enough evidence to develop bathingwater standards for natural waters. In June 1933 the Joint Committee on BathingPlaces was formed and in their first report noted that because of the great lack ofepidemiological information no bacterial standards were adopted (APHA, 1933).They also stated that they did not want to propose arbitrary standards or measuresthat might promote public hysteria about the dangers of outdoor bathing places. By1936 they were still not convinced that bathing places were a major health problemand re-stated their position on developing bacterial standards for bathing places.
Pyometra associated with malignant lesions of the cervix and the uterus.

Abstract An interference with the natural drainage of the normal or abnormal uterine fluids may provoke complications frequently undiagnosed and often of serious consequence to the patient. Though the term pyometra designates, for clinical convenience, most of the collections of abnormal intrauterine fluid, it offers no clue as to the etiology. Obstruction of the cervical canal was noted by Hippocrates, who advised dilatation of the canal with bougies. 19 Pyometra, as an entity, was probably first described by John Clark of London, in 1812. 12 Unfortunately, the use of such descriptive terms as acute metritis, acute endometritis, suppurative endometritis, acute uterine catarrh, and hysteritis makes a critical review of the older literature difficult. Despite this lack of terminological uniformity, however, it is evident that the potential seriousness of pyometra was fully appreciated. 2, 3, 12, 15 On the other hand, the more recent literature, except for an occasional 4, 6, 11, 16, 19, 25 article, rarely emphasize this condition. Though the seriousness of pyometra as a complication of pre- or postirradiation therapy is often mentioned, few stress its relative frequency. A review of both textbooks and journals of the past decade, dealing with the management of uterine malignancies, suggests that many of the authors follow a stereotyped pattern of presentation, in which the original outline contains no allotted space for the problem of pyometra. It is the intent of this report to consider some of the clinicopathological manifestations of pyometra as a complication of malignant diseases of the uterus.
Petrofabrics of high‐pressure rocks exhumed at the slab‐mantle interface from the “point of no return” in a subduction zone (Sivrihisar, Turkey)

The highest pressure recorded by metamorphic rocks exhumed from oceanic subduction zones is ~2.5 GPa, corresponding to the maximum decoupling depth (MDD) (80 ± 10 km) identified in active subduction zones; beyond the MDD (the “point of no return”) exhumation is unlikely. The Sivrihisar massif (Turkey) is a coherent terrane of lawsonite eclogite and blueschist facies rocks in which assemblages and fabrics record P-T-fluid-deformation conditions during exhumation from ~80 to 45 km. Crystallographic fabrics and other features of high-pressure metasedimentary and metabasaltic rocks record transitions during exhumation. In quartzite, microstructures and crystallographic fabrics record deformation in the dislocation creep regime, including dynamic recrystallization during decompression, and a transition from prism slip to activation of rhomb and basal slip that may be related to a decrease in water fugacity during decompression (~2.5 to ~1.5 GPa). Phengite, lawsonite, and omphacite or glaucophane in quartzite and metabasalt remained stable during deformation, and omphacite developed an L-type crystallographic fabric. In marble, aragonite developed columnar textures with strong crystallographic fabrics that persisted during partial to complete dynamic recrystallization that was likely achieved in the stability field of aragonite (P > ~1.2 GPa). Results of kinematic vorticity analysis based on lawsonite shape fabrics are consistent with shear criteria in quartzite and metabasalt and indicate a large component of coaxial deformation in the exhuming channel beneath a simple shear dominated interface. This large coaxial component may have multiplied the exhuming power of the subduction channel and forced deeply subducted rocks to flow back from the point of no return.
Parks, Recreation, and Public Health Collaborative

The primary goal of many park and recreation agencies is to provide resources and programs that improve quality of life for the community. Increasing physical activity is one aspect of this agenda. Promoting physical activity is a public health goal; however, increasing population-level physical activity will require access to places for physical activity (e.g. parks). Practitioners and policy makers need more information to document the roles that parks and recreation facilities play to promote physical activity and contribute to public health. A working group of approximately 20 professionals experienced in data collection came together to discuss the needs for better surveillance and measurement instruments in the fields of parks, recreation, and public health. The working group made two major recommendations: (1) the need for collaborative research and data sharing, and (2) the need for surveillance measures to demonstrate the amount of health-related physical activity acquired in the park setting.
On the possibility of cure of malignant lymphoid tumors. I. Treatment of autochthonous lymphoid tumors in C57BL mice with massive doses of lymphocytolytic agents.

