cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of radiologic-pathologic correlation for gallbladder disease in children and young adults with sickle cell disease

The purpose of this study is to describe gallbladder imaging findings in patients with sickle cell disease, and to determine how they correspond with occurrence of complications, need for cholecystectomy, and surgical pathology. This study is IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. Informed consent requirements were waived. We reviewed records of 77 children with sickle cell disease ages 0-18 years at the time of their first gallbladder imaging study. Demographics, hospital courses, and radiologic and pathologic reports were collected. Two pediatric radiologists independently and retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies. Statistical analysis was performed using kappa statistic, chi-squared test, and ANOVA F-test. Continuous variables were described with mean, median, variance, and range. Patients who underwent cholecystectomy (N = 25) were more likely than the patients who did not undergo cholecystectomy (N = 52) to have gallstones or sludge (100 versus 36.5 %, p = <0.0001) or other gallbladder or biliary abnormality (70.8 versus 1.9 %, p = <0.0001). Patients who did not undergo cholecystectomy more frequently had normal-appearing gallbladders and biliary tracts (63.5 versus 0 %, p = <0.0001). Ninety-two percent of patients with cholecystectomy had chronic cholecystitis on pathology, and 96 % had a complication, including chronic cholecystitis and sequelae of biliary obstruction. Young patients with sickle cell disease, cholelithiasis, and any other biliary imaging abnormality will almost certainly require cholecystectomy, and many will experience complications. The most common surgical pathologic diagnosis in this group is chronic cholecystitis, which has a variable radiologic appearance. Our findings support recommendations to perform elective cholecystectomy for children and young adults with sickle cell disease and cholelithiasis or gallbladder sludge.
Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America: Innovations Collected by Policy Type and Target

To construct a list of morality, governance, and regulatory policy innovations, a simple coding procedure was used to classify innovations by policy type. Three graduate student coders familiar with the policy typologies literature were independently asked to identify three types of policies: (a) morality policies – a form of social regulatory policy in which the government practices “the exercise of legal authority to affirm, modify, or replace community values, moral practices, and norms of interpersonal conflict” (Tatalovich and Daynes 1998, xxx); (b) governance policies – a category of regulatory policy that “modifies the behavior of the public sector and government officials” by changing the rules of the political system to “regulate how the state should proceed to govern” (Tolbert 2002, 80); and (c) state regulatory policies , – economic, environmental, and professional regulatory policy innovations in which government uses its coercive authority to shape the behavior of private industry or citizens in order to achieve policy goals. Coders were given a fourth option for policies that did not match any of these criteria. Because policies are often overlapping (involving both regulatory and morality components), coders were instructed to classify policies by their dominant characteristics. Only policies with perfect intercoder agreement were included in the aggregated measure. This method identified 40 regulatory policies, 22 morality policies, and 10 governance policies. These policies are listed in pages that follow.
The use of blood-type tattoos during the Cold War.

Background We have seen a number of individuals who received blood-type tattoos on the left side of the chest as schoolchildren in northwest Indiana during the 1950s. Objective To investigate the history of blood-type tattooing. Methods Historical research was conducted using newspaper and journal articles found in medical libraries, online archives, American Medical Association archives, Chicago Historical Society records, local medical society documents, in addition to personal interviews. Results Blood-type tattoos were used during the Cold War to enable rapid transfusions as part of a "walking blood bank" in case of atomic attack. Nationwide blood-typing programs occurred to inform individuals of their own blood types and to provide local communities with lists of possible donors. The blood-type tattooing program was part of this effort, but community-wide tattooing occurred only in two parts of the United States: Lake County, Indiana, and Cache and Rich counties, Utah. In these communities, during 1951 and 1952, schoolchildren were tattooed to facilitate emergency transfusions. Limitations Events occurred more than 50 years ago, so we relied on original documents and interviews from individuals involved in the program who are still alive. Conclusions The use of blood-type tattoos was short lived, lasting less than a year, and ultimately failed because physicians did not trust tattoos for medical information.
Ultrastructural evidence that motility changes caused by variations in ATP, Mg2+, and ADP correlate to conformational changes in reactivated bull sperm axonemes

