cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of single- versus double-tunnel tendon-to-bone healing in an ovine model: a biomechanical and histological analysis.

BackgroundThe double-bundle technique has recently gained much interest in ligament reconstruction. In addition to potential kinematic advantages, perhaps double tunnels have the potential for faster and more secure tendon-to-bone healing.HypothesisPlacement of tendons in 2 osseous tunnels, as opposed to 1, will enhance tendon fixation as determined biomechanically and histologically.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFourteen sheep were used, and an extra-articular tendon graft reconstruction was performed on both knees of each sheep. In 1 randomly selected knee, the long digital extensor tendon was released from the femur and placed into a single tunnel in the proximal tibia. In the contralateral knee, the tendon was split and placed into 2 tibial tunnels. Ten sheep were analyzed by mechanical testing, and the remaining 4 were subjected to histologic evaluation at 6 weeks after surgery. Paired t tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsMechanical testing demonstrated that the peak loa...
Effects of plasticizers on the structure and properties of starch-clay nanocomposite films

Biodegradable nanocomposites were successfully fabricated from corn starch and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays by melt extrusion processing. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and film properties such as barrier, mechanical and thermal properties were also measured. As a conventional plasticizer, the influence of glycerol content was first investigated. As the glycerol content decreased from 20% to 5%, the degree of clay exfoliation increased. Films with 5% glycerol exhibited the lowest water vapor permeability (0.41 g mm/kPa h m
Film Preparation Conditions and Characterization of Co-Deposited Tungsten Doped Zinc Oxide Phosphor

Need for efficient blue light emitting source for optoelectronic device applications such as flat panel displays has made the research in luminescent material ever so important. Tungsten doped zinc oxide (ZnO:W) has been identified as a blue light emitting phosphor exhibiting cathodoluminescence near 490 nm. This paper details work done on ZnO:W phosphor preparation conditions for efficient light emission from the phosphor. Material characterization to identify the possible source of blue light emission will also be discussed.
You’ve Come a Long Way, Sociology

When I was an undergraduate at Duke University (Class of ‘52), there was no gerontology, much less any sociology of aging. When I got my doctorate at Columbia University in 1959, there were the beginnings of some gerontology, but still no sociology of aging. It was not until 1979 that there was enough sociology of aging to establish a Section on Aging and the Life Course at the American Sociological Association. This handbook celebrates the 30th anniversary of that establishment by publishing 45 chapters on a wide range of topics in the field by 80 authors. Each author was asked to review the past 30 years and consider questions such as:
Optical switching and routing architectures for fiber-optic computer communication networks

An optical interface message processor (OPTIMP) is proposed that exploits the high bandwidth, parallelism, multidimensional capability, and high storage density offered by optics. The most time consuming operations such as switching and routing in communication networks are performed in the optical domain in the proposed system. The design does not suffer from the optical/electrical conversion bottlenecks and can perform switching and routing in the range of gigabits/s. The source-destination (S-D) information from a message is first converted to the spatial domain. The routing table stores all S-D codes and the corresponding control codes for the switching module. Using a cylindrical system, the routing table is searched in parallel (single step) and control signals corresponding to the matched S-D row from the table are used to control the switching module. the switching module, based on the self electrooptical device array technology, can be reconfigured in the gigahertz range and provide high bandwidth. >
Can differential exposure to risk factors explain recent racial and ethnic variation in marital disruption

Abstract Large racial and ethnic differentials in the risk of marital disruption are observed in the United States, with Blacks exhibiting higher rates of disruption than many other groups. We use data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth to investigate whether racial/ethnic differences in exposure to risk factors for disruption can explain variation in levels of marital instability across groups. We consider a wide array of risk factors for disruption and offer one of the few recent analyses of marital instability among Mexican American women. Our results suggest that, if differences in population composition between groups were removed, the White–Black and Black–Mexican differentials in disruption would be reduced by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively. The story regarding the White–Mexican differential is more complicated, however, and hinges on nativity status of Mexican women. Finally, in light of large differences in marital instability between US-born and foreign-born Mexican women, we also explore the possibility that compositional differences might contribute to differentials in marital instability between these two groups.
The Relationship of Value Orientation to Moral Cognition Gender and Cultural Differences in the United States and China Explored

This research explores the proposition of Gilligan's 1982 work that there are two possible moral orientations—justice and caring. She takes issue with the work of Kohlberg because his stage theory proceeds toward a single orientation of justice and autonomy. Both women and non-Western cultures have been accused of failure to achieve Kohlberg's post conventional (justice-oriented) stage of moral reasoning. It was hypothesized that this is because they favor a caring ethic. The World View Questionnaire was administered to groups of American and Chinese students. The results found that women favor a caring orientation. The Chinese population quite significantly favored a justice orientation. This last result may be evidence of patterns of change in Chinese value systems.
The Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Model (OLAM). Part I: Shallow-Water Tests

