cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic characterization of New West African simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm: geographic clustering of household-derived SIV strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop.

It has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys). To test this hypothesis, SIVs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from West Africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the SIVsm/HIV-2 family, each was widely divergent from SIVs found earlier in captive monkeys at American primate centers. In two SIVs from sooty mangabeys discovered about 100 miles (ca. 161 Km) from each other in rural West Africa, the amino acids of a conserved gag p17-p26 region differed by 19.3%, a divergence greater than that in four of five clades of HIV-2 and in SIVs found in other African monkey species. Analysis of gag region sequences showed that feral mangabeys in one small troop harbored four distinct SIVs. Three of the newly found viruses were genetically divergent, showing as much genetic distance from each other as from the entire SIVsm/HIV-2 family. Sequencing and heteroduplex analysis of one feral animal-derived SIV showed a mosaic genome containing an env gene that was homologous with other feral SIVsm env genes in the troop but having a gag gene from another, distinct SIV. Surprisingly a gag phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences showed that the African relatives closest to all three household-derived SIVs were HIV-2 subtypes D and E from humans in the same West African areas. In one case, the SIV/HIV-2 cluster was from the same village. The findings support the hypothesis that each HIV-2 subtype in West Africans originated from widely divergent SIVsm strains, transmitted by independent cross-species events in the same geographic locations.
Oxidation of Si3N4 Alloys: Relation to Phase Equilibria in the System Si3N4-SiO2-MgO

The oxidation resistance at 1400°C of silicon nitride alloys hot-pressed with magnesia was investigated as a function of the phase content of the alloys. The extent of oxidation, the products of oxidation, their stratification, and the continuity of the oxide scale are all dependent on the initial composition. Also, the compositions of the alloys themselves change during oxidation. The findings can be interpreted on the basis of compositional paths in the equivalence phase diagram. Reasons for the outward diffusion of Mg and impurities are given and the effect of the secondary phase on oxidation kinetics is discussed.
Growth of the calcareous skeleton during regeneration of spines of the sea urchin, strongylocentrotus purpuratus (stimpson): A light and scanning electron microscopic study.

Growth of the skeleton of regenerating spines of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was studied with the light and scanning electron microscopes during the formation of a growth ring or cycle. Growth was initiated about three days after fracture and was linear between 5 and about 40 days after fracture, with a mean rate of 0.16 mm/day. There-after, a decline in growth rate was observed, being attributed to abrasion. The new skeleton first appeared as minute, conical "micro-spines" on the fractured surface of the spine shaft initiating regeneration of the inner zone of meshwork. Subsequent growth of micro-spines of both the developing inner zone of meshwork, and an outer zone of radiating wedges, formed a conical fenestrated skeleton on the fractured surface of the shaft. Further deposition of micro-spines along the shaft, initially at the level of fracture, formed meshwork which gradually became solidified externally resulting in a new cycle about 60 days after fracture. In contrast, a new cycle was initiated at the milled ring in non-fractured spines during total regeneration on bare tubercles, demonstrating that growth of spines also takes place in the absence of fracture. Experiments conducted in vitro demonstrate that spine regeneration is not a polar phenomenon.
MY REMINISCENCES OF TRYGVE HAAVELMO AT THE COWLES COMMISSION

Trygve Haavelmo and the author were colleagues at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics during the academic year 1945â€“46. The econometric analysis of simultaneous equation models and its uses in economic analysis were explored.
The evolution of grain-boundary cracking evaluated through in situ tensile-creep testing of Udimet alloy 188

In situ scanning electron microscopy was performed during elevated-temperature (⩽760 °C) tensile-creep deformation of a face-centered-cubic cobalt-based Udimet 188 alloy to characterize the deformation evolution and, in particular, the grain boundary-cracking evolution. In situ electron backscatter diffraction observations combined with in situ secondary electron imaging indicated that general high-angle grain boundaries were more susceptible to cracking than low-angle grain boundaries and coincident site-lattice boundaries. The extent of general high-angle grain-boundary cracking increased with increasing creep time. Grain-boundary cracking was also observed throughout subsurface locations as observed for postdeformed samples. The electron backscattered diffraction orientation mapping performed during in situ tensile-creep deformation proved to be a powerful means for characterizing the surface deformation evolution and in particular for quantifying the types of grain boundaries that preferentially cracked.
Representing knowledge and evidence for decision

