cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet-Emitting, Alkoxy-Functionalized Poly(m-phenylene)

UV-emitting, highly soluble poly(3,5-(dodecyloxy)phenylene) (2) has been prepared by the nickel-catalyzed polymerization of 3,5-dichloro(dodecyloxy)benzene (1) in the presence of excess zinc, triphenylphosphine, and 2,2‘-bipyridine. Structural characterization by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy agrees with the proposed polymer architecture of 2 consisting exclusively of meta-linkages. MALDI-MS in a dithranol matrix confirms the presence of the 260 g/mol repeat units contained in the polymer backbone. Elemental analysis is consistent with an average polymer chain consisting of approximately 40 monomer repeats capped by one terminal chlorine atom. GPC of 2 indicates an Mn of 9700 g/mol (relative to polystyrene), well in aggreement with the Mn of 8800 g/mol obtained by toluene VPO studies of the same sample. Thermal analysis has shown the polymer to possess high thermal stability with no weight loss in N2 up to 350 °C. Solution fluorescence studies of the polymer in THF have determined the polymer to be primaril...
A collaborative, long-term learning appro ach to using relevance feedback in content-based image retrieval systems [appro ach read approach]

In recent years, an extensive research in the area of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has been focused on relevance feedback (RF) techniques to improve the retrieval of images. In relevance feedback systems, a search engine dynamically updates the weights of various visual features in the query based on the user's measure of retrieved images' (ir)relevance. In this paper, we propose a novel collaborative relevance feedback approach that relies on the postulation that human-perception subjectivity is narrower than the semantic gap. As relevant results of each query are being remembered by the system, various users over different sessions can contribute to improve the successive query results
Intangible Assets, Internationalization and Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing

This study provides strong empirical evidence in support of the intangible assets model of foreign direct investment. The percentage of lawyers in total employment is introduced as a proxy for the internalization advantage that is associated with the presence of intangible assets. Legal intensity is shown to be directly related to the level of U.S. foreign direct investment abroad for sixty-one manufacturing industries from 1982–1989.
ESR evidence for sequential divalent cation binding in higher plant cell walls

Abstract Electron spin resonance linewidth measurements have been made on intact cell walls exchanged with various combinations of Mn2+ and Ca2+. These experiments were performed to find the Mn2+ nearest-neighbor distance and thereby determine whether carboxylate-Mn2+ complexes potentiate ion association at adjacent sites on cell wall polyuronides. Our results show that as the fraction of available binding sites occupied by Mn2+ increased from 2% to 27%, the nearest-neighbor distance parameter decreased only from 14 to 11 A. These distances are close to polyuronide interanionic spacings. The small change in the distance parameter with concentration is evidence for sequential rather than random binding. Competitive ion-exchange with Ca2+ was found to reduce the Mn2+ spin-spin line broadening at similar total bound Mn2+ concentrations. This is expected only if Ca2+ competes at adjacent sites. The data presented offer strong support for the hypothesis that carboxylate groups near already occupied sites have a greater affinity for divalent cations than other sites along the polyuronide main chain.
A clinical evaluation of alternative fixation techniques for medial malleolus fractures

Abstract Background Medial malleolus fractures have traditionally been managed using partially threaded screws and/or Kirschner wire fixation. Using these conventional techniques, a non-union rate of as high as 20% has been reported. In addition too many patients complaining of prominent hardware as a source of pain post-fixation. This study was designed to assess the outcomes of medial malleolar fixation using a headless compression screw in terms of union rate, the need for hardware removal, and pain over the hardware site. Setting Saint Louis University and Mercy Medical Center, Level 1 Trauma Centers, St. Louis, MO. Methods After IRB approval, we used billing records to identify all patients with ankle fractures involving the medial malleolus. Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to identify patients with medial malleolar fractures treated with headless compression screw fixation. Our inclusion criteria included follow-up until full weight bearing and a healed fracture. Follow-up clinical records and radiographs were reviewed to determine union, complication rate and perception of pain over the site of medial malleolus fixation. Sixty-four ankles were fixed via headless compression screws and 44 had adequate follow-up for additional evaluation. Results Seven patients had isolated medial malleolar fractures, 23 patients had bimalleolar fractures, and 14 patients had trimalleolar fractures. One patient (2%) required hardware removal due to cellulitis. One patient (2%) had a delayed union, which healed without additional intervention. Ten patients (23%) reported mild discomfort to palpation over the medial malleolus. The median follow-up was 35 weeks (range: 12–208 weeks). There were no screw removals for painful hardware and no cases of non-union. Conclusions Headless compression screws provide effective compression of medial malleolus fractures and result in good clinical outcomes. The headless compression screw is a beneficial alternative to the conventional methods of medial malleolus fixation.
Generic Iterative Reconstruction of Multi-pinhole SPECT

