cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The POU domain gene, XlPOU 2 is an essential downstream determinant of neural induction.

Abstract The POU domain gene, XlPOU 2, acts as a transcriptional activator during mid-gastrulation in Xenopus. Overexpression or misexpression of VP16-POU-GR, a fusion protein consisting of the strong activator domain of VP16 and the POU domain of XlPOU 2, results in ectopic expression of the neural-specific genes, nrp-1, en-2, and β-tubulin. In contrast, overexpressing a dominant-inhibitory form of XlPOU 2 inhibits the chordin-induced neuralization of uncommitted ectoderm, and results in a loss of nrp-1 and en-2 expression in embryos. Furthermore, in uncommitted ectoderm, XlPOU 2 regulates the developmental neural program that includes a number of pre-pattern genes and at least one proneural gene, X-ngnr-1, thus playing a key role during neural determination.
Formin' adherens junctions.

Epithelial cells are joined by adherens junctions, which consist of homotypic interactions between extracellular domains of E-cadherins. Inside the cell, the tails of E-cadherins bind actin cables through β-catenin and α-catenin. Formin1 is critically important for the formation of actin cables; it binds directly to α-catenin and can even bypass the need for α-catenin when targeted to β-catenin.
NASAʼs Dark Matter & Dark Energy Programs

Abstract We present an overview of selected high value scientific results and prospects for future advances from NASAʼs “Dark” missions, i.e., those covering dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE). This includes current missions HST , Chandra , Swift , GALEX , Suzaku , Fermi , and future missions JWST and WFIRST . These missions and earlier ones, such as WMAP , have brought about a revolution in our understanding of the fundamental properties of the universe – its age, rate of expansion, deceleration history, and composition (i.e., relative mix of luminous matter, dark matter, and dark energy). The next chapters in this story will be written by JWST and WFIRST . JWST was the highest priority of the 2000 Decadal Survey. It will observe in the near and medium infrared, and revolutionize our understanding of the high redshift universe. WFIRST is the highest ranked large space mission of the 2010 Decadal Survey. It is a NASA observatory designed to perform wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopic surveys of the NIR sky (0.7 – 2.5 μ ). WFIRST will: (i) measure the expansion history of the universe, and thereby constrain dark energy, (ii) find Earth-like planets around other stars using microlensing, and (iii) perform surveys that are ∼100 times more sensitive than current NIR surveys.
Processing and mechanical properties of materials in the Hf-N system

Abstract Samples of hexagonal α-Hf containing up to 30 at.% N in solid solution were made by a solid-state reaction. The brittle-to-ductile transition temperature increased as the %N increased. Steady-state compressive deformation has been measured from 20 to 1000 °C. The data for pure Hf could be fit using a threshold stress with a stress exponent of 5. The stress exponent of the Hf–N solid solution materials was between 5 and 8. The experiments could be interpreted on the basis of dislocation-controlled plasticity, with N acting as classical solid-solution hardening solutes. Transmission electron microscopy supported this interpretation.
Serum stimulation of quiescent human fibroblasts induces the synthesis of tissue factor mRNA followed by the appearance of tissue factor antigen and procoagulant activity.

Expression of the gene for tissue factor, the cell-surface initiator of blood coagulation, was examined by stimulating growth-arrested human fibroblasts with serum and measuring changes in the cellular content of tissue factor mRNA, antigen, and activity. Maximum tissue factor mRNA levels were reached within 1 h following serum induction and slowly declined to basal levels from 24 to 48 h after stimulation. The appearance of the tissue factor mRNA was followed by an increase in tissue factor antigen and activity. The parallel rise in antigenically positive protein and procoagulant activity was first observed about 2 h after serum stimulation with a peak at 12 h followed by a slow decline during the next 36 h. The serum-induced synthesis of the tissue factor mRNA was independent of de novo protein synthesis as demonstrated by the increased tissue factor mRNA levels generated in the presence of cycloheximide. The results of this study suggest that the synthesis of tissue factor in human fibroblasts i s regulated principally at the level of transcription. In one strain of fibroblasts the activity/antigen ratio, during the period of maximum synthesis, was indistinguishable from that of tissue factor which had been immunoaffinity purified from human brain and reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. However, during serum starvation the activity/antigen ratio in these cells was significantly reduced. Western blot analysis revealed that in serum-starved cells there was an accumulation of truncated forms of the tissue factor antigen while in the serum-stimulated cells only the full-length antigen was observed.
The first polymeric-anion derivatives of BEDT-TTF

