cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The absorption near 1400 A in the spectra of additional DA white dwarfs

Ultraviolet spectroscopic observations of five white dwarfs having published spectral types of DA made with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite are reported. The three coolest objects: GD279 (0148 + 46), W485A (1327 - 08), and G231 - 40 (2117 + 53) have easily detected absorptions near lambda 1400. Of the two remaining stars, PG0039 + 045 may not be a true DA and GD140 (1134 + 30) is apparently too hot to show any feature near lambda 1400. It is argued that the lambda 1400 feature is produced by the lambda 1420 photoionization edge of Ca II.
Heterotopic brain transplants in the study of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract A heterotopic transplant paradigm was developed for its potential usefulness in dissecting genetically determined immune and central nervous system (CNS) components in the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is a cell-mediated, organ-specific, autoimmune disease producing inflammatory demyelination in the CNS. Susceptibility to EAE is determined by multiple genes and reflects both immune competence and target tissue responses. Syngeneic fetal CNS was heterotopically transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye or beneath the capsule of the kidney of adult SJL or (SJL × BALB c )F 1 mice. Transplants usually survived better in the eye than the kidney. Six to eight weeks after transplantation, some mice were immunized for EAE. Immunized mice developed clinical and pathological signs of EAE in 12 to 15 days. The placement of CNS tissue into the eye or kidney prior to immunization did not suppress induction of EAE. Transplants in either location, in immunized mice, manifested perivascular inflammation and demyelination similar to that seen in the host CNS. However, transplants in mice not immunized for EAE, but maintained an equal time period after transplantation, did not demonstrate these features. The ability to produce the specific pathologic lesions of EAE in CNS tissue transplanted outside the CNS allows the design of studies of the tissue localization of genetic restrictions to development of EAE.
On a connection between charge conjugation, quark structure and ordered S-matrix theory

Abstract We show that the representation of particles and antiparticles by the same graphical structure but by opposite orientations yields the quark structure of mesons and baryons and justifies zero triality for all hadrons. Such an approach leads naturally to the necessity and sufficiency of three colors and justifies the exclusive use of 2- and 3-vertices in the ordered hadronic S -matrix.
Fermentation of a Mixture of Waste Milk and Colostrum for Feeding Young Calves

Milk from cows treated with antibiotics was mixed with an equal portion of colostrum and allowed to ferment; microflora, chemical composition, and feeding value for calves were compared with fermented colostrum. Twenty-two calves were allocated to each of the two groups by sex, breed, and order of birth. Milk feeding was to age 5 wk, and all calves were offered a complete feed mixture of chopped hay and concentrates ad libitum. Termination on trial was at age 8 wk. Control and experimental calves consumed similar amounts of milk solids (11.6 and 12.0 kg) and total dry matter (46.2 and 47.4 kg). Total weight gains to 8 wk averaged 19.8 kg for each group. Health problems were minimal and unrelated to diet. Chemical composition of the two fermented milks was similar, as were numbers and types of microorganisms isolated. Both milks contained comparable inhibitory antibacterial substances. Microflora from both types of fermented milks showed consistent fermentation patterns and primarily Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus faecalis organisms. A mixture of waste milk and colostrum was readily fermentable and was an adequate liquid feed for young calves.
The troubles with ‘celebrity’: community formation in senior public housing

In the study of ageing, community has increasingly become a topic of interest. Ageing studies are certainly not alone in this, for the same is widely true in the contemporary American social sciences. More and more research, often quite theoretical, suggests that we must raise the sense of community to achieve improvements in the quality of life. In gerontology, over the past decade studies of nursing homes and housing settings have burgeoned. For the most part, however, analyses have focused on the need for community through social integration, while the underlying question, of how community is formed through social interaction, has been neglected. Community, as discussed here, grows out of interaction in a local setting. The interaction is based on a shared or common knowledge of the site's occupants. In essence, community is not so much a site or location per se , but rather the activity of converting a site into a shared collectivity. In this article, the specific mechanisms through which community is formed in a senior, government-supported housing complex are documented. Using data from fieldwork in the neighbourhood, it is argued that, at this site, community is formed through talk about the neighbourhood's commonly recognised troubles. An important component of this ‘troubles talk’ is the celebrity status of two residents. Talk about them is an important component of the elaboration and elucidation of the commonalities that bind the residents together.
Solidification Dynamics of Spherical Drops in a Free Fall Environment

Comparison of experimental observations were made with numerical solutions to a model of the heat transfer and solidification kinetics associated with the cooling of a molten drop during free fall, particularly with regard to the fraction of liquid transformed. Experimentally, silver drops (99.9%, 4-9 mm diameter) were levitated, melted, and released to fall through Marshall Space Flight Center's 105m drop tube in helium - 6% hydrogen and argon atmospheres. By systematically varying the drops initial superheat the extent of solidification prior to impact ranged from complete to none during the approximately 4.6s of free fall time. Analysis reveals the relative importance of the initial parameters affecting the cooling and solidification rates within the drop. A discussion of the conditions under which the actual observations deviate from the assumptions used in the model is presented.
Learning from and Mentoring the Undocumented AB540 Student: Hearing an Unheard Voice

