cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Clergywoman of the New Generation: Evolving Interpretations of Gender and Faith

This research note has unfolded within the context of a larger research study focused on examining rural churches.1 As a researcher, I have a long-standing interest in rural and community issues. My work in the sociology of religion is a more recent pursuit, while the question of gender is something I have begun to address for the first time with this current project. This research note touches upon all three areas as seen through the eyes of Stephanie Howland, a female Methodist minister in rural Missouri. More accurately, this research note is a reflection on telling stories and the back and forth interpretive process between researcher and subject that this may involve.2 Stephanie is a minister to three small Methodist congregations in Millersburg, Missouri (pop. 257). Declining population is the predominant narrative in this rural, agricultural part of the state and provides the context of small, often shrinking congregations with limited financial resources facing many rural ministers like Stephanie throughout the nation's heartland. In a sampling sense, Pastor Stephanie was of particular interest to our Rural Church project for two reasons. First, she is a student pastor with a three point ministerial charge - a unique strategy in dealing with communities that cannot afford to hire their own full-time pastor. Secondly, and more importantly in light of the issues in this
Mechanical Aspects of Biological Locomotion

From oysters to bacteria to fish to flying snakes, locomotion is a pervasive feature of life. Many organisms rely on locomotion for survival—to escape predators, to find food or mates, or to migrate to suitable habitats. Animals have evolved a staggering array of appendages, structures, “motors,” and kinematic strategies to generate propulsion. Today animal locomotion is a burgeoning field of research across many disciplines (biology of course, but also engineering, physics, and mathematics) and, as such, we have solicited a number of papers that examine motion through different fluid media. This resulting special issue contains not only novel research but also review papers that sum up the state-of-the-art of the field.
Intermediality, Translation, Comparative Literature and World Literature

In her article "Intermediality, Translation, Comparative Literature, and World Literature" Erin Schlumpf postulates that the study of literature today is best performed in a framework of comparative literature and world literature including intermediality particularly in the case of translated texts. Schlumpf contends that working in comparative and world literature today demands a reexamination of translation and the teaching of works in translation. Following her theoretical postulates, Schlumpf analyzes two films, Jean-Luc Godard's La Chinoise (1966) and Xiaolu Guo's She, a Chinese (Zhongguo guniang) (2009). Erin Schlumpf, "Intermediality, Translation, Comparative Literature, and World Literature" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.3 (2011): Thematic issue New Perspectives on Material Culture and Intermedial Practice. Ed. Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, Asuncion Lopez-Varela, Haun Saussy, and Jan Mieszkowski
In the eyes of the beholder: students’ and teachers’ judgments of students’ motivation

Abstract This study was designed to examine the nature and accuracy of teachers’ judgments about students’ motivation related to mathematics. Seventeen fourth- through sixth-grade teachers and 100 of their students participated in this study. Teachers were asked to rate six target students’ motivation four times during the school year. At each of these times students also rated their own motivation. Teachers’ ratings were more stable over time and across mathematics topics and were less differentiated across motivation dimensions than were students’ ratings. The findings suggest that teachers need to pay careful attention to evidence related to children's motivation that might contradict their perceptions and therefore support more effective interventions.
Experimental Study on Wind-Wave Momentum Flux in Strongly Forced Conditions

AbstractA quantitative description of wind-wave momentum transfer in high wind conditions is necessary for accurate wave models, storm and hurricane forecasting, and models that require atmosphere–ocean coupling such as circulation and mixed layer models. In this work, a static pressure probe mounted on a vertical wave follower to investigate relatively strong winds (U10 up to 26.9 m s−1 and U10/Cp up to 16.6) above waves in laboratory conditions. The main goal of the paper is to quantify the effect of wave shape and airflow sheltering on the momentum transfer and wave growth. Primary results are formulated in terms of wind forcing and wave steepness ak, where a is wave amplitude and k is wave number. It is suggested that, within the studied range (ak up to 0.19), the airflow is best described by the nonseparated sheltering theory. Notably, a small amount of spray and breaking waves was present at the highest wind speeds; however, their effect on the momentum flux was not found to be significant within st...
Delayed and summed adaptive noise waveforms for target matched radar detection

In a radar system transmitting random noise, range to the target is determined by cross-correlating the return signal with a time-delayed replica of the transmit waveform. The correlation peak occurs at a lag corresponding to the round-trip time to the target. If the target has several characteristic scattering centers located at different ranges, several correlation peaks will occur. In many radar applications, it is only of interest to recognize a few specific targets in the scene and disregard many others, including clutter, that are not of interest. Automatic target recognition using high range resolution profiles is greatly facilitated by the detection of specific arrangement of scattering centers on a target of interest, which occur at predetermined, differential time delays from the radar. If the scattering center arrangement is known a priori, a composite noise waveform consisting of appropriately summed delays of the original signal can be transmitted. If the arrangement of the scattering centers exactly matches that of the transmit waveform, the composite correlation function is enhanced due to the summation of correlations at the individual delays, thereby resulting in improved target recognition. Targets that do not match the transmit waveform will not result in the enhanced correlation peak, and thus can be discarded. Experimental validations were performed for target arrangements with two and three scattering centers using a 1-2 GHz UWB noise radar.
For Goodness Sake: How Religious Stories Work To Make Us Good and the Goodness that They Make

