cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual, Organizational, and Societal Perspectives on Information Delivery Systems: Bright and Dark Sides to Push and Pull Technologies

Two competing visions of humans and whether they eschew or embrace the use of pull and push technologies can help us to envision the future. It is said that George Orwell feared that what we hate will ruin us. On the other hand, Aldous Huxley feared that what we love will ruin us (Postman 1985). Information delivery systems, also called pull and push technologies, are ways to obtain and deliver information to users. This article briefly reviews the types of pull and push technologies, then goes on to explore the major benefits of both pull and push. But as the benefits of information delivery systems are elaborated, the darker side of push and pull are also exposed. Some alarming possibilities for future use of these technologies are identified, but this article goes on to discover and create both remedies and resolution mechanisms to counter the threats to individuals, organizations, and society. When remedies have no effect, the alternative may be unplugging.
Is A Reverse Mortgage A Viable Option For Baby Boomers

The manuscript entitled Is A Reverse Mortgage A Viable Option For Baby Boomers? was retracted on December 5, 2014. Please contact our office at Journals@CluteInstitute.com for more information.
How to ascertain the values of sigma x , σ y , and σ z of a spin-1/2 particle

A procedure is described whereby the result of the measurement of any of the three Cartesian components of the spin of a single spin-(1/2) particle at a single time can be inferred with certainty from the result of two other measurements, one of which is carried out before, and the other after, the time in question.
How did they get my name?: an exploratory investigation of consumer attitudes toward secondary information use

Strategic uses of information technology based on personal information may raise privacy concerns among consumers if these applications do not reflect a common set of values. This study addresses what differentiates consumers who object to certain uses of personal information from those who do not object. Data collected by questionnaire from young consumers are used to identify a research approach for investigating attitudes toward the secondary use of personal information for direct marketing. Secondary information use occurs when personal information collected for one purpose is subsequently used for a different purpose. While secondary information use is both widespread and legal, it may be viewed as an invasion of privacy when it occurs without the knowledge or consent of the consumer. The setting for the study is the use of point-of-sale data from a supermarket frequent shopper program to generate direct mail solicitations. Control emerges as a clear theme in differentiating individuals with positive overall attitudes toward secondary information use from those with negative attitudes. Study participants with positive attitudes are less concerned about privacy (measured as control over personal information), perceive shopping by mail as beneficial, and have coping strategies for dealing with unwanted mail. The results also suggest that theory related to categorization of strategic issues as positive-negative with outcomes that are controllable/uncontrollable provides a basis for understanding differences in the ways individuals perceive practices involving personal information. Future research should focus on the specific characteristics of secondary use practices, including the sensitivity of the information, its source, its perceived relevance to the original transaction, and whether disclosure reflects informed consent or results in a potentially harmful outcome to the individual
Self-Respect and Pro-Relationship Behavior in Marital Relationships

This work advances an interdependence theoretic analysis of the role of self-respect in ongoing close relationships. Self-respect is defined as the tendency to perceive the self as a principled person who is worthy of honor and high regard and is argued to rest on moral integrity. Consistent with predictions, results from a study of marital relationships revealed that individual self-respect is positively associated with both the individual's and the partner's pro-relationship behavior (accommodation, forgiveness, conciliation). Mediation analyses revealed that self-respect not only exhibits direct associations with each person's behavior, but also exhibits indirect associations with each person's behavior, via the impact of each person's actions on reciprocal pro-relationship behavior from the partner. Mediation was more reliably observed for the association of self-respect with partner behavior than for the association with individual behavior. Both individual pro-relationship behavior and partner pro-relationship behavior are positively associated with couple well-being, which in turn is positively associated with personal well-being (life satisfaction, physical health, psychological adjustment). These associations were evident in both within-participant and across-partner analyses and for both self-report and interaction-based measures of behavior. Self-respect reliably accounts for unique variance beyond variance attributable to self-esteem.
Semiglobalization and international business strategy

If markets were either completely isolated by or integrated across borders, there would be little room for international business strategy to have content distinctive from ‘mainstream’ strategy. But a review of the economic evidence about the international integration of markets indicates that we fall in between these extremes, into a state of incomplete cross-border integration that I refer to as semiglobalization. More specifically, most measures of market integration have scaled new heights in the last few decades, but still fall far short of economic theory's ideal of perfect integration. The diagnosis of semiglobalization does more than just supply a relatively stable frame of reference for thinking about the environment of cross-border operations. It also calls attention to the critical role of location-specificity in the prospects of distinctive content for international business strategy relative to mainstream business and corporate strategy. In addition, it flags factors/products subject to location-specificity as being salient from the perspective of international business. Finally, it highlights the scope for strategies that strive to capitalize on the (large) residual barriers to cross-border integration, as well as those that simply try to cope with them.
Varied egg gas conductance, air cell gas tensions and development in Agapornis roseicollis.

