cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sintering of Conductive Rutile: A Model System for Sintering Electronic Ceramics

Titanium dioxide in the rutile form, and doped with ions of normal and stable valence of +5, is a ceramic system which is useful in studying the effects of electron chemical potential on the solid state sintering kinetics of electronic oxides. Calculations of requisite defect concentrations as well as experimental sintering data from carefully characterized starting powders indicate a strong correlation between sintering kinetics and the value of the electron chemical potential in Ta-doped rutile. The correlation appears so strong as to suggest that monitoring the electron chemical potential would allow quantitative predictions as to sintering rates in bulk diffusion controlled densification.
Do Research with Seriousness and Perseverance

In the current interview Prof. Lucio Gullo, a worldwide-recognized pancreatologist for his contribution on the understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of a number of pancreatic diseases including benign pancreatic hyperenzymemia, shares with Pancreatology his life experiences as a scientist in pancreatic research.
Promoter elements required for positive control of transcription of the Escherichia coli uhpT gene.

Abstract The uhpABCT locus of Escherichia coli encodes the transport system which allows the cell to accumulate a variety of sugar phosphates in unaltered form. The expression of uhpT, the gene encoding the transport protein, is regulated by the uhpABC gene products. The UhpA protein is required for expression; its deduced amino acid sequence shows that it belongs to a subfamily of bacterial transcription regulators including NarL, DegU, and FixJ. Members of this subfamily have an amino-terminal phosphorylation domain characteristic of so-called two-component regulators, such as OmpR, CheY, PhoB, and NtrC, and a carboxyl-terminal domain conserved among many transcriptional activators, including LuxR and MalT. The major sequence elements in the uhpT promoter that are needed for uhpT expression were investigated. Northern (RNA) hybridization analysis showed that the uhpT transcript was only present in cells induced for UhpT transport activity. The start site of transcription was identified by primer extension. Comparison of the regions upstream of the uhpT transcription start site in E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium suggested the presence of four sequence elements that might be involved in promoter function: a typical -10 region, a short inverted repeat centered at -32, a long inverted repeat centered at -64, and a cyclic AMP receptor protein-binding sequence centered at -103. Deletion and linker substitution mutations in the promoter demonstrated that the presence of the cyclic AMP receptor protein-binding site resulted in about an eightfold increase in promoter activity and that the -64, -32, and -10 elements were essential for promoter function. In vivo titration of transcriptional activator UhpA by the intact or mutant promoters on multicopy plasmids identified the -64 element as the UhpA-binding site. The two halves of the -64 inverted repeat did not contribute equally to promoter function and did not have to be intact for UhpA titration. The sequence recognized by UhpA is predicted to be 5' -GGCAAAACNNNGAAA.
Los Grobo: Farming's Future?

This case describes the international expansion plans of the second largest grain producer in Latin America, Los Grobo. Based in Argentina with US$550 million in annual sales, Los Grobo also operated in Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay -- usually with local partners. Los Grobo had an unusual business model: it did not own land nor farm machinery. Instead, it created a network of partnered producers and suppliers. In other words, it outsourced as much as possible. CEO Gustavo Grobocopatel believed that Los Grobo's network model was the best way to work within "farming's new paradigm," in which knowledge and technological advancements were farmers' most important tools.Learning Objective: Discuss Los Grobo's asset-light business model and contrast it with traditional farming set-ups. Look at the role of IT in farming today. Discuss the idea of farming's "new paradigm." Already operating in four countries with varying degrees of success, Los Grobo's expansion experience illustrates some of the opportunities and obstacles to international expansion for a modern agricultural company. Also, the case offers the opportunity to discuss if an agriculture company should own land to be successful.
Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders

Neuronal death underlies the symptoms of many human neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The identification of specific genetic and environmental factors responsible for these diseases has bolstered evidence for a shared pathway of neuronal death--apoptosis--involving oxidative stress, perturbed calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of cysteine proteases called caspases. These death cascades are counteracted by survival signals, which suppress oxyradicals and stabilize calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. With the identification of mechanisms that either promote or prevent neuronal apoptosis come new approaches for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disorders.
Solubilization and comparative properties of some mammalian diphosphopyridine nucleosidases.

Abstract Diphosphopyridine nucleosidases (DPNases) were solubilized from acetone powders prepared from some mammalian tissues. Solubilization was effected by the action of porcine pancreatic lipase on DPNases that are resistant to solubilization by trypsin and which heretofore had not been solubilized. Molecular weight estimates made on DPNases obtained from porcine, bovine, sheep, dog, horse, mouse, rabbit, and human tissues, as well as mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells indicate that these enzymes fall into three size classes: porcine, bovine, and sheep, ∼25,000; dog, ∼50,000; and the remainder between 70,000 and 90,000. The electrophoretic characteristics of the DPNases indicate that with the exception of the sheep brain material all the low molecular weight enzymes migrate toward the cathode at pH 7.0. The sheep DPNase as well as the enzymes from all the other sources studied migrate in the opposite direction. The mouse ascites cell, rat, rabbit, and sheep preparations are particularly interesting in that they show a number of multiple forms that are enzymatically active. Notwithstanding the variability in molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility, the solubilized mammalian DPNases exhibit similar although not identical catalytic properties in their sensitivity to nicotinamide inhibition, specificity to DPN+ and TPN+, and formation of the 3-acetylpyridine analogue of DPN+. A new catalytic stain is described that is specific for DPNases which carry out the exchange reaction with pyridine bases.
PICCing the best access for your patient

