cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Makes a Professional Video? A Computational Aesthetics Approach

Understanding the characteristics of high-quality professional videos is important for video classification, video quality measurement, and video enhancement. A professional video is good not only for its interesting story but also for its high visual quality. In this paper, we study what makes a professional video from the perspective of aesthetics. We discuss how a professional video is created and correspondingly design a variety of features that distinguish professional videos from amateur ones. We study general aesthetics features that are applied to still photos and extend them to videos. We design a variety of features that are particularly relevant to videos. We examined the performance of these features in the problem of professional and amateur video classification. Our experiments show that with these features, 97.3% professional and amateur shot classification accuracy rate is achieved on our own data set and 91.2% professional video detection rate is achieved on a public professional video set. Our experiments also show that the features that are particularly for videos are shown most effective for this task.
Scrabble as a tool for Haitian Creole literacy: Sociolinguistic and orthographic foundations

This paper argues that Scrabble can be used as a tool to help maintain and grow all levels of Haitian Creole literacy and it provides the technical details for developing the game. The rules of the English version are given to introduce the game’s basic structure. Haiti’s educational, sociolinguistic, and literacy conditions are presented in order to put in context the orthographic form proposed for the Haitian Creole version. An overview of game culture in Haiti shows Scrabble’s potential for success. Previous research on the adaptation of Scrabble into Latin by means of a quantitative corpus-linguistic method is examined. Difficult aspects of standard Haitian Creole orthography (IPN) are discussed in order to expose potential pitfalls in design. Quantitative analysis of a Haitian Creole textual corpus provides an empirical basis for the distribution of letter tiles and their point values. Problems encountered in test-games played by Haitian-American university students and Haitian elementary and high school students inform the final proposal. The paper examines the work necessary for the successful introduction of Haitian Creole Scrabble and it provides independent evidence of the game’s cognitive benefits. Haitian Creole Scrabble is argued to be a creative and special method for expanding and strengthening literacy in Haitian Creole and other creole languages.
Studies on the incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into a virus nucleic acid.

Abstract 1. 1. 5-Fluorouracil has been incorporated into the nucleic acid of tobacco mosaic virus. 2. 2. The proportion of uracil replaced varies from 28 to 47%. The amounts of other bases are unchanged. 3. 3. The base composition of the progeny of the substituted virus is normal. 4. 4. The ability of the substituted virus to promote the synthesis of progeny in a systemic host is decreased. 5. 5. On local lesion hosts the activity of the substituted virus is identical with that of normal virus, within limits of the experimental method. 6. 6. The relationship of these and similar findings is discussed.
Fas Ligand-Induced Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Immune Privilege

The eye is a privileged site that cannot tolerate destructive inflammatory responses. Inflammatory cells entering the anterior chamber of the eye in response to viral infection underwent apoptosis that was dependent on Fas (CD95)-Fas ligand (FasL) and produced no tissue damage. In contrast, viral infection in gld mice, which lack functional FasL, resulted in an inflammation and invasion of ocular tissue without apoptosis. Fas-positive but not Fas-negative tumor cells were killed by apoptosis when placed within isolated anterior segments of the eyes of normal but not FasL-negative mice. FasL messenger RNA and protein were detectable in the eye. Thus, Fas-FasL interactions appear to be an important mechanism for the maintenance of immune privilege.
Correlation of two particles on a sphere

We consider the correlation of two particles on a sphere interacting via various repulsive forces: a Coulomb repulsion, a Gaussian, and a $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function. This "rigid-bender" picture with Coulomb repulsion provides a schematic model of intrashell angular correlation in doubly excited two-electron atoms. We examine energy levels and reduced densities $\ensuremath{\rho}({\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12})$ for states corresponding to shells ${n}_{1}={n}_{2}=2,3,4$. Energy levels for fully converged states fall into remarkable rovibrator patterns, as found in the corresponding three-dimensional case by Kellman and Herrick. The rovibrator nature of the states is directly reflected in plots of $\ensuremath{\rho}({\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12})$, which reveal both collective rotations and vibrations and even the influence of centrifugal distortion. A minimal basis (${l}_{max}=n\ensuremath{-}1$) is inadequate to represent angular correlation in the higher-energy states of each shell. The repulsive Gaussian potential, which is finite at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12}=0$, shows the onset of independent-particle shell-model behavior in higher-energy states. Comparison of the Coulomb case with the delta-function potential exhibits the degree to which kinematics governs wave-function character.
One-dimensional Ising model in a variety of random fields

We study one-dimensional Ising models in the presence of various random-field (RF) distributions. The distribution which determines the average free energy and other thermodynamic properties is found to be a devil's staircase for discrete RF distributions and continuous for nondiscrete RF distributions. Thus, any experiment that can be done on these systems will not show this devil's-staircase behavior, due to the natural broadening of RF distributions in real physical systems. Experiments will show some reminiscence of the largest steps and this is associated with the broadening of the peaks of the RF distributions.
Angular Correlations of Gamma Rays in Cascade from Levels in Lu 175 and Hf 177

