cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-compact 3-manifolds and the missing-boundary problem

WE ARE concerned with the problem of determining when a non-compact 3-manifold M is homeomorphic to N L where N is a compact 3-manifold and L is a closed set in the boundary dN. We will call such a manifold a missing-boundary manifold. Note that we do not demand that L be a subcomplex of dN. Thus S’ x (D K) is a missing-boundary manifold where K is a Cantor set in the boundary of a 2-disk D and S’ is the l-sphere. Similarly R’ x [0, 1) K is a missing-boundary manifold where K is the grid of lines {(x, y, 0), x or y is an integer}. (Here N is a 3-cell B and Lis the one-point compactification of K in 8s.) Previous authors have considered this problem when L is a sub-complex of N-that is, when M has a finite number of ends and a finite number of boundary components. Siebenmann gives a solution to the problem in dimensions greater than five in his thesis [l I]. Husch and Price give similar results for 3-manifolds [7]. Both of these papers involve, in addition to various finiteness conditions on M, an algebraic hypothesis (the property of being essentially constant at an end) on the inverse system of fundamental groups determined by a neighborhood system near infinity. This condition is closely related to the proper homotopy type of M (see [2] and [15]).
Lateral Ankle Ligament Injuries in Athletes: Diagnosis and Treatment

Nonsurgical management is preferred in most ankle sprains, even in the athletic population. However, patients presenting with chronic lateral ankle instability refractory to an appropriate bracing and rehabilitation program may benefit from lateral ligament reconstruction. Recognition and management of other associated injuries or conditions is critical to a successful outcome. We present 2 surgical techniques for reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments in athletes. The periosteal flap augmentation of the modified Brostrom reconstruction should be considered for primary cases. Patients who have failed prior surgical reconstruction or have a systemic condition resulting in generalized ligamentous laxity may require further surgical augmentation with an anatomical allograft ligament reconstruction technique.
Alcohol beverage control, privatization and the geographic distribution of alcohol outlets

With Pennsylvania currently considering a move away from an Alcohol Beverage Control state to a privatized alcohol distribution system, this study uses a spatial analytical approach to examine potential impacts of privatization on the number and spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in the city of Philadelphia over a long time horizon. A suite of geospatial data were acquired for Philadelphia, including 1,964 alcohol outlet locations, 569,928 land parcels, and school, church, hospital, park and playground locations. These data were used as inputs for exploratory spatial analysis to estimate the expected number of outlets that would eventually operate in Philadelphia. Constraints included proximity restrictions (based on current ordinances regulating outlet distribution) of at least 200 feet between alcohol outlets and at least 300 feet between outlets and schools, churches, hospitals, parks and playgrounds. Findings suggest that current state policies on alcohol outlet distributions in Philadelphia are loosely enforced, with many areas exhibiting extremely high spatial densities of outlets that violate existing proximity restrictions. The spatial model indicates that an additional 1,115 outlets could open in Philadelphia if privatization was to occur and current proximity ordinances were maintained. The study reveals that spatial analytical approaches can function as an excellent tool for contingency-based “what-if” analysis, providing an objective snapshot of potential policy outcomes prior to implementation. In this case, the likely outcome is a tremendous increase in alcohol outlets in Philadelphia, with concomitant negative health, crime and quality of life outcomes that accompany such an increase.
Gender differences in the vocational satisfaction of physician assistants.

Objective The purpose of this study is to analyze vocational satisfaction differences by gender as a follow-up of data gathered from a mailed survey study on American physician assistant vocational satisfaction. Methods This is an analysis of a database from an original piloted, validated survey with a response rate of 50% from 2,323 labels from the 2003 AAPA's mailing list (n = 1,137). The survey measured vocational satisfaction in terms of career, job, and specialty choice on a forced-choice 6-point Likert-type scale. A qualitative analysis of answers to open-ended questions addressing career satisfiers and dissatisfiers was also conducted. Results PAs were shown to be highly satisfied with their careers, specialty choices, and jobs. Trends for male PAs showed that they were more satisfied with their careers, specialty choices, and jobs (6-point Likert scale) but female PAs were more likely to refer others into the PA profession than their male counterparts (4-point Likert scale). Statistically significant differences via 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U tests were shown for job satisfaction (P = .02, male Likert mean 3.92 vs. female 3.78) and the likelihood to refer others into the profession (P = .04, female Likert mean 3.43 vs. male 3.33). Twenty-one factors for vocational satisfaction and 29 for dissatisfaction were qualitatively analyzed by gender. The top three satisfiers of helping others, patient interaction, and intellectual challenge were the same by rank regardless of gender. Similarly, the top three dissatisfiers were the same but in reverse order for female and male PAs: (lack of) respect, compensation, and other, for females; and other, compensation, and respect, for males. Conclusions This study demonstrated very similar vocational satisfaction measures for female PAs and male PAs via quantitative and qualitative methods with the noteworthy exception that male PAs were statistically more satisfied with their jobs while female PAs were statistically more likely to refer others into the career. These differences, while statistically significant, may be of no practical significance and need to be further studied.
Failure to detect luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-like bioactivity in fluid of preovulatory ovine follicles

