cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
cAMP Increases Density of ENaC Subunits in the Apical Membrane of MDCK Cells in Direct Proportion to Amiloride-sensitive Na+ Transport

Antidiuretic hormone and/or cAMP increase Na(+) transport in the rat renal collecting duct and similar epithelia, including Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers grown in culture. This study was undertaken to determine if that increment in Na(+) transport could be explained quantitatively by an increased density of ENaC Na(+) channels in the apical membrane. MDCK cells with no endogenous ENaC expression were retrovirally transfected with rat alpha-, beta-, and gammaENaC subunits, each of which were labeled with the FLAG epitope in their extracellular loop as described previously (Firsov, D., L. Schild, I. Gautschi, A.-M. Merillat, E. Schneeberger, and B.C. Rossier. 1996. PROC: Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:15370-15375). The density of ENaC subunits was quantified by specific binding of (125)I-labeled anti-FLAG antibody (M2) to the apical membrane, which was found to be a saturable function of M2 concentration with half-maximal binding at 4-8 nM. Transepithelial Na(+) transport was measured as the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (AS-I(sc)) across MDCK cells grown on permeable supports. Specific M2 binding was positively correlated with AS-I(sc) measured in the same experiments. Stimulation with cAMP (20 microM 8-p-chlorothio-cAMP plus 200 microM IBMX) significantly increased AS-I(sc) from 11.2 +/- 1.3 to 18.1 +/- 1.3 microA/cm(2). M2 binding (at 1.7 nM M2) increased in direct proportion to AS-I(sc) from 0.62 +/- 0.13 to 1.16 +/- 0.18 fmol/cm(2). Based on the concentration dependence of M2 binding, the quantity of Na(+) channels per unit of AS-I(sc) was calculated to be the same in the presence and absence of cAMP, 0.23 +/- 0.04 and 0.21 +/-0.05 fmol/microA, respectively. These values would be consistent with a single channel conductance of approximately 5 pS (typically reported for ENaC channels) only if the open probability is <0.02, i.e., less than one-tenth of the typical value. We interpret the proportional increases in binding and AS-I(sc) to indicate that the increased density of ENaC subunits in the apical membrane can account completely for the I(sc) increase produced by cAMP.
College men's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about testicular cancer.

There is a paucity of information about what college-age men know about testicular cancer, making targeted educational programs difficult. The most common age group affected by testicular cancer is 15- to 40-yearolds. Therefore, educating young men, including the college population, becomes paramount. Six focus groups were conducted with men between the ages of 18 and 23 years (N = 31) at a large public university in the Northeast. Major topics included risk factors for testicular cancer, screening and diagnosis, treatments, psychological effects, and beliefs about prevention and cure. Focus groups revealed college students have poor knowledge and even less understanding of testicular cancer. Students were interested in learning about testicular cancer and other health topics affecting college men, such as healthy diet and exercise and common infectious diseases on college campuses. Simple means to educate college men included courses or assignments that focused on health issues, brief factual information...
Self-organizing redundancy-cellular architecture for wireless sensor networks

We propose self-organizing redundancy-cellular architecture (SoRCA) - a cell-based architecture for wireless sensor networks (WSN). SoRCA conserves energy by significantly reducing redundant data admitted to the network. It is scalable, robust and guarantees coverage. At a cost of extra energy, it can supply adjustable resolution. SoRCA also significantly simplifies the network models and may serve as a framework for mathematical analysis and simulation of WSNs. A formula for network lifetime is derived for location-based SoRCA and is verified by simulations. In addition, a scheme for extending network lifetime is proposed. We also evaluate various partitions from practical perspectives and show that hexagonal partitions are best for the class of cell-based WSNs.
Leader reactions to follower proactive behavior: Giving credit when credit is due

In the present study, we rely upon an integration of proactive motivation and performance theories to investigate a neglected research question – when is proactive behavior likely to be rewarded or punished? Based upon a self-determination theory perspective of proactive motivation, we hypothesize that leader feelings of responsibility for constructive change moderate the relationship between follower proactive behavior and performance evaluation. The results of a time-lagged study support this hypothesis, indicating that follower taking charge behavior is rewarded with higher performance evaluations only when leaders feel responsible for constructive change. Following the discussion of findings, we discuss practical implications, potential limitations of the present study and directions for future research.
Who Fails the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT)? Personality, Neuropsychological, and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Findings in Healthy Young Controls