Single photon emission computerized tomographic (SPECT) images often suffer from low resolution and low count density. To improve spatial resolution of SPECT it is possible to use a pinhole collimator; however, this further reduces the system sensitivity. A potential solution to this problem is to use coded apertures, which offers increased sensitivity by using multiple pinholes, at the cost of increased image reconstruction time. A generic reconstruction algorithm has been developed which allows for arbitrary acquisition geometry via affine transforms (translation and rotation). The reconstruction process uses a (Siddon) ray projector, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and a 1 to n pinhole position matrix. Iteration times scale as a function of the number of pinholes in the collimator. Resolution recovery has also been incorporated into the reconstruction algorithm. The algorithm developed allows for the investigation of optimal imaging settings for small animal imaging. Simulated acquisitions of an ex-vivo rat heart with 1, 5 and 8 pinholes, over 360 degree acquisition, showing that multi-pinhole imaging can be successfully applied to rat cardiac imaging. Further refinement of the acquisition parameters, such as image overlap, collimator pinhole configuration and geometrical imaging configuration, will predict the theoretical settings for quantitative cardiac multi-pinhole SPECT imaging.
Brain abscesses in children with cancer.

Background. Brain abscesses in pediatric patients are rare events, and the causative organism and prognosis vary with the population under study. Children with cancer seem to be particularly susceptible to the development of brain abscesses because of the immunological changes induced by cancer and its treatment. We reviewed the records of children who developed a brain abscess during treatment of a malignancy to define the clinical characteristics, prognosis, and management of these patients. Procedure. We performed a retrospective review of the clinical and laboratory characteristics of all cancer patients younger than age in years who were admitted to our institution between 1980 and 1996 for a brain abscess. Results. Twelve children were identified. Cancer diagnoses were brain tumor in two, systemic PNET in two, and leukemia in eight. Six patients had multiple abscesses. Eleven received prior chemotherapy. Abscesses were surgically excised or aspirated in seven, and empiric antibiotics were given to the other five. At surgery, Listeria monocytogenes, Aspergillus fumigatus (3), Fusarium, and Candida lusitanea were cultured. Aspergillus was identified in other locations in four patients. Abscesses were successfully treated in seven patients, two of whom received antibiotics only; five patients (42%) died from infection. Conclusions. Mortality is high in this immunosuppressed population, in part due to the preponderance of fungal infection. The finding of very rare organisms suggests that drainage and culture should be performed whenever possible; empiric antibiotics that include an antifungal agent may, on occasion, be successful.
Consumer Data Analysis and Its Managerial Application for the Grocery Industry

Consumer data is collected to understand the heterogeneity of consumer behavior and store competition in grocery shopping. Marketing research techniques are used to analyze consumers’ decision processes and their preference models. Initial modeling results are aggregated to search for substantial clustering patters. The demographic profiles are also examined for clustering interpretations. The derived research results can assist grocery industry to better understand its customers and the competition within the industry. Also, Consumers’ perceptions of competing stores are collected to create perceptual maps. Strategic analysis is conducted by studying the relative positions of competing stores.
Genetic analysis of fungicide-resistant Sclerotinia homoeocarpa isolates from Tennessee and northern Mississippi

ABSTRACT Sclerotinia homoeocarpa is the causal agent of dollar spot disease that reduces the uniformity and aesthetic value of golf putting greens. Fungicide-resistant isolates of S. homoeocarpa we...
Doxycycline Sclerotherapy of a Symptomatic Paravaginal Mesonephric Duct Remnant

Background A Gartner's duct cyst associated with a vaginal ectopic ureter is a rarely reported finding in the literature. Treatments for this anomaly include observation or surgical excision when symptomatic. Sclerotherapy is frequently used in the management of recurrent pleural effusions. One author has described the use of tetracycline sclerotherapy to successfully treat vaginal and vulvar Gartner's duct cysts. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of doxycycline sclerotherapy in the treatment of a symptomatic Gartner's duct cyst associated with a vaginal ectopic ureter. Case A 17 year old nulligravid white female was referred for evaluation of a congenital gynecologic anomaly and a heavy vaginal discharge. She had been evaluated previously for gross hematuria and was found to have a bicornuate uterus and congenital absence of the right kidney. Cystoscopic evaluation had revealed an ectopic right ureter that opened into a right paravaginal cavity. At laparotomy the ectopic ureter was ligated at the bladder, however, the paravaginal cavity could not be approached abdominally. The paravaginal mass was then explored, but not excised, via a vaginal approach. The patient subsequently experienced heavy vaginal leaking of a serous fluid from the ostomy that had been created vaginally. The drainage was sufficiently heavy to require continuous use of incontinence pads and to interfere with normal daily activities. At this point she was referred to our care. A Technetium-labeled Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) renal scintigram demonstrated the absence of functional renal tissue around the paravaginal cavity, and communication to the bladder was ruled out by a fistulogram. This anomaly was believed to represent a Gartner's duct cyst that had previously been communicating with the bladder via an ectopic vaginal ureter. To avoid further surgical intervention. the symptomatic cavity was then treated medically with doxycycline sclerotherapy. One gram of doxycycline was mixed with 100 cc of normal saline and 20 cc of 1 % lidocaine to provide topical anesthesia. This solution was then infused into the paravaginal cavity via a hysterosalpingogram catheter where it remained for 1–2 hours on three separate occasions over a 3 month period. The patient noted a marked reduction in the amount of leaking from the paravaginal cavity, and did not experience any side effects or complications from this therapy. Conclusions We report for the first time the safe and successful use of Doxycycline sclerotherapy in the treatment of a Gartner's duct cyst associated with a vaginal ectopic ureter.
High Efficiency Beam Splitting for H- Accelerators

