cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residential instability, neighborhood deprivation, and pediatric asthma outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Limited work has directly compared the role of different neighborhood factors or examined their interactive effects on pediatric asthma outcomes. Our objective was to quantify the main and interactive effects of neighborhood deprivation and residential instability (RI) on pediatric asthma outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with a primary diagnosis of asthma hospitalized at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Residential addresses at the index hospitalization were linked to the state area deprivation index (ADI). RI was coded as the number of residences in the past 4 years. Logistic and ordinal regression and Cox regression survival analyses were used to estimate the effect on the primary outcomes of chronic asthma severity (intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, severe persistent/other) as defined by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, severe hospitalization (requiring continuous albuterol or intensive care unit care), and time to emergency department (ED) readmission and rehospitalization within 365 days of the index visit, respectively. RESULTS In the sample (N = 664), 21% had severe persistent/other asthma, 22% had severe hospitalization, 37% were readmitted to the ED, and 19% were rehospitalized. Increasing RI was independently associated with more severe chronic asthma (odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 1.32, P = .004), greater risk of 365-day ED readmission (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.15, P < .0001), and greater risk of 365-day rehospitalization (HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.14, P = .002). There were no significant associations between ADI and these outcomes. Further, we did not find significant evidence of interactive effects. CONCLUSIONS RI appears to be modestly associated with pediatric asthma outcomes, independent of current neighborhood deprivation.
Antioxidant activities of the water-soluble fractions of glandless and glanded cottonseed protein.

Abstract To promote application of cottonseed protein products in food industry, this work measured antioxidant activities of two water soluble protein samples (Gl-L and Gd-L) isolated in a lab scale from glandless and common glanded cottonseed meal, respectively, and one soluble protein samples (Gd-P) in a pilot scale from glanded cottonseed meal. SDS-gel electrophoresis showed that the distribution patterns of the peptide fragments in Gl-L and Gd-L were similar, but more fragments and higher molecular mass bands were observed in the Gd-P gel image. While Gd-P showed the highest activities, Gl-L and Gd-L exhibited comparable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities in most cases. In contrast, Gd-P showed lower capability of inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation than Gl-L and Gd-L. It would be of great interest in further research on these protein fractions in food products and processes (such as roasting) involved in the protective effects of food spoilage.
Online Stochastic Optimization With Time-Varying Distributions

This article studies online stochastic optimization, where the random parameters follow time-varying distributions. In each time slot, after a control variable is determined, a sample drawn from the current distribution is revealed as feedback information. This form of stochastic optimization has broad applications in online learning and signal processing, where the underlying ground-truth is inherently time-varying, e.g., tracking a moving target. Dynamic optimal points are adopted as the performance benchmark to define the regret of algorithms, as opposed to the static optimal point used in stochastic optimization with fixed distributions. Unconstrained stochastic optimization with time-varying distributions is first examined and a projected stochastic gradient descent algorithm is presented. An upper bound on its regret is established with respect to the drift of the dynamic optima, which measures the temporal variations of the underlying distributions. In particular, the algorithm possesses sublinear regret as long as the drift of the optima is sublinear, i.e., the distributions do not vary too drastically. Further, a stochastic saddle point method involving only iterative closed-form computation is proposed for constrained stochastic optimization with time-varying distributions. Upper bounds on its regret and constraint violation are developed with respect to the drift of the optima. Analogously, sublinear regret and sublinear constraint violation can be ensured provided that the drift of the optima is sublinear. Finally, numerical results are presented to corroborate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms and the derived analytical results.
The use of tobacco is a modifiable risk factor for poor outcomes and readmissions after shoulder arthroplasty

Aims The impact of tobacco use on readmission and medical and surgical complications has been documented in hip and knee arthroplasty. However, there remains little information about the effect of ...
Variation in management of humeral and clavicular shaft fractures amongst fellowship trained orthopedic traumatologists

