cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A life cycle assessment of biomass cofiring in a coal-fired power plant

The generation of electricity, and the consumption of energy in general, often result in adverse effects on the environment. Coal-fired power plants generate over half of the electricity used in the U.S., and therefore play a significant role in any discussion of energy and the environment. By cofiring biomass, currently operating coal plants have an opportunity to reduce the impact they have, but to what degree, and with what trade-offs? A life cycle assessment has been conducted on a coal-fired power system that cofires wood residue. The assessment was conducted in a cradle-to-grave manner to cover all processes necessary for the operation of the power plant, including raw material extraction, feed preparation, transportation, and waste disposal and recycling. Cofiring was found to significantly reduce the environmental footprint of the average coal-fired power plant. At rates of 5% and 15% by heat input, cofiring reduces greenhouse gas emissions on a CO2-equivalent basis by 5.4% and 18.2%, respectively. Emissions of SO2, NOx, non-methane hydrocarbons, particulates, and carbon monoxide are also reduced with cofiring. Additionally, total system energy consumption is lowered by 3.5% and 12.4% for the 5% and 15% cofiring cases, respectively. Finally, resource consumption and solid waste generation were found to be much less for systems that cofire.
The geostationary radiation environment

A study of the geostationary radiation environment is presented. The distribution of charged particles is reviewed in terms of population domains, where trapped constituents (energetic electrons and protons) and transients (solar flare protons) have been considered. Synchronous geomagnetic geometry is discussed, and temporal and spatial variations of trapped particles are briefly reviewed. A short description of the current standard environment models is given. Probabilistic solar flare proton predictions are described, including the distinction between ordinary event and anomalously large event fluences and the probability of occurrence of anomalously large events. A special solar proton evaluation approach is suggested for extended manned missions in the synchronous altitude regime. Finally, calculational results are presented for orbital flux integrations and dose and shielding evaluations. The data, given in graphic and tabular form, are explained and discussed.
Macular Hole Caused By A 589-nanometer Dye Laser Operating For 10 Nanoseconds

Abstract: A dye laser emitting 589 nm light for 10 nsec caused an accidental burn of the center of a human macula. Initially, blood streamed from the choroid through the disintegrated retina into the vitreous. No chorioretinal neovascularization or vascular anastomoses subsequently occurred. Visual acuity had been measured one day prior to the accident and was 6/6 (20/20). Immediately after the burn, it fell to counts fingers at 3 ft. Thereafter, it quickly improved to 6/30 (20/100) and remained at that level during a follow-up interval of one year. Angiography and biomicroscopy showed characteristic findings of a macular hole.
The Black-Sheep Effect: How Positive and Negative Advertisements Affect Voters' Perceptions of the Sponsor of the Advertisement1

Participants read a positive or negative (mock) political advertisement that was sponsored by either an in-group (subject and sponsor were members of the same political party) or an out-group (subject and sponsor were members of different political parties) member. The results found support for a black-sheep effect. An in-group sponsor of a positive advertisement was evaluated more positively than any out-group member, regardless of advertisement type, or an in-group member who sponsored a negative advertisement. However, an in-group sponsor of a negative advertisement was evaluated more negatively than either an in-group sponsor of a positive advertisement. or an out-group sponsor. regardless of advertisement type. The results are discussed in terms of social identity theory.
Treatment of nystagmus.

Patients with congenital and acquired forms of nystagmus are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Many report visual symptoms, such as oscillopsia and blurred vision, which can be alleviated if the nystagmus can be suppressed. Pharmacologic, optical, and surgical treatments are available, with the choice of treatment depending on the characteristics of the nystagmus and the severity of the associated visual symptoms. Downbeat nystagmus can be treated with 4-aminopyridine, 3,4-diaminopyridine, or clonazepam. Upbeat nystagmus can be reduced with memantine, 4-aminopyridine, or baclofen. Torsional nystagmus may respond to gabapentin. Acquired pendular nystagmus in patients with multiple sclerosis is often partially suppressed by gabapentin or memantine. Acquired pendular nystagmus in patients with oculopalatal tremor can respond to gabapentin, memantine, or trihexyphenidyl. Although acquired periodic alternating nystagmus is often completely suppressed by baclofen, memantine can be effective in refractory cases. Seesaw nystagmus can be reduced with alcohol, clonazepam, or memantine. Infantile nystagmus may not cause significant visual symptoms if “foveation periods” are well developed, but the nystagmus can be treated in symptomatic patients with gabapentin, memantine, acetazolamide, topical brinzolamide, contact lenses, or base-out prisms to induce convergence. Several surgical therapies have also been reported to improve infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), but selection of the appropriate therapy requires preoperative evaluation of visual acuity and nystagmus intensity in different gaze positions. Other treatment options for nystagmus include botulinum toxin injections into the extraocular muscles or retrobulbar space. Electro-optical devices are currently being developed, in order to noninvasively negate the visual consequences of nystagmus.
Preferred versus nonpreferred treatment and self-control training versus determination raising as treatments of obesity: a pilot study.

