cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle proteins during 60-day bedrest in women: impact of exercise or nutrition.

Almost no data exist regarding skeletal muscle responses to real or simulated spaceflight in women. We determined the impact of 60-day bedrest (BR, n = 8), 60-day bedrest with exercise-training (BRE, n = 8), and 60-day bedrest with a leucine-enriched, high-protein diet (BRN, n = 8) on muscle protein composition. Vastus lateralis and soleus muscle biopsies were analyzed for global protein fractions (mixed, sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar) and force-specific proteins (myosin, actin, collagen). Concentrations (micrograms per milligram muscle wet weight) of these proteins were maintained (P > 0.05) in BR, despite large changes in quadriceps (−21%) and triceps surae (−29%) volume. Neither countermeasure influenced muscle protein content in either muscle (P > 0.05), despite exacerbation (BRN) or prevention (BRE) of atrophy. Pre-bedrest comparisons showed less myofibrillar protein in the soleus (−16%, P < 0.05), primarily due to less myosin (−12%, P < 0.05) and more collagen (234%, P < 0.05) than the vastus lateralis. Muscle protein composition is tightly regulated in lower limb muscles of women, despite the most extreme weightlessness-induced atrophy reported in humans. In contrast, men who underwent prolonged unloading were unable to proportionally regulate atrophy of the soleus. These findings have implications for astronauts and clinical conditions of sarcopenia regarding the maintenance of muscle function and prevention of frailty. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Child psychotherapy in a new era.

The goals and techniques of the industrial era are quickly becoming anachronisms in the computer era. None of us knows what our rapidly changing world will look like once today's children are grown. We must dispense with current models of “the mentally healthy child,” and actively involve children in setting the goals for any therapeutic intervention on their behalf—even to letting them decide whether any help is needed at all.
Randomized Comparison of Oral Valacyclovir and Intravenous Ganciclovir for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Disease after Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation

In this multicenter, randomized study, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive patients who received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant were provided high-dose intravenous acyclovir (500 mg/m(2) q8h) from the day of transplantation until engraftment. The patients were then randomly assigned to receive either oral valacyclovir, 2 g q.i.d. (n=83), or intravenous ganciclovir, 5 mg/kg q12h for 1 week, then 6 mg/kg once daily for 5 days per week (n=85), until day 100 after transplantation. CMV infection occurred in 12% of the patients who received valacyclovir and in 19% of the patients who received ganciclovir (hazard ratio [HR], 1.042; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.391-2.778; P=.934). CMV disease developed in only 2 patients who received valacyclovir and in 1 patient who received ganciclovir (HR, 1.943; 95% CI, 0.176-21.44; P=.588). Oral valacyclovir can be an effective alternative to intravenous ganciclovir for prophylaxis of CMV disease after bone marrow transplantation.
Computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponents from time-resolved particle image velocimetry data

This work presents two new methods for computing finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLEs) from noisy spatiotemporally resolved experimentally measured image data of the type used for particle image velocimetry (PIV) or particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). These new approaches are based on the simple insight that the particle images recorded during PIV experiments represent Lagrangian flow tracers whose trajectories lend themselves to the direct computation of flow maps, and related quantities such as flow map gradients and FTLEs. We show that using this idea we can improve the reliability and accuracy of FTLE calculation through the use of either direct pathline flow map (PFM) calculation, where individual particle pathlines over a fixed period of time are used to determine the flow map, or particle tracking flow map compilation (FMC), where instantaneous tracking results are used to estimate small snapshots of the flow map which are then compiled to describe the complete flow map. Comparisons of the traditional velocity field integration (VFI) method for computing FTLE fields with these new methods show that FMC produces significantly more accurate estimates of the FTLE field for both synthetic data and experimental data especially in cases where the particle number density is low. This is because the VFI estimates particle motion while PTV directly measures particle motion and therefore generates a more accurate flow map. Overall, our results suggest that VFI is not always a reliable approach when applied to noisy experimental PIV data. For cases where particle loss between frames is minimal, the PFM can also produce better results, but the final field is susceptible to error due to the unstructured nature of the raw flow maps. When comparing the ability to match the true separatrix of a flow, FMC is shown to be a far superior method. The separatrix from FMC has an 80 % overlap with the true solution as compared to approximately 25 % for the PFM and only 1 % for the VFI method. FMC shows a significant advantage when the particle seeding is low, which is particularly relevant for applications to environmental or biological flows where adding seed particles is not always practical, and investigation of Lagrangian flow structures must rely on naturally occurring flow tracers.
Ten More Reasons for Quality Physical Education