We report the results of an ultrastructural study of Triton X-100-extracted, Mg-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-reactivated bull sperm. We utilized a rapid fixation method to look for differences in the flagellar apparatus that correlate to the state of motility of reactivated sperm models. In a companion article, we examined the motility characteristics induced in bull sperm models by varying the concentration ratio of ATP and Mg(2+) and the stabilizing effect of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) on coordinated beating. Based on the results of that report, we selected four dissimilar states that appeared to represent extremes. One reactivation condition produces vigorous motility similar to live sperm, another produces large amplitude, low frequency beating while the remaining two conditions produce small amplitude vibrations of the flagellum with little coordinated beating. Morphometric analysis of transmission electron micrographs of sperm from these four treatment conditions revealed statistically significant differences between the samples in regard to axoneme diameter, inter-microtubule doublet spacing, and outer dense fiber (ODF) spacing. Our results show that Mg(2+) decreases the axoneme diameter and reduces interdoublet spacing, while ATP, uncomplexed with Mg(2+) , had the opposite effect. We also provide supporting evidence that this may be due to Mg(2+) increasing, and ATP decreasing, the interdoublet adhesion of dynein. We also found that 4 mM ADP significantly increases the separation between the ODFs and the space between the ODFs and the central axoneme within the middle piece. We present a hypothetical explanation that is consistent with our results to explain how ATP, ADP, and Mg(2+) act to regulate the beat cycle. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternative video in distance learning environments

Students taking a number of different types of courses can benefit from viewing course content via the computer. Course content can be represented with combinations of multimedia elements including text, color, images and video. Accessing multimedia-enhanced course content via Internet is especially advantageous for distance learning students who do not have face-to-face instruction. When taking distance courses, it can be advantageous for students to see actions on their monitors using one facet of multimedia - video. The viewing of traditional video online is hindered by restraints such as transmission speed and file size. An innovative alternative to instruct students is with the use of computer screen-captured video, which has the ability to provide higher-quality video within lower file-size limits.
Detection and Discrimination of Environmental Change

The sections in this article are: 1 Perceptual Processes 2 Modern Psychophysics 3 Signal-Detection Theory: An Example of Two-Parameter Decision Problems 4 Theory of Signal Detectability 5 Criticisms of Theory of Signal Detectability and Development of Alternative Theories 6 Decision Theory and the Threshold 7 Vigilance and Watch Keeping 8 Perception and Psychophysics 9 Fechner's Problem 10 Magnitude Estimation—Scaling by Introspective Report
Nucleophilic substitution at an acetylenic carbon

Phenylhaloacetylenes are triphilic towards methoxide ion in methanol. With phenylchloroacetylene (1′), methoxide attacks ∼0·2% on chlorine, ∼99% on carbon 1, and ∼1% on carbon 2; with phenylbromoacetylene (1), methoxide attacks ∼5% on bromine, ∼83% on carbon 1, and ∼11% on carbon 2. The first detectable products, phenylacetylene, phenylmethoxyacetylene (2), (E)-β-bromo-β-methoxy- styrene, and (Z)-β-bromo-α-methoxystyrene lie on discrete mechanistic paths and are not interconvertible under the reaction conditions. Comparable amounts of alkynyl and alkenyl ethers are formed by attack on carbon 1. The element effects for attack on halogen, K(Cl)/k(Br) ⋍ 0·4, and on carbon 1, k(Cl)/L(Br) ⋍ 1·6 are consistent with the notion of independent competing processes. Phenylmethoxyacetylene is a short- lived transient; its formation and decay (with methoxide) rate constants at 78° arc k1′2 (Cl) 0·6 × 10−4 * or k12 (Br) 0·5 × 10−4 and Kj 1·7 × 10−3 M−1 sec−1. Previously, the intermediacy of alkoxyacetylenes under analogous conditions has only been surmised. In the course of this work, five of the six bromomethoxystyrenes were prepared and some of their distinctive chemistries, as well as those of the corresponding carbonyl compounds, were worked out (eq 2–4).
Absence of organized lymphoid tissues in the intestine of the freshwater fish, C. commersonii (VET2P.1042)

Microscopic organized lymphoid tissues in the small intestine, such as cryptopatches (CP) and isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF), have been well characterized in the laboratory mouse. Descriptions of these structures have also been reported in rat and human, but the presence or absence of CP and ILF in other animals has not been explored. Given the evolutionary development of the adaptive immune system beginning in jawed fish, we hypothesized that CP and ILF would be present in the intestines of fish. We examined the intestines of 10 wild-caught Catostomus commersonii , a bottom-feeding freshwater fish found in local streams in Western Maryland and throughout the United States. The intestines of these fish were opened longitudinally and arranged in flattened layers for horizontal sectioning. Samples of mouse small intestine were prepared simultaneously as a positive control. After quick-freezing and sectioning, the tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Interestingly, a complete absence of organized lymphoid tissue was noted, suggesting that CP and ILF, in addition to the well-known Peyer’s patches, are limited to higher-order animals and potentially only mammals. Plans to study other fish species, especially carnivorous varieties (since the composition of the intestinal immune system can change in response to diet) are currently underway to further support this finding.
DELINQUENCY AND THE STRUCTURE OF ADOLESCENT PEER GROUPS

