cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APL—compilation-where does the time come from?

We have developed an experimental system to compile APL by translating it into a high-level language that has a compiler. The compiled functions can be called by the IBM APL2 interpreter through its name-association interface. Five of the ways in which use of our system saves execution time are discussed here. For scalar APL code, some savings result from the removal of all parsing and much checking for conformability and case at run time. Substantial savings sometimes arise from the feasibility of searching for a wider variety of special cases. Where they apply, such complications as non-zero comparison tolerances are costly; we avoid these costs and expect the programmer to take care of these complications explicitly at the relatively few points where they are needed. By combining loops where possible, we sometimes achieve significant savings. Finally, we conjecture that the greatest savings are most often due to our general method of combining primitive APL operations; we can often eliminate redundant computation and avoid storing and fetching temporary results. Examples are given.
Lamina Emergent Mechanisms and Their Basic Elements

Lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) are fabricated from planar materials (lamina) and have motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. LEMs provide an opportunity to create compact, cost-effective devices that are capable of accomplishing sophisticated mechanical tasks. They offer the advantages of planar fabrication, a flat initial state (compactness), and monolithic composition (which provides the advantages associated with compliant mechanisms). These advantages come with the tradeoff of challenging design issues. LEM challenges include large, nonlinear deflections, singularities due to two possible motion configurations as they leave their planar state, and coupling of material properties and geometry in predicting mechanism behavior. This paper defines lamina emergent mechanisms, motivates their study, and proposes a fundamental framework on which to base future LEM design. This includes the fundamental components (created by influencing geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions) and basic mechanisms (including planar four-bars and six-bars, and spherical and spatial mechanisms).
Changes in the amounts of chlorogenic and caffeic acids during tobacco seed maturation

Abstract During maturation of tobacco seed, the amount of chlorogenic acid rapidly increased between days 7 and 11 after anthesis and then decreased until day 15. Chlorogenic acid was not detected in fully mature seed. On the other hand, caffeic acid appeared from day 15, reached a maximum at day 21, and rapidly disappeared by day 25 although the amount was always low in comparison with that of chlorogenic acid. Changes in dry wt, water content, testa color and germination of tobacco seeds during maturation were also investigated. The results suggested that there were rapid biochemical changes in seed between days 11 and 15 after anthesis.
Dynamic crack kinking from a PMMA/homalite interface

The behavior of a pre-existing, dynamically loaded, interfacial crack kinking away from the interface separating two materials was experimentally investigated under dynamic loading conditions. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed on pre-cracked bimaterial panels of PMMA bonded with Homalite-100 impact loaded using a high-speed gas gun. By varying the location of impact, a large range of mixed mode loading at the crack tip was produced. Information about the stress state surrounding the crack tip was obtained through use of the lateral shearing interferometer of coherent gradient sensing in conjunction with high-speed photography. The high-speed interferogram corresponding, to the time of crack initiation was analyzed in each case to find the preinitiation mode mixity at the crack tip. Measurement of both the local initiation mode mixity and the crack kink angle allows for possible extension of existing quasi-static interface crack kinking criteria, such as maximum opening stress or maximum energy release rate, to the case of dynamic loading. It was found that for bimaterial systems with small material property mismatch, such as the PMMA/Homalite system, the maximum opening stress criterion accurately predicts the relation between crack tip mode mixity and resulting kink angle for small initial crack kinking speeds.
High Performance Control of Three-Phase Three-Level Rectifier under Unbalanced Conditions

In this paper, a new control scheme based on the utilization of the natural variables of the system is proposed for the three-phase three-level rectifier working under unbalanced conditions. The attractive advantage of this controller is the possibility of effective operation under both balanced and unbalanced voltage/line impedance conditions. Unity power factor operation is feasible when the system is balanced and a constant input power can be achieved in unbalanced situation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller in both the rectifier mode and the inverter mode.
Crime, Shame and Reintegration: Review, Questions and Comments:

This paper reviews Crime, Shame and Reintegration (Braithwaite, 1989) to isolate key concepts and processes in this new integrative theory. After outlining the theory, a series of questions is prop...
Low-Temperature Specific Heats of Solid Neon and Solid Xenon

The specific heats of solid neon and xenon have been measured in the temperature range 1.5 to 24\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using a calorimeter with a mechanical heat switch. Carbon resistance thermometers were calibrated against a gas thermometer and the helium vapor-pressure scale. The results were analyzed to obtain the temperature dependence of the Debye temperature, ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{c}(T)$. In the range $0.020\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{T}{{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.505$, the data were fitted with an expression of the form ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{c}(T)={{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}+A{T}^{2}$, where ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}$ is the Debye temperature at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This procedure gave ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}=74.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for neon and ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}=64.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for xenon. The results for ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{c}(T)$ are compared with the calculations of Bernardes, Horton, and Leech, and Barron and Klein, based on Mie-Lennard-Jones potentials for the interaction energy between two atoms. Tables of the following smoothed thermodynamic properties between 1.0 and 24\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are given in Table I: specific heat at constant pressure, specific heat at constant volume, entropy, and enthalpy.
Out of the Projects, Still in the Hood: The Spatial Constraints on Public-Housing Residents’ Relocation in Chicago

