cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual screening using ligand-based pharmacophores for inhibitors of human tyrosyl-DNA phospodiesterase (hTdp1)

Abstract Human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (hTdp1) inhibitors have become a major area of drug research and structure-based design since they have been shown to work synergistically with camptothecin (CPT) and selectively in cancer cells. The pharmacophore features of 14 hTdp1 inhibitors were used as a filter to screen the ChemNavigator iResearch Library of about 27 million purchasable samples. Docking of the inhibitors and hits obtained from virtual screening was performed into a structural model of hTdp1 based on a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of human Tdp1 in complex with vanadate, DNA and a human topoisomerase I (Top1)-derived peptide (PDB code: 1NOP ). We present and discuss in some detail 46 compounds matching the three-dimensional arrangement of the pharmacophoric features. The presented novel chemotypes may provide new scaffolds for developing inhibitors of Tdp1.
IMPACT OF RESIDUAL LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE TRABECULATIONS AFTER WATCHMAN DEVICE IMPLANTATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS

Backgrounds: Percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure using WATCHMAN device has been reported to be effective in atrial fibrillation patients. Although residual LAA trabeculations is observed after WATCHMAN implantation in some cases, the clinical impact of the residual trabeculations is
Trends in Hospitalization and Incidence Rate for Syphilitic Uveitis in the United States From 1998 to 2009.

Purpose This study evaluates the annual incidence of syphilitic uveitis in the US and trends in hospital admissions over time. Design Retrospective, longitudinal incidence rate analysis of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1998 to 2009. Methods The NIS is a de-identified, random sample dataset of inpatient hospitalizations from 46 states. The number of cases of syphilitic uveitis was defined by (1) International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) code for syphilis and uveitis or (2) ICD-9 code for syphilitic uveitis. Annual case count, incidence rate, and trend over time were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate associated factors for a syphilitic uveitis diagnosis. Results The study included 455 310 286 hospitalizations during a 12-year study period with a mean of 37 942 524 patients annually. Syphilis and uveitis was recorded for 1861 patients (155 annually) and syphilitic uveitis was diagnosed in 204 subjects (average of 17 cases annually). There was no change in the incidence of syphilitic uveitis, using either definition, over the study period ( P for trend = .46). The mean annual incidence of syphilis and uveitis was 0.0004%, or 4 per million. Syphilitic uveitis had an annual incidence of 0.000045%, or 0.45 per million. The odds of syphilitic uveitis were lower among women (odds ratio [OR] 0.40, CI 0.28–0.57) and increased with comorbid acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (OR 4.52, CI 3.01–6.79). Conclusions We report the first incidence of syphilitic uveitis in the United States. Fortunately, this remains a rare condition. The results demonstrate no change in the number of inpatient admissions for syphilitic uveitis during the study period.
Mortality rates of severe traumatic brain injury patients: impact of direct versus nondirect transfers

Abstract Background Direct transport of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) to trauma centers (TCs) that can provide definitive care results in lower mortality rates. This study investigated the impact of direct versus nondirect transfers on the mortality rates of patients with sTBI. Methods Data on patients with TBI admitted between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013, to our Level I TC were obtained from the trauma registry. Data included patient age, sex, mechanism, and type of injury, comorbidities, Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity scores, prehospital time, time to request and to transfer, time to initiation of multimodality monitoring and goal-directed therapy protocol, dwell time in the emergency department (EDT), and mortality. Data, reported in means ± standard deviation, were analyzed with the Student t -test and chi-square. Statistical significance was accepted at a P value Results sTBI direct transfer to TC versus transfer from non-TCs (NTC): Of the 1187 patients with TBI admitted to our TC, 768 (64.7%) were admitted directly from the scene, whereas 419 (35.3%) were admitted after secondary transfer. One hundred seventy-one (22.2%) of the direct transfers had Glasgow Coma Scale versus NTCs 43 ± 14 versus 77 ± 26 min, respectively ( P versus 33/92 (35.8%), respectively ( P Conclusions To decrease TBI-related mortality, patients with suspected sTBI should be taken directly to a Level I or II TC unless they require life-saving stabilization at NTCs.
Solar heating and earth insulation for economical houses

The implementation of manufactured solar energy systems for home use have been stagnated by high costs. The Rural Housing Research Unit has directed a major portion of its research efforts toward site built warm air solar systems. These systems are integrated into the house structure and have been found to be effective and economical. Several earth embanked structures have been built and evaluated. This paper will describe the design considerations, the construction experience, and the results achieved.
Western Pacific Euryplacidae Stimpson, 1871 and Goneplacidae MacLeay, 1838 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacoidea) in the Senckenberg Naturmuseum, Frankfurt

