cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lupins (Lupinus albus) as a protein supplement for lactating Holstein dairy cows.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine optimal substitution of lupin for soybean meal in dairy cattle diets; the effects of whole versus ground lupins and the effects of whole lupins versus whole soybeans on milk production were examined. In the first experiment, 57 cows were assigned randomly to treatments in blocks of five by calving order within parity. Treatments began 22 d postpartum and continued through d 140. Diets were isonitrogenously balanced using soybean meal as control: lupins replaced 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of supplemental protein. Cows that consumed 75% of supplemental protein as lupins produced more 3.5% FCM and fat than cows that consumed the control diet. In a second experiment, 30 primiparous cows were assigned randomly by calving order to either ground or whole lupins (60% of supplemental protein). Treatments began 32±3 d after calving and lasted for 84 d. Cows that consumed ground lupins produced more milk and 3.5% FCM than cows that consumed whole lupins. In the third experiment of 84 d, 28 primiparous midlactation cows were assigned randomly to diets containing whole lupins or whole soybeans to supply 1kg of supplemental protein. Cows fed whole lupins produced milk with higher fat content, more 3.5% FCM, and more fat than cows consuming whole soybeans. Lupins are an acceptable supplemental protein source for dairy cows.
Isolation and characterization of a non-adherent mutant of Streptococcus sanguis G9B.

A spontaneous non-adherent mutant (Adh−) of Streptococcus sanguis, strain G9B has been isolated from a chemostat culture employing a chemically defined medium (FMC) as a nutritional source. The Adh− mutant showed five-fold less adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA) compared with parent G9B. No difference in adhesion to uncoated hydroxyapatite (HA) was found between G9B and Adh−. The mutant had the same colonial, cellular morphology, and biochemical properties as the parent. A comparison of the antigens found in mutanolysin (M-1, N-acetylmuramidase) extracts of G9B and Adh− using crossed rocket immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), indicated that a surface antigen, designated A, reacted strongly in G9B but only weakly in Adh−. The adhesion of G9B but not Adh− to SHA was directly correlated with dilution rates in a chemostat. Adhesion to HA was not affected by the dilution rate. There was also a direct correlation between the concentration of the A antigen with adhesion of G9B to SHA. The concentration of A in Adh− was low at all dilution rates. Antibody to G9B specifically inhibited adhesion of G9B to SHA but antibody to Adh− had no effect on adhesion of either strain to SHA. Neither antibody affected adhesion to HA. A partially purified A antigen absorbed adhesion inhibitory activity of G9B IgG. Trypsin did not digest the A antigen but resulted in the extraction of the antigen from the surface causing the loss of the cells ability to adhere to SHA. Galactose oxidase treated G9B cells also showed a reduced adhesion to SHA but glucose oxidase had no effect. Periodate oxidation of G9B resulted in a loss of adhesion to SHA. The A antigen was found in purified cell walls and was labelled with 125I, indicating a surface location. The A antigen also reacted with affinity purified antibody against the G9B adhesin antigen. Immunoblots of the A antigen following SDS-PAGE indicated it contained 80, 62, and 52 kDa polypeptides. These results suggest that the A antigen is a glycoprotein which is the native form of the adhesin responsible for the attachment of G9B to salivary pellicle.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography of Human Brain Development

Over the past decade, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has offered researchers and clinicians a new noninvasive window into the developing human brain, from preterm infants through adolescents and young adults. DTI improves on conventional MR imaging, such as T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences, through its sensitivity to many microstructural features of neural organization. This has enabled visualization of the early cerebral laminar architecture in premature infants, of developing white matter before myelination, and of the microarchitecture of the cerebral cortex during preterm maturation. DTI provides reproducible quantitative measures, such as mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy, that reflect the underlying tissue properties of gray matter and white matter and may therefore become useful as developmental milestones for the improved assessment of abnormal brain maturation. Furthermore, three-dimensional fiber tractography based on DTI can reveal the developing axonal connectivity of the human brain as well as aberrant connectivity in structural brain malformations. In this article, applications of DTI and fiber tractography to the study of human brain development are reviewed. The new insights into brain maturation afforded by DTI promise to improve the diagnostic evaluation of an array of congenital, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Usefulness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Adriamycin-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Adriamycin is a chemotherapeutic agent that can cause severe cardiotoxicity, which potentially carries a poorer long-term prognosis than other forms of cardiomyopathy. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to improve quality of life, exercise capacity, left ventricular ejection fraction, and survival in selected patients with heart failure. It is unclear if patients with Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) respond to CRT. We reviewed clinical and echocardiographic data on 18 consecutive patients with AIC who underwent implantation of a CRT device at the Cleveland Clinic from February 2000 to April 2007. Changes in clinical and echocardiographic parameters were compared to 189 consecutive patients with other forms of nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NIC) using similar end points. Patients with AIC demonstrated significant improvements in ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, mitral regurgitation, and New York Heart Association functional class with CRT. These changes were similar to patients in the NIC cohort. In conclusion, patients with AIC may derive a significant echocardiographic and symptomatic benefit from CRT, which is similar to that seen in other forms of NIC.
Steindlian models of growth and stagnation