Our decisions reflect uncertainty in various ways. We take account of the uncertainty embodied in the roll of the die; we less often take account of the uncertainty of our belief that the die is fair. We need to take account of both uncertain knowledge and our knowledge of uncertainty.. “Evidence” itself has been regarded as uncertain. We argue that point-valued probabilities are a poor representation of uncertainty; that we need not be concerned with uncertain evidence; that interval-valued probabilities that result from knowledge of convex sets of distribution functions in reference classes (properly) include Shafer's mass functions as a special case; that these probabilities yield a plausible non-monotonic form of inference (uncertain inference, inductive inference, statistical inference); and finally that this framework provides a very nearly classical decision theory— so far as it goes. It is unclear how global the principles (such as minimax) that go beyond the principle of maximizing expected utility are.
Hot Gas Conditioning: Recent Progress with Larger-Scale Biomass Gasification Systems; Update and Summary of Recent Progress

As a result of environmental and policy considerations, there is increasing interest in using renewable biomass resources as feedstock for power, fuels, and chemicals and hydrogen. Biomass gasification is seen as an important technology component for expanding the use of biomass. Advanced biomass gasification systems provide clean products that can be used as fuel or synthesis gases in a variety of environmentally friendly processes. Advanced end-use technologies such as gas turbines or synthesis gas systems require high quality gases with narrowly defined specifications. Other systems such as boilers may also have fuel quality requirements, but they will be substantially less demanding. The gas product from biomass gasifiers contains quantities of particulates, tars, and other constituents that may exceed these specified limits. As a result, gas cleaning and conditioning will be required in most systems. Over the past decade, significant research and development activities have been conducted on the topic of gas cleanup and conditioning. This report provides an update of efforts related to large-scale biomass gasification systems and summarizes recent progress. Remaining research and development issues are also summarized.
Drosophila cell adhesion molecules.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes Drosophila cell adhesion molecules. The primary reason for the interest in Drosophila cell adhesion proteins is the ability to undertake sophisticated genetic analyses of function in situ. Analysis in situ is especially important when examining the function during development, where cell culture systems are of limited value. Drosophila has become a major experimental system for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of pattern formation and development. Cells transformed with wild-type or altered genes for adhesion proteins have been instrumental in dissecting the molecular and cell biology of vertebrate adhesion and similar approaches are available to the Drosophila biologist. Typically, these studies utilize the S2 Drosophila cell line that normally grows as round, nonadhering cells. One of the lessons emerging from mushrooming molecular anatomy database is that all metazoans are composed of similar proteins or at least the proteins generated from the combinations of similar domains. Cell adhesion proteins are no exception to this generalization. In some proteins, such as the integrin β subunit, nearly all the functional domains appear to be identical with those of the vertebrate homologs.
Long-patch base excision repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic site DNA is decreased in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines treated with plumbagin: involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf-1/Cip-1

Long-patch base excision repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic site DNA is decreased in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines treated with plumbagin: involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf-1/Cip-1
Pulsed Jet Ejector Characteristics

An experimental study is carried out to investigate the flow field of a pulsed jet ejector thrust augmenter operating at a mean primary jet exit mach number of Mj Mj Mj = 0.30 and at a pulsing frequency of f = 210 Hz. Phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to obtain the detailed spatio-temporal evolution of the ejector flow field. Experiments were carried out at three dierent area ratios that help to define the conditions for maximum thrust augmentation. In the presence of the ejector duct, the pulsed jet primary vortex induces a secondary vortex at the ejector wall. The induced vortex strength was found to be maximum, as defined by its circulation, at the condition of the maximum thrust augmentation. The presence of the counter rotating vortex pair results in enhanced mixing which in turn produces increased thrust augmentation. The measurements suggest that a compact ejector (L/D 3) with an area ratio (duct area/primary nozzle exit area) of about 10 can produce a thrust augmentation ratio (total thrust/primary nozzle thrust) of about 2.3.
Margin assessment of three-dimensional breast cancer phantoms using terahertz imaging

This work focuses on pulsed terahertz imaging for the application of surgical margin assessment of breast cancer. Various phantom tissue types and orientations are tested here to refine imaging methodology that can detect breast cancer up to 0.5-1.0 mm from the edge of the sample. The depth of the cancer within the sample is estimated using time of flight analysis of the reflected peaks in the pulsed time domain signal. Breast tissue phantoms have been designed to resemble fresh infiltrating ductal carcinoma, fibroglandular tissue, and fatty tissue of the breast to accomplish this work.
A Factorial Design Experiment to Analyze the Optical Strain Response of a Luminescent Photoelastic Coating

A luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC) is a relatively new technique to measure full-field strain and determine principal strain directions that has many potential applications in engineering, particularly in the automotive and aerospace industries. Generally, LPC technology uses an in situ strain gage measurement to calibrate the detected optical response to maximum shear strain. This calibration requires the determination of two coating parameters: the polarization efficiency and the coating characteristic. A better understanding and modeling of these two coating parameters, particularly the polarization efficiency, will enable a simpler a priori calibration and greater measurement accuracy. This paper presents a factorial design experiment that assesses the effect of four factors on the optical strain response of an LPC. The factors examined were luminescent dye concentration, absorption dye concentration, substrate reflectance, and cure time. Results show the polarization efficiency is strongly correlated with the anisotropy of the coating. When the polarization efficiency is modeled as the measured anisotropy, two factors are significant: the substrate reflectance and the luminescent dye concentration. Absorption dye concentration and the reflectance-luminescence interaction are minor factors while all other factors and interactions are insignificant. The most significant tested factors in modeling the coating coefficient are absorption dye concentration and substrate reflectance. These results are currently being used to improve the theoretical modeling of the LPC optical response.
The Effects of Growth Sequence on the Electronic Properties of Al-Ge-Ni Ohmic Contacts on (001) GaAs

The growth sequence of Al, Ge, and Ni metals was shown to dramatically affect the amount of heat treatment time required to convert the electrical properties from Schottky to ohmic behavior. Differences in the heat treatment times required to convert from rectifying to ohmic contact were dependent on the doping concentration of the contact layer and on the heat treatment temperature. Interdiffusion of component elements and phase formation have been studied to determine the origin of these effects. Auger depth profiles and X-ray diffraction have been used to determine the interdiffusion and phase formation resulting from various types of thermal processing. Elemental profiles and identification of phases of Ni-Ga, Ni-As, and Ni-Ga-Ge will be used to explain the origin of ohmic behavior.
Simeon G. Reed, Pioneer

Much has been written in the history of the Pacific Northwest of the missionaries and pioneer settlers of the Columbia and Willamette Valleys. The romantic episodes of the years 1830 to 1850 have been subject for fiction and drama, and much applause has justifiably been accorded those who ventured the journey in the covered wagon across “The Great American Desert,” or by ship and pack-horse via the Isthmus route, or by the long and dangerous sea voyage around the Horn, to establish missions among the Indians, and homes in the wilderness. But with the decade of the 'fifties came another type of pioneer: the business man from New England whose cautious nature was not attracted by the gold flurries of California's “forty-nine,” but rather by the inducements of sober trade in the rapidly growing communities of the Oregon country.
Analysis of iodized salt consumption of residents in Guangling District Yangzhou from 2006 to 2010

Objective: To investigate the situation of iodized salt consumptionof residents in Guangling District,Yangzhou,thus to determine appropriate content of iodine in this region.Methods: Conduct random checks on iodized salt consumption of residents according to the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Monitoring Program,judged by GB5461-2000.Results: From 2008 to 2010,the region has come to 100% coverage of iodized salt,average iodine content is 29.2 mg/kg according to 5-year monitoring of iodized salt.Conclusion: The functional departments should continue to strengthen the monitoring of iodine nutrition.And the early implementation of the upper limit of the iodine content been reduced to 30 mg/kg in Salt Iodine Content(draft) should be realized.In particular,According to the local conditions,Scientific iodine supplementation principle should be vigorously Promoted.
Wiimote interfaces for lifelong robot learning

We believe that one of the major impediments to involvement in the field of robotics and AI is the difficulty end-users face in creating viable robot control policies. We seek to address this difficulty with lifelong robot learning and have developed an intuitive robot control interface using the Nintendo Wii remote to aid in this task. From three large public demos and several smaller ones, we have gotten a multitude of positive responses on the interface. We also believe that others can find similar successes in the field of HRI using undergraduate
Microbial Competition: Effect of Culture Conditions on the Suppression of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A by Carnobacterium piscicola †

The effects of temperature (4,12, and 19°C), pH (5, 6, and 7), and NaCl (5, 25, and 45 g/liter) on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in the presence of either Camobacterium piscicola LK5 or 2762 were studied quantitatively in brain heart infusion broth. Strain LK5 produces a bacteriocin that is released into the environment, whereas 2762 appears to produce a bacteriocin that remains cell associated. The primary effect of both C. piscicola strains was a suppression of the maximum population density (MPD) attained by L. monocytogenes . The extent of this depression was dependent on the three culture variables, and appeared to be a function of their influence on the relative growth rates of the two species. The effects were similar with both strains. However, two bacteriocin-negative strains, 2305 and 2818, also depressed the growth of L. monocytogenes . Little of the C. piscicola isolates' ability to suppress L. monocytogenes appeared attributable to bacteriocin production. The MPD-depressing activity of 2762 could not be attributed to peroxide, pH depression, or oxygen depletion. However, MPD suppression may involve nutrient depletion, since the extent of MPD suppression was decreased in a dose-related manner when the two species were cultured in 3 × and 6× brain heart infusion broth.
Prognostic significance of equivocal human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 results and clinical utility of alternative chromosome 17 genes in patients with invasive breast cancer: A cohort study

