cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Designing Phase I-II Cancer Trials for Cytotoxic Chemotherapies

Recently, there has been much work on early phase cancer designs that incorporate both toxicity and efficacy data, called phase I-II designs because they combine elements of both phases. However, they do not explicitly address the phase II hypothesis test of H0 : p ⩽ p0, where p is the probability of efficacy at the estimated maximum tolerated dose η from phase I and p0 is the baseline efficacy rate. Standard practice for phase II remains to treat p as a fixed, unknown parameter and to use Simon's two-stage design with all patients dosed at η. We propose a phase I-II design that addresses the uncertainty in the estimate p=p(η) in H0 by using sequential generalized likelihood theory. Combining this with a phase I design that incorporates efficacy data, the phase I-II design provides a common framework that can be used all the way from the first dose of phase I through the final accept/reject decision about H0 at the end of phase II, utilizing both toxicity and efficacy data throughout. Efficient group sequential testing is used in phase II that allows for early stopping to show treatment effect or futility. The proposed phase I-II design thus removes the artificial barrier between phase I and phase II and fulfills the objectives of searching for the maximum tolerated dose and testing if the treatment has an acceptable response rate to enter into a phase III trial. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary Tract Infections Among Adolescents

UTIs occur quite frequently among adolescent females. In the vast majority of these patients, UTIs are uncomplicated infections and are not suggestive of underlying anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract. A UTI in an adolescent female is suggestive, however, of sexual debut. A small number of adolescent males suffer from UTI annually; in at least half of such cases, there is likewise no underlying urinary anomaly. Because of the symptomatic overlap and high prevalence of STI in adolescents, the clinician must have a high index of suspicion for STI in any adolescent presenting with urinary symptoms.
REACTIONS OF A PHOSPHORANIMINE ANION WITH SOME ORGANIC ELECTROPHILES

Abstract The reactions of a variety of electrophiles with the N-silyl-P-trifluoroethoxyphosphoranimine anion Me3Sin°P(Me)(OCH2CF3)CH− 2 (1a), prepared by the deprotonation of the dimethyl precursor Me3SiN[dbnd]P(OCH2CF3)Me2 (1) with n-BuLi in Et2O at-78°C, were studied. Thus, treatment of 1a with alkyl halides, ethyl chloroformate, or bromine afforded the new N-silylphosphoranimine derivatives Me3SiN[dbnd]P(Me)(OCH2CF3)CH2R [2: R = Me, 3: R = CH2Ph, 4: R = CH[sbnd]CH2, 5: R = C(O)OEt, and 6: R = Br]. In another series, when 1a was allowed to react with various carbonyl compounds, 1,2-addition of the anion to the carbonyl group was observed. Quenching with Me3SiCl gave the O-silylated products Me3SiN[dbnd]P(Me)(OCH2CF3)CH2°C(OSiMe3)R1R2 [7: R 1 = R 2 = Me; 8: R 1 = Me, R 2 = Ph; 9: R1 = Me, R 2 = CH[sbnd]CH2; and 10: R 1 = H, R 2 = Ph]. Compounds 2–10 were obtained as distillable, thermally stable liquids and were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 31P) and elemental analysis.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF MERCAPTO/AMINO SUBSTITUTED ALKYL PHENYLGLYOXYLATES INDUCED BY INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER

Abstract 2′-Alkylthio ethyl phenylglyoxylates ( 1 ) and 2′-dimethylamino ethyl phenylglyoxylate ( 10 ) were synthesized and their photochemistry studied. In contrast to their oxygen analogs 3 , which give normal Norrish type II cleavage products, the title compounds undergo intermolecular electron transfer from the heteroatom (sulfur/nitrogen) to the excited carbonyl group, followed by proton transfer and subsequent closing of the resulting biradicals to produce seven-membered ( 2 )/five-membered ( 11 ) lactones in high yield. Thiadialkyl phenylglyoxylates ( 9 ) react inefficiently due to intramolecular self-quenching of phenylglyoxylate chromophores. The photoreactivity of α-oxothioester ( 14 ) was compared with that of its nitrogen (α-oxoamide) and oxygen (phenylglyoxylate) counterparts.
Breakdown degradation associated with elementary screw dislocations in 4H-SiC p+n junction rectifiers