This essay provides a space for understanding the experiences of the undocumented college student. Following Moraga and Anzaldua's “theory of the flesh,” a student and a professor come together as allies to recognize and honor an enfleshed voice that is often unheard or ignored. In three separate parts, the writers provide a space for the readers to grow through deeply understanding the daily reality of students across the US who deal with the fears and frustrations of being undocumented and the ways that academia might exacerbate those fears and frustrations.
Biochemical Polymorphism and Systematics in the Genus Peromyscus VII. Geographic Differentiation in Members of the Truei and Maniculatus Species Groups

Allozymic variation at 22 gene loci in populations of Peromyscus truei, P. difficilis, P. melanotis , and P. maniculatus is used to examine patterns of geographic differentiation. Samples of P. maniculatus collected throughout most of its immense range, from southern Mexico to northern Canada and from the Pacific to Atlantic coasts, are very similar in genic composition. Evidence from morphology, chromosomal configurations, ecology, and patterns of reproductive isolation argue that contemporary gene flow among P. maniculatus populations is not sufficient to account for the similarity in their allelic configurations. The macrogeographic conservatism in level of genic divergence conceivably results from relatively recent separation of populations, coupled with a genetic inertia resulting from a selected cohesion of the genome. Nonetheless, significant intersample heterogeneity of allele frequencies at polymorphic loci may certainly result from stochastic effects. The relative geographic uniformity in P. maniculatus contrasts somewhat with the geographic differences observed in P. truei and in P. difficilis . Members of the truei and maniculatus species groups are added to a biochemical dendrogram, which now includes 20 named species of Peromyscus .
The role of the clinical nurse specialist in the development of a domestic violence program.

In the demanding and ever-changing world of healthcare, CNSs are constantly challenged to define their practice and contributions to the organization. This article describes the multifaceted role of the CNS in the development of an innovative hospital-wide domestic violence program. The strategic use of the CNS, primarily as an organizational consultant, illustrates how nursing practice is improved when the organization is the primary focus. Language: en
Institutional Change and the Electoral Connection in the Senate: Revisiting the Effects of Direct Election

The author argues that direct election intensified existing electoral incentives in the early-twentieth-century Senate, shifting the audience for senators' reelection efforts with measurable behavioral consequences. The author examines patterns of bill sponsorship, roll-call participation, and party voting in the decades surrounding the Seventeenth Amendment's ratification, a time when originally elected and originally selected senators served side by side. The author finds evidence of increased sponsorship and participation among originally elected senators. Comparing behavioral patterns before and after the constitutional amendment also reveals other important behavioral shifts toward a mass audience in the post-amendment period, including a tendency to increase constituency bill sponsorship immediately before reelection and a strengthening of the link between state partisanship and senators' party support voting.
The baroresponses of preterm infants during halothane anaesthesia.

Anaesthetics depress the baroresponse of adults. If the same is true of infants, they will have difficulty maintaining their cardiac output if they become hypotensive because they are primarily rate dependent for cardiac output. The opportunity to test whether anaesthetics depress the baro-response of neonates arose while anaesthetizing preterm infants for ligation of patent ductus arteriosus.
Nanostructured Nickelate Oxides as Efficient and Stable Cathode Electrocatalysts for Li–O 2 Batteries

Li–O2 (Li–air) batteries are among the most promising energy storage technologies due to their high theoretical specific capacity and energy density. Key challenges with this technology include high overpotential losses associated with catalyzing the electrochemical reactions (i.e., oxygen reduction and evolution reactions) at the cathode of the battery. In this contribution, we report through the example of La2NiO4+δ that layered nickelate oxide materials with rod-shaped nanostructure exhibit promising electrochemical performance as cathode electrocatalysts for Li–O2 batteries. We demonstrate the ability to control the nanostructure of La2NiO4+δ electrocatalyst at the nanoscale level using a reverse-microemulsion synthesis approach. We show that Li–O2 batteries with cathodes containing rod-shaped La2NiO4+δ electrocatalyst exhibit lower charging potentials and higher reversible capacities when compared to batteries with carbon-only cathodes. Our studies indicate that the enhancement in the battery performance induced by the rod-shaped La2NiO4+δ electrocatalyst can be attributed to the fact that La2NiO4+δ nanorods (i) facilitate the formation of nanosized Li2O2 particles during discharge, and (ii) promote the electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction during charging. These findings open up avenues for the utilization of (i) reverse-microemulsion method for controlling the nanostructure of layered oxide materials, and (ii) nanorod-structured nickelate oxides as efficient cathode electrocatalysts for Li–O2 batteries.
VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN THE ELDERLY

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a significant medical problem in the United States. The incidence of SCD increases with advancing age because cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in the elderly. Management of ventricular arrhythmias in the elderly patient is especially challenging because of increased risk of interventional and pharmacologic therapies, altered pharmacokinetics of drugs, and sometimes unclear long-term benefits.
Bidirectional cross-tolerance between methadone (mu)- and ethylketocyclazocine (kappa)-tolerant rats.

