cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of Transference Interpretations to Outcome in the Early Sessions of Brief Supportive-Expressive Psychotherapy

Transference interpretations have been considered an important technique in models of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. The purpose of the current investigation was to explore the role of transference interpretations in the early sessions of 29 patients treated with Supportive-Expressive (SE) psychotherapy for depression. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to evaluate the relationship between proportion of transference interpretations and treatment outcome measured across levels of quality of interpersonal relationships. High levels of transference interpretations were significantly associated with poor treatment outcome for patients with poor interpersonal functioning. The results suggest that transference interpretations should be used sparingly in the early sessions of SE psychotherapy with patients who demonstrate a poor quality of interpersonal relationships prior to treatment. Ubertragungsdeutungen gelten als wichtige Technik in den Modellen fur psychodynamische Kurzpsychotherpie. Ziel der ...
Solid-phase extraction enhances detection of beta-amyloid peptides in plasma and enables Aβ quantification following passive immunization with Aβ antibodies

Abstract We have previously developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure to enable the detection of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in brain tissue from non-transgenic animals. We have now adapted these methods to enrich the Aβ fraction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. Human CSF and plasma and Tg2576 mouse plasma were subjected to guanidine denaturation followed by SPE in 96-well cassettes. The resulting eluates could be concentrated significantly to enhance detection of low-abundance Aβ peptides by immunoassay. The concentrated eluates diluted in a linear fashion with consistent recovery between SPE columns. This technique was therefore used to facilitate quantification of Aβ1-X, 1-40, 1-42, and 1-38 peptides in normal human CSF and plasma samples. SPE sample preparation was also applied to the plasma of mice dosed peripherally with a monoclonal antibody raised against Aβ. When such samples were assayed directly, the presence of the systemically administered antibody interfered with the subsequent immunoassay, by preventing detection of antibody-bound Aβ. After subjecting plasma from antibody-treated animals to denaturation and SPE, the antibody–antigen complex was disrupted, and the Aβ fraction could be isolated from the antibody-containing fraction. Application of this method allowed for detection of a 100-fold increase in plasma Aβ1-40 following treatment of Tg2576 mice or wild type littermate control mice with Aβ40-specific monoclonal antibody 9TL. Given the availability of a variety of SPE matrices, we hypothesize that these methods could facilitate plasma antigen retrieval using multiple therapeutic antibody approaches.
P05.63. Perspectives of breast cancer survivors about participating in an acupuncture clinical trial for hot flashes: a qualitative study

Results Five major themes emerged: (1) symptom appraisal (e.g. determining if/when symptoms become bothersome enough to necessitate intervention), (2) practical barriers (e.g. distance, travel), (3) beliefs about the interventions (e.g. fear of needles, dislike of medications), (4) comfort with clinical trials (e.g. randomization, blinding, placebo), (5) trust and altruism. Breast cancer survivors weighed benefits and costs associated with the decision to participate in a clinical trial involving acupuncture. Symptom appraisal was weighed against practical barriers to determine whether the potential benefits outweighed the costs (in time and effort) involved. Women also reflected on the nature of the interventions. Some favored acupuncture due to concerns about taking additional medications; others favored medication due to their fear of needles and/or skepticism about acupuncture’s effectiveness. Finally, women were more likely to express willingness to participate in a clinical trial if they had some understanding of the purpose of trial design (e.g. randomization, placebo, blinding); suspicions about placebo, blinding and randomization were barriers to participation. However, the presence of trust and altruism mitigated these concerns.
Modeling invasive weeds in grasslands: the role of allelopathy in Acroptilon repens invasion

Abstract We used an individual plant-based simulation model (ECOTONE) to evaluate the importance of allelopathy and soil texture to the invasion of semiarid grasslands by the non-native perennial C3 forb Acroptilon repens. We also assessed the sensitivity of model results to the negative effects of allelochemicals on recruitment and growth of perennial grasses. ECOTONE simulates the recruitment, growth, and mortality of individual plants on a small plot (0.12 m2) through time at an annual time step. A daily time step, multi-layer model of soil water dynamics (SOILWAT) was incorporated into ECOTONE to represent competition for soil water on a finer temporal scale. The model was parameterized for a shortgrass community in eastern Colorado, USA, using data available from the literature. Experimental simulations examined the effects of four soil textures and a range of levels of plant sensitivity to allelochemicals on the aboveground biomass of A. repens and of native perennial grasses. Simulation results showed that A. repens dominated the aboveground biomass on a plot only if native species were affected by allelopathic interactions. At moderate levels of plant sensitivity, A. repens became dominant faster and reached a higher proportion of the total biomass on fine- than on coarse-textured soils. Community composition and rate of A. repens dominance were more affected by the sensitivity of plant growth to allelochemicals than the sensitivity of species recruitment. Allelopathic interactions were an important component of the invasion dynamics of this perennial invasive weed, and further field investigations are warranted.
Responses to alterations in respiratory Po2 and Pco2 in the chicken.

