cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selected Aspects of ACE Inhibitor Therapy for Patients with Renal Disease: Impact on Proteinuria, Lipids and Potassium

Overt proteinuria is often accompanied by hypercholesterolemia and is associated with increased lipoprotein(a) levels. These lipid abnormalities are probably involved in the high incidence of macrovascular complications associated with diabetic nephropathy and possibly other kinds of non-diabetic proteinuric renal disease. Over the last decade many studies have shown that ACE inhibitors can reduce urinary protein excretion but little attention was paid to the impact of this form of therapeutic intervention on the lipid profile. In this article we review our recent data showing that fosinopril administration was associated with significant decreases in both urinary protein excretion, serum total cholesterol levels, and plasma lp(a) levels. The use of ACE inhibitors in patients with renal impairment can result in the development of hyperkalemia as a result of suppression of angiotensin II-driven aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion may depend on the degree of inhibition of angiotensin II formation in the circulation and also locally in the adrenal gland. Because the various ACE inhibitors exhibit different degrees of ACE inhibition at the tissue level, we have postulated that angiotensin II-dependent aldosterone production will be inhibited to a lesser degree by agents that have low tissue affinity for the adrenal gland. The implication of this theoretical concept for the development of hyperkalemia in patients with impaired renal function treated with ACE inhibitors is discussed.
The Ultrastructure of the Chorion of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas

Abstract The teleost chorion serves as a natural barrier to environmental agents. In this investigation, the chorions of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, were subjected to light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy during different stages of embryogenesis. The chorion is composed of an outer layer of 22 lamellae, and an inner, more electron-dense layer. During embryogenesis, there is a great increase in the thickness of the inner layer of the chorion, with a consequential decrease in the thickness of the outer 22 lamellae. The outside surface also changes during embryogenesis. It is suggested that the chorion be taken into consideration in environmental toxicity studies, and that the number of lamellae might be a way of classifying embryos.
Is calciphylaxis best treated surgically or medically

Abstract Background. Calciphylaxis is a rare, painful, life-threatening problem of cutaneous necrosis and refractory healing in patients with uremia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The pathogenesis involves abnormalities in calcium and phosphorus metabolism and acute deposition of calcium in tissues. Method. The clinical course of 16 patients who were diagnosed with calciphylaxis at our institution from 1994 through 1998 was reviewed. Results. Fourteen female patients and 2 male patients had chronic renal disease, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and characteristic skin necrosis (mean age, 56 years; range, 39-70 years). All patients underwent intensive medical therapy, including ongoing hemodialysis (n = 16 patients), parathyroidectomy (n = 7 patients), and debridement of cutaneous lesions (n = 8 patients). Mean serum values in surgical and nonsurgical patients were significantly different for phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, and parathormone levels. Median survival was 9.4 months; 15 patients (93%) have died. The median survival time for parathyroidectomy versus nonparathyroidectomy was 14.8 and 6.3 months (P =.22), for skin debridement versus nondebridement was 14.1 and 6.1 months (P =.08), and for diabetic versus nondiabetic patients was 6.5 and 13.9 months (P =.11). Conclusions. Calciphylaxis has a female preponderance, with a dismal prognosis. A multidisciplinary approach that uses frequent hemodialysis to normalize calcium and phosphorus levels and local debridement of skin lesions seems prudent. Parathyroidectomy cannot be recommended routinely in all patients, unless severe hyperparathyroidism mandates intervention. (Surgery 2000;128:967-72.)
Abstract 164: High throughput homogenous bioluminescent assays for monitoring the concentrations of AMP, ADP and ATP

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Adenine nucleotides are major determinants of the energy status of the cell and thus any modulation of their cellular concentration has significant consequences to cellular metabolism, cellular growth and cell death. ATP generating enzymes are usually involved in anabolic processes while ATP consuming enzymes are involved in catabolite processes. We have developed biochemical assays that monitor the concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP in a biochemical reaction. For instance ATP depletion dependent assays and ADP generating assays monitor the activity of kinases and ATPases. These universal assays can measure the activity of various enzymes with no modification of the native substrate and the ability to use diverse substrates such as proteins, peptides, lipids, sugars, etc. The AMP generating reactions such as ubiquitin ligases, aa aminoacyl t-RNA synthetases, DNA ligases, cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterases, etc. can be also monitored with high sensitivity and reproducibility. We will show data using these various technologies in monitoring the various adenine nucleotide concentrations in biochemical reactions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 164. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-164
Nitrate reduction in the genusChromobacterium

Whether or not a strain ofChromobacterium is able to reduce nitrate completely depends upon the oxygen tension of the medium, the composition of the medium and the length of time the culture is incubated. Based upon action on nitrate only, the genus may be divided into three parts: those which reduce completely with or without gas production, those which reduce to nitrite only and those which do not reduce.
Genomic instability demonstrates similarity between DCIS and invasive carcinomas.

