cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods and Models for Simulating Autonomous Vehicle Sensors

Simulation can be an important tool in evaluating autonomous vehicle performance. In a virtual proving ground, challenging and highly unlikely scenarios can be created and novel control algorithms can be tested with no safety concerns and relatively little cost. A critical component of any virtual proving ground is sensor simulation; i.e., the ability to produce realistic sensor information inside the simulated environment. This paper overviews several models and methods for generating, through simulation, GPS, IMU, and lidar data. While the current models can account for some sensor noise, significant work remains to be done in order to produce simulated data that is realistic and can be used to confidently test and evaluate autonomous agents in virtual proving grounds.
Using Coplanar Waveguides as Spin-Wave Sources with Improved Bandwidth

Spin waves show potential as an alternative to electric current for computing and signal processing, which require low-power and small size. One approach to using spin waves is to convert millimeter or microwave electrical signals to spin waves having micrometer wavelengths. All signal processing is then done by the diffraction and interference of spin waves traveling through a magnetic thin film. These waves are then converted back into electrical signals [1] , [2] .
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: manifestations and mechanisms

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment of various cancers, including malignancies once considered untreatable. These agents, however, are associated with inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs. Myocarditis has emerged as a serious ICI-associated toxicity, because, while seemingly infrequent, it is often fulminant and lethal. The underlying basis of ICI-associated myocarditis is not completely understood. While the importance of T cells is clear, the inciting antigens, why they are recognized, and the mechanisms leading to cardiac cell injury remain poorly characterized. These issues underscore the need for basic and clinical studies to define pathogenesis, identify predictive biomarkers, improve diagnostic strategies, and develop effective treatments. An improved understanding of ICI-associated myocarditis will provide insights into the equilibrium between the immune and cardiovascular systems.
The influence of policy implementation in the Midwest: How an SSTEM program broadens participation and enhances engineering identity for community college students

This qualitative research study describes how a Midwest community college’s implementation of an Scholarships in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (SSTEM) program influences engineering identity development for its students with financial need. Using a phenomenological approach, the study finds that the program enables community college students to have greater financial freedom and an ability to focus on engineering identity. In addition, the SSTEM program enhances student connections with STEM faculty, program staff, and peers. The study highlights the need for creating spaces for engineering identity development, developing connections between faculty, staff, and students, and enhancing transfer connections through different experiences. Future research might look to longitudinal designs and investigate additional contexts, engineering disciplines, gender differences, and programmatic structures to add nuance to these findings. The study suggests that practitioners might frame SSTEM and engineering experiences as opportunities for financial freedom and identity development and make further enhancements to transfer connections to four-year institutional partners. In terms of policy, the study suggests that policymakers consider identity development experiences an important aspect of funding SSTEM programs while enhancing programmatic support services available to students and placing greater emphasis on the collaborative actions, planned activities, and power dynamics between two- and four-year institutions funded by the SSTEM program.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Utilization in a Large Integrated Health Care System: Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an abrupt reduction in the use of in-person health care, accompanied by a corresponding surge in the use of telehealth services. However, the extent and nature of changes in health care utilization during the pandemic may differ by care setting. Knowledge of the impact of the pandemic on health care utilization is important to health care organizations and policy makers. Objective: The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate changes in in-person health care utilization and telehealth visits during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to assess the difference in changes in health care utilization between the pandemic year 2020 and the prepandemic year 2019. Methods: We retrospectively assembled a cohort consisting of members of a large integrated health care organization, who were enrolled between January 6 and November 2, 2019 (prepandemic year), and between January 5 and October 31, 2020 (pandemic year). The rates of visits were calculated weekly for four settings: inpatient, emergency department (ED), outpatient, and telehealth. Using Poisson models, we assessed the impact of the pandemic on health care utilization during the early days of the pandemic and conducted difference-in-deference (DID) analyses to measure the changes in health care utilization, adjusting for the trend of health care utilization in the prepandemic year. Results: In the early days of the pandemic, we observed significant reductions in inpatient, ED, and outpatient utilization (by 30.2%, 37.0%, and 80.9%, respectively). By contrast, there was a 4-fold increase in telehealth visits between weeks 8 (February 23) and 12 (March 22) in 2020. DID analyses revealed that after adjusting for prepandemic secular trends, the reductions in inpatient, ED, and outpatient visit rates in the early days of the pandemic were 1.6, 8.9, and 367.2 visits per 100 person-years (P<.001), respectively, while the increase in telehealth visits was 272.9 visits per 100 person-years (P<.001). Further analyses suggested that the increase in telehealth visits offset the reduction in outpatient visits by week 26 (June 28, 2020). Conclusions: In-person health care utilization decreased drastically during the early period of the pandemic, but there was a corresponding increase in telehealth visits during the same period. By end-June 2020, the combined outpatient and telehealth visits had recovered to prepandemic levels.
Discovery of Dipeptides as Potent Botulinum Neurotoxin A Light-Chain Inhibitors.

