cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical experiment in simulating the transport of sulfur dioxide through the atmosphere

Abstract A numerical experiment is conducted to simulate the dispersion of SO 2 over Nashville, Tennessee. The basic equations include the effects of three-dimensional advection, of diffusion, of chemical decay, and of variations in topography. A variable, vertical exchange coefficient is incorporated in the diffusive portion of the model. These terms represent the transport equation which is numerically integrated for a period of two hours in three-dimensional space. The predicted field of SO 2 is aligned parallel to the airflow and the calculated concentrations of SO 2 are realistic and compare favorably with observed values.
Poles and walls in Mesopotamia and Egypt

Abstract The problem of a pole or reed leaning against a wall is an example of a mathematical “riddle,” or exercise, that occurs in many cultures, among other “Pythagorean”-type problems. There are a few known instances of the problem in Mesopotamia and Egypt. We analyze the way the problem is treated in these cases, paying particular attention to the structure of the algorithms used to find the solutions.
Use of the reversed passive Arthus reaction as a test for anti-inflammatory agents.

The immune complex-induced reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the rabbit has been investigated as a screening test for detecting anti-inflammatory agents dotentially more effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis than those presently available. RPA lesions, characterized by edema, erythema, and hemorrhage, were elicited by intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) followed by intradermal injections of rabbit anti-BSA antiserum. The anti-edema activities of compounds (mg quantities required for testing) were evaluated after their administration by the intradermal route (compounds admixed with antiserum) as well as by the intraperitoneal route. Of 14 reference anti-inflammatory agents tested by the intradermal screening procedure, only aurothioglucose and chloroquine were inactive. Other pharmacologically active compounds (e.g. antihistamines, anti-complement agents, cytotoxic-immunosuppressives) were also evaluated after their intradermal administration. Protoporphyrin, phloretin, and hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene®) were active. When whole antiserum, or the antibody fraction of the serum, was used to eliminate nonspecific edema, intraperitoneally administered reference agents were found to be effective in the RPA test.
Pressure drop measurements on supercritical helium cooled cable in conduit conductors

For extensive projects such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor design cooperation it is essential to know the pressure drops to be expected from different conductor geometries and operating conditions. To measure these drops a flow loop was constructed to circulate supercritical helium through different conductors. The loop is surrounded by a 5-K radiation shield to allow for stable operation at the required temperatures. A coil heat exchanger immersed in a helium bath is used to remove the heat generated by the pump. Pressure drops are measured across 1-m lengths of the conductors for various mass flow rates. Plots of friction factor versus Reynolds number are used to correlate the data. Supercritical helium flow through the two cable-in-conduit conductors tested in the 3 K to 7 K temperature range appears to undergo laminar to turbulent transition at Reynolds numbers varying from 1000 to 7000. It is concluded that flow area and cooled perimeter alone do not adequately correlate the observed pressure drop along the conductors. >
Symbolic computation using L-systems

A new approach, based on Lindenmayer systems (L-systems), to symbolic computations is proposed. L-systems manipulate character strings, containing mathematical expressions, to expand functions, to reduce expressions, and to evaluate expressions. Unlike most of today's software, which computes with integer and floating-point arithmetic, this L-system-based procedure computes using rational numbers. Arithmetic is carried out using rational numbers between 10^-^5^0^0 and 10^+^5^0^0. After a basic explanation of L-systems, the relationship between symbolic computation and L-systems is presented, using an example involving the Fibonacci sequence. The symbolic L-system is defined, along with its nuances. The elementary functions exponential, sine, cosine, and tangent are expanded in their Taylor series using the L-system. We show how the L-system reduces functions to simplest terms. A major result achieved is the ability to determine and to remove common factors from a ratio of two polynomials. We provide information about the software and requirements for its execution. Future applications are also discussed.
Molecular dynamics simulations of alkylsilane stationary-phase order and disorder. 1. Effects of surface coverage and bonding chemistry.

“Shape-selective” polymeric alkylsilane stationary phases are routinely employed over the more common monomeric phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) to improve the separation of geometric isomers of shape-constrained solutes. We have investigated the molecular dynamics of chromatographic models that represent both monomeric and polymeric stationary phases with alkylsilane surface coverages and bonding chemistries typical of actual materials in an effort to elucidate the molecular-level structural features that control shape-selective separations. The structural characterization of these models is consistent with previous experimental observations of alkyl chain order and disorder: (1) alkyl chain order increases with increased surface coverage; and (2) monomeric and polymeric phases with similar surface coverages yield similar alkyl chain order (although subtle differences exist). In addition, a significant portion of the alkyl chain proximal to the silica surface is disordered (primaril...
Negative pion interactions at 1.3 GeV/c