(2006). Ten More Reasons for Quality Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 9, pp. 6-9.
The Effect of Deadline Pressure on Pre-Negotiation Positions: A Comparison of Auditors and Client Management†

This study compares auditors' and chief financial officers' pre-negotiation judgments and considers the potential differential impact the end of the audit (deadline pressure) has on each party. General negotiation literature suggests that individuals change their behaviors as deadline pressure increases (i.e., when there is less time in which to conduct a negotiation) in order to increase the probability of reaching an agreement. In an audit context, the end-of-engagement deadline is often based on regulatory filing deadlines (e.g., SEC filings for public companies), which are not determined by either negotiating party. The audit context is also unique in that there are asymmetric consequences for each party (the auditor and client management) for failing to reach an agreement and different negotiation tactics used by the two parties potentially leading to differing levels of concessions. We predict that auditors, who are in a stronger negotiation position, will generally concede less than client management when determining their pre-negotiation position and will tend to use more contentious strategies. However, such contentious strategies require time. Thus, we expect, based on negotiation theory, that as deadline pressure increases, auditors' concessionary behavior will be more affected than that of client management. Consistent with expectations, results of our experiment suggest that CFOs concede more than auditors in general; however, auditors are more reactive to deadline pressure and increase concessions when faced with high deadline pressure, while CFOs do not. We also measure planned strategy use and find results to be consistent with theory: when deadline pressure is high, auditors are less likely to use contentious tactics, while CFOs' strategy choices are unaffected by deadline pressure. These results suggest that characteristics of the unique auditor–client negotiation environment, such as deadline pressures, have potentially differential effects on both parties due to the differing negotiation strategies employed by these parties.
Phased array noise considerations

Several concepts and formulae are presented that are useful in the examination of the signal-to-noise performance of phased array antennas with dissimilar signal paths or subarray sizes. It is demonstrated that, in most such cases, aperture illumination efficiency remains an accurate indication of array antenna noise performance. >
Epidemiologic, Experimental, and Clinical Links between Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Asthma

Virtually all children experience respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection at least once during the first 2 years of life, but only a few develop bronchiolitis and more severe disease requiring hospitalization, usually in the first 6 months of life. Children who recover from RSV-induced bronchiolitis are at increased risk for the development of recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. Recent studies suggest that there is an association between RSV-induced bronchiolitis and asthma within the first decade of life but that this association is not significant after age 13. Despite the considerable progress made in our understanding of several aspects of respiratory viral infections, further work needs to be done to clarify the molecular mechanisms of early interactions between virus and host cell and the role of host gene products in the infection process. This review provides a critical appraisal of the literature in epidemiology and experimental research which links RSV infection to asthma. Studies to date demonstrate that there is a significant association between RSV infection and childhood asthma and that preventing severe primary RSV infections can decrease the risk of childhood asthma.
Distinct effects of glucose and glucosamine on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: Evidence for a protective role for glucosamine in atherosclerosis

Accelerated atherosclerosis is one of the major vascular complications of diabetes. Factors including hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia may contribute to accelerated vascular disease. Among the several mechanisms proposed to explain the link between hyperglycemia and vascular dysfunction is the hexosamine pathway, where glucose is converted to glucosamine. Although some animal experiments suggest that glucosamine may mediate insulin resistance, it is not clear whether glucosamine is the mediator of vascular complications associated with hyperglycemia. Several processes may contribute to diabetic atherosclerosis including decreased vascular heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), increased endothelial permeability and increased smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. In this study, we determined the effects of glucose and glucosamine on endothelial cells and SMCs in vitro and on atherosclerosis in apoE null mice. Incubation of endothelial cells with glucosamine, but not glucose, significantly increased matrix HSPG (perlecan) containing heparin-like sequences. Increased HSPG in endothelial cells was associated with decreased protein transport across endothelial cell monolayers and decreased monocyte binding to subendothelial matrix. Glucose increased SMC proliferation, whereas glucosamine significantly inhibited SMC growth. The antiproliferative effect of glucosamine was mediated via induction of perlecan HSPG. We tested if glucosamine affects atherosclerosis development in apoE-null mice. Glucosamine significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion in aortic root. (P < 0.05) These data suggest that macrovascular disease associated with hyperglycemia is unlikely due to glucosamine. In fact, glucosamine by increasing HSPG showed atheroprotective effects.
In situ-toughened silicon carbide