Examination of the western Pacific material of goneplacoid crabs (families Euryplacidae and Goneplacidae) in the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt a. M. (Germany) particularly uncatalogued material examined by Tune Sakai, allowed the discovery of the holotype of Eucrate formosensis Sakai, 1974 (Euryplacidae), as well as the identification of some rarely collected species.
Exit choice in an emergency evacuation scenario is influenced by exit familiarity and neighbor behavior

Abstract ‘Movement to the familiar' has been reported during evacuation incidents but has not yet been studied in controlled experiments. We investigate effects of exit familiarity and egress behavior of other pedestrians on exit choice in an ambulatory virtual environment. Participants walked into a virtual museum through a ‘familiar’ door and were asked to evacuate when a fire alarm sounded as they normally would in the real world. They were significantly more likely to exit through the familiar door than through a second available exit. This effect was greater when virtual neighbors also left by the familiar door and was reduced when neighbors left by the unfamiliar door; this social influence was stronger with two neighbors than with one. The results show that exit familiarity and neighbor behavior influence evacuation behavior, and that social influence increases with the number of neighbors. The findings have implications for modeling pedestrian evacuation and improving evacuation procedures.
Great Salt Lake microbiology: a historical perspective.

Over geologic time, the water in the Bonneville basin has risen and fallen, most dramatically as freshwater Lake Bonneville lost enormous volume 15,000–13,000 years ago and became the modern day Great Salt Lake. It is likely that paleo-humans lived along the shores of this body of water as it shrunk to the present margins, and native peoples inhabited the surrounding desert and wetlands in recent times. Nineteenth century Euro-American explorers and pioneers described the geology, geography, and flora and fauna of Great Salt Lake, but their work attracted white settlers to Utah, who changed the lake immeasurably. Human intervention in the 1950s created two large sub-ecosystems, bisected by a railroad causeway. The north arm approaches ten times the salinity of sea water, while the south arm salinity is a meager four times that of the oceans. Great Salt Lake was historically referred to as sterile, leading to the nickname “America’s Dead Sea.” However, the salty brine is teaming with life, even in the hypersaline north arm. In fact, scientists have known that this lake contains a diversity of microscopic lifeforms for more than 100 years. This essay will explore the stories of the people who observed and researched the salty microbiology of Great Salt Lake, whose discoveries demonstrated the presence of bacteria, archaea, algae, and protozoa that thrive in this lake. These scientists documented the lake’s microbiology as the lake changed, with input from human waste and the creation of impounded areas. Modern work on the microbiology of Great Salt Lake has added molecular approaches and illuminated the community structures in various regions, and fungi and viruses have now been described. The exploration of Great Salt Lake by scientists describing these tiny inhabitants of the brine illuminate the larger terminal lake with its many facets, anthropomorphic challenges, and ever-changing shorelines.
Vision-Based Tracking of Complex Macroparasites for High-Content Phenotypic Drug Screening

This paper proposes a method for vision-based automated tracking of schistosomula, the etiological agent of schistosomiasis, a disease which affects over 200 million people worldwide. The proposed tracking system is intended to facilitate high-throughput and high-content drug screening against the schistosomula by taking into account their complex phenotypic response to different candidate drug molecules. Our method addresses the unique challenges in tracking schistosomula, which include temporal changes in morphology, appearance, and motion characteristics due to the effect of drugs, as well as behavioral specificities of the parasites such as their tendency to remain stagnant in dense clusters followed by sudden rapid fluctuations in size and shape of individuals. Such issues are difficult to address using current bio-image tracking systems that have predominantly been developed for tracking simpler cell movements. We also propose a novel method for utilizing the results of tracking to improve the accuracy of segmentation across all images of the video sequence. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed tracking method.
Addressing and Preventing Disproportionality in Exclusionary Discipline Practices for Students of Color With Disabilities

Historically, schools across the nation have struggled to address significant racial or ethnic disproportionality, including overrepresentation in exclusionary discipline practices, special educati...
Warfarin metabolism and drug-drug interactions

Drug interactions with warfarin vary from useful to disastrous. The pharmacologic combination of warfarin and a platelet inhibitor can be clinically efficacious. Contrarily, the increasing number of drugs that interact with warfarin can potentiate its anticoagulant effect and cause life-threatening hemorrhagic events. To avoid the futility of memorizing long lists of these drugs, guidelines will be presented for the prescribing physician. These concepts are understood best after the metabolism of warfarin in man is reviewed.
Rethinking network stack design with memory snapshots

