cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Campaigning to Govern: Presidents Seeking Reelection

Theodore Roosevelt refrained from campaigning as it was considered "undignified to campaign from the White House"(Troy 1991, 212 emphasis added). This fear of losing one's "dignity" had gone by the wayside when President Woodrow Wilson actively campaigned for his 1916 reelection. Since then, there's been no turning back. Dramatic advancements in telecommunications have made presidents ubiquitous-campaigning on daytime talk shows, MTV, and internet sites have become de rigeur. These days, the notion of presidents campaigning for reelection is commonplace. In fact, when presidents claim that they are avoiding the campaign trail to take care of government business, journalists and observers scoff in disbelief. In their quest for reelection, presidents have tremendous campaign assets: unbeatable name recognition, a coterie of strategists with the greatest incentive to see their candidate by win, control of the
ROTATIONAL CONTOUR ANALYSIS OF THE (N, 3S) RYDBERG TRANSITION IN ACETALDEHYDE

Abstract The rotational structure of the two-photon XB transition in acetaldehyde is analyzed using the rigid rotor approximation. The transition is dominated by a zeroth rank tensor component S 0 0 which explains the Q branch structure of the experimentally observed vibronic bands. Under the cold molecular beam conditions, the spectrum due to a minor second rank tensor component S 2 2 becomes detectable. Its rotational structure confirms the rotational constants ( A ′ = 1.973 cm −1 , B ′ = 0.335 cm −1 , C ′ = 0.298 cm −1 ) derived from the analysis of the room temperature contours.
Scattering matrix decomposition in microwave imaging of realistic numerical breast phantoms

A scattering matrix is formed using a discrete approximation of the exact scattering relation between observed fields and the contrast profile of a three-dimensional numerical breast phantom. The numerical regime allows observation of the exact fields over the imaging volume and the subsequent analysis of the information content of the scattering data. A technique using the singular value decomposition is employed to evaluate the effective rank of the scattering system and an upper bound on image fidelity in the least-squares class of solutions. The analyses illustrate the information content of various sets of scattering data and emphasize the increase in both resolution and signal-to-noise requirement as operating frequency increases.
Vacuum system development status for the APS storage ring

The status of the design and fabrication of a prototype sector of the storage ring vacuum system for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is described. The 26.5-m-long prototype sector is assembled within a full-scale magnet and tunnel mockup to study interspatial component relationships for maintenance, as well as the vacuum system operational performance. Each completed vacuum section is mounted as an integral part of the modular structure that contains the magnets and magnet power supplies on a common base. Unique automatic machine welding designs and techniques are employed in the fabrication of the aluminum vacuum chambers from extrusions. Special chamber bending procedures and measurement checks are used to maintain the required flatness of the inside chamber light gap surfaces. Photoelectron yields due to low-energy photons in the narrow channel gap of the vacuum chamber and their potential effects on the overall outgassing rate are found to be negligible. >
Special Sciences: still a flawed argument after all these years

Jerry Fodor has argued that the multiple realizability argument, as discussed in his original “Special Sciences” article, “refutes psychophysical reductionism once and for all.” I argue that his argument in “Special Sciences” does no such thing. Furthermore, if one endorses the physicalism that most supporters of the “Special Sciences” view endorse, special science laws must be reducible, in principle. The compatibility of MR with reduction, however, need not threaten the autonomy of the special sciences.
Pick Your Poison—Fragmentation or Market Power? An Analysis of RegNMS, High Frequency Trading, and Securities Market Structure

The publication of Michael Lewis's has intensified an already contentious debate over high frequency trading (HFT). But the causes that have given rise to HFT are more complicated�and the general economic consequences far more positive�than at least the popular accounts (including Lewis's own) of the book would suggest. While directing much of its attention to the powerful computers and �predatory� potential of HFT, the �media� version of Lewis's book has all but ignored the fundamental driver of such activity: the implementation in 2007 of SEC Regulation NMS, which required all exchanges to direct their orders to the exchanges with the best prices. Before RegNMS, U.S. equity trading was largely dominated by NYSE and Nasdaq. The major exchanges' effective �ownership� of their order flow gave exchange specialists significant edges in trading. RegNMS has resulted in the proliferation of competing stock exchanges, which in turn has dramatically reduced both trading costs and the economic franchise value enjoyed by institutional traders associated with the previously dominant exchanges. The balance of evidence strongly indicates that the cost of trading has declined for retail traders and investors. The big losers have been the previously advantaged wholesale traders. HFT is simply one of the outcomes of the new, more competitive trading environment created by Regulation NMS.
Spiritual Perspectives and Health: A Random Survey in a Southern State