The botulinum neurotoxin, the caustic agent that causes botulism, is the most lethal toxin known to man. The neurotoxin composed of a heavy chain (HC) and a light chain (LC) enters neurons and clea...
Recent approaches to study the neural bases of complex insect behavior

Recent advances in biocompatible materials, miniaturized instrumentation, advanced computational algorithms, and genetic tools have enabled the development of novel methods and approaches to quantify the behavior of individuals or groups of animals. In conjunction with technologies that allow simultaneous monitoring of neural responses, quantitative studies of complex behaviors can reveal tighter links between the external sensory cues in the vicinity of the organism and neural responses they elicit, and how internal neural representations finally get mapped onto the behavior generated. In this review, we examine a few approaches that are beginning to be widely exploited for understanding neural–behavioral response transformations.
PD-L1 is upregulated via BRD2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma models of acquired cetuximab resistance

Background Tumor models resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors or cisplatin express higher levels of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. We sought to determine whether PD-L1 expression is elevated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) models of acquired cetuximab resistance and whether the expression is regulated by bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins. Methods Expression of PD-L1 was assessed in HNSCC cell line models of acquired cetuximab resistance. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)- and RNAi-mediated targeting were used to assess the role of BET proteins. Results Cetuximab-resistant HNSCC cells expressed elevated PD-L1 compared to cetuximab-sensitive controls. Treatment with the BET inhibitor JQ1, the BET PROTAC MZ1, or RNAi-mediated knockdown of BRD2 decreased PD-L1 expression. Knockdown of BRD2 also reduced the elevated levels of PD-L1 seen in a model of acquired cisplatin resistance. Conclusions PD-L1 is significantly elevated in HNSCC models of acquired cetuximab and cisplatin resistance where BRD2 is the primary regulator.
Prevention and Management of Pseudoverrucous Lesions: A Review and Case Scenarios.

GENERAL PURPOSE To present the associated risk factors, prevention measures, and assessment and management of pseudoverrucous lesions specific to a surgically created ileal conduit, as well as three clinical scenarios illustrating this condition. TARGET AUDIENCE This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Define pseudoverrucous lesions.2. Identify the risk factors for stoma complications such as pseudoverrucous lesions.3. Select the appropriate routine care procedures to teach patients following stoma creation to help prevent pseudoverrucous lesions.4. Choose the recommended treatment options for patients who develop pseudoverrucous lesions.
A simple biochemical technique for the detection of mycoplasma contamination of cultured cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a simple biochemical technique, which can be performed in any laboratory and can detect low levels of mycoplasma contamination. This technique includes alterations in exogenous uridine and uracil incorporation into RNA in mycoplasma-infected cells. In developing this technique, it has been advantageous that mammalian cells readily incorporate exogenous nucleosides into their nucleic acids, while exogenous free bases are incorporated to a negligible extent. Mycoplasmas, by contrast, readily incorporate exogenous free bases as well as nucleosides into their nucleic acids. The recent work of Levine (1972) suggests that the decrease in exogenous uridine incorporation is related to the cleavage of exogenous uridine to uracil by the mycoplasmal enzyme, uridine phosphorylase. The characteristic peripheral localization of mycoplasma places them in an ideal position to prevent exogenous uridine from reaching the nuclear sites of RNA synthesis. The technique determines exogenous uridine- 3 H (Urd) and uracil- 3 H (U) incorporation into RNA in parallel cultures and the ratio of the specific radioactivity of uridine- 3 H-labeled RNA to uracil- 3 H-labeled RNA (Urd/U) is also calculated. High ratios would be expected in uncontaminated cultures, while decreased ratios should result from decreased uridine incorporation, increased uracil incorporation, or a combination of these mycoplasma-induced alterations.
How Protein Kinase C Activation Protects Nerve Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death

Oxidative stress is implicated in the nerve cell death that occurs in a variety of neurological disorders, and the loss of protein kinase C (PKC) activity has been coupled to the severity of the damage. The functional relationship between stress, PKC, and cell death is, however, unknown. Using an immortalized hippocampal cell line that is particularly sensitive to oxidative stress, I show that activation of PKC by the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) inhibits cell death via the stimulation of a complex protein phosphorylation pathway. TPA treatment leads to the rapid activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), the inactivation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the downregulation of PKCδ. Inhibition of either ERK or JNK activation blocks TPA-mediated protection, whereas p38 MAPK and PKCδ inhibitors block stress-induced nerve cell death. Both p38 MAPK inactivation and JNK activation appear to be downstream of ERK because an agent that blocks ERK activation also blocks the modulation of these other MAP kinase family members by TPA treatment. Thus, the protection from oxidative stress afforded nerve cells by PKC activity requires the combined modulation of multiple enzyme pathways and suggests why the loss of PKC activity contributes to nerve cell death.
PROTEIN KINASE C BETA I AND BETA II ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE DEVELOPING GLOMERULUS

