cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incident hypercholesterolemia in relation to changes in vigorous physical activity.

Purpose: Test whether changes in vigorous exercise affect the risk for hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Incident physician-diagnosed hypercholesterolemia was compared in recreational runners whose weekly distances run increased >0.5 km[middle dot]d-1 (4034 men, 1897 women), remained constant (+/-0.5 km[middle dot]d-1; 4685 men, 1904 women), or decreased >0.5 km[middle dot]d-1 (15,678 men, 6224 women) during 7.8 yr of prospective follow-up. Results: Relative to those whose distance was maintained or reduced, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for hypercholesterolemia for those whose running increased was significantly less than 1 for men {0.82 (0.72-0.93), P = 0.0006}, women {0.71 (0.54-0.92), P = 0.01}, and men and women combined adjusted for sex {0.80 (0.72-0.89), P < 0.0001}. The significance of the odds ratios was somewhat diminished when adjusted for baseline and follow-up BMI in men {0.89 (0.79-1.01), P = 0.06}, women {0.71 (0.54-0.92), P = 0.08}, and the adjusted sexes combined {0.88 (0.79-0.98), P = 0.02}. When average distance run {i.e., (baseline + follow-up) / 2} was compared with incident hypercholesterolemia in the 6589 runners whose distance remained constant, each kilometer-per-day increment in average running distance was associated with an odds ratio significantly less than 1 in men {0.90 (0.86-0.93)}, women {0.91 (0.84-0.98)}, and the adjusted sexes combined {0.90 (0.87-0.93)}, which was also attributable in part to BMI in men {0.94 (0.90-0.97), P = 0.0005}, women {0.96 (0.89-1.04), P = 0.35}, and the adjusted sexes combined {0.94 (0.91-0.97), P = 0.0003}. Conclusions: The odds for hypercholesterolemia 1) decrease in runners who increase their running mileage and 2) decline in association with the higher dose of vigorous activity even in the absence of any change in exercise. These effects are associated in part to the runners' BMI.
Interaction of N‐(2‐Nitro‐4‐Azidophenyl)‐Serotonin with Two Types of Monoamine Oxidase in Rat Brain

The effects of N-(2-nitro-4-azidophenyl) serotonin (NAP-5-HT) on types A and B monoamine oxidase (MAO) in rat brain cortex were studied. In the dark this compound acted as a competitive inhibitor for both types A and B MAO (Ki values of 0.19 microM and 0.21 microM for types A and B MAO, respectively). Upon photolysis, NAP-5-HT became an irreversible inhibitor for only type B MAO. A 50% inhibition was obtained by irradiation of the enzyme in the presence of 35 nM NAP-5-HT. Furthermore the inhibition of type B MAO could be protected by including its substrate phenylethylamine during the irradiation. Under the same photolytic conditions photodependent inhibition of type A MAO by NAP-5-HT was not clearly observed. These results provide further evidence that there is a fundamental difference in the active site of the two types of MAO in brain. NAP-5-HT may be a useful photoaffinity probe for characterizing the active site of type B MAO.
Incubation patch of the chicken: response to hormones in situ and transplanted to a dorsal site.

Abstract A graft of ventral abdominal skin from each of 18 immature chickens was transplanted to the dorsum, and a similar graft of dorsal skin was transplanted to the ventrum. Incubation patch development, which normally occurs only in the ventral abdominal region, was then induced in nine of these birds with estrogen plus prolactin, a combination previously found effective in other bird species. This hormone treatment produced skin changes characteristic of normal patch formation (defeathering, dermal hypervascularization, epidermal hyperplasia) in ventral skin in a ventral position. However, only epidermal hyperplasia, not dermal hypervascularity, was induced in ventral skin transplanted to the dorsum. Dorsal skin, either in situ or transplanted to the ventrum, did not respond to hormone treatment. It is concluded that (1) the combination of estrogen and prolactin induces patch formation in the chicken, (2) epidermal hyperplasia can be induced independently of dermal hypervascularity, (3) dermal hypervascularity is influenced both by position (the skin must be associated with ventral tissues) and origin (only ventral skin is sensitive), (4) dorsal skin is insensitive to the hormones used, and (5) skin transplantation can be a valuable tool for studying the endocrine control of individual aspects of patch formation.
Folate-dependent enzymes in cultured Chinese hamster cells: Folylpolyglutamate synthetase and its absence in mutants auxotrophic for glycine + adenosine + thymidine☆