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, tracheal pressure, respiratory rate and respiratory amplitude were made during the administration of various concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen via an unidirectional, artificial respirator to anesthetized chickens. When Flo was held constant (18 or 20%) and F CO 2 was varied between 0% and 20%, blood pressure and heart rate increased as CO 2 levels were increased. Respiratory rate and amplitude were zero at CO 2 levels below 4%. Respiratory rate remained constant at CO 2 levels above 6%, while respiratory amplitude increased continuously as CO 2 levels were raised from 4% to 20%. Resistance to air flow by the intra- and/or extrapulmonary tubular system was reduced at the elevated CO 2 levels. When F CO 2 was held constant (5 %) and F O 2 was varied between 50 % and 6 %, blood pressure fell at Flo below 12% while heart rate increased during hypoxia. Respiratory rate was markedly increased at low O 2 levels, while respiratory amplitude was only moderately increased. The resistance to air flow of the respiratory system was decreased during hypoxia. The chicken may have separate chemoreceptor systems that cause different respiratory responses to hypercarbia than to hypoxia.
Pole assignment of strictly proper and proper linear systems by constant output feedback

A new unifying approach for the study of pole assignment by constant output feedback (CPAP) for strictly proper and proper linear systems is presented. The multilinear nature of CPAP is reduced to a linear problem and to the standard multilinear problem of decomposability of multivectors; the solvability of CPAP thus becomes a problem of finding real intersections of a linear variety with the Grassmann variety of a projective space. An alternative proof to the ml≥n(m, I, n are the numbers of outputs, inputs, states) necessary and sufficient condition for generic pole-assignability of strictly proper systems by complex output feedback is given; the above result is extended to the ml≥ n + 1 condition for the case of proper systems. Stronger necessary conditions for generic pole assignment by a real output feedback are obtained by using the recently introduced invariant, the Plucker matrix Pn such conditions are that Pn must have full rank and ml≥n (strictly proper case), or ml≥ n + 1 (proper case). It is sh...
Multisensor fusion for the detection of mines and minelike targets

The US Army's Communications and Electronics Command through the auspices of its Night Vision and Electronics Sensors Directorate (CECOM-NVESD) is actively applying multisensor techniques to the detection of mine targets. This multisensor research results from the 'detection activity' with its broad range of operational conditions and targets. Multisensor operation justifies significant attention by yielding high target detection and low false alarm statistics. Furthermore, recent advances in sensor and computing technologies make its practical application realistic and affordable. The mine detection field-of-endeavor has since its WWI baptismal investigated the known spectra for applicable mine observation phenomena. Countless sensors, algorithms, processors, networks, and other techniques have been investigated to determine candidacy for mine detection. CECOM-NVESD efforts have addressed a wide range of sensors spanning the spectrum from gravity field perturbations, magentic field disturbances, seismic sounding, electromagnetic fields, earth penetrating radar imagery, and infrared/visible/ultraviolet surface imaging technologies. Supplementary analysis has considered sensor candidate applicability by testing under field conditions (versus laboratory), in determination of fieldability. As these field conditions directly effect the probability of detection and false alarms, sensor employment and design must be considered. Consequently, as a given sensor's performance is influenced directly by the operational conditions, tradeoffs are necessary. At present, mass produced and fielded mine detection techniques are limited to those incorporating a single sensor/processor methodology such as, pulse induction and megnetometry, as found in hand held detectors. The most sensitive fielded systems can detect minute metal components in small mine targets but result in very high false alarm rates reducing velocity in operation environments. Furthermore, the actual speed of advance for the entire mission (convoy, movement to engagement, etc.) is determined by the level of difficulty presented in clearance or avoidance activities required in response to the potential 'targets' marked throughout a detection activity. Therefore the application of fielded hand held systems to convoy operations in clearly impractical. CECOM-NVESD efforts are presently seeking to overcome these operational limitations by substantially increasing speed of detection while reducing the false alarm rate through the application of multisensor techniques. The CECOM-NVESD application of multisensor techniques through integration/fusion methods will be defined in this paper.
Winter Crop, Tillage, and Planting Date Effects on Double‐Crop Cotton