Of 12 overweight women half received 10 wk. of self-control training and the rest received an equal period aimed at increasing determination to lose weight. Half of each treatment group had expressed a preference for the type of treatment they received and half for the other type of treatment. Both groups lost a statistically significant amount of weight, and at a 3-mo. follow-up there was still a significant weight loss. Follow-up at 6 mo. on 9 of the 12 original subjects indicated both groups regained much of their lost weight. There was no evidence that either type of treatment or receiving one's preferred type of treatment was related to weight loss.
LAPAROSCOPIC PARTIAL ADRENALECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH HEREDITARY FORMS OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

Purpose: Patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease are predisposed to multiple bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma. In these patients partial adrenalectomy may preserve adrenocortical function and avoid the morbidity associated with medical adrenal replacement. We report our experience with such cases.Materials and Methods: Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy was performed in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and pheochromocytoma when there was evidence of normal adrenocortical tissue on preoperative imaging or intraoperative examination. Suture ligature or a harmonic scalpel was used to excise the tumors, leaving a 2 to 3 mm. margin of normal tissue.Results: Two patients underwent laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy and 1 laparoscopic bilateral partial adrenalectomy with preservation of normal adrenocortical tissue. Seven pheochromocytomas were removed. Laparoscopic ultrasound was essential for localizing 2 pheochromocytomas that were not visualized by the camera. Median operative time was 324 minutes, ...
Correlation of the C-H stretching frequency and 13C-H coupling constant for substituted aldehydes

Abstract Values of V C-Hst and J ( 13 C-H) are reported for 28 substituted aldehydes. Linear correlations of V C-Hst with J ( 13 C-H) and of J ( 13 C-H) with σ I and σ ∗ are presented as experimental support for the idea that effective nuclear charge on carbon may play a major role in J ( 13 C-H) variation.
Lattice gas with random-site energies and theory of novel amorphous metal hydride phase

A lattice gas with random-site energies is investigated as a model for hydrogen in amorphous metals. The author's recent theory for calculating the chemical potential in a system with many competing interactions is modified to include the random-site energies. Results are qualitatively different from those recently presented by Griessen using simple mean-field (MF) theory. Whereas MF theory predicts no phase separation above a critical value of the site energy width ..delta.., the present model gives a finite critical temperature T/sub c/..cap alpha..1/..delta.. for large ..delta... It also predicts the critical concentration to decrease proportionally to 1/..delta../sup 2/ and yields a closed-loop, retrograde-solubility phase diagram. Thus, analogous to binary liquids with orientation-dependent interactions, there is a maximum concentration above which no phase separation occurs. For interactions and spread in site energy expected for Pd-based amorphous hydrides, the critical temperature is predicted to be approximately 200--250 K, which may be detectable by heat-capacity or spectroscopic techniques even if it is too low for pressure-versus-composition studies.
Measuring social anxiety related interpersonal constraint with the flexible iterated prisoner's dilemma

Data from self-report and observational studies make it clear that problematic social anxiety confers interpersonal constraint that may contribute to the interpersonal dysfunction reported by individuals with social anxiety disorder. Direct observation of interpersonal behavior in established relationships is rare and difficult to obtain for practical reasons. We tested a flexible iterated prisoner's dilemma computer task to examine whether it might capture interpersonal constraint related to social anxiety. Our first study suggested that, at least for men, the task directly captures social anxiety's constraint on responses to friendly giving. Our second study more strongly supported the assertion that the task directly assesses interpersonal constraint. The data support a model in which social anxiety directly confers trait-like tendencies toward interpersonal constraint and indirectly constrains behavior in specific interactions. These studies provide further evidence that constrained responses to positive social behaviors are characteristic of people with problematic social anxiety and may be particularly important to dysfunctions in the close relationships of these individuals.
The Importance of Hydrogen Bonding between the Glutamine Side-Chains to the Formation of Amyloid VQIVYK Parallel β-sheets. An ONIOM DFT/AM1 Study

We report DFT calculations indicating that beta-sheet formation involving the capped amino acid sequence VQIVYK is due (at least in part) to cooperative H-bonding between the glutamine side chains. The sequence VQIVYK has been reported to be essential for the aggregation of the tau protein into the amyloids associated with Alzheimer's disease and has been crystallized. Sheets containing only capped Q's form cooperative H-bonds between the side chains that enhance stabilization while keeping the backbones of the individual strands close to the quasi-planarity expected for a beta-sheet. Sheets containing only capped A's cannot form H-bonds between the side chains, do not interact cooperatively, and form helical structures that deviate considerably from the quasi-planarity expected for beta-sheets. Comparisons between the sheets made from capped VQIVYK's, Q's, and A's illustrate the importance of the cooperative H-bonds between the Q's to the stability of tau amyloids.
Code talk: Student discourse and participation with networked handhelds