Following an analysis of the relation between a standard Steindlian model of stagnation and Steindl’s own analysis, we modify the standard model by introducing endogenous changes in the markup and a reformulation of the investment function. These extensions, which address significant weaknesses of the standard model, find support in Steindl’s writing and leave intact some of Steindl’s key results. In a further extension, we add a labour market and analyse the stabilizing influence of a Marxian reserve-army mechanism. The implications of the extended model for the effects of increased oligopolization are largely in line with Steindl’s predictions.
Injectable Facial Fillers

Cosmetic procedures to reduce the signs of aging have been increasing. Traditionally, facial rejuvenation has focused on tightening skin through surgical resection and resurfacing. In recent years, however, a major shift in facial rejuvenation has occurred, with increasing emphasis on minimally invasive cosmetic improvement. Facial fillers can be grouped according to their longevity or degree of permanence after injection such as permanent and non-permanent. The authors discuss the various fillers, injection techniques, and possible complications.
Pedagogy, Progress, and Portfolios

Academics and practitioners are seeking new ways to improve legal education. At the same time, students are struggling to succeed in a highly competitive job market. Electronic portfolios, a technique used successfully in other professions, can address both of these needs. Portfolios allow students to identify, seek, and reflect upon individualized educational goals. They also encourage educators to specify a wider range of professional learning objectives. For both students and professors, portfolios shift the focus from checking off courses to developing professional expertise. At the same time, portfolios allow students to share their achievements more fully with employers. An electronic portfolio may include writing samples, videos of classroom simulations, work-related documents, and summaries of leadership experiences. If employers value professional expertise, rather than merely class standing, portfolios allow them to hire based on those values. This article outlines the potential for using portfolios to enhance legal education and job-market access, with a special focus on the use of portfolios to expand ADR learning.
Coupled Geomechanical and Seismic Modeling of Compaction‐Induced Traveltime Shifts for Multi‐ component Data

Time-lapse seismic methods have proven successful in evaluating changes in reservoirs caused by production. Accurate modeling of compaction-related time shifts requires combining geomechanics with full-waveform simulation of seismic data. Here, we study the influence of compaction-induced stress and strain around a reservoir on compressional (P), modeconverted (PS), and shear (S) waves. Geomechanical reservoir models are used to generate stress-related stiffness coefficients, which serve as input to 2D anisotropic finite-difference modeling. Reflectors are placed at multiple depths to evaluate time-lapse anomalies for different source locations and a wide range of reservoir pressure. The baseline and monitor shot records are processed by windowed cross-correlation analysis to compute “visualization surfaces” of time shifts with respect to the baseline survey. Our modeling results show that the spatial pattern of time shifts for PSand S-waves is generally similar to that or P waves. However, while P-wave traveltimes above the reservoir increase after compaction, PSand S-wave traveltimes there are slightly reduced. The traveltimes of all modes decrease for reflectors below the stressed reservoir. Almost constant time shifts of S-waves for a range of offsets and source locations indicate that the contribution of stress-induced velocity anisotropy to shear-wave signatures is weak, because the symmetry is close to elliptical.
Effect of Atomic Hydrogen on Impurity Reduction in Mombe-Grown GaAs

In this paper, the effect of atomic hydrogen on carbon impurity incorporation during the metalorganic-molecular-beam-epitaxy (MOMBE) growth of GaAs is studied. Atomic hydrogen was introduced into the MOMBE chamber during the growth by cracking molecular hydrogen with a high temperature cracker cell. Atomic hydrogen appears to be effective in reducing the background doping level of MOMBE-grown GaAs, presumably by reacting with hydrocarbon radicals. Background doping levels as low as 4 × 1014 cm−3 and room temperature hole mobilities as high as 430 cm2/V-sec were achieved. This result demonstrates that it is feasible to grow high quality GaAs films in MOMBE without using AsH3 or a high flux of As4by introducing atomic hydrogen into the chamber during the growth.
Inhibition of CD4 cross-linking-induced lymphocytes apoptosis by vesnarinone as a novel immunomodulating agent: vesnarinone inhibits Fas expression and apoptosis by blocking cytokine secretion

