cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global dot integration in typically developing children and in Williams syndrome.

Abstract Williams Syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results in deficits in visuospatial perception and cognition. The dorsal stream vulnerability hypothesis in WS predicts that visual motion processes are more susceptible to damage than visual form processes. We asked WS participants and typically developing children to detect the global structure Glass patterns, under “static” and “dynamic” conditions in order to evaluate this hypothesis. Sequentially presented Glass patterns are coined as dynamic because they induce illusory motion, which is modeled after the interaction between orientation (form) and direction (motion) mechanisms. If the dorsal stream vulnerability holds in WS participants, then they should process real and illusory motion atypically. However, results are consistent with the idea that form and motion integration mechanisms are functionally delayed or attenuated in WS. Form coherence thresholds for both static and dynamic Glass patterns in WS were similar to those of 4–5 year old children, younger than what is predicted by mental age. Dynamic presentation of Glass patterns improved thresholds to the same degree as typical participants. Motion coherence thresholds in WS were similar to those of mental age matches. These data pose constraints on the dorsal vulnerability hypothesis, and refine our understanding of the relationship between form and motion processing in development.
Studies on the serial extraction of pituitary proteins.

Pituitary glands of beef, sheep and pig origin were successively extracted with water at pH 5.5, M/10 (NH4)2SO4 at pH 4.0, M/4 (NH4)2SO4 at cither pH 5.5 or 7.5, and finally with 60 percent ethanol at pH 9.8 to 10. The extracts were bioassayed for the anterior pituitary hormones and for the proteinases I and II. With certain exceptions, the first extract contained mainly FSH and proteinase I; the second, LH and TSH, the third, GH and proteinase II; and the fourth, prolactin. FSH and GH were further purified to establish the amenability of these extracts to fractionation. Growth hormone isolated from beef pituitary extracts prepared at pH 5.5 appears to be a mixture of two biologically active proteins: one with alanyl and phenylalanyl NH2-terminal groups and another with methionyl and alanyl NH2-terminal groups. Small amounts of NH2-terminal serine and glutamic acid were also present. By varying the conditions of extraction appropriately, the amounts of the two types of hormones could be varied inversely. ...
Influence of Insulin on Amino Acid Utilization.

ConclusionThe spontaneous output of amino acid nitrogen by the muscles of the completely eviscerated dog is inhibited by the administration of glycine in amounts adequate to cause a hyperamino-acidemia. The administration of insulin to such animals results in an increased utilization of amino acids by the muscle. This action of insulin may be due to an increased storage of amino acids or to the synthesis of proteins in the muscles.
Optical implementation of the Hamming net

We present an optical implementation of the Hamming net that can be used as an optimum image classifier or an associative memory. We introduce a modified Hamming net, in which the dynamic range requirement of the spatial light modulator can be relaxed and the number of iteration cycles in the second layer (or maxnet) can be reduced. Experimental demonstrations of the optical implementation of the Hamming net are also given.
Psychiatric Epidemiology: Its Relevance for Counselors

Review of five articles from the epidemiological series appearing in the Archives of General Psychiatry, 1984, 41, 934–979.
Conjoint measurement: The Luce-Tukey axiomatization and some extensions ☆

Abstract Axioms are given for an equivalence relation defined in a product set, such that a commutative group structure can be introduced in the set of equivalence classes. Different group structures in the same product set, obtained by this construction, are all naturally isomorphic. If the group is Archimedean ordered, an isomorphism into the ordered additive reals leads to interval scale measurement. Similar theorems result from axioms stated symmetrically for several interlocking equivalence relations on a single set. Group structures are constructed on each set of equivalence classes, and a “global” group structure is obtained on the whole set, modulo the intersection of the equivalence relations.
Brachiopoda Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy of the RedWall Limestone (Lower Mississippian) of Arizona

ABSTRACT Forty-six species, assignable to 36 brachiopod genera, are recognized, described, and illustrated from the Lower Mississippian Redwall Limestone of northern Arizona. Seven new species are recognized, four of which are named. Named species are: Spinocarinifera (Seminucella) costatula, new species; Magnumbonella ampla, new species; Setigerites gutschicki, new species; and Spirifer redwallensis , new species. The remaining three newly recognized species remain in open nomenclature because study material was too poorly preserved to justify naming. The majority of brachiopod species studied were recovered from the Thunder Springs and Mooney Falls members near the middle of the formation. The basal Whitmore Wash Member and uppermost Horseshoe Mesa Member contain only sparse and poorly preserved brachiopod material. The spotty stratigraphic distribution of collections, which were recovered from largely geographically disparate locations, resulted in the creation of a stratigraphic range chart that exhib...
In vitro changes in hardness of sealed resilient lining materials on immersion in various fluids.

