cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonpeptidic δ-opioid Receptor Agonists Reduce Immobility in the Forced Swim Assay in Rats

The present study examined the effect of opioid receptor agonists in the rat forced swim assay. The δ-opioid receptor agonists SNC80 ((+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5 - dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide) and (+)BW373U86 ((+)-[1(S),2α,5β]-4-[[2,5-dimethyl-4-(2-propenyl)-1-piperazinyl] (3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethyl-benzamide dihydrochloride ) produced a decrease in immobility indicating an antidepressant-like effect. At antinociceptive doses, neither the κ-opioid selective agonist CI977 ( 5R-(5α,7α,8β)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl-1-oxaspiro[4,5]dec-8-yl]-4-benzofuranacetamide ) showed a change in immobility that was identifiable by dose, nor were changes in immobility seen with morphine. A δ-opioid mechanism of action in the forced swim assay was likely since naltrindole prevented the effects of both δ-agonists. When compared to desipramine and fluoxetine, SNC80 was more active with a single dose whereas both desipramine and fluoxetine produced greater effects with subchronic dosing (3 doses). All three compounds were active when administered before the initial swim exposure. SNC80 was, however, more effective following a single dose than by subchronic administration demonstrating both a fast onset of activity and potential tolerance. Thus, δ-agonists differ from typical antidepressants in the forced swim assay.
Hair-braiding and combing-induced syncope: A paroxysmal nonepileptic event

Epilepsy is considered in the differential diagnosis of any paroxysmal event, especially if an aura is associated with altered awareness or a loss of consciousness. We have evaluated three female children, referred for possible epilepsy, who developed premonitory symptoms and lost consciousness during hair-braiding or combing. The patients all had migraine. This situation may resemble stretch syncope. Increased recognition that hairdressing may lead to a syncopal event may avoid a misdiagnosis of epilepsy.
A derived demand model of regional highway diesel fuel use

Abstract A regional, econometric model of heavy truck diesel fuel use is derived based on the theory of production. Input demand functions for new trucks and diesel fuel are specified and estimated. A simple, logistic scrappage model is estimated and used to estimate total heavy truck stocks and diesel-engine heavy truck stocks. Demand equations based on the AIDS almost ideal demand system flexible form cost function are estimated for new heavy truck demand and regional highway diesel fuel demand. New heavy truck demand is found to be elastic with respect to GNP, inelastic with respect to own price, and appears extremely sensitive to short term GNP trends. The short run price elasticity of diesel fuel demand is found to be very small.
De novo molecular modeling and biophysical characterization of Manduca sexta eclosion hormone

Eclosion hormone (EH) is an integral component in the cascade regulating the behaviors culminating in emergence of an insect from its old exoskeleton. Little is known regarding the EH solution structure; consequently, we utilized a computational approach to generate a hypothetical structure for Manduca sexta EH. The de novo algorithm exploited the restricted conformational space of disulfide bonds (Cys14-Cys38, Cys18-Cys34, and Cys21-Cys49) and predicted secondary structure elements to generate a thermodynamically stable structure characterized by 55% helical content, an unstructured N-terminus, a helical C-terminus, and a solvent-exposed loop containing Trp28 and Phe29. Both the strain and pseudo energies of the predicted peptide compare favorably with those of known structures. The 62-amino acid peptide was synthesized, folded, assayed for activity, and structurally characterized to confirm the validity of the model. The helical content is supported by circular dichroism and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Fluorescence emission spectra and acrylamide quenching are consistent with the solvent exposure predicted for Trp28, which is shielded by Phe29. Furthermore, thermodynamically stable conformations that deviated only slightly from the predicted Manduca EH structure were generated in silico for the Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster EHs, indicating that the conformation is not species-dependent. In addition, the biological activities of known mutants and deletion peptides were rationalized with the predicted Manduca EH structure, and we found that, on the basis of sequence conservation, functionally important residues map to two conserved hydrophobic clusters incorporating the C-terminus and the first loop.
The Response of Pullets to Increasing Daylengths

Abstract The effects on laying hens of various combinations of rearing and laying house lighting treatments have been reported by Noles and Smith (1964). No significant differences occurred in the criterion used to measure effects among the different combinations of lighting treatments. The treatments used during rearing were: restricted lighting (6-hour day-length), natural daylength (fall-hatched chicks) and decreasing daylength. During the laying period treatments were: constant daylength (15-hour day) and increasing daylength. The pullets that were reared on the restricted daylength and subsequently placed on an increasing daylength had an abrupt change from a 6-hour to a 15-hour daylength at 146 days of age. This note concerns the results from 80 hens that received the restricted lighting treatment during rearing and were subjected to a laying house treatment not originally scheduled. Following the conclusion of the growing period of the second trial, and after the random selection of birds for the…
Estimation of Noise Corrupting Speech Using Extracted Speech Parameters and Averaging of Logarithmic Modified Periodograms

