cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bird Mortality after Spraying for Dutch Elm Disease with DDT

In Hanover, New Hampshire, where elms were sprayed with DDT, 151 dead birds were found; 10 dead birds were found in Norwich, Vermont, where no DDT was used. Chemical analyses of dead birds, observation of symptoms of DDT poisoning, and a population decline after spraying all indicate severe mortality among certain species in Hanover.
Antagonism of pentylenetetrazol excitation by anticonvulsants on single brain stem neurons

Abstract A functionally homogenous group of vestibular neurons responding to linear motion were used to study the actions of pentylenetetrazol, trimethadione, diazepam, pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin. In 90 % of the neurons studied, pentylenetetrazol (5 mg/kg) produced an excitatory response of short duration. Ten per cent of the neurons exhibited inhibition of activity after administration of pentylenetetrazol. The pentylenetetrazol response appears to depend upon the type of synaptic input to a neuron rather than an interaction between pentylenetetrazol and a specific neurotransmitter. Trimethadione, diazepam, pentobarbitol and diphenylhydantoin all depress vestibular neuronal activity. Trimethadione (120 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) are equieffective in raising by 100 % the threshold for pentylenetetrazol-induced neuronal excitability. Pentobarbital (2–5 mg/kg) is also a very effective antipentylene-tetrazol agent while diphenylhydantoin (10 mg/kg) shows little pentylenetetrazol antagonism.
Improved quantitation for PET/CT image reconstruction with system modeling and anatomical priors

Accurate quantitation of PET tracer uptake levels in small tumors remains a challenge. This work uses an improved reconstruction algorithm to reduce the quantitative errors due to limited system resolution and due to necessary image noise reduction. We propose a method for finding and using the detection system response in the projection matrix of a statistical reconstruction algorithm. In addition we use aligned anatomical information, available in PET/CT scanners, to govern the penalty term applied during each image update. These improvements are combined with FORE rebinning in a clinically feasible algorithm for reconstructing fully 3D PET data. Simulated results show improved tumor bias and variance characteristics with the new algorithm.
Treatment strategies for hot flushes

Background: Vasomotor symptoms are the most common complaints for which menopausal women seek medical care. Eighty per cent of all menopausal women will have hot flushes and night sweats, and of these 9% will have severe symptoms impacting their quality of life. Ideally, treatment should target the group most severely afflicted, and options for treatment should be tailored to each woman, since, for most women, vasomotor symptoms spontaneously resolve in 3 – 5 years. Recommendation at this time is for the shortest duration of therapy, which means that episodic review of therapy is indicated. Objective: To review the latest literature investigating therapies for vasomotor symptoms and to discuss their effectiveness with emphasis on placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Methods: A literature search in PubMed for ‘vasomotor symptoms’, ‘menopause symptoms’, ‘hot flushes’, ‘hot flashes’ and ‘night sweats’ from 2003 to the present was performed. Conclusions: Estrogen remains the gold standard for treat...
Three-dimensional simulations of high-current beams in induction accelerators with WARP3d

For many issues relevant to acceleration and propagation of heavy-ion beams for inertial confinement fusion, understanding the behavior of the beam requires the self-consistent inclusion of the self-fields of the beams in multiple dimensions. For these reasons, the three-dimensional simulation code WARP3d A.Friedman was developed. The code combines the particle-in-cell plasma simulation technique with a realistic description of the elements which make up an accelerator. In this paper, the general structure of the code is reviewed and details of two ongoing applications are presented along with a discussion of simulation techniques used. The most important results of this work are presented.
Local Political Information on the Web: The Case of the 2007 Philadelphia Mayoral Campaign

Scholars and pundits have widely discussed the decline of print journalism, but there has been very little empirical research focussed on examining online alternatives. This article utilizes a unique sample of online local political content related to the 2007 Philadelphia mayoral campaign to address this void. A content analysis of this data set has three objectives: to depict the range of sources of online local political information (LPI) available to Philadelphians; to compare the LPI provided by these various sources; and to determine the amount and provenance of the original LPI that is available on the web. New media sources of LPI may be far from maturity, but this article finds that they do exist and are a viable resource for citizens.
Use of Optical Brighteners as Radiation Protectants for Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

Twenty-three optical brighteners were tested as radiation protectants for the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). Three brighteners were ineffective (i.e., 70% original activity remained). Eight of the latter 17 brighteners (In-trawite CF, Leucophor BS, Leucophor BSB, Phorwite AR, Phorwite BRU, Phorwite BKL, Phorwite eL, and Tinopal LPW) provided complete protection (i.e., 100% original activity remaining) at a 1% concentration. At lower concentrations, Phorwite AR and Tinopal LPW were superior UV protectants. Mortality rates were also affected by several brighteners (Intrawite CF, Phorwite AR, Leucophor BS, Leucophor BSB, Tinopal LPW), and NPV-exposed insects died more quickly than those exposed to standard NPV + H2O.
3D shape estimation and texture generation using texture foreshortening cues

