cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mass sensitivity analysis of lunar orbiting beam power systems

At NASA Lewis Research Center, the feasibility of beaming power from orbiting satellites to the surface of the moon was studied. Reference microwave and laser beam power concepts were found to be 1/3 to 1/6 the mass of surface solar systems. Further analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the reference concepts to technology performance levels and mission architecture scenarios, such as beaming to multiple surface sites and lunar rovers. Previous studies concluded that frequencies above 35 GHz for the microwave systems were not critical for reducing the main base mass; however, when multiple sites and rovers are considered, this may become necessary. In addition, for the laser system, the pointing accuracy of the satellites becomes a critical factor for rover applications. These issues and other important results of the parametric studies, are discussed.
The Effect of Fundamental Risk on the Market Pricing of Accruals Quality

Motivated by the theoretical results of Yee (2006), we extend the empirical analysis of Francis et al. (2005) to test the prediction that the effect of accruals quality on cost of capital increases with fundamental risk. In asset pricing tests, we find that there is essentially no relation between accrual quality and cost of capital as measured by future return realizations for firms with the lowest fundamental risk. In contrast, for firms with the highest fundamental risk, there is a strong relation between accrual quality and future return realizations. Using earnings-price ratios and average implied cost of capital as alternative measures of cost of capital, we find that as fundamental risk increases, accrual quality has an increasing effect on cost of capital, and that the effect of accrual quality on cost of capital is reduced for firms with low fundamental risk. Overall, the results in this paper show that that relation depends critically on the level of fundamental risk, consistent with the model of Yee (2006). The results also serve to qualify the findings of Francis et al (2005), who document a relation between accrual quality and cost of capital.
Measurement Issues in the Use of Epidemiologic Data

Because of the complexity associated with the emergence of health problems, precision in measuring exposure to both risk factors and types of health services used as well as health status is essential for precision in the decision-making process. The more accurately the health care manager can quantify exposure and outcome, the less likely he or she is to make a false claim about a causal relationship between the two. The soundness of the measurements used always should be a consideration when interpreting the magnitude of the health problems confronted, the factors that contribute to their emergence, and the strategies employed. The next chapters illustrate the importance of valid and reliable information.
Radiofrequency ablation of an accessory pathway in a patient with corrected Ebstein's anomaly

Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve has a known association with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Radiofrequency ablation has become the treatment of choice for the latter, but there have been no reports of the feasibility of this procedure after tricuspid valve replacement. We present a patient who first exhibited evidence of intermittent preexcitation and associated symptomatic arrhythmia 9 years after tricuspid valve replacement for Ebstein's anomaly, and describe the challenges posed by this case.
DCT-based video compression using arithmetic coding

We describe a tnotion-compensated hybrid DCT/DPCM video compression scheme that incorporates arithmetic coding. The scheme is based on a current ISO/CCITT standards proposal for compressing still images with suitable extensions to handle video sequences. Compared to Iluffman coding, arithmetic coding can increase compression efficiency for the same image quality or, alternately, improve image quality for the same transmission rate. We have extended the use of arithmetic for coding motion vector data and motion-compensated interframe data. We have also investigated the trade-off in image quality, transmission bandwidth, and algorithm complexity between using I-Iuffman or arithmetic coding in motion video.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Induction of Inducible cAMP Early Repressor Expression in Nucleus Accumbens by Stress or Amphetamine Increases Behavioral Responses to Emotional Stimuli

Previous research has shown that cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription is activated in the nucleus accumbens, a major brain reward region, by a variety of environmental stimuli and contributes to neuroadaptations to these stimuli. CRE-binding protein (CREB) is the most studied activator of CRE transcription and has been implicated in this brain region as a gating mechanism for behavioral responses to emotional stimuli. Little attention, however, has been given to naturally occurring inhibitors of CRE-mediated transcription, such as the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), an inhibitory product of the CRE modulator gene. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which ICER is induced in the nucleus accumbens by two types of environmental stimuli, stress and amphetamine, and characterized how induction of ICER in this region affects complex behavior. We show that stress and amphetamine each induces ICER expression and that overexpression of ICER in the nucleus accumbens, using viral-mediated gene transfer, increases behavioral responses to both rewarding and aversive emotional stimuli. For example, ICER overexpression increases sensitivity to amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity as well as to natural rewards such as sucrose and social grooming. However, ICER overexpression also increases measures of anxiety in the elevated plus maze and neophobia to novel tastes. Finally, ICER produces an antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test, further indication of an enhanced active response to stress. These results suggest that ICER is an important mechanism for modulating CRE-mediated transcription in the nucleus accumbens.
Time-dependent effect of chlorhexidine surgical prep

