cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Food Sales in the United States: Evidence from State and County-Level Data

While direct marketing of food products from farmers to consumers has received increased attention, based on potential contributions to sustainable agriculture, there is a lack of understanding about the significant variation in direct food sales across regions. This paper uses 2007 USDA Census of Agriculture data and regression analysis to identify major factors associated with direct food sales across states and counties. Four variables, average farm size, population density, region, and available farmland, together explain most of the variation in direct food sales across states. Household income and type of farming are also significant explanatory factors at the county level.
Dirhenium complexes containing linked diphenylacetylene molecules from the photoreaction of H3Re3(CO)12 with PhCCPh. Crystal and molecular structures of Re2CO)5(C4Ph4)(C4Ph4) and Re2(CO)4(C6Ph6)(C2Ph2· hexane

Abstract Photolysis of H3Re3(CO)12 in presence of diphenylacetylene (DPA) yields Re2(CO)10, HRe(CO)5, and the three alkyne complexes Re2(CO)7(DPA)2, Re2(CO)5(C4Ph4)(DPA) (4) and Re2(CO)4(C6Ph6)(DPA) (3), the latter two which were shown by X-ray crystallography to possess linked DPA ligands. The complex Re2(CO)5(C4Ph4)(DPA) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 (No. 2) with a 11.277(3), b 12.301(3), c 14.851(3) A, α 97.37(2), β 104.68(2), γ 104.49(2)°, V 1889(2) A3, and Z = 2. The structure was refined using the 4548 reflections with I ⩾ 2σ(I) to give final residuals of R = 0.031 and Rw = 0.041. Complex 4 possesses a rhenacyclopentadiene group bonded to the second rhenium atom and an η2-DPA ligand bound to the rhenium atom of the metallacycle. The complex Re2(CO)4(C6Ph6)(DPA) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a 17.048(4), b 16.676(2), c 18.569(4) A, β 106.70(2)°, V 5056(3) A3, and Z = 4. For the 3568 reflections with I ⩾ 2σ(I), the structure refined to R = 0.078 and Rw = 0.074. Three of the DPA molecules in Re2(CO)4(C6Ph6)(DPA) are linked together to form a “fly-over bridge” between the two rhenium atoms. The fourth DPA molecule is η2-bound to one rhenium center.
Variation in tau, the time constant for isovolumic relaxation, along the left ventricular base-to-apex axis.

Tau (τ), the time constant for isovolumic relaxation, is often used as a measure of cardiac diastolic function. However, several methods of calculating τ have been published which may produce different results and, thereby, different conclusions. The purpose of this study was to determine if the method of τ calculation effects the results when left ventricular pressure (LVP) is measured at different positions along the base-to-apex axis. In 16 dogs, we measured LVP at 6 positions along the base-to-apex axis. We calculated τ using three different methods: 1) a monoexponential model (P(t)=[P0–Pasym]eAt+Pasym, where t=time, P0=LVP at t=0, Pasym is asymptotic pressure as t→∞, A is –1/τ) with a zero asymptote 2) a monoexponential model with a variable asymptote in which the monoexponential decay equation is differentiated with respect to time and substituted into the original equation so that dP/dt vs. LVP is a (–/τ), and 3) a monoexponential decay model with variable asymptote in which Pasym and A are varied until the best fit line is reached by minimizing the residual sum of squares. When τ is calculated using method 1, τ measured at the LV base is 98.01%±8.85% of the τ at the apex. If calculated using method 2, τ measured at the LV base was 75.46±39.4% of τ measured at the apex. When method 3 is used for τ calculations, base τ increases to 117.76±4.91% of the apical τ. We conclude: 1) the method used to calculate τ will effect the results and, thus, conclusions drawn from τ data. 2) When using Method 3, which appears to be the best method for τ calculation, τ increases at the LV base compared to the apex.
Implementing a Tobacco Assisted Referral Program in Dental Practices

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to design and implement a system-level tobacco-control intervention in a large prepaid dental group practice and assess effects on staff performance measures and patient satisfaction. Methods: We matched 14 dental facilities on size, socioeconomic status, smoking rate, and periodontal status, and then randomly assigned them to intervention or usual-care control. We trained intervention staff in an “Assisted Referral” team approach for assessing tobacco use, providing tailored advice and brief counseling, and encouraging smokers to talk by telephone with a specially trained tobacco counselor. Patients could call from the office or ask that the counselor call them later. Telephone counselors helped patients explore motivations and barriers for quitting; review available cessation-support strategies, programs, and medications; and identify next steps. Results: During the 14-month study period, 66,516 members had annual- or new-patient examinations. Both intervention and control sites had high rates of tobacco assessment (97 percent) and advice (93 percent). Intervention patients were more likely than controls (69 percent versus 3 percent, P < 0.01) to receive additional chair-side tobacco counseling and assistance, and 11 percent agreed to receive additional telephone counseling. Intervention patients were more satisfied than controls with the dental team's tobacco-control efforts (P < 0.03). Referral rates varied substantially for different staff. Conclusions: The Assisted Referral approach was successfully integrated into routine dental care, was well received by patients, and resulted in increased patient satisfaction. Because free telephone-based tobacco counseling is now available nationwide, the approach may be a practical strategy for most dental-care settings.
The CSF‐FTA test and the significance of blood contamination