The directional angular correlations of the 208.36-112.97 kev gamma-gamma cascade in ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{177}$ and the 89.36-343.40 and 282.57-113.81 kev cascades in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ have been measured with a coincidence scintillation spectrometer using NaI detectors. The observed correlation functions obtained with dilute aqueous solution sources are $W(\ensuremath{\theta})=1\ensuremath{-}(0.1614\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015){P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$, $W(\ensuremath{\theta})=1+(0.001\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004){P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$, and $W(\ensuremath{\theta})=1+(0.221\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004){P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$, respectively.These results, taken together with conversion coefficient measurements, indicate that ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}$ for the 282.57-kev gamma ray in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ is 0.05. The sign of $\ensuremath{\delta}$, defined below, is positive. The mixing ratio of the 208.36-kev gamma ray in ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{177}$ is $\frac{M2}{E1}=0.001$; in this case the sign of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is negative. The sign of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ for the 113.81-kev gamma ray in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ is positive, and the sign of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ for the 112.97-kev gamma ray in ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{177}$ is negative.
Rehearsing and retaining mental matrices

In the basic experimental paradigm, students listened to one set of auditory messages which described the placements of eight numbers in an imaginable matrix and then listened to another set of messages describing the placements of numbers in a second imaginable matrix. This paradigm was varied by informing or not informing students which of the two matrices would be tested before the messages for either matrix were presented, by asking students to add together the contents of the two matrices, or by introducing different, potentially interfering tasks as part of the paradigm. Recall was tested by asking students to write in the correct cells of a blank matrix. Both matrices were recalled equally well when students expected to recall both. Further, the contents of the two matrices could be added together with accuracy above a chance level. Opportunities to rehearse improved recall. No decrement in recall was produced by conditions such as subtraction or cancelling numbers or listening to messages describing an image that would not be tested. The conditions that reduced retention were ones that required reporting the contents of the matrices in an order which differed from the input order or that required the recall of a second image. These results appeared to be consistent with a modified level of processing approach.
Studies on the peptides encoded by rat and human angiotensin II complementary RNA.

Some evidence suggests that RNA complementary to the messenger RNA encoding a peptide hormone encodes a complementary peptide that binds the original peptide hormone. The objective of this investigation was to assess in vivo the ability of complementary angiotensin II (II Ang) peptides to block the biological effects of angiotensin II (Ang II). Increasing concentrations of rat or human II Ang were preincubated with Ang II for 2 hours, and this solution was then infused intra-arterially into the superior mesenteric artery. Human, but not rat, II Ang dose-dependently inhibited Ang II-induced mesenteric vasoconstriction. The in vivo inhibitory potencies of human II Ang and [Sar1,Ile8]Ang II, with respect to inhibition of the pressor response to Ang II, were compared by infusing intravenously increasing doses of each blocker and determining their effects on a fixed intravenous dose of Ang II. Although human II Ang could abolish the pressor response to Ang II, [Sar1,Ile8]Ang II was approximately 100 times more potent in this regard. A fixed dose of human II Ang (150 micrograms/min i.v.) inhibited the effects of increasing doses of Ang II on mesenteric vascular resistance, arterial blood pressure, and aldosterone secretion. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of human II Ang and Ang II were determined both separately and when combined in the same cuvette. The spectrum obtained by overlaying the separate spectra for these two peptides was the same as the spectrum obtained from the mixture of these two peptides in the same cuvette.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Group Coleadership: A Critical Review

A review of group literature, much of which is anecdotal or theoretical, revealed that coleadership has been a common practice in training and therapeutic settings for well over 50 years. Careful examination of group practice reveals a surprisingly small amount of empirical evidence to support what apparently is a widely practiced method for the training of group leaders. However, the anecdotal support of group coleader practice is impressive if not convincing. That scholarly work is summarized in this article, and research implications for coleader practice are discussed as they relate to counselor preparation.
Ethnicity, education, and the non-proportional hazard of first marriage in Turkey

This study uses the 1998 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey to estimate non-proportional piecewise-constant hazards for first marriage among women in Turkey by education and ethnicity, with controls for region of residence and rural–urban migration. At low education levels Kurdish speakers married earlier than women who spoke Turkish or other languages, but at high education levels Kurdish women delayed marriage more than other women. This reversal across education groups furnishes a new illustration of the minority-group-status hypothesis specifically focused on marriage as the first step in the family formation process. The ethnic contrast concerned only marriage timing in Turkey, not proportions ever marrying. Eventual marriage remained nearly universal for all groups of women. This means that an assumption of proportional duration hazards (widespread in contemporary research) across the whole range of marriage-forming ages should be replaced by models with non-proportional duration hazards.
Degenerate doping and conduction-band properties of Si studied by synchrotron photoemission of Sb/Si(001).