Despite continued advances in preoperative preventive measures and aseptic technique, surgical site infections remain a problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent effectiveness of chlorhexidine, a common surgical preparation solution, at various concentrations. Agar plates containing a Mueller-Hinton medium were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (lux) bacteria. The bacteria are genetically engineered to emit photons, allowing for quantification with a photon-counting camera system. Standardized amounts of aqueous chlorhexidine at three different concentrations (group 1:4%; group 2:2%; group 3:0.4%) were applied to the agar plates and comparisons in bacterial reduction were made. After 2 min of contact time, groups 1 and 2 had similar reductions in bacterial load with 30% bacterial load remaining in each group (P=0.512), whereas group 3 had a significantly higher bacterial load (33%) when compared to both groups 1 and 2 (1 vs 3, P<0.0001; 2 vs 3, P=0.0002). The bacterial load in all three groups continued to decrease out to the final time point (1h) with group 1 having the least amount of bacterial load remaining, 9% (P<0.0001) and group 3 with the highest bacterial load remaining, 19% (P<0.0001). This study demonstrates two key results: first, dilution of chlorhexidine correlates directly with its bactericidal activity; second, its effectiveness is directly related to its contact time. Based on the results of this study, the authors recommend using 4% chlorhexidine for surgical site preparation and allowing a minimum of 2 min of contact time prior to making the skin incision.
The model minority and the inferior minority myths: Understanding stereotypes and their implications for student learning

In-depth interviews with an Asian American and a black student reveal the negative influence of racial stereotypes on their learning experiences. Samuel Museus shares their stories and offers recommendations for postsecondary educators.
Minding your distance: how management consulting firms use service marks to position competitively

This research examines the dyadic dynamics of positioning (i.e., determining where to locate relative to rivals) of services by consulting firms. Positioning near to or far from competitors offers both advantages and disadvantages in terms of competition, legitimacy, uncertainty, and spillovers, with recent research suggesting that firms seek balance between these various forces. Using a sample of service mark filings by consulting firms, I examine the effects of similarity, age, size, and prospective services on service positioning. Results indicate that positioning is both dyadic and multidimensional in nature, with firms maximizing the advantages of positioning either near or far, while minimizing the disadvantages. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations in the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Pathways in Feline GM1 Gangliosidosis1

Cats affected with feline GM1 gangliosidosis, an autosomal, recessively inherited, lysosomal enzymopathy, have progressive neurological dysfunction, premature thymic involution, stunted growth, and premature death. Although increased membrane GM1 gangliosides can result in increased apoptosis of thymocytes, there is not a direct correlation between thymocyte surface GM1 and thymic apoptosis in vivo, suggesting that other factors may be important to the pathogenesis of thymic involution in affected cats. Because GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are important hormonal peptides supporting thymic function and affecting growth throughout the body, particularly in the prepubescent period, several components of the GH/IGF-I pathway were compared in GM1 mutant and normal age-matched cats. GM1 mutant cat serum IGF-I concentrations were reduced significantly compared with those in normal cats by 150 days of age, and GM1 mutant cats had no peripuberal increase in serum IGF-I. Additionally, IGF-binding pro...
Fosinopril: An overview

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are an effective, well-tolerated option for management of mild-to-moderate hypertension. An increase of nearly 250% in prescriptions between 1986 and 1990 testifies to the growing importance of this drug class. With the development of newer ACE inhibitors, the debate on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences and the clinical relevance of such differences has also been growing in importance. It is in this context that the clinical data on fosinopril will be reviewed. Fosinopril has several intriguing features, among them a unique chemical structure and elimination profile. In addition, preliminary data on cardiac effects and on risk for cough are provocative and support further study. The antihypertensive efficacy of fosinopril is comparable to other ACE inhibitors. Thus, fosinopril represents an interesting and useful addition to this antihypertensive class.
Examination of Relationships between Participation in School Music Programs of Differing Quality and Standardized Test Results

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between participation in contrasting school music programs and standardized test scores. Relationships between elementary (third- or fourth-grade) students' academic achievement at comparable schools, but with contrasting music programs as to instructional quality, were investigated. Relationships also were examined between middle school (eighth-or ninth-grade) students' academic achievement and their participation in school music programs that also differed in quality. Participants (N = 4,739) were students in elementary (n = 1,119) and middle schools (n = 3,620) from the South, East Coast, Midwest, and West Coast of the United States. All scores were standardized for comparison purposes. Analysis of elementary school data indicated that students in exemplary music education programs scored higher on both English and mathematics standardized tests than their counterparts who did not have this high-quality instruction; however, the effect s...
Gene regulation during cold acclimation in plants