Strain C57B1 mice in which thymic lymphosarcomas had been induced with total-body X-radiation were treated, at various times in the course of tumor development, with either hydrocortisone or local X-irradiation. Their survival was compared with that of placebo-treated controls. In other sacrificed control groups, the incidence and extent of lymphoma development at the time of treatment was established by microscopic examination. Treatment with single massive doses of hydrocortisone or local thymic X-irradiation at 50 or 100 days after lymphoma induction resulted in permanent cure of half or more of the animals. For a given dose, hydrocortisone was equally effective when given at any time interval up to 100 days after the start of lymphoma induction. However, the therapeutic efficacy of hydrocortisone was a significant function of hormone dose, over the range 0.3 to 3.0 mg. In addition to the cure of many animals, significant prolongation of life was noted in animals dying of lymphomas in all of the treated groups.
Evidence That the Superior Colliculus Participates in the Feedback Control of Saccadic Eye Movements

There is general agreement that saccades are guided to their targets by means of a motor error signal, which is produced by a local feedback circuit that calculates the difference between desired s...
Eicosanoid receptor subtype-mediated opposing regulation of TLR-stimulated expression of astrocyte glial-derived neurotrophic factor

A major therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD) is providing increased glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to dopaminergic neurons. We tested the hypothesis that innate immune activation increases astrocyte GDNF production and that this is regulated by specific eicosanoid receptors. Innate immune-activated primary murine astrocytes were assayed for GDNF expression and secretion. Controls were agent vehicle exposure and wild-type mice. Rank order for up to 10-fold selectively increased GDNF expression was activators of TLR3 > TLR2 or TLR4 > TLR9. TLR3 activator-stimulated GDNF expression was selectively JNK-dependent, followed cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, was coincident with membranous PGE(2) synthase, and was not significantly altered by a nonspecific COX- or a COX-2-selective inhibitor. Specific eicosanoid receptors had opposing effects on TLR3 activator-induced GDNF expression: ∼60% enhancement by blocking or ablating of PGE(2) receptor subtype 1 (EP1), ∼30% enhancement by activating PGF(2α) receptor or thromboxane receptor, or ∼15% enhancement by activating EP4. These results demonstrate functionally antagonistic eicosanoid receptor subtype regulation of innate immunity-induced astrocyte GDNF expression and suggest that selective inhibition of EP1 signaling might be a means to augment astrocyte GDNF secretion in the context of innate immune activation in diseased regions of brain in PD.
Quantifying the Information Content of Hyperspectral Cloud Data

We quantify the information content of hyperspectral cloud measurements at over 300 narrow spectral bands from the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared. We use this to evaluate the retrieval wavelengths and their impact on cloud retrievals.
Nuf, a Rab11 effector, maintains cytokinetic furrow integrity by promoting local actin polymerization.

Plasma membrane ingression during cytokinesis involves both actin remodeling and vesicle-mediated membrane addition. Vesicle-based membrane delivery from the recycling endosome (RE) has an essential but ill-defined involvement in cytokinesis. In the Drosophila melanogaster early embryo, Nuf (Nuclear fallout), a Rab11 effector which is essential for RE function, is required for F-actin and membrane integrity during furrow ingression. We find that in nuf mutant embryos, an initial loss of F-actin at the furrow is followed by loss of the associated furrow membrane. Wild-type embryos treated with Latrunculin A or Rho inhibitor display similar defects. Drug- or Rho-GTP–induced increase of actin polymerization or genetically mediated decrease of actin depolymerization suppresses the nuf mutant F-actin and membrane defects. We also find that RhoGEF2 does not properly localize at the furrow in nuf mutant embryos and that RhoGEF2–Rho1 pathway components show strong specific genetic interactions with Nuf. We propose a model in which RE-derived vesicles promote furrow integrity by regulating the rate of actin polymerization through the RhoGEF2–Rho1 pathway.
Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.

