cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image segmentation by data-driven Markov chain Monte Carlo

This paper presents a computational paradigm called Data-Driven Markov Chain Monte Carlo (DDMCMC) for image segmentation in the Bayesian statistical framework. The paper contributes to image segmentation in four aspects. First, it designs efficient and well-balanced Markov Chain dynamics to explore the complex solution space and, thus, achieves a nearly global optimal solution independent of initial segmentations. Second, it presents a mathematical principle and a K-adventurers algorithm for computing multiple distinct solutions from the Markov chain sequence and, thus, it incorporates intrinsic ambiguities in image segmentation. Third, it utilizes data-driven (bottom-up) techniques, such as clustering and edge detection, to compute importance proposal probabilities, which drive the Markov chain dynamics and achieve tremendous speedup in comparison to the traditional jump-diffusion methods. Fourth, the DDMCMC paradigm provides a unifying framework in which the role of many existing segmentation algorithms, such as, edge detection, clustering, region growing, split-merge, snake/balloon, and region competition, are revealed as either realizing Markov chain dynamics or computing importance proposal probabilities. Thus, the DDMCMC paradigm combines and generalizes these segmentation methods in a principled way. The DDMCMC paradigm adopts seven parametric and nonparametric image models for intensity and color at various regions. We test the DDMCMC paradigm extensively on both color and gray-level images and some results are reported in this paper.
SURPRISES IN THE GREENHOUSE

During the last glacial period, Earth's climate underwent frequent large and abrupt global changes. This behavior appears to reflect the ability of the ocean's thermohaline circulation to assume more than one mode of operation. The record in ancient sedimentary rocks suggests that similar abrupt changes plagued the Earth at other times. The trigger mechanism for these reorganizations may have been the antiphasing of polar insolation associated with orbital cycles. Were the ongoing increase in atmospheric CO2 levels to trigger another such reorganization, it would be bad news for a world striving to feed 11–16 billion people.
Circumesophageal Interneurons and Behavior in Crayfish

The intent of this chapter is to focus attention on the special role of circumesophageal interneurons (INs) in the mediation of behavior in crustaceans. In addition to summarizing our current knowledge of several classes of neural elements in these connectives, we will note the advantages and disadvantages of this segment for study. Finally, we will set forth a plan of further experimentation with the aim of gaining more direct information on the role of circumesophageal connective fibers (CECs) that underlie certain behaviors. We have selected for study not only behaviors which are reliably under environmental control but also those known to have putative underlying commands. The final step, which has not yet been completely achieved, is to obtain direct recording access to both the selected behavior and the neural activity and, by using several experimental methods, to correlate the two in an effort to define their causal relationships.
Electrophoresis of serum proteins in mixed agar gels

The literature on electrophoresis in gels is reviewed, and own experiments are reported. The electroendosmotic effect in the electrophoresis of proteins in agar gel is inhibited by the use of agar gels containing gelatinized starch. However, the effect cannot be eliminated completely. The most suitable starch concentration was found to be 2%. Nach einem Uberblick Uber die Literature der Elektrophorese in Gelen werden eigen Versuche beschrieben. Es wurde gefunden, das man die elekroendosmotischen Effekte bei der Elektrophorese von Proteinen in Agar-Gelen herabdrucken kann, wenn gemischte Gele, die auch Starke enthalten, benutzt werden. Vollstandig lassen sich die elektroosmotischen Effekte aber nicht vermeiden. Am besten eignete sich ein Gel mit 2 Prozent Starke.
Correlation of Organism Burden and Alveolar Macrophage Counts during Infection with Pneumocystis carinii and Recovery

Changes in the number of alveolar macrophages were correlated with organism burden during Pneumocystis carinii infection. The lungs of healthy, dexamethasone-treated, and dexamethasone-treated and P. carinii-infected rats were lavaged with phosphate-buffered saline. Counting of alveolar macrophages in the lavage fluids revealed that P. carinii infection caused a 58% decrease in the number of alveolar macrophages and that higher P. carinii organism burdens caused a more rapid decrease in alveolar macrophage number. As a control, healthy rats were challenged with the same number of organisms as that normally used to generate P. carinii infections in dexamethasone-treated rats. Thirteen days after challenge, these rats had a profound (54%) increase in alveolar macrophage number in response to the challenge, while the number of alveolar macrophages in immunosuppressed and P. carinii-infected rats had decreased significantly by this time point. These experiments created the first animal model to mimic human pneumocystis pneumonia in alveolar macrophage number alterations. Reduction of P. carinii organism numbers by treatment of rats with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole brought a slow rebound in alveolar macrophage number, while recovery from P. carinii infection by cessation of immunosuppression brought a rapid rebound in alveolar macrophage number. These results suggest that both the immune state of the host and P. carinii burden affect alveolar macrophage number.
Mississippians in motion? A population genetic analysis of interregional gene flow in West-Central Illinois.

