cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of growth retardation in pediatric recipients of renal allografts.

Unfortunately, dialysis and kidney transplantation do not always ameliorate the retarded growth that is a feature of pediatric end-stage renal disease. This discussion encompasses the main factors that affect the growth of children after transplantation, including age at transplantation, function of the grafted kidney and use of corticosteroids. Evidence for and against the use of recombinant human growth hormone in this patient population is presented. Growth retardation frequently accompanies chronic kidney disease in children. Unfortunately, this retardation persists in magnitude despite assiduous therapeutic efforts, adequate dialytic intervention, and successful transplantation. The age of the patient at transplantation, allograft function, and corticosteroid dosage are the major factors that contribute to persistent suboptimal growth following renal transplantation. Recent data indicate that the use of recombinant human growth hormone might efficaciously improve growth velocity in the persistently growth-retarded allograft recipient. Attainment of optimum final adult height is predicated on optimum height at the time of transplantation, persistent optimum allograft function, minimization or avoidance of corticosteroid treatment, and, possibly, use of recombinant human growth hormone, especially to potentially maximize the pubertal growth spurt.
Quantification of Massive Allograft Healing with Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-MRI and Cone Beam-CT: A Pilot Study

Although massive allografts are widely used for reconstruction of critical defects in long bones caused by tumor or trauma, many will have inadequate long-term outcomes. Toward a tissue engineering solution to this problem, we developed experimental stem cell and gene therapy adjuvants that induce angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and remodeling of the structural allografts. We present data from pilot studies to show the utility of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) to quantify vascularity after femoral osteotomy in a canine femur model and cone beam CT (CB-CT) to quantify bone volume in a patient after composite prosthetic-allograft reconstructive surgery. The results demonstrate our ability to suppress the artifacts generated by the metal implants required to secure massive allografts such that precise quantification of cortical bone revascularization (>10-fold increase at 3 weeks postoperatively) and new bone formation (accurate to about 193 μm3) around the graft can be performed longitudinally via DCE-MRI and CB-CT, respectively.
THE ISOLATION OF THYMOPOIETIN (THYMIN)

The isolation from bovine thymus of two closely related polypeptides, thymopoietin I and II, is described. These are considered to be thymic hormones, which physiologically induce the differentation of prothymocytes to thymocytes within the thymus. Ths isolation of the thymopoietins was monitored not by their differentiative effects, but by a presumably secondary effect on neuromuscular transmission. This was discerned in experimental studies related to the human disease myasthenia gravis in which it was suggested that autoimmune thymitis was regularly present. In an animal model, experimental autoimmune thymitis, the thymic disease was shown to result in the release of a substance that depressed neuromuscular transmission and this substance was shown to be also secreted in small amounts by the normal thymus. A bioassay was developed, this being the delayed appearance of neuromuscular impairment after in vivo injection of the active material, and this bioassay was used to monitor the fractionation of thymus extracts and isolate thymopoietin. Pure thymopoietin was active at subnanogram concentrations, both in producing its effect on neuromuscualr transmission and in inducing the differentiation of prothymocytes to thymocytes. This potency of activity of the purified polypeptide, as well as its specificity in inducing the differentiation of T-cells and not B-cells, support the consideration that thympoietin is a physiological inducing hormone produced by the thymus. This is further supported by the evidence that thymopoietin is only produced in the thymus: neuromuscular blocking effects are not present in extracts of other tissues and immunofluorescent localization of thymopoietin shows it to be present only in thymic epithelial cells.
A picture is worth a thousand words: A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs

This research examines identity construction and gender roles in social networking sites by studying and comparing the profile photographs of male and female Facebook users. Specifically, the number of photos in the profile album and the content of the main profile picture are studied by coding specific pictures, and determining if the content and amount of profile pictures differ significantly by gender. Participants include male and female Facebook users between the ages of 18 and 23 who are currently enrolled in a college or university. Profile pictures tended to be inactive, posed, appropriate, and only including the subject. The content and amount of Facebook profile photographs also did not significantly vary by gender. Implications of these findings, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.
Saturation of silicon photodiodes at high modulation frequency

We have used the constant-amplitude, 600-MHz beat note of a 2-mW He–Ne laser to measure the rms current delivered by silicon photodiodes at 600 MHz. We find that this current first rises with increasing radiant power, saturates, and then begins to decrease at average irradiances ≳100 W cm−2, even though the direct (or average) current remains linear with radiant power. We have also scanned across the faces of the diodes; we find that uniform dc responsivity need not imply uniform 600-MHz responsivity and that saturation of rf responsivity takes place first in regions of high dc responsivity. The response of photodiode at 600 MHz may drop an order of magnitude at an average irradiance of ∼1000 W cm−2; we have observed that the impulse response at roughly the same irradiance is accordingly lengthened.
Development of the nematocyte junctional complex in hydra tentacles in relation to cellular recognition and positioning.

