cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison between colposcopic, cytologic, and histologic findings in women positive and negative for human papillomavirus DNA

Abstract Little is known about the role of detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in exfoliated cells of the cervix in aiding the colposcopic diagnosis of cervical lesions. The purpose of our study was to compare the colposcopic findings of young women who were positive and negative for HPV DNA. Eighty-four women aged 13–22 years attending family planning clinics were examined colposcopically with the aide of acetic acid and Lugol's solution and without knowledge of HPV DNA status. Lesions identified were given scores based on the severity of observed colposcopic changes. Samples for cytology and HPV DNA testing, which included types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35, were obtained at the time of the examination. Biopsies were performed on women with significant lesions identified on examination or with cytology suggestive of neoplasia. Students t -test and χ 2 analysis were performed to compare colposcopic variables and HPV DNA type. Of the 84 women examined, 17 were positive for HPV DNA; 9 had type 1618. The average length of sexual activity was 2.7 years. Women with HPV 1618 had a mean of 1.7 lesions visible at colposcopy compared to 0.7 lesions visible in those negative for HPV 1618 (this included HPV DNA negative women and women positive for HPV types 6,11, 31, 33, and 35) ( p p
Models and the Teaching of Technical Writing

Technical writing students often misuse models given them for their writing assignments because they fail to distinguish between model and example and between different kinds of models. The results of this misuse are texts that contain inappropriate material and are unfit for their intended audiences. The approach to writing taken by these students is too narrow and rigid. This article details the problem and defines the models used in writing as partially abstract, analogous representations of social codifications of linguistic experience. Since models are social artifacts shared by both writers and readers, a clearer understanding of them should help writers produce texts appropriate for their audiences while giving the writers greater rhetorical flexibility.
Organelle Size Equalization by a Constitutive Process

Summary How cells control organelle size is an elusive problem. Two predominant models for size control can be distinguished: (1) induced control, where organelle genesis, maintenance, and disassembly are three separate programs that are activated in response to size change [1, 2], and (2) constitutive control, where stable size results from the balance between continuous organelle assembly and disassembly [3, 4]. The problem has been studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii because the flagella are easy to measure, their size changes only in the length dimension, and the genetics are comparable to yeast [5]. Length dynamics in Chlamydomonas flagella are quite robust: they maintain a length of about 12 μm and recover from amputation in about 90 min with a growth rate that decreases smoothly to zero as the length approaches 12 μm [6]. Despite a wealth of experimental studies, existing data are consistent with both induced and constitutive control models for flagella. Here we developed novel microfluidic trapping and laser microsurgery techniques in Chlamydomonas to distinguish between length control models by measuring the two flagella on a single cell as they equilibrate after amputation of a single flagellum. The results suggest that cells equalize flagellar length by constitutive control.
Molecular resolution imaging of polyglucose by scanning tunneling microscopy

We have obtained atomic resolution images of poly-α-D-glucose by scanning tunneling microscopy. The oxygen atoms near the scanning tip were imaged, but the carbon and hydrogen atoms were not visible. The measured inter-atomic distances are consistent with the molecular structure of poly-α-D-glucose deduced from chemical and X-ray diffraction studies. The results also demonstrate that is 1% feasible to image surface atomic structures of a relatively thick non-conducting specimen, suggesting that the technique may be applied to the study of other macromolecules of biological importance.
Estimation and analysis of the concentration-response surfaces associated with multiple-agent combinations

Abstract Chinese hamster cells (V-79) were treated with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) alone and in combination. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were quantified as measures of genotoxicity of the two agents. The combination experiment employed a factorial design in which cells were treated, in various concentration combinations, with both agents simultaneously. Response surface methodology, using a polynomial model based on a negative binomial distribution of SCE events, was employed for analysis of the interactions of the two genotoxic agents. The negative binomial distribution, a generalization of the Poisson distribution, is required since SCEs are discrete variables which, under the conditions of these experiments, have a distribution which exhibits extra-Poisson variability. The model of the ENU DDP combinations indicated an increasingly less-than-additive effect resulting from increasing concentrations of each agent in the combination. The analysis of these experiments demonstrates the usefulness of a powerful statistical procedure for evaluating the biological effects resulting from exposure to multiple cytotoxic agents. The methodology can be used with many other types of endpoints and is not limited by the number of treatment agents.
Thermodynamic stability of warped AdS3 black holes

Abstract We study the thermodynamic stability of warped black holes in three-dimensional topologically massive gravity. The spacelike stretched black hole is parametrized by its mass and angular momentum. We determine the local and global stability properties in the canonical and grand canonical ensembles. The presence of a Hawking–Page type transition is established, and the critical temperature is determined. The thermodynamic metric of Ruppeiner is computed, and the curvature is shown to diverge in the extremal limit. The consequences of these results for the classical stability properties of warped black holes are discussed within the context of the correlated stability conjecture.
A mixed-methods examination of sexual coercion and degradation among women in violent relationships who do and do not report forced sex