The surfaces of 3D objects may be represented as a connected distribution of surface patches that point in various directions with respect to the observer. Viewpoint-normal patches are those whose tangent plane is perpendicular to the line of sight. Foreshortening of surface patches results from their obliquity, with a directional wavelength compression, and an accompanying 1-dimensional stretching of the spatial frequency distribution. This stretching of spatial frequency distributions was used to generate plausible depth illusions via local foreshortening of surface textures rendered from a stretched spatial frequency envelope. Texture foreshortening cues were exploited by a multi-stage image analysis method that revealed local dominant orientation, degree of orientation dominance, relative power in spatial frequencies at a given orientation, and a measure of local surface obliquity, which provides incomplete but useful information in a multi-cue depth estimation framework.
Genealogically directed syntheses (polymerizations): Direct evidence by electrospray mass spectroscopy

From a synthetic perspective, divergent dendrimer syntheses are often presented as idealized hyperbranched growth processes leading to perfect dendritic structures. Experimentally it has been found that in addition to ideal structures, varying amounts of structural errors are produced at each growth stage (generation). These defects (mutants) are created as a function of processing conditions and generation specific steric effects. This investigation focused on the divergent synthesis of Starburstr polyamidoamine dendrimers** and the use of electrospray mass spectroscopy for appraising ideal structure/defect ratios as a function of generation. With this methodology, initial defect types and so called “defect propagation chains” have been identified and characterized. These hyperbranched mutation (defect) patterns provide ample evidence for the “genealogically directed” character of this divergent polymerization strategy.
Remote sensing of the termination of the solar wind via in situ plasma measurements

Since 1983 the Plasma Wave experiments on the two Voyager spacecraft have detected low frequency radio noise in the outer heliosphere which has been postulated to emanate from the terminal shock of the solar wind or, possibly, from the heliopause itself. The solar wind data from the Plasma Science experiment on the Voyager spacecraft are studied to search for correlations with these radio emissions. It is found that two anomalous high speed streams passed Voyager 2 in late 1982 and early 1983 and it is suggested that the interaction of the streams with the heliospheric terminal shock is responsible for the generation of the most intense radio noise observed later in the same year. If the stream speeds did not decrease in traveling to the interaction region, that region is about 135 AU from the sun. This is consistent with previous estimates of the distance to the inner heliospheric shock.
Emotion Knowledge as a Predictor of Social Behavior and Academic Competence in Children at Risk

Following leads from differential emotions theory and empirical research, we evaluated an index of emotion knowledge as a long-term predictor of positive and negative social behavior and academic competence in a sample of children from economically disadvantaged families (N = 72). The index of emotion knowledge represents the child's ability to recognize and label emotion expressions. We administered control and predictor measures when the children were 5 years old and obtained criterion data at age 9. After controlling for verbal ability and temperament, our index of emotion knowledge predicted aggregate indices of positive and negative social behavior and academic competence. Path analysis showed that emotion knowledge mediated the effect of verbal ability on academic competence. We argue that the ability to detect and label emotion cues facilitates positive social interactions and that a deficit in this ability contributes to behavioral and learning problems. Our findings have implications for primary ...
OBSERVATIONAL TEST FOR THE SOLAR WIND SPUTTERING ORIGIN OF THE MOON'S EXTENDED SODIUM ATMOSPHERE

Abstract We present observations of the lunar sodium atmosphere during four lunar eclipses between 1993 and 1997. With the Moon inside the magnetosphere, and therefore shielded from solar wind impact, we find its Na atmosphere to be comparable in abundance to cases near first and third quarter, implying that solar wind ion sputtering is not a significant source of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is azimuthally symmetric, and it extends beyond the field of view of our observations (∼12 Lunar radii). The average sodium atmospheric profile is best characterized by an r −1.4 radial power law, close to that for an entirely escaping atmosphere. The average extrapolated near-surface brightness of 1145 rayleighs is in agreement with the near-surface polar brightness seen at quarter Moon. This corresponds to a line-of-sight neutral column content of 1.4×10 9 Na atoms cm −2 above the limb and a density of ∼3 atoms cm −3 above the surface, decreasing as r −2.4 . We suggest that a blend of sources (15% micrometeor impact uniform over the surface and 85% photon-induced desorption dependent on solar-zenith angle over the sunlit hemisphere) could account for the observed extended sodium atmospheres.
Hemodynamic Stresses and Structural Remodeling of Anastomosing Arteriolar Networks: Design Principles of Collateral Arterioles