Abstract Dialyzed sonicates from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and V-79 lung cells catalyze the addition of l -[U- 14 C]glutamate to tetrahydrofolate (H 4 PteGlu). Catalysis is optimal between pH 8.5 and 10.2 and is dependent on Mg 2+ and a purine nucleotide triphosphate. Cobalamins do not stimulate the system even when the cells are grown in the absence of cyanocobalamin (CN-Cbl). Incubations with dl -H 4 -[G- 3 H]PteGlu + l -[U- 14 C]glutamate show that the product routinely assayed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography is tetrahydropteroyldiglutamate (H 4 PteGluGlu). Higher reduced folylpolyglutamates are formed when the standard assay level of dl -H 4 PteGlu is decreased from 100 μ m to 1–5 μ m . Using either dialyzed extracts or a 25-fold purified enzyme fraction, dATP is 1.6 times more effective than ATP. The folyl specificity for diglutamate synthesis is H 4 PteGlu > H 4 -homofolate > 5-formyl-H 4 PteGlu > 5-MeH 4 PteGlu. dl -5-MeH 4 PteGlu is only about 15% as active as dl -H 4 PteGlu. Extracts from a CHO mutant AUXB1 (requiring glycine + adenosine + thymidine) and a V-79 mutant ght-1 (requiring glycine + hypoxanthine + thymidine) have 4 PteGluGlu synthetase activity. CHO AUXB1 and V-79 ght-1 extracts are also inactive with the other three reduced folyl compounds cited above and PteGlu. Twelve out of 16 revertant clones that were isolated from CHO AUXB1 in media lacking glycine + adenosine + thymidine contained 44–66% of the wild-type level of H 4 PteGluGlu synthetase activity. Both parent CHO and V-79 extracts catalyzed the conversion of H 4 PteGluGlu and tetrahydropteroyl triglutamate to higher glutamyl conjugates. The AUXB1 and ght-1 mutant extracts again lacked these catalytic properties. In contrast, revertants of AUXB1 with about 50% of the wild-type H 4 PteGluGlu synthetase activity displayed a proportionate ability to synthesize higher polyglutamyl conjugates. From our findings and published genetic data, we conclude that in cultured hamster cells a single synthetase can successively add at least three glutamates to H 4 PteGlu. Loss of its function in certain mutants is responsible for their triple auxotrophy.
Quantitative thermoanalysis of evolved ammonia. Application to ammonium zeolite y and some transition metal ammine chlorides

Abstract Evolved ammonia is determined quantitatively as a function of temperature. with a suitably modified DuPont 950 thermogravimetric analyzer used in conjunction with a Radiometer automatic titrator. The new technique was applied to ammonium zeolite Y and hexamminenickel(II), tetrammineplatinum(II). and hexammine-cobalt(III) chlorides. For the zeolite, the results show that true hydrogen or acid form of the zeolite is obtained after complete loss of ammonia and before the loss of constitutive water. The stoichiometries of the thermal decompositions of the metal ammines are rapidly elucidated with this technique. Only the cobalt salt was free of impurity as shown by the experimental results. The quantities and some properties of the impurities in the nickel- and platinum-containing salts are determined. Evolved hydrogen chloride may also be measured with the same apparatus. and was determined during the spontaneous reduction of the intermediate Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , as well as during the reduction of CoCl 2 with hydrogen.
Weighted Normal Plots

Abstract Weighted normal plots are proposed as graphical checks on the normality of random effects in Gaussian linear models. The technique is illustrated using the one-way comparisons model Yi = μ i + ϵ i , where the (μ i , ϵ i ), are independent pairs with μ i and ϵ i , independent N(0, σ2) and N(0, σ2 i ), respectively, for i = 1, …, n. When the variance components σ2 and σ2 i are known, an unweighted normal plot of the standardized Zi = Yi (σ2 + σ2 i )-1/2 provides a check of the overall adequacy of the model. Weighted normal plots involve a modification that gives the ith observation a sample weight of Wi = (σ2 + σ2 i )-1. Under the null hypothesis, the sample size must be larger by a factor of (1 + v/m 2), where m and v are the mean and variance of the weights, to produce a weighted plot with approximately the same sampling variance as an unweighted normal plot. Despite this higher variability, we show that weighted plots are more sensitive than unweighted plots to several departures from the assume...
HEARTWOOD FLAVONOIDS AND THE INFRAGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF RHUS (ANACARDIACEAE)

Heartwood flavonoids of 23 taxa of Rhus L. were surveyed in order to assess infrageneric relationships and classification. Fourteen flavonoids and two coumarins were detected in the heartwood extracts. All taxa were characterized by a flavonoid complement consisting of eight 5-deoxyflavonoids involving several aglycone classes (e.g., flavonols, flavones, aurones, chalcones and dihydroflavonols) and the aurone rengasin. None of the 5-hydroxyl analogs of the 5-deoxyflavonoids were detected in the heartwood extracts. Infraspecific flavonoid patterns were uniform in different populations, although the presence of 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone 4'-O-,8-glucoside varied in some taxa. Taxa of Rhus subgenus Rhus consistently differed from all taxa of Rhus subgenus Lobadium in lacking glycosides of fisetin, butein and 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone. The major evolutionary trend in the heartwood flavo
Distributed generations scheduling in micro-grid considering CO 2 emission cost