This essay examines the possible meanings of the claim that one needs to be religious to be a moral person in order to determine whether there is any sense in which it could be true. It concludes that the claim has a number of different possible meanings but only one suggests a uniquely religious conception of morality. The chapter then draws out some implications for moral education.
Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Is Abrogated by Anti-CD8 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy

Abstract Background . Cardiac allograft vasculopathy, a diffuse and accelerated form of arteriosclerosis, is a major cause of graft loss or heart transplant recipient death after the first transplant year. This study examined the effects of depleting host CD8+ T lymphocytes on the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in miniature swine. Methods . Cardiac allografts were heterotopically transplanted across a major histocompatibility complex class I barrier in partially inbred miniature swine and monitored for rejection by serial biopsies, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms. Four control animals received cyclosporine on postoperative days 0 to 11. Another four miniswine were given 14.5 mg/kg of 76-2-11 (a mouse anti-swine CD8 monoclonal antibody) on postoperative day 0, in addition to a 12-day course of cyclosporine. Host CD8+ T cells and circulating 76-2-11 monoclonal antibodies were monitored by flow cytometry. Results . As compared with cyclosporine-treated control animals, swine receiving 76-2-11 demonstrated near-complete depletion of peripheral CD8+ T cells by postoperative day 2, which persisted for 14 to 18 days. Mean allograft survival of the antibody-treated group and the control group was not statistically different (33 days versus 39 days, respectively) and both groups demonstrated severe interstitial rejection at necropsy. Control animals demonstrated florid intimal thickening of large and small arteries at necropsy. However, swine treated with 76-2-11 showed no intimal proliferation. Conclusions . Depletion of host CD8+ T cells prevents or delays the development of intimal proliferation in miniature swine. CD8+ lymphocytes play an important role in the early development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in large animals.
Indonesia's Investment Negative List: an evaluation for selected services sectors

In March 2007, Indonesia's parliament approved a landmark new law on investment. Law 25/2007 replaces separate laws on foreign and domestic investment from 1967 and 1968, and provides a single legislative framework for domestic and foreign investment. The law states that all business sectors are open to investment, including foreign investment, unless specified in a presidential regulation containing Indonesia's Investment Negative List (DNI). This paper summarises the results of four sector studies undertaken to review implementation of the investment law. The purpose of the DNI is to provide certainty to investors by documenting restrictions in a single list, thereby eliminating the power of ministries to set their own rules. This paper finds that, in practice, considerable uncertainty remains, arising particularly from the law's implementing regulations. Furthermore, new ministerial decrees and laws appear to bypass the list and may reflect a trend towards greater restriction of foreign investment in I...
PROBLEM-SOLVING ASSEMBLY OF SEPARATELY ACQUIRED BEHAVIOR SEGMENTS: NEGATIVE RESULTS

Strnzmary.-The experimental design was a modification of Hull's reasoning paradigm. Ss were given one forced trial per day in each of four runway segments. The trials to food, routes A-C and B-C, always preceded those to water, routes A-B and A-D. After 20 days of training under 22-hr. food and water deprivation Ss were placed under a "pure" hunger drive and given free choices between the A-B and A-D segments. The results required acceptance of the null hypothesis and thus failed to support the experimental hypothesis that rats are capable of the problem-solving assembly of separately acquired behavior segments.
The ultrastructure of the skin of human embryos. IX. Formation of the hair cone and intraepidermal hair canal.

Electron microscopic studies were performed on the hair cone and intraepidermal hair canal formation in the scalp and eyebrow skin using 11 Negro embryos of the menstrual ages of 9 to 18 weeks. While most of the previous observations of light microscopists were confirmed, information on several fine structural features was added. (1) The hair cone formation represented the very initial keratinization of the cells of future Henle and Huxley layers. These cells were connected by desmosomes, tight junctions, and intercellular cement. (2) The intraepidermal portion of the hair canal was formed by keratinization and vacuolization of the organized hair canal matrix cells. Lysosome-like dense bodies were present and thought to play a role in self-destruction of the matrix cells. (3) The cellular envelopes of the hair cone cells and of the wall cells of the hair canal became twice as thick as the plasma membranes of their matrix cells. An 80–100 A thick cytoplasmic band, i.e., the newly synthesized marginal band, was found to be responsible for this thickening.
Mathematical modeling and simulation of cryogenic tunnel freezers

