cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation and Diagnosis

A full understanding of the presentation and work-up of inflammatory bowel disease is necessary to ensure appropriate treatment of this complex disease. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis share many common clinical features but are treated very differently. This article covers the factors which contribute to IBD pathogenesis and presentation as well as the methods of diagnosis and work-up to ensure that the appropriate diagnosis is reached. This article also serves as a basis of understanding for the more complex aspects of the disease to be discussed in subsequent articles.
Invited Review: Modern Methods for Accurately Simulating the Terahertz Spectra of Solids

Terahertz spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool for the study of condensed phase materials, opening research directions in a number of fields ranging from the pharmaceutical to semiconducting industries. Recent developments in terahertz technology have made this technique more accessible than ever before, and an increasing number of researchers are turning to terahertz spectroscopy for analysis and characterization of advanced materials. However, unlike mid-IR techniques, there do not exist any functional group specific transitions at terahertz frequencies, making the interpretation and assignment of terahertz spectral data more complex than complementary techniques. Through the aid of computational tools, incredible insights into the atomic-level dynamics occurring at terahertz frequencies have been uncovered, yet such highly accurate simulations require more care than traditional simulation methods in order to obtain such results. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in the computational assignment of terahertz spectral data, as well as showcasing common pitfalls to avoid, in order to demonstrate the utility of simulation methods for terahertz spectral assignment. Finally, cutting edge techniques and applications will be discussed, opening the door for future work in this exciting area of terahertz science.
“Like a Boss” or Just Bossy? How Audiences Across Age and Gender Evaluate Counterstereotypical Women on Television

Employing role congruity theory, this study examines judgments of professional women television characters who adhere to or violate traditional gender norms. In an experiment, participants ( N = 119) were randomly assigned to watch a video of a fictional woman politician with subtitles manipulated to display her speaking with either agentic or communal language. Participants then assessed the woman character’s competence, likability, and hostility. After testing moderated mediation models that included identification and counterarguing as mediators and age and gender as moderators, notable findings included that (1) the agentic character was perceived as less likable than the communal character, especially among men participants; (2) older participants saw the agentic character as more hostile than the communal character; and (3) younger and mid-aged men saw the agentic character as less competent than the communal character. Though extant role congruity literature explores attitudes toward gender stereotype violations in “real world” situations, these findings suggest that these biases persist with television characters and are moderated by audience age and gender.
Microbiology of the Maxillary Sinus

Summary The bacteria associated with acute and chronic sinusitis are the same ones that have been recognized for decades. However, antimicrobial resistance among these bacteria has increased dramatically in recent years. The import of increased resistance to therapy of sinusitis has yet to be defined. With an increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, the list of microbes possibly associated with sinusitis has grown to include bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria, and even parasites.
Korean travel selfies as contested placemaking practices

Selfies allow us to exert control over how we are seen and to construct our identity through the people, places, and activities that we imbue with value. The composition of the image, situation, an...
Dose-dependent Respiratory Depression by Remifentanil in the Rabbit Parabrachial Nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse Complex and Pre-Bötzinger Complex

Background Recent studies showed partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the pre-Botzinger complex and the parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse complex. The hypothesis for this study was that opioid antagonism in the parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse complex plus pre-Botzinger complex completely reverses respiratory depression from clinically relevant opioid concentrations. Methods Experiments were performed in 48 adult, artificially ventilated, decerebrate rabbits. The authors decreased baseline respiratory rate ~50% with intravenous, "analgesic" remifentanil infusion or produced apnea with remifentanil boluses and investigated the reversal with naloxone microinjections (1 mM, 700 nl) into the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Botzinger complex. In another group of animals, naloxone was injected only into the pre-Botzinger complex to determine whether prior parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse complex injection impacted the naloxone effect. Last, the µ-opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala,2N-MePhe,4Gly-ol]-enkephalin (100 μM, 700 nl) was injected into the parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse complex. The data are presented as medians (25 to 75%). Results Remifentanil infusion reduced the respiratory rate from 36 (31 to 40) to 16 (15 to 21) breaths/min. Naloxone microinjections into the bilateral Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Botzinger complex increased the rate to 17 (16 to 22, n = 19, P = 0.005), 23 (19 to 29, n = 19, P Conclusions Opioid reversal in the parabrachial nucleus/Kolliker-Fuse complex plus pre-Botzinger complex only partially reversed respiratory depression from analgesic and even less from "apneic" opioid doses. The lack of recovery pointed to opioid-induced depression of respiratory drive that determines the activity of these areas.
Hupolêpsis, Doxa, and Epistêmê in Aristotle

