cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of potassium by human red cells.

1. A method is described for measuring the accumulation of K at 37°C. by washed human red cells in glucose-containing systems in which the pH is kept constant, the K content of the cells being compared with that of the cells of systems which contain no added glucose but which are otherwise treated similarly. 2. In systems containing added glucose, the accumulation of K begins shortly after the cells have been warmed to 37°C., proceeds to a maximum which is reached after about 10 hours, and then falls exponentially. The maximum rate of accumulation is found during the first 3 hours. In systems which contain no added glucose, the K content of the cells appears to decrease exponentially with time for about 18 to 24 hours; thereafter the K content of the cells may decrease rapidly and the systems may show considerable hemolysis. Sometimes a small accumulation effect is observed during the first 2 to 3 hours; this may be the result of the washed cells not having been completely freed of glucose. 3. The accumulation process proceeds at its maximum rate at pH 7.4 to 7.6, which is also the pH at which the K loss from the red cells is at a minimum in systems containing no added glucose. 4. When red cells are stored at 4°C. for increasing lengths of time, the storage is accompanied by increasing K loss and the maximum rate of accumulation observed when the cells are warmed to 37°C. at first becomes greater. If the storage at 4°C. is continued for more than 3 to 4 days, the rate of the accumulation which occurs at 37°C decreases again, the accumulation mechanism showing progressive deterioration with time even at low temperatures. This deterioration has a counterpart in the progressive deterioration (deduced from the analysis of the curves relating K content and time) of the accumulation mechanism with time at 37°C. 5. The accumulation of K occurs at a maximum rate when the concentration of glucose in the system is between 50 and 200 mg./100 ml. Its temperature coefficient over the range 27–37°C. is 2.4. In the presence of glucose and at pH 7.6, accumulation of K takes place from isotonic mixtures of KCl and LiCl or of KCl and CsCl only a little less actively than from mixtures of KCl and NaCl; i.e., the accumulation of K under optimum conditions seems to be an active process which is at least partly independent of the excretion of Na.
Fetal lamb ventricles respond differently to filling and arterial pressures and to in utero ventilation.

Right and left ventricular function were investigated in 12 fetal lambs (127-140 days gestation) instrumented with electromagnetic flow sensors on the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery, and with vascular catheters. Nine fetuses were equipped with a postductal aortic occluder and the trachea was cannulated in eight. Control arterial blood values were pH 7.36 +/- 0.02 (SD), PCO2 49.3 +/- 2.3 torr, PO2 18.4 +/- 1.7 torr, and hematocrit 37.3 +/- 4.4%. Biventricular function curves relating stroke volume to mean right and left atrial pressure were generated by rapid withdrawal and reinfusion of fetal blood. Both function curves were composed of steep ascending and plateau limbs that intersected at a breakpoint. Stroke volumes at the breakpoints were 0.94 +/- 0.19 ml.kg-1 and 0.63 +/- 0.15 ml.kg-1 for right and left ventricle, respectively (p less than 0.001). During postductal aortic occlusion, arterial pressure increased by 19.3 +/- 7.9 torr while right ventricular stroke volume decreased by approximately 48% and left ventricular stroke volume decreased by approximately 9%. In utero ventilation increased arterial pressure, heart rate, PO2, and oxygen content. Right atrial pressure increased from 3.9 +/- 1.3 to 5.8 +/- 2.9 torr (p less than 0.05); left atrial pressure from 3.5 +/- 1.5 to 10.0 +/- 4.4 torr (p less than 0.05). Aortic flow nearly doubled (112 +/- 29 to 211 +/- 35 ml.min-1.kg-1) (p less than 0.05), and the left ventricular function curve shifted upward. The right ventricular function curve was shifted downward during ventilation. We conclude that the fetal ventricles differ significantly in their outputs, response to changes in arterial pressure, and to the onset of in utero ventilation.
Obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding.

A 65-year-old man was admitted for recurent gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The patient, assing dark red blood per rectum, was hospitalized months previously at an outside hospital. He reuired 2 units of packed red blood cells (RBCs), and here was no further evidence of bleeding by the econd day of hospitalization. Upper endoscopy, olonoscopy, and upper GI series with small-bowel ollow-through (SBFT) radiography were unrevealng. The patient was discharged home on oral iron herapy and was to be observed. He was again aditted with the same symptoms. He denied abdomnal pain, GI history other than the recent episode of leeding, any family history of GI bleeding, use of onsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or spirin, or heavy alcohol use. He had hypertension, or which he takes a thiazide diuretic and an angioensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. On admission, is blood pressure was 100/80 mm Hg, and his heart ate was 116 bpm. His abdomen was soft, nondisended, and nontender, and he had normal bowel ounds. He had no cutaneous lesions. Within 12 ours, the patient was hemodynamically stable after esuscitation with intravenous fluids and 3 units of acked RBCs. There is no evidence of ongoing overt I bleeding.
Controlling Protein Compartmentalization to Overcome Disease

Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made to improve our understanding of the intracellular transport of proteins. Mechanisms of nuclear import and export involving classical receptors have been studied. Signal sequences required for directing a protein molecule to a specific cellular compartment have been defined. Knowledge of subcellular trafficking of proteins has also increased our understanding of diseases caused due to mislocalization of proteins. A specific protein on deviating from its native cellular compartment may result in disease due to loss of its normal functioning and aberrant activity in the “wrong” compartment. Mislocalization of proteins results in diseases that range from metabolic disorders to cancer. In this review we discuss some of the diseases caused due to mislocalization. We further focus on application of nucleocytoplasmic transport to drug delivery. Various rationales to treat diseases by exploiting intracellular transport machinery have been proposed. Although the pathways for intracellular movement of proteins have been defined, these have not been adequately utilized for management of diseases involving mislocalized proteins. This review stresses the need for designing drug delivery systems utilizing these mechanisms as this area is least exploited but offers great potential.
Habitual physical activity patterns of inner-city children

Purpose. Understanding the physical activity patterns of youth is an essential step in addressing the obesity epidemic and, ultimately, developing programs that reverse this trend. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the habitual physical activity patterns of Hispanic and African-American children living in a northeastern USA urban environment. Methods. Participants included 39 inner-city children (10.5 ± 0.61 years old; 78% African American, 14% Hispanic; 85% free/reduced lunch; 20.3 ± 4.3 BMI with 45% overweight/obese). Children wore a pedometer for seven consecutive days. Means and standard devia tions were calculated and Student’s t test was utilized to examine difference across gender and day of the week. Results. Children averaged 9535 ± 2594 steps/day. The weekday step count mean was 10090 ± 2939 and the weekend step count was 7557 ± 4337, = 2533. Students were significantly more active during the week; t(16) = 2.38, p = 0.03. Children averaged 10610 ± 2842 steps on physical education weekdays and 8338 ± 2802 steps on non-physical education weekdays. Children were significantly more active on days with physical education classes; t(30) = 4.7, p = 0.00, = 2272. Conclusions. Very few children in the current sample met daily step recommendations. Our results support previous research that suggests that the ‘suburban built’ environment is more conducive to promoting physical activity than the inner city. Our sample was less active than those in the majority of other studies exploring physical activity in primary school-aged children. Our findings (compared with previous research) found reduced physical activity among African-American children, especially girls.
Arsenic hydrogeochemistry in an irrigated river valley - A reevaluation

Arsenic concentrations in ground water of the lower Madison River valley, Montana, are high. Previous studies hypothesized that arsenic-rich river water, applied as irrigation, was evapoconcentrated during recharge and contaminated the thin alluvial aquifer. Based on additional data collection and a reevaluation of the hydrology and geochemistry of the valley, the high arsenic concentrations in ground water are caused by a unique combination of natural hydrologic and geochemical factors, and irrigation appears to play a secondary role. The high arsenic concentrations in ground water have several causes: direct aquifer recharge by Madison River water having arsenic concentrations as high as 100 {micro}g/L, leaching of arsenic from Tertiary volcano-clastic sediment, and release of sorbed arsenic where redox conditions in ground water are reduced. The findings are consistent with related studies that demonstrate that arsenic is sorbed by irrigated soils in the valley. Although evaporation of applied irrigation water does not significantly increase arsenic concentrations in ground water, irrigation with arsenic-rich water raises other environmental concerns.
Application of Adaptive Control to Reduce Cyclic Dispersion Near the Lean Limit in a Small-Scale, Natural Gas Engine

Predictive feedback control is applied to achieve reduction in cyclic dispersion in an analytical, lean, spark-ignition model and a two-cylinder, four-stroke, natural gas Kohler Command 25 engine operating at lean conditions. Recent observations of the combustion dynamics are used to define a desired target point for control and to predict future combustion events which may stray from the target point. Fueling perturbations are applied to steer the system back toward the desired behavior. Overall control perturbations are constrained to maintain a constant average fuel-to-air ratio. We present two methods for obtaining the prediction of future combustion events. In the first method, the recent history of cycle heat release is used to construct an adaptive, low-order map which relates the current-cycle heat release to the next-cycle heat release. The second method uses symbolic analysis to determine the relative frequency of successive-cycle combustion events and predict the most probable successor to the current cycle. Results are presented which show a moderate reduction in cycle-to-cycle variation near the lean limit in both the model and the engine. Similarities in behavior have been shown to exist-ignition engines suggesting that a similar prediction strategy could be successfully applied to control cyclic dispersion in large-scale reciprocating engines.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Some properties of the poisson distribution

