cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market Incompleteness and Exchange Rate Spill-over

I propose a general characterization of exchange rate dynamics, which decomposes the effect of market incompleteness into two components. The first component describes the pass-through from marginal utility shocks to exchange rate movements, and the second component captures additional exchange rate variations beyond marginal utility shocks. Under this framework, I show cross-country bond holdings impose tight equilibrium constraints, and produce counterfactual implications if the pass-through from marginal utility shocks to exchange rates is symmetric across countries. Therefore, asymmetry is an inherent feature of incomplete-market exchange rate dynamics, which generates novel implications for exchange rate spill-over and disconnect.
Determining cost-optimal approaches for managing excess renewable electricity in decarbonized electricity systems

Abstract Climate change mitigation requires developing zero-carbon, highly renewable energy systems, which require technologies to capture excess renewable electricity such as energy storage. Endeavoring to capture all available excess renewable electricity, however, may require large energy storage capacities and costs. This study therefore investigates how much curtailment is cost-optimal to allow in developing fully decarbonized electricity systems, using compliance with California's Senate Bill 100 goal as a representative case study. We combine electric grid dispatch modeling with an optimization approach for selecting the composition of energy storage technologies to capture excess renewable electricity to minimize overall system costs. We found that overbuilding cheap wind and solar and allowing the curtailment of excess renewable electricity equivalent to 25–43% of the total annual electric load resulted in the lowest cumulative systemwide cost for a fully decarbonized electricity system of about $1.8 trillion, spent between 2020 and 2045. Allowing no renewable curtailment results in significant battery requirements and a cumulative systemwide cost of $5.2 trillion spent between 2020 and 2045. Therefore, allowing some curtailment reduced the cost of building a fully decarbonized electricity system by a factor of 3 when the portfolio of technologies to capture and manage excess renewable electricity is carefully chosen.
Complex Waveguide Supermode Analysis of Coherently-Coupled Microcavity Laser Arrays

Coherently coupled microcavity lasers have desirable properties for emerging applications. We use 2-dimensional complex refractive index waveguide modeling of 2-element photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays to analyze their supermodes. The complex modal effective indices are used in turn to calculate the complex coupling coefficient between the laser array elements. An analysis of the effects of array design parameters, such as photonic crystal period, fill-factor, or confinement, to engineer the coupling coefficient for the desired properties is given and example designs for 850 nm arrays are presented.
Evaluating social capital in emergency and disaster management and hazards plans

Natural hazards and disasters pose a serious threat to society. Efficient hazard plans are a county’s prerequisite in preparing for potential disasters and serve as primary tools to reduce community vulnerability and enhance resilience. Incorporation of structural and non-structural mitigation and recovery strategies are both important to reduce damages and for overall community development from a risk reduction perspective. However, typical pre-event planning and post-disaster recovery processes often have limited incorporation of important non-structural mitigation measures such as social capital into their overall planning. Previous studies have evaluated the quality of planning documents; however, a detailed evaluation of non-structural mitigation strategies such as social capital in existing planning documents is still lacking. This study evaluates the presence of social capital in hazards plans and aims to better understand, through stakeholder engagement, the role of social capital in disaster management and planning. Evaluation and coding results indicate that there is a limited incorporation of types of social capital such as social network, role of social organizations, shared narratives, and community participation for recovery and planning process.
Functional role of sulfotransferase 2B1b in human prostate cancer.

5342 Human prostate cancer development involves stimulation by several steroid hormones, sulfoconjugation of steroids in the prostate is an important inactivation mechanism. Three major steroid sulfotransferase (SULT) isoforms: SULT2A1, SULT2B1b and SULT1E1 have been reported to conjugate estrogenic and/or hydroxysteroids. Matched human tumor/normal tissue expression arrays showed that SULT2B1b but not SULT2A1, hybridized in both tumor and normal prostate samples. Although RT-PCR found high levels of SULT1E1 message in normal prostate and low levels in BPH and prostate tumor tissues, no detectable SULT1E1 protein was found in prostate tissues by immunoblot analysis. However, immunochemical analysis showed SULT2B1b is localized in the cytosol of epithelial cells of normal and prostate cancer tissues as well as human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. SULT2B1b is selective for the sulfation of 3β-hydroxysteroids such as dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), δ 5-androstenediol (5-Adiol) and 5α-androstan-3β-17β-diol (Astane-diol), which are the precursors for androgen or estrogen synthesis and androgen derivatives, respectively. Knock-down of SULT2B1b by short interference RNA (siRNA) resulted in a 92% decrease in SULT2B1b protein expression and a 73% decrease in DHEA sulfation by intact LNCaP cells. SiRNA inhibited and control LNCaP cells were treated with 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 nM steroids (DHEA, Astane-diol, 5-Adiol) for 48 hours and changes in steroid hormone receptors expression and cell proliferation were analyzed by immunoblot analysis and MTT assay, respectively. DHEA at >= 1000 nM induced androgen receptor (AR) expression in siRNA repressed LNCaP cells, but not in control cells. Instead of no effect on estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in either cell type, DHEA caused a greater inhibition of ERβ expression in siRNA transfected cells than in control cells. DHEA elicited a greater induction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression in siRNA inhibited LNCaP cells than control cells. DHEA also stimulated more cell proliferation in siRNA transfected LNCaP cells. Nevertheless, control LNCaP cells treated with Astane-diol at >=100 nM showed greater proliferation than siRNA transfected cells. Astane-diol had no effect on AR or ERα expressions, however ERβ expression was induced by Astane-diol in the siRNA transfected cells. The induction of PSA expression by Astane-diol in control cells was decreased in the siRNA treated cells. Compared with normal LNCaP cells treated with 5-Adiol, proliferation of siRNA inhibited LNCaP cells was induced at concentrations >= 1nM. PSA expression in siRNA transfected LNCaP cells was also increased at levels >=100 nM although AR or ERα expression was not affected in either cell type. These results indicate that SULT2B1b has an important role in regulating the responsiveness of human prostate cancer cells to stimulation by DHEA, Astane-diol and 5-Adiol (Supported by NIH grant GM38953 to CNF).
Chlorine Incorporation and Phase Separation at the SiO2/Si Interface During Thermal Oxidation of Silicon in Cl/O2 Atmospheres