Results: Overall, 115 patients had 251 PICCs placed. Mean duration of catheterization was 11.3 days (total, 2,832 PICC-days); 42% of the patients were in an ICU at some point, 62% had urinary catheters, and 49% received mechanical ventilation. Six PICC-related BSIs were identified (2.4%), four with coagulase-negative staphylococcus, one with Staphylococcus aureus, and one with Klebsiella pneumoniae, for a rate of 2.1 per 1,000 catheter-days.
Constructively learning a near-minimal neural network architecture

Rather than iteratively manually examining a variety of pre-specified architectures, a constructive learning algorithm dynamically creates a problem-specific neural network architecture. Here we present an revised version of our parallel constructive neural network learning algorithm which constructs such an architecture. The three steps of searching for points on separating hyperplanes, determining separating hyperplanes from separating points and selecting separating hyperplanes generate a near-minimal architecture. As expected, experimental results indicate improved network generalization. >
Children's health care: Book and media reviews

It's OK to Say No; Sometimes It's OK to Tell Secrets; What Should You Do When . . .?; Your Body Is Your Own, Bahr, Amy C, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1986. These four books are part of a series. Each book: $4.95, hardback, 32 pp. It's My Body: A Book to Teach Young Children How to Resist Uncomfortable Touch, Freeman, Lory, Seattle, WA: Parenting Press, 1982. $3.00. Paperback, 32 pp. My Body Is Private, Girard, Linda Walvoord, Nile, IL: Albert Whitman & Co., 1984. $10.25. Hardback, 32 pp. A Better Safe than Sorry Book: A Family Guide for Sexual Assault Prevention, Gordon, Sol, and Judith Gordon, Fayetteville, NY: Ed‐U Press, 1984. $5.95. Paperback, 40 pp. A Very Touching Book: . . . for Little People and for Big People, Hindman, Jan, Durkee, OR: McClure‐Hindman Associates, 1983. $9.95. Paperback, 56 pp. Alice Doesn't Babysit Anymore, McGovern, Kevin B., Portland, OR: McGovern and Mulbacker Books, 1985. No price. Paperback, 46 pp. Something Happened to Me, Sweet, Phyllis E., Racine, WI: Mother Courage Press...
Venture Capital Investment: Status and Trends

This article looks first at the misguided generalization that entrepreneurship, and therefore small business in general, is a driver of job creation. Turning to a very slender slice of entrepreneurship that actually creates jobs, this article then looks at the status of macro trends in venture capital investing in light of the Great Recession and examines whether those trends have had an impact on the transaction terms presented to entrepreneurs by venture capital investors.
Deceiving insurance companies: new expression of an ancient tradition.

This editorial inaugurates a planned series of articles, published at irregular intervals, which address contemporary ethical issues facing general thoracic and cardiac surgeons. Dr Robert M. Sade, Associate Editor for Ethics, will lead this effort and plans a series of editorials and pro and con discussions. The intent of these articles is to raise the sensitivity of our readers to ethical issues and to support the high standards and integrity of our profession. L. Henry Edmunds, Jr, MD Editor
John Dewey’s Logic of Science

In recent years, pragmatism in general and John Dewey in particular have been of increasing interest to philosophers of science. Dewey’s work provides an interesting alternative package of views to those which derive from the logical empiricists and their critics, on problems of both traditional and more recent vintage. Dewey’s work ought to be of special interest to recent philosophers of science committed to the program of analyzing “science in practice.” The core of Dewey’s philosophy of science is his theory of inquiry—what he called “logic.” There is a major lacuna in the literature on this point, however: no contemporary philosophers of science have engaged with Dewey’s logical theory, and scholars of Dewey’s logic have rarely made connections with philosophy of science. This article aims to fill this gap, to correct some significant errors in the interpretation of key ideas in Dewey’s logical theory, and to show how Dewey’s logic provides resources for a philosophy of science.
The thermal neutron absorption cross-section of 240Pu

Abstract A measurement of the thermal neutron absorption cross-section of 240Pu has been made using the Oak Ridge Pile Oscillator. Enriched 240Pu samples and almost isotopically pure 239Pu samples were compared with gold standards. All samples were sufficiently thin so as to offer negligible self protection. The 240Pu was found to give a response per atom 2·94 times that of gold. Upon correcting for the non-(1/ν) character of 240Pu absorption, a value of285 ± 15 barns is computed for the 2200 m/sec absorption cross-section. The value of 314 ± 30 barns calculated from the resonance parameters of 240Pu is in agreement with this measurement.
Induction of neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells by astroglial-secreted factors is mediated by protein kinase C

