cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What's in a Rim?

“Pacific Rim” and a variety of terms cognate to it, such as “Pacific Basin” and “Asian‐Pacific,” have become commonplace in geopolitical vocabulary over the last decade. And yet, what these terms mean remains unclear. The immediate reference is obviously physically geographic: Pacific Rim (or Pacific Basin) refers to societies situated on the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and within it. Discussions of the Pacific Rim, however, rarely account for all the societies thus situated, more often than not referring primarily to societies of the northern hemisphere and sometimes using the term euphemistically as a contemporary substitute for what used to be called East Asia.
Rescue of SP-B Knockout Mice with a Truncated SP-B Proprotein FUNCTION OF THE C-TERMINAL PROPEPTIDE

The function of the 102-amino acid C-terminal propeptide of surfactant protein B (SP-B) was analyzed by characterizing the phenotype associated with loss of expression of this peptide domain in transgenic mice. A construct encoding the signal peptide, N-terminal propeptide, and mature peptide of human SP-B (hSP-BΔc) was cloned under the control of the 3.7-kilobase human SP-C promoter and injected into fertilized eggs of the FVB/N mouse strain. Founder mice expressing the hSP-BΔc transgene were bred with heterozygous SP-B knockout mice (SP-B +/−). Offspring containing the transgene and one allele of mouse SP-B were identified and subsequently crossed to generate a transgenic line that expressed SP-BΔc in a null background (SP-B(−/−)/hSP-BΔc(+/+)). Expression of hSP-BΔc in SP-B(−/−) mice was restricted to type II cells and resulted in a 2-fold increase in mature SP-B relative to wild type littermates. These mice survived without any evidence of respiratory problems and had normal lung function, normal alveolar surfactant phospholipid pool sizes, and typical tubular myelin indicating that the 102-residue C-terminal propeptide of SP-B is not required for normal structure and function of extracellular surfactant. However, proteolytic processing of the SP-C proprotein was perturbed resulting in the accumulation of a processing intermediate, Mr = 11,000, similar to the phenotype detected in SP-B(−/−) mice; furthermore, lamellar bodies in type II cells of SP-B(−/−)/hSP-BΔc(+/+) mice were much larger than in the wild type animal and saturated phosphatidylcholine content in lung tissue was significantly increased although the incorporation of choline into saturated phosphatidylcholine was normal. Collectively, these results demonstrate a role for the C-terminal propeptide of SP-B in SP-C proprotein processing and the maintenance of lamellar body size. The C-terminal propeptide may be an important determinant of intracellular surfactant pool size.
Biochemical composition and short term nutrient incorporation patterns in a unicellular marine cyanobacterium,Synechococcus(WH7803)1

Exponentially growing cells of a marine Synechococcus incorporate C, N, P, and S at a ratio of 95:16:3:1. Subcellular distributions of C, S, and P emphasized its low phospholipid and carbohydrate content. Short term carbon and sulfur incorporation accurately measured biosynthesis, but phosphorus was slow to reach isotopic equilibrium. Acetate and adenine were assimilated, but glucose and thymidine were not.
Risk-taker, role model, muse, and ‘charlatan’: stories of Ellen – an atypical giant

This narrative essay weaves personal recollections of my encounters with Ellen Brantlinger and a sampling of her works that continue to exert a profound influence on my own thinking and writing wit...
Flow of a particulate suspension in the wake of a circular cylinder

Abstract Measurements are reported for the average local particulate velocity and concentration distributions in the wake of a cylinder immersed in a stream containing a polydisperse aerosol. The wake centerline defects and transverse distributions were determined for both parameters. It was found that the particulate centerline defect persists a considerable distance downstream of the cylinder before fully developed conditions are satisfied. Transverse particulates and gaseous velocity distributions assume a Gaussian profile at the same point downstream. The charge-to-mass ratio throughout the wake region was equal to the free stream value for all experimental conditions and was of such a magnitude to permit the electrostatic effects to be neglected in the governing equations. Gaseous and particulate transport properties were identified in the wake.
Organization and Structure of Clouds and Precipitation on the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States. Part I: Synoptic Evolution of a Frontal System from the Rockies to the Atlantic Coast

Abstract The frontal structure of a cyclone that developed in the lee of the Rocky Mountains and moved eastward across the United States is examined. The evolutions and interactions of three frontal features are traced: the primary cold front, a shallow secondary arctic front, and a leeside trough. The zone of warm advection associated with the lee trough became more concentrated with time, and eventually resembled a warm front. The primary cold front had a tipped-forward structure, with cold advection aloft preceding cold advection at lower levels. This front overran the trough to form on the East Coast a structure that was similar to a warm occlusion or a split cold front. Two rainbands, parallel to and approximately 225 km ahead of the surface front, formed and dissipated within the inner network of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment. These rainbands developed at the leading edge of cold advection aloft, and they dissipated as they approached a region of strong convection over the Gulf Stream. Thi...
The variety generated by finite nilpotent monoids