BACKGROUND The 2013 testing guidelines for determining the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status include new cutoff points for the HER2/chromosome enumeration probe 17 (CEP17) ratio and the average HER2 copy number per cell, and they recommend using a reflex test with alternative chromosome 17 probes (Ch17Ps) to resolve equivocal HER2 results. This study sought to determine the clinical utility of alternative Ch17Ps in equivocal cases and the effects of equivocal results and/or a change in the HER2 status on patients' outcomes. METHODS The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center database of HER2 dual-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization results from 2000 to 2010 was searched for cases of invasive breast cancer with HER2/CEP17 ratios < 2 and average HER2 copy numbers < 6 per cell. Cases with HER2 copy numbers of 4 to < 6 (the definition of equivocal HER2 results) were analyzed with alternative Ch17Ps for Smith-Magenis syndrome and retinoic acid receptor α genes. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated with respect to the HER2 copy number with multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Among the 3630 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 137 (4%) had equivocal HER2 results. With alternative Ch17Ps, 35 of 57 equivocal HER2 cases (61%) were upgraded to a positive HER2 status, and 22 cases (39%) remained unchanged. The 5-year DFS and OS adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for copy numbers of 4 to < 6 versus < 4 were 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-1.2) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.2-1.0) with P values of .16 and .66, respectively. In comparison with HER2-negative cases, these CIs indicated that equivocal HER2 results were associated with either a protective effect (HR, < 0.5) or no effect (HR, 1.0). CONCLUSIONS These findings rule out a significant deleterious effect of equivocal HER2 results. Alternative Ch17Ps may erroneously upgrade the HER2 status; therefore, they cannot be considered reliable in clinical practice. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods during the Pleistocene

Measurements of cosmic-ray-produced 10Be and 26Al in a bedrock core from beneath the summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet show that Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods under Pleistocene climate forcing. The Greenland Ice Sheet is a main contributor to modern sea-level rise, but its stability during past warm periods is uncertain, thus compromising our ability to robustly predict future rates and magnitudes of ice loss. Joerg Schaefer and colleagues present cosmogenic isotope evidence, from bedrock samples from beneath an ice core near the summit of the ice sheet, to show that the Greenland Ice Sheet was largely ice-free at some point during the Pleistocene. The data cannot constrain the time or duration of ice-free conditions, and seem incompatible with our current understanding of ice-sheet behaviour. Nevertheless, alternative explanations for the cosmogenic data are lacking, suggesting that our understanding of the response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to past warmth remains incomplete. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) contains the equivalent of 7.4 metres of global sea-level rise1. Its stability in our warming climate is therefore a pressing concern. However, the sparse proxy evidence of the palaeo-stability of the GIS means that its history is controversial (compare refs 2 and 3 to ref. 4). Here we show that Greenland was deglaciated for extended periods during the Pleistocene epoch (from 2.6 million years ago to 11,700 years ago), based on new measurements of cosmic-ray-produced beryllium and aluminium isotopes (10Be and 26Al) in a bedrock core from beneath an ice core near the GIS summit. Models indicate that when this bedrock site is ice-free, any remaining ice is concentrated in the eastern Greenland highlands and the GIS is reduced to less than ten per cent of its current volume. Our results narrow the spectrum of possible GIS histories: the longest period of stability of the present ice sheet that is consistent with the measurements is 1.1 million years, assuming that this was preceded by more than 280,000 years of ice-free conditions. Other scenarios, in which Greenland was ice-free during any or all Pleistocene interglacials, may be more realistic. Our observations are incompatible with most existing model simulations that present a continuously existing Pleistocene GIS. Future simulations of the GIS should take into account that Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods under Pleistocene climate forcing.
Effective Antibiotic Conservation by Emergency Antimicrobial Stewardship During a Drug Shortage

We present the first description of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) used to successfully manage a multi-antimicrobial drug shortage. Without resorting to formulary restriction, meropenem utilization decreased by 69% and piperacillin-tazobactam by 73%. During the shortage period, hospital mortality decreased (P=.03), while hospital length of stay remained unchanged. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:356-359.
Enhanced magnetic properties of yttrium-iron nanoparticles