Purpose To assess telomere DNA content (TC) and the number of sites of allelic imbalance (AI) as a function of breast cancer progression. Experimental design TC and AI were determined in 54 histologically normal tissues, 10 atypical ductal hyperplasias (ADH), 122 in situ ductal carcinomas (DCIS) and 535 invasive carcinomas (Stage I–IIIA). Results TC was altered in ADH lesions (20%), DCIS specimens (53%) and invasive carcinomas (51%). The mean number of sites of AI was 0.26 in histologically normal group tissue, increased to 1.00 in ADH, 2.94 in DCIS, and 3.07 in invasive carcinomas. All groups were statistically different from the histologically normal group (P < 0.001 for each); however, there was no difference between DCIS and the invasive groups. Conclusions Genomic instability increases in ADH and plateaus in DCIS without further increase in the invasive carcinomas, supporting the notion that invasive carcinomas evolve from or in parallel with DCIS.
Recruiting for primary care.

It is widely agreed that for optimal delivery of health care, half or more of all doctors should be primary care physicians1,2. Nevertheless, unmoved by considerations of national need, a high and ...
Ultrastructural observations on closure of the soft palate in hamsters.

Subcellular events during soft palate closure in hamsters were studied electron microscopically. In the early stages the surface epithelium of the palatal shelves was 2–3 cell-layers thick and was separated from the underlying mesenchyme by an intact basal lamina. The epithelial cells contained few cytoplasmic organelles and were attached to each other by desmosomes. During further development tonofilaments and lysosomes appeared in the epithelial cells. Prior to fusion the epithelia of the opposing shelves displayed thickening followed by desquamation of the superficial cells. Fusion occurred by means of newly formed desmosomes between the fresh surfaces of the opposing epithelia of the shelves, thereby forming an epithelial seam bounded on each side by the basal lamina. Subsequent thinning and fragmentation of the seam occurred as a result of autophagy, exfoliation, and extrusion of cells through the intercellular spaces. Macrophages appeared at a later stage of soft palate development and removed the cellular debris. At no time during these stages of palatogenesis was there evidence of penetration of the basal lamina on either side of the epithelial seam by the surrounding mesenchyme.
Cell transplantation and federal regulation

Federal regulation of tissues and organs has proceeded slowly, with main emphasis on safety of the procured material. More recently with the development of somatic cell therapies, the Food and Drug Administration has issued some guidance documents that establish that some classes of cells that are manufactured will be subject to not only safety but efficacy requirements. Cell transplantation presents several aspects that are similar to somatic cell therapies, and the purpose of this presentation is to explore those relationships.
Extending geospatial data to support epidemiological modeling

This paper describes the Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler (STEM), an open source disease modeling application available through the Eclipse Foundation. The most distinguishing aspect of STEM is that it provides an open platform for researchers to build, run, share, and reuse models of infectious disease. We give a motivation why we believe an extensible architecture is desirable for these types of applications, allowing new models to be built on top of existing proven models. We also describe some of the features in STEM, and explain how GIS data must be extended to support interactions between regions -- including the mass action terms that drive transmission of infectious disease.
Jenck's 'Enigmatic Signifier' and Cathartic Narrative

In his article "Jenck's 'Enigmatic Signifier' and Cathartic Narrative" Emmanuel Rubio takes Charles Jencks's definition of the "enigmatic signifier" as a point of departure. For Jencks, the postmodern "iconic building" should present a "redundancy of popular signs and metaphors" that allows for multiple interpretations. But these numerous metaphorical references could also be inserted in a less simultaneous network to construct a narrative sequence. As one of these sequences, the "cathartic narrative," which is particularly adapted to the troubled era of post-modernity, is defined as a narrative that brings back, in a symbolic way, memories and experiences of past suffering, before it gets through the ordeals of the community and gives actual relief. The Selfridges department store in Birmingham analyzed by Jencks offers a good example of this process. By reading the story of Birmingham's difficult modernization through its architecture, the "cathartic narrative" is able to propose another pattern for modern and postmodern monumentality. Emmanuel Rubio, "Jenck's 'Enigmatic Signifier' and Cathartic Narrative" page 2 of 13 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.3 (2012): Thematic Issue New Work on Landscape and Its Narration. Ed. Sofie Verraest, Bart Keunen, and Katrien Bollen
20. ß2-Adrenergic agonist treatment inhibits 4T1 breast tumor metastasis to the lung

