cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRASNACIONALISMO Y ESTATISMO: MÉXICO E INDIA*

EN ANOS RECIENTES SE ha incrementado la frecuencia de estudio del papel que desempenan las corporaciones trasnacionales en los paises en desarrollo. Una y otra vez, los academicos han buscado contestar la pregunta decisiva de si las naciones del Tercer Mundo se benefician con la presencia de las corpora­ ciones trasnacionales en sus paises. En este articulo tratare­ mos ese tema y compararemos las experiencias de dos paises importantes: Mexico e India. Asimismo, este estudio expon­ dra un paradigma segun el cual se necesita un papel activo del Estado en el sector manufacturero, para asi contar con un poder que sirva de contrapeso a las corporaciones trasnacio­ nales.1 A decir verdad, la intervencion estatal en la forma de empresas de propiedad del Estado tiende, en ultima instancia, a expropiar el capital local en posesion de las firmas privadas, dando paso a empresas de capital mixto y manteniendo a las trasnacionales enfocadas en la tecnologia y transferencias de capital. Sin embargo, primero debemos explorar que es una cor­ poracion trasnacional y por que su presencia y sus practicas en los paises del Tercer Mundo resultan tan controvertidas. Una corporacion trasnacional es una empresa economica que
RNA epigenetics — chemical messages for posttranscriptional gene regulation

Chemical modifications in cellular RNA are diverse and abundant. Commonly found in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and small nuclear (snRNA), these components play various structural and functional roles. Until recently, the roles of chemical modifications within messenger RNA (mRNA) have been understudied. Recent maps of several mRNA modifications have suggested regulatory functions for these marks. This review summarizes recent advances in identifying and understanding biological roles of posttranscriptional mRNA modification, or 'RNA epigenetics', with an emphasis on the most common internal modification of eukaryotic mRNA, N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A). We also discuss YTH proteins as direct mediators of m(6)A function and the emerging role of this mark in a new layer of gene expression regulation.
The Role of Perceived Stress and Health Beliefs on College Students' Intentions to Practice Mindfulness Meditation.

Background: Understanding why individuals decide to participate in mindfulness-based practices can aid in the development of effective health promotion outreach efforts. Purpose: This study investigated the role of health beliefs and perceived stress on the intention to practice mindfulness meditation among undergraduate college students. Methods: Undergraduate college students (N = 101) completed a survey that assessed their perceived stress, health beliefs, and intentions to practice mindfulness meditation. Results: The perceived benefits of mindfulness practice were positively related to intention to practice mindfulness meditation. Perceived stress was positively related to perceived severity and susceptibility to a stress-related problem. Intention to practice mindfulness meditation was positively related to intention to participate in mindfulness training in 3 different formats. Discussion: These findings suggest that it may be important to communicate the perceived benefits of mindfulness-based pra...
Models for Approximate Frame Analysis

The purpose herein is to present mathematical models of three approximation methods for the analysis of irregular plane flexural frameworks. The models are in the form of variable coefficient difference equations plus boundary conditions and thus comprise compact and definitive statements of the methods which are superior in several respects towards description.
AttitudeBuzz: Using Social Media Data to Localize Complex Attitudes

AttitudeBuzz is a system that analyzes and presents complex social attitudes based on geolocated social media data. The system uses a machine learning model to apply highly domain-specific sentiment analysis to such data, specifically Twitter, by learning modulators around a configurable lexicon central to the domain of inquiry. Training data are acquired from geographical areas where a specific attitude or opinion is known to dominate. We apply AttitudeBuzz to the domain of homophobic attitudes expressed on Twitter. The resulting user interface is presented and the machine learning model described and analyzed.
Chasing Two Rabbits: Challenges in Benchmarking Liquid Alternatives

Liquid alternatives are required to compare their performance to a broad-based market index. Despite their objective to offer low correlations with equity returns, these funds provide traditional equity indexes as benchmarks two and a half times more than any other benchmark category. By pursuing strategies unrelated to their primary benchmarks, liquid alternatives can generate significant tracking errors, which cause biased information ratios. We review the challenges of benchmarking liquid alternatives and recommend use of the downside deviation or maximum drawdown. This issue is important, as research shows how performance relative to even a mismatched benchmark is a significant determinant of fund flows.
A Field Study of the Flight Behavior of the Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly

During the summer of 1957 a preliminary effort was made to mark Tiger Swallowtail butterflies (Papilio glaucus glaucus L.) and, after releasing them, to see if any of the marked specimens could be observed at the same location on subsequent days. On August 28 eight males were marked with rubber name and date stamps, using black ink. The yard in southern Maryland where the insects were marked was watched on the following days. One of the marked specimens returned on the second day, and two additional ones were recaptured on the fifth day after being marked. These results were very intriguing and led to a more thorough study in the summer of 1958 to gain information on the behavior of the Tiger Swallowtail butterfly.
Practice smarter... not harder

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Presidential Task Force on Changing Practice in the 21st Century developed a list of practical goals or recommendations that ACOG or our members can implement, to improve practice satisfaction and ensure survival in the twenty-first century. Three areas of focus were 1) Patient Safety and Risk Management; 2) Practice Economics and Efficiencies; and 3) Workforce Changes. Recommendations in each area were subdivided into what ACOG might implement and what members can do themselves. Recommendations for ACOG to consider include enhancing the ACOG Web site; developing model protocols, informed consents, and electronic medical records templates; continue lobbying for tort reform, but also work on alternative concepts; help develop "reentry" guidelines; expand the Practice Management division to provide more tools for practices; and help develop models to allow more practice style diversity. Recommendations for ACOG members were to reduce variation in practice patterns, using standard tools; automate routine tasks with electronic tools; work cooperatively with other providers and practices; participate in emergency drills, "time-outs," and other risk reduction training; mentor new associates; and learn from them too.
Differential cross sections of π − p → γ n for 317, 452, and 491 MeV c incident pion momentum

The differential cross sections of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}n$ at center-of-mass energy $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{E}=1363$, 1337, and 1245 MeV are presented. The angular distributions are compared with recent $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ experiments. Though the cross sections for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}n$ are somewhat lower than those for the inverse reaction, when all uncertainties are considered, we find that our data are in acceptable agreement at all three energies with the inverse reaction determined from $\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}$ ratio measurements, in support of time-reversal invariance. The agreement with bubble-chamber measurements at $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{E}=1363$ and 1337 MeV is less satisfactory. The isotensor dip test applied to our data is inconclusive. Our measurements are compared with many multipole analyses, disagreeing with most, in particular with pure fixed- $t$ dispersion relation calculations. We find no evidence, in the sense suggested by Donnachie, for the classification of the ${P}_{11}(1470)$ resonance in an SU(3) antidecuplet. The data are consistent with a small radiative decay of the ${P}_{11}(1470)$ resonance, as predicted by quark models.
Outcomes of Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Parathyroidectomy is a definitive treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients contemplating this intervention will benefit from knowledge regarding the expected outcomes and potential risks of the currently available surgical options. To appraise and summarize the available evidence regarding benefits and harms of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) and bilateral neck exploration (BNE). A comprehensive search of multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus) from each database’s inception to September 2014 was performed. Eligible studies evaluated patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing MIP or BNE. Reviewers working independently and in duplicate extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. We identified 82 observational studies and 6 randomized trials at moderate risk of bias. Most of them reported outcomes after MIP (n = 71). Using random-effects models to pool results across studies, the cure rate was 98 % (95 % CI 97–98 %, I 2 = 10 %) with BNE and 97 % (95 % CI 96–98 %, I 2 = 86 %) with MIP. Hypocalcemia occurred in 14 % (95 % CI 10–17 % I 2 = 93 %) of the BNE cases and in 2.3 % (95 % CI 1.6–3.1 %, I 2 = 87 %) with MIP (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant lower risk of laryngeal nerve injury with MIP (0.3 %) than with BNE (0.9 %), but similar risk of infection (0.5 vs. 0.5 %) and mortality (0.1 vs. 0.5 %). The available evidence, mostly observational, is at moderate risk of bias, and limited by indirect comparisons and inconsistency for some outcomes (cure rate, hypocalcemia). MIP and BNE are both effective surgical techniques for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. The safety profile of MIP appears superior to BNE (lower rate of hypocalcemia and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury).
Analysis of immune monitoring results of population exposed to rabies in Xinyu city during 2012

This study aims to analyze the population exposed to rabies in Xinyu city during 2012and their immune conditions, and provide a scientific basis for the development of prevention and control strategies about rabies.Descriptive statistical analy- sis on rabies exposure population was done based on surveillance data in Xinyu city of Jiangxi during 2012.During 2012,the general exposure rate was 556.87/100 000,with the most exposure period from July to September,accounting for 31.85%. The age of population exposure concentrated in 40-50years old and 0-10years old,accounting for 19.79% and 16.73%, respectively.Among all cases,classification grade II exposure accounted for 65.67%,gradeⅢ26.08%,gradeⅠ8.25%.A- mong exposed body parts,hands accounted for 39.07%and calf 36.75%;Dogs,which are the mainly wounding animals,ac- counted for 65.26%,followed by rats,accounting for 17.73%.The average IgG antibody positive rates were 60.19% and 92.82%,7days and 15days after rabies vaccine,respectively,which had statistically significant difference.Monitoring results suggest that promoting public awareness of rabies prevention and control and improving rabies vaccine and rabies immune glob- ulin vaccination rate are the keys to rabies prevention and control.
CMOS technology nodes: Trends, challenges, opportunities?

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on CMOS technology nodes. Some of the specific topics discussed include: Dennar's theory of CMOS scaling; device performance output and challenges; referencing Moore's Law regarding CMOS technologies; node cross section designs; value of CMOS scaling; and the CMOS paradigm shift involving device performance,
Study Abroad as Self-Authorship: Globalization and Reconceptualizing College and Career Readiness

Reflecting on current trends impacting higher education today, it is undeniable that pressure exists on institutions of higher education to fulfill the demands and expectations of students to acquire global competencies through curricular and co-curricular global experiences (Hovland 2009). According to the Center for Internationalization and Global Engagement (Center for Internationalization and Global Engagement 2012), one of the fundamental duties of US higher education is to prepare students “to live and work in a society that increasingly operates across international borders” (p. 5).
School Breakfast Program and School Performance

The effects of participation in the school breakfast program by low income children on academic achievement and rates of absence and tardiness are reported from the Department of Pediatrics, Boston City Hospital, Boston, MA.
The Fenix System for Fecal Incontinence: An Overview and Surgical Demonstration.

Abstract Study Objective This video shows a new technique for the surgical management of fecal incontinence using the Fenix Continence Restoration System (TORAX Medical Inc, Shoreview, MN) in 2 patients. Design A step-by-step explanation of the video using videos and pictures (educational video) for surgeons (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting The use of the Fenix System received United States Food and Drug Administration approval under a humanitarian device exemption and can be used with institutional review board approval in patients who have failed previous medical and surgical management of fecal incontinence. The device is a small, flexible band of interlinked titanium, magnetic beads on a titanium string that is placed using a perineal approach around the anal canal. Increased intra-abdominal pressure opens the beads to allow for the passage of stool. Interventions Placement of the device was performed in 2 patients. Case 1 is a 63-year-old woman with a long-standing history of fecal incontinence who failed sphincteroplasty, sacral neuromodulation, and an artificial sphincter cuff and pump. Case 2 is a 60-year-old woman with a long-standing history of fecal incontinence secondary to radiation therapy for rectal cancer who failed physical therapy and sacral neuromodulation. Conclusion Both Fenix Continence Restoration Systems were placed successfully. Long-term postoperative effectiveness is currently being evaluated.
An investigation of a quadratic design criterion for estimation of the hemodynamic response function

ABSTRACTOptimal experimental design for estimation of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) is investigated using a nonlinear model with a quadratic mean squared error design criterion. This criterion is used, along with a genetic algorithm, to select locally optimal designs that are shown to be, in most cases, more efficient than designs selected with the more commonly used linear expansion criterion. These designs are also shown to result in lower overall asymptotic estimator variance and bias. The investigation focuses on a single stimulus type, but the criterion can also be used with multiple stimulus types.
Growth and fresh meat quality characteristics of pigs supplemented with vitamin E.

Crossbred pigs (n = 30) were fed to determine the influence of supplementation with vitamin E on growth and slaughter characteristics of swine and on the quality characteristics of fresh pork. Pigs received either a control diet containing no vitamin E (CON) or a diet formulated to contain 100 mg of vitamin E/kg feed (VITE). During 84 d of feeding, feed intake and weight gain were measured every 2 wk. After the feeding period, pigs were slaughtered and the loin from the left side of each carcass was removed 4 d after death. Alpha-Tocopherol concentration and proximate composition of the longissimus muscle were determined. Loins were sliced into 10-cm sections and stored under vacuum (2 degrees C) for 0, 14, 28, and 56 d. After storage, loins were sliced into 2.54-cm chops, wrapped in polyvinyl chloride film and stored in a retail case (2 to 4 degrees C) for 5 d. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, Hunter L, a, and b values, total plate counts, pH, purge loss, drip loss, cook loss, taste panel characteristics, and visual panel characteristics were evaluated. Growth traits, slaughter characteristics, and proximate composition did not differ (P > .05) between dietary treatment groups. Alpha-Tocopherol concentrations were greater (P .05) by vitamin E supplementation. These results indicated that at the tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations of the present study, vitamin E supplementation of the growing-finishing diet of hogs reduced lipid oxidation in fresh pork but did not influence pork color or tissue drip loss.
PRESERVING THE TINGUIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE: MOTHER TONGUE-BASED MULTI-LINGUAL EDUCATION AS TOOL

Cultural heritage is important to people’s identity and character.Preserving the culture is therefore very important for the future generations. The Tinguians who are the natives of Abra Province have their own culture which is distinct from other Filipino ethnolinguistic groups. Studies on the Tinguians however, show that many of their customs, traditions, practices and beliefs are no longer observed or done. To develop socio-cultural awarenesswhich enhances the pride of the learner’s heritage, language and culture,the Department of Education has institutionalized the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education as its fundamental educational policy and program. This study which is a qualitative research aimed to determine how the program helps in the preservation of the Tinguian culture. The interview guide was used to gather data from the teachers, and officials of the selected public schools in Tinguian communities where the program was piloted.These were complemented by the observations of the researchers when they visited the schools. Based on the findings of the study, the first language or mother tongue of the learners is Ilocano thus the medium of instruction for kindergarten to Grade 3 is Ilocano; some of the teachers are not Tinguians and cannot speak the dialect; there is no working orthography of the Tinguian dialects; there are no available teachers guide, reading and instructional materialsin Tinguian; many of the learners whose parents are Tinguians speak Ilocano with their friends and classmates.
Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in anterior lenticonus due to Alport syndrome

Abstract Purpose We describe a case of bilateral anterior lenticonus in a patient with Alport syndrome treated with femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). Observations FLACS was performed without complication, and a desirable postoperative visual acuity was achieved. Conclusions and importance Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery is an effective approach for managing patients with anterior lenticonus secondary to Alport syndrome.
Bacterial Organization at the Smallest Level: Molecular Motors, Nanowires, and Outer Membrane Vesicles

Bacterial cells do not have many cytoplasmic structures but they do have several nanostructures that have considerable molecular organization. Associated with the plasma membrane of bacteria are the structures that drive the rotation of bacterial flagella and the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These nanostructures perform work for the cell and have been considered as nanomotors or molecular motors. In addition to these rotary nanomotors, bacteria also have linear molecular motors that produce biopolymers and secrete biomaterials across the plasma membrane. While a great deal is known about how these molecular motors work, there remains a lot to understand how bacteria convert chemical energy to mechanical translocation. Outside some bacterial cells there are conductive pili, nanowires, and outer membrane vesicles (OMV). It is clear that nanowires engage in the unique phenomenon of extracellular electron transport. OMV serve to transfer different types of biomaterials to host cells or modify the environment to afford a better area for bacterial growth. This review examines the current organization and activities of bacterial molecular motors, nanowires, and OMV.
Ion implant applications to enable advances in semiconductor technologies

The aggressive scaling of semiconductor technologies with each node generates several opportunities for ion implantation solutions to address key scaling challenges (device performance, SCE, leakage, variability, reliability, etc.). Optimization of ion implantation and integration with annealing and other processes is providing pathways for incorporating new materials and device architectures for advanced nodes.
Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy presenting as abdominal pain: An atypical presentation

Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy is the rarest variant of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. We present a case of reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy presenting as abdominal pain likely due to non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia. A 58-year-old female presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for 2 days. Upon presentation, she was normotensive but tachycardic. Her lactic acid level was 2.8 mmol/L and troponin-T was 0.62 ng/ml. The electrocardiogram showed non-specific ST changes. CT scan of abdomen revealed bowel wall thickening in transverse colon and splenic flexure. Patient was started on aggressive intravenous fluid therapy for possible infectious colitis. The next day, patient started becoming progressively more dyspneic, hypoxic, and hypotensive. A chest X-ray at that time showed signs of severe congestive heart failure. Echocardiogram revealed left ventricular ejection fraction of 20% with akinesis of proximal and mid-ventricular walls. Patient was intubated for hypoxic respiratory failure and started on milrinone infusion for acutely depressed cardiac function. Inotropes were weaned off the next day, and she was successfully extubated on day 4. Subsequently, gastrointestinal symptoms resolved. Cardiac catheterization was performed later during the hospitalization that showed normal coronary arteries. Repeat echocardiogram done 3 months later showed return of cardiac function to normal.
Collaborative service-component integration in cloud manufacturing

The Industrial Internet technologies are anticipated to enable agile manufacturing processes in response to the growing demand for personalised products/services with shorter lifecycles. This trend has resulted in a gradual transformation of traditional ‘tree-like’ and monolithic systems into complex networks of self-contained and autonomous ‘components’ (a.k.a., Internet of things) and ‘services’ (a.k.a., Internet of services). Cloud Manufacturing is an emerging concept that enables modularisation and service-orientation in the context of manufacturing, in which systematic orchestration, matching, and sharing of services and components are the key. This work develops a framework for dynamic integration of manufacturing services and components in a collaborative network of organisations. The framework dynamically recommends the best matching of services, components and organisations, as well as the best collaboration decisions in terms of sharing (shareable) services and/or components between organisation...
Human Suction Blister Fluid Composition Determined Using High-Resolution Metabolomics

Interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds the cells and tissues of the body. Since ISF has molecular components similar to plasma, as well as compounds produced locally in tissues, it may be a valuable source of biomarkers for diagnostics and monitoring. However, there has not been a comprehensive study to determine the metabolite composition of ISF and to compare it to plasma. In this study, the metabolome of suction blister fluid (SBF), which largely consists of ISF, collected from 10 human volunteers was analyzed using untargeted high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). A wide range of metabolites were detected in SBF, including amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, and compounds of exogenous origin. Various systemic and skin-derived metabolite biomarkers were elevated or found uniquely in SBF, and many other metabolites of clinical and physiological significance were well correlated between SBF and plasma. In sum, using untargeted HRM profiling, this study shows that SBF can be a valuable source of information about ...
Metacognition gains in public health graduate students following in-class peer evaluation

AbstractPeer evaluation provides an opportunity to give and receive feedback on work in a structured setting. Instructors can utilise peer evaluation as an opportunity to teach and for students to practice metacognition along with other professional skills. Second year Master of Public Health students in a professional development capstone course participated in a peer evaluation for two writing assignments. Students were administered pre- and post-surveys about their perceptions of peer evaluation. First years were administered the survey as a comparison group. Mixed methods were used to: (1) examine second years’ perceptions of skills gained/practiced after engaging in peer evaluation, (2) compare perceptions of peer evaluation in second to first years, and (3) measure agreement across skills gained following peer evaluation compared to self-reported competencies in their final capstone ePortfolio assignment. Results demonstrate gains in metacognition of professional skills and strong agreement of the s...
Accuracy/computation performance of a new trilateration scheme for GPS-style localization 1

We recently introduced a new geometric trilateration (GT) method for GPS-style positioning. Preliminary singlepoint analysis using simplistic error assumptions indicates that the new scheme delivers almost indistinguishable localization accuracy as the traditional Newton-Raphson (NR) approach. Also, the same computation procedure can be used to perform high-accuracy relative positioning between a reference vehicle and an arbitrary number of target vehicles. This scheme has the potential to enable a) new mission concepts in collaborative science, b) in-situ navigation services for human Mars missions, and c) lower cost and faster acquisition of GPS signals for consumer-grade GPS products. The new GT scheme differs from the NR scheme as follows: 1. The new scheme is derived from Pythagoras Theorem, whereas the NR method is based on the principle of linear regression. 2. The NR method uses the absolute locations (x i , y i , z i )'s of the GPS satellites as input to each step of the localization computation. The GT method uses the Directional Cosines U i 's from Earth's center to the GPS satellite S i . 3. Both the NR method and the GT method iterate to converge to a localized solution. In each iteration step, multiple matrix operations are performed. The NR method constructs a different matrix in each iterative step, thus requires performing a new set of matrix operations in each step. The GT scheme uses the same matrix in each iteration, thus requiring computing the matrix operations only once for all subsequent iterations. In this paper, we perform an in-depth comparison between the GT scheme and the NR method in terms of a) GPS localization accuracy in the GPS operation environment, b) its sensitivity with respect to systematic errors and random errors, and c) computation load required to converge to a localization solution.
131I-MIBG Therapy

Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an analog of guanethidine which has been used for imaging a variety of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). While 131I-MIBG is approved by the FDA for imaging, no reagents are yet approved for therapy. Thus, 131I-MIBG used for therapy trials is either made in accordance with USP regulations or used under an investigational new drug application (IND). Procedure guidelines for the use of 131I-MIBG in therapy have been published. 131I-MIBG is used mostly to treat neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL), and carcinoid tumors. Preparation of patients prior to treatment with 131I-MIBG includes discontinuing therapy with drugs known to interfere with uptake of MIBG by tumor cells. Blocking the thyroid is necessary. Because patients may have nausea and vomiting after administration of MIBG, antiemetics are often administered prior to therapy and in the first 3 days post-administration. To minimize the bladder dose, hydration is encouraged. Candidates for 131I-MIBG therapy should have a reasonable performance status and a life expectancy of at least 3 months. Acceptable hematopoietic parameters are required prior to MIBG therapy. There are no uniform guidelines for selecting or excluding patients from consideration for 131I-MIBG therapy. Most investigators require tumor localization on a diagnostic MIBG scan. Other selection criteria often include evidence of disease progression or symptoms. 131I-MIBG is administered i.v. by pump through a plastic indwelling catheter or central line. Slow administration is a precaution to minimize pharmacologic effects from the unlabeled MIBG. There is no standard activity for therapy. Most studies use fixed activities based on empirical evidence of limited toxicity. Others have used fixed activities adjusted to body weight based on dose escalation studies. Some studies use estimates of dose to radiosensitive organs to define a safe upper limit.
The One-Way Function Technique

No proven one-way functions are known. Not even one. Nonetheless, one-way functions play a central role in complexity theory and cryptography. In complexity theory, one-way functions have been used in the (to date unsuccessful) attempts to show that there exist two NP-complete sets that are not essentially the same set in disguise (i.e., that are not polynomial-time isomorphic). In average-case and worst-case cryptography, one-way functions have been used as key components in the construction of cryptographic protocols.
32. Laparoscopic Segmental Colectomy

Laparoscopic colon resection may be considered whenever resection of a segment of colon is required. Patient positioning, trocar placement, and choice of special equipment are important factors to consider in preoperative planning. Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy can be performed by a lateral-to-medial, medial-to-lateral, or caudal-to-cephalic approach. Laparoscopic left hemicolectomy can be performed by a lateral-to-medial or medial-to-lateral approach. Each approach has its advantages and is described in a stepwise fashion. Some patient and disease factors (obesity, Crohn’s disease, prior abdominal surgery) require added technical skill and strategies. Also, awareness of some common errors and postoperative complications refines the surgeon’s approach to laparoscopic segmental colectomy.
Time for a Review of Automated Programs and Free-to-Air Services – A Copyright Perspective

Recent technological advancements may be seen to influence the making, creation, reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works. For in excess of a decade, Australia has seen the need to carry out several initiatives designed to address the increasing need to regulate copyright in a digital age. This was particularly apparent following WIPO initiatives in 1996, including the WIPO Copyright Treaty which attempted to address the growing concerns connected with the availability of copyrighted materials in the new global information, Australia, in 1999, embarked upon an extensive legislative process. This included the Commonwealth’s Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000 (Cth) and certain legislative changes made to the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). These changes sought to address the concern for enforcement of copyright by owners of copyright in the digital environment with respect, in particular, to the transmission of multiple infringing copies of copyright material using digital technology and the need for technological-neutral provisions. The recent Full Federal Court of Australia Appeal case National Rugby League Investments Pty Ltd v. Singtel Optus Pty Ltd [2012] FCAFC 59 (NRL Investments v. Singtel Optus), shed further light on the interpretation of “maker” pursuant to the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), the importance of this term particularly in the context of identifying “who” as opposed to “how” a copy is made in the context of digital “time shifting,”and the scope of the defence under s 111 — particularly from the perspective of a commercial entity.
Effect of a Combination of Carnitine, Coenzyme Q10 and Alpha-Lipoic Acid (MitoCocktail) on Mitochondrial Function and Neurobehavioral Performance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (P3.313)

Objective: The hypothesis of this FDA-IRB approved open-label pilot trial was that patients with ASD and mt dysfunction would improve clinically and/or biochemically following treatment with a combination of carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid (MitoCocktail). Background: Emerging research has suggested that mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction may play a role in the pathogenesis of some patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Design/Methods: Participants fulfilled DSM-V diagnostic criteria for ASD and had abnormal buccal swab mt RCC (respiratory chain complexes) I and/or IV activity. They were measured through immunocapture and spectrophotometry normalized to citrate synthase activity. Eleven patients (10M, 1F), aged 5–12 years, received MitoCocktail daily during 3 months. Behavioral outcome was evaluated with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2), Autism Spectrum Rating Scale (ASRS) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) at baseline (T1), 3 months into treatment (T2), and 3 months post-treatment (T3). Three scores (subscales/total) from ADOS-2, 3 from ASRS (subscales/total), and 5 (subscales) from ABC were contrasted at T1 vs. T2. Significant changes were compared at T2 vs. T3. RCC I and IV were measured across these time points. For statistical analysis paired t-tests were used. Results: RCC I/IV ratio was significantly (p Conclusions: This small pilot study supports the hypothesis that in ASD MitoCocktail may have a therapeutic benefit, improving mt function and maladaptive behavior and speech. Larger placebo-controlled trials are needed to demonstrate efficacy. Study Supported by: Funded by the Drexel University Clinical and Translational Research Institute (CTRI) Disclosure: Dr. Legido has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goldenthal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garvin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Damle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corrigan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Connell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Valencia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Melvin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khurana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grant has nothing to disclose. Dr. Newschaffer has nothing to disclose.
The EU's controversial digital single market directive

Should copyright enforcement have precedence over the interests of users in information privacy and fundamental freedoms?
The Vexing Volunteer’s Dilemma:

A volunteer’s dilemma exists when a prosocial act such as volunteering leaves the volunteer better off than if no one had volunteered but worse off than if someone else had volunteered. Ideally, a ...
Frailty and Long-Term Post-Kidney Transplant Outcomes

To highlight recent research about frailty and its role as a predictor of adverse, long-term post-kidney transplant (KT) outcomes. Frailty is easily measured using the physical frailty phenotype (PFP) developed by gerontologist Dr. Linda Fried and colleagues. In recent studies, > 50% of KT recipients were frail (20%) or intermediately frail (32%) at KT admission. Frail recipients were at 1.3-times higher risk of immunosuppression intolerance and 2.2-times higher risk of mortality, even after accounting for recipient, donor, and transplant factors; these findings were consistent with those on short-term post-KT outcomes. Pilot data suggests that prehabilitation may be an intervention that increases physiologic reserve in frail KT recipients. PFP is an effective tool to measure frailty in ESRD that improves risk stratification for short-term and long-term post-KT outcomes. Interventions to improve physiologic reserve and prevent adverse KT outcomes, particularly among frail KT recipients, are needed.
Regulatory Obstacles: Confusion, Omission, and Overlap

The current US regulatory system is inhibiting innovation and failing to protect small business borrowers from bad actors. While these problems have long existed, the emergence of fintech has made solving them more urgent. Despite a “spaghetti soup” of regulators overseeing banking, small business borrower protections fall through the cracks. In addition, federal agencies have little oversight over fintech lenders. This chapter examines the emerging issues in small business lending, including inadequate disclosures, high costs, and uncoordinated third-party regulations, which must be addressed in order to create a better small business lending market. Finally, the author points to the lack of data in small business policymaking, and the need to collect more real-time information on this important segment of our economy.
Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Weld Used in Power Plants

High base metal dilution (50 pct) dissimilar metal weld between A508 low-alloy steel and 309L clad layer was fabricated to investigate the effect of extended post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on microstructure and mechanical properties. Extended PWHT at 607 °C caused significant carbon migration and microstructural change across the fusion boundary. Following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours, the carbon-enriched zone exhibited little to no reduction in hardness although 20 pct hardness reduction occurred in the remainder of the first butter layer. This is because tempering of the martensite in the carbon-enriched zone was entirely offset by the formation of a high density of chromium carbides. In contrast, following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours the average hardness of the carbon-depleted zone decreased from 241 HV to 169 HV due to the elimination of martensite, ferrite grain coarsening and carbon depletion. In addition, the extended PWHT significantly enhanced the mismatch in mechanical properties between the carbon-enriched zone (351 HV) and the adjacent carbon-depleted zone (169 HV). The formation of chromium carbides (less than 200 nm in size) in the carbon-enriched zone reduced the carbon concentration in the matrix, generating a continued driving force for carbon migration from A508 steel to the weld metal during PWHT.
I Don’t Sweat my Future: Future-Selves, Personality, and Skin Conductance

Future-selves (both positive and negative) have been shown to be related to self-esteem, efficacy, meaning, continuity, and social acceptance. Control beliefs (beliefs about whether actions can bring about desired outcomes) as well as locus of control (internal or external) may impact how individuals see their future and their perception of what can be done to create or change the future. Machiavellian personality traits are associated with external locus of control, while conscientiousness is associated with internal locus of control. We measured galvanic skin response (GSR), a widely used measure of physiological arousal, in 84 study participants while they described possible future selves, one positive and one negative, and completed questionnaires about personality traits. Higher conscientiousness was associated with lower skin conductance when describing positive future selves, whereas higher scores on the Machiavellian Personality Assessment questionnaire were correlated with lower skin conductance when describing negative future selves. Conscientious individuals are confident in their ability to control their future, thus explaining their lower arousal when describing positive future selves. Machiavellian individuals view the world more negatively but believe they can handle negative situations, thus explaining their lower arousal when describing negative future selves.
Variation in Patient-Reported Advance Care Preferences in the Preoperative Setting.

Background High-quality shared decision-making for patients undergoing elective surgical procedures includes eliciting patient goals and treatment preferences. This is particularly important, should complications occur and life-sustaining therapies be considered. Our objective was to determine the preoperative care preferences of older higher-risk patients undergoing elective procedures and to determine any factors associated with a preference for limitations to life-sustaining treatments. Methods Cross-sectional survey conducted between May and December 2018. Patients ≥55 years of age presenting for a preprocedural evaluation in a high-risk anesthesia clinic were queried on their desire for life-sustaining treatments (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and artificial nutrition) as well as tolerance for declines in health states (physical disability, cognitive disability, and daily severe pain). Results One hundred patients completed the survey. The median patient age was 68. Most patients were Caucasian (87%) and had an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of III (88%). The majority of patients (89%) desired cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, most patients would not accept mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or artificial nutrition for an indefinite period of time. Similarly, most patients (67%-81%) indicated they would not desire treatments to sustain life in the event of permanent physical disability, cognitive disability, or daily severe pain. Conclusions Among older, higher-risk patients presenting for elective procedures, most patients chose limitations to life-sustaining treatments. This work highlights the need for an in-depth goals of care discussion and establishment of advance care preferences before a procedure or operative intervention.
Biochar Simultaneously Reduces Nutrient Leaching and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Restored Wetland Soils

Organic soil amendments such as biochar and compost are thought to improve soil development, but it is unclear whether they affect nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. Using mesocosms, we investigated the effects of biochar and compost on nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions across varying hydrologic regimes. Increased biochar decreased nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions: the highest application rate (10% wt/wt) decreased cumulative phosphate leaching by 63% (SE 1.4), ammonium leaching by 65% (SE 0.8) and nitrate leaching by 92% (SE 0.3). Likewise, 10% biochar application decreased cumulative methane emissions by 92% (SE 3.7), carbon dioxide emissions by 48% (SE 7.0), and nitrous oxide emissions by 89% (SE 4.1). Biochar effects varied with hydrology for each greenhouse gas: stronger reductions in methane and nitrous oxide emissions were observed under waterlogged conditions, whereas stronger reductions in carbon dioxide emissions were observed at field capacity. In contrast with biochar, compost was the largest contributor to nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. These results suggest that biochar is most effective in soils with episodic flooding and drying rather than continuous flooding, and that compost should be avoided. We conclude that biochar can promote desirable functions simultaneously in restored wetland soils.
Developing Benchmarks for Radiation Testing of Microcontroller Arithmetic Units Using ATPG

Reliability-focused benchmarks are used to test systems in harsh operating conditions, including space and terrestrial radiation environment. The sensitivity to single-event effects of a microprocessor in a radiation environment depends on the set of input vectors used at the time of testing due to logical masking. This article analyzes the impact of the input test set on the cross section of the microprocessor and proposes a mechanism to derive a high-quality input test set using automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for radiation testing of microprocessor’s arithmetic and logical units.
An Analytic Philosopher’s Unified Theory of Intersectionality

This chapter develops a unified theory of intersectionality using the methodology of historical analytic rational reconstruction. I begin by responding to a worry for this methodology: that such a process will inevitably misrepresent what intersectionality is. Then I give a brief history of intersectionality, followed by an analysis of intersectionality as comprised of five aspects: (i) intersectionality as structural oppression, (ii) political intersectionality, or the production of competing political exigencies, (iii) intersectional social identities, (iv) intersectionality as critical theory, and (v) intersectionality as praxis. I focus extensively on the central role of Collins’s (Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge, 2002) concept of a matrix of domination and the way in which an oppressive regime of truth sustains and reproduces the matrix of domination consisting of race- and gender-based structural oppression.
Arab Spring Constitution-Making: Polarization and State Building

What determines the balance that democratizing constitutions strike between state capacity and individual rights? Some constitutions deliberately handicap state power to forestall threats to liberty, while others try to empower the government to hold the country together. We answer this question in the context of post-Arab Spring constitution-making, hypothesizing a U-shaped relationship between political polarization in the general public and net state capacity-building provisions in constitutions of new democracies. We test the hypothesis through a controlled case comparison of Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, the three Arab-majority countries in which protestors successfully toppled authoritarian regimes.
SELDOM: A Simple and Efficient Low-cost, Delay-bounded, Online Multicasting

With the advent of multimedia applications, the support of on-line multicasting with quality of service (QoS) guarantees has gained considerable attention in the field of communication networks and distributed systems. The objective of this paper is to investigate on-line QoS-based routing and path establishment schemes to support point-to-multipoint connections in wide area networks. We propose SELDOM, a Simple and Efficient Low-cost Delay-bounded Online Multicasting scheme to support on-line multicasting. The scheme is particularly tailored to networks in which group membership changes frequently.
Wave equation migration velocity analysis by differential semblance optimization

Differential semblance measures the deviation from flatness or focus of image gathers. The differential semblance objective function posed on the sub-surface offset domain responds smoothly to velocity changes. Therefore gradient descent methods are uniquely attractive for velocity updating by differential semblance optimization. Because of their kinematic fidelity, wave equation (depth extrapolation) migration methods are natural platforms for velocity analysis in complex structures. The gradient of the objective function with respect to velocity is fomulated through the adjoint of differential migration. Limited memory BFGS algorithm is used for the velocity optimization. The method for wave equation velocity analysis developed in this thesis study is applied to both synthetic and real data examples.