Abstract The Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Model (OLAM) has been developed to extend the capabilities of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to a global model domain. OLAM adopts many features of its predecessor, including physical parameterizations, initialization methods, data assimilation, logic and coding structure, and I/O formats. However, its dynamic core is new and is based on a global geodesic grid with triangular mesh cells and a finite-volume discretization of the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Local mesh refinement can be activated in OLAM to cover selected geographic areas at very high resolution and hence to simulate atmospheric systems typically studied in regional models. This paper is one in a series whose purpose is to describe the formulation of OLAM and to validate the model’s performance through test results. This paper focuses on global-scale dynamics that can be represented by the shallow-water equations, and provides details of the spatial and temporal discretizatio...
A comparative study of live attenuated F strain-derived Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines.

SUMMARY. Commercially available attenuated strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are commonly used within the layer industry to control MG-induced mycoplasmosis. Among these are two live MG vaccines derived from the moderately pathogenic MG ‘‘chick F’’ strain. In the present study, the commercially available F strain derivatives were compared for their ability to elicit seroconversion, persist in vivo, and protect against virulent MG-induced airsacculitis. In addition, a noncommercial laboratory– derived high-passage F strain isolate was included in the study. Commercial (Hy-Line W-36) layers were placed in biological isolation units at 9 wk of age (woa). At 10 woa, birds within each biological isolation unit were treated via eye-drop application with one of the three F strain–derived vaccines at one of four levels (13 ,1 0 21 3 ,1 0 22 3 ,o r 10 23 3). For the commercially available F strain derivatives, 13 equaled the manufacturer’s recommended dose. The 13 dose of the noncommercial laboratory–maintained F strain derivative equaled 20 ml of a 48 hr culture. For wk 1–6 postvaccination (p.v.), sera were collected weekly from each bird, and seroconversion was assessed via serum plate agglutination (SPA). Virulent MG (strain Rlow) challenge occurred via intratracheal inoculation at 7 wk p.v. Necropsies were subsequently performed to assess challenge-associated airsacculitus. For each F strain derivative applied at 13 and 10 21 3, 100% seroconversion, as measured by SPA, was demonstrated by 6 wk p.v., and rates at the 10 22 3 dosage were 10% and 90% for the commercial vaccines and 60% for the laboratory-derived strain in this period. Following challenge, airsacculitis was observed in 66.67% of the nontreated controls but not in any 13 -o r 10 21 3-treated bird independent
Salivary gland 4-duct ligation for the management of chronic sialorrhea in children

Sialorrhea is a common and potentially debilitating problem that may arise in children with neurologic disorders, such as cerebral palsy. Excessive drooling may lead to serious quality of life problems in addition to serious life-threatening problems, ie, recurrent pneumonitis, secondary to aspiration of secretions. Numerous medical and surgical procedures have been proposed for the treatment of this problem. The technique of 4-duct ligation is described. This technique does not require external neck incisions and allows a short hospitalization with a rapid recovery time. A total of 21 patients undergoing 4-duct ligation for chronic sialorrhea reported good to excellent results, with a low complication rate. This technique is an excellent alternative to other medical and surgical options for neurologically impaired patients with chronic sialorrhea.
The fine structure of glial cells in the chicken

The glial cells of the chicken spinal cord and optic nerve, studied after aldehyde fixation, are comparable in fine structure to those of mammals and other vertebrates. Most astrocytes are characterized by an overall low density and cytoplasmic filaments, which vary in quantity and may occur in prominent bundles or may be scattered. Particular features in the chicken include the observations that the lumbar level of the spinal cord seems to be the only region, of those studied, in which astrocytes contain glycogen particles. Astrocyte processes with very dense cytoplasm, in addition to typical light ones, were observed, particularly in the glia limitans. Oligodendrocytes are characterized by a greater overall density, more extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, more numerous microtubules, and absence of cytoplasmic filaments. The variations in cell type involve mainly the granular endoplasmic reticulum, ranging from short, scattered to long, stacked cisternae, and the texture of the nuclei.
Learning feedforward control using a Dilated B-spline network: frequency Domain Analysis and design

This paper presents a frequency-domain analysis and design approach for a learning feedforward controller (LFFC) using a dilated B-spline network. The LFFC acts as an add-on element to the existing feedback controller (FBC). The LFFC signal is updated iteratively based on the FBC signal of the previous iteration as the task repeats. Similar to proportional-integral-derivative controller tuning, there are only two parameters to adjust: The B-spline support width and the learning gain. The effect of dilation in the B-spline network is discussed. Detailed design formulae are given based on a stability analysis. As an illustration, simulation results on the path tracking control of a wheeled mobile robot are presented.
Uncertainty Assessment in Reservoir Water Quality Modeling: Implication for Model Improvement