Beam splitting for high energy accelerators has typically involved a significant loss of beam and radiation. This paper reports on a new method of splitting beams for H- accelerators. This technique uses a high intensity flash of light to strip a fraction of the H- beam to Ho which are then easily separated by a small bending magnet. A system using a 900-watt (average electrical power) flashlamp and a highly efficient collector will provide 10-3 to 10-2 splitting of a 50 MeV H- beam. Results on the operation and comparisons with stripping cross sections are presented. Also discussed is the possibility for developing this system to yield a higher stripping fraction.
Cystathioninemia: a benign genetic condition.

Of 3 siblings who were found to be homozygous for cystathioninemia, only the proband had mild mental retardation; none had physical abnormalities. The addition of these 3 persons to those previously recorded in the literature increases the number of patients homozygous for cystathioninemia to 14 and permits statistical comparison of index to non-index patients. Analysis confirms a significant difference between the two groups and suggests that vitamin B 6 —dependent cystathioninemia has been considered to be causally related to the occurrence of mental and physical abnormalities on the basis of ascertainment bias.
When Helping Yourself is Not Enough: Sociomedical Networking Among Milwaukee's Latinos

I can still feel my grandmother's sweet breath upon my skin, as she would rub my herida (wound) while saying these words. These words and the healing hand embody the idea within Milwaukee, Wisconsin's Latino community of both yesterday and today that there is wisdom in the healing powers of touch—and that the first source of medical care comes from within the home, not outside it. When helping yourself is not enough, however, Latinos explore other options often before seeking biomedical services found in hospitals and community health clinics.
Nuclear response functions in quasielastic electron scattering

Abstract We calculate longitudinal and transverse response functions for quasielastic electron scattering in a relativistic random-phase approximation to the Walecka model. The particle-hole response and the Pauli blocking of nucleon-antinucleon (NN) excitations are calculated exactly in the finite system. Vacuum polarization effects are included in a local-density approximation. As the effective nucleon mass decreases virtual NN pairs are more readily excited in the medium. This change in vacuum polarization reduces the proton's effective charge and results in a longitudinal response that is substantially below the Hartree result and in good agreement with experiment. In the Walecka model nucleons interact via the exchange of isoscalar sigma and omega mesons. The transverse response function is dominated by the (mostly) isovector anomalous moment, and is therefore largely unchanged.
The Rat Testicular Ai Adenosine Receptor-Adenylate Cyclase System

When adenosine interacts with membranebound A1 receptors, it is capable of inhibiting the enzyme adenylate cyclase in brain and fat tissue. In this paper we characterize the A1 adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system of the rat testes. The agonist radioligand (—)-N-[3-[125I]iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl-(isopropyl)adenosine binds with high affinity (Kd, ≃1 nM) in a saturable manner (maximum binding, ≃600 fmol/mg protein). The A, adenosine receptor binding displays the appropriate pharmacology, stereospecificity, and sensitivity to guanine nucleotides. The testicular A1 receptor is also coupled in an inhibitory manner to the enzyme adenylate cyclase, as demonstrated by the ability of N6-R-phenyl-2-propyladenosine to inhibit isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The testicular A1 receptor can be solubilized in high yield and in an active form with the detergent digitonin. The solubilized receptor retains all of the pharmacological properties of the membrane-bound receptor. Although there are...
Quantum mechanics and nilpotent groups. I: The curved magnetic field