~. A finite semigroup S is said to be nil~otent if S has a zero and if S n = 0 for some positive integer n. The family of all finite nilpotent semigroups forms a variety of finite semigroups in the sense of the word used by Eilenberg (see [EIL], particularly Section VIII.2) that is, it is closed under finite direct products and division. Let us say that a finite monoid M is nilpotent if M [i] is a nilpotent semigroup. The family of all finite nilpotent monoids does not form a variety of finite monoids, since the direct product of two nilpotent monoids is not, in general, a nilpotent monoid. One can, however, consider the smallest variety V of finite monoids which contains all the M
Fur (ferric uptake regulation) protein and CAP (catabolite‐activator protein) modulate transcription of fur gene in Escherichia coli

A fusion between the fur (ferric uptake regulation) gene, known to mediate negative regulation of iron absorption in Escherichia coli, and lacZ was constructed in vitro. beta-Galactosidase levels of cells harboring this fusion were under the control of sequences contained in a 185-bp DNA fragment located upstream of the fur structural gene. The fusion was prepared in multicopy (pVLN102 plasmid) and low-copy-number states, the latter constructed as a lambda phage lysogen carrying a fur'-'lacZ insert. DNase I footprinting experiments with purified Fur protein, performed on a 250-bp restriction fragment carrying the promoter region of the fusion, showed the presence of a single Fur-protected site overlapping the -10 region of a potential promoter sequence. Examination of the DNA sequences located upstream of the fur gene revealed a possible binding site for the catabolite-activator protein (CAP). beta-Galactosidase synthesis of E. coli cells harboring the fusion were measured in fur, crp and cya genetic backgrounds and compared with the corresponding levels in wild-type strains. The data obtained indicate a moderate autoregulation of fur expression by its gene product and also a significant stimulation by the cAMP-CAP system. Transcription start sites were mapped by primer-extension experiments with total RNA obtained in vivo from cells harboring pVLN102. The results show that transcription of the fur gene is initiated from at least two different sites separated by 6 bp, which appear to originate from two overlapping promoters sensitive to catabolic activation.
Treatment of cirrhosis and liver failure in rats by hepatocyte xenotransplantation

Background & Aims: Hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as an alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatic failure. A major limitation to this form of therapy is the availability of human livers as a source of hepatocytes. The use of porcine hepatocytes might address this problem; however, xenogeneic hepatocytes are thought to be functionally incompatible across species and susceptible to irreversible rejection. Methods: Liver cirrhosis was induced with phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride. Only rats with decompensated liver failure that did not correct 4 weeks after the discontinuation of carbon tetrachloride were subjected to intrasplenic rat or porcine hepatocyte transplantation. The immunologic integrity of cirrhotic rats was assessed by allogeneic skin grafting, and the immune response to transplanted porcine hepatocytes was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Porcine hepatocytes restored metabolic function and prolonged the survival of cirrhotic rats, as well as rat hepatocytes. Cirrhotic rats retained the ability to reject allogeneic skin grafts and showed an immune response to the engrafted hepatocytes. Despite this, survival of transplanted porcine hepatocytes was accepted in cirrhotic rats for a period of weeks without immunosuppression. Conventional immunosuppression with FK506 allowed successful retransplantation with hepatocytes from a second porcine donor. Conclusions: Hepatocytes transplanted between widely divergent species can function to correct liver failure in cirrhotic rats and prolong their survival. Conventional immunosuppression allows long-term functioning of xenogeneic hepatocyte retransplants and suggests that hepatocyte xenotransplantation might be useful as a bridge to liver transplantation and could potentially provide long-term hepatic support.
Neuronal activity in primate dorsal anterior cingulate cortex signals task conflict and predicts adjustments in pupil-linked arousal

Whether driving a car, shopping for food, or paying attention in a classroom of boisterous teenagers, it's often hard to maintain focus on goals in the face of distraction. Brain imaging studies in humans implicate the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in regulating the conflict between goals and distractors. Here we show that single dACC neurons signal conflict between task goals and distractors in the rhesus macaque, particularly for biologically relevant social stimuli. For some neurons, task conflict signals predicted subsequent changes in pupil size-a peripheral index of arousal linked to noradrenergic tone-associated with reduced distractor interference. dACC neurons also responded to errors, and these signals predicted adjustments in pupil size. These findings provide the first neurophysiological endorsement of the hypothesis that dACC regulates conflict, in part, via modulation of pupil-linked processes such as arousal.
Relative Deprivation and Social Movements: A Critical Look at Twenty Years of Theory and Research*

The relative deprivation perspective was widely employed in the social movement literature of the late 1960s and early 1970s. In spite of the growing popularity of some newer approaches which criti...
Inflammatory breast cancer: PET/CT, MRI, mammography, and sonography findings

