cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of ring systems related to morphine. II the carbon-nitrogen ring system

9, 10-Dioxo-13-cyanmethyl-5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14-hexahydro phenanthren wurde durch eine Reihe von Reduktionen, deren Mechanismus nicht vollstandig aufgeklart ist, in eine neue Verbindung ubergefuhrt. Diese besitzt sehr wahrscheinlich das Kohlenstoff/Stickstoffgerust des Morphins oder eines seiner Stereoisomeren. Es wird uber Abbaureaktionen berichtet, die diese Struktur bestatigen konnen.
Inverse oxide/metal catalysts: A versatile approach for activity tests and mechanistic studies

Abstract There is a general desire to improve the configuration of industrial catalysts to take advantage of the intrinsic properties of metal oxides. In recent years, a series of studies has been published examining the growth of oxide nanoparticles on metal substrates. These studies have revealed structures for the supported oxide which are different from those found in bulk phases. In addition, the oxide ↔ metal interactions can alter the electronic states of the oxide producing new chemical properties. On an inverse oxide/metal catalyst, the reactants can interact with defect sites of the oxide nanoparticles, metal sites, and the metal–oxide interface. In these systems, one can couple the special reactivity of the oxide nanoparticles to the reactivity of the metal to obtain high catalytic activity. Furthermore, an oxide/metal system is also an attractive model for fundamental studies. It can be used to investigate the role of the oxide in a catalytic process, and how the stability of different reaction intermediates depends on the nature of the oxide.
Alterations in serum cortisol and its binding characteristics in anorexia nervosa.

The binding capacity and apparent binding affinity of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) for cortisol was studied in 20 women hospitalized for anorexia nervosa. The binding capacity for cortisol, as determined kinetically at 0 C by the method of Scatchard, was similar in anorectic patients and control subjects, with mean values of 26.9 and 21.9 Mg/100 ml, respectively. The mean apparent affinity constant of CBG for cortisol was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) lower (14.1 X 108 M−1) than that in control subjects (22.3 X 108 M−1) and was similar in blood drawn at 0830 and 2000 h. Mean morning total serum cortisol concentrations were higher in anorectic women (23.3 jug/100 ml) than in controls (10.0 jug/100 ml; P < 0.001) and frequently exceeded the binding capacity of CBG. Diurnal variation was present. Mean serum 17/8-estradiol levels were low (40.0 pg/ml) and serum progesterone was essentially absent, but mean serum testosterone levels were within the normal range. Eight patients who were retested...
Fate, transport, and interactions of metals.

A joint United States-Mexico conference, "Fate, Transport, and Interactions of Metals" was held in Tuscon, Arizona, USA, 13-16 April 1993. The conference was hosted by the University of Arizona Center for Toxicology and co-sponsored by the NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program, the National University of Mexico Program for the Environment, and the Pan American Health Organization. The purpose of the conference was to pro? mote an exchange of scientific information on potentially toxic metals that may be present in hazardous waste sites. By shar? ing this technology, the United States and Mexico are better able to define the extent
Role of the nurse practitioner in breast and cervical cancer prevention.

Breast and cervical cancer claim the lives of more women in the U.S. each year than all other forms of cancer of the female reproductive tract combined. Early detection and aggressive treatment of these malignancies could save many women's lives, yet U.S. women often do not follow recommended screening guidelines. Nurse practitioners (NP) have important roles in primary and secondary prevention of breast and cervical cancer because their holistic perspective and advanced practice skills enable them to intervene for clients at all levels of health care. NPs are capable of not only assessing the health of their female clients, but also the system that serves client needs. They use their advanced knowledge and practice skills to educate women about cancer risk factors, and to initiate screening programs aimed at early detection and intervention. NPs monitor screening and treatment services extended to women clients, and promote high quality care by educating both professional and non-professional care givers to health care needs. Advocacy in behalf of women's health issues impacting breast and cervical cancer screening and care is an additional facet of the NP's role.
Prediction of Muscle Activity by Populations of Sequentially Recorded Primary Motor Cortex Neurons

We have adopted an analysis that produces a post hoc prediction of the time course of electromyogram (EMG) activity from the discharge of ensembles of neurons recorded sequentially from the primary...
The merger paradox in a mixed oligopoly

This paper examines the set of surplus maximizing mergers in a model of mixed oligopoly. The presence of a welfare maximizing public firm reduces the set of mergers for which two private firms can profitably merge. When a public firm and private firm merge, the changes in welfare and profit depend on the resulting extent of private ownership in the newly merged firm. When the government sets that share to maximize post merger welfare as assumed in the privatization literature, the merger paradox will often remain and the merger will not take place. Yet, we show there always exists scope for mergers that increase profit and increase (if not maximize) welfare. Interestingly, these mergers often include complete privatization.
Anxiety disorders in children with Williams syndrome, their mothers, and their siblings: Implications for the etiology of anxiety disorders