Abstract It is well-known that SiC wafer quality deficiencies are delaying the realization of outstandingly superior 4H-SiC power electronics. While efforts to date have centered on eradicating micropipes (i.e., hollow core super-screw dislocations with Burgers vector>2 c ), 4H-SiC wafers and epilayers also contain elementary screw dislocations (i.e., Burgers vector=1 c with no hollow core) in densities on the order of thousands per cm 2 , nearly 100-fold micropipe densities. This paper describes an initial study into the impact of elementary screw dislocations on the reverse-bias current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristics of 4H-SiC p + n diodes. First, synchrotron white beam X-ray topography (SWBXT) was employed to map the exact locations of elementary screw dislocations within small-area 4H-SiC p + n mesa diodes. Then the high-field reverse leakage and breakdown properties of these diodes were subsequently characterized on a probing station outfitted with a dark box and video camera. Most devices without screw dislocations exhibited excellent characteristics, with no detectable leakage current prior to breakdown, a sharp breakdown I – V knee, and no visible concentration of breakdown current. In contrast, devices that contained at least one elementary screw dislocation exhibited 5–35% reduction in breakdown voltage, a softer breakdown I – V knee, and visible microplasmas in which highly localized breakdown current was concentrated. The locations of observed breakdown microplasmas corresponded exactly to the locations of elementary screw dislocations identified by SWBXT mapping. While not as detrimental to SiC device performance as micropipes, the undesirable breakdown characteristics of elementary screw dislocations could nevertheless adversely affect the performance and reliability of 4H-SiC power devices.
Bound on V+A Admixture in the b→c Current from Inclusive vs Exclusive Semileptonic Decays of B Mesons

An admixture of a right-handed b→ c current in the semileptonic weak decays of the B mesons would give a significantly different contribution to the inclusive rate of the decays B→lν Xc as compared to the exclusive decay B→ D* lν at zero recoil. Thus a difference in the values of |Vcb| extracted from the data on these two types of decay would measure such admixture. The present marginal mismatch in determination of |Vcb| by the two methods can be interpreted as corresponding to gR/gL≈ 0.14±0.18.
Greybody factors for rotating black holes in four dimensions

Abstract We present the wave equation for a minimally coupled scalar field in the background of a rotating four-dimensional black hole that is parametrized by its mass, angular momentum, and four independent U (1) charges. The near horizon structure is identical to the five-dimensional case, and suggestive of an underlying description in string theory that is valid in the general non-extremal case. We calculate the greybody factors for the Hawking radiation. For sufficiently large partial wave number the emission spectrum can be calculated for general non-extremal black holes and any particle energy. We interpret this spectrum in terms of a multi-body process in an effective string theory.
Central Limit Theorem for Linear Processes with Infinite Variance

This paper addresses the following classical question: Given a sequence of identically distributed random variables in the domain of attraction of a normal law, does the associated linear process satisfy the central limit theorem? We study the question for several classes of dependent random variables. For independent and identically distributed random variables we show that the central limit theorem for the linear process is equivalent to the fact that the variables are in the domain of attraction of a normal law, answering in this way an open problem in the literature. The study is also motivated by models arising in economic applications where often the innovations have infinite variance, coefficients are not absolutely summable, and the innovations are dependent.
Constraints on the inner cluster mass profile and the power spectrum normalization from strong lensing statistics

Strong gravitational lensing is a useful probe of both the intrinsic properties of the lenses and the cosmological parameters of the universe. The large number of model parameters and small sample of observed lens systems, however, have made it difficult to obtain useful constraints on more than a few parameters from lensing statistics. Here we examine how the recent Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measurements help improve the constraining power of statistics from the Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey (CLASS). We find that the absence of θ > 3'' lenses in CLASS places an upper bound of β < 1.25 (1.60) at a 68% (95%) confidence level (CL) on the inner density profile, ρ r-β, of cluster-sized halos. Furthermore, the favored power spectrum normalization is σ8 0.7 (95% CL). We discuss two possibilities for stronger future constraints: a positive detection of at least one large-separation system and next-generation radio surveys such as the proposed Low-Frequency Array.
Deposition Studies of Lithium and Bismuth at Tungsten Microelectrodes in LiCl : KCl Eutectic

The authors discuss tungsten microelectrodes (diam = 25 {mu}m) used to study the deposition and stripping behavior of Li/Li+ and Bi/Bi/sup 3+/ in the LiCl:KCl eutectic at 400{sup 0}C. The Li deposition current can be simulated assuming the growth of a single hemisphere of liquid metal on the microelectrode. High stripping current densities were observed and quantitated using standard electrochemical equipment. An inverted microscope assembly was employed for in situ observation of the Li/Li+ deposition and stripping processes at the microelectrode. A precipitate appears to form in the melt surrounding the electrode during Li deposition.
Online Dispute Resolution: Some Implications for the Emergence of Law in Cyberspace

While courts and legislatures have been struggling to design legal rules that have authority in cyberspace, there have been a range of successful efforts in Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). Online dispute resolution uses the communication of information and the processing of information to negotiate, mediate and arbitrate online. These systems are important not only for resolving conflicts but for fostering environments in which agreed upon rules and standards can emerge. The article discusses the impact of ODR on how law will evolve in cyberspace and in how ODR technology can be employed in offline disputes.
Linear and Toroidal Geons