To describe the role of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), sonography, and mammography in patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Patients who had been newly diagnosed with IBC and who had undergone mammography, sonography, MRI, PET/CT, or a combination of these were included in this study. The visibility of breast parenchymal lesion (BPLs), skin abnormalities, regional (axillary, supraclavicular, or internal mammary) nodal disease, and distant metastatic disease was documented with the imaging techniques. Eighty patients (median age, 51 years, [range, 25–78 years]) were included in this study: 75 (94%) had undergone mammography, 76 (95%) sonography, 33 (41%) MRI, and 24 (30%) PET/CT. A primary BPL was found in 60 patients (80%) on mammography (mass or calcifications), 72 (95%) on sonography (mass or architectural distortion), 23 (96%) on PET/CT (hypermetabolic BPL), and 33 (100%) on MRI (enhancing BPL). Regional axillary nodal disease was found in 74 patients (93%) by histologic or cytologic examination, in 71 patients (93%) on sonography, in 21 (88%) on PET/CT, in 29 (88%) on MRI, and in 34 (45%) on mammography. Distant metastases in the bone, liver, and contralateral lymph nodes were diagnosed in nine patients (38%) on PET/CT. MRI was the most accurate imaging technique in detecting a primary BPL in IBC patients. Sonography can be useful in diagnosing regional nodal disease. PET/CT provides additional information on distant metastasis, and it should be considered in the initial staging of IBC.
Pulsating continents on Venus: An explanation for crustal plateaus and tessera terrains

We propose that tessera terrains on Venus represent continental crust that does not participate in the periodic recycling of the lithosphere through global subduction events.We have studied the force balance on the boundary of a continental area that survives a global subduction event using an analytical model. In the proposed model, the ratio between the crustal and lithospheric mantle thicknesses controls the force balance. If the crust thickness is less than ∼2/5 of the lithospheric mantle thickness, the continental area will be compressed, but if the crustal thickness is higher than ∼2/5 of the lithospheric mantle thickness, the continental area will spread out and collapse. Consequently, if the lithospheric mantle beneath a continental region is delaminated during a global subduction event, the continent will collapse generating tessera inliers dominated by extensional tectonics. But if a significant portion of lithospheric mantle remains, then the continental area will be compressed generating a plateau by crustal shortening. The observed plateau heights can be explained by this model, a ≈2 km height plateau can be generated by a lithospheric mantle thickness of 40 km while a ≈4 km height plateau can be generated by a 90 km thick lithospheric mantle. We have modelled this crustal thickening of a continental area by tectonic contraction using a thin viscous sheet approach with a Newtonian viscosity for the crust. The force from a hot mantle elevated during a global subduction event is enough to build up a plateau by compression in ∼50 Ma using a viscosity for the continental crust of η=1021 Pa s and ∼200 Ma for η=5·1021 Pa s. During this compressional stage concentric fold and thrust belts are generated in the plateau-continent, erasing any impact craters that were present. The subsequent stabilization of a new crust and lithosphere in the surrounding mantle changes the force balance allowing a moderate gravitational collapse of the plateau-continent accommodated by radial grabens. The pulsating continent model links for the first time the generation of crustal plateaus and the origin of the volcanic plains predicting the observed equivalent effective crater density for both terrains.
Greedy scheduling of cellular self-replication leads to optimal doubling times with a log-Frechet distribution.

Bacterial self-replication is a complex process composed of many de novo synthesis steps catalyzed by a myriad of molecular processing units, e.g., the transcription–translation machinery, metabolic enzymes, and the replisome. Successful completion of all production tasks requires a schedule—a temporal assignment of each of the production tasks to its respective processing units that respects ordering and resource constraints. Most intracellular growth processes are well characterized. However, the manner in which they are coordinated under the control of a scheduling policy is not well understood. When fast replication is favored, a schedule that minimizes the completion time is desirable. However, if resources are scarce, it is typically computationally hard to find such a schedule, in the worst case. Here, we show that optimal scheduling naturally emerges in cellular self-replication. Optimal doubling time is obtained by maintaining a sufficiently large inventory of intermediate metabolites and processing units required for self-replication and additionally requiring that these processing units be “greedy,” i.e., not idle if they can perform a production task. We calculate the distribution of doubling times of such optimally scheduled self-replicating factories, and find it has a universal form—log-Frechet, not sensitive to many microscopic details. Analyzing two recent datasets of Escherichia coli growing in a stationary medium, we find excellent agreement between the observed doubling-time distribution and the predicted universal distribution, suggesting E. coli is optimally scheduling its replication. Greedy scheduling appears as a simple generic route to optimal scheduling when speed is the optimization criterion. Other criteria such as efficiency require more elaborate scheduling policies and tighter regulation.
Garden Symphylan Populations in Laboratory Cultures