Abstract To determine if a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)-like substance accumulates in fluid of follicles destined to ovulate, we obtained the fluid component of preovulatory ovine follicles at various times before, during, and after the endogenous surge in pituitary secretion of LH. The fraction of follicular fluid suspected of containing LH-RH was isolated by reverse-phase column chromatography. Luteinizing hormone releasing activity of the preparation was ascertained using an anterior pituitary cell bioassay of high sensitivity. In no instance was activity of a peptide similar to LH-RH revealed in fluid obtained from preovulatory follicles of ewes.
Service Innovation in Organizational Contexts: An Agent-Oriented Methodology

Service innovation is critical to today's businesses. Unfortunately, the formulation and development of innovative service concepts have been impeded by the "semantic gap" between abstract business strategies and specific organizational and informational structures. To address this challenge, this paper explores the intersecting territories of service innovation, strategic management, and agent-oriented organization modeling, and proposes an integrated methodology that can systematically guide the creation and concretization of new service strategy into agent- and service-oriented specifications. This methodology is illustrated with a real-life based case study, and evaluated with a small behavioral experiment
Ontogeny of maternal behavior and brood pheromone in crayfish

Third stage crayfish were maze tested to determine their preference for paired stimulus solutions of females in various breeding stages and of males. Formerly unattractive female crayfish begin to produce a brooding attractant when they deposit eggs (Fig. 1). The attractant become maximally effective when the eggs hatch (Fig. 2). Behavioral changes occur as larvae develop into the fourth stage and result in both a reduced larval attraction to any mother's stimulus (Figs. 3, 4) and a tendency to become solitary. At the same time the mother's attractant becomes less potent (Fig. 5). The mother receives feedback from her developing brood which maintains her behavior and attractive stimulus (Fig. 8). In the absence of this feedback, the mother's behavior changes to include larval predation in some species (Fig. 4, 6, 7) and her stimulus is no longer attractive (Figs. 8, 9).
Four forms of human pancreatic procarboxypeptidase a demonstrated by isoelectric focusing

Abstract Four forms of procarboxypeptidase A (peptidyl- l -amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.2.1) were found in human pancreatic juice obtained from 22 specimens from 9 patients by isoelectric focusing using Ampholine carrier ampholyte pH 5–8 formed in a thin layer of polyacrylamide gel. The isoelectric points of these procarboxypeptidases A were A 1 , 6.72; A 2 , 6.56; A 3 , 6.37; and A 4 , 6.22. A 1 , A 2 and A 4 were converted to A 3 after 18 h incubation at 4° with bovine trypsin.
Immunocytochemical evidence for substance P and serotonin input to medullary bulbospinal adrenergic neurons.

Using two-color immunoperoxidase staining combined with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the rostral thoracic spinal cord, substance P-immunoreactive (SPI) and serotonin-immunoreactive (5HTI) variocosities have been observed in contiguity with medullary bulbospinal phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase-immunoreactive (PNMTI) neurons of the C1, C2, and C3 cell groups. Since PNMTI terminals in the spinal cord are concentrated among sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPGN) in the intermediolateral cell column, the close anatomical associations shown in the present study indicate that substance P- and serotonin-containing pathways in the medulla likely affect activity of SPGN via adrenergic bulbospinal neurons.
Mathematical modeling of the formation and transport of ammonium nitrate aerosol

A mathematical model describing the transport and formation of aerosol NH_4NO_3 is presented. Based on a vertically resolved Lagrangian trajectory formulation incorporating gas phase kinetics, NH_4NO_3 concentrations are computed at thermodynamic equilibrium with precursor HNO_3 vapor and NH_3 concentrations. Sensitivity analysis shows that NH_4NO_3 concentration predictions are strongly influenced by ambient temperature and NH_3 levels. A brief description of the NH_3 emissions inventory used in this study is included to indicate the important sources. The model was tested by comparison to ambient NH_3, NH_4+ and NO_3− concentrations measured at El Monte, California during June 1974. Model results compare favorably with the ambient measurements and are used to explain trends in those measurements. An early morning nitrate peak develops as HNO_3 produced soon after sunrise reacts with NH_3 accumulated overnight. A second peak in nitrate concentration is predicted and observed at El Monte later in the day. Potential applications of this model to control strategy decisions and to study the fate of NO_x are discussed.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cardiometabolic Disorders

When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is disrupted, an adaptive signaling pathway, called the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to help ER cope with the stress. The UPR is an important signal transduction pathway, crucial for the survival and function of all cells. Recently, there has been a substantial progress made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of physiological UPR regulation and its role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including metabolic diseases. Studies using mouse models lacking or overexpressing the factors involved in ER stress signaling as well as work performed on humans have revealed the contribution of UPR to disease progression. This review focuses on the regulation of UPR signaling and its relevance in pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
Some electrical circuit properties of the organ of Corti. II. Analysis including reactive elements.

