cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Mutation in Turkey

S INCE i9zo, speakers, books, pamphlets, news items have painted social changes taking place in Russia so colorfully that it seems as if Russia were the one region where radical transformations are taking place. The Turkey that I knew before I9I4, with its mores and institutions, the Turkey that I saw in I9Z7, and the Turkey that I have been following from a distance ever since, present to me a no less significant laboratory in observing both the fact and the processes of social changes. As a matter of fact, social changes in Turkey are more radical and drastic, more colorful and concrete, more miraculous and meaningful, than they are elsewhere. Although Americans are tired of hearing about the "terrible Turk," the halo painted around the head of a single Turk in recent years has made Turkey an object of new curiosity. Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, even the late Pilsudski, are names of paramount importance. No less significant is the name of Kemal in the rostrum of the latter-day political destinydeterminers. For generations "Turkey" has been a geographic expression. In spite of recent radical transformations, this situation still remains. There is not one Turkey; there are Turkeys. Whatever is true for one may not be valid for the rest. Both Angora and Constantinople are parts of the present Turkey, yet the mentality and behavior patterns are distinct in these two centers. To generalize about Turkey is as hazardous as to speak about the United States of America. At best we may consider the prevalence of the dominant pattern which bears the trade mark "made in Angora." It is impossible to know the real Turkey; even the Turks themselves do not know it. Turkey is a process; it is in the making; it is becoming. To discuss every social change in Turkey would be presumptuous on the part of one man. The field is so large that it becomes necessary to limit the range arbitrarily.
The Argument for Interprofessional Education

As part of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) system-wide redesign to improve primary care, the Boise VAMC undertook an effort to integrate psychology, medicine, pharmacy, and nurse practitioner postgraduate training programs. Despite a shared goal in supporting interprofessional education (IPE), initial efforts to focus on curriculum development, implementation, and evaluation quickly became stalled due to a lack of understanding, differences in academic experience, and tension between disciplines. We found that we lacked the necessary theoretical underpinnings and coordinated direction for this effort. To move forward, we rededicated ourselves to the shared goal of IPE and suspended judgment of each other. Beginning with small projects that required minimal trust and coordination, we gradually increased the scope and complexity of our projects with each new success and eventually gelled as a team.
Misalignment between PET transmission and emission scans: Its effect on myocardial imaging

Patient movement between PET scanning sequences can produce misalignment between attenuation and emission scans. Such misalignment introduces errors in the emission image. This study evaluates the severity of these errors and their effect upon quantitation of regional myocardial activity. Myocardial FDG scans from 14 patients were reconstructed with simulated translational, rotational and out-of-plane patient movement. Eight myocardial regions from each patient were examined to determine the effect such misalignment might have on regional myocardial activity. A 2-cm shift between attenuation and emission scans produced up to a 30% change in regional activity. Some regions of the myocardium increased while others decreased for a given magnitude and direction of shift, producing anomalous regional myocardial inhomogeneities in the image. Such changes could easily cause qualitative and quantitative misinterpretations. We present data permitting the reader to assess the magnitude of this effect in his/her own clinical setting.
The Two-Way Bridge: Doing Cross-Cultural Research with Integrity

The metaphorical bridge which one travels in doing cross-cultural work is a two-way bridge. As described in Chapter 6, we often concentrate so hard in crossing that we are myopically unaware that those on the other side often must do the same thing and often with less power, longer sojourns, and higher stakes. Moving one way or another can offer fascination with different ways of being, but it also engenders discomfort. Though those who have been colonized may be more used to moving across the bridge and may have a wider angle from which to consider human affairs, yet their time on the other side of the bridge can cause understandable feelings of resistance. Mainstream researchers, too, experience discomfort crossing into cultural discontinuity, often with those on the other side scrutinizing their intent. Though rarely addressed in books about research, the pressures and emotional aspects of culture disorientation and inequity are better acknowledged below than ignored.
Vibrotactile device for rehabilitative training of persons with lower-limb amputation

Individuals with prostheses use sensations experienced through the residual limb during ambulation to perceive the state of the prosthesis. For lower-limb prosthetic users, the loss of proprioception can affect stability and contribute to falls. In this work, we developed a vibrotactile device to enhance residual limb proprioception, which can be used for rehabilitation training of persons with transtibial amputation. The system consists of two vibrating motors, a solenoid, a goniometer, and a control interface. Two types of vibrotactile feedback can be generated: a short vibration via the motors and a single knock via the solenoid. The device is universally designed to fit standard prosthetic components and is inserted in line between the pylon and the socket adapter allowing the vibration to propagate from the unit to the residual limb. The design and the results of the initial functionality test of the vibrotactile unit are reported.
COOLING RATES OF FOODS