Different color varieties of the small African parrot, Agapornis roseicollis , lay eggs which differ by as much as a factor of 7 in gas conductance. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and air cell gas tensions (PAO2, PACO2) were measured repeatedly on individual eggs during development. No differences were observed in the ontogeny of VO2, incubation period, or hatchling mass of eggs with different gas conductances, in spite of large differences in PAO2 and PACO2. Low conductance eggs reached PAO2 as low as 46.0 torr (6.13 kPa) and PACO2 as high as 90.5 torr (12.07 kPa). Although pipping occurred earlier in low conductance eggs, pipping did not occur at similar air cell gas tensions in eggs differing in conductance. Chorioallantoic membrane development was about 75% complete on day 12 and not fully complete until day 18 of the 22-23 day incubation period. The capacity of avian embryos to develop and hatch normally in eggs of different conductances may be important in allowing adaptation to varying nesting environments.
Producing Good Technical Communications Requires Two Types of Editing

This paper points out that producing good technical documents requires two types of editing. It discusses the differences between literary and technical editing, and defines the facets of editing that are of primary concern to the literary editor and to the technical editor. It emphasizes the need for both types of editing at different stages of manuscript development, regardless of whether each type is done by different people or by the same person at different times. In short, the literary editor is primarily concerned with things involving the language and mechanics of writing and producing a document, while the technical editor is primarily concerned with the document's technical content and how well it is presented to the intended audience.
FreePad: a novel handwriting-based text input for pen and touch interfaces

The last decade has seen tremendous growth in mobile devices such as Pocket PCs, mobile phones, Tablet PCs and notebooks. Most of these devices enable interaction through a stylus or touch interface, powered by handwriting recognition (HWR) capability. In this paper, we propose a novel input method that addresses some of the issues that arise due to the constraints posed by these devices in accepting handwriting input. For instance, many of the devices have a small writing area making "continuous" input difficult if not impossible, and the process of handwriting input demands significant user attention. The proposed solution is inspired by touch-typing, and appreciably reduces user's effort in the interaction, and it is especially suited for very small writing areas. The approach has been demonstrated using a prototype system that recognizes handwritten English words, and its accuracy has been evaluated using a standard dataset of handwritten words. A preliminary user study has also been carried out to understand user acceptance of the proposed technique.
Neural modelling and performance analysis of the link occupancy distribution for wireless broadband transmissions

This paper is devoted to neural modelling and performance analysis of the link occupancy distribution for wireless broadband transmission. Multiclass models of a single link transmission for rigid, adaptive and elastic traffic are developed, based on Markov rewards models. The link occupancy distribution is introduced as embedded, discrete time Markov chains researched with the use of Vector Quantification (VQ). Link occupancy performance is simulated as a combination of single queues with random distributions of arrival processes and holding time service phases. The density of occupancy probability is determined using Learning Vector Quantification (LVQ) in a two-layered neural structure.
Identifying At-Risk Subpopulations of Canadians with Limited Health Literacy

Background. Health literacy, the set of skills for locating, understanding, and using health-related information, is associated with various health outcomes through health behaviors and health care service use. While health literacy has great potential for addressing health disparities stemming from the differing educational attainment in diverse populations, knowledge about subpopulations that share the same risk factors is useful. Objective. This study employed a logistic regression tree algorithm to identify subpopulations at risk of limited health literacy in Canadian adults. Design. The nationally representative data were derived from the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (n = 20,059). The logistic regression tree algorithm splits the samples into subgroups and fits logistic regressions. Results. Results showed that the subpopulation comprised of individuals 56 years and older, with household income less than $50,000, no participation in adult education programs, and lack of reading activities (i.e., newspaper, books) was at the greatest risk (82%) of limited health literacy. Other identified subgroups were displayed in an easily interpreted tree diagram. Conclusions. Identified subpopulations organized in tree diagrams according to the risk of limited health literacy inform not only intervention programs targeting unique subpopulations but also future health literacy research.
Effect of Response Set on a Test of Unlearning