Purpose: During clinical use, resilient lining materials undergo changes in hardness that make them ineffective. The aims of this investigation were (1) to determine the effect of a resilient lining sealer on the hardness of four resilient denture liners; and (2) to determine the effect of the sealer on hardness after immersion in various solutions. Materials and Methods: Two sets of specimens of four resilient liners, Coe-comfort (CC), PermaSoft (PS), Tokuyama soft reline (TK), and Total-Soft (TS), 6-mm diameter by 4-mm thickness, were fabricated. Two coats of Permaseal, a soft reline sealant, were applied to one set of specimens of each material according to manufacturers' instructions. Sealed and unsealed samples were divided into four groups (n = 10). Each group was immersed in one of the following solutions: artificial saliva at 37°C, Efferdent, Efferdent with once daily scrubbing with a soft toothbrush, and 50% ethanol. Shore A hardness numbers were obtained at 0, 1, 3, 7, 30, and 90 days. A two-way ANOVA test was performed using materials (treated and untreated) and immersion solution as independent variables. The percentage change in hardness after the 90-day immersion period was the dependent variable. Results: The results show that the application of sealant significantly improved the durability of CC, PS, and TS in immersion solutions by maintaining hardness close to preimmersion values or delaying the softening effect of the solutions. The hardness of sealed and unsealed TK showed the significantly (p < 0.05) lowest change after immersion in the test solutions. Ethanol caused the most severe decrease in hardness of all solutions, followed by saliva. Immersion in Efferdent and daily brushing after immersion in Efferdent showed only a mild effect on the hardness of the soft reline agents. Conclusion: The use of a sealer can play an important role in the preservation of the hardness of some resilient lining materials.
Rapid neurofibrillary tangle formation after localized gene transfer of mutated tau

Neurofibrillary pathology was produced in the brains of adult rats after localized gene transfer of human tau carrying the P301L mutation, which is associated with frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism. Within 1 month of in situ transfection of the basal forebrain region of normal rats, tau-immunoreactive and argyrophilic neuronal lesions formed. The fibrillar lesions had features of neurofibrillary tangles and tau immunoreactivity at light and electron microscopic levels. In addition to neurofibrillary tangles, other tau pathology, including pretangles and neuropil threads, was abundant and widespread. Tau gene transfer to the hippocampal region of amyloid-depositing transgenic mice produced pretangles and threads, as well as intensely tau-immunoreactive neurites in amyloid plaques. The ability to produce neurofibrillary pathology in adult rodents makes this a useful method to study tau-related neurodegeneration.
Pattern recognition, attention, and information bottlenecks in the primate visual system

In its evolution, the primate visual system has developed impressive capabilities for recognizing complex patterns in natural images. This process involves many stages of analysis and a variety of information processing strategies. This paper concentrates on the importance of 'information bottlenecks,' which restrict the amount of information that can be handled at different stages of analysis. These steps are crucial for reducing the overwhelming computational complexity associated with recognizing countless objects from arbitrary viewing angles, distances, and perspectives. The process of directed visual attention is an especially important information bottleneck because of its flexibility in determining how information is routed to high-level pattern recognition centers.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High Density Lipoprotein-mediated Cholesterol Uptake and Targeting to Lipid Droplets in Intact L-cell Fibroblasts A SINGLE- AND MULTIPHOTON FLUORESCENCE APPROACH

Fluorescent sterols, dehydroergosterol and NBD-cholesterol, were used to examine high density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol uptake and intracellular targeting in L-cell fibroblasts. The uptake, but not esterification or targeting to lipid droplets, of these sterols differed >100-fold, suggesting significant differences in uptake pathways. NBD-cholesterol uptake kinetics and lipoprotein specificity reflected high density lipoprotein-mediated sterol uptake via the scavenger receptor B1. Fluorescence energy transfer showed an average intermolecular distance of 26 A between the two fluorescent sterols in L-cells. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that both fluorescent sterols localized to L-cell lipid droplets, the surface of which contained adipose differentiation-related protein. This lipid droplet-specific protein specifically bound NBD-cholesterol with high affinity (K(d) = 2 nM) at a single site. Thus, NBD-cholesterol and dehydroergosterol were useful fluorescent probes of sterol uptake and intracellular sterol targeting. NBD-cholesterol more selectively probed high density lipoprotein-mediated uptake and rapid intracellular targeting of sterol to lipid droplets. Targeting of sterol to lipid droplets was correlated with the presence of adipose differentiation related protein, a lipid droplet-specific protein shown for the first time to bind unesterified sterol with high affinity.
Dynamical Exchange Behavior in Organic Monolayers Studied by STM Analysis of Labeled Mixtures

By using mixtures of molecules which are sterically similar but contain functional groups with differing electronic properties, we have obtained scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of domains of randomly mixed monolayers of organic molecules on graphite, and the different molecules could be distinguished by STM. It was determined that molecules in the centers of the domains could still exchange readily with the solution, something which could not be determined using monolayers with single-component domains. The typical residence time of a molecule in the monolayers appeared to be between 0.2 and 20 s, and some variation was observed for different mixtures. We have also shown one case in which the composition of the adsorbed monolayer appears to be nearly independent of the composition of the bulk solution over almost 3 orders of magnitude. Although the mixture components could often be distinguished by STM, other times little or no difference was observed, even when image resolution appeared to be ...
The distribution and lipid composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins of young and old rat plasma.

