cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bills of Rights

Contents Series Preface Introduction Bills of Rights and Democratic Self- Governance: A right-based critique of constitutional rights, Jeremy Waldron Judicial review and democratic principles: 2 theories, D.J. Galligan Accountability, liberty and the constitution, Rebecca Brown. Judicial Enforcement of Bills of Rights: The new commonwealth model of constitutionalism, Stephen Gardbaum Learning to live with the override, Lorraine Eisenstat Weinrib The charter dialogue between courts and legislatures (or perhaps the charter of rights isn't such a bad thing after all), Peter W. Hogg and Alison A. Bushell Legislative invalidation, human rights protection and S 4 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, Janet McLean New forms of judicial review and the persistence of rights- and democracy-based worries, Mark Tushnet. Legislative Enforcement of Bills of Rights: Origin and scope of the American doctrine of constitutional law, James B. Thayer Institutional design of a Thayerian Congress, Elizabeth Garrett and Adrian Vermeule Judicial review and the protection of constitutional rights, Wojciech Sadurski Index.
The Deep Space Network Advanced Systems Program

The deep space network (DSN)--with its three complexes in Goldstone, California, Madrid, Spain, and Canberra, Australia--provides the resources to track and communicate with planetary and deep space missions. Each complex consists of an array of capabilities for tracking probes almost anywhere in the solar system. A number of innovative hardware, software and procedural tools are used for day-to-day operations at DSN complexes as well as at the network control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Systems and technologies employed by the network include large-aperture antennas (34-m and 70-m), cryogenically cooled receivers, high-power transmitters, stable frequency and timing distribution assemblies, modulation and coding schemes, spacecraft transponders, radiometric tracking techniques, etc. The DSN operates at multiple frequencies, including the 2-GHz band, the 7/8-GHz band, and the 32/34-GHz band.
Upgrading Privacy Theory: A Systemic Turn

In liberal democratic countries, discussions of privacy generally revolve around the ability of individuals to shield and control certain of the data that describe them, such as information about one’s finances, health, or online behavior. I view this approach as fundamentally incomplete, and propose that we use the notion of privacy to cover a set of struggles by political actors of all types - public, private, individual, and institutional - to remain autonomous in the modern liberal democratic polity. Doing so puts an end to the multiplication of concepts across what I argue is a similar field of political struggle, to the benefit of the public as well as academics. Actors’ political autonomy have been threatened by the existence and undisciplined operation of information and communication technologies (ICTs), triggered chiefly by the introduction and uptake of the Internet. This systemic approach to privacy allows us to explore the ways it is regulated - what I call the “privacy regime” - in multiple countries. Coupled with a definition of privacy that is squarely and pragmatically adapted to the technological realities of today, we provide ourselves the necessary theoretical model to respond to the pressing analytical needs posed by the increasingly pitched battles between different political actors over technology and autonomy. Taking a longer view, the debate over privacy opens a new chapter in which political actors become more fully aware of the acute dangers of unchecked, advancing technologies. Recasting privacy politics in this way, we inscribe it into a frame that is familiar to scholars interested in power, the organization of interests, and the logic of liberal democracy.
Treatment of Young Children's Bedtime Refusal and Nighttime Wakings: A Comparison of "Standard" and Graduated Ignoring Procedures

Young children with sleep problems received either "standard" or graduated ignoring treatment. Both brief treatments were superior to a wait-list control condition and resulted in comparable improvements in bedtime and nighttime sleep problems. At bedtime, the treatments did not differ with respect to maternal compliance and stress. For nighttime wakings, mothers in the graduated ignoring group reported higher rates of compliance and less treatment-related stress. Maternal characteristics predicted treatment outcome in the standard ignoring condition. Following treatment, only positive side effects were observed. When compared to the wait-list group, mothers in the standard ignoring group reported less verbose discipline and decreased stress in parenting, while mothers in the graduated ignoring group reported improved parent-child relationships. Treatment gains were maintained over a 2-month follow-up period.
Tutorial on Free-Electron Lasers

The free-electron laser (FEL) Mechanism is fundamentally related to microwave electron tubes and even to the atomic laser. In 1971, Madey1 showed how relativistic undulating electrons and open resonators could extend the tunable advantages of electron tubes to the optical regime.
Mechanism of Transfection with Deoxyribonucleic Acid from the Temperate Bacillus Bacteriophage φ105

