cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Observations on Development of a Colony of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rabbits.

Summary(1) Two new generations of spontaneously hypertensive rabbits showed about the same incidence of elevated systolic pressures as their progenitors at 6 and 8 months of age, 58 and 71% respectively. At 4 months, mean systolic pressure in the 2 new generations was significantly higher than in their progenitors at same age. (2) Male rabbits of the new generations in all 3 age groups had higher mean systolic values than females and than their male or female progenitors. (3) Direct arterial pressure measurements in a group of spontaneously hypertensive rabbits showed average diastolic pressure to be 10 mm Hg higher and systolic pressure 30 mm Hg higher than in normo tensive stock rabbits. (4) Direct arterial recordings from unanesthetized animals demonstrated spontaneously hypertensive rabbits to have larger Traube-Hering waves than normotensives. (5) The presence of interstitial nephritis in normotensive as well as spontaneously hypertensive animals precludes it as an etiological factor in the developme...
Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Enables Characterization of Branched Ubiquitin Chains

Protein ubiquitylation, one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications in eukaryotes, is involved in regulating nearly every cellular signaling pathway. The vast functional range of ubiquitylation has largely been attributed to the formation of a diverse array of polymeric ubiquitin (polyUb) chains. Methods that enable the characterization of these diverse chains are necessary to fully understand how differences in structure relate to function. Here, we describe a method for the detection of enzymatically derived branched polyUb conjugates in which a single Ub subunit is modified by two Ub molecules at distinct lysine residues. Using a middle-down mass spectrometry approach in which restricted trypsin-mediated digestion is coupled with mass spectrometric analysis, we characterize the polyUb chains produced by bacterial effector E3 ligases NleL (non-Lee-encoded effector ligase from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7) and IpaH9.8 (from Shigella flexneri). Because Ub is largely intact aft...
Psychology's Influence on Constitutional Interpretation A Comment on How to Succeed

When organized psychology files amicus briefs with the Supreme Court and other courts, it does so for a variety of reasons and seeks to advance a number of policy objectives. The thesis of this article is that pursuit of some of those objectives is improper and that their pursuit threatens to defeat other objectives. Psychology's expertise is not in constitutional analysis; it is in the study of human behavior. As a practical matter, to pretend to do the former is to weaken our effectiveness in describing the latter. In public interest cases, when acting as a true friend of the court, APA's obligation is to share with the court what empirical research and theory tell us about human behavior, and not to argue for any particular outcome of the case before the court.
Application of coupled-mode theory to nonparailel sections of directional couplers

Coupled-mode theory is widely used for the analysis of directional couplers (see, e.g. Ref. 1) as well as diode laser arrays (see, e.g. Ref. 2). In this type of analysis one usually considers a section consisting of two (or more) parallel waveguides situated close enough so that the power transfer among neighboring guides can occur. However, in many cases, such as in Y-coupled arrays3 or as In directional couplers, where the guides must be brought together before the parallel section and then separated at the output end of the coupler, it is also important to consider nonparallel sections of the device.
Study of Acoustic Density Characterization for the Quantitative Evaluation of Myocardial Injury in Viral Myocarditis

Objective: To explore the value of acoustic density(AD) characterization in the recognition of inflammation myocardium in viral myocarditis.Methods: Thirty healthy children and 31 children with viral myocarditis were studied with AD technique from January 2000 to august 2004,all the patients met the diagnostic criteria of national viral myocarditis and had regional ventricular wall abnormality(RVWM) determined by Doppler tissue imaging(DTI),and 18 cases of all the patients examined with Single Photon Emitting Computerized Tomography(SPECT).The measurement parameters of AD included average imaging intensity(AII),peak to peak intensity(PPI) and standard deviation imaging(SD).Results: The AD value of myocardium varied cyclically according with cardial cycle,which was maximum in end-diastolic period and minimum in end-systolic period.AII of RVWM area was significantly higher in the acute stage of myocarditis than that in the recovery stage(T=3.12,P0.05),while no significant difference in PPI was found(T=(1.12,) P0.05).Conclusion: AD characterization of inflamed myocardial area is far different from healthy myocardium,therefore.It have significant effect of identifying abnormal myocardium in viral myoarditis.
Analysis on Influencing Factors of HCV Infection Among the Population in Yanbian Prefecture

