cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint Attention and Conversation in Mother‐Infant‐Sibling Triads

The current study investigated the general nature of joint attentional and conversational interaction in mother-infant-sibling triads. 9 19-month-old infants and 9 24-month-old infants were videotaped during 20 min of free play with their mothers and preschool-aged siblings around a common activity. Analyses revealed that even 19-month-old infants were capable of participating in triadic interactions and conversations, and that the proportional frequency of both these measures increased with age. Triadic conversations were nearly 3 times longer and elicited nearly twice as many infant turns per conversation as dyadic conversations. Infants were more likely to join into an ongoing conversational topic than to initiate one themselves, and they were more likely to take a turn in those conversations if they were in a joint attentional state with the speaker. Infants were just as likely to respond to a comment or request directed to another person as they were to one directed to themselves, indicating reliable comprehension of language not addressed to them. These results suggest that the mother-infant-sibling interactive context differs in important ways from the mother-infant dyadic context and that it is a richer language learning environment than previously supposed.
Factores de riesgo de infección de derivativa ventrículo peritoneal en pacientes pediátricos del Hospital Carlos Van Buren

La hidrocefalia es un problema comun en neurocirugia y neurologia. Su tratamiento habitual es la instalacion de una valvula derivativa ventriculo peritoneal (DVP) cuya complicacion mas grave y frecuente es la infeccion. Con el proposito de identificar los factores de riesgo de infeccion post-operatoria en pacientes con DVP del Hospital Carlos Van Buren (HCVB), se realizo un estudio caso-control en la poblacion pediatrica con DVP instalada entre 1998 y 2008. Los casos fueron pacientes con una infeccion de DVP notificada en el Departamento de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias (IIH), y controles los que no presentaron infeccion. Se analizaron los resultados en tablas de contingencia para determinar los Odds Ratio correspondientes. Se estudiaron 264 procedimientos quirurgicos, 207 pacientes y 53 infecciones notificadas en 26 enfermos. Los factores de riesgo significativos fueron el antecedente de ventriculitis previa, disfuncion de DVP previa, derivativa ventricular externa previas, infecciones concomitantes al momento de la cirugia, y que el neurocirujano no tuviera la especialidad en neurocirugia pediatrica. Se concluyo que la profilaxis antimicrobiana no fue un factor importante en la prevencion de infecciones y que la experiencia del neurocirujano es relevante en el desarrollo de infecciones de DVP.
AMG 580: A Novel Small Molecule Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Positron Emission Tomography Tracer

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors have therapeutic potential for the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic disorders, such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. One of the key requirements for successful central nervous system drug development is to demonstrate target coverage of therapeutic candidates in brain for lead optimization in the drug discovery phase and for assisting dose selection in clinical development. Therefore, we identified AMG 580 [1-(4-(3-(4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbonyl)phenoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-fluoropropan-1-one], a novel, selective small-molecule antagonist with subnanomolar affinity for rat, primate, and human PDE10A. We showed that AMG 580 is suitable as a tracer for lead optimization to determine target coverage by novel PDE10A inhibitors using triple-stage quadrupole liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology. [(3)H]AMG 580 bound with high affinity in a specific and saturable manner to both striatal homogenates and brain slices from rats, baboons, and human in vitro. Moreover, [(18)F]AMG 580 demonstrated prominent uptake by positron emission tomography in rats, suggesting that radiolabeled AMG 580 may be suitable for further development as a noninvasive radiotracer for target coverage measurements in clinical studies. These results indicate that AMG 580 is a potential imaging biomarker for mapping PDE10A distribution and ensuring target coverage by therapeutic PDE10A inhibitors in clinical studies.
Actin cytoskeleton: Are FH proteins local organizers?

Abstract The FH proteins, defined by the presence of ‘formin homology' regions, are important for a number of actin-dependent processes, including polarized cell growth and cytokinesis. They are large, probably multi-domain, proteins and their function may be in part mediated by an interaction with profilin.
A model for the production of (p, n) and (p, 2n) reactions at high energy

Abstract The ratios of the cross sections for the (p, 2n) reaction to that of the (p, n) reaction at 400 MeV have been calculated for a variety of target systems from a theoretical model and compared with the experimental ratios. The assumed mechanisms were a p-n scattering followed by evaporation of one neutron for the (p, 2n) reaction and a p-n scattering with no subsequent evaporation of particles for the (p, n) reaction. The large variations of the σ(p, 2n)/ν(p, n) ratio within small mass regions experimentally observed are well represented by this calculation. For target systems where the isobaric analogue states lie above the separation energies of the least bound neutrons of the p-n products, the magnitudes of these ratios as well as their variations with mass number are predicted reasonably well. For target systems where the isobaric analogue states lie below the separation energies of the least bound neutrons, the variations of the cross-section ratios with mass number are again accounted for; however the magnitudes of the ratios are high by factors of 2 to 4. This could indicate that enhanced population of the isobaric analogue state in the p-n scattering event does indeed enhance the (p, n) cross section for these systems and thereby reduce the σ(p, 2n)/σ(p, n) ratio considerably.
Abstract PR2: Optimization and applications of a tissue slice culture model of the normal and malignant human prostate