The quantum mechanics of massive spinless particles in an external magnetic field polynomial in position variables is shown to be related to nilpotent Lie groups. By using the known representation structure of such groups, the Hilbert spaces of the quantum mechanical systems can be decomposed into irreducible representations of the nilpotent groups. Such a decomposition is given explicitly for constant and curved magnetic fields. Since the Hamiltonian for polynomial magnetic fields is quadratic in the Lie algebra elements, its spectrum can be found using the representation structure of nilpotent groups. The explicit time dependence of the system can also be found by solving the heat equation on nilpotent groups. These ideas are worked out for the constant magnetic field, where the solution is well known, and the curved magnetic field, where it is not. Generalizations to other systems whose interaction terms are polynomial are also given.
Determining the value of dedicated multimodal cargo facilities in a multi-region distribution network

Abstract This paper presents an analytic model of a multi-region distribution problem that addresses the operational benefits of serving a global market using a network of dedicated multimodal cargo facilities (DMCFs). The model allows an explicit evaluation of the comparative value of using a dedicated air cargo-based multimodal distribution facility in an established network of supply and demand points as opposed to more traditional methods for inter-regional shipments. We develop a large-scale, non-linear programming model to evaluate the corresponding logistics costs, incorporating the congestion effects of aircraft loading/unloading on dock-to-dock lead times in the network. We then demonstrate how this difficult problem can be decomposed into its linear (LP) and non-linear (multi-class queueing) sub-problems. An iterative solution scheme is devised to compute the comparative costs of traditional and DMCF-based cargo operations.
Selected African American First-time Teenage Mothers' Perceptions of Nurse Caring Behaviors During the Postpartum Period

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore and describe African American teen mothers’ perceptions of nurse caring behaviors during the postpartum period in a rural southern state. African Americans have unique cultural needs; thus, it is critical for the science of nursing to explore and describe African American teenage mothers’ perceptions of nurse caring behaviors during the postpartum period. By exploring and describing African American first-time teenage mothers’ perceptions of nurse caring behaviors, the researcher will help nursing science gain insight into how to facilitate and enhance postpartum care for young families. An exploratory descriptive design was used and descriptive analyses were conducted on demographic characteristics and CBA subscales to answer the research question: How do African American first-time teenage mothers describe nursing behaviors and identify the most important nursing behaviors that they received during the postpartum period? Findings indicated that there was statistical significance for the independent variable, decision
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF MALIGNANT EXOPHTHALMOS AND POSTOPERATIVE HYPOTHYROIDISM COMPLICATING GRAVES’ DISEASE

THE etiology of Graves’ disease is poorly understood at best, and even less is known as to why some cases show certain unusual complications of presumed pituitary origin, such as malignant exophthalmos, whereas others do not. With regard to possible etiologic factors, it is well known that hyperthyroidism is occasionally observed in individuals receiving thyroid therapy for conditions other than hypothyroidism, such as obesity. This sequence of events is not necessarily related to the size of the dose of thyroid. However, although many such cases have been documented, the critical observer will have to agree that there is no proof that thyroid therapy is responsible for the development of hyperthyroidism after discontinuation of treatment. There are no adequate statistical data available to indicate whether the incidence of hyperthyroidism among individuals who have previously received thyroid hormone is significantly greater than that in the population at large. Nevertheless, students of this subject are...
Optimizing capture efficiency in a magneto-optical trap

We have studied the user of vapor-cell magneto-optical traps for the collection and investigation of trace elements of radioactive isotopes. The fundamental processes governing efficient collection of neutral isotopes in a trap have been identified and integrated into a model that accurately describes the collection process. The model has been verified experimentally; a 6% capture efficiency has been demonstrated for stable Cs isotopes and we predict a simple change in trapping cell geometry will allow a 50% capture efficiency. This paper discussed the issues involved in efficient capture, such as the trapping laser properties and wall-coatings. It describes a new cell design for efficient capture and discusses current work towards trapping small numbers of 221Fr (T1/2 equals 4.8 minutes) atoms.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sleep and wakefulness modulate gene expression in Drosophila.

In the mammalian brain, sleep and wakefulness are associated with widespread changes in gene expression. Sleep in fruit flies shares many features with mammalian sleep, but it is currently unknown to what extent behavioral states affect gene expression in Drosophila. To find out, we performed a comprehensive microarray analysis of gene expression in spontaneously awake, sleep-deprived and sleeping flies. Fly heads were collected at 4 AM, after 8 h of spontaneous sleep or sleep deprivation, and at 4 PM, after 8 h of spontaneous wakefulness. As in rats, we found that behavioral state and time of day affect Drosophila gene expression to a comparable extent. As in rats, transcripts with higher expression in wakefulness and in sleep belong to different functional categories, and in several cases these groups overlap with those previously identified in rats. Wakefulness-related genes code for transcription factors and for proteins involved in the stress response, immune response, glutamatergic transmission, and carbohydrate metabolism. Sleep-related transcripts include the glial gene anachronism and several genes involved in lipid metabolism. Finally, the expression of many wakefulness-related and sleep-related Drosophila transcripts is also modulated by the time of day, suggesting an interaction at the molecular level between circadian and homeostatic mechanism of sleep regulation.
Comparison of end-system IPv6 protocol stacks

