cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Endurance of Formalism in Middle English Studies

In spite of the historicism that has dominated medieval English literary study for the past two decades, formalist approaches will not go away. Not only is close reading still the default mode of pedagogy for many medievalists, but certain genres (especially the Middle English lyric) still attract formalist criticism. This article argues that historicist criticism has excluded such genres from the current mainstream of literary history, and that, to some extent, the canon of Middle English literature (and, in particular, of Chaucerian production) has been reshaped according to historicist critical and ideological goals. But there remains a place for the study of form, as formal patterns (in the words of the critic Franco Moretti), ‘are what literature uses in order to master historical reality’. Formalist analysis in medieval literary study needs to be reclaimed from its New Critical close reading, but it also needs to be seen as the place where aesthetics and ideology may come together.
Exact reconstruction filters to invert Radon transforms with finite elements

Abstract The new reconstruction filters introduced in this paper make possible various schemes to invert the Radon transform R in R n, and the general integral transform over k-dimensional planes in R m. Potential applications include Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Projection Pursuit techniques in statistics for the exploration of large data sets. The first filter presented here solves a mathematical problem in computed tomography posed by Z. H. Cho and restated by L. A. Shepp and J. B. Kruskal: the construction of a transfer function Φ whose dual Radon transform R ∗Φ reproduces exactly Cho's cylindrical approximate Dirac measure in R 2. This function Φ then provides the basis for a finite element Galerkin-Rayleigh-Ritz method to invert the Radon transform, with least-squares estimates of accuracy. The generalization of Φ to R n exists, but requires singular distributions. A second reconstruction filter Ψ, real analytic, avoids this difficulty, and its dual Radon transform R ∗Ψ equals a Gaussian approximate Dirac measure in R n. The smooth function Ψ unifies the Dirac and Fourier approaches with a common convolution kernel, and allows a rigorous control of pointwise accuracy and random noise with both a priori and a posteriori estimates of error, in both the quadratic and uniform norms. Finally, the same numerical methods extend to invert the k-dimensional integral transform in R m.
Dermatoglyphic inter-and intrapopulation variation among indigenous New Guinea groups

Enga communities of the Papua New Guinea highlands are the subject of detailed intrapopulational analysis of dermatoglyphics. It is found that they have a high incidence of whorls and low incidence of arches and radial loops. Utilizing factor and cluster analysis treatment focuses primarily on the underlying factor and cluster analysis treatment focuses primarily on the underlying factor structure of the dermal features. This conforms very closely to that of African, European and Amerindian populations and, we believe, supports the “universals hypothesis” of Lin et al. (1979) . The interpopulational comparison applies the Harpending & Jenkins (1973) R-matrix technique to digital pattern frequencies from several studies in New Guinea and Australia. The estimated population structure reveals reasonable fit with ethnohistory and geography for the region.
Civil War Politics, Nationalism, and Postwar Myths

(1976). Civil War Politics, Nationalism, and Postwar Myths. The Historian: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 419-438.
Decade of Change: The Remaking of Forest Service Statutory Authority During the 1970s

The 1970s saw unprecedented change in the laws governing the activities of the Forest Service. This study focuses on the legislative process and the circumstances surrounding forest policy-making during the 1970s. Dennis C. Le Master draws on his Capitol Hill experience to point out the various forces that have worked to bring about the many changes in Forest Service law that occurred. He provides insightful commentary on and analysis of the interaction of events, personalities, and policies as they influenced Forest Service law-making in the 1970s and thereby influence the agency today.
Immunohistochemistry of Parasitic Subepidermal Vesiculobullous Disease in American Badgers (Taxidea Taxus)

Some populations of free-ranging American badgers (Taxidea taxus) develop a distinctive seasonal dermatitis due to the subcutaneous filariid Filaria taxideae. Subepidermal vesicles that contain filarial ova develop in thinly haired skin of the inguinal area, proximal thigh, and ventral abdomen. The purpose of this study was to establish by immunohistochemistry whether basement membrane components colocalized with the roof or floor of vesicles and to confirm that filarial ova occur in intradermal vessels. Samples of skin with characteristic F. taxideae-induced subepidermal vesicles were collected from 10 adult male (n = 8) and female (n = 2) badgers. Samples were fixed in formalin for 1-4 days and processed routinely into paraffin wax. Immunohistochemical staining for basement membrane was attempted with anti-collagen IV antibodies (AM168-5M, AR079-5R, AB748) and antilaminin antibodies (MA078-5C, AR078-5R, L-9393). Optimal results in skin from badgers were obtained using a biotin-streptavidin technique and AR079-5R (anti-human collagen IV) and AR078-5R (anti-murine laminin). There was positive staining of the floor of vesicles in 5 of 6 badgers tested with antibodies to laminin and collagen IV. In 5/10 badgers, filarial ova and first stage F. taxideae larvae were found in dilated vascular channels of the upper dermis, and these vessels stained positively for factor VIII-related antigen. The results suggest that F. taxideae-induced subepidermal separation occurs consistently in the lamina lucida portion of the basal lamina and that filarial ova occur in dermal vessels.
Becoming a strategic reader

