cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemorrhagic Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome: Features and Mechanisms.

Background and Purpose— To compare hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS) with a view to understand mechanisms. Methods— This single-center retrospective study included 162 patients with RCVS. Clinical, brain imaging, and angiography data were analyzed. Results— The mean age was 44±13 years, 78% women. Hemorrhages occurred in 43% including 21 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and 62 with convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH). The frequency of triggers (eg, vasoconstrictive drugs) and risk factors (eg, migraine) were not significantly different between hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic RCVS or between subgroups (ICH versus non-ICH, isolated cSAH versus normal scan). Hemorrhagic lesions occurred within the first week, whereas infarcts and vasogenic edema accumulated during 2 to 3 weeks ( P <0.001). Although all ICHs occurred before cSAH, their time course was not significantly different ( P =0.11). ICH and cSAH occurred earlier than infarcts ( P ≤0.001), and ICH earlier than vasogenic edema ( P =0.009). Angiogram analysis showed more severe vasoconstriction in distal versus proximal segments in all lesion types (ICH, cSAH, infarction, vasogenic edema, and normal scan). The isolated infarction group had more severe proximal vasoconstriction, and those with normal imaging had significantly less vasoconstriction. Multivariable analysis failed to uncover independent predictors of hemorrhagic RCVS; however, female sex predicted ICH ( P =0.048), and angiographic severity predicted infarction ( P =0.043). Conclusions— ICH and cSAH are common complications of RCVS. Triggers and risk factors do not predict lesion subtype but may alter central vasomotor control mechanisms resulting in centripetal angiographic evolution. Early distal vasoconstriction is associated with lobar ICH and cSAH, and delayed proximal vasoconstriction with infarction.
Corporate Considerations on Biomaterials and Medical Devices: Case Studies in Regulation and Reimbursement

This chapter discusses important issues focussing on case studies of design controls, which comprise the fundamental requirements for development of a new medical device. Case studies exemplifying the different considerations for an electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, a tissue heart valve, and a permanent skin substitute material are highlighted.
Helping mobile software code reviewers: a study of bug repair and refactoring patterns

Mobile Developers commonly spend a significant amount of time and effort on conducting code reviews on newly introduced and domain-specific practices, such as platform-specific feature addition, quality of service anti-pattern refactorings, and battery-related bug fixes. To address these problems, we conducted a large empirical study over the software change history of 318 open source projects and investigated platform-dependent code changes from open source projects. Our analysis focuses on what types of changes mobile application developers typically make and how they perceive, recall, and communicate changed and affected code. Our study required the development of an automated strategy to examine open source repositories and categorize platform-related refactoring edits, bug repairs, and API updates, mining 1,961,990 commit changes. Our findings call for the need to develop a new recommendation system aimed at efficiently identifying required changes such as bug fixes and refactorings during mobile application code reviews.
Demystifying the demise of paternal mitochondrial DNA

The vast majority of genes in sexually reproducing eukaryotes can recombine during the production of gametes. This reshuffling generates new genotypes that may provide selective advantages. However, reshuffling does not occur among the few genes in the genomes of cytoplasmic organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria). Instead, these organelles are almost always transmitted through maternal inheritance ( 1 ). Why is this phenomenon widespread and how is it achieved? On page 394 of this issue, Zhou et al. ( 2 ) solve part of this puzzle by identifying the enzyme that degrades sperm mitochondrial DNA after fertilization.
Investigation of School Professionals’ Self-Efficacy for Working With Students With ASD Impact of Prior Experience, Knowledge, and Training

School professionals who work with students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) play a significant role in the academic experiences of these students, but some evidence suggests that teachers of students with ASD experience a high risk of burnout. Research has begun to examine factors that ameliorate or prevent teacher burnout, including teacher training and teacher self-efficacy, or teachers’ beliefs regarding their abilities to bring about positive outcomes for their students. The present study examined variables associated with the self-efficacy of school professionals for working with students with ASD, including knowledge about ASD, prior experience working with students with ASD, and prior training in ASD and evidence-based practices. A second goal of the present study was to investigate the impact of training on ASD and evidence-based practices on school professionals’ knowledge and self-efficacy related to working with students with ASD. In particular, the participants received training on the Pre...
Regional- and watershed-scale analysis of red spruce habitat in the southeastern United States: implications for future restoration efforts