Population genetic and biological distance studies of Late Woodland and Mississippian populations from west-central Illinois have provided insight into a number of prehistoric demographic processes at the regional level. However, a formal analysis of diachronic interregional gene flow has not been attempted within a population genetics framework. In this study, cranial measurements of 489 individuals from 13 skeletal samples across the central and lower Illinois valleys are analyzed to address two central issues. First, the potential impact of Cahokia's decline and associated demographic events on the population structure of west-central Illinois Mississippians is examined. Second, the Mississippian and Late Woodland interregional migration patterns are compared to determine if geographic and/or cultural boundaries affected local population structure. Following Relethford and Blangero ([1990] Hum Biol 62:5–25), R matrix methods are utilized to calculate observed and expected phenotypic variances, minimum genetic distances, and FST values in order to detect patterns of differential external gene flow over time. The results indicate that Late Woodland peoples had a larger sphere of biological interaction than Mississippians. In the Mississippian period, culturally imposed barriers paralleled geographic boundaries between regions such that the geographic distribution of biological variation closely adheres to a classic isolation-by-distance model. Further, intraregional population movement was a more significant contributor to Mississippian population structure than interregional gene flow, even during periods of sociopolitical strife. Small-scale intraregional shuffling is consistent with other recent studies of prehistoric Mississippian biocultural and geographic landscapes in the southeast United States. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:61–73, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
All-Atom Simulation and Continuum Elastic Theory of Gramicidin a in Binary Component Lipid Bilayers

The linear gramicidins are a group of peptides with alternating L and D chirality that fold into β-helices. The prototypical gramicidin is [Val1] gramicidin A (gA), which has been extensively studied using electrophysiology, spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. gA channels form by transmembrane dimerization and have been used to examine the interactions between membrane proteins and their host bilayer. This study focuses on gA channels in lipid bilayers composed of two phosphatidylcholines with different acyl chain lengths. The bilayers were formed from equimolar mixtures of DC16:1PC+DC24:1PC or DC18:1PC+DC22:1PC mixture, as well as pure DC20:1PC, all of which have the same average tail length. These gA-bilayer systems were simulated for 3.5 μs to explore the characteristics and energetics of lateral lipid redistribution around a protein. The simulations indicate: i) the overall bilayer thickness profile adjacent to the channel is similar in the three systems tested; ii) in the DC16:1PC+DC24:1PC mixture, the shorter DC16:1PC is enriched by nearly a factor of two in the first lipid shell around the channel; iii) thickness matching is dominant, even when the disparity between lengths is large; and iv) the acyl chains adopt non-native conformations in order to match achieve hydrophobic matching between the gA dimer and the bilayer core. In contrast to the results in the DC16:1PC+DC24:1PC mixture, enrichment in the DC18:1PC+DC22:1PC mixture is statistically insignificant. The preference for the better matching lipid (DC16:1PC) near the channel in the DC16:1PC+DC24:1PC mixture can be explained by a continuum model that accounts for the energetic penalty associated with compressing the longer lipid (DC24:1PC) to match the channel's hydrophobic length.
Unraveling Representative Bureaucracy A Systematic Analysis of the Literature

Scholars have provided great theoretical insight and empirical understanding to the concept of representative bureaucracy, documenting the changing makeup of the civil service and demonstrating the...
Forecasting Demand for Fashion Goods:A Hierarchical Bayesian Approach

A central feature of demand for products in the fashion apparel segment is a pronounced product life cycle—demand for a fashion product tends to rise and fall dramatically in accordance with the rate of public of adoption. Product demands that vary in such a manner can be difficult to forecast, especially in the critical early period of a product’s life, when observed demand can be a very unreliable yardstick of demand later on. This paper examines the applicability of a Bayesian forecasting model—based on one developed for use in the computer industry—to fashion products. To do so, we use an agent-based simulation to produce a collection of demand series consistent with commonly-accepted characteristics of fashion adoption. Using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to make predictions using the Bayesian model, we are able quantitatively to demonstrate its superior performance in this application.
Definitive Management of Failure After Pyeloplasty

Abstract Introduction: Failure after pyeloplasty is difficult to manage. We report our experience managing pyeloplasty failures. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the case log of a single surgeon, from August 1996 to August 2014, to identify all patients undergoing a surgical procedure after failed pyeloplasty. We excluded patients without follow-up exceeding 1 year from initial postpyeloplasty procedure. Failure was defined as a need for additional definitive intervention. Results: Of 247 laparoscopic pyeloplasties, 68 endopyelotomies and 305 simple laparoscopic nephrectomies reviewed, 41 were performed after previous pyeloplasty and had sufficient follow-up. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in nine patients. All three secondary laparoscopic pyeloplasties were successful. Of 29 secondary endopyelotomies, 10 (34%) were successful. Of the 19 failures after secondary endopyelotomy, 12 patients had tertiary pyeloplasty (5 laparoscopic and 7 open surgical), 5 (26%) underwent tertiary endopyelotomy, a...
20-HETE Activates the Transcription of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme via Nuclear Factor-κB Translocation and Promoter Binding