Formation of the nematocyte—battery cell—mesoglea (NBM) junctional complex of hydra was studied. Normal animals were grafted to nematocyte-free animals and the tentacles of the repopulating host were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Migrating nematocytes extend cytoplasmic processes between battery cell myonemes to contact the mesoglea. Tufts of extracellular filaments radiate from the base of the battery cell adjacent to some of these regions of contact. The fascial desmosome of the NBM complex develops from a lateral fusion of macular desmosomes which often lie near a condensation of extracellular filaments. Microtubules within the intervening battery cell process become oriented perpendicularly to form the apposing half of the desmosomal junction and connect it with the hemidesmosomal portion of the NBM complex. These findings suggest that a migrating nematocyte receives environmental cues associated with the mesoglea-battery cell interface which may serve to direct the nematocyte to its definitive position and induce the subsequent formation of the complete NBM complex.
Thrust Vector Control for Nuclear Thermal Rockets

Future space missions may use Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) stages for human and cargo missions to Mars and other destinations. The vehicles are likely to require engine thrust vector control (TVC) to maintain desired flight trajectories. This paper explores requirements and concepts for TVC systems for representative NTR missions. Requirements for TVC systems were derived using 6 degree-of-freedom models of NTR vehicles. Various flight scenarios were evaluated to determine vehicle attitude control needs and to determine the applicability of TVC. Outputs from the models yielded key characteristics including engine gimbal angles, gimbal rates and gimbal actuator power. Additional factors such as engine thrust variability and engine thrust alignment errors were examined for impacts to gimbal requirements. Various technologies are surveyed for TVC systems for the NTR applications. A key factor in technology selection is the unique radiation environment present in NTR stages. Other considerations including mission duration and thermal environments influence the selection of optimal TVC technologies. Candidate technologies are compared to see which technologies, or combinations of technologies best fit the requirements for selected NTR missions. Representative TVC systems are proposed and key properties such as mass and power requirements are defined. The outputs from this effort can be used to refine NTR system sizing models, providing higher fidelity definition for TVC systems for future studies.
Subsurface sampler and sensors platform using the ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer (USDC)

The search for existing or past life in the Universe is one of the most important objectives of NASA's mission. For this purpose, effective instruments that can sample and conduct in-situ astrobiology analysis are being developed. In support of this objective, a series of novel mechanisms that are driven by an Ultrasonic/Sonic actuator have been developed to probe and sample rocks, ice and soil. This mechanism is driven by an ultrasonic piezoelectric actuator that impacts a bit at sonic frequencies through the use of an intermediate free-mass. Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) devices were made that can produce both core and powdered cuttings, operate as a sounder to emit elastic waves and serve as a platform for sensors. For planetary exploration, this mechanism has the important advantage of requiring low axial force, virtually no torque, and can be duty cycled for operation at low average power. The advantage of requiring low axial load allows overcoming a major limitation of planetary sampling in low gravity environments or when operating from lightweight robots and rovers. The ability to operate at duty cycling with low average power produces a minimum sample temperature rise allowing for control of the sample integrity and preventing damage to potential biological markers in the acquired sample. The development of the USDC is being pursued on various fronts ranging from analytical modeling to mechanisms improvements while considering a wide range of potential applications. While developing the analytical capability to predict and optimize its performance, efforts are made to enhance its capability to drill at higher power and high speed. Taking advantage of the fact that the bit does not require rotation, sensors (e.g., thermocouple and fiberoptics) were integrated into the bit to examine the borehole during drilling. The sounding effect of the drill was used to emit elastic waves in order to evaluate the surface characteristics of rocks. Since the USDC is driven by piezoelectric actuation mechanism it can designed to operate at extreme temperature environments from very cold as on Titan and Europa to very hot as on Venus. In this paper, a review of the latest development and applications of the USDC will be given.
Analytical Processing of Binary Mixture Information by Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli

Odors are rarely composed of a single compound, but rather contain a large and complex variety of chemical components. Often, these mixtures are perceived as having unique qualities that can be quite different than the combination of their components. In many cases, a majority of the components of a mixture cannot be individually identified. This synthetic processing of odor information suggests that individual component representations of the mixture must interact somewhere along the olfactory pathway. The anatomical nature of sensory neuron input into segregated glomeruli with the bulb suggests that initial input of odor information into the bulb is analytic. However, a large network of interneurons within the olfactory bulb could allow for mixture interactions via mechanisms such as lateral inhibition. Currently in mammals, it is unclear if postsynaptic mitral/tufted cell glomerular mixture responses reflect the analytical mixture input, or provide the initial basis for synthetic processing with the olfactory system. To address this, olfactory bulb glomerular binary mixture representations were compared to representations of each component using transgenic mice expressing the calcium indicator G-CaMP2 in olfactory bulb mitral/tufted cells. Overall, dorsal surface mixture representations showed little mixture interaction and often appeared as a simple combination of the component representations. Based on this, it is concluded that dorsal surface glomerular mixture representations remain largely analytical with nearly all component information preserved.
Postgraduate realities: surviving in emergency medicine practice.

