cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of passive immunity in foals to equine viral arteritis

Abstract The capacity of colostral samples collected from mares immune to equine viral arteritis to neutralize arteritis virus was two or more times greater than that present in the dams' sera. This activity in the mammary secretions was very low or undetectable after 1 week. The capacity of sera from eight of the nine foals born to immune mares to neutralize arteritis virus was high at 1 week of age. All of the titres had declined to extinction after 2–6 months. Arteritis virus neutralization was not detected in serum collected from foals prior to nursing or in samples from non-immune mares and their foals. Foals from immune mares developed mild signs or no signs of disease when inoculated nasally with virulent arteritis virus at 6 days of age. Seven- to nine-day-old foals from non-immune mares responded to vaccinationas they had appreciable serum-virus neutralizing antibody titres 6 months after vaccination and did not develop signs of disease when inoculated nasally with virulent virus. Foals of the same ages from immune mares did not respond to the vaccine since antibody could not be detected 6 months after vaccination and they either died or experienced clinically severe disease when inoculated nasally with virulent arteritis virus.
Critical temperatures of the two-band model for diluted magnetic semiconductors

Using dynamical mean field theory and Monte Carlo simulations, we study the ferromagnetic transition temperature (T{sub c}) of a two-band model for diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS), varying coupling constants, hopping parameters, and carrier densities. We found that T{sub c} is optimized at all fillings p when both impurity bands fully overlap in the same energy range, namely when the exchange couplings J and bandwidths are identical. The optimal T{sub c} is found to be about twice larger than the maximum value obtained in the one-band model, showing the importance of multiband descriptions of DMS at intermediate J's.
Physical Education Teacher Effectiveness in a Public Health Context

The health benefits of physical activity are well documented, and the important role that schools and physical education (PE) can play in reducing sedentary behavior and contributing to population health has been identified. Although effective teaching is ultimately judged by student achievement, a major component of teacher and school effectiveness studies has been student engagement. Thus, in PE, it is important to assess the teaching and learning processes related to expected outcomes, including what students and teachers do and how lessons are delivered. Within a public health context, it is then important to assess how teachers provide students with ample health-enhancing physical activity to help them become physically fit and to learn generalizable movement and behavioral skills designed to promote physical activity and fitness outside of class time. In this article, we emphasize that the future of PE in our nation's schools will depend on the ability of schools to provide programs that are perceiv...
Pyrophosphate formation as the most efficient condensation reaction of activated nucleotides

When an oligonucleotide primer pG10 is incubated with the nucleotide analogue 9-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-1-yl] guanine diphosphate ( $$p\overline{\overline G} p$$ , I) in the presence of poly(C), addition of the monomer occurs almost exclusively at the 5′-terminal phosphate rather than the 3′-terminalcis-glycol. The implications of this finding in the context of prebiotic condensation reactions are discussed.
Self-Organization, Transformity, and Information

Ecosystems and other self-organizing systems develop system designs and mathematics that reinforce energy use, characteristically with alternate pulsing of production and consumption, increasingly recognized as the new paradigm. Insights from the energetics of ecological food chains suggest the need to redefine work, distinguishing kinds of energy with a new quantity, the transformity (energy of one type required per unit of another). Transformities may be used as an energy-scaling factor for the hierarchies of the universe including information. Solar transformities in the biosphere, expressed as solar emjoules per joule, range from one for solar insolation to trillions for categories of shared information. Resource contributions multiplied by their transformities provide a scientifically based value system for human service, environmental mitigation, foreign trade equity, public policy alternatives, and economic vitality.
Dye-laser-induced separation of nitrogen and carbon isotopes

Abstract A unimolecular, laser-induced dissociation reaction of s-tetrazine (C 2 H 2 N 4 ), with a quantum yield of close to unity, was used to separate nitrogen 14 15 and carbon 12 13 isotopes. The sharp Q-branch of the 0-0 band of the 5515 A absorption system of tetrazine was irradiated for 1 minute periods with a 10 mW cw tunable dye laser output that was monochromatic to about 0.05 A. Each of the decomposition products, found here to be HCN and N 2 , as well as the starting material, could be altered in isotopic composition, in either direction, by selection of an appropriate laser wavelength. The largest one-step enrichment ratio measured was 72. It makes possible mass separation at an efficiency of 17 moles per kWh of laser energy.
Perceptions of behavioral health care among veterans with substance use disorders: Results from a national evaluation of mental health services in the Veterans Health Administration

Abstract Understanding patients' perceptions of care is essential for health care systems. We examined predictors of perceptions of behavioral health care (satisfaction with care, helpfulness of care, and perceived improvement) among veterans with substance use disorders (SUD; n =1,581) who participated in a phone survey as part of a national evaluation of mental health services in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration. In multivariate analyses, SUD specialty care utilization and higher mental health functioning were associated positively with all perceptions of care, and comorbid schizophrenia, bipolar, and PTSD were associated positively with multiple perceptions of care. Perceived helpfulness of care was associated with receipt of SUD specialty care in the prior 12months (adjusted OR=1.77, p
Patient literacy levels: a consideration when designing patient education programs.

