cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curricular Integration and Faculty Development: Teaching Language-Based Content Across the Foreign Language Curriculum

Maxim’s chapter reports on one foreign language (FL) department’s ongoing efforts to overcome the division between so-called language courses at the lower levels and content courses at the upper levels, an issue that characterizes many FL departments. Central to this endeavor has been close collaboration between linguists and literary/cultural studies scholars within the department to (a) identify appropriate content-based speaking and writing tasks; (b) specify the linguistic features needed to realize these tasks; and (c) integrate the explicit instruction of these features into all courses in an articulated manner. The author illustrates ways that this undertaking affected not only the configuration of course offerings but also the degree of meta-level linguistic awareness among all faculty members, thereby equipping them theoretically and pedagogically to carry out curricular integration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how other departments might undertake similar programs to implement language-based content instruction across the undergraduate curriculum.
Multiple-Choice Testing

The multiple-choice questionnaire has become an integral part of modern society. It is used for such diverse purposes as testing knowledge, estimating ability, polling opinions, and indicating most-suitable careers to individuals. Some of the richness of variation possible within the multiple-choice format will be studied in this module.
Effects of ketanserin on the discrimination of electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphé nucleus in rats

Abstract The electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus was used as a training cue in a discrimination paradigm. Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate between electrical stimulation (ES; 200 μA) of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and non-stimulation. This was accomplished by associating ES with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lithium chloride (LiCl), following the session with electrical stimulation. This made the drinking of saccharin during ES aversive by conditioned taste aversion. Following training, rats decreased saccharin consumption in ES sessions. This discrimination was learned within three pairings of the ES with LiCl. Lowering the ES current to 50–100 μA resulted in levels of saccharin consumption similar to non-stimulation levels, whereas 150 μA showed a response intermediate between the stimulation response at 200 μA and non-stimulation. The discrimination of ES of the DRN (200 μA) was not affected by prior administration of the 5-HT 2 antagonist ketanserin (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p.), suggesting that activation of 5-HT 2 receptors is not the primary discriminative cue generated by ES. However, the 5-HT 2A/2C agonist DOI (0.25–0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), substituted for ES of the DRN, i.e. animals reduced saccharin consumption following DOI administration. This substitution of DOI for ES was antagonized by the administration of ketanserin (1 mg/kg, i.p.). These results suggest that ES of the DRN has properties that are similar to the activation of 5-HT 2A/2C receptors by DOI. However, other stimuli such as activation of other 5-HT receptors are also involved, given that the discriminative cues of ES are not blocked by the 5-HT 2A/2C antagonist ketanserin. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Simple Indirect Adaptive Control Without a Diophantine Equation and Without The Sign of The High Frequency Gain

The adaptive control of general delay, linear time-varying systems is addressed. We devise a new model reference adaptive control law which does not require the solution of a Diophantine equation, and does not require a priori knowledge of the sign of the high frequency gain. This control law coupled with the parameter estimation equations allows a simple representation of the closed loop system which greatly eases the stability and performance analysis of the closed loop system, and has potential for generalization to adaptive pole placement, and other control laws suitable for non-minimum phase systems. For the Kalman filter estimator coupled with our control law we obtain stability without persistence of excitation, and without knowledge of the sign of the high frequency gain.
Maintaining Linux: the role of "current"

We examined 249 versions of Linux, and performed definition-use analysis to determine the role played by global variable current in each version. We examined three versions of Linux in detail: versions 7.2.0, 2.2.10, and 2.4.20. For each of those versions, we display the common coupling induced by current within that version using a graphical notation that reflects definitions and uses. We also measured the relationship between the number of instances of current and the size of Linux. We found that the number of instances increased much faster than the size of the kernel but slower than the total size of the product. Furthermore, nonkernel modules were the major source of the increase of instances of global variable current. These increases were largely within nonkernel folder arch, which contains architecture-dependent source code, and in nonkernel folder drivers, which contains all the driver programs. Consequently, as more drivers are added to Linux and as more platforms are supported, problems with maintainability caused by current will be exacerbated.
Hole concentrations, Hall number, and Tc relationships in substituted YBa2Cu3Oy.

