cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Much Have I Roamed through the World”: In Search of Sa di's Self-Image

Persian literature has produced few poets who can rival Sacdi. A powerful personality, an undisputed mastery of his art, a far-reaching influence, and an enchanting sense of humor are only a few on the long list of his widely accepted virtues. His critics have described his personality as "curious" and "captivating," and his poetry as pure magic.' As the undisputed master of eloquence he is commonly referred to as ustad-i sukhan by the lay and the expert alike. To these cherishing remarks one may easily add a multitude of others and yet they reflect little more than admiration. Curiously, the existing critical literature on Sacdi offers little in the way of clarification or further exploration of these intriguing but ambiguous descriptions. One is tempted to ask why the "curious" and "captivating" personality of Sacdi has not been the subject of separate studies. Along the same lines, how accessible is the personality of the poet through his poetry? Or more specifically, what would be the outcome of exploring his works in search of the way he envisioned himself? The present paper is a first step toward such an exploration in an attempt to deal mostly with this last question. If the major aim in any biographical study, as Nadel puts it, is to "discern the complexities of being without pretending that life's riddles have been answered" then much light could be shed on the complexities of Sa'di's personality in this way.2 Sacdi was not shy of making specific references to himself, unlike some other poets such as Baba Tahir (d. 1055-56) who opted for complete anonymity to assume the persona of the selfless universal lover, free of geographical and cultural attachments.3 Neither did Sa'di's references to himself, as did those of Rumi (d. 1273), for example, point to an elusive and restless being who was subject to constant change and therefore belonged neither to the "East" nor to the "West," to use Rumi's own words.4 As a biographical tool, the self-descriptive remarks of Rumi could be problematic not only because of their general character but also on account of their deliberate attempt to magnify the ephemeral and volatile aspect of his nature (and consequently that of all human beings). Differently put, it is difficult to tie him to any specific time, place, or event long enough to permit a searching glance. In complete contrast, Sacdi's allusions to himself are clear and specific, and of a remarkably
Force Generation by Cytoskeletal Filament End-Tracking Proteins

Force generation in several types of cell motility is driven by rapidly elongating cytoskeletal filaments that are persistently tethered at their polymerizing ends to propelled objects. These properties are not easily explained by force-generation models that require free (i.e., untethered) filament ends to fluctuate away from the surface for addition of new monomers. In contrast, filament end-tracking proteins that processively advance on filament ends can facilitate rapid elongation and substantial force generation by persistently tethered filaments. Such processive end-tracking proteins, termed here filament end-tracking motors, maintain possession of filament ends and, like other biomolecular motors, advance by means of 5′-nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) hydrolysis-driven affinity-modulated interactions. On-filament NTP hydrolysis/phosphate release yields substantially more energy than that required for driving steady-state assembly/disassembly of free filament ends (i.e., filament treadmilling), as revealed by an energy inventory on the treadmilling cycle. The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of two simple end-tracking mechanisms (an end-tracking stepping motor and a direct-transfer end-tracking motor) are analyzed to illustrate the advantages of an end-tracking motor over free filament-end elongation, and over passive end-trackers that operate without the benefit of NTP hydrolysis, in terms of generating force, facilitating rapid monomer addition, and maintaining tight possession of the filament ends. We describe an additional cofactor-assisted end-tracking motor to account for suggested roles of cofactors in the affinity-modulated interactions, such as profilin in actin-filament end-tracking motors and EB1 in microtubule end-tracking motors.
Human cell cultures infected by tumor-inducing and non-tumor-inducing viruses, an electron microscopic study.

Summary This study is dealing with the infection patterns of adenovirus type 2 and type 12 on human fibroblast cell lines, KB, WI and MAF. With the exception of Ad-12 → WI, many intranuclear viral particles were present. None of these second passages (Ad-2 WI-WI, Ad-12 WI-WI, Ad-2 MAF-MAF, Ad-12 MAF-MAF) was found to have viral production. This indicates that the injections on both WI and MAF cells caused by both Ad-2 and Ad-12 cannot be serially transmitted. However, when these infected cells were used to expose KB cells, significant viral yields were obtained. This shows that the infected cells might still carry the viral specific antigens although no visible virions were observed.
Highway robbery: complementary monopoly and the hold-up problem

Abstract We analyze the hold-up problem in the context of the Cournot–Ellet theory of complementary monopoly. The strategic interaction among travelers and two distinct owners of successive segments of a segment road is used as a metaphor for complementary goods that are traded sequentially. It is shown that when trade occurs double marginalization is eliminated. Furthermore, allowing for strategic placement of the tollbooths (simultaneous trade) avoids the hold-up problem but not double marginalization. Thus, this analysis suggests the endogenous creation of institutions among complementary monopolistic suppliers that assure their customers of not being held up whenever it is strategically possible.
Distribution and Accumulation of Rotenone in Tissues of Warmwater Fishes