Objective:To investigate the potential influence of hemodynamic stresses on the development of the arcade arteriole (AA) network during normal maturation. Methods:AA network data were collected from ink-filled Wistar-Kyoto rat gracilis muscles and used to construct hemodynamic computational models of the AA network at 7 (WKY7) and 13 (WKY13) weeks of age. Results:Mean coefficients of variation for pressure, circumferential wall stress, and wall shear stress were 0.13, 0.12, and 0.48, respectively. Wall shear rate variability across bifurcations generated deviations in mean energy cost that were 9–30% above theoretical minimum, with many bifurcations exhibiting substantially higher energy costs. With the exception of the lowest pressure AA segments, the monotonic relationship between wall shear stress and pressure in the AAs was nearly identical from 7 to 13 weeks of age. Conclusions:Low coefficients of variation for computed AA pressures indicate that an even pressure head is maintained over the muscle du...
Parallel multiclass classification using SVMs on GPUs

The scaling of serial algorithms cannot rely on the improvement of CPUs anymore. The performance of classical Support Vector Machine (SVM) implementations has reached its limit and the arrival of the multi core era requires these algorithms to adapt to a new parallel scenario. Graphics Processing Units (GPU) have arisen as high performance platforms to implement data parallel algorithms. In this paper, it is described how a naive implementation of a multiclass classifier based on SVMs can map its inherent degrees of parallelism to the GPU programming model and efficiently use its computational throughput. Empirical results show that the training and classification time of the algorithm can be reduced an order of magnitude compared to a classical multiclass solver, LIBSVM, while guaranteeing the same accuracy.
Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health.

Several recent studies have made the provocative claim that income inequality is an important determinant of population health. The primary evidence for this hypothesis is the repeated finding — across countries and across U.S. states — that there is an association between income inequality and aggregate health out- comes. However, most of these studies examine only a single cross section of data and employ few (or even no) control variables. We examine the relationship between income inequality and aggregate health outcomes across thirty countries over a four- decade span and across forty-eight U.S. states over five decades. In large part, our findings contradict previous claims.
The Walker circulation, diabatic heating, and outgoing longwave radiation

For the tropical atmosphere on planetary scales, it is common to model the circulation using strong damping. Here with new data analysis techniques, evidence suggests that damping can actually be neglected. Specifically, near the equator, the east-west overturning circulation is in agreement with the undamped wave response to atmospheric heating. To estimate the heating, satellite observations of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are used. Frequently, OLR is used as a heuristic indicator of cloudiness. Here the results further suggest that OLR variations are actually proportional to diabatic heating variations, with a proportionality constant of 18 W m−2 (K d−1)−1. While the agreement holds best over long time averages of years or decades, it also holds over shorter periods of one season or 1 month. Consequently, it is suggested that the strength of the Walker circulation—and its evolution in time—could be estimated using satellite data.
Cys18-Cys137 Disulfide Bond in Mouse Angiotensinogen Does Not Affect AngII-Dependent Functions In Vivo

Renin cleavage of angiotensinogen (AGT) releases angiotensin I (AngI) in the initial step of producing all angiotensin peptides. It has been suggested recently that redox regulation of a disulfide bond in AGT involving Cys18-Cys137 may be important to its renin cleavage efficiency in vivo. The purpose of this study was to test this prediction in a mouse model by comparing AngII production and AngII-dependent functions in mice expressing wild-type AGT versus a mutated form of AGT lacking the disulfide bond. Wild-type (hepAGT+/+) and hepatocyte-specific AGT-deficient (hepAGT-/-) littermates were developed in an low-density lipoprotein receptor -/- background. hepAGT+/+ mice were injected intraperitoneally with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector containing a null insert. hepAGT-/- mice were injected with AAV containing a null insert, wild-type AGT or Cys18Ser and Cys137Ser mutated AGT. Two weeks after AAV injection, mice were fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. Administration of AAV containing either form of AGT led to similar plasma AGT concentrations in hepAGT-/- mice. High plasma renin concentrations in hepAGT-/- mice were suppressed equally by both forms of AGT, which were accompanied by comparable increases of plasma AngII concentrations similar to hepAGT+/+ mice. AAV-driven expression of both forms of AGT led to equivalent increases of systolic blood pressure and augmentation of atherosclerotic lesion size in hepAGT-/- mice. These measurements were comparable to systolic blood pressure and atherosclerotic lesions in hepAGT+/+ mice. These data indicate that the Cys18-Cys137 disulfide bond in AGT is dispensable for AngII production and AngII-dependent functions in mice.
Classroom and Clinical Teaching in Nursing: Delineating Differences

