cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Transition of Chemisorbed Hydrogen to Subsurface Sites on Pd(110)

Conclusive evidence is provided for the first time that through adsorbate-induced surface-structure changes, effective channels open for hydrogen to move from the surface to the interior of metals. In Pd(110), all available subsurface sites between the first and the second metal layers can be selectively populated by thermal activation from a specific type of chemisorption place, which is associated with a substrate reconstruction at high hydrogen surface coverage.
Asymptotic source-function expansions for resonance lines formed in a semi-infinite medium

Abstract Abel-Tauber theorems from Laplace transform theory are used to predict the asymptotic behavior of source functions for resonance lines formed by complete frequency redistribution (noncoherent scattering) in a semi-infinite atmosphere. Expansions are obtained for a Doppler profile, and for a profile that diminishes in the wings according to a power law. Voigt and Lorentz profiles are special cases of the power law case. The asymptotic form of the generalized H-function for noncoherent scattering is also found as an integral part of the analysis.
Preschool children with externalizing behaviors: Experience of fathers and mothers

Childhood behavior disorders are related to family stress and maladjustment. Little is known, however, about the adjustment of families with preschool-aged children at risk for subsequent behavior disorders. Moreover, fathers' perceptions of child problem behavior and their reactions to it generally have been neglected. Subjects were mothers and fathers of 52 preschool-aged children assigned to one of three groups: control, moderate externalizing, and high externalizing. Higher child externalizing behavior was associated with greater negative family impact, lowered parenting sense of efficacy, and child-rearing practices that were more authoritarian and less authoritative. Mothers and fathers did not differ in actual perceived level of child behavior problems, although both believed that mothers saw more problems. Child Group x Parent interactions indicated that mothers experienced increased stress and a need for help with moderate as well as high child externalizing behaviors, whereas fathers were not elevated on these measures unless the child's externalizing behaviors were high. Implications of these findings for early family intervention are considered.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Gold and Silica Doubly Coated γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles

Extensive structural and magnetic characterization measurements were carried out on gold and silica doubly coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which were recently demonstrated to have an efficient photothermal effect and high transverse relaxivities for MRI applications. Powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy show the phase of the uncoated and coated nanoparticles to be that of the γ-Fe2O3 structure. The sizes, structure, and chemical compositions of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The magnetization results indicate that coating of the iron oxide nanoparticles by gold/silica decreases the blocking temperature from 160 to 80 K. Such a decrease can be well-explained by spin disorder, causing reduction of the effective volume of the γ-Fe2O3 core. Moreover, it was found that in the temperature (T) range between 100 K and room temperature, the gold/silica coating can cause a slight magnetic change in the γ-Fe2O3 cores from superparamagnetic to almost superpa...
Stylocarotid artery syndrome

Stylocarotid artery syndrome is a rare condition that results from compression of the internal or external carotid artery by the styloid process of the temporal bone. Here we present the case of a patient suffering from syncope, monoparesis of the right arm, and dysarthria due to recurrent transient ischemic attacks that resulted from severe compression of the midsegment of the left extracranial internal carotid artery between an elongated styloid process and a C2 vertebral body osteophyte. This case demonstrates successful surgical management of a condition rarely encountered by the vascular surgeon.
Ultrastructural characteristics of experimental arterial medial fibroplasia induced by vasa vasorum occlusion.

Arterial fibrodysplasia is a pathologic entity of increasing clinical importance and undetermined etiology. Mural ischemia may be of primary importance as a cause of the most common dysplastic lesion, medial hbroplasia [8]. Recent electronmicroscopic studies of fibrodysplastic human renal arteries by the authors associated abnormal vasa vasorum to regions of medial dysplasia. These observations lend indirect support to the tenet that impairment of vessel wall blood supply may be a necessary accompaniment of this disease. The present investigation was undertaken to determine if exwlly induced vasa vasorum occlusion in canine vessels would produce histologic changes of medial fibroplasia. Ultrastructural studies were performed to better define the cellular and subcellular alterations attending this model of arterial fibrodysplasia.
Eulerian-Lagrangian model for predicting odor dispersion using instrumental and human measurements

Abstract A Eulerian-Lagrangian model was used to predict the trajectory and spatial distribution of odor and odorants downwind from an industrial facility with multiple sources of odor emissions. Specifically, the model was used to simulate the dispersion of odor from a confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) under different meteorological conditions: (1) during daytime when the boundary layer is usually turbulent due to ground-level heating from solar short wave radiation, and (2) during the evening when deep surface cooling through long-wave radiation to space recreates a stable (nocturnal) boundary layer. Aerial photographs were taken of the CAFO, and the geographical area containing the odorant sources was partitioned into 10 m2 grids. Relative odorant concentrations present at each grid point that corresponded to an odor source were measured on site and then entered into a database. The predicted odor dispersion distance was found to be greater at night-time than during daytime and was consistent with field reports from individuals living near the CAFO. The model utilizes single numbers that represent relative concentrations or intensities (e.g. from an electronic nose or human judgments) to simulate downwind dispersion. The advantages of this algorithm over standard Gaussian plume models are that: the velocity variances and covariances among its three components, integral time scale (a measure of eddy coherency), and complex boundary conditions (e.g. complex release points, surface boundary conditions) are explicitly considered.
Retention of energy transfer in glycerinated chloroplasts.