There exists a wide variety of opinions on the appropriate management of diaphyseal humeral and clavicular fractures amongst orthopedic surgeons. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a preference amongst orthopedic traumatologists on treatment of diaphyseal humerus and clavicle fractures with respect to various patient populations. A 6-question survey was created using Surveymonkey.com and distributed via the Orthopedic Trauma Association (OTA) website to fellowship trained orthopedic surgery traumatologists to survey the preferred management of a simple oblique middle 1/3rd diaphyseal humerus fracture and a middle 1/3rd displaced diaphyseal clavicle fracture in the following 3 clinical settings: a healthy laborer, an older patient with co-morbidities, and if the surgeon themselves sustained the injury. The ratio of operative to non-operative management was calculated for all 6 questions. A chi-square value was performed to determine if the results are clinically significant based on the clinical scenario. There was 56 responses to the survey that were included in the analysis. Overall, there was a statistically significant trend towards surgical management of the surgeon’s own diaphyseal humerus fractures (55%) compared to that of healthy patients (41%) and those with medical comorbidities (21%) (p = 0.02) A similar trend was noted for operative management for diaphyseal clavicle fractures by the surgeon on their own fractures (43%) compared to that of healthy patients (38%) and those with medical comorbidities (18%) (p = 0.02). While there are an increasing number of relative indications for treatment of diaphyseal humerus shaft and clavicle fractures, the results of this survey indicate that fellow-ship-trained orthopedic trauma surgeons prefer surgical management of simple humerus and clavicular fractures in young, healthy patients as well as in themselves.
Reduced Wide Local Excision Margins are Associated with Increased Risk of Relapse and Death from Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Current recommendations regarding the size of wide local excision (WLE) margins for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) are not well established. WLE and pathologic margins were respectively reviewed from 79 patients with stage I or II MCC, who underwent WLE at Washington University in St Louis from 2005 to 2019. Outcomes included local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), regional recurrence-free survival (RRFS), distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). Thirty-two percent of patients received adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT). At 1 year, DFS was 51.3%, 71.4%, and 87.8% for patients with WLE margins < 1 cm, 1–1.9 cm, and ≥ 2 cm, respectively (p = 0.02). At 3 years, the DSS was 57.7%, 82.6%, and 100% for patients with WLE margins < 1 cm, 1–1.9 cm, and ≥ 2 cm, respectively (p = 0.02). Multivariable Cox analysis demonstrated that every 1-cm increase in WLE margins was associated with improved RRFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11–0.75], DRFS (HR 0.30, CI 0.08–0.99), DFS (HR 0.42, CI 0.21–0.86), and DSS (HR 0.16, CI 0.04–0.61). WLE and pathologic margin size were moderately-to-strongly correlated (r = 0.66). Close or positive pathologic margins (< 3 mm) were associated with reduced DRFS (HR 6.83, CI 1.80–25.9), DFS (HR 2.98, CI 1.31–6.75), and DSS (HR 3.52, CI 1.14–10.9). Reduced WLE and pathologic margins were associated with higher risk of relapse and death from MCC. Larger WLE margins are important in populations with lower rates of adjuvant radiation.
Comparison of the properties of segregated layers in a bidispersed fluidized bed to those of a monodispersed fluidized bed

Since industrial fluidized-bed reactors typically operate with polydispersed particles, approximating such reactors as the superposition of corresponding monodispersed fluidized beds would greatly simplify their design and operation. To examine the validity of this superposition, we evaluate the effects of bidispersity by comparing three-dimensional liquid-solid monodispersed and segregated bidipsersed fluidized beds. This work demonstrates that, despite the clear segregation into layers that behave like monodispersed beds, the transition region is governed by complex bidispersed mechanisms that cannot be explained in terms of the particle behavior in the segregated layers.
Atmospheric Chemistry of c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8: Temperature-Dependent OH Reaction Rate Coefficients, Degradation Products, Infrared Spectra, and Global Warming Potentials

c-C5HF7 (1H-heptafluorocyclopentene) and c-C5F8 (perfluorocyclopentene) are potent greenhouse gases presently used as replacement compounds in Si etching. A thorough understanding of their potential impact on climate and air quality necessitates studies of their atmospheric reactivity, radiative properties, and atmospheric degradation pathways. The predominant atmospheric removal process for these compounds is expected to be via reaction with the OH radical. In this study, rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8 were measured over a range of temperatures (242-370 K) and pressures (50-100 Torr, He) using a pulsed laser photolysis-laser-induced fluorescence technique. In addition, a complementary relative rate technique, employing multiple reference compounds, was used to study the reactions between 273 and 372 K at 100 Torr (He) total pressure. Reaction rate coefficients were found to be independent of pressure over this range of conditions with k1(296 K) = (4.59 ± 0.10) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k1(T) = (4.00 ± 0.40) × 10-13 exp(-(631 ± 30)/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for c-C5HF7 and k2(296 K) = (4.90 ± 0.14) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k2(T) = (3.59 ± 0.4) × 10-13 exp(-(591 ± 25)/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for c-C5F8. Stable end-products were measured following the OH radical-initiated degradation of c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8 in the presence of O2. F(O)CCF2CF2CF2CH(O), CF2O, and CO2 were observed as the major end-products in the oxidation of c-C5HF7 with molar yields of 0.64, 1.27, and 0.53, respectively. For c-C5F8, F(O)CCF2CF2CF2CF(O), CF2O, and CO2 were observed with molar yields of 0.66, 0.63, and 0.43, respectively. The total carbon mass balance in both systems was 1.0 ± 0.15. The high yield of a C5-dicarbonyl end-product is consistent with a ring opening at the carbon-carbon double bond site for both c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8. A comparison of the present kinetic and degradation product results with previously published studies is presented. A rate coefficient upper limit for the gas-phase reaction of O3 with c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8 of 1 × 10-21 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was measured as part of this work. Atmospheric lifetimes for c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8 are estimated to be 252 and 236 days, respectively. Infrared absorption spectra of c-C5HF7 and c-C5F8 were also measured and found to agree, to within 5%, with results from previous studies. The well-mixed and lifetime adjusted radiative efficiencies (RE, W m-2 ppb-1) and 100 year time horizon global warming potential (GWP) for c-C5HF7 are 0.35, 0.24, and 46.7 and for c-C5F8 are 0.38, 0.25, and 46.2, respectively.
In vivo CRISPRi screen reveals the differential requirement for mitochondrial respiratory chain function between in vivo and in vitro tumor growth