Cold acclimation involves precise signaling and regulation of the transcriptome. The plasma membrane may be the primary cold-stress sensor, and FRY1/HOS2 inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase regulates cytosolic inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate levels, which in turn control cytosolic Ca2+ signatures and cold acclimation. Cold-induced reactive oxygen species may activate a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (AtMEKK1-AtMKK2-AtMPK4/6) that regulates tolerance to freezing and other abiotic stresses. Cold acclimation induces the expression of the C-repeat binding transcription factors (CBF), which in turn activate many downstream genes that confer chilling and freezing tolerance to plants. The constitutively expressed myelocytomatosis-type basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) regulates the transcription of CBFs and other cold-induced regulons and freezing tolerance. ICE1 is probably negatively regulated by ubiquitination, which may be mediated by the HOS1 RING finger protein. The ICE1-CBF pathway positively regulates the expression of cysteine-2 and histidine-2 zinc finger transcriptional repressors, which are under the negative control of LOS2, a bi-functional enolase. In a CBF-independent pathway, the transcription factors HOS9 (a homeodomain type) and HOS10 (a R2R3 myeloblastosis type) play pivotal roles in the regulation of cold-responsive genes and freezing tolerance. The signaling process from sensors to transcription factors and to cellular responses needs further understanding. Also, cold-stress signaling in reproductive tissues is still largely unknown.
A natural vector space of two-sided discrete-time signals

Abstract The vector space of two-sided sequences expressible as finite sums of unit sample sequences, complex exponential sequences, the unit step sequence, and their elementwise products forms a natural space for the theory of discrete-time linear shift-invariant operators. This space is (algebraically) closed under translation, elementwise multiplication, and solution of linear constant-coefficient difference equations. Every sequence in this space can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of elementary sequences. An unexpected consequence of this decomposition is that the impulse response and frequency response of an LSI operator can be specified independently.
Room temperature strengthening mechanisms in a Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy

The various contributions to the flow stress at room temperature of a cast Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy were identified using transmission electron microscopy. These alloys are used as surgical implant materials. It was concluded that stacking fault intersections and twins make the largest contribution to the work hardening behaviour of the as-cast Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy. The stacking fault intersection was modelled as a form of dislocation dipole, from which the stress interaction with slip dislocations was estimated. In the case of twin-slip interactions, it is suggested that the incorporation of the slip dislocation into the twin is governed by the reaction 1/2[110](¯11¯1)→1/6[141](¯1¯15)+1/6[2¯1¯1]coherent Twin Boundary (111) A nucleation model for twinning in alloys with very low stacking fault energy is also proposed.
Mechanisms of cardiovascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia.

Abstract In hypertension, an increase in arterial wall thickness and loss of elasticity over time result in an increase in pulse wave velocity, a direct measure of arterial stiffness. This change is reflected in gradual fragmentation and loss of elastin fibers and accumulation of stiffer collagen fibers in the media that occurs independently of atherosclerosis. Similar results are seen with an elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), which increases vascular thickness, elastin fragmentation, and arterial blood pressure. Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a decrease in elasticity and an increase in pulse wave velocity in HHcy cystathionine β synthase heterozygote knockout (CBS−/+) mice. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential regulator of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in MMP-NO-TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase) inhibitory tertiary complex. We have demonstrated the contribustion of the NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS, ...
Mucosal immunology: new frontiers

Abstract Mucosal immunology is one of the most rapidly developing and exciting fields of immunological research. A recent meeting ★ ★The 8th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology was held at San Diego, CA, USA, on 16–20 July 1995. discussed advances in the fundamental knowledge of this area, and reviewed possibilities for its clinical application.
Location-based resource allocation for OFDMA cognitive radio systems

In cognitive radio systems, in order for the secondary users to opportunistically share the spectrum without interfering the primary users, an accurate spectrum measurement and a precise estimation of the interference at the primary users are necessary but are challenging tasks. Since it is impractical in cognitive radio systems to assume that the channel state information of the interference link is available at the cognitive transmitter, the interference at the primary users is hard to be estimated accurately. This paper introduces a resource allocation algorithm for OFDMA-based cognitive radio systems, which utilizes location information of the primary and secondary users instead of the channel state information of the interference link. Simulation results show that it is indeed effective to incorporate location information into resource allocation so that a near-optimal capacity is achieved.
Reconstructing Reason and Representation