Abstract Chloroplasts (1) and mitochondria (2) undergo structural changes that are coupled to energy-dependent reactions. These changes are closely correlated with conditions of either ATP synthesis or hydrolysis and can be conveniently measured by some physical parameter such as light scattering or absorbancy (3). Furthermore, the addition of ATP plus a divalent cation such as Mg++ to chloroplasts incubated either in the dark (4) or light results in a rapid shrinkage especially under conditions where ATP hydrolysis has been light triggered (3). These observations led to the hypothesis that some type of contractile protein was involved in these mechanochemical changes. Although Packer and Marchant (3) and Ohnishi (5) have reported the isolation of a protein from chloroplasts which undergoes conformational changes with ATP, the correlation between the system described in chloroplasts and bona fide contractile systems is still uncertain. In this study we extend the correlation between chloroplast structural changes and muscle contraction by the preparation of chloroplast “models” which are analogous to the muscle models of Szent Gyorgyi (6). This approach was suggested by the recent reports of Nakazawa (7) and Kazakova (8), who have established that mitochondria retain certain responses to ATP following glycerol treatment.
Knowledge and Attitudes of University Health Service Clients about Genital Herpes: Implications for Patient Education and Counseling

Abstract Genital herpes virus infection is an important target for health education efforts because of its apparently rising incidence in the college student population and because it can have potentially serious psychological as well as medical consequences. In order to better understand the health education and counseling needs of students, the present study surveyed knowledge and attitudes about genital herpes of 190 university students using a gynecology clinic and of 161 students using a general medical clinic. The students were found to have a high degree of familiarity with the disease, its cause, and mode of transmission, but tended to view the consequences of the disease as more severe than is actually warranted by the common medical complications. There was some degree of misinformation about prevention and treatment of the disease and some negative attitudes about patients suffering from it, but the survey respondents endorsed a high level of responsible behavior with regard to the disease and ...
Problems of predicting sediment yields from watersheds

Three methods in general use for predicting sediment yields from watersheds are: (1) direct sediment-load measurements, (2) estimating yield on the basis of measurements in nearby watersheds, and (3) estimating the rate of erosion in a watershed and the delivery rate of sediment. The third method is a relatively new approach to determination of sediment yield. The objective of the Symposium on Watershed Erosion and Sediment Yields is to assemble existing information and knowledge on sediment yields as a guide to technicians engaged in research and field studies for solution of erosion and sedimentation problems.
Summing up: Themes and issues related to learning in groups

Common themes and issues emerging from discussions of learning in groups in the previous chapters are identified.
Language structure in social interaction: perceptions of direct and indirect speech acts and interactants who use them.

Speech acts (Searle, 1975) can be performed either directly or in various indirect ways. It is argued that the appropriateness of this choice is affected by the process of face management and the relative status of the speaker, and the choice of how to perform speech acts will encode social information. A written scenario format was used, and in Experiment 1, subjects rated direct and indirect questions and replies as a function of the status of the target interactants, and the extent to which the requested information was face threatening. Perceptions of the appropriateness of replies, but not the questions, varied as a function of face threat. The effects of status were in the predicted direction for both questions and replies, but significant only for the perceived politeness of questions. Subjects in Experiment 2 rated the scenario interactants and their relationships as a function of the use of direct and indirect replies and rated possible rejoinders to these replies. Inferences of status, liking, and closeness varied as a function of the reply type used, and indirect replies were more likely to be accepted than to be questioned when there was an obvious reason for their use (i.e., to manage face).
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as a food source in advanced life support systems: Initial considerations

Abstract Maintenance of crew health is of paramount importance for long duration space missions. Weight loss, bone and calcium loss, increased exposure to radiation and oxidative stress are critical concerns that need to be alleviated. Tilapia are currently under evaluation as a source of food and their contribution to reducing waste in advanced life support systems (ALSS). The nutritional composition of tilapia whole bodies, fillet, and carcass residues were quantitatively determined. Carbon and nitrogen free-extract percentages were similar among whole body (53.76% and 6.96%, respectively), fillets (47.06% and 6.75%, respectively), and carcass (56.36% and 7.04%, respectively) whereas percentages of N, S, and protein were highest in fillet (13.34, 1.34, and 83.37%, respectively) than whole body (9.27, 0.62, and 57.97%, respectively) and carcass (7.70, 0.39, and 48.15%, respectively). Whole body and fillet meet and/or exceeded current nutritional recommendations for protein, vitamin D, ascorbic acid, and selenium for international space station missions. Whole body appears to be a better source of lipids and n -3 fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorous than fillet. Consuming whole fish appears to optimize equivalent system mass compared to consumption of fillets. Additional research is needed to determine nutritional composition of tilapia whole body, fillet, and carcass when fed waste residues possibly encountered in an ALSS.
A precision world survey of sea-level cosmic-ray intensities