Rapid cooling is essential to prevent multiplication of microorganisms in potentially hazardous foods. This requirement is frequently not met with viscous foods in large containers. The time required to cool an 8-gal container of white sauce from 105 to 57 F was 25 hr. Similarly, a 14-gal container of beef stew required 84 hr to cool from 115 to 50 F. Under some conditions, cooling times are directly proportional to the square of the shortest dimension of the food sample. For example, if the shortest dimension is doubled, cooling times are increased by a factor of four. The effect of most plastic containers on cooling rates of foods is generally insignificant. Thermal properties of polyethylene, nylon, and Teflon are similar to thermal properties of foods, and a 1/8-inch-thick container will have about the same effect as an additional 1/8-inch thickness of the food. Polystyrene, however, has a very low thermal conductivity and will significantly delay cooling of most foods.
POPULATION AND MICROHABITAT OF Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz IN DANAU PULAU BESAR-DANAU BAWAH WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, SUMATRA

Ramin ( Gonystylus bancanus ) is one of the major timber species that facing high exploitation in Indonesia. This species can only be found on a specific peat swamp habitat, thus it confines its distribution. Information on its current population and microhabitat characteristics is relatively limited. Here, we investigated natural population and microhabitat of ramin in a peat swamp area in Riau Province using random transects consist of 46 (100m2) sampling plots. Forty-eight individuals of ramin were found in which 46 of these belonged to G. bancanus , while the other two were different species. The estimated population density of ramin in this area was 7.18±2.75 individuals/ha i.e there were approximately seven individuals in each one-ha area of study. The population structure of ramin showed a J-shaped curve bearing many large old trees with few saplings without any seedlings. The microhabitat was investigated using the Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Canonical Analysis, generating two significant variables that discriminated three groups of the population.
The analysis of multi-phase current feedforward type-III constant on-time control with ultrafast load transient response for voltage regulator modules

This paper presents a new method of addressing the constant on time and minimal off time limitation of widely used COT variable frequency control. This is done by means of estimated capacitor current feedforward method. Ultrafast transient response is achieved with a new COT controller reacting much faster to output caps charge and discharge currents following a load transient step. A new output caps current estimator circuit is presented that accurately models a complex output filter network, including effective series inductance. System frequency response with combined output cap current estimator circuit and a type-II error amplifier shows a voltage mode type-III compensator. New compensator enables higher BW with sufficient phase margin limits. Dynamic performance of 4 phase, 3MHz and 16A load step at 3uSec slew rate show superior transient response in both voltage deviation and recovery time. Integrated controller is implemented in a 0.18μm Tower Jazz process. ASIC performance closely matches target design specs.
Sparse sampling image reconstruction in Lissajous trajectory beam-scanning multiphoton microscopy

Propagation of action potentials arises on millisecond timescales, suggesting the need for advancement of methods capable of commensurate volume rendering for in vivo brain mapping. In practice, beam-scanning multiphoton microscopy is widely used to probe brain function, striking a balance between simplicity and penetration depth. However, conventional beam-scanning platforms generally do not provide access to full volume renderings at the speeds necessary to map propagation of action potentials. By combining a sparse sampling strategy based on Lissajous trajectory microscopy in combination with temporal multiplexing for simultaneous imaging of multiple focal planes, whole volumes of cells are potentially accessible each millisecond.
Joint histology in Alligator mississippiensis challenges the identification of synovial joints in fossil archosaurs and inferences of cranial kinesis

Archosaurs, like all vertebrates, have different types of joints that allow or restrict cranial kinesis, such as synovial joints and fibrous joints. In general, synovial joints are more kinetic than fibrous joints, because the former possess a fluid-filled cavity and articular cartilage that facilitate movement. Even though there is a considerable lack of data on the microstructure and the structure-function relationships in the joints of extant archosaurs, many functional inferences of cranial kinesis in fossil archosaurs have hinged on the assumption that elongated condylar joints are (i) synovial and/or (ii) kinetic. Cranial joint microstructure was investigated in an ontogenetic series of American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis All the presumably synovial, condylar joints found within the head of the American alligator (the jaw joint, otic joint and laterosphenoid-postorbital (LS-PO) joint) were studied by means of paraffin histology and undecalcified histology paired with micro-computed tomography data to better visualize three-dimensional morphology. Results show that among the three condylar joints of A. mississippiensis, the jaw joint was synovial as expected, but the otherwise immobile otic and LS-PO joints lacked a synovial cavity. Therefore, condylar morphology does not always imply the presence of a synovial articulation nor mobility. These findings reveal an undocumented diversity in the joint structure of alligators and show that crocodylians and birds build novel, kinetic cranial joints differently. This complicates accurate identification of synovial joints and functional inferences of cranial kinesis in fossil archosaurs and tetrapods in general.
The Hermeneutical Agenda: Between Text and Reader

This paper addresses a specific chapter of Rollins' book in an attempt to critique the hermeneutical issue raised throughout his volume but particularly in chapter six. This issue is focused in a new way in Soul and Psyche, as it describes the history and possibilities of employing psychology as a new methodological screen with which to read and interpret the Bible.
Modeling bipolar stimulation of cardiac tissue.