The Iowa gambling task (IGT) was designed to assess clinically relevant decision-making impairment, yet some studies find high rates of failure in otherwise healthy control groups. The current study examined variables potentially related to IGT failure, including negative affect, intellect, personality, and executive functioning, in a well-screened sample of healthy young adults. In addition, cerebral oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) was assessed. Results indicated that those who failed the IGT had lower estimated intellect, made more commission errors on the 2-back task, and showed less bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex oxygenation, relative to those who passed. Overall findings are consistent with prior literature suggesting that frontal lobe functioning is related to successful IGT performance and that executive functioning and working memory skills are important components of IGT performance, even in those without clinical disorders or evidence of "real world" dysfunction.
Cellular microtubules heterogeneous in their content of microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4)

Previous immunolocalization studies using many primate cultured cell lines demonstrated that a microtubule-associated protein of M(r) approximately 210,000 which is now called MAP4, is present along the length of microtubules in interphase and mitotic cells [Bulinski and Borisy (1980) J. Cell Biol. 87:802-808; DeBrabander et al. (1981) J. Cell Biol. 91:438-455]. Since MAP4 has been implicated as a microtubule stabilizer, we asked whether all classes of microtubules possess an equal complement of MAP4. We have reexamined the cellular distribution of MAP4, using both conventional double-label immunofluorescence and an antibody blocking technique [Schulze and Kirschner (1987) J. Cell Biol. 104:277-288] to highlight microtubules lacking, or depleted in, MAP4. These techniques have revealed that thin processes extending from monkey kidney cells (TC-7), and those made by human neuroblastoma cells (IMR-32) in response to retinoic acid, are often deficient in MAP4 immunoreactivity. Since both types of cellular processes contain stable microtubules, which are enriched in detyrosinated (Glu) tubulin, we tested the ability of MAP4 to bind to microtubules made from pure Glu and pure tyrosinated (Tyr) tubulin in vitro. MAP4 bound to both types of microtubules, and the similar saturation level of MAP4 binding to Glu and Tyr microtubules suggested that differential binding to these forms of tubulin does not contribute directly to a mechanism for segregation of MAP4 on microtubules in vivo. In TC-7 cells, we also observed MAP4-depletion on single microtubules, distal regions of broad cytoplasmic extensions, and midbodies of dividing cells. MAP4 depletion may reflect recent, rapid growth of microtubules to which MAP4 has not yet bound, or the presence of other MAPs that may compete with MAP4 for binding sites on the MT. We suggest that different levels of MAP4 on microtubules may directly modulate microtubule dynamics within single cells, as well as other microtubule functions such as those involving microtubule motor activity.
The generality of architectural isomerism in designer inclusion frameworks.

We describe herein new structural isomers of a lamellar host system based on organodisulfonate “pillars” that connect opposing hydrogen-bonded sheets, consisting of topologically complementary guanidinium (G) ions and sulfonate (S) groups, to generate inclusion cavities between the sheets. These new isomerszigzag brick, double brick, V-brick, and crisscross bilayerexpand significantly on our earlier report of architectural isomerism displayed by the discrete bilayer and simple brick forms. We demonstrate here that the discrete bilayer−simple brick isomerism, which was limited to several host−guest combinations based on the G2(4,4‘-biphenyldisulfonate) host and one pair of compounds based on the G2(2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate), can be generalized to other organodisulfonate pillars. Furthermore, in many cases the selectivity toward the different framework isomers reflects a rather systematic templating role of the guest molecules and host−guest recognition during assembly of the lattice. We also describe a c...
Further Geometric and Analytic Theory

The theory of the Bergman kernel gives rise to many important geometric invariants. Among these are the not-very-well-known Bergman representative coordinates. This is a local coordinate system in which a biholomorphic mapping is realized as a linear mapping. Such a result, while initially quite startling, is in fact completely analogous to the result in the Riemannian geometry regarding geodesic normal coordinates. But geodesic normal coordinates are almost never holomorphic—unless the Kahler metric is flat.
Embracing Diversity Through a Multicultural Approach to Legal Education

Globalization of the practice of law requires legal professionals all over the world to work together. Legal practitioners, as well as judges, can no longer isolate themselves from working with lawyers from other nations and legal cultures. The task is then to understand and then meld these legal cultures. In order to do so, it is important to introduce and teach culture in the law school classroom.
Initial study of potential surface water quality impacts of horizontal drilling in the Marcellus shale

ABSTRACTThis research assessed impacts of drilling for gas in the Marcellus shale by monitoring water quality. Both a stream with an active drilling operation and a reference stream were monitored. Differences at the active reach were detected in turbidity, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, Sr, Ca, Cl, Na, Mg, alkalinity, and SO4. Differences were largely attributed to an expanded roadway, and the ranges of most measured parameters were within range of water quality criteria for West Virginia.
Unexpected Steatotic Liver Lesions

