cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of pGlu-Serpinin, a Novel Chromogranin A-Derived Peptide in Inhibition of Cell Death

Chromogranin A (CgA) is a member of the granin family of molecules found in secretory granules of endocrine and neuro-endocrine cells. Here, we have identified a new 23-mer CgA-derived peptide secreted from pituitary AtT-20 cells, which we named pyroGlu-serpinin (pGlu-serpinin). LC–MS studies of peptides in conditioned medium of AtT-20 cells indicate that pGlu-serpinin is derived from initial processing of mouse CgA at paired basic residues, Arg461–Arg462 and Arg433–Arg434, to yield a previously described 26 amino acid peptide, serpinin. Three amino acids are then cleaved from the N terminus of serpinin, yielding a peptide with an N-terminal glutamine, which is then subsequently pyroglutaminated. Immunocytochemistry showed co-localization of pGlu-serpinin with adrenocorticotropic hormone in secretory granules of AtT-20 cells, and it was released in an activity-dependent manner. Functional studies demonstrated that pGlu-serpinin was able to prevent radical oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide)-induced cell death of AtT-20 cells and cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons at a concentration of 1 and 10 nM, respectively. These data indicate that pGlu-serpinin has anti-apoptotic effects that may be important in neuroprotection of central nervous system neurons and pituitary cells. Furthermore, pGlu-serpinin added to the media of AtT-20 cells up-regulated the transcription of the serine protease inhibitor, protease nexin-1 (PN-1) mRNA. pGlu-serpinin’s ability to increase levels of PN-1, a potent inhibitor of plasmin released during inflammatory processes causing cell death, may play a role in protecting cells under adverse pathophysiological conditions.
Supercritical fluid extraction of ethoxyquin from a beef matrix

The extraction and determination of ethoxyquin is becoming increasingly important as products, which are labeled as “natural” are becoming more common. This manuscript investigates gates the use of supercritical fluids in the extraction of ethoxyquin from lean beef and beef fat. Three fluids were examined: carbon dioxide, trifluoromethane, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Carbon dioxide appeared to react with ethoxyquin during the extraction. Methanol modified hydrofluorocarbons provided more complete extractions over pure hydrofluorocarbon fluids. Methanol modified 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was used in the extraction of ethoxyquin from lean beef and beef fat, and provided a quantitative extraction at the 0.5 ppm level.
Evidence that small phenylalanine peptides bound to ribosomes are attached to sRNA

Abstract Phenylalanine- 14 C was transferred from phenylalanyl- 14 C-RNA in the presence of polyuridylic acid to small peptides of phenylalanine bound to reticulocyte ribosomes. The RNA fraction, containing the labeled products, was isolated from these ribosomes. Centrifugation of this RNA in a sucrose density gradient showed that the 14 C-peptides were attached to sRNA-like molecules. The rate of hydrolysis of these labeled products with hydroxylamine suggested that the 14 C-peptides were joined by labile ester bonds to the 3′-termini of sRNA molecules. Isolated diphenylalanyl-RNA was six times more stable to hydroxylaminolysis at neutral pH than phenylalanyl-RNA; oligopeptidyl-RNA was only slightly more stable than diphenylalanyl-RNA. Transfer studies with 3 H-phenylalanyl- 14 C-RNA, having the 3′-terminal adenosine of the sRNA labeled with 14 C, revealed that the ribosome-bound phenylalanyl-RNA contained a molar ratio of one phenylalanine- 3 H per adenosine- 14 C, and that the diphenylalanyl-RNA contained a molar ratio of two phenylalanine- 3 H per adenosine- 14 C. These results suggest that the phenylalanyl-RNA is transferred to the ribosome as a unit and the growing polypeptide chain remains bound to an sRNA molecule coming originally from the soluble phase.
The Cycle Structure and Order of the Rail Fence Cipher

Abstract Any transposition cipher used on a message having length L may be thought of as a permutation on the set {0, 1,…, L − 1}. We derive an explicit formula for the permutation implementing a columnar transposition cipher using C columns on a text of length L. We then specialize to the rail fence cipher and derive a formula for an iterated rail fence cipher. Using these formulae, we examine the order of the rail fence cipher in the group S L . Its order is determined to be the order of 2 in the multiplicative group of units ℤ L *. Finally, we use the mathematical results to describe an attack on an iterated rail fence cipher in which the number of iterations is unknown.
Are bilingual children better at ignoring perceptually misleading information? A novel test.