Although partner sexual abuse is clearly an important dimension of partner violence, it has received less research attention than partner physical and psychological abuse. This article contributes to the literature by examining similarities and differences in coercive and degrading sexual tactics experienced by women who do (n = 31) and women who do not (n = 31) report forced sex using quantitative and qualitative data. The women in the sample had all been recently (within the past 6 months) stalked by a violent intimate partner. Results suggest that both women who do and women who do not report forced sex experience various coercive and degrading tactics within the context of sexual activity. Results also suggest that multiple sexual abuse dimensions should be considered within the context of partner psychological abuse, physical abuse, and stalking and that more research on understanding the outcomes associated with dimensions of sexual abuse within the context of physical and psychological abuse is needed.
Coexistent BCR-ABL1 and JAK2 V617F: converting CML dwarves to ET staghorns with imatinib therapy

![Figure][1] A 67-year-old man was noted to have new-onset leukocytosis (white blood cell [WBC] count, 13.1 × 103/µL) and thrombocytosis (platelets [PLT], 670 000/µL). The peripheral blood smear revealed granulocytes at all stages of maturation. A bone marrow (BM) biopsy revealed
Calculating and improving ROI in software and system programs

The investment value of innovation follows from a technology's uncertain net present value and derived ROI calculations.
PROTON TRANSFER IN THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE : AN AB INITIO STUDY

Ab initio calculations have been performed to probe possible proton-transfer pathways in carbonic anhydrase. It is found that the proton transfer in the dehydration direction involves an energy barrier of around 8−10 kcal/mol, which agrees well with experiment, while the proton-transfer barrier in the hydration (away from zinc) direction is sensitive to the histidine ligand bonding around the Zn ion. The water ligand dependence of the proton-transfer energy barrier reveals a requirement of certain hydrogen bond formation in the active site. Preliminary studies involving two and three proton transfers through hydrogen-bonded water chains show that the donor−acceptor distance and the water chain motion are crucial to the proton-transfer energetics. On the basis of these results, a picture of the proton-transfer energetics and mechanism is presented and the effect of the His-64 ligand on the process is discussed.
Can an ancient Greek sceptic be eudaimôn (or happy)? And what difference does the answer make to us?

The paper explores how far the ancient Greek sceptics in fact accept, and how far they should accept, the central Greek ethical notion of eudaimonia, usually translated "happiness" - and what, if anything, the answers may tell us today. The first section shows that sceptics of both the Academic and Pyrrhonist traditions frequently employ the notion of eudaimonia, apparently without discomfort. The second section draws attention to a contrast within the relevant works of Sextus Empiricus - one of them being willing to speak of the sceptic's eudaimonia and the other entirely avoiding this - and considers some possible reasons why, at some point in his life, Sextus might have found the notion problematic. The answers suggested are, first, that the term eudaimonia, at least as normally used by non-sceptical philosophers, presupposes that it is possible to rank human lives objectively in terms of their levels of well-being, and second, that the term standardly carries with it a commitment to a certain kind of long-term structure in one's life; there is at least a serious question whether either of these is consistent with sceptical suspension of judgement. The third section examines how far a sceptic could aspire to happiness, where this is not assumed to be equivalent to eudaimonia, and touches on several modern philosophers who have focused on happiness or, more generally, on wellbeing. The conclusions are that the notions of happiness and eudaimonia are closer in their presuppositions than one might have expected; that a sceptic would be well advised to avoid either one; and that this constitutes a sobering lesson for anyone today who regards values as in some sense subjective, but who aims to construct a satisfactory conception of happiness.
Decision making using minimization of regret

Abstract We are concerned with the problem of uncertain decision making. The paradigm of decision making using minimization of maximal regret (MMR) is introduced. We compare this technique with the classic Max–Min valuation method of decision making. We discuss a generalization of the MMR method leading to a parameterized family of minimal regret methods. We study this class in detail. An approach to decision making which combines valuation type decision functions with regret based decision functions is introduced. We apply the minimal regret method of decision making to situations in which our uncertainty profile is represented by a Dempster–Shafer belief structure.
Agrarian adaptations in Tajikistan: land reform, water and law

In Central Asia, agriculture and water management have ranked as the two most important economic activities in this arid environment. These activities gained even more prominence during the Soviet era as planners expanded irrigation into previously marginal land that bolstered their vision that the best land be allocated exclusively for cotton production. In the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has enacted laws meant to expand and clarify land use categories to meet the dual targets of expanding food production within the country while maintaining as much land as possible in cotton production – their economic mainstay. To this end, the Tajik government instituted five categories of land tenure. Though comprehensive, these new dispositions merely mask a continuation of top-down agrarian decision making implemented during the Soviet period. Consequently, this change has created new problems for farm labourers as they struggle to adapt to post-Soviet life and negotiate with the new bureaucrac...
Period and phase of the 88-year solar cycle and the Maunder minimum - Evidence for a chaotic sun

