cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Premenstrual syndrome as a Western culture-specific disorder

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a phenomenology resembling many culture-bound (culture-specific) syndromes described in the anthropological literature. Viewed as a culture-specific syndrome, PMS is an appropriate symbolic representation of conflicting societal expectations that women be both productive and reproductive. By simultaneously denying either alternative, PMS translates role conflict into a standardized cultural idiom. Thus, despite obvious biopsychological determinants, PMS is best understood as a sociocultural phenomenon illustrating both the special status of women in Western culture and the ethnocentrism of Western anthropology which heretofore has only recently begun to identify culture-specific syndromes in its own back yard.
Thermodynamics of quarks and gluons in a slab

Abstract The stress-energy tensor and entropy are calculated for non-interacting quarks and gluons confined to a slab of thickness L at finite temperature T . Slab propagators for quarks and gluons are constructed. For T = 200 MeV corrections to the Stefan-Boltzmann results are less than 10% if L ⩾ 1.5 fm. If L is less than this, corrections become substantial, for example, pressures exhibit marked directional asymmetries. Implications for the calculation of the evolution of quark-gluon plasmas expected in heavy-ion collisions are discussed.
Comprehensive coronary risk determination in primary prevention: An imaging and clinical based definition combining computed tomographic coronary artery calcium score and national cholesterol education program risk score

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and a major cause of morbidity. Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for nearly half of all CVD deaths. Currently estimation of risk in primary prevention is based on the Framingham risk equations, which inputs traditional risk factors and is helpful in predicting the development of CHD in asymptomatic individuals. However many individuals suffer events in the absence of established risk factors for atherosclerosis and broad based population risk estimations may have little precision when applied to a given individual. To meet the challenge of CHD risk assessment, several tools have been developed to identify atherosclerotic disease in its preclinical stages. This paper aims to incorporate information from coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring from a computed tomographic "heartscan" (using Electron Beam Tomography (EBT) as the validated prototype) along with current Framingham risk profiling in order to refine risk on an absolute scale by combining imaging and clinical data to affect a more comprehensive calculation of absolute risk in a given individual. For CAC scores above the 75th percentile but or =55 years, women> or =65 years) a CAC = 0 will result in an age point score corresponding to the age-group whose median CAC score is zero i.e., 40-44 years for men and 55-59 years for women. The utilization of CAC scores allows the inclusion of sub-clinical disease definition into the context of modifiable risk factors as well as identifies high-risk individuals requiring aggressive treatment.
Microinjection of synthetic Xhox-1A homeobox mRNA disrupts somite formation in developing Xenopus embryos

The structural similarity between Drosophila and vertebrate homeobox genes begs the question of whether the vertebrate gene products affect cell fate and pattern formation. To study the function of the Xenopus homeobox protein, Xhox-1A, we microinjected fertilized Xenopus eggs with an excess of synthetic Xhox-RNA and assayed for effects on development. The predominant phenotype is a disturbance in somite formation. When embryos are injected with Xhox-1A mRNA, but not with control mRNAs, morphogenesis of somites occurs chaotically and individual segments are lost. Histological staining, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry indicate that the disorganized somitic tissue has differentiated into muscle cells. Overall, these results suggest that correct regulation of the Xhox-1A gene may be important for the normal development of the segmented somite pattern in early embryos. Moreover, the inferred role of Xhox-1A in somite formation indicates that there may be molecular parallels between mechanisms of segmentation in flies and vertebrates.
Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes: an Update of a Rapidly Evolving Field

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Up to 30 % of CRCs have evidence of a familial component, and about 5 % are thought to be due to well-characterized inherited mutations. This review will focus on recent developments in the understanding of the individual hereditary CRC syndromes, including Lynch syndrome, familial CRC type X, familial adenomatous polyposis, MutYH-associated polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, PTEN hamartomatous syndrome, and serrated polyposis syndrome. Advances within the area of hereditary colon cancer syndromes paint a picture of a rapidly moving, rapidly maturing, and increasingly collaborative field with many opportunities for ongoing research and development.
Identification, model switching detection and prediction of complex systems using realization theory

In this paper we describe techniques relating to intelligent data processing, on line identification and neural networks predictors for complex nonlinear systems with multiple switching models the initial model identification is provided based on the realization theory non-iterative algorithm.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intermittent Cancer Pain: Clinical Importance and an Updated Cancer Pain Classification:

Aim: We report the characteristics of intermittent cancer pain. In addition, we propose a new clinically based classification. Methods: Consecutive patients with cancer referred to our palliative medicine service were consented and underwent a comprehensive pain evaluation including available laboratory and radiological studies, at the time of initial contact. Results and discussion: In total, 100 consecutive patients reported 158 different pain sites. Pain temporal pattern observed was 60% of patients had continuous (CP) plus intermittent pain (IP); 29% IP alone; and 11% CP alone. The etiology of IP was somatic (58%), visceral (24%), neuropathic (7%), and mixed (11%). Median duration of IP was 4 months with a median daily frequency of 4 episodes. Consequently, we propose that IP be classified into IP alone or nonbreakthrough pain (NBP; because there is no underlying CP or around-the-clock [ATC] opioids used) and breakthrough pain (BP; because there is underlying CP or/and ATC opioids used). We propose th...
Brief report: incidence of selected opportunistic infections among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Objective To compare incidence rates of selected opportunistic infections among children with and children without juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods Using US national Medicaid administrative claims data from 2000 through 2005, we identified a cohort of children with JIA based on physician diagnosis codes and dispensed medications. We also identified a non-JIA comparator cohort of children diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We defined 15 types of opportunistic infection using physician diagnosis or hospital discharge codes; criteria for 7 of these types also included evidence of treatment with specific antimicrobial agents. We calculated infection incidence rates. The rates in the ADHD comparator cohort were standardized to the age, sex, and race distribution of the JIA cohort. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to compare infection rates. Results The JIA cohort included 8,503 children with 13,990 person-years of followup. The ADHD comparator cohort included 360,362 children with 477,050 person-years of followup. When all opportunistic infections were considered together as a single outcome, there were 42 infections in the JIA cohort (incidence rate 300 per 100,000 person-years; IRR 2.4 [95% CI 1.7–3.3] versus ADHD). The most common opportunistic infections among children with JIA were 3 cases of Coccidioides (incidence rate 21 per 100,000 person-years; IRR 101 [95% CI 8.1–5,319] versus ADHD), 5 cases of Salmonella (incidence rate 35 per 100,000 person-years; IRR 3.8 [95% CI 1.2–9.5]), and 32 cases of herpes zoster (incidence rate 225 per 100,000 person-years; IRR 2.1 [95% CI 1.4–3.0]). Conclusion Opportunistic infections are rare among children with JIA. Nevertheless, children with JIA had a higher rate of opportunistic infections, including an increased rate of Coccidioides, Salmonella, and herpes zoster compared to children with ADHD.
Methodologic principles of cost analyses in the nursing, medical, and health services literature, 1990-1996.

BACKGROUND Cost analyses are needed to inform resource decisions. Oftentimes, however cost-benefit analysis (CBA), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost-minimization analysis (CMA), and cost-utility analysis (CUA) are performed using untested techniques and adhering to a variety of questionable principles. OBJECTIVES To analyze, compare, and present a set of useful principles for the main types and methods of cost analyses through a synthesis of current information in the published literature. METHODS The area of interest included all reports of cost research published as full articles in professional journals from January 1990 to August 1996 in the nursing, medical, and health services fields. In all, 88 sampled articles met the criteria for inclusion. A four-page data collection guide with 28 items grouped as demographics, cost-analysis types, methods, and principles was designed for the review. Incremental testing for interrater reliability using the kappa statistic for two raters was performed. Sampling, process-oriented, construct, and correlational validity were assessed. RESULTS The 88 articles included 4 from nursing, 59 from medical, and 25 from health services journals. Of these articles, 45 (51%) reported CBA, 36 (41%) CEA, 2 CMA, 4 CUA, and 1 both CBA and CEA. Three nursing studies were authored only by nurses. Three fourths of the medical and four fifths of the health services publications had interdisciplinary authorship. Existing databases were the primary source of data in 61 (69%) publications. Adherence to six main methodologic principles was apparent in 19 (22%) articles. None of the nursing studies adhered to all six principles, whereas 16% of the health services and 25% of the medical studies did. CONCLUSIONS Funded cost analyses of nursing interventions that adhere to the six known methodologic principles are needed to inform policy-level health care decisions. Because of the complexity of cost analysis methodology, including sensitivity analysis, future interdisciplinary efforts using existing databases may prove most effective. The six methodologic principles presented in this article can be useful for future nursing education and cost-analysis research designed to control cost and increase the quality of health care.
Polyamines in gastrointestinal cancer.