Abstract The lipoproteins of young and old Wistar rats differ markedly in distribution and chemical composition. The major differences are: (1) the presence of high levels of free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids in the lipoproteins of old rat plasma when lipids are analyzed/100 ml of plasma. However, the ratio of total cholesterol to protein mass indicates the presence of comparable cholesterol pools in all lipoprotein fractions of young and old rats excepting the d 1.063–1.21 fraction where a higher cholesterol pool in old rats is indicated. (2) The amount of sphingomyelin increases in lipoprotein fractions of old rat plasma thereby actually decreasing the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in these plasma fractions. (3) Unsaturated fatty acids predominate in young rat plasma lipoproteins, and saturatedfatty acids predominate in old rat lipoprotein fractions. The ratio of polyunsaturated (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic) to saturated (palmitic, stearic) fatty acids in young rat sera was 0.89 and in old rat sera, 0.55.
The use of carbon-13-labeled fuel dopants for identifying naphthalene formation pathways in non-premixed flames

Centerline profiles of C3 to C12 hydrocarbons were measured in a nitrogen-diluted methane/air coflowing non-premixed flame whose fuel was separately doped with 1700 ppm of carbon-13-labeled styrene, toluene, and benzene. The outer carbon on the vinyl side chain was labeled in the added styrene. Large concentrations of singly labeled phenylacetylene and naphthalene were observed in the styrene-doped flame, providing direct experimental evidence under real flame conditions for the conversion of styrene to phenylacetylene by dehydrogenation of the side chain, and of phenylacetylene to naphthalene by the H-abstraction/carbon-addition (HACA) mechanism. The methyl carbon in the added toluene was labeled. Large concentrations of singly labeled naphthalene were observed in the toluene-doped flame and were greatly out of proportion to the increase in singly labeled phenylacetylene, providing direct experimental evidence for an additional naphthalene formation pathway involving reactions of the benzyl radical. All six carbons in the added benzene were labeled. Large concentrations of hextuply labeled naphthalene were observed in the benzene-doped flame, consistent with the HACA and benzyl naphthalene formation mechanisms. No 10-fold labeled naphthalene was observed, indicating that conversion of the added benzene to cyclopentadienyl radical followed by cyclopentadienyl self-reaction was not a significant source of naphthalene production in that flame.
High-speed semiconductor lasers

The fabrication and performance characteristics of high speed semiconductor lasers are described in this paper. These include InGaAsP/InP lasers emitting near 1.55 micrometer, InGaAs/GaAs lasers emitting near 1 micrometer and integrated electroabsorption modulated lasers emitting near 1.55 micrometer.
The supposed correlation between the ratio X5 and DDT-resistance in house flies.

The ratio of X5, defined by Bigelow and LeRoux as the width of the second abdominal sternite divided by its length, was measured on both sexes of eight strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., differing in their susceptibility to DDT. Resistance levels were determined by topical application of the insecticide followed by a maximum likelihood probit analysis of the results. Significant differences among strains and among rearing jars within strains were found, as in an earlier study by Sokal and Hunter. Significant differences between resistant and nonresistant strains were found for X5, but the difference was opposed to that reported by Bigelow and LeRoux and by Morrison. Further analyses led to the conclusion that the difference between resistant and nonresistant strains is due to the particular strains composing the present study and that no correlation between resistance and X5 can be demonstrated.
the varieties of fertility cultism in New Guinea: part I