The simplified network model of the organ of Corti-hair cell complex that was studied in previous publications (Dallos, P. (1983): In: Hearing - Physiological Bases and Biophysics, pp. 32-37, editors: R. Klinke and R. Hartmann; Dallos, P. (1983): Hearing Res. 12, 89-119) is extended to include the capacitive reactances of hair cell 12, 89-119) is extended to include the capacitive reactances of hair cell membranes. With the assumption that the circuit is parametrically excited by resistance changes of the apical hair cell membrane, intracellular responses for outer (eO) and inner (eI) hair cells and the organ of Corti potential (eOC) are computed for the linear case. In order that frequency-dependent effects be primarily determined by the network properties of the system, the eO/eOC and eI/eOC ratios are considered. The amplitude and phase dependence of these computed functions is compared to corresponding experimental results from the third turn of the guinea pig's cochlea. The eO/eOC function is predicted to be a simple low-pass filter whose cutoff frequency (1250 Hz) is determined by the parallel resistance-capacitance circuit of the cell's baso-lateral membrane. This circuit prediction is in excellent agreement with the data. The eI/eOC function is again derived as a low-pass filter. The cutoff frequency is obtained as 472 Hz, which corresponds to an RC membrane time constant of 0.34 ms. Experimental data are widely divergent from this predicted pattern. In order to bring the theoretical and experimental results in agreement, two steps are necessary. First, a differentiation (i.e., multiplication by j omega) needs to be included in the input to inner hair cells to account for their velocity dependence [4,10]. Second, an underdamped complex pole, located above the cell's best frequency must be introduced. The velocity dependence and the resonance represented by the underdamped pole-pair indicate that the electrical response pattern of inner hair cells is more complex than that of outer hair cells.
Epidydimo-orchitis and anorectal malformations: when and in whom?

Epididymo-orchitis (EO) is infrequently reported in anorectal malformation (ARM) cases. Therefore, it is difficult to assess its risk factors. A total of 110 male patients who were operated on for ARM at the same Institution over a period of 13 years were contacted. Association was assessed between EO and the following: spinal dysraphism (SD), symptomatic VUR (VUR), and bowel management (BM) requiring enemas. The data were analyzed with the Chi-square test. A total of 89 patients were contacted. Ten cases of EO were found, and all occurred in patients with recto-urethral (RU) fistula after reconstruction. The patients’ age at first episode ranged between 4 and 11 years. RU fistula patients experiencing EO (Group A, 10 patients) were compared with those without EO (Group B, 33 patients). VUR occurred in 9/10 cases in Group A and in 13/33 cases in group B (Chi-square 7.8658, p = 0.005038). SD was present in 4/10 cases in group A and in 13/33 cases in Group B (Chi-square 0.0434, p = 0.83491). A total of 8/10 cases in Group A and 12/33 cases in Group B were on BM (Chi-square 5.87, p = 0.0015). EO occurs in approximately in 20 % of male cases with ARM, and recto-urinary communication and should be considered the primary diagnosis in the presence of testicular pain. This could avoid unnecessary surgical exploration, and the family should be counseled about this subject
Trace organic contaminants in drinking water; their concentration by reverse osmosis

Abstract The reverse osmosis concentration of organic compounds in water has been investigated. Reverse osmosis studies to determine the validity of a solubility-diffusion hypothesis proposed by Klein and Smith for predicting the rejection of organic compounds by 2.5 cellulose acetate membranes were undertaken using pentaerythritol, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether, urea, triethylene glycol, dipropylamine, chlorobenzene, propylbenzene, and benzonitrile as model solutes. Organic contaminants in Cincinnati drinking water were concentrated by a reverse osmosis/lyophilization method and identified by GC/MS.
Systemic Sclerosis after Augmentation Mammoplasty with Silicone Implants

We describe four women who presented with systemic sclerosis several years after cosmetic augmentation mammoplasty with silicone-gel implants. The interval between implantation mammoplasty and the onset of systemic sclerosis ranged from 6 to 15 years. All patients fulfilled the criteria established by the American Rheumatism Association for systemic sclerosis and had Raynaud phenomenon, arthralgia, and evidence of pulmonary or gastrointestinal involvement. Enlargement of lymph nodes draining the prostheses was noted in two patients. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in three patients and showed speckled or nucleolar patterns. Removal of the prostheses in two cases did not result in improvement of systemic sclerosis. Evidence of silicone leakage from the implants included the following. The observation by light microscopy of refractile particles in tissues distant from the prostheses, the observation by electron microscopy of electron-dense structures consistent with silica, and the definitive identification of the element silicon by energy-dispersive analysis in these electron-dense structures. A marked, chronic inflammatory infiltrate containing lymphocytes, "foamy" histiocytes, and larger numbers of multi-nucleated giant cells with vacuoles and asteroid bodies was found at the same sites. Our demonstration that silicone escapes from elastomer-silicone-gel breast implants and appears to be closely associated with a chronic inflammatory reaction suggests that silicone plays a role in the development of certain cases of systemic sclerosis.
Further studies on the mechanism of erythromycin action

