cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Expansion of Criminal Registries and the Illusion of Control

The American public consistently ranks crime prevention as the single most important objective for the criminal justice system, putting this goal ahead of punishment, enforcement, and rehabilitation. One popular but controversial method recently employed to prevent recidivism is the use of offender registries. The most common type of registry currently in use is the sexoffender registry. Responding to the public’s perception that sex offenders pose a particular risk to society, federal legislators—as well as legislators in all 50 states and the District of Columbia— have enacted legislation creating mandatory sex-offender registries. The primary rationale for tracking and notification requirements was that giving the public access to information would allow citizens to protect themselves and other vulnerable members of society. A wealth of evidence suggests that sexoffender registries have not accomplished the goal of making citizens safer. Nevertheless, lawmakers in a number of states have proposed new crime registries for offenses ranging from crimes against children, to the manufacture of methamphetamine, to murder. Moreover, poll data has revealed that the American public supports expanding registries to include crimes other than sex offenses. The rising popularity of public crime registries in spite of evidence of their inefficacy is perplexing, until one considers the social science research revealing individuals’ need to perceive control over anxiety-provoking threats. The illusion of control and attribution literature provides a rich body of work suggesting that the implementation of such registries, rather than providing any real instrumental advantage, serves to bolster feelings of selfefficacy and minimize public anxiety. Copyright 2013, by MOLLY J. WALKER WILSON. * Associate Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Law, Associate Professor of Psychology, Saint Louis University School of Law. 510 LOUISIANA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 73
A Molecular Window into the Brain: Special Issue on Molecules and the Brain.

Unlocking the mysteries of the brain has long fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike. Fundamental questions of how memories are stored, of how the brain processes emotion, and of what constitutes consciousness continue to captivate and challenge neuroscientists. With the recent emergence of new technologies for studying and manipulating molecules, cells, and circuits, biological chemists have become increasingly empowered to explore the intricacies and complexities of the brain. This special issue on Molecules and the Brain will explore the exciting field of molecular and chemical neuroscience. Research in this field strives to understand the brain at its most fundamental level through the study of molecules that underlie sensory perception, memory formation, neuroplasticity, and behavior. In this issue, we will consider the influence of molecules and structures spanning sizes ranging from single atoms to membrane receptors to the large protein-rich compartment known as the postsynaptic density.
Audio Teleconferencing: Creating a Bridge between Rural Areas and the University in Early Childhood/Special Education

With the enactment of P.L. 99-457, colleges and universities will need to examine and create innovative ways of providing required coursework to help early childhood/special education professionals...
EZ-PC: program committee selection made easy

Selecting a technical program committee (PC) for a conference or a workshop can be an intimidating and time consuming process. PC selection needs to balance several potential considerations; e.g., industry vs. academic participation, inclusion of under-represented communities, ensuring coverage over topic areas, among others. This paper presents the design of an open-source tool called EZ-PC which formulates these considerations as a simple constraint satisfaction problem to help PC chairs systematize this selection process. We report on some of the features we have incorporated and our experience in using the tool.
Fatigability of the Lumbopelvic Stabilizing Muscles in Women 8 and 26 Weeks Postpartum.

Background Pregnancy and childbirth are associated with lumbopelvic pain and instability. Fatigability of the lumbopelvic stabilizing muscles after childbirth is unknown, and no clinical tests exist to assess this important metric of muscle function. Objectives To compare fatigability of the lumbopelvic stabilizing muscles in postpartum and nulligravid (control) women using the Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR) Fatigue Task, and to determine if fatigability is associated with inter-recti distance (IRD), physical function, and pain/disability. Study design Longitudinal case-control study. Methods Twenty-nine nulligravid (25.4 ± 9.1 years) and 31 postpartum women (31.4 ± 5.2 years; vaginal delivery n=18) were tested at two time points, 16 weeks apart (postpartum women tested at 8-10 and 24-26 weeks postpartum). Muscular function was assessed with manual muscle testing (MMT), the ASLR Test, and a new ASLR Fatigue Task. Other measures included IRD, rectus abdominis thickness, physical activity, and six-minute walk distance. Results Postpartum women were 23% more fatigable (p=0.028) and were weaker (MMT) (p<0.001) than controls up to 26 weeks postpartum. The ASLR fatigue task (time-to-failure) was associated with smaller IRD, greater rectus abdominis thickness, higher physical activity levels, greater MMT strength, and further distance walked in six minutes (p<0.05). Conclusion Postpartum women (up to 6 months) had greater fatigability of the lumbopelvic stabilizing muscles and lower physical function than nulligravid women, suggesting core muscle function and fatigability should be assessed after pregnancy and childbirth. The ASLR Fatigue Task could be a clinically useful tool to determine fatigability of the lumbopelvic stabilizing muscles in women postpartum.
Valid P-Values Behave Exactly as They Should: Some Misleading Criticisms of P-Values and Their Resolution With S-Values