Gangs and group-level processes were once central phenomena for criminological theory and research. By the mid-1970s, however, gang research primarily was displaced by studies of individual behavior using randomized self-report surveys, a shift that also removed groups from the theoretical foreground. In this project, we return to the group level to test competing theoretical claims about delinquent group structure. We use network-based clustering methods to identify 897 friendship groups in two ninth-grade cohorts of 27 Pennsylvania and Iowa schools. We then relate group-level measures of delinquency and drinking to network measures of group size, friendship reciprocity, transitivity, structural cohesion, stability, average popularity, and network centrality. We find significant negative correlations between group delinquency and all of our network measures, suggesting that delinquent groups are less solidary and less central to school networks than nondelinquent groups. Additional analyses, on the one hand, reveal that these correlations are explained primarily by other group characteristics, such as gender composition and socioeconomic status. Drinking behaviors, on the other hand, show net positive associations with most of the network measures, suggesting that drinking groups have a higher status and are more internally cohesive than nondrinking groups. Our findings shed light on a long-standing criminological debate by suggesting that any structural differences between delinquent and nondelinquent groups are likely attributable to other characteristics coincidental with delinquency. In contrast, drinking groups seem to provide peer contexts of greater social capital and cohesion.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid as a Required Germinant for Mutant Spores of Bacillus megaterium

Germinated spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 were irradiated with ultraviolet light, and spore-forming survivors were screened for germination requirements. Spore strains which failed to germinate in a variety of defined solutions germinative for spores of the parent strain were obtained. Mutant spores germinated readily in solutions containing yeast extract or one of numerous complex preparations. gamma-Aminobutyric acid, obtained from yeast extract by column chromatography, was shown to be required for germination by the mutant spores. gamma-Aminobutyric acid and l-alanine at final concentrations of 1 mm each, in solutions of KI (40 mm), equaled the potency of yeast extract (1 mg/ml) in the germination of the mutant spores. One of several other amino acids could be substituted, though less effectively, for l-alanine. alpha-Aminobutyric acid, beta-aminobutyric acid, beta-alanine, and 5-aminovaleric acid were ineffective substitutes for gamma-aminobutyric acid in mutant spore germination.
Convergence of an inertial proximal method for l 1 -regularized least-squares

A fast, low-complexity, algorithm for solving the l 1 -regularized least-squares problem is devised and analyzed. Our algorithm, which we call the Inertial Iterative Soft-Thresholding Algorithm (I-ISTA), incorporates inertia into a forward-backward proximal splitting framework. We show that the iterates of I-ISTA converge linearly to a minimum with a better rate of convergence than the well-known Iterative Shrinkage/Soft-Thresholding Algorithm (ISTA) for solving l 1 -regularized least-squares. The improvement in convergence rate over ISTA is significant on ill-conditioned problems and is gained with minor additional computations. We conduct numerical experiments which show that I-ISTA converges more quickly than ISTA and two other computationally comparable algorithms on compressed sensing and deconvolution problems.
Data Collection and Reduction for Nuclear Particle Trace Detectors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance and the impact of the introduction of computer techniques in the use of the nuclear bubble chamber and more recently the spark chamber. The chapter discusses the automatic collection and reduction of data first for bubble chambers and then for spark chambers. It presents those properties of the bubble chamber that have resulted in its immense popularity among high energy experimental physicists. The geometry of a nuclear interaction that has occurred in a bubble chamber may be reconstructed from stereo photographs to a high degree of precision. The detection medium is also the interaction target, therefore the exact point in space where the interaction between beam and target particle occurs may be measured. The vertex of an unstable particle decay that has taken place in the chamber may be similarly reconstructed and measured. It also discusses some other interesting, but not widely used nuclear particle trace-detection schemes.
The initiator protein E1 binds to the bovine papillomavirus origin of replication as a trimeric ring-like structure

The replication initiator protein E1 binds to the origin of replication of bovine papillomavirus in several forms. E1 can bind to its recognition sequence as a monomer together with the viral transcription factor E2, or as a trimeric E1 complex. The trimerization of E1 is mediated by the sequence-specific binding of E1 to DNA, and results in an E1 complex that is linked topologically to the DNA because the three molecules of E1 form a ring-like structure that encircles the DNA. These results demonstrate that E1 utilizes unusual mechanisms for sequence-specific binding to DNA and for the generation of a structure that encircles the DNA. We believe that these forms of E1 bound to the origin of replication represent intermediates in a transition in the function of E1, from a sequence-specific origin of replication recognition protein to a form of E1 that is competent for the initiation of viral DNA replication.
Photon Counting Histogram Statistics

In the macroscopic world fluctuations are typically exceedingly small and beyond the resolution power of most experiments. Only in special circumstances, such as near the critical point of a liquid, do fluctuations become visible to the naked eye. However, the importance of fluctuations increases once the macroscopic world is left behind and one starts to consider mesoscopic or microscopic systems, where fluctuation phenomena are readily observed. Fluctuation spectroscopy exploits this source of information [20.1] and embraces a diverse field of applications [20.2-20.4].
Application of a Passivity Based Control Methodology for Flexible Joint Robots to a Simplified Space Shuttle RMS