Unipolar stimulation of cardiac tissue is often used in the design of cardiac pacemakers because of the low current required to depolarize the surrounding tissue at rest. However, the advantages of unipolar over bipolar stimulation are not obvious at shorter coupling intervals when the tissue near the pacing electrode is relatively refractory. Therefore, this paper analyzes bipolar stimulation of cardiac tissue. The strength-interval relationship for bipolar stimulation is calculated using the bidomain model and a recently developed parsimonious ionic current model. The strength-interval curves obtained using different electrode separations and arrangements (electrodes placed parallel to the fibers versus perpendicular to the fibers) indicate that bipolar stimulation results in more complex activation patterns compared to unipolar stimulation. An unusually low threshold stimulus current is observed when the electrodes are close to each other (a separation of 1 mm) because of break excitation. Unlike for u...
Inherited and Acquired Myeloid Neoplasms of Childhood

Acute myeloid leukemias (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) account for approximately 20–25% of neoplastic hematologic diagnoses in pediatric populations. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification now contains a section dedicated to myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition, which includes cases of MDS, MDS/MPN, MPN, and acute leukemias that occur in the setting of a predisposing inherited genetic alteration. Although rare, pediatric myeloid neoplasms encompass a unique diagnostic and therapeutic spectrum due to their tendency to associate with underlying inherited genetic alterations. This chapter will discuss myeloid neoplasms that present in childhood, and highlight pertinent clinical, laboratory, and molecular findings, as well as components of the diagnostic work-up and clinical management. Particular emphasis will be placed on the molecular alterations that characterize inherited MPN, MDS, MDS/MPN, and AML, and their relevance to the pediatric patient and family, pathologists, and clinicians.
Directly Formed Alucone on Lithium Metal for High-Performance Li Batteries and Li-S Batteries with High Sulfur Mass Loading.

Lithium metal is considered the “holy grail” of next-generation battery anodes. However, severe parasitic reactions at the lithium–electrolyte interface deplete the liquid electrolyte and the uncontrolled formation of high surface area and dendritic lithium during cycling causes rapid capacity fading and battery failure. Engineering a dendrite-free lithium metal anode is therefore critical for the development of long-life batteries using lithium anodes. In this study, we deposit a conformal, organic/inorganic hybrid coating, for the first time, directly on lithium metal using molecular layer deposition (MLD) to alleviate these problems. This hybrid organic/inorganic film with high cross-linking structure can stabilize lithium against dendrite growth and minimize side reactions, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. We discovered that the alucone coating yielded several times longer cycle life at high current rates compared to the uncoated lithium and achieved a steady Coulombic efficiency of 99.5%...
Differential expression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and IGF-I pathway activation in human uterine leiomyomas.

Because of a production error, Figure 7 for this article was incorrectly presented in a recent issue (14[5–6]:264-275, May–June 2008). A revised image appears to the right.
Plasma Membrane Receptors for Complement

The understanding of the relationship between complement and other elements of the immune system has undergone a radical change in recent years. Complement (C) was previously defined only as one of the final effectors of the humoral defense system, which is able to cooperate with antibodies in the lysis of target cells. The discovery of complement’s anaphylatoxic activities and later of the plasma membrane receptors for complement in several Blood cells stimulated the search for other functional roles for this complex set of serum proteins. It is the purpose of this chapter to review some interactions of Blood cells with complement components, especially C3, in terms of the nature of the cells binding these complement components, the nature of the components bound, and the consequences of this binding.
Assembly and Functions of the Terminal Components

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the assembly and functions of the terminal components. The activation of complement takes place at the interface between water-soluble and insoluble compartments. The functional activity of the early complement proteins up to and including C6 is displayed to a large extent, if not exclusively, on the hydrophilic part of the membrane and in fluid phase. In contrast, the functional effects of the terminal complement proteins are caused by their interaction with the hydrophobic hydrocarbon phase of biological and artificial membranes. Thus, although the circulating terminal complement proteins must be water soluble in their unactivated precursor state, they must also be capable of undergoing a hydrophilic-amphiphilic transition to insert into membranes and to exert their membranolytic effects in the hydrocarbon phase of membranes. This hydrophilic-amphiphilic transition of water-soluble precursors is a unique property of the terminal complement proteins. It involves their conformational reorganization by protein–protein interactions, resulting in the assembly of multimolecular complexes expressing hydrophobic domains.
Early Weight-Bearing After Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsal-Phalangeal Joint: A Systematic Review of the Incidence of Non-Union

