cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of a mating system uniquely dependent upon switching and pathogenesis in Candida albicans.

In 1999, researchers identified in the emerging Candida albicans genome the mating-type locus, and one year later two reports documented cell type-dependent mating. With these discoveries, C. albicans had become a sexual organism, but the sequence of discoveries did not stop there. If switching and the mating process proved to play important roles in biofilm formation and pathogenesis, then there could exist strong selection pressure to maintain them. To test biofilm hypothesis, researchers collected spontaneous mating type-like (MTL)-homozygous offspring from natural a/α strains that exhibited high frequencies of MTL-homozygosis and compared virulence of offspring and parent strains in the murine model for systemic infection in two ways. First, they simply followed the survival curves of outbred mice injected individually with each strain. Second, they coinjected parent and offspring with equal numbers of parent and offspring, and at the time of death or extreme morbidity quantitated the concentration of the two strains in the kidney. In the great majority of cases, the parent was more virulent than the offspring in both tests, supporting their hypothesis for a/α maintenance. The intricate relationships between switching, mating, and pathogenesis in C. albicans have therefore provided not only explanations for some of the unique characteristics of each of the component processes, but insights as well into how the basic biology of an organism is manipulated in the evolution of hostpathogen interactions.
Command Hallucinations and the Prediction of Dangerousness

OBJECTIVES Recent studies have supported the belief that command hallucinations can induce dangerous behavior. This study tried to replicate previous findings that compliance with the command was associated with delusions related to hallucinations and the ability to identify the hallucinated voice. This study also assessed the association between compliance and the dangerousness of the command, chronicity of illness, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and past compliance with hallucinated commands. METHODS The most recent command hallucination reported by 93 psychiatric inpatients was rated for level of dangerousness and level of compliance with the command. RESULTS Subjects who experienced less dangerous commands or who could identify the hallucinated voice reported higher levels of compliance, although reported compliance with more dangerous commands was not uncommon. Commands experienced in the hospital were less dangerous than those experienced elsewhere and tended to be specific to the hospital environment. Subjects were less likely to comply with commands experienced in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS Based on their self-reports, psychiatric patients who experience command hallucinations are at risk for dangerous behavior. Ability to identify the hallucinated voice is a fairly reliable predictor of reported compliance. Level of dangerousness resulting from compliance with command hallucinations may be a function of the patient's environment.
Solving a flood and beach protection problem with an hydraulic model—A study of san gabriel river mouth at Alamitos Bay Inlet, California

The complex problem sketched in this paper, though essentially one of flood-control, involves also ocean-beaches, maintenance of a tidal basin, and continuity of operation of a steam power-plant. What connection any of these may have with the other may at first seem remote. However, the intimacy of this relationship and the advantage of hydraulic model-tests in the solution of such problems will, I hope, be demonstrated in the following paper. Though not often realized, beach erosion and accretion vary directly with flood-runoff. In time of drought, beaches are depleted by littoral drift and wave-attrition while in season of heavy runoff they are rebuilt by the flood-borne sand. Moreover, the design of stream-outlet works may determine whether this flood-borne sand shall be a menace, filling valuable channels, or be wasted in deep water, or be so guided that it shall replenish the depleted beaches.
UK computer fraud survey

Abstract A UK report highlights cases of computer fraud in commercial and government organizations. Fraud takes place during data input, output, in programs and in the use of resources.
Effects of stress and alcohol on subjective state in humans.

Background: There is increasing evidence that stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation interact with drugs of abuse and influence drug-taking behaviors. Both studies with laboratory animals and survey data with alcohol users suggest that acute or chronic stressful events increase alcohol intake. One mechanism for the increase in alcohol intake may be that stress alters the subjective effects produced by the drug in ways that enhance the reinforcing properties of alcohol. Therefore, in this study we determined whether an acute social stressor alters subjective responses to ethanol in humans. The stressor was a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test, an arithmetic task that increases cortisol levels. Methods: Twenty male volunteers participated in two laboratory sessions, in which they performed the Trier Social Stress Test on one session and no task on the other session, immediately before consuming a beverage that contained ethanol (0.8 g/kg in juice) or placebo (juice alone). Eleven subjects received ethanol on both sessions, and nine subjects received placebo on both sessions. Primary dependent measures were self-report questionnaires of mood states. Salivary levels of cortisol were obtained to confirm the effectiveness of the stress procedure. Results: Stress alone produced stimulant-like subjective effects. In the group who received ethanol, stress increased sedative-like effects and decreased stimulant-like effects. Conclusions: At this relatively high dose of ethanol, stress increased sedative effects of alcohol and did not increase desire for more alcohol. It is possible that in some individuals, the increased sedative effects after stress may increase the likelihood of consuming more alcohol. The effects of stress on consumption at this, or lower, doses of alcohol remain to be determined.
Gas-liquid chromatographic resolution of several protein amino acid enantiomers on a packed column.