The problem of whether the solar dynamo is quasi-periodic or chaotic is addressed by examining 1500 years of sunspot, geomagnetic, and auroral activity cycles. Sub-harmonics were found of the fundamental solar cycle period during the years preceding the Maunder minimum and loss of phase of the subharmonic on emergence from it. These phenomena are indicative of chaos. They indicate that the solar dynamo is chaotic and is operating in a region close to the transition between period doubling and chaos. Since Maunder-type minima reoccur irregularly for millennia, it appears that the sun remains close to this transition to and from chaos. This is postulated to be a universal characteristic of solar type stars caused by feedback in the dynamo number.
Energy profiles for sodium ion passage through the single-filing gramicidin transmembrane channel

Sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance longitudinal and transverse relaxation studies of sodium ion interaction with the Gramicidin A transmembrane channel are reported in the 30d to 75d temperature range to determine the temperature dependence of the off-rate constant for the doubly occupied channel (kwoff) of the binding constant for going from single to double ion occupancy (Kwb), of the binding constant for going from empty to singly occupied channel (Ktb), and of the off-rate constant for the singly occupied channel, (kkoff). With previous information for the temperature dependence of the intrachannel rate constant for an ion going from one ion binding site to the other (kk) for the singly occupied state of this two-fold symmetric channel, the enthalpy (ΔH and the –TΔS energy profiles are plotted for ion passage through the channel. This provides energy profiles for comparison with theoretical calculations. Comparison of TΔS values defined by equilibrium theory (i.e. entropy changes on going from one minimum to another) with the TΔS values defined by Eyring rate theory (i.e. the entropy change between minima and activated state) shows that, even though Eyring rate theory has the very large pre-exponential factor (kT/h), the changes in entropy obtained from the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants are very nearly the same as the changes in entropy obtained from the temperature dependence of the off-rate constants. Thus application of Eyring rate theory to single filling channels, where the channel wall supplies lateral coordinations of the permeant ion and where the rate constants are of the order of 107 ions/sec, appears quite reasonable.
Structural biology: Corralling a protein-degradation regulator

The crystal structure of the COP9 signalosome, a large protein complex that regulates intracellular protein degradation, reveals how the complex achieves exquisite specificity for its substrates. See Article p.161 The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a large protein complex that functions in the ubiquitin–proteasome intracellular protein degradation pathway. First identified 20 years ago in developing Arabidopsis seedlings, it is now thought to be part of the regulatory machinery in all animals, plants and fungi. Here, Nicolas Thoma and co-workers present the crystal structure of the entire eight-subunit human COP9 signalosome at 3.8 A resolution, providing insights into its molecular architecture and mechanism of action. The structure reveals how the complex achieves such exquisite specificity for its substrates.
Skeletal muscle satellite cells can spontaneously enter an alternative mesenchymal pathway

We show that muscle satellite cells, traditionally considered as committed myogenic precursors, are comprised of Pax7-expressing progenitors that preserve a mesenchymal repertoire extending beyond a mere myogenic potential. Mouse satellite cells from freshly isolated single myofibers, cultured individually in serum-rich growth medium, produced myogenic and non-myogenic clones. Only the myogenic clones expressed muscle-specific transcription factors and formed myotubes. Pax7 was initially expressed in all clones, but subsequently was associated only with the myogenic clones. Some cells in the non-myogenic clones expressed α-smooth muscle actin and nestin whereas others differentiated into mature adipocytes. This type of cell composition mirrors characteristics of mesenchymal stem cell progeny. Overall, individual myofibers persistently gave rise to both clonal phenotypes, but the ratio of myogenic to non-myogenic clones randomly varied among fibers. This randomness indicates that clonal dichotomy reflects satellite cell suppleness rather than pre-fated cell heterogeneity. We conclude that satellite cells possess mesenchymal plasticity, being able to commit either to myogenesis or to a mesenchymal alternative differentiation (MAD) program.
Blocking and anti-blocking pairs of polyhedra

Some of the main notions and theorems about blocking pairs of polyhedra and antiblocking pairs of polyhedra are described. The two geometric duality theories conform in many respects, but there are certain important differences. Applications to various combinatorial extremum problems are discussed, and some classes of blocking and anti-blocking pairs that have been explicitly determined are mentioned.
Implications of behavioral pharmacology research for applied behavior analyses: JEAB's special issue celebrating the contributions of Joseph V. Brady (March 1994)

We review four articles from JEAB's March 1994 issue celebrating the contributions of Joseph V. Brady. These articles have implications for studying private events and for studying multiple operants. We suggest that regularly including self-reports about private events in behavioral pharmacological research has resulted in an accumulated knowledge that has facilitated examination of interesting relations among self-reports, environmental factors, and other observable behaviors. Methodological lessons that behavioral pharmacologists have learned regarding the study of multiple operants are also relayed. We provide examples of how these lessons could be useful to applied behavior analysts studying nonpharmacological issues.
Wafer level thin-film solder bonding of a hybrid sensor for interfacial force microscopy

