cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Message exposure with friends: The role of social context on attitudes toward prominently placed brands

Consumers usually experience product placements in the presence of others, such as watching a movie or television show together. In this study, the role of social context on attitudes toward prominently placed brands is explored. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze data from 382 participants who watched a sitcom episode in dyads, with a friend or with someone they did not know. Additionally, dyads were allowed to interact during the viewing or required to remain passive. Attitudes toward product placements were more favorable when coviewing with friends than with strangers, but only toward a high intensity plot placement. No attitude differences emerged between interactive and passive viewing, suggesting that talking while viewing does not distract viewers to the extent that it impacts attitudes. No significant differences in attitudes emerged between the friend-interactive experimental condition and the other conditions. However, a significant difference in brand attitudes between friends and strangers emerged within the passive viewing context for a high intensity plot placement. Implications are such that chatting with a friend while watching product placements was no different from chatting with a stranger, but when watching silently, the presence of a friend improved brand attitudes compared to the presence of a stranger for high intensity plot placements. This is the first known study to investigate social context effects on attitudes toward product placements, the results of which are important to brand strategy. Brands with high intensity plot placements should encourage consumers to view with friends. Other managerial implications and limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissociation and reassembly of Escherichia coli outer membrane and of lipopolysaccharide, and their reassembly onto flagellar basal bodies.

Abstract Purified lipopolysaccharide vesicles dissociate when treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and then reassemble when dialyzed against Mg2+. Purified outer, lipopolysaccharide membrane (L membrane) is partially dissociated by treatment with EDTA and fully dissociated upon further treatment with Triton X-100. Both the partially and fully dissociated L membrane can be reassembled by dialysis against Mg2+. Reassembly of lipopolysaccharide or L membrane in the presence of intact flagella results in specific attachment of flagellar basal bodies to vesicles via the L and sometimes the M ring. Lipopolysaccharide and L membrane appear to be composed of substructures bound together by both Mg2+ (divalent cation)-mediated and hydrophobic bonds.
Agent based simulation design for aggregation and disaggregation

This paper proposes a framework for designing an agent based simulation to allow for easy aggregation and/or disaggregation of agent characteristics, behaviors, and interactions using a supply chain modeling context. Guidelines are provided for designing agent structure to demonstrate scalability in terms of fidelity to fit the needs of the analysis. The design methodology is based on combining hierarchical modeling with data-driven modeling. Related work done in variable-resolution modeling is a generalization for any modeling technique, while our proposed guidelines are specific for development of agent based models.
Compile Time Modeling of Off-Chip Memory Bandwidth for Parallel Loops

In this paper, we present a statistical model to predict the off-chip memory bandwidth required by a parallel loop during its execution. It is a compile-time modeling technique that derives the correlations between memory bandwidth requirement and data access patterns of multithreaded applications. This model could be used by the compiler and performance tools to predict when the sustainable memory bandwidth of the system will be reached by the application during execution, and to determine an optimal number of threads that should be configured to execute a specific parallel loop according to its memory reference patterns. Awareness of the performance impact of oversubscribed memory bandwidth can also help programmers to take into account the additional latency caused by the contention, and to minimize the overhead by tuning the memory access behavior of applications. We evaluated this model in terms of both technical accuracy and prediction accuracy by comparing the modeling results with the measured results. The evaluation demonstrates its accuracy in both system bandwidth modeling and application bandwidth modeling.
A Survey of Software Estimation Techniques and Project Planning Practices

Paper provides in depth review of software and project estimation techniques existing in industry and literature, its strengths and weaknesses. Usage, popularity and applicability of such techniques are elaborated. In order to improve estimation accuracy, such knowledge is essential. Many estimation techniques, models, methodologies exists and applicable in different categories of projects. None of them gives 100% accuracy but proper use of them makes estimation process smoother and easier. Organizations should automate estimation procedures, customize available tools and calibrate estimation approaches as per their requirements. Proposed future work is to study factors involved in Software Engineering Approaches (Software Estimation in focus) for Offshore and Outsourced Software Development taking Pakistani IT Industry as a Case Study.
Density-amplitude formulation of the phase-field crystal model for two-phase coexistence in two and three dimensions

The phase-field crystal approach describes the dynamics of the local atomic probability density on atomic length and diffusive time scales. However, the small grid spacing required to resolve the atomic length scale restricts the applicability to relatively small systems. We present a new amplitude-equation formulation that can be applied to model the evolution of a two-phase system by building upon the multiple-scale approach developed for the phase-field crystal model that explicitly incorporates a miscibility gap in the atomic density field. The new set of equations are less stiff by two orders in the spatial derivative and are found to retain acceptable accuracy even with a significantly larger grid size. Furthermore, the proposed model provides insight into the link between the phase-field-crystal model and a phase-field model in which conserved and nonconserved dynamics are coupled to describe a solid–liquid system. Models and simulation results are presented for two-dimensional hexagonal and three-...
Lubrication Increases Life of Meter Bearings