In the use of thermally grown oxides on silicon for the fabrication of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices, mobile alkali ions introduced as contaminants adversely affect electrical stability. It has been found, however, that through the use of a gas containing chlorine in the oxidizing atmosphere, the alkali ions can be trapped and neutralized providing stable devices. But although the electrical properties of these chlorinated oxides have been well characterized,1 the understanding from a materials perspective is not yet complete. This paper will attempt to add to that understanding through a description of observations of the oxidation process and their rationalization in a proposed model.
Pairing call-response surveys and distance sampling for a mammalian carnivore

Density estimates accounting for differential animal detectability are difficult to acquire for wide-ranging and elusive species such as mammalian carnivores. Pairing distance sampling with call-response surveys may provide an efficient means of tracking changes in populations of coyotes (Canis latrans), a species of particular interest in the eastern United States. Blind field trials in rural New York State indicated 119-m linear error for triangulated coyote calls, and a 1.8-km distance threshold for call detectability, which was sufficient to estimate a detection function with precision using distance sampling. We conducted statewide road-based surveys with sampling locations spaced ≥6 km apart from June to August 2010. Each detected call (be it a single or group) counted as a single object, representing 1 territorial pair, because of uncertainty in the number of vocalizing animals. From 524 survey points and 75 detections, we estimated the probability of detecting a calling coyote to be 0.17 ± 0.02 SE, yielding a detection-corrected index of 0.75 pairs/10 km2 (95% CI: 0.52–1.1, 18.5% CV) for a minimum of 8,133 pairs across rural New York State. Importantly, we consider this an index rather than true estimate of abundance given the unknown probability of coyote availability for detection during our surveys. Even so, pairing distance sampling with call-response surveys provided a novel, efficient, and noninvasive means of monitoring populations of wide-ranging and elusive, albeit reliably vocal, mammalian carnivores. Our approach offers an effective new means of tracking species like coyotes, one that is readily extendable to other species and geographic extents, provided key assumptions of distance sampling are met. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Comparison of the 3' termini of discrete segments of the double-stranded ribonucleic acid genomes of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, wound tumor virus, and reovirus.

Abstract The 3′ terminal nucleosides of the isolated components of double-stranded ribonucleic acids of reovirus, wound tumor virus, and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus were determined by labeling with tritiated sodium borohydride. All wound tumor virus and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus components appear to contain approximately equal amounts of UOH and COH termini. Reovirus segments have essentially only COH termini.
Nonlinear switching dynamics in surface electromyography of the spine

This paper develops a switching dynamics model of the surface Electromyographic (sEMG) signal generated during a condition in which the mechanical attachment of the spinal dura to the cervical vertebra creates an unstable nonlinear feedback coupling between the biomechanics of the spine and the central nervous system (CNS). The sEMG signal recorded on the paraspinal muscles during this condition reveals "bursts" of accrued sEMG activity interrupting an otherwise quiet "background" signal. Statistical analysis of the autocorrelation and partial correlation functions of the burst and background parts of the signal reveals that the over-all signal indeed switches between two modes. Both the burst and the background modes are dynamically modeled by ARIMA and ACE, and a switching logic, driven by the autocorrelation and the partial correlation, is designed, resulting in a switching model that matches the experimental sEMG signal fairly well.
COMPARISON OF THE LIPOPHILIC REDOX-RECYCLABLE EXTRACTANT[Fe(η5-C5H3(s-C7H15)2)2][N03] WITH [N(n-C7H15)4][NO3] FOR LIQUID-LIQUID ANION-EXCHANGE OF AQUEOUS 99TcO4 −