Irregular distribution of natural infestations of Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) indicated the desirability of doing field-plot work in small artificially infested plots. Artificial infestation of field plots would require a method for mass culture of symphylans. Such a method, based on experimental data. is described. Ground hemlock bark was a salisfactory culture medium. Symphylans developed more rapidly when the medium contained 30% moisture by weight than when it contained 35, 40, or 50%. A temperature of 24°C resulted in a more rapid development of symphylan populations in cultures than did 21°, 18 °, or 15°C. Some cultures of symphylans were supplied with lettuce leaves treated with a solution of 0.05% methyl-parahydroxybenzoate and 0.025% sorbic acid. Populations which developed in these cultures were about 60% of those in culture supplied with untreated food.
Development of a Retrospective Job Exposure Matrix for PCB-exposed Workers in Capacitor Manufacturing

Objectives: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are considered probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and one congener, PCB126, has been rated as a known human carcinogen. A period-specific job exposure matrix (JEM) was developed for former PCB-exposed capacitor manufacturing workers (n=12,605) (1938-1977). Methods: A detailed exposure assessment for this plant was based on a number of exposure determinants (proximity, degree of contact with PCBs, temperature, ventilation, process control, job mobility). The intensity and frequency of PCB exposures by job for both inhalation and dermal exposures, and additional chemical exposures were reviewed. The JEM was developed in nine steps: (1) all unique jobs (n=1,684) were assessed using (2) defined PCB exposure determinants; (3) the exposure determinants were used to develop exposure profiles; (4) similar exposure profiles were combined into categories having similar PCB exposures; (5) qualitative intensity (high-medium-low-baseline) and frequency (continuous-intermittent) ratings were developed, and (6) used to qualitatively rate inhalation and dermal exposure separately for each category; (7) quantitative intensity ratings based on available air concentrations were developed for inhalation and dermal exposures based on equal importance of both routes of exposure; (8) adjustments were made for overall exposure, and (9) for each category the product of intensity and frequency was calculated, and exposure in the earlier era was weighted. Results: A period-specific JEM modified for two eras of stable PCB exposure conditions. Conclusions: These exposure estimates, derived from a systematic and rigorous use of the exposure determinant data, lead to cumulative PCB exposure-response relationships in the epidemiological cancer mortality and incidence studies of this cohort.
Effects of suspended, diesel-contaminated sediment on feeding rate in the darter goby, Gobionellus boleosoma (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

Abstract The darter goby, Gobionellus boleosoma, a bottom-feeding gobiid fish, was used as a meiofaunal predator in laboratory experiments designed to determine the effect of suspended diesel-contaminated sediment on feeding rate. Estuarine sediments are sinks for hydrophobic contaminants, and contaminant exposure from suspended sediment seems likely in estuarine mudflats. The darter goby is a small estuarine fish that lives in shallow mudflats surrounding Spartina alterniflora marshes, feeding primarily on meio- and small macrofauna. We first showed that darter gobies are effective feeders on suspended meiobenthic copepods and that this feeding was not affected by suspended sediment loads as high as 2000 mg l−1. Harpacticoid copepods then were offered as ad libitum prey to gobies after exposure to either contaminated or non-contaminated sediments via a single turbidity event 24 h prior to feeding. Based on gut content analysis, goby standard length influenced feeding rate as larger gobies ingested more meiobenthic copepods in the 1-h experiment. Diesel-fuel contamination reduced feeding rate by 50–100% in all but the lowest dosage examined; ANCOVA (with length as a co-variate) indicated that feeding rate after exposure to suspended sediments above 200 mg PAH kg dry sediment−1 was significantly reduced relative to uncontaminated controls. No feeding occurred at 687 mg PAH kg dry sediment−1 (the greatest concentration tested). The proportion of non-feeding fishes increased with increasing levels of contamination, and an additional experiment suggested that the source of contamination was associated with direct contact with contaminated sediment rather than exposure to water previously associated with contaminated sediment.
Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934-1980

Provision of schooling in the native language is an important regime policy that reflects a government's commitment to maintaining ethnic and linguistic diversity. This study tests hypotheses related to three principles that may have guided the use of non-Russian languages in Soviet schools: equality, efficiency, and political status. A newly generated set of data on the use of non-Russian languages in Soviet primary and secondary schools permits examination of aspects of Soviet language policy about which scholars previously lacked systematic information. The analysis does not support the interpretations suggested by others; official policy has neither shifted back andforth between a centrist and a peripheralist emphasis, moved inexorably in a russificationist direction, nor been absolutely egalitarian. Instead, the policy can be most appropriately described as a bilingual education policy that at the same time has long differentiated among the non-Russian nationalities on the basis of their population size, their geographic concentration, or their political status.
Highly available component sharing in large-scale multi-tenant cloud systems