Gastroenterology 2016;151:32–33 Question: A 22year-old woman with no past medical history was investigated for hypoglycemia episodes. A nodule located in the head of the pancreas was identified, with radiologic features of a neuroendocrine neoplasm. The overall clinical presentation was consistent with an insulinoma. No distant lesionwas detected. She underwent a Whipple’s procedure, and the histopathological examination reported a 2.2-cm, welldifferentiated neuroendocrine tumor (insulinoma) G2 (4% Ki-67 index), with no lymphovascular invasion or lymph nodes metastasis (0 of 30 lymph nodes). Six months later, the patient was asymptomatic, and a follow-up (CT) scan, completed by magnetic resonance imaging and dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography–CT, revealed multiple bilobar steatotic liver areas, but no sign of metastasis (Figure A, B). No hypermetabolic activity was identified by positron emission tomography. A CT-guided biopsy of 1 lesion showed steatotic hepatocytes with a loss of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and no evidence for neuroendocrine tumor metastasis (Figure C [stain: hematoxylin and eosin] and D [L-FABP immunostaining]). What is the diagnosis? Look on page 33 for the answer and see the Gastroenterology website (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and images in GI.
The meaning of physical education and sport among elite athletes with visual impairments

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the meaning that elite athletes with visual impairments ascribed to their school-based physical education (PE) and sport experiences. A convenience sample of four elite male goalball athletes with visual impairment voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews and reflective field notes, and an interpretive phenomenological analysis was conducted for theme development. Member checking, peer debriefing, and communicative validity were utilized to ensure trustworthiness. Even though the participants’ experiences varied due to their personal and contextual characteristics, four interrelated themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) PE teachers are central to PE experiences; (b) internalized exclusion; (c) athletic identity struggle; and (d) extracurricular opportunity. These themes are discussed in relation to the existing literature. Implications with regard to the education of PE teachers an...
Current treatment of embolic disease.

Pulmonary embolism is a serious complication of a variety of medical conditions and surgical procedures. Patients who are over 40 years of age and who are undergoing emergency or elective procedures, including lipoplasty, are at high risk of significant morbidity and mortality from pulmonary embolism. The symptoms, diagnosis, and management of deep venous thrombosis and fat emboli syndrome are presented.
Cut-off values of anthropometric indices to determine insulin resistance in Pakistani adults.

OBJECTIVE To determine the cut-off values of anthropometric indices to indicate insulin resistance and correlation of these indices with insulin resistance in Pakistani adults. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Hospital and Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from June 2010 to November 2011. The study measured 209 adults for body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and conicity index. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses were done to determine the predictive values of these anthropometric measures and their cut-off values for insulin resistance by triglyceride/high density lipoprotein ratio. RESULTS Overall mean age was 51.5 +/- 1.16 years (range: 28-73) and there were 136 (65%) males and 73 (35%) females. Body mass index had the maximum predictive value for insulin resistance followed by waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in males (p < 0.0001), sensitivity and specificity being 68% and 62% respectively with cut-off value of 25.04 kg/m2. ROC curve analyses showed the maximum predictive value of conicity index for insulin resistance followed by waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in females (p < 0.08), sensitivity and specificity being 65% and 50% respectively with cut-off value of 1.39. CONCLUSION In Pakistani male adults, BMI is the best indicator of insulin resistance, while in female adults, conicity index is the best indicator.This is the first study in Pakistan reporting predictive values of anthropometric indices as a non-invasive method in determining insulin resistance.
Public perceptions of water shortages, conservation behaviors, and support for water reuse in the U.S.

Abstract Reclaimed water programs treat wastewater to remove hazardous compounds, pathogens, and organic matter and provide reclaimed water for non-potable applications. Reusing water may significantly reduce demands on freshwater resources and provide sustainable water management strategies. Though production of reclaimed water is highly regulated, public acceptability has historically hindered the implementation of successful reclaimed water systems. The public generally opposes the use of reclaimed water due to the “yuck factor”, which is the instinctive disgust associated with the idea of recycling sewage and the fear that exposure to reclaimed water is unsafe. This paper reports the results of an extensive survey that was conducted to evaluate the potential acceptability of reclaimed water use. A total of 2800 respondents across the U.S. participated in the survey. Results demonstrate that a small percentage of the population is concerned about water shortages, the majority of the population practices some level of water conservation, and a substantial percentage of the population supports the use of reclaimed water. Climate, demographic variables, and financial incentives were tested for influence on attitudes and behaviors regarding water, including awareness, conservation, and support for water reuse. Sex, age, last monthly water bill, and location (as EPA region) showed no significant effect on the acceptance of water reuse, while ethnicity, education level, metro/non metro, and income showed significant effects. Drought conditions do not have a statistically significant effect on the number of reclaimed water supporters, but increase the number of respondents who are water concerned, the number of respondents who are the most active water conservers, and the number of respondents who limit their use of water for lawn and garden watering. Financial incentives influence the willingness of respondents to participate in water reuse programs, and a decrease in the monthly water bills increased the likelihood that respondents would participate in a reclaimed water program. Support for the use of reclaimed water for various applications ranked positively, on average, except for the application of water reuse for food crop irrigation and use of reclaimed water at respondents’ own residences. Results and conclusions of the survey can provide insight for implementing successful reclaimed water programs.
Real-time combustion state identification via image processing: A dynamic data-driven approach

