cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 231 – Segmentation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses segmentation in insects, is the repetition of body units along the anterior–posterior axis and is a fundamental property of all insects; indeed, it is an obvious character of all arthropods. Segments are most easily visible in the exoskeleton of the adult, where we can see the repeating pattern in the cuticle. The rigid body plates that make up the adult exoskeleton, or sclerites, are separated by membranous intersegmental grooves that lie at the boundary between segments and allow the body to flex. The segmented exoskeleton is also often endowed with reiterated patterns of pigmentation and other elaborations, such as denticles or hairs on the exoskeleton. Individual insect segments also show various levels of specialization in terms of morphology and function, and are grouped into three primary regions, also known as tagmata: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is composed of six segments, the thorax of three, and the abdomen of eleven segments. Segments of the thorax and abdomen are most easy to recognize, whereas the segments of the head and terminal regions of the abdomen are less apparent because they become fused in some insects during development. The thorax has been specialized for locomotion and its three segments bear the six legs and the wings. The most posterior abdominal segments (A10 and A11) are fused and reduced in some species, making them difficult to recognize in adults but can usually be detected during embryogenesis.
Interrater Reliability in Toxicity Identification: Limitations of Current Standards

Purpose The National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 is the standard for oncology toxicity encoding and grading, despite limited validation. We assessed interrater reliability (IRR) in multireviewer toxicity identification. Methods and Materials Two reviewers independently reviewed 100 randomly selected notes for weekly on-treatment visits during radiation therapy from the electronic health record. Discrepancies were adjudicated by a third reviewer for consensus. Term harmonization was performed to account for overlapping symptoms in CTCAE. IRR was assessed based on unweighted and weighted Cohen’s kappa coefficients. Results Between reviewers, the unweighted kappa was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.71) and the weighted kappa was 0.59 (0.22-1.00). IRR was consistent between symptoms noted as present or absent with a kappa of 0.6 (0.66-0.71) and 0.6 (0.65-0.69), respectively. Conclusions Significant discordance suggests toxicity identification, particularly retrospectively, is a complex and error-prone task. Strategies to minimize IRR, including training and simplification of the CTCAE criteria, should be considered in trial design and future terminologies.
A moving discontinuous Galerkin finite element method with interface condition enforcement for compressible flows

Abstract A variation of moving discontinuous Galerkin finite element method with interface condition enforcement (MDG-ICE) is developed for solving the compressible Euler equations. The MDG-ICE method, originating from the work of Corrigan et al. [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , is based on the space-time DG formulation, where both flow field and grid geometry are considered as independent variables and the conservation laws are enforced both on discrete elements and element interfaces. The element conservation laws are solved in the standard discontinuous solution space to determine conservative quantities, while the interface conservation is enforced using a variational formulation in a continuous space to determine discrete grid geometry. The resulting over-determined system of nonlinear equations arising from the MDG-ICE formulation can then be solved in a least-squares sense, leading to an unconstrained nonlinear least-squares problem that is regularized and solved by Levenberg-Marquardt method. A number of numerical experiments for both 1D unsteady and 2D steady state compressible flow problems are conducted to assess the accuracy and robustness of the MDG-ICE method. Numerical results obtained indicate that the MDG-ICE method is able to implicitly detect and track all types of discontinuities via interface conservation enforcement and satisfy the conservation law on both elements and interfaces via grid movement and grid management, demonstrating that an exponential rate of convergence for Sod and Lax-Harden shock tube problems can be achieved and highly accurate solutions without overheating to both double-rarefaction wave and Noh problems can be obtained.
On the Financial Inclusion and Sustainability Benefits of Blockchain Adoption in Agriculture