Abstract An algorithm is described that provides an estimate of the power spectrum of broadband noise corrupting a wide-band speech signal. Estimated parameters of the speech signal (voicing confidence and pitch) are obtained from a previously reported algorithm. The noise estimate is derived using both unvoiced and voiced speech and is shown to provide a better estimate than using unvoiced speech alone. The Welch method of averaging modified periodograms is extended to the method of averaging logarithmic modified periodograms to reduce the effect of speech components corrupting the noise estimate. Results are provided for both Welch and logarithmic averaging. The results include stationary white noise estimation making use of only unvoiced speech, only voiced speech, and a combination of unvoiced and voiced speech. Examples are provided for stationary nonwhite noise and for nonstationary white noise using the logarithmic averaging method.
Application of Psychological Principles to Decision Support System Design: An Overview

The Behavioral Decision Making session will focus on the application of psychological principles to the design of decision support systems. In this overview the definition of a decision support system and a psychological perspective are described.
Potential gain from selection for yield stability in two grain sorghum populations

Maximum yield under highly unpredictable environments should be associated with selection of genotypes with superior performance across good and poor environments. Several stability parameters have been proposed to identify superior genotypes over a wide range of environments. None of these has been used as selection criteria, however, because of their low heritability. The objective of the study presented here was to compare the relative efficiency of predicted gain from indirect selection among three stability parameters: the coefficient of regression (b), deviation from regression (S d 2 ), and principal components scores (PC) from the AMMI model; two indices including mean yield and a stability parameter; and three indices involving yield at the best, the worst, and an intermediate environment. Two hundred S1 families from each of two sorghum populations (TP24D and KP9B) were evaluated at four dry-land evironments over 2 years. The low heritability estimates and the low genetic correlation between the various stability parameters and mean yield resulted in their low relative efficiency as indirect selection criteria for high yield across environments. However, when the parameters were combined with mean yield over all to create indices, the relative efficiency increased for all the environments. In terms of resource allocation, these indices were not as efficient as mean productivity, rank summation, and selection index that involved fewer environments in their estimation.
Improved Thermodynamic Equation of State for Hydrogen Fluoride

We modify the Lencka and Anderko fit of the chemical part of the compressibility factor of the AEOS model used to describe hydrogen fluoride. This modification results in improved agreement with experiment in the calculation of the heat capacity with little negative effect on the prediction of other properties. We report new parameters for this model and provide the equations for the fugacity coefficient.
Effects of temperature on growth and water relations of cacao (Theobroma cacao var.Comum) seedlings

Growth of 55-day-oldTheobroma cacao var.Comum seedlings varied with temperature regimes, various plant parts, growth parameters, and time of harvesting. Over a 60-day period the optimal day-temperature regimes were near 33.3°C for dry weight increase and relative growth rates of seedlings and leaves; 30.5°C for increase in leaf area, height growth, and leaf abscission; 22.2°C for dry weight increase of stems or roots, stem diameter growth, and root-shoot ratio. The rates of increase in dry weights of stems or roots as well as root-shoot ratios declined progressively at temperatures above 22.2°C Partitioning of dry matter was affected by temperature regime, with proportionally more photosynthate retained by shoots and less translocated to roots at high temperatures. The progressive decrease in the root-shoot ratio at temperatures above 22.2°C may decrease drought tolerance of seedlings because roots will be less capable of absorbing endugh water to replace transpirational losses. This was shown by more negative shoot water potentials at high temperatures.
An application architecture to facilitate multi-site clinical trial collaboration in the cloud

The regulatory environment in the U.S. healthcare sector and the privacy concerns surrounding personal health information complicate research collaborations between investigators, especially collaborations across healthcare organizational boundaries. This paper examines software systems traditionally employed by healthcare providers to utilize clinical data for research purposes within and between organizations. A conceptual software architecture utilizing cloud-based services is then proposed that, it is suggested, may facilitate collaboration between researchers in multisite clinical trials. Several related challenge areas are then identified.
Computer-intensive methods in statistical analysis

As far back as the late 1970s, the impact of affordable, high-speed computers on the theory and practice of modern statistics was recognized by Efron (1979, 1982). As a result, the bootstrap and other computer-intensive statistical methods (such as subsampling and the jackknife) have been developed extensively since that time and now constitute very powerful (and intuitive) tools to do statistics with. This article provides a readable, self-contained introduction to the bootstrap and jackknife methodology for statistical inference; in particular, the focus is on the derivation of confidence intervals in general situations. A guide to the available bibliography on bootstrap methods is also offered.
Not all that glitters is gold

Comment on David et al, page [4322][1] and Kardosh et al, page [4330][2] Multiple myeloma (MM) is a difficult disease to treat because of confounding factors such as genetic heterogeneity and the multiplicity and redundancy of survival pathways constitutively activated in this disease. Some of
Replacement of a portion of the common bile duct with a segment of uterine horn.