This paper proposes a framework for analyzing video of physical processes as a paradigm of dynamic data-driven application systems (DDDAS). The algorithms were tested on a combustion system under fuel lean and ultra-lean conditions. The main challenge here is to develop feature extraction and information compression algorithms with low computational complexity such that they can be applied to real-time analysis of video captured by a high-speed camera. In the proposed method, image frames of the video is compressed into a sequence of image features. Then, these image features are mapped to a sequence of symbols by partitioning of the feature space. Finally, a special class of probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA), called D-Markov machines, are constructed from the symbol strings to extract pertinent features representing the embedded dynamic characteristics of the physical process. This paper compares the performance and efficiency of three image feature extraction algorithms: Histogram of Oriented Gradients, Gabor Wavelets, and Fractal Dimension. The k-means clustering algorithm has been used for feature space partitioning. The proposed algorithm has been validated on experimental data in a laboratory environment combustor with a single fuel-injector.
From Microscopes to Virtual Reality Ã¢ÂÂ How Our Teaching of Histology is Changing

For a long time, histology has been a well-established, fundamental part of many biomedical curricula. As it provides a bridge from the macroscopic field of gross anatomy to the molecular sciences such as biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology, histology constitutes a central link between the visible and the submicroscopic dimension. In addition, by contrasting normal tissue structures and functions with changes seen under disease conditions it serves as a gateway to pathology. Histology as a scientific field and as an educational subject has always relied on technology, initially the introductions of reliable, high-quality light microscopes about 150 years ago. This enabled students and researchers to analyze tissues and cell structures at an increasingly smaller scale.
Dysregulations in the PI3K pathway and targeted therapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

// Yi Cai 1 , Sonam Dodhia 1 and Gloria H. Su 1,2,3 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 2 Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 3 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Correspondence to: Gloria H. Su, email: // Keywords : PI3K signaling, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, PIK3CA mutation, PI3K inhibitor, personalized medicine Received : October 15, 2016 Accepted : January 09, 2017 Published : January 18, 2017 Abstract The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is the most commonly mutated pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). There are several drugs targeting members of the PI3K signaling pathway in development for HNSCC. In this article, we review the genetic alterations reported in the pathway pertinent to HNSCC, various agents in development targeting various mediators of the pathway, results from clinical trials, and remaining challenges in the development of PI3K pathway inhibitors.
The President on the Rialto

The paper reviews the history of President Donald Trump's interactions with Broadway theater.
Structural and Chemical Analysis of Nanoscale Resistive Switching Devices: Assessment on Nonlinear Properties

Investigation into the phenomenon of resistive switching, a reversible change in electrical resistance by the application of a voltage bias, has given rise to the device fabrication, DC electrical testing, and cross sectional TEM/EELS characterization of nanoscale resistive switching devices. Typically, resistive switching devices are composed of a thin oxide layer between two conductive electrodes where applied bias can alter the resistance states. In a cross-bar array, nonlinearity of device I-V relation is a highly desirable characteristic that helps to mitigate the sneak path current leakage issue. Negative differential resistance (NDR) switching behavior offers such nonlinearity and has been observed in TaOx nanoscale devices utilizing certain electrode materials. To investigate this phenomenon, nanodevices were fabricated by sputtering TaOx onto TiN nanovias capped Nb electrodes. Cross sectional TEM/EELS were performed to reveal the physical and chemical changes in these devices to explore possible origins of nonlinear behavior when these top electrode materials are utilized with TaOx films.
Movement Matters: Effects of Motion and Mimicry on Perception of Similarity and Closeness in Robot-Mediated Communication

In face-to-face interaction, moving with and mimicking the body movements of communication partners has been widely demonstrated to affect interpersonal processes, including feel- ings of affiliation and closeness. In this paper, we examine effects of movement and mimicry in robot-mediated communication. Participants were instructed to get to know their partner, a confederate, who interacted with them via a telepresence robot. The robot either (a) mimicked the participant's body orientation (mimicry condition), (b) mimicked pre-recorded movements of another participant (random movement condition), or (c) did not move during the interaction (static condition). Results showed that mimicry and random movement had similar effects on participants' perceptions of similarity and closeness to their partners and that these effects depend on the participant's gender and level of self-monitoring. The findings suggest that the social movements of a telepresence robot affect interpersonal processes and that these effects are shaped by individual differences.
From the Beginning: Creating a Diversity and Multicultural Education Course at Jacksonville State University:

In the fall of 2015, a new secondary education class, Diversity and Multicultural Education, was introduced at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville, Alabama, USA. Although many multicultural theorists emphasize the importance of students taking diversity/multicultural education courses in college, there is no real model for creating such a class. This article creates a framework for how to conceptualize and teach a diversity and multicultural education course at the university level. It discusses the creation of the class through a critical pedagogy framework, the units which comprise the course, and the connection to current events. The article also includes student reflections about personal growth due to taking the new course, as well as personal reflections from the author.
Text Mining of the Electronic Health Record: An Information Extraction Approach for Automated Identification and Subphenotyping of HFpEF Patients for Clinical Trials

Precision medicine requires clinical trials that are able to efficiently enroll subtypes of patients in whom targeted therapies can be tested. To reduce the large amount of time spent screening, identifying, and recruiting patients with specific subtypes of heterogeneous clinical syndromes (such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF]), we need prescreening systems that are able to automate data extraction and decision-making tasks. However, a major obstacle is the vast amount of unstructured free-form text in medical records. Here we describe an information extraction-based approach that automatically converts unstructured text into structured data, which is cross-referenced against eligibility criteria using a rule-based system to determine which patients qualify for a major HFpEF clinical trial (PARAGON). We show that we can achieve a sensitivity and positive predictive value of 0.95 and 0.86, respectively. Our open-source algorithm could be used to efficiently identify and subphenotype patients with HFpEF and other disorders.
Indoor Air Pollution Attributed to Solid Fuel Use for Heating and Cooking and Cancer Risk

The indoor environment is an important determinant of health as humans typically spend 90% of their time indoors. Indoor air pollution attributed to solid fuel combustion products from heating and cooking is a major public health challenge mostly throughout the developing world. Solid fuel consists of coal and various forms of biomass, such as wood, crops, and dung. In general, the most frequently utilized domestic fuel in China is coal. As for Africa and India, biomass fuel sources are typically used. The use of these fuels in poor and no-ventilation situations is worrisome as the attributed smoke has been associated with a variety of cancers, the most notable being lung cancer. Indoor emissions from household combustion of coal have been classified as a human carcinogen, whereas biomass combustion emissions have been classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. Further research is needed to elucidate the potential modification of the coal use and lung cancer association by genetic variation and the varying carcinogenic potential of coal subtypes. Additional studies evaluating the association between cancer risk and wood use are also warranted.
An Examination of English and Welsh Constables’ Perceptions of the Seriousness and Frequency of Online Incidents

This study examines the perceptions of police constables and sergeants across England and Wales regarding the nature of cybercrimes, their frequency, and any time spent investigating these offences...
An MBSE conceptual design phase model for inter-satellite communication

Inter-Satellite Communication (ISC) is a relatively new and emerging technology for small satellite systems. The level of complexity associated with an inter-satellite communication system necessitates a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach towards the system design concept. Applying MBSE concepts in the early life-cycle phases of the ISC system development, will lead to a well-defined set of system requirements. In this direction, we present a model-based Concept of Operation (ConOps) for an ISC system using visible light communication (VLC). The ConOps model captures the scope definition process and the allocation of stakeholder requirements to stakeholder use cases. Also captured is the Operation Concept (OpsCon) and operational scenarios necessary for defining the system requirements.
Ultrafast Ionization and Fragmentation: From Small Molecules to Proteomic Analysis

Proteomic analysis offers great diagnostic relevance, because unlike DNA, different cells in an organism express different proteins. In fact, the cellular proteome can vary as a function of time or in response to stimuli. Beyond amino acid sequence, protein function depends on chemical modifications known as post-translational modifications (PTMs) that serve as “switches” and “signals” that activate or inhibit vital functions. Despite advances in mass spectrometry, which have led to the development of fully automated protein sequencing instruments, the mapping of PTMs remains a challenge. The interaction of intense near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses with isolated molecules or ions leads to the creation of radical-ion species through an ultrafast process known as tunnel ionization. The resulting unstable ions fragment according to predictable dissociation pathways. Progress analyzing and controlling the fundamental processes taking place during photoionization and fragmentation of small polyatomic molecules has led to the development of femtosecond laser-induced ionization/dissociation (fs-LID) for proteomic analysis. Fs-LID has been proven effective for the mapping of phosphorylation sites as well as other PTMs along the peptide backbone. The fundamental steps involved in fs-LID, which permits cleavage of strong bonds while leaving chemically labile bonds intact, are discussed. Numerous examples are given to illustrate this exciting new ion activation method, and potential applications are identified.
A Look Backwards at Environmental Risk Assessment: An Approach to Reconstructing Ecological Exposures