Increased vascular 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid metabolite, promotes vascular dysfunction, injury, and hypertension that is dependent, in part, on the renin angiotensin system (RAS). We have shown that, in human microvascular endothelial cells, 20-HETE increases angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA, protein, and ACE activity via an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/tyrosine kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK)β-mediated signaling pathway. In this work, we show that, similar to epidermal growth factor (EGF), 20-HETE (10 nM) activates EGFR by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation; however, unlike 20-HETE, EGF does not induce ACE expression, and pretreatment with a neutralizing antibody against EGF does not prevent the 20-HETE-mediated ACE induction. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation prevented the 4.58-fold (±0.78; P < 0.05) 20-HETE-mediated induction of ACE. The 20-HETE increased NF-κB-binding activity in nuclear extracts and the activity of both the somatic and germinal ACE promoters by 4.37-fold (±0.18; P < 0.05) and 2.53-fold (± 0.24; P < 0.05), respectively. The 20-HETE-stimulated ACE promoter activity was abrogated by the 20-HETE antagonist 20-hydroxy-6,15-eicosadienoic acid and by inhibitors of EGFR, MAPK, IKKβ, and NF-κB activation. Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of two and one putative NF-κB binding sites on the human somatic and germinal ACE promoters, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that 20-HETE stimulates the translocation and subsequent binding of NF-κB to each of the putative binding sites (S1, 3.43 ± 0.3-fold enrichment versus vehicle; S2, 3.72 ± 0.68-fold enrichment versus vehicle; S3, 3.20 ± 0.18-fold enrichment versus vehicle; P < 0.05). This is the first study to identify NF-κB as a transcriptional factor for ACE and to implicate a distinct EGFR/MAPK/IKK/NF-κB signaling cascade underlying 20-HETE-mediated transcriptional activation of ACE mRNA and stimulation of ACE activity.
Russell and Wittgenstein on identity

Many of the theses which are tersely propounded in the Tractatus1 can only be understood by regarding them as antitheses, i.e., as reactions against the theses of other philosophers. Often one can only guess the philosopher against whom Wittgenstein is arguing; just as often, however, he explicitly tells us. Thus his views on identity are partly, if not wholly, the result of his rejection of views which Russell held. That much is clear from 5.5302 (" Russell's definition of ' = ' is inadequate. .. ."). Little else is clear, though, and in an attempt to make it clear it is advisable to examine Russell's views first. Perhaps, then, the opacity of Wittgenstein's remarks on identity will vanish.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF THE GENUS PIRANGA: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOGEOGRAPHY AND THE EVOLUTION OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

Species in the genus Piranga vary in degree of sexual dimorphism, plumage coloration, morphology, song, migratory patterns, and geographic distribution. To study these aspects of Piranga biology in an evolutionary context, I constructed a phylogeny for this genus using cytochrome-b sequence data. Parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses of DNA data reveal three possible phylogenies for species in this genus. All three trees iden- tify a clade containing P rubriceps, P leucoptera, and R erythrocephala and a clade containing R rubra, P ludoviciana, R olivacea, R bidentata, and P flava. The trees differ in the placement of R roseogularis. Morphology, song, and plumage data did not agree with these phylogenies. Levels of sequence divergence and the phylogeny of haplotypes are consistent with the idea that P flava as currently described contains more than one evolutionary unit. Mapping the evolution of seasonal migration onto the DNA trees indicates that migration evolved once
Antibody Response in Man to Hong Kong Influenza Following 1967 Formula Influenza Vaccine in Adjuvant 65

SummaryThe development of adjuvant 65 has added a new dimension to the prospects for the control of influenza by vaccine. Previous studies with the adjuvant revealed heightened antibody response of...
Kinetic Study of Trimerization of Monocyanate Ester in Nanopores

A kinetic study of the trimerization of monocyanate ester both in the bulk and in the nanoconfinement of controlled pore glass is performed using differential scanning calorimetry. Both isothermal and dynamic experiments are analyzed. Although the activation energy for the reaction is the same within experimental error for the bulk and nanoconfined samples (approximately 21-23 kcal/mol), the reaction is accelerated under nanoconfinement by approximately 50 times in 13 nm pores compared with bulk.
A Numerical Study of Purdue's Mach 6 Tunnel with a Roughness Element

