cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future Armor Rearm Control System design

Abstract At present the U.S. Army reloads tanks by hand, using soldiers handling shells one-by-one. This is slow at best and is not at all suited for the hazardous chemical, biological, and nuclear environment potentially encountered on the battlefield. The Army has initiated the Future Armor Rearm System (FARS) Project, which has the goal of designing and building an automatic reloading vehicle for the Army's new MI Block III tank. The FARS vehicle is based upon an existing mobile platform; however, all of the automated shell storage and transfer mechanisms are new designs. A systems design approach is used to develop the actuators and sensors and the computer control system for the reload vehicle. The automated shell-handling hardware can be divided into three major systems: the articulate boom and docking port with internal conveyor used for connecting with the tank and for transfer of shells from the FARS vehicle to the tank, the carousel used for storage and selection of shells, and the lift table used for alignment and transfer between the carousel. With the exception of docking with the articulated boom, which is done first, the carousel, lift table, and boom conveyor systems must act together as a coordinated system. Specifically, this requires that (1) transfer of a shell from one system implies receipt of the shell by another system, (2) transfer for shells between systems must be at matching speeds, and (3) the average rate of transfer through each of the systems must be equal. This paper is description of the work in progress to develop the control system for the FARS vehicle.
The molecular genetics of holoprosencephaly

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) has captivated the imagination of Man for millennia because its most extreme manifestation, the single-eyed cyclopic newborn infant, brings to mind the fantastical creature Cyclops from Greek mythology. Attempting to understand this common malformation of the forebrain in modern medical terms requires a systematic synthesis of genetic, cytogenetic, and environmental information typical for studies of a complex disorder. However, even with the advances in our understanding of HPE in recent years, there are significant obstacles remaining to fully understand its heterogeneity and extensive variability in phenotype. General lessons learned from HPE will likely be applicable to other malformation syndromes. Here we outline the common, and rare, genetic and environmental influences on this conserved developmental program of forebrain development and illustrate the similarities and differences between these malformations in humans and those of animal models.
Light diffraction effects from Kevlar aramid fibers

Abstract The light diffraction phenomenon from Kevlar 49 fibers exhibits unusual polarization effects and its angular and wavelength dependence cannot be described by the grating equation. This unexpected behavior is analyzed by modeling the fiber as an anisotropic grating of finite thickness in which the diffraction arises from a periodic change in the orientation of the molecular dipoles. Theoretical predictions on this basis explain all available experimental observations. These findings are discussed in regard to currently proposed structural models for the fiber.
Reduced-order control of systems disturbed by randomly correlated noise sequences

In this work, linear time-invariant discrete-time systems acted on by correlated-noise disturbances with uncertain models are mean-square stabilized by reduced-order controllers.
Analysis of responses to angiotensin IV in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat

Abstract Responses to angiotensin IV were investigated and compared with responses to angiotensin II in the pulmonary vascular bed of the intact-chest cat under constant flow conditions. Under low resting tone conditions, intralobar injections of angiotensin IV caused dose-related increases in lobar arterial pressure. Angiotensin II also increased lobar arterial pressure and was 100 fold more potent than angiotensin IV. Dose-response curves for both peptides were parallel, and the time-to-peak increase in lobar arterial pressure in response to angiotensin IV and angiotensin II was similar whereas the duration of the response to angiotensin IV was significantly shorter. Following administration of the angiotensin receptor subtype 1 (AT1) antagonist, DuP 532 (2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2′-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-methyl]imidazole), responses to angiotensin IV and angiotensin II were reduced in a similar manner, whereas pulmonary pressor responses to serotonin were not altered. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist, administration of PD 123,319 ((S)-1-[[4-(dimethyl-amino) -3-methyl-phenyl]methyl-5-(diphenylacetyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazol[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid), an angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist, did not change responses to angiotensin II and angiotensin IV. The results of the present study demonstrate that angiotensin IV has significant vasoconstrictor activity in the pulmonary vascular bed, and suggest that pressor responses to angiotensin IV are mediated by the activation of angiotensin AT1 receptors. These data indicate that angiotensin IV is 100-fold less potent than angiotensin II and suggest that the hexapeptide may have a lower apparent affinity for the angiotensin AT1 receptor than does angiotensin II in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat.
Effects of Systematic Methyl Substitution of Metal (III) Tris(n-Methyl-8-Quinolinolato) Chelates on Material Properties for Optimum Electroluminescence Device Performance