The Warburg effect, aerobic glycolysis, is a hallmark feature of cancer cells grown in culture. However, the relative roles of glycolysis and respiratory metabolism in supporting in vivo tumor growth and significant processes such as tumor dissemination and metastases remain poorly understood, particularly on a systems level. Using a CRISPRi mini-library enriched for mitochondrial ribosomal protein and respiratory chain genes in multiple human lung cancer cell lines we analyzed in vivo metabolic requirements in xenograft tumors grown in distinct anatomic contexts. While knockdown of mitochondrial ribosomal protein and respiratory chain genes (mito-respiratory genes) has little impact on growth in vitro, tumor cells depend heavily on these genes when grown in vivo as either flank or primary orthotopic lung tumor xenografts. In contrast, respiratory function is comparatively dispensable for metastatic tumor growth. RNA-Seq and metabolomics analysis of tumor cells expressing individual sgRNAs against mito-respiratory genes indicate overexpression of glycolytic genes and increased sensitivity of glycolytic inhibition compared to control when grown in vitro, but when grown in vivo as primary tumors these cells downregulate glycolytic mechanisms. These studies demonstrate that discrete perturbations of mitochondrial metabolism impact in vivo tumor growth in a context-specific manner and provides systems-level evidence that respiratory function modulates tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that ATP limits growth and metastatic potential.
Internet governance on a dollar a day

The submissions of ICANN and ISOC to the WSIS suggested Internet governance was purely about technical standardisation, addresses, domains and some service-related issues. Under this definition, there is little for poor people to worry about. At the same time, the term 'Internet governance' in an era of convergence is perhaps particularly unhelpful in the context of developing countries and especially poor people in those countries. It is in the nature of a global network such as information infrastructure that there are a number of global governance issues. These should receive due attention. But it is worth noting that, especially regarding the information needs of poor people worldwide, the most important governance issues remain at the national level, where there is a considerable reform agenda. Indeed, to some extent what is most urgently required is less governance and different governance.
On the relevance of TCR rearrangement circles as molecular markers for thymic output during experimental graft-versus-host disease.

Efficient reconstitution of the pool of peripheral T cells after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is dependent on normal thymic function. However, the development of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in the context of allogeneic HSCT is associated with injurious effects on thymocyte development. In this study, we examined in models of syngeneic and allogeneic murine HSCT whether actual posttransplant thymic output is accurately reflected by analysis of signal-joint TCR rearrangement excision circles (sjTRECs). Our data demonstrate that the de novo generation of T cells following syngeneic HSCT of T cell-deficient B6.RAG2 −/− (recombination-activating gene 2 −/− ) mice correlates firmly with an increase of sjTRECs in the thymus and spleen. However, the altered homeostasis of naive peripheral T cells in the presence of GVHD necessitates the combined analysis of cell division in vivo and determinations of sjTREC contents and total sjTREC numbers to draw informative conclusions. From our data, we substantiate that thymic output and peripheral division of newly generated T cells are diminished in the presence of acute GVHD in an experimental radiation/allogeneic HSCT model.
Interleukin 2 receptor dysfunction in mice undergoing a graft-vs-host reaction.

Mice of the (C57BL/10 X B10.A)F1 combination were given a single i.v. inoculation of 3 to 4 X 10(7) B10.A spleen cells, which induces a graft-vs-host (GVH)-associated immune deficiency in F1 mice. Between 1 and 4 wk later, spleen cells from the F1 mice were tested for the expression of IL 2 receptors by flow microfluorometry, using the 7D4 rat monoclonal antibody directed against an epitope murine IL 2 receptor. A reduction in intensity of spleen cell staining with 7D4 was detected as early as 8 days after parental cell inoculation, and no IL 2 receptors were detected by 28 days after initiation of GVH. Furthermore, the loss of IL 2 receptors was correlated with abrogation of proliferative responses to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, of IL 2 production, and of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. These observations may be relevant for our understanding of GVH reactions, of immune disorders associated with GVH, and possibly of primary and acquired immunodeficiencies in general.
The Fate of Industrial Carbon Dioxide

Not all of the carbon dioxide produced by humans ends up in the atmosphere, but exactly where it all ends up and how much is captured by the oceans have been longstanding mysteries. In his Perspective, Takahashi discusses results reported in the same issue by Sabine et al. and Feely et al. that address these questions. Sabine et al. used an extensive data set to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide taken up by the oceans. Feely et al. studied what happens to calcium carbonate shell material from ocean organisms and the impact of industrial carbon dioxide on organism growth and dissolution of the shells. Such improvements in understanding the sources and sinks of carbon should provide information needed to make decisions about how to constrain the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Blood pressure is maintained during dehydration by hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus‐driven tonic sympathetic nerve activity