This paper lists various properties of the Poisson distribution and related functions which can be derived from elementary principles without reference to theories of probability or statistics. They are intended for use by persons who may have to deal with Poisson distributed variables but not from a satistical point of view. Limit values and sums of the Poisson distribution, the sums of related functions, and different relations between its sums and integrals are given. Differential and difference equations which lead to solutions in the form of a Poisson distribution are discussed. The general elution equation is derived by setting up the differential-difference equation for plate n in a chromatographic column and showing that the Poisson distribution is a solution to this equation. The complete solution is then obtained by applying the boundary conditions of the process.
Simplified processing circuitry for a television receiver

The home entertainment television receiver contains "processing" circuitry that receives the demodulated video signal and produces from it proper signals for driving both the picture tube and the loudspeaker, as well as synchronizing signals for controlling the sweep circuits, and automatic gain control (age) for the receiver. As shown in the block diagram of Fig. 1, this circuitry consists of the video amplifier, audio demodulator, audio amplifier, age, and sync separator. Since the video signal passes through the video amplifier to other portions of the processing circuitry, careful design of this amplifier makes it possible to simplify the remaining circuits without sacrificing performance. The video amplifier described in this paper overcomes most of the objectionable features of more conventional d-c and a-c coupled amplifiers. In addition, it causes transistor capability to be more fully utilized and thus provides better performance and larger safety margins.
Myth as Propaganda in World War I American Volunteers, Victor Chapman, and French Journalism

This historical research builds on the literature of myth, war, and international journalism. It considers the power of myth as propaganda, and how this narrative was constructed using a specific segment of Americans, those who volunteered in France during World War I. Despite American neutrality, young men from mostly elite families volunteered to fight for the Allies. This research considers these men as the press portrayed them in the country they adopted as volunteers, France. Historians have studied these volunteers in fair detail. But no research has considered the presence and propaganda role of these volunteers in the international press.
The dual utility of patents; strength or weakness?

Abstract Patent literature has utility both as an announcement service of what is newly invented and as an historical record of the development of technology, not unlike the dual roles of the scientific (archival) journal. With the journal this dual responsibility has been both its strength and its weakness. The same may be true for the patent specification.
Immunotherapy of human malignancies with immune RNA

Immune RNA (I-RNA) is an RNA-rich nucleic acid preparation extracted from lymphoid cells or tissues following exposure to specific antigens in vitro or sensitization to specific antigens in vivo. It has been shown to induce normal, nonimmune lymphoid cells to mediate specific cellular and humoral immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Previous studies have demonstrated that I-RNA preparations extracted from the lymphoid organs of animals immunized with tumor cells mediate specific immune responses against tumor associated antigens in both animal models and human tumor systems. Based on this work, preliminary clinical trials of I-RNA immunotherapy were initiated 3 years ago. Cancer patients were treated with I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of sheep immunized with either autologous tumor cells or allogeneic tumor cells of the same histologic type. I-RNA was administered weekly, intradermally, at doses of 4 to 8 mg/week without any significant local or systemic toxicity. The results of these preliminary trials suggest increased survival in patients with metastatic hypernephroma and possible benefit in the form of decreased recurrence rate in the adjuvant immunotherapy of patients with malignant melanoma. A prospectively randomized trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with I-RNA in patients with Dukes' classes B2 and C colorectal cancer has been recently undertaken.
Electron microscopy of labile alkali silicate solutions

Abstract Aqueous solutions of potassium silicate have been examined by electron microscopic methods. Particle size and distribution has been shown to be dependent on the history of the silicate solutions. Particle studies of the alkali silicate in the presence of pinacyanol chloride have been correlated with the spectral behavior and stability of the dye.
Intrinsic transconductance extraction for deep-submicrometer MOSFETs

Significant error in the extracted intrinsic transconductance g/sub mi/ can arise from source-drain resistance asymmetry. A simple procedure to either correct for or avoid this source of error is outlined. Using deep-submicrometer devices, experimental results that demonstrate the severity of the potential error and to verify the applicability of the proposed technique are presented. A method which extracts the individual values of the source and drain resistances is also described. >
The “Nature” of leadership philosophy in outdoor and adventure education: Partnership or predation

Abstract Nature continually impresses humans in its role as an omnipresent, if not ultimate, source of power. One hallmark of outdoor and adventure education (OAE) has been its presumption that humans' interaction with aspects of Nature's “power” promotes the antecedents of leadership: measurable, persistent psychological effects and behavioral modifications including self-awareness, self-reliance, and stewardship. Recently, an unresolved discourse has arisen involving the guiding philosophies and actual outcomes derived from programs assembled under various combinations of the terms outdoor, adventure, environment, recreation, and education. Unifying these five terms is leadership potential mediated through Nature's metaphorical majesty and demonstrable power. However, Nature can be an ally, a medium, or an enemy, and outcomes resulting from OAE programs should be congruent with a consciously examined, coherent philosophy. A theoretical model depicts combinations of society, civilization, and culture pla...
Asplenia syndrome with congenital heart disease and tetralogy of Fallot in siblings

