cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues in Pre- and Post-translation Document Expansion: Untranslatable Cognates and Missegmented Words

Query expansion by pseudo-relevance feedback is a well-established technique in both mono- and cross- lingual information retrieval, enriching and disambiguating the typically terse queries provided by searchers. Comparable document-side expansion is a relatively more recent development motivated by error-prone transcription and translation processes in spoken document and cross-language retrieval. In the cross-language case, one can perform expansion before translation, after translation, and at both points. We investigate the relative impact of pre- and post- translation document expansion for cross-language spoken document retrieval in Mandarin Chinese. We find that post-translation expansion yields a highly significant improvement in retrieval effectiveness, while improvements due to pre-translation expansion alone or in combination do not reach significance. We identify two key factors of segmentation and translation in Chinese orthography that limit the effectiveness of pre-translation expansion in the Chinese-English case, while post-translation expansion yields its full benefit.
Operator analysis of new physics

Abstract A clear signal for the existence of new physics beyond Mw would be the non-conservation of either the separate lepton numbers Le, Lμ, Lτ, of total lepton number L, or of baryon number B. At low energy these violations are described by an effective theory containing only the known quarks and leptons with vertices of dimension five or higher that are SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) invariant. We systematically catalogue the relations imposed by this invariance on the numerous processes which might violate Le, Lμ, Lτ, Lτ, or B. Processes considered include μ→eγ, νμN→νeN, ν μ e − → ν e μ − , τ− →e+μ− μ−, νμp→μ+n, p→e−K+γ+, p→e+γ, n ↔ n p→π+ + 3ν, p →μ + e + π − ν , p→μ+μ+e−, n→μ+e−ν. Some of these processes are found to be suppressed.
Study of dielectric properties of polymer composite as integral capacitor

Polymer composite systems that show its dielectric constant based on the interfacial polarization mechanism are studied. In this study, different materials systems are demonstrated in order to reduce the dielectric loss, weight, and manufacturing thickness. The effects of different type of filler and the filler loading on dielectric properties are investigated. Physical properties of the materials systems will also be discussed.
Psychometric properties of the KPAS in diverse ethnic groups of midlife women.

Although the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey (KPAS) was a potential instrument for cross cultural research of midlife women, little information is available on its reliability and validity among multi-ethnic groups of midlife women. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the KPAS in estimating physical activity among 341 diverse ethnic women. Internal consistency was adequate for all ethnic groups except N-H African Americans. The construct validity was identified through group comparisons and factor analysis. In group comparisons, physical activity differences among diverse ethnic groups were similar to results of previous studies using the KPAS. Eight factors were extracted among all ethnic groups except N-H Asian Americans. In the convergent validity test, N-H African Americans and N-H Asian Americans showed particular patterns. Overall, the KPAS was a reliable instrument and was reasonably accurate in assessing physical activities for any multi-ethnic groups of midlife women. However, cultural sensitivity among N-H African Americans and N-H Asian Americans need to be further examined.
ZEB1-Responsive Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process enabling epithelial cells to gain a migratory mesenchymal phenotype. In cancer, this process contributes to metastases; however the regulatory signals and mechanistic details are not fully elucidated. Here, we sought to identify the subset of genes regulated in lung cancer by ZEB1, an E-box transcriptional repressor known to induce EMT. Using an Affymetrix-based expression database of 38 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, we identified 324 genes that correlated negatively with ZEB1 and 142 that were positively correlated. A mesenchymal gene pattern (low E-cadherin, high Vimentin or N-cadherin) was significantly associated with ZEB1 and ZEB2, but not with Snail, Slug, Twist1 or Twist2. Among eight genes selected for validation, seven were confirmed to correlate with ZEB1 by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in a series of 22 NSCLC cell lines, either negatively (CDS1, EpCAM, ESRP1, ESRP2, ST14) or positively (FGFR1, Vimentin). In addition, over-expression or knockdown of ZEB1 led to corresponding changes in gene expression, demonstrating that these genes are also regulated by ZEB1, either directly or indirectly. Of note, the combined knockdown of ZEB1 and ZEB2 led to apparent synergistic responses in gene expression. Furthermore, these responses were not restricted to artificial settings, since most genes were similarly regulated during a physiologic induction of EMT by TGF-β plus EGF. Finally, the absence of ST14 (matriptase) was linked to ZEB1 positivity in lung cancer tissue microarrays, implying that the regulation observed in vitro applies to the human disease. In summary, this study identifies a new set of ZEB-regulated genes in human lung cancer cells and supports the hypothesis that ZEB1 and ZEB2 are key regulators of the EMT process in this disease.
Considerations in Electrodeposition of Compositionally Modulated Alloys