In Aristotle's views on cognition a series of terms – hupolepsis, doxa, and episteme – play key roles. But it has not been noticed that each of these comes in two kinds – one unqualified (haplos) a...
Nanoscale Engineering Optical Nonlinearities and Nanolasers (Presentation Video)

Dense photonic integration requires miniaturization of materials, devices and subsystems, including passive components (e.g., engineered composite metamaterials, filters, etc.) and active components (e.g., lasers, modulators, detectors). This paper discusses passive and active devices that recently have been demonstrated in our laboratory, including monolithically integrated short pulse compressor utilized with silicon on insulator material platform and design, fabrication and testing of nanolasers constructed using metal-dielectric-semiconductor resonators confined in all three dimensions. © (2014) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The alternative pathway of complement activation.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the alternative pathway of complement activation. Two pathways for the recruitment of complement and its biological activities exist in plasma and serum. The first is termed as the “classical pathway,” which is triggered by contact of C1 with immune complexes containing antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) class. Recognition of immune complexes by C1 is followed by the assembly of the activation unit (C2, C3, and C4) and the membrane attack unit (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9). The second pathway, the alternative or properdin pathway, is activated by naturally occurring polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides and by aggregates of immunoglobulin A (IgA). Initiation of the alternative pathway typically appears to require particulate activators. The initial events seem to occur on the surface of the activating particle. The chapter also presents a molecular concept of the entire properdin pathway. This concept envisages a single enzyme to fulfill the various functions of the pathway by being modulated sequentially by different factors.
Coding for visual categories in the human brain.

be specialized for representing visual stimuli or visual categories, and are more commonly associated with memory. The subjects were patients with epilepsy who were resistant to drug treatment. To find an epileptogenic focus that could be surgically excised, the surgeons implanted patients with intracranial depth electrodes for several weeks. The electrodes were in portions of the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. (A possible problem with such studies is that the recordings are made from diseased brains, and indeed quite near known sites of malfunction.) While action potentials were recorded from single neurons, patients viewed complex visual stimuli that fell
Students' choice of learning methods: seeking the best mix of face-to-face and e-interactions

Research shows that the Internet has revolutionized the delivery of distance education, and provided opportunities to change the way we teach. Students with access to both traditional lectures and an online learning environment fare better academically than students exposed exclusively to either traditional classroom or Internet instruction respectively. However, the 'perfect' mix of face-to-face and e-interaction, if there is one, has yet to be determined. A classroom action research project that extended over three semesters was designed to address and ascertain the 'best mix model'. After two semesters of preliminary experiments, students in the third semester will have a choice to study course content exclusively online, offline or a mix of online and offline instructional methods. After, students will have made their choice, the 'choice' as dependent variable will be analyzed against the respective answers in responses on the pre-assessment.
Downregulation of protein disulfide isomerase in sepsis and its role in tumor necrosis factor-alpha release.

Introduction Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important factor for the protein modification step in the post-translational event. PDI plays an essential role in cell survival under various stress conditions. It has been reported that PDI can serve as a negative regulator of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and that it can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Thus, PDI may be an intracellular anti-inflammatory molecule. Although we have previously shown that Kupffer cell-derived proinflammatory cytokines cause liver injury in sepsis, the effect of sepsis on PDI expression as well as the effect of PDI inhibition on cytokine production have not been investigated. We therefore hypothesized that sepsis downregulates PDI expression and that the inhibition of PDI promotes proinflammatory cytokine production. Method Adult male rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or endotoxemia (continuous infusion of 1 μg/kg body weight LPS by an osmotic pump) for 20 hours. Hepatic tissues were collected and PDI gene expression was determined. In additional experiments, cells from a macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7, were treated with 100 ng/mL LPS for 4 hours and protein expressions were measured. RAW 264.7 cells were also treated with bacitracin, a specific PDI inhibitor, for 24 hours, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene and protein expression as well as its release in the cell supernatant were determined. To further confirm the beneficial effect of PDI in sepsis, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with PDI short interfering RNA (siRNA) and PDI gene expression and TNF-α release were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.
Emerging collaboration tools effect on virtual teams' risk management

Global teams, with multiple cultures, norms and trends, use virtual collaboration tools to facilitate the frequency of team meetings and to mitigate expenses which occur with face-to-face gatherings. Assessing what minimal in-person interaction may be necessary for risk management is important as environment and social forces, illustrated by tsunamis and labor disruptions, challenge global teams. This research proposes collaboraton tools for program managers and the potential to align team member's risk tolerance using four properties of propensity, attitude, capacity, and knowledge, or RiskPACK. Observation findings in a pilot study evaluating combinations of conference calls with virtual rooms, email, and SharePoint websites, indicate virtual rooms enhance conference calls and SharePoint websites improve agility and effective response time. Controlling for the team's familiarity with the tools, the study finds diverse cultures and norms neutralized by a combination of a nominal in-person meeting and formally scheduled periodic virtual meetings. Proposing to expand the potential for significant improvements in identifying RiskPACK for teams by combining all three of the collaboration tools, this session reviews the value in further structured research.
Genetic diversity of the fragile X syndrome gene (FMR1) in a large Sub-Saharan West African population.