We discuss the design, fabrication, and performance of a hybrid force sensor for Interfacial Force Microscopy which features a new wafer-level, thin-film soldering technique.
Low-temperature charging behaviour of lead-acid cells

The effect of temperature on the charging behaviour of lead-acid cells was studied at a depth of discharge of ∼20% of their reserve capacity. As expected the charge acceptance rates dropped markedly at temperatures below 0°C. The ability to charge at these temperatures was limited by a precipitous increase in polarization at the negative plates which occurred immediately upon starting the charge. At −18°C the charge acceptance rates fell within a range of 20 to 40% of that observed at 25°C. The highest rates at −18°C were favoured where the charge followed a high-rate, low-temperature discharge, with a minimum time and temperature for the open circuit stand. We speculate that this is due to factors such as a small PbSO4 crystal size and a non-equilibrium electrolyte concentration in the pores of the plates. Direct evidence for this is lacking, however, because of the need forin situ determination of the physical structure of the plates in the discharged condition.
Cholesterol oxidation and the behavior of 5-α-hydroperoxycholesterol at the air/water interface

Abstract The oxidation of cholesterol and the behavior of an oxidized sterol, 5-α-hydroperoxy-cholesterol (5-AHC), have been investigated. It is demonstrated that previous work is correct in observing that cholesterol oxidation does take place at the air/water interface, but predicts initial effects and rates that are much too large. The oxidation of cholesterol is found to be autocatalytic as long as the oxidized sterol compounds (OSC) remain miscible with the cholesterol. The OSC are postulated to adopt tilted conformations with respect to the air/water interface when oxidized at or about the sterol-5,6-positions, and to segregate out when saturation OSC levels in cholesterol are reached. Pure films of 5-AHC are found to be more expanded, more compressible and less stable than those of cholesterol. In mixed films with other selected lipids, 5-AHC behaves as a greater impurity than does cholesterol when the second component is more condensed, and as a poorer condensing agent when the second component is more expanded.
Open and laparoscopic surgical modalities for the management of obesity

Two major advances in surgery for morbid obesity over the past decade are responsible for the dramatic transition from skepticism to widespread adoption. The first involves the accumulation of many studies documenting reproducible long-term weight loss in the range of 50% to 70% excess weight loss for gastric bypass, with profound reduction in comorbidity and improvement in quality of life while maintaining major operative morbidity and mortality under 10% and 1%, respectively. Apart from the gastric bypass, LASG or malabsorption procedures appear to have favorable risk/benefit ratios but do not have the same weight of evidence. Although surgical management does carry a higher risk than medical management of severe obesity, it clearly is superior in terms of long-term weight loss, which at best is 10% to 15% of excess body weight for the best medical (nonsurgical) therapy. The second major advance is the development of less invasive bariatric operations that use laparoscopic techniques. The reduction in perioperative morbidity particularly related to wound complications and recovery clearly provides significant advantages over the conventional (open) approach. Essentially all major bariatric operations can now be performed laparoscopically. Patient
Dynamic relaxation study and experimental verification of dielectric-elastomer minimum-energy structures

The shape of a dielectric elastomer minimum energy structure (DEMES) depends on the equilibrium between a pre-stretched membrane and an inextensible frame. The authors show that an extended dynamic relaxation method, a technique employed for the form-finding and analysis of pre-stressed structures, can be used to simulate DEMES equilibrium shapes. Physical models show excellent agreement with the shape of computed models. Dynamic relaxation, with its low computational cost, is a powerful form-finding technique that efficiently predicts the equilibrium shape as well as the elastic energy of DEMES.
Modeling tensile deformation of dual-phase steel

An analytical model has been developed which can describe the tensile deformation behavior of dualphase steel containing retained austenite which transforms to martensite during deformation. The model takes into account the internal back stresses created in the material as a result of the deformation. The influence of various metallurgical factors, such as the amounts of the secondary phases (martensite and retained austenite), strength ratio of the phases, work hardening coefficients, and the stability of retained austenite with respect to the strain-induced transformation, was analyzed. The strongest influence on both strength and ductility was found to result from a large work hardening coefficient of the martensite. Increasing the stability of retained austenite to strain-induced transformation improved the ductility remarkably. The model developed was used to predict the tensile deformation behavior of a commercial dual phase steel fairly accurately.
Germintion, nodulation and early growth response of a hard-seeded legume,Lathyrus sylvestris L. (flatpea)

Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) requires seed scarification for rapid germination and specificRhizobium leguminosarum strain for nodulation. Methods of inoculation were investigated to determine which would be effective for at least two weeks after seeding. Application of powdered peat to wet seeds was inadequate. Lime pelleting and granular soil implants were effective inoculants, but there appears to be a different advantage to seedling for earch metod. Granular soil implant caused nodulation to a greater depth on the tap root, and lime pelleting caused plants to exhibit higher acetylene reduction activity.
On-pathway versus off-pathway folding intermediates