Amer ican College of Emergency Phys ic ians (ACEP) members have wr i t t en r ega rd ing recent cont rac tua l demands being made by some hospitals t ha t may indicate tha t the i r boards and admin i s t r a to r s are in t rud ing upon the pract ice of medicine and prof i t ing from professional fees genera ted by emergency physicians. These in t rus ions are be ing made under the banner of cost con ta inment and appear to be increas ing rapidly . Cont rac tua l demands to increase control over the medical s taff may be a resul t of t h e publ icat ion of the Amer ican Hospita l Associat ion 's (AHA) Guidelines: Contractual Relationships Between Hospital and Physicians.* The College cannot and has not d is regarded these reports from the membership . They must be inves t iga ted and, if proven accurate, we mus t c h a l l e n g e the responsible part ies . There are some issues and I bel ieve this is one where we mus t ma in t a in the responsibi l i ty to be accountable for ourselves and our pat ients . To abdicate our au thor i ty and responsibi l i ty to lay corpota t ions would, in my opinion, de t r imen ta l l y affect qua l i ty pa t ien t care and ra ise the cost of such care.
The black-box fast multipole method

A new O(N) fast multipole formulation is proposed for non-oscillatory kernels. This algorithm is applicable to kernels K(x,y) which are only known numerically, that is their numerical value can be obtained for any (x,y). This is quite different from many fast multipole methods which depend on analytical expansions of the far-field behavior of K, for |x-y| large. Other ''black-box'' or ''kernel-independent'' fast multipole methods have been devised. Our approach has the advantage of requiring a small pre-computation time even for very large systems, and uses the minimal number of coefficients to represent the far-field, for a given L^2 tolerance error in the approximation. This technique can be very useful for problems where the kernel is known analytically but is quite complicated, or for kernels which are defined purely numerically.
Thermal Conductivity of Germanium and Silicon at Low Temperatures

Measurements are reported of the thermal conductivity, $K$, of high-purity $n$- and $p$-type germanium, and of a single crystal of $n$-type silicon at temperatures between 2 and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These confirm that in silicon and in annealed germanium the thermal conductivity is limited only by boundary scattering at temperatures below about $\frac{\ensuremath{\theta}}{100}$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the Debye characteristic temperature; while at temperatures above $\frac{\ensuremath{\theta}}{10}$, $K\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ where $n\ensuremath{\simeq}1.3$ for germanium and $n\ensuremath{\simeq}1.0$ for silicon. In the range of temperature just above the conductivity maximum, that is, from $\frac{\ensuremath{\theta}}{20}$ to $\frac{\ensuremath{\theta}}{10}$, no particularly rapid rate of change of $K$ with $T$ is observed, in contrast with the behavior found in pure dielectric crystals and bismuth. These features are discussed.
Photoreflectance measurements of the E1 and E1 + Δ1 optical transitions in In1−xAlxSb epilayers

Abstract Photoreflectance measurements of the E1 and E1 + Δ1 optical transitions in epilayers of In1−xAlxSb (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) are reported. These are the first reported measurements on homogeneous epilayers grown on (001)InSb. The bowing parameters for these transitions (0.752 eV and 0.723 eV respectively) were found to be almost a factor of two higher than those reported almost 20 years ago by Isomura et al. on bulk samples. The present results are more consistent with their predicted value of 0.99 eV. It is believed that inhomogeneities in the bulk samples could have resulted in an incorrect determination of the bowing parameter. The samples used in this study were homogeneous single crystal epilayers.
High-resolution infrared imaging

The hands and mind of an artist are intimately involved in the creative process of image formation, intrinsically making paintings significantly more complex than photographs to analyze. In spite of this difficulty, several years ago the artist David Hockney and I identified optical evidence within a number of paintings that demonstrated artists began using optical projections as early as c1425—nearly 175 years before Galileo—as aids for producing portions of their images. In the course of our work, Hockney and I developed insights that I have been applying to a new approach to computerized image analysis. Recently I developed and characterized a portable high resolution infrared for capturing additional information from paintings. Because many pigments are semi-transparent in the IR, in a number of cases IR photographs ("reflectograms") have revealed marks made by the artists that had been hidden under paint ever since they were made. I have used this IR camera to capture photographs ("reflectograms") of hundreds of paintings in over a dozen museums on three continents and, in some cases, these reflectograms have provided new insights into decisions the artists made in creating the final images that we see in the visible.
Meis1 programs transcription of FLT3 and cancer stem cell character, using a mechanism that requires interaction with Pbx and a novel function of the Meis1 C-terminus