Objective To investigate the factors influencing HCV infection among the population in Yanbian Prefecture.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted and HCV antibody was tested among 802 individuals randomly sampled from 8 counties in Yanbian Prefecture.The individuals with HCV antibody-positive were considered to be HCV group,while the individuals with HCV antibody-negative were served as the control group.And the risk factors of HCV were analyzed.Results Univariate analysis showed that HCV infection was statistically related to age,nationality,occupation,educational level,annual household income,sharing a household with someone who had hepatitis C,history of transfusion,history of surgery,and history of dental filling or tooth extraction.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified 4 factors influencing HCV antibody-positive: age,occupation,nationality and sharing a household with someone who had hepatitis C.Conclusions Age,occupation,nationality and sharing a household with someone who has hepatitis C are the influencing factors for HCV infection in the population in Yanbian Prefecture.
Purchasing Leisure Travel: A Model of the Decision-Making Process Based on Asian Sources

This paper identifies inputs intc the decision-making process used by Asian travelers when purchasing vacation packages. Based on these inputs, a model is created that accounts for both the subjective and objective dialectics that make up the buying decision. Throughout, the paper uses elements of the model to create culture-specific appeals.
The ‘New Wave’ and ‘Old Hollywood’: The Day of the Locust (1975), ‘Movies About the Movies’ and the Generational Divide

A major trend in 1970s American film was studio and silent era set ‘movies about the movies’. A symptom of troubled times in Hollywood, this paradoxical genre simultaneously de-mystified and re-mystified movie glamour, celebrity and success, and satisfied cinemagoers’ schizophrenic impulses towards the questioning of America’s traditional myths and values, and their re-affirmation. Indeed, expressing both scepticism and romantic sentiment, most 1970s ‘movie movies’ attempted to play it both ways, apart from one notable exception and by far both the most ambitious and cynical of the cycle: The Day of the Locust (Schlesinger, 1975). Directed by New Wave auteur John Schlesinger and one of Paramount’s prestige historical releases, the film is significant for its uncompromising view of Hollywood’s world of illusions from the perspective of its struggling fringe players, and how it tests the ‘built-in’ contradiction of movies about the movies. This chapter provides an in-depth examination of the contextual factors that gave rise to the movie movie wave and the New Hollywood in general.
Impact on water surface due to deepwater gas blowouts

This paper presents a study on the impact of underwater gas blowouts near the ocean surface, which has a greater relevance to assess Health, Safety, and Environmental risks. In this analysis the gas flux near the surface, reduction of bulk density, and gas surfacing area are studied for different scenarios. The simulations include a matrix of scenarios for different release depths, release rates, and initial bubble size distributions. The simulations are carried out using the MEGADEEP model, for a location in East China Sea. Significant changes in bulk density and gas surface flux near the surface are observed under different release conditions, which can pose a potential threat for cleanup and rescue operations. Furthermore, the effect of hydrate formation on gas surfacing is studied for much greater release depths. The type of outcomes of this study is important to conduct prior risk assessments and contingency planning for underwater gas blowouts.
Lenin and the Second Comintern Congress: Revolution or Retreat?

Lenin’s decision to create a new, Third International was born of a desire to destroy, or at least split, the Second International, which he and his followers condemned for allegedly supporting, and voting war credits for, the First World War.3 Although the ideas had been discussed by Lenin, Radek and other members of the so-called Zimmerwald Left during that war, it was not realised until early 1919, at a time when Soviet Russia was fighting for its very existence in the midst of civil war, blockade, and foreign intervention. Believing that the best defence was an ideological offensive, the Bolsheviks convened the First Congress of the Third, or Communist, International in March 1919, by inviting all ultra-left groups in Europe to come to Moscow to help prepare for the immediate ‘destruction of the State apparatus of the bourgeoisie’ through ‘open armed conflict’. Appealing to anarchist and syndicalist elements in the West, Lenin tried to compete with or undermine the Second International by outflanking it from the left.
Impact of Door-to-Activation Time on Door-to-Balloon Time in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarctions: A Report From the Activate-SF Registry

Background—Little is known about the components of door-to-balloon time among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. We assessed the role of time from hospital arrival to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction diagnosis (door-to-activation time) on door-to-balloon time in contemporary practice and evaluated factors that influence door-to-activation times. Methods and Results—Registry data on 347 consecutive patients diagnosed with a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the emergency department over 30 months at 2 urban primary percutaneous coronary intervention centers were analyzed. The primary study end point was the time from hospital arrival to catheterization laboratory activation by the emergency department physician, and we assessed factors associated with this period. Door-to-balloon time and its other components were secondary study end points. The median door-to-activation time was 19 minutes (interquartile ran...
In Praise of the Humble Quiz: A Compendium of Research Findings