SummaryExperiments were conducted to ascertain whether a grafted tubular structure with independent blood supply would serve for the passage of bile from the common bile duct to the duodenum. Dogs were selected for the experiments and the uterine horn was used for the grafting. Of 20 dogs surviving the operation, 12 died in from 3 to 21 days, and the rest were sacrificed between the 4th and the 27th weeks following the operation. Gross and microscopic studies of the biliary system of the latter 8 dogs disclosed that, in all, the transplanted segment of the uterine horn connected the common bile duct and the duodenum without causing permanent severe damage to the biliary system.
Obtaining realistic production plans for a batch production facility

With many industries changing to a just-in-time manufacturing environment, the ability to reliably meet due dates and/or determine delivery/promise dates is gaining importance. In order to achieve this, the ability to obtain realistic production plans is paramount. For these plans to be reliable, uncertainty needs to be incorporated. These uncertainties include, but are not limited to, processing time uncertainties, equipment reliability/availability, process yields, demands, and manpower fluctuations. In this paper we present a framework for including uncertainty by means of Monte Carlo sampling. This framework is not limited to a specific model, but results obtained show that the need of including sufficient detail is best satisfied by a scheduling model. A number of stopping criteria are derived and the framework utilized to obtain operating policies for an industrially based example.
Geodetic measurement of deformation in the Ventura Basin Region, southern California

We have measured the deformation in the Ventura basin region, southern California, with Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements carried out over 4.6 years between 1987 and 1992. The deformation within our network is spatically variable on scales of tens of kilometers, with strain rates reaching 0.6 +/- 1 micro-rad/yr in the east-central basin. Blocklike rotations are observed south and northwest of the basin where the maximum shear strain rates are an order of magnitude lower (0.06 +/- 1 micro-rad/yr to the south). We also observed clockwise rotations of 1 deg - 7 deg/m.y. Shear strain rates determined by comparing angle changes from historical triangulation spanning several decades and GPS measurements give consistent, though less precise, results. The geodetic rates of shortening across the basin and Western Transverse Ranges are lower than those estimated from geological observations, but the patterns of deformation from the two methods agree qualitatively.
Effect of body biasing on embedded SRAM failure

This paper studies the tradeoffs when using body biasing as a power consumption modulator for Static Random Access Memories (SRAM) in term of reliability versus power consumption. We show that for fault tolerant applications such as wireless applications and multimedia, utilizing body biasing combined with voltage scaling can result in up to 47% power saving compared to the nominal case, while, for the same scenario, utilizing only voltage scaling will result in 20% power saving in the memory compared to nominal case.
Pancreatic elastase is proven to be a mannose-binding protein--implications for the systemic response to pancreatitis.

Abstract Background. Mannose-binding proteins (MBPs) have been isolated from serum, liver, lung, and kidney and are believed to play an important role in first-line host defense during acute phase inflammatory response. Because of the inflammatory nature of pancreatitis, we postulate that the pancreas produces endogenous MBP. Methods. Pancreatic juice, from both human and rat, was collected by pancreatic duct cannulation and subjected to mannose-Sepharose affinity chromatography to isolate pancreatic MBP (pMBP). Protein eluates from the mannose-Sepharose column were analyzed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, sodium dodeclysulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and, subsequently, by N-terminal protein sequencing. Western blot analysis was used to identify the pMBP, and reverse transcriptionase-polymerase chain reaction was used to examine its mRNA expression. Complement lysis was measured using red blood cells coated with yeast mannan. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expression in macrophages was measured using RNase protection assay. Results. A 30-kd MBP was isolated from both human and rat pancreatic juice and a rat acinar cell line. Genetic analysis (using RT-PCR with known MBP primers) and protein analysis (using Western blot with a known anti-MBP antibody) suggest that the pMBP is different from any previously described MBP. Protein sequencing analysis of pMBP generated an N-terminus sequence of 12 residues, indicating that pMBP is human pancreatic elastase III. Western blot analysis using an anti-elastase antibody confirms that the pMBP is a pancreatic elastase. Exposure of macrophages to pancreatic elastase resulted in an increased mRNA level of TNF-α, a potent proinflammatory cytokine in acute-phase response. Addition of mannan to pancreatic elastase further upregulated the TNF-α response. Conclusion. We isolated an MBP from the pancreas and identified it as pancreatic elastase. We characterized it as having properties different from that of any previously known MBP. We showed that pMBP or pancreatic elastase is involved in the activation of macrophages, and that this activation is potentiated by mannan. We postulate that the mannose-binding properties of pancreatic elastase identify this enzyme as a candidate catalyst for both pancreatic and systemic inflammation. (Surgery 2003;133:678-88.)
The effect of interferon on the early functions of simian virus 40