Abstract The tissue distribution of rotenoid residues was determined in tissues of common carp Cyprinus carpio (88.2 g), bluegills Lepomis macrochirus (47.9 g), and yellow perch Perca flavescens (67.7 g) after the fish were exposed to 50 μg/L of rotenone-6a-14C (15.9 × 104 Bq/μM). Exposures were terminated 1 h after the fish were moribund and failed to respond to gentle prodding. The fish were dissected, and various tissues were oxidized to determine 14C-rotenone accumulation and distribution. Major rotenone metabolites were identified by gradient-elution high performance liquid chromatography. The exposure time required for fish to reach total incapacitation was 3 h for bluegills and yellow perch, and 11.25 h for common carp. The mean rotenoid concentrations (μg/100 g fish) in the whole body were 22.4 in yellow perch, 39.7 in bluegills, and 107.8 in common carp. The percentage of rotenone-derived 14C activity was higher in the carcass components than in the head or viscera; the skin and bone contained ab...
Gravel-bed deposition and erosion by bedform migration observed ultrasonically during storm flow, North Fork Toutle River, Washington

Ultrasonic depth sounding provides useful and unexpected information about peak discharge and sediment transport when applied during storm flow in channels with erodible beds. Streambed elevation was measured with dual ultrasonic depth sounders during the rise, crest, and recession of a storm flow in the North Fork Toutle River, Washington, on 3 December 1987. The sounder transducers were held in the flow on a rigid pipe which was suspended from a boom over the channel thalweg. The 12 h episode of depth sounding detected the superposition of fine-gravel dunes on large bed waves, the depth-limited growth of mean dune heights from 13 to 25 cm, and bedform-related deposition and erosion in the channel thalweg. The streambed elevation rose 0.3 m in 2 h with increasing stream discharge. Dune heights diminished for about an hour before the peak river stage was attained. Scour of the streambed continued through the peak stage and recession, with 0.7 m of scour over 10 h. Rapid scour of the streambed produced a falling stage while discharge was still rising. Dune heights grew as flow depth increased after peak stage. Streambed elevation was lowered as large bed waves of fine gravel migrated along the thalweg with successively lower troughs leading each bed wave. Bed elevation records from the dual depth sounders were used to calculate dune celerities of 3–6 cm s−1 and bedform wavelengths of 2–11 m. The large bed waves were subtle, dune-like gravel bedforms with wavelengths of 25–30 m. The celerities and bedform dimensions yielded bedform transport weight rates between 3 and 20 kg s−1 m−1 and grain shear stresses between 40 and 100 N m−2 for the depth-sounding episode.
Flow cytometric titration of retroviral expression vectors: Comparison of methods for analysis of immunofluorescence histograms derived from cells expressing low antigen levels

Few quantitative studies addressing immunofluorescence histogram analysis have been published. One study by Overton (Cytometry 9:619–626, 1988) has shown threshold and histogram subtraction methods to be accurate for analysis of well-separated immunofluorescence distributions of positive and negative cells. An evaluation of methods to analyze immunofluorescence histograms when positive and negative immunofluorescence distributions overlap has not, to our knowledge, been reported. In this paper, data obtained from flow cytometry of immunofluorescently stained cells infected with recombinant retroviruses that produce a range of simian virus 40 large T antigen levels were analyzed by threshold, histogram subtraction, and distribution modeling methods. This analysis showed that as the separation between the immunofluorescence distributions of positive and negative cell populations decrease the best methods for histogram analysis are modeling followed, in order, by histogram subtraction, and threshold analysis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Basidiomycetes as infectious agents.

ummary The present experiment was motivated by the isolated reports of human infection caused by Basidiomycetes and by the results obtained in previous experimental infection in mice. Fifteen species of Basidiomycetes inoculated intraperitoneally, intratesticularly, subcutaneously, and into the foot pad of hamsters (Cricetus auratus) eliceted frequently granulomatous tissue lesions and other types of inflammatory tissue reactions (with fungus cells present in tissues) demonstrable as long as four months after inoculation. In mice, only nonspecific lesions without fungus cells were observed in the peritoneum five weeks after intraperitoneal inoculation. Recovery by culture was achieved only from one hamster and two mice after five weeks. Dissemination of the infection in animals was not observed. Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende experimentelle Studie wurde durch einige wenige Berichte uber menschliche Infektionen mit Basidiomyceten veranlast und setzt vorangegangene eigene Experimente an Mausen fort. Dazu erhielten Hamster intraperitoneal, intratesticular, subcutan und in die Pfote insgesamt 15 verschiedene Species von Basidiomyceten inokuliert. Es entwickelten sich haufi Granulome und andere entzundliche Reaktionen mit positivem Pilznachweis im Gewebe. Die Veranderungen waren bis zum Ende der Versuchszeit von 4 Monaten nachweisbar. Bei den Mausen wurden im Peritoneum nur unspezifische Lasionen ohne Pilzzellen 5 Wochen nach intraperitonealer Gabe beobachtet. Nach 5 Wochen war die Kultur nur bei einem Hamster und bei zwei Mausen positiv. Eine Ausbreitung der Infektion wurde niemals beobachtet. Reaction of mice to Basidiomycetes was observed previously (Greer and Bolanos 1974; Salfelder et al. 1975). It remained to test other species of Basidiomycetes in other lower animal species and after a longer period of exposure.
The vision of Hsiao on somatosensation