Evidence is accumulating that T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals show accelerated cell death through apoptosis. We have recently demonstrated that the cross-linking of CD4 molecules (CD4XL) results in death of normal peripheral T cells through apoptosis and imbalanced cytokine secretion (ie, induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] and interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma] in the absence of interleukin-2 [IL-2] or IL-4 secretion). These upregulated cytokines (TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma) largely contributed to upregulation of the apoptosis-inducing cell surface molecule, Fas (APO- 1/CD95) and apoptosis induction. The present study investigated the effect of vesnarinone as a novel immunomodulating agent on CD4XL- induced T-cell apoptosis. The addition of vesnarinone to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) significantly inhibited CD4XL-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. This apoptosis-inhibitory effect of vesnarinone was associated with the blocking of CD4XL-induced TNF-alpha IFN-gamma secretion and of Fas antigen upregulation. However, vesnarinone did not block effects of exogenously supplemented TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma on Fas induction. These data suggest that vesnarinone inhibits CD4XL-induced TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma secretion, thereby blocking subsequent Fas upregulation and apoptosis induction. Given the potent pathogenic role of imbalanced cytokine secretion observed in HIV-infection, an agent such as vesnarinone may be of therapeutic value in slowing disease progression.
WILLIAM GURNEE SINNIGEN - 20TH CENTURY CLASSICIST AND ROMAN HISTORIAN: BIOGRAPHY & BIBLIOGRAPHY

William Gurnee Sinnigen was a Classicist and Roman historian, active in the mid-to-late 20 th century. Trained at the University of Michigan by noted Roman administrative historian Arthur E. R. Boak, Sinnigen continued his mentor’s work in administrative history, producing several articles on different aspects of Roman and Byzantine administrative topics. Sinnigen was also responsible for the revision and update of Boak’s acclaimed textbook on Roman history, as well as Charles Alexander Robinson’s textbook on Ancient history. This article will provide a brief biography of Professor Sinnigen, along with a bibliography of his published works and reviews by other scholars of his work.
Gastrointestinal diseases of foals.

Few foals escape gastrointestinal disease during the first few weeks of life. Nutritional and infectious causes of foal diarrhea are considered from both diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints. The diagnosis and therapy of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease in foals are also discussed.
Global Frontiers and the Rise of Western Europe (from 1500 to 1914)

It is beyond doubt that Europe as a whole gained vast new regions, with access to enormous amounts of natural resources that fuelled her expansion for centuries … These overseas territories provided the raw materials and the markets, the field for profitable investment, and eventually the destination for massive emigration from Europe. (Findlay 1992, p. 161) Introduction Two events at the close of the fifteenth century marked an important turning point in global history: “Though a world economy had been operating for centuries, and even millennia, the decade of the 1490s which saw the voyages of Columbus and da Gama was undoubtedly the decisive moment in the formation of the world economy as we know it today.” For the next four hundred years, global economic development was spurred by finding and exploiting new frontiers of land and other natural resources. The characteristic feature of such development was a pattern of capital investment, technological innovation and, where environmental conditions permitted, labor migration and settlement dependent on “opening up” new frontiers of land and natural resources. Thus economic progress became synonymous with frontier expansion. Since this pattern was repeated on a worldwide scale, the period from 1500 to 1914 was truly the era of economic expansion and development of “Global Frontiers.”
Active Learning with Interactive Videos: Creating Student-Guided Learning Materials

ABSTRACTDistance learning programs across the country continue to grow and evolve. In order to support these programs, librarians are often expected to convert face-to-face classes and reference sessions to the online environment. Due to the necessity of explaining information literacy concepts and demonstrating the access and use of library resources, videos are often used to teach these online sessions. However, most librarians are not video production experts. We are either self-taught or taught by other amateurs, and as a result we tend to repeatedly use the same few tools and techniques. Fortunately, there are many tools librarians can use to make videos more engaging and interactive. This article discusses interactive elements such as embedded assessments, hotspots, audio/video lectures, audio/video discussions, and analytics. It also evaluates a variety of tools based on cost, ease of use, availability, accessibility, and analytics.
Identification and localization of trauma-related biomarkers using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry

Current treatments for ocular and optic nerve trauma are largely ineffective and may have adverse side effects; therefore, new approaches are needed to understand trauma mechanisms. Identification of trauma-related biomarkers may yield insights into the molecular aspects of tissue trauma that can contribute to the development of better diagnostics and treatments. The conventional approach for protein biomarker measurement largely relies on immunoaffinity methods that typically can only be applied to analytes for which antibodies or other targeting means are available. Matrix assisted laser-assisted desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is a specialized application of mass spectrometry that not only is well suited to the discovery of novel or unanticipated biomarkers, but also provides information about the spatial localization of biomarkers in tissue. We have been using MALDI-IMS to find traumarelated protein biomarkers in retina and optic nerve tissue from animal models subjected to ocular injury produced by either blast overpressure or mechanical torsion. Work to date by our group, using MALDI-IMS, found that the pattern of protein expression is modified in the injured ocular tissue as soon as 24 hr post-injury, compared to controls. Specific proteins may be up- or down-regulated by trauma, suggesting different tissue responses to a given injury. Ongoing work is directed at identifying the proteins affected and mapping their expression in the ocular tissue, anticipating that systematic analysis can be used to identify targets for prospective therapies for ocular trauma.
Summer habitat and movements of juvenile salmonids in a coastal river of Washington State

We investigated the summer ecology of juvenile steelhead trout Onchorhynchus mykiss and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha in the context of habitat use and movement behaviour. The study area was a 14.8 km section of the Chehalis River, Washington, and is of particular interest due to recent proposals for both a flood retention dam and restoration actions in this watershed. Ten study reaches were paired in distance upstream and downstream from a central point where a passive integrated transponder antenna array was operated between late June and September 2014. Juvenile densities for each species were associated with reach-scale habitat and temperature characteristics. Juvenile steelhead underwent upstream and downstream movements up to 7 km, although more fish from further away moved downstream than upstream. Juvenile steelhead repeated horizontal movements throughout the study period, but daily detections were not associated with temperature or flow. The majority (81%) of steelhead movements occurred between the hours of 04:00–07:00 and 18:00–21:00. Juvenile Chinook underwent a downstream migration that was nearly complete by the end of August. Most juvenile Chinook were detected just once and movements occurred on days with warmer stream temperature and higher flows. The majority of Chinook movements occurred at night. Although juvenile salmonids are often thought to have small home ranges during summer months, our results suggest that horizontal movements may be more prevalent than previously thought. Summer habitat should be defined by a network of suitable rearing reaches with connectivity available in both upstream and downstream directions.
On the likelihood of mixture cure models

Abstract The EM algorithm has been used for inference of the mixture cure models. However, the complete-data and incomplete-data specifications have never been postulated appropriately in literature. The goal of this paper is to fill in this gap by deriving proper specifications.
State and trait positive and negative affectivity in relation to restraint intention and binge eating among adults with obesity.

Restraint and binge eating are cognitive and behavioral processes that are particularly important in the context of obesity. While extensive research has focused on negative affect (NA) in relation to binge eating, it is unclear whether affective valence (i.e., positive versus negative) and stability (i.e., state versus trait) differentially predict binge eating and restraint among individuals with obesity. Distinguishing between valence and stability helps elucidate under which affective contexts, and among which individuals, restraint and binge eating are likely to occur. Therefore, the present study examined relationships between trait and state levels of NA and positive affect (PA), binge eating, and restraint intention among 50 adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Participants completed baseline assessments followed by a two-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. Structural equation modeling assessed a trait model of person-level measures of affect in relation to overall levels of binge eating and restraint intention, while general estimating equations (GEEs) assessed state models examining relationships between momentary affect and subsequent binge eating and restraint. The trait model indicated higher overall NA was related to more binge eating episodes, but was unrelated to overall restraint intention. Higher overall PA was related to higher overall restraint intention, but was unrelated to binge eating. State models indicated momentary NA was associated with a greater likelihood of subsequent binge eating and lower restraint intention. Momentary PA was unrelated to subsequent binge eating or restraint intention. Together, findings demonstrate important distinctions between the valence and stability of affect in relationship to binge eating and restraint intention among individuals with obesity. While NA is a more salient predictor of binge eating than PA, both overall PA and momentary NA are predictors of restraint intention.
Productivity Benefits of Medical Care: Evidence from US-Based Randomized Clinical Trials

Abstract Background One of the key recommendations of the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine is to take a societal perspective when evaluating new technologies—including measuring the productivity benefits of new treatments. Yet relatively little is known about the impact that new treatments have on labor productivity. Objectives To examine the relationship between new drug treatments and gains in labor productivity across conditions in the United States and to evaluate which randomized clinical trials (RCTs) collected labor productivity data. Methods We collected data on US-based RCTs with work-ability surveys from searches of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials, and ClinicalTrails.gov. Combining RCT data with survey data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we assessed productivity changes from new drug treatments. Results During the last decade, some disease conditions have seen treatments that improve ability to work by as much as 60%. The annual increase in productivity gains attributable to new drug treatments was modest 1.1% ( P = 0.53). Of the 5092 RCTs reviewed, ability-to-work measures were collected in 2% of trials. Work productivity surveys were more likely among prevalent medical conditions that affected individuals who worked, earned higher wages, and experienced larger reductions in hours worked as a consequence of disease diagnosis. Conclusions From our data, we estimated that drug innovation increased productivity by 5.5 million work days per year and $233 billion in wages per year. These labor-sector benefits should be taken into account when assessing the socially optimal cost for new drug innovation.
Marrow-Ablative Chemotherapy With Autologous Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Rescue in Brain Tumors