Polyamines have important roles in determining the structure, function, and proliferative capacity of both normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal tissues. The numerous potential clinical uses of polyamines, their biosynthetic enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, as tumor markers and antitumor agents have been demonstrated in experimental and clinical settings. Gastrointestinal cancers account for a large percentage of cancer deaths in the United States. Colorectal cancer alone is the second most common cause of cancer death in the United States (85). With few exceptions, the studies summarized in this review are reports of observations. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms causing these phenomena is fragmentary. The gastrointestinal system has unusual abilities to regenerate and an unusually high metabolic rate. The normal process of regeneration and adaptation may provide an excellent foundation upon which to build our understanding of malignant neoplastic processes in these tissues. Further investigation into the nature of the relationship between polyamines and gastrointestinal and hepatocellular neoplasia may provide tools that are useful in combating these diseases.
A Study of Arrival of Excitation at Selected Ventricular Sites during Human Bundle Branch Block Using Close Bipolar Catheter Electrodes

One mm apart bipolar catheter electrodes were used to study the arrival of excitation at the right ventricular apex (RVA), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and posterosuperior wall of the left ventricle (PSLV) during high right atrial, as well as during ventricular, pacing. In absence of bundle branch block the RVA appeared to have been activated by the impulse descending through the right branch (V-RVA intervals ranging between 15 and 30 msec). The short interval elapsing between inscription of RVA and RVOT electrograms (range 10 to 20 msec) suggested that propagation from apex to outflow tract did not occur in a linear fashion, as when these sites were stimulated directly (60 to 80 msec). Arrival of excitation at the explored right ventricular endocardial sites was delayed when “complete” right bundle branch block was present (V-RVA intervals between 50 and 60 msec). The corresponding endocardial electrograms were inscribed significantly before depolarization of the free right ventricular wall was completed. During “complete” left bundle branch block activation of the posterosuperior wall of the left ventricle was significantly prolonged (120 to 130 msec as compared with the normal range of 50 to 60 msec). The delay in activation of the blocked ventricle (50 to 70 msec) after homolateral “complete” bundle branch block was twice as long as in canine hearts.
Acoustic cavity method for sonic speed measurements in liquids and stock tank oils

Abstract A miniature automated spherical acoustic resonator (50 mm dia) assembly has been developed to measure sonic speeds in liquids and stock tank oils (petroleum). The resonator is being used to determine sonic speeds and equilibrium phase boundaries. Comparison of experimental sonic speeds in liquid n-heptane with earlier measurements by different methods (J.W. Boelhower (1967) and M.J.P. Muringer, et al., (1985)) show good agreement. Results on the sonic speed and the location of wax drop out in two stock tank oils (filtered and unfiltered) are also presented.
Improvement in the Reproducibility and Accuracy of DNA Microarray Quantification by Optimizing Hybridization Conditions

DNA microarrays, which have been increasingly used to monitor mRNA transcripts at a global level, can provide detailed insight into cellular processes involved in response to drugs and toxins. This is leading to new understandings of signaling networks that operate in the cell, and the molecular basis of diseases. Custom printed oligonucleotide arrays have proven to be an effective way to facilitate the applications of DNA microarray technology. A successful microarray experiment, however, involves many steps: well-designed oligonucleotide probes, printing, RNA extraction and labeling, hybridization, and imaging. Optimization is essential to generate reliable microarray data. Hybridization and washing steps are crucial for a successful microarray experiment. By following the hybridization and washing conditions recommended by an oligonucleotide provider, it was found that the expression ratios were compressed greater than expected and data analysis revealed a high degree of non-specific binding. A series of experiments was conducted using rat mixed tissue RNA reference material (MTRRM) and other RNA samples to optimize the hybridization and washing conditions. The optimized hybridization and washing conditions greatly reduced the non-specific binding and improved the accuracy of spot intensity measurements. The results from the optimized hybridization and washing conditions greatly improved the reproducibility and accuracy of expression ratios. These experiments also suggested the importance of probe designs using better bioinformatics approaches and the need for common reference RNA samples for platform performance evaluation in order to fulfill the potential of DNA microarray technology.
Russia, Culture, and Leadership: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Managerial Values and Practices

Data from the GLOBE survey of middle managers in sixty-one countries offer insight into several dimensions of Russia's distinctive organizational culture.
Theoretical predictions of electronic materials and their properties

Abstract In this article, I first define the basic structure of modern ‘first-principles theory of real materials' (including old references), and then I review recent applications to electronic materials. I argue that electronic structure theory of real materials has advanced to the point where bold predictions of yet unmade materials and of unsuspected physical properties are being made, fostering a new type of interaction with experimentalists. I review the basic characteristics of this new style of theory, illustrating a few recent applications, and express opinions as to future challenges.
A CRITIQUE OF DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONAL STATE BY SCHACHTER AND SINGER (1962)

The paper by Schachter and Singer (1962) on “determinants of emotional state” is criticized on the grounds that (a) levels of arousal were not the same for the different conditions compared; (b) the placebo groups were consistently not significantly different from the control groups on the various measures of emotional states; (c) the self-report indices were inadequate as measuring instruments; (d) a double-blind procedure was not used; and (e) there is a marked overgeneralization on the basis of very limited samplings of conditions, emotions, arousal states and types of subjects.
Strategic management simulations is a novel way to measure resident competencies

