cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orderly Departure from Vietnam: Cold War Anomaly or Humanitarian Innovation?

In May 1979, UNHCR and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam signed a Memorandum of Understanding establishing a program for legal emigration from Vietnam, known as the Orderly Departure Program, or ODP. The ODP was intended to make it possible for persons wishing to leave Vietnam to do so in a safe and orderly manner, rather than having to join the ranks of the Vietnamese boat people. It is the only time UNHCR has extended its assistance on a large scale to help persons to leave their country of origin. Well over half a million people emigrated from Vietnam under the auspices of the program. The existence of the ODP made it possible for the international community to reach consensus on how to tackle problems relating to Vietnamese refugees and asylum-seekers at two major conferences, once in 1979 and another in 1987. This article explores the origins of the program in the context of the Cold War and the aftermath of the American withdrawal from Vietnam, attitudes within UNHCR to the program, and the contribution the ODP made to resolving the Vietnamese refugee crisis.
Optimal Two-Dimensional Compressed Matching

Recent proliferation of digitized data and the unprecedented growth in the volume of stored and transmitted data motivated the definition of the compressed matching paradigm. This is the problem of efficiently finding a patternPin a compressed textTwithout the need to decompress. We present the firstoptimaltwo-dimensional compressed matching algorithm. The compression under consideration is the two dimensional run-length compression, used by FAX transmission. We achieve optimal time by proving new properties of two-dimensional periodicity. This enables performing duels in which no witness is required. At the heart of the dueling idea lies the concept that two overlapping occurrences of a pattern in a text can use the content of apredetermined text positionorwitnessin the overlap to eliminate one of them. Finding witnesses is a costly operation in a compressed text, thus the importance of witness-free dueling.
Possibilities and Goals for the Future SST

An approach directed to defining requirements that would make the development of the SST a worth-while program for the USA is presented. A detailed technical discussion of possible advances in propulsion, aerodynamics, structural construction and design and operational methods is presented. The impact on airplane performances of such improvements is evaluated. The ecological problems related to air pollution and sonic boom are discussed and possible solutions are described. It is concluded that the technical advances required for the development of an efficient economical competitive SST are within reach.
Misperceptions in Intergroup Conflict: Disagreeing About What We Disagree About

Two studies examined misperceptions of disagreement in partisan social conflicts, namely, in the debates over abortion (Study 1) and politics (Study 2). We observed that partisans tend to exaggerate differences of opinion with their adversaries. Further, we found that perceptions of disagreement were more pronounced for values that were central to the perceiver's own ideology than for values that were central to the ideology of the perceiver's adversaries. To the extent that partisans assumed disagreement concerning personally important values, they were also inaccurate in perceiving their adversaries' actual opinions. Discussion focuses on the cognitive mechanisms underlying misperceptions of disagreement and strategies for reducing inter- group conflict.
Making sense of the noise: Replication difficulties of Correll's (2008) modulation of 1/f noise in a racial bias task

Correll (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 48-59, 2008; Study 2) found that instructions to use or avoid race information decreased the emission of 1/f noise in a weapon identification task (WIT). These results suggested that 1/f noise in racial bias tasks reflected an effortful deliberative process, providing new insights regarding the mechanisms underlying implicit racial biases. Given the potential theoretical and applied importance of understanding the psychological processes underlying implicit racial biases - and in light of the growing demand for independent direct replications of findings to ensure the cumulative nature of our science - we attempted to replicate Correll's finding in two high-powered studies. Despite considerable effort to closely duplicate all procedural and methodological details of the original study (i.e., same cover story, experimental manipulation, implicit measure task, original stimuli, task instructions, sampling frame, population, and statistical analyses), both replication attempts were unsuccessful in replicating the original finding challenging the theoretical account that 1/f noise in racial bias tasks reflects a deliberative process. However, the emission of 1/f noise did consistently emerge across samples in each of our conditions. Hence, future research is needed to clarify the psychological significance of 1/f noise in racial bias tasks. Language: en
High performance ripple feedback for the buck unity-power-factor rectifier

The buck unity-power-factor rectifier has harmonic-free input current with complete load regulation down to zero output voltage. A new "nonlinear ripple feedback" is proposed which exactly cancels the spoiling effect of DC-side current ripple on the low-distortion AC line current waveforms, even for large amounts of ripple. This cancellation is independent of operating point and readily implemented with analog hardware, thereby permitting economies in the design of the DC filter while maintaining harmonic-free operation. Both large-signal and incremental analyses of the rectifier are given. Confirming experimental results from a 1 kW 48 V isolated battery charger operating with current-ripple levels ranging from 50% to discontinuous-conduction-mode operation are given. >
Reconfigurable Router Modules Using Network Protocol Wrappers