Hardware virtualization is a core operating system feature. Network devices, in particular, must be shared while providing high I/O performance. By redesigning the network stack on a novel memory system that supports snapshot isolation, the operating system can effectively share network resources through the familiar socket API, enable zero-copy, reduce memory allocations and simplify driver communication with network interface cards. Starting with network I/O, we hope to further the discussion on hardware-software co-design to improve operating system architecture.
It Counts, But Only When It Does Not Matter? Evolving Standards of Decency and the Law of Other Countries

The opinions of the U.S. Supreme Court consistently include assessment of the evolving standards of decency (ESD) as a central component of the more comprehensive analysis of Eighth Amendment doctrine. The precise range and function of that analysis remains controversial, however, and the legitimate role, if any, for the laws and practices of other countries constitutes a central component in that controversy. Although this controversy is often discussed as one regarding the relevance of various categories of evidence to the assessment of the ESD, that controversy partially reflects a prior question regarding the most defensible interpretation of the meaning and function of the ESD. This chapter examines Supreme Court opinions addressing these questions, and advances an interpretation of the most defensible role of the law and practices of other countries in assessing ESD.
DETERMINATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR HYDROGEN-CONTAINING SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary The high mobility of interstitially dissolved hydrogen atoms allows equilibrium to be established at relatively low temperatures making these metal–hydrogen (M–H) systems unique, in that their phase diagrams can be quite readily determined at low temperatures. This chapter concerns the experimental aspects of phase diagram determination for the M–H systems; however, some theoretical aspects of the M–H systems phase diagrams are needed because otherwise distinctions among various degrees of equilibrium vis-a-vis the resulting phase diagrams is unclear. The chapter introduces various ways to present the M–H phase equilibria, the useful rules relating the phase diagrams to the reaction enthalpy of the M–H systems, and the difference between local equilibrium and complete equilibrium in multicomponent systems. Various techniques for M–H phase diagram determinations in both open and closed systems are also discussed in the chapter.
Implementing infrared metamaterial perfect absorbers using dispersive dielectric spacers

A typical metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) is comprised of a metamaterial layer, a dielectric spacer, and a ground plane. The conventional spacer material is usually a lossy dielectric with little-dispersion for the purpose of easing the design and optimization procedure of the MPA. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of metamaterial perfect absorbers with a highly dispersive spacer, which is compatible with functional microelectromechanical systems. The measured dispersive permittivity of a silicon nitride thin film is used in modeling the absorption response of MPAs with rigorous coupled wave analysis. Different designs of MPA structures are fabricated and characterized. Spectroscopy data shows two perfect absorption peaks in wavelengths ranging from 8 μm to 20 μm, which supports the theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. The dispersion of silicon nitride enables the shared resonant modes of the two peak wavelengths and decreases the wavelength shift led by variations in structural parameters. We demonstrate that the use of dispersive dielectric materials in MPAs potentiates various functional devices.
Structure and magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline Fe-46 at.% Co-34 at.% Ni-20 at.% alloy powder from cryogenic to elevated temperatures

Nanocrystalline Fe46Co34Ni20 alloy powder was successfully fabricated by mechanical alloying. The alloy powder (mean particle size ~ 5.4 μm and grain size ~ 15 nm) was composed of two phases—the f.c.c. phase and the b.c.c. phase. At 300 K, the saturation magnetization (MS), the remanent magnetization (MR), and the intrinsic coercivity (HCI) of the as-fabricated alloy powder were ~ 169 Am2kg− 1, ~ 2 Am2kg− 1, and ~ 3.3 kAm− 1, respectively. The nanocrystalline powder exhibited significantly superior soft-magnetic properties—decrease in HCI by ~ 15 times and increase in MS by ~ 30%—compared to the nanoparticles of similar compositions synthesized by chemical methods. The MS, MR, and HCI decreased with an increase in temperature from cryogenic temperatures to ambient temperatures. The alloy powder was relatively stable up to ~ 600 K. The alloy powders thermally treated at 800 K and 900 K exhibited improved soft-magnetic properties compared to the as-fabricated alloy powder—the MS increased by ~ 12% and the HCI decreased by ~ 30%.
What drives the use of ridehailing in California? Ordered probit models of the usage frequency of Uber and Lyft

