cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum-Chapter 1: Introduction, Methods, and Significance.

Background As knowledge of the brain has increased, clinicians have learned that the cerebrum is composed of complex networks that interact to execute key functions. While neurosurgeons can typically predict and preserve primary cortical function through the primary visual and motor cortices, preservation of higher cognitive functions that are less well localized in regions previously deemed "silent" has proven more difficult. This suggests these silent cortical regions are more anatomically complex and redundant than our previous methods of inquiry can explain, and that progress in cerebral surgery will be made with an improved understanding of brain connectomics. Newly published parcellated cortex maps provide one avenue to study such connectomics in greater detail, and they provide a superior framework and nomenclature for studying cerebral function and anatomy. Objective To describe the structural and functional aspects of the 180 distinct areas that comprise the human cortex model previously published under the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Methods We divided the cerebrum into 8 macroregions: lateral frontal, motor/premotor, medial frontal, insular, temporal, lateral parietal, medial parietal, and occipital. These regions were further subdivided into their relevant parcellations based on the HCP cortical scheme. Connectome Workbench was used to localize parcellations anatomically and to demonstrate their functional connectivity. DSI studio was used to assess the structural connectivity for each parcellation. Results The anatomy, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity of all 180 cortical parcellations identified in the HCP are compiled into a single atlas. Within each section of the atlas, we integrate this information, along with what is known about parcellation function to summarize the implications of these data on network connectivity. Conclusion This multipart supplement aims to build on the work of the HCP. We present this information in the hope that the complexity of cerebral connectomics will be conveyed in a more manageable format that will allow neurosurgeons and neuroscientists to accurately communicate and formulate hypotheses regarding cerebral anatomy and connectivity. We believe access to this information may provide a foundation for improving surgical outcomes by preserving lesser-known networks.
Dimensions, Bits, and Wows in Accelerating Materials Discovery

In this book chapter, we discuss how the problem of accelerated materials discovery is related to other computational problems in artificial intelligence, such as computational creativity, concept learning, and invention, as well as to machine-aided discovery in other scientific domains. These connections lead, mathematically, to the emergence of three classes of algorithms that are inspired largely by the approximation-theoretic and machine learning problem of dimensionality reduction, by the information-theoretic problem of data compression, and by the psychology and mass communication problem of holding human attention. The possible utility of functionals including dimension, information [measured in bits], and Bayesian surprise [measured in wows], emerge as part of this description, in addition to measurement of quality in the domain.
Separation of Zn, Co and Ni using solvent extraction techniques

An acid mine drainage sludge sample, containing 3.6% Mn, 0.18% Ni, 0.15% Co and 0.39% Zn, was obtained from central West Virginia. The sample was leached at room temperature with a pH 3 sulfuric acid solution. Air was then bubbled through the leach solution at pH 4.5 to precipitate the iron. The leach solution contained 258 ppm Zn, 105 ppm Ni, 90 ppm Co and 2050 ppm Mn. Three solvent extraction studies were performed to selectively extract these metal ions in a sequential operation with DEHPA, Cyanex 272 and Lix 84. The A/O ratio was one, and the extractants were diluted ten times with kerosene. A study of solvent extraction with DEHPA showed that Zn could be extracted without Ni or Co up to a pH of 2.75. A pH of 2.75 is considered to be the optimum pH to maximize the selective separation of Zn from Mn. The separation factor of Co over manganese suggests that the two metal ions should be extracted together by Cyanex 272. The separation factor of Co over Ni indicates that these two metal ions can be separated most effectively around pH 5.3. Also, Ni can be effectively extracted by Lix 84 above pH 55.
Application of group ring algebra to localized and delocalized quantum states in periodic potentials

The quantum system having cosinusoidal potential energy is a well known model in which the Schrodinger equation can be cast in the form of the Mathieu equation. The periodic eigenfunctions of the Mathieu equation are then related to the wavefunctions associated with a Hamiltonian having a cosinusoidal potential energy term. These wavefunctions are well known but they are delocalized functions having amplitude in more than one potential energy well. Sometimes a more convenient set of functions are those with amplitude localized in only one of the potential energy wells. This system is analyzed in the context of the group ring algebra associated with the symmetry of the Hamiltonian. Primary results of this work are (i) abstraction to the group ring algebra associated with these systems and (ii) the presentation of general formulae for the localized wavefunctions in terms of linear combinations of the delocalized wavefunctions. Explicit analytic results are presented for cases where the cosinusoidal potential energy has two through nine wells. Discussion of how the group ring approach serves as a path to other types of periodic potentials is also given.
Task-Driven Biometric Authentication of Users in Virtual Reality (VR) Environments