Bacteriophage phi105 is a temperate phage for the transformable Bacillus subtilis 168. The infectivity of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from mature phi105 phage particles, from bacteria lysogenic for phi105 (prophage DNA), and from induced lysogenic bacteria (vegetative DNA) was examined in the B. subtilis transformation system. About one infectious center was formed per 10(8) mature DNA molecules added to competent cells, but single markers could be rescued from mature DNA by a superinfecting phage at a 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold higher frequency. Single markers in mature DNA were inactivated at an exponential rate after uptake by a competent cell. Prophage and vegetative DNA gave about one infectious center per 10(3) molecules added to competent cells. Infectious prophage DNA entered competent cells as a single molecule; it gave a majority of lytic responses. Single markers in sheared prophage DNA were inactivated at the same rate as markers in mature DNA. Prophage DNA was dependent on the bacterial rec-1 function for its infectivity, whereas vegetative DNA was not. The mechanism of transfection of B. subtilis with viral DNA is discussed, and a model for transfection with phi105 DNA is proposed.
The male 2D:4D digit ratio: a proxy for prenatal androgen exposure and a risk biomarker for multiple sclerosis. (S38.005)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the 2D:4D digit ratio, a proxy for prenatal androgen levels, in men with and without multiple sclerosis (MS). BACKGROUND: In adult men with MS, low testosterone levels are associated with worse disease severity. We hypothesized that low prenatal androgen levels, during this key period of hormonal modulation, might represent a risk factor for MS. A higher ratio of an individual’s second and fourth digit lengths (2D:4D ratio) may reflect lower prenatal androgen levels. (PNAS 2011 108:16289) DESIGN/METHODS: We obtained two digital scans of the right hand for 100 men with MS presenting to a scheduled clinic visit, and 130 men without autoimmune disease (HCs). All individuals were aged 18-65, right-handed, and reported no prior hand trauma. Digit length was calculated using digital calipers by two investigators blinded to disease status. The 2D:4D ratio was averaged over the two scans. Our primary statistical analysis was a cross-sectional comparison of the 2D:4D ratio between MS subjects and HCs using two-sample t-test. RESULTS: The mean age of MS subjects was 42.4 and of HCs was.41.3 (p=0.49, two-sample t-test). The mean (SD) 2D:4D ratio was higher in MS patients (0.954 (0.0399)) than in HCs (0.9443 (0.0335)) (adjusted difference= 0.00985; 95[percnt] CI: 0.00031-0.0194; p=0.0431). There was no effect of age on these findings in an age-adjusted linear regression. Finally, in the 44 MS patients who had both morning testosterone levels and a 2D:4D ratio available for analysis, there was no correlation between the two measures (Pearson’s r = 0.07, p = 0.6507). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, male MS patients had a higher 2D4D ratio than HCs, suggestive of lower prenatal androgen levels. These findings support an emerging role of low androgens during key developmental periods as a risk factor for MS. STUDY SUPPORTED BY: NMSS, American Brain Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Bove has nothing to disclose. Dr. Malik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Diaz-Cruz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bargiela has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chua has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saraceno has nothing to disclose. Dr. Greeke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Glanz has received research support from Merck Serono. Dr. Healy has received research support from Merck Serono. Dr. Chitnis has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec and Alexion. Dr. Chitnis has received research support from Merck Serono and Novartis.
HORIZONTAL STIFFNESS AND DAMPING OF SINGLE PILES

Simple expressions are developed for the equivalent horizontal spring and damping coefficients at the top of an end-bearing pile embedded in a uniform linear soil. Beam on elastic foundation (BEF) and dynamic finite element analyses are used for this purpose. It is demonstrated that, for long end-bearing piles, the top displacement response at high frequencies is independent of the pile length, and the pile behaves identically to a long floating pile in a half-space. A numerical criterion is presented to decide when a pile is long or short. All results are expressed as a function of the pile and soil Young’s Moduli, E\dp and E\ds, and they are valid for a range of Poisson’s Ratios of the soil between 0.25 and 0.49. Finally, expressions are also presented for the soil springs and dashpots required for more complicated BEF analyses of piles in multilayer soils. The results presented in the paper show good agreement with previous studies.
Spatially Distributed Watershed Mapping and Modeling: GIS-based Storm Runoff and Hydrograph Analysis: (part 2)

Advances in scientific knowledge and new techniques of remote sensing permit a better understanding of the physical land features governing hydrologic processes, and make possible efficient, large-scale hydrologic modeling. The need for land-cover and hydrologic response change detection at a larger scale and at times of the year when hydrologic studies are critical makes satellite imagery the most cost effective, efficient and reliable source of data. In this work, remotely-sensed data and geographic information system (GIS) tools were used to estimate the changes in runoff response for three watersheds (Etonia, Econlockhatchee, and S-65A subbasins) in Florida. Land-use information from Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQ), Landsat Thematic Mapper, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus were analyzed for the years 1984, 1990, 1995, and 2000. Spatial distribution of land-cover was assessed over time. The corresponding infiltration excess runoff response of the study areas due to these changes was estimated using the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service Curve Number (USDA-NRCS-CN) method. A Digital Elevation Model-GIS technique was used to predict stream response to runoff events based on the travel time from each grid cell to the watershed outlet. The method was applied to a representative watershed (Simms Creek) in the Etonia sub-basin to study the effect of land-cover on storm runoff response. Simulated and observed runoff volume and hydrographs were compared. Isolated storms, with volumes of not less than 12.75 mm (0.5 inch) were selected (the minimum amount of rainfall volume recommended for the NRCS-CN method). Results show that the model predicts the total runoff volume with an average efficiency of 98%. The model is applicable to ungaged watersheds and useful for predicting runoff hydrographs resulting from changes in the land-cover.
Distribution of ABO blood groups in the patients with intracranial aneurysm and association of different risk factors with particular blood type.