A systematic study of the size effect on the magnetic and structural properties of Y2Fe17 nanoparticles has been performed. We present new data to explain the enhanced magnetic properties of nanostructured yttrium-iron alloy synthesized through alkalide reduction chemical synthesis. The properties of the particles were characterized by x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and magnetometer techniques. As the size of the nanoparticles is reduced, there is an increase in magnetization per unit of applied magnetic field, a decrease in the coercivity and a substantial reduction in hysteresis.
An approximate hypercube model for public service systems with co-located servers and multiple response

Abstract Spatial queueing models help to evaluate the design of public safety systems such as fire, emergency medical service, and police departments, where vehicles are sent to geographically dispersed calls for service. We propose a new approximate hypercube spatial queueing model that allows for multiple servers to be located at the same station as well as multiple servers to be dispatched to a single call. We introduce the M [ G ] / M / s / s queueing model as an extension to the M / M / s / s model which allows for a single customer to request multiple servers with a general discrete probability distribution G. We use the M [ G ] / M / s / s queueing model to derive approximate formulas for the hypercube spatial queueing outputs. A simulation study validates the accuracy of the queueing approximations. Computational results suggest that the models are effective in evaluating the performance of emergency systems.
CNS Non-invasive Brain Stimulation

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) refers to brain activity modulation without invasive maneuvers. In this chapter, we discuss the two main NIBS techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We explain the basic principles behind these two techniques, and the available data on their safety and effectiveness. We also discuss some of their main clinical applications in the adult and pediatric populations, providing a deeper view of their effects as well as the unique challenges of research in this field.
User-Centric Multi-RATs Coordination for 5G Heterogeneous Ultra-Dense Networks

This column reviews the concept of user-centric access, which permits the network to tailor a “follow me” virtual cell for a user via multipoint coordination in a UDN environment. We further discuss the feasibility of extending such a virtual cell by considering tight integration of heterogeneous RATs exposed to the user, by taking the context information and instantaneous status of the user device into account. In particular, we conceive an edge/fog computing platform capable of acquiring and jointly processing information from multiple heterogeneous RATs and the users. Such a framework may have great potential to play key roles in 5G and beyond, in terms of realizing truly flexible radio access that can be customized for each individual user in the network.
When a Judge Becomes More than a Judge: Changes in Local and Regional Administration in the Ming Dynasty as Seen through the Role of the Prefectural Judge

In the Ming, prefectural, judges always had some administrative duties beyond the hearing of cases. As is revealed in a late-Ming handbook for prefectural judges, by the end of the Ming period thos...
Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Aid in Ectopic Pregnancy

The reliability of ultrasound as an aid in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has been of equivocal clinical significance in the past. It is the purpose of this paper to ascertain whether ultrasound can be of significant help when the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is considered by the physician.
Acrolein, a commonly found environmental toxin, causes oocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and negatively affects embryo development.

AbstractRecent studies have revealed that acrolein, a commonly found toxin and a potent metabolite of cyclophosphamide (CTX), can cause deterioration of mouse oocyte quality through a mechanism involving the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We extend these studies to evaluate the effects of acrolein, in varying concentrations, on the oocyte mitochondrial membrane and oocyte apoptosis and its effect on embryo development in vitro. Metaphase II mouse oocytes were exposed for 45 minutes to acrolein and CTX (10 & 25 µM) and mitochondrial dysfunction, a major source of ROS overproduction, was evaluated by the 5,5,6,6-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3-tetraethyl-β-benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-10) mitochondrial membrane potential assay. Treatment with acrolein led to mitochondrial membrane damage as well as induction of apoptosis compared to untreated control (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained when oocytes were exposed to CTX (p < .05). Subsequently, the effect of acrolein exposure was evaluated by...
Repentance, Punishment, and Mercy

These brief passages from the closing of Shakespeare’s The Tempest contain many profound but controversial thoughts about the nature and justification for mercy. Prospero realizes that mercy may be exercised only by someone who has power over another (“at my mercy”), sees mercy as particularly difficult for someone who has been wrongfully injured (“struck to the quick”), sees mercy as involving greater virtue than vengeance but seems to view even virtuous acts of mercy as conditional; that is to say, as requiring some precondition that must be satisfied by the wrongdoer before the granting of mercy is appropriate. Two such conditions are suggested: that the wrongdoer has gone through punishment or suffering sufficient to generate our compassion (the point raised by Ariel) or that the wrongdoer has become repentant (the point raised by Prospero).1
Characterization Methods for Surface Integrity