In this paper, we provide an approach for authenticating users in virtual reality (VR) environments by tracking the behavior of users as they perform goal-oriented tasks, such as throwing a ball at a target. With the pervasion of VR in mission-critical applications such as manufacturing, navigation, military training, education, and therapy, validating the identity of users using VR systems is becoming paramount to prevent tampering of the VR environments, and to ensure user safety. Unlike prior work, which uses PIN and pattern based passwords to authenticate users in VR environments, our approach authenticates users based on their natural interactions within the virtual space by matching the 3D trajectory of the dominant hand gesture controller in a display-based head-mounted VR system to a library of trajectories. To handle natural differences in wait times between multiple parts of an action such as picking a ball and throwing it, our matching approach uses a symmetric sum-squared distance between the nearest neighbors across the query and library trajectories. Our work enables seamless authentication without requiring the user to stop their activity and enter specific credentials, and can be used to continually validate the identity of the user. We conduct a pilot study with 14 subjects throwing a ball at a target in VR using the gesture controller and achieve a maximum accuracy of 92.86% by comparing to a library of 10 trajectories per subject, and 90.00% by comparing to 6 trajectories per subject.
Effective use of electronic medical record (EMR) data in analysis of association between KRAS mutations and depression in colorectal cancer patients.

861Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that KRAS mutations were associated with higher rates of depression in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). The objective of this stud...
Modulating the crystallinity, mechanical properties, and degradability of poly(ε-caprolactone) derived polyesters by statistical and alternating copolymerization

Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) is a widely used biomaterial, but the long degradation time and hydrophobicity limit its applications in instances where short-term usage is needed. Synthesis of PCL analogues is an active area of research, but is constrained by the detailed and stringent synthetic procedures involved in the synthesis and polymerization of the cyclic lactones. Here we report a simple route to PCL analogues by copolymerizing PCL oligomer diol with a hydrogen bonding monomer diol and succinic acid in both statistical and alternating sequences. As a control, a homo-polyester from PCL oligomer diol and succinic acid was synthesized as well. The incorporation of the hydrogen bonding diol in different distributions results in correspondingly distinct polymer properties. The introduction of the hydrogen bonding monomer disrupts the microstructure of PCL which results in lower crystallinity, melting point and Young's modulus, but a more distinct strain hardening. The statistical distribution of the hydrogen bonding monomer along the polymer backbone accelerates the hydrolytic degradation rate.
Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance Colonoscopy in Older Adults

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight current recommendations regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and post-polypectomy surveillance colonoscopy in older adults and to review the available literature in order to help inform decision-making in this age group. Age is a risk factor for CRC; however, older adults with a history of prior screening are at lower risk for CRC compared to those who have never been screened. Decision-making for CRC screening and post-polypectomy surveillance colonoscopy in older adults is complex and several factors including age, screening history, comorbidities, functional status, bowel preparation, prior experiences, preferences, and barriers need to be considered when weighing risks and benefits. Recent guidelines have started to incorporate life expectancy and prior screening history into their recommendations; however, how to incorporate these factors into actual clinical practice is less clear. There are limited data on the relative benefits of screening and surveillance in older adults and therefore, at this time, decision-making should be individualized and incorporate patient preferences in addition to medical factors.
The biopower of ignorance: Individualizing blame for lead poisoning in Kabwe, Zambia:

Within research on late liberal biopolitics, scholars have examined the individualization of public or collective dangers, such as the obesity epidemic, natural disasters, and climate change. Yet f...
Abstract 3619: Nanoparticle formulation of VERU 111 for pancreatic cancer treatment