Summary.-Relearning of only the responses of a list of paired-associates followed acquisition of a second list in order to determine whether the "unlearning" of the first list associations in an A-B, A-D transfer paradigm was due chiefly to a change in response set. A modified free recall test indicated that response relcarning did not facilitate recall when performance was scored stringently, but improved recall significantly when leniently scored. This finding is inconsistent with recent evidence thrt first-list forgetting results from a loss of response set. Recent evidence has indicated thac forgetcing from long-term memory results from a type of interlist competition that is nonassociative in nature (Lehr, Frank, & Mattison, 1972; Posunan, 1967; Postman & Stark, 1969; Postman & Warner, 1972; Wichawuc & Martin, 1971) rather rhan to the unlearning or weakening of specific assaciations (Barnes & Underwood, 1959). According to the former view of forgetting, S tends to continue to respond from the most recently practiced lisc, resulting in retroactive inhibition (RI). Postman ( 1961 ) has labelled this tendency "set," and has hypothesized thac whenever S is required to learn two sers of responses, the "inertia-like" tendency to continue responding from the most recently practiced list creates difficulry in retrieving the earlier responses. RI is attributed to S's inability to reestablish the first-list response set at recall. Therefore, according to this hypothesis once the original response set is reestablished, S's recall of first-list pairs should be as good as his recall of a single lisc. The purpose of the present investigation was to judge the validity of the "set" interpretation of forgetcing. An attempt was made with an A-B, A-D paired-associate paradigm to determine whether change of response set is the chief determining factor in the forgetcing of first-list pairs. Having S relearn the first-list responses in the retention interval following second-list learning was expected to reinstate the original response set, thereby eliminating change of set as a factor in the forgetting of first-list associations. Three groups of Ss were used to investigate whecher forgetting of first-list associations in an A-B, A-ID paradigm is chiefly a function of change of response set. In one condition, Ss learned two paired-associate lists followed by a modified free recall test for first-list pairs. This condition was designated the RI group. In another condition, Ss learned the same two lists as the RI group; but during the retention interval they relearned the first-list responses in order to reestablish
An Introductory Interprofessional Exercise for Healthcare Students

Objective. To evaluate healthcare students’ perceptions of an introductory interprofessional exercise and their team dynamics. Design. A workshop was developed, combining second-year medical students, fourth-year nursing students, and third-year pharmacy students to work as an interdisciplinary team. The teams alternated between working together on patient cases focusing on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and on the evaluation of standardized pneumonia patients. Teams were given the patients' health information and no other instructions. A faculty member and the standardized patient evaluated the students using a teamwork global rating scale. Assessment. Student survey results showed a positive response to interprofessional teamwork. The faculty members and standardized patients reported that the students worked as a cohesive unit and demonstrated good team communication. Conclusions. This introductory interprofessional experience had a positive impact on the students’ understanding of collaboration and teamwork. This type of experience will help students foster future collaborations as healthcare providers.
Raman Effect in Wurtzite- and Zinc-Blende-Type ZnS Single Crystals

Raman spectra of wurtzite- and zinc-blende-type ZnS single crystals were excited by a He-Ne laser (6328 \AA{}) and an argon-ion laser (4880 \AA{} and 5145 \AA{}). All the Raman-active long-wavelength phonon frequencies were determined. These are (i) for the cubic modification, TO=276 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and LO=351 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; and (ii) for the hexagonal modification, ${E}_{2}=72$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${E}_{2}=286$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${A}_{1}(\mathrm{TO})={E}_{1}(\mathrm{TO})=273$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and ${A}_{1}(\mathrm{LO})={E}_{1}(\mathrm{LO})=351$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The lowest-frequency ${E}_{2}$ mode of the mixed crystal system ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}$ was studied as a function of $x$, and was found to vary monotonically. The intensity ratio of the LO to the TO band seems to be dependent on the wavelength of the exciting radiation.
THE ACTION OF ANTISEPTICS ON THE TOXIN OF BACILLUS WELCHII : A PRELIMINARY NOTE.

1. Dakin's hypochlorite and chloramine-T solutions will protect pigeons against multiple fatal doses of the toxin of Bacillus welch when the antiseptic and the toxin are mixed in vitro and allowed to stand in contact for 5 minutes before injection. 2. The detoxicating action of the solutions is demonstrable also in the presence of serum. 3. Phenol solution, 0.25 per cent, has no such action.
Feasibility of culturing C2C12 mouse myoblasts on glass microcarriers in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor

Commercial culturing of mammalian cell lines is increasing in importance as more biological products unique to mammals are being produced in genetically altered mammalian cells. Most mammalian cells are anchorage dependent, so they must be cultured on a support matrix. This limitation, along with the requirement of a low shear environment, severely effects the scale-up of bench-scale culture systems. The need to culture mammalian cells on a support matrix limits the increase in cell population to a factor of 10–20 before growth virtually stops due to contact inhibition. Commercial culturing systems for anchorage dependent cells are batch processes because of the combination of contact inhibition and support matrix requirements. Development of a continuous bioreactor system could allow both unlimited scale-up and continuous cell-mass production. To design a continuous reactor, a mathematical model to predict the reactor performance should be developed. This paper addresses the development of a mathematical model for predicting continuous bioreactor performance. It was found that anchorage dependent C2C12 mouse myoblast cells, a continuous cell line, followed Monod kinetics for glucose consumption and cell mass production in batch flask experiments, with μmax = 0.040 hr−1 and K m = 2.5 mM. Furthermore, it was found that these parameters could be used to predict the glucose consumption in a continuous bioreactor operated with constant feed of seeded microcarriers operated at two different residence times. The success of this model implies the possibility of developing a continuous cell harvesting and reinoculation system using a microcarrier bioreactor to produce cell mass.
Optical and Electronic Properties of Si Nanoclusters Synthesized in Inverse Micelles

Highly crystalline, size-selected silicon (Si) nanocrystals in the size range 2-10 nm were grown in inverse micelles and their optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) properties were studied. High resolution TEM and electron diffraction results show that these nanocrystals retain their cubic diamond stuctures down to sizes {approximately}4 nm in diameter, and optical absorption data suggest that this structure and bulk-like properties are retained down to the smallest sizes produced ({approximately}1.8 nm diameter containing about 150 Si atoms). High pressure liquid chromatography techniques with on-line optical and electrical diagnostics were developed to purify and separate the clusters into pure, monodisperse populations. The optical absorption revealed features associated with both the indirect and direct bandgap transitions, and these transitions exhibited different quantum confinement effects. The indirect bandgap shifts from 1.1 eV in the bulk to {approximately}2.1 eV for nanocrystals {approximately}2 nm in diameter and the direct transition at r(l_"X - r15) blue shifts by 0.4 eV from its 3.4 eV bulk value over the same size range. Tailorable, visible, room temperature PL in the range 700-350 nm (1.8 - 3.5 eV) was observed from these nanocrystals. The most intense PL was in the violet region of the spectrum ({approximately}400 nm) and is attributed to direct electron-hole recombination. Other less intense PL peaks are attributed to surface state and to indirect bandgap recombination. The results are compared to earlier work on Si clusters grown by other techniques and to the predictions of various model calculations. Currently, the wide variations in the theoretical predictions of the various models along with considerable uncertainties in experimental size determination for clusters less than 3-4 nm, make it difficult to select among competing models.
Borehole Failure Resulting From Formation Integrity (Leak-Off) Testing in Upper Marine Sediments Offshore

This paper presents the results ofa theoretical study, supported with the finite element analysis, into potential loss of external integrity around a casing shoe resulting from leak-off testing (LOT) in upper marine sediments (UMS). Three types of possible failures from LOTs were considered: vertical fracture, horizontal fracture, and a channel outside cemented annulus. It is proved in the paper that vertical fracture is the most unlikely failure of the three. The other two types offailure can be distinguished by different values of propagation pressures. Although horizontal fractures are initiated at low pressure in the plastic zone around the wellbore, they cannot propagate beyond the plastic zone until wellbore pressures exceed overburden pressures. Annular channels, on the other hand, may propagate upwards at pressures lower than overburden pressure. The paper shows that these channels are initiated at pressures equal to the contact stress between cement and rock and their propagation pressures are on average 3.5-fold greater than contact stress. It is also explained how to identify the UMS with high risk of annular channeling during LOTs.
Phenotypic and cytological variation among plants derived from anther cultures of Lilium longiflorum

Anther culture of the Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum; 2n=2x=24) was attempted in order to evaluate its potential in generating haploids for the production of hybrid cultivars. The effects of genotype, temperature (low temperature treatment of buds and high temperature treatment of cultures), sucrose concentration and growth regulators were tested. The most important factors for callus induction were the genotype and the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Pre-treatments at low or high temperature had no apparent effect, while high sucrose concentration was inhibitory. Callus was derived from 28 of the 108 genotypes tested and plants were regenerated. Phenotypic variations were observed among these regenerants. Somatic chromosome numbers were determined in 42 plants derived from 10 donor genotypes. Thirteen plants were diploid and 29 were mixoploid with chromosome numbers ranging from 11 to 26. Four of the mixoploid plants had a high proportion of cells with haploid chromosome numbers, particularly at early stages of development. Meiosis was examined in plants with flower buds. Most plants had 12 bivalents at Metaphase I, but also aneuploids were observed. Other irregularities included bridges and laggards at Anaphase I. The occurrence of high frequencies of haploid cells (up to 80%) in root tips suggests that some plants may be of gametic origin.
Effect of interactions between bubbles and graphite particles in copper alloy melts on microstructure formed during centrifugal casting: Part II. Experiments