Rapidly formed molten globule intermediates accumulate at the start of the folding reactions of several small proteins. Opinion is sharply divided as to whether they are on-pathway or off-pathway intermediates. I discuss recent experiments aimed at resolving this issue. Specific points include whether a 'rollover' in the plot of folding rate versus denaturant concentration implies that a folding intermediate is or is not on-pathway; whether the failure to observe folding intermediates for some small proteins implies a different folding mechanism or only that the intermediates are less stable; possible interpretation of 'fast-track' folding of hen lysozyme; and the significance of recent results in the search for unfolding intermediates.
Biochemical, Clinical, Genetic and Metabolic Studies of Hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia

Hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia is a common lipoprotein disorder characterized by an elevated plasma level of the major apolipoprotein, B (apoB) of low-density β lipoproteins (LDL), combined with a low ratio of LDL cholesterol to LDL apoB. Hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia is due to the overproduction of LDL apoB that results from an enhanced synthesis of very low-density (pre-β) lipoprotein (VLDL) in liver. The plasma levels of high- density (α) lipoprotein (HDL) and its major apolipoprotein, A-I, are often low in hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia. Hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia is often familial and aggregates in children and adults from families with premature coronary artery disease. The precise defect(s) that cause hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia are not known. In a family with premature coronary artery disease and hyperapo-β-lipoproteinaemia, a mutation in codon 4046 in exon 29 of the apolipoprotein B gene, a CGG to TGG transition produced a change from arginine, a positively charged amino acid, to tryptophan, a hydrophobic amino acid, at position 4,019 of the mature apolipoprotein B protein. Decreased incorporation of free fatty acids into triglycerides of adipocytes has been described in vitro, and in vivo studies suggested a defect in clearance of postprandial lipoproteins associated with decreased uptake of plasma free fatty acids.
Test of a novel method for analysis of the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.

Abstract Diastolic blood-pressure data from 42 published studies, representing 23 antihypertensive drug regimens and 971 patients, were used to test the hypothesis that there is a linear relation between pretreatment diastolic pressure (P.T.D.P.) and the drug-induced fall in pressure (ΔD.P.), such that the "ideal-response line" relating these variables has a slope=1·0 and intercepts the P.T.D.P. axis at 90 mm Hg. Most of the regimens failed to show ideal behaviour; slopes of the regression lines were usually less than 1·0, and the intercepts were generally not at 90 mm Hg. Low coefficients of determination ( r 2 ) and broad 95% confidence intervals for the slopes and intercepts of the regression lines were common. Only 2 of the 23 regimens examined yielded r 2 >0·7, whereas 8 of the regimens exhibited r 2
Determination of total bile acid levels using a thick-film screen-printed Ir/C sensor for the detection of liver disease

An electrochemical sensor, based on thick-film screen-printed Ir/C working and counter electrodes, was developed for the detection of total bile acid concentration in a physiological fluid for potential patient management in patients with liver disease. Current electrochemical methods of detecting total bile acid levels involve the use of potentials greater than +0.45 V, versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and require a selectively permeable membrane. The proposed detection method did not require any membrane and used a potential of +0.27 V versusAg/AgCl. This biosensor used 3-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) (EC 1.1.1.50) immobilized on the thick-film screen-printed working electrode to detect the enzymatically generated NADH. The production of the NADH resulted from the reaction of the enzyme with bile acids such as sodium cholate, taurocholic and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, which could then be used to quantify the total bile acid. Constant potential measurements showed that this biosensor had good linear performance over a 0–200 µM concentration range in the phosphate buffer and the bovine serum. The sensor performance was also examined at different temperatures and pH conditions. This sensor prototype could be used for single use, disposable detection of total bile acids, extending its applicability for simple and early detection of liver disease.
Armed Citizens and the Stories They Tell: The National Rifle Association's Achievement of Terror and Masculinity

Since 1926, the National Rifle Association's (NRA) flagship publication has without pause featured “The Armed Citizen,” a column that reports instances in which law-abiding citizens have successfully defended their property, person, and/or family with firearms. These reports are brief (100 to 200 words) and have remained remarkably untouched over the past 80 years with regard to style, diction, and narrative structure. Their rhetorical effect, however, has not. In 1977, the year the NRA became a social movement, these narratives began to contribute to the production of a terror-filled, deeply masculine (and surprisingly biblical) NRA discourse that led (and continues to lead) to the mobilization of its members to defend the right to keep and bear arms in the face of extraordinary public opposition: to perpetuate what has come to be known as the “gun-control paradox.”
Correlation of histamine H1 receptor function and [3H]mepyramine binding in porcine tracheal tissue.