Abstract The simultaneous gas—liquid chromatographic resolution of several protein amino acid enantiomers has been accomplished on a column packed with ethylene glycol adipate coated on Chromosorb G, using the N-trifluoroacethyl 2-butyl ester diastereomeric derivatives.
Optical Polarimetry and Mechanical Rheometry of Poly(ethylene oxide)−Silica Dispersions

Mesoscale structural dynamics and rheology of semidilute aqueous dispersions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) containing nanosized silica particles are investigated using mechanical rheometry, optical...
Binoptic Summation of Liminal Stimulation

(1972). Binoptic Summation of Liminal Stimulation. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics: Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 369-372.
Load Balance and Energy Efficient Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks

Many data gathering protocols for wireless sensor networks use clustering technology for prolonging the network lifetime. Cluster-based protocols reduce the total energy consumption via data aggregation, and balance energy consumption via clusterhead rotation. However, most existing protocols focus on load balance within each cluster. The energy consumption of the entire network is still unbalanced, and this uneven energy dissipation can significantly reduce the network lifetime. We propose an even energy dissipation protocol (EEDP) for efficient cluster-based data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In EEDP, the sensor data are forwarded to the base station via multiple chains of clusterheads. Each chain uses a rotation scheme to balance energy consumption among clusterheads and avoid the formation of a hot spot. We developed efficient algorithms to organize clusterheads into multiple chains, such that the traffic load is evenly distributed among different chains. Analysis and simulation results show that EEDP achieves better load balance than several existing protocols and significantly increases network lifetime.
Influence of immunomodulators, niridazole and levamisole, on autoimmune murine thyroiditis

Abstract The pathogenesis of murine autoimmune thyroiditis, induced in mice by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, is unclear. To investigate the role of cell-mediated immunity in the murine thyroiditis, niridazole (100 mg/kg) and levamisole (12.5 mg/kg) were administered in mice before or after the antigenic challenge. Niridazole decreased the severity of thyroid infiltrates when started before the antigenic challenge. A similar inhibitory effect was observed after administration of levamisole. These findings are consistent with the possibility of a direct involvement of T-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of autoimmune murine thyroiditis.
TLRs bent into shape

Toll-like receptors respond to ligands embedded in pathogen-derived macromolecules to induce immune responses. Binding of a stimulatory ligand to preexisting dimers of Toll-like receptor 9 induces conformational changes that lead to their full activation.
Rotationally invariant hyperbolic waves

We use weakly nonlinear asymptotics to derive a canonical asymptotic equation for rotationally invariant hyperbolic waves. The equation can include weak dissipative, dispersive, or diffractive effects. We give applications to equations from magnetohydrodynamics, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.
Application of item response theory to quantify substance use disorder severity.

Abstract Objective The present investigation had two main goals: (1) Determine whether binary substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses are indicators of a unidimensional trait indexing severity of disorder; and, (2) demonstrate the predictive, concurrent and construct validity of the SUD severity scale. Methods Boys and their biological parents were administered structured diagnostic interviews to diagnose SUD. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to determine whether the diagnoses are indicators of a unidimensional trait. The score on this scale was correlated with substance use behavior, violence, treatment history, risky sex, and social adjustment. Results SUD diagnoses are indicators of a unidimensional latent trait. Maternal and paternal SUD severity predicted son's SUD severity at age 19. The score on the SUD severity scale correlated with drug use frequency, number of different drugs used in lifetime, treatment seeking, illegal behavior, social maladjustment, and risky sex. Conclusion SUD can be quantified on an interval scale indexing severity of disorder. The advantages of measuring SUD severity as a continuous trait are discussed.
APOBEC3G Is Degraded by the Proteasomal Pathway in a Vif-dependent Manner without Being Polyubiquitylated

Although the covalent attachment of a polyubiquitin is the prevailing paradigm for entry into proteasomes, accumulating evidence suggests that poorly defined ubiquitin-free pathways also degrade proteins. The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by disrupting viral reverse transcription. However, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 produces a viral infectivity factor (Vif) to destroy this antiretroviral protein. It was shown that Vif binds to both A3G and a Cullin 5 ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase. It is currently accepted that this enzyme polyubiquitylates A3G on lysine residues, resulting in its degradation by proteasomes. Here, we find that A3G without ubiquitylation is still degraded by proteasomes in a Vif-dependent manner. We further show that Vif is polyubiquitylated and that this event could be critical for A3G proteasomal degradation. Thus, A3G is degraded by a novel pathway that might involve ubiquitylation of one protein and then targets a second binding partner for proteasomal entry and degradation. We propose that instead of triggering A3G polyubiquitylation, polyubiquitylated Vif might serve as a vehicle to transport A3G into proteasomes for degradation.
Spectrotypic analysis of antibodies to insulin A and B chains