The present note explores sources of misplaced criticisms of P-values, such as conflicting definitions of “significance levels” and “P-values” in authoritative sources, and the consequent misinterp...
Balancing robustness and optimality in sensor placement for dynamic state estimation

Abstract The paper derives a Lyapunov equation whose solution is the sensitivity of the Kalman filter state error covariance matrix to structured and parametric model errors in the stiffness and damping of structural systems. This result is utilized to propose an expression to balance optimality and robustness for sensor placement in the presence of parametric model uncertainties. The proposed expressions are successfully verified and illustrated using a six-story steel moment-resisting frame subjected to a ground motion in the presence of uncertainty in element and support stiffness properties.
Cultivating Computing as Activism: Historicizing Cultural Identities as Academic Practices, 2010–2011

“Circling Around the Fire with a Purpose: The People’s Garden on campus” returns to the collective group of students, parents, educators, and community members as cultural workers and creative intellectuals. This chapter details the ways in which an informal group committed to meeting after school to build on the collaborative vision para el vivir comunitario. They shaped practices that spoke back to Eurocentric, neoliberal public schooling practices. Community-wide themes of identity formation and agency are analyzed and connected to the meso- and micro-levels of participation among a group of students who started out by seeking: a) cultural awareness, b) connections to the community, and c) higher education. In the process, a community garden comes into being. Implications for educational researchers, high school students, educators, and university stakeholders follow.
Micro-Scale Nozzled Jet Heat Transfer Distributions and Flow Field Entrainment Effects Directly on Die

The heat transfer distributions and associated flow field characteristics of impinging jets have been studied extensively, but mostly for submerged jet conditions on the hot target wall in confined channels. A review of the literature reveals that fewer studies have been expended for non-submerged single phase jets in confined channels. In this research, a total of 64 distinct CFD RANS simulations of turbulently impinging jets issued from a single circular nozzle and accelerated under an orifice plate comprising twenty tapered micro-scaled nozzles in confined channels at different nozzle to wall separation (1 ≤z/d ≤ 16) distances are examined using Icepak and Fluent - commercial finite-volume solvers to extract intricate details of impinging flow fields on a hot silicon wall. An overall heat transfer coefficient to the order of 170,000 W/m2 °K has been observed on the surface of the silicon using this multiple micro-jet impingement setup. The dielectric fluid jet impinging on a wall is a high power density bare die silicon wall dissipating a non-uniform power of 95 Watts and the heat flux power density is very high in certain regions of the die. Flow field simulations predict recirculating toroidal patterns for each impinging micro-jet on the die, entraining near the outflow which is a behavior that is consistent and concurring with the characteristics of confined flow fields. Large Eddy Simulations are used to predict the flow-field turbulent characteristics of a single circular jet impinging directly on the silicon wall for four significant cases with varying (0.5 ≤; z/d ≤ 2) distances at a Reynolds of 20,000 issued from main nozzle reveal intricate features of flow field distributions including entrainment effects on the bare die hot silicon. Results of flow entrainment, surface temperatures, and heat transfer rates along with average Nusselt numbers at the impinging silicon wall are presented for all the CFD simulations cases collated.
Environmental expertise: connecting science, policy, and society

Many of us teach students who are preparing for careers as scientists or engineers. They may be required to take a course on public policy or ‘science in society,’ or perhaps they have chosen to pu...
Bortezomib-induced motor neuropathy: A case report

IntroductionBortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, mantle cell lymphoma. The most reported adverse effects include fatigue,...
DARPA: A Global Innovation Differentiator

The United States is facing many internal and external challenges. Internally, the productivity growth rate has slowed down significantly; externally, rising powers, such as China and Russia, are challenging American global competitiveness. In this article, we argue that the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a differentiator that enables the U.S. to help address these challenges. DARPA has been a core engine for breakthrough technologies and innovations. We examine how DARPA has delivered breakthrough technologies—many that drive economic growth—and the impacts of DARPA technologies on the U.S. economy. We also compare DARPA's performance against some of the world's leading technology venture capital firms. We conclude that DARPA is a major national differentiator buttressing U.S. strength in innovation, technology, and the economy. Also, based on the observations in this article, we provide a few managerial and organizational takeaways for private organizations.
Endophthalmitis presenting as retinal vasculitis less than 24 hours after aflibercept injection: a case report.