A passivity approach for the control design of flexible joint robots is applied to the rate control of a three-link arm modeled after the shoulder yaw joint of the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS). The system model includes friction and elactic joint couplings modeled as nonlinear springs. The basic structure of the proposed controller is the sum of a model-based feedforward and a model-independent feedback. A regulator approach with link state feedback is employed to define the desired motor state. Passivity theory is used to design a motor state-based controller in order to stabilize the error system formed by the feedforward. Simulation results show that greatly improved performance is obtained by using the proposed controller over the existing RMS controller.
An Externally Powered, Multichannel, Implantable Stimulator for Versatile Control of Paralyzed Muscle

Through the use of semicustom integrated circuit technology, an implantable muscle stimulator has been developed. The unit is small, lightweight, has low power consumption, and is intended for permanent usage. The stimulator circuitry is externally controlled and powered by a single encoded radio frequency carrier. Up to eight independently controlled stimulus output channels are provided, with output channel selection, stimulus pulse width, and stimulus pulse frequency under external control. A constant current biphasic stimulus pulse is used, in which the stimulus current amplitude can be preset by a single resistor value. The stimulator circuitry has been implemented in thick film hybrid form, and has undergone laboratory evaluation for 48 months.
Finite element solution for advection and natural convection flows

Abstract A new equal order velocity—pressure finite element procedure is presented for the calculation of 2-D viscous, incompressible flows of a recirculating nature. As in the finite difference procedures, velocity and pressure e uncoupled and the equations are solved one after the other. In this splitting-up method, an auxilary velocity field is computed first, which accounts for all contributions to the acceleration, except pressure, and satisfies the velocity boundary conditions. Then, the final velocities are evaluated by adding to the auxilary velocities pressure contributions which are computed to satisfy the continuity equation. The effectiveness is illustrated via example problems of 2-D advection and natural convection flows.
Cancer Survivorship: Challenges and Changing Paradigms

Purpose: We summarize the potential issues faced by cancer survivors, define a conceptual framework for cancer survivorship, describe challenges associated with improving the quality of survivorship care and outline proposed survivorship programs that may be implemented going forward.Materials and Methods: We performed a nonsystematic review of current cancer survivorship literature. Given the comprehensive scope and high profile, the recent report by the Institute of Medicine, From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition, served as the principal guide for the review.Results: In recognition of the increasing number of cancer survivors in the United States survivorship has become an important health care concern. The recent report by the Institute of Medicine comprehensively outlined deficits in the care provided to cancer survivors, and proposed mechanisms to improve the coordination and quality of followup care for this increasing number of Americans. Measures to achieve these objectives in...
The MicroRNA miR-181 Is a Critical Cellular Metabolic Rheostat Essential for NKT Cell Ontogenesis and Lymphocyte Development and Homeostasis

Regulation of metabolic pathways in the immune system provides a mechanism to actively control cellular function, growth, proliferation, and survival. Here, we report that miR-181 is a nonredundant determinant of cellular metabolism and is essential for supporting the biosynthetic demands of early NKT cell development. As a result, miR-181-deficient mice showed a complete absence of mature NKT cells in the thymus and periphery. Mechanistically, miR-181 modulated expression of the phosphatase PTEN to control PI3K signaling, which was a primary stimulus for anabolic metabolism in immune cells. Thus miR-181-deficient mice also showed severe defects in lymphoid development and T cell homeostasis associated with impaired PI3K signaling. These results uncover miR-181 as essential for NKT cell development and establish this family of miRNAs as central regulators of PI3K signaling and global metabolic fitness during development and homeostasis.
Using optical imaging summary data to detect glaucoma.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between early to moderate glaucomatous and normal eyes using summary data reports from the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer (GDx), and the Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT). Design Comparative cross-sectional study Participants One eye each of 50 normal subjects and 39 glaucoma patients with early to moderate visual field damage (mean deviation, −5.04 ± 3.32 dB; range, −0.85 to −13.2 dB). Methods Three experienced graders masked to patient identity and diagnosis evaluated each summary data report from the HRT, GDx, and OCT independently. Main outcome measures Each summary report was classified as either normal or glaucomatous. Sensitivity and specificity are reported for each grader, and agreement between graders is reported. Results For the HRT, sensitivity and specificity ranged from 64% to 75% and 68% to 80%, respectively. Agreement (κ ± standard error [SE]) between observers one and two, two and three, and one and three was 0.73 ± 0.07, 0.77 ± 0.07, and 0.67 ± 0.08, respectively. For the GDx, sensitivity and specificity ranged from 72% to 82% and 56% to 82%, respectively. Agreement (κ ± SE) between observers one and two, two and three, and one and three was 0.66 ± 0.08, 0.66 ± 0.08, and 0.50 ± 0.09, respectively. For the OCT, sensitivity and specificity ranged from 76% to 79% and 68% to 81%, respectively. Agreement (κ ± SE) between observers one and two, two and three, and one and three was 0.73 ± 0.07, 0.58 ± 0.08, and 0.51 ± 0.09, respectively. Conclusions When used alone, HRT, GDx, and OCT summary data reports can differentiate between normal and glaucomatous eyes with mild to moderate visual field loss. However, none of the instruments provided sensitivity and specificity that justify summary data reports being used as a screening tool for early to moderate glaucoma.
The inescapable need for fractal tools in finance