While multiple studies have shown that there is a relationship between Religion/Spirituality and self reported health, as well as health and spiritual well-being, no studies could be found that correlated spiritual perspectives with Self Reported Health. This study was a part of a random-digit-dialing telephone poll of 452 adult respondents 18 years of age or older in the State of Alabama. The 10-item Spiritual Perspectives Scale (SPS) was used to measure participants’ perceptions of the extent to which they hold certain spiritual views and engage in spiritually-related interactions. Respondents were also asked to rate their health on a four point Likert type scale from poor (1) to excellent (4) (SRH). Significant differences were found for the SPS on age, marital status and rurality. There was a positive correlation between SPS and SRH. Rurality did not show a significant correlation with SRH. Three variables were significantly different on gender: SPS, age and current marital status. However, only three variables were significantly different between men and women: SPS, age, and current marital status. This study adds support to the literature that spirituality is positively related to one’s health and brings to focus the need to pursue the study of the spiritual experience and health connection.
Sharpening the Focus on Acculturative Change: ARSMA-II, Stress, Pregnancy Anxiety, and Infant Birthweight in Recently Immigrated Latinas.

Acculturation is conceptualized as a multidimensional process but is typically measured as a concurrent movement away from culture of origin as a new cultural orientation is obtained. In this study...
ON -State Characteristics of a High-Power Photoconductive Switch Fabricated From Compensated 6-H Silicon Carbide

The ON-state characteristics of a 6-H silicon carbide (SiC) photoconductive switch with vertical geometry, transverse illumination, and linear-mode operation are presented. The switch is triggered by an optical source with a photon energy that is less than the bandgap energy of SiC. Following low-power matching characteristics, the analysis of a design incorporating and layers next to the cathode shows higher hold-off voltage with an improved ON-state response mechanism. The p-layered photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) can be operated at a maximum field of 875 kV/cm, whereas the n-layered PCSS, which is operating at a slightly lower field, shows higher current carrying capabilities. Higher current for the n-layer PCSS can be attributed to the nature of the region adjacent to the cathode. In the p-layered PCSS, this region inhibits an initial hole collection, thus decreasing the collected charge. In addition, a kink during the initial collection for the p-layered PCSS could influence the rise time when operating beyond 35-kV bias.
Isolating bugs in multithreaded programs using execution suppression

Memory-related program failures in multithreaded programs can be caused by a variety of bugs. Concurrency bugs can occur due to unexpected or incorrect thread interleavings during execution. Other kinds of memory bugs, such as buffer overflows and uninitialized reads, may also occur in multithreaded as well as single-threaded programs. Most prior techniques for isolating these bugs are specialized, addressing only one type of concurrency bug or certain types of other memory bugs. The memory corruption caused by these bugs can also undergo significant propagation during program execution. When a program failure finally occurs due to memory corruption, the true root cause of the failure may be effectively concealed as significant portions of memory may have become corrupted. We propose a general framework that can isolate the root cause of any failure in a multithreaded program that involves memory corruption and reveals at least a subset of this memory corruption. This includes three important types of concurrency bugs—data races, atomicity violations, and order violations—as well as other kinds of memory bugs. To account for propagation of memory corruption, our approach uses a dynamic technique called ‘execution suppression’ that iteratively reveals memory corruption in a failing execution to isolate the true root cause of the failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binge Drinking, Depression, and Electrocortical Responses to Emotional Images

Binge drinking and depression are highly prevalent, associated with cognitive and affective impairments, and frequently co-occur. Yet little research has examined their joint relations with such processing impairment. The current study examines the relation between symptoms of depression, binge drinking, and the magnitude of early (early posterior negativity, EPN) and later (P3 and late positive potential, LPP) visual processing components of affectively negative, positive, and neutral visual stimuli. Participants included 42 undergraduate students recruited on the basis of depressive symptoms. RESULTS of repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs; Depression × Binge × Emotion × Laterality) showed that binge drinkers exhibited lower LPP amplitudes for negative images, compared with nonbinge drinkers, regardless of depression, consistent with motivational models of alcohol abuse. Otherwise, differences across depressed and nondepressed groups were largest among binge drinkers, including a pattern of stronger early attentional engagement (EPN) to negative and neutral images, but decreased later processing (P3 and LPP) across all emotional categories, consistent with a vigilance-avoidance response pattern. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Somatostatin regulates aggressive behavior in an African cichlid fish.

Animals respond to environmental and social change with plasticity in the neural substrates underlying particular behavioral states. In the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, social dominance status in males is accompanied by reduced somatic growth rate as well as increased somatostatin neuron size in the preoptic area. Although somatostatin is commonly studied within the context of growth, we show here for the first time that this ancient neuropeptide also plays a role in controlling social behavior. Somatostatin antagonists increased aggressive behavior in a dose-dependent fashion and the potent somatostatin agonist octreotide decreased aggression. We cloned and sequenced the genes encoding two somatostatin receptor subtypes in this species to study transcription in the gonads. When we examined somatostatin receptor gene expression in testes, expression of the somatostatin type 3 receptor was negatively correlated with an aggressive display and androgen levels. However, octreotide treatment did not reduce plasma testosterone or 11-ketotestosterone levels, suggesting that the behavioral effects of somatostatin are not mediated by androgens. These results show that somatostatin has important effects on social behavior. In dominant male A. burtoni, somatostatin may function to contain energetically costly processes such as somatic growth and aggressive behavior. (Endocrinology 147: 5119–5125, 2006)
A 500 MHz, 68% efficient, fully on-die digitally controlled buck Voltage Regulator on 22nm Tri-Gate CMOS