Introduction: The association between ABO blood groups and intracranial aneurysms is not well-known. Many co-morbid factors are associated with intracranial aneurysms. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of different blood group in patients with intracranial aneurysm and to look for associations between risk factors and these groups. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study includes 1,491 cases who underwent surgical operations for intracranial aneurysms from 1993-2014. We have evaluated the information related to clinical history, ABO blood groups and associated risk factors in the patients both ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms by chart review of the cases. Results: In our study, out of 1,491 cases, the most common ABO blood groups were group O (668 cases, 44.80%) and Group A (603 cases, 40.44%), and Rh(+) in 1,319 (88.4%) and Rh(-) in 147 (11.6%). Blood Group A (43% vs. 36%) and Group B (16.2% vs. 8.6%) were significantly higher in Caucasian and African Americans respectively. However, in general population, there was no significant difference in blood groups between Caucasians and African Americans. Rh(-) factor was significantly higher in Caucasians compared to African Americans. Incidence of smoking was significantly higher in aneurysm patients with O group compared to others. In addition, incidence of hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher in aneurysm patients with A group compared to others. Conclusion: The racial disparity in the distribution of blood groups, and risk factor association with blood groups in the development of intracranial aneurysm needs to be considered. The findings from our study may be useful in identifying patients at increased risk. Further study may be required to establish the risks from multiple centers studies around the world.
Induction of long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala does not depend on NMDA receptor activation.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) can be induced in the lateral and basolateral amygdala by stimulating synaptic afferents in the external capsule (EC). We examined the sensitivity of amygdaloid LTP to the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5), which is known to block LTP induction in the Schaffer collateral/CA1 synapses in the hippocampus. While relatively high concentrations (100 μM) of DL-AP5 were effective in preventing LTP induction in the lateral and basolateral amygdala in vitro, the same concentrations also significantly depressed synaptic responses to low-frequency stimulation. Furthermore, at 50 μM, a concentration sufficient to block both synaptic responses mediated by NMDA receptors and LTP induction in the hippocampus and neocortex, AP5 did not affect the probability of inducing LTP in the amygdala. Application of 10 μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (CNQX), which blocks non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors, reduced the monosynaptic response to EC stimulation by 85%. The remaining CNQX-insensitive response did not appear to be mediated by NMDA-type receptors, since it was not reduced by 50 or 100 μM AP5, and showed none of the voltage sensitivity characteristic of NMDA responses. These data suggest that while the induction of LTP in the amygdala produced by EC stimulation is blocked by high doses of AP5, plasticity at these synapses probably does not require activation of NMDA receptors. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Architecture of Ineloquence: José Lluis Sert's Carmel de la Paix

J. K. BirkstedAshgate, 2013146 pages$104.95 (cloth)Why write a book about Jose Luis Sert's Carmel de la Paix convent in the rural village of Mazille, France? J. K. Birksted, who teaches at the Bart...
Mathematical Problem Solving and Young Children.

Educators of young children can enhance the development of a problem-solving thought process through daily activities in their classrooms. An emphasis should be placed on the actual thought process needed to solve problems that occur in everyday living. Educators can follow simple suggestions to create problem-solving situations for all ages of children. The process of thinking through a problem and finding a solution is more important than traditional mathematics counting and memorizing useless facts. Even very young children are capable of a problem-solving process that is on the appropriate developmental level. The problem-solving process is constructivist in nature, as each individual perceives problems according to her or his background and developmental levels. Educators need to make a conscious effort to capitalize on all stages of problem-solving thinking to enhance future mathematical development.
Heterodyne Noise Measurements Of A Microstrip, Waveguide Local Oscillator Modulator

Sidebands imposed on the output of a stable CO2 laser have been heterodyne mixed (on a 77K HgCdTe detector) with blackbody emission and alternately with radiation from a stable laser oscillator. The sidebands are generated upon passage of the beam from the laser through an electro-optic modulator consisting of: A GaAs waveguide structure (prism coupled) which has been etched with a 1 mm wide microwave microstrip transmission circuit - designed for use in the 12-18 GHz range - through which propagates the output from a traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA). We have found that the heterodyne signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) depends in large part on the quality of the TWTA, and only under a unique set of circumstances can the theoretical limit for the ideal SNR (ηPr/hvB) be approached.
Four stages of Spiritual Experience: A comparison of the Ignatian Exercises and Jungian Psychotherapy