Discussion and author's closure of a paper by T. A. Abbott and J. H. Goss, published in the April 1935 issue, pages 428–31, and presented for oral discussion at the instruments and measurements session of the summer convention, Ithaca, N. Y., June 25, 1935. L. D. Price (Public Service Elec. and Gas Co., Paterson, N. J.): As the authors have pointed out, developments in watthour meter design over the period of the past several years have left the lower bearing as probably the one remaining weak spot in the meter. Realizing this and attempting to gather further knowledge of meter bearings, the Public Service Elec. and Gas Company is conducting a laboratory test on 306 watt-hour meters at Paterson, N. J. The purposes of the test are to study the effect of varied degrees of lubrication on sustained meter accuracies, to ascertain the causes of jewel failure, and, if possible, to determine the maximum length of test schedule economically possible under present operating conditions. The meters are representative single element meters of American manufacture; both natural and synthetic jewels are being used and the tests are conducted under classification 2 of the suggested means of obtaining test data at normal speeds under various loading conditions designed to approximate actual service conditions. We felt that this method of test was preferable to the accelerated test because of the time factor involved in the possible breaking down of the lubricant.
An unusual cause of dyspareunia

Pancreatic pseudocyst is a complication of acute pancreatitis and it usually manifests with abdominal pain. We report the case of a 45-year-old man with a history of acute pancreatitis who presented with abdominal pain, dyspareunia, and a palpable inguinal mass. Computed tomography scan revealed a large loculated pseudocyst that dissected through the pelvic cavity towards the inguinal canal, compressing pelvic and inguinal structures. When a patient with a history of pancreatitis develops an inguinal mass, a dissecting pancreatic pseudocyst should be suspected.
Evolution of morphological integration. I. Functional units channel stress-induced variation in shrew mandibles.

Stress-induced deviations from normal development are often assumed to be random, yet their accumulation and expression can be influenced by patterns of morphological integration within an organism. We studied within-individual developmental variation (fluctuating asymmetry) in the mandible of four shrew species raised under normal and extreme environments. Patterns of among-indi- vidual variation and fluctuating asymmetry were strongly concordant in traits that were involved in the attachment of the same muscles (i.e., functionally integrated traits), and fluctuating asymmetry was closely integrated among these traits, implying direct developmental interactions among traits involved in the same function. Stress-in- duced variation was largely confined to the directions delimited by functionally integrated groups of traits in the pattern that was con- cordant with species divergence—species differed most in the same traits that were most sensitive to stress within each species. These results reveal a strong effect of functional complexes on directing and incorporating stress-induced variation during development and might explain the historical persistence of sets of traits involved in the same function in shrew jaws despite their high sensitivity to environmental variation.
Proteinase Inhibitors and Proteinases of Human Semen

During the First International Research Conference on Proteinase Inhibitors, a survey was presented concerning the proteinases of spermatozoa and seminal plasma as was known until that time [1, 2]. In summary, a proteinase from rabbit spermatozoa was purified and characterized, and shown to differ from other known pro-teolytic enzymes. It was given the name “Acrosin” (approved by the Commission on Enzyme Nomenclature), alternately being called “Acrosomal Proteinase” by some authors. Acrosin was thought to be associated with the acrosome, a sac-like structure that caps the anterior portion of the sperm head. This has recently been confirmed by various authors [3, 4, 5]. Acrosin removes the zona pellucida of the rabbit ovum and is apparently used by the spermatozoon to penetrate this layer during the fertilization process. In certain species, such as the rabbit, boar and stallion [1, 6], acrosin activity is high in extracts from epididymal spermatozoa and low in extracts from ejaculated spermatozoa. This is due to the addition of one or more proteinase inhibitors from seminal plasma to the sperm during ejaculation. In various other species, such as the bull and rodents, epididymal spermatozoa possess high levels of inhibitor already, depressing the activity of acrosin. The epididymal inhibitor probably originates from the rete testis [7]. Its concentration in boar epididymal fluid is much lower than in boar seminal plasma, explaining the difference in acrosin activity of epididymal and ejaculated sperm in this species. The ram does not show these differences [6] and indeed the epididymal plasma and seminal plasma possess approximately the same concentration of inhibitor [7]. The molecular weight of the rete testis inhibitor was estimated as 6500 [7], identical to the inhibitor in seminal plasma [1]. Whether these inhibitors are the same remains to be established, however.
Vagal feedback in the entrainment of respiration to mechanical ventilation in sleeping humans