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States due to very limited therapeutic options. Thus, developing novel therapeutic strategies will help for the management of this disease. We recently identified VERU-111, a novel synthetic molecule which showed potent anti-cancer effect against PanCa via targeting clinically important βIII and βIV tubulin isoforms. In this study, we synthesized and characterized its novel nanoformulation (MNP-VERU) and evaluated its therapeutic effects in vitro and xenograft mouse model. Methods: MNPs were prepared by chemical precipitation method and loaded with VERU-111 using diffusion method. This formulation was characterized for particle size, chemical composition, and drug loading efficiency, using various physico-chemical methods (TEM, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and HPLC). The internalization of MNP-VERU was achieved after 6 hours incubation with MNP-VERU in PanCa cells. To determine therapeutic efficacy of MNP-VERU, we performed various in vitro (MTS, wound healing, boyden chamber real-time xCELLigence, and apoptosis assays) and in vivo (mouse tumor xenograft) studies using PanCa. Effect of MNP-VERU on various key oncogenic signaling pathways, and miRNAs was evaluated by Western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), confocal microscopy, qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) analyses respectively. Result: Our novel MNP-VERU formulation provided average size of 110 nm in dynamic light scattering (DLS) and exhibited -8.23 to -11.65 mV zeta potential with an outstanding loading efficiency (94%). Cellular uptake and internalization studies demonstrate that MNP-VERU escape lysosomal degradation, providing efficient endosomal release to cytosol. MNP-VERU showed remarkable anti-cancer potential in various PanCa cells (Panc-1, AsPC-1, HPAF-II, BxPC-3, MiaPaca) and more effectively repressed βIII and βIV tubulin isoforms via restoring the expression of miR-200c. MNP-VERU more effectively suppressed AsPC-1 cells derived xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that MNP-VERU has more anti-cancer potential than free VERU-111 against PanCa. MNP-VERU may reduce the toxicity and improve the bioavailability of free VERU-111 and could be used for the management of PanCa. Citation Format: Vivek K. Kashyap, Bilal B. Hafeez, Qinghui Wang, Neeraj Chauhan, Prashanth K. Nagesh, Murali M. Yallapu, Duane D. Miller, Wei Li, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan. Nanoparticle formulation of VERU 111 for pancreatic cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3619.
The epileptology of alternating hemiplegia of childhood

Objective To report our experience and investigate 5 original hypotheses: (1) multiple types of epileptic seizures occur in alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), and these can be the initial presentation; (2) epileptiform abnormalities often appear well after clinical seizures; (3) nonepileptic reduced awareness spells (RAS) occur frequently; (4) epilepsy is commonly drug resistant but may respond to vagal nerve stimulation (VNS); and (5) status epilepticus (SE) is common and is usually refractory and recurrent. Methods We analyzed a cohort of 51 consecutive patients with AHC. Results Thirty-two of 51 patients had epilepsy: 18 focal seizures, frontal more frequently than temporal, and then posterior. Eleven had primary generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and/or absence). Epileptic seizures preceded other AHC paroxysmal events in 8 (lag 5.63 ± 6.55 months; p = 0.0365). In 7 of 32, initial EEGs were normal, with the first epileptiform EEG lagging behind by 3.53 ± 4.65 years (p = 0.0484). RAS occurred equally in patients with epilepsy (16 of 32) and patients without epilepsy (10 of 19, p = 1.0). Twenty-eight patients had video-EEG; captured RAS showed no concomitant EEG changes. Nineteen patients (59%) were drug resistant. VNS resulted in >50% reduction in seizures in 5 of 6 (p Conclusions Epilepsy in AHC can be focal or generalized. Epileptic seizures may be the first paroxysmal symptom. EEG may become epileptiform only on follow-up. Epilepsy, although frequently drug resistant, can respond to VNS. RAS are frequent and nonepileptic. SE often recurs and is usually refractory/superrefractory. Our observations are consistent with current data on AHC-ATP1A3 pathophysiology.
“The Light on the Ceiling” in Hemingway’s ACROSS THE RIVER AND INTO THE TREES

In the climactic sequence (Chapters XXVII–XXXV) in Hemingway’s Across the River and into the Trees, leading to Colonel Cantwell’s rejection of his “trade of arms” (65)1 and promise “not to kill any...
The hypothalamo-choroidal tract

Light and electron microscopic examination of choroid plexuses from lateral ventricles of water-deprived and subcutaneously or intravenously vasopressin administered rats reveal morphologic changes typical for vasopressin responsive fluid transporting epithelia during hormonal stimulation. Ultrastructural changes noted in both dehydrated and vasopressin treated animals included: the frequent occurrence of choroidal “dark” cells, dilatation of the lateral and basal intercellular spaces, increased vacuolization of the apical cytoplasm, and a change in microvillar conformation from the normal clavate type to those with a filiform shape. On the basis of the ultrastructural changes observed it is proposed that the choroid plexus be regarded as a target tissue for vasopressin. These findings indicated that a vasopressinmediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption capability exists.
Double-stranded DNA virioplankton dynamics and reproductive strategies in the oligotrophic open ocean water column

Microbial communities are critical to ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical cycling in the open oceans. Viruses are essential elements of these communities, influencing the productivity, diversity, and evolution of cellular hosts. To further explore the natural history and ecology of open-ocean viruses, we surveyed the spatiotemporal dynamics of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses in both virioplankton and bacterioplankton size fractions in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, one of the largest biomes on the planet. Assembly and clustering of viral genomes revealed a peak in virioplankton diversity at the base of the euphotic zone, where virus populations and host species richness both reached their maxima. Simultaneous characterization of both extracellular and intracellular viruses suggested depth-specific reproductive strategies. In particular, analyses indicated elevated lytic interactions in the mixed layer, more temporally variable temperate phage interactions at the base of the euphotic zone, and increased lysogeny in the mesopelagic ocean. Furthermore, the depth variability of auxiliary metabolic genes suggested habitat-specific strategies for viral influence on light-energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquisition during host infection. Most virus populations were temporally persistent over several years in this environment at the 95% nucleic acid identity level. In total, our analyses revealed variable distributional patterns and diverse reproductive and metabolic strategies of virus populations in the open-ocean water column.
Optimal Strategies for a Class of Multi-Player Reach-Avoid Differential Games in 3D Space