Red spruce (Picea rubens) is an evergreen tree with a range from Canada to North Carolina that provides habitat for multiple rare, endemic species. Red spruce-dominated forests once covered over 600,000 ha in the southeastern US, yet currently occupy a small fraction of their historical range due largely to logging that began in the nineteenth century. To combat this loss, restoration groups have emerged to actively improve the health and areal extent of red spruce. This study was conducted to (1) predict how suitable habitat for red spruce in the southeastern US is expected to change by the year 2100 in response to increasing global temperatures and (2) illustrate how these predictions can be used, in concert with local-scale information, to support efforts to restore red spruce in this region. Red spruce currently occupies a small fraction of the area indicated by our model to be suitable. The area of habitat supportive of red spruce was projected to decline from present day to the year 2100, but the magnitude of this decline depended on the level of carbon emissions, and there was considerable variability between climate models. In our case-study watershed, suitability for red spruce is predicted to decline by 2100, but may still support red spruce under optimistic to moderate emissions scenarios. At this scale, restoration strategies should also take into account locally varying conditions such as the current distribution of red spruce and competitive shrubs that may inhibit growth.
Polymers in the Genitourinary Tract

In discussing biological compatibility of various natural and synthetic materials on prolonged contact with the lining of the genitourinary system, it is germane to discuss a little of what we know of the secretions flowing through the genitourinary tract.
A simulation model of glucose-insulin metabolism and implementation on OSG

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a stand-alone tool for metabolic simulation and its deployment on the Open Science Grid (OSG). The case study model of glucose-insulin metabolism aims at the development of a real-time monitoring system that can assist patients with diabetes to handle their blood glucose profile and maintain healthy diet habit. This system is able to integrate custom-built SBML models along with users' food intake information and produces the estimation of ATP, Glucose, and Insulin for the given duration using numerical analysis and simulation. The tool has also been generalized to take into consideration of temporal genomic information and be flexible for simulation of any given biochemical models. After implementation on OSG, the results have demonstrated the effectiveness of numerical optimization for model selection and the feasibility of the proposed tool for the given metabolic simulation. The ATP-glucose and glucose-insulin correlations revealed by this tool can be promising for a variety of different application cases.
A Reasoning Architecture for Expert Troubleshooting of Complex Processes

This paper introduces a novel reasoning methodology, in combination with appropriate models and measurements (data) to perform accurately and expeditiously expert troubleshooting for complex military and industrial processes. This automated troubleshooting tool is designed to support the maintainer/ repairman by identifying and locating faulty system components. The enabling technologies build upon a Model Based Reasoning paradigm and a Dynamic Case Based Reasoning method acting as the intelligent database. A case study employs a helicopter Intermediate Gearbox as the application domain to illustrate the efficacy of the approach.
Updates on adolescent dating and sexual violence prevention and intervention.

Purpose of review Dating and sexual violence victimization are not uncommon in early adolescence and increase in prevalence throughout adolescence into young adulthood with profound health and social consequences. Greater attention to what works in prevention is needed to inform current policies and practices. Recent findings Adolescent dating violence (ADV) and sexual violence victimization, including cyber dating abuse, are highly prevalent among adolescents. Studies have found sex category differences, with adolescent girls reporting more victimization than boys, particularly sexual violence. Sexual and gender minority youth also experience a higher prevalence of violence victimization than their heterosexual counterparts. Studies on risk factors include examinations of childhood adversities, exposure to sexually explicit material and substance use as well as the role of gender inequitable attitudes on violence perpetration. Recent prevention research includes examining the impact of bystander interventions and transforming gender norms. Summary Recent ADV/ sexual violence research highlights both prevalence and modifiable risk and protective factors that may help reduce such violence. Practitioners caring for youth should consider ADV/ sexual violence when seeing patients (including those struggling with substance use and other behaviours that contribute to poor health) and not simply rely on screening tools to identify those suffering from ADV/ sexual violence.
Role of Digital Games in Self-Management of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Scoping Review.

Abstract Objective: Examine research on the use of digital games to improve self-management (SM) behaviors in patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diagnoses of hypertension, coronary artery disea...
Zoned Out: How Zoning Law Undermines Family Law's Functional Turn

A fatal conflict in the legal definition of family lurks at the intersection of family law and zoning law. Family law doctrines have increasingly embraced the claims of “functional families”—those whose bonds can be traced to cohabitation and shared domestic life. At the same time, zoning laws have narrowed to recognize only formal families, effectively restricting residency to individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption. As a result, family law’s “functional turn” remains vulnerable in at least thirty-one states. Using original legal analysis and historical research, this Note illuminates that contradiction, explains how it arose, and argues that it must be resolved to protect diverse family forms. This Note surveys the “functional turn” in state family law and develops a novel historical account of the shifting definition of family in zoning law, documenting its “formal turn.” It then offers normative and practical reasons why the definition of family should be loosened, offering recommendations for legislative and judicial reform.
Histone demethylase LSD1 deficiency and biological sex: impact on blood pressure and aldosterone production