The rodent family Muridae is the single most diverse family of mammals with over 1300 recognized species. We used DNA sequences from the first exon (∼1200 bp) of the IRBP gene to infer phylogenetic relationships within and among the major lineages of muroid rodents. We included sequences from every recognized muroid subfamily except Platacanthomyinae and from all genera within the endemic Malagasy subfamily Nesomyinae, all recognized tribes of Sigmodontinae, and a broad sample of genera in Murinae. Phylogenetic analysis of the IRBP data suggest that muroid rodents can be sorted into five major lineages: (1) a basal clade containing the fossorial rodents in the subfamilies Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, and Rhizomyinae, (2) a clade of African and Malagasy genera comprising the subfamilies Petromyscinae, Mystromyinae, Cricetomyinae, Nesomyinae, and core dendromurines, (3) a clade of Old World taxa belonging to Murinae, Otomyinae, Gerbillinae, Acomyinae, and Lophiomyinae, (4) a clade uniting the subfamilies Sigmodontinae, Arvicolinae, and Cricetinae, and (5) a unique lineage containing the monotypic Calomyscinae. Although relationships among the latter four clades cannot be resolved, several well-supported supergeneric groupings within each are identified. A preliminary examination of molar tooth morphology on the resulting phylogeny suggests the triserial murid molar pattern as conceived by Simpson (1945) evolved at least three times during the course of muroid evolution.
Complex subduction and small-scale convection revealed by body-wave tomography of the western United States upper mantle

Abstract New high-resolution P- and S-wave tomography of the United States upper mantle from the Pacific Coast to the Great Plains reveals strong multi-scale heterogeneity closely correlated with tectonic and magmatic activity. We invert teleseismic travel-time residuals from the EarthScope Transportable Array and more than 1700 additional temporary and permanent stations for 3-D velocity perturbations to a depth of 1000 km. The inversion uses recent advances in western U.S. crust models to better isolate the mantle component of travel-time residuals, and frequency-dependent 3-D sensitivity kernels to map travel-time residuals, measured in multiple frequency bands, into velocity structure. In addition to separate V P and V S models, we jointly invert the two datasets for V P /V S perturbations by imposing a smoothness constraint on the δ ln V S /δ ln V P field. The joint inversion helps us identify regions where partial melt is probable. The amplitude of V P , V S , and V P /V S variations is greatest in the upper 200 km of the mantle and the form of velocity anomalies suggests a provincially heterogeneous lithosphere and the occurrence of widespread small-scale convection. Partially molten mantle is inferred beneath Yellowstone and the eastern Snake River Plain (SRP), the Salton Trough, and the Clear Lake volcanic field. The inferred depth extent of partial melt is consistent with a generally hydrated upper mantle and elevated temperatures beneath the eastern SRP and Yellowstone. Despite continuous subduction since the Cretaceous, the distribution of sub-lithospheric high-velocity anomalies is dissected (similar to other recent studies). Based on our new tomography models, western U.S. geologic history, and plate–tectonic reconstructions, we infer patchy and incomplete removal of the flat-subducting Laramide slab and slab tearing associated with Eocene accretion in the northwestern U.S.
Effects of salicylic acid on post-ischaemic ventricular function and purine efflux in isolated mouse hearts

AbstractAcetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Various plasma concentrations of aspirin and its predominant metabolite, salicylic acid, are required for its antiarthritic (1.5–2.5 mM), anti-inflammatory (0.5–5.0 mM) or antiplatelet (0.18–0.36 mM) actions. A recent study demonstrated the inhibitory effects of both aspirin and salicylic acid on oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis in isolated rat cardiac mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner (0–10 mM concentration range). In this context, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of salicylic acid on inosine efflux (a potential biomarker of acute cardiac ischaemia) as well as cardiac contractile function in the isolated mouse heart following 20 min of zero-flow global ischaemia. Inosine efflux was found at significantly higher concentrations in ischaemic hearts perfused with Krebs buffer fortified with 1.0 mM salicylic acid compared with those without salicylic acid (12575±3319 vs. 1437±348...
The influence of ambient temperature on the daily variation of serum cortisol in the banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus

Abstract Separate groups of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus, were maintained on a LD 12:12 photoregime at either 5° or 20°C for a total duration of 16 days. Following this acclimation period, blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture at six different times of day and analyzed for serum cortisol by radioimmunoassay. Fish acclimated to 20°C had a unimodal daily pattern of serum cortisol with the peak concentration occurring during the four hour period before the onset of light. The daily pattern of cortisol of the fish acclimated to 5°C was bimodal with peak cortisol values measured at the onset and the offset of light. These thermally induced changes in cortisol hormone patterns may be related to other temperature dependent seasonal changes such as the annual cycle of reproductive development or changes in the time of daily locomotor activity.
Colon cancer metastasis: is E2F-1 a driving force?

Commentary to:Overexpression of E2F-1 in Lung and Liver Metastases of Human Colon Cancer is Associated with Gene AmplificationMarian Iwamoto, Debabrata Banerjee, Lata G.Menon, Anna Jurkiewicz, Pulivarthi H. Rao Nancy E. Kemeny, Yuman Fong, Suresh C. Jhanwar, Richard Gorlick and Joseph R. Bertino
The Moralities of Obligation and Aspiration: Towards a Concept of Exemplary Military Ethics and Leadership

A fundamental tension in military ethics is not just how to prevent unethical behavior, but also how to inspire supererogatory conduct “above and beyond the call of duty.” In this article, we provide a conceptual analysis and integrative framework for understanding the dynamics of military ethics based on two contrasting but complementary moralities—moralities of obligation and aspiration; and two types of moral motivation—rule-following and identity-conferring. We then provide analysis of the exemplary leadership required to inform and inspire military members to realize the aspirations embedded in an exemplary military ethic.
A framework for information systems planning for e‐business

E‐business information systems are computer applications that leverage intra‐ and inter‐firm process and systems integration. Considering the growth and strategic importance of e‐business, while it is important for organizations to carefully plan for and architect e‐business systems, none of the existing information systems planning models is adequate for the task. An e‐business architecture planning model is developed by identifying 12 generic e‐business models and three axes on which drivers of the information architecture needs of e‐business firms fall. Sowa and Zachman’s information architecture is augmented to further facilitate e‐business information systems architecture planning.
Forming limits of sandwich sheet materials

Failure of sandwich sheet materials by tensile instability and localized necking was studied by performing punch-forming experiments on stainless steel clad aluminum. By using narrow blanks and no lubrication, lateral contraction was possible, and failures could be produced in the drawing area of the forming limit diagram. For this deformation regime, diffuse instability led to localized necking. As in monolithic materials, the development of the localized neck in stainless steel clad aluminum determined the forming limit, and predictions of the strain levels for the onset of local instability correlated well with the observed forming limit strains. By preventing lateral contraction, failures in stretching were produced. The forming limit strains in this case depended on the strains at the onset of diffuse instability in much the same manner as is observed for monolithic materials. The strains at the onset of diffuse instability were predicted using a generalized rule of mixtures, and agreement between measured values and values predicted from component properties was good when the strain-path dependence of the instability strain for the individual components was taken into account. The diffuse necking process in stretching of stainless steel clad aluminum led to local thinning when deformations involved small degrees of biaxiallity. On the other hand, nonuniform through thickness straining of the component layers in specimens strained close to balanced biaxial stretching appeared to control the localization process and gave rise to forming limit strains lower than expected from observations of punch formed monolithic sheet materials. For all deformation modes, localized flow culminated in delamination and fracture.
The domestic politics of financial internationalization in the developing world