It has been argued by Wheeler that the coupled equations of the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field of general relativity, ${R}_{\mathrm{ik}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}{g}_{\mathrm{ik}}R=(\frac{8\ensuremath{\pi}G}{{c}^{4}}){T}_{\mathrm{ik}},$ ${{T}_{i}}^{k}=(\frac{1}{4\ensuremath{\pi}})({F}_{\mathrm{ij}}{F}^{\mathrm{kj}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}{F}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}{F}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}{{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{i}}^{k}),$ ${(\ensuremath{-}g)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{x}^{j}}){(\ensuremath{-}g)}^{\frac{1}{2}}{F}^{\mathrm{ij}}=0,$ ${F}_{\mathrm{ij}}=\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{A}_{j}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{x}^{i}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{A}_{i}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{x}^{j}},$ should admit a set of completely singularity-free solutions, ${A}_{i}$, ${g}_{\mathrm{jk}} (i, j, k=1, 2, 3, 4)$, with the following properties: 1. The gravitational mass originates solely from the energy stored in the electromagnetic field. In particular there are no material masses present. 2. No charges or currents are present, and ${A}_{4}=0$ everywhere. 3. The other components of the electromagnetic vector potential ${A}_{i}$ are vanishingly small except within a toroidal region of space. Physically the electromagnetic field consists of light waves circling the torus in either direction. Such a torus of electromagnetic field energy is called a toroidal geon. An exact and detailed mathematical treatment of the general toroidal geon problem would be extremely complicated, requiring the solution of a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. However, in the present paper it is shown how toroidal geons of large major radius to minor radius ratio may be studied by a simple method of approximation, providing one has a complete knowledge of the so-called linear geons, the electromagnetic field energy of which is confined to an infinitely long circular cylinder rather than to a torus. A detailed mathematical treatment of linear geons proves to be possible, as is demonstrated in this paper. The electromagnetic field potentials ${A}_{i} i=(1, 2, 3)$ of a toroidal geon or of a linear geon possess the same general nature as the electromagnetic field potentials encountered in the solution of classical toroidal and cylindrical wave guide problems. In this paper the case is considered where the electromagnetic field of the linear geon is a monochromatic standing wave vibrating in the lowest transverse-electric mode of the system. The field equations are derived from a variational principle, and these equations are solved numerically. The results are not surprising, as the general form of the unknown functions can be ascertained by quite simple considerations. These results give the foundation material for a proposed later treatment of toroidal geons.
Developments in gas detectors for synchrotron X-ray radiation

New results on the physical limitations to position resolution in gas detectors for x-rays (approx. =3 to 20 keV) due to the range of photoelectrons and Auger electrons are discussed. These results were obtained with a small gap detector in which position readout was accomplished by using a very low noise centroid finding technique. A description is given of position sensitive detectors for medium rates (a few x 10/sup 5/ photons per second), using delay line readout, and for very high rates (approx. =10/sup 8/ photons per second), using fast signal shaping on the output of each anode wire.
Graph isomorphism, general remarks

Abstract An open question is the computational complexity of recognizing when two graphs are isomorphic. In an attempt to answer this question we shall analyze the relative computational complexity of generalizations and restrictions of the graph isomorphism problem. We show graph isomorphism of regular undirected graphs is complete over isomorphism of explicitly given structures (say Tarski models from logic). We also show a fundamental difference between how automorphism groups can act on a graph of valence n and how they can act on graphs of valence n + 1 (with one exception). This group theoretic result seems to have implications on the role of valence for graph isomorphism algorithms. Finally, we introduce “certificates” for symmetric cubic graphs.
High-temperature interdiffusion and phase equilibria in U-Mo

Abstract Experimental data for interdiffusion and phase equilibria in the U-Mo system have been obtained over the temperature range 1400 to 1525 K from analysis of compatibility experiments in which UO2 was decomposed by lithium in closed molybdenum capsules. Composition-position, X-ray diffraction, and microstructural data from the interdiffusion zones indicate that the intermediate phase U2Mo is formed in this temperature range, contrary to prediction from the currently accepted equilibrium U-Mo phase diagram. The U-Mo interdiffusion data generally agree with published values. Inclusion of the U2Mo phase in a theoretical correlation of interdiffusion and phase equilibria data using Darken's equation indicates that high-temperature interdiffusion of uranium and molybdenum proceeds under conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Significant changes in the value of the thermodynamic-based Darken factor near the U2Mo phase boundary on the high uranium side are indicated from both the new and published interdiffusion data.
Remote Participation-Assisted Synthesis of β-Mannosides

The stereoselectivity of β-mannosylation can be improved with the use of a participating moiety at C-4 (O-anisoyl, O-thiocarbamoyl). This improvement was achieved in glycosidations of S-ethyl and, especially, S-benzoxazolyl (SBox) mannosides. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Thermally Tunable Ferroelectric Thin Film Photonic Crystals

Thermally tunable PhCs are fabricated from ferroelectric thin films. Photonic band structure and temperature dependent diffraction are calculated by FDTD. 50% intensity modulation is demonstrated experimentally. This device has potential in active ultra-compact optical circuits.
A DC model for power switching transistors suitable for computer-aided design and analysis

There exists a need for a reasonably accurate model for bipolar junction power switching tran­sistors whose parameters can be readily obtained by the circuit design engineer, and which can be conveniently incorporated into standard computer­-based circuit analysis programs. This paper presents such a dc model whose formulation results entirely from measurements which may be made with standard laboratory equipment. Measurement procedures, as well as a comparison between actual and computed results, are presented.
Highly Substituted Enantioenriched Cyclopentane Derivatives by Palladium-Catalyzed [3+2] Trimethylenemethane Cycloadditions with Disubstituted Nitroalkenes