AbstractAs reservoir simulation models become more widely used, there is greater need for uncertainty assessment in water quality modeling. In comparison with the modeling of quantity phenomena, such as hydrological modeling, water quality modeling involves additional uncertainties in the modeling of pollutant loadings and the transport and fate of contaminants in receiving waters. In this work, a general and flexible method based on generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) is used to estimate the uncertainty in reservoir water quality modeling that arises from parameter uncertainty and error in model inputs. A one-dimensional model which was set up to simulate the hydrothermal and water quality of Pepacton Reservoir, part of the New York City water supply system, was used to demonstrate the method. Obtained results show that most model parameters and inputs follow wide non-Gaussian distributions, indicating they are of high uncertainty. The results also show that uncertainty is low for the si...
Imagable 4T1 model for the study of late stage breast cancer

The 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line is one of only a few breast cancer models with the capacity to metastasize efficiently to sites affected in human breast cancer. Here we describe two 4T1 cell lines modified to facilitate analysis of tumor growth and metastasis and evaluation of gene function in vivo. New information regarding the involvement of innate and acquired immunity in metastasis and other characteristics of the model relevant to its use in the study of late stage breast cancer are reported. The lines were engineered for stable expression of firefly luciferase to allow tracking and quantitation of the cells in vivo. Biophotonic imaging was used to characterize growth and metastasis of the lines in vivo and an improved gene expression approach was used to characterize the basis for the metastatic phenotype that was observed. Growth of cells at the primary site was biphasic with metastasis detected during the second growth phase 5–6 weeks after introduction of the cells. Regression of growth, which occurred in weeks 3–4, was associated with extensive necrosis and infiltration of leukocytes. Biphasic tumor growth did not occur in BALB/c SCID mice indicating involvement of an acquired immune response in the effect. Hematopoiesis in spleen and liver and elevated levels of circulating leukocytes were observed at week 2 and increased progressively until death at week 6–8. Gene expression analysis revealed an association of several secreted factors including colony stimulatory factors, cytokines and chemokines, acute phase proteins, angiogenesis factors and ECM modifying proteins with the 4T1 metastatic phenotype. Signaling pathways likely to be responsible for production of these factors were also identified. The production of factors that stimulate angiogenesis and ECM modification and induce hematopoiesis, recruitment and activation of leukocytes suggest that 4T1 tumor cells play a more direct role than previously appreciated in orchestrating changes in the tumor environment conducive to tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. The new cell lines will greatly facilitate the study of late stage breast and preclinical assessment of cancer drugs and other therapeutics particularly those targeting immune system effects on tumor metastasis.
Is Rigidity Conserved Across the Class A Beta-Lactamase Family?

Antibiotic overuse has resulted in an evolved class of β-lactamase (BL) proteins that can hydrolyze extended spectrum antibiotics. BL, produced by bacteria, hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring of penicillin and chemically related structures, thus rendering the antibiotic ineffective. NMR and MD results suggest that the TEM-1 class A BL structure is quite rigid. In this study, we characterize flexibility of 15 related Class A BL proteins, which includes several extended spectrum antibiotic resistance. We employ a Distance Constraint Model (DCM). The DCM is a computational modeling scheme that integrates thermodynamic and mechanical descriptions to compute Quantitative Stability/Flexibility Relationships (QSFR) of protein structure [1, 2]. QSFR results suggest that rigidity is constant throughout the BL Class A family, although many site-specific differences in flexibility and rigidity are also present. Interestingly, our results show appreciable diversity within the Ω-loop, which is important for substrate recognition and catalysis. We will attempt to correlate differences in active-site dynamics with antibiotic resistance. Taken together, our collective results provide a biophysical framework to characterize evolution within the class A BL family.[1] Jacobs, D.J., and Dallakyan, S. Elucidating protein thermodynamics from the three-dimensional structure of the native state using network rigidity. Biophys. J, 2005. 88: p. 903-15.[2] Livesay, D.R., Dallakyan, S., Wood, G.G. and Jacobs, D.J. A flexible approach for understanding protein stability. FEBS Lett, 2004. 576: p. 468-67.
Distribution of lifestyle and emerging risk factors by 10-year risk for coronary heart disease:

BackgroundThe Framingham risk score has been used for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk assessment. Recently, additional risk factors not included in the Framingham algorithm have received much attention and may help improve risk assessment. We examined the distributions of lifestyle and emerging risk factors by 10-year risk of CHD.MethodsWe calculated 10-year CHD risk ( 20%) for 8355 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 using the Framingham risk score as modified by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. We examined the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference] and various emerging risk factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count, fibrinogen, homocysteine, glycosylated hemoglobin, and albuminuria] as well as prevalence of high CHD risk by levels of these risk factors.ResultsAll examined CHD risk factors were significantly associated with i...
The Variable Binding Modes of Phenylbis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)phosphane and Bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl) Phenylphosphonite with AgI and CuI

