cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photographs of Fertilization in the Smaller Species of Trichonympha

SYNOPSIS. The photographs illustrate male and female gametes before fertilization, several progressive stages in the entrance of the male gamete into the cytoplasm of the female, cytoplasmic fusion of gametes, loss of extranuclear organelles of male gamete, retention of extranuclear organelles of female gamete, movement of pronucleus of male gamete to that of female, progressive stages in fusion of pronuclei, and the formation of the zygote which possesses the extranuclear organelles of the female gamete. Some abortive attempts at fertilization, resulting from failure of gametes to differentiate, are shown.
Conjugate-Base-Stabilized Brønsted Acids: Catalytic Enantioselective Pictet–Spengler Reactions with Unmodified Tryptamine

A conjugate-base-stabilized Bronsted acid facilitates catalytic enantioselective Pictet–Spengler reactions with unmodified tryptamine. The chiral carboxylic acid catalyst is readily assembled in just two steps and enables the formation of β-carbolines with up to 92% ee. Achiral acid additives or in situ Boc-protection facilitate catalyst turnover.
The Cognitive Algebra of the Parametric Marginal Desirability Model: A Research Note

An asymmetric multiplying cognitive algebra is implied theoretically by the parametric marginal desirability model. When given a PMD task, a substantial percentage of consumers do employ the predic...
Response of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Modified McPhail and Jackson Traps: Effects of Trapping Duration and Population Density

Relative capture of Caribbean fruit fly ( Anastrepha suspense (Loew)) by modified McPhail and Jackson traps was examined under fall and spring population densities. The influence of trap duration (one week compared with several weeks) also was examined. Standard McPhail traps were superior to all other designs at spring population densities (low). At fall population densities (high), the standard McPhail, solid orange Jackson trap, and the “umbrella” McPhail were equally effective for female and total trap catch. There was no significant difference in male trap catch during the fall. Because there was significant weekly variation in trap catch, trap evaluations need to be done over long periods of time.
The coverage survey of left- behind children in Zanhuang county of Shijiazhuang after intervention

Objective To investigate the national immunization vaccine coverage of the left- behind children in Zanhuang County after intervention,to provide scientific basis in the future. Methods Intervention measures were adopted,including by implementing new vaccination model,replanting leak immunization regularly, strengthening supervision,improving vaccination service form and instructing health education for the left- behind children under the age of 6 after intervention,and to conduct questionnaire survey of immunization knowledges to the guardians. At the same time,children around whose age and sex were similar and both parents were at home were set up for the control group. The related data are recorded in Excel 2003,and statistical analysis is operated by SPSS17. 0. Results For immunization vaccine,primary immunization coverage were 95. 26% and 95. 84%,booster immunization coverage were 93. 88% and 94. 47%,among the left- behind children and control children,without significant differences( χ2= 0. 726,0. 271,P 0. 05). The related awareness rate of guardians were 87. 86% and 94. 15%,with significant differences between the two groups( χ2= 64. 572,P 0. 05). Conclusions Primary immunization coverage and booster immunization coverage of left- behind children and control children reached 90% after intervention,which realized the equalization of national immunization program service.
Hygienic survey of central air conditioning ventilation system in Shenzhen

Objective To know the hygienic situation of central air conditioning system in Shenzhen.Methods A total of 11 central air conditioning ventilation systems were selected randomly in Shenzhen during June-October,2012.The hygienic indicators,including Legionella pneumophila in cooling water and condensate water,PM10,dust volume,β-hemolytic Streptococcus,total count of bacteria and fungi on internal surface of air pipes and in blowing air were determined.Results The qualified rates of total count of bacteria,fungi and PM10 in blowing air were 90.4%,87.2%,100.0% respectively,the qualified rates of total count of bacteria,fungi and dust volume on internal surface of air pipes were 100.0%,89.9%,95.0% respectively;The mediums of total count of bacteria and fungi in blowing air were 280.0 and 325.0 cfu/m3respectively in hospitals,which were the highest in all sampling points,and the highest levels were found on internal surface of air pipes in shopping malls,which were 2.0 and 29.0 cfu/cm2respectively.While the highest values of PM10 and the dust volume were in factories,which were 0.099 mg/m3and 12.480 cfu/m2respectively.Moreover,every indicator was significantly different in different public places(P0.05).β-hemolytic Streptococcus was not found in all detecting points,while the positive rate of Legionella pneumophila was 8.7%.Conclusion Hygienic situation of investigated central air conditoning ventilation system is relatively better.Microorganism contamination in blowing air of hospital and on internal surface of air pipes of shopping malls should be paid more attention to,and the monitoring of Legionella pneumophila in the water system should be enhanced also.
Injections in Patients with Bleeding Risks and Comorbid Conditions