Abstract The effect of erythromycin A on the translocation reaction was tested. It inhibited EF G (elongation factor G)-dependent release of deacylated tRNA from ribosomes as well as EF G-dependent decrease of ribosome-bound tRNA, but no appreciable inhibitory effect was observed on the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the evacuated site by EF G action. When translocation reaction was assayed by the coupled reaction with puromycin, the inhibitory effect of erythromycin A was observed only with certain substrates such as the ribosomal complex of diphenylalanyl-tRNA but not with the complex of N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA or N-acetyldiphenylalanyl-tRNA. A hypothesis on the mode of action of erythromycin based on these observations is proposed.
Structure of Phosphobenzene

WE have already shown that of the polyphosphines of formula (C6H5P)n and melting points (A) 149–150°, (B) 190°, (C) 252°–256°, (D) 260°–285°, compound A is a five-membered ring compound in the solid state1.
Annual maxima in Zn concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage

Long-term hydrochemical monitoring and 2 years of intensive sampling were used to identify annual patterns in Zn export from three neighboring catchments in Summit County, Colorado. These catchments are characterized by a snowmelt-dominated hydrologic cycle, but range in the level of mining impact from little to severe. Zn concentrations increased during snowmelt along stream reaches with a history of mining, but were diluted by snowmelt where metals originated in widely disseminated pyrite in the host rock of the catchment. Inter-site differences in the relationship between Zn and sulfate, together with inter-annual variability in the timing and magnitude of peak Zn concentrations suggest that a portion of the Zn flush is retarded, perhaps through interaction with cation exchange sites in soil. Although Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentrations also increase during snowmelt, there was no indication that the export of Zn was facilitated by the flush of organic carbon.
Probabilistic Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of HIV Prevention: Comparing a Bayesian Approach With Traditional Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

In cost-effectiveness analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is used to measure economic efficiency of a new intervention, relative to an existing one. However, costs and effects are seldom known with certainty. Uncertainty arises from two main sources: uncertainty regarding correct values of intervention-related parameters and uncertainty associated with sampling variation. Recently, attention has focused on Bayesian techniques for quantifying uncertainty. We computed the Bayesian-based 95% credible interval estimates of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of several related HIV prevention interventions and compared these results with univariate sensitivity analyses. The conclusions were comparable, even though the probabilistic technique provided additional information.
Water vapor absorption into amorphous sucrose-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and trehalose-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) mixtures.

Previous studies from this laboratory suggested that a solution model (Flory-Huggins equation) modified by a free volume model (Vrentas equation) could satisfactorily describe water absorption into an amorphous solid composed of a sugar or a polymer. This paper has extended the studies of single solutes to binary mixtures of trehalose-and sucrose-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (trehalose-PVP and sucrose-PVP, respectively) either co-lyophilized or individually lyophilized and then physically mixed. Water vapor absorption isotherms of the binary mixtures were determined at 30 degrees C. Co-lyophilized PVP-sugar mixtures take up essentially the same amount of water as predicted by the weight average of individual isotherms, whereas sugar crystallization is significant retarded in the molecular dispersions. The sugar-PVP interaction, as reflected in the Flory-Huggins chi interaction parameter, was estimated by fitting the high relative pressure (p/p(0)) region of the isotherm, at which the system is in a liquid state, with a three-component Flory-Huggins-type model. The estimated sugar-water PVP-water, and sugar-PVP interaction parameters suggest that the solute-water interactions are not significantly affected by the sugar-PVP interaction; that is, the solute-water interaction parameters in a binary solute system are similar to those in the corresponding single solute systems. Based on these interaction parameters, the sucrose-PVP interaction appears to be stronger than that of trehalose-PVP. Manipulation of the interaction parameters suggest that the water vapor absorption isotherm is not a sensitive indicator of possible sugar-PVP interactions. Density, glass transition temperature, T(g), and the heat capacity change, DeltaC(p), at T(g) were determined to estimate the excess water absorption energy due to the plasticizing effect of water using the structural relaxation model, as described by Vrentas. Results suggest that PVP is a better antiplasticizer for sucrose than for trehalose. Consequently, the excess free energy arising from structural relaxation was disproportionally reduced by the presence of PVP in these molecular dispersions. Finally, the entire isotherms of co-lyophilized sugar-PVP mixtures are reasonably described with an extended three-component Flory-Huggins model and Vrentas glass structural relaxation model.
Kinetic studies on bovine thyroidal purine nucleoside phosphorylase