Human risk allele carriers of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and LSD1-deficient mice have salt-sensitive hypertension for unclear reasons. We hypothesized that LSD1 deficiency causes dysregulation of aldosterone's response to salt intake resulting in increased cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure and microalbumin). Furthermore, we determined the effect of biological sex on these potential abnormalities. To test our hypotheses, LSD1 male and female heterozygote-knockout (LSD1+/-) and WT mice were assigned to two age groups: 18 weeks and 36 weeks. Plasma aldosterone levels and aldosterone production from zona glomerulosa cells studied ex vivo were greater in both male and female LSD1+/- mice consuming a liberal salt diet as compared to WT mice consuming the same diet. However, salt-sensitive blood pressure elevation and increased microalbuminuria were only observed in male LSD1+/- mice. These data suggest that LSD1 interacts with aldosterone's secretory response to salt intake. Lack of LSD1 causes inappropriate aldosterone production on a liberal salt diet; males appear to be more sensitive to this aldosterone increase as males, but not females, develop salt sensitivity of blood pressure and increased microalbuminuria. The mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular protective effect in females is uncertain but may be related to estrogen modulating the effect of mineralocorticoid receptor activation.
A PharmD program curricular approach to addressing the opioid crisis

Abstract Background and purpose The opioid crisis in the United States is widespread and requires large scale efforts to reduce the problem. A recent call by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy requested commitments by member schools to enact curricular changes in order to prepare pharmacy graduates to be impactful in addressing the opioid crisis. Educational activity A taskforce reviewed existing pain management and opioid-related curricular content in the North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy (NDSU SOP). As a result, all pre-existing opioid-related content was maintained and six new educational activities were designed and implemented to enhance hands-on experience and application of pain management and opioid-related concepts and skills. Students were surveyed after completing the pre-APPE curriculum regarding their confidence in identifying inappropriate use of opioids and engaging in conversations with patients about safe opioid use. Findings The full longitudinal approach to addressing pain management and opioid content in the North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy program is described. Curricular gap analysis, thoughtful coordination, faculty collaboration, and curriculum mapping were required in order to bring the full pain management and opioid curricular plan to fruition. The vast majority of students were confident in their ability to counsel patients on appropriate options for safe use and disposal of opioids (96%) and their ability to determine if a patient is at risk for opioid misuse (92%). A lower percentage (71%) were confident in their ability to converse with patients regarding opioid misuse concerns. Summary This is the first report to summarize a longitudinal, curriculum-wide approach taken to address the opioid crisis in the United States and in response to AACP's call to action for pharmacy schools. This description may be valuable to other pharmacy and health professions educational programs in search of means to implement and/or enhance their current curricular offerings related to pain management and opioids.
Increased Thalamocortical Connectivity in Schizophrenia Correlates With Sleep Spindle Deficits: Evidence for a Common Pathophysiology.

Abstract Background Converging evidence implicates abnormal thalamocortical interactions in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This evidence includes consistent findings of increased resting-state functional connectivity of the thalamus with somatosensory and motor cortex during wake and reduced spindle activity during sleep. We hypothesized that these abnormalities would be correlated, reflecting a common mechanism: reduced inhibition of thalamocortical neurons by the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). The TRN is the major inhibitory nucleus of the thalamus and is abnormal in schizophrenia. Reduced TRN inhibition would be expected to lead to increased and less filtered thalamic relay of sensory and motor information to the cortex during wake and reduced burst firing necessary for spindle initiation during sleep. Methods Overnight polysomnography and resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 26 outpatients with schizophrenia and 30 demographically matched healthy individuals. We examined the relations of sleep spindle density during stage 2 non–rapid eye movement sleep with connectivity of the thalamus to the cortex during wakeful rest. Results As in prior studies, patients with schizophrenia exhibited increased functional connectivity of the thalamus with bilateral somatosensory and motor cortex and reduced sleep spindle density. Spindle density inversely correlated with thalamocortical connectivity, including in somotosensory and motor cortex, regardless of diagnosis. Conclusions These findings link two biomarkers of schizophrenia—the sleep spindle density deficit and abnormally increased thalamocortical functional connectivity—and point to deficient TRN inhibition as a plausible mechanism. If TRN-mediated thalamocortical dysfunction increases risk for schizophrenia and contributes to its manifestations, understanding its mechanism could guide the development of targeted interventions.
Using the Participatory Culture-Specific Intervention Model to Improve a Positive Youth Development Program for African American Adolescent Girls

This article describes the first year of a partnership between a university and a community organization working to improve and expand a community-based multigenerational mentoring program for Afri...
In-hospital outcomes of splanchnic vein thrombosis including Budd Chiari syndrome associated with GI malignancies.