With sensitive, vibration-free, self-recording electroscopes sent to many parts of the globe on twelve different voyages a precision survey has now been completed of the variation of cosmic-ray intensities both with latitude and longitude, so that the earth as a whole can now be covered with sea-level, equal intensity, cosmic-ray lines. In going along the longitude line 75° W., which runs from the far north through Washington, D. C., and along the west coast of South America, there is no appreciable change until the magnetic latitude of about 41° is reached. The equatorial dip then begins to set in and shows a maximum decline of 8 percent off Peru and returns again to its normal value off Cape Horn. In going along longitude line 80° E. through southern India the maximum dip is 12 percent. In going south from Alaska in longitude 165° W. to New Zealand the maximum dip is 10 percent. In going south from Liverpool through the Atlantic Ocean—longitude 30° W.—and around Cape Horn the maximum dip is 8.5 percent. In the region most accurately studied—the west coast of the United States—the intensity remains exceedingly constant until the latitude of Pasadena—41° magnetic—is reached, and then drops remarkably suddenly. In the Atlantic Ocean the drop sets in at about the same magnetic latitude with equal suddenness. It appears also to take place quite suddently at about magnetic latitude 41° in the southern hemisphere. Nevertheless, the existence of a longitude effect shows that in strictness there is no such thing as magnetic latitude. In other words, the earth's magnetic field, even at the remote distances of thousands of miles at which these deflections occur, is strikingly dissymmetrical with respect to any line passing through the earth's center. This method of study opens up the possibility of determining these dissymmetries at large distances from the earth. The observed magnetic effects are to be expected quite independently of whether cosmic rays are in their origin photonic or corpuscular.
Anthropometric data indicate nutritional homogeneity in Hadza foragers of Tanzania.

We analyzed body mass index (BMI = wt/height2) and percent body fat (BF%) in adults of the Hadza, an egalitarian society with a strong food-sharing ethic, to examine variation in energetic status in relation to sex, age, and time of year. Data collected from 26 camps over six field seasons gave a cross-sectional sample of 238 males and 235 females and a small longitudinal sample (n = 54). We found that mean BMI showed no sex difference [20.1 ± 1.6 (SD) kg/m2 for males and 20.3 ± 2.2 kg/m2 for females] and remained similar, regardless of age or time of year. Mean BF% showed a significant sex difference, as expected [10.6 ± 3.2 (SD) % for males and 19.0 ± 7.0% for females (P 75 years, n = 11) had a lower mean BF% (11.3%) compared to other ages (P < 0.004). In the longitudinal sample, we found no significant change over time in mean BMI or BF%. However, relative change in BF% fluctuated within individuals by as much as 20% of initial values for both sexes. Taken collectively, our results support the idea of broad nutritional homogeneity among the Hadza, but indicate that subtle, potentially important differences in energetic condition exist as well. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:107–118, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Classical Trajectory Study of Energy Transfer in Collisions of Highly Excited Allyl Radical with Argon

Predicting the results of collisions of polyatomic molecules with a bath of atoms is a research area that has attracted substantial interest in both experimental and theoretical chemistry. Energy transfer, which is the consequence of such collisions, plays an important role in gas-phase kinetics and relaxation of excited molecules. We present a study of energy transfer in single collisions of highly vibrationally excited allyl radical in argon. We evolve a total of 52 000 classical trajectories on a potential energy surface, which is the sum of an ab initio intramolecular potential for the allyl and a pairwise interaction potential describing the argon’s effect on the allyl. The former is described by means of a permutationally invariant full-dimensional potential, whereas the interaction potential between allyl and argon is obtained by means of a sum of pairwise potentials dependent on nonlinear parameters that have been fit to a set of MP2/avtz counterpoise corrected ab initio energies. Results are repo...
Three-Dimensional Activation Sequence Imaging in a Rabbit Model