Abstract Background: The Strategic Management Simulation (SMS) has been used extensively to test and train higher cognitive functions in persons who occupy professional and leadership positions (ie, skills like those needed by a surgeon). Methods: The SMS was used to predict surgical residents’ competency in decision making. Skills required for integrative surgical decision making including critical thinking, crisis management, flexibility, factual knowledge, and team building were assessed. Surgical residents with at least 2 years of experience participated. In additional, attending faculty familiar with the residents’ work evaluated each resident with a standard comprehensive rating scale. Simulation performance on multiple measures was compared with faculty ratings. Results: A number of measures obtained on simulation performance (eg, activity level, response speed, initiative, adequate usage of and appropriate search for relevant information) generated high correlations with comprehensive faculty assessment (eg, measures of crisis management, team interactions, flexibility of approach). Conclusion: The simulation technique is able to accurately assess performance of surgical residents (on a number of parameters) in a relatively brief time period. Simulation data were highly similar to faculty ratings that were based on at least 2 years of experience with the resident.
Initial results from the MAVEN mission to Mars

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mars orbiter has been gathering information on the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and solar and solar wind interactions since its orbit insertion in September 2014. MAVEN's science goals are to understand processes driving the escape of atmospheric gases to space at the present epoch, and their variations with solar and local heliospheric conditions together with geographical and seasonal influences. This introduction and the accompanying articles provide a selection of key results obtained up to the time of writing, including measurements of the overall geometry and variability of the Martian magnetosphere, upper atmosphere, and ionosphere and their responses to interplanetary coronal mass ejections and solar energetic particle influxes. The ultimate goal is to use these results to determine the integrated loss to space through time and its role in overall Mars atmosphere evolution.
Piezoelectric strain sensor/actuator rosettes

In-plane anisotropy in the linear piezoelectric constitutive law for [011]c cut and poled PMN‐0.29PT is demonstrated to enable its use as a sensor/actuator rosette. The equations for a 0 ◦ /45 ◦ /90 ◦ rosette are developed using the conditions of coupling between the in-plane strain of the crystal and a substrate, and zero out-of-plane stress on the crystal (plane stress conditions in the crystals). The crystals are bonded to a substrate aluminum plate that is instrumented with strain gages next to the crystals. The plate is subjected to bending about different axes and the resulting electric displacement change of the crystals is monitored. The strain components calculated using the change of electric displacement are compared with the strain components measured using strain gages. This sensor/actuator rosette approach is demonstrated to enable both sensing principal strain components and actuating principal strains in an electronically controllable direction. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Metastable Pluripotent States in NOD-Mouse-Derived ESCs

Summary Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts, whereas epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are derived from the postimplantation epiblast and display a restricted developmental potential. Here we characterize pluripotent states in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain, which prior to this study was considered "nonpermissive" for ESC derivation. We find that NOD stem cells can be stabilized by providing constitutive expression of Klf4 or c-Myc or small molecules that can replace these factors during in vitro reprogramming. The NOD ESCs and iPSCs appear to be "metastable," as they acquire an alternative EpiSC-like identity after removal of the exogenous factors, while their reintroduction converts the cells back to ICM-like pluripotency. Our findings suggest that stem cells from different genetic backgrounds can assume distinct states of pluripotency in vitro, the stability of which is regulated by endogenous genetic determinants and can be modified by exogenous factors.
Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia June 2013

excellent collection of articles covering all the key aspects of patients with hypoplastic left ventricle. This series is a great representation of how we plan to cover these challenging topics in the Congenital Cardiac Forum in the future, and Mark has introduced these articles in his accompanying editorial. From the general review series, we have a well-written article on the use of regional anesthesia in vascular surgery. Dr Stoneham and colleagues provide a framework for the key vascular operations that can benefit from regional adjunctive anesthesia, as well as outlining a number of controversies. Vascular surgery has long provided a challenge to surgeons and anesthesiologists. With the advent of the hybrid operating room and accompanying interventional approaches, many additional types of vascular surgeries may be manageable using regional techniques, so it is critical that we identify the key risk factors to focus on in this relatively sick patient population. The topic of regional anesthesia will be covered in stages throughout the upcoming year, with future articles going into more detail on procedural specifics and also placement considerations. In the Educational Forum there are 2 clinical challenges articles. The first is a case-based mini-review of the use of double lumen endotracheal tubes in the setting of thoracic aneurysm repair prepared by Dr Silvay and colleagues. The second article is a nice case detailing a rare syndrome of acute silicoproteinosis and the considerations for completing whole lung lavage by Dr Puskas and colleagues. Each of these articles details useful clinical pearls in two very challenging scenarios and provide an interesting read. From an administrative front, I would like to welcome our newest Editorial Board member, Dr Marc Stone from Mount Sinai in New York. Dr Stone is the cardiothoracic fellowship director at Sinai and has been involved with the SCVA at various levels over the years. I look forward to his contributions in upcoming issues. I hope you enjoy this issue.
Impact of an incomplete solute mixing model on sensor network design