The fertility cults of New Guinea are often stereotyped simply as “male cults” in the literature, but comparative analysis reveals a great deal of regional variation in the cults, both in regard to the celebration of manhood and in regard to the degree of female exclusion. In a two-part essay (Part II will appear in the next issue of AE), I will argue first that the cultic emphasis on male power and solidarity varies according to the form of the political community that the cult in part regulates and, second, that the cultic construction of fertility highlights the regionally variable position of the sexes in ceremonial exchange. [New Guinea, fertility ritual, sexual inequality, political organization, exchange theory]
Gr1+ Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Dominate the Inflammatory Infiltrate 12 h After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease lacking an effective treatment. While the initial injury occurs within minutes, an inflammatory response contributes to ongoing tissue damage over hours to days. Relatively little is known about leukocyte trafficking into the brain in the hours after ICH onset. Understanding these events may lead to identification of new therapeutic targets. Using the blood injection mouse model of ICH, the numbers of leukocytes in the ipsilateral and contralateral brain were quantified by flow cytometry 12 h after surgery. Perihematomal inflammation was confirmed by histology and chemokines and cytokines in the brain quantified by multiplex ELISA. Few neutrophils were detected in the brain 12 h after ICH. The majority of leukocytes consisted of inflammatory macrophages (CD45.1hiCD3−Ly6G−CD11c−CD11b+Gr1+ cells) and inflammatory dendritic cells (CD45.1hiCD3−Ly6G−CD11cintCD11b+Gr1+ cells). Microglia numbers did not differ between the hemispheres. These results indicate that blood-derived monocyte populations traffic into brain early after ICH and outnumber neutrophils at 12 h.
Budesonide/formoterol in the treatment of asthma.

Budesonide/formoterol is a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid plus a long-acting β2-agonist available as a dry-powder inhaler for the indication of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in various countries outside of the USA and as a pressurized metered-dose inhaler in the USA for the indication of asthma. Clinical studies have shown that budesonide/formoterol is significantly more effective than an equivalent or higher dose of budesonide or fluticasone propionate alone in patients with moderate-to-severe disease, and at least as effective as its two components administered via separate inhalers in asthmatics with predominantly moderate to severe persistent disease. Budesonide/formoterol is effective when administered both once or twice daily. Adjustable maintenance dosing with budesonide/formoterol has been shown to provide equivalent or better asthma control with a significantly lower amount of study drug use compared with fixed dosing. The rapid onset of action of budesonide/formotero...
Description of SYGTHERM and its application in developing large-area, high-fidelity, synthetic thermal maps

This paper describes a method to generate a large area, hi- fidelity, synthetic thermal map used to create IR sensor synthetic images. The computer program used to construct the thermal map is called SYGTHERM. Construction of the detailed thermal map is achieved using general material polygons, detailed digital terrain maps, high resolution polygon objects, thermal estimation algorithms, and generic thermal textures extracted from radiometric data. Infrared images representing various times of the day in Texas and California are presented. Three dimensional (3D) polygonal information used in image construction is based on delineation of stereo pair images taken at the specified sites. High resolution wireframes are placed in the scenes to represent possible structures of interest. Spatial image comparisons to actual radiometric data are shown.
Generation of 43 W of quasi-continuous 780 nm laser light via high-efficiency, single-pass frequency doubling in periodically poled lithium niobate crystals

We demonstrate high-efficiency frequency doubling of the combined output of two 1560 nm 30 W fiber amplifiers via single pass through periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystals. The temporal profile of the 780 nm output is controlled by adjusting the relative phase between the seeds of the amplifiers. We obtain a peak power of 34 W of 780 nm light by passing the combined output through one PPLN crystal, and a peak power of 43 W by passing through two cascading PPLN crystals. This source provides high optical power, excellent beam quality and spectral purity, and agile frequency and amplitude control in a simple and compact setup, which is ideal for applications such as atom optics using Rb atoms.
Thrombin, epidermal growth factor, and phorbol myristate acetate stimulate tubulin polymerization in quiescent cells: A potential link to mitogenesis

Previous studies suggest that alterations in the microtubule (MT)-tubulin equilibrium during G0/G1 affect mitogenesis. To determine the effect of growth factors on the MT-tubulin equilibrium, we developed a radioactive monoclonal antibody binding assay (Ball et al.: J. Cell. Biol. 103:1033-1041, 1986). With this assay, 3H-Ab 1-1.1 binding to cytoskeletons in confluent populations of cultured cells is proportional to the number of tubulin subunits polymerized into MTs. We now show that purified alpha-thrombin increases 3H-Ab 1-1.1 binding to cytoskeletons of serum-arrested mouse embryo (ME) fibroblasts from 1.5- to 3-fold. This stimulation is dose-dependent and correlates with concentrations of thrombin required for initiation of DNA synthesis. Other mitogenic factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also stimulate MT polymerization. Addition of colchicine (0.3 microM) eight hours after growth factor addition, blocks stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation by thrombin, EGF, or PMA, suggesting that tubulin polymerization or subsequent events triggered by MT polymerization are required for cells to enter a proliferative cycle. Consistent with models for autoregulation of tubulin synthesis, thrombin, EGF, and PMA all increase tubulin synthesis 9 to 15 hr after growth factor addition, raising the possibility that the decrease in free tubulin and subsequent stimulation of tubulin synthesis is linked to progression of cells into a proliferative cycle. Colchicine addition to these cells also stimulates DNA synthesis, but colchicine-stimulated cells enter S phase 6 to 8 hr later than those stimulated by growth factors. This delayed stimulation may be related to the time required for degradation of tubulin-colchicine complexes below a critical level. These data suggest that regulation of cell proliferation may be linked to increased MT polymerization and the resulting decrease in free tubulin pools.
Retrograde facilitation under midazolam: The role of general and specific interference