Assessing bleeding risk for patients who are to undergo spinal/epidural or peripheral joint injections is patient dependent. As a physician through years of practice, you will encounter patients with varying medical comorbidities that can affect their susceptibility to bleed with spinal injections. It is important to keep an open line of communication with the physicians managing their medical bleeding conditions to determine the safest way to proceed.
Novel 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]-pyrimidines as potential antifolates

Opportunistic infections with Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii remain the principal cause of death in patients with AIDS in the United States. For some time we have been involved in the synthesis of antifolates in an attempt to provide more potent and selective agents against dihydrofolate reductase from P. carinii and T. gondii than the currently used antifolates for these infections. Our efforts have resulted in the synthesis of bicyclic 6–6 ring fused analogs involving the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines1 and the tetrahydroquinazolines.2 In addition we have also synthesized 6-6-6 ring fused systems involving the pyrimidonaphthyridines3 and the 6-6-5 pyrrolo fused pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines.4 Of these analogs several have been found to be more potent and/or selective than the currently approved antifolates, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine and trimetrexate. In addition we have also observed significant antitumor activity in some of these classical and nonclassical analogs.
An epidemiological study on undescended testis.

AbstractWe present an epidemiological study of undescended testes. Of the cases of undescended testes two-thirds are bilateral. Undescended testes occur more often in the sons of less educated parents and mothers with lower qualified jobs. Our study led to 3 important etiological conclusions: 1) cases of undescended testes at birth and true undescended testes cases may represent somewhat different nosological entities, 2) unilateral and bilateral cases do not show any significant difference in epidemiological parameters and 3) the pituitary and chorionic gonadotropins may have an important role in the occurrence of true undescended testes, as suggested by the season of birth.
Gastrointestinal Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma): An Underrecognized Entity Causing Iron Deficiency Anemia

Pyogenic granuloma (PG), more accurately known as lobular capillary hemangioma, is a benign vascular tumor that usually occurs in the skin or oral mucosa. This lesion is rarely reported in the gastrointestinal tract but is known to bleed if not resected. We herein describe a case series with the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings of four cases of gastrointestinal PG at our institution. In addition, we provide a review of the literature and summation of all reported cases of PG specific to the gastrointestinal tract. Based on our experience, we suggest that the actual incidence of gastrointestinal PG may in fact be higher than reported because PG can be unrecognized or improperly diagnosed. It is important for the clinician to properly recognize this lesion as a source of anemia and its propensity to bleed during biopsy or resection.
Real-Time Prediction for Burn Length of Stay Via Median Residual Hospital Length of Stay Methodology

Hospital length of stay (LOS) after burn injury is commonly estimated as 1 day per percent burn, but LOS often exceeds that estimate. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel method for estimating burn hospital LOS at any time during hospitalization. The authors used the American Burn Association National Burn Repository from 2000 to 2009 to directly estimate the median residual LOS (MRLOS) of patients hospitalized for burn injuries and who survived to discharge. The MRLOS is the median of how many more days a burn patient will be hospitalized given that the person has been in hospital for a specified time period. The authors also estimated the 25th and 75th percentiles of residual life and quantified the relationship between MRLOS and LOS with ordinary least squares for all burn patients, by burn size and by presence of inhalation injury. MRLOS increased with increasing LOS, confirming that discharge estimates change over time. Patients with inhalation injury had longer MRLOS than patients without inhalation injury in the first 100 hospital days. Patients with large burns (>25%) had large MRLOS consistent with prolonged hospitalization, but patients with small burns (<25%) also had steadily increasing MRLOS during hospitalization (ie, the longer the patient was in the hospital, the longer the predicted LOS regardless of initial LOS estimate). Estimating remaining hospital LOS at any time during admission has been problematic; MRLOS can be used to provide an estimate of remaining hospital LOS and resource utilization to families, administrators, and other medical professionals.
Replacement Investment Theory

Investment is the engine of a capitalist economy. Replacement investment is the most important component of investment. In Hayek’s words: The essential characteristic of capital, and one which affects the current input, is that it needs replacement and in consequence leads to investment. This in turn leads to the creation of new capital, but once this new capital exists the historical aspect becomes irrelevant. The important thing is not that the capital has been produced, but that it (or some equivalent) has to be reproduced. (Hayek, 1941, pp. 87–8)
An Historical Overview of UCC Article 9

This book chapter traces the history of Article 9 (Secured Transactions) of the U.S. Uniform Commercial Code. After setting out the pre-1940 legal setting in the United States for the use of movable property in secured transactions, the chapter studies three stages in the evolution of Article 9: (1) the drafting of the first “official” text (1947-1951), (2) the continuing revision of the text and its slow adoption by states (1952-1990), and (3) the thorough-going revision that lead to the present 1998 official text and subsequent minor amendments (1990-present). The chapter notes the growing complexity of the text and the importance of the institutional framework within which the text evolved.
Paleoecological relationships of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz)