A multi-tenant cloud system allows multiple users to share a common physical computing infrastructure in a cost-effective way. Component sharing is highly desired in such a shared computing infrastructure, where different tenants can leverage each other's information and expertise to fulfill their own tasks. However, it is challenging to maintain the availability of sharable component resources in a large-scale cloud infrastructure, as cloud tenants are fully autonomous and highly dynamic. In this paper, we present a novel highly available component sharing system for large-scale multi-tenant cloud systems. We describe a component availability prediction scheme to identify endangered components (i.e., components at risk of extinction) within the infrastructure. The system then performs predictive replication based on the availability prediction results to preserve those endangered components. Thus, our system can preserve the availability of all component resources with low cost. Theoretical analysis and large-scale simulation are used to quantify the accuracy of our component availability prediction, and the efficiency of predictive replication. Experimental results show that our scheme can predict endangered components with high accuracy, and achieve up to 99% availability with about 15% of the full replication cost.
Tidal winds at mesopause altitudes over Arecibo (18°N, 67°W), 5–11 April 1989 (AIDA '89)

A tidal analysis of the imaging Doppler interferometer scattering point parameter data at upper mesosphere-lower thermosphere altitudes (70-110 km) is presented, on the basis of the procedure developed by Groves (1959), over the interval April 5-11, 1989 at Aercibo as part of Project AIDA. This analysis reveals a typical equatorial easterly circulation, with mean meridional circulation becoming significant only above 96 km. A periodogram analysis shows the diurnal tide to be the most significant feature of the wind field at these altitudes, with zonal amplitudes up to some 50 m/s and meridional amplitudes approximately half this value. The semidiurnal tide is well developed in both zonal and meridional directions only above 96 km. Both 8- and 6-hr components become significant above 100 km, the 6-h component being as strong as both the 24- and 12-h tides at 100 km.
Spin dynamics in spin-polarized Fermi systems

We present a simple description of transverse dynamics of dilute Fermi systems in terms of statistical quasiparticles. We give explicit expressions for the quasiparticle interaction function and collision integral at arbitrary temperatures, and discuss the implications of this approach in classical and degenerate regions, including the quantum gases. The results provide an unexpected explanation for the zero-temperature attenuation in transverse spin dynamics and peculiar I2-terms in molecular field as imaginary (pole) and real (principal) parts of the quasiparticle interaction function.
Activity of aminopeptidases (amino naphthylamidases) during early limb bud differentiation in the chick embryo.

The morphologic changes in the differentiation of chick embryo limb buds from Hamburger-Hamilton stages 19 through 34 were correlated with biochemical measurements of hydroxyproline biosynthesis and aminopeptidase enzyme activity. The distribution and quantitative approximations of collagen, mucopolysaccharides and aminopeptidase activity were observed by histochemical methods. Aminopeptidase enzyme activity increased after four days of incubation (stages 24-25) concomitantly with the formation of precartilage masses (development of lakes of intercellular mucopolysaccharides). Histochemical preparations revealed the mesodermal cells in the precartilage masses to have an increased aminopeptidase enzyme activity. It was also noted that the enzyme activity in the ectodermal ridge was in excess of that found in the subjacent mesodermal cells or adjacent epithelium. Wet weights of limb buds revealed a constant rapid rate of growth throughout the period of study. However, aminopeptidase enzyme activity was not biochemically detectable until the onset of increased mucopolysaccharide synthesis, when cartilaginous differentiation begins. At five days (stage 26), hydroxyproline was first detectable biochemically and collagen histochemically. This was concomitant with the onset of hydroxyproline production in the embryo in toto, reported previously. The curve of acceleration of hydroxyproline production per milligram of bud mesoderm was less than the acceleration of aminopeptidase activity. The aminopeptidase enzyme activity in the premuscle masses and ectodermal-mesodermal interface, where histochemically detectable collagen was located, was at the same level as the intervening tissues. After stage 19, limb bud mesoderm was cultured in vitro for seven days. Hydroxyproline production was not biochemically detectable and collagen not stainable, though mucopolysaccharide production was extensive. No muscle differentiation occurred and cell proliferation was minimal. Aminopeptidase enzyme activity had increased 20-fold. It is suggested that at least part of the aminopeptidase enzyme activity of limb buds is associated with mucopolysaccharide synthesis. There was no evidence that it was associated with mesodermal cell proliferation, muscle differentiation, or hydroxyproline production.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF HYDROXYLAMINE.

Abstract 1. 1. Hydroxylamine is bacteriostatic for a number of microorganisms. 2. 2. Exposure of cells to hydroxylamine (10−3 M) results in an immediate cessation of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses. 3. 3. The synthesis of specific proteins (i.e., inducible enzymes) is inhibited to the same extent as total protein synthesis. This is also true of the production of constitutive enzymes. 4. 4. DNA isolated from bacteria treated with hydroxylamine does not display altered physico-chemical properties. 5. 5. Hydroxylamine prevents the incorporation of amino acids into s-RNA as well as the formation de novo of ribosomal, messenger and s-RNA. 6. 6. The ribosomes as well as the s-RNA prepared from hydroxylamine-treated bacteria are inhibited in their ability to participate in the poly-U-mediated synthesis of polyphenylalanine.
Day-of-the-week effects in federal funds rates: Further empirical findings

Abstract We extend the Spindt and Hoffmeister (1988) model of the daily operation of an institution's federal reserve account to show strong inter-and intra-period incentives to borrow and lend in the federal funds market at predictable points in the 10 trading day settlement period. Using intraday high and low prices, we demonstrate changes in the federal funds rate consistent with our model's predictions. We provide evidence of predictable changes in the variance of Fed funds returns on a daily and intraday basis. Our analysis confirms that Federal Reserve requirements result in daily and intraday variances which are not constant.
Gentamicin interval in newborn infants as determined by renal function and postconceptional age.