Solid tumors are composed of neoplastic cells and non-cancerous stromal cells consisting of immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. To determine how s2-adrenergic receptor (s2-AR) activation of stromal cells influences cancer progression in the absence of tumor cell s2-AR activation, we utilized the mammary adenocarcinoma 4T1, a murine model of metastatic breast cancer. 4T1 cells do not express functional s-AR and are unable to respond to s-AR agonists or the endogenous s-AR ligand, norepinephrine. BALB/c female mice were injected IP with 5 mg/kg salmeterol, a long-acting s2-AR-selective agonist, or saline beginning 2 days before tumor cell injection and continued daily until 24 h before sacrifice. In BALB/c mice, salmeterol treatment significantly reduced metastasis to the lungs in association with decreased tumor myeloid derived suppressor cells (CD11b+Gr-1+) and a non-significant reduction in tumor growth. To test if the inhibitory effects of salmeterol were dependent on T cell function, BALB/c SCID mice were treated with salmeterol. In the absence of mature T cells, salmeterol treatment did not reduce lung metastases or tumor growth. These results provide evidence that s2-AR activation can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis through host s2-AR-expressing stromal cells including T cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells. Targeting stromal cell s2-AR may inhibit metastasis in the context of aggressive breast cancer.
On the existence of free and metal complexed sulfide in the Arabian Sea and its oxygen minimum zone

Abstract Free hydrogen sulfide was not detected in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Arabian Sea during legs D1 (September 1992) and D3 (October–November 1992) of the Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme (NIOP). However, sulfide complexed to metals was detected by cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry at 2 nM or less throughout the water column. A slight increase in sulfide was measured in the OMZ relative to the surface waters and may be related to sulfur release from organic matter during decomposition. Sulfide complexes are of two general types at low concentrations of metal and sulfide. First, metals such as Mn, Fe, Co and Ni form complexes with bisulfide ion (HS − ) that are kinetically labile to dissociation and are reactive. Second, metals such as Cu and Zn form multinuclear complexes with sulfide (S 2− ) that are kinetically inert to dissociation; thus, they are less reactive than free (bi)sulfide and the labile metal bisulfide complexes. Zinc and copper sulfide complexes are important in allowing hydrogen sulfide to persist in seawater which contains measurable oxygen.
Significance of tumor angiogenesis inclinically localized prostate carcinoma treated with external beam radiotherapy

Abstract Objectives. To determine the prognostic significance of microvessel density(a measure of tumor angiogenesis) in comparison with other prognostic factors for patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma treated with external beam radiotherapy. Methods. Microvessel density was quantified within the initial invasive carcinoma from the diagnostic transurethral resection specimen of 25 patients with a mean follow-up of 44 months. Microvessels were identified by immunohistochemical staining of endothelial cells for factor Vlll-related antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Microvessels were counted in a ×200 field (0.754 mm 2 ) in the area of maximal angiogenesis. Results. Microvessel density correlated with several pretreatment prognostic factors,including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (p Conclusions. The intratumoral quantification of tumor angiogenesis may prove valuableas a prognostic indicator in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy.
mTOR Inhibition Elicits a Dramatic Response in PI3K-Dependent Colon Cancers

The phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is critical for multiple cellular functions including metabolism, proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, and is the most commonly altered pathway in human cancers. Recently, we developed a novel mouse model of colon cancer in which tumors are initiated by a dominant active PI3K (FC PIK3ca*). The cancers in these mice are moderately differentiated invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas of the proximal colon that develop by 50 days of age. Interestingly, these cancers form without a benign intermediary or aberrant WNT signaling, indicating a non-canonical mechanism of tumorigenesis. Since these tumors are dependent upon the PI3K pathway, we investigated the potential for tumor response by the targeting of this pathway with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor. A cohort of FC PIK3ca* mice were treated with rapamycin at a dose of 6 mg/kg/day or placebo for 14 days. FDG dual hybrid PET/CT imaging demonstrated a dramatic tumor response in the rapamycin arm and this was confirmed on necropsy. The tumor tissue remaining after treatment with rapamycin demonstrated increased pERK1/2 or persistent phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), indicating potential resistance mechanisms. This unique model will further our understanding of human disease and facilitate the development of therapeutics through pharmacologic screening and biomarker identification.
Crustacea: A Primitive Mediterranean Group also Occurs in North America

A new species of the genus Monodella (class Crustacea, order Thermosbaenacea) has been found in a cave pool in Texas. Previously the order was believed to be restricted to the Mediterranean area. The new evidence indicates that the order is older than was believed, or that invasion of fresh or brackish water has occurred more than once within the order.
Excitation of Fluorescent Emission from Solutions at the Surface of Polymer Thin-Film Waveguides: An Integrated Optics Technique for the Sensing of Fluorescence at the Polymer/Solution Interface

In this paper we report a technique for the excitation and collection of fluorescence in a flow cell coupled to the surface of an integrated optical waveguide. The waveguides were 1-2-μm-thick poly(styrene) films spun-cast onto acid-cleaned Pyrex® microscope slides. The flow cell was used to introduce fluorescent solutions to the light energy at the polymer waveguide surface. The flow cell volume consisted of a 0.051-cm-thick silastic gasket sandwiched between a glass collection window and the polymer waveguide surface. Fluorescence data from the waveguide surface excitation of fluorescein solutions are presented. Evanescent- and scatter-excited emissions are separated with the use of light attenuation theory. The application of polymer thin-film waveguides to the study of protein adsorption at the polymer/solution interface is discussed.
Flexible Correction Processes in Social Judgment: Correcting for Context-Induced Contrast