Does speaking more than one language help a child perform better on certain types of cognitive tasks? One possibility is that bilingualism confers either specific or general cognitive advantages on tasks that require selective attention to one dimension over another (e.g. Bialystok, 2001; Hilchey & Klein, 2011). Other studies have looked for such an advantage but found none (e.g. Morton & Harper, 2007; Paap & Greenberg, 2013). The present study compared monolingual and bilingual children’s performance on a numerical discrimination task, which required children to ignore area and attend to number. Ninety-two children, ages 3 to 6 years, were asked which of two arrays of dots had ‘more dots’. Half of the trials were congruent, where the numerically greater array was also larger in total area, and half were incongruent, where the numerically greater array was smaller in total area. All children performed better on congruent than on incongruent trials. Older children were more successful than younger children at ignoring area in favor of number. Bilingual children did not perform differently from monolingual children either in number discrimination itself (i.e. identifying which array had more dots) or at selectively attending to number. The present study thus finds no evidence of a bilingual advantage on this task for children of this age.
Critical speed for the avoidance of blow-up in a reactive-diffusive medium

A concentrated heat source moves at constant speed through a diffusive medium which can support an explosive reaction. If the conditions are such that a blow-up would occur for a stationary source, it is shown that there is a critical speed above which the explosion can be avoided. The reactive-diffusive medium is assumed to be contained in an infinitely long tube of general cross-section. Both the cases of Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions imposed on the tube surface are considered.
Fall Meeting science covered widely in news and social media

Journalists found a lot to report about at the 2011 Fall Meeting, which has so far generated about 1800 stories in news outlets worldwide. More than 135 reporters covered the meeting, representing a broad range of print, online, and broadcast news sources in the United States, Europe, and Japan. To assist those reporters, AGU staff conducted and Web-streamed an unprecedented 25 press events at the meeting—mostly press conferences bringing together scientists presenting newsworthy fndings and journalists eager for stories.
Hydrogen produced from hydrohalic acid solutions by a two-electron mixed-valence photocatalyst.

Energy conversion cycles are aimed at driving unfavorable, small-molecule activation reactions with a photon harnessed by a transition metal complex. A challenge that has occupied researchers for several decades is to create molecular photocatalysts to promote the production of hydrogen from homogeneous solution. We now report the use of a two-electron mixed-valence dirhodium compound to photocatalyze the reduction of hydrohalic acid to hydrogen. In this cycle, photons break two RhII–X bonds of a LRh0–RhIIX2 core in the presence of a halogen trap to regenerate the active LRh0–Rh0 catalyst, which reacts with hydrohalic acid to produce hydrogen.
Liquid-release tests in unsaturated fractured welded tuffs: I. Field investigations

Wetting-front movement, flow-field evolution, and drainage of fracture flow paths were evaluated within the Topopah Spring welded tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Equipment and techniques were developed for in situ quantification of formation intake rates, flow velocities, seepage rates, and volumes of fracture flow paths. Localized injections of liquid into a low-permeability zone (LPZ) and a high-permeability zone (HPZ) along a borehole were detected in two boreholes below the point of injection. For the LPZ tests, water did not seep into an excavated slot that defined the lower boundary of the test bed, and the liquid-intake rate under constant-head conditions was observed to steadily decrease by two orders of magnitude. In the HPZ, liquid-intake rates under constant-head conditions were significantly higher and did not exhibit a strong systematic decline. HPZ tests were also conducted under a range of constant-flow conditions. Slot seepage rates showed intermittent responses and the percentage of injected water recovered in the slot increased as each test progressed. A maximum of 80% of the injected water was recovered during high-rate injection tests. The flow path volumes were found to increase during the course of each HPZ test. The data collected during these field tests has provided useful information for developing an understanding of liquid flow in unsaturated fractured welded tuff. It has also provided a basis for quantitative comparisons with numerical simulations of liquid-release experiments, as demonstrated in a companion paper [J. Hydrol. 256 (2002)].
Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of high blood pressure: epidemiologic and biological evidence.

In spite of its high impact on cardiovascular and renal disease, knowledge on risk factors for the development of high blood pressure (HBP) is limited. Mild chronic inflammation may play a significant role in the incidence of HBP. A persistent low-grade inflammation state could be associated with high but within the 'normal range' cytokine plasma concentration. By impairing the capacity of the endothelium to generate vasodilating factors, particularly nitric oxide (NO), elevated cytokines may lead to the development of endothelial dysfunction, chronic impaired vasodilation, and HBP. These alterations in the L-arginine : NO pathway may play a major role in the development of HBP in young subjects, with inflammation-related alterations in the production of cyclo-oxygenase-derived vasoconstrictors becoming more prominent with advanced age. Cross-sectional independent associations between HBP and plasma levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tissue necrosis factor alpha have been reported, but no prospective evidence of these associations is currently available.
Further studies of the effect of l-canavanine on the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract Fifth instar Manduca sexta growth response to injected doses of canavanine was concentration-dependent over a range of 0·5 to 2·0 mg/g body weight. Twenty-four hr after injection of 14C-guanidinooxy- d,l -canavanine, M. sexta larvae incorporated approximately 3·6% of the labelled l -canavanine into protein of non-gut tissue. Adult M. sexta mortality was related to the level of injected canavanine over a range of 2 to 8 mg/g body weight. Injection of as little as 2 mg canavanine/g body weight caused hyperactivity in adult M. sexta. Arginine, able to negate the toxic effects of canavanine during larval growth, was only marginally capable of overcoming canavanine effects on larval-pupal ecdysis.
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with salivary gland involvement and pericardial effusion

