cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies.

Context There are many published twin studies of schizophrenia. Although these studies have been reviewed previously, to our knowledge, no review has provided quantitative summary estimates of the impact of genes and environment on liability to schizophrenia that also accounted for the different ascertainment strategies used. Objective To calculate meta-analytic estimates of heritability in liability and shared and individual-specific environmental effects from the pooled twin data. Data Sources We used a structured literature search to identify all published twin studies of schizophrenia, including MEDLINE, dissertation, and books-in-print searches. Study Selection Of the 14 identified studies, 12 met the minimal inclusion criteria of systematic ascertainment. Data Synthesis By using a multigroup twin model, we found evidence for substantial additive genetic effects—the point estimate of heritability in liability to schizophrenia was 81% (95% confidence interval, 73%-90%). Notably, there was consistent evidence across these studies for common or shared environmental influences on liability to schizophrenia—joint estimate, 11% (95% confidence interval, 3%-19%). Conclusions Despite evidence of heterogeneity across studies, these meta-analytic results from 12 published twin studies of schizophrenia are consistent with a view of schizophrenia as a complex trait that results from genetic and environmental etiological influences. These results are broadly informative in that they provide no information about the specific identity of these etiological influences, but they do provide a component of a unifying empirical basis supporting the rationality of searches for underlying genetic and common environmental etiological factors.
Encouraging Students to Adopt Software Engineering Methodologies: The Influence of Structured Group Labs on Beliefs and Attitudes

This study proposes that structured labs using groups can help foster individual student acceptance of software engineering methodologies. The technology acceptance model (TAM) is employed in an empirical test using students in freshman and sophomore-level programming courses. Our findings suggest that a structured group lab experience does influence a student's belief system regarding the usefulness of a software engineering methodology, leading to an individual decision to accept and use the methodology on a voluntary basis. On average, the software engineering methodology was accepted by the students sampled. We recommend that structured group labs be designed to use peer groups, reinforce successful results, and use an iterative process design with phase-by-phase deliverables.
Design matrix analysis

Analysts of social mobility are coming round to the view that it is not enough to find a model that fits the data; it is at least as important to know which bits of the model fit the data, and which are unimportant. The need for this type ofstructuring becomes even more pressing when we seek to determine the dimensions along which societies differ. This paper carries the process of structuring a stage further by proposing an orthogonal decomposition of a mobility model in which each dimension (degree of freedom) can be given a distinct sociological interpretation.
The Educational Insignificance of Technological Attendere: Listening Toward a New Educational Discourse

In this article, the author examines the discourse that substantiates computer use in schools. The discourse is examined from within a shared pedagogical experience with a child. The author describes the noticeable loss of language that animates corporeal awareness when a discourse is adopted that is derived from business, research, and reform literature. The notions of dwelling, communing, and revealing are played out against the notion of technological attendere (a term intended by the author to describe a directedness toward technology) in an attempt to urge the reader to take a close look at the attenuating language used in the promotion of computer-based technologies. Ultimately, the reader is asked to re-instill a more humanistic language in pedagogical encoun ters that gives credence to corporeal understandings.
Walking on water

Many insects and spiders can travel on the water surface by rapid synchronized movements of the legs. It has been found that frictional forces, capillary waves and the creation of water jets and eddies beneath the fluid surface are all involved in the mechanisms of propulsion used by these creatures. Elaborate adaptations of the body structure mediate the wetting and de-wetting of the body surface to provide support and differential adhesion. Flow visualization as well as theoretical modelling have led to an understanding of the mechanisms invoked by water striders and spiders for water walking with a variety of gaits and speeds.
Society of Interventional Radiology Position Statement on Injection Safety: Improper Use of Single-dose/Single-use Vials

Efficient health care delivery includes expense reduction, distribution of limited resources, and minimization of medical waste. These goals must be achieved without patient safety compromise. One challenging example is the administration of injectable medications. Some common procedures may require injection of only a small quantity of medication such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate (Sotradecol; AngioDynamics, Queensbury, New York), onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX Cosmetic; Allergan, Irvine, California), or radiocontrast agents for arthrography, myelography, or percutaneous pain management procedures. In a busy clinical setting, with several consecutive patients scheduled for similar procedures, it may be tempting to purchase a medication in a large ‘‘economy-size’’ container and split the doses into multiple syringes for administration to multiple patients. An essential feature of injection practice involves the safe administration of a medication packaged in a single-dose vial (SDV) or singleuse vial. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that improper use of a medication packaged in an SDV can place a patient at increased risk for acquiring a health care–related infection (1). Medication from an SDV is intended for parenteral administration for a single patient during a single procedure. SDVs are labeled as such in the manufacturer’s package insert. The CDC states that SDVs must not be used for multiple patients. Even if an SDV contains more medication than is needed for a single patient, that vial should not be used for more than one patient nor stored for future use in the same patient. In contrast with an SDV, a multidose vial (MDV) of a medication contains more than a single medication dose. MDVs are labeled as such by the manufacturer and typically contain an antimicrobial preservative agent to help prevent bacterial growth. The preservative agent has no effect on viruses and does not protect against contamination when health care personnel fail to follow safe injection practices. MDVs are discarded within 28 days unless the manufacturer specifies a different (shorter or
A highly flexible, distributed multiprocessor architecture for network processing