Abstract Our laboratory previously reported on unidirectional cross-tolerance between morphine and methadone, both mu opioid agonists, and between morphine and ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), the latter being a relatively selective kappa opioid agonist. Morphine-tolerant rats were found to be non-cross-tolerant to methadone and EKC, but methadone- and EKC-tolerant rats were cross tolerant to morphine. In the present study, we characterized the cross-tolerance between methadone and EKC. A group of female adult Sprague-Dawley rats was made tolerant to methadone by a series of automatic i.v. injections ranging from 0.25 mg/kg per 2 h on the first day to 2.0 mg/kg per 1.5 h on the ninth day. Another group of rats was similarly made tolerant to EKC with doses ranging from 0.5 mg/kg per 2 h on the first day to 4 mg/kg per h on the ninth day. Relatively similar degrees of tolerance development to the EEG and behavioral effects of methadone and EKC were reflected by decreases in durations of action and decreases in opioid-induced EEG power spectral changes. Methadone-tolerant rats were found to be cross-tolerant to the EEG and behavioral effects of EKC, and, similarly, EKC-tolerant rats were found to be crosstolerant to those of methadone. Thus, a bidirectional cross-tolerance between a mu and a kappa agonist was demonstrated. The present results together with those reported earlier indicate that cross-tolerance may not be directly related to the receptor selectivity of the opioids. It is possible that differential physicochemical properties of these opioids may play a more decisive role in the phenomenon of cross-tolerance.
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate aromatic alkylamine N-methyltransferase: an artefact of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity.

Abstract A previously reported stimulation of brain 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MeH 4 -folate) N-methyltransferase by FAD and methylcobalamin (MeB 12 is attributed to their roles as nonspecific electron acceptors. Evidence is presented that the catalyst involved is not an aromatic alkylamine methyltransferase, but the widely distributed enzyme, 5,10-methyleneH 4 -folate reductase. In the presence of an electron acceptor it catalyzes the oxidation of [5- 14 C]MeH 4 -folate to [5,10- 14 C]methyleneH 4 -folate which equilibrates to yield dimedone reactive H 14 CHO. The material being measured when incubation systems containing β-phenylethylamine or tryptamine are extracted with tolueneisoamyl alcohol is a condensation product of the H 14 CHO and the aromatic alkylamine. The aromatic alkylamine is not a co-substrate in the enzymic oxidation mechanism. It is required to react nonenzymically with reductase formed H 14 CHO and render it extractable. Our failure and that recently of others to detect significant N-methylation using [5- 14 C]MeH 4 -folate as a Me group donor make the existence of a folate-biogenic amine methyltransferase seem highly improbable.
The usability of massively multiplayer online roleplaying games: designing for new users

This study examines the usability challenges faced by new players of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), one of the fastest-growing segments of the video game industry. Played in completely online worlds, these games allow players to communicate with one another, form groups and communities, and compete in a variety of fantasy environments.Nineteen subjects participated in an exploratory usability study of four games, three MMORPGs and a similar single-player game used for comparison. Results reveal that many people not usually considered as potential players of these games may be interested in them, but a wide variety of usability issues present serious problems for players inexperienced with the genre. Based on an analysis of the usability data and player feedback, specific recommendations are made to improve the experience of these games for new players. These results further demonstrate the applicability and importance of usability testing to video games.
What Should Instructional Designers & Technologists Know About Human Performance Technology?

Human performance technology (HPT) is having a significant impact on the field of instructional design and technology (IDT), and many IDT graduate programs now offer training in HPT to their students. However, some IDT programs may be struggling with the extent to which they should incorporate the principles and techniques of HPT into their courses. To provide some determination of which specific skills and competencies in HPT graduates of IDT programs should have, an online survey was administered to 24 IDT faculty members and 45 members of local chapters of the International Society for Performance Improvement and the American Society for Training and Development. Respondents rated the importance of HPT competencies for graduates of IDT programs. Results suggest strong support for the inclusion of HPT concepts in the curricula of IDT graduate programs. Implications of these results for IDT graduate programs, as well as for distinguishing HPT as a field of specialization sepa rate from IDT, are discussed.
On the stability of fuzzy control rulebase for a nonlinear process

An input-output stability analysis is summarized for a nearly linear plant. In the stability analysis, the implicit equilibrium states are studied, instead of the zero equilibrium state of an unforced system, in the classical sense. It is assumed that the nonlinear process model is available either for analysis or for design. A nearly-linear assumption is verified for a class of physical process set-point control processes. This is essentially the method of diminishing nonlinearity. The stability requirements are verified analytically, where possible or via simulation. >
Pregnancy intention, receipt of pre-conception care, and pre-conception weight counseling reported by overweight and obese women in late pregnancy.