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment that usedmidazolam, a benzodiazepine that creates temporary amnesia, we compared acquisition and retention of paired associates of different types. Some word pairs were studied before the injection of saline or midazolam, and two lists of word pairs were studied after the injection. Critical comparisons involved retention of pairs that were practiced on all three lists, pairs studied on only one list, and pairs that involved recombining cue and response terms from one list to the next, as a function of drug condition. Previous research with benzodiazepines had found retrograde facilitation for material acquired prior to injection, compared with the control condition. One explanation for this facilitation is that the anterograde amnesia produced by the benzodiazepine frees up the hippocampus to better consolidate previously learned material (Wixted, 2004, 2005). We accounted for a rich data set using a simple computational model that incorporated interference effects (cue overload) at retrieval for both general (experimental context) interference and specific (stimulus term) interference without the need to postulate a role for consolidation. The computational model as an Excel spreadsheet may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.
The Effect of Ibutilide on Retrograde Accessory Pathway Conduction

Ibutilide is a compound with Class III effects marketed for rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. The Class III effect is primarily mediated by blockade of the rapid component of the cardiac delayed rectifier of potassium current, Ikr. Ibutilide was used in three patients with concealed accessory pathways during electrophysiological evaluation for ablation of symptomatic atrioventricular reentry tachycardia. Each pathway (mid-septal, left posterior, and left lateral) exhibited a mean retrograde effective refractory period of 240 +/- 20 ms. Each patient had atrioventricular reentry tachycardia that consistently degenerated to recurrent sustained atrial fibrillation. One to two milligrams of intravenous ibutilide converted atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and maintained sinus rhythm throughout the procedure. Retrograde accessory pathway conduction was unchanged. Maintenance of sinus rhythm allowed for successful mapping and catheter ablation of the concealed accessory pathways. No direct current cardioversion was needed. In these patients, ibutilide was effective in converting and controlling atrial fibrillation induced by atrioventricular reentry tachycardia without masking retrograde pathway conduction. Antegrade accessory pathway conduction could not be assessed in this study.
Influence of Silica-Derived Nano-Supporters on Cellobiase After Immobilization

Core shell magnetite nanoparticle (CSMN) was successfully synthesized with diameter around 125 nm according to the determination with scanning electronic microscopy. SBA-15 with diameter around 31 nm was synthesized in our previous work as another supporter for immobilized degradation enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of silica-derived nano-supporters on cellobiase after immobilization. With covalent method, glutaraldehyde was introduced to immobilize cellobiase. The immobilized enzyme efficiency, specific activity, and its characterization, including optimum pH, pH stability, optimum temperature for enzyme reaction, and enzyme thermal stability were investigated. Results show that the method of enzyme immobilization on both nano-supporters could improve cellobiase stability under low pH and high temperature conditions compared with the free enzyme. In the aspect of immobilization efficiency, SBA had higher amount of bounded protein than that of CSMN, but had lower specific enzyme activity than CSMN, assumably due to the change in silica surface properties caused by process of supporter synthesis.
A Comparison of Methods for Organ-Weight Data Adjustment in Chicks

An experiment was conducted with 168 Arbor Acre X Peterson unsexed, crossbred broiler chicks to compare methods of expressing organ-weight data and to assess changes in organ weights and physiological parameters as body weight (97 to 791 g) and age (5 to 26 days) increased. Actual wet weight of liver, heart, intestine, spleen, and pancreas and percent bone ash increased (P less than .01) as age and body weight increased. Tibia length-to-width ratio decreased (P less than .01) as age and body weight increased. Blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma protein were not affected (P greater than .1) by age or by body weight. Liver, heart, and intestinal weight decreased (P less than .01) and spleen weight increased (P less than .01) as body weight and age increased when these tissue weights were expressed as percent of body weight. Liver weight adjusted for body weight by covariance analysis, however, remained constant; adjusted heart and intestinal weights decreased (P less than .01), and adjusted spleen weights increased (P less than .01) with increasing age and body weight. The covariate, body weight, was not significant (P greater than .1) for pancreas weight, tibia length-to-width ratio, and percent bone ash. Except for spleen, adjustment by covariance analysis more effectively reduced variation due to body weight than did expression as percent of body weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Mechanobiology of Articular Cartilage: Bearing the Burden of Osteoarthritis