The ongoing increases of line speed in the Internet backbone combined with the need for increased functionality of network devices presents a major challenge for designers of Internet routers. These demands call for the use of reprogrammable hardware to provide the required performance and functionality at all network layers. The Field Programmable Port Extender (FPX) provides such an environment for development of networking components in reprogrammable hardware. We present a framework to streamline and simplify networking applications that process ATM cells, AAL5 frames, Internet Protocol (IP) packets and UDP datagrams directly in hardware. We also describe a highspeed IP routing module "OBIWAN" built on top of this framework.
THE OH MEGAMASER LUMINOSITY FUNCTION

We present the 1667 MHz OH megamaser luminosity function derived from a single flux-limited survey. The Arecibo Observatory OH megamaser (OHM) survey has doubled the number of known OH megamasers, and we list the complete catalog of OHMs detected by the survey here, including three redetections of known OHMs. OHMs are produced in major galaxy mergers that are (ultra)luminous in the far-infrared. The OH luminosity function follows a power law in integrated line luminosity, Φ ∝ L Mpc-3 dex-1, and is well sampled for 102.2 L☉ < LOH < 103.8 L☉. The OH luminosity function is incorporated into predictions of the detectability and areal density of OHMs in high-redshift OH surveys for a variety of current and planned telescopes and merging evolution scenarios parameterized by (1 + z)m in the merger rate ranging from m = 0 (no evolution) to m = 8 (extreme evolution). Up to dozens of OHMs may be detected per square degree per 50 MHz by a survey reaching an rms noise of 100 μJy per 0.1 MHz channel. An adequately sensitive "OH Deep Field" would significantly constrain the evolution exponent m even if no detections are made. In addition to serving as luminous tracers of massive mergers, OHMs may trace highly obscured nuclear starburst activity and the formation of binary supermassive black holes.
Efficient Decoupling Capacitance Budgeting Considering Operation and Process Variations

This paper solves the variation-aware decoupling capacitance (decap) budgeting problem. Unlike previous works which only consider worst case design, for the first time, we consider the input of both process variation and operation variation for decap budgeting. A novel stochastic current model is proposed that efficiently and accurately captures temporal correlation between clock cycles, logic-induced correlation between ports, and current variation due to process variation with spatial correlation. An iterative alternative programming algorithm that is applicable to a variety of current models is then developed. Compared with the baseline model which assumes maximum current peaks at all ports, the model considering temporal correlation reduces noise by up to 5times, and the model considering both temporal and logic-induced correlations reduces noise by up to 17times. Compared with using deterministic process parameters, considering process variation (in particular Leff variation) reduces the mean noise by up to 4times and 3sigma noise by up to 13times when both applying the current model with temporal and logic-induced correlations. Note that stochastic optimization has been used mainly for process variation in the literature, but this paper convincingly demonstrate that stochastic optimization considering operation variation is effective to reduce overdesign introduced by worst case design for power integrity. Such stochastic optimization has a wide scope of applications to design problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study on decap insertion for power network design considering current correlations including process variation.
Spatial distribution of mechanical and electrical properties of cement mortar prior to loading

The hardness was found to be lower (by ∼10 in Rockwell H scale) and the volume electrical resistivity was found to be higher (about doubled) at the edge (up to a depth of ∼5 cm for curing at 100% relative humidity) than at the center of a cement mortar specimen prior to loading. This is attributed to the faster drying at the edge and the resulting poorer bond between cement paste and sand at the edge than the center.
X-Ray Holographic Microscopy Experiments At The Brookhaven Synchrotron Light Source

Soft x-ray holographic microscopy is discussed from an experimental point of view. Three series of measurements have been carried out using the Brookhven 750 MeV storage ring as an x-ray source. Young slits fringes, Gabor (in line) holograms and various data pertaining to the soft x-ray performance of photographic plates are reported. The measurements are discussed in terms of the technique for recording them and the experimental limitations in effect. Some discussion is also given of the issues involved in reconstruction using visible light.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transverse Spin Effects in Future Drell-Yan Experiments

We review the current status and future prospect for probing the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distributions using the Drell-Yan process. We focus on the Boer-Mulders and Sivers functions, which are expected to undergo a sign-change from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) to Drell- Yan process. The constraints of existing Drell-Yan and SIDIS experiments on the signs of these functions are discussed. Future Drell-Yan measurements for the TMDs are also presented. In this article, we review the current status and future prospect for studying the transverse momentum depen- dent (TMD) parton distributions in the nucleons using the Drell-Yan process. There has been intense theoretical and experimental effort in recent decades to investigate these novel parton distributions. There are many reasons for ex- ploring the transverse structures of the nucleons. For many years after the discovery of scaling in DIS and partonic structures in the nucleons, only the longitudinal momen- tum distributions of the partons were investigated. The transverse degrees of freedom of the partons, accessed through the TMDs, are expected to provide new insights on the nucleon structure. The characteristics of the TMDs can also provide stringent tests for various nucleon mod- els. Moreover, the progress in lattice QCD also allows direct comparison between the lattice calculations and ex- periments. The novel TMDs are accessible by experiments us- ing either lepton or hadron beams. The bulk of the ex- perimental information on TMDs has been obtained thus far from the semi-inclusive DIS (SIDIS) carried out at DESY (HERMES), CERN (COMPASS), and the Jefferson Lab. A promising experimental tool to access the TMDs
My brain is full: when more memory helps