We studied the capacity of four "normal" and six lung transplant subjects to entrain neural respiratory activity to mechanical ventilation. Two transplant subjects were studied during wakefulness and demonstrated entrainment indistinguishable from that of normal awake subjects. We studied four normal subjects and four lung transplant subjects during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Normal subjects entrained to mechanical ventilation over a range of ventilator frequencies that were within +/-3-5 breaths of the spontaneous respiratory rate of each subject. After lung transplantation, during which the vagi were cut, subjects did demonstrate entrainment during NREM sleep; however, entrainment only occurred at ventilator frequencies at or above each subject's spontaneous respiratory rate, and entrainment was less effective. We conclude that there is no absolute requirement for vagal feedback to induce entrainment in subjects, which is in striking contrast to anesthetized animals in which vagotomy uniformly abolishes entrainment. On the other hand, vagal feedback clearly enhances the fidelity of entrainment and extends the range of mechanical frequencies over which entrainment can occur.
Growing Vertical in the Flatland

The world of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures continues to expand at a rate much greater than anyone could have predicted 10 years ago, but if we are to make the leap from science to technology, many materials challenges must still be overcome. Recent advances, such as those by Liu et al. in this issue of ACS Nano, demonstrate that it is possible to grow rotationally commensurate 2D heterostructures, which could pave the way toward single crystal van der Waals solids. In this Perspective, I provide some insight into a few of the challenges associated with growth of heterostructures, and discuss some of the recent works that help us better understand synthetic realization of 2D heterostructures.
The Supreme Court’s Misleading Footnote in General Dynamics

This article examines footnote 3 in the Supreme Court's 1987 opinion in United States v. General Dynamics. In that case, governed by the law in place before the Tax Reform Act of 1984, the Court held that General Dynamics had to defer deductions attributable to claims for employee medical expenses until the claims were approved. In the footnote, the Court suggested that the 1984 amendment to section 461(h) of the Internal Revenue Code postponing the time for deducting accrued expenses until economic performance would, in a similar case governed by the statutory change, have further deferred General Dynamics' deduction until time of payment. The author argues that the Court was wrong as a general matter (even though its suggestion might accidentally lead to the right timing result in some cases). He argues that the Court misread the legislative history of section 461(h) and provided no theoretical justification for treating economic performance as occurring at time of payment (rather than when services are provided) in the case of "employee benefit liabilities." Moreover, the Court ignored the potential effects of other sections of the Code, such as section 404, which might control the timing of deductions associated with deferred benefits provided through unfunded medical reimbursement plans.
Allograft pancreatic duct dilatation following bladder drained simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: clinical significance.

Objective Radiologic imaging of the allograft pancreatic duct dilatation is an uncommon multifactorial finding that is not well described. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the clinical correlation of this finding. Design Retrospective study. Setting University Hospital, USA. Subjects One hundred forty five simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants have been performed for treatment of type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease between February 1993 and December 1999 at the University of Miami. Main outcome measures In 5 recipients, the pancreatic duct was noted to be dilated by ultrasound 1-18 months post-transplant. Results In all 5 recipients a Foley catheter was placed as the first line of treatment. This reduced the size of the pancreatic duct in one patient, who presented with normal serum amylase and lipase and hyperglycemia. A pancreas biopsy done with Foley catheter in place showed fibrosis with no evidence of rejection. Four patients with dilated pancreatic duct presented with increased serum amylase and lipase; however improvement of the pancreatic duct dilatation was seen only after anti-rejection therapy. One of the patients developed recurrence of pancreatic duct dilatation and a video-urodynamic study subsequently demonstrated voiding with abdominal straining and no detrusor activity. He ultimately underwent enteric conversion with resolution of pancreatic duct dilatation. Conclusions This infrequent complication of dilated transplant pancreatic duct could be multifactorial. It could suggest the diagnosis of reflux pancreatitis, which should resolve with bladder decompression. In fact, 1 patient presented with reflux pancreatitis caused by external sphincter detrusor pseudodyssynergia. However, this ultrasound finding may also be associated with pancreas rejection (4/5 patients). Image: Fluoroscopic control revealed a smooth walled bladder during the filling phase with a closed bladder neck.
Selection for Enhanced Host-Finding of Scarab Larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in an Entomopathogenic Nematode

The G13 strain of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), previously selected for enhanced host-finding of waxmoth larvae, Galleria mellonella L., was subjected to selection for the same trait against scarab larvae. Twenty rounds of selection produced a 3.7-fold increase, from 18.4 to 68.7%, in nematode (S20 strain) location of nondiapausing larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. However, the overall improvement over wild-types (Foundation and All strains), after 33 rounds (13 against G. mellonella and 20 against scarabs) was 153- and 72-fold, respectively. Infective juveniles had difficulty locating diapausing P. japonica larvae, and selection did not result in any enhancement in finding these larvae. Selection for host-finding of scarabs resulted in a 24.6% gain in host-finding of G. mellonella , suggesting selection was for a general feature present at different levels in different hosts. The use of KOH to absorb CO2 resulted in the complete inhibition of S20 strain response to insect hosts, verifying that nematodes have been selected for enhanced sensitivity to CO2. S20 nematodes were significantly less storage stable than the Foundation strain.
How accurate are the wrist-based heart rate monitors during walking and running activities? Are they accurate enough?