Abstract 1. 1. Bovine thyroid purine nucleoside phosphorylase shows negative cooperativity in the presence of phosphate with a Hill coefficient of 0.56 which is influenced by pH. 2. 2. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies show the enzyme reaction to be a Bi-Bi ordered mechanism. 3. 3. Of the substrates, phosphate binds first followed by the nucleoside and the release of nucleobase precedes the release of ribose-1-phosphate for the products.
Restoration of the DNA damage resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans DNA polymerase mutants by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and Klenow fragment

Deinococcus radiodurans and other species of this genus share extreme resistance to ionizing radiation and many other agents that damage DNA. D. radiodurans mutant strains defective in a deinococcal DNA polymerase that is homologous with E. coli DNA polymerase I are highly sensitive to DNA damage. In the current work we have inquired whether E. coli DNA Pol I can substitute for D. radiodurans Pol in partially or fully restoring to pol- D. radiodurans mutants the extreme DNA damage-resistance typical of this organism. The E. coli polA gene or a 5'-truncated polA gene that encodes the Klenow fragment were introduced and expressed in two different D. radiodurans pol- mutants: Strain 303, which is a chemically mutagenized derivative, and strain 6R1A, which is isogenic with wild-type D. radiodurans except for an insertional mutation within the pol gene. Expression of E. coli polA in both of these mutants fully restored wild-type resistance to ionizing- and UV254-radiation and mitomycin-C exposure. Expression of the Klenow fragment-encoding gene restored wild-type resistance to D. radiodurans strain 303, but only partial resistance to strain 6R1A. The observation that E. coli DNA Pol I is as effective as D. radiodurans Pol in restoring damage resistance, indicates that D. radiodurans DNA Pol per se does not have special properties that are essential or prerequisite for expression of the extreme resistance of D. radiodurans.
A case of a misplaced conjunction: Nature or nurture?

Abstract Some facts are explored about the roles that genes and environments together play in affecting a person's development. The conclusion that our genetic heritage contributes to the complex accounting of variation in our behavior is not pessimistic and does not bode evil for social and educational policy.
A NOTE ON POSSIBLE FLUTTER OF PIEZOELECTRIC LAYERS

This technical note presents the solution for flutter instability of a piezoelectric layer subjected to an external voltage which can be modeled as a compressive follower force. The critical ratio of the length to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer for the possible flutter instability is derived given the endurable electric field of the piezoelectric material. The calculation is conducted for piezoelectric layers which are both free and surface bonded on a host structure. Numerical simulations are conducted for the possible flutter instability of different PZT (Lead Zirconium Titanate) materials. The findings in this study should serve as useful benchmarks for the stability analysis of piezoelectric materials.
Energy Dissipation During Rupture of Adhesive Bonds

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study energy-dissipation mechanisms during the rupture of a thin adhesive bond formed by short chain molecules. The degree of dissipation and its velocity dependence varied with the state of the film. When the adhesive was in a liquid phase, dissipation was caused by viscous loss. In glassy films, dissipation occurred during a sequence of rapid structural rearrangements. Roughly equal amounts of energy were dissipated in each of three types of rapid motion: cavitation, plastic yield, and bridge rupture. These mechanisms have similarities to nucleation, plastic flow, and crazing in commercial polymeric adhesives.
Child psychiatry: Its beginning or end?

It has been the intent of this paper to provide a review of various issues that individually and collectively may influence the answer or answers to the question “Is child psychiatry at its beginning or end?” It has not been the intent of this paper to provide such answers.
Variables in agglutination and lysis of human red cells by NDV.

SummaryThe vaccine (Blacksburg) strain of NDV harvested from allantoic fluid of chick embryos, after freezing at −70°C and subsequent thawing, agglutinated and hemolyzed human O-type red blood cells. The same virus, untreated, did not agglutinate or lyse fresh human red cells. However, is the red cells were stored at 4°C for 5-7 days, they were agglutinated but not hemolyzed by the untreated virus.
On the structure of inertial western boundary currents with two moving layers

The structure of inertial western boundary currents with two moving layers is studied using a streamfunction coordinate transformation. This transformation converts the equation system, a stiff system over a semi-infinite domain in physical coordinates, into a non-stiff system over a finite domain in streamfunction coordinates. For simplicity, the interfacial slopes of the interior solution are assumed constant. The structure of the solutions can be classified into three categories in a phase plane which consists of two regions joining along a critical line. Within each region, solutions of the system appear in the form of two unconnected branches. As parameters approach values corresponding to those at the critical line, the two branches of the solutions join at a movable critical point to form a continuous solution. Although changes in the vorticity profile of the incoming flow or other parameters can alter the position and shape of the critical line, the general features of the system remain unchanged. Thus, requiring continuity of an inertial western boundary current through a critical point, implies certain constraints on the structure of the mid-ocean thermocline. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1990.t01-1-00009.x
Opioid antagonists differ according to negative intrinsic efficacy in a mouse model of acute dependence.