Public housing, usually located in predominantly poor, minority neighborhoods, has long been associated with concentrated poverty and spatially constraining opportunities for upward mobility. The federal government created HOPE VI in 1992 to transform the physical and social shape of public housing, demolishing existing projects and replacing them with mixed-income developments. To accomplish this public-housing residents are relocated with housing voucher subsidies to the private market and only a small portion will be able to return to the new mixed incomedevelopments.Towhatextentdothesevouchersubsidiessimplyreinforceastratifiedhousing market by limiting the types of neighborhoods available to former public-housing residents? Using spatial analytic techniques, this study examines the spatial patterns and neighborhood conditions of voucher housing and how these patterns link to public-housing relocatees' destinations. Findings indicate that voucher housing tends to be clustered in poor African-American neighborhoods where the majority of relocated public-housing residents settle. Thus, there appear to be spatial constraints on relocatees' residential options.
CRIME AS COMMONSENSE THEORY

This article examines sex differences in middle–class delinquency, using self-report data drawn from junior and senior high school students in an affluent suburb of a large midwestern city. A number of familiar techniques are used to assess both quantitative and qualitative sex differences, but none identify strong and systematic patterns of the type commonly expected. In this particulor middle-class population, there is little evidence that there are marked differences in the delinquent activities reported by girls and boys.
Genetic linkage map in sour cherry using RFLP markers

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps of two tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L., 2n=4x=32) cultivars, Rheinische Schattenmorelle (RS) and Erdi Botermo (EB), were constructed from 86 progeny from the cross RS×EB. The RS linkage map consists of 126 single-dose restriction fragment (SDRF, Wu et al. 1992) markers assigned to 19 linkage groups covering 461.6 cM. The EB linkage map has 95 SDRF markers assigned to 16 linkage groups covering 279.2 cM. Fifty three markers mapped in both parents were used as bridges between both maps and 13 sets of homologous linkage groups were identified. Homoeologous relationships among the sour cherry linkage groups could not be determined because only 15 probes identified duplicate loci. Fifty nine of the markers on the linkage maps were detected with probes used in other Prunus genetic linkage maps. Four of the sour cherry linkage groups may be homologous with four of the eight genetic linkage groups identified in peach and almond. Twenty one fragments expected to segregate in a 1 : 1 ratio segregated in a 2 : 1 ratio. Three of these fragments were used in the final map construction because they all mapped to the same linkage group. Six fragments exhibited segregation consistent with the expectations of intergenomic pairing and/or recombination.
COMS eye plaque brachytherapy dosimetric sensitivity to source photon energy and seed design

Abstract This study explores the influence of source photon energy on eye plaque brachytherapy dose distributions for a 16 mm COMS plaque filled with 103Pd, 125I, or 131Cs sources or monoenergetic photon emissions ranging from 12 keV to 100 keV. Dose distributions were similarly created for all permutations of three common brachytherapy seed designs. Within this range, sources with average energy ≤22 keV may reduce dose to the opposite eye wall by more than a factor of 2 while maintaining tolerable proximal sclera doses when prescribing to depths of 9 mm or less. Current commercially-available brachytherapy sources can exhibit up to 15% relative dosimetric sensitivity to seed design at regions within the eye.
High tempera ture polymorphism in rutile structure fluorides

Abstract The thermal properties of NiF 2 , ZnF 2 , MnF 2 , MgF 2 , and CuF 2 have been investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Latent heats indicative of structural phase transitions in MnF 2 , ZnF 2 , and CuF 2 are observed. The results are compared with those of earlier X-ray studies.
Transfusion Practices in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease: A Survey of Florida Hematologists/Oncologists

The purpose of this study was to characterize transfusion practices in the management of sickle cell disease and to identify factors attributing to differences in prescribing practices among Florida hematologists/oncologists. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2005-2006 utilizing a mail survey. The survey instrument addressed practice characteristics, sickle cell patient populations, transfusion settings, indications and techniques, red blood cell phenotype specifications/modifications, use of practice guidelines, and educational resource utilization. One hundred fifty two physicians (75% adult-oriented, 25% pediatric) completed the survey. Non-academic practice settings (78 %) were the primary location. Pediatric practices had a larger percentage of patients with overt strokes, and receiving hydroxyurea therapy than adult-oriented practices. The majority of survey respondents did not request limited phenotypically matched red blood cells on a routine basis. The majority of pediatric practices (60%) had individually defined transfusion practice guidelines in contrast to 8% of adult-oriented practices. There were statistically significant differences for pediatric and adult-oriented practices in managing certain acute and chronic transfusion indications. Analysis of clinical vignette data revealed variation among hematologists/oncologists in the transfusion management of common clinical scenarios. The study underscores the need for the development and dissemination of comprehensive sickle cell transfusion guidelines and protocols.
Resistance to Macrolide, Lincosamide, Streptogramin, Ketolide, and Oxazolidinone Antibiotics