Modern food industries employ either mechanical or cryogenic methods for freezing products. A wealth of literature is available on design, implementation and optimization of mechanical freezing systems in the food industry. Cryogenic freezing is a relatively new technology for the food industry and there is a need for developing mathematical models to characterize this technology. Our focus here is to develop analytical and numerical models for describing the dynamics of the cryogenic freezing tunnel system. Two models for sizing and rating of the tunnel freezer have been developed. A composite model combining the freezer and the food freezing dynamics using a two step finite difference methods has been proposed for sizing the tunnel freezer. The error in prediction the temperature profile of the food material and the tunnel freezer is reduced to less than 5%, consequently reducing cryogen consumption by up to 30%. The proposed model can be useful for minimizing the operating costs of tunnel freezers by deriving suitable control strategies and provide insights for improvements in their design. A dynamic tank model has been developed for rating the tunnel freezer. The tank model guarantees stability of the system, is accurate, and can be readily extended to complex designs and applications where there are multiple zones with nozzles and fans.
Antirotation Pins Improve Stability of the Compress Limb Salvage Implant: A Biomechanical Study

Background Limb salvage implants that rely on compliant compression osseointegration to achieve bone fixation may achieve longer survivorship rates compared with traditional cemented or press-fit stemmed implants; however, failures resulting from rotational instability have been reported. The effect of using antirotation pins on the rotational stability of the fixation has not been well studied.
Statins in heart failure. Beyond the lipid lowering effect

Statins, the most widely prescribed medications in patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease, have a number of pleiotropic actions beyond cholesterol lowering. They improve endothelial function, they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, they regulate neovascularization and have immunomodulatory activities. Experimental evidence suggests that statins may be beneficial in heart failure as they can inhibit myocardial hypertrophy, reduce cardiomyocyte loss by apoptosis, reduce oxidative stress and restore neurohormonal imbalance. Furthermore small randomised clinical trials showed that short term statin administration may improve key pathophysiological aspects of this syndrome. Finally retrospective analyses of large statin trials imply a long term profit on clinical outcome in this group of patients. These results however need to be reviewed with caution as certain studies have demonstrated that low serum cholesterol is associated with worse prognosis in HF and that ubiquinone levels, a micronutrient with antioxidant actions, reduces significantly following statin administration. Large prospective randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm the beneficial effect of statins on cardiovascular outcome in HF patients and further elucidate the contributing mechanisms. Finally the statin dose and the interaction with co-administered drugs need to be studied.
Experimental Studies of the Relation Between Rate of Reading and Speed of Association

(1940). Experimental Studies of the Relation Between Rate of Reading and Speed of Association. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 141-147.
Catheter‐directed contrast‐enhanced coronary MR angiography in swine using magnetization‐prepared True‐FISP

Contrast-enhanced (CE) coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) following intraarterial (IA) injection of contrast agent was compared using two sequences in swine: magnetization-prepared fast imaging with steady-state precession (True-FISP), and magnetization-prepared fast low-angle shot (FLASH). Thick-slice projection images were acquired with submillimeter in-plane spatial resolution (0.9 0.8 mm 2 ). The magnetization-preparation scheme provided a clear delineation of the major coronary arteries with excellent background suppression. The True-FISP acquisition resulted in an increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) by approximately a factor of 2 over FLASH (P < 0.05). Magnetization-prepared True-FISP is a promising technique for catheterdirected CE thick-slice projection coronary MRA. Magn Reson Med 50:1317–1321, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring surface reaction rates using SIMS and TPD: An overview

Abstract One of the outstanding problems of surface reaction chemistry is the direct measurement of rate coefficients. In this paper, we discuss the utilization of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) to make these measurements. The partial dehydrogenation of ethylene on Pt(111), the isotopic exchange of D for H in adsorbed ethylidyne on Pt(111) and the thermal behavior of thin films of Rh on titania serve as examples.
Naija boy remix: Afroexploitation and the new media creative economies of cosmopolitan African youth

This article examines how young African cultural entrepreneurs harness the economic, technological and creative openings created by globalization with a focus on the Naija Boyz, two Nigerian-born, US-based brothers, who became YouTube sensations via their ‘African Remix’ genre of hip hop video parodies. With over 20 million views, the videos are situated within four converging movements within contemporary African youth cultural production: the maturation of African hip hop; the specific resurgence of Nigeria as a cultural hub driven by Nollywood and the local hip hop scene; the circulation of new media technologies; and, the formation of an increasingly cosmopolitan, tech-savvy generation of African youth. Using the Naija Boyz’ images and lyrics, the YouTube videos are analyzed as critical commentaries of (black) American and African cultural scripts, which interrogate issues of gender, class, citizenship, and inter-/intra-diasporic relations. Moreover, the Naija Boyz are posited as archetypes of a risin...
Neural network and linear regression models in residency selection