1 The purpose of the present study is to compare the capacity of opioid antagonists to elicit withdrawal jumping in mice following two acute pretreatment doses of the opioid agonist morphine. Antagonists that precipitate vigorous withdrawal jumping across both morphine treatment doses are hypothesized to be strong inverse agonists at the μ-opioid receptor, whereas antagonists that elicit withdrawal jumping in mice treated with the high but not the low dose of morphine are hypothesized to be weak inverse agonists. 2 Male, Swiss-Webster mice (15–30 g) were acutely treated with 56 or 180 mg kg−1 morphine 4 h prior to injection with naloxone, naltrexone, diprenorphine, nalorphine, or naloxonazine. Vertical jumping, paw tremors, and weight loss were recorded. Naloxone, naltrexone, and diprenorphine produced withdrawal jumping after 56 and 180 mg kg−1morphine pretreatment. Nalorphine and naloxonazine produced moderate withdrawal jumping after 180 mg kg−1 morphine pretreatment, but failed to elicit significant withdrawal jumping after 56 mg kg−1 morphine pretreatment. Nalorphine and naloxonazine blocked the withdrawal jumping produced by naloxone. All antagonists produced paw tremors and weight loss although these effects were generally not dose-dependent. 3 Taken together, these findings reveal a rank order of negative intrinsic efficacy for these opioid antagonists as follows: naloxone=naltrexonediprenorphine>nalorphine=naloxonazine. Furthermore, the observation that nalorphine and naloxonazine blocked the naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping provides additional evidence that nalorphine and naloxonazine are weaker inverse agonists than naloxone. British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 975–983. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706247
Evaluation of heat transfer augmentation techniques based on their impact on entropy generation

Abstract This letter proposes to use entropy generation as a measure of the relative merit of heat transfer augmentation techniques relative to each other and to the heat exchange apparatus in which they may be incorporated. In this context, heat transfer augmentation techniques are viewed as design changes capable of reducing the irreversible destruction of useful energy (exergy) in heat exchange equipment. The entropy generation rate takes into account simultaneously the heat transfer and fluidd friction changes associated with implementing a heat transfer augmentation technique. Using in-tube roughness as an example, the letter shows what specific operating conditions must be met before the destruction of exergy can be reduced via heat transfer augmentation.
CLINTCAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE BLOOD PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE DETERMINATION AS A ROUTINE PROCEDURE

THIS paper presents some of the ten-year experience of the Los Angeles County Hospital with blood iodine determinations, which are done as a routine procedure in the general chemistry laboratory of the hospital and in the private laboratory of one of the authors (A.L.C.). It is not the purpose of this discussion to attempt to establish a set of precise values for protein-bound iodine in various accurately defined disease states, but rather to report the values that have been obtained in “routine” hospital practice in these states. The material has been drawn from special studies on patients seen in the thyroid clinic and from the clinical records of the Los Angeles County Hospital, from the present back to 1938. Experience in therapeutic studies with this procedure for determining blood protein-bound iodine (PBI) during a two-year study in which hundreds of tests were made in the serial observation of hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs indicated its reliability and usefulness in measuring thyr...
Parallels among positive-strand RNA viruses, reverse-transcribing viruses and double-stranded RNA viruses

Viruses are divided into seven classes on the basis of differing strategies for storing and replicating their genomes through RNA and/or DNA intermediates. Despite major differences among these classes, recent results reveal that the non-virion, intracellular RNA-replication complexes of some positive-strand RNA viruses share parallels with the structure, assembly and function of the replicative cores of extracellular virions of reverse-transcribing viruses and double-stranded RNA viruses. Therefore, at least four of seven principal virus classes share several underlying features in genome replication and might have emerged from common ancestors. This has implications for virus function, evolution and control.
Archaeology of a naval battlefield : H. L. Hunley and USS Housatonic

The American Civil War shipwrecks H. L. Hunley and USS Housatonic have been the focus of intensive archaeological investigations since the discovery of Hunley in 1995. H. L. Hunley, the world's first successful combat submarine, sank the Union blockader USS Housatonic in 1864, but sank immediately afterwards. In work done prior to the recovery of Hunley in 2000, site-formation processes for both vessels were a primary research focus—a necessary precursor to identifying battlefield behaviour. This paper presents research on the Hunley/Housatonic Naval Engagement Site, where both wrecks are treated as complementary components of a single battlefield site. © 2006 The Authors
Drug addiction: II. an aversive counterconditioning technique for treatment.