Macrolides have enjoyed a resurgence as new derivatives and related compounds have come to market. These newer compounds have become important in the treatment of community-acquired pneumoniae and nontuberculosis-Mycobacterium diseases. In this review, the bacterial mechanisms of resistance to the macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone antibiotics, the distribution of the various acquired genes that confer resistance, as well as mutations that have been identified in clinical and laboratory strains are examined.
Crystallization during polymerization of diazomethane. I. The boron trifluoride catalyzed reaction

The polymerization and crystallization of diazomethane was analyzed starting with various monomer and catalyst concentrations by following the monomer concentration and analysis of the solid polymethylene produced. Electron microscopy, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, and viscometry and density determinations were used to characterize the crystals as produced and after etching with nitric acid. The crystals have a fibrillar and a lamellar component and show no regular chain folding of the molecules. The overall process follows only very approximately the path expected for an ideal living-polymer system capable of reaction in solution and in the solid state. For more detailed correspondence, it was necessary to assume two reaction paths and two crystallization paths.
Country branding using product quality

Recent past has seen an increased interest in country branding. However, little research attention has been devoted to this topic. The conventional wisdom from country-of-origin (COO) effect literature suggests that COO affects perception of product quality. However, some argue that the relationship between product quality and COO image may be bidirectional. Therefore, this study has two purposes. First, we empirically investigate the impact of perceived product quality on COO image, which is the mirror image of the conventional COO perspective. Second, we test the relationships between perceived product quality, COO and purchase intention. Using a scenario as a stimulus, we collected the data in two countries – USA and China. The results show general support for the theoretical model although the results varied in US and China samples. The products with higher perceived quality are thought to have come from a country with more positive COO image, than products with lower perceived quality. Moreover, COO image was generally found to mediate the relation between perceived product quality and purchase intention. The findings in this study substantiate the assertion that perceived product quality is a key variable in shaping the country image. The theoretical and practical implications in country branding conclude the remark.
Transgenic analysis of cardiac and skeletal myogenesis

The generation of various cell types in a developing embryo is defined by multiple steps in commitment to a specific cell lineage and by the resulting expression of a particular subset of protein products. Studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying commitment and differentiation to a striated muscle phenotype have been greatly aided by the use of transgenic animals. Recent transgenic models have provided insights into the formation of skeletal muscle. We review here the different forms of transgenesis and their application to the delineation of cardiac and skeletal myogenesis.
Structure and Mechanism of RNA Ligase

T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) exemplifies an RNA ligase family that includes the RNA editing ligases (RELs) of Trypanosoma and Leishmania . The Rnl2/REL enzymes are defined by essential signature residues and a unique C-terminal domain, which we show is essential for sealing of 3′-OH and 5′-PO 4 RNA ends by Rnl2, but not for ligase adenylation or phosphodiester bond formation at a preadenylated AppRNA end. The N-terminal segment Rnl2(1-249) of the 334 aa Rnl2 protein comprises an autonomous adenylyltransferase/AppRNA ligase domain. We report the 1.9 A crystal structure of the ligase domain with AMP bound at the active site, which reveals a shared fold, catalytic mechanism, and evolutionary history for RNA ligases, DNA ligases, and mRNA capping enzymes.
On existence of sets of distinct representatives for families of subsets of a multiset

IfX is a family ofl-subsets of a multiset, then there is a set of distinct representatives of the members ofX among the (l-k)-subsets of the members ofX provided the cardinality ofX does not exceed a certain bound. An algorithm for calculating this bound is given.
Differential scanning calorimetry in food research—A review☆

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has gained remarkable popularity in thermal studies of foods and their components following the development of instrumentation of sufficient sensitivity. DSC is rapid, facile and capable of supplying both thermodynamic (heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy) and kinetic data (reaction rate and activation energy) on protein denaturation. Calorimetric studies have also provided a better insight into the order-disorder transition processes of granular starch and other gelling polysaccharides. DSC can be used to characterise mixtures of polymorphic forms of fats as well as to evaluate hydrogenation and various tempering regimes for their effectiveness in bringing about desired polymorphic changes. Calorimetry has also been employed to examine the physical state and properties of water in foodstuffs.
The fine structure of cortical granules in eggs and gastrulae of Mytilus edulis