A multi-player reach-avoid differential game with autonomous aerial robots in the three dimensional space is studied. Two pursuers form a team to guard a target against an evader with the same speed as the pursuers. This letter provides the complete solution of this differential game that resides within a high-dimensional state space. The Barrier surface is characterized and the saddle-point strategies are synthesized and verified. Degeneration of the two-pursuer one-evader game into the one-on-one case is addressed and the corresponding strategies are obtained. Finally, several examples illustrate the robustness properties and the guarantees provided by the saddle-point strategies obtained in this letter.
Sleep in alcoholic patients: longitudinal findings.

Alterations of sleep associated with both acute and chronic ingestion of alcohol have received a good deal of attention in the past few years. The picture that has emerged from this work suggests an initial sedative effect of alcohol with brisk sleep onset, decreased stage REM, and enhanced slow-wave sleep (Rundell, Lester, Griffiths, and Williams, 1972; Yules, Freedman, and Chandler, 1966; Gross, Goodenough, Nagarajan, and Hastey, 1973; Lester, Rundell, Cowden, and Williams, 1976). As blood levels decline following a moderate dose of alcohol, the sedative effects disappear, and the second half of the night’s sleep usually shows enhanced stage REM and increased sleep disturbance (Yules et al., 1966; Knowles, Laverty, and Kuechler, 1968; Rundell et al., 1972). If drinking continues, the sedative effects lessen after a few nights, and increased doses are required to obtain sedation (Gross, et al., 1972; Lester, et al., 1976; Rundell, et al., 1972).
Dropping Standardized Testing for Admissions Trades Off Information and Access.

We study the role of information and access in capacity-constrained selection problems with fairness concerns. We develop a theoretical framework with testable implications that formalizes the trade-off between the (potentially positive) informational role of a feature and its (negative) exclusionary nature when members of different social groups have unequal access to this feature. Our framework finds a natural application to recent policy debates on dropping standardized testing in college admissions. Our primary takeaway is that the decision to drop a feature (such as test scores) cannot be made without the joint context of the information provided by other features and how the requirement affects the applicant pool composition. Dropping a feature may exacerbate disparities by decreasing the amount of information available for each applicant, especially those from non-traditional backgrounds. However, in the presence of access barriers to a feature, the interaction between the informational environment and the effect of access barriers on the applicant pool size becomes highly complex. In this case, we provide a threshold characterization regarding when removing a feature improves both academic merit and diversity. Finally, using application and transcript data from the University of Texas at Austin, we illustrate that there exist practical settings where dropping standardized testing improves or worsens all metrics.
The Lift, Rolling Moment, and Pitching Moment on Wings in Nonuniform Supersonic Flow

A method is developed for computing aerodynamic coefficients of wings in arbitrary nonuniform supersonic flows. I t is shown that lift, pitching moments, and rolling moments can be obtained by single integrations without calculation of pressure distributions as an intermediate stage. Application of the method to wings with supersonic leading and trailing edges is formally similar to conventional strip methods but gives results that are correct within the limits of three-dimensional linearized theory.
MOTOR VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC Drivers' Licenses: Provide for Suspension, Revocation, or Delay in Issuance for Conviction of Controlled Substance Related Offenses; Formation of Intervention Program

The Acts provide for a delay in the issuance of the driver's license of any person under age 16 who is adjudicated guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol of a controlled substance or marijuana, and for the revocation and suspension of the driver's license of any person convicted of possession of a controlled substance or marijuana. The Act also provides for the issuance or reinstatement of drivers' licenses following the completion of the intervention program established by the Acts' enabling legislation.
Gazella dorcas (Dorcas gazelle)

The male karyotype depicted here came from skin cultures of a display animal of the San Diego Zoological Park, San Diego, California, USA, and that of the female, also from skin cultures, was kindly donated by Dr. C. Gray, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA. One additional female specimen from National Zoological Park of Washington was also analyzed. Wurster (1972) studied 2 male and 2 female specimens. All 7 animals showed comparable karyotypes, differing from the findings reportedly made by J. Wahrman and A. Horowitz (Personal Communication to Taylor et al., 1969), who found 2n=♂35, ♀34. Perhaps this is due to Robertsonian translocations. Both our specimens were studied by G-banding and by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The distal portion of the X (not the proximal portion as suggested by Wurster, 1972) is homologous to an acrocentric autosome. Her radioautograph of a female complement (Fig. 5) suggest a similar interpretation.
Metacomputing and Data-Intensive Applications