PURPOSE We describe a case of endophthalmitis caused by streptococcus salivarius presenting as a retinal vasculitis less than twenty-four hours after intravitreal injection. METHODS Case report RESULTS:: The patient progressed from a hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis to severe endophthalmitis with no view to the posterior segment within 24 hours. Visual acuity progressed from 20/20 pre-injection to light perception within less than 48 after injection. Vitreous tap and injection was performed within 24 hours of intravitreal aflibercept injection, followed by pars plana vitrectomy the next day. Final visual acuity was hand motions. CONCLUSIONS Streptococcus salivarius is a virulent organism that may cause an endophthalmitis early after intravitreal injection with an unusual presentation of hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis. A high index of suspicion for infectious endophthalmitis should be maintained for all patients presenting with ocular inflammation and worsening vision in the days following intravitreal injections.
Quantification of γ-sorbitol crystal growth rate and solubility in the presence of mannitol and maltitol

In many confectionery systems, an understanding of crystallization behavior is essential for proper control of product texture. While this knowledge is well developed in sucrose-based systems, there is little information on controlling crystallization in sugar-free systems, such as those formulated with sorbitol. By leveraging such advances in time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) methodology, the impact of mannitol and maltitol on modulating sorbitol crystal growth in sugar-free systems. Binary and ternary systems of sorbitol mixed with mannitol, maltitol, or a mixture thereof were evaluated at total impurity addition levels of 10% and 20%. Polyol mixtures were dissolved in water, evaporated to 10% moisture, and mixed with γ sorbitol seed crystals to create a sugar-free fondant. Fondants were crystallized at 25 °C, and crystal content was measured using TD-NMR over time. Crystal content increased rapidly at the start but quickly tapered off to a final asymptote indicating phase equilibrium. In all systems, the addition of impurities decreased the extent and rate of sorbitol crystallization, with mannitol having the greatest impact on rate. When both mannitol and maltitol were present as impurities, the rate of crystallization was reduced to a greater extent. At the highest level of mannitol, the final crystal content increased, presumably because mannitol also crystallized. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Controlling sorbitol crystallization in the presence of impurities is a key to controlling quality in certain confections.
Effects of Age-Related Stereotype Threat on Metacognition.

Previous work has shown that memory performance in older adults is affected by activation of a stereotype of age-related memory decline. In the present experiment, we examined whether stereotype threat would affect metamemory in older adults; that is, whether under stereotype threat they make poorer judgments about what they could remember. We tested older adults (M Age = 66.18 years) on a task in which participants viewed words paired with point values and "bet" on whether they could later recall each word. If they bet on and recalled a word, they gained those points, but if they bet on and failed to recall a word, they lost those points. Thus, this task required participants to monitor how much they could remember and prioritize high value items. Participants performed this task over six lists of items either under stereotype threat about age-related memory decline or not under stereotype threat. Participants from both groups performed similarly on initial lists, but on later lists, participants under stereotype threat showed impaired performance as indicated by a lower average point score and a lower average gamma coefficient. The results suggest that a modest effect of stereotype threat on recall combined with a modest effect on metacognitive judgments to result in a performance deficit. This pattern of results may reflect an effect of stereotype threat on executive control reducing the ability to strategically use memory.
Exporter Behavior, Country Size and Stage of Development: Evidence from the Exporter Dynamics Database

This paper presents new data on the micro structure of the export sector for 45 countries and studies how exporter behavior varies with country size and stage of development. Larger countries and more developed countries have more exporters, larger exporters, and a greater share of exports controlled by the top 5 percent. The extensive margin (more firms) plays a greater role than the intensive margin (average size) in supporting exports of larger countries. In contrast, the intensive margin is relatively more important in explaining the exports of richer countries. Exporter entry and exit rates are higher and entrant survival is lower at an early stage of development. The paper discusses the results in light of trade theories with heterogeneous firms and the empirical literature on resource allocation, firm size, and development. An implication from the findings is that developing countries export less because the top of the firm-size distribution is truncated.
Effect of liver cirrhosis on patient outcomes from open heart surgery

Background We designed this prospective controlled study to evaluate the early postoperative outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) after open heart surgery (OHS). Patients and methods Between May 2011 and February 2017, 120 patients with elective OHS were included and categorized into a control group (50%) and patients with LC (50%), who were further subdivided according to Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) score into group CTP A (49 patients) and CTP B (11 patients). All preoperative demographic and clinical data in addition to operative and postoperative data were evaluated. Patients with CTP (class C) were excluded. Results Overall, 48 (40%) patients experienced a postoperative complication: 47% of group A cirrhosis, and 91% of group B cirrhosis (P Conclusion Patients with LC have a high incidence of morbidity and mortality after OHS compared with the control. The more the severity of LC, the more the complications and deaths. Patients with mild LC had acceptable outcome compared with others with advanced LC. The Child–Pugh score is more predictive of postoperative course than European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation.
A Practical Approach to Screening and Surveillance of Barrett’s Esophagus:

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) can progress to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC), which has associated high morbidity and mortality. As such, societal guidelines suggest endoscopic screening in select indi...
Evaluation of the Cirrus High-Definition OCT Normative Database Probability Codes in a Black American Population

Purpose Race-adjusted interpretation of data from Cirrus high-definition OCT (HD-OCT) devices is not standard practice. The aim of this study is to evaluate differences in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between healthy Black Americans and the Cirrus HD-OCT normative database. Design This is a cross-sectional observational study using control patients recruited from the greater Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area. Participants A total of 466 eyes were included in this study. Subjects were retrospectively identified from the control cohort of the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study. Methods Using an age-stratified or linear regression method, we reclassified white-green-yellow-red color probability codes for RNFL thicknesses by quadrant. Main Outcome Measures The distribution of reclassified color codes was compared with the expected 5%-90%-4%-1% percentiles and to the original color codes by the Cirrus machine. Results Average RNFL thickness in the POAAGG control cohort was thinner than in the Cirrus normative database in all except the nasal quadrant. The original color codes of the POAAGG cohort did not fall into the expected distributions, with more RNFL measurements assigned as white and red codes than expected (9.5% and 1.7%) and fewer measurements assigned as green and yellow codes than expected (85.3% and 3.5%) (P Conclusions Results further establish the presence of structural differences in the RNFL of Black American patients. Color code reclassification suggests that the existing Cirrus database may not be accurately evaluating glaucomatous nerves in patients of African descent. This study addresses an unmet need to assess Cirrus HD-OCT color probability codes in a Black American population.
Personalization of Patient-Provider Communication across the Life Span

People with disabilities are more likely to be hospitalized and use healthcare services relative to people without disabilities. They also report experiencing negative experiences interacting with health care providers during these encounters placing them at risk for preventable adverse medical events, poor quality of life, and dependence on others. Fortunately, providers and people with communication disabilities can take steps to improve these interactions by personalizing and implementing communication supports to empower people with communication disabilities to actively participate in these interactions and improve outcomes. The purpose of this article is to describe strategies that health care providers can use to develop and implement personalized communication supports for children and adults with communication disorders during health care interactions. Additional strategies are provided to guide people with disabilities as well as their community/school providers and families to prepare for health care interactions. Case examples are provided to illustrate use of these strategies in acute care, inpatient rehabilitation, and outpatient settings. The use of emerging training tools (e.g., video visual scene displays) and AAC partner training formats (e.g., just-in-time training) are also presented as future directions to expedite learning and implementation of communication supports in fast-paced and time-limited health care interactions.
An Empirical and Modeling Study of Boron Speciation in Solution with a Reactive Dendrimeric Polymer

Developing polymer-assisted ultrafiltration (PAUF) as a viable technology for the removal and concentration of boric acid requires understanding the influence of polymer morphology on boron speciation and chelating effectiveness. To this end, a fifth generation poly(amido amine) dendrimer was persubstituted with borate-specific glucoheptonamide chelating groups and this polymer was used to test a simple partitioning model[1] of boron speciation. The model revises the classic laws of mass action by considering the polymer units in solution to be regions of high local functional group concentration surrounded by a continuous aqueous phase containing no functional groups. Model assumptions and their consequences are frankly discussed. Based on this model, the radius of gyration of the dendrimer is estimated to be an unphysically large 88.5 A. Compared both to 11B NMR studies of equilibrium boron speciation and to boron breakthrough in a PAUF application, the model tends to underpredict the association between borate an the polymer. This is possibly due to the coulombic interaction between the cationic polyelectrolyte and anionic borate.
Evidence for the Connection between Prompt and X-ray Afterglow emission of Swift-Detected Gamma-Ray Bursts