Antibodies produced by immunization with native insulin were analyzed by isoelectric focusing for binding to isolated A and B chains. Antibodies to isolated A chain of beef insulin were found to have restricted spectrotypes and were seen after immunization with either beef or human insulin. Hyperimmunization with beef insulin, but not human, increased the heterogeneity of anti-A chain antibodies. Antibodies to isolated B chains were also electrophoretically restricted but showed less heterogeneity after hyperimmunization than anti-A chain responses. When binding to chains was carried out in the presence of excess cold insulin, anti-B chain spectrotypes were inhibited by the native molecule. In contrast, only a portion of anti-A chain spectrotypes were inhibited by native insulin, suggesting that these clonotypes are directed at epitopes not present on the surface of the molecule. These data indicate that the anti-insulin repertoire includes antibodies that can bind isolated chains as well as the native molecule. Some of the determinants on isolated A chain are not available on intact insulin and may arise from antigen catabolism.
Evidence for Neptunium Incorporation into Uranium (VI) Phases

This paper examines the ability of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to detect both low concentrations of Np in a U matrix and to provide evidence for incorporation of Np in U(VI) phases. The case for U(VI) secondary minerals acting as solubility-controlling phases for Np in repository performance assessment models has not been fully established. Direct evidence for incorporation, rather than sorption, continues to be difficult to obtain. Detection of Np with TEM-EELS is hampered by the occurrence of a plural (multiple) scattering event from the more abundant U atoms (U-M5 + U-(O4,5), that results in severe overlap on the Np-M5 edge at ~3665 eV. By examining the energy 'gap' between the Np-M5 and Np-M4 edges (184 eV), a method for observing Np independently of the plural scattering event has been established. Clear evidence of Np incorporation into synthetic studtite {(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2](H2O)2} and uranophane {Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2(H2O)5} has been found with TEM-EELS. The EELS technique continues to remain an important tool for examining the potential for transuranic behavior in nuclear waste materials.
Valproate treatment of panic disorder and lactate-induced panic attacks☆

Several lines of evidence suggest that the anticonvulsant drug valproate may have antipanic properties: (1) It enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid activity in the brain; (2) it has anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety; and (3) it has been reported to be effective in panic disorder in several preliminary studies; however, valproate has not been studied in the prevention of lactate-induced panic attacks. Sixteen patients with panic disorder underwent a lactate infusion followed by a 28-day treatment period with valproate and subsequent rechallenge with lactate. Response was measured by change in panic attack frequency and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) scores and by the ability of valproate to block lactate-induced panic on rechallenge. Of the 14 patients completing the 28-day trial, 10 (71%) experienced a greater than 50% reduction in the weekly frequency of panic attacks. Six (43%) had complete remission. HAS scores dropped significantly from a baseline mean of 30.8 +/- 9.4 (SD) to 12.6 +/- 7 after 4 weeks of treatment. Valproate blocked reinduction of panic symptoms on lactate rechallenge in 10 (83%) of 12 patients who had initially experienced panic symptoms on initial infusion. The significant reduction in spontaneous panic attacks and the blockade of lactate-induced panic symptoms by valproate support earlier studies suggesting that the drug may be an effective treatment for panic disorder.
A new method for synthesizing multiple-period adaptive-repetitive controllers and its application to the control of hard disk drives

This paper introduces a new method for synthesizing multiple-period repetitive controllers. The main innovations in the synthesis procedure presented in this article are two. The first one is that this technique yields a solution compatible with the integration of the computed multiple-period repetitive controller into a minimum-variance adaptive control scheme. The second innovation is that the solution is period-recursive, reducing the complexity of controller synthesis considerably when compared with other methods available in the literature. To exemplify the synthesis procedure, a multiple-period repetitive controller is designed and integrated into an adaptive-repetitive control scheme used in the track-following control of a commercial hard disk drive. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the presented approach.
Benzpyrene hydroxylase activity in hepatic microsomal and solubilized systems containing rabbit or rat cytochrome P-448 or P-450.