The Internet Protocol version 6 (also known as IPv6) has been developed to replace the current IPv4 protocol. Various operating systems running at end-systems now support IPv6 protocol stacks and network infrastructures (hosts, routers) are currently being deployed to support IPv6 features. IPv6 stacks on end-systems constitute an important component in the migration and adoption of IPv6. To investigate the impact of IPv6 on user applications, an empirical evaluation was conducted on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks on the Linux operating system for TCP and UDP protocols. The IPv6 performance obtained on Linux was compared with the performance of IPv6 of other commodity operating systems, namely Solaris 8 and Windows 2000. The experimental results demonstrate that the IPv6 protocol stack for Linux outperforms IPv6 stacks of these operating systems.
Biochemical characterization of Cdc6/Orc1 binding to the replication origin of the euryarchaeon Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus

Archaeal cell division cycle protein 6 (Cdc6)/Origin Replication Complex subunit 1 (Orc1) proteins share sequence homology with eukaryotic DNA replication initiation factors but are also structurally similar to the bacterial initiator DnaA. To better understand whether Cdc6/Orc1 functions in an eukaryotic or bacterial-like manner, we have characterized the interaction of two Cdc6/Orc1 paralogs (mthCdc6-1 and mthCdc6-2) with the replication origin from Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus. We show that while both proteins display a low affinity for a small dsDNA of random sequence, mthCdc6-1 binds tightly to a short duplex containing a single copy of a 13 bp sequence that is repeated throughout the origin. Surprisingly, sequence comparisons show that this 13 bp sequence is a minimized version of the Origin Recognition Box element found in many euryarchaeotal origins. Analysis of mthCdc6-1 mutants demonstrates that the helix-turn-helix motif in the winged-helix domain mediates the interaction with this sequence. Association of both mthCdc6/Orc1 paralogs with the duplex containing the minimized Origin Recognition Box fits to an independent binding sites model, but their interaction with longer DNA ligands is cooperative. Together, our data provide the first detailed biophysical characterization of the association of an archaeal DNA replication initiator with its origin. Our observations also indicate that the origin-binding properties of Cdc6/Orc1 proteins closely resemble those of bacterial DnaA.
Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in association with the central Atlantic magmatic province

Received 26 September 2007; revised 24 December 2007; accepted 7 February 2008; published 17 June 2008. [1] To determine whether the � 200 Ma central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) coincides with a normal polarity bias and a purported abrupt change in polar wander at the J1 cusp, we collected samples for paleomagnetic study from 80 sites distributed over a � 2500-m-thick section of sedimentary units that are interbedded with and overlie CAMP lavas in the Hartford basin, which together represent the initial 2.4 Ma of the Jurassic according to cycle stratigraphic analysis. Characteristic directions carried by hematite were isolated by thermal demagnetization in 71 sites and define a coherent magnetostratigraphy supported by a positive reversal test and an interbasin fold test. Despite a pronounced overall normal polarity bias (only three relatively short reverse polarity intervals could be confirmed in the sampled section), normal polarity Chron H24n that encompasses the CAMP extrusive zone is no more than 1.6 Ma in duration. Elongation/inclination analysis of the 315 characteristic directions, which have a flattened distribution, produces a result in agreement with a published mean direction for the CAMP volcanic units as well as published results similarly corrected for inclination error from the Newark basin. The three data sets (CAMP volcanics, Newark corrected sediments, and Hartford corrected sediments) provide a 201 Ma reference pole for eastern North America at 67.0N, 93.8E, A95 =3 .2. Paleopoles from the Moenave and Wingate formations from the Colorado Plateau that virtually define the J1 cusp can be brought into agreement with the 201 Ma reference pole with corrections for net clockwise rotation of the plateau relative to eastern North America and presumed sedimentary inclination error. The corrected data show that apparent polar wander for North America proceeds directly toward higher latitudes over the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic with no obvious change that can be associated with CAMP.
Reflections on a Downhole Steam Generator Program

Downhole steam generator development activities are discussed beginning with the Department of Energy program carried out at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. This was followed by a venture which was funded by a Fortune 500 company with the objective of commercializing the development work from Sandia. The activities at both facilities are discussed, with emphasis on field operations. Field projects included experience in a variety of heavy oil fields in Texas, New Mexico and California. The purpose of this reflection is to provide a historical record of these activities and to make projections which may be helpful in considering future extractive methods for heavy oil.
Elastic Environment of the Capillary Bed