This study explores the potential of networked handheld computers to support collaborative problem solving in small groups. Drawing on data from a middle school mathematics classroom equipped with a wireless handheld network, I argue that the sharing of mathematical objects through interactive devices broadens the ‘bandwidth’ of classroom collaboration, expanding the range of participatory forms through which students might contribute to the work of a group and enhance their own learning. The analysis focuses on the participation strategies of those students in two focus groups who were most able to demonstrate posttest score gains from relatively low scores on a pretest. In particular, the device network provided those students with a set of collective, dynamic objects through which they supplemented and coordinated discursive forms of participation in the joint work of their respective groups.
Unlearning as a function of degree of original learning and retention test

Three degrees of original learning (OL) and two retention tests were used to explore the relationship between degree of original learning and resistance to unlearning. It was found that scores on both retention tests varied directly with degree of OL suggesting that greater OL practice led to increased resistance to unlearning during interpolated learning.
The mechanistic nature of the membrane potential dependence of sodium sugar cotransport in small intestine

Methods are described which demonstrate the use of unidirectional influx of14C-tetraphenylphosphonium (14C-TPP+) into isolated intestinal epithelial cells as a quantitative sensor of the magnitude of membrane potentials created by experimentally imposed ion gradients. Using this technique the quantitative relationship between membrane potential (Δψ) and Na+-dependent sugar influx was determined for these cells at various Na+ and α-methylglucoside (α-MG) concentrations. The results show a high degree of Δψ dependence for the transport Michaelis constant but a maximum velocity for transport which is independent of Δψ. No transinhibition by intracellular sugar (40mm) can be detected. Sugar influx in the absence of Na+ is insensitive to 1.3mm phlorizin and independent of Δψ. The mechanistic implications of these results were evaluated using the quality of fit between calculated and experimentally observed kinetic constants for rate equations derived from several transport models. The analysis shows that for models in which translocation is the potential-dependent step the free carrier cannot be neutral. If it is anionic, the transporter must be functionally asymmetric. A model in which Na+ binding is the potential-dependent step (Na+ well concept) also provides an appropriate kinetic fit to the experimental data, and must be considered as a possible mechanistic basis for function of the system.
Sodium Bicarbonate Administration and Outcome in Preterm Infants

The short-term outcomes of sodium bicarbonate therapy in preterm infants were investigated by retrospective analysis of 165 of 984 infants who received sodium bicarbonate. The infants treated with sodium bicarbonate were more immature and had greater severity of illness and more adverse outcomes. Sodium bicarbonate therapy did not improve the blood pH.
Isolation and purification of bovine and canine prothrombin

Abstract A procedure for isolation and purification of prothrombin, applicable to both the bovine and canine species is described. The preparations are of good yield and of very high specific activity, viz. 2400–3000 Iowa units per mg of protein and show a single symmetric component in both the analytical ultracentrifuge and by moving-boundary electrophoresis. Since preparations of such high specific activity are not activated optimally BaCO 3 -adsorbed serum, it is necessary to modify the two-stage prothrombin assay method to provide optimal activator activity.
Foraging preferences of Canada geese among turfgrasses: Implications for reducing human–goose conflicts†

Canada geese (Branta canadensis) can cause serious damage to turfgrass areas and create human health and safety concerns (e.g., collisions with aircraft, disease transmission). We conducted a study during 2005–2007 to determine if Canada geese exhibit a feeding preference among various commercially available turfgrasses. Behavioral responses of captive geese to 9 turfgrasses, bare ground, and litter were observed over 6 4-week trials during July–September following the installation of selected turfgrasses into experimental arenas. Captive geese preferred to forage on Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and fine fescue sods compared to centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass. Forage qualities and macronutrient levels varied among the turfgrasses and might explain the foraging preferences geese exhibited during this study. Canada goose feeding rate was positively correlated with crude protein, nitrogen content, and calcium, but negatively correlated with acid detergent fiber content, within various turfgrasses. Our findings suggest careful selection of turfgrasses could be an effective method for reducing Canada goose conflicts in urban and suburban areas. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
2F1-type Solutions of Second Order Differential Equations

Differential equations with 2F1-type solutions are very common in Mathematics and they also occur in several areas such as Physics and Combinatorics. We are interested in finding 2F1-type solutions of second order differential equations. Paper [1] gives an algorithm to find 2F1-type solutions of second order differential equations when the degree of the pullback function1 of f is three. In our algorithm, the pullback function f is of arbitrary degree (however, we restrict to a special case defined below).
Design of EMI Filters Having Low Harmonic Distortion in High-Power-Factor Converters