When a massive star explodes as a Gamma Ray Burst information about this explosion is retained in the properties of the prompt and afterglow emission. We report on tight relationships between the prompt and X-ray afterglow emission of Swift-detected Gamma Ray Bursts found from BAT and XRT data between 2004 December and 2013 March. These relations suggest that the prompt and afterglow emission are closely linked. In particular, we find very strong correlations between the BAT 15-150keV T90 and the break times before and after the plateau phase in the X-ray 0.3-10keV afterglow light curves. We also find a strong anti-correlation between the photon index of the GRB prompt emission and the X-ray spectral slope of the afterglow. Further, anti-correlations exist between the rest frame peak energy in the prompt emission, E_ peak, and the X-ray afterglow decay slope during the plateau phase and the break times after the plateau phase. The rest-frame break times before and after the plateau phase are also anti-correlated with the rest-frame 15-150keV luminosity and isotropic energy during the prompt emission. A Principal Component Analysis suggests that GRB properties are primarily driven by the luminosity/energy release in the 15-150 keV band. Luminosity functions derived at various redshifts from logN-logS analysis, indicate that the density of bright bursts is significantly lower in the local Universe compared with the Universe at z~3, where the density of bright GRBs peaks. Using cluster analysis, we find that the duration of Swift BAT-detected short-duration GRBs is less than 1s.
Binding of small, acid-soluble spore proteins to DNA plays a significant role in the resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores to hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract Dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis which lack the majority of the alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP) (termed alpha- beta- spores) that coat the DNA in wild-type spores are significantly more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than are wild-type spores. Hydrogen peroxide treatment of alpha- beta- spores causes DNA strand breaks more readily than does comparable treatment of wild-type spores, and alpha- beta- spores, but not wild-type spores, which survive hydrogen peroxide treatment have acquired a significant number of mutations. The hydrogen peroxide resistance of wild-type spores appears to be acquired in at least two incremental steps during sporulation. The first increment is acquired at about the time of alpha/beta-type SASP synthesis, and the second increment is acquired approximately 2 h later, at about the time of dipicolinic acid accumulation. During sporulation of the alpha- beta- strain, only the second increment of hydrogen peroxide resistance is acquired. In contrast, sporulation mutants which accumulate alpha/beta-type SASP but progress no further in sporulation acquire only the first increment of hydrogen peroxide resistance. These findings strongly suggest that binding of alpha/beta-type SASP to DNA provides one increment of spore hydrogen peroxide resistance. Indeed, binding of alpha/beta-type SASP to DNA in vitro provides strong protection against cleavage of DNA by hydrogen peroxide.
No role for colour in symmetry perception

Bilateral colour symmetry, such as that evident in a Siberian tiger's face (Fig. 1a), is relevant to many animals1,2, including humans3,4. We examined the role of colour in symmetry perception by asking observers to detect colour symmetry in regular grids of coloured squares (a colour-symmetrical image has regions of the same colour located equidistantly from a vertical axis). Our results suggest, unexpectedly, that the mechanisms of symmetry perception are inherently colour-blind: although observers can verify colour symmetry, they do so only by shifting attention from one colour to the next and assessing the symmetry of regions of that colour.
Gaining a Competitive Edge Through Acquisitions: Evidence from the Telecom Industry

In this paper, we study the announcement effects of all acquisitions in the recent telecom wave on both the acquirors and their non-merging competitors. We extend the analysis of traditional studies that measure the takeover performance along two dimensions (by studying the returns to acquirors over multiple mergers and by including the non-merging competitors) in order to differentiate between the potential theories for negative returns earned by acquirors. Our results are consistent with the Competitive Advantage Hypothesis that posits that acquisitions are a means of corporate restructuring in a changing environment, awarding the acquiror a competitive edge and thereby making these acquisitions costly for their non-merging competitors (rivals). We find that the rivals of the acquirors experience negative returns, especially around the announcement of non-horizontal acquisitions of -0.38\% on average. Further, we find that closer rivals of the acquirors experience higher negative returns: The competitors that are of similar size as the acquiror earn negative returns of -0.50\% and the ones that provide primarily the same service as the acquiror lose -0.65\% on average. Multivariate test results confirm most of the findings of the univariate tests. In addition, they show that for every -1\% return suffered by the acquiror at the announcement of its acquisition, its rivals suffer -0.04\% on average.
Half-Quantum Vortex Molecules in a Binary Dipolar Bose Gas

We study the ground state phases of a rotating two-component, or binary, Bose-Einstein condensate, wherein one component possesses a large permanent magnetic dipole moment. A variety of nontrivial phases emerge in this system, including a half-quantum vortex (HQV) chain phase and a HQV molecule phase, where HQVs bind at short distances. We attribute these phases to the development of a minimum in the HQV interaction potential, which emerges without coherent coupling or attractive interactions between the components. Thus, we show that the presence of dipolar interactions in this system provides a unique mechanism for the formation of HQV molecules and results in a rich ground state phase diagram.
Comparing apples and oranges—the influence of food mechanical properties on ingestive bite sizes in lemurs