Developments in distributed generation (DG) technologies, information and communication technologies, environmental concerns, liberalization in electricity markets and restructuring encourage operation of DGs in smart grid. High penetration of DG resources is increasing worldwide. In this paper we present an analyze of the effect of CO2 emission cost on distribution network scheduling with photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine as power sources. The proposed model in this paper considers retail price of distribution network and price of generated electricity by PV and wind turbine. Numerical simulations are carried out used a 33-bus test distribution network. Test results show that the current policy to determine CO2 emission tax, considering the price of generated electricity by DGs, is not always supportive of operation of DGs at their maximum output.
Distribution of cytokeratin markers in Barrett's specialized columnar epithelium

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The cell of origin for Barrett's epithelium is unknown. A multilayered epithelium within Barrett's epithelium has been noted recently. To investigate the hypothesis that this multilayered epithelium may be a transitional stage between squamous and Barrett's epithelium, cytokeratin immunocytochemistry was used to examine normal squamous, Barrett's, and multilayered epithelium. METHODS: Seventeen endoscopic biopsy specimens taken from the squamo-Barrett's junction of 8 patients with Barrett's epithelium and 3 biopsy specimens from the gastroesophageal junction of 3 patients without Barrett's epithelium were investigated. Antibodies to cytokeratins 4 and 13 were used as markers for squamous differentiation, and antibodies to cytokeratins 8 and 19 were used as markers for glandular differentiation. Coded samples were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: In patients with Barrett's epithelium and control patients, staining with columnar markers was confined to either the Barrett's or the gastric columnar epithelium. Staining with squamous markers was confined to the adjacent squamous epithelium. In contrast, focal areas of multilayered epithelium amidst Barrett's epithelium stained with cytokeratin antibodies for both squamous and columnar epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: A focal multilayered epithelium within Barrett's epithelium that expresses concurrently both squamous and glandular cytokeratin markers is described. These findings suggest a multipotential cell as the cell of origin of Barrett's epithelium. (Gastroenterology 1997 Mar;112(3):760-5)
Mechanical sutures in surgery.

Following the original introduction of an automatic stapling instrument producing B-form staples by de Petz (1924, 1927), there has been derived from the very important first generation of Soviet stapling instruments a second generation of American stapling instruments characterized by: (1) the use of preloaded, pre-sterilized, and disposable staple cartridges; (2) the adaptability of one instrument to a variety of cartridges for use in a variety of tissues and operative situations; (3) the transfer from the instrument itself to the disposable cartridge of delicate and fragile moving parts simplifying the maintenance and operation of instruments. The instruments have found wide and satisfactory application in numerous areas of thoracic, vascular, gastro-intestinal, and gynaecological surgery.
Acceptance of a Military Ration After 24‐Month Storage

A study of a new military ration, the Meal, Ready-to-Eat, Individual (MRE) after 2 yr of storage at four different temperatures was conducted. The main emphasis is on the statistical analysis of data on consumer-acceptance, in particular the estimation of shelf-life. The principal finding is that the ration as a whole can be stored for at least 2 yr at temperatures up to 38°C without serious loss of acceptance, although a few individual items may be affected.
Near-reciprocal phenotypes caused by inactivation or indiscriminate expression of the Drosophila segmentation gene ftz

Early in development, Drosophila embryos express the segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz) in a 'zebra' pattern of active and inactive stripes, each about the width of a segment primordium. If the ftz gene is prevented from functioning, alternating portions of the body normally derived from the active stripes fail to develop, resulting in larvae which lack the denticle bands normally formed by the mesothorax and odd-numbered abdominal segments (that is, thoracic segment T2 and abdominal segments A1, A3, A5 and A7). Here, using the Drosophila heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene promoter to drive widespread expression of ftz transcripts on heat shock, I find that unrestricted ftz activity can cause a reciprocal 'pair-rule' phenotype--that is, the absence of the denticle bands which are normally derived from segments T1, T3, A2, A4, A6 and A8. These results show that both the 'on' and 'off' states of ftz gene expression have instructive roles in the development of alternating regions of the body, and hence suggest that the ftz gene acts combinatorially with other pair-rule genes (for example, even-skipped, odd-skipped, paired) to establish the metameric pattern of the body.
Perceptual, motor, memory, and quantitative elements of language behavior: differences between 3- and 4-year-old performance