A total of 340 m of track of negative pions of momentum 1.3 GeV/c have been followed in emulsion, and pion interactions have been recorded. Special emphasis is placed on inelastic scattering on free protons (single meson production). The resulting angular and momentum distributions of the emitted particles are investigated and compared with previous experiments at similar energies. An attempt is made to explain these results on the basis of an isobar decaying into a nucleon and the slower pion. In the case of reaction π−+p → π− + π0+p, it appears that there exists an anisotropy in the isobar frame of reference, in which the slower pion is emitted predominantly backward, with respect to the isobar direction. The results are compared with the π-π coupling model. Angular and energy distributions of mesons emitted in nuclear interactions are investigated and compared with other results and Monte Carlo calculations. The meson multiplicity and energy degradation in these collisions are also discussed. Strange particles found during the investigation are analysed.
On the accuracy of analytical potentials: comment on ‘Accurate ab initio calculation of the Ar–CF4 intermolecular potential energy surface’

In a recent study of the Ar–CF4 intermolecular interaction potential [Shen C-C, Chang R-Y. Accurate ab initio calculation of the Ar–CF4 intermolecular potential energy surface. Mol Sim. 2010;36:1111–1122], Shen and Chang (SC) illustrated how the use of bond functions can improve the accuracy and basis-set saturation of electronic structure calculations employing perturbation and coupled-cluster theory. SC then used these ab initio data to derive analytic potential energy functions for use in chemical dynamics simulations. We critically examine these analytic potentials and comment on their usage in such simulations. Our analysis highlights the need for care and global validation when deriving analytic potential energy functions.
Ultrastructural and Immunohistologic Characterization of Guanethidine-Induced Destruction of Peripheral Sympathetic Neurons

Repeated daily injections of the adrenergic blocking agent guanethidine in high doses (50 mg/kg) to either newborn or adult rats produces a permanent sympathectomy which is thought to involve an immune-mediated mechanism. Ultrastructural examination of the acute phase of guanethidine-induced neuronal degeneration in the superior cervical ganglion demonstrated a prominent lymphocytic infiltrate in the ganglionic parenchyma and perivascular spaces. Within the satelliting cell sheath there were lymphocytes with delicate processes in intimate contact with abnormal or degenerating principal sympathetic neurons. The lymphocytic infiltrate and early evidence of neuronal degeneration developed within three days of onset of treatment and reached a maximum on the 7th day. Immunocytochemical studies of the ganglion demonstrated that the mononuclear infiltrate was composed primarily of CD-8 positive, OX-19 negative lymphocytes, which may represent a natural killer (NK) or NK-like effector cell, as well as scattered monocytes and macrophages. Guanethidine showed little effect on the prevertebral (superior mesenteric and celiac) sympathetic ganglia compared to the paravertebral (superior cervical) chain ganglia of the same animals. Considerable rat strain selectivity was noted with Lewis and Sprague-Dawley strains showing a greater degree of neuronal destruction than Fischer 344 rats. Neonatal thymectomy failed to prevent neuronal degeneration and the lymphocytic infiltrate. These features of immune neuronal killing are not typical of a characterized antibody or T-lymphocyte mediated effector mechanism, but may represent a selective NK cell or NK-like cell mediated pathogenetic pathway. Guanethidine-induced neuronal destruction appears to be a unique type of drug-induced, cell-mediated, autoimmune attack on sympathetic neurons and may provide insight into autoimmune disorders and possibly into diseases characterized by selective neuronal degeneration.
Mice lacking pituitary tumor transforming gene show testicular and splenic hypoplasia, thymic hyperplasia, thrombocytopenia, aberrant cell cycle progression, and premature centromere division.

Tumorigenic pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) is a mammalian homolog of Xenopus securin that inhibits chromatid separation, is overexpressed in many human tumor types, and mediates transcriptional activation. Loss of yeast securin Pds1p or Drosophila securin pimples is lethal. Here we show that mice lacking PTTG (PTTG −/−) are, surprisingly, viable and fertile; but they have testicular and splenic hypoplasia, thymic hyperplasia, and thrombocytopenia. PTTG −/− mouse embryo fibroblasts exhibited aberrant cell cycle progression with prolonged G2-M phase and binucleated and multinucleated nuclei with increased aneuploidy. PTTG −/− mouse embryo fibroblast metaphases contained quadriradial, triradial, and chromosome breaks, as well as premature centromere division. The results show that PTTG functions to maintain chromosome stability, cell cycle progression, and appropriate cell division. Moreover, mammalian sister chromatid separation, an important transition in the cell cycle, is likely regulated by me...
Early fouling biofilm formation in a turbulent flow system: Overall kinetics

Abstract An empirical expression is presented which describes the rate of fouling biofilm development from clean surface conditions to the onset of fluid frictional resistance increase. Experiments were conducted in a CSTR with internal recycle; a system which provided control of biological activity in the bulk fluid while simulating turbulent flow conditions. Primary biofilm accumulation rate is described by a first order expression in which the rate coefficient is a function of suspended biomass concentration, Reynolds number, and suspended biomass growth rate.
Effects of diabetes on tissue content and evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity from rat sensory nerves