Although the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test has found wide application in the diagnosis of syphilis, the cerebrospinal fluid fluorescent treponemal antibody (CSF-FTA) test is still controversial in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. We found the CSF-FTA test extremely sensitive to contamination with FTA-ABS-reactive blood at concentrations in CSF that could not be detected by visual inspection. Interpretation of a reactive test should be made with caution if red cells are present in CSF.
Optimum disk structures and energetics of domain formation in magneto-optical recording

A quadrilayer magneto-optical device in which the magnetic medium is sandwiched between two dielectric layers and supported by a reflecting substrate is shown to have desirable characteristics for both the storage and retrieval of information, The quadrilayer exhibits a readout signal to noise ratio of about 8 (3) dB over the readout from bare (coated) bulk material. At the same time, the writing sensitivity is matched to the available laser power for recording, thus permitting high levels of read power without loss in resolution. Energetics of domain formation in a ferrimagnetic material during a typical write cycle is then examined. Contributions from different sources of energy are compared and the role of coercivity in the formation and stability of domains is discussed.
The welfare and employment effects of trade and factor taxes with variable factor supply

This paper develops a general trade model with many traded goods, many internationally mobile factors, and with endogenous labor supply. Within this framework, the employment and welfare effects of taxes on trade, on wages and on the returns of the internationally mobile factors are examined. The employment maximizing and the first- and second-best tax structures are determined. The analysis identifies the conditions under which variable labor supply increases the welfare cost of a trade and a capital tax, and demonstrates the need for joint determination of taxes on trade and on the returns of factors in variable domestic supply.
Guns, Impulsive Angry Behavior, and Mental Disorders: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R)

Analyses from the National Comorbidity Study Replication provide the first nationally representative estimates of the co-occurrence of impulsive angry behavior and possessing or carrying a gun among adults with and without certain mental disorders and demographic characteristics. The study found that a large number of individuals in the United States self-report patterns of impulsive angry behavior and also possess firearms at home (8.9%) or carry guns outside the home (1.5%). These data document associations of numerous common mental disorders and combinations of angry behavior with gun access. Because only a small proportion of persons with this risky combination have ever been involuntarily hospitalized for a mental health problem, most will not be subject to existing mental health-related legal restrictions on firearms resulting from a history of involuntary commitment. Excluding a large proportion of the general population from gun possession is also not likely to be feasible. Behavioral risk-based approaches to firearms restriction, such as expanding the definition of gun-prohibited persons to include those with violent misdemeanor convictions and multiple DUI convictions, could be a more effective public health policy to prevent gun violence in the population. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF TRANSFORMED ATOXYL PRODUCED BY INCUBATING ONE PER CENT. AND TEN PER CENT. ATOXYL IN BLOOD.

1. 10 per cent. atoxyl in blood incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour gives rise to a solution that is much more than ten times as toxic as a 1 per cent. solution of atoxyl similarly incubated. 2. When the comparison is made after incubation for 3 hours instead of for 1 hour, the toxicity of the 10 per cent. solution is but slightly greater than ten times that of the 1 per cent., provided the red blood corpuscles are not removed from the dilutions. 3. If the corpuscles are removed from both the 10 per cent. and the 1 per cent. atoxyl solutions immediately after incubation at 37° for 1 to 3 hours, the dilutions of the 10 per cent. atoxyl are much more than ten times as toxic as the corresponding dilutions of the 1 per cent. atoxyl. 4. After incubation with atoxyl at 37° for 1 to 3 hours, red blood corpuscles left at room temperature in dilutions made from the 10 per cent. and 1 per cent. solutions in blood increase markedly the toxicity of the dilutions made from the 1 per cent. atoxyl, but increase very slightly the toxicity of the dilutions made from the 10 per cent. atoxyl. 5. If one desires to produce a large amount of transformed atoxyl by incubating atoxyl in blood at 37° for 1 to 3 hours, strong solutions of atoxyl should be chosen in preference to weaker solutions.
Outcomes of cataract extraction in seeing eyes of functionally monocular versus completely monocular patients.