ABSTRACT This paper examines the domestic politics of financial internationalization. Financial internationalization has two components, the liberalization of cross-border capital flows and the liberalization of foreign ownership restrictions, yet most research to date has concentrated exclusively on the former. Building on existing theoretical work, this paper argues that in the developing world, domestic finance favors the joint abolition of restrictions on the inflow of foreign capital alongside continued restrictions on the ability of foreigners to own and operate domestic financial institutions. I test the argument on a unique dataset of foreign entry restrictions in developing economies and by examining interest group pressures for financial internationalization in Indonesia and Mexico. The findings complement and extend recent work on financial internationalization in the developing world and suggest further areas for research in the role of domestic interest group preferences for global economic i...
Engaging ADHD students in tasks with hand gestures: a pedagogical possibility for teachers

This study examines the effects of teachers' speech and hand gestures on the task performances of students with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Forty‐five 7½‐year‐old students clinically diagnosed with ADHD participated in the study. The students were asked to solve three sets of puzzles. The teachers supported the students in the tasks by using three different scaffolding modalities: speech‐only, gesture‐only and speech in conjunction with gestures. The results indicate that when the teachers used the scaffolding that contained gesture components (either speech scaffolding in conjunction with gesture scaffolding or gesture‐only scaffolding), the ADHD students were more responsive, focused longer on the tasks and were more successful in completing the tasks. Moreover, teachers' representational and deictic gestures were found to be the most effective gestures in scaffolding. This study suggests that when teachers' hand gestures are used together with speech, they are a powerful pedagogica...
Variable Fin Density Flow Channels for Effective Cooling and Mitigation of Temperature Nonuniformity in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits

The surface temperature of integrated circuit (IC) chips cooled with a single-phase liquid flow increases along the flow direction following the increase in the liquid temperature. Increasing the heat transfer coefficient along the flow direction is an effective way to enhance the cooling performance while mitigating the temperature nonuniformity and high pressure drop concerns. This investigation evaluates numerically the cooling performance of different flow channel designs suitable in 3D IC applications with channel heights restricted to 100 lm. Internal configurations featuring offset strip fins with variable fin density and variable spacing ribs were studied in an effort to minimize the temperature nonuniformity while maintaining a relatively low pressure drop. The performance of 13 different designs for the variable-fin-density configuration and three different rib configurations have been evaluated and compared with two baseline cases, corresponding to a smooth flow channel and a flow channel with continuous fins. All of the analyzed internal configurations are contained within a flow channel of 100 lm height and 910 lm width. A coolant chip formed by nine flow channels for the dissipation of 200 W of a 3D IC with a surface area of 1 cm is the base for this investigation. The best performing configuration resulted in a temperature variation of less than 30 K with a pressure drop of 34 kPa as compared to a temperature variation of 38 K and a pressure drop of 144 kPa with continuous fins and 51 K and 21 kPa for a smooth flow channel. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4027091]
Laser spectroscopy of nanocrystalline Eu2O3 and Eu3+:Y2O3

Abstract This letter presents optical spectra of Eu 3+ in nanocrystalline Eu 2 O 3 and Eu 3+ :Y 2 O 3 . The nanocrystalline particles condense in the monoclinic crystal structure after CO 2 -laser vaporization of metal oxide ceramics. The spectra of 14 nm Eu 2 O 3 particles have the same sharp lines as do micrometer-size particles, and the spectra of 5 nm Eu 2 O 3 particles show the sharp lines superimposed on broad and shifted bands. The spectra of 12 nm particles prepared from Eu 0.2 Y 1.8 O 3 starting material show two phases that are attributed to slightly disordered Eu 2 O 3 and crystalline Eu 3+ :Y 2 O 3 . The spectra of 5 nm particles prepared from Eu 0.2 Y 1.8 O 3 show broad bands similar to the 5 nm Eu 2 O 3 spectra.
The Papers of George Washington. Presidential Series