Meis1 is a homeodomain transcription factor coexpressed with Hoxa9 in most human acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). In mouse models of leukemia produced by Hoxa9, Meis1 accelerates leukemogenesis. Because Hoxa9 immortalizes myeloid progenitors in the absence of Meis1 expression, the contribution of Meis1 toward leukemia remains unclear. Here, we describe a cultured progenitor model in which Meis1 programs leukemogenicity. Progenitors immortalized by Hoxa9 in culture are myeloid-lineage restricted and only infrequently caused leukemia after more than 250 days. Coexpressed Meis1 programmed rapid AML-initiating character, maintained multipotent progenitor potential, and induced expression of genes associated with short-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), such as FLT3 and CD34, whose expression also characterizes the leukemia-initiating stem cells of human AML. Meis1 leukemogenesis functions required binding to Pbx, binding to DNA, and a conserved function of its C-terminal tail. We hypothesize that Meis1 is required for the homing and survival of leukemic progenitors within their hematopoietic niches, functions mediated by HSC-specific genes such as CD34 and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), respectively. This is the first example of a transcription factor oncoprotein (Meis1) that establishes expression of a tyrosine kinase oncoprotein (FLT3), and explains their coexpression in human leukemia. This cultured progenitor model will be useful to define the genetic basis of leukemogenesis involving Hoxa9 and Meis1.
A Visual Method for Studying Modes of Vibration of Quartz Plates

A large number of beautiful patterns formed on the surface of a piezo-electric quartz plate by the glow discharge at low pressures of gas were observed at various radio frequencies of the exciting oscillator. They are caused by different modes of vibration of the plate of which there seems to be a great number. Evidence in support of the theory that the bright spots in the pattern occur at the antinodes of standing waves in the plate is presented from which it appears that the value of Young’s modulus is the same for directions at angles of from 0 to 78 degrees from the optic axis. These patterns explain the multitude of frequencies at which a piezo-electric quartz plate will vibrate observed by Cady and others.Water vapor was found to condense on the crystal in the configuration of the pattern corresponding to the last mode of vibration of the crystal and a thin spark was produced about 13 mm long between the electrodes and over the surface of the vibrating crystal at a pressure of 5 mm.
Hydrochloric Acid Induced Changes in Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in the Bladder, Peripheral and Central Nervous System of the Rat.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We established the presence of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the bladder and in nervous system structures innervating the bladder, and evaluated changes in MIF and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels and expression following chemical cystitis.Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and a catheter was introduced into the bladder dome. Cystitis was induced by infusing 0.4 N HCl into the bladder. Control rats received a similar volume of saline. Two hours later the bladder, major pelvic ganglia (MPG), L6/S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and L6/S1 spinal cord were removed and assayed for MIF and COX-2 protein, and mRNA using Western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques.Results: Immunohistochemistry showed MIF located mainly in the urothelium of saline treated rats. Instillation of HCl into the bladder resulted in marked epithelial denudation, moderate edema and vasodilatation i...
Franges de Fabry-Perot en lumière blanche utilisées comme étalons de longueur d'onde

L'analyse des termes des spectres complexes des terres rares et des elements lourds exige des descriptions extremement precises de ces spectres si l'on veut eviter que les regularites reelles soient cachees par de fausses regularites, et il est souhaitable que les longueurs d'onde soient mesurees avec une precision voisine de celle qu'on peut obtenir en interferometrie. On peut obtenir cette precision en photographiant les franges d'interference en lumiere blanche comme marques de longueurs d'onde, au lieu de l'arc au fer ou des autres etalons conventionnels, sans la perte de lumiere inherente aux methodes d'interferometrie usuelles. Les franges en lumiere blanche donnent des etalons equidistants, d'intensite et de finesse uniformes, dont les longueurs d'onde peuvent etre facilement etalonnees par comparaison avec une source telle que 198Hg, ce qui permet de s'affranchir des defauts des raies du fer : insuffisance de precision, de finesse, et petit nombre de raies. L'interfrange est determine par l'epaisseur de l'etalon et peut etre choisi a volonte. On determine les longueurs d'onde suivant le mode d'emploi habituel de l'interferometre Fabry-Perot, en mesurant l'excedent fractionnaire de la raie inconnue par interpolation entre .franges voisines ; le nombre entier d'ordres est obtenu en comptant le nombre de franges a partir d'une raie connue, ou calcule a partir de l'epaisseur connue de l'etalon quand la longueur d'onde est deja connue a 0,1 A pres. Dans les deux cas, les distances d'interpolation reellement mesurees sont tres petites et les erreurs dues au deplacement de l'emulsion ou aux defauts de la surface focale du châssis photographique sont reduites au minimum. On peut obtenir des longueurs d'onde a 0,0003 A pres en utilisant ce systeme dans le 5e ordre du spectrographe de 9 m d'Argonne et on montre quelques mesures caracteristiques. On discute les applications de la methode a l'etalonnage du spectrographe.
Morphological changes in the enteric nervous system of the transplanted fetal rat intestine.

