cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Model for Multiphase Flow on Oil-Production Wells

A numerical model for the analysis of multiphase flow on vertical or slightly inclined wells has been developed. The model calculates flow properties (velocity of each phase, volumetric fraction of each phase, pressure and fluids properties) on gas-oil-water wells as function of depth. Fluids properties are obtained under the assumption of black oil model by means of correlations taken from literature, requiring only petroleum °API and the gas specific gravity as input data. The model may be applied to simulate both liquid flow and gas-liquid flow. In this case, different flow patterns are taken into account: -bubble, slug, dispersed bubble and annulardepending on flow conditions, which are determined from fluid properties and production rates of oil, gas and water. Flow in tubings consisting of several sections with different diameters and inclinations may also be simulated. The model was validated by comparisons of measured and calculated the pressure variation along the well Good agreement was found between the numerically predicted pressure drop and measurements taken from different databases from open literature. As a consequence the proposed model proves to be a reliable tool to describe the flow on oil-gas-water wells. The developed numerical model takes into account the most relevant effects that take place in a production well including multiphase flow, presence of different flow pattern, mass transfer from gaseous to liquid phase and influence of gas-liquid flow pattern on wall friction. Special attention is paid to the velocity profile of each phase along the well. Ishii’s model for two-fluid flow is used to prescribe the slip velocity between liquid and gaseous phases and to determine the acceleration term contribution to the pressure gradient. This model is actually being employed for corrosion rate calculations inside production wells.
Neurophysiological evidence for selective auditory attention deficits in children with specific language impairment

Recent behavioral studies suggest that children with poor language abilities have difficulty with attentional filtering, or noise exclusion. However, as behavioral performance represents the summed activity of multiple stages of processing, the temporal locus of the filtering deficit remains unclear. Here, we used an event-related potential (ERP) paradigm to compare the earliest mechanisms of selective auditory attention in 12 children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 12 matched control children. Participants were cued to attend selectively to one of two simultaneously presented narrative stories. The stories differed in location (left/right speaker), narration voice (male/female), and content. ERPs were recorded to linguistic and nonlinguistic probe stimuli embedded in the attended and unattended story. By 100 ms, typically developing children showed an amplification of the sensorineural response to attended as compared to unattended stimuli. In contrast, children with SLI showed no evidence of sensorineural modulation with attention, despite behavioral performance indicating that they were performing the task as directed. These data are the first to show that SLI children have marked and specific deficits in the neural mechanisms of attention and, further, localize the timing of the attentional deficit to the earliest stages of sensory processing. Deficits in the effects of selective attention on early sensorineural processing may give rise to the diverse set of sensory and linguistic impairments in SLI children.
Note on semantics and optimization

When can an optimizing compiler reorder the evaluation of parts of an expression? Should the definition of a language permit reordering? A common micsonception about the relation between semantics and optimization is analyzed in two contexts: numerical programming in procedural languages and nonnumerical programming in very high level languages.
Investigation of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers for VHTRs

Very High Temperature Reactors (VHTRs) require high temperature (900–950 °C), high integrity, and high efficiency heat exchangers during normal and off-normal conditions. A class of compact heat exchangers, namely, the Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs), made of high temperature materials, found to have the above characteristics, are being increasingly pursued for heavy duty applications. A high-temperature helium experimental test facility, primarily aimed at investigating the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the PCHEs, was designed and is being built at the Ohio State University. The test facility was designed for a maximum operating temperature and pressure of 900 °C and 3 MPa, respectively. Owing to the high operating conditions, a detailed investigation on various high temperature materials was carried out to aid in the design of the test facility and the heat exchangers. The study showed that alloy 617 is the leading candidate material for high temperature heat exchangers. Two PCHEs, each having 10 hot and 10 cold plates with 12 channels in each plate, are currently being fabricated from alloy 617 plates and will be tested once the test facility is constructed. To supplement the experiments, computational fluid dynamics modeling of a simplified PCHE model is being performed and the results for three flow rate cases of 15, 40, and 90 kg/h and a system pressure of 3 MPa are discussed. In summary, this paper focuses on the study of the high-temperature materials, the design of the helium test facility, the design and fabrication of the PCHEs, and the computational modeling of a simplified PCHE model.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
International peer review commentary: Contemporary counseling psychology: Back to the future?