Language performance is comprised of many related subskills (3) including perceptual, quantitative, memory, and motor elements. The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities is a multidomain assessment instrument for 2%- to 8-yr.-old children which derives scale scores for these four subskills (2) of established efficacy and utility (1). Preschool children's developing verbal ability is typically thought to reflect each of these subskills. However, finer age distinctions of component contributions to language performance suggest that different combinations of subskills constitute language at 3 and 4 yr. of age. To examine language performance and its subskills, the McCarthy scales were administered to 30 3- and 4-yr.-olds, and correlations computed between scores for verbal and other scales. Significant correlations existed with all scales (perceptual, r = .57, p < .001; quantitative, r = .71, p < .001; memory, r = .52, p < .01; motor, r = .50, p < .01). In an examination by age, however, the relationship between verbal performance and McCarthy constituent scales was not consistent wirh the total group's findings. Means and standard deviations for each scale were computed for 3-yr.-olds (verbal: 58.60 and 8.80; perceptual: 59.53 and 7.68; quantitative: 59.06 and 8.60; memory: 55.60 and 8.06; motor: 56.33 and 9.02) and 4-yr.-olds (verbal: 59.20 and 9.25; perceptual: 55.33 and 9.96; quantitative: 56.20 and 12.27; memory: 58.93 and 9.94; motor: 53.06 and 11.05). Verbal performance was significantly related to quantitative (I = .64, p < .01) and memory (s = 32, p < ,001) scales at the 3-yr.-old level, and with perceptual (r = .64, p < .01), quantitative (r = .80, p < .001), and motor (r = .74, p < .001) scales for the 4-yr.-old age group. Developmental psychology emphasizes that at different levels of development specific domains' contribution to over-all behavioral performance is not equivalent. Yet, for assessment, programming and remediation purposes, language performance has often been considered a univariate ability with stable contributory subskills across the age range of early childhood. This is reflected in the types of assessment instruments currently used to measure language ability, including tests of receptive vocabulary, syntactic development, phonetic development, and the like. The contradictory finding of this report tentatively suggests that the component skills contributing to verbal language behavior may vary significantly with age in the preschool years
P3-448: Intellect in default: Integrating concepts of neuroscience, psychology and human nature

Background: Default mechanisms that surface when intellect fails are human instinct, rote responses, emotional intelligence and autonomic reactions. These keys to human survival are primal and unaffected by disease. Drawing from neuroscience, basic concepts of the limbic system in human development, and applying the psychology of subconscious activity to the primal urges at the core of human nature, we establish that when one can’t think, one still feels and can interpret interpersonal dynamics with profound accuracy. When the brain is destroyed by disease, intellect will default to instinct by nature. Recognition of what is left well intact leads to new approaches to care and intervention. Methods: This workshop hails the ’dementia dilemma’ from the victim’s perspective by revealing the extent to which behaviors are triggered instinctively by non-verbal, environmental and interpersonal stimuli. Retro-genesis in Alzheimer’s causes developmental regression as the memory of life experiences unrvels backward in time, leaving victims with a mental agenda isolated in a previous reality. Results: Defensive and suspicous behaviors are the result of fear, perceived threats and instinctive reactions to fear, over which the affected have no control. Lack of intellectual counterbalance, which is at the core of ‘seemingly’ unreasonable activity, co-exists with Retro-genesis and must be considered in conjunction with autonomic responses if effective ‘interventions’ are to be formulated. Conclusions: Care focus becomes blurred by unrelenting tasks that have to be managed with the cooperation of the confused. Well intended efforts become undermined by personal feelings of exasperation, grief and failure in the process. The obvious is overlooked because intellect itself contradicts understanding dementia. Much can be done to secure, comfort and minimize the fear and anxiety that leads to disturbances if one understands the true underlying causes and abandons dependence on language and learned expectations. Integrating diversity of knowledge equips carers toward improving the quality of life for the compromised as well as themselves.
Quantum dynamics and control of vibrational dephasing

This review emphasizes the physical principles underlying the dephasing of nonstationary vibrational states of molecules with multiple vibrational degrees of freedom. The motion of atoms within molecules can be described to a very good approximation by a many-level system of coupled anharmonic quantized oscillators. The separation of electronic and nuclear timescales, combined with weak symmetry breaking inherent in molecular structures, guarantees that the Hamiltonian can always be cast in a form that is local in the quantum state space of the molecular vibrations. The resulting nonexponential dephasing dynamics can be controlled with external fields to stabilize nonstationary quantum states, and both quantum–classical and fully quantum control formalisms are described. Coupled molecular vibrations interacting with external fields also offer prospects for quantum computing because vibrational level spacings can be made very large compared to thermal noise, and relaxation mechanisms such as infrared fluorescence are many orders of magnitude slower than the timescales required for coherence transfer. Finally, a toy model that provides insights into the interaction of vibrational degrees of freedom with 'solvent' modes is also discussed, and exhibits nonexponential dynamics in certain regimes.
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic-erectile dysfunction: same diagnosis (ICD-9), different disease?