In Reconstructing Reason and Representation, Murray Clarke offers a detailed study of the philosophical implications of evolutionary psychology. In doing so, he offers new solutions to key problems in epistemology and philosophy of mind, including misrepresentation and rationality. He proposes a naturalistic approach to reason and representation that is informed by evolutionary psychology, and, expanding on the massive modularity thesis advanced in work by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, argues for a modular, adapticist account of misrepresentation and knowledge. Just as the reliability of representation can be defended on the basis of an account of the proper function of cognitive modularity, misrepresentation can be explained through an appeal to the "gap theory," by noting the divergence between the proper and actual domains of cognitive modules in a massively modular mind.Clarke argues for an externalist, modular reliabilism by suggesting that evolution has equipped us with generally reliable inferential systems even if they do not always produce true beliefs. He argues that reliable deductive and inductive inference occurs only when cognitive modules deal with actual domains that are sufficiently similar to their proper domains. This psychologically informed, naturalized adapticism leads to the suggestion that knowledge is a set of natural kinds housed in the modules of a massively modular mind. Typically, the proper function of these cognitive modules is to provide us with truths that enable us to satisfy our basic biological needs. Beyond reasoning modules, other cognitive modules discussed include the ability to orient ourselves in space, and our abilities with language, numbers, object reasoning, and social understanding. Clarke also defends Cosmides and Tooby's massive modularity hypothesis against such critics as Jerry Fodor by demonstrating that these critics consistently misrepresent Cosmides and Tooby's position.
Children at work: The home workplace

Young children's early experiences with the adult work world have generally been ignored by researchers. Consequently, little research base exists for understanding children's conceptions of the adult work world. This study, part of a larger investigation of families who work at home for income rather than in separate workplaces, focuses on children's experiences with work in such families. Twenty-seven children ages 7 months to 18 years were observed or interviewed in the family work setting. Findings indicate that all the verbal children held concrete knowledge of their parents' work, as was evidenced by their ability to label jobs, describe procedures, and name tools. Furthermore, all the children were involved with their parents' work in a developmental progression: (1) playing and watching, (2) simple tasks, (3) regular assistance, paid or unpaid, (4) regular paid work. Their experiences suggest that home-working parents play a powerful role in their children's work socialization.
Graph theoretic modeling of large-scale semantic networks

During the past several years, social network analysis methods have been used to model many complex real-world phenomena, including social networks, transportation networks, and the Internet. Graph theoretic methods, based on an elegant representation of entities and relationships, have been used in computational biology to study biological networks; however they have not yet been adopted widely by the greater informatics community. The graphs produced are generally large, sparse, and complex, and share common global topological properties. In this review of research (1998-2005) on large-scale semantic networks, we used a tailored search strategy to identify articles involving both a graph theoretic perspective and semantic information. Thirty-one relevant articles were retrieved. The majority (28, 90.3%) involved an investigation of a real-world network. These included corpora, thesauri, dictionaries, large computer programs, biological neuronal networks, word association networks, and files on the Internet. Twenty-two of the 28 (78.6%) involved a graph comprised of words or phrases. Fifteen of the 28 (53.6%) mentioned evidence of small-world characteristics in the network investigated. Eleven (39.3%) reported a scale-free topology, which tends to have a similar appearance when examined at varying scales. The results of this review indicate that networks generated from natural language have topological properties common to other natural phenomena. It has not yet been determined whether artificial human-curated terminology systems in biomedicine share these properties. Large network analysis methods have potential application in a variety of areas of informatics, such as in development of controlled vocabularies and for characterizing a given domain.
Demonstration of the Optimal Control Modification for General Aviation: Design and Simulation

This paper presents the design and simulation of a model reference adaptive control system for general aviation, using the Optimal Control Modification (OCM). The controller is based on previous adaptive control research conducted at Wichita State University (WSU) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center. The control system is designed for longitudinal control of a Beech Bonanza given pilot commands of pitch rate and airspeed. Three variations of the OCM adaptation are presented, utilizing 3 different parameterizations of the adaptive signal. The first is called OCM-Linear (OCM-L), where the adaptation output is linearly related to the aircraft states. The second variation is called OCM-Bias (OCM-B), which is only a bias adaptation output. The third is a combination of the previous two methods called OCM-Linear and Bias (OCMLB). The controllers are designed and simulated with a nonlinear aircraft model of the Beech Bonanza.
Lysine metabolism in the human and the monkey: demonstration of pipecolic acid formation in the brain and other organs.