We relate the chemical structure of a series of methyl (Me) substituted group III metal tris(8-quinolinolato) chelates (nMeq3M: n = 0, 3, 4, 5; M = Al3+, Ga3+) to their photoluminescence (PL), electroluminescence, and thermal properties. Methylation of the 8-quinolinol ligand at the 3 or 4 position (pyridyl ring) results in a factor of 1.4 and 3.0 enhancement of PL quantum efficiency (φPL), respectively, whereas methylation at the 5 position (phenoxide ring) results in a factor of ∼3.0 decrease in φPL relative to the unsubstituted analogue. Electroluminescent quantum efficiencies of undoped organic light-emitting devices using the aluminum tris(8-quinolinolato) chelates are 1, 0.45, 1.4, and 0.80% for unsubstituted 5-, 4-, and 3-methyl-8-quinolinol ligands, respectively. Devices made with the latter two ligands have a higher operating voltage to generate the same current density. Similar trends were observed for methylation of gallium tris(8-quinolinolato) chelates. We relate these results to the thermal...
Cytosolic-DNA-Mediated, STING-Dependent Proinflammatory Gene Induction Necessitates Canonical NF-κB Activation through TBK1

ABSTRACT STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is known to control the induction of innate immune genes in response to the recognition of cytosolic DNA species, including the genomes of viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). However, while STING is essential for protection of the host against numerous DNA pathogens, sustained STING activity can lead to lethal inflammatory disease. It is known that STING utilizes interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways to exert its effects, although the signal transduction mechanisms remain to be clarified fully. Here we demonstrate that in addition to the activation of these pathways, potent induction of the Jun N-terminal protein kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway was similarly observed in response to STING activation by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Furthermore, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) associated with STING was found to facilitate dsDNA-mediated canonical activation of NF-κB as well as IRF3 to promote proinflammatory gene transcription. The triggering of NF-κB function was noted to require TRAF6 activation. Our findings detail a novel dsDNA-mediated NF-κB activation pathway facilitated through a STING-TRAF6-TBK1 axis and suggest a target for therapeutic intervention to plausibly stimulate antiviral activity or, alternatively, avert dsDNA-mediated inflammatory disease. IMPORTANCE The IKK complex, which is composed of two catalytic subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, has been suggested to be essential for the activation of canonical NF-κB signaling in response to various stimuli, including cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1α [IL-1α] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]), Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), and dsRNAs derived from viruses, or a synthetic analog. STING has been identified as a critical signaling molecule required for the detection of cytosolic dsDNAs derived from pathogens and viruses. However, little is known about how cytosolic dsDNA triggers NF-κB signaling. In the present study, we demonstrate that TBK1, identified as an IKK-related kinase, may predominantly control the activation of NF-κB in response to dsDNA signaling via STING through the IKKαβ activation loop. Thus, our results establish TBK1 as a downstream kinase controlling dsDNA-mediated IRF3 and NF-κB signaling dependent on STING.
Emerging U.S. Immigrant Geographies: Racial Wages and Migration Selectivity.

Two prominent issues have refocused research on immigrant integration since 2000. First, the dominance of top immigrant destinations such as Los Angeles was reduced as immigrants increasingly settled in newer destinations, often rural and without a history of immigrant concentrations. Second, the children of post-1965 immigrants began to reach working age in the 1990s and enter the labor force. These trends focus debates over immigrant integration on geography and inequality, as prospects for the second generation will depend upon their presence in the racially structured labor markets they inherit from their parents and internal migration. (The same, of course, can be said of young workers of U.S.-born parents.)Will immigrants and their children have better relative wage prospects—relative to the U.S.-born of U.S. parents—as a result of internal migration? How does the selectivity of internal migration come into play in the 1990s? What will changing settlement patterns mean for “catching up” to the wages of native-born workers? In a series of wage selectivity models, I find that immigrants and the adult second generation manage to escape some racial wage penalties via internal migration. That said, they do not do so by locating in newly emerging immigrant destination states, which demonstrate considerable negative selectivity with regard to wages (even after controlling for local variations in housing value and employment growth). Regardless of nativity and generation, all nonwhites (with the exception of U.S.-born Asians) garner lower wages in these locations relative to whites, and much lower returns to a university degree overall. There are interesting intergenerational and gendered patterns in these wage selectivity models to be discussed as well. I suggest further that we need to reconsider discussions of migration and spatial assimilation to account for the fact that some migrants may be moving in order to evade disadvantages in unequal local labor markets. Further, given the negative selectivity to newer immigrant locations for even the U.S. born, these models suggest that the geography of 1990s labor market growth in the United States might have been evidence of increasing regional inequalities as well as individual mobility.
Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort

Using genome-wide genotypes, we characterized the genetic structure of 103,006 participants in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California multi-ethnic Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging Cohort and analyzed the relationship to self-reported race/ethnicity. Participants endorsed any of 23 race/ethnicity/nationality categories, which were collapsed into seven major race/ethnicity groups. By self-report the cohort is 80.8% white and 19.2% minority; 93.8% endorsed a single race/ethnicity group, while 6.2% endorsed two or more. Principal component (PC) and admixture analyses were generally consistent with prior studies. Approximately 17% of subjects had genetic ancestry from more than one continent, and 12% were genetically admixed, considering only nonadjacent geographical origins. Self-reported whites were spread on a continuum along the first two PCs, indicating extensive mixing among European nationalities. Self-identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian–European genetic ancestry were easily identified; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self-identified as Filipinos. Self-reported African Americans and Latinos showed extensive European and African genetic ancestry, and Native American genetic ancestry for the latter. Among 3741 genetically identified parent–child pairs, 93% were concordant for self-reported race/ethnicity; among 2018 genetically identified full-sib pairs, 96% were concordant; the lower rate for parent–child pairs was largely due to intermarriage. The parent–child pairs revealed a trend toward increasing exogamy over time; the presence in the cohort of individuals endorsing multiple race/ethnicity categories creates interesting challenges and future opportunities for genetic epidemiologic studies.
Pretend play, creativity, and emotion regulation in children.

The aim of this study was to examine relationships among pretend play, creativity, emotion regulation, and executive functioning in children. Pretend play processes were assessed using the Affect in Play Scale (APS), which measures children’s cognitive and affective processes, such as organization of a plot or use of emotions. Sixty-one female participants, in kindergarten through fourth grade, were assessed using the APS to measure pretend play ability, a divergent thinking task (the Alternate Uses Test), a storytelling task to assess creativity, a measure of executive functioning (the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, Short Form; WCST-64), and parent report on the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). Using correlational analyses, pretend play significantly related to creativity as measured by divergent thinking and storytelling, and related to emotion regulation. Affect expression in play was significantly related to affect expression in storytelling suggesting cross-situational stability. Divergent thinking ability was significantly related to creativity in storytelling. In general the magnitudes of the correlations were of medium effect size. No significant relationships were found with executive functioning. The results of this study support theories that suggest play, creativity, and emotion regulation are linked.
Alternative approach to general coupled linear optics

The Twiss parameters provide a convenient description of beam optics in uncoupled linear beamlines. For coupled beamlines, a variety of approaches are possible for describing the linear optics; here, we propose an approach and notation that naturally generalizes the familiar Twiss parameters to the coupled case in three degrees of freedom. Our approach is based on an eigensystem analysis of the matrix of second-order beam moments, or alternatively (in the case of a storage ring) on an eigensystem analysis of the linear single-turn map. The lattice functions that emerge from this approach have an interpretation that is conceptually very simple: in particular, the lattice functions directly relate the beam distribution in phase space to the invariant emittances. To emphasize the physical significance of the coupled lattice functions, we develop the theory from first principles, using only the assumption of linear symplectic transport. We also give some examples of the application of this approach, demonstrating its advantages of conceptual and notational simplicity.
Applying a quantitative genetics framework to behavioural syndrome research

Current interest in behavioural syndromes, or ‘animal personalities’, reinforces a need for behavioural ecologists to adopt a multivariate view of phenotypes. Fortunately, many of the methodological and theoretical issues currently being dealt with by behavioural ecologists within the context of behavioural syndromes have previously been investigated by researchers in other areas of evolutionary ecology. As a result of these previous efforts, behavioural syndrome researchers have considerable theory and a wide range of tools already available to them. Here, we discuss aspects of quantitative genetics useful for understanding the multivariate phenotype as well as the relevance of quantitative genetics to behavioural syndrome research. These methods not only allow the proper characterization of the multivariate behavioural phenotype and genotype—including behaviours within, among and independent of behavioural syndrome structures—but also allow predictions as to how populations may respond to selection on behaviours within syndromes. An application of a quantitative genetics framework to behavioural syndrome research also clarifies and refines the questions that should be asked.
Bounded rationality, expectations, and child labour

This paper develops a model with overlapping generations, where the household's optimal fertility, child labour, and education decisions depend on the parents’ expectations or beliefs about the return to education. It is shown that there exists a range of parental income where the fertility rate is high and children participate in the labour market and receive an incomplete education if a parent believes the return to education is low. The act of participating in the labour market reduces the child's ability to accumulate human capital; thus, the action of sending a child into the labour market is sufficient to ensure that the parents’ initially pessimistic expectations are fulfilled. It is then shown that a one-time policy intervention, such as banning child labour and mandatory education, can be enough to move a country from the positive child labour equilibrium to an equilibrium with no child labour. Rationalite limitee, anticipations et travail des enfants. Ce memoire developpe un modele de chevauchement des generations ou la fecondite optimale du menage, le travail des enfants et les decisions a propos de l’education dependent des anticipations des parents ou de qu'ils croient etre le rendement sur l'education. On montre qu'il existe un eventail de revenus des parents pour lequel le taux de fecondite est eleve, et les enfants participent au marche du travail et recoivent une education incomplete, si un parent croit que le rendement sur l'investissement en education est faible. Le fait d'entrer sur le marche du travail reduit la capacite de l'enfant a accumuler du capital humain, et donc le fait de l'envoyer sur le marche du travail est suffisant pour s'assurer que les anticipations pessimistes du parent se realisent. On montre qu'une intervention ponctuelle de politique publique a un moment donne – comme bannir le travail des enfants ou imposer l'education obligatoire – peut suffire pour deplacer un pays d'un equilibre avec travail des enfants vers un equilibre sans travail des enfants.
A Test of Two Solute Trapping Models