Purpose To compare outcomes of cataract extraction in seeing eyes of functionally versus completely monocular patients. Setting Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods This study reviewed the records of patients with poor or no vision in 1 eye at the time of cataract surgery in the better-seeing fellow eye. All patients were monocular as defined by corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) in the blind eye of 20/200 or worse. Group 1 included patients with blind-eye CDVA between light perception and 20/200 and Group 2, patients with no light perception (NLP) in the blind eye. Medical and surgical comorbidities were compared between groups. Outcome measures included CDVA, postoperative procedures, and surgical complications. Results The mean number of preoperative comorbidities in operated eyes was similar between groups. The mean number of medical comorbidities in blind eyes was 2.15 ± 0.97 (SD) in Group 1 and 1.38 ± 1.10 in Group 2 and the mean surgical comorbidities, 0.21 ± 0.41 and 1.28 ± 0.68, respectively; the differences between the groups were statistically significant. At last follow-up, 19.2% of patients in Group 1 and 6.3% in Group 2 had decreased CDVA. The number of additional procedures and surgical complications was similar between groups. Conclusions Blind eyes with limited vision had more medical comorbidity and less surgical comorbidity than eyes with NLP. More patients in the former group ultimately lost CDVA in the good eye. Medical comorbidities were more likely bilateral than surgical comorbidities, predisposing to worse outcomes. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Spinal epidural hematoma associated with epidural anesthesia: complications of systemic heparinization in patients receiving peripheral vascular thrombolytic therapy.

Spinal Epidural Hematoma Associated with Epidural Anesthesia: Complications of Systemic Heparinization in Patients Receiving Peripheral Vascular Thrombolytic Therapy Curtis Dickman;Steven Shedd;Robert Spetzler;Andrew Shetter;Volker Sonntag; Anesthesiology
The neurobiology of addiction: a neuroadaptational view relevant for diagnosis.

AIMS: The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of our knowledge of the neurobiological bases of addiction relevant for the diagnosis of addiction. METHODS: A heuristic framework of neuroadaptive changes within key brain neurocircuitry responsible for different stages of the addiction cycle is outlined and linked to human studies to provide important future translational links for diagnosis. RESULTS: Animal studies have revealed dysregulation of specific neurochemical mechanisms (dopamine, opioid peptides) in the brain reward systems and recruitment of brain stress systems (corticotropin-releasing factor) during the development of dependence that convey vulnerability to relapse. Animal studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in drug- and cue-induced relapse, respectively, and the brain stress systems in stress-induced relapse. Genetic studies suggest roles for the genes encoding the neurochemical elements involved in both the brain reward and stress systems in the vulnerability to addiction, and molecular studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that may mediate dependence-induced reward dysregulation. Human imaging studies reveal similar neurocircuits involved in acute intoxication, chronic drug dependence and vulnerability to relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Major neurobiological changes in substance abuse disorders common to human and animal studies relevant for diagnosis include a compromised reward system, overactivated brain stress systems and compromised orbitofrontal/prefrontal cortex function. No biological markers of substance abuse disorders currently exist, but there are many promising neurobiological features of substance abuse disorders that will eventually aid in the specific diagnoses of substance use, misuse and dependence.
Prospects and Problems in Using Data From HMOs for the Study of Aging Populations and Their Health Care Needs

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are providing a larger volume of health care services to older Americans than ever before. HMOs must reexamine the general practice of equating utilization of services with the health care need and collect better population-based information, including measures of health status. This article discusses the data elements that are widely available in HMO data bases as well as those that are predictably missing.
Heteroepitaxy of Antimonides on InP

High-quality GaAsSb epitaxial layers lattice-matched to InP are required to construct ultra-highspeed (fT>500 GHz) InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors. The issues of achieving high-quality GaAsSb/InP heterostructures growth by gas source molecular beam epitaxy are reviewed.
Model of continuous dispersive flow with interactive deadwater and application to gas‐phase flow in rotary calciners

A continuous flow model is developed which describes flow through a vessel in which the fluid undergoes axial dispersed plug flow and some of the fluid is held back in a deadwater zone. The first three moments of the concentration-time curve are related to three parameters of the model, and an equation is presented to predict the outlet concentration from the vessel as a function of time for an impulse input. The model is used to analyze experimental gas-phase residence-time distribution data collected from a small rotary calciner operated at room temperature. These data are well represented by the model. 11 references, 9 figures, 1 table.
Work in progress - rethinking introductory programming

In spite of tremendous attention, the existing models for the introductory courses in computing majors remain problematic and dominated by programming courses. The "programming first" model, along with ideas on how to implement it, has been the topic of endless debate for decades. In spite of many projects and publications, the problems have not been solved, and the debate continues. This paper will discuss the EntryPoint project. EntryPoint seeks a better approach for the first two years of undergraduate computing programs - an approach that will improve appeal of the programs and student success in them. EntryPoint will depart substantially from the Programming-first model. Instead, EntryPoint will develop a "Computing-first" model that will emphasize the computing discipline as the primary framework for initial study. This paper discusses the problems that EntryPoint seeks to address, an initial redesign of courses, and principles for a more extensive redesign.
Comparison of automated and manual ventilation in a prehospital pediatric model.