A new processing strategy based on atmospheric pressure sintering is presented for obtaining dense SiC-based materials with microstructures consisting of (1) uniformly distributed elongate-shaped [alpha]-SiC grains and (2) relatively high amounts (20 vol%) of second-phase yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). This strategy entails the sintering of [beta]-SiC powder doped with [alpha]-SiC, Al[sub 2]O[sub 3], and Y[sub 2]O[sub 3]. The Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] and Y[sub 2]O[sub 3] aid in the liquid-phase sintering of SiC and form in situ YAG, which has a significant thermal expansion mismatch with SiC. During a subsequent grain-growth heat treatment, it is postulated that the [alpha]-SiC seeds'' assist in controlling in situ growth of the elongated [alpha]-SiC grains. The fracture pattern in the in situ-toughened SiC is intergranular with evidence of copious crack-wake bridging, akin to toughened Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] ceramics. The elongate nature of the [alpha]-SiC grains, together with the high thermal-residual stresses in the microstructure, enhance the observed crack-wake bridging. This bridging accounts for a measured twofold increase in the indentation toughness of this new class of in situ-toughened SiC relative to a commercial SiC.
Chapter 18 The Role of Phosphorylation in Phagocyte Activation

Publisher Summary There is active phosphorylation–dephosphorylation when phagocytes are stimulated by a variety of agonists, but the actual assignment of a particular kinase/phosphatase protein substrate pair in the mapping of an activation cascade has not been satisfactorily accomplished. This chapter discusses the rapid progress that has been made in this area of phagocyte cell biology and examines the most compelling evidence for phosphorylation control that has been established in the human neutrophil for the activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, the enzymatic activity of the respiratory burst. Of the various soluble and particulate agonists that stimulate oxidase, phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), is of most relevance, for its receptor, protein kinase C (PKC) represents an important phosphorylating activity that has offered a functional assessment of oxidase activation in intact cells.
Real-time adaptation of decision thresholds in sensor networks for detection of moving targets

This paper addresses real-time decision-making associated with acoustic measurements for online surveillance of undersea targets moving over a deployed sensor network. The underlying algorithm is built upon the principles of symbolic dynamic filtering for feature extraction and formal language theory for decision-making, where the decision threshold for target detection is estimated based on time series data collected from an ensemble of passive sonar sensors that cover the anticipated tracks of moving targets. Adaptation of the decision thresholds to the real-time sensor data is optimal in the sense of weighted linear least squares. The algorithm has been validated on a simulated sensor-network test-bed with time series data from an ensemble of target tracks.
Eddy covariance measurements with a new fast-response, enclosed-path analyzer: Spectral characteristics and cross-system comparisons

a b s t r a c t A new class of enclosed path gas analyzers suitable for eddy covariance applications combines the advan- tages of traditional closed-path systems (small density corrections, good performance in poor weather) and open-path systems (good spectral response, low power requirements), and permits estimates of instantaneous gas mixing ratio. Here, the extent to which these advantages are realized in field deploy- ment is assessed, with a focus on the suitability of such an analyzer (the EC155, manufactured by Campbell Scientific) for long-term flux measurements in a new flux monitoring site in the southern Appalachians (NC, USA). The scalar-vertical velocity co-spectra for CO2 fluxes measured with the EC155 were similar to those measured with a co-located open-path system. When humidity was high, attenuation of the EC155 water vapor fluxes for non-dimensional frequencies greater than ∼2 was noted, though results from an ogive analysis suggest that eddies operating on these time scales contributed <2% of the total tur- bulent flux in this tall forest ecosystem. Inertial sub-range decay of the vertical velocity-scalar co-spectra generally conformed to a -7/3 power law during near-neutral atmospheric stability conditions, suppor- ting the use of an analytical spectral correction approach to the raw measured fluxes. The EC155 fluxes computed directly from instantaneous mixing ratio agreed with will those calculated from mass-density concentration measurements, provided density terms for temperature, water vapor, and pressure were applied. Biases were observed when the EC155 flux records were compared to those measured with the open-path system. These differences were related to wind angle of attack and to an estimate of appar- ent fluxes related to instrument self-heating, and the biases were minimized after the application of a friction velocity filter. Finally, the EC155 considerably outperformed open-path analyzers during adverse weather conditions favorable to fog development, which occur frequently in the study site. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Ockham on the Concept

It is a commonplace of Ockham commentary that he changed his position on what concepts are. While I see no reason to question the general lines of the familiar story, I do think there are some interesting details along the way which are not always emphasized and which raise (for me at least) the question of whether we understand just what was going on.
Administration of Private versus Public Early Childhood Special Education Programs.