ABSTRACT The highly selective liquid-liquid extraction of the pertechnetate anion TcO4 − from a nitrate matrix by the lipophilic redox-recyclable extractant HEP⩲NO3 − [HEP = l,1′,3,3′-tetrakis(2-methyl-2-hexyl)ferrocene] has been investigated in comparison with the well known anion-exchange reagent tetra-n-heptyl ammonium nitrate (heptyl)4N+NO3 −. Under conditions of low metal-anion loading, the distribution ratio D(TcO4 −) was found to be insensitive to the alkali metal cation present as M+NO3 − (M+ = Li+, Na+, K+) and the initial concentration of TcO4 − in the aqueous phase for both extractants. Also, slope analysis of the distribution data revealed approximate linear relationships between D(TcO4 −) and the concentration of extractant in the organic phase (slope = 1.0) and the concentration of NaNO3 in the aqueous phase (slope = −1) plotted on a full logarithmic scale, suggesting that the extraction of TcO4 − occurs by a simple anion-exchange mechanism. Graphical analysis of partial loading data confirm...
Influence of aging treatment on Ni46Ti44Ta10 shape memory alloy

ABSTRACT The effect of aging treatments on the microstructure, martensite transformation temperatures and shape memory effects(SME) of the Ni46Ti44Ta10 alloy was carefully studied in this work. The results show that the microstructure of Ni46Ti44Ta10alloy contains an NiTi phase, a eutectic structure, which formed by NiTi (B19) and p-Ta phase, and some dispersed NiTa2compound. The aging treatment can produce Ti11Ni14 precipitates in the alloy. Meanwhile, precipitation hardening wasnoticed during the aging process. The phase transformation temperatures and hardness of the sample alloy vary with thechanging of the composition and redistribution of each phase during the aging treatments. After the aging treatment, thesamples demonstrated an enhanced shape memory effect compared with untreated samples. It is also evident that there is astrong correspondence between the enhanced shape memory effect and the increase of the hardness value.Keywords: shape memory alloy, Ni46TL,Ta1o alloy, shape memory effect, hardness, precipitation hardening, aging treatment,phase transformation temperature.
Background-oriented schlieren imaging and tomography for rapid measurement of FUS pressure fields: initial results

FUS pressure field mapping is important for dosimetry, quality assurance, and other uses. Hydrophone measurements are the current standard, and are accurate but costly and slow. As a simple low-cost alternative, background-oriented schlieren (BOS) imaging of ultrasound fields has been proposed.[1] In that technique, a predetermined image (usually a grid of lines or a random dot pattern) is placed on one side of a water tank and viewed from the other side, through the water and FUS pressure field. When the FUS is on, spatial variations in the water’s index of refraction are created that blur the image. Subtracting images with and without the FUS field provides a rapid visualization of it. The method has also been used to tomographically reconstruct air flow density.[2] The overall goal of the present work is to develop a low-cost BOS hardware system and BOS tomography acquisitions and reconstructions to enable rapid and cheap volumetric measurements of continuous-wave FUS fields. Here we present our current progress towards that goal.
A Review of “The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible”

Given that there is an abundance of Bible dictionaries and encyclopedias available, one might wonder if The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible has anything new to contribute to the field...
A filamentous growth response mediated by the yeast mating pathway.

Haploid cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae respond to mating pheromones by arresting their cell-division cycle in G1 and differentiating into a cell type capable of locating and fusing with mating partners. Yeast cells undergo chemotactic cell surface growth when pheromones are present above a threshold level for morphogenesis; however, the morphogenetic responses of cells to levels of pheromone below this threshold have not been systematically explored. Here we show that MAT a haploid cells exposed to low levels of the α-factor mating pheromone undergo a novel cellular response: cells modulate their division patterns and cell shape, forming colonies composed of filamentous chains of cells. Time-lapse analysis of filament formation shows that its dynamics are distinct from that of pseudohyphal growth; during pheromone-induced filament formation, daughter cells are delayed relative to mother cells with respect to the timing of bud emergence. Filament formation requires the RSR1 ( BUD1 ), BUD8, SLK1/BCK1 , and SPA2 genes and many elements of the STE11/STE7 MAP kinase pathway; this response is also independent of FAR1 , a gene involved in orienting cell polarization during the mating response. We suggest that mating yeast cells undergo a complex response to low levels of pheromone that may enhance the ability of cells to search for mating partners through the modification of cell shape and alteration of cell-division patterns.
Visceral and somatic afferent convergence onto neurons near the central canal in the sacral spinal cord of the cat.