Treatment of adult, male rabbits and rats with 3-methylcholanthrene results in the formation of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-448. In the rat, this occurs coincidently with an increase in hepatic microsomal benzpyrene hydroxylase activity. In the rabbit, benzpyrene hydroxylase activity is decreased following treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. Benzpyrene hydroxylase activity in solubilized, reconstituted mixed-function oxidase systems containing rat cytochrome P-448 is about seven times higher than in systems containing rabbit cytochrome P-448. Evidence obtained by spectral analysis suggests that rabbit P-448 is combined with a type I compound. Residual 14C-3-methylcholanthrene does not appear to be responsible for the differences observed between rat and rabbit cytochrome P-448.
Competition And New Technology

Most real medical spending growth is accounted for by beneficial but costly new technology. This paper argues that a missing dimension of our concepts of competition among health plans is a focus on their policy toward new technology. In principle, plans could choose to move rapidly or slowly, inclusively or selectively, toward adopting new technologies, broadly defined. These policies would affect the rates of growth of their premiums, and consumers could choose among plans depending on both the technology policy and premium growth. Legal impediments, physician resistance, and membership turnover are all possible obstacles. Further thought should be given to making technology policy an explicit dimension of plan competition.
Mismatch repair participates in error-free processing of DNA interstrand crosslinks in human cells

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) present formidable blocks to DNA metabolic processes and must be repaired for cell survival. ICLs are induced in DNA by intercalating compounds such as the widely used therapeutic agent psoralen. In bacteria, both nucleotide excision repair (NER) and homologous recombination are required for the repair of ICLs. The processing of ICLs in mammalian cells is not clearly understood. However, it is known that processing can occur by NER, which for psoralen ICLs can be an error-generating process conducive to mutagenesis. We show here that another repair pathway, mismatch repair (MMR), is also involved in eliminating psoralen ICLs in human cells. MMR deficiency renders cells hypersensitive to psoralen ICLs without diminishing their mutagenic potential, suggesting that MMR does not contribute to error-generating repair, and that MMR may represent a relatively error-free mechanism for processing these lesions in human cells. Thus, enhancement of MMR relative to NER may reduce the mutagenesis caused by DNA ICLs in humans.
Influence of Reinforcement Content and Diameter on the R‐Curve Response in SiC‐Whisker‐Reinforced Alumina

Experimental studies were conducted to examine the fracture resistance or R-curve response of fine-grained (1 to 2 μm grain size) alumina-based composites reinforced with SiC whiskers. A precracked applied moment double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen was employed where initial crack lengths of ≥50 μm were attained by back-cutting the crack tip wake region. For a given crack length, the results show that the fracture resistance is shifted upward with whisker content in composites reinforced with 0.8 μm diameter SiC whiskers for all crack lengths ≥50 μm. When the whisker content is fixed at 20 vol% but the whisker size is varied, measurements show that the R-curve response increases with the average diameter of the whiskers for all crack lengths ≥100 μm. These experimental results are consistent with analytical descriptions of the R-curve contribution for frictional bridging and pullout processes. The frictional bridging component, involving the displacement within an intact but partially debonded bridging whisker, reflects the significant radial compressive stresses acting on the interface due to the larger thermal contraction of the matrix. Because of the large tensile or bending stresses imposed on the whisker during crack opening, frictional bridging is limited to the region immediately behind the crack tip. Pullout of such bridging whiskers can occur when they fracture or separate from the matrix away from the crack; this can occur close to the crack tip but should become more dominant with increasing distance behind the crack tip. Observations of crack wake zones support these conclusions. Both the experimental results and the constitutive models suggest approaches to tailor the R-curve response of ceramics reinforced by discontinuous fibers (e.g., whiskers or elongated grains).
Velocity Analysis of Thermionic Emission from Single-Crystal Tungsten

"January 13, 1955"--Cover. "Reprinted from The Physical review, vol. 98, no. 4, 889-901, May 15, 1955."
Tetracycline-Related Transcriptional Regulation of the CTnDOT Mobilization Region

CTnDOT is a 65-kb conjugative transposon (CTn) in Bacteroides spp. that confers resistance to the antibiotics erythromycin and tetracycline (Tc). Conjugative transfer of CTnDOT is regulated upon exposure of cells to Tc. In the absence of Tc, no transfer is detectable; however, a cascade of regulatory events results in the conjugative transfer of CTnDOT upon Tc induction. Previous studies addressing regulation of CTnDOT conjugative transfer focused primarily on the 13-kb transfer (tra) operon, which encodes the proteins required for assembly of the mating apparatus. We report here that the mob operon that encodes the relaxase and coupling proteins required for mobilization of CTnDOT are regulated at the transcriptional level upon Tc induction. The Xis2d and Exc excision proteins are required for the upregulation of mob transcription upon Tc induction, and yet a deletion of xis2c has no effect. We also show preliminary evidence suggesting that the integrase, IntDOT, may play a regulatory role, as pLYL72 transfer is not detectable when intDOT is provided in trans.
Usefulness of right ventricular indices in early diagnosis of cardiac tamponade.