This paper studies how electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters affect the harmonic distortion in high-power-factor converters. The EMI filter presents a tradeoff: higher noise attenuation results in higher harmonic distortion. In many modern converters, the EMI filter is designed to meet certain noise requirements. However, when tested in practice, the filter, while attenuating the EMI noise well, is found to generate high harmonic distortion, and should be redesigned. The cause of this distortion is a nonlinear interaction of the filter and the bridge rectifier. The current understanding of this process is incomplete, especially in modern converters that use high-order LC filters, and modern low-cost inverters. As a result, harmonic distortion is typically tuned by repeated trial-and-errors. In this paper, we provide a simple model for evaluating the harmonic distortion. The harmonic distortion is shown to be dominated by a single parameter: the filter total capacitance. The total harmonic distortion and capacitance are shown to be to be related by a simple power-law function. This relation is proved to be accurate if the total filter inductance is smaller than a given threshold. Experimental results show that total harmonic distortion can be estimated by the capacitance, with a normalized error of 0.09%.
Massive maternal obesity and perioperative cesarean morbidity

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the impact of massive maternal obesity (weight >300 pounds) on perioperative morbidity among patients undergoing cesarean section. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was conducted on 43 massively obese pregnant women, identified by perinatal database search, who were delivered by cesarean section between Jan. 1, 1987, and Dec. 31, 1991, at Long Beach Memorial Women's Hospital. Forty-three randomly selected patients who underwent cesarean delivery served as the control group. Medical records were abstracted for perioperative variables and compared between groups. Student t test, χ 2 , and Fisher's exact statistical analysis were used where appropriate. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between groups for maternal age, parity, use of prophylactic antibiotics, length of recovery room stay, or wound dehiscence. The massively obese group was observed to be at significantly increased risk for emergency cesarean section (32.6% vs 9.3%, p = 0.02), prolonged delivery interval (25.6% vs 4.6%, p = 0.01), and total operative time (48.8% vs 9.3%, p 1000 ml (34.9% vs 9.3%, p = 0.009), multiple epidural placement failures (14.0% vs 0%, p = 0.02), postoperative endometritis (32.6% vs 4.9%, p = 0.002), and prolonged hospitalization (34.9% vs 2.3%, p = 0.0003). CONCLUSION: Massively obese pregnant women undergoing cesarean section are at significantly increased risk for perioperative morbidity. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1994;170:560-5.)
Posttraumatic somatic macronuclear reorganization in Heliophrya erhardi, suctoria, ciliata (With Notes on Regeneration of Tentacles and Pulsating Vacuoles)

Summary The large, branched macronucleus of the suctorian ciliate Heliophrya erhardi has a dramatic regenerative/reorganizational capacity. Mechanical manipulation can break the large branched macronucleus into small fragments. Over a period of 3 days the macronucleus reorganizes through fusion of these fragments, forming a single new branched macronucleus. Pulsating vacuoles and feeding tentacles regenerate as well after mechanical destruction.
Extracting and visualizing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectral fingerprints.

We have developed a method for constructing and extracting matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) fingerprints. This method is fully automated and statistically based, allowing a large number of spectra to be analyzed at a time in an objective manner. This method can be used to extract the fingerprint of a particular analyte from a spectrum containing multiple analytes. Therefore, this method lends itself well to real-world applications where samples to be analyzed are likely to be impure. We illustrate this method on experimental results from a series of studies of E. coli and B. atrophaeus MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) fingerprints. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Time-Coordination Approach for Regenerative Energy Saving in Multiaxis Motor-Drive Systems

An analytical approach for the management of regenerative energies in multiaxis servo-motor-drives, which can operate in parallel packaging/assembly/manufacturing lines, is presented in this paper. This energy management is achieved through a proper time-coordination between the speed commands of multiaxis drives. Moreover, the proposed approach significantly limits the peak value of the ac input current in these systems. It is mathematically proved that a time-delay can significantly increase the amount of utilized regenerative energy, and consequently decreases the amount of dissipated energy. In this paper, a set of closed-form formulas is developed for different acceleration-deceleration time ratios, where motor losses are neglected. The findings of this investigation were experimentally verified using a two-axis permanent-magnet motor-drive system, and the results are presented in this paper. The experimental results are in remarkable agreement with the developed closed-form formulas.
Surfactant/Foam Process for Aquifer Remediation

Abstract A surfactant/foam process is described for the remediation of aquifers contaminated with dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). Foam is used for mobility control to displace DNAPL from low permeability sands that are often unswept during a remediation process. Introduction An area where the technology developed for enhanced oil recovery can be applied to environmental remediation is the application of surfactant to remove nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) from aquifers. NAPL can be of two types, those which are less dense than water, called light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and those which are more dense than water, called dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). We concentrate on DNAPL because there are fewer viable alternatives to surfactant remediation 1-6 . DNAPL will tend to migrate to the lowest accessible point in the aquifer and to enter lower permeability sediments if the capillary pressure becomes large enough. The challenge is to remove DNAPL from local depressions along the base of an aquifer and from low permeability layers in the presence of higher permeability layers. An approach to improve the sweep efficiency of a displacement process is to use mobility control so that the injected fluid is less mobile than the resident fluids. The common method of mobility control for surfactant flooding is through the generation of an inherently viscous microemulsion phase and through the addition of a polymer. However, Lawson and Reisberg
Parallel and distributed local search in COMET