High‐quality specimens of sufficient thickness for reliable testing are needed if the enhanced properties observed for ultrastructured multilayered metals are to be understood and exploited. In the present paper, factors affecting the quality of multilayers electrodeposited from a single electrolyte, via concerted modulation of the electrode potential and electrolyte mass transport, are discussed. The importance of precise control of the potential during deposition of the more noble metal is emphasized. Results obtained by a pulse technique show that Ni passivation does not occur under the conditions used to electrodeposit Ni‐Cu multilayers. Attainable deposit quality is illustrated by tensile test data for a series of 90%Ni‐10%Cu specimens that are twice as strong as Ni and for which the standard deviations for the ultimate tensile strength and modulus are only 1.5 and 3.9%, respectively.
The Value of Family Routines for the Academic Success of Vulnerable Adolescents

This study examined associations between mother reports of family routines and adolescent academic success. The authors used prospective data from “Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three City Study” (N = 1,147), a study of low-income urban youth and mothers. The vast majority of youth were African American (43%) or Latino (47%); youth were an average of 12-years-old at Time 1. Academic success was assessed by youth’s self-reported grades, self-reported educational expectations, and standardized achievement scores. Results from structural equation models indicated that Time 1 family routines were associated with better academic success at Time 2, which, in turn, was associated with higher academic achievement and educational expectations at Time 3. Routines were less strongly associated with higher educational expectations and achievement when mothers reported more destabilizing family life events. Moderating effects of family instability varied by youth gender and whether youth were in earlier versus la...
A spatial feature extraction and regularization model for virtual auditory display

A spatial feature extraction and regularization model is developed to represent free-field-to-eardrum transfer functions (FETFs). A Karhunen-Loeve expansion is used to derive a low dimensional eigen-transfer function (EF) subspace for the measured FETFs. The coordinates of each FETF in the subspace are determined by projecting all measured FETFs onto the EFs. These coordinates represent samples of the FETFs' spatial features. Functional representations of the spatial features, termed spatial characteristic functions (SCFs), are obtained by applying a thin-plate general spline smoothing model to regularize the samples. A functional representation for the FETF is thus obtained by linearly combining the EFs with the SCFs. Typical errors between the measured and modeled FETFs for a KEMAR are on the order of a hundredth of 1%. >
Assessment of the effect of air pollution controls on trends in shortwave radiation over the United States from 1995 through 2010 from multiple observation networks

Abstract. Long-term data sets of all-sky and clear-sky downwelling shortwave (SW) radiation, cloud cover fraction, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were analyzed together with surface concentrations from several networks (e.g., Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD), Clean Air Status and Trend Network (CASTNET), Interagency Monitoring of Protection Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)) in the United States (US). Seven states with varying climatology were selected to better understand the effects of aerosols and clouds on SW radiation. This analysis aims to assess the effects of reductions in anthropogenic aerosol burden resulting from substantial reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the past 16 yr across the US, based on trends in SW radiation. The SO2 and NOx emission data show decreasing trends from 1995 to 2010, which indirectly validates the effects of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in the US. Meanwhile, the total column AOD and surface total PM2.5 observations also show decreasing trends in the eastern US but slightly increasing trends in the western US. Moreover, measured surface concentrations of several other pollutants (i.e., SO2, SO4 and NOx) have similar behavior to AOD and total PM2.5. Analysis of the observed data shows strong increasing trends in all-sky downwelling SW radiation with decreasing trends in cloud cover. However, since observations of both all-sky direct and diffuse SW radiation show increasing trends, there may be other factors contributing to the radiation trends in addition to the decreasing trends in overall cloud cover. To investigate the role of direct radiative effects of aerosols, clear-sky downwelling radiation is analyzed so that cloud effects are eliminated. However, similar increasing trends in clear-sky total and diffuse SW radiation are observed. While significantly decreasing trends in AOD and surface PM2.5 concentrations along with increasing SW radiation (both all-sky and clear-sky) in the eastern US during 1995–2010 imply the occurrence of direct aerosol mediated "brightening", the increasing trends of both all-sky and clear-sky diffuse SW radiation contradicts this conclusion since diffuse radiation would be expected to decrease as aerosols direct effects decrease and cloud cover decreases. After investigating several confounding factors, the increasing trend in clear-sky diffuse SW may be due to more high-level cirrus from increasing air traffic over the US. The clear-sky radiation observations in the western US also show indications of "brightening" even though the AOD, PM2.5 and surface concentration do not vary drastically. This outcome was not unexpected because the CAA controls were mainly aimed at reducing air pollutant emissions in the eastern US and air pollutant levels in the western US were much lower at the onset. This suggests other factors affect the "brightening" especially in the western US.
Folding mechanism of three structurally similar β‐sheet proteins