Administrative issues in privately and publicly funded programs are contrasted across six areas: funding, philosophy and services, population served, parent involvement, staffing practices, and standards and governance. Key differences between these types of programs center around funding stability and administrative flexibility. A service system featuring a continuum of services and active interagency coordination is advocated to overcome potential administrative drawbacks associated with both privately and publicly funded programs.
Interfacial Microfracture in High Temperature Metal Matrix Composites

Two computational simulation approaches developed at NASA-Lewis Research Center are described for interfacial microfracture and its effect on high tempera ture metal matrix composites' (HT-MMC) global behavior. The first approach is based upon micromechanics and a nonlinear material behavior model to account for the material nonlinearities arising due to temperature, stress etc. The second approach is based upon a judicious use of three-dimensional finite element analysis. Both of these approaches have been used in the computational simulation of the effects of interfacial properties and microfracture on the high temperature metal matrix composite global behavior. Results presented demonstrate that computational simulation procedures can be effectively used to characterize interface/interphase and its effect on the complex behavior of high tempera ture metal matrix composites.
Spatial distribution of Neonectria species associated with beech bark disease in northern Maine.

Beech bark disease (BBD) requires prior infestation of bark by an exotic scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, to permit infection by one or more fungi, primarily Neonectria ditissima and Neonec- tria faginata. Previous studies in North America report a progression in which N. faginata replaces N. ditissima as the dominant pathogen in the BBD complex. To examine the status of the Neonectria populations in forests that have developed for decades with and without BBD a survey was conduct- ed 2005-2006 in northern Maine. Ascospore mea- surements from 201 beech bark disks containing mature perithecia support reports that, once estab- lished, N. faginata dominates the BBD complex. However stands did contain more N. ditissima when other highly susceptible hardwood tree species were present (R 2 5 0.775), regardless of disease severity. Abundance of N. ditissima in areas long affected by BBD suggests that N. ditissima ,b y continually supplying inocula from nonbeech hosts, continues to affect BBD.
A call to arms (and legs): exercise prescription for medical students.

cise n to rdio ho w edicine at tal Network, hool Departehabilitation, ondence to: Boston, MA ers.org ation: none. tion: consulnessee Blue ), American ventive Meddicine) and tration (EduResidents in lectures inaus, Harvard Pharmacists noraria and r (co-author A Clinician’s payment for resentations, The mounting epidemic of physical inactivity demands a societal response from ment, city planners, employers, individuals, and the medical community to reduce able health care costs, disease, and death. The dearth of medical education at all training in physical activity and of prescribing exercise needs to be address organized manner. The current wave of reform in medical school curricula p unique and critical opportunity to write, disseminate, and teach a national exercis ulum for undergraduate medical students. We physiatrists need to share our pas expertise in exercise by leading this effort. We must generalize our experience of pr exercise for the disabled to the overall population. Furthermore, we must main personal levels of fitness and promote active living within our communities.
INTERMEDIATE TERM OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH INTERRUPTED AORTIC ARCH

Studies of outcome following repair of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) have focused on mortality and rate of re-intervention. We sought to investigate the clinical status of subjects following IAA repair. A cross-sectional assessment of subjects with IAA was performed, with genetic testing,
Generation of circularly polarized multiple high-order harmonic emission from two-color crossed laser beams

We present a scheme for the production of circularly polarized multiple high-order harmonic generation (HHG). The proposed experimental setup involves the use of two-color laser fields, consisting of a circularly polarized fundamental laser field and a linearly polarized second-harmonic laser field, in crossed-beam configuration. The feasibility of such a scheme is demonstrated by an ab initio quantal study of the HHG power spectrum of He atoms by means of the time-dependent density-functional theory with optimized effective potential and self-interaction correction recently developed. The theoretical study also provides insights regarding the different mechanisms responsible for the production of HHG in different energy regimes as well as the mechanism for the generation of continuous background radiation.
At war with social theory: Instrumental and communicative action in US military doctrine during the War on Terror

As US counterinsurgency campaigns draw to a close, doctrine for asymmetric warfare written during the War on Terror has come under heavy criticism. While many have argued that this shift to ‘winning hearts and minds’ is evidence that the United States is taking humanitarianism and nation-building seriously, others argue that a wide gap exists between US counterinsurgency doctrine and the protection of civilians afflicted by conflict. In this article, I show that the latter is true by comparing theories of instrumental and communicative action to US doctrine for operational design, stability operations, and counterinsurgency. I argue that these texts treat the people as an object to be manipulated for the achievement of pre-determined self-interested strategic goals rather than members of a community that jointly designs operations to fulfill shared objectives. However, US doctrine does contain communicative elements that, if prioritized, would better support humanitarian and state-building objectives othe...
Contested Elections as Secret Weapon: Legislative Control Over Judicial Decision-making