The Four Weeks of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola are compared with four stages of Psychotherapy described by Carl Jung: confession, explanation, education, and transformation. The dynamics, goals, and outcomes of each of the Weeks are successively discussed and considered pairwise with the corresponding Jungian stage.
Removal of bacteria in laboratory filters: models and experiments

Abstract Five filtration models were used to predict the effect of particle size on removal in several types of laboratory filters (nylon, cellulose and glass fiber). All models predicted similar trends in removal with particle size, although the capillary-pore model predicted substantially lower removals than the other four fibrous filtration models. These models indicated that bacterium-size (∼ 1 μm) particles are removed in filters primarily through the filtration mechanism of particle interception. Based on advertised pore sizes, removal of bacterium-size particles was a function of filter material in the order cellulose > nylon > glass fiber. The percent of bacteria removed in a nylon filter (5 μ pore diameter) was similar to removal in GF/C filters (1.2 μm pore diameter) as a result of a higher sticking coefficient of bacteria with nylon than with glass. The average sticking coefficients of three bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. JS6, Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 and Bacillus pumilus , in glass fiber (GF/C) filters, were 0.01, 0.24 and 0.20, respectively. These results indicate that filtration models can be used to describe particle removal during laboratory filtration of water and wastewater samples, and that bacteria have relatively high sticking coefficients for filter materials.
Vulnerability in Clinical Research with Patients in Pain: A Risk Analysis

Some have characterized patients living with intractable pain as a vulnerable population in both clinical and research settings. Labeling the population as vulnerable, however, does not provide clarity regarding the potential risks that they face when they participate in research. Instead, research vulnerability for patients in pain is a function of an interaction between their pain conditions and elements of the research enterprise. Therefore, the identification of potential risks requires consideration not only of characteristics of patients with chronic pain, but also consideration of features of researchers, the quality of institutional oversight, and the medical/social environment within which the research is conducted. This paper provides an analysis of those risks and provides some suggestions as to how the risks might be better managed.
FOAM STABILITY - HE EFFECT OP A LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASE ON THE DRAINAGE AND TRANSITION BEHAVIOR OF FOAM FILMS

ABSTRACT The effects of a liquid crystalline phase on the drainage and on-set of black film transitions in microscopic foam films are investigated using interference microscopic technique. The drainage time, critical thickness and/or equilibrium thickness of aqueous films formed from Texas #1 (sodium 8-phenyl-n-hexadecyl-p-sulfonate) and sodium dodecylsulfate solutions are measured as a function of surfactant concentration, ionic strength, aging of the system and addition of short chain alkyl alcohols. The experimental data are correlated with the bulk and surface viscosity measurements for the solutions. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the relative importance of the van der Waals' compression versus electrostatic and structural repulsion forces on the film dynamics.
The contribution of amplitude and phase spectra-defined scene statistics to the masking of rapid scene categorization

Viewers can recognize the gist of a scene (i.e., its holistic semantic representation, such as its category) in less time than a single fixation, and backward masking has traditionally been employed as a means to determine that time course. The masks used in those paradigms are often characterized by either specific amplitude spectra only, or amplitude and phase spectra-defined structural properties. However, it remains unclear whether there would be a differential contribution of amplitude only or amplitude + phase defined image statistics to the effective backward masking of rapid scene categorization. The current study addresses this issue. Experiments 1-3 explored amplitude spectra defined contributions to category masking and revealed that the slope of the amplitude spectrum was more important for modulating scene category masking strength than amplitude orientation. Further, the masking effects followed an "amplitude spectrum slope similarity principle" whereby the more similar the amplitude spectrum slope of the mask was to the target's amplitude spectrum slope, the stronger the masking. Experiment 5 showed that, when holding mask amplitude spectrum slope approximately constant, both categorically specific unrecognizable amplitude only and amplitude + phase statistical regularities disrupted rapid scene categorization. Specifically, the masking effects observed in Experiment 5 followed a target-mask categorical dissimilarity principle whereby the more dissimilar the mask category is to the target image category, the stronger the masking. Overall, the results support the notion that amplitude only or amplitude + phase-defined image statistics differentially contribute to the effective backward masking of rapid scene gist recognition.
Organic Chemistry, Third Edition (Carey, Francis A.)

The author continues to stress the use of reaction mechanisms, and this remains a strong point in the new edition. The heart and soul of modern organic chemistry revolves around these concepts, and this framework is essential for a textbook of this type.
Cyanogen bromide splitting of human immunoglobulin M.