A fully on-die, digitally controlled, 500MHz switching, 250mA rated output buck Voltage Regulator (VR) implemented in 22nm Tri-Gate CMOS is presented. The silicon measured a peak efficiency of 68% and consumed an area of 0.6mm 2 (without output decoupling) with a power density of about 410 mW/mm 2 . The paper also demonstrates a controller bandwidth of 43MHz; the highest reported to date for any digital controller, resulting in output voltage ramp rates as high as 10V/μsec.
Artificial urinary sphincter troubleshooting

An approach to solving the problem of persistent or recurrent urinary incontinence after artificial urinary sphincter implantation is presented. This practical approach is designed to identify the known causes of this disorder, with treatment being directed to the cause.
Outcomes of wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis using a new-generation Hartmann-Shack aberrometer in patients with high myopia

Purpose To evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to correct high myopia using a new Hartmann-Shack aberrometer. Setting Optical Express, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Methods Data of eyes that had wavefront-guided LASIK for high myopia and myopic astigmatism (spherical equivalent [SE] between −6.00 diopters [D] and −10.25 D, up to 5.00 D of cylinder) were analyzed. The treatment profile was derived from a new-generation Hartmann-Shack aberrometer (iDesign Advanced Wavescan). Visual acuities, refractive outcomes, vector analysis of refractive cylinder, and patient satisfaction were assessed. Three-months data are presented. Results Data were obtained for 621 eyes. The mean manifest SE reduced from −7.28 D ± 1.05 (SD) (range −10.25 to −6.00 D) preoperatively to −0.09 ± 0.44 D (range −2.13 to +1.38 D) at 3 months. The mean manifest cylinder changed from −1.02 ± 0.82 D (range −5.00 to 0.00 D) to −0.27 ± 0.33 D (range −1.75 to 0.00 D) postoperatively. The percentage of eyes achieving an uncorrected distance visual acuity 20/20 or better was 82.4% monocularly and 92.5% binocularly. The mean correction ratio of refractive cylinder was 1.02 ± 0.48, and the mean error of angle was −0.29 ± 14.56 degrees. A postoperative questionnaire revealed high satisfaction with the outcomes of the procedure, with low scores for night-vision phenomena. Conclusion The results in this study were promising in terms of safety, efficacy, and predictability in eyes with high degrees of myopia. Financial Disclosure Dr. Schallhorn is a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Disseminated mucormycosis in a case of metastatic carcinoma.

A 50-year-old white woman who underwent bilateral mastectomy for fibrocystic disease of the breast in 1974 and laminectomy for lumbar disc fusion in 1979, was diagnosed early in 1980 at Roswell Park Memorial Institute as a case of metastatic anaplastic carcinoma. She was started on platinum combination therapy, but in the course of her treatment she became increasingly jaundiced, then semi-comatose and died suddenly two months after the diagnosis of carcinoma. Histopathologic examinations revealed undifferentiated smallcell carcinoma in the lung, liver, lymph nodes, and bone. Mucormycosis, characterized by the presence of broad coenocytic hyphae associated with thrombosis, infarction, and necrosis, was unexpectedly discovered at postmortem examination in the brain, lung, and heart. The etiologic agent, Absidia corymbifera , was isolated from a lung specimen and was identified by its morphologic characteristics and by the formation of zygospores in crosses with a compatible tester strain of the mating type (—).
Is there a difference in the perception of symptoms between african americans and whites with osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a difference in the perception of pain and functional disability between African Americans and Whites at any given radiographic severity of osteoarthritis (OA). Ethnic differences in utilization of joint replacement may reflect differences in the perception of symptoms of OA. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey included 596 male veterans (44% African Americans and 56% Whites) with chronic moderate to severe knee and/or hip pain at the General Medicine Clinics. The average age of the total cohort was 65.63 +/- 9.5 years. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for pain and function were the primary outcome measures of interest. All knee and or hip radiographs were graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K/L) grading system. RESULTS: African Americans and Whites were comparable with respect to age (65 +/- 9.5 vs 66 +/- 9, respectively); body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2 (53.9% vs 58.8%); Lequesne severity score (11 +/- 4 vs 11 +/- 4); geriatric depression score (4.5 +/- 3.3 vs 5.0 +/- 3.8) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (2.3 +/- 2 vs 2.5 +/- 2). African Americans had lower socioeconomic status with fewer high school graduates (57% vs 71%, p = 0.001), lower employment rate (8.4% vs 14.7%, p = 0.017), and lower total household incomes (41.4% vs 20.4% reported income < $10,000, p = 0.000). African Americans and Whites were not different in mean scores for WOMAC pain and WOMAC function when stratified by joint space narrowing, osteophyte and Kellgren Lawrence grades. After controlling for important covariates, ethnicity was not a significant predictor of WOMAC pain and function. CONCLUSION: In this sample of male veterans, African Americans and Whites perceived the same degree of pain and functional difficulties at any given radiographic severity of OA. Differences in the perception of symptoms cannot explain the observed ethnic disparity in utilization of joint replacement.
Uranyl adsorption at the muscovite (mica)/water interface studied by second harmonic generation.