An emerging financial innovation enabled by the Blockchain technology in agricultural supply chains is the capability to “tip the farmers.” This innovation empowers socially- conscious customers to identify the individual farmers of their sustainably-sourced products and reward these farmers by sending them direct payments, or tips, through mobile apps. We examine the implications of this new capability on farmers’ and consumers’ welfare and agricultural firm profits. This paper contributes to recent streams in the OM literature on private interventions for supporting farmers in agricultural supply chains, the operational impacts of blockchain technology, and the role of transparency in promoting responsibility in supply chains. In practice, leading financial and IT firms are beginning to introduce the tipping capability, and some agricultural firms are beginning to adopt them. This paper could help guide their decisions. We characterize the equilibrium of the game with and without tipping and show how different types of equilibria emerge depending on the model parameters. We investigate the implications of tipping on various stakeholders such as farmers, customers, and the agricultural firm and identify the conditions under which they may be better off or worse off. Furthermore, we find that even when farmers benefit from tipping in expectation, this financial innovation may create disparity and exacerbate inequity in the farmer population, which is undesirable from a social responsibility standpoint. Firms must exercise caution in implementing the tipping capability as farmers’ expected and actual income and consumer welfare may reduce in the presence of tipping. In contrast, if tipping is implemented under the right conditions, it can create a triple win for agricultural firms, farmers, and consumers.
REsidual Neuromuscular Block Prediction Score Versus Train-of-Four Ratio and Respiratory Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Residual neuromuscular blockade is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative respiratory complications. The REsidual neuromuscular block Prediction Score (REPS) identifies patients at high risk for residual neuromuscular blockade after surgery. METHODS A total of 101,510 adults undergoing noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia from October 2005 to December 2018 at a tertiary care center in Massachusetts were analyzed for the primary outcome of postoperative respiratory complications (invasive mechanical ventilation requirement within 7 postoperative days or immediate postextubation desaturation [oxygen saturation {Spo2} <90%] within 10 minutes). The primary objective was to assess the association between the REPS and respiratory complications. The secondary objective was to compare REPS and train-of-four (TOF) ratio <0.90 on the strength of their association with respiratory complications. RESULTS A high REPS (≥4) was associated with an increase in odds of respiratory complications (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.13 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.06-1.21]; P < .001). In 6224 cases with available TOF ratio measurements, a low TOF ratio (<0.9) was associated with respiratory complications (adjusted OR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.11-1.85]; P = .006), whereas a high REPS was not (adjusted OR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.74-1.23]; P = .73) (P = .018 for comparison between ORs). CONCLUSIONS The REPS may be implemented as a screening tool to encourage clinicians to use quantitative neuromuscular monitoring in patients at risk of residual neuromuscular blockade. A positive REPS should be followed by a quantitative assessment of the TOF ratio.
Refractory vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) managed with delayed therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE).

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a newly described hematologic disorder, which presents as acute thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after administration of the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson) adenovirus-based vaccines against COVID-19. Due to positive assays for antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), VITT is managed similarly to autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and non-heparin anticoagulation. We describe a case of VITT in a 50-year-old man with antecedent alcoholic cirrhosis who presented with platelets of 7 × 103 /μL and portal vein thrombosis 21 days following administration of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine. The patient developed progressive thrombosis and persistent severe thrombocytopenia despite IVIG, rituximab and high-dose steroids and had persistent anti-PF4 antibodies over 30 days after his initial presentation. As such, delayed therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) was pursued on day 32 of admission as salvage therapy, with a sustained improvement in his platelet count. Our case serves as proof-of-concept of the efficacy of TPE in VITT.
The technician routing problem with experience-based service times

While home services are a fast growing industry, little attention has been given to the management of its workforce. In particular, the productivity of home-service technicians depends not only on efficiently routing from customer-to-customer, but also the management of their skillsets. This paper introduces a model of technician routing that explicitly models individualized, experience-based learning. The results demonstrate that explicit modeling and the resulting ability to capture changes in productivity over time due to learning lead to significantly better and different solutions than those found when learning and workforce heterogeneity is ignored. We show that these differences result from the levels of specialization that occur in the workforce.
Enzymatic sulfation of steroids—XX: Effects of ten drugs on the hepatic glucocorticoid sulfotransferase activity of rats in vitro and in vivo

The effects of ten drugs on hepatic glucocorticoid sulfotransferase activity (HGSTA) were examined in male rats. The enzyme activity per 100 g body weight was elevated 152, 94.9, 140, 140, 73.1, 63.9, 76.9, and 140% after administration of daily i.p. doses of 111 mg spironolactone/kg (6-10 days), 66.7 mg WIN-24540/kg (6-10 days), 150 mg metyrapone/kg (19-31 days), 33.3 mg pentachlorophenol/kg (9-16 days), 16.5 mg aspirin/kg (10-16 days), 90.5 mg alloxan/kg (23.27 days), 104 mg aminoglutethimide/kg (12-20 days), and 16.8 mg propranolol/kg (21-27 days). Shorter experimental periods or lower drug doses caused smaller effects on HGSTA. Most notably, spironolactone (111 mg/kg) and WIN-24540 (66.7 mg/kg) caused 50-75% elevation of HGSTA in 2 days. Effects of WIN-24540, aspirin and pentachlorophenol were due mostly to elevation of hepatic levels of sulfotransferase III (STIII), the glucocorticoid-preferring sulfotransferase of rat liver. Effects of the other test drugs were due to elevation of hepatic levels of sulfotransferases I and II (STI and STII), which much prefer dehydroepiandrosterone as substrate, but also catalyze glucocorticoid sulfation. Enzyme inhibition studies showed that the test drugs interacted with the HGSTA in vitro in a fashion that appeared to be related to the in vivo effects already described. None of the drugs interacted exclusively with STI, STII or STIII in vitro. However, some differences of the strengths of individual drug-sulfotransferase interactions were observed. The drug effects are discussed in relation to drug and glucocorticoid actions.
Nacionalismo maya y descolonización política: Luis de Lión y El tiempo principia en Xibalbá