Abstract Previous studies of correction processes in social judgment have suggested that contextual contrast is a more cognitively effortful process than contextual assimilation because contrast results from efforts to correct for assimilation biases. These studies appear to assume that assimilation is the natural or default effect of a context and that instigation of correction processes leads to displacement of judgments away from the context. In Experiment 1, we showed that people believe that either contrast or assimilation can be the natural effect of a context depending upon the specific context and target items paired. In Experiment 2, we employed a context that subjects believed would naturally produce a contrast effect, and as expected, contrast was produced in the "no-correction" condition. When an explicit instruction to correct for the context was made, subjects adjusted their judgments toward rather than away from the contextual items. Experiment 3 showed that corrections observed with explicit instructions were not due to changes in response language. Finally, in Experiment 4, more subtle correction cues produced the same correction effects. We argue that it is premature to conclude that movement away from a context (i.e., judgmental contrast) is invariably the result of context correction processes. Rather, people are more flexible in their corrections. In situations where contrast is the expected effect of a context, correction processes result in movement toward rather than away from the context.
Synthesis of a New Tetrapyridyl Ligand and the Characterization of Three Distinct Metal- and Hydrogen-Bonding Conformations

The design, synthesis, and complexation characteristics of the ligand 1,2,4,5-tetrakis-(2‘-pyridylethynyl)benzene are described. Three distinct essentially planar conformations are demonstrated. Conformational flexibility allows the ligand to adopt an “in−in” conformation and complex silver(I) cations. On self-assembly with resorcinol, the ligand adopts an “out−out” conformation to accommodate the larger resorcinol molecule with pyridyl−hydroxyl hydrogen bonding. In contrast, an “in−out−in−out” conformation is adopted on complexation with 2,7-dinitrofluorenone through weak hydrogen bonds.
Median split trees: a fast lookup technique for frequently occuring keys

Split trees are a new technique for searching sets of keys with highly skewed frequency distributions. A split tree is a binary search tree each node of which contains two key values—a node value which is a maximally frequent key in that subtree, and a split value which partitions the remaining keys (with respect to their lexical ordering) between the left and right subtrees. A median split tree (MST) uses the lexical median of a node's descendents as its split value to force the search tree to be perfectly balanced, achieving both a space efficient representation of the tree and high search speed. Unlike frequency ordered binary search trees, the cost of a successful search of an MST is log n bounded and very stable around minimal values. Further, an MST can be built for a given key ordering and set of frequencies in time n log n, as opposed to n2 for an optimum binary search tree. A discussion of the application of MST's to dictionary lookup for English is presented, and the performance obtained is contrasted with that of other techniques.
Glucocorticoids inhibit the growth of AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells

The effect of steroids on the growth of AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells was investigated. It was found that under certain conditions glucocorticoids inhibit growth. Specificity studies indicated that only glucocorticoids caused this effect. Biopotency studies indicated that dexamethasone had its mid-maximal effect around 5 nM. At least part of this inhibition was caused by a decrease in the cell's ability to synthesize DNA; glucocorticoids inhibit the rate at which tritiated thymidine is incorporated into TCA-precipitable material. The magnitude of the growth-inhibiting effect depended upon the prior culture history of the cell. The effect was least on cells derived from exponentially growing cultures and most effective on cells derived from cultures that were approaching their density limit. It is concluded that glucocorticoids inhibit AtT-20 cell growth by interfering with their ability to transform from confluent cultures to ones that grow exponentially. The significance of this finding is that now two mechanisms must be considered when investigating the pathways through which glucocorticoids decrease the ACTH production of the AtT-20 cell.
Economic analysis of plug-in electric vehicle parking deck with dynamic pricing

A large number of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) parking decks connected to the power systems will bring up many problems which need to be addressed. An emerging issue is that a PEV parking deck needs a systematic optimal price reference for tomorrow's operation on electricity sale prices and parking fees for customers. This paper introduces a system including a price mechanism and three charging scenarios for different types of PEV parking decks to maximize their total revenue for the next 24 hours. Because different types of parking decks have various traffic behaviors (e.g., arrival and departure distribution), this system provides an exclusive price reference for each parking deck operator according to its historical traffic behaviors. First, the mathematical model of this system is introduced considering the real world constraints. Second, the case studies are performed to simulate the real world charging scenarios over 24 hours. The results provide the marginal electricity sale price for operators to decide the electricity sale price for customers in order to maintain the total revenue for tomorrow's operation. Finally, the expected total revenues of the next 24 hours are given by using three charging scenarios after the price decision has been made.
Multivalency amplifies the selection and affinity of bradykinin-derived peptides for lipid nanovesicles

