cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified framework for managing provenance information in translational research

Background A critical aspect of the NIH Translational Research roadmap, which seeks to accelerate the delivery of "bench-side" discoveries to patient's "bedside," is the management of the provenance metadata that keeps track of the origin and history of data resources as they traverse the path from the bench to the bedside and back. A comprehensive provenance framework is essential for researchers to verify the quality of data, reproduce scientific results published in peer-reviewed literature, validate scientific process, and associate trust value with data and results. Traditional approaches to provenance management have focused on only partial sections of the translational research life cycle and they do not incorporate "domain semantics", which is essential to support domain-specific querying and analysis by scientists.
STEM integration in the middle grades: A case study of teacher implementation

Currently, there is a movement in precollege education to include engineering in the science curriculum. In the classroom, one manner of adding engineering to the precollege curricula is through STEM integration in science classrooms. This research project builds on the STEM integration research paradigm through a careful merging of the disciplines of STEM. There are two main types of STEM integration: content integration and context integration. This multiple-case study used content analysis to assess the type of integration used, if any, in the development of curricula for individual lessons and the unit as a whole. The findings demonstrated that, the overall STEM integrated curricula used content integration, but lessons within were either content integration, context integration, or single disciplined. Cases highlighted show these strategies, but cases that deviated significantly from this model are also highlighted. This research advances our understanding about how teachers develop STEM curricula in an interdisciplinary manner with the intent of implementing in precollege classrooms. It provides models of context and content integration across STEM and models of teachers' curriculum development in context-rich interdisciplinary problem spaces. By researching curriculum development, this project provides professional development designers models for quality programs that support interdisciplinary classroom environments.
Con: High-grade dysplasia and villous features should not be part of the routine diagnosis of colorectal adenomas.

CON: High-Grade Dysplasia and Villous Features Should Not Be Part of the Routine Diagnosis of Colorectal Adenomas
Sulfur segregation to deposited Al2O3 film/alloy interface at 1000|SDC

Segregation of sulfur to an oxide/alloy interface has been studied with a deposited alumina film on an iron aluminide substrate. The as-deposited film was mainly amorphous. High temperature anneal at 1000 C in an inert atmosphere prevented film growth, but caused sulfur to slowly segregate to the interface. The heat treatment also caused the film to first transform into {gamma} or {gamma}/{theta}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} then to {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} grains nucleated at the film/alloy interface was more than an order of magnitude slower than segregation to the free surface, and the final concentration was 2 times higher. The extent of segregation at the interface varied significantly with different locations, and the scatter increased with annealing time. It was proposed that the segregation of S to an oxide/metal interface is controlled by the availability of interfacial sites rather than its bulk diffusion rate.
Family saliva sharing behaviors and age of human herpesvirus-6B infection.

Summary Objective Transmission of human herpesvirus (HHV-6) type B is hypothesized to occur via saliva. We sought to determine whether behaviors promoting saliva sharing were associated with HHV-6B infection. Methods Parents of young children participating in a natural history study of HHV-6B were asked to complete a questionnaire focused on family behaviors that result in saliva sharing. Results Of 111 surveys, 109 (98%) were completed. Of the 109 participants, 37 (34%) were infected with HHV-6 before 1year of age. Having older siblings (adjusted OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.5, 11.8) and receipt of parental saliva when kissed (adjusted OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.8, 14.5) were independently associated with younger age of HHV-6 infection. Dose–response relationships were demonstrated between HHV-6 infection before 1year and both number of siblings and the frequency that the child received parental saliva when being kissed ( p =0.006 and p =0.002, respectively). Conclusions Having older siblings and parents who shared saliva increased risk of HHV-6B acquisition in children. These data support the hypothesis that HHV-6 is transmitted primarily via saliva within families.
Assessment and minimization of contralateral breast dose for conventional and intensity modulated breast radiotherapy.