Several specimens of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli (Agassiz), from the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas suggest that the shark fed on teleosts, mosasaurs, and possibly plesiosaurs. These animals are active vertebrates, so C. mantelli probably occupied the apex of the food chain in the Late Cretaceous seas. This top predator, however, was probably scavenged frequently by anacoracid sharks. Carcharodon carcharias (great white shark) and carcharhinid sharks are considered as the modern guild counterparts for Cretoxyrhina mantelli and anacoracids, respectively.
Issues and Challenges

The world is closing in. Famine, genocide, oppression and terrorism are as near as the evening news, and jet transport makes them physically close as well. The current travels in both directions. Comfortable Westerners can easily devise ways to make money in far corners —or destroy them in a twinkling. The forces that bring the world closer also magnify the potential for doing good and doing ill. In the past it was easy to remain ignorant of distant suffering and even easier to remain indifferent to it. Yet, though the earth now touches more closely, old ideas of moral responsibility and moral accountability remain.
Foreign Direct Investors as Change Agents

Institutional theory suggests that informal institutions effectively constrain human behavior. Culturally embedded norms and values align corporate governance with socially acceptable outcomes. We argue that foreign direct investors can act as agents of change in corporate governance. Investigating changes in ownership and control of Swedish firms, we find that foreign direct investors’ participation in conjunction with a reduction of control by the largest domestic shareholder improves firm performance through more efficient capital utilization and labor productivity as firms move away from a Swedish stakeholder orientation toward an Anglo-American shareholder wealth maximization focus.
A service-oriented simulation integration platform for hierarchical manufacturing planning and control

In this paper, a coherent and comprehensive distributed simulation platform is proposed to support hierarchical manufacturing planning and control. This platform enables integration of various hardware and software components within and across supply chain members, such as manufacturing equipment, physics-based process simulators, system-dynamic, agent-based and discrete-event simulators (DESs), and databases via web services technology. At the shop level, a DES model may run in a stand-alone mode, or in conjunction with other simulators (e.g. process or agent-based simulators) and/or hardware (e.g. robots and machines). At the enterprise level, multiple shop floor simulators (each representing a factory) are integrated into a geographically dispersed environment. Exemplary models simulating aircraft drill and assembly on the shop floor are developed in widely used packages, such as Arena®, Simio®, Anylogic® and ESPRIT®, and then integrated. The proposed platform with the hardware-in-the-loop capability i...
Blazing a Trail…or Blazing Saddles: A Case Study of Players’ Social Media Response to the Decision to Drop UAB Blazer Football

In 2014, the University of Alabama-Birmingham (UAB) elected to eliminate its football team, citing rising costs. This case study examines how the players on that team used Twitter as a tool for crisis communication, specifically the #FreeUAB hashtag, in order to demonstrate their opposition to that decision. An analysis of over 1300 tweets from 44 players revealed that while players primarily used the hashtag when discussing the team, they also utilized it in a variety of other tweet topics. Additionally, the majority of the tweets posted to the players’ accounts were retweets from other accounts, demonstrating that the players preferred to show the support from others instead of voicing their own opinions. Implications regarding stakeholder social media communication during a crisis are discussed.
Power-Required Flight Testing of Unmanned Aerial Systems Using Non-Steady-State Flight

Power-required flight testing has traditionally been done using the classic power independent of weight, velocity independent of weight method. This method is well suited for manned aircraft but has some shortcomings when applied to unmanned systems that are remotely piloted and/or operating on small test ranges. Maximum-likelihood estimation was used to identify the lift and drag models of two test aircraft using data acquired through acceleration and deceleration runs. The calculated power-required data were reduced using the classic technique to remove weight and air density effects. Flight-test data were collected using a Raspberry Pi single-board computer because of its low cost, weight, and good performance. Data points using the classic flight-test method were also collected for comparison against the dynamic method. Because of the small test range used, a third of all points collected using the classic method had to be eliminated because of assumption violations. The flight-test results show good ...
Directed assembly of microsphere-stabilized laser arrays

We present the facile fabrication of microlaser arrays by depositing a monolayer of polystyrene microspheres onto the bottom mirror of a marginally stable plane-parallel resonator. The cavity is stabilized at individual sphere locations and spatial selection of transverse modes is achieved without complicated fabrication schemes.
Toxicological implications of mitochondrial localization of CYP2E1

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) metabolizes an extensive array of pollutants, drugs, and other small molecules, often resulting in bioactivation to reactive metabolites. Therefore, it is unsurprising that it has been the subject of decades of research publications and reviews. However, while CYP2E1 has historically been studied in the endoplasmic reticulum (erCYP2E1), active CYP2E1 is also present in mitochondria (mtCYP2E1). Relatively few studies have specifically focused on mtCYP2E1, but there is growing interest in this form of the enzyme as a driver in toxicological mechanisms given its activity and location. Many previous studies have linked total CYP2E1 to conditions that involve mitochondrial dysfunction (fasting, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and obesity). Furthermore, a large number of reactive metabolites that are formed by CYP2E1 through metabolism of drugs and pollutants have been demonstrated to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, there appears to be significant inter-individual variability in targeting to the mitochondria, which could constitute a source of variability in individual response to exposures. This review discusses those outcomes, the biochemical properties and toxicological consequences of mtCYP2E1, and highlights important knowledge gaps and future directions. Overall, we feel that this exciting area of research is rich with new and important questions about the relationship between mtCYP2E1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pathology.
Transmission electron microscopy with atomic resolution under atmospheric pressures