Incomplete mixing models have recently been shown to better represent solute transport at junctions of pressurized water systems, compared to a complete mixing assumption. The present work incorporated an incomplete solute mixing model into a methodology for sensor network design. Water quality simulations conducted using both mixing models were carried out to generate pollution matrices that provided the input data for the set covering optimization formulation. Multiple contamination and detection scenarios were simulated by considering both a minimum hazard level of the contaminant and a maximum volume of contaminated water consumed. Examination and comparison of outcomes demonstrated that the water quality solver used may impact sensor network designs in three ways by altering: (i) the minimum number of monitoring stations required for full detection coverage, (ii) the optimal layout of stations over the water network and (iii) the detection domain of some stations.
Effects of Fatty Acid Supplements on Ruminal and Total Tract Nutrient Digestion in Lactating Dairy Cows

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid supplements (FS) were evaluated for effects on ruminal digestion kinetics, and ruminal and postruminal nutrient digestion. Eight early lactation ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows (77 ± 12 days in milk, mean ± SD) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 21-d periods. Treatments were control and a linear substitution of 2.5% fatty acids from supplemented saturated FS (SAT; prilled, hydrogenated free fatty acids) for partially unsaturated FS (UNS; calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids). All rations contained identical forage and concentrate components including 37.2% forage and 13.5% cottonseed. Saturated FS linearly decreased ruminal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter and linearly decreased ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. The reduction in ruminal NDF digestibility was because of a linear decrease in digestion rate and a linear increase in passage rate of potentially digestible NDF with increasing saturated FS. Total tract digestibility of NDF was not different between treatments because of compensatory postruminal digestion. Ruminal fatty acid and C18 fatty acid digestibility tended to increase linearly with increasing unsaturated FS, and postruminal C18 fatty acid digestibility decreased with increasing saturated FS. Saturated FS linearly decreased ruminal organic matter digestibility and decreased intestinal long-chain fatty acid digestibility, although differences in fatty acid digestibility may be partially explained by fatty acid intake.
Adolescents’ Sexual Initiation: The Interaction of Race/Ethnicity and Immigrant Status

This paper provides an in-depth examination of the joint effects of race/ ethnicity and immigrant status on adolescents' intercourse risk. We employ a sample of 4,535 females and 3,759 males from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS 88/94) who were followed for 6 years beginning in the eighth grade. We use discrete-time logistic regression models to estimate the associations of race/ethnicity and immigrant generational status with first intercourse hazard, and to evaluate the statistical interactions between race/ethnicity and immigrant status. Overall, Asian and Hispanic girls had lower and non-Hispanic Black girls had higher estimated risks relative to non-Hispanic White girls. Hispanic boys and White non-Hispanic boys had similar intercourse risks, but Black boys had higher and Asian boys lower relative risks. However, these patterns are contingent on immigrant status. Among girls, the protective effects of Asian or Hispanic identity are found only among second generation youth. Risk profiles for boys are more complex: being a third-plus generation Hispanic is associated with a higher risk while an Asian identity is associated with a lower risk only among first- and second-generation youth. These findings confirm the importance of accounting for the overlap between race/ethnicity and immigrant status in models of adolescent behavior. As the demographic diversity of the US population grows, researchers must include both race/ethnicity and immigrant status in their models of adolescent behavior.
Electrostatically actuated dip pen nanolithography probe arrays

Abstract Dip pen nanolithography (DPN) is a method of creating nanoscale chemical patterns on surfaces using an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe. Until now, efforts to increase the process throughput have focused on passive multi-probe arrays and active arrays based on thermal bimetallic actuation. This paper describes the first use of electrostatic actuation to create an active DPN probe array. Electrostatic actuation offers the benefit of actuation without the probe heating required for thermal bimetallic actuation. Actuator cross talk between neighboring probes is also reduced, permitting more densely spaced probe arrays. The array presented here consists of 10 cantilever probes, where each is 120 μm long and 20 μm wide. Each cantilever probe is actuated by the electrostatic force between the probe and a built-in counter electrode with a 20–25 μm gap. The tip-to-tip probe spacing, also called the array pitch, is 30 μm. Patterns of 1-octadecanethiol were created on gold surfaces to demonstrate single-probe actuation, simultaneous multi-probe actuation, and overlap of patterns from adjacent probes. The minimum line width was 25 nm with an average line width of 30–40 nm.
Patellar Instability Factors in Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstructions—What Does the Literature Tell Us?: A Systematic Review