Summary Fragile X syndrome (OMIM #300624) is caused by the expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat found in the 5′ untranslated region of the X-linked FMR1 gene. Although examinations of characteristics associated with repeat instability and expansion of the CGG repeat upon transmission from parent to offspring has occurred in various world populations, none has been conducted in large Sub-Saharan African populations. We have examined the FMR1 CGG repeat structure in a sample of 350 males drawn from the general population of Ghana. We found that Ghanaians and African Americans have similar allele frequency distributions of CGG repeat and its flanking STR markers, DXS548 and FRAXAC1. However, the distribution of the more complex marker, FRAXAC2, is significantly different. The haplotype structure of the FMR1 locus indicated that Ghanaians share several haplotypes with African Americans and Caucasians that are associated with the expanded full mutation. In Ghanaians, the majority of repeat structures contained two AGG interruptions, however, the majority of intermediate alleles (35–49) lacked AGG interruptions. Overall, we demonstrate that allelic diversity of the FMR1 locus among Ghanaians is comparable to African Americans, but includes a minority of CGG array structures not found in other populations.
Mutual Coupling in Compact Orthomode Transducers

The scattering parameters of generalized compact orthomode transducers using azimuthally-distributed field probes in a dual-mode waveguide are analyzed. Theoretical expressions constraining the mutual coupling between the probes are derived and evaluated for three- and four-probe orthomode transducers with and without a coaxial reference port for calibration injection. The mutual coupling is shown to be identically zero or cancel coherently in all cases, suggesting that radiometric receivers with the best possible system noise temperature may be realized using these topologies.
Consumer aspects of death and dying: The forgotten dimension

A recent survey of health education teachers in New York State by Capiello and Troyer' revealed that only six of the 209 educators surveyed include consumer aspects in their courses on death and dying. Even though most of the teachers surveyed did not include consumer aspects of death and dying in their courses, coverage of this content area is considered a key goal of death education by many professionals. Because the outcomes of death education are in the form of altered feelings, emotional satisfaction, and an improved mental approach to death, as opposed to overt behavior change, teaching strategies should reflect a strong affective component.
Steel Struts under Severe Cyclic Loadings

An experimental study is presented of the inelastic behavior of axially loaded steel members subjected to repeated buckling and stretching. Tests on 24 commercially available steel struts commonly used as bracing members are reported. A large variety of shapes were tested including wide flanges, structural tees, double-angles, a double-channel, and thick and thin-walled square and round tubes. The boundary conditions were of two types, pinned-pinned and fixed-pinned, while the effective slenderness ratios were either 40, 80, or 120. The effects were investigated of loading patterns, end conditions, cross-sectional shapes, and slenderness ratios on the hysteresis response of members. An explanation is given regarding the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the observed degradation in the buckling load capacity during inelastic cycling.
On behaviour equivalence for probabilistic I/O automata and its relationship to probabilistic bisimulation

Previous work of the author has developed probabilistic input/output automata (PIOA) as a formalism for modelling systems that exhibit concurrent and probabilistic behaviour. Central to that work was the notion of the "behaviour map" associated with a state of a PIOA. The present paper presents a new, simpler definition for PIOA behaviour maps, investigates the induced "same behaviour map" equivalence relation, and compares it with the standard notion of probabilistic bisimulation equivalence. Weighted finite automata are used as a unifying formalism to facilitate the comparison. A general notion of congruence for weighted automata is defined, which relates signed measures on states, rather than just individual states. PIOA are defined as a class of weighted automata, as are the class of probabilistic weighted automata for which the standard definition of probabilistic bisimulation makes sense. A characterization is obtained of probabilistic bisimulation as the largest congruence that is in a sense generated by its restriction to a relation on states. This characterization is then used as the definition of weighted bisimulation, which generalizes probabilistic bisimulation to the full class of weighted automata. PIOA behaviour equivalence is also shown to define a weighted automata congruence, which is strictly refined by weighted bisimulation equivalence. The relationship between these congruences and a notion of composition for weighted automata is also examined.
Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast transit time of the gastrointestinal tract of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Thepositivecontrastgastrointestinalstudyisacommonnon-invasivediagnostictechniquethatdoesnotrequire anesthesia and enables good visualization of the digestive tract. Radiographic anatomy and reference intervals for gastrointestinal contrast transit time in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) were established using seven animals administered 15 ml/kg of a 35% w/v suspension of barium by esophageal gavage. Dorso-ventral and lateral radiographic views were performed at 0, 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 h, and then every 12 h up to 96 h after barium administration. Gastric emptying was complete at a median time of 10 h (range 4–24 h). Median jejunum and small intestinal emptying times were 1 h (range 30 min–2 h) and 29 h (range 24–48 h), respectively. Median transit time for cecum was 10 h (range 8–12 h). Median time for contrast to reach the colon was 31 h (range 12–72 h) after administration. Results were compared to those obtained in other reptilian species. This technique appeared safe in fasted bearded dragons and would be clinically applicable in other lizard species. C � 2014 American College of Veterinary Radiology.
Posthospital discharge feeding for preterm infants: effects of standard compared with enriched milk formula on growth, bone mass, and body composition