Background Heart rate (HR) monitors are valuable devices for fitness-orientated individuals. There has been a vast influx of optical sensing blood flow monitors claiming to provide accurate HR during physical activities. These monitors are worn on the arm and wrist to detect HR with photoplethysmography (PPG) techniques. Little is known about the validity of these wearable activity trackers. Aim Validate the Scosche Rhythm (SR), Mio Alpha (MA), Fitbit Charge HR (FH), Basis Peak (BP), Microsoft Band (MB), and TomTom Runner Cardio (TT) wireless HR monitors. Methods 50 volunteers (males: n=32, age 19–43 years; females: n=18, age 19–38 years) participated. All monitors were worn simultaneously in a randomised configuration. The Polar RS400 HR chest strap was the criterion measure. A treadmill protocol of one 30 min bout of continuous walking and running at 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, 8.0, and 9.6 km/h (5 min at each protocol speed) with HR manually recorded every minute was completed. Results For group comparisons, the mean absolute percentage error values were: 3.3%, 3.6%, 4.0%, 4.6%, 4.8% and 6.2% for TT, BP, RH, MA, MB and FH, respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was observed: r=0.959 (TT), r=0.956 (MB), r=0.954 (BP), r=0.933 (FH), r=0.930 (RH) and r=0.929 (MA). Results from 95% equivalency testing showed monitors were found to be equivalent to those of the criterion HR (±10% equivalence zone: 98.15–119.96). Conclusions The results demonstrate that the wearable activity trackers provide an accurate measurement of HR during walking and running activities.
Analogue Simulation for Local Damage of Drain Pipe

For the leakage of variable diameter drain pipe caused by local thinned area,the synergism of cavitation and erosion is regarded as the main factor.In order to obtain the distribution of damage,CFD code was used.The calculated result shows that static pressure reaches its minimum at the small-end of conical pipe behind the valve and is lower than the vaporization pressure,which will cause the cavitation,and maximum of shear stress appears at the same position,which accelerates the erosion effect of fluid.Furthermore,corresponding proposals are put forward to prevent the conical drain pipe from local damage.
Confessions of a Revisionist Historian: David L. Bigler on the Mormons and the West. Edited by Will Bagley

Confessions of a Revisionist Historian: David L. Bigler on the Mormons and the West. Utah, the Mormons, and the West Series. Edited by Will Bagley. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Tanner Trust Fund, 2015. 287 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95.) For most of his career, David L. Bigler was not writing history. He retired some thirty years ago after a long career as a publicist for U.S. Steel. Since then, however, he has spent much of his time furthering history as the board chair of the Utah State Historical Society and as an active member of several historical organizations. Bigler has also devoted his energy to studying overland emigration, Utah, Mormons, and the American West, producing several significant, provocative, and award-winning studies … jsillito{at}weber.edu
Label-Free Classification of Bax/Bak Expressing vs. Double-Knockout Cells

We combine optical scatter imaging with principal component analysis (PCA) to classify apoptosis-competent Bax/Bak-expressing, and apoptosis resistant Bax/Bak-null immortalized baby mouse kidney cells. We apply PCA to 100 stacks each containing 236 dark-field cell images filtered with an optically implemented Gabor filter with period between 0.3 and 2.9 μm. Each stack yields an "eigencell" image corresponding to the first principal component obtained at one of the 100 Gabor filter periods used. At each filter period, each cell image is multiplied by (projected onto) the eigencell image. A Feature Matrix consisting of 236 × 100 scalar values is thus constructed with significantly reduced dimension compared to the initial dataset. Utilizing this Feature Matrix, we implement a supervised linear discriminant analysis and classify successfully the Bax/Bak-expressing and Bax/Bak-null cells with 94.7% accuracy and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.993. Applying a feature selection algorithm further reveals that the Gabor filter period ranges most significant for the classification correspond to both large (likely nuclear) features as well as small sized features (likely organelles present in the cytoplasm). Our results suggest that cells with a genetic defect in their apoptosis pathway can be differentiated from their normal counterparts by label-free multi-parametric optical scatter data.
Governing Water: Institutions, Property Rights, and Sustainability