Significant developments in micro-electrical-mechanical systems-based devices for use in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample holders have recently led to the commercialization of windowed gas cells that now enable the atomic-resolution visualization of phenomena occurring during gas–solid interactions at atmospheric pressure. In situ TEM study under atmospheric ressures provides unique information that is beneficial to correlating the structure–properties relationship of nanomaterials, particularly under real gaseous environments. We here provide a brief introduction of the advanced instrumentation of windowed gas cells and review recent progress of in situ atomic-resolution TEM study under atmospheric pressures, including some application examples of oxidation and reduction processes, dynamic growth of nanomaterials, catalytic reactions, and “operando” TEM.
Contextualizing Information Needs of Patients with Chronic Conditions Using Smartphones

Having become integral to daily life, smartphones become a main tool in addressing daily information needs. Smartphones provide immediate and ubiquitous access to the internet. Mobile apps are becoming popular resources for the general public and patients to obtain health-related information and to self-manage their health. Little is known about patients' needs for information in the context of their phone use. Thus, this study investigates the context of emergence of information needs of diabetes patients using smartphones. This study focuses on the chronic disease type 2 diabetes because patients with this condition are required to take an active role in managing their condition on a daily basis. This study employs employ a web-based survey using the critical incident technique. This study has theoretical significance and practical implications. Information needs should be conceptualized in the contexts that give rise to them. This study will enrich our understanding of multi-faceted information needs related to chronic disease self-care in daily life. Understanding the information needs of diabetes patients and the contexts for the needs is necessary to help researchers and designers develop mobile services to satisfy patients' needs and requirements.
Extending the applicability of RANS turbulence closures to the simulation of transitional flow around hydrofoils at low Reynolds number

Abstract Growing interest in marine autonomous systems such as underwater gliders and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) has led to the increase of research on hydrofoil performance at low Reynolds numbers, bringing forward the issue of simulating laminar to turbulent transition using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Most conventional turbulence closures in practical Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are incapable of predicting transition with excessive turbulence generation near the leading edge, deriving from their eddy viscosity assumption. Having the potential of inherently predicting transition by solving the near wall flow accurately, three Low-Re RANS closures with anisotropy consideration are selected and evaluated for their ability to capture both separation-induced transition and natural transition. The empirical γ − Re θ transition model is also assessed in this work. Comparison with published experiments shows the capability of the four turbulence closures to capture separation-induced transition accurately. Predicting natural transition remains more challenging: two Low-Re closures exhibit the potential to capture natural transition only at medium grid finesse levels, whereas the γ − Re θ model evidences challenges in reproducing the correct flow physics. The lag elliptic blending model provides the most accurate solution owing to its consistent grid convergence, high accuracy for predicting the hydrodynamic coefficients, and ability to reproduce the correct transition physics.
Abstract WP411: Identification and Characterization of Human Meningeal Lymphatics

Late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting 40 million patients and countless families worldwide. AD is characterized by accumulation of amyloid beta (As) in the brain and central nervous system (CNS). A growing body of evidence indicates that while As production is unchanged, its clearance from the CNS is attenuated in late onset AD. Therefore, it is critical to determine how Aβ is cleared from the brain and if these processes differ in healthy and AD patients. Recently, two groups independently reported that a network of meningeal lymphatic vasculature participates in the clearance of solutes and macromolecules from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of mice. However the presence of meningeal lymphatic vessels and their potential role in the clearance of As has not yet been defined in humans. Therefore, to determine if human meningeal lymphatic vessels absorb Aβ, we used immunofluorescence to examine superior sagittal sinus-associated dura mater tissue in a cohort of 21 patient samples including 6 subjects with no diagnosed dementia (control), 7 subjects with histopathologically confirmed AD, and 8 with diagnosis of mixed or other dementia. We found podoplanin (PDPN) positive, lumenized vessels in 19/21 patient samples, with 5/6 in control patients, 7/7 in AD patients and 7/8 in other or mixed dementia patients. These vessels were located in the dura mater, lateral to the superior sagittal sinus, and ranged from approximately 10 to 500 microns in diameter. Trace Aβ immunoreactivity was colocalized with podoplanin-positive vessels in 1/5 control, 1/7 AD, and 1/7 other or mixed dementia patients. As reactivity was found in meningeal blood vessels of 0/6 control, 1/7 AD, and 0/7 other or mixed dementia patients. To our knowledge, these data are the first to robustly support the existence of lymphatic vasculature in the human meninges. The data further suggest that As does not appear to widely deposit along wither these meningeal lymphatic or blood vessels, even among AD subjects.
Energy bounds condition for intertwining operators of type $B$, $C$, and $G_2$ unitary affine vertex operator algebras