In glutaraldehyde-fixed eggs of Mytilus edulis the cortical granule consists of a membrane completely surrounding an electron-dense, granular mass with an associated bundle of microtubules up to 0.8 μ in length. The microtubules appear to assist in getting the contents of the cortical granules into the perivitelline space, where it becomes incorporated into the material of the vitelline coat. The contents of the cortical granules are not dispersed in the cytoplasm, as osmium tetroxide-fixed material indicates. At gastrulation the cortical granules retain the same morphology as in the fertilized egg. They are concentrated around the archenteron, and sparsely scattered in the rest of the embryo. An explanation for this is proposed.
Dulac criteria for autonomous systems having an invariant affine manifold

Abstract For a class of higher dimensional autonomous systems that have an invariant affine manifold, conditions are derived to preclude the existence of periodic solutions on the invariant manifold. It is established that these conditions are robust under certain types of local perturbations of the vector field. As a consequence, each bounded semitrajectory on the invariant manifold is shown to converge to a single equilibrium using a C 1 closing lemma for this class. Applications to autonomous systems that are homogeneous of degree 1 are also considered.
Balance of Activity between LNvs and Glutamatergic Dorsal Clock Neurons Promotes Robust Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila

Summary Circadian rhythms offer an excellent opportunity to dissect the neural circuits underlying innate behavior because the genes and neurons involved are relatively well understood. We first sought to understand how Drosophila clock neurons interact in the simple circuit that generates circadian rhythms in larval light avoidance. We used genetics to manipulate two groups of clock neurons, increasing or reducing excitability, stopping their molecular clocks, and blocking neurotransmitter release and reception. Our results revealed that lateral neurons (LN v s) promote and dorsal clock neurons (DN 1 s) inhibit light avoidance, these neurons probably signal at different times of day, and both signals are required for rhythmic behavior. We found that similar principles apply in the more complex adult circadian circuit that generates locomotor rhythms. Thus, the changing balance in activity between clock neurons with opposing behavioral effects generates robust circadian behavior and probably helps organisms transition between discrete behavioral states, such as sleep and wakefulness.
The application of fluorescence emission and polarization for the measurement of association constants between fluorescein-conjugated protein antigens and antibodies

Abstract Association constants for macromolecular antigen-antibody interaction were determined by titration of fluorescein-labelled antigen with antisera. Calculation of the association constants was based on changes in the polarization of fluorescence and on changes in fluorescence emission. The antigen-antibody systems studied were human γ globulin, equine liver alcohol dehydrogenase and bovine serum albumin, β lactoglobulin and thyroglobulin. Both the enhancement and polarization techniques using dye-conjugated antigens were simple to perform, permitted rapid determination of association contants and required only small amounts of antibody and antigen.
Barley β-glucan reduces plasma glucose and insulin responses compared with resistant starch in men

Glucose and insulin responses have been reported to be lowered by acute consumption of soluble oat fiber or high amylose cornstarch. This study sought to determine if barley β-glucan and preformed resistant starch reduced glucose and insulin responses in men independently or if a synergism exists between the two carbohydrate sources. A total of 20 men (10 control, 10 overweight; average body mass index, 23.8 vs 29.0) were fed a controlled diet for 2 days before each treatment containing 75 g available carbohydrate. Fasting subjects consumed 10 treatments consisting of glucose or 1 of 9 muffins containing 3 levels of resistant starch (0.1, 6.1, or 11.6 g/tolerance) and 3 levels of β-glucan (0.1, 3.1, or 5.8 g/tolerance) in a Latin square design. Plasma glucose and insulin responses were determined over 4 hours after each treatment. Compared with controls, overweight subjects had significantly higher mean glucose (5.5 vs 6.0 ± 0.1 mmol/L) (P < .003) and insulin (153 vs 285 ± 21 mmol/L) (P < .0001) concentrations. Glucose (P < .001) and insulin (P < .003) responses were lower and returned to fasting quicker in the controls than in overweight subjects. The highest β-glucan level was the most effective in lowering glucose (P < .001) and insulin responses (P < .0001). Average glucose (P < .025) and insulin (P < .0001) areas under the curve were lowest after the muffins containing the high β-glucan. Resistant starch content was less effective than β-glucan in reducing glucose or insulin response. Acute consumption of barley β-glucan, but not resistant starch, in muffins was effective in reducing glucose and insulin responses in men who were mildly insulin-resistant.
Shiftwork and Industrial Injuries at a Chemical Plant in South-East Texas:

A historical retrospective study of 242 shiftworker (SW) and 224 non-shiftworker (NSW) injuries at a chemical manufacturing plant in southeast Texas was performed. The shiftworker schedule comprised an 8-hour, 7-day backward rotation program, while the NSW schedule consisted of a normal 40-hour work week. Injury records were matched against payroll/attendance records to enhance the probability of isolating possible effects of the shiftwork rotation schedule on the rates, distribution and severity of injuries. For SW injuries, analysis by chi-square comparing day worked into shift with shift rota indicated that the occurrence of an injury, the day worked into each shift and the rota were associated. For the period studied, SW's had more confirmed injuries during the first 4 days of day and night shift than during the evening shift. Female SWs had a significantly higher reported injury incidence rate than did male SWs while maintaining a similar distribution of injury severity ratings. Among NSWs, injury in...
Measurement of ethanolamine- and serine-containing phospholipids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of their Dns derivatives

We describe a liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of amino group-containing phosphoglycerides in tissue. The total lipid extract is derivatized with Dns-chloride at 50 degrees C for 3 h. Dns derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylserine are separated by a silica gel column with gradient elution. The eluate is monitored by fluorescence detection at 342 nm (excitation) and 500 nm (emission). Ethanolamine and serine plasmalogens can be determined indirectly by converting their derivatives into Dns-lysophosphatidylethanolamine and Dns-lysophosphatidylserine with exposure to HCl fumes. The optimal sample size for derivative formation and analysis by this method is between 1 and 10 nmol of phospholipids (30 and 300 ng of lipid phosphorus), although the lower limit of detection is about 20 pmol. By analyzing the total lipid extract of rat brain we showed that the method was applicable to the quantitative analysis of amino group-containing phosphoglycerides in tissue samples.
TU‐G‐217A‐08: Camer‐Rao Lower Bound Analysis of 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging for Breast With Singular Value Decomposition Method and Linear Combination Method

Purpose: To study the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Linear Combination (LC) quantification with Camer‐Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) analysis.Methods: In‐house Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and LC program was developed with Matlab version 7.6 (Mathworks.com). Hankel SVD method (singular value decomposition of the acquired FID signal arranged in a Hankel matrix) is used to compute the signal poles and amplitude, and from them the signal frequencies and damping factors. In LC method, poles are generated from SVD analysis of averaged 10 FID, the amplitudes of the signal components were estimated by the least square method for individual FID signal. The estimated FID signals are constructed from the quantification parameters, residue error spectrum was calculated by FFT of the difference of original FID and estimated FID. In order to study the CR lower bound, known simulated spectrum without noise was analyzed with SVD and LC method. Then introduce random noise, quantification residue was analyzed, and estimated parameters with CRLB were compared with results without noise. Results: CRLB estimation is verified with the standard deviation calculation, CRLB is larger than and comparable to standard deviation. For small signal as low as 1.5% of maximum, SVD can detect at SNR 10, LC can handle SNR 5. For SNR 5, SVD can reliably detect signal like 12.5% of maximum. Typical patient data from breast tumor data was analyzed with SVD and LC methods too, results are reliable and consistent. Conclusions: CRLB estimation is verified with the standard deviation calculation. Both SVD and LC method can be used for human MRSI, the SVD method is sensitive to noise, since it has no prior knowledge to reduce noise; if noise is larger than signal, fake peak can be introduced. LC method combined with SVD generated poles can be exploited in MRSI with best results.
The Morphology of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles - a review

th century, so too were anomalies in radio communication. The association of the radio communication anomalies with the electron density irregularities in the ionosphere was verified after the probing of the ionosphere with an ionosonde. An ionosonde is an instrument that measures the electron density as a function of height by transmitting a sweep of frequencies and receiving delayed, reflected signals from different ionospheric layers. In the absence of irregularities in the electron density, the observations of an ionosonde provide a thin-layer electron-density profile for the frequency-range coordinates. In the presence of irregularities, however, a spread in frequency or range appears in the electron density profile. The spread is caused by the irregular reflection-altitude of the transmitted signal, which indicates the existence of electron density irregularities in the reflecting layer. The spread is most severe at night in the equatorial F-region, so this phenomenon is called ‘equatorial spread F’ (ESF). Because of its significant effect on communication, navigation, and geodesic systems, ESF has been recognized as one of the most important space-weather features in the ionosphere. Various terms have been used to represent the election density irregularities in the equatorial F-region. The generic name ESF originated from observations of the irregularities by ionosonde. With in situ satellite observations, irregularities appear at the places where the electron density is depleted, relative to the background ionosphere, so terms such as “depletions, ”, “bite-outs,” and “plasma holes” were used (e.g., Hanson & Sanatani 1973, McClure et al. 1977). The terms “plumes” or “wedges” stemmed from the morphology of turbulent regions in radar observations (e.g.,
Redox Signals and NF-κB Activation in T Cells