Abstract The availability of ridehailing services, such as those provided by Uber and Lyft in the U.S. market, as well as the share of trips made by these services, are continuously growing. Yet, the factors affecting the frequency of use of these services are not well understood. In this paper, we investigate how the frequency of use of ridehailing varies across segments of the California population and under various circumstances. We analyze data from the California Millennials Dataset (N = 1975), collected in fall 2015 through an online survey administered to both millennials and members of the preceding Generation X. We estimate an ordered probit model with sample selection and a zero-inflated ordered probit model with correlated error terms to distinguish the factors affecting the frequency of use of ridehailing from those affecting the adoption of these services. The results are consistent across models: sociodemographic variables are important predictors of service adoption but do not explain much of the variation in the frequency of use. Land use mix and activity density respectively decrease and increase the frequency of ridehailing. The results also confirm that individuals who frequently use smartphone apps to manage other aspects of their travel (e.g. to select a route or check traffic) are more likely to adopt ridehailing and use it more often. This is also true for long-distance travelers, in particular, those who frequently travel by plane for leisure purposes. Individuals with higher willingness to pay to reduce their travel time use ridehailing more often. Those with stronger preferences to own a personal vehicle and those with stronger concerns about the safety/security of ridehailing are less likely to be frequent users. These results provide new insights into the adoption and use of ridehailing that could help to inform planning and forecasting efforts.
Modeling Effect of Grain Orientation on Degradation in Tin-Based Solder—Part II: Electromigration Experiments

In a series of articles, we consider the effects of the microstructure and the associated anisotropy of Sn grains on electromigration in lead-free solder bumps. In this article, we carried out experiments to characterize microstructures of tin-based solder bumps and to investigate their effects on electromigration-induced failure. Accelerated electromigration tests and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) tests are performed on tin-based solder bumps in wafer-level chip-scale packages (WLCSPs). EBSD analysis, together with the results of time to failure from accelerated electromigration tests, provides valuable information on the effects of the microstructure on electromigration-induced failure that can be used for predictive modeling. For Ni-based metallization, we find that tin self-diffusion is the dominant degradation mechanism and a strong effect of the grain orientation in the solder on the time to failure.
Humane Communities: Social change through policies promoting collective welfare

A Humane Community is defined by the presence of leaders, institutions, and policies working collaboratively across social and political systems to create and implement sustainable human, animal, a...
Redefining Normal Outflow Cannula Velocity Reference Values for Each Left Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose 2D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains an integral component of imaging left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and determining proper functionality of these devices. Despite relying heavily on transthoracic echocardiography, little is known about standardization of echocardiographic values and measurements pertinent to different types of devices (i.e. HeartMate II (HMII), Heartmate 3 (HM3), or HeartWare HVAD). Methods We identified 216 patients with HM3, HM2, and HVAD left ventricular assist devices. For each patient, we identified all transthoracic echocardiograms that had been performed post-LVAD implantation (n=489 TTEs). Peak outflow cannula velocities were measured using continuous wave Doppler from the right sternal border position on the chest (most co-axial to flow). Patients with incomplete continuous Doppler waveforms were excluded. Results Peak velocities were different for all three LVADs. The mean peak velocity for the HMII (n=289) was 1.74±0.575 m/s, the mean peak velocity for the HM3 (n=113) was 1.54±0.458 m/s and the mean peak velocity for the HVAD (n=87) was 2.07±0.762 m/s. The mean peak velocity for the HeartMate 2 was significantly different than the HeartMate 3 (p=0.0013). Similarly, the HeartMate 2 velocity was also different than the HeartWare HVAD (p=0.000011). When the mean peak velocities of the HeartMate 3 were compared with the HeartWare HVAD, statistical significance was also found (p=0.0000000039). Conclusion Mean peak outflow cannula velocities differ significantly in each of today's most commonly used LVADs. Different reference standards should be considered for each LVAD type.
Variation in Suicide Risk among Subgroups of Sexual and Gender Minority College Students

OBJECTIVE Sexual and gender minorities are at elevated risk for suicide, yet few studies have examined differences in risk within many sexual and gender minority subgroups. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in prevalence for suicide risk factors among a wide range of sexual orientations and gender identities. METHOD Forty-one thousand four hundred and twelve college students (62% cis-female, 37% cis-male, 1% transgender/genderqueer) completed a wellness screen that included four suicide risk factors (depression, heavy alcohol use, suicide ideation, suicide attempt). RESULTS Gender minority students (i.e., transgender, genderqueer/non-binary) had significantly higher rates of depression, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts relative to cisgender peers, although there were no within-group differences among gender minority students. Adjusted odds ratios for endorsing two or more (2+) suicide risk factors were substantially higher for all sexual minority subgroups relative to heterosexuals. Among sexual minorities, those identifying as pansexual, bisexual, queer, or mostly gay/lesbian had greater odds of endorsing 2+ suicide risk factors relative to students identifying as mostly heterosexual, gay/lesbian, asexual, or 'other sexual minority'. Pansexual students had 33% greater odds of endorsing 2+ suicide risk factors relative to bisexual students. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight significant variation in suicide risk among sexual minority subgroups and the need for targeted interventions for subgroups at highest risk.
Preventive Health Care for Children with Genetic Conditions: Providing a Primary Care Medical Home