One of the fundamental questions involving the high-temperature copper oxide containing superconductors is to understand the relationship between hole concentration and the superconducting transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$. We help resolve this question by a study of Nd-, La-, Ga-, Ca-, and Zn-substituted $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{y}$ with controlled oxygen stoichiometry. The total hole concentration is determined by a chemical method and trends in the mobile hole concentration by Hall measurements. By considering ${T}_{c}$ to be a function of the mobile sheet holes only, there is a maximum in ${T}_{c}$ (92 K) at a sheet-hole concentration of about 0.20-0.25 per Cu site.
IN-PATIENT FLOW ANALYSIS USING PROMODEL (TM) SIMULATION PACKAGE

This paper emphasizes the basic modeling approach of general in-patient flow in a major hospital in the East Coast region. Simulation was used to analyze the inpatient flow. The first objective of this study was to determine the bottlenecks for in-in-patient flow. In order to understand the general in-patient flow, some emphasis was also given to the other units such as Medical-Surgical, Telemetry, Intensive Care Units (ICU), etc. Second objective was to study the impact of bed availability on the waiting time of admitted patients in ED before being transferred to assigned beds in other units of the hospital. A preliminary model was developed and validated based on the data collected for the selected time periods (busy four months). Different what-if scenarios were studied. This paper presents the basic model and its results. Key Words: simulation, in-patient flow, health science
Unusual oral manifestations of chronic lymphatic leukemia. Report of a case

Abstract A case of chronic lymphatic leukemia with unusual oral manifestations characterized by the formation of bilateral swellings in the palate in an 82-year-old woman has been discussed.
Early Retirement, Labor Supply, and Benefit Withholding: The Role of the Social Security Earnings Test

The labor supply and benefit claiming incentives provided by the early retirement rules of the Social Security Old Age benefits program are of growing importance as the Normal Retirement Age (NRA) increases to 67, the labor force participation of Older Americans rises, and a variety of reforms to the Social Security system are considered. Any reform needs to take into account the effects and rationale of the Social Security Earnings Test and the Actuarial Adjustment Factor. We describe these incentives, and analyze benefit withholding patterns using data from the Master Beneficiary Files of the Social Security Administration, and present descriptive and exploratory evidence on the determinants of benefit withholding using data from the Health and Retirement Survey. We then investigate the importance of the Earnings Test limits for work and claiming behavior using a dynamic life-cycle model of labor supply, benefit claiming, and withholding. We use the latter framework to compare the consequences of a number of changes to the Earnings Test provision for the labor supply behavior and earnings of older Americans.
Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York

Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Ana Celia Zentella. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997.323 pp.
Drying shrinkage of portland cement pastes I. Microcracking during drying

Abstract The occurrence of microcracking of portland cement pastes during drying has been studied by comparing the effects of specimen thickness on shrinkage and cracking using light microscopy. Increases in specimen thickness tended to impede drying and wetting, but there were only slight changes (less than experimental errors) in total and reversible shrinkage once equilibrium was attained. Although microcracking occurred at the beginning of drying whenever the thin specimen (thickness
The Cognitive and Affective Consequences of Nonlinear Forms of Information Acquisition

Interruptions are a part of everyday life whether in the office, on the Internet, or via the phone. As a result, people are faced with diverting their attention, dealing with the interruption and then refocusing on the task that was interrupted. The goal of this research is to begin to systematically study the cognitive and affective consequences of non-linear forms of information acquisition compared to standard linear forms. Toward this goal we have begun to (1) explore the effect of user control on performance while navigating an information path via web-based information and distributed learning; and, (2) examine the utility of non-linear forms of “instruction” for increasing the ability of people to transfer their learning to new situations.
History of pancreaticoduodenectomy: early misconceptions, initial milestones and the pioneers

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is one of the most challenging surgical procedures which requires the highest level of surgical expertise. This procedure has constantly evolved over the years through the meticulous efforts of a number of surgeons before reaching its current state. This review navigates through some of the early limitations and misconceptions and highlights the initial milestones which laid the foundation of this procedure. The current review also provides a few excerpts from the lives and illuminates on some of the seminal contributions of the three great surgeons: William Stewart Halsted, Walther Carl Eduard Kausch and Allen Oldfather Whipple. These surgeons pioneered the nascent stages of this procedure and paved the way for the modern day pancreaticoduodenectomy.
The Neural Fate of Individual Item Representations in Visual Working Memory

Problem/Research Questions Visual working memory (VWM) allows us to temporarily store relevant information from the visual world despite frequent interruptions such as saccades. Despite the importance of VWM in a variety of cognitive tasks, this process is capacity limited. Behavioral estimates of capacity converge on a storage limit of ~3-4 items (Cowan, 2001). Converging neural evidence from neuroimaging techniques supports these behavioral estimates. For example, in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, delay-related activity in regions of posterior parietal cortex increases according to the number of items held within VWM (Todd & Marois, 2004; Xu & Chun, 2006). When capacity is reached the signal asymptotes, indicating that no additional neural resources are available to store any remaining items. Additionally, an event-related potential (ERP) known as the contralateral delay activity (CDA) has been used to measure storage capacity by recording from posterior scalp sites during the delay period during VWM tasks. The CDA amplitude increases as additional items are added, reaching asymptote when individual item limits are reached (Vogel & Machizawa, 2004; Vogel, McCollough, & Machizawa, 2005). Importantly, in these previous studies the neural correlates of VWM capacity reflect the aggregate processing of all of the presented stimuli. As such, the neural-correlate signal associated with each individual item is obscured within this cumulative activity. Additionally, the majority of these studies have focused almost exclusively on maintenance processes, creating uncertainty regarding the influence of encoding processes on capacity limitations. This leaves a fundamental but important question regarding basic VWM processes unanswered. Can cumulative neural activity during encoding be used to understand the neural fate of individual items presented in VWM tasks? Here we present evidence that cumulative activity during VWM encoding can be used to identify and quantify the neural-correlate signals associated with individual stimuli. Additionally, we describe novel frequency tagging, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) techniques used to isolate and examine these neural-correlate signals.
Relaxation dynamics of myoglobin in solution.