The goal of this review is to start to consolidate and distill the substantial body of research that comprises the published work of the late Professor Steven S. Hsiao. The studies of Hsiao began by demonstrating the receptive field properties of somatosensory neurons, progressed to describing cortical feature selectivity, and then eventually elevated the field to hopes of tapping into natural neural codes with artificial somatosensory feedback. With ongoing analogies to contemporaneous studies in visual neuroscience, the research results and writings of Hsiao have provided the fields of haptics and somatosensory neurophysiology with the conceptual tools needed to allow profound progress. Specifically, Hsiao suggested that slowly adapting tactile form perception could be restored with cortical microstimulation, rapidly adapting slip reflexes should be relegated to low-level, hard-wired prosthetic components, and Pacinian-corpuscle spatiotemporal population responses could potentially be decoded/encoded to provide information about interactions of hands and hand-held instruments with external objects. Future studies will be guided by these insightful reports from Hsiao.
Human Melanoma Metastasis in NSG Mice Correlates with Clinical Outcome in Patients

Studies of human cancer metastasis have been limited by a lack of experimental assays in which cancer cells from patients metastasize in vivo in a way that correlates with clinical outcome. This makes it impossible to study intrinsic differences in the metastatic properties of cancers from different patients. We recently developed an assay in which human melanomas readily engraft in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient interleukin-2 receptor-γ chain null (NSG) mice. We show that melanomas from 25 patients exhibited reproducible differences in the rate of spontaneous metastasis after transplantation into NSG mice and that these differences correlated with clinical outcome in the patients. Stage IIIB/C melanomas that formed distant metastases within 22 months in patients also formed tumors that metastasized widely in NSG mice, whereas stage IIIB/C melanomas that did not form distant metastases within 22 to 50 months in patients metastasized more slowly in NSG mice. These differences in the efficiency of metastasis correlated with the presence of circulating melanoma cells in the blood of NSG mice, suggesting that the rate of entry into the blood is one factor that limits the rate of metastasis. The study of NSG mice can therefore yield information about the metastasis of human melanomas in vivo, in this case revealing intrinsic differences among stage III melanomas in their ability to circulate/survive in the blood and to metastasize.
On normal approximation rates for certain sums of dependent random variables

Abstract Let X1, …, Xn be dependent random variables, and set λ = E∑ni=1Xi, and σ2 = Var∑ni=1Xi. In most of the applications of Stein's method for normal approximations, the error rate |P((∑ni=1Xi − λ)/σ ⩽ w) − Φ(w)| is of the order of σ− 1 2 . This rate was improved by Stein (1986) and others in some special cases. In this paper it is shown that for certain bounded random variables, a simple refinement of error-term calculations in Stein's method leads to improved rates.
The Utilization of Staff Member Intelligence and Experience Under High and Low Stress

An investigation on determinants of effective staff work showed that stress in the relationship between the staff officer and the superior constitutes an important moderator variable. When stress w...
Neuropsychological Functioning of Youths With Sickle Cell Disease: Comparison With Non-Chronically Ill Peers

Objective: To compare the neuropsychological functioning of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) with no evidence of overt clinical stroke to that of classmates without a chronic illness matched on gender, race, and age. We examined both overall level of performance and patterns of performance utilizing empirically derived construct scores of key domains of neurocognitive functioning. Methods: An abbreviated neuropsychological battery of tests was given to 31 children with SCD and 31 case controls. Empirically derived construct scores were developed for primary analyses. Results: Children with SCD had significantly lower scores on three level-of-performance construct scores: total, verbal, and attention/memory. Mean scores for children with SCD were lower than those for case controls on every level-of-performance construct score and every standardized test score. However, pattern-of-performance construct scores were not significantly different. Conclusions: Children with SCD without overt stroke demonstrate significant deficits in neurocognitive functioning compared to classroom case controls. These findings highlight the impact of SCD on general neurocognitive functioning and suggest that routine screening of cognitive functioning should be a requisite element of comprehensive care for children with SCD. Within the context of documented physical limitations, we conclude that children with SCD are at very high risk for impaired psychosocial outcomes.
THE RELATION OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TO SUBSTRATE PARTICLE SIZE IN TWO BURROWING MAYFLIES