The energy bounds condition for intertwining operators of unitary rational vertex operator algebras (VOAs) was studied, first by A.Wassermann for type $A$ affine VOAs, and later by T.Loke for $c<1$ Virasoro VOAs, and by V.Toledano-Laredo for type $D$ affine VOAs. In this paper, we extend their results to affine VOAs of type $B$, $C$, and $G_2$. As a consequence, the modular tensor categories of these unitary vertex operator algebras are unitary.
Data Selection with Cluster-Based Language Difference Models and Cynical Selection

We present and apply two methods for addressing the problem of selecting relevant training data out of a general pool for use in tasks such as machine translation. Building on existing work on class-based language difference models, we first introduce a cluster-based method that uses Brown clusters to condense the vocabulary of the corpora. Secondly, we implement the cynical data selection method, which incrementally constructs a training corpus to efficiently model the task corpus. Both the cluster-based and the cynical data selection approaches are used for the first time within a machine translation system, and we perform a head-to-head comparison. Our intrinsic evaluations show that both new methods outperform the standard Moore-Lewis approach (cross-entropy difference), in terms of better perplexity and OOV rates on in-domain data. The cynical approach converges much quicker, covering nearly all of the in-domain vocabulary with 84% less data than the other methods. Furthermore, the new approaches can be used to select machine translation training data for training better systems. Our results confirm that class-based selection using Brown clusters is a viable alternative to POS-based class-based methods, and removes the reliance on a part-of-speech tagger. Additionally, we are able to validate the recently proposed cynical data selection method, showing that its performance in SMT models surpasses that of traditional cross-entropy difference methods and more closely matches the sentence length of the task corpus.
The Spatial–Temporal Hierarchy of Inequality in Urban China: A Prefectural City–Level Study

Inequality has been the subject of intense debates in China, but inequality across cities remains less studied. This article investigates economic inequality based on prefectural-level cities durin...
DO RESIDENTS OF SPRAWLING U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS EXPERIENCE GREATER HEAT- AND AIR POLLUTION-RELATED MORTALITY?

Background and Aims: Recent research has found that sprawling U.S. metropolitan regions have experienced double the rate of increase in extreme heat events (EHE) and 50% more high ozone days compar...
Expecto Patronin for slow and persistent minus end microtubule growth in dendrites

Microtubule plus ends are highly dynamic in neurons, while minus ends are often capped and stable. In this issue, Feng et al. (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201810155) demonstrate that in dendrites, free minus ends undergo slow and processive growth mediated by the minus end-binding protein Patronin.
The conceptualization of racial tasking: Uncovering the (un)intended consequences

Abstract Racial tasking focuses on prejudicial attitudes toward racial minorities’ athletic and cognitive abilities, and the subsequent impact on coaching decisions. Lacking, however, is a definitive conceptualization of racial tasking and its theoretical tenets. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to advance the concept by clearly outlining the four essential tenets of racial tasking: (a) positional similarity, (b) racial dissimilarity, (c) interest convergence/task divergence, and (d) capital (dis)accumulation. To this end, the authors introduce and review influential theories and ideologies, with particular application to the sport industry. In doing so, the authors detail the primary tenets of racial tasking, provide examples, and discuss implications to further situate this phenomenon and framework within the sport industry and sport management research.
Imaging and Interventional Radiology for Cancer Management

The past decade has brought about dramatic changes in the diagnosis and management of cancer. Advancements in imaging and minimally invasive interventional techniques combine to rapidly diagnose, stage, and in certain cases, treat various forms of cancer. Physicians treating patients with cancer are confronted with many challenges beginning with the initial diagnosis. Imaging plays an integral role in every step of caring for the patient with cancer. Advances in imaging allow the earlier detection and staging of the disease and aid in decision making and treatment planning.
Delayed global feedback in the genesis and stability of spatiotemporal patterns in paced biological excitable media