This paper evaluates a biophysical-model based three-dimensional (3-D) activation sequence imaging approach in a rabbit model. In this approach, cardiac electrical sources within the myocardial volume are represented by distributed equivalent current densities; a realistic heart-torso volume conductor model is built from the CT scans of the rabbit's torso; spatial-temporal regularization is applied when solving the inverse problem of current density estimation; and the activation time at every myocardial location is determined as the time point when the estimated local current density reaches its maximum amplitude. Computer simulations have been conducted to image the activation sequence initiated by pacing 11 sites throughout the ventricular myocardium. Under 20 muV Gaussian white noise, the average correlation coefficient (CC) between the imaged and the simulated activation sequences is 0.92, the average relative error (RE) is 0.19, and the average localization error (LE) is 4.99mm averaged over 11 pacing sites. Even under 60 muV Gaussian white noise, reasonable results can still be achieved by the present approach with CC = 0.89, RE = 0.22, and LE = 6.85 mm. The simulation results demonstrate that the present 3-D imaging approach has reasonable accuracy and robustness against recording noises.
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG on Phosphoinositide Turnover and Synaptic Plasticity in Visual Cortex

The neurotransmitter glutamate, in addition to activating ligand-gated ion channels, also stimulates phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in neurons by activating a group of G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). A role for mGluRs in synaptic plasticity originally was hypothesized based on the observation that the developmental decline in glutamate-stimulated PI turnover is well correlated with the decline in experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in visual cortex. Over the past few years, the compound α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) has been widely used to test the role of PI-coupled mGluRs in a number of types of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex, and the neural plasticity underlying learning and memory. The conclusions of most of these studies were based on the assumption that MCPG blocks the actions of glutamate at PI-coupled mGluRs in the cerebral cortex. Here we show that this assumption is not valid in visual cortex. Although MCPG does antagonize the actions of the synthetic mGluR agonist 1 S ,3 R -aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, it fails to block PI turnover and changes in spike adaptation stimulated by glutamate, the endogenous mGluR ligand. In addition, we find that MCPG fails to block the NMDA receptor-dependent forms of LTP, LTD, and depotentiation in visual cortex.
A New Brachylophosaurin Hadrosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) with an Intermediate Nasal Crest from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Northcentral Montana

Background Brachylophosaurini is a clade of hadrosaurine dinosaurs currently known from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of North America. Its members include: Acristavus gagslarsoni, which lacks a nasal crest; Brachylophosaurus canadensis, which possesses a flat paddle-shaped nasal crest projecting posteriorly over the dorsal skull roof; and Maiasaura peeblesorum, which possesses a dorsally-projecting nasofrontal crest. Acristavus, from the lower Two Medicine Formation of Montana (~81–80 Ma), is hypothesized to be the ancestral member of the clade. Brachylophosaurus specimens are from the middle Oldman Formation of Alberta and equivalent beds in the Judith River Formation of Montana; the upper Oldman Formation is dated 77.8 Ma. Methodology/Principal Findings A new brachylophosaurin hadrosaur, Probrachylophosaurus bergei (gen. et sp. nov.) is described and phylogenetically analyzed based on the skull and postcranium of a large individual from the Judith River Formation of northcentral Montana (79.8–79.5 Ma); the horizon is equivalent to the lower Oldman Formation of Alberta. Cranial morphology of Probrachylophosaurus, most notably the nasal crest, is intermediate between Acristavus and Brachylophosaurus. In Brachylophosaurus, the nasal crest lengthens and flattens ontogenetically, covering the supratemporal fenestrae in large adults. The smaller nasal crest of Probrachylophosaurus is strongly triangular in cross section and only minimally overhangs the supratemporal fenestrae, similar to an ontogenetically earlier stage of Brachylophosaurus. Sutural fusion and tibial osteohistology reveal that the holotype of Probrachylophosaurus was relatively more mature than a similarly large Brachylophosaurus specimen; thus, Probrachylophosaurus is not simply an immature Brachylophosaurus. Conclusions/Significance The small triangular posteriorly oriented nasal crest of Probrachylophosaurus is proposed to represent a transitional nasal morphology between that of a non-crested ancestor such as Acristavus and the large flat posteriorly oriented nasal crest of adult Brachylophosaurus. Because Probrachylophosaurus is stratigraphically and morphologically intermediate between these taxa, Probrachylophosaurus is hypothesized to be an intermediate member of the Acristavus-Brachylophosaurus evolutionary lineage.
Sex‐Role Change, Anomie and Female Suicide: A Test of Alternative Durkheimian Explanations

Durkheim's influential book, Suicide, provides general (economic) anomie, conjugal anomie, and sex-role convergence explanations of changes in suicide rates under conditions of social change. We used trend analyses of American suicide rates and female/male suicide ratios from 1950 to 1984 and the regression of the ratios on female educational attainment, white female labor force participation, white fertility rates, and divorce rates to examine these explanations. The general anomie explanation of female suicide trends is supported for the middle-aged (30 to 54 years) but not for the young (10 to 30 years) or the elderly (55 to 74 years). The conjugal anomie proposition is at best supported for age groups between 15 and 44 when general anomie is not pronounced. The role convergence explanation is rejected for all 13 5-year-age-groups. General anomie may not be a viable explanation of suicide trends for groups actively supporting relevant social changes or not yet tradition-bound or for groups whose retirement status reduces the importance of some social changes.
Learning from delayed feedback: neural responses in temporal credit assignment