Uranyl adsorption at the muscovite (mica)/water interface was studied by second harmonic generation (SHG). Using the nonresonant χ3 technique and the Gouy–Chapman model, the initial surface charge ...
Serum microRNA microarray analysis identifies miR-4429 and miR-4689 are potential diagnostic biomarkers for biliary atresia

This study aimed to investigate pathogenesis and novel diagnostic biomarkers of biliary atresia (BA). Serum samples from infants with BA and non-BA neonatal cholestasis (NC) were collected for miRNA microarray analysis and then differentially expressed miRNAs were screened. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR using an independent serum samples from infants with BA and NC. Diagnostic utility of validated miRNAs was further analyzed using serum samples by receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Totally, 13 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified including 11 down-regulated and 2 up-regulated ones. Target genes of hsa-miR-4429 and hsa-miR-4689 were significantly involved in FoxO signaling pathway. Eight differentially expressed miRNAs were chosen for validation by qRT-PCR analysis and four miRNAs (hsa-miR-150-3p, hsa-miR-4429, hsa-miR-4689 and hsa-miR-92a-3p) were differentially expressed. The area under the curve of hsa-miR-4429 and hsa-miR-4689 was 0.789 (sensitivity = 83.33%, specificity = 80.00%) and 0.722 (sensitivity = 66.67%, specificity = 80.00%), respectively. Differentially expressed miRNAs including hsa-miR-4429 and hsa-miR-4689 might play critical roles in BA by regulating their target genes and these two miRNAs may have the potential to become diagnostic biomarkers.
Reversal of Cerebral Atrophy in a 4-Year-Old African Immigrant with Infantile-Onset Cerebral Folate Deficiency

The cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndromes are a rare group of neurodevelopmental disorders defined by low levels of cerebrospinal fluid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the context of normal serum folate. Infantile-onset CFD, a phenotype of the CFD syndromes, typically presents between 4 and 6 months of age and is amenable to treatment with folinic acid. To date, only 20 cases of this phenotype have been reported. Here, we present a patient diagnosed at 4 years with infantile-onset CFD who demonstrated dramatic clinical and radiological improvement after supplementation with high-dose oral folinic acid. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an African patient with this condition and the first to capture neuroimaging both before and after treatment. With this case report, we aim to provide radiologic evidence and further demographic diversity to support existing guidelines for simple vitamin supplementation in this rare but treatable condition.
Video Driver Design Example

The design of a video driver system is the last example in our current set. New behavioral modeling, optimization, and layout techniques have beeti developed or extended from existing ones, in order to provide a full set of tools supporting the design of a class of similar mixed-signal systems. This description focuses on the “critical path” of the design. At the high-level synthesis phase, emphasis is given at the PLL behavioral models and simulation techniques. The setup of the PLL optimization problem that performs the constraint mapping, together with the appropriate optimization algorithm are also described. The novelty of the design approach includes a jitter constraint which is set at the system level and mapped onto circuit level constraints. Typically, simulation (if any, and usually only at the circuit level) is used to verify the performance at the bottom of the hierarchy, thus causing expensive design iterations. Following the “critical path” of the design, the VCO synthesis phase is depicted, with focus on the optimization approach that takes into account layout parasitics. The layout constraints generated at the circuit level are enforced during the VCO layout synthesis phase. Finally, detailed extraction of the sub-blocks and behavioral system-level simulation is used for the verification of the system performance for the PLL.
The Religious Divide in American Politics