The geminate rebinding kinetics of MbCO in solution at high temperature (260--300 K) shows nonexponential behavior (stretched, \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}1/2) that may be related to nonequilibrium relaxation of the distal pocket. A two-pulse photolysis experiment, which probes a kinetically selected subpopulation, demonstrates that the nonexponential behavior arises from a fluctuationally averaged system and also reveals slow interconversion times for large-scale protein motions. Measurements as a function of temperature lead to a direct determination of the Arrhenius barrier at the heme (18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 kJ/mole).
Predictions of CMOS compatible on-chip optical interconnect

Interconnect has become a primary bottleneck in integrated circuit design. As CMOS technology is scaled, it will become increasingly difficult for conventional copper interconnect to satisfy the design requirements of delay, power, bandwidth, and noise. On-chip optical interconnect has been considered as a potential substitute for electrical interconnect in the past two decades. In this paper, predictions of the performance of CMOS compatible optical devices are made based on current state-of-art optical technologies. Electrical and optical interconnects are compared for various design criteria based on these predictions. The critical dimensions beyond which optical interconnect becomes advantageous over electrical interconnect are shown to be approximately one tenth of the chip edge length at the 22 nm technology node.
Open aperture microgated carbon nanotube FEAs

We grew the CNT inside 1.5 mum diameter open apertures lined with 0.25 mum of SiO2 using DC plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) The oxide liner helped position the CNTs in the center of the cells and reduced the gate current by preventing the carbon nanotubes from contacting the gate. The concave-up curvature of the Fowler-Nordheim plot is probably caused by emission from CNTs with different field enhancement, due to varying diameters, lengths, and tips per aperture. We operated one array for six days at 65 V; after the first 24 hrs the current stabilized and remained above 200 muA. The likely causes for the initial drop include the evaporation and blunting of very thin CNTs by field desorption and the desorption of H2O.
Biosynthesis of the diterpene cis-abienol in cell-free extracts of tobacco trichomes.

Biosynthesis of the hydroxylated labdane diterpene, cis-abienol, 9 alpha H-[(12Z)-labda-12,14-dien-8 alpha-ol] from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was observed in cell-free extracts prepared from trichome-bearing tissues of the experimental tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. c.v. T.I. 1068. Synthetic activity was observed with extracts of trichome glands, but not subepidermal tissue or epidermis from which glands had been removed. The activity was soluble, Mg2+ stimulated, had a pH optimum near 7.0, and was unaffected by conditions which inhibit cytochrome P450 oxygenase. These results indicate the occurrence in trichome glands of T.I. 1068, a cyclase activity which yields the cyclized hydroxylated labdanoid cis-abienol directly.
Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies. Iv. the Genus Penrosada, New (Lepidoptera, Satyridae)

The members of the genus Penrosada have heretofore been placed in the genus Lymanopoda , but they differ from the species which really belong to Lymanopoda both superficially and structurally. Superficially, they are smaller, and have a normal wing shape; the most striking structural differences are to be found in the male genitalia. There is marked uniformity in the trend of variation within each species. On the east slope of the Andes these insects seem to be restricted to the temperate forests, and they abound in the more moist regions near the tree line; on the western slope they descend into the subtropics.
Electrochemical test methods for evaluating organic coatings on metals: an update. Part I. Introduction and generalities regarding electrochemical testing of organic coatings

Abstract The status of evaluating organic coated metals utilizing electrochemical means was reviewed for the period of 1988–1994. The general improvements in the overall technology are presented in three sections. Part I covers the test cell configurations, changes in testing approaches and a brief survey of measurement equipment. Part II presents the test methods involving a single test parameter such as the panel potential relative to a reference electrode, electrochemical voltage and/or current noise, as well as the dc resistance of the coating on the metal substrate. Multiple test parameter measurements such as potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are covered in Part III. Although the majority of data were taken from the literature, some supplementary data are included from NSWCCD studies.
Bio-Generated Greenhouse Heating Project