Although ability to teach in the classroom is generally considered sufficient preparation for clinical teaching, the reality can be a surprisingly different multidimensional role. The author presents a list of 15 specific and significant differences that exist between the two teaching performances. The settings are compared using three components common to both: instructional, evaluative, and interpersonal interactions. Myths, misconceptions, and realities about the two teaching arenas are discussed. A conceptual relationship between the two instructional settings is presented. Recommendations are offered to reduce teacher anxiety, confusion, and frustration created by existing myths/misconceptions.
Variation in the local population dynamics of the short-lived Opuntia macrorhiza (Cactaceae).

Spatiotemporal variation in demographic rates can have profound effects for population persistence, especially for dispersal-limited species living in fragmented landscapes. Long-term studies of plants in such habitats help with understanding the impacts of fragmentation on population persistence but such studies are rare. In this work, we reanalyzed demographic data from seven years of the short-lived cactus Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza at five plots in Boulder, Colorado. Previous work combining data from all years and all plots predicted a stable population (deterministic logλ ≈ 0). This approach assumed that all five plots were part of a single population. Since the plots were located in a suburban–agricultural interface separated by highways, grazing lands, and other barriers, and O. macrorhiza is likely dispersal limited, we analyzed the dynamics of each plot separately using stochastic matrix models assuming each plot represented a separate population. We found that the stochastic population g...
Ang-1: Tie-ing up endothelial adhesion?

less than ten years has passed since the protein angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) was identified as a ligand for Tie-2, a tyrosine kinase receptor found principally on vascular endothelial cells ([8][1]). Ang-1 and its receptor, in concert with VEGF and its associated receptors, are essential for
Ethical Issues Associated With Pain Research in Emergency Medicine

Abstract [Sklar DP: Ethical issues associated with pain research in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med April 1996;27:418-420.]
Subjective and discriminative stimulus effects of two de-nicotinized cigarettes with different tar yields.

The role of tar yield in the subjective and discriminative stimulus effects of cigarette smoking was examined. Current smokers (n=18) smoked two non-nicotine cigarettes with FTC yields of 0.06 mg nicotine and 12.4 mg (low tar) or 17.9 mg tar (high tar). Physiological measures and visual analog scales were completed over a 30-min period. Dosing order was determined randomly and counterbalanced. After sampling both cigarettes, volunteers smoked a third, test cigarette. Half of the volunteers received the low-tar cigarette and half the high-tar cigarette. Volunteers identified the test cigarette (i.e., A or B) at 5, 30, 60, 300, and 900 s after the first puff. Eight of the eighteen participants correctly identified the test cigarette on 4/5 of trials. No significant changes in visual analog scale scores were found among the non-discriminators. However, among discriminators, the low-tar cigarette produced significant positive effects including good drug effects and stimulation relative to the high-tar cigarette. Relative to the low-tar cigarette, the high-tar cigarette produced negative effects including harshness, heaviness, and intensity of flavor. Average tar yield of these participants' usual cigarettes was 9.75 mg, lower than that of the low-tar cigarette used here, possibly accounting for their greater liking of the low-tar cigarette. No changes in blood pressure or heart rate were observed and both cigarettes produced similar carbon monoxide increases, indicating similar depth of inhalation when smoking each. Results suggest cigarette tar yields may play a role in cigarette smoking preferences. Further research is needed to verify whether preferences are maintained after associations with nicotine delivery are extinguished.
A Current Source Density Analysis of Evoked Responses in Slices of Adult Rat Visual Cortex: Implications for the Regulation of Long-Term Potentiation

