cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erotetic Logic and Scientific Questions

Science is commonly called an institution and an instrument for solving problems, and sometimes it is said that some or all of scientific achievement can be reduced to finding the right problems or formulating scientific questions correctly or perspicaciously. We may acknowledge the importance of proper selection and formulation of problems without accepting all of this reductionistic thesis because the pursuit of problems, that is the search for their solutions, is also a large part of science. Methods and guidelines for the pursuit of science as well as scientific problems should count as much as a part of scientific knowledge as do scientifically vindicated beliefs about various parts and aspects of the Universe. This point does not exclude the role that scientific knowledge has in supporting scientific methods.
Analysis of Word-final Dysfluencies in Conversations of a Child with Autism: A Treatment Case Study☆

Abstract Word final dysfluencies (WFDs) are a type of dysfluent repetition or prolongation occurring at the end of words. The repetitions may include single sound repetitions or rhyme repetitions. A pause may or may not be present before a repetition. This study analyzed the use of WFDs in a school-age male with Autism during conversational speech. The frequencies of these WFDs were analyzed according to multiple variables: utterance complexity, utterance length, interest of topic, and initiation of utterance. Higher percentages of WFDs were present for sentences of increased length and/or complexity, as well as for those sentences related to high-interest or participant-initiated topics.
The use of Melnikov processes for the identification of a class of multistable systems

We review briefly basic Melnikov theory for both deterministic and stochastic systems. We then show how the theory can be used for the identification of a class of multistable systems for which experimental data are available on the relation between excitation frequency and rate of escape from a potential well. We illustrate our approach for the case of the auditory nerve fiber, for which the use of Melnikov theory yields a model that provides a transparent phenomenological description of the system behavior, and performs considermerelably better than the the classical Fitzhugh-Nagumo equation.
Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of glyoxaldehyde bis{N(3)-substituted thiosemicarbazones}

Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of glyoxaldehyde bis{N(3)-methyl-, bis{N(3)-ethyl-, bis{N(3)-dimethyl-, bis{piperidyl- and bis{hexamethyleneiminylthiosemicarbazone} have been prepared and studied spectroscopically. The five bis(thiosemicarbazones) have been characterized by their melting points, as well as i.r., electronic and 1H-n.m.r. spectra. The four-coordinate copper(II) complexes have been studied by e.s.r. spectroscopy, and the copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes by a number of the spectroscopic techniques mentioned above. Upon formation of these complexes, loss of protons from each thiosemicarbazone moiety occurs, and the bis(thiosemicarbazones) coordinate to the metal centres as dianionic, tetradentate N2S2 ligands.
Nerve growth factor facilitates cholinergic neurotransmission between nucleus basalis and the amygdala in rat: an electrophysiological analysis

Treatment of rats in vivo with NGF promotes the survival and enhances the neurotransmitter phenotype of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. We showed recently (Williams et al., 1993) that NGF-induced stimulations of the cholinergic markers ChAT and high-affinity choline uptake are reflected in an enhanced synthesis and release of ACh in terminals fields of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. The objective of the present study was to determine whether such effects translate into an enhancement in neurotransmission between nucleus basalis neurons and postsynaptic target cells, and therefore are likely to be of physiological significance. Changes in cholinergic neurotransmission after NGF were assessed by comparing the ability of cholinergic pathway activation, produced by electrical stimulation of nucleus basalis or the external capsule, to elicit intracellularly recorded muscarinic responses in basolateral amygdaloid (BLA) neurons in ventral forebrain slice preparations from NGF-treated and control Fischer 344 adult rats. Chronic infusion of NGF for 3 weeks (1.2 micrograms/d, i.c.v.) increased the likelihood of eliciting cholinergic slow depolarizations (slow EPSP) via stimulation of cholinergic pathways in the slice. In addition, the frequency-response curves for generation of the cholinergic slow EPSP by nucleus basalis or external capsule stimulation were shifted approximately twofold to the left and the EF50 values significantly reduced in neurons from NGF-treated slices, compared to those in preparations from vehicle-treated or untreated controls. Treatment with NGF also resulted in a leftward shift in the frequency-response curve for cholinergic pathway-induced blockade of the slow afterhyperpolarization, without change in the maximal inhibitory effect. The NGF-induced enhancement in cholinergic synaptic effectiveness was not accompanied by alterations in the resting membrane properties or intrinsic excitability of BLA pyramidal neurons. Nor did treatment with NGF affect their chemosensitivity or responsiveness to direct postsynaptic applications of the cholinergic carbachol. We conclude from these results that chronic administration of exogenous NGF can facilitate neurotransmission within basal forebrain cholinergic projections in normal adult brain, presumably as a consequence of its ability to stimulate presynaptic mechanisms involved in synthesis and/or release of ACh.
Structural and functional organization of the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells: III. Enzymic activities and chemical composition of various fractions of tris-disrupted brush borders