The folding mechanism of cellular retinoic acid binding protein I (CRABP I), cellular retinol binding protein II (CRBP II), and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) were investigated to determine if proteins with similar native structures have similar folding mechanisms. These mostly beta-sheet proteins have very similar structures, despite having as little as 33% sequence similarity. The reversible urea denaturation of these proteins was characterized at equilibrium by circular dichroism and fluorescence. The data were best fit by a two-state model for each of these proteins, suggesting that no significant population of folding intermediates were present at equilibrium. The native states were of similar stability with free energies (linearly extrapolated to 0 M urea, deltaGH2O) of 6.5, 8.3, and 5.5 kcal/mole for CRABP I, CRBP II, and IFABP, respectively. The kinetics of the folding and unfolding processes for these proteins was monitored by stopped-flow CD and fluorescence. Intermediates were observed during both the folding and unfolding of all of these proteins. However, the overall rates of folding and unfolding differed by nearly three orders of magnitude. Further, the spectroscopic properties of the intermediate states were different for each protein, suggesting that different amounts of secondary and/or tertiary structure were associated with each intermediate state for each protein. These data show that the folding path for proteins in the same structural family can be quite different, and provide evidence for different folding landscapes for these sequences.
Loss of neurofibromin Ras-GAP activity enhances the formation of cardiac blood islands in murine embryos

Type I neurofibromatosis (NF1) is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene encoding neurofibromin. Neurofibromin exhibits Ras GTPase activating protein (Ras-GAP) activity that is thought to mediate cellular functions relevant to disease phenotypes. Loss of murine Nf1 results in embryonic lethality due to heart defects, while mice with monoallelic loss of function mutations or with tissue-specific inactivation have been used to model NF1. Here, we characterize previously unappreciated phenotypes in Nf1-/- embryos, which are inhibition of hemogenic endothelial specification in the dorsal aorta, enhanced yolk sac hematopoiesis, and exuberant cardiac blood island formation. We show that a missense mutation engineered into the active site of the Ras-GAP domain is sufficient to reproduce ectopic blood island formation, cardiac defects, and overgrowth of neural crest-derived structures seen in Nf1-/-embryos. These findings demonstrate a role for Ras-GAP activity in suppressing the hemogenic potential of the heart and restricting growth of neural crest-derived tissues.
Reaction Kinetics of Water Molecules with Oxygen Vacancies on Rutile TiO2(110)

The formation of bridging hydroxyls (OHb) via reactions of water molecules with oxygen vacancies (VO) on reduced TiO2(110) surfaces is studied using polarized infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), electron-stimulated desorption (ESD), and photon-stimulated desorption (PSD). Narrow IR peaks at 2737 and 3711 cm−1 are observed for the stretching vibrations of ODb and OHb, respectively. The IRAS spectra indicate that the bridging hydroxyls are oriented normal to the TiO2(110) surface. Using IRAS, we have studied the kinetics of water reacting with the vacancies by monitoring the formation of bridging hydroxyls as a function of the annealing temperature on the TiO2(110). Separate experiments have also monitored the loss of water molecules (using water ESD) and vacancies (using the CO photooxidation reaction) due to the reactions of water molecules with the vacancies. All three techniques show that the reaction rate becomes appreciable for T > 150 K and that the reactions are largely complete for ...
The Relationship between Therapist and Client

It is important for human service professionals to distinguish and to understand what is meant by a boundary crossing and a boundary violation when attempting to understand dual relationship issues. As the name suggests, a boundary violation happens when a social worker is involved in a dual relationship that is exploitative, coercive, manipulative or deceptive. Not only are boundary violations aggressive in nature, but a potential conflict of interest which could harm clients or colleague is possible. Should a conflict of interest occur, the social worker could potentially be seen as prejudicial in her decision-making.
Non-State-Led Strategic Surprise and U.S. Foreign Policy: A New Variant of an Old Problem

The phenomenon of strategic surprise — a category of unexpected events so consequential that they call into question the premises of existing strategy — has posed a recurring challenge to U.S. foreign policy. Although there is a voluminous literature on the subject, most scholars have focused on surprises unleashed as a deliberate strategy of states in their effort to seize the advantage against adversaries. In recent decades, however, the United States has increasingly confronted a different type of strategic surprise, namely non-state-led surprise. This paper draws on the existing literature about state-led strategic surprise to offer several initial hypotheses to explain this development. By doing so, the paper serves as a basis for further research as well as a backgrounder for policy makers who seek to prepare for the growing challenge of non-state-led surprise.
Interaction of serum lipoproteins with the hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate.

