cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the localization and failure in aluminum shells due to crushing induced bending and tension

Abstract The paper is concerned with the accurate numerical simulation of localized deformation that can develop into necking and failure, induced by combined bending and tension in shell structures. The study is motivated by the need to establish the onset and evolution of such failures in imploding underwater structures. Such localized zones of deformation are shown to develop under controlled conditions in experiments on Al-6061-T6 cylindrical shells crushed laterally by rigid punches. The crushing induces gradually developing local depressions in the shells, at radially constrained locations. As the crushing progresses, the depressions with a width of the order of the shell wall thickness, deepen, increase their span, become neck-like and develop inclined failures. In the experimental set-up used, the crushing was terminated when the first of four such depressions that develop ruptured. The shell was sliced along the principal plane of crushing and the most deformed cross sections of the necks were measured. The crushing experiments were simulated numerically using solid FE models. The material was modeled as a finitely deforming elastic–plastic solid that hardens isotropically using the von Mises, the non-quadratic isotropic Hosford and anisotropic Yld04–3D yield functions suitably calibrated. While the overall structural response was reproduced well by all models, differences were observed in the evolution of localization in the depressions. For the von Mises yield function, the localized deformation was significantly milder than in the experiments. The isotropic Hosford yield function produced necks that were closer to the experimental ones, while Yld04–3D produced results that were very close to the measurements. Clearly, and in concert with other applications, the adoption of a non-quadratic yield function is necessary for reproduction of localized and other challenging deformation histories in Al alloys. The addition of anisotropy in such models improves further the predictions.
Theoretical analysis of the channel die compression test—II. First- and second-order analysis of orientation [110] [001] [110] in F.C.C. crystals

In this paper we present a general formulation of the analysis of the channel die compression test for single crystals, to second order in the applied compressive load increment. Specific first- and second-order analyses of f.c.c. crystals in orientation [110] [001] [110] are carried out for the same four hardening rules considered in Sue and Havner (1984). These are Taylor hardening, a 2-parameter empirical rule, the “simple theory” (Havner and Shalby, 1977), and a modification of the simple theory introduced by Peirce, Asaro and Needleman (1982). In particular, we address the analysis of lattice rotation about the loading axis for each of these theories. Such rotation was a prominent feature of the deformation of a copper crystal in this orientation in experiments by Wonsiewicz and Chin (1970). We establish that all theories permit this rotation consistent with the first- and second-order channel die constraints. Regarding the issue of lattice stability, a fundamental difference between the present orientation and those analyzed in Sue and Havner (1984) is uncovered and discussed. We close with a strong recommendation for a new series of channel die experiments.
Vaginal Laceration as a Result of Blunt Vehicular Trauma

BACKGROUND: Sexual abuse often is the primary diagnosis considered when prepubertal girls present with vaginal trauma. Although sexual abuse is very concerning and should remain high in the differential diagnosis, a variety of accidental injuries also can cause genital injury. CASE: A 5-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with genital bleeding after a vehicle rolled over her pelvis. She had isolated vaginal lacerations on exam. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Extreme pelvic compression is an adequate mechanism of injury in a child presenting with vaginal laceration. Language: en
The semantics of clustering: analysis of user-generated spatializations of text documents

Analyzing complex textual datasets consists of identifying connections and relationships within the data based on users' intuition and domain expertise. In a spatial workspace, users can do so implicitly by spatially arranging documents into clusters to convey similarity or relationships. Algorithms exist that spatialize and cluster such information mathematically based on similarity metrics. However, analysts often find inconsistencies in these generated clusters based on their expertise. Therefore, to support sensemaking, layouts must be co-created by the user and the model. In this paper, we present the results of a study observing individual users performing a sensemaking task in a spatial workspace. We examine the users' interactions during their analytic process, and also the clusters the users manually created. We found that specific interactions can act as valuable indicators of important structure within a dataset. Further, we analyze and characterize the structure of the user-generated clusters to identify useful metrics to guide future algorithms. Through a deeper understanding of how users spatially cluster information, we can inform the design of interactive algorithms to generate more meaningful spatializations for text analysis tasks, to better respond to user interactions during the analytics process, and ultimately to allow analysts to more rapidly gain insight.
Discussant's Response to “Demographics, Well-Being, and Health of Agricultural Workers in the U.S.”