Arthrodesis of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint is a reliable procedure for correction of both hallux limitus/rigidus and severe hallux abducto valgus deformities. However, 1 potential contraindication to the procedure is the extended period of non-weight-bearing immobilization that is typically associated with the postoperative course. The objective of this investigation was to perform a systematic review of the incidence of non-union after early weight bearing in patients who underwent arthrodesis of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint. We performed a review of electronic databases with the inclusion criteria of retrospective case series, retrospective clinical cohort analyses, and prospective clinical trials with n ≥ 15 feet, a mean follow-up of ≥12 months, a defined postoperative early weight-bearing protocol (defined as ≤2 weeks), a clear description of the fixation construct, a reported incidence rate of non-union, and patients who underwent primary surgery for hallux abducto valgus or hallux limitus/rigidus deformities. Seventeen studies met our inclusion criteria, with a total of 898 feet analyzed. Of these, 57 (6.35%) were described as developing a non-union. This would likely be considered an acceptable crude, heterogeneous incidence of non-union when considering this procedure. It might also indicate that arthrodesis of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint does not always require an extended period of non-weight-bearing postoperative immobilization.
Low-Cost Detection of Norovirus Using Paper-Based Cell-Free Systems And Synbody-Based Viral Enrichment

Noroviruses are a primary cause of gastroenteritis and foodborne illness with cases that affect millions of people worldwide each year. Inexpensive tests for norovirus that do not require sophisticated laboratory equipment are important tools for ensuring that patients receive timely treatment and for containing outbreaks. Herein, we demonstrate a low-cost colorimetric assay that detects norovirus from clinical samples by combining paper-based cell-free transcription-translation systems, isothermal amplification and virus enrichment by synbodies. Using isothermal amplification and cell-free RNA sensing with toehold switches, we demonstrate that the assay enables detection of norovirus GII.4 Sydney from stool down to concentrations of 270 aM in reactions that can be directly read by eye. Furthermore, norovirus-binding synbodies and magnetic beads are used to concentrate the virus and provide a 1000-fold increase in assay sensitivity extending its detection limit to 270 zM. These results demonstrate the utility of paper-based cell-free diagnostic systems for identification of foodborne pathogens and provide a versatile diagnostic assay that can be applied to the concentration, amplification and detection of a broad range of infectious agents.
The Frequency of Vaccine-Induced T-Cell Responses Does Not Predict the Rate of Acquisition after Repeated Intrarectal SIVmac239 Challenges in Mamu-B*08+ Rhesus Macaques

Approximately 50% of rhesus macaques (RMs) expressing the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) allele Mamu-B*08 spontaneously control chronic-phase viremia after infection with the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) clone. CD8+ T-cell responses in these animals are focused on immunodominant Mamu-B*08-restricted SIV epitopes in Vif and Nef, and prophylactic vaccination with these epitopes increases the incidence of elite control in SIVmac239-infected Mamu-B*08-positive (Mamu-B*08+) RMs. Here we evaluated if robust vaccine-elicited CD8+ T-cell responses against Vif and Nef can prevent systemic infection in Mamu-B*08+ RMs following mucosal SIV challenges. Ten Mamu-B*08+ RMs were vaccinated with a heterologous prime/boost/boost regimen encoding Vif and Nef, while six sham-vaccinated MHC-I-matched RMs served as the controls for this experiment. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells against Mamu-B*08-restricted SIV epitopes reached high frequencies in blood but were present at lower levels in lymph node and gut biopsy specimens. Following repeated intrarectal challenges with SIVmac239, all control RMs became infected by the sixth SIV exposure. By comparison, four vaccinees were still uninfected after six challenges, and three of them remained aviremic after 3 or 4 additional challenges. The rate of SIV acquisition in the vaccinees was numerically lower (albeit not statistically significantly) than that in the controls. However, peak viremia was significantly reduced in infected vaccinees compared to control animals. We found no T-cell markers that distinguished vaccinees that acquired SIV infection from those that did not. Additional studies will be needed to validate these findings and determine if cellular immunity can be harnessed to prevent the establishment of productive immunodeficiency virus infection. IMPORTANCE It is generally accepted that the antiviral effects of vaccine-induced classical CD8+ T-cell responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited to partial reductions in viremia after the establishment of productive infection. Here we show that rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with Vif and Nef acquired simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection at a lower (albeit not statistically significant) rate than control RMs following repeated intrarectal challenges with a pathogenic SIV clone. All animals in the present experiment expressed the elite control-associated major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecule Mamu-B*08 that binds immunodominant epitopes in Vif and Nef. Though preliminary, these results provide tantalizing evidence that the protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells may be greater than previously thought. Future studies should examine if vaccine-induced cellular immunity can prevent systemic viral replication in RMs that do not express MHC-I alleles associated with elite control of SIV infection.
Clinicopathologic, misdiagnosis, and survival differences between clinically amelanotic melanomas and pigmented melanomas.