Abstract The composition of subunits of the intestinal brush border has been studied. Fractions obtained after Tris disruption and subsequent density-gradient centrifugation were analyzed for their enzymic and chemical content. These fractions include a major membrane component, a minor membrane component, microvillus cores and two that are unidentified. The major membrane fraction contains all of the alkaline phosphatase, maltase, invertase, lactase, isomaltase, trehalase and leucyl naphthylamide hydrolase activities of the brush border. It also contains ATPase. A different ATPase activity is found in one of the morphologically identified fractions. It appears to be associated with a fibrillar material which can be formed from this fraction by appropriate treatment. Lactase activity is occasionally found to be differently distributed from the other disaccharidases; i.e. , an appreciable amount appears in the minor membrane component. No enzymatic activities were found in the fraction composed of microvillus cores. All fractions were analyzed for protein, carbohydrate, cholesterol, phospholipid and DNA. Cholesterol to phospholipid ratio of 1.1 was found in the major membrane fraction.
Probabilistic Graphical Modeling Method for Inferring Hydraulic Conductivity Maps from Hydraulic Head Maps

AbstractThe ability to design and employ groundwater distribution models plays an important role in the development and application of regional water management policies and resource exploration. This paper presents a probabilistic reasoning approach for estimating groundwater levels over a geological map based on a limited number of available observations of hydraulic head and conductivity levels. The approach adapts, expands, and combines non-Euclidean distance kriging, probabilistic graphical modeling, and expectation maximization to provide a viable alternative to the currently existing, simulation-based methods of spatial interpolation. Upon outlining a conceptual framework for the proposed approach, this paper investigates the feasibility of using its key component, the Markov random field, with a flexible (learned) structure that recovers hydraulic conductivity maps from the knowledge of hydraulic head on those maps. The model is trained on a medium-sized data set of simulated hydraulic maps, and r...
Biphasic release of protein from polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol/modified dextran microspheres.

Dextrans show great promise for delivery of therapeutic agents. Dextran acetates (DAs) were synthesized with increasing degrees of substitution (DA1 < DA2 < DA3) by the reaction of the polysaccharide dextran (70 kDa) with acetic anhydride. A series of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/DA microspheres were prepared and tested with bovine serum albumin (BSA) functioning as a model protein. Particle size (0.74–0.85 μm) and encapsulation efficiency (56–70%) increased with the degree of substitution along with a slower release rate of protein from PEG/DA microspheres. Time to release 90% of protein rose from 31 to 118 min. Percentage of BSA released from PEG and PEG/DA3 microspheres with time (min) was modeled mathematically [YPEG = 100(1 − e−0.12t); YPEG/DA3 = 100(1 − e−0.024t)] to predict cumulative delivery from mixtures in vitro over a period of hours when constrained to a target level at 30 min. The system is examined for potential application in thrombolytic therapy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 2699–2705, 2013.
Plasma acceleration, injection, and loss: observational aspects

The sudden and dramatic acceleration of charged particles seems to be a universal phenomenon which occurs in plasmas occupying a wide range of spatial scales. These accelerations are typically accompanied by intrusions of the energized plasma into adjacent regions of space. A physical understanding of these processes can only be obtained by carefully coordinated experimental and theoretical studies which are designed to let nature display what is happening without imposing limitations associated with existing paradigms. Studies of the Earth’s magnetosphere are hampered by the lack of adequate sampling in space and time. The ‘feature matching’ technique of building magnetic and electric field models can help compensate for the extreme sparseness of experimental data but many future studies will still require large numbers of spacecraft placed in carefully coordinated orbits. History shows that magnetospheric research has sometimes faltered while various attractive conjectures were explored, but that direct observations play the role of a strict teacher who has little concern for the egos of scientists. Presumably this teacher will also discard the author’s pet notion: that the ‘ignition’ of portions of the ‘auroral shell’ in association with ‘Earth flares’ results in the heating of ionospheric particles (and some particles of solar origin) that are then convected inward to form the ring current. The author, of course, hopes that at least some aspects of this notion will surive and will help lead the way to a better understanding of the Earth’s neighbourhood.
Suture exostosis with concurrent nasal septum chondrosarcoma in a horse

Summary A 15-year-old Hanoverian mare presented with a 10-day history of facial swelling in the right maxillary and frontal regions, left epiphora and intermittent right epistaxis. Radiographs revealed suture exostosis of both nasofrontal sutures and a deviated and thickened nasal septum. Computed tomography (CT) of the skull revealed exostosis of the nasolacrimal sutures and ducts bilaterally of both nasofrontal sutures and of the right zygomatocomaxillary and lacrimomaxillary sutures. The mid-to-caudal aspect of the nasal septum was thickened and had multiple well demarcated hypoattenuated regions within the septum. Histological examination of biopsies taken from the right nasofrontal suture and the nasal septal mass revealed suture exostosis and nasal septum chondrosarcoma. The horse was treated with rest and anti-inflammatories. The facial swelling and left epiphora were improved at 7 months telephone follow-up. This report is the first to describe a nasal septum chondrosarcoma in a horse. Additionally, we suggest that the suture exostosis may have developed due to an alteration of the biomechanics of the skull sutures secondary to the septal tumour.
Using HeLa cell stress response to introduce first year students to the scientific method, laboratory techniques, primary literature, and scientific writing