Abstract The effect of interferon (IF) on the early functions of simian virus 40 (SV40) was studied by monitoring the inhibition of SV40-induced T antigen (Ag) in permissive monkey and nonpermissive mouse cells. When IF was added to cells which had previously been transformed by SV40, there was no effect on T Ag production. However, pretreatment of the cells with homologous IF 20 hr prior to inoculation with SV40 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the proportion of T antigen-positive cells at 48 hr postinfection. The kinetics of inhibition by IF of SV40-induced T Ag was studied in both cell types. When IF was added at increasingly later times after SV40 inoculation, there was a progressive reduction of T Ag-positive cells. Penetration and uncoating of SV40 were ruled out as the major site of IF action since the induction of T Ag by infectious DNA extracted from SV40 virions was also sensitive to treatment with IF. In addition, although IF may be added to the cells at a particular time, it is apparent that these cells do not become resistant to viral infection until several hours later. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of IF is primarily at a step subsequent to the uncoating of SV40.
Norms for modifiers used by children in a restricted word-association task: grades 2 through 6.

Children (N = 100) in each of the Grades 2 through 6 responded with qualifiers to 100 “culture-free” substantives. A constrained word-association task was used. The normative data consist of a tabulation of the frequency of occurrence of each qualifier, elicited to each substantive, according to grade-level. Results of analyses of these data are summarized.
Adhesion elicits an intrinsic defect in interleukin-1 expression by macrophages from autoimmune-prone MRL mice.

Abstract Macrophages (mφ) from prediseased autoimmune-prone MRL/+ and MRL/lpr mice have a marked defect in endotoxin (LPS)-induced expression of several cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1). The progressive nature of this defect over time suggests that it may develop in response to specific extracellular stimuli. In this report, we show that adhesion is an essential factor for the development of aberrant IL-1 expression by mφ from autoimmune-prone MRL mice. Thus, when MRL/+ mφ were allowed to adhere before being stimulated with LPS, they demonstrated a striking defect in expression of both IL-1 message and protein in comparison with multiple normal strains. In marked contrast, when MRL/+ mφ were maintained in a non-adherent state by culture on agarose, the IL-1 defect was not evident and IL-1 expression was restored to nearly normal levels. Since an identical defect in IL-1 expression was found when MRL/+ mφ were cultured on a variety of extracellular matrix proteins (including laminin, fibronectin, type I collagen, and type IV collagen), it appears that IL-1 underexpression is dependent on the adhesive state per se rather than on engagement of any one specific adhesion receptor. Moreover, the cytoskeletal inhibitor cytochalasin D had no effect on the magnitude of the defect, indicating that the adhesion-dependent signaling events necessary to elicit IL-1 underexpression are independent of cytoskeletal rearrangement. Taken together, these results indicate that mφ from autoimmune prone MRL/+ mice have an adhesion-dependent signaling abnormality that leads to profound underexpression of the cytokine IL-1.
Pair-programming helps female computer science students

Pair-programming has been found to be very beneficial in educational settings. Students who pair in their introductory programming course are more confident, have greater course completion and pass rates, and are more likely to persist in computer-related majors. Although pairing helps all students, we believe that it is particularly beneficial for women because it addresses several significant factors that limit women's participation in computer science. We provide reasons for our belief that pair-programming helps women persist in these majors. We also repeat, with special emphasis on the impact on women, some details published elsewhere regarding our experiments on pair-programming with college and university students. Additionally, we provide new data that supports our original findings.
Measurements of the flow around a lifting-wing/body junction

Detailed measurements of all three mean velocity components and five of the six Reynolds stresses have been made around a model of a lifting-wing/body junction. The body was the flat working section floor of a small blower wind tunnel. Measurements of the surface pressure distribution on the NACA 0012 wing showed that the lift coefficient at the body surface was reduced by only 16 percent from the freestream value. It is shown that the near constancy of the bound vorticity requires the formation of aixal vorticity within the body boundary layer. This vorticity was concentrated in the two legs of the necklace vortex formed near the leading edge of the wing. The magnitude of the vorticity was always greater in the leg that developed on the suction surface. By four chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge, the turbulence structure of the suction leg was qualitatively similar to that of a single vortex imbedded in a turbulent boundary layer.
Solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations on MIMD distributed memory multiprocessors using cyclic reduction

The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are solved for the steady, two-dimensional flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil using a 1024 node nCUBE/2 multiprocessor. Second-order, upwind-discretized difference equations are solved implicitly using ADI factorization. Parallel cyclic reduction is employed to solve the block tridiagonal systems. For realistic problems, communication times are negligible compared to calculation times. The processors are tightly synchronized, and their loads are well balanced. When the flux Jacobians flux are frozen, the wall-clock time for one implicit timestep is about equal to that of a multistage explicit scheme. 10 refs.
Properties of the Neyman-Scott carcinogenesis model at low dose rates