A 60-year-old Palestinian woman developed extensive cutaneous lesions of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. She also developed a pericardial effusion and involvement of the submandibular salivary glands. Soft tissue gallium images demonstrated this systemic involvement, and this procedure is proposed as a screening method to assess the extent of the disease. The patient showed partial remission after being treated with prednisone, vincristine sulfate, and cyclophosphamide.
Audit Committee Member Support for Proposed Audit Adjustments: Pre‐SOX versus Post‐SOX Judgments

This study examines differences in audit committee member judgments before the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (“pre‐SOX”) versus after the act was passed (“post‐SOX”) as well as audit committee member perceptions of the effects of SOX. Based on experimental materials administered to 372 public company audit committee members (131 pre‐SOX from DeZoort et al. [2003a] and 241 post‐SOX), we find that audit committee support for an auditor‐proposed adjustment is significantly higher in the post‐SOX period. Additional analyses reveal that the effect of SOX differs between audit committee members who are CPAs versus non‐CPAs. Specifically, the greater audit committee member support for the proposed adjustment post‐SOX is attributable to members who are CPAs. In general, audit committee members in the post‐SOX period feel more responsible for resolving the accounting issue, perceive that audit committee members have greater expertise to evaluate the accounting issue, and also are more concerned with reporting accuracy and a ...
Inhomogenous Stiffness of Articular Chondrocytes Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy

Chondrocytes are responsible for the elaboration and maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in articular cartilage. Previous studies have demonstrated that mechanical loading modulates the biosynthetic response of chondrocytes in cartilage explants [1,2]. Therefore, the mechanical properties of chondrocytes play a pivotal role in regulating the interaction between the cell and ECM in situ [eg. 3–5]. The goal of this study is to investigate the indentation-dependent stiffness of chondrocytes using atomic force microscopy. Due to the composite nature of cellular organelles and the cytoskeleton, we hypothesize that chondrocytes exhibit a non-linear elastic modulus, requiring a non-Hertzian analysis of the contact and resulting stress-strain response [6,7]. The response of chondrocytes is investigated in a manner to probe the bulk stiffness of the cell (using 10 μm spherical probes), as well as the stiffness arising from composite subcellular structures (utilizing 3 μm spherical probes).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) comprises a spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus associated B-cell proliferations occurring after organ transplantation; similar though not always identical disorders occur in congenital immunodeficiency states, and in AIDS. The disease provides insights into the nature of lymphoid neoplasia and represents a growing clinical problem. The incidence and pathogenesis of PTLD are examined in relation to the use of specific immunosuppressive regimens, and comparisons with AIDS-related lymphoma are made. Clinical manifestations, pathologic features, and diagnostic considerations are summarized. Recently developed molecular methods for accurate determination of clonal composition are reviewed, and their relevance to clinical management is outlined. A basis for the selection of existing therapeutic options including a reduction in immunosuppression, surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, is proposed for specific clinical situations. Novel approaches to the treatmen...
STORAGE STABILITY OF THIAMIN AND RIBOFLAVIN IN A DEHYDRATED FOOD SYSTEM1

The storage stability of thiamin mononitrate and riboflavin in a low moisture dehydrated model food system was determined as a function of water activity, moisture content and storage temperature. Fortification of the model system was at a level of 25% RDA per 100 g. The model system was equilibrated at water activities below, at and above the calculated water activity corresponding to the monomolecular moisture content for the adsorption isotherms. Thiamin retention was approximately 100% after eight months storage at temperatures from 20–37°C and aw 0.1 to 0.65. Retention of thiamin in the model food system was only 10–20% at 45°C with an aw from 0.40–0.65. Riboflavin retention was approximately 100% after eight months storage at 10 to 20°C with an aw of 0.1 to 0.65 and at 30°C, with an aw of 0.1 to 0.40. At 37°C the loss of riboflavin increased with increasing water activity. The rate of riboflavin destruction dramatically increased in the model system packaged in an oxygen permeable container. A similar effect was not observed in the thiamin study. The stability of thiamin and riboflavin was unaffected by the addition of vitamins A or C.
Cyclopentadienone Complexes as Synthons: Ring‐ and Regiospecific Nucleophilic Additions to Cobaltocenium Salts—Synthesis of Substituted Cyclopentadienes and Cyclopentenones

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982, 1360. DOI:10.1002/anie.198213600
the ecological basis for Aztec sacrifice1