Since machined surface quality is a very important feature for numerous machine elements, many techniques have been developed to characterize and evaluate the surface integrity. This chapter reports a few general technologies used to characterize different aspects of the surface. In Section 4.1, some surface roughness measurement techniques will be introduced; in Section 4.2, X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction will be presented for crystalline structure; in Section 4.3, an X-ray energy-dispersive analyzer, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence are included for elemental analysis; Section 4.4 presents X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry for chemical composition analysis; Section 4.5 reports the microcrystalline structure and dislocation density technology: transmission electron microscopy.
Replacement and Other Axioms

We have just about reached one of the goals we set in Chapter 4, which was to prove all the “naive” results of Chapter 2 from the axioms of Zermelo. Only a couple of minor points remain, but they are significant: they will reveal that Zermelo’s axioms are not sufficient and must be supplemented by stronger principles of set construction. Here we will formulate and add to the axiomatic theory ZDC the Axiom of Replacement discovered in the early 1920’s, a principle of set construction no less plausible than any of the constructive axioms (I) – (VI) but powerful in its consequences. We will also introduce and discuss some additional principles which are often included in axiomatizations of set theory.
Who Benefits from Higher Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

AbstractIn this article, we investigate how higher education contributes to the employment and earnings of individuals in labour markets, and whether social origins play a role in the financial ben...
Psychological Therapy for Centralized Pain: An Integrative Assessment and Treatment Model.

Objective Chronic pain is a significant health problem that is increasing in prevalence, and advances in treatment are needed. Methods We briefly review the leading evidence-based psychological therapies for chronic pain-cognitive-behavioral and acceptance/mindfulness-based therapies-and examine several limitations and missing perspectives of these approaches. We review six lesser-known interventions that address these limitations, and we describe our integrative model for psychological assessment and treatment of centralized pain. We present a typical patient and describe how we apply this approach, along with challenges to its implementation and possible solutions to these challenges. Results Greater pain treatment efficacy may be possible if clinicians: (a) distinguish patients with primarily centralized (i.e., somatoform or nociplastic) pain from those with primarily peripheral (nociceptive, inflammatory, or neuropathic) pain; (b) acknowledge the capacity of the brain not only to modulate pain but also generate as well as attenuate or eliminate centralized pain; (c) consider the powerful role that adverse life experiences and psychological conflicts play in centralized pain; and (d) integrate emotional processing and interpersonal changes into treatment. Our integrative treatment involves delivering a progression of interventions, as needed, to achieve pain reduction: tailored pain neuroscience education, cognitive and mindfulness skills to decrease the pain danger alarm mechanism, behavioral engagement in avoided painful and other feared activities, emotional awareness and expression to reverse emotional avoidance and overcome trauma or psychological conflict, and adaptive communication to decrease interpersonal stress. Conclusions This integrative assessment and treatment model has the potential to substantially reduce and sometimes eliminate centralized pain by changing the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal processes that trigger and maintain centralized pain.
The relationships between age and running performance variables in master runners

Peak aerobic capacity ($$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2peak}}}}$$) declines with age, but running economy (RE) may not. We evaluated VO2peak and RE in master runners and determined whether age is associated with these measures. In a cross-sectional study, runners completed two running tests within 4 weeks of a goal race of 10–26.2 miles. Subjects ran for 5 min at 88% of predicted maximum heart rate, approximating a marathon-intensity effort (MIE), then performed a $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2peak}}}}$$ test. Running economy in the MIE was measured using oxygen cost with body mass scaled allometrically ($${\text{allo}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$$); energy cost (EC), determined using caloric equivalents; and percent of $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2peak}}}}$$ (%$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2peak}}}}$$). Pearson’s correlations were used to determine relationships between age and running performance variables. Runners (n = 31, 13 females; mean age 54.9 ± 8.4 years) had a mean VO2peak of 52.5 ± 7.9 ml O2 kg−1 min−1. Age was significantly correlated with $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2peak}}}}$$ (r = − 0.580, p = 0.001) and $${\text{allo}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$$ (r = − 0.454, p = 0.034). Age was related to EC in females (r = 0.649, p = 0.042) and MIE $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$$ in males (r = − 0.600, p = 0.039). In this population, age was negatively associated with $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2peak}}}}$$ and $${\text{allo}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$$. Females showed a positive relationship between age and EC, while males had a negative correlation between age and MIE $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$$. Aerobic capacity declines with age, but there may be sex differences in age-related alterations to submaximal running.
The Rational Irrationality of Auction Fever: Evidence from Amazon.com Gift Cards, Consumer Products on eBay, and the Behavioral Laboratory

