cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing Barriers to Cultural Sensibility Learning: Lessons from Social Cognition Theory

Understanding subconscious biases, their pervasiveness, and their impact on perceptions, interactions, and analyses, helps prepare lawyers to represent people from cultural and racial backgrounds different from their own, and to address both individual and institutional injustice. Two law student surveys suggest many students believe lawyers are less susceptible than clients to having, or acting upon, stereotypes or biases. The survey results also indicate that many students suffer from bias blind spot – i.e. they believe that while others cannot recognize when they are acting based upon stereotypical beliefs and biases, the students know when they are doing so. The survey results suggest some law students: 1. do not understand the pervasiveness of bias, even in well-meaning people; 2. do not recognize that legal analytical training is unlikely to trump a lifetime of subconscious cognitive processes; and 3. may resist education aimed at helping them recognize how their own biases affect their interactions, in part because they believe that they already understand and can recognize their biases. This article argues that the survey results demonstrate a need to address students’ misconceptions about lawyers’, and students’ own, susceptibility to subconscious biases. It discusses how exposure to social cognition literature on topics such as aversive racism, implicit bias, confirmation bias and bias blind spot may deepen students’ understanding of subconscious biases, their pervasiveness, and their impact on all people’s perceptions, interactions and analyses. That literature may also help students understand their potential resistance to learning about their own biases and help educators understand how best to overcome student resistance to learning about how cultural biases and stereotypes impact individual and institutional decision-making. In light of the survey results, the article urges schools to consider using social cognition theory as the cornerstone of a program of legal education that recognizes the need to infuse the curriculum with an awareness of the role culture plays in the lawyering process. Finally, it provides some concrete examples of how educators can integrate discussions of cultural biases and perspectives into a wide range of law school courses.
Immigrants and gender roles: assimilation vs. culture

This paper examines evidence on the role of assimilation versus source country culture in influencing immigrant women’s behavior in the United States—looking both over time with immigrants’ residence in the United States and across immigrant generations. It focuses particularly on labor supply but, for the second generation, also examines fertility and education. We find considerable evidence that immigrant source country gender roles influence immigrant and second generation women’s behavior in the United States. This conclusion is robust to various efforts to rule out the effect of other unobservables and to distinguish the effect of culture from that of social capital. These results support a growing literature that suggests that culture matters for economic behavior. At the same time, the results suggest considerable evidence of assimilation of immigrants. Immigrant women narrow the labor supply gap with native-born women with time in the United States, and, while our results suggest an important role for intergenerational transmission, they also indicate considerable convergence of immigrants to native levels of schooling, fertility, and labor supply across generations. JEL codes: J13, J16, J22, J24, J61
Asymmetric synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted isoindolinones

Abstract An anionic chiral auxiliary-mediated asymmetric alkylation of carbamate 2 affords 3,3-disubstituted isoindolinones 3 in moderate to high de. The chiral auxiliary can be removed and recovered under mild conditions, and the resulting enantiopure lactams further elaborated.
Chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed addition of dihydropyrans to N-acyl imines: stereocontrolled access to enantioenriched spirocyclic oxazoletetrahydropyrans with three contiguous stereocenters.

Dihydropyran derivatives readily undergo addition to N-acyl imines in the presence of chiral phosphoric acids. This addition process yields an attractive product that is capable of a tandem oxidative−cyclization via an epoxide intermediate.
Benford’s Law for coefficients of newforms

Let f(z) =∑n=1∞λ f(n)e2πinz ∈ S knew(Γ 0(N)) be a newform of even weight k ≥ 2 on Γ0(N) without complex multiplication. Let ℙ denote the set of all primes. We prove that the sequence {λf(p)}p∈ℙ does not satisfy Benford’s Law in any integer base b ≥ 2. However, given a base b ≥ 2 and a string of digits S in base b, the set Aλf(b,S) := {p prime : the first digits of λf(p) in base b are given by S} has logarithmic density equal to logb(1 + S−1). Thus, {λf(p)}p∈ℙ follows Benford’s Law with respect to logarithmic density. Both results rely on the now-proven Sato–Tate Conjecture.
Base-catalyzed cyclization of monofluorodienynes: a new route to substituted fluorobenzene derivatives

Abstract The Sonogashira reaction of 1-bromo-1-fluoro-4-phenyl-1,3-butadienes and terminal alkynes, followed by cyclization in the presence of DABCO in refluxing NMP affords fluorinated benzene derivatives site-specifically in good yields.
Certainty equivalence control with forcing: revisited