A 30′ × 60′ greenhouse is being installed on the Western Kentucky University Agriculture Department campus farm that will be heated during winter by energy captured during the decomposition of leaves into compost. The bio-generated heat collection and distribution system was designed, and is currently being built and tested by undergraduate mechanical engineering students at WKU. Currently, the WKU Agriculture Department takes all leaves collected by the city of Bowling Green, processing and selling the resulting compost. While the leaves are composting, a temperature of over 150 °F is reached in the center of the leave piles. Student teams have designed and are installing a water piping system below the leaves to capture the waste heat and deliver the water to a root-zone heating system in the greenhouse. The design also includes a subsurface storage tank and auxiliary heating system to extend the capacity of the heating system. It is intended that WKU Agriculture will be able to operate the greenhouse for educational purposes throughout the year, and also provide the design to regional farmers who currently have greenhouses but cannot afford to heat them during Kentucky winters. This paper will detail the design of the heat collection system below the composting leaves, including sizing calculations and experimental verification, to permit uninterrupted composting activities. The root-zone heating system design will also be covered, including sizing calculations of the piping installation within sand beds in the greenhouse. The overall system control, energy storage and supplemental heating will also be discussed. The goal of the project has been to evaluate the feasibility of a cost-effective agricultural heating system for use in moderate climates throughout the United States.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Electoral Consequences of Skin Color: The “Hidden” Side of Race in Politics

Despite the significant role that skin color plays in material well-being and social perceptions, scholars know little if anything about whether skin color and afrocentric features influence political cognition and behavior and specifically, if intraracial variation in addition to categorical difference affects the choices of voters. Do more phenotypically black minorities suffer an electoral penalty as they do in most aspects of life? This study investigates the impact of color and phenotypically black facial features on candidate evaluation, using a nationally representative survey experiment of over 2000 whites. Subjects were randomly assigned to campaign literature of two opposing candidates, in which the race, skin color and features, and issue stance of candidates was varied. I find that afrocentric phenotype is an important, albeit hidden, form of bias in racial attitudes and that the importance of race on candidate evaluation depends largely on skin color and afrocentric features. However, like other racial cues, color and black phenotype don’t influence voters’ evaluations uniformly but vary in magnitude and direction across the gender and partisan makeup of the electorate in theoretically explicable ways. Ultimately, I argue, scholars of race politics, implicit racial bias, and minority candidates are missing an important aspect of racial bias.
Atomistic analysis of Ge on amorphous SiO2 using an empirical interatomic potential

The fidelity of a Tersoff-based empirical potential model for the Ge–Si–O ternary atomic system is studied in detail, with the ultimate aim of validating the potential for later use in large-scale simulations of Ge selective epitaxial growth. Several comparisons are presented between the predictions of atomistic simulations based on the empirical potential studied here and prior experimental measurements and electronic structure calculations. The points of comparison include the structure and thermodynamics of bulk amorphous silica (a-SiO2), the a-SiO2 free surface, the c-Si/a-SiO2 interface, the c-Ge/a-SiO2 interface, and the desorption, wetting, and diffusion behavior of Ge atoms on a-SiO2 surfaces. A single fitting parameter, which describes the strength of the Ge–O interaction, is used to establish good agreement between the empirical potential predictions and experimental measurements across all points of comparison. We conclude that a Tersoff-based empirical potential, while it neglects explicit Coulombic interactions and is highly simplified, is a reasonable basis for probing certain features of the Ge/SiO2/Si material system.
Peak left ventricular pressure during percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty: clinical and echocardiographic correlations.

Abstract Peak left ventricular pressure during balloon inflation was measured in 20 patients who underwent balloon valvuloplasty for severe aortic stenosis to define the determinants of ventricular pressure development in response to increased loading conditions. The peak left ventricular pressure ranged from 150 ± 5 to 386 ± 22 mm Hg (mean ± Sl), was reproducible in each patient with each balloon inflation (mean coefficient of variation 7.8%) and correlated with concurrent echocardiographic measurements of ejection fraction (r = 0.89, p = 0.0001) and mass/volume ratio in systole (r = 0.91, p = 0.0001) or diastole (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001). Thirteen patients with class II or more severe congestive heart failure had lower values for peak left ventricular pressure than did those without failure (225 ± 46 versus 305 ± 45 mm Hg, p = 0.002), whereas no difference in rest left ventricular systolic pressure was seen between the two groups. The measurement of peak left ventricular pressure was inversely related to rest mean circumferential end-systolic wall stress (r = 0.52, p = 0.046). Thus, peak left ventricular systolic pressure measured during aortic valvuloplasty in humans correlates closely with traditional measures of left ventricular function. This measurement, which previously has been obtained only in experimental animal studies, is a simple and reproducible hemodynamic index that may provide new insights in studies of ventricular function and congestive heart failure in aortic stenosis.
Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: Its evolution and a review of the current situation