Abstract Counseling psychology has experienced a number of important changes that seemingly have implications for doctoral training. As a result, questions have been raised about how programs could best accommodate to current training needs and marketplace demands. This paper describes one program's attempt to (a) examine contemporary training needs and demands in counselling psychology and (b) address these needs through providing training that seemingly would meet them. The assumptions and basic outline of the program are described. The program is not presented as a model to follow, but rather as one implemented, formative effort designed to accommodate to ongoing changes in the counseling specialty. Such a programmatic description may stimulate further discussion about how best to deal with marketplace demands and variations in psychological practice.
Evaluation of Meditation and Relaxation on Physiological Response during the Performance of Fine Motor and Gross Motor Tasks

This study investigated the effects of meditation/relaxation on physiological responses during the performance of a fine motor and a gross motor task. A pretest-posttest control group, randomized-blocks design was used to study a group of 16 meditators and a group of 16 nonmeditators, subgroups of each who relaxed prior to performing on a pursuit-rotor tracking device as a fine motor task and to performing the Luft cycle ergometer protocol to a heart rate of 70% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate as a gross motor task. During each of these tasks heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rate-pressure-product, and EMG activity of the frontalis muscle were monitored. No significant difference in the performance of either the fine motor or the gross motor task was noted for persons practicing meditation and persons who were nonmeditators but were given the opportunity to relax prior to a motor task. Likewise, no significant difference was noted in the pattern of response to the imposed fine motor or gross motor task by meditators or relaxed nonmeditators.
Carbon nanotube-based noncryogenic cooled multispectrum focal plane array

This paper presents the development of non-cryogenic-cooling spectrum infrared (IR) focal plane array (FPA) using a single carbon nanotube (CNT). The FPA consists of an array of CNT-based photodiodes. The CNT-based photodiodes can be made by our nanomanufacturing process and band gaps of CNTs can be tuned precisely by the electric breakdown system. As a result, the CNT-based photodiodes with high sensitivity at a special wavelength can be achieved. In this paper, design, fabrication and experimental results of the CNT-based IR photodiode are reported. The results indicate that CNTs are very sensitive of middle-wave IR (MWIR) signal at room temperature. Moreover, the performances of the photodiodes have been evaluated. These results suggest that CNTs can be used in high throughput sensing applications.
Erythroblastosis fetalis associated with Rh-positive mothers.

F OLLOWING close upon Landsteiner and Wiener ' s I discovery of the Rh factor, Levine and his associates 2 developed the idea of maternal isoimmunization i n the pathogenesis of erythrob]astosis fetalis, demonstrating the relationship between Rh incompatibili ty and erythroblastosis fetalis. In over 90 per cent of the cases the fa ther and child were Rh positive and the mother, Rh negative. Clinically, erythroblastosis fetalis is considered as a single disease with three chief recognized forms, called fetal hydrops, icterus gravis, and congenital anemia. Erythroblastosis fetalis is generally considered as being synonymous with Rh incompatibili ty and associated with Rh-negative mothers in over 90 per cent of the eases. However, not ~11 cases of erythroblastosis fetalis are caused by the Rh antigen-antibody reaction. On a theoretical basis, incompatibilities can occur f rom any blood antigen which is present in the father, t ransmit ted to the offspring, and absent in the mother. The Rh subgroups, the H r factor, and ABO group incompatibilities are possible etiological agents. The M, N, and P factors are apparent ly not antigenic. Tovey a gives four reasons why the fetus enjoys protection from the mother 's agglutinins in heterospeeific pregnancies :
A 4-selenocysteine, 2-selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element methionine sulfoxide reductase from Metridium senile reveals a non-catalytic function of selenocysteines.

Selenocysteine (Sec) residues occur in thiol oxidoreductase families, and functionally characterized selenoenzymes typically have a single Sec residue used directly for redox catalysis. However, how new Sec residues evolve and whether non-catalytic Sec residues exist in proteins is not known. Here, we computationally identified several genes with multiple Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) elements, one of which was a methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (MsrB) homolog from Metridium senile that has four in-frame UGA codons and two nearly identical SECIS elements. One of the UGA codons corresponded to the conserved catalytic Sec or Cys in MsrBs, whereas the three other UGA codons evolved recently and had no homologs with Sec or Cys in these positions. Metabolic 75Se labeling showed that all four in-frame UGA codons supported Sec insertion and that both SECIS elements were functional and collaborated in Sec insertion at each UGA codon. Interestingly, recombinant M. senile MsrB bound iron, and further analyses suggested the possibility of binding an iron-sulfur cluster by the protein. These data show that Sec residues may appear transiently in genes containing SECIS elements and be adapted for non-catalytic functions.
Dynamics of pseudo-rigid ball impact on rigid foundation

This paper concerns the dynamics induced by the ideally elastic normal impact of a linearly elastic pseudo-rigid sphere on a rigid, stationary foundation. An impact map is derived and studied by numerical and analytical means. Periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic response is observed consistently with the symplectic nature of the map.
The prognosis of occupational asthma due to detergent enzymes: clinical, immunological and employment outcomes