Background:Many studies have demonstrated good results after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction for patients with patellar instability. The applicability of published studies to the clinical decision-making process for the individual patient with patellar instability, however, is not well elucidated.Hypothesis:There is inconsistency in the reporting of preoperative and postoperative variables, which limits the applicability of current studies to patients with patellar instability.Study Design:Systematic review.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the search term medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction to identify studies with cohorts of patients with isolated MPFL reconstruction. A combination of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 24 studies being reviewed for a variety of preoperative demographics, physical examination findings, and imaging findings, as well as postoperative outcomes, including redislocation and responses to subjective questi...
Paradigm revisited: the documentation odyssey of Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel's experience with the design of a new alphabetic reference is described. It was found that superimposing a carefully thought-out hierarchy on the top-level topics allows for better, more flexible ways of presenting information sequentially. A few key devices that contribute to the effectiveness of the alphabetical/hierarchical organization of the Microsoft Excel Reference are highlighted. These are the visual cross-reference device, the minimalist procedure, and the smart cross-referencing system. >
Effect of Geriatric Clinical Rotations on Health Professions Trainees' Attitudes About Older Adults

Abstract A study of health professional trainees from several disciplines examined trainees' knowledge and attitudes toward older adults before and after clinical rotations in geriatrics at three VA Medical Centers with Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECCs). The clinical training experience improved participants' interests in geriatrics, particularly among those who rated their level of geriatric interest as low prior to the clinical experience. Knowledge remained relatively low. Attitudes toward older adults began moderately positive and improved significantly in relation to older adults' instrumentality and integrity. Targeting geriatric training to a broader audience than those who have already elected that field of practice is recommended.
Er-Doping of GaN and Related Alloys

Er incorporation into GaN, AIN, MAIN and InGaN can be achieved using either direct ion implantation or by doping during Metal Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy using metalorganic or elemental sources. When co-implanted with 0 and annealed between 600–800°C, strong luminescence at 1.54pm from optically excited Er 3+ is detected in both binary nitrides and there was no measurable diffusion of Er in any of the materials. The low vapor pressures of the gaseous source compounds (erbium 2, 2, 2, 6-tetramethyl-3, 5-heptanedionate for Er + O; erbium bistrimethylsilylamide for Er) makes transport difficult unless high bubbler temperatures are used. Er concentrations up to ∼3×10 21 cm −3 in AIN have been obtained using a solid Er source. Microdisk laser structures with Er-doped active layers have been fabricated using a novel KOH selective wet etch and Cl 2 /CH 4 /H 2 /Ar dry etching.
Role of COUP-TFI during Retinoic Acid-Induced Differentiation of P19 Cells to Endodermal Cells

Retinoic acid (RA) is a positive regulator of P19 cell differentiation. Silencing of pre-B cell leukemia transcription factors (PBXs) expression in P19 cells (AS cells) results in a failure of these cells to differentiate to endodermal cells upon RA treatment. Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor I (COUP-TFI) is an orphan member of the steroid-thyroid hormone superfamily. RA treatment of wild type P19 cells results in a dramatic increase in the expression of COUP-TFI however COUP-TFI mRNA levels fail to be elevated upon RA treatment of AS cells indicating that PBX expression is required for elevation in COUP-TFI expression. To study the role of COUP-TFI during RA-dependent differentiation of P19 cells, AS cells that inducibly express various levels of COUP-TFI were prepared. Exogenous expression of COUP-TFI in AS cells, in a dose-dependent fashion, leads to growth inhibition, modest cell cycle disruption and early apoptosis. Furthermore, AS cells can overcome the blockage in RA-dependent differentiation to endodermal cells when either pharmacological levels of COUP-TFI are expressed or a combination of both the expression of physiological levels of COUP-TFI and RA treatment. Additionally, the mRNA level of several pluripotency associated genes including OCT-4, DAX-1 and SF-1 in the COUP-TFI expressing AS cells are reduced. Moreover, analysis of the expression of primary RA response genes indicates that COUP-TFI is involved in the regulatory modulation of the expression of at least two genes, CYP26A1 and HoxA1. These studies demonstrate that COUP-TFI functions as a physiologically relevant regulator during RA-mediated endodermal differentiation of P19 cells.
Vulvar atypical granular cell tumor in a preadolescent patient.