ABSTRACT Introduction Although hyperglycemia is a common defining feature of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, many unique characteristics distinguish these diseases, including insulin and lipid levels, obesity status, and inflammatory agent profiles. In the laboratory, the presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) has been established in animal models of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine whether unique mechanisms underlie ED in type 1 vs. type 2 diabetic animal models. Main Outcome Measures Many mechanisms can underlie ED, including impaired dilatory signaling, heightened contractile sensitivity, and veno‐occlusive disorder. Methods Using PubMed, the literature was mined to evaluate what is known about which mechanism underlie ED in type 1 vs. type 2 diabetic animal models. Results Impaired cavernosal vasodilation has been established in type 1 diabetic rodents. This dysfunction appears to be mediated by a severe defect in non‐adrenergic–non‐cholinergic nerve signaling, as well as impairment in penile endothelial function. In contrast, type 2 diabetic animals appear to have minimal impairment in parasympathetic‐mediated dilatory function, but do have evidence of endothelial dysfunction. Type 2 diabetic models also exhibit a significant and striking increase in cavernosal contractile sensitivity, and a significant veno‐occlusive disorder, neither of which is consistently reported in type 1 diabetic animals. Conclusions With the distinct mechanisms underlying the ED phenotype in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, tailoring therapeutic treatments for diabetic‐ED to the specific mechanisms underlying this disease complication may be warranted. Further examination of mechanisms underlying ED in diabetic human patients may thus lead to significant changes in the way urologists diagnose, code, and treat diabetic‐ED. Chitaley K. Type 1 and type 2 diabetic‐erectile dysfunction: Same diagnosis (ICD‐9), different disease?
Asymmetric induction during electron transfer mediated photoreduction of carbonyl compounds: role of zeolites

Photochemistry of 17 aryl alkyl ketones included within cation exchanged zeolites has been examined. In solution five of the 17 ketones undergo intramolecular hydrogen abstraction reaction even in the presence of a chiral amine and the rest are photoreduced to the corresponding alcohol. Within zeolites all 17 ketones yielded in presence of a chiral amine, the corresponding alcohol as the major product. When a chiral amine was used as the coadsorbent within alkali ion exchanged zeolites, enantiomerically enriched alcohol was formed in all cases. The best chiral induction was obtained with phenyl cyclohexyl ketone (enantiomeric excess: 68%). 1H–13C Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (CP-MAS) experiments, with a model ketone (perdeuterated acetophenone) and chiral amine (pseudoephedrine) included within MY zeolites, suggested that the cation brings the reactant and the chiral amine closer. The role of the cation in such a process is also revealed by the computation results. The results presented here highlight the importance of a supramolecular structure in forcing a closer interaction between a reactant and a chiral inductor that could be used to achieve asymmetric induction in photoproducts.
Delayed Operative Intervention in Cardiogenic Shock after Myocardial Infarction

Abstract In a four-year period, 45 patients underwent counterpulsation for cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction. Of these patients, 27 underwent angiography. Fifteen of them were not considered to be operative candidates because angiography demonstrated only single-vessel disease or diffuse distal coronary artery disease. Twelve patients were candidates for operation and were divided into three subgroups depending on the time of surgical intervention. One patient (Group 1) deteriorated while on counterpulsation, and underwent urgent angiography and operative intervention within 24 hours of balloon insertion. He is now in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class I. Group 2 consisted of 7 patients whose condition stabilized with use of the balloon but who could not be weaned. All underwent angiography from 7 to 14 days after insertion of the balloon. One patient died suddenly prior to operation. Six patients underwent coronary bypass from 8 to 21 days after balloon insertion. Five survived and are in NYHA Class II or III. Four patients were able to be weaned after angiography (Group 3). All had triple-vessel disease. Operation was undertaken six to eight weeks after infarction to treat persistent congestive heart failure or angina, or to improve chances of long-term survival. Two patients in this group survived. Our experience demonstrates that delayed intervention is an acceptable alternative to urgent operation.
Decentralized Guidance Control of UAVs with Explicit Optimization of Communication

We design a decentralized guidance control method for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) tracking multiple targets. We formulate this guidance control problem as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP). As in the case of partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), it is intractable to solve a Dec-POMDP exactly. So, we extend a POMDP approximation method called nominal belief-state optimization (NBO) to solve our control problem posed as a Dec-POMDP. We incorporate the cost of communication into the objective function of the Dec-POMDP, i.e., we explicitly optimize the communication among the UAVs at the network level along with the kinematic control commands for the UAVs. We measure the performance of our method with the following metrics: 1) average target-location error, and 2) average communication cost. The goal to maximize the performance with respect to each of the above metrics conflict with each other, and we show through empirical study how to trade off between these performance metrics using a scalar parameter. The NBO method induces coordination among the UAVs even though the system is decentralized. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this coordination, we compare our Dec-POMDP approach with a greedy approach (a noncooperative approach), where the UAVs do not communicate with each other and each UAV optimizes only its local kinematic controls. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our approach of optimizing the communication between the UAVs with a fixed communication scheme--where only the UAV kinematic controls are optimized with an underlying fixed (non-optimized) communication scheme.
A Fabric Producer's Experience of Transfer Printing*