Metabolism ofl-[U-14C]lysine was studied in the human autopsy tissues and the intact monkeys through intracerebroventricular and intravenous injections. The human tissues were more active in the metabolism ofl-[14C]lysine to [14C]pipecolate than the rat tissues previously reported. This metabolism was equally active in the phosphate (pH 7) and the glycyl-glycine (pH 8.6) buffers with the brain and the kidney having higher activity than the liver. Besides [14C]pipecolate, traces of [14C]saccharopine and α-[14C]aminoadipate were also detected in the liver incubation. Twenty-four hr after intraventricular injection ofl-[14C]lysine to the monkey, substantial labeling of pipecolate and α-aminoadipate was observed in the brain and spinal cord, with the kidney, liver and the plasma having much reduced levels. Radioactivity levels of these two compounds were found low in the organs and plasma of the intravenously injected monkey. The urine of both monkeys contained only traces of [14C]pipecolate, even though it contained high levels ofl-[14C]lysine and α-[14C]aminoadipate. It was concluded thatl-lysine is actively metabolized to pipecolate and α-aminoadipate in the human and the monkey, that this reaction is most active in the brain whenl-lysine is intraventricularly administered, and that in contrast to the rat, the monkey may have an effective renal reabsorption for pipecolate which is similar to the human.
Aspect Ratio Plays a Role in the Hazard Potential of CeO2 Nanoparticles in Mouse Lung and Zebrafish Gastrointestinal Tract

We have previously demonstrated that there is a relationship between the aspect ratio (AR) of CeO2 nanoparticles and in vitro hazard potential. CeO2 nanorods with AR ≥ 22 induced lysosomal damage and progressive effects on IL-1β production and cytotoxicity in the human myeloid cell line, THP-1. In order to determine whether this toxicological paradigm for long aspect ratio (LAR) CeO2 is also relevant in vivo, we performed comparative studies in the mouse lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of zebrafish larvae. Although oropharyngeal aspiration could induce acute lung inflammation for CeO2 nanospheres and nanorods, only the nanorods with the highest AR (C5) induced significant IL-1β and TGF-β1 production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 21 days but did not induce pulmonary fibrosis. However, after a longer duration (44 days) exposure to 4 mg/kg of the C5 nanorods, more collagen production was seen with CeO2 nanorods vs nanospheres after correcting for Ce lung burden. Using an oral-exposure model in...
Dynamic programming, decision tables, and the Hawaii Parallel Computer

Abstract The use of decision tables to express concurrent algorithms, and the use of concurrent processors to execute decision table programs, are discussed. As a specific application, we show how dynamic programming algorithms can be implemented as decision tables. The Hawaii Parallel Computer (HPC) is a parallel processing computer which was designed utilizing a new computer architecture based upon field-programmable gate arrays. To exploit this computer's unique architecture, algorithms must be expressed in a decision table format. The HPC can be used to implement dynamic programming algorithms expressed in a decision table format.
{1}/{f}, g- r and burst noise induced by emitter-edge dislocations in bipolar transistors

Abstract Noise measurements conducted on npn bipolar transistors have revealed that the emitter-edge dislocations give rise to both 1 f and g-r noise, the resulting noise increasing with the number of dislocations. In dislocated devices, an α ⋍ 1.8 × 10 −4 has been found which accounts for the base 1/f noise as mobility-fluctuation noise. A 1/ff2 burst noise spectrum was observed when dislocations are clustered.
Search for chromosome rearrangements: New approaches toward discovery of novel translocations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background Chromosome rearrangements that result in gene fusions have important roles in the initial steps of tumorigenesis, especially in leukemias and lymphomas, but the biological and clinical impact of gene fusions in common solid tumors are less understood. The purpose of this study was to discover novel translocations that could result in gene fusions in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). Methods Translocations were identified using 2 different bioinformatics pipelines, SnowShoes-FTD and FusionHunter, examining data from 11 paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data in OPSCC. Translocations were validated by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing analysis. Results Two novel cancer-specific translocations involving MGST3-ZMAT5 and MS4A7-C2CD3 were found in 2 of the tumor samples tested. However, these translocations were found only in the single tumor. Conclusions We hope that this integrative methodology will elucidate key aspects of tumor biology as well as generate novel targets for cancer diagnoses and therapies. Head Neck, 2012
Inhibition of Gastric Motility by a Commercial Duodenal Mucosal Extract containing Cholecystokinin and Pancreozymin

IN the course of the search for the hormone which results in inhibition of gastric secretion and motility after fat has entered the duodenum, the ability of duodenal extracts to inhibit the motility of denervated gastric pouches has become crucial. The presence of fat in the duodenum inhibits the spontaneous motility of Heidenhain pouches1, but many duodenal extracts which inhibit acid secretion will not do this. Extracts of duodenal mucosa containing secretin2 and even more conclusively extracts containing cholecystokinin/pancreozymin3 inhibit gastric acid secretion.
Proteolytic Enzymes in Certain Free-Living and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes1)