We measured the evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) from sensory nerve terminals in tracheas from control and diabetic rats using an in vitro perfusion system and also the CGRP-LI content of the vagus nerve and trachea. Diabetes caused a 29% (P < 0.05) reduction in CGRP-LI content of the vagus nerve and a decrease in CGRP-LI release from nerve endings in the trachea evoked by either capsaicin (30% decrease, P < 0.05) or electrical field stimulation (50% decrease: P < 0.05). In contrast, there was a 50% increase in the CGRP-LI content of the unstimulated trachea. Thus, diabetes induces an impairment in neuropeptide release from peripheral terminals of sensory nerves that corresponds to decreased levels in the supplying nerve but is not reflected in tissue measurements that incorporate nerve terminals. Impaired neuropeptide release may contribute to peripheral and central sensory dysfunction in diabetic rats.
Restoring medical professionalism

The essence of medical professionalism is placing dedication to the welfare of patients above physicians9 personal or proprietary interests. Medicine has become deprofessionalized as a consequence of socioeconomic factors leading to increasing commercialization and perverse financial incentives converting it into a business, the presence of unmanaged conflicts of interest, challenges to medical authority by insurance companies and the consumerism movement, and by gradual changes in the attitudes of physicians. Organized medicine has responded by making explicit its standards of professionalism and its dedication to preserving them. Medical educators have studied the means to develop professional attitudes and behaviors among medical students and residents. Modeling the characteristics of professional behavior by virtuous physicians remains the most effective method to instill professional behaviors in trainees. Restoring professionalism may be abetted by changes in physicians9 financial incentives through innovative models of health care delivery, by physicians reducing their conflicts of interest, and by medical societies rejecting a guild identity.
OVERLAP SUMMARY INDICES AND THE DETECTION OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

Overlaps in resource use have been used to summarize community structure. It is often desirable to compare the amount or intensity of overlaps (or other pairwise measures such as competition coefficients) in different communities, especially in the context of comparing actual com- munities to "neutral model" simulations. We show that the most commonly used index for such comparisons, the mean pairwise overlap, is often unsuitable, and suggest alternate approaches.
Purifying barite for oxygen isotope measurement by dissolution and reprecipitation in a chelating solution.

In the laboratory, barite precipitated from a solution with a high nitrate/sulfate ratio can have a significant amount (up to 28% by weight) of nitrate occluded in barite crystals that cannot be simply washed away. The impurity poses a serious problem for an accurate measurement of the oxygen isotope compositions for atmospheric sulfate, since atmospheric nitrate bears extremely positive Δ17O and δ18O values. Currently available methods for removing the occluded nitrate are either ineffective or not tested for oxygen isotope exchange. Here, I report a DTPA (a chelating solution) dissolution and reprecipitation (DDARP) method that is simple and effective in removing nitrate and other contaminants in barite. A series of barite dissolution and reprecipitation experiments that utilize 17O-anomalous solutions or barite crystals is conducted to examine the effect on oxygen isotopes during various treatments. It is established that no oxygen isotope exchange occurs between sulfate and water during DDARP treatmen...
Electrical turbulence in three-dimensional heart muscle

Rotors or vortex action potentials with a diameter of about 1 centimeter and a rotation period of about 0.1 second occur in normal myocardium just before transition to fibrillation, a disorderly pattern of action potential propagation. Numerical models and corresponding mathematical analysis have recently suggested candidate mechanisms, all two-dimensional, for this transition from periodic electrical activity to something resembling turbulence. However, comparably recent experiments unanimously show that rotors, and the spiral waves they radiate, remain stably periodic in two-dimensional myocardium. This seeming paradox suggests a transition mediated through disorderly dynamics of the electrical vortex in three dimensions, as a "vortex filament."
A simple and fast probabilistic algorithm for computing square roots modulo a prime number (Corresp.)

A probabilistic polynomial-time algorithm for computing the square root of a number x \in {\bf Z}/P{\bf Z} , where P = 2^{S}Q + 1(Q odd, s > 0) is a prime number, is described. In contrast to the Adleman, Manders, and Miller algorithm, this algorithm gets faster as s grows. As with the Berlekamp-Rabin algorithm, the expected running time of the algorithm is independent of x . However, the algorithm presented here is considerably faster for values of s greater than 2 .
Physically correlated muscle activation for a human head and neck computational model.