Abstract Almost 30 years after neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) was first proposed we at last have a suitable screening procedure, but are still not sure whether we should use it. The immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) test in neonatal dried blood samples has been greatly improved by the introduction of a two-tier IRT/DNA strategy, and there is now little doubt that the sensitivity and specificity is acceptable. However, the benefits of early diagnosis have not been fully established. There is evidence of reduced morbidity in the first year or two of life as well as the opportunity to correct nutritional and biochemical deficiencies which have been documented in CF neonates. Long-term benefits have been difficult to demonstrate, and may only be evident in areas where conventional diagnosis is particularly likely to be delayed. Answers may yet be forthcoming in randomised controlled trials which are underway. The likelihood of any significant drawback to screening is receding. Early diagnosis does not appear to be associated with psychological harm but rather the reverse, and the numbers of false-positive tests have been greatly reduced by the use of DNA testing. The costs of screening are modest, and a positive short-term cost benefit is possible, but not yet substantiated.
Cosmology: ripples of early starlight.

After all known sources are accounted for, puffy blobs of infrared light persist on deep-field telescope images. Evidence is mounting that these could be the signatures of stars in early 'protogalaxies'.
Students as Documenters: Benefits, Reflections, and Suggestions

School restructuring often calls for modifying the roles and responsi bilities of teachers, students, and administrators, yet most efforts to restructure schools involve educators, rather than students. Changes are made for students, but without the involvement of students. If stu dents are expected to change as a result of school restructuring efforts, they must be involved in determining the changes to be made.
The interactive role of inclusions and SiC reinforcement on the high-cycle fatigue resistance of particle reinforced metal matrix composites

The effect of intermetallic inclusions on the fatigue crack initiation and growth in 2080 Al alloy and 2080/SiC p composites was investigated. Using surface replication, it was determined that, in the high-cycle fatigue region, life is dominated by the initiation process. It was also determined that the majority of initiation sites were associated with intermetallic inclusions. While 2080/SiC/20 p showed a definitive relationship between inclusion size and fatigue life, i.e., a higher inclusion size resulted in lower fatigue life, there was no correlation in 2080/SiC/30 p . This was attributed to more of the load being shared by the higher volume fraction of SiC particles and smaller average inclusion sizes in the latter composite. A conceptual model is proposed that accounts for these observations and qualitatively shows the effect of reinforcement on stress enhancement in near-surface inclusions.
High-pressure vaporization modeling of multi-component petroleum–biofuel mixtures under engine conditions

Abstract Numerical simulation of the vaporization of multi-component liquid fuels under high-pressure conditions is conducted in this study. A high-pressure drop vaporization model is developed by considering the high-pressure phase equilibrium which equates the fugacity of each component in both liquid and vapor phases. Peng–Robinson equation of state is used for the calculation of fugacity. To model the vaporization of diesel fuel under high-pressure conditions, continuous thermodynamics based on a gamma distribution is coupled with phase equilibrium by correlating the parameters of the equation of state with the molecular weights of the continuous components. The high-pressure vaporization model is validated using the experimental data of n-heptane drops under different ambient pressures and temperatures. Good levels of agreement are obtained in drop size history. Predicted results of the vaporization of diesel fuel drops show that increasing ambient pressure leads to a shorter drop lifetime under high temperature conditions (e.g., 900 K). On the other hand, at a slightly lower temperature of 700 K, the drop lifetime increases as the ambient pressure increases. It is found that the net affects of high ambient pressure on drop vaporization are determined by two competing factors, namely, reduced mass transfer number and reduced enthalpy of vaporization. The model was further applied to biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel. The fuel blend is modeled based on a method that continuous thermodynamics is used to model diesel fuel and biodiesel is modeled as a mixture of its five representative components. Results of single drop vaporization history show that drop lifetime increases as the volume fraction of biodiesel in the fuel blend increases. This phenomenon reveals the low vaporization rate of biodiesel that has a higher critical temperature than diesel fuel. It is also observed that the volume fraction of biodiesel in the fuel blend increases during vaporization and its vapor concentrates near the tip of the liquid spray while diesel fuel vapor is around the entire liquid spray.
ICE NUCLEI IN SOIL COMPROMISE COLD HARDINESS OF HATCHLING PAINTED TURTLES (CHRYSEMYS PICTA)

Hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) commonly overwinter within their natal nests and survive exposure to temperatures as low as −12°C by supercooling. We report that the supercooling capacity of hatchling C. picta is reduced by direct contact with nest soil which, in samples from northwestern and north-central Nebraska, Indiana, and Ontario, contained potent ice nuclei active in the range of −3.5° to −5°C. These nuclei were sensitive to autoclaving and extractable in water. The supercooling capacity of C. picta hatched in native nest soil, or hatched in sterilized vermiculite (which lacks water-extractable nuclei), and subsequently exposed to nest soil, was reduced by ∼10°C relative to control turtles that were hatched and reared in sterilized vermiculite. The effect of these nuclei was potentiated by the presence of environmental moisture, although even transient exposure to dry nest soil markedly reduced supercooling capacity in ∼50% of the turtles. Unlike turtle species that hibernate underwater (Sternotherus odoratus, Chelydra serpentina, Apalone spinifera), hatchlings of C. picta exhibited an extraordinary capacity for supercooling (temperature of crystallization, −16° to −20°C) when cooled in isolation from external ice nuclei. However, hatchlings of these four species were equally susceptible to inoculation by suspensions of the ice-nucleating bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae. Indirect evidence suggests that the soil nuclei are associated with such microbes. Nucleating activity was higher in soil collected within nests than in soil collected at the same depth, adjacent to these nests. Differences in the activities of ice nuclei in nesting soils may account for geographic and local variation in winter survival of hatchling C. picta. Our finding that similar agents occur in various other terrestrial habitats in central North America suggests that such nuclei may pose a formidable challenge to the overwintering survival of ectothermic animals that rely on supercooling to withstand frost exposure.
Signal energy distribution in time and frequency

The Fourier representation of signals and its relation to the signal structure in time and frequency, and more generally the inherent properties of phase-modulated signals, have received considerable attention in the past. These topics have led to such seemingly unrelated studies as the representation of a signal in a combined time-frequency plane, "instantaneous power spectra," and the ambiguity function and its transform relations. It is shown in this paper that the studies can be unified by the introduction of the concept of the complex energy density function of a signal. The function is an extension and combination of the one-dimensional energy density functions in time and frequency, the energy density spectrum |\Psi(f)|^{2} , and energy density waveform |\psi (t)|^{2} . On the basis of the complex energy density function, the significance of complicated-appearing transform relations is readily understood. The new concept also conveys a good insight into the internal structure of phase-modulated signals.
Immunogold localization of nodule‐enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in alfalfa

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4-1-1-31) plays a paramount role in providing carbon for synthesis of malate and aspartate in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root nodules. PEPC protein and activity levels are highly enhanced in N2-fixing alfalfa nodules. To ascertain the relationship between the cellular location of PEPC and root nodule metabolism, enzyme localization was evaluated by immunogold cytochemistry using alfalfa nodule PEPC antibodies. Gold labelling patterns in effective nodules showed that PEPC is a cytosolic enzyme and is distributed relatively equally in infected and uninfected cells of the nodule symbiotic zone. A high amount of labelling was also observed in pericycle cells of the nodule vascular system. Labelling was also detected within inner cortical cells, but the density was reduced by 60%. When Lotus corniculatus was transformed with a chimeric gene consisting of the 5′-upstream region of the PEPC gene fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS), GUS staining in nodules was consistent with immunogold localization patterns. The occurrence of PEPC in both infected and uninfected cells of the symbiotic zone of effective nodules coupled to the reduced amounts in ineffective nodules suggests a direct role for this enzyme in supporting N2-fixation. PEPC localization in the uninfected, interstitial cells of the symbiotic zone indicates that these cells may also have a role in nodule carbon metabolism. Moreover, the association of PEPC with the nodule vascular system implies a role for the enzyme in the transport of assimilates to and from the shoot.
Extraversion predicts neural sensitivity to reward in large fMRI studies

Although the theory has been widely adopted that Extraversion reflects individual differences in brain systems governing reward sensitivity, the evidence base for this theory is surprisingly thin. A few fMRI studies have correlated brain activity in response to monetary rewards or pleasant emotional stimuli with Extraversion, but their samples sizes have generally been very small ( N N > 90), we show that Extraversion (and no other of the Big Five) is associated with neural sensitivity to monetary reward in a simple reinforcement task (guessing whether a computer-generated number will be high or low) and in a decision making task assessing delay discounting (choosing between smaller, sooner rewards and larger, later rewards). These studies provide strong evidence for the theory that Extraversion reflects reward sensitivity.
Prospective External Validation of the Clinical Effectiveness of an Emergency Department-Based Early Goal-Directed Therapy Protocol for Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Objective To determine the clinical effectiveness of implementing early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) as a routine protocol in the emergency department (ED). Methods Prospective interventional study conducted over 2 years at an urban ED. Inclusion criteria included suspected infection, criteria for systemic inflammation, and either systolic BP Results We enrolled 79 patients in the preintervention year and 77 patients in the postintervention year. Compared with the preintervention year, patients in the postintervention year received significantly greater crystalloid volume (2.54 L vs 4.66 L, p Conclusions Implementation of EGDT in our ED was associated with a 9% absolute (33% relative) mortality reduction. Our data provide external validation of the clinical effectiveness of EGDT to treat sepsis and septic shock in the ED.
Temperature dependence of the magnetic excitations in iron