A series of new bridging phosphane and phosphonite structures forming three- and six-membered rings with the metal centers were synthesized and characterized. The resulting compounds of phenylbis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)phosphane (1) with the silver(I) salts of trifluoroacetate (tfa–), tetrafluoroborate (BF4–), and trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf–), and copper tetrakis(acetonitrile) hexafluorophosphate (PF6–) shows the flexibility of the ligand by displaying different coordination modes associated with the electronic and structural characteristics of the corresponding anion. Accordingly, ligand 1 in these complexes displays two different binding modes. With Agtfa and AgBF4 compounds 3 and 4 are obtained where the ligand chelates to two silver atoms that exhibit normalAg–Ag contacts in the range of 2.9 A. When AgOTf or Cu(NCCH3)4PF6 are used, one molecule of 1 bridges the metal centers through a phosphorus atom while another is terminally bound. This induces short M–M distances of 2.6871 and 2.568 A for 5 and 6, respectively. Similarly, the coordination behavior of the heterofunctional bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl) phenylphosphonite ligand (2) is reported with Cu(NCCH3)4PF6 (7) and AgBF4 (8) to form two novel discrete molecules. In these complexes 2 coordinates through the P and N atoms, with the difference that in 7 the O atom of one of the carbinol arms is also bound to the Cu. Elemental analysis, variable-temperature multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and low-temperature luminescence studies were carried out to fully characterize the compounds. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Statistical Treatment of Data and Extreme-Value Theory in Relation to Fatigue in Textiles

The use of central measures of lifetime to characterize fatigue behavior is misleading, and more attention should be paid to early failures and expected minimum life. Differences in the dispersions...
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Anemic Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: Results of a Phase III Multicenter Clinical Trial

Abstract Study Objective:To determine the effectiveness and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). Patients:Hemodialysis patients (333) with uncomplicated anemia (hematocrit < 0.30). ...
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

Several clinical variables have been identified as predictors of clinical outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Nonetheless, there is limited and contradictive data on the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the prognosis of patients who undergo TAVI. We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and the early and midterm outcomes after TAVI according to DM status. From 802 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI, we compared 548 patients with no DM to 254 patients with diabetes (177 orally treated and 77 insulin treated). Patients with DM were younger had higher body mass index and incidence of coronary artery disease and lower incidence of frailty. Device success, 30-day mortality and major complications rates were similar between groups. One-year mortality was 12.1% for patient with DM and 12.2% for patients without DM (p = 0.91). In a multivariable regression analysis including age, body mass index, coronary artery disease and frailty, DM was associated with decreased overall survival. This was driven by increased overall mortality of the insulin-treated DM subgroup (hazard ratio 2.40, 95% CI 1.32 to 4.37; p
Structure-Based Design of 1,4-Dibenzoylpiperazines as β-Catenin/B-Cell Lymphoma 9 Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitors

A small-molecule inhibitor with a 1,4-dibenzoylpiperazine scaffold was designed to match the critical binding elements in the β-catenin/B-cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9) protein–protein interaction interface. Inhibitor optimization led to a potent inhibitor that can disrupt the β-catenin/BCL9 interaction and exhibit 98-fold selectivity over the β-catenin/cadherin interaction. The binding mode of new inhibitors was characterized by structure–activity relationships and site-directed mutagenesis studies. Cell-based studies demonstrated that this series of inhibitors can selectively suppress canonical Wnt signaling and inhibit growth of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent cancer cells.
Two new genera of corticioid basidiomycetes with gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores

Amylofungus and Dextrinocystidium are pro? posed as new genera of corticioid basidiomycetes. These genera share the characters of clampless hy? phae, gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores. Amy? lofungus is characterized by the presence of amyloid hyphae, gloeocystidia and basidia, as well as by utri- form basidia and smooth basidiospores. Dextrinocys? tidium is characterized by having dextrinoid and cy- anophilic lamprocystidia, utriform basidia, verrucose basidiospores, and by skeletal hyphae. Amylofungus cor- rosus and D. sacratum, respectively type species of these two genera, are proposed as new combinations. A key is provided to the genera of resupinate basidiomycetes with gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores.
Selected Bibliography 1986-1987

(1988). Selected Bibliography 1986-1987. The Oral History Review: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 177-190.
Climate and human influences on historical fire regimes (AD 1400–1900) in the eastern Great Basin (USA)