Abstract Two unique polymeric-anion derivatives of BEDT-TTF have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal x-ray diffraction, electrical properties measurements, and band electronic structure calculations. They are (BEDT-TTF)Ag 4 (CN) 5 , 1 , and (BEDT-TTF) 3 Ag x I 8 (x ≅ 6.4), 2. 1 contains the first three-dimensional radical-cation donor-molecule network found in an organic conductor and a novel [Ag 4 (CN) 5 ] − polymeric anion. 2 is the first organic metal-solid electrolyte hybrid and contains alternating layers of BEDT-TTF donor-molecule networks and polymeric silver iodide anions. In the latter, the silver ions are disordered over numerous, partially occupied sites along one-dimensional channels. Both 1 and 2 exhibit metallic conduction at 300 K, but undergo phase transitions at low temperature.
Pu-Bearing Materials - From Fundamental Science to Storage Standards

The behavior of plutonium (Pu) oxides in the presence of water/moisture in a confined space and the associated issues of hydrogen and oxygen generation due to radiolysis have important implications for the storage and transportation of Pu-bearing materials. This paper reviews the results of recent studies of gas generation in the Pu-O-H system, including the determination of release rates via engineering-scale measurement. The observations of the significant differences in gas generation behavior between 'pure' Pu-bearing materials and those that contain salt impurities are addressed. In conjunction with the discussion of these empirical observations, the work also addresses recent scientific advances in the investigations of the Pu-O-H system using state-of-the-art ab initio electronic structure calculations, as well as advanced synchrotron techniques to determine the electronic structure of the various Pu-containing phases. The role of oxidizing species such as the hydroxyl radical from the radiolysis of water is examined. Discussed also is the challenge in the predictive ab-initio calculations of the electronic structure of the Pu-H-O system, due to the nature of the 5f valence electrons in Pu. Coupled with the continuing material surveillance program, it is anticipated that this work may help determine the electronic structure of the various Pu-containing phasesmore » and the role of impurity salts on gas generation and the long-term stability of oxygen/hydrogen-containing plutonium oxides beyond PuO{sub 2}.« less
Synthesis and characterization of a soluble, polymeric 5-phenyltetrazolate-bridged aquo cobalt(II) complex

A soluble, high molecular weight polymer [Co(C6H5CN4)2(H2O)2]n has been prepared and characterized. Osmotic pressure measurements indicate the polymer has a molecular weight on the order of 104 to 105. Viscosity measurements indicate the molecule behaves as a rigid, rod-like particle in solution. The proposed structure for the polymer is one in which each Co2+ is connected by two bridging tetrazolates to form a rigid, linear chain. Hydrogen bonds between the two waters on each adjacent Co2+ are also postulated. The properties of the cobalt polymer are similar to those of a recently reported nickel polymer, [Ni(C6H5CN4)−]n, though the structures and net charges of the two compounds are different.
Discriminant function analyses of liver-specific carcinogens.

The ability to predict organ-specific carcinogenicity would aid FDA reviewers in evaluating new chemical applications. A NCTR liver cancer database (NCTRlcdb) containing 999 compounds has been developed with three sets of descriptors. The NCTRlcdb has Cerius2, Molconn-Z, and 13C NMR descriptors for each compound. Each compound in the database was assigned a liver cancer or a nonliver cancer classification. Compounds within the NCTRlcdb were evaluated for liver-specific carcinogenicity using partial least squares principal component discriminant function (PLS-DF) modeling. PLS-DF models based on estimated a priori classification probabilities of 0.29 for liver cancer and 0.71 for noncancer yielded an overall predictability of 70.6% which was comprised of a liver cancer sensitivity of 18.8% and a noncancer specificity of 90.8%. PLS-DF models based on equal a priori classification probabilities, 0.50 for liver cancer and 0.5 for noncancer, yielded an overall predictability of 61.0% which was comprised of a l...
Rapid detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV). The synthetic oligonucleotides WS 229F and WS 245R generate a 519 bp DNA amplicon from the WSIV genome that encodes the putative major capsid protein (MCP) gene. The WSIV PCR detected as little as 1 fg of plasmid DNA as mixed with 100 ng of host DNA. No amplicons were detected with the WSIV PCR assay upon testing of genomic DNA from uninfected white sturgeon spleen cell line (WSS-2), uninfected white sturgeon tissues, white sturgeon adenovirus (WSAV), Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AcHV-2), frog virus 3 (FV-3), epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV). The newly developed PCR assay was also evaluated with groups of juvenile white sturgeon following experimental exposures to WSIV. An analysis of WSIV detection by PCR compared to current histological methods provided sensitivity estimates of 98% and 64% for PCR and histology, respectively. This new PCR assay provides a more rapid and sensitive approach for the detection of WSIV infections among juvenile white sturgeon than currently available diagnostic approaches including virus isolation and microscopic examinations of stained tissue sections.
Logical and grammatical forms: a response to Sommers

Abstract Accepting that logical and grammatical forms should coincide, ‘The grammar of thought’ by Sommers defends Chomskean grammar from attacks based on this requirement and also uses the requirement to attack modern logic. I argue that given an acceptable interpretation of the coincidence requirement, Chomskean grammar doesn't need Sommers's defense and his criticism of modern logic is premature at best.
Model for studies of laser-induced nonlinear processes in molecules.