Incorporating scientific literacy into inquiry driven research is one of the most effective mechanisms for developing an undergraduate student's strength in writing. Additionally, discovery-based laboratories help develop students who approach science as critical thinkers. Thus, a three-week laboratory module for an introductory cell and molecular biology course that couples inquiry-based experimental design with extensive scientific writing was designed at Westminster College to expose first year students to these concepts early in their undergraduate career. In the module students used scientific literature to design and then implement an experiment on the effect of cellular stress on protein expression in HeLa cells. In parallel the students developed a research paper in the style of the undergraduate journal BIOS to report their results. HeLa cells were used to integrate the research experience with the Westminster College "Next Chapter" first year program, in which the students explored the historical relevance of HeLa cells from a sociological perspective through reading The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot. In this report I detail the design, delivery, student learning outcomes, and assessment of this module, and while this exercise was designed for an introductory course at a small primarily undergraduate institution, suggestions for modifications at larger universities or for upper division courses are included. Finally, based on student outcomes suggestions are provided for improving the module to enhance the link between teaching students skills in experimental design and execution with developing student skills in information literacy and writing.
Digoxin dosage in infants.

Digoxin is suggested as the drug of choice for digitalis therapy in infants and children, primarily because of its rapid dissipation. The use of average dosage figures, while necessary in starting therapy, is often unsatisfactory and may be hazardous unless one appreciates the great range of sensitivity to digitalis amongst patients. The principle set forth by Withering and repeated by many since then that each patient treated with digitalis is a titration experiment, still holds. Our studies and experience with digoxin in normal infants as well as in those with heart disease enable us to propose a digitalizing regimen which has proven effective and yet safe in most of the infants who can benefit from digitalis therapy. We recommend an initial "digitalizing dose" of 75 µg/kg in 24 hours, orally or intramuscularly. One-half or one-third is given first and the remainder in equal portions every 6 to 8 hours. If the desired clinical effect is evident, a maintenance dose of 25 µg/kg once daily is administered. If, however, the desired clinical effect has not been achieved after the initial "digitalizing dose," 25 µg/kg should be given under careful clinical and electrocardiographic observation every 6, 8 or 12 hours (depending upon the severity of the failure) until either a satisfactory effect or toxic signs appear. The maintenance dose may then be proportionately larger. Changes in S-T segment and T wave in the electrocardiogram are not considered signs of toxicity. The development of vomiting or the appearance in the electrocardiogram of significant conduction defects, or arrhythmias are indications of digitalis toxicity. Relatively large amounts of digoxin may be necessary in some infants both initially and for maintenance in order to obtain maximum benefit from the drug.
The Future of Sustainability Reporting as a Regulatory Mechanism

Sustainability reporting is now a mainstream activity among large, global corporations. The majority of the largest corporations in the United States now produce sustainability reports, and several European countries either mandate corporations to produce some form of sustainability reports or are in serious consideration of such legislation. Although leading standards such as the Global Reporting Initiative have made significant advancements in setting out the types of information that corporations should publicly disclose, mandatory sustainability reports will not work as an effective policy mechanism unless they are placed in a system that can effectively utilize the information and cause corporations to change their policies and practices. Using insights from New Governance regulation and meta-regulation, this paper examines the current sustainability reporting industry, and explores potential breakdown points (e.g., conflicts of interest in information intermediaries) and possible future developments.
Review of SERT II power conditioning

Power conditioning system for Hg ion thrustor on SERT 2 spacecraft, considering performance, design, control circuits and arcing
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: Traumatology, part 2

This is the 31st article in a continuing series of objectives to direct emergency medicine resident experiences on off-service rotations. Neck and torso trauma accounts for a large portion of injuries, and its management is an essential part of training in emergency medicine. Due to the often life-threatening presentations of trauma victims, resident instruction may be conducted at the bedside in difficult and demanding situations. Therefore, it is essential for residents to have specific goals and objectives to guide their acquisition of knowledge required to make critical decisions for patients with major trauma.
Hydrocarbons of geochemical significance in microscopic algae

Abstract Recent investigations have implicated a correlation between the hydrocarbon composition of algae and that found in geological sediments. This report presents information on hydrocarbon production by twelve species of algae, morphologically similar to fossil forms, including Anacystis cyanea, A. montana, Spirulina platensis, Lyngbya aestuarii, Chroococcus turgidus, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Coelastrum microsporum, Tetraedron sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda, along with confirmatory data on Anacystis nidulans, Nostoc sp. and Botryococcus braunii which have previously been reported. The normal hydrocarbon range is from C15 to C19 in most species, and n-C17 is predominant in all cultures. However, a few of the species show a bimodal distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons with maxima at C17 and C27, with significant amounts of C23, C27, and C29 straight-chain olefins and paraffins. Similar bimodal distributions of saturated hydrocarbons have been observed in both tertiary and Precambrian sediments, supporting the interpretation of biological origin. The production of methyl-substituted alkanes by blue-green algae and a tentative identification of a triterpene from three species is also reported. Squalene is the only isoprenoid reported.
An Apple microcomputer-based laboratory system for the study of visual-motor behavior