One hundred and sixty extracellularly and intracellularly recorded unitary discharges from the sacral or caudal spinal segments of 30 anemically decerebrated cats were studied to examine the effect...
Properties of a hamster tumor cell line grown in a glutamine-free medium

Hamster tumor cells requiring glutamine for survival and growth were used in this study. By gradually reducing the glutamine concentration over a period of 3 weeks, it was possible to establish a line which grew in the absence of glutamine. These cells, in contast to the glutamine-dependent cells, showed parallel alignment which is typical of normal hamster embryo fibroblasts. They were, however, readily distinguishable from normal cells because they grew to higher maximum density, were more refractile when examined by phase-contrast microscopy, and were more readily dispersed with trypsin. Injection of these cells into hamsters resulted in the development of slow growing solid tumors. When cells from these tumors were explanted into tissue culture, they were found to have reverted to glutamine dependence and to display the random crisscross growth pattern which was typical of the tumor cell line from which they were originally derived.
Lens calcium and selenite-induced cataract

Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite into young rats produces a nuclear cataract within 72 hours. A three-fold elevation in lens calcium and a two-fold increase in lens inorganic phosphate have been found to precede opacification. Scanning electron micrographs suggested weakened cell-to-cell adhesion in the cataractous nuclear zone.
Optimal Phase Response Functions for Fast Pulse-Coupled Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Synchronization is crucial to wireless sensor networks. Recently, a pulse-coupled synchronization strategy that emulates biological pulse-coupled agents has been used to achieve this goal. We propose to optimize the phase response function such that synchronization rate is maximized. Since the synchronization rate is increased independently of transmission power, energy consumption is reduced, hence extending the life of battery-powered sensor networks. A comparison with existing phase response functions confirms the effectiveness of the method.
Effect of a Combination of Gemfibrozil and Niacin on Lipid Levels

To determine the effect of the combination of niacin and gemfibrozil on the lipid profile, a retrospective review was conducted of 161 patients who were prescribed a combination of gemfibrozil and niacin for 6 to 12 months at a community-based lipid clinic. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and weight were measured at entry to the clinic, 2 months after dietary instruction, during single-agent therapy, and during combination therapy. Mean doses of niacin and gemfibrozil were 1,229 mg/day and 1,200 mg/day, respectively. Patient weight decreased significantly after dietary instruction and after institution of combination therapy. There were no significant changes in ALT levels with either single-agent therapy or with combination therapy. The combination of niacin and gemfibrozil produced marked and significant changes in lipid levels: total cholesterol and LDL decreased by 14%, HDL increased by 24%, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL decreased by 30%, and triglycerides decreased by 52%. The combination of niacin and gemfibrozil in the setting of dietary instruction has a marked beneficial effect on serum lipid levels, and was most effective in patients with initial levels of HDL 250 mg/dL, and LDL > 160 mg/dL. No episodes of ALT elevation or symptomatic myositis were seen.
Democratic Decentralization in Ghana: The Need for a Policy Review:

This article examines the effectiveness of Ghana’s democratic decentralization policy since its inception in the 1980s. It argues that, in spite of the lofty goals of the policy, its effectiveness ...
Earthquakes and soil liquefaction in flood stories of the ancient Near East

Abstract Flood stories in the Hebrew Bible and the Koran appear to be derived from earlier flood stories like those in the Gilgamesh Epic and still earlier in the Atrahasis. All would have their source from floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Gilgamesh Epic magnifies the catastrophe by having the flood begin with winds, lightning, and a shattering of the earth, or earthquake. Elsewhere in Gilgamesh, an earthquake can be shown to have produced pits and chasms along with gushing of water. It is commonly observed that earthquake shaking causes water to gush from the ground and leaves pits and open fissures. The process is known as soil liquefaction. Earthquake is also a possible explanation for the verse “all the fountains of the great deep (were) broken up” that began the Flood in Genesis. Traditionally, the “great deep” was the ocean bottom. A more recent translation substitutes “burst” for “broken up” in describing the fountains, suggesting that they erupted at the ground surface and were caused by an earthquake with soil liquefaction. Another relation between soil liquefaction and the Flood is found in the Koran where the Flood starts when “water gushed forth from the oven”. Soil liquefaction observed erupting preferentially into houses during an earthquake provides a logical interpretation if the oven is seen as a tiny house. A case can be made that earthquakes with soil liquefaction are embedded in all of these flood stories.
Southeast Asia. Cultures at war: The Cold War and cultural expression in Southeast Asia . Edited by Tony Day and Maya H.T. Liem. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2010. Pp. 287. Plates, Notes.