β,β-Disubstituted nitroalkenes readily undergo palladium-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition with trimethylenemethane to generate nitrocyclopentanes in excellent yield and enantioselectivity. The reaction provides access to heavily substituted cyclopentanes containing up to three contiguous stereocenters, and the products may be converted to both cyclopentylamines and cyclopentenones. A rare dependence of the sense of chirality of the cycloadducts was observed to be exclusively dependent on the structure of the palladium-bound trimethylenemethane intermediate.
Insecurity and Local Governance in Congo's South Kivu

The report was produced under the auspices of the RCUK Global Uncertainties Programme on Security in an Africa of Networked, Multi-Level Governance.
Optimally reinforced cutouts in laminated circular cylindrical shells

The problem of designing a cutout in a load bearing structural member in the form of a shell, such that the cut structure maintains its stress state with a minimal departure from the stress state of the uncut structure is addressed herein. Symmetrically laminated composite circular cylindrical shells under hydrostatic compression and axial pressure are considered. Shallow thin shell (Donnell shell theory) lamination theory is utilized. The original (uncut) stiffness of the shell structures is recovered considerably by appropriately designing an edge reinforcement around the cutout. The buckling load of the designed shells are analyzed via the finite element method. An experimental investigation has been carried out to verify some of the results obtained from the finite element analysis. In the work presented, the reinforcement is modeled as a one-dimensional rod/beam type structural element.
POWER-LAW CORRELATED PHASE IN RANDOM-FIELD XY MODELS AND RANDOMLY PINNED CHARGE-DENSITY WAVES

Monte Carlo simulations have been used to study the ${\mathrm{Z}}_{\mathrm{N}}$ ferromagnet in a random field on simple cubic lattices for N=6 and N=12. The random field is chosen to have infinite strength and random direction on a fraction x of the sites of the lattice, and to be zero on the remaining sites. For N=6 and x=1/16 there are two phase transitions. At low temperature there is a ferromagnetic phase, which is stabilized by the sixfold nonrandom anisotropy. The intermediate temperature phase is characterized by a |k${\mathrm{|}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ decay of two-spin correlations, but no true ferromagnetic order. At the transition between the power-law correlated phase and the paramagnetic phase the magnetic susceptibility diverges, and the two-spin correlations decay approximately as |k${\mathrm{|}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2.87}$. There is no evidence for a latent heat at either transition, but the magnetization seems to disappear discontinuously. For N=6 and x=1/8 the correlation length never exceeds 12, and the paramagnetic phase goes directly into the ferromagnetic phase; the two-spin correlation function is peaked at small |k|, but the only divergence is the ferromagnetic \ensuremath{\delta} function at |k|=0. Results in the paramagnetic and power-law correlated phases for N=12 are essentially identical to those for N=6, so the power-law correlated phase should exist in the limit N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. The ferromagnetic phase terminates near x=1/6 for N=6, but the limit of ferromagnetic stability for N=12 is less than x=1/16.
Some Aspects of the Development of Sheet Polarizers

This paper reviews the 25 years of activity, by the author and his co-workers, in the development of synthetic sheet polarizers. The early work during the nineteenth century is described briefly, and then the various stages of the modern development in the author’s laboratory are chronicled. A description is given of the nature and the optical properties of the currently-available sheet polarizers of the Polaroid J, H, K, and L types, and of the quantitative methods used in characterizing them. The reasons are given for developing special polarizers for each of a variety of applications such as optical instruments, vectographs, and headlights.
A Web-Based Secure System for the Distributed Printing of Documents and Images

We propose and consider a secure printing system for the distributed printing of documents and images over the World Wide Web. The main feature of the system is that it allows previewing and printing of selected documents and images, where only a certain number of hardcopies can be generated based on an agreed payment. The security of the system resides on an aggregate of communication protocols, smartcard technologies, and cryptographic algorithms. The system prevents eavesdropping in that people who intercept the communication cannot generate copies of the document.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is useful in properly selected patients. It visualizes the location and extent of the pathologic process in patients with obstructive jaundice and permits decompression of the liver for improved function and easier surgery. Occasionally, it reveals a normal biliary tree, which indicates intrahepatic cholestasis rather than mechanical biliary obstruction and obviates surgery. The procedure is not without hazards, which must be evaluated in the light of the information it yields.
Towards an approach for knowledge-based road detection

Our previous work on road detection suggests the usage of prior knowledge in order to improve performance. In this paper we will explain our motivation for a novel approach, define requirements and point out issues, particularly concerning the representation of road depending on the use, which need to be addressed. The proposed system will provide symbolic data for high-level processes and guidance for low-level processes. Furthermore, we will outline the recognition approach based on previously discussed requirements and issues. This paper has a visionary character based on our experience with road detection for autonomous road vehicles.
CARBON CARBON BOND FORMATION VIA ALDOLIZATION OF ACETALDEHYDE ON SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND POLYCRYSTALLINE TIO2 SURFACES