The Aztec emphasis on ritualized human sacrifice and the sheer quantities of victims involved have long been recognized as apparent extremes of cultural behavior in the world ethnographic record. This paper proposes an ecological and evolutionary theory to explain why the peculiar development of the Aztec sacrificial complex was a natural consequence of concrete subsistence problems that were distinctive to Mesoamerica, and especially to the Valley of Mexico.
Breakeven criteria for the GaInNAs junction in GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge four‐junction solar cells

The four-junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge solar cell structure holds the promise of efficiencies exceeding those of the GaInP/GaAs/Ge three-junction cell, which at present is the benchmark for high-efficiency multijunction cell performance. The performance of GaInNAs junctions demonstrated to date has been insufficient for the realization of these projected efficiency gains, owing to poor minority-carrier properties in the GaInNAs. However, incremental improvements in the GaInNAs junctions have brought this breakeven point within sight. In this paper, we use a semiempirical approach to estimate the efficiency of the GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge four-junction solar cell structure as a function of the performance parameters of the GaInNAs third junction. The results provide guidance on the extent to which the current and voltage of present-day GaInNAs junctions will need to be improved in order for the resulting four-junction cell to realize its potential for efficiencies higher than that of GaInP/GaAs/Ge benchmark. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nodal prices in an integrated energy system

This paper presents a multiperiod generalised network flow model used to analyse the economic interdependencies of integrated energy systems comprising the electric network and the various fuel supply and delivery systems in a medium term operational time frame. By using a network flow programming model, one can take advantage of much faster solution procedures than standard linear programming techniques; an issue of importance considering the dimensionality of such integrated systems. The nodal prices that are obtained as a byproduct of the optimisation algorithm provide a way to analyse the economic interdependencies between the various fuel networks and the electric network. A numerical example is presented to highlight the benefits of the methodology and illustrate how nodal prices in the electric network are influenced by the dynamics of the various fuel networks.
Principal component analysis of neural population response of knee joint proprioceptors in cat

Abstract (1) A means of describing the response of neural populations based on principal component analysis is presented. The analysis produces response descriptions that indicate whether two states are distinguishable and suggest how to best distinguish between states. (2) Analysis of slowly adapting joint receptor data from the cat knee joint indicates that the joint receptors are capable of signalling limb position in the range from 150° to 180° of extension during an extension movement. They also provide information which indicates whether the tibia is twisted inward or outward in this range of angles. (3) The first principal component in the response to a constant velocity extension of 8 simultaneously active units described 86% of the total mean square discharge displayed by all 8 units. The first principal component is qualitatively similar to the responses observed in slowly adapting thalamic joint units.
Revisiting electricity reform: The case for a sustainable development approach

Abstract Debates over reform and restructuring of the electricity sector worldwide are typically focused on technical and economic concerns. This paper argues for a wider perspective on electricity reforms, one that explicitly examines social and environmental outcomes. The paper shows how electricity reform in the developing world has been driven primarily by financial concerns. It then examines changes in the electricity sector in the context of larger globalization debates. This framing of the issue sets the stage for a discussion of the social and environmental considerations in electricity reform.
Retrospective: lessons learned from the Santa Barbara project and their implications for health information exchange.

ABSTRACT: Despite its closure in December 2006, the Santa Barbara County Care Data Exchange helped focus national attention on the value of health information exchange (HIE). This in turn led to th...
EFFECTS OF NONSELECTIVE AND ISOZYME SELECTIVE CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS ON ANTIGEN-INDUCED CYTOKINE GENE EXPRESSION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes may participate in regulation of the inflammatory response through their effects on second messengers. In the present study, we have investigated the role of nonselective and isozyme selective PDE inhibitors in altering the antigen-driven cytokine gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from atopic individuals. Ragweed and tetanus toxoid were used as model antigens. The nonselective PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and the selective PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram, markedly suppressed interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) gene expression in both antigen-driven systems. Gene expression for IL-4 was unaffected by these agents in the ragweed-driven system. Message for IL-4 could not be detected in the tetanus toxoid-driven system, despite the use of a quantitative, competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay sensitive to less than 10 fg of target template. The PDE3 inhibitor, sigu...
Neuronal cdc2-like kinase: a cdc2-related protein kinase with predominantly neuronal expression.