The presence of endo- and exo-peptidases in homogenates of some free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes was demonstrated. Higher levels of enzymatic activity occurred in free-living species than in plant parasites. No liberation of endopeptidases by plant-parasitic species was detected. Apparently, the proteolytic enzymes function only internally in such nematodes.
Tbx12, a novel T-box gene, is expressed during early stages of heart and retinal development

T-box genes encode transcription factors that regulate many developmental processes. We have cloned a novel mouse T-box gene, Tbx12. Tbx12 is the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila H15 gene and the Caenorhabditis elegans tbx-12 gene. Tbx12 is expressed in extraembryonic tissues such as the amnion and allantois. In the embryo, Tbx12 is strongly expressed in the neural retina and the heart.
Justice and the Distribution of Fear

Contrairement a la conception selon laquelle la justice distributive s'occupe de la repartition des benefices, l'A. montre qu'il existe aussi des charges a repartir. Il montre dans un premier temps que la peur, utile pour preserver les individus du danger, est egalement un fardeau psychologique, surtout porte par les femmes. Des lors, il se demande comment la justice peut redistribuer equitablement la peur parmi les membres d'une societe
IQ, Creativity, and the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain.

Based on the assumptions of the Taxonomy(4) and its definitions of the cognitive processes, it was hypothesized that the first four taxonomic levels are related to intelligence alone, but that performance on the upper two levels would require creative as well as intellectual abilities. The Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, two creativity tests, and taxonomic tests were administered to 141 eleventh graders. Multivariate stepwise regression procedures were employed to determine the contributions of IQ and creativity to variation on the taxonomic tests. Results support the hypotheses. Implications are discussed in relation to Bloom’s model of mastery learning and the teaching for creativity.
Dominance and altruism among adolescent males: A comparison of ethological and psychological methods

Abstract Three methods of assessing dominance and altruism in adolescents were compared: self-reports, observation of behavior, and peer rankings. Results indicate that the behavior observation and peer assessment methods are congruent in portraying which adolescents were the most and least dominant and altruistic. While the self-report measure of social responsibility is significantly related to the behavioral assessment of altruism, there is little relationship between these two methods of assessing dominance. An ethological approach to studying human behavior fulfills one aspect of what personality theorists report is urgently needed in the field of personality research: observation of behavior in natural settings.
Life on the inside for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

M. tuberculosis persists in the body, sequestered inside macrophages and subverting the phagocytic machinery to create a membrane-bound home. Microarray profiling studies reveal how the bacterium settles into its new environment.
A cold-atom laser with <1 intracavity photon

We demonstrate a cold-atom Raman laser that operates quasi-continuously with as few as 0.2 photons on average inside the cavity and with a single-atom Raman decay rate below 1 Hz. We demonstrate that the laser's coherence is primarily stored within the atoms, and consider the relationship between the Schawlow-Townes linewidth and the standard quantum limit on phase estimation using unentangled atoms. This proof-of-principle experiment may lead to novel hybrid sensors and guide the development of future ultra-stable lasers with intrinsic insensitivity to currently-limiting thermal and technical sources of cavity mirror vibration.
The basis of hemispheric asymmetries for language and spatial cognition: Clues from focal brain damage in two deaf native signers

Abstract The existence of hemispheric asymmetries for language processing and visuospatial processing is well established. In this report we investigate the basis of these asymmetries through the window of American Sign Language (ASL). ASL uses spatial contrasts to encode grammatical information at all levels of representation, including phonology, morphology, and syntax. In addition, however, ASL uses space in an iconic fashion to represent spatial information directly, as, for example, in describing the layout of objects in a room. We tested the performance of two deaf, native signers—one with left hemisphere damage (LHD) and one with right hemisphere damage (RHD)—on tasks involving the use of space, within ASL, to represent linguistic versus spatial information. We found a double dissociation: the LHD signer was impaired on tasks involving the use of space for encoding grammatical information, but performed well on tasks involving the use of space to encode spatial information iconically; the RHD signe...
Methimazole as a protectant against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using the dog as a model

The protective effect of methimazole, a commonly used antithyroid drug, on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was studied. Eight dogs received 80 mg/m2 cisplatin i.v. without saline prehydration. Dogs were randomized into two groups of four dogs each: one group received 40 mg/kg methimazole i.p. at 30 min prior to and 4 h after cisplatin delivery, and the other group received saline placebo i.p. Methimazole protected dogs against the in vivo nephrotoxicity elicited by cisplatin as evidenced by clinicopathologic and histopathologic indices. Protection was not complete, as methimazole-treated animals developed mild histopathologic renal changes. Measures of renal oxidative stress did not differ between the two groups at day 5 following cisplating treatment. No difference was noted for serum thyroxine concentrations before or after therapy in either group; however, serum levels of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine were significantly higher on day 5 in both groups of dogs receiving cisplatin, regardless of whether they received methimazole or not. Methimazole as used in this study was found to be well tolerated in dogs over the short term, with no significant clinical or clinicopathologic toxicity being observed. The results of this study support the additional evaluation of methimazole as a protectant against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using the dog as a model.
The BAMM IIA Radiometer