During centrifugal casting of copper alloys containing graphite particles, both particles and bubbles move under the influence of centrifugal forces and influence the final microstructure, including porosity and the distribution of graphite. The movement of graphite particles and bubbles in the melts of copper alloys, originally containing 7 and 13 vol pct graphite particles and centrifugally cast at 800 and 1900 rpm in horizontal rotating molds, has been examined. Microstructural observations of sections of these centrifugal castings show that the graphite particles are segregated near the inner periphery and the amount of porosity in the graphite-rich zone is higher than the porosity in the graphite-free and transition zones. The intimate association of porosity with graphite particles in the graphite-rich zone was explained on the basis of attachment of graphite particles to bubbles in the melt and the viscosity of the melt, which increases with increasing concentration of graphite particles near the inner periphery of the castings. It was found that the amount of the porosity in the graphite-rich zone increases with volume fraction of graphite particles used in this study; the size of the porosity in the graphite-rich zone also increases with increasing rotational speed of the mold. This suggests that the graphite particles and bubbles were attached to each other in the melt and they did not get separated during centrifugal casting conditions of the present study. The present experiments qualitatively confirm theoretical computations.
Dicarbonyl allyl derivatives of molybdenum and tungsten containing β-diketonate substituents

Abstract A number of complexes of the type M(CO)2(η3-allyl)(diket)L (where M is Mo or W, diket is a β-diketonate group and L is pyridine, tetrahydofuran or acetonitrile) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and IR and NMR spectroscopy. These complexes apparently adopt an octahedral configuration similar to related neutral species but spectroscopic data indicate an equilibrium between two conformers probably due to rotation of the allyl groups.
The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: Its Contribution to World Lung Health

Most readers of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine probably know that beginning in 1986 the number of reported cases of tuberculosis in the United States, which had been declining at a steady rate of 5%-6% per year, increased for the first time in 33 yr; moreover, since then the number of reported cases has continued to increase nearly every year until 1993. Similar increases in tuberculosis have been observed in other countries, such as Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, France, and the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, there has been a global resurgence of tuberculosis and, as is predictable from the prevailing geographic distribution of persons with the disease, the great majority of the "extra" cases, almost 90%, do not live in the rich industrialized nations of North America and Europe or in Japan or Australia; they live in the impoverished countries of Asia, Africa, and South America (1). Among the journal's sophisticated audience, probably only a few know that the health organization with the longest and by far the best track record in actually doing something about the immense problem of tuberculosis in developing nations is the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease or, as it is customarily known, the IUATLD. This article recounts the origins of the IUATLD and describes what it has done to combat tuberculosis and other perils to lung health in some of the poorest countries of the world.
Sensory Experience and Intentionalism

Increasingly prominent in the recent literature on the philosophy of perception, Intentionalism holds that sensory experience is inherently intentional, where to be intentional is to be about, or directed on, something. This article explores Intentionalism's prospects as a viable ontological and epistemological alternative to the traditional trinity of theories of sensory experience: the Sense-Datum Theory, the Adverbial Theory, and the Theory of Appearing.
Moderating effects of physical abuse and perceived social support on the potential to abuse

This study investigated the moderating effects of perceived prepubertal social support on the relationship between prepubertal childhood physical abuse and child abuse potential as well as on the relationship between a childhood history of abuse and conflict and depth in adult relationships. Three hundred and sixty-nine undergraduate men and women were classified as abused or nonabused based on their responses to the Childhood History Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses revealed interactions of social support and a childhood history of physical abuse on both the potential to abuse and the quality of participants' relationships with their parents. Differences between abused and nonabused individuals were obtained only under conditions of low perceived social support. When social support was perceived to be high, abused and nonabused individuals did not differ in the potential to abuse or in the ratings of the depth of their relationships with parents. Implications of these findings for the intergenerational transmission of abuse are discussed.
Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder.

Objective: This study investigated a multicomponent cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for hoarding based on a model proposed by Frost and colleagues and manualized in Steketee and Frost (2007). Method: Participants with clinically significant hoarding were recruited from the community and a university-based anxiety clinic. Of the 46 patients randomly assigned to CBT or waitlist (WL), 40 completed the 12-week assessment and 36 completed 26 sessions. Treatment included education and case formulation, motivational interviewing, skills training for organizing and problem solving, direct exposure to nonacquiring and discarding, and cognitive therapy. Measures included the Saving Inventory-Revised (self-report), Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview, and measures of clinical global improvement. Between group repeated measures analyses using general linear modeling examined the effect of CBT versus WL on hoarding symptoms and moodstate after 12 weeks. Within group analyses examined pre-post effects for all CBT participants combined after 26 sessions. Results: After 12 weeks, CBT participants benefited significantly more than WL patients on hoarding severity and mood with moderate effect sizes. After 26 sessions of CBT, participants showed significant reductions in hoarding symptoms with large effect sizes for most measures. At session 26, 71% of patients were considered improved on therapist clinical global improvement ratings and 81% of patients rated themselves improved; 41% of completers were clinically significantly improved. Conclusions: Multicomponent CBT was effective in treating hoarding. However, treatment refusal and compliance remain a concern, and further research with independent assessors is needed to establish treatment benefits and durability of gains. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adolescent Pregnancy Desire and Pregnancy Incidence