Photoemission of the Sb-covered Si(001) surface showed that the Fermi-level position crosses the conduction-band minimum of Si for Sb coverages approaching a 1-monolayer saturation limit. Momentum-resolved photoemission of the Sb-saturated Si(001) surface revealed the existence of an occupied initial state located near the conduction-band minimum. The metallic character of the surface is shown to be indicative of degenerate doping in the near-surface region.
Hadamard Multiplex Multichannel Spectroscopy to Achieve a Spectroscopic Power Distribution Advantage

A Hadamard approach employing an encoding mask at the entrance to a spectrograph and a multichannel detector is described. This approach provides an energy throughput advantage which should prove important for a variety of emission-mode measurements requiring collection of radiation from an extended source. The performance of the system is demonstrated for mercury lamp atomic emission and rhodamine B fluorescence measurements. Simulations are used to investigate mechanical requirements in the construction of the system.
Peru archaeological radiocarbon database, 13,000–7000 14C B.P.

We synthesize the available radiocarbon data from Peruvian archaeological sites for the Terminal Pleistocene through Middle Holocene. Compilation and calibration of this dataset provide a new opportunity to examine trends in archaeological site distributions and occupation intensity. We compare the spatial and temporal patterning of radiocarbon dated archaeological sites with paleoenvironmental information to discuss possible human–environment dynamics and to identify major taphonomic biases affecting the existing dataset. Further, we evaluate the history of radiocarbon dating of Terminal Pleistocene to Mid-Holocene archaeological sites in both coastal and highland settings to identify research biases affecting the record and suggest ways in which future research may address these deficiencies.
Enhancement of thermochemical hydrogen production using an iron–silica magnetically stabilized porous structure

Abstract A synthesis process for creating an iron-based magnetically stabilized porous structure is described in detail. The structure is used as the reactive substrate for a two-step water splitting, hydrogen production process. The stability and reactivity of a 205 g magnetically stabilized structure operating at 873, 973, 1023 and 1073 K over eleven consecutive oxidation and reduction cycles has been investigated. Applying an external magnetic field exploits sintering and controls the geometry of the matrix of particles inside the structure in a favorable manner so that the chemical reactivity of the structure remains intact. The experimental results demonstrate that this structure yields peak hydrogen production rates of approximately 29 cm 3 /(min g Fe ) at 1073 K without noticeable degradation over eleven consecutive cycles. The hydrogen production rate is considerably higher than those reported in the open literature for two-step water splitting processes. SEM images, hydrogen production rates, permeability of the bed, and the bed height confirm that the gas–solid contact area and porosity of the magnetically stabilized porous structure is sustained after consecutive cycling at high reaction temperatures.
Finding the missing eclipse perspective: the runtime perspective

When evolving object-oriented code, developers need to understand both the code structure and the runtime structure. However, Integrated Development Environments such as Eclipse still predominantly emphasize the code structure. We propose to add to Eclipse a Runtime Perspective to complement the existing perspectives such as the Java code perspective and the debugging perspective, and to present to developers a hierarchical abstract runtime structure in terms of abstract objects and relations between them.
Quadriceps strength and volitional activation before and after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis

Introduction: Patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee have quadriceps weakness and arthrogenous muscle inhibition (AMI). While total knee arthroplasty (TKA) reliably reduces pain and improves function in patients with knee OA, quadriceps weakness persists after surgery. The purpose of this investigation was to assess contributions of AMI to quadriceps weakness before and after TKA and to assess the effect of pain on AMI. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with unilateral, end-stage, primary knee OA were tested an average of 10 days before and 26 days after TKA. The mean age at time of operation was 63 years (range 49–82 years). Measurements on the involved and uninvolved knees were performed using the burst-superimposition technique, where supramaximal electrical stimulation is superimposed on a voluntary contraction. Knee pain during contraction was measured using a numeric rating scale. Results: The involved quadriceps were significantly weaker than the uninvolved prior to TKA (p<0.05). Quadriceps strength decreased by 60% (p<0.001) and activation decreased 17% (p<0.001) after TKA. Changes in muscle activation accounted for 65% of the variability in the change in quadriceps strength (r2=0.65) (p<0.001). Knee pain during muscle contraction accounted for a small, but significant portion of the change in voluntary activation (r2=0.22) (p=0.006). Discussion: Exercise regimens that emphasize strong muscle contraction and clinical tools that facilitate muscle activation like biofeedback and neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be necessary to reverse the quadriceps activation failure and weakness in the patients with knee OA that worsens after TKA. The failure of current rehabilitation regimens to directly address activation deficits within the first months after surgery may explain the persistent quadriceps weakness in patients after TKA.
Detection of cerebral lateralization of function using EEG alpha-contingent visual stimulation II.