The Balloon Altitude Mosaic Measurement (BAMM) IIA Radiometer is designed to make mosaic measurements in either of two modes of operation: the stare or demonstration mode and the radiometer mode. In the stare mode, background suppression and target detection can be demonstrated; in the radiometer mode the incoming energy is chopped to allow absolute measurements to be made. The Noise Equivalent Radiance (NER) in each available spectral band is less than 2.5E-8 W/cm2-sr in the stare mode and less than 1.25E-7 W/cm2-sr in the radiometer mode. The Radiometer is physically divided into two units: the Radiometer Unit and the Support Electronics Unit. The Radiometer Unit contains the optical, detection, and preprocessor sections of the instrument. Ten narrow-band spectral filters in the 2.59 to 5.1 micrometer region are mounted on a wheel and are selectable from the ground. Three telescopes on a turret allow the selection of 50, 200, or 800 meter detector footprints (at the nadir from the 100,000 ft. flight altitude). The focal plane module uses the Grumman-developed Z-dimension technology with 16 x 64 HgCdTe detectors. Included on the module are hybrid CMOS chips containing the signal conditioning circuitry for sample and hold operations, bandpass filtering, and 32:1 signal multiplexing. The second unit, the Support Electronics, supplies control signals, bias voltages, and clock signals. The output lines from the focal plane are converted to digital signals, multiplexed, and formatted for PCM trans-mission to the ground in this unit.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Product innovation, product–market competition and persistent profitability in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry

Increasingly, strategy scholars are exploring the relationships between innovation, competition, and the persistence of superior profits. Sustained high profitability may result when a firm repeatedly introduces valuable innovations that service previously unmet consumer demands. While the returns to the firm from each innovation may erode over time, innovation ensures that, overall, the firm maintains a high performance position. At the same time, sustained high profitability may also accrue to firms that innovate less often, but effectively avoid the competition that otherwise erodes high returns. This paper elaborates these relationships before presenting an empirical analysis of the effects of differential innovative propensities and differential rates of competition on pharmaceutical firms’ abilities to sustain profit outcomes that are above those earned by competing firms. The analysis, which is situated within the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, finds support for the expected relationship between high innovative propensity and sustained superior profitability, but no support for a link between persistence and the ability to avoid competition. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular properties of cetiedil and its interactions with erythrocyte membranes

Cetiedil, an antisickling agent and a vascular smooth muscle relaxant, is an amphiphilic molecule. The critical micelle concentration in 5 mM phosphate buffer with 150 mM NaCl is ∼8.8 mM. The molecule, as the citrate salt, is highly acidic at millimolar concentrations. The UV absorption extinction coefficient at 233 nm, E233, is 2796 M−1 cm−1. The studies of free cetiedil concentrations in the presence of membrane ghosts show that large amounts of cetiedil associate with membrane samples. Spin label electron paramagnetic resonance experiments showed that the lipids and the proteins of erythrocyte membrane samples were both affected by the addition of cetiedil. However, the cetiedil effects on membrane components are reversible. The protein spin label results demonstrate the binding of cetiedil to the membrane with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of ∼2 mM. The binding is saturable. The apparent half-saturation concentrations for the binding at physiological ionic strength and temperature are in the range of 1–3 mmoles of cetiedil per gram of membrane proteins. Our studies also indicate that binding is not affected by the removal of the spectrin and actin network from the membranes. Interaction of cetiedil with Band 3 molecules in the erythrocyte membrane is suggested. The regions near the lipid head groups in the membrane samples are also affected by cetiedil.
Improving keyword indexing