Cultures at war: The Cold War and cultural expression in Southeast Asia Edited by TONY DAY and MAYA H.T. LIEM Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2010. Pp. 287. Plates, Notes. doi: 10.1017/S0022463413000179 Recent scholarship on the Cold War in Southeast Asia emphasises the importance of centring the local histories of decolonisation and national formation that extended prior to the Cold War period of 1948 to the 1970s. Westad, Karl Hack, Geoff Wade, and others demonstrate the extent to which Southeast Asian leaders controlled and shaped their interactions with the United States and Soviet Union for their own political goals. The editors of Cultures at war, Tony Day and Maya Liem, move this discussion from the familiar terrain of state politics and war to the field of culture. The editors call for a similar acknowledgment of the agency of Southeast Asian cultural producers in shaping their national postwar cultures in confronting the themes of independence, sovereignty, and modernity that had already emerged in the colonial era. These essays depart from the more familiar works on the Cultural Cold War coming out of US history or American studies such as Frances Stonor Saunders' study of the Central Intelligence Agency's sponsorship of American art abroad or Penny Von Eschen's work on the US State Department's 'jazz ambassadors'. Hence Cultures at war concerns itself less with the cultural diplomacy projects of the superpowers than with charting local and national forms of cultural production that intersected with the state-sponsored Cultural Cold War. The formal Cold War is never treated distantly in these essays. Authors take care to lay out the Cold War politics at stake in the particular countries of their case studies, such as the Huk Rebellion in the Philippines or the intense politicking among the Burmese left within and between communists and socialists. The case studies coming from the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia demonstrate the vibrancy and fluidity of Cold War-era cultural production that defy categorisations based simply upon political ideologies. These studies also provide an alternative mapping of cultural affiliations and exchanges that extend beyond familiar Cold War geographies. Tony Day's article on literary production in Indonesia and Vietnam during the 1950s notes the importance of translation for international circulation, allowing for local writers to engage with authors from Europe, the United States, Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China and transform their home locales into dynamic cosmopolitan spaces of postcolonial literary reflection and production. Boitran Huynh-Beattie's essay on Saigonese art during the Vietnam War era maps the ongoing influences of French neoclassical styles and modernism as well as the international art market on South Vietnamese artists. …
Urine albumin measurement: Effects of urine matrix constituents

Abstract Background There is increasing clinical interest in accurate measurement of urine albumin as an early indicator of kidney disease. However, urine is a highly variable sample matrix that may exert matrix effects on assays for urine albumin. Methods Variation in urine composition was assessed for components routinely measured in the clinical laboratory over 1 year. Solutions of representing different concentrations of urine components were prepared and spiked with a constant amount of albumin. Fourteen urine specimens of variable composition were ultrafiltered and spiked with a constant amount of albumin. Concentrations of albumin in solutions were determined with an immunoturbidimetric assay on the Beckman LX20 analyzer and with a competitive immunoassay on the Siemens Immulite analyzer. Results Variation in concentrations of most constituents altered measured urine by Conclusions Urine matrix components exert small but potentially significant effects on assays for urine albumin. Urine matrix effects should be considered in the design and evaluation of assays for albumin.
CDAO-Store: Ontology-driven Data Integration for Phylogenetic Analysis

Background The Comparative Data Analysis Ontology (CDAO) is an ontology developed, as part of the EvoInfo and EvoIO groups supported by the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, to provide semantic descriptions of data and transformations commonly found in the domain of phylogenetic analysis. The core concepts of the ontology enable the description of phylogenetic trees and associated character data matrices.
The isolation and sequence of the gene encoding T8: A molecule defining functional classes of T lymphocytes

The T cell surface glycoproteins T4 and T8 are thought to mediate efficient cell-cell interactions in the immune system and in this way may be responsible for the appropriate targeting of subpopulations of T cells. We have used gene transfer combined with subtractive hybridization to isolate both cDNA and functional genomic clones encoding the T8 protein. The sequence of the cDNA reveals that T8 is a transmembrane protein with an N-terminal domain which shares significant homology to immunoglobulin variable region light chains. This immunoglobulin-like structure is likely to be important in the function of T8 during differentiation and in the course of the immune response.
Use of the Double‐Bladed Scalpel in Peripheral Margin Control of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

BackgroundThe double-bladed scalpel previously has not been cited in the published literature for use in Mohs micrographic surgery.ObjectiveTo allow for maximum tissue conservation and greatest possible intraoperative efficiency for peripheral margin control of a massive tumor.MethodsWe describe the
The Tri-County Oil Field of Southwestern Indiana

The field is located at the juncture of Pike, Gibson, and Warrick counties, Indiana, where the surface formations are of Pennsylvanian age. The regional dip amounts to 35 feet per mile to the southwest, and the collecting structures are mere pimples upon the regional slope. Surface structure does not coincide with subsurface dips, the limestone outcropping in the field showing production coming from a syncline. The oil sand manifests evidences of lens-like accumulation and may be responsible for the arching of the overlying rocks. The Oakland City sand or the Mooretown sandstone forms the reservoir for petroleum. Gas is entirely lacking; each well had to be shot and put on a pump to secure production. Water is almost a negligible quantity, and the amount handled with the oil is decreasing. The crude is of good quality, green to brown in color, and fairly high in gasoline content. Production is light; consequently development has been slow.
The Social Construction of the “Impossible Trinity”: The Intersubjective Bases of Monetary Cooperation