We surveyed overweight or obese women receiving prenatal care for a singleton pregnancy at a large academic medical center in 2010. During late pregnancy, women reported pregnancy intentionality and pre-conception weight counseling. Participants (N = 82) had a mean age of 29.7 (SD: 6.3) years, 61% were non-Hispanic white, 47% were nulliparous. Before pregnancy, 45% were overweight and 55% were obese. Forty-eight percent reported that the current pregnancy was planned. Of these women, 36% reported a pre-conception visit. Of these, 29% reported pre-conception weight counseling (5% of sample). Unrealized opportunities exist in the clinical setting for promoting weight management during the childbearing years.
Insulator materials in high power lasers for inertial fusion: Present and future

Dielectric insulator materials have played a critical role in the development of high peak power solid state lasers for use in inertial confinement fusion research: as laser gain media; as transparent substrates for lenses, mirrors, and polarizers; and as active optical materials in nonlinear harmonic generators and electro-optical devices. Materials have been developed which have exceptionally high resistance to damage in the presence of intense optical beams (> GW/cm 2 ) and which possess other properties which optimize their functions in the laser systems. Fusion lasers built to date have been designed for “single shot” operation, and the dielectric insulator materials developed for use in them have had to function under only extremely low average power loading. As we look to the future, fusion laser systems will be required to operate repetitively (few Hz) and deliver high average power output (> MW) at an efficiency greater than 10 percent. Insulator materials for use in these systems must be selected and developed on the basis of their combined mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. In this presentation, I will summarize the important characteristics of currently used insulator materials, identify figures of merit for materials needed in future systems, and outline a methodology for identifying and evaluating new materials meeting the stringent performance requirements of future fusion laser systems.
Public health program capacity for sustainability: a new framework

Public health programs can only deliver benefits if they are able to sustain activities over time. There is a broad literature on program sustainability in public health, but it is fragmented and there is a lack of consensus on core constructs. The purpose of this paper is to present a new conceptual framework for program sustainability in public health. This developmental study uses a comprehensive literature review, input from an expert panel, and the results of concept-mapping to identify the core domains of a conceptual framework for public health program capacity for sustainability. The concept-mapping process included three types of participants (scientists, funders, and practitioners) from several public health areas (e.g., tobacco control, heart disease and stroke, physical activity and nutrition, and injury prevention). The literature review identified 85 relevant studies focusing on program sustainability in public health. Most of the papers described empirical studies of prevention-oriented programs aimed at the community level. The concept-mapping process identified nine core domains that affect a program’s capacity for sustainability: Political Support, Funding Stability, Partnerships, Organizational Capacity, Program Evaluation, Program Adaptation, Communications, Public Health Impacts, and Strategic Planning. Concept-mapping participants further identified 93 items across these domains that have strong face validity—89% of the individual items composing the framework had specific support in the sustainability literature. The sustainability framework presented here suggests that a number of selected factors may be related to a program’s ability to sustain its activities and benefits over time. These factors have been discussed in the literature, but this framework synthesizes and combines the factors and suggests how they may be interrelated with one another. The framework presents domains for public health decision makers to consider when developing and implementing prevention and intervention programs. The sustainability framework will be useful for public health decision makers, program managers, program evaluators, and dissemination and implementation researchers.
Periodic Trends within a Series of Five Coordinate, Thiolate–Ligated [MII(SMe2N4(tren))]+ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) Complexes, Including a Rare Example of a Stable CuII–Thiolate

A series of five-coordinate thiolate-ligated complexes [MII(tren)N4SMe2]+ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine) are reported, and their structural, electronic, and magnetic properties are compared. Isolation of dimeric [NiII(SN4(tren)-RSdang)]2 (“dang”= dangling, uncoordinated thiolate supported by H bonds), using the less bulky [(tren)N4S]1- ligand, pointed to the need for gem-dimethyls adjacent to the sulfur to sterically prevent dimerization. All of the gem-dimethyl derivatized complexes are monomeric and, with the exception of [NiII(SMe2N4(tren)]+, are isostructural and adopt a tetragonally distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry favored by ligand constraints. The nickel complex uniquely adopts an approximately ideal square pyramidal geometry and resembles the active site of Ni-superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD). Even in coordinating solvents such as MeCN, only five-coordinate structures are observed. The MII−S thiolate bonds systematically decrease in length across the series (Mn−S ...
BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells express a truncated Smad4 protein upon PI3K and mTOR inhibition