The Rational Irrationality of Auction Fever: Evidence from Amazon.com Gift Cards, Consumer Products on eBay, and the Behavioral Laboratory
Tectonics of Perception

Drawing a parallelism with cognitive synesthesia, an automatic phenomenon by which certain individuals experience cross pairings of at least two sensory organs, this essay defines the term synesthe...
Improving the Physical Education Experiencethrough Activity Based Learning: The Role of theFlipped Classroom in PE215: Foundations ofPhysical Fitness

The instruction of physical education comes with challenges not typically experienced in a class containing more traditional material e.g., Physics or History. While these academic courses place rigorous demands on the cognitive abilities of students, physical education and lifetime physical activity courses, as taught here at West Point, place a far greater demand on the biomotor capacities and abilities of students. With a flipped classroom, students can be assessed prior to initiating in-class activities to ensure comprehension of cognitive aspects of content. Utilizing a blended environment, or in the case of West Point, the Thayer Method, instructors provide cadets a brief opportunity for questions at the beginning of class prior to assessments [1]. Providing multiple points of review beyond a simple mid- and end-of-year assessment, retention and comprehension of course content will improve relative to a more traditional, lecture-style method [1,2]. The primary intent of this review is to discuss the role of varying pedagogical strategies in the post-secondary physical education setting, specifically as it pertains to a foundations of physical fitness course, at the United States Military Academy, West Point.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Urodynamic Parameters in Women With Overactive Bladder Symptoms

Objectives This study aimed to identify differences in severity of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in women of different races and ethnicities using urodynamic study (UDS) parameters. Methods We performed a 5-year retrospective chart review from January 2014 to January 2019 of women 18 years and older who endorsed OAB symptoms and underwent UDS at a racially and ethnically diverse academic urban medical center. Logistic and linear regressions were used to examine the associations of various UDS parameters between racial/ethnic groups, after adjusting for age, diabetes, and parity. Results A total of 161 women with an average age of 59 years were included in the study. The racial/ethnic composition of the group was Hispanic (62%), black (24%), and white (11%). Symptoms on presentation included urgency and/or frequency (11.8%), urge incontinence (23.0%), or mixed urinary symptoms (65.2%). Black and Hispanic women presented with differing symptoms (urgency/frequency vs mixed urinary symptoms). Half of the patients (n = 82) had detrusor overactivity. Compared with whites, blacks were 3.4-fold more likely to have detrusor overactivity (95% confidence interval, 0.99-11.40) and had lower volumes at time of "strong desire" (-102.6 mL, P = 0.003). Hispanics had on average 75.88 mL less volume at sensation of "strong desire" (P = 0.016) than did whites. Conclusions Our study suggests that minority race and ethnicity may be associated with worse performance on certain UDS parameters. Future studies should aim to understand if these differences are due to genetic, disease-related, behavioral, and/or socioeconomic factors and whether these differences are associated with worse subjective OAB.
The teleost fish intestine is a major oxalate-secreting epithelium.

Oxalate is a common constituent of kidney stones but the mechanism of its transport across epithelia are not well understood. With prior research on the role of the intestine focused on mammals this study considered oxalate handling by teleost fish. Given the osmotic challenge of seawater (SW), teleosts have limited scope for urinary oxalate excretion relative to freshwater (FW). The marine teleost intestine was hypothesized as the principal route for oxalate elimination thus demanding epithelial secretion. To test this, intestinal 14C-oxalate flux was compared between FW- and SW-acclimated sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). In SW, oxalate was secreted at remarkable rates (367.90±22.95 pmol cm−2 h−1) which were similar following FW transfer (387.59±27.82 pmol cm−2 h−1), implying no regulation by salinity. Nevertheless, this ability to secrete oxalate 15-19 times higher than mammalian small intestine supports this proposal of the teleost gut as a previously unrecognized excretory pathway.
Development and Feasibility Testing of a Video Game to Reduce High-Risk Heterosexual Behavior in Spanish-Speaking Latinx Adolescents: Mixed Methods Study