This study examines the prevalence of anxiety disorders in children with Williams syndrome (WS), their sibling closest in age, and their mothers as well as the predictors of anxiety in these groups. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was assessed and compared to that in the general population. Children with WS had a significantly higher prevalence of specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and separation anxiety in comparison to children in the general population. While mothers had a higher prevalence of GAD than population controls, the excess was accounted for by mothers who had onset after the birth of their WS child. The siblings had rates similar to the general population. This pattern of findings suggests the presence of a gene in the WS region whose deletion predisposes to anxiety disorders. It is also worthwhile to investigate relations between genes deleted in WS and genes previously implicated in anxiety disorders.
Evolving Role of MRI in Breast Cancer Imaging

Breast MRI is a useful adjunctive tool to mammography. In the past 2 decades, contrast-enhanced breast MRI has become an integral component of breast imaging. In patients with known breast cancer, breast MRI can assess the extent of disease, including multifocal tumors and chest wall invasion. Improvements in MRI technology have resulted in improved ability for diagnosing mammographically and clinically occult breast cancer. With the use of contrast, the sensitivity of breast MRI for assessing invasive breast cancer approaches 100%, although specificity is lower. The clinical indications for the use of breast MRI will continue to evolve and expand.
A three-port microstrip impedance measurement system

A simple and low cost three-port microstrip impedance measurement system has been developed. The impedance of an unknown load can be easily determined by measuring the coupling power levels at the three probes. The results agree very well with those obtained from an HP8510 automatic network analyzer.
Economic growth without transformation: the case of Uganda

AbstractThis paper argues that Uganda's economic development has been characterised by structural change in production without structural change in employment. This poses dangers to continued growth. Although labour is increasingly abundant, low productivity in agriculture, it is argued, makes labour expensive. This is due to policy failure – lack of investment in agriculture – and ultimately to the evolution of patron–client politics in Uganda. Rapid agricultural growth is required in order to permit labour-intensive growth in manufacturing.
Broadcasting in Multi-Channel Wireless Infrastructure Networks Employing Directional Antenna

Multi-channel wireless networks are increasingly being employed as infrastructure networks in metro areas. In addition, nodes in these networks employ directional antennas to improve spatial throughput. In such networks, we consider the problem of finding a broadcast tree from a given root with channel assignment such that all the links in the broadcast tree can be active simultaneously without interfering with each other. We prove that finding such a tree is an NP-hard problem. Hence, we first formulate the problem as an integer linear program (ILP) and then develop heuristics to find the desired broadcast tree. We analyze the performance of developed heuristics by comparing it with the optimal solution obtained from ILP.
Correlates of deterrence: Problems of theory and method

Abstract A central methodological problem in ascertaining the correlates of deterrence is that there is no unambiguous method by which deterred persons can be identified. Assuming that the identification of a legal threat by persons who indicated that they have not committed a crime (the use of marijuana) is evidence of deterrence, this study differentiates deterred from undeterred persons based on a number of demographic variables. The results show that persons who were deterred from marijuana use by legal threats were indistinguishable on the basis of age, sex, race, marital status, and occupation from those who refrained from using marijuana for other reasons.
SURVIVAL OF PUPAE OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS AND HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Mortality of diapausing and non-diapausing pupae of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) and H. zea (Boddie) at low temperatures was assessed in the laboratory. Comparison of the exposure time necessary to induce 50% mortality (LT50) indicated that survival of diapausing pupae was significantly higher than that of non-diapausing pupae. Similar comparisons showed no consistent significant differences in mortality of pupae from different geographic locations within Texas or in pupae preconditioned in several different ways. One exception was the response of pupae of H. virescens preconditioned to varying temperatures. This type of preconditioning appeared to increase the cold-hardiness of pupae at subfreezing temperatures. Contact moisture significantly decreased LT50 values of pupae of both species at sub-zero temperatures. Predictive models for low temperature mortality were developed for dry, diapausing pupae.
Decomposition of methyl species on a Ni(211) surface: investigations of the electric field influence