Background: Research has suggested the importance of pregnancy desire in explaining pregnancy risk behavior among adolescent females. Much of the literature, however, uses cross-sectional study designs to examine this relationship. Because bias may strongly influence these results, more prospective studies are needed to confirm the relationship between pregnancy desire and pregnancy incidence over time. Methods: Nonpregnant adolescents aged 14- to 19 years (n ¼ 208) completed baseline interviews and interviews every 6 months thereafter for 18 months. Logistic regression was used to examine demographic and psychosocial correlates of pregnancy desire. Cox regression analysis was used to determine whether pregnancy desire predicted pregnancy incidence over time after controlling for potential confounders. Results: Twenty-four percent of participants either desired pregnancy or were ambivalent toward pregnancy in the next year. Pregnancy desire was associated with older age, relationship duration of <6 months, and greater perceived stress. After accounting for potential confounders, pregnancy desire doubled the risk of becoming pregnant over the 18-month follow-up period (relative risk, 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–4.02). Additionally, a heightened risk for pregnancy was found among those who expressed some desire for pregnancy and who were not in school compared with those who expressed no desire for pregnancy and who were in school (relative risk, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.21–19.31). Conclusion: Our analysis reinforces the importance of evaluating pregnancy desire among sexually active adolescent females. Interventions should target young women in new romantic relationships and who are not in school to improve pregnancy prevention efforts. Additionally, improving coping abilities may help to reduce feelings of pregnancy desire among adolescent females. Copyright 2011 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.
The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun

This is a joint biography of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, the most prominent members of the second generation of American statesmen, from 1812 until 1850 and is at the same time a history of the period. The author says a great deal about political style and character in America, political ambition and reputation, success and failure, ideas and interests during this period. The three statesmen represent startling contrast - Webster, the staunch New England defender of the Union, Clay, first a "war hawk" and later a populist politician, and Calhoun, the foremost advocate of Southern separatism and slavery. Their political lives were intertwined during much of this period.
The Conceptual Explanation for Legislative Failure

Legislation lies at the center of modern administrative government, but there is widespread agreement that such legislation often fails to achieve its intended goals. Political scientists, legal scholars, and others concerned with the governmental process have devoted extensive attention to the causes of its failure and the means by which these causes can be combated. What is notable, however, is that virtually all discussion has focused on a single explanation-that legislation fails because of the political process. Rather than enacting optimal or even acceptable public policy, the argument runs, legislation represents a political deal; at best, it is a compromise between opposing forces, at worst, a capitulation to powerful interest groups. This is obviously the position of public choice theory, but public choice is only the most recent avatar of more general notions about politically driven failure. The scholarly literature based on this approach is extensive and illuminating, but its restricted ambit has tended to preclude consideration of alternative
Fluoroquinolone use and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.

We performed a case-control study to evaluate the association between antibiotic use and Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD), matching for admission unit and time at risk for CDAD. A multivariable regression model showed that treatment with fluoroquinolones (odds ratio 12.7; 95% confidence interval 2.6 to 61.6) was the strongest risk factor for CDAD.
Land Use Change in New Spain: A Three-Dimensional Historical GIS Analysis

The introduction of European livestock into the New World resulted in extensive land use changes. Studying the spatiality of these changes as they actually transpired in a three-dimensional landscape can enhance our knowledge of the environmental transformations that accompanied colonization. This article focuses on a case study area in New Spain, roughly equivalent to present-day Mexico, wherein forty-seven sheep ranches were established through viceregal land grants between 1535 and 1610. An integration of fieldwork, textual analysis of land grants, and imagery analysis enables these ranches to be mapped in a three-dimensional geographic information system (GIS) environment. Once mapped in a GIS, the spatial statistics of each ranch's elevation, slope, and aspect (slope orientation) can be calculated to identify spatio-temporal patterns of land use change. These spatio-temporal patterns can be interpreted within the highly localized contexts of land granting to amplify our understanding of human–environ...
A study of western pharmaceuticals contained within samples of Chinese herbal/patent medicines collected from New York City's Chinatown.