International issues occupy much of Washington's attention in Volume 18 of the Presidential Series , which covers 1 April through 30 September 1795. Peace agreements were made with Morocco in August and with Algiers in September. Thomas Pinckney traveled to Spain to renew negotiations over use of the Mississippi River. The fall of the Netherlands to France and the creation of the pro-French Batavian Republic there raised concerns about American finances in Europe. Washington also contended with new violations of American neutrality by British naval commanders. Washington's biggest worries concerned ratification of the 1794 Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation with Great Britain (the Jay Treaty). The Senate approved the treaty under condition that Article XII, which addressed trade with the British West Indies, be renegotiated. As Washington considered whether to ratify the document, the revelation of treaty terms in various publications sparked public outrage and a wave of anti-treaty meetings and letters. While acknowledging that the terms were not ideal, Washington felt that the treaty served U.S. interests in the balance and approved the agreement. Domestic concerns also demanded Washington's attention. John Jay stepped down as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court to become governor of New York, and David Rittenhouse resigned as director of the U.S. Mint. Secretary of State Edmund Randolph resigned in August after it was discovered that he and the French minister had engaged in private dealings that appeared to compromise Washington's administration. Just a few days after Randolph left office, Attorney General William Bradford died. Echoes of the 1794 whiskey insurrection in western Pennsylvania continued as petitioners asked Washington to pardon two menuJohn Mitchell and Philip Vigol (Weigle)uconvicted of treason. He eventually did. In Indian affairs, Washington oversaw instructions to Gen. Anthony Wayne that culminated in the Treaty of Greenville with the northwest Indians. He also agreed to the negotiation of a new treaty between Georgia and the Creek Indians, which would come to fruition in 1796. Chickasaw and Choctaw chiefs visited Washington in Philadelphia during July and August. During these six months, Washington kept track of his private economic concerns and supplemented three visits to Mount Vernon with meticulous letters to farm manager William Pearce. Both personal and diplomatic concerns shaped WashingtonAEs response to the arrival in the United States of George Washington Motier Lafayette, son of the Marquis de Lafayette.
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in community-dwelling elderly individuals with calcification of the fibrous skeleton of the base of the heart and aortosclerosis (The Cardiovascular Health Study).

In the elderly, mitral annular calcification (MAC) and aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aortic annular calcification (AAC) commonly occurs with MAC. However, the prognostic value of AAC, singly or in combination with MAC and AVS, for incident cardiovascular disease and mortality is unknown. From the Cardiovascular Health Study, we analyzed 3,782 participants (76 ± 5 years of age, 60% women) who had an echocardiogram at the 1994 to 1995 examination and who were prospectively followed for an average of 6.6 years (range 0.01 to 8.5). All 3 calcification categories were associated with incident congestive heart failure (MAC: hazard ratio [HR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35 to 2.18, AAC: HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.06, and AVS: HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.89) and death. A stronger association with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality was observed with a larger number of calcification categories and with increased MAC severity. Moreover, in the participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease at echocardiographic examination (n = 1,054), MAC and AAC were still associated with cardiovascular mortality (MAC: HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.50; AAC: HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.85) even in fully adjusted models. In conclusion, MAC, AAC, and AVS are associated with a significant risk of incident congestive heart failure, cardiovascular and all-cause mortalities, and worse outcome in older patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease. Elderly patients with these findings represent a high-risk group and may require close medical attention.
Residual thrombus within a retrievable IVC filter.

A 67-year-old woman underwent a laparotomy for presumed cholecystitis. A duodenal mass was discovered at the time of exploration. The abdomen was closed and the patient transferred to our institution. On arrival to our institution, she was noted to have shortness of breath and a computed tomographic (CT) examination of the chest revealed right lower lobe and right middle lobe pulmonary emboli. She was given heparin for anticoagulation. As the tumor appeared to be resectable, a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) was planned. It was felt that performing this procedure on an anticoagulated patient was unwise, therefore a temporary inferior vena cava filter (Gunther Tulip filter, Cook, Bloomington, IN) was placed prior to surgery. Five days later, the patient underwent an uneventful pancreaticoduodenectomy. On postoperative day 5, the patient developed a fever and an intravenous contrast-enhanced abdominal CT was obtained (Fig 1). The CT showed thrombus entrapped within the appropriately positioned filter. On postoperative day 8, the referring physician requested removal of the filter, as it was felt that she was now a candidate for therapeutic anticoagulation. Prior to removing the filter, an inferior vena cavogram (Fig 2) was performed.
The effect of familiarity with a neighborhood on territory acquisition