Background Amelanotic malignant melanoma (AMM) is challenging to diagnose. Clinical risk factors for AMM are not well defined. Objective To investigate clinicopathologic, misdiagnosis, and survival differences between patients with AMM and those with pigmented malignant melanoma (PMM). Methods A cross-sectional retrospective medical record review at a tertiary academic medical center. Results A total of 933 patients with melanoma with known presenting tumor color were identified (342 with AMM vs 591 with PMM). AMM was associated with older age, history of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and red hair, whereas AMM was inversely associated with a family history of melanoma, more than 50 nevi, and a history of dysplastic nevi. Compared with PMM, AMM was more likely to be located on the head and/or neck, had more aggressive pathologic features (greater Breslow depth and/or mitoses, ulceration, nodular subtype), and was less likely to be associated with a precursor nevus or regression. Finally, patients with AMM were more likely to be misdiagnosed than were patients with PMM (25% vs 12% clinically and 12% vs 7% pathologically), and they had poorer melanoma-specific survival (5-year overall survival rate, 0.77 [95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.82] vs 0.84 [95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.87]). Limitations Retrospective study design, single-institutional study. Conclusion Greater clinician awareness, lower biopsy thresholds, and increased patient education may be useful to enhance AMM detection in patients with certain characteristics.
‘To Die in Order to Live’: The Need for Legislation Governing Post-Mortem Cryonic Suspension

Given that the current state of the law is inadequate to ensure that the will of a decedent wishing to undergo cryonic suspension is carried out, this article proposes a practicable legislative solution to effectuating that will, based on a utilization of current law.
Placing Multiple Drone Base Stations in Hotspots

Users in a hotspot area may experience low Quality of Service (QoS) owing to the high traffic demands and limited bandwidth resources in downloading traffic from the nearby Macro Base Station (MBS). Deploying Drone Base Stations (DBSs) over a hotspot area to help the MBS transmit traffic to the users in the hotspot area is an efficient way to improve the user QoS. Essentially, DBSs are considered as relay nodes, which are deployed close to users, to transmit traffic to users with high data rates. This paper discusses the multiple DBSs 3D deployment strategy in a given hotspot area, i.e., determining the latitude, longitude, and altitude of each deployed DBS such that the number of the deployed DBSs is minimized while QoS requirements (in terms of pathloss requirements) of all the users in the hotspot area are satisfied. The strategy is formulated as an optimization problem, and a novel heuristic algorithm, i.e., Adaptive MUltiple drone base Station placEment (AMUSE), is designed to efficiently solve the problem. The performance of AMUSE is demonstrated via extensive simulations.
A COMPARISON OF JIc, STRETCHED ZONE SIZE AND CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT IN A FERRITIC STEEL

ABSTRACT A comparison was made between the J-integral value, the crack opening displacement (COD) computed from the stretched zone height, and the COD from the load line displacement on HT-9 martensitic stainless steel. The fracture toughness for two specimen thicknesses (2.5 and 12.7 mm) and two test temperatures (24 and 200°C) was determined by conducting J-integral tests on compact tension specimens using the single specimen compliance method. The stretched zone-COD was determined from stereographic measurements on scanning electron micrographs of the crack tip region, while the load line displacement-COD was computed from the J-integral test data. The Jxc for each specimen was related to the product of the COD value, the constraint factor, m, and the flow stress, Of. For the 12.7-mm specimens that approximated conditions of plain strain, the stretched zone-COD and the load line-COD were quite comparable and they yielded a constraint factor of about 2. This value of m is consistent with the theory that relates COD to JIC. However, for the 2.5-mm specimens, where conditions approximating plain stress were present, the stretched zone-COD was 3 to A times smaller than the corresponding load line-COD. For the thin specimens, consistent with theory, the load line-COD values yielded a constraint factor of 1.6 while the much smaller stretched zone-COD yielded a constraint factor of about 5 whereas theory predicts a value close to 1. A rationale for the lack of agreement with the theory of the stretched zone-COD in the thin specimens and a detailed analysis of the crack tip microprocesses are presented.
Ice nucleation by aerosols from anthropogenic pollution.

The formation of ice particles in the atmosphere strongly affects cloud properties and the climate. While mineral dust is known to be an effective ice nucleating particle, the role of aerosols from anthropogenic pollution in ice nucleation is still under debate. Here we probe the ice nucleation ability of different aerosol types by combining 11-year observations from multiple satellites and cloud-resolving model simulations. We find that, for strong convective systems, the ice particle effective radius near cloud top decreases with increasing loading of polluted continental aerosols, because the ice formation is dominated by homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets, which are smaller under more polluted conditions. By contrast, an increase in ice particle effective radius with polluted continental aerosols is found for moderate convection. Our model simulations suggest that this positive correlation is explained by enhanced heterogeneous ice nucleation and prolonged ice particle growth at higher aerosol loading, indicating that polluted continental aerosols contain a considerable fraction of ice nucleating particles. Similar aerosol–ice relationships are observed for dust aerosols, further corroborating the ice nucleation ability of polluted continental aerosols. By catalysing ice formation, aerosols from anthropogenic pollution could have profound impacts on cloud lifetime and radiative effect as well as precipitation efficiency. Polluted continental aerosols contain a considerable fraction of ice nucleating particles, suggest analyses of satellite observations and simulations with cloud-resolving models.
LASH syndrome: New cases with a broadening clinical phenotype.