The scholarly roots of a partisan God gap are relatively recent (Green 2007; 2010a; 2010b; Green and Silk 2004; Olson and Green 2006; Olson and Warber 2008; Smidt et al. 2010). Initially, culture war scholarship highlighted new political divisions among religious people, not a divide between the religious and the nonreligious. Wuthnow (1988) and Hunter (1991) pitted the Christian left against the Christian right in a “culture war.” Interdenominational political differences had given way to differences within religious traditions over orthodoxy. Political differences between Protestants and Catholics were becoming smaller while a widening political gulf divided the progressive and orthodox wings within each religious tradition, according to the culture war theory. However, subsequent work exploring the culture war thesis shifted from an investigation of rising intradenominational differences to comparisons of the political attitudes and behaviors of religious persons and Secular persons (Bolce and De Maio 1999a; 1999b; 2002; Putnam and Campbell 2010; Green 2007; Hansen 2011; Kellstedt 2011; Olson and Green 2006; Olson and Warber 2008; Norris and Inglehart 2004). The shift in focus began as scholars challenged Hunter's premise that religious orthodoxy made common cause for conservative elements in different denominations (Brooks 2002; Brooks and Manza 1997, 2004; Manza and Brooks 1997). Responding to this challenge, scholars sought to identify rifts within religious traditions. Fundamentalist religious beliefs (e.g., belief that the Bible is the literal word of God) and religiosity (e.g., frequency of attendance at religious services) emerged as key divisions between more orthodox or traditional adherents and more progressive ones (see Green 2007, Chapter 3). Additional interest in religiosity was fueled by the rise of the “nones,” a trend the United States appeared to be resisting at the dawn of the culture war literature. As the rising tide of “nones” contributed to a growing political divide between frequent and infrequent attenders, worship attendance eventually came to dominate reporting on the God gap to the near total exclusion of other aspects of religious orthodoxy or traditionalism.
Estimating the Influence of Obesity on Cancer Risk: Stratification by Smoking Is Critical

Tobacco use is well known to be the most common cause of cancer in populations in which its use is widespread. More recently, excess bodyweight has been identified as an important cause of cancer incidence and mortality (Table 1). The population-attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence, including all cancers in Table 1 except those in the prostate and liver, as a result of high body mass index (BMI) has been estimated to range from 4% to 6% in highincome countries and remain lower than 1% to 2% in moderateor low-income countries by using BMI estimates from 2002 and cancer incidence data in 2012. In a recent summary, Flegal et al presented results for the proportion of all cancer incidence attributable to excess body weight, and estimates ranged from20.2% to 8%. To achieve maximal generalizability, these estimates were based on the entire population, with smokers and nonsmokers combined. In contrast, when stratified by smoking, PAF estimates tend to be much higher for nonsmokers. For example, in the Cancer Prevention Study II, a prospective study led by the American Cancer Society in 1982, the PAF of total cancer mortality as a result of high BMI was 4.2% in men and 14.3% in women in the entire population, but these estimates increased to 14.2% and 19.8%, respectively, in the population that was limited to nonsmokers. This difference is not trivial, especially for men, where a 3.5-fold difference in the magnitude of PAF is observed when including or excluding smokers. Clearly, tobacco use has a profound influence in considering the association between body mass and cancer risk. Is it more appropriate to consider the PAF in the entire population or to stratify by smoking status? Some have argued that estimation on the basis of the entire population is more legitimate because it preserves generalizability. For example, Flegal et al argue that not all cancers are associated with obesity and, therefore, estimates on the basis of the entire population are most appropriate. In this commentary, however, we argue that from biologic, epidemiologic, clinical, and public health perspectives, effect estimates for excess body weight on cancer risk should be given separately for smokers and nonsmokers, and results given for the entire population are generalizable only in the sense that they are wrong for everyone.
SUICIDE PREVENTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Background In Finland the suicide mortality has decreased by 51% from 1990 to 2014 (from 30.0 to 14.6 per 100,000). However, within Finland, there are still disparities in the distribution of deaths from suicide by age, gender and region. Current activities for suicide prevention among children, adolescents and young adults are, e.g., KiVa school which includes about 90% of all comprehensive schools in Finland and targets against bullying, Good Hunting Mate! which provides psychosocial support targeted at members of hunting clubs, and Time Out! which provides psychosocial support targeted at men exempted from military or civil service. In addition, the Current Care Guidelines by the Finnish Medical Society DUODECIM which in 2013–2015 have been published for bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, depression, eating disorders, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia support these activities. Further support has been provided by EUGENAS which exchanged the best practices for suicide prevention in 2012–2014 and produced the general and school-based guidelines, and the toolkits for the workplace and for media professionals. The aim of this workshop is to meet and have discussion on problems and suicide prevention measures which target at adolescents and young adults. The most effective interventions to reduce deaths from suicide are also to be discussed.
On the Role of Memory in Concept Learning by Pigeons

Twenty pigeons, divided into four groups, were trained to discriminate picture categories of birds and mammals in a natural-category experiment. Two groups were trained with 5 items from each category and two groups were trained with 35 items from each category. For one 5-item group and one 35-item group, stimuli were assigned according to bird (S+ set) and mammal (S− set) categories and for the other groups (5 and 35 items) the same stimuli were pseudorandomly assigned to an arbitrary S+ set and S− set. Groups with fewer items acquired the discrimination faster than groups with more items irrespective of item assignment. Only the 35-item category group, upon transfer to novel items, showed any evidence of concept learning. The 5- item category group learned its expanded 35-item discrimination in about one half the number of sessions required by the 5-item pseudocategory group to learn its expanded 35-item discrimination. The 5-item category group acquired the 35-item discrimination in fewer sessions than the original 35-item category group, indicating a savings attributable to first learning with few items. The 5-item pseudocategory group showed no savings in acquiring the 35-item discrimination relative to the original 35-item pseudocategory group. A continuum model of concept learning is suggested in which categorization is controlled by rote memorization of a few items, by exemplar processing when more items are involved, and by prototype processing when even more items are used.
A Minimally Invasive Stand-alone Cox-Maze Procedure Is as Effective as Median Sternotomy Approach.