Literature suggested that despite the multiplicity of treatment approaches to drug addiction, there appears to be an over-reliance on group therapies for bringing about change in addicts' behavior. Based upon a learning theory framework developed earlier, a broad-spectrum behavioral approach utilizing aversive counterconditioning and behavioral group therapy for treating drug addiction were described. Of 50 subjects beginning treatment, 30 completed, 13 male and 17 female blacks (Mage = .22.5 yr.) from a poor socioeconomic background. An aversive counterconditioning procedure was used, which involved the administration of a mild electric shock to the wrist while subjects verbalized and imaginally relived past drug-using experiences. Group therapy attempted to modify the addicts' prodrug attitudes and behaviors as well as to train appropriate coping skills via rational emotive therapy and problem-solving techniques. Initial results suggested that aversive counterconditioning produced an avoidance response ...
Feminist Lawyering and Legal Method

Recent events have conspired to prompt a broad reassessment of feminist theory's impact on law. A flurry of conferences on feminist jurisprudence have given activists an occasion to engage in self-scrutiny. Courses springing up at law schools nationwide have offered participants the chance to measure what has been won against the challenges that remain. Two recent books by Catharine MacKinnon have invited readers to consider the changes that moved her from the margins of a politically stymied group to the forefront of an intellectually vibrant movement. Much of this retrospection has scrutinized feminism's impact on substantive laws in areas such as the workplace or the family. Only recently have scholars and activists begun to ask about feminism's impact on legal method: the ways in which legal inquiry is framed and legal arguments are made; the claims to know on which both are based.' In most of this work,
Keynote 2: Pervasive communication and interaction to make the built environment better and more sustainable

Over the past 15 years we have created a robust base of embedded networking technology to enable the `macroscope' - the ability to observe complex interactions of physical systems over a substantial extent of space and time. Created to understand the ecophysiology of natural systems, this technology is finding many natural applications in the quest to improve the sustainability of the built environment. In this talk we explore the role of pervasive computing and communications in buildings - where, in the US, we spend 90% of our time, over 70% of our electrical energy, and nearly 50% of our GHG emissions. We examine how pervasive monitoring serves to identify waste and opportunities for energy efficiency; how diverse sources of physical information can be homogenized to enable an innovative application ecosystem; and how a building operating system and services can provide a foundation for advanced control techniques that operate in concert with external factors, such as energy availability and weather, and for personalized environmental conditioning. To be quaint, ”there's a building app for that".
Racial and sex differences in refusal of coronary angiography

Abstract Purpose To determine the effect of patient refusal on racial and sex differences in the use of coronary angiography and in outcomes among elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Subjects and methods We included Medicare beneficiary patients admitted to hospitals performing coronary angiography from February 1994 through July 1995. In-hospital use and refusal of coronary angiography were determined, and adjusted for patient, hospital, and physician characteristics. Results Of 124,691 patients, 53,671 (43%) underwent angiography during hospitalization and 2881 (2.3%) refused. Patients refusing angiography were more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23 to 1.53), black (OR = 1.26 vs. whites; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.56), and older (OR = 2.25 per 10-year increase; 95% CI: 2.05 to 2.43) than patients who underwent angiography. Angiography use was lower in blacks (OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.83) than in whites, and lower in women (OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.80 to 0.86) than in men. Increased refusal explained 6% (95% CI: −3% to 15%) of the difference in angiography use between whites and blacks, and 16% (95% CI: 10% to 22%) of the difference between men and women. After adjustment for patient characteristics, refusal of angiography was not associated with worse survival at 1 year (OR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.20). Conclusion Among Medicare beneficiaries, elderly female and black patients are more likely to refuse angiography than are male and white patients. However, patient refusal is uncommon and accounts for only a small fraction of the racial and sex differences in use of angiography after myocardial infarction.
Professional Identities What Is Professional about Professional Communication

Professional communication is a growing component of English departments and other communication programs. Yet, in most cases, the term professional communication is used as a catchall term for var...
Spectral anomalies in a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern

We show that spectacular spectral changes take place in the vicinity of the dark rings of the Airy pattern formed with spatially coherent, polychromatic light diffracted at a circular aperture.
Symbiont Survival and Host-Symbiont Disequilibria Under Differential Vertical Transmission

Interspecific genetic interactions in host-symbiont systems raise intriguing coevolutionary questions and may influence the effectiveness of public health and management policies. Here we present an analytical and numerical investigation of the effects of host genetic heterogeneity in the rate of vertical transmission of a symbiont. We consider the baseline case with a monomorphic symbiont and a single diallelic locus in its diploid host, where vertical transmission is the sole force. Our analysis introduces interspecific disequilibria to quantify nonrandom associations between host genotypes and alleles and symbiont presence/absence. The transient and equilibrium behavior is examined in simulations with randomly generated initial conditions and transmission parameters. Compared to the case where vertical transmission rates are uniform across host genotypes, differential transmission (i) increases average symbiont survival from 50% to almost 60%, (ii) dramatically reduces the minimum average transmission rate for symbiont survival from 0.5 to 0.008, and (iii) readily creates permanent host-symbiont disequilibria de novo, whereas uniform transmission can neither create nor maintain such associations. On average, heterozygotes are slightly more likely to carry and maintain the symbiont in the population and are more randomly associated with the symbiont. Results show that simple evolutionary forces can create substantial nonrandom associations between two species.
The Life Span Perspective: A Developmental Approach to Community Health Nursing