A computational 50th percentile male head and neck complex model was correlated to physical experimental data. The computational model utilizes 15 muscle pairs represented by the Hill Muscle Model with the complete head/neck system modeled using MADYMO™. The model was used for analysis and optimization of activation and deactivation of muscle activity in flexion and extension. Sensitivity analysis performed using the model shows that, of the multiple parameters within the Hill Model, activation level and timing prove to have the greatest effect on the system kinematics. In addition, the rate by which an activation level is changed becomes an important factor in the simulation. With the use of numerical optimization techniques, a pattern was determined for the applied activation/deactivation rates and timing of flexors and extensors during flexion and extension of the head. The numerical optimization result correlated to within 9% of measured value during the initial flexion of the head. The optimized acti...
Multiple rositive solutions for a three-point boundary value problem

We will find conditions on f that lead to the existence of at least three positive solutions to the three-point boundary value problem -x@?(t) + f (x(t)) = 0, with x(0) = x'(t"2) = x''(1) = 0, on [0,1], where t"2 @e [12,1). A positive solution will mean a solution in the cone of nonnegative functions in the Banach space C[0,1] with the sup norm.
Towards an account of argumentation in science

In this article it is argued that a complex model that includes Toulmin's functional account of argument, the pragma-dialectical stage analysis of argumentation offered by the Amsterdam School, and criteria developed in critical thinking theory, can be used to account for the normativity and field-dependence of argumentation in science. A pragma-dialectical interpretation of the four main elements of Toulmin's model, and a revised account of the double role of warrants, illuminates the domain specificity of scientific argumentation and the restrictions to which the confrontation and opening stages of scientific critical discussions are subjected. In regard to the argumentation stage, examples are given to show that a general account of argumentation, as advocated by informal logicians, is not applicable to arguments in science. Furthermore, although patterns of inference differ in various scientific practices, deductive validity is argued to be a crucial notion in the assessment of scientific arguments. Finally, some remarks are made concerning the burden of proof and the concluding stage of scientific argumentation.
THE IMPACT OF INTELLIGENT TOOLS ON SIMULATION METHODOLOGY

Simulation is one of the most effective techniques for analyzing stochastic systems. Recent computer software and hardware advances have had an important impact on the traditional discrete-event simulation methodology. Intelligent simulation environments consisting of integrated sets of “intelligent” tools for performing simulation studies have emerged. These tools significantly impact the methodology of a simulation analysis. This paper defines these intelligent tools and discusses how they alter the simulation paradigm by illustrating the development of a simulation model using an intelligent simulation environment. Special emphasis is on how an intelligent simulation environment provides a responsive analysis technique for studying manufacturing systems.
Two activator protein-1 elements in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter have differential effects on transcription and bind Jun D, c-Fos, and Fra-2

Collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1, MMP-1) plays a central role in connective tissue metabolism as the only enzyme capable of degrading interstitial collagens at neutral pH. We used fragments of the rabbit collagenase promoter ranging from 1800 to 182 bp to measure transcriptional activity of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) site at -77. Mutation at -77 in this sequence greatly reduced basal transcription in all constructs. However, mutant constructs with at least 321 bp of promoter responded to phorbol myristate acetate, similar to their native counterparts, implicating upstream regions in mediating this response. Through mutagenesis and analysis of DNA-protein interactions, we also identified and characterized a novel AP-1 site at -186. Mutation at -186 in 321 bp of promoter modestly lowered basal activity but, in contrast to mutation at -77, reduced phorbol responsiveness by 50%. Mobility shift assays demonstrated specific inducible binding at both sites. DNA/protein complexes at both AP-1 sites contain c-Fos and Jun D proteins, while Fra-2 is present only at the -77 site. These studies (1) demonstrate cooperativity between these two AP-1 sites, (2) implicate the -186 site in phorbol inducibility and (3) identify specific members of the Fos and Jun families binding to these sites.
Parathylacorhynchus reidi gen. et sp.n., a Schizorhynchid (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) from the Coast of Maine, USA1

The new genus, Parathylacorhynchus (family Schizorhynchidae), is characterized by broad, thin, strongly folded proboscis halves and by paired testes posterior to the pharynx. The interstitial P. reidi sp.n. is distinguished by three bands of holdfasts, a single genital opening, a dorsally muscularized and ventrally unmuscularized posterior region of the prostatic bulb, a sharp curved stylet, and paired spermatic ducts.
Effects of in Utero and Lactational 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Exposure on Responsiveness of the Male Rat Reproductive System to Testosterone Stimulation in Adulthood

Abstract Previous studies strongly suggested that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) may cause incomplete imprinting of the male reproductive system, i.e., that in utero and lactational exposure to TCDD may alter the responsiveness of sex organs to steroids in adulthood . To test this hypothesis, male rats born to dams dosed with 0.7 μg TCDD/kg or vehicle on Gestation Day 15 were castrated at 63 days of age and implanted with graded lengths of Silastic capsule(s) containing crystalline testosterone. Resultant plasma testosterone concentrations ranged from castrate to about fourfold higher than physiological. Male reproductive organs which are imprinted by exposure to perinatal androgens and which are highly responsive to androgen stimulation in adulthood were assessed 3 weeks later. Ventral prostate weight and protein content in TCDD-exposed rats were significantly less responsive to testosterone regardless of the amount implanted. These decreases were not secondary to alterations in plasma or prostate testosterone or 5α-dihydrotestosterone concentrations in adulthood, none of which was affected by TCDD. In contrast to its effects on ventral prostate weight and protein, TCDD had no effect on responsiveness to testosterone as measured by ventral prostate DNA content; seminal vesicle weight, protein content, or DNA content; penis weight; or plasma LH concentrations. We conclude that in utero and lactational TCDD exposure inhibits imprinting of ventral prostate weight and protein but does not result in a universal inhibition of imprinting. Androgen responsiveness of the prostate is uniquely sensitive to in utero and lactational TCDD exposure and provides a model to study the mechanism by which exposure to TCDD during fetal and early postnatal development modulates hormone-mediated responses in adulthood.
Pathway analysis of liver metabolism under stressed condition