ABSTRACTPostsecondary education has undergone dramatic changes in the past 30 years or so. When I began teaching at the college level in the mid-1980s I went to class clutching my scribbled notes and a piece of chalk. If I scheduled it well in advance, a few times each semester I could have someone wheel in an overhead or film projector. Students typed papers and I provided handwritten feedback. I typed exams on a stencil, duplicated them on a mimeograph machine, and painstakingly graded each one by hand. Those were not the good old days. Today we have seemingly endless options available to us when it comes to the delivery of course material and the assessment of student learning. As instructors, we create learning environments rich in information from many sources. We encourage our students to engage with the material and become active learners rather than passive recipients of knowledge. As our views of teaching and learning continue to evolve, it is tempting to discard less exciting and more traditiona...
Chapter 15 Motor unit number estimation in disorders of muscle and neuromuscular junction

Publisher Summary Motor-unit number estimation (MUNE) refers to a group of electrophysiological techniques that provide a quantitative estimate of the number of lower motor neurons innervating a muscle or group of muscles. The contemporary role of MUNE in a patient with a myopathy or a disorder of the neuromuscular junction is to assess the possibility of lower motor neuron loss as an alternate or an additional physiological mechanism for weakness or fatigue. However, MUNE is most useful in assessing the severity of motor-unit (MU) loss in neurogenic disorders, particularly in longitudinal studies of anterior horn cell loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Technical concerns for the application of MUNE techniques include alternation, identification of very small surface-recorded single motor-unit potentials (SMUPs), and variable response size. MUNE methods are based on the concept that the number of MUs in a muscle or anatomically related group of muscles can be estimated by dividing the supramaximal amplitude or area of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) by the mean SMUP amplitude or area. Methods are distinguished primarily by the approach used for determining or measuring the mean SMUPamplitude or area.
Development of an Artificial Immune System for Power Plant Abnormal Condition Detection, Identification, and Evaluation

In this paper, the artificial immune system paradigm is used to develop a computational scheme for the detection, identification, and evaluation of abnormal operation of advanced power plants. The self/non-self generation relies on a novel approach consisting of partitioning the Universe and representing clusters as integer strings that can be produced and used with reduced computational effort. The design of the proposed scheme utilizes a positive-selection-type approach combined with a dendritic cell mechanism. The methodology is demonstrated using a high performance model of the acid gas removal unit implemented in Dynsim® that is part of the power plant simulation environment available at West Virginia University AVESTAR Center. Fourteen different abnormal conditions have been considered including solid deposits and leakages occurring at typical locations throughout the system. The proposed monitoring scheme provides excellent performance in terms of false alarm and detection, identification, and evaluation rates.
Coping with Forest Fragmentation: The Primates of Kibale National Park, Uganda

A goal of conservation biology is to determine which types of species are most susceptible to habitat disturbance and which types of disturbed habitats can support particular species. We studied 20 forest fragments outside of Kibale National Park, Uganda, to address this question. At each patch, we determined the presence of primate species, tree species composition, patch size, and distance to nearest patch. We collected demographic, behavioral, and dietary data for Abyssinian black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza). Black-and-white colobus and red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) were in almost all fragments; Pennant's red colobus (Procolobus pennantii) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were in some fragments; and blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) and gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) were absent from all fragments. No species characteristics—home range, body size, group size, or degree of frugivory—predicted the ability of species to live in patches. No characteristics of patches—area, distance to the nearest patch, distance to Kibale, or number of food trees present—predicted the presence of a particular species in a patch, but distance to Kibale may have influenced presence of red colobus. Black-and-white colobus group size was significantly smaller in the forest patches than in the continuous forest of Kibale. For a group of black-and-white colobus in one patch, food plant species and home range size were very different from those of a group within Kibale. However, their activity budget and plant parts eaten were quite similar to those of the Kibale group. The lack of strong predictive variables as well as differences between other studies of fragmentation and ours caution against making generalizations about primate responses to fragmentation.
Improving Treatment Engagement and Psychotherapy Outcomes for Culturally Diverse Youth and Families

This chapter reviews research on psychotherapy effects and treatment engagement for ethnically diverse youth and families. Evidence supports several methods for increasing treatment engagement for ethnic minority youth and families, including written and verbal prompts, and targeting barriers to treatment attendance (by phone or in person). Over 30 efficacious interventions were identified for treating ethnic minority youth and families, and the effect size magnitude was in the small to medium range. However, most of the evidence was found for Latino and African American youth, with limited to no evidence supporting psychosocial treatments for Asian, Native American, or other non-White youth. Research evaluating ethnic differences in treatment effects was equivocal, with most studies suggesting that White and non-White youth benefit equally. There was evidence supporting the efficacy of culturally tailored interventions over control groups, but it is unclear whether cultural tailoring enhances outcomes above and beyond generic treatment effects. The chapter concludes with recommendations for improving psychosocial intervention research with diverse youth and families.
Student Veterans in Higher Education