The interaction of serum lipoproteins with the hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate was studied by means of analytical ultracentrifugal or paper electrophoretic analysis. The results indicated that lipohydroperoxide seemed to have a marked effect on the stability of low density or β-lipoproteins. The hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate extensively denatured the isolated low density lipoproteins. An initial or primary association of the hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate with low density lipoproteins was noted prior to its denaturation. Furthermore, the results indicated that the hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate selectively or preferentially denatured β-lipoproteins and not other serum lipoproteins or protein constituents. In vivo studies indicated that the hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate inhibited lipid absorption. Although some lipohydroperoxide was absorbed from the intestinal tract when diluted with methyl linoleate, it is not known whether an exogeneous source of lipohydroperoxide can contribute to the in vivo denaturation or degradation of β-lipoproteins.
Factors affecting climbing and tunneling behavior of the lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

The propensity of late-instar Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) for climbing and tunneling was evaluated with larvae at several densities in chambers containing poultry litter, both with and without a base of clay soil as a pupation site, and an elevated section of polystyrene insulation. In chambers with soil, no climbing or tunneling was observed until larval density reached 500 larvae per chamber; at this higher density the amount of damage caused by individual larvae was low (0.3–0.5 holes per tunneler). When soil was lacking, 36% of the larvae climbed at the lowest-density treatment (10 larvae per chamber); the number of tunnelers increased with increasing density to a maximum of 60 immatures per section of insulation, although the proportion of climbing larvae stabilized at ca. 6% at the higher-density treatments. Larvae in chambers without soil caused ca. 4-fold as much damage at higher densities (two holes per tunneler) than at lower densities (ca. 0.5 holes per climber). Mortality among non climbing larvae increased with density, and was much higher in chambers without soil than in chambers with soil at all densities. Trapping and observations of the beetles in a poultry house during a 24-h period demonstrated that the climbing population was composed almost solely of late in stars and adults. Early and late in stars were present in comparable numbers in the non climbing population in the litter. Larvae climbed almost exclusively during the night, and this activity was maximal between 2000 and 2400 hours EST. Adults displayed broader peaks of activity, but also climbed primarily during periods of darkness.
Then and Now: A Summary of Developments in the Field of Talmudic Literature through Contributions to the First and Second Editions of the Encyclopaedia Judaica:

Through the lens of the contributions to the first and second editions of Encyclopaedia Judaica, this article summarizes the major developments in the field of talmudic literature which took place ...
Biclustering for ssDNA aptamer motif prototypes

Aptamers and biclustering are enabling technologies for personalized medicine. Aptamers are highly valuable for medicine and biosensors, but the search is lengthy. We seek to accelerate aptamer discovery by reporting on the first set of DNA aptamer biclusters, which are based on a database of known DNA aptamers. These biclusters identify similar aptamer sequences, and show the important 4-mers shared by these aptamers. We use a novel, binary biclustering method to find biclusters that have high specificity, and demonstrate the value of the biclusters by examining the bicluster quality measures, and by biclustering a common genomic dataset.
Gartenberg: Some Empirical Clarity

The issue of mutual fund advisory fees has a long and contentious history. Reports by the Wharton School and the SEC in the 1960’s found that mutual fund sponsors overcharged their captive mutual funds relative to institutional clients. This led to the 1970 Amendment to the Investment Company Act which made fund sponsors fiduciaries with respect to advisory fees. The Gartenberg case established the fiduciary standard to gauge advisory fees. Freeman and Brown updated the Wharton and SEC reports and found that fund sponsors continue to overcharge mutual fund clients. This led to push back from the fund sponsor industry which sponsored research purporting to demonstrate that mutual fund markets are highly competitive and thus fund sponsors could not charge excess fees or they would be driven from the business by low fee competitors. Economic theory is clear that firms operating in competitive industries earn normal profits and normal rates of return for their owners while firms that have monopoly pricing power are able to earn economic profits and earn excess returns for their owners. This paper examines these issues in a fund sponsor context and finds that the universe of publicly traded mutual funds sponsors is extraordinarily profitable and the shareholders in mutual fund sponsoring firms earn excess rates of return over very long time periods.
Men and women in space

The influence of gender on the social context in which work performance takes place is considered. Women in single and mixed-gender polar expedition groups reported concern for the welfare of a teammate as a significant stressor. All-male teams exhibited higher levels of competitiveness and a lesser tendency to talk about their feelings. Excerpts from expedition debriefing interviews illustrate gender-related patterns noted in extreme environments. Application of these findings for the better selection, training, and performance of mixed-gender space crews is examined. A case study approach to conducting research on crew performance is recommended, and strategies for dealing with confidentiality are discussed.
Approaches for Automatically Tagging Affect

The tagging of discourse is important not only for natural language processing research, but for many applications in the social sciences as well. This paper describes an evaluation of a range of different tagging techniques to automatically determine the attitude of speakers in transcribed psychiatric dialogues. It presents results in a marriage counseling domain that classifies the attitude and emotional commitment of the participants to a particular topic of discussion. It also gives results from the Switchboard Corpus to facilitate comparison for future work. Finally, it describes a new Java tool that learns attitude classifications using our techniques and provides a flexible, easy to use platform for tagging of texts.
Economic Analysis of Kola-nut Production in Nigeria