Objective. Portable transport ventilators (TV) and demand valves (DV) may be effective and easy-to-use alternatives to bag-valve (BV) for prehospital ventilation of adults. The purpose of the study was to determine whether such devices maintain arterial blood gases and airway pressures similar to those for BV in a pediatric swine model. Method. This study was a prospective, randomized, crossover design using immature swine (9.6 ± 0.9 kg) to model ventilation in small children. Anesthetized, intubated, paralyzed, and cannulated animals were ventilated initially on standard mechanical hospital ventilation (HV). They were then assigned in random order to 10-minute intervals of ventilation using BV, TV, low-frequency jet ventilation (JV), and DV. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons (alpha = 0.05). Results. The PaO2 exceeded 90 mm Hg for all animal/ventilation combinations. Blood PaCO2 was lower for BV and DV than it was for TV, JV, or HV. In contrast, blood pH was h...
Conceptual Design of an Airship Mission to Titan

With the increased desire to explore further into space, new vehicles need to be designed to accomplish this mission. The NASA Centennial Challenge poses the problem of designing a vehicle to autonomously navigate a foreign surface while being capable of probing different samples on the surface. The target environment chosen for this mission is Titan, a moon of Saturn. To complete this mission, a Lighter-Than-Air unmanned aerial vehicle with a rover appendage has been designed. This design will give scientists another safe, reliable tool for investigating the universe.
Editorial: Antibody Can Get It Right: Confronting Problems of Antibody Specificity and Irreproducibility

Antibodies are indispensable research reagents. Their use in endocrinology has exploded since the original radioimmunoassays were developed to measure hormone levels. They are now routinely used in molecular endocrinology research to detect and quantitate cellular proteins and determine their distribution in tissues, in cells, and in subcellular compartments. They detect changes in protein structure produced by covalent modification during cell signaling (eg, phosphorylation), transcriptional regulation (acetylation and methylation), or protein degradation (ubiquitination). They identify and detect protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions by coimmunoprecipitation. Antibodies are used as tools to sort cells, to identify drug targets in normal and diseased tissue, and to monitor disease status and progression. And that is just the tip of the iceberg. Unfortunately, the widespread use of antibodies has also generated enormous controversy: the inability of investigators to replicate published data often results from false-positive or false-negative results produced with antibodies that have not been properly validated (1,–5). The problems are particularly intense in fields that use antibodies to analyze proteins that are expressed at low levels in cells: G protein–coupled receptors, steroid hormone receptors, ion channels, transporters, and signal-transducing enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase (6,–22). In addition, ultrasensitive detection methods have compounded the problem as illustrated by studies aimed at detecting low-abundance protein–DNA interactions (eg, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays) (5, 23). So what can we do as individual scientists and as journal editors to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the data that we generate, the data that we publish, and the data that we rely upon to formulate new hypotheses and plan future experiments?
Local-remote telerobotics for underwater vehicles

An operational local-remote telerobot system which provides interactive supervisory control of robots which are spatially and/or temporally remote from the local operator station is described. The system has been implemented for the NASA Space Station Freedom engineering prototype development program as a technology prototype dual-arm local-remote system for space telerobotics. The system has two distinct parts: the local site user macro interface for interactive task description and execution, and the remote site task execution system providing single and dual-arm autonomous control. Various time delays can be artificially introduced into the laboratory system to study operations under communication time delay. The remote site of the system and the local site are described. Experimental results are presented. Advanced capabilities currently under development are discussed. >
How Electric Fields Modify Alkane Solubility in Lipid Bilayers

The planar lipid bilayer membrane is assumed to be in osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding Plateau-Gibbs border (annulus) and entrapped microlenses. An electric field applied across the membrane raises the chemical potential of the alkane in the bilayer, causing it to shift from the bilayer to the annulus and microlenses. This shift results in a decrease in thickness.
Optimizing the Role of Physical Education in Promoting Physical Activity: A Social-Ecological Approach.

The benefits associated with being physically active are well documented, but a significant proportion of the population is insufficiently active. Physical inactivity is a major health risk factor in our society, and physical education programs are consistently identified as a means to address this concern. The purpose of this article is to use the social-ecological model as a framework to examine ways in which physical education programs can play an important role in promoting physical activity. Policies that require time allocations and resources for physical education and physical activity in schools and community designs that provide infrastructure that makes being physically active accessible and convenient are important factors in making schools and communities healthier spaces. It is clear, however, that policies alone are not sufficient to address concerns about physical inactivity. We must consider individual factors that influence decisions to be physically active in efforts to engage children i...
Implantable left ventricular assist device bridge-to-transplantation: natural selection, or is this the natural selection?.