Astroglial cells secrete a variety of growth factors that support neuronal survival induce neuritogenesis; this has been demonstrated experimentally by treating neuronal cells with medium that has been conditioned by being in contact with glial cells for 24hr ("glial conditioned medium" or GCM). We have also previously demonstrated that neuritogenesis is influenced by alterations in signal transduction protein kinases, including induction by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition and by protein kinase A (PKA) activation. In the present study, we sought to determine whether or not GCM induced neuritogenesis via signal transduction pathway(s) mediated by either PKA or PKC. Treatment for 4hr with GCM, the PKA activator dbcAMP, or the PKC inhibitors H7 and staurosporine increased the percentage of neuritic cells. The effect of GCM on neurite induction was additive to that of dbcAMP, but not to that of H7 or staurosporine. TPA treatment for 30min, which translocated PKC to the membrane, attenuated the extent of neuritogenesis induced by 30min GCM treatment. By contrast, TPA treatment for 4hr, which virtually depleted PKC from the cell, induced marked neuritogenesis and no longer attenuated GCM-induced neuritogenesis. These results suggest that GCM mediates its influence on neuronal differentiation via the PKC signal transduction pathway and is independent of PKA-mediated pathways.
Time Evoultion of Entropy in a System Comprised of a Boltzmann Type Gas: An Application of the Beretta Equation of Motion

Basing his work on a new formulation of thermodynamics called the Unified Quantum Theory of Mechanics and Thermodynamics first published in a series of four ground breaking papers in 1976 (Hatsopoulos and Gyftopoulos, 1976a, b, c, d), Beretta develops a dynamical postulate (Beretta et al. 1984; Beretta, Gyftopoulos, and Park, 1985) consistent both with the non-dynamical quantum mechanical postulates of the Unified Theory as well as with its thermodynamic ones (the 2nd Law in particular). The theory itself simply and elegantly extends in a unified fashion the concepts of thermodynamics to quantum mechanics and the concepts of quantum mechanics to thermodynamics. It does so without the bridge traditionally used, i.e. statistical mechanics, eliminating a number of the ambiguities, tautologies, and inconsistencies (including a built-in violation of the 2nd Law) inherent in the presentations of both Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics. This new formulation generalizes thermodynamics so that it applies to all systems large or small (including one particle systems) either in a state of thermodynamic (i.e. stable) equilibrium or not in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Beretta equation of motion describes the time evolution of the state of a system via a density operator which is uniquely based on an unambiguous preparation of an ensemble of identical systems, i.e. the so-called homogenous or irreducible ensemble, and does so both for unitary and non-unitary reversible as well as irreversible processes. In this paper, we present a simple application of this general equation of motion to the time evolution of the entropy of a closed system comprised of a Boltzmann type gas consisting of one or of many particles undergoing an irreversible process. A number of different energy eigenlevels and initial states and their effects on entropy generation and the final state of maximum entropy, i.e. stable equilibrium, are examined. A simple time-dependent work interaction is introduced into the formulation to show how this in turn affects the evolution of the state of the system.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) for Corn (Maize) Production and its Effect on Surface Water Quality

Mushroom farmers have large quantities of spent mushroom substrate after their crops are harvested. This material is used for a variety of purposes including the growth of field crops. SMS was incorporated into a poor quality soil before planting 90-day corn. Field plots were established where spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was incorporated at 22.5, 45.0 or 90.0 kg m−1, plus an untreated control on each of three years. Analysis of SMS indicates its nutrient level was 0.9-0.6-1.0 (N-P-K). Starter fertilizer was applied at planting along with an insecticide, but no herbicide. No additional fertilizer was used. Corn yields were significantly higher in SMS amended plots and the nitrogen content of both grain and stover was significantly higher than the control. Surface runoff water quality values from SMS amended soil were in the same range as those from the control treatments, the plots that received no SMS. Annual incorporation of up to 90 kg m−2 of SMS into land planted to corn did not degrade the quality ...
On the Analysis of Factorial Experiments Without Replication

This paper discusses several methods for judging which of m contraste provided by a factorial design without replication may be different from zero. These include the technique of half-normal pIotting, proposed by C. Daniel, for which some operating characteristics are given.
New advances in the pathophysiologic and radiologic basis of the exstrophy spectrum.