The purposes of this study were to examine (a) the relationship between patients' own reports of the highest grade completed in school and their actual reading level and (b) the relationship between literacy and the level of knowledge about self-care after patients had received education involving written discharge instructions. In addition, the content of the materials was analyzed for its cultural sensitivity. Twenty-six patients who had had either hip- or knee-replacement surgery at an inner-city hospital participated in this correlational descriptive study. There was a significant negative relationship between patients' own reports of highest grade completed in school and their actual reading level (r = -.39, p < .05). Rehabilitation nurses should find this study beneficial for developing, assessing, and using written patient education materials appropriate for the reading level of their patient populations.
Influence of Dihydrogen and Water Vapor on the Kinetics of CO Oxidation over Au/Al2O3

Alumina-supported Au nanoparticles were prepared by a deposition-precipitation method using HAuCl4 and a thermal treatment in He. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Au LIII edge revealed that the Au particles were predominantly metallic with an average size of 1.2 nm. The kinetics of CO oxidation were measured with various amounts of co-fed H2O in the presence and absence of H2. Co-feeding H2O significantly increased the rate of CO oxidation, with rates similar to that observed during selective CO oxidation in H2. The order of reaction with respect to CO decreased from 0.32 to 0.18 by the addition of water vapor. In contrast, the O2 order increased from 0.36 to 0.48 in the presence of H2O. The temperature dependence of the rate changes with water concentration. Although values of the kinetic parameters determined in the presence of H2 were different from those in the presence of co-fed H2O, the general trends were similar. These results suggest that the presence of H2O or H2 and O2 have similar promotio...
Early Intraorganizational Mobility: Patterns and Influences

This study examined patterns of early upward mobility for a cohort of 180 employees of an oil company over an 11-year period. The results were not consistent with a strict tournament model of mobil...
Flow solution on a dual-block grid around an airplane

The compressible flow around a complex fighter-aircraft configuration (fuselage, cranked delta wing, canard, and inlet) is simulated numerically using a novel grid scheme and a finite-volume Euler solver. The patched dual-block grid is generated by an algebraic procedure based on transfinite interpolation, and the explicit Runge-Kutta time-stepping Euler solver is implemented with a high degree of vectorization on a Cyber 205 processor. Results are presented in extensive graphs and diagrams and characterized in detail. The concentration of grid points near the wing apex in the present scheme is shown to facilitate capture of the vortex generated by the leading edge at high angles of attack and modeling of its interaction with the canard wake.
Dinoflagellate cysts of the Early Cretaceous North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Early Cretaceous dinoflagellate cysts were reinvestigated from nine deep-sea sites of the North and Central Atlantic. In general the zonation scheme developed for the western Central Atlantic ( Habib, 1977 ; Habib and Drugg, 1983 ) can also be applied to the eastern Central Atlantic. Comparison with the probabilistic zonation of Gradstein et al. (1992) show, however, that the first occurrences of the important marker species Druggidium apicopaucicum, Druggidium deflandrei, Druggidium rhabdoreticulatum and Odontochitina operculata appear to occur slightly later in the eastern Central Atlantic in respect to nannofossils and benthic foraminifers. Muderongia neocomica has a shorter stratigraphic range in the eastern Central Atlantic than in the western Central Atlantic.
Note---A Dominance Relation in Dynamic Lot Sizing

A computationally efficient forward algorithm for the Economic Lot Size Model is developed. It uses a Dominance Relation and the Ordering Cost to limit the solution space. The Dominance Relation developed includes the standard planning horizon theorem. Extensions for price breaks and monotonically nonincreasing production costs are presented.
Reliability and validity of current physical examination techniques of the foot and ankle.

Background: This literature review was undertaken to evaluate the reliability and validity of the orthopedic, neurologic, and vascular examination of the foot and ankle. Methods: We searched PubMed—the US National Library of Medicine’s database of biomedical citations—and abstracts for relevant publications from 1966 to 2006. We also searched the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. We identified 35 articles to review. For discussion purposes, we used reliability interpretation guidelines proposed by others. For the κ statistic that calculates reliability for dichotomous (eg, yes or no) measures, reliability was defined as moderate (0.4–0.6), substantial (0.6–0.8), and outstanding (> 0.8). For the intraclass correlation coefficient that calculates reliability for continuous (eg, degrees of motion) measures, reliability was defined as good (> 0.75), moderate (0.5–0.75), and poor (< 0.5). Results: Intraclass correlations, based on the various examinations performed, varied widely. The range was from 0....
Interaction of Cracks with Rigid Inclusions in Longitudinal Shear Deformation