BACKGROUND: Despite the theoretical benefits of nutrient-enriched formula given to preterm infants after hospital discharge, its role in reversing growth deficits after hospital discharge remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the effect of different formulas on the growth, bone mass, and body composition of preterm infants after hospital discharge. DESIGN: This was a randomized, double blind comparison of a nutrient-enriched formula (EF) and a formula for term infants (TF) given for 1 y after hospital discharge. Compared with the TF, the EF had a higher energy density and higher contents of protein, calcium, and phosphorus (by 10%, 21%, 44%, and 11%, respectively) and higher contents of almost all other nutrients (by >=10%). RESULTS: Birth weights of the infants were 630-1620 g (median: 1250 g) and gestational ages were 24-34 wk (median: 29 wk). TF resulted in significantly greater weight, length, head circumference measurements, and their respective z scores on the basis of age- and sex-specific norms. At the end of the study, the mean z scores for the corrected age of infants in the TF group were -0.37 for weight, 0.001 for length, and 0.50 for head circumference. The TF group also had significantly greater dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured bone and lean and fat mass than did the EF group (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The use of EF for preterm infants after hospital discharge shows no advantage over TF in growth, bone mineralization, and body composition. More studies are needed to determine the optimal postdischarge nutrition support for preterm infants.
Role of infant sex in the association between air pollution and preterm birth

Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Its prevalence is 12%–13% in the United States. Several studies have demonstrated a disproportionate number of males among preterm births (1–3). Underlying mechanisms for this sex disparity are not well understood. One reason could be a sex difference in intrauterine inflammation and/or infection response where there are studies reporting higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers in male infants (4–7). Furthermore, environmental exposures, such as ambient air pollution, may impact risk of adverse birth outcomes (8–14), including preterm birth, through inflammatory processes (15,16), and these associations may differ between male and female infants. To our knowledge, few studies have accounted for infant sex while examining air pollution impact on preterm birth (17,18). We used data from several regularly monitored ambient air pollutants to investigate whether a previously described association between air pollution and preterm birth (19) differs between male and female infants.
Multiple Constituencies Activities and Standards: A Framework for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Public Personnel Departments

Previous research has failed to produce an appropriate framework for evaluating the effectiveness of public personnel departments. The lack of such a framework impedes the quality of decision making by personnel practitioners and of research by academicians.An appropriate framework should take into account the competing demands of the groups served by and able to influence public personnel departments. This article presents the Multiple Constituencies Activities and Standards Framework (MCAS), which has been applied in North Carolina counties. MCAS provides evaluations by various groups (constituents) of the activities of their personnel departments, and compares those evaluations to ratings achieved by other personnel departments over time.
Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection by detection of amplified DNA with an enzyme immunoassay.

Abstract A sensitive and specific system for detection of amplified Chlamydia trachomatis DNA from cervical specimens by fluorometric quantitation in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) format (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-EIA) is described. The primers selected for PCR-amplified DNA were from the 15 serovars of C. trachomatis and two strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). One strain of Chlamydia psittaci (Borg) was not amplified. One hundred four previously cultured cervical specimens were evaluated. Forty-six culture-positive specimens containing from 1+ to 4+ inclusion bodies were all positive by PCR-EIA. Of 58 culture-negative specimens, 2 were repeatedly positive and were nonreactive with control probes. This assay system represents a sensitive and specific combination of technologies for the quantitative detection of C. trachomatis DNA directly from a body fluid.
Parahippocampal white matter volume predicts Alzheimer's disease risk in cognitively normal old adults.