Este articulo analiza la novela El tiempo principia en Xibalba (1985) del escritor maya kaqchikel Luis de Lion (1939-1984), considerada la primera novela escrita por un escritor maya en Guatemala. Leida como una de las primeras manifestaciones epistemologicas y politicas del llamado Movimiento Maya en Guatemala, la obra de Lion, como se argumenta en este trabajo, desmitifica y desarticula construcciones tradicionales y estereotipadas del mundo indigena en el discurso indigenista (la literatura sobre los indigenas por no indigenas). Lion contrarresta el indigenismo proponiendo un nacionalismo maya como discurso liberador y alternativa politica para una lucha anticolonial y antirracista para el mundo maya e indigena en general.
Cancer, Physical Activity, and Exercise

This review examines the relationship between physical activity and cancer along the cancer continuum, and serves as a synthesis of systematic and meta-analytic reviews conducted to date. There exists a large body of epidemiologic evidence that conclude those who participate in higher levels of physical activity have a reduced likelihood of developing a variety of cancers compared to those who engage in lower levels of physical activity. Despite this observational evidence, the causal pathway underlying the association between participation in physical activity and cancer risk reduction remains unclear. Physical activity is also a useful adjunct to improve the deleterious sequelae experienced during cancer treatment. These deleterious sequelae may include fatigue, muscular weakness, deteriorated functional capacity, and many others. The benefits of physical activity during cancer treatment are similar to those experienced after treatment. Despite the growing volume of literature examining physical activity and cancer across the cancer continuum, a number of research gaps exist. There is little evidence on the safety of physical activity among all cancer survivors, as most trials have selectively recruited participants. The specific dose of exercise needed to optimize primary cancer prevention or symptom control during and after cancer treatment remains to be elucidated.
Incorporation of Labeled Precursors into the RNA and Proteins of Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus

Lactic dehydrogenase virus was grown in primary mouse embryo cells and labeled with (3)H-uridine and (3)H-amino acids. Concentrated and purified virus was banded by isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients, and infectivity and radioactivity were found to correspond at a density of 1.17 g/cm(3). The extracted viral RNA was resolved by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose mixed gels, and the mol wt was estimated to be 6.0 x 10(6).
Interaction of Pseudomonas solanacearum Lipopolysaccharide and Extracellular Polysaccharide with Agglutinin from Potato Tubers

In vitro binding assays were used to study the possible role of a cell wall agglutinin in the attachment to plant cell walls of avirulent strains of the wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum. In a nitrocellulose filter assay, radioactively labeled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the virulent strain, K60, and the avirulent strain, B1, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) from K60 were bound quantitatively by the agglutinin extracted from Katahdin potato tubers. The LPS from B1 had significantly greater agglutinin-binding affinity than that from K60 but not after treatment with deoxycholate, which improved solubility. Highly purified chitotetraose did not inhibit binding of K60 LPS to agglutinin, but binding was inhibited by EPS as well as by diverse anionic polymers (DNA, dextran sulfate, xanthan). Binding of agglutinin to EPS and LPS was inhibited at ionic strengths greater than 0.03 and 0.15 M, respectively. It was concluded that electrostatic charge-charge interactions could account for binding of LPS and EPS to potato agglutinin.
Neutron star collisions and the r-process

It is shown that a natural consequence of the binary pulsar's evolution is a neutron star collision. Such a collision is expected to eject neutron-rich matter of an r-process character. Taking reasonable estimates for the number of such events over the history of the galaxy, it may be that they account for all of the r-process nuclei.
Global model comparison of heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations in mixed phase clouds

[1] A new aerosol-dependent mixed phase cloud parameterization for deposition/ condensation/immersion (DCI) ice nucleation and one for contact freezing are compared to the original formulations in a coupled general circulation model and aerosol transport model. The present-day cloud liquid and ice water fields and cloud radiative forcing are analyzed and compared to observations. The new DCI freezing parameterization changes the spatial distribution of the cloud water field. Significant changes are found in the cloud ice water fraction and in the middle cloud fractions. The new DCI freezing parameterization predicts less ice water path (IWP) than the original formulation, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. The smaller IWP leads to a less efficient Bergeron-Findeisen process resulting in a larger liquid water path, shortwave cloud forcing, and longwave cloud forcing. It is found that contact freezing parameterizations have a greater impact on the cloud water field and radiative forcing than the two DCI freezing parameterizations that we compared. The net solar flux at top of atmosphere and net longwave flux at the top of the atmosphere change by up to 8.73 and 3.52 W m � 2 , respectively, due to the use of different DCI and contact freezing parameterizations in mixed phase clouds. The total climate forcing from anthropogenic black carbon/organic matter in mixed phase clouds is estimated to be 0.16–0.93 W m � 2 using the aerosoldependent parameterizations. A sensitivity test with contact ice nuclei concentration in the original parameterization fit to that recommended by Young (1974) gives results that are closer to the new contact freezing parameterization.
Parallel regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 and the enzymes of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis but not ceramide synthesis in cultured human keratinocytes and murine epidermis