The trimer of a bradykinin derivative displayed a more than five-fold increase in binding affinity for phosphatidylserine-enriched nanovesicles as compared to its monomeric precursor. The nanovesicle selection is directly correlated with multivalency, which amplifies the electrostatic attraction. This strategy may lead to the development of novel molecular probes for detecting highly curved membrane bilayers.
Spaces of Power/Knowledge A Foucauldian Methodology for Qualitative Inquiry

In this paper, I argue for a consideration of Foucault’s power/knowledge doublet as a spatial, analytic methodology for the use of studying the productive effects of practices in education. A spatial reading involves disentangling the complex production of subjectivity as an effect of power/knowledge relations and practices. A power/knowledge reading of the multiple effects of social, cultural, and material practices within relations of power/knowledge illustrates how educational subjects are in a continual process of constructing and transforming their selves and their worlds through their interactions with others. In particular, I sketch what this spatial methodology looked like in the context of an ethnographic study that I conducted on southern girls’ subjectivity and education. I conclude that a Foucauldian spatial methodology that analyzes power/knowledge practices within educational contexts shows that people and their practices are not causal results of educational discrimination or injustice but ...
Physical activity reduces risk for colon polyps in a multiethnic colorectal cancer screening population

Identifying modifiable factors that influence the epidemiology of colorectal cancer incidence among multiethnic groups might be informative for the development of public health strategies targeting the disease. Minimal data exists describing the impact of physical activity on colorectal polyp risk in United States minority populations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of exercise on the prevalence of polyps in a multiethnic colorectal cancer screening population. We enrolled 982 patients: 558 Hispanic, 202 Asian,149 Black, and 69 White. Patients who reported exercising one or more hours weekly had a lower prevalence of any polyps (25.3% vs 33.2%, P = 0.008) as well as adenomas (13.8 vs. 18.9%, P = 0.03) compared to those who did not exercise. Black and Hispanic patients and those who were overweight or obese also had lower prevalence of polyps if they led an active lifestyle. Multivariate analysis revealed that age >55, male sex, and Black race/ethnicity were positively associated with the presence of adenomas, while a history of exercising one hour or more weekly was an independent negative predictor for the presence of adenomas anywhere in the colon (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.4 - 0.9, P = 0.03). Exercising one hour per week was associated with a lower prevalence of polyps and adenomas when compared to those who exercised less or not at all. An active lifestyle provides benefits to groups who are at risk for colorectal cancer, such as Blacks. It also provides significant protection to overweight and obese individuals. Public health initiatives should promote physical activity as a cancer prevention tool in multiethnic populations. none
On the Theory and Design of Linear Repetitive Control Systemsg

This article summarizes developments in linear repetitive control (RC) that represent an effective overall design approach, allowing the user to optimize performance. This involves the design of a compensator, a zero-phase lowpass filter, and an interpolator. Mathematical background is developed that justifies and interprets the compensator frequency domain optimization criterion. The compensator designs can be very effective with a small number of gains, with fast well-behaved learning. Robustness to model parameter uncertainties is accomplished by optimizing the cost summed over models, by adjusting the learning rate as a function of frequency, and by relaxing the zero error requirement as a function of frequency. The mathematical background needed is developed for multinput multi-output (MIMO) systems, and the generalized MIMO optimization criterion and solution are presented. One can also design a set of single-input single-output designs to handle MIMO systems. Regarding the zerophase filter used to robustify to unmodeled high-frequency dynamics, specially tailored finite impulse response filter designs cut off or cut down the learning at high frequencies. Interpolation is used to improve performance when the period of interest is not an integer number of time steps, and it is shown how to use the designs when there are multiple unrelated disturbance periods. RC designed to eliminate periodic measurement error is also presented, with results from computer disk drives.
Antikinetochore antibodies interfere with prometaphase but not anaphase chromosome movement in living PtK2 cells.

Injection of CREST antikinetochore antiserum (AKA) containing antibodies to the kinetochore into living prometaphase PtK2 cells decreased chromosome velocity to near zero. Injection of either phosphate-buffered saline or CREST antiserum without antikinetochore antibodies (antikinetochore negative: AKN) had no effect on prometaphase oscillations. AKA antiserum injected into anaphase cells at the beginning of chromatid separation had no effect on anaphase chromosome velocity, spindle elongation, or cytokinesis. Visible binding of antikinetochore antibodies in prometaphase cells at room temperature occurred between 5 and 15 minutes after injection. Anaphase cells injected at the beginning of chromatid separation had bound antibody at the end of anaphase. AKA antiserum recognizes in Western blots proteins associated with the primary constriction: CENP-B, -C, and -D, as reported by other workers. The control antiserum, AKN, does not recognize these proteins. These results imply that the antigens recognized by CREST antibodies are important for chromosome movement. Whether or not these antigens are themselves motor molecules cannot be addressed by the present data. In addition, the results suggest that these antigens are not involved in an important way in anaphase movement. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Littre's hernia.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of strangulation of Meckel's diverticulum has been reported and the literature reviewed. 2. 2. An additional case of Meckel's diverticulum as an incidental finding in a scrotal type of inguinal hernia is also reported.
Nocturnal masseter muscle activity and the symptoms of masticatory dysfunction