Pathway analysis is a useful tool which reveals important metabolic network properties. However, the big challenge is to propose an objective function for estimating active pathways, which represent the actual state of network. In order to provide weight values for all possible pathways within the metabolic network, this study presents different approaches, considering the structural and physiological properties of the metabolic network, aiming at a unique decomposition of the flux vector into pathways. These methods were used to analyze the hepatic metabolism considering available data sets obtained from the perfused livers of fasted rats receiving burn injury. Utilizing unique decomposition techniques and different fluxes revealed that higher weights were always attributed to short pathways. Specific pathways, including pyruvate, glutamate and oxaloacetate pools, and urea production from arginine, were found to be important or essential in all methods and experimental conditions. Moreover the pathways, including serine production from glycine and conversion between acetoacetate and B-OH-butyrate, were assigned higher weights. Pathway analysis was also used to identify the main sources for the production of certain products in the hepatic metabolic network to gain a better understanding of the effects of burn injury on liver metabolism.
Habitat Use by Steelhead and Coho Salmon and Their Responses to Predators and Cover in Laboratory Streams

Abstract Subyearling coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead O. mykiss were placed together and separately in laboratory stream channels to assess their habitat use, interactions, and response to cover and predators. We studied the fish in six replicated riffle-pool-riffle units in the laboratory channels during 12 trials of 7 d each. In all test situations, we allowed the fish to emigrate from the test units. More fish remained in the units of the laboratory streams when both species were together than when either species was alone. The presence of larger fish (potential predators) caused both species to change habitats, regardless of cover available, and many left the test units or were eaten. Coho salmon used mainly the pools, whether stocked alone or together with steelhead; steelhead used both the riffles and pools when alone but shifted slightly toward increased use of the riffles when both species were present.
Segmentation of Retail Community Pharmacies Based on Attitudes Toward Switching Products from Prescription to OTC Status

A mail survey was conducted among Mississippi community pharmacists to assess attitudes toward the shift of drug products from prescription to nonprescription status. An attempt was also made to identify relevant pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics on which to base market segmentation strategies. A total of 272 pharmacist respondents were grouped in 2 clusters using cluster analysis. Members of the first group were virtually unalterably opposed to the shift; members of the second group (60% of the respondents) were also negative toward the shift but acknowledged some benefits of it. The former group had lower prescription volume and total sales and had experienced greater sales losses from the ibuprofen switch.
Dry-film polymer waveguide for silicon photonics chip packaging.

Polymer waveguide made by dry film process is demonstrated for silicon photonics chip packaging. With 8 μm × 11.5 μm core waveguide, little penalty is observed up to 25 Gbps before or after the light propagate through a 10-km long single-mode fiber (SMF). Coupling loss to SMF is 0.24 dB and 1.31 dB at the polymer waveguide input and output ends, respectively. Alignment tolerance for 0.5 dB loss increase is +/− 1.0 μm along both vertical and horizontal directions for the coupling from the polymer waveguide to SMF. The dry-film polymer waveguide demonstrates promising performance for silicon photonics chip packaging used in next generation optical multi-chip module.
QYFIT: an algorithm for the simultaneous determination of a photochemical quantum yield and product spectrum

Abstract We have developed a program, dubbed QYFIT, which uses an algorithm that allows for the simultaneous determination of the product spectrum and the quantum yield for an important class of photochemical reactions. The program is written for a personal computer and has been tested in studies dealing with the photoaquation of Co(CN) 6 3− and the photoanation of Re(CNxyl) 6 + (where CNxyl denoted 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide). The program is applicable to reactions of the type R + hv → P where the photolysis is carried out at an isosbestic wavelength such that the concentration of photoproduct can be expressed analytically as a function of the quantum yield φ. For any value of φ, it is possible to estimate the molar absorptivity of the product as a function of wavelength, the ϵ λ (P) values, by a simple least-squares technique. Therefore, in the search for the best fit of the absorbance data, only the quantum yield φ has to be optimized by an iterative procedure. This is done by means of a simple, but reliable, gridsearch technique that does not require an initial guess. The program has been developed to expand the repertoire of techniques available for analyzing photochemical data. It could prove useful for a variety of systems, especially those for which product spectra cannot readily be determined independently.
Word Associations of Children: Effect of Method of Administration

