cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of Damköhler number in a turbulent shear layer

A simple model describing chemical reaction in a turbulent shear layer is put in quantitative form and the model predictions compared with experiment. The reactants are not pre-mixed and the flow is two-dimensional. The dependence of the amount of product in the layer on the Schmidt, Reynolds, and Damkohler numbers and on the stoichiometric ratio is exhibited explicitly in the model. The first two parameters appear as the product (ScRe) and influence that part of the reaction taking place in strained laminar flames. In the limit ScRe → = (for Sc > 1 and Re >> 1) the molecular mixing becomes independent of these parameters as it is in classical turbulence theory but the composition and spatial distribution of the molecularly mixed fluid does not resemble those given by such theories. The model predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results for a Damkohler number range from zero to a mixing limited value. The comparison with a set of data for gases in which Re was varied is somewhat less satisfactory.
Projection functions for particle‐grid methods

Random walk particle methods (RWPM) can be used in operator splitting schemes to simulate reactive solute transport in porous media. Projection functions are used to transfer particle location and mass information to concentrations at selected spatial points. Because of the stochastic nature of RWPM, concentration estimates made from particle distributions include a “noisy” error component. In some cases of reactive or density-dependent flows, this type of error may be propagated forward in time. It can be reduced by using larger numbers of particles or by using different projection functions. The effects of using different projection functions or numbers of particles in different flow regimes or dimensions are explored using concentration solutions for a set of one-, two-, and three-dimensional nonreactive test problems. Resulting solutions are compared with analytic results and classical random walk error estimates. A piecewise linear projection function provides a reasonable improvement in accuracy over the more convenient box methods at a modest increase in cost. The support of the projection functions should be O(Δx) to avoid excessive smearing. Multidimensional projection functions may be advantageously formed by products of different one-dimensional projection functions.
The use of mathematical modeling and simulation tools to study transdermal drug delivery systems

A closed-form mathematical solution was obtained for in vitro skin permeation of a drug dissolved in a vehicle. The solution to the mathematical model, which was described by Fickian diffusion equations and appropriate boundary conditions, was derived using Laplace transform methods. The residue theorem was applied to invert the equations from the Laplace domain into the time domain. The closed-form solution, obtained for the present percutaneous drug-delivery model, can be readily applied to many drug/vehicle systems to predict drug-release profiles, reducing the cost associated with extensive experimental procedures. Results showed that both axial and temporal variations In the concentration were significant in the skin. The time required for all of the drug to penetrate through the skin is less for a small dose than for a large dose.
Using information systems to improve care for persons with schizophrenia.

Introduction by the column editor: The biggest obstacle to harvesting the advantages of information technology systems to guide best practice has been psychiatrists' reluctance. To make algorithms efficient for physician use, electronic medical records will have to proceed or accompany the systems that guide improved care. The MINT project, which piggybacks onto the existing VA electronic medical record system, is an example that should help light the way.
Emerging coral diseases: a temperature‐driven process?

In the last few decades there has been a surge in research focusing on coral disease. While climate change, specifically rising sea surface temperature, has been proposed as a major and growing driver of the emergence of marine diseases, to date a solid connection between disease epizootics and elevated sea surface temperature has not been established. However, a wealth of data now exists, compiled from many different perspectives, that may support such a connection. In this work we provide a comprehensive review targeting one coral disease, black band disease, that spans the infection process, pathobiology, and epizootiology, and links specific mechanisms of the disease process to increasing temperatures. This temperature-driven pattern of infection can be expanded to include similar processes associated with other temperature-related coral diseases. The conclusions presented here are based upon the results of many studies using a diverse suite of approaches that have been synthesized to argue that the emergence and continuing spread of black band disease is linked to warming sea surface temperatures. In summary, as global ocean temperatures increase seasonally and over decades, the environment shifts to become more favorable for the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms endemic to the immediate environment of the reef. The increase in the relative number of potential pathogens in the microbial community produces microenvironments conducive to the growth of other potential pathogens, leading to infection by a polymicrobial consortium. This consortium is easily perturbed by a (seasonal) temperature decrease, but remains associated with the coral host and can be reactivated with a subsequent seasonal increase in temperature, resulting in a cycle of temperature-dependent disease emergence.
PFO or UFO: how good is transesophageal echocardiography in identifying patent foramen ovale as the cause of a cryptogenic stroke?