This short paper advances and defends a strong statement concerning financial modeling. It argues that, even when the present fractal models become superseded, fractal tools are bound to remain central to finance. The reasons are that the main feature of price records is roughness and that the proper language of the theory of roughness in nature and culture is fractal geometry.
Understanding the reasons for delayed referral for intrathecal baclofen therapy in pediatric patients with severe spasticity.

Intrathecal baclofen therapy (ITB) has been used in the treatment of spasticity and dystonia. In our pediatric movement disorder clinic, we noted a delay in referral of patients for consideration of ITB. Often, only after years of failed medical therapy, a baclofen pump is considered. This study attempts to investigate the prevalence, length and causes of the delay. A retrospective, outcome analysis was performed. We conducted a survey of 30 pediatric patients who received baclofen pumps between the ages of 5 and 23. Patients were divided into two groups (before and after ITB approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1996) (FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 2014; Ridley and Rawlins, J Neurosci Nurs 38:72–82, 2006; Medical Advisory Secretariat, Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 5:1–93, 2005). Information was collected regarding their onset of spasticity, attempted treatments, pump referral, satisfaction, and resulting change in the quality of life. There was a delay in referral in most cases investigated. Average time to baclofen pump implantation, after initial onset of spasticity, was 5.14 years (group A) and 11.7 years (group B). Out of the subjects who reported diminished effects or no effect of pharmacological treatment, 93 % of these respondents reported that ITB had a dramatic long-lasting effect on their spasticity. Of 30 patients, 28 reported effectiveness of ITB, and 26 of 30 subjects reported an improved quality and ease of life. Despite the limitations of this subjective retrospective analysis of outcomes and delay in referral, the opinions of the parents and caregivers should be considered. Earlier referral for ITB therapy may better treat severe spasticity in pediatric patients.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGENY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE TREATED Clostridium botulinum TYPE 62A SPORES

SUMMARY– Spores of Clostridium botulinum Type 62A were exposed to a mixture of 12% ethylene oxide (ETO) and 88% dichlorodifluoromethane to determine if the ETO resistance, toxin producing ability and spore producing ability would be retained in progeny of successive generations exposed to ETO. D values for the spores exposed to 700 mg per liter of ETO, at 40°C and 47% relative humidity, showed that there was no significant difference in ETO resistance through four successive generations of survivors. Toxin producing ability of the various generations was shown to be qualitatively similar by injecting mice intraperitoneally with culture supernatants. Microscopic examination of the different generations revealed no difference in rate or extent of spore production. Therefore, according to these criteria, there appeared to be no adaptations or mutations caused by four ETO exposures.
Manova double linear hypothesis with double linear restrictions

Given the usual normal multivariate linear regression model Y = BX + E, with B subjected to double linear restrictions GBF' = T, a likelihood ratio test criterion for testing the composite linear null hypothesis HBJ' = U; G, F, T, H, J, U specified, is provided. The applications of such tests are discussed by Timm (1980).
Immunohistochemical techniques to compare primary vs. metastatic mucinous carcinoma of the skin

Background: Primary and metastatic mucinous carcinomas in skin are histologically indistinguishable. Immunohistochemical panels help differentiate primary and metastatic adenocarcinoma of skin, but data regarding mucinous carcinoma is scant. Methods: We stained five primary mucinous carcinomas, two mucinous carcinomas metastatic to skin and five primary breast and colon mucinous carcinomas with p63, CD15, CK5/6, CK7, CK20, calponin and D2-40 to identify patterns that might differentiate primary from metastatic disease. We also searched for myoepithelial cells in all cases. Results: All cases of primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin were positive for CK7, 40% showed rare cells labeled for p63 and 20% of cases labeled focally for CK5/6. The breast mucinous carcinomas metastatic to the skin were negative for all markers except CK7, although 60% of primary breast carcinomas labeled for p63. Colon mucinous carcinoma labeled only for CK20. Conclusions: In a small subset of mucinous carcinomas (20% in this series), positive labeling for CK5/6 indicated primary cutaneous tumor. Staining with p63 also favored primary over metastatic disease. Myoepithelial cell layers were not consistently identified to enable the identification of primary disease. Levy G, Finkelstein A, McNiff JM. Immunohistochemical techniques to compare primary vs. metastatic mucinous carcinoma of the skin
A New Instrumental Theory of Rights