Following the nursing theorists' tradition of using an interdisciplinary approach to community health model building, the concepts of the life span perspective on human development were applied to the practice of community health nursing. As with the perception of individual development from this perspective, communities are viewed as evolving over time, with changes occurring across levels of influence--human, societal, historical, and cultural. These levels are interdependent, and factors from any one or more can affect the growth and functioning of the community. Implied in this interdependence is the ability not only to intervene in a community's development, but to go beyond this and recognize that a community has a degree of control over its own development. To be accurate and thorough in working with communities, the community health nurse who takes a life span perspective must be cognizant of the fact that communities do exist in a continual, multilevel, interactive manner that develops through time. Demonstrating the practical use of this perspective, a model for the assessment phase of the nursing process as applied to community study was developed. A pilot study was performed using this model, and initial results suggest that taking a life span perspective toward community health is both valid and practical, and warrants further scholarly investigation.
Heterochromatin is refractory to gamma-H2AX modification in yeast and mammals.

Double-strand break (DSB) damage in yeast and mammalian cells induces the rapid ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)/ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). In budding yeast, a single endonuclease-induced DSB triggers γ-H2AX modification of 50 kb on either side of the DSB. The extent of γ-H2AX spreading does not depend on the chromosomal sequences. DNA resection after DSB formation causes the slow, progressive loss of γ-H2AX from single-stranded DNA and, after several hours, the Mec1 (ATR)-dependent spreading of γ-H2AX to more distant regions. Heterochromatic sequences are only weakly modified upon insertion of a 3-kb silent HMR locus into a γ-H2AX–covered region. The presence of heterochromatin does not stop the phosphorylation of chromatin more distant from the DSB. In mouse embryo fibroblasts, γ-H2AX distribution shows that γ-H2AX foci increase in size as chromatin becomes more accessible. In yeast, we see a high level of constitutive γ-H2AX in telomere regions in the absence of any exogenous DNA damage, suggesting that yeast chromosome ends are transiently detected as DSBs.
Adrenocortical carcinoma secreting cortisol, androgens and aldosterone: a case report

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis and presents with mass effects and less often with signs of hormone excess (approximately 60% of all adrenocortical carcinoma's). Hormonally active adrenocortical carcinomas most commonly secrete cortisol while the co-secretion of multiple steroid hormones is rare. We report the case of a 59 year-old woman with a medical history of hyperaldosteronism due to a right adrenal adenoma. During follow up, she showed symptoms of hypercortisolism and hyperandrogenemia and a rapid growth of the adrenal mass. She underwent right adrenalectomy and the histology revealed the presence of an adrenocortical carcinoma. Six months post-operatively being on treatment with mitotane, she was diagnosed of metastatic disease to the liver. She underwent right hepatectomy and was started on systemic chemotherapy, with no signs of tumour recurrence during the following six months. The hormonal status should be carefully investigated in all cases of suspected adrenocortical carcinoma, as the pattern of hormone secretion may be a clue to the malignancy of an adrenal lesion. In addition, more data are needed to clarify the clinical and prognostic significance of the combined production of all adrenocortical hormones affecting either the survival or the quality of life of adrenocortical carcinoma patients.
Assembly, characterization, and electrochemical properties of immobilized metal bipyridyl complexes on silicon(111) surfaces

Silicon(111) surfaces have been functionalized with mixed monolayers consisting of submonolayer coverages of immobilized 4-vinyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (1, vbpy) moieties, with the remaining atop sites of the silicon surface passivated by methyl groups. As the immobilized bipyridyl ligands bind transition metal ions, metal complexes can be assembled on the silicon surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrates that bipyridyl complexes of [Cp*Rh], [Cp*Ir], and [Ru(acac)2] were formed on the surface (Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, acac is acetylacetonate). For the surface prepared with Ir, X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ir LIII edge showed an edge energy as well as post-edge features that were essentially identical with those observed on a powder sample of [Cp*Ir(bpy)Cl]Cl (bpy is 2,2′-bipyridyl). Charge-carrier lifetime measurements confirmed that the silicon surfaces retain their highly favorable photoelectronic properties upon assembly of the metal complexes. Electrochemical data for surfaces prepared on highly doped, n-type Si(111) electrodes showed that the assembled molecular complexes were redox active. However the stability of the molecular complexes on the surfaces was limited to several cycles of voltammetry.