Patent foramen ovale (PFO), which has been reported to be present in about one quarter of the adult population, is generally a hemodynamically insignificant interatrial communication.1 Since the advent of contrast echocardiography (echo), a strong association has been reported between cryptogenic stroke (CS) and PFO in patients <55 years of age.1,2 Although several studies have reported the association of PFO with CS in older patient populations, the association of atrial septal abnormalities and stroke in an older age group was not confirmed by a meta-analysis.1,3 Among 1100 stroke-free subjects (mean age, 69 years) in the Northern Manhattan Study evaluated by contrast transthoracic echo, PFO was detected in 164 (15%). After adjustment for demographics and risk factors, PFO was not found to be significantly associated with stroke.4 Article see p 125 In an enlightening article titled “Is Patent Foramen Ovale a Modifiable Risk Factor for Stroke Recurrence?” Kent and Thaler5 note that, “The evidence suggests that many patients with CS and PFO…have strokes that are unrelated to their PFO.” They introduced the concept of PFO propensity, defined as “the patient-specific probability of finding a PFO in a patient with CS on the basis of age and other risk factors”—including the absence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking history, coronary artery disease, and previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). The probability that a stroke is attributable to the PFO in a patient with a CS and a PFO is related nonlinearly to PFO propensity. The authors note that, “There is substantial heterogeneity in both PFO propensity and recurrence risk among patients with PFO and CS….”5 Transesophageal echocardiographic contrast study is probably the most sensitive diagnostic test for detecting a PFO, followed by transcranial Doppler and contrast transthoracic echo.1 Of …
Glycinergic Inputs to Cardiac Vagal Neurons in the Nucleus Ambiguus Are Inhibited by Nociceptin and μ-Selective Opioids

Most parasympathetic regulation of heart rate originates from preganglionic cardiac vagal neurons within the nucleus ambiguus. Little is known regarding the modulation of glycinergic transmission t...
Review of the status of rare K decay experiments

Abstract Experiments searching for the decays K+→π+μ+e−, KL0→μe, and K + →π + ν ν are described.
Religious propositional attitudes and underdetermination of public representation: Commentary on Ara Norenzayan's Big Gods

ABSTRACTThe commentary addresses a specific aspect of Norenzayan's work: the use of the notion of credible display as developed by J. Henrich (“The Evolution of Costly Displays, Cooperation and Religion: Credibility Enhancing Displays and their Implications for Cultural Evolution,” Evolution and Human Behavior 30 [4] 2009: 244–260) to make sense of typical (extravagant) religious behaviors. Norenzayan ascribes an essential role to those displays in the diffusion of religious beliefs. The authors maintain that to use the concept of CRED is not appropriate given the typical natures of religious beliefs and behaviors. Contrary to Norenzayan's essential claim in Big Gods, they defend the hypothesis that audiences have no indubitable way of inferring from religious actions the religious beliefs of performing agents. It is essentially explained by the fact that there does not exist any necessary link between proclaimed religious beliefs and observable religious behaviors. Religious behaviors are public represen...
The relationship between memory retrieval and memory extinction.

Contextual fear conditioning pairs context (rectangles) with shock (bolts). (A) The mouse is placed into context and receives a shock. Retrieval occurs when the mouse is again placed in context and exhibits fear response (!!!). Extinction reduces the response (!). (B) Latent inhibition also reduces fear response. (C) If extinction and latent inhibition share the same mechanism, then context triggers extinction independent of retrieval. (D) Model supported by Ouyang and Thomas (1), where extinction is triggered by memory retrieval.
Solving Sokoban Optimally with Domain-Dependent Move Pruning

Move pruning increases the efficiency of heuristic search techniques by not expanding parts of the state space. In this article, we propose an admissible domain-dependent move pruning (DDMP) technique for Sokoban. When exploring a node DDMP analyzes and selects a subset of successor nodes required to be generated to preserve all optimal solutions. DDMP has low space and time overhead. It reduces the number of successor nodes that need to be generated and thus the branching factor. Reducing the number of successor nodes is especially important for Sokoban due to the highly costly heuristic functions and deadlock detection techniques. In addition, the subset of selected successor nodes is, in general, the "worst successor nodes available" which increases the chance of deadlocks early detecting. We define DDMP formally and prove its admissibility. When applied to the standard set of instances DDMP reduces the branching factor, detects more deadlocks, and decreases the effort to solve instances in the number of explored nodes and total time. DDMP has a positive synergy with recent deadlock detection techniques. Combined they increase the number of optimally solved instances compared to previous methods.
Optimal dabigatran dosage in patients with moderate renal impairment

In the May 2013 AJHP supplement, Nutescu[1][1] cited an alarming number of serious adverse bleeding reactions to dabigatran compared with warfarin as reported to the MedWatch program in 2011.[2][2] Dabigatran was responsible for 3781 serious adverse bleeding events versus 1106 for warfarin, 2367
Preliminary Findings of Year-Long Longitudinal Study of Normal Variation in Learning to Read