To determine the degree to which the capillary blood vessels in vivo are supported by the elasticity of the surrounding tissue, a study was made of the elastic properties of the mesentery of the rabbit. A torsion test was made on a circular membrane of the avascular region of the mesentery, by applying a graded static torque and measuring the resulting deformation. The mesentery was found to have a modulus of rigidity in the same category as that of larger arteries and veins. It has a nonlinear stress-strain relationship with a tendency to harden at larger strains. In torsion experiments, the shear modulus G can be reduced to the following form G = µ+c 2 |τ| Where c 2 is a constant and |τ| is the absolute value of the shear stress. The constant µ depends on the initial tension in the membrane. For the mesentery specimens, µ ranges from 215 to 1900 gm/cm 2 , whereas the nondimensional constant c 2 has an average value of 8.23 with a standard deviation of 2.1. The hypothesis is advanced that the medium in which the capillaries of the mesentery are embedded is a gel and the capillary in effect is a tunnel in this gel. Such a hypothesis could explain the apparent rigidity of the blood capillaries.
Abnormalities of the S-T segment-Part II

The usual normal S-T segment of the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) contributes little to the diagnostic procedure. When the S-T segment is too long or too short, or when it is displaced upward or downward, it is commonly abnormal. Under such circumstances, an S-T segment abnormality usually contributes considerable diagnostic information. When the Grant method of ECG interpretation is used, it is possible to perceive abnormalities of the S-T segment that may otherwise be ignored or misinterpreted. This paper describes the method of identification and the significance of primary and secondary S-T segment abnormalities. When a mean vector constructed for the S-T segment displacement seen in 12 ECG leads is relatively parallel with a mean vector representing the T wave, it is, with a few exceptions, part of the repolarization process and is therefore part of the T wave. This may be called a secondary S-T segment abnormality. When a mean vector constructed for the S-T segment displacement seen in 12 ECG leads is not relatively parallel with a mean vector representing the T wave, it is, with a few exceptions, not part of the repolarization process and is therefore not part of the T wave. This may be called a primary S-T segment abnormality.
Scenes from a restaurant: Privacy regulation in stressful situations

Stress results when an individual has less control over an environment or a situation than is desired. One way of regaining control and reducing stress is to regulate privacy by screening the self from spatial, visual or acoustical invasion. This study examined the use of architectural features to regulate privacy under hypothetical situations that are likely to generate low, moderate and high stress, comparing the seating choices of males and females in a variety of dining scenarios in a restaurant. In more stressful circumstances such as those associated with a job interview, participants chose restaurant seating bounded by more architectural features than they did in more relaxed dining situations such as dining with friends. Males and females appeared to be different in their responses to moderate and high stress situations. These results have implications for designers of secondary settings where stressful interactions are likely to take place.
Even and Odd Order Intermodulation Nonlinearity From Superconductive Microstrip Lines

Three-tone intermodulation distortion (IMD) was used to measure the even and odd order microwave nonlinearity of superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 and YBa2Cu3O7 resonators. By using an off-resonance probe signal, the IMD generation is stimulated locally in the vicinity of the probe. Both 2nd and 3rd order IMD appear at the microwave resonant frequency, providing a synchronous comparison of the local even and odd order nonlinearities and a quantitative determination of the current densities that produce the intermodulation distortion. Comparison of synchronous 2nd and 3rd order IMD provides a characterization of the extent of time reversal symmetry breaking (TRSB) in the superconductor. As the probe is scanned across the resonator, the degree of TRSB is seen to vary in different regions, always exhibiting a significant rise in the 3rd order IMD at the critical temperature, Tc, consistent with expectation from the nonlinear Meissner effect. The ratio of 2nd order to 3rd order IMD current drops significantly at Tc, indicating a reduction in TRSB at the phase transition.
On the observation of rescattering effects in the reaction 7Li(d, nα)4He

Abstract The reaction 7 Li(d, n α ) 4 He was studied at incident deuteron energies of 2.07 and 2.09 MeV in an attempt to observe n- α rescattering effects. Contrary to previous results no peaks were observed which could be attributed to rescattering.
99% AC test coverage using only LBIST on the 1 GHz IBM S/390 zSeries 900 Microprocessor

This paper explains a new logic built-in self-test (LBIST) technique used in production on the zSeries 900 microprocessor and associated cache chips. LBIST is a test technique critical to the S/390 suite of tests. Various improvements have been made over successive generations of S/390 part numbers. New for the '00 design is the programmable selection of weights during LBIST. This is a comprehensive paper covering why we wanted to improve LBIST, how we improved it, choices made in implementing the enhancement and the results. The results include both the improved LBIST fault coverage and a discussion of the empirical fallout data showing the effectiveness of this technique in production. In addition, we include an example showing added benefits of the new technique.
IFN-γ– and IL-10–expressing virus epitope-specific Foxp3+ T reg cells in the central nervous system during encephalomyelitis