Summary Background Little is known about the prognosis of occupational asthma induced by high molecular weight proteins. Objective Our objective was to measure the clinical, immunological and employment outcomes of individuals with occupational asthma induced by detergent enzymes. Methods We undertook a workforce-based follow-up study in 35 (78%) of the 45 ex-employees from a single factory with occupational asthma. In each case the diagnosis was supported by evidence of specific sensitization and characteristic changes in peak flow or a positive response to specific bronchial provocation testing. Results This group had left the factory on average 37 months before study. On review 25 (71%) reported chest symptoms during the last month. Compared with when working at the factory, most (86%) reported that their symptoms had improved. Twenty continued to attend their general practitioner for respiratory symptoms and 19 still used asthma medications. Since leaving the factory 16 (46%) and four (11%) had found full-time or part-time employment, respectively; of these 16 found they were paid less than when they worked at the factory. The remaining 15 subjects had not had any paid employment. All but two had positive skin prick tests to one or more three detergent enzymes. The estimated half-life of serum-specific IgE antibodies was 20 months for protease, and 21 months for cellulase and amylase. Conclusions Population-based follow-up studies of the prognosis of occupational asthma are rare but probably avoid the bias in clinic-derived surveys. This study demonstrates that 3 years after the avoidance of exposure with detergent enzymes most patients continue to be troubled by, albeit improved, symptoms and experience difficulty in re-employment.
No-Insulation (NI) HTS Inserts for $>$ 1 GHz LTS/HTS NMR Magnets

A no-insulation (NI) technique has been applied to wind and test a NI HTS (YBCO) double-pancake coil at 4.2 K. Having little detrimental effect on field-current relationship, the absence of turn-to-turn insulation enabled the test coil to survive a quench at a coil current density of 1.58 kA/mm2. The NI HTS coil is compact and self-protecting, two features suitable for large high-field magnets. To investigate beneficial impacts of the NI technique on >;1 GHz LTS/HTS NMR magnets, we have designed six new NI HTS inserts for our ongoing 1.3 GHz LTS/HTS NMR magnet, which require less costly LTS background magnets than the original insulated HTS insert. A net result will be a significant reduction in the overall cost of an LTS/HTS NMR magnet, at 1.3 GHz and above.
Sexual desire, not hypersexuality, predicts self-regulation of sexual arousal

A person's ability to control their own sexual arousal is important both to reduce the risks associated with some sexual behaviours and to respond sexually with intimate partners. A lack of control over sexual urges is a proposed feature of “hypersexual disorder”, though some evidence suggests that sexual desire predicts the self-regulation of sexual arousal better than hypersexuality. In the current study, a sample (N = 116) of men and women recruited from community ads viewed a series of 20-second neutral and sexual films. Before each sexual film, participants were instructed to increase their sexual arousal, decrease their sexual arousal or respond as usual. Higher levels of desire for sex with a partner consistently predicted failures to downregulate sexual arousal. Hypersexuality was unrelated. These findings replicate Winters et al.'s study and extend their findings by including upregulation, women, a new measure of hypersexuality and a higher-trial design.
Development of competitive enzyme immunoassays for human serum angiotensin-1-converting enzyme: a comparison of four assay configurations.

Abstract A competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (CELIA) for human serum angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) was developed. The sensitivity was amplified by using a secondary antibody and an avidin biotin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase complex as the enzyme-labeled reagent. This configuration was compared to three other configurations for an indirect CELIA, and was found to be the most sensitive. A sensitivity of 39 ng/ml ACE was achieved with intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation of 6.3 and 8%, respectively. CELIA will detect ACE in human serum without interference from either pharmacological or endogenous ACE inhibitors. In normal human volunteers, ACE values obtained using CELIA correlated well with values obtained by enzymatic assay.
Impact of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting on hospital survival after aortic root replacement.

Background We examined the impact of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on hospital survival after aortic root replacement. We sought to determine whether CABG procedures that were not originally planned but rather added after the aortic root procedure was completed (CABG/bailout) skewed the results to shift patients with bad outcomes to the CABG group, making the non-CABG group appear undeservedly low risk. Methods Between May 1992 and January 2001, 369 consecutive patients underwent aortic root replacement. Concomitant CABG was required in 95 patients (26%). Indications for CABG were significant coronary artery disease in 73 patients (20%), active endocarditis or acute aortic dissection involving the coronary orifices in 14 patients (4%), and difficulty weaning from bypass because of regional wall motion abnormality from presumed but unconfirmed coronary artery disease or technical error at coronary ostial reimplantation (CABG/bailout) in 8 patients (2%). Results Operative mortality for the entire cohort was 5.7% (21 patients). The operative mortality rate for the non-CABG group was 0.4% (1 of 274 patients), and for the CABG group, 21% (20 of 95 patients; p Conclusions Adding CABG at the end of an aortic root procedure is a rare event, and because it is rare, there is no significant shift of risk as a result of the CABG/bailout patients on the overall CABG group.
Solar irradiance curves and absorptance of satellite coatings