This chapter reviews the conception and implementation of water governance by major international organizations and contrasts them with the multiplicity of water institutions and property rights found in most river basins. In contrast to the more top-down orientation of water governance, we propose a form of policy analysis that emphasizes a bottom-up approach, beginning with water users and extending through multiple levels of governance. Such an approach emphasizes problem solving, diverse property rights, the quality of linkages across organizations, and the role of courts in resolving conflicts and establishing the rule of law. We conclude by considering how sustainability may be realized in complex river basin settings.
Basic Iterated Fractional Inequalities

Using fundamental formulae of iterated fractional Caputo type calculus, we establish several important fractional representation formulae, included iterated ones. Based on these we derive: a whole family of fractional Opial type inequalities, Hilbert-Pachpatte type fractional inequalities, Ostrowski type fractional inequalities, Poincare and Sobolev type fractional inequalities, finally we give Gruss type fractional inequalities.
Dysplastic follicular dendritic cells in hyaline-vascular Castleman disease: a rare occurrence creating diagnostic difficulty

Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) proliferations and dysplastic FDCs can be seen in Hyaline-vascular Castleman disease (HVCD). The association between HVCD and FDC sarcoma is well-documented; dysplastic FDCs may be precursors to FDC sarcoma. Herein, we describe a case of HVCD with strikingly large and dysplastic FDCs, which raised the differential of Hodgkin lymphoma and other neoplasms. Scattered dysplastic FDCs were predominantly in germinal centers and mantle zones, and rarely in interfollicular areas. Although occasional germinal centers contained increased FDCs, no mass forming proliferations were present to suggest FDC sarcoma. Immunostaining demonstrated that the atypical FDCs expressed CD21, clusterin and CXCL13, but not CD23, S100, pankeratin or CD30; they aberrantly expressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The present case demonstrates that dysplastic FDCs may be present as isolated cells that require immunophenotyping to distinguish them from malignant entities with similar morphologic features. A variety of FDC markers is required to confirm their origin as the expression of any single marker is not assured, as occurred in this case. Pathologists need be aware of FDC proliferations in HVCD because of their association with FDC sarcoma. Aberrant EGFR expression by dysplastic FDCs may indicate that they are pre-neoplastic and necessitate long-term patient follow-up.
Surfactant and Neonatal Electroencephalogram

Researchers at the University of California San Diego evaluated the effects of endotracheal intubation and surfactant on the neonatal brain using a 3-channel neonatal EEG.
Clinical Trials Investigating Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Glioblastoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the landscape of cancer immunotherapy and are being integrated into the standard of care for a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and carries a grave prognosis despite advances in surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Implementing immunotherapy for brain tumors mandates additional considerations due to the unique structural and immunologic milieu of the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, strong data from preclinical studies have driven clinical trials of immune checkpoint blockade for newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM. The focus of this review is to discuss the ongoing clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors in GBM and review the immunologic rationale for ongoing and future trial designs.
Outcomes of surgical intervention for anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery: A large contemporary prospective cohort study

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to prospectively analyze the outcomes of patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery undergoing surgical intervention according to a standardized management algorithm. Methods All patients aged 2 to 18 years undergoing surgical intervention for anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery between December 2012 and April 2017 were prospectively included. Patients underwent stress nuclear perfusion imaging, stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and retrospectively electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography angiography preoperatively. Patients were cleared for exercise at 3 months postoperatively if asymptomatic and repeat stress nuclear perfusion imaging, stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography angiography showed normal results. Results A total of 44 patients, with a median age of 14 years (8-18 years), underwent surgical intervention: 9 (20%) for the anomalous left coronary artery and 35 (80%) for the anomalous right coronary artery. Surgical procedures included unroofing in 35 patients (80%), translocation in 7 patients (16%), ostioplasty in 1 patient (2%), and side-side-anastomosis in 1 patient (2%). One patient who presented with aborted sudden cardiac death from an anomalous left coronary and underwent unroofing presented 1 year later with a recurrent episode and was found to have an unrecognized myocardial bridge and persistent compression of the coronary requiring reintervention. At last follow-up, 40 patients (91%) are asymptomatic and 4 patients have nonspecific chest pain; 42 patients (95%) have returned to full activity, and 2 patients are awaiting clearance. Conclusions Surgical treatment for anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery is safe and should aim to associate the coronary ostium with the correct sinus, away from the intercoronary pillar. After surgery, the majority of patients are cleared for exercise and remain asymptomatic. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the true efficacy of surgery in the prevention of sudden cardiac death.
Coordinating Characterizations of High Quality Mathematics Teaching: Probing the Intersection