Foxp3+ CD4 regulatory T cells (T reg cells) are important in limiting immunopathology in infections. However, identifying pathogen-specific epitopes targeted by these cells has been elusive. Using MHC class II/peptide tetramers and intracellular cytokine staining, we identify T reg cells recognizing two virus-specific CD4 T cell epitopes in the coronavirus-infected central nervous system as well as naive T cell precursor pools. These T reg cells are detected at the same time as effector T cells (T eff cells) exhibiting the same specificity and can suppress T eff cell proliferation after stimulation with cognate peptide. These virus-specific T reg cells may be especially effective in inhibiting the immune response during the peak of infection, when virus antigen is maximal. Furthermore, these T reg cells express both IL-10 and IFN-γ after peptide stimulation. IFN-γ expression is maintained during both acute and chronic phases of infection. Identification of T reg cell target epitopes by cytokine production is also applicable in autoimmune disease because myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific Foxp3+ T reg cells express IL-10 and IL-17 at the peak of disease in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results show that pathogen epitope-specific Foxp3+ T reg cells can be identified on the basis of cytokine production.
Neuroprotection from secondary injury by polyethylene glycol requires its internalization

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is well known to both fuse and repair cell membranes. This capability has been exploited for such diverse usages as the construction of hybridomas and as a reparative agent following neurotrauma. The latter development has proceeded through preclinical testing in cases of naturally induced paraplegia in dogs. The mechanisms of action of polymer-mediated neurorepair/neuroprotection are still under investigation. It is likely that the unique interaction of hydrophilic polymers with the mechanical properties of cell membranes in concert with an ability to interfere with mechanisms of secondary injury such as the production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS or ;free radicals') is the basis for neuroprotection by polymers. Here we provide further evidence that the ability of PEG to reduce or limit secondary injury and/or lipid peroxidation (LPO) of membranes requires entry of PEG into the cytosol, further suggesting a physical interaction with the membranes of organelles such as mitochondria as the initial event leading to neurorepair/neuroprotection. We have evaluated this relationship in vitro using acrolein, a potent endogenous toxin that is a product of LPO. Acrolein can pass through cell membranes with ease, inducing progressive LPO in ;bystander' cells, and the production of even more acrolein by inducing its own production. Immediate application of PEG (10 mmol l(-1), 2000 Da) to poisoned neurons in vitro was unable to rescue them from necrosis and death. Furthermore, three-dimensional confocal microscopy of fluorescently decorated PEG shows that it does not enter these cells for up to 2 h after application. By this time the mechanisms of necrosis are likely irreversible. Additionally, severe oxygen and or glucose deprivation of spinal cord white matter in vitro also initiates LPO. Addition of potent free radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid or superoxide dismutase (SOD) is able to interfere with this process, but PEG is not. Taken together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that PEG is able to rescue mechanically damaged cells, based on a restructuring of the damaged plasmalemma. Furthermore, in compromised cells with an intact cell membrane, PEG must first gain access to the cytosol where this same capability may be useful in restoring the integrity of cellular organelles such as mitochondria, though the intracellular concentration of the polymer must be significant relative to the concentration of toxins produced by LPO in order to rescue the cell.
A mechanism for the "no-response"" phenomenon during anodal stimulation of cardiac tissue

The author's goal is to use computer simulations and the bidomain model to suggest a mechanism for the "no-response" phenomenon in cardiac tissue. The "no-response" phenomenon occurs when an increase in the stimulus strength abolishes excitation. The author's calculations suggest that the "no-response" phenomenon is associated with "anode break" stimulation.
Histology and ultrastructure of untreated forty-eight-hour canine renal transplants.

The histology and ultrastructure of 48 hour renal transplants between unrelated canines was studied. Included in the investigation were eight normal, four autografted, and four allografted kidneys. The autografted organs showed no histological or ultrastructural changes when compared to normal contralateral controls. Light microscopy of the 48 hour allografts revealed extensive leukocytic infiltration and general cellular disruption with accumulations of lipid material and desquamated cytoplasm. Ultrastructural changes in glomeruli of allografted organs included thickening of the capillary basal lamina, enlargement and fusion of podocyte processes, accumulation of debris in the capillary lumens, and increase in blood platelets within the capillaries. Cells of both proximal and distal convoluted tubules showed mitochondrial swelling and disruption, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and accumulations of lipid material. Evidence of endothelial disruption in intertubular capillaries was observed. No changes were observed in the loops of Henle, collecting ducts or larger blood vessels. The results showed that tissue destruction reached an irreversible state by the 48 hour stage of allografting. The presence of plasma cells at this early stage implicated them in the rejection reaction.
FOUR DIMENSIONS OF FEAR OF DENTAL INJECTIONS