The dynamics of strong-field (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{14}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) multiphoton processes in molecules can be investigated using a simple, collinear model for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$. We discuss properties of this model and report preliminary calculations related to recent experimental results. We find that the excitation and ionization dynamics of the molecular ion depend strongly on the laser wavelength, pulse shape, intensity, and particularly on the initial vibrational state of the molecule. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Defect Control and Its Influence on the Exciton Emission of Electrodeposited ZnO Nanorods

Growth of zinc oxide nanorods with controlled defect densities was achieved in a low-temperature electrochemical process. The concentration of the defects was found to play an important role in the exciton emission in the ZnO nanorods, leading to shifts in the peak position and changes in the spectral shape of the band edge emission at room temperature. A high concentration of defects suppressed both free and bound exciton emissions, likely resulting from the exciton scattering by defects. This investigation indicates that the exciton emission can be tuned by the control of defect density, which is important for optoelectronic applications that require a well-defined exciton emission.
Identification of thigmoresponsive loci for cell differentiation inUromyces germlings

The sites alongUromyces appendiculatus germ tubes that are responsive to topographical induction for appressorium formation were determined using glass micropipettes. The germ tubes were perturbed with the micropipettes at different sites and durations. The most responsive region of the germ tubes for appressorium formation was within 0–10 μm from the cell apex where >90% of the perturbed germ tubes developed appressoria. Furthermore, only the cell surface in contact with the substratum was responsive. Appressoria could not be induced to form, under any conditions, by perturbing cell-substratum regions of the germ tubes more than 40 μm from the apex. Maximum appressorium formation occurred when the perturbing micropipette was left in place for >20 min.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITED CARDIOMYOPATHY DUE TO VERY LONG CHAIN ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. • 125

THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITED CARDIOMYOPATHY DUE TO VERY LONG CHAIN ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. • 125
Testing String Theory by CMB

In this talk we propose to use the future detection/non-detection of tensor modes from inflation in CMB observations as a way to test certain features of string theory. Current limit on the ratio of tensor to scalar perturbations, r = T/S, is r . 0.3, future detection may take place for r & 10−2 − 10−3. I will argue that at present all known string theory inflation models predict tensor modes well below the level of detection. Therefore a possible experimental discovery of tensor modes may present a challenge to string cosmology.
Presenting fats with SAPs.

CD1 presents lipids to unique subsets of T cells, but how are these lipids loaded onto CD1? A series of three papers has shed light on the molecules that facilitate this process.
The possible relation between scores on a psychological examination and membership in a college fraternity

The purpose of the study is to find out whether intelligence, as measured by a psychological examination, is a possible factor in determining what freshmen are pledged to fraternities and what ones are not considered for membership. The assumption throughout the study is that if intelligence as measured by the test is an obvious personality trait, then those of higher intelligence would have been pledged to membership.
Multiple fault detection using single fault test sets

A simulation study of the 74LS181 4-b ALU (arithmetic logic unit) using 16 complete single stuck-at fault test sets demonstrated significantly higher multiple stuck-at fault coverage than predicted by previous theoretical studies. Analysis of the undetected multiple faults shows the effect of circuit and test set characteristics on fault coverage. A fault masking property, defined as self-masking, is observed for the undetected faults in the simulation study. A heuristic is described for evaluating the multiple fault coverage of single stuck-at fault test sets. A second heuristic generates augmented test sets, providing improved multiple stuck-at fault coverage with a minimal increase in test set development cost. >
Nutritional Anemias (CRC Series in Modern Nutrition)

Nutritional anemias are prevalent in developing countries, although nutritional anemias persist in even the most developed countries. Thus, Nutritional Anemias is a timely addition to the CRC Serie...
Knowledge acquisition by encoding expert rules versus computer induction from examples: a case study involving soybean pathology

In view of growing interest in the development of knowledge-based computer consulting systems for various problem domains, the problems of knowledge acquisition have special significance. Current methods of knowledge acquisition rely entirely on the direct representation of knowledge of experts, which usually is a very time and effort consuming task. The paper presents results from an experiment to compare the above method of knowledge acquisition with a method based on inductive learning from examples. The compatison was done in the context of developing rules for soybean disease diagnosis and has demonstrated an advantage of the inductively derived rules in performing a testing task (which involved diagnosing a few hundred cases of soybean diseases).
The Effect of Decay Rate Variability on Statistical Response Predictions in Acoustic Systems

Statistical predictions for the mean value and variance of both power input and power transmission in acoustic systems are presented which include the effect of variable modal decay rates. The newly derived models indicate that the variability of both characteristics is expected to increase with increasing decay rate variability while predicting the effect. Results from numerical experimentation are presented which confirm both the expected variability increase in power transmission and the presented models' ability to qualitatively and quantitatively capture the increase.
On Distributed Algorithms that Enforce Proportional Fairness in Ad-hoc Wireless Networks