Abstract The replicative reliability of durations of alpha-blocking following visual stimulation over different cortical sites was assessed with the method of alpha-contingent stimulation. Fourteen right-handed undergraduates were tested in a randomized factorial design. Words or geometric designs of equal luminance were presented by a computer to randomly selected visual half-fields contingent on the occurrence of alpha at one of 4 placements (left and right occipital and left and right temporal). The control (x/s) of alpha-blocking durations was significantly greater for contralateral visual half-field stimulation compared to ipsilateral visual half-field stimulation. This and other results were interpreted in terms of the concept of replicative reliability of retinal-cortical connections to occipital and temporal lobes and affirm the validity and sensitivity of the method.
IMPORTANCE OF COULOMBIC END EFFECTS ON CATION ACCUMULATION NEAR OLIGOELECTROLYTE B-DNA : A DEMONSTRATION USING 23NA NMR

The local cation concentration at the surface of oligomeric or polymeric B-DNA is expected, on the basis of MC simulations (Olmsted, M. C., C. F. Anderson, and M. T. Record, Jr. 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:7766–7770), to decrease sharply as either end of the molecule is approached. In this paper we report 23Na NMR measurements indicating the importance of this "coulombic" end effect on the average extent of association of Na+ with oligomeric duplex DNA. In solutions containing either 20-bp synthetic DNA or 160-bp mononucleosomal calf thymus DNA at phosphate monomer concentrations [P] of 4–10 mM, measurements were made over the range of ratios 1
Heavy-Metal-Free Reduction Methodology for Large-Scale Synthesis Applicable to Heterocyclic and Arylhydrazines†

A green chemistry methodology that uses a heavy-metal-free reduction in aqueous medium is described to produce 5-hydrazinoquinoline [1-(quinolin-5-yl)hydrazine] (6a) as the anhydrous dihydrochloride salt at large scale. The process is entirely aqueous and utilizes l-ascorbic acid to reduce the diazonium salt (2a) derived from 5-aminoquinoline [quinolin-5-amine] (1a).
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activity modulates topiramate potentiation of GABA(A) receptors.

Summary Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) prevents inhibition of non-NMDA glutamate receptors by the anticonvulsant topiramate. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp techniques, we demonstrate that PKA activity also modulates topiramate potentiation of recombinant GABA A receptors expressed in Xenpus laevis oocytes. PKA activators, dibutyryl-cAMP and forskolin, attenuate topiramate potentiation, whereas the PKA inhibitor H-89 increases topiramate potentiation. Thus, endogenous PKA activity and receptor phosphorylation states may contribute to topiramate treatment efficacy.
4. New frontiers in the rehabilitative management of pain

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights the new frontiers in the rehabilitative management of acute, subacute, and chronic pain. As part of the chapter on pain in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation, this article contains sections on complementary medicine, manual medicine, mind-body techniques, spinal injections, nonspinal injections, spinal cord stimulators, implantable pumps, intravenous medications, and surgical interventions.
Previous stress alters corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission in the locus coeruleus

Abstract Spontaneous and stress-evoked discharge of locus coeruleus neurons were characterized in rats with a history of stress. Rats exposed to one or five daily 30-min sessions of footshock were anesthetized with halothane and surgically prepared for locus coeruleus single-unit recording immediately following the last session. Locus coeruleus spontaneous discharge rate and discharge evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation were comparable between acutely and repeatedly stressed rats and controls. In contrast, locus coeruleus activation produced by intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (3 μg) or by hypotensive challenge (which requires endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor release in the locus coeruleus) was greatly attenuated in acutely stressed rats. The corticotropin-releasing factor dose-response curve was shifted to the right in acutely stressed rats compared with controls. In repeatedly stressed rats, the effects of 3 μg corticotropin-releasing factor on locus coeruleus discharge were similarly diminished. Although the maximum effect produced by corticotropin-releasing factor was decreased in these rats, the dose-response curve was shifted to the left, indicative of sensitization. Hypotensive challenge, which was ineffective in acutely stressed rats, increased locus coeruleus discharge of repeatedly stressed rats by a similar magnitude as in matched controls. The return of locus coeruleus responsiveness to hypotension in repeatedly stressed rats may be related to the sensitization to corticotropin-releasing factor. Finally, the protocol of repeated stress did not alter the affinity or density of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in either the frontal cortex or brainstem. Taken together, the results suggest that a history of stress alters corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission in the locus coeruleus at the postsynaptic level. However, these effects are not reflected by corticotropin-releasing factor binding kinetics in brainstem. Stress-induced changes in corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmitter function in the locus coeruleus may play a role in certain symptoms of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Effect of Intermolecular Electrostatic Interactions on the End-over-End Rotational Dynamics of 200-Base-Pair DNAs