Individual differences in visual and linguistic skills at the end of kindergarten (26 girls, 22 boys) were correlated with achievement in word decoding/encoding prior to formal reading instruction. The best combination of predictor variables for naming printed words was phonemic analysis + selective attention to letter information (RT) + memory for whole words (accuracy).
STUDIES ON THE SAPONIN COMPONENTS OF PLANTS IN YUNNAN. I. STEROID SAPOGENINS OF REINECKEA YUNNANENSIS W. W. SMITH

Two steroid sapogenins were isolated from the rhizome of Reineckea yunnanensis W. W. Smith, a liliaceous plant collected in central and west Yunnan, China. One of which was identified as diosgenin and the other, which melted at 275—277℃, was found to have the formula C_(27)H_(44)O_4. The following derivatives of the latter compound have been prepared: (1) diacetate, C_(31)H_(48)O_6, m.p. 181—182％; (2) dibenzoate, C_(41)H_(52)O_6, m.p. 236—239°; (3) 23-bromo-sapogenin diacetate C_(31)H_(48)O_6Br, m.p. 196—199℃. The infrared absorption spectrum of this sapogenin exhibited the characteristic absorption band of normal spiroketal side chain, it was assumed to be a new saturated dihydroxysteroid sapogenin and was provisionally named Yunnanogenin.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR Technology and its Application in Detection of Infectious Diseases

In recent years,real-time quantitative PCR technology has been widely used in various experimental studies,clinical testing and production.Compared to normal PCR,real-time quantitative PCR technology is ad-vanced in specificity,sensitivity,reproducibility,accuracy,speed and closed.This paper is a review about the principle,quantitative method of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology,and the application in detec-tion of infectious diseases.
Magidor on anomaly and truth-value gaps

In Category Mistakes, Ofra Magidor provides two arguments against the view that category mistakes express propositions that are not truth-evaluable at some world. I argue that her first, Williamsonian argument against this view begs the question, and that her second argument rests on a misleading conception of how semantic defect results in infelicity judgments. I conclude by conceding that she is still correct to stress that the view she opposes face noteworthy foundational and empirical challenges.
Solvent fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass

Abstract: Effectively breaking lignocellulose recalcitrance, releasing the locked polymeric sugars and coutilization of lignocellulose components is the largest technical and economical challenge for the emerging bioeconomy. Cellulose solvent- and organic solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation (COSLIF), has shown to effectively fractionate lignocellulose under modest reaction conditions. The resulting solids, amorphous cellulose, from corn stover, switchgrass, common reed, poplar, and hemp herds, showed high glucan digestibilities and fast enzymatic hydrolysis rates. Utilization of co-products fractionated from lignocellulose (e.g., lignin, acetic acid, and hemicellulose) would greatly increase overall potential revenues of the future biorefineries.
Elektromagnetische Bestrahlungsverletzungen der Netzhaut

Drei grundlegende Mechanismen treten nach elektromagnetischer Strahlenschadigung der Netzhaut in Erscheinung. Photochemische Veranderungen, Verbrennungen und nichtlineare Effekte. Absorption findet primar im sichtbaren Wellenbereich statt. Die Primarabsorption verschiedener Wellenlangen geschieht in verschiedenen Gewebsschichten der Netzhaut. Photochemische Veranderungen sind meist unregelmasig begrenzt wegen der Diffusion toxischer Produkte in die benachbarten Gewebsteile, jedoch sind solche Schaden meist gleichartig innerhalb der geschadigten Strukturen. Warmeschadigungen haben gewohnlich ein Zentrum starkerer Koagulationsschadigungen, da die Temperaturen durch Warmeleitung zur Peripherie hin abfallen. Nichtlineare Effekte entstehen durch ultrakurze Bestrahlungszeiten mit hohen Energiedichten, wobei Druckwellen, akustische Wellen, hohe elektrische Spannungsfelder und Temperaturerhohungen mit Dampferzeugung auftreten, die zu Gewebszerreisungen fuhren. Wahrend die Wellenlange bei relativ langen Bestrahlungszeiten (d.h. vonμs bis min) zur Erzeugung von Netzhautverletzungen eine grose Rolle spielt, ist sie nur von nebensachlicher Bedeutung bei Bestrahlungen mit Ultrakurzzeiten (d.h. von ns und ps).
Discipline and Influence: Newman on Teaching and Learning

John Henry Newman's thoughts about education extend far beyond that philosophy of university education which is developed in his famous Idea of a University . He was acutely aware that the relationship between teachers and learners is fundamentally a social relationship, and one that can take various social forms. What he most admired was a highly personal and deeply sympathetic relationship, and what he most feared was its replacement by impersonal institutional structures. His convictions in this regard have deep roots in his personal experience, as well as in his interpretation of history and theology. To examine those roots both enlarges one's appreciation of Newman's educational wisdom and sharpens one's insight into his complex personality.
Kinematical Theory of Electron Diffraction