Several authors have suggested that familiarity with the neighborhood around a territory might improve the ability of contestants to compete successfully for that territory. In this study, juvenile Anolis aeneus lizards residing in clearings were allowed to observe, but not enter, artificial homesites for 9 to 12 days. Then the homesites were made accessible to both previous residents and new arrivals to the clearing. The settlement success of new arrivals onto the homesites was dramatically lower than that of comparably-sized previous residents. For both new arrivals and previous residents, the period from first entry to first received attack was an excellent predictor of settlement success, but whereas most previous residents spent many hours on the homesites prior to being attacked by other juveniles, almost all new arrivals were, attacked soon after entering the homesites. Many new arrivals made tactical errors (e.g. joined larger lizards already on the homesites, and then were promptly chased), whereas previous residents almost never joined lizards larger than themselves. In addition, new arrivals which were alone on the homesites were more quickly attacked by neighboring individuals than were previous residents under comparable circumstances. These results suggest that information about a territorial habitat and its inhabitants is an important determinant of territory acquisition success in this species.
PAH and metal mixtures in New Orleans soils and sediments.

The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of PAH contamination and the association of PAHs with inorganic substances in soils and sediments of New Orleans. Bonnet Carre Spillway (BCS) (n = 5) provides modern baseline data, while urban soil samples (CTY) (n = 27) and sediment samples from Bayou St. John (BSJ) (n = 11) provide experimental data for New Orleans. Soil samples were collected from the top 2.5 cm of the surface, air-dried, and sieved (2 mm). Sediments samples were collected with a Wildco-Ekman bottom dredge, air-dried and finely ground. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to release PAHs from the samples and analysis was conducted with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Metals were extracted using a 5:1 ratio of 1 mol/L nitric acid (room temperature) for soil and sediment samples, shaken for 2 h, centrifuged (1000 x g for 15 min) and filtered. Metal analysis was done by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mann-Whitney tests show PAH differences (P CTY soils (3.7 mg/kg) > BCS alluvium (0.28 mg/kg). The sum of the metals are similar for BSJ sediments (698 mg/kg) and CTY soils (679 mg/kg) and significantly lower for BCS (189 mg/kg). Manganese of these samples is similar for each site. For paired samples, Pearson Product Moment Correlation tests reveal that many PAHs are strongly associated with each other at all locations. For BCS alluvium and BSJ sediments, total PAHs are not significantly associated with total metals. For CTY, most pairs of metals are significantly associated, and total soil PAHs are strongly associated with total soil metals (correlation 0.78, P = 4.9 x 10(-4)). The linear model, total soil PAH = 136.3 + 6.25 (total soil metals) forms the basis for a predicted PAH map of New Orleans. Previous empirical research demonstrates an association between soil lead and children's lead exposure. This study indicates that PAHs are part of the soil mixture of accumulated substances and by-products of industrial society that presents exposure potential in cities.
Picosecond Structural Dynamics of Myoglobin following Photolysis of Carbon Monoxide

We have used picosecond infrared (IR) transient absorption spectroscopy in the amide I band to probe the dynamics of protein motion of myoglobin (Mb) following the photolysis of carbon monoxide. The rise time of the deoxy protein conformation is shown to be about 8 ps. The spectrum of amide I changes was also measured at 50 ps after photolysis and found to be similar to static IR difference spectra and to time-resolved IR spectra taken at times longer than 100 ns. By comparing the results obtained here with other picosecond results on photolysis of CO from Mb, we conclude that the majority of changes seen in the amide I spectra are due to global motion on the proximal side of the heme. The time scale for amide I changes are compared to the results of molecular dynamics calculations.