In this paper we present a distributed flow-based access scheme for slotted-time protocols, that provides proportional- fairness in ad hoc wireless networks based on the local two- hop information of nodes. We say a medium access control algorithm is proportionally fair with respect to individual end- to-end flows in a network, if the product of the end-to-end flow-success probabilities is maximized. The proposed scheme is implemented using a slotted-time protocol - ST-MAC [14]. We then present the preliminary results evaluating the fairness properties of the ST-MAC protocol using ns2 simulations [12].
SIMULATED CHANGES IN SHALLOW GROUNDWATER AND VEGETATION DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER DIFFERENT RESERVOIR OPERATIONS SCENARIOS

The objectives of this study were to develop and use a linked groundwater and vegetation model to simulate groundwater and vegetation distributions in a riverine and reservoir-fringe system under different reservoir operations scenarios. This study was conducted where Little Stony Creek flows into East Park Reservoir on the east front of the Coast Range, northern California. A numerical groundwater model was used to model mean depth to groundwater during the growing season for water years 1980-1999 for each of five community types identified on the study site. Multiple vegetation models were devel- oped, each of which described the probability that a given community type would occur primarily as a function of modeled mean depth to groundwater during the growing season and secondarily as a function of flooding. Four scenarios representing four different res- ervoir operations were simulated: existing condition, existing condition with late drawdown, full drawdown, and full pool. A groundwater backwater effect caused by the imposed reservoir stage extends to portions of the terrace, but the most pronounced effects occur on the delta. Consequently, the most pronounced changes in vegetation distributions also occur on the delta. Compared to the existing-condition scenario, modeled vegetation dis- tributions do not change under the existing condition with late-drawdown scenario, a xeric herbaceous community type is greatly expanded under the full-drawdown scenario, and mesic herbaceous, scrub-shrub, and forested community types are greatly expanded under the full-pool scenario. The results of this study are twofold. First, the linked groundwater and vegetation model is relatively simple to construct and can be used to efficiently simulate multiple surface-water and groundwater management scenarios. Second, changes in res- ervoir operations can have pronounced effects on shallow groundwater and associated vegetation distributions in riverine and reservoir-fringe systems. Thus, the effects of chang- ing reservoir operations must be considered if the management of shallow groundwater and associated plant and wildlife habitat resources is to be successful.
Biogeographical and Ecological Correlates of Dioecy in the Hawaiian Flora

The angiosperm flora of the Hawaiian Islands, with its high incidence of dioecy, has been central in development of hypotheses about the evolution of dioecy. Based on a recent taxonomic treatment of the Hawaiian angiosperm flora, we analyzed biogeo- graphic patterns of dioecy as well as the association of dioecy with ecological traits po- tentially important in the evolution of dioecy for native current species and genera. We also analyzed patterns for presumed colonists of the flora to control better for phylogenetic patterns in these traits. Dioecy is associated with woodiness, especially trees; however, this pattern does not hold for gynodioecy. Within woody species, dimorphism (dioecy, gyno- dioecy, subdioecy, polygamodioecy) is associated with mesic habitats and occurs more frequently in species with lowland and lowland-montane distributions. In contrast, in the endemic Hawaiian Alsinoideae (Schiedea and Alsinidendron) and in Bidens (two groups with autochthonous evolution of dimorphism), dimorphism is associated with more xeric habitats, and for the former group, with wind pollination. For the entire angiosperm flora, dimorphic species are associated with flowers that are small and green. Woody dioecious species and genera are disproportionately associated with wind pollination; hermaphroditic species are disproportionately bird pollinated primarily because of one species-rich lineage in the Campanulaceae. There was no association of dimorphism and pollinator type for colonists. Because of a few species-rich lineages, dimorphism is associated with dry fruits at the specific level, but at the generic level and for colonists, dimorphism is associated with fleshy fruits. Dioecious and gynodioecious species are found more often on older islands, a result of speciation of dimorphic colonists as well as autochthonous evolution of dimorphism. Single- island endemism is not associated with dioecy in the flora as a whole or with dimorphism within lineages evolving dimorphism autochthonously; thus Baker's law is not supported within the Hawaiian Islands. Because the Hawaiian angiosperm flora originated from a minimum of only 291 colonists, many of the associations of dimorphism with ecological traits occur because of the influence of only a few species-rich lineages. Better knowledge of phylogenetic patterns and further ecological studies, particularly within those groups evolving dioecy autochthonously, are needed to determine causality.
Behavioral inferences from Early Stone artifact assemblages: an experimental model☆