In this study, enteric nervous system (ENS) of the fetal intestinal grafts was examined histopathologically. Forty-four rat fetal small intestines were transplanted syngenetically into the subcutaneous region of adult rats without vascular anastomosis. Thirty-two grafts survived. They were removed 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after transplantation and examined using (1) HE (2) nitric oxide-producing neurons were well preserved in grafts; (3) hyperganglionosis in the myenteric plexus was seen in 6- and 8-week grafts; (4) AChE activity was increased in the circular muscle and in the lamina propria, (5) S-100 was increased in the lamina propria in 6- and 8-week grafts, (6) calcitonin gene-related peptide was increased in 6- and 8-week grafts, (7) nerve fibers in the muscle layers ran irregularly and disorderly, and (8) hypertrophy of smooth muscle layers. Our data show that although extrinsic as well as intrinsic innervation is present in the fetal intestinal grafts, there is hyperinnervation of the intrinsic nervous system and reduced innervation of the extrinsic ENS. These morphological changes in the ENS of the fetal intestinal grafts may result in motility dysfunction.
Initial prospects in spectroscopy

Laboratory Guide to Proton NMR Spectroscopy. By S. A. Richards Black-well Scientific: 1988. Pp.229. Pbk £±0.50, $26.50.Organic Spectroscopy. By D. W. Brown A. J. Floyd M. Sainsbury Wiley: 1988. Pp.250. Hbk £22.50, $44.55; pbk £9.95f $19. 70.Interpreting Spectra of Organic Molecules. By Thomas N. Sorrell University Science Books, 20 Edgehill Road, Mill Valley, California 94941/Oxford University Press, UK: 1988. Pp. 175. Pbk $18, £15.
Self-boosting vaccines and their implications for herd immunity.

Advances in vaccine technology over the past two centuries have facilitated far-reaching impact in the control of many infections, and today’s emerging vaccines could likewise open new opportunities in the control of several diseases. Here we consider the potential, population-level effects of a particular class of emerging vaccines that use specific viral vectors to establish long-term, intermittent antigen presentation within a vaccinated host: in essence, “self-boosting” vaccines. In particular, we use mathematical models to explore the potential role of such vaccines in situations where current immunization raises only relatively short-lived protection. Vaccination programs in such cases are generally limited in their ability to raise lasting herd immunity. Moreover, in certain cases mass vaccination can have the counterproductive effect of allowing an increase in severe disease, through reducing opportunities for immunity to be boosted through natural exposure to infection. Such dynamics have been proposed, for example, in relation to pertussis and varicella-zoster virus. In this context we show how self-boosting vaccines could open qualitatively new opportunities, for example by broadening the effective duration of herd immunity that can be achieved with currently used immunogens. At intermediate rates of self-boosting, these vaccines also alleviate the potential counterproductive effects of mass vaccination, through compensating for losses in natural boosting. Importantly, however, we also show how sufficiently high boosting rates may introduce a new regime of unintended consequences, wherein the unvaccinated bear an increased disease burden. Finally, we discuss important caveats and data needs arising from this work.
Work-hardening in sapphire (α-Al2O3)

Abstract Quantitative measurements of the densities of the several components of the dislocation substructure in pure sapphire deformed by basal glide—glide dislocations, dipoles, and prismatic loops—indicate that the accumulation of loops, and the resultant loop-glide dislocation interactions, make the principal contribution to work-hardening. A work-hardening model based on the interaction of loops and glide dislocations is proposed and the work-hardening rate is calculated to be μ 225, in good agreement with experiment. In this model, the loops are generated from edge dislocation dipoles by self-climb. The effects of recovery through loop annihilation by climb is introduced into the expression for the work-hardening rate, and the plateau flow stress for a given strain-rate and temperature is found to be inversely proportional to the cube root of the bulk diffusion coefficient for the rate-controlling species (oxygen). Diffusion coefficients calculated from experimental plateau flow stress data are in good agreement with experimental values. The actual shape of the theoretical stress-strain curve obtained from the model is also in good agreement with experimental curves. The maximum work-hardening rate decreases with increasing temperature, a trend attributed to the fact that, at the higher temperatures, recovery begins during the yield-point region before work-hardening becomes fully established and also loop-dislocation interactions may be less effective.
FTIR Imaging Studies of a New Two-Step Process to Produce Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals

Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) to produce PDLCs is usually carried out in the one-phase regime to obtain the final dispersion. This PIPS process results in significant residual liquid crystal solubility in the matrix. We investigate a new method to reduce liquid crystal solubility by cooling a homogeneous liquid crystal/precursor mixture into the two-phase regime followed by fast matrix polymerization. The proposed procedure is tested by using a well-studied PDLC systemNOA65 and E7. Liquid crystal remaining dissolved in the matrix is sharply reduced by this method. Residual solubility of the matrix material in liquid crystal domains is also decreased. While maintaining the same phase composition, the method also allows tailoring dispersion size according to needs as opposed to the invariable correlation between droplet size, solubility, and polymerization rate inherent in the classical PIPS methods. This general methodology could be usefully applied to other systems. FTIR imaging, combined...
Ovarian neoplasm development by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in a chemically-induced rat model of ovarian failure

Objectives The objectives were to determine the time course for ovarian failure in rats caused by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and develop a model for ovarian cancer in which ovarian neoplasms were chemically induced in an animal that was follicle depleted, but retained residual ovarian tissue.
Elementary Introduction to Electrodynamics

Objectionable examples of time-varying electromagnetic fields occurring in elementary textbooks are pointed out and the difficulties arising in connection with them are discussed. The interdependence of spatial and time variations of the electromagnetic fields is recalled. As an illustration, two simple examples are given to show how the variation of fields with time is automatically determined by the wave equation and initial spatial distribution. It is suggested that only fields which satisfy the wave equation be used in textbooks.
Cisplatin, etoposide and either bleomycin or ifosfamide in the treatment of disseminated germ cell tumors: final analysis of an intergroup trial.

BACKGROUND Various staging systems have been proposed for disseminated germ cell neoplasms. The Indiana University staging system was based on clinical and radiographic findings only, whereas the newly created International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) staging system also utilized serum markers as a prognostic factor. This study updated the intergroup trial that compared the standard therapy of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) with etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP) in advanced germ cell tumors and reanalyzed the results using the IGCCCG staging system. METHODS From October 1987 to April 1992, 304 patients with advanced-stage germ cell tumors (using the Indiana University staging system) were randomized to receive four cycles of BEP or VIP. Two hundred and eighty-six patients were eligible and fully evaluable. With a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 283 of the 286 evaluable patients from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group protocol, E3887, were reclassified using the IGCCCG staging system. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity were assessed for the treatment arms. RESULTS With a longer follow-up of 7.3 years and using the Indiana University staging system, the PFS rates were 64% versus 58% and the OS rates were 69% versus 67% in the VIP and BEP arms, respectively. For patients reclassified with the IGCCCG staging system, the PFS rates were 81%, 72%, and 54% and the OS rates were 89%, 81%, and 60% for good, intermediate, and poor-risk patients, respectively. Differences in OS (VIP, 62%; BEP, 57%) and PFS (VIP, 56%; BEP, 49%) for the subset of patients reclassified as poor risk by the IGCCCG staging system were not significantly different. More toxicity, primarily hematologic toxicity, occurred on the VIP arm. CONCLUSIONS With a median follow-up of 7.3 years and with a reclassification based on the IGCCCG, OS and PFS rates were comparable between BEP and VIP. Toxicity, primarily hematologic, was modestly greater with the ifosfamide-containing arm. The VIP regimen may be considered a treatment alternative for patients with underlying pulmonary disease. In most patients with poor and intermediate-risk germ cell tumors, four cycles of BEP remain the standard therapy. Cancer 2003;97:1869–75. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11271
Near Infrared Reflectivity of Graphite under Hydrostatic Pressure. I. Experiment

We report here the dependence on hydrostatic pressure up to 2.79 kbars of the two structures associated with the A 1 and A 2 transitions in the reflectivity spectra of graphite measured at room temperature in the photon energy range from 0.655 to 1.125 eV. By considering explicitly the effect of the trigonal warping upon the probabilities of these transitions, their spectral shapes are shown to be a step and a peak, respectively, resulting in new locations of critical points on the spectral features A 1 and A 2 which are different from those previously given by Bellodi et al. The observed shifts of these structures due to pressure provide the first direct experimental determination of the fractional change per unit pressure increment of the Slonczewski-Weiss-McClure band parameters γ 1 and γ 5 , yielding values of ∂ln γ 1 /∂ p =0.028 ±0.003 (kbar) -1 and ∂ln γ 5 /∂ p =0.055 ±0.016 (kbar) -1 .
Immunomodulation of a prophylactic human papilloma virus vaccine to be effective therapeutically

Abstract A significant subset of head and neck carcinomas are infected with human papilloma virus; prophylactic vaccines can prevent such HPV+ cancers but are ineffective for invasive HPV+ cancers. We intend to make them therapeutic by means of systemic T regulatory cell depletion.
The spectrum of concentric macro EMG correlations. Part II. Patients with diseases of muscle and nerve.