The effects of surface roughness on the stability of hypersonic flow are of great importance to hypersonic vehicles. The overall goal of our research is to provide a better understanding of the effects of surface roughness on transitional and turbulent hypersonic boundary layers. Direct numerical simulations have been performed of flow in the Boeing/AFOSR Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel at Purdue University. Three-dimensional simulations were performed of the nozzle without any roughness and 2D simulations were performed with an isolated roughness element located on the wall of the nozzle. Two different roughness heights were simulated, both of which were less then the local undisturbed boundary layer thickness. The roughness elements produced a combination of Mach wave and expansion fan in the nozzle. The influence of the roughness elements on the flow is investigated in this paper. It is found that the presence of the elements has a substantial effect on the boundary layer and stability profiles downstream of the element.
Enhanced Auditory Menu Cues on a Mobile Phone Improve Time-Shared Performance of a Driving-Like Dual Task

The growing trend of using mobile phones and other in-vehicle technologies (IVT) while driving has spurred research on driver distraction, its effects and alleviation (Ashley, 2001; Young & Regan, 2007). The present study used a dual task in which 21 undergraduates navigated a mobile phone contact list for a target name (secondary task) while playing a computer game representative of driving (primary task). The phone menu was enhanced with two audio navigation cues: traditional text-to-speech (TTS) and spearcons (i.e., compressed speech). These cues were tested with and without visual display of the contact list. Spearcons in conjunction with TTS enhanced performance on the primary task while having no negative effect on the secondary task. Auditory menus reduced perceived workload and increased subjective ratings. Results are discussed in terms of multiple resources theory and practical mobile phone menu design.
Fundoplication for GERD: Laparoscopic Approach

Laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) has assumed a major role in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The advancement in laparoscopic techniques and instrumentation over the past two decades has led to an increase in the number of antireflux operations. Although the operation is fundamentally similar to open antireflux procedures, clear benefits to the laparoscopic approach have been described.
Down-modulation of neutrophil production by erythropoietin in human hematopoietic clones

In clonogenic assays of hematopoietic progenitors, high concentrations (4 U/mL) of erythropoietin (epo) reduced the formation of granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colonies and diminished the number of granulocytes formed per culture plate. Fetal progenitors were more sensitive to these effects of epo than were progenitors from adults, displaying these reductions at greater than or equal to 1 U epo/mL. The mechanism was investigated by growing fetal progenitors stimulated by recombinant GM-CSF, in the absence of epo, and when eight-cell clones first appeared, mapping their location, then adding epo, and assessing its effect on the subsequent differentiation of the clones. In the absence of epo, the clones developed exclusively into GM colonies. However, if developing clones were presented with epo, 85% matured into GM colonies, but 15% became multilineage or normoblast colonies. In addition, developing clones that were presented with epo produced colonies that contained fewer neutrophils. These effects of epo on neutrophil generation were observed with each of three varieties of recombinant epo, and also with purified human epo, but were not observed using epo that had been neutralized with rabbit anti-epo antiserum.
Imaging and Inversion with Acoustic and Elastic Waves

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the theory of scattering of elastic surface waves. Since surface waves are guided along the surface of materials, the scattering properties of surface waves are useful for probing the heterogeneity of the material near the surface as well as perturbations of the free surface. This has applications in the detection of surface defects and in seismological studies for the determination of the internal structure of the Earth. For surface waves, the natural reference model is a model where the parameters depend on the distance to the surface only. Such a reference model is free of lateral heterogeneities, and the invariance of the medium for translations in the horizontal direction allows a solution of the elastic wave equations using either a Fourier transform (in a rectangular geometry), a Fourier–Bessel transform (in a cylindrical geometry), or an expansion in spherical harmonics (in a spherical geometry).
High Dinamic Control of a PWM Rectifier using Harmonic Elimination

In this paper the problem of current control in high power converters using low frequency, precalculated switching patterns is addressed. To overcome the problem of switching harmonics feeding through the current controllers a harmonic prediction and compensation method is devised. The good performance of the method is tested extensively through simulation of an three level PWM rectifier modulated with a five angles selective harmonic elimination, resulting in 250 Hz switching frequency. Finally, preliminary experimental results, controlling current in a passive R-L load are provides to confirm the implementation feasibility of the proposed technique
Graduate Debt in Psychology: A Quantitative Analysis

Student loan debt has become an issue of national concern in the context of rapidly increasing higher education costs. Graduate education can be prohibitively expensive, particularly at the doctoral level. The present study provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of the financial circumstances and debt loads related to pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. The study surveyed a random sample of graduate students and early career psychologists (ECPs) listed in the American Psychological Association membership database. Participants were asked about their debt loads for educational costs, sources of financial support, living circumstances, financial stress, and the impact of student loan debt on their personal and professional lives. The results indicate that current debt loads are substantially higher than what has been previously reported (Michalski, Kohout, Wicherski, & Hart, 2011), with some variation by subfield and type of degree. A number of participants endorsed significant financial stress, as well as having to delay major life milestones because of their debt. While education costs and loan debt have continued to increase, starting salaries appear relatively stagnant, suggesting the need for a thoughtful cost/benefit analysis of graduate education in psychology. The psychology community is urged to increase awareness of and advocate for these issues, with several specific advocacy steps recommended.
Precursors of Construction Fatalities. II: Predictive Modeling and Empirical Validation