ObjectiveTo describe three new cases of the headache syndrome of long-lasting autonomic symptoms with hemicrania (LASH), and to establish a clinical phenotype utilizing all LASH cases noted in the ...
Drug-like delivery methods of stem cells as biologics for stroke.

Introduction: Stem cell therapy is an experimental treatment for brain disorders. Although a cellular product, stem cells can be classified as biologics based on the cells’ secretion of therapeutic...
Solar Photochemical Emission of CO2 From Leaf Litter: Sources and Significance to C Loss

Although photodegradation can be a significant mechanism of plant litter decay in drylands, the abiotic photochemical emission component of this process is not well characterized. We measured the temperature response of abiotic photochemical emission of CO2 from 12 litter types under midday sunlight in the Sonoran Desert, assessed what litter traits predicted emission rates, and estimated its significance to litter C loss. Emission rates increased exponentially with temperature (Q10= 1.75) and declined as litter decayed. Rates varied substantially among litter types. Microbial respiration rates of litter explained the most variation in emission rates at lower temperature (78% at 45 °C), suggesting that compounds amenable to microbial consumption were major precursors of emission. In contrast, wax concentrations explained the most variation at high temperature (76% at 70 °C), implying that precursors shifted with temperature. Photochemical emission of initial litter at 55 °C was a strong predictor of the mass loss of litter in full sunlight over 34 months in the field, explaining 67% of the variation among litter types. We estimate that photochemical emission of CO2 was responsible for 10% of all C lost from litter in sunlight over 34 months and accounted for 39% of the greater C lost from litter in sunlight compared to litter that did not receive sunlight in the UV to blue wavelength bands. Hence, abiotic photodegradation via photochemical emission appeared to be a significant pathway for C loss from sunlit litter. The substantial exponential increase in photochemical emission with temperature illustrates that temperature needs to be considered in assessments of abiotic photodegradation and implies this process will be greatest in systems where litter is exposed to high solar irradiance in conjunction with high temperatures.
Flow-induced crystallization of a polyethylene liquid above the melting temperature and its nonequilibrium phase diagram

Virtual experimentation involving atomistic simulation of a polyethylene melt undergoing elongational flow reveals a biphasic flow profile exhibiting a phase transition from an oriented liquid to a semicrystalline solid at high field strength. This flow-induced crystalline phase occurs at temperatures high above the quiescent melting point and appears to be reversible. A nonequilibrium phase diagram can be constructed exhibiting multiple stable and metastable states corresponding to coiled and stretched liquid states and semicrystalline solid phases with varying degrees of crystallinity and morphologies
Impact of Agricultural Weathering on Physicochemical Properties of Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films: Comparison of Two Diverse Climates Over Four Successive Years

Biodegradable plastic mulch films (BDMs) are essential in the production of vegetable and specialty crops due to their promotion of increased crop yield and quality. Unlike conventional polyethylene (PE) mulches, BDMs can be tilled into the soil after crop harvest to undergo biodegradation, thereby leading to minimal environmental impact. Agricultural weathering impacts both the performance of BDMs during crop production as a barrier to weeds and biodegradability of BDMs in the soil. To better understand the relative importance of climatic factors, the change of physicochemical properties of BDMs during single-season, 3–4 month, field trials for vegetable production at two diverse climates (Knoxville, TN and Mount Vernon, WA) across four successive years (2015–2018) was evaluated. Mulch treatments consisted of four commercially available BDMs composed primarily of polybutylene co-adipate- co-terephthalate (PBAT) that differed in color and polymeric feedstock, a black experimental BDM prepared from polylactic acid/polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHA) blend, and conventional PE mulch. Solar radiation, an important factor to degradation of mulches, was higher in WA than TN in most sampling years. Yet, degradation occurred more greatly for BDMs in TN, which is attributable to higher temperatures in TN. Mulch deterioration did not very extensively between years. Loss of mechanical properties and color was greater than chemical property changes. Differences in the extent of molecular weight decrease between years correlated significantly with solar radiation exposure at the two locations. A black-colored PBAT-based BDM was less susceptible to degradation than equivalent clear and white-on-black films, due to carbon black acting as a photostabilizer. The impact of weathering also differed between three commercially available PBAT-based films. The PLA/PHA mulch was more susceptible to degradation than PBAT-based BDMs, particularly in the warmer location, TN, partially due to a leaching out of PHA and lower-molecular weight polymer molecules. The extent of change for physicochemical properties of BDMs due to agricultural weathering is greatly affected by polymeric composition, and is greater in warmer climates.
Global CO2 impacts of light-duty electric vehicles