Metacomputing-the concurrent use of multiple networklinked computers for solving application problems-is gaining increasing popularity. Much of the early work in metacomputing focused on harnessing greater processing power than could be found at a single site or on combining heterogeneous computer architectures to exploit the best features of each for a given problem. Another compelling rationale for using metacomputing is the acquisition, manipulation, and analysis of data that are stored remotely or acquired by distant instruments. When the data to be accessed and processed are voluminous, we refer to the applications as data intensive.
On the Long-Term Implications of Database Machine Research

It is argued that the long-term import of current research on specialized hardware for database management may extend far beyond what is now considered the immediate province of database management systems. In particular, the potential support which “database machines” may provide for very high level mechanisms for the description of information processing tasks is considered and exemplified with an operational system for knowledge-based information retrieval.
Regulation of mast cell degranulation in allergic eye disease by IL-10

Abstract Rationale Initial studies showed a panel of commonly used mouse strains, including A/J and C57Bl/6, to have significant variability in the development of allergic eye responses to a mast cell secretagogue, c48/80. As these mouse strains also showed significant differences in production of the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10, the goal of these studies was to use C48/80 to assess a role for IL-10 on mast cell degranulation and allergic responses in vivo. Methods To ascertain a role for IL-10 on mast cell stability in the allergic response, we challenged either WT C57bl/6 or IL-10 KO mice with C48/80. Mice were then examined for changes in clinical symptoms of allergic disease. Eyes and attached conjunctiva were removed 1 hour after challenge, and were examined histologically for evidence of mast cell degranulation. Results While challenge with C48/80 caused mild symptoms of allergic eye disease including chemosis and edema, these symptoms were significantly increased in mice genetically depleted of IL-10. Histological examination of conjunctival tissues correlated well with disease patterns with enhanced degranulation in IL-10 KO mice. We have begun performing “add-back” experiments with rIL-10 to support a role for IL-10 in mast cell stability in vivo, and are in the process of establishing mast cell cultures to ascertain a role for IL-10 induced alterations in G-protein coupled signal transduction pathways. Conclusions IL-10 appears to increase mast cell stability and prevention of degranulation, suggesting an additional role for IL-10 in protection from the allergic response.
Cultural Differences in Career Decision-Making Styles and Self-Efficacy.

Abstract This study examined the cultural relevance of two important career constructs: career decision-making style and career decision-making self-efficacy. Two distinct cultural groups of college students, Americans (N = 540) and Taiwanese (N = 1026), participated in this cross-cultural study. Results suggested that career decision-making styles have differential impacts on career decision-making self-efficacy, depending on the cultural background of the individuals. Results also showed significant differences in career decision-making style and career decision-making self-efficacy as a function of nationality and gender. Counseling implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Forest Stand Structure, Productivity, and Age Mediate Climatic Effects on Aspen Decline

Because forest stand structure, age, and productivity can mediate the impacts of climate on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) mortality, ignoring stand-scale factors limits inference on the drivers of recent sudden aspen decline. Using the proportion of aspen trees that were dead as an index of recent mortality at 841 forest inventory plots, we examined the relationship of this mortality index to forest structure and climate in the Rocky Mountains and Intermountain Western United States. We found that forest structure explained most of the patterns in mortality indices, but that variation in growing-season vapor pressure deficit and winter precipitation over the last 20 years was important. Mortality index sensitivity to precipitation was highest in forests where aspen exhibited high densities, relative basal areas, quadratic mean diameters, and productivities, whereas sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit was highest in young forest stands. These results indicate that the effects of drought on mortality may be mediated by forest stand development, competition with encroaching conifers, and physiological vulnerabilities of large trees to drought. By examining mortality index responses to both forest structure and climate, we show that forest succession cannot be ignored in studies attempting to understand the causes and consequences of sudden aspen decline.
Cloning and sequencing of the blood meal-induced late trypsin gene from the mosquito Aedes aegypti and characterization of the upstream regulatory region