Smad4 is a critical regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling and is defective in numerous human cancers. In total, 30% of pancreatic cancers harbor a homozy- gous deletion of Smad4. The human pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC3, has been reported to be Smad4-null due to a homo- zygous deletion and has been widely used as a Smad4-null model. The present study reports that Smad4 DNA is present in BxPC3 cells, and under conditions of suppressed mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and phosphati- dylinositol-3-kinase, a truncated Smad4 protein is expressed. While a high level of Smad4 protein can be expressed in these cells, the cells do not respond to TGF-β. The Smad4 defect in BxPC3 cells likely occurs via translocation rather than deletion as previously reported.
Radio-frequency connector and interconnect reliability in spaceborne applications

In addition to quality electronic components and subsystems, highly reliable interconnects are imperative in high-reliability applications such as spacecraft and satellites. System designers must therefore address and resolve issues related to the proper design and assembly process for connectors and interconnects for passive and active components. We have developed guidelines for the design of a space-qualifiable connector system based on our experience with defective hybrid couplers and power dividers, as well as our understanding of the material properties of the connector dielectric. We also discuss testing and the qualification of vendors of connectors and interconnects necessary to ensure high-reliability radio frequency and microwave components. >
Identification of translational displacements between N-dimensional data sets using the high-order SVD and phase correlation

This paper presents an extension of the phase correlation image alignment method to N-dimensional data sets. By the Fourier shift theorem, the motion model for translational shifts between N-dimensional images can be represented as a rank-one tensor. Through use of a high-order singular value decomposition, the phase correlation between two N-dimensional data sets can be decomposed to independently identify translational displacements along each dimension with subpixel resolution. Using three-dimensional MRI data sets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach relative to other N-dimensional image registration methods.
A Constant Light-Genetic Screen Identifies KISMET as a Regulator of Circadian Photoresponses

Circadian pacemakers are essential to synchronize animal physiology and behavior with the day∶night cycle. They are self-sustained, but the phase of their oscillations is determined by environmental cues, particularly light intensity and temperature cycles. In Drosophila, light is primarily detected by a dedicated blue-light photoreceptor: CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). Upon light activation, CRY binds to the pacemaker protein TIMELESS (TIM) and triggers its proteasomal degradation, thus resetting the circadian pacemaker. To understand further the CRY input pathway, we conducted a misexpression screen under constant light based on the observation that flies with a disruption in the CRY input pathway remain robustly rhythmic instead of becoming behaviorally arrhythmic. We report the identification of more than 20 potential regulators of CRY-dependent light responses. We demonstrate that one of them, the chromatin-remodeling enzyme KISMET (KIS), is necessary for normal circadian photoresponses, but does not affect the circadian pacemaker. KIS genetically interacts with CRY and functions in PDF-negative circadian neurons, which play an important role in circadian light responses. It also affects daily CRY-dependent TIM oscillations in a peripheral tissue: the eyes. We therefore conclude that KIS is a key transcriptional regulator of genes that function in the CRY signaling cascade, and thus it plays an important role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms with the day∶night cycle.
Hypoxia and inflammation are two sides of the same coin

Hypoxia and inflammation share an interdependent relationship (1). Many recent publications implicate hypoxia-elicited inflammation, or inflammation during hypoxic conditions in the outcomes of a wide array of human diseases (2). On the one hand, inflammatory disease states are frequently characterized by tissue hypoxia, or stabilization of hypoxia-dependent transcription factors, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) (3). For example, intestinal inflammation, such as occurs during inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by the occurrence of severe hypoxia of the mucosal surface, and concomitant stabilization of HIF (4, 5). Stabilization of HIF1A during intestinal inflammation is caused by alterations in metabolic supply and demand ratios, particularly for oxygen, leading to “inflammatory hypoxia” (6). Similarly, lung inflammation, such as occurs during acute lung injury, is associated with metabolic alterations leading to the stabilization of HIF1A (7). On the other hand, disease conditions that are primarily caused by a lack of oxygen are characterized by secondary inflammatory changes. For example, ischemia and reperfusion injury is characterized by inflammatory responses that lead to subsequent organ dysfunction (8). The functional role of hypoxia-signaling and stabilization of HIFs during acute inflammatory or hypoxic disease states has been the focus of many recent studies. Surprisingly, many of these studies show that pharmacologic stabilization of HIF functions in an adaptive manner by increasing ischemia tolerance (9) and controlling excessive inflammation (10). Many of the studies have linked the anti-inflammatory effects of hypoxia-signaling to a transcriptional program that is under the control of HIF, where pharmacologic activators of HIFs provide tissue protection (11, 12). However, a recent study by Scholz et al. … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Holger.Eltzschig{at}UCDenver.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Flight-deck automation - Promises and problems