Abstract Breast radiotherapy is associated with an increased risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) in women under age 45 at the time of treatment. This risk increases with increasing absorbed dose to the contralateral breast. The use of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is expected to substantially reduce the dose to the contralateral breast by eliminating scattered radiation from physical beam modifiers. The absorbed dose to the contralateral breast was measured for 5 common radiotherapy techniques, including paired 15° wedges, lateral 30° wedge only, custom-designed physical compensators, aperture based (field-within-field) IMRT with segments chosen by the planner, and inverse planned IMRT with segments chosen by a leaf sequencing algorithm after dose volume histogram (DVH)-based fluence map optimization. Further reduction in contralateral breast dose through the use of lead shielding was also investigated. While shielding was observed to have the most profound impact on surface dose, the radiotherapy technique proved to be most important in determining internal dose. Paired wedges or compensators result in the highest contralateral breast doses (nearly 10% of the prescription dose on the medial surface), while use of IMRT or removal of the medial wedge results in significantly lower doses. Aperture-based IMRT results in the lowest internal doses, primarily due to the decrease in the number of monitor units required and the associated reduction in leakage dose. The use of aperture-based IMRT reduced the average dose to the contralateral breast by greater than 50% in comparison to wedges or compensators. Combined use of IMRT and 1/8-inch-thick lead shielding reduced the dose to the interior and surface of the contralateral breast by roughly 60% and 85%, respectively. This reduction may warrant the use of IMRT for younger patients who have a statistically significant risk of contralateral breast cancer associated with breast radiotherapy.
NUCLEAR SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC-FIELD GRADIENTS

Brownian motion of a spin in the presence of a magnetic-field gradient can significantly influence the spin-lattice relaxation time. A theory is developed to describe this effect, and experiments on gaseous ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ which confirm the theory in detail are reported. Practical situations where this mechanism can dominate, such as in the construction and use of polarized ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ targets in nuclear-scattering experiments, are discussed. In a homogeneous magnetic field, relaxation times of approximately 7 h at low pressures permit us to establish an upper limit of $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}e$ cm for the electric-dipole moment of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ nucleus.
Julio O. De Castro: open your eyes! Research opportunities are all around you

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to be a conversation with Julio O. De Castro, conducted by Santiago Ibarreche, about his career as an eclectic scholar, with high aims at having social impact in his activities as an academician in the area of international businesses, entrepreneurship, family firms, piracy, informal firms and other equally important subjects. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is an interview. Findings – The interview explores De Castro’s career, his achievements and continued search for excellence in terms of teaching, research and service in academia, especially in his role as President of The Iberoamerican Academy of Management. Originality/value – The interview in this special section, A Life in Research, brings out an individual scholar’s experience and history, not only as recognition of scholarly impact but also as recognition of the person.
Discordant Duane's Retraction Syndrome in Monozygotic Twins

Purpose To evaluate whether differences in the intrauterine environment caused discordant Duane's retraction syndrome in monozygotic twins. Methods Pathology records were reviewed to determine monozygosity. Results Discordant Duane's retraction syndrome was present in twin boys with identical genetic foundations who had different intrauterine environments. The placenta indicated areas of anastomosis between the two umbilical cords suggestive of twin-to-twin transfusion that resulted in a visible growth discordance. Conclusions Intrauterine environment influences ocular development, and twin-to-twin transfusion may cause Duane's retraction syndrome.
A porous prolate-spheroidal model for ciliated micro-organisms

A fluid-mechanical model is developed for representing the mechanism of propulsion of a finite ciliated micro-organism having a prolate-spheroidal shape. The basic concept is the representation of the micro-organism by a prolate-spheroidal control surface upon which certain boundary conditions on the tangential and normal fluid velocities are prescribed. Expressions are obtained for the velocity of propulsion, the rate of energy dissipation in the fluid exterior to the cilia layer, and the stream function of the motion. The effect of the shape of the organism upon its locomotion is explored. Experimental streak photographs of the flow around both freely swimming and inert sedimenting Paramecia are presented and good agreement with the theoretical prediction of the streamlines is found.
Implementing smokeless tobacco instruction into medical student education: addressing the gap.

Background: Despite the unique health and epidemiological aspects of smokeless tobacco use, medical education regarding this topic is virtually lacking. Description: The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive tobacco curriculum that includes smokeless tobacco education. A thorough review of the literature was carried out to develop includes 8 modules in basic and clinical sciences that are evaluated by pretest/posttest increases in knowledge as well as standardized patient encounters and process evaluation. Evaluation: Pretest/posttest data indicate that students increased knowledge on specific smokeless tobacco questions. Students also scored well on interactions with standardized patients using the Tobacco Intervention Risk Factor Interview Scale, a validated instrument to assess medical students' tobacco counseling skills. Process evaluation data indicate that modules were generally well received. Conclusions: This Web-based, comprehensive curriculum—the only curriculum we are aware of tre...
Structure and function of ATP-driven ion pumps Efraim Racker

Abstract ATP-driven ion pumps are used by cells to generate ion gradients at the expense of ATP hydrolysis or to generate ATP at the expense of an ion gradient. The pumps are of varying complexities containing between two and ten polypeptide chains.
The effects of d- and 1-amphetamine upon hoarding behavior and feeding in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