The self-rotational diffusion coefficients (D R ) of 200 bp DNAs were measured by a new transient polarization grating method. Measurements were performed over a range of added ionic strengths from 4 to 47 mM at a DNA concentration of 1.5 g/L, where the prevailing intermolecular electrostatic interactions begin to significantly affect the self-rotational relaxation times (τ R ≡ (6D R ) -1 ). With decreasing added ionic strength from 20 to 4 mM, τ R is observed to increase by 12% from 3800 to 4260 ns. Abolition of this increase, when the DNA concentration is reduced by 2-fold to 0.75 g/L, demonstrates the intermolecular origin of this phenomenon. The strengths of the intermolecular interactions are characterized by the second virial term, ρB 2 , where ρ is the DNA rod density and B 2 is the second virial coefficient. This second virial term takes the values 0.27, 0.37, 0.46, and 1.53 at respectively 47, 26, 20, and 4 mM added ionic strength. The rise in τ R between 20 and 4 mM added ionic strength is associated with a large increase in the second (and third) virial terms that reflects a shift from primarily two-rod to multirod interactions. A theory is formulated for the enhancement of rotational friction via reflected hydrodynamic interactions from the neighbors around a given diffusor. The increase in τ R with decreasing added ionic strength from 20 to 4 mM is attributed to increasingly parallel alignment of neighboring rods over this range. Because perpendicular orientations are favored when two-rod interactions dominate the virial series, it is inferred that parallel orientations must be favored by multirod interactions. According to the second virial terms, the rise in τ R of the present 200 bp DNA sample on one hand and the decrease in scattered intensity and change in translational dynamics of the 150 bp DNA sample studied by Fulmer et al. on the other appear to occur over similar ranges of corresponding states. These intermolecular structural transitions evidently are not true isotropic to nematic transitions but may correspond to a thwarted transition of that kind.
Parameterization of the influence of organic surfactants on aerosol activation

[1] Surface-active organic compounds, or surfactants, can affect aerosol activation by two mechanisms: lowering surface tension and altering the bulk hygroscopicity of the particles. A numerical model has been developed to predict the activation of aerosol particles consisting of an internally uniform chemical mixture of organic surfactants and inorganic salts in a parcel of air rising adiabatically at constant speed. Equations reflecting water balance of the air parcel were used together with a modified form of Kohler theory to model droplet nucleation while considering surface effects. We also extend a parametric representation of aerosol activation to the case of a mixture of inorganic salts and organic surfactants by modifying the Raoult term in Kohler theory (assuming additive behavior) and using a simplified relationship between surface tension and surfactant molar concentration to account for surface effects at the critical radius for activation. The close agreement (to within 10% for most and 20% for almost all conditions) between numerical and parametric results validates our modifications. Moreover, the form of the relationship is identical to an empirical relationship between surface tension and organic carbon concentration. Thus the modified form of the parameterization provides a framework that can account for the influence of observed organics on the activation of other salts. The modified form of the parameterization is tested successfully with the Po Valley model both for single aerosol size distribution and three-mode size distributions for marine, rural, and urban aerosols. Further measurements are required to extend the parameterization to other organic surfactants.
Aspergillus infection of prosthetic aortic valves.

Two cases of aspergillus infection of prosthetic aortic valves are discussed. In both femoral artery embolism was an important feature. In the first case endocarditis became apparent when embolism occurred 14 months after prosthetic valve insertion and roentgenograms then revealed a “double exposure” sign of partial valve detachment Additional clues were excessive valve hemolysis and loss of the ball opening sound. Reoperation and chemotherapy have led to survival for more than a year. In the other case, massive vegetations caused death soon after surgery.
Effects of surface roughness on water droplet impact history and heat transfer regimes

Abstract Still and high speed photographic techniques and heat transfer measurements were used to study the impact of water droplets on heated surfaces with different roughness. The study encompassed droplet Weber numbers of 20, 60 and 220 and surface temperatures of 100–280°C, covering droplet stability and heat transfer regimes established previously by the authors for polished surfaces. Three different surface finishes, polished, particle blasted and rough sanded, with respective arithmetic average surface roughness values of 97, 970 and 2960 nm, were applied to the test surfaces. While the temperature corresponding to critical heat flux (CHF) was fairly independent of surface roughness, the Leidenfrost point (LFP) temperature was especially sensitive to surface finish. The parametric effects of Weber number and surface temperature were consolidated into droplet impact regime maps for each of the three surface finishes. Aside from depicting the commonly known boiling curve regimes of film, transition and nucleate boiling, and thin film evaporation, these maps illustrate the complex liquid-solid interactions which occur during the lifetime of the impacting droplet within each of the boiling curve regimes, thus serving as an effective reference for future modeling of droplet heat transfer. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Identification of Desulfosporosinus as toluene-assimilating microorganisms from a methanogenic consortium