In the pre- and postnatal period of kidney development, proliferation with subsequent functional maturation of intrinsic glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) continues within the existing framework. Recent work has suggested that PKC beta isoform is responsible for the proliferation observed during maturation. We sought to ascertain whether PKC beta isoform expression is altered during the development of the mesangium. MCs were subcultured from glomerular explants of Sprague-Dawley rat kidneys, days 1, 3, 5, 8, 15 postnatally, and adult. MCs from rat kidneys postnatally days 1-5 proliferated at a significantly greater rate than adult [ > 1.169-fold, P < 0.01] but term day 8 cells did not [ < 1.34-fold, not significant)] as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Western blot analysis using isoform specific antibodies was performed on confluent neonatal and adult MC. We observed that all neonatal and adult MC express beta I PKC (n = 8 kidneys from separate primaries for each date and adult). However, unlike a...
On the metaphors and losers of academic capitalism: a response to Shore and Marcus

First of all, I would like to thank Mark Maguire for initiating this exchange and Cris Shore and George Marcus for their thoughtful comments. This is the sort of academic practice that makes scholarly work inherently valuable and that is in jeopardy of disappearing when pecuniary interests trump academic engagement within our professional vocabularies of motive. In a famous debate between Noam Chomsky and Michel Foucault, made even more famous on YouTube, Chomsky insists that scholars specify the institutional conditions under which human potential can be maximised. In reply, Foucault suggests that we ought to get a better handle on the scope of the problem before we jump to solutions: ‘I admit to not being able to define . . . an ideal social model for the functioning of our scientific or technological society. . . . If we want right away to define the profile and the formula of our future society, without criticizing all the forms of political power that are exerted . . . there is a risk that they reconstitute themselves.’ It seems to me that when it comes to understanding how science is being refashioned by the constraints of academic capitalism, we have a lot less of Foucault’s documentary orientation than we do Chomsky’s critical utopianism. I am glad that my esteemed critics suggest that ‘The New Tools of the Science Trade’ makes some headway toward balancing this disparity. This is also why I maintained a largely descriptive orientation that sketches the main logics, conceptual vocabularies and capitals of this trend rather than a polemical one that decides, a priori to empirical study, whose social capital will dominate. While I outlined the scope conditions of my findings, I certainly appreciate both Shore’s and Marcus’s insights into the variation across national and institutional contexts. I am, however, concerned that the approach Shore suggests can too easily ossify the varied institutional processes I am trying to keep as alive, in flux and contextualised as the on-the-ground practices I observed in my case studies. Rather than produce a scorecard of winners and losers, then, which reduces institutional life to the oversimplified yet pernicious metaphor of competitive individualism, the combined insights of Shore and Marcus offer an opportunity to sketch out not who loses but what we risk losing when this game gets played.
Latin Sermon Collections from Later Medieval England: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 649 (O)

This remarkable manuscript has received a great deal of attention from historians and literary scholars. According to the typology offered earlier, it is a “mixed”collection, containing a unified collection followed by a miscellaneous one. But the whole is written in a single fifteenth-century hand, which in both parts begins each sermon with a flourished Lombard letter and regularly leaves a blank space of about six or seven lines between sermons. The codex is regularly constructed: eleven quires of twelve leaves each (ff. 1–134) contain the first set (ff. 1–133, 133v and 134 are blank except for a pen trial on 134v); seven more quires contain the second set (ff. 145–228). The volume bears a continuous medieval foliation, possibly entered by the scribe, which jumps from 134 to 145, perhaps leaving space for a quire that was to hold an index. The scribe in all likelihood was one John Swetstock, whose name was once visible and now appears only abbreviated on f. 48. The first set, O/1 (ff. 1–133), holds twenty-five sermons. The initial thirteen are for the Sundays in Lent and (apparently) Holy Thursday, in correct liturgical order; they are followed by two other Lenten sermons and then further sermons, in no particular order, of which several can, on internal evidence, be assigned to other Sundays, several saints’ feasts, and the funeral of the knight John D.
Identification of cysteine and arginine residues essential for the phosphotransacetylase from Methanosarcina thermophila.