Abstract An extension to incorporate spontaneous tumors in Neyman and Scott's two-stage model of carcinogenesis [3,4] is discussed. Special attention is given to the case of a constant continuous dosage of a chemical. The behavior of the expected number of primary first-order mutants and secondary first-order mutants with respect to dose and time and also to the behavior of the expected number of secondary mutant clones (cancer clones) is studied. The dose-response curves of the probit, logit, and extreme-value models for carcinogenesis are compared with that of this model at low dose rates.
Effect of milrinone on acute myocardial infarct size

Abstract Milrinone has been reported to possess positive inotropic activity in normal anesthetized and conscious dogs, in anesthetized dogs with drug-induced heart failure, 1 and in patients with severe congestive heart failure. 2 Previous studies have suggested that inotropic stimulation of the infarcting heart could extend the amount of necrosis. 3 Whether milrinone has such an effect is unknown. Thus, the aim of this report was to investigate the effect of milrinone on acute myocardial infarct size and hemodynamics in an anesthetized canine model of acute myocardial infarction.
Adaptive cubature Kalman filter for nonlinear state and parameter estimation

In many engineering applications, both state and parameter models are nonlinear. We consider a recursive algorithm for joint state and parameter estimation where the gradient of the prediction error is used to tune the approximate nonlinear filter adaptively. We apply cubature Kalman filter to derive the recursive state and parameter update steps and discuss the computational complexity of the overall algorithm compared with other existing nonlinear filtering methods. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed filtering method on two practical nonlinear estimation problems, namely, battery state-of-charge estimation and vehicle state estimation under various road conditions and steering inputs.
Bose-Hubbard model with occupation-parity couplings

We study a Bose-Hubbard model having on-site repulsion, nearest-neighbor tunneling, and ferromagneticlike coupling between occupation parities of nearest-neighbor sites. For a uniform system in any dimension at zero tunneling, we obtain an exact phase diagram characterized by Mott-insulator (MI) and pair liquid phases and regions of phase separation of two MIs. For a general trapped system in one and two dimensions with finite tunneling, we perform quantum Monte Carlo and Gutzwiller mean-field calculations, both of which show the evolution of the system, as the parity coupling increases, from a superfluid to wedding-cake-structure MIs with their occupations jumping by 2. We also identify an exotic pair superfluid at relatively large tunneling strength. Our model ought to effectively describe recent findings in imbalanced Fermi gases in two-dimensional optical lattices and also potentially apply to an anisotropic version of bilinear-biquadratic spin systems.
Comment on "Long-Term Evolution of Near-Geostationary Orbits"

R 1 describes the development of a singleaveraging theory and its application to the prediction of a near-synchronous orbit. Single averaging usually denotes a formulation in which the high-frequency perturbations associated with the satellite period and the Earth's rotational period are removed from the equations of motion. Thus, step sizes on the order of one day are allowed in the integration of the averaged equations of motion. The purpose of this Comment is to connect the results in Ref. 1 with results that have already appeared in the literature. In many cases, the author of Ref. 1 gives a limited result when a more general result is available; these instances are noted. We also discuss the construction of initial conditions for a single-averaged orbit prediction. Finally, some aspects of the very long-term motion of desynchronized orbits (such as GEOS-2) are discussed. Fundamental to the development of this single-averaged theory are the differential equations for the motion of the equinoctial elements due to a disturbing potential. These are Eqs. (3) in Ref. 1. These same equations were given much earlier in Refs. 2 and 3. The disturbing potential due to third bodies (moon and sun) is developed in Ref. 1 with the aid of a Poisson series symbolic algebra program. The potentials include "up to second order eccentricity terms." The author of Ref. 1 notes that "lengthy computer-generated secular terms can be rearranged in extremely compact forms" by introducing the C and S auxiliary parameters [Eq. (17) in Ref. 1 ]. The averaged potentials are obtained under the assumption that the third body positions are held constant during the averaging operation. Similar potentials were given much earlier in Refs. 3 and 5. In particular, Ref. 5 gave the following general form for the third body potential in terms of equinoctial elements:
Coulometric titration of some phenolic steroids with bromine based on thin-layer hydrodynamic biamperometric end-point detection

Abstract Four phenolic steroids were titrated coulometrically with bromine in a methanol—water solvent containing hydrochloric acid and sodium bromide. End-point detection was achieved with a twin electrode thin-layer cell placed in a flow loop connected to the titration vessel. Linear-segmented biamperometric titration curves were recorded. Concentrations of 17-β-estradiol were determined in the range from 442 ppb to 8.84 ppm with relative inaccuracies of -1.3% and +2.2%, respectively. Part-per-million solutions of estrone and estriol were titrated with good accuracy and precision. Somewhat poorer precision and accuracy was found for the determination of 17-α-ethynyl estradiol.
A MUTANT T4 LYSOZYME DISPLAYS FIVE DIFFERENT CRYSTAL CONFORMATIONS