This paper outlines the recent history and experience in the transfer print sector, both from a marketing and production point of view. It also attempts to indicate the decisions that have had to be made at various stages and comments on the various factors that have influenced these decisions. It describes some of the problems faced and the solutions found. Attempts are made to give guidance to transfer print paper suppliers as to the kind of improvements that a fabric producer would like to see in the service that they offer to the transfer printing industry.
Chromatic numbers and Bohr topologies

Abstract We use chromatic numbers of hypergraphs to study the Bohr topology G # on discrete Abelian groups. In particular, if K is an infinite Abelian group of a given prime exponent, we show that G # and K # are homeomorphic iff G is the product of K and some finite group. Also, if K is of finite exponent and G is not of finite exponent, then G # is never topologically embeddable in K # .
Thermoelectric performance of nanostructured ZrNiSn compounds synthesized by mechanical alloying

Samples with a composition ZrNiSn were synthesized by a combination of mechanical alloying (MA) and consolidation by either Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) or hot pressing (HP). Appropriate stoichiometric ratios of the starting materials were milled under an inert atmosphere in a high energy ball mill for 6 hours, achieving a half-Heusler phase. X-Ray diffraction patterns of as milled powders and consolidated samples were compared and analyzed for phase purity. Thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient were measured as a function of temperature in the range 300 K to 800 K and compared with measurements reported for high temperature solid state reaction synthesis of this compound. HP samples, compared to SPS samples, demonstrate increased grain growth due to longer heating times. Reduced grain size achieved by MA and SPS causes increased phonon scattering due to the increased number of grain boundaries, which lowers the thermal conductivity without doping the base system with addition phonon scattering centers.
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the staging and prognosis of T cell lymphoma

We previously reported that (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan (FDG-PET) is almost universally positive in patients with T cell lymphoma. In the present analysis we examined the impact of FDG-PET on the initial staging of peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs), and the prognostic value of interim FDG-PET. This retrospective analysis identified patients with mature T or natural killer (NK) lymphomas who had PET scans as part of initial staging or staging at relapse [(n = 95) (staging cohort)] in the PTCL database at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. A subset of these patients had repeat PET for interim restaging during initial therapy with curative intent [(n = 50) (interim restaging cohort)]. The frequency of specific T cell histologies included in this analysis were: PTCL not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 35); angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) (n = 17); anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), ALK-1+ (n = 11) and ALK-1- (n = 12); adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL) (n = 7); NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) (n = 10); and enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL) (n = 3). In the staging cohort, 77 patients were newly diagnosed, and 18 had relapsed disease. Pretreatment FDG-PET was positive in 96% of patients. PET identified additional disease sites in 47/95 patients (50%) when added to conventional staging. Most frequently identified additional sites were: other nodal (n = 24); bone (n = 10); skin (n = 8); nasopharynx (n = 4); spleen (n = 3); and lung (n = 2). However, FDG-PET modified computed tomography (CT)-based staging in only 5/95 patients (5.2%): two patients were upstaged and three patients were downstaged. FDG-PET-based staging did not alter planned treatment for any patient. Interim restaging with PET was performed after a median of 4 cycles of chemotherapy. In this cohort, treatment regimens included cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone CHOP (n = 19); CHOP/ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) (n = 26); and other (n = 7). Subsequently, 29 patients were consolidated with either autologous (n = 22) or allogeneic (n = 7) stem cell transplant. After a median follow-up of 3.4 years for surviving patients, those with negative interim PET had superior progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients with positive interim PET (p = 0.03). There were no differences in overall survival (OS). In PTCL, FDG-PET commonly identifies additional sites of disease but infrequently impacts CT-based staging and does not influence therapy. Interim FDG-PET may predict for PFS. FDG-PET should be integrated into prospective trials to confirm these findings.
An efficient algorithm for time separation of events in concurrent systems

The time separation of events (TSE) problem is that of finding the maximum and minimum separation between the times of occurrence of two events in a concurrent system. It has applications in the performance analysis, optimization and verification of concurrent digital systems. This paper introduces an efficient polynomial-time algorithm to give exact bounds on TSE's for choice-free concurrent systems, whose operational semantics obey the max-causality rule. A choice-free concurrent system is modeled as a strongly-connected marked graph, where delays on operations are modeled as bounded intervals with unspecified distributions. While previous approaches handle acyclic systems only, or else require graph unfolding until a steady-state behavior is reached, the proposed approach directly identifies and evaluates the asymptotic steady-state behavior of a cyclic system via a graph-theoretical approach. As a result, the method has significantly lower computational complexity than previously-proposed solutions. A prototype CAD tool has been developed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of our method. A set of experiments have been performed on the tool as well as two existing tools, with noticeable improvement on runtime and accuracy for several examples.
Dyslexia laws in the USA