The current interbranch tensions in the federal government have been just as potent, if not more so, at the state level. Legislative challenges to state judiciaries are accumulating nationwide. In one state, Tennessee, the newly-elected Republican majority in the General Assembly has flexed its legislative muscle in several ways, ranging from the outright hostile – threatening the imposition of contested elections for the state’s appellate judges and a takeover of the body that governs judicial conduct – to the more sublime. A less-publicized, but no less significant, step that the legislature took in 2011 was to overrule a recent decision of the Tennessee Supreme Court, Hannan v. Alltel Publishing Co., 270 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2008), which had explicitly rejected the federal Celotex standard for burden-shifting on a motion for summary judgment. Hannan had simply reaffirmed a decade-old line of cases, but was characterized by the dissenting justice and, subsequently, by the defense bar, as a radical change in Tennessee law. Thus, it became a prime target of the business-oriented General Assembly. This article explores the role of summary judgment in the current showdown between the legislative and judicial branches in Tennessee. After briefly tracing the history of the Celotex standard in Tennessee, including the background underlying the Hannan decision, the article considers the constitutionality of the legislation in light of the explicit separation of powers provision in the Tennessee Constitution and cases interpreting it. It also examines whether the new law exceeds the General Assembly’s statutory rule-making powers. The article concludes by revisiting the larger context of the interbranch battle, most notably the legislature’s ongoing threat to institute contested judicial elections in lieu of the current “Tennessee Plan,” which calls for appointment by the Governor and “yes-no” retention elections rather than contested elections. Because the courts will eventually have to decide the constitutionality of the statute overruling Hannan, the threat of contested elections could be characterized as a weapon supporting the General Assembly’s move to usurp the judiciary’s traditional power to promulgate its own rules of practice and procedure.
Novel description of ionic currents recorded with the action potential clamp technique: application to excitatory currents in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons

The traditional method of recording ionic currents in neurons has been with voltage-clamp steps. Other waveforms such as action potentials (APs) can be used. The AP clamp method reveals contributio...
Analysis of Hexalure as Related to Its Attractancy to Pink Bollworm Moths

Attractancy of alkenol acetate insect attractants in the field can be correlated with their content of cis and trans isomers as determined by capillary gas chromatography. An estimate of the percentage trans isomer also can be obtained from the height of the 10.3-μ peak in the infrared spectrum. The trans isomer of hexalure is virtually unattractive to pink boll worm moths, as is a mixture comprising 54% of the trans isomer and 46% of the cis isomer.
Propagation of wrinkled turbulent flames in the context of hydrodynamic theory

We study the propagation of premixed flames in two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence using a Navier–Stokes/front-capturing methodology within the context of hydrodynamic theory. The flame is treated as a thin layer separating burnt and unburnt gases, of vanishingly small thickness, smaller than the smallest fluid scales. The method is thus suitable to investigate the flame propagation in the wrinkled flamelet regime of turbulent combustion. A flow-control system regulates the mean position of the flame and the incident turbulence intensity. In this context we study the individual effects of turbulence intensity, turbulence scale, thermal expansion, hydrodynamic strain and hydrodynamic instability on the propagation characteristics of the flame. Results are obtained assuming positive Markstein length, corresponding to lean hydrocarbon–air or rich hydrogen–air mixtures. For stable planar flames we find a quadratic dependence of turbulent speed on turbulence intensity. Upon onset of hydrodynamic instability, corrugated structures replace the planar conformation and we observe a greater resilience to turbulence, the quadratic scaling being replaced by scaling exponents less than one. Such resilience is also confirmed by the observation of a threshold turbulence intensity below which the propagation speed of corrugated flames is indistinguishable from the laminar speed. Turbulent speed is found to increase and later plateau with increasing thermal expansion, this affecting the average flame displacement but not the mean flame curvature. In addition, turbulence integral scale is also observed to affect the propagation of the flame with the existence of an intermediate scale maximizing the turbulent speed. This maximizing scale is smaller for corrugated flames than it is for planar flames, implying that small eddies that will be unable to significantly perturb a planar front could be rather effective in perturbing a corrugated flame. Turbulent planar flames, and more so corrugated flames, were observed to experience a positive mean hydrodynamic strain, which was explained in terms of the overwhelming mean contribution of the normal component of strain. The positive straining causes a decrease in the mean laminar propagation speed which in turn can decrease the turbulent speed. The effect of the flame on the incident turbulent field was examined in terms of loss of isotropy and vorticity destruction by thermal expansion. The latter can be mitigated by a baroclinic vorticity generation which is enhanced for corrugated flames.
Staged endoscopic and combined open/endoscopic approach in the management of inverted papilloma of the frontal sinus

BackgroundThe endoscopic management of inverted papilloma has gained increasing popularity over the last 10 years. Although early concerns over an increased risk of recurrence seem to have been all...
Differential effects of polycationic protein on Cl- secretory and Na+ absorptive airways.