In this chapter, we develop the theory of transmission electron diffraction based on the assumption of single scattering or the so-called kinematical approximation.
Dataveillance and Countervailance

This chapter contains sections titled: The Data Bubble, Data Subjects, Countervailing Engagements, Mirror Worlds, Acknowledgments
Household debt, economic conditions, and income inequality: A state level analysis

Abstract This paper uses OLS regressions to understand the relationship between household debt, income inequality, and economic growth in the United States. For robustness we use two different measures of income inequality. The results show that, for the period 2003–2012, there is statistical evidence that increases in household debt are associated with lower levels of economic growth and higher rates of unemployment. In addition, we uncover evidence that high growth rates in household debt are associated with negative growth in income inequality, likely because debt caused economic growth to slow, diminishing the returns of top earners.
Women in Elections: Identifying Strategies to Promote Greater Electoral Competitiveness

Using data gathered by Organization of American States/Electoral Observation Missions (OAS/EOMs) between 2011 and 2013 from elections in Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and the Dominican Republic, the chapter assesses the principal impediments to the participation of Latin American women in elections. It argues that the electoral system in force significantly affects the ability of women to stand as candidates and win elections, and that the specific design of affirmative action measures such as quotas is crucial to their effectiveness in promoting female political participation. Finally, the chapter argues for directed public financing as an effective measure to promote greater female presence in electoral competition. Highlighting the role of an international organization in promoting women’s political rights, the chapter shows the impact OAS/EOMs can have in setting a road map for moving a gender agenda forward, one that can be useful to other local actors.
Noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of severe problem behavior: An analysis of 27 consecutive applications

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is a commonly used treatment for severe problem behavior displayed by individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The current study sought to extend the literature by reporting outcomes achieved with 27 consecutive applications of NCR as the primary treatment for severe problem behavior. All applications of NCR were included regardless of treatment outcome to minimize selection bias favoring successful cases. Participants ranged in age from 5 to 33 years. We analyzed the results across behavioral function and with regard to the use of functional versus alternative reinforcers. NCR effectively treated problem behavior maintained by social reinforcement in 14 of 15 applications, using either the functional reinforcer or alternative reinforcers. When we implemented NCR to treat problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement, we often had to add other treatment components to produce clinically significant effects (five of nine applications). Results provide information on the effectiveness and limitations of NCR as treatment for severe problem behavior.
Breaking up and making up: The secret life of the vacuolar H+-ATPase

The vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase; V1 Vo -ATPase) is a large multisubunit proton pump found in the endomembrane system of all eukaryotic cells where it acidifies the lumen of subcellular organelles including lysosomes, endosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and clathrin-coated vesicles. V-ATPase function is essential for pH and ion homeostasis, protein trafficking, endocytosis, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Notch signaling, as well as hormone secretion and neurotransmitter release. V-ATPase can also be found in the plasma membrane of polarized animal cells where its proton pumping function is involved in bone remodeling, urine acidification, and sperm maturation. Aberrant (hypo or hyper) activity has been associated with numerous human diseases and the V-ATPase has therefore been recognized as a potential drug target. Recent progress with moderate to high-resolution structure determination by cryo electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with sophisticated single-molecule and biochemical experiments have provided a detailed picture of the structure and unique mode of regulation of the V-ATPase. This review summarizes the recent advances, focusing on the structural and biophysical aspects of the field.
Omicseq: a web-based search engine for exploring omics datasets

The development and application of high-throughput genomics technologies has resulted in massive quantities of diverse omics data that continue to accumulate rapidly. These rich datasets offer unprecedented and exciting opportunities to address long standing questions in biomedical research. However, our ability to explore and query the content of diverse omics data is very limited. Existing dataset search tools rely almost exclusively on the metadata. A text-based query for gene name(s) does not work well on datasets wherein the vast majority of their content is numeric. To overcome this barrier, we have developed Omicseq, a novel web-based platform that facilitates the easy interrogation of omics datasets holistically to improve 'findability' of relevant data. The core component of Omicseq is trackRank, a novel algorithm for ranking omics datasets that fully uses the numerical content of the dataset to determine relevance to the query entity. The Omicseq system is supported by a scalable and elastic, NoSQL database that hosts a large collection of processed omics datasets. In the front end, a simple, web-based interface allows users to enter queries and instantly receive search results as a list of ranked datasets deemed to be the most relevant. Omicseq is freely available at http://www.omicseq.org.
HOME TO MARKET: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSUMPTION TO OUTPUT RATIO