Abstract The aldol condensation of acetaldehyde. CH3CHO, to form crotonaldehyde. CH3CHCHCHO, and crotyl alcohol, CH3CHCHCH2OH, takes place on single-crystal surfaces of TiO2 (rutile), even under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Both the {011}-faceted TiO2(001) surface (which nominally exposes only fivefold coordinated cations) and the {114}-faceted (011) surface (which exposes four-, five-, and sixfold coordinated cations) are active for this bimolecular reaction. This observation is in contrast to the sharp activity difference between these two surfaces for carboxylate ketonization and suggests that aldol condensation does not exhibit a strong dependence on surface structure. The principal reaction observed in TPD and XPS experiments to compete with aldolization of acetaldehyde was reduction to ethanol; Cannizzaro disproportionation to acetate plus ethoxides and reductive coupling to butene were minor pathways. The aldolization selectivity increased somewhat as the surface heterogeneity increased from the {011}-faceted TiO2(001) surface, to the {114}-faceted (001) surface, and to polycrystalline TiO2 (anatase) powder. This selectivity variation likely reflects the influence of surface heterogeneity on the activity for the various competing reactions, especially hydrogenation; the aldol coupling reaction, although bimolecular, appears to be relatively insensitive to surface structure.
Friction and energy dissipation at the atomic scale: A review

Discussions of energy dissipation during friction processes have captured the attention of engineers and scientists for over 300 years. Why then do we know so little about either dissipation or friction processes? A simple answer is that we can not see what is taking place at the interface during sliding. Recently, however, devices such as the atomic force microscope have been used to perform friction measurements, characterize contact conditions and even describe the “worn surface.” Following these and other experimental developments, friction modelling at the atomic level - particularly molecular dynamics simulations – has brought scientists a step closer to “seeing” what takes place during sliding contact. With these investigations have come some answers and new questions about the modes and mechanisms of energy dissipation at the sliding interface. This paper will review recent results of 1) molecular dynamics and other theoretical studies that have identified modes of energy dissipation during friction processes and 2) friction experiments that have added to our understanding of dissipation processes and friction behavior. Finally, several approaches for addressing the questions of dissipation mechanisms will be presented.
A Theory Of Errors in Quantum Measurement

It is common to model the random errors in a classical measurement by the normal (Gaussian) distribution, because of the central limit theorem. In the quantum theory, the analogous hypothesis is that the matrix elements of the error in an observable are distributed normally. We obtain the probability distribution this implies for the outcome of a measurement, exactly for the case of traceless 2 × 2 matrices and in the steepest descent approximation in general. Due to the phenomenon of 'level repulsion', the probability distributions obtained are quite different from the Gaussian.
Synthesis, structure and physical properties of the new uranium ternary phase U3Co2Ge7

Abstract A new ternary compound, U3Co2Ge7, has been synthesized from the corresponding elements by a high temperature reaction using molten tin flux. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic La3Co2Sn7-type (Pearson's symbol oC24, space group Cmmm, No. 65) with lattice parameters determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction as follows: a=4.145(2) A; b=24.920(7); c=4.136(2) A, V=427.2(3) A3. Structure refinements confirm an ordered structure having two crystallographically inequivalent uranium atoms, occupying sites with dissimilar coordination. U3Co2Ge7 orders ferromagnetically below 40 K and undergoes a consecutive magnetic transition at 20 K. These results have been obtained from temperature- and field-dependent magnetization, resistivity and heat-capacity measurements. The estimated Sommerfeld coefficient γ=87 mJ/mol-U K2 suggests U3Co2Ge7 to be a moderately heavy-fermion material.
A new itch to scratch for TSLP

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by allergic inflammation and itch. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pro-allergic cytokine implicated in AD. A paper in Cell transforms the understanding of the functional repertoire of TSLP in general and in AD in particular showing that TSLP can directly stimulate sensory neurons and provoke itch.
Uniqueness of the Ground State in the Feshbach Renormalization Analysis

In the operator theoretic renormalization analysis introduced by Bach, Frohlich, and Sigal, we prove uniqueness of the ground state.
Inequality: Causes and Consequences

AbstractThe increase in economic disparities over the past 30 years has prompted extensive research on the causes and consequences of inequality both in the United States and, more recently, globally. This review provides an update of research on the patterns and causes of economic inequality in the United States, including inequality of earnings, wealth, and opportunity. We also explore the social and political consequences of inequality, particularly in the areas of health, education, crime, social capital, and political power. Finally, we spotlight an emerging literature on world inequality, which examines inequality trends within as well as across nations. Sociologists can advance research on inequality by bringing discipline-based expertise to bear on the organization and political economy of firms and labor markets, the pathways through which inequality has an effect, and the social, political, and cultural contingencies that might modify this effect.
Building Blocks for Generalized Heterotic/F-theory Duality