e16503Background: Patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are at increased risk of developing splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT). However, there is a dearth of information about the epidemio...
Abstract LB-230: Nanotherapy targeting metastatic factor RHAMMB-positive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) represent one-third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and are the second malignancy of the pancreas. The 5-year survival rate of metastatic PNETs is only about 15%. We have recently demonstrated that receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility isoform B (RHAMMB) is upregulated in PNETs and promotes metastasis of PNETs. We have also reported that Bcl-xL accelerates the formation of PNETs with invasive properties. Here, we propose a RHAMM-targeted combination therapy (RCT), as a novel treatment for PNETs. RCT is designed to accomplish a synergistic apoptotic/anticancer effect, by aiming RHAMMB, a receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA), and codelivering Bcl-xL siRNA with mitochondria-fusing peptide to kill PNET cells. Yet, it is a substantial challenge to codeliver multiple drugs to RHAMM-expressing tumors. To simultaneously transport these unconventional therapeutics for a synergistic effect, a siRNA for Bcl-xL and a mitochondria-fusing peptide are layered onto a nanocore by charge-charge interaction, followed by a layer of HA for targeting RHAMMB. We showed that the prepared RCT is efficiently internalized by RHAMMB-positive cells, but not by RHAMMB-negative cells. We have found that the encapsulated Bcl-xL siRNA and the mitochondria-fusing peptide are released inside cells to silence Bcl-xL gene expression and induce apoptosis by fusing the mitochondrial membrane. A synergistic cell killing effect was achieved in vitro (> 83% cell death). In a preclinical mouse model, we demonstrated that systemically-injected RCT significantly reduced tumor burden (> 65% reduction) and sustained the blood glucose levels of mice bearing RHAMMB-positive PNETs. Together, the developed RCT can serve as a promising drug delivery system for RHAMMB-overexpressed cancer treatments. Citation Format: Seung Koo Lee, Xiang Chen, Yi-Chieh Nancy Du, Ching-Hsuan Tung. Nanotherapy targeting metastatic factor RHAMMB-positive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-230.
Beyond Fragmentation: Cross-Fertilization, Cooperation and Competition Among International Courts and Tribunals

The international community in the 21st century is more legalized and more judicialized than at any other period in history. Yet today’s international legal order is also fragmented, leading to concerns about the proliferation of specialized legal regimes, adjudicated by an uncoordinated assemblage of international courts and tribunals. In this volume, we and our fellow authors explore international judicial cooperation, competition, and cross-fertilization “beyond fragmentation.” Existing scholarship on international legal fragmentation, we suggest, has moved through three phases in recent decades. In the first phase, practitioners and scholars reacted with alarm to the judicial proliferation of the post-Cold War years, which they feared would create systemic problems of overlapping and contested jurisdiction, as well as conflicting and divergent interpretations of law. Following this period of “postmodern anxieties,” the new century saw the pendulum swing towards towards a second, more optimistic school of thought, which empirically identified (and normatively championed) a series of techniques whereby international judges could “manage” fragmentation through dialogue and cross-fertilization, producing convergence and unity in international law. Most recently, in the opening salvos of a third wave, skeptics have questioned the management account, pointing to the mixed motives of international judges and the limits of cross-fertilization. Building on this debate, this volume interrogates the record of cross-fertilization, cooperation, and competition among international courts and tribunals. In doing so, we address three important themes. First, we examine the phenomenon of cross-fertilization in the area of procedural law, finding that that courts do indeed learn and borrow from each other in establishing procedural rules, which show signs of convergence. Second, we examine the more complex experience of cross-fertilization in substantive international law, where we find greater variation among international courts and tribunals in their willingness to refer and defer to others. Third and finally, we investigate the agents of cross-fertilization, including not only judges but also international governmental organizations, international court registries and arbitral secretariats, member states, litigants, and counsel. Each of these actors, we suggest, possesses mixed motives, weighing their (perhaps weak) interest in the coherence of the international legal system against their (perhaps dominant) interests in their own regional or substantive legal order or values, or indeed with simply winning their current dispute. The picture that emerges is one in which international judicial cross-fertilization is both real and important, but also highly variable and asymmetric across courts and issue-areas, and likely to remain so.
Key role of CCR2-expressing macrophages in a mouse model of low back pain and radiculopathy.