Two solute trapping models are compared. They are shown to predict identical behavior at any given end of a phase diagram by different behavior as the phase diagram is traversed. The segregation behavior of dilute solutions of Ge in Si (k/sub e/ 1) during regrowth from pulsed-laser melting is being studied using transient conductance, high resolution RBS, and SIMS. The results to date suggest a significant amount of solute trapping (K ..-->.. 1) of Ge in Si and of Si in Ge. Such a result would be inconsistent with the predictions of one of the models. 15 references, 4 figures.
Serum thyroglobulin in inhabitants of an endemic goiter region of New Guinea.

Abstract Serum thyroglobulin Tg(RIA) was studied in 161 residents of the Nomane region of New Guinea. The incidence of antithyroglobulin antibodies (ATA) and antimicrosomal antibodies (anti-M) was also studied to assess the role of autoimmunity in goitrogenesis. ATA were detected in only 4 sera; these sera were excluded from the study since ATA interfere in the Tg radioimmunoassay. Anti-M antibodies were undetectable in all of 105 subjects whose sera were analyzed. Mean (±SE) serum Tg(RIA) in the 84 nongoitrous (NG) subjects was 163.1 ± 17.2 ng/ml, whereas that in 77 goitrous (G) subjects was 208.1 ± 19.8 ng/ml; both values were much higher (P < 0.001) than that (5.1 ± 0.49 ng/ml) in normal Californian subjects. The mean serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the NG group (12.1 ±2.1 μU/ml) was not statistically different from that in the G group (10.1 ± 1.5 μU/ml). Serum Tg(RIA) correlated positively with log TSH (r − 0.38, P < 0.001). Intrigued by the finding of goiters in some residents of an endemi...
Ciguatera: A public health perspective

Ciguatera fish poisoning is a seafood-borne illness caused by consumption of fish that have accumulated lipid-soluble ciguatoxins. In the United States, ciguatera is responsible for the highest reported incidence of food-borne illness outbreaks attributed to finfish, and it is reported to hold this distinction globally. Ciguatoxins traverse the marine food web from primary producers, Gambierdiscus spp., to commonly consumed fish in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ciguatoxins comprise 12 known congeners among Caribbean and tropical Atlantic fish and 29 reported congeners among Pacific fish. Expanding trade in fisheries from ciguatera-endemic regions contributes to wider distribution and increasing frequency of disease among seafood consumers in non-endemic regions. Ciguatoxins produce a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiological symptoms. Treatment options are very limited and supportive in nature. Information derived from the study of ciguatera outbreaks has improved clinical recognition, confirmation, and timely treatment. Such studies are equally important for the differentiation of ciguatoxin profiles in fish from one region to the next, the determination of toxicity thresholds in humans, and the formulation of safety limits. Analytical information from case and outbreak investigations was used to derive Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxin threshold contamination rates for adverse effects in seafood consumers. To these threshold estimates 10-fold safety factors were applied to address individual human risk factors; uncertainty in the amount of fish consumed; and analytical accuracy. The studies may serve as the basis for industry and consumer advisory levels of 0.10ppb C-CTX-1 equivalent toxicity in fish from the tropical Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and 0.01ppb P-CTX-1 equivalent toxicity in fish from Pacific regions.
The Second Bank of the United States: An Instrument for an Interregional Monetary Union

The Second Bank of the United States, a public bank chartered by the Congress in the early part of 1816, was the pre-eminent banking institution of its period. Its historical prominence, however, is derived primarily from the emphasis that has been placed on its role in the Bank War—a major political controversy of the nineteenth century. Certainly, the legacy of that struggle, that is, its impact on American political and economic institutions, transcends the importance of the operations undertaken by the BUS in the more normal years that preceded the Bank War. Nevertheless, because of the extent of its influence on the American economy during its tenure, the economic character of BUS operations during its earlier years also deserves the attention of the economic historian. By the close of the 1820's, its operations touched virtually every aspect of the nation's economic life—ranging from its role as the largest single issuer of bank notes to the development of financial arrangements that played an instrumental role in the conduct of interregional and international trade. In addition, the Second Bank carried out under the provisions of its charter a variety of quasi-governmental functions— including the imposition of a uniform national currency. In the course of its emergence in the 1820's, then, the Second Bank forged a set of institutional arrangements that had an important impact on the nation's economic activity throughout the remaining years of its tenure.
Longitudinal Monitoring of Two Commercial Layer Flocks and Their Environments for Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis and Other Salmonellae