ObjectiveThe Cox-Maze IV procedure has been shown to be an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation when performed concomitantly with other operations either via median sternotomy or right minit...
Spotlight on Ibrutinib in PCNSL: Adding Another Feather to Its Cap

In this issue Grommes and colleagues elegantly show that the irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, ibrutinib, promotes a high proportion of durable responses in primary central nervous system lymphoma, a type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and also in secondary DLBCL relapsing to the central nervous system. Mutations in the B-cell antigen receptor-associated protein CD79B with upregulation of the MTOR pathway were associated with diminished response, but preclinical combination of PIK3CA and PIK3CD inhibitors synergized with ibrutinib to overcome this resistance mechanism, providing opportunity for further targeted therapy of this difficult-to-treat disease. Cancer Discov; 7(9); 940-2. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Grommes et al., p. 1018.
Impacts of Genome-Wide Analyses on Our Understanding of Human Herpesvirus Diversity and Evolution.

ABSTRACT Until fairly recently, genome-wide evolutionary dynamics and within-host diversity were more commonly examined in the context of small viruses than in the context of large double-stranded DNA viruses such as herpesviruses. The high mutation rates and more compact genomes of RNA viruses have inspired the investigation of population dynamics for these species, and recent data now suggest that herpesviruses might also be considered candidates for population modeling. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics have expanded our understanding of herpesviruses through genome-wide comparisons of sequence diversity, recombination, allele frequency, and selective pressures. Here we discuss recent data on the mechanisms that generate herpesvirus genomic diversity and underlie the evolution of these virus families. We focus on human herpesviruses, with key insights drawn from veterinary herpesviruses and other large DNA virus families. We consider the impacts of cell culture on herpesvirus genomes and how to accurately describe the viral populations under study. The need for a strong foundation of high-quality genomes is also discussed, since it underlies all secondary genomic analyses such as RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation, and ribosome profiling. Areas where we foresee future progress, such as the linking of viral genetic differences to phenotypic or clinical outcomes, are highlighted as well.
Formation and elasticity of membranes of the class II hydrophobin Cerato-ulmin at oil-water interfaces.

Abstract Protein surfactants show great potential to stabilize foams, bubbles, and emulsions. An important family of surface active proteins, the hydrophobins, is secreted by filamentous fungi. Two hydrophobin classes have been recognized, with Class II exhibiting slightly better solubility than Class I, although neither is very soluble in water. Hydrophobins are small proteins (8–14 kDa), but they are larger and more rigid than typical surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate. This rigidity seems to be manifested in the strength of adsorbed hydrophobin layers on oil droplets or air bubbles. A particular Class II hydrophobin, Cerato-ulmin, was characterized at the oil-water interface (the oil was squalane). The results are compared to measurements at the air-water interface, newly extended to lower Cerato-ulmin concentrations. For both oil-water and air-water interfaces, static and dynamic properties were measured during the evolution of the membrane structure. The static measurements reveal that dilute Cerato-ulmin solution efficiently decreases the interfacial tension, whether at oil-water or air-water interfaces. The reduction in surface tension requires several hours. Interfacial mechanics were characterized too, and the dilatational modulus was found to reach large values at both types of interfaces: 339 ± 19 mN/m at the squalane-water interface and at least 764 ± 45 mN/m at the air-water interface. Both values well exceed those typical of small-molecule surfactants, but come closer to those expected of particulate-loaded interfaces. Circular dichroism provides some insight to adsorption-induced molecular rearrangements, which seem to be more prevalent at the oil-water interface than at the air-water interface.
Retirement Income Gap: A Larger Economic Gender Gap?

Although the gender wage gap has been a major topic of discussion in public policy reforms, there appears to be a larger economic impact that has not been addressed: the expansive retirement income gap. Just as the gender wage gap poses a threat to a female worker’s overall income, the resulting retirement gap further exacerbates the disparity in earnings. In this paper, I present the economic case of the effects of the gender wage gap and wealth gap in the United States on retirement income, before proceeding to examine the opposing viewpoints for conciliation. In organizing this topic, I have three main objectives: First, to present an in-depth analysis on the broader social and economic costs of the wage gap, including how it affects retirement income. Second, to analyze the retirement income gap, including reasons behind the current gender disparities in retirement security and strategies for intervention. Third, to present a recommendation for policy reform in order to mitigate future retirement income inequalities.
Pioneer reef communities within a Middle Triassic (Anisian) to Upper Triassic (Carnian) mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp system from the Star Peak Group, South Canyon, central Nevada