Throughout the various states of the USA, the appropriate identification of dyslexia and the timely provision of interventions are characterized by variability and inconsistency. Several states have recognized the existence of this disorder and the well-established need for services. These states have taken proactive steps to implement laws and regulations for both identification and treatment, and the provision of equal access to students who are diagnosed with dyslexia. The majority of states, however, have not developed such laws and guidelines. The purposes of this article are to review the present status and content of these dyslexia laws, highlight some differences among the laws and regulations across states, and suggest strategies for initiating such laws.
Dual RpoH Sigma Factors and Transcriptional Plasticity in a Symbiotic Bacterium

ABSTRACT Sinorhizobium meliloti can live as a soil saprophyte and can engage in a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with plant roots. To succeed in such diverse environments, the bacteria must continually adjust gene expression. Transcriptional plasticity in eubacteria is often mediated by alternative sigma (σ) factors interacting with core RNA polymerase. The S. meliloti genome encodes 14 of these alternative σ factors, including two putative RpoH (“heat shock”) σ factors. We used custom Affymetrix symbiosis chips to characterize the global transcriptional response of S. melilotirpoH1, rpoH2, and rpoH1 rpoH2 mutants during heat shock and stationary-phase growth. Under these conditions, expression of over 300 genes is dependent on rpoH1 and rpoH2. We mapped transcript start sites of 69 rpoH-dependent genes using 5′ RACE (5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends), which allowed us to determine putative RpoH1-dependent, RpoH2-dependent, and dual-promoter (RpoH1- and RpoH2-dependent) consensus sequences that were each used to search the genome for other potential direct targets of RpoH. The inferred S. meliloti RpoH promoter consensus sequences share features of Escherichia coli RpoH promoters but lack extended −10 motifs.
Towards a Theory of Perception for Radar Targets

Visual perception depends on observation of three-dimensional objects, based upon a set of given exposures of the objects relative to the observer. Hence there is in the data base a built-in observer bias which has to be eliminated if the target is to be recognized as a physical object, independently of the observer.
Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in elderly patients

SUMMARY Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is most commonly diagnosed in patients older than 65 years. Although CLL is commonly believed to be indolent in elderly patients, several studies have shown that CLL reduces life expectancy. In elderly patients who need treatment for CLL, evaluation of disease-specific risk factors should be accompanied by measurement of fitness status and co-morbidities so that a treatment option can be selected that best fits the individual patient's goals of therapy. To help define such treatments, a number of recently conducted clinical trials have included elderly or unfit patients. Although purine analog-containing regimens are still recommended for elderly patients who are fit, new approaches are rapidly expanding the treatment options for elderly and unfit individuals.
Long-term promoter activity during herpes simplex virus latency.

Abstract The ability to direct foreign gene expression from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome during an acute or latent infection is a subject of increasing importance in the utilization of HSV vectors for gene therapy. Little is known about the types of transcription factors present in neurons or about whether different neuronal populations within a ganglion vary in their complement of these factors. With respect to HSV-1 latency, it is not known how or why the latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter is able to function continually during latency while all other viral promoters are inactive. To further studies of these two phenomena, we constructed seven recombinant viruses with various promoter constructs driving expression of the lacZ reporter gene. Each construct was inserted into HSV-1 at the glycoprotein C locus, and recombinant viruses were evaluated for the ability to express beta-galactosidase during acute and latent viral infections in murine dorsal root ganglia. During acute infection of murine dorsal root ganglia, the activities of the promoters varied over a wide range. Constructs containing the murine metallothionein promoter (MT1), the phosphoglycerate kinase promoter, the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat (LTR), or the region upstream of and including the HSV LAT core promoter (LAT) were active during the acute but not the latent phase of infection. The addition of transcription factor binding sites present in the upstream LAT region to the MT1 and LTR promoters (LAT-MT1 and LAT-LTR, respectively) significantly increased acute-phase expression. Despite these high initial rates of transcription, of all the promoter constructs only LAT-LTR was able to remain transcriptionally active after the establishment of a latent state. Thus, the Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR provides a DNA element which functions to prevent promoter inactivation during latency. An analogous HSV long-term-expression element is evidently not present in the upstream LAT promoter, indicating that the HSV long-term-expression function is provided by a region outside of that which gives high-level neuronal expression during the acute phase of infection.
Charge Density Wave Caused by Reducing ThSe3 by One Electron. Superstructure and Short-Range Order in ATh2Se6 (A = K, Rb) Studied by X-ray Diffraction, Electron Diffraction, and Diffuse Scattering