Abstract Early diagnosis of postoperative cardiac tamponade is impeded by its clinical similarity to left ventricular failure. Moreover, the hemodynamic changes necessary to diagnose cardiac tamponade are detected by conventional monitoring technique only after clinical compromise. Early signs of cardiac tamponade and left ventricular failure were studied with emphasis on right ventricular function in anesthetized dogs. One group (n = 20) had cardiac tamponade produced by incrementally increasing pericardial pressure (2 to 20 mm Hg), and another group (n = 20) had acute left ventricular failure produced by successive ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery at the lower, middle, and upper thirds. Besides standard hemodynamic measurements, right ventricular function was examined with a rapid-response thermodilution catheter. During cardiac tamponade, cardiac output, right ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular stroke volume, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume were significantly decreased from baseline values after a pericardial pressure of 8 mm Hg or more ( p
A column generation approach for the split delivery vehicle routing problem

A column generation approach is presented for the split delivery vehicle routing problem with large demand. Columns include route and delivery amount information. Pricing sub-problems are solved by a limited-search-with-bound algorithm. Feasible solutions are obtained iteratively by fixing one route once. Numerical experiments show better solutions than in the literature.
Fusion of fibroblasts with differentiated and nondifferentiated leukemia cells resulting in blockage of DNA synthesis

We have investigated the regulation of DNA synthesis in the heterokaryons of HL60 human myelomonocytic leukemia cells and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts to examine if the differentiated leukemia cells contained a replication inhibiting activity. Cell fusions were performed either by exposing a suspension of mixed cells to an electric pulse or by the polyethylene glycol method. To identify the origin of the nuclei in a heterokaryon, one set of partner cells was prelabeled with [3H]thymidine before fusion. DNA synthetic activity after fusion was then revealed immunohistochemically by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. DNA synthesis in the nuclei of 3T3 was inhibited in the heterokaryons of 3T3 and in either one of the two differentiated forms of HL60, i.e., the macrophage-like or the granulocyte-like. The result supports that a negative regulator of DNA synthesis exists in the differentiated HL60. Surprisingly, we have also found that DNA synthesis was inhibited in the nuclei of both 3T3 and nondifferentiated, proliferating HL60 when these two cells were fused. When unfused, proliferating cells were eliminated with cytosine arabinoside; these nonreplicating heterokaryons survived for at least 5 days, and 15% of them showed alpha-naphthylacetate esterase activity, a trait of the macrophage differentiation. The blockage of DNA synthesis in both partner nuclei was also observed in the heterokaryons of NIH3T3 cells and nondifferentiated human promonocytic leukemia cells U937, and in nondifferentiated HL60 and human diploid fibroblasts WI38. However, this effect was not found in the heterokaryons of NIH3T3 cells and human B lymphoma WI-729-HF2 cells. This is the first demonstration of the inhibition of DNA synthesis upon fusion of two proliferating cells.
Indoor Environmental Quality in LEED-Certified Buildings in the U.S.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of workplaces in the LEED–certified buildings in the United States. LEED®, standing for the Leadership in Energy and...
The significance of formulating plasticity theory with reference to loading surfaces in strain space

After observing that the classical formulation of the theory of elastic-plastic materials relative to loading surfaces in stress space may not be valid in a region such as that corresponding to the neighborhood of ultimate strength (or initiation of necking) in a simple tension test, the present paper deals with an alternative development of constitutive equations for the rate of plastic strain and the rate of work-hardening relative to loading surfaces in strain space. The range of the validity of the results and their significance, in the presence of both finite and infinitesimal deformations, are discussed and certain features of the loading criteria in strain space and their relationships to the corresponding criteria in stress space are noted.
Maintaining Pressure Positivity in Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations

Higher order Godunov schemes for solving the equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) have recently become available. Because such schemes update the total energy, the pressure is a derived variable. In several problems in laboratory physics, magnetospheric physics, and astrophysics the pressure can be several orders of magnitude smaller than either the kinetic energy or the magnetic energy. Thus small discretization errors in the total energy can produce situations where the gas pressure can become negative. In this paper we design a linearized Riemann solver that works directly on the entropy density equation. We also design switches that allow us to use such a Riemann solver safely in conjunction with a normal Riemann solver for MHD. This allows us to reduce the discretization errors in the evaluation of the pressure variable. As a result we formulate strategies that maintain the positivity of pressure in all circumstances. We also show via test problems that the strategies designed here work.
Developing a medical humanities concentration in the medical curriculum at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York