Network processors (NPs) are an emerging field of programmable processors that are optimized to implement data plane packet processing networking functions. Unlike the general-purpose CPUs that rely heavily on caching for improving performance, the lack of locality in packet processing and need for high-performance I/O have forced designers to come up with innovative architectures that can hide memory latency while still processing packets at high data rates. Most of these NPs use some type of multiprocessing in combination with a hierarchy of memory types to achieve high performance. In addition, to keep up with packets arriving at high data rates over multiple incoming media interfaces, an NP must perform fast I/O and memory operations such as packet storage, table lookup, and extraction of fields in packet headers. We describe an architecture that uses a combination of distributed memory architecture and one or more multithreaded processors to achieve the necessary performance. We describe the challenges in programming such a processor including the issues related to consistency and maintaining packet ordering. We also present a programming model for generic network applications that uses software pipelines. We then demonstrate the use of the programming model in implementing two applications, namely, mapping traffic management algorithms onto a multithreaded architecture and an implementation of a media gateway based on voice-over-AAL2.
Working with large‐scale climate surveys: Reducing data complexity to gain new insights

Findings from a combination of factor and cluster analyses offer new insights into how student attributes interact with academic discipline in shaping perceptions of campus climate and diversity.
Spatial and Temporal Aspects of the Density-Distance Relationship

Abstract Numerous studies of the relationship between urban population density and distance from the city's center have shown that: (1) Cross-sectionally, the relationship between density and distance is negative, such that density crests in the interior of the city and declines toward the periphery. (2) Longitudinally, the slope of the density-distance relationship becomes flatter as central densities decline as neighborhoods age and thin and as fringe areas develop and increase in population. Most studies have worked with the total relationship between density and distance, ignoring cross-sectional and longitudinal variants from the general pattern for subareas of the metropolis. Large cities seldom develop uniformily in concentric patterns focused upon the CBD. More typical is the axial pattern described by Hurd or the sectoral pattern by Hoyt in which development is axial along principal arteries of transportation with inner-axial areas developing at later points in time. This paper pursues intra-urba...
Emissivity of Carbon Dioxide at 4.3 μ

The emissivity of carbon dioxide has been measured for temperatures from 1500° to 3000°K over the wavelength range from 4.40 to 5.30 μ. Optical densities varied from 0.04 to 4.00 atm · cm; all measurements were made at a total gas pressure of 1 atm. The test gas was heated to the desired temperature by shock compression. The temperature and pressure of the test gas were determined by measuring initial concentrations and shock wave velocities. The emissivity of the hot gas was obtained in two ways: (1) the spectral radiance from the CO2 was compared to that from a globar, which was calibrated with a blackbody source and (2) the transmission through the hot gas was measured, and emissivity obtained from Kirchhoff’s law. The emissivity obtained with these two methods is in agreement within experimental error. The observed emissivities are reasonably well represented by values calculated with the weak line approximation, except that the measured values are consistently higher than the calculated emissivities at the longer wavelengths.
Enabling D2D Communications Through Neighbor Discovery in LTE Cellular Networks

Author(s): Tang, H; Ding, Z; Levy, BC | Abstract: This work studies the problem of neighbor discovery for device-to-device (D2D) communications of LTE user equipments (UEs) in a modern cellular network. By listening to cellular uplink transmissions, UEs can detect potential D2D partners through a neighbor discovery process compatible with the standard LTE network protocol. We focus on neighbor discovery utilizing sounding reference signal (SRS) channel, which can be accessed by peer UEs that are LTE-compliant. Under the constraint of unknown channel statistics during uplink hearing, we propose joint neighbor detection and D2D channel estimation for listening UEs using the framework of sparse channel recovery. Composite hypothesis testing methods are further developed to refine neighbor detection accuracy. We evaluate the performance of our neighbor discovery methods under various network parameters to facilitate practical design and implementation of D2D in 4G cellular networks. © 2012 IEEE.
Electrical Breakdown in Electrostatic Fly Control