D-amphetamine was found to be more potent than 1-amphetamine in suppressing both food hoarding and feeding behavior in the gerbil. The implications of these findings for a physiological explanation of rodent food hoarding are discussed.
Zwangs- und verwandte Störungen im Licht der neuen DSM-5 Kriterien

Unterschiedliche Forschergruppen haben wiederholt verschiedene Storungsbilder mit der Zwangsstorung in Verbindung gebracht und ein Zwangsspektrum postuliert, das diese Storungen umfassen soll. Im Zuge der Erstellung der diagnostischen Kriterien fur DSM-5 sind die Bemuhungen zur Verifikation des Zwangsspektrums angestiegen, um gegebenenfalls eine neue Gruppierung von aktuell in unterschiedlichen Kategorien klassifizierten Storungen zu erreichen. Die vorliegende Literaturubersichtsarbeit soll den Stand der Forschung zum Zwangsspektrum zusammenfassen. Dabei soll beantwortet werden, welche Storungen zum heutigen Zeitpunkt in der Literatur als Einschlusskandidaten betrachtet werden, ob uberhaupt eine Kategorie Zwangs- und verwandte Storungen entstehen soll und wo diese gegebenenfalls lokalisiert werden kann. Die Arbeitsgruppe zur Kategorie Zwangs- und verwandte Storung(en) schlagt aktuell die Einfuhrung einer separaten Kategorie vor, welche die Zwangs- und die Korperdysmorphe Storung, Dermatillomanie, Trichoti...
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of imipramine metabolism in vitro by liver and brain microsomes.

Abstract A new sensitive method for resolution and quantitation metabolites of in vitro imipramine metabolism has been developed for use in liver and brain microsomes. Separation of metabolites was done using a Supelcosil PCN column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-potassium phosphate dibasic (40:35:25, v/v/v), pH 7. Resolution is achieved for 2- and 10-hydroxyimipramine, didesmethylimipramine, and desipramine. Varying levels of these metabolites formed during in vitro incubations of rat liver and brain microsomes following treatments.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Methadone, Phencyclidine, and Metabolites by Postcolumn Ion-Pair Extraction and On-Line Fluorescent Detection of the Counterion with Applications

Methadone, phencyclidine, and their metabolites were extracted from plasma and separated on a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) column using the fluorescent 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonic acid as a counterion. The chromatographed mobile phase was subsequently extracted on-line with chloroform. The separated organic phase, containing the fluorescent ion-pairs of the investigated amines, was analyzed in the flow cell of a fluorometer (excitation 380 nm, emission 445 nm). The phase separator volume was as small as possible to avoid dead volume. The method was also applied to the bioassay of cocaine with a sensitivity of 1-6 ng/ml of plasma. Application of these assays gave a red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficient for methadone of 3.39 +/- 0.26 (SD) in a concentration range up to 20 micrograms/ml, and demonstrated a time-dependent partition with a diffusion half-life of 1.44 min +/- 0.26 min (SD). The protein binding of methadone determined by ultracentrifugation was concentration dependent and varied between 75-62% at the highest concentration studied (9 micrograms/ml). The presence of the major metabolite did not have any influence on the protein binding. The results were confirmed by using the red blood cell-partitioning method to determine the protein binding.
Serum bupivacaine concentrations during continuous extrapleural infusion

Purpose To determine the rate of increase in serum bupivacaine concentration during continuous extrapleural infusion.
Non-abelian plane-fronted waves

Abstract Spherical plane-fronted wave solutions for non-abelian gauge theories are presented. Coleman's “non-abelian plane-waves” are a special-case of these solutions. These solutions obey a principle of linear superposition and are “force free”.
The Significance of Cultural Patterning for the “Alcoholic Family”

This paper presents findings from a recent study of a population of middle-class Catholic families, primarily Irish, German, and Italian, among whom alcohol-related problems are frequent and severe. To understand alcohol usage in this population, a knowledge of the historical and cultural roles of drinking in the relevant ethnic or national groups and a holistic view of contemporary family life are essential. It is suggested that massive social controls in major areas of family life are closely related to problematic drinking behavior. The delineation of cultural prescriptions regarding behaviors and attitudes directly and indirectly related to drinking patterns may contribute a significant cultural dimension to proposed models of the "alcoholic family" system.
Downstaging Without Complete Pathologic Response After Neoadjuvant Treatment Improves Cancer Outcomes for cIII but not cII Rectal Cancers