This study employs a stochastic frontier production function analysis to; examine the productivity, predict the technical efficiency of Kola-nut production in Ondo State, Nigeria, and to identify the factors affecting production, profitability, productivity and technical efficiency (TE) using farm - level survey data collected from 150 Kola-nut farmers selected using multistage sampling technique assisted with interview schedule. Findings from the study show that Kola-nut farmers operated on a very small-scale level and the kola trees are quite old but the enterprise is still very profitable. The productivity analysis shows that while number of kola trees, cost of chemical and labour were efficiently utilized it was not the case with farm distance and age of kola trees whose utilization was already in the stage three of the production region. The return to scale (RTS) of 1.155 shows that Kola-nut production was in the irrational stage of the production surface. The TE varied substantially between 0.496 and 0.986 with mean TE of 0.913. The farmers' socio - economic variables represented by primary occupation and storage facilities contributed positively to technical efficiency of the farmers. The level of education however reduces technical efficiency of the farmers. Kola-nut production could therefore be increased by massive replacement of the old kola trees with new ones as well as putting more hectares to kola-nut production.
Richard Alba and Nancy Foner’s Strangers no more: immigration and the challenges of integration in North America and Western Europe: Introduction: Transatlantic comparisons: analyzing immigrant integration in six countries

Although Georg Simmel has a more limited category of outsiders in mind in his famous essay on “The Stranger”, his memorable description of the stranger as the person “who comes today and stays tomo...
Legitimacy, Authority, and Political Obligation

In traditional works in the history of political theory, the concepts of legitimacy and authority are closely bound. Legitimacy refers to certain qualities a government must possess in order to be morally acceptable, and authority to the fact that a government’s citizens have moral requirements to obey its laws.1 The two notions come together in the contention that governments are able to command allegiance only as long as they remain acceptable, while allegiance is due to even a legitimate government only if its citizens have obligations to obey it.
Practices That Count: Legitimizing, Organizing, and Funding Volunteers

The previous chapter has illustrated that current studies may be able to explain why certain types of individuals volunteer at different rates but are inadequate for explaining why similar communities volunteer at different rates. In order to develop a better explanation of variation in volunteer participation at the community level, this chapter seeks to illuminate the factors that generate high rates of volunteer participation in some communities and lower rates in others. In the following pages, I closely examine volunteer participation in the delivery of two services, firefighting and eldercare, in which both volunteers as well as paid city employees provide services. I gathered documentation and talked with city officials and volunteers in Kashihara, Sakata, and Sanda, three medium-size cities in Japan. The cities were selected as “most similar” cities – they all have populations of approximately the same size – but they also had experienced very different growth rates in their numbers of volunteer firefighters (the only volunteer organization for which I could obtain municipal-level data prior to fieldwork in the city) in the past ten years. Sanda experienced the largest population increase among cities with populations of approximately 100,000 people (it doubled between 1989 and 1999), but at the same time the numbers of its volunteer firefighters remained constant. Kashihara and Sakata had stable populations throughout the ten-year period, but among cities whose populations were approximately 100,000 in 2000, Sakata experienced the largest decrease in its number of volunteer firefighters (–31 percent), while Kashihara had the largest growth rate (+79 percent).
CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS SURFACE USING 3-D METAL PRINTING WITH DMT TECHNOLOGY

The plasma spray(TPS) has come to be accepted as one of the more reliable methods of porous coating of prosthesis, it is not without some technical limitations, especially with regard to precise modulation of pore size, porosity, and roughness. However, the plasma spray(TPS) not often but seriously faces problems such as bead detachment related poor osteointegration, weakness of metal strength and high manufacturing costs in addition to its various technical limitations. Currently, there has been much research into developing a more economical and effective method for porous coating of the prosthesis. In light of such demand, 3D Printing with DMT Technology has been introduced into the field of surface treatment of prosthesis with promising expectations. DMT technology -an additive fabrication process that uses high-power laser and various metal powders in order to produce fully dense and geometrically complex metal components, molds, and dies directly from digital CAD model data of 3D subjects aims to help overcome many of the problems associated with plasma spray and thereby open a new chapter of endless possibilities for coating technology. In this study, the porous coating specimen using 3-D DMT metal printing was characterized morphologically as well as biomechanically, in terms of 1) pore size 2) porosity 3) tensile strength 4) shear strength 5) roughness respectively. The biological cyto-compatibility was evaluated by culturing human osteoblast-like cells(Saos-2: ATCC HTB85) on the surface of round discs with porous coating to demonstrate the biological influence on the porosity of the specimens with different surface treatment for comparative analysis. The evaluation was accompanied by assessment of cell proliferation and morphology with arrangement of actin filament and expression of adhesion molecule with α v β 3 integrin. While 3-D DMT coating specimen showed relatively regular porosity in the range of 150–500µm with the increase of porosity about 83%, the mechanical behavior remarkably improved, compared to TPS: shear strength 13%, fatigue failure 30%, roughness 16%, respectively. Also worth noting, the tensile strength was unable to be measured because the glue for test had fallen off. (Fig. 1) There is no transitional zone underneath the porous coating layer.(Fig. 2) From the aspect of biocompatibility, 3-D coating showed better cell attachment, spreading of cytoskeleton, cell proliferation, and expression of osteogenic markers than TPS, even if not significantly.(Fig. 3) Additionally, cell migration assay was performed with double chamber study, and gene expression was evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase(ALP) levels and analyzing mRNA expression for ostepontin(OPG) and osteocalcin(OC). In conclusion, the study reinforces the popular stance that the implementation of 3-D DMT could open up new possibilities for coating technology and form a new chapter in the history of prosthesis development.
Temozolomide therapy for aggressive functioning pituitary adenomas refractory to surgery and radiation: a case series.