As areal density increases and fly height decreases in hard disc drives, it becomes more difficult to achieve a reliable flying interface between the recording head and the disc. Manufacturing variations, environmental conditions and other factors can cause mechanical spacing losses. One method to compensate for these losses is to control slider clearance using electrostatic force. An attractive force between the slider and the disc can be generated by grounding the disc and applying voltage to the entire slider body or a dedicated electrode. If the applied voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the head-disc interface (HDI), however, the resulting current flow will cause damage to the head and disc and ultimately cause the head to crash. A series of experiments were performed on flying heads and a MEMS small-gap tester to determine the nature of the current flow and the effects of head coatings and disc lubricant on breakdown voltage. The results support field emission as the current flow mechanism. In addition, a thick diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating on the slider or electrode increases breakdown voltage and may prove to be an enabler for electrostatic fly control. In comparison, lube appears to have only a secondary effect on electrical breakdown.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
An Atomic-Scale View of Palladium Alloys and their Ability to Dissociate Molecular Hydrogen

Palladium and its alloys play a central role in a wide variety of industrially important applications such as hydrogen reactions, separations, storage devices, and fuel-cell components. Alloy compositions are complex and often heterogeneous at the atomic-scale and the exact mechanisms by which many of these processes operate have yet to be discovered. Herein, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to investigate the atomic-scale structure of Pd–Au and Pd–Cu bimetallics created by depositing Pd on both Au(111) and Cu(111) single crystals at a variety of surface temperatures. We demonstrated that individual, isolated Pd atoms in an inert Cu matrix are active for the dissociation of hydrogen and subsequent spillover onto Cu sites. Our results indicated that H spillover was facile on Pd–Cu at 420 K but that no H was found under the same H2 flux on a Pd–Au sample with identical atomic composition and geometry. In the case of Au, significant H uptake was only observed when larger ensembles of Pd were present in the form of nanoparticles. We report experimental evidence for hydrogen’s ability to reverse the tendency of Pd to segregate into the Au surface at catalytically relevant temperatures and our STM images reveal a novel H-induced striped structure in which Pd atoms aggregated on top of the surface in regularly spaced rows. These results demonstrate the powerful influence an inert substrate has on the catalytic activity of Pd atoms supported in or on its surface and reveal how the atomic-scale geometry of Pd–Au alloys is greatly affected by the presence of hydrogen.
A diabetes self-management education class taught by pharmacy students

Objective. To assess the impact of pharmacy students teaching a diabetes self-management education (DSME) class on their competence and confidence in providing diabetes education.Design. Pharmacy students enrolled in a service-learning elective first observed pharmacy faculty members teaching a DSME class and then 4 weeks later organized and taught a DSME class to a different group of patients at a student-run free medical clinic.Assessment. Student performance as assessed by faculty members using a rubric was above average, with a mean score of 3.3 on a 4.0 scale. Overall, student confidence after teaching the group DSME class was significantly higher than before teaching the class.Conclusion. Organizing and teaching a DSME class improved third-year pharmacy students’ confidence and diabetes knowledge and skills, as well as provided a valuable service to patients at a free medical clinic.
Predicting Changes of Body Weight, Body Fat, Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Fuel Selection in C57BL/6 Mice

The mouse is an important model organism for investigating the molecular mechanisms of body weight regulation, but a quantitative understanding of mouse energy metabolism remains lacking. Therefore, we created a mathematical model of mouse energy metabolism to predict dynamic changes of body weight, body fat, energy expenditure, and metabolic fuel selection. Based on the principle of energy balance, we constructed ordinary differential equations representing the dynamics of body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) as a function of dietary intake and energy expenditure (EE). The EE model included the cost of tissue deposition, physical activity, diet-induced thermogenesis, and the influence of FM and FFM on metabolic rate. The model was calibrated using previously published data and validated by comparing its predictions to measurements in five groups of male C57/BL6 mice (N = 30) provided ad libitum access to either chow or high fat diets for varying time periods. The mathematical model accurately predicted the observed body weight and FM changes. Physical activity was predicted to decrease immediately upon switching from the chow to the high fat diet and the model coefficients relating EE to FM and FFM agreed with previous independent estimates. Metabolic fuel selection was predicted to depend on a complex interplay between diet composition, the degree of energy imbalance, and body composition. This is the first validated mathematical model of mouse energy metabolism and it provides a quantitative framework for investigating energy balance relationships in mouse models of obesity and diabetes.
ACTA: a framework for specifying and reasoning about transaction structure and behavior