Word associations to stimuli of various form-classes were collected from 5th grade Ss, matched on IQ, sex, and social status, under two administrations: individual-oral (I-O) and group-written (G-W). In 43 of 48 possible comparisons, commonality was greater under I-O conditions. The excess commonality, however, represents an interaction between status and administration; it resembles the interaction between “need for social approval” and “instructional sets” found with adult Ss.
Accelerating carbonate dissolution to sequester carbon dioxide in the ocean: Geochemical implications

Various methods have been proposed for mitigating release of anthropogenic CO2 to the atmosphere, including deep-sea injection of CO2 captured from fossil-fuel fired power plants. Here, we use a schematic model of ocean chemistry and transport to analyze the geochemical consequences of a new method for separating carbon dioxide from a waste gas stream and sequestering it in the ocean. This method involves reacting CO2-rich power-plant gases with seawater to produce a carbonic acid solution which in turn is reacted on site with carbonate mineral (e.g., limestone) to form Ca2+ and bicarbonate in solution, which can then be released and diluted in the ocean. Such a process is similar to carbonate weathering and dissolution which would have otherwise occurred naturally, but over many millennia. Relative to atmospheric release or direct ocean CO2 injection, this method would greatly expand the capacity of the ocean to store anthropogenic carbon while minimizing environmental impacts of this carbon on ocean biota. This carbonate-dissolution technique may be more cost-effective and less environmentally harmful, and than previously proposed CO2 capture and sequestration techniques.
Supramolecular Chemistry: Molecular Recognition and Self-Assembly Using Rigid Spacer-Chelators Bearing Cofacial Terpyridyl Palladium(II) Complexes Separated by 7 Å

Partially and fully aromatic molecular spacers bearing two symmetrically bound terpyridyl chelators have been prepared. These spacer-chelators were constructed to dispose the two terpyridyl ligands and their complexes with square planar metals cofacially with a separation of about 7 A between the two metals. Dipalladium(II) complexes of these spacer-chelators were prepared and characterized. These palladium complexes readily form large molecular rectangles with a linear linker such as 4,4'-dipyridyl. The dichlorodipalladium complex of the partially reduced spacer-chelator is capable of incarcerating planar aromatic and coordination compounds as guests. A crystal structure showing the incorporation of 9-methylanthracene has been determined. A 9-methylanthracene lies completely within the approximately 7 A space provided by the cleft formed by the two cofacially disposed chloro-palladium-terpyridyl units. The crystal structure shows additional pi-stacking interactions between a second 9-methylanthracene and neighboring receptors.
Resectable Well-Differentiated versus Dedifferentiated Liposarcomas: Two Different Diseases Possibly Requiring Different Treatment Approaches

Background Division of retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS) into well-differentiated (WD) and dedifferentiated (DD) subtypes is established; however, WD and DD are usually treated similarly. We hypothesized that WD and DD have distinct biological behaviors mandating different treatments.
EQuiP: European Working Party on Quality in Family Practice

(1995). EQuiP European Working Party on Quality in Family Practice. European Journal of General Practice: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 185-186.
Diversity in Career and Technical Education On-Line Classrooms: Considering Issues of Gender, Race and Age

Designers and instructors of courses in career and technical education have realized the value of on-line delivery of instruction during the past several decades. Many students enrolled in career and technical education courses are what have been labeled â€œnon-traditionalâ€ students. On-line learning is helpful to these students because it provides the flexibility to do coursework from home, or to do schoolwork at hours when brick-and-mortar colleges are not traditionally offering classes. However, it is increasingly being realized that all students may not equally embrace, or equally succeed in the on-line environment. In this paper, the authors examine recent research studies in an effort to see if there have been documented differences in preference for, or success in, on-line learning based on gender, race and/or age.
Effect of Surfactant Phospholipid on TNF alpha release and Chemiluminescence Activity of Stimulated Murine Macrophages † 1483