Summary This study evaluated the level of nocturnal masseter activity and the symptoms of jaw dysfunction in eighty-five subjects who varied with respect to degree of jaw dysfunction. A combined jaw dysfunction index was employed which evaluated both the patients subjective report of pain as well as the clinical examination evidence of jaw dysfunction. Using this combined index, a significant correlation was found between the level of nocturnal masseter activity and the signs and symptoms of jaw dysfunction. Tooth wear was also related to signs and symptoms of jaw dysfunction as well as high levels of nocturnal masseter muscle activity (bruxism).
On Nonlinear Baroclinic Waves and Adjustment of Pancake Dynamics

Three-dimensional nonhydrostatic Euler–Boussinesq equations are studied for Bu=O(1) flows as well as in the asymptotic regime of strong stratification and weak rotation. Reduced prognostic equations for ageostrophic components (divergent velocity potential and geostrophic departure/thermal wind imbalance) are analyzed. We describe classes of nonlinear anisotropic ageostrophic baroclinic waves which are generated by the strong nonlinear interactions between the quasi-geostrophic modes and inertio-gravity waves. In the asymptotic regime of strong stratification and weak rotation we show how switching on weak rotation triggers frontogenesis. The mechanism of the front formation is contraction in the horizontal dimension balanced by vertical shearing through coupling of large horizontal and small vertical scales by weak rotation. Vertical slanting of these fronts is proportional to μ−1/2 where μ is the ratio of the Coriolis and Brunt–Vaisala parameters. These fronts select slow baroclinic waves through nonlinear adjustment of the horizontal scale to the vertical scale by weak rotation, and are the envelope of inertio-gravity waves. Mathematically, this is generated by asymptotic hyperbolic systems describing the strong nonlinear interactions between waves and potential vorticity dynamics. This frontogenesis yields vertical “gluing” of pancake dynamics, in contrast to the independent dynamics of horizontal layers in strongly stratified turbulence without rotation.
Effects of energy imbalance on energy expenditure and respiratory quotient in young and older men: a summary of data from two metabolic studies.

The roles of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in energy regulation, and the effects of factors such as aging on these parameters, remain uncertain. A re-analysis of data from two studies involving overfeeding or underfeeding in young men (22.7±0.6 [SEM] years) and older men (68.0±1.50 years) was conducted to further evaluate the adaptive capacity of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient to an increase or a decrease in energy intake. Changes in total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) in response to energy imbalance were compared between subjects undergoing overfeeding by 4.1MJ/day for 21 days, or underfeeding by 3.2 MJ/day for 21 days. Comparing responses to overfeeding or underfeeding, there was a significant TEE response to energy imbalance averaging 1.39 MJ/day and equivalent to 19% of the alteration in energy intake (p<0.05). There was also a significant REE response to energy imbalance averaging 0.45 MJ/day (p<0.001), and a significant RQ response in both fasting and fed states (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between young and older men in their TEE, energy deposition or RQ responses to energy imbalance, but older men did have significantly diminished REE response to energy imbalance (p<0.05) and a significantly delayed thermic response to a standard meal (p<0.05). These data indicate that energy expenditure plays a significant role in attenuating the effects of alterations in energy intake on body energy stores and that, based on some measures of energy expenditure, aging is associated with a reduction in the adaptive capacity of energy expenditure to participate in energy regulation.
Pathway of testosterone biosynthesis in the testis of the marmoset Saguinus oedipus.

Abstract These studies were undertaken to determine the principal pathway of androgen biosynthesis by the testis of the marmoset Saguinus oedipus . Testicular fragments (25 mg) were incubated at 37°C in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing pregnenolone-7-3H (3β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) or progesterone-7-3H. Duplicate fragments were incubated with each substrate for 30 min, one hr, three hr, or five hr, for a total of 16 separate incubations. Metabolites were separated by paper and thin-layer chromatography, with identity established by recrystallization to constant specific activities and 3H/14C ratios. Pregnenolone was readily metabolized to progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione (4-androstene-3, 17-dione) and testosterone. Progesterone was converted to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone. 17α-hydroxyprogesterone was the predominant metabolite obtained from both substrates at one, three and five hrs of incubation. Neither 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (3β-17-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) nor dehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5-androsten17-one) was detected in the incubates. These data suggest a predominant Δ4 pathway with accumulation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone in the testis of this primate specie.
Ca2+ dependency of Na+ transport by rabbit renal brush border membrane.