1. This study is concerned with the relation of oxygen consumption to substrate particle size in the morphologically similar burrowing mafies Ephemera simulansand Hexagenia limbata. 2. Nymphs, 16-24 mm. in length, were placed at 13.0°C. for 24 hr. before experimentation. Oxygen consumption experiments employed the standard ‘oxygen consumed in a closed bottle ’ technique and a modification. The standard technique was referred to as the ‘blank-bottle’ method, while the modification was called the ‘substrate-bottle’ method (washed substrate fractions were placed in the bottle). 3. The relationship between substrate particle size and oxygen consumption was indicated by a bimodal curve. The oxygen consumption fell, rose and fell once more as the particle size decreased from χ - 4 to χ + 5. 4. Substrate selection experiments with E. simulans nymphs revealed an inverse relationship between selection for particle size and oxygen consumption. 5. The burrowing front legs of the nymphs seem to be modified for a given substrate (coarse for E. simulans; fine for H. limbata) and, the less favourable the substrate, the more work that must be done to gain admittance or to burrow further. The particle size in which the nymphs showed the least oxygen consumption was considered to be an ‘optimal substrate’(χ- 1 for E. simulans and probably silt for H. limbata).
Daily Spiritual Experiences and Prosocial Behavior.

This paper examines how the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) relates to range of prosocial behaviors, using a large, nationally representative U.S. data set. It finds that daily spiritual experiences are a statistically and substantively significant predictor of volunteering, charitable giving, and helping individuals one knows personally. Daily spiritual experiences better predict helping to distant others than to friends and family, indicating that they may motivate helping by fostering an extensive definition of one’s moral community. The relationship between the DSES and helping is not moderated by sympathy and is robust to the inclusion of most religiosity measures. However, the relationship becomes non-significant for most helping behaviors when measures of meditation, prayer, and mindfulness are included in a regression equation. The DSES is particularly effective in predicting helping behaviors among people who do not belong to a religious congregation, indicating that it may measure spiritual motivations for helping among people who are not conventionally religious.
Hyperspectral Data Processing in a High Performance Computing Environment: A Parallel Best Band Selection Algorithm

Hyper spectral data are characterized by a richness of information unique among various visual representations of a scene by representing the information in a collection of grayscale images with each image corresponding to a narrow interval in the electromagnetic spectrum. Such detail allows for precise identification of materials in the scene and promises to support advances in imaging beyond the visible range. However, hyper spectral data are considerably large and cumbersome to process and efficient computing solutions based on high performance computing are needed. In this paper we first provide an overview of hyper spectral data and the current state of the art in the use of HPC for its processing. Next we discuss the concept of best band selection, a fundamental feature extraction problem in hyper spectral imagery that, besides exhaustive search has only non optimal solutions. We provide an elegant algorithm that performs an exhaustive search for the solution using a distributed, multicore environment and MPI in order to show how using such a solution provides significant improvement over traditional sequential platforms. Additional experiments on the robustness of the algorithm in terms of data and job sizes are also provided.
Generic substitution by hospital pharmacists in Thailand

The generic substitution rate by hospital pharmacists in three university affiliated outpatient hospitals in Bangkok, Thailand, was examined and the cost savings from substitution were determined using a retrospective audit of prescription forms. A total of 3,750 prescriptions was audited (1,250 from each hospital). Of the prescriptions studied, 51.2 per cent were written for generic products, 14.5 per cent were written for brand name products obtainable from a single source and 34.2 per cent were written for brand name products obtainable from multiple sources. For multiple source brand name prescriptions, pharmacists substituted generic products 15 per cent of the time. The mean price for the multiple source brand name product was US$5.2 and the mean price of the generic substitute was $2.5, an average saving of $2.7. The substitution rate for regular (paying) patients was 9 per cent, while the substitution rate for government assistance (poor) patients was 40 per cent. Substitution rates for the three individual hospitals were 16 per cent, 21 per cent and 9 per cent. The authors conclude that when substitution occurs savings are substantial, but that there is potential for additional substitutions to be made.
Regenerative capacity of neural precursors in the adult mammalian brain is under the control of p53.

The question of whether or not stem cell loss drives aging in the brain has not been fully resolved. Here, we used mice over-expressing the short isoform of p53 (ΔNp53 or p44) as a model of aging to gain insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying age-related functional deficits in the brain. By BrdU labeling, we observed an accelerated decline in the number of subventricular zone proliferating cells with age in p44Tg mice compared to mice with normal p53 expression. A 2–3-fold reduction in the number of slowly dividing stem cells was evident in the subventricular zone of 9–12-month-old p44Tg mice, but not in younger p44Tg mice or in normal mice. Consequently, the supply of new olfactory bulb neurons was also reduced. The number and size of neurospheres generated from subventricular zone cells from p44Tg mice was significantly reduced, and cells derived from these neurospheres had limited self-renewal and amplification capacities. At the cellular level, p44 lengthened the cell cycle and affected cell cycle reentry properties, evident by an increased proportion of cells in G0. At the functional level, p44 expression resulted in impaired olfactory discrimination in 15–16-month-old mice. This phenotype is driven by constitutive activation of p53 and constitutive expression of p21Cip1/waf1 in neural stem cells. Our results demonstrate that p53 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the regenerative capacity of the brain by regulating the proliferation of stem and progenitor cells.
Dorian: Grid Service Infrastructure for Identity Management and Federation