An apparatus for studying motor control and visual-motor coordination is described. The system consists of an Apple II+ with two expansions boards installed. One board provides advanced graphics capabilities; the other interfaces the Apple with a digitizing tablet and also provides a real-time clock. Target stimulus and visual feedback concerning self-produced movement (i.e., a cursor) are displayed on a standard video monitor, and movement data are sampled by the digitizing tablet. Software consists of about 3K bytes of assembled 6502 code and a 2K byte Applesoft BASIC program. The system is inexpensive, versatile, and particularly well suited for developmental research. It has been used with human subjects as young as 3 years of age.
Gender Differences in HIV Drug Resistance Mutations and Virological Outcome

Abstract Background: Previous studies have shown that female gender has higher odds of developing HIV drug resistance mutations. We aimed to evaluate the gender differences in HIV drug resistance mutation patterns and outcomes in a cohort of an HIV-infected population who underwent genotype resistance testing (GRT). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from January 2004 to April 2007 of patients >12 years of age who underwent GRT in the HIV Outpatient Program Clinic (HOP) at the Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans. Results: Among 391 patients included in the analysis, 130 were females and 261 were males. There were no major statistically significant differences in the baseline demographic, clinical, or genotypic characteristics between males and females before GRT except for race, presence of coexisting hepatitis B and C infection, prior diagnosis of tuberculosis, presence of thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), and protease inhibitor (PI) mutations L90M and I84V (p < 0.05). Females showed a...
Phosphorus-overpressure rapid thermal annealing of indium phosphide

A rapid thermal annealing technique for InP is described in which a controllable phosphorus overpressure, generated by heating red phosphorus, suppresses the dissociation of InP at required annealing temperatures. Two annealing configurations were used to independently study the effects of phosphorus overpressures, anneal temperatures and gas flow rates on the post-anneal electrical and morphological properties of low dose Si-implanted InP:Fe. The advantage of phosphorus overpressure annealing over close-contact annealing is shown, and comparison is made with Si3N4 encapsulated annealing. Gas flow velocities close to the sample are found to significantly affect the surface morphology, and a static layer immediately above the sample is found to be beneficial.
Rotational coronary atherectomy after unsuccessful coronary balloon angioplasty

Abstract The clinical and angiographic outcome of patients undergoing rotational coronary atherectomy after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty was evaluated using quantitative angiographic methods to provide insight into this procedure's mechanism of benefit. During the study period, 41 patients (50 lesions) were referred for rotational atherectomy after standard balloon angioplasty was unsuccessful. After rotational atherectomy, percent diameter stenosis was reduced from 72 ± 14% to 41 ± 16% (p
Classroom Academic Performance: Improvement with both Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine in ADHD Boys

Daily academic classroom performance was recorded in a day hospital school using a commonly employed reading and math series as part of an 11-week double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover comparison of dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) and methylphenidate (MPH) in 33 hyperactive boys. Students attempted more math and reading tasks while on either active drug. The percent correct and the number of attempted problems of the reading series improved with both drugs while the percent correct for the math series occurred with d-AMPH only. No dose-response relationship was found for either stimulant. Moderate, transient adverse effects were common for both drugs.
Measurement and interpretation of Q0 and Q1 band property changes of two cationic metalloporphyrins upon binding with B-DNA: electronic MCD, CD, and optical absorption