We evaluated the relationship between gentamicin pharmacokinetics and glomerular filtration rate in newborn infants to estimate the appropriate interval of administration in neonates with renal insufficiency. Gentamicin half-life (Gt 1/2) could be predicted from plasma creatinine concentration (Pcr) (r=0.78); the prediction was minimally but significantly increased (r=0.81) by adding postconceptional age to a multiple regression analysis. Infants with a postconceptional age of 29 weeks or more and a Pcr of 1 mg/dl or more had significantly greater trough and peak gentamicin levels than those with a Pcr less than 1 mg/dl. If gentamicin is indicated in a patient with renal insufficiency, the interval of administration should be 2–3 Gt 1/2, which can be estimated from Pcr (Gt 1/2=2.0+7.7 Pcr). The interval can then be adjusted according to peak and trough gentamicin levels.
Some observations of Pu(IV)-alkali double chlorides

Mixtures of PuCl/sub 3/ and the alkali chlorides, in the mole ratio 1; 2, were melted and saturated with chlorine at 0.80 atm pressure and approximately 50 deg C above the melting point. No reaction of chlorine with the solution PuCl/ sub 3/ + 2LiCl was detected. Products of reaction of chlorine with solutions of PuCl/sub 3/ + 2NaCl and PuCl/sub 3/ + 2RbCl are optically isomorphous with Cs/sub 2/PuCl/sub 6/. Products of reaction of chlorine with the solution PuCl/sub 3/ + 2KCl are too fine grained to establish the isomorphism with certainty. The common reaction must be PuCl/sub 3/(l) + 2MCl(l) + 1/2Cl/sub 2/(g) = M/sub 2/uCl/ sub 6/ ( l); where M = Na, K, Rb, or Cs. Ranges of the non-stationary arrests indicate that the compounds containtng Na and K, and probably the Rb compound, are partly dissociated under the given conditions and that the stabilities of the M/sub 2/PuCl/sub 6/ compounds increase in the order Na, K, Rb, and Cs. Results are believed to confirm the opinion that appreciable quantities of Pu(IV) may be formed in binary solutions of most alkali chlorides with PuCl/sub 3/ when exposed to chlorine gas. (P.C.H.)
The potential for harvesting fruits in tropical rainforests: new data from Amazonian Peru

New data shows that edible fruit and nut production in Amazonian forests is substantially lower than most conservationists assume. Direct measures of production in Amazonian Peru show that two terra firma forest types produced significantly less edible fruit than an alluvial soil forest. Swamp forest produced more edible fruit than any other forest type measured. Palms produce 60% of edible fruit productivity, averaged over three forest types, but the most preferred palm fruits are difficult to harvest because they are borne too high for easy access by collectors. Forest fruit collection in Amazonia is less productive in the short-term than all other food-producing activities except for hunting and cattle ranching. Technological, social and political changes are essential so that sustainable but intrinsically low-yielding extractive activities like fruit collecting become more attractive to Amazonians.
(1, k )-configuration facets for the generalized assignment problem

class of facet defining inequalities for the generalized assignment problem is derived. These inequalities are based upon multiple knapsack constraints and are derived from (1,k)-configuration inequalities.
The impact of mental health services implementation on juvenile court placements: an examination of New Jersey's SOC initiative

A growing body of research indicates that the majority of juveniles in the justice system have a diagnosable mental health disorder. With juvenile justice systems typically inadequately equipped to...
ProteomeCommons.org JAF: reference information and tools for proteomics

Summary: Analysis of proteomics data, specifically mass spectrometry data, commonly relies on libraries of known information such as atomic masses, known stable isotopes, atomic compositions of amino acids, observed modifications of known amino acids and ion masses that directly correspond to known amino acid sequences. The Java Analysis Framework (JAF) for proteomics provides a freely usable, open-source library of Java code that abstracts all of the aforementioned data, enabling more rapid development of proteomics tools. The JAF also includes several user tools that can be run directly from a web browser. Availability: The current version and an archive of all older versions of the Java Analysis Framework for Proteomics is freely available, including complete source-code, at http://www.proteomecommons.org/current/511/ Contact: jfalkner@umich.edu
A certified framework for compiling and executing garbage-collected languages