Abstract The data published by F. S. Johnson for the spectral distribution of solar irradiance at the mean Sun-Earth distance and in the absence of the Earth's atmosphere have been compared with similar data published in recent years by six other authors. All data have been normalized to that of Johnson so as to bring out the differences in spectral distribution. The results are displayed as histograms of the energy over 0·01 μm bandwidth. Data on the spectral absorptance of 18 typical satellite surface coatings and the relative efficiency of silicon solar cells have been combined with solar spectral irradiance data to determine the energy absorbed over small bandwidths of 0·01 or 0·02 μm and numerical integration has been performed to find the energy absorbed over the entire spectral range. It is seen that the efficiency of the solar cell is lower and the absorptances of practically all surface coatings are greater on the assumption of the Johnson curve than on the assumption of any of the other six proposed curves.
Coherent Plasma Oscillations in Bulk Semiconductors

Coherent subpicosecond electron-hole charge oscillations that result from ballistic transport in the presence of a constant built-in field are observed in a bulk GaAs $p$- $i$- $n$ sample by using differential electroabsorption techniques.
Reflections on the impact of antihypertensive medications on mood, sedation, and neuropsychologic functioning.

All antihypertensive treatments, including placebo, are associated with cognitive side effects. These side effects are rarely clear-cut and involve mood, quality of sleep, daytime sedation, and various neuropsychologic functions. This review article reflects on the vast literature on this topic and comments on substantive findings, as well as methodologic difficulties in sorting through findings from quality-of-life studies. Hypertension itself is associated with many of the above changes, and some cognitive functions actually improve with treatment. Nonetheless, many medications are accused of causing side effects, despite the fact that side effects with placebo are common, particularly for nonspecific complaints, such as fatigue. Side effects are not limited to sympatholytic antihypertensive agents and are commonly reported even by patients who are treated with diuretics. It is not at all clear that side effects are more commonly reported in patients who are treated with lipophilic β-blockers. The patient may be a relatively poor observer of these subtle changes. The spouse is an important source of additional information with regard to side effects. The virtual absence of any standardization in quality-of-life measures makes comparisons across studies extremely difficult. (Arch Intern Med.1992;152:35-39)
Captive solvent [11C]acetate synthesis in GMP conditions.

Abstract Reliable procedure for the production of 1-[11C]acetate in GMP conditions was developed based on a combination of the captive-solvent Grignard reaction conducted in the sterile catheter followed by the convenient solid-phase extraction purification on a series of ion-exchange cartridges. The described procedure proved to be reliable in more than 30 patient productions. The process provides stable radiochemical yields (65% EOB) of sodium acetate (1-[11C]) of the Ph.Eur. quality (radiochemical purity better than 95%) in a short time (5 min).
Boundary layer chemistry probed by in situ infrared spectroscopy during SiO2 deposition at atmospheric pressure from tetraethylorthosilicate and ozone

The deposition of silicon dioxide films at 450 degrees C was studied in quasi real time by probing the thermally activated boundary layer region near the growing surface during atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD). Potential tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)/O(3) reaction products have been investigated in an attempt to clarify the reaction mechanism leading to the observed silanol deposition intermediates and delineate the film formation process. The organic products formed during the TEOS/O(3) reaction are acetic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. Quantitative methods are developed using FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy during ozonation of TEOS at elevated temperatures. The measurement of gaseous alcohols of silicon alkoxides by FT-IR is demonstrated by application of an in situ methodology that probes the high-temperature region within the CVD environment. Partial least squares (PLS) Beer's law absorption models are used in determining relative TEOS, ozone, and ethoxysilanol levels during the reaction. The reaction order in TEOS is measured at 1.65 +/- 0.02 over a 0.9 Torr pressure range. Similarly, the ratio of ethoxysilanol formed versus the amount of ozone consumed is ca. 1:3. A radical chain oxidative mechanism involving direct reaction of TEOS and ozone is proposed for formation of highly reactive silanol film growth intermediates.
A hybrid backstepping-like nonlinear control of a robot-trailer system

The authors present a nonlinear controller to stabilize an autonomous wheeled robot and trailer system. A dynamic model based on robot-trailer kinematics is chosen for the ease of design. An iterative approach similar to backstepping is used to obtain the control input. In a manner reminiscent of feedback linearization, nonlinearities are cancelled at each step to obtain an equivalent linear system. The proposed method is significantly different from the usual integrator backstepping method because no signal differentiation is required. However, it is also different from conventional feedback linearization because no coordinate transformation is required. This hybrid method is essentially a selective amalgamation of the two methods. Whenever linear control gains are used in the design, they are tuned by the LQR method. In contrast to known state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed method stabilizes the system in both the forward and reverse motion directions, without modeling modifications. The proposed controller yields good tracking performance over a wide variety of initial conditions, both in simulation and experiments.
Feedforward Speed Control of Brushless DC Motors with Input Shaping