Abstract Chronic low back pain is a common condition, with high societal costs and often ineffectual treatments. Communication between macrophages/monocytes (MO) and sensory neurons has been implicated in various preclinical pain models. However, few studies have examined specific MO subsets, although distinct subtypes may play opposing roles. This study used a model of low back pain/radiculopathy involving direct local inflammation of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Reporter mice were employed that had distinct fluorescent labels for two key MO subsets: CCR2-expressing (infiltrating pro-inflammatory) MO, and CX3CR1-expressing (resident) macrophages. We observed that local DRG inflammation induced pain behaviors in mice, including guarding behavior and mechanical hypersensitivity, similar to the previously described rat model. The increase in MO in the inflamed DRG was dominated by increases in CCR2+ MO, which persisted for at least 14 days. The primary endogenous ligand for CCR2, CCL2, was upregulated in inflamed DRG. Three different experimental manipulations that reduced the CCR2+ MO influx also reduced pain behaviors: global CCR2 knockout; systemic injection of INCB3344 (specific CCR2 blocker); and intravenous injection of liposomal clodronate. The latter two treatments when applied around the time of DRG inflammation reduced CCR2+ but not CX3CR1+ MO in the DRG. Together these experiments suggest a key role for the CCR2/CCL2 system in establishing the pain state in this model of inflammatory low back pain and radiculopathy. Intravenous clodronate given after pain was established had the opposite effect on pain behaviors, suggesting the role of macrophages or their susceptibility to clodronate may change with time.
Abstract 13318: Omega-3 Ethyl Esters and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Results From a Randomized Trial

Introduction: Statins have led to significant reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) events; however, a high level of residual cardiovascular risk remains. The REDUCE-IT trial showed additional...
A stochastic scheduling, allocation, and inventory replenishment problem for battery swap stations

Abstract Electric vehicles and drones promise to transform transportation systems and supply chains. However, long recharge times and battery degradation inhibit adoption. To overcome these barriers, swap stations enable quick battery exchange. We introduce a stochastic scheduling, allocation, and inventory replenishment problem which determines the charging, discharging, and replacement decisions at a swap station over time. The decisions are complex because recharging is necessary for short-term operation but causes degradation and the need for future replacement. We model the problem as a Markov Decision Process, solve it using backward induction, and show that the problem suffers from the curses of dimensionality. Hence, we propose two approximate methods, a heuristic benchmark policy and a reinforcement learning method, which provide high-quality solutions. Using a designed experiment, we deduce effective operational insights.
Ambiguous Persuasion under Dynamic Consistency

In a persuasion game, if both the sender and receiver are ambiguity averse, can the sender benefit from sending ambiguous messages? This paper shows that the sender cannot benefit from introducing ambiguity if the receiver is dynamically consistent. This result is obtained when both players' preferences are represented by the Maxmin Expected Utility (MEU) criterion. However, if the sender is strictly less ambiguity averse than the receiver (in the sense of alpha-MEU), then she may benefit even when facing a dynamically consistent receiver. This gain comes from extracting an \textit{ambiguity premium} by exploiting the differences in the ambiguity attitudes.
Effects of ocean acidification on the growth, photosynthetic performance, and domoic acid production of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis from the California Current System.

Abstract Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Frenguelli), a toxigenic pennate diatom capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), was examined in unialgal laboratory cultures to quantify its physiological response to ocean acidification (OA) - the decline in pH resulting from increasing partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the oceans. Toxic blooms of P. australis are common in the coastal waters of eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS), including those of the California Current System (CCS) off the west coast of the United States where increased pCO2 and decreased seawater pH are well-known. This study determined the production of dissolved (dDA) and particulate DA (pDA), the rates of growth and nutrient (nitrate, silicate and phosphate) utilization, cellular elemental ratios of carbon and nitrogen, and the photosynthetic response to declining pH during the exponential and stationary growth phases of a strain of P. australis isolated during a massive toxic bloom that persisted for months along much of the U.S. west coast during 2015. Our controlled lab studies showed that DA production significantly increased as pCO2 increased, and total DA (pDA + dDA) normalized to cell density was 2.7 fold greater at pH 7.8 compared to pH 8.1 (control) during nutrient-limited stationary growth. However, exponential growth rates did not increase with declining pH, but remained constant until pH of 7.8 was reached, and then specific growth rates declined by ca. 30%. The toxin results demonstrate that despite minimal effects of OA observed during the nutrient-replete exponential growth phase, the enhancement of DA production, notably the 3-fold increase in particulate DA per cell, with declining pH from 8.1 to 7.8 during the nutrient-depleted stationary phase, supports the hypothesis that increasing pCO2 will result in greater toxic risk to coastal ecosystems from elevated ambient concentrations of particulate DA. The ecological consequences of decreasing silicate uptake rates and increasing cellular carbon quotas with declining pH may potentially ameliorate some negative impacts of OA on Pseudo-nitzschia growth in natural systems.
Punctate hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles: An ultrastructural study