A multi-scale approach was used to investigate the roles of delayed global feedback (DGF) in the genesis and stability of spatiotemporal patterns in periodically-paced excitable media. Patterns that are temporal period-2 (P2) and spatially concordant (in-phase) or discordant (out-of-phase) were investigated. First, simulations were carried out using a generic spatiotemporal model composed of coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo units with DGF. When DGF is absent, concordant and discordant P2 patterns occur depending on initial conditions. The discordant P2 patterns are spatially random. When the DGF is negative, only concordant P2 patterns exist. When the DGF is positive, both concordant and discordant P2 patterns can occur. The discordant P2 patterns are still spatially random, but they satisfy that the global signal exhibits a temporal period-1 behavior. Second, to validate the spatiotemporal dynamics in a biological system, simulations were carried out using a 3-dimensional physiologically detailed ventricular myocyte model. This model can well capture the intracellular calcium release patterns widely observed in experiments. The properties of DGF were altered by changing ionic currents or clamping voltage. The spatiotemporal pattern dynamics of calcium release in this model match precisely with those of the generic model. Finally, theoretical analyses were carried out using a coupled map lattice model with DGF, which reveals the instabilities and bifurcations leading to the spatiotemporal dynamics and provides a general mechanistic understanding of the role of DGF in the genesis, selection, and stability of spatiotemporal patterns in paced excitable media.
Disciplinary Exclusions in Special Education: A 4-Year Analysis:

Current discipline policies have led to an increase in the use of exclusion with students with disabilities, thereby preventing some from receiving a free and appropriate public education. Students...
Gender affirming and aesthetic cranioplasty: what's new?

Purpose of review Esthetic cranioplasty is an important part of facial feminization surgery. Additionally, it is an often underappreciated procedure for facial beautification. This chapter reviews current trends in esthetic cranioplasty for transgender women and others. Valuable techniques and innovations that do not advance the field are reviewed. Recent findings Although promoted in recent literature, among the key concepts discussed in this review are the limitations of cutting guides, the rare indications for preoperative imaging, and when burring the glabellar area is appropriate rather than doing a full osteoplastic flap setback. Summary Forehead feminization cranioplasty is a highly dependent upon the surgeon's artistic ability. Modeling and guides are potentially helpful for the novice surgeon but better is to learn appropriate anatomy for a more refined result.
Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization

We present a hybrid framework appropriate for identifying distinct dynamical regimes and transitions in a paleoclimate time series. Our framework combines three powerful techniques used independently of each other in time series analysis: a recurrence plot, manifold learning through Laplacian eigenmaps, and Fisher information metric. The resulting hybrid approach achieves a more automated classification and visualization of dynamical regimes and transitions, including in the presence of missing values, observational noise, and short time series. We illustrate the capabilities of the method through several pragmatic numerical examples. Furthermore, to demonstrate the practical usefulness of the method, we apply it to a recently published paleoclimate dataset: a speleothem oxygen isotope record from North India covering the past 5700 years. This record encodes the patterns of monsoon rainfall over the region and covers the critically important period during which the Indus Valley Civilization matured and declined. We identify a transition in monsoon dynamics, indicating a possible connection between climate change and the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Assessing Self-Efficacy and Communication Regarding Sexual Agreements among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the USA: Development and Validation of Two Novel Scales

HIV disproportionately impacts men who have sex with men (MSM) in the USA. Building upon research on relationship constructs unique to MSM couples' HIV-prevention needs, we developed two new scales measuring sexual agreement self-efficacy (SASE) and importance of sexual agreement communication (ISAC). Following qualitative item development, we used two large independent samples of MSM couples (N1 = 441, N2 = 388) to conduct scale validation. Exploratory factor analyses indicated both SASE and ISAC to be unidimensional with 7 and 5 items (eigenvalues = 5.68 and 3.50), respectively, with strong factor loadings. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded satisfactory model fit for SASE (CFI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.03) and ISAC (CFI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.05). Reliability was high for SASE (ω = 0.92) and ISAC (ω = 0.84). Predictive validity analysis revealed a protective association between higher scores on both scales and the outcomes of sexual risk behavior and agreement breaks. Convergent and discriminant validity analyses demonstrated associations in the expected directions between these scales and multiple measures of relationship quality. Therefore, SASE and ISAC are two brief, valid, and reliable scales that can facilitate more in-depth explorations of sexual agreements in MSM and thereby contribute greatly to improving our understanding of and ability to intervene on sexual agreements to improve health and relationship outcomes.
Degradative tubular lysosomes link pexophagy to starvation and early aging in C. elegans.

Organelle-specific autophagy directs degradation of eukaryotic organelles under certain conditions. Like other organelles, peroxisomes are subject to autophagic turnover at lysosomes. However, peroxisome autophagy (pexophagy) has yet to be analyzed in a live-animal system, limiting knowledge on its regulation during an animal's life. Here, we generated a tandem-fluorophore reporter that enabled real-time tracking of pexophagy in live Caenorhabditis elegans. We observed that pexophagy occurred at a population of non-canonical, tubular lysosomes specifically during starvation and aging. Remarkably, in these contexts, tubular lysosomes were the predominant type of lysosome in the intestine, transforming from vesicles. Though we found that peroxisomes were largely eliminated in early adulthood, they appeared restored in new generations. We identified peroxisomal genes that regulated age-dependent peroxisome loss and demonstrated that modifying this process altered animal lifespan. These findings reveal new facets of peroxisome homeostasis relevant to aging and challenge the prevailing perception of lysosome homogeneity in autophagy.
Identification and Documentation of Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common problems of both pediatric and adult practice. It may either be overt (symptomatic) or covert (asymptomatic). Overt infections may either be self-evident or present with signs and symptoms more typical of other common diseases. Covert infections are discovered either by serendipity or by screening of asymptomatic populations. A working knowledge of populations at risk greatly facilitates diagnostic effort and planning for intelligent screening methods.
Incoporating Music Perception and Enjoyment Into Aural Rehabilitation