My goal in this paper is to advance a long-standing debate about the nature of moral rights. The debate focuses on the questions: In virtue of what do persons possess moral rights? What could explain the fact that they possess moral rights? The predominant sides in this debate are the status theory and the instrumental theory. I aim to develop and defend a new instrumental theory. I take as my point of departure the influential view of Joseph Raz, which for all its virtues is unable to meet the challenge to the instrumentalist that I will address: the problem of justifying the enforcement of rights. I then offer a new instrumental theory in which duties are grounded on individuals’ interests, and individuals rights exist in virtue of the duties owed to them. I argue that my theory enables the instrumentalist to give the right sort of justification for enforcing rights.
Flexible use of semantic constraints in speech recognition

A novel recursive transition network speech decoder designed for robust processing of spontaneous spoken input is described. Two levels of stochastic language models are used in the recognition search as well as the rule-based network constraints. The authors describe the basic decoder and system architecture and evaluate the system against a loosely coupled system on spontaneous spoken dialogues from the DARPA Air Travel Information System (ATIS) task. >
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in the Fanconi Syndrome

ABSTRACT Calcium and phosphorus balance studies were performed in a child with hypophosphatemic rickets secondary to the Fanconi syndrome. Evidence was obtained of a normal capacity for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. The data indicated that an increased renal clearance of phosphate with resultant hypophosphatemia was the major determinant in the failure of normal bone formation. This tubular abnormality was corrected by administration of large amounts of vitamin D, but was not influenced by acute hypercalcemia, pointing to a primary tubular defect in reabsorption of phosphorus. Renal excretion of calcium was unrelated to intestinal calcium absorption and was increased despite the presence of alkalosis. The close correlation found between rates of urinary excretion of calcium and sodium suggested a mechanism for the variation in calcium excretion reported in this syndrome.
Modeling martensitic phase transformations in shape memory alloys with the self-consistent lattice dynamics approach

Abstract The unusual properties of shape memory alloys (SMAs) are due to solid-to-solid martensitic transformations (MTs) which correspond to a lattice level instability of the crystal structure. Currently, there exists a shortage of material models of MTs based on the material's atomic composition and crystal structure. The present work develops a model using first-order self-consistent lattice dynamics (SCLD) that captures the qualitative behavior of MTs. The effects of atomic vibrations on the material properties are captured by renormalizing the frequencies of atomic vibration using self-consistent equations. These renormalized frequencies are dependent on both configuration and temperature. The model is easily extended to three-dimensional problems. The model is illustrated for the case of a one dimensional bi-atomic chain. The constant Morse pair potential parameters are chosen to demonstrate the usefulness of the SCLD model. The resulting model is evaluated by generating equilibrium paths with temperature and mechanical load as the loading parameters. In both types of loading, a first-order entropically stabilized MT is predicted indicating that the current model is able to capture the first-order MTs that occur in SMAs. This qualitative prediction of a first-order MT indicates the likely-hood that the SCLD model can be used for the computational design and discovery of SMAs with better properties. Such an undertaking would involve, first, determining the potential parameters of new alloys from first-principles calculations and, second, using these parameter values with the SCLD to evaluate the shape memory behavior of the new previously unstudied materials.
Absence or Singular Specificity of Carotenoids in Some Lower Fishes

No colored carotenoids were recovered from the scales or liver of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, or from skin, immature eggs, or liver of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii. Zeaxanthin, present as esters in the skin and largely unesterified in the liver, was the only carotenoid identified in the thornback ray, Platyrhinoidis triseriata, and in the horned shark, Heterodontus francisci, whereas the skin of the Pacific mako shark, Isurus glaucus, yielded no carotenoids.
Complications After Arthroscopic Revision Rotator Cuff Repair

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the complication rate of arthroscopic revision rotator cuff repair (ARRCR). Methods The retrospective review included 94 patients who underwent ARRCR performed by the 2 senior authors between January 2000 and June 2009 (mean age, 52 years; age range, 44 to 72 years). Sixty-four patients underwent 1 revision rotator cuff repair, 23 patients underwent 2 revisions, and 7 patients underwent 3 or more revisions. The rotator cuff tear at the time of the revision was characterized as massive (>5 cm) in 51 patients (54%), large (>3 to 5 cm) in 14 patients (15%), medium (1 to 3 cm) in 17 patients (18%), and small ( Results Complications developed in 19 patients (20.2%) within 1 year of undergoing ARRCR. The complications included failure to heal (10.6%, n = 10), stiffness (7.4%, n = 7), infection (2.1%, n = 2), and nerve injury (1.1%, n = 1). A direct correlation was found between the complication rate and the number of revision surgeries: 14% after 1 revision, 17.4% after 2 revisions, 33% after 3 revisions, and 50% after 4 or more revisions. The minimum follow-up of all the patients in this study was 1 year. We continued to follow up every patient who was diagnosed with complications during this year until resolution of the complication, or we are still continuing to perform follow-up of these patients. Conclusions The complication rate after ARRCR is about twice the published rate for primary rotator cuff repair. There is a direct correlation between the complication rate and the number of revision surgeries. The most common complication recognized was failure to heal because of poor tissue quality. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Atrial‐Based Pacing for Sinus Node Dysfunction in Dogs: Initial Results