The papers are admirable and certainly speak to this session's objectives: to gain understanding of U.S. hired agricultural workers' well-being and begin a dialogue, which allows us to better address policy issues relevant to these workers. Three questions are addressed: How have the numbers, composition, and wage rates of hired agricultural workers changed with shifts in market supply and demand for their work? How do agricultural workers' nonstandard, "precarious" jobs affect their wages, income, receipt of employer and public benefits, health, and overall well-being? How do diet, health insurance, and health status of agricultural workers' and their families compare with other occupations and industries? I discuss each paper, synthesize the session, and point to broader implications of this research.
Increased inflammatory response in aged mice is associated with age-related zinc deficiency and zinc transporter dysregulation

Aging is a complex process associated with physiological changes in numerous organ systems. In particular, aging of the immune system is characterized by progressive dysregulation of immune responses, resulting in increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, impaired vaccination efficacy and systemic low-grade chronic inflammation. Increasing evidence suggest that intracellular zinc homeostasis, regulated by zinc transporter expression, is critically involved in the signaling and activation of immune cells. We hypothesize that epigenetic alterations and nutritional deficits associated with aging may lead to zinc transporter dysregulation, resulting in decreases in cellular zinc levels and enhanced inflammation with age. The goal of this study was to examine the contribution of age-related zinc deficiency and zinc transporter dysregulation on the inflammatory response in immune cells. The effects of zinc deficiency and age on the induction of inflammatory responses were determined using an in vitro cell culture system and an aged mouse model. We showed that zinc deficiency, particularly the reduction in intracellular zinc in immune cells, was associated with increased inflammation with age. Furthermore, reduced Zip 6 expression enhanced proinflammatory response, and age-specific Zip 6 dysregulation correlated with an increase in Zip 6 promoter methylation. Furthermore, restoring zinc status via dietary supplementation reduced aged-associated inflammation. Our data suggested that age-related epigenetic dysregulation in zinc transporter expression may influence cellular zinc levels and contribute to increased susceptibility to inflammation with age.
Mixture models based on homogeneous polynomials

Abstract Models for mixtures of ingredients are typically fitted by Scheffe’s canonical model forms. An alternative representation is discussed which offers attractive symmetries, compact notation and homogeneous model functions. It is based on the Kronecker algebra of vectors and matrices, used successfully in previous response surface work. These alternative polynomials are contrasted with those of Scheffe, and ideas of synergism and model reduction are connected together in both algebras. Scheffe’s ‘special cubic’ is shown to be sensible in both algebras.
Free carriers, coupled modes, and the generalized dielectric function in PbTe

The reflectivity of $n$-PbTe has been measured at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the range 16-235 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for samples with carrier concentrations between 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{17}$ and 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Both the conventional two-oscillator dielectric function and the generalized function ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{K}$ proposed by Kukharskii were used to fit the data with equally valid results. Unlike previous low-temperature measurements there was no serious difference between the dc and optical values for the free-carrier scattering time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ except at the highest concentration where $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{dc}}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{opt}}}=3$. This discrepancy may be related to screening effects. Kukharskii's extended Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation was found to hold despite the relatively heavy damping. ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{K}$ was used to analyze the damped plasmon-phonon modes and indicated the presence of an overdamped mode at very low frequencies. The lattice damping constant was found to be 21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, a value comparable to that measured in PbSe but much larger than is typical for other semiconductors.
Microfabricated curtains for controlled cell seeding in high throughput microfluidic systems

A microfabricated cell curtain is presented that facilitates cellular assays. The cell curtain is defined as a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) wall that extends from the ceiling of a cell culture microchamber to within microns of the chamber floor. Curtain use is demonstrated by observing monolayer human epidermal keratinocyte (HEK) colonies for 48 h longer than possible with non-curtained microfluidic chambers. The curtains were further characterized by integrating them into a 96 chamber high throughput microfluidic cell culture device. As proof of concept, this device was used to assay a range of ethanol dilutions spanning 0–22% in cell culture medium. Cells exposed to 12% ethanol or less for 30 min would recover to 85% viability at 24 h, while cells exposed to higher concentrations had viabilities below 10%. The data also showed that cells exposed to 6% ethanol or less grew in population size, 8% ethanol exposure stunted growth, and higher concentrations led to population loss. Curtain use permitted high initial cell seeding densities and increased the amount of time cells can be cultured compared to multi-well plates.
In the Shadow of Marriage: Gender and Justice in an African Community

In the Shadow of Marriage: Gender and Justice in an African Community. ANNE M. O. GRIFFITHS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. ix + 310 pp., photographs, figures, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Axonally Transported Proteins in Toad Retinal Ganglion Cells