After permeability barrier perturbation there is an increase in the mRNA levels for key enzymes necessary for lipid synthesis in the epidermis. The mechanism(s) responsi- ble for this regulation is unknown. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1a, 1c, and -2 (SREBPs) control the tran- scription of enzymes required for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in response to modulations of sterol levels. We now demonstrate that SREBP-2 is the predominant SREBP in hu- man keratinocytes and murine epidermis, while SREBP-1 is not detected. Sterols regulate SREBP-2 mRNA levels in kerati- nocytes and the epidermis and the proteolytic cleavage of SREBP-2 to the mature active form in keratinocytes. In paral- lel to the increase in mature active SREBP, there is a coordi- nate increase in mRNA levels for cholesterol (HMG-CoA re- ductase, HMG-CoA synthase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, and squalene synthase) and fatty acid (acetyl-CoA carboxy- lase, fatty acid synthase) synthetic enzymes. However, mRNA levels for serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), the first commit- ted step for ceramide synthesis, do not increase in parallel. The increase of mRNA for enzymes required for epidermal cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis is consistent with both the previously described early increase of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis after barrier disruption and a role for SREBP-2 in the regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis for epidermal barrier homeostasis. In contrast, SPT appears to be regulated by different mechanisms, consistent with the differ- ent time course of its stimulation after barrier disruption.— Harris, I. R., A. M. Farrell, W. M. Holleran, S. Jackson, C. Grunfeld, P. M. Elias, and K. R. Feingold. Parallel regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 and the en- zymes of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis but not ceramide synthesis in cultured human keratinocytes and murine epi- dermis. J. Lipid Res. 1998. 39: 412-422.
Obtaining subtrees from graphs: an ant colony approach

The ant systems optimization approach is a new method of solving combinatorial optimization problems. It was originally introduced as a metaheuristic approach for the well-known traveling salesman problem. But it was subsequently shown to be an equally effective algorithm for solving other optimization problems. This article supplies more results for an extended ant colony algorithm, which can be used to compute a minimum cost Steiner tree from a graph. In each pass of the proposed algorithm, ants are placed at the terminal nodes of the Steiner tree to be computed. They are then allowed to move towards one another, along the edges of the graph, until they merge into a single entity. In this process, the paths taken by the ants define a Steiner tree. Edges receive reinforcement in the form of pheromone deposits along the paths taken by the ant, that is based on the quality of the Steiner tree produced. Pheromones eventually accrue most along better edges. As a result, after several iterations, a good Steiner tree can be extracted from the deposit. The algorithm can easily be used in several practical applications.
Aggressive skin allograft rejection in CD28-/- mice independent of the CD40/CD40L costimulatory pathway.

Abstract CD28−/− mice have been utilized to study the role of B7/CD28 and B7-CTLA4 interactions. There is evidence that CTLA4 ligation may be critical for tolerance induction. The aim of the current study is to further investigate rejection responses of CD28−/− mice and to define the role of B7-CTLA4 interactions in the absence of the CD40 and CD28 pathways. Balb/c skin allografts were transplanted onto C57BL/6 (B6) wild type or CD28−/− mice treated with anti-CD40L, CTLA4-Ig, or combination blockade. To investigate the cellular mechanism of rejection in CD28−/− recipients, mice were treated with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies prior to treatment with costimulation blockade. The fluoroscein dye CFSE was utilized to study T cell expansion in vivo. Surprisingly, treatment of B6 CD28−/− mice with CTLA4-Ig alone (MST 12d), anti-CD40L alone (MST 13d), or combined blockade (MST 13d) had no effect on allograft survival compared to untreated B6 CD28−/− mice (MST 11d). CD28−/− recipients depleted of CD4+ cells and treated with CTLA4-Ig, anti-CD40L, or combination blockade also did not have prolonged survival compared with untreated mice (MST 10d). In contrast, CD28−/− recipients depleted of CD8+ cells had markedly prolonged allograft survival when treated with either anti-CD40L alone (MST 49d) or with combination blockade (MST 57d). Studies utilizing CFSE demonstrated that CD28−/− CD8+ T cells are not defective in in vivo proliferation responses compared with wild type CD8 cells. Thus, CD28−/− CD8+ T cells are responsible for aggressive rejection responses of CD28−/− mice independent of the CD40 pathway. In addition, CD40L blockade does not result in CD4+ T cell tolerance in CD28−/− recipients, despite an intact B7-CTLA4 pathway.
Loneliness, Social Support, and Perceived Relationships with God