Effects of cationic proteins on electrolyte transport depend on the specific channels and electrochemical driving forces expressed by epithelia. The bioelectric responses of canine tracheal and bronchial epithelia (CTE and CBE, respectively) to a polycationic protein, protamine, were therefore compared. CTE exhibited a brief transient inhibition of short-circuit current (I SC ) followed by a prolonged increase of 18 μA/cm 2 . The apical membrane transiently hyperpolarized and then depolarized by 11 mV. The increase in I SC was inhibited by bumetanide. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, ionomycin, and thapsigargin attenuated the response whereas indomethacin or hypotonic solution had no effect, indicating that latent cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator Cl- channels were activated. CBE preparations exhibited a 4-μA/cm 2 decrease in I SC , 2 mV hyperpolarization of the apical membrane, and an increase in fractional resistance of the apical membrane on exposure to protamine. These results were consistent with inhibition of the Na + conductance in the apical membrane of CBE and confirmed that polycationic proteins exert differential effects on Cl - secretory and Na + absorptive airways.
The History of Economic Thought and Analysis; Organization and Retrieval of its Content

It is necessary to distinguish between information and knowledge since the latter is less easily communicated than the former. It is also necessary to attend to the input cost of communication, together with the willingness of potential users to meet that cost, particularly given the limited market provided by those with a relevant interest in the history of economic thought.
RESPONSE OF X-1 EXPERIMENT CHAMBER TO TARGET EXPLOSIONS

The X-1 pulsed power facility would drive targets that could release very intense x-rays, debris ions and neutrons. These target emissions must be contained in an experiment chamber that allows acc...
Reliability Aspects of 650-V-Rated GaN Power Devices

GaN devices are promising candidates for the next generation power devices for energy efficient applications. Although astounding performance is already proven by many research papers, the widespread adoption of GaN power devices in the market is still hampered by (1) yield and reproducibility; (2) cost; (3) reliability .
Measuring clicker impact on student perceptions of course and instructor

Recent research has shown that students have positive opinions regarding the use of remote response devices ('RRD's), commonly known as 'clickers', in the classroom. Studies indicate that clickers are effective, help students engage, and improve the overall learning process. This research focuses on measuring the size of the impact of clickers, via the effect size index, on student perceptions of the instructor and course. Results indicate that student opinions of clickers are definitely related to student opinions about course and instructor. That is, the two concepts are not independent. Furthermore, the use of clickers has numerous small, medium, and large effects on various student perceptions about the instructor and the course. These results can be generalised to other studies via the effect size index and its standardised measurement scale. Some demographic differences in perceptions about clickers are also discussed.
The Cold War is not a trope

Comment on Price, David. 2016. Cold War anthropology: The CIA, the Pentagon, and the growth of dual use anthropology . Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Ischemic Stroke in the Young

Age constitutes one of the most important nonmodifiable risk factors for cerebral infarction. About 15% of all the ischemic strokes occur in young adults. Since stroke predominately affects the elderly, most of the data gathered in pivotal clinical trials and population-based studies were obtained using cohorts of older patients with coexisting cardiac disease and atherosclerosis. In comparison to older individuals, however, patients aged 15–50 years have a lower prevalence of traditional vascular risk factors and a higher representation of uncommon causes of stroke; these differences necessitate a particularized, thoughtful approach and cause-specific treatments. This chapter hence focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic investigations of ischemic stroke in the young.
When Feelings Lack Precision: Low Positive and Negative Emotion Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms in Daily Life:

Research suggests the ability to differentiate discrete emotions protects against psychopathology. Little is known about daily processes through which negative and positive emotion differentiation ...
Early feeding of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) fry