Articular cartilage injuries and degenerative joint diseases are responsible for progressive pain and disability in millions of people worldwide, yet there is currently no treatment available to restore full joint functionality. As the tissue functions under mechanical load, an understanding of the physiologic or pathologic effects of biomechanical factors on cartilage physiology is of particular interest. Here, we highlight studies that have measured cartilage deformation at scales ranging from the macroscale to the microscale, as well as the responses of the resident cartilage cells, chondrocytes, to mechanical loading using in vitro and in vivo approaches. From these studies, it is clear that there exists a complex interplay among mechanical, inflammatory, and biochemical factors that can either support or inhibit cartilage matrix homeostasis under normal or pathologic conditions. Understanding these interactions is an important step toward developing tissue engineering approaches and therapeutic interventions for cartilage pathologies, such as osteoarthritis.
Asymptotically stationary processes on amenable groups

Abstract Vector-valued, asymptotically stationary processes on σ-compact locally compact amenable groups are studied. For such processes, we introduce associated spectral measures. Using an “almost periodic Fourier transform,” one can identify the almost periodic spectrum of the asymptotically stationary covariance, and we construct a natural, consistent estimator for this almost periodic spectrum.
Introduction to the sexual consequences of hemophilia.

The sexual consequences of chronic pediatric disease are only now beginning to be studied. Most clinicians do not yet have the conceptual tools to thoroughly assess the sexual life of young adult hemophiliacs. This paper presents five major landmarks of sexual development: gender identity, orientation, intention, function (desire, arousal, orgasm, emotional satisfaction) and the enabling relationship. Several hypotheses about the impact of hemophilia are described. First, the illness identity of the person with chronic disease threatens to supercede the masculine gender identity. Second, an unappreciated high prevalence of orientation and intention problems lurk behind the high frequency of heterosexual “shyness”. Suggestions to maximize the sexual developmental potential of young hemophiliacs are provided based on our current concepts of child development and sexual development in particular.
Mechanism of the salutary effects of flutamide on intestinal myeloperoxidase activity following trauma-hemorrhage: Up-regulation of estrogen receptor-β-dependent HO-1

Hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 induction following adverse circulatory conditions is known to be protective, and precastrated males have less intestinal damage than sham-operated males following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H). Previous studies have also shown that administration of flutamide up-regulated estrogen receptor (ER) expression in males following T-H. We hypothesized that flutamide administration in males following T-H up-regulates HO-1 via an ER-dependent pathway and protects against intestinal injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent T-H [mean blood pressure (MBP) 40 mmHg for 90 min and then resuscitation]. A single dose of flutamide (25 mg/kg body weight), with or without an ER antagonist (ICI 182,780), a HO enzyme inhibitor [chromium-mesoporphyrin (CrMP)], or vehicle, was administered subcutaneously during resuscitation. At 2 h after T-H or sham operation, intestinal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, and CINC-3 levels were measured. Intestinal ER-alpha, ER-beta, androgen receptor, and HO-1 mRNA/protein levels were also determined. Results showed that T-H increased intestinal MPO activity, ICAM-1, CINC-1, and CINC-3 levels. These parameters were improved significantly in the flutamide-treated rats subjected to T-H. Flutamide treatment increased intestinal HO-1 and ER-beta mRNA/protein levels as compared with vehicle-treated T-H rats. Administration of the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 or the HO inhibitor CrMP prevented the flutamide-induced attenuation of shock-induced intestinal damage. Thus, the salutary effects of flutamide administration on attenuation of intestinal injury following T-H are mediated via up-regulation of ER-beta-dependent HO-1 expression.
Discrete and continuous mechanics for tree representations of mechanical systems

We use a tree-based structure to represent mechanical systems comprising interconnected rigid bodies. Using this representation, we derive a simple algorithm to numerically calculate forward kinematic maps, body velocities, and their derivatives. The algorithm is computationally efficient and scales to large systems very well by using recursion to take advantage of the tree structure. Moreover, this method is less prone to modeling errors because each element of the graph is simple. The tree representation provides a natural framework to simulate mechanical dynamics with numeric computations rather than large symbolically-derived equations. In particular, the representation allows one to simulate systems in generalized coordinates using Lagrangian dynamics without symbolically finding the equations of motion. This method also applies to the relatively new variational integrators which numerically integrate dynamics in a way that preserve momentum and other symmetries. We show how to implement both integration schemes for an arbitrary system of interconnected rigid bodies in a computationally efficient way while avoiding symbolic equations of motion. We end with an example simulating a marionette; a mechanically complex, high degree-of-freedom system.
Antichrists and Antichrist in Joachim of Fiore