Abstract Room-temperature Q-band electronic MCD, CD, and optical spectra are reported for the first time for two free and nucleic acid-bound cationic metalloporphyrins. Metalloporphyrins are the high-symmetry ( C 4v or D 4h ) , four-coordinate tetragonal type MP( X ) [M=Cu II and Pt II ; P( X )= meso -tetrakis( X-N -methylpyridyl)porphine; X =2 or 4], and the nucleic acid is native, B-form calf thymus DNA (CT DNA). For intercalation system PtP(4)/CT DNA, large optical ( λ 0 , ϵ max ) and MCD ( λ peak , λ trough , A aj , A aj / D aj , and Δ [ θ ] M p–t / ϵ max ) band parameter shifts, as well as a single negative (−) induced CD peak for each of Q 0 and Q 1 , were observed upon binding of the porphyrin to chiral DNA. The directions and magnitudes of these changes are comparable to those observed for the Soret (B 0 ) band of this system. Decreases of MCD/optical ratio Δ [ θ ] M p–t / ϵ max (∝ A aj / D aj ) of 30% (Q 0 ) and 50% (Q 1 ) upon intercalation indicate substantial reductions of the Q 0 [ 1 E u ( a ) (0,0),∼1 a 1 u 1 4 e g 1 ] and Q 1 [ 1 E u ( a ) (0,1),∼1 a 1 u 1 4 e g 1 ] excited state angular momenta, 〈 L j 〉. It is of additional interest that intercalation leads to intensity cancellation of one of the four A-term lobes, the (+) lobe of the Q 0 MCD (+) pseudo-A-term, which was also observed previously for intercalation systems PdP(4)/poly(G–C) 2 and /CT DNA. Application of the CD sector method to the constituent x - and y -polarized porphyrin edtms, √ D aj , of the Q 0 (edtms μ 0 x and μ 0 y ) and Q 1 (edtms μ 1 x and μ 1 y ) CD bands leads to the conclusion that PtP(4) is symmetrically intercalated between adjacent GC base pairs, specifically at 5 ′ GC3 ′ sites, with each of two adjacent 4- N -methylpyridyl groups extending into each of the major and minor grooves. For outside binder CuP(2), small optical and MCD band parameter shifts and smaller, single positive (+) induced CD peaks are observed for Q 0 and Q 1 upon interaction with CT DNA, similar to what is found for B 0 . Little or no change in the MCD/optical ratio, Δ [ θ ] M p–t / ϵ max , informs that external binding has only small effects on the excited state angular momenta, 〈 L j 〉, of these bands. The composite of MCD, CD, and optical spectra are consistent with CuP(2) binding to CT DNA by one or both of two competing external modes, i.e., by an AT-specific, edge-on minor groove mode at 5 ′ TA3 ′ sites and/or a face-on major groove mode with high selectivity for 5 ′ AT3 ′ or 5 ′ CG3 ′ sites. For Q 0 and Q 1 of each of the CuP(2)/CT DNA and PtP(4)/CT DNA systems, we observe that the genuine MCD (+) A-terms of these free MP(X)s retain their (+) sign on becoming pseudo-A-terms upon binding to the low-symmetry, asymmetric DNA sites, and this indicates that the external and intercalative modes result in the 4e g splitting, or ΔLUMO, being less than the |1a 1u –3a 2u | energy separation, or ΔHOMO.
Dynamics of tunneling into nonequilibrium edge states

Time-dependent perturbations can drive a trivial two-dimensional band insulator into a quantum-Hall-like phase, with protected nonequilibrium states bound to its edges. We propose an experiment to probe the existence of these topological edge states that consists of passing a tunneling current through a small two-dimensional sample out of equilibrium. The signature is a nonquantized metallic conductance near the edges of the sample and, in contrast, an excitation gap in the bulk. This proposal is demonstrated for the case of a two-dimensional lattice model of Dirac electrons with tunable mass in a strong electromagnetic field. In addition, we also study the tunneling conductance of the driven resonant level model and find a phenomenon similar to dynamic localization in which certain transport channels are suppressed.
Optical vortices for localized optical lattice site manipulation

We present a method for manipulating individual sites in a 2-D optical lattice that enables the creation of defects within otherwise periodic light patterns. The modified optical lattice is created by interference of plane waves and spiral phase waves. Spiral phase modulation creates an optical vortex that is well suited for addressing single rows of the optical lattice owing to the localized wrap of the phase front. Local fringes can be split, annihilated, or have their size tuned by controlling the charge and location of the vortex cores. These properties provide a connection between dislocations in crystals, waves, and optical lattices.
NMDA Receptor‐blocker Ketamine Protects During Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, While Calcium Channel‐blocker Verapamil Does Not

Levine-prepared, female, Sprague-Dawley rats were used to investigate the possible protective effects of the NMDA receptor-blocker anesthetic ketamine and the Ca2+ channel-blocker verapamil (0.4 mg kg-1 'low dose', and 1.0 mg kg-1 'high dose') in rats during acute 2400 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Blood glucose and lactate concentrations, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (BP), body temperature (BT), neurological function and cerebral cortical water content were measured. In most cases glucose increased after 45 min and then fell to initial values after 90 min. Lactate concentration increased sharply during CO exposure in the saline and in the low- and high-dose verapamil groups, while the lactate increase in rats given ketamine at 40 mg kg-1 was significantly lower than with saline. Lactate was also significantly lower in these rats after 90 min than in the high-dose verapamil group. Lactate was normal in all four groups after 2 and 4 h of air recovery. Ketamine significantly lowered the heart rate prior to CO exposure, and the heart rate remained significantly below values for the saline and for the low- and high-dose verapamil groups throughout CO exposure. The BP decreased in all groups during CO exposure, and the BP recovery which took place in all four groups was significantly more rapid in the ketamine group. Recovery from CO-induced hypothermia was similar in the ketamine and saline groups, whereas rewarming tended to occur more slowly and less completely in the two verapamil-treated groups. There were no significant differences in neurological function among the four groups, as assessed after 4 h of recovery. However, cerebral edema was significantly reduced by treatment with 40 mg kg-1 ketamine as compared with saline. Verapamil at neither the low nor the high doses was of significant benefit in this regard. No rat in the 40 mg kg-1 ketamine group died during CO exposure, whereas all deaths in the other groups took place during CO exposure. The use of higher and lower doses of ketamine suggest 40-80 mg kg-1 as most effective in suppressing lactate production; 40 mg kg-1 ketamine may be optimal with regard to survival. The results suggest that ketamine is beneficial, when administered before and during acute severe CO poisoning, in reducing blood lactate and cerebral edema and in improving BP recovery and survival. Verapamil, in contrast, appears to provide no benefits in these respects.
Theory of Many-Particle Systems. II. Superconductivity