Resting sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) consists primarily of respiratory and cardiac rhythmic bursts of action potentials. During homeostatic challenges such as dehydration, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is activated and drives SNA in support of arterial pressure (AP). Given that PVN neurones project to brainstem cardio-respiratory regions that generate bursting patterns of SNA, we sought to determine the contribution of PVN to support of rhythmic bursting of SNA during dehydration and to elucidate which bursts dominantly contribute to maintenance of AP. Euhydrated (EH) and dehydrated (DH) (48 h water deprived) rats were anaesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized and underwent acute PVN inhibition by bilateral injection of the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol (0.1 nmol in 50 nl). Consistent with previous studies, muscimol had no effect in EH rats (n = 6), but reduced mean AP (MAP; P < 0.001) and integrated splanchnic SNA (sSNA; P < 0.001) in DH rats (n = 6). Arterial pulse pressure was unaffected in both groups. Muscimol reduced burst frequency of phrenic nerve activity (P < 0.05) equally in both groups without affecting the burst amplitude-duration integral (i.e. area under the curve). PVN inhibition did not affect the amplitude of the inspiratory peak, expiratory trough or expiratory peak of sSNA in either group, but reduced cardiac rhythmic sSNA in DH rats only (P < 0.001). The latter was largely reversed by inflating an aortic cuff to restore MAP (n = 5), suggesting that the muscimol-induced reduction of cardiac rhythmic sSNA in DH rats was an indirect effect of reducing MAP and thus arterial baroreceptor input. We conclude that MAP is largely maintained in anaesthetized DH rats by a PVN-driven component of sSNA that is neither respiratory nor cardiac rhythmic.
The unborn patient: Prenatal diagnosis and treatment

A new edition of this reference on the diagnosis and management of the abnormal foetus. The book outlines the pathophysiology, options for management and technical aspects of treatment for each disorder.
Stability and Breakdown in Transitional States: An Analysis of Central Asia and the Caucasus

What accounts for political stability and instability in weak states? This paper - part of a book manuscript - offers a theory based on elite cohesion, strategies of governance, and the fluidity of the state-society boundary. Using insights from Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan since independence, it identifies five phases of regime development: fluidity, consolidation, (semi-)consolidated rule, crisis, and in some cases, regime re-formation. It argues that the strategies used for regime consolidation during the early transition period in some cases undermined regime stability during the period of rule in the mid-1990s. The paper concludes that (1) state-building is not necessarily a linear process - if the underlying contradictions in the ruling coalition are not addressed, they can cause instability; (2) political parties are not necessary for elite cohesion; and (3) civil society did not play a causal role in post-Soviet transitions or regime breakdowns.
Computer-aided reliability diagnostic system

Reliability, maintainability, and supportability are key elements of design assurance which have, until recently, been overshadowed by cost, schedule, and performance factors. Both military and commercial customers are now demanding that these design assurance elements become part of the up-front design process. An electronics design analysis expert system recently developed by General Dynamics Space Systems Division is described which improves system reliability early in the design/development cycle of military equipment. >
Ethnopharmacologic Analysis of Medicinal Plants Used by Laotian Hmong Refugees in Minnesota

Laotian Hmong refugees in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, cultivate many plants and employ them as a first line of defense against illness and disease. Thirty-seven medicinal plants have been identified, phytochemical components catalogued through literature research, and potential pharmacological activities correlated with Hmong medicinal uses. Using western biomedical criteria of efficacy, 92% of the medicinal plants being cultivated were found to be potentially efficacious. The frequent use of these plants in diet (81%) suggests that they have served to mediate against illness and disease states in the cultural and natural environment in which the practices evolved. A listing of 37 plants with Hmong names, uses and potentially active constituents is provided.
DIRECT PLATING: A METHOD FOR DETECTING FUNGAL CONTAMINATION IN PAPERBOARD CARTONS

Contamination of refrigerated juice products in gable-top cartons can occur by filamentous fungi that are present in the paperboard. A method was developed to assay the mycoflora of paperboard carton material used in beverage packaging. This method involved direct plating on an agar surface of 1 cm 2 carton pieces rather than disintegration of carton material in a blender prior to plating. When compared to the standard disintegration method traditionally used for monitoring contamination of paperboard, the new method is less cumbersome, more efficient, and reduces opportunities for contamination. The number of colonies produced by the direct plating method was greater than or equal to the modified standard disintegration method. Direct plating also resulted in a larger number of different genera isolated. Une contamination de jus de fruits refrigeres peut se produire par des champignons filamenteux presents dans le carton d'emballage. Dans cette etude, une methode de dosage de la microflore du materiau cartonne utilise dans l'emballage des boissons est evaluee. Cette methode comprend un ensemencement direct sur une surface d'agar de morceaux de carton de 1cm 2 preferable a la desagregation du materiau dans un mixer avant ensemencement. Comparee a la methode traditionnelle de desagregation, cette nouvelle methode est plus commode, plus efficace et reduit les risques de contamination. Le nombre de colonies detectees par ensemencement direct est superieur ou egal a celles obtenues par la methode classique et les genres isoles sont plus nombreux.
Electron-phonon interaction in germanium