Abstract That congenital heart disease tends to have a familial character has become more widely appreciated. The asplenia syndrome is known to be associated with severe congenital heart disease, and tetralogy of Fallot is known to have a familial tendency. This report describes 2 siblings, of whom the first-born had the asplenia syndrome with congenital heart disease and the second had tetralogy of Fallot.
Single and multiple person household shoppers: A focus on grocery store selection criteria and grocery shopping attitudes and behavior

Responses of single and multiple person household food shoppers are analyzed to determine whether the two groups differ with respect to (1) those store criteria which are important in selecting a food store, (2) attitudes and behavior concerning the grocery shopping activity, and (3) various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Even though many similarities were found between the two groups of shoppers, some differences were observed. The implications of these similarities and differences are discussed, with emphasis given to their impact on retail food store management and strategic planning.
Study on Synthesis of TPA-Silicalite-1 from Initially Clear Solutions of Various Base Concentrations by in Situ Calorimetry, Potentiometry, and SAXS

The synthesis process of TPA-silicalite-1 from a series of initially clear solutions (with a general formula based on mole ratios of the components x:25:480:100 TPAOH:SiO2:H2O:C2H5OH, where TPA = tetrapropylammonium, x = 3−13) was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), in situ calorimetry, and in situ pH measurement. The size of the nanoparticles detected in the initially clear solutions decreases from 8.5 to 2.5 nm as x increases from 3 to 13. Crystal growth from these solutions at 95 °C is first exothermic and then endothermic. The exo−endo thermal switch coincides with a jump in the solution alkalinity. With increasing x the integral heat of exothermic crystal growth decreases monotonically from −0.61 kJ/mol (per mole of Si in the mixture) at x = 4 and approaches zero at x = 12. The integral heat of endothermic crystal growth increases to approach a plateau (0.26 kJ/mol of Si) at x = 7. Crystal growth is fastest at x = 6−7 and relatively slower at x either higher than 7 or lower than 6...
A stochastic model for predicting discharges: applications for achieving occupancy goals in hospitals.

Abstract In this paper a model based upon probability theory has been developed for predicting patient discharges from hospital units. Also, a study performed to obtain patients' length-of-stay distributions has been described. The paper includes a discussion on occupancy goals for hospital units and an application of the model in attaining those goals. Due to the availability of large computer facilities in many hospitals it is feasible to incorporate the model into a hospital's management information system to provide valuable input for various management functions such as decision making, planning and formulation of policy.
In ‘undifferentiated’ PC12 cells, GERL is not segregated from the Golgi apparatus

The present study examines the endocytosis of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with ricin and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 line) cultured in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). In these cells acid phosphatase (ACPase) activity is not confined to a single cisterna and vesicles at the transaspect (mature face) of the Golgi apparatus which correspond to GERL of cultured neurons, neuroblastoma and other cell types. But ACPase is found in several cisternae of the Golgi apparatus as well as in lysosomes. On the other hand, thiamine pyrophosphatase activity, is found in a typical location within two or three cisternae of the Golgi apparatus near its transaspect. Following adsorptive endocytosis of HRP-labelled lectins (ricin-HRP or WGA-HRP) into PC12 cells, a reaction product is seen in dense bodies as well as in small vesicles and tubules throughout the cytoplasm, at the periphery of large vacuoles, in smooth and coated vesicles and tubules near the Golgi apparatus and in anastomosing tubules. The cisternae of the Golgi apparatus are not involved in the endocytosis of lectin-HRP. We concluded that in PC12 cells grown without NGF, unlike the case of cultured neurons and neuroblastoma cells, GERL is not segregated from the Golgi apparatus by either ACPase cytochemistry, or by the functional criterion of endocytosis of lectin-HRP conjugates.
Precision and repeatability of the TRAKER vehicle-based paved road dust emission measurement

Testing re-entrained aerosol kinetic emissions from roads (TRAKER), a vehicle based measurement system, has been reported as an alternative to silt measurements for estimating PM10 paved road dust emissions. The precision of the TRAKER system was quantified with repeated measurements over the same roads. A prescribed driving route in Las Vegas, Nevada was traversed with the TRAKER on four consecutive days. The 154 km of paved roads were divided into 645 road segments each representing at least 20 data points and corresponding to links used in the county traffic demand and forecasting model. The TRAKER emission potential, which is related to the emission factor by a multiple of travel speed and provides a measure of a road segment's inherent PM10 dust loading, was averaged over each road segment. Comparing the 4 days of sampling, the coefficient of variation (COV), the standard deviation divided by the average, was <10%, <20%, <50%, and <70% for 126, 402, 619, and 639 of the 645 road segments, respectively. The COV decreased with the speed at the time of measurement from 26% at 5–10 m s−1 to 14% at 25–30 m s−1. No discernible relationships were found between COV and number of data points per road segment, length of road segment, or direction of travel. Over the entire 154 km route, emission potentials on the 4th day were slightly lower than the prior 3 days, owing either to actual changes in road conditions or bias introduced into the measurement by surface wind speed which was highest on the 4th day.
The Data Mining Approach for Analyzing Infrastructure Operating Conditions