Abstract Reef patterns change drastically between the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic due to the effects of the end-Permian mass extinction. Reef communities follow an ecological transition from the stabilization stage in the Anisian, to the colonization stage in the Carnian through Norian, to the final diversification and domination stages in the Norian through the Rhaetian. Most eastern Panthalassa reef studies focused on documenting framework-supported, reef structures elevated from the seafloor during the Late Triassic diversification stage. However, to fully understand reef development, we also need to record the precursor stages. Here, we examine field-based and microfacies data using a sequence stratigraphic lens to develop a quantitative assessment of non-skeletal and skeletal carbonate grains. Our results indicate that a reef mound and biostromes developed, during an overall transgressive sequence, due to substrate cementation caused by flooding events. Although taxonomic differences between biostromes and the reef mound change through time, we conclude that these taxonomic changes do not record true first occurrence data. Instead, these fossil accumulations probably occurred due to random chance of larval recruitment. Even though the reef types found here preserve similar taxa that have been shown to promote high-reef growth (e.g.: calcified demosponges, calcareous algae, and bivalves), low-reef growth structures are found at our site. Thus, reefs containing large amounts of micrite built by low-growing binding and encrusting organisms typify this Middle and Upper Triassic section, confirming that this section records the colonization stage of reef recovery.
Effective pressure and cell area distribution in a confined monolayer

Contact inhibition limits cell growth and division after they form a monolayer and make lasting contact with each other. It has been shown, however, that the cell proliferation does not stop instantaneously upon forming contacts. The newborn daughter cells continue to grow after division, however to a smaller equilibrium size; thus the average cell size dramatically decreases with time. It has also been found that the dispersion in cell sizes decreases as well. In this paper we argue that these observations can be reproduced and explained by introducing an effective pressure that affects cell growth. We present a mathematical model that predicts the temporal evolution of cell size distribution in a closed system; the theoretical predictions are in a good agreement with recent experimental observations.
Scale-out of a community-based behavioral intervention for childhood obesity: pilot implementation evaluation.

Expanding the use of evidence-based behavioral interventions in community settings has met with limited success in various health outcomes as fidelity and dose of clinical interventions are often diluted when translated to communities. We conducted a pilot implementation study to examine adoption of the rigorously evaluated Healthier Families Program by Parks and Recreation centers in 3 cities across the country (MI, GA, NV) with diverse socio-cultural environments. Using the RE-AIM framework, we evaluated the program both quantitatively (pre/post surveys of health behavior change; attendance & fidelity) and qualitatively (interviews with Parks and Recreation staff and participants following the program). The 3 partner sites recruited a total of 26 parent-child pairs. REACH: Among the 24 participants who completed pre/post surveys, 62.5% were 25–34 years old, and average child age was 3.6 (SD 0.7) years. The distribution of self-reported race/ethnicity was 54% non-Hispanic White, 38% non-Hispanic Black, and 8% Latino. EFFECTIVENESS: Qualitative interviews with participants demonstrated increased use of the built environment for physical activity and continued use of key strategies for health behavior change. ADOPTION: Three of five (60%) collaborating sites proceeded with implementation of the program. IMPLEMENTATION: The average attendance for the 12-week program was 7.6 (SD 3.9) sessions, with 71% attending > 50% of sessions. Average fidelity for the 12 weekly sessions was 25.2 (SD 1.2; possible range 9–27). MAINTENANCE: All 3 partner sites continued offering the program after grant funding was complete. This pilot is among the first attempts to scale-out an evidence-based childhood obesity intervention in community Parks and Recreation centers. While this pilot was not intended to confirm the efficacy of the original trial on Body Mass Index (BMI) reduction, the effective and sustained behavior change among a geographically and ethnically diverse population with high attendance and fidelity demonstrates an effective approach on which to base future large-scale implementation efforts to reduce childhood obesity in community settings.
Species as Entities of Biological Theory

Species play a central role in evolutionary biology. They are generally the locus of most discussions of taxonomic and structural diversity. Species are said to be the active participants in a host of postulated processes. Thus, species speciate, go extinct, compete, interact, disperse, predate, or are selected.
Mechanism of TGF-β receptor RI inactivation in ER+ breast cancer cells

4809 Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells escape growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) due to reduced expression of TGF-β receptors type I (RI) and type II (RII). Treatment of ER+ breast cancer cells, MCF-7L and ZR75 with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) led to a dramatic induction of RI, which directly interacts with downstream SMAD family transcription factors to transduce the biological affects of TGF-β. RII was induced to a lesser extent. Accumulation of acetylated histones H3 and H4 was noticed in the SAHA treated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis followed by PCR with RI promoter specific primers on the chromatin fragments from control and SAHA treated cells indicated accumulation of acetylated histones in chromatin associated with the RI gene suggesting that histone deacetylation was involved in the transcriptional inactivation of RI. SAHA treatment stimulated RI promoter-luciferase reporter activities, thus suggesting increased transcription was contributing to enhanced RI expression. We are in the process of identifying the SAHA responsive element on the RI promoter. Significantly, SAHA mediated RI expression restored TGF-β response in the ER+ breast cancer cells as indicated by the enhanced activity of a TGF-β responsive element from the plasminogen activator inhibitor.
Mesogenic 3,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine alkanoate esters