Abstract Marrow-ablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell rescue has been evaluated in the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with brain tumors, in whom conventional therapy is either considered too toxic (e.g., radiotherapy in infants) or has proven ineffective (e.g., recurrent or progressive malignant tumors). The success of this approach depends on tumor type and histology, extent of disease and surgical resection, and response to prior chemotherapy. In this chapter, we review results of marrow-ablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell rescue as well as allogeneic transplantation in brain tumors of different histologies.
Setup, Surface Anatomy, and Portals

Ulnar-sided wrist pain has been the proverbial black box of the wrist. The role of wrist arthroscopy has steadily grown from a mostly diagnostic tool to a valuable adjunctive procedure in the treatment of an expanding list of ulnar-sided wrist disorders. A thorough wrist examination is integral to any arthroscopic assessment; however, although wrist arthroscopy can identify an anatomic abnormality, it cannot be used to differentiate between an asymptomatic degenerative condition vs. a pathologic lesion which is the pain generator.
Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon

1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition. 2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display. 3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands. 4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader. 5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures.
Lysosomal Degradation of Glycoproteins and Glycosaminoglycans

The catabolism of brain glycoconjugates is a complex process involving the interaction of endoglycosidases, exoglycosidases, and proteinases, as summarized in Table 1. Lysosomal catabolism of these glycoconjugates further requires the delivery of both the catabolic enzymes and their substrates to this organelle, and the maintenance of a functional milieu having the proper acidic pH and complement of cofactors (e.g., cations) to facilitate efficient catabolism.
Cinema’s Historical Incarnations: Traveling the Möbius Strip of Biotime in Cloud Atlas

This chapter explores the sense of historicity emergent in the Anthropocene as it is articulated in David Mitchell’s novel and the Wachowskis’ and Tykwer’s film Cloud Atlas. The syntax of historical thinking is examined cross-culturally, and a hybrid idea of temporality is postulated based on the metaphor, presented regarding Memento in Chap. 2, of the Mobius strip. In the multicultural consciousness of the new era, as evoked by novel and film, time is both linear and circular. Christian Europe meets Buddhist East Asia in a new sensibility. The dawning historical consciousness evident in these works combines the linear narrative of modernity and its alternatives of “utopia or oblivion,” in Buckminster Fuller’s terms, together with the cyclical “eternal return,” in Mircea Eliade’s (2005) terms, to shape a paradoxical narrative shifting dialectically and cybernetically between the two. All becomes encapsulated from the self-referential and recursive perspective of Walter Benjamin’s Angel of History who, like Janus, looks both ways.
Preliminary results from a pilot study examining brain structure in older adult cannabis users and nonusers.

Abstract Exploring associations among cannabis use, brain structure, and cognitive function in older adults offers an opportunity to observe potential harm or benefit of cannabis. This pilot study assessed structural magnetic resonance imaging in older adults who were either current cannabis users (n = 28; mean age 69.8 years, 36% female) or nonusers (n = 28; mean age 66.8 years, 61% female). Recruitment targeted users who reported at least weekly use for at least the last year, although users had 23.55 years of regular cannabis use on average (SD=19.89, range 1.5–50 years). Groups were not significantly different in terms of sex, years of education, alcohol use, or anxiety symptoms, but were significantly different in age and depression symptoms. Users and nonusers did not differ in terms of total gray or white matter volumes controlling for age and depression symptoms, but users showed greater regional volume of left putamen, lingual cortex, and rostral middle frontal cortex. No significant differences between groups were observed in performance on a brief computerized cognitive battery. These results suggest that cannabis use likely does not have a widespread impact on overall cortical volume while controlling for age.
Pigmented Melanotic Schwannoma of the Neck: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature:

Background:Melanotic schwannoma is a rare tumor with indeterminate biologic behavior and varying treatment recommendations.Methods:We report 2 cases of pigmented melanotic schwannoma of the head an...
Role of Angiopoietin-2 in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology.