Abstract Recent studies have shown that there exists a family of protein kinases structurally and functionally related to the yeast cell cycle regulatory kinase cdc2 [Meyerson, M., Faha, B., Su, L.-K., Harlow, E. & Tsai, L.-H. (1991) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 56, 177-186 and Meyerson, M., Enders, G. H., Wu, C.-L., Su, L.-K., Gorka, C., Nelson, C., Harlow, E. & Tsai, L.-H. (1992) EMBO J. 11, 2909-2917]. Two members of cdc2 family, p34cdc2 (also named cdk1) and cdk2, have been identified in mammalian cells. cdk1 kinase regulates the progression from G2 to M phase, and cdk2 kinase has been proposed to regulate the progression from G1 to S phase. In this work, we have cloned and structurally characterized a third member of the cdc2 kinase family with 58% amino acid sequence identity to mouse cdk1 and 61% identity to human cdk2. We call this kinase neuronal cdc2-like kinase (nclk) because, in contrast to either cdk1 or cdk2, nclk is expressed at high levels in terminally differentiated neurons no longer in the cell cycle. Previous studies have shown [Hisanaga, S., Kusubata, M., Okumura, E. & Kishimoto, T. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 21798-21803 and Guan, R. J., Hall, F. L. & Cohlberg, J. A. (1992) J. Neurochem. 58, 1365-1371] that cdk1 kinase, but not other structurally defined protein kinases, could phosphorylate the repeated Lys-Ser-Pro (KSP) motifs found in mammalian high and middle molecular mass neurofilament subunits in vitro, but the precise molecular nature of the endogenous neuronal KSP kinase has remained undefined. The structural similarity of nclk to cdk1 kinase and its high level of expression in terminally differentiated neurons suggest that nclk may play a role in the phosphorylation of the neurofilament KSP repeats in vivo, a function distinct from cell cycle regulation.
Gracefully ageing at 50, X-chromosome inactivation becomes a paradigm for RNA and chromatin control

The discovery of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) celebrated its golden anniversary this year. Originally offered as an explanation for the establishment of genetic equality between males and females, 50 years on, XCI presents more than a curious gender-based phenomenon that causes silencing of sex chromosomes. How have the mysteries of XCI unfolded? And what general lessons can be extracted? Several of the cell biological mechanisms that are used to establish the inactive X chromosome, including regulatory networks of non-coding RNAs and unusual nuclear dynamics, are now suspected to hold true for processes occurring on a genome-wide scale.
RELATIONSHIP OF CIRCULATING GROWTH HORMONE (GH), GH BINDING PROTEIN (BP), AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I (IGF-I) TO PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MUSCLE MASS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES. 512

RELATIONSHIP OF CIRCULATING GROWTH HORMONE (GH), GH BINDING PROTEIN (BP), AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I (IGF-I) TO PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MUSCLE MASS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES. 512
Lymphedema Prevalence and Treatment Benefits in Cancer: Impact of a Therapeutic Intervention on Health Outcomes and Costs

Background Lymphedema is a common complication of cancer therapeutics; its prevalence, treatment outcomes, and costs have been poorly defined. The objective of this study was to examine lymphedema prevalence among cancer survivors and to characterize changes in clinical outcomes and costs associated with a defined therapeutic intervention (use of a pneumatic compression devices [PCD]) in a representative, privately insured population. Methods and Findings Retrospective analysis of de-identified health claims data from a large national insurer for calendar years 2007 through 2013. Patients were required to have 12 months of continuous insurance coverage prior to PCD receipt (baseline), as well as a 12-month follow-up period. Analyses were performed for individuals with cancer-related lymphedema (n = 1,065). Lymphedema prevalence was calculated: number of patients with a lymphedema claim in a calendar year divided by total number of enrollees. The impact of PCD use was evaluated by comparing rates of a pre-specified set of health outcomes and costs for the 12 months before and after, respectively, PCD receipt. Lymphedema prevalence among cancer survivors increased from 0.95% in 2007 to 1.24% in 2013. PCD use was associated with decreases in rates of hospitalizations (45% to 32%, p<0.0001), outpatient hospital visits (95% to 90%, p<0.0001), cellulitis diagnoses (28% to 22%, p = 0.003), and physical therapy use (50% to 41%, p<0.0001). The average baseline health care costs were high ($53,422) but decreased in the year after PCD acquisition (−$11,833, p<0.0001). Conclusions Lymphedema is a prevalent medical condition that is often a defining attribute of cancer survivorship. The problem is associated with high health care costs; Treatment (in this instance, use of PCD) is associated with significant decreases in adverse clinical outcomes and costs.
MECHANISM OF GAS EXCHANGE ABNORMALITIES DURING GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL SEPSIS IN PIGLETS

Hypoxemia is common in newborns with Group B Streptococcal (GBS) sepsis, yet the mechanism of abnormal gas exchange in this disease is unknown. We studied ventilation-perfusion matching (VA/Q) and shunt fraction using the multiple inert gas elimination in 7 newborn piglets receiving live GBS. Measurements were made in anesthetized animals ventilated with room air before, during, and after a 30 min intravenous infusion of 2×109 colony forming units/kg of GBS. Shunt fraction was measured by sulfur hexafluoride retention and standard deviation of distribution of pulmonary blood flow (sdPBF) was used as an index of VA/Q heterogeneity. Changes are depicted below; * denotes p 6% in only 2 of the animals. We conclude that arterial hypoxemia during GBS sepsis in newborn piglets results primarily from diminished cardiac output with resultant fall in mixed venous oxygen tension along with an increase in VA/Q heterogeneity within the lungs.
Pair production with neutrinos in an intense background magnetic field