AbstractFatalities continue to plague the construction industry. To address this ongoing concern, researchers have begun to develop and test proactive methods to improve construction safety, such a...
“Push Through One-Way Valve” Mechanism of Viral DNA Packaging

Double-stranded (ds)DNA viruses package their genomic DNA into a procapsid using a force-generating nanomotor powered by ATP hydrolysis. Viral DNA packaging motors are mainly composed of the connector channel and two DNA packaging enzymes. In 1998, it was proposed that viral DNA packaging motors exercise a mechanism similar to the action of AAA+ ATPases that assemble into ring-shaped oligomers, often hexamers, with a central channel (Guo et al. Molecular Cell, 2:149). This chapter focuses on the most recent findings in the bacteriophage ϕ29 DNA packaging nanomotor to address this intriguing notion. Almost all dsDNA viruses are composed entirely of protein, but in the unique case of ϕ29, packaging RNA (pRNA) plays an intermediate role in the packaging process. Evidence revealed that DNA packaging is accomplished via a "push through one-way valve" mechanism. The ATPase gp16 pushes dsDNA through the connector channel section by section into the procapsid. The dodecameric connector channel functions as a one-way valve that only allows dsDNA to enter but not exit the procapsid during DNA packaging. Although the roles of the ATPase gp16 and the motor connector channel are separate and independent, pRNA bridges these two components to ensure the coordination of an integrated motor. ATP induces a conformational change in gp16, leading to its stronger binding to dsDNA. Furthermore, ATP hydrolysis led to the departure of dsDNA from the ATPase/dsDNA complex, an action used to push dsDNA through the connector channel. It was found unexpectedly that by mutating the basic lysine rings of the connector channel or by changing the pH did not measurably impair DNA translocation or affect the one-way traffic property of the channel, suggesting that the positive charges in the lysine ring are not essential in gearing the dsDNA. The motor channel exercises three discrete, reversible, and controllable steps of gating, with each step altering the channel size by 31% to control the direction of translocation of dsDNA. Many DNA packaging models have been contingent upon the number of base pairs packaged per ATP relative to helical turns for B-type DNA. Both 2 and 2.5 bp per ATP have been used to argue for four, five, or six discrete steps of DNA translocation. The "push through one-way valve" mechanism renews the perception of dsDNA packaging energy calculations and provides insight into the discrepancy between 2 and 2.5 bp per ATP. Application of the DNA packaging motor in nanotechnology and nanomedicine is also addressed. Comparison with nine other DNA packaging models revealed that the "push through one-way valve" is the most agreeable mechanism to interpret most of the findings that led to historical models. The application of viral DNA packaging motors is also discussed.
On chip cryo-anesthesia of Drosophila larvae for high resolution in vivo imaging applications

We present a microfluidic chip for immobilizing Drosophila melanogaster larvae for high resolution in vivo imaging. The chip creates a low-temperature micro-environment that anaesthetizes and immobilizes the larva in under 3 minutes. We characterized the temperature distribution within the chip and analyzed the resulting larval body movement using high resolution fluorescence imaging. Our results indicate that the proposed method minimizes submicron movements of internal organs and tissue without affecting the larva physiology. It can be used to continuously immobilize larvae for short periods of time (minutes) or for longer periods (several hours) if used intermittently. The same chip can be used to accommodate and immobilize arvae across all developmental stages (1st instar to late 3rd instar), and loading larvae onto the chip does not require any specialized skills. To demonstrate the usability of the chip, we observed mitochondrial trafficking in neurons from the cell bodies to the axon terminals along with mitochondrial fusion and neuro-synaptic growth through time in intact larvae. Besides studying sub-cellular processes and cellular development, we envision the use of on chip cryo-anesthesia in a wide variety of biological in vivo imaging applications, including observing organ development of the salivary glands, fat bodies and body-wall muscles.
Biomarkers for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: We Are Not There Yet

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of approved therapies that increase survival of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Current treatment guidelines provide therapeutic management recommendations, but these are primarily based on clinical factors such as performance status or site of metastasis (bone vs. visceral), and not on underlying molecular or cellular features of disease that may predict response. The ability to tailor treatment based on molecular or cellular features of disease could potentially reduce the occurrence of unnecessary side effects and ineffective treatments, and thereby reduce both direct and indirect medical costs. As such, it is important to identify and validate new prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers that can be used to direct cancer treatment. This review will focus on existing and potential biomarkers in the context of castration-resistant prostate cancer management and discuss the need for continued discovery and validation of new biomarkers and biomarker panels for prostate cancer.
Developmental Changes in Achievement Motivation.