Angiopoietins 1–4 (Ang1–4) represent an important family of growth factors, whose activities are mediated through the tyrosine kinase receptors, Tie1 and Tie2. The best characterized are angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2). Ang1 is a potent angiogenic growth factor signaling through Tie2, whereas Ang2 was initially identified as a vascular disruptive agent with antagonistic activity through the same receptor. Recent data demonstrates that Ang2 has context-dependent agonist activities. Ang2 plays important roles in physiological processes and the deregulation of its expression is characteristic of several diseases. In this review, we summarize the activity of Ang2 on blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, its significance in human physiology and disease, and provide a current view of the molecular signaling pathways regulated by Ang2 in endothelial cells.
Which Petroleum Prices Best Explain Retail Fuel Price Changes

This paper examines which petroleum prices best explain changes in gasoline and diesel prices during three distinct periods of fuel price volatility during the 2003 to 2010 period. The results indicate that spot retail fuel prices are best explained by their futures prices over most periods, indicating that these futures markets provide valuable information about future spot fuel prices no matter the level of fuel price volatility.
Dynamic Nonlinear Response of Reinforced Concrete Arches

A set of nonlinear differential and algebraic equations and boundary conditions governing the behavior of two-hinged, reinforced-concrete, circular arches under dynamic loads is formulated. These equations are first nondimensionalized and the differential equations are converted into difference equations. A numerical method is developed to solve these governing equations and predict the ultimate loads. A digital computer program for the IBM 7090 computer is prepared to handle the extensive computations involved in this method.
Hyperbolicity in two-dimensional transition metal ditellurides induced by electronic bands nesting

Naturally occurring in-plane hyperbolic response, where metallic and dielectric response along orthogonal crystal axes coexists, is rarely observed in nature. Here, the authors find that in an anisotropic transition metal dichalcogenide (i.e., the 1${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase of WTe${}_{2}$), a pair of nested bands around its Fermi level provides the conditions for hyperbolicity to occur. The band-nesting induced resonant interband optical transitions, which in conjunction with the strong in-plane anisotropic optical processes, leads to hyperbolic plasmons in the near-infrared spectral regime. The physical principle is general, and the authors demonstrate similar hyperbolic response in other 1${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ transition metal dichalcogenides by modulating the degree of band nesting through strain engineering.
SARS-CoV-2 Restructures the Host Chromatin Architecture

SARS-CoV-2 has made >190-million infections worldwide, thus it is pivotal to understand the viral impacts on host cells. Many viruses can significantly alter host chromatin 1 , but such roles of SARS-CoV-2 are largely unknown. Here, we characterized the three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture and epigenome landscapes in human cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection, revealing remarkable restructuring of host chromatin architecture. High-resolution Hi-C 3.0 uncovered widespread A compartmental weakening and A-B mixing, together with a global reduction of intra-TAD chromatin contacts. The cohesin complex, a central organizer of the 3D genome, was significantly depleted from intra-TAD regions, supporting that SARS-CoV-2 disrupts cohesin loop extrusion. Calibrated ChIP-Seq verified chromatin restructuring by SARS-CoV-2 that is particularly manifested by a pervasive reduction of euchromatin modifications. Built on the rewired 3D genome/epigenome maps, a modified activity-by-contact model 2 highlights the transcriptional weakening of antiviral interferon response genes or virus sensors (e.g., DDX58 ) incurred by SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, pro-inflammatory genes (e.g. IL-6 ) high in severe infections were uniquely regulated by augmented H3K4me3 at their promoters. These findings illustrate how SARS-CoV-2 rewires host chromatin architecture to confer immunological gene deregulation, laying a foundation to characterize the long-term epigenomic impacts of this virus.
Parties and ideology in the American politics

In this course we will analyze the role of political parties and ideology in two of the major institutions the U.S. Congress and the Supreme Court. We will consider alternative ways of thinking about political divisions and trends using the U.S. Congress and Supreme Courts as critically important yet highly different venues for such divisions to manifest themselves. By the conclusion of this course, students should acquire an understanding of how ideas and parties divide Congress and the courts, both from a theoretical perspective and a historical perspective. We finish by considering future directions for party and ideology in American politics.
Prioritized group navigation with Formation Velocity Obstacles

We introduce the problem of navigating a group of robots having prioritized formations amidst static and dynamic obstacles. Our formulation allows users to define a number of template formations, each with a specified priority value. At each planning cycle, we compute a new formation which accounts for both these priority values and the safe progress of the robots towards their goal. To this end, we introduce a new velocity-based navigation approach which we denote as Formation Velocity Obstacles (FVO). Like other velocity-based approaches, FVO allows anticipatory collision avoidance accounting for the likely future motion of nearby obstacles. However, we extend these previous approaches and allow anisotropic agents which rotate themselves to orient along their direction of travel. We integrate these FVOs with a Bayesian framework to infer priority values for arbitrary formations from the user-given templates. The result is a complete framework for prioritized formation planning.
Fences Are Futile: On Relaxations for the Linear Ordering Problem