When feedback follows a sequence of decisions, relationships between actions and outcomes can be difficult to learn. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to understand how people overcome this temporal credit assignment problem. Participants performed a sequential decision task that required two decisions on each trial. The first decision led to an intermediate state that was predictive of the trial outcome, and the second decision was followed by positive or negative trial feedback. The feedback-related negativity (fERN), a component thought to reflect reward prediction error, followed negative feedback and negative intermediate states. This suggests that participants evaluated intermediate states in terms of expected future reward, and that these evaluations supported learning of earlier actions within sequences. We examine the predictions of several temporal-difference models to determine whether the behavioral and ERP results reflected a reinforcement-learning process.
Antagonistic Regulation of β-Globin Gene Expression by Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins USF and TFII-I

The human β-globin genes are expressed in a developmental stage-specific manner in erythroid cells. Gene-proximal cis-regulatory DNA elements and interacting proteins restrict the expression of the genes to the embryonic, fetal, or adult stage of erythropoiesis. In addition, the relative order of the genes with respect to the locus control region contributes to the temporal regulation of the genes. We have previously shown that transcription factors TFII-I and USF interact with the β-globin promoter in erythroid cells. Herein we demonstrate that reducing the activity of USF decreased β-globin gene expression, while diminishing TFII-I activity increased β-globin gene expression in erythroid cell lines. Furthermore, a reduction of USF activity resulted in a significant decrease in acetylated H3, RNA polymerase II, and cofactor recruitment to the locus control region and to the adult β-globin gene. The data suggest that TFII-I and USF regulate chromatin structure accessibility and recruitment of transcription complexes in the β-globin gene locus and play important roles in restricting β-globin gene expression to the adult stage of erythropoiesis.
Controlled Singularly Perturbed Systems

Many control problems can be modelled by systems of differential equations where the state variable can be divided into two coupled groups. Those in the first group change at a “normal” rate, and those in the second group change at a much “faster” rate. Such systems can be loosely termed “two time scale” systems, and have been the subject of a great deal of work. We refer the reader to [B2, K4, K5], and the references contained therein. For linear systems models, the first group might represent the low frequency part of the system and the second group the high frequency part.
Identifying Cellular Pathways Modulated by Drosophila Palmitoyl-protein Thioesterase 1 Function

Infantile-onset Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a severe pediatric neurodegenerative disorder produced by mutations in the gene encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1). This enzyme is responsible for the removal of a palmitate post-translational modification from an unknown set of substrate proteins. To better understand the function of Ppt1 in neurons, we performed an unbiased dominant loss-of-function genetic modifier screen in Drosophila using a previously characterized Ppt1 gain-of-function system. The enhancers and suppressors identified in our screen make novel connections between Ppt1 and genes involved in cellular trafficking and the modulation of synaptic growth. We further support the relevance of our screen by demonstrating that Garland cells from Ppt1 loss-of-function mutants have defects in endocytic trafficking. Endocytic tracer uptake and ultrastructural analysis of these non-neuronal cells points to Ppt1 playing a role in modulating the early stages of vesicle formation. This work lays the groundwork for further experimental exploration of these processes to better understand their contributions to the INCL disease process.
A proven methodology for designing one-million-gate ASICs

This paper describes the methodology used to design a family of ASIC chips in the 400 K to one-million-gate range in a 0.5 micron technology. Working first-pass hardware was produced at an average clock speed of 100 MHz with over 99% testability. The methodology utilized a variety of third-party CAD tools from Synopsys and Cadence in combination with proprietary IBM tools.
Atypical VH-D-JH Rearrangements in Newborn Autoimmune MRL Mice

Antinuclear Abs are the hallmark of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The ability of self reactive autoantibodies to bind to DNA and nucleosomes is partly conferred by an increased number of arginine and asparagine residues in the heavy chain third complementarity determining region. This increased content of cationic residues is primarily the result of unusual VH-D-JH rearrangements, which include D-D fusions and D gene inversions. While self Ag-driven clonal expansion is a major contributor to the production of antinuclear Abs in lupus, we explore in this study the hypothesis that newly emerging B cells from autoimmune mice display more frequently these unusual VH-D-JH rearrangements. To this end, libraries of PCR-generated VH-D-JH junctions from MRL and C3H newborn livers were analyzed. When compared with the C3H controls, D and JH gene usage in MRL junctions suggests a greater frequency of secondary D-JH rearrangements in this strain. Furthermore, B cells from the autoimmune-prone MRL mice have significantly increased numbers of atypical VH-D-JH rearrangements (D-D fusions and D inversions). Therefore, B cells from MRL mice manifest intrinsic defects that could confer an increased propensity to produce unusual VH-D-JH rearrangements early in ontogeny.
Pilot of Direct Observation of Clinical Skills (DOCS) in a Medicine Clerkship: Feasibility and Relationship to Clinical Performance Measures