We describe the design, implementation, and use of a machine-certified framework for correct compilation and execution of programs in garbage-collected languages. Our framework extends Leroy's Coq-certified Compcert compiler and Cminor intermediate language. We add: (i) a new intermediate language, GCminor, that includes primitives for allocating memory in a garbage-collected heap and for specifying GC roots; (ii) a precise, low-level specification for a Cminor library for garbage collection; and (iii) a proven semantics-preserving translation from GCminor to Cminor plus the GC library. GCminor neatly encapsulates the interface between mutator and collector code, while remaining simple and flexible enough to be used with a wide variety of source languages and collector styles. Front ends targeting GCminor can be implemented using any compiler technology and any desired degree of verification, including full semantics preservation, type preservation, or informal trust.As an example application of our framework, we describe a compiler for Haskell that translates the Glasgow Haskell Compiler's Core intermediate language to GCminor. To support a simple but useful memory safety argument for this compiler, the front end uses a novel combination of type preservation and runtime checks, which is of independent interest.
Learning Classification with Auxiliary Probabilistic Information

Finding ways of incorporating auxiliary information or auxiliary data into the learning process has been the topic of active data mining and machine learning research in recent years. In this work we study and develop a new framework for classification learning problem in which, in addition to class labels, the learner is provided with an auxiliary (probabilistic) information that reflects how strong the expert feels about the class label. This approach can be extremely useful for many practical classification tasks that rely on subjective label assessment and where the cost of acquiring additional auxiliary information is negligible when compared to the cost of the example analysis and labelling. We develop classification algorithms capable of using the auxiliary information to make the learning process more efficient in terms of the sample complexity. We demonstrate the benefit of the approach on a number of synthetic and real world data sets by comparing it to the learning with class labels only.
An optimal algorithm for relay node assignment in cooperative ad hoc networks

Recently, cooperative communications, in the form of having each node equipped with a single antenna and exploit spatial diversity via some relay node's antenna, is shown to be a promising approach to increase data rates in wireless networks. Under this communication paradigm, the choice of a relay node (among a set of available relay nodes) is critical in the overall network performance. In this paper, we study the relay node assignment problem in a cooperative ad hoc network environment, where multiple source-destination pairs compete for the same pool of relay nodes in the network. Our objective is to assign the available relay nodes to different source-destination pairs so as to maximize the minimum data rate among all pairs. The main contribution of this paper is the development of an optimal polynomial time algorithm, called ORA, that achieves this objective. A novel idea in this algorithm is a "linear marking" mechanism, which maintains linear complexity of each iteration. We give a formal proof of optimality for ORA and use numerical results to demonstrate its capability.
Potential reversibility of skeletal effects in rats exposed in utero to caffeine.

Abstract Groups of Osborne-Mendel rats, killed at three time intervals following mating, were studied to determine whether prenatal skeletal ossification delays observed following low-level caffeine administration represent transient or persistent ossification problems. Group A litters were killed on gestation day 20; group B neonates were killed on post-natal day 0; and group C pups were killed on post-natal day 6. Within each group, dose levels of 0, 0.018, 0.036 or 0.07% caffeine in distilled water were available ad lib. to groups of 30–60 dams from gestation day 0 to day 20. Average daily caffeine consumption was 24.7–29.0 mg/kg body weight for the 0.018% group, 42.7–48.8 mg/kg body weight for the 0.036% group and 70.6–75.1 mg/kg body weight for the 0.07% group. In group A litters, the mean number of viable foetuses was significantly less in the mid-dose and high-dose animals than in the controls. In the same group, the average number of foetuses per litter with at least one sternebral ossification delay was increased significantly in all treated groups and the average number of foetuses per litter with at least two sternebral variations was significantly increased in the mid- and high-dose groups. The percentages of litters containing foetuses with at least two and at least three sternebral variations and the average number of foetuses per litter with at least three sternebral variations were significantly increased only in the high-dose group. Foetuses from the mid- and high-dose groups also had significant increases in certain skeletal defects, namely missing centra and reduced ossification of the dorsal arch. Foetuses from the high-dose group also had significant increases in bipartite supraoccipital, and reduced ossification of the hyoid, metacarpals and metatarsals. In group B, day 0 neonates from all treated groups showed a significantly increased incidence of delayed sternebral ossification (average number of foetuses per litter with one or more missing, incomplete or bipartite sternebrae). The percentages of litters containing neonates with delayed sternebral ossification were also increased significantly in all treated groups. Neonates from the 0.07% level in group B also exhibited a significant increase in the incidence of supernumerary rib bud, and in reduced ossification of the metacarpals, metatarsals and calcaneus bones. Significant increases were also seen, in group B, in the low- and mid-dose animals, respectively, in supernumery rib bud and in reduced ossification of the metatarsals. In group C, the 6-day-old pups of the 0.07% level showed a significant increase in incompletely ossified sternebrae, but no other skeletal effects were seen. Thus the previously observed delay of skeletal ossification seen in day 20 foetuses and in day 0 neonates after caffeine ingestion was confirmed. By post-natal day 6, the ossification delay had been nearly reversed. These results are important not only to the question of caffeine toxicity but to the overall question of reversibility of skeletal changes in development.
A new species of Propebrevitrichia Kelsey (Diptera: Scenopinidae: Scenopininae) from Botswana