A 4.1 kb genomic clone of the late trypsin gene from the mosquito Aedes aegypti was isolated, mapped and subcloned. A 1.6 kb subclone, corresponding to 1.1 kb of upstream regulatory region and 0.5 kb of coding region, was sequenced. The gene has no introns within the coding region. The 5' end of the mature mRNA was mapped using primer extension analysis. A TATA box consensus sequence (TATAAA) was found at position -31 from the 5' end of the mature mRNA. A cluster of five repeat sequences homologous to the yeast GCN4 DNA binding site was found within 200 nucleotides upstream of the cap site. GCN4 is required for derepression mediated control of general amino acid biosynthesis in response to amino acid starvation in yeast. It activates the transcription of at least twenty different genes coding for enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis. The presence of this cluster of consensus sequences suggests that a protein similar to GCN4 might regulate expression of the late trypsin gene in the mosquito. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicates that late trypsin is a single copy gene.
Case report 389

Figs. 1A, B and 2A, B. Roentgenograms of the left knee obtained at approximately the same period show differences between the roentgenograms in Figures 1 A and 1 B and those in 2A and 2B. These differences will be described after the diagnosis is stated. Figure 2A and B were obtained after applying pressure to the lateral aspect of the left fibular head. Figure IA and B were exposed without pressure
Control of Neural Prostheses

Individuals with upper motor neuron lesions often have lower motor neurons which innervate excitable but atrophic skeletal muscles. This atrophy can be reversed over a period of several months by electrically induced exercise of these paralyzed muscles (9). Following reversal of the atrophy, a neural prosthetic technique known as functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) can be applied to restore functional movement. This paper will focus on the state-of-the-art of restoring useful function to paralyzed upper extremities in quadriplegic individuals. Many of the same principles apply to restoration of standing and walking in paraplegia. The research reported is principally carried out by investigators at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) in Cleveland, Ohio, and the University of Utah Research Institute (UURI) in Salt Lake City, Utah, as part of the Neural Prosthesis Program of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Image enhancement through complex conduction coefficient modifications

One important term in the diffusion equation applied to image processing is the conduction coefficient. It could be a real or complex function, depending on the chosen diffusion processes. A modification in the form of the application of filter convolution to the real-value conduction coefficient has been recommended for the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio and the speed by which the diffusion is performed. In this study, the developments of the approximately circularly symmetric two-dimensional Lagrange filter and the Teager operator are presented. They are proposed here for the modification of the complex-value conduction coefficient for the improvement of the image diffusion process. Performance of the proposed modifications is evaluated through simulation and the use of three metrics. Experimental results suggest the validity and applicability of the proposed modifications.
Origins of the French Revolution

There is at present no comprehensive interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution. Because of the fragmented state of the argument, this article explores several perspectives that have influenced research on the Revolution's origins including Alexis de Tocqueville's view of the state; research on the politics of the court at Versailles and the parlements; fiscal origins by institutional economic historians; and cultural approaches, including the analysis of the public sphere by Jurgen Habermas. It concludes that the collapse of the Old Regime was the result of a variety of converging causes, many of which had deep roots in the institutional structure of the old regime. The state itself generated institutional contradictions by both reinforcing privilege and implementing policies that undercut privilege in the quest for greater administrative efficiency. Ministerial incompetence combined with new forces, including enhanced international pressure from efficient British war finance and the growing appeal to public opinion, made reform increasingly difficult and created conditions favorable to revolution when the state went bankrupt in 1789.
Emerging care for type 2 diabetes: Using insulin to reach lower glycemic goals

Intensive control of blood glucose reduces the incidence and progression of many of the complications of type 2 diabetes. Newer insulin formulations that approach normal physiologic patterns have made it possible to achieve glycemic goals without excessive hypoglycemia.
Spectrally resolved absolute fluorescence cross sections for bacillus spores

Absolute fluorescence cross sections for Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus bacterial spores as both aqueous suspensions and aerosols were measured at a number of excitation wavelengths between 228 and 303 nm. The fluorescence was spectrally resolved at each excitation wavelength. We found that the optimum excitation wavelength for spore fluorescence is between 270 and 280 nm. The fluorescence cross section for aqueous suspensions is four times larger than for dry aerosols when measured under similar conditions. Measurements on wet aerosols showed an increase in fluorescence cross section over dry aerosols, indicating an enhancement of the fluorescence when the bacterial spores are wet. Mie scattering cross sections at 90 degrees to the direction of the incident radiation and extinction cross sections as a function of wavelength for B. subtilis suspensions and fluorescence cross sections for tryptophan are also reported.
Phosphoproteomics and molecular cardiology: techniques, applications and challenges

Protein phosphorylation has been widely documented as a key regulatory and signaling mechanism associated with many cardiac diseases. Recent advances in phosphoproteomic technologies such as phosphopeptide enrichment, novel mass spectrometry applications, and bioinformatic tools have resulted in high-throughput identification and quantitation of protein phosphorylation in a global manner. This review summarizes mainstream phosphoproteomic workflows and highlights the most recent applications of phosphoproteomics used in a range of molecular cardiology research.
RAIM availability for supplemental GPS navigation