Abstract Certainty equivalence control with forcing has been shown to be optimal for several stochastic adaptive control problems with the average cost per unit time criterion. Recently researchers have started looking at stochastic adaptive control problems with a view to minimizing the rate of increase of the learning loss. This criterion is stronger than the average cost per unit time criterion. Certainty equivalence control with forcing does not usually suffice for the learning loss criterion and one has to develop fairly complicated schemes in order to achieve optimality. The objective of this paper is to see how well one might be able to do with a certainty-equivalence-control-with-forcing type of scheme. In particular we construct a class of such schemes whose learning loss is O (( log n) 1+δ ) for δ > 0, whereas optimal schemes typically have a O ( log n) learning loss.
Rising Prices Under Declining Preferences: The Case of the U.S. Print Newspaper Industry

Between 2006 and 2011, daily print newspapers in the United States lost 20% of their paid subscribers, partly because of the increasing availability of alternative sources of news, such as free content provided on newspaper websites and by news aggregators such as Yahoo. However, contrary to the expectation that firms respond to softening demand by lowering prices, newspapers increased subscription prices by 40%–60% during this period. In this paper, we explain and quantify the factors responsible for these price increases. We calibrate models of readership and advertising demand using data from a top-50 U.S. regional print newspaper. Conditional on these demand models, we calibrate the newspaper’s optimal pricing equations and assess whether the increases in subscription prices are mainly rationalized by (a) the decline in overall reader willingness to pay (WTP) in the presence of heterogeneity among subscribers, which rendered it optimal for the newspaper to focus on the high WTP readers, or (b) the new...
Sum-capacity and the unique separability of the parallel Gaussian MAC-Z-BC network

It is known that the capacity of parallel (e.g., multi-carrier) Gaussian point-to-point, multiple access and broadcast channels (without common messages) can be achieved by separate encoding for each subchannel (carrier) subject to a power allocation across carriers. Recent results have shown that parallel interference channels are not separable, i.e., joint coding is needed to achieve capacity in general. This work studies the separability, from a sum-capacity perspective, of single hop Gaussian interference networks with independent messages and arbitrary number of transmitters and receivers. The main result is that the only network that is always (for all values of channel coefficients) separable from a sum-capacity perspective is the MAC-Z-BC network, i.e., a network where a MAC component and a BC component are linked by a Z component. The sum capacity of this network is explicitly characterized.
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship of nucleosides acting at the A3 adenosine receptor: analysis of binding and relative efficacy.

The binding affinity and relative maximal efficacy of human A3 adenosine receptor (AR) agonists were each subjected to ligand-based three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship analysis. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) used as training sets a series of 91 structurally diverse adenosine analogues with modifications at the N6 and C2 positions of the adenine ring and at the 3‘, 4‘, and 5‘ positions of the ribose moiety. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models yielded significant cross-validated q2 values of 0.53 (r2 = 0.92) and 0.59 (r2 = 0.92), respectively, and were further validated by an external test set (25 adenosine derivatives), resulting in the best predictive r2 values of 0.84 and 0.70 in each model. Both the CoMFA and the CoMSIA maps for steric or hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions well reflected the nature of the putative binding site previously obtained by molecular docking. A conformatio...
Pushing Towards the Limit of Sampling Rate: Adaptive Chasing Sampling

Measurement samples are often taken in various monitoring applications. To reduce the sensing cost, it is desirable to achieve better sensing quality while using fewer samples. Compressive Sensing (CS) technique finds its role when the signal to be sampled meets certain sparsity requirements. In this paper we investigate the possibility and basic techniques that could further reduce the number of samples involved in conventional CS theory by exploiting learning-based non-uniform adaptive sampling. Based on a typical signal sensing application, we illustrate and evaluate the performance of two of our algorithms, Individual Chasing and Centroid Chasing, for signals of different distribution features. Our proposed learning-based adaptive sampling schemes complement existing efforts in CS fields and do not depend on any specific signal reconstruction technique. Compared to conventional sparse sampling methods, the simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms allow 46% less number of samples for accurate signal reconstruction and achieve up to 57% smaller signal reconstruction error under the same noise condition.
Elements of Dynamic Economic Modeling: Presentation and Analysis

The primary goal of these introductory notes is to promote the clear presentation and rigorous analysis of dynamic economic models, whether expressed in equation or agent-based form. A secondary goal is to promote the use of initial-value state-space modeling with its regard for historical process, for cause leading to effect without the external imposition of global coordination constraints on agent actions. Economists who claim to respect individual rationality should not be doing for their modeled economic agents what in reality these agents must do for themselves.
Survey of protocol definition and verification techniques

Abstract Techniques for definition and verification of computer network protocols have progressed significantly in the past two years to the point where complex real world protocols such as HDLC, X.25, and Cyclades TS can now be analyzed. This success is largely due to the combination of two apparently divergent approaches — state transitions, and assertion proofs — and to the greater automation of the verification process. This paper summarizes and compares some of the more recent work in this field, emphasizing the common underlying principals of different techniques.
Intrinsic bottom and its impact on heavy new physics at the LHC