Phosphotransacetylase catalyzes the following reaction: CoASH + CH3CO2PO3(2-) CH3COSCoA + HPO4(2-) (where CoA is coenzyme A). Based on biochemical characterization of the enzyme from the obligate anaerobe Clostridium kluyveri, a ternary mechanism was proposed in which an unspecified cysteine abstracts a proton from CoASH forming a nucleophilic thiolate anion which attacks acetyl phosphate (J. Henkin and R. H. Abeles, Biochemistry 15:3472-3479, 1976). Heterologous production in Escherichia coli of the phosphotransacetylase from Methanosarcina thermophila, an obligately anaerobic methanoarchaeon, allowed site-specific replacements to identify essential residues. All four cysteines present in the sequence were individually replaced with alanine, and the kinetic constants of the altered enzymes were determined. The results indicated that only C159 is essential for activity; however, replacement with serine resulted in a fully active enzyme. Activity of the unaltered phosphotransacetylase was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. Inhibition kinetics of altered enzymes indicated that this sensitivity resulted from modification of C312, which is at the active site but itself is nonessential for catalysis. Five arginines were individually replaced with glutamine. Kinetic analysis of the altered enzymes identified R310 as essential for activity. Of the four nonessential for activity, R87 and R133 appear to be involved in binding CoA.
Asymmetric Crying Facies: Which Is the `Right-Wrong' Side?

To the Editor.— Congenital asymmetric crying facies is generally considered to be due to unilateral agenesis or hypoplasia of the anguli oris depressor muscle (HAODM). Electromyographic (EMG) examinations of the affected sides have revealed absent spontaneous activity or diminished motor unit activity.1-3 Association of HAODM syndrome with congenital heart disease, the "cardiofacial syndrome," has been described.4 Major defects of other organ systems and minor congenital defects may be associated with asymmetric crying facies as well.5 Monreal6 reported five patients with asymmetric congenital crying facies syndroms who besides this anomaly displayed juxtaoral defects, egm atresia of one side of the jaw and soft palate, cleft lip, hypoplasis of mandible and ear.
Patient-reported outcomes before and after treatment of major depressive disorder

Patient reported outcomes (PROs) of quality of life (QoL), functioning, and depressive symptom severity are important in assessing the burden of illness of major depressive disorder (MDD) and to evaluate the impact of treatment. We sought to provide a detailed analysis of PROs before and after treatment of MDD from the large Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. This analysis examines PROs before and after treatment in the second level of STAR*D. The complete data on QoL, functioning, and depressive symptom severity, were analyzed for each STAR*D level 2 treatment. PROs of QoL, functioning, and depressive symptom severity showed substantial impairments after failing a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor trial using citalopram (level 1). The seven therapeutic options in level 2 had positive statistically (P values) and clinically (Cohen's standardized differences [Cohen's d]) significant impact on QoL, functioning, depressive symptom severity, and reduction in calculated burden of illness. There were no statistically significant differences between the interventions. However, a substantial proportion of patients still suffered from patient-reported QoL and functioning impairment after treatment, an effect that was more pronounced in nonremitters. PROs are crucial in understanding the impact of MDD and in examining the effects of treatment interventions, both in research and clinical settings.
Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study

Background Age, reproductive history, hormones, genetics, and lifestyle are known risk factors for breast cancer, but the agents that initiate cellular changes from normal to malignant are not understood. We previously detected bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a common oncogenic virus of cattle, in the breast epithelium of humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of BLV DNA in human mammary epithelium is associated with breast cancer. Methods This was a case-control study of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast tissues from 239 donors, received 2002–2008 from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Case definition as breast cancer versus normal (women with no history of breast cancer) was established through medical records and examination of tissues by an anatomical pathologist. Breast exposure to BLV was determined by in situ-PCR detection of a biomarker, BLV DNA, localized within mammary epithelium. Results The frequency of BLV DNA in mammary epithelium from women with breast cancer (59%) was significantly higher than in normal controls (29%) (multiply- adjusted odds ratio = 3.07, confidence interval = 1.66–5.69, p = .0004, attributable risk = 37%). In women with premalignant breast changes the frequency of BLV DNA was intermediate (38%) between that of women with breast cancer and normal controls (p for trend < .001). Conclusions Among the specimens in this study, the presence of amplified BLV DNA was significantly associated with breast cancer. The odds ratio magnitude was comparable to those of well-established breast cancer risk factors related to reproductive history, hormones, and lifestyle and was exceeded only by risk factors related to genetics (familial breast cancer), high dose ionizing radiation, and age. These findings have the potential for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.
Balancing clinical benefits of vigabatrin with its associated risk of vision loss

Vigabatrin is an effective and well-tolerated antiepileptic drug (AED) for the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures (rCPS) and infantile spasms (IS), but its benefits must be evaluated in conjunction with its risk of retinopathy with the development of peripheral visual field defects (pVFDs). Vigabatrin should be considered for rCPS if a patient has failed appropriate trials of other AEDs or is not a suitable candidate for other AEDs, is not an optimal surgical candidate, and continues to experience debilitating effects from seizures. Vigabatrin is indicated as monotherapy for pediatric patients with IS. Its efficacy in achieving improved seizure control should be apparent within 12 weeks in patients with rCPS and within 2-4 weeks after attaining appropriate dosage for patients with IS. Because 12 weeks is well less than the known time of onset of visual defects, the risk of developing pVFDs may be minimized by discontinuing vigabatrin early during the course of therapy for patients with inadequate response. Appropriate vision screening is recommended at baseline, every 3 months during continued vigabatrin treatment, and at 3-6 months after discontinuation (if therapy has spanned more than a few months). If a pVFD is detected at any point and the decision is made to discontinue therapy, the pVFD is not likely to progress after discontinuation of vigabatrin. Although some patients will be at risk of retinopathy, vigabatrin is an appropriate treatment option for patients who achieve substantial clinical benefit, especially given the severe consequences of rCPS and uncontrolled IS. While retinopathy with the development of pVFDs is a serious adverse event, it is not life-threatening and its risk can be effectively managed.
Axisymmetric Model of an Intracranial Saccular Aneurysm: Theory and Computation