In this study we examined the hypothesis that religious beliefs, and particularly beliefs about having a relationship with God, contribute to the prediction of (lower levels of) loneliness above and beyond the prediction afforded by perceived available (interpersonal) social support. Significant religion x sex interactions in the prediction of loneliness were observed for several religion variables. Follow-up analyses suggested that our hypothesis was supported with respect to women, but that, for men, religiousness was either unrelated to or positively related to loneliness.
The Relationship between Parental Employment and Three Measures of Early Adolescent Responsibility Family-Related, Personal, and Social

Early adolescence is a crucial period in the development of autonomy which includes the taking of responsibility and self-management. The relationship between the development of responsibility and changing parental employment patterns was the focus of this study. Two-way analyses of variance were employed to determine whether levels of responsibility differed according to parental employment status and gender of adolescent. The sample consisted of 174 early adolescents and their parents who were part of a statewide survey conducted in Michigan in 1987. Interviews with adolescents and their parents yielded data in personal, family-related, and social responsibility. Neither parental employment status nor gender of child was found to be related to personal responsibility. Gender effects were significant for family responsibility with boys and girls assuming traditionally male and female roles. In the area of social responsibility, adolescents from two-parent families in which one parent was not employed par...
Metabolic oxygen conformity among lower vertebrates: The toadfish revisited

The relationship between the ambient oxygen tension of the medium and the standard rate of oxygen consumption of toadfish (Opsanus tau) was reinvestigated. The toadfish, previously reported to be a metabolic oxygen conformer, actually is a metabolic oxygen regulator in a manner similar to most other fishes, with a critical oxygen tension (Pc) of 29.3±3.5 mm Hg\((\bar x \pm S.E.)\) at 22 °C. This contradiction of a classical example of O2 conformity in a lower vertebrate, when considered with other conflicting evidence for O2 conformity among lower vertebrates, suggests that the concept that there are lower vertebrates that routinely exhibit metabolic O2 conformity may be questionable, especially for forms with no obvious limitation of O2 transport mechanisms.
A Monte Carlo procedure for two-stage tests with correlated data.

One strategy for mapping disease loci using marker-disease associations is to test for association with case-control samples and follow up a positive result with a family-based test. Using a family-based test in the second stage can help provide protection against false-positive results that can result from use of inappropriate controls and provides assurance that association identified in the first stage is occurring between linked loci. It is crucial for this two-stage strategy that the first stage be as powerful as possible to detect association since only positive results are tested in the second stage. In certain situations, the power of the first-stage test can be increased by combining the case-control and family data. However, this introduces correlation between the first- and second-stage tests, and treating them as independent tests causes a bias. Here we propose a Monte Carlo method that accounts for the correlation and provides the correct significance level for the second-stage test. We also discuss the use of a two-stage procedure when doing a genome scan for the data presented in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 9 study.
The Darwinian Revolution Revisited

The “Darwinian revolution” remains an acceptable phrase to describe the change in thought brought about by the theory of evolution, provided that the revolution is seen as occurring over an extended period of time. The decades from the 1790s through the 1850s are at the focus of this article. Emphasis is placed on the issue of species extinction and on generational shifts in opinion.
Coleoptile Length of Dwarf Wheat Isolines

The dwarfing alleles in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are associated with shorter coleoptile length that can produce unacceptable and erratic stands. The combined effect of temperature (2, 10, 18°C) and five gibberellic add (GA) concentrations [0, 5, 50, 100, 500 mg L -1 of potassium gibberellin A 3 (C 19 H 21 O 6 K)] in the germination medium on the coleoptile length of four homozygous isolines [normal or T-0 (Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a), semidwarf-1 or SD-1 (Rht-B1b/Rht-D1a), semidwarf-2 or SD-2 (Rht-B1alRht-D1b), dwarf or D-12 (Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b)] in 'Marfed' (spring) and 'Burt' (winter) was studied. With each decrease in temperature, the coleoptile length in each isoline and cultivar increased, with the increase greater in those isolines and cultivars having the shortest length at 18°C and containing at least one dwarfing allele (Rht-B1b andlor Rht-Dlb). At 2°C, higher GA concentrations increased coleoptile length over 0 GA mg L -1 in all isolines, with the greatest increase at the 500 mg L -1 concentration. The three midconcentrations (5, 50, 100 mg L -1 ) resulted in an intermediate but almost equal increase. Increasing temperatures decreased the response to GA so that at 18°C, only T-0 and SD-1 responded to GA applications. The reported GA insensitivity was found to be highly temperature dependent, with the Rht-B1b allele having a wider temperature response range than Rht-Dlb. The results suggested that differences in genetic background, possibly related to the winter-spring growth habit, could influence the effect of the dwarfing alleles.
Phosphorus mineralization by a soil pseudomonad in spent oil shale as affected by a rhabditid nematode