Veroff (1969) has proposed three stages in the development of achievement motivation—autonomous, social and integrated. The critical characteristic of each stage is the basis used to define stan dards of excellence: at the autonomous stage, the standards are per sonal, based on self-comparisons of current with past performance,· at the social stage, self-other comparisons predominate; autonomous and social standards are integrated at the final stage, both being available for use in appropriate situations. Veroff suggests that prog ress through these stages is dependent upon cognitive development and is stimulated by the classroom experience. Veroff's (1969) data, generated by level of aspiration measures, show that autonomous achievement motivation increases slightly from the first through third (boys) or fourth (girls) grade and then begins to decline. Social comparison shows large gains in the early elementary school years and levels off around the fourth grade. A fantasy measure that Veroff suggests might reflect integrated achieve ment motivation manifests small but steady increases from the first through the sixth grade. The present study covers the ages proposed to include the first two stages and examines whether hypotheses based on Veroff's view of these stages are supported. Veroff proposed that: (a) the autono mous achievement orientation is clearly manifest by the beginning of elementary school while the social-comparison orientation is only in its beginning phase at this time,· and (b) social comparison standards increase in importance during the ages 7-12, reaching a peak by the
Long-Term Complications of the Neurogenic Bladder

It is widely accepted that neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, when left untreated, has a natural history that has a potential for causing deterioration of renal function over time. However, certain patient profiles are at risk for this and other complications. This can be linked to their underlying neurologic disease process. Identifying risk profiles allows the provider to determine what surveillance strategies might be adopted. Risk factors for upper urinary tract deterioration include loss of bladder compliance, repeated bouts of pyelonephritis, and chronic indwelling catheterization. Other long-term complications include nephrolithiasis, refractory urinary incontinence, and malignancy.
Pleuromediastinal Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinomas: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of Two Cases.

Objectives: Two cases of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma are presented, one arising in the pleura and the other in the anterior mediastinum. The cases represent a unique distribution of these tumors within the thoracic cavity. Methods: Both patients were men aged 25 and 68 years, respectively, who had chest pain and dyspnea. Imaging revealed an anterior mediastinal mass in one patient and a pleural-based tumor in the other. Neither patient had any history of malignancy, and physical examination did not disclose any tumor elsewhere. Results: Initial biopsy specimens were inconclusive, and final diagnosis was deferred to surgical resection performed via median sternotomy and thoracotomy, respectively. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by epithelial and myoepithelial elements distributed as discrete tubules or duct-like structures or sheets of neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen in the epithelial component, while S100 protein and smooth muscle actin were expressed in the myoepithelial elements. Follow-up showed that both patients were alive 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. Conclusions: These cases highlight the ubiquitous distribution of salivary gland–type tumors in the thoracic cavity. These tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of thoracic neoplasms also in locations other than the lung.
Vanishing Boundaries of Control: Implications for Security and Sovereignty of the Changing Nature and Global Expansion of Neoliberal Criminal Justice Provision

This chapter offers a political-economic analysis of the changing nature and global expansion of the private sector criminal justice industry since the advent of neoliberalism under Reagan and Thatcher. Focusing on current private-public ‘partnerships’ or ‘collaborations’ in policing, prisons and post-release corrections under market fundamentalism, it analyses the for-profit privatisation claims of efficiency and effectiveness and weighs them against the costs of diminished popular sovereignty. The chapter contends that the boundary between the private and public spheres of surveillance and control has nearly vanished under neoliberal governance, with private sector companies engaged in sovereign functions and public institutions functioning as extensions of the market. The resulting merger of power structures makes accountability problematic. The chapter argues that the market failures of oligopoly and oligopsony—especially in the artificial markets of incarceration and national security surveillance—encourage companies to appeal to non-market factors to obtain more lucrative contracts, facilitating the manipulation of fear and desire for more security-related products through advertising. The analysis concludes that corporatised security fails to serve the public interest on savings and security while seriously threatening civil liberties and democratic governance.
Ballet Costume Design: the Ultimate Challenge in Function and Sustainability

Ballet costume must portray a character through aesthetics and expressive elements of the garment, while at the same time be perfectly fitted to the dancer to enhance her movement not hinder it. Lamb and Kallal’s (1992) FEA consumer needs model provides the theoretical framework for ballet costume design.
School-based peer sexual harassment.