Abstract The exstrophy–epispadias complex is a rare spectrum of anomalies affecting the genitourinary system, anterior abdominal wall, and pelvis. Recent advances in the repair of classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) and cloacal exstrophy (CE) have resulted in significant changes in outcomes of surgical management (including higher continence rate, fewer surgical complications, and better cosmesis) and health-related quality of life in these patients. These noteworthy changes resulted from advances in the pathophysiological and genetic backgrounds of this disease and better radiologic assessment of the three-dimensional anatomy of the bony pelvis and its musculature. A PubMed search was performed with the keyword exstrophy. The resulting literature pertaining to genetics, stem cells, imaging, tissue engineering, epidemiology, and endocrinology was reviewed. The following represents an overview of the advances in basic science understanding and imaging of the exstrophy–epispadias spectrum and discusses their possible and future effects on the management of CBE and CE.
Heuristic Approaches for Transmission Scheduling in Sensor Networks with Multiple Mobile Sinks

A large part of the energy budget of traditional sensor networks is consumed by the hop-by-hop routing of the collected information to the static sink. In many applications it is possible to replace the static sink with one or more mobile sinks that move in a sensor field and collect the data through one-hop transmissions. This greatly reduces the power consumption of the nodes, which can be further reduced by choosing the appropriate moment of transmission. In general, the transmission energy increases quickly with the distance, and thus it makes sense for the nodes to transmit when one of the mobile sinks is in close proximity. Seeing the node as an autonomous agent, it needs to choose its actions of transmitting or buffering the collected data based on what it knows about the environment and its predictions about the future. The sensor agent needs to appropriately balance the following two objectives: the maximization of the utility of the collected and transmitted data and the minimization of the energy expenditure. We introduce the cummulative policy penalty as an expression of this interdependent pair of requirements. As a baseline, we describe a graph-theory-based approach for calculating the optimal policy in a complete knowledge setting. Then, we describe and compare three heuristics based on different principles (imitation of human decision making, stochastic transmission and constant risk). We compare the proposed approaches in an experimental study under a variety of scenarios.
Temporal Profiles of Cytoskeletal Protein Loss following Traumatic Axonal Injury in Mice

To examine the time course and relative extent of proteolysis of neurofilament and tubulin proteins after traumatic axonal injury (TAI), anesthetized mice were subjected to optic nerve stretch injury. Immunohistochemistry confirmed neurofilament accumulation within axonal swellings at 4, 24, and 72 h postinjury (n = 4 injured and 2 sham per time point). Immunoblotting of optic nerve homogenates (n = 5 injured and 1 sham at 0.5, 4, 24 or 72 h) revealed calpain-mediated spectrin proteolytic fragments after injury. Protein levels for NF68 progressively decreased from 0.5 h to 24 h postinjury, while NF200 and α-tubulin levels decreased acutely (0.5–4 h), with a secondary decline at 72 h postinjury. These data demonstrate that diffusely distributed TAI is associated not only with a localized accumulation of neurofilament proteins, but also significant decreases in total cytoskeletal protein levels which may be mediated, in part, by calpains. Protection of the axonal cytoskeleton represents a potential therapeutic target for axonal damage associated with injury or neurodegenerative diseases.
Mechanistic studies of the T4 DNA (gp41) replication helicase: functional interactions of the C-terminal Tails of the helicase subunits with the T4 (gp59) helicase loader protein.

We compare the activities of the wild-type (gp41WT) and mutant (gp41ΔC20) forms of the bacteriophage T4 replication helicase. In the gp41ΔC20 mutant the helicase subunits have been genetically truncated to remove the 20 residue C-terminal tail peptide domains present in the wild-type enzyme. Here, we examine the interactions of these helicase forms with the T4 gp59 helicase loader and the gp32 single-stranded DNA binding proteins, both of which are physically and functionally coupled with the helicase in the T4 DNA replication complex. We show that the wild-type and mutant forms of the helicase do not differ in their ability to assemble into dimers and hexamers, nor in their interactions with gp61 (the T4 primase). However they do differ in their gp59-stimulated unwinding activities and in their abilities to translocate along a ssDNA strand that has been coated with gp32. We demonstrate that functional coupling between gp59 and gp41 involves direct interactions between the C-terminal tail peptides of the helicase subunits and the loading protein, and measure the energetics and kinetics of these interactions. This work helps to define a gp41–gp59 assembly pathway that involves an initial interaction between the C-terminal tails of the helicases and the gp59 loader proteins, followed by a conformational change of the helicase subunits that exposes new interaction surfaces, which can then be trapped by the gp59 protein. Our results suggest that the gp41–gp59 complex is then poised to bind ssDNA portions of the replication fork. We suggest that one of the important functions of gp59 may be to aid in the exposure of the ssDNA binding sites of the helicase subunits, which are otherwise masked and regulated by interactions with the helicase carboxy-terminal tail peptides.
Effects of LDPE and glycerol contents and compounding on the microstructure and properties of starch composite films

Abstract Corn starch–low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends, at ratios of 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15, were processed into thin films by either single-step twin-screw extrusion or by a two-step process involving compounding (pelleting) of the ingredients before film formation. The microstructure, X-ray patterns, and the tensile, thermal and water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of the films, prepared by both methods, were evaluated and compared. SEM micrographs of the single-step processed films were characterized by the presence of cracks and a discontinuous interface between starch and LDPE. Consequently, their tensile and WVP properties were impaired. Compounding, on the other hand, improved the dispersion of LDPE on to the starch matrix and the interface between the starch and LDPE phases by lowering the viscosity of the thermoplastic starch (TPS) melt. As a result, the stress transfer between the starch and LDPE phases was improved, enhancing the tensile and water vapor barrier properties of the films considerably. In general, the tensile strengths and moduli increased as the LDPE content increased from 5 to 10%, but then decreased with further increase in LDPE content to 15%. Addition of glycerol decreased the tensile strengths and moduli but did not necessarily improve the tensile strains. Differential scanning calorimetry scans and Fourier-transform infrared spectra did not indicate any significant interactions between the two immiscible polymers even after compounding. Phase separation was observed in the TPS. The water vapor barrier properties of the composites were improved by 7.3–25.4% after compounding, but were adversely affected by glycerol content.
Location, location, location: a study of bluejacking practices