To the author’s knowledge, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry is the only medical school in the United States that offers a concentration or minor in medical humanities for medical students. This article presents how the author first thought of offering a concentration in medical humanities and explains the educational elements students must satisfy. In 1998, the university underwent a major curriculum revision, dubbed the “double-helix” curriculum because of its goal of intertwining basic science and clinical medicine over all four years of medical school. As course director of the Medical Humanities Seminars for more than ten years, the author saw this change as an opportunity to expand the humanities curriculum. The number of sessions and courses offered in the first two years doubled as part of the transition to the new curriculum. In addition, the author proposed to the medical school curriculum steering committee to approve a concentration in clinical ethics and humanities. The concentration option motivates students to continue to pursue their humanistic interests in the third and fourth years of medical school. About 25% of the student body has signed up in the first two years the concentration has been available.
SHARP - Automated monitoring of spacecraft health and status

This paper briefly describes the spacecraft and ground systems monitoring process at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and highlights some difficulties associated with the existing technology used in mission operations. A new automated system based on artificial intelligence technology is described which seeks to overcome many of these limitations. The system, called the Spacecraft Health Automated Reasoning Prototype (SHARP), is designed to automate health and status analysis for multi-mission spacecraft and ground data systems operations. The SHARP system has proved to be effective for detecting and analyzing potential spacecraft and ground systems problems by performing real-time analysis of spacecraft and ground data systems engineering telemetry. Telecommunications link analysis of the Voyager 2 spacecraft was the initial focus for evaluation of the system in a real-time operations setting during the Voyager spacecraft encounter with Neptune in August, 1989. The SHARP system will be delivered to the JPL Space Flight Operations Center for regular use by planetary flight projects, including the Galileo and Magellan spacecraft, and will also be applied to monitoring and control applications in the Deep Space Network's Network Operations Control Center.
Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, and monoamine oxidase of normal, thyroid-fed, and propylthiouracil-fed male and female rats.

Male and female Wistar rats (125–175 gm.) were fed for 21 days ad libitum diets of a meal containing 0.15% strong desiccated thyroid, 0.15% propylthiouracil, or meal alone. Neither thyroid nor propylthiouracil feeding significantly altered brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, or monoamine oxidase in either sex. Female rats were found to possess significantly greater 5-hydroxytryptophane dcearboxylase and monoamine oxidase activities than the males. No sex difference was noted in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine content.
Locoregional tumor progression after radiation therapy influences overall survival in pediatric patients with neuroblastoma.

Purpose There is renewed attention to primary site irradiation and local control for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). We conducted a retrospective review to identify factors that might predict for locoregional tumor control and its impact on overall survival. Methods and Materials Between July 2000 through August 2006, a total of 44 pediatric patients with NB received radiation therapy (RT) with curative intent using computed tomography (CT)–based treatment planning. The median age was 3.4 years and the median cumulative dose was 23.4 Gy. Overall survival and locoregional tumor control were measured from the start of RT to the date of death or event as determined by CT/magnetic resonance imaging/meta-iodobenzylguanidine. The influence of age at irradiation, gender, race, cumulative radiation dose, International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage, treatment protocol and resection status was determined with respect to locoregional tumor control. Results With a median follow-up of 34 months ± 21 months, locoregional tumor progression was observed in 11 (25%) and was evenly divided between primary site and adjacent nodal/visceral site failure. The influence of locoregional control reached borderline statistical significance ( p = 0.06). Age ( p = 0.5), dose ( p = 0.6), resection status ( p = 0.7), and International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage ( p = 0.08) did not influence overall survival. Conclusions Overall survival in high-risk neuroblastoma is influenced by locoregional tumor control. Despite CT-based planning, progression in adjacent nodal/visceral sites appears to be common; this requires further investigation regarding target volume definitions, dose, and the effects of systemic therapy.
Cardiac orienting responses as a function of age

He art-rate changes, recorded from human Ss under conditions appropriate for eliciting orienting, were curvilinearly related to age and independent of differences in prestimulus heart rate. Deceleration was absent at birth, increased from 6 to 16 weeks, and lessened between 16 weeks and young adulthood.
The relationship between gender role ideals and psychological well-being

Previous research on the influence of gender roles upon psychological health has found that most effects may be due to participants' levels of masculine traits alone. This study investigated whether individual gender role ideals moderate the relationship between gender roles and psychological well-being. Eighty-three psychology undergraduate students of European descent were given a battery of measures of gender role and psychological well-being. Results of analysis of these tests suggest that the degree to which participants' gender-specific traits represent met or unmet ideals is a better predictor of psychological adjustment than personal gender role alone. Results also suggest that gender roles can diminish psychological well-being by creating conflict between personal beliefs about the nature of appropriate behavior and the actual demands of life situations. Theoretical implications and future research directions are discussed.
COMPARISON OF THE CELLULASE COMPLEXES OF TRICHODERMA REESEI RL-P37 AND THERMOMONOSPORA FUSCA YX

(1986). COMPARISON OF THE CELLULASE COMPLEXES OF TRICHODERMA REESEI RL-P37 AND THERMOMONOSPORA FUSCA YX. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 45, No. 1-6, pp. 93-109.
Condensation and fractionation of rare earths in the solar nebula