This paper examines GPS receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) availability for supplemental navigation based on the approximate radial-error protection (ARP) method. This method applies ceiling levels for the ARP figure of merit to screen out bad detection geometries under worst-case bias conditions. The ARP criterion value for each phase of flight is based on the integrity specifications stated in the RTCA Special Committee (SC)-159 supplemental Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for GPS. Applying the ARP criterion, extensive analysis was performed to determine the availability of RAIM over the conterminous United States, North Atlantic, Europe, Central East Pacific, and North Pacific during en route, terminal, and nonprecision approach phases of flight. The 21 primary, optimal 21, and optimized 21 + 3 GPS constellations were examined. The results demonstrate that RAIM is not available 100 percent of the time, even with 24 operational satellites. This is because there are times when only 4 satellites are visible, preventing RAIM detection altogether, and other times when the geometry of the visible satellites has an ARP that exceeds the ARP ceiling value.
Revealing Structural Dynamics in Catalytic Reactions Using Ultrafast Transient X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Progression of a typical heterogeneous catalytic process as a function of a reaction parameter such as temperature can often be segmented, according to Fig. 1. Reactants first bind to active sites to form reaction intermediates with increases in temperature and kinetic energy (Region I). Further temperature increase leads to a full “light-off” of the catalytic conversion and the reaction is dominated by the intra-particulate diffusion (Region II). The characteristic “light-off” temperature at the boundary of region I and II often defines the activity of the catalyst. At even higher temperature enters the bulk diffusion region (III), where the catalytic reaction is limited mainly by mass transport between different phases. Significant efforts in practical catalyst design involve improving catalytic activities in the kinetic region (I) and reducing the “light-off” temperature. Reaction rates at the kinetic region are defined by potential saddle points on top of which a series of “transitional state” complex...
Speaker verification score normalization using speaker model clusters

Among the various proposed score normalizations, T- and Z-norm are most widely used in speaker verification systems. The main idea in these normalizations is to reduce the variations in impostor scores in order to improve accuracy. These normalizations require selection of a set of cohort models or utterances in order to estimate the impostor score distribution. In this paper we investigate basing this selection on recently-proposed speaker model clusters (SMCs). We evaluate this approach using the NTIMIT and NIST-2002 corpora and compare against T- and Z-norm which use other cohort selection methods. We also propose three new normalization techniques, @D-, @DT- and TC-norm, which also use SMCs to estimate the normalization parameters. Our results show that we can lower the equal error rate and minimum decision cost function with fewer cohort models using SMC-based score normalization approaches.
P01.5 Menstrual fluctuation with jitter correlate in MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis

Background: In myasthenic females fluctuations in symptomatology during menstruation is often reported, but the means by which the clinical worsening or remission occurs is unknown. Objectives: Our goal was to determine if there is an electrodiagnostic correlate to the increasing symptoms experienced during a menstrual exacerbation and to determine if this fluctuation could be eliminated with the use of continuous birth control therapy. Methods: The patient is a 26-year-old female with myasthenia gravis associated with antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK). Patient had voluntarily discontinued medications at the time of the initial consultation and reported daily fluctuation of ocular and bulbar weakness that worsened each month at the start of the placebo week of her birth control medication. Single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) was performed at the start of the placebo week, during a period of increasing weakness. A second SFEMG was then performed one month later, during her typical time of menstrual fluctuation, while taking the new birth control regimen. Results: The SFMEG of the frontalis muscle performed during the exacerbation was markedly abnormal demonstrating increased jitter with blocking in 8 pairs (20%) and increased jitter without blocking in 12 pairs (60%). The mean jitter vale was 99 ls. Repeat SFEMG on the continuous birth control therapy demonstrated increased jitter with blocking in 3 pairs (15%) and increase jitter without blocking in 12 pairs (60%) and normal jitter in 5 pairs (25%). The mean jitter value was 85 ls. Conclusions: Continuous birth control therapy can produce clinical and electrodiagnostic improvement in menstrual related myasthenic exacerbations.
Role of Salt and Excipient Properties on Disproportionation in the Solid-State

Purpose Approximately 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are manufactured and formulated as salts, due to their enhanced dissolution rates or improved solid state properties. It is essential to maintain the appropriate solid state form of the drug during processing and over the lifetime of the product. The aim of this study was to investigate the contributing factors in the process of disproportionation, whereby the salt converts back to the free form of the drug.
Evaluation of the Causes and Accuracy of Pharmacologic Localization in Horner's Syndrome