Background: Similar to broader health disparities, Latinx adolescents have higher rates of high-risk sexual behavior resulting in pregnancy rates that are 2 times higher and sexually transmitted infection rates that are 5 to 8 times higher than non-Hispanic, white adolescents. Novel approaches are needed to reduce high-risk sexual behavior among Spanish-speaking Latinx adolescents who represent the fastest-growing group of US immigrants. Objective: This study aimed to partner with Spanish-speaking Latinx adolescents in a participatory design process to develop and test a Spanish-language video game intervention to decrease high-risk heterosexual behavior. Methods: This is an iterative, two-phase, mixed methods study. In phase 1, we conducted focus groups with Spanish-speaking Latinx adolescents to elicit feedback on the content and format of an existing English-language video game. Feedback was then incorporated into an expanded and culturally adapted Spanish-language video game. In phase 2, we pilot tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the new Spanish-language video game intervention by measuring known antecedents to sexual behavior (intentions, self-efficacy, risk perception, and knowledge) assessed at enrollment and 12-week follow-up. We applied a thematic analysis to examine focus group feedback and a bivariate analysis to analyze pre- and postquantitative data. Results: In phase 1, 15 Spanish-speaking Latinx adolescents provided feedback for further video game development. A Spanish-language video game was then produced and tested in phase 2. We recruited and enrolled 24 Spanish-speaking Latinx adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. Participants played the video game for an average of 4.2 hours during monitored sessions. Pilot testing demonstrated feasibility and acceptability; 65% (3/20) of participants stated that they would play it again, and 65% (3/20) said they would recommend it to friends. Condom-specific knowledge did significantly increase between baseline and follow-up (P=.007). Other variables of sexual behavior antecedents did not differ significantly between baseline and 12-week follow-up. Conclusions: An iterative participatory design process in partnership with Spanish-speaking adolescents produced an innovative and acceptable Spanish-language video game intervention aimed at decreasing high-risk sexual behavior in adolescents. Pilot testing demonstrated preliminary feasibility and yielded essential information for further video game development.
Weak absorption and scattering losses from the visible to the near-infrared in single-crystal sapphire materials

Durable window materials with minimal optical loss are important for future high-energy laser (HEL) systems that will operate at or near the megawatt level. Sapphire is recognized as a promising HEL window candidate due to its outstanding optical transparency and mechanical properties. However, its weak scattering characteristics and absorption levels near the 1-μm wavelength region need to be lowered further for future HEL applications. In our study, the weak absorption and scattering of sapphire samples provided by three vendors were measured. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy measurements were made in the wavelength range 190 to 600 nm and several absorption bands due to vacancies and impurities were detected. The bulk absorption of several samples at wavelengths of 355, 532, and 1064 nm were measured using photothermal common-path interferometry and the absorption coefficient values obtained were in the range of 10 − 5 to 10 − 2 cm − 1 and increased as the wavelength decreased. An empirical weak absorption tail model was used to fit the measured data. In addition, scattering measurements on all samples were made at 405, 532, 633, 1064, and 1550 nm using an instrument developed to assess the bidirectional scatterance probability distribution function. The total integrated scatterance was in the range of 10 − 4 to 10 − 2 and increased for all samples as the wavelength decreased. Surface roughness was found to contribute insignificantly to the scattering loss, while bulk defects along with subsurface damage have major impact. A simple single-scatter model was developed and applied to the measured bulk scattering data. The model suggests that impurity particles, porosity, and other density variations exist with a range of sizes that contribute to scattering. Overall, the measurements indicate that both weak absorption and scattering losses are strongly related to defect structures such as lattice disorder and impurities that were introduced during crystal growth or postgrowth processing. Understanding these defects and their contributions to optical loss can lead to improved manufacturing and processing methods.
The ontology of team: a teleo-structural account

An explication of the notion of sports team involves a structural and a teleological element. The basis of a team is structural – a team is a group that containing a Distributed Internal Decision (...
Connecting Floquet Crystals and Time Crystals

We investigate the criteria of bandgaps opening in frequency or momentum, in both electromagnetism and condensed matter models with periodic modulation in time, showing Floquet crystals and time crystals are closely related.
The Modified Eden-Lange Tendon Transfer for Lateral Scapular Winging Secondary to Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury

Trapezius paralysis following injury to the spinal accessory nerve can be a debilitating complication resulting from lymph node biopsy, radical neck dissection, or penetrating trauma in the region of the posterior cervical triangle. Disruption of the delicate muscular balance in the shoulder girdle may result in lateral scapular winging, ipsilateral upper extremity radiculopathy, and limited shoulder function and range of motion. Spontaneous recovery with nonoperative management is possible in some patients, and restoration of function after reparative neural procedures has been observed in patients undergoing timely repair. However, extended delays from the time of injury to surgery are common and may necessitate various muscle transfers to reestablish the complex biomechanics and balance of the shoulder girdle. We describe a modification to the classic Eden-Lange procedure with lateral transfer of the levator scapulae and rhomboid minor to the scapula spine and rhomboid major transfer with a small wafer of bone to the scapula body for chronic lateral winging of the scapula following injury to the spinal accessory nerve as the result of a cervical lymph node biopsy.