An axisymmetric model of an intracranial saccular aneurysm is presented and analyzed. The model assumes a simplified spherical geometry for the aneurysm in order to develop insight into the mechanisms that effect wall shear stress and deformation of the membrane. A theoretical model is first developed based on Stokes’ equations for viscous flow in order to derive a stream function that describes vortical flow inside a sphere representative of flow inside a real aneurysm. This flow pattern is implemented in a finite element model of a spherical aneurysm using the software COMSOL Multiphysics. The results indicate close agreement between the theoretical and computational models in terms of the flow streamlines and location of the maximum wall shear stress. Furthermore, the computational model accounts for the deformation and stress of the membrane, showing regions of maximum tension and compression at opposite poles of the saccular membrane. This work elucidates many important results regarding the mechanics of saccular aneurysms and provides a basis for developing more physiologically realistic analyses.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Beam width correction in high precision Sagnac interferometry

Abstract The effect of finite beam width on the Sagnac frequency shift is calculated using a general relativistic analysis. For small rotation rates, the beam width effect dominates over lowest order special relativistic corrections, and is a possible source of error in precision measurements.
Electrospun fibers for vaginal anti-HIV drug delivery

Diversity of microbicide delivery systems is essential for future success in the prevention and treatment of HIV in order to account for the varied populations of women all over the world that may benefit from use of these products. Recently, a novel dosage form for intravaginal drug delivery has been developed using drug-eluting fibers fabricated by electrospinning. There is a strong rationale to support the idea that drug-eluting fibers can be designed to realize multiple design constraints in a single product for topical HIV prevention: fibers are able to deliver a wide range of agents, incorporate multiple agents via composites, and facilitate controlled release over relevant time frames for pericoital and sustained (coitally-independent) use. It is also technologically feasible to scale-up production of fiber-based microbicides. Electrospun fibers may allow for prioritization of physical attributes that affect user perceptions without compromising biological efficacy. Challenges with using fibers as a microbicide include issues related to vehicle deployment, spreading and retention in the vaginal vault. In addition, studies will need to address the interaction of the fibers with the mucosal environment, including unknown safety and toxicity. Sustained release fiber microbicides capable of delivering multiple antiretroviral drugs while simultaneously exhibiting tunable degradation or dissolution of the fibers is also a challenge. However, electrospun fibers are a promising new platform for vaginal delivery of anti-HIV agents and future research will inform their place in the field. This article is based on a presentation at the "Product Development Workshop 2013: HIV and Multipurpose Prevention Technologies", held in Arlington, Virginia on February 20-21, 2013. It forms part of a special supplement to Antiviral Research.
Nature and detection of errors in production data collection

Improvements in data processing equipment, particularly large volume memory storage devices, have heightened interest in the advantages of the single recording of data at its point of-origin. Automated capturing of production data, its subsequent processing into information, and interrogation and display of that information have been recognized as a means of circumventing the restrictions of using historical data and of satisfying the feedback requirements to allow control of the dynamic, evolutionary production system. Historical data, generally unsatisfactory for control, can be characterized as:(1) Inaccessible from delays in processing,(2) Distorted from processing for accounting purposes,(3) Inaccurate because of error in recording (estimated at ±5%),(4) Incomplete for some important variables,(5) Obtained under normal or conservative conditions,(6) Not representative of some short or long cycles in a process, and(7) Invalid because of subsequent changes.
Genitive subjects in Altaic and specification of phase

In Dagur, the genitive subject is licensed by D while in Turkish it is licensed by C. For the genitive subject in Japanese, both D-licensing as in Dagur and C-licensing as in Turkish have been proposed. Drawing on the earliest work on genitive subjects in Japanese by Harada (1971), I argue against the C-licensing approach in Japanese, and I develop a D-licensing analysis that resembles Hale's (2002) D-licensing analysis of Dagur. I show that the verbal inflection when the genitive subject occurs is not simple tense, which is similar to what we find in Dagur.
An Effective Research Team Method to Influence Research and Scholarly Development

ABSTRACT This article describes an apprenticeship team model developed by Rex Stockton in order to provide graduate students with progressive training and supervised experience in conducting research on group work. The authors describe their learning experiences as students on Stockton's team.
Integration of biomarkers and imaging.