Abstract The interaction of electrons with short wavelength phonons in germanium is calculated from an empirical pseudopotential. A result for the longitudinal acoustic phonon is compared with the observed indirect optical transition probability.
Flood basalts versus central volcanoes and the British Tertiary volcanic Province

Abstract A controversy in the final decades of the last century developed between Geikie and Judd over the nature of the volcanoes in the British Tertiary Province. Geikie regarded the lavas as in Antrim and Skye as plateau basalts (today called flood basalts) erupted from widely scattered fissures, while Judd regarded the intrusion complexes as in Central Mull and Skye as eroded stumps of major central volcanoes from which the lavas originated. Soon after, instigated by the controversy, British volcanology flowered for several decades in what may be called its ‘Classic Period’. Detailed mapping projects were undertaken, and new concepts were developed that are basic to volcanology. This paper views the controversy and its aftermath, and also briefly reviews recent conceptual developments in the North Atlantic Volcanic Province of which the British Tertiary rocks are a part. The paper discusses the present understanding of flood basalts and central volcanoes, and presents new criteria based on structural features of lava flows (such as the dependence of lava thicknesses, and the occurrence of pipe vesicles, on ground-slope angle) to distinguish between them. Magnetic fabric study of magma-flow directions in intrusions and lava flows, and palaeomagnetic study of post-emplacement tilting of igneous rocks, have great unrealized potential.
A comparison of individual and group contingency systems in a first‐grade class

Individual and group management programs have been reported to be effective methods of reducing off-task behaviors; however, few studies have empirically contrasted the two intervention programs. Utilizing a multielement design, individual and group contingency systems were found to significantly reduce disruptive-unacceptable behaviors in a first-grade classroom, compared to baseline-reversal conditions. Teacher control statements also were significantly decreased within the treatment programs. No differences were found between the group and individual phases in reduction of student off-task behaviors or teacher control statements.
The Oedipus Cycle: Developmental Mythology, Greek Tragedy, and the Sociology of Knowledge:

The Oedipus complex of Freud is based on the inevitability of the tragic fate of a man who fled his home to escape the prophecy of parricide. Thus, he fulfilled it by killing a stranger who proved to be his father. As Freud does, this consideration of the tragedy of Oedipus takes as its point of departure the inevitability of the confrontation between father and son. Where Freud looks to the son, however, I look to the father, who set the tragedy in motion by attempting to murder his infant son. Themes ignored in developmental theory but axiomatic in gerontology are considered in this study of the elder Oedipus. The study begins by noting that Oedipus ascended the throne of Thebes not by parricide but by answering the riddle of the Sphynx and affirming the continuity of the life cycle which his father denied. In the second tragedy of the Oedipus Cycle of Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, this affirmation is maintained. As Oedipus the elder accepts the infirmities of old age and the support of his daughter Antigone, Oedipus the king proves powerful up to the very end of his life when he gives his blessing not to the sons who had exiled him from Thebes, but to King Theseus who shelters him in his old age. Thus, the Oedipus cycle, in contrast to the "Oedipus complex," represents not the unconscious passions of the small boy, but rather the awareness of the life cycle in the larger context of the succession of the generations and their mutual interdependence. These themes are illuminated by a fuller consideration of the tragedy of Oedipus.
Strain rate sensitivity and defects in steel foam

Abstract Steel foams fabricated by a powder metallurgical process were subjected to uniaxial compression tests to explore the dependence on strain rate. The yield strength of foam samples showed stronger strain rate dependence at higher strain rates, while the energy absorption increased linearly with strain rate. Measurements of cell wall curvature showed that an increased mean curvature correlated with a reduction in yield strength, and foam strengths generally fell below predictions of the Gibson–Ashby theory. Morphological defects (corrugations of cell walls) also reduced yield strength and altered the dependence on density.
Cephalexin induced cholestatic jaundice

Cephalexin is a very commonly prescribed orally administered antibiotic which has many potential side effects. Amongst these cholestatic jaundice has been infrequently reported as an adverse reaction. We present a case of a 57-year-old male who exhibited features of cholestatic jaundice including elevated liver function tests (LFTs) after taking cephalexin and showed improvement on removal of the offending agent. During this time he was symptomatically treated with cholestyramine. Complete resolution of LFTs was seen in four weeks. Cephalexin induced cholestasis is rare and hence requires a high degree of clinical suspicion for prompt diagnosis and treatment.
COMMERCIAL POLICY AND INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE

Abstract This paper constructs a model of intra-industry trade within a multi-product industry whose output range is limited to that obtainable from a particular type of capital. Intra-industry trade is a natural outcome in this structure, without requiring increasing returns to scale or imperfectly competitive markets, and with its pattern determined along traditional (relative factor abundance) lines. The volume of this trade will vary inversely with the level of trade restrictions, as observed empirically. Other policies are then considered for their influence on the range, rather than the level, of domestic production, since the former is the more likely policy objective under these circumstances.
Does Life Expectancy Affect Treatment of Women Aged 80 and Older with Early Stage Breast Cancers

Abstract Background Data are needed on how life expectancy affects treatment decisions among women ≥ 80 years with early stage breast cancer. Methods We used the linked Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare claims dataset from 1992 to 2005 to identify women aged ≥ 80 newly diagnosed with lymph node negative, estrogen receptor positive tumors, ≤ 5 cm. To estimate life expectancy, we matched these women to women of similar age, region, and insurance, not diagnosed with breast cancer. We examined 5-year mortality of matched controls by illness burden (measured with the Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI]) using Kaplan-Meier statistics. We examined treatments received by estimated life expectancy within CCI levels. We further examined factors associated with receipt of radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery (BCS). Results Of 9,932 women, 39.6% underwent mastectomy, 30.4% received BCS plus radiotherapy, and 30.0% received BCS alone. Estimated 5-year mortality was 72% for women with CCIs of 3+, yet 38.0% of these women underwent mastectomy and 22.9% received radiotherapy after BCS. Conversely, estimated 5-year mortality was 36% for women with CCIs of 0 and 26.6% received BCS alone. Age 80–84, urban residence, higher grade, recent diagnosis, mammography use, and low comorbidity, were factors associated with receiving radiotherapy after BCS. Among women with CCIs of 3 + treated with BCS, 36.9% underwent radiotherapy. Conclusions Many women aged ≥ 80 with limited life expectancies receive radiotherapy after BCS for treatment of early stage breast cancers while many in excellent health do not. More consideration needs to be given to patient life expectancy when considering breast cancer treatments.
Feasibility and impact of multidisciplinary training of an evidence-based intervention within a pediatric psychiatry consultation service.

Objective To train clinicians on a multidisciplinary pediatric consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatry service to administer an evidence-based intervention, biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART), in the inpatient medical setting and obtain their opinions about BART’s utility and feasibility in the CL setting.
Ensuring seafood identity: Grouper identification by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA)

Abstract Grouper are one of the most economically important seafood products in the state of Florida and their popularity as a high-end restaurant dish is increasing across the U.S. There is an increased incidence rate of the purposeful, fraudulent mislabeling of less costly and more readily available fish species as grouper in the U.S., particularly in Florida. This is compounded by commercial quotas on grouper becoming increasingly more restrictive, which continues to drive both wholesale and restaurant prices higher each year. Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognize 56 species of fish that can use “grouper” as an acceptable market name for interstate commerce. This group of fish includes species from ten different genera, making accurate taxonomic identification difficult especially if distinguishing features such as skin, head, and tail have been removed. This is leading regulatory agencies to employ genetic identification methods which tend to have much higher species-level resolution than phenotypic methods. Standard genetic identification methods are highly technical and require expensive lab-based equipment to perform, which often leads to longer turnover times. We have developed a generic grouper assay that detects the majority of the grouper species listed on the 2011 FDA Seafood List, including all of the species found in Florida waters. This assay is based upon real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) targeting mitochondrial 16S rRNA for the accurate detection of grouper. This assay can be performed in fewer than 90 min with little potential for cross-reactivity from non-target species.
Projecting MRI Data into Parametric Surfaces

The paper describes ongoing work in the isolation, visualization, and qualification of pelvic anatomies imaged through Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Indirect Atomic and Molecular Absorption Spectrometric Methods for the Determination of Tungsten

Abstract Indirect atomic absorption spectrometric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of tungsten have been developed based on the precipitation of lead(II) tungstate and the measurement of the excess lead(II) in the supernate. The optimum Concentration ranges are approximately 3–30 ppm of tungsten on the basis of sample solution.
On the evolution of linear waves in cosmological plasmas

The scalings for basic plasma modes in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model of the expanding Universe are revised. Contrary to the existing literature, the wave collisionless evolution must comply with the action conservation theorem. The proper steps to deduce the action conservation from ab initio analytical calculations are presented, and discrepancies in the earlier papers are identified. In general, the cosmological wave evolution is more easily derived from the action conservation in the collisionless limit, whereas when collisions are essential, the statistical description must suffice, thereby ruling out the need for using dynamic equations in either case.
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA 1 MODULATES ADENYLYL CYCLASE SIGNALING ELEMENTS AND EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR SIGNALING IN CARDIOMYOCYTES