We present an analysis that probed empirically the relationship among three different views of exceptional mathematics teaching: (a) the operational definition of “highly accomplished teaching” of mathematics used by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) in the United States, (b) the effective use of cognitively demanding tasks in the mathematics classroom, and (c) the use of innovative pedagogical strategies. We analyzed samples of instructional practice—lesson artifacts and teachers’ commentaries on lessons—submitted by candidates seeking NBPTS certification in the area of Early Adolescence/Mathematics. The instructional samples were systematically probed for evidence of mathematical and pedagogical features associated with the views of cognitive demand and innovative pedagogy, and the features found in the submissions of applicants who were awarded NBPTS certification are contrasted with those who were not awarded certification. Our analyses detected a fairly strong interaction between the NBPTS view of accomplished teaching and the view of effective mathematics instruction associated with cognitively demanding tasks. Nevertheless, even in these lessons that teachers selected for display as “best practice” examples of their mathematics teaching, innovative pedagogical approaches were not systematically used in ways that supported students’ engagement with cognitively demanding mathematical tasks.
The effect of diuresis on extravascular lung water and pulmonary function in acute decompensated heart failure

Aims The effect of extravascular lung water (EVLW) and relationship to functional status as a result of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) are not well understood. We sought to quantify changes in clinical variables, EVLW, airway anatomy, spirometry, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide before and after treatment for ADHF. Methods and results Fifteen patients were recruited within 24 h of hospital admission. Spirometry, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and surrogates of EVLW by computed tomography were measured and were then repeated within 24 h of discharge. From the computed tomography (CT) scan, surrogates of EVLW were calculated from the distribution of CT attenuation of the lung tissue. Airways were segmented using the VIDA Apollo software. Patients were hospitalized for 4.6 ± 2.1 days, had 10 ± 4.8 L of fluid removed (7.0 ± 4.2 L between study visits), and lost 7.1 ± 4.9 kg. Patients had significant clearance of fluid from the lungs (per cent change: mean, 4.2 ± 6.1%; skew, 17.5 ± 27.0%; kurtosis, 37.6 ± 56.7%; full-width half-maximum, 10.2 ± 13.5%). Static lung volumes and maximal flows improved significantly (per cent change: forced vital capacity, 14.5 ± 13.6%; forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 15.9 ± 14.0%; forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of forced vital capacity, 27.2 ± 42.9%). The ratio of membrane conductance to capillary blood volume improved significantly (per cent change: alveolar-capillary membrane conductance/capillary blood volume, 23.4 ± 22.8%). Weight loss during hospitalization was significantly correlated with improved spirometry and diffusing capacity. Conclusions Extravascular lung water contributes to the pulmonary congestive syndrome in ADHF patients, and its clearance is an important component of the improvement in pulmonary function as a result of inpatient treatment.
Different religions, diverse gods

Dans les philosophies et theologies des grandes religions du monde, on aborde generalement la question de la diversite religieuse en pretendant que ce qui est divin est un. Cette approche inclut les philosophies et theologies traditionnelles qui considerent comme fausses les autres, et les points de vue qui reconnaissent des differences dans les diverses sensibilites religieuses. L'A. demontre que cette alternative - diversite religieuse et reconnaissance de la diversite du divin - est une approche plus «realiste» de notre interpretation de la religion et de notre experience de ce qui est divin.
Events as Property Exemplifications

The term ‘event’ ordinarily implies a change, and most changes are changes in a substance. Whether coming into being and passing away can be construed as changes in substances is a question we shall not consider here. A change in a substance occurs when that substance acquires a property it did not previously have, or loses a property it previously had. Whether fissions and fusions of substances can be considered as cases of losing or acquiring properties is, again, a question we shall not discuss in this paper. By ‘substance’ I mean things like tables, chairs, atoms, living creatures, bits of stuff like water and bronze, and the like; there is no need here to associate this notion with a particular philosophical doctrine about substance.
Immunomodulation and Photocarcinogenesis

Ultraviolet radiation exposure has many biological effects, and immunosuppression is one of the least understood. UVR-suppressed immune reactions have been known for decades, and it diverges from drug-induced immunosuppression in many ways. Repeated exposure to lower doses of UVR induces long-term immunosuppression; UVR-mediated immunosuppression is antigen-specific and primarily perturbs the T-cell-driven immune reactions. UVR-induced immunosuppression is one of the factors for photocarcinogenesis.
Informal Caregiving to Persons with AIDS in the United States: Caregiver Burden Among Central Cities Residents Eighteen to Forty-Nine Years Old