The United States' postwar period has seen an increase in aggregate market hours worked, a decline in home production hours, and an increase in the consumption to output ratio. A multisector growth model that allows for an increase in total factor productivity in the market sector relative to the home sector can account for these phenomena. Households shift hours to the more productive market sector and purchase measured market goods in favor of unmeasured home goods. This channel accounts for a quarter of the increase in the consumption to output ratio observed in the data from 1950 to 2007.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is now a well established percutaneous means of decreasing portal hypertension. The major clinical indications for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt are refractory variceal hemorrhage and refractory ascites. The shunt itself is created by placing a stent between the portal vein and the hepatic vein. The resultant shunting of portal venous flow to the systemic circulation helps reduce the portosystemic gradient and alleviate bleeding and ascites without changing the extrahepatic anatomy. History and Development The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was initially described in 1969, originally by prolonged balloon dilation of a percutaneously created tract between the portal and hepatic veins. Unfortunately, short patency of the track remained a major clinical hurdle to its widespread use. The development of balloon expandable metallic stents and the subsequent introduction of flexible bare-metal stents helped improve patency rates. Intimal hyperplasia within the stent, especially at the hepatic venous end, required frequent secondary interventions such as balloon dilation and re-stenting. Early thrombosis was felt to be secondary to placing the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt across a major bile duct. Advances in stent technology and the introduction of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents over a decade ago has led to further increase in clinical patency and improved long-term results with TIPS.
Polymeric binders for the sulfur electrode compatible with ionic liquid containing electrolytes

Abstract A novel ionic liquid-containing electrolyte has been demonstrated to improve charging efficiency, lifetime and safety of Li/S cells. However, the high viscosity of the ionic liquid can reduce the kinetics of the electrochemical process and degrade the wettability the S electrode by the electrolyte, which limits electrochemical utilization of the active S. To realize the advantages of the ionic liquid in the electrolyte, while maintaining good cell performances, we have investigated the critical properties of polymeric binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA) for the S electrode operated in ionic liquid-containing electrolytes. The PAA binder electrode showed the most promising cell performance which is attributed to its good physical stability and wettability. Moreover, the cell performance of the PAA binder electrode was further improved by combining the PAA binder with the PVDF binder, which enhances the specific capacity up to 1.3 times higher than that of the PAA binder electrode.
SatraPM, A Customizable Web-based Project Management Software.

SatraPM is a web-based software package, aiming to help project managers to easily handle their construction projects via internet. This software is capable of handling all projects of an organization, in which all projects can be defined in EPS the same as users in OBS. A 3D accessing module links EPS, OBS and inherent functions in order to provide a secure environment for the data to be processed throughout the system. This paper intends to take a deeper look at capabilities of SatraPM in helping project managers to keep track of and control their construction projects as well as its potential future features.
Gamma Rays from Fusion-Evaporation Reactions in 32 <= A <= 46 Nuclei

Tables are presented for observed properties of the nuclear gamma rays emitted following the bombardment of 24,26 Mg, 27 Al, and 28 Si targets with 14 N, 16,18 O, and 19 F beams. Energy, emitting nucleus, intensity, and angular-distribution coefficients are listed for each gamma where known. The beam energies were between 20 and 60 MeV. The gamma rays are from various final nuclei produced by the fusion of projectile and target nuclei into a compound nucleus and the subsequent evaporation of a few light particles.
The Criminal Investigation Process and the Role of Forensic Evidence: A Review of Empirical Findings

Highlights from the major empirical studies on the criminal investigation process, and the role played by physical evidence in that process, are reviewed in light of findings from empirical studies on the effects of forensic analyses on criminal cases. The review reveals that most criminal cases do not involve the use of any physical evidence and that such evidence, even when available, is seldom seen by police detectives as having any intrinsic value. Detectives use physical evidence primarily to strengthen their position vis a vis the suspect's for the purpose of clearing cases by confession. Nevertheless, some research shows that physical evidence improves clearances and convictions in burglary and robbery cases, which traditionally have low case resolution rates. Enhancement of the use and value of physical evidence to investigators, crime laboratory specialists, and others involved in criminal processing requires improved communication and collaborative efforts. Training of police and prosecutors should be particularly emphasized because they have the most to say about whether and how physical evidence is used in the investigation of criminal cases.
Ultrafast vibrational evolution of excited-state coumarin 153 using fs/ps CARS as a transient Raman probe

The development of techniques to study molecular vibrations with reasonable frequency resolution in the femtosecond time regime for excited-state molecules has opened new avenues of research for the understanding of molecular structure following electronic excitation. Frequency resolution allows one to observe directly the evolution of vibrational modes as a function of some relevant time delay without the need to apply Fourier transform techniques or to separate complicated beat patterns for determination of pairs of involved modes. Here vibrational evolution upon electronic excitation in coumarin 153 (C153) is observed using a transient Raman probe technique that is a variation of time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. C153 is studied for its ideal solvatochromic properties upon excitation that allow it to be used as a probe for solvent reorganization.
Interfacing the Computer and Its Sampling Processes with the System