Heavy quark parton distribution functions (PDFs) play an important role in several Standard Model and New Physics processes. Most analyses rely on the assumption that the charm and bottom PDFs are generated perturbatively by gluon splitting and do not involve any non-perturbative degrees of freedom. On the other hand, non-perturbative, intrinsic heavy quark parton distributions have been predicted in the literature. We demonstrate that to a very good approximation the scale-evolution of the intrinsic heavy quark content of the nucleon is governed by non-singlet evolution equations. This allows to analyze the intrinsic heavy quark distributions without having to resort to a full-fledged global analysis of parton distribution functions. We exploit this freedom to model intrinsic bottom distributions which are so far missing in the literature. We estimate the impact of the non-perturbative contribution to the charm and bottom-quark PDFs and on several important parton-parton luminosities at the LHC.
Concentration, Product Variety and Entry-for-Merger: Evidence from New Product Introductions in the U.S. Food Industry

Competing theories in industrial organization predict that more concentrated industries will lead to a smaller and more efficient variety of products, or alternately, a larger and less efficient array of products. This paper presents an empirical study of these competing implications that estimates the impact of market concentration on new product introductions in a panel of nine food processing industries over 1983 to 2004. Controlling for industry-level unobservables (using fixed effects) and endogeneity of industry market structure, we find that industry concentration promotes the introduction of new products. Preliminary evidence also suggests that new product introductions spur subsequent food industry mergers. Both conclusions are consistent with the “entry for merger” theory of product variety wherein small firms introduce new products in anticipation of profitable future mergers with concentrated firms.
Health status and the allocation of time

SUMMARY We consider the relationship between health and time allocation in the American Time Use Survey. Better health is associated with large positive effects on home production and larger positive effects on market production, but less consumption of leisure. Theoretically, if market- and home-produced goods are perfect substitutes, the positive correlation between health and home production implies that health exerts larger effects on home than on market efficiency. Notably, these correlations are higher for single people than for married people, perhaps reflecting a lack of market substitutes for the time of married people. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Central sleep apnea.

Central sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by apneic episodes during sleep with no associated ventilatory effort. More commonly than not these apneas are seen in patients who also have obstructive and mixed events. Although patients with this disorder frequently complain of insomnia and depression, frank hypersomnolence is rarely encountered. As these complaints are common ones seen in numerous clinical situations, and since sleep studies are rarely conducted to investigate their etiology, the true incidence of central sleep apnea has not been determined. The etiology of central apnea remains unknown, although the association between these breathing events and a number of other disease processes has increased our understanding of the disorder. Central apneas during sleep commonly occur after hyperventilation with the associated hypocapnic alkalosis. This occurs at high altitude when hyperventilation is induced by hypoxia and at sea level when spontaneous nocturnal hyperventilation occurs. This suggests that PCO2 is the primary stimulus to ventilation during sleep and that loss of this drive, as occurs with hypocapnia, may produce dysrhythmic breathing. Patients with complete absence of ventilatory chemosensitivity such as occurs with Ondine's curse (central alveolar hypoventilation) or the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome may also have central apneas. For reasons that remain unexplained, central sleep apnea is commonly seen in patients with congestive heart failure, nasal obstruction, and certain neurologic disorders. However, in most patients with central sleep apnea no obvious cause or association can be found. The treatment of this disorder is not entirely satisfactory. If it is severe, mechanical ventilation during sleep can be provided by any one of a number of techniques. However, for the patient who simply complains of insomnia and is found to have a moderate number of central apneas, the treatment choices are limited. Acetazolamide has been shown to decrease central apneas during short-term use, but results have been variable with prolonged administration. Other ventilatory stimulants seem to have little efficacy. Interestingly, oxygen administration has been shown to reduce central apneas considerably in a number of studies, although the explanation for its success is unknown. Central sleep apnea therefore remains a relatively rare disorder whose etiology is not fully understood and whose treatment is not completely satisfactory.
Two Dihydroxo-Bridged Plutonium(IV) Nitrate Dimers and Their Relevance to Trends in Tetravalent Ion Hydrolysis and Condensation

We report the room temperature synthesis and structural characterization of a μ2-hydroxo-bridged Pu(IV) dimer obtained from an acidic nitric acid solution. The discrete Pu2(OH)2(NO3)6(H2O)4 moiety crystallized with two distinct crystal structures, [Pu2(OH)2(NO3)6(H2O)4]2·11H2O (1) and Pu2(OH)2(NO3)6(H2O)4·2H2O (2), which differ primarily in the number of incorporated water molecules. High-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) data obtained from the mother liquor showed evidence of a correlation at 3.7(1) A but only after concentration of the stock solution. This distance is consistent with the dihydroxo-bridged distance of 3.799(1) A seen in the solid-state structure as well as with the known Pu-Pu distance in PuO2. The structural characterization of a dihydroxo-bridged Pu moiety is discussed in terms of its relevance to the underlying mechanisms of tetravalent metal-ion condensation.
Coordinated Robot Navigation via Hierarchical Clustering