An in vivo marker of the underlying pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is atrophy in select brain regions detected with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although gray matter changes have been documented to be predictive of cognitive decline culminating in AD among healthy older adults, very little attention has been given to alterations in white matter as a possible MRI biomarker predictive of AD. In this investigation, we examined parahippocampal white matter (PWM) volume derived from baseline MRI scans in 2 independent samples of 65 cognitively normal older adults, followed longitudinally, to determine if it was predictive of AD risk. The average follow-up period for the 2 samples was 8.5 years. Comparisons between the stable participants (N = 50) and those who declined to AD (N = 15) over time revealed a significant difference in baseline PWM volume (p < 0.001). Furthermore, baseline PWM volume was predictive not only of time to AD (hazard ratio = 3.1, p < 0.05), but also of baseline episodic memory performance (p = 0.041). These results demonstrate that PWM atrophy provides a sensitive MRI biomarker of AD dementia risk among those with normal cognitive function.
Structure of the gene encoding columbid annexin Icp35.

Abstract The cp35 gene, encoding an annexin I (Anxl) cropsac 35-kDa protein (cp35) from the pigeon, consists of 13 exons and twelve introns. The borders of exons 2–13 were mapped by comparison with the known cDNA sequence. A 5-kb sequence containing exons 1, 2, and 3, and 1.4 kb of 5'-flanking DNA, is presented. The transcription start point was mapped by S1 nuclease protection. The region of the cp35 mRNA sequence, which we had previously shown to be profoundly different from mammalian anxI, is located in the first half of exon 3. Whereas human anxI is known to be single copy. Southern analysis of pigeon genomic DNA and genomic clones demonstrated multiple anxI genes in the pigeon, diverging significantly in their 5'-termini. Pigeon vimentin, on the other hand, is encoded by a single-copy gene as it is in other birds and mammals. These experiments have demonstrated that the cp35 mRNA is transcribed from its individual gene and is not a product of alternative processing of the pigeon homolog of mammalian anxI. We speculate that the diversification of anxI genes in Columbid birds allowed the recruitment of one of these genes (cp35) for unique regulation by prolactin in the absence ofpost-translational regulation via residues encoded by exons 2 and 3.
Permeation of Membranes by Ribose and Its Diastereomers

It was recently found that ribose permeates membranes an order of magnitude faster than its diastereomers arabinose and xylose (Sacerdote, M. G.; Szostak, J. W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102, 6004). On this basis it was hypothesized that differences in membrane permeability to aldopentoses provide a mechanism for preferential delivery of ribose to primitive cells for subsequent selective incorporation into nucleotides and their polymers. However, the origins of these unusually large differences have not been well understood. We address this issue in molecular dynamics simulations combined with free energy calculations. It is found that the free energy of transferring ribose from water to the bilayer is lower by 1.5−2 kcal/mol than the barrier for transferring the other two aldopentoses. The calculated and measured permeability coefficients are in excellent agreement. The sugar structures that permeate the membrane are β-pyranoses, with a possible contribution of the α-anomer for arabinose. The f...
Clevidipine: A Short‐Acting Intravenous Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker for the Management of Hypertension

Drugs used to acutely lower blood pressure have specific indications and precautions for use. Clevidipine is a third-generation parenteral dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that received United States Food and Drug Administration approval in August 2008 for blood pressure reduction when oral therapy is not feasible or desirable. Formulated as an injectable oil-in-water emulsion, the drug is a short-acting arterial-selective vasodilator. Clinical efficacy and safety trials of clevidipine have primarily focused on blood pressure management during cardiac surgery and in patients with acute severe hypertension (in intensive care units and emergency departments). In phase III trials, clevidipine demonstrated efficacy in blood pressure lowering, with a relatively low occurrence of adverse events. Reflex tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and acute renal failure were observed in these studies and merit additional analysis. The lack of specific clinical outcomes documenting improved morbidity and mortality rates as compared with other agents, the small numbers of treated patients, and concerns regarding the lipid formulation necessitate further investigation to help define the therapeutic role of clevidipine.
Impairment of Kidney Function During Aflatoxicosis

Abstract Renal lesions have been reported as a consequence of aflatoxicosis in various avian species but their significance on the excretory function during the disease has not been studied previously. Graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0,0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 μg./g.) were fed to broiler chicks from hatching until three weeks of age. A kidney function test which measured the rate of excretion of intravenous phenol red revealed that doses of 5.0 and 10.0 μg./g. impaired significantly (P
Clinical and molecular features of papillary thyroid cancer in adolescents and young adults.