High fire activity in western North America is associated with drought. Drought and fire prevail under negative El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phases in the Southwest and with positive phases in the Northwest. Here, I infer climate effects on historic fire patterns in the geographically intermediate, eastern Great Basin and seek out evidence of human influence on reconstructed fire regimes. Surface fire chronologies were constructed for 10 sites using tree-ring-based fire scars. Regional (67) and local (247) fire years and no-fire (187) years were identified from 1400 to 1900 CE. I compared fire chronologies with indices of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), ENSO, and PDO. Regionally, fires were significantly more common during drought and were associated with negative ENSO and positive-to-negative PDO transitions while no-fire years were associated with positive ENSO and negative-to-positive PDO transitions. Conditions were significantly wetter 2 years prior to regional fire years and drier 4 years prior to no-fire years, providing evidence that fires were historically fuel limited. Local fire years occurred under a broad range of climate conditions. Most sites showed either persistent late or bimodal (early and late) fire seasonality patterns. These patterns are distinct from the mid-season peak observed for modern lightning-caused fires, suggesting a human influence on historical ignition patterns. Results demonstrate that climate was an important synchronizer of fire at the regional scale and that locally fire regimes were the product of climate-regulated fuels and some combination of human and lightning ignition patterns.
Public Platitudes and Unfounded Attitudes

From listening to commentators on television and reading the newspapers, you may have the impression that many, if not most, nonoil-exporting Third World countries are in the position of a castrated man in a harem: impotent and unable to do anything about their incapacity. Nowadays the media frequently refer to such countries as Bangladesh and Haiti as ‘basket cases’. Some of these have been assigned to the ‘Fourth World’. I used to think that this meant the bottom of the barrel: then Time magazine even suggested that we must distinguish a ‘Fifth World’.
A Duality Relationship Between Boolean Functions in CNF and DNF Derivable from the Same Training Examples

This chapter discusses a useful relationship between the CNF and DNF forms of the Boolean functions derivable from the same training data. This relationship can benefit approaches which attempt to solve large Boolean function inference problems and use either the CNF or the DNF form in representing a Boolean function.
Studentized Autoregressive Time Series Residuals

In this paper we develop large sample approximations for the variances of the residuals obtained from either a least squares or rank analysis of a first order autoregressive process. The formulas are elaborate, but can easily be computed either recursively or via an object oriented language such as S-PLUS. More importantly, our findings indicate that the variances of the residuals depend on much more than just the standard deviation of the error distribution. Thus, we caution against the use of the naive standardization for time series diagnostic procedures. Furthermore, the results can be used to form studentized residuals analogous to those used in the linear regression setting. We compare these new residuals to the conditionally studentized residuals via an example and simulation study. The study reveals some minor differences between the two sets of residuals in regards to outlier detection. Based on our findings, we conclude that the classical studentized linear regression residuals, found in such packages as SAS, SPSS, and RGLM can effectively be used in an autoregressive time series context.
Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society

(1989). Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 295-297.
Influence of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine on farnesol tolerance in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is among the most common human fungal pathogens. The ability to undergo the morphological transition from yeast to hyphal growth is critical for its pathogenesis. Farnesol, a precursor in the isoprenoid/sterol pathway, is a quorum-sensing molecule produced by C. albicans that inhibits hyphal growth in this polymorphic fungus. Interestingly, C. albicans can tolerate farnesol concentrations that are toxic to other fungi. We hypothesized that changes in phospholipid composition are one of the factors contributing to farnesol tolerance in C. albicans. In this study, we found that loss of enzymes that synthesize the phospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) and/or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) compromise the tolerance of C. albicans to farnesol. Compared with wild type, the phospholipid mutant cho1∆/∆ (loss of PS and decreased PE synthesis) shows greater inhibition of growth, loss of ATP production, increased consumption of oxygen, and increased formation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of farnesol. The cho1∆/∆ mutant also exhibits decreased sensitivity to mitochondrial ATPase inhibition, suggesting that cells lacking PS and/or downstream PE rely less on mitochondrial function for ATP synthesis. These data reveal that PS and PE play roles in farnesol tolerance and maintaining mitochondrial respiratory function.
Successful use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) during mid-term pregnancy