Abstract To understand the potential for toluene removal under electron acceptor depleted conditions, stable isotope probing (SIP) was applied to a methanogenic toluene degrading culture to identify the microorganisms responsible for toluene assimilation. Both bacterial and archaeal communities were investigated. The approach involved addition of labeled and unlabeled toluene to microcosms, DNA extraction, ultracentrifugation, and analysis of the generated fractions, as well as the total genomic DNA. Three genes were investigated in the fractions, including the 16S rRNA gene, bssA (encoding for benzylsuccinate synthase α-subunit) and bamA (encoding for 6-oxocylcohex-1-ene-1-carbonyl-CoA hydrolase). Analysis of the total genomic 16S rRNA gene clone library indicated the microbial community was reasonably diverse, containing microorganisms from six phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Deferribacteres, Bacteroidetes). In contrast, only four phylotypes were found in the heavy fraction 16S rRNA gene clone library (from three phyla: Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria). When these data were correlated with the TRFLP fragments enriched in the heavy fractions, three phylotypes were identified. Specifically, a Desulfosporosinus phylotype was highly enriched in the heavy fractions and was therefore the key consumer of the labeled carbon from toluene. Two other phylotypes, Peptostreptococcaceae and Pseudonocardia were presumed to consume daughter products and produce methane precursors, which in turn were likely utilized by Methanomicrobia to produce methane. Further, the SIP results suggested that the enzymes encoding by functional genes (bssA and bamA) were likely to be harbored by the Desulfosporosinus phylotype.
There is No Such Thing as the State: Discourse, Effect and Performativity

The ‘state’ is one of the foundational concepts in the fields of development studies, yet it is often employed in the literature uncritically, with academics assuming an essentialised presence of the state. This article begins with Roxanne Doty’s blunt and provocative observation: ‘There is no such thing as “the state”’, which forces us to stop and examine closely what it is we are actually seeing when we talk about ‘the state’. This article offers a conception of ‘the state’ as a discursively produced structural/structuring effect that relies on constant acts of performativity to call it into being. Thus, the ‘state’ is understood not as an essentialised entity, but an ongoing process. The article elaborates the 3 core parts of this conceptualisation – discursive construction, structural/structuring effect and performativity – in greater detail, with an eye for possible future avenues of inquiry. The discussion is grounded in empirical examples about state‐making practices related to the creation and mai...
A Survey of Plasma Instrumentation

Most of the properties of plasmas are difficult to determine. This is especially true for high temperature, dense, transient plasmas such as encountered in controlled fusion research. If high temperatures and long plasma confinement times are to be achieved the measuring instruments must not perturb the plasma. Since each transient event has its own personality and cannot be expected to be exactly like any preceding or subsequent event, all information (ideally) must be collected each time, without relying on reproducibility. Such plasma instrumentation has been given the name "plasma diagnostics". A survey and evaluation of several diagnostic techniques is given. Applications of some of the more important ones to specific experiments are shown and a comparison of measured quantities is made. A tabulation of several commonly used techniques is given in Tables I, II and III, together with a crude evaluation of them. Most of the methods are applicable to general plasma work but some are used only in controlled fusion experimentation.
A topological theory of phase diagrams for multiphase reacting mixtures

Residue curve maps are an effective way of representing phase equilibria in non-ideal multicomponent mixtures. In this representation the phase equilibrium surfaces are replaced by an equivalent flow of trajectories of a vector field. The flow is characterized by a set of singular points that correspond to the pure components and azeotropes present in the mixture. It is shown that the patterns in these maps for reaction mixtures obey a global constraint arising from a topological invariant for the manifold on which they are defined. This constraint is in the form of an integer equation that phase diagrams must obey in addition to the Gibbs phase rule. The main advantage of the method is that certain global statements can be made about the structure of reactive phase diagrams, independently of the details of phase equilibrium data or models.
Near-death encounters with and without near-death experiences: Comparative NDE scale profiles

In a retrospective study contrasting the near-death encounters of 183 persons who reported near-death experiences and 63 persons who reported no near-death experience, the two groups did not differ in age, gender, or time elapsed since the near-death encounter. Near-death experiencers reported all 16 items of the NDE Scale significantly more often than did nonexperiencers.
The Effects of School-Based Substance Abuse Education — A Meta-Analysis:

Since the late 1960s, evaluators have examined the use of school-based alcohol and drug education programs as a means of substance abuse prevention. Narrative reviews of these evaluations agree on two points. The evaluations are generally of poor quality and they do not provide evidence that substance abuse education reduces drug use. This study used meta-analysis to review a carefully selected sample of evaluations in this area. Outcomes of thirty-three evaluations were statistically integrated. The meta-analysis showed that typical substance abuse education had its most positive effects on knowledge and attitudes, but was unsuccessful in changing the drug-using behaviors of students. Attitudinal effects were significantly higher when peers were used as instructional leaders and when group discussion was part of the instructional method. Furthermore, students who volunteered for substance abuse education reported lower drug use after treatment than did students who were required to participate in such pr...
Separate handles from names on the internet