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether downstaging impacts prognosis in patients with cII versus cIII rectal cancer. We identified from our colorectal cancer database 295 patients with primary cII and cIII rectal cancer staged by CT and ERUS/MRI who received 5-FU-based chemoradiation followed by R0 surgery after a median interval of 7 weeks during 1997–2007. The median radiotherapy dose was 5040 cGy. We excluded 58 patients with pathologic complete response (pCR) and compared among the remaining 162 patients pathologic downstaging (cII to ypI, cIII to ypII or ypI) versus no pathologic downstaging (c stage ≤ yp stage). Outcomes evaluated were 5-year overall survival, 3-year cancer-specific survival, disease-free survival, overall recurrence, local recurrence, and distant recurrence. The median age was 58 years and median follow-up was 48 months. Patients with downstaging versus no downstaging were statistically comparable with respect to demographics, chemoradiation regimen, interval time between neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery, tumor distance from anal verge, surgical procedures performed, and follow-up time. With the exception of local recurrence rates, downstaging resulted in significantly improved cancer outcomes for cIII but not cII. Downstaging without pCR is a significant prognostic factor for patients with stage cIII rectal cancer. Tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation should be taken into account when defining the optimal adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with cIII rectal cancer.
A new method of assessing solid state reactivity illustrated by reference to the change in oxidation rate of alkaline and acid washed carbons

In this study gasification in air of activated carbons and carbon blacks is investigated using a simultaneous TG-DTA unit. It is found that a final acid or alkaline treatment can substantially alter their reactivity in the gasification reaction in air. To make a proper assessment of their solid state reactivity with respect to their gasification in air a simple method is advanced which has been used recently in assessing solid state reactivity of other materials. In this method a thermogravimetric (TG) plot is obtained on a reference carbon and then similar TG plots are obtained on the other samples of carbon using identical experimental conditions and the same TG unit. The solid state reactivity is assessed from plots of the αR (the value of αR, the extent of the gasification of the reference carbon) against the sample carbons values of the αS (labeled αS to denote the value of the various carbon samples). The values of appropriate couples of αR and αS at temperaturesT 1,T 2,T 3,...Tn allow an αR-αS plot to be constructed. If the solid state reactivity of the carbon samples matches exactly that of the reference carbon the result will be a linear plot, showing coincidence of αS and αR at all values of αR. If the solid state reactivity of a carbon sample exceeds that of the reference carbon then the lines plotted will be on one side of the coincidence plot, while if they are less than the carbon reference they will lie on the other side. The results show that treatment of a carbon with alkaline or acid may have a significant effect on the reactivity of the carbon sample which is only partly explained by observable differences in surface area.
A novel structure seen when foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced poly (U) polymerase acts in a cell-free system.

A novel structure was seen during the cell-free synthesis of poly (U) by foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced poly (U) polymerase acting on a poly (A) template. An electron-microscopy spreading procedure using benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride visualized a double-stranded RNA product containing sets of open regions where single-stranded poly (U) may be made. A doublestranded poly (A)·poly (U) structure resistant to RNase A is assumed to form during the initial 15 min of poly (U) polymerase action. Apparently partial unwinding of the double-stranded structure then occurs followed by synthesis of single-stranded poly (U) in the series of newly opened regions.
An introduction to the NSPCG software package

NSPCG is the most recent research-oriented software package developed as part of the ITPACK Project at the Center for Numerical Analysis of The University of Texas at Austin. It is designed to solve large sparse systems of linear equations by a variety of different non-symmetric preconditioned conjugate gradient methods. Several different sparse data storage schemes are available for storing the coefficient matrix of the linear system. Matrices with a wide range of structures from highly structured to completely unstructured can be accommodated. To limit memory requirements, the accelerators in the package can be called directly with the matrix stored in a user-defined sparse data storage format (for example, from a particular application) by supplying some user-written routines for certain matrix–vector operations. The main entry point into the package is through a single subroutine call. The various methods are accessed by using a particular naming convention for the first two parameters that in turn selects a preconditioner, an accelerator and a data storage scheme. Some of the basic preconditioners that are available are Jacobi, Incomplete LU Decomposition and Symmetric Successive Overrelaxation as well as block preconditioners. The user can select from a large collection of accelerators such as Conjugate Gradient (CG), Chebyshev (SI, for semi-iterative), Generalized Minimal Residual (GMRES), Biconjugate Gradient Squared (BCGS) and many others. The package is modular so that almost any accelerator can be used with almost any preconditioner. One of the main purposes for the development of the package was to provide a common modular structure for research on iterative methods. The entire package is written in Fortran 77 with vectorization in mind for applications on supercomputers.
Characterization of eukaryotic microbial diversity in hypersaline Lake Tyrrell, Australia.