Abstract Larval and early juvenile stages have been shown to strongly influence recruitment variability for fishes, with successful foraging during these stages improving growth and survival. This study provides the first targeted study of the early juvenile (“fry”) diet of the round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ), a prominent Great Lakes invasive fish. We sampled diurnally in diverse benthic environments of nearshore western Lake Michigan and two coastal tributaries. Three major prey types numerically dominated the diurnal benthic diet: harpacticoid copepods, chydorid cladocerans and chironomid larvae. Pelagic prey, of the types observed in nocturnal, pelagic studies, were rare. It was typical for the local diet of round goby fry to feature a primary prey type which contributed > 50% numerically to the total diet, which may be associated with patchy distributions of benthic prey. An ontogenetic diet shift from harpacticoids to chydorids was suggested between 6–26 mm SL. The dominance of benthic meiofauna in the diet of round goby fry expands upon the prior narrative of nocturnal, pelagic foraging, and demonstrates the flexibility of this species to thrive in diverse nursery habitats.
Review of SiC MOSFET based three-phase inverter lifetime prediction

This paper presents a review on SiC MOSFET based 3-phase inverter lifetime prediction. The inverter-level lifetime prediction flowchart is first illustrated with the system failure rate and system Mean Time to Failure derived which integrate five in-series stresses. An overview of SiC MOSFET power module Physics-of-Failure is then presented. Following it are the step-by-step lifetime modeling comparison and summarization, including power loss analysis, thermal modeling, thermal-mechanical modeling, and damage accumulation modeling. Furthermore, cycle counting algorithms and active power cycling tests specific to SiC MOSFET are discussed. Finally, a detailed system-level thermal profile extraction from SiC MOSFET based 3-phased inverter in the hybrid electrical vehicle application is conducted. The simulation result is consistent with theoretical power loss and thermal equivalent circuit based junction temperature evaluation. Thus it can be used for further system lifetime modeling and the reference for 3-phase inverter based power cycling tests in SPWM mode.
Inhibitory Stimulus Control Under Conditions of Signalled and Unsignalled Delay of Reinforcement

In Experiment 1, pigeons received delayed reinforcement during one component of a multiple variable-interval (VI) 1-min. variable-interval 1-min. schedule of food reinforcement. One unsignalled and four signalled delay schedules were examined, but in all cases a plain white key was associated with the immediate reinforcement schedule, and a black vertical line on a white background was associated with the delayed reinforcement schedule. The incremental generalization gradients that were obtained along the line-orientation dimension suggested that the stimulus associated with each delayed reinforcement schedule was exerting inhibitory control. The unsignalled delay schedule, however, generally maintained lower rates of responding than the signalled delay schedules. In addition, unsignalled delay did not produce behavioral contrast. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule containing VI 1-min. schedules with signalled and unsignalled reinforcement delay. All subjects responded more slowly during the unsignalled than the signalled delay schedule, and the incremental generalization gradients that were obtained suggested that the stimulus associated with an unsignalled delayed reinforcement schedule was exerting inhibitory control.
Brief Report: Changes in Plasma RANKL-Osteoprotegerin in a Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Initial Antiviral Therapy: A5260s.

BACKGROUND The contributions of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis to cardiovascular and bone disease in treated HIV-1 infection are not well defined. SETTING Prospective, observational, longitudinal study. METHODS In a subset analysis of a prospective randomized clinical trial, 234 HIV-1-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive participants received tenofovir-emtricitabine plus either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir and achieved plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter by week 24 and thereafter. Associations between plasma RANKL, OPG, or RANKL/OPG ratio levels with total, hip, and spine bone mineral density (BMD) loss or progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness were assessed longitudinally over 96 weeks. RESULTS Over 96 weeks, all treatment groups had similar and sustained declines in plasma RANKL, increases in plasma OPG, and subsequently, decreases in the RANKL/OPG ratio. There were no associations between plasma RANKL or RANKL/OPG ratio levels with total, hip, and spine BMD loss or progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness; however, plasma OPG in successfully treated HIV-infected patients (week 48 and 96) was associated with spine BMD loss. CONCLUSIONS In virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients, the evolution of bone disease could be linked to plasma OPG levels; however, the role of plasma levels of RANKL and RANKL/OPG ratio in the prediction of morbidity in treated HIV-1 infection may be limited.
Digoxin therapy and mortality following confirmed or suspected myocardial infarction: Experience in the MILIS study