Abstract In America, recent growth in the popularity of Chinese herbal/patent medicines (CHM/CPM) has generated concerns as to the safety of these and other herbal remedies. Lack of strict federal regulations has lead to the possibility of improper labeling and even adulteration of these products with western drugs or other chemical contaminants. Our laboratory has conducted an analytical study to determine the presence of undeclared pharmaceuticals and therapeutic substances within CHM/CPM sold in New York City's Chinatown. Ninety representative samples randomly purchased in the form of pills, tablets, creams and teas were screened by appropriate analytical techniques including TLC, GC/MS and HPLC. Five samples contained nine different western pharmaceuticals. Two of these samples contained undeclared or mislabeled substances. One sample contained two pharmaceuticals contraindicated in people for whom the product was intended. Drugs identified include promethazine, chlormethiazole, chlorpheniramine, diclofenac, chlordiazepoxide, hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene, diphenhydramine and sildenafil citrate (Viagra™).
Learning to rank for freshness and relevance

Freshness of results is important in modern web search. Failing to recognize the temporal aspect of a query can negatively affect the user experience, and make the search engine appear stale. While freshness and relevance can be closely related for some topics (e.g., news queries), they are more independent in others (e.g., time insensitive queries). Therefore, optimizing one criterion does not necessarily improve the other, and can even do harm in some cases. We propose a machine-learning framework for simultaneously optimizing freshness and relevance, in which the trade-off is automatically adaptive to query temporal characteristics. We start by illustrating different temporal characteristics of queries, and the features that can be used for capturing these properties. We then introduce our supervised framework that leverages the temporal profile of queries (inferred from pseudo-feedback documents) along with the other ranking features to improve both freshness and relevance of search results. Our experiments on a large archival web corpus demonstrate the efficacy of our techniques.
Transport properties of photo-excited carriers in slightly compensated Hg0.785Cd0.215Te

Abstract Photo-Hall measurements are presented for slightly compensated n-type Hg0.785Cd0.215Te at 4 K where the electron mobility is limited by charged scattering centers. Using a 10.6 μm laser as the optical source, we observe that the electron mobility passes through a maximum as a function of photo-excited carrier density. Mobility expressions based on the Kane-band model are modified to incorporate neutralization of charged scattering centers by photo-excited carriers. Calculated mobility values are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the data. The observed decrease in mobility for high carrier densities is attributed to electron-hole scattering. The mobility enhancement at lower carrier densities is explained in terms of neutralization of charged acceptors.
Image Forming Properties of the Ebert Monochromator

The previous paper ( Wm. G. Fastie J. Opt. Soc. Am.42, 641 ( 1952)) described a plane grating monochromator optical system which apparently has not been used since Ebert described it in 1889. The high resolution obtained has inspired the design of an f/6 spectrometer of that type for the infrared region. This paper describes the results of preliminary tests and calculations which show that the Ebert system is capable of near theoretical resolution at f/6 even when very long slits are used. Both slits must be curved in order to remove the effect of astigmatism and to avoid wavelength errors at the exit slit which arise from curvature of spectrum when a plane grating is employed. That the same curvature of slits simultaneously corrects these two image errors is a fortunate coincidence which makes the Ebert system appear to be superior to currently employed spectrometer optical systems. Comparison with other systems and discussion of the limitations of the Ebert system are presented.
The polymerase in its labyrinth: mechanisms and implications of RNA recombination

The wide variety of RNA viruses, and the diseases associated with them, may result in part from the capacity of RNA genomes to evolve through genetic recombination. Here we address the mechanism of RNA recombination, and ask questions about its prevalence and purpose in nature.
Decontamination of Medical Device Surface Using Ultrashort Pulsed Laser Irradiation

We present a novel approach for non-contact, rapid and chemical-free decontamination of medical device surfaces using near-infrared ultrashort (nano- to femtosecond) pulse lasers. A proof-of-principal experimental platform is validated through multivariable comparison studies.
Comprehending rule-based programs: a graph-oriented approach

Abstract This paper describes the construction of a Restricted Flow Graph (RFG) which should be useful for aiding comprehension of programs written in forward-chaining, non-monotonic, rule-based languages such as OPS5. An RFG is composed of nodes and arcs and is derived from a synthetic execution of a program. The nodes of the RFG represent abstracted working memory states, while the arcs represent transformations between these states. These transformations correspond to one or more executions of a program rule. Five versions of the RFG are presented. Each successive version is more highly constrained, or restricted, in the arcs and states that it may contain. Three RFG-based measures of program complexity are proposed: the number of nodes in an RFG, the number of arcs in an RFG, and a measure, similar to McCabe's measure, which combines counts of both nodes and arcs. These measures were computed for each of the five versions of the RFG's of eight rule-based programs. The number of nodes was found to correlate well with the performance of a group of 14 programmers who examined the programs and were tested on their level of understanding using a series of objective questions. In addition, the correlation coefficient was found to improve as the RFG became more constrained. The authors conclude that measures based on RFG's may be good indicators of program complexity and that a tool for presenting graphical representations of RFG's could be useful in increasing programmer comprehension.
Temperature reversible IR spectral changes and site structure dynamics for SeF6 isolated in krypton matrices