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of Direct Observation of Clinical Skills (DOCS), a program for formative assessment of students’ clinical skills during a medicine clerkship and to determine relationships between DOCS measures and other clinical performance measures. Method: From August, 2004 through June, 2005, Medicine Clerks assigned to the primary on-campus clinical site were asked to participate in the pilot phase of the DOCS program. Students were asked to complete at least one DOCS exercise focused on interviewing, physical examination, or oral case presentation. Results: Of the 79 students who rotated on the Medicine Clerkship during the pilot period, 79% (n_62) participated in DOCS, and 163 forms were submitted for evaluation. Seventy-seven percent (77%) of the clinical observations occurred while on-call or during daily rounds. Seventythree (73%) of observations were completed in 30 minutes or less. In 89% of encounters students received at least 5 minutes of verbal feedback. Satisfaction ratings from both students and observers were ‘‘moderately satisfied’’ or better. Global ratings from DOCS physical exam and case presentation sections were strongly correlated with both faculty ratings of clinical performance and final clerkship grade. DOCS measures were not statistically related to clerkship written examination scores. Conclusions: These data support the feasibility of the DOCS session for formative assessment of student interviewing, physical examination, and oral case presentation skills during a medicine clerkship. Observer ratings from DOCS physical examination and case presentation sections were found to be predictors of final clerkship grade.
The concept of joint saturation and its application

Two of the major joint-driving mechanisms are joint-normal stretching and poroelastic shrinkage, and these lead to joint sets commonly associated with structural bending and natural hydraulic fracturing, respectively. Regardless of joint-driving mechanism, joint infilling is a nonhomogeneous Poisson process in the presence of stress shadows. Through probability modeling, we show that in all cases joint spacing is best fit with gamma distributions. The shape parameter of the best-fit gamma distribution to joint-spacing data is a quantitative means to assess the extent of saturation, which is represented in a new parameter, the joint-saturation ratio (JSR). To test the utility of JSR, we call upon published structural bending joint data (Elk Basin, Lilstock, and Rives plate-bending experiment). The shape parameters for these well-developed structural bending joints are equal to around three, corresponding to a JSR of approximately 30p. Using the same analysis on the spacing of natural hydraulic fractures collected from outcrops in the gas-prone Devonian sections of the Appalachian Basin, we find that natural hydraulic fractures differ in two aspects from structural bending joints. First, the joint spacing is proportional to bed thickness in bedded rocks but not in gas shale sections. Second, the joint saturation of natural hydraulic fractures is generally lower than in well-developed structural bending joints. Thus, the JSR is a means to distinguish the joint-driving mechanism and to represent joint-saturation level independent of bed thickness effects. It can be used to distinguish natural fractures from drilling-induced fractures and to improve the fracture-network modeling.
Effects of Exposure Estimation Procedures on the Evaluation of Exposure-Response Relationships for Silicosis

The reconstruction of exposures in occupational epidemiology is an important and expanding research interest. Historically the number of environmental measurements available has been small. Methods used to estimate exposure for jobs during time periods for which there are few or no sample results incude: assign zero exposure, use the average exposure for jobs not evaluated, estimate exposure for only some jobs over specified time periods, estimate exposure for all jobs and time periods using a single-step procedure such as calculation of an average (Theriault et al., 1974) or a multi-step imputation process involving considerations such as engineering controls and similarity of processes (Dement et al., 1983; Seixas et al., 1991; Stewart et al., 1995). The work reported here was undertaken to provide insight into possible influences of assumptions made regarding missing exposure data on measures of association, by comparing the results at each step of a multi-step imputation algorithm. Data for silica exposure and X-ray diagnosis of silicosis from the North Carolina Dusty Trades program have been used. A previous report included a strong, linear exposure-response relationship (Rice et al., 1986); however, all exposure estimates were based on measurement data. If measurements were not available, exposure was assumed to be zero. For this report, odds ratios for silicosis have been calculated after each of five steps in an imputation algorithm and are contrasted with the original results.
IRF3 Inhibition by Rotavirus NSP1 Is Host Cell and Virus Strain Dependent but Independent of NSP1 Proteasomal Degradation