The two isostructural compounds, ATh2Se6 (A ) K, Rb), adopt the orthorhombic space group Immm. ATh2Se6 has a two-dimensional structure which is related to the ZrSe3-type structure with K + /Rb + cations stabilized between the layers. These compounds represent the intercalated form of ThSe3 with 0.5 equiv of alkali metal ion. The stacking arrangement of the layers is slightly modified from that of ZrSe 3 in order to stabilize the newly introduced alkali metal ions between the layers. Electron diffraction studies reveal a static charge density wave (CDW), due to electron localization, resulting in 4a 4b superstructure. An atomic pair distribution function analysis and spectroscopy confirmed the presence of diselenide groups in the ZrSe 3-type layer (invisible by the single-crystal structure analysis) and support the notion that these Se atoms in the (Th2Se6) layers accept the extra electron from the alkali metal, and this results in breaking one out of four diselenide bonds. The superstructure is due to ordering of the three Se 2 2- and two Se 2- species along both directions. Optical absorption, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements support these conclusions.
Bread crumb grain development during baking

ABSTRACT Scanning electron microscopy was used to study gas cell size, shape, and distribution throughout the breadmaking process. Flours that produced bread with a relatively good grain and a relatively poor grain were used. Micrographs of the dough samples were taken at mixing; before and after each of two punches; before and after panning; after proofing; and after 12, 18, and 24 min (complete) of baking. No differences were found between the two flours at any dough stage. However, after 12 min of baking, the cell distributions were different between the doughs. These results suggest that the crumb grain differentiates during the early stages of baking. The changes documented during this time, i.e., cells becoming larger and the cell walls thicker, indicate that some gas cells coalesce during the early stages of baking and that this is reflected in the crumb grain of the bread.
Multiple imputation of missing dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

In 1999, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were added to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to provide information on soft tissue composition and bone mineral content. However, in 1999-2004, DXA data were missing in whole or in part for about 21 per cent of the NHANES participants eligible for the DXA examination; and the missingness is associated with important characteristics such as body mass index and age. To handle this missing-data problem, multiple imputation of the missing DXA data was performed. Several features made the project interesting and challenging statistically, including the relationship between missingness on the DXA measures and the values of other variables; the highly multivariate nature of the variables being imputed; the need to transform the DXA variables during the imputation process; the desire to use a large number of non-DXA predictors, many of which had small amounts of missing data themselves, in the imputation models; the use of lower bounds in the imputation procedure; and relationships between the DXA variables and other variables, which helped both in creating and evaluating the imputations. This paper describes the imputation models, methods, and evaluations for this publicly available data resource and demonstrates properties of the imputations via examples of analyses of the data. The analyses suggest that imputation helps to correct biases that occur in estimates based on the data without imputation, and that it helps to increase the precision of estimates as well. Moreover, multiple imputation usually yields larger estimated standard errors than those obtained with single imputation.
Demonstration of cell types among cone bipolar neurons of cat retina

We identified all the cone bipolar cells (80) in a small patch of one retina and then studied in detail the complete subset (42) that sends axons to sublamina b of the inner plexiform layer. The point was to learn whether the 'types' suggested previously, based on a few examples from a large population, could be substantiated or whether there would be intermediate forms. Tissue from the area centralis (1 degree eccentricity), was prepared as a series of 279 ultrathin sections and photographed in the electron microscope. Thirteen cells were reconstructed completely and parcelled into five categories (b1-b5) based on external morphology. For nine of these cells (two from categories b1-b4 and one from b5) most of the synaptic inputs and outputs were identified. When these nine cells were parcelled according to their synaptic patterns, they sorted into the same five categories. The remaining 29 cells in the population, though not reconstructed, were studied in detail by tracing their processes through the series. Ten of these cells, those near the margin of the series, were incomplete. The other 19 cells had essentially the same distribution of morphologies and synaptic patterns as the subset studied by total reconstruction: when plotted in multiparametric space, they formed distinct clusters corresponding to the five morphological categories. There was no hint of intermediate forms. That all the neurons in the population sort into some cluster (no intermediate forms), and that each neuron sorts into the same cluster by different criteria, argues that the clusters represent natural types. Each type forms a regular array in the region studied with an axonal 'coverage factor' that is close to one.
Cloning and assignment of linkage group loci to a karyotypic map of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus

The purpose of this study was to develop a karyotypic map of A. flavus and assign parasexually defined linkage groups to chromosomes. Seven A. fla? vus chromosomal bands, ranging in size from 2.3 to 7.0 megabases were separated by clamped homoge- neous electric field gel electrophoresis. Polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation ofA. flavus with a wild- type cosmid genomic library was used to complement seven strains having auxotrophic mutations in genes mapped to six of the eight linkage groups. DNA from cosmids complementing each of these seven mapped auxotrophic genes was used to make linkage group- specific probes. Hybridization of these probes to chro? mosomal separations allowed us to assign six linkage groups (I, II, IV, VI, VII, VIII) to five chromosomal bands. In addition, five previously cloned but un- mapped genes were located on this karyotypic map and thus assigned to their corresponding linkage groups, i.e., benA, rDNA,pyrG, aflR andadhl to groups I, II, II, VII, and IV or VIII, respectively. This karyo?