Identity management and federation is becoming an ever present problem in large multi-institutional environments. By their nature, Grids span multiple institutional administration boundaries and aim to provide support for the sharing of applications, data, and computational resources in a collaborative environment. One underlying problem is to enable participating institutions to manage the identities of their own members by leveraging existing institutional identity management systems, while at the same time facilitating the participation in larger Grids through the deployment of grid-wide user credentials. Those grid-wide identities are used for features such as single sign-on, secure communication, and are the basis for authorization decisions. In this paper we will present the design and implementation of Dorian, a grid service infrastructure component that enables the federation of users across the collaboration.
To Teach Me is to Know Me

Many students do not succeed in school because their cultural, social, and/or linguistic characteristics are unrecognized, misunderstood, or devalued. The continuing problem of disproportionate representation of multicultural students in special education programs is controversial. We believe that for teacher educators and practitioners to reach and teach multicultural students with and without disabilities, they must first know them. We propose three solutions to address the problem of disproportionate representation: (a) training of culturally and linguistically diverse teachers in teacher preparation programs, (b) the inclusion of multicultural education perspectives in special education, and (c) the implementation of culturally responsive instruction in classroom settings. These three solutions are key components to increasing the cultural competence of practitioners in special education teacher preparation programs.
Delay estimation for wireless LAN control of nonlinear systems

Computationally intensive state estimation methods such as computer vision induce substantial delays when used in a wireless LAN control scenario. To facilitate the use of such estimation algorithms, the computation and communication delays can be compensated for. A method is presented for separating delays for a class of systems and delay models where a round-trip delay is known, but not the individual components. The solution involves traversal time computation using the system model in addition to the round-trip delay sums to form an under-determined system. Admissible delays are shown to be confined to one hyper-octant. Accurate delay reconstruction is achieved by applying projection onto convex sets. The implications are favorable for a robot motion control scenario where signals involving complex expressions are difficult to physically realize. In this situation, state estimates formed from the reconstructed delays enable simple control signals to achieve control objectives.
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Physical Activity According to Social Media: a Content Analysis of Celebrities' Posts on Twitter and Instagram

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the majority of the US population is at an unhealthy weight. Researchers have attributed the increase of people being overweight to a change in diet and a lack of exercise. Because physical activity is attributed to being a large component of maintaining a healthy weight, this paper analyzes how often celebrities’ posts on Twitter and Instagram refer to physical activity. Social media was examined with regard to social cognitive theory which suggests that individuals can learn by observing others. A content analysis was conducted of posts about physical activity from the top 30 most followed celebrities on Twitter and Instagram. The study found that celebrities posted about physical activity more frequently on Instagram than Twitter. This may be attributed to Instagram being a more visual medium which allows celebrities to show off. Social cognitive theory suggests that individuals are more likely to mimic a behavior if they observe the behavior being rewarded, so the benefits and drawbacks the celebrities mentioned were also examined. The most common benefits of physical activity mentioned were: physical attractiveness, completing a goal, health, fun, spirituality and non-specific. Only two drawbacks were mentioned: time consumption and that physical activity can be tiring. Of the top 30 most followed celebrities on Twitter and Instagram male celebrities posted about physical activity and the benefit of physical attractiveness more often than females.
Model Building from Cultural Insights

Worldview is shaped by culture, and worldview directs the choice of conceptual models, research questions, and what we do professionally as a social scientist. This chapter examines the Indian culture vis-a-vis the culture of science. First the thesis that science has a culture is laid out by recognizing the defining attributes of science. Then the Indian worldview of who we are and what we should be doing is presented, followed by an examination of how this view interacts with the culture of science and what is called scientific thinking. Research on Transcendental Meditation (TM) is presented as a vehicle to examine the interaction between Indian cultural worldview and what is called scientific thinking. Implications of this interaction for studying human value system for cultural researchers and global psychology are discussed.
Finding Life in Hurricane Shelby: Reviving the Voting Rights Act by Reforming Section 3 Preclearance

Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Shelby County v. Holder, states are now free to enact changes to voting laws that may burden voter’s access to the polls without fear of federal oversight. In fact, North Carolina and Texas have swiftly enacted controversial voter identification laws with stringent requirements. In response, the Justice Department has filed civil suits against these states under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, which authorizes private actions against discriminatory voting laws. Moreover, the Department of Justice asked the courts to “bail-in” these jurisdictions to preclearance under Section 3 of the Voting Rights Act, which allows judges to submit jurisdictions to preclearance if intentional discrimination is shown. However, the problem with Section 3’s preclearance mechanism is that its intentional discrimination requirement is overly burdensome for plaintiffs. In over forty years, only two states have been bailed-in to Section 3. On the other hand, federal courts have never utilized Section 3 to submit jurisdictions to preclearance in the context of voter identification laws. While a great deal of scholarly focus has been devoted to analyzing the role of Sections 4 and 5 of the Act, Section 3 has received very little attention from election law scholars, members of Congress, and federal judges. Accordingly, it is unclear how federal courts will respond to the Obama Administration’s request to bail-in these states to preclearance under Section 3. Thus, reform is greatly needed. This Note challenges conventional wisdom by arguing that Congress should abandon Section 5 preclearance by amending Section 3. Part II provides a background on the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Act’s most important mechanisms. Part III reviews how federal courts have interpreted the Act in numerous challenges brought against state and local voting laws. On the other hand, Part IV more closely examines the Supreme Court’s analysis in Shelby County. Specifically, Part IV argues that, based on the high standards of proving violations under Section 3, recent suits brought by the Department of Justice are inadequate in combating discriminatory voter identification laws. Part V concludes by proposing several amendments to Section 3 that lower the standard of proof required to submit jurisdictions to preclearance, clarify this Section’s scope, and change its initial evidentiary burden.
Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of the Active Science Curriculum: Incorporating Physical Activity into Middle School Science Classrooms

Many children get little to no regular physical education during the school day. National recommendations call for schools to offer physical activity as part of planned academic lessons that teach math, language arts, science, and other subjects through movement. The purpose of this study was to analyze the student and teacher perceptions of the Active Science curriculum to determine the feasibility of incorporating a classroom-based physical activity program into middle school science lessons. Forty-seven fifth and sixth grade female students and two science teachers were the subjects in the study. The instruments used to evaluate the student and teacher perceptions of the curriculum included (a) individual interviews with two science teachers; (b) written perception questionnaires completed by the students; and a (c) focus group interview with a sample of 8 students. Findings revealed that the students enjoyed incorporating physical activity into class, learned science content and skills, and utilized technology within the curriculum. Teachers felt that it was feasible to incorporate physical activity into the lessons and they identified that the curriculum improved students’ science knowledge and inquiry skills, exposed them to the use of technology and integrated fun and interactive physical activities into class.
Ultrastructural Studies of the Spore Wall of Gigaspora Albida (Glomales)

Morphological and ultrastructural studies were carried out to describe spore wall structure in Gigaspora albida. Spores at different stages of development were observed, with different wall pattern...
Actions of finite abelian groups of odd prime power order

We now deal with problems of p odd similar to those of Chapter V for p = 2. We lead off in section 43 with differentiable, orientation preserving actions of (Z p ) k , p an odd prime, on closed oriented manifolds V n . The primary aim is to give existence theorems for stationary points of such actions. Our interest in such problems has been aroused by the work of Borel [6, 9], although we attack the problem from a different point of view. An example of a corollary of our results is that if V n has one of its Pontryagin numbers not divisible by p then the action has a stationary point. We go on to note that if a toral group acts on V n without stationary points then [V n ] represents a torsion element of Ω n .
Octreotide: A Synthetic Analog of Somatostatin

Octreotide is an investigational synthetic peptide exhibiting actions similar to those of endogenous somatostatin. It has a longer half-life than the native hormone and can be administered by subcutaneous injection. Octreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and numerous regulatory peptides of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Trials evaluating the clinical utility of octreotide indicate efficacy in the management of symptoms associated with acromegaly and hypersecretory neuroendocrine tumors, and in the control of nontumoral secretory diarrheas. Octreotide therapy is well tolerated. This agent should prove useful in the symptomatic control of a number of rare hypersecretory disorders.
An investigation on smoking control at hospitals in Chaoyang District of Beijing

Objective To investigate current situation of smoking control in health care workers(HCWs)of hospitals in Chaoyang District,including their awareness and attitudes to smoking control.Methods Totally,1-937 HCWs were selected from six hospitals,including two primary,secondary and tertiary-care hospitals each,by stratified cluster sampling,for face-to-face interview with questionnaire,combined with group interview method.Results Overall prevalence of smoking was 14.77 percent,52.05 percent in men and 0.5 percent in women,and that of current smoking was 12.08 percent for the HCWs.Among the smokers in HCWs,45.73 percent of them indicated that they usually smoke in face of patients,65.38% of them indicated that they ever smoked dressed in white gown.Majority of the HCWs(93.39%)investigated considered that hospital should be a smoking-free place,1-350 of them(69.70%)considered that “smoking area" should be set at hospital,and 1-771 of them(91.43%)supported to publicize the hazard of smoking and smoking quitting methods.However,1-406 of them indicated that they never received training in smoking quitting,and only 466(24.06%)could make a plan for smoking quitting based on individual situation.Conclusions Understanding of the hazard of smoking should be improved for the HCWs,and training for smoking quitting skills and popularization of knowledge of smoking control,as well as working styles and professional moral of the HCWs,need to be strengthened.It is necessary for smoking control to establish a rule of smoking quitting and its supervision system at hospitals.
On the Possibility of Facilitated Diffusion of Dendrimers Along DNA.

