cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-chip waveguide isolator based on bismuth iron garnet operating via nonreciprocal single-mode cutoff

We analyze an on-chip optical isolator based on direction dependent single-mode cutoff, which is described in 1D and 2D momentum space. Isolation is shown using 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) where the magnetization is represented by imaginary off-diagonal permittivity tensor elements. The isolator designs are optimized using perturbation theory, which successfully predicts increased isolation for rib waveguides and structures with non-magnetic dielectric layers. Our isolators are based on bismuth iron garnet and its compatible substrates; an isolation ratio of 10.7 dB/mm is achieved for TM modes.
Chemical Bonding in Coronene, Isocoronene, and Circumcoronene

Chemical-bonding analysis in coronene, isocoronene, andcircumcoronene has been performed by using the AdaptiveNatural Density Partitioning (AdNDP) method. This analysisrevealed that coronene and isocoronene have two globallydelocalized concentric π-systems. Circumcoronene does nothave globally delocalized π-systems; instead, it has seven lo-cal sextets and can be represented by a single Clar structure.
Low-frequency test method for integrated RF substrates

This paper presents a low-frequency test method for testing integrated RF substrates with embedded RF passive filters. The proposed method enables testing of embedded high-frequency (GHz) passive filters at low frequencies (of the order of a few MHz). This method allows the testing of embedded RF filters without applying any external test stimulus to them (test stimulus is generated by the probe card). Also, at production-test floor, the proposed method does not require a vector network analyzer (VNA). In addition, the method enables the prediction of RF (GHz) specifications from the low-frequency (MHz) signal. As compared to a conventional test method that uses VNA, the proposed method reduces the test-setup cost by around 75%. The proposed test method is demonstrated with both simulations and measurements. Also, the method has been demonstrated at wafer level for testing commercially available 1.45-GHz embedded RF filters at 60 MHz.
A Different Position on Postural Drainage

Law and Kosloske reported in the September 1976 issue (Pediatrics 58:362, 1976) on the use of postural drainage in the management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies. Their results were not as good as those previously reported. They state that they placed the involved portion of the lung in a "dependent" position for postural drainage. It is hard to understand the theoretical background for this particular practice unless, for example, one is dealing with foreign bodies that are lighter than air.
Interactive web-based simulations for strategy and sustainability: The MIT Sloan LearningEdge management flight simulators, Part II

The MIT Sloan School of Management has created a set of interactive, web-based management flight simulators to teach key ideas in business, strategy, sustainability and related fields. The simulations are freely available through the MIT Sloan LearningEdge portal (mitsloan.mit.edu/ LearningEdge). In these notes I describe six simulations available as of 2014. Part I describes Salt Seller (a multiplayer commodity pricing simulation); Eclipsing the Competition (learning curves, using the solar photovoltaic industry as the example); and Platform Wars (competition in the presence of network externalities using the video game industry as the context). Part II describes Fishbanks (the Tragedy of the Commons in the context of renewable resource management, updating the classic game by Dennis Meadows); CleanStart (building a startup firm, with clean tech as an example); and World Climate (an interactive role play of global climate negotiations). Each simulator enables participants to learn experientially about important concepts in management, strategy or sustainability. Each is grounded in a particular industry or firm, and comes with original case studies or briefing material describing the strategic challenges in these settings. Through these simulations, students, executives, policymakers and others can explore the consequences of different strategies so they can learn for themselves about the complex dynamics of important issues. I describe their purpose and use, illustrate their dynamics, and outline the instructor resources available for each. Copyright © 2014 System Dynamics Society Syst. Dyn. Rev. 30, 206–231 (2014)
Priority based real-time communication for large scale wormhole networks

As advances are made in parallel processing technology, an increasing number of real-time applications are being developed for large-scale parallel processors. Since the wormhole network is a popular communication system used in the new generation of large-scale parallel multiprocessors, real-time communication support on wormhole networks becomes an important issue. We evaluate a priority mapping scheme, a priority adjustment scheme and a message dropping method for large-scale real-time wormhole networks. The priority mapping scheme embeds the timing property of a message into a priority for flow control decisions. The priority adjustment scheme dynamically modifies the priority of a message as the timing property of the message changes. The tardy messages, which miss their deadlines, are removed from the network by the message dropping method. Simulation studies show that the schemes outperform the conventional flow control scheme implemented in general purpose wormhole networks, and the schemes provide desirable performance when the size of the parallel system increases. >
Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the efficacy of sertraline, compared with placebo, in sustaining improvement and preventing relapse over 28 weeks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who had completed a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled acute treatment study and a subsequent 24-week open-label study of continuation treatment with sertraline. METHOD: Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned, in a double-blind design, to 28 weeks of maintenance treatment with sertraline (50–200 mg, N=46; 78% were women) or placebo (N=50; 62% were women). Measures used in biweekly assessments included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Clinical Global Impression severity and improvement ratings. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate time to discontinuation from the study due to relapse, relapse or study discontinuation due to clinical deterioration, and acute exacerbation. RESULTS: Continued treatment with sertraline yielded lower PTSD relapse rates than pl...
Retrospective review to determine the utility of follow-up skeletal surveys in child abuse evaluations when the initial skeletal survey is normal