Background Treatment of aggressive pituitary adenomas typically involves a multimodality approach based on histopathological features and may include pharmacotherapy, surgery, and occasionally radiation therapy. In cases of treatment-refractory tumor progression, chemotherapy may be considered; however, no standard chemotherapeutic regimen has been established. Literature review suggests that temozolomide may have a beneficial role in a subset of cases. To understand the efficacy of temozolomide in progressive pituitary tumors, we reviewed the outcomes of cases at our center. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review to report the outcome and unique features of 7 patients with aggressive functioning pituitary adenomas or carcinomas treated with temozolomide. Tumor pathology included somatotroph (n = 1), corticotroph (n = 3), and lactotroph (n = 3) tumors. Results Four of the 7 patients had at least 2 prior resections, and all had prior radiation and surgery before treatment with temozolomide. Notably, all patients showed response to therapy, defined as either stable disease (43%) or partial response (57%). Median progression-free survival was 1.66 years, and median overall survival was 4 years. Conclusion Our data suggest that temozolomide has an important role in the management of aggressive functioning pituitary tumors that are resistant to standard therapies, and that optimization of therapy with temozolomide may involve individualized regimens. Future prospective clinical trials should be considered.
Introduction: The Handbook of Linguistic Annotation

The Handbook of Linguistic Annotation provides a comprehensive survey of the development and state-of-the-art for linguistic annotation of language resources, including methods for annotation scheme design, annotation creation, physical format considerations, annotation tools, annotation use, evaluation, etc. The volume is divided into two parts: Part I includes survey chapters on the various phases and considerations for an annotation project, and Part II consists of thirty-nine case studies describing major annotation projects for a broad range of linguistic phenomena.
Practical approaches for overcoming challenges in heightened characterization of antibody-drug conjugates with new methodologies and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry

Antibody-drug conjugation strategies are continuously evolving as researchers work to improve the safety and efficacy of the molecules. However, as a part of process and product development, confirmation of the resulting innovative structures requires new, specialized mass spectrometry (MS) approaches and methods, as compared to those already established for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and the heightened characterization practices used for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in order to accurately elucidate the resulting conjugate forms, which can sometimes have labile chemical bonds and more extreme chemical properties like hydrophobic patches. Here, we discuss practical approaches for characterization of ADCs using new methodologies and ultrahigh-resolution MS, and provide specific examples of these approaches. Denaturing conditions of typical liquid chromatography (LC)/MS analyses impede the successful detection of intact, 4-chain ADCs generated via cysteine site-directed chemistry approaches where hinge region disulfide bonds are partially reduced. However, this class of ADCs is detected intact reliably under non-denaturing size-exclusion chromatography/MS conditions, also referred to as native MS. For ADCs with acid labile linkers such as one used for conjugation of calicheamicin, careful selection of mobile phase composition is critical to the retention of intact linker-payload during LC/MS analysis. Increasing the pH of the mobile phase prevented cleavage of a labile bond in the linker moiety, and resulted in retention of the intact linker-payload. In-source fragmentation also was observed with typical electrospray ionization (ESI) source parameters during intact ADC mass analysis for a particular surface-accessible linker-payload moiety conjugated to the heavy chain C-terminal tag, LLQGA (via transglutaminase chemistry). Optimization of additional ESI source parameters such as cone voltages, gas pressures and ion transfer parameters led to minimal fragmentation and optimal sensitivity. Ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) MS, combined with reversed phase-ultrahigh performance (RP-UHP)LC and use of the FabRICATOR® enzyme, provides a highly resolving, antibody subunit-domain mapping method that allows rapid confirmation of integrity and the extent of conjugation. For some ADCs, the hydrophobic nature of the linker-payload hinders chromatographic separation of the modified subunit/domains or causes very late elution/poor recovery. As an alternative to the traditionally used C4 UHPLC column chemistry, a diphenyl column resulted in the complete recovery of modified subunit/domains. For ADCs based on maleimide chemistry, control of pH during proteolytic digestion is critical to minimize ring-opening. The optimum pH to balance digestion efficiency and one that does not cause ring opening needed to be established for successful peptide mapping.
Sallie “Penny” Chisholm and Oceans of Prochlorococcus