Abstract A methodological approach for assessing the nature and palaeographic distribution of early stone artifact assemblages is presented, modeled after an approach originally used for faunal analysis. By combining experimental replicative studies with careful analysis of Palaeolithic archaeological occurrences, it is potentially possible to reconstruct entire technological systems and to assess what stages of lithic reduction may be preferentially represented at high density artifact concentrations that we normally call archaeological “sites”, and what stages of reduction are found in lower density (“off site”) scatters. Based upon the results of this approach, alternative explanations for certain stages of lithic reduction being preferentially represented at a number of Plio-Pleistocene archaeological sites at Koobi Fora, Kenya are considered and evaluated with regard to early hominid organizational patterns. It appears that hominid stone technology was a relatively complex system by 1·9 to 1·4 million years B.P., involving significant transport and carrying of stone artifacts representing various stages of reduction and suggesting more foresight and planning than observed among extant nonhuman primates. The application of this approach to other Palaeolithic occurrences should enable anthropologists to obtain a better understanding of the organizational patterns of tool-making hominids throughout the course of human evolution.
Wideband fibre-optic delay network for phased array antenna steering

A 3-bit fibre-optic delay network with linear differential insertion phase from 1 to 11 GHz was demonstrated. Discrete delay increments specified by the steering angle of the phased array antenna were implemented by switching the bias currents of high-speed 1·3 μm laser diodes pigtailed to the delay lines.
Anisotropic methanol transport in PMMA after mechanical deformation

Abstract Transport of methanol in compressed PMMA (23–34% strain) was found to be anisotropic. It was faster by a factor of two to three in penetration velocity and by a factor of 10 in diffusivity in the direction of compression than in the perpendicular direction. However, the penetration velocity in the slow direction is still a factor of two to five larger than that of the undeformed PMMA (two at 40°C and five at 25°C). The two-dimensional mixed diffusion and case II transport problem was solved analytically so that the diffusivity and the penetration velocity could be obtained from experimental weight gain data. The penetration front was found to correspond approximately to a front of constant concentration of methanol. When methanol was mixed with glycerol to lower the methanol concentration (glycerol does not penetrate PMMA), the penetration velocity was smaller due to reduced swelling but the diffusivity was unchanged as expected.
A method for accurately orienting microsurgical blood vessel specimens for longitudinal sectioning.

In a microsurgical study currently in progress, the need arose to prepare accurately oriented longitudinal sections of artery 1 mm in external diameter. The specimens were rats' common femoral arteries which had been subjected to division and microsuture anastomosis. We wanted to see the extent of any narrowing at the site of the microsurgical repair or histological changes on either side of the repair, and to relate such changes to possible causes of surgical trauma.
New correlation for the capture cross section in high‐gradient magnetic separation

A new correlation between the capture cross-section parameter (λ) and principal variables involved in high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) was developed. It is based on the use of an alternative dimensionless parameter, β, in lieu of the traditional Um/UO, which facilitated the estimation of λ over a much broader spectrum of variables. This new correlation is far more versatile than correlations and approximate models in the current literature, which are only applicable to specific situations in HGMS systems. Overall, this new correlation should be extremely useful in the design, development, optimization and modeling of HGMS systems.
The depletion of tungsten in the bulk silicate earth: Constraints on core formation

Abstract The depletion of the siderophile element tungsten (W) in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE), due to core formation, provides clues to the formation and early evolution of the Earth. This study significantly improves our knowledge of the abundance of W in the continental crust, an important reservoir for W in the BSE. Tungsten is a highly incompatible element, whose absolute concentrations are variable due to igneous processes. Therefore, the abundance of W is normalized to the highly incompatible lithophile element Th, to correct for igneous fractionation since the end of core formation. Similar W/Th ratios are observed in several terrestrial reservoirs, including the depleted mantle (nodules and Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts), the old continental crust (upper continental sediments and Archean granulites), and the young continental crust (continental and oceanic arcs). The use of Th as a normalizing element is inappropriate, however, in the case of granulite xenoliths from the lowermost continental crust. These samples have higher W/Th ratios due to loss of Th (and U) compared to other incompatible elements including Ba and W. The few komatiite samples investigated have high ratios of W to the normalizing elements, possibly due to loss of the normalizing elements during alteration. The depletion of W in the BSE is determined, by using a mass balance calculation based on the W/ Th ratios of mantle and crustal reservoirs, and including the uncertainty in the initial abundance of W in the Earth, based on W abundances in chondritic meteorites. The resulting depletion of W relative to the refractory lithophile element Th is 0.06, with a range from 0.03–0.1. The depletion range for W overlaps the depletions of the compatible siderophile elements Co and Ni. This observation is consistent with the heterogeneous accretion theory for the Earth ( Newsom, 1990 ; O'Neill, 1991 ). In contrast, the observed depletions for W, Co, and Ni are not consistent with their experimental high temperature equilibrium metal-silicate partition coefficients (( Hillgren and Drake, 1994 ). The depletion of W also provides important constraints on the timing of core formation, based on the decay of the now extinct isotope 182 Hf to the isotope 182 W in the early solar system ( Harper and Jacobsen, 1994 ).
The second stiffest axis of a beam-column: implications for cervical spine trauma