Military veterans are a diverse and important subpopulation of students on college and university campuses. The extant literature on student veterans consists of a few WWII era studies of student veteran success, GI Bill utilization, and a nascent body of contemporary scholarly articles about student veterans. Historically, there is a dearth of scholarship on student veterans or veterans’ experiences in higher education. To begin filling the substantial gaps in knowledge about student veterans, this chapter provides a historical overview of veterans in higher education, a conceptual definition of student veteran, a demographic profile of this subpopulation, an assessment of student veteran success in higher education, a conceptual model for understanding the student veteran experience in higher education, and recommendations for future research. The comprehensive synthesis of literature covered in this chapter is designed to generate further study of student veterans as the basis for future research and improved policy and practice related to the experience of veterans in higher education.
Does topical hydrogen peroxide penetrate the cornea

Purpose To determine under what conditions hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can penetrate the cornea and cause increased concentrations of H2O2 in the aqueous humor. Methods Rabbit corneas were exposed in vitro and in vivo to H2O2 concentrations up to 60 mmol/l either in a 600 microliter volume or as consecutive drops. H2O2 was measured over time either in the endothelial superfusate or in tapped samples of aqueous humor, and in the fluid applied to the ocular surface. The stability of exogenous H2O2 added directly to aqueous humor was also determined. Results Exogenous H2O2 in aqueous humor decays with a half-life of 20 minutes, chiefly as a result of catalase activity. When applied to the entire ocular surface, 600 microliters of 60 mmol/l H2O2 caused no change in the concentration in aqueous humor, but when applied to the corneal surface alone, penetration occurred at 18 mmol/l and above. When applied as eight 40-microliters drops to the ocular surface the threshold for H2O2 penetration was above 36 mmol/l. Conclusions H2O2 is rapidly eliminated on the ocular surface, chiefly by enzyme activity of the conjunctiva and cornea. Threshold for penetration of H2O2 into the aqueous humor depends on volume, concentration, duration, and ocular surface exposed. In a healthy eye, exogenously derived H2O2 is eliminated by enzyme activity of the aqueous humor and tissues surrounding the anterior chamber.
Impact of Mechanical Stress on Timing Variation for 3D IC

In this chapter, we study the impact of through-silicon-via (TSV) and shallow trench isolation (STI) stress on the timing variations of 3D IC. We also study systematic TSV-STI-stress-aware timing analysis and show how to optimize layouts for better performance. First, we generate a stress contour map with an analytical radial stress model for TSV. We also develop a stress model for STI from finite element analysis (FEA) results. Then, depending on geometric relation between TSVs, STIs, and transistors, the tensile and compressive stresses are converted to hole and electron mobility variations. Mobility-variation-aware cell library and netlist are generated and incorporated into an industrial engine for timing analysis of 3D IC. We observe that TSV stress and STI stress interact with each other, and rise and fall time react differently to stress and relative locations with respect to both TSVs and STIs. Overall, TSV-STI-stress-induced timing variations can be as much as ± 15 % at the cell level. Thus, as an application to layout optimization, we exploit the stress-induced mobility enhancement to improve performance of 3D ICs. We show that stress-aware layout perturbation could reduce cell delay by up to 23.37 % and critical path delay by 6.67 % in our test case.
Therapeutic Effect of a Novel Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor PF04457845 in the Repetitive Closed Head Injury Mouse Model.

Abstract Concussive traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the predominant type of brain injury in young adults and is a risk factor for the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other neuro...
Phosphatidic acid: a lipid regulator of the Hippo pathway.