In this note we propose a generalization of heterotic/F-theory duality. We introduce a set of non-compact building blocks which we glue together to reach compact examples of generalized duality pairs. The F-theory building blocks consist of non-compact elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau fourfolds which also admit a $K3$ fibration. The compact elliptic model obtained by gluing need not have a globally defined $K3$ fibration. By replacing the $K3$ fiber of each F-theory building block with a $T^2$, we reach building blocks in a heterotic dual vacuum which includes a position dependent dilaton and three-form flux. These building blocks are glued together to reach a heterotic flux background. We argue that in these vacua, the gauge fields of the heterotic string become localized, and remain dynamical even when gravity decouples. This enables a heterotic dual for the hyperflux GUT breaking mechanism which has recently figured prominently in F-theory GUT models. We illustrate our general proposal with some explicit examples.
Gauge and matter condensates in realistic string models

Abstract We examine the inter-relationship of the superpotential containing hidden and observable matter fields and the ensuing condensates in free fermionic string models. These gauge and matter condensates of the strongly interacting hidden gauge groups play a crucial role in the determination of the physical parameters of the observable sector. Supplementing the above information with the requirement of modular invariance, we find that a generic model with only trilinear superpotential allows for a degenerate (and sometimes pathological) set of vacua. This degeneracy may be lifted by higher order terms in the superpotential. We also point out some other subtle points than may arise in calculations of this nature. We exemplify our observations by computing explicitly the modular invariant gaugino and matter condensates in the flipped SU(5) string model with hidden gauge group SO(10)×SU(4).
Phosphine-stabilized, platinum-gold and palladium-gold cluster compounds and applications in catalysis

Abstract This is a comprehensive review on the chemistry and spectroscopic properties of phosphinestabilized, M-centered Au cluster compounds where M=platinum or palladium. The nuclearity of the clusters ranges from 3 (e.g. [Pt(NO 3 )(PPh 3 ) 2 (AuPPh 3 ) 2 ] + ) to 25 (e.g. Pt 2 Ag 13 (AuPPh 3 ) 10 Cl 7 ). The latter consists of two Pt-centered icosahedral units sharing a common vertex. Many of the clusters contain additional metals such as Ag, Cu, or Hg in their periphery. Preparative methods are reviewed and organized by reaction type. Emphasis has been placed on reactions and transformations of preformed clusters so that the reader will acquire a useful knowledge of the reaction chemistry. Structural properties of the clusters are also described. The reactivity and structural properties of the clusters are rationalized in terms of an electron counting model and this is used throughout the review. Spectroscopic properties (e.g. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fast atom bombardment mass, UV-visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) of the clusters are described primarily for characterization; however, general trends are pointed out. Several applications in catalysis are also reviewed. Many of the clusters are good catalysts for H 2 activation and can serve as potential models for bimetallic surfaces. Kinetic data for the H 2 D 2 equilibration reaction (H 2 +D 2 ⇄ HD) are given and discussed in terms of cluster composition and structure. The results provide some insight into the well-known synergism observed for PtAu and PdAu heterogeneous catalysts. The mechanism of catalytic H 2 D 2 equilibration under homogeneous conditions is also discussed. The cluster [Pt(AuPPh 3 ) 8 ] 2+ is an excellent catalyst for D 2 g)H 2 O(1) isotope exchange in pyridine solution. This interesting and important reaction is described and kinetic results are related to other isotope exchange systems. A tentative mechanism is proposed based on NMR analysis of the reaction mixture. Finally, prospects for future studies are given. The recent discovery of the catalytic applications of these clusters provides renewed interest in this challenging field.
Evolution of gluon spin in the nucleon

Abstract We examine the Q 2 evolution of gluon polarization in polarized nucleons. As is well known, the evolution of αsΔG( Q 2) is negligible for typical momentum transfer variations found in experimental deep inelastic scattering. As αs increases, however, the leading non-zero term in the evolution equation for the singlet first moment reduces the magnitude of the gluon spin. At low Q 2 the term αsΔG can vanish, and ultimately become negative. Thus, low energy model calculations yielding negative ΔG are not necessarily in conflict with experimental evidence for positive gluon polarization at high Q 2.
Near-Infrared Properties of Quasar and Seyfert Host Galaxies

We have obtained deep, near-IR images of nearly 100 host galaxies of nearby quasars and Seyferts. We find the near-IR light to be a good tracer of luminous mass in these galaxies. The Seyferts are found in galaxies of type S0 to Sc. The low-luminosity quasars live in similar kinds of galaxies spanning the same range of mass centered around L*. However, for the most luminous quasars there is a correlation between host-galaxy mass and nuclear B-band luminosity. Some of the luminous quasars in our sample have now been imaged using WFPC2 aboard HST. We compare our IR images to the HST images and find that, contrary to early reports, there is not a large discrepancy between ground- and space-based results. The host galaxies of these quasars are likely smooth, and luminous early type galaxies. We discuss the advantages of near-IR imaging for detecting the hosts of luminous quasars.
Towards a background independent approach to M theory