The authors show the existence of a second stiffest axis of a homogeneous, isotropic beam-column. The allowable force along the second stiffest axis to cause either buckling or compression failure is delineated. The ratio of the allowable forces imposed on the second and first stiffest axes is established. The stiffness ratio of the second and first stiffest axes is also found. The safe load region for all directions of action of the force is derived. The implications of the idealized model for cervical trauma are delineated. >
Regiospecific total synthesis of (±)- daunomycinone from an 11- deoxydaunomycinone precursor

Abstract A new route for large scale preparation of the l(4H)-naphthalenone 4 from perillaldehyde 10 was developed. Condensation of 4 with the methoxyphthalidesulfone 3 gave the ll-deoxydaunomycinone precursor 5a which was used as an intermediate to daunomycinone (2a).
Optical investigation of semiconductors at the University of Rochester

Abstract A survey is given of recent investigations at this institution of optical properties of non-metals. The fundamental absorption of the alkali, silver, and thallous halides and of cadmium sulfide; intrinsic photoconductivity in the alkali halides; electron multiplication in lead sulfide and selenide; and the theory of excitons in the tight binding approximation are among the topics discussed.
On the Effect of Numerical Errors in Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Flows

Aliased and dealiased numerical simulations of a turbulent channel flow are performed using spectral and finite difference methods. Analytical and numerical studies show that aliasing errors are more destructive for spectral and high-order finite-difference calculations than for low-order finite-difference simulations. Numerical errors have different effects for different forms of the nonlinear terms in the Navier?Stokes equations. For divergence and convective forms, spectral methods are energy-conserving only if dealiasing is performed. For skew-symmetric and rotational forms, both spectral and finite-difference methods are energy-conserving even in the presence of aliasing errors. It is shown that discrepancies between the results of dealiased spectral and standard nondialiased finite-difference methods are due to both aliasing and truncation errors with the latter being the leading source of differences. The relative importance of aliasing and truncation errors as compared to subgrid scale model terms in large eddy simulations is analyzed and discussed. For low-order finite-difference simulations, truncation errors can exceed the magnitude of the subgrid scale term.
Atheroembolic renal disease: a silent masquerader.

CASE PRESENTATION A 76-year-old white male with hypertension, progressive renal insufficiency, and proteinuria of unclear etiology was admitted for renal biopsy in June 2005. His kidney disease had steadily progressed over the past 3 years. On admission, he complained of fatigue with increased daytime somnolence, loss of appetite, weight loss, and increased itching. There was no nausea, vomiting, or other uremic symptoms. Review of systems revealed mild cold intolerance, complaints of occasional mild non-exertional chest pains lasting minutes, and bilateral knee pain. There were no neurologic symptoms. His past medical history was notable for gout, glaucoma, arthritis, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. There was no history of any invasive vascular procedure, use of radio-contrast agent, or treatment with anticoagulant or thrombolytic agents. He had been taking amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, enalapril, and atorvastatin before admission. He was a nonsmoker and not a current alcohol user. On examination, he was a well-oriented alert elderly male, his peripheral pulse rate was 57 beats/minute regular in rate and rhythm, and his blood pressure was 153/ 77 mm Hg. His lower extremities were well perfused with no ischemic or gangrenous lesions. There was no livedo reticularis and no muscle tenderness. He did not have peripheral edema. Laboratory investigations (Table 1) revealed a white blood cell count of 5.86 K/μl, with a normal differential count and no evidence of eosinophilia. His blood urea nitrogen was 53 mg/dl, serum creatinine 4.4 mg/dl, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate was 14ml/min/ 1.73 m 2 . Urine dipstick showed a urine albumin of 3 +, and the sediment revealed 2-3 white blood cells and 0-1 red blood cell/high power field. Spot protein/creatinine ratio was 4.7 mg/g of creatinine. Chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly with a tortuous atherosclerotic aorta.
Tolerance to Ethanol Analgesia Is Not Accompanied by Cross-tolerance to Morphine Analgesia in Rats

In the present study, we examined the development of environment-independent and environment-dependent tolerance to ethanol-induced analgesia (EIA) and cross-tolerance with morphine-induced analgesia (MIA). To examine the development of environment-independent tolerance, male Long-Evans rats were given increasing amounts of ethanol (5 days each of 5% (v/v), 10% (v/v), and 15% (v/v)) added to their drinking water over a 15-day period. A control group was given plain tap water to drink. On day 16, all rats were given plain tap water to drink. On day 17, the animals were tested for EIA (2.5 g/kg, I.P.) or MIA (10 mg/kg, I.P.) in the hot plate test. To examine the development of environment-dependent tolerance, animals were injected with ethanol (2.5 g/kg, I.P.) or an equal volume of saline once a day for 2 days. On day 3, the animals received no treatment. On day 4, the animals were tested for either EIA (2.5 g/kg, I.P.) or MIA (10 mg/kg, I.P.) in the hot plate test. It was found that rats pretreated with ethanol (both self-administration and I.P. injections) displayed tolerance to EIA, which was not accompanied by cross-tolerance to MIA.
Broadly Protective Adenovirus-Based Multivalent Vaccines against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness

Recurrent outbreaks of H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza viruses in domestic poultry accompanied by their occasional transmission to humans have highlighted the public health threat posed by these viruses. Newer vaccine approaches for pandemic preparedness against these viruses are needed, given the limitations of vaccines currently approved for H5N1 viruses in terms of their production timelines and the ability to induce protective immune responses in the absence of adjuvants. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of an adenovirus (AdV)-based multivalent vaccine approach for pandemic preparedness against H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza viruses in a mouse model. Replication-defective AdV vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) from different subtypes and nucleoprotein (NP) from one subtype induced high levels of humoral and cellular immune responses and conferred protection against virus replication following challenge with H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza virus subtypes. Inclusion of HA from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus in the vaccine formulation further broadened the vaccine coverage. Significantly high levels of HA stalk-specific antibodies were observed following immunization with the multivalent vaccine. Inclusion of NP into the multivalent HA vaccine formulation resulted in the induction of CD8 T cell responses. These results suggest that a multivalent vaccine strategy may provide reasonable protection in the event of a pandemic caused by H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza virus before a strain-matched vaccine can be produced.
Solid Electrolyte Aided Study of the Oxidation of Hydrogen on Copper and Copper Oxide Catalysts

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on copper and copper oxide surfaces was studied in a solid electrolyte cell at 250-365°C and 1 atm. The technique of solid electrolyte potentiometry (SEP) was used to monitor the thermodynamic activity of oxygen adsorbed on the catalyst surface during reaction. The oxygen activity value resulted from a steady-state mass balance of oxygen on the catalyst surface and under specific conditions, was several orders of magnitude lower than the gas-phase oxygen partial pressure. The stable phase of the solid was usually CuO and less frequently Cu 2 O or metallic Cu. The reaction on reduced (Cu metal) surface exhibited much higher rates than on either oxide, while between the latter two, CuO was the least active surface. The rate-determining step on CuO was the surface reaction between atomically adsorbed hydrogen and oxygen. A kinetic model that quantitatively explains both kinetic and potentiometric measurements in the CuO regime is presented.
Effect of cooling rate on the dynamic response of cat cold units.

Abstract Cold units innervating the cat's face were studied by extracellular recording in the trigeminal ganglion. The responses of the units to 2.5° C cooling at six rates (0.04, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2° C/s) from three adapting temperatures (20, 30, and 40° C) were examined. The dynamic responses of the units were examined by calculating peristimulus time histograms and the average frequency during a period including the temperature change and the first 3 seconds at the lower temperature (referred to as the dynamic frequency). These measures were averaged across the units. Varying the adapting temperature produced a change in the magnitude of the units' responses to the cool stimuli, with the largest responses occuring at 30° C. At all adapting temperatures, cooling at rates of 0.5° C/s and above produced a rapid increase in firing frequency to a peak, and a less rapid decrease in frequency to a new steady-state level. The sharp response peak was absent for cooling at rates of 0.1° C/s and less. The effect of cooling rate on the peristimulus time histogram peak frequencies and the average dynamic frequencies was compared with human psychophysical data. The average dynamic frequency, rather than the magnitude of the response peak, correlates best with human sensitivity.
Ionic polymer-metal composites: manufacturing techniques

This paper presents a detailed description of various techniques and experimental procedures in manufacturing Ionic Polymeric-Metal Composites (IPMCs) that, if fully developed, can be used as effective biomemetic sensors, actuators, and artificial muscles as well as fully electroded with embedded electrodes for fuel cell. The performance of those IPMCs manufactured by different manufacturing techniques are presented and compared. In particular, a number of issues such as force optimization using the Taguchi design of experiment technique, effects of different cations on the electromechanical performance of IPMCs, electrode and particle size distribution control, manufacturing cost minimization approaches, scaling and 3D muscle production issues and heterogeneous composites by physical loading techniques are also reviewed and discussed.
Dealing with the fall-Out: Identifying and addressing the role that relationship strain plays in the lives of girls in the juvenile justice system

Abstract Much research has found that girls and boys process strain differently. The purpose of this article, however, is to argue that a particular form of strain—relationship strain—explains why girls commit delinquency. The concept of relationship strain comes from combining key elements of feminist theories with Agnew's (1992) conception of strain which results when there is a presentation of negative or painful stimuli, or a loss of positive valued stimuli. To test our assertion, we examined data from 27 focus groups with delinquent girls, incarcerated women that were system-involved as adolescents and juvenile justice professionals that work with girls. We were interested in knowing what the participants believed got girls into trouble and whether there would be commonalties among their answers. Additionally, we wanted to know if their responses would be related to strain. A quasi-grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data. Findings indicated a great deal of congruency among groups. Nearly everything the focus group participants identified as leading girls into trouble (e.g., abuse and neglect, boyfriends, and fighting) was related to strain and boiled down to one thing—relationships. We concluded that it is likely the attempt to cope with relationship strain that leads to delinquency.
An algorithm with guaranteed convergence for finding a zero of a function