Abstract An important aspect of learning to read is understanding how to use strategies to aid comprehension. Many actions such as skimming, using context to discern unfamiliar words, and taking notes to aid remembering can promote reading comprehension and learning. In this paper we examine aspects of knowledge and motivation that are critical to becoming a strategic reader. We emphasize that agents are strategic, not actions removed from contexts, and that self-guided learning depends on the intentions, perceptions, and attributions of learners. Learning to read strategically is related to children's cognitive development as well as to the social contexts of instruction. Some suggestions are offered for classroom instruction that can promote children's awareness and use of strategic reading.
Contraconscious Internal Theories Influence Lexical Choice during Sentence Completion

Abstract This paper examines how inner theories (coherent sets of propositional beliefs and attitudes) influence lexical choice. Subjects in one study completed auditorily presented sentence fragments, some of which contained nonhuman antecedents such as dog and cat. Subjects were more likely to use human pronouns rather than it for referring to pets (e.g., parakeet) rather than nonpets (meadow lark), and antecedents that were liked (e.g., America) rather than disliked (Iran), familiar (e.g., a dog) rather than unfamiliar (a wolf), named (e.g., Kelly the Jellyfish) rather than unnamed (the jellyfish), rational (e.g., adult) rather than nonrational (fetus), and engaging in typically human rather than nonhuman activities (e.g., a bee that stores money rather than honey). The beliefs and attitudes underlying these pronoun choices intruded not just hypoconsciously (i.e., with fleeting and irretrievable awareness during processing of the sentences), but contraconsciously (i.e., with characteristics that contradict conscious intentions). A second study examined rapidly generated inferences that influenced what pronoun subjects chose to complete visually presented sentences, such as "When a student practices basketball instead of studying" and "When a student practices ballet instead of studying." The results indicated that inferences from beliefs (that males are likely to practice basketball, whereas females are likely to practice ballet) altered the choice of pronoun from predominately he to predominantly she. Other results indicated that pronouns have semi-autonomous functions of their own, and reflect beliefs and attitudes that vary with subject sex, and are context dependent, pragmatic in nature, and dynamic over time.
THE HARVARD BINOCULAR HEAD

The ability to dynamically control the imaging parameters such as camera position, focus, and aperture is satisfied through the use of special purpose hardware such as a robotic head. This paper presents the design and control aspects of the Harvard Head, a binocular image acquisition system. We present three applications of the head in vision tasks concentrating on the computation of depth from controlled camera motion.
Kinetics of glucose-6-phosphate as an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase.

IN the course of an enzyme investigation of the psoriatic epidermis1, it seemed possible that epidermal phospho-fructokinase (PFK) may be inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). Since the latter is the precursor of the substrate, fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), the following reactions must be taken into account with crude enzyme extracts
Regulated Expression of Tumor-Specific and MHC Class I Antigens in an Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Murine Skin Cancer

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced tumor UV-1591 expresses a novel class I antigen that functions as a tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA). The purpose of this study was to determine whether expression of novel class I TSTA and expression of endogenous class I antigens in UV-1591 are regulated independently or coordinately. Expression of both TSTA and H-2K k antigens increased simultaneously after treatment of UV-1591 cells with either 5-azadeoxycytidine (5-azaC) or interferon-y (IFN-y). Furthermore, the kinetics and pattern of increased expression by 5-azaC and IFN-y were identical for both TSTA and H-2K k antigens. The increased expression of TSTA and class I antigens induced by 5-azaC treatment was constitutive and did not require the continued presence of the drug. In contrast, the increased expression after IFN-y treatment was transient and required the continued presence of IFN-γ. Neither 5-azaC nor IFN-γ caused induction of class II antigens in UV-1591 tumor cells. These results indicate that expression of TSTA and class I antigens in UV-1591 tumor is coordinately regulated, whereas expression of class I and class II antigens is independently regulated.
Synthesis of 2-Methyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, Side Chain to Danofloxacin(1)

Various syntheses of the side chain of the quinolone antibiotic danofloxacin are described. The realization that the N-methyl substitution on the side chain 2-methyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane can reside on either nitrogen, due to the symmetry of the molecule, played a major role in the design of the commercial synthetic route.
Communicating from the edge of the solar system: Centimeter-band transmissions, three-dimensional data compression, and laser-based systems may launch unmanned missions to deep space