Rotavirus host range restriction forms a basis for strain attenuation although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In mouse fibroblasts, the inability of rotavirus NSP1 to mediate interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) degradation correlates with IFN-dependent restricted replication of the bovine UK strain but not the mouse EW and simian RRV strains. We found that UK NSP1 is unable to degrade IRF3 when expressed in murine NIH 3T3 cells in contrast to the EW and RRV NSP1 proteins. Surprisingly, UK NSP1 expression led to IRF3 degradation in simian COS7 cells, indicating that IRF3 degradation by NSP1 is host cell dependent, a finding further supported using adenovirus-expressed NSP1 from NCDV bovine rotavirus. By expressing heterologous IRF3 proteins in complementary host cells, we found that IRF3 is the minimal host factor constraining NSP1 IRF3-degradative ability. NSP1-mediated IRF3 degradation was enhanced by transfection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a host cell-specific manner, and in IRF3-dependent positive regulatory domain III reporter assays, NSP1 inhibited IRF3 function in response to pathway activation by dsRNA, TBK-1, IRF3, or constitutively activated IRF3-5D. An interesting observation arising from these experiments is the ability of transiently expressed UK NSP1 to inhibit poly(I:C)-directed IRF3 activity in NIH 3T3 cells in the absence of detectable IRF3 degradation, an unexpected finding since UK virus infection was unable to block IFN secretion, and UK NSP1 expression did not result in suppression of IRF3-directed activation of the pathway. RRV and EW but not UK NSP1 was proteasomally degraded, requiring E1 ligase activity, although NSP1 degradation was not required for IRF3 degradation. Using a chimeric RRV NSP1 protein containing the carboxyl 100 residues derived from UK NSP1, we found that the RRV NSP1 carboxyl 100 residues are critical for its IRF3 inhibition in murine cells but are not essential for NSP1 degradation. Thus, NSP1's ability to degrade IRF3 is host cell dependent and is independent of NSP1 proteasomal degradation.
Post-silicon power mapping techniques for integrated circuits

We propose a new methodology for post-silicon power validation using the captured thermal infrared emissions from the back-side of operational integrated circuits. We first identify the challenges associated with thermal to power inversion, and then we address these challenges by devising a quadratic optimization formulation that incorporates Tikhonov filtering techniques to find the most accurate power maps. To validate our methodology, a programmable circuit of micro-heaters is implemented to create a number of reference power maps. The thermal emissions from the circuit are captured using an infrared camera and then inverted to yield highly accurate post-silicon power maps.
Serological Relationships Among Herpesviruses: Cross-Reaction Between Marek's Disease Virus and Pseudorabies Virus as Detected by Immunofluorescence

Marek's disease virus (MDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) cross-reacted by fluorescent antibody test but not by gel diffusion, virus neutralization, or cross-protection tests. Herpesvirus of turkeys cross-reacted with MDV but not with PRV. Other herpesviruses tested did not have cross-reactions.
Online Sentence Reading in People With Aphasia: Evidence From Eye Tracking

Purpose There is a lot of evidence that people with aphasia have more difficulty understanding structurally complex sentences (e.g., object clefts) than simpler sentences (subject clefts). However,...
Protein substitute for children and adults with phenylketonuria.

Background Phenylketonuria is an inherited metabolic disorder characterised by an absence or deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. The aim of treatment is to lower blood phenylalanine concentrations to the recommended therapeutic range to prevent developmental delay and support normal growth. Current treatment consists of a low-phenylalanine diet in combination with a protein substitute which is free from or low in phenylalanine. Guidance regarding the use, dosage, and distribution of dosage of the protein substitute over a 24-hour period is unclear, and there is variation in recommendations among treatment centres. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2005, and previously updated in 2008. Objectives To assess the benefits and adverse effects of protein substitute, its dosage, and distribution of dose in children and adults with phenylketonuria who are adhering to a low-phenylalanine diet. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register which consists of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and hand searches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also contacted manufacturers of the phenylalanine-free and low-phenylalanine protein substitutes for any data from published and unpublished randomised controlled trials.Date of the most recent search of the Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register: 03 April 2014. Selection criteria All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing: any dose of protein substitute with no protein substitute; an alternative dosage; or the same dose, but given as frequent small doses throughout the day compared with the same total daily dose given as larger boluses less frequently. Data collection and analysis Both authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. Main results Three trials (69 participants) are included in this review. One trial investigated the use of protein substitute in 16 participants, while a further two trials investigated the dosage of protein substitute in a total of 53 participants. Due to issues with data presentation in each trial, described in full in the review, formal statistical analyses of the data were impossible. Investigators will be contacted for further information. Authors' conclusions No conclusions could be drawn about the short- or long-term use of protein substitute in phenylketonuria due to the lack of adequate or analysable trial data. Additional data and randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate the use of protein substitute in phenylketonuria. Until further evidence is available, current practice in the use of protein substitute should continue to be monitored with care.
Characterization of Temperature-Dependent Drug Release from Liposomes Using Electron Spin Resonance