Studies presented in this report were designed to investigate the effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated stimulation of cAMP accumulation in cardiac myocytes and elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in this modulation. TGF-beta 1 (20 pM) treatment of cardiac myocytes, in a time-dependent manner, decreased the ability of EGF (100 nM) to increase cAMP accumulation. Significant attenuation of EGF-elicited cAMP accumulation was observed 2 h after exposure to TGF-beta 1 and 18 h after addition of TGF-beta 1, the ability of EGF to increase cAMP accumulation was completely obliterated. TGF-beta 1 neither decreased immunoprecipitable EGF receptors in membranes from cardiomyocytes nor altered the specific binding of [125I]EGF to cardiomyocyte membranes. However, TGF-beta 1 decreased the ability of EGF to phosphorylate membrane proteins on tyrosine residues. TGF-beta 1 treatment of cardiomyocytes also decreased the ability of forskolin to augment cAMP accumulation in intact cells and stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity. Similarly, in membranes of TGF-beta 1-treated cells, neither isoproterenol nor EGF stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. Interestingly, as assessed by the ability of A1F4- to stimulate adenylyl cyclase, TGF-beta 1 did not alter the coupling between Gs and catalytic subunits. Likewise, TGF-beta 1 did not alter the functional activity of the inhibitory regulatory element of the system, Gi. Western analysis of cellular proteins revealed that TGF-beta 1 did not alter the amounts of Ga alpha, Gi alpha 2, and Gi alpha 3. We conclude that TGF-beta 1 attenuates EGF-elicited cAMP accumulation in cardiomyocytes, in part, by decreasing the EGF receptor kinase function and that TGF-beta 1-mediated alterations in the activity of adenylyl cyclase catalytic subunit also contribute toward the regulation of adenylyl cyclase by various agonists.
Vigorous denitrification by a heterotrophic nitrifier of the genusAlcaligenes

A heterotrophic nitrifyingAlcaligenes sp., previously isolated from soil and shown to be very active in the aerobic oxidation of pyruvic oxime (and hydroxylamine) to nitrite, is now shown to be quite active as a denitrifier. The bacterium synthesized nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas from nitrate when grown anaerobically and could individually reduce nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide to nitrogen gas when these nitrogen-oxides were added to dense cell suspensions. No evidence was obtained for the release of nitric oxide during reduction of nitrate and nitrite. The specific rates of reduction of the nitrogen-oxide were similar to those of well-known laboratory strains of denitrifying bacteria. The induction of an entire set of denitrifying enzymes at normal levels in a heterotrophic nitrifier is novel. The nitrification-denitrification capability ofAlcaligenes sp. may confer certain advantages to this and analogous organisms in the environment.
A hypothesis about the endogenous analogue of general anesthesia.

The advent of general anesthesia remains one of the most important advances in the history of medicine. Although the first popular demonstration of general anesthesia occurred more than 150 years ago at the now-famous ether dome of the Massachusetts General Hospital, the mechanism by which it occurs is still debated (1). Surprisingly, among all of the questions asked about general anesthesia, the important issue of if there is an endogenous analogue of the process is rarely discussed. This situation is in distinction to the usual course of events when an exogenous natural product is found to have biological activity in that much activity is devoted to a search for the endogenous counterpart. Think, for example, about the opiates and the endorphins. As a formal proposition the question is if the brain or body makes compounds that have the properties and mode of action of general anesthetics. The issue reduces to what, if any, natural process are the general anesthetics mimicking. This question surfaces now because of the recent discovery of a sleep-inducing lipid, oleamide, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of sleep-deprived cats (2, 3). Oleamide since has been shown to affect diverse membrane proteins (4), has a structure expected to perturb the fluidity of membrane lipids, and is accompanied by a membrane-bound brain enzyme that rapidly inactivates the compound (3, 5). It is therefore possible that the way oleamide operates is unusual in that it perturbs lipid matrices either free or complexed to proteins and protein assemblies. This concept is worth considering because it would represent a new form of regulation distinct from the usual receptor-ligand interaction. The main chemical facts about general anesthetics concern their diverse nature, hydrophobicity, and general lack of stereospecificity. The oldest correlate is called the Meyer–Overton rule, which …
Kinetic properties of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in squirrel monkeys exhibiting fasting hyperbilirubinemia.