Propebrevitrichia Kelsey is an endemic southern African genus of window-flies with distinct Gondwanan origins. Propebrevitrichia serowensis sp. n. is described and figured from Botswana.
PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL CAPACITY, HOMELESSNESS, AND CRIME AND ARREST RATES*

As a result of developments in pharmacology, stricter standards for involuntary commitment, and changes in public expenditures, there has been a dramatic decline in the capacity of public psychiatric hospitals to maintain America's most severely mentally ill. Psychiatric deinstitutionalization has led to an increased presence of persons with mental illness in urban areas, many “falling through the cracks” of community-based services. This is hypothesized to have contributed to homelessness, crime, and arrests. Individual-level research has documented disproportionate and increasing numbers of mentally ill persons in jails and prisons. It has also found higher rates of violence and arrest among persons with mental illness compared to the general population. This study takes a macro-level social control approach and examines the relationships between psychiatric hospital capacity, homelessness, and crime and arrest rates using a sample of eighty-one U.S. cities. I find that public psychiatric hospital capacity has a statistically significant negative effect on crime and arrest rates, and that hospital capacity affects crime and arrest rates in part, through its impact on homelessness. In addition, I find no crime-reducing effect of private and general psychiatric hospital capacity.
A New Consciousness Trudging Toward Leadership

Integrating elements of oppression psychology, Popular Education (1999), critical pedagogy, and critical race theory, this article highlights a study of seven African American elders who graduated from a Senior Advocacy Leadership Training (SALT) program. These elders confronted external and internal oppressive ideologies and challenged the stereotypes of African American elders. They accomplished this via a critical theoretical approach to the study of African American history and the promotion of the elders' strengths as leaders. The findings increase our understanding of African American elders as leaders and the role of Popular Education in affirming their leadership capabilities.
THROMBOPHLEBITIS IN CANCER PATIENTS

Five cancer patients (three with lesions in the lung and one each with breast and head and neck cancer) with multiple metastases developed "migratory thrombophlebitis." These patients were not ambulatory. None of the patients showed a picture of "consumptive coagulopathy," although a "hypercoagulable state" was observed. Fibrinogen levels were normal or increased, FDP were slightly increased, and AT-III was decreased. Prior to heparin therapy, values for PT and PTT were within normal range. Sodium heparin, 30,000 to 36,000 units per day, was administered by continuous intravenous infusion. Despite prolongation of the PTT to twice the baseline levels, signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis persisted for several days. When thrombophlebitis was controlled with heparin, Coumadin therapy was instituted, but thrombophlebitis recurred at the original site and at new sites, even though the prothrombin time was in the therapeutic range (2 to 2 1/2 times the normal value). The antithrombotic action of heparin depends on a normal quantity of plasma AT-III. Long-term use of heparin is feasible, but the optimal time for discontinuation of heparin treatment has not been established. Heparin is superior to oral anticoagulation therapy to control thrombophlebitis associated with advanced cancer.
Very large subgroups of a lattice-ordered group

This article introduces the concept of a very large subgroup in the theory of lattice-ordered groups. The existence of a minimal very large subgroup is connected to some previously known structure theory, but it is also linked to conditions not studied before. Very large subgroups are useful in studying torsion and radical classes, and among other things, extension of lattice-ordered groups using very large kernels yields an intriguing completion operation for torsion classes. In the final section there is a new contruction which produces a lattice-ordered group in which every value is essential, having no special values.
Carcinoma of the breast, pemphigus vulgaris and gyrate erythema.

ABSTRACT: Pemphigus vulgaris and erythema gyratum repens were found to coexist in a woman with recurrent carcinoma of the breast. Biopsy sections of the figurate cutaneous lesions contained metastatic adenocarcinoma. Depression of both humoral and cell mediated immunity was demonstrated to exist in this patient.
Virtual Microscopy: Potential Applications in Medical Education and Telemedicine in Countries with Developing Economies

We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a virtual microscopy setup using surgical pathology specimens commonly encountered in a university hospital setting. The high quality images, Internet sharing and collaborative capability, interactivity, and ease of use suggested to us that this might have applications in countries with developing economies. We discuss the development process and its potential applications in medical education and telemedicine in countries with developing economies.
Endogenous neurotransmitter activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on differentiating neurons in embryonic cortex.

Abstract Before synapses form in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex, an endogenous neurotransmitter activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels on neurons in the cortical plate. Throughout cortical development, these channels exhibit voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade and are antagonized by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, a selective NMDA receptor antagonist. The activation in situ of these nonsynaptic NMDA channels demonstrates a potential physiological substrate for control of early neuronal differentiation.