We introduce the use of hierarchical clustering for relaxed deterministic coordination and control of multiple robots. Traditionally, an unsupervised learning method, hierarchical clustering offers a formalism for identifying and representing spatially cohesive and segregated robot groups at different resolutions by relating the continuous space of configurations to the combinatorial space of trees. We formalize and exploit this relation, developing computationally effective reactive algorithms for navigating through the combinatorial space in concert with geometric realizations for a particular choice of the hierarchical clustering method. These constructions yield computationally effective vector field planners for both hierarchically invariant as well as transitional navigation in the configuration space. We apply these methods to the centralized coordination and control of $n$ perfectly sensed and actuated Euclidean spheres in a $d$ -dimensional ambient space (for arbitrary $n$ and $d$ ). Given a desired configuration supporting a desired hierarchy, we construct a hybrid controller that is quadratic in $n$ and algebraic in $d$ and prove that its execution brings all but a measure zero set of initial configurations to the desired goal, with the guarantee of no collisions along the way.
Hydrodynamically Developing and Fully Developed Laminar Flows in a Semicircular Duct: Analytical and Computational Analyses

Hydrodynamically developing and fully developed laminar flows in a semicircular duct are numerically and analytically investigated, respectively. As part of the analytical approach, scale analysis ...
Decompositions of Ideals of Minors Meeting a Submatrix

We compute the primary decomposition of certain ideals generated by subsets of minors in a generic matrix or in a generic symmetric matrix, or subsets of Pfaffians in a generic skew-symmetric matrix. Specifically, the ideals we consider are generated by minors that have at least some given number of rows and columns in certain submatrices.
Dynamic labor supply adjustment with bias correction

I estimate a dynamic fixed effects hours equation for prime-age men with bias correction. Studies using household data typically find a weak response in hours of work to changes in the wage. This paper finds that rather than indicating a small elasticity of intertemporal substitution, the weak dependence of hours on wages is the result of delayed adjustment. The coefficient on the lagged dependent variable is found to be between 0.31 and 0.33, which suggests that it takes 1.5 years for an individual in the sample to adjust hours of work to a change in the wage or other preference variables, an important consideration in policy evaluation. Failure to correct for incidental parameter bias leads to underestimating this effect by more than 15%. Time-varying endogeneity of the wage is handled using a control function approach.
Spatiotemporal Pattern Analysis of Taxi Trips in New York City

A growing number of extensive data sets provides transportation planners with the necessary means to analyze urban travel patterns and gain insight into urban dynamics. This paper explores the spatial and temporal variation of taxi trips in New York City by analyzing 29 million trip records from a freely available data set. The study examined the role of airports in trip generation and attraction, as well as the variation of travel speed during the day. Comparison of hourly trip frequencies between weekdays and weekend days in each district revealed similarities and differences in the functional drivers of taxi trip demand. This paper presents a negative binomial regression model that predicts the number of taxi trips per district from the subway, train, and bus infrastructure, as well as socioeconomic and land use variables, where eigenvector spatial filtering is applied to explicitly model spatial autocorrelation. Independent of the predictor variables, a combination of subway ridership and taxi trip nu...
Unintended Consequences: Spillovers from Nigeria's Fuel Pricing Policies to its Neighbor

This paper examines the constraints that negative externalities (i.e., smuggling from a large neighbor) impose on the application of automatic fuel price adjustment mechanisms. It is often recommended to establish an automatic price adjustment mechanism to reduce fuel subsidy expenditures, but this approach may not work in the presence of these externalities. The paper illustrates the constraints by examining the case of Nigeria, a major oil exporter that subsidizes gasoline, and that of Togo, an oil importer and neighbor of Nigeria. It finds that the price differential between formal prices in Togo and Nigeria is the main driver of changes in formal sector gasoline consumption. Specifically, the lower the formal price in Nigeria, the higher is smuggling from Nigeria to Togo, and the lower the tax base in Togo. The econometric results suggest that, unless the real economy is performing very well, increases in pump prices in Togo are likely to erode the tax base, unless there are greater border controls. The unintended consequences of Nigeria's pricing policies are the constraint they impose on fuel pricing policies of its neighbors and the subsidy Nigeria transfers to them (equivalent to at least 3 percent of Togo's GDP in 2011), three-quarters of which was captured by smugglers in 2011, while one-quarter enhanced consumers surplus through lower gasoline prices.
Phase-Programmed Nanofabrication: Effect of Organophosphite Precursor Reactivity on the Evolution of Nickel and Nickel Phosphide Nanocrystals