The neutron coherent inelastic-scattering technique has been used to study the temperature dependence of the magnetic excitations in iron from room temperature to well above the ferromagnetic transition temperature. Most of the measurements were taken on a large single crystal of $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$ (12-at.% Si), although a less extensive set of data was obtained with a single crystal of pure iron. In contrast to the behavior previously observed in the small-wave-vector region, we find that the spin waves at larger values of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ are only moderately renormalized up to ${T}_{C}$, and persist as excitations up to the highest temperature measured ($\ensuremath{\sim}1.4{T}_{C}$). No further renormalization of the dispersion relation is observed above ${T}_{C}$. Measurements of the spin-wave linewidths show that as the temperature increases to ${T}_{C}$ the widths rapidly increase, but above ${T}_{C}$ no additional broadening occurs. In the paramagnetic phase the ratios of the energy widths divided by the excitation energies for $E\ensuremath{\gtrsim}8$ meV are found to be less than one ($\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{E}l1$), which has been used as the criterion for the definition of a spin-wave excitation. As the energy decreases below \ensuremath{\sim} 8 meV, the scattering evolves continuously into the critical scattering around the origin ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}=0$, $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$), whereas with increasing energy $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{E}$ decreases. The dynamical correlation range corresponds to a sphere with a diameter \ensuremath{\sim} 10 \AA{}, and this correlation range is, within experimental error, independent of the temperature. The over-all spin-wave intensities are reduced at elevated temperatures, but the abrupt decrease in the spin-wave intensity at high energies, interpreted in terms of the band model of magnetism as the intersection of the spin-wave spectrum with the Stoner continuum of spin-flip excitations, is found to be independent of the temperature. The spin-wave energies, as well as the linewidths, are isotropic in $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ over the entire temperature range covered, and no interaction of the spin waves with the phonons is observed. These experimental results are in disagreement with present theoretical estimates of the generalized susceptbility at elevated temperatures.
Effect of rate and coupling interval on endocardial R wave amplitude variability in permanent ventricular sensing lead systems

Abstract Objectives. We have observed sensing errors in third generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators that appear to be caused by variation in the R wave amplitude during sinus rhythm, particularly after premature beats. The purpose of this study was to quantify spontaneous R wave variability during sinus rhythm and to determine whether abrupt changes in cycle length further augment R wave amplitude variability. Background, Pacemaker sensing algorithms presume a relatively constant R wave signal to establish a sensing threshold. The concept of a fixed sensing threshold is not as applicable in third-generation cardioverter-defibrillators, which depend on automatic gain amplifiers to rapidly detect ventricular fibrillation. These devices may be susceptible to undersensing during sinus rhythm if significant variability in R wave signal characteristics occurs. Methods. Twelve patients with combination bradycardia pacing cardioverter-defibrillators were studied. The device used (Cadence, Ventritex) allowed recording of real time, telemetered electrograms from the sensing lead system. Measurements were made of the maximal range of the R wave amplitude during sinus rhythm and in response to abrupt changes in heart rate produced by premature atrial and ventricular stimuli. Results. The maximal range in R wave amplitude during sinus rhythm was 1.7 ± 1.3 mV, or 23.7 ± 19.2% of the mean R wave amplitude. The R wave amplitude variability increased with abrupt changes in cycle length, with a range of 2.8 ± 1.5 mV, or 38.8 ± 18.3% of the mean R wave amplitude (p
GENERALIZED FREE FIELDS AND MODELS OF LOCAL FIELD THEORY

Abstract Generalized free fields are a generalization of the free field in which the commutator is a c -number but does not satisfy a homogeneous Klein-Gordon equation. Some properties of generalized free fields are examined including the appropriate generators of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group, the number operator, spectrum, locality, and asymptotic fields. These generalized free fields are used to construct a family of local field theory models which is not unitarily equivalent to any (generalized) free field.
Panel vector autoregression under cross-sectional dependence

Summary This paper studies estimation in panel vector autoregression (VAR) under cross-sectional dependence. The time series are allowed to be an unknown mixture of stationary and unit root processes with possible cointegrating relations. The cross-sectional dependence is modeled with a factor structure. We extend the factor analysis in Bai and Ng (2002, Econometrica 70, 91–221) to vector processes. The fully modified (FM) estimator in Phillips (1995) is used for estimation in panel VAR and we also propose a factor augmented FM estimator. Our simulation results show this factor augmented FM estimator performs well when sample size is large.
A systematic characterization of the reversion flavor of soybean oil