We consider the problem of finding good finite-horizon policies for POMDPs under the expected reward metric. The policies considered are free finite-memory policies with limited memory; a policy is a mapping from the space of observation-memory pairs to the space of action-memory pairs (the policy updates the memory as it goes), and the number of possible memory states is a parameter of the input to the policy-finding algorithms. The algorithms considered here are preliminary implementations of three search heuristics: local search. simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms. We compare their outcomes to each other and to the optimal policies for each instance. We compare run times of each policy and of a dynamic programming algorithm for POMDPs developed by Hansen that iteratively improves a finite-state controller - the previous state of the art for finite memory policies. The value of the best policy can only improve as the amount of memory increases, up to the amount needed for an optimal finite-memory policy. Our most surprising finding is that more memory helps in another way: given more memory than is needed for an optimal policy, the algorithms are more likely to converge to optimal-valued policies.
Autoignition of Butanol Isomers at Low to Intermediate Temperature and Elevated Pressure

Autoignition delay experiments for the isomers of butanol, including n-, sec-, tert-, and iso-butanol, have been performed using a heated rapid compression machine. For a compressed pressure of 15 bar, the compressed temperatures have been varied in the range of 725–855 K for all the stoichiometric fuel/oxidizer mixtures. Over the conditions investigated in this study, the ignition delay decreases monotonically as temperature increases and exhibits single-stage characteristics. Experimental ignition delays are also compared to simulations computed using three kinetic mechanisms available in the literature. Reasonable agreement is found for three isomers (tert-, iso-, and n-butanol).
Aminooxycarbene behavior of a carbamoylsilane

Abstract A carbamoylsilane behaves as a siloxyaminocarbene towards electrophilic reagents, undergoing C H insertion with chloroform, methyl propiolate and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Its reaction with DMAD results in carbamoylsilylation.
Labeling and Identification of Direct Kinase Substrates

Identifying kinase substrates is an important step in mapping signal transduction pathways, but it remains a difficult and time-consuming process. Analog-sensitive (AS) kinases have been used to selectively tag and identify direct kinase substrates in lysates from whole cells. In this approach, a γ-thiol adenosine triphosphate analog and an AS kinase are used to selectively thiophosphorylate target proteins. Thiophosphate is used as a chemical handle to purify peptides from a tryptic digest, and target proteins are identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we describe an updated strategy for labeling AS kinase substrates, solid-phase capture of thiophosphorylated peptides, incorporation of stable isotope labeling in cell culture for filtering nonspecific background peptides, enrichment of phosphorylated target peptides to identify low-abundance targets, and analysis by LC-MS/MS.
A compact electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring laser

A compact electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring laser is realized on a hybrid silicon platform. A simplified, self-aligned, deep-etch process is developed to result in low-loss resonator with a high quality factor Q≫15,000. Small footprint (resonator diameter=50 µm), electrical and optical losses all contribute to lasing threshold as low as 5.4 mA and up to 65 °C operation temperature in continuous-wave (cw) mode. Outcoupling- and bus waveguide width-dependent studies are conducted for optimizing device structure. A simple qualitative study in current-voltage (IV) characteristic shows that dry etching through active region leads to ≪3× more leakage current at the same reverse bias than wet etch counterpart. It indicates a relatively good interface with tolerable surface recombination from deep dry etch. The spectrum is single mode with large extinction ratio (≫40 dB) and small linewidth (≪0.04 nm) observed. The unique bistability operation in ring resonator structure is also demonstrated.
Aging of geophysicists reconsidered

Are scientists as a group getting older? Between 1960 and April 1986 the median age of the U.S. population increased by 1 year to 30.5 years [Bureau of the Census, 1982, 1986]. But active, publishing U.S. geophysicists are aging much faster. Three years ago, I reported in Eos [Gillmor, 1984] that a sample of about 300 active American Geophysical Union (AGU) members with U.S. addresses who had published in the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) in 1983 was almost 4 years older than a similar sample drawn from 1978. The reason that I chose U.S. authors who were publishing in JGR and who were members of AGU for my study was that JGR is the world's leading geophysics journal and AGU is one of a few scientific organizations with relatively good birth year information for its members going back for many years. With the kind assistance of AGU staff, I examined AGU records to determine which authors giving U.S. or Canadian addresses in my samples were AGU members in 1986, which then allowed me to locate birth years for nearly all of those members.
Almost any quantum spin system with short-range interactions can support toric codes