Bridges serve as critical structures to the functionality of road networks within an infrastructure system and require regular inspections to ensure they are in safe operating condition for the public. This research developed a data mining approach to analyze and produce predictions of the future operating condition of bridges. 5-year bridge inspection data provided by the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) are applied as case studies. The approach combines the artificial neural networks with non-linear statistical data modelling tools to study the complex relationship between various bridge parameters and bridge conditions. Some variables considered include information on geometry, construction and service, while the neural net output variables were the condition ratings for the deck, superstructure, and substructure. The data mining model demonstrated the potential to develop a practical computer tool to accurately estimate the future condition ratings of the bridges. The results were discussed with the bridge experts in ConnDOT and suggestions on the model's practical applications were also made.
Preimplantation rhesus monkey blastocyst: Secretion of substance capable of stimulating progesterone secretion by granulosa cell cultures

Abstract To determine whether the preimplantation monkey blastocyst is capable of secreting a chorionic gonadotropin, unfertilized oocytes, morulae and blastocysts were harvested on day 7 or 8 of pregnancy and cultured in vitro for 4–6 days. Media conditioned by culture with oocytes, morulae and blastocysts were tested for ability to stimulate progesterone secretion using an assay system of cultured granulosa cells obtained from preovulatory follicles of cycling monkeys. The secretion of progesterone by the cultured monkey granulosa cells was employed as an end point in the assay. The culture medium obtained from the morulae and blastocysts led to a 196 and 905% stimulation of progesterone secretion by the granulosa cells after 7 and 9 days in culture, respectively, compared to control culture medium, whereas medium obtained from the follicular oocytes had little or no effect. The morulae and blastocyst culture conditioned medium also stimulated morphologic luteinization of granulosa cells.
The DIAGNOSER: A HyperCard tool for building theoretically based tutorials

The DIAGNOSER is a HyperCard tutorial construction system based on a framework of naive physics conceptions and developed for high school classroom use. It assesses students’ conceptions in a domain, and prescribes a course of action on the basis of that assessment. In addition, it collects data for instructional enhancement and theoretical investigations. It is sufficiently general to allow tutorials to be developed in other knowledge domains, such as probability, economics, and psychology. An advanced version exploring naive conceptions of circuit electricity is also discussed.
A CLOSED RACEWAY FOR THE CULTURE OF SHRIMP1

Methods for intensive culture of penaeid shrimp in closed raceway systems are being tested at the National Marine Fisheries Service Galveston Laboratory. Encouraging results have been obtained with white shrimp (Penaeussetiferus) and brown shrimp (Penaeusaztecus) reared at high densities through the postlarval and juvenile stages. Interesting features of this raceway are: 1) no substrate is used; 2) the raceway has no “ends” where animals might concentrate; and 3) water circulation, aeration and partial removal of wastes are all accomplished with simple airlift pumps.
A re-examination of the conformation of secretin in water.

SUMMARY An examination of a series of peptides corresponding to partial sequences of secretin and the application of empirical conformational parameters to the sequence has reopened the question about the position of the short helical stretch in the folded chain. In earlier studies, this was tentatively placed near the Nterminus, while newly accumulated evidence points to the C-terminal area. The possible role of ion paris in the stabilization of the folding was investigated by the preparation and examination of synthetic analogues of the C-terminal tricosapeptide part of secretin. The carboxy grups of glutamic acid (in position 9) and of aspartic acid (in position 15) were replaced by carboxamides. The 9-glutamine and the 15-asparagine analogues show a signifcant decrease in helical character. This loss of 'structure’is even more pronounced in the 9-glutamine-15-asparagine tricospetide. Thus, ion -pair formation is indeed implicated as one of the forces which stabilize the folded conformation of the chain. Possible corelations between biological activity and secretin-like architecture were studied on severl smooth muscle preparations.
Fish imagery in art 33: Beal's The Fish Bucket

Gifford R. Beal (1879-1956) was a minor but popular artist whose art is transitional between the realistic art favored in 19th Century America and the abstract art of the 1940’s and 1950’s. He studied with William M. Chase who was famous for his lustrous paintings of fish as ‘common objects’. Beal frequently chose as his subjects common people engaged in activities such as commercial fishing or tending circus animals. He had the good fortune to be related by marriage to Duncan Phillips who established the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. and collected Beal’s paintings.
A Waste Treatment/Disposal Site Evaluation Process for Areas Underlain by Carbonate Aquifers