Recent observational studies have led to controversy as to whether digoxin therapy following confirmed or suspected myocardial infaction increases mortality. We analyzed the mortality experience of 903 patients enrolled in the Multicenter Investigation of Limitation of Infarct Size (MILIS). Digoxin therapy was not randomly assigned; as in the previous observational studies, the decision to treat or not to treat with digoxin was made by the patient’s personal physician on the basis of the usual clinical indications. Cumulative mortality was 28 % for the 281 digoxin-treated patients versus 11 % for the 622 patients who did not receive digoxin (p < 0.001; follow-up interval from 6 days to 36 months, mean = 25.1 months). However, patients treated with digoxin exhibited more baseline characteristics predictive of mortality than their counterparts. A previous myocardial infarction had occurred in 31 % of the digoxintreated patients versus 12 % of the non-treated patients; prior angina occurred in 50 % versus 32 %, respectively, and the mean ejection fraction was 8.6 ± 1.0 % (SEM) lower for digoxin-treated patients. Adjustment for these difference was performed with three different applications of the Cox method on the basis of: 1) a composite MILIS Risk Score for prediction of mortality in the general MILIS population; 2) a special imbalance risk score composed of 19 variables for which the digoxin and non-digoxin population varied and; 3) a subset of the variables used in the CASS study. These adjustments yielded p values of 0.04, 0.34 and 0.14, respectively, for tests of difference in mortality curves, indicating an absence of significant excess mortality associated with digoxin when appropriate baseline variables were available for adjustment. Thus, findings in the MILIS Database do not support the assertion that digoxin therapy is excessively hazardous post infarction, but the existence of an undetected harmful effect can only be excluded with a randomized study. Until the results of such a study are available, we recommend 1) careful consideration if treatment of left-ventricular dysfunction is actually needed, 2) consideration of alternatives to digoxin therapy, and 3) restriction of digoxin use to the subgroup of patients with persistent CHF and evidence of cardiomegaly.
Suspected nafcillin-induced interstitial nephritis.

ObjectiveTo present a case of nafcillin-induced interstitial nephritis.MethodologyCase report and literature review.SettingHospital.ResultsThree days following initiation of nafcillin therapy for staphylococcal pneumonia, an 80-year-old woman developed allergic manifestations and progressive renal impairment suggestive of acute allergic interstitial nephritis. These manifestations were completely reversed within 96 hours of cessation of nafcillin therapy.ConclusionsIn the clinical setting of acute renal failure in a patient on nafcillin therapy, acute interstitial nephritis should be considered. Prompt cessation of nafcillin therapy has generally been associated with reversal of symptoms and an improvement in renal function.
Thaumascan: Improved Image Quality and Clinical Usefulness

During the past year of clinical evaluation, several modifications have been made to the two-dimensional, real time, high resolution ultrasound imaging system known as the Thaumascan system. These modifications were designed to improve the final image quality as well as to enhance the clinical usefulness of this imaging system in assessing various cardiac disorders.
Regional comparisons of cathepsin D activity in bovine retinal pigment epithelium.

Cathepsin D is the lysosomal protease in the retinal pigment epithelium which is presumed to be the major enzyme involved in the degradation of shed discs during the photoreceptor renewal process. In this study, the cathepsin D activity in RPE cells from the posterior area centralis was compared to the activity in cells from the equatorial region of the same bovine eyes. Enzyme activities were measured both in paired fresh RPE isolates from the two retinal regions and in paired regional RPE cultures. Cultures were further analyzed for changes in enzyme activity with time in vitro from 3 to 11 weeks. Analysis of freshly isolated RPE cells from 30 eyes indicated that cells from the area centralis have significantly higher cathepsin D activity than cells from the more peripheral retina. Paired cultures of RPE from the two regions did not express the intraeye topographical differences in enzyme activity which were observed in fresh isolates. There were significant variations in enzyme activity in cultured RPE cells with time in vitro, but activity levels did not show progressive increases or decreases with in vitro aging. After 11 weeks in vitro, but not at earlier times, the enzyme activities in the paired regional cultures from the same eye were highly correlated. The data suggest that the higher levels of cathepsin D activity observed in the freshly isolated RPE from the area centralis result from modulators of enzyme activity which are not present in culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1789-1793,1988
Understanding the decline in the U.S. labor share: Evidence from occupational tasks

Abstract In this paper, I provide empirical evidence linking the decline in the labor share to the replacement of occupations with substantial routine task content. Using cross-industry variation, I show that the overall labor share decline is driven by the replacement of occupations specializing in routine tasks. I further find that the accelerated decline in the labor share since 2000 is associated with the replacement of higher skill occupations with substantial routine task content. Finally, I estimate the effects of increased import competition on the labor share decline and how this relates to the replacement of occupational tasks. While increased import competition plays a significant role in explaining the overall labor share decline and works through replacing routine occupations, it cannot account for the accelerated labor share decline and replacement of higher skill occupations post-2000.
Genomes in Context.

Genetic exceptionalism, as Garrison and colleagues (2019) note, has become a term of opprobrium among experts in the field. Yet there is ample evidence that the public continues to afford special p...