We study polyhedral relaxations for the linear ordering problem. The integrality gap for the standard linear programming relaxation is 2. Our main result is that the integrality gap remains 2 even when the standard relaxations are augmented with k-fence constraints for any k, and with k-Mobius ladder constraints for k up to 7; when augmented with k-Mobius ladder constraints for general k, the gap is at least 33/17 ≅ 1:94. Our proof is non-constructive-we obtain an extremal example via the probabilistic method. Finally, we show that no relaxation that is solvable in polynomial time can have an integrality gap less than 66/65 unless P=NP.
Why America Has a Property Rights Movement

Despite being the most vigorous defender of private property rights in the world, the United States has given rise to a strong property-rights movement. In his lecture, Joseph L. Sax notes that the basis of discontent in the system is the way in which similar plots of land are treated differently because land-use rules are created after substantial development has occurred. However, it is most often the developers themselves that oppose setting out the rules for development at the start. While the developer prospective that equal plots of land should be permitted to be developed equally is initially attractive, Sax concludes that courts should consider the time in which lots are developed, as landowners have advance notice that the circumstances affecting development may change with time.
An Automated South Pole Stellar Telescope

An 8-cm optical telescope is constructed for use at the south pole. It is designed to make photoelectric observations of selected stars continuously through an austral winter. The automated operation is controlled by a computer. The aim is to study the variability of the star γ2 Velorum as well as the condition of the polar sky and the performance of the instrument.
Challenges and Benefits of Early Bilingualism in the U.S. Context

The population of young dual language learners (DLL) in the United States has tripled in the last several decades and now accounts for 25% of all children in the U.S. (Migration Policy Institute, June 2014). Many of these children are exposed to multiple languages in the home and ECE setting and the vast majority are U.S. citizens. Despite the robust research documenting the extensive capacity of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers to learn multiple languages and the cognitive, social, and linguistic benefits of early bilingualism, most young DLLs in the U.S. do not receive enriched ECE that supports their emergent bilingualism. This article reviews the latest research, describes the developmental characteristics of young dual language learners, the similarities and differences between DLLs and young monolinguals, the current ECE policies and practices toward DLLs in the U.S., and concludes with policy recommendations at the federal, state, and local levels.
Interactive image-based exploded view diagrams

We present a system for creating interactive exploded view diagrams using 2D images as input. This image-based approach enables us to directly support arbitrary rendering styles, eliminates the need for building 3D models, and allows us to leverage the abundance of existing static diagrams of complex objects. We have developed a set of semi-automatic authoring tools for quickly creating layered diagrams that allow the user to specify how the parts of an object expand, collapse, and occlude one another. We also present a viewing system that lets users dynamically filter the information presented in the diagram by directly expanding and collapsing the exploded view and searching for individual parts. Our results demonstrate that a simple 2.5D diagram representation is powerful enough to enable a useful set of interactions and that, with the right authoring tools, effective interactive diagrams in this format can be created from existing static illustrations with a small amount of effort.
Cooperative enhancement of two-photon absorption in dendrimers with inter-branch conjugation

We present, for the first time, direct evidence of strong cooperative enhancement of two-photon absorption in organic dendrimers. For planar, conjugated structure maximum two-photon cross section increases as N2, where N is the number of constituent chromophores.
Determination of amniotic fluid phospholipids for the diagnosis of fetal maturation

Abstract In 111 patients, the L/S ratio, the concentration of phospholipids, lecithin, phosphate in total lipids, creatinine, and the foam test were determined at various periods of gestation by amniocentesis. Surface tension of amniotic fluid was measured by two different techniques (the angle of intersection and the bubble disappearance rate). Each test, with the exception of the angle of intersection and the concentration of phosphate in total lipids, correlates significantly with gestational age and with the L/S ratio of Gluck and Kulovich. The S.D. of each test is large. From the data it is concluded that the determination of amniotic fluid creatinine concentration and the use of the foam test provide fast, cheap, and reliable information when the tests are positive for maturation. If the amniotic fluid tests are in the immature range, amniocentesis should be repeated.
An efficient and scalable radix-4 modular multiplier design using recoding techniques

This paper presents the algorithm and architecture of a scalable radix-4 Montgomery multiplier. The straightforward implementation of a radix-4 design based on the techniques already published results in a poor solution. In this paper we present an algorithm and architecture for the scalable radix-4 multiplier that makes use of two types of digit receding in order to generate an efficient solution. The word-by-word algorithm used in the multiplier gives to the designer the freedom to select the level of parallelism according to the available area. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate that the proposed radix-4 Montgomery multiplier design has better area/performance tradeoff than previous radix-2 and 8 scalable designs.
Vacuolar ATPase 'a2' isoform exhibits distinct cell surface accumulation and modulates matrix metalloproteinase activity in ovarian cancer