Abstract Interactions between the soil bacterium Pseudomonas and the nematode Rhabditis in samples of spent oil shale with and without surface soil layers were examined to evaluate relationships between the bacterium, the nematode, immobilization and P mineralization. The type of surface soil affected the organisms; highest populations of bacteria and nematodes occurred in the Renohill soil layer, followed by spent oil shale alone and Larkspur soil. Uptake and eventual mineralization of P by the Pseudomonas were not inhibited by the spent oil shale and were at rates similar to those reported in other microcosm experiments. Phosphorus mineralization in the presence of nematodes was enhanced in the spent oil shale and topsoil.
Radio Interferometry of Random Terrestrial Backgrounds

When relative motion exists between the antenna of a microwave radiometer and a random background, the variance of the radiometer output can, in many cases, be primarily determined by the spatial variance of the background. The result is a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio for small target detection. In this paper an interferometer is examined as a potential means of suppressing this background variance until the limiting variance imposed by the receiver is more nearly realized. A bivariate normal distribution in conjunction with three different correlation functions is assumed for the background apparent temperature field. The elements of the interferometer are assumed to possess a very narrow "pencil" power pattern. With relative motion between antenna and background, the audio power density spectrum at the output of the interferometer is exanmned. The background variance suppression achieved by an interferometer is shown to be a function of element spacing, wavelength, correlation distance for the background, range to the background, and form of the correlation function of the background. The result is that a radiometer may be designed which is receiver-limited rather than background-limited.
Measurements of the effective dielectric permittivity of suspensions

Abstract A technique to measure the effective dielectric permittivity of suspensions is described. In these measurements, test powders are suspended in petroleum jelly at any desired voidage. The technique is illustrated using spherical glass beads of various sizes, a catalyst powder with and without water contamination, metal spheres, and metal flakes. For each suspension, a model is selected to fit the data. In the context of metal flakes, a model is derived for the effective dielectric permittivity of a suspension of ellipsoids in an electric field of random orientation. For complex powders, the technique is shown to represent a necessary step towards quantitative measurements of voidage using capacitance diagnostics.
Radiative and conductive transfer for a gas/soot mixture between diffuse parallel plates

This study examines the interaction of conductive and radiative transfer for a radiatively participating medium contained between two infinite, isothermal, opaque, and diffuse plates. The nongray medium consists of absorbing gases of carbon dioxide and water vapor and soot particles. The soot volume fraction is introduced to describe the degree of participation of the soot in the radiant exchange process. Solutions for the medium-temperature distributions and wall heat fluxes were acquired by the finite analytic with radiation method. Results are reported to ascertain the influence of the soot volume fraction, plate separation distance, and surface emittances on the heat transfer between the plates. The soot radiation dominates the absorbing gas radiation and significantly reduces the heat transfer.
Financial Commitment Within Federations of Small Groups: The Effect of Cell-Based Congregational Structure on Individual Giving

According to available research, congregations with strict rules and dense social networks are better able to screen out free-riders (“selection”) and encourage greater levels of commitment among members (“production”). Both selection and production raise levels of individual giving. Research testing these processes generally utilizes a measure of network density. This study examines whether organizations that are a “federation of small groups” are better able to monitor members and hold them accountable, thus assuring acceptable levels of commitment on the part of members. Results of multilevel modeling using data from the 2001 U.S. Congregational Life Survey indicate that cell-based congregations elicit higher levels of financial giving among congregants, net of all other effects, including network density. Moreover, cross-level interactions between the cell-based congregation variable and theological exclusivity as well as attendance are significant and positive. Cell-based congregations provide a context in which individual-level predictors of giving become more robust.
Estimating grain-scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks

The magnitude of the grain-scale local flow effect on velocity dispersion in saturated rocks is quantified, by estimating the high-frequency unrelaxed shear and bulk frame moduli, which are then combined with the Biot formulation to predict total dispersion. The method is relatively independent of assumptions about idealized pore geometries and unknown parameters such as pore aspect ratios. The local flow effect depends on the heterogeneity of pore stiffness, in particular the presence of compliant cracks and grain contacts; the pressure dependence of the dry rock properties is shown to contain the essential information about the distribution of pore stiffnesses needed to estimate the high-frequency saturated behavior. To first order, the unrelaxed wet frame compressibility at any given pressure is shown to be approximately the dry frame compressibility at very high pressure; second order corrections add the additional compressibility gained by replacing an amount of mineral equal to the compliant pore volume with fluid. The method predicts that the difference between relaxed and unrelaxed shear compliance is simply proportional to that in bulk. The results for total dispersion (local flow plus Biot) explain quite well the measured P- and S-wave dispersion for a variety of saturated rocks.
Hybrid finite-volume/finite-element simulation of heat transfer and melt turbulence in Czochralski crystal growth of silicon