The use of the implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for patients before a heart transplant is evolving and becoming more common. Almost all U.S. cardiac transplant programs have an implantable LVAD, either the HeartMate (Thoratec, Oakland, California) or Novacor (World Heart, Ottawa,
Propulsion and Trajectory Considerations for Low Thrust Solar System Missions

Low thrust solar system missions are particularly difficult to plan. The trajectories require careful planning and very accurate simulation predictions. Progress in two specific topics will be reviewed. The first is the development of simulation methods that optimize the total energy requirement and mission time simultaneously. The method uses variational calculus to derive a set of equations that can be used to find optimal trajectories. Escape from deep gravitational wells will use high thrust bimodal nuclear thermal propulsion. Thereafter the transit between targets in the solar systems will use low thrust high specific impulse engines that run using constant power output. Hence minimizing the low thrust trajectory for power will also minimize the transit time. A second problem that needs to be considered is the use of low thrust for landing on objects with a small gravitational field. In this case a low thrust propulsion system is sufficient, but matching the motion, or rotation, of the target (e.g., an asteroid) is particularly difficult. Exact solutions exist for the free rotation of rigid bodies can be used to match the motion of the object at the landing point. A method for accomplishing this objective can he developed and will be presented.
Tdr For Compaction Control Of Granular Materials With Large Particle Sizes

Compaction of soil is typically controlled by specifying water content during placement to achieve a desired dry density. Earlier work at Purdue University provided the means of applying Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology to compaction control by relating dielectric constant and bulk electrical conductivity determined from TDR with water content and dry density. With time, modifications and new means of applying the technology have been developed and applied, becoming the basis for an ASTM Standard Method of Test (ASTM D6780-2005). However, presently there has been limited study in the use of TDR for the compaction control of granular materials containing large particle sizes. This paper examines the effects of the large particle sizes on accurately determining water content and dry density with the use of the Purdue TDR Method. Testing consisted of lab calibration and field testing. Aggregates tested included Indiana Aggregate Specification 53 (a densely graded aggregate) and 08 (a uniformly graded aggregate), in both crushed stone and gravel forms. This paper explores the effect of spike insertion and its disturbance to the sample, the effect of large particles on the TDR waveform and the determination of the dielectric constant and bulk electrical conductivity, and lab calibration and field testing considerations for compaction control.
Release of a histamine-destroying factor during anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs.

Comment and conclusionsA state of shock can be induced by intravenous administration of the specific antigen into guinea pigs sensitized to crystalline egg albumin and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The finding that histamine is released into the blood of guinea pigs during anaphylactic shock(4) has been confirmed.It has been shown previously that aminoguanidine blocks the action of histaminase (5,6). Since aminoguanidine blocked the destruction of histamine in this study, it has been concluded that the factor in the blood responsible for destruction was diamine oxidase (histaminase). Code's group(2) arrived at a similar conclusion from their observations on rats.The incubation period necessary to demonstrate destruction of histamine in blood from shocked guinea pigs is much less than that in rats. A period of 1 1/2 hours in all specimens was used initially in this study because of prior experience with rats. However, shorter incubation was tried after the first part of the study was completed. D...
[Molecular biology of Lewis antigens--histo-blood type antigens and sialyl Lewis antigens as tumor associated antigens].

Abstract The biosynthetic pathways of the Lewis histo-blood type antigens, Lewis a (Le(a)) and Lewis b (Le(b)), in correlation with ABH antigen synthesis and the synthesis of sialyl Lewis antigens, sialyl Lewis a (sLe(a)) and sialy Lewis x (sLe(x)), known as tumor associated antigens are described based on the recent molecular biological studies. Individuals are divided by their erythrocyte Lewis antigen phenotypes into three types, Le (a+b-) which has Le(a) antigen but not Le(b) antigen, Le (a-b+) which has Leb but not Le(a), and Le (a-b-) having neither Le(a) nor Leb. It was verified that Le (a-b-) individuals are the homozygotes with the nonfunctional Lewis gene (Le gene) which is inactivated by the missense mutations. Two kinds of the inactivated Le gene alleles were found in the Japanese population, and named le1 and le2. Individuals having a Le (a+b-) or a Le (a-b-) -non-secretor phenotype are the mutants who lack the secretor enzyme (Se enzyme) activity. The Se gene encoding the Se enzyme has been recently cloned and analyzed for the mutation resulting in inactivation of the Se enzyme of the non-secretor individuals. Our Se gene mutant analyses on the Japanese population ensured that the Se gene is responsible for synthesis of the Le(b) antigen. Mutant analyses of the other genes, H gene and FucTVI gene, which are also involved in the synthesis of Lewis antigens are described. We recently demonstrated that the sLe(a) antigen is the product of the Lewis gene since all le/le patients, who are determined as the genuine Lewis negative individuals by Le genotyping, did not express any kinds of type 1 chain Lewis antigens (Le(a), Le(b), and sLe(a)) in their digestive organs. It is, therefore, unuseful to measure the CA19-9 titer of the genuine Lewis negative cancer patients.
Long-Term Followup of Young Patients with Stage a Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