Punctate hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles is an uncommon autosomal dominant condition. We report a 65-year-old man with this condition and review the literature. With electron microscopy, we have examined both clinically affected and adjacent clinically unaffected palmar skin. The only ultrastructural differences noted were a thicker keratin layer and hypertrophic nucleoli in the basal cell layer and stratum spinosum in the clinically affected skin. This nucleolar hypertrophy suggests that there may be increased metabolic activity in the clinically affected skin which is contributing to the abnormal keratinization.
A power hardware-in-the-loop framework for advanced grid-interactive inverter testing

This paper presents a power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) framework for testing advanced inverter features such as voltage regulation and frequency response that interact dynamically with the electric grid. The PHIL model simulates grid voltage dynamics using a simplified Thevenin-based model and simulates grid frequency dynamics using a turbine-governor model including droop, inertia, and damping. Also presented are a statistical analysis of short-circuit impedances in the IEEE 8500-node test feeder, and analytical justification for approximating Thevenin impedances at inverter connection points as short-circuit impedances. Test results are presented for two inverters performing volt-VAr control, high-frequency power curtailment, voltage and frequency ride-through, and abnormal voltage disconnection while connected to the PHIL system. Results confirm advanced grid support functions have the desired effects when performing voltage regulation and high-frequency power curtailment while riding through large voltage and frequency transients. Some PHIL tests presented here replicate IEEE 1547.1-style conformance tests; no evidence is seen that grid dynamic response emulation affects the results of such conformance tests.
Failure sensitivity and robustness in reconfigurable flight control systems

This paper is concerned with the design of reconfigurable flight control systems furnished with aerodynamic redundancy. Our focus is directed towards dealing with the aircraft surface impairment such as locked, float, or missing surfaces. We propose a control design criterion that facilitates the detection of failures without compromising the required performance robustness. Details are carried out for the design of the pitch axis controller of an experimental highly maneuverable aircraft, where redundancy in the control authority is provided by both the elevens and the canards. The goal is to explain our design procedure and to demonstrate enhanced overall system fault tolerance. The design effort is focused on the selection of controllers that can differentiate their effects on failures that require a control reconfiguration from the effects on other uncertainties that do not require a control reconfiguration. The key idea for achieving such differentiation is to examine the FDI (failure detection and isolation) performance index of controllers from a parameterized set that attains a certain control performance index. The scenario with a loss of surface effectiveness is simulated for the aircraft model. The deviation in the control law designed variance of the residual signal is shown to be most neglected in the processe of failures. >
Seismic Motion of Buildings with Buried Foundations

Transient and steady-state responses of a one-story building model with an embedded foundation subjected to plane horizontally-polarized shear waves are derived and analyzed. Soil-structure interaction effects are especially emphasized and a comparison of the rigorous results is made with the results for an analogous simplified model for which the interaction effects are neglected. It is shown that a conventional mass-dashpot-spring model fails to describe the actual complicated interaction effects associated with the scattering of waves around the foundation.
Brother Daniel's Roses

In Vietnam in 1967, Brother Daniel is the only father figure his niece Kim Hong knows. They fled along with their family as Catholic refugees from the north when the French left and the Viet Minh took over. During the escape, the family became separate. He had been her father from the time she was five. But she is now seventeen, and American influences have pervaded the Vietnamese culture. Brother Daniel is a teacher and takes pride in his rose garden where he seeks refuge from the world. He also knows that Kim Hong is romantically involved with one of her American teachers. He does not want to see her lose her culture and, worse, lose her.
The Biology of Bone Marrow Transplantation for Severe Combined Immune Deficiency

Publisher Summary Transplantation in SCID patients has represented the first clinical application of many of the advances that have occurred in clinical bone marrow transplantation during the last 20 years. SCID is not a single primary defect but is a clinical phenotype characterized by an absence of antigen-specific T and B lymphocyte immunity. At least a dozen different primary defects have been identified that can produce the SCID phenotype. As modern molecular genetic techniques improve, additional primary defects will be defined because at present the primary defect can be identified in less than 50% of SCID patients. Abnormalities that occur at either the pluripotent or lymphoid stem cell level will result in an absence of both circulating T and B lymphocytes. The majority of SCID patients has selective defects in T lymphocyte differentiation/function and has phenotypically and functionally normal B lymphocytes. Patients with the IL-2 deficient form of SCID have been difficult to transplant because of the fact that the patients' T lymphocytes are capable of normal proliferation and differentiation if an exogenous source of IL-2 is present. If the patients develop acute graft–versus-host disease following transplantation, phenotypically normal T lymphocytes of recipient origin can be detected. IL-2-deficient SCID patients can be successfully transplanted only if they are cytoreduced prior to transplantation to eliminate the circulating T lymphocytes and the abnormal stem cells.
Get Another Worker? Active Crowdlearning With Sequential Arrivals