Canola (Brassica napus L.) can be profitably grown as a winter crop in a double-crop system in the southeastern USA. However, stand reductions of double-cropped cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) following canola have been observed. Field experiments were conducted over 2 yr to examine the effects of previous crop, tillage, planting date, and pesticide use on stand establishment of double-cropped cotton. In all 1999 experiments, cotton stand and seed cotton yields were reduced following canola compared with following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In four of five comparisons, cotton seedling infection by Rhizoctonia solani was greater following canola than following wheat or fallow. All R. solani isolates were anastomosis group AG-4, indicating that canola production did not selectively increase an unusual biotype of R. solani. In both years, R. solani AG-4 infection rates were enhanced by use of aldicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime] granular insecticide regardless of the preceding winter crop. The fungicide treatment did not prevent seedling infection by R. solani but did reduce stand and yield losses in 1999. Tillage had no consistent affect on R. solani AG-4 infection, stand, or yield following any winter crop treatment. Delayed cotton planting also did not consistently affect R. solani AG-4 infection or cotton stand but did reduce seed cotton yield at Tifton. Thus, modified tillage practices and delayed cotton planting are not viable management tools for controlling R. solani AG-4 infection and minimizing stand losses of cotton when double-cropped following canola.
Age‐related changes in the morphology of cerebral capillaries do not correlate with cognitive decline

The effects of age on cerebral capillaries have been examined in area 46 of the prefrontal cortices of sixteen rhesus monkeys, ranging in age from 5 to 35 years. Fourteen of the monkeys had been behaviorally tested prior to their brains being prepared for electron microscopic examination. It was found that whereas the thickness of the outer basal lamina adjacent to the glial limiting membrane increased with age and showed increasing numbers of splits, the inner basal lamina between endothelial cells and pericytes did not become thicker with age, and did not show splitting. There were also no age-related changes in the extent of the coverage of endothelial cells by pericytes and no change in the frequency of mitochondria in endothelial cells. The factors that did change with age, namely, the thickness of the outer basal lamina and the increased numbers of splits in this lamina showed no correlations with the cognitive status of the monkeys, suggesting that thickening of the outer basal lamina does not contribute to cognitive decline.
Extrusion of the proximal interphalangeal joint—Case report

A case of simultaneous condylar fracture of the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx and a Salter I fracture of the physis of the middle phalanx is described. The joint was extruded and entrapped dorsally. No similar case has been previously presented.
On the thermodynamics, structure and phase stability of the nonuniform fluid state

Abstract This study is based on a simple and straightforward generalization of the van der Waals theory for the thermodynamics and structure of a nonuniform fluid postulated almost one century ago. The relationship of this generalized van der Waals theory to the currently popular perturbation theory for liquid-vapor surfaces is demonstrated. An application of this theory to the description of the Lennard-Jones fluid interface near the triple point is reported, and comparisons of the predictions with numerical Monte Carlo experiments are made. The generalized van der Waals theory is then used to study infinitesimal density fluctuations and their relation to the stability of the single phase fluid state and critical opalescence. Theories for describing nonequilibrium density variations in a fluid are discussed with particular emphasis on the diffusion approximation. Theoretical predictions using the generalized diffusion equation are presented and compared with a numerical molecular dynamics simulation of a Lennard-Jones fluid quenched into the unstable region of the phase diagram (spinodal decomposition). Finally, a formal statistical mechanical theory for nonuniform fluids is presented and related to the van der Waals type theories.
Fine-needle percutaneous biopsy A useful evaluation of lymph node metastasis from prostate cancer

Abstract When fine-needle aspiration biopsy is combined with bipedal lymphangiography, the presence of nodal metastases can be determined histologically without an open surgical procedure. Thirty-five patients with carcinoma of the prostate who had “positive” or “suspicious” lymphangiograms underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the involved node. The diagnosis of metastatic disease was confirmed cytologically in 10 of 20 patients with “definitely positive” x-ray films and 9 of 15 patients with “suspicious” x-ray films. Over-all, nodal metastases were confirmed cytologically without surgical exploration in 19 of 36 patients (54%). No complications were encountered.
ON THE NATURE OF SOFT X-RAY RADIATION IN COMETS

Abstract EUVE and ROSAT observations of Comet Hyakutake revealed emission of 7 × 10 24 photons per second in the soft X-ray. We discuss and develop methods to calculate production of soft X-ray photons in cometary dust and gas by the following processes: (1) scattering and (2) fluorescence of solar X-rays; (3) K- and L-shell ionization by solar-wind protons and (4) electrons, and (5) by high-energy cometary ions; (6) bremsstrahlung of solar-wind electrons; (7) cometary magnetospheric substorms; (8) collisions between cometary and interplanetary dust particles; (9) scattering, fluorescence, and bremsstrahlung by very small particles with mass on the order of 10 −19 g; and (10) charge transfer of the solar-wind heavy ions with cometary molecules suggested by T. E. Cravens (1997, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 105–108). Very small attogram particles were detected in Comet Halley by N. G. Utterback and J. Kissel (1990, Astron. J. 100, 1315–1322) using the PUMA and PIA dust analyzers from the Vega and Giotto spacecraft. Of all these processes, only scattering by very small particles and charge transfer of the solar-wind heavy ions are capable of producing the measured soft X-ray emission. In the case of very small particles, the mean particle mass of 4.6 × 10 −19 g suggested by Utterback and Kissel implies that the total production of these particles, which exceeds that of gas by a factor 3.6 (in mass), is inconsistent with the polarization and color of Comet Halley. Both polarization and color require a reduction of the mean mass to (1–2) × 10 −19 g. This reduction strongly affects the visible brightness of the particles, which is proportional to m 2 , with a relatively weak effect on the soft X-ray emission. We calculate the charge transfer process using the solar-wind ion densities and velocities in comet from both the model of T. I. Gombosi et al. (1994, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 21,525–21,539) and the Giotto measurements of α-particles and He + ions in Comet Halley. The calculated emission constitutes 20–35% of the measured value. X-ray spectroscopy of the observed emission, spectroscopy of the He + 304 A and He 522 A lines, and UV spectroscopy of cometary dust down to 1800 A may help in determining the contributions of the above processes.
Acceleration of Electrons in a Crystal Lattice