The condensation behavior of the rare earth elements in the solar nebula is calculated on the basis of the most recent thermodynamic data in order to construct a model explaining group II rare earth element patterns in Allende inclusions. Models considered all involve the removal of large fractions of the more refractory heavy rare earth elements in an early condensate, followed by the condensation of the remainder at a lower temperature. It is shown that the model of Boynton (1975) in which one rare earth element component is dissolved nonideally in perovskite according to relative activity coefficients can not reasonably be made to fit the observed group II patterns. A model in which two rare earth components control the patterns and dissolve ideally in perovskite is proposed and shown to be able to account for the 20 patterns by variations of the perovskite removal temperature and the relative proportions of the two components.
Use of PET to monitor the response of lung cancer to radiation treatment

Approximately 170,000 people arediagnosed with lung cancer in the United States each year. Manyof these patients receive external beam radiation for treatment. Fluorine-18 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) is increasingly being used in evaluating non-small cell lung cancer and may be of clinical utility in assessing response to treatment. In this report, we present FDG PET images and data from two patients who were followed with a total of eight and seven serial FDG PET scans, respectively, through the entire course of their radiation therapy. Changes in several potential response parameters are shown versus time, including lesion volume (VFDG) by PET, SUVav, SUVmax, and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) during the course of radiotherapy. The response parameters for patient 1 demonstrated a progressive decrease; however, the response parameters for patient 2 showed an initial decrease followed by an increase. The data presented here may suggest that the outcome of radiation therapy can be predicted by PET imaging, but this observation requires a study of additional patients.
Quadratic optimization of fixed points for a family of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert space

Given a finite family of nonexpansive self-mappings of a Hilbert space, a particular quadratic functional, and a strongly positive selfadjoint bounded linear operator, Yamada et al. defined an iteration scheme which converges to the unique minimizer of the quadratic functional over the common fixed point set of the mappings. In order to obtain their result, they needed to assume that the maps satisfy a commutative type condition. In this paper, we establish their conclusion without the assumption of any type of commutativity.
Coalescence kinetics of bare and hydrogen-coated silicon nanoparticles : A molecular dynamics study

One of the significant challenges in the use of nanoparticles is the control of primary particle size and extent of agglomeration when grown from the gas phase. In this paper we consider the role of surface passivation of the rate of nanoparticle coalescence. We have studied the coalescence of bare and H-coated silicon nanoparticles of sizes between 2--6 nm using molecular dynamics simulation at 1000 and 1500 K. We found that coalescence of coated particles consists of two steps, where reaction between particles and relocations of surface atoms near the reacting region, occur in the first step, which comprise an induction period. The second step consists of the nominal coalescence event, which depends on the surface tension and solid-state diffusion in the particle. The hydrogen passivation layer was found to remain on the surface of coalescing pair of the particles during the entire coalescence event. We also develop a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of coalescence of coated particles. The model is able to describe both the initial induction period and the coalescence period, and the role of the extent of surface coverage on the coalescence rate. In general, the entire coalescence time of coated particles is about 3--5 times that of bare particles, and the exothermicity from coalescence is about half that for the unpassivated particles.
Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo

This paper reports results from a laboratory experiment designed to quantify the reduction of snow albedo by black carbon. The study aims to test models of radiative transfer in snow and the parameterizations from them that are used in climate models.
Diagnosis and management of pediatric tracheal obstruction

Symptoms of tracheal obstruction in infants vary from mild to severe. Severe obstruction can cause significant respiratory distress and even death. Conservative treatment may suffice for mild cases of tracheal obstruction; however, surgical intervention is often indicated for moderate to severe cases of obstruction. In this article, we present the diagnosis and surgical management of the common causes of tracheal obstruction: tracheomalacia, acquired tracheal stenosis, and the rare condition of congenital complete tracheal rings.
Hormonal influences on natal dispersal in free-living Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi)

Preliminary identification of the physiological causes of natal dispersal in two populations of free-living Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) was attempted in the Sierra Nevada of California. Two competing hypotheses, each suggesting a different endocrinological cause for natal dispersal in this species were tested. Data collected by observation, trapping, and telemetry during three field seasons (1979-1981) contradict predictions of the hypothesis that concurrent, high levels of circulating gonadal steroids cause natal dispersal. Rather the data suggest that perinatal exposure to androgen subsequently results in dispersal of treated individuals. The hormone may promote dispersal behavior through its mediating effects on juveniles' exploratory and social behaviors, and on their responsiveness to frightening stimuli. Possible interactions of endocrine mechanisms with other proximal and ultimate causes of dispersal are discussed.
A longitudinal study of the role of cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters.