In 1995, students and staff at the University of Washington were surveyed regarding avoidance of dental care and fear of dental injections. More than 25 percent of adults surveyed expressed at least one clinically significant fear of injections. Almost one in 20 respondents indicated avoiding, cancelling or not appearing for dental appointments because of fear of dental injections. Fear of dental injections consists of four dimensions. General fear of dental injections including pain of injection and of bodily injury from injection are the two most common dimensions of dental injection fear. Many people also express fears of acquired disease. Fear related to local anesthetic (such as side effects, inadequate anesthesia) is less frequent. Some respondents have fears that must be categorized using more than one of these dimensions. Understanding the nature of a patient's fear of injection may suggest strategies to address his or her concerns.
A Diagrammatic Approach to Multilevel Logic Synthesis

A diagrammatic approach to the problem of synthesizing multilevel logic functions is presented. It has the advantage of giving a visual interpretation to such abstract concepts as fan-in, levels of logic, decomposition, and two-level forms.
Familiality analysis of provoked vestibulodynia treated by vestibulectomy supports genetic predisposition

Background Provoked vestibulodynia is a poorly understood disease that affects 8–15% of women in their lifetime. There is significant inflammation and nerve growth in vestibular biopsies from affected women treated by vestibulectomy compared with matched female population controls without vestibulodynia. The triggers leading to this neurogenic inflammation are unknown, but they are likely multifactorial. Objective Our objective was to determine whether vestibulodynia is more common in close and distantly related female relatives of women diagnosed with the disease and those specifically treated by vestibulectomy. Excess familial clustering would support a potential genetic predisposition for vestibulodynia and warrant further studies to isolate risk alleles. Study Design Using population-based genealogy linked to University of Utah Hospital CPT coded data, we estimated the relative risk of vestibulectomy in female relatives of affected women. We also compared the average pairwise relatedness of cases to the expected relatedness of the population and identified high-disease-burden pedigrees. Results A total of 183 potential vestibulectomy probands were identified using CPT codes. The relative risk of vestibulectomy was elevated in first-degree (20 [6.6–47], P P = .07), and third-degree female relatives (3.4 [1.2–8.8], P = .03). Seventy of these 183 CPT-based probands had available clinical history to confirm a diagnosis of moderate to severe vestibulodynia. Notably, this smaller group of confirmed probands (n = 70) revealed a similar familiality in first-degree (54 [17.5–126], P P = .005), and third-degree relatives (12 [3.3–31], P = .0004), despite less statistical power for analysis. Overall, the average pairwise relatedness of affected women was significantly higher than expected ( P Conclusion Our data suggest that vestibulodynia treated by vestibulectomy has a genetic predisposition. Future studies will identify candidate genes by linkage analysis in affected families and sequencing of distantly related probands.
Vulnerable Populations: The Homeless and Incarcerated

Vulnerable populations have been steadily increasing, including homeless individuals and incarcerated persons. The emergency department (ED) can have a critical impact on vulnerable populations because many underserved patients rely on emergency departments for most of their medical care. Homeless and incarcerated patients experience higher levels of chronic and acute health problems resulting in increased ED utilization. Delivering health care to vulnerable populations is multifaceted and must include their health care needs and social factors. Understanding the unique and interpersonal systems-level challenges in providing health care to vulnerable populations will improve ED care for homeless and incarcerated patients.
A class of their own: exploring the nondeacetylase roles of class IIa HDACs in cardiovascular disease

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play integral roles in many cardiovascular biological processes ranging from transcriptional and translational regulation to protein stabilization and localization. There are 18 known HDACs categorized into 4 classes that can differ on the basis of substrate targets, subcellular localization, and regulatory binding partners. HDACs are classically known for their ability to remove acetyl groups from histone and nonhistone proteins that have lysine residues. However, despite their nomenclature and classical functions, discoveries from many research groups over the past decade have suggested that nondeacetylase roles exist for class IIa HDACs. This is not surprising given that class IIa HDACs have, for example, relatively poor deacetylase capabilities and are often shuttled in and out of nuclei upon specific pathological and nonpathological cardiac events. This review aims to consolidate and elucidate putative nondeacetylase roles for class IIa HDACs and, where possible, highlight studies that provide evidence for their noncanonical roles, especially in the context of cardiovascular maladies. There has been great interest recently in exploring the pharmacological regulators of HDACs for use in therapeutic interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. Thus it is of interest to earnestly consider nonenzymatic and or nondeacetylase roles of HDACs that might be key in potentiating or abrogating pathologies. These noncanonical HDAC functions may possibly yield new mechanisms and targets for drug discovery.