In the second part of this study we investigate the correlations between the concentric and conmac action potentials in motor units of individuals with diseases of muscle and nerve. We studied 86 myopathic and 86 neurogenic motor units and compared their concentric and conmac action potentials. In the patients with myopathy, we found that the concentric motor unit action potential's (MUAP) area correlates strongly with the conmac potential, even better than in normals, while its amplitude correlates less. In the neurogenic group, we found that both the concentric MUAP's area and amplitude correlated very well with their conmac counterpart, more so than in normals. Thus, in pathology, as in normals, measuring the concentric MUAP's area in addition to its amplitude adds to the diagnostic sensitivity of motor unit potential measurements. These findings are discussed in light of the known dynamic and architectural motor unit changes which take place in the myopathic and neurogenic motor unit. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Women of Provincetown, 1915–1922. By Cheryl Black. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2002; xvi + 224 pp. $29.95 cloth.

Anyone who has encountered the Provincetown Players, the art theatre that launched Susan Glaspell and Eugene O'Neill, knows what an amazingly vibrant and creative community it was, a progressive smart set teaming with ideas for a new American drama. In The Women of Provincetown, Cheryl Black gives us the most richly detailed work on the Provincetown to date, drawing on an impressive range of primary sources. For this reason alone, the book is essential reading for theatre historians and other scholars working on the emergence of American drama. A playwright, actor, director, and dramaturge herself, Black has enough experience to explore the range of roles needed to make theatre, providing a context for the predominantly literary studies of Provincetown plays.
Classification and regression trees for epidemiologic research: an air pollution example.

Background: Identifying and characterizing how mixtures of exposures are associated with health endpoints is challenging. We demonstrate how classification and regression trees can be used to generate hypotheses regarding joint effects from exposure mixtures. Methods: We illustrate the approach by investigating the joint effects of CO, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 on emergency department visits for pediatric asthma in Atlanta, Georgia. Pollutant concentrations were categorized as quartiles. Days when all pollutants were in the lowest quartile were held out as the referent group (n = 131) and the remaining 3,879 days were used to estimate the regression tree. Pollutants were parameterized as dichotomous variables representing each ordinal split of the quartiles (e.g. comparing CO quartile 1 vs. CO quartiles 2–4) and considered one at a time in a Poisson case-crossover model with control for confounding. The pollutant-split resulting in the smallest P-value was selected as the first split and the dataset was partitioned accordingly. This process repeated for each subset of the data until the P-values for the remaining splits were not below a given alpha, resulting in the formation of a “terminal node”. We used the case-crossover model to estimate the adjusted risk ratio for each terminal node compared to the referent group, as well as the likelihood ratio test for the inclusion of the terminal nodes in the final model. Results: The largest risk ratio corresponded to days when PM2.5 was in the highest quartile and NO2 was in the lowest two quartiles (RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.16). A simultaneous Wald test for the inclusion of all terminal nodes in the model was significant, with a chi-square statistic of 34.3 (p = 0.001, with 13 degrees of freedom). Conclusions: Regression trees can be used to hypothesize about joint effects of exposure mixtures and may be particularly useful in the field of air pollution epidemiology for gaining a better understanding of complex multipollutant exposures.
Rapid DNA degradation in primary rat hepatocytes treated with diverse cytotoxic chemicals: Analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and implications for alkaline elution assays

The use of genetic toxicology tests for hazard identification is complicated by the fact that some in vitro tests using cultured mammalian cells are subject to potential artifacts that can make it difficult to distinguish between direct, chemically-induced genotoxicity, and DNA damage that occurs secondary to chemically-induced cytotoxicity (e.g., mediated by endogenous nucleases). Recently, we demonstrated that cytotoxicity-induced DNA double strand breaks (dsb) can produce artifacts in the in vitro alkaline elution/rat hepatocyte assay [Elia et al., 1993]. To explore this further, we used pulsed field gel/DNA dsb assays to characterize the relationship between chemically-induced cytotoxicity and the degradation of genomic DNA to high molecular weight fragments. Two sets of compounds were tested: 17 cytotoxic agents judged to be neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic, and 10 known genotoxic carcinogens. We found a close correlation between chemically-induced cytotoxicity and the rapid degradation of DNA to high molecular weight, double-stranded fragments. In contrast, the classic genotoxic chemicals tested generally did not trigger DNA dsb fragmentation at doses that were genotoxic but not immediately cytotoxic. These data indicate that pulsed field gel/DNA dsb assays can be used with in vitro genetic toxicology assays to help distinguish between genotoxic and cytotoxic mechanisms of DNA damage. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California