Abstract Between August 20, 2001, and September 17, 2002, 1429 samples including drag swabs, egg belt or egg rollout swabs, fan-blade swabs, rodent organ and intestinal pools, beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus) pools, housefly (Musca domestica) pools, chicken organ and intestinal pools, and egg pools were obtained for Salmonella culture from two flocks from two different commercial layer ranches. The two ranches were purposefully selected for the study based on their previous status of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation using environmental drag swabs in cooperation with practicing veterinarians. Salmonella sp. was isolated from 337 out of 979 (34.42%) non-egg samples. No Salmonella was isolated from 450 egg pools collected from either ranch. S. enteritidis was isolated from samples obtained from ranch 1 from manure drag swabs, 4/284 (1.4%); rodent organs, 1/24 (4.2%); and housefly pool cultures 1/21 (4.8%). Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from ranch 2 from mouse organ and intestinal pool samples, 1/24 (4.2...
Genome-wide RNAi screen in IFN-γ-treated human macrophages identifies genes mediating resistance to the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) inhibits intracellular replication of Francisella tularensis in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and in mice, but the mechanisms of this protective effect are poorly characterized. We used genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screening in the human macrophage cell line THP-1 to identify genes that mediate the beneficial effects of IFN-γ on F. tularensis infection. A primary screen identified ∼200 replicated candidate genes. These were prioritized according to mRNA expression in IFN-γ-primed and F. tularensis-challenged macrophages. A panel of 20 top hits was further assessed by re-testing using individual shRNAs or siRNAs in THP-1 cells, HMDMs and primary human lung macrophages. Six of eight validated genes tested were also found to confer resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection, suggesting a broadly shared host gene program for intracellular pathogens. The F. tularensis-validated hits included ‘druggable’ targets such as TNFRSF9, which encodes CD137. Treating HMDM with a blocking antibody to CD137 confirmed a beneficial role of CD137 in macrophage clearance of F. tularensis. These studies reveal a number of important mediators of IFN-γ activated host defense against intracellular pathogens, and implicate CD137 as a potential therapeutic target and regulator of macrophage interactions with Francisella tularensis.
ASSESSING CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF LEVEES AND DAMS ON FLOODPLAIN PONDS: A NEUTRAL‐TERRAIN MODEL APPROACH

Nearly all large rivers and their floodplains in the Northern Hemisphere are subject to multiple disturbances such as levees, impoundments, channelization, dams, and changes in land use. Isolating the relative impact of different disturbances is difficult when the combined effects are nonadditive. I developed a “neutral-terrain model” to examine the cumulative impacts of levees and dams on the hydroperiod of ponds and wetlands that form throughout floodplains after flood events. Using simulated floods of different magnitude, I address two major questions: (1) What is the relative influence of levees vs. dams on the duration and abundance of temporary ponds and wetlands? (2) Are the cumulative effects of levees and dams additive, synergistic, or antagonistic? Levees decreased the area occupied by temporary ponds (as compared to the natural scenario), until the levee was breached by large-magnitude events. When the levee was breached, no differences were found between the natural- and levee-floodplain scena...
Combining Multiple, Large-Scale Resources in a Reusable Lexicon for Natural Language Generation

A lexicon is an essential component in a generation system but few efforts have been made to build a rich, large-scale lexicon and make it reusable for different generation applications. In this paper, we describe our work to build such a lexicon by combining multiple, heterogeneous linguistic resources which have been developed for other purposes. Novel transformation and integration of resources is required to reuse them for generation. We also applied the lexicon to the lexical choice and realization component of a practical generation application by using a multi-level feedback architecture. The integration of the lexicon and the architecture is able to effectively improve the system paraphrasing power, minimize the chance of grammatical errors, and simplify the development process substantially.
What's the Score and Game Plan on Teaming in Schools?: A Review of the Literature on Team Teaching and School-Based Problem-Solving Teams

Articles on team teaching and school-based problem solving teams (SBPSTs) published in refereed journals from 1980 to 1997 were reviewed. The review was designed to (a) identify the types of published articles on team teaching and SBPSTs, (b) review articles on team teaching and SBPSTs published in refereed journals, (c) summarize the conclusions of published articles, (d) draw conclusions regarding the current research trends, and (e) present suggestions for continued research in teaming outcome research. This review begins with a characterization of team teaching and SBPSTs, followed by a description of the review process. Results indicate that most articles are anecdotal reports or technical guides for implementing both models. Results also suggest that research of both models lack experimental designs and generally report student-based outcomes. This review concludes with a discussion of the results and suggestions for continued research efforts.
Evaluation by Expert Dancers of a Robot That Performs Partnered Stepping via Haptic Interaction