Accumulating data from a number of laboratories have recently indicated that the response of transcription factor NF-kappaB to alterations in the redox homeostasis of cells may play an important role in modulating immune function. The activation of NF-kappaB has been recognized to regulate a number of genes necessary for normal T cell responses including IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and several T cell surface receptors. Diminished NF-kappaB activity has been shown to occur in T cells with aging, suggesting that impaired activation of NF-kappaB might occur during cellular senescence. In addition, aberrancies in NF-kappaB activity have been implicated in the immunopathogenesis of diseases involving immune or inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis and HIV-1 infection. The role of H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an integratory secondary messenger for divergent T cell signals has been complicated by the fact that various T cell lines and peripheral blood T cells differ markedly in the levels of NF-kappaB activation induced by oxidant stress. Additionally, proposed pathways of NF-kappaB activation have been based on indirect evidence provided by experiments which used antioxidants to inhibit active NF-kappaB formation. Further, complete activation of T cells requires at least two signals, one that stimulates an increase in intracellular calcium and one that stimulates enzymatic processes including kinases. Similarly, substantial evidence indicates that full activation of NF-kappaB requires dual signals. The ability of H2O2 or other ROS to induce T cell signals and functional responses by these two mechanisms is reviewed and the specific response of NF-kappaB to redox changes in T cells is examined. Data are also presented to suggest that the redox regulation in NF-kappaB activation may be relevant to immune-related diseases and to aging.
US Middle East Policy and the State- Capital Controversy in Imperialism's Historiography

The post-9/11 US intervention in the Middle East has reignited the debate over imperialism—both its meaning and its morality. The broader dispute over imperialism dates to the appearance of J. A. Hobson's writings on the topic in 1902. An analysis of US ventures in the Middle East from the end of World War I to OPEC's consolidation in the 1970s illuminates key controversies that recur in the literature from Hobson forward. The present essay is specifically concerned with this episode's lessons for the debate over whether imperialism's animating impulse is capital or the state itself. It demonstrates that this controversy is fundamentally misconceived.
A Main Program and Overlay Manager Subsystem Within a Distributed Function Laboratory Computer System

A key property of modern systems to control and acquire data from a collection of laboratory experiments is that the computer programs to effect this control and data acquisition are written in a high-level language, e.g., FORTRAN. The large amount of core memory required for execution of programs compiled from the FORTRAN language poses the most significant problem in the design of systems to support this language. A common method of solving this problem involves dividing the execution code into a main program and a set of associated overlays. A subsystem for developing and executing FORTRAN programs having such a main program-overlay structure can be implemented in many ways. The details of an implementation within a functionally distributed laboratory computer system are given. Emphasis is placed on the description of an auxiliary fast-access disk used as an intermediate storage device for read-only access information.
Religious Involvement and the Intoxication Trajectories of Low Income Urban Women

Although prior research has made significant contributions to our understanding of the risk factors associated with increased alcohol consumption in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, very little is known about the resources that help residents to resist the countless circumstances and conditions that sustain these systems of alcohol abuse. Building on prior research, we use data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project, a probability sample of 2,402 lowincome women with children living in lowincome neighborhoods in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, to test whether religious involvement is protective against intoxication. Results obtained from ordered logistic regression models indicate that regular religious attendance is associated with lower levels of intoxication over two years.
Transradial cardiac catheterization in elderly patients

The safety and efficacy of transradial cardiac catheterization in elderly patients is unknown. This study examines procedure success rates for transradial catheterization in appropriately selected patients < 70 (n = 195) and ≥ 70 (n = 83) years old. Elderly patients were less likely to be selected for the transradial approach (46% vs. 61%; P = 0.05). Although patients ≥ 70 years old were more often female (39.7% vs. 24.1%; P = 0.008) and had a smaller body surface area (1.89 ± 0.18 vs. 2.01 ± 0.24 m2; P = 0.001), procedure success rates did not differ (95.1% vs. 94.8%; P = NS). Procedure-related variables including procedure time (15.4 ± 12.6 vs. 16.1 ± 11.6 min; P = NS), amount of radiographic contrast (90.1 ± 31.9 vs. 86.4 ± 29.8 cc; P = NS), and number of catheters used (1.5 ± 0.9 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7; P = NS) were similar between groups. We conclude that transradial catheterization can be safely and effectively performed in selected elderly patients. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 51:287–290, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Compiling business processes: untangling unstructured loops in irreducible flow graphs

This paper presents a systematic study of some major problems involved in the transformation of business process modelling languages to executable business process representations. A business process modelling language usually uses the simple concept of 'goto' to describe the operation sequence of a business. If a structured language is chosen as the executable representation, it is difficult to compile the unstructured goto flows into structured statements when the process model is irreducible. This paper discusses a method called Regular Expression Language (REL). REL is a method that can compile a business process model that is irreducible with unstructured loops to statements in structured languages with controlled code complexity. Examples are given for compiling models expressed as UML2 Activity Diagrams into the Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS).
Three-dimensional canopy fuel loading predicted using upward and downward sensing LiDAR systems