Controlling a system with a computer offers some advantages and a few drawbacks too. Intelligent application of computer control seeks to exploit the strengths and minimize the deficiencies of the computer as a controller. One advantage of computer control is the ability to build into software at a low cost some control features that might be expensive if done in hardware. A characteristic of computer control that at certain times could cause difficulties is the sampling process used in sensing variables and positioning actuators. One of the important pitfalls to avoid in applying computer control to thermal and mechanical systems is instability due to the sampling operation.
Identification and Management of Intermediate Risk Patients in the Chest Pain Unit

OBJECTIVE We examined low risk (LR) patients admitted to our chest pain unit (CPU) with negative cardiac injury markers, normal electrocardiogram, and clinical stability. We hypothesized that there is a sub-group of intermediate risk (IR) patients within the larger LR population. METHODS Criteria for IR were the aforementioned 3 indicators of LR and ≥1 of the following: (1) known coronary artery disease (CAD), (2) men ≥45 yo, women ≥55 yo, and (3) ≥3 cardiac risk factors. We compared patient characteristics, use of pre-discharge testing (PDT), and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). RESULTS IR patients numbered 371, whereas LR patients totaled 70. IR patients were older (61 vs 46 years), more had known CAD (28 vs. 0%), had a higher median number of risk factors (2 vs. 1) and were less likely to be women (49 vs. 81%), all P < 0.0001. IR patients received a greater median number of tests compared with LR patients (1 vs. 0, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Among the IR group, 16 patients (4%) had a cardiac event at the index CPU visit, 2 (0.5%) experienced MACE at 30-day follow-up, and 2 (0.5%) had MACE at 6 months follow-up. No LR patients had MACE at any point in the study. Thus, the majority of CPU patients are IR, have more risk factors than LR group, and are more likely to receive PDT. IR patients were managed safely in a CPU, while maintaining low rates of MACE post-discharge.
Identification of a novel breathing circuit that controls pain and anxiety

Abstract Alleviating pain with controlled breathing has been practiced throughout human history. Despite its wide use and long history, a neural circuit-based understanding of the pain-breathing interaction is largely lacking. Here we report a novel breathing circuit that regulates non-homeostatic breathing rhythm, as well as pain and anxiety. We identify that a cluster of neurons expressing the Oprm1 gene, which encodes the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in the lateral subdivision of parabrachial nucleus (PBLOprm1), directly regulates breathing rate in mice by conveying signals from the limbic areas to respiratory rhythm generating neurons in the medullary preBotzinger Complex (preBotC). In addition, we found that pain signals rapidly increase breathing rate by activating these neurons in both awake and anesthetized mice. Inactivating these neurons not only decreases the breathing rate, but it also substantially decreases anxiety-like behaviors and induces strong appetitive behaviors. Furthermore, PBLOprm1 inactivation alleviates pain by attenuating the perception of the affective-motivational aspect of pain. These results suggest that PBLOprm1 neurons play a critical role in the non-homeostatic regulation of breathing and in the regulation of pain and anxiety through breathing.
The use of deuterium-labeled gamma-aminobutyric (D6-GABA) to study uptake, translocation, and metabolism of exogenous GABA in plants.

Exogenous application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could relieve stress symptoms caused by abiotic stresses including anoxia, heat and cold shock, drought, and salt. However, studying translocation and metabolism of exogenous GABA is challenged by the presence of endogenous GABA. Herein, we used D6-GABA in order to investigate the uptake, translocation, and the metabolism of exogenous GABA in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) seedlings using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The GC–MS analysis showed that D6-GABA could be easily distinguished from the non-labeled GABA after methyl chloroformate (MCF) derivatization. The D6-GABA was detected in the cortex (phloem), inner stem (xylem), and leaves after root drench. Girdling did not affect the translocation of D6-GABA, indicating that it is mainly translocated via the xylem. In addition, D4-labled succinic acid was detected in D6-GABA-treated plants, indicating that exogenous GABA was metabolized to succinic acid. The half-life of D6-GABA in citrus was about 1.3 h, indicating a quick conversion to succinic acid. The use of D6-GABA offers a valuable tool to study the translocation and metabolism of GABA in plants. D6-GABA and its metabolite (D4-succinic acid) can be easily distinguished from the endogenous GABA and succinic acid using GC–MS.
Oral Corticosteroids and Risk of Preterm Birth in the California Medicaid Program