Density functional theory calculations are performed to examine how an external electric field can alter the reaction pathways on a stepped Ni(211) surface with regard to the decomposition of methyl species. We compare our results to those previously obtained on a close-packed Ni(111) surface and a bimetallic Au/Ni surface. The structures, adsorption energies, and reaction energy barriers of all methyl species on the Ni(211) surface are identified. The calculated results indicate that the presence of an external electric field not only alters the site preferences for the adsorbates on Ni(211), but also significantly changes the adsorption energies of the CHx species. By comparison with our previous results, this electric field effect is smaller than that on Ni(111). The local electric field value is also found to differ at the various adsorption sites for the CH3 group on Ni(211). From the results, a correlation between the calculated local electric fields, the adsorption energies and effective dipole moments values is investigated. The calculations also show that the stepped surfaces are more reactive for the elementary dissociation reactions of the CHx species as compared to the Ni(111) surface. The final conclusion is that a positive electric field strengthens the adsorption energy of reactant CH3, increases the energy barriers of the decomposition of CHx species and weakens the adsorption energies of C and H. This suggests that the formation of pure C atoms deposits will be impeded by an external positive electric field.
A Review of SUCCESS! in Clinical Laboratory Science

Review of : SUCCESS! in Clinical Laboratory Science ; Anna Ciulla and Donald Lehman; (2010). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1176 pages.
Splenic Lacerations and Return to Play: Case Report of 2 Professional Hockey Players

Background: Several sports medicine reviews have highlighted a 3- to 6-month time frame for return to play after splenic lacerations. These reviews are based on several well-defined grading scales ...
A Dominant Role of the Juxtamembrane Region of the TrkA Nerve Growth Factor Receptor during Neuronal Cell Differentiation

All receptor tyrosine kinases share a common intracellular signaling machinery, including rasactivation, whereas cellular responses vary from mitogenesis to cell differentiation. To investigate the structural basis for receptor tyrosine kinase action for nerve growth factor, the juxtamembrane region of TrkA was transferred to a corresponding region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The resulting chimeric receptor contains an additional Shc site, Tyr490, in the juxtamembrane region. In transfected PC12 cell lines, neuronal differentiation was observed with EGF treatment, as evidenced by increased neurite extension. The action of the chimeric receptor was correlated with prolonged activation of MAP kinases and a 3–4-fold increase in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. The effect of the juxtamembrane chimera was dependent upon the Shc site at Tyr490, because expression of a chimeric receptor containing a Y490F mutation resulted in a complete loss of neuritogenesis by EGF treatment. These findings indicate that the juxtamembrane region of the TrkA receptor serves as a key functional domain that can confer a dominant effect upon neuronal differentiation.
Thermodynamic Analysis Reveals a Temperature-dependent Change in the Catalytic Mechanism of Bacillus stearothermophilus Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase

Catalysis of tRNATyr aminoacylation by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase can be divided into two steps. In the first step, tyrosine is activated by ATP to form the tyrosyl-adenylate intermediate. In the second step, the tyrosyl moiety is transferred to the 3′ end of tRNA. To investigate the roles that enthalpic and entropic contributions play in catalysis by Bacillus stearothermophilus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), the temperature dependence for the activation of tyrosine and subsequent transfer to tRNATyr has been determined using single turnover kinetic methods. A van't Hoff plot for binding of ATP to the TyrRS·Tyr complex reveals three distinct regions. Particularly striking is the change occurring at 25 °C, where the values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 go from –144 kJ/mol and –438 J/mol K below 25 °C to +137.9 kJ/mol and +507 J/mol K above 25 °C. Nonlinear Eyring and van't Hoff plots are also observed for formation of the TyrRS·[Tyr-ATP]‡ and TyrRS·Tyr-AMP complexes. Comparing the van't Hoff plots for the binding of ATP to tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in the absence and presence of saturating tyrosine concentrations indicates that the temperature-dependent changes in ΔH0 and ΔS0 for the binding of ATP only occur when tyrosine is bound to the enzyme. Previous investigations revealed a similar synergistic interaction between the tyrosine and ATP substrates when the “KMSKS” signature sequence is deleted or replaced by a nonfunctional sequence. We propose that the temperature-dependent changes in ΔH0 and ΔS0 are because of the KMSKS signature sequence being conformationally constrained and unable to disrupt this synergistic interaction below 25 °C.
Measuring and interpreting charge dependent anisotropic flow

Abstract The Chiral Magnetic Wave (CMW) predicts a dependence of the positive and negative particle elliptic flow on the event charge asymmetry. Such a dependence has been observed by the STAR Collaboration. However, it is rather difficult to interpret the results of this measurement, as well as to perform cross-experiment comparisons, due to the dependence of the observable on experimental inefficiencies and the kinematic acceptance used to determine the net asymmetry. We propose another observable that is free from these deficiencies. It also provides possibilities for differential measurements clarifying the interpretation of the results. We use this new observable to study the effect of the local charge conservation that can mimic the effect of the CMW in charge dependent flow measurements.
Circumferential petrosectomy for petrous apicitis and cranial base osteomyelitis.