A novel series of 3,6-bis(4-hdroxyphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine alkanoate esters were synthesized and their mesogenic properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizin...
Ecological and Societal Services of Aquatic Diptera

More than any other group of macro-organisms, true flies (Diptera) dominate the freshwater environment. Nearly one-third of all flies—roughly 46,000 species—have some developmental connection with an aquatic environment. Their abundance, ubiquity, and diversity of adaptations to the aquatic environment position them as major drivers of ecosystem processes and as sources of products and bioinspiration for the benefit of human society. Larval flies are well represented as ecosystem engineers and keystone species that alter the abiotic and biotic environments through activities such as burrowing, grazing, suspension feeding, and predation. The enormous populations sometimes achieved by aquatic flies can provide the sole or major dietary component for other organisms. Harnessing the services of aquatic Diptera for human benefit depends on the ingenuity of the scientific community. Aquatic flies have played a role as indicators of water quality from the earliest years of bioassessment. They serve as indicators of historical and future ecological and climate change. As predators and herbivores, they can serve as biological control agents. The association of flies with animal carcasses in aquatic environments provides an additional set of tools for forensic science. The extremophilic attributes of numerous species of Diptera offer solutions for human adaptation to harsh terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. The potential pharmaceutical and industrial applications of the symbiotic microbial community in extremophilic Diptera are better explored than are those of dipteran chemistry. Many flies provide valuable ecological and human services as aquatic immatures, but are also pests and vectors of disease agents as terrestrial adults. The scientific community, thus, is challenged with balancing the benefits and costs of aquatic Diptera, while maintaining sustainable populations as more species face extinction.
Extensibility of autologous pericardium roll conduit in non-confluent pulmonary artery: a case report

There is great discussion about non-confluent pulmonary artery (PA) reconstruction, and several materials have been used. Autologous pericardium is considered feasible for infectious resistance, autoimmune response, extensibility, and growth potential. The patient was born at 39 weeks (body mass = 2550 g). He was diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, non-confluent PA, and bilateral patent ductus arteriosus. Right and left Blalock-Taussig shunts with patent ductus arteriosus ligations were placed on day 27 and 3 months, respectively. At 19 months (8.8 kg), definitive repair was performed with tricuspid valved conduit concurrent with PA reconstruction using an autologous pericardium roll conduit. The autologous pericardium was treated with glutaraldehyde (autologous pericardium fixed with 0.4% glutaraldehyde for 7 min and rolled as conduit – 12 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length). Following an incision on the visceral side of the PAs before the 1st branch, the autologous pericardial roll conduit was anastomosed. Follow-up angiographies on postoperative months 9 and 57 demonstrated that the PA, including the autologous pericardium roll conduit, had spontaneously enlarged. Particularly for non-confluent PA, the patients require increased pulmonary beds at an early age because of hypoplastic PA. While size mismatch between the graft and native PA develops as the child grows, size-adjustable extensibility of the PA graft should be noted.
PD-L1 detection in histology specimens and matched pleural fluid cell blocks of patients with NSCLC.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Analysis of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in tumour samples is necessary to identify candidates for anti-PD-L1/PD-L1 therapy. Because PD-L1 is evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), an adequate amount of tumour tissue is a prerequisite for PD-L1 testing. To examine whether pleural fluid might be an alternative to biopsy/resection specimens for IHC evaluation of PD-L1 in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), we compared PD-L1 by IHC between histological specimens and matched pleural fluid. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with NSCLC who underwent core biopsy of a lung mass/surgical resection with PD-L1 IHC and had a pleural fluid cell block (CB) available for PD-L1 staining was conducted. PD-L1 was categorized as negative (PD-L1 in <1% of tumour cells), moderately positive (PD-L1 in ≥1% to <50%), strongly positive (PD-L1 ≥ 50) or inadequate for PD-L1 testing (<100 tumour cells in the CB). Weighted Cohen's kappa was calculated to evaluate the agreement between PD-L1 on biopsy/resection specimen and pleural fluid for variables with more than two categories. RESULTS Of the 115 patients included in this study, 82 (71.3%) had at least 100 tumour cells and were included in the analysis. Of these, 80 (97.6%) had adenocarcinoma. For PD-L1 of histological specimens versus pleural fluid categorized as negative, moderately positive or strongly positive, the weighted kappa statistic was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64-0.88), and the concordance was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68-0.86). CONCLUSION Correlation and concordance are high between PD-L1 in histological specimens and matched pleural fluid. Evaluation of PD-L1 in pleural fluid should be considered in patients unable to undergo histological biopsies.