The motion of an electron in a periodic potential field, and accelerated by a uniform field, can be obtained by treating the time-dependent Schroedinger equation. The result shows that the wave vector increases linearly with the time within the bounds of a single Brillouin zone. At the boundaries of the zones transitions to other zones may take place if the accelerating field is large enough.
Theory of water waves derived from a Lagrangian. Part 1. Standing waves

A new system of equations for calculating time-dependent motions of deep-water gravity waves (Balk 1996) is here developed analytically and set in a form suitable for practical applications. The method is fully nonlinear, and has the advantage of essential simplicity. Both the potential and the kinetic energy involve polynomial expressions of low degree in the Fourier coefficients Y n ( t ). This leads to equations of motion of correspondingly low degree. Moreover the constants in the equations are very simple. In this paper the equations of motion are specialized to standing waves, where the coefficients Y n are all real. Truncation of the series at low values of [mid ] n [mid ], say n N , leads to ‘partial waves’ with solutions apparently periodic in the time t . For physical applications N must however be large. The method will be applied to the breaking of standing waves by the forming of sharp corners at the crests, and the generation of vertical jets rising from the wave troughs.
Chiral perturbation theory and the magnetic moments of the baryon octet

We have calculated, exactly to leading order in the chiral perturbation symmetry-breaking parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, the corrections to the Coleman-Glashow SU(3) relations a mong the magnetic moments of the baryon octet. The corrections are of order ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. In general the corrections turn out to be at least as large as the zeroth-order term and hence the perturbation expansion breaks down. We discuss the reasons for this breakdown. We also derive sum rules which are independent of the leading-order corrections and hence valid to next order in chiral perturbation symmetry breaking, i.e., $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$.
Multi-layered regulation of intestinal antimicrobial defense

The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is heavily colonized with a complex and dynamic microbial community. To cope with this complex microbial challenge, multiple epithelial lineages, such as enterocytes and Paneth cells, elaborate a diverse repertoire of protein antibiotics. The gut antimicrobial arsenal encompasses multiple protein families, including defensins, cathelicidins, and C-type lectins. These antimicrobial peptides and proteins play a key role in protecting the host against pathogen challenge, and likely also function to limit invasion of indigenous microbes. It is becoming increasingly apparent that expression of mucosal antimicrobial defenses is tightly controlled. This occurs at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation in response to bacterial cues, post-translational proteolytic processing, and bacterial regulation of Paneth cell degranulation. Impaired antimicrobial peptide expression has also been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, underscoring the essential role of antimicrobial defenses in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
Total vapor pressure measurements for heptane + 1-pentanol, + 2-pentanol, + 3-pentanol, + 2-methyl-1-butanol, + 2-methyl-2-butanol, + 3-methyl-1-butanol, and + 3-methyl-2-butanol at 313.15 K

Total vapor pressure measurements at 313.15 K are reported for binary systems of heptane with each of seven pentanol isomers: 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-but...
Partial reinforcement effect: The expectancy of reward on nonreward trials*

In order to determine the importance of the development of expectancy of reward prior to partial reward trials; rats were given 20 continuously reinforced trials prior to 20 partially reinforced trials (CRF-PRF) and compared to Ss given only 20 partially reinforced trials (PRF). Control groups received 20 or 40 continuously reinforced trials (CRF-20, CRF-40) to determine the effect of differing numbers of acquisition trials. Results showed that terminal acquisition differences were minimal in the run segment of the alley and that Group CRF-PRF was more resistant to extinction than Group PRF, and both were more resistant to extinction than the CRF-20 and CRF-40 groups, which did not differ from each other. These results were interpreted as supporting the notion that the expectancy of reward on nonreward trials during partial reinforcement acquisition is a determiner of the magnitude of the partial reinforcement extinction effect.
Interactions of color, pH, buffer salts, and ionic strength in a simple feeding bioassay for the potato aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