The primary goal for environmental protection is to eliminate or minimize the exposure of humans and ecosystems to potential contaminants. With the number of environmental contaminants increasing annually, more than 2,000 new chemicals are manufactured or imported each year for use in the USA, understanding the sources of contaminants, the movement of contaminants through environmental media, and the contact of contaminants with humans and ecosystems is critical to advancing environmental protection in the USA. A shift in emphasis from detection of chemical exposure to reconstruction of exposure scenarios will enhance the ability to assess the effectiveness of current environmental regulations and to improve environmental risk assessment for both humans and ecosystems. Exposure reconstruction is a concept that can guide this shift in research focus. Exposure reconstruction, as defined in this chapter, is the characterization of exposures, environmental concentrations, and/or sources from internal biological measurements that are used to inform environmental decision-making (Fig. 1).
Code Manipulation: Architecture In-Between Universal and Specific Urban Space

Experiences from both academia and practice demonstrate that the legal instruments that comprise the primary tool for carrying out city planning in the U.S. have grown increasingly complex and abstract. Processing the universal rather than the specific aspects of urbanism, these zoning codes have a limited capacity to adapt to local significance and site-specific characteristics, to which architecture is much more responsive, and thus often constrain design innovation. Although various attempts have been made to improve the interconnection between the universal and the specific, we need a wider array of analytic frameworks within the discipline of architecture for evaluating the broader implications of the codes that regulate the form and use of buildings within the context of contemporary city planning. Taking architecture as an intermediary instrument, this study develops the notion of code manipulation as an analytical framework to be used for stimulating and evaluating designs beyond the constraints of code.Investigation of three housing projects, and the urban contexts from which they arise, expands our understanding of how the manipulation of zoning codes can be used as a generative material for the design of architecture, as well as how this procedure can both advance the production of disciplinary knowledge, and catalyse urban transformation. A loft conversion in Greenwich Village (1967-1970); an accessory dwelling unit in Venice, California (2006-2009); and a real estate development along the High Line in New York City (2005-2011) represent diverse attempts to employ code manipulation to mediate between the universal and the specific aspects of urbanism, while, at the same time, informing the making of cities through innovative design. Comparative analysis reveals how architects can explore solutions in opposition to zoning provision, and how code manipulation can serve to inform policy makers about lucrative potentials and tendencies being repressed by their own rules. Demonstrating a range of outcomes strengthens the argument that conventional zoning controls hamper architectural responses to the shifting premises of urban life. Seeking to reinforce architecture's role in the making of cities, this research explicates the potentials of code manipulation to establish new interconnections between universal and specific urban space. (Less)
HAT1 drives a gene-metabolite circuit that links nutrient metabolism to histone production

Summary The energetic costs of duplicating chromatin along with DNA replication are large and therefore likely depend on nutrient sensing checkpoints and metabolic inputs. By studying chromatin modifiers regulated by epithelial growth factor, we identify histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) as an induced gene that enhances cell proliferation by coordinating histone production with glucose metabolism. In addition to its canonical role as a cytoplasmic free histone H4 acetyltransferase, a HAT1-containing complex binds specifically at promoters of H4 genes. HAT1 stimulated acetate delivery and consumption at H4 promoters to drive S-phase H4 transcription. This required the presence of a histone H4-specific promoter element in the region of HAT1 chromatin binding. These data describe a feed-forward circuit whereby HAT1-dependent capture of acetyl-groups drives further H4 production to support growth-factor dependent proliferation. These findings also extend to human disease and animal models, as high HAT1 levels associate with poor outcomes across multiple cancer types.
Topological invariance of torsion sensitive intersection homology

Torsion sensitive intersection homology was introduced to unify several versions of Poincare duality for stratified spaces into a single theorem. This unified duality theorem holds with ground coefficients in an arbitrary PID and with no local cohomology conditions on the underlying space. In this paper we consider for torsion sensitive intersection homology analogues of another important property of classical intersection homology: topological invariance. In other words, we consider to what extent the defining sheaf complexes of the theory are independent (up to quasi-isomorphism) of choice of stratification. In addition to providing torsion sensitive versions of the existing invariance theorems for classical intersection homology, our techniques provide some new results even in the classical setting.
A conserved translation factor is required for optimal synthesis of a membrane protein family in mycobacteria