Objective Petrous apicitis and cranial base osteomyelitis are life-threatening conditions. A surgical management may be necessary in cases that progress, in conditions that fail to improve with medical treatment, or in cases with impending complications. In this study, we describe a technique to remove the maximum amount of infected temporal bone while preserving the integrity of the peripheral auditory pathway and facial nerve. Study design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary referral hospital. Patients Five patients with impending complications, whose disease progressed or whose conditions failed to improve while on culture-directed antibiotics underwent circumferential petrosectomy. Interventions The circumferential petrosectomy removes most of the temporal bone around the external, middle, and inner ear. A combined retrolabyrinthine-apical petrosectomy is performed in conjunction with the fallopian bridge technique using a transmastoid and middle cranial fossa approach. A split temporalis muscle flap is used to bring vascularized tissue to the mastoid, jugular foramen, and petrous apex. Main outcome measures Disease resolution, change in hearing or facial nerve function, complications. Results Each of the five patients had modifications to the procedure tailored to their disease extent: three had disease primarily involving the petrous apex and two had disease adjacent to the jugular foramen. Additional cultures of the infected bone were obtained during surgery. A culture-directed antibiotic therapy (duration, 6-10 weeks) was administered after surgery, which resulted in the complete resolution of the disease and the associated symptoms in all five patients. No patient experienced hearing loss or facial nerve dysfunction as a result of the surgery within at least 1 year of follow-up in four of the five patients in this series. Conclusion The circumferential petrosectomy is a potential treatment option when medical treatment fails in patients with petrositis or cranial base osteomyelitis. It permits maximal temporal bone debridement while preserving hearing and facial nerve integrity in these life-threatening disease processes.
An American Woman in Turkey: Adventures Unexpected and Knowledge Unplanned

What is it like for foreign women professionals to work in a country like Turkey—managing subordinates, working with clients and supervisors? What kind of social life do they have? In this article, the authors answer these questions and more, drawing on interviews with foreign women professionals working in Turkey. Using an unusual narrative approach to present their research results, they reveal unexpected insights and identify key success factors such as the importance of foreign education over gender and the influence economic development of the host country may exert on women's success. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NMIS plus gamma spectroscopy for attributes of HEU, PU and HE detection

Abstract A combined nuclear materials identification system–gamma ray spectrometry system can be used passively to obtain the following attributes of Pu: presence, fissile mass, 240/239 ratio and metal versus oxide. This system can also be used with a small, portable, DT neutron generator to measure the attributes of highly enriched uranium (HEU): presence, fissile mass, enrichment, metal versus oxide; and detect the presence of high explosives (HE). For the passive system, time-dependent coincidence distributions can be used for the presence, fissile mass, metal versus oxide for Pu, 240/239 ratio, and gamma ray spectrometry can also be used for 240/239 ratio and presence, allowing presence and 240/239 ratio to be confirmed by two methods. For the active system with a DT neutron generator, all relevant attributes for both Pu and HEU can be determined from various features of the time-dependent coincidence distribution measurements. Active gamma ray spectrometry would determine the presence of HE. The various features of time-dependent coincidence distributions and gamma ray spectrometry that determine these attributes are discussed with some examples from previous determinations.
Electronic component obsolescence

Over the last seven decades, the electronics industry has advanced at a remarkable rate. We naturally tend to think about how far our society has advanced with all the new technologies that are available today. When we think about the future, our imaginations become the limitations of our technological advancements. Current observations of the electronics market show rapid turnover, and future predictions would indicate a similar trend. With that knowledge at hand, the electronics industry will remain confronted with supporting aged products and equipment that are still in use. This can be a real challenge as components are phased out of production, rendering them obsolete. The state when a component is no longer produced, even though it has operated as intended, is called obsolescence. Obsolescence of electronic components is real and needs to be addressed sooner rather than later. Microsoft's chairman, Bill Gates, said "the only big companies that survive will be those that obsolete their own products before someone else does" [1]. Bill Gates' statement provides insight into why electronic components and software may prematurely become obsolete.
Modeling and optimization of existing beam port facility of PSBR

Abstract Due to inherited design issues with the current arrangement of beam ports (BPs) and reactor core-moderator assembly in The Perm State Breazeale Reactor (PSBR), the development of innovative experimental facilities utilizing neutron beams is extremely limited. Therefore, a study has started to examine the existing BPs for neutron and gamma outputs and develop a new core-moderator location and BP geometry in PSBR. Although 7 BPs are placed in PSBR, 2 of them are using currently. In this study BP 4, one of the currently being used BP, is examined. With changing the location of the BP 4 and structure of the core assembly, some artificial models are developed and compared with the original model.
Fitness of Erysiphe necator with G143A-Based Resistance to Quinone Outside Inhibitors.