Abstract Simulation of heat transfer and oxygen incorporation during Czochralski growth of silicon in industrial scale equipment requires coupled simulation of conductive, convective and radial heat transfer throughout the system, with simulation of turbulent convection in the melt. We present a hybrid finite-volume/finite-element method for simulation of heat transfer throughout the Czochralski system and of turbulent convection in the melt. The hybrid method is based on finite-element simulation of the thermal-capillary model of heat transport, and finite-volume solution of the low-Reynolds turbulence model of Jones–Launder. Prototypical calculations demonstrate the robustness of the numerical methods and the influence of crystal and crucible rotation on heat transfer and the turbulent flow.
Recognition and Treatment of Acute Aortic Regurgitation

Acute aortic regurgitation usually results from infective endocarditis, but is also caused by aortic dissection and trauma to the heart. Most of the left ventricular stroke volume is regurgitated back into the left ventricle; thus, the forward stroke volume to the body and the cardiac output may be severely compromised. An acute increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume results in a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and the mitral valve usually closes prematurely. Compensatory tachycardia is the rule and helps to shorten diastole; thus, the time available for aortic regurgitation to occur is reduced, and the cardiac output is often maintained.On physical examination, there is tachycardia; the peripheral arterial pulse shows a rapid rise, but the systolic pressure is normal; the diastolic pressure is normal or even reduced; and the pulse pressure is often normal. The electrocardiogram (ECG) may be normal except for sinus tachycardia and often for nonspecific ST-T changes. ...
Influence of Paramagnetic Impurities on Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Lines in Dielectric Solids

The nuclear magnetic resonance lineshape problem is analyzed for a dielectric solid which has a nuclear constituent of nonzero spin and contains, in addition, a low concentration of paramagnetic impurity ions. A model is defined and used as a basis to obtain the resonance line as a convolution of independent resonanceline components. An effective mean-square linewidth is defined and calculated as a function of the macroscopic parameters of the sample.
Sulfide-capped wire-like metallaynes as connectors for Au nanoparticle assemblies.

A new series of Ru2(DMBA)4(oligo(phenyleneethyne))2 compounds bearing sulfide termini was synthesized; structural characterization revealed both the rigid rod nature and extended π-conjugation in these metallaynes; in the presence of these metallaynes, Au nanoparticles readily assembled into dimers and chains with well-defined inter-dimer distances.
Flexible Sputter-Deposited Carbon Strain Sensor

In this letter, we report a piezoresistive amorphous carbon strain sensor fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate. Amorphous carbon was sputter-deposited onto a 125-μm-thick polyimide film and the strain gauges were tailored using laser micromachining. The strain sensors were tested by using a cantilever setup to obtain sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, and dynamic response. Gauge factors in the range of 6-9 have been achieved.
Influences on the Selection of Dietetics as a Career

Abstract Objective To gather information on the factors that influence students' decisions to choose dietetics as a career. Design Self-administered questionnaires regarding the point at which career decisions were made were completed by 1,695 students in Plan IV/V dietetics programs throughout the United States. Subjects All Plan IV/V dietetics programs that reported greater than five graduates in the academic year 1989 to 1990 were selected from the 1990-1991 Directory of Dietetic Programs for the sample population. Of the 156 schools that were mailed questionnaires, responses were received from 84 schools (54%). Almost 90% of the students were women, 10.6% were men. Statistical analyses Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. A χ 2 analysis was used to examine the relationship between point of decision and factors that influenced career choice, including people who influence career choice. Results The majority of students (55%) questioned reported making their career decision in college. Students rated interest in nutrition (96.3%) and job enjoyment (93.8%) as factors that were important in their decision to pursue a career in dietetics. College catalogs were rated by 48.3% of the students as being either useful or very useful in helping them make their career selection. With respect to gender differences, women rated a diverse work environment as being very important to their career decision more frequently than men (χ 2 =15.44, P 2 =26.75, P 2 =17.59, P Conclusions Findings identified that recruitment strategies need to be audience specific. Because career decision making appears to occur during one of three time frames (high school, college, or work experience), recruitment activities should be developed to specifically target students at these times. One way to increase the exposure of students to the profession of dietetics is for registered dietitians to give guest lectures in introductory college courses and high school upper-class courses in health, home economics, and biology. The use of university/college catalogs as effective marketing tools should also not be underestimated. Data suggest that gender differences exist in factors that influence persons to choose dietetics as a career. To increase the number of men who pursue careers in dietetics, future research should be designed to more fully explore gender differences, so that strategies to recruit more men into the profession can be developed. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997: 97;254–257.
Review and Assessment of JPL's Thermal Margins