Abstract Ribosomes require the activity of associated GTPases to synthesize proteins. Despite strong evolutionary conservation, the roles of many of these remain unknown. For example, LepA (also known as elongation factor 4) is a ribosome-associated GTPase found in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, yet its physiological contribution to cell survival is not clear. Recently, we found that loss of lepA in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) altered tolerance to rifampin, a drug that targets a non-ribosomal cellular process. To uncover the determinants of LepA-mediated drug tolerance, we characterized the whole-cell proteomes and transcriptomes of a lepA deletion mutant relative to a wild-type strain. We find that LepA is important for the steady-state abundance of an outer membrane porin, which is integral to nutrient uptake and drug susceptibility. Loss of LepA leads to a decreased amount of porin in the membrane, resulting in the drug tolerance phenotype of the lepA mutant. LepA control requires a sequence motif in the 5’ region of the porin transcript. Thus, LepA controls the abundance of specific proteins, likely through its activity during translation. Importance Our understanding of how ribosomes properly synthesis an entire cellular proteome, in all its complexity, is still evolving. Ribosomal GTPases are often highly conserved, but the roles of many are not well understood. For example, elongation factor 4, or LepA, is a ribosome-associated GTPase conserved across bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Using whole-cell proteomics and RNA-sequencing of wild type and a lepA deletion mutant, we find that LepA improves translation of mycobacterial porins in a message-specific manner. As porins play a key role in cell wall permeability, loss of LepA produces a plethora of phenotypic changes. These findings underline the problem of building proteins into a complex cell wall, such as that of mycobacteria, and point to a solution in the use of GTPases such as LepA, that have evolved to aid in specific protein synthesis.
内植物的材料学(上)

介绍:用于矫形外科植入物的生物材料必须具有生物相容性,即在体内不引起局部或全身的不良反应.要有很好的抗侵蚀和抗化学降解性能,具有足够的机械强度以承载从骨骼传递来的较强的力;在关节置换中作为负重关节面的材料必须能够承受数千万次的循环使用;另外必须能在相对较低的成本下制造高质量的产品。
Asymptomatic transmission during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and implications for public health strategies

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread rapidly in a few months despite global public health strategies to curb transmission by testing symptomatic patients and social distancing. This review summarizes evidence that highlights transmission by asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals. Viral load of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases is comparable. Viral shedding is highest before symptom onset, suggesting high transmissibility before symptoms. Within universally tested subgroups, high percentages of SARS-CoV-2 infected asymptomatic individuals were found. Asymptomatic transmission was reported in several clusters, including a Wuhan study showing an alarming rate of intrahospital transmission. Several countries reported higher prevalence among healthcare workers than general population raising concern that healthcare workers could act as silent vectors. Therefore, current strategies that rely solely on "symptom onset" for infection identification need urgent reassessment. Extensive universal testing irrespective of symptoms may be considered, with priority placed on groups with high frequency exposure to positive patients.
Identification of Characters with Shared Representations: Decoding Musical and Literary Braille

This study investigated the degree to which code switching was operative in the performances of skilled and less skilled readers of musical and literary braille on two tasks that required the ident...
Fingerprinting SDN Policy Parameters: An Empirical Study

Research in Software Defined Networks (SDN) has gained momentum in recent years. SDNs are getting mature, however, there are still many research challenges that need to be considered before SDN become ubiquitous. The adaptation of the technology brings immediate focus to its security aspects. The centralized nature of the SDN makes it prone to many denial of service attacks, especially if the policy parameters of SDN are known to adversaries. In this work, we present techniques to perform fingerprinting of SDN including policy parameters such as hard and idle/soft timeouts, OpenFlow match-fields used by the SDN controller, controller reaction at table full event and information about the topology of the targeted network. An adversary can launch a carefully planned attack, especially on the SDN data plane, if these policy parameters are easily discoverable for a SDN domain. Assuming access to the SDN domain’s host and customized packet generation from the compromised host, we propose efficient techniques to discover these aforementioned policy parameters. The results of the proposed fingerprinting techniques are verified by using Mininet.
Assessing the Reliability of Handheld Dynamometry and Ultrasonography to Measure Quadriceps Strength and Muscle Thickness in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

Aims: Muscle strength testing is a core aspect in the pediatric physical and occupational therapy clinical examination and evaluation, and quadriceps muscle strength is associated with the ability ...
DEMYSTIFYING ONLINE INSTRUCTION IN LIBRARIES: PEOPLE, PROCESS, AND TOOLS.: Dominique Turnbow and Amanda Roth. ALA Editions, 2020, viii + 104 pp., $59.99, ISBN 978-0-8389-1937-8

During the month of March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced most academic libraries in the United States to close or severely limit face-to-face service. As instruction librarians retooled for rem...
The transseptal puncture experience: Safety insights from FDA MAUDE database.