A fermion system with a simple attractive interaction is discussed with the aid of time-dependent correlation functions. Although perturbation theory is inapplicable, a sequence of correlation approximations described in the first paper of this series can be employed. The lowest approximation in the sequence expresses the two-particle correlation function in terms of single-particle functions and leads to the Hartree approximation; the second expresses three-particle correlation function in terms of one- and two-particle correlation functions and leads to the time-dependent correlation functions that characterize the super-conducting model of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer. In the second section of this paper these correlation functions are determined and the thermodynamic properties of the superconductor are calculated from them.In the third section of the paper, the electromagnetic effects of the superconductor predicted by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer time-dependent correlation functions are considered. Their unsatisfactory description of current conservation is indicated and overcome in the fourth section by a more accurate solution valid at nonvanishing temperature. This solution predicts different diffusive properties but the same Meissner effect and superconductive behavior, since the longitudinal current correlation function is modified while the transverse current correlation functions is not.The fifth section of the paper is devoted to the properties of a pure superconductor which depend on the lifetimes of the single-particle excitations. The effect of these lifetimes on the static electrical conductivity is determined, and it is shown that they do not destroy supercurrents although they eliminate a gap in the single-particle excitation spectrum. Their effect on the thermal conductivity is also calculated using heat current correlation functions. It is shown that a model which treats the lifetime of the single-particle excitation due to lattice interactions as constant yields results in agreement with observed thermal conductivities.
Electrochemical studies and photoconversion of cis-and trans-6,6′-diethoxythioindigo

Abstract The reduction of cis- and trans-6,6′-diethoxythioindigo (DETI) at a platinum electrode in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution was studied by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry. The cis-form, produced by photoisomerization of the trans-form, is reduced at less negative potentials than the trans-. The trans-isomer produces a fairly stable radical anion upon one-electron reduction; the cis-radical anion isomerizes rapidly to the trans-form and also dimerizes much more rapidly than the trans-isomer. A photogalvanic cell based on this system was devised but showed low efficiency for conversion of radiant energy to electricity.
Dietary Protein Levels as They Affect Blood Citric Acid Levels of Chicks Subjected to Certain Stresses

Abstract BLOOD citric acid levels have been found to increase when chicks were subject to the stresses of cold, heat, or acute starvation. This increase is evidently under hormonal control since the administration of ACTH elicited the same response (Hill et al., 1961). This finding was of interest since it has been shown by Berry and Mitchell (1953), and Gilfillan et al. (1956) that compounds which block the citric acid cycle, and thus cause a rise in citric acid in the tissues of mice and chicks render these animals more susceptible to Salmonella infections. Increasing protein levels of the diet have also been shown to render chicks more susceptible to infection with Salmonella gallinarum (Hill and Garren, 1958.) This finding suggested the possibility that there might be an association between dietary protein levels and changes in the blood citric acid concentration due to ACTH or other stressors. The studies presented in…
Automatic text analysis based on transition phenomena of word occurrences

A method of selecting index terms directly from a word frequency list is described. The original idea was suggested by Goffman who reasoned that the most content-bearing words of a given text would occur at the transition region at which Zipf's First Law of words of high frequency of occurrences begins to take on properties of words of low frequency of occurrences. Word frequencies of two articles were analyzed. Results seem to indicate that the automated selection of index terms from a frequency list holds some promise for automatic indexing.
Neuronal cues regulate uptake in cultured astrocytes