This study describes the community structure of the microbial eukaryotic community from hypersaline Lake Tyrrell, Australia, using near full length 18S rRNA sequences. Water samples were taken in both summer and winter over a four year period. The extent of eukaryotic diversity detected was low, with only 35 unique phylotypes using a 97% sequence similarity threshold. The water samples were dominated (91%) by a novel cluster of the Alveolate, Apicomplexa Colpodella spp., most closely related to C. edax. The Chlorophyte, Dunaliella spp. accounted for less than 35% of water column samples. However, the eukaryotic community entrained in a salt crust sample was vastly different and was dominated (83%) by the Dunaliella spp. The patterns described here represent the first observation of microbial eukaryotic dynamics in this system and provide a multiyear comparison of community composition by season. The lack of expected seasonal distribution in eukaryotic communities paired with abundant nanoflagellates suggests that grazing may significantly structure microbial eukaryotic communities in this system.
Design and CAD Challenges in sub-90nm CMOS Technologies

This paper discusses design challenges of scaled CMOS circuits in sub-90nm technologies for high-performance digital applications. To continue scaling of the CMOS devices deep into sub-90nm technologies, fully depleted SOI, strained-Si on SiGe, FinFETs with double gate, and even further, three-dimensional circuits will be utilized to design high-performance circuits. We will discuss unique design aspects and issues resulting from this scaling such as gate-to-body tunneling, self-heating, reliability issues, and process variations. As the scaling approaches various physical limits, new SOI design issues such as Vt modulation due to leakage, low-voltage impact ionization, and higher V/sub t,lin/ to maintain adequate V/sub t,sat/, continue to surface. With an eye towards the future, design and CAD issues related to sub-65nm device structures such as double gate FinFET will be discussed.
Serially arranged mode-locked charge density wave domains in NbSe3

Abstract We examine the local Shapiro step spectrum produced by NbSe 3 crystals that exhibit multiple narrow band noise (NBN) fundamentals either intrinsically or due to applied temperature gradients. In either case, differential resistance traces reveal multiple and co-existing families of Shapiro step spectra. Local dV/dI measurements show that each set of Shapiro steps stems from charge density wave (CDW) mode locking in unique sample sections, indicating that in NbSe 3 the CDW breaks into serially arranged velocity-coherent domains in samples with multiple NBN fundamentals.
Optimum viscoelastic designer materials for minimizing failure probabilities during composite curing

Analytical and numerical formulations and simulations are presented in order to conduct sensitivity studies of physical parameters affecting thermal stress control of viscoelastic structures during cure through designer materials tailored to alleviate or outright eliminate undesirable thermal stress states. Numerical simulations in terms of critical parameters are carried out to evaluate system responses.
Solving Rank-Deficient and Ill-posed Problems Using UTV and QR Factorizations

The algorithm of Mathias and Stewart [Linear Algebra Appl., 182 (1993), pp. 91--100] is examined as a tool for constructing regularized solutions to rank-deficient and ill-posed linear equations. The algorithm is based on a sequence of QR factorizations. If it is stopped after the first step, it produces the same solution as the complete orthogonal decomposition used in LAPACK's xGELSY. However, we show that for low-rank problems a careful implementation can lead to an order of magnitude improvement in speed over xGELSY as implemented in LAPACK. We prove, under assumptions similar to assumptions used by others, that if the numerical rank is chosen at a gap in the singular value spectrum and if the initial factorization is rank-revealing, then, even if the algorithm is stopped after the first step, approximately half the time its solutions are closer to the desired solution than are the singular value decomposition (SVD) solutions. Conversely, the SVD will be closer approximately half the time, and in this case overall the two algorithms are very similar in accuracy. We confirm this with numerical experiments. Although the algorithm works best for problems with a gap in the singular value spectrum, numerical experiments suggest that it may work well for problems with no gap.
Dysregulation of TLR3 Impairs the Innate Immune Response to West Nile Virus in the Elderly

West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has recently emerged in North America, and the elderly are particularly susceptible to severe neurological disease and death from infection with this virus. We have investigated the innate immune response of primary human macrophages to WNV in vitro and have found significant differences between the responsiveness of macrophages derived from younger donors and that from older donors. Binding of the glycosylated WNV envelope protein to the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3) grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) leads to a reduction in the expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in macrophages from young donors via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)-mediated pathway. This signaling is impaired in the elderly, and the elevated levels of TLR3 result in an elevation of cytokine levels. This alteration of the innate immune response with aging may contribute to the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and suggests a possible mechanism for the increased severity of WNV infection in older individuals.
Planning, designing, delivering, and assessing online instruction in higher education