Abstract: Imaging studies provide essential diagnostic information in the care of cancer patients. Unfortunately, radiographic findings are not always diagnostic and thus an alternative approach with biomarkers has been suggested as part of the diagnostic evaluation. This discussion focuses on integration of biomarkers with imaging in the effort to guide patient management.
Wind power ramping in the Bonneville Power Administration area

The wind power data in the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) is analyzed on an hourly and ten-minute time scale. The step changes, ramp event durations and magnitude are examined over the time period of January 2007 through October 2012. The study shows an increase in the magnitude of step changes as a result of the increased installed capacity. However, the percentage with respect to the installed capacity has remained the same.
Amino acid sequences of lamprey fibrinopeptides A and B and characterization of the junctions split by lamprey and mammalian thrombins

Abstract The amino acid sequences of the fibrinopeptides A and B from lamprey fibrinogen have been determined. The fibrinopeptide A is the shortest fibrinopeptide ever isolated, being comprised of only six amino acids. The fibrinopeptide B, on the other hand, is the largest fibrinopeptide characterized to date, having 36 amino acid residues and a cluster of covalently bound carbohydrate. As reported previously, lamprey fibrinogen is readily clotted by mammalian thrombins, but only the fibrinopeptide B is released during the process. Lamprey fibrinopeptide A is not released by mammalian thrombins and could only be removed with the use of lamprey thrombin. Firm proof that the lamprey fibrinopeptides A and B are the amino segments of the α and β-chains respectively was obtained by a series of stepwise degradations on lamprey fibrinogen and lamprey fibrins produced in turn by the action of mammalian thrombin (fibrin B) and lamprey thrombin (fibrin A). These studies were supplemented by stepwise degradations on the individual Aα and Bβ-chains. In the case of the lamprey Aα-chain it was also possible to release the 6-residue fibrinopeptide A from the isolated chain with lamprey thrombin and demonstrate that the newly exposed amino-terminal sequence begins with the Gly-Pro-Arg sequence characteristic of mammalian fibrin α-chains. In fact, the sequences on the fibrin side of both of the junctions split by thrombin(s) are highly conserved and virtually identical with those found in mammalian α and β-chains.
Pinealomas and germinomas in children.

A series of 34 pinealomas and intracranial germinomas in childhood (age < 20), from two tumor registries, is analyzed. Male to female ratio was 2:1. Median age was 12 years. Visual complaints and endocrine disturbances were the most common presenting symptoms. Papilledema, visual field deficits, and oculomotor abnormalities were the principal findings at diagnosis. Cumulative probability of survival (CPS) of the entire series at one year was 0.65, at two years 0.54, and at five years 0.54. Best survival was with treatment by operation and radiation: CPS at one year was 0.82, at two years 0.82, and at five years still 0.82. Survival was similar with pineal region tumors and with suprasellar tumors. Most long-term survivors, particularly with suprasellar germinomas, had permanent hormonal deficits requiring replacement therapy.
"I Got Your Back": Friends' Understandings Regarding College Student Spring Break Behavior

Behaviors that pose threats to safety and health, including binge drinking and unprotected sex, increase during a week-long break from university. Understandings with peers regarding these behaviors may be important for predicting behavior and related harms. College students (N = 651; 48% men) reported having understandings with their friends regarding alcohol use (59%) and sexual behavior (45%) during Spring Break. These understandings were to engage in behaviors characterized by risk (e.g., get drunk [23.5%], have sex with someone new [5.2%]) and protection (e.g., drink without getting drunk [17.8%], use condoms [15.8%]). After controlling for previous semester behavior and going on a Spring Break trip, Get Drunk Understandings predicted a greater likelihood of binge drinking and alcohol-related consequences; No/Safe Sex Understandings predicted condom use; and Sex Understandings predicted not using condoms. Understandings with friends regarding Spring Break behavior may be important proximal predictors of risk behaviors and represent potential targets for event-specific prevention.
The certified clinical ethics consultant.

Clinical ethics consultants have become a presence in American medical centers. Despite the importance of their work, it is not currently possible for hospitals to evaluate candidates for positions, as they assess doctors’ qualifications in their “credentialing” procedures. This paper analyzes how the certification of clinical ethics consultants and the accreditation of CEC degree programs – key steps toward professionalization – might emerge for practitioners within this field. [Except where ambiguity would result, the abbreviation “CEC” will be used to refer both to the field – clinical ethics consultation – and the practitioner – the consultant.]
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of new trirhenium nonachloride chalcogenide clusters

Abstract The acetone adduct of trirhenium nonachloride, Re3Cl9 (acet)3, where acet=acetone, reacts in acetone solution at room temperature with tetrabutylammonium chalcogenides [N(C4H9)4]2E, where E=S, Se and Te, producing the tetrabutylammonium salts of the new cluster anions [Re3 (μ3-E) (μ2-Cl)3Cl6]2−. In the crystallographically determined structures of these compounds, triangles of rhenium atoms are capped by single chalcogen atoms, giving anions of near C3v symmetry. The compound where E=S is also formed in the reaction of Re3Cl9 with [N(C4H9)4]2 [MoS4] by sulfide transfer.
Physician contact by older Asian Americans: the effects of perceived mental health need.