Background There is limited information regarding the impact of dose and gestational timing of oral corticosteroid (OCS) use on preterm birth (PTB), especially among women with asthma. Objectives To evaluate OCS dose and timing on PTB for asthma and, as a comparison, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We used health care data from California Medicaid enrollees linked to birth certificates (2007-2013), identifying women with asthma (n = 22,084) and SLE (n = 1174). We estimated risk ratios (RR) for OCS cumulative dose trajectories and other disease-related medications before gestational day 140 and hazard ratios (HR) for time-varying exposures after day 139. Results For asthma, PTB risk was 14.0% for no OCS exposure and 14.3%, 16.8%, 20.5%, and 32.7% in low, medium, medium-high, and high cumulative dose trajectory groups, respectively, during the first 139 days. The high-dose group remained associated with PTB after adjustment (adjusted RR [aRR]: 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00, 2.15). OCS dose after day 139 was not clearly associated with PTB, nor were controller medications. For SLE, PTB risk for no OCS exposure was 24.9%, and it was 39.1% in low- and 61.2% in high-dose trajectory groups. aRR were 1.80 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.40) for high and 1.24 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.58) for low groups. Only prednisone equivalent dose >20 mg/day after day 139 was associated with increased PTB (adjusted HR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.60, 4.03). Conclusions For asthma, higher OCS doses early in pregnancy, but not later, were associated with increased PTB. For SLE, higher doses early and later in pregnancy were associated with PTB.
Reanalysis of deep-sequencing data from Austria points towards a small SARS-COV-2 transmission bottleneck on the order of one to three virions

An early analysis of SARS-CoV-2 deep-sequencing data that combined epidemiological and genetic data to characterize the transmission dynamics of the virus in and beyond Austria concluded that the size of the viruss transmission bottleneck was large - on the order of 1000 virions. We performed new computational analyses using these deep-sequenced samples from Austria. Our analyses included characterization of transmission bottleneck sizes across a range of variant calling thresholds and examination of patterns of shared low-frequency variants between transmission pairs in cases where de novo genetic variation was present in the recipient. From these analyses, among others, we found that SARS-CoV-2 transmission bottlenecks are instead likely to be very tight, on the order of 1-3 virions. These findings have important consequences for understanding how SARS-CoV-2 evolves between hosts and the processes shaping genetic variation observed at the population level.
Excess demand prediction for bike sharing systems

One of the most crucial elements for the long-term success of shared transportation systems (bikes, cars etc.) is their ubiquitous availability. To achieve this, and avoid having stations with no available vehicle, service operators rely on rebalancing. While different operators have different approaches to this functionality, overall it requires a demand-supply analysis of the various stations. While trip data can be used for this task, the existing methods in the literature only capture the observed demand and supply rates. However, the excess demand rates (e.g., how many customers attempted to rent a bike from an empty station) are not recorded in these data, but they are important for the in-depth understanding of the systems' demand patterns that ultimately can inform operations like rebalancing. In this work we propose a method to estimate the excess demand and supply rates from trip and station availability data. Key to our approach is identifying what we term as excess demand pulse (EDP) in availability data as a signal for the existence of excess demand. We then proceed to build a Skellam regression model that is able to predict the difference between the total demand and supply at a given station during a specific time period. Our experiments with real data further validate the accuracy of our proposed method.
Soldiers' Perception of a Behavioral Intervention for Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Adherence in a Military Treatment Facility.

INTRODUCTION The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea in military personnel has increased over 500% since the early 2000s. Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (PAP), an efficacious treatment, has been suboptimal. This article presents a behavioral intervention model for enhancing PAP therapy adherence and describes how the model was received by military personnel. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population comprised 254 out of 280 military personnel (93% men, mean age 39 years) who attended a 90-minute behavioral intervention class within the first 8 weeks of PAP use. They were coached on the Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes (KSA) model of PAP therapy success: Knowledge about obstructive sleep apnea and PAP treatment; Skills to develop a habitual loop for nightly PAP use; and Attitudes that address readiness, barriers, and solutions for sustaining PAP use. Participants completed a voluntary, anonymous postclass survey that inquired of their perception of various elements of the class. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired sample t-test. RESULTS In participants' self-rating of how much they know about PAP treatment before and after the class, their ratings indicated that they experienced a significant increase in knowledge (P < 0.0001). On the postclass survey, 77% of the participants (N = 195/254) "agree a lot" or "strongly agree" that the class gave them tools to have a successful treatment and 78% (N = 198/254) noted that it was a valuable educational experience. The Knowledge portion was rated by 79% (N = 201/254) of the participants as "quite a lot" or "extremely" beneficial. The Skills segment was rated as "quite a lot" or "extremely" beneficial by 72% (N = 183/254) of the participants. The Attitudes discussion was perceived as "quite a lot" or "extremely" beneficial by 70% (N = 178/254) of the participants. Participants' free-text responses to "what was most helpful" were generally positive. CONCLUSIONS A KSA model of behavioral intervention for enhancing PAP therapy adherence was well received by participants. Future research will assess the impact of this intervention on adherence as measured by objective indicators.
Locke's Republican and Liberal Legacy