We present an initial exploration of bluejacking, the practice of using Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones to send unsolicited messages to other Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones within a transmission range of 10 meters. A content analysis was conducted on 427 bluejacks from Bluejackq, an online community of bluejackers, in which the contextual characteristics of bluejacking were examined. Bluejacking was found to be highly location-dependent, primarily transpiring in everyday public places. The message content of the bluejacks was also inspired by the physical location where bluejacking took place. We also discuss implications of bluejacking with regards to its relationship to public space and comment on how these findings are relevant to mobile social computing.
Grandmothering and the evolution ofHomo erectus

Abstract Despite recent, compelling challenge, the evolution of Homo erectus is still commonly attributed to big game hunting and/or scavenging and family provisioning by men. Here we use a version of the “grandmother” hypothesis to develop an alternative scenario, that climate-driven adjustments in female foraging and food sharing practices, possibly involving tubers, favored significant changes in ancestral life history, morphology, and ecology leading to the appearance, spread and persistence of H. erectus. Available paleoclimatic, environmental, fossil and archaeological data are consistent with this proposition; avenues for further critical research are readily identified. This argument has important implications for widely-held ideas about the recent evolution of long human lifespans, the prevalence of male philopatry among ancestral hominids, and the catalytic role of big game hunting and scavenging in early human evolution.
GLOMERULAR PERMEABILITY IN AUTOLOGOUS IMMUNE COMPLEX (AIC) NEPHRITIS

Glomerular permeability to neutral polydisperse polyvinylpyrrolidone 125I (PVP) was studied in Foreman rats with and without autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis (AIC). The Foreman rat generally develops milder disease than other strains. However, all AIC rats studied were nephrotic with proteinuria in excess of SOmg/24 hrs. PVP clearance (MW 8000-85000) was determined by column chromatography and compared to simultaneous inulin clearance (Cin). Particle diameter (A) was calculated by deriving RS, radius of equivalent sphere, for each PVP fraction. Clearances were performed without volume expansion, using iso-volemic replacement of blood samples. Cin was the same in AIC and controls. Mean permeability to molecules > 4oA was only slightly increased in AIC (p > .5). In contrast, permeability to molecules < 4oA was decreased, as previously reported with PVP in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS)1 and with dextran in nephrotoxic serum nephritis.2 cpvp < 25A approached 100% Cin in controls, whereas this occurred in AIC only at < 15A (p < .05); i.e. passage of low MW PVP particles in AIC was restricted but not as much as in INS, where CPVP never approached that of Cin. Permeability changes associated with the presence of immune complexes in AIC may obscure the restriction of small MW PVP found when there is foot-process disease alone. 1. Robson, A.M., et al: JCI 54:1190, 11/74. 2. Chang, R.L.S., et al: JCI 57:1272, 5/76.
The molecular basis of antiphospholipid syndrome

We herein review evidence that the phospholipid-binding protein β2 glycoprotein-1 (β2 GPI) is a causativeautoantigenin APS. Recent work suggeststhat the molecular regions in β2 GPI that facilitate ...
Direct selection of expressed sequences within a 1-Mb region flanking BRCA1 on human chromosome 17q21

Direct selection of genes within the interval of chromosome 17q21 containing BRCA1 was performed. YAC and cosmid contigs spanning the BRCA1 region were used to select cDNA clones from pools of cDNAs derived from human placenta, HeLa cells, activated T cells, and fetal head. A minimum set of 48 fragments of nonoverlapping cDNAs that unequivocally mapped within a 1-Mb region was identified, although it is not yet known how many of these are derived from the same transcript. DNA sequence analyses revealed that 4 of these cDNAs were derived from known genes (EDH17B2, glucose-6-phosphatase, IAI.3B, and E1AF), 1 is a member of a previously described gene family (HMG-17), and 7 share substantial identity with previously described genes from human or other species. The remainder showed no significant homology to known genes. Limited PCR-based expression profiles of a set of 13 of the genes were performed, and all gave positive results with at least some cDNA sources supporting the contention that they truly represent transcribed sequences. A comparison between genes obtained from this region by direct selection with those obtained by direct screening or exon trapping (see accompanying papers, this issue) revealed that over 90% of the genes identified by exon trapping were represented in the selected material and that at least two additional genes that appear to represent low abundance transcripts with restricted expression profiles were identified by selection but not by other means.
Comparative cytology and taxonomy of theUlvaphyceae II. Ulvalean characteristics of the stephanokont flagellar apparatus ofDerbesia tenuissima