A better understanding of the chemistry of molecular precursors is useful in achieving more predictable and reproducible nanocrystal preparations. Recently, an efficient approach was introduced that consists of fine-tuning the chemical reactivity of the synthetic molecular precursors used, while keeping all other reaction conditions constant. Using nickel phosphides as a research platform, we have studied how the chemical structure and reactivity of a family of commercially available organophosphite precursors (P(OR)3, R = alkyl or aryl) alter the preparation of metallic and metal phosphide nanocrystals. Organophosphites are a versatile addition to the pnictide synthetic toolbox, nicely complementing other available precursors such as elemental phosphorus or trioctylphosphine (TOP). Experimental and computational data show that different organophosphite precursors selectively yield Ni, Ni12P5, and Ni2P and that these phases evolve over time through separate mechanistic pathways. Based on our observations,...
Development of Chiral Bis-hydrazone Ligands for the Enantioselective Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryldimethylsilanolates.

A palladium-catalyzed, enantioselective, aryl–aryl cross-coupling reaction using 1-naphthyldimethylsilanolates and chiral bis-hydrazone ligands has been developed. A family of glyoxal bis-hydrazone ligands containing various 2,5-diarylpyrrolidine groups was prepared to evaluate the influence of ligand structure on the rate and enantioselectivity of the cross-coupling. New synthetic routes to the 1-amino-2,5-diarylpyrrolidines were developed to enable the structure/reactivity–selectivity studies. Role reversal experiments of aryldimethylsilanolates and aryl bromides result in biaryl products with the same configuration and similar enantioselectivities implying that reductive elimination is the stereodetermining step. The origin of stereoselectivity is rationalized through computational modeling of diarylpalldium(II) complex which occurs through a conrotatory motion for the two aryl groups undergoing C–C bond formation.
Oral Conditioned Cues Can Enhance or Inhibit Ethanol (EtOH)-Seeking and EtOH-Relapse Drinking by Alcohol-Preferring (P) Rats.

Background Conditioned cues can elicit drug-seeking in both humans and rodents. The majority of preclinical research has employed excitatory conditioned cues (stimuli present throughout the availability of a reinforcer), but oral consumption of alcohol is similar to a conditional stimuli (presence of stimuli is paired with the delivery of the reinforcer) approach. The current experiments attempted to determine the effects of conditional stimuli (both excitatory and inhibitory) on the expression of context-induced ethanol (EtOH)-seeking. Methods Alcohol-preferring (P) rats self-administered EtOH and water in standard 2-lever operant chambers. A flavor was added to the EtOH solution (CS+) during the EtOH self-administration sessions. After 10 weeks, rats underwent extinction training (7 sessions), followed by a 2-week home cage period. Another flavor was present during extinction (CS−). Rats were exposed to a third flavor in a non-drug-paired environment (CS0). EtOH-seeking was assessed in the presence of no cue, CS+, CS−, or CS0 in the dipper previously associated with EtOH self-administration (no EtOH available). Rats were maintained a week in their home cage before being returned to the operant chambers with access to EtOH (flavored with no cue, CS+, CS−, or CS0). Results The results indicated that the presence of the CS+ enhanced EtOH-seeking, while the presence of the CS− suppressed EtOH-seeking. Similarly, adding the CS− flavor to 15% EtOH reduced responding for EtOH while the CS+ enhanced responding for EtOH during relapse testing. Conclusions Overall, the data indicate that conditional stimuli are effective at altering both EtOH-seeking behavior and EtOH-relapse drinking.
Tieline Reconnection of Microgrids Using Controllable Variable Reactors

In this paper, a tuned controller of variable reactors is developed to realize a reliable tieline reconnection of microgrids. It is very useful to solve the problem caused by a synchronization issue during the tieline reconnection, particularly the absence of a large-area communication network to cover all microgrids. The theoretical fundamental of this method is analyzed, based on which a set of tuning processes of the variable reactors' controller is derived. The feasibility and effectiveness of this tieline reconnection method with the tuned controller is analyzed and verified by simulations. This method can greatly improve the transient stability of a nonconventional grid, which consists of multiple microgrids, require the ability of frequent reliable reconnections, and limit system oscillation to less than 50%. The tieline reconnection controller can be easily integrated with power flow control into existing variable reactor devices at low cost. Moreover, the tuning process of the controller is simple and suitable for industrial applications.
Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in pediatric head and neck masses.