In slices of visual cortex, long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in layer III can be evoked by high-frequency stimulation of a site in the middle of the cortical thickness, corresponding mainly to layer IV. In contrast, stimulation of the white matter-layer VI border typically fails to evoke LTP in adult visual cortex unless GABAA receptors are partially blocked. We performed current-source density (CSD) analysis to determine how the patterns of cortical activation compare under these different stimulation conditions. Single-pulse stimulation of the middle layers (corresponding to layer IV and superficial V) and the deep layers (corresponding to white matter and deep layer VI) yielded very similar CSD patterns. The major current sinks were located within 500 mu m of the pia, corresponding to layers II and III, regardless of the stimulation site. The amplitude of all current sinks was diminished, and the latency was increased, in the presence of high concentrations of divalent cations (12 mM Ca2+ and 12 mM mg2+). Nonetheless, the major synaptic current sink was still present at a depth of approximately 400 microns regardless of the site of stimulation, indicating that stimulation of either site leads to monosynaptic EPSCs in layer III. However, superficial sinks, at a depth of approximately 200 microns, were virtually eliminated by high concentrations of divalent cations after deep layer stimulation, but not after middle layer stimulation, suggesting that stimulation at the two sites recruits different monosynaptic circuits. This conclusion was supported by experiments using paired-pulse stimulation of the two sites (12.5 ms interstimulus interval). While there was little evidence of a paired-pulse interaction after stimulation of the middle layers, there was marked paired-pulse suppression of superficial layer III current sinks after stimulation of the deep layers. Taken together, the data suggest a model in which deep layer stimulation activates the dendrites of layer III cells by a monosynaptic route and by a disynaptic route. The disynaptic input originates in the middle cortical layers and is controlled by inhibition. Differences in synaptic plasticity evoked from the different sites could be explained if the recruitment of middle layer inputs were required for the generation of LTP in layer III.
Continuous Operation of a Pressure‐Cycled Membrane Bioreactor

A membrane bioreactor system has been used to continuously ferment glucose to eth-anol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and extract the product into a solvent, tributyl phosphate. The reactor cycles gas pressure to force a convective flux of nutrient into the cell chamber and product out. The reactor has been run for over 3000 h with minimal deterioration of operating characteristics after the first hours of operation. A corn starch hydrolysate was also fermented, yielding similar results. Zymomonas mobilis was tested as an alternative catalyst, but it formed filaments that reduce the effectiveness of the pressure cycle. Z. mobilis appears to be less attractive than S. cerevisiae for such a reactor.
Energy flow and the "grassification" of desert shrublands.

In our directionally and continuously changing world, history still matters, and it does so in increasingly novel and important ways. Human adaptation to global change will rely heavily on robust baselines of historic environmental variability and detailed understanding of how both past and modern ecosystems have responded to both individual and multiple stressors. The question of global change has motivated an upsurge in paleoecological studies that span the late Quaternary and the modern era, and has inspired a growing consideration of time as a fundamental axis in ecology (1). A major challenge in developing pertinent ecological baselines remains how to fuse, into continuous time series, observations and experiments from living systems with paleoecological reconstructions from the same sites (2, 3). Tracing and disentangling complex responses to environmental stress from paleological to present-day communities is especially daunting; for example, how climate change; accelerated land use; and biological invasions are influencing the flows of water, nutrients, and energy. The paper by Terry and Rowe in PNAS (4) is a shining example of how modern ecology and paleoecology can be spliced together to decipher how ecological processes unfold over time scales inaccessible to direct observation or experimentation, and how they can be disrupted by human impacts.
GPS Signal Structure and Performance Characteristics

Details of the gps signal structure are discussed as relates to the signal generation and the performance of the navigation system. GPS performance objectives, orbit geometry, and propagation effects are summarized in order to gain better understanding of the signal and what characteristics it must provide. With these performance objectives as a preface, the details of the signal are described, showing the details of the dual frequency transmission and both the precision P and clear/acquisition C/A codes and their characteristics. Finally, the basic performance of simplified receivers operating on this received signal is discussed. It is shown that an rms position error of less than 10 meters is well within the achievable performance bounds of the system.
An unliganded thyroid hormone receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction

Congenital hypothyroidism and the thyroid hormone (T3) resistance syndrome are associated with severe central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Because thyroid hormones are thought to act principally by binding to their nuclear receptors (TRs), it is unexplained why TR knock-out animals are reported to have normal CNS structure and function. To investigate this discrepancy further, a T3 binding mutation was introduced into the mouse TR-β locus by homologous recombination. Because of this T3 binding defect, the mutant TR constitutively interacts with corepressor proteins and mimics the hypothyroid state, regardless of the circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. Severe abnormalities in cerebellar development and function and abnormal hippocampal gene expression and learning were found. These findings demonstrate the specific and deleterious action of unliganded TR in the brain and suggest the importance of corepressors bound to TR in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism.
Openness Without Liberalization: Why Bankers in Developing Countries Support Financial Internationalization