Inspired by Kitaev's argument that physical error correction is possible in a system of interacting anyons, we demonstrate that such "self-correction" is fairly common in spin systems with classical Hamiltonians that admit the Peierls argument and where errors are modelled by quantum perturbations.
Characterization of quasi-Banach spaces which coarsely embed into a Hilbert space

We show that a quasi-Banach space coarsely embeds into a Hilbert space if and only if it is isomorphic to a linear subspace of L 0 (μ) for some probability space (Ω,β,μ).
Highly parallel acoustic assembly of microparticles into well-ordered colloidal crystallites

The precise arrangement of microscopic objects is critical to the development of functional materials and ornately patterned surfaces. Here, we present an acoustics-based method for the rapid arrangement of microscopic particles into organized and programmable architectures, which are periodically spaced within a square assembly chamber. This macroscale device employs two-dimensional bulk acoustic standing waves to propel particles along the base of the chamber toward pressure nodes or antinodes, depending on the acoustic contrast factor of the particle, and is capable of simultaneously creating thousands of size-limited, isotropic and anisotropic assemblies within minutes. We pair experiments with Brownian dynamics simulations to model the migration kinetics and assembly patterns of spherical microparticles. We use these insights to predict and subsequently validate the onset of buckling of the assemblies into three-dimensional clusters by experiments upon increasing the acoustic pressure amplitude and the particle concentration. The simulations are also used to inform our experiments for the assembly of non-spherical particles, which are then recovered via fluid evaporation and directly inspected by electron microscopy. This method for assembly of particles offers several notable advantages over other approaches (e.g., magnetics, electrokinetics and optical tweezing) including simplicity, speed and scalability and can also be used in concert with other such approaches for enhancing the types of assemblies achievable.
Quantification of high latitude electric field variability

Variability in the high latitude electric field has been identified as a major contributor to global Joule heating. Electric field patterns from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure are used to characterize the E-field temporal variability over the course of 18 hours. The standard deviation of the E-field magnitude on May 4, 1998 often exceeds the average value of the E-field magnitude. A significant fraction of this variability arises from oscillations with period less than one hour. This confirms that Joule heating calculations based on time-averaged E-fields may significantly under-predict the heating.
CatchAndRetry: extending exceptions to handle distributed system failures and recovery

In this paper, we present CatchAndRetry, an extension of the traditional exception mechanism to provide language-level support for common recovery techniques in distributed systems. We motivate and justify our design by analyzing several cases studies taken from the context of Facebook. CatchAndRetry is a language mechanism that is general enough to apply to multiple tiers of a distributed application; throughout this paper, we illustrate CatchAndRetry with examples of its use within both a large-scale distributed server-side application running in a data center as well as a JavaScript clients-side application running within a web browser.
Boundary-layer transition on sharp cones at hypersonic Mach numbers.

An experimental investigation to locate the beginning of transition from laminar to turbulent boundary-layer flow has been conducted at zero angle of attack on sharp, smooth cones having semiapex angles of 2.87°, 5°, and 10° in the contoured nozzle of the Langley 22-in. helium tunnel at a freestream Mach number of about 20. Local Mach number at the boundarylayer edge was thus varied from 7.4 to 16.6. The data indicate that local transition Reynolds number increases rapidly with local Mach number. Techniques used to detect onset of transition included surface pilot tube, drag force, boundary-layer pitot-pressure surveys, schlieren photographs, and hot-film anemometer measurements. Skin-friction coefficient, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and velocity ratio profiles were determined for laminar, transitional, and turbulent hypersonic boundary layers. A hot-film anemometer survey of the model boundary layers showed disturbances originating within the boundary layer at much lower Reynolds numbers than the Reynolds number for which transition is felt at the model surface. The maximum disturbance level occurred at a location corresponding to about 0.845 (boundary-layer thickness) with the disturbance speed being subsonic relative to the local edge velocity. In addition, source flow effects on transition Reynolds number were examined at a local Mach number of 15.8.
Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl-Substituted Vinylcyclopropanes by Way of Enhanced Neighboring Group Participation

A simple, high yielding, two-step, one-pot protocol for the preparation of trifluoromethyl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes from α-CF3 homoallyl alcohols is disclosed. Destabilization of the cationic intermediate by the electron-withdrawing CF3 group greatly enhances neighboring group participation of the alkene, allowing ring closure to predominate. The reaction can be extended to the difluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl group, enabling the preparation of a diverse array of fluoroalkyl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes.
Nonbinary Stabilizer Codes Over Finite Fields