We present a detailed calculation of the electron-positron production rate using neutrinos in an intense background magnetic field. The computation is done for the process $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}e\overline{e}$ (where $\ensuremath{\nu}$ can be ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$) within the framework of the standard model. Results are given for various combinations of Landau levels over a range of possible incoming neutrino energies and magnetic field strengths.
Endo-oriented control of pyramidally arranged metabolic branchpoints

Abstract Aromatic amino acids are products of a complex pathway containing a pyramidal array of metabolic branchpoints. Endo-oriented organisms (such as cyanobacteria) gear pathway regulation to the endogenous formation of the initial pathway substrates. Thus, the prime branchpoint monitoring flow of the earliest pathway metabolites is the major or sole focal point of end-product regulation. On the other hand, exo-oriented organisms (such as Bacillus subtilis ) maintain a more complex control circuitry that maximizes response to exogenous availability of pathway endproducts. In the latter organisms, a heavy emphasis is placed upon sensitive regulation at the peripheral branchpoints.
PATTERNS OF LEGAL FIREARMS OWNERSHIP: A Cultural and Situational Analysis of Illinois Counties

Using county level data for the state of Illinois, we constructed a path analytic model predicting legal gun ownership for men. women, and minors. We consider the interplay between situational and cultural variables in determining legal ownership. Two patterns of firearms ownership are identified: (1) gun ownership among women as a response to high rales of violent crime and (2) a sporting culture. Neither pattern has strong relations to urban-rural differences amoung counties. Legal gun ownership is not necessarily related to a violent subculture. Ownership may be part of, a response to, or totally unrelated to a subculture of violence.
Enzyme Amplifier Kinetics

Enzyme amplifier systems have been implicated in such diverse physiological phenomena as vision and blood coagulation. Such systems are considered from a general point of view and the concept of steady state gain of the enzyme amplifier is introduced. Expressions for the latter are obtained, and several of the main factors influencing gain are discussed. The effect of the duration of the activation on the characteristics of the response is discussed, and the influence of small changes in the rate constants on the steady state gain is considered.
Cosmic ray spectrum, composition, and anisotropy measured with IceCube

Abstract Analysis of cosmic ray surface data collected with the IceTop array of Cherenkov detectors at the South Pole provides an accurate measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum and its features in the “knee” region up to energies of about 1 EeV. IceTop is part of the IceCube Observatory that includes a deep-ice cubic kilometer detector that registers signals of penetrating muons and other particles. Surface and in-ice signals detected in coincidence provide clear insights into the nuclear composition of cosmic rays. IceCube already measured an increase of the average primary mass as a function of energy. We present preliminary results on both IceTop-only and coincident events analysis. Furthermore, we review the recent measurement of the cosmic ray anisotropy with IceCube.
Gene therapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer by in vivo transduction with breast-targeted retroviral vector expressing antisense c-fos RNA.

Scientific Abstract Although murine retroviral vectors can transduce diverse types of proliferating cells, inclusion of tissue-specific or inducible promoters within retroviral vectors should theor...
The orthograde venous autograft and allograft. Presidential address.

Nature's Laws Are God's Thoughts . This imposing motto crowned the entrance to the biology building at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me, in the fall of 1940. It remains among my four favorite aphorisms. Mounted on the wall of the histology room in the Anatomy Department at Harvard Medical School, Boston, in 1943, an old Dutch couplet, translated by Charles Minot, admonished: What good will light or lenses be, if owlets look but will not see? Around the ceiling of the foyer in the Vanderbilt Hall Dormitory at Harvard was Louis Pasteur's dictum: Dans les champs de l'observation, le hasard favorise les esprits prepare . In short: cultivate insight, make accurate observations, and evaluate critically the significance of ideas. During my two years at the Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, Md, 1947 to 1949, a homograft bank was established and the plaque over the entrance to the room announced: "Ex Morte, Vita."
A conformal decomposition finite element method for modeling stationary fluid interface problems

A method is developed for modeling fluid transport in domains that do not conform to the finite element mesh. One or more level set functions are used to describe the fluid domain. A background, non-conformal mesh is decomposed into elements that conform to the level set interfaces. Enrichment takes place by adding nodes that lie on the interfaces. Unlike other enriched finite element methods, the proposed technique requires no changes to the underlying element assembly, element interpolation, or element quadrature. The complexity is entirely contained within the element decomposition routines. It is argued that the accuracy of the method is no less than that for eXtended Finite Element Methods (XFEM) with Heaviside enrichment. The accuracy is demonstrated using multiple numerical tests. In all cases, optimal rates of convergence are obtained for both volume and surface quantities. Jacobi preconditioning is shown to remove the ill-conditioning that may result from the nearly degenerate conformal elements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of central valley effective mass and alloy scattering on transient drift velocity in Ga 1-x In x P 1-y As y