Recently, a number of extensions to the traditional transaction model have been proposed to support new information-intensive applications such as CAD/CAM and software development. However, these extended models capture only a subset of interactions that can be found in such applications, and represent only some of the points within the spectrum of interactions possible in competitive and cooperative environments.ACTA is a formalizable framework developed for characterizing the whole spectrum of interactions. The ACTA framework is not yet another transaction model, but is intended to unify the existing models. ACTA allows for specifying the structure and the behavior of transactions as well as for reasoning about the concurrency and recovery properties of the transactions. In ACTA, the semantics of interactions are expressed in terms of transactions' effects on the commit and abort of other transactions and on objects' state and concurrency status (i.e., synchronization state). Its ability to capture the semantics of previously proposed transaction models is indicative of its generality. The reasoning capabilities of this framework have also been tested by using the framework to study the properties of a new model that is derived by combining two existing transaction models.
YO A2II1/2,3/2 Vibrational State Distributions Measured after the Excimer Laser Ablation of Y2O3 Using a Laser-Initiated Pulsed Discharge as a Probe

The vibrational populations of the YO A2Π-X2Σ system of YO were measured in the plasmas generated after the excimer laser ablation of Y2O3 in oxygen when both continuous and pulsed electric fields were applied. When an electric field is applied antiparallel to the direction of propagation of the ejected electrons, two luminous plumes appear, separated by several microseconds. The measured vibrational populations of the YO A2Π-X2Σ system are different for each plume. The YO A2Π populations were nonthermal in the first plume, representing emission from chemiluminescent reactive collisions in the plume after ablation. The second emission pulse, initiated by the discharge of a high-voltage capacitor, probes the ground-state YO in the plume via electron collisions. This pulsed electric field holds promise as a diagnostic probe of the ground-state species emitted in laser ablative processes.
Chemical speciation of H2S04—(NH4)2S04 particles using temperature and humidity controlled nephelometry☆

Abstract Measurment of the response of sulfate compounds in aerosol particles tp thermal decomposition at specific relative humidities providies semiquantitative chemical analysis for sulfate compounds and ammonium to sulfate molar ratio. Laborotory data are presented and discussed . Experiments at one Eastern U.S. site show ambient aerosol NH4+/SO4= between 0.5 and 2.0.
Clinical significance of NTRK family gene expression in neuroblastomas.

Background Neuroblastomas (NBs) are characterized by clinical heterogeneity, from spontaneous regression to relentless progression. The pattern of NTRK family gene expression contributes to these disparate behaviors. TrkA/NTRK1 is expressed in favorable NBs that regress or differentiate, whereas TrkB/NTRK2 and its ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are co-expressed in unfavorable NBs, representing an autocrine survival pathway. We determined the significance of NTRK family gene expression in a large, representative set of primary NBs. Patients and Methods We analyzed the expression of the following genes in 814 NBs using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, P75/NGFR, nerve growth factor (NGF), BDNF, IGFR1, and EGFR. Expression (high vs. low) was dichotomized by median expression value and compared to clinical and biological variables as well as outcome. Results High NTRK1 expression was strongly correlated with favorable age, stage, MYCN status, histology, ploidy, risk group, and outcome (P < 0.0001 for all). However, it did not add significantly to the panel of prognostic variables currently used for cooperative group trials. NTRK2 expression was associated with risk factors but not with outcome. High NGF expression was also associated with most risk factors and weakly with unfavorable outcome. Conclusions High expression of NTRK1 is strongly associated with favorable risk factors and outcome in a large, representative population of NB patients. It did not add significantly to the current risk prediction algorithm, but it may contribute to future expression classifiers. Indeed, prospective assessment of NTRK1 and NTRK2 expression will identify tumors that would be candidates for NTRK-targeted therapy, either alone or in combination with conventional agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:226–232. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of maturity on corn starch properties

ABSTRACT The effect of maturity on the quality of starch for two corn hybrids harvested at three different stages of development was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, rapid viscosity analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis. The onset of gelatinization and peak temperatures were 2–5°C higher for starch from immature grain than starch from mature grain. The gelatinization temperature range was 5°C larger as the grain matured. Peak and trough viscosities decreased with maturity, while pasting temperature increased. Between the two hybrids, the late maturing hybrid yielded a larger peak viscosity and trough. The early maturing hybrid exhibited a higher pasting temperature. Image analysis data showed that the starch granules from mature grain showed an increase in size compared with the starch granules from grain that were harvested at the late milk line stage for one, but not both hybrids.
Thermoreversible Organogels from Alkane Gelators with One Heteroatom