Fifty-three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 25 computed tomography (CT) studies of 53 head and neck masses in pediatric patients were reviewed retrospectively. All lesions had pathologic proof except for 2 metastatic and 2 recurrent lesions, which only had prior pathologic confirmation at their primary sites. These included 12 malignant tumors, 23 benign tumors, 6 inflammatory masses, and 12 congenital lesions. The MRI performance ranged predominantly from good to excellent in detection of the lesion and the extent of involvement and in contrast to the surrounding tissue; when CT comparison was available, MRI proved to be equal to or better than it in detection of these factors and in preoperative diagnosis. Our results suggest that MRI should be the method of choice for the initial evaluation of the pediatric head and neck region, especially in those patients requiring multiple examinations. However, CT and MRI should be used conjunctively in complicated cases, especially those possibly involving le...
Whistleblowing and Compliance in the Judicial Hierarchy

One way that principals can overcome the problem of informational asymmetries in hierarchical organizations is to enable whistleblowing. We evaluate how whistleblowing influences compliance in the judicial hierarchy. We present a formal model in which a potential whistleblower may, at some cost, signal noncompliance by a lower court to a higher court. A key insight of the model is that whistleblowing is most informative when it is rare. While the presence of a whistleblower can increase compliance by lower courts, beyond a certain point blowing the whistle is counterproductive and actually reduces compliance. Moreover, a whistleblower who is a �perfect ally� of the higher court (in terms of preferences) blows the whistle too often. Our model shows an important connection between the frequency of whistleblowing and the effectiveness of whistleblowing as a threat to induce compliance in hierarchical organizations.
Common Errors in Reports of Psychological Studies

(1971). Common Errors in Reports of Psychological Studies. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 466-470.
Cross-border tax evasion under a unilateral FATCA regime

Abstract Cross-border tax evasion has emerged in recent years as a central issue in tax enforcement. Traditionally, the legal regime governing cross-border tax enforcement was based on information exchange upon request. In 2010, the US Congress enacted the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which seeks to induce foreign financial institutions (FFIs) to participate in a global regime of automatic information reporting of the income of US residents to the US government. This paper presents a simple theoretical model of cross-border investment that analyzes the consequences of this (unilateral) FATCA regime. The model emphasizes cross-border investors' (heterogeneous) intrinsic motivation to comply with tax law, as well as the impact of information reporting requirements on the cost of providing financial services. In FATCA-compliant equilibria (in which FFIs report information to the US government) FFIs face a higher cost of providing financial services, increasing the fees charged to their accountholders. Consequently, tax-compliant behavior – such as investing via their domestic financial sector – becomes more costly for foreign residents. Under certain conditions, a unilateral FATCA regime causes increased cross-border tax evasion among residents of foreign countries. This result is robust to various extensions.
Embedded Instruction Improves Vocabulary Learning During Automated Storybook Reading Among High-Risk Preschoolers.

Purpose We investigated a small-group intervention designed to teach vocabulary and comprehension skills to preschoolers who were at risk for language and reading disabilities. These language skill...
ACETABULAR CUP RIGIDITY AND RIM GEOMETRY

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate how rim poly locking scallop cutting depth could affect the rigidity of acetabular cup. Materials and Methods (11) generic FEA models including (5) 50mm OD Ti6Al4VELI hemispherical acetabular shells with thicknesses of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0mm, and (6) 4mm thick hemispherical shells with standard rim poly indexing scallops varied in cutting depths from inner diameter of the cup in 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5mm. All cups were analyzed in ANSYS® Workbench™ FEA software with a loading condition of 2000N applied to the cup rim per V15 ISO/TC 150/SC 4 N. Verification was carried out by the physical test of a same generic Ti6Al4VELI 50mmOD and 5mm thick solid hemispherical shell under 2000N rim directed load. The cup deformation was compared with FEA results. The maximum deformation of FEA scalloped cups were compared with that of solid hemispherical cups with different shell thickness. Results The average value for physical test was 0.265(0.282/0.268) mm. The FEA result of the same 50mm OD and 5mm thick shell was 0.2464mm representing a 7% difference. (Figure 1) FEA results for solid hemisphere cups and scalloped shells are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. Conclusion and Discussion Cup deformation increased in the average of 40% for every 0.5mm shell thickness decrease from 5mm to 3mm for 50mm OD solid cup. The increase of rim scallop depth from 0 to 2.5mm was equivalent to a 0.5mm shell thickness reduction for 4mm thick 50mm OD cup. The higher deformation reading in physical test was likely caused by the accumulations of the fixture deformations. Intraoperative acetabular cup deformation is a clinical issue. It increases the risk of ceramic liner fracture when the liner is inserted in the out of round cup. The increase of shell thickness is a simple and effective way to reduce the cup deformation. However it also reduces the poly thickness and that puts the adverse effects to the poly wear property and poly rim fatigue strength. The common design of the indexing scallops in the rim of cup helps the rotational locking for the poly liner. But the drawbacks including the reduction of cup stiffness must be noticed. The shallower scallop design may be warranted to maximize the cup rigidity in a given cup thickness and maximize poly thickness in a given cup rigidity.
Premium Subsidies, the Mandate, and Medicaid Expansion: Coverage Effects of the Affordable Care Act