The purpose of this study was to examine the (a) current characteristics, status, benefits, and barriers of online education and the (b) impact of colleges’ institutional contexts on their approaches to online education. Results indicated that the current status of online education reveals that there is an important role that online instruction plays in society. However, online education has failed to follow the ascending trend of technological innovation and questions regarding the quality of online instruction continue to emerge, as critics continue to question the way online instruction addresses the various learning needs of a diverse group of students.
Leptocoris rufomarginatus (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) in Vietnam, with a note on Leptocoris vicinus in Guam

Abstract Specimens of Leptocoris rufomarginatus (Fabricius) (Serinethinae) were collected in Dong Nai Province, north-northeast of Ho Chi Minh City. This collection was some 700 km away from their nearest recorded locality (Sumatra). Some variation in color patterns is recorded. In addition, one specimen of L. rufomarginatus was also collected in Songkhla Province in Thailand. These two are both country records. In Guam, Leptocoris vicinus (Dallas) was collected, and some notes on feeding were recorded.
“Democracy's Third Estate:” New Deal Politics and the Construction of a “Consuming Public”

In the 1930s, the “consumer problem” captured the attention of American working-class leaders, consumer activists, and liberal economists. As sociologist and New Dealer Robert Lynd warned, “There is a ‘consumer problem' of national proportions and it is here to stay as a big white elephant on the doorsteps of business.” He continued: “The only way that democracy can survive, if indeed it is not now too late for it to survive at all, is through the quality of living it can help its rank and file of its citizens to achieve.” Progressive reformers feared that the modern consumer was powerless in the face of corporate market manipulation, mass technology, and the maldistribution of income. Without well-informed, independent, and financially secure consumers, their argument ran, the nation risked economic and political decline. Indeed, to many Americans, the Great Depression made clear that consumers did not possess enough purchasing power to sustain the economy. Moreover, the rise of fascist regimes in Europe suggested that poverty could in fact threaten liberal capitalism. According to this conception of economic citizenship, only powerful consumers with both economic and political clout could prevent economic ruin and civic decay. Robert Lynd, “Introduction,” in Persia Campbell, Consumer Representation in the New Deal (New York, 1940), 9–10, 23.
Cognitive Processing of Traumas: The Role of Intrusive Thoughts and Reappraisals1

Cognitive processing theories of post-traumatic adaptation (Horowitz, 1986a; Janoff-Bulman, 1992) propose that repeated comparisons of trauma content with preexisting cognitive schemas result in trauma reappraisal or schematic revision. Thus, intrusive ruminations should facilitate cognitive integration and resolution of past traumas. However, research has shown that some survivors become stuck in endless, repetitive rumination cycles. This raises the issue of how to differentiate ruminations that promote cognitive integration from those that merely prolong or exacerbate psychological distress. Identifying substantive dimensions for categorizing cognitions about past traumas could enhance prediction of their effects on adjustment and inform clinical treatment interventions. This paper seeks to: (a) Assess the current state of theoretical knowledge concerning cognitive adaptation to trauma, (b) integrate theoretical postulates with empirical research findings, (c) define gaps or inconsistencies in our understanding of the cognitive adaptation process, and (d) identify foci for future theory and research.
Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework

Abstract Compact, mixed-use, and walk-friendly urban development, many contend, can significantly influence the modes people choose to travel. Despite a voluminous empirical literature, most past studies have failed to adequately specify relationships for purposes of drawing inferences about the importance of built-environment factors in shaping mode choice. This paper frames the study of mode choice in Montgomery County, Maryland around a normative model that weighs the influences of not only three core dimensions of built environments – density, diversity, and design – but factors related to generalized cost and socio-economic attributes of travelers as well. The marginal contributions of built-environment factors to a traditionally specified utility-based model of mode choice are measured. The analysis reveals intensities and mixtures of land use significantly influence decisions to drive-alone, share a ride, or patronize transit, while the influences of urban design tend to be more modest. Elasticities that summarize relationships are also presented, and recommendations are offered on how outputs from conventional mode-choice models might be “post-processed” to better account for the impacts of built environments when testing land-use scenarios.
The interaction of plasma filaments in DBDS with wounded skin