The interaction of a crack with rigid circular cylindrical inclusions is considered for the case of longitudinal shear deformation. General representations of the solutions for a radial crack near a single and midway between two inclusions are given. The particular case of uniform shearing stress applied at infinity is discussed in detail.
Effect of vitamin D deficiency on skeletal development during early growth in the rat

Abstract To define the role of vitamin D in early development, female weanling rats were grown to maturity on a vitamin D-deficient diet and mated with normal males. At Day 20 of pregnancy the weight and total body calcium of fetuses were determined. At various times after parturition, pups were sacrificed. Plasma samples were analyzed for calcium and phorphorus, and femurs were characterized as to volume, dry weight, ash weight, and total calcium. The results indicate that vitamin D deficiency with its accompanying hypocalcemia does not impair placental transfer of calcium nor weight gain of the fetus. Vitamin D deficiency does appear to increase calcium accumulation in the fetus. After parturition vitamin D is functional in maintaining a normocalcemia as early as 3 days postpartum and its importance increases with age of the neonate. Bone mineralization is clearly disrupted by Day 14 as judged by calcium content per unit bone volume and the severity of the defect increases with age. Both vitamin D and normal concentrations of calcium and phosphorus appear to be essential for proper skeletal development during early growth postpartum.
Improved nm displacement detector for microscopic beads at frequencies below 10 Hz

A modular differential interference contrast microscope combined with laser interferometry has been designed and constructed to detect nm-scale displacements of microscopic beads with a root mean square noise less than 0.4 nm. The unique feature of our system lies in its capability of preserving the nm-scale detection sensitivity down to a low-frequency region of a few Hz. The modularized design ensures the system is accessible to further modifications as frequently required by various biological experiments such as employing multiple laser traps to manipulate rod-shaped samples.
SO 2 emission of the 1974 eruption of Volcán Fuego, Guatemala

Volcan Fuego in the Central American Republic of Guatemala erupted violently in October, 1974. A remote sensing correlation spectrometer. COSPEC IV, which utilizes the characteristic molecular absorption of SO2 in the ultraviolet was used to monitor the SO2 content of the volcanic plume. Over a 60-day period measurements were made on 37 days between and following major eruptive phases. SO2 emission rates corrected for atmospheric scattering of the spectral signal average 423 metric tons/day with a standard deviation of 252 metric tons/days. Late stage peaks in SO2 emission at Fuego are consistent with the presence of anomalously high contents of soluble materials on the stratigraphically highest ashes from other Central American eruptions. Indications are that the SO2 concentration within the volcanic plume increased as activity waned. These features imply that remote spectroscopic sensing of SO2 and perhaps other gases in a volcanic plume may provide a relatively easy and inexpensive means of determining the cessation of violent eruptive activity.
Comparison of Cochlear Implant Performance after Round Window Electrode Insertion Compared with Traditional Cochleostomy

ObjectiveTo compare speech perception after undergoing round window (RW) electrode insertion with those who underwent traditional cochleostomy (C) cochlear implant (CI) surgery.Study DesignCase ser...
Poster Abstract: Efficient Broadcast Authentication for Wireless Sensor Networks

This work proposes a reliable and secure broadcast protocol for ad hoc wireless (sensor) networks. Since reliability and security compete for the same resources, we jointly solve for error control coding and integrity for a broadcast scenario. Hence, it is very important that data packets are received by all nodes in the network using minimum number of transmissions and with a minimum latency because of the limited resources of the sensor nodes and the urgency of the information. We assume that the adversary can drop (or modify) legitimate packets and inject its own packets by compromising nodes. Thus, it is critical that, any node receiving a malicious packet immediately filters it out and uses only the legitimate ones for forwarding to the next hop and decoding. This makes the packet authentication a very challenging problem for broadcast. We build our authentication scheme, on top of a reliable and energy-efficient broadcasting protocol called Collaborative Rateless Broadcast (CRBcast) to achieve efficiency, reliability and authenticity.
Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy

Background: Laparoscopic surgery is known for its many advantages, but the use of this modality during pregnancy is still under discussion. Methods: The subjects in this discussion are the unknown influence of the pneumoperitoneum and the fear of damaging the uterus while inserting the Veress needle and trocars. In a review of recent literature describing laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy, no complications were seen. We performed four laparoscopic appendectomies and three laparoscopic cholecystectomies between 12 and 33 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA). Results: All pregnancies passed without complications and ended in at-term deliveries of healthy babies. Conclusions: The risks, precautions to avoid them, and the safety of laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy are discussed in the light of our experience and reports in recent literature.
Mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury

The idiosyncratic nature and poor prognosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) make this type of reaction a major safety issue during drug development, as well as the most common cause for the withdrawal of drugs from the pharmaceutical market. The key to predicting and preventing DILI is understanding the underlying mechanisms. DILI is initiated by direct hepatotoxic effects of a drug, or a reactive metabolite of a drug. Parenchymal cell injury induces activation of innate and/or adaptive immune cells, which, in turn, produce proinflammatory and tissue hepatotoxic mediators, and/or mount immune reactions against drug-associated antigens. Understanding the molecular and cellular elements associated with these pathways can help identify risk factors and may ultimately facilitate the development of strategies to predict and prevent DILI.
A low-Q resonant tank phase modulator for outphasing transmitters

A new design concept is proposed for a phase modulator for outphasing transmitter architectures, utilizing the phase shifting capabilities of a resonant tank and the ability to separately control the circuit properties via its components. A prototype in 65-nm CMOS achieves 12 bits of resolution, with a fast settling time of less than five carrier cycles to within 1°. The circuit is also tested as a stand-alone transmitter showing an EVM of less than 5% for 8-PSK modulation at maximum data rate, meeting the FCC requirements for operation at the medical implant communication services (MICS) band.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPLE FORMS OF BRAIN TUBULIN SUBUNITS

— Microtubular protein was isolated from rat forebrain by biochemical purification (ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE cellulose chromatography) or by two cycles of aggregation-disaggregation. The protein subunit structure was examined on two-dimensional electrophoretograms: first dimension, urea isoelectric focusing gel; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate exponential acrylamide slab gel. Two forms of α tubulin were separated in the second dimension on the basis of different rates of migration (α and α2). Each of these species was further separated into at least three forms with different isoelectric points. β Tubulin was separated into a minor species (BI) and a major species β2). Multiple subunits were observed using protein from either purification method and in a two-dimensional electrophoretogram of total supernatant proteins from rat brain. Separation and visualization of multiple forms of α and β tubulin is consistent with reports that provide evidence for post-translational modification of these proteins.
Determination of population, alignment, and orientation using laser induced fluorescence with unresolved emission. II

When an anisotropic ensemble of isolated atoms or molecules absorbs radiation from a polarized laser beam and the resulting fluorescence is collected independent of wavelength (1+1 unresolved LIF) with optional polarization analysis, the moments of the spatial distribution of the angular momentum J of the initial state in the ensemble may be determined. Previously, work by A. C. Kummel, G. O. Sitz, and R. N. Zare [J. Chem. Phys. 88, 7357 (1988)] correctly derived what possible moments can be found when cylindrical symmetry is present. This work shows that several additional alignment moments, not mentioned in KSZ, can be found in ensembles having noncylindrical symmetry.
Hybrid membrane filtration process for leachate treatment

Abstract A hybrid technology known as the ultrafiltration-biologically active carbon (UF-BAC) process that amalgamates adsorption, biodegradation and membrane filtration is found to be highly efficient for treatment of landfill leachates. The process employs bioactive powdered activated carbon (PAC) with a leachate-acclimated microbial culture for the simultaneous sorption and biodegradation of organic constituents. Tubular cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane modules separate out colloids and microorganisms, and a high quality permeate is obtained. Batch biokinetic studies were performed for the two leachates to evaluate their extent of biodegradability and biodegradation kinetics. The process efficiencies for both leachates were in the range of 95–98% in terms of TOC removal, and exceeded 97% for specific organic pollutants. The UF-BAC process compared well with the PACT process in terms of organic removal, and produced higher quality effluent in terms of suspended solids (100% removal). The study demonstrated that addition of 1% PAC mitigated permeate flux deterioration attributed to membrane fouling and concentration polarization, and enhanced permeate transport. Possible mechanisms for flux amelioration are discussed.
Least-Squares Learning and the Stability of Equilibria with Externalities

This paper studies the stability of competitive equilibria in a model of aggregate employment when the representative agent uses a least-squares forecasting procedure. It is shown that the Pareto inferior low employment steady state is always unstable under least-squares learning, even if it is stable under perfect foresight. The high employment steady state is stable under learning if and only if it is saddle point stable under perfect foresight. This weakens multiple equilibrium theories of coordination failure that purport to explain persistently high unemployment. The Pareto superior high employment steady state will be the focal point of individual forecasting.
Ultrasonography in the preoperative evaluation of neck abscesses.