The objective of this work is to apply feedforward control to a brushless direct current motor (BLDC) using input shaping method to achieve speed control with fast transient. It is shown that the hardware requirement is minimal and the existing Hall sensors are sufficient. However, due to the sensor quantization effects, output ripple attenuation is necessary. The use of low bandwidth control removes output ripples from the low resolution sensor while the use of a shaper improves the transient performance of the overall system. The input shaper is particularly suitable in this application since it is an open loop algorithm, independent of the sensor characteristics. Virtual instruments (VIs) are then built in LabVIEW to implement the control algorithms. Experimental results confirm that the effectiveness of the proposed low bandwidth feedback/input shaping control with low resolution sensors.
Estimating the subjective value of future rewards: comparison of adjusting-amount and adjusting-delay procedures.

The present study examined whether equivalent discounting of delayed rewards is observed with different experimental procedures. If the underlying decision-making process is the same, then similar patterns of results should be observed regardless of procedure, and similar estimates of the subjective value of future rewards (i.e., indifference points) should be obtained. Two experiments compared discounting on three types of procedure: adjusting-delay (AD), adjusting-immediate-amount (AIA), and adjusting-delayed-amount (ADA). For the two procedures for which discounting functions can be established (i.e., AD and AIA), a hyperboloid provided good fits to the data at both the group and individual levels, and individuals’ discounting on one procedure tended to be correlated with their discounting on the other. Notably, the AIA procedure produced the more consistent estimates of the degree of discounting, and in particular, discounting on the AIA procedure was unaffected by the order in which choices were presented. Regardless of which of the three procedures was used, however, similar patterns of results were obtained: Participants systematically discounted the value of delayed rewards, and robust magnitude effects were observed. Although each procedure may have its own advantages and disadvantages, use of all three types of procedure in the present study provided converging evidence for common decision-making processes underlying the discounting of delayed rewards.
Measurement of the dielectric, conductance, and pyroelectric properties of MWCNT:PVDF nanocomposite thin films for application in infrared technologies

In this work, we have determined the dielectric and conductance properties of multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT) in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite thin films as a function of temperature and frequency. Samples, ranging from 15 - 280 microns in thickness, were measured in the temperature range from 21 to 90°C and in frequencies from 50Hz to 110MHz. The samples were prepared by the solution casting technique. Measures indicate that at constant temperatures, the real dielectric constant decreases at lower frequencies, stays steady at low frequencies but rise at higher frequencies over towards the strong resonance. The dielectric loss, a particular concern as it is inversely related to the conductance, decreases also at lower frequencies but rise at higher frequencies with a steeper slope in each case. Additionally, we have measured the pyroelectric coefficient in the same temperature range, compared the pyroelectric coefficient results with previous measures made on silver nanoparticle in PVDF thin films and provided preliminary evidence of the causative microscopic response mechanism. Our MWCNT:PVDF thin films yield higher figures of merit than that indicated by pure PVDF thin films and results indicate a usage of MWCNT:PVDF thin films in infrared uncooled sensors and vidicon technology.
Dynamic relationships between US and Thai rice prices

Abstract Relationships between the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) estimated World Market Price, the Thai milled rice price, US transportation-adjusted cash rough rice price, and the Chicago Rice and Cotton Exchange rough rice futures price are examined for the 1987–1991 marketing years. Specifically, a cointegration analysis is used to address the pricing and informational efficiency of the respective markets. Testing indicates the system is described by two cointegrating vectors. The analysis preformed herein provides insight into the pricing performance of several world rice markets.
The Tariff Act of 1922

The tariff act of 1913 inconclusive as an experiment, 2. — Two factors important in 1922: war feeling, and demand for protection from the agricultural states, 3. — History of legislation, 6. — Concessions to the agricultural element, in duties and in the free list, 7. — Wool and sugar, 9. — Some extraordinarily high duties on manufactures, 11. — Dyestuffs, 14. — Administrative provisions and American valuation, 17. — The President's discretionary powers, 19. — How serviceable did the Tariff Commission prove? 22. — General administrative provisions, 24. — Conclusion, 26.
A Multi-Method Investigation of Individual Differences in Hemisphericity

The construct of hemisphericity contends that some individuals process information analytically and others holistically, and that these individual differences reflect characteristic preferences or strategies for left- and right-hemisphere processing, respectively. We investigated whether hemisphericity was related to personality variables, as measured by trait anxiety and the tendency to express versus inhibit emotions. Sixty six right-handed subjects completed personality measures and were tested on two occasions with multiple measures of hemisphericity, including dichotic listening, tachistoscopic emotion recognition, verbal ability and spatial ability. Although some of the hemisphericity measures exhibited moderate reliability, they generally did not correlate significantly with each other or with measures of personality. However, a composite hemisphericity index indicated that right hemisphericity was modestly correlated with the tendency to express emotions and left hemisphericity with the tendency to inhibit emotions. We discuss some reasons for the failure to find either construct or predictive validity for hemisphericity.
Vitamin A deprivation and Drosophila photopigments