Abstract Background Granular cell tumor is an uncommon benign neoplasm with a predisposition for upper aerodigestive tract, skin and soft tissue involvement. Malignant and atypical granular cell tumors account for less than 2% of the lesions and in the pediatric population they are extremely rare and atypia has not been previously reported. Case We present a case of a rapidly growing granular cell tumor of the vulva of a 12-year-old girl exhibiting atypical histology. The lesion demonstrated prominent Ki-67 proliferation index (up to 20%), localized areas of spindling of tumor cells, scattered apoptotic bodies and p53 overexpression. Conclusion The current histologic diagnostic criteria of atypical granular cell tumors are evaluated while physician awareness and the need for follow-up of patients for potential recurrences of this rare entity are emphasized.
Attenuation of loop-receptor interactions with pseudoknot formation

RNA tetraloops can recognize receptors to mediate long-range interactions in stable natural RNAs. In vitro selected GNRA tetraloop/receptor interactions are usually more ‘G/C-rich’ than their ‘A/U-rich’ natural counterparts. They are not as widespread in nature despite comparable biophysical and chemical properties. Moreover, while AA, AC and GU dinucleotide platforms occur in natural GAAA/11nt receptors, the AA platform is somewhat preferred to the others. The apparent preference for ‘A/U-rich’ GNRA/receptor interactions in nature might stem from an evolutionary adaptation to avoid folding traps at the level of the larger molecular context. To provide evidences in favor of this hypothesis, several riboswitches based on natural and artificial GNRA receptors were investigated in vitro for their ability to prevent inter-molecular GNRA/receptor interactions by trapping the receptor sequence into an alternative intramolecular pseudoknot. Extent of attenuation determined by native gel-shift assays and co-transcriptional assembly is correlated to the G/C content of the GNRA receptor. Our results shed light on the structural evolution of natural long-range interactions and provide design principles for RNA-based attenuator devices to be used in synthetic biology and RNA nanobiotechnology.
Chemiluminescence assay improves specificity of hepatitis C antibody detection

Background: Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) have typically been detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A chemiluminescence assay (CA) for anti-HCV is now commercially available. Methods: We compared the positive rate for a CA in a HCV screening program for veterans with historical rates obtained with EIA. We also compared results in 2824 samples tested by both methods and assessed the significance of low signal-to-cutoff (S/C) ratios. Results: The frequency of CA-positive results was significantly lower than with EIA (12.6% vs 16.0%; P Conclusions: CA produces fewer false-positive and fewer low-positive results that require confirmatory RIBA testing. The S/C ratio remains useful for characterizing positive results.
A multi-objective GA-simplex hybrid approach for gene regulatory network models

Genetic algorithms are exploratory search techniques that rely on a large population of individuals. In order to improve the search process, several hybrid approaches have been proposed that make use of a local exploitative search technique, such as the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. The simplex algorithm has been modified for multi-objective optimization, by introducing the concept of fuzzy dominance. A hybrid algorithm, the fuzzy dominance based simplex - genetic algorithm (FSGA) has been proposed. This algorithm was shown to be a very effective search strategy when applied to a multi-objective problem in modelling the gene regulatory network of flowering time control of Oryza sativa.
Epinephrine Dosage Effects on Cerebral and Myocardial Blood Flow in an Infant Swine Model of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Although epinephrine increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) and left ventricular blood flow (LVBF) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the effects of high dosages on LVBF and CBF and cerebral O2 uptake have not been examined during prolonged CPR. We determined whether log increment dosages of epinephrine would enhance LVBF and CBF and cerebral O2 uptake in an infant swine CPR model. We compared these responses with epinephrine to those with the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine. CPR was performed in five groups (n = 6) of pentobarbital-anesthetized piglets (3.5-5.6 kg) receiving a continuous epinephrine infusion (0, 1, 10, and 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) or phenylephrine infusion (40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1). Plasma epinephrine concentrations increased 10-100-fold in the control group during CPR and in a stepwise manner such that concentrations were increased by more than 10(4) in the 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 epinephrine group. In the control group with no epinephrine infusion, LVBF decreased to less than 10 ml.min-1.100 g-1 by 5 min of CPR. With epinephrine in dosages of 10 and 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, LVBF at 5 min was 75 +/- 19 and 44 +/- 15 ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively, which was significantly greater than values in the control group. With more prolonged CPR, LVBF remained significantly greater than that in the control group but only at 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 of epinephrine. Phenylephrine also increased LVBF for 10 min of CPR when compared with the control group. All dosages of epinephrine and phenylephrine maintained CBF close to prearrest values for 20 min of CPR. With prolonged CPR, 10 and 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 epinephrine resulted in significantly greater CBF than that in the control group. Incremental dosages of epinephrine did not statistically increase cerebral O2 uptake or lower the cerebral fractional O2 extraction when compared with the control group, despite the higher CBF that was generated. In this immature animal CPR model, 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 epinephrine is an optimal dosage for maximizing both CBF and LVBF, a dosage that substantially exceeds the current recommended epinephrine dosage for human infant CPR. In addition, for short periods of CPR, 40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 phenylephrine increases CBF and LVBF to levels similar to those generated by high dosages of epinephrine.
Spin‐independent three‐body effective valence‐shell operators: Application to molecular oxygen