Forty consecutive probable neck abscesses were evaluated prospectively with ultrasonography to determine the necessity and timing of surgical drainage, and the results were correlated with the physical and operative findings. Ultrasonography was found to be superior to physical examination in predicting the presence (or absence) of pus in these cases.
Hormone Receptor Expression in Spontaneous Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Fischer 344 Rats

Most uterine cancers, the most common gynecological malignancies in women in developed countries, are hormone-dependent endometrial adenocarcinomas (EACs) that express estrogen and progesterone receptors. Although rat strains exist with a high spontaneous incidence of EAC, the Fischer 344 (F344) strain, previously one of the most commonly used strains in carcinogenicity testing, is not a high-incidence strain. To better understand the biology of this neoplasm, we assessed estrogen receptor α (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 expression using immunohistochemistry in spontaneous EAC in 18 F344 rats used as control animals in 2-year National Toxicology Program bioassays. Of the 18 tumors, 9 were well-differentiated and 9 were poorly differentiated. Most tumors, 7/18, were ER+PR+, as observed in women. Of the remainder, 6/18 were ER+PR−, 2/18 were ER−PR+, and 3/18 were ER−PR−. Well-differentiated tumors were ER+ (8/9) more often than poorly differentiated tumors (5/9). The percentage of ER+ tumors (...
Overview, Prevention, and Treatment of Rabies

Each year, approximately 55,000 individuals worldwide die from an infection due to the rabies virus. Rabies is a life-threatening disease caused by an RNA virus that is usually transmitted to humans through bites from rabid animals. More recently, reports of transmission by means of organ transplantation have been reported. Since human rabies is nearly 100% fatal if prophylactic measures are not followed, an increased awareness of who should receive prophylaxis and when prophylaxis should be administered is necessary. Preexposure prophylaxis entails the administration of the rabies vaccine to individuals at high risk for exposure to rabies viruses (e.g., laboratory workers who handle infected specimens, diagnosticians, veterinarians, animal control workers, rabies researchers, cave explorers). Preexposure prophylaxis involves a three-dose series of the rabies vaccine that may confer some protection from the virus while simplifying postexposure prophylaxis regimens. Postexposure prophylaxis consists of a multimodal approach to decrease an individual's likelihood of developing clinical rabies after a possible exposure to the virus. Regimens depend on the vaccination status of the victim and involve a combination of wound cleansing, administration of the rabies vaccine, and administration of human rabies immune globulin. If used in a timely and accurate fashion, postexposure prophylaxis is nearly 100% effective. Once clinical manifestations of rabies have developed, however, treatment options for rabies are limited, and to date, only seven individuals have survived rabies virus infection. Treatment of clinical rabies consists of medical support in an intensive care unit, using a multifaceted approach that includes supportive care, heavy sedation, analgesics, anticonvulsants, and antivirals. The recently developed Milwaukee Protocol added induction of therapeutic coma to supportive care measures and antivirals; however, its use has shown inconsistent outcomes.
Belief, Doubt and Reason: C. S. Peirce on education

In this paper, we explore Peirce's work for insights into a theory of learning and cognition for education. Our focus for this exploration is Peirce's paper The Fixation of Belief (FOB), originally published in 1877 in Popular Science Monthly. We begin by examining Peirce's assertion that the study of logic is essential for understanding thought and reasoning. We explicate Peirce's view of the nature of reasoning itself—the characteristic guiding principles or ‘habits of mind’ that underlie acts of inference, the dimensions of and interaction between doubt and belief, and his four methods of resolving or ‘fixing’ belief (i.e., tenacity, authority, a priori, and experimentation). The four methods are then juxtaposed against current models of teaching and learning such as constructivism, schema theory, situated cognition, and inquiry learning. Finally, we discuss Peirce's modes of inference as they relate educationally to the resolution of doubt and beliefs and offer an example of belief resolution from an ...
A perturbation-free replay platform for cross-optimized multithreaded applications

Development of multithreaded applications is particularly tricky because of their non-deterministic execution behaviors. Tools that support the debugging and performance timing of such applications are needed. Key to the construction of such tools is the ability to repeat the nondeterministic execution behavior of a multithreaded application. A clean separation between the application and the system that runs it facilitates supporting that ability. This paper presents a platform for constructing such tools in a context in which any separation between the application and the underlying system (and between both and the platform's own instrumentation code) has been obscured. DejaVu supports deterministic replay of nondeterministic executions of multithreaded Java programs on the Jalapeno virtual machine (running on a uniprocessor). Jalapeno is written in Java and its optimizing compiler regularly integrates application, virtual machine, and DejaVu instrumentation code into unified machine-code sequences. DejaVu ensures deterministic replay through symmetric instrumentation-side-effect identical instrumentation in both record and replay modes-and remote reflection which exposes the state of an application without perturbing it.
Comparing the Use of Active versus Passive Navigational Tools In a Virtual Desktop Environment via Eye Tracking

Through technological advancements, the use of virtual environments (VE) in education and training has increased. One challenge that users face is the task of navigation in virtual environments. This research investigates navigation within a virtual environment and how users utilize different navigational tools. Navigational tools are categorized as either active or passive, based on the type of information that they present. The goal of this study was to determine if there are differences in the ways that users use passive and active navigational tools. This study was conducted by collecting eye fixations and fixation durations while participants used a navigation tool in completing a task in a VE. Results revealed no significant difference between percentage of fixations and fixation durations and future research should investigate the comparison of active and passive navigational tools in more complex virtual environments.
“All Models Are Wrong, but Some Are Useful”