VITAMIN A deprivation causes a profound reduction in visual sensitivity and photopigment concentration in the eyes of both vertebrates and invertebrates1,2. In vertebrates vitamin A deprivation results in degeneration of photoreceptor cells3 and decreases the number of intramembrane particles visualised in the disks of rod outer segments by freeze-fracture electron microscopy4. This and other evidence5 suggests that these particles represent rhodopsin molecules. Invertebrate photoreceptors have similar, 8-nm intramembrane particles in the stacked microvilli which form their light-sensitive rhabdomeres6,7. The number of particles is comparable to the number of pigment molecules present8 and is dependent on the state of light adaptation9. We describe here a study of the effects of vitamin A deprivation on the fine structure, photopigment content, and sensitivity of Drosophila photoreceptors. The results support the hypothesis that most of the intramembrane particles in invertebrate rhabdomeres, like those in vertebrate photoreceptors, are rhodopsin molecules.
Ligand interactions with galactose oxidase: mechanistic insights

Interactions between galactose oxidase and small molecules have been explored using a combination of optical absorption, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to detect complex formation and characterize the products. Anions bind directly to the cupric center in both active and inactive galactose oxidase, converting to complexes with optical and EPR spectra that are distinctly different from those of the starting aquo enzyme. Azide binding is coupled to stoichiometric proton uptake by the enzyme, reflecting the generation of a strong base (pKa > 9) in the active site anion adduct. At low temperature, the aquo enzyme converts to a form that exhibits the characteristic optical and EPR spectra of an anion complex, apparently reflecting deprotonation of the coordinated water. Anion binding results in a loss of the optical transition arising from coordinated tyrosine, implying displacement of the axial tyrosine ligand on forming the adduct. Nitric oxide binds to galactose oxidase, forming a specific complex exhibiting an unusual EPR spectrum with all g values below 2. The absence of Cu splitting in this spectrum and the observation that the cupric EPR signal from the active site metal ion is not significantly decreased in the complex suggest a nonmetal interaction site for NO in galactose oxidase. These results have been interpreted in terms of a mechanistic scheme where substrate binding displaces a tyrosinate ligand from the active site cupric ion, generating a base that may serve to deprotonate the coordinated hydroxyl group of the substrate, activating it for oxidation. The protein-NO interactions may probe a nonmetal O2 binding site in this enzyme.
Dipole moments of the methylethylphosphines

Abstract The dipole moments of the methylethylphosphines have been determined by the Debye method in the gas phase. Values obtained are: CH 3 C 2 H 5 PH, 1.28 ± 0.04 D; (CH 3 ) 2 C 2 H 5 P, 1.31 ± 0.09 D; CH 3 (C 2 H 5 ) 2 P, 1.58 ± 0.12 D. These results are found to be generally consistent with the Weaver-Parry model (1966) for variation in phosphine dipole moments with substituents.
NF-κB Signaling Pathway Governs TRAIL Gene Expression and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-I Tax-induced T-cell Death *

The Tax oncoprotein encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus induces both T-cell activation and apoptosis. The mechanism by which Tax induces apoptosis has remained unclear. Using genetically manipulated T-cell lines, we demonstrate that Tax-induced T-cell death is dependent on NF-κB signaling. Tax fails to induce apoptosis in T cells lacking IκB kinase γ (IKKγ), an essential component of the NF-κB signaling pathway. This defect was rescued when the mutant cells were reconstituted with exogenous IKKγ. We further demonstrate that the Tax-induced T-cell death is mediated by TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), because this event can be effectively inhibited by a TRAIL-blocking antibody. Consistent with this functional aspect, Tax stimulates the expression of TRAIL mRNA. Finally, we provide genetic evidence demonstrating that the NF-κB signaling pathway is essential for TRAIL gene induction by both Tax and T-cell activation signals. These studies reveal a novel function of the NF-κB signaling pathway and suggest a key mechanism by which Tax induces T-cell death.
Response to growth hormone treatment in a patient with 18p-syndrome

A female patient with known chromosomes 18p- and 14 p- presented with severe growth failure at age 2-9/12 years. Growth hormone (GH), at 0.3 mg/kg/week, was initiated at age 6-3/12 years. Her linear growth improved dramatically over the subsequent 7 years. We present details of her course and review the medical literature on the use of GH in patients with 18p-syndrome.
A social host in the machine? The case of group attention