Abstract 1. 1. Bolivian squirrel monkeys (BoSM),unlike Brazilian squirrel monkeys (BrSM), exhibit a marked fasting hyperbilirubinemia (FH) and serve as animal models for Gilbert's syndrome type I. 2. 2. Compared to BrSM, BoSM possess a higher apparent udpgakm (0.51 vs 0.29 mM) and lower Vm (0.36 vs 0.48 nmol BR conjugated/min per mg microsomal protein) for hepatic bilirubin (BR) UDP-glucuronyltransferase (BR UDPG-T). 3. 3. Lineweaver-Burk plots are linear and obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics when UDP-acetylglucosamine is used as activator and UDPGA substrate concentrations are within the physiologic range present in the liver during the fed and fasted state (0.10-0.71 mM); above these concentrations, there is a discontinuity of kinetic plots as noted in other species. 4. 4. There is no effect of fasting on the Km of BR conjugation (i.e. sum of mono- and diglucuronides) in either monkey; however, fasting is associated with lower Vm, values (15–20%) in each subspecies. 5. 5. By calculating the potential BR flux (nmol BR conjugated/min per kg) using known hepatic UDPGA concentrations, liver weights and in vitroKm and Vm, a markedly lower BR flux is observed in BoSM (58.4 nmol/min per kg) than in BrSM (91.6nmol/min per kg). 6. 6. Significantly higher apparentUDPGAKm and lower Vm of BR UDPG-T for conjugation of BR to BR monoglucuronide appears responsible in part for the four- to five-fold elevations in unconjugated BR in the liver and plasma in the fasted BoSM.
Timing of recent accelerations of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica

[1] We have used Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data and sequential Landsat imagery to identify and temporally constrain two acceleration events on Pine Island Glacier (PIG). These two events are separated by a period of at least seven years (1987–1994). The change in discharge between two flux gates indicates that the majority of the increase in discharge associated with the second acceleration originates well inland (>80 km) from the grounding line. An analysis indicates that changes in driving stress consistent with observed thinning rates are sufficient in magnitude to explain much of the acceleration.
Physical properties of photopolymer recording for nonvolatile volume holographic storage

We evaluate the physical properties of volume holographic recording in photopolymer that allow for high performance nonvolatile digital data storage. We identified efficient volume grating formation for photoinitiated cationic-ring- opening polymerization that utilizes unrestricted monomer diffusive transport contributions in the grating development process during and after exposure.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The classical foundations of 'modern' costing

Abstract 'Modern' costing emphasizes the importance of aggregation, cost drivers, and cost allocation, fine-tuned to the production environment, in developing useful measures of product cost and value added. In this paper we take this modern theme and overlay it on the classical theory of cost. Aggregation enters in the form of cost function separability. Cost driver identification focuses on the output vector. Non-volume cost drivers thus arise from condensed specification of the firm's output vector. This condensation occurs when we drop some products from view and when we inappropriately aggregate output, for example when we treat two batches as units of the same product. The recurring themes of non-volume cost drivers, linear, aggregation and strategic cost management are then examined in the classical setting. Following this, we speculate on empirical considerations that arise in the presence of measurement error and lack of independence in the observation generating process.
Rabbit IgG distribution in skin, spinal cord and DRG following systemic injection in rat

In order to determine the distribution of antibodies such as anti-NGF following systemic injection in neonates, immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine the localization of rabbit IgG in rat skin, DRG, and spinal cord after treatments with normal rabbit serum or purified rabbit IgG. Daily subcutaneous injections beginning on postnatal day 2 or on day 15 were given for three days. On the fourth day the animals were sacrificed and tissues were processed for rabbit IgG-IR. In the dorsal and ventral spinal cord, staining intensities suggest a substantial increase in the blood-brain barrier during the first two weeks after birth. Staining intensity in the epidermis of the glabrous skin from the hindpaw was substantially lower than in the adjacent dermis. In addition, IgG infrequently accumulated intracellularly in intensely stained patches in the epidermis. IgG was also able to reach relatively high intracellular concentrations in a small number of sensory neurons. The IgG staining pattern in the skin was similar when anti-NGF itself was administered to the animals. The results are discussed in the context of the effects of anti-NGF on the development of nociceptive afferents.
Case Control and Historical Cohort Study of Diarrhea Associated With Administration of Trimethoprim‐Potentiated Sulphonamides to Horses and Ponies

Trimethoprim-potentiated sulphonamides (TPS) are among the most frequently administered antimicrobials in equine medicine. Anecdotally, TPS has been implicated as a cause of mild to moderate diarrhea in horses. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of diarrhea in horses receiving TPS, to characterize the severity of the diarrhea, and to identify any other factors associated with the development of diarrhea. A 2–part study was designed to identify the prevalence of diarrhea associated with TPS in our clinic population. Part I was a case-control retrospective study of 135 records over a 10.5–year period from January 1, 1980 through June 30, 1990. Part II was a historical cohort study of 784 records over a 37–month period from July 1, 1990 through July 31, 1993. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of diarrhea associated with TPS therapy in either study. The occurrence of diarrhea was 21% and 3% in parts I and II, respectively. Significant factors identified in association with diarrhea in part I were duration of hospital stay, and antibiotic therapy other than TPS or penicillin. Significant factors identified in part II included other antibiotic therapy, penicillin therapy, and combined penicillin and TPS therapy. Diarrhea does occur after the administration of antibiotics, most likely because of the alteration of the patient's normal intestinal flora. Diarrhea was noted in association with administration of TPS in this study; however, its prevalence was not significantly different than that in horses receiving other antibiotics, such as penicillin and its derivatives. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:258–264. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.