Abstract Management of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) using quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) has eroded in an increasing number of regions due to resistance development. To determine persistence of resistance when QoIs are withdrawn, competition assays were conducted on unsprayed grape plants (Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’) by cycling mixtures of resistant and sensitive isolates characterized as genetically diverse based on microsatellite analyses. Under laboratory conditions, %G143A, quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), increased significantly, indicating competitiveness of the resistant fraction. To confirm competitiveness in the field, trials using potted plants were conducted. Percent G143A tended to decrease in one growing season, probably due to spore migration and mixing of populations with natural background inoculum. In a second season, QoI resistance persisted at high frequency for 4 weeks. Resistant populations were also found to persist in one vineyard without Q...
EXCRETION OF PROLAN IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION1

Kylin, one of the foremost protagonists of the thory that essential hypertension is caused by hyperfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, recently (1) reasserted this belief after recovering greatly increased amounts of gonadotropic substance (prolan A) in the urine of patients with essential hypertension. In his study of 40 patients Kylin demonstrated a remarkable parallelism between the amount of gonadotropic principle excreted in the urine and the height of the blood pressure. Concerning Kylin's work, White (2) has commented: “One cannot gainsay Kylin’s conclusions, and we are inclined to agree, but confirmation is lacking.” It was with the purpose of repeating Kylin’s experiments that the present study was undertaken. It is not our desire to review the literature pertinent to the role which hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary lobe may play in the etiology of essential hypertension. Briefly, however, the evidence marshalled in favor of this hypothesis is predicated on the following f...
Constraints on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity at 20 microns

Recent theories of physics beyond the standard model have predicted deviations from Newtonian gravity at short distances. In order to test these theories, we have a built an apparatus that can measure attonewton-scale forces between gold masses separated by distances on the order of $25\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. A micromachined silicon cantilever was used as the force sensor, and its displacement was measured with a fiber interferometer. We have used our measurements to set bounds on the magnitude $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and length scale $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ of Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity; our results presented here yield the best experimental limit in the range of $\ensuremath{\lambda}=6--20\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$.
Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and of Manufacturing Technique on in Vitro Performance of Selected Antacids

AbstractFactors affecting the performance of antacids F-MA 11, dihydroxy aluminum aminoacetate, magaldrate and magnesium hydroxide were studied in vitro using Schaub's acid neutralization test, a modified Reheis reaction velocity test and the USP test. From the results obtained it was evident that type and combination of antacid, the adjuvants and formulation techniques used in preparation of antacids affect their performance. The USP preliminary antacid test and acid neutralization test are not optimal in vitro tests to evaluate in vitro onset and duration of action of antacids.
Chronic risperidone normalizes elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein production in omega-3 fatty acid deficient rats

Prior clinical and preclinical studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids negatively regulate pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, and that the atypical antipsychotic risperidone up-regulates omega-3 fatty acid biosynthesis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic (40days) risperidone treatment (3mg/kg/day) on basal pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6, IL-6; tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFα) and C-reactive protein (CRP) production in control and n-3 fatty acid deficient rats. Relationships with erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid composition were determined. Compared with untreated controls, untreated n-3-deficient rats exhibited significantly greater basal IL-6, TNFα, and CRP production. Following chronic risperidone treatment there were trends for greater IL-6, TNFα, and CRP production in controls, but these did not reach significance. In n-3-deficient rats, chronic risperidone normalized elevated IL-6, TNFα, and CRP levels. Erythrocyte arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) composition was positively correlated, and erythrocyte eicosapentenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) inversely correlated, with plasma IL-6, TNFα, and CRP levels in untreated control and n-3-deficient rats, and these associations were not observed among risperidone-treated rats. The adrenic acid (22:4n-6)/arachidonic acid ratio, an index of elongase-mediated arachidonic acid biosynthesis, was reduced by risperidone in controls and elevated in n-3-deficient rats. These preclinical data demonstrate that chronic risperidone treatment normalizes constitutively elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and CRP production in n-3 fatty acid deficient rats but not in controls, and that the mechanism is dissociable from n-3 fatty acid biosynthesis.
Spatial compression of Seasat SAR imagery

The results of a study of the techniques for spatial compression of synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) imagery are summarized. Emphasis is on image-data volume reduction for archive and online storage applications while preserving the image resolution and radiometric fidelity. A quantitative analysis of various techniques, including vector quantization (VQ) and adaptive discrete cosine transform (ADCT), is presented. Various factors such as compression ratio, algorithm complexity, and image quality are considered in determining the optimal algorithm. The compression system requirements are established for electronic access of an online archive system based on the results of a survey of the science community. The various algorithms are presented and their results evaluated considering the effects of speckle noise and the wide dynamic range inherent in SAR imagery. >
Hardware Implementation of Block-based Motion Estimation for Real Time Applications

This work describes the VHDL design and implementation of block-based motion estimation in order to make it feasible for real-time video applications. The design was functionally tested and simulated using ModelSim from Mentor Graphics tools, and then verified using both a VHDL testbench and the Matlab® Image processing tools. The design was tested for different image sizes at different clock frequencies with varying block sizes and search areas. With a clock frequency of 400 MHz, the estimated time for motion estimation for QCIF and CIF sequences shows the feasibility for real-time video-codec.
Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the cretaceous alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti.