TNFα is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine released by macrophages in response to various stimuli. The immunomodulatory effects of exogenous surfactant have been reported. Our previous studies indicate that Survanta® inhibits TNFα release from RAW 264.7, murine macrophages. We hypothesized that surfactant phospholipid, Dipalmytoyl, Phosphatidyl Choline (DPPC) played a major role in this suppression, since Survanta® does not contain any SP-A which is the other important component responsible for immunomodulation. We also studied luminol-induced chemiluminescence (LCL) activity from these macrophages and the effect of DPPC on LCL to understand the free oxygen radical production in the presence of various stimuli and surfactant phospholipids. We stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages(106 cells/ml) with LPS (lipopolysaccharide)(10ng/ml,100ng/ml) and heat-killed Group B streptococci (GBS, 106cfu/ml) before and after incubation with DPPC (1mg/ml, 2mg/ml). The macrophages were stimulated for 16 hours at 37°C and 5% CO2 and supernatants were frozen at -70°C. TNFα was assayed using ELISA technique with a murine TNFα mini-kit(Endogen Inc.). In a different set of experiments, LCL was measured using a Tri-carb liquid scintillation analyzer. We incubated the macrophages(106cells/ml) with and without DPPC (2mg/ml) for 16 hours and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate)(10ng/ml) and GBS 106cfu/ml; luminol (1.44 mmol/l) was added to detect the LCL. Viability of macrophages remained unchanged after incubation with DPPC as determined by Trypan blue method. We found that murine macrophages released TNFα when stimulated with LPS (10ng, 100ng) and heat-killed GBS 106 cfu/ml. This release was significantly suppressed when incubated with 2mg/ml DPPC(p<.05), but only slightly suppressed with 1mg/ml DPPC. Conversely the LCL activity was higher in the macrophages incubated with DPPC (2mg/ml) as compared to macrophages incubated in plain media. Both PMA and GBS induced LCL which was maximum at 10 minutes after stimulation but decreased gradually to baseline by one hour. LCL activity was significantly higher in stimulated macrophages when pre-incubated with DPPC. The macrophages stimulated with PMA gave a higher response than GBS. We conclude that DPPC in exogenous surfactant suppress the release of TNFα from murine macrophages when stimulated by LPS and heat-killed GBS in a dose-dependent manner, but increases the LCL activity from both unstimulated and stimulated macrophages.
The structure of lipoprotein(a) and ligand-induced conformational changes.

Lipoprotein(a) is composed of low-density lipoprotein linked both covalently and noncovalently to apolipoprotein(a). The structure of lipoprotein(a) and the interactions between low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein(a) were investigated by electron microscopy and correlated with analytical ultracentrifugation. Electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed and unidirectionally shadowed lipoprotein(a) prepared without glycerol revealed that it is a nearly spherical particle with no large projections. After extraction of both lipoprotein(a) and low-density lipoprotein with glycerol prior to rotary shadowing, the protein components were observed to consist of a ring of density made up of nodules of different sizes, with apolipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein B-100 closely associated with each other. However, when lipoprotein(a) was treated with a lysine analogue, 6-aminohexanoic acid, much of the apolipoprotein(a) separated from the apolipoprotein B-100. In 6-aminohexanoic acid-treated preparations without glycer...
Real time change point detection by incremental PCA in large scale sensor data

The article describes our work with the deployment of a 600-piece temperature sensor network, data harvesting framework, and real time analysis system in a Data Center (hereinafter DC) at the Johns Hopkins University. Sensor data streams were processed by robust incremental PCA and K-means clustering algorithms to identify outlier and changepoint events. The output of the signal processing system allows us to better understand the temperature patterns of the DataCenter's inner space and make possible the online detection of unusual transient and changepoint events, thus preventing hardware breakdown, optimizing the temperature control efficiency, and monitoring hardware workloads.
Brief communication: Duration of platelet dysfunction after a 7-day course of ibuprofen

This study evaluated platelet function in 11 healthy volunteers for 24 hours following completion of a 7-day course of 600 mg of ibuprofen every 8 hours. Platelet function was normal in all patient...
Social context and the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress.

A growing body of research is identifying the molecular and genetic correlates of psychopathology and holds tremendous promise in suggesting the biologic mechanisms that may explain emergent posttrau- matic stress disorder (PTSD) phenotypes. Another body of research has begun to consider how elements of the social context may influence the risk of PTSD. It is likely that the social context and molecular/genetic factors jointly determine the risk of PTSD and as such scientific inquiry that considers the interrelationship of these factors stands to advance the field. However, there are particular conceptual and methodologic chal- lenges to conducting and designing studies that adequately assess both the social context and the biologic determinants of PTSD. Much of the current research exploring the biology of PTSD is conducted with highly selective samples that were recruited on the basis of strict phenotypic or medical history criteria. In contrast, population-based sampling rep- resents an opportunity to obtain heterogenous samples that better rep- resent the population distribution of relevant molecular, genotypic, and phenotypic parameters of interest. These sampling strategies also allow researchers to consider the role of the social context and in turn, how the social context influences the molecular determinants of PTSD. An ex- ample of our own work illustrates the feasibility of the population-based sampling approach.
The Role of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in the Management of Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux—The RIVUR Study Outcomes

The role of antimicrobial prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in children with vesicoureteral reflux that was identified following a urinary tract infection has been the source of considerable debate. Prior studies had failed to show a benefit in the prevention of recurrent infection. The National Institutes of Health funded the Randomized Intervention for Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) study to determine if there was a benefit to the use of prophylaxis. Results of the RIVUR study indicated that there was a 50% reduction in the risk of recurrent urinary tract infection in those children on the prophylaxis arm. Adverse events with the use of prophylaxis were noted to be few. Renal scarring was noted in only a small number of children at study entry and no reduction in scarring was noted between the placebo and the treated groups. The impact of the RIVUR study on the current evaluation and management of children with urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux is detailed.
The Mechanism of the Sounds from Meteors