AbstractA total of 23 men less than 60 years old with stage A adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were managed expectantly (that is untreated) and were at risk for 10 to 25 years form the basis of this study. The original amount of tissue obtained at transurethral resection, number of chips involved and examined, and tumor grade (Mayo grades 1 to 4) were recorded and compared in an in-depth analysis whereby the entire tissue removed was examined without knowledge of previous grading attempts. On the basis of volume estimation of the amount of cancer present 8 patients were reclassified as having stage A2 disease. Of these 8 patients 2 had disease progression and 1 died of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. At review 15 patients remained with stage A1 disease and 4 had disease progression (3 systemically and 1 locally) an average of 10.2 years after diagnosis. Because of longer life expectancy the young patient with stage A1 disease is at increased risk for local and/or systemic disease progression....
A Crime Was Just Committed: What Happens Next? (How the Criminal Justice System Works)

This 20-page CLE (continuing legal education) brochure is titled “A Crime Was Just Committed: What Happens Next (How the Criminal Justice System Works).” It was most recently presented to the Osher Center for Learning in Retirement at Towson University in 2010. Topics include (1) police-citizen encounters implicating the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, (2) police-citizen encounters implicating the Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self-incrimination, (3) police-citizen encounters implicating the Sixth Amendment right to counsel and/or the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause during identifications, (4) initial appearance of an arrestee before a judicial officer, (5) preliminary hearing, (6) the charging process, (7) initial appearance in the Circuit Court, (8) discovery, (9) mandatory notice from the State and mandatory motions from the Defendant, (10) plea bargaining and guilty pleas, (11) trial rights, (12) post-trial motions, (13) sentencing, (14) appeal, (15) collateral review, (16) parole, and (17) executive clemency (federal – President; state – Governor).
Uniform optical pumping design for 1.55 /spl mu/m VCSELs

Numerical laser simulation of new active region design which provides more uniform gain using carrier blocking layers between the quantum wells is presented. The laser model includes calculations of optical carrier generation, carrier transport from the absorber layers to the quantum wells, quantum well gain, and optical field. The model is designed to compensate the non-uniform optical pumping of the quantum wells.
The 12 July 1986 St. Marys, Ohio Earthquake and Recent Seismicity in the Anna, Ohio Seismogenic Zone

An earthquake with body wave magnitude 4.5 occurred in the Anna Ohio Seismogenic Zone near the town of St. Marys, Ohio on 12 July 1986. The St. Marys earthquake had a seismic moment of 4.5 × 10 22 dyne-cm and a maximum intensity of VI in the epicentral area. It is the largest event to occur in the Anna, Ohio region since the events of 2 March 1937 (total felt area magnitude=4.7) and 9 March 1937 (total felt area magnitude=4.9). The focal mechanism for the St. Marys earthquake indicates a nearly pure strike-slip motion with one nodal plane approximately parallel to the proposed Anna-Champaign Fault and a nearly horizontal p-axis oriented east-northeast. Although the locations of the 1937 events are not well-determined, reports of maximum intensities for the 1937 events near Anna, Ohio indicate that they occurred in a distinctly different location from the St. Marys earthquake. The seismicity in the Anna Seismogenic Zone indicates that much of the seismic activity is concentrated in a northwest to southeast elongate region, extending from Anna, Ohio northwest past Celina, Ohio. This trend parallels the proposed Anna-Champaign Fault as well as lineaments which can be detected on Landsat images, which suggests that this fault may be controlling the seismic behavior in this region.
Mapping Hydration Dynamics around a β-Barrel Protein

Protein surface hydration is fundamental to its structure, flexibility, dynamics, and function, but it has been challenging to disentangle their ultimate relationships. Here, we report our systematic characterization of hydration dynamics around a β-barrel protein, rat liver fatty acid-binding protein (rLFABP), to reveal the effect of different protein secondary structures on hydration water. We employed a tryptophan scan to the protein surface one at a time and examined a total of 17 different sites. We observed three types of hydration water relaxation with distinct time scales, from hundreds of femtoseconds to a hundred picoseconds. We also examined the anisotropy dynamics of the corresponding tryptophan side chains and observed two distinct relaxations from tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Integrating our previous findings on α-helical proteins, we conclude the following: (1) The hydration dynamics is highly heterogeneous around the protein surface of both α-helical and β-sheet proteins. The outer-lay...
Proportionality and 'Deference' in Contemporary Constitutional Thought