Using premium subsidies for private coverage, an individual mandate, and Medicaid expansion, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has increased insurance coverage. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of these provisions' effects, using the 2012-2015 American Community Survey and a triple-difference estimation strategy that exploits variation by income, geography, and time. Overall, our model explains 60% of the coverage gains in 2014-2015. We find that coverage was moderately responsive to price subsidies, with larger gains in state-based insurance exchanges than the federal exchange. The individual mandate's exemptions and penalties had little impact on coverage rates. The law increased Medicaid among individuals gaining eligibility under the ACA and among previously-eligible populations ("woodwork effect") even in non-expansion states, with no resulting reductions in private insurance. Overall, exchange premium subsidies produced 40% of the coverage gains explained by our ACA policy measures, and Medicaid the other 60%, of which 1/2 occurred among previously-eligible individuals.
‘Government Patent Use’: A Legal Approach To Reducing Drug Spending

The high cost of patent-protected brand-name drugs can strain budgets and curb the widespread use of new medicines. An example is the case of direct-acting antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C. While prices for these drugs have come down in recent months, they still create barriers to treatment. Additionally, prescribing restrictions imposed by insurers put patients at increased risk of medical complications and contribute to transmission of the hepatitis C virus. We propose that the federal government invoke its power under an existing “government patent use” law to reduce excessive prices for important patent-protected medicines. Using this law would permit the government to procure generic versions of patented drugs and in exchange pay the patent-holding companies reasonable royalties to compensate them for research and development. This would allow patients in federal programs, and perhaps beyond, to be treated with inexpensive generic medicines according to clinical need—meaning that many...
Prevalent presence of periodic actin–spectrin-based membrane skeleton in a broad range of neuronal cell types and animal species

Actin, spectrin, and associated molecules form a periodic, submembrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular compartments, and across different animal species. Here, we investigated the organization of spectrin in a variety of neuronal- and glial-cell types. We observed the presence of MPS in all of the tested neuronal types cultured from mouse central and peripheral nervous systems, including excitatory and inhibitory neurons from several brain regions, as well as sensory and motor neurons. Quantitative analyses show that MPS is preferentially formed in axons in all neuronal types tested here: Spectrin shows a long-range, periodic distribution throughout all axons but appears periodic only in a small fraction of dendrites, typically in the form of isolated patches in subregions of these dendrites. As in dendrites, we also observed patches of periodic spectrin structures in a small fraction of glial-cell processes in four types of glial cells cultured from rodent tissues. Interestingly, despite its strong presence in the axonal shaft, MPS is disrupted in most presynaptic boutons but is present in an appreciable fraction of dendritic spine necks, including some projecting from dendrites where such a periodic structure is not observed in the shaft. Finally, we found that spectrin is capable of adopting a similar periodic organization in neurons of a variety of animal species, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, Gallus gallus, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens.
Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of C(sp3)–H Bonds of α-Cyano Aliphatic Amides

Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed arylation of C(sp3)–H bonds in α-cyano-α-methyl aliphatic amides is achieved in the presence of 8-aminoquinoline, as a removable directing group, using Mn(OAc)2 and Na2CO3. The current strategy enables the placement of an aryl/heteroaryl group at the β-position of α-cyano aliphatic acids for the first time. Wide functional group tolerance and easily accessible starting materials provide an efficient protocol for the synthesis of arylated α-cyano amides. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the products has been demonstrated by their efficient conversions to medicinally important α,α-dialkylated acid and β-amino acid derivatives.
An Internet-of-Things (IoT) System Development and Implementation for Bathroom Safety Enhancement

Abstract Statistics show that a bathroom is one of the most hazardous places especially for older people. Older people typically have greater difficulties with mobility and balance, making them more vulnerable to fall and slip injuries in a bathroom and causing serious health issues related to short and long-term well-being. Various components in a bathroom including shower, tub, floor, and toilet have been re-designed, and independently upgraded their ergonomics and safety aspects; however, the number of bathroom injuries remains consistently high in general. Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a new concept applicable to almost everywhere and man-made objects. Wireless sensors detect abnormalities and send data through the network. A large amount of data can be collected from multiple IoT systems and it can be utilized for a big data analysis. The big data may reveal a hidden positive outcome beyond the initially intended purposes. A few commercial IoT applications such as wearable health monitoring and intelligent transportation systems are available. Nevertheless, An IoT application for a bathroom is not currently known. Unlike other applications, bathrooms have some unique aspects such as privacy and wet environment. This paper presents a holistic conceptual approach of an Internet-of-Things (IoT) system development and implementation to enhance bathroom safety. The concept focuses on the application in a large nursing care facility as a pilot testing bed. Authors propose 1) sensor selection and application, 2) integration of a wireless sensor local network system, 3) design concept for IoT implementation, and 4) a big data analysis system model in this paper.
ACHIEVING A PAINLESS TKA: THE HAPPY PATIENT