Prior work. Much of the literature on crowdlearning focus on the static case where we have a batch of noisy labels (Raykar, 2010) (Karger, 2011) and need to infer the true labels. The emerging online crowdlearning papers either assumes 1) we can repeatedly access any worker (Yan, 2011), or 2) each worker only labels one item. The decision task is how many labels to obtain for each item (Sheng, 2008).
Competition Policy as Strategic Trade with Differentiated Products

The paper analyzes how countries use competition policy as a tool for strategic trade. In the model, two countries export to a third country. Each exporting country is endowed with a set of differentiated products. Each government chooses the number of exporters for its country and the products that each exporter sells in the first period, and a tax policy in the second period. Firms choose prices or quantities independently in the third period. In the unique subgame-perfect equilibrium, both countries group all their products within a single firm—the “national champion policy.” We study the implication of different assumptions about the timing of the game.
Gas adsorption properties of stoichiometric and reduced NiO(100)

Abstract The gas adsorption properties of stoichiometric and surface reduced NiO(100) single crystals are presented in their interactions with CO, ethylene and H 2 O at gas pressures of 1×10 -7 to 3×10 -6 Torr and substrate temperatures of 200 to 500 K. At temperatures below 500 K, gas adsorption is sluggish or even completely undetectable, depending upon the degree of surface oxidation and gas of interest. At temperatures of ⪆ 450 K, however, comparatively vigorous reaction occurs between the oxide lattice atoms and the adsorbing gas, which results in surface reduction for CO and ethylene exposures and surface hydroxylation for the case of H 2 O exposure. These data suggest that the mechanisms dominating metal oxide catalytic behavior are fundamentally different from those currently proposed for their pure metal counterparts. Significant amounts and rates of gas uptake occur only with a concomitant destruction and/or transformation of the oxide surface, itself. For interactions involving reducing gases, the surface can be described as truly catalytic only from the viewpoint of the metal component, with surface oxygen requiring replenishment either through migration of subsurface oxide or through adsorption of an oxidizing gas.
Superlattices as millimeter-wave devices

Abstract Superlattices have long been proposed as possible negative resistance devices. Here we discuss some results of an ongoing study of their potential for such applications. We focus on one particular type of superlattice, the lateral surface superlattice, and one particular frequency range, the millimeter-wave range. We find that there may be difficulties associated with the lateral surface superlattice as a negative resistance diode for high millimeter-wave frequencies. These difficulties are also expected in other superlattices as well and are indicative of the problems faced in superlattice engineering. We additionally discuss another novel possibility for millimeter-wave applications of superlattices.
Ascl1 Lineage Cells Contribute to Ischemia-Induced Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis

Neural and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult brain express Ascl1 (also known as Mash1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. We examined the progeny and fate of this progenitor population in adult male Ascl1-CreER(TM);R26R-stop-yellow fluorescent protein mice subjected to right middle cerebral occlusion over 60 days after stroke using inducible Cre recombination to label Ascl1-expressing cells at poststroke days 2 to 6 in vivo. Seven days after stroke, a substantial increase in Ascl1 lineage cells was detected in the ipsilateral subventricular zone (SVZ), striatum, and corpus callosum. These cells exhibited proliferating progenitor cell phenotypes (Sox2(+), BrdU(+), and Ki67(+)). Although Ascl1 lineage cells in the ipsilateral SVZ gradually decreased during 14 to 60 days after stroke, Ascl1 lineage cells in the ischemic striatum revealed a remarkable increase during this period. Thirty and sixty days after stroke, Ascl1 lineage cells in the ischemic striatum gave rise to GABAergic neurons and mature oligodendrocytes. In contrast, none of the Ascl1 lineage cells in the contralateral striatum exhibited neuronal and oligodendrocyte phenotypes. Moreover, Ascl1 lineage cells in the corpus callosum were only fated to become mature oligodendrocytes. Our data suggest that Ascl1 lineage cells contribute to stroke-induced neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the adult ischemic brain.
Nonspecific human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity induced by immobilized IgG aggregate

Normal human lymphocytes were induced to lyse nonsensitized erythrocytes when concomitantly incubated on immobilized IgG aggregate with various erythrocyte target cells. These included ox, sheep, chicken, and human red blood cells. Only immobilized aggregate would initiate cytolysis. The IgG aggregate was prepared from normal, healthy adult donors and did not possess target cell specificity (e.g., human erythrocyte lysis was initiated by autologous IgG). Normal human lymphocytes could be induced to lyse the red blood cell targets only after a preincubation with adherent mononuclear cells; however, freshly prepared lymphocytes depleted of IgG-FcR− cells were cytolytic. Cytolysis induced by immobilized IgG-aggregate can be distinguished from NCMC and ADCC by its requirement for immobilized IgG aggregate and the absence of target cell specificity in the IgG-aggregate preparation.
Why is the Sky Dark at Night