Compositions of lavas from seven small to medium-sized seamounts, between lat 34.0N25&N, are all highly differentiated trachyte and trachyandesite. Based on 40 Ar/ 39 Ar laser fusion techniques, MORB-like lava from one of the northernedificesisasoldastheunderlying oceanic crust (>20 Ma), indicating that it originatedataspreadingcenter.Otherseamountlavaagesaremuchyoungerthanthe oceanic crust on which they reside, ranging from 16.8 6 0.3 to <7 Ma for some of the northern seamounts to 270 616 ka for the trachyte from Rocas Alijos. Similar highly evolved lavas cap fossil spreading centers like Guadalupe and Socorro Islands, but Rocas Alijos, based on magnetic anomalies, is not an abandoned spreading center but may instead have formed on a leaky transform fault. Some of the seamounts with transitional and alkalic lavas may have formed as part of a short, age-progressive chain formed by a short-lived mantle plume. Many others, aligned along abandoned spreading centers orfaultsandfracturezoneswhichareabundant in the tectonically complex region offshore southern and peninsular California, may have resulted from upwelling mantle diapirs in response to localized extension. Someoftheepisodesofvolcanismappearto havebeencontemporaneouswithvolcanism in the continental borderland and coastal southern California, suggesting linkage between extension along the continental margin and the seamount province farther offshore. The data available for the abundant volcanic edifices of varying sizes, shapes, and orientations in this region suggest that the seamounts formed from multiple episodes of chemically diverse volcanism, tappingvariablyenriched,heterogeneousmantle, which occurred sporadically from early Miocene to late Pleistocene.
Sensitivity of sequestration efficiency to mixing processes in the global ocean

Abstract A number of large-scale sequestration strategies have been considered to help mitigate rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here, we use an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to evaluate the efficiency of one such strategy currently receiving much attention, the direct injection of liquid CO2 into selected regions of the abyssal ocean. We find that currents typically transport the injected plumes quite far before they are able to return to the surface and release CO2 through air–sea gas exchange. When injected at sufficient depth (well within or below the main thermocline), most of the injected CO2 outgasses in high latitudes (mainly in the Southern Ocean) where vertical exchange is most favored. Virtually all OGCMs that have performed similar simulations confirm these global patterns, but regional differences are significant, leading efficiency estimates to vary widely among models even when identical protocols are followed. In this paper, we make a first attempt at reconciling some of these differences by performing a sensitivity analysis in one OGCM, the Princeton Modular Ocean Model. Using techniques we have developed to maintain both the modeled density structure and the absolute magnitude of the overturning circulation while varying important mixing parameters, we estimate the sensitivity of sequestration efficiency to the magnitude of vertical exchange within the low-latitude pycnocline. Combining these model results with available tracer data permits us to narrow the range of model behavior, which in turn places important constraints on sequestration efficiency.
Unprotected Left Main Coronary Intervention with Drug‐Eluting Stents

The accepted treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery disease is coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The approval of drug-eluting stents (DES) has increasingly led to their off-label use in this patient population. Currently, the data supporting the safety and efficacy of DES for unprotected left main disease are derived from nonrandomized, single-center studies. Several conclusions can be drawn from these studies despite their inherent limitations. Procedural mortality in elective patients with low surgical risk is minimal. One year mortality and 1 year major adverse cardiac events appear to be similar to that of CABG. Technical difficulty and clinical outcome depend crucially on the anatomic location of the left main obstruction. While DES implantation for ostial and shaft lesions is technically straightforward and provides excellent results over follow-up, distal left main lesions are technically challenging and efficacy is limited largely by target vessel revascularization, most frequently for restenosis within the branch ostia. A systematic approach to the left main lesion can help provide safe and more effective results. Prospective, randomized trials comparing DES to CABG must be completed before percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main coronary artery disease can be considered standard-of-care.
DNA copy number variations in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development.

Purpose: Less than 50% of cases of 46,XY disorders of sex development are genetically defined after karyotyping and/or sequencing of known causal genes. Since copy number variations are often missed by karyotyping and sequencing, we assessed patients with unexplained 46,XY disorders of sex development using array comparative genomic hybridization for possible disease causing genomic variants.Materials and Methods: DNA from unexplained cases of 46,XY disorders of sex development were tested by whole genome array comparative genomic hybridization. In cases where novel copy number variations were detected parental testing was performed to identify whether copy number variations were de novo or inherited.Results: Of the 12 patients who underwent array comparative genomic hybridization testing 2 had possible copy number variations causing disorders of sex development, both maternally inherited microdeletions. One case, with a maternal history of premature ovarian failure, had a cosegregating microdeletion on 9...
Feederism: Transgressive Behavior or Same Old Patriarchal Sex?

In this paper, I review the sparse scholarship on feederism, a behavior that involves one partner encouraging or participating in the process of the other partner’s weight gain. The desired goal for one of both partners is sexual pleasure, either through the process of weight gain or as a result of the attraction to fat. I also discuss the results of a content analysis of feederism-related websites. My focus here is feederism in heterosexual relationships. I conclude that feederism takes many forms, and although it has been classified as a transgressive sexual behavior, it usually mimics patriarchal sex in the process. At its extreme, feederism is an abusive behavior dangerous to the partner (usually the woman) who desires to gain weight as quickly as possible. Suggestions for further research are given.