The availability of commodity multiprocessors and high-speed networks of workstations offer significant opportunities for addressing the increasing computational requirements of optimization applications. To leverage these potential benefits, it is important, however, to make parallel and distributed processing easily accessible to a wide audience of optimization programmers. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing parallel and distributed programming abstractions that keep the distance from sequential local search algorithms as small as possible. The abstractions, including parallel loops, interruptions, thread pools, and shared objects, are compositional and cleanly separate the optimization program and the parallel instructions. They have been evaluated experimentally on a variety of applications, including warehouse location and coloring, for which they provide significant speedups.
Interference of the Transcription Process and Other Selected Variables on Perception and Memory during Melodic Dictation.

One hundred and thirty-six theory students participated in a melodic dictation experiment. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of six dictation strategy groups contrasted by simultaneous writing...
OWL: Towards scalable routing in MANETs using depth-first search on demand

Most routing protocols designed for MANETs to date employ breadth-first search (BFS), usually in the form of flooding of route requests or updates, to establish and maintain routes between source-destination pairs. This usually incurs significant overhead, which degrades the performance of the network. In this paper we present a new paradigm for routing protocols operating in MANETs, such that flooding is not required and paths from sources to destinations can be established on demand with time complexity comparable to that of flooding but with significantly less overhead. We introduce the concept of ordered walk as a depth-first based search (DFS) that does not rely on geographical or virtual coordinate information and is more efficient than mere random walks. Using the Ordered Walk Search Algorithm (OSA), we demonstrate the potential of using DFS as the building block of the signaling of MANET routing protocols. We introduce the OWL protocol (ordered walk with learning) as an example of efficient DFS-based routing in MANETs, and use simulation experiments to compare its performance against that of three well-known MANET routing protocols based on BFS (OLSR, DSR and AODV). The results show that OWL can achieve comparable these protocols while incurring up to ten times less overhead than AODV.
Remote measurement of gaseous pollutant concentrations using a mobile Fourier transform interferometer system.

A commercial Fourier transform interferometer system with telescopic optics has been installed in a van and used to make long-path absorption and single-ended emission measurements of gaseous pollutant concentrations at a number of geographical locations. The system covers the IR spectra region from 650 cm−1 to 6000 cm−1 at a maximum resolution of 0.06 cm−1. For many pollutants, concentrations in the 1–10-ppb range can be detected over a 1-km path length. To date, measurements have been made in the absorption mode across fertilizer plant gypsum ponds, an oil refinery, and jet engine plumes; industrial stacks, waste gas flares, and jet engine plumes have been studied in the emission mode.
Treatment of TIPS Stenosis with ePTFE Graft-Covered Stents

Midshunt stenosis and recurrent variceal bleeding occurred in 2 patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). Repeat angioplasty was performed in both cases but recurrent stenosis again led to hemorrhage. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft-covered stents were expanded in each of the TIPS at the midshunt, reducing the portosystemic gradient for both patients. Variceal bleeding ceased, and follow-up studies showed no evidence of recurrent stenosis in either case.
Application of Levant's differentiator for velocity estimation and increased Z-width in haptic interfaces

In this paper, we present results from implementation of Levant's differentiator for velocity estimation from optical encoder readings. Levant's differentiator is a sliding mode control theory-based real-time differentiation algorithm proposed as a velocity estimator. The application of the technique allows stable implementation of higher stiffness virtual walls as compared to using the common finite difference method (FDM) cascaded with low-pass filters for velocity estimation. A single degree-of-freedom (DOF) linear haptic device is used as a test bed and an automated virtual wall hitting task is implemented to experimentally demonstrate that it is possible to extend the impedance-width (or Z-width) of a haptic interface via Levant's differentiator.
Clinician reports of personality pathology of patients beginning and patients ending psychoanalysis

Objectives. The purpose of this work was to use a clinician Q-sort procedure to describe the personality pathology and adaptive functioning of patients beginning and ending psychoanalysis. Design. With a cross-sectional design, we compared a group of patients beginning and a group of patients ending psychoanalysis. Methods. Twenty-six psychoanalysts described a patient beginning psychoanalysis and 26 described a patient ending psychoanalysis using the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure 200 (SWAP-200). Each clinician also completed questions about themselves, the patient, and the treatment. The most characteristic SWAP-200 items describing patients beginning and patients ending psychoanalysis provide a meaningful picture of the two groups. Results. Among patients at the end of psychoanalysis, scores were significantly lower on the SWAP-200 Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, and Dependent scales and scores were significantly higher on the SWAP-200 High functioning scale and the DSM-IV GAF scale. Common characteristics of patients beginning psychoanalysis were anxiety, guilt, and shame. Common characteristics of patients ending psychoanalysis were conscientiousness and responsibility, striving to live up to moral and ethical standards, and enjoyment of challenges. Conclusions. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of a clinician report measure for the study of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
The Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans Autoinduces Hyphal Morphogenesis by Raising Extracellular pH