I have found myself repeating this famous Box (1980) quote a lot lately, so much so that one colleague said he was going to keep a tally (perhaps implying that it is getting annoying). Maybe explaining the three main reasons here will help shut me up. Building a new model, especially one used for policy purposes, takes considerable time, effort, and resources. In justifying such expenditures, one inevitably spends a lot of time denigrating previous models. For example, in pitching the third Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF3) (http://www.WGCEP.org/UCERF3), criticisms of the previous model included fault‐segmentation assumptions and the lack of multifault ruptures. In the context of including spatiotemporal clustering for operational earthquake forecasting (e.g., Jordan et al. , 2011), another criticism has been that previous candidate models not only ignore elastic rebound but also produce results that are antithetical to that theory. For instance, the short‐term earthquake probabilities model (Gerstenberger et al. , 2005), which provided California aftershock hazard maps at the U.S. Geological Survey web site between 2005 and 2010, implies that the time of highest likelihood for any rupture will be the moment after it occurs, even for a big one on the San Andreas fault. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations imply that excluding elastic rebound in such models also produces unrealistic triggering statistics (Field, 2012). > Given all models are wrong, what we really hope is that any new model is more useful than its predecessors and that the value added exceeds the total development costs. While UCERF3 includes solutions to these and other issues, it also embodies questionable assumptions and approximations of its own. For example, simplified rules are used to quantify which multifault ruptures are possible, including a 5 km distance threshold that allows faults separated by 4.999 km to rupture together, but not those separated by 5.001 km. Although …
Comparison of a safety strategy using transradial access and dual-axis rotational coronary angiography with transfemoral access and standard coronary angiography.

Objectives We sought to investigate the radiation exposure and contrast utilization associated with using a strategy of transradial access and rotational angiography (radial-DARCA) compared to the traditional approach of transfemoral access and standard angiography (femoral-SA). Background There is an increased focus on optimizing patient safety during cardiac catheterization procedures. Professional guidelines have highlighted physician responsibility to minimize radiation doses and contrast volume. Dual axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) is the most recently investigated type of rotational angiography. This new technique permits complete visualization of the left or right coronary tree with a single injection, and is felt to reduce contrast and radiation exposure. Methods A total of 56 consecutive patients who underwent radial-DARCA were identified. From the same time period, an age- and gender-matched group of 61 patients who had femoral-SA were selected for comparison. Total volume of contrast agent used, fluoroscopy time, and 2 measures of radiation dose (dose area product and air kerma) were recorded for each group. Results Mean contrast agent use and patient radiation exposure of the radial-DARCA group were significantly less than that of the femoral-SA group. There was no significant difference in fluoroscopy time between the 2 groups. Conclusions Physicians can successfully employ an innovative safety strategy of transradial access combined with DARCA that is feasible and is associated with lower radiation doses and contrast volume than femoral artery access and traditional coronary angiography approach. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:524-529)
Litomosoides carinii in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus): ability to retard development of challenge larvae can be transferred with cells and serum.

To test the ability of cells and/or serum from jirds ( Meriones unguiculatus ) infected with Litomosoides carinii to transfer the ability to retard development of challenge larvae, a series of transfer experiments were done. Groups of jirds received larval challenge preceded by one of eight preparations: spleen cells and/or serum from 10-day-patent infected jirds; normal spleen cells and/or normal serum; primary larvae; challenge larvae only. No significant differences in size or numbers of larvae recovered were found among groups receiving either cells or serum only. However, significant differences in larval size were found between groups receiving both cells and serum from infected donors and those receiving normal cells and serum. These comparisons indicate that the ability of infected jirds to retard development of challenge infection larvae can be transferred with cells and serum together but not separately.
Predictive control of aggregate surface morphology in a two-stage thin film deposition process for improved light trapping

This work focuses on the development of a model predictive control algorithm to simultaneously regulate the aggregate surface slope and roughness of a thin film growth process to optimize thin film light reflectance and transmittance. Specifically, a two-stage thin film deposition process, which involves two microscopic processes: an adsorption process and a migration process, is modeled based on a one-dimensional solidon-solid square lattice via kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) method. The first stage of this process utilizes a uniform deposition rate profile to control the thickness of the thin film and the second stage of the process utilizes a spatially distributed deposition profile to control the surface morphology of the thin film. An Edwards-Wilkinson (EW)-type equation with appropriately computed parameters is used to describe the dynamics of the surface height profile and predict the evolution of the aggregate root-mean-square (RMS) roughness and aggregate RMS slope. A model predictive control algorithm is then developed on the basis of the EW equation model to regulate the aggregate RMS slope and the aggregate RMS roughness at desired levels.
Improved distance sensitivity oracles via random sampling