A mathematical construction is presented that uniquely defines a set of spin-independent effective valence-shell Hamiltonian (Hv) three-body matrix elements. These spin-independent Hv matrix elements separate direct and exchange portions of the three-body Hv matrix elements and therefore provide the most natural form for comparisons with parameterization schemes of semiempirical electronic structure methods in which the three-body matrix elements are incorporated into semiempirical one- and two-body Hamiltonian matrix elements in an averaged manner. Ab initio Hv three-body matrix elements of O2 are computed through third order of quasidegenerate perturbation theory and are analyzed as a function of internuclear distance and atomic orbital overlap to aid in understanding how these three-body matrix elements may be averaged into semiempirical one- and two-body matrix elements. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reflection on a Mass Shooting

The call comes in: Mass shooting in Oak Creek. Not sure about the number of victims, maybe 10-12. Trauma alert: first victim, multiple gunshot wounds; neck, back, arms. Quick assessment of the ABCs; The team intubates, resuscitates, transfer to the ICU. We are ready for the next victim. Next, we find out: - four dead at the scene; not sure if shooter is dead. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
Riemann Surfaces of Carbon as Graphene Nanosolenoids.

Traditional inductors in modern electronics consume excessive areas in the integrated circuits. Carbon nanostructures can offer efficient alternatives if the recognized high electrical conductivity of graphene can be properly organized in space to yield a current-generated magnetic field that is both strong and confined. Here we report on an extraordinary inductor nanostructure naturally occurring as a screw dislocation in graphitic carbons. Its elegant helicoid topology, resembling a Riemann surface, ensures full covalent connectivity of all graphene layers, joined in a single layer wound around the dislocation line. If voltage is applied, electrical currents flow helically and thus give rise to a very large (∼1 T at normal operational voltage) magnetic field and bring about superior (per mass or volume) inductance, both owing to unique winding density. Such a solenoid of small diameter behaves as a quantum conductor whose current distribution between the core and exterior varies with applied voltage, re...
Geophysical Techniques for Archaeology

The objective of this chapter is not to make the reader adept in the theory and application of geophysical techniques used in archaeology today. The goal is to present a relatively comprehensive survey of “shallow” geophysics, ranging from electrical — resistivity and conductivity — to magnetic and radar methods. The methods to be discussed are the ones most commonly used in archaeological geophysics. Less frequently used methods — seismic, gravity, thermographic, induced polarization, self-potential — to name some of the other methods used in shallow geophysics, will not be examined in any detail. Many of these other methods have achieved interesting results, in regard to archaeological prospection, but for a variety of reasons they remain of marginal interest to archaeology today. As with all the geophysical methods utilized by archaeology, none were developed with archaeological prospection in mind. As is true with most, if not all, of the various methods used by archaeology, these methods have been borrowed and adapted to fit archaeological goals.
Progress Report on the APTU Upgrade Activities

Hypersonic air-breathing propulsion system research and development is being conducted by the United States Air Force, Navy, Army, and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Other countries also are investing in research programs related to hypersonic flight. The air-breathing propulsion test requirements for these developing systems will place complex and growing demands on ground test facilities. As these developing systems mature towards becoming flight vehicles, it is especially important that ground test facilities be able to accurately simulate key flight parameters such as dynamic pressure, total enthalpy, and Mach number.1 Test durations on the order of several minutes also will be required.2 In order to support the development of hypersonic air-breathing propulsion systems for fast-reaction weapons and space access systems, the United States government has invested in a major Military Construction (MILCON) program at Arnold Engineering Development Center’s (AEDC’s) Aeropropulsion and Test Unit (APTU). The upgrade was started in FY02 and will continue through FY05. This paper presents an update on the construction activities of the MILCON program. Other planned upgrades to the APTU also are presented.
Praxis, ontology, and the pursuit of an anarcho-geography

The re-emergence of anarchism as a serious theoretical and political trajectory in geography is a trend to be celebrated. Taking the call for an anarchist geography seriously, however, raises many ...
Wind Turbine Power Quality Measurement System Based on PC Measurement Instrument

Wind turbines power quality measurement is different from traditional load power quality measurement. The effect from network impedance phase angle and annual wind speed need to be considered, therefore traditional power quality measurement instrument could not meet the requirement of wind turbine measurement. Based on high performance PC measurement instrument as hardware acquisition platform, wind turbine power quality measurement system adopts a fictitious grid to exclude the effect of power grid and loads. A corresponding digital flicker meter algorithm is proposed to calculate the flicker of wind turbine. Through actual measurement for typical wind turbine, this system could meet the requirement of international wind turbine power quality measurement standard IEC 61400-21 completely.