Of 450 cases of Horner's syndrome examined by pupillography. 13% were caused by tumor but less than 3% were undetected malignant tumors. The largest group of lesions (40%) had an undetermined cause, presumably related to vascular disease. Although the hydroxyamphetamine test usually can differentiate postganglionic from preganglionic lesions, its clinical value and accuracy for this purpose has been overemphasized in previous reports. Of the 13 undetected malignant neoplasms, nine (69%) manifested as Pancoast's syndrome with arm pain, a reliable sign to identify patients with Horner's syndrome caused by undetected malignancy.
Effect of contextually congruent stallion vocalization playback on intrauterine pressure in the mare

Although oxytocin can be an effective treatment for persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), frequent administration is required due to the short half-life of oxytocin and exogenous oxytocin may produce tetanic spasms of the myometrium. Teasing with a stallion during estrus elicits endogenous oxytocin secretion and uterine contractions, which may result in a more optimum physiologic response. Recently, it has been shown that mares will respond to contextually congruent stallion vocalization recordings with teasing behavior. The aim of this study was to determine if contextually congruent stallion vocalization would induce uterine contractions and increased uterine pressure in the mare. We hypothesized that teasing, contextually congruent stallion vocalization (with or without stallion scent), and exogenous oxytocin would increase intrauterine pressure in estrous pony mares, but that oxytocin would cause the greatest increases in intrauterine pressure. Changes in uterine pressure were recorded using a wireless telemetry capsule inserted into the uterine lumen (SmartPill pH.p Capsule), a novel method of instrumentation for uterine pressure studies. Twentyfour hours after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, five reproductively normal pony mares were instrumented with an intrauterine telemetry pressure capsule during estrus. Baseline pressure was recorded for
The Yin and Yang of Toll-like receptors in cancer

Recognition of non-self molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors is a cornerstone of innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) exert a key role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but have also been implicated in the recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). As such, TLRs regulate a wide range of biological responses including inflammatory and immune responses during carcinogenesis. The high expression of TLRs by antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, and their ability to induce antitumor mediators such as type I interferon has led to efforts to utilize TLR agonists in tumor therapy in order to convert the often tolerant immune response toward antitumor responses. However, TLRs are also increasingly recognized as regulators of tumor-promoting inflammation and promoters of tumor survival signals. Here, we will review in detail the dichotomous role of TLRs in tumor biology, focusing on relevant TLR-dependent pro- and antitumor pathways, and discuss clinical applications of TLR-targeted therapies for tumor prevention and treatment.
Heat storage and distribution inside passive-solar buildings

Passive-solar buildings are investigated from the viewpoint of the storage of solar heat in materials of the building: walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture. The effects of the location, material, thickness, and orientation of each internal building surface are investigated. The concept of diurnal heat capacity is introduced and a method of using this parameter to estimate clear-day temperature swings is developed. Convective coupling to remote rooms within a building is discussed, including both convection through single doorways and convective loops that may exist involving a sunspace. Design guidelines are given.
Social Class Values and the Balanced Community

The central question which prompted the present analysis was: Are the values about place of residence, nature of home, and other housing related issues so different among social classes that socioeconomically mixed neighborhoods are not viable? Discussions of efforts to “balance” neighborhoods have often answered the question affirmatively. But a review of studies on the residence-linked values of social classes did not find such a forthright answer. Rather, it showed substantial agreement among urbanites on a number of issues. The conclusion reached is that social class does not explain adequately the value differences that prevail in urban America. Moreover, the analysis suggests reasons why, even if social classes do have divergent views in certain areas, it may not be feasible to base housing and urban policies on these views.
Peripheral Variability in the Locomotory System of the Pteropod Mollusc Clione limacina

The neuromuscular system of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina is arranged as a “two-geared” system that includes two classes of swim motoneurons (small motoneurons and general excitors) which innervate two muscle fiber types (slow-twitch fatigue-resistant and fasttwitch fatigable). Rapid changes in swimming speed involve recruitment of general excitor motoneurons and fast-twitch muscle cells, which are not active during slow swimming. This recruitment occurs centrally, but in addition, subtle changes in speed can occur via purely peripheral mechanisms. These include the effects of activity in serotonergic neurons of the pedal ganglion which serve to enhance the electrical activity and contractility of slow-twitch muscle, and an endogenous property of muscle cells: non-synaptic facilitation. The latter mechanism allows increases in contractility with repetitive activity, but also maintains regularity of muscle contractility despite irregularities in the firing activity of motoneurons. The peripheral serotonergic modulation of muscle activity is independent of central serotonergic modulation of swimming, which is believed to produce the dramatic speed changes from slow to fast swimming.