As a preliminary step to studying changes in axonal transport in regenerating neurons, we have analyzed the composition and organization of polypeptides normally axonally transported in a neuronal system capable of regeneration, i.e., the retinal ganglion cells of the toad, Bufo marinus. We labeled proteins synthesized in the retina with 35S-methionine and subsequently used one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to analyze labeled, transported proteins in tissues containing segments of the axons (the optic nerve, optic tract, and optic tecta) of the retinal ganglion cells. The transported polypeptides could be divided into five groups according to their apparent transport velocities. Many of the polypeptides of each group were electrophoretically similar to polypeptides of corresponding groups previously described in rabbit and guinea pig retinal ganglion cells, and in some cases, additional properties of the polypeptides indicated that the transported materials of the two vertebrate classes were homologous. These results serve two purposes. First they establish the retinal ganglion cells of the toad Bufo marinus as a model system in which changes in gene expression related to regeneration may be studied. Second they show that the organization and many aspects of the composition of axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells have been conserved in animals as unrelated as amphibians, and mammals.
Cocaine neurotoxicity and altered neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus; a silver degeneration and immunocytochemical study.

Abstract Neuroanatomical methods were used to determine if cocaine irreversibly injures neurons. Despite acute and chronic high-dose treatments for months that produced stereotyped behavior and seizures, and the use of a sensitive silver impregnation method, we were unable to find any evidence of neuronal damage anywhere in the brain. Since expression of the inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) is a sensitive indicator of potentially toxic neuronal stress, we next determined if cocaine evoked HSP72 expression. Even high doses of cocaine that evoked seizures did not induce HSP72 immunoreactivity anywhere within the brain, whereas kainic produced widespread HSP72 immunoreactivity and irreversible injury. Having failed to find indications of frank neurotoxicity, we examined peptide and protein cell marker immunoreactivities in search of cocaine-induced changes. Although cocaine treatment had no obvious effects on the patterns of hippocampal calbindin-D28K, somatostatin-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and parvalbumin immunoreactivities, cocaine reliably altered neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). Most notably, NPY-LI was expressed in hippocampal dentate granule cells and pyriform cortical neurons, which do not normally express it. Conversely, we noted decreased NPY-LI in dentate hilar neurons that normally do express it. Since both changes in NPY-LI were seen only in cocaine-treated rats that exhibited seizures, the role of seizure aactivity per se in producing the NPY changes was addressed in normal rats by electrical stimulation of the perforant path. Like cocaine, perforant path stimulation for as little as 15min evoked NPY-LI in granule cells but did not replicate the cocaine-induced decrease in hilar cell NPY-LI. These results suggest that cocaine does not irreversibly injure neurons in the rat, even at doses that induce seizures. However, cocaine produces long-lasting changes in NPY expression that are of unknown functional significance. Our inability to demonstrate cocaine-induced neuronal damage in rats should in no way be taken as evidence of its safety in humans.
Microstructural effects on ductile fracture in heterogeneous materials. Part II: Applications to cast aluminum microstructures

Abstract This is the second of a two part paper aimed at investigating the effects of microstructural morphology, material properties and loading on rate-dependent ductile fracture of heterogeneous materials. The locally enhanced Voronoi cell finite element method (LE-VCFEM) is used for micromechanical analyses of deformation and failure in complex microstructural volume elements. The first part of this paper sequence evaluates the sensitivity of strain to failure of computer simulated microstructures to loading rate, microstructural morphology and material properties. In this second part, LE-VCFEM simulations of actual microstructures of a cast aluminum alloy micrograph are used to validate a strain to failure model developed in the first part. A method for identification of critical regions within a heterogeneous microstructure is also developed and validated using in-situ observations of a two-point bending test. The influence of applied strain rates on ductile fracture of micrograph-based complex microstructures is also investigated.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL MORPHOLOGY OF MICROTHAMNION ZOOSPORES1

SUMMARY The Ultrastructure of Microthamnion zoospores is described (exclusive of the finer details of the flagellar apparatus). The zoospores have a typical chlorophycean morphology but, in addition, many unique features. The chloroplasts contain starch but no pyrenoid. Thylakoids may run from one edge of the chloroplast to the other and usually anastomose into 2- to 8-membered stacks. The internal morphology is highly polarized and characterized by an intimate proximity and constant spacing between many organelle membranes. All the organelles are asymmetrically distributed within the cell in a precise manner. The anterior region of the zoospore is attenuated into a neck which contains a single, massive mitochondrion. A fibrous rhizoplast lies beside the mitochondrion and appears to connect the flagellar apparatus directly with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. In addition, this outer membrane is extended over a distance of several microns to eventually lie in close proximity to the basal bodies. Oil vacuoles and lipid bodies are restricted to the posterior end of the zoospore.
Homeostatic mechanisms in the hypothalamus.