Abstract Human Waldenstrom IgM (κ) (Dau), its polypeptide chains and its F(c)5 μ and Fab μ fragments were split by cyanogen bromide (CNBr). The fragments formed by CNBr were fractionated by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and paper electrophoresis. They were characterized in terms of polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, peptide maps, amino acid composition, end group determinations and limited primary structure determination. Two CNBr fragments were formed from the κ chain, consistent with the presence of one methionine residue. Five fragments were isolated from the partially S-sulfonated μ chain. Three additional fragments were released after destruction of all disulfide bonds. The present data are unclear as to whether there are eight or nine CNBr fragments released. The comparison of CNBr pieces from the IgM, μ chain, F(c)5 μ and Fab μ affords a tentative arrangement of their order, as well as the relative location of the disulfide bonds within the molecule.
Coping with Weight-related Discrepancies: Initial Development of the WEIGHTCOPE

Abstract Purpose The present research sought to provide the initial development, validation and reliability for a measure (WEIGHTCOPE) to assess the variation in how women, who are currently trying to lose or maintain weight, cope with common, perceived weight-related discrepancies. Methods To this end, two studies were conducted to 1) develop an initial list of coping responses to common weight-related triggers, 2) create an initial measurement model through exploratory factor analysis (study 1; n = 470), and 3) provide initial validation for the measure through confirmatory factor analysis (study 2; n = 310). Findings Results support the initial validity and reliability of a 38-item, 10-factor structure: Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, Suppressed Eating, Supplement Use, Self-Regulation, Positive Reframing, Social Support, Disengagement, Camouflage, and Comfort Food. The present findings reiterate individual variation in coping choice in response to a perceived weight-related discrepancy, and its prospective assessment with the WEIGHTCOPE. Conclusions The WEIGHTCOPE can be an integral tool for public health and clinical practice, where triggers are common, and interventions are employed to enhance the use of more positive forms of weight control behaviors and/or avoid negative consequences of weight- and fat-related discrepancies. Future research can use the WEIGHTCOPE to help guide theoretical and pragmatic approaches to various triggering events and potential moderators of coping.
Treatment Tolerance and Efficacy in Geriatric Oncology: A Systematic Review of Phase III Randomized Trials Conducted by Five National Cancer Institute–Sponsored Cooperative Groups

Purpose Elderly patients share the majority of the disease burden in cancer. Although 61% of new cancer cases occur among elderly, they comprise only 25% of the patients enrolled onto randomized clinical trials (RCTs). A systematic review to assess the accurate participation of elderly patients in RCTs has not been performed. Patients and Methods We reviewed all consecutively completed phase III RCTs conducted by five National Cancer Institute–sponsored cooperative groups. Published papers and study protocols were used for data extraction. We used a cutoff age of ≥ 65 years to define elderly patients. For trials that did not exclusively enroll elderly, data were extracted on number of participants ≥ 65 years of age. Outcome between the innovative and the standard treatment was compared. Results Of 345 studies, only one trial exclusively enrolled elderly patients (0.28%); 57% of the trials (n = 197) had no stratification by age, and 12% of the studies had a stratification age ≥ 65 years (n = 42). Overall s...
Videotape Feedback and Microteaching in a Teacher Training Model

The goals of this study were to determine the effectiveness of the minicourse model in changing student Teacher behavior and to estimate the effects of the microteaching format and use of videotape feedback within this model. Feedback and practice in the microteaching format were manipulated with four groups of student teachers while a fifth group served as a control.Eleven behaviors were scored for the four treatment groups on pre-course and post-course videotapes. Eighteen of the resulting comparisons were significant beyond the . 01 level and three beyond the . 05 level in the desired direction. Three of the eleven control group gains were significant at the . 05 level. Treatment groups hat did not receive videotape feedback and did not practice in the microteaching format were not significantly different than groups that did.
Thirty Years of the National Survey of Counseling Center Directors: A Personal Account

This article reviews important trends in college counseling work over the past 30 years revealed through an annual survey of college counseling center directors. The article also focuses on questions raised in the survey that generated important professional discussions and on other contributions the survey has made to the counseling profession. Initially the survey results provided important information to counseling center directors and their staffs. However, due to media interest, the survey gradually gained an expanded audience among higher education administrators and also helped to educate the broader public about the nature and importance of counseling center work.
Evidence for dual components in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic relaxation in the rat gastric fundus: Role of endogenous nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

The effects of trypsin and arginine analogues, alone or in combination, on half-maximal non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxation elicited by different pulse trains of electrical field stimulation were studied in the rat gastric fundus in order to investigate further the relative contribution of peptides and NO. Trypsin (1 μM) partially inhibited electrically-induced NANC relaxation especially when longer pulse trains were used. l-NOARG, l-NAME and l-NMMA, but not d-NOARG or d-NAME (3–300 μM) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of the electrically induced NANC relaxation. l-Arginine (l-Arg), but not d-Arginine (d-Arg) (3.8 μM-3.8 mM) produced a concentration-dependent reversal of the inhibitory effect of l-NOARG IC50 (38 μM). Neither l-NOARG (38 μM) nor l-Arg (380 μM) influence submaximal relaxation induced by VIP (3 μM), isopropylnoradrenaline (10 μM), ATP (10 μM) or sodium nitroprusside (300 μM). Moreover l-NOARG (100 μM) did not influence neurally-induced VIP release. l-NOARG inhibition of NANC relaxation was significant only when short pulse trains were used, while trypsin showed significant inhibition only of relaxation induced by longer pulse trains. These results suggest that the relaxation induced by the activation of the NANC inhibitory neurotransmission of the rat gastric fundus consists of at least two components, one trypsin-sensitive and the other trypsin-resistant, to which VIP and NO contribute, respectively.
Primary structure of a cardioactive neuropeptide from the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta

The amino acid sequence of the first of a family of insect cardioregulatory peptides from the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, has been determined using a combination of Edman degradation microsequencing and mass spectroscopy. This peptide contains 9 amino acid residues and an observed mass for the monoisotopic protonated molecule of 956.4 Da. There are two cysteines at positions 3 and 9 forming a disulfide bridge and the carboxyl-terminus is amidated. The structure of this peptide, Pro-Phe-Cys-Asn-Ala-Phe-Thr-Gly-Cys-NH2, is identical to a peptide recently isolated from crabs called crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) and we propose that this peptide be named Manduca CCAP.
MO-FF-A3-05: Dosimetric Interplay Effects for Proton Uniform Scanning Lung Treatments

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric impact of respiratory motion on protonlung treatments delivered by uniform scanning. Method: Uniform scanning is an aperture and compensator based technique in which the pristine energy layers are delivered sequentially (‘energy stacking’). Because of high scanning frequency (3Hz) compared to breathing motion, the study ignores lateral effects and focuses on interplay between energy stacking and tissue motion/deformation. This exercise is based on actual lung patient plans that, however, were delivered by simultaneously irradiating the whole SOBP. To simulate the breathing motion the full SOBP dose is recalculated on all 10 4DCT phases. To simulate the energy stacking, the per phase dose distributions are deconvolved into energy layers with appropriate weighting. Based on delivery parameters such as total irradiation time (doserate), time offset, and switching times and patient specific parameters like average breath rate, a series of dose distributions belonging to various breathing phases and energy layers are identified to constitute a treatment. For total dose accumulation deformable registration methods are used to deform all dose maps to a mid‐exhale phase. The interplay effect of breathing motion and energy stacking is deduced by comparison of the total dose distributions over multiple breathing cycles for both all‐energies and by energy layer deliveries.Results: No dramatic discrepancies on beam dose distributions produced by the two methods are observed. For a doserate of 2Gy/min and a respiratory rate of 20bpm the PTV coverage, maximum dose, and lung mean dose differences are within 2, 2.5, and 1.5% of prescribed dose (per beam). Doserate is the sole parameter that significantly influences the interplay effect which becomes insignificant for values below 0.5Gy/min. Conclusions: Based on the cases that we applied our uniform scanning evaluation method we conclude that lung treatment can safely be delivered by uniform scanning for low doserates.
Controlling errors in the process of automating boundary element method analysis

Automating boundary element method (BEM) analysis will make it possible for a large number of practicing engineers and students to exploit the unique advantages of BEM over other computational techniques for solving several classes of engineering problems. But to successfully automate the BEM analysis requires addressing a host of problems that includes a clear understanding of the various sources of error in the analysis. This paper discusses the various sources of errors in the BEM analysis, how the author of this paper has addressed these errors and the process by which the BEM analysis can be automated.
Feeding Ecology and Energetic Relationships with Habitat of Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, and Flathead Catfish, Pylodictis olivaris, in the Lower Mississippi River, U.S.A.

We examined feeding of blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, and flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris, collected from floodplain lake, secondary (side) river channel, and main river channel habitats in the lower Mississippi River (LMR), U.S.A. We described the feeding ecology of two large river catfish species within the context of whether off-channel habitats in the LMR (i.e., floodplain lakes and secondary channels) potentially provided energetic benefits to these fishes as purported in contemporary theory on the ecology of large rivers. We used diet composition and associated caloric densities of prey consumed as indicators of energetic benefit to catfishes. Differences in diet among habitats were strong for blue catfish, but weak for flathead catfish; consumed foods generally differed among habitats in caloric (energy) content. Caloric densities of consumed foods were generally greatest in floodplain lakes, least in the main river channel, and intermediate in secondary river channels. Strong between-year variation in diet was observed, but only for blue catfish. Blue catfish fed disproportionately on lower-energy zebra mussels in the main river channel during 1997, and higher-energy chironomids and oligochaetes in floodplain lakes during 1998. Results suggested that although off-channel habitats potentially provided greater energetic return to catfishes in terms of foods consumed, patterns of feeding and subsequent energy intake may vary annually. Energetic benefits associated with off-channel habitats as purported under contemporary theory (e.g., the ‘flood-pulse concept’) may not be accrued by catfishes every year in the LMR.
Simulation of a mirror corrector for PEEM3