Originally published as Preventative Management of Children with Congenital Anomalies and Syndromes, this new edition provides health professionals with an invaluable, structured approach to the preventive care of children with congenital disorders. Over 150 conditions ranging from cerebral palsy to Down syndrome are discussed. The large number of conditions covered and the added perspective of a developmental pediatrician (Dr Cooley) provides a valuable resource for carers and parents. For each disorder there is an introductory summary of key information, followed by more detailed listing of general pediatric and speciality concerns, all structured to provide an integrated approach to patient care. For 32 common disorders or disease categories, preventive management checklists are provided: these checklists provide an ongoing record for the child's medical complications and progress and they are designed to be copied and placed in the medical record. The text provides details of medical complications and preventive recommendations supported by key literature and web resources for parents and professionals.
Endovascular embolization in renal trauma: a narrative review

Approximately 1-3% of all trauma patients have a renal injury. Eighty percent of renal trauma is due to blunt injury, with the remainder due to penetrating trauma which is most often iatrogenic. Contrast enhanced computed tomography is used to triage patients and offers a quick and accurate assessment of any potential organ injury. If injury is present, The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading system can both grade renal injuries and be used to help guide management and intervention. Grades are assigned based on imaging and clinical features of renal trauma, and have prognostic and treatment implications for patients. The objective of this narrative review is to identify optimal management of patients with renal trauma, specifically which patients can be treated with endovascular interventions following renal trauma, which can be observed, and which would be best managed surgically. For hemodynamically stable patients with renal trauma, endovascular angiography and embolization is a non-invasive approach that can be used to control bleeding and potentially avoid surgery or nephrectomy in select cases. Future research is needed to determine if a specific antibiotic regimen is needed prior to or following embolization. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular management of high-grade renal trauma (grade V). Complications of renal embolization include short-term hypertension, long term hypertension in cases of significant ischemia, acute kidney injury, and infection.
Perceptions of the police: The role of need for cognition and numeracy

The public’s perceptions of the police are related to people’s willingness to obey the law and cooperate with law enforcement. Past research has found that demographics affect perceptions of the police. This study hypothesizes that those with a higher level of need for cognition and numeracy have more positive attitudes toward the police, possibly because they are more likely to recognize the importance and necessity of the police. 443 U.S. residents participated in this study. In addition to replicating the role of demographic variables, the study found that after controlling for demographics, perceptions of the police were positively related to need for cognition and subjective and objective numeracy. Overall, this study indicated that thinking disposition and cognitive ability play a significant role in how the public perceives the police.
What is happening on Twitter? A framework for student research projects with tweets

We draw on our experiences with mentoring two students to develop a framework for undergraduate research projects with Twitter data. Leveraging backward design principles, we share our learning obj...
Blood meal source and mixed blood-feeding influence gut bacterial community composition in Aedes aegypti

The guts of blood-sucking insects host a community of bacteria that can shift dramatically in response to biotic and abiotic factors. Identifying the key factors structuring these microbial communities has important ecological and epidemiological implications. We used the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, to investigate the impact of mixed blood meals on gut microbiota of vector mosquitoes. Adult females were experimentally fed on sugar or blood from chicken, rabbit or a mixture of chicken and rabbit blood, and their gut microbiota were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplification and MiSeq sequencing. The gut bacterial communities of mosquitoes fed on the three blood meal treatments clustered separately, suggesting that host species identity and mixed blood-feeding are key determinants of gut bacterial community composition in mosquitoes. Mixed blood meal had a synergistic effect on both operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and the Shannon diversity index, suggesting that mixed blood-feeding can offset the nutritional deficit of blood meals from certain host species. The microbial communities observed in this study were distinct from those identified from similarly fed Ae. aegypti from our previous study. These findings demonstrate that vector host-feeding preferences can influence gut microbial composition and diversity, which could potentially impact pathogen acquisition and transmission by the vector. The results also demonstrate that different microenvironmental conditions within the laboratory may play an important role in structuring the microbial communities of independently reared mosquito colonies.
A novel function for Rab proteins during maturation of secretory granules