Abstract 1. The homeostatic readjustments associated with neuronal activity were studied through an analysis of local blood flow, temperature and electrical activity (EEG) in the hypothalamus of unrestrained cats with permanently implanted probes. 2. Three characteristic types of correlations among the three parameters were distinguished during the arousal response. Type 1 consisted of an increase in blood flow and temperature coinciding with EEG arousal. Type 2 occurred with prolonged, very mild reticular stimulation. During maintained EEG activation, the temperature and blood flow increased but only after a long latency. Type 3 was characterized by an immediate, transient increase in blood flow. 3. Small volumes of hypothalamic tissue were gently heated without stimulation by passing a train of square waves. This temperature rise represents physical heat production. When the hypothalamus was heated with stimulation, the hypothalamic temperature rose in two distinct steps. The first step was similar to the temperature rise due to physical heat production, the second step, representing metabolic heat production. The second temperature step was markedly depressed by small doses of pentobarbital; however, no significant changes in the first temperature step were observed. 4. It is concluded that metabolic heat production rather than thermal clearance probably determines the physiological temperature rise and the sudden-decrease type of blood flow response represents a sympathetic cerebrovascular reaction, and the occurrence of the immediate (first type) or of the delayed (second type) of response pattern depends on the rapidity of accumulation of vasodilator substances and on the rate of metabolic heat production.
Press sheet optimization for open loop control of industrial scale gang-run printing

We consider a problem in the printing industry for gang-run printing of paper products over multiple days. The competitive and high-volume nature of the industry mean that small gains in efficiency translate to significant cost savings and ultimately lower prices. For each day, the problem is to choose which orders to print and the press sheets to print them on that would minimize the total cost of production. We formulate this problem as an integer linear program and find feasible solutions using traditional solvers. This method was compared with optimization by hand in a real factory and significant cost savings were found.
Magnetic-field-induced superconductivity in a cerium heavy fermion antiferromagnet

Abstract We report here on the observation of (1) heavy fermion behavior; (2) antiferromagnetism; and (3) magnetic-field-induced superconductivity in the simple cubic Cu 3 Au structure compound, CePb 3 . The effects of diluting Ce with La and of moving slightly off stoichiometry, i.e. forming samples of CePb x with x near but not equal to 3, are discussed. The phenomenon of magnetic-field-induced superconductivity is extremely sensitive to these perturbations and has only been observed for pure CePb 3 .
Increased incidence of bovine papular stomatitis in neonatal calves.

A high incidence of bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) occurred in neonatal calves following neonatal thymectomy and antilymphocyte globulin treatment, sham thymectomy, treatment with normal horse globulin and in untreated calves. The source of BPS virus was not identified but was suspected to be latent in the calves and activated by thymectomy although no experimental evidence directly supported this conclusion. The potential for activation of a latent BPS infection was indicated by an apparent relationship between the stress of surgery or foreign protein inoculation and the severity of lesoins. Subsequent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection did not result in recrudescence.
The Sensitivity of Parameter Estimates to the Latent Ability Distribution

Estimation of item response model parameters and ability distribution parameters has been, and will remain, an important topic in the educational testing field. Much research has been dedicated to addressing this task. Some studies have focused on item parameter estimation when the latent ability was assumed to follow a normal distribution, whereas others have utilized nonparametric or semiparametric techniques to substitute the normal ability assumption. However, both approaches have their limitations. A normal ability assumption is not flexible enough to reflect possible deviations from symmetry, whereas the nonparametric and semiparametric techniques used to capture possible nonnormal features of the latent ability have difficulty in reaching satisfactory estimates for certain quantities of the ability distribution such as quantiles. Hence a continuous generalized skew normal (GSN) distribution was applied in this study to better capture the possible underlying asymmetric ability distribution. In addition, simultaneous estimation of both the item parameters and the distributional parameters was employed. The performance of the GSN was compared with the normal ability assumption in terms of item parameter and distributional parameter recoveries, based on a series of simulation studies. The results showed that (a) under the Rasch model, both the item parameter estimates and the distributional parameter estimates are robust to the misspecification of the ability distribution, and (b) under the two-parameter logistic model, although the distributional parameter estimates are fairly robust, the item parameter estimates are slightly more sensitive to the misspecification of the ability distribution, especially when the underlying ability distribution is highly skewed.
Precursor-mediated molecular chemisorption and thermal desorption: The interrelationships among energetics, kinetics, and adsorbate lattice structures.