Characteristics and caregiving experiences of friends and family members caring for people with AIDS (PWAs) were examined. Based on a probability sample of informal AIDS caregivers ages 18–49 living in central cities of the United States (n = 260), analyses were conducted to (a) identify the sociodemographic characteristics of young central city caregivers; and (b) examine the effects of caregiver characteristics (relationship to PWA, gender, race/ethnicity, income, sexual orientation, HIV status, perceived susceptibility), and level of objective caregiving demands, on subjective caregiver burden. Results indicate that the largest group of caregivers in this age category are male friends of the PWA—a group not typically found among caregivers to persons with other types of illnesses. In general, gay or bisexual caregivers, caregivers who have traditional family ties to the PWA, men relative to women, and lower income caregivers, report the greatest burden. While level of caregiving demands represents the most influential predictor of caregiver burden, white and male caregivers experience greater burden, independent of level of involvement and other caregiver characteristics. Receiving instrumental support with caregiving buffers the impact of high objective demands on subjective burden.
Natural disasters and entrepreneurship activity

Abstract We propose that natural disasters discourage economic development in the short-run by inhibiting entrepreneurship start-up activity, which is largely responsible for job creation and growth. Our findings indicate that natural disaster events decrease start-up activity in the short-run (i.e., 1–2 years) but have no effect beyond that term. Furthermore, this relationship is driven by climatic natural disasters in low and middle-income countries and geologic disasters in high-income countries.
Fast Implementation of the Nudged Elastic Band Method in AMBER

We present a fast implementation of the nudged elastic band (NEB) method into the particle mesh Ewald molecular dynamics module of the Amber software package for both central processing units (CPU)...
Isolated meniscus extrusion associated with meniscotibial ligament abnormality

The purpose of this study was to describe meniscus extrusion, present imaging characteristics, and provide clinical correlations for patients with isolated meniscus extrusion. Of the 3244 MRI reports identified as having meniscus extrusion, 20 patients were identified to have isolated meniscus extrusion (0.62%). Patients with moderate to severe chondromalacia, meniscus tears, intra-articular fractures, tumours, and ligament tears were excluded. Radiographs were reviewed and graded using Kellgren–Lawrence (K–L) scores. MRI’s were reviewed for the extent of extrusion and whether or not the meniscotibial ligament was intact. Clinical presentation and management were recorded. The study population consisted of 12 females and 8 males with a mean age of 40.5, diagnosed with meniscus extrusion and minimal concomitant knee pathology. 68% of patients were considered symptomatic as their knee pain correlated with the side of their meniscus extrusion and no other reason for pain was identified. The mean amount of meniscus extrusion was 2.5 mm (SD ± 1.1 mm) with 45% (9 of 20) having 3 + mm of extrusion. Meniscotibial ligament abnormality was identified in 65% of cases (13 of 20). Patients with 3 + mm of meniscus extrusion were much more likely to have associated meniscotibial ligament abnormality (100%, 9 of 9) compared to those with < 3 mm of extrusion (36%, 4 of 11) (RR 2.75, p = 0.048). The mean K–L grade obtained at the initial visit was 0.9 (95% CI 0.7–1.4) and the mean K–L grade obtained on final follow-up was 1.3 (95% CI 0.8–2.8) (n.s.) at a mean of 44.7 months. No correlation was found between K–L grade, gender, age, acute injury, and BMI in relation to meniscotibial ligament abnormality or amount of meniscal extrusion. Meniscus extrusion often occurs in the presence of significant knee pathology, predominantly with meniscus tears or osteoarthritis. Isolated meniscus extrusion is a rare occurrence that may present clinically with knee pain, commonly to the side in which the extrusion occurs. In patients with three or more millimetres of meniscus extrusion, an intact meniscus and minimal knee pathology, meniscotibial ligament abnormality is likely. This may provide an opportunity to treat the meniscotibial ligament abnormality with meniscus centralisation technique and decrease the amount of meniscus extrusion.
Transcriptome profiling reveals signaling conditions dictating human spermatogonia fate in vitro

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for the generation of sperm and have potential therapeutic value for treating male infertility, which afflicts >100 million men world-wide. While much has been learned about rodent SSCs, human SSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we molecularly characterize human SSCs and define conditions favoring their culture. To achieve this, we first identified a cell-surface protein, PLPPR3, that allowed purification of human primitive undifferentiated spermatogonia (uSPG) highly enriched for SSCs. Comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of these enriched SSCs with differentiating SPG (KIT+ cells) revealed the full complement of genes that shift expression during this developmental transition, including genes encoding key components in the TGF-β, GDNF, AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. We examined the effect of manipulating these signaling pathways on cultured human SPG using both conventional approaches and single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. This revealed that GDNF and BMP8B broadly support human SPG culture, while activin A selectively supports more advanced human SPG. One condition-AKT pathway inhibition-had the unique ability to selectively support the culture of primitive human uSPG. This raises the possibility that supplementation with an AKT inhibitor could be used to culture human SSCs in vitro for therapeutic applications.
YAP1 Expression in SCLC Defines a Distinct Subtype With T-cell–Inflamed Phenotype