Many people today identify Locke’s political legacy solely with right-leaning libertarianism. But the truth is more complicated. This chapter explores two strands of thought within Locke’s 18th and 19th century reception. The 18th century liberal republican strand radicalized Locke’s conceptions of consent, constitutionalism, and the role of the state, while the 19th century natural property rights strand — itself composed of a libertarian camp and an egalitarian camp — developed his conception of individual property rights to address the moral problems raised by industrial capitalism.
Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Microelectrode Arrays (3D MEAS) with Tri-Modal (Electrical, Optical, and Microfluidic) Interrogation of Electrogenic Cell Constructs

We present a polymer and metal-based microfabrication technology toward 3D Microelectrode Arrays (3D MEAs) with tri-modal functionality for obtaining simultaneous data sets comprising electrical, optical and microfluidic markers from a variety of electrogenic cellular constructs. 3D MEAs are the next generation interfaces to transduce multi-modal data sets from the burgeoning field of “organ-on-a-chip” in vitro modeling of biological functions. The microfabrication process is fully characterized for low and higher density 3D electrodes/ µF ports along with full spectrum impedance showcasing the ability to control the 3D microelectrode size. Further the material set used in the microfabrication process is characterized for biological metrics through both a novel transparency assay along with a biocompatibility assay with an electrogenic cell culture system. Lastly, rapid neuronal spheroid attachment to the 3D microfluidic ports of the tri-modal 3D MEA is demonstrated successfully.
Corporatization of Higher Education and Student Affairs

This chapter brings the researcher in concert with the literature on the history of higher education and the student affairs profession. The chapter explores the emergence of neoliberal ideology in the academe (Giroux, Harvard Educational Review, 72(4), 425–463, 2002; Giroux, Journal of Advanced Composition, 27(1/2), 11–61, 2007; Kezar et al., The gig academy: Mapping labor in the neoliberal university, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019; Schrecker, 2010; Slaughter & Rhoades, Academic capitalism and the new economy: Markets, state, and higher education, JHU Press, 2004) and its impacts. To help the reader conceptualize how neoliberalism became the dominant paradigm in higher education the chapter explores how higher education has changed since market values became the common sense answer to higher education woes (Hall & O’Shea, Journal of Politics and Culture, 55, 8–24, 2013; Harvey, A brief history of neoliberalism, Oxford University Press, 2005). The chapter then brings the neoliberal analysis down to the granular level of the impact of corporate values to the student affairs profession.
The proposal of software development and acquisition metrics based on ISO/IEC 27001 standard

The implementation and operation of efficient information security management systems (ISMS) according to the ISO/IEC 27001 standard involves a number of steps, among others implementation and operation of appropriate processes, policies and objectives. The crucial issue is the correct definition of the metrics for measurement of the effectiveness of established processes and established controls. The paper describes some practical metrics for ISMS processes review but primarily deals with the metrics for the security category “Security in development and support processes” from the security control clause “Information systems acquisition, development and maintenance processes” (ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27002). Judged by the authors’ research and experience, organizations often concentrate mainly on other security categories (Correct processing in application, Cryptographic controls, Security of system files) from the security control clause “Information systems acquisition, development and maintenance processes” (ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27002). The aim of this paper is to refocus on the necessity to define appropriate metrics for all processes (controls) corresponding to the “Information systems acquisition, development and maintenance” security clause.
Effects of Video-Based Peer Modeling on the Question Asking and Text Comprehension of Struggling Adolescent Readers

Good readers ask questions during reading, and this is presumed to improve their text comprehension. But what about not-so-good readers? Does question asking promote comprehension for struggling readers and, if so, how can we best support these students? This paper examines question generation among low-performing sixth-graders who read moderately-challenging science texts. It characterizes the nature of students’ questions and describes the effects of a video-based peer modeling intervention on their question asking and reading comprehension. In contrast to previous research, this study found that students asked a large number of deep reasoning questions, particularly those related to identifying goals, processes, causes, and consequences. However, such questions were not generally associated with greater understanding. Only two types of deep reasoning questions were related to text comprehension—those that were not answered in the text (directly or indirectly) and those that students labeled as “I’m Confused” questions. The study also found that readers who were exposed to video-based peer modeling of question generation asked more of these types of questions and scored significantly higher on multiple measures of text comprehension. These findings have implications for the design of systems to support struggling readers and for theory-building about question generation.