Abstract Electric vehicles (EV) offer a solution for decarbonization of transport. We evaluate global scenarios of EV deployment and their impacts on total global CO2 emissions. For this assessment, we enhance the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to represent the fleet dynamics of light-duty vehicles (LDV), including internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and EVs. For EV fleet, both plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) are considered. We consider several illustrative scenarios and find that global LDV stock is projected to grow from 1.1 billion vehicles in 2015 to 1.65–1.75 billion in 2050, while global EV stock is growing from about a million in 2015 to about 585–825 million in 2050. At this level of market penetration, EVs would constitute one-third to one-half of the overall LDV fleet by 2050 in different scenarios, with the stricter carbon constraints implied in the Paris to 2 °C scenario leading to the largest EV share. Our modeling suggests that EV uptake will vary across regions. China, the U.S., and Europe remain the largest markets in our study timeframe, but the EV presence is projected to grow in all regions. While the global LDV fleet grows by about 50% by 2050, the corresponding CO2 emissions from LDV are reduced by about 50% in 2050 relative to 2015. Global carbon intensity of LDVs are reduced by about 70% from 2015 to 2050.
Gradient Descent Ascent for Min-Max Problems on Riemannian Manifolds

In the paper, we study a class of useful non-convex minimax optimization problems on Riemanian manifolds and propose a class of Riemanian gradient descent ascent algorithms to solve these minimax problems. Specifically, we propose a new Riemannian gradient descent ascent (RGDA) algorithm for the deterministic minimax optimization. Moreover, we prove that the RGDA has a sample complexity of O(κ2ϵ−2) for finding an ϵ-stationary point of the nonconvex strongly-concave minimax problems, where κ denotes the condition number. At the same time, we introduce a Riemannian stochastic gradient descent ascent (RSGDA) algorithm for the stochastic minimax optimization. In the theoretical analysis, we prove that the RSGDA can achieve a sample complexity of O(κ4ϵ−4). To further reduce the sample complexity, we propose a novel momentum variance-reduced Riemannian stochastic gradient descent ascent (MVR-RSGDA) algorithm based on a new momentum variance-reduced technique of STORM. We prove that the MVR-RSGDA algorithm achieves a lower sample complexity of O~(κ4ϵ−3) without large batches, which reaches near the best known sample complexity for its Euclidean counterparts. Extensive experimental results on the robust deep neural networks training over Stiefel manifold demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed algorithms.
Michael Oien MD

373 Objectives: Evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients who were clinically suspected to have infective endocarditis. Methods: Retrospectively reviewed patients aged 18 years old and older who underwent 18-F FDG PET/CT as part of the evaluation of possible infective endocarditis at our institution from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017. Inclusion criteria for our study were adult patients who presented with fever or other systemic symptoms, new valvular insufficiency, valvular vegetations, bloodstream infection, or embolic symptoms concerning for infective endocarditis. The decision to obtain a PET/CT was made by the multidisciplinary team of cardiology, cardiac surgery, and infectious disease at the time if there was equivocal clinical, radiologic, or echocardiographic findings to support a diagnosis of infective endocarditis. PET/CT parameters including standard uptake values (SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak), metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis were analyzed. Results: 69 patients with suspected IE underwent PET/CT during the study period. All patients underwent a transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). Of those who underwent a TEE (65%), 69% of patients demonstrated findings that were concerning for possible IE. The sensitivity of PET/CT for diagnosis of IE was 43.8% and specificity was 90.0%. There was 22 patients (31.9%) who demonstrated extra-cardiac sites of infection including vertebral osteomyelitis/diskitis (25%), pulmonary infection (21%), and vascular graft infection (17%). Conclusions: PET/CT can be a valuable adjunctive diagnostic tool to aid in the diagnosis of equivocal cases of infective endocarditis. Additionally, 31.9% of our patients had extra-cardiac sites of infection that were found on PET/CT.
Hardware Implementation of Single-carrier Time-domain Turbo Equalization for Severe Multipath Acoustic Communication Channels