Background There is a paucity of literature on safety and efficacy of various transseptal puncture (TSP) needles. Objectives To assess the reported mechanisms of failure, complications, and outcomes among the most frequently used transseptal needles in the United States. Methods We queried the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database between January 2011 and January 2021 for reports on the most commonly used transseptal needles: NRG (Baylis Medical, Montreal, Canada), and BRK (St. Jude, Saint Paul, MN)]. The primary outcome was the mechanism of failure. Secondary outcomes included clinical consequences of device failure. Results The final analysis included 306 reports of failure/complication with TSP needles (NRG n = 70, BRK n = 236). The most commonly reported mode of failure was detachment of the needle component (i.e., clip, hub, stopcock, shaft, spring, or needle tip) (14.7% overall; 17.8% BRK; and 4.3% NRG). Among these reports, cardiac perforation was the most common complication (69.9% overall; 69.1% for BRK; and 72.9% for NRG). Pericardiocentesis was the second most commonly reported complication (45.1% overall; 48.3% for BRK; and 34.3% for NRG). The procedure was successfully completed in 33.3% of all cases (36.4% for BRK and 22.9% for NRG), while surgical conversion was needed in (13.4% overall; 14% for BRK and 11.4% for NRG) of the reports. Death occurred in 3.9% of all cases overall (3.4% for BRK and 5.7% for NRG). Conclusions Needle detachment was the most common mode of failure, and cardiac perforation was the most common complication reported with TSP needles. Future efforts should focus on innovative TSP needle design, best practice guidelines, including role of imaging guidance, and increased TSP training.
Evidence of residual cognitive deficits in young adults with a concussion history from adolescence.

Abstract The present study investigated executive function and sustained attention of non-athlete, young adults (ages 18–23) with a history of concussion beyond ten months post incident. Cognitive functioning was examined in 24 non-athletic, college students with a concussion history (mean age 21 yrs.; mean time and range post-injury: 4 years, 10–90 months) and 24 non-athletic controls with no history (NH) of concussion. Computerized versions of two cognitive assessment techniques were utilized to examine executive functioning (Stroop) and sustained attention capacity (D2). Primary dependent variables were response time, error score, and sustained attention score. Relationships between dependent variables and concussion metrics were also analyzed. ANOVA’s revealed a significantly higher error rate in concussion history (CH) participants when performing the Stroop task (p 0.05). Nevertheless, there was a significant relationship between D2 error rate and time since concussion (p
Performance Portability in the Exascale Computing Project: Exploration Through a Panel Series

Performance portability is a critical issue for the Exascale Computing Project (ECP) because of nontrivial architectural differences between machines available today and those expected at exascale. Many ECP project teams are working toward performance portability, and would expect to benefit from sharing lessons learned, identifying gaps, and discovering opportunities for partnerships. To facilitate this communication, the IDEAS-ECP project partnered with the three focus areas of ECP (application development, software technology, and hardware and integration), and Department of Energy computing facilities, to lead a series of panel discussions on performance portability. The panels were organized around broadly common themes of algorithmic and data locality challenges. In this article, we describe the panel series, its objectives, and perspectives from the various areas of the project. We also discuss use cases that are distinctive, as well as conclusions drawn from the collective experience of the participants.
Examining physical activity and quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability

Adults with autism and co-occurring intellectual disability engage in low levels of physical activity and are at increased risk of developing secondary health conditions attributed to physical inactivity compared to adults in the general population. Few studies have examined the use of objective measures to characterize physical activity levels for adults with autism and intellectual disability. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity, using an activity tracker, and quality of life in adults with autism and intellectual disability. In the current study, 38 adults with autism and intellectual disability, ages 18-55, wore a Fitbit Flex 2® activity tracker for 1 week, and completed the Quality of Life Questionnaire. The relationship between average daily step count quality of life was examined. Most adults in the sample were overweight and taking fewer daily steps than recommended guidelines. Increased average daily step count was significantly associated with quality of life.
Choreographies and Choreographers

The Oxford English Dictionary offers two definitions for the word ‘choreography’: the first, a beguilingly simple assertion, informs us that choreography is ‘the art of dancing’; and the second, marked as an obsolete usage, refers to choreography as ‘the art of writing dances on paper.’ The first definition identifies all aspects of dance as choreographic, whether the process of teaching someone how to dance, the act of learning to dance, the event of performing a dance, or the labor of creating a dance. The second definition, used perhaps for the last time by Rudolf Laban in his Choreutics (1966), specifies choreographers as those who endeavor to notate through the use of abstract symbols the spatial and rhythmic properties of movement. Neither definition, it seems to me, conveys its current usage as the act of arranging patterns of movement. Within the last year, for example, the Los Angeles Times has utilized the term to describe troop movements in Iraq, the management of discussion at board meetings, the co-ordination of traffic lights for commuter flow, the motions of dog whisperer Cesar Millan, and the art of making a dance. This variety of usages suggests that choreography has come to refer to a plan or orchestration of bodies in motion. And in this refined definition, the plan is distinguished from its implementation and from the skills necessary for its execution.