Background Age disparity in thyroid cancer incidence and outcome in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with thyroid cancer are underreported. We compared the molecular and clinical features of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in AYAs to other age groups.
What Is the Representation of the Moisture-Tropopause Relationship in CMIP5 Models?*

A dynamical relationship that connects the extratropical tropopause potential temperature and the nearsurface distribution of equivalent potential temperature was proposed in a previous study and was found to work successfully in capturing the annual cycle of the extratropical tropopause in reanalyses. This study extends the diagnosis of the moisture‐tropopause relationship to an ensemble of CMIP5 models. It is found that, in general, CMIP5 multimodel averages are able to produce the one-to-one moisture‐ tropopause relationship. However, a few biases are observed as compared to reanalyses. First of all, ‘‘cold biases’’ are seen at both the upper and lower levels of the troposphere, which are universal for all seasons, both hemispheres, and almost all CMIP5 models. This has been known as the ‘‘general coldness of climate models’’ since 1990 but the mechanisms remain elusive. It is shown that, for Northern Hemisphere annual averages, the upper- and lower-level ‘‘cold’’ biases are, in fact, correlated across CMIP5 models, which supports the dynamical linkage. Second, a large intermodel spread is found and nearly half of the models underestimate the annual cycle of the tropopause potential temperature as compared to that of the nearsurface equivalent potential temperaturefluctuation. This implies the incapability of the models to propagate the surface seasonal cycle to the upper levels. Finally, while reanalyses exhibit a pronounced asymmetry in tropopausepotentialtemperaturebetweenthenorthernandsouthernsummers,onlyafewCMIP5modelsare able to capture this aspect of the seasonal cycle because of the too dry specific humidity in northern summer.
The spherical detonation

The diverging detonation displays a strong nonlinear interaction among geometry, chemistry, and hydrodynamics. Our analysis of this interaction uses a combination of phase plane analysis, bifurcation theory, and matched asymptotic expansions
Practices in the creative reuse of e-waste

E-waste is a generic term embracing various forms of electric and electronic equipment that is loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, or broken [27]. When e-waste is improperly discarded as trash, there are predictable negative impacts on the environment and human health. Existing e-waste solutions range from designing for reuse to fabricating with eco-friendly decomposable materials to more radical critiques of current practices surrounding capitalism and consumerism. Complementary to theses efforts, this paper presents an accessible reuse framework that encourages creativity while maintaining personal ownership of e-waste. Through a series of online surveys of existing personal e-waste stockpiling behaviors combined with observational studies of existing reuse practices, we developed a design reuse vocabulary: materials, shapes, and operations to enable wide ranging and creative reuse of obsolete electronics by everyday people. We operationalized this vocabulary and evaluated its legibility and usefulness. As a result, we derived a novel reuse composition framework: reuse as-is, remake, and remanufacture designed to be accessible and to have broader impact in encouraging creative reuse across a wide range of e-waste types beyond those specifically used in our study. We believe these frameworks will be a catalyst for the creative reuse of e-waste.
Explaining Local Television Sports Through Hypercompetition

A model of business behavior was applied to local television sports to assess whether management of sports is hypercompetitive. Hypercompetition was defined as a turbulent, changing environment in ...
Helper cell analysis in cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses I. Activation of specific and cross‐reactive helper effects in two hapten‐modified self responses

C 3 H/HeN mice were immunized by skin painting with trinitrochlorobenzene or by inoculation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated syngeneic cells. Approximately four weeks later, spleen cells were removed, irradiated, and cocultured with spleen cells from normal mice. These cultures were stimulated with syngeneic cells conjugated with different concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNP-self) or FITC (FITC-self). The results demonstrate (a) appreciable helper cell activity from TNP-self and FITC-self-primed mice, as determined by enhanced hapten-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, (b) that FITC helper activity enhanced the FITC-self CTL more efficiently than the TNP-self CTL response, and vice versa, (c) an alloantigenic stimulating population failed to activate TNP-self helper activity and (d) that the helper activity was not exclusively specific, since FITC helpers did enhance the anti TNP CTL response, and TNP helpers could enhance the anti-FITC-self CTL response. The results of this study indicate that these cell-mediated lympholysis models permit an analysis of hapten specificity and cross-reactivity at the different levels of cellular interaction involved in the generation of an H-2-restricted CTL response.
Performance Analysis of Secure Hierarchical Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Data aggregation is a technique used to conserve battery power in wireless sensor networks (WSN). While providing security in such a scenario it is also important that we minimize the number of security operations as they are computationally expensive, without compromising on the security In this paper we evaluate the performance of such an end to end security algorithm. We provide our results from the implementation of the algorithm on mica2 motes and conclude how it is better than traditional hop by hop security.
Lorentzian wormholes from the gravitationally squeezed vacuum

Abstract Minkowski-signature wormhole solutions of the Einstein field equations entail violations of the weak energy condition in the vicinity of the wormhole throat. Squeezed states of matter provide a natural source of violation for this condition. The matter vacuum is automatically squeezed as a result of the gravitational interaction, and gives rise to the negative energy densities required for supporting a wormhole structure in spacetime.
Instructional Communications in A Large High School