Centimeter-band transmissions, three-dimensional data compression, and laser-based systems are discussed for future use in unmanned missions to deep space. Project Galileo, a planned two-in-one spacecraft that is to explore Jupiter and four of its moons as an orbiting weather satellite, while a canonical probe detaches from the orbiter and plunges into the Jovian atmosphere, is highlighted. Details of the Galileo communications link and interplanetary environment are described. The upgrading of NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) is also reported. This network is being upgraded to nine antennas: six 34-meter antennas and three 64-meter ones; and by the time the Galileo craft reaches Jupiter, the DSN 64-meter antennas will have been enlarged to 70 meters. Proposals for more advanced communications links to be used for the late 20th and early 21st century space missions are outlined.
Dysphagia From Extrinsic Compression of Esophagus by Pericardial Effusion

A 96-year-old woman was admitted for evaluation of progressive dysphagia and generalized weakness of 1-year duration. Dysphagia, although initially only to solid foods, had progressed to foods of all consistencies and even plain water ingestion induced vomiting. Past medical history was significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease and iron deficiency anemia. The only medication she was taking was omeprazole. Examination revealed a frail, dehydrated woman with a blood pressure of 91/56 mm Hg. Other vitals were stable. Heart sounds were distant and the rest of the examination was unremarkable. Laboratory tests revealed anemia consistent with iron deficiency. She was hypoalbuminemic (2.9 g/dL). The remaining results were largely normal. Chest x-ray revealed cardiomegaly. Fluoroscopic swallow evaluation showed a normal oropharyngeal response but markedly delayed esophageal clearance suggesting normal swallowing but retention of food inside the esophagus. A barium swallow revealed a smooth, almost complete obstruction of the esophagus below the level of the carina suggestive of extrinsic compression (figure 1A ▶). An esophagogastrodudenoscopy was normal and confirmed mild extrinsic compression in the lower esophagus. A two-dimensional echocardiogram confirmed a large pericardial effusion. Computed tomogram of the chest confirmed the pericardial effusion but did not reveal any other mediastinal or pulmonary pathology (figure 1B ▶). Figure 1. (A) Barium esophagogram with arrows pointing at the smooth filling defect in esophagus suggestive of extrinsic compression. (B) Computed tomographic scan image with arrows pointing to large pericardial effusion. The options for treatment included therapeutic drainage of the pericardial effusion to relieve the pressure on the esophagus and correction of iron deficiency. These were presented to the patient. However, the patient adamantly refused any further workup or treatment, including any means of artificial feeding. She was subsequently transferred to palliative care service where she died the following week.
Coordinates of features on the Galilean satellites

The coordinate systems of each of the Galilean satellites are defined and coordinates of features seen in the Voyager pictures of these satellites are presented. The control nets of the satellites were computed by means of single block analytical triangulations. The normal equations were solved by the conjugate iterative method which is convenient and which converges rapidly as the initial estimates of the parameters are very good.
Tutorial T3: Low Power Design Techniques for Nanometer Design Processes - 65nm and Smaller

Power has become one of the most important paradigms of design convergence for future microprocessor and ASIC/SOC designs. In this tutorial we present the importance of low power microprocessor/SOC design from the high level microarchitectural, RTL, gate level to transistor level design. We cover the conflicting goals of performance vs low power, routinely faced by designers today. Embedded microprocessor/SOC designs are particularly dictated by standby and max/thermal design power and battery life constraints and not performance/frequency alone. Designing with the power envelope is a standard challenge even for the high end server platforms. Performance/watt or MlPS/watt is the design metric of today that we focus on. We cover the main components of leakage power and how does the transistor design determines whether the extreme stringent battery life requirements determined by standby and average power are met. A short discussion of different process variants for various types of applications will also be discussed followed by an introduction of shadow latches and state retention techniques used by microprocessors and DSPs of today. Tradeoff between amount of state retained and the exit latency of the processor from deep sleep/standby states will be discussed. We also cover all areas of focus for low power optimization and design: active power reduction techniques, various leakage power reduction techniques, different types of power optimization techniques from clock gating, clock tree optimization, state assignment for lower power during synthesis, long channel device insertion, multi Vt designs, gate sizing and power optimization based on positive slack in timing to name a few. We also cover the various low power friendly circuit design families as well as various techniques to reduce active power like dynamic voltage scaling, thermal throttling, sleep transistor based shutdown for various blocks like the memory hierarchy. Last but not the least we cover the whole suite of EDA tools geared towards low power estimation and optimization from the ESL domain to layout optimization for low power.
Permafrost and Related Engineering Problems: ABSTRACT