One formidable difficulty in quantum communication and computation is to protect information-carrying quantum states against undesired interactions with the environment. To address this difficulty, many good quantum error-correcting codes have been derived as binary stabilizer codes. Fault-tolerant quantum computation prompted the study of nonbinary quantum codes, but the theory of such codes is not as advanced as that of binary quantum codes. This paper describes the basic theory of stabilizer codes over finite fields. The relation between stabilizer codes and general quantum codes is clarified by introducing a Galois theory for these objects. A characterization of nonbinary stabilizer codes over Fq in terms of classical codes over Fq 2 is provided that generalizes the well-known notion of additive codes over F4 of the binary case. This paper also derives lower and upper bounds on the minimum distance of stabilizer codes, gives several code constructions, and derives numerous families of stabilizer codes, including quantum Hamming codes, quadratic residue codes, quantum Melas codes, quantum Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, and quantum character codes. The puncturing theory by Rains is generalized to additive codes that are not necessarily pure. Bounds on the maximal length of maximum distance separable stabilizer codes are given. A discussion of open problems concludes this paper
Reference interval for serum creatinine in children and adolescents with myelomeningocele

Objective. In children and adolescents with myelomeningocele (MMC), the relation between muscle mass and body composition varies considerably, making it difficult to evaluate the relevance of renal function assessments done with serum (s)-creatinine. Therefore, a reference interval for enzymic s-creatinine in individuals with MMC was constructed. Material and methods. Patients with MMC aged 1.5–18 years who consistently had chromium-51-labelled edetic acid clearance within normal limits (88–132 ml/min/1.73 m2) were selected for the study. Included were 52 girls and 71 boys with a total of 471 s-creatinine determinations. Children with normal body composition were used as controls. Results. The mean s-creatinine concentration at the age of 1.5 years was 22 µmol/l in girls and 21 µmol/l in boys and increased to 38 µmol/l in girls and 58 µmol/l in boys at the age of 18 years. There was no difference between the genders until the age of 12. From the age of 3 years, there was a significantly lower median s-cre...
Detecting the quantum zero-point motion of vortices in the cuprate superconductors

We explore the experimental implications of a recent theory of the quantum dynamics of vortices in two-dimensional superfluids proximate to Mott insulators. The theory predicts modulations in the local density of states in the regions over which the vortices execute their quantum zero-point motion. We use the spatial extent of such modulations in scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements [J.E. Hoffman, E.W. Hudson, K.M. Lang, V. Madhavan, S.H. Pan, H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, J.C. Davis, Science 295 (2002) 466] on the vortex lattice of Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{delta}} to estimate the inertial mass of a point vortex. We discuss other, more direct, experimental signatures of the vortex dynamics.
Tight Money in a Post-Crisis Defense of the Exchange Rate: What Have We Learned?

Critics of the tight monetary policies pursued by some of the countries hurt by the 1997 Asian financial crisis have questioned the presumption that tight money can help sustain the value of a currency. The issue is actually an empirical one because theory does not unambiguously predict the effect of tight money on the exchange rate under the circumstances faced by the crisis countries. This article reviews the empirical research and shows that the evidence does not yet support strong statements about post-crisis link between monetary policy and the exchange rate. Proposed deviations from a sustainable medium-term monetary policy stance thus are viewed with skepticism.
Thermal equilibration of brane-worlds

Abstract We analyze the thermodynamical properties of brane-worlds, with a focus on the second model of Randall and Sundrum. We point out that during an inflationary phase on the brane, black holes will tend to be thermally nucleated in the bulk. This leads us to ask the question: can the black hole–brane-world system evolve towards a configuration of thermal equilibrium? To answer this, we generalize the second Randall–Sundrum scenario to allow for non-static bulk regions on each side of the brane-world. Explicitly, we take the bulk to be a Vaidya–AdS metric, which describes the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric null dust fluid in anti-de Sitter spacetime. Using the background subtraction technique to calculate the Euclidean action, we argue that at late times a sufficiently large black hole will relax to a point of thermal equilibrium with the brane-world environment. These results have interesting implications for early-universe cosmology.
From conflict to recovery in Africa

PART I: THEMES 1. Introduction and Overview 2. From Conflict to Recovery? PART II: RECONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES 3. From Humanitarian Assistance to Poverty Reduction in Angola 4. Rebuilding Rural Livelihoods and Social Capital in Mozambique 5. Displaced Communities and the Reconstruction of Livelihoods in Eritrea 6. Demobilization, Land, and Household Livelihoods in Ethiopia 7. Selecting Priorities for Poverty Reduction and Human Development in Ethiopia PART III: REVITALIZING PRIVATE SECTORS 8. Angola's Incomplete Transition 9. The Agrarian Question in Mozambique's Transition and Reconstruction 10. Privatization and Economic Strategy in Mozambique 11. Ethiopia's New Financial Sector and its Regulation PART IV: TRANSFORMING STATES 12. Building New States: Lessons from Eritrea 13. Reconstruction, Reform, and State Capacity in Guinea-Bissau 14. The Fiscal Dimensions of Ethiopia's Transition and Reconstruction 15. Overcoming the Fiscal Crisis of the African State PART V: CONCLUSIONS 16. Communities, Private Sectors, and States
Supporting cooperative caching in ad hoc networks