Abstract I argue that akin to mind-body dualism, social-mental dualism is open to critique. That is, mental processes can be inherently social, with sociality ‘baked into’ the architecture of the cognitive mechanism. As a case in point, I introduce the reader to the cognitive mechanism of group attention. In particular, I focus on the differences between group attention and ideomotor imitation in terms of their (a) compliance to the social-mental dichotomy, and (b) contributions to building common knowledge—a prerequisite for human communication and collective action. Finally, I suggest possible implications of group attention scholarship for other social memory phenomena such as social contagion, socially shared memory-induced forgetting, and the saying-is-believing effect.
Abstract PR-03: Genetic variations in microRNA biogenesis genes as predictors for risk of second primary tumor (SPT) and/or recurrence in patients with early‐stage head and neck cancer

Second primary tumors (SPTs) and local‐regional recurrence negatively impact the prognosis of patients with curatively treated early‐stage head and neck cancer. Genetic variations in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis genes have been found to be associated with the risk of multiple solid tumors. Thus, we hypothesized that these variations were also associated with the risk of SPT/recurrence in patients with early‐stage head and neck cancer. We performed a nested case‐control study including 150 early‐stage head and neck cancer patients with SPT/recurrence and 300 patients without SPT/recurrence. We genotyped 71 tagging and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight miRNA biogenesis pathway genes (RNASEN, DGCR8, DICER1, EIF2C1, DDX20, GEMIN4, RAN, XPO5). Seven SNPs in RNASEN, one in XPO5, and one in RAN were significantly associated with the risk of SPT/recurrence. The most significant SNP was rs7735863, an intronic SNP in RANSEN. The variant‐containing genotypes of this SNP were associated with a 1.72‐fold increased risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–2.57; P=0.0076). A combined analysis showed that compared with the patients without any unfavorable genotypes, the SPT/recurrence risk was increased 1.50‐ (95% CI, 1.02–2.22) and 2.69‐fold (95% CI, 1.59–4.53) for those with one and two unfavorable genotypes, respectively (P for trend Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):PR-03.
Off Balance Sheet Lease Financing in the Restaurant Industry

ABSTRACT Publicly traded restaurant companies account for the majority of their leases as operating leases. Under FASB 13, operating lease obligations are disclosed in the footnotes while capital leases are recognized on the balance sheet. Main stream research suggests that it makes no difference to the market's assessment of risk whether the information is disclosed in the footnotes or recognized in the financial statements. This research shows that restaurant firms still prefer disclosure (operation leases) over recognition (capital leases) and suggest reasons drawn from both capital market and positive accounting research. Research results show operating lease obligations exceed capital lease obligations by a ratio of 9 to 1. Upon capitalizing operating leases, performance ratios change significantly. There is also a possibility that smaller restaurant firms use operating leases more than larger firms.
Signaling of rat Frizzled-2 through phosphodiesterase and cyclic GMP

The Frizzled-2 receptor (Rfz2) from rat binds Wnt proteins and can signal by activating calcium release from intracellular stores. We show that wild-type Rfz2 and a chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane portions of the beta2-adrenergic receptor with cytoplasmic domains of Rfz2 also signaled through modulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Activation of either receptor led to a decline in the intracellular concentration of cGMP, a process that was inhibited in cells treated with pertussis toxin, reduced by suppression of the expression of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) transducin, and suppressed through inhibition of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Moreover, PDE inhibitors blocked Rfz2-induced calcium transients in zebrafish embryos. Thus, Frizzled-2 appears to couple to PDEs and calcium transients through G proteins.
A Preliminary Survey of Collapsed Cores in Globular Clusters

This is a preliminary report on surface photometry of the major fraction of known globular clusters, to see which of them show the signs of a collapsed core. More than 20 examples, or one-fifth of the total, are found. Core classifications are given for all clusters examined. The fraction of collapsed-core clusters may be an index of how long a cluster takes to reexpand after collapse.
Sleep Disturbance in Palliative Care

Sleep disturbance in palliative medicine is a common and challenging condition that significantly adds to the burden of suffering experienced by patients with advanced stage diseases. Sleep disorders may be primary or, more commonly, a secondary symptom of the advancing disease process. The diverse nature of patients under palliative care makes management of sleep disorders particularly challenging and highly individualized. Multiple pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions have been successfully used for the management of sleep disturbances in palliative medicine. Yet, despite these measures, many patients do not seek medical attention for sleep disturbances, and health care providers tend to under-diagnose this condition and under-treat it when diagnosed, thus missing an opportunity to improve the quality of life of patients already suffering from the burden of terminal disease.
Unitary similarity to a complex symmetric matrix and its extension to orthogonal symmetric Lie algebras

Abstract We present some new characterizations of unitary similarity of a square complex matrix to a symmetric matrix. Our approach uses the singular value decomposition. A result of Vermeer is extended in the context of an orthogonal symmetric Lie algebra of the compact type.
The function of the proteins in the complement system

Abstract The proteins which constitute the complement system are normal components in the fluid portion of blood and other fluids of man and lower animals. Activation of these proteins via two major pathways results in a number of biologically significant activities which may be beneficial or detrimental to the host.
Predicting recovery of severe regional ventricular dysfunction. Comparison of resting scintigraphy with 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi.