This chapter proposes that proportionality as a mode of legal reasoning is implicated in no fewer than three phases of the decision of ‘hard cases’ of judicial review of statutes. First, at the level of legal ‘substance,’ the jurist faces the situation of contemporary legal thought characterized by the rise of proportionality, institutional competence arguments, and the ‘hermeneutic of suspicion’ that ideology corrupts legal judgment. Second, it is arguably appropriate for the judge to decide whether or not to uphold a statute, in spite of his good faith opinion against it, on the basis of a proportional weighing of the counter-majoritarian difficulty against the bad consequences of deference. Third, the judge may have to decide proportionally whether to present his reasons for striking a statute in their true proportional form or rather to violate his duty of candor by presenting himself as a legal formalist. The judge, inescapably a political actor, is subject to the decisionist ethical calculus of Max Weber’s Politics as a Vocation.
Agroecology in China: Science, Practice, and Sustainable Management, eds. by Luo Shiming and S.R. Gliessman

Eminently titled, this book has a unique focus on agroecology and eco-agriculture in China. As pointed out in Luo’s introductory overview chapter, in China, agroecology is commonly viewed as a scie...
Tuberculosis: Nutritional Management

Nutritional support was the mainstay of tuberculosis (TB) treatment before the advent of anti-TB drugs. Owing to the difficulty of curing patients with antimicrobial drug resistance, there is renewed interest in nutritional support in the management of TB. TB causes anorexia, weight loss, and cachexia. The goal of nutritional interventions is to compensate for the effects of TB on metabolism and to support the increased activity of the immune system. A careful assessment of nutritional status should be performed before assigning a supplementation regimen. Supplementation of multiple micronutrients during treatment has been associated with reduced mortality regardless of HIV status. Owing to its interference with vitamin B6 metabolism, isoniazid should be administered with vitamin B6 supplements.
Academic entrepreneurship: Lessons learned for technology transfer personnel and university administrators

This chapter reviews the burgeoning literature on academic entrepreneurship, including studies of university licensing, patenting, and startup formation. I also attempt to synthesize these results and consider the managerial and policy implications of such trends.
Swimming responses of larval and juvenile freshwater fishes to nearshore and offshore water sources

Dispersal of young fish through wind‐driven currents has a growing research focus in large freshwater lakes; however, the influence of behaviour on such dispersal has not been tested. Fish may orient to different environmental cues and use swimming behaviours to navigate towards or retain their position within important habitats. To examine the ability of larval and juvenile fishes of the Laurentian Great Lakes to perceive and orient to nearshore or offshore habitats, we carried out a series of behavioural trials in a flume in which fish choose between different combinations of nearshore and offshore water, and well water. Water and a natural assemblage of larval and juvenile nearshore fish (Dominant species: white sucker, Catostomus commersonii, and spottail shiners, Notropis hudonius) used in the experiment were collected from northern Lake Michigan near Beaver Island. Results of our study suggest that young fish are capable of distinguishing and responding to different water sources, indicating a potential to orient within their environment, such as through the use of olfactory cues. We did not see a difference in fish response to changing concentrations of water cues, possibly suggesting that the threshold for fish response occurs at lower concentrations than were tested in our experiments. This preliminary study into orientation of Great Lakes fishes demonstrates the capacity of these fish to orient to cues in water sources and indicates the need to consider active movement in future studies of larval dispersal and habitat choice in the large freshwater lakes.
Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Concerning Electrocardiogram in the Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a rare, complex phenotypic variant of the classically taught hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is highly variable in its pathophysiology as well as its clinical course, spanning the spectrum from a healthy asymptomatic lifestyle to sudden cardiac death and severe diastolic dysfunction. The hallmark electrocardiographic findings of unusually large T-wave inversions, in conjunction with the most common presenting symptom being chest pain, makes this disease entity concerning in the emergency department (ED) setting. Case Report A 61-year-old man with a history of hypertension presented to the ED with chest pain. His electrocardiogram exhibited a biphasic T wave in lead V2 with ST depressions in leads V3–V6 with deep symmetrical T-wave inversions in these leads as well. His troponin was negative and the patient was taken for cardiac catheterization. Catheterization revealed no coronary artery disease; however, it revealed a “spade like” filling pattern of the left ventricle, suggestive of an apical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the patient was started on a beta-blocker and discharged with cardiology follow-up. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Electrocardiographic interpretation is a critical skill of the emergency physician. Awareness of the syndrome and its specific electrocardiogram findings may help facilitate further testing that will aid in timely diagnosis and interventions.
Radical Treatment for Localized Disease: An Overview of Options and Strategies for Decision Making

It is a daunting task for a man diagnosed with apparently localized carcinoma of the prostate to become sufficiently educated that he can make an informed decision about the best management approach. Although there are numerous sources of information including books, internet web sites, and support groups, patients often rely to a great extent upon the advice of their physician. It is incumbent upon the physician, then, to provide information which is sufficiently comprehensive that patients can adequately weigh all options yet is devoid of personal agendas or biases. However, this is not easy, even for professionals who devote their careers to the study and treatment of prostate cancer. The remarkable disparity of opinions and recommendations among clinicians with access to the same information and, often, the same treatments contributes to the controversies about prostate cancer management.
Delay-induced low-frequency modulation of the voice during sustained phonation.