Abstract We calibrated upward sensing profiling and downward sensing scanning LiDAR systems to estimates of canopy fuel loading developed from field plots and allometric equations, and then used the LiDAR datasets to predict canopy bulk density (CBD) and crown fuel weight (CFW) in wildfire prone stands in the New Jersey Pinelands. LiDAR-derived height profiles were also generated in 1-m layers, and regressed on CBD estimates calculated for 1-m layers from field plots to predict three-dimensional canopy fuel loading. We then produced maps of canopy fuel metrics for three 9 km2 forested areas in the Pinelands. Correlations for standard LiDAR-derived parameters between the two LiDAR systems were all highly significant, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.82 and 0.98. Stepwise linear regression models developed from the profiling LiDAR data predicted maximum CBD and CFW (r2 = 0.94 and 0.92) better than those developed from the scanning LiDAR data (r2 = 0.83 and 0.71, respectively). A single regression for the prediction of CBD at all canopy layers had r2 values of 0.93 and 0.82 for the profiling and scanning datasets, respectively. Individual bin regressions for predicting CBD at each canopy height layer were also highly significant at most canopy heights, with r2 values for each layer ranging between 0.36 and 0.89, and 0.44 and 0.99 for the profiling and scanning datasets, respectively. Relationships were poorest mid-canopy, where highest average values and highest variability in fuel loading occurred. Fit of data to Gaussian distributions of canopy height profiles facilitated a simpler expression of these parameters for analysis and mapping purposes, with overall r2 values of 0.86 and 0.92 for the profiling and scanning LiDAR datasets, respectively. Our research demonstrates that LiDAR data can be used to generate accurate, three-dimensional representations of canopy structure and fuel loading at high spatial resolution by linking 1-m return height profiles to biometric estimates from field plots.
Using Robotic Testing System to Investigate ACL Reconstructions in Restoring the Normal Knee Joint Biomechanics: Experience at Harvard Medical School

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a debilitating injury associated with various complications such as joint instability, meniscal injury and chronically may lead to osteoarthritis. ACL is believed to be the primary restraint to anterior translation and axial rotation. However, few studies have investigated the alterations to the other degrees of freedom kinematics due to ACL deficiency. ACL reconstruction has been widely accepted to be the standard of care for patients who sustain an ACL rupture to minimize the risk of the complications mentioned above. Widely practiced surgical techniques have yet to prove their efficacy in comprehensively restoring the normal knee joint function. Sub-optimal performance of the conventional single bundle ACL reconstruction has sparked a renewed interest in anatomical reconstruction and alterations to the conventional techniques.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Tunnel injection into the confined‐particle states of an In1−xGaxP1−zAsz well in InP

Tunnel injection is demonstrated into the confined‐particle states of an In1−xGaxP1−zAsz potential well, located on the p‐type side of an InP p‐n junction, leading to structure in the I‐V, dI/dV, and d2I/dV2 characteristics and to step increases in the intensity of the recombination radiation at bias voltages V corresponding to the states of the well [eV∼Eg(InGaPAs) ∼hν<Eg(InP)].
Human MutY: gene structure, protein functions and interactions, and role in carcinogenesis.

Faithful maintenance of the genome is crucial to the individual and the species. Oxidative DNA damage, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), poses a major threat to genomic integrity. 8-OxoG can mispair with 2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate or with 2′-deoxyadenosine triphosphate during DNA replication, forming C•8-oxoG and A•8-oxoG mispairs. Human MutY is responsible for recognition and removal of the inappropriately inserted adenine in an A•8-oxoG mispair. If unrepaired, the A•8-oxoG mispairs can result in deleterious C:G to A:T transversions. Human MutY functions in a postreplication repair pathway and is targeted to the newly synthesized daughter strand of DNA for removal of the adenine base. The human MutY protein is targeted to both the mitochondria and the nucleus and associates with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, apurinic/ apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, replication protein A and mutS homolog 6 proteins. Mutations in the human MutY gene and defective activity of the human MutY protein have been detected in cancer. A direct correlation between defective A•8-oxoG repair and increased levels of genomic 8-oxoG has now been established.
A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona

ABSTRACT Until now, Syntarsus was based on a single species, S. rhodesiensis, known only from southern Africa. The discovery of Syntarsus in North America adds significantly to the increasingly detailed resemblance of African and North American Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate faunas. The new species, Syntarsus kayentakatae, is based on a complete skull and partial skeleton, and more fragmentary remains of at least 16 additional individuals, all from a narrow stratigraphie interval in the Kayenta Formation. Syntarsus kayentakatae is diagnosed by parasagittal cranial crests and fusion of the fibula to the calcaneum in adults. Syntarsus is the most derived member of the newly diagnosed theropod taxon Ceratosauria, possessing 22 apomorphies that arose subsequent to the divergence of ceratosaurs from other theropods. Syntarsus shares 20 of these with Coelophysis bauri, one of the earliest well-known theropods. By their first appearance, probably late Carnian, ceratosaurs already possessed a history invol...
Engineering A Recombinant Deinococcus Radiodurans for Organopollutant Degradation in Radioactive Mixed Waste Environments

Thousands of waste sites around the world contain mixtures of toxic chlorinated solvents, hydrocarbon solvents, and radionuclides. Because of the inherent danger and expense of cleaning up such wastes by physicochemical methods, other methods are being pursued for cleanup of those sites. One alternative is to engineer radiation-resistant microbes that degrade or transform such wastes to less hazardous mixtures. We describe the construction and characterization of recombinant Deinococcus radiodurans, the most radiation-resistant organism known, expressing toluene dioxygenase (TDO). Cloning of the tod genes (which encode the multicomponent TDO) into the chromosome of this bacterium imparted to the strain the ability to oxidize toluene, chlorobenzene, 3,4-dichloro-1-butene, and indole. The recombinant strain was capable of growth and functional synthesis of TDO in the highly irradiating environment (60 Gy/h) of a 137Cs irradiator, where 5x10(8)cells/ml degraded 125 nmol/ml of chlorobenzene in 150 min. D. radiodurans strains were also tolerant to the solvent effects of toluene and trichloroethylene at levels exceeding those of many radioactive waste sites. These data support the prospective use of engineered D. radiodurans for bioremediation of mixed wastes containing both radionuclides and organic solvents.
Complexity and regularity of vector-soliton collisions.

In this paper, we extensively investigate the collision of vector solitons in the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations. First, we show that for collisions of orthogonally polarized and equal-amplitude vector solitons, when the cross-phase modulational coefficientb is small, a sequence of reflection windows similar to that in the f 4 model arises. When b increases, a fractal structure unlike f 4 's gradually emerges. But when b is greater than one, this fractal structure disappears. Analytically, we explain these collision behaviors by a variational model that qualitatively reproduces the main features of these collisions. This variational model helps to establish that these window sequences and fractal structures are caused entirely or partially by a resonance mechanism between the translational motion and width oscillations of vector solitons. Next, we investigate collision dependence on initial polarizations of vector solitons. We discovered a sequence of reflection windows that is phase induced rather than resonance induced. Analytically, we have derived a simple formula for the locations of these phase-induced windows, and this formula agrees well with the numerical data. Last, we discuss collision dependence on relative amplitudes of initial vector solitons. We show that when vector solitons have different amplitudes, the collision structure simplifies. Feasibility of experimental obser- vation of these results is also discussed at the end of the paper.
Major quantitative trait loci control divergence in critical photoperiod for flowering between selfing and outcrossing species of monkeyflower (Mimulus).

Summary Divergence in flowering time is a key contributor to reproductive isolation between incipient species, as it enforces habitat specialization and causes assortative mating even in sympatry. Understanding the genetic basis of flowering time divergence illuminates the origins and maintenance of species barriers. We investigated the genetics of divergence in critical photoperiod for flowering between yellow monkeyflowers Mimulus guttatus (outcrosser, summer flowering) and Mimulus nasutus (selfer, spring flowering). We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of F2 hybrids and fine-mapping in nearly isogenic lines to characterize the genomic regions underlying a > 2 h critical photoperiod difference between allopatric populations, and then tested whether the same QTLs control flowering time in sympatry. We identified two major QTLs that almost completely explain M. nasutus's ability to flower in early spring; they are shared by allopatric and sympatric population pairs. The smaller QTL is coincident with one that differentiates ecotypes within M. guttatus, but the larger effect QTL appears unique to M. nasutus. Unlike floral traits associated with mating system divergence, large interspecific differences in flowering phenology depend on only a few loci. Major critical photoperiod QTLs may be ‘speciation genes’ and also restrict interspecific gene flow in secondary sympatry.
The effects of positive and negative self-interruptions in discretionary multitasking

Human multitasking is often the result of self-initiated interruptions in the performance of an ongoing task. Compared to externally induced interruptions, self-interruptions have not received enough research attention. To address this gap, this paper develops a detailed classification of self-interruptions rooted in positive and negative feelings of task progress based on responses subjects provided after completing a multitasking laboratory experiment. The results suggest that multitasking due to negative feelings is associated with more self-interruptions than those triggered by positive feelings and that more self-interruptions may produce lower accuracy in all tasks. Therefore, negative internal triggers of self-interruptions seem to unleash a downward spiral that ultimately affects performance.