Our long-term goal is to enable a robot to engage in partner dance for use in rehabilitation therapy, assessment, diagnosis, and scientific investigations of two-person whole-body motor coordination. Partner dance has been shown to improve balance and gait in people with Parkinson's disease and in older adults, which motivates our work. During partner dance, dance couples rely heavily on haptic interaction to convey motor intent such as speed and direction. In this paper, we investigate the potential for a wheeled mobile robot with a human-like upper-body to perform partnered stepping with people based on the forces applied to its end effectors. Blindfolded expert dancers (N=10) performed a forward/backward walking step to a recorded drum beat while holding the robot's end effectors. We varied the admittance gain of the robot's mobile base controller and the stiffness of the robot's arms. The robot followed the participants with low lag (M=224, SD=194 ms) across all trials. High admittance gain and high arm stiffness conditions resulted in significantly improved performance with respect to subjective and objective measures. Biomechanical measures such as the human hand to human sternum distance, center-of-mass of leader to center-of-mass of follower (CoM-CoM) distance, and interaction forces correlated with the expert dancers' subjective ratings of their interactions with the robot, which were internally consistent (Cronbach's α=0.92). In response to a final questionnaire, 1/10 expert dancers strongly agreed, 5/10 agreed, and 1/10 disagreed with the statement "The robot was a good follower." 2/10 strongly agreed, 3/10 agreed, and 2/10 disagreed with the statement "The robot was fun to dance with." The remaining participants were neutral with respect to these two questions.
Minimum latency scheduling for Multi-Regional Query in Wireless Sensor Networks

Query scheduling as one of the most important technologies used in query processing has been widely studied recently. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, no previous work focuses on the Minimum Latency Multi-Regional Query Scheduling (ML-MRQS) problem. In this paper, we investigate the ML-MRQS problem in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which aims to generate a scheduling plan with minimum latency for a more practical query model called Multi-Regional Query (MRQ). A MRQ targets at user interested data from multiple region-sofa WSN, where each region is a subarea of the WSN. We claim that the ML-MRQS problem is NP-hard. Therefore, we propose a heuristic scheduling algorithm Multi-Regional Query Scheduling Algorithm (MRQSA) to solve this problem. Theoretical analysis shows that the latency of MRQSA is upper bounded by 23A + B + C for a MRQ with m query regions R 1 , R 2 …, R m , where A = max i=1 m D i left, B = max i=1 m {(23D i +5Δ+21)k i }, C = Σ i=1 m H i +5Δ−m+17, m is the number of regions, Δ is the maximum node degree in the WSN, A is the diameter of R i , k i is the maximum overlapped degree of sensor nodes in TU, Hi represents the distance of R i with respect to the sink, and D i left is the diameter of the non-overlapped part of R i . Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the performance of our algorithm, which show that MRQSA significantly reduces the query latency when compared with the most recently published multi-query scheduling algorithm.
Distance, symmetry, and task affect right-left vs. up-down judgments

Subjects judged whether a stimulus in a designated location pointed right, left, up, or down, or they judged whether two right-left or up-down stimuli pointed in the same or different directions. Pairs of stimuli were either far apart or close together, both of the same form or not, and aligned horizontally or vertically. In the location task, the only significant effect was that far stimuli were responded to faster than near stimuli, probably because selective attention was easier. In the same-different task, stimulus orientation interacted with alignment such that vertical stimuli were faster with horizontal alignment and horizontal stimuli were faster with vertical alignment. This effect occurred, however, only when stimuli were of the same form and when they had opposite orientations. It was attenuated when they were far apart. Calling symmetric stimuli different was the source of difficulty in the same-different task. There was no evidence for an inherent difficulty with right and left in either task.
An evaluation of BitTorrent's performance in HPC environments

A number of novel decentralized systems have recently been developed to address challenges of scale in large distributed systems. The suitability of such systems for meeting the challenges of scale in high performance computing (HPC) systems is unclear, however. In this paper, we begin to answer this question by examining the suitability of the popular BitTorrent protocol to handle dynamic shared library distribution in HPC systems. To that end, we describe the architecture and implementation of a system that uses BitTorrent to distribute shared libraries in HPC systems, evaluate and optimize BitTorrent protocol usage for the HPC environment, and measure the performance of the resulting system. Our results demonstrate the potential viability of BitTorrent-style protocols in HPC systems, but also highlight the challenges of these protocols. In particular, our results show that the protocol mechanisms meant to enforce fairness in a distributed computing environment can have a significant impact on system performance if not properly taken into account in system design and implementation.
Resolution enhancement of multilook imagery for the multispectral thermal imager

This paper studies the feasibility of enhancing the spatial resolution of multilook Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) imagery using an iterative resolution enhancement algorithm known as Projection Onto Convex Sets (POCS). A multiangle satellite image modeling tool is implemented, and simulated multilook MTI imagery is formed to test the resolution enhancement algorithm. Experiments are done to determine the optimal configuration and number of multiangle low-resolution images needed for a quantitative improvement in the spatial resolution of the high-resolution estimate. The issues of atmospheric path radiance and directional reflectance variations are explored to determine their effect on the resolution enhancement performance.
Clinical Safety and Efficacy of Calf Tourniquets