Introduction Ascending aortic dissection (Type A) often requires deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) for proper repair. It involves the use of cardiopulmonary bypass to achieve whole body cooling to a temperature of 18 degrees Celsius prior to the cessation of all circulation. This circulatory arrest then allows for repair of the aortic arch and/or cerebral vessels without cross-clamp. This technique is well described and has become standard practice in the treatment of Type A dissection. The use of DHCA during pregnancy, however, has seldom been described. Case description A 31-year-old female at 21 weeks gestation presented acutely to the emergency department with a Type A aortic dissection. She was taken emergently to the operating room and cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated via femoral arterial and central venous cannulation. Aortic repair was accomplished during a 25 minute period of DHCA. Destruction of her aortic root by the dissection included the right coronary ostium and required composite tissue valve and conduit replacement (Bio–Bentall) with right coronary saphenous vein bypass. Fetal ultrasound imaging obtained preoperatively and postoperatively demonstrated no changes in fetal heart tones or obvious evidence of fetal injury. She was subsequently discharged on postoperative day 4. Evaluation by obstetrics 8 weeks postoperatively (29 weeks gestation) revealed normal fetal growth. 4 months post operatively she delivered a full-term infant without any noticeable deficits. Conclusions The use of DHCA for type A aortic dissection is standard practice but its use during pregnancy has rarely been described. This case illustrates the use of DHCA during midterm pregnancy that resulted in an excellent outcome. Take home message DHCA can successfully be used during midterm pregnancy.
Enhanced Recovery Pathways for Minimally Invasive Esophageal Surgery.

Abstract Introduction: The outcomes for enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) have yet to be thoroughly studied in minimally invasive esophageal surgery. In this review, we examine the literature ...
Arthropod Abundance Associated with the Natural Resources Conservation Service: Implications for Greater Sage-Grouse Management

One goal of the Natural Resource Conservation Service Sage-Grouse Initiative was to reverse the western US trend of declining sage-grouse populations. The sage-grouse initiative aims at preventing sod-busting activities (conversion of native habitats into cropland) which is identified as the largest threat to stable sage-grouse populations and their habitats (USFWS 2010). Rest-rotation livestock grazing is implemented on sage-grouse core areas with the purpose of improving rangeland health on private lands and eliminate the need of listing sage-grouse on the threatened or endangered species list. We collected arthropods in central Montana from three habitat classes associated with the Sage-grouse Initiative: 1) Grazed (actively grazed livestock pastures), 2) Deferred (Ungrazed pastures), and 3) Idle (Lands of the Lake Mason National Wildlife Refuge lower unit) and report here on 2012-2014 findings. Total arthropod catches in pitfall traps were greatest from livestock Idle pastures; however, greater numbers of those arthropods classified as sage-grouse food were caught from Deferred pastures. Differences in habitat class catches revolved primarily around the high levels of thatch found on the Lake Mason Wildlife Refuge which altered the community composition and predator:prey ratios.
The Biochemical Modifications of the Brush Border Membrane Induced by Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in their Actions on Phosphate Transport

Since the development of techniques for the preparation and isolation of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV),1,2 from the luminal cell membrane of renal tubular epthelial cells considerable progress has been made in our understanding of renal tubular cell phosphate transport. A sodium dependent co-transport system capable of moving phosphate uphill against an electrochemical gradient has been characterized in BBMV. The stoichiometry of the carrier mechanism remains controversial. According to one report, it is either 2Na+:HPO 4 −2 or Na+:H2PO4−, dependent upon the charge of the phosphate species present in the bathing fluid, and phosphate transfer is electroneutral.3 However, others have reported that at pH 6 the stoichiometry is 2Na:H2PO4− and the carrier may be electrogenic at low pH.4,5 Carrier activity increases as the pH of the medium is increased in the range of 6.0–8.5.3–5 Thus, a mechanism of secondary active phosphate transport in the renal tubular brush border membrane (BBM) has been partially characterized.
MITRE Meteor: An off-road autonomous vehicle for DARPA's Grand Challenge: Field Reports

The MITRE Corporation's (McLean, VA) Meteor team fielded an autonomous vehicle that competed in DARPA's 2005 Grand Challenge race. This paper describes the team's approach to building its robotic vehicle, the vehicle and components that let the vehicle see and act, and the computer software that made the vehicle autonomous. Also presented are details of how the team prepared for the race and how their vehicle performed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analysis of Neutron Thermalization in Beryllium

An eigenvalue-eigenfunction analysis of beryllium assemblies over a large buckling range has been performed in a discrete energy representation. Transverse harmonics and the treatment of the energy...
T CELL FUNCTION IN CONGENITALLY ASPLENIC (Dh/+) MICE

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the T-cell function in congenitally asplenic (Dh/+) mice. In a study described in the chapter, congenitally asplenic mice were inbred on a B6.CBA background. The mice were maintained at the Experimental Animal Facility at the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine under standard housing conditions; all mice were raised by crossing +/+ females × Dh/+ males. Over a period of approximately 14 months, approximately 100 asplenic and 100 littermate controls were followed unmanipulated. When mice were noted to become moribund, they were immediately sacrificed and autopsied. Sections of brain in addition to all major viscera and identifiable lymph nodes were prepared, stained, and examined. Additionally, groups of 9–12 Dh/+ and +/+ mice were sacrificed at bimonthly intervals, beginning at 4 weeks of age, to determine and compare the thymus weight relative to body weight. The results of this study showed that the spontaneous tumor incidence of hereditarily asplenic mice was approximately the same as littermate controls. The overall morbidity and mortality for asplenic mice was not significantly different than littermates.
Time-Resolved Kinetics of Organometallic Reactions in the Gas Phase by Transient Infrared Absorption Spectrometry