Financial sectors in the developing world pressure governments to open capital accounts, a policy which standard theories of open economy politics predicts would harm their interests. I explain this apparent contradiction by studying international financial intermediation, showing that lenders prefer open capital accounts to lower the cost of capital, but also prefer ownership restrictions to avoid competing with foreign banks. I test the theory on two datasets on foreign entry restrictions in the developing world, and by examining interest group pressures for financial internationalization in Indonesia, Mexico, and Senegal. The findings add new theoretical perspectives to the study of financial internationalization in the developing world, and suggest further areas for research in the political economy of globalization.
Measurement of Bone: Diagnosis of SCI-Induced Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk Prediction.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with a rapid loss of bone mass, resulting in severe osteoporosis and a 5- to 23-fold increase in fracture risk. Despite the seriousness of fractures in SCI, there are multiple barriers to osteoporosis diagnosis and wide variations in treatment practices for SCI-induced osteoporosis. Methods: We review the biological and structural changes that are known to occur in bone after SCI in the context of promoting future research to prevent or reduce risk of fracture in this population. We also review the most commonly used methods for assessing bone after SCI and discuss the strengths, limitations, and clinical applications of each method. Conclusions: Although dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessments of bone mineral density may be used clinically to detect changes in bone after SCI, 3-dimensional methods such as quantitative CT analysis are recommended for research applications and are explained in detail.
PRODUCTIVITY METHOD OF FRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELLS IN COALBED GAS

The coalbed gas is an important resources, the activities of the research and the development are very active. The main characteristics of coalbed reservoir are low permeability and low porosity, the effect that the normal method developed coalbed reservoir is not good. The technology of fracture and horizontal well is an effective method improved output of coalbed gas. Fractured horizontal well is a potential way developed coalbed gas, applying potential function principles, superposition principal and mathematical method for solving matrix. In the process of formula derivation, many factors, such as, anisotropy of reservoir matrix, numbers of fractures, fractured on horizontal well's productivity and fully or partially penetrating in the formation and so on, were considered. Finally, in the paper the calculation example was given, and a few factors have been compared and analyzed. The results show that the relation between the horizontal well's productivity and the number of fracture is direct ratio, the suitable number of fracture is no more than 10 in the horizontal length of the well, besides, the rate of penetrating of fracture should under 0.15, if the rate of penetrating of fracture overweight 0.15, it is not sensitive that the output are affect the rate of penetrating of fracture.
Asthma in childhood.

The prevalence of wheezy illness in children is increasing, along with the number of children diagnosed as having asthma. If physicians are to provide the most effective treatment for these patients, they need to be fully aware of advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma and of the new and improved treatments that these have brought about.
The nurseries at Medical Center Hospital in San Antonio. A means to a new beginning.

The planning, building, and evaluation of a new perinatal center at Medical Center Hospital in San Antonio are discussed.
School Climate: Perceptual Differences between Students, Parents, and School Staff.

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that school climate can have a great impact on student, teacher, and school outcomes. However, it is often assessed as a summary measure, without taking into account multiple perspectives (student, teacher, parent) or examining subdimensions within the broader construct. In this study, we assessed school climate from the perspective of students, staff, and parents within a large, urban school district using multilevel modeling techniques to examine within- and between-school variance. After adjusting for school-level demographic characteristics, students reported worse perceptions of safety and connectedness compared to both parent and staff ratings (all p < 0.05). Parents gave the lowest ratings of parental involvement, and staff gave the lowest ratings of academic emphasis (ps < 0.05). Findings demonstrate the importance of considering the type of informant when evaluating climate ratings within a school. Understanding how perceptions differ between informants can inform interv...
“Reflecting on the Reflection…”: Exploring Teacher Candidates' Assumptions of Self and Others through Facilitated Reflection

The literature on culturally responsive pedagogy suggests an interaction between teachers' biases and subsequent encounters with students. To gain perspective on these (un)conscious biases, teacher candidates are encouraged to (re)consider their assumptions about “the other” through reflection. This article presents findings from a study that used a two-part reflection assignment to explore teacher candidates' beliefs and predispositions about diversity, teaching, and learning. This assignment was designed as a set of companion reflection papers accessing teacher candidates' assumptions about students, families, and communities of color at the beginning and end of a diversity course. Findings from this study indicate the degree to which the “reflection-on-the-reflection” assignment (a) captures teacher candidates' initial reflections about cultural and linguistic diversity; (b) facilitates reflection on initial beliefs after exposure to diversity course content; and (c) provides instructors with data abou...
Continuous Time Branching Processes

We introduce continuous time branching processes. The main difference between discrete and continuous branching processes is that births and deaths occur at random times for continuous time processes. Continuous time branching processes have the Markov property if (and only if) birth and death times are exponentially distributed. We will use several properties of the exponential distribution.
Using Multiple Storylines for Presenting Large Information Networks

Storytelling has always been an effective and intuitive method of exchanging information. In today’s world of large, open, structured data, storytelling can benefit the ways in which people explore and consume such information. In this work, we investigate this potential. In particular, methods for creating multiple interweaving storylines are explored for tying together possibly disparate veins of exploration in such large networks of information and helping maintain audience interest. This paper presents the algorithms for automatically generating interweaving storylines, followed by examples and discussions for future work.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the pancreas: A multi-center experience.