Conversations with the Calabrian abbot Joachim of Fiore (c. 1135-1202) had a way of turning to the imminent advent of Antichrist: "Antichrist was coming very soon," Joachim might say, or "Antichrist was already born in Rome," or "the age culminating in Antichrist's persecutions will begin in a mere four years."1 It is hence not surprising that Joachim became most famous in his own lifetime as a prophet of Antichrist. But how exactly did Joachim's warnings concerning Antichrist's imminent advent fit in with his overall view of the history of salvation? Joachim's contemporaries had more difficulty in understanding this larger issue than they had in grasping his urgent message that Antichrist was coming soon, and central questions concerning the nature of Joachim's Antichrist thought still have not been resolved by modern scholarship. Above all, two problems of interpretation remain outstanding: (1) Given the certainty that Joachim actually believed in the coming of many Antichrists, which of these several was for him the "real and true" one? (2) Given that Joachirn's "real and true" Antichrist can indeed be identified, how did his conception of this eschatological villain compare with that of prior medieval tradition? In seeking to answer both questions I hope to show concurrently that Joachim's Antichrist theology was enormously innovative, daring, and subtle, as his thinking was in so many other regards.
Relative Performance of Diploid and Triploid Catchable Rainbow Trout Stocked in Idaho Lakes and Reservoirs

Abstract Idaho Department of Fish and Game hatcheries stock predominantly sterile triploid (3n) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to provide sportfishing opportunities while minimizing the genetic risks to wild stocks. Triploid catchable-sized rainbow trout are stocked in over 500 water bodies across Idaho annually, but there remains some uncertainty regarding the performance of triploid rainbow trout relative to their diploid (2n) counterparts. We examined the relative survival, growth, and returns of diploid and triploid all-female catchable rainbow trout across 13 lakes and reservoirs. Most reservoirs showed higher returns of 2n rainbow trout to anglers. In 2008, 3n rainbow trout returned on average at only 72% and 81% of the rates of 2n trout in gill nets and snout collection boxes, respectively, and the difference for both methods was statistically significant. Carryover of marked rainbow trout from 2008 was low or zero in most reservoirs. Where there was carryover, snout collection boxes suggested t...
Improving routing protocol performance in delay tolerant networks using extended information

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are wireless mobile networks that do not guarantee the existence of a path between a source and a destination at any time. When two nodes move within each other's transmission range during a period of time, they can contact each other. The contact of nodes can be periodical, predictable and nonpredictable. In this paper, we assume the contact of nodes is nonpredictable so that it can reflect the most flexible way of nodes movement. Due to the uncertainty and time-varying nature of DTNs, routing poses special challenges. Some existing schemes use utility functions to steer the routing in the right direction. We find that these schemes do not capture enough information of the network. Thus, we develop an extended information model that can capture more mobility information and use regression functions for data processing. Experimental results from both our own simulator and real wireless trace data show that our routing algorithms based on the extended information model can increase the delivery ratio and reduce the delivery latency of routing compared with existing ones.
Infection with Vpr-Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Impairs NK Cell Function Indirectly through Cytokine Dysregulation of Infected Target Cells

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been implicated in impairing various aspects of NK cell function in viremic condition, and several viral factors contribute to these defects. Here, we evaluated the effect of HIV-1 Vpr on NK cell cytolytic function and cytokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) production in the context of infection and exposure. Our data indicate that NK cells derived from a peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture infected in vitro with HIV-1 vpr(+) virus or exposed to recombinant Vpr protein exhibited reduced target cell killing in conjunction with diminished expression of CD107a and reduced IFN-γ production compared to their Vpr-negative counterparts. This Vpr-induced NK cell defect is in part through differential regulation of interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor β production by the infected target cells and concomitant activation of Smad3 signaling pathway. Collectively, these results illustrate the ability of Vpr to impair NK cell-mediated innate immune functions indirectly by dysregulating multiple cytokines in the infected target cells, thus increasing disease severity and affecting the final outcome in HIV-1 infection.
Complex Viscosity of a Kaolin Clay

The complex viscosity of a material is a two-component quantity, comprising real and imaginary parts. The real part of the complex viscosity is often very useful because in many materials it approaches the ordinary steady-flow viscosity at low frequencies. Because many materials with high viscosities are very slow in reaching a steady-flow condition, the determination of the steady-flow viscosity may be very difficult; however, an approximation can often be obtained from low-frequency values of the real part of the complex viscosity. In this study, the complex viscosity of a Georgia kaolin has been determined by measurements made on specimens subjected to oscillatory simple shear, over three decades of frequency. Other independent variables in the study are the water content of the clay and the shear strain amplitude. Data were obtained from experimental measurements in the form of values of the magnitude, or absolute value, of the complex viscosity, and the phase angle between the imposed oscillatory strain and the stress response. Empirical functional relationships are developed to relate these quantities to the independent variables, and these are in turn used to obtain the real and imaginary parts of the complex viscosity as functions of the independent variables. The results of this study indicate that the complex viscosity is not linear, but decreases approximately as a power function of the strain amplitude; the relation between the complex viscosity and the water content is approximately an inverse logarithmic one, and changes very rapidly at water contents near the liquid limit; and the phase angle increases with increasing strain amplitude approximately as a power function.
Debug'ems and other Deconstruction Kits for STEM learning