An algorithm is presented for finding a zero of a function which changes sign in a given interval. The algorithm combines linear interpolation and inverse quadratic interpolation with bisection. Convergence is usually superlinear, and is never much slower than for bisection. ALGOL 60 procedures are given. Comments Only the Abstract is given here. The full paper appeared as [1]. For similar material see [2, Chapter 4]. Related algorithms are described in [3, 4]. References [1] R. P. Brent, “An algorithm with guaranteed convergence for finding a zero of a function”, Computer J. 14 (1971), 422–425. MR 49#4234, Zbl 231.65046. rpb005. [2] R. P. Brent, Algorithms for Minimization without Derivatives, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1973, 195 pp. MR 49#4251, CR 15#26544. rpb011. [3] T. J. Dekker, “Finding a zero by means of successive linear interpolation”, in Constructive Aspects of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (edited by B. Dejon and P. Henrici), Interscience, New York, 1969. [4] J. H. Wilkinson, Two Algorithms based on Successive Linear Interpolation, Technical Report CS 60, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 1967. Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 65H05; Secondary 65-04, 65G05, 65H20, 68-04, 68Q25.
Structure-activity relationships among some selected substituted cyanoacetamides

Selected N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-2,2-dialkylcyanoacetamides, including 2-cyanoacyl-, piperidines, pyrrolidines, and morpholines, were synthesized in order to study structure-activity relationships. These were administered to rats and their anti-convulsant activity evaluated by means of the electroshock test. The median effective dose was determined for seven compounds exhibiting protective action, while seven were inactive or displayed convulsant properties. An estimated LD50 was determined for the three most effective and least toxic substances. Preliminary pharmacological data have been tabulated and correlations of bioaction with structure are presented.
Limits to low-latency communication on high-speed networks

The throughput of local area networks is rapidly increasing. For example, the bandwidth of new ATM networks and FDDI token rings is an order of magnitude greater than that of Ethernets. Other network technologies promise a bandwidth increase of yet another order of magnitude in several years. However, in distributed systems, lowered latency rather than increased throughput is often of primary concern. This paper examines the system-level effects of newer high-speed network technologies on low-latency, cross-machine communications.To evaluate a number of influences, both hardware and software, we designed and implemented a new remote procedure call system targeted at providing low latency. We then ported this system to several hardware platforms (DECstation and SPARCstation) with several different networks and controllers (ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet). Comparing these systems allows us to explore the performance impact of alternative designs in the communication system with respect to achieving low latency, e.g., the network, the network controller, the hose architecture and cache system, and the kernel and user-level runtime software.Our RPC system, which achieves substantially reduced call times (170 mseconds on an ATM network using DECstation 5000/200 hosts), allows us to isolate those components of next-generation networks and controllers that still stand in the way of low-latency communication. We demonstrate that new-generation processor technology and software design can reduce small-packet RPC times to near network-imposed limits, making network and controller design more crucial than ever to achieving truly low-latency communication.
Beyond reliability, multi-state failure analysis of satellite subsystems: A statistical approach

Abstract Reliability is widely recognized as a critical design attribute for space systems. In recent articles, we conducted nonparametric analyses and Weibull fits of satellite and satellite subsystems reliability for 1584 Earth-orbiting satellites launched between January 1990 and October 2008. In this paper, we extend our investigation of failures of satellites and satellite subsystems beyond the binary concept of reliability to the analysis of their anomalies and multi-state failures. In reliability analysis, the system or subsystem under study is considered to be either in an operational or failed state; multi-state failure analysis introduces “degraded states” or partial failures, and thus provides more insights through finer resolution into the degradation behavior of an item and its progression towards complete failure. The database used for the statistical analysis in the present work identifies five states for each satellite subsystem: three degraded states, one fully operational state, and one failed state (complete failure). Because our dataset is right-censored, we calculate the nonparametric probability of transitioning between states for each satellite subsystem with the Kaplan–Meier estimator, and we derive confidence intervals for each probability of transitioning between states. We then conduct parametric Weibull fits of these probabilities using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach. After validating the results, we compare the reliability versus multi-state failure analyses of three satellite subsystems: the thruster/fuel; the telemetry, tracking, and control (TTC); and the gyro/sensor/reaction wheel subsystems. The results are particularly revealing of the insights that can be gleaned from multi-state failure analysis and the deficiencies, or blind spots, of the traditional reliability analysis. In addition to the specific results provided here, which should prove particularly useful to the space industry, this work highlights the importance of conducting, beyond the traditional reliability analysis, multi-state failure analysis of any engineering system when seeking to understand its failure behavior.