Current in vitro and in vivo models for prostate cancer do not accurately recapitulate many critical aspects of prostate cancer biology. In vitro cell culture systems lack tissue architecture, complex cellular interactions, and the prostate microenvironment. Neither xenograft nor transgenic models generate authentic prostate pathobiology, and genetic and molecular fidelity is often a concern both in vitro and in vivo. Ex vivo organotypic culture systems have been used as valuable research models for several tissue types. Our lab has recently established a tissue slice graft model for prostate cancer in vivo using precision-cut 300 micron slices of radical prostatectomy tissue implanted under the mouse renal capsule. We have also developed a complimentary in vitro tissue slice culture (TSC) model that we have used for a variety of studies, including evaluation of the DNA damage response in normal cell types of the prostate. The main challenges for normal prostate TSC are maintaining luminal cell integrity beyond 48 hours and preventing hyperproliferation of basal cells. Less is known about the maintenance of cancer in TSCs. We have compared several culture conditions and can maintain normal prostate structure and function up to 4 days using PFMR-4A media supplemented with cholera toxin, epidermal growth factor, bovine pituitary extract, phosphoethanolamine, hydrocortisone, selenium, gentamycin, retinoic acid, insulin, vitamin E, and androgen R1881. Dose-response and time-course experiments revealed that the optimal concentration of R1881 for luminal cell integrity is 50nM. We verified expression of luminal and basal cell-specific markers by immunofluorescence of frozen sections, and we observed secretion of PSA by ELISA. In addition, confocal microscopy is a useful technology for visualizing the 3-dimensional architecture of TSCs. With robust survival of TSCs up to 4 days in vitro, we have a wide range of ongoing and future experimental directions including drug delivery and cell targeting, invasion and migration studies, and metabolic and molecular profiling. Furthermore, we are poised for collaboration with those who want to test their experimental methods in an intact prostate cancer model in vitro. The prostate TSC model is undoubtedly more authentic than current in vitro models, and we are optimizing its utility with the goal of executing more realistic pre-clinical studies. This abstract is also presented as Poster A69 . Citation Format: Sophia Lisette Maund, Rosalie Nolley, Donna Peehl. Optimization and applications of a tissue slice culture model of the normal and malignant human prostate [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PR2.
Academic information centers

The university relationships and activities of 67 presently operating academic information analysis centers have been explored; their activities seem much the same as those in nonacademic settings. All appear to be engaged in the full spectrum of information handling. The establishment, organization, and technical requirements of four academic information analysis centers in the Neurological Information Network are described; one is discussed in detail. Experience in this center and others has shown that two elements of the academic information center require further definition: the activities of the scientists, and the relationship of the center to the administration of the university. Experience has also shown that an information center can exert a unifying effect in a field of education or research where such unity does not presently exist within the university. Twenty-four suggestions are offered for administering on academic information center. Academic medical information centers are in a unique position to help cope with some of the information problems that beset today's biomedical researchers and practitioners.
A 400 Mb/s clock and data recovery PLL system in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS ASIC process

Describes the design of a phase locked loop ( PLL) system for clock and data recovery ( CDR) on a 400Mb/s serial data stream; such systems are frequently required for retiming purposes within data communication applications. Within the transmission system, deterministic and random mechanisms cause temporal degradation of the pulse edges, often described as jitter, and CDR circuits are often employed to restore signal quality. (12 pages)
Effect of conductivity and concentration on the sample stream in the transverse axis of a continuous flow electrophoresis chamber

The resolution of continuous flow electrophoresis systems is generally measured by the spread of the sample bands in the direction of the electrophoretic migration. This paper evaluates the cross section of the sample bands in the plane perpendicular to the flow and shows that the spread in the direction perpendicular to the migration increased significantly with the applied electric field. Concentrated samples of monodisperse latex particles and vinyltoluene T-butylstyrene particles in sample buffers of different electrical conductivities were used to map the shape of the sample bands relative to the zero electric field case. As the electric field was applied, the sample band spread from an initial diameter of only one-third the chamber thickness until it approached the chamber walls where electroosmosis significantly reduced the resolution of separation. It can be shown, however, that it is possible to minimize these distortions by careful sample preparation and experiment design.
Mutation measurement in mammalian cells. IV: Comparison of gamma-ray and chemical mutagenesis.

The interaction of chemical mutagens with mammalian cells is much more complex than that of γ-irradiation because of the different ways in which chemical agents react with cell and medium components. Nevertheless, the system previously described for analysis of mutagenesis by γ-radiation appears applicable to chemical mutagenesis. The approach involves measurement of cell survival, use of caffeine to inhibit repair, analysis of mitotic index changes, and quantitation of microscopically visible structural changes in mitotic chromosomes. The behavior of a variety of chemical mutagens and nonmutagens in this system is described and compared with that of γ-irradiation. The procedure is simple and the results reasonably quantative though less so than those of γ-irradiation. The procedure can be used for environmental monitoring, analysis of mutational events, and individual and epidemiological testing. Mutational events should be classified as primary or secondary depending on whether they represent initial genomic insult, or genomic changes resulting from primary mutation followed by structural changes due to metabolic actions. While caffeine has multiple effects on the mammalian genome, when used under the conditions specified here it appears to act principally as an inhibitor of mutation repair, and so affords a measure of the role of repair in the action of different mutagens on cells in the G2 phase of the life cycle.
The ``Weighted Ensemble'' Path Sampling Method Can Find Target States Blindly And Automatically

The computational sampling of rare transition events is a well appreciated challenge in chemical and biomolecular systems. Previously, we employed the “weighted ensemble” (WE) approach to path sampling and found it efficient in a simple protein model (PNAS, 104:18043, 2007). However, one drawback of the original WE formulation, and of other path sampling methods, is the requirement for a previously known target state and/or approximate reaction coordinate. We show that an improved, fully “blind” WE method does not require choosing any coordinates in advance. We demonstrate the correctness of the new approach, and quantify its efficiency, using a previously studied united-residue model of calmodulin. In addition, we have performed WE simulations using the CHARMM package to study alanine dipeptide. We find multiple structurally distinct pathways, highlighting the strength of WE in sampling multiple barrier-separated pathways.
Engineering Plants for Elevated CO2: A Relationship between Starch Degradation and Sugar Sensing

In the future, plants will have additional CO(2) for photosynthesis. However, plants do not take maximal advantage of this additional CO(2) and it has been hypothesized that end product synthesis limitations and sugar sensing mechanisms are important in regulating plant responses to increasing CO(2). Attempts to increase end product synthesis capacity by engineering increased sucrose-phosphate synthase activity have been generally, but not universally, successful. It was found that plants benefited from a two- to three-fold increase in SPS activity but a 10-fold increase did not increase yield. Despite the success in increasing yield, increasing SPS did not increase photosynthesis. However, carbon export from chloroplasts was increased during the day and reduced at night (when starch provides carbon for sucrose synthesis. We develop here a hypothesis that starch degradation is closely sensed by hexokinase because a newly discovered pathway required for starch to sucrose conversion that involves maltose is one of few metabolic pathways that requires hexokinase activity.
Can APB 2000 be used to discern sincerity of effort in unimpaired subjects from maximal performance in subjects with shoulder pain

The automated pegboard (APB 2000), which has been found to objectively quantify motor performance, was used to differentiate maximal motor performance among subjects with shoulder pain, healthy unimpaired subjects performing normally and also while feigning shoulder pain. Six participants with shoulder pain and 15 healthy unimpaired individuals participated. Individuals with shoulder pain were tested on the APB 2000 using their affected upper extremity. Unimpaired participants were instructed to perform normally on the test with randomly selected upper extremity and to feign shoulder pain with the other upper extremity. The two tests for the unimpaired participants were conducted 1 week apart. There were significant differences in mean performance time for normal, patient, and feigned performance, with 80, 111, and 149 sec for the three groups respectively (p < 0.0005). There was also considerable overlap in the three distributions of performance times. These preliminary findings suggest that the APB 2000 is able to distinguish performance time between these three groups. Whether it can be used to distinguish between maximal performance and submaximal performance in individuals suspected of submaximal performance requires further study.
Determination of death thresholds and identification of terahertz (THz)-specific gene expression signatures

In recent years, numerous security, military, and medical applications have been developed which use Terahertz (THz) radiation. These developments have heightened concerns in regards to the potential health risks that are associated with this type of radiation. To determine the cellular and molecular effects caused by THz radiation, we exposed several human cell lines to high-power THz radiation, and then we determined death thresholds and gene expression profiles. Necrotic and apoptotic death thresholds were determined for Jurkat cells using an optically-pumped molecular gas THz source (υ = 2.52 THz, H = 227 mW/cm 2 ), MTT viability assays, and flow cytometric techniques. In addition, we used confocal microscopic techniques to demarcate lethal spatial regions in a monolayer of dermal fibroblasts exposed to THz radiation. Then, to determine if cells exhibit a THz-specific gene expression signature, we exposed dermal fibroblasts to THz radiation and analyzed their transcriptional response using microarray gene chips. We found that 60% of the Jurkat cells survived the 30-minute THz exposure, whereas only 20% survived the 40-minute exposure. The flow data confirmed these results and provided evidence that THz-induced cell death was mediated using both nectrotic and apoptotic processes. The preliminary microscopy studies provided convincing evidence warranting future efforts using these techniques. Lastly, we found that dermal fibroblasts up-regulated several genes when exposed to THz radiation. Overall, these results provide evidence for the cellular and molecular effects associated with THz radiation, and we speculate that the identified up-regulated genes may serve as excellent candidate biomarkers for THz exposures.
Genes that determine flower color: the role of regulatory changes in the evolution of phenotypic adaptations

A central goal of evolutionary genetics is to trace the causal pathway between mutations at particular genes and adaptation at the phenotypic level. The proximate objective is to identify adaptations through the analysis of molecular sequence data from specific candidate genes or their regulatory elements. In this paper, we consider the molecular evolution of floral color in the morning glory genus (Ipomoea) as a model for relating molecular and phenotypic evolution. To begin, flower color variation usually conforms to simple Mendelian transmission, thus facilitating genetic and molecular analyses. Population genetic studies of flower color polymorphisms in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) have shown that some morphs are subject to complex patterns of selection. Striking differences in floral color and morphology are also associated with speciation in the genus Ipomoea. The molecular bases for these adaptive shifts can be dissected because the biosynthetic pathways that determine floral pigmentation are well understood and many of the genes of flavonoid biosynthesis have been isolated and extensively studied. We present a comparative analysis of the level of gene expression in Ipomoea for several key genes in flavonoid biosynthesis. Specifically we ask: how frequently are adaptive shifts in flower color phenotypes associated with changes in regulation of gene expression versus mutations in structural genes? The results of this study show that most species differences in this crucial phenotype are associated with changes in the regulation of gene expression.
Some insights into continuum regression and its asymptotic properties

Continuum regression encompasses ordinary least squares regression, partial least squares regression and principal component regression under the same umbrella using a nonnegative parameter γ. However, there seems to be no literature discussing the asymptotic properties for arbitrary continuum regression parameter γ. This article establishes a relation between continuum regression and sufficient dimension reduction and studies the asymptotic properties of continuum regression for arbitrary γ under inverse regression models. Theoretical and simulation results show that the continuum seems unnecessary when the conditional distribution of the predictors given the response follows the multivariate normal distribution.
Factors influencing indices of left ventricle contractility in the conscious dog

Left ventricular function and isovolumic indices of contractility were examined in the awake, chronically instrumented dog to assess their ability to detect changes in inotropic state, and their response to changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). During the initial 8–10 beats following inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion, the relation between stroke volume and LVEDP exhibited substantial variations in the basal state and, although useful for defining acute responses to isoproterenol (1 μk), it did not detect a response to propranolol (0-· mg/kg). Of the many isovolumic indices examined in the index (dP/dt)/DP at a developed LVP of 40mmHg [(dP/dt)/DP40] offered the least scatter and sensitivity to LVEDP changes and it was sensitive to acutely induced changes in inotropic state. However, this ratio and other isovolumic indices responded poorly to contractility changes originating from LVEDP levels below 4 mmHg. Moreover, its basal level exhibited wide variation in the same animal on different days and in different normal animals.
A continuous-flow moisture device

MOISTURE is one of the main foes of electric apparatus. In liquid-filled apparatus such as transformers, excessive moisture in the liquid can be a reflection of a similar situation in the solid insulation. The problem of accurately detecting these minute quantities of water in the liquid is an extremely important one.
Selection of live-related liver transplantation candidates

Abstract Purpose Living donor liver transplantation (LR) is an important alternative for children. We compared our outcomes of LR and cadaveric (CAD) graft recipients, with attention to the pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) score and perioperative morbidity and mortality to identify appropriate candidates for LR. Methods Our transplant database and electronic medical records were searched for demographics and outcome measures. Results From 2000 to 2008, 81 children underwent liver transplantation from 37 LR and 44 CAD donors. There were no significant differences in graft or overall survival at 3 months or 1 year. The LR group was significantly younger (4.46 ± 5.2 years vs 7.41 ± 6.6 years; P = .03) and had a significantly lower PELD score (12.7 ± 13 vs 22 ± 12; P = .001) at the time of transplantation. Ten patients were transplanted for unresectable tumor in the LR group vs 4 CAD ( P = .03). Significantly fewer LR recipients required return to the operating room in the first 30 days posttransplant (13.9% vs 34.1%; P = .03). The LR recipients had a higher rate of biliary stricture requiring reoperation (22.2% vs 2.3%; P = .005). Conclusions The LR liver transplantation is highly selected for patients with a parent donor who will need transplant but do not yet have a high PELD score. A lower PELD score at operation may have contributed to the lower incidence of postoperative complications requiring reoperation.
Crustal structure across the San Andreas Fault, southern California from teleseismic converted waves

Crustal structure along a 140 km long profile across the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in southern California was imaged by stacking teleseismic P–S converted phases recorded by a dense, short-period seismic array. The crust/mantle discontinuity (Moho) is visible as a continuous feature at a depth around 30 km but is offset 6 to 8 km beneath the SAF. A small Moho disruption can also be seen under the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). These results suggest that the SAF and ECSZ extend through the entire crust. The Moho upwarp under the San Gabriel Mountains indicates that the mountain ranges were lifted en masse as a result of crustal buckling under horizontal compression.
A Survey of Mental Health Systems and Services

I surveyed 42 respondents in 28 countries and compared their mental health policies as well as their awareness, evaluation, and financing of mental health care. The notable differences between respondents could not always be attributed to level of economic development.
Forskolin increases cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate content and parathyroid hormone release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells

We studied the effects of the positive-inotropic and hypotensive agent forskolin on parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, cAMP accumulation, and adenylate cyclase activity in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. Forskolin stimulated PTH release 1.7 to 3.7-fold at 10(-5) mol/L and increased cAMP content maximally 37.6-fold at 10(-4) mol/L. Forskolin induced a maximal increase in cAMP accumulation by 5 minutes of incubation. The rate of PTH release in forskolin-treated cells also reached maximal levels at five to ten minutes of incubation. There was a dose-dependent increase in PTH release and cAMP content over the range of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M forskolin with half-maximal stimulation at 10(-7) to 10(-6) mol/L for PTH release and between 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/L for cAMP content. PTH release and cAMP accumulation were inhibited by increasing extracellular calcium concentrations in both control cells and those incubated with 10(-5) mol/L forskolin. Forskolin stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in lysates from parathyroid cells 15.7-fold with half-maximal activation between 10(-6) and 10(-5) mol/L forskolin. Forskolin-stimulated (10(-5) mol/L) and basal adenylate cyclase activities declined in parallel with increasing calcium concentrations. In contrast, phosphodiesterase activity was unaffected by forskolin at 10(-6) to 10(-4) mol/L. Forskolin, therefore, by directly activating adenylate cyclase, enhances cAMP accumulation and PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. As with other agents activating cAMP accumulation in this system, these effects are inhibited by elevated calcium concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Economic Analysis Of Investment Priorities For Measles Control

An investment strategy in measles control should strike an appropriate balance among three areas: implementation of existing vaccination programs with existing technology, operations research to improve the use of existing technology, and vaccine development. As a benchmark, the existing Schwarz vaccine costs approximately $17 per DALY (disability-adjusted life year), already making it one of the most cost-effective health interventions in developing countries. National measles vaccination campaigns, such as Brazil's, are a promising extension of this technology. Operations research is indicated to study the organization of campaigns, supplying and delivering vitamin A to hospitalized children, and other issues. The development and application of an early one-dose measles vaccine would be particularly cost-effective ($5 per DALY), as it could avoid the costs to families and health institutions of the separate visit at 9 months now required for measles vaccination. All three areas present opportunities for cost-effective investments and deserve a place in an investment strategy.
Experimental observations of dislocation core structures in gold and iridium

Dislocation core structures are known to play an important role in determining the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. The ability to develop atomic level models of dislocation core structures that are based on first-principles or atomistic calculations has increased significantly in recent years, and in many ways these theoretical models have outpaced experimental observations. The HREM study outlined in this paper has been undertaken to provide an experimental benchmark for such models. In-situ TEM observations have been used to identify the presence of screw and 60° dislocations, and HREM images of these dislocations in both gold and iridium have been recorded. Computer-based image analyses have been employed to characterize subtle in-plane atomic level displacements, and direct comparisons with image simulations have been used to measure the separation distance between dissociated Shockley partial dislocations. The separations measured in this study have been found to be in good agreement with recently obtained theoretical predictions based on the first-principles calculations of Mryasov and colleagues.
Doubling the lateral resolution of wide-field fluorescence microscopy using structured illumination

Spatial information that exceeds the classical resolution limit by a factor of two can be made visible in the widefield fluorescence microscope by illuminating the sample with spatially structured (patterned) excitation light. By computationally restoring this information to its proper location in reciprocal space, an image with twice the normal lateral resolution can be produced. The method can be applied in three dimensions, and yields an axial sectioning power equal to that of confocal microscopes. Unlike the case in confocal microscopy, however, both the lateral and axial resolution enhancements are achieved without any loss of emission light, resulting in uncompromised sensitivity. The method has been experimentally verified on both test objects and complex biological structures and performs in complete agreement with theoretical predictions. The resulting images possess a visual clarity that dramatically exceeds that of both conventional and confocal microscopes.
Oral anticoagulation for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction with special reference to the warfarin re-infarction study.

therapeutic strategies based on thrombolysis and anticoagulation. Death, reinfarction, and thromboembolism are three major complications in survivors of an acute myocardial infarction. Fibrin-containing mural thrombus is a common finding in autopsy studies of patients dying from an acute transmural myocardial infarction.’ The overall incidence of mural thrombus as detected on autopsy and by two-dimensional echocardiography is between 17% and 20% in acute myocardial infarction.*-” Patients with anterior and apical infarctions are at a particularly high risk of developing mural thrombi.“.I5 Most systemic emboli occur within the first 2 to 3 months and particularly within the first 10 days. Cerebral embolism occurred in 2% to 4% of untreated patients following myocardial infarction. Approximately two thirds of these embolic events led to death or serious morbidity.
Integrated systems analysis reveals a molecular network underlying autism spectrum disorders

Autism is a complex disease whose etiology remains elusive. We integrated previously and newly generated data and developed a systems framework involving the interactome, gene expression and genome sequencing to identify a protein interaction module with members strongly enriched for autism candidate genes. Sequencing of 25 patients confirmed the involvement of this module in autism, which was subsequently validated using an independent cohort of over 500 patients. Expression of this module was dichotomized with a ubiquitously expressed subcomponent and another subcomponent preferentially expressed in the corpus callosum, which was significantly affected by our identified mutations in the network center. RNA-sequencing of the corpus callosum from patients with autism exhibited extensive gene mis-expression in this module, and our immunochemical analysis showed that the human corpus callosum is predominantly populated by oligodendrocyte cells. Analysis of functional genomic data further revealed a significant involvement of this module in the development of oligodendrocyte cells in mouse brain. Our analysis delineates a natural network involved in autism, helps uncover novel candidate genes for this disease and improves our understanding of its molecular pathology.
The Epidemiology of Fifth Metatarsal Fracture.

BACKGROUND. A paucity of data exists studying the epidemiology of fifth metatarsal fractures. While a number of studies exist focusing on specific fracture patterns and patient populations, a large comprehensive epidemiologic study on the general public does not. OBJECTIVE. We reviewed 1275 fifth metatarsal fractures treated at a multicenter orthopaedic practice attempting to classify mechanism of injury and patient demographics as they pertain to specific fracture patterns. METHODS. Patient demographics were recorded and fractures categorized by location and mechanism of injury. Demographics and mechanism of injury were assessed to determine their predictive value for the type of fracture. Statistical analysis was used to predict whether demographics and mechanism of injury were statistically significant for types of fractures and whether gender and age were positive predictive values for fifth metatarsal fractures. RESULTS. Twisting injuries were a statistically significant predictor of zone 1 injuries. A significant correlation between gender and fracture location was seen with women sustaining 75% of zone 1 injuries and 84% of dancer's fractures. A positive predictive value existed for age and gender with respect to the incidence of fractures. Males accounted for more fractures among younger patients and females accounting for the majority of fractures among older patients. CONCLUSION. Mechanism of injury is a predictor for fracture location. Gender and age have a role in fracture incidence. In younger patient populations, males account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures. In older patient populations, females account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, Level II: Retrospective Study. Language: en
Energetic Ionic Liquids based on Lanthanide Nitrate Complex Anions

Energetic ionic liquids based on anionic lanthanide nitrate com- plexes Cat + 3(LnA3)6) 3� , where Cat + is guanidinium, 4-aminotriazolium, 4- amino-1-methyltriazolium, 4-amino-1- ethyltriazolium, 4-amino-1-butyltriazo- lium, 1,5-diaminotetrazolium, and 1,5- diamino-4-methyltetrazolium, were prepared. The hexanitratolanthanate A salts with the last two cations, which are the first CO-balanced ener- getic ionic liquids that are stable to hy- drolysis and air, have impact sensitivi- ties of about 27 J. These ionic liquids were obtained by an environmentally friendly, simple method using nitrate- containing precursors. All salts were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and determination of thermal stability, phase behavior, density, and water con- tent. According to theoretical calcula- tions, these new compounds have po- tential as propellants.
INTRAINDIVIDUAL AND INTERSPECIES VARIATION IN THE 5S RDNA OF COREGONID FISH

This study was designed to characterize further the nontranscribed intergenic spacers (NTSs) of the 5S rRNA genes of fish and evaluate this marker as a tool for comparative studies. Two members of the closely related North American Great Lakes cisco species complex (Coregonus artedi and C. zenithicus) were chosen for comparison. Fluorescence in situ hybridization found the ciscoes to have a single multicopy 5S locus located in a C band-positive region of the largest submetacentric chromosome. The entire NTS was amplified from the two species by polymerase chain reaction with oligonucleotide primers anchored in the conserved 5S coding region. Complete sequences were determined for 25 clones from four individuals representing two discrete NTS length variants. Sequence analysis found the length variants to result from presence of a 130-bp direct repeat. No two sequences from a single fish were identical. Examination of sequence from the coding region revealed two types of 5S genes in addition to pseudogenes. This suggests the presence of both somatic and germline (oocyte) forms of the 5S gene in the genome of Coregonus. The amount of variation present among NTS sequences indicates that accumulation of variation (mutation) is greater in this multicopy gene than is gene conversion (homogenization). The high level of sequence variation makes the 5S NTS an inappropriate DNA sequence for comparisons of closely related taxa.
A New Approach to Elementary German at Harvard

THE outstanding success of the method of language teaching employed during World War II in the Army's various Area and Language programs has inspired colleges and universities throughout the United States to conduct experiments in language instruction with the aim of determining how this highly effective method might best be adapted to the needs of liberal arts students. The method which has resulted, and which is currently referred to as the "oral-aural method," has already proven quite successful at Michigan, Amherst, and Cornell, and it now shows promise of succeeding at Harvard as well, where it was employed in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures for the first time during the past academic year, 1949-50, in an experimental section which was listed in the catalogue as "German B." German B seems to have established itself firmly at Harvard during the first year of its existence, as is evidenced by the fact that in this, its second year the course attracted more students than the traditional first-year course, German A, which employs the grammar-translation method. Since elementary language classes at Harvard generally meet only three days per week, the setting up of our course perforce necessitated a fairly wide departure from the Army method which requires many more contact hours. We might perhaps best refer to our method as an "auraloral approach" rather than an "oral-aural" one, for our main emphasis, even in this course, is on developing the reading skill, which, we feel, is still the most important one on the college and university level. Our aim, then, in German B is to teach reading, writing, understanding, and speaking-and in that order.
The APOE Gene and Differences in Life Expectancy in Europe

Common alleles of the apolipoprotein-E gene (APOE) are associated with different risks of ischemic heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other chronic conditions in European populations. Also, the APOE allele frequencies vary widely among European countries. We estimated the proportion of differences in mortality and differences in life span that are attributable to differences in APOE allele frequencies in Europe. Mortality rates by age, sex, and APOE genotype for six countries (Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden) were used to standardize mortality rates to the allele frequencies in Italy. Differences in APOE allele frequencies explain 12%-17% of the variation among these countries in mortality in people older than 65 years and 1%-2% of the variation in life span in those older than 65 years. Differences by genotype in mortality in people older than 15 years account for about 3.5% of the genetic contribution to the variation in life span in Denmark.
Prototyping synchronization policies for existing programs

We describe a framework, called the Synchronization Policy Prototyper (SyPP), for generating tools to aid in assessing the appropriateness of strictly exclusive synchronization policies under expected program usage scenarios. A SyPP tool aims to help during evolution of an existing program when the synchronization policy that it implements needs to be changed.
Long-term patterns in soil moisture and revegetation after a clearcut of a Douglas-fir forest in Oregon

Adams, P.W., Flint, A.L. and Fredriksen, R.L., 1991. Long-term patterns in soil moisture and revegetation after a clearcut of a Douglas-fir forest in Oregon. For. Ecol..~lanage., 41: 249-263. Soil moisture levels during 1960-1980 were compared for two areas within a 101 ha watershed in the Oregon Cascade Range. In winter 1962-1963, the old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga rnenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forest in one area was clearcut. The site was then lightly broadcast-burned in September 1963. An adjacent forested area was left undisturbed as a control. In summer 1963, the upper 120 cm of soil in the clearcut averaged over 10 cm more moisture than that in the forested control. By 1967 these surpluses in the clearcut had declined to become deficits of at least 2 cm less moisture than in the control. These deficits, which were presumably caused by a rapid increase in plant cover after the light slash burn, persisted in the upper 30 cm of soil throughout the rest of the study. The fluctuations in soil moisture in the treated area are extensive enough to influence forest regeneration and watershed hydrology.
Insulinoma-Released Exosomes or Microparticles Are Immunostimulatory and Can Activate Autoreactive T Cells Spontaneously Developed in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

Exosomes (EXO) are secreted intracellular microparticles that can trigger inflammation and induce Ag-specific immune responses. To test possible roles of EXO in autoimmunity, we isolated small microparticles, mainly EXO, from mouse insulinoma and examined their activities to stimulate the autoimmune responses in NOD mice, a model for human type 1 diabetes. We demonstrate that the EXO contains strong innate stimuli and expresses candidate diabetes autoantigens. They can induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines through a MyD88-dependent pathway, and activate purified APC and result in T cell proliferation. To address whether EXO or the secreted microparticles are possible autoimmune targets causing islet-specific inflammation, we monitored the T cell responses spontaneously developed in prediabetic NOD mice for their reactivity to the EXO, and compared this reactivity between diabetes-susceptible and -resistant congenic mouse strains. We found that older NOD females, which have advanced islet destruction, accumulated more EXO-reactive, IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes than younger females or age-matched males, and that pancreatic lymph nodes from the prediabetic NOD, but not from the resistant mice, were also enriched with EXO-reactive Th1 cells. In vivo, immunization with the EXO accelerates insulitis development in nonobese diabetes-resistant mice. Thus, EXO or small microparticles can be recognized by the diabetes-associated autoreactive T cells, supporting that EXO might be a possible autoimmune target and/or insulitis trigger in NOD or congenic mouse strains.
Tropical Pacific 1976–77 Climate Shift in a Linear, Wind-Driven Model*

A number of studies have attempted to explain the cause of decadal variability in the tropical Pacific and explore its possible link to decadal variability in the midlatitude Pacific. To investigate some of the current theories of Pacific decadal variability, a linear, wind-driven model, designed to simulate only baroclinic wave dynamics, was forced with wind stress anomalies in the Pacific Ocean basin from 1945 through 1992. An analysis technique designed to isolate the decadal/interdecadal scale variability from interannual ENSO variability was performed on the model’s thermocline depth anomaly (TDA). It was found that the temporal and spatial patterns of the observed tropical decadal sea surface temperatures are consistent with our modeled TDA. Furthermore, restricting the wind forcing to within 58 of the equator does not substantially alter the decadal/interdecadal variability of the equatorial region. The authors conclude that the observed decadal variability in the low-latitude Pacific is primarily a linear dynamical response to tropical wind forcing and does not directly require an oceanic link to the midlatitudes. The question of how tropical wind anomalies are generated is not addressed. In addition, it is shown that in model scenarios where the wind forcing is restricted to the western equatorial Pacific, the 1976‐77 climate shift is still clearly visible as a dominant feature of tropical decadal variability. The temporal decadal signal of the model-generated TDA is more pronounced during the eastern equatorial upwelling season (July‐September) than in the boreal winter. This is consistent with the observed seasonal bias in tracer and SST data from the eastern equatorial Pacific.
Effects of Maternal Identity and Incubation Temperature on Hatching and Hatchling Morphology in Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentina

Abstract Offspring phenotype can be affected by maternal effects, developmental conditions, and clutch identity. We examined the contribution of maternal effects, egg incubation temperature, and clutch identity to variation in hatching success and hatchling body size of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. We collected 726 eggs representing 24 clutches from the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge in 1997. We examined a subset of eggs (78) for water and solid content and incubated the remaining eggs. Wet shell and wet nonshell made up 10.96% and 88.05% of the total egg mass, respectively, and dry solids, dry shell, and total water accounted for 22.78%, 7.14%, and 70.07% of total egg mass. Both mass of total water and solids in the nonshell fraction increased with egg size, although solids accounted for slightly less proportional mass in large eggs than in small eggs. Egg mass was correlated with mass at hatching, but explained only 47% of the variation in mass at hatching. Both clutch identity and egg...
Shakespeare’s All’s Well That Ends Well

(1997). Shakespeare’s All’s Well That Ends Well. The Explicator: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 123-124.
Nonaborane and Decaborane Cluster Anions Can Enhance the Ignition Delay in Hypergolic Ionic Liquids and Induce Hypergolicity in Molecular Solvents

The dissolution of nido-decaborane, B10H14, in ionic liquids that are hypergolic (fuels that spontaneously ignite upon contact with an appropriate oxidizer), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-methyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium dicyanamide, and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, led to the in situ generation of a nonaborane cluster anion, [B9H14]−, and reductions in ignition delays for the ionic liquids suggesting salts of borane anions could enhance hypergolic properties of ionic liquids. To explore these results, four salts based on [B10H13]− and [B9H14]−, triethylammonium nido-decaborane, tetraethylammonium nido-decaborane, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium arachno-nonaborane, and N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium arachano-nonaborane were synthesized from nido-decaborane by reaction of triethylamine or tetraethylammonium hydroxide with nido-decaborane in the case of salts containing the decaborane anion or via metathesis reactions between sodium nonaborane (Na[B9H14]) and the corresponding organic ch...