The Hippo pathway, a signaling pathway highly conserved across species, plays a crucial role in organ size control and cancer suppression. Our recent study shows that phosphatidic acid can regulate...
Adversarial Evasion-Resilient Hardware Malware Detectors

Machine learning offers tantalizing possibilities in computing and autonomous systems: data driven components and systems are trained to learn their environment and offer decisions comparable or surpassing those of humans. However, adversaries can learn the behavior of classifiers and construct adversarial examples that cause them to make wrong decisions, with potentially disastrous consequences. We explore this space in the context of Hardware Malware Detectors (HMDs), which have recently been proposed as a defense against the proliferation of malware. These detectors use low-level features, that can be collected by the hardware performance monitoring units on modern CPUs to detect malware as a computational anomaly. An adversary can reverse engineer existing HMDs effectively and use the reverse engineered model to create malware that evades detection. To address this critical problem, we developed evasion-resilient detectors that leverage recent results in adversarial machine learning to provide a theoretically quantifiable advantage in resilience to reverse engineering and evasion. Specifically, these detectors use multiple base detectors and switch between them stochastically, providing protection against reverse engineering and therefore evasion. The detectors rely on diversity of the baseline classifiers and their evasion advantage correlates with how often they disagree. Thus, it's critical to study how correlated the decisions from different baseline detectors are: a characteristic called transferability. We study transferability across different classifier algorithms and internal settings discovering that non-differentiable algorithms make the best candidates for operation in adversarial settings.
Emphysema: A Potential Risk Factor for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm

Background and Purpose- Protease/antiprotease imbalance is implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema and may also lead to vessel wall weakening, aneurysm development, and rupture. However, it is unclear whether emphysema is associated with cerebral and aortic aneurysm rupture. Methods- We performed a retrospective cohort study using outpatient and inpatient claims data from 2008 to 2014 from a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries ≥66 years of age. Our predictor variable was emphysema, and our outcome was hospitalization for either aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage or a ruptured aortic aneurysm. All predictors and outcomes were defined using previously reported International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code algorithms. Survival statistics and Cox regression were used to compare risk between patients with and without emphysema. Results- We identified 1 670 915 patients, of whom 133 972 had a diagnosis of emphysema. During a mean follow-up period of 4.3 (±1.9) years, we identified 4835 cases of aneurysm rupture, 433 of which occurred in patients with emphysema. The annual incidence of aneurysm rupture was 6.5 (95% CI, 6.4-6.8) per 10 000 in patients without emphysema and 14.6 (95% CI, 13.3-16.0) per 10 000 in patients with emphysema. After adjustment for demographics and known risk factors for aneurysmal disease, emphysema was independently associated with aneurysm rupture (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9). Emphysema was associated with both aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.7) and ruptured aortic aneurysm (hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.9-2.8). Conclusions- Patients with emphysema face an increased risk of developing subarachnoid hemorrhage and aortic aneurysm rupture, potentially consistent with shared pathways in pathogenesis.
Independent recalculation outperforms traditional measurement-based IMRT QA methods in detecting unacceptable plans.

PURPOSE To evaluate the performance of an independent recalculation and compare it against current measurement-based patient specific intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA) in predicting unacceptable phantom results as measured by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC). METHODS When institutions irradiate the IROC head and neck IMRT phantom, they are also asked to submit their internal IMRT QA results. Separately from this, IROC has previously created reference beam models on the Mobius3D platform to independently recalculate phantom results based on the institution's DICOM plan data. The ability of the institutions' IMRT QA to predict the IROC phantom result was compared against the independent recalculation for 339 phantom results collected since 2012. This was done to determine the ability of these systems to detect failing phantom results (i.e., large errors) as well as poor phantom results (i.e., modest errors). Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using common clinical thresholds, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare across different thresholds. RESULTS Overall, based on common clinical criteria, the independent recalculation was 12 times more sensitive at detecting unacceptable (failing) IROC phantom results than clinical measurement-based IMRT QA. The recalculation was superior, in head-to-head comparison, to the EPID, ArcCheck, and MapCheck devices. The superiority of the recalculation vs these array-based measurements persisted under ROC analysis as the recalculation curve had a greater area under it and was always above that for these measurement devices. For detecting modest errors (poor phantom results rather than failing phantom results), neither the recalculation nor measurement-based IMRT QA performed well. CONCLUSIONS A simple recalculation outperformed current measurement-based IMRT QA methods at detecting unacceptable plans. These findings highlight the value of an independent recalculation, and raise further questions about the current standard of measurement-based IMRT QA.
Tofacitinib shows benefit in conjunction with other therapies in recalcitrant hidradenitis suppurativa patients.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory nodules, abscesses, and fistulae. Severe disease is frequently treated with adalimumab or infliximab, but limited research and insurance coverage confine treatment options. Often, aggressive multifaceted therapeutic regimens fail in severe cases. The Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, tofacitinib, acts through the JAK-STAT pathway, suppressing inflammatory cytokines implicated in HS pathogenesis, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.1 JAK inhibitors may benefit HS patients who lack response to targeted biologic therapy. We report on 2 patients with a rare, recalcitrant, ulcerating HS phenotype who, despite not responding to numerous treatments, including biologics (Table I), exhibited prolonged response to a tofacitinib multimodal regimen. Table I Baseline patient characteristics
Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in COVID-19.