Background An important consideration for the treatment of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) lies in the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node because most patients with SSS retain the ability to conduct atrial impulses. Hypothesis/Objectives This retrospective study examined the feasibility of atrial pacing (AAI) in dogs with sinus node dysfunction (SND). Animals Sixteen dogs with SND and AAI pacing were identified. Methods Retrospective review of medical records. Results Follow-up time ranged from 45 to 1,227 days (mean: 292 days). Only 1 dog developed AV block 3 days postoperatively. Complete lead dislodgment occurred in 3/16 dogs 1, 19, and 27 days postoperatively. Lead perforation into the pericardial space occurred in 2/16 dogs. Rising thresholds for pacing with possible lead microdislodgment or fibrosis were suspected in another 3/16 dogs 57, 192, and 1,016 days after implantation. None of these dogs had complete loss of capture but all required higher thresholds for pacing. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on this small group of dogs, clinically important AV block does not appear to occur in the long-term for dogs with SND. Risks of lead perforation, complete dislodgment, and rising thresholds for pacing, possibly because of microdislodgment, may be related to the initial skill level of the operator or the leads that were used. Use of leads with reduced torque at the lead tip, higher flexibility, increased lead-tip surface of contact with the endocardium or, more likely, use of alternate locations for pacing in the small right atrium of dogs with SND may decrease the frequency of these complications.
A liquid lens-based broadband variable fiber optical attenuator

Abstract To the best of our knowledge, proposed is the first variable fiber optical attenuator (VFOA) using an electronically controlled variable focus liquid lens. The approach uses the changes in the radius of curvature of the liquid lens edge to enable an electronically controlled optical wedge that produces a varying beam tilt angle. In effect, changing beam tilt within a single mode fiber (SMF) lens free space coupling assembly leads to a polarization independent broadband VFOA design. The demonstrated VFOA experiment shows broadband operation over the 1530–1560 nm C-Band with a 40 dB dynamic range,
Delayed recall of childhood sexual abuse: Psychiatric nursing's responsibilities to clients

In no other area of psychiatric care is such suspicion being cast on clients as in the area of delayed recall of childhood sexual abuse. Adult survivors of childhood abuse are encountered in nursing contexts of all kinds. Psychiatric nurses should be the ones that other nurses and members of the public can look to for guidance and clinical wisdom about dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse. It is incumbent on psychiatric nurses, especially those who publish about clinical issues, to provide the most accurate and complete available knowledge, to prioritize clients' needs, and to recommend care that meets the highest standards.
Computer networks in Japan

This report is an introduction to computer network systems which are currently being planned or implemented in Japan. Stimulated by the ARPA Network, computer communication networks are becoming more popular and as a result, many network systems are being studied and will be established. Some of the typical systems are introduced and explained in this report with special reference to system configurations, communications and network usages.
On the loss of 40Ar∗ from muscovite during polymetamorphism

Abstract Recent laser studies have documented 40Ar concentration gradients in micas that correspond to age variations of tens to hundreds of millions of years. A fundamental problem to interpretation of such variations is to evaluate whether they represent loss via lattice diffusion or, alternatively, loss during chemical reactions and deformation. New data of this study and comparisons with previous work suggest that muscovite is far less prone to lose accumulated 40Ar via lattice diffusion during overprinting events than has been inferred previously. Kyanite-muscovite assemblages in Proterozoic schist along the eastern flank of the Green Mountain massif, central Vermont Appalachians, formed during Proterozoic metamorphism at ca. 1.1 Ga and were remetamorphosed in the greenschist facies during both Taconian (ca. 465 Ma) and Acadian (ca. 390 Ma) events. The overprinting events resulted in deformation of earlier kyanite and muscovite, growth of chemically and isotopically distinct rims on earlier muscovite, and growth of neoblastic muscovite and chloritoid, with each event at inferred minimum temperatures of ca. 425°C. Laser spot analyses of the Grenville muscovite range from 988 ± 11 Ma in the centers of porphyroclasts to 397 ± 7 Ma along rims. Ages younger than 750 Ma occur only on the deformed edges of porphyroclasts and in highly deformed areas within crystals. Parts of early-formed muscovite that escaped late deformation and chemical reaction seem remarkably retentive of accumulated 40Ar; laser spot analyses along the outer 100 μm of an undeformed growth face yield ages close to the timing of Proterozoic metamorphism and cooling. The present study suggests episodic heating events are ineffective for producing measurable, diffusive argon loss along the edges of large muscovite crystals (ca. 1 mm in diameter), particularly in comparison with deformation and reaction mechanisms, and are unlikely to result in complete 40 Ar 39 Ar age resetting of such crystals. The results of this study further emphasize that the argon diffusivity in muscovite is lower than commonly considered in previous work.
IL-18 is linked to raised IFN-γ in multiple sclerosis and is induced by activated CD4+ T cells via CD40-CD40 ligand interactions