Abstract For many years, multiple linear regression models have been used at a residency program to generate preliminary rank lists of residency applicants. These lists are then used by the admissions committee as an aid in developing a final ranking to submit to the National Residency Match Program (NRMP). A study was undertaken to compare predictions made using linear regression with those generated by a newer technique, an artificial neural network. A prospective cohort design was used. Seventy-four applicants to an emergency medicine program were evaluated by faculty and resident interviewers with regard to medical school grades, autobiography, interviews, letters of recommendation, and National Board scores. Normalization of these scores (by linear transformation of interviewer means) was used to correct for differences among interviewers. Multivariate linear regression and neural network models were developed using data from the previous 5 years' applicants. These models were used to forecast provisional rank orderings of the candidates. These rankings were combined into a single hybrid list that was used by the admissions committee as the starting point for development of the final rank list by consensus. Each model's predictions were tested for goodness of fit against the final NRMP rank using Wilks' test. Using the final submitted NRMP rank order as the dependent variable, the neural network yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.77 and an R 2 of 59.4%. The linear regression model exhibited a correlation coefficient of 0.74 and an R 2 of 54.0%. No significant difference was found ( χ 2 = 1.08, P = .7). A neural network performs as well as a linear regression model when used for forecasting the rank order of residency applicants.
Plasma Concentrations of 18-Hydroxycorticosterone and Aldosterone in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis Patients

This study explores the hypothesis that the continuous ultrafiltration that accompanies continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) produces greater activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis than does the intermittent ultrafiltration that accompanies thrice weekly hemodialysis (HD). Plasma renin activity (PRA), active renin (AR), total renin (TR), inactive renin (IR), 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B), aldosterone (PAC), and Cortisol were measured in plasma from CAPD (n = 6) and HD (n = 10) patients. Blood from CAPD patients was sampled at 8 am after overnight recumbency and at 12 noon after four hours ambulation. Blood from HD patients was sampled immediately pre-HD (8 am) and post-HD (12 noon) at both 8 am and 12 noon. PRA ( P P P P P
Control and Sensing of Ultracold Atoms and Molecules by Nanomechanical Cantilevers

We illustrate the potential of cavity optomechanics (COM) for control and sensing in two examples: a bistable configuration that controls the manybody state of ultracold atoms; and the quantum limit of COM-based inertial mass sensors.
Mask-making study for the 65-nm node

ABSTRACT The specifications of mask critical dimension (CD) have become much tighter for sub-100nm nodes to satisfy wafer CD uniformity requirements. The small patterns produced by aggressive optical proximity correction compound the difficulty, thereby necessitating the use of e-beam writers in combination with chemical amplified resists (CARs). Challenges of resists include post coating delay (PCD), post exposure delay (PED) in vacuum, and strong post exposure bake (PEB) sensitivity. CD errors are classified into localized area and global ones; machines causing each type of errors are then identified. Focus variation and fogging effect have to be emphasized for the 65-nm requirements. Although the DOF of e-beam systems is larger than that of the optical systems, high current density and/or plate-to-plate deviation may cause focus variation to result in poor CD uniformity. Therefore, dosage optimization is necessary for getting the best focus. The fogging effective level is around 3~10 nm at various pattern loadings. The paper presents, quantitative results and the methodology leading to them. Key words: L-CD, G-CD, PCD, PEDV, PEB sensitivity, E-beam, DOF, Fogging effect 1. INTRODUCTION The optical lithography process is approaching the 65-nm node and beyond, and the requirements for CD on mask have become stricter than ever. For example, according to the latest ITRS2002 mask requirements, CD uniformity of 2.5 nm (3-sigma) for isolated lines and 4.2 nm (3-sigma) for dense lines will be required for 65-nm node binary intensity masks in 2007. However, current CD-SEM measurement precision is greater than 3 nm, about 3 times larger than the estimated local CD (L-CD) error components of the e-beam writer alone. Substrate charging is the fundamental limitation on extending CD-SEM metrology needed for meeting CD control requirements. Timely development of novel mask-making-specific non-SEM metrology and tooling for the 65-nm technology node seems to be an inevitable trend. [1] To meet these strict error requirements, pattern CD errors induced by process should be thoroughly examined, and as many of them should be reduced. Among the many factors that affect pattern CD accuracy, the variation of
Classification of tsetse flies Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) by gas chromatographic analysis of cuticular components

Gas liquid chromatography (GC) was used to analyse the cuticular alkanes of 26 species and subspecies of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Unique interspecific and intraspecific (males vs. females) chromatographic patterns were observed. Solvent extraction of dried museum specimens and fresh specimens were equally successful, and left specimens undamaged. GC peaks were used as characters with one of five character states per peak, to show phenetic relationships among species by sex using a UPGMA algorithm, using 23 peaks for males and 40 peaks for females. Comparisons among species of the morsitans group often agreed with recognized morsitans group classification using morphological techniques, with G. austeni Newstead being somewhat aberrant. Glossina tachinoides Westwood was less closely related to others in the palpalis group than previously described using morphology. Eleven members of the rarely studied fusca group were also classified by this methodology.
THE TAMAGAWA NUMBER CONJECTURE OF ADJOINT MOTIVES OF MODULAR FORMS