Chemical change is a science of intermediates. Reactive molecules and fragments guide the chemistry of multicomponent systems and determine the stereospecific outcomes of individual reactions. Organometallic chemistry is among the richest of all for its transient species. Metal-centered intermediates variously appear and disappear via oxidative addition, insertion, metallocyclization, and their reverse reactions.(1) Progress in stoichiometric synthesis as well as catalysis depends on the accurate knowledge of the intermediate forms at work in these and other organometallic transformations.
SOMATOSTATIN-PRODUCING TUMORS

As peptide hormones have been identified with increasing frequency over the past years, so too, have tumors of endocrine or non-endocrine tissue that contain them. Traditionally, such tumors have been classified by their histochemical characteristics or morphological appearance however, more recently, it has been suggested that they should rather be classified according to their secretory products. The secretory products of endocrine tumor cells can usually be identified immunohistochemically. Such studies have indicated that tumors frequently contain several cell types and that different peptides can occur within the same cell. It is usual, however, that one cell type predominates and that the biological manifestations of a tumor are due to hypersecretion of a single peptide. Endocrine tumors which produce somatostatin have origins as diverse as those of the tissues that normally synthesize the peptide. Tumors containing somatostatin as a primary product (somatostatinomas) have been described in the pancreas and duodenum while a variety of endocrine and non-endocrine tumors have been shown to contain somatostatin-producing cells.
Inclusion and Normalization of Queer Identities in Women’s College Sport

While recent studies paint an optimistic picture of acceptance and inclusion of queer athletes, it would be naive to assume homonegativism no longer exists. In this study, we interviewed 13 queer f...
Biomechanics of Lumbar Motion-Segments in Dynamic Compression

Recent epidemiology studies have reported increase in lumbar spine injuries in frontal crashes. Whole human body finite element models (FEHBM) are frequently used to delineate mechanisms of such injuries. However, the accuracy of these models in mimicking the response of human spine relies on the characterization data of the spine model. The current study set out to generate characterization data that can be input to FEHBM lumbar spine, to obtain biofidelic responses from the models. Twenty-five lumbar functional spinal units were tested under compressive loading. A hydraulic testing machine was used to load the superior ends of the specimens. A 75N load was placed on the superior PMMA to remove the laxity in the joint and mimic the physiological load. There were three loading sequences, namely, preconditioning, 0.5 m/s (non-injurious) and 1.0 m/s (failure). Forces and displacements were collected using six-axis load cell and VICON targets. In addition, acoustic signals were collected to identify the times of failures. Finally, response corridors were generated for the two speeds. To demonstrate the corridors, GHBMC FE model was simulated in frontal impact condition with the default and updated lumbar stiffness. Bi-linear trend was observed in the force versus displacement plots. In the 0.5 m/s tests, mean toe- and linear-region stiffnesses were 0.96±0.37 and 2.44±0.92 kN/mm. In 1.0 m/s tests, the toe and linear-region stiffnesses were 1.13±0.56 and 4.6±2.5 kN/mm. Lumbar joints demonstrated 2.5 times higher stiffness in the linear-region when the loading rate was increased by 0.5 m/s.
Evaluation of Enzyme Substrate Radiotracers as PET/MRS Hybrid Imaging Agents

The development of a positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) hybrid imaging agent allows for functional imaging by both methods with a single imaging agent. Enzyme substrates that are cleaved to form two metabolites present an interesting opportunity, as the unique metabolites generated might each be detected by a different modality. To be successful, such enzyme substrates would require administration of doses that (a) reach the in vivo target tissue at concentrations necessary for MRS imaging, (b) do not show substrate inhibition of tissue uptake or enzymatic activity, and (c) provide PET images that still reflect the action of the enzyme. We report in vitro and in vivo proof-of-concept studies of a carbon-11 small molecule substrate for brain monoamine oxidases that, upon enzyme-mediated cleavage, produces two metabolites, one detectable by PET and the other by MRS.
Nursing Care in Cath Lab