Objective: The AAP recommends that a follow-up skeletal survey be obtained for all children < 24 months of age who are strongly suspected to be victims of abuse. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the utility of a follow-up skeletal survey in suspected child physical abuse evaluations when the initial skeletal survey is normal. Methods: A retrospective review of radiology records from September 1, 1998 - January 31, 2007 was conducted. Suspected victims of child abuse who were < 24 months of age and received initial and follow-up skeletal surveys within 56 days were enrolled in the study. Children with a negative initial skeletal survey were included for further analysis. Results: Forty-seven children had a negative initial skeletal survey and were included for analysis. The mean age was 6.9 months (SD 5.7); the mean number of days between skeletal surveys was 18.7 (SD 10.1) Four children (8.5%) had signs of healing bone trauma on a follow-up skeletal survey. Three of these children (75%) had healing rib fractures and one child had a healing proximal humerus fracture. The findings on the follow-up skeletal survey yielded forensically important information in all 4 cases and strengthened the diagnosis of nonaccidental trauma. Conclusion: 8.5 percent of children with negative initial skeletal surveys had forensically important findings on follow-up skeletal survey that increased the certainty of the diagnosis of non-accidental trauma. A follow-up skeletal survey can be useful even when the initial skeletal survey is negative.
A novel fiber-optic sensor array based on the Sagnac interferometer

We propose a novel design for a fiber-optic acoustic sensor array that is based on the Sagnac interferometer. The performance of this Sagnac sensor array (SSA) design is analyzed and compared to acoustic sensor arrays based on the Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer. It is found that the SSA exhibits several decisive advantages, including a stable bias point, a reduced conversion of source phase noise into intensity noise, and a frequency response that matches the ambient ocean noise. It is also shown that the SSA can be easily designed to have a much larger dynamic range than an MZ-based sensor array. Potential noise sources are analyzed and shown to be manageable. A means for eliminating polarization-induced signal fading is presented. The applicability of time-division, frequency-division, and code-division multiplexing schemes for the proposed design is presented.
Use of the Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine Among Preschool Attendees

Use of the Hib vaccine during the first 15 months after licensure was studied in a university-based preschool program. Questionnaires were sent to the parents of the 176 children, ages 29-82 months, enrolled; 115 questionnaires (65.3%) were returned. Fifty seven children (49.6%) had received the Hib vaccine; the mean age at immunization was 40.6 months (range, 22-70 months). Of the 17 children who were under age 24 months at the time of vaccine licensure (April 1985), 14 (82%) were ultimately immunized. One child (age 22 months) received the vaccine before age 24 months. At 15 months after licensure, 80 percent of the 2-year-old children were immunized; 78 percent of 3 year olds; 55 percent of 4 year olds; 15 percent of 5 year olds; and 17 percent of 6 year olds. Thus, although the vaccine was underused as defined by the current recommendations for this group of children, the majority of children at greatest risk for disease--those under age 4 years--were immunized.
Characterizing the neurotranscriptomic states in alternative stress coping styles.

Animals experience stress in many contexts and often successfully cope. Individuals exhibiting the proactive versus reactive stress coping styles display qualitatively different behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stressors. The predisposition to exhibiting a particular coping style is due to genetic and environmental factors. In this study we explore the neurotranscriptomic and gene network biases that are associated with differences between zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines selected for proactive and reactive coping styles and reared in a common garden environment. Using RNA-sequencing we quantified the basal transcriptomes from the brains of wild-derived zebrafish lines selectively bred to exhibit the proactive or reactive stress coping style. We identified 1953 genes that differed in baseline gene expression levels. Weighted gene coexpression network analyses identified one gene module associated with line differences. Together with our previous pharmacological experiment, we identified a core set of 62 genes associated with line differences. Gene ontology analyses reveal that many of these core genes are implicated in neurometabolism (e.g. organic acid biosynthetic and fatty acid metabolic processes). Our results show that proactive and reactive stress coping individuals display distinct basal neurotranscriptomic states. Differences in baseline expression of select genes or regulation of specific gene modules are linked to the magnitude of the behavioral response and the display of a coping style, respectively. Our results expand the molecular mechanisms of stress coping from one focused on the neurotransmitter systems to a more complex system that involves an organism’s capability to handle neurometabolic loads and allows for comparisons with other animal taxa to uncover potential conserved mechanisms.
Effects of approximation on postural sway in healthy subjects.