Sallie “Penny” Chisholm is a U.S. biological oceanographer and Institute Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). An expert in microbial ecology and evolution, she is known for discovering the marine bacterium Prochlorococcus, the tiniest and most abundant photosynthetic organism on the planet. Her work has been recognized with many honors and awards, including membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 2004 and a National Medal of Science awarded to her by President Barack Obama in 2011. Chisholm began as the only female biologist in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at MIT. She has advocated for the equal employment of female professors in the sciences and has inspired women through her persistence and devotion to her research. New generations of aspiring biologists can engage with her work through her series of children’s books on photosynthesis. After decades of work, Chisholm has accumulated many individual accomplishments, but it is through her mentorship and the collective achievements of the scientists she has inspired that her character truly shines.
Geschäftsmodell-Innovation und Notwendigkeit des Change Management — Anspruch, Wirklichkeit und mögliche Lösungsansätze

In der aktuellen IBM CEO Study, in der 765 Vorstandsvorsitzende hinsichtlich der Herausforderungen ihres Unternehmens in den kommenden Jahren befragt wurden, steht bei einer uberwaltigenden Mehrheit das Thema Innovation an der ersten Stelle der Management-Agenda. Die Erkenntnis der Top Manager zur Notwendigkeit der Innovation in den kommenden Jahren ist eine Seite der Medaille. Die andere Seite zeigt jedoch, dass Unternehmen tagtaglich mit dem Management von Veranderungen — und Innovation bedeutet nichts anderes als Veranderung, weil etwas Altes durch etwas Neues ersetzt wird — uberfordert sind. Ambitionierte Projekte scheitern, und im Kontext dieser gescheiterten Projekte werden allzu oft zuvor unterschatzte „Change-Management-Faktoren“ oder kulturelle Faktoren angefuhrt.1 Ziel des Artikels ist es, neben den verschiedenen Innovations formen das Missverhaltnis aus Anspruch und Wirklichkeit des Innovationsmanagement darzustellen. Darauf basierend werden Change-Management-Methodiken als Initialzundung hin zu einer Innovationskultur erlautert.
Physiological traits of sodium toxicity and salt tolerance

Worldwide up to 20 % of the irrigated arable land is already salt-affected; that portion is still expanding. The decline in crop productivity in salt-affected soils is caused by several factors, including salt-induced mineral perturbations in plants, e.g. K + and Ca 2+ deficiencies. The salt-induced growth inhibition is especially pronounced in leaves as compared to roots. It is well known that salinity causes toxic symptoms, especially in older leaves after long-term exposure. In addition, a relationship has been shown between high Na + concentrations in older leaves and the death of those leaves. Therefore, Na + accumulation in leaves, particularly in the leaf apoplast, could be responsible for Na+ toxicity in corn leaves. Furthermore, lower Na + concentrations in leaves of a more salt tolerant corn cultivar were found as compared to higher Na + concentrations in a salt sensitive corn cultivar. Thus, it is also of interest if the more tolerant corn cultivar exhibits a lower Na + concentration in the leaf apoplast under salt stress. In this context, more salt tolerant (cotton) and salt sensitive crops (rice) were also used in order to compare the results with corn. Mineral ion analyses were carried out in the apoplast, symplast and in whole leaves after salt treatment. The determination of Na +, K + and Ca 2+ in the leaves was carried out by ion chromatography. In addition, Na + sensitive fluorescent dyes were used to detect the Na + concentration in the leaf apoplast by in vivo fluorescence ratio imaging. The Na + concentration in the leaf apoplast of a salt sensitive corn cultivar (Pioneer 3751) significantly increased with higher Na + supply. In contrast, a lower apoplastic Na + concentration was found in leaves of a more salt tolerant corn cultivar (Pioneer 3769). In comparison to corn, higher Na + concentrations were found in leaves of more salt tolerant cotton during salinity, whereas similar low Na+ concentrations were found in the leaf apoplast of salt sensitive rice plants. Nevertheless, the apoplastic Na + concentrations did not exceed about 20 mM at a NaCl concentration of 150 mM in the medium. Therefore, the Na+ concentration in the leaf apoplast was not high enough to be responsible for the decline in leaf growth. The K + and Ca 2+ concentrations in whole leaves decreased with salt treatment, while K + increased and Ca 2+ remained constant in the leaf apoplast under salt stress.
Foreword: Why Open Access to Scholarship Matters