OBJECTIVE The use of physicians is more common than of behavioral specialists, especially in underserved Asian American communities. Despite a rapidly aging Asian American population, research has overlooked older people. This study examines the way mental health need affects the number of physician contacts by older Asian Americans. METHOD This study uses data on self-identified Asian Americans aged over age 50 years derived from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey. A total of 1191 Asian Americans from Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese backgrounds were studied. Replicate weights were applied to account for the survey's complex sampling methods. Linear regression was used to identify the number of physician contacts. RESULTS Overall, respondents had seen a doctor an average of five times in the previous 12 months; 7% perceived that they had a mental health need. Perceiving a mental health need was associated with a decreased number of physician contacts for Filipino and Korean Americans. CONCLUSION This study revealed interethnic differences among older Asian Americans' contact with physicians. As older Filipino and Korean Americans who perceive a mental health need have fewer contacts with their physician, correctly identifying mental health needs in the health care system for these groups is crucial. Health and mental health professionals can work toward reducing mental health disparities by accounting for older Asian Americans' help-seeking patterns when designing evidence-based interventions.
The Surveillance of Women on Reality Television: Watching “The Bachelor” and “The Bachelorette”

Rachel E. Dubrofsky, The Surveillance of Women on Reality Television: Watching “The Bachelor” and “The Bachelorette” (Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books, 2011), vii + 151 pp. $60.00 (cloth), $60.00 (e-b...
Determination of Spinosad and Its Metabolites in Meat, Milk, Cream, and Eggs by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection

Spinosad is a naturally derived insect-control agent for use on cotton and a variety of other crops. A method is described for the determination of spinosad and its major metabolites in beef and poultry meat, milk, cream, and eggs. The method determines residues of the active ingredients (spinosyns A and D) and two metabolites (spinosyn B and N-demethylspinosyn D). For chicken fat, the method has a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.02 μg/g and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.006 μg/g. For all other chicken tissues, beef tissues, milk, cream, and eggs, the method has an LOQ of 0.01 μg/g and an LOD of 0.003 μg/g. The analytes are extracted from the various sample types using appropriate solvents, and the extracts are purified by liquid−liquid partitioning and solid-phase extraction. All four analytes are determined simultaneously in the purified extracts by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 250 nm. Keywords: Spinosad; spinosyn A; spinosyn D; spinosyn B; N-dem...
WOMEN: A NEW VISION FOR YEAR 2000 AND BEYOND

Women's contributions to world development go unrecognised. Women represent, however, key agents of change for the years to come and into the next century. Through their expanded stock of scientific and technological capital, women should have a definite impact on all spheres of economic and social development.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate metabolism in the cerebella of Lurcher mutant mice and patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy

We have investigated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) metabolism in cerebellar membranes of normal humans and patients with dominant ataxia ('C' kindred), and also in cerebellar microsomes of Lurcher mutant mouse (a suggested model for cerebellar ataxia). Various [3H]InsP3 metabolites formed were separated by HPLC using 3 successive convex gradients of 1.7 M ammonium formate, pH 3.7. [3H]InsP3 metabolism was rapid and in 15- and 45-day-old control mice cerebella about 50% of [3H]InsP3 was metabolized within 20 s. In 15-day-old Lurcher mice the rate of [3H]InsP3 metabolism was significantly low (40% of normal). [3H]InsP3 metabolism was almost absent in 45-day-old Lurcher mice cerebellar microsomes. The decreased [3H]InsP3 metabolism was consistent with decreased recovery of the various inositol polyphosphates formed. Similarly, in cerebellar membranes of human patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) a significant decrease in [3H]InsP3 metabolism was observed when compared with normal controls. These data suggest that altered phosphoinositide turnover may be associated with the onset of neuronal degeneration in human OPCA.
Risk of stillbirth from medications, illnesses and medical procedures

Associations between stillbirth and 14 medical exposures during pregnancy were examined using deliveries in 1984 in 10 California counties. Cases (n = 332) were stillbirths and infant deaths within 24 h of birth. Randomly selected live births served as controls (n = 357) and were frequency matched by maternal age and county. Using questionnaire and vital statistics data, logistic regression and proportional hazards modelling were performed with adjustment for potential confounders. The most prevalent exposures were ultrasound (65% of cases, 58% of controls) and acetaminophen (45% of cases, 54% of controls). Prescription pain medication, when taken in the first 2 gestational months, was strongly associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (odds ratio = 7.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3, 24.1). First and second trimester use of prescription pain or migraine medication was positively associated with all stillbirths (rate ratio [RR] range 1.3-1.6). Fertility drugs were positively associated with stillbirths in total and stillbirths due to complications of the placenta, cord and membranes (RR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.8, 4.1; and RR = 2.5, 95% CI 0.9, 7.2 respectively). No associations were found for aspirin, amniocentesis, diagnostic X-rays or fever, consistent with previous studies. This report is among the few studies of specific causes of stillbirth and medical exposures by gestational time window.
Planar laser rayleigh scattering for quantitative vapor-fuel imaging in a diesel jet☆