Previously we found that Maximum Ingested Bite Size (Vb)—the largest piece of food that an animal will ingest whole without biting first—scales isometrically with body size in 17 species of strepsirrhines at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC). However, because this earlier study focused on only three food types (two with similar mechanical properties), it did not yield results that were easily applied to describing the broad diets of these taxa. Expressing Vb in terms of food mechanical properties allows us to compare data across food types, including foods of wild lemurs, to better understand dietary adaptations in lemurs. To this end, we quantified Vb in five species of lemurs at the DLC representing large and small frugivores and folivores using ten types of food that vary widely in stiffness and toughness to determine how these properties relate to bite sizes. We found that although most species take smaller bites of stiffer foods, this negative relationship was not statistically significant across the whole sample. However, there is a significant relationship between bite size and toughness. All three of the more frugivorous taxa in our sample take significantly smaller bites of tougher foods. However, the two more folivorous lemurs do not. They take small bites for all foods. This suggests that the species most adapted to the consumption of tough foods do not modulate their ingestive sizes to accommodate larger pieces of weak foods. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:513–518, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal tracking studies for the AHF booster synchrotron

The greenfield site option for the Advanced Hydrotest Facility (AHF) contains a 157-MeV H/sup -/ linac followed by two synchrotrons, a booster and a 50-GeV main ring. Several different lattice designs are under consideration for the main ring while two different booster designs are presently being studied. The first booster is a 4-GeV synchrotron operating at h=1 with a 5-Hz cycle. The second is a 9-GeV machine operating at h=2 with a 1-Hz cycle. Both designs are required to deliver /spl sim/3/spl times/10/sup 12/ p/bunch. A longitudinal painting scheme was employed during injection to enhance beam quality and capture during the initial portion of the ramp. The longitudinal beam dynamics simulations were performed with the tracking code ESME. The purpose of these studies was to investigate parameter space and obtain estimates for the rf system requirements. This paper presents the results of these studies.
High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrial applications

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) technology for energy storage has been a NASA power system concept for many years. Compared to battery-based energy storage systems, RFCS has received relatively little attention or resources for development because the energy density and electrical efficiency were not sufficiently attractive relative to advanced battery systems. Even today, RFCS remains at a very low technology readiness level (TRL of about 2 indicating feasibility has been demonstrated). Commercial development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for automobiles and other terrestrial applications and improvements in lightweight pressure vessel design to reduce weight and improve performance make possible a high energy density RFCS energy storage system. The results from this study of a lightweight RFCS energy storage system for a remotely piloted, solar-powered, high altitude aircraft indicate an energy density up to 790 wh/kg with electrical efficiency of 53.4% is attainable. Such an energy storage system would allow a solar-powered aircraft to carry hundreds of kilograms of payload and remain in flight indefinitely for use in atmospheric research, Earth observation, resource mapping, and telecommunications. Future developments in the areas of hydrogen and oxygen storage, pressure vessel design, higher temperature and higher pressure fuel cell operation, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and commercial development of fuel cell technology will improve both the energy density and electrical efficiency of the RFCS.
Fabrication of 100 nm-period gratings using achromatic holographic lithography

Abstract We have fabricated large area, 100nm-period gratings using achromatic holographic lithography. Previously, we reported fabrication of relatively small area gratings with periods of 270nm and 125nm using an achromatic configuration that incorporated feedback to stabilize the fringes during exposure. In the present scheme, the need for a feedback system has been eliminated by physically clamping together the configuration, thereby achieving mechanical stability. Back reflection from the substrate was eliminated using an anti-reflective coating between the resist (PMMA) and the substrate, resulting in grating lines of high contrast. The area of the grating (currently ≈ 1 cm2) is limited only by the size of the fused silica optical flats that contain the beam splitter and recombiner gratings.
Improving Inference of Rate Parameters for Viral Capsid Assembly Systems

Computational methods have been widely used to infer properties of complex systems that one cannot directly observe experimentally. Viral capsid assembly is a key model system for complex self-assembly for which we lack direct experimental data on critical information, such as kinetic parameters, needed to build models and reveal detailed assembly pathways. We previously sought to learn such hidden parameters with a heuristic optimization approach using gradient and response surface methods applied to the light scattering measurements of three in vitro viral assembly systems: human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). This method successfully learned plausible kinetic parameters for all the three viruses leading to reconstruction of detailed models of assembly pathways. Significant computational challenges, however, hinder our ability to construct more precise or detailed models and reliably quantify uncertainty in the inferences. First, there is no closed form representation for the quality of fit of models to data, which therefore must be evaluated through computationally costly simulations. Second, the problem requires stochastic simulations, and the resulting simulation trajectories must be averaged over many replicates to suppress noise. Third, optimization of parameters must account for unknown factors and imprecision of experimental measurements. We explore here improvements based on the idea of derivative free optimization (DFO), a class of optimization algorithm that can achieve faster and more accurate fitting, especially on systems characterized by costly, noisy evaluations of quality of fit. Preliminary tests show improvements over our custom gradient-based method using a DFO strategy. Work is continuing on evaluating different DFO methods and customizing them to inference of kinetic parameters in order to determine the best strategies for inferring unobservable physical parameters in complex biological self-assembly systems.
Development of the Lost Pleasure of Life Scale