Peer sexual harassment in schools is an often overlooked problem that contributes to a hostile school environment: one major study found that 85% of girls and 76% of boys reported experiencing some form of sexual harassment in school. This article describes the extent and impact of peer sexual harassment in schools and the responses of the victims, school personnel, and perpetrators to peer sexual harassment. It discusses and analyzes the evolution of peer sexual harassment lawsuits and the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning such actions. It concludes steps that social workers and other school personnel should take to prevent or alleviate such problems.
Folgen analytischer Funktionen

$$ {a_1}z + {a_2}{z^{_2}} + \cdots + {a_n}{z^n} + \cdots = w $$ bildet, a 1 ≠ 0 vorausgesetzt, eine gewisse Umgebung des Punktes z = 0 eineindeutig und konform auf die ω-Ebene ab; daher kann der Zusammenhang zwischen z und ω in einer gewissen Umgebung von ω = 0 auch durch die Entwicklung $$ {b_1}w + {b_2}{w^2} + \cdots + {b_n}{w^n} + \cdots = z $$ dargestellt werden, a 1 b 1= 1. Zur effektiven Berechnung der zweiten Reihe aus der ersten setzt man $$\frac{1}{{{a_1} + {a_2}z + {a_3}{z^2} + \cdots {a_n}{z^{n - 1}} + \cdots }} = \varphi (z). $$
Ramucirumab for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Advanced gastric adenocarcinoma has a poor prognosis and palliative chemotherapy is the standard treatment option. However, novel approaches using targeted therapies have demonstrated significant improvements in survival rates. Among these novel molecules, ramucirumab has shown promising results, particularly in combination with paclitaxel, and has gained approval in several countries for advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the therapeutic gap that ramucirumab is expected to fill compared to preexisting treatments, as well as data related to gastric adenocarcinoma epidemiology. A comprehensive description of the agent including history of ‘orphan status’, mechanism of action, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism along with the clinical trials and data that led to the drug approval will also be presented. Finally, major topics of drug development in gastric adenocarcinoma will be discussed with analysis of current data, ongoing stu...
The Role of Meteorology in Projects of the Corps of Engineers in the Missouri River Basin

The comprehensive plan for the development of water resources of the Missouri River Basin provides for flood control, navigation, electric power generation, irrigation, and other miscellaneous wate...
Consortium for the study of chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and pancreatic cancer: From concept to reality

Research progress in diseases of the exocrine pancreas [chronic pancreatitis (CP), pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus, and pancreatic cancer] has been hampered by the disorders' heterogeneity, the limitations of previous small cross-sectional studies, the inability to safely obtain pancreatic tissue for study, and the lack of structured epidemiology tools, genetic testing, and biomarker development. Mechanism-based research of these diseases has suffered from the lack of systematically collected clinical measures in longitudinal cohort studies linked with biospecimens. Given the increasing incidence and prevalence of CP and its association to the development of pancreatic cancer, its complications, high mortality rate, and associated health care cost, the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Cancer Institute funded the Consortium for the Study of Chronic Pancreatitis, Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer to identify research gaps and foster multidisciplinary collaborations to better diagnose, characterize, and manage CP and its sequelae. The CPDPC structure, governance, and research objectives are described in this article. Studies undertaken by the CPDPC are described in other articles in this journal's issue.
Laboratory of domesticity: Gender, race, and science at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, 1903-30.

During the early twentieth century, the Bermuda Biological Station for Research (BBSR) functioned as a multipurpose scientific site. Jointly founded by New York University, Harvard University, and ...
Effectiveness of medication assisted treatment for opioid use in prison and jail settings: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Abstract This study examined the state of the literature on the effectiveness of medication assisted treatment (MAT; methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone) delivered in prisons and jails on community substance use treatment engagement, opioid use, recidivism, and health risk behaviors following release from incarceration. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies published through December 2017 that examined induction to or maintenance on methadone (n = 18 studies), buprenorphine (n = 3 studies), or naltrexone (n = 3 studies) in correctional settings were identified from PsycINFO and PubMed databases. There were a sufficient number of methadone RCTs to meta-analyze; there were too few buprenorphine or naltrexone studies. All quasi-experimental studies were systematically reviewed. Data from RCTs involving 807 inmates (treatment n = 407, control n = 400) showed that methadone provided during incarceration increased community treatment engagement (n = 3 studies; OR = 8.69, 95% CI = 2.46; 30.75), reduced illicit opioid use (n = 4 studies; OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.15; 0.32) and injection drug use (n = 3 studies; OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.12; 0.56), but did not reduce recidivism (n = 4 studies; OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.51; 1.68). Data from observational studies of methadone showed consistent findings. Individual review of buprenorphine and naltrexone studies showed these medications were either superior to methadone or to placebo, or were as effective as methadone in reducing illicit opioid use post-release. Results provide the first meta-analytic summary of MATs delivered in correctional settings and support the use of MATs, especially with regard to community substance use treatment engagement and opioid use; additional work is needed to understand the reduction of recidivism and other health risk behaviors.
Undergraduate Data Science and Diversity at Purdue University