PHAGE T4 lysozyme consists of two domains between which is formed the active-site cleft of the enzyme1,2. The crystallographically determined thermal displacement parameters for the protein2 suggested that the amino terminal of the two domains undergoes 'hinge-bending' motion about an axis passing through the waist of the molecule. Such conformational mobility may be important in allowing access of substrates to the active site of the enzyme1. We report here a crystallographic study of a mutant T4 lysozyme which demonstrates further the conformational flexibility of the protein. A mutant form of the enzyme with a methionine residue (Met 6) replaced by isoleucine crystallizes with four independent molecules in the crystal lattice. These four molecules have distinctly different conformations. The mutant protein can also crystallize in standard form with a structure very similar to the wild-type protein. Thus the mutant protein can adopt five different crystal conformations. The isoleucine for methionine substitution at the intersection of the two domains of T4 lysozyme apparently enhances the hinge-bending motion presumed to occur in the wild-type protein, without significantly affecting the catalytic activity or thermal stability of the protein.
Effects of an exercise intervention using Dance Dance Revolution on endothelial function and other risk factors in overweight children

Objective. To determine whether an exercise intervention using an active video game (Dance Dance Revolution™ [DDR]) is effective in improving endothelial dysfunction (EDF) and other risk factors in overweight children. Design. Thirty-five children (Body mass index ≥ 85th percentile, mean age 10.21±1.67 years, 17 females) with EDF were assessed for flow-mediated dilation (FMD), lipids, insulin, glucose, NO2+NO3, asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, l-arginine, height, weight, aerobic fitness, and blood pressure. In a subsample, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were also assessed. Subjects were randomly assigned to 12-weeks of aerobic exercise (EX) using DDR or to a non-exercising delayed-treatment control group (DTC). Results. EX had significant improvements in FMD ( 5.56±5.04% compared with 0.263±4.54%, p=0.008), exercise time on the graded exercise test (53.59±91.54 compared with −12.83±68.10 seconds, p=0.025), mean arterial pressure (MAP...
Evaluating event visualization: a usability study of COPLINK spatio-temporal visualizer

Event visualization holds the promise of alleviating information overload in human analysis and numerous tools and techniques have been developed and evaluated. However, previous work does not specifically address either the coordination of event dimensions with the types of tasks involved or the way that visualizing different event dimensions can benefit human analysis. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy of event visualization and present a methodology for evaluating a coordinated event visualization tool called COPLINK Spatio-Temporal Visualizer (STV). The taxonomy encompasses various event dimensions, application domains, visualization metaphors, evaluation methods and performance measures. The evaluation methodology examines different event dimensions and different task types, thus juxtaposing two important elements of evaluating a tool. To achieve both internal and external validity, a laboratory experiment with students and a field study with crime analysis experts were conducted. Findings of our usability study show that STV could support crime analysis involving multiple, coordinated event dimensions as effectively as it could analyze individual, uncoordinated event dimensions. STV was significantly more effective and efficient than Microsoft Excel in performing coordinated tasks and was significantly more efficient in doing uncoordinated tasks related to temporal, spatial and aggregated information. Also, STV had compared favorably with Excel in completing uncoordinated tasks related to temporal and spatial information, respectively. Subjects' comments showed STV to be intuitive, useful and preferable to existing crime analysis methods.
Aesthetic and Structural Characteristics of Selected Woven Silks with Emphasis on Dutch Silks of the Seventeenth Century

The purpose of the study was to describe Dutch silks of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Dutch and British research papers and transcribed sixteenth and seventeenth century trade documents were translated and critiqued. Selected museums and archives in the Netherlands, England, and the United States were visited. A descriptive chart was developed to record the motifs, colors, weaves, and other surface qualities of the 49 silks selected for analysis; line drawings and photographs were also made. The majority of silks had floral or plant motifs that were uniformly two dimensional in treatment. Most motifs were stylized, usually did not exceed 13.0 centimeters in length or width, and were isolated rather than connected units. Alternating rows of reversed designs (comber repeat) were most frequently found in the silks. Predominant hues were Munsell System Red, Yellow Red, Yellow, Green Yellow, Red Purple, and Black. Because only seven silks with seventeenth century documentation were accessible to the researcher, no general conclusions about their aesthetics or structure could be drawn.
Lipid analysis of Aedes aegypti cells cultivated in vitro.