Regulated exocytosis is an essential process whereby professional secretory cells synthesize and secrete specific cargo proteins in a stimulus-dependent manner. Cargo-containing secretory granules are synthesized in the trans-Golgi Network (TGN); after budding from the TGN, granules undergo many modifications, including a dramatic increase in size. These changes occur during a poorly understood process called secretory granule maturation. Here we leverage the professional secretory cells of the Drosophila larval salivary glands as a model system to characterize a novel and unexpected role for Rab GTPases during secretory granule maturation. We find that secretory granules in the larval salivary glands increase in size ~300-fold between biogenesis and release, and loss of Rab1 or Rab11 dramatically reduces granule size. Surprisingly, we find that Rab1 and Rab11 protein localize to secretory granule membranes. Rab11 associates with granule membranes throughout the maturation process, and Rab11 is required for recruitment of Rab1. In turn, Rab1 associates specifically with immature secretory granules and drives granule growth. In addition to their roles in granule growth, both Rab1 and Rab11 appear to have additional roles during exocytosis; Rab11 function is necessary for exocytosis, while the presence of Rab1 on immature granules may prevent precocious exocytosis. Overall, these results highlight a new and unexpected role for Rab GTPases in secretory granule maturation.
A survey of Midwest physicians’ experiences with patients in psychiatric distress in the emergency department

Context Emergency medicine (EM) physicians commonly stabilize patients with acute psychiatric distress, such as suicidal ideation. Research has shown that suicidal ideation is difficult to manage in emergency department (ED) settings and that patients in psychiatric distress are often "boarded" in the ED while awaiting more definitive care. Objectives To examine the attitudes and experiences of emergency physicians regarding the care of patients in psychiatric distress. Special attention is given to suicidal ideation due to its prevalence in the United States. Methods A 19 question anonymous survey was sent via email to 55 emergency medicine residency directors throughout Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, who were identified using an Internet search of residency programs in the region. The program directors were asked to distribute the survey to their colleagues and residents. The intent of this procedure was to generate as many survey responses as possible, while obscuring the identities of the respondents. Responses were gathered from October 29, 2019 until January 16, 2020. The survey was designed to assess respondents' self-reported demographic data as well as their experiences with the boarding process, initial examination, final disposition, reevaluation of the patient, physician training and resources, and follow up care. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test, significance was set at p Results In total, 47 EM physicians responded to the survey; however, not all of the respondents completed all 19 questions. Ten of 44 respondents (22.7%) reported that they do not perform the initial psychiatric examination themselves and instead defer to a nurse or social worker. Twenty-two of 44 respondents (50.0%) reported that they defer to a social worker when determining the final disposition of psychiatric patients. Respondents reevaluated patients in psychiatric distress statistically significantly less often (p=0.01) compared with patients with cardiac pathology. Additionally, 15 of 38 respondents (39.5%) reported that they did not feel adequately trained to handle psychiatric emergencies, and 36 of 39 respondents (92.3%) of physicians felt that their facility would benefit from additional mental health resources. Thirty five of 39 respondents (89.7%) reported that their facility did not have a system in place to follow up with suicidal patients upon discharge. Conclusions Caring for patients who are acutely suicidal or in psychiatric distress is complex and more research is needed to optimize treatment strategies. The results of this study indicate that EM physicians may regularly defer to nonphysician providers when evaluating and treating patients in psychiatric distress. A perceived lack of training in psychiatry may contribute to this practice. The results of this study are in accord with previous research that indicated a need for additional psychiatry training in EM residencies.
Programmable and Reconfigurable Cyber-Physical Networked Microgrids through Software-Defined Networking

Networked microgrids provide promising solutions to modernize the electric power grids. To promote the physical networked microgrids' operations, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technology is used to establish a programmable communication network for the physical system. By using OpenFlow protocol, SDN separates the data plane from its control plane, which makes it easy to flexibly program the cyber-layer when necessary. Based on SDN, the cyber-physical system's formation, partition, and reconfiguration are introduced. Extensive tests verify the effectiveness of SDN technology in enabling programmable and reconfigurable networked microgrids system. The test results also offer an insight into enhancing the resilience of networked microgrids by reconfiguring the system using SDN.
How Corporate Social Responsibility Engagement Strategy Moderates the CSR–Financial Performance Relationship

We propose that firm profits are shaped by how firms engage in corporate social responsibility. Recent research on the corporate social responsibility (CSR)–corporate financial performance (CFP) relationship proposes a variety of contextual and organizational factors to create a more robust link. However, few of these studies explore the role of the CSR engagement strategy. Drawing on absorptive capacity theory and related perspectives such as time compression diseconomies, asset mass efficiencies, and path dependence theory, we argue that when a firm engages in CSR slowly and consistently, focuses on related CSR dimensions, and starts with internal dimensions of CSR, CFP will be enhanced. With longitudinal data collected from 130 firms from 1995 to 2007, we find that firms benefit more when they adopt a CSR engagement strategy that is consistent, involves related dimensions of CSR, and begins with aspects of CSR that are more internal to the firm. The pace of the CSR engagement strategy, however, does not moderate the CSR–CFP relationship. This study helps fill the gap in CSR research by showing that, regardless of contextual factors, a firm can choose the proper strategy to enhance the financial benefits of the CSR engagement.
Blitz: A Principled Meta-Algorithm for Scaling Sparse Optimization