Intracellular Ca2+ has been suggested to play an important role in the regulation of epithelial Na+ transport. Previous studies showed that preincubation of toad urinary bladder, a tight epithelium, in Ca2+-free medium enhanced Na+ uptake by the subsequently isolated apical membrane vesicles, suggesting the downregulation of Na+ entry across the apical membrane by intracellular Ca2+. In the present study, we have examined the effect of Ca2+-free preincubation on apical membrane Na+ transport in a leaky epithelium, i.e., brush border membrane (BBM) of rabbit renal proximal tubule. In contrast to toad urinary bladder, it was found that BBM vesicles derived from proximal tubules incubated in 1 mM Ca2+ medium exhibited higher Na+ uptake than those derived from proximal tubules incubated in Ca2+-free EGTA medium. Such effect of Ca2+ in the preincubation medium was temperature dependent and could not be replaced by another divalent cation. Ba2+ (1 mM). Ca2+ in the preincubation medium did not affect Na+-dependent BBM glucose uptake, and its effect on BBM Na+ uptake was pH gradient dependent and amiloride (10(-3) M) sensitive, suggesting the involvement of Na+/H+ antiport system. Addition of verapamil (10(-4) M) to 1 mM Ca2+ preincubation medium abolished while ionomycin (10(-6) M) potentiated the effect of Ca2+ in the preincubation medium is likely to be mediated by Ca2+-dependent cellular pathways and not due to a direct effect of extracellular Ca2+ on BBM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS AND THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF COMET 73P/SCHWASSMANN-WACHMANN 3

Infrared observations of the broken comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 were performed at 24 μm with the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2006 May. The image reveals the fragments and the meteoroid stream associated with the comet. Heavy numerical simulation of the production and evolution of the meteoroids ejected by the comet during the last century, coupled with a model of thermal emission of cometary grains, allows us to determine the dust size distribution. As found by in situ measurements performed during spacecraft encounters with 1P/Halley and 81P/Wild 2, the size distribution for 73P shows a plateau for the mass range 10–10 to 10–7 kg. Except for this mass bin, the cumulative mass index is in the range 0.85-1, so the size distribution has the same slope for dust and meteoroids separately, but with a significantly different normalization such that there are more large particles than would be expected from an extrapolation of the small-particle size distribution. The abundance of meteoroids with masses larger than 10–5 kg is poorly determined by in situ measurements due to the small number of detections; infrared observations provide a unique way to constrain it. The stream is mainly composed of particles ejected during the 1995 and 2001 passages. We show that the dust production rate increased by a factor of 11 during the 1995 outburst.
Evidential knowledge-based computer vision

It has been argued that knowledge-based systems (KBSs) must reason from evidential information, i.e., from information that is to some degree uncertain, imprecise, and occasionally inaccurate. This is no less true of KBSs that operate in the domain of computer-based image interpretation. Recent research has suggested that the work of Dempster and Shafer (DS) provides a viable alternative to Bayesian-based techniques for reasoning from evidential information. In this paper, we discuss some differences between the DS theory and some popular Bayesian-based approaches to effecting the reasoning task. We then discuss some work on integrating the DS theory into a knowledge-based high-level computer vision system in order to examine various aspects of this new technology that have not been explored to date. Results from a large number of image interpretation experiments are presented. These results suggest that a KBS's performance improves substantially when it exploits various features of the DS theory that are not readily available in pure Bayesian-based approaches.
Monetary and Fiscal Policy: Goals and the Choice of Instruments

I. The basic model, 314. — II. Conditions determining the proper pairing of instruments and goals, 317. — III. Tax rates and interest rates as instruments, 319; government purchases and interest rates, 324; government purchases and tax rates, 325. — IV. Summary, 325.
Characterizing Aqueous Solution Conformations of a Peptide Backbone Using Raman Optical Activity Computations

Mounting spectroscopic evidence indicates that alanine predominantly adopts extended polyproline II (PPII) conformations in short polypeptides. Here we analyze Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of N-acetylalanine-N′-methylamide (Ala dipeptide) in H2O and D2O using density functional theory on Monte Carlo (MC) sampled geometries to examine the propensity of Ala dipeptide to adopt compact right-handed (αR) and left-handed (αL) helical conformations. The computed ROA spectra based on MC-sampled αR and PPII peptide conformations contain all the key spectral features found in the measured spectra. However, there is no significant similarity between the measured and computed ROA spectra based on the αL- and β-conformations sampled by the MC methods. This analysis suggests that Ala dipeptide populates the αR and PPII conformations but no substantial population of αL- or β-structures, despite sampling αL- and β-structures in our MC simulations. Thus, ROA spectra combined with the theoretical analysis allow us to determine the dominant populated structures. Including explicit solute-solvent interactions in the theoretical analysis is essential for the success of this approach.
High-pressure liquid chromatography of cobalamins and cobalamin analogs.