This paper proposes a low-latency FPGA implementation for Turbo equalization to combat very long multipath fading channels where the Intersymbol-interference (ISI) channel length is on the order of 100 taps. Turbo equalization is essential for such severe multipath channels, but exhibits very large latency and high computational complexity due to its sequential and iterative data processing on large-scale matrix arithmetic. This paper proposes an FPGA acceleration architecture to exploit the Hermitian symmetric property of the channel Gram matrix and convolutional nature of Sequential Interference Cancellation (SIC), and successfully implements a linear Turbo equalizer of 100 taps on a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 Evaluation Kit. The architecture is able to support two turbo iterations for a 1024-symbol block size and achieve 200 kilo-symbols-per-second (ksps) transmission rate.
Diacerein Alone and in Combination with Infliximab Suppresses the Combined Proinflammatory Effects of IL-17A, IL-22, Oncostatin M, IL-1A, and TNF-alpha in Keratinocytes: A Potential Therapeutic Option in Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic disorder characterized by a complex interplay between keratinocytes and inflammatory mediators. In a previous study, we evaluated diacerein's ability to diminish interleukin ...
Asking for help: restaurant crowdfunding during COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to explore business crowdfunding donation campaigns in which there is no reward or incentive provided to the donor. Specifically, crowdfunding campaigns benefiting restaurants and their employees are examined in two large U.S. cities during the COVID-19 pandemic to determine whether the level of social embeddedness and the amount of social capital available to restaurants affected the amount donated.This study’s findings indicate that the social embeddedness for COVID-19 restaurant donation campaigns is not related to the amount donated. There is a significant difference in donation amounts for campaigns started by the restaurant owner or an individual connected to the restaurant compared to campaigns started by GoFundMe. There is also a significant difference in the amounts of funds donated and the number of shares made for campaigns in large population cities compared to those not in large cities. Examinations of donation campaigns for the benefit of businesses provide new insight into the use of this emerging financial platform, particularly in relation to social embeddedness and social resource theory. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Foodservice Business Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Origins and Evolution of the National Nutrient Databank Conference

Abstract Food composition tables are largely a twentieth century product. The early tables in America developed by W. O. Atwater in the 1890's at the Storrs Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station grew exponentially during the first half of the 20th century as one after another vitamin and mineral was found to be essential for life. As tables became more complex the user required better tools for calculating food composition. The rapid growth of computer applications in the mid to late 20th century allowed nutritionists to access these complex tables. This confluence of data and computer applications spawned an organization created specifically to study food composition databases.
Expression of properly folded catalytic antibodies in Escherichia coli.

Publisher Summary The field of catalytic antibodies has advanced, along with the technology to produce and engineer the proteins. The notion of catalytic antibodies rests on the recognition, first articulated clearly by Linus Pauling, that enzymes owe a large portion of their catalytic power to their ability to bind selectively, and thereby stabilizes the transition state of a reaction to a greater extent than either the reactants or the products. This theory also explained the reason the antibodies should lack such catalytic power, despite the fact that they can strongly and selectively bind virtually any molecule, since they selectively bind to the ground states of molecules. However, if an antibody could be found that selectively bound the transition state for a given reaction, that antibody would possess catalytic power. This chapter discusses the technology to produce and modify these catalysts in bacterial hosts, with an emphasis on producing antibodies in functional form.
Genetic and Biochemical Analyses in Dyslipidemic Patients Undergoing LDL Apheresis

Objective: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) can be due to mutations in LDLR, PCSK9, and APOB. In phenotypically defined patients, a subset remains unresponsive to lipid-lowering therapies and requires low density-lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis treatment. In this pilot study, we examined the genotype/phenotype relationship in patients with dyslipidemia undergoing routine LDL apheresis. Design: LDLR, APOB, and PCKS9 were analyzed for disease-causing mutations in seven patients undergoing routine LDL apheresis. Plasma and serum specimens were collected pre- and post-apheresis and analyzed for lipid concentrations, Lp(a) cholesterol, and lipoprotein particle concentrations (via NMR). Results: We found that four patients harbored LDLR mutations and of these, three presented with xanthomas. While similar reductions in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B, and LDL particles (LDL-P) were observed following apheresis in all patients, lipid profile analysis revealed the LDLR mutation-positive cohort had a more pro-atherogenic profile (higher LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, LDL-P, and small LDL-P) pre-apheresis. Conclusion: Our data show that not all clinically diagnosed FH patients who require routine apheresis have genetically defined disease. In our small cohort, those with LDLR mutations had a more proatherogenic phenotype than those without identifiable mutations. This pilot cohort suggests that patients receiving the maximum lipid lowering therapy could be further stratified, based on genetic make-up, to optimize treatment. J. Clin. Apheresis 29:256–265, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microbiological Deterioration of Frozen Parfried Potatoes upon Holding After Thawing

Frozen parfried potatoes were thawed and stored at 55, 45, and 34 F (12.8, 7.2, 1.1 C). Significant changes in flavor and texture did not occur at these temperatures until the total bacterial count exceeded 100 million per gram. These sensory changes were produced after 4, 8, and 20 days of storage at 55, 45, and 34 F, respectively. Detectable color change appeared sooner and probably was not of microbial origin. It is unlikely that any health hazard exists under the range of conditions studied. Nevertheless, it seems undesirable to market food with such a high bacterial count. At half the storage periods given above, the count did not exceed 100,000 per gram.