Over the postwar period, states have shifted from cooperation in support of monetary guidelines, or standards for variation in wages, prices, and exchange rates, to the use of austerity as the primary means of maintaining monetary stability. In this article I offer a constructivist theory of international monetary relations in order to explain this shift, contrasting the effects of Keynesian and Neoclassical understandings on interests in cooperation. I argue that postwar Keynesian understandings, which cast monetary power as based in the authority to stabilize expectations, led states to perceive common interests in maintaining decentralized-but-legitimate guidelines. I then argue that more recent Neoclassical views, which cast monetary power as a function of capabilities, have justified reduced mutual assistance and greater recourse to austerity. From this vantage point, Neoclassical understandings, rather than any material constraints, impede the cooperation necessary to reconcile the impossible trinity of capital mobility, full employment, and monetary stability.
Carbon nanotubes: A bright future for defects.

Covalently bonding groups to the walls of carbon nanotubes has been previously observed to quench their photoluminescence. Now, it has been shown that, if you get the chemistry just right, their photoluminescence can in fact be significantly brightened by introducing defects through functionalization.
Grade‐Level Invariance of a Theoretical Causal Structure Predicting Reading Comprehension With Vocabulary and Oral Reading Fluency

This research investigates the relative importance of vocabulary and oral reading fluency as measurement dimensions of reading comprehension as the student passes from elementary to high school. Invariance of this model over grades 4 through 8 is tested using two independent student samples reading grade-level appropriate passages. Results from structural equation modeling indicate that the model is not invariant across grade levels. Vocabulary knowledge is a significant and constant predictor of overall reading comprehension irrespective of grade level. While significant, fluency effects diminish over grades, especially in the later grades. Lack of grade level invariance was obtained with both samples. Results are discussed in light of vertically linked reading assessments, adequate yearly progress, and instruction.
Affective states of fathers in prison

This study profiles incarcerated fathers, a previously neglected subgroup of the prison population. The study also examines the current status of father-child relationships among prisoners, and how those relationships are related to anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, and fathers' concerns. The data were gathered by interviewing 302 incarcerated fathers in a New York State maximum-security prison. The findings show that some men with poor father-child relationships are more likely to be depressed and to experience an elevated level of concern about the father-child relationship. The paper reports on a unique data set and provides policy recommendations in this important area.
Single-cell analysis reveals isotype-specific autoreactive B cell repertoires in Sjögren's syndrome.

Microengraving is a novel technology that uses an array of microfabricated subnanoliter wells to isolate and characterize secreted proteins from larger number of single cells. This printing technique permits the capture and characterization of secreted antibodies on glass slides. Here, we profiled the antigenic repertoires of B cells reacting against salivary gland tissues in Sjogren’s syndrome (SjS), an autoimmune disease targeting the exocrine glands. Single-cell suspensions of spleen and cervical lymph node cells prepared from normal C57BL/6 and SjS-susceptible (SjSs) C57BL/6.NOD-AecAec2 mice were dispersed into subnanoliter wells (nanowells). Capture slides preincubated with mouse immunoglobulins were used for printing. Detection antibodies included fluorescence conjugated anti-IgG1, salivary gland lysates of C57BL/6 and SjSs mice. Results indicate an increase in the frequency of IgG1-secreting cells in the spleen of SjSs mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Cells from the lymph node of SjSs mice yield higher instances of IgG1 reactive against salivary gland antigens than cells from the lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice. These data demonstrate the isotype-specific reactivity of antibodies during the autoimmune process, and further reveals significant differences in the non-autoimmune and autoimmune antibody repertoires. These results support the generation of self-reactive B cell repertoires during the autoimmune process, at the same time, verifying that microengraving of single cells might allow for identification of novel biomarkers in SjS.
Mutually Therapeutic Perception and Self-Awareness under Variable Conditions

Two T Groups were studied to determine whether the findings obtained by Clark and Culbert (1965) would be duplicated under somewhat different conditions. In the earlier study, as predicted, group members who spoke with significantly more personal selfawareness at the end of their T-Group experience than at the beginning tended also to have formed a high number of two-person "mutually perceived therapeutic relationships (MPTRs)." In the present study, five of 20 members significantly increased in selfawareness and four of these five were among the ten members who formed a high number of MPTRs. Following experiential leads, an ad hoc analysis was made on the data from both studies. It suggested that combining the number of MPTRs and the number of mutually perceived nontherapeutic relationships may more accurately predict change in self-awareness than MPTRs alone.
Product Quality, Cost Position and Business Performance: A Test of Some Key Hypotheses:

This study uses a causal modelling methodology to examine competing methodological and theoretical hypotheses concerning the effects of product quality on direct costs and business unit return on i...
Why does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle

Pine forests throughout the world are subject to disturbance from tree-killing bark beetles, but pine species differ in their susceptibilities. In the southeastern United States, Pinus palustris Mill. suffers far less mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, than do its sympatric congeners. We tested the commonly invoked hypothesis that P. palustris has relatively low susceptibility because it has higher oleoresin flow than other pines, especially Pinus taeda L. However, seven studies in three states over 6 years refuted the hypothesis that P. palustris and P. taeda differ in their constitutive resin flow or in their capacity to replace resin depleted by either experimental wounding or natural beetle attacks. Additionally, surveys of natural beetle attacks revealed that P. taeda and P. palustris were equally likely to be attacked and killed when they cooccurred in front of growing infestations. Thus, the relative susceptibility of these two species changes with the spati...
Phenol-soluble modulins – critical determinants of staphylococcal virulence

Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are a recently discovered family of amphipathic, alpha-helical peptides that have multiple roles in staphylococcal pathogenesis and contribute to a large extent to the pathogenic success of virulent staphylococci, such as Staphylococcus aureus. PSMs may cause lysis of many human cell types including leukocytes and erythrocytes, stimulate inflammatory responses, and contribute to biofilm development. PSMs appear to have an original role in the commensal lifestyle of staphylococci, where they facilitate growth and spreading on epithelial surfaces. Aggressive, cytolytic PSMs seem to have evolved from that original role and are mainly expressed in highly virulent S. aureus. Here, we will review the biochemistry, genetics, and role of PSMs in the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles of staphylococci, discuss how diversification of PSMs defines the aggressiveness of staphylococcal species, and evaluate potential avenues to target PSMs for drug development against staphylococcal infections.
Computational Studies of Water-Exchange Rates around Aqueous Mg2+ and Be2+

The water-exchange mechanisms occurring around aqueous divalent Mg2+ and Be2+ ions were studied using molecular dynamics simulations and rate theory methods. Properties associated with the water-exchange process, such as ion–water potentials of mean force, time-dependent transmission coefficients, and rate constants, were examined using transition-rate theory and the reactive flux method, which includes the role of solvent friction. The effects of pressure on water-exchange rates and activation volumes also were studied. The simulated activation volume values and mechanism were different for Mg2+ and Be2+ because of the nature of their solvation shells. We found the agreement with experiments was improved when solvent effects were taken into account.
High detectivity AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb photodetectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy with cutoff wavelength up to 2.6 μm

Abstract In this paper, we report AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb heterojunction p–i–n photodetectors lattice-matched to GaSb substrates grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy using As and Sb valved crackers. The use of valved crackers greatly facilitated the lattice-matching of the quaternary InGaAsSb absorbing layer to the GaSb substrates, as characterized by X-ray diffraction. The growth temperature of the absorbing layer in the device was kept at 450 °C. The V to III flux ratio was optimized based on comparison studies of the strength of photoluminescence (PL), which indicated excellent material quality of the InGaAsSb active layer lattice-matched to the GaSb substrates. The device structure was designed to be optimized for the maximum quantum efficiency. The p–i–n photodetectors were processed using wet chemical etching and standard photolithographic process. The resulting devices exhibited low dark current and a breakdown voltage of 32 V at room temperature. A record Johnson-noise-limited detectivity of 9.0×10 10 cm Hz 1/2 /W was achieved at 290 K. The 50% cutoff wavelength of the device was 2.57 μm. Thus, our result has clearly demonstrated the potential of very high-performance lattice-matched InGaAsSb p–i–n photodetectors for the mid-infrared wavelengths, comparable or superior to the current InGaAs photodiodes on InP substrate with extended wavelengths.
Synergistic steatohepatitis by moderate obesity and alcohol in mice despite increased adiponectin and p-AMPK

Background & Aims Mechanisms underlying synergistic liver injury caused by alcohol and obesity are not clear. We have produced a mouse model of synergistic steatohepatitis by recapitulating the natural history of the synergism seen in patients for mechanistic studies. Methods Moderate obesity was induced in mice by 170% overnutrition in calories using intragastric overfeeding of high fat diet. Alcohol (low or high dose) was then co-administrated to determine its effects. Results Moderate obesity plus alcohol intake causes synergistic steatohepatitis in an alcohol dose-dependent manner. A heightened synergism is observed when a high alcohol dose (32g/kg/d) is used, resulting in plasma ALT reaching 392±28U/L, severe steatohepatitis with pericellular fibrosis, marked M1 macrophage activation, a 40-fold induction of iNos , and intensified nitrosative stress in the liver. Hepatic expression of genes for mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism are significantly downregulated, and hepatic ATP level is decreased. Synergistic ER stress evident by elevated XBP-1, GRP78 and CHOP is accompanied by hyperhomocysteinemia. Despite increased caspase 3/7 cleavage, their activities are decreased in a redox-dependent manner. Neither increased PARP cleavage nor TUNEL positive hepatocytes are found, suggesting a shift of apoptosis to necrosis. Surprisingly, the synergism mice have increased plasma adiponectin and hepatic p-AMPK, but adiponectin resistance is shown downstream of p-AMPK. Conclusions Nitrosative stress mediated by M1 macrophage activation, adiponectin resistance, and accentuated ER and mitochondrial stress underlie potential mechanisms for synergistic steatohepatitis caused by moderate obesity and alcohol.
Singularity expansion method analysis of regular polygonal loops