Abstract Let f be a newform of weight k ⩾ 2 , level N with coefficients in a number field K, and A the adjoint motive of the motive M associated to f. We carefully discuss the construction of the realisations of M and A, as well as natural integral structures in these realisations. We then use the method of Taylor and Wiles to verify the λ-part of the Tamagawa number conjecture of Bloch and Kato for L ( A , 0 ) and L ( A , 1 ) . Here λ is any prime of K not dividing N k ! , and so that the mod λ representation associated to f is absolutely irreducible when restricted to the Galois group over Q ( ( − 1 ) ( l − 1 ) / 2 l ) where λ | l . The method also establishes modularity of all lifts of the mod λ representation which are crystalline of Hodge–Tate type ( 0 , k − 1 ) .
Ovarian influences on the meal patterns of female rats.

Abstract A series of experiments examined the effects of estrous cycles, ovariectomy, and estradiol-replacement on free-feeding meal patterns of female rats maintained on a liquid diet. The proestrous decrease in food intake was accomplished by a decrease in meal size and a less than fully compensatory increase in meal frequency. The hyperphagia induced by ovariectomy was reflected in an increase in meal size and a decrease in meal frequency. When food intake returned to preoperative levels, meal size remained elevated while frequency decreased further. Estradiol benzoate (2 μg/day) permanently decreased meal size in long-term ovariectomized rats. The subsequent return to food intake levels of controls was due primarily to an increase in meal frequency. These results suggest that the transient changes in food intake caused by estradiol withdrawal and replacement are accomplished by permanent changes in meal size followed by compensatory changes in the number of meals consumed per day. They suggest that the decrease in meal size at proestrus is due to a direct effect of estradiol on the mechanisms that terminate short-term food intake and are not secondary to changes in the level of total daily food intake.
Deuterium NMR Reveals Helix Packing Interactions in Phospholamban

Phospholamban is an integral membrane protein having a single membrane-spanning helix which forms a pentameric complex in cardiac and smooth muscle cell membranes. Deuterium NMR measurements of leu...
Weighted isotonic regression under the L1 norm

Isotonic regression, the problem of finding values that best fit given observations and conform to specific ordering constraints, has found many applications in biomedical research and other fields. When the constraints form a partial ordering, solving the problem under the L1 error measure takes O(n3) when there are n observations. The analysis of large-scale microarray data, which is one of the important tools in biology, using isotonic regression is hence expensive. This is because in microarray analysis, the same procedure is used for studying the fit of tens of thousands of genes to a given partial order. Fast estimation for the fitting error is therefore highly desired to reduce the number of regression instances through pruning. In this paper, we present approximation algorithms to the isotonic regression problem under the L1 error measure. We relate the problem to an edge packing problem and in the special case when the observations are not weighted, we relate it to a weighted matching problem.
Chalcogenide nanowires by evaporation–condensation

Chalcogenide (arsenic sulfide) nanowires have been successfully synthesized from As2S3 under near-equilibrium conditions via an evaporation–condensation process in evacuated glass ampoules. The as-synthesized nanowires were pure, nearly stoichiometric, and amorphous. The nanowires had diameters ranging from 40 to 140 nm and lengths up to a few millimeters. Distinct joints of the crisscrossing nanowires indicate potential for forming structural networks. They have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine their structure, composition, and morphology. Selected area diffraction (SAD) in the TEM and XRD confirmed their amorphous nature. The As–S nanowires could make an ideal system for understanding the carrier transport and photonic properties in nanoscale for this family of materials (IV–V compounds). Chalcogenide nanowires show promise for integrated nanoelectronics and biophotonics.
Mathematical Modelling of Vacuum Pressure on a Precision Seeder

Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum vacuum pressure of a precision vacuum seeder and to develop mathematical models by using some physical properties of seeds such as one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density. Maize, cotton, soya bean, watermelon, melon, cucumber, sugarbeet and onion seeds were used in laboratory tests. One thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density of seeds varied from 4·3 to 372·5 g, 5–77 mm 2 , 38·4–85·8% and 440–1310 kg m −3 , respectively. The optimum vacuum pressure was determined as 4·0 kPa for maize I and II; 3·0 kPa for cotton, soya bean and watermelon I; 2·5 kPa for watermelon II, melon and cucumber; 2·0 kPa for sugarbeet; and 1·5 kPa for onion seeds. The vacuum pressure was predicted by mathematical models. According to the results, the final model could satisfactorily describe the vacuum pressure of the precision vacuum seeder with a chi-square of 2·51×10 −3 , root mean square error of 2·74×10 −2 and modelling efficiency of 0·99.
Cytoplasmic lipid bodies of neutrophils: formation induced by cis- unsaturated fatty acids and mediated by protein kinase C