Abstract Quantitative images of vapor-phase fuel concentrations were obtained in an evaporating and combusting diesel jet using planar laser Rayleigh scattering. The diagnostic has been calibrated, evaluated, and successfully applied to an optically accessible direct-injection diesel engine for fired and nonfired operating conditions. The measurements were obtained in the leading portion of the diesel jet (the zone beyond 27 mm from the injector nozzle), where the fuel is entirely evaporated, and which corresponds to the main combustion zone in this engine. The technique was shown to be effective for quantitative imaging of the fuel-vapor concentration before ignition, with high spatial and temporal resolution. Additionally, images of the fuel-vapor concentration were further reduced to imagers of the equivalence ratio using an adiabatic mixing assumption to model the local temperature of the evaporating diesel jet. This procedure also yielded temperature distribution images. The results show that, at 4.5° crank angle (0.63 ms) after the start of injection, which corresponds to the time just before the first indicated heat release, the fuel and air are relatively well mixed in the leading portion of the diesel jet. At this crank angle, the equivalence ratio in the majority of the jet ranges from 2 to 4. The edges of the jet are well defined, with the signal level rising sharply from the background level up to levels corresponding to equivalence ratios in the jet. The temperature of the richest mixture regions in the jet is as low as 700 K, with the ambient air temperature at 1000 K. Finally, comparisons of Rayleigh images of the reacting and nonreacting jet show that the initial breakdown of the fuel, indicated by a significant decrease in the Rayleigh signal intensity, occurs throughout the cross section of the leading portion of the diesel jet.
The growth of hearing loss in neonatal chicks exposed to intense pure tones

Abstract One-day-old chicks were exposed to an intense pure tone (0.9 kHz, 120 dB SPD and assigned to one of eight groups based on continuous exposure durations from 1 to 200 h. As each animal was removed from the exposure, it was anesthetized and an electrode was placed in the nucleus magnocellularis. Sound-evoked potentials were used to measure absolute thresholds and frequency selectivity. Thresholds were measured at 10 frequencies between 0.1 and 4.5 kHz while frequency selectivity was assessed by a simultaneous masking tuning-curve procedure at five probe-tone frequencies between 0.3 and 2.5 kHz. Threshold shift was greatest at 1.3 kHz and reached a maximum loss of approximately 57 dB between 48 and 200 h of exposure. The shape of the threshold-shift curve as a function of exposure duration (for frequencies between 0.9 and 2.5 KHz) suggested the presence of an early and late effect. The loss in tuning sharpness was evaluated by comparing the values of Q10 dB for control and exposed tuning curves and expressing the difference between them as a percent change. Probe-tone tuning curves above 0.9 kHz became less selective as exposure duration increased. A maximum decrease in tuning of about 54 percent was reached by 48 h and this remained constant to 200 h. The low-frequency tuning curves (below 0.9 kHz) did not show any systematic loss in selectivity. The changes in sensitivity and selectivity are discussed in relation to the patterns of cochlear injury that occurred on the basilar papilla as exposure duration lengthened.
Effectiveness of treatment for adolescent substance use: is biological drug testing sufficient?

Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of three treatment modalities for adolescent substance use: biological drug screening (BDS), Motivational Enhancement Therapy–Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MET/CBT5), and BDS combined with MET/CBT5, relative to no treatment.Method:This study comprised 5,186 adolescents (70% male) enrolled in substance use treatment and tracked through the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Center for Substance Abuse Treatment’s database (BDS = 1,110; MET/CBT5 = 784; BDS combined with MET/CBT5 = 2,539; no treatment = 753). Outcomes of interest were substance use frequency and severity of substance use problems at 3, 6, and 12 months, as measured by the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs survey. Propensity score weighting was used to adjust for pretreatment covariate imbalances between groups. Weighted generalized linear models were used to estimate the impact of treatment on outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months.Results:BDS, ...
Limiting error propagation in Viterbi decoding of convolutional codes

The problem of avoiding infinite error propagation in noncatastrophic convolutional codes when using a truncated Viterbi decoder is considered. A truncation length tau is defined in terms of walks in the state diagram. The truncation length guarantees that, in the presence of a sufficiently long guard space, a truncated Viterbi decoder will always recover from any error event. This value of tau is the theoretically smallest possible truncation length. >