We investigate the electrostatics, energetics, and dynamics of dendrimer–DNA interactions that mimic protein–DNA complexes as a means to design facilitated mechanisms by which dendrimers can slide and search DNA for targets. By using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we calculated the free energy profiles of dendrimer-binding around the DNA via umbrella sampling. We also calculated electrostatic interaction maps in comparison to proteins, as well as the dynamical changes induced by DNA–dendrimer interactions via NMR-measurable order parameters. Our results show that for dendrimers to go around DNA, there is a free-energy barrier of 8.5 kcal/mol from the DNA major groove to DNA minor groove, with a minimum in the major groove. This barrier height makes it unlikely for an all-amine dendrimer to slide along DNA longitudinally, but following a helical path may be possible along the major groove. Comparison of the nonbonded interaction energy and the interaction free-energy profiles reveal a considerabl...
Bladder cancer immunotherapy.

AbstractA randomized controlled prospective evaluation of intravesical and percutaneous bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy was done on 57 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In addition, 9 patients at high risk for tumor recurrence were treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin produced a self-limited cystitis and 1 complication (hydronephrosis) of immunotherapy was observed. Of the 57 randomized patients 54 were followed for 3 to 30 months. Tumor recurrence was documented in 13 of 26 controls (50 per cent) and only 6 of 28 patients (21 per cent) treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (p equals 0.027, chi-square). The interval free of disease was prolonged significantly with bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment (p equals 0.014, generalized Wilcoxon test). Importantly, a simple purified protein derivative skin test distinguished those patients who responded to bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy from those who did not. Only 1 of 17 treated patien...
Expanding the View of Performance Appraisal by Introducing Social Justice Concerns

The current "organizational justice" literature proposes that public managers should analyze both distributive and procedural justice components in designing and implementing various human resource interventions. This article shows that distributive and procedural jus tice conceptions are not the only constructs that should be analyzed. Instead, social justice concerns need to be addressed in addition to? or perhaps as an antecedent to?distributive and procedural con cerns. Social justice from a critical theory perspective is analyzed within an open-systems theory framework, and is presented within the context of performance appraisal systems that are generally re garded as one of the key human resource interventions. Implications of social justice concerns and visions of a more just future for per formance appraisals are discussed.
[Occult hepatitis B virus infection in normal population, Xiamen].

Objective To investigate the prevalence of occult HBV infection in the normal population in Xiamen. Methods 4 437 registered permanent residents, aged 1-59 years old, were selected in Xiamen using stratified random sampling method from September to October in 2006. Serum samples were obtained, the basic characteristics, inoculation of HBV vaccine, and liver disease were surveyed. The serum samples were tested five HBV seroimmunological markers. The HBsAg-negative specimens were subjected to HBV-DNA detection by nested PCR targeting for multiple gene segments. The amplified products were sequenced and the sequence was used for determination of HBV genotype and mutation analysis of amino acids located in HBsAg "a" epitope. Subjects with serum detectable HBV-DNA and negative result of HBsAg were considered as occult HBV infection. Results Among the 4 437 subjects, 482 individuals were observed HBsAg positive and 3 944 were observed negative. Of the 3 955 HBsAg-negative specimens, 27 occult HBV infections were determined with the positive rate of 0.68% (27/3 955). There were 16 samples with genotype B and 11 with genotype C. 3 types of amino acid (AA) mutation (M133T, T140I, G145R) that influence "a" epitope conformation were observed in 9 subjects with occult HBV infection. S region was successfully sequenced in 312 of the 482 HBsAg positive samples. In subjects with occult HBV infection, the infection rate of genotype C HBV (40.74%, 11/27), inoculation rate of HBV vaccine (62.96%, 17/27), positive rate of HBsAb (51.85%, 14/27), and mutation rate of critical amino acid of "a" epitope (33.33%, 9/27) were higher than HBsAg positive individuals (22.76% (71/312), 13.78% (43/312), 0.32% (1/312), 0.99% (31/312), respectively), and all the difference were significant (χ2=4.29, 41.26, 156.00, 13.07, respectively, and P value=0.038, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, respectively). While the average age in subjects with occult HBV infection (18.3 ±16.2) were lower than that in HBsAg positive infection (34.4±11.6), and the difference was significant (t=6.67, P<0.001). The reactive rate of HBeAb (11.11%, 3/27) and HBcAb (62.96%, 17/27) in subjects with occult HBV infection were lower than that in HBsAg positive infection (74.36% (232/312), 98.40% (307/312)), and the difference were significant (χ2=46.74, 73.78, respectively, and P value <0.001, <0.001, respectively). Conclusion In normal population in Xiamen, the infection rate of genotype C, the positive rate of HBsAb, the HBV vaccination rate, and the key AA mutation rate in "a" epitope are significantly higher in occult HBV infection than in HBsAg positive infection, and the age, the positive rate of HBeAb and HBcAb are significantly lower. Key words: Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B surface antigens; Cross-sectional studies
National Socialism and the Jews