Permafrost or permanently frozen ground is a widespread phenomenon in the northern hemisphere. About one-fifth of all land area of the world is underlain by permafrost. Wherever present, permafrost affects in one way or another (or is itself affected by) every field of human endeavor. The consideration of permafrost is vital in planning transportation routes, settlements, pipelines, drilling operations, etc. Roads, railroads, and buildings, inappropriately located or improperly designed and built, are likely to be damaged and rendered useless. Drilling tools may freeze in the hole, causing the abandonment of a project. In the permafrost area, the problem of water supply claims foremost attention. Stresses that develop in freezing ground may exceed 2,000 kilograms per square centimeter. Just as the Russians have done in the past, we are learning, in the hard way, that it is uneconomical if not futile to "fight" the natural forces of frost by using stronger materials, more rigid designs, or to resort to periodic and costly repairs, which rarely if ever succeed in a permanent righting of the situation. Successful solution of permafrost problems depends on a thorough understanding and correct quantitative evaluation of the component elements and on the planning of the project in such a way that the frost forces are utilized to play into the hand of the engineer and not against it. A thorough and comprehensive survey of the permafrost conditions should therefore constitute a prelim nary and an integral part of any engineering project. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2089------------
Vortex–leading-edge interaction

Visualization of successive vortices impinging upon the leading edge of a wedge reveals patterns of deformation of each incident vortex; for certain offsets of the edge with respect to the incident vortex there is pronounced vortex shedding from the leading edge, whereby the shed vortex has a vorticity orientation opposite to that of the incident vortex. Simultaneous consideration of this visualization interaction and the force induced on the wedge gives the relation between the nature of the interaction mechanism and the relative magnitude and phase of the force exerted on the wedge. The amplitude of the induced force is found to be a strong function of the transverse offset of the leading edge with respect to the incident vortex and the degree of vorticity shedding from the leading edge. Application of Stuart's vortex model to the incident vortices provides a means for approximating the phase and relative amplitude of the induced force as a function of the transverse offset of the leading edge.
Impacts of simulated climate change and fungal symbionts on survival and growth of a foundation species in sand dunes

For many ecosystems, one of the primary avenues of climate impact may be through changes to foundation species, which create habitats and sustain ecosystem services. For plants, microbial symbionts can often act as mutualists under abiotic stress and may mediate foundational plant responses to climate change. We manipulated the presence of endophytes in Ammophila breviligulata, a foundational sand dune species, to evaluate their potential to influence plant responses to climate change. We simulated projected climate change scenarios for temperature and precipitation using a growth chamber experiment. A 5 °C increase in temperature relative to current climate in northern Michigan reduced A. breviligulata survival by 45 %. Root biomass of A. breviligulata, which is critical to dune stabilization, was also strongly reduced by temperature. Plants inoculated with the endophyte had 14 % higher survival than endophyte-free plants. Contrary to our prediction, endophyte symbiosis did not alter the magnitude or direction of the effects of climate manipulations on A. breviligulata survival. However, in the absence of the endophyte, an increase in temperature increased the number of sand grains bound by roots by 80 %, while in symbiotic plants sand adherence did not significantly respond to temperature. Thus, plant–endophyte symbiosis actually negated the benefits in ecosystem function gained under a warmer climate. This study suggests that heat stress related to climate change in the Great Lakes may compromise the ability of A. breviligulata to stabilize dune ecosystems and reduce carbon storage and organic matter build-up in these early-successional systems due to reduced plant survival and root growth.
Checking properties of safety critical specifications using efficient decision procedures

Abstract : The increasing use of software in safety critical systems entails increasing complexity, challenging the safety of these systems. Although formal specifications of real-life systems are orders of magnitude simpler than the system implementations, they are still quite complex. It is easy to overlook problems in a specification, ultimately compromising the safety of the implementation. Since it is error-prone and time consuming to check large specifications manually, mechanical support is needed. The challenge is to find the right combination of deductive power (i.e., how rich a logic and what theories are decided) and efficiency to complete the verification in reasonable time. In addition, it must be possible to explain why a proof fails. As an initial approach to solving this problem, we have adapted the Stanford Validity Checker (SVC), a highly efficient, general-purpose decision procedure for quantifier-free first-order logic with linear arithmetic, to check the consistency of specifications written in Requirements State Machine Language (RSML). We have concentrated on a small but complex part of version 6.04a of the specification of the (air) Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II). SVC was extended to produce a counter-example in terms of the original specification. The efforts discovered an undesired inconsistency in the specification, which the maintainers of the specification independently discovered and subsequently fixed in the most recent version. The case study demonstrates the practicality of uncovering problems in real-life specifications with a modest effort, by selective application of state-of-that-art formal methods and tools. The logic of SVC was sufficiently expressive for the properties that we checked, but more work is needed to extend the class of formulae that SVC decides to cover the properties found in other parts of the TCAS II specification.
The Effects of Laser Forming on NiTi Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys

This work focuses on application of the laser forming process to NiTi shape memory alloys. While all NiTi shape memory alloys exhibit both superelasticity and the shape memory effect, this study is restricted to a temperature range over which only the superelastic effect will be active. Specifically, this work addresses laser forming induced macroscopic bending deformations, postprocess residual stress distributions, and changes in microstructure. Like traditional ferrous alloys, the laser forming process may be used as a means for imparting desired permanent deformations in superelastic NiTi alloys. How-ever, this process, when applied to a shape memory alloy also has great potential as a means for shape setting "memorized" geometric configurations while preserving optimal shape memory behavior. Laser forming may be used as a monolithic process, which imparts desired deformation while maintaining desired material behavior. Characterization of the residual stress field, plastic deformation, and phase transformation is carried out numerically and is then subsequently validated via experimental results.
Fixed points of automorphisms of free groups

Abstract The set of fixed points of an automorphism of a finitely generated free group is a finitely generated group, settling a conjecture of G. P. Scott's.
An Adaptable Standard for Protein Export from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

To provide an integrated view of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function in protein export, we have described the interdependence of protein folding energetics and the adaptable biology of cellular protein folding and transport through the exocytic pathway. A simplified treatment of the protein homeostasis network and a formalism for how this network of competing pathways interprets protein folding kinetics and thermodynamics provides a framework for understanding cellular protein trafficking. We illustrate how folding and misfolding energetics, in concert with the adjustable biological capacities of the folding, degradation, and export pathways, collectively dictate an adaptable standard for protein export from the ER. A model of folding for export (FoldEx) establishes that no single feature dictates folding and transport efficiency. Instead, a network view provides insight into the basis for cellular diversity, disease origins, and protein homeostasis, and predicts strategies for restoring protein homeostasis in protein-misfolding diseases.
Enterprise resource planning: Managing the implementation process

Abstract Over the past few years, thousands of companies around the world have implemented enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Implementing an ERP system is generally a formidable challenge, with a typical ERP implementation taking anywhere from one to five years. The story of the success of ERP systems in achieving the stated objectives is mixed. Some companies have had very successful implementations while others have struggled. This paper empirically investigates and identifies key differences in the approaches used by companies that managed their implementations on-time and/or on/under-budget versus the ones that did not using data collected through a survey of US manufacturing companies that have implemented ERP systems. Logistic regressions are used to classify on-time and on/under-budget firm groups based on the survey responses and to identify the significant variables that contribute to on-time and on/under-budget implementation performance. The results indicate that many different factors ranging from pre-implementation planning to system configuration influence performance, which managers should be sensitive about when implementing major systems like ERP.
Kinetic study of the 2,2-dimethyl-3-buten-1-yl to 2-methyl-4-penten-2-yl radical rearrangement in the temperature range 37–74°C

The tin hydride method was used to determine the rates of the title rearrangement over the temperature range 37–74°C; the data was combined with the previously reported low temperature kinetic studies to give a new temperature dependent function: at 25°C the calculated rate constant is 5.0 × 106 sec-1
Strategies for Citizen Participation and Empowerment in Non-profit, Community-Based Organizations

In community development, there is a consensus that citizen participation, empowerment, and linking community residents and clients of organizations to the political system are important goals. There is also a great deal of empirical evidence that verifies the effectiveness of empowerment in communitybased organizations. However, little of this literature explicates the actual activities that are required to implement this approach. This paper examines strategies that can be used by non-profit, communitybased organizations to encourage participation in organizational and political decision-making. A conceptual model is described that links citizen participation with specific outcomes associated with empowerment-enhancing activities in community-based organizations.
Magnetoinertial Oscillations of Jupiter’s Inner Radiation Belt

Quasi-periodic 40 minute (QP-40) bursts of both relativistic electrons (energy E ~ 10 MeV) and radio emissions (frequency ν 700 kHz) from the south Jovian pole were detected by the instrument onboard the Ulysses spacecraft at high jovigraphic latitudes (~30-40 S°). We show here that Jupiter's inner radiation belt (IRB) may oscillate globally with a quasi-period of ~40 minutes or so and propose that, as results of asymmetries and small-scale circumpolar magnetic irregularities/anomalies, a fraction of relativistic electrons normally trapped within the IRB may go astray from a roughly circular zone surrounding the Jovian magnetic pole during certain phases of such IRB magnetoinertial oscillations. The escaped relativistic electrons rapidly convert their transverse motions to (anti)parallel motions along the magnetic field lines by the mirror force. The observed QP-40 radio bursts are closely associated with such QP-40 leaks of relativistic electrons in near-antiparallel motions. Our prediction for QP-40 magnetoinertial oscillations of the IRB can be tested by directly observing variations of IRB decimetric brightness using ground-based radio telescopes, especially upon the arrival of high-speed solar winds at Jupiter. Several relevant aspects of this scenario are also discussed.
An asymptotic theory of condensed phase combustion with inert melting

Abstract We derive an asymptotic model for the propagation of a combustion wave through a mixture of solid reactants in the presence of an inert diluent which melts in the reaction zone. We show how melting affects the steady, adiabatic, planar flame speed and the structure of the combustion wave. We also investigate the effect of melting on the linear stability of the steady, planar solution.
Phosphorylation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in leukemic cells.