We present improved oracles for the distance sensitivity problem. The goal is to preprocess a graph G = (V,E) with non-negative edge weights to answer queries of the form: what is the length of the shortest path from x to y that does not go through some failed vertex or edge f. There are two state of the art algorithms for this problem. The first produces an oracle of size O(n2) that has an O(1) query time, and an O(mn2) construction time. The second oracle has size O(n2.5), but the construction time is only O(mn1.5). We present two new oracles that substantially improve upon both of these results. Both oracles are constructed with randomized, Monte Carlo algorithms. For directed graphs with non-negative edge weights, we present an oracle of size O(n2), which has an O(1) query time, and an O(n2√m) construction time. For unweighted graphs, we achieve a more general construction time of O(√n3 · APSP + mn), where APSP is the time it takes to compute all pairs shortest paths in an aribtrary subgraph of G.
Ultrasound Identification and Lysis of Clots

Poor recovery after systemic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy could result from the initial severity of ischemic insult and slow and incomplete thrombolysis. Persisting arterial occlusions can be identified at bedside using portable diagnostic ultrasound by detecting residual flow signals around the thrombus (thrombolysis in brain ischemia [TIBI] flow grades). A narrow pulsed ultrasound beam can be steadily aimed at the thrombus/residual flow interface, exposing more thrombus surface and structures to tPA, and tPA activity can be enhanced with 2 MHz transcranial Doppler (TCD). A randomized, multicenter, clinical trial called CLOTBUST (Combined Lysis of Thrombus in Brain ischemia using transcranial Ultrasound and Systemic tPA) trial showed a 49% rate of complete recanalization or dramatic clinical recovery from stroke within 2 hours after tPA bolus when tPA infusion was continuously monitored with TCD, compared with 30% among patients who received tPA without ultrasound monitoring (P=0.03, number...
Energy recovery linacs light sources: an overview

Sparked by the highly successful operation of energy recovery linac (ERL) free electron lasers (FELs) at TJNAF and JAERI and also by the novel MARS light source (LS) proposal from BINP, numerous facilities worldwide are now considering ERL based light source projects. A survey of the various light sources and FELs based on ERL technology will be given. An overview of the critical R&D issues that must be addressed in future ERLs will also be presented.
A fast and flexible architecture for very large word n-gram datasets

This paper presents TrendStream, a versatile architecture for very large word n-gram datasets. Designed for speed, flexibility, and portability, TrendStream uses a novel trie-based architecture, features lossless compression, and provides optimization for both speed and memory use. In addition to literal queries, it also supports fast pattern matching searches (with wildcards or regular expressions), on the same data structure, without any additional indexing. Language models are updateable directly in the compiled binary format, allowing rapid encoding of existing tabulated collections, incremental generation of n-gram models from streaming text, and merging of encoded compiled files. This architecture offers flexible choices for loading and memory utilization: fast memory-mapping of a multi-gigabyte model, or on-demand partial data loading with very modest memory requirements. The implemented system runs successfully on several different platforms, under different operating systems, even when the n-gram model file is much larger than available memory. Experimental evaluation results are presented with the Google Web1T collection and the Gigaword corpus.
Intraclutch variation in egg appearance of Brown-headed Cowbird hosts

ABSTRACT Several species of avian brood parasites have evolved egg mimicry, which can interfere with host egg rejection. Parasitic egg mimicry may select for decreased intraclutch variation in host egg appearance to facilitate the recognition and rejection of parasitic eggs. This hypothesis has received scant attention in hosts of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) because the cowbird apparently has not evolved mimetic eggs. Nonetheless, hosts with eggs similar in appearance to cowbird eggs should minimize intraclutch variation to increase the likelihood of detecting parasitism. By contrast, there may be minimal selection pressure to reduce intraclutch variation in hosts with eggs that are divergent from cowbird eggs. Using reflectance spectrometry, we compared the intraclutch variation between accepters and rejecters of 2 groups of host species: those with eggs similar in appearance to cowbird eggs (white maculate eggs) and those with eggs that clearly diverge in appearance from cowbird eggs (blue...
Application of Airway Pressure Therapy in Veterinary Critical Care: Part I: Respiratory Mechanics and Hypoxemia