Introduction: The increasing use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology to examine pancreatic neoplasms has led to an increase in the diagnosis of metastases to the pancreas. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common metastasis to the pancreas. Our study examines 33 cases of metastatic RCC to the pancreas sampled by EUS-FNA from four large tertiary care hospitals. Materials and Methods: We searched the cytopathology database for RCC metastatic to the pancreas diagnosed by EUS-FNA from January 2005 to January 2015. Patient age, history of RCC, nephrectomy history, follow-up postnephrectomy, radiological impression, and EUS-FNA cytologic diagnosis were reviewed. Results: Thirty-three patients were identified. The average age was 67.5 years (range, 49-84 years). Thirty-two patients had a previous documented history of RCC. One patient had the diagnosis of pancreatic metastasis at the same time of the kidney biopsy. Thirty-one patients had been treated with nephrectomy. Twenty-seven patients were being monitored annually by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-five patients had multiple masses by imaging, but 8 patients had a single mass in the pancreas at the time of EUS-FNA. EUS-FNA of 20 cases showed classic morphology of RCC. Thirteen cases had either atypical clinical-radiologic features or morphologic overlaps with primary pancreatic neoplasms or other neoplasms. Cell blocks were made on all 13 cases and immunochemical stains confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusions: EUS-FNA cytology is useful for the diagnosis of metastatic RCC to the pancreas. Cytomorphology can be aided with patient history, imaging analyses, cell blocks, and immunochemical stains.
Global Health Informatics—An Overview

Global Health Informatics is a growing multidisciplinary field that combines research methods and applications of technology to improve healthcare systems and outcomes. Healthcare systems are facing many challenges including a growing population, the increasing complexity of care services, and limited resources to deliver services. These challenges will require more innovative approaches to scale healthcare services to larger numbers of people. This chapter outlines health informatics systems that have been developed to address these problems.
Masked priming for the comparative evaluation of camouflage conspicuity.

Abstract Human observer test and evaluation of camouflage patterns is critical for understanding relative pattern conspicuity against a range of background scenes. However, very few validated methodologies exist for this purpose, and those that do carry several limitations. Five experiments examined whether masked priming with a dot probe could be used to reliably differentiate camouflage patterns. In each experiment, participants were primed with a camouflaged target appearing on the left or right of the screen, and then made a speeded response to a dot probe appearing on the same (congruent) or different (incongruent) side. Across experiments we parametrically varied prime duration between 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 ms. Results demonstrated that as prime duration increased, a response time disadvantage for incongruent trials emerged with certain camouflage patterns. Interestingly, the most conspicuous patterns showed behavioral differences at a relatively brief (49 ms) prime duration, whereas behavioral differences were only found at longer prime durations for less conspicuous patterns; this overall results pattern matched that predicted by a visual salience model. Together, we demonstrate the viability of masked priming for the test and evaluation of camouflage patterns, and correlated outcomes for saliency models and primed object processing.
Rapid Harmonic Analysis of Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators

This paper reports on a novel simulation method combining the speed of analytical evaluation with the accuracy of finite-element analysis (FEA). This method is known as the rapid analytical-FEA technique (RAFT). The ability of the RAFT to accurately predict frequency response orders of magnitude faster than conventional simulation methods while providing deeper insights into device design not possible with other types of analysis is detailed. Simulation results from the RAFT across wide bandwidths are compared to measured results of resonators fabricated with various materials, frequencies, and topologies with good agreement. These include resonators targeting beam extension, disk flexure, and Lame beam modes. An example scaling analysis is presented and other applications enabled are discussed as well. The supplemental material includes example code for implementation in ANSYS, although any commonly employed FEA package may be used.
Science Teacher Education as a Way Forward for Medical Schools: A Case for Medical Pedagogical Content Knowledge

It is our position that science teacher educators through the Journal of Science Teacher Education have the opportunity, unique skills, and vision to reimagine medical education pedagogical practic...
Risk factors associated with Clostridium difficile infection in kidney transplant recipients.