Most large schools, these writers say, operate with narrow, faulty, one-way channels of communication. If instruction is to be effectively served, however, communications must flow in multiple directions, as explained on the following pages.
'Clear, Build, Hold, Transfer': Can Obama’s Afghan Strategy Works

On entering the White House, US President Barack Obama aimed to put the war in Afghanistan at the forefront of his security agenda following eight years of neglect by a Bush administration preoccupied by the war in Iraq. The Obama administration spent nearly a year reviewing the situation in Afghanistan and vetting war options amid protracted interagency deliberation and partisan debate. By the end of 2009, President Obama affirmed his administration’s commitment to degrading the capabilities of terrorist groups ensconced in Afghanistan and Pakistan and announced that, by the end of July 2011, the US would begin a conditions-based transfer of responsibility to the Afghan government and security forces, enabling the United States to diminish its kinetic military activities in favour of a more “typical” presence with Washington continuing to providing development and economic assistance, plus training for military and civilian personnel. Thus the counter-insurgency mantra of “clear, hold and build” became, under Obama, “clear, hold, build and transfer.” This paper evaluates the viability of the “clear, hold, build and transfer” approach in light of the structural challenges to each element and the pressure to deliver results in a short time-frame amid difficult security conditions.
A systematic review of outcomes of fasciotomy, aponeurotomy, and collagenase treatments for Dupuytren's contracture

Background Needle aponeurotomy and collagenase injection are alternative treatments of Dupuytren’s contracture to open partial fasciectomy; however, reported data are difficult to interpret without a formal systematic review.
Introduced braconid parasitoids and range reduction of a native butterfly in New England

Abstract Pieris napi oleracea Harris is a native pierid butterfly that has suffered a range reduction in New England that began after the invasion of its range by the non-native congener Pieris rapae L. and one of its braconid parasitoids, Cotesia glomerata (L.). P. napi has nearly disappeared from Massachusetts, but remains common in northern Vermont. We investigated food plant abundance and Cotesia spp. larval parasitism as possible factors to explain the historical changes in P. napi ’s distribution. We found that the current range of P. napi was not explained by the abundance of its key first generation food plant (two-leafed toothwort, Cardamine diphylla [Michx.]). We also found that levels of Cotesia spp. parasitism in meadows in the second generation were similar in Vermont and Massachusetts. Further, we found that both C. glomerata and the related introduced Pieris spp. parasitoid Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) forage for hosts predominantly in sunny meadows and not in woods, where the first generation of P. napi occurs. We found that under field conditions in meadow habitats, C. glomerata parasitizes P. napi at higher rates than P. rapae . We postulate that the persistence of P. napi in Vermont and its disappearance in Massachusetts is caused by high parasitism of the second generation by C. glomerata in meadow habitats, coupled with a north–south cline in the rate of commitment of first generation P. napi pupae to diapause, such that northern populations act functionally as univoltine species developing in a parasitoid free habitat (woods), while southern populations acted as a bivoltine species and went extinct due to low survival in the second generation in meadows due to C. glomerata parasitism.
MRSA model of learning and adaptation: a qualitative study among the general public.

Background More people in the US now die from Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections than from HIV/AIDS. Often acquired in healthcare facilities or during healthcare procedures, the extremely high incidence of MRSA infections and the dangerously low levels of literacy regarding antibiotic resistance in the general public are on a collision course. Traditional medical approaches to infection control and the conventional attitude healthcare practitioners adopt toward public education are no longer adequate to avoid this collision. This study helps us understand how people acquire and process new information and then adapt behaviours based on learning.
Improved rate formulas for dielectronic recombination

Abstract Improved rate formulas for dielectronic recombination (DR) have been obtained by fitting all of the existing DR data for ions with core charges Z c less than 50 and the number of electrons N in the target ions less than 13. The fitting procedure used here is distinct from that used in earlier works in that the total rates are divided into five different excitation modes, rather than fitting the rates for each isoelectronic sequence. This method allows better interpolation among the ions for which no explicit data are available and also incorporates detailed information on the contributions from the different shell excitations. Because of gaps in the available data, the formulas obtained here are reliable only for N Z c N N > 12 is stressed. Our formulas are estimated to be reliable to ±50% or better. Sample rates are generated for C, O, Mg, Ar, Fe, Se, and Mo ions. The rates for other ions can be easily generated and checked by comparison with the values given here.
Optical Gaussons in nonlinear directional couplers

Abstract This paper studies optical Gaussons in nonlinear directional couplers. Both twin-core couplers as well as multiple-core couplers are considered. For multiple-core couplers, coupling with nearest neighbors as well as coupling with all neighbors are considered. A closed form optical Gausson solution is obtained in all of these cases where the amplitude of the Gaussons is governed by a nonlinear difference equation. The domain restrictions naturally fall out as constraint conditions in order for the Gaussons to exist.
Response of milking cows fed a high concentrate, low roughage diet plus sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, or magnesium hydroxide.