The instantaneous ensemble-averaged and time-averaged velocity of electrons are presented for Ga 0.27 In 0.73 P 0.4 As 0.6 , and the results are compared to those for GaAs. The results indicate that both the effective mass in the Γ conduction band and alloy scattering are very critical in determining the transient (or velocity-overshoot) characteristic as well as the static velocity-field characteristic for this quaternary material.
A randomized trial of a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program.

Objective As psychoeducational eating disorder prevention programs have not been shown to reduce bulimic pathology, we developed and evaluated a dissonance-based intervention for high-risk populations. Method Young women (N = 87) with body image concerns were randomized to this intervention, which involves verbal, written, and behavioral exercises requiring them to critique the thin-ideal, or to a healthy weight management control group. Participants completed a baseline, termination, and 4-week follow-up survey. Results Participants in the dissonance intervention reported decreased thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, negative affect, and bulimic symptoms at termination and at 4-week follow-up. Unexpectedly, participants in the healthy weight management control group also reported some benefits. Discussion Taken in conjunction with past findings, these preliminary results suggest that the dissonance intervention, and to a lesser extent the healthy weight management intervention, may reduce bulimic pathology and risk factors for eating disturbances. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 247–262, 2001.
From practice to theory: emerging lessons from Asia for building urban climate change resilience:

This paper aims to capture and analyze emerging experiences, lessons and tensions evident from several years of work underway through the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network, a network of secondary cities in South and Southeast Asia that have engaged in a process to analyze vulnerabilities and plan and implement measures to address them. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation and numerous partners, these cities have identified more than 59 specific resilience-building measures, of which 23 are being implemented. Through this work we see 10 critical urban climate change resilience action areas that cities must consider in order to strengthen their ability to anticipate, prepare for and respond to the types of sudden and slow onset impacts. These are: climate sensitive land use and urban planning; institutional coordination mechanisms and capacity support; drainage, flood and solid waste management; water demand and conservation systems; emergency management and early warning systems; res...
Caregiver Needs from Elder Care Assistive Smart Homes Children of Elder Adults Assessment

Assistive smart technology is positioned to assist familial caregivers with their elderly relatives, especially in home care situations. These technologies show great promise in providing high quality data to caregivers about their family members. There are many published successes on gathering and modeling data about older adults who need assistance, but little work on effectively delivering this data to caregivers. This research reports on interviews with informal familial caregivers being introduced to these kinds of technologies and what utility it may provide to them in caring for their loved ones. Interviews suggest that nutrition, sleep quality, medication compliance, safety, and general mobility are of central concern. User interface designers need to keep in mind familial caregivers may have very little technical support and will likely need more assistance in learning a new technology than nursing staff. Caregivers also describe a need for catching behavioral edge cases, as every individual has slightly different needs. When designing userfacing tools, extra attention to the needs of caregivers will ensure assistive smart homes will be effective tools in home care.
Location, Location, Location: Precinct Placement and the Costs of Voting

This article provides a new measure of voting costs by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools to calculate the distance between the residence and polling place for registered voters in the city of Atlanta. Using this measure to predict turnout at the individual level, we find that small differences in distance from the polls can have a significant impact on voter turnout. We also find that moving a polling place can affect the decision to vote. In addition to providing a better understanding of the costs of voting, our findings have important implications regarding the location of polling places and the effects of altering precinct boundaries.
Effects of deuteration and temperature upon the photolysis of cellulose in a vacuum with 2537 A. Light

The effects of the exchange of deuterium for hydrogen in the hydroxyl groups on the composition of products and the kinetics of their formation during the irradiation of cellulose by 2537 A. in a vacuum at 77, 313, and 365°K. are described. About 50–70% of the total hydrogen evolved was HD. Little D2 was formed. Total HD evolution was independent of temperature. Disproportionation, rather than atom abstraction or atom combination, was likely to be the dominant mechanism of hydrogen production. Much of the aldehyde group formation takes place during the photolysis and probably results directly from secondary photolysis or disproportionation of radicals. H2, CO, and CO2 evolutions increase with temperature and result from both functional group photolysis and radical depropagation. Chain scission and carboxyl group formation take place to a large extent during the post-irradiative oxidation of long-lived oxygencontaining radicals.
Characterization of t antigens in polyoma-infected and transformed cells