Modern microprocessor technology and display systems make it entirely feasible to automate many of the flight-deck functions previously performed manually. There are many benefits to be derived from automation; the question today is not whether a function can be automated, but whether it should be, due to various human factors issues. It is highly questionable whether total system safety is always enhanced by allocating functions to automatic devices rather than human operators, and there is some reason to believe that flight-deck automation may have already passed its optimum point. This is an age-old question in the human factors profession, and there are few guidelines available to the system designer. This paper presents the state-of-the-art in human factors in flight-deck automation, identifies a number of critical problem areas, and offers broad design guidelines. Some automation-related aircraft accidents and incidents are discussed as examples of human factors problems in automated flight.
A study of the relationship between canine distemper and measles in the dog.

SummaryDogs inoculated with live measles virus readily developed neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies to measles. The dogs showed no signs of illness and did not spread the infection to unit contact litter mates. Following measles inoculation, 7 of 11 dogs developed low titers of canine distemper neutralizing antibody. All measles-inoculated dogs, including those with no demonstrable canine distemper neutralizing antibody, were protected against intravenous or intracerebral challenge with virulent canine distemper virus, while the contact controls, not receiving measles virus, became ill, and some died. The dogs which had received distemper virus alone developed distemper neutralizing antibody, but developed no measles neutralizing antibody.
Upper Airway Gene Expression in Smokers: The Mouth as a “Window to the Soul” of Lung Carcinogenesis?

This perspective on Boyle et al. (beginning on page 266 in this issue of the journal) explores transcriptomic profiling of upper airway epithelium as a biomarker of host response to tobacco smoke exposure. Boyle et al. have shown a striking relationship between smoking-related gene expression changes in the mouth and bronchus. This relationship suggests that buccal gene expression may serve as a relatively noninvasive surrogate marker of the physiologic response of the lung to tobacco smoke that could be used in large-scale screening and chemoprevention studies for lung cancer.
Radiographic surveillance of minimally and moderately complex renal cysts

OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of radiographic surveillance for managing minimally and moderately complex renal cysts. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-three patients with 50 minimally or moderately complex renal cysts underwent radiographic surveillance at our institution. Study inclusion criteria were surveillance for >2 years (36 patients, mean follow-up 3.0 years) or surveillance for >6 months with subsequent surgical excision (seven patients, mean follow-up 3.3 years). RESULTS The complexity of the renal cysts was in the form of high attenuation before contrast-enhanced imaging (‘hyperdense’) in 29 patients, thin septations in nine, borderline enhancement in six, thin calcifications in five, and a thick wall in one. The mean initial largest dimension was 2.9 cm and the mean final dimension was 3.0 cm, with the size increased in 29 cysts, decreased in 14 and with no change in seven. The cyst character worsened in seven patients, improved in four and did not change in 39. Eventually seven patients had surgery (laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in five and laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in two), which revealed renal cancer in five. Surgical intervention was prompted by growth alone in two patients, growth and worsening of cyst characteristics in two, new onset of flank pain in one, and appearance of an enhancing nodule in the wall or septa in two. CONCLUSION Radiographic surveillance is an effective method for managing patients with minimally or moderately complex renal cysts. Malignant lesions can be identified and removed while still of low grade and contained, and surgery can be avoided in most patients.
Understanding Policy Enactment: The New Orleans Fresh Food Retailer Initiative

Background Healthy-food financing initiatives have been endorsed as a way to improve food access, but relatively little research exists on understanding the formulation of such policies. Purpose This paper investigates the development of the New Orleans Fresh Food Retailer Initiative (FFRI) to highlight factors that enabled and impeded its enactment. Methods In 2010 and 2011, semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 key informants with firsthand experience of this case, including representatives from the private sector, nonprofit organizations, and government. A participant-observer approach was used to synthesize these observations with archived written materials and the authors' own observations. Results Historical disparities in food access in New Orleans were exacerbated by Hurricane Katrina, which also generated neighborhood activism and a pressing need to rebuild the city. A Food Policy Advisory Committee (FPAC) was formed from diverse groups. This paper describes the evolution of FPAC, its deliberations and report to the City Council, and actions to promote a financing initiative, as well as delays encountered in the process. Conclusions Enactment of the FFRI was facilitated by a window of opportunity that opened in the storm's aftermath, broad-based stakeholder buy-in, the existence of political champions, and policy-relevant information that was simple and convincing. Impediments to success included the constant turnover of city staff, a skeptical state bureaucracy, and the many competing priorities in New Orleans. This study highlights the importance of having a clear policy objective to address a well-defined and illustrated problem, key advocates in diverse organizations, and broad-based support for its implementation.
The effect of freezing on soil moisture and on evaporation from a bare soil