Abstract In order to validate the use of [ 3 H]mepyramine as a radioligand to label airway histamine H 1 receptors, the results of radioligand binding experiments using porcine tracheal tissue membranes were compared with the results of physiologic studies measuring histamine-induced trachealis muscle contraction. Close agreement was found between histamine-induced [ 3 H]mepyramine binding inhibition and histamine concentration-contraction-response curves. Close agreement was also found between the K D of mepyramine-induced [ 3 H]mepyramine binding inhibition and the K β of mepyramine antagonism of muscle contractions stimulated by 10 −4 M histamine. [ 3 H]Mepyramine binding was found to be rapid, reversible, saturable and stereospecific. Only H 1 agonists and antagonists displayed potent [ 3 H]mepyramine binding inhibition in competition binding studies. The results fulfill criteria for histamine H 1 receptor identification by radioligand binding with [ 3 H]mepyramine.
The Blurring Hypothesis Reconsidered: How Sector Still Matters to Practitioners

This article asks: Is sector still a useful concept for social science research on nonprofit organizations and related fields, such as social entrepreneurship? We answer that it is relevant to practitioners for whom sector boundaries remain an important orienting feature of their organizational worldviews. This observation is at odds with the recent scholarship on “blurring” sector boundaries, much of which suggests that sector is increasingly an outdated concept. Data from one uniquely blended space—the fair trade industry—coupled with insights from Scott’s (Institutions and organizations: ideas, interests, and identities, 2014) theory about the three pillars of institutions suggest that sector remains meaningful despite developments that appear to render it obsolete.
Parallel computation of supersonic reactive flows with detailed chemistry

This paper presents parallel computations of high speed steady-state hydrogen/oxygen and hydrogen/air reactive flows. The governing equations for reactive flow in the absence of viscosity, thermal conductivity and species diffusion effects are solved using an explicit algorithm while treating the chemical source terms in a point-implicit manner. The convective upwind and split pressure scheme is used to provide necessary artificial dissipation without contaminating the solution. Results indicate excellent parallel speedups along with adequate resolution of the reaction zone in both 1D nozzle and axisymmetric test cases. (Author)
Meta-Accuracy Among Acquainted Individuals: A Social Relations Analysis of Interpersonal Perception and Metaperception

Meta-accuracy, knowing how others view the self, was examined using the Social Relations Model. Fifteen groups of 4-6 acquainted individuals gave self-ratings, perceptions of other group members, and estimated others' perceptions of self (metaperceptions) on the Big Five and Interesting. Individuals also rated liking and metaperceptions of liking. Trait perceptions were consensual, and self-other agreement emerged for most traits. Affect judgments were entirely relational; individuals differentiated among targets. Trait metaperceptions were dominated by perceiver variance. Individuals differed in the impression they believed others generally held about them. Affect metaperceptions, however, were relational in nature. Correlations between perceptions and metaperceptions assessed 2 types of meta-accuracy. Generalised meta-accuracy was obtained for some trait ratings. Affect judgments revealed significant dyadic meta-accuracy.
The agonistic and sexual functions of vocalizations of male brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater

Abstract Functional analyses of three vocalizations of male brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, are presented and it is shown that two of these function as songs. Perched song (PS) is given by stationary birds and is used over short distances in male-male aggression and female courtship. The ‘flight whistle’ (FW) is a multisyllabic, usually pure tone, vocalization and the ‘single syllable flight call’ (SS) a monosyllabic pure tone. FWs and SSs are given occasionally by perched males and repetitively by flying males. Field playbacks of FWs showed that male cowbirds responded in the agonistic way most passerines respond to playback of conspecific song. Playbacks of the female's chatter call demonstrated that males of all three subspecies use FWs and SSs, but almost never PSs, to communicate with a female as they approach her. Thus FWs and SSs are used to communicate over long distances with both males and females. FWs are also used in one critical short-distance context as they are significantly more likely than PSs to be given just before copulations in nature, at least in our western study area. By contrast, studies of captive eastern cowbirds showed that PSs regularly precede copulations whereas FWs rarely do so. These different results for western and eastern birds may be an artefact of captivity and/or a result of geographical variation in behaviour.
P-type ZnO by Sb doping for PN-junction photodetectors

Sb-doped p-type ZnO films were grown on n-Si (100) by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR)-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Room temperature Hall effect measurements reveal that a heavily Sb-doped ZnO sample exhibits a low resistivity of 0.2 Ω cm, high hole concentration of 1.7×1018 cm-3, and high mobility of 20.0 cm2/V s. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements show an Sb-associated acceptor-bound exciton (AoX) emission exists at 3.358 eV at 8.5 K. The acceptor energy level of the Sb dopant is estimated to be 0.14 eV above the valence band. Based on these electrical and optical properties, p-n hetero- and homojunction photodetectors employing Sb-doped p-type ZnO films were designed and fabricated. The heterojunction photodiode consists of Sb-doped p-type ZnO grown on n-Si (100) substrate. An Sb-doped p-type ZnO layer with an n-type Ga-doped ZnO layer was grown on a p-Si (111) substrate to form the homojunction. Current-Voltage (I-V) characterizations reveal rectifying characteristics. Good photoresponse to UV light has been demonstrated for both hetero and homojunction photodetectors.
The effects of adapting human diploid cells to grow in glutamic acid media on cell morphology, growth and metabolism.