Background Solid organ transplant recipients are especially vulnerable to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) due to cumulative risk factors including increased exposure to healthcare settings, persistent immunosuppression, and higher rates of antimicrobial exposure. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with CDI development in kidney transplant recipients including implications of immunosuppressive therapies and acid-suppressing agents. Methods This was a single-center, non-interventional, retrospective case-control study of adult subjects between June 1, 2009 and June 30, 2013. During this time, 728 patients underwent kidney transplantation. Overall, 22 developed CDI (cases) and were matched 1:3 with 66 controls. Cases and controls were also matched for induction agent, kidney allograft type (living or deceased), and time from transplant to CDI result (±60 days). Results The majority of subjects received a deceased donor kidney (77.3%) and basiliximab induction therapy (86.4%). The overall CDI incidence was 3%. Factors independently associated with CDI were average tacrolimus trough (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.00-1.56, P = .048) and antibiotic exposure for urinary tract infections (UTI) (AOR = 4.17, 95% CI = 1.12-15.54, P = .034). Proton pump inhibitor use was not associated with CDI (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.29-2.29, P = .691). Conclusion Maintaining a clinically appropriate tacrolimus trough and judicious antibiotic use and selection for UTI treatment could potentially reduce CDI in the kidney transplant population.
Functional Maturation of B Cell Repertoire Expression

The adult murine primary B cell repertoire is extremely diverse with estimates suggesting that it is comprised of more than 107 distinct specificities (4,19,27,30,39). The recognition and specificity of any B cell and its antibody product is determined by the different heavy and light chain gene segments that are selected for rearrangement and expression in that cell. The final mature B cell repertoire of an animal, therefore, is a result of the genetic V region potential of that animal, processes which select from within that genetic potential and environmental influences on the B cells expressing the genetic potential. The extent to which each of these factors functions during the maturation of the B cell repertoire must be evaluated to understand how the immune system of an animal expresses an effective and non-self-detrimental repertoire of B cell recognition specificities.
M. L. Huggins

In 1920 I began applying G.N. Lewis’ theory of atomic and molecular structures, with some modifications and extensions of my own1,2, to the structures of crystals7. I soon found that many crystals of known atomic arrangement were 3-dimensional macromolecules, with the atomics in each crystal all bonded together by ordinary chemical (electronpair) bonds. With the aid of published x-ray data I deduced the previously unknown structure’ of quartz (SiO2), showing it to be of this type9. I discovered that many inorganic crystals (and graphite) were composed of sheet molecules6,13,21,25. An x-ray study of mercuric iodide crystals2,3 showed them to be of this sort. According to the theory, crystals of S, Se or Te should be composed of either ring molecules or chain macromolecules. I showed21,25,29 that “metallic Se and Te agreed with the latter”. Each molecule is a linear polymer with a spiral (helical) structure.
Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgery: the big little problem.

inadequate. An individual’s risk for PONV is best predicted by using a simplified risk score of independent predictors: female gender, nonsmoking status, history of PONV or motion sickness, and postoperative opioid use. Although some types of surgery, plastic surgery among them, are associated with higher PONV risk, risk scores that include type of surgery provide no greater predictive value. Strategies that avoid inhaled anesthetics such as total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), elimination of nitrous oxide, and minimal opioid use reduce risk. Multimodal regimens involving TIVA with propofol, combination antiemetic prophylaxis, hydration, and nonnarcotic analgesics, are the most effective way to prevent PONV in high-risk patients. Postdischarge nausea and vomiting is common in ambulatory surgery patients. Those who have nausea in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) are particularly at risk. Which agents in addition to dexamethasone are effective remains to be determined.
Moral Psychology and Social Change: The Case of Abolition

The examination of a test case, the popular movement to abolish slavery, demonstrates that the insights of recent psychological research about moral judgment and motivated reasoning can contribute ...
Response: Re: The Complex Interpretation and Management of Zika Virus Test Results

To the Editor: Thank you to Drs Yasril and Wiwanitkit for raising these additional points regarding our article. We agree that clinicians should be aware of all possible sources of error in testing for Zika virus
Inducing Alcohol Dependence in Rats Using Chronic Intermittent Exposure to Alcohol Vapor

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant public health and economic burden and is often characterized by repeated bouts of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. Virtually all organ systems are impacted by chronic alcohol exposure. These effects can be investigated using the rat as a model organism; however, rats typically will not self-administer alcohol to levels necessary to achieve physiological and behavioral aspects of dependence. The protocol described herein can be utilized to induce alcohol dependence in rats by administering alcohol vapor to the homecage for an extended period of time. This method allows the researcher to control the level, duration, and pattern of intoxication, and it reliably induces physiological and behavioral aspects of alcohol dependence, allowing for the study of biology and behavior with relevance for AUD in humans.
Submillimeter-Wave Schottky Diodes based on Heterogeneous Integration of GaAs onto Silicon

This paper reports on the design and fabrication of quasi-vertical Schottky diodes for submillimeter-wave applications. Use of the diodes to implement an integrated 160 GHz frequency quadrupler are described.