The goals of any rehabilitation protocol should be to control pain, improve ambulation, maximise range-of-motion, develop muscle strength and provide emotional support. Over 85% of TKR patients will recover knee function regardless of which rehabilitation protocol is adopted but the process can be facilitated by proper pain control, physical therapy and emotional support. The remaining 15% of patients will have difficulty obtaining proper knee function secondary to significant pain, limited pre-operative motion and/or the development of arthrofibrosis. This subset will require a special, individualized rehabilitation program which may involve prolonged oral analgesia, continued physical therapy, more diagnostic studies and occasionally manipulation. Controlling pain is the mainstay of any treatment plan. The program described herein has been used at Ranawat Orthopaedics over the last 10 years in more than 2000 TKRs.
Midluteal phase endometrial biopsy does not accurately predict luteal function

Objective To investigate whether a midluteal phase endometrial biopsy accurately predicts luteal function. Design One nonpregnant menstrual cycle was evaluated in a prospective fashion. Setting Outpatient Clinic of the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Participants Fifty healthy, normally cycling women. Interventions Serum progesterone (P) was measured daily throughout the luteal phase. An endometrial biopsy was performed 7 to 9 days after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, as detected by rapid plasma assays, and dated histologically according to Noyes' criteria. Main Outcome Measure To correlate endometrial maturation with luteal P secretion. Results Mean integrated P measurements were reduced only when the lag between histologic and chronological dating was ≥3 days or ≥4 days, depending on whether chronological dates were assigned prospectively from the LH surge or retrospectively from the onset of next menses, respectively. However, these lags did not consistently predict deficient luteal function because subnormal integrated P secretion was seen in only 14% of women with these delays in endometrial maturation. Conclusions Midluteal phase endometrial biopsy provides a crude test of luteal function that does not precisely distinguish luteal insufficiency.
Mapping European law

ABSTRACTThis article constitutes the first systematic effort to promote a spatial and a subnational turn in the study of EU legal integration by demonstrating how geospatial methods and the selection of a subnational unit of analysis can improve our understanding of the use of the preliminary reference procedure. We conduct a theory-testing case study leveraging an original dataset of all references submitted by Italian courts from 1964 through 2013 and utilize geographic information systems (GIS) technology to analyze subnational patterns in reference activity. We use these data to evaluate whether several existing hypotheses explain recent subnational variation in reference rates. We uncover several illuminating findings. First, although population levels and domestic litigiousness best explain variation in reference rates, there is evidence that the domestic litigation effect is subnationally heterogeneous. Second, although use of the reference procedure has diffused since the 1960s, subnational refere...
Inhibition of Lithium-Sensitive Phosphatase BPNT-1 Causes Selective Neuronal Dysfunction in C. elegans.

Summary Lithium has been a mainstay for the treatment of bipolar disorder, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its action remain enigmatic. Bisphosphate 3′-nucleotidase (BPNT-1) is a lithium-sensitive phosphatase that catalyzes the breakdown of cytosolic 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate (PAP), a byproduct of sulfation reactions utilizing the universal sulfate group donor 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) [1–3]. Loss of BPNT-1 leads to the toxic accumulation of PAP in yeast and non-neuronal cell types in mice [4, 5]. Intriguingly, BPNT-1 is expressed throughout the mammalian brain [4], and it has been hypothesized that inhibition of BPNT-1 could contribute to the effects of lithium on behavior [5]. Here, we show that loss of BPNT-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans results in the selective dysfunction of two neurons, the bilaterally symmetric pair of ASJ chemosensory neurons. As a result, BPNT-1 mutants are defective in behaviors dependent on the ASJ neurons, such as dauer exit and pathogen avoidance. Acute treatment with lithium also causes dysfunction of the ASJ neurons, and we show that this effect is reversible and mediated specifically through inhibition of BPNT-1. Finally, we show that the selective effect of lithium on the nervous system is due in part to the limited expression of the cytosolic sulfotransferase SSU-1 in the ASJ neuron pair. Our data suggest that lithium, through inhibition of BPNT-1 in the nervous system, can cause selective toxicity to specific neurons, resulting in corresponding effects on behavior of C. elegans .
Inelastic tunneling spectroscopy in a d-wave superconductor

Abstract We propose a mechanism to use inelastic tunneling spectroscopy STM to detect a single spin in a d-wave superconductor, based on a direct exchange coupling J between the surface electrons and the local spin S in a magnetic field. This coupling will produce a kink in d I /d V characteristics at Zeeman energy of the spin ω 0 . We find that for relevant values of parameters the signal scales as d I 2 /d V 2 ≃( JN 0 ) 2 Θ ( eV − ω 0 ) and could be in the range of 10 −2 of the bare density of states where N 0 is the density of states for surface electrons. Scattering in superconductor with the coherence peak at gap maximum Δ leads also to strong features at Δ + ω 0 . This suggests a new technique for a detection of a local spin excitation with STM.