This paper reports the effect of soil freezing on the moisture distribution in the profile of a soil kept bare of vegetation. From successive soil-moisture samplings and by means of regression analysis of freezing and concomitant climatic data, the effect of soil freezing on surface soil moisture and on evaporation from the bare soil were obtained. Evaporation rates from the bare soil during freezing periods are compared with those from brush-covered soil during the same periods, with those from bare soil during similar nonfreezing periods, with those from a free water surface during the same periods, and with the calculated values for the same periods. Freezing of the bare soil caused the surface to become and remain wet, and greatly increased evaporation.
Presidential Address: Financial Inclusion

This Presidential address draws on the Global Financial Development Report (2014a) and focuses on financial inclusion - the share of individuals and firms that use financial services. It defines financial inclusion, discusses challenges involved in measuring it and why financial inclusion is important for reducing poverty and income inequality. Overall the role of policy is not financial inclusion for the sake of inclusion since policies promoting credit for all at all cost can lead to greater financial and economic instability. The talk provides evidence-based examples of policies that can support healthy and sustainable financial inclusion.
Correlation of a Unique “Los Angeles” Phonospirometry Technique with Peak Expiratory Flows in Children with Asthma

Background. Measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) is recommended as part of the assessment of patients with asthma. However, there are multiple barriers in the use of PEF, even for older pediatric patients. Objective. Phonospirometry, as measured by the Los Angeles (LA) technique, was assessed and compared with standard PEF measurements in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic asthma. Methods. A convenience sample of patients with asthma aged 8–17 years was enrolled from visits in the Allergy/Immunology Clinic and in the Emergency Department of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. The phonospirometry technique was demonstrated, and the length of time the patient repeated the syllable “lah” continuously with the same breath was measured. After a brief interval of time to recover, the patient performed conventional PEF measurement. Results. Using the first observation for each patient in our study, the Pearson correlation coefficient between phonospirometry and PEF was r = 0.67, p = .0016 for asymptoma...
Simulation of the Cygnus Rod-Pinch Diode Using the Radiographic Chain Model

The Cygnus radiographic machine is a relatively compact low-energy (<3 MV) X-ray source with some extremely desirable features for radiographic applications. These features include small spot size, which is critical for high-spatial resolution, and high dose in a low-energy range. The X-ray source is based on bremsstrahlung production in a small-diameter (~0.75 mm) tungsten rod by a high-current (~60 kA) electron beam converging at the tip of the rod. For quantitative analysis of radiographic data, it is essential to determine the bremsstrahlung spectrum accurately. We have used the radiographic chain model to self-consistently model the diode with a 2-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code (Merlin) linked to an electron-photon Monte Carlo code to obtain the spectrum under three different situations: a steady-state spectrum using a voltage pulse of 2.25 MV, a time-integrated spectrum using a time-dependent experimental voltage pulse, and the spectrum resulting from inclusion of reflexing electrons around the anode rod in our PIC simulation. Detailed electron dynamics were obtained. We conclude that the time-integrated bremsstrahlung spectrum is significantly softer than that of the steady state. Including the effects of reflexing electrons using a Monte Carlo transport method in Merlin produced a spectrum in better agreement with experimental data.
Noise properties of reconstructed images in ultrasonic diffraction tomography

In ultrasonic diffraction tomography, ultrasonic waves are used to probe the object of interest at various angles. The incident waves scatter when encountering inhomogeneities, and thus do not travel in straight lines through the imaged object. When the scattering inhomogeneities are considered weak, the scattering object can be reconstructed by algorithms developed from a generalized central slice theorem. In this work, the authors develop a hybrid algorithm for reconstruction of a scattering object by transforming the measured scattered data into a conventional X-ray-like sinogram thus allowing standard X-ray reconstruction algorithms, such as filtered back-projection, to be applied. The authors systematically investigate and compare the statistical properties of three different algorithms: a direct Fourier inversion algorithm, the filtered back-propagation algorithm (which is analogous to the conventional filtered back-projection algorithm), and the newly developed hybrid algorithm. The authors derive analytical expressions for the variance of the noise in the reconstructed images and investigate the noise properties of the algorithms by performing extensive numerical simulations.
The effect of slip variability on earthquake slip-length scaling