A rapid bioassay procedure for aphid feeding studies is described. Sachets of stretched Parafilm “M” membranes containing artificial diet were made and presented in a convenient and reproducible fashion. The potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), oriented positively to a yellow color cue used with these diets. A slightly acidic buffer and buffer salts that are potential nutrients were preferred by the aphids, but these were less important than the yellow color cue. Also, diets with higher ionic strength tended to enhance aphid feeding. This simple and versatile technique will facilitate aphid studies on the dietary consequences of chemicals and those requiring sterile methods.
SNM detection with an optimized water Cherenkov neutron detector

Special Nuclear Material (SNM) can either spontaneously fission or be induced to do so: either case results in neutron emission. For this reason, neutron detection performs a crucial role in the functionality of Radiation Portal Monitoring (RPM) devices. Since neutrons are highly penetrating and difficult to shield, they could potentially be detected escaping even a well-shielded cargo container. If the shielding were sophisticated, detecting escaping neutrons would require a highly efficient detector with close to full solid angle coverage. In 2008, we reported the successful detection of neutrons with a 250 liter (l) gadolinium doped water Cherenkov prototype—a technology that could potentially be employed cost effectively with full solid angle coverage. More recently we have built and tested both 1-kl and 3.5-kl versions, demonstrating that very large, cost effective, non-flammable and environmentally benign neutron detectors can be operated efficiently without being overwhelmed by background. In our paper, we present a new design for a modular system of water-based neutron detectors that could be deployed as a real RPM. The modules contain a number of optimizations that have not previously been combined within a single system. We present simulations of the new system, based on the performance of our previous detectors.more » These simulations indicate that an optimized system such as is presented here could achieve SNM sensitivity competitive with a large 3He-based system. Moreover, the realization of large, cost effective neutron detectors could, for the first time, enable the detection of multiple neutrons per fission from within a large object such as a cargo container. Such a signal would provide a robust indication of the presence of fissioning material, reducing the frequency of false alarms while increasing sensitivity.« less
Neural net range image segmentation for object recognition

A technique for performing surface-based segmentation of range images using neural nets is introduced. In this approach, multilayered neural nets are used to classify local image patches according to the type of surface they belong to, based on features extracted from range and surface normal information. Central component to the efficiency and robustness is a near orientational invariant local data organization which takes place before features are extracted. This data organization reduces internal complexity by shifting the orientation invariance burden from the dimensionality of the feature spaces and/or from the internal architecture of the networks, to a much simpler sequencing of local data. The result is a well segmented image in which surfaces are properly labeled and delimited, without over segmentation. The approach shows to be robust in front of noise.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Therapeutic modulation of microRNAs

The expression of microRNAs is commonly dysregulated in human disease. Targeting of microRNAs that are overexpressed and/or replacement of microRNAs whose expression is lost are two distinct approaches to treat diseases whose progression is advanced by microRNA dysregulation. In this review we will discuss recent findings with five specific microRNAs that highlight the opportunity associated with targeting microRNAs in human disease.
Neutrino Cosmology and Limits on Extended Technicolor

Using big bang nucleosynthesis limits on the number of light neutrinos we derive a cosmological lower bound of [approx]2 TeV on the scale of extended technicolor interactions (or any other new interactions) for the third family in models where heavy gauge bosons couple to both left- and right-handed neutrinos.
Use of radial symmetry for the calculation of cylindrical absorption coefficients and optimal capillary loadings

The problem of numerically evaluating absorption correction factors for cylindrical samples has been revisited using a treatment that fully takes advantage of the sample symmetry. It is shown that the path lengths for all points within the sample at all possible diffraction angles can be trivially determined once the angle-dependent distance distribution for a single line of points is calculated. This provides advantages both in computational efficiency and in gaining an intuitive understanding of the effects of absorption on the diffraction data. A matrix of absorption coefficients calculated for μR products between 0 and 20 for diffraction angles θD of 0–90° were used to examine the influence of (1) capillary diameter and (2) sample density on the overall scattered intensity as a function of diffraction angle, where μ is the linear absorption coefficient for the sample and R is the capillary radius. On the basis of this analysis, the optimal sample loading for a capillary experiment to maximize diffraction at angles of 0–50° is in general expected to be achieved when the maximum radius capillary compatible with the beam is used and when the sample density is adjusted to be 3/(4μR) of its original density.
Optimizing energy transition paths in CO2 emission reduction strategies