Precursor-mediated molecular chemisorption and thermal desorption are examined by means of a lattice-gas model using a combination of time-dependent Monte Carlo simulations and deterministic rate equations. Lateral interactions between coadsorbates are assumed to be both pairwise additive and limited in range to nearest and next-nearest neighbors. The interrelationships among kinetics, energetics, and adsorbate overlayer structures are analyzed in detail. The method is applied to the interaction of molecular nitrogen with the Ru(001) surface.
A Conceptual Design of a Short Takeoff and Landing Regional Jet Airliner

Most jet airliner conceptual designs adhere to conventional takeoff and landing performance. Given this predominance, takeoff and landing performance has not been critical, since it has not been an active constraint in the design. Given that the demand for air travel is projected to increase dramatically, there is interest in operational concepts, such as Metroplex operations that seek to unload the major hub airports by using underutilized surrounding regional airports, as well as using underutilized runways at the major hub airports. Both of these operations require shorter takeoff and landing performance than is currently available for airliners of approximately 100-passenger capacity. This study examines the issues of modeling performance in this now critical flight regime as well as the impact of progressively reducing takeoff and landing field length requirements on the aircraft s characteristics.
Packet scheduling for deep packet inspection on multi-core architectures

Multi-core architectures are commonly used for network applications because the workload is highly parallelizable. Packet scheduling is a critical performance component of these applications and significantly impacts how well they scale. Deep packet inspection (DPI) applications are more complex than most network applications. This makes packet scheduling more difficult, but it can have a larger impact on performance. Also, packet latency and ordering requirements differ depending on whether the DPI application is deployed inline. Therefore, different packet scheduling tradeoffs can be made based on the deployment. In this paper, we evaluate three packet scheduling algorithms with the Protocol Analysis Module (PAM) as our DPI application using network traces acquired from production networks where intrusion prevention systems (IPS) are deployed. One of the packet scheduling algorithms we evaluate is commonly used in production applications; thus, it is useful for comparison. The other two are of our own design. Our results show that packet scheduling based on cache affinity is more important than trying to balance packets. More specifically, for the three network traces we tested, our cache affinity packet scheduler outperformed the other two schedulers increasing throughput by as much as 38%.
Organizational readiness for implementing change: a psychometric assessment of a new measure

Organizational readiness for change in healthcare settings is an important factor in successful implementation of new policies, programs, and practices. However, research on the topic is hindered by the absence of a brief, reliable, and valid measure. Until such a measure is developed, we cannot advance scientific knowledge about readiness or provide evidence-based guidance to organizational leaders about how to increase readiness. This article presents results of a psychometric assessment of a new measure called Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC), which we developed based on Weiner’s theory of organizational readiness for change. We conducted four studies to assess the psychometric properties of ORIC. In study one, we assessed the content adequacy of the new measure using quantitative methods. In study two, we examined the measure’s factor structure and reliability in a laboratory simulation. In study three, we assessed the reliability and validity of an organization-level measure of readiness based on aggregated individual-level data from study two. In study four, we conducted a small field study utilizing the same analytic methods as in study three. Content adequacy assessment indicated that the items developed to measure change commitment and change efficacy reflected the theoretical content of these two facets of organizational readiness and distinguished the facets from hypothesized determinants of readiness. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in the lab and field studies revealed two correlated factors, as expected, with good model fit and high item loadings. Reliability analysis in the lab and field studies showed high inter-item consistency for the resulting individual-level scales for change commitment and change efficacy. Inter-rater reliability and inter-rater agreement statistics supported the aggregation of individual level readiness perceptions to the organizational level of analysis. This article provides evidence in support of the ORIC measure. We believe this measure will enable testing of theories about determinants and consequences of organizational readiness and, ultimately, assist healthcare leaders to reduce the number of health organization change efforts that do not achieve desired benefits. Although ORIC shows promise, further assessment is needed to test for convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity.
The Georgia Embayment continental shelf: Stratigraphy of a submergence