The singularity expansion method parameters (natural frequencies, natural modes, and coupling coefficients) for regular planar polygonal loops (equilateral triangle, square, regular pentagon, and regular hexagon) are computed and compared to those determined for the regular 60-gon (pseudo-circular) loop. Common characteristics of these geometries are compared and contrasted with respect to their use as radiating antenna structures or scatterers. The approach results in new insights for these canonical loop structures. >
Writing Instruction From a Sociocultural Perspective The Holistic, Dialogic, and Social Enterprise of Writing

This article considers the sociocultural perspective as a framework for writing instruction. Four assumptions of the perspective are examined and illustrated: Writing is a holistic cognitive activity; cognitive processes are learned in dialogic interactions with others; cognitive development occurs in students' zones of proximal development; and knowledge construction is a social and cultural phenomenon.
Biological aging alters circadian mechanisms in murine adipose tissue depots.

Biological aging alters the metabolism and volume of adipose tissue depots. Recent evidence suggests that circadian mechanisms play a role in promoting adipogenesis, obesity, and lipodystrophy. The current study compared cohorts of younger (5–9 months) and older (24–28 months) C57BL/6 mice as a function of biological age and circadian time. Advanced age significantly reduced the weight of the brown, epididymal, inguinal, and retroperitoneal adipose depots but not total body weight. The older mice reduced their physical activity by >50% and delayed their activity initiation after light offset. The expressed transcriptome in brown and white adipose depots and liver of both cohorts displayed evidence of circadian rhythmicity; however, the oscillating mRNAs differed significantly between age groups and across tissues. The amplitude of Cry1, a component of the negative arm of the circadian apparatus, and downstream regulators such as Rev-erbα were elevated in the older relative to the younger cohorts as a function of circadian time. Overall, transcript levels differed significantly for 557 (inguinal adipose), 1,016 (liver), and 1,021 (brown adipose) expressed sequences between the cohorts as a function of age. These included transcripts encoding proteins within the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. Since the Wnt pathway regulates adipose stem cell differentiation and shares a critical enzyme, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, with the circadian mechanism, the intersection between these two fundamental regulatory mechanisms merits further investigation with respect to biological aging of adipose tissues.
Exposing Students to Culturual Issues in Rice Cooker Design Through Product Archaeology

As more products compete in the global marketplace, it is increasingly important to bring cultural and societal issues into engineering education to help contextualize design decisions. When product dissection activities are used to contextualize these decisions, they focus primarily on function, form, and fabrication, failing to highlight the importance of cultural influences that can impact global product design. The paradigm of product archaeology has been developed to address the shortcomings of product dissection activities and create inductive learning activities that help students better contextualize their engineering design knowledge. Inspired by the findings in our own rice cooker dissection and analysis, an experiment is conducted to evaluate the incorporation of rice cookers into product archaeology activities in a product dissection course. The purpose of adding rice cookers to the consumer goods section of the course is to expose students to the cultural issues of rice cooker design (e.g., product functions and features based on cooking and dietary needs). Student responses were collected and analyzed, including the numbers of correct responses, sketches of mechanisms and components, suggestions for design improvements, and feedback on cultural needs. Future improvements to the exercise are also discussed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Expansion-Extrusion Processing of Corn, Milo and Raw Soybeans Before and After Incorporation in Broiler Diets

Abstract PROCESSING of cereal grains by various methods such as steam rolling or flaking has generally been demonstrated to be effective in increasing the efficiency of feed utilization for beef cattle (Totusek and White, 1968). Limited work appears to have been conducted with poultry. Recently, however, there has been an increased interest in the effects of processing on the utilization of cereal grains and starches (Adams and Naber, 1969; Moran et al., 1969; Naber and Touchbum, 1969a, b; Saunders et al., 1969). Expansion-extrusion processing, which combines short-time-high-temperature cooking under steam and pressure, has been demonstrated to be effective for processing full-fat soybeans for broiler and layer diets (White et al., 1967; Hull et al., 1969; Waldroup et al., 1969). Since this method of processing results in cell rupture and gelatinization of the starch granules (Mustakas et al., 1964; Smith, 1967; de Muelenaere and Buzzard, 1969) it is quite possible that improved…
12-Meth­oxy-15-(4-morpholino)podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-15-one

The title compound [systematic name: (6-meth­oxy-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octa­hydro­phenanthren-1-yl)morpholin-4-yl-methanone], C22H31NO3, was synthesized from natural podocarpic acid via amidation of the acid chloride derivative. The crystal structure shows that the morpholino ring adopts a full chair conformation, while the amide N—C bond has partial double-bond character.