BACKGROUNDRegional 201Tl activity after resting injection, imaged early and after redistribution, reflects viable myocardium and can predict improved isotope uptake as well as regional and global ventricular function after revascularization. 99mTc-sestamibi, a perfusion tracer with favorable imaging characteristics, has distinct kinetics compared with 201Tl, demonstrating minimal redistribution; this property may give 201Tl an advantage for detecting viable myocardium, particularly in segments with resting hypoperfusion. The purpose of this study was to compare regional activities of 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi after resting injections in patients with coronary artery disease and regional or global left ventricular dysfunction and to assess their comparative abilities for predicting recovery of severe regional ventricular dysfunction after revascularization.METHODS AND RESULTSQualitative and quantitative comparisons of rest and redistribution 201Tl activity and sestamibi activity 1 hour after rest injection...
Inhibition of fetal adrenal adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression by betamethasone administration to the baboon fetus in late gestation.

Throughout the majority of intrauterine development, the primate fetal adrenal gland is comprised primarily of fetal zone cells and only late in gestation do definitive zone cells, which express the enzymeΔ 5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD) emerge to produce cortisol. The present study was designed to determine whether the induction of definitive zone ACTH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and components of the steroidogenic pathway known to be expressed specifically in the definitive zone, e.g. the 3β-HSD enzyme, are dependent upon fetal pituitary ACTH. Fetal pituitaries and adrenal glands were obtained on day 165 (term = day 184) from untreated controls (n = 7) and from baboons in which betamethasone was administered im to the fetus (0.6 mg/100 μl; n= 4) or to the fetus (0.6 mg) and mother (6 mg/ml; n = 4) every other day between days 150 and 164 of gestation. Although fetal pituitary weight was not altered by betamethasone, POMC mRNA levels determined by in situ hybridization were...
Transillumination of the fingers for vascular anomalies: a novel method for evaluating hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Purpose: We describe a novel approach for detecting vascular abnormalities deep in the digits by means of a handheld illuminator. Methods: Ten patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia were compared with 10 controls for telangiectases in the fingers using a handheld otoscope. Results: This noninvasive transillumination method revealed telangiectases in 9 of 10 patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and none in controls. Conclusions: Transillumination of fingers with an otoscope identifies telangiectases in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Further studies are needed to determine the prevalence of telangiectases in the finger and whether this finding is present in other vascular diseases.
Estimator eigenvalue placement in positive real control

A numerical technique is presented to place the eigenvalues of the estimator in a positive real control environment. The estimator is based on a reduced-order model of the full system. The technique involves posing the problem as a constrained optimization problem. Two formulations are presented for solving the optimization problem that differ in their objective functions and in the way constraints are handled. Examples are given illustrating the pole placement for estimators based on an arbitrary second-order model, and on fourthand sixth-order models of the DRAPER I tetrahedral truss structure.
REM sleep deprivation produces a motivational deficit for food reward that is reversed by intra-accumbens amphetamine in rats

Prolonged sleep deprivation in rats produces a characteristic syndrome of increase in food intake accompanied by, paradoxically, decrease in weight, suggesting a potential alteration in motivation for food reward. Using the multiple platform method to produce REM sleep deprivation (REMSD), we investigated the effect of REMSD on motivation for food reinforcement with a progressive ratio operant task, which yields a measure of the motor effort that a hungry animal is willing to expend to obtain food (the point at which the animal quits responding is termed the "break-point"). We found that REMSD rats decreased the break point for sucrose pellet reinforcement in comparison to controls, as revealed by a within-session decline in responding. This behavioral deficit is similar to that observed in rats with diminished dopamine transmission within the nucleus accumbens (Acb), and, considering that stimulants are frequently used in the clinical setting to reverse the effects of sleepiness, we examined the effect of systemic or intra-Acb amphetamine on break point in REMSD rats. Animals were given either systemic or intra-Acb amphetamine injections on days 3 and 5 of REMSD. Systemic amphetamine (0.1, 0.5, or 2.5mg/kg) did not increase break point in REMSD rats. In contrast, intra-Acb infusions of amphetamine (1, 10, or 30μg/0.5μl bilaterally) reversed the REMSD-induced suppression of progressive ratio responding. Specifically, the two higher doses of intra-Acb amphetamine were able to prolong responding within the session (resulting in an increased break point) on day 3 of REMSD while only the highest dose was sufficient following 5 days of REMSD. These data suggest that decreased motivation for food reward caused by REMSD may result from a suppression of dopamine function in the Acb.