Abstract Work in progress is described which aims to construct a background independent formulation of M theory by extending results about background independent states and observables from quantum general relativity and supergravity to string theory. A list of principles for such a theory is proposed which is drawn from results of both string theory and non-perturbative approaches to quantum gravity. Progress is reported on a background independent membrane field theory and on a realization of the holographic principle based on finite surfaces.
Realistic Specific Power Expectations for Advanced Radioisotope Power Systems

Radioisotope power systems are being considered for a wide range of future NASA space science and exploration missions. Generally, radioisotope power systems offer the advantages of high reliability, long life, and predictable power production regardless of operating environment. Previous radioisotope power systems, in the form of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, have been used successfully on many NASA missions including Apollo, Viking, Voyager, and Galileo. NASA is currently evaluating design options for the next generation of radioisotope power systems. Of particular interest is the use of advanced, higher efficiency power conversion to replace the previous thermoelectric devices. Higher efficiency reduces the quantity of radioisotope fuel and potentially improves the radioisotope power systems specific power (watts per kilogram). Power conversion options include segmented thermoelectric, Stirling, Brayton, and thermophotovoltaic. This paper offers an analysis of the advanced 100 W-class radioisotope power system options and provides credible projections for specific power. Based on the analysis presented, radioisotope power system specific power values greater than 10 W/kg appear unlikely.
Navigation accuracy analyses for two comet rendezvous missions using ion drive

Two cometary missions, making use of the solar electric propulsion system, have recently been considered for launches in the mid to late 1980's. This paper presents navigation accuracy analysis results for the rendezvous portions of these missions, the target bodies being Comet Tempel 2 and Comet Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak. Orbit determination and guidance accuracies are presented for the baseline navigation strategies, along with the results of a number of sensitivity studies involving parameters such as data frequencies, data accuracies, ion drive thrust vector errors, comet emphemeris uncertainties, time lags associated with data processing and command sequence generation, and certain guidance law parameters. The accuracies obtained are, in some respects, significantly better than the results of previous solar electric propulsion comet rendezvous studies.
Holography in artificial neural networks

The dense interconnections that characterize neural networks are most readily implemented using optical signal processing. Optoelectronic 'neurons' fabricated from semiconducting materials can be connected by holographic images recorded in photorefractive crystals. Processes such as learning can be demonstrated using holographic optical neural networks.
Iron-Catalyzed, Hydrogen-Mediated Reductive Cyclization of 1,6-Enynes and Diynes: Evidence for Bis(imino)pyridine Ligand Participation

The bis(imino)pyridine iron dinitrogen complex (iPrPDI)Fe(N2)2 catalyzes the hydrogen-mediated reductive cyclization of enynes and diynes with turnover frequencies comparable to those of established precious metal catalysts. Amino, oxygenated, and carbon-based substrates are readily cyclized to the corresponding hetero- and carbocycles with 5 mol % iron and 4 atm H2 at 23 °C. Stoichiometric reactions between selected substrates and the iron compound under a N2 atmosphere established transfer dehydrogenation from an isopropyl aryl substituent to either the enyne or diyne substrate. In situ monitoring of the catalytic reaction by 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with deuterium labeling experiments established rapid cyclization followed by turnover-limiting hydrogenation.
Character sheaves on certain spherical varieties

Abstract We study a class of perverse sheaves on some spherical varieties which include the strata of the De Concini–Procesi completion of a symmetric variety. This is a generalization of the theory of (parabolic) character sheaves.
A hierarchical scheme for multiobjective adaptive routing in large communication networks

A novel two-level scheme for designing protocols for optimal traffic routing in large communication networks is presented. Major strong points of the scheme are: (i) it is adaptive to changes in load and network topology, (ii) permits consideration of multiple objective functions in performance optimization, and (iii) combines elements of flow control and routing for an effective control of traffic congestion.
Tidally Heated Terrestrial Exoplanets: Viscoelastic Response Models

Tidal friction in exoplanet systems, driven by orbits that allow for durable nonzero eccentricities at short heliocentric periods, can generate internal heating far in excess of the conditions observed in our own solar system. Secular perturbations or a notional 2:1 resonance between a hot Earth and hot Jupiter can be used as a baseline to consider the thermal evolution of convecting bodies subject to strong viscoelastic tidal heating. We compare results first from simple models using a fixed Quality factor and Love number, and then for three different viscoelastic rheologies: the Maxwell body, the Standard Anelastic Solid (SAS), and the Burgers body. The SAS and Burgers models are shown to alter the potential for extreme tidal heating by introducing the possibility of new equilibria and multiple response peaks. We find that tidal heating tends to exceed radionuclide heating at periods below 10-30 days, and exceed insolation only below 1-2 days. Extreme cases produce enough tidal heat to initiate global-scale partial melting, and an analysis of tidal limiting mechanisms such as advective cooling for earthlike planets is discussed. To explore long-term behaviors, we map equilibria points between convective heat loss and tidal heat input as functions of eccentricity. For the periods and magnitudes discussed, we show that tidal heating, if significant, is generally detrimental to the width of habitable zones.
Dynamics of Particles Around a Schwarzschild-like Black Hole in the Presence of Quintessence and Magnetic Field