// Arpita Kulshrestha 1 , Gajendra K. Katara 1 , Safaa Ibrahim 1, 2 , Sahithi Pamarthy 1 , Mukesh K. Jaiswal 1 , Alice Gilman Sachs 1 , Kenneth D. Beaman 1 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt Correspondence to: Kenneth D. Beaman, e-mail: kenneth.beaman@rosalindfranklin.edu Keywords: Vacuolar ATPase, a2 isoform, ovarian cancer, invasion, cortactin, MMP Received: September 19, 2014 Accepted: December 14, 2014 Published: January 21, 2015 ABSTRACT Tumor associated vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are multi-subunit proton pumps that acidify tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting tumor invasion. Subunit ‘a’ of its V0 domain is the major pH sensing unit that additionally controls sub-cellular targeting of V-ATPase and exists in four different isoforms. Our study reports an elevated expression of the V-ATPase-V0a2 isoform in ovarian cancer(OVCA) tissues and cell lines(A2780, SKOV-3 and TOV-112D). Among all V0’a’ isoforms, V0a2 exhibited abundant expression on OVCA cell surface while normal ovarian epithelia did not. Sub-cellular distribution of V-ATPase-V0a2 confirmed its localization on plasma-membrane, where it was also co-associated with cortactin, an F-actin stabilizing protein at leading edges of cancer cells. Additionally, V0a2 was also localized in early and late endosomal compartments that are sites for modulations of several signaling pathways in cancer. Targeted inhibition of V-ATPase-V0a2 suppressed matrix metalloproteinase activity(MMP-9 & MMP-2) in OVCA cells. In conclusion, V-ATPase-V0a2 isoform is abundantly expressed on ovarian tumor cell surface in association with invasion assembly related proteins and plays critical role in tumor invasion by modulating the activity of matrix-degrading proteases. This study highlights for the first time, the importance of V-ATPase-V0a2 isoform as a distinct biomarker and possible therapeutic target for treatment of ovarian carcinoma.
Microcomputers in hospital epidemiology

Computers can store, manage, and analyze large quantities of data. Thus, computers are an ideal tool for the modern practice of infection control. This article provides practical information for infection control personnel who must choose or upgrade a computer system.
Viral Warfare: The Security Implications of Cyber and Biological Weapons

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, two new threats have received increased attention: biological warfare (BW) and cyber warfare. While it may appear that these two threats have little in common, they share several characteristics that have significant implications for international security. This article examines the two modalities side-by-side to review these common characteristics. In light of these commonalities and due to the extensive experience and rich history of dealing with BW threats, strategies for enhancing cyber security could advance more quickly by drawing meaningful insights from the biological warfare experience, such as the prospect of developing constraining international norms.
Hall conductivity and Lorentz force law for two-band semiconductors

The intraband and interband contributions to the Hall conductivity are calculated for a two-band semiconductor. The interband contributions to the conductivity include a residual term at frequencies less than the band gap. The residual conductivity can be related to a spin-orbit component of the Lorentz force law, analogous to the relativistic case for electrons and positrons. The conductivity is shown to satisfy the proper sum rule.
Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Angiogenic Factors in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is paradoxically associated with a reduced risk of developing preeclampsia. Both smoking and preeclampsia are associated with alterations in circulating angiogenic factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and the angiogenic factors soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. METHODS Plasma sFlt-1, PlGF, and cotinine were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 125 women with uncomplicated pregnancies (controls) and 58 women with preeclampsia. RESULTS In uncomplicated pregnancies, maternal sFlt-1 concentrations were lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers (779.6 (487.5-1,140.8) vs. 1,116.5 (793.6-1,905.2) pg/ml, P < 0.005). Preeclamptic women who smoked also demonstrated a trend toward lower concentrations of sFlt-1 compared to nonsmokers (3,423.0 (2,183.4-5,689.0) vs. 5,504.9 (3,418.0-6,361.3) pg/ml, P = 0.07). Maternal PlGF concentrations were higher in smokers with uncomplicated pregnancies (398.4 (165.2-621.7) vs. 191.4 (104.6-446.8) pg/ml); however, this was not a statistically significant difference (P = 0.07). PlGF concentrations were not different in preeclamptic smokers compared to nonsmokers. The sFlt/PlGF ratio was significantly lower in smokers with uncomplicated pregnancies, but not in smokers with preeclampsia compared to nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking is associated with lower maternal sFlt-1 concentrations during pregnancy and preeclampsia. On the basis of these data, cigarette smoke exposure may decrease the risk of preeclampsia in part by moderating the anti-angiogenic phenotype observed in the syndrome.