Lipid bodies, nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions, serve as repositories of esterified arachidonate and are increased in cells associated with inflammatory reactions. We have evaluated stimuli and mechanisms responsible for lipid body formation within human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Arachidonic acid and oleic acid stimulated dose-dependent formation of lipid bodies over 0.5-1 h. Other C20 and C18 fatty acids were less active and demonstrated rank orders as follows: cis-unsaturated fatty acids were much more active than trans-fatty acids, and activity diminished with decreasing numbers of double bonds. Lipid bodies elicited in vitro with cis-fatty acids were ultrastructurally identical to lipid bodies present in PMNs in vivo. Lipid body induction was not because of fatty acid-elicited oxidants or fatty acid-induced ATP depletion. Cis-fatty acid-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) was involved in lipid body formation as evidenced by the capacity of other PKC activators, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and two active phorbol esters, phorbol myristate acetate, and phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate, but not an inactive phorbol, to induce lipid body formation. The PKC inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycerol, inhibited PMN lipid body formation induced by oleic and arachidonic acids and by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol and phorbol myristate acetate. Other PKC inhibitors (staurosporine, H-7) also inhibited lipid body formation. Formation of lipid bodies in PMNs is a specific cellular response, stimulated by cis-fatty acids and diglycerides and apparently mediated by PKC, which results in the mobilization and deposition of lipids within discrete, ultrastructurally defined cytoplasmic domains.
Economic analysis of the changing structure of the U.S. flour milling industry

This article presents a decomposed Poisson regression model based on count data that evaluates structural changes in size, number of plants in each size class, and the concentration level of market power in the U.S. flour milling industry, simultaneously. Empirical results indicate that the effects of a changing wage rate and corporate bond rate on both the size distribution and the number of flour mills are significant, but in opposite directions. Furthermore, a test for price leadership reveals that the U.S. flour milling industry has an oligopolistic market structure. [Econ-Lit citations: D430, L110, Q120] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fast atom bombardment and field desorption mass spectrometry of organometallic derivatives of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II)

Etude de complexes cationiques de bipyridene-2,2' de Ru et Os contenant η 2 -alcene, η 2 -alcyne, CO, alkyl et hydrure
Finite element stress analysis of IMZ abutment designs: development of a model.

Purpose This article describes the development of a model system for use in finite element stress analysis of three different IMZ abutment designs: original threaded Intra-Mobile Element (IME), Abutment Complete (ABC), and Intra-Mobile Connector (IMC). Materials and Methods A three-dimensional model simulating a cast gold crown restoration attached to an osseointegrated IMZ implant fixture was generated for each abutment design. Each model was discretized into axisymmetric finite elements representing the crown, the various implant system components, and supporting structures. A convergence test was performed to optimize the mesh. Convergence test mesh refinement for the IME, the IMC, and the ABC abutment models resulted in 818 elements, 2,566 nodes; 738 elements, 2,362 nodes; and 663 elements, 2,051 nodes, respectively. Progressive tightening of the retaining screw (preload) was simulated; the degree of screw tightening necessary to prevent opening of the crown-abutment interface in extreme loading (500-N occlusal load at 45°) was determined individually for each system. Conclusions Models of three IMZ abutment designs have been refined and the appropriate relative screw preloads determined. This model system is to be used subsequently in stress analysis comparison for the three systems.
Femoral neck structure and function in early hominins

All early (Pliocene-Early Pleistocene) hominins exhibit some differences in proximal femoral morphology from modern humans, including a long femoral neck and a low neck-shaft angle. In addition, australopiths (Au. afarensis, Au. africanus, Au. boisei, Paranthropus boisei), but not early Homo, have an "anteroposteriorly compressed" femoral neck and a small femoral head relative to femoral shaft breadth. Superoinferior asymmetry of cortical bone in the femoral neck has been claimed to be human-like in australopiths. In this study, we measured superior and inferior cortical thicknesses at the middle and base of the femoral neck using computed tomography in six Au. africanus and two P. robustus specimens. Cortical asymmetry in the fossils is closer overall to that of modern humans than to apes, although many values are intermediate between humans and apes, or even more ape-like in the midneck. Comparisons of external femoral neck and head dimensions were carried out for a more comprehensive sample of South and East African australopiths (n = 17) and two early Homo specimens. These show that compared with modern humans, femoral neck superoinferior, but not anteroposterior breadth, is larger relative to femoral head breadth in australopiths, but not in early Homo. Both internal and external characteristics of the australopith femoral neck indicate adaptation to relatively increased superoinferior bending loads, compared with both modern humans and early Homo. These observations, and a relatively small femoral head, are consistent with a slightly altered gait pattern in australopiths, involving more lateral deviation of the body center of mass over the stance limb.
Mechanisms of orientation and graphitization of hard-carbon matrices in carbon/carbon composites