Fractured carbonate or karst aquifers are highly susceptible to contamination. In Minnesota, the areas underlain by karst aquifers are often characterized by thin soil cover, poorly cased wells and/or collapse features. When coupled with improper land use decisions these aquifers have become extensively contaminated. Evaluation of existing or potentially contaminated sites has required development of unique site evaluation techniques or combinations of techniques. Shallow geophysics have been used successfully to determine subsurface karst features, pinpoint locations for additional investigations and evaluate pump-test data. Soil texture, density and relative moisture content have been closely examined and criteria established to evaluate subsurface erosion susceptibility. Percent rock core recovery, mechanical response of drilling and drilling fluid loss have been used to characterize the secondary porosity and potential contamination susceptibility of the carbonate rock. Dye tracing via surface sinks and well injection have determined primary flow paths and have been useful in estimating flow times. These techniques used solely or in conjunction have been very useful in evaluating contamination existing in the aquifers and as a predictive tool to evaluate the proposed land uses impacts.
Expansionary dynamics of the nascent Monte Albán state

Abstract The Monte Alban state emerged in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, between 300 and 100 BC. Archaeological evidence indicates that this case of state formation was linked to the territorial expansion of the Monte Alban polity. We argue that rulers at Monte Alban adopted an expansionist strategy in order to acquire resources they could use to fund campaigns against rival polities and to bolster their position in a competitive sociopolitical environment. Logistical challenges associated with expansion favored experimentation with new (state) forms of administrative control, while importation of exotic goods contributed to the development of social stratification. Multiple lines of evidence—including excavation data from Tilcajete and Yaasuchi, survey data from the Sola Valley, and a GIS model of potential transportation routes—indicate that the Pacific coast of Oaxaca likely was a target of Monte Alban’s expansion. Our model explains the variable nature of that expansion and its impact on the developmental histories of neighboring regions, as well as the synergistic increase in complexity among interacting societies in Late Formative Oaxaca. Cross-cultural comparison demonstrates that key factors in the formation of the Monte Alban state (e.g., status rivalry, inter-polity conflict, territoriality, militarism, trade) are evident elsewhere in the world.
Elemental mapping of microstructures by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS): extraordinary advances with the silicon drift detector (SDD)

Elemental mapping at the microstructural level by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), while widely applied in science, engineering, and technology, has been limited in performance by the throughput of the lithium-drifted silicon detector [Si(Li)-EDS] which restricts the number of X-ray counts measured per image pixel. The emergence of the silicon drift detector (SDD-EDS) has greatly extended the X-ray throughput, by a factor of 25 to 70 for the same spectral resolution. This improved performance enables practical X-ray spectrum imaging (XSI), in which a complete X-ray spectrum is recorded at each image pixel. By performing complete quantitative corrections for background, peak overlap, and matrix effects to each pixel spectrum, full compositional mapping can be achieved. Various elemental mapping collection strategies are described, including quantitative mapping at the major (concentration C > 0.1 mass fraction), minor (0.01 ≤ C ≤ 0.1), and trace (C < 0.01) constituent levels, extreme pixel density (gigapixel) mapping, rapid mapping (in 10 seconds or less), and high spatial resolution mapping with the thermal field emission gun scanning electron microscope.
Optimum duration discrete-time wavelets

We present a class of discrete-time orthonormal wavelets that are optimized with respect to time duration. The global optimization is achieved via an adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) approach, and the objective function is the average time duration over all scales of the wavelet as defined by the levels of the corresponding binary, tree- structured, filter bank structure. We present and discuss the algorithm for generating these optimum wavelets; present the defining filter coeffi- cients $g(n)% for filter lengths ofN 5 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, and 32; and provide comparisons with Daubechies' discrete wavelets and other discrete and discrete-time wavelets optimized to other measures based on duration and bandwidth. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi- neers. (S0091-3286(97)00304-8)
Predictors of Secondary Cancer Treatment in Patients Receiving Local Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Data From Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor

Purpose: Secondary cancer treatment is common after definitive local therapy for prostate cancer and it may be an indicator of the efficacy and cost of primary local treatment. We determined predictors of secondary cancer treatment in patients initially treated with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation.Materials and Methods: We examined 2,336 patients in Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor, a longitudinal registry of patients with prostate cancer, who underwent initial treatment with radical prostatectomy (1,744) or external beam radiation (592). Patients had at least 1 month of followup and all pretreatment information was available. The percent of patients receiving secondary cancer treatment, time to secondary treatment and type of secondary treatment delivered was determined. Multivariate analysis was done to determine independent predictors of secondary cancer treatment. In patients initially treated with prostatectomy a similar analysis was performed to identify p...
Stress relaxation in Ascaris obliquely striated muscle

Abstract 1. 1. The body wall of the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides contains a single, longitudinally oriented layer of obliquely striated muscle fibers. 2. 2. Quick stretches applied to relaxed or contracted cylindrical segments of the worms showed that the relaxed muscle in very plastic, i.e. most of the tension increment that follows stretch declines within 100 msec. 3. 3. In contracted muscle, however, most of the tension increment following stretch persists long beyond this period. 4. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the structural organization and function of this type of muscle.
Dissolution-accompanied aggregation kinetics of silver nanoparticles.