Abstract In the consideration of energy use scenarios designed to avoid excessive build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide and the effects of the associated climatic changes it can be anticipated that difficulties will ensue if needed rates of increased deployment of non-fossil fuel burning energy plants become very large. This may result if allowable maximum CO 2 concentrations are set sufficiently low, or if acceleration of non-fossil fuel energy use is sufficiently delayed. In a broad ranging numerical investigation of this problem, Perry et al . 1 have suggested that difficulty will be experienced in the transition to a non-fossil based economy, not only if the rate of growth of non-fossil fuel energy use rate, E N is excessive, but also if the second derivative, E N , becomes too large. This observation has important ramifications, since E N may exceed tolerable limits, whilst E N still remain modest in size. In making the estimates an empirical method for joining early and asymptotic energy use rates was employed. In order to make sure that the conclusions reached were not sensitive to the ad hoc nature of this technique, we have introduced a more rigorous approach by using a variational interpolation approach that minimizes the peak value of E N (or a combination of E N and E N . E N We find that such an optimization procedure can reduce the maximum values of E N by as much as 50% from those calculated by Perry et al . This indicates that the energy transition process should be easier that concluded by them, at least as far as a criterion based upon E N variation is concerned, but can still create difficulties, especially if a 500 ppmv CO 2 ceiling is considered hazardous and if actions to reduce fossil fuel use are delayed too long.
TH‐A‐213CD‐10: A Preliminary Evaluation of An Industrial X‐Ray Backscatter System for Medical Applications

Purpose: To evaluate the advantages of Compton backscatterradiography system as a medical imaging tool by comparing images obtained to traditional transmission radiography methods. Methods: Five phantoms were scanned with a scatter x‐ray imaging (SXI) system and state of the art transmission imaging systems. Four phantoms contained biological tissue equivalent samples used to exemplify objects found in medical imaging scenarios. For a complex biological setting a euthanized 60 lb pig was scanned. Parameters such as the x‐ray tube voltage, x‐ray tube current, pixel integration time, stand‐off distance, detector type and detectorcollimation were varied. Images acquired with the scatter and transmission modalities were compared by observing the differences between the mean pixel value and standard deviation of regions within the images. Visual comparisons between images were also used. Results: The contrast differences between SXI and transmission images varied based on phantom composition and placement of objects within them. As a result, neither system showed better overall object contrast across all phantom scans. SXI images of bone at 1.6 cm depth and 7.8 cm depth revealed a 30.3% change in contrast while transmission images showed a 0.1% difference in contrast. Standard deviation of the mean pixel values (noise) in the SXI images ranged from 13.7% – 21.1% whereas the standard deviation for the transmission images ranged from 3.1% to 6.6%. Detectorcollimation prevented the detection of surface scatter and better represented objects deeper within a phantom. Conclusions: Clinical applicability of an industrial SXI system for medical applications was demonstrated. Exposures with the SXI system required access from only one side of a patient, giving it a smaller form factor and eliminating the spatial constraints imposed by traditional transmission x‐ray imaging systems. Additionally, depth information was observed in SXI images, potentially reducing the number views necessary to properly diagnose patients.
Recreation and leisure participation patterns among the adult middle-aged market from 1975 to 1984.

(1987). Recreation and Leisure Participation Patterns among the Adult Middle-Aged Market from 1975 to 1984. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 49-55.
A general purpose model for image operations based on multilayer perceptrons

In this paper, we investigate the use of multilayer perceptrons with recurrent connections as the general purpose modules for image processing in parallel architectures. The networks are trained to carry out classification rules in image transformation. The training patterns can be derived from user-defined transformations or from loading the pair of a sample image and its target image when the prior knowledge of transformations is unknown. Applications of our model include image smoothing, enhancement, edge detection, noise removal, morphological operations, image filtering, etc. With a number of stages stacked up together we are able to apply a series of operations on the image. That means, by providing various sets of training patterns the system can adapt itself to the concatenated transformation. Besides, recurrent connections from output of the last stage to input of the first stage allow a repeated sequence of operations to be used.
Metacognition, Self-Regulation, and Self-Regulated Learning: Research Recommendations

Much research has been conducted on metacognition, self-regulation, and self-regulated learning, but the articles in this special issue make it clear that we still have many unanswered questions. Recommendations for research include providing clear definitions of processes, identifying relevant theories, ensuring that assessments clearly reflect processes, linking processes with academic outcomes, conducting more educational developmental research, and tying processes firmly with instructional methods. Collectively, these recommendations will enhance our understanding of metacognition, self-regulation, and self-regulated learning and will lead to solid implications for educational policy and practice.
3D pattern of brain abnormalities in Williams syndrome visualized using tensor-based morphometry.