BONDI1 has pointed out that with certain very general assumptions, notably the cosmological principle, it can be inferred from the observed darkness of the night sky that the universe is either young or expanding. Harrison2 has discussed the same question from a somewhat different point of view. He considered evolving world models populated by stars of fixed luminosity and finite age and concluded that “the night sky is dark simply because the stars are so widely separated from each other …; … the radiation level is affected only in a comparatively slight way by whether the universe is expanding or contracting …”. Although Harrison's argument is mathematically correct, his models are somewhat unrealistic. The present communication shows that the darkness of the night sky actually has a number of distinct causes, among which the one given by Harrison may not be especially important.
Producing Father Baker: Material and Visual Practices of Making a Saint

ABSTRACTSince 1986, the Catholic Our Lady of Victory parish of Lackawanna, NY, and the diocese of Buffalo have been working to secure canonization for Father Nelson H. Baker (1842–1936), a local priest known for his sanctity, charitable Institutes, and promotion of devotion to Our Lady of Victory. The parish has a rich history of material and visual items related to both Baker and Our Lady. After he died, the Institutes produced and distributed Father Baker souvenirs, individuals obtained and created their own Baker memorabilia, various Father Baker memorials were established, and one of the Institutes' publications, the Victorian magazine, actively promoted the possibility of his sainthood. This article offers a comprehensive historical record of material and visual culture related to Baker from the 1880s to the 1950s in an effort to document the changes and shifts in the way he was represented in various materials, as well as the practices of his promoters, admirers, and followers which shaped those cha...
Electrical resistivity of liquid chromium

Abstract We have measured the electrical resistivity, ϱ, of Cr from room temperature to above its melting point. The resistivity, ϱL, of liquid Cr is found to be 150 ± 5 μ Ω- cm and (ϱL - ϱS)/ ϱS = 0.27. We also report a melting temperature for Cr of 1812 ± 10°C. We compare ϱL with values calculated on various theoretical models, and examine the implications of ϱS and ϱL for the density of states for solid and liquid Cr.
Synthesis and characterization of carbamoylphosphonate monomer and its copolymer with styrene. II

A monomer, diethyl α,α-dimethyl-m-isopropenylbenzyl carbamoylphosphonate, has been prepared by the base-catalyzed reaction of the isocyanate m-TMI (α,α-dimethyl-m-isopropenylbenzylisocyanate) with diethyl phosphite. The structure of the carbamoylphosphonate monomer and its styrene copolymer was confirmed spectroscopically, and the nature of the hydrogen bondings in the NHC(O)P(O)(OR)2 unit in the monomer and copolymer is discussed in detail. A bulk polymerization of the carbamoylphosphonate is very slow and tends to yield a crosslinked product, but a solution polymerization produced the soluble copolymers. The Tg(midpoint) of the homo-polymer is low, 67°C, and its capacity to complex UO2(NO3)2 is very high, 28 wt % (19 mol %). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 889–899, 1997
Designing MOOCs as Interactive Places for Collaborative Learning

The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) paradigm has developed rapidly and achieved significant attention from a broad range of populations. However, many people who enroll in MOOCs do not have successful learning experiences. For example, some studies suggest that the relatively weak feelings of community and meager opportunities for collaboration may be contributing to a high dropout rate in MOOCs. In light of such problems, we are exploring new design features that could support enhanced social interactions, collaborative learning and feelings of community. We present our design ideas through a set of activity design scenarios, along with an analysis of possible benefits and negative consequences of our design.
Zebrafish acvr2a and acvr2b exhibit distinct roles in craniofacial development.

To examine the roles of activin type II receptor signaling in craniofacial development, full-length zebrafish acvr2a and acvr2b clones were isolated. Although ubiquitously expressed as maternal mRNAs and in early embryogenesis, by 24 hr postfertilization (hpf), acvr2a and acvr2b exhibit restricted expression in neural, hindbrain, and neural crest cells (NCCs). A morpholino-based targeted protein depletion approach was used to reveal discrete functions for each acvr2 gene product. The acvr2a morphants exhibited defects in the development of most cranial NCC-derived cartilage, bone, and pharyngeal tooth structures, whereas acvr2b morphant defects were largely restricted to posterior arch structures and included the absence and/or aberrant migration of posterior NCC streams, defects in NCC-derived posterior arch cartilages, and dysmorphic pharyngeal tooth development. These studies revealed previously uncharacterized roles for acvr2a and acvr2b in hindbrain and NCC patterning, in NCC derived pharyngeal arch cartilage and joint formation, and in tooth development. Developmental Dynamics 233:1405–1418, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.