Abstract Polyoma-infected 3T6 cells contain a number of proteins precipitable by serum from rats carrying polyoma-induced tumors. The virus codes for three species having apparent molecular weights of 90,000, 60,000 and 22,000 daltons, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (90K, 60K and 22K). The 90K and 22K species produced by a large plaque and a small plaque wild-type polyoma have similar mobilities, but the 60K species produced by the small plaque wild-type has a higher mobility than the 60K species produced by the large plaque wild-type. In cells infected by each of seven polyoma tsA mutants, the 90K species is unstable at the nonpermissive temperature, while the 60K and 22K species are stable. In cells infected by a mutant carrying a deletion between roughly 98 and 3 map units in the early region of the viral genome, the 22K species is present, but the 90K and 60K species are absent. Tryptic peptide analysis of the isolated 90K, 60K and 22K species shows that the three species have common N terminal regions. The 60K and 22K species contain amino acid sequences not found in the 90K species, and the 60K species has several unique, methionine-containing peptides not found in either the 22K or 90K species. Two polyoma-transformed BHK cell lines do not have detectable amounts of the 90K protein.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Households with Children during the 2012-2013 Season: Assessments of Prior Vaccination and Serologic Susceptibility

Background. There are recognized needs to identify determinants of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE), including the effect of repeated annual vaccination. Methods. We recruited 321 households with 1426 members, including 833 children, and followed them during the 2012–2013 influenza season; specimens were collected from subjects with reported acute respiratory illnesses. We estimated the effectiveness of documented influenza vaccination in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza, using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Antibody titers in a subset of subjects were determined by a hemagglutination inhibition assay to determine the subjects’ preseason susceptibility to influenza. Results. Influenza was identified in 76 (24%) households and 111 (8%) individuals. VE point estimates indicated significant protection in adults (48%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1%–72%), similar protection in children aged 9–17 years (49%; 95% CI, −16% to 78%), but no evidence of effectiveness in children aged <9 years (−4%; 95% CI, −110% to 49%). Lower VE was observed in those vaccinated in both the current and prior seasons, compared with those vaccinated in the current season only; susceptibility titers against type A but not type B were consistent with this observation. Residual protection from vaccination in the prior season was indicated by both VE and serologic results. Conclusions. Prior vaccination appears to modify VE by both residual protection and reduced vaccine response.
Limits to Anthropocentrism: Toward an Ecocentric Organization Paradigm?

This article examines the historically constituted dimensions of anthropocentrism, tracing the emergence of linear perspective, a camera theory of knowledge, and the human-nature dualism. These epistemological conventions are socially reproduced in organization science and management practice in their more contemporary anthropocentric forms: a disembodied form of technological knowing conjoined with an egocentric organizational orientation. Following this critique, the paradigmatic differences between anthropocentric and ecocentric approaches for dealing with issues related to the natural environment are discussed in what is referred to respectively as the environmental management and ecocentric responsibility paradigms. Our analysis suggests that corporate environmentalism and so-called “greening-business” approaches are grounded in the environmental management paradigm. It is argued that environmental management approaches are incommensurable with the ecocentric responsibility paradigm. The tensions bet...
Cycle compensation protocol: a completely fair protocol for the uni-directional twin-bus architecture

The IEEE 802.6 standard distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) for metropolitan area networks (MANs) is considered. It is based on a unidirectional twin-bus architecture. The DQDB protocol lays more emphasis on the overall channel utilization than the fair sharing of channel bandwidth by all the stations. The resulting unfairness problem in which the upstream stations occupy most of the channel bandwidth while the downstream stations get fewer chances to transmit their packets is discussed. Many previously proposed possible fixes are also reviewed. However, these schemes either have a lower performance or cannot guarantee complete fairness when the ratio of end-to-end propagation delay to the slot-size is large. A cycle compensation protocol which ensures complete fairness regardless of the ratio of end-to-end propagation delay to the slot size is described. This proposed protocol also achieves almost the same performance as that of DQDB. >
Wind Turbine radar signature characterization by laboratory measurements

WTC (Wind Turbine Clutter) is clutter caused by wind turbines in the radar vicinity. As the power capacity of a single wind turbine increases, its size also increases dramatically. As a result, wind turbines not only block the radar beam, causing shadowing effects, but also create spectral contaminations due to the blade rotation. As a recently recognized type of clutter, WTC radar signatures need to be fully studied so that better solutions can be found for mitigation from radar data. Field measurements have difficulties controlling wind turbine motions, but laboratory measurements have full control of the wind turbine model, radar and EM environment. For such a purpose, the wind turbine-radar interaction was emulated in the laboratory, with full controllability of a scaled wind turbine model in an anechoic chamber. A scatterometer was made to emulate the actual radar functions. The measured wind turbine model Radar Cross Section (RCS) fluctuation caused by blade rotation and yaw movement will be shown. The Physical Optics (PO) EM solver was applied to simulate the scaled model RCS. The spectrogram and related features will also be analyzed.