Abstract Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with deletion of ∼ 20 contiguous genes in chromosome band 7q11.23. Individuals with WS exhibit mild to moderate mental retardation, but are relatively more proficient in specific language and musical abilities. We used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to visualize the complex pattern of gray/white matter reductions in WS, based on fluid registration of structural brain images. Methods: 3D T1-weighted brain MRIs of 41 WS subjects (age [mean ± SD]: 29.2 ± 9.2 years; 23F/18M) and 39 age-matched healthy controls (age: 27.5 ± 7.4 years; 23F/16M) were fluidly registered to a minimum deformation target. Fine-scale volumetric differences were mapped between diagnostic groups. Local regions were identified where regional structure volumes were associated with diagnosis, and with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Brain asymmetry was also mapped and compared between diagnostic groups. Results: WS subjects exhibited widely distributed brain volume reductions (∼ 10–15% reduction; P Conclusion: TBM facilitates 3D visualization of brain volume reductions in WS. Reduced parietal/occipital volumes may be associated with visuospatial deficits in WS. By contrast, frontal lobes, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus are relatively preserved or even enlarged, consistent with unusual affect regulation and language production in WS.
Leaf growth signals the onset of effective plant resistance against Hessian fly larvae

For plant resistance that is induced rather than constitutive, the precise timing of a sequence of events must be considered (i.e., initial detection of the insect by the plant's surveillance systems, up-regulation of signaling and defense pathways, achievement of effective levels of defense, and finally down-regulation of signaling and defense). Here, we provide a timeline for the interaction between resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Poaceae) and the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). To create this timeline, we measured the daily growth of the third, fourth, and fifth leaves of susceptible and resistant plants. Because each leaf had a different spatial relationship to the site of larval attack (i.e., the sheath epidermal cells of the third leaf) and a different pattern of growth relative to the 3-5 days that larvae attacked resistant plants, we learned different things from each leaf. The third leaf shows how quickly responses of susceptible and resistant plants diverge (i.e., 36-60 h after initial larval attack). The fourth leaf shows that, for both susceptible and resistant plants, negative effects of larval attack extend beyond the third leaf. These negative effects are more severe for susceptible plants, but even in resistant plants continue for several days after larvae have died. The fifth leaf is interesting because it shows how rapidly the resistant plant recovers from larval attack. Thus, 204-348 h after initial attack, a time when the fourth leaf of resistant plants is showing reduced growth and the fifth leaf of susceptible plants is showing zero growth, the fifth leaf of resistant plants shows a small increase in growth. Grasses with resistance gene-mediated resistance may have a two-fold strategy, using resistance mechanisms to stop Hessian fly larvae from further attack and tolerance mechanisms to protect resources for future plant growth.
Internal-Consistency Reliability and Construct and Criterion-Related Validity of an Academic Self-Concept Scale.

For a sample of 174 at-risk undergraduate students at a private 4-year university, the purpose of this study was to obtain evidence of construct validity of the Dimensions of Self-Concept (DOSC) measure as well as of its predictive validity relative to the criterion of general education grade point average (GE GPA). Evidence was obtained that supports the construct validity of the five hypothesized factors that correspond to the five DOSC scales-Level of Aspiration, Anxiety, Academic Interest and Satisfaction, Identification vs. Alienation (IA), and Leadership and Initiative. Evidence for the existence of a higher order general academic self-concept was also obtained. However, Anxiety was not related to the higher order factor. None of the five factors was significantly related to the criterion of GE GPA (p > .05). Researchers should investigate the stability of academic self-concept throughout students' first semester at a new institution as well as the reliability and validity of GE GPA as an indicator ...
First Class Selectors for Upper Semi-continuous Multifunctions

By a multtfunction @: X + Y we mean a function defined on the space X and whose values are subsets of the space Y. A point x0 in X is a point of upper semi-continuity for @ provided x0 belongs to the interior of {x: Q(x) c G}, whenever G is an open set in Y containing @(x0); Q, is said to be upper semi-continuous if it is upper semi-continuous at ach point of X. In this case, {x: G(x) c G} is open in X, whenever G is open in Y, and {x:@(x)nF#@) is closed in X, w h enever F is closed in Y. Interchanging the roles of open and closed sets in this definition we get the concept of a lower semi-continuous multifunction. A selector for @ is a (single-valued) function cp: X -+ Y with q(x) E CD(X) for each x in X. In this paper we are primarily concerned with the problem of determin- ing the best possible selector cp for an upper semi-continuous multifunction @ defined on a metric space X and taking only non-empty values in a second metric space Y. Very elementary examples show that such multi- functions will in general fail to have continuous selectors: e.g., take 4P(x)={0}forO~x<~,~(~)=[O,1],and~(x)={1}for~<x~1.Hence an optimal selector in our case would be one that is the pointwise limit of a sequence of continuous functions, or, more generally, a first class Bore1 function (i.e., cp - ‘( G) is an 9$-set in X for each open set G c Y). Here we will prove
A Senior-Centered Model of Intergenerational Programming With Young Children:

A multistep model is presented that builds upon documented features of intergenerational program design and evaluation strategies that have resulted in positive outcomes for both older adult and pr...
Probing transplant and living donor candidates about their participation in organ vending

The selling of human organs for transplant is illegal in the United States and in most countries; however, such transactions still occur. Transplant hospitals and their personnel have multiple ethical duties, including (1) protecting the safety of their living donors and transplant recipients and (2) protecting the integrity of living donation and transplantation as clinical practices. To date, few psychosocial screening tools exist that pertain specifically to a person's risk or intent of pursuing organ vending (buying or selling). This article presents a series of transplant ethics case consultations that spawned the creation of a set of behavioral prompts for teams to probe with regard to organ vending when screening candidates about their suitability for participation as living donors or transplant recipients.
Google Privacy: Something for Nothing?