Author(s): Yan, Carol H; Faraji, Farhoud; Prajapati, Divya P; Ostrander, Benjamin T; DeConde, Adam S | Abstract: BackgroundRapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has left many health systems around the world overwhelmed, forcing triaging of scarce medical resources. Identifying indicators of hospital admission for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients early in the disease course could aid the efficient allocation of medical interventions. Self-reported olfactory impairment has recently been recognized as a hallmark of COVID-19 and may be an important predictor of clinical outcome.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients presenting to a San Diego Hospital system with laboratory-confirmed positive COVID-19 infection was conducted with evaluation of olfactory and gustatory function and clinical disease course. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for hospital admission and anosmia.ResultsA total of 169 patients tested positive for COVID-19 disease between March 3 and April 8, 2020. Olfactory and gustatory data were obtained for 128 (75.7%) of 169 subjects, of which 26 (20.1%) of 128 required hospitalization. Admission for COVID-19 was associated with intact sense of smell and taste, increased age, diabetes, and subjective and objective parameters associated with respiratory failure. On adjusted analysis, anosmia was strongly and independently associated with outpatient care (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.74), whereas positive findings of pulmonary infiltrates and/or pleural effusion on chest radiograph (aOR 8.01; 95% CI, 1.12-57.49) was strongly and independently associated with admission.ConclusionNormosmia is an independent predictor of admission in COVID-19 cases. Smell loss in COVID-19 may be associated with a milder clinical course.
Diagnosis and management of urethro-cavernosal fistulas:

Objective:To present a case series of urethro-cavernosal fistulas evaluating their diagnostic work-up and management.Methods:A literature search was performed using key words including “urethro-cav...
3D xRAGE simulation of inertial confinement fusion implosion with imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetry

Abstract Low-mode asymmetries represent an important obstacle to achieving high-gain inertial confinement fusion implosions. As a step in learning how to control such effects, an OMEGA experiment with imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetries was done to study the expected signatures of this type of asymmetry [M. Gatu Johnson et al., PRE 2018]. In the present work, a 3D xRAGE simulation including the stalk mount has been brought to bear on the data from that experiment. Comprehensive comparisons between simulated and measured observables are made. Good agreement between simulated and measured x-ray image-inferred shell trajectories, bang times and neutron emission widths are seen, showing that the hydrodynamics are well captured in the simulation. Asymmetries seen in simulated and measured time-resolved and time-integrated x-ray images and areal densities also compare well, showing impact of both stalk and mode 2. On the other hand, important differences in measured and simulated neutron emission histories, yield, and ion temperature (Tion) asymmetries are seen, suggesting that the simulation is overestimating shock yield. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of considering all asymmetry sources when interpreting measured signatures of asymmetry.
Distribution of Transmission Potential During Nonsevere COVID-19 Illness

BACKGROUND: Patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often continue to test positive for the causative virus by PCR even after clinical recovery, thereby complicating return-to-work plans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate transmission potential of COVID-19 by examining viral load with respect to time. METHODS: Health care personnel (HCP) at Cleveland Clinic diagnosed with COVID-19, who recovered without needing hospitalization, were identified. Threshold cycle (Ct) for positive PCR tests were obtained and viral loads calculated. Association of viral load with days since symptom onset was examined in a multivariable regression model, which was reduced by stepwise backward selection to only keep variables significant at a level of 0.05. Viral loads by day since symptom onset were predicted using the model and transmission potential evaluated by examination of a viral load-time curve. RESULTS: Over six weeks, 230 HCP had 528 tests performed. Viral loads declined by orders of magnitude within a few days of symptom onset. The only variable significantly associated with viral load was time since onset of symptoms. Of the area under the curve (AUC) spanning symptom onset to 30 days, 96.9% lay within the first 7 days, and 99.7% within 10 days. Findings were very similar when validated using split-sample and 10-fold cross-validation. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with non-severe COVID-19, viral loads in upper respiratory specimens peak by two or three days from symptom onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. The vast majority of the viral load-time AUC lies within 10 days of symptom onset.
Dystrophic microglia are a disease associated microglia morphology in the human brain