We report small fibrous structures associated with a new specimen of Shuvuuia deserti, which we hypothesize are remnants of feather-like epidermal appendages. Multiple analyses suggest that these structures are epidermally derived and contain epitopes consistent with β-keratin, a protein expressed only in extant “reptiles” and birds. Morphological, microscopic, mass spectrometric, and immunohistochemical studies are consistent with the interpretation that these structures are related to feathers. These data suggest that proteinaceous components may survive across geological time and support the view that alvarezsaurids (Shuvuuia and its allies) are either a lineage of birds or are a lineage phylogenetically close to them. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 285:146–157, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Customer share, value, and business success

Two books on strategies that are likely to shape business success in the twenty-first century are reviewed. One is about a change in focus by marketers from pursuing a share of the market to going after a share of the customers' total spending money. The other is a collection of research articles by faculty at leading business schools on how entrepreneurial marketers might address the business challenges of the new millennium with effective strategies that create value for customers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine in the bovine mammary secretory cell.

Abstract Studies with both dispersed cell and explant organ cultures prepared from a variety of both rat and cow tissues indicated that the liver of both species and the lactating mammary gland of the cow are able to effect a significant conversion of [14C]phenylalanine to [14C]tyrosine. This demonstration of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the secretory cell of the lactating bovine mammary gland explains the apparent lack of requirement for tyrosine as an essential amino acid by the cell in the synthesis of milk proteins. Heart, kidney, and muscle tissue and mammary tissue from the rat did not possess this enzymatic ability confirming the studies of previous investigators with tissue derived from a wide variety of mammalian species. Thus, lactating bovine mammary tissue apparently forms an exception to the common belief that significant synthesis of tyrosine takes place only in the liver of mammals.
Music Business Information Resources

ABSTRACT This article identifies those resources that are of most value in finding information about the music industry. The list includes resources on careers in the industry, general information about the industry, licensing, publishing, legal issues, artist management, marketing and promotion, directories, journals, and Internet sites. This is not an exhaustive list, but it includes those references the author refers students to most frequently as well as those sources the author has found to be the most valuable for personal research in the field of music business.
Lymphocyte suppressor and stimulatory factors within uterine luminal protein secretions of pregnant gilts

Abstract Suppression of phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation was assessed for unfractionated and fractionated porcine uterine luminal protein (ULP) secretions collected on Day 15 of the estrous cycle (Group 1, n = 6) and pregnancy (Group 2, n = 8). Unfractionated uterine luminal protein for Groups 1 (P
Meeting the Challenges of the National Science Education Standards

The agenda for science education is ambitious but essential. We must commit ourselves to achieving the vision of the National Science Education Standards. The principal will play a critical role in support ing the changes that reflect that vision.
Fast Spiral two-point Dixon technique using block regional off-resonance correction.

The Spiral two-point Dixon (Spiral 2PD) technique has recently been proposed as a method for unambiguous water–fat decomposition in spiral imaging. It also corrects for off-resonance blurring artifacts using only two data sets. In the Spiral 2PD technique, several predetermined off-resonance frequencies are tested to both separate water and fat signals and deblur the decomposed images. Unfortunately, the algorithm is computationally quite intensive since the range of tested frequencies must be set sufficiently large to span the full range of anticipated B0 variation over the scanned objects. The block regional off-resonance correction (BRORC) algorithm corrects for off-resonance blurring artifacts block by block through the reconstructed image and usually provides several times higher computational efficiency than the conventional frequency-segmented off-resonance correction algorithm. This work shows that both water–fat decomposition and blurring artifact correction can be performed block by block using two spiral images with different TEs and that this new technique (BRORC-Spiral2PD technique) significantly improves the computational efficiency of other Spiral 2PD algorithms, opening new opportunities for spiral imaging. Magn Reson Med 52:1342–1350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The contagion indicator hypothesis for parasite-mediated sexual selection