Most researches in ad hoc networks focus on routing and not much work has been done on data access. A common technique used to improve the performance of data access is caching. Cooperative caching, which allows the sharing and coordination of cached data among multiple nodes, can further explore the potential of the caching techniques. Due to mobility and resource constraints of ad hoc networks, cooperative caching techniques designed for wired networks may not be applicable to ad hoc networks. In this paper, we design and evaluate cooperative caching techniques to efficiently support data access in ad hoc networks. We first propose two schemes: CacheData, which caches the data, and CachePath, which caches the data path. After analyzing the performance of those two schemes, we propose a hybrid approach (HybridCache), which can further improve the performance by taking advantage of CacheData and CachePath while avoiding their weaknesses. Cache replacement policies are also studied to further improve the performance. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes can significantly reduce the query delay and message complexity when compared to other caching schemes.
miR-200 and miR-96 families repress neural induction from human embryonic stem cells

The role of miRNAs in neuroectoderm specification is largely unknown. We screened miRNA profiles that are differentially changed when human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were differentiated to neuroectodermal precursors (NEP), but not to epidermal (EPI) cells and found that two miRNA families, miR-200 and miR-96, were uniquely downregulated in the NEP cells. We confirmed zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB) transcription factors as a target of the miR-200 family members and identified paired box 6 (PAX6) transcription factor as the new target of miR-96 family members via gain- and loss-of-function analyses. Given the essential roles of ZEBs and PAX6 in neural induction, we propose a model by which miR-200 and miR-96 families coordinate to regulate neural induction.
Theory of carrier heating through injection pumping and lasing in semiconductor microcavity lasers

Nonequilibrium carrier distributions in microcavity lasers are computed by solution of a quantum Boltzmann equation that includes carrier–carrier, carrier–phonon, and carrier–photon scattering as well as the pump process. A significant heating of the carrier plasma is observed as a consequence of the Pauli blocking of carrier injection and the removal of cold carriers through the process of stimulated recombination.
Hyperfine Interaction in Quarkonia

The recent experimental developments in the measurement of hyperfine splittings in the bound states of charmonium and bottomonium are presented. Their implications for the hyperfine interactions in the heavy quark systems are discussed. The richness of the spectra of the excited states of atoms as well as hadrons lies not only in the principal quantum number and angular momentum dependence of the states, but in the spin-dependent multiplicities. These arise from spin-orbit, tensor, and spin-spin interactions between the constituents. Of these three, the most interesting is the hy- perfine structure that arises due to the magnetic interac- tions between the spins, which causes the splitting between spin-singlet (s1 + s2 = s = 0) and spin-triplet (s1 + s2 = s = 1) states. It is the transition between the 3 S 1 and 1 S 0 states of the hydrogen atom which gives rise to the famous 21 cm line which is the workhorse of microwave astron- omy. Hyperfine interaction is equally important in hadron spectroscopy. In the quark model, the ground state singlet masses of mesons made up of two quarks are simply given
THE THEORY OF THE FIRM

The Theory of the Firm presents a path-breaking general framework for understanding the economics of the firm. The book addresses why firms exist, how firms are established, and what contributions firms make to the economy. The book presents a new theoretical analysis of the foundations of microeconomics that makes institutions endogenous. Entrepreneurs play a central economic role by establishing firms. In turn, firms create and operate markets and organizations. The book provides innovative models of economic equilibrium that endogenously determine the structure and function of economic institutions. The book proposes an 'intermediation hypothesis' - the establishment of firms depends on the effects of transaction costs and on the extent of the market.
Transversality Versus Universality for Additive Quantum Codes

Logic gates can be performed on data encoded in quantum code blocks such that errors introduced by faulty gates can be corrected. The important class of transversal gates acts bitwise between corresponding qubits of code blocks and thus limits error propagation. If any quantum gate could be implemented using transversal gates, the set would be universal. We study the structure of GF(4)-additive quantum codes and prove that no universal set of transversal logic gates exists for these codes. This result is in stark contrast with the classical case, where universal transversal gate sets exist, and strongly supports the idea that additional quantum techniques, based, for example, on quantum teleportation or magic state distillation, are necessary to achieve universal fault-tolerant quantum computation on additive codes.
The neural bases of uninstructed negative emotion modulation