Bare silver nanoparticles with diameters of 82 ± 1.3 nm were synthesized by the reduction of the Ag(NH3)2+ complex with d-maltose, and their morphology, crystalline structure, UV−vis spectrum, and electrophoretic mobilities were determined. Dynamic light scattering was employed to assess early stage aggregation kinetics by measuring the change in the average hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles with time over a range of electrolyte types (NaCl, NaNO3, and CaCl2) and concentrations. From this the critical coagulation concentration values were identified as 30, 40, and 2 mM for NaNO3, NaCl, and CaCl2, respectively. Although the silver nanoparticles were observed to dissolve in all three electrolyte solutions, the aggregation results were still consistent with classical Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The dissolution of the silver nanoparticles, which were coated with a layer of Ag2O, was highly dependent on the electrolyte type and concentration. In systems with Cl− a secondary precipi...
A flow-injection system for assay of the activity of an immobilized enzyme chemically-modified electrode

Abstract Chymotrypsin, covalently immobilized to the surface of an IrO2-coated titanium electrode, responds potentiometrically to various substrates. A flow-injection system is described for assay of the activity of the immobilized enzyme with N-benzoyl- l -tyrosine ethyl ester as substrate and an ultraviolet detector. Least-squares fits of peak height vs. time typically yield correlation coefficients of 0.999 and standard errors of estimate of 0.0043 absorbance for a total absorbance change of about 0.130. Slopes of such plots vary linearly with enzyme activity.
Synthesis and evaluation of thermally-responsive coatings based upon Diels–Alder chemistry and renewable materials

A soybean based coating with thermally responsive Diels–Alder linkages has been prepared following an automotive 2-component formulation. The resulting coatings displayed the capability to be healed following physical deformation by a thermal stimulus, and such a material has significant potential for end users. Various curing agents were employed, and resulted in variation of scratch resistance and re-healablity. Different thermally responsive soybean resins were synthesized to have varying amounts reversible and nonreversible linkages when incorporated into the coating. Additionally, different isocyanates were added at differing ratios of NCO : OH in search of the optimum coating. It was found through the analysis of rehealability, hardness, gloss, and adhesion that the optimal combination was an acetylated resin (no irreversible crosslinks) with 54% reversible Diels–Alder linkages at an NCO : OH ratio of 5 : 1 using isophorone diiscocyanate. Materials were evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scratch resistance, Koenig hardness, gloss measurements, and topographical analysis.
Evidence for recombination and segregation of virulence to pine in a hybrid cross between Gibberella circinata and G. subglutinans.

Two species associated with the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, G. circinata (the cause of pitch canker in pines) and G. subglutinans (avirulent on pine), were found to have limited interfertility in hybrid crosses. MAT idiomorphs, polymorphisms in the histone H3 gene, vegetative compatibility, and virulence phenotypes were used to verify recombination. The MAT idiomorphs appeared to be assorting independently, but the histone H3 haplotype was disproportionately represented by that of the G. subglutinans parent. Ninety-eight percent (45/46) of the progeny tested were vegetatively incompatible with both parents. All F1 progeny were avirulent to pine, but a wide range of virulence was restored through a backcross to the virulent parent (G. circinata). Attempts at hybrid crosses using other isolate combinations were rarely successful (1/26). This limited interfertility supports retention of G. circinata and G. subglutinans as separate species, but offers opportunities to characterize the inheritance of virulence to pine.
The Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosome proteome is highly reduced relative to mitochondria, yet complex compared with mitosomes

The human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis lacks conventional mitochondria and instead contains divergent mitochondrial-related organelles. These double-membrane bound organelles, called hydrogenosomes, produce molecular hydrogen. Phylogenetic and biochemical analyses of hydrogenosomes indicate a common origin with mitochondria; however identification of hydrogenosomal proteins and studies on its metabolism have been limited. Here we provide a detailed proteomic analysis of the T. vaginalis hydrogenosome. The proteome of purified hydrogenosomes consists of 569 proteins, a number substantially lower than the 1,000-1,500 proteins reported for fungal and animal mitochondrial proteomes, yet considerably higher than proteins assigned to mitosomes. Pathways common to and distinct from both mitochondria and mitosomes were revealed by the hydrogenosome proteome. Proteins known to function in amino acid and energy metabolism, Fe-S cluster assembly, flavin-mediated catalysis, oxygen stress response, membrane translocation, chaperonin functions, proteolytic processing and ATP hydrolysis account for ∼30% of the hydrogenosome proteome. Of the 569 proteins in the hydrogenosome proteome, many appear to be associated with the external surface of hydrogenosomes, including large numbers of GTPases and ribosomal proteins. Glycolytic proteins were also found to be associated with the hydrogenosome proteome, similar to that previously observed for mitochondrial proteomes. Approximately 18% of the hydrogenosomal proteome is composed of hypothetical proteins of unknown function, predictive of multiple activities and properties yet to be uncovered for these highly adapted organelles.
The 1997 Iranian International Commercial Arbitration Law: The UNCITRAL Model Law à L'Iranienne