Abstract Hamilton and Zuk [Hamilton, W. D. & Zuk, M. (1982) Science 218, 384-387] proposed that females choosing mates based on the degree of expression of male characters obtain heritable parasite resistance for their offspring. Alternatively, the "contagion indicator" hypothesis posits that females choose mates based on the degree of expression of male characters because the latter indicate a male's degree of infestation of parasites and thus the risk that choosing females and their offspring will acquire these parasites. I examined whether parasite transmittability affects the probability that parasite intensity and male mating success are negatively correlated in intraspecific studies of parasite-mediated sexual selection. When females risk infection of themselves or their future offspring as a result of mating with a parasitized male, negative relationships between parasite intensity and male mating success are significantly more likely to occur than when females do not risk such infection. The direct benefit to females of avoiding parasitic infection is proposed to lead to the linkage between variable secondary sexual characters and the intensity of transmittable parasites. The direct benefits of avoiding associatively transmittable parasites should be considered in future studies of parasite-mediated sexual selection.
Mechanically Tuning the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances of Gold Nanostructure Arrays

We report on chemical etching of ordered Au nanostructure arrays to continuously tune their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). Real-time extinction spectra were recorded from both Au nanodisks and nanospheres immobilized on glass substrates when immersed in Au etchant. The time-dependent LSPR frequencies, intensities, and bandwidths were studied theoretically with discrete dipole approximations and the Mie solution, and they were correlated with the evolution of the etched Au nanostructures’ morphology (as examined by atomic force microscopy). Since this chemical etching method can conveniently and accurately tune LSPR, it offers precise control of plasmonic properties and can be useful in applications such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and molecular resonance spectroscopy.
The use of gel electrophoresis to study the reactions of activated amino acids with oligonucleotides.

We have used gel electrophoresis to study the primary covalent addition of amino acids to oligonu-cleotides or their analogs and the subsequent addition of further molecules of the amino acids to generate peptides covalently linked to the oligonucleotides. We have surveyed the reactions of a variety of amino acids with the phosphoramidates derived from oligonucleotide 5 inches phosphates and ethylenediamine. We find that arginine and amino acids can interact with oligonucleotidesl through stacking interactions react most efficiently. D- and L-amino acids give indistinguishable families of products.
An inconvenient truth about obesity

The 4-part Home Box Office (HBO) documentary on obesity entitled, “The Weight of the Nation” (theweightofthenation.hbo.com/) was aired in May of this year. Two years in the making, this timely documentary was produced in conjunction with two of the most prestigious biomedical institutions in the US – the Institute of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) – and top US health officials were featured in the series and enlisted to promote it in media appearances. The documentary appropriately focuses on the health implications of obesity for current and future generations and explains how it results from complex interactions between inherited and environmental factors. It also highlights the important contributions to obesity risk made by unhealthy dietary and exercise habits and concludes with an impassioned plea for lifestyle change at the national level.
A concomitant change in mitochondria and virulence of a transplanted lymphoid leukemia.

Summary and ConclusionsNew data presented in conjunction with data published by Potter and Ward indicate that a marked increase in the number of mitochondria in lymphocytes of C58 mice inoculated with Line U leukemia has occurred in the course of 350 transfers. This increase in the number of mitochondria has occurred concomitantly with a decrease in the killing time, following a standard number of cells, from about 15 days to 4 days. The number of mitochondria in lymphocytes of Line I has not shown a similar increase in the course of 500 transfers made during this same period of time, and the interval between inoculation and death has remained unchanged at approximately 4 days. In making these new counts it was not possible to follow in every respect the technic for staining of mitochondria used by Potter and Ward.Certain other differences between Line U and Line I have not changed since the time of the previous study of these leukemias. In spite of the increase in mitochondria, the lymphocytes of Line U ...
Q-Phenomena, I-Phenomena and Impliciture: Some Experimental Pragmatics

Elements of communicative content that are not expressed by constituents of the sentence uttered, what we will call "unexpressed elements of content" (UECs), played an important role in the history and development of generative grammar. In the 80's and 90's, mostly inspired by the work of Grice, UECs and mechanisms for recovering them not contemplated by linguistic theory of the time, began to surface under a variety of labels. We will collectively refer to these phenomena as 'impliciture' (extending Bach: 1994). Impliciture phenomena raise some interesting questions, only some of which is the field in a position to say anything about at present. Levinson (2000) has taken the useful step of distinguishing what we call "Q-phenomena", mostly related to linguistic scales, from "I-phenomena", mostly related to stereotypical information. Starting in the late 80's, experimental work began on the nature of these unspoken contents and their attendant mechanisms. In a recent study, Garrett and Harnish (2007) looked at I-phenomena, that have been proposed to depend on stereotypical background information. We asked whether these contents really are delivered by such mechanisms as "default heuristics", operating on general background knowledge, or whether they might be more tied to language via something like the "standardization" of a form for a certain use. Initial results for the materials tested seem to favor standardization as a mechanism for delivering this content. Completed research by Orjada (2007) and Rybarova (2007) extends the study of impliciture to additional examples and new populations. One assesses performance in RH damaged populations. The other contrasts performance for populations with high and low frontal lobe function.
Vacuum structure and QCD sum rules: introduction

This note was written as an introduction to the volume Vacuum Structure and QCD Sum Rules (North-Holland, 1992). It has never been published.
Pharmacological manipulation of central nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase activity alters Fos expression by rat hypothalamic vasopressinergic neurons during acute glucose deprivation.

Abstract Neurohypophyseal secretion of arginine vasopressin is stimulated by decreased systemic glucose availability. Nitric oxide is produced by paraventricular and supraoptic magnocellular neurons, and is implicated in central mechanisms controlling plasma vasopressin and glucose levels. The current studies investigated the role of this neurotransmitter in glucoprivic induction of AP-1 transcriptional activity in hypothalamic vasopressinergic neurons by examining whether pharmacological manipulation of central nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase/cGMP signaling alters nuclear accumulation of Fos immunoreactivity in these cells. Adult male rats pretreated by intraventricular administration of saline exhibited extensive colabeling of vasopressinergic neurons in both brain sites for Fos following systemic injection of the glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy- d -glucose. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide donor, SIN1, resulted in decreased numbers of paraventricular and supraoptic Fos-positive vasopressinergic neurons during glucoprivation. In other animals, coadministration of SIN1 and the nitric-oxide sensitive guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, prior to the antimetabolite reversed these inhibitory effects of SIN1 on Fos expression by these cells. Intracerebral administration of ODQ alone did not significantly enhance expression of Fos by vasopressinergic neurons in either site. The present studies demonstrate that exogenous activation of the nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase/cGMP pathway in the brain inhibits nuclear accumulation of the AP-1 transcription factor, Fos, in vasopressinergic neurons during cellular glucopenia, and suggest that this neurotransmitter is critical for transactivational effects of glucoprivation on these neuropeptidergic neurons.
The Services Transformation and Network Policy: The New Logic of Value Creation

There is currently a fundamental transformation of services, a transformation central to the growth of productivity and competition in the global economy. This transformation, a response to commodification generated by decomposition of production and intensified competition in global markets, is driven by developments in IT tools, the uses they are being put to, and the networks they run on. The service transformation is changing how firms add value, affecting the underlying economic activity in countries around the world. This article introduces the notion of the services transformation, placing it in the historical context of production and competition, noting the advent of the Internet as a critical building block. Second, we consider national strategies for capturing value in this new era. The experiences of Japan and Korea, successful in deploying high-speed IT networks, but facing unexpected challenges in using them to capture value, highlight several features of the services transformation.
Increased adhesion between neutral lipid bilayers: interbilayer bridges formed by tannic acid.

Tannic acid (TA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound that aggregates membranes and neutral phosolipid vesicles and precipitates many proteins. This study analyzes TA binding to lipid membranes and the ensuing aggregation. The optical density of dispersions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles increased upon the addition of TA and electron micrographs showed that TA caused the vesicles to aggregate and form stacks of tightly packed disks. Solution calorimetry showed that TA bound to PC bilayers with a molar binding enthalpy of -8.3 kcal/mol and zeta potential measurements revealed that TA imparted a small negative charge to PC vesicles. Monolayer studies showed that TA bound to PC with a dissociation constant of 1.5 microM and reduced the dipole potential by up to 250 mV. Both the increase in optical density and decrease in dipole potential produced by TA could be reversed by the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone, a compound that chelates TA by providing H-bond acceptor groups. NMR, micropipette aspiration, and x-ray diffraction experiments showed that TA incorporated into liquid crystalline PC membranes, increasing the area per lipid molecule and decreasing the bilayer thickness by 2 to 4%. 2H-NMR quadrupole splitting measurements also showed that TA associated with a PC molecule for times much less than 10(-4) s. In gel phase bilayers, TA caused the hydrocarbon chains from apposing monolayers to fully interdigitate. X-ray diffraction measurements of both gel and liquid crystalline dispersions showed that TA, at a critical concentration of about 1 mM, reduced the fluid spacing between adjacent bilayers by 8–10 A. These data place severe constraints on how TA can pack between adjacent bilayers and cause vesicles to adhere. We conclude that TA promotes vesicle aggregation by reducing the fluid spacing between bilayers by the formation of transient interbilayer bridges by inserting its digallic acid residues into the interfacial regions of adjacent bilayers and spanning the interbilayer space.
Packet switching in banyan networks

This paper presents a formal scheme for addressing base and apex nodes in SW-banyan networks. This scheme is used for routing packets in the network. Packet-switching, in conjunction with the the circuit-switch mode of operation, offers a very flexible and powerful mechanism for interprocess communication in the multiprocessor architectures based on the banyan networks. Finally, a fault-tolerent scheme for re-routing the packets in the network is presented, in case the packet encounters a faulty node in its path.