Astrocytes of the vertebrate central nervous system are postulated to nourish neurons4,~0,13, to electrically insulate cortical neuronal columns 15, to cue patterns of developmental migrations of neurons 14, and to regulate the ionic environment of brain 5, 17,~9. Despite persistent investigation, the function or functions of this phylogenetically ubiquitous cell type remain largely hypothetical. Neurons and their attendant glia are considered to be a functional metabolic unit. For this to be the case, at least two criteria must be met: (1) some mechanism must exist for communication of relevant information about the metabolic state of one cell-type to the other; and (2) either cell-type must be able to alter its metabolism in response to cues emitted by the other. Although the spectrum of neuronally emitted cues is large, ideally, such cues should reflect some aspect of neuronal activity. In the present study we have selected extracellular K + and 3 putative neurotransmitters as neuronal cues, since it is known that the cerebral levels of both reflect neuronal activity and that each also affects glial membrane potentiala, 18, oxygen uptake 1 and cyclic nucleotide levels 3,9,11. One manner in which neurons may affect glial metabolism is by inducing alterations in the glial uptake of key metabolites, such as glucose, possibly a rate-limiting step in cerebral glycolysis 16 and selected amino acids, the uptake of which by the glial cells may, in part, reflect transfer from the extracellular space of brain tissue 7,12. Recently, we developed a technique for the cultivation of a purified population of astrocytes, derived from neonatal rat forebrain 2 and in the present study we investigate the effect of neuronal cues (see above) on the astrocytic uptake of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG) and of L-methionine (MET), the precursor amino acid essential for the cerebral synthesis of the universal methyl donor molecule, S-adenosylL-methionine. Under the conditions of the experiment described in Fig. 1, the uptake of 2-DOG remained linear for at least 15 min. To determine the effects of extracellular K + on the uptake of 2-DOG, KC1 replaced NaCI on a molar basis. Plates of confluent cells were incubated with 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mM 2-DOG at the indicated concentrations of extra-
Morphology, chemistry, and spectral properties of Hawaiian rock coatings and implications for Mars

[1] We studied coatings on five glass-rich basalts from the Big Island of Hawaii. The coatings are characterized by complex morphologies and their thicknesses range from 3 to 80 μm. Coating chemistries are predominantly hydrated silica with minor amounts of Fe-, Ti-, and S-bearing materials. Visible, near infrared, and thermal infrared spectra of the coatings demonstrate that coatings as thin as 3 μm mask the spectral character of the substrate basalt. The Fe-, Ti-, and S-bearing components control the VNIR coating spectra. The hydrated silica component of the coatings dominates the thermal infrared coating spectra. The coating chemistries are consistent with leaching and/or dissolution of basalt glass or tephra in aqueous, acidic, and oxidizing conditions and subsequent precipitation of insoluble phases. Similar alteration conditions are thought to have occurred on Mars, making formation of such coatings on Martian lithologies feasible. Given the capabilities of various Mars missions, if coatings like those of this study were present on Martian lithologies, their chemical and/or spectral signatures would be detectable. Chemical and spectral data from thin (≤10 μm), Fe- and Ti-bearing coatings are consistent with phases capable of explaining the high-SiO2 component of Type 2 surfaces previously identified in the Thermal Emission Spectrometer data set and are potentially consistent with spectral data from the Mars Exploration Rovers.
Cor triatrium dexter with Budd‐Chiari syndrome and a review of ascites in young dogs

Ascites with accumulation of a true or modified transudate, is relatively uncommon in young dogs. When it does occur, congenital defects of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or renal systems, infectious diseases and trauma must be considered. Cor triatrium dexter, an abnormal membrane obstructing the caudal vena cava at the level of the right atrium, was diagnosed in an eight-month-old cocker spaniel presented with ascites.
Head and neck involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG).

Review of 411 patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis showed that involvement of the head and neck region is extremely common Early diagnosis and prompt treatment resulted in better survival rates--75% alive at 5.8 years.
Bilayer orientation of membrane-bound NH2 groups across microsomal vesicles and their role in the function of gastric K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase

The transversal distribution of the free NH2 groups associated with phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the intrinsic membrane proteins of the purified pig gastric microsomes was quantitated and their relations to the function of the gastric K+-stimulated ATPase was investigated. Three different chemical probes such as 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB), and 2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone (MDPF) were used for the study. The structure-function relationship of the membrane NH2 groups was studied after modification with the probes under various conditions and relating the inhibition of the K+-stimulated ATPase to the ATPase-dependent H+ accumulation by the gastric microsomal vesicles. TNBS (2 mm) inhibits nearly completely the K+-stimulated ATPase and the vesicular dye accumulation, both in presence and absence of valinomycin plus K+. Both the K+-ATPase and dye uptake were largely (about 50%) protected against TNBS inhibition if the treatment with TNBS was carried out in presence of 2 mm ATP. TNBS and FDNB labeled 70% of the total microsomal PE; the intra- and extravesicular orientation being 48 and 22%, respectively. The presence or absence of ATP did not have any effect on the TNBS labeling of microsomal PE. ATP, however, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the labeling of protein-bound NH2 groups of gastric microsomes by TNBS. The intra- and extravesicular orientation of the protein NH2 groups were 60 and 40%, respectively. Eighteen percent of the total protein-NH2 appeared to be associated with the K+-stimulated ATPase; the rest being associated with non-ATPase proteins of the microsomes. About half (50%) of the total free NH2 groups of the K+-stimulated ATPase were exposed to the vesicle exterior and were found to play critical roles in gastric ATPase function. The generation of florescence after MDPF conjugation of gastric microsomes was largely (50%) inhibited by ATP. ATP also protected completely the MDPF inhibition of gastric K+-stimulated ATPase and dye uptake.
Turbulence Models and Heat Transfer in Nozzle Flows