JPL has captured its experience from over four decades of robotic space exploration into a set of design rules. These rules have gradually changed into explicit requirements and are now formally implemented and verified. Over an extended period of time, the initial understanding of intent and rationale for these rules has faded and rules are now frequently applied without further consideration. In the meantime, mission classes and their associated risk postures have evolved, coupled with resource constraints and growing design diversity, bringing into question the current "one size fits all" thermal margin approach. This paper offers a systematic review of the heat flow path from an electronic junction to the eventual heat rejection to space. This includes the identification of different regimes along this path and the associated requirements. The work resulted in a renewed understanding of the intent behind JPL requirements for hot thermal margins and a framework for relevant considerations, which in turn enables better decision making when a deviation to these requirements is considered.
The uptake of amines by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Muscarinic and β-adrenergic ligands associate with polymorphonuclear leukocytes to show high-affinity, saturable accumulation. This association can be distinguished from specific receptor binding by its temperature dependence, sensitivity to pH, requirement of an energy source, inhibition by ionophores, and inhibition by a variety of permeable basic amines. Our results suggest that these amines accumulate in acidic lysosomes which are plentiful in these cells. This permeable amine effect can be inhibited without affecting specific receptor binding.
A novel in vivo impact device for evaluation of sudden limb loading response

Abstract The lower limbs are subjected to large impact forces on a daily basis during gait, and ambulators rely on various mechanisms to protect the musculoskeletal system from these potentially damaging shocks. However, it is difficult to assess the efficacy of anatomical mechanisms and potential clinical interventions on impact forces because of limitations of the testing environment. The current paper describes a new in vivo measurement device (sudden loading evaluation device, or SLED) designed to address shortcomings of previous loading protocols. To establish the repeatability and validity of this testing device, reliability and human participant data were collected while the stiffnesses of simulated and prosthetic limbs were systematically varied. The peak impact forces delivered by the SLED ranged from 706±3N to 2157±32N during reliability testing and from 784±30N to 938±18N with the human participant. The relatively low standard deviations indicate good reliability within the impacts delivered by the SLED, while the magnitude of the loads experienced by the human participant (98–117% BW) were comparable to ground reaction forces during level walking. Thus, the SLED may be valuable as a research tool for investigations of lower-limb impact loading events.
Exact scaling relations in one- and two-dimensional Luttinger liquids: Competition between superconductivity and antiferromagnetism.

We generalize exact scaling relations between various correlation functions in one- and two-dimensional (2D) Luttinger liquids. This relation can be used to show that in the presence of strong antiferromagnetic fluctuation, there will be no enhancement of the superconducting instability from within the layer for a 2D Luttinger liquid. Possible relevance to high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconducting cuprates is discussed.
Eleanor Roosevelt: A Biography – By Cynthia M. Harris

An American icon is rendered human and accessible in this author's new volume in Greenwood Press's synthetic, popular biography series conceived and written for high school students and public libr...
Strain, Anger, and Delinquent Adaptations: Specifying General Strain Theory

Agnew's general strain theory has been one of the more significant developments in theoretical criminology over the past decade. To extend the emerging empirical literature assessing this perspective, the current study presented original data collected from a sample of high school-aged youths in the 1990s, included a measure of anger that a number of previous tests overlooked, and examined a number of different delinquent adaptations to strain. The analysis focused directly on the relationships between exposure to strain, anger, and delinquent behavior. An examination was conducted into whether strain has direct or indirect effects, through the mediating effects of anger, on three types of delinquent outcomes: violence, drug use, and school-related deviance. The findings reveal that strain has direct (i.e., independent) effects on violence even after controlling for other influences, but exposure to strain is not related to illicit drug use or school-related deviance independently. The results reveal that the criminogenic effects of strain on drug use are conditional on weak social bonds and exposure to deviant affiliations. In addition, the results reveal that anger does not mediate the effects of strain on delinquent outcomes. The results for models predicting violence reveal that the criminogenic effects of anger operate through strain. The results are consistent with the view that youth with high levels of anger disproportionately experience and/or perceive strainful circumstances or events that can lead to violence. Explanations on why strain and anger appear to have differential effects on varied delinquent outcomes were offered.
Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics.

Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics. Louisa Schein. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. ix. 365 pp., illustrations, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Mechanisms of mammalian ciliary motility: Insights from primary ciliary dyskinesia genetics

Motile cilia and flagella are organelles that, historically, have been poorly understood and inadequately investigated. However, cilia play critical roles in fluid clearance in the respiratory system and the brain, and flagella are required for sperm motility. Genetic studies involving human patients and mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia over the last decade have uncovered a number of important ciliary proteins and have begun to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ciliary motility. When combined with genetic, biochemical, and cell biological studies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, these mammalian genetic analyses begin to reveal the mechanisms by which ciliary motility is regulated.