A clinical study was undertaken to ascertain the utility and complication rate of proximal calf tourniquet use for foot and ankle surgery. The surgical and clinical records of 446 patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery between March 1992 and December 1994 were examined for details pertaining to intraoperative tourniquet use and postoperative evidence of neurologic or vascular complications. All patients who had surgery performed under tourniquet control were included in the study. A total of 454 limbs were operated on: 8 patients underwent bilateral surgical procedures. The patients comprised 172 men and 274 women. The average age was 48.9 (+/-16.0 SD) years. Surgery was completed in one tourniquet period in 435 cases (95.8%) and in two periods of tourniquet inflation in 19 cases (4.2%). The average duration of tourniquet ischemia was 49.2 minutes (+/-30.7 SD) for one tourniquet period and 131.1 minutes (+/-46.0 SD) for two tourniquet periods. No postoperative compromise to either neurologic or vascular function was detected. Specifically, no alteration in peroneal nerve function was seen. We conclude that a calf tourniquet placed proximally with adequate cast padding is a safe and effective method to achieve a bloodless surgical field for foot and ankle surgery.
An improved small-signal model of the dynamic behavior of PEM fuel cells

The dynamic behavior of a fuel cell is integral to the overall stability and performance of the power system formed by the fuel cell source, power conditioner and electrical load. Present-day fuel cells have transient (dynamic) responses that are much slower than the dynamic responses of the typical power conditioner and load to which they are attached. As such, the fuel cell's inability to change its electrical output (current) as quickly as the electrical load changes has significant implications on the overall power system design. In particular, some form of energy storage with quick charge/discharge capability is needed to function as firm power backup during electrical load increases if the fuel flow to the fuel cell is not being kept constant at its maximum level (which is wasteful and inefficient). The slower the fuel cell's response, the larger the amount of energy storage that is needed with the attendant increases in its size, weight and cost; it also reduces the number of suitable energy storage options (ultracapacitor, flywheel, battery, etc). Hence, this paper describes an effort to model a PEM fuel cell's dynamic behavior as an initial step to prescribe internal design modifications and/or external controller designs to improve its transient behavior. Simulation results obtained from this model are presented along with corresponding test results, which show generally good agreement with each other.
Thermochemistry of substituted perovskites in the NaTixNb1-xO3-0.5x System

A suite of perovskite phases with the compositions NaTixNb1-xO3-0.5x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, has been synthesized for the first time using the sol-gel method. Rietveld analysis of powder XRD data reveals that with increasing Ti content, the orthorhombic perovskite structure becomes more cubic-like, as evidenced by the smaller differences among its three cell parameters. Enthalpies of formation of the synthesized phases from the constituent oxides and from the elements have been determined by drop solution calorimetry into molten 3Na2O·4MoO3 solvent at 974 K. As Ti4+ substitutes for Nb5+, the formation enthalpies become less exothermic in a nearly linear manner. This behavior suggests that the Ti→Nb substitution destabilizes the perovskite structure, presumably because of the concomitant occurrence of O2- vacancies, which compensate the charge imbalance between Ti4+ and Nb5+ in the structure.
Pembrolizumab and nivolumab: PD-1 inhibitors for advanced melanoma.

Purpose The immunology of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, as well as the clinical efficacy of pembrolizumab and nivolumab in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, is reviewed. Summary PD-1 inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab are novel immunotherapies that were recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma in treatment-refractory patients. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are monoclonal antibodies that bind to the PD-1 receptor and prevent its interaction with its ligands programmed cell death receptor ligands 1 and 2. Inhibition of the PD-1 receptor allows for increased immune response and potentially increased anticancer immune activity. Clinical trials with pembrolizumab and nivolumab in patients with unresectable melanoma refractory to ipilimumab or targeted agents demonstrated objective response rates of 26–38% and 31–40%, respectively, and acceptable toxicity profiles. While most patients experienced some form of treatment-related adverse event, most of these effects were mild (grade 1 or 2) and were managed with treatment interruption or supportive care. Pembrolizumab is administered via continuous i.v. infusion over 30 minutes at a dose of 2 mg/kg of actual body weight every three weeks. Nivolumab is administered as a continuous i.v. infusion over 60 minutes. The recommended dose of nivolumab is 3 mg/kg of actual body weight administered every two weeks until disease progression or the development of intolerable toxicities. Conclusion Pembrolizumab and nivolumab monotherapies are effective therapies in ipilimumab-refractory metastatic melanoma and present an overall favorable toxicity profile.
Implanting straight into cochlea risks the facial nerve: a Cartesian coordinate study.