Although numerous neuroimaging studies have examined what happens when individuals are instructed to regulate their emotions, we rarely receive such instruction in everyday life. This study sought to examine what underlies uninstructed modulation of negative affect by examining neural responses when 'responding naturally' to negative stimuli-and for comparison-during instructed reappraisal of negative stimuli as well. Two analyses were conducted to identify how variability in negative affect related to neural responses when responding naturally. First, in a within-participant analysis, lower levels of self-reported negative affect on a given trial were associated with recruitment of dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC)-brain regions also active during instructed reappraisal-whereas higher levels of negative affect were associated with recruitment of the amygdala-a region that responded more strongly overall to negative than neutral stimuli. Second, in a between-participant analysis, lower levels of average self-reported negative affect were associated with recruitment of ventromedial PFC. These results suggest that uninstructed modulation of emotion involves a combination of two types of regulatory processes, with moment-to-moment modulation depending on prefrontal regions that support reappraisal and individual differences in modulation depending on ventromedial PFC, a region involved in fear extinction.
Regioselective hydroboration-oxidation and -amination of fluoro-substituted styrenes

Abstract Hydroboration of fluorinated styrenes with common hydroborating agents results in polymerization. However, regioselective hydroboration has been achieved by utilizing iodoborane-dimethyl sulfide. A series of fluorinated β-phenethyl alcohols and amines were synthesized via this methodology.
Directed ring-opening of 1,5-dioxaspiro[3.2]hexanes: selective formation of 2,2-disubstituted oxetanes.

1,5-Dioxaspiro[3.2]hexanes undergo ring-opening reactions with many heteroatom nucleophiles to provide α-substituted-β‘-hydroxy ketones. However, certain Lewis acidic nucleophiles provide 2,2-disubstituted oxetanes. Herein, the results of reactions of 3-phenyl-1,5-dioxaspiro[3.2]hexane with a variety of nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic bases are reported. There appears to be a correlation between the pKa of the nucleophile and the reaction outcome with more acidic nucleophiles providing 2,2-disubstituted oxetanes. Moreover, the mode of ring opening can be directed toward the substituted oxetane by the addition of a Lewis acid. These results are rationalized by calculation of stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the various possible reaction pathways using ab initio molecular orbital methods.
Pointwise Relations Between Information and Estimation in Gaussian Noise

Many of the classical and recent relations between information and estimation in the presence of Gaussian noise can be viewed as identities between expectations of random quantities. These include the relationship between mutual information and minimum mean square error (I-MMSE) of Guo ; the relative entropy and mismatched estimation relationship of Verdu; the relationship between causal estimation and mutual information of Duncan, and its extension to the presence of feedback by Kadota ; the relationship between causal and non-casual estimation of Guo , and its mismatched version of Weissman. We dispense with the expectations and explore the nature of the pointwise relations between the respective random quantities. The pointwise relations that we find are as succinctly stated as-and give considerable insight into-the original expectation identities. As an illustration of our results, consider Duncan's 1970 discovery that the mutual information is equal to the causal MMSE in the additive white Gaussian noise channel, which can equivalently be expressed saying that the difference between the input-output information density and half the causal estimation error is a zero-mean random variable (regardless of the distribution of the channel input). We characterize this random variable explicitly, rather than merely its expectation. Classical estimation and information theoretic quantities emerge with new and surprising roles. For example, the variance of this random variable turns out to be given by the causal MMSE (which, in turn, is equal to twice the mutual information by Duncan's result).
Execution and leadership: Fulfilling conflicting responsibilities in utility regulation

Utility regulators serve in two potentially conflicting roles: as implementer of policies and as someone providing leadership to effect change. The regulator's success will depend upon his or her ability to properly perform these roles at the appropriate times, manage the pressures that these roles bring to the regulatory system, and limit how the roles sometimes work at cross purposes.
An adaptive algorithm for the tuning of two input shaping methods

The paper presents an algorithm for the tuning of two input shaping methods. These methods are designed to prevent the excitation of oscillatory modes in resonant systems. The first input shaping method produces a control signal that is the linear combination of delayed versions of the reference input. The resulting control system is linear time-invariant but infinite-dimensional. Its transfer function has an infinite number of complex zeros, with some of them placed exactly at the locations of the resonant modes of the plant. In contrast, the second input shaping method is based on a pole/zero cancellation of the resonant modes using a finite-dimensional controller. For both input shaping methods, tuning is useful to optimize performance and an algorithm is developed for the automatic adjustment of the controller parameters. Experimental results are presented for a system in which a motor is used to control the position of a flexible arm. The step response of the plant is poorly damped, but is much improved with input shaping. The control performance is found to be comparable for both methods, and the tuning method is found to be simple and effective.
Epitaxial Stabilization between Intermetallic and Carbide Domains in the Structures of Mn16SiC4 and Mn17Si2C4.