The author recently completed a 40-year career in audiology with a primary interest in hearing aids and adult aural rehabilitation. He describes how the field of audiology has changed over this period in the areas of hearing aid selection, hearing aid fitting, hearing aid options and distribution, and adult group aural rehabilitation. Suggestions for future directions are made in each of the areas.
Kss1: Kinase suppressor of sst2-1 (S. cerevisiae) (Erk/MAP kinase homologue)

The kinase suppressor of sst2-1 (KSS1) was originally isolated on the basis of its ability, when overexpressed, to promote the resumption of growth in certain MATa haploid cells (sst2–1 mutants) that had been arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by prior exposure to the mating pheromone, α-factor. Kss1 was the first member identified of the family now known as the MAP kinases or Erks. Kss1 is required in haploid cells for efficient signal transduction in response to mating pheromone and is partially redundant in function with a homologue, Fus3. The native active form(s) of Kss1 has not been purified or characterized biochemically. Kss1 consists of a kinase domain followed by an acidic (net charge -12) C-terminal extension. Kss1 is phosphorylated in vivo on both T183 and Y185, as well as on serine residue(s) at unknown locations. KSS1 is expressed in all three yeast cell types (MATa haploids, MATα haploids, and MATa/MATα diploids) and is not a pheromone-responsive gene. Kss1 is localized primarily in the nucleus, even in the absence of exposure of the cells to pheromone, and is found almost exclusively in the particulate fraction of cell lysates.
Effects of Ethanol on Growth, Consumption of Food, and Body Composition of Weanling Rats

Ethanol administered to weanling rats in various concentrations as the sole drinking fluid in conjunction with a semipurified dry diet was consumed at a level of not more than 20% of total energy. Suppression of fluid intake and concomitant reduction of food intake resulted in decreased growth. Analysis of body composition indicated that the difference in weight in rats given 20% solutions of ethanol as the sole drinking fluid and in rats pair-fed diets without ethanol was primarily due to dehydration. With total liquid formulations having good resistance to separation, there were no significant differences in weight gain between rats given 20% or 30% of total energy as ethanol and rats pair-fed diets without ethanol. Ethanol fed at 40% of total energy caused inhibition of growth which could not be ascribed solely to decreased consumption of food and water. These data indicate that the method of administering ethanol to weanling rats affects not only the levels at which ethanol is toxic but also the amount of ethanol voluntarily consumed by the rats. The use of pair-feeding techniques and of homogenous liquid formulations is essential for studies of the metabolic effects of ethanol.
Time-dependent Inhibition by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin of Skin Tumorigenesis with Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

Abstract The effects of treating female mice with single topical doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) at various times before and after 7,12-dimethylbenz( a )anthracene (DMBA), benzo( a )pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), and (±)- trans -7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo( a )-pyrene were studied. TCDD, at doses of 1 µg/mouse, was applied topically 3 days prior to, 5 min prior to, or 1 day after the initiator. The application of TCDD 5 min prior to or 1 day after initiation with DMBA, benzo( a )pyrene, or MCA had little or no effect on papilloma formation. In contrast, when TCDD was applied 3 days prior to initiation with these hydrocarbons, a marked reduction in papilloma formation was observed. TCDD, applied 3 days prior to, 5 min prior to, or 1 day after initiation with (±)- trans -7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo( a )pyrene produced 81, 50, and 39% inhibition of papilloma formation after 20 weeks of promotion. Similar effects were observed when higher initiating doses of DMBA and the diol-epoxide were utilized. In addition, single i.p. doses of TCDD (1 µg/mouse) 3 days prior to initiation with DMBA or MCA were highly effective at inhibiting papilloma formation. Several congeners of TCDD, lacking, possessing similar, or possessing different inducing properties, were tested for their effects on tumor initiation by DMBA. 3,4,3′,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl effectively inhibited tumor initiation by DMBA, whereas 2,7-dichlorodibenzo- p -dioxin and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl had little or no effect on the tumor response. Topical application of TCDD at the doses utilized in the tumor experiments markedly induced epidermal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (21-fold) 3 days after treatment. In addition, epidermal uridine diphosphoglucuronyltransferase activities were stimulated 2- to 3-fold 3 days following TCDD treatment. TCDD treatment had little or no effect on epidermal epoxide hydrase or glutathione- S -transferase activities. The time course for induction of epidermal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and uridine diphosphoglucuronyltransferase correlated with the time course for the inhibitory effects of TCDD on tumor initiation with DMBA, benzo( a )pyrene, and MCA.
Using The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) to Find Information About Arabidopsis Genes