Summary form only given. Atmospheric pressure air plasmas in direct contact with living tissue has been shown to have therapeutic effects in speeding the recovery of ulcerated skin and wounds. When dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are used for wound healing, the plasma device typically contains the powered electrode while the tissue is the counter electrode. The mechanism for wound healing is likely the production of beneficial radicals but may also involve large electric fields applied to or produced in the tissue, and fluxes of energetic species (VUV, ions) onto the tissue.In this talk, the interaction of DBD plasma filaments in air with wounded skin tissue will be discussed with results from a 2-d plasma hydrodynamics model. The computational domain includes both the air and the human tissue. In the gas phase, Poisson's equation, transport equations for charged and neutral species and radiation transport are addressed. In the tissue, the electric potential and charge transport are solved for. The cellular structure of the skin in the first few mm of the tissue is incorporated into the computational mesh with local permittivities and conductivities to represent the electrical properties of the intraand inter-cell structures. The wounded skin was represented by cuts into the cellular structure which are then filled with a fluid representing blood-serum. Results will be discussed for the properties of the plasma filaments and their interaction with the wounded skin. The production of radicals in the vicinity of and inside the wound, and the production of electric fields on and inside the wounded tissue will be discussed. The diffusion of plasma produced radicals and ions into the wound-filling fluid will be described.
On the Uncertainty of Archive Hydrographic Data Sets

As the international hydrographic community continues to address the question of irreducible uncertainty in modern surveys, a similar question must be asked of archived vertical beam echosounder (VBES) and leadline data sets. The Office of Naval Research funded STRATAFORM project surveyed an area of the New Jersey shelf around 39deg12' N 72deg50' W using an EM1000 multibeam echosounder (MBES). This area is also covered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration surveys from 1936 to 1938 (from early visual indicating fathometers) and 1975-1976 (VBES). The analysis shows that the earlier data are biased in deeper water, most probably because of "hydrographic rounding" or instrument limitations, and may be unrecoverable, but that the VBES data appear approximately unbiased. Estimates of uncertainty for a surface model generated from the archive data are constructed, taking into account measurement, interpolation, and hydrographic uncertainty (addressing the problems of unobserved areas and surface reconstruction stability). Comparison of predicted depths against the MBES data shows that the VBES-derived surface is consistent given the quoted uncertainty and that the uncertainty corresponds with appropriate hydrographic survey standards. However, spatial aliasing of the VBES surface is observed, which may be the limiting factor in the applicability of this data
Alteration of collagen-dependent adhesion, motility, and morphogenesis by the expression of antisense alpha 2 integrin mRNA in mammary cells

Although integrins are known to mediate adhesive binding of cells to the extracellular matrix, their role in mediating cellular growth, morphology, and differentiation is less clear. To determine more directly the role of the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, a collagen and laminin receptor, in mediating the collagen-dependent differentiation of mammary cells, we reduced expression of the integrin by the well differentiated human breast carcinoma cell line, T47D, by stably expressing alpha 2 integrin antisense mRNA. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the antisense-expressing clones had levels of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin on their surfaces that were decreased by 30-70%. Adhesion of antisense-expressing clones to both collagens I and IV was decreased relative to controls in a manner that correlated with the level of cell surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin expression. Adhesion to fibronectin and laminin were not affected. Motility across collagen-coated filters in haptotaxis assays was increased for only those clones that exhibited intermediate levels of adhesion to collagen, suggesting that an intermediate density of cell-surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin optimally supports cell motility. When cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels, T47D cells organized in a manner suggestive of a glandular epithelium. In contrast, antisense-expressing clones with decreased alpha 2 beta 1 integrin were not able to organize in three-dimensional collagen gels. The growth rate of T47D cells was reduced when the cells were cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels. Unlike adhesion, motility, and morphogenesis, growth rates were unaffected by reduction of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin expression. Our results suggest that adhesive interactions mediated by a critical level of surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin expression are key determinants of the collagen-dependent morphogenetic capacity of mammary epithelial cells.
Performance Measure-Based Band Group Selection for Agricultural Multispectral Sensor Design

Hyperspectral sensors are unfortunately plagued by relative high financial cost and they require large amounts of storage and computation. Too often, these factors limit their applicability in precision agriculture and in particular application requiring real-time signal processing. On the other hand, multispectral sensors are less expensive and require far less computational resources. If the task of the sensor or its platform is well known ahead of time, then it can be beneficial to design a multispectral sensor to accomplish the task as long as the performance is not degraded. In this article, we explore the design of a task specific multispectral sensor based on a new band grouping technique. Band grouping algorithms typically rely on a proximity measure to determine how similar (or dissimilar) the information contained in hyperspectral bands are to each other. Similar bands are then grouped. However, the proximity measure typically does not take into account the interactions of different band groups or how band groups will be used. The theory put forth in this article is unique because it makes global decisions for band groups by utilizing a performance measure to gauge the effectiveness of random partitionings at some given task, such as classification or anomaly detection. The band groups that are most correlated with good performance are then selected. Our technique is compared to the uniform partitioning technique using the Pecan1 data set. The results show that the overall accuracy is better with our technique when the same number of band groups are selected.
Evaluating Alternate Post-Mining Land-Uses: A Review