Abstract A third generation aberration-corrected Photoemission Electron Microscope is being designed at the Advanced Light Source. An electron mirror is used for the correction of the lowest order spherical and chromatic aberrations. Two very different methods, one using finite-element method and ray-tracing technique and the other using charge ring method and differential algebra technique, have been employed to simulate the electrostatic field and the behavior of the electron beam. Good agreement has been obtained between the two methods and a tetrode mirror has been found to effectively correct the spherical and chromatic aberrations. Operating at 20 kV , the point resolution for 100% transmission reaches 50 nm with the mirror corrector, a significant reduction from that of 440 nm without correction. The highest resolution achieved is 4 nm at 2% transmission, as opposed to 20 nm at 1% transmission without correction.
How Did Asian Americans Respond to Negative Stereotypes and Hate Crimes

Stereotypes and hate crimes are complex issues. Stereotypes usually have three dimensions— Evaluation or valence, Potency, and Accuracy (EPA). According to the EPA model of stereotypes and stereotyping, negative and inaccurate stereotypes are more prone to bias and prejudice. This article uses the EPA model to test two assumptions. First, stereotypes would produce a differential impact on Asian Americans, which is contingent on the accuracy and valence of stereotypes to Asian Americans. Inaccurate negative stereotypes may offend Asian Americans more than accurate negative stereotypes. Second, Asian Americans may be more sensitive or responsive to a hate crime situation in which Asian Americans are racially targeted as the only victims than to one in which both Asian Americans and other minority Americans are racially targeted as victims together. The results from the two studies strongly corroborate these two assumptions, which provide more support for the EPA model of stereotypes and stereotyping.
Simultaneous unilateral moyamoya disease and ipsilateral dural arteriovenous fistula: case report.

OBJECTIVEPrevious reports have described an association between moyamoya disease and arteriovenous malformations, but this unusual case is the first report of a unilateral moyamoya pattern simultaneously associated with an ipsilateral dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF).CLINICAL PRESENTATIONA 44-year
Effects of diet and deprivation on meal eating behavior in rats

Abstract The meal eating pattern of six male albino rats was observed during the feeding of Purina Chow, a calorically diluted diet, a calorically dense diet, and following 24 hr food deprivation. The total number of meals remained fairly constant throughout all conditions. The duration of a meal, on the other hand, was extremely sensitive to both changes in diet and to body weight loss following food deprivation.
Effect of dextran on fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids

Abstract Five patients with hypercholesterolemia (one with hypothyroidism) given a standardized diet containing less than 200 mg of cholesterol daily received 500 ml of 6% dextran solution intravenously on the 11th, 12th, and 13th study day. Daily stool specimens were examined for total neutral steroids and bile acids on 5 consecutive days immediately before dextran, and 10 consecutive days immediately after the intravenous dose. Serial blood cholesterol values were determined before and after administration of dextran. Control serum cholesterol values ranged from 324 to 782 mg% (average 514 mg%). The control daily excretion of total fecal neutral steroids and bile acids ranged from 243 to 801 mg (average 455 mg), and 75 to 221 mg (average 149 mg), respectively. After dextran administration, there was a progressive drop of serum cholesterol; minimal values ranged from 140 to 384 mg% (average 301 mg%), reached within 96 hours after the first dextran infusion. There was no increase in the fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids. Dextran markedy suppressed coprostanol formation. Possible mechanisms of the cholesterol lowering effect of dextran are discussed.
Some effects of acute gamma radiation in giant Sequoia seedlings

Abstract Actively growing Giant Sequoia seedlings [ Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Decne.] received acute γ-radiation from a 60 Co source at various dose rates ranging from 42 to 1119 rad/24 hr. While maximum radiation levels (697 and 1119 rad) proved to be sublethal, growth of primary stems was inhibited 28 percent by 134 days postirradiation. Microscopic examination of foliar tissues receiving from 346 to 1119 rad revealed abnormal development of the vascular strand as the result of a reduction of elements per xylem row, extensive development of transfusion tissues, and increased cell wall thickness of some tracheids. Double or twin resin ducts also were observed in leaves receiving 697 rad.
A Method of Defining Palpable Landmarks for the Ligament-Splitting Dorsal Wrist Capsulotomy

Purpose The concept of a ligament-splitting dorsal capsulotomy of the wrist has been defined and has been shown to have practical applications. Due to the abundance of peritendinous tissue, however, the ligaments are often difficult to visualize. This article presents a method of defining incision capsular lines based on reliably palpable landmarks. Methods The palpable landmarks include the sulcus between the scaphoid and trapezoid, the dorsal tubercle of the triquetrum, and the midpoint between Lister's tubercle and the dorsal rim of the sigmoid notch. These points identify the bisection lines of the dorsal intercarpal and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments. A radial-based capsulotomy can be easily elevated by incising the dorsal wrist joint capsule using these landmarks and then extending the incision along the dorsal rim of the distal radius to the radial styloid process. Results This method of defining capsular incision lines based on palpable landmarks was used on 253 consecutive dorsal wrist arthrotomies with excellent exposure, accurate splitting of the dorsal radiocarpal and intercarpal ligaments, and no complications. Conclusions Using specific, palpable landmarks on the dorsal wrist, an accurate estimation of the locations and courses of the dorsal radiocarpal and intercarpal ligaments can be reliably made. Even when poorly visualized, these ligaments can be split longitudinally in a reliable fashion to create a standard, ligament-sparing dorsal capsulotomy.
Biodiversity in the scales