Forty vibracores taken across the continental shelf and in proposed drilling lease areas of the southeast Georgia Embayment are used to document the unconsolidated shelf-sediment cover. The Holocene-Pleistocene sediment veneer is thin, generally less than 4 m thick. Lagoon sediments deposited during the last regression (shelf emergence) or the Holocene transgression (shelf submergence) occur in patches on the inner and central shelf. Because essentially only late Pleistocene and Holocene mollusk shells are present in the shelf-sediment cover, it is believed that most of the carbonate fraction was removed by subaerial leaching during low sea-level stands aided by mechanical abrasion and biological degradation during the regressive-transgressive cycle. During each transgression or submergence, the surficial sand sheet is recharged with a new biogenic carbonate fraction along with the addition of small amounts of clastic sediments derived from “overrun” estuaries and erosion of underlying Tertiary sediments. The stratigraphy based on the vibracores supports the concept of cross-shelf migration of the shore face—barrier island systems in response to rising sea level. Sedimentologic and paleontologic analyses also indicate that extensive in-place mixing of shelf sediments may have occurred, an important factor to consider in evaluation of the fate of particulate pollutants. The establishment of the time frame of such mixing should be given high priority in future studies.
The pH in the precorneal tear film and under a contact lens measured with a fluorescent probe.

The reaction of the precorneal tear film of the human eye was determined non-invasively by instilling pyranine, a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye. The mean value was 7.83 (S.D. +/- 0.10) and it takes up this value immediately on opening the eye after the lids had been kept closed. The HCO3 system seems to be responsible for only a portion of the buffering power of the tear film. When a drop buffered to pH 6.4 with 0.075 M PO4 was instilled, the tears returned to their normal value in about 7 min, consistent with the washout times of solutes in the conjunctival sac. A pH of 7.3 was established in the tear fluid behind contact lenses either gas permeable or impermeable, probably as a result of their restricting the loss of CO2 from the eye.
Electromotive Drug Administration to the Urinary Bladder: An Animal Model and Preliminary Results

AbstractPurpose: Electromotive drug delivery (EMDA) is the use of an electrical field to enhance penetration of ionized drugs into local tissues. Intraurinary EMDA may be of value in the treatment of various pathological conditions involving the urinary bladder, prostate gland and urethra. We have developed an animal model to study this hypothesis.Materials and Methods: Anesthetized adult mongrel dogs were studied. An intravesical anode was inserted through a Foley catheter into the urinary bladder. Two patch electrodes were positioned on the animals' abdominal skin. Both skin and intravesical electrodes were attached to a direct current generator. The bladder was then distended with an anionic blue dye (methylene blue). Fifteen milliamperes (15 mA) pulsed direct current was applied for 40 minutes. After EMDA, the bladder was surgically removed and representative sections of full thickness bladder wall were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Methylene blue was used to visually demonstrate EMDA-enhance...
First-principles study of defects and carrier compensation in semiconductor radiation detector materials

We discuss defect engineering strategies in radiation detector materials. The goal is to increase resistivity by defect-induced Fermi level pinning without causing defect-induced reductions in the carrier drifting length. We show calculated properties of various intrinsic defects and impurities in CdTe. We suggest that the defect complex of a hydrogen atom and an isovalent impurity on an anion site may be an excellent candidate in many semiconductors for Fermi level pinning without carrier trapping.
Generalized role-based access control

Generalized Role-Based Access Control (GRBAC) is a new paradigm for creating and maintaining rich access control policies. GRBAC leverages and extends the power of traditional role based access control (RBAC) by incorporating subject roles, object roles and environment roles into access control decisions. Subject roles are like traditional RBAC roles: they abstract the security-relevant characteristics of subjects into categories that can be used in defining a security policy. Similarly, object roles abstract the various properties of objects, such as object type (e.g., text, JPEG, executable) or sensitivity level (e.g., classified, top secret) into categories. Environment roles capture environmental information, such as time of day or system load so it can be used to mediate access control. Together, these three types of roles offer flexibility and expressive power, as well as a degree of usability not found in current access control models.
Formal semantics of models for computational engineering: a case study on dynamic fault trees

Computational modeling tools are critical to engineering. In the absence of a sufficiently complete, mathematically precise, abstract specification of the semantics of the modeling framework supported by such a tool, rigorous validation of the framework and of models built using it is impossible; there is no sound basis for program implementation, verification or documentation; the scientific foundation of the framework remains weak; and significant conceptual errors in framework definition and implementation are likely. Yet such specifications are rarely defined. We present an approach based on the use of formal specification and denotational semantics techniques from software engineering and programming language design. To illustrate the approach, we present elements of a formal semantics for a dynamic fault tree framework that promises to aid reliability analysis. No such specification of the meaning of dynamic fault trees has been defined previously. The approach revealed important shortcomings in the previous, informal definitions of the framework, and thus led to significant improvements, suggesting that formally specifying framework semantics is critical to effective framework design.
How to go on: intersubjectivity and progressivity in the communication of a child with autism