This communication examines some of the most frequently cited criticisms of keyword indexing. These criticisms include (1) absence of general subject headings, (2) limited entry points, and (3) irrelevant indexing. Some solutions are suggested to meet these criticisms.
Pretreatment pattern of symptom expression in premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Abstract Background Use of intermittent dosing strategies for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) highlights the need for detailed empirical data on the onset, duration and pattern of symptom expression in women suffering from PMDD. Method Data were analyzed from 276 women who met DSM-IV criteria for PMDD and prospectively charted two menstrual cycles prior to commencing sertraline treatment. The presence and severity of PMDD symptoms were measured using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). Results The most frequent PMDD symptoms (moderate-to-severe for ≥3 days) included anger/irritability (76%), anxiety/tension (71%), tired/lethargic (58%), and mood swings (58%). Mean DRSP scores peaked at day −2 (2 days prior to the onset of menses), but the within-patient day of onset of PMDD-level symptoms was highly variable, differing from cycle-to-cycle by ≥4 days in 45% of women. Similarly, the within-patient duration of PMDD symptoms varied from cycle-to-cycle by 3 or more days in ≥50% of women. Depending on the criteria used, 1 day after the onset of menstruation, 34–46% of women continued to report moderate to severe symptoms. Limitation Women in this sample were recruited for participation in a treatment study, and the results may not generalize to women with PMDD in the community. Conclusion The results of this analysis found significant within-patient variability in the time-to-onset and offset of PMDD symptoms, as well as their duration. The temporal pattern and high degree of within-patient variability across menstrual cycles of PMDD symptoms may have treatment implications.
Group cognition: the collaborative locus of agency in CSCL

CSCL faces the challenge of not only designing educational technologies and interventions, but of inventing analytic methodologies and theoretical frameworks appropriate to the unique character of collaborative learning as an interactional group accomplishment. This paper argues that thinking in CSCL settings should be primarily analyzed at the small-group unit of analysis, where contributions coming from individual interpretive perspectives are interwoven into group cognition. The collaborative discourse is the agent of knowledge building that requires computer support and curriculum design. Groups can think; with the help of CSCL in the next decade, they may be able to overcome the limitations of the individual mind.
Marijuana Use Patterns among African-American Middle-School Students: A Longitudinal Latent Class Regression Analysis

The aim of this paper was to describe patterns of marijuana involvement during the middle-school years from the first chance to try marijuana down through the early stages of experiencing health and social problems from marijuana use in a sample of African-American adolescents. A total of 488 urban-dwelling African-American middle-school students were interviewed in sixth, seventh and eighth grades as part of a longitudinal field study. Longitudinal latent class models were used to identify subgroups (classes) of adolescents with similar patterns of marijuana involvement. Three classes were identified; little or no involvement (prevalence 85%, 71%, 55% in sixth, seventh and eighth grade, respectively), marijuana exposure opportunity (12%, 19% and 26%), and marijuana use and problems (2%, 9% and 19%). High levels of aggressive/disruptive behavior exhibited as early as first grade and moderate to high levels of deviant peer affiliation were associated with an increased risk of marijuana exposure opportunities in middle-school. Moderate to high levels of aggressive/disruptive behavior and deviant peer affiliation, moderate to low levels of parent monitoring and high levels of perceived neighborhood disadvantage were associated with an increased risk of marijuana use and problems. Significant interactions with grade provided evidence that the influences of parent monitoring and neighborhood disadvantage decrease through the middle-school years. Although not statistically significant, the magnitude of the effects of deviant peer affiliation on marijuana use and problems increased two-fold from sixth to eighth grade. These findings highlight the importance of marijuana exposure opportunities in the pathway to marijuana use and problems and the potential to intervene on behaviors exhibited as early as first grade. It also underscores the importance of developing interventions that are sensitive to the strong influence of parents at entry into middle-school and the shift to peer influences by the end of middle-school.
Immediate Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Quadriceps Spinal Reflex Excitability in Patients With Knee Injury.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound on quadriceps spinal reflex excitability in patients with knee joint injury. Design Double-blind, randomized controlled laboratory study with a pretest posttest design. Setting University laboratory. Participants Recreationally active volunteers with a self-reported history of diagnosed intra-articular knee joint injury and documented quadriceps dysfunction (N=30). Interventions A nonthermal ultrasound, or sham, treatment was applied to the anteromedial knee. Main Outcome Measures Hoffmann reflex measurements were recorded at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 20 minutes post-intervention. The peak Hoffmann reflex amplitude was normalized by the peak motor response (H/M ratio) measured from the vastus medialis using surface electromyography as an estimate of quadriceps motorneuron pool excitability. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for comparisons. Results A significant group-by-time interaction was observed for mean ( P =.016) and change ( P =.044) in H/M ratio. The ultrasound group demonstrated significantly higher mean ( P =.015) and change ( P =.028) in H/M ratio 20 minutes postintervention than did the sham ultrasound group. Conclusions Quadriceps motoneuron pool excitability was facilitated 20 minutes after a nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound treatment, and not a sham treatment. These data provide supporting evidence of the contribution of peripheral receptors in modulation of the arthrogenic response in patients with persistent quadriceps dysfunction. Future research in this area should attempt to identify optimal treatment parameters and translate them to clinical outcomes.