The concept of hedonic damages for loss of pleasure of life has been developed by forensic cases up to and includingMolzof v. United States (1992). One instrument available for assessment in this area, the Lost Pleasure of Life (LPL) scale, was refined through development of a rating matrix consisting of 37 behavioral anchors which experts had categorized into progressive levels of loss. Using brief instructions and case examples, mental health clinicians rated 15 written vignettes for loss of pleasure of life resulting from physical injuries. Results indicated moderate reliability (ICCR=.65 to .70) and moderately high correlation (r≥.86) between rank orderings of the case vignettes based on LPL ratings given by the clinicians and on financial awards for each case given by undergraduate students.
Sosa, Certainty and the Problem of the Criterion

Abstract In Reflective Knowledge, Ernest Sosa continues his detailed and intriguing defense of his two level account of knowledge that recognizes both animal and reflective knowledge. The latter more impressive type of knowledge requires a coherent positive epistemic perspective defending the reliability of a source of belief. Viewing Sosa's discussion from the through the lens provided by R.M. Chisholm's treatments of the problem of the criterion, I worry that Sosa's approach is too far in the methodist direction. As a result, it is in danger of being unable to allow that paradigm examples of certain beliefs are indeed certain, e.g., the beliefs normal adults form in simple arithmetic truths under normal circumstances. I urge an approach closer to particularism that grants more weight to such paradigm particular cases. I also suggest that such an approach might actually align well with Sosa's coherentist sympathies.
The Role of Photosensitizer Molecular Charge and Structure on the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against Leishmania Parasites

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a potential therapeutic modality in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In order to establish a rationale for effective PDT of CL, we investigated the impact of the molecular charge and structure of photosensitizers on the parasitic phototoxic response. Two photosensitizers from the benzophenoxazine family that bear an overall cationic charge and two anionic porphyrinoid molecules were evaluated. The photodynamic activity of the photosensitizers decreases in the following order: EtNBSe > EtNBS > BpD > PpIX. The studies suggest that compared to hydrophobic anionic photosensitizers, the hydrophilic cationic benzophenoxazine analogs provide high effectiveness of PDT possibly due to (1) their strong attraction to the negatively charged parasitic membrane, (2) their hydrophilicity, (3) their high singlet oxygen quantum yield, and (4) their efficacy in targeting intracellular organelles.
LEPTOSPIROSIS IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) STRANDED ALONG THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST, 1981–1994

Prevalence of leptospirosis was determined in California sea lions (Zalophtis californianus) stranded live along the central California (USA) coast between January 1981 and December 1994. Clinical signs of renal disease were seen in 764 (33%) of 2338 animals examined; 545 (71%) of these 764 animals died, with similar gross lesions of nephritis. In silver impregnation stains of sections of formalin-fixed kidney, numerous loosely coiled spiral organisms were observed. Leptospira pomona kenniwicki was cultured from four kidney samples in 1991. Epizootics of leptospirosis occurred in 1984, 1988, 1991, and 1994, and were more common in the autumn, typically affecting juvenile males. In 1991 and 1994, 47 animals sampled had antibody titers to L. pomona greater than 1:3200. In 1992, 20 animals sampled were seronegative, and in 1993 three of 20 animals sampled had low titers to L. pomona.
Cellular and molecular alterations in mice with deficient and reduced serotonin transporters

The function of serotonin transporters (SERTs) is related to mood regulation. Mice with deficient or reduced SERT function (SERT knockout mice) show several behavioral changes, including increased anxiety-like behavior, increased sensitivity to stress, and decreases in aggressive behavior. Some of these behavioral alterations are similar to phenotypes found in humans with short alleles of polymorphism in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Therefore, SERT knockout mice can be used as a tool to study 5-HTTLPR-related variations in personality and may be the etiology of affective disorders. This article focuses on the cellular and molecular alterations in SERT knockout mice, including changes in 5-HT concentrations and its metabolism, alterations in 5-HT receptors, impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis, developmental changes in the neurons and brain, and influence on other neurotransmitter transporters and receptors. It also discusses the possible relationships between these alterations and the behavioral changes in these mice. The knowledge provides the foundation for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the SERT-related mood regulation, which may have significant impact on understanding the etiology of affective disorders and developing better therapeutic approaches for affective disorders.
Understanding treatment decision making: contexts, commonalities, complexities, and challenges.