With an ever-expanding portfolio of service offerings and the lion's share of the search market, Google stands to acquire, collate, and even infer a vast amount of information---individual, cohort, and aggregate---about each of us. The privacy policies of Google have an obvious impact on users of Google services. However, the policies that Google adopts also have an indirect impact on all Internet users: As the market-share leader, Google is the de facto trend setter for most, if not all, providers of Internet-based services. The policies of the market leader will surely filter down and be used as a template by other information vendors.This work examines the changes to Google's privacy policy over time as Google seeks to conform to the Federal Trade Commission settlement of February, 2011. A contextual review of previous policies shows that many of the policy items are not "new" at all, and that several have a long-established lineage. At the very least, the change represents a clear line of demarcation between the "old" Internet and tomorrow's information economy. The arrival of this new economy has altered who is the customer and what (or rather, who) is the product, and has also changed the meaning of "free."
Externalizing psychopathology in adulthood: a dimensional-spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM-V.

Problems with antisocial behavior and substance use and personality traits such as aggression and impulsivity commonly co-occur. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM–IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), these problems constitute the symptoms of a variety of specific mental disorders, and these mental disorders are described in a variety of distinct sections of the manual. In this article, we argue that in the upcoming 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–V), these problems should be classified together under the rubric of externalizing disorders. We argue that etiologic commonalities should be a major consideration in efforts to classify psychopathological entities (cf. Gottesman, 2002; Skinner, 1981; Tsuang, Stone, & Faraone, 2000; Westen, Heim, Morrison, Patterson, & Campbell, 2002). Moreover, classification of entities in science in general tends to proceed from being more initially descriptive to being based more on underlying principles as these underlying principles become more clearly articulated (Hempel, 1965). Current evidence, reviewed herein, indicates that various externalizing syndromes are linked to the same underlying etiologic factors. We also consider the issue of whether externalizing problems are better conceived of in terms of dimensions or categories. We evaluate this issue both within specific syndromes and in terms of the co-occurrence of syndromes within the externalizing spectrum, and we conclude by endorsing a dimensional conceptualization on the basis of the existing evidence. However, even if externalizing syndromes and their patterns of co-occurrence are dimensional in nature, this does not preclude categorical decision making for clinical purposes. The key is to make clear the distinction between the empirical structure of these syndromes and the ways in which knowledge of that structure can be brought to bear on categorical decisions that need to be made in clinical practice (Widiger & Clark, 2000). We begin by reviewing evidence for the existence of an etiologically coherent spectrum of externalizing problems encompassing substance dependence and antisocial behaviors and personality traits. Although our focus is primarily on adulthood, we also refer to some literature on adolescence to the extent that it pertains to these problems and is relevant to the development of a dimensional-spectrum conceptualization of the externalizing spectrum.
Using Visualization in Simulation for Infection Control

Abstract Infection control, isolation, and hand hygiene continue to have a major impact on preventable medical deaths and the increase in health care costs. To control these factors, it is important for content taught in the classroom to translate to clinical practice. Simulation has proven to be an effective educational method to increase the competence of health care providers. This article gives a brief review of current evidence-based literature on infection control and simulation and provides details about the development, implementation, and evaluation of a simulation that integrates visualization as a learning strategy to help students apply knowledge to the clinical setting. Scenario development focuses on patient safety. Attention to detail during implementation creates a realistic scenario, and using feedback from students and faculty during the evaluation process allows continuous improvement of the simulation exercise. The article describes a simulation learning experience. The simulation provides a powerful impression that encourages the students to recognize and appreciate the significance of isolation precautions and hand hygiene in controlling hospital-acquired infections.
Prolonged infusion of urokinase for recanalization of chronically occluded aortocoronary bypass grafts.

Abstract Intravenous and intracoronary thrombolysis has been shown to be effective in lysing thrombi in the presence of acute myocardial infarction. Short-term infusion of thrombolytic agents has been used to reopen aortocoronary bypass grafts that have been recently occluded. We describe a method of open chronically occluded bypass grafts with the long-term (17 to 70 hours) low dose (50,000 to 100,000 U/hr) infusion of urokinase delivered directly to the thrombus via an infusion wire.