cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotoxic Effects of Sunlight-Activated Waste Water in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells were incubated with dilutions of an oil shale retort process water and exposed to nautral sunlight. An enhancement of sevenfold to ninefold was seen in photoinduced cytotoxicity (by a colony-forming assay) and mutagenicity (at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus) for cells pretreated with the process water compared to effects seen in cells exposed to sunlight only. Significant photoinduced cytotoxicity was also observed in cultured human skin fibroblasts when exposed to the process water before being exposed to near UV (NUV) radiation. The mutation frequencies (determined for the HPRT locus) induced by the process water and NUV radiation were as great as those frequencies seen for far UV light alone. Increases in genotoxicity were observed in excision repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum skin fibroblasts when compared to the responses seen in normal cells. Risks to health resulting from the phototransformation of these oil shale retort process waste waters are unassessed at this time.
Differential Induction of Th1 versus Th2 Cytokines by Group A Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Isolates

The majority of group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates from patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF) express numerous virulence factors, including several superantigens (SAgs). Purified SAgs are potent inducers of inflammatory (Th1) cytokines that contribute to the pathogenesis of severe infections. However, GAS-infected individuals are likely to be exposed to a mixture of GAS SAgs as well as other virulence factors produced by the bacteria, and therefore, our goal was to characterize the mitogenic and cytokine induction profiles of this mixture. All GAS isolates tested had brisk mitogenic activity and induced potent cytokine responses, with higher frequencies of Th1 than Th2 cytokine-producing cells. The mitogenic activity produced in culture supernatants of three selected clinical GAS isolates was significantly different, but no marked difference was found in their overall cytokine induction profiles. However, significant differences (P < 0.0062) were noted in the induction of Th2 cytokines between GAS supernatants and recombinant streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (rSpeA), suggesting that the presence of other SAgs and/or the production of additional virulence factors may alter the overall cytokine induction profile of SAgs. A significant individual variation in the level of proliferative and cytokine responses to the same GAS culture supernatants or to rSpeA was noted. Individuals with higher frequencies of cells producing Th2 cytokines mounted lower levels of Th1 cytokine responses, and vice versa. Furthermore, quantification of the intensity and cell area of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-producing cells by image analysis revealed that individuals with higher Th2 responses had significantly lower IL-1beta production (P < 0.0001) than the individual with a strong Th1 response. Differences in the ability to induce Th1 versus Th2 cytokines, as well as the individual variations in cytokine responses to streptococcal SAgs, may play a central role in determining the severity of invasive GAS infections.
Solubilization of Sulfhydryl Oxidase, A Bovine Skim Milk Membrane Enzyme

Abstract Sulfhydryl oxidase of bovine milk was prepared by gel chromatography of crude skim milk membranes obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation of whey. A variety of detergents were screened for their potential effectiveness as enzyme-solubilizing agents. Anionic detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium octyl sulfate, inactivated the enzyme concomitantly with solubilization. Nonionic detergents, however, were generally effective in solubilizing sulfhydryl oxidase near their critical micelle concentrations. Polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and β -octyl-D-glucoside afforded the best solubilization of sulfhydryl oxidase among the detergents tested; enzymic activity was retained fully at detergent concentrations producing over 80% solubilization.
INVESTIGATIONS OF ELECTRON HELICITY IN OPTICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES USING POLARIZED BEAMS OF ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS

A positronium-formation experiment with a high sensitivity to a possible relation between the helicity of beta particles emitted in nuclear beta decay and the optical asymmetry of biological molecules is presented. The experiment is based on a mechanism in which the electrons in optically active molecules possess a helicity of less than 0.001, too weak to detect in radiolysis experiments, the sign of which depends on the chirality of the isomer. A helicity-dependent asymmetry is sought in the formation of the triplet ground state of positronium when a low-energy beam of polarized positrons of reversible helicity interacts with an optically active substance coating a channel electron multiplier. Asymmetries between positronium decays observed at positive and negative helicities for the same substance can thus be determined with a sensitivity of 0.0001, which represents a factor of 100 improvement over previous positronium experiments.
Organization of production in a competitive economy

In the present paper we introduce a general equilibrium model of the organization of production and analyze the optimality and existence of an equilibrium. We introduce the production technology of the economy as a collection of production processes and allow each potential producer to choose the production processes to operate. We model organization and transaction costs by means of an organizational technology that determines the production set of a producer as a function of the production processes that the producer chooses to operate. For a competitive economy, we show the equilibrium organization of production is optimal and then prove a general existence theorem for an atomless economy.
Survival, development, and electrical activity of central nervous system myelinated axons exposed to tumor necrosis factor in vitro

Spinal cord explants from CD-1 mouse embryos were cultured in Maximow slide assemblies to promote myelin development. At about 20 days in vitro, recombinant human or mouse tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) was added. Observed 3-8 days later, myelin was largely intact. The myelin blistering and oligodendrocyte damage seen in other strains were generally absent. Axonal conduction was measured optically through the use of a voltage-sensitive dye. Action potential shape, conduction velocity, and refractory period were all unchanged by exposure to TNF alpha. Two series of explants were grown with TNF alpha present continuously throughout the culture period. Observed with light and electron microscopy, myelin developed in at least 50% of the explants treated with recombinant mouse TNF alpha and 80% of those exposed to recombinant human TNF alpha. Optically recorded action potentials were of normal shape and refractory period. Conduction velocities were slightly lower than controls. CD-1 mouse central nervous system contains TNF alpha receptors and yet was resistant to myelin damage. The apparent strain specificity of TNF alpha disruption of myelin may result from more indirect modes of action, including interaction with other cytokines produced by glial cells. Survival of axonal conduction suggests that Na+ channel function remains intact following TNF alpha exposure.
Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of Viscous Dampers for Seismic Hazard Mitigation

Laboratory experiments play a critical role in earthquake engineering research for seismic safety evaluation of civil engineering structures. Real-time hybrid simulation provides a viable alternative for shake table testing to evaluate seismic performances of structures with rate-dependent seismic devices. Servo-hydraulic actuators play a vital role in a real-time hybrid simulation to maintain the boundary condition between the analytical and experimental substructures. Compensation of actuator delay is critical to minimize synchronization error from actuator delay and to achieve a successful real-time hybrid simulation. Research on how actuator delay can affect the real-time hybrid simulation involving viscous fluid damper is presented in this study. It is demonstrated that although the viscous fluid damper can help stabilize the real-time hybrid simulation with actuator delay, the experimental results need to be interpreted appropriately to evaluate the performance of viscous fluid damper for seismic hazard mitigation.© 2014 ASME
Experimental investigation of 1064 nm IR laser induced plasmas in gases and in liquids

Experimental measurements and analysis of pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser-induced breakdown plasma in air at 760 Torr and in liquid (water) has been carried out and characterized using fast gating and high resolution laser shadowgraphy, two wavelength