Introduction S IGNIFICANT resources have been spent on creating accurate and robust turbulence models for flows with adverse pressure gradients. Capturing correct boundary-layer profiles under adverse pressure gradients is of particular importance to the accurate modeling of separated flows. In favorable pressure-gradient flows, smallscale features of boundary layers generally do not couple to largerscale flow features such as flow separations. As a result, problems that can occur in regions of favorable pressure gradients are more difficult to spot in standard benchmarks. However, accurate modeling of such flows will be required for reliable predictions of surface heat fluxes or shear stresses. Here we investigate the performance of Menter’s two equation shear-stress-transport (SST) turbulence model1 for heat-transfer computation under strongly favorable pressure gradients found in choked nozzle flows (such as required in rocket nozzle analysis and design). We have observed anomalous behavior of the SST turbulence model for strongly favorable pressure-gradient flows. We shall demonstrate the anomaly using an experimental choked nozzle problem published in the open literature.2 The anomaly in the computed heat transfer appears to be caused by the shear-stress-transport correction term of Menter’s model. By design, this term should be active in near-wall regions under adverse pressure gradients. However, it also appears to incorrectly become active under strongly favorable pressure-gradient conditions.
Amplification of anti-diastereoselectivity via Curtin-Hammett effects in ruthenium-catalyzed hydrohydroxyalkylation of 1,1-disubstituted allenes: diastereoselective formation of all-carbon quaternary centers.

Under the conditions of ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation, 1,1-disubstituted allenes 1a−c and alcohols 2a−g engage in redox-triggered generation of allylruthenium−aldehyde pairs to form products of hydrohydroxyalkylation 3a−g, 4a−g, and 5a−g with complete branched regioselectivity. By exploiting Curtin−Hammett effects, good to excellent levels of anti-diastereoselectivity (4:1 to >20:1) are obtained. Thus, all carbon quaternary centers are formed in a diastereoselective fashion upon carbonyl addition from the alcohol oxidation level in the absence of premetalated nucleophiles or stoichiometric byproducts. Exposure of allene 1b to equimolar quantities of alcohol 2a and aldehyde 6b under standard reaction conditions delivers adducts 4a and 4b in a 1:1 ratio. Similarly, exposure of allene 1b to equimolar quantities of aldehyde 6a and alcohol 2b provides adducts 4a and 4b in an identical equimolar ratio. Exposure of allene 1b to d2-p-nitrobenzyl alcohol, deuterio-2a, under standard reaction condition...
How hot is piping hot?: lower energy consumption with smarter hot water delivery

In typical US homes, water heating is the largest energy consumer besides space heating and cooling, and it accounts for approximately 17% of residential energy consumption on average. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new technique to reduce energy waste due to pipe loss: delivering lower temperature water whenever possible. We created a Smarter Water Heater (SWH) that uses data fusion techniques to infer 1) the fixture being used 2) the mixed water temperature at the fixture 3) the pipe volume for that fixture. After learning a model for each fixture, it solves a control optimization problem to decide when and at what temperature to deliver water to minimize energy use without sacrificing comfort of the user. We evaluated the SWH in three stages. First, we built a physical prototype and measured energy efficiency. We then deployed 18 sensors into a home's piping system for a 50-day in-situ study to stress test the SWH's sensing sub-system. Finally, we collected traces of hot water use from 5 different homes over 10 days each to determine how different water usage habits and piping structures affect energy savings. The results indicate that the SWH reduces total water heating energy by 8--14% with little to no effect on user comfort.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE (NTERRUPTED COOKING OF BEEF ROASTS

Sensory scores for flavor of top round beef roasts were higher for roasts cooked by a high-temperature interrupted method than for control samples. For rolled rib roasts, flavor and tenderness of samples cooked by the test method in the electric oven and control samples were similar but control samples were juicier than test samples. Cooking losses; shear values, and thiamin and riboflavin content and retention did not differ between control samples and those cooked by the high-temperature interrupted procedure.
Computing with words

Computing with words is defined, in this paper, to be a symbolic generalization of fuzzy logic, which admits self-reference. It entails the randomization of declarative knowledge, which yields procedural knowledge. Such randomization can occur at two levels. First is termed weak randomization, which is essentially a domain-general pattern-matching operation. Second is termed strong randomization, which entails the application of one rule set to the semantics of another-possibly including itself. Strong randomization rests on top of weak randomization. Strong randomization is essentially a heuristic process. It is fully scalable, since it can in theory map out its own needed heuristics for evermore efficient search-including segmentation of the knowledge base. It is proven that strong learning must be knowledge-based, if effective. Computing with words does not preclude the use of predicate functions or procedural attachments. Also, the paradigm for computing with words does not directly compete with that for fuzzy logic. Rather, it serves to augment the utility of fuzzy logic through symbolic randomization. A countably infinite number of domain-specific logics or knowledge-based methods for randomization exist.