We investigated T cell receptor induced IL-18 secretion, the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the induction of IL-18 and the role of IL-18 in IFN-gamma production in the different stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). We found that anti-CD3/CD28 induced IL-18 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was increased in both relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS. In controls and relapsing-remitting MS neutralizing anti-IL-12 and anti-IL-18 alone equally suppressed IFN-gamma production whereas in progressive MS, maximum suppression of IFN-gamma was only observed when neutralizing anti-IL-12 and anti-IL-18 were given together, suggesting that in progressive MS, IL-12 and IL-18 function in a non-linked manner to induce IFN-gamma. Elevated IL-18 production in MS was dependent on the interaction of antigen presenting cells with activated CD4(+) T cells via CD40-CD40 ligand and the levels of IL-18 correlated with disease duration in secondary progressive MS. These results demonstrated that IL-18 has an important role in augmenting Th-1 type immune responses in MS and may be involved in immune changes that occur when patients enter the progressive stage.
Components of the nasal examination.

Background: Along with patient history, the physical examination is the key component for any patient encounter. Determining what should be included in the nasal examination is critical. Practicing evidenced-based medicine calls for an integration of the clinical/surgical expertise of the provider, the individual patient's needs and preferences, and the application of the current best medical knowledge found in the literature, so the results of a survey on current practices can help physicians place their own practice in context. Objective: The author presents the results of a survey on current practices in nasal examination and gives an evidence-based review of those practices. Methods: The attendees of the 2011 Rhinoplasty Society meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning components of the nasal examination in functional cases. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 49 of 60 attendees. Results showed that anterior rhinoscopy is routinely part of the exam to assess for nasal function. The majority of respondents use a patient questionnaire to assess function, followed in decreasing frequency by response to decongestant spray to confirm evidence of turbinate hypertrophy, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography scan, rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, Cottle maneuver, and response to nasal strips to assess for internal and/or external nasal valve compromise. Conclusions: The results of this physician survey and literature review supports the inclusion of anterior rhinoscopy, patient questionnaire, endoscopy, decongestant spray rhinomanometry, and nasal strips as important components of a nasal examination.
Quantitation of geometric isomers of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor in rat and monkey plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Quantitation of geometric isomers of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor was required to determine the extent of interconversion following dosing of a single isomer in preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. Assays were developed for the simultaneous determination of Compound A (Fig. 1), 6-[1-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl-8(3-{( E )-2-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)quinoline] and its geometric Z -isomer, Compound B, in plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Sample clean-up was performed using a semi-automated liquid–liquid extraction procedure. Separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Synergi MAX-RP column. The method was validated in the linear range of 2–2000 ng/mL for Compound A and 0.5–500 ng/mL for Compound B in plasma and successfully applied to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. Compound A was dosed in rats and Compound B in monkeys and the degree of conversion was determined by comparing the area under the curve. The relative amount of conversion was less than 1 and 10% in rats and monkeys, respectively. Because of the small amount of conversion and minor peak tailing of the dosed geometric isomer, the order of elution of the two analytes was important in order to achieve best quantitative results. The minor component needs to elute first; thus, a second assay was developed in which the order of elution was reversed. This was achieved by changing the mobile phase modifier.
The Science and Art of Grand Rond de Jambe en l'air: Applications to Teaching and Performance

Abstract Recommendations for the teaching and performance of grand rond de jambe en l'air are presented. Incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data, information generated from biomechanic analysis is balanced with observation of the testing and questionnaire and interview data. The voices of the participants in the research contribute to an understanding of what is understood about grand rond de jambe en l'air as well as the dancers' perceptions of their performance in class and in the testing environment. The scientifc and artistic perspectives offer unique information regarding grand rond de jambe en l'air. Quantitative and qualitative research regarding the performance of grand rond de jambe en l'air are presented together to identify the “science and art” of this complex movement. Information is provided that impacts both teaching and learning. Beginning with a review of literature regarding the performance of the movement, introducing the results from three biomechanic studies, and includin...