The concept of frustration between competing geometrical or bonding motifs is frequently evoked in explaining complex phenomena in the structures and properties of materials. This idea is of particular importance for metallic systems, where frustration forms the basis for the design of metallic glasses, a source of diverse magnetic phenomena, and a rationale for the existence of intermetallics with giant unit cells containing thousands of atoms. Unlike soft materials, however, where conflicts can be synthetically encoded in the molecular structure, staging frustration in the metallic state is challenging due to the ease of macroscopic segregation of incompatible components. In this Article, we illustrate one approach for inducing the intergrowth of incompatible bonding motifs with the synthesis and characterization of two new intermetallic carbides: Mn16SiC4 (mC42) and Mn17Si2C4 (mP46). Similar to the phases Mn5SiC and Mn8Si2C in the Mn–Si–C system, these compounds appear as intergrowths of Mn3C and tetra...
Trust, but Verify: Two-Phase Typing for Dynamic Languages

A key challenge when statically typing so-called dynamic languages is the ubiquity of value-based overloading, where a given function can dynamically reflect upon and behave according to the types of its arguments. Thus, to establish basic types, the analysis must reason precisely about values, but in the presence of higher-order functions and polymorphism, this reasoning itself can require basic types. In this paper we address this chicken-and-egg problem by introducing the framework of two-phased typing. The first “trust” phase performs classical, i.e. flow-, path- and value-insensitive type checking to assign basic types to various program expressions. When the check inevitably runs into “errors” due to value-insensitivity, it wraps problematic expressions with DEAD-casts, which explicate the trust obligations that must be discharged by the second phase. The second phase uses refinement typing, a flow- and path-sensitive analysis, that decorates the first phase’s types with logical predicates to track value relationships and thereby verify the casts and establish other correctness properties for dynamically typed languages.
Substitution and Complementarity in Endogenous Innovation

The influence of Joseph Schumpeter's notion of 'creative destruction' may have led to an overemphasis on substitution between technologies in recent models of endogenous innovation. Historical examples of technological change suggest that new technologies may just as frequently complement older technologies, creating, rather than destroying, rents. Acknowledgement of the potential for both substitution and complementarity among inventions allows for a much richer characterization of the growth process, creating the possibility of threshold effects and multiple equilibria and bringing to the forefront the important role played by the expectations of inventive entrepreneurs.
Retirement Reversals and Health Insurance: The Potential Impact of the Affordable Care Act

This article uses the longitudinal aspect of the Health and Retirement Study to explore the characteristics associated with reversals in retirement (referred to here as “unretirement”). Through the...
Design Principles for Scaling Multi-core OLTP Under High Contention

Although significant recent progress has been made in improving the multi-core scalability of high throughput transactional database systems, modern systems still fail to achieve scalable throughput for workloads involving frequent access to highly contended data. Most of this inability to achieve high throughput is explained by the fundamental constraints involved in guaranteeing ACID --- the addition of cores results in more concurrent transactions accessing the same contended data for which access must be serialized in order to guarantee isolation. Thus, linear scalability for contended workloads is impossible. However, there exist flaws in many modern architectures that exacerbate their poor scalability, and result in throughput that is much worse than fundamentally required by the workload. In this paper we identify two prevalent design principles that limit the multi-core scalability of many (but not all) transactional database systems on contended workloads: the multi-purpose nature of execution threads in these systems, and the lack of advanced planning of data access. We demonstrate the deleterious results of these design principles by implementing a prototype system, Orthrus, that is motivated by the principles of separation of database component functionality and advanced planning of transactions. We find that these two principles alone result in significantly improved scalability on high-contention workloads, and an order of magnitude increase in throughput for a non-trivial subset of these contended workloads.
Long-Term EEG Monitoring: A Clinical Approach to Electrophysiology

ABSTRACT.Long-term electroencephalographic monitoring (LTM) is the capability of recording the EEG over long periods of time and not a specific duration. Prolonged EEG recording is used primarily for epilepsy monitoring, but LTM is also used in the intensive care unit, the operating room, and the emergency department. The purpose of LTM is to expand the limited time sampling associated with shorter “routine” EEG recording. Audiovisual monitoring may also be used in conjunction with LTM to evaluate simultaneously a specific clinical behavior that may or may not be associated with EEG alteration. This is typically performed in a hospital setting for safety and ancillary testing purposes. LTM is used most frequently in the diagnosis and management of seizures and “spells,” but has also gained wider application in the evaluation of sleep disorders, cerebrovascular disease, psychiatric conditions, and movement disorders. Computer-assisted LTM systems that process, analyze, compress and store data digitally hav...