Abstract Phosphorylation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase within leukemic cells has been demonstrated, using 32 P labelling of intact cells in culture, followed by immunoprecipitation of the cellular extracts using an anti-terminal transferase antiserum. The phosphate linkage was found to involve serine and threonine residues. Purified calf thymus terminal transferase served as a substrate for cyclic AMP independent protein kinase obtained from leukemic cells. Phosphorylation in vitro of terminal transferase was accompanied by increased activity and decreased inhibition by excess ribo-ATP. These results indicate that terminal transferase is a physiologic cyclic AMP independent protein kinase substrate, and that this reaction may be important in its control.
Fixed points, separation, and induced topologies for fuzzy sets

The theory of fuzzy sets was initiated by L. Zadeh [13] as an attempt to develop a mathematically precise framework in which to treat systems or phenomena which, due to intrinsic indefiniteness-as distinguished from mere statistical variation-cannot themselves be characterized precisely. Interest has been aroused in the application of these ideas to such fields as pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, optimization, and decision theory [l, 3, 5, 6, 10-121. In this paper, our purpose is three-fold. First, we consider how a topology for a set 3 may give rise to an “induced fuzzy topology” for S, thus characterizing the fuzzy subsets of % which may naturally be considered “open” and at the same time furnishing a concrete class of examples of the “fuzzy topologies” defined by C. L. Chang [4]. V arious properties of fuzzy sets in the presence of an induced fuzzy topology are studied. Next, we use these ideas to prove a generalization to fuzzy sets of the Schauder-Tychonoff Theorem, which asserts that every continuous selfmapping of a compact convex subset of a locally convex linear topological space has a fixed point. Finally, after noting that the “Fuzzy Separation Theorem” of Zadeh [13] admits of a counterexample, wetagain embloy the notion of “induced fuzzy topology” to prove a revised vers& of that theorem for appropriate fuzzy subsets of a linear topological space.
Influence of Tacrolimus and Prednisone on Serum Lipids After Liver Transplantation

Background Hyperlipidemia after orthotopic liver transplant is thought to be the result of the immunosuppression therapy given postoperatively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum lipid levels pretransplant, 4 months, and 12 months posttransplant. Methods A retrospective chart review of 50 patients after liver transplantation was completed. Pretransplant serum lipid levels (triglyceride, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein [HDL]) were compared with values at 4 months and 12 months posttransplantation. Pretransplant serum lipid levels were compared using one factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. Values between the viral, alcohol, and cholestatic groups were compared using two-factor ANOVA model. Results Of the 50 patients (22 females, 28 males) with a mean age of 52 years (range, 16 to 69 years), all 50 had completed their 12-month follow-up at the time of this study. The etiology of liver disease included: viral hepatitis (21), alcohol (8), primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis (7), and others (14). The protocol for immunosuppression included tacrolimus and prednisone. Mean serum triglyceride levels included: 134 mg/dL pretransplant, 155 mg/dL at 4 months, and 169 mg/dL at 12 months posttransplant (p = .117). Mean total serum cholesterol levels included: 174 mg/dL pretransplant, 165 mg/dL at 4 months, and 163 mg/dL at 12 months posttransplant (p = .654). Mean HDL levels included: 39 mg/dL pretransplant, 45 mg/dL at 4 months and 44 mg/dL at 12 months posttransplant (p = .032). There was not a significant difference in serum lipids between the different categories of liver diseases. Conclusions Although a significant positive effect was observed with HDL, the present data show that total serum cholesterol and triglyceride did not change significantly over time after orthotopic transplantation. This is most likely related to the type of immunosuppressive therapy given posthepatic transplantation.
Music and Cognitive Science

It has always been controversial to make a sharp distinction between the philosophical and the psychological approaches to aesthetics; and the revolution brought about by cognitive science has led many to believe that the philosophy of art no longer controls a sovereign territory of its own. To take one case in point: recent aesthetics has addressed the problem of fiction, asking how it is that real emotions can be felt towards merely imagined events. Several philosophers have tried to solve this problem by leaning on observations in psychology – Jenefer Robinson, for example, exploring the domain of pre-conscious and non-rational responses, and Greg Currie, invoking simulation theory from the realm of cognitive science. I am not yet persuaded that either has succeeded in solving the philosophical question: but the fact that such sophisticated and well-informed philosophers should begin from studies in empirical psychology says much about how the subject of aesthetics has changed since the early days of linguistic analysis.
On the large-scale structure of Hickson compact groups of galaxies.