On March 10, 2006, the Lewis & Clark Law Review sponsored a day-long symposium entitled Open Access Publishing and the Future of Legal Scholarship. That gathering led to eight papers that are forthcoming in Volume 10, Issue No. 4, of the Lewis & Clark Law Review. In this short Foreword, I offer some thoughts about why all law professors should take an interest in the movement promoting open access to scholarship. The principal reason, based in current circumstances, is the way that using an open access platform extends one's reach. The aspirational reason is that open access platforms enable us to create a new social layer of networked semantic tags that improve our grasp of scholarship by organizing and commenting on that scholarship.
Religious Experience and Religious Epistemology

The twentieth century saw significant new developments in and significant new directions for the treatments of religious experience and religious epistemology. The philosophical discussions in these areas have now taken on significant new dimensions. While natural theology, based upon evidentialism, dominated Anglo-American analytic philosophy in the early part of the twentieth century, antievidentialism — either in the various forms of religious experience, Reformed epistemology, or fideism — became very dominant in the last few decades of the century.
Preliminary evaluation of a load-bearing BMP-2 carrier for segmental defect regeneration

Large segmental defects in bones can result from tumor removal, massive trauma, congenital malformation, or non-union fractures. Such defects often are difficult to manage and require multiple-phase surgery to achieve adequate union and function. In this study, we propose a novel design of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) carrier for tissue engineering of segmental defect regeneration. The tube-shaped BMP-2 carrier was fabrication from a poly(propylene fumarate)/tricalcium phosphate (PPF/TCP) composite via casting technique developed in our laboratory. An in vitro evaluation showed that the compressive strength of the carrier decreased about 48% in 12 weeks while maintained a pH in the 6.8-7.4 range. In vivo study was conducted by implanting carriers loaded with 10 microg of BMP-2 in 5 mm rat femur gap model for 15 weeks. X-ray evidence of bridging was first found in the BMP group at 3 weeks. Bridging in all animals (N = 4) in the BMP group was found at 9 weeks. No x-ray evidence of bridging was found in the No BMP group (N = 3). pQCT analysis indicated that the bone mineral density of the callus in the BMP group has reached the level of native femur at 15 weeks after implantation, while the callus in the No BMP group has a bone mineral density at a lower level of 84% to the native femur. Histology analysis shows that a normal fatty bone marrow was restored and mineralized callus formed and bridged the segmental defect.
Long-term Tumor Adaptation after Radiotherapy: Therapeutic Implications for Targeting Integrins in Prostate Cancer

Adaptation of tumor cells to radiotherapy induces changes that are actionable by molecular targeted agents and immunotherapy. This report demonstrates that radiation-induced changes in integrin expression can be targeted 2 months later. Integrins are transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that are essential for cancer cell survival and proliferation. To analyze the short- and long-term effects of radiation on the integrin expression, prostate cancer cells (DU145, PC3, and LNCaP) were cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix and irradiated with either a single dose of radiation (2-10 Gy) or a multifractionated regimen (2-10 fractions of 1 Gy). Whole human genome microarrays, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation assays, and immunofluorescence staining of integrins were performed. The results were confirmed in a prostate cancer xenograft model system. Interestingly, β1 and β4 integrins (ITGB1 and ITGB4) were upregulated after radiation in vitro and in vivo. This overexpression lasted for more than 2 months and was dose dependent. Moreover, radiation-induced upregulation of β1 and β4 integrin resulted in significantly increased tumor cell death after treatment with inhibitory antibodies. Combined, these findings indicate that long-term tumor adaptation to radiation can result in an increased susceptibility of surviving cancer cells to molecular targeted therapy due to a radiation-induced overexpression of the target. IMPLICATIONS: Radiation induces dose- and schedule-dependent adaptive changes that are targetable for an extended time; thus suggesting radiotherapy as a unique strategy to orchestrate molecular processes, thereby providing new radiation-drug treatment options within precision cancer medicine.
Comparative Hydrodynamic Study of Rigid-Lid and Level-Set Methods for LES of Open-Channel Flow

AbstractComputational modeling of open-channel flows at low Froude (F) numbers is often carried out using the rigid-lid assumption to prescribe the water surface location. However, the presence of ...
Focused Ion Beam Techniques for Butterfly Wing Scales Analysis and 3-D Reconstruction

We have developed and successfully demonstrated a protocol for mounting and electrical grounding of a butterfly wing scale using a series of localized electron- and ion-beam assisted Pt depositions in the dual-beam Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-SEM system. This method eliminates introduction of silver paint or other typical mounting materials, along with their chemistries, and produces a stable structure for FIB cross-sectioning, electron imaging, chemical analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and/or Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), and FIB milling for 3-D reconstruction.
A Cold Welcome: The Little Ice Age and Europe's Encounter with North America. By Sam White. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. Pp. 361. $29.95.)

In recent years, historians have turned more intently to studying climate's influence on early America. But the field has been missing a continental study, surveying the imprint of the environment ...