Abstract To determine the ability of mineral supplements to elevate depressed milk fat percent, we placed 42 Holstein cows in early to midlactation in seven blocks and assigned each to one of six treatments: 1) control (25% corn silage and alfalfa haylage, 75% concentrate, mostly corn, dry matter); 2) control plus magnesium oxide ground to pass a .425-mm sieve; 3) control plus prilled magnesium oxide sieved to between 1.70 and .425 mm; 4) control plus sodium bicarbonate; 5) control plus reactive powdered magnesium oxide to pass a 45 µm sieve; and 6) control plus powdered magnesium hydroxide. Sodium bicarbonate was 1% of diet as fed, magnesium oxide .5%, magnesium hydroxide .7% later reduced to .5%. Cows were fed control ration for 3 wk to induce milk fat depression, then were changed to treatment rations for 5 wk. Five cows (unblocked) were continued on each dietary treatment for a digestibility study after the feeding trial. All mineral supplements produced greater milk fat percent and yield of milk fat per day than control and all magnesium treatments produced greater milk fat percent than sodium bicarbonate. Magnesium oxide passing a .425-mm sieve produced the greatest increase of milk fat percent. Milk production was most for sodium bicarbonate treatment. Supplementation with magnesium increased ruminal magnesium concentration by factors of 1.26 to 3.75. Blood serum, urine, and fecal magnesium concentrations and fecal pH were more for cows fed magnesium than those fed sodium bicarbonate treatments. Kidney filtration ratios of element to creatinine increased for magnesium when diets were supplemented with magnesium and increased for phosphorus and sodium when diets were supplemented with sodium bicarbonate.
Delicacy or Desperation? Eating Peduncular Barnacles in Neolithic Portugal

Abstract Barnacles are a delicacy in some parts of the world, but are seldom recognized as a potential food source by English-speaking archaeologists. Pollicipes pollicipes, a species of peduncular barnacle, is widely eaten along the Atlantic coast of Europe today, and is also common in some archaeological sites in the region. Recognizing and properly recording this barnacle can deepen our understanding of prehistoric coastal adaptations in Europe and other parts of the world where related species are found. With an example from the Neolithic site of Rocha das Gaivotas, Portugal, this article explores the potential usefulness of barnacle remains in answering larger questions about the context of social and economic change in southwestern Europe.
A Religious Response Veiled in a Presidential Address: A Theological Study of Bush's Speech on 20 september 2001

The speech met the moment. The moment was like none experienced before. The speech transformed a presidency and rallied a nation. But what was this pivotal response to a critical moment in American history? Was it a call to a just and holy war? Is God really on the president's ‘side’? This article analyzes the speech delivered by President George W. Bush on 20 September 2001, to a joint session of Congress and to a troubled nation. It was a speech that depended on intimations of righteous indignation, a clear demarcation of good and evil, and a God who is not neutral. The article looks at the religious themes overtly and subtly stated in this speech, to discern what was actually a religious response to a global crisis that took the form of a presidential address.
Regulation of preadipocyte factor-1 gene expression during 3T3-L1 cell differentiation

Preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1), a novel gene product isolated from murine preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells, is thought to function as a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation. We investigated the regulation of Pref-1 expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes during proliferation, growth arrest, and early differentiation in the presence and absence of three well described differentiation antagonists: interleukin-11 (IL-11), transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Northern blot analysis was used to determine messenger RNA (mRNA) steady state expression of Pref-1 and two differentiation-specific genes, adipsin and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We confirmed that Pref-1 mRNA is abundant in proliferating preadipocytes and that its expression is dramatically reduced early in differentiation. However, proliferating and growth-arrested cells treated with the differentiation inhibitor IL-11 demonstrated a modest decrease in Pref-1 mRNA abundance. Transforming growth factor-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had little effect. The reduction of Pref-1 mRNA was most dramatic in differentiating preadipocytes treated with IL-11, occurring despite inhibition of adipogenesis, as judged by cell morphology and adipocyte-specific gene expression (adipsin and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). This effect of IL-11 on Pref-1 suggests that different mechanisms are responsible for the IL-11-induced and the differentiation- associated down-regulation of Pref-1, thus dissociating Pref-1 regulation from differentiation. We conclude that Pref-1 expression is not a reliable marker of preadipocytes, and that decreased Pref-1 abundance does not function as a trigger for adipocyte differentiation.
Time-sharing for OS

The objective of the Time Sharing Option (TSO) was to provide a general purpose time-sharing capability within the existing framework of the System/360 Operating System.