This concept paper presents Deconstruction Kits as a means of creatively engaging learners in problem solving and critical thinking, skills that are applicable to all STEM disciplines. Deconstruction Kits, designed to promote learning while being taken apart, use reverse engineering and debugging to enhance creativity in science, computer science, and engineering curriculum. Deconstruction Kits effectively complement Constructionist (learning-by-building) technologies such as Scratch, electronic textiles, Processing, and App Inventor for Android (referred to collectively in this paper as Construction Kits). Although Construction Kits appear to be effective in engaging novices in computing and electronics through personal and participatory expression, many teachers of AP and undergraduate computer science (CS) courses and engineering (EE) courses underestimate their value. Meanwhile on the K-12 level, opportunities to learn about computing and electronics are rare. Deconstruction Kits offer successful solutions to these concerns.
Evaluating play trace (dis)similarity metrics

Play trace dissimilarity metrics compare two plays of a game and describe how different they are from each other. But how can we evaluate these metrics? Are some more accurate than others for a particular game, or in general? If so, why? Is the appropriate metric for a given game determined by certain characteristics of the game's design? This work provides an experimental methodology for validating play trace dissimilarity metrics for conformance to game designers' perception of play trace difference. We apply this method to a game-independent metric called Gamalyzer and compare it against three baselines which are representative of commonly used techniques in game analytics. We find that Gamalyzer—with an appropriate input encoding—is more accurate than the baseline metrics for the specific game under consideration, but simpler metrics based on event counting perform nearly as well for this game.
Structure and magnetism in Ga-rich MnGa/GaN thin films and unexpected giant perpendicular anisotropy in the ultra-thin film limit

Abstract We report structural, surface, and magnetic investigations of ferromagnetic Ga-rich MnGa thin and ultra-thin films grown on semiconducting GaN(0001) using molecular beam epitaxy. The Mn:Ga composition ratio is varied from ≈1 (stoichiometric) to ≈0.42 (very Ga-rich) for different samples. We find that the L10 MnGa phase is preserved down to a Mn:Ga ratio of ≈0.81. As the Ga concentration increases, we observe the coexistence of more Ga-rich phases, namely Mn3Ga5 and Mn2Ga5. Room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy imaging reveals highly epitaxial films, with atomically smooth and highly reconstructed surfaces. Magnetic characterizations show how the magnetic properties evolve with changing composition and that giant perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is induced by reducing the size of our films.
Measurement of gastric blood flow with radioactive microspheres

The validity of using radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5-mum diameter) to measure gastric blood flow and its partition between gastric wall layers was investigated in anesthetized dogs with a chambered segment of gastric corpus. Total flow measured by a venous effluent technique demonstrated close correlation with microsphere-measured flow (r = 0.98, slope = 0.95) in 12 dogs given histamine, gastrin, or isoproterenol. In 12 histamine-stimulated dogs, mucosal flow measured by aminopyrine clearance and by microspheres also showed good agreement (r = 0.96, slope = 0.83). No evidence was found to indicate that microspheres altered hemodynamic or gastric function. In all experiments less than 1% of the total gastric radioactivity passed through arteriovenous shunts. The mucosa always contained a statistically adequate number of spheres (greater than 400), but the submucosa and muscularis frequently did not. Microspheres of all sizes mixed adequately in large arteries, but a significant difference was found in the distribution of 16- and 26 mum spheres between mucosa and submucosa, presumably because of streaming of the larger spheres past mucosal arteries. It was concluded that, with the techniques developed in our laboratory, microspheres could be a highly useful tool for quantitating gastric regional blood flow under a variety of experimental conditions.
Discretion & Deference in Senate Consideration of Judicial Nominations

This article offers a novel proposal for Senate consideration of judicial nominations. It employs judicial philosophy and discretion models for legislative advice and consent in the judicial confirmation process. Despite legitimate transparency concerns, this article provocatively argues for authentic dialogue and consideration in the early, behind-closed-doors parts of the nomination process. It then urges that the ideal discretion and deference model for judicial confirmations is an ounce of legislative discretion akin to Chevron deference balanced with the trustee model of representative democracy.A properly balanced model should inform practical political determinations about judicial nominations. The legislator, alone, is answerable to her constituency and must decide how to exercise her discretion. But discretion exercised unwisely will redound to her discredit. This article offers a convincing rationale for a viable alternative path regardless of which party holds the Presidency and the Congress.
Discourses as Resources Active Literacy Practices and a Microculture of Rich Meaning Making in an Urban Elementary Classroom

This microanalysis of an extended discussion in an urban classroom explores the context in which rich discourses interacted to develop and extend deeper forms of meaning making by elementary studen...