: We present a study on the integral two-point correlation functions of Hickson compact groups of galaxies. The results show no evidence that these objects form large-scale structures beyond 10h−1 Mpc. Their clustering is much weaker than that expected from the universal dimensionless correlation function for galaxy associations, but is overall more similar to that of galaxies. The results suggest that either Compact Groups are not real physical systems or their “seeding” is very different from that of other galaxy associations.
Locating the magnetic center of the SSC CDM using a temporary quadrupole field

For the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) to meet its physics requirements, the magnetic center of each collider dipole magnet (CDM) must be accurately aligned. A technique has been developed to determine the magnetic center of the SSC dipole magnet under ambient test conditions. This technique involves flowing current in the upper half of the coils in the direction opposite to the current in the lower half. This is done using a temporary lead connected to the splice joining the two coil halves and two matched power supplies. The resulting field is primarily skew quadrupole and has high field gradients which allow the center to be accurately located. The viability of this method has been verified by analysis using a Taylor series expansion of the resulting magnetic field. The analysis has also verified that off-the-shelf power supplies have low enough mismatch to be used in this technique. The analytical results have been verified through the test of a short dipole magnet at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. >
Time domain numerical simulation for transient waves on reconfigurable coprocessor platform

A successful application-oriented reconfigurable coprocessor design requires not only a powerful FPGA-based computing engine along with suitable hardware architecture, but also an efficient algorithm tailored for this special application. In this paper, we present our hardware architecture and numerical algorithms designed to speedup the time-domain finite-difference simulation of linear wave propagation problems in 2D and 3D space on FPGA-based reconfigurable platforms. Application fields of this work include seismic modeling and migration, computational electromagnetics, aeroacoustics, marine acoustics, to name a few. By writing first-order linear wave equations into second-order form, we halve the number of unknowns and simplify the treatment of parameters. We also adopt higher-order finite-difference (FD) schemes to further reduce the number of unknowns at the cost of increasing floating-point computations per discrete grid point. By doing so, we relief the bandwidth requirements between the FPGA and onboard memories but put more burden on the computing engine to take full advantage of FPGA's computational potentials. The speed of our design implemented on a Xilinx ML401 Virtex-4 evaluation platform is about 1.5/spl sim/4 times faster than a pure software implementation of the same algorithm running on a 3.0 GHz DELL workstation. This impressive result is mainly attributed to the memory architecture design, which is well-tuned for our numerical higher-order FD algorithms and can utilize onboard memory bandwidth more wisely. Furthermore, the good scalability of our design makes it compatible with most commercial reconfigurable coprocessor platforms and correspondingly, the performance would be proportional to their onboard memory bandwidth.
Dissection of a retrovirus envelope protein reveals structural similarity to influenza hemagglutinin

Abstract Background: The amino-acid sequences of retroviral envelope proteins contain a ‘4– 3 hydrophobic repeat', with hydrophobic amino acids spaced every four and then every three residues, characteristic of sequences that form coiled coils. The 4– 3 hydrophobic repeat is located in the transmembrane subunit (TM) of the retroviral envelope protein, adjacent to the fusion peptide, a region that inserts into the host bilayer during the membrane-fusion process. A 4– 3 hydrophobic repeat region in an analogous position of the influenza hemagglutining protein is recruited to extend a three-stranded coiled coil during the conformational change to the fusion-competent state. To determine the conformation of the retroviral TM subunit and the role of the 4– 3 hydrophobic repeat, we constructed soluble peptide models of the envelope protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV). Results The region of the MMLV TM protein external to the lipid envelope (the ectodomain) contains a stably folded, trimeric, protease-resistant core. As predicted, an α -helical segment spans the 4–3 repeat. A cysteine-rich region carboxy-terminal to the 4– 3 repeat confers a dramatic increase in stability and displays a unique disulfide bonding pattern. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the MMLV TM subunit can fold into a stable and distinct species in the absence of the receptor-binding ‘surface' co-subunit (SU) of the envelope complex. As the SU subunit is readily shed from the surface of the virus, we conclude that the TM subunit structure forms the core of the MMLV membrane-fusion machinery, and that this structure, like the fusion-active conformation of influenza hemagglutinin, contains a three-stranded coiled coil adjacent to the fusion peptide.
Psychological Acculturation of Ethnic Minorities Into White Anglo American Culture: Consequences and Predictors1