By reducing optimization to a sequence of small subproblems, working set methods achieve fast convergence times for many challenging problems. Despite excellent performance, theoretical understanding of working sets is limited, and implementations often resort to heuristics to determine subproblem size, makeup, and stopping criteria. We propose BLITZ, a fast working set algorithm accompanied by useful guarantees. Making no assumptions on data, our theory relates subproblem size to progress toward convergence. This result motivates methods for optimizing algorithmic parameters and discarding irrelevant variables as iterations progress. Applied to l1-regularized learning, BLITZ convincingly outperforms existing solvers in sequential, limited-memory, and distributed settings. BLITZ is not specific to l1-regularized learning, making the algorithm relevant to many applications involving sparsity or constraints.
ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES TO DEVELOP ION ENGINE GROUND-TESTING TECHNIQUES

A technical review concerning the analytical and experimental aspects of ground simulation of space conditions for ion engine testing is presented. The conditions assumed to be best for simulation are presented and plans for experimental studies are detailed. Two new probes for beam diagnostics are discussed together with a new technique for studies of beam interactions with the test chamber environment. Data obtained using the probes and techniques are included where possible. A brief discussion of possible space phenomena effects on ion engine operation is included with estimates of the magnitude of the effects on engine behavior. Theoretical computer studies of the behavior of the ion beam as it leaves the engine are outlined, and the results expected from such a prograrn are discussed. (auth)
Applications of Basis Selection Algorithms in Communication Problems

In this paper, we study the application of sequential basis selection (SBS) algorithms in two different communication problems. These problems represent different cases in terms of the structure of their set of equations. The two considered cases are; undercomplete set of equations (sparse channel estimation problem) and overcomplete set of equations. These cases are carefully selected in order to demonstrate that SBS algorithms can be applied to both types of equations. The basic matching pursuit (BMP) and the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithms are selected as the SBS algorithms. In sparse channel estimation problem, the BMP and the OMP algorithms are compared with the least square channel estimates and the minimum variance unbiased estimates (MVUE). It is shown that the OMP algorithm gives estimates that are almost converging to MVUE. In angle of arrival (AOA) detection problem, the detection performances of the BMP and OMP algorithms are compared with the well known MUSIC algorithm and the Cramer Rao bounds. It is shown that their performances exceed that of MUSIC for correlated signals.
Liquid scintillation counting in high-density polyethylene vials

Abstract It has been shown previously that both scintillation solvents and solutes diffuse into the walls of high-density polyethylene vials. This diffusion causes the plastic vial walls to act as a plastic scintillator, which has a much lower scintillation efficiency than the solution itself. The result is the observation of a time dependence of the external standard channels ratio (ESCR) value. The absolute change of the ESCR value and its rate of change is dependent on the choice of the external standard counting channels. It is shown that with the proper choice of the external standard counting channels, the time change of the ESCR value can be essentially eliminated for up to a 3-day time period. The diffusion process has also been shown to cause an increase in the measured background rate mainly in the tritium counting channel (i.e. low-amplitude pulses). The counting efficiency was unchanged over extended time periods (up to 12 days) even though appreciable amounts of the samples may also diffuse through the vial walls.
A social contract theory critique of professional codes of ethics

This paper considers whether professional codes of ethics are enforceable, legitimate, and just. In analyzing codes of ethics in this way, one must consider whether they exist to benefit members of the profession, or society as a whole. The analysis shifts dramatically based on this question, as codes of ethics are typically created by members of the profession, not by representatives of the larger population, and where they are enforced, they are only enforced among members of the profession. However, professional codes of ethics have an impact on those outside the profession, or the larger society outside the smaller community that created them.
Synchrotron white beam x-ray topography characterization of structural defects in microgravity and ground-based CdZnTe crystals