We have examined the abilities of five structurally simple molecules to form thermoreversible gels with a variety of organic liquids. Each gelator is an acyclic alkane with one heteroatom. Of these, dioctadecylamine (2N) is the most efficient gelator. At ≅3 wt % concentrations, it forms gels with alkanes, aromatic liquids, alkanols, methylene chloride, and silicone oil that are stable in closed containers at room temperature for >7 months. Each of the other moleculesoctadecylamine (1N), trioctadecylamine (3N), methyldioctadecylamine (MeN), and ditetradecylsulfide (2S)is able to gel at least silicone oil, and 3N and 2S also form stable gels with alkanols. The reason for the superiority of 2N as a gelator has been linked to its rodlike structure and ability to act as both a hydrogen-bond donor and hydrogen-bond acceptor. Evidence for the importance of H-bonding interactions in strands of the gels is found in infrared and differential scanning calorimetric measurements on the gelators in their neat and gelle...
Missed subcapital fractures

Intracapsular femoral neck fractures, even when they are recognized and treated early, have a relatively high complication rate. Failure to diagnose these fractures can greatly increase the complication rate and make more radical surgery necessary. Reported are two cases of missed subcapital fractures. Both patients had continuing symptoms, eventually were hospitalized, and required arthroplastic procedures. The significance of missed subcapital fractures is discussed, as are guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
Diffuse esophageal spasm. A rare motility disorder not characterized by high-amplitude contractions.

Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) has frequently been described as a motility disorder characterized by simultaneous, high-amplitude contractions. We reviewed the results of esophageal manometry testing on a total of 1480 patients referred to our lab over 36 months. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was determined by a mean of four station pull-throughs. Esophageal body motility was assessed following 10 wet swallows. In our lab a diagnosis of DES is made when greater than 10% but less than 100% of contractions are simultaneous. Manometric findings of DES were rare, with an overall prevalence of 4% (56/1480). Of the 56 patients with a manometric diagnosis of DES, high-amplitude (X≥180 mm Hg) peristaltic contractions were found in only two (4%). No simultaneous contractions with amplitude ≥180 mm Hg were seen. Pressures of simultaneous contractions were consistently lower than peristaltic contractions. A hypertensive LES pressure (≥45 mm Hg) was present in 5/56 DES patients (9%). Poor LES relaxation was found in 7/56 DES patients (13%). We conclude that DES is a rare manometric finding, regardless of the reason for referral, and that the occurrence of high-amplitude contractions in DES is equally rare.
A retrospective analysis of hepatic injury in horses with proximal enteritis (1984-2002).

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that horses with proximal enteritis (PE) are predisposed to hepatic injury. We also determined whether the presence of liver injury in horses with PE was associated with other clinicopathologic abnormalities or affected outcome. The medical records of all horses admitted for evaluation of colic and gastric reflux between 1984 and 2002 were reviewed. Horses were considered to have PE if the diagnosis was made at surgery or postmortem examination or if they had clinical findings consistent with PE. Horses with a small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SISO) were used as the control group. Historic and clinicopathologic data were collected for each horse. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, parametric and nonparametric analyses, and logistic regression. Horses with PE had significantly higher serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities than horses with SISO (P < .05). Horses with PE were 12.1 times more likely to have high GGT activities than were horses with SISO. Horses with PE had an increased risk of at least 1 hepatic enzyme being increased if a high anion gap or large volume of reflux was present. Our conclusion is that horses with PE are more likely to have hepatic injury than horses with SISO. The mechanism of hepatic injury may involve ascending infection from the common bile duct, absorption of endotoxin or inflammatory mediators from the portal circulation, or hepatic hypoxia resulting from systemic inflammation and endotoxemic shock.
Enabling flexibility on a dual head placement machine by optimizing platform-tray-feeder picking operations

The typical circuit card assembly line includes one or more dual head placement machines (DHPMs), which are capable of highly accurate placement and promise the flexibility to assemble a broad variety of circuit card types, each in minimal time. Each DHPM stages components for picking from feeder racks and platform tray feeders (PTFs), which are well suited for components that are large or odd-shaped, contributing to DHPM flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to present a model that can optimize operations that pick from a PTF and/or a feeder rack with the goal of enabling the flexibility needed to assemble a variety of circuit card types efficiently. The primary objective of this paper is a model to optimize operations that pick from a PTF and/or a feeder rack; a secondary objective is computational testing to evaluate the solvability of the model within reasonable run times.
Periodic Motions and Stability in a Semi-Active Suspension System with MR Damping

From experimental results, the magneto-rheological (MR) damping varying with relative velocity is modeled through a piecewise-linear model. Periodic motions in a semi-active suspension system with such a piecewise-linear MR damping are investigated. The theory of discontinuous dynamical systems is employed to determine the grazing motions in such a system, and the mapping technique is used to develop the mapping structures of periodic motions. The periodic motions and stability are predicted analytically and verified numerically. The stability and bifurcation analyses of such periodic motions are performed, and the parameters for all possible motions are developed. This model is applicable for the semi-active suspension system with the magneto-rheological damper in automobiles. Further investigation of magneto-rheological damping with full nonlinearity should be completed.
Isolated soft-switching HFAC-link 3-phase ACAC converter using a single-phase HF transformer