The stephanokont flagellar apparatus of the zoospores ofDerbesia tenuissima (De Not.) Crouan is examined and compared to the flagellar apparatuses of other green algae. The flagella ofDerbesia are attached to two of three bands which lie at the junction of the body and papilla. Serial longitudinal and cross sections reveal that the basal bodies are attached to the bands along their sides and at their proximal ends. The bands are not striated in any plane. The lack of striation in the bands and the partial covering of the proximal end of the basal bodies by one of the bands closely resemble the type of flagellar connection system described as the “Bryopsis-type” byMelkonian (1980). Zoospores of ulvalean green algae also possess these features, suggesting that green siphons are phylogenetically related to theUlvales. It is proposed that green siphons be tentatively classified in theUlvaphyceae rather than in theChlorophyceae orCharophyceae.
Comparative ecology of a lowland and a subalpine species of Mnium in the northern Rocky Mountains

Factors that set the altitudinal limits of plants have been relatively well explored for many land plant groups, but not for bryophytes. Bryophytes typically represent a significant portion of alpine floras with many species specific to highland systems. Differences between highland and lowland bryophytes have been underinvestigated. In the present study spanning three growing seasons, a subalpine and a lowland moss were both reciprocally planted as apical fragments and transplanted as adults between sites at 1400 m and 2000 m in the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains, Alberta. The lowland species, Mnium spinulosum, was less tolerant of conditions at 2000 m than the subalpine species, M. arizonicum, was to conditions at 1400 m. In particular, M. spinulosum had lower establishment from both apical fragments and spores at higher elevation sites. Both species had significantly lower establishment during the abnormally cold growing season of 1999, but fragments of M. arizonicum were better able to adjust their investment in establishment. The effect of a dominant feather moss, Hylocomium splendens, on establishment and transplant health was tested for M. arizonicum. Establishment of M. arizonicum was lower in Hylocomium mats than on bare humus regardless of site elevation suggesting allelopathy; however, stem survival in adult transplants was higher in Hylocomium mats than in Mnium dominated microsites at the higher elevation suggesting facilitation. Competition, rather than a lack of physiological plasticity, probably determines the lower elevation limit of the subalpine moss, while poor establishment ability at low temperatures accounts for the upper elevation limit of the montane moss.
On inequalities of Korn, Friedrichs and Babuška-Aziz

KORN'S inequalities for integrals of quadratic functionals subject to certain side conditions have played a fundamental role in the development of elasticity theory (see e.g. [I-14]). The Korn inequalities are essential in establishing coerciveness of the differential operators of linear elastostatics and thus form the basis for existence results in that theory [9]. Among other areas in elasticity where consideration of Korn's inequalities arise we cite, for example, fundamental studies on the mathematical foundations of finite elements [15-17], stability theory [11] and qualitative analyses of solution behavior, such as those involved in the investigation of Saint-Venant's principle [18-20]. In the latter two areas of application in particular, information on the optimal constants appearing in the inequalities, the Korn constants, is of importance. Thus several investigations have been concerned with evaluating the Korn constants for specific domains and with obtaining bounds for these constants [4-6, 8, 12-13]. Our purpose in this paper is to draw attention to an equivalence, for two dimensional simply-connected domains, between Korn's inequality (in the second case; see w 2 here) and two other inequalities for quadratic functionals which have received comparatively little attention in the literature. The first of these is an inequality due apparently to K. O. FRmORICHS [2], between the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function (or equivalently, between a harmonic function and its conjugate) defined on a two-dimensional domain R. Thus if w(z) = f + ig (z = xl + ix2) is analytic on R, Friedrichs' inequality reads
Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials correlate with the severity of the neurological deficit and sensory abnormalities following cerebral ischemia

Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were studied in 49 patients who had suffered hemispheric or thalamic ischemia, including 6 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and 3 patients with reversible ischemic neurological deficits (RINDs). SSEPs were abnormal in 30 patients (61%). SSEP abnormalities correlated with the presence of sensory deficit and the degree of neurological deficit. SSEPs were normal following TIA but were abnormal in 2 of 3 patients with RINDs. SSEPs were abnormal in some patients without sensory deficits suggesting that sensory pathways may be affected when clinically inapparent.
Interleukin-8 stimulates the adhesion of endometrial stromal cells to fibronectin.

Abstract Objective: To study the effect of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and mouse anti-human IL-8 monoclonal antibody on endometrial stromal cell adhesion to fibronectin. Design: Prospective, controlled in vitro study. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Patient(s): Women undergoing benign gynecologic surgery for indications other than endometrial disease. Intervention(s): Endometrial stromal cells were treated with IL-8 and mouse anti-human IL-8 monoclonal antibody at different concentrations and adhesion assays were performed by labeling the cells with calcein. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fluorescence in calcein-labeled endometrial stromal cells. Result(s): IL-8 induced a concentration-dependant increase of cell adhesion to fibronectin matrix (twofold at 10 ng/mL; P =.006). Treatment of endometrial stromal cells with anti–IL-8 neutralizing antibody inhibited partially the cell adhesion. Conclusion(s): IL-8 stimulates the adhesion of endometrial stromal cells to fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner. IL-8 may thus be relevant for the attachment of endometrial implants in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Iron deposition as acidic groundwater encounters carbonates in the alluvium of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A.