SUMMARY Two lines of human diploid cells, the Wi-38 and MRC-5, were adapted to utilize glutamic acid in place of glutamine. This adaptation resulted in (a) more cells per unit culture area, (b) an alteration in cell size and protein content, (c) a morphological change of the cells from fibroblastic to epithelial-like, and (d) increased metabolic activity. Changes in the agglutinability of adapted cells by 3 lectins together with the results from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis could be interpreted as a change in plasma membrane structure. Comparative studies of unadapted, adapted and transformed cells showed that adaptation to glutamic acid produced cells with a metabolism and amino acid uptake similar to those of transformed cells. These changes were reversible and were not accompanied by any apparent karyological change. The significance of these results for the study of density-dependent inhibition of growth is discussed.
Functional architecture of the inner pore of a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel.

The inner pore of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) is functionally important, but little is known about the architecture of this region. In K+ channels, this part of the pore is formed by the S6/M2 transmembrane segments from four symmetrically arranged subunits. The Ca2+ channel pore, however, is formed by four asymmetric domains of the same (α1) subunit. Here we investigated the architecture of the inner pore of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels using the substituted-cysteine accessibility method. Many positions in the S6 segments of all four repeats of the α1 subunit (Cav2.1) were modified by internal methanethiosulfonate ethyltrimethylammonium (MTSET). However, the pattern of modification does not fit any known sequence alignment with K+ channels. In IIS6, five consecutive positions showed clear modification, suggesting a likely aqueous crevice and a loose packing between S6 and S5 segments, a notion further supported by the observation that some S5 positions were also accessible to internal MTSET. These results indicate that the inner pore of VGCCs is indeed formed by the S6 segments but is different from that of K+ channels. Interestingly some residues in IIIS6 and IVS6 whose mutations in L-type Ca2+ channels affect the binding of dihydropyridines and phenylalkylamines and are thought to face the pore appeared not to react with internal MTSET. Probing with qBBr, a rigid thiol-reactive agent with a dimension of 12 A × 10 A × 6 A suggests that the inner pore can open to >10 A. This work provides an impetus for future studies on ion permeation, gating, and drug binding of VGCCs.
Heterogeneous multiscale method for the modeling of complex fluids and micro-fluidics

The framework of the heterogeneous multiscale method (HMM) is used to develop numerical methods for the study of macroscale dynamics of fluids in situations, where either the constitutive relation or the boundary conditions are not explicitly available and have to be inferred from microscopic models such as molecular dynamics. Continuum hydrodynamics is used as the macroscopic model, while molecular dynamics serves as the microscopic model and is used to supply the necessary data, e.g., the stress or the boundary condition, for the macroscopic model. Scale separation is exploited so that the macroscopic variables can be evolved in macroscopic spatial/temporal scales using data that are estimated from molecular dynamics simulation on microscale spatial/temporal domains. This naturally decouples the micro and macrospatial and temporal scales whenever possible. Applications are presented for models of complex fluids, contact line dynamics, and a simple model of non-trivial fluid-solid interactions.
The Case for Hybrid Photonic Plasmonic Interconnects (HyPPIs): Low-Latency Energy-and-Area-Efficient On-Chip Interconnects

Moore's law for traditional electric integrated circuits is facing increasingly more challenges in both physics and economics. Among those challenges is the fact that the bandwidth per compute on the chip is dropping, whereas the energy needed for data movement keeps rising. We benchmark various interconnect technologies, including electrical, photonic, and plasmonic options. We contrast them with hybrid photonic–plasmonic interconnect(s) [HyPPI(s)], where we consider plasmonics for active manipulation devices and photonics for passive propagation integrated circuit elements and further propose another novel hybrid link that utilizes an on-chip laser for intrinsic modulation, thus bypassing electrooptic modulation. Our analysis shows that such hybridization will overcome the shortcomings of both pure photonic and plasmonic links. Furthermore, it shows superiority in a variety of performance parameters such as point-to-point latency, energy efficiency, throughput, energy delay product, crosstalk coupling length, and bit flow density, which is a new metric that we defined to reveal the tradeoff between the footprint and performance. Our proposed HyPPIs show significantly superior performance compared with other links.
New Results on the Linear Complexity of Binary Sequences

The complexity of binary sequences generated by state-space systems is studied in this paper via utilization of system theoretic concepts. Application of controllability and observability conditions lead to a new block-trace representation of binary sequences enabling the efficient generation of sequences with maximum period and linear complexity. These arguments are also used to study nonlinearly filtered m-sequences, resulting in a new type of filters that achieve the same lower bound for the linear complexity as Rueppel's equidistant filters.
Seismic properties and the origin of reflectivity from a classic Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Valley and Ridge province, southern Appalachians