Abstract The constituent lipids of cloned Aedes aegypti cells cultivated in vitro in a medium containing fetal calf serum were analysed. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine (40%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (26%). The minor phosphatides were sphingomyelin (13%), lysophosphatidyl choline (8%), phosphatidylinositol (7%) and cardiolipin (6%). The major neutral lipids were free fatty acids (48%) and triglycerides (20%). The major fatty acid in most lipid classes was 18:1; however, cardiolipin contained 16:1 and the sterol esters contained 18:2 as the major fatty acid. The sterol ester had a fatty acid profile similar to that found in calf serum. The A. aegypti cells contained a small amount of free sterol (2%). Lysophosphatidylcholine contained a high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (25%), whereas sphingomyelin had a higher amount of saturated fatty acids (55%) compared to the fatty acid profiles of other classes of lipids. Plasmalogens were not detected in these cells.
On tape bounds for single letter alphabet language processing

Abstract In this paper we show that the tape bounded complexity classes of languages over single letter alphabets (sla) are closed under complementation. We then use this results to show by means of diagonalization that there exists an infinite hierarchy of tape bounded complexity classes of sla languages between log log n and log n tape bounds. On the other hand, we show that the power of diagonalization over sla inputs with less than log n tape is very limited by proving that every infinite sla language accepted using less than log n tape contains infinite regular subsets. From this result it immediately follows that the set of primes in unary notation, P, requires exactly log n tape for its recognition and every infinite subset of P requires at least log n tape.
Range-Energy Relation for Low-Energy Alpha Particles in Si, Ge, and InSb

The range-energy relations for alpha particles in Ge, Si, InSb, Al, Cu, Ag, and Au were determined by measuring the air equivalents of thin foils of the materials. The incident alpha particles had energies between 0.7 Mev and 4.45 Mev, which were obtained from a ${\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$ source with air as a variable absorber. A CsI(Tl) crystal was employed as the detector and the pulse-height distributions of the alpha particles were observed with a 20-channel pulse-height analyzer. Approximate analytical expressions for the ranges in microns in Si, Ge, and InSb for alpha-particle energies above 0.5 Mev are: ${R}_{\mathrm{Si}}=2.13{E}^{1.45}+2.20$, ${R}_{\mathrm{Ge}}=1.95{E}^{1.34}+1.72$, and ${R}_{\mathrm{InSb}}=2.08{E}^{1.30}+1.65$. The ranges for the semiconductors interpolate smoothly between those of the metals, which are in good agreement with available data.
Writing Issues in College Students with Learning Disabilities: A Synthesis of the Literature from 1990 to 2000:

This article provides a synthesis of the literature published from 1990 to 2000 on college students with learning disabilities and writing difficulties (LD/WD). Thirty-eight articles met the criter...
Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization

Increasing population size and per capita impacts are making sustainability a difficult to goal to achieve; this Review explores possibilities for sustainable development. The concept of sustainability — usually taken to mean meeting the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same — is widely discussed in the natural and social sciences, pure and applied. But we are further than ever from achieving that goal, with a growing population and per-capita demands that are severely straining Earth's life-support systems. In this Review, Paul Ehrlich, Peter Kareiva and Gretchen Daily examine the latest thinking on how sustainability is best defined and how it can be achieved, focusing on population, natural capital and equity. They conclude that in pursuit of a sustainable future, it is in everybody's interest to reduce both the size of the population and our per-capita impacts. In biophysical terms, humanity has never been moving faster nor further from sustainability than it is now. Our increasing population size and per capita impacts are severely testing the ability of Earth to provide for peoples’ most basic needs. Awareness of these circumstances has grown tremendously, as has the sophistication of efforts to address them. But the complexity of the challenge remains daunting. We explore prospects for transformative change in three critical areas of sustainable development: achieving a sustainable population size and securing vital natural capital, both in part through reducing inequity, and strengthening the societal leadership of academia.
Next generation fine pitch Cu Pillar technology — Enabling next generation silicon nodes

There has been a growing need for fine pitch flip chip technology in support of next generation communication devices with increasing die complexities. The increase in functionality which drives a larger number of signal I/O's in combination with small die size requirements as a result of transistor size reductions have driven the need to investigate finer die interconnect pitches. Traditional solder or Cu Pillar interconnect pitches of 150um to 200um that are currently used in both low and high end flip chip applications are now facing a number of technical limitations as device scaling requirements push the limits of flip chip pad density per square mm of silicon. This paper will review the process development and advancement of several next generation fine pitch Cu Pillar bumping and assembly processes, with pitches less than 60um, that are focused on addressing the challenges seen on silicon nodes such as 65nm and beyond.
Searches for new physics at CMS and ATLAS without Leptons or Resonances

There is a long history of searches for new physics using resonances or leptons in the final state. We present searches for new physics that may have neither leptons or resonances in the final state. In these cases, the searches must be model driven. Examples include models of Dark Matter, Large Extra Dimensions, long lived particle, Magnetic Monopoles or Microscopic Black Holes. The analyses presented were performed at the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.
Online algorithms for prefetching and caching on parallel disks