An important property of negative feedback systems is the tendency to oscillate when feedback is delayed. This paper evaluated this phenomenon in a sustained phonation task, where subjects prolonged a vowel with 0–600 ms delays in auditory feedback. This resulted in a delay-dependent vocal wow: from 0.4 to 1 Hz fluctuations in fundamental frequency and intensity that increased in period and amplitude as the delay increased. A similar modulation in low-frequency oscillations was not observed in the first two formant frequencies, although some subjects did display increased variability. Results suggest that delayed auditory feedback enhances an existing periodic fluctuation in the voice, with a more complex, possibly indirect, influence on supraglottal articulation. These findings have important implications for understanding how speech may be affected by artificially applied or disease-based delays in sensory feedback.
Type B Interrupted Right Aortic Arch: Diagnostic and Surgical Approaches

Interrupted right aortic arch is a rare congenital cardiovascular anomaly typically associated with other forms of congenital heart disease. We report two cases of interrupted right aortic arch associated with isolated left pulmonary artery and bilateral ductus arteriosus in the first case and with truncus arteriosus in the second case. Computed tomography was complementary to echocardiography in delineating the anatomic details in both cases, informing surgical repair with reconstruction of a left aortic arch in the first case and right arch in the second case.
Laser Treatment of Leg Veins

Damaged venous valves result in varicose or spider vein formation. Commonly, venous obstruction is caused by increased pressure of reverse blood flow within the superficial venous valve or from direct traumatic injury to the vein.
Genetic Variations Linked to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Personalized Medicine Takes a Step Forward

: There are strong associations between candidate genetic polymorphisms associated with intrahepatocyte lipid droplet accumulation and the development of cirrhosis, via a common sequence in which lipid accumulation is followed by chronic inflammatory injury and fibrogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has also been linked to genetic polymorphisms associated with intracellular lipid trafficking, although, as shown in the present study, not all the candidate polymorphisms implicated in fibrogenesis are also tied to HCC. Genetic analysis may identify at-risk persons who would most benefit from modifying life-style factors linked to cirrhosis and HCC, and also persons most likely to benefit from HCC surveillance.
Abstract WP510: Standardizing Stroke Education on the Neuroscience Units for Nursing Orientation

Background: Education regarding the unit’s patient population is an important part of nursing orientation. However, the content and delivery can vary between teachers. In 2016, members of the UAB C...
Reversible CO2 Sequestration by Precipitation from Water via an Organic Sorbent

CO2 capture by chemical methods is highly energy intensive and costly; therefore, more efficient sorbents and more cost-effective technologies are needed. In this issue of Chem, Custelcean and coworkers describe a CO2 sorbent that has several significant advantages over the benchmark sorbent in use today.
Zintl Phases as Reactive Precursors for Synthesis of Novel Silicon and Germanium-Based Materials

Recent experimental and theoretical work has demonstrated significant potential to tune the properties of silicon and germanium by adjusting the mesostructure, nanostructure, and/or crystalline structure of these group 14 elements. Despite the promise to achieve enhanced functionality with these already technologically important elements, a significant challenge lies in the identification of effective synthetic approaches that can access metastable silicon and germanium-based extended solids with a particular crystal structure or specific nano/meso-structured features. In this context, the class of intermetallic compounds known as Zintl phases has provided a platform for discovery of novel silicon and germanium-based materials. This review highlights some of the ways in which silicon and germanium-based Zintl phases have been utilized as precursors in innovative approaches to synthesize new crystalline modifications, nanoparticles, nanosheets, and mesostructured and nanoporous extended solids with properties that can be very different from the ground states of the elements.
A Tiling Approach for Multiple Parallel Routing in Software-Defined

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a form of computer network that simplifies the organization of data communications and provides an adaptive architecture that facilitates the transmission of large amounts of data. Previous researches have introduced different models for improving the centralized design of software-defined networks. However, the concept of multiple parallel routing has not leveraged the recent improvements in SDN. In this paper, we propose a multiple tiling technique that increases the application of parallel routing over the entire network. It aims to divide the network into several tiles such that each tile can independently employ parallel transmission based on its traffic status. Our main objective is to optimize bandwidth consumption and to improve load balancing performance. Our experimental results show that the proposed tiling approach improves the overall load balancing process, improve bandwidth usage, and therefore, reducing the chances of having traffic congestion.
Females and males maintain similar-sized, stable territories between breeding and nonbreeding seasons in a tropical oriole (Icterus icterus)

ABSTRACT Territories provide important breeding and nonbreeding resources for many bird species. Most songbird territory research has been conducted in temperate regions during the breeding season,...