To describe the straight-into-cochlea line that affords the best access for an electrode array to enter via the round window, and how this line relates to the facial nerve, the incus, and mastoid size. The straight-into-cochlea line is important to minimize the cochlear trauma and maximize the likelihood of placement into the scala tympani. High-resolution CT scans were obtained for ten craniums with the extremes of large (N = 5) and small (N = 5) mastoid pneumatization; the specimens were from a series of 41 ear normal craniums. Using FIJI, a publicly available software program, the straight-into-cochlea insertion line was determined by defining the x–y–z coordinates of the middle of the round window and a point 6.0 mm into the cochlea on its centrifugal wall. Then, from the extended straight-into-cochlea insertion line, we determined the shortest perpendicular distance to the middle of the fallopian canal, and from that “fallopian point” to the apex of the posterior process of the incus. We found good repeatability of measurements. We found the extended straight-into-cochlea insertion lines routinely close to or in the midst of the fallopian canal (50 % ≤ 1.0 mm). We found the lines 4.7–7.8 mm from the apex of the posterior process of the incus. Line positions relative to “fallopian point” and incus showed no relation to mastoid pneumatization. For the distance “fallopian point” to incus, bilateral symmetry was suggested. Using landmarks registered in an x–y–z coordinate system, straight-into-cochlea insertion via the round window puts the facial nerve at risk.
Pyrotechnically Actuated Gas Generator Utilizing Aqueous Methanol

A gas-generating device was developed to supplement the ram-air inflation of a supersonic ballute. The device is designed to initially pressurize the ballute following deployment, exposing and orienting its ram-air inlets to free-stream air for complete inflation. The supplemental pressurization decreases the total inflation time, and increases the likelihood of a successful inflation. The device contains a reservoir filled with an aqueous mixture of methanol that, when released in to the interior of the ballute, rapidly vaporizes due to the low ambient pressure. Upon activation of the device, a pair of redundant ring mechanisms initiate pyrotechnic charges that pressurize and rupture the reservoir, resulting in ejection of the methanol in to the ballute. In addition to its role in inflation, the device serves as the structural connection to the ballute. Analytical models were developed for the inflation capability of the device, which were verified using vacuum chamber testing of developmental hardware. Static, deployment, and environmental testing demonstrated the functionality of the ring mechanism and reservoir under several temperature and pressure conditions. Finally, the device was successfully operated during the first Supersonic Flight Dynamics Test (SFDT) of NASA's Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) project. The design architecture is scalable to accommodate different quantities of gas generation, can be adjusted to operate in a variety of temperature and atmospheric pressure regimes, and provides a robust device that may be installed with minimal risk to personnel or hardware.
DIFFUSER DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS BY UNIFIED INTEGRAL METHODS

This review concerns a computational tool, called the Unified Integral Method (UIM), used for preliminary design and performance analysis of simple diffusers with thin inlet boundary layers and subsonic flow in their inviscid core regions. Its assumptions are not very restrictive in many practical cases, including the subsonic portions of jet-engine air-inlet ducts. The method provides designers with useful results including pressure recovery, location of separation and stalled regions, and exit plane profiles, useful for evaluation of flow distortions indicies. Besides reviewing some basic concepts concerning stall and separation, describing the basis of the method and some details for making the UIM work, actual cases where it was tested versus data are discussed. In addition, UIM results are compared to results obtained by a RANS method run in a well known duct flow solver for a subsonic diffuser where data is also available. In another case, its output and data were compared to results from a CFD code typical of the many design codes in use in industry today. In both cases, the UIM results were as good, or better the those from the higher level methods. (1.) Introduction A diffuser is a duct where the flow velocity decreases and the static pressure increases as the fluid moves from inlet to outlet. Aircraft and jet engines contain diffusers for a variety of purposes. Examples are (i) the inlet diffuser ahead of a gas turbine engine combustor which slows and compresses the air discharged from the final stage of the compressor, and (ii) the engine inlet diffuser which slows the air delivered to the inlet face of the compressor or fan. In both these cases, maximum recovery of static pressure without substantial loss of integrated total pressure must be achieved in order to obtain good engine performance. When the inlet flow speed is supersonic, the diffuser first applies oblique shocks to diffuse the flow. This region is followed downstream by a subsonic portion. On supersonic aircraft a substantial fraction of the total compression must be achieved with low losses in the subsonic region. In addition, the flow at the diffuser exit plane must not exhibit more than a minimum level of flow distortion to assure good compressor performance. Diffusers without shocks, but which contain regions of transonic and subsonic flow, are of concern in this paper. Furthermore, diffusers of interest here typically have, at inlet, relatively thin wall boundary layers and a large central core zone. The core zone flow may be modeled as inviscid and in many cases irrotational. The need to keep these diffusers compact and at the same time achieve high performance places great demands on the designer who must specify the shape of the diffuser.