Background and Objectives: Research examining the role of cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has largely been cross-sectional studies and few studies have examined cortisol in relation to specific symptom clusters. Examining cortisol in relation to specific PTSD symptom clusters could aid in identifying candidates for symptom-specific treatments. Hence, cortisol was examined in relation to specific PTSD symptom clusters including reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms. Design: A repeated-measures longitudinal design was utilized to predict PTSD symptom clusters. Methods: Mothers of children (N = 27) diagnosed with cancer completed a measure of PTSD, and they provided salivary cortisol samples at the time of their child's diagnosis as well as monthly for the following 12 months. Results: Multi-level modeling analyses revealed that higher cortisol levels were significantly related to higher levels of numbing symptoms. Although numbing symptoms declined as cortisol levels...
Novel Copolymers of Trisubstituted Ethylenes and Styrene. 5. Dialkoxy Ring-Substituted Ethyl 2-Cyano-1-oxo-3-phenyl-2-propenylcarbamates

Electrophilic trisubstituted ethylenes, dialkoxy ring-substituted ethyl 2-cyano-1-oxo-3-phenyl-2-propenylcarbamates, RC6H4CH═C (CN)CONHCO2C2H5 (where R is 2,3-(CH3O)2, 2,4-(CH3O)2, 2,5-(CH3O)2, 3,4...
Design of framed foundation subjected to vibration

Abstract The potential effects of repeated loads on the stiffness and the natural frequencies of framed foundations which support vibrating equipment such as compressors or turbine generators are described. The reason for the reduction of stiffness of concrete under repeated loads is explained. A two-dimensional element and a bar element are utilized to idealize reinforced concrete structures. Principal stresses are checked to determine the status of cracking of concrete. If the principal stress is greater than the tensile capacity of concrete, a stress crack is assumed to develop in the perpendicular direction to the corresponding stress. The element stiffness is modified to account for the crack. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is modified under repeated loads according to the stress state. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is assumed to be constant in compression, but varying in tension. Example beams are analyzed to study the effect of the reduction of modulus in tension zone. The reduction of modulus is found to give significant effect on the overall stiffness and the natural frequency of the structure.
Comment on ''Theory of resonance fluorescence''

We comment on the work of Kimble and Mandel with respect to Markovian approximations and the Lamb shift. The importance of the quantum properties of the free electromagnetic field in spontaneous-emission calculations is discussed.
An efficient switching fabric for next-generation large-scale computer networking

In this paper, a switching fabric called the spherical switching network for high-speed applications in next-generation networking is introduced. The performance evaluation and comparison show that this network clearly outperforms typical interconnection networks currently being deployed in practical switches and routers. The spherical switching network has a cylic, regular, and highly expandable structure with a simple self-routing scheme. The network is constructed wit fixed-size switch elements regardless of the size of the network. Each switch element consists of a carefully selected sized 9 × 9 crossbar and a local controller. One of the nine pairs of links is external and carries the external traffic, and the other eight pairs are internal. The contention resolution in each switch element is based on deflection of losing packets and incremental priority of packets. In order to keep the number of deflections low, each incoming external link is connected to a buffer with flow control capabilities. Due to the special arrangement of interconnections in the network, the network operates efficiently since the occurrence of deflections is dramatically reduced.
Testing for no effect in nonparametric regression

Abstract The large sample properties of three tests for no effect in nonparametric regression are investigated. The tests can all be represented as weighted sums of squared sample Fourier coefficients. The type of weighting employed by a test is shown to be crucial for its asymptotic and finite sample power properties.
Parameter estimation in linear multinomial models

Abstract The minimum modified chi-square estimate, the linearized maximum likelihood estimate, and the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter vector in a linear multinomial model are defined. A simple computational algorithm is based on the penalty function method of imposing constraints.
Reading the French Enlightenment: System and Subversion

In this 1999 book, Julie Candler Hayes offers an ambitious reinterpretation of a crucial aspect of Enlightenment thought, the rationalizing and classifying impulse. Taking issue both with traditional liberal and contemporary critical accounts of the Enlightenment, she analyses the writings of Denis Diderot, Emilie Du Châtelet, the Abbe de Condillac, Buffon, d'Alembert and numerous others, to argue for a new understanding of 'systematic reason' as complex, paradoxical and ultimately liberating. Hayes examines the tensions between freedom and constraint, abstraction and materialism, linear and synoptic order, that pervade not only philosophic and scientific discourse, but also epistolary writing, fiction and criticism. Drawing on the insights of a wide range of theorists from Adorno, Habermas and Foucault to Deleuze and Derrida, she offers a dialogue between the eighteenth century and our own, an ongoing exploration of the question, 'what is Enlightenment?'.