Through the lens of a case study of the spontaneous verbal interaction of a five-year-and-ten-month-old child with autism, this article offers a reflection on the psychological and epistemological underpinnings of human communication. In particular, in the analysis of verbal exchanges between a child with autism and his caregivers, we discuss formulaic talk and verbal play and the relation of these with sequential progressivity, expressions of personal stance, and intersubjectivity. The analysis allows us to unearth the inherent precariousness and unpredictability of communication and how it is perpetually vulnerable to failure. We suggest that the intrinsic risk of breakdown in intersubjectivity cannot be conceived of as a threat to successful communication, but rather, as an attribute of sequence progressivity and an essential component of communication as encounter with the other, grounded on mutual trust.
Current-Sensing and Repeater Hybrid Circuit Technique for On-Chip Interconnects

In this paper, hybrids based on current-sensing and repeaters are proposed for on-chip interconnects in an effort to overcome the limitations of these techniques. A novel receiver for current-sensing results in static power savings and allows an easier transition from current-sensing to traditional full rail voltage signals. Measurements of hybrids on a 0.18-m CMOS technology show significant gains over repeater insertion in delay across wire lengths. Hybrids can also be used in placement constrained and low-noise scenarios to achieve delay and power benefits.
The Effect of High Level Vitamin Supplementation of High and Low Energy Rations on Egg Production and Egg Shell Quality

ABSTRACT THE requirements for a number of the known vitamins have been determined for the laying hen. These requirements are for vitamin A and D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, folacin, and pyridoxine and have been compiled by the National Research Council (1954) as averages of results of several comparable experiments. Using high energy rations, Thayer (1953) reported that levels of niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid above recommended requirements were necessary for maximum egg production and feed efficiency. However, Berg and Bearse (1956), using high energy rations, did not obtain improved egg production and feed efficiency with an additional B-complex vitamin supplement. These workers did report significant differences in body weight gain in favor of the birds fed the vitamin-supplemented rations. This concurred with the results of Thayer. The increased feed efficiency obtained when high energy rations are fed to growing chickens has prompted considerable study of the effect of high . . .
Craig on the actual infinite

In a series of much discussed articles and books, William Lane Craig defends the view that the past could not consist in a beginningless series of events. In the present paper, I cast a critical eye on just one part of Craig's case for the finitude of the past – viz. his philosophical argument against the possibility of actually infinite sets of objects in the ‘real world’. I shall try to show that this argument is unsuccessful. I shall also take a close look at several considerations that are often thought to favour the possibility of an actual infinite, arguing in each case that Craig's response is inadequate.
Physical activity levels and self-reported risk-taking behavior among rural Australian and american 7th-9th grade adolescents.

This study compares self-reported physical activities and selected health behaviors (i.e., participation in physical activity, alcohol and cigarette use, perceived level of energy, and satisfaction with body weight) of a sample of seventh and ninth grade adolescents from Australia and the United States. A modified version of the Personal Wellness Profile 400™ (PWP 400) was used to measure adolescents' participation in physical activity and health behaviors. Five of the seven items studied showed significant differences (p < .05). Ninety-seven percent of Australian adolescents reported they engaged in physical activity long enough to work up a sweat four or more times per week, compared to 94 percent of U.S. adolescents. The Australian cohort, however, reported a significantly higher level of ever smoking (34.1% vs. 12.3%), and drinking alcohol during the past year than did U.S. adolescents (55.0% vs. 16.0%). Male adolescents demonstrated significant differences on five of the seven items measured. Austral...
A Quality Project to Improve Compliance With AAP Guidelines for Inpatient Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Objective: The goal of this study was to improve compliance with published guidelines regarding management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in infants admitted to a general pediatric hospital ward and to improve support for their breastfeeding mothers. Methods: This quality improvement project was conducted by using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles and statistical process control methods. Study subjects were infants >35 weeks’ gestation admitted for hyperbilirubinemia to the general inpatient ward of a large, freestanding pediatric hospital. We developed and implemented a guideline for the inpatient management of jaundiced neonates, with ongoing feedback given to the faculty on group performance. Outcome measures included monthly compliance scores based on American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for management of neonates >35 weeks’ gestation and the percentage of admitted jaundiced, breastfeeding infants whose mothers received lactation consultation during hospitalization. To determine the AAP compliance score, we reviewed and assigned points to each patient admission for completion of a standard evaluation, avoidance of unnecessary intravenous (IV) fluids and peripheral IV line placement, avoidance of rebound bilirubin checks while in the hospital, and the bilirubin level at discharge. Results: Mean monthly AAP compliance scores increased from 60.5% of total possible points during the baseline period (January 2010–December 2010) to 90.4% during the intervention period (January 2011–December 2011). Lactation consultations increased from 48% during our baseline period to 63% during our early intervention period and to 90% during the last 5 months of our intervention. Length of stay was unchanged during the baseline and intervention periods. Conclusions: Interprofessional collaboration between nurses and physicians combined with a thoughtful campaign to increase awareness of published guidelines were successful in improving the care of infants admitted with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Activation of Hsp90-eNOS and increased NO generation attenuate respiration of hypoxia-treated endothelial cells.