The volatile flavor compounds in a reverted soybean oil with a peroxide number of 4.3 meq/kg were isolated by a semicontinuous counter-current vacuum steam-distillation process, fractionated by repeated gas chromatography, and identified by infrared and mass spectrometry. A total of 71 compounds were identified, which included 19 acids, 39 nonacidic compounds, and 13 tentatively identified compounds. The acids consisted of eight normal saturated acids, nine α,β-unsaturated acids, a branch-chain acid, one hydroxy acid, two keto acids, three lactones, and one aromatic acid. The nonacidic compounds consisted of two esters, eight normal saturated aldehydes, two branched-chain aldehydes, five 2-enals, three dienals, eight ketones, eight alcohols, six hydrocarbons, and four aromatic compounds. The mechanism of formation of the identified compounds indicated that they were mostly primary or secondary autoxidation products of the hydroperoxides of the unsaturated fatty esters. Since many of the identified compounds were produced from oleic and linoleic acids, it is doubtful that linolenic acid was solely responsible for the reversion flavor. Of the compounds identified two are of unusual interest. They are 1-decyne and 2-pentyl furan. The former is the first acetylenic compound reported as the autoxidation products of unsaturated fatty esters which contained only double bonds. The latter imparts to an oil at concentrations of 5–10 ppm a beany and grassy flavor reminiscent of that of a reverted soybean oil. Since this compound is postulated as being produced by the autoxidation of linolenic acid, it is suggested that the presence of linolenic acid catalyzes the autoxidation of linoleic acid and possibly alters the decomposition pattern of its hydroperoxides.
On the negative faradaic admittance in the region of the polarographic minimum of In(III) in aqueous NaSCN solution

Summary A general relation between the faradaic admittance and the d.c. polarographic current has been derived. Its applicability is demonstrated in the case of the negative faradaic admittance of In(III) in 1 M NaSCN, by calculating the d.c. polarogram from the measured faradaic admittance. The inverse process, the calculation of the faradaic admittance from the d.c. polarogram, is equally feasible in principle, but is less precise. Rate constants for the reduction of In(III) in 1 M NaSCN have been obtained over a 0.8 V wide range of potentials. The procedure used makes it possible to obtain rate constants of fast processes ( k of the order of 0.1 cm sec −1 ) from low-frequency measurements where instrumental errors can be kept to a minimum.
Is Transparency Sustainable

There is a multidisciplinary academic subfield that has been quietly gaining momentum? transparency. Transparency is not just the latest buzzword; it is also a subject that has garnered serious academic attention. Anthropology, business administra tion, economics, geography, journalism, law, political science, public administration, public policy, and soci ology scholars all have turned their attention to this topic. They have focused on openness and secrecy in public organizations, private organizations, public private partnerships, quasi-public organizations, and multinational organizations. Public administration topics that fall under the umbrella of transparency include freedom of information laws, whistle-blowing, open meetings, secret military budgets, e-governance, public archives, and performance reporting.
An integrated method for hierarchy construction of domain-specific terms

Understanding text requires not only the extraction of individual concepts, but the identification of semantic relationships among concepts as well. Lexical resources have been applied to analyzing text in a wide range of applications. However, manual compilation of lexical resources is difficult to keep up with the rapid increase of the volume and diversity of user-generated content on the web. Automatic concept hierarchy construction has been considered as one solution to the above problem. Despite extensive effort on automatic construction of concept hierarchies, few studies have focused on the concepts of specific domains. In this study, we propose a comprehensive framework for building a domain-specific concept hierarchy. By synthesizing different types of measurements of relatedness among concepts, we propose an integrated method for building a multi-branch hierarchy of product features from online consumer reviews. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm successfully reconstructs almost an entire hierarchy except for missing a few concepts and links. Starting from scratch, the algorithm reconstructed about 60% of the manually constructed hierarchy. The proposed method can be used to improve search results by better understanding user queries, and to facilitate personalized recommendations in e-commerce.
Internal Resonance in Circuits Containing Nonlinear Resistance

The simultaneous presence of oscillations locked in synchronism is investigated for circuits containing a nonlinear element. Under these conditions the circuit is called internally resonant, the two frequencies of oscillation being related by an integral ratio r/s. The discussion is confined to self-excitation in a highly oscillatory circuit connected across a nonlinear element. Nonlinear oscillations are generally characterized by a certain Fourier spectrum of the component frequencies; as a first approximation, it is reasonable to assume that only the fundamental components need be considered. The nonlinear element is described in terms of its current voltage characteristic and an equivalent linearized parameter defined by considering only the two fundamental frequencies. The variation-of-parameters method is applied to the resultant "linearized" equations and the equilibrium conditions determined. The conditions for stable equilibrium are then investigated by assuming a small departure from the equilibrium and studying the motion of the system following this displacement.