ABSTRACT pH homeostasis is critical for all organisms; in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, pH adaptation is critical for virulence in distinct host niches. We demonstrate that beyond adaptation, C. albicans actively neutralizes the environment from either acidic or alkaline pHs. Under acidic conditions, this species can raise the pH from 4 to >7 in less than 12 h, resulting in autoinduction of the yeast-hyphal transition, a critical virulence trait. Extracellular alkalinization has been reported to occur in several fungal species, but under the specific conditions that we describe, the phenomenon is more rapid than previously observed. Alkalinization is linked to carbon deprivation, as it occurs in glucose-poor media and requires exogenous amino acids. These conditions are similar to those predicted to exist inside phagocytic cells, and we find a strong correlation between the use of amino acids as a cellular carbon source and the degree of alkalinization. Genetic and genomic approaches indicate an emphasis on amino acid uptake and catabolism in alkalinizing cells. Mutations in four genes, STP2 , a transcription factor regulating amino acid permeases, ACH1 (acetyl-coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA] hydrolase), DUR1 , 2 (urea amidolyase), and ATO5 , a putative ammonia transporter, abolish or delay neutralization. The pH changes are the result of the extrusion of ammonia, as observed in other fungi. We propose that nutrient-deprived C. albicans cells catabolize amino acids as a carbon source, excreting the amino nitrogen as ammonia to raise environmental pH and stimulate morphogenesis, thus directly contributing to pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is the most important fungal pathogen of humans, causing disease at multiple body sites. The ability to switch between multiple morphologies, including a rounded yeast cell and an elongated hyphal cell, is a key virulence trait in this species, as this reversible switch is thought to promote dissemination and tissue invasion in the host. We report here that C. albicans can actively alter the pH of its environment and induce its switch to the hyphal form. The change in pH is caused by the release of ammonia from the cells produced during the breakdown of amino acids. This phenomenon is unprecedented in a human pathogen and may substantially impact host physiology by linking morphogenesis, pH adaptation, carbon metabolism, and interactions with host cells, all of which are critical for the ability of C. albicans to cause disease.
Guano, Credible Commitments, and Sovereign Debt Repayment in Nineteenth-Century Peru

Peru's experience with sovereign debt during the guano boom is one of the most remarkable in the nineteenth century. Despite the country's ongoing political instability and poor capital market reputation, the price of Peruvian bonds soared shortly after settlement in 1849, and the country enjoyed relatively low credit risk until the 1870s. This article discusses the incentives Peru and its creditors faced, and explains how Peru's extraordinary performance in financial markets was founded on its credible commitment to service its debt with the guano proceeds. Peruvian guano boom was an extraordinary phenomenon in nineteenth-century economic history. Guano had accumulated for centuries in large deposits on arid islands off the Peruvian coast. Beginning in the 1840s, Peru exported much of this guano to Europe and the United States, where it was used as a fertilizer. Such was the scale of the guano trade that it transformed Peru - a failed state with a record of fiscal irresponsibility - into a leading borrower in the London capital market. Peru accumulated a huge foreign debt because investors viewed its bonds as extremely low risk instruments. From 1849 to 1875 the country maintained a stellar record of debt service, and its bonds were among the most highly valued Latin American securities. In this article, I examine how Peru was able to take advantage of the guano boom to transform itself in the eyes of creditors. I argue that the spectacular magnitude of the revenues that guano generated was perhaps necessary, but it was certainly not a sufficient condition for this transformation. The key factor was that Peru specifically pledged guano
mTORC1 Links Protein Quality and Quantity Control by Sensing Chaperone Availability

Balanced protein synthesis and degradation are crucial for proper cellular function. Protein synthesis is tightly coupled to energy status and nutrient levels by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Quality of newly synthesized polypeptides is maintained by the molecular chaperone and ubiquitin-proteasome systems. Little is known about how cells integrate information about the quantity and quality of translational products simultaneously. We demonstrate that cells distinguish moderate reductions in protein quality from severe protein misfolding using molecular chaperones to differentially regulate mTORC1 signaling. Moderate reduction of chaperone availability enhances mTORC1 signaling, whereas stress-induced complete depletion of chaperoning capacity suppresses mTORC1 signaling. Molecular chaperones regulate mTORC1 assembly in coordination with nutrient availability. This mechanism enables mTORC1 to rapidly detect and respond to environmental cues while also sensing intracellular protein misfolding. The tight linkage between protein quality and quantity control provides a plausible mechanism coupling protein misfolding with metabolic dyshomeostasis.
Understanding non-governmental organizations in community development: Strengths, limitations and suggestions:

Despite the widely recognized importance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in community development, few studies have shown a holistic picture of their diverse aspects. This article contribu...
Beyond Autonomy Fetishism: Affiliation with Autonomy in Women's Empowerment

AbstractA growing critical literature on women's empowerment argues that the current focus on autonomy obscures the extent to which relationships, social norms, and structures shape women's lives. I begin from the idea that disaggregating forms of autonomy and conceptually clarifying their relationship to empowerment can help us respond to the critiques without abandoning what is genuinely important about autonomy. I argue that one form of personal autonomy, thin relational autonomy, is necessary but insufficient for women's empowerment. Seeing this can help us respond to the critiques as well as develop a better understanding of what should be prioritized in development interventions. In order to agitate against oppressive structures and to improve their lives in ways they endorse, women need the ability to formulate and scrutinize their own values. This conception of autonomy, unlike many other conceptions of autonomy, does not exclude the idea that relationships can be empowering. However, this concept...
Evaluating Errors in a Digital Vegetation Map with Forest Inventory Data and Accuracy Assessment Using Fuzzy Sets

In large-area mapping projects, existing reference data, often collected for a different purpose, are increasingly being used for map accuracy assessment. Multi-attribute digital vegetation maps have been developed for all National Forest lands in California (8.1 million ha). We developed decision rules that could be applied to quantitative Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot data in order to score the fuzzy membership of plot locations in all possible map classes. We compare the accuracy of the vegetation map attributes estimated using this method to accuracy estimated from fuzzy class membership scores assigned by experts (inventory crews) during field work. Accuracy of the vegetation life form attribute was estimated to be higher when expert label assignments were used as reference data (76–87%), instead of FIA plot data (62–79%). This suggests that automated decision rules applied to detailed data from FIA plots, which have smaller area than map polygons, may systematically underestimate map accuracy. However, assignment of the actual map labels to FIA plot locations by inventory crews appears to be a robust method for using the FIA data for accuracy assessment.
Sequential design of linear quadratic state regulators via the optimal root-locus techniques

The use of well-known root-locus techniques for sequentially finding the weighting matrices and the linear quadratic state regulators of multivariable control systems in the frequency domain is considered. This sequential design method permits the retention of some stable open-loop poles and the associated eigenvectors in the closed-loop system; it also allows some optimal closed-loop poles to be placed in a specific region of the complex plane. In addition, it provides a design procedure for determining the weighting matrices and linear quadratic state regulators for the optimal control of multivariable systems in the frequency domain.
A new record for Limnobatodes paradoxus Hussey, 1925 from Guyana (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Hydrometridae: Limnobatodinae)

Limnobatodes paradoxus Hussey, 1925 is a primitive hydrometrid, described from a single female specimen collected in 1923 at Tela, Honduras (Hussey 1925). Following the original description, very few records of this species have been reported in literature, and locality indications are not detailed: Brazil (Cobben 1968), Peru (Andersen 1977), and French Guiana (Polhemus & Polhemus 1995). Andersen (1977, 1982) quoted “British Honduras” [= Belize] instead of Honduras, and this mistake was subsequently repeated by Schuh and Slater (1995) (see Moreira, 2014). This taxon was not listed by Heckman (2011) in his monograph on the Heteroptera of South America. Excellent illustrations of this species, in comparison with those of other Heteroptera, have been provided by several authors (cf. Hussey 1925; Cobben 1968, 1978; Andersen 1977, 1982). Nothing is known about the habitat and life history of Limnobatodes paradoxus (Andersen 1977; Polhemus & Polhemus 1995).
Biegetheorie der Kreiszylinderschale

Beim Aufbau der Membrantheorie in den vorangehenden Kapiteln sind wir von der grundlegenden Annahme ausgegangen, das sich alle Spannungen gleichmasig uber die Schalenstarke verteilen, das also die durch (lg—j) definierten Momente null sind. Daraus konnten wir sofort folgern, das auch die Querkrafte verschwinden mussen (S. 5) und das die Schubkrafte in zueinander senkrechten Schnittrichtungen gleich sind (S. 4), so das sich die Zahl der zu berechnenden Schnittkrafte von 10 auf 3 verminderte. Man kann die grundlegende Voraussetzung der Membrantheorie auch so ausdrucken, das man nur solche Schalen untersucht, die einer Verbiegung, d. h. einer Anderung der Krummungsverhaltnisse der Mittelflache keinen elastischen Widerstand entgegensetzen, also nur eine Dehnsteifigkeit, aber keine Biegesteifigkeit haben. Solche Schalen sind, wie wir gesehen haben (S. 71 ff.), sogar imstande, bei geeigneten Randbedingungen spannungslose Formanderungen auszufuhren, und man uberzeugt sich leicht, das diese nicht einmal immer unendlich klein sein mussen. Die Schale ohne Biegungswiderstand ist also gar kein Sonderfall eines elastischen Korpers, sondern sie besitzt gegenuber geeignet ausgewahlten Belastungen uberhaupt keine Elastizitat, gibt willenlos nach.
Effects of Sex Steroids on Women's Health: Implications for Practitioners