Abstract Microglia activation—typically described in terms of hypertrophic appearance—is a well-established feature of aging. Recent studies have suggested that microglia dystrophy, not activation, may increase the propagation of progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Yet, a clear understanding of cause and consequences of dystrophic microglia is lacking. Although frequently observed in diseased brains, the appearance of dystrophic microglia in the hippocampus of individuals free of cognitive impairment suggests that microglia may be undergoing senescence with age, leading to dystrophy. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronological age could be a significant contributor to the presence of dystrophic microglia. To investigate this relationship, we employed stereological counts of total microglia, hypertrophic, and dystrophic microglia across the decades of the human lifespan. The microglia counts were performed in the frontal cortex gray and white matter and the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus in individuals without known neurodegenerative disease. There was age-associated increase in the number of dystrophic microglia in the CA1 region and the frontal cortex gray matter related to age. However, the increase in dystrophic microglia was proportional to the age-related increase in the total number of microglia, suggesting that aging alone was not sufficient to explain the presence of dystrophic microglia. We next tested if dystrophic microglia could be a disease-associated microglia phenotype. Compared to controls without neuropathology, the number of dystrophic microglia was significantly greater in aged-matched cases with either AD, dementia with Lewy bodies, or LATE-NC. These results provide evidence that healthy aging is only associated with a modest increase in dystrophic microglia and suggest that dystrophic microglia may be a disease-associated microglia phenotype. Finally, we found strong evidence for iron homeostasis changes, with increases in ferritin light chain, in dystrophic microglia compared to ramified or hypertrophic microglia. Based on our findings, microglia dystrophy, and not hypertrophic microglia, are the disease-associated microglia morphology. Future work is required to understand the links between the increase in dystrophic microglia and neurodegenerative disorders.
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with migraine and tension headache: A cohort comparison study

Abstract Migraine headache is a common condition with an estimated lifetime prevalence of greater than 20%. While it is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke, its association with subarachnoid hemorrhage is largely unexplored. We sought to compare the incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a cohort of migraine patients with a cohort of patients with tension headache. A cohort comparison study utilizing the MarketScan insurance claims database compared patients diagnosed with migraine who were undergoing treatment with abortive or prophylactic pharmacotherapy (treatment cohort) and patients diagnosed with tension headache who had never been diagnosed with a migraine and who were naive to migraine pharmacotherapy (control cohort). Patients with major pre-existing risk factors for aSAH were excluded from the study, and minor risk factors such as smoking status and hypertension were accounted for using coarsened exact matching (CEM) and subsequent cox proportional-hazards (CPH) regression. More than 679,000 patients (~125,000 treatment and ~ 550,000 control) with an average follow-up of more than three years were analyzed for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CPH regression on matched data showed that treated migraine patients had a significantly lower hazard of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage compared with tension headache patients (HR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19 – 0.86, p = 0.02). This large cohort comparison study, analyzing more than 679,000 patients, demonstrated that migraine patients undergoing pharmacologic treatment had a lower hazard of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage than patients diagnosed with tension headaches. Future work specifically focusing on migraine medications may identify the mechanisms underlying this association.
Learning by Exploration: New Challenges in Real-World Environments

Learning is a predominant theme for any intelligent system, humans, or machines. Moving beyond the classical paradigm of learning from past experience, e.g., offline supervised learning from given labels, a learner needs to actively collect exploratory feedback to learn from the unknowns, i.e., learning through exploration. This tutorial will introduce the learning by exploration paradigm, which is the key ingredient in many interactive online learning problems, including the multi-armed bandit and, more generally, reinforcement learning problems. In this tutorial, we will first motivate the need for exploration in machine learning algorithms and highlight its importance in many real-world problems where online sequential decision making is involved. In real-world application scenarios, considerable challenges arise in such a learning problem, including sample complexity, costly and even outdated feedback, and ethical considerations of exploration (such as fairness and privacy). We will introduce several classical exploration strategies and then highlight the aforementioned three fundamental challenges in the learning from exploration paradigm and introduce the recent research development on addressing them, respectively.
Predictors of pressure injury development in critically ill adults: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this research was to identify predictors of pressure injury, using data from the electronic health records of critically ill adults. Methodology A retrospective cohort study was conducted using logistic regression models to examine risk factors adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity and length of stay. Setting The study cohort included 1587 adults in intensive care units within an urban academic medical centre. Main Outcome Measures The presence or absence of a hospital-acquired pressure injury was determined during monthly skin integrity prevalence surveys. All pressure injuries were independently confirmed by two Certified Wound Care Nurses. Results Eighty-one (5.1%) of the 1587 cohort patients developed pressure injuries. After adjusting for confounders, the clinical variables associated with pressure injury development included mean arterial pressure Conclusions This study provides a more comprehensive understanding about pressure injury risk in critically ill adults, identifying extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with pressure injury development. Prospective multisite studies are needed to further examine these potential contributors to pressure injury development within the context of adherence to prevention interventions.
Distributed Secondary Frequency Control in AC Microgrids with Lossy Electrical Networks