Hypoxia induces various adoptive signaling in cells that can cause several physiological changes. In the present work, we have observed that exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) to e...
Human sensitivity to dynamic translational gains in head-mounted displays

Translational gains in head-mounted display (HMD) systems allow a user to walk at one rate in the real world while seeing themselves move at a faster or slower rate. Although several studies have measured how large gains must be for people to recognize them, little is known about how quickly the gains can be changed without people noticing. We conducted an experiment where participants were asked to walk on a straight path while wearing an HMD while we dynamically increased or decreased their virtual world translation speed. Participants indicated if their speed increased or decreased during their walk. In general, we found that the starting gain affected the detection and that, in most cases, there was little difference between gradual and instantaneous gain changes. The results of this work can help inform redirected walking implementations and other HMD applications where translational gains are not constant.
Travel-time, time-term, and basement depth maps for the Imperial Valley region, California, from explosions

In this study, we have produced maps of reduced travel time for various shot points in the Imperial Valley, a time-term map, and a basement depth map. The time-term map effectively integrates all the features seen on individual travel-time maps, and the basement depth map is derived from the time-term map by a simple linear relation. The basement depth map represents the depth to the top of metasedimentary basement ( Vp ≈ 5.65 km/sec) in the central Imperial Valley and the top of crystalline rocks on West Mesa and in the Chocolate Mountains. We estimate the standard error in this map to be 0.6 km. The basement depth map indicates depths of up to 6 km in the Imperial Valley and depths generally less than 3 km on West Mesa. Major zones of high gradient in depth separate the Imperial Valley from West Mesa on the west and from the Chocolate Mountains on the east. Because West Mesa and the Chocolate Mountains are underlain by different types of basement than is the Imperial Valley, these major zones of high gradient apparently mark the locations of major crustal boundaries. Most active faults have basement scarps along at least parts of their lengths. Basement highs with relief as great as 3 km occur under major geothermal areas in the Imperial Valley, presumably indicating the presence of igneous intrusions and (or) metamorphism of sedimentary rocks to a relatively higher level in the crust.
On the scientific superiority of conceptual replications for scientific progress

There is considerable current debate about the need for replication in the science of social psychology. Most of the current discussion and approbation is centered on direct or exact replications, the attempt to conduct a study in a manner as close to the original as possible. We focus on the value of conceptual replications, the attempt to test the same theoretical process as an existing study, but that uses methods that vary in some way from the previous study. The tension between the two kinds of replication is a tension of values—exact replications value confidence in operationalizations; their requirement tends to favor the status quo. Conceptual replications value confidence in theory; their use tends to favor rapid progress over ferreting out error. We describe the many ways in which conceptual replications can be superior to direct replications. We further argue that the social system of science is quite robust to these threats and is self-correcting.
Gas Chromatographic Equipment—IV

Revue de materiels du commerce: systemes pneumatiques, injection, fours, colonnes, detecteurs, chromatographie multidimensionnelle, divers. Table par fabricant
A High-Order Method for Solving Unsteady Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations with Implicit Time Stepping on Unstructured Grids

This paper reports development of an unstructured high-order compact method for solving two-dimensional incompressible flow. This method employs the gGA correction from Huynh, and falls under the class of methods now referred to as Flux Reconstruction/Correction Procedure via Reconstruction. The artificial compressibility method and a dual time stepping scheme are used to simulate unsteady incompressible flow. A lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel scheme with backward Euler discretization is used to efficiently march the solution in pseudo time, while a second order backward Euler discretization is used to march in physical time. We demonstrate order of accuracy with steady Taylor-Couette flow. We further validate the solver with steady flow past a NACA-0012 airfoil at zero angle of attack and unsteady flow past a circle. The implicit time stepping scheme is proven efficient and effective for driving the pseudo time derivative term toward zero in the classical artificial compressibility formulation. As a result, this scheme is capable of quickly establishing the divergence-free velocity condition of the continuity equation when compared to an explicit scheme.