Abstract Introduction The clinical and biological significance of the newly described SCLC subtypes, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-Y, and SCLC-P, defined by the dominant expression of transcription factors ASCL1, NeuroD1, YAP1, and POU2F3, respectively, remain to be established. Methods We generated new RNA sequencing expression data from a discovery set of 59 archival tumor samples of neuroendocrine tumors and new protein expression data by immunohistochemistry in 99 SCLC cases. We validated the findings from this discovery set in two independent validation sets consisting of RNA sequencing data generated from 51 SCLC cell lines and 81 primary human SCLC samples. Results We successfully classified 71.8% of SCLC and 18.5% of carcinoid cases in our discovery set into one of the four SCLC subtypes. Gene set enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes between the SCLC survival outliers (top and bottom deciles) matched for clinically relevant prognostic factors revealed substantial up-regulation of interferon-γ response genes in long-term survivors. The SCLC-Y subtype was associated with high expression of interferon-γ response genes, highest weighted score on a validated 18-gene T-cell–inflamed gene expression profile score, and high expression of HLA and T-cell receptor genes. YAP1 protein expression was more prevalent and more intensely expressed in limited-stage versus extensive-stage SCLC (30.6% versus 8.5%; p = 0.0058) indicating good prognosis for the SCLC-Y subtype. We replicated the inflamed phenotype of SCLC-Y in the two independent validation data sets from the SCLC cell lines and tumor samples. Conclusions SCLC subtyping using transcriptional signaling holds clinical relevance with the inflamed phenotype associated with the SCLC-Y subset.
Neurologic Disease in HIV Infection

First described in 1981, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), presents as a constellation of signs, symptoms, and opportunistic diseases reflecting the human immunodeficiency virus’s (HIV) infection, dysregulation, and destruction of immune cells involved primarly in the cellular immune response such as CD4+ T lymphocytes but also including members of the monocyte/macrophage lineage such as central nervous system (CNS) microglia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defined AIDS as a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/microliter and also identified a number of AIDS-defining conditions, both opportunistic diseases arising from a devastated cellular immune as well as conditions manifesting as a direct consequence of the immune dysregulation characteristic of HIV infection. The entire neuroaxis is susceptible to the HIV-related damage, and many AIDS-defining conditions manifest in the central nervous system (CNS).
Evolving together: transboundary water governance in the Colorado River Basin

Transboundary collaboration between the United States (US) and Mexico in the Colorado River Basin has heightened in recent years, as climate change, population growth, and overallocation threaten the long-term stability of the region. Through a combination of document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, we examine patterns of change in the governance of the Colorado River, as the US and Mexico navigate socioeconomic, cultural, and political asymmetries to jointly share water over the past two decades. We ask: What key events and environmental agreements have influenced transboundary water governance in the Colorado River over the past 20 years? We draw on the rich scholarship on transboundary water governance, especially around international river basin organizations, to uncover patterns of engagement and collaboration over time. We focus on the binational scale with an eye to study governance at multiple scales including interactions and impacts at the national and subnational scales. Our findings illustrate how Mexico’s role has evolved from a narrow one following a strict interpretation of the 1944 Treaty toward a more creative partnership between the US and Mexico demonstrated in binational negotiations and the creation of joint solutions to emerging challenges around water conservation and ecological restoration. We find transboundary water governance in the basin is influenced by both long-term and short-term contextual changes that can inform strategies key actors employ to bolster institutional resilience and take advantage of opportunities for transformative change. Further, we find that the evolution of the binational relationship is reflected in changes in the negotiation process and structure, which highlights the importance of trust and relationship building, transparency, joint fact-finding, and information sharing to foster collaboration. However, we also find uneven institutionalization of stakeholder participation and transparency in engagement patterns that may ultimately, serve to hinder governance and cooperation in the basin.
Academic Library Leadership: Race and Gender

Nearly 80% of American librarians are women. Similarly, the majority of American librarians are White; people of color – e.g., African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latino Americans – represent a small percentage of the U.S. library work-force. Throughout history, library leadership positions, regardless of the type of library (e.g., academic, public, or special), have been held by White males. This library leadership landscape was significantly altered following the enactment of a number of progressive laws and affirmative action programs, starting with the passage of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The problem, however, is that not every underrepresented group benefits from these laws and programs (hereafter policies). In fact, based on the present study, it appears that these policies have done little to help increase the number of people of color who are library directors in some of America’s largest and most prestigious academic libraries.