The effect of approximation on the postural sway of healthy subjects wearing a weighted belt around their pelvis was measured. Twenty subjects between the ages of 23 and 30 years stood on a polyurethane foam platform that amplified their postural sway and were filmed from a lateral view. All subjects wore markers over their mandibles, hips, and knees and were filmed three times with the weighted belt worn on a randomly selected trial. Frames from a 10-second interval of film from each trial were studied, and the summed displacement at each bony landmark between each frame of film was calculated. A significant decrease in displacement at the mandible ( p < .02) was found when the weighted belt was worn. The decrease in displacement was not significant at the hip or knee. Approximation was shown to decrease the postural sway of healthy subjects. Further study is indicated to investigate the effect of approximation on patient populations.
The software EBox: Integrated information for situational awareness

This paper describes the development of the “EBox”, a system that provides integrated access to a wide variety of information sources relevant to providing situational awareness during emergency response situations. The EBox exemplifies a novel information integration approach in which both pre-existing data and real-time information streams are obtained from multiple sources and are rapidly and intelligently ingested and registered to faclilitate efficient and integrated access at a later time. We describe the design and development of the EBox, and the deployment experience in a drill and demonstration exercise. We further describe key technical challenges that remain and our ongoing research efforts in addressing such challenges.
A tunable fluorescent timer method for imaging spatial-temporal protein dynamics using light-driven photoconvertible protein

Cellular function is largely determined by protein behaviors occurring in both space and time. While regular fluorescent proteins can only report spatial locations of the target inside cells, fluorescent timers have emerged as an invaluable tool for revealing coupled spatial-temporal protein dynamics. Existing fluorescent timers are all based on chemical maturation. Herein we propose a light-driven timer concept that could report relative protein ages at specific sub-cellular locations, by weakly but chronically illuminating photoconvertible fluorescent proteins inside cells. This new method exploits light, instead of oxygen, as the driving force. Therefore its timing speed is optically tunable by adjusting the photoconverting laser intensity. We characterized this light-driven timer method both in vitro and in vivo and applied it to image spatiotemporal distributions of several proteins with different lifetimes. This novel timer method thus offers a flexible “ruler” for studying temporal hierarchy of spatially ordered processes with exquisite spatial-temporal resolution. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Auditory vs. Articulatory Training in Exotic Sounds.

T WO groups of English speakers received either auditory or articulatory instruction in learning to produce exotic sounds. Performance on production and discrimination tests indicated a striking superiority for the subjects who received systematic training in the production of exotic sounds as opposed to those subjects who received only discrimination training in listening to these sounds. The results of this study suggest that what is effective in the teaching of sound production and discrimination is the systematic development by small steps from known articulatory postures and movements to new and unknown ones. The
The biosaline concept: an opportunity for research and development.

For centuries man has known that the earth is a infinite sphere and that there are physical limitations to its size and resources. However, only in the last few decades have we actually seen our planet and realized the harsh message that, indeed, our earth has only finite resources and that more effective management is essential. At the very same time, the world's population is increased to over four billion, and severe political, social and economic instabilities are prevalent in many parts of the world. Although everyone is aware of the “energy crisis” that has been with us for several years, an equally dramatic crisis exists in a shortage of essential materials — organic raw materials for chemicals, polymers and other industrial commodities. Of course, the “energy crisis” and the “materials crisis” are entwined.
Some Thoughts on the Evolution of Work Teams in Organizations

In this time of flat, team-based and technology-enabled organizations the effectiveness of communication and team leadership practices will be more important than ever before. Therefore, we believe that some of the earlier, time-tested classic works on group dynamics and leadership are worthy of re-reading. We are particularly impressed by how relevant one of the oldest classics, Benne and Sheats' (1948) article on functional roles of group members, remains to this day.
Analysis of migration success of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae in the haemocoel of Simulium vittatum

Migration success (i.e. the proportion of worms that reach the thorax) of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (mf) in the haemocoel of Simulium vittatum was studied by inoculating mf into the posterior abdomen, and recording their distribution in the blackfly body at predetermined time points. Mf arrive into the thorax by active locomotion rather than by drifting in haemolymph currents. Migration into the thorax was completed by 12 h post inoculation (pi) but was not continuous throughout this period. Migration proceeded in two phases; the first occurred 0-2 h pi and the second at 6-12 h pi. Overall, migration success 12-24 h pi was only 36%, indicating that a substantial number of mf failed to reach the thorax, either because they were eliminated by the fly's defensive response or because they remained in the abdomen. Migration success was density independent. Mf that arrive into the thorax within 2 h pi did not differ in their migration potential from mf that remained in the abdomen at this time. In flies where more mf migrated successfully there was lower mf loss, indicating that migration success was linked to mf loss. Moreover, the proportion of mf in the thorax was not correlated with mf loss, suggesting that mf loss affected the number of mf that migrated successfully, rather than the reverse causal relationship.
Building Tool Use From Object Manipulation: A Perception–Action Perspective

Tools are a universal feature of human culture. While most past research on tool use has focused on its cognitive underpinnings, in the present article we adopt a perception-action approach to understand how tool use emerges in early development. In this context, we review our work on infant object banging and how it may serve as a motor substrate for percussive tool use. Our results suggest that infants use banging to act on environmental surfaces selectively. Additionally, with increasing age, banging becomes more controlled and manifests many characteristics associated with skilled hammering. Taken together, the results suggest that there is much to be gained from considering the emergence of tool use as an ongoing process of perceptuomotor adaptation to handheld objects.
Holomorphic Factorization of Matrices of Polynomials

This paper considers some work done by the author and Catlin [CD1,CD2,CD3] concerning positivity conditions for bihomogeneous polynomials and metrics on bundles over certain complex manifolds. It presents a simpler proof of a special case of the main result in [CD3], providing also a self-contained proof of a generalization of the main result from [CD1]. Some new examples and applications appear here as well. The idea is to use the Bergman kernel function and some operator theory to prove purely algebraic theorems about matrices of polynomials.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium adhesion and cytotoxicity during epithelial cell stress is reduced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

Background: Physiological stressors may alter susceptibility of the host intestinal epithelium to infection by enteric pathogens. In the current study, cytotoxic effect, adhesion and invasion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) to Caco-2 cells exposed to thermal stress (41°C, 1 h) was investigated. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to reduce interaction of pathogens with the epithelium under non-stress conditions and may have a significant effect on epithelial viability during infection; however, probiotic effect on pathogen interaction with epithelial cells under physiological stress is not known. Therefore, we investigated the influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus gasseri on Salmonella adhesion and Salmonella-induced cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cells subjected to thermal stress. Results: Thermal stress increased the cytotoxic effect of both S. Typhimurium (P = 0.0001) and nonpathogenic E. coli K12 (P = 0.004) to Caco-2 cells, and resulted in greater susceptibility of cell monolayers to S. Typhimurium adhesion (P = 0.001). Thermal stress had no significant impact on inflammatory cytokines released by Caco-2 cells, although exposure to S. Typhimurium resulted in greater than 80% increase in production of IL-6 and IL-8. Blocking S. Typhimurium with anti-ShdA antibody prior to exposure of Salmonella decreased adhesion (P = 0.01) to non-stressed and thermal-stressed Caco-2 cells. Pre-exposure of Caco-2 cells to L. rhamnosus GG significantly reduced Salmonella-induced cytotoxicity (P = 0.001) and Salmonella adhesion (P = 0.001) to Caco2 cells during thermal stress, while L. gasseri had no effect. Conclusion: Results suggest that thermal stress increases susceptibility of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells to Salmonella adhesion, and increases the cytotoxic effect of Salmonella during infection. Use of L. rhamnosus GG as a probiotic may reduce the severity of infection during epithelial cell stress. Mechanisms by which thermal stress increases susceptibility to S. Typhimurium colonization and by which L. rhamnosus GG limits the severity of infection remain to be elucidated.
Market Power and the Profitability of Limit-Order Trading

I develop a model that quantifies the profitability of trading from limit order data. This method allows for estimation of the effective number of market participants without the need for trader IDs or proprietary datasets. In addition, my framework can evaluate several different questions in modern markets which are difficult to evaluate because of flickering quotes, algorithmic in-and-out strategies and other high frequency changes to the order book. As an illustration of my method, I fit parameters to the model using Google stock surrounding an earnings announcement in the 2nd quarter of 2010.
The Pathobiologic Basis of Autoimmunity

The body has many mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, including the ones that prevent immune responses directed against self. Autoimmune diseases occur as a result of a breakdown of tolerance to self, a process that is thought to require multiple hits including genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. In this article, we will describe what autoimmunity is and how it might arise, focusing on both the immune cells and the target tissues involved. Current treatments and potential areas for intervention will also be discussed.
Nonmanifold subdivision

Commonly-used subdivision schemes require manifold control meshes and produce manifold surfaces. However, it is often necessary to model nonmanifold surfaces, such as several surface patches meeting at a common boundary. In this paper, we describe a subdivision algorithm that makes it possible to model nonmanifold surfaces. Any triangle mesh, subject only to the restriction that no two vertices of any triangle coincide, can serve as an input to the algorithm. Resulting surfaces consist of collections of manifold patches joined along nonmanifold curves and vertices. If desired, constraints may be imposed on the tangent planes of manifold patches sharing a curve or a vertex. The algorithm is an extension of a well-known Loop subdivision scheme, and uses techniques developed for piecewise smooth surfaces.
Design and fabrication of nanocomposites for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration

Abstract Musculoskeletal tissue loss or damage resulting from trauma, surgery, or disease presents a significant medical challenge. Current therapies involving autografts and allografts are hindered by concerns over donor site morbidity and risks of disease transmission, respectively. Tissue engineering represents a promising strategy to develop ideal synthetic graft substitutes using biomaterials, cells, and biological factors alone or in combination. Nanocomposites based on polymers alone or in combination with other nanoscale materials constitute a unique class of biomaterials for the fabrication of tissue-specific architectures that closely mimic the structure and properties of native tissues. It is critical to understand cell–biomaterial interactions at the nanoscale involving the physical, chemical, and biological cues to engineer biomimetic structures for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. This chapter aims to provide readers the rational design considerations as well as recent advances in the development of nanocomposites using various fabrication techniques for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Oviposition Preference and Survival on Sunflower and Corn

Experiments conducted on the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in 1981 and 1982 showed that caged moths did not discriminate between corn, Zea mays L., in the fresh silking stage and sunflower, Helianthus annus L., in the pollen shedding stage for egg laying. ECB larvae which hatched from eggs that were laid on sunflower, however, were largely unable to establish themselves and/or survive on that crop. Once the stalk tissues had been penetrated, however, the amount of activity was essentially identical between the sunflower- and corn-reared larvae. Development of ECB larvae was slower on sunflower than on corn. ECB moths exhibited an oviposition preference for the underside of the sunflower leaves, but an occasional egg mass could be found on the head. ECB larvae almost always penetrated the sunflower stalk at the base of the petiole, but an occasional larva was found to have entered the plant through the soft head tissues.
Relationships between Jackrabbit Abundance and Ferruginous Hawk Reproduction

-From 1966-70 and 1972-74, we studied relationships between Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) reproduction and abundance of their main prey, the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) in the eastern Great Basin Desert of central Utah. Correlation tests showed significant relationships between jackrabbit abundance and hawk reproduction: the population of nesting hawks, number of nesting pairs, total eggs laid and total young fledged varied in synchrony with jackrabbit abundance. Key Factor Analysis and stepwise removal procedures indicated that jackrabbit abundance influenced hawk reproduction in the following order of decreasing importance: number of nesting pairs; failure of nesting pairs to achieve maximum clutch size; total number of young fledged and total number of young hatched. Regression tests revealed that two of these, the failure to nest and achieve maximum clutch size, are important limiting factors on reproduction and at least partially act to regulate the size of this Ferruginous Hawk population. Solomon (1949) proposed that predators respond to changing prey densities in two basic ways, functionally and numerically. In the functional response, a predator consumes prey of a given species at a rate according to the density of prey. In the numerical response, predator population density changes with changing prey density, usually through migration and/or corresponding adjustments in reproduction
Jugular Vein Aneurysm

Jugular vein aneurysm is a rare morphologic entity. This report describes a case of an asymptomatic internal jugular vein aneurysm that presented as an enlarging mass in the neck. Diagnosis was established with duplex ultrasonography and venography. No thrombus was diagnosed in the aneurysm, but since the patient was uncomfortable with having a tumor in his neck, surgery was performed with resection of the aneurysm and lateral venorrhaphy of the jugular vein.
Risks of Brain Injury after Blunt Head Trauma

The association of loss of consciousness (LOC) and/or amnesia with traumatic brain injury (TBI) identified on CT and TBI requiring acute intervention was evaluated in 2043 children <18 years old enrolled prospectively in a level 1 trauma center ED at University of California, Davis School of Medicine, CA.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling of acute N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide after doxorubicin infusion in breast cancer

Aims The aim of the present study was to develop a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model to characterize the relationship between plasma doxorubicin and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations within 48 h of doxorubicin treatment. Methods The study enrolled 17 female patients with stages 1–3 breast cancer and receiving adjuvant doxorubicin (60 mg m–2) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg m–2) every 14 days for four cycles. In two consecutive cycles, plasma concentrations of doxorubicin, doxorubicinol, troponin and NT-proBNP were collected before infusion, and up to 48 h after the end of doxorubicin infusion. Nonlinear mixed-effects modelling was used to describe the PK-PD relationship of doxorubicin and NT-proBNP. Results A three-compartment parent drug with a one-compartment metabolite model best described the PK of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol. Troponin concentrations remained similar to baseline. An indirect PD model with transit compartments best described the relationship of doxorubicin exposure and acute NT-proBNP response. Estimated PD parameters were associated with large between-subject variability (total assay variability 38.8–73.9%). Patient clinical factors, including the use of enalapril, were not observed to be significantly associated with doxorubicin PK or NT-proBNP PD variability. Conclusion The relationship between doxorubicin concentration and the acute NT-proBNP response was successfully described with a population PK-PD model. This model will serve as a valuable framework for future studies to identify clinical factors associated with the acute response to doxorubicin. Future studies are warranted to examine the relationship between this acute response and subsequent heart failure. Should such a relationship be established, this model could provide useful information on patients' susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced long-term cardiotoxicity.
Thickening of the cauda equina roots: a common finding in Krabbe disease.

Objectives Evaluation of Krabbe disease burden and eligibility for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are often based on neuroimaging findings using the modified Loes scoring system, which encompasses central but not peripheral nervous system changes. We show that quantitative evaluation of thickened cauda equina nerve roots may improve the evaluation of Krabbe disease and therapeutic guidance.
Special considerations of military cardiothoracic surgeons

From the Department of Surgery–Cardiothoracic, San AntonioMilitary Medical Center, Joint Base; Department of Surgery–Cardiothoracic, Audie L. Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Antonio, Tex; Heart Lung Vascular Center, David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base; Section of General Thoracic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, Calif; and Department of Surgery–Cardiothoracic, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md. This editorial is an independent expression of the authors and does not represent the view of the US Government, the US Army, the US Air Force, or the US Navy. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Oct 15, 2015; revisions received March 22, 2016; accepted for publication April 28, 2016; available ahead of print June 14, 2016. Address for reprints: LTC Bryan S. Helsel, MD, Department of Surgery–Cardiothoracic, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, San Antonio, TX 78234 (E-mail: deltaguns@aol.com). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:664-6 0022-5223/$0.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.04.089 Patriotic American eagle.
The Socialists Organize for Struggle

THE SOCIALIST PARTY of the United States called itself in 1928 the party of factory, farm, mine, and office workers: “the producing classes.”1 It proclaimed that every great political struggle in American history had been a struggle for property interests,2 and it called politics a matter of class power.3 The party led by Norman Thomas had a goal toward which to work: the socialist state. How did the leaders of this tiny party expect to attain that goal in a democratic nation? Was its participation in the election of 1928 in any sense a cloak for revolutionary plotting? Did the party descended from Eugene V. Debs and inherited by Morris Hillquit, Norman Thomas, and others really differ in any vital sense from the Workers (Communist) Party? It is important to know the form that Socialists hoped trade union political activity would take in the United States. The basic change they intended to make in the American two-party system needs to be analyzed and weighed. This is an attempt to describe from public and various manuscript materials the fascinating activities of the Socialist Party in the Presidential campaign of 1928.
Radiation exposure from videofluoroscopic swallow studies in children with a type 1 laryngeal cleft and pharyngeal dysphagia: A retrospective review

Abstract Introduction Radiation exposure is recognized as having long term consequences, resulting in increased risks over the lifetime. Children, in particular, have a projected lifetime risk of cancer, which should be reduced if within our capacity. The objective of this study is to quantify the amount of ionizing radiation in care for children being treated for aspiration secondary to a type 1 laryngeal cleft. With this baseline data, strategies can be developed to create best practice pathways to maintain quality of care while minimizing radiation exposure. Methods Retrospective review of 78 children seen in a tertiary pediatric aerodigestive center over a 5 year period from 2008 to 2013 for management of a type 1 laryngeal cleft. The number of videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) per child was quantified, as was the mean effective dose of radiation exposure. The 78 children reviewed were of mean age 19.9 mo (range 4 mo–12 years). All children were evaluated at the aerodigestive center with clinical symptomatology and subsequent diagnosis of a type 1 laryngeal cleft. Aspiration was assessed via VFSS and exposure data collected. Imaging exams where dose parameters were not available were excluded. Results The mean number of VFSS each child received during the total course of treatment was 3.24 studies (range 1–10). The average effective radiation dose per pediatric VFSS was 0.16 mSv (range: 0.03 mSv–0.59 mSv) per study. Clinical significance was determined by comparison to a pediatric CXR. At our facility a CXR yields an effective radiation dose of 0.017 mSv. Therefore, a patient receives an equivalent total of 30.6 CXR over the course of management. Conclusions Radiation exposure has known detrimental effects particularly in pediatric patients. The total ionizing radiation from VFSS exams over the course of management of aspiration has heretofore not been reported in peer reviewed literature. With this study's data in mind, future developments are indicated to create innovative clinical pathways and limit radiation exposure.
Computers and the Law: THIRD PARTY LIABILITY

Introduction There is a great deal of potential third party liability created by activities in cyberspace. Partially this is due to the difficulty in holding persons responsible for their actions on the Internet, either because of international jurisdiction issues, or simply because of an inability to find them due to their anonymity or sheer numbers. As a result, third parties such as service providers and systems operators are often targeted instead. Employers, as well, are often targets of liability for actions of their employees. Cases involving third party liability have been brought in a number of legal areas, including defamation, copyright infringement, trademark infringement, and unfair competition. Defamation and copyright, however, have been the primary source of third party liability claims in cyberspace. Third Party Liability for Defamation Liability of third parties for defamation traditionally depends on whether the court sees the third party as a “publisher,” “distributor,” or “common carrier.” A publisher is presumed to exercise control over the contents of what is published, and is therefore usually liable for those contents. A distributor is presumed not to have control over the contents of what is distributed and is therefore only potentially liable for those contents if the nature of the contents, and any alleged legal problems created by them, is brought to the distributor's attention and the distributor does nothing in response to notification.
Multimodal Genetic Approach for Molecular Imaging of Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Melanoma

In this study, we evaluated a genetic approach for in vivo multimodal molecular imaging of vasculature in a mouse model of melanoma. We used a novel transgenic mouse, Ts-Biotag, that genetically biotinylates vascular endothelial cells. After inoculating these mice with B16 melanoma cells, we selectively targeted endothelial cells with (strept)avidinated contrast agents to achieve multimodal contrast enhancement of Tie2-expressing blood vessels during tumor progression. This genetic targeting system provided selective labeling of tumor vasculature and showed in vivo binding of avidinated probes with high specificity and sensitivity using microscopy, near infrared, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. We further demonstrated the feasibility of conducting longitudinal three-dimensional (3D) targeted imaging studies to dynamically assess changes in vascular Tie2 from early to advanced tumor stages. Our results validated the Ts-Biotag mouse as a multimodal targeted imaging system with the potential to provide spatio-temporal information about dynamic changes in vasculature during tumor progression.
Charge transfer instability in a mixed Ir/Rh honeycomb lattice in Li 2 Ir 1- x Rh x O 3 solid solution

Abstract The solid solution series Li2Ir1-xRhxO3 is synthesized for several values of x between 0 and 1. The compounds possess a monoclinic layered structure (space group C2/m) throughout the solid solution range with the lattice constants following Vegard's relationship. Magnetization and resistivity data below room temperature are presented. The effective magnetic moment (μeff) is reduced below the value obtained by interpolating between the end-members, presumably due to nearest neighbor charge exchange leading to non-magnetic Ir5+/Rh3+ pairs. Surprisingly, the degree of reduction of μeff cannot be explained by a random mixture of Ir and Rh and, in particular, is strongly asymmetric around x = 0.5. This anomalous moment reduction possibly results from the difference in on-site Coulomb repulsion between Ir and Rh ions.
Iktomi: A Character Traits Analysis of a Dakota Culture Myth

Cultural folk stories and myths transmit cultural knowledge; however, the manner in which transmission is accomplished has not been satisfactorily resolved. Using three separate English-language versions of a single Dakota story “Iktomi,” this study presents a novel qualitative method for analyzing folk tales to discern patterns among renderings of stories by different storytellers in various situations. The author analyzed similarities and differences in the three versions of the tale in order to separate idiosyncrasies related to the different tellers from the broader cultural tale itself. The study focused on the coding of character traits to elucidate character roles and relationships which reveal how they are used to represent progressive stages in the Dakota vision quest—one of seven sacred rites of the Dakota people. The author systematically analyzed the codes using simple word counts of individual character traits as well as gendered pronouns and enclitics and considered documenter effect on the individually rendered versions. The findings confirm that the story encodes a framework for the vision quest. The method involved identifying and coding traits exhibited by each story character according to type with regard to representation, ability, or attribute in order to ascertain patterns of relationship among the codes. Then, the reorganization of the coded traits into pairs of polarized correspondences provided more detailed comparison that further clarified relationships among traits. Pronoun and enclitic use pointed to genderspecific activity of characters which analysis of documenter effect reinforced. Emergent patterns from the analyses disclosed a male-specific focus on character activities that IKTOMI: A CHARACTER TRAITS ANALYSIS ii delineate an encoded framework for the vision quest regarded tribally as a male rite of passage. Character traits analysis offers a unique approach for comparing cultural stories rendered in various ways with disparate amounts of detail and for discerning multiple layers of embedded meaning, useful for retrieving, understanding and preserving endangered cultural information. IKTOMI: A CHARACTER TRAITS ANALYSIS iii
Complex DNA Brick Assembly

DNA nanostructures are a useful technology for precisely organizing and manipulating nanomaterials. The DNA bricks method is a modular and versatile platform for applications requiring discrete or periodic structures with complex three-dimensional features. Here, we describe how structures are designed from the fundamental strand architecture through assembly and characterization of the formed structures.
Cinnamic Acid Derivatives Enhance the Efficacy of Transarterial Embolization in a Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We hypothesize that the combination of transarterial embolization (TAE) plus inhibition of lactate export will limit anaerobic metabolism and reduce tumor survival compared to TAE alone. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Rat N1-S1 hepatoma cells were assayed in vitro using the Seahorse XF analyzer to measure extracellular acidification (lactate excretion) comparing effects of the addition of caffeic acid (CA) or ferulic acid (FA) or UK-5099 with control. Monocarboxylate transporter Slc16a3 was knocked down by RNAi. N1S1 tumors were orthotopically implanted in rats and 4 groups evaluated: (1) Control, (2) TAE-only, (3) TAE plus CA, and (4) TAE plus FA. Tumor size was determined by ultrasound and analyzed by repeated measures statistics. Tumors harvested at 4 weeks were examined by microscopy. Seahorse assays showed that CA and FA caused a significant reduction by >90% in lactate efflux by N1S1 tumor cells (p < 0.01). Knockdown of Slc16a3 prevented inhibition by CA. In vivo tumors grew 30-fold in volume over 4 weeks in untreated controls. By comparison, TAE resulted in near cessation of growth (10% in 4-week time period). However, both TAE + CA and TAE + FA caused a significant reduction of tumor volumes (87 and 72%, respectively) compared to control and TAE (p < 0.05). Pathologic evaluation revealed residual tumor in the TAE group but no residual viable tumor cells in the TAE + CA and TAE + FA groups. Addition of CA or FA enhances the effectiveness of TAE therapy for HCC in part by blocking lactate efflux.
Laparoscopic colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to present current trends in laparoscopic colorectal surgery supported by recent literature. METHODS: This paper represents a current opinion on laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The objective is to present a concise insight on selected outcomes of care studies from 1996 to 2006. No systematic review of the evidence available in the literature is provided. RESULTS: Recent studies have shown that both uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis have been treated successfully with laparoscopy. Several factors remain barriers to the generalized practice of laparoscopic total colectomy for ulcerative colitis. However, wider acceptability of laparoscopy for the treatment of Crohn's disease is being reported. A laparoscopic approach is acceptable for treating full-thickness rectal prolapse as it provides recurrence rates equivalent to open surgery. Randomized controlled trials have proven that laparoscopy is also equivalent to conventional surgery for the treatment of colon cancer. Laparoscopic low anterior resection for low rectal cancer is controversial; however, abdominoperineal resection with total mesorectal excision has been demonstrated to be technically feasible. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons with good laparoscopic skills should consider a laparoscopic approach where feasible for benign large intestinal disease. Laparoscopic treatment of colorectal cancer should only be considered by highly trained laparoscopic surgeons along with a program to follow clinical outcomes to ensure that patients achieve results comparable to open surgery.
Total organic halogen (TOX) in human urine: A halogen-specific method for human exposure studies

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are a complex mixture of compounds unintentionally formed as a result of disinfection processes used to treat drinking water. Effects of long-term exposure to DBPs are mostly unknown and were the subject of recent epidemiological studies. However, most bioanalytical methods focus on a select few DBPs. In this study, a new comprehensive bioanalytical method has been developed that can quantify mixtures of organic halogenated compounds, including DBPs, in human urine as total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI). The optimized method consists of urine dilution, adsorption to activated carbon, pyrolysis of activated carbon, absorption of gases in an aqueous solution, and halide analysis with ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spike recoveries for TOCl, TOBr, and TOI measurements ranged between 78% and 99%. Average TOCl, TOBr, and TOI concentrations in five urine samples from volunteers who consumed tap water were 1850, 82, and 21.0μg/L as X-, respectively. Volunteers who consumed spring water (control) had TOCl, TOBr, and TOI average concentrations in urine of 1090, 88, and 10.3μg/L as X-, respectively. TOCl and TOI in the urine samples from tap water consumers were higher than the control. However, TOBr was slightly lower in tap water urine samples compared to mineral water urine samples, indicating other sources of environmental exposure other than drinking water. A larger sample population that consumes tap water from different cities and mineral water is needed to determine TOCl, TOBr, and TOI exposure from drinking water.
Canopy closure after four decades of postlogging riparian forest regeneration reduces cutthroat trout biomass in headwater streams through bottom-up pathways

Recovery from timber harvest is widespread across North America, but few studies have evaluated long-term stream responses to riparian harvest. We revisited five stream reach pairs where in 1976, p...