Abstract High-pressure liquid chromatography has been used to separate, identify, and quantitate 37 different cyanocobalamin analogs, including the most commonly occurring analogs that result from bacterial synthesis. This technique has also been used to simultaneously separate, identify, and quantitate five naturally occurring cobalamins that differ in their upper axial ligands: methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, and sulfitocobalamin. This method permits rapid quantitative detection and identification of cobalamins and naturally occurring and synthetic cobalamin analogs in complex mixtures.
Degradation of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane in a Freshwater Tidal Wetland: Field and Laboratory Evidence

Degradation reactions controlling the fate of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (PCA) in a freshwater tidal wetland that is a discharge area for a contaminated aquifer were investigated by a combined field and laboratory study. Samples from nested piezometers and porous-membrane sampling devices (peepers) showed that PCA concentrations decreased and that less chlorinated daughter products formed as the groundwater became increasingly reducing along upward flow paths through the wetland sediments. The cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloroethylene (12DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) were the predominant daughter products detected from degradation of PCA in the field and in microcosms constructed under methanogenic conditions. Significantly lower ratios of cis-12DCE to trans-12DCE were produced by PCA degradation than by degradation of trichloroethylene, a common co-contaminant with PCA. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (112TCA) and 1,2-dichloroethane (12DCA) occurred simultaneously with 12DCE, indicating simultaneous hydrogenolys...
Remarks on interaction between random viscoelastic waves and a griffith crack

Abstract The response is considered of a Griffith crack located in a viscoelastic medium and subjected to random SH-waves. The stress intensity factor is constructed using the asymptotic solutions for low and high frequencies and the correspondence principle. It is shown that even small energy losses strongly affect the response of the crack.
The predominant anaerobe from the spiral intestine of hatchery-raised sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), a new Bacteroides species

The anaerobic and aerobic bacterial flora from the spiral intestine of hatchery-raised sturgeon were enumerated. Among the obligate anaerobes, a new bacteroidelike organism was isolated and found to be the predominant strict anaerobe. The organism is Gram-negative, produces the fermentation products acetate, succinate, propionate and H2. The mol % G+C of DNA from various strains ranged from 33.17–33.65. The optimum sodium concentration for this organism was found to be 137 mM; the sodium level in the sturgeon spiral intestine ranged from 94.5–110.0mM. Based on these and other physiological characteristics, the organism appears to be a new species of the genus Bacteroides.
You get what you get and you don't get upset

A study now reveals that ON and OFF thalamic inputs to visual cortex are partially segregated in space and predict the preferred orientation of neurons of the target cortical column. This finding brings us a step closer to a full understanding of the origin of simple cells and orientation maps in primary visual cortex.
Descriptions of six new species of jawfishes (Opistognathidae: Opistognathus) from Australia

Descriptions of six new species of Australian jawfishes (genus Opistognathus) are presented: O. alleni n.sp. (Western Australia), O. seminudus n.sp. (Great Barrier Reef), O. stigmosus n.sp. (Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea Plateau), O. elizabethensis n.sp. (Tasman Sea, Elizabeth Reef), O. verecundus n.sp. (northern Australia), and O. reticeps n.sp. (northern Australia). The nominal genus Tandya Whitley is discussed and provisionally synonymized with Opistognathus Cuvier. An identification key to all Australian jawfishes is provided.
Click chemistry facilitates formation of reporter ions and simplified synthesis of amine-reactive multiplexed isobaric tags for protein quantification.

We report the development of novel reagents for cell-level protein quantification, referred to as Caltech isobaric tags (CITs), which offer several advantages in comparison with other isobaric tags (e.g., iTRAQ and TMT). Click chemistry, copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), is applied to generate a gas-phase cleavable linker suitable for the formation of reporter ions. Upon collisional activation, the 1,2,3-triazole ring constructed by CuAAC participates in a nucleophilic displacement reaction forming a six-membered ring and releasing a stable cationic reporter ion. To investigate its utility in peptide mass spectrometry, the energetics of the observed fragmentation pathway are examined by density functional theory. When this functional group is covalently attached to a target peptide, it is found that the nucleophilic displacement occurs in competition with formation of b- and y-type backbone fragment ions regardless of the amino acid side chains present in the parent bioconjugate, confirming that calculated reaction energetics of reporter ion formation are similar to those of backbone fragmentations. Based on these results, we apply this selective fragmentation pathway for the development of CIT reagents. For demonstration purposes, duplex CIT reagent is prepared using a single isotope-coded precursor, allyl-d_5-bromide, with reporter ions appearing at m/z 164 and 169. Isotope-coded allyl azides for the construction of the reporter ion group can be prepared from halogenated alkyl groups which are also employed for the mass balance group via N-alkylation, reducing the cost and effort for synthesis of isobaric pairs. Owing to their modular designs, an unlimited number of isobaric combinations of CIT reagents are, in principle, possible. The reporter ion mass can be easily tuned to avoid overlapping with common peptide MS/MS fragments as well as the low mass cutoff problems inherent in ion trap mass spectrometers. The applicability of the CIT reagent is tested with several model systems involving protein mixtures and cellular systems.