The vision of Purdue University's Integrative Data Science Initiative is to be at the forefront of advancing data science-enabled research and education. Tightly coupling theory, discovery, and applications, while providing students with an integrated data science-fluent campus ecosystem, this initiative is designed for college graduates at Purdue University to have Big Data experiences in academics. Faculty and staff of the university assist students through curriculum, research, residential life and professional development.In this paper, we present the framework for this initiative, which includes outlining course offerings, describing the residential living communities and workforce development on campus. We will finish by describing our initial successes.
Preemptively finding benefit in a breast cancer diagnosis

Objective: The current mixed-method investigation seeks to discover if and how people engage in preemptive benefit finding (i.e. seeking silver linings in a potential future outcome), specifically in the context of awaiting a breast biopsy result. Design: A total of 201 patients were interviewed just prior to undergoing a breast biopsy at a county hospital. Main outcome measures and results: A qualitative analysis identified themes in women's descriptions of preemptive benefit finding. A majority of participants (76%) reported engaging in preemptive benefit finding at their appointment, a week or more before learning their result. Patients identified two categories of benefits - self- and other-focused - and eight subcategories: health benefits, personal growth, appreciation for life, physical change, strengthening relationships, spreading awareness, supporting others, and role modelling. We also identify differences between those who engaged in self-focused and other-focused preemptive benefit finding. Conclusion: Benefit finding begins long before bad news arrives, and people find a variety of benefits in even the most dire of anticipated news. Clinicians who interact with patients during the diagnostic process (e.g. mammography technicians) may find it useful to know that their patients are already grappling with the possibility of a diagnosis, including the positive reappraisal process of identifying potential silver linings.
F-theory duals of non-perturbative heterotic E8 × E8 vacua in six dimensions

Abstract We present a systematic way of generating F-theory models dual to non-perturbative vacua (i.e. vacua with extra tensor multiplets) of heterotic E 8 × E 8 strings compactified on K 3, using hypersurfaces in toric varieties. In all cases, the Calabi-yau is an elliptic fibration over a blow-up of the Hirzebruch surface F n . We find that in most cases the fan of the base of the elliptic fibration is visible in the dual polyhedron of the Calabi-Yau, and that the extra tensor multiplets are represented as points corresponding to the blow-ups of the F n .
Velocity Storage: Its Multiple Roles.

Our research described in this article was motivated by the puzzling finding of the Skylab M131 experiments: head movements made while rotating that are nauseogenic and disorienting on Earth are innocuous in a weightless, 0-g environment. We describe a series of parabolic flight experiments that directly addressed this puzzle and discovered the gravity-dependent responses to semicircular canal stimulation, consistent with the principles of velocity storage. We describe a line of research that started in a different direction, investigating dynamic balancing, but ended up pointing to the gravity dependence of angular velocity-to-position integration of semicircular canal signals. Together, these lines of research and the theoretical framework of velocity storage provide an answer to at least part of the M131 puzzle. We also describe recently discovered neural circuits by which active, dynamic vestibular, multisensory, and motor signals are interpreted as either appropriate for action and orientation or as conflicts evoking motion sickness and disorientation.
The Laplace Transform

The Laplace transform is a linear operation that can be performed on functions of a single variable. For electronics, the transformation is taken from the time domain (the single variable is t) to the “s-domain” where s is a generalized complex frequency. The transform is useful for solving systems of linear differential equations such as those found for some electronic circuits. An understanding of the transform can lead to a description of circuit behavior expressed in terms of poles and zeros in the s-domain.
The role of rotation–vibration coupling in symmetric and asymmetric isotopomers of ozone

A theoretical framework and a computer code (SpectrumSDT) are developed for accurate calculations of coupled rotational-vibrational states in triatomic molecules using hyper-spherical coordinates and taking into account the Coriolis coupling effect. Concise final formulas are derived for the construction of the Hamiltonian matrix using an efficient combination of the variational basis representation and discrete variable representation methods with locally optimized basis sets and grids. First, the new code is tested by comparing its results with those of the APH3D program of Kendrick et al. [Kendrick, Pack, Walker, and Hayes, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6673 (1999)]. Then, accurate calculations of the rovibrational spectra are carried out for doubly substituted symmetric (18O16O18O) and asymmetric (18O18O16O) ozone isotopomers for the total angular momentum up to J = 5. Together with similar data recently reported for the singly substituted symmetric (16O18O16O) and asymmetric (16O16O18O) ozone isotopomers, these calculations quantify the role of the Coriolis coupling effect in the large mass-independent isotopic enrichment of ozone, observed in both laboratory experiments and the atmosphere of the Earth. It is found that the Coriolis effect in ozone is relatively small, as evidenced by deviations of its rotational constants from the symmetric-top-rotor behavior, magnitudes of parity splittings (Λ-doubling), and ratios of rovibrational partition functions for asymmetric vs symmetric ozone molecules. It is concluded that all of these characteristics are influenced by the isotopic masses as much as they are influenced by the overall symmetry of the molecule. It is therefore unlikely that the Coriolis coupling effect could be responsible for symmetry-driven mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes in ozone.