A new resonant three-phase ac-ac converter with a high-frequency ac link, soft switching characteristic, unity input power factor, galvanic isolation, and bidirectional power flow is introduced in this paper. The galvanic isolation is realized with only one single-phase high-frequency transformer, which is substantially small. The converter's ac link is formed by the magnetizing inductance of the high-frequency transformer and two considerably small ac capacitors; no bulky short-life electrolytic capacitor is used. Moreover, the converter's switches are turned on at zero voltage and are turned off with low loss; therefore, the converter's switching losses are significantly low, which subsequently permits the switching frequency to be high. The operation of the topology comprises 16 distinct modes and is described in detail. The analysis of the proposed topology is carried out to reveal the converter's behavior in different operating conditions. Simulation results are also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the power converter.
Staurosporine inhibits the proliferation, alters the cell cycle distribution and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells

Staurosporine (ST), a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), was evaluated for its effect on the proliferation of HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells; PKC is associated with increased colon cell proliferation. ST inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by up to 90%. It also blocked the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and induced classical apoptosis (sub-diploid peak on flow cytometry, DNA ladder, and typical morphological changes). The kinetics of these changes suggest that low ST concentrations (2-20 nM) may act via a different mechanism from higher (100-1000 nM) ones. The role of ST, which is currently evaluated as an antitumor agent, in colon cancer requires further evaluation.
MAMMALIAN RED CELLS AS A SOURCE OF "SMALL PARTICLES".

1. Small particles essentially similar to those previously isolated from other tissues have been isolated from mammalian red blood cells (horse blood). 2. About one-third of the dry weight of the particles is lipids. 3. The particles produce hemolysins against the homologous erythrocytes when inoculated into a foreign species. 4. The fact that the particles can be isolated from mammalian red cells which do not contain visible granules is taken to indicate that some at least of the particles isolated from whole organs represent disintegrated "stroma."
Reward magnitude and shock variables (continuity and intensity) in shuttlebox-avoidance learning

In Experiment I, eight groups of rats (n = 20) were given shuttlebox-avoidance training. Two levels of shock (.3 and 1.6 mA) were combined factorially with two levels of reward (large and small) under both continuous and discontinuous (.75 sec on and 2.00 sec off) shock. Visual situational cues were absent after a shuttle response for the large-reward condition and present for the small-reward condition. Superior performance was obtained with weak rather than strong shock under both reward conditions and with large rather than small reward only under the weak-shock condition. Continuity of shock had no differential effect on performance. Experiment II allowed the conclusion that the reward effect was attributable to a reinforcement mechanism. The data were taken as support for the effective reinforcement theory, which emphasizes the importance in avoidance learning of fear conditioned to situational cues.
Hydrophobic bonding and conformational transitions in lysozyme, ribonuclease and chymotrypsin.

“Temperature difference” spectra for denatured vs. native ribonuclease, lysozyme and chymotrypsin are presented. A comparison of these difference spectra with “solvent difference” spectra for model compounds is presented as evidence for the existence of hydrophobic bonding in these proteins. Results are presented which show that it is possible to observe spectrophotometrically a temperature induced transition similar to that observed in proteins by use of a polarimeter. In at least one case these two types of transitions occur at different temperatures. This suggests that it is possible to observe changes in the tertiary structure independent of those in the secondary structure. Urea and dioxane both depress the transition temperatures which implies a mutual stabilization of the secondary and tertiary protein structures.
On the relationship between the macrolayer thickness and the vapor-stem diameter in the high-heat-flux, pool nucleate boiling region

Abstract The authors consider the high-heat-flux, pool nucleate boiling region of a horizontal surface and propose a theoretical basis for estimating the constant of proportionality between the mean macrolayer thickness and the mean vapor-stem diameter at critical heat flux. This constant is found to be of the same order of magnitude (−10% difference) as that suggested by Gaertner [5]. While Gaertner's estimate is based on photographic evidence, the current approach uses a theoretical basis together with experimental data.
Burning trees and bridges