The human meaning of domain names attracts conflict over their control, degrading their reliability as permanent handles. Solution: support handles separately from names.
Condensed tannins of cotton leaves

Abstract Some primitive races of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) are almost immune to spider mites. These strains contain condensed tannins of about 20% of dry wt. The tannins accumulate in leaves and their concentration increases in successive leaves until about the 10th true leaf. The upper leaves maintain this quantity until early fall. The condensed tannins give a moderate astringency to the leaf, and are mixed polymers hydrolysing in acidic digests to 1 part cyanidin and 4 parts delphinidin.
On the impatience implications of Paretian social welfare functions

In this paper, we investigate the impatience implications resulting from the assumption of existence of a Paretian social welfare function (SWF) aggregating infinite utility streams. We show, for very general program spaces, that the set of utility streams, at which the SWF exhibits impatience, has the power of the continuum. In the context of a more special program space, which has figured prominently in the literature, we establish that this set is dense, so that even if there is a point in the program space at which the SWF does not exhibit impatience, there are points close to it at which it does. If the Paretian SWF is continuous (in the sup metric), we show that impatience is generic: the collection of points, at which the SWF does not exhibit impatience, is a closed, nowhere dense set.
Fraction size dependent sparing effects of clinically relevant fractionated radiotherapy protocols on human glioma multicellular spheroids

Clinically relevant X-ray irradiation protocols were chosen to evaluate the radiation response of human glioma cell lines, A1207 and U-373 MG, grown as multicellular spheroids. The protocols included single-dose fraction (SF), conventional fractionation (CF; 2 Gy per fraction, 24 hr interval), hyperfractionation (HF; 1.0 Gy per fraction, 12 hr interval), and accelerated hyperfractionation (AHF; 1.5 Gy per fraction, 6 hr interval). Spheroids from both cell lines are clearly more refractory to the cytotoxic effects of multifractionated irradiation than the single-dose irradiation. Dose-sparing effects of CF or HF were comparable in the two cell ilnes. More detailed studies of A1207 spheroids showing sparing effects are fraction size dependent. The smaller the dose size per fraction, the larger the sparing effect. In order to achieve the same biological effect using multifractionated irradiation, compared to single dose, a higher dose is needed to compensate for sublethal damage repair which occurred in the fraction intervals. The relative doses required for achieving isoeffect as SF were 145%, 160%, and 169% for CF, AHF, and HF, respectively, when a total dose of 10 Gy was administered. The isoeffective doses for AHF and HF compared to CF were 113% and 126%, respectively. There was also an increase in sparing effect with increasing total dose administered as multifraction. Our results suggest that in the design of multifractionated radiotherapy regimens, fraction size dependent sparing effects related to dose per fraction and total dose on human gliomas should be taken into consideration to optimize therapeutic outcome. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Embryo Development in Phaseolus vulgaris: II. Analysis of Selected Inorganic Ions, Ammonia, Organic Acids, Amino Acids, and Sugars in the Endosperm Liquid.

Endosperm liquid bathes the embryo of Phaseolus vulgaris from the heart stage through the late cotyledon state. This liquid was aspirated from many ovules of the same stage, pooled, and analyzed for the following constituents and parameters: [List: see text]
The Development of an Acoustical Thermometer for a Graphite Matrix Nuclear Fuel Element

The development of an acoustical thermometer for use in graphite matrix nuclear fuel elements is described. Test results indicate that this thermometer accomplished the objective of automatically, accurately, and reliably recording temperatures of a number of sensors. The acoustical thermometer system offers a wider choice of signal transmission line and sensor materials than conventional thermometer systems, since it does not require the use of electrical insulators or the conductors in them. This advantage was the main reason for choosing the acoustical thermometer for use in the particular environment of interest. While the development of the thermometer was directly aimed at the solution of problems associated with a nuclear and carbonaceous environment, a number of observations are presented that should be pertinent to acoustical thermometer design in general.
Peer Victimization and Pediatric Obesity: A Review of the Literature.

Childhood obesity is associated with a variety of medical and psychosocial consequences. Children who are obese are at an increased risk of being victims of weight-based stigmatization by their peers. Negative views toward obese individuals may be expressed through children's friendship selections and expressed levels of overt (e.g., pushing, hitting) and relational (e.g., spreading rumors, weight-based teasing) forms of aggression. This report provides a review of the existing research on peer victimization and its impact on children's psychological, social, and behavioral functioning. Interventions for weight-based stigmatization and victimization are reviewed, and recommendations to improve the effectiveness of such interventions are provided. Future directions for the research literature are suggested to address limitations in the extant literature and highlight potential areas of inquiry that can provide information for the development of effective interventions for the victimization of obese youth. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the analysis of halofantrine (HF) in pharmaceuticals