Abstract In a column experiment, acidic groundwater from Pinal Creek Arizona, a Cu mining area, was eluted through a composited alluvial sample obtained from a core that had been removed from a well downgradient of the acidic groundwater. The minerals present in typical grains and flakes in the alluvium before and after the elution were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive multichannel analyses (EDX). The concentrations of Fe, Ti, Mn, Si, Al, Na, Ca, K, Mg and S in these grains and flakes and in their microcrystalline surface coatings were measured by EDX. In addition to magnetite, hematite, and Fe-Ti oxides, Fe was most concentrated in micas (especially biotite-like flakes) and in the microcrystalline coatings. The measured elements in these microcrystalline coatings were primarily K, Fe, Al, and Si. The microcrystalline coatings on the mica flakes also contained Mg. The approximate l:3 Mg:Si atomic ratios (ARs)_of the biotite-life flake both before and after the elution would suggest that the Fe deposited during the elution had not substituted for Mg in these flakes. As a result of the elution, assuming no loss of Si, the averaged recorded Fe:Si AR of the microcrystalline coatings increased from (0.46 to 0.58):3.00. Iron deposition on the typical grains and flakes may relate to the presence of Fe in the particle on which it is deposited or to the presence of Fe in the microcrystalline surface coatings before elution. The data here are not sufficient for a statistical evaluation, but elution caused the following trends: (l) The Fe:Si AR increased in the (K,Fe,Al,Si)-microcrystalline surface coatings; (2) For the mica flakes, there was more than a 2-fold increase in the Fe:Si AR for the microcrystalline surface coatings of the Fe-rich biotite-like flakes but no measurable increase of the Fe:Si AR for the microcrystalline surface coatings of the muscovite-like flakes that contained 3–5 times less Fe; (3) Also for the biotite-like flakes, the increase in Fe:Si AR was greater in the flakes that had a higher Fe:Si AR; (4) The Fe deposition on the Fe-rich microcrystalline surface coatings of the feldspar was much greater than on the Fe-poor, beige quartz and feldspar grains that, prior to elution, had only CaS04 microcrystalline coatings; and (5) No Fe was deposited on Fe-poor grains with no microcrystalline surface coating.
Use of Bifunctional Ureas to Increase the Rate of Proline-Catalyzed α-Aminoxylations

The rate of the proline-catalyzed alpha-aminoxylation of aldehydes is significantly increased in the presence of a bifunctional urea. Structure-activity relationship data indicate that both an amine and a urea are crucial for rate enhancement. The evidence presented herein suggests that this rate enhancement originates from the hydrogen bonding interaction between the bifunctional urea and an oxazolidinone intermediate to increase the rate of enamine formation. Proline derivatives that are incapable of forming oxazolidinones exhibit no rate enhancement in the presence of the bifunctional urea. The rate enhancement is general for a variety of aldehydes, and the faster reactions do not reduce yields or selectivities.
A wide-band smooth-walled feedhorn with low cross polarization for millimeter astronomy

We present a smooth-walled feedhorn with cross polarization and reflected power lower than -30 dB across the entire 30% bandwidth. A prototype feedhorn has been fabricated, and the wide-band, low-cross polarization performance has been demonstrated. The feedhorn has a circular aperture and monotonically narrows towards an input waveguide interface. This allows it to be manufactured by progressively milling the profile using a set of custom tools. This is especially useful in applications where a large number of feeds are desired in a planar array format. Such applications include astronomical cameras in millimeter waveband that require large arrays of detectors for future increases in mapping speed and sensitivity. Specifically, large arrays of feedhorns are well-matched to the problem of measuring the polarization of the cosmic microwave background to search for the faint signature of inflation, as they provide good beam control, the requisite sensitivity, and compatibility with low-noise bolometric detectors.
Crystal structure, morphology and phase transitions in aromatic polyimide oligomers: 2. Poly(1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene pyromellitimide)

Abstract Crystal structure, morphology and thermal effects of poly(1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene pyromellitimide) (PMDA-TPE-Q), synthesized from N , N ′-dimethyl pyromellitic bisimide and 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy) benzene in the melt, have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements. The unit cell of PMDA-TPE-Q is determined by ED and WAXD to be a two-chain orthorhombic lattice with dimensions of a =0.823 nm, b =0.558 nm and c =2.209 nm. The observed crystal morphology from TEM is primarily lamellar with extended chain conformations. The thickness of the lamellar crystals varies with the polymerization conditions. Possible thermal effects on PMDA-TPE-Q have been studied by annealing the crystals at different temperatures. The results indicate that with increasing annealing temperature, the lateral dimensions of the lattice expand, primarily along the a -axis. The c -axis shrinks slightly with increasing the reflection intensities of (0 0 l ) planes when l =odd. This is confirmed by using order correlation changes along these directions measured by WAXD experiments. Crystal defects are found in dark field TEM observations.
Pictorial Perspective: Perception of Size, Linear, and Texture Perspective in Children and Adults:

Perception of size, linear, and texture perspective was investigated in third-grade and sixth-grade children and in college adults in three separate studies. A matching task required the observer to choose from a set of four alternative real scenes the correct match for the test stimulus, which was either a picture or a real scene. Correct performance required that the subject utilize perspective information for both size and distance relations. Erroneous choices available to the subject indicated errors in size judgment, in distance judgment, or in both simultaneously. View was either restricted at the correct station point or was free, with head motion. There were no significant effects of grade level. For all three groups, mean percent correct was nearly 100% with the real-scene test stimuli, and significantly below the chance level with the picture test stimuli. Errors in size judgment occurred most frequently, indicating that the geometrically correct rate of perspective convergence was too rapid to ...
Comparative amino acid analysis of influenza a viral proteins

Abstract The amino acid composition has been determined for four viral proteins (HA1, HA2, M, NP) from two recombinant influenza viruses (X-12 and X-29) and their parental viruses (NWS and RI/5−). These compositions were compared with one another using theSΔQ relatedness index. The compositions of the M proteins from all four viruses were very similar, while the compositions of HA2 and NP proteins were less similar. The internal, nonglycosylated M and NP proteins from the same virus had similar compositions. The compositions of the HA1 proteins were very similar for all three viruses of H0 subtype but distinctly different from those for the H2 virus and a previously described H3 virus. Thus the amino acid composition of the HA1 polypeptide appears to correlated with the hemagglutinin subtype. Further studies of the amino acid composition of HA1 proteins may aid in viral classification.
Culturally Relevant Services for Alaskans Who Experience a Developmental Disability

As a member of a team of people providing support to Alaskans who experience a developmental disability, I have been privileged to live and work in a setting which allows for constant reflection on the principles and concepts of applied anthropology. Among its other lessons, anthropology prepared me to realize that colonialism has not been directed only at foreign nations but can be seen operating in contemporary dealings with Native American and other minority groups and even in relations with the developmentally disabled. It showed me that the educational system is a powerful tool for both enculturation and acculturation, and that education can limit the development of individual potential as well as promoting it. It gave me an evolutionary perspective on human behavior which is a constant reminder of the importance of belonging to a community and the importance of having socially valued roles.
Relative potencies of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors on antigeninduced contractions of guinea pig tracheal strips

Abstract A quantitative method to assess relative potencies (IC 50 ) of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme inhibitors was established in antigen-induced contractions of tracheas isolated from actively sensitized guinea pigs (Schultz-Dale model). The relative potencies of four purported 5-LO inhibitors determined in this tissue assay were compared with those from a crude enzyme preparation isolated from guinea pig neutrophils. All compounds suppressed ovalbumin (OA)-induced tracheal contractions in a concentration-related manner in the presence of indomethacin and pyrilamine. IC 50 Values, determined from the percent inhibition values obtained from responses at 30 ng/mL OA of these compounds ranged from 0.56–15 μM. A similar rank order of potency for inhibition of 5-HETE formation from a crude enzyme preparation was observed. This suggested that these agents had a common mechanism of action in the two assay systems and further validated the IC 50 values determined in trachea assay. LY171883, an LTD 4 /LTE 4 receptor antagonist, also suppressed OA-induced contractions concentration dependently with an IC 50 of 4.9 μM determined by this method. LTD 4 concentration-response curves were not altered by any of the four 5-LO inhibitors, ruling out the possibility that these agents were acting as LT receptor antagonists. Results of this study demonstrated that relative potencies of 5-LO inhibitors can be quantitatively assessed using this airway tissue model, which helps in identifying potential therapeutic agents for asthma.
Problems of disease classification in machine-processable format.

Abstract : The medical dilemma with respect to modern information handling is discussed. This dilemma results from professional philosophies which are in part outmoded and in part outscaled by the present demand for information. The effective management of medical and health data, which will come to depend on a visible process of problem definition and therapeutic decision-making, will demand reblocking and resorting of information. Ultimately, however, the ways in which diseases are categorized and the elements chosen for clinical thinking will be altered.
The Disposition-Based Fraud Cycle

This paper reviews the disposition-based fraud cycle (DFC) primarily from the perspective of financial frauds. It suggests that fraud as a human act represents an interaction between organismâ€™s disposition and the circumstances he faces. The DFC model which maps financial fraud as a cycle driven by desire-belief connection is contrasted with the widely accepted paradigm called the Fraud Triangle (FT). A purpose of the analysis is to identify unique fraud-risk factors visible in the DFC model. Empirical evidence from the past studies is discussed to show relevance of the DFC model, and its potential role in preventing and detecting financial fraud. Although the model is applicable to all kinds of fraudulent acts, the focus of this study is on the powerful chief executive with considerable influence within the organization she leads.