Most burning of biomass is the result of human activity, and on a global scale it is increasing. Tropospheric concentrations of CO2, CO, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons, and ozone are all increasing with time; global biomass burning may make an important contribution to this increase and thus to potential global climate change. The nitrogen cycle also can have important climatic effects. Nitrous oxide put into the atmosphere by biomass burning is a greenhouse gas 250 times more powerful (molecule for molecule) than carbon dioxide. Nitric oxide, as well as being a photochemical precursor of ozone, a major pollutant in the troposphere, produces nitric acid, the fastest-growing component of acid rain. Hence, the new bridge in the nitrogen cycle is of more than mere technical interest.
Routing protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks - a survey

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) are a class of networks that lack continuous connectivity between nodes due to limited wireless radio coverage, widely scattered mobile nodes, constrained energy resources, high levels of interference or due to some other similar channel impairment. Examples of such networks are those operating in mobile networks or extreme terrestrial environments, or simply as planned networks in space. The term disruption-tolerant network is also occasionally used in place of DTN. Routing in DTN is challenging because of frequent and long duration periods of non-connectivity. Several routing protocols have been proposed with strategies ranging from flooding to opportunistic approaches. Due to the diversity of available strategies, there is a need to properly classify and evaluate their performance with various angles. In this paper, we study state of the art routing protocols and give a comparison between them with respect to the characteristic features and methodology involved. The pros and cons of each, their performance and open research issues are also discussed.
"On-off"-induced lethal hyperthermia.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is being increasingly recognized as a potential complication of neuroleptic therapy. Similar hyperthermic episodes have also been described in other settings of abrupt cessation of dopaminergic stimulation such as levodopa withdrawal. We report a fatal NMS-like episode occurring as a complication of an "off" period in a patient with Parkinson's disease.
SINGLE CELL PARTIAL WAVE SPECTROSCOPY: UNDERSTANDING ALTERATIONS OF INTRACELLULAR NANOARCHITECTURE IN CANCER

We developed a novel microscopic technique, single-cell partial-wave spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy, which provides insights into the nanoarchitecture of living cells. We demonstrated that PWS enables diagnosis of colon carcinogenesis by analysis of histologically normal-appearing cells.
Deflection of nonequilibrium light particles by the nuclear mean field.

The sign of the average emission angle of nonequilibrium light particles was determined from the circular polarization of coincident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted from residual nuclei for $^{14}\mathrm{N}$-induced reactions on $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ at $\frac{E}{A}=20 \mathrm{and} 35$ MeV. Light particles ($p,d,t,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) are preferentially emitted to negative angles. This effect is consistent with deflection of the particles by the attractive nuclear mean field. Numerical solutions of the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation demonstrate that the experimental result is sensitive to the interplay between the nuclear mean field and nucleon-nucleon collisions.
The Patient's Duty to Adhere to Prescribed Treatment: An Ethical Analysis

This article examines the ethical basis for the patient's duty to adhere to the physician's treatment prescriptions. The article argues that patients have a moral duty to adhere to the physician's treatment prescriptions, once they have accepted treatment. Since patients still retain the right to refuse medical treatment, their duty to adhere to treatment prescriptions is a prima facie duty, which can be overridden by their other ethical duties. However, patients do not have the right to refuse to adhere to treatment prescriptions if their non-adherence poses a significant threat to other people. This paper also discusses the use of written agreements between physicians and patients as a strategy for promoting patient adherence.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Stroke

In the investigation of ischemic stroke, conventional structural magnetic resonance (MR) techniques (e.g., T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, and proton density-weighted imaging) are valuable for the assessment of infarct extent and location beyond the first 12 to 24 hours after onset, and can be combined with MR angiography to noninvasively assess the intracranial and extracranial vasculature. However, during the critical first 6 to 12 hours, the probable period of greatest therapeutic opportunity, these methods do not adequately assess the extent and severity of ischemia. Recent developments in functional MR imaging are showing great promise for the detection of developing focal cerebral ischemic lesions within the first hours. These include (1) diffusion-weighted imaging, which provides physiologic information about the self-diffusion of water, thereby detecting one of the first elements in the pathophysiologic cascade leading to ischemic injury; and (2) perfusion imaging. The detection of acute intraparenchymal hemorrhagic stroke by susceptibility weighted MR has also been reported. In combination with MR angiography, these methods may allow the detection of the site, extent, mechanism, and tissue viability of acute stroke lesions in one imaging study. Imaging of cerebral metabolites with MR spectroscopy along with diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion imaging may also provide new insights into ischemic stroke pathophysiology. In light of these advances in structural and functional MR, their potential uses in the study of the cerebral ischemic pathophysiology and in clinical practice are described, along with their advantages and limitations.
Daily Behavior Report Cards with and without Home-Based Consequences: Improving Classroom Behavior in Low Income, African American Children with ADHD