Parallel disks provide a cost effective way of speeding up I/Os in applications that work with large amounts of data. The main challenge is to achieve as much parallelism as possible, using prefetching to avoid bottlenecks in disk access. Efficient algorithms have been developed for some particular patterns of accessing the disk blocks. In this paper, we consider general request sequences. When the request sequence consists of unique block requests, the problem is called prefetching and is a well-solved problem for arbitrary request sequences. When the reference sequence can have repeated references to the same block, we need to devise an effective caching policy as well. While optimum offline algorithms have been recently designed for the problem, in the online case, no effective algorithm was previously known. Our main contribution is a deterministic online algorithm threshold-LRU which achieves O((MD/L)2/3) competitive ratio and a randomized online algorithm threshold-MARK which achieves O(√(MD/L) log (MD/L)) competitive ratio for the caching/prefetching problem on the parallel disk model (PDM), where D is the number of disks, M is the size of fast memory buffer, and M+L is the amount of lookahead available in the request sequence. The best-known lower bound on the competitive ratio is Ω(≾MD/L) for lookahead L ≥ M in both models. We also show that if the deterministic online algorithm is allowed to have twice the memory of the offline then a tight competitive ratio of Θ(≾MD/L) can be achieved. This problem generalizes the well-known paging problem on a single disk to the parallel disk model.
Giving patients bad news

The interchange of health news and medical information has multiple interpretations for giver and recipient, with this usually being perceived as bad by both parties if the condition denotes a terminal outcome. Health providers primarily focus on preserving life, therefore death has a negative connotation; however they are medically certain that death always follows life. Health givers have an innate desire to comfort that is further enhanced by their training, so there is an effort to convey the news in a minimally traumatic manner. In this article, the presentation of findings shows some of the methods used to provide the information in a humane and comforting way. The section on approaches to medical disclosure covers some of the circumstances leading to the current interactive approach used by many practitioners, and the final section describes variations that may develop depending upon the age of the dying patient.
A unified dynamics-based motion planning algorithm for autonomous underwater vehicle-manipulator systems (UVMS)

A new unified motion planning algorithm for autonomous Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator Systems (UVMS) has been presented in this paper. Commonly, a UVMS consists of two sub-systems, a vehicle and a manipulator, having vastly different dynamic responses. The proposed algorithm considers the variability in dynamic bandwidth of the complex UVMS system and generates not only kinematically admissible but also dynamically feasible reference trajectories. Additionally, this motion planning algorithm exploits the inherent kinematic redundancy of the whole system and provides reference trajectories that accommodates other important criteria such as thruster/actuator faults and saturations, and also minimizes hydrodynamic drag. Effectiveness of the proposed unified motion planning algorithm has been verified by extensive computer simulation. The results are quite promising.
A distributed memory algorithm for volume rendering

Three-dimensional arrays of digital data representing spatial volumes are generated from such diverse fields as the geosciences, space exploration and astrophysics, medical imaging, computational fluid dynamics, molecular modeling, microelectronic field modeling and computer simulation, With current advances in imaging devices and high performance computing, more and more applications will generate volumetric data in the near future. The paper presents a new distributed memory algorithm for volume rendering in a message-passing environment. The algorithm, which uses a slab technique for data partitioning, is a hybrid between the ray-casting and cell projection approaches for volumetric rendering. The results of some scaling experiments using ParaSoft Express on an Intel Paragon at the University of South Carolina are also presented. >
Transcriptomic insights into mechanisms of symbiotic cooperation.

Intraspecific genetic variation can affect community structure and ecosystem processes (Bolnick et al. 2011). It can also influence phenotypic expression by genotypes within other species to produce genotype-by-genotype (G × G) interaction (Falconer & Mackay 1996). Evolution of one species drives correlated evolution of others when it causes G × G for fitness (Thompson 2005). However, the mechanisms by which species interact also influence evolutionary outcomes (Kummel & Salant 2006; Golubski & Klausmeier 2010; Akcay & Simms 2011; Grman et al. 2012). To identify genes and putative functional mechanisms underlying G × G interactions, Heath et al. (2012) analysed natural variation in the symbiotic transcriptome of the mutualistic nutritional symbiosis between a legume host Medicago truncatula and the facultative endosymbiotic rhizobium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Using twelve microarrays, the authors simultaneously measured host and symbiont gene expression in root nodules from four factorial pairings of host and symbiont genotypes that produced G × G in host fitness (Fig. 1, upper panel). Rhizobium gene expression was influenced by rhizobium and plant genotype and the G × G interaction (Fig. 1, lower panel), whereas plant gene expression was influenced primarily by plant genotype. The authors identified rhizobium genes that might contribute to G × G in host plant fitness. Heath et al. (2012) have moved beyond the constraints of single organism analysis towards a more realistic understanding of plants and bacteria as organisms inextricably linked with symbioses that affect even basic patterns of gene expression.