It now appears generally accepted that the process of stress-induced orientation and graphitization of a thermoset-resin-derived matrix in a carbon-fiber/carbon-matrix (C/C) composite is principally a result of molecular orientation induced during the pyrolysis process as a consequence of the restraint of pyrolysis shrinkage at the fiber/matrix interface by attractive or frictional forces between fiber and matrix. We hypothesize that the critical factor for the formation of lamellar graphite (by subsequent high-temperature heat treatment), instead of fibrillar or isotropic glassy carbon, is a state of multiaxial deformation in the pyrolysis step. Finite-element stress analyses of the relative stresses in the regions of interfilament matrix, as the matrix pyrolyzes from polymer to carbon, reveal patterns of biaxial and triaxial stress consistent with experimental observations of lamellar graphite formation in the matrix by the techniques of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The implications of localized matrix orientation and graphitization for C/C composite properties are discussed in terms of a “duplex” system of composite reinforcement. An example is presented showing crack deflection and blunting at the matrix/matrix-sheath interface produced as a result of such orientation and graphitization.
Association between v-Src and Protein Kinase C δ in v-Src-transformed Fibroblasts

Abstract In response to the kinase activity of v-Src there is an increase in the membrane association of the novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoform PKC δ (Zang, Q., Frankel, P., and Foster, D. A. (1995) Cell Growth Differ. 6, 1367–1373). We report here that in v-Src-transformed cells PKC δ co-immunoprecipitates with v-Src and is phosphorylated on tyrosine. The tyrosine-phosphorylated PKC δ had reduced enzymatic activity relative to the non-tyrosine-phosphorylated PKC δ from v-Src-transformed cells. The association between Src and PKC δ was dependent upon both an active Src kinase and membrane association. The association between c-Src Y527F and PKC δ was substantially enhanced by mutating a PKC phosphorylation site at Ser-12 in Src to Ala indicating that PKC δ phosphorylation of Src at Ser-12 destabilizes the interaction, possibly in a negative feedback loop. These data demonstrate that upon recruitment of PKC δ to the membrane in v-Src-transformed cells there is the formation of a Src·PKC δ complex in which PKC δ becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine and down-regulated.
A Change Will Do Us Good: Threats Diminish Typical Preferences for Male Leaders

The current research explores role congruity processes from a new vantage point by investigating how the need for change might shift gender-based leadership preferences. According to role congruity theory, favorability toward leaders results from alignment between what is desired in a leadership role and the characteristics stereotypically ascribed to the leader. Generally speaking, these processes lead to baseline preferences for male over female leaders. In this research, the authors propose that a shift in gender-based leadership preferences will emerge under conditions of threat. Because the psychological experience of threat signals a need for change, individuals will favor candidates who represent new directions in leadership rather than consistency with past directions in leadership. Specifically, they find that threat evokes an implicit preference for change over stability (Experiment 1) and gender stereotypes align women with change but men with stability (Experiments 2a and 2b). Consequently, the typical preference for male leaders is diminished, or even reversed, under threat (Experiments 3 and 4). Moreover, the shift away from typical gender-based leadership preferences occurs especially among individuals who highly legitimize the sociopolitical system (Experiment 4), suggesting that these preference shifts might serve to protect the underlying system.
The NBS Josephson array voltage standard

A Josephson voltage standard based on a series array of 2076 junctions is described. When irradiated with a 15-mW signal at a frequency of 96 GHz, the array produces 15 000 quantized levels between −1.5 and 1.5 V. Initial results on high-precision comparisons with a Zener reference standard are given.
Happy 80th Birthday Alexander Prokhorov

This PDF file contains the editorial “Happy 80th Birthday Alexander Prokhorov” for OE Vol. 35 Issue 06
On the atomic structure and electronic properties of decapped GaAs(001) (2×4) surfaces

We have performed scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy on the GaAs(001)(2 × 4) surface. The measurements were performed on arsenic capped samples grown ex-situ by MBE. The n-doped epilayers were grown on flat GaAs(001) n-doped wafers and substrates cut 2° towards (010). The epilayers were terminated with 100 A of intrinsic material. Using STM we establish that capping does not compromise the surface quality of the (2 × 4) reconstruction. We find that provided the ex-situ MBE grown surfaces are of sufficient quality, the arsenic cap can be stripped off to yield surfaces equal to in-situ samples. Results from vicinal samples indicate that As from the cap adheres more strongly to step edges, which can be removed by subsequent annealing. The surfaces of all the samples studied were a mixture of (2 × 4) and c(2 × 8) domains. Tunneling I–V curves are interpreted as primarily due to tunneling out of the doubly occupied lone-pair states located on each surface As atom. Compared with GaAs(110), the spectra are much less sensitive to the distribution of empty states above EF. This behavior was independent of spatial location on the surface. The insensitivity to Ga derived empty states persists even when spectra are obtained above exposed Ga sites in the missing dimer rows where they may be expected to contribute. The measurements serve to locate the Fermi level on these samples pinned 0.6 ± 0.2 eV above the valence band maximum.
Comparison of Six Models for Violent Romantic Relationships in College Men and Women