Scaling coefficients can reveal nonlinear relationships among biological variables. The approach has now proved fruitful in exploring the relationship between diversity at different taxonomic levels.
Medicine: A Love Story

563 pages. Denver, CO: Outskirts Press; 2012. $22.95; $10.00 (Kindle). ISBN: 978-1-4327-9415-6 In this engaging autobiography, Dr Stollerman provides a unique and highly informative overview of the development of academic medicine during the 20th century. (Full disclosure: I came to know and admire Dr Stollerman when we sat together at Dartmouth Medical Grand Rounds during the past 20 years.) The book begins when the author was cupped for lobar pneumonia at around 4 years of age: “Rinse the little cups in alcohol, then flame it off. Apply the warm cups to the chest quickly so that when they cool they create a vacuum and stick. Pull them off with a resounding ‘pop’ – not too painful and quite intriguing as you watch the welts rise under them.” The interest in medicine kindled by this experience was reinforced when, at age 15, his mother gave him a copy of Paul DeKruif’s Microbe Hunters , and his father an old microscope that “thrust me into the world of microbiology.” He attended Dartmouth College, where the “scene was poster New England”; here, the curriculum stimulated a “four-year growth spurt in learning the origins of human values [that provided] a firm basis for the science, ethos and ethics of medicine.” As a freshman medical student at Columbia in 1941, he found gross anatomy “mesmerizing” and “reveled” in physiology. The following year, he was found to have a “remarkably high titer” of antitype I pneumococcus antibody and so was asked to donate blood samples that made him a “direct contributor to the … development of the pneumococcal vaccine” and “seeded the germ of vaccine research as my subsequent lifetime interest.” Descriptions of medical school and residency abound with fascinating anecdotes such as the cardiologist who “seeing the long stethoscope tubes we brought from …
Reported adverse events in young women following quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination.

Abstract Purpose: To assess and describe young women's experiences with their first dose of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4) (Gardasil®) in a large managed care organization. Methods: We collected survey and electronic medical record (EMR) data for 899 young women aged 11–26 receiving their first HPV4 injection from February through September 2008. Survey items included questions about adverse events, interactions with healthcare providers, and knowledge and attitudes toward HPV disease and HPV4. Results: Six hundred ninety-six (78%) participants reported pain at the injection site. Other common reactions included injection site bruising or discoloration (n=155, 17%) or swelling (n=127, 14%) and presyncope or syncope (n=134, 15%). Overall, preteens and teens were more likely than adult participants to report vaccine adverse events. Most respondents, particularly in the adult age group, reported that their healthcare provider reviewed important information about HPV infection and about the ...
Dynamic adaptation in an image transcoding proxy for mobile Web browsing

Transcoding proxies are used as intermediaries between generic World Wide Web servers and a variety of client devices in order to adapt to the greatly varying bandwidths of different client communication links and to handle the heterogeneity of possibly small-screened client devices. Such transcoding proxies can adaptively adjust the amount by which a data stream is reduced, using an aggressive lossy compression method (e.g., an image becomes less clear, text is summarized). We present an analytical framework for determining whether to transcode and how much to transcode an image for the two cases of store-and-forward transcoding as well as streamed transcoding. These methods require prediction of transcoding delay, prediction of transcoded image size (in bytes), and estimation of network bandwidth. We discuss methods of adaptation based on fixed quality as well as fixed delay (automated/dynamic transcoding). We conclude with a description of the practical adaptation policies that have been implemented in our adaptive image transcoding proxy.
Temporal trends in fast-food restaurant energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content, United States, 1996-2013.

Introduction Excess intakes of energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat are associated with increased risk for cardiometabolic syndrome. Trends in fast-food restaurant portion sizes can inform policy decisions. We examined the variability of popular food items in 3 fast-food restaurants in the United States by portion size during the past 18 years.
Fatigue behavior of a thermally sprayed low carbon steel coating

The fatigue behavior of a thermally sprayed low carbon steel coating has been investigated at room and elevated temperatures. The coating was found to have higher fatigue resistance at 300°C than at room temperature. Further studies indicate that the higher fatigue resistance at the elevated temperature was related to a rapid increase in the elastic modulus of the coating with time during the early part of the fatigue life. The increase in the elastic modulus of the coating was shown to result from annealing of the as-sprayed microstructure at elevated temperatures. Following annealing, the weaker oxide-rich region of the microstructure also became more resistant to crack initiation. The strengthened oxide-rich region delayed accumulation of fatigue damage in the coating, leading to improved fatigue resistance of the coating at elevated temperatures.