High-resolution FTIR results for SeF6 trapped in a krypton matrix exhibit dramatic temperature reversible spectral changes for the complex v3 structure. The spectral changes are believed to result from dynamic exchange among low symmetry trapping sites on the infrared time scale to give an effective site symmetry change.
Increased catecholamine metabolism in the locus coeruleus of young spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Young, 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) had significantly higher concentrations of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and a faster rate of accumulation of l -dihydroxyphenylalanine after decar☐ylase inhibition in the locus coeruleus than age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats, whereas the norepinephrine levels were similar to each other. In the brainstem, these changes were restricted to the locus coeruleus and were not present in adult, 14-week-old rats with established hypertension. These results are suggestive of a noradrenergic overactivity in the locus coeruleus of young SHR, coinciding with the development of the hypertension.
Fully-coupled magnetoelastic model for Galfenol alloys incorporating eddy current losses and thermal relaxation

A general framework is developed to model the nonlinear magnetization and strain response of cubic magnetostrictive materials to 3-D dynamic magnetic fields and 3-D stresses. Dynamic eddy current losses and inertial stresses are modeled by coupling Maxwell's equations to Newton's second law through a nonlinear constitutive model. The constitutive model is derived from continuum thermodynamics and incorporates rate-dependent thermal effects. The framework is implemented in 1-D to describe a Tonpilz transducer in both dynamic actuation and sensing modes. The model is shown to qualitatively describe the effect of increase in magnetic hysteresis with increasing frequency, the shearing of the magnetization loops with increasing stress, and the decrease in the magnetostriction with increasing load stiffness.
Solvent interactions with polysulfone

We have used gas chromatography to study solvent interactions with polysulfone at temperatures below the glass transition. A previously published procedure has been employed to decompose the Gibbs energy of sorption of various solvents in polysulfone into its component contributions from dispersion forces, polar forces, and forces of specific interactions such as hydrogen bonding. The gas chromatographic results and the analysis of Gibbs energy of sorption has been used to establish general criteria for solubility of nonpolar, polar, and specifically interacting solvents in polysulfone.
ADAPTATION OF β-AMINO ACID TRANSPORT TO DIETARY CHANGE IN 2, 4 AND 8 WEEK RATS

Renal adaptation to deprivation of inorganic solutes has been observed, but adaptation to altered dietary intake of amino acid has not been studied. Using isolated renal cortical tubule segments the uptake of taurine (T) in breast fed (2 wk), weanling (w) (4 wk) and adult (A) (8 wk) rats under 3 dietary states was measured. Diets were high T (HTD), 3% T; normal T (NTD); low T (LTD), no T, low cysteine, methionine. (A) urinary T in μM/mg Cr ± SEM were HTD 17.1 ± 1.5, NT 3.6 ± 1, LTD .58 ± .14 showing enhanced urinary T reabsorption with LTD and diminished reabsorption with HTD. Uptake of 0.01 mM T was measured after 5 min incubation by isotopic distribution ratio (± SEM) and results are below. Findings suggest renal adaptation to increased or decreased dietary amino acid occurs within 1 week of weaning. In the 2 wk rat there is decreased uptake with HTD and no difference between NTD and LTD. This suggests that adaptation to HTD is transmitted through breast milk but the tocsin for renal adaptation to LTD present in (A) and (w) is not transmitted to the 2 wk rat.
Polyglutamine expansion diseases: failing to deliver

Polyglutamine (polyQ)-expansion diseases are dominantly inherited adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases with unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Current models for pathogenesis include potential toxic effects of polyQ proteins, interference with survival pathways and deregulated gene transcription. Recently, nuclear and aggregate-independent alterations in fast axonal transport (FAT) have been demonstrated for several different polyQ disease models. Given the unique vulnerability of neurons to decrements in FAT, we propose an alternative model for polyQ disease pathogenesis. In this model, FAT is compromised because polyQ proteins affect enzymatic activities involved in FAT regulation. Decrements in FAT ultimately result in a failure to deliver essential cargos to specific neuronal subdomains, including presynaptic terminals, eventually leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. Pharmacological manipulation of such activities might provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for treating polyQ diseases.