Six types of parent and partner violence were compared as possible models for violence in the romantic relationships of 608 college students (164 men, 444 women). Participants used the Conflict Tactics Scale to report violence to and from the present partner, as well as violence from mother to father, father to mother, mother to participant, father to participant, and past partners to participant. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that violence to the present partner was explained by both partner and parent models of violence for men (R2 = .39) and women (R2 = .51), with violence from the present partner found to be the most powerful model. Violence received from the mother was the most powerful parental model for violence in the present romantic relationship, but for women it was associated with receiving violence, whereas for men it was associated with both receiving and inflicting violence.
Gut bacteria in children with autism spectrum disorders: challenges and promise of studying how a complex community influences a complex disease

Recent studies suggest a role for the microbiota in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), potentially arising from their role in modulating the immune system and gastrointestinal (GI) function or from gut–brain interactions dependent or independent from the immune system. GI problems such as chronic constipation and/or diarrhea are common in children with ASD, and significantly worsen their behavior and their quality of life. Here we first summarize previously published data supporting that GI dysfunction is common in individuals with ASD and the role of the microbiota in ASD. Second, by comparing with other publically available microbiome datasets, we provide some evidence that the shifted microbiota can be a result of westernization and that this shift could also be framing an altered immune system. Third, we explore the possibility that gut–brain interactions could also be a direct result of microbially produced metabolites. Keywords: autism; GI problems; gut microbiome; gut microflora; Prevotella; next-generation sequencing; meta-analysis; gut–brain interaction (Published: 12 March 2015) Citation: Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2015, 26 : 26914 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26914
Unsaturated Platinum−Rhenium Cluster Complexes. Synthesis, Structures and Reactivity

Two new compounds PtRe3(CO)12(PBut3)(μ-H)3, 9, and PtRe2(CO)9(PBut3)(μ-H)2, 10, were obtained from the reaction of Pt(PBut3)2 with Re3(CO)12(μ-H3), 8, at room temperature. Compound 9 contains a butterfly cluster of four metals formed by the insertion of the platinum atom from a Pt(PBut3) group into one of the hydride-bridged metal−metal bonds of 8. The three hydrido ligands are bridging ligands across each of three new Pt−Re bonds. Compound 10 contains a triangular PtRe2 cluster with two hydrido ligands; one bridges a Pt−Re bond, and the other bridges the Re−Re bond. The new compound Pt2Re2(CO)7(PBut3)2(μ-H)2, 11, was obtained from the reaction of 8 with Pt(PBut3)2 in hexane at reflux. Compound 11 was also obtained from 10 by reaction with an additional quantity of Pt(PBut3)2. Compound 11 contains a tetrahedral cluster of four metal atoms with two dynamically active hydrido ligands. A CO ligand on one of the two platinum atoms also exchanges between the two platinum atoms rapidly on the NMR time scale. Co...
Development of UV Protective Polymeric Layer for High Performance Fibers

High performance fibers are characterized by their high strength to weight ratio, high thermal resistance and high chemical stability, which make them suitable materials for composite structures in planetary Venus balloons, competitive sail fabrics, soft and hard body armor, bulletproof vests, as well as, tendons for super pressure scientific balloons. High performance fibers, however, degrade upon exposure to Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) radiations. The objective of this research is to develop a polymeric protective layer to improve the UV-VIS resistance of high performance fibers. Polymeric sheath from Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) matrix compounded with (a) Rutile TiO2 nano-particles, and (b) Polyone, Inc white pigment with product code CC00012837X1 were developed to protect a braid made of poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) yarns from UVVIS radiation. The compounded LDPE with the selective UV absorber was extruded around the PBO braid. The effectiveness of shielding the PBO tendon braid from radiation effects were investigated using commercial chambers, as well as, flight tests. The results showed that LDPE compounded with 10% TiO2 as well as LDPE compounded with the white pigment achieved very good blockage for the UV-VIS light. The results of commercial exposure, as well as, flight exposure on the BLAST and CREAM missions will be presented in this paper.
Quantifying the WASDE Announcement Effect

This article uses a two‐stage GLS model to quantify the World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) announcement effect for cotton, soybeans and hard winter wheat, controlling for important factors associated with commodity price volatility. The information presented by the overlapping nature of futures contracts is exploited to estimate conditional effects by month, inventory conditions, and delivery horizon. Results in this article show that the WASDE announcement effect persists across contract positions, is not limited to months that include NASS crop survey data, is amplified during low carryover periods for soybeans and wheat,and is rapidly incorporated into futures prices.