Liposome blood clearance and temperature-dependent drug release were studied using an electron spin resonance technique on whole blood samples. Temperature-sensitive liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (4:1 by weight) were formed by reversed-phase evaporation. The liposomes were stable in the blood for greater than 2 h after iv injection. Liposome blood clearance exhibited a fast and slow component which may be due to the presence of both large and small liposomes in the preparation. The onset temperature for liposome release of the water-soluble nitroxide spin label was reduced from 40 degrees C in Hepes buffered saline to 38 degrees C in the rat blood, and the total release in the blood was approximately 25% greater than that measured in saline. These results show the influence of blood constituents on temperature-dependent drug release from liposomes.
The extension of Zubov's method to sampled data control systems described by nonlinear autonomous difference equations

Theorems are developed for difference equations analogous to those developed by Zubov for differential equations. These theorems show that it is possible to construct Liapunov functions for a certain class of sampled data control systems that will give the entire domain of asymptotic stability. They also give necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability in the large for this class of control systems. In addition to giving stability information, the Liapunov function obtained from the construction procedure gives information about the performance of the system since all points having a certain value of \upsilon correspond to a constant value of \prod \min{i=n}\max{\infty} (1 + \phi(x(i))) where φ is a positive definite quadratic form chosen to measure the performance of the system. Methods of solving for the Liapunov function are considered. An approximate technique which is particularly applicable to digital computer solution is considered in detail. Two other methods involving infinite products and infinite series are also considered.
Phylogenetic divergence in a desert fish: differentiation of speckled dace within the Bonneville, Lahontan, and upper Snake river basins

ABSTRACT. Historical events have had a great impact on the biogeography of fishes of western North America. We examined the genetic variation of the speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) to determine the effects on this species of extensive hydrological changes during the last 10 million years in the Bonneville and Lahontan basins of the Great Basin and the upper Snake River Basin. Eight hundred sixty-nine base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b were sequenced from 97 individuals representing 22 populations within these 3 basins, as well as from 2 individuals of longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) that served as outgroups. Additionally, 13 speckled dace sequences representing 3 Bonneville populations were used from GenBank. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Analysis of molecular variance was used to determine population structure and to estimate the amount of gene flow across the community boundaries. Three distinct clades wer...
Apheresis to Treat Preeclampsia: Insights, Opportunities and Challenges

Preeclampsia, a hypertensive condition unique to pregnancy, remains a significant source of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The general approach of aggressive antenatal surveillance, diagnosis, and delivery has historically improved outcomes when preeclampsia presents at term or near
What's eating you? Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis).

The oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) is an ectoparasite of small mammals and a vector of many diseases for which humans are incidental hosts. This species of flea is most widely known for carrying Yersinia pestis and Rickettsia typhi, the causative agents of the plague and murine typhus, respectively. Public health issues related to X cheopis may increase in the future as global warming expands the geographic area in which the fleas can survive. A bioterrorist attack of plague also remains a threat. Extensive research is ongoing regarding X cheopis and its interaction with the bacteria it transmits to find better ways of reducing related morbidity and mortality. Traditional control measures include extermination of small mammal hosts, insecticide use to eliminate the flea itself, and use of antibiotics to control the associated diseases. The future may include targeted insecticide usage to prevent the continued development of resistance as well as new methods of reducing transmission of flea-borne diseases that could eliminate the need for chemical insecticides all together.
The Proposed Texas Assignment of Rents Act: A Legislative Escape from the Common Law Morass

When a loan is secured by a mortgage or deed of trust on an income-producing property, such as an office building, shopping center, or apartment complex, rents are a significant part of the security for the loan, in addition to the land and improvements.Rents provide the funds necessary to pay for operating and maintaining the mortgaged property and to make payments on the mortgage loan.After a default on the mortgage loan, a borrower, facing the possibility of losing the property to foreclosure, may apply rents to purposes unrelated to the property or the mortgage loan. The lender, on the other hand, wants rents collected after default to be applied to operation and maintenance of the property or to the mortgage debt. Therefore, a lender wants the ability to control rents from mortgaged property in the event of a default, and to this end will require the borrower to execute an assignment of rents at the loan closing. Unfortunately, the law governing assignments of rents is illogical and confusing. Because of problems in many states with the common law relating to assignments of rents, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) appointed a drafting committee in 2003 to draft uniform legislation governing assignments of rents, and NCCUSL approved the Uniform Assignment of Rents Act (UARA) in 2005. In early 2009, the Real Estate, Probate, and Trust Law Section (REPTL) assembled a committee to study UARA and adapt the Act to Texas law. In May 2010, the committee completed drafting of the proposed Texas Assignment of Rents Act (TARA), which is attached as Appendix A. TARA was approved by REPTL and by Texas State Bar leadership and is included in the State Bar legislative package for 2011. TARA would be a vast improvement over current Texas law. This Article explains the problems under current law and describes this legislative escape from the morass of existing common law.