We have investigated the dynamics of a neutral and a charged particle around a static and spherically symmetric black hole in the presence of quintessence matter and external magnetic field. We explore the conditions under which the particle moving around the black hole could escape to infinity after colliding with another particle. The innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) for the particles are studied in detail. Mainly the dependence of ISCO on dark energy and on the presence of external magnetic field in the vicinity of black hole is discussed. By using the Lyapunov exponent, we compare the stabilities of the orbits of the particles in the presence and absence of dark energy and magnetic field. The expressions for the center of mass energies of the colliding particles near the horizon of the black hole are derived. The effective force on the particle due to dark energy and magnetic field in the vicinity of black hole is also discussed.
MARKET VOLATILITY AND PERVERSE TIMING PERFORMANCE OF MUTUAL FUND MANAGERS

Prompted by the recent volatility in equity markets, I investigate performance evaluation methods and the mutual fund managers' ability to select undervalued investments and time major market movements during the high-market-volatility period of the 1980s. Specifically, I examine mutual fund managers' stock-selection and market-timing abilities by employing a five-factor risk-adjusted model based on Carhart's four-factor loading model and Bhattacharya and Pfleiderer's quadratic timing model adjusted for perverse timing behavior. Individually, some managers persistently affect fund performance through the selection of undervalued investments, however, at the expense of timing performance. In addition, funds that demonstrate an ability to time major market movements showed persistence in timing performance before and after the October market crash of 1987.
Cyclobutenediones as precursors to quinones and cyclopentenones

For many years, cyclobutenediones and benzocyclobutenediones were studied as theoretically interesting molecules without any obvious potential for use in the intentional design of complex organic molecules. Within the last 10 years this situation has begun to change. A variety of simple, yet powerful, methods have been developed that allow the conversion of cyclobutenediones and benzocyclobutenediones into highly functionalized quinones and cyclopentenone derivatives. This article will highlight the synthetic potential of some of these recent reactions, and demonstrate that substituted cyclobutenediones are readily available starting materials
Continuous-distribution puddle model for conduction in trilayer graphene

The temperature dependence of the resistance in trilayer graphene is observed under different applied gate voltages. At small gate voltages the resistance decreases with increasing temperature due to the increase in carrier concentration resulting from thermal excitation of electron-hole pairs, characteristic of a semimetal. At large gate voltages excitation of electron-hole pairs is suppressed, and the resistance increases with increasing temperature because of the enhanced electron-phonon scattering, characteristic of a metal. We find that the simple model with overlapping conduction and valence bands, each with quadratic dispersion relations, is unsatisfactory. Instead, we conclude that impurities in the substrate that create local puddles of higher electron or hole densities are responsible for the residual conductivity at low temperatures. The best fit is obtained using a continuous distribution of puddles. From the fit the average of the electron and hole effective masses can be determined.
Crafting Internal Hybrids: Complementarities, Common Change Initiatives, and the Team-Based Organization

Hybrid governance forms that seek to meld the virtues of both market control and traditional hierarchical control are alluring. Comparatively little research, outside of the M-form literature, has examined internal hybrids - hierarchical forms infused with elements of market control. This paper contends that common change initiatives, such as TQM, re-engineering, autonomous work teams, and group-based rewards, are appropriately viewed as attempts to craft internal hybrids by selectively infusing elements of market control within hierarchy. However, these change initiatives are often implemented in isolation and, as a consequence, violate patterns of complementarity that sustain traditional hierarchy or support the stable infusion of market control.The paper argues that these violations of complementarity often spiral hierarchies toward fundamental transformation. The clear trajectory of these transformations is to quite radically disaggregated organizations structured around teams. The paper presents both...
Ground States in the Spin Boson Model

We prove that the Hamiltonian of the model describing a spin which is linearly coupled to a field of relativistic and massless bosons, also known as the spin-boson model, admits a ground state for small values of the coupling constant λ. We show that the ground-state energy is an analytic function of λ and that the corresponding ground state can also be chosen to be an analytic function of λ. No infrared regularization is imposed. Our proof is based on a modified version of the BFS operator theoretic renormalization analysis. Moreover, using a positivity argument we prove that the ground state of the spin-boson model is unique. We show that the expansion coefficients of the ground state and the ground-state energy can be calculated using regular analytic perturbation theory.
TBDPS and Br-TBDPS Protecting Groups as Efficient Aryl Group Donors in Pd-Catalyzed Arylation of Phenols and Anilines

It is shown that the TBDPS protecting group can serve as an efficient phenyl group donor for o-bromophenols via Pd-catalyzed C−H arylation followed by a routine TBAF deprotection of the resulting silacycles. Employment of the newly designed Br-TBDPS protecting group in the same sequence allows for a facile introduction of a phenyl group at the ortho position of phenols and anilines. Alternatively, switching desilylation to oxidation in the last step allows the conversion of forming silacycles into valuable o-biphenols.