Compressional wave velocities and densities measured from samples collected along a 5-km-thick, well-exposed, thoroughly studied section of the Valley and Ridge sedimentary sequence of the southern Appalachians are used to generate a synthetic seismogram, which is compared with a reflection profile obtained directly over the stratigraphic section. The excellent agreement between the laboratory synthetic seismogram and the field data clearly demonstrate the usefulness of synthetics generated from laboratory measurements where the geology is known in detail. Seismic modeling indicates that laterally continuous, high-amplitude reflections often originate from the interior of formations, rather than at formation boundaries. High-amplitude, multicyclic reflections often arise from constructive interference of reflections from alternating shales and siltstones or limestones, whereas thick carbonate sequences are generally transparent. The clastic and carbonate rocks of this section are typical of lithologies occurring in sedimentary basins worldwide, and hence the velocity and density data of this study provide a data base for future interpretations of reflection and refraction studies in sedimentary strata of similar age. At elevated pressures, velocities range from 3.6 km/sec for propagation normal to bedding in shale to over 7.0 km/sec in dolostone. Mean densities range from 2,339 kg/m 3 for Chattanooga Shale to 2,838 kg/m 3 for Knox dolostone. The high anisotropies characteristic of shales are of major importance in modeling the reflection characteristics of sedimentary basins. Surprisingly, anisotropy is also significant in many carbonate rocks and siltstones. A useful diagram relating velocity with composition is presented for various percentages of dolostone, limestone, shale, and sandstone.
Relapsing fever/lyme disease multiple sclerosis

Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever caused by Borrelia burdorferi and Borrelia hermsii, respectively, have been generally considered curable if diagnosed early. However, it is becoming apparent that when these diseases are left undiagnosed and untreated they may cause severe problems for some people. They, in fact, may be one of the major causes of Multiple Sclerosis. These two Borrelia infections, when left untreated, are now known to be capable of causing neurological problems, cardiac problems, relapses as much as ten years later, increased IgG/albumin ratio and increased lymphocytes. These same things hold true for Multiple Sclerosis patients. This paper discusses the Borrelia spirochetes which cause Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever and what correlation that may have with Multiple Sclerosis.
Mechanism of Cell Wall Penetration by Viruses. I. An Increase in Host Cell Permeability induced by Bacteriophage Infection.

Treatment of radioactively labelled host cells with T1 or T2 bacteriophages induces a leakage of cellular P and S into the medium. Evidence is presented showing that this increased cell permeability is not the result of complete lysis of a small fraction of the cells, but rather is made up of contributions from all or most of the infected population. This leakage of cellular constituents exhibits the following characteristics: ( a ) Infection of a cell with a single virus suffices to evoke the reaction; ( b ) Increasing the multiplicity up to 7 to 8 virus particles per cell does not affect the extent of leakage produced; ( c ) Some leakage does occur at 0°C., but much less than at 37°C.; ( d ) Infection by T1 virus results in a smaller amount of leakage than in the case of T2, but the pattern of response to varying virus multiplicity is the same; ( e ) The P resulting from such leakage contains no DNA and chemically resembles that which elutes in smaller amounts from uninfected cells; ( f ) At 37°C. the virus-induced leakage reaction appears within a matter of seconds, and usually decreases after 2 to 3 minutes; ( g ) The reaction is inhibited by 0.025 M Mg++. Theoretical considerations are presented suggesting the place of this reaction in the sequence of events constituting the virus penetration reaction; its relationship to the phenomenon of lysis-from-without; and its resemblance to the leakage reaction produced by electrostatic binding of ionized compounds to cell surfaces. The existence of similar effects in avian-mammalian virus systems is noted.
An assessment of the severity of recurrent appendicitis.

Abstract Background This study examines the clinical characteristics of patients who developed recurrent appendicitis after previous nonoperative management of perforated appendicitis. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed, and data from the recurrent and initial episode of appendicitis were collected. Results In all, 237 patients from 1989 to 2001 were managed nonoperatively for perforated appendicitis and 32 (14%) were readmitted for recurrent appendicitis. Median white blood cell count at recurrence was 9.5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 6.6 to 13.2] versus 13.1 [IQR: 10.8 to 16.1] at initial presentation (P = 0.002). Maximum temperature was 98.6°F [IQR: 98.2 to 100.5] at recurrence versus 100.3°F [IQR: 99.5 to 101.5] (P = 0.008). Median time for intravenous antibiotics use was 3 [IQR: 3 to 7] days at recurrence versus 6 [IQR: 4 to 8] days initially (P = 0.01). Inpatient stay was also shorter; median length was 6 [IQR: 3 to 8] days compared with 7 [IQR: 5 to 9] days at initial presentation (P = 0.02). Conclusions Patients managed nonoperatively for perforated appendicitis who later developed recurrent appendicitis exhibited a milder clinical course at recurrence. Elective interval appendectomy may be reserved until a recurrent episode.