Abstract A simple, rapid and stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of halofantrine (HF) base, 1,3-dichloro-α-[2-(dibutylamino)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanol. The HPLC method was validated for precision, accuracy, selectivity and linearity and range. It was used to assay for HF base in solid dispersions. Excellent linearity was observed between HF base concentration and the peak area ( R 2 =0.9998). The limit of detection was 1 ng (with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1), and the limit of quantitation was 10 ng (with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1). The method proved to be selective. Selectivity was validated by subjecting a stock solution of HF to acidic, basic, oxidative and thermal degradations. The peaks of the degradation products did not interfere with the peak of HF. Excipients present in the solid dispersions did not interfere with the analysis.
Advanced photovoltaic inverter functionality verification using 500kw power hardware-in-loop (PHIL) complete system laboratory testing

With the increasing penetration of distribution connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, more and more PV developers and utilities are interested in easing future PV interconnection concerns by mitigating some of the impacts of PV integration using advanced PV inverter controls and functions. This paper describes the testing of a 500kW PV inverter using Power Hardware-in-Loop (PHIL) testing techniques. The test setup is described and the results from testing the inverter in advanced functionality modes, not commonly used in currently interconnected PV systems, are presented. PV inverter operation under PHIL evaluation that emulated both the DC PV array connection and the AC distribution level grid connection are shown for constant power factor (PF) and constant reactive power (VAr) control modes. The evaluation of these modes was completed under varying degrees of modeled PV variability.
Evidence That Episodic Memory Impairment During Tobacco Abstinence Is Independent of Attentional Mechanisms

Previous studies have demonstrated reductions in episodic memory during nicotine withdrawal. However, these studies have been unable to dissociate memory reductions from losses in attention associated with tobacco abstinence. In the present study, the authors sought to determine whether episodic memory reduction is a primary effect of nicotine withdrawal during tobacco abstinence. Heavy smokers were tested when smoking normally and following 24 hrs of abstinence. Participants were tested with a recognition memory task in which items were studied under full and divided attention conditions. Forward digit span and backward digit span were also included as control measures. Withdrawal was associated with a reduction in memory performance that was independent of attention at encoding. The authors conclude that impairment of episodic memory is a primary effect of nicotine withdrawal during tobacco abstinence. Further research is required to determine if this is associated with continued use of tobacco and cessation failures.
Dehydrated Alfalfa in Dairy Cow Diets

Abstract The objective of Experiment 1 was to determine protein degradation in the rumen and amino acid supply to and absorption of amino acids from the intestine of lactating dairy cows receiving supplements of soybean meal or a combination of dehydrated alfalfa and corn gluten meal. Four lactating Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulae, were used in a switchback experiment. Two diets consisting of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate were fed. One diet contained soybean meal and the other contained a mixture of dehydrated alfalfa and corn gluten meal. It was estimated that 76% of the dietary protein was degraded in the rumen with the soybean meal diet compared with 62% with the dehydrated alfalfa:gluten meal diet. Flow of total amino acids to the duodenum was 13% higher for the dehydrated alfalfa:gluten meal than for the soybean meal diet. Experiment 2 consisted of two trials. The objective of Trial 1 was to measure rumen fermentation products in lactating dairy cows fed diets where dehydrated alfalfa, with or without urea, replaced 40% of the concentrate. The objective of Trial 2 was to measure milk production, milk composition, and plasma amino acids of dairy cows in early lactation fed the same diets as in Trial 1. Milk production was 34.7, 33.4, and 32.8 kg/d and milk fat was 3.48, 3.58, and 3.63% for the three diets, control, dehydrated alfalfa, and dehydrated alfalfa with urea.
Thomas Morton: From Merry Old England to New England

Nathaniel Hawthorne claims, in his brief preface to “The May-pole of Merry Mount,” that “the facts, recorded on the grave pages of our New England annalists, have wrought themselves, almost spontaneously,” into a “philosophical romance” and “a sort of allegory.” He later refers to these “true” and “authentic passages from history” as “a poet's tale.” Yet to anyone familiar with the sources available to Hawthorne,1 nothing is more striking than how much authentic history he has left out – most notably Thomas Morton himself, whose version of what transpired at his fur-trading post on Massachusetts Bay (New English Canaan) is indeed a tale told by a poet, albeit a minor one. What do we know about the man who put up the maypole that so outraged his pious neighbors? Who was Thomas Morton and why were the Puritans so offended by him? If his maypole symbolized the festive culture of Merry Old England, Morton epitomized its spirit. No wonder he was a persona non grata among the Puritans of New England, although Falstaff would have welcomed him to the Boar's Head Tavern. Like many a man of the Elizabethan Renaissance, he was enamored of classical learning and the New World; three times he abandoned London's Bankside to seek his fortune in Massachusetts Bay, at the risk of his life.