> Could you and I with Fate conspire > > To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things entire > > Would not we shatter it to bits – and then > > Remould it nearer to the Heart's Desire! THE ISLAMIC Republic of Iran (‘Iran’)has adopted legislation on international arbitration entitled ‘Law on International Commercial Arbitration’ (LICA). The LICA was approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly – the Iranian Parliament – on 17 September 1997, and ratified by the Guardians Council2 on 1 October 1997. The LICA entered into force on 5 November 1997 – 15 days after its publication in the Iranian official Gazette .3 Iranian authorities claim that the LICA closely follows the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (‘Model Law’), and provides Iran with a modern international arbitration legal framework. Study of the history and the evolution of arbitration in Iran, as well as an analysis of the LICA, however, demonstrates that the LICA – while considerably enhancing Iran's arbitral regime – contains major shortcomings, which (i) place the LICA below ‘international standards’ and (ii) should be remedied through amendments to the LICA and ratification of major international arbitration conventions. > If ye fear a breach > > Between those twain [husband and wife] > > Appoint [two] arbiters > > One from his family, > > And the other from hers; > > If they wish for peace. > > Allah will make them of one mind … > > [Koran, IV, 35] > O ye who believe! Obey Allah, and > > obey the messenger and those of you > > who are in authority; and if ye have > > a dispute concerning any matter, > > refer it to Allah and the messenger > > if ye are believers in Allah and the > > last dav. This is better … > > [Koran, IV, 59 ] As the above citations from the Koran demonstrate, alternative dispute settlement mechanisms to court litigation are deeply rooted in Islam …
A Reassessment of Low Probability Containment Failure Modes and Phenomena in a Long-Term Station Blackout

The risk-dominant containment failure modes of a pressurized water reactor are reassessed using the current state of knowledge for the phenomena that contribute to these failure modes. Our review c...
Espin cytoskeletal proteins in the sensory cells of rodent taste buds

Espins are multifunctional actin-bundling proteins that are highly enriched in the microvilli of certain chemosensory and mechanosensory cells, where they are believed to regulate the integrity and/or dimensions of the parallel-actin-bundle cytoskeletal scaffold. We have determined that, in rats and mice, affinity purified espin antibody intensely labels the lingual and palatal taste buds of the oral cavity and taste buds in the pharyngo-laryngeal region. Intense immunolabeling was observed in the apical, microvillar region of taste buds, while the level of cytoplasmic labeling in taste bud cells was considerably lower. Taste buds contain tightly packed collections of sensory cells (light, or type II plus type III) and supporting cells (dark, or type I), which can be distinguished by microscopic features and cell type-specific markers. On the basis of results obtained using an antigen-retrieval method in conjunction with double immunofluorescence for espin and sensory taste cell-specific markers, we propose that espins are expressed predominantly in the sensory cells of taste buds. In confocal images of rat circumvallate taste buds, we counted 21.5 +/- 0.3 espin-positive cells/taste bud, in agreement with a previous report showing 20.7 +/- 1.3 light cells/taste bud when counted at the ultrastructural level. The espin antibody labeled spindle-shaped cells with round nuclei and showed 100% colocalization with cell-specific markers recognizing all type II [inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type III (IP(3)R(3))(,) alpha-gustducin, protein-specific gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5)] and a subpopulation of type III (IP(3)R(3), PGP9.5) taste cells. On average, 72%, 50%, and 32% of the espin-positive taste cells were labeled with antibodies to IP(3)R(3), alpha-gustducin, and PGP9.5, respectively. Upon sectional analysis, the taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae commonly revealed a multi-tiered, espin-positive apical cytoskeletal apparatus. One espin-positive zone, a collection of approximately 3 mum-long microvilli occupying the taste pore, was separated by an espin-depleted zone from a second espin-positive zone situated lower within the taste pit. This latter zone included espin-positive rod-like structures that occasionally extended basally to a depth of 10-12 mum into the cytoplasm of taste cells. We propose that the espin-positive zone in the taste pit coincides with actin bundles in association with the microvilli of type II taste cells, whereas the espin-positive microvilli in the taste pore are the single microvilli of type III taste cells.
Asthma care practices, perceptions, and beliefs of Chicago-area asthma specialists

Results A total of 113 eligiblesurveys were returned (response rate, 72.0%). Ninety-nine percent ofthe respondents indicated they would prescribe inhaled corticosteroidsfor patients ≥ 5 years old with moderate persistent asthma, and85.5% would prescribe them for patients Conclusion The results suggest that asthma specialists inthe Chicago area are providing asthma care that is, in many ways, consistent with national guidelines. However, there are also importantdifferences in care that are not consistent with the guidelinerecommendations. Perhaps even more notable are differences in reportedasthma care between the two subspecialty groups of allergists andpulmonologists. The effect of these differences on the management ofpersons with asthma is not known. It is hoped that information fromthis community-based survey will serve to catalyze discussions among Chicago-area asthma specialists as to how they might envision improvingcare for persons with asthma in theircommunity