In postfeudal Europe, widely held and passionate antisemitism led to discriminatory legislation, physical attacks on Jews, and, on occasion, pogroms; however, until World War II, it never led to genocide. In the twentieth century, although every European state insisted on the monopoly of coercive power, no government until many years after the Nazis took power made the physical extermination of Jews a goal. Although the Holocaust was the work of the Germans, in the middle of the relatively stable 1920s, there was no more overt antisemitism in Germany than in most other countries of Europe. A crucial turning point on the road that led to the Holocaust took place in January 1933 when a group that would ultimately make killing Jews its central aim succeeded in capturing the machinery of the German state. The first step on the road to the Holocaust was Hitler's assumption of power. Fascism The ideology that drove the German National Socialist Party was a variety of fascism. The nature of fascism therefore has a decisively important role in our investigation of the history of Holocaust. Unfortunately it is not easy to find a definition of fascism that is acceptable to most observers. Unlike Marxism, socialism, and communism, fascism has not produced an ideological superstructure. This is hardly surprising because fascism almost by necessity was anti-intellectual. Asking for a fascist ideology was asking the fascists to be other than who they want to be. Any definition of fascism is therefore based on imagining an ideal type and describing it, and because reality is messy, no ideal type could ever satisfy all people concerned. Furthermore, unlike Marxism, which proudly claimed to be internationalist, the fascists passionately objected to internationalism and mythologized the national community, the uniqueness of the nation-state. It is therefore not surprising that the European states that we consider fascist greatly differed from each other, and consequently generalizations on the basis of individual examples are hazardous. Indeed, it is very much open to question whether it is proper to describe, for example, the authoritarian Spanish state under Francisco Franco or Romania under Ion Antonescu as “fascist.” As a result, historians have come up with a variety of definitions of fascism.
Capturing Computational Appearance: More than meets the eye

Surface reflectance and texture provides a unique signature for applications such as recognition and rendering. Intuition tells us that a camera captures appearance. However, a traditional camera captures intensity dependent on the environment lighting, camera position, and the surface geometry. Imaging for computational appearance recovers reflectance that is intrinsic to an object or scene and useful for recognition and other applications. Reflectance can be captured in a lab-based setting with a gonioreflectometer or domes of lights and cameras. Recent methods in computational imaging provide appearance-capture that is comprehensive, efficient, compact, or optimal depending on the task at hand. In this article, we review methods for capturing and modeling computational appearance. The impact of these appearance representations is significant with applications areas such as e-commerce, digital architecture, humancomputer interaction, intelligent vehicles, robotics, and inspection.
Autopsy, Dissection, and Anatomical Exploration: The Postmortem Fate of the Underclass and Institutionalized in Old Milwaukee

This chapter examines the evidence of the postmortem use of the indigent dead of turn of the century Milwaukee, WI. In use from 1878 to 1925, the Milwaukee County Institutional Grounds cemetery received the poor, the infirm, and the institutionalized residents of Milwaukee County. The cemetery was partially excavated in 1991–1992, and 1649 burials were uncovered. Of these, 985 adult and 363 nonadults were examined for evidence of postmortem alterations. One hundred and sixty-five individuals were found to have some manner of postmortem alteration. As late nineteenth-century Wisconsin law allowed the use of the unclaimed dead for educational purposes, it is likely that several individuals in the cemetery sample were selected for dissection. However, the high frequency of solitary craniotomies suggests that while a system was in place that utilized the underclass for medical study, the common autopsy was a greater motivation for the cases of postmortem alteration viewed among the institutional cemetery.
Fibromyalgia: Shining a light on fibromyalgia treatment

Revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia have been published by a multinational EULAR working group. Applying these guidelines to clinical practice will require good clinical judgement and flexibility.
Fabrication of Cladding Billet in Diameter of 160mm/148mm by Direct Chill Casting Process

The AA4045/AA3003 cladding billet, which has a low clad ratio of 7.5% in size of φ160mm/φ148mm, was prepared successfully by the modified direct chill casting process. Microstructures, elements distribution and mechanical properties of the bonding interface were examined. The results show that metallurgical bonding interface can be obtained with the optimal parameters. The metallurgical bonding interface is free of any discontinuities due to the elements diffusion across the interface. The hardness of the interfacial region is higher than that of the AA3003 but lower than that of AA4045, suggesting that the interface bonding strength is higher than the strength of AA3003. The shearing strength is 82.3 MPa, indicating excellent metallurgical bonding.