From 1966 to the present day, paediatric haemodynamics has undergone significant innovation. Over the years interventional cardiology procedures, both haemodynamic and electrophysiological, have become more and more effective and are now the therapy of choice and the most appropriate treatment criterion in many clinical conditions, as surgeons find themselves up against more and more complex lesions. To rise to these challenges, cath labs must necessarily meet very high safety standards and be organised in a way that allows them to deal with the amount of activity and ensures essential care criteria. Many of the important factors for safety are dependent on and must be guaranteed by the members of the nursing team. Nowadays, nurses can count on internationally accredited procedures that are the result of years of research and fine-tuning. In 2008, the World Health Organization published and disseminated guidelines for safety in the operating theatre, called “Guidelines for Safe Surgery”. The same WHO guidelines are the basis of the “Manual for safety in the operating theatre: Recommendations and Checklist” published by the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Policies in October 2009. The checklist is a tool developed with a view to improving safety and quality. It is made up of 20 items that serve as a guide when carrying out checks in the operating theatre. Within the context described above, the activities of the nurse performing duties at a haemodynamic facility are characterised by the need to be able to field a high degree of specialisation. The nurse must know how to relate to others and have the skills needed for performing the process of care, capacity of observation, planning, judgement and decision-taking. Neither should he/she lack the ability to properly interpret information and communicate in a comprehensive way. From the outset, the nurse who is assigned to a cath lab will be supported by a tutor who will follow him/her, step by step, for about 6 months. There is also a practice example of a specific procedure: “Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of Edwards SAPIEN XT pulmonary heart valve”. Recovery room (RR) is a place where any patient who needs to have continuous postoperative care is accommodated. The nursing staff attached to the RR must be adequately prepared. Their task is to take continuous and direct care of the patient, and amongst their therapeutic goals, we find establishing pain management, treatment of nausea and vomiting, recovery of normothermia and acid-base and electrolyte equilibrium.
Methods to Reduce Air-Gap Center Region Magnetic and Electric Fields for Large Gap Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Active, passive, and reactive designs have been developed to reduce the magnetic leakage field. Magnetic shields have been widely used to shield the magnetic field below the transmitter and above the receiver. However, less attention is paid to the effects on the air-gap center region magnetic and electric field distributions, which are often far above safety limits and pose potential threats to human beings and animals. In this paper, the theoretical maximum transferrable power within given magnetic and electric field safety limits is derived for the air-core large gap inductive wireless power transfer system, and the physical limitations are identified. Then, the drawbacks of conventional magnetic shielding structure are presented. Phase manipulation and flux shaping methods are developed to reduce the air-gap center region magnetic field. In particular, an “I” type shielding structure is proposed to simultaneously shape the magnetic flux path to effectively reduce the air-gap center region magnetic field without degrading the coil-to-coil efficiency, and reduce the air-gap electric field by confining the electric field caused by winding excitation within the shielding structure. The proposed methods are evaluated by a 3 kW, 30 cm transfer distance design example using FEA.
Historical Contingencies in the Evolution of States and their Militaries

Historians and some scholars of international relations have long argued that historical contingencies play a critical role in the evolution of the international system, but have not explained whether they do so to a greater extent than in other domains or why such differences may exist. The authors address these lacunae by identifying stable differences between war and other policy domains that render the evolution of the international system more subject to chance events than those other domains. The selection environment of international politics has produced tightly integrated organizations (militaries) as the domain’s key players to a much greater degree than other policy domains. Because there are few players, no law of large numbers holds, and because militaries are tightly integrated, microshocks can reverberate up to macro-organizational levels. The anarchic character of the international system amplifies the impact of these shocks. The authors explore these phenomena in a range of historical examples.
Structural validity of the Parenting Daily Hassles Intensity Scale

Although the Parenting Daily Hassles Intensity Scale is a common measure, it has been relatively unclear whether users should employ the 15-item form that quantifies routine parenting hassles on two dimensions of intensity or the 20-item form that assumes a single dimension underlies the responses on the scale. To help address this gap, Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the structural validity of the 15- and 20-item forms in a sample of 174 mothers with at least one young child ( x ¯ = 6.040, SD = 0.492). Results of the Bayesian analysis did not provide empirical support for either form. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis indicated that six of the hassles that appear to address challenging child behaviour tended to cluster onto one latent factor whereas 11 hassles that appear to speak to routine parenting chores tended to cluster onto a second factor. A follow-up Bayesian analysis indicated that intensity scores can be approximated well under the 17-item form (ppp = 0.124). Accordingly, researchers and clinicians are encouraged to consider the 17-item form when addressing their measurement needs.
Diels-alder reactivity of vinylsulfoxyallenes

Vinylsulfoxyallenes (3a-c) are prepared from propargylic alcohols in 47-65% yield. Vinylsulfoxyallenes undergo facile [4+2] cycloadditions with methyl triazolidenedione (MTAD) and singlet oxygen to afford phe- nylsulfinylpyridazines and spirocyclic phenylsulfinyl-2H-pyran-3(6H)- ones in excellent yields (60-90%). Spirocyclic phenylsulfinyl-2H-py- ran-3(6H)-ones are oxidized to the corresponding phenylsulfones with peracid or can be epoxidized with basic hydrogen peroxide. Spirocyclic pyranone formation is thought to proceed via the rearrangement of a labile cyclic peroxide intermediate (14)