The United States is comprised of a patchwork of ethnic groups. To varying degrees, such groups have become acculturated into the White Anglo American culture. Our study is an attempt to examine the consequences and predictors of psychological acculturation. The data were taken from 320 students attending a large state university on the West Coast of the United States. Our results show that grade point average (GPA) and income earned were positively related to psychological acculturation. Religion, ethnicity, age of entry to the United States, enrollment in a graduate program, and self-esteem affected psychological acculturation. The implications of the results are discussed.
Characterization of anisotropy in high angular resolution diffusion-weighted MRI†

The methods of group theory are applied to the problem of characterizing the diffusion measured in high angular resolution MR experiments. This leads to a natural representation of the local diffusion in terms of spherical harmonics. In this representation, it is shown that isotropic diffusion, anisotropic diffusion from a single fiber, and anisotropic diffusion from multiple fiber directions fall into distinct and separable channels. This decomposition can be determined for any voxel without any prior information by a spherical harmonic transform, and for special cases the magnitude and orientation of the local diffusion may be determined. Moreover, non-diffusion-related asymmetries produced by experimental artifacts fall into channels distinct from the fiber channels, thereby allowing their separation and a subsequent reduction in noise from the reconstructed fibers. In the case of a single fiber, the method reduces identically to the standard diffusion tensor method. The method is applied to normal volunteer brain data collected with a stimulated echo spiral high angular resolution diffusion-weighted (HARD) acquisition.
Ontogeny of digestion in Daphnia: implications for the effectiveness of algal defenses

Models of feeding and digestion predict that increased body size should result in longer gut passage time and improved assimilation efficiency. We examined the implications of digestion theory for size-structured interactions in a generalist zooplankton herbivore by studying the relationships between body size, ingestion rate, gut passage time (GPT), assimilation efficiency (AE), and growth rate in a clone of Daphnia pulex feeding on seven taxa of green algae that differed in digestibility. We also tested the effect of varying food concentration on GPT and AE while keeping body size constant. Food quality varied markedly among algal taxa, with mean juvenile growth rates at high food concentrations (1-2 mg/L) ranging from 0.10 to 0.61 d � 1 . Juvenile growth rate for high food concentrations was highly correlated with juvenile AE (r 2 ¼ 0.96), verifying the importance of digestibility for food quality. AE, measured with 14 C-labeled algae, increased with increasing age and body size for each of four digestion-resistant taxa but did not vary with age and body size for three readily digested algae. GPT decreased with decreasing body size, supporting the hypothesis that shorter GPT in juveniles leads to lower AE for digestion-resistant resources. Lower food concentrations led to increased GPT and improved AE for juveniles feeding on two digestion- resistant algae, providing further support for a role of longer gut retention in overcoming digestion defenses. The results suggest that increased abundance of digestion-resistant food will lead to growth and recruitment bottlenecks for juvenile herbivores, but that the effectiveness of digestion defenses will be decreased when large-bodied grazers predominate and when low food concentrations result in longer gut passage times. Gut processing constraints may favor either high concentrations of slow-growing, digestion-resistant resources or low concentrations of fast-growing, undefended resources.
Scanning electron microscopic characterization of healing and normal rat ligament microstructure under slack and loaded conditions.

The objective of this study was to observe and compare behavior of the collagen fiber microstructure in normal and healing ligaments, both in situ and ex vivo, in order to add insight into the structure‐function relationship in normal and healing ligaments. Fifty-two ligaments from 26 male rats were investigated. Eleven animals underwent surgical transection of both medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) (22 ligaments), which were allowed to heal for a period of 2 weeks. An additional 15 animals (30 ligaments) were used as normals. Ligaments were placed into six groups: Slack (n = 6 control, n = 6 healing), Reference (n = 4 control, n = 4 healing), Loaded (n = 4 control, n = 4 healing), 15 ‐ Flexion (n = 4 control, n = 4 healing), 120 ‐ Flexion (n = 4 control, n = 4 healing), and Tissue Strain vs. Flexion Angle (n = 8 normals). All ligaments, except those in the Tissue Strain vs. Flexion Angle group, were prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Tissues were harvested, mounted in a load frame, and chemically fixed in one of five states: (1) slack, (2) reference (onset of loading), (3) loaded, (4) 15 ‐ knee flexion, or (5) 120 ‐ knee flexion. After fixation the tissues were prepared for electron microscopy (SEM). The micrographs from the slack, reference, and loaded groups show fiber straightening with loading in normal ligaments as well as in both scar and “retracted” regions of healing ligaments. Collagen fibers’ diameter and crimp patterns were dramatically changed in the scar region of healing ligaments: Width decreased from