The ultimate objective of post-mine land-use and reclamation planning is to identify appropriate alternate land uses to which mined land could be put. This will ensure that land-use and morphology of the location will be capable of supporting either the prior land-use or pre-mining environment. The main challenge is usually, the choice of variables that must be considered in deciding a particular post-mining land-use. Literature reviews were conducted to identify the major factors needed to be considered in the selection of a post-mining land-use. This paper also looks at the most commonly practiced and accepted post-mining land-use techniques. Factors identified as important in the selection process include land resources (e.g. physical, biological and cultural characteristics), ownership, type of mining activity, legal requirements, location, needs of the community, economic, environmental, technical and social factors. In a broad categorization, all post-mining land-uses could be placed under one of the following land-use: agriculture, forestry, lake or pool, intensive recreational land-use, non-intensive recreational land-use, conservation and pit backfilling. However, the objective of any particular post-mining land use should be achieving economic and sustainable outcomes which meet human wants and needs, and protect life and the environment.
Updates on the Promising Anticancer Activity of CDF, a Synthetic Curcumin Analogue

In the last few decades we have witnessed an increased interest in nutraceuticals research for their putative use as anticancer therapeutics. A major drawback of nutraceuticals is their poor bioavailability. A few years back we synthesized a difluorinated analogue of curcumin, named CDF, which showed promise during our initial studies by being more bioavailable. This prompted us to investigate the anticancer mechanism(s) of this promising compound in detail, with the ultimate goal of taking this compound to the clinical setting. In this expert opinion, we provide a succinct overview of all the biological effects of CDF that we have discovered in the last few years. These include the ability of CDF to regulate epigenetic factors, miRNAs, and the cancer stem cell markers. Development and characterization of CDF is a good example of how natural chemical structures can be modified for better efficacy and activity against cancer cells, although such agents require further development for clinical studies.
Building foundations for numeracy: A qualitative analysis of the basic concept knowledge demonstrated by young deaf children:

The qualitative study described in this article examines the knowledge of basic concepts demonstrated by six young deaf children* with high/low levels of mathematical ability as measured by performance on a formal (i.e. Bracken Basic Concept Scale) and informal (i.e. classification/sorting task) assessment. Findings indicate that children with lower mathematics ability, as measured by the Test of Early Mathematics Ability (TEMA-3), also demonstrated limited understanding of basic concepts and weaker thinking skills as evidenced by a lack of ability to categorise or classify at a level comparable to their more mathematically able peers. Such performance suggests that a foundation in basic concept knowledge and thinking skills may be critical to the development of early numeracy skills.
Risk and Foreign Policy Choice

Social scientists have long been aware of the need to improve our ability to predict the effect of divergent preference orderings on policy choices made by coalitions. More recently scholars have demonstrated the crucial role of differing assumptions about risk-taking preferences for predicting foreign policy choice. In this paper a theoretical approach for analyzing collective choice in the presence of risk and conflicting preferences is presented and then applied to a series of policy choices in Britain, France, and Germany in two historical periods: one, the three decades before World War I; the other, the decades after World War II. Although the specific cases examined all involve foreign and defense policy options that were embroiled in domestic disputes over extraction, the assumptions and hypotheses presented are designed to be applicable to collective decisionmaking in a wide variety of substantive areas. Indeed, they appear to provide a theoretically grounded interpretation for some characteristic patterns of policy choice that have long intrigued students of comparative foreign policy.
On controlling an autothermal fixed-bed reactor at an unstable state—III: Model reduction and control strategies which avoid sstate estimation

Abstract A simplified approach for the control of fixed-bed reactors is discussed. Key elements include: (i) careful modeling of the reactor to obtain a lumped approximation with good internal structure (i.e. appropriate coupling between inputs and state variables through the different response modes); (ii) a major reduction in model size to an accurate, low-order form; (iii) derivation of a control algorithm for the low-order model; and (iv) direct application to the full-order system without the use of state estimation. The success of this approach is rooted in the choice of modeling techniques and of a model reduction procedure. The powerful new reduction method of Litz is evaluated here. Applications of the technique to a simulated unstable autothermal reactor are demonstrated for the case of modal control with incomplete state feedback. Results point to a high probability of success in subsequent experimental tests.
Aortoduodenal fistula: complication of renal artery bypass graft.

A case of an aortoduodenal fistula manifested by intermittent gastrointestinal bleeding over a 2-month period is presented as a complication of renal artery bypass graft surgery. The clinical features of aortointestinal fistula complicating aortic reconstructive surgery are reviewed. It is likely that any arterial graft surgery in proximity to the gastrointestinal tract may be complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding from fistula formation.