This paper reviews records of sounds from meteors that were heard simultaneously with the appearance of the meteors. Such sounds are carried presumably by electromagnetic waves. A number of different conceivable mechanisms for the generation of the radiation, which have the necessary characteristics, are considered. It is concluded that the most likely mechanism involves the radiation that originates in large numbers of air molecules that are ionized by the impacts of the invading meteorites.
On mixing of certain random walks, cutoff phenomenon and sharp threshold of random matroid processes

In this paper we define and analyze convergence of the geometric random walks, which are certain random walks on vector spaces over finite fields. We show that the behavior of such walks is given by certain random matroid processes. In particular, the mixing time is given by the expected stopping time, and the cutoff is equivalent to sharp threshold. We also discuss some random geometric random walks as well as some examples and symmetric cases.
Comparing the Effects of Commercially Available and Custom-Made Video Prompting for Teaching Cooking Skills to High School Students With Autism

The study compared the effects of using commercially available and custom-made video prompts on the completion of cooking recipes by four high school age males with a diagnosis of autism. An adapted alternating treatments design with continuous baseline, comparison, final treatment, and best treatment condition was used to compare the two procedures. Gains were made by each participant when using both video procedures. However, results indicate that all students performed more steps independently correct when completing recipes with the custom-made video prompts during the comparison condition. During the best treatment condition, recipes initially prepared using the commercially available video prompts in the comparison condition were performed at criterion levels when completed with the custom-made videos prompts. Implications for use and development of commercial and customized video products with attention to the salient features of video prompts are presented.
An Exploratory Study of the Personal Value Systems of College Students and Managers

It is often stated that changing values have produced a severe “generation gap.” In this empirical study, differences in the values of businessmen and college students are compared. It is found tha...
Sequential polypeptides by matrix-controlled thermal polymerization. Synthesis and racemization studies

A new method for the synthesis of sequential polypeptides is described. The approach consists of the thermal condensation in vacuo of the trifluoroacetate salts of tripeptide pentachlorophenyl esters deposited on a micron-size celite matrix. The synthesis and polymerization of the trifluoroacetate salts of L-valy-L-valyl-L-alanine pentachlorophenyl ester, glycyl-L-valyl-L-alanine pentachlorophenyl ester, and L-valyl-L-alanylglycine pentachlorophenyl ester are described. High-molecular-weight polymers are obtained rapidly in high yield by this method. Comparison of the extents of racemization in the last two polymers constitutes a general approach for assessing racemization during the synthesis of sequential polypeptides since both yield the same polymer, but only the C-terminal alanine may recemize in the former case.
Effect of deuterium oxide on local anesthetic activity of procaine.

Deuterium oxide was used as a solvent for procaine and the effect on the stability and local anesthetic activity was noted. The ED50 was determined by the method of Chance and Lobstein and comparison was made with aqueous procaine solutions. In water the ED50 was 1.8% while in deuterium oxide it was 1.0%. The LD50 was determined by intraperitoneal injection in mice. There appears to be no significant difference in the toxicity of procaine in either solvent. Stability studies indicate that procaine is more stable in deuterium oxide at pH and “apparent” pH values of 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0.
A Nomogram for Planning Respiratory Therapy

A nomogram is presented which aids in monitoring and selecting therapy in the treatment of the patient with hypoxemia. It facilitates accurate bedside determination of total shunt fraction and estimation of the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) attainable at inspired oxygen concentrations of 21 percent to 100 percent. The nomogram permits rapid consideration of changes in hemoglobin concentration, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, and shunt fraction on the PaO2. The uses of the nomogram in several therapeutic contexts are discussed.
An Overexpression Screen in Drosophila for Genes That Restrict Growth or Cell-Cycle Progression in the Developing Eye

We screened for genes that, when overexpressed in the proliferating cells of the eye imaginal disc, result in a reduction in the size of the adult eye. After crossing the collection of 2296 EP lines to the ey-GAL4 driver, we identified 46 lines, corresponding to insertions in 32 different loci, that elicited a small eye phenotype. These lines were classified further by testing for an effect in postmitotic cells using the sev-GAL4 driver, by testing for an effect in the wing using en-GAL4, and by testing for the ability of overexpression of cycE to rescue the small eye phenotype. EP lines identified in the screen encompass known regulators of eye development including hh and dpp, known genes that have not been studied previously with respect to eye development, as well as 19 novel ORFs. Lines with insertions near INCENP, elB, and CG11518 were characterized in more detail with respect to changes in growth, cell-cycle phasing, and doubling times that were elicited by overexpression. RNAi-induced phenotypes were also analyzed in SL2 cells. Thus overexpression screens can be combined with RNAi experiments to identify and characterize new regulators of growth and cell proliferation.