Summary Over the past several decades, recognition of acute respiratory failure as the cause of death in patients suffering from various clinical conditions has prompted aggressiv investigation into the area of respiratory physiology and supportive respiratory care. With the evolution of emergency medicine and critical care services in both human and veterinary medicine, many patients previously considered unsalvageable due to the severity of their underlying disease are now being resuscitated and successfully supported, creating a new population of critically ill patients. Where only a decade ago these patients would have succumbed to their underlying disease, they now survive long enough to manifest the complications of shock and tissue injury in the form of acute respiratory failure. Investigation into the pathophysiology and treatment of this acute respiratory distress syndrom (ARDS) has facilitated increased clinical application of respiratory theerapy and machanical ventilation.1 The purpose of this paper is to provide a basic review of respiratory mechanics and the pathophysiology of hypoxemia as they relate to airway pressure therapy in veterinary patients and to review the use of airway pressure therapy in veterinary patients This paper is divided into two parts; part I reviews respiratory mechanics and hypoxemia as they apply to respiratory therapy, while part II deals specifically with airway pressure therapy andits use in clinical cases.
Safety and efficacy of bedtime versus daytime administration of the miconazole nitrate 1200 mg vaginal ovule insert to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis

ABSTRACTObjective: Most vaginal products are self- administered at bedtime. Safety, efficacy, and therapeutic cure with bedtime versus daytime treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) were assessed to potentially improve compliance and convenience with vaginal antifungal treatment.Methods: A non-inferiority study evaluated 573 women with symptoms of VVC, randomized to daytime or bedtime self-administration of single dose of miconazole nitrate 1200 mg vaginal ovule (Monistat-1). * Monistat-1 is a registered trade name of Personal Products Company, a division of McNeil-PPC, Inc., Skillman, NJ, USAResults: Subjects (n = 149) were evaluated for efficacy in the Daytime group and 163 in the Bedtime group. In the Daytime group, 86 (57.7%) participants achieved therapeutic cure, with 105 (70.5%) and 111 (74.5%) exhibiting mycologic and clinical cures, respectively. In the Bedtime group, 83 (50.9%) subjects achieved therapeutic cure, with 104 (63.8%) and 120 (73.6%) exhibiting mycologic and clinical cures, resp...
Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in Hispanics: evidence for a diathesis-stress model.

In the present study, we examined loneliness and negative life events as predictors of suicide risk (viz., hopelessness and suicidal behaviors) in a sample of 160 Hispanic adults. Consistent with expectations, we found loneliness and negative life events to be positively associated with both hopelessness and suicidal behaviors. In addition, results of conducting hierarchical regression analyses indicated that loneliness accounted for significant amounts of variance in both measures of suicide risk, ranging from 24% to 29% of the variance. The inclusion of negative life events as a predictor was found to account for additional unique variance in hopelessness (3%), but not in suicidal behaviors, beyond what was predicted by loneliness. Finally, consistent with a diathesis-stress model, the Loneliness Negative Life Events interaction was found to account for an additional 3% of the variance in both suicide risk measures. Implications of the present
Noise due to generation and recombination of carriers in p-n junction transition regions

The theory for the current noise associated with carrier generation and recombination in a p-n junction transition region is presented. The noise model is derived directly from the SRH defect center model. In a reverse biased junction the noise from this mechanism varies from two-thirds to full shot noise, depending upon frequency, and in a forward biased junction the noise ranges from three-fourths to full shot noise, depending upon injection level. These results approximately agree with published experimental results, but the agreement is not conclusive, especially in forward biased junctions. The theory shows that the noise associated with transition region generation-recombination current is not particularly significant in bipolar transistors.
Fizeau interferometer with spherical reference and CGH correction for measuring large convex aspheres

Large, convex surfaces, such as secondary mirrors, have presented challenging metrology problems for many years. Over the years, new metrology approaches have been developed to keep pace with the ever changing definition of "large". The latest class of large secondary mirrors requires a new approach that is practical, scalable and can produce low uncertainty measurements. This paper presents a new configuration that uses a computer generated hologram based Fizeau interferometer to make sub-aperture measurements on large secondary mirrors. One of the key features of this system is that all of the surfaces used in the interferometer are spherical. Another key element is the ability to perform simultaneous phase shift interferometry which reduces sensitivity to vibration. An example system that is capable of measuring the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope secondary mirror is presented along with a sensitivity analysis.
Making the Most of Collaboration: Exploring the Relationship Between Partnership Synergy and Partnership Functioning:

Considering the challenges inherent to collaboration and the time it takes to achieve measurable outcomes, partnerships need a way to determine, at an early stage, whether they are making the most of collaboration. The authors have developed a new measure, partnership synergy, which assesses the degree to which a partnership's collaborative process successfully combines its participants' perspectives, knowledge, and skills. This article reports the results of a national study designed to examine the relationship between partnership synergy and six dimensions of partnership functioning: leadership, administration and management, partnership efficiency, nonfinancial resources, partner involvement challenges, and community-related challenges. Data were collected from 815 informants in 63 partnerships. Results of regression analysis conducted with partnership-level data indicated that partnership synergy was most closely related to leadership effectiveness and partnership efficiency. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.