Background: The diagnosis of cancer sets off a cascade of complex decisions at a time when patients feel vulnerable and distressed. Although clinical decisions used to follow one standard, many guidelines now outline several options and include explicit recognition of the need to incorporate patients’ preferences to determine the most appropriate treatment.Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of empirical studies about cancer patients’treatment-related decision making, to highlight the areas of congruence and divergence in that empirical literature, and then to generate a framework that points to future interventions and research.Methods: Through a group discussion with a range of experts in the field, we generated a framework for the critical treatment decisions and key issues within those decisions. Then, we reviewed the literature describing the experiences of cancer patients and evaluating interventions designed to improve the quality of treatment decisions.Results: We identified four major differences that influence decision making across cancers and across individuals with the same diagnosis.We also identified four common themes across situations and people. There is considerable evidence that decision aids can improve the quality of decisions across a range of diseases, although the data for cancer treatment decision making are limited. Other interventions such as navigation-skill training are promising but have little evidence of benefit for cancer decisions.Conclusions: There are many opportunities for behavioral research to extend and contribute to the understanding and improvement of cancer treatment decision making. Some key areas in need of research include developing taxonomies of disease and patient characteristics and increasing understanding of the lived experiences of cancer survivors, of the influence of time and timing, of the relationship of information and preferences, and of participation in randomized clinical trials.
Maximizing the sustainability of integrated housing recovery efforts

The large-scale and catastrophic impacts of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 challenged the efficacy of traditional postdisaster temporary housing methods. To address these challenges, the U.S. Congress appropriated $400 million to the Department of Homeland Security to support alternative housing pilot programs, which encourage innovative housing solutions that will facilitate sustainable and permanent affordable housing in addition to serving as temporary housing. Facilitating and maximizing the sustainability of postdisaster alternative housing is an important objective that has significant social, economic, and environmental impacts. This paper presents the development of a novel optimization model that is capable of 1 evaluating the sustainability of integrated housing recovery efforts under the alternative housing pilot program and 2 identifying the housing projects that maximize sustainability. An application example is analyzed to demonstrate the use of the developed model and its unique capabilities in maximizing the sustainability of integrated housing recovery efforts after natural disasters.
Atomic volumes for mesh completion

The increased use of scanned geometry for applications in computer graphics and 3D hardcopy output has highlighted the need for general, robust algorithms for reconstruction of watertight 3D models given partial polygonal meshes as input. We present an algorithm for 3D hole filling based on a decomposition of space into atomic volumes, which are each determined to be either completely inside or completely outside the model. By defining the output model as the union of interior atomic volumes we guarantee that the resulting mesh is watertight. Individual volumes are labeled as "inside" or "outside" by computing a minimum-cost cut of a graph representation of the atomic volume structure, patching all the holes simultaneously in a globally sensitive manner. User control is provided to select between multiple topologically distinct, yet still valid, ways of filling holes. Finally, we use an octree decomposition of space to provide output-sensitive computation time. We demonstrate the ability of our algorithm to fill complex, non-planar holes in large meshes obtained from 3D scanning devices.
Membrane inlet mass spectrometry reveals that Ceriporiopsis subvermispora bicupin oxalate oxidase is inhibited by nitric oxide.

Abstract Membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) uses a semipermeable membrane as an inlet to a mass spectrometer for the measurement of the concentration of small uncharged molecules in solution. We report the use of MIMS to characterize the catalytic properties of oxalate oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.4) from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CsOxOx). Oxalate oxidase is a manganese dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of oxalate to carbon dioxide in a reaction that is coupled with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. CsOxOx is the first bicupin enzyme identified that catalyzes this reaction. The MIMS method of measuring OxOx activity involves continuous, real-time direct detection of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production from the ion currents of their respective mass peaks. 13 C 2 -oxalate was used to allow for accurate detection of 13 CO 2 ( m / z 45) despite the presence of adventitious 12 CO 2 . Steady-state kinetic constants determined by MIMS are comparable to those obtained by a continuous spectrophotometric assay in which H 2 O 2 production is coupled to the horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Furthermore, we used MIMS to determine that NO inhibits the activity of the CsOxOx with a K I of 0.58 ± 0.06 μM.