Daily Behavior Report Cards (DBRC), which typically require teachers to evaluate students' daily behavior and parents to provide contingent consequences, are an effective and acceptable method for improving children's classroom behavior. The current study evaluated whether parent involvement is an essential treatment component or whether teacher feedback alone would be sufficient to produce children's behavior changes. The effectiveness of DBRC with teacher feedback to students and parent delivered consequences (PC) was compared to teacher feedback to students only (no parent delivered consequences, NPC) for increasing appropriate classroom behavior and academic productivity in African American, low income, elementary school children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Both treatments led to increased on-task behavior, although PC was superior to NPC. Academic productivity outcomes are less clear. Treatment implications and future directions for research on teacher feedback interventions...
Distal Ulna Giant Cell Tumor Resection with Reconstruction using Distal Ulna Prosthesis and Brachioradialis Wrap Soft Tissue Stabilization

This is a surgical technique report concerning the treatment of a 32-year-old male who had a giant cell tumor of distal ulna with suspected metastatic disease to the lungs. Three curettage procedures and a Darrach procedure were performed at an outlying facility. Upon the fourth reoccurrence, the patient was referred to our facility. It was established that the patient needed a distal ulna en bloc resection. To accommodate his activity requirements, reconstruction of the sigmoid notch and distal ulna was undertaken using a prosthesis. Soft tissue stabilization of the prosthesis was a challenge due to his previous procedures. This was accomplished using a brachioradialis tendon wrap.
Tracking the material, energy, and value flow for end-of-life lithium ion batteries in the US

Global fossil fuel dependence has led to unprecedented greenhouse gas emissions, forcing the world to seek energy alternatives, particularly for personal transportation. Energy storage in batteries is a key component to hybrid and battery electric vehicle deployment. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) emerged as a competitive technology due to higher power and energy densities compared to lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride chemistries, which once dominated this market. The portable rechargeable battery market, of which lithium-ion has a 75% share, is the fastest growing segment of the rechargeable battery market, with a 20% global growth in 2008.1 This transition is observed in other application areas as well.
Physiological and toxicological aspects of combustion of natural and synthetic materials: Past, present and future☆

Abstract Normally one expects that flame contact is the major cause of injury and death during fires. Analysis of the factors involved in numerous fires has revealed that most deaths were not due to flame contact, but were a consequence of the production of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other combustion products, such as aldehydes, ketones, low-molecular-weight alcohols, hydrogen cyanide, and other noxious species. The major emphasis within the scope of this paper relates to the physiological and toxicological aspects of smoke produced during the combustion of natural and synthetic materials. Special emphasis is directed towards the development of a laboratory protocol to determine the qualitative and quantitative analysis of smoke, factors pertaining to smoke development, and the evaluation of the animal's ability to escape from the survive a fire. This methodology incorporates both an assessment of animal behavior and a bioassay technique to classify the physiological status of the animal. Finally, a review is presented of the pathological changes common to humans involved in “real fires” as well as an analysis of the pathological changes observed in test animals following exposure to carbon monoxide and other combustion products resulting from the thermal decomposition of natural and synthetic materials.
Towards a model for optimizing technical debt in software products

There is a growing interest in applying the technical debt metaphor to investigate issues related to the tradeoff of the likely long-term costs associated with software design shortcuts for expected short-term business benefits in terms of increased earlier functionality. We propose an optimization model that contrasts the patterns of technical debt accumulation in a software product with the patterns of consumer adoption of the product throughout its evolution. This facilitates a rigorous and balanced analysis of the pros and cons of accumulating technical debt at various lifecycle stages of a software product. We discuss the use of the optimization model to derive policies for managing technical debt and the potential for empirical tests of the model and other future interdisciplinary research.
General relativistic pulsation equation for charged fluids

Abstract A general relativistic pulsation equation for determining the characteristic frequencies of a charged fluid is obtained. The equation is then applied to the case of charged dust.
Synthesis of 14C‐labeled N‐nitrosobis (2‐oxopropyl) amine

N-Nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP), a potent pancreatic carcinogen in the Syrian golden hamster, was synthesized with the 14C-label in the 1-position of one of the propyl groups. Starting with lactic-1-14C acid, BHP was prepared utilizing a four-step reaction sequence, with an overall yield of 45%. Intermediate purification was not necessary.
Mining knowledge from clicks: MSR-Bing image retrieval challenge

This paper introduces the MSR-Bing grand challenge on image retrieval. The challenge is based on a dataset generated from click logs of a real image search engine. The challenge is to mine semantic knowledge from the dataset and predict the relevance score of any image-query pair. A brief introduction to the dataset, the challenge task, and the evaluation method will be presented. And then the methods proposed by the challenge participants are introduced, followed by evaluation results and some discussions about the goal and future of the challenge.