This paper presents a distributed control scheme for achieving secondary frequency control in AC microgrids. The control scheme is designed for microgrid electrical networks comprised of distribution lines with equal/unequal resistance to reactance ratio; in other words, it works well even when ohmic losses are taken into account in the electrical network. The control problem is formulated and an overview of the proposed distributed secondary frequency control scheme is provided. A criterion for choosing controller gains that stabilize the system frequency is also provided. Finally, results on the testing of the control scheme on a controller hardware-in-the loop (C-HIL) testbed are provided.
SOCIAL SCIENCE ORAL ABSTRACTS: A pilot assessment of a chat bot for medication abortion follow-up support

Introduction To assess the uptake of a chat bot (Pace CareBot) for medication abortion and the effects on call volume and staff experience at Planned Parenthood health centers in 3 US states (MT, IL, and WA). Method Planned Parenthood launched Pace, a CareBot, with 3 affiliate pilot sites in September 2020. The AI-powered CareBot acts as a virtual care team member, answering questions and guiding patients through the care process through a text message-based conversation. We analyzed data on uptake including the number of patients that opted to use the CareBot and that interacted with the CareBot from September-December 2020. We compared phone call volume before and after the CareBot launch from March-mid-December 2020. We also examined staff perceptions around call burden and overall satisfaction in a postlaunch survey (n = 9). We performed descriptive analyses and a 2-sample t-test for call volume. Results Across the pilot sites, 357 of an estimated 467 medication abortion patients opted to use the CareBot - an uptake rate of 76%. Of the 357 users, 337 (94%) interacted with the CareBot, and 267 initiated conversations (75%). The mean weekly call volume significantly decreased from 22.5 calls (SD = 6.7, range: 9–40) to 16.1 calls (SD = 3.4, range: 9–21, mean difference = -6.4, 95% CI -7.9 to -4.8). Among respondents to the staff survey, 67% agreed or strongly agreed that the CareBot contributed to a more efficient use of time and a reduction in staff call burden. Sixty-seven percent reported that they would recommend the CareBot to colleagues. Conclusions Uptake and use of the CareBot was high at the pilot sites. Implementation of the CareBot coincided with lower call volume, although overall MAB volume decreased from pre to post launch. The effects on operational efficiency need further exploration given broader declines in volume. Our findings suggest that the CareBot may have benefits for staff satisfaction.
Real-Time On-Orbit Momentum Wheel Health Monitoring for Robust Satellite Attitude Control

Attitude determination and control is a key component of satellite missions, enabling diverse mission capabilities and improving communication with ground operators. Momentum wheels are a common method of providing attitude control on small satellite platforms, and the reliability of the motors driving the wheels is critical for the continued operation of satellite pointing capabilities. As the motors degrade over time, the pointing accuracy decreases and the satellite loses controllability. Loss of pointing capabilities is a terminal, single-point failure for many missions. Momentum wheel control requires a minimum of four wheels, while a reaction wheel setup requires three wheels; consequently, a four-wheel system can be designed to be robust to a single motor failure if there is a way to detect which motors remain operational. It is advantageous to autonomously monitor motor health to detect degradation and failure for real-time on-orbit recovery to maximize attitude control lifetime and thereby extend mission capabilities. The on-orbit application imposes limitations on available data and computational resources, specifically constraining computational complexity and data rates. This work proposes a custom detector based on the requirements specific to attitude control that does not require training a detector for general failure mechanisms. There are two key modes that describe motor degradation which impact pointing performance: efficiency and precision. The first mode, efficiency, is the power required to drive the motor at a given speed. Efficiency is monitored using the mean of the applied current normalized by the commanded speed. The second mode, precision, is the error between commanded speed and actual speed. Error is monitored using the difference between the measured and commanded speeds. In the proposed detector, these two parameters are monitored to assess the health of the motor, from which control parameters can be set. This algorithm can run onboard with minimal impact and does not require the high data rates associated with frequency-domain detection methods. The algorithm is demonstrated on a dataset from a motor lifetime test, during which motors experienced healthy, degraded, and failure modes. A method for implementing the algorithm is discussed, and recommendations for future work are provided.