SUMMARY There has been debate on whether average slip D in long ruptures should scale with rupture length L ,o rwith rupture width W . This scaling discussion is equivalent to asking whether average stress drop �σ ,w hich is sometimes considered an intrinsic frictional property of af ault, is approximately constant over a wide range of earthquake sizes. In this paper, we examine slip-length scaling relations using a simplified 1-D model of spatially heterogeneous slip. The spatially heterogeneous slip is characterized by a stochastic function with a Fourier spectrum that decays as k −α ,w here k is the wavenumber and α is a parameter that describes the spatial smoothness of slip. We adopt the simple rule that an individual earthquake rupture consists of only one spatially continuous segment of slip (i.e. earthquakes are not generally separable into multiple disconnected segments of slip). In this model, the slip-length scaling relation is intimately related to the spatial heterogeneity of the slip; linear scaling of average slip with rupture length only occurs when α is about 1.5, which is a relatively smooth spatial distribution of slip. We investigate suites of simulated ruptures with different smoothness, and we show that faults with large slip heterogeneity tend to have higher D/L ratios than those with spatially smooth slip. The model also predicts that rougher faults tend to generate larger numbers of small earthquakes, whereas smooth faults may have a uniform size distribution of earthquakes. This simple 1-D fault model suggests that some aspects of stress drop scaling are a consequence of whatever is responsible for the spatial heterogeneity of slip in earthquakes.
How Power-Laws Re-Write The Rules Of Cyber Warfare

All warfare contains and element of randomness. This article will argue that, the kind uncertainty encountered in cyber warfare (Power-Law randomness) is fundamentally different from the uncertainty the military has evolved to deal with in the physical world (GaussianRandomness). The article will explain the difference between these two kinds of randomness, and how cyber weapons appear to operate under Power-Law randomness. It then will show how in cyberspace, key aspects of strategic thought are based on a flaws assumption of randomness. Finally, this article shall argue that if the American military is going to be effective in cyberspace, it must re-examine the way the military assumes risk, recruits is forces, plans for war and maintains the peace. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol8/iss4/3
Research Article: Lack of alternative mRNA splicing leads to midgut-specific expression of a single high-affinity BT-R1receptor in Manduca sexta

Abstract Of the cadherin-type Bacillus thuringiensis biopesticide receptors cloned to date, BT-R1 remains the best characterized regarding toxin binding affinity and specificity. While at least four related clones have been identified in different Lepidopterans, little is known about the tissue distribution or natural function of any of these receptors in insect larvae. The goal of this study was to better evaluate the distribution of processed BT-R1 mRNAs in Manduca sexta larvae and to search for alternative mRNA processing products which may lead to receptor proteins of differing function or ligand specificities/affinities. Our results in fact indicate that the BT-R1 mRNA is present only within tissues of the midgut, and that expression is relatively uniform throughout the length of the organ. Due to the lack of related transcripts and alternative splicing products, it is now clear that studies of BT-R1 isolated from M. sexta midguts indeed involve only a single high-affinity receptor protein.
Pondering the Imponderable and Other Observations from the Intersection of Conflicts and Civil Procedure

In honor of the scholarship of Peter Hay, this essay explores some substantive areas of interest to scholars both of conflict of laws and civil procedure, including full faith and credit, federal common law, claim and issue preclusion, the Erie doctrine, and the efficient packaging of complex litigation. Though some have criticized conflict of laws scholarship as basing theory upon fact patterns that do not arise in the empirical world, this essay points out that Supreme Court treatment of full faith and credit has created real-world problems for which governing law simply cannot exist. In addition, while procedure often creates a structure permitting joinder of related claims in a single case, choice of law doctrine defeats the goal of efficiency by requiring the application of different substantive law. Moreover, the Supreme Court instruction to apply federal common law to determine the preclusive effect of a federal civil judgment creates an ersatz body of law by engaging in the assumption that state law provides the content of the federal prescription.
Toponyms of a Different Type: Metaphors as Placenames and Place Nicknames

Some placenames and nicknames should be understood metaphorically and not literally. The nicknames of two well-known places — “Hell’s Kitchen” and the “Dust Bowl” — illustrate this by using contemporary theory of metaphor to explain them. The work of two sociologists, James Skipper and Paul Leslie, supports this argument, although they never used the word metaphor in their analyses. The similarities between their studies and this article strongly suggest that metaphoric analysis provides a way of understanding the names and nicknames of some geographic locations.
Fluorine Incorporation and Annealing Properties of a-Si,Ge:H,F Alloys Studied by Elastic Proton Scattering and IR Absorption

We report precise measurements of the fluorine content cF in amorphous silicon-germanium alloy films (a-Si,Ge:H,F). The films were prepared by r.f. or d.c. glow discharge deposition. The fluorine concentration was measured by elastic scattering (NES) of 12 MeV protons and by IR absorption spectroscopy. Films measured by NES serve as calibration standards for other measurement techniques. Using the NES measurements, we update the published calibration coefficient for IR measurements for cF ranging from 0 to 10 at.%. The annealing properties up to 700°C of a-Si,Ge:H,F were studied by the gas evolution technique and by IR spectroscopy. Above 300°C the Si-F absorption peak decreases while the peak due to SiF4 molecules increases. No significant loss of F from the alloy films seems to occur up to 700°C.