The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://www.arabidopsis.org) is a comprehensive Web resource of Arabidopsis biology for plant scientists. TAIR curates and integrates information about genes, proteins, gene expression, mutant phenotypes, biological materials such as DNA and seed stocks, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps, biochemical pathways, genome organization, images of mutant plants and protein sub-cellular localizations, publications, and the research community Data in TAIR are extensively interconnected and can be accessed through a variety of Web-based search and display tools. This unit primarily focuses on some basic methods for searching, browsing, visualizing, and analyzing information about Arabidopsis genes. Gene expression data from microarrays is a recent addition to the database and methods for accessing these data are also described. Two pattern identification programs are described for mining TAIR's unique Arabidopsis sequence data sets. We also describe how to use AraCyc for mining plant metabolic pathways.
Knowledge Representation and Automated Reasoning

In this paper we present some leading activities in Artificial Intelligence at the IBM Paris Scientific Center.
Speech and gesture multimodal control of a whole Earth 3D visualization environment

A growing body of research shows several advantages to multimodal interfaces including increased expressiveness, flexibility, and user freedom. This paper investigates the design of such an interface that integrates speech and hand gestures. The interface has the additional property of operating relative to the user and can be used while the user is in motion or standing at a distance from the computer display. The paper then describes an implementation of the multimodal interface for a whole Earth 3D visualization which presents navigation interface challenges due to the large magnitude of scale and extended spaces that are available. The characteristics of the multimodal interface are examined, such as speed, recognizability of gestures, ease and accuracy of use, and learnability under likely conditions of use. This implementation shows that such a multimodal interface can be effective in a real environment and sets some parameters for the design and use of such interfaces.
Synthesis and Characterization of Halocobaloximes and its Derivatives for Antimicrobial Activity

Cobaloximes of the types Trans- BH 2 [Co(dmgH) 2 X], where dmgH - = Dimethylglyoximate, X - = Cl - or Br - and Trans-[Co(dmgH) 2 (H 2 O)I].B where, B = Piperazine (Pp) or 2-(N-Tert-butylamido)piperazine (t- Bu-PpAM) were prepared and characterized by TG/DTA, FABMS UV-visible, IR, NMR spectra and XRD studies. All the cobaloximes were screened against microorganisms for their antimicrobial activity and compared with streptomycin as standard. The free ligands viz., Pp&t- Bu-PpAM, showed antimicrobial activity in the order: Pp Br - > I - for cobaloximes having piperazine where as in the case of cobaloximes having 2-(N-Tertbutylamido) piperazine the antimicrobial activity order was found to be reversed as Br - > Cl - >I - .
What is your diagnosis? Lingual mass in a dog

A 3.5-year-old female spayed Rat Terrier was presented for evaluation of a submucosal lingual mass. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass revealed a population of neoplastic cells composed predominantly of small, round cells and large, round to spindle-shaped cells, which occasionally had blunt cytoplasmic borders and multiple nuclei. The neoplastic cells had moderate to marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The cytologic interpretation was malignant neoplasia, most likely sarcoma. Histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen revealed an unencapsulated, poorly demarcated, moderately cellular neoplasm composed of individualized, infiltrative spindle cells. Elongate skeletal muscle cells with prominent, rectangular borders (strap cells) were observed. A morphologic diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma was made. Staining with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin revealed haphazardly arranged skeletal muscle cross-striations. Immunohistochemical staining results for vimentin, Myo D1, desmin, and myoglobin were positive, though staining intensity of tumor cells varied with the degree of differentiation. Using transmission electron microscopy, irregular, disorganized Z-bands were identified. Rhabdomyosarcomas are uncommon tumors in the dog, and rarely may involve the tongue or oral cavity. Cytologic evaluation of a rhabdomyosarcoma may reveal a pleomorphic population of cells and definitive diagnosis may require histologic examination, immunohistochemical staining, and electron microscopy.
The deceleration of infalling plasma in magnetized neutron star atmospheres - Nonisothermal atmospheres

This paper examines the deceleration of accreting material in the strongly magnetized plasma atmosphere of an X-ray pulsar, for accretion rates less than 0.1 times the Eddington flux. The previous work on accretion, flow deceleration is extended to nonisothermal atmospheres. A rough model of radiative processes in neutron star atmospheres bombarded by accreting material is used to calculate the atmosphere's temperature and density profiles. The atmospheric structure and the accretion flow stopping depth are computed iteratively. For cases where the infall velocity is close to the free-fall velocity, a simple prescription for an equivalent single temperature, T(iso), is given. It is found that the plasma deceleration is close to stopping in a homogeneous, isothermal atmosphere at T(iso). Exceptions to this result occur for small infall velocities.