Androgen excess in women is manifested typically by clinical features that may include hirsutism, acne, central obesity, male-pattern baldness, upper torso widening, increased waist-to-hip ratio, clitoral hypertrophy, and deepening of the voice. The differential diagnosis includes androgen-producing ovarian and adrenal neoplasms, Cushing's syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the intake of exogenous androgens. Physicians treating patients for one symptom of androgen excess must be alert for other symptoms and signs. The cosmetic manifestations of androgen excess belie the serious health risks associated with this condition, including cardiovascular disease, intravascular thrombosis, and insulin resistance. Prompt clinical recognition of androgen excess, understanding of the androgen-related biochemical abnormalities underlying the risks associated with this condition, and implementation of risk modification can reduce the incidence of associated morbidity and mortality. An interdisciplinary approach to management is strongly recommended. Risk reduction strategies include correction of dyslipidemias, low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of myocardial infarction, maintenance of ideal weight, smoking cessation, exercise, use of oral contraceptives containing a low-androgenic progestin, and postmenopausal estrogen replacement. Combination oral contraceptives containing lowandrogenic progestins are effective not only in reducing signs of androgen excess but also in potentially retarding the progression of long-term sequelae such as cardiovascular disease.
SPEX2: automated concise extraction of spatial gene expression patterns from Fly embryo ISH images

Motivation: Microarray profiling of mRNA abundance is often ill suited for temporal–spatial analysis of gene expressions in multicellular organisms such as Drosophila. Recent progress in image-based genome-scale profiling of whole-body mRNA patterns via in situ hybridization (ISH) calls for development of accurate and automatic image analysis systems to facilitate efficient mining of complex temporal–spatial mRNA patterns, which will be essential for functional genomics and network inference in higher organisms. Results: We present SPEX2, an automatic system for embryonic ISH image processing, which can extract, transform, compare, classify and cluster spatial gene expression patterns in Drosophila embryos. Our pipeline for gene expression pattern extraction outputs the precise spatial locations and strengths of the gene expression. We performed experiments on the largest publicly available collection of Drosophila ISH images, and show that our method achieves excellent performance in automatic image annotation, and also finds clusters that are significantly enriched, both for gene ontology functional annotations, and for annotation terms from a controlled vocabulary used by human curators to describe these images. Availability: Software will be available at http://www.sailing.cs.cmu.edu/ Contact: ude.umc.sc@gnixpe Supplementary information: Supplementary data are avilable at Bioinformatics online.
Acid‐Fast (Ziehl‐Neelsen) Staining Facilitates Follicular Counting in Horizontally‐Sectioned Scalp Biopsies.

Transverse sectioning of scalp biopsies was first proposed by Headington in 1984. Horizontal sections allow easy analysis of follicular density, accurate determination of hair shaft diameter, and quantification of the anagen:telogen ratio. The terminal to vellus hair (T:V) ratio is an important parameter in the differential diagnosis of non-scarring alopecias. A vellus hair is defined as having a cross-sectional diameter of 0.03 mm or less, and a diameter not exceeding the thickness of its root sheath. It is tedious to tally the T:V ratio in a standard 4 mm punch biopsy because the entire biopsy can only be visualised using the 2x and 4x objectives. It is difficult to identify vellus hairs with this magnification, and one must switch between high and low power, often losing track of which hairs have already been counted. All hair shafts are strongly acid-fast and stain bright red, making it easy to count terminal and vellus hairs with 2x and 4x magnification. We show acid-fast (Ziehl-Zeelsen) stained slides from various types of non-scarring alopecias cut at the level of the infundibula, and contrast these to hematoxylin and eosin stained slides at the same level, to demonstrate how acid-fast staining greatly facilitates follicular counting.
An acid catalyzed reversible ring-opening/ring-closure reaction involving a cyano-rhodamine spirolactam

Cyanamide was introduced into the rhodamine spirolactam framework to produce a colorless and non-fluorescent compound RBCN. It shows a reversible ring-opening/ring-closure process in response to the solution pH, which exhibits an “ON/OFF” switching in its fluorescence. Different from other rhodamine-type dyes, the ring-open form of RBCN is stable in protic solvents under neutral, near neutral and basic conditions, showing a pink color and very strong fluorescence. We also demonstrated the potential of RBCN in live cell imaging.