In a microgravity environment, gravity-dependent effects such as buoyancy, convection and hydrostatic pressure are minimized, providing an ideal environment for investigating diffusion-controlled, nonwetting crystal growth processes. To evaluate the influence of microgravity on the resultant crystal quality, Synchrotron white beam x-ray topography is applied to characterize defect structures in both flight and ground-based CdZnTe single crystals. Transmission x-ray topographs recorded from one flight sample revealed regions of very low dislocation density with individual dislocations clearly resolved. Dislocations of very high density arrayed na mosaic pattern were observed in all ground-base samples grown under identical growth conditions except for the gravity conditions. This observation indicates that the flight samples have much higher structural perfection than the ground-based samples. On the other hand, studies of defect configurations in a different flight sample revealed that structural defects and distributions can be strongly influenced by rapid cooling, thermal gradients, and constrained growth. Large thermal stresses induced by rapid cooling can be multiplied by wall contact leading to the formation of extensive slip bands and small angle tilt boundaries starting at the crystal periphery and propagating into the interior of the sample. It is concluded that an optimization of post solidification cooling rate is important to minimize the occurrence of slip.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inhibition of associates and activation of synonyms in the rare-word paradigm: Further evidence for a center-surround mechanism

Two experiments investigated semantic priming effects in a modified version of the Dagenbach, Carr, and Barnhardt (1990) rare-word paradigm. After learning a list of rare words to a criterion of 50% recall, subjects participated in a lexical decision task in which the rare words served as primes. When the targets were associatively related to the primes, lexical decision responses were facilitated following recalled definitions and inhibited following unrecalled definitions. When the targets were synonyms of the rare words, facilitation occurred following both recalled and unrecalled definitions. The results were interpreted as supporting a center-surround model of attentional retrieval that may serve an adaptive role in new learning.
Secure cloud computing with brokered trusted sensor networks

We propose a model for large-scale smartphone based sensor networks, with sensor information processed by clouds and grids, with a mediation layer for processing, filtering and other mashups done via a brokering network. Final aggregate results are assumed to be sent to users through traditional cloud interfaces such as browsers. We conjecture that such a network configuration will have significant sensing applications, and perform some preliminary work in both defining the system, and considering threats to the system as a whole from different perspectives. We then discuss our current, initial approaches to solving three portions of the overall security architecture: i) Risk Analysis relating to the possession and environment of the smart-phone sensors, ii) New malware threats and defenses installed on the sensor network proper, and iii) An analysis of covert channels being used to circumvent encryption in the user/cloud interface.
Use of anticoagulation therapy for jugular vein thrombus in pediatric patients with Lemierre’s syndrome

Background Lemierre’s syndrome is a rare condition involving septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein secondary to an acute oropharyngeal infection. The low incidence and prevalence of Lemierre’s syndrome contribute to the many controversies pertaining to its therapeutic management, one of which is the use of anticoagulation for associated internal jugular vein thrombus. Case description A previously healthy 5-year-old male admitted with left internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with Lemierre’s syndrome was placed on appropriate antibiotics and anticoagulation therapy with enoxaparin. 3 weeks post-discharge, patient was found to be in good condition and a magnetic resonance angiography showed persistent occlusion of the left internal jugular vein. Conclusion Anticoagulation therapy for internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with Lemierre’s syndrome remains a controversy. In the absence of any contraindication or presumed risk, anticoagulation therapy should be considered in high risk patients.
MULTIPLE SCATTERING, THE GLAUBER APPROXIMATION, AND THE OFF-SHELL EIKONAL APPROXIMATION.

It is pointed out that in potential theory the validity of the Glauber approximation for high-energy scattering from a composite system implies a high degree of cancellation in the multiple-scattering series for the same process: The off-shell contribution to double scattering must be precisely cancelled by the sum of all higher-order terms. This cancellation holds only if the same approximations used in obtaining the Glauber formula are made in the multiple scattering series. In particular, the eikonal approximation must be used for the off-shell two-body $t$ matrices. An explicit form is developed for these approximate off-shell $t$ matrices, and then used to verify the cancellation for some of the lower-order terms in the potentials. Possible applications of these potential-theory results to the actual relativistic scattering from composite systems are discussed.
The shape of the sunspot cycle

The temporal behavior of a sunspot cycle, as described by the International sunspot numbers, can be represented by a simple function with four parameters: starting time, amplitude, rise time, and asymmetry. Of these, the parameter that governs the asymmetry between the rise to maximum and the fall to minimum is found to vary little from cycle to cycle and can be fixed at a single value for all cycles. A close relationship is found between rise time and amplitude which allows for a representation of each cycle by a function containing only two parameters: the starting time and the amplitude. These parameters are determined for the previous 22 sunspot cycles and examined for any predictable behavior. A weak correlation is found between the amplitude accurate to within about 30% right at the start of the cycle. As the cycle progresses, the amplitude can be better determined to within 20% at 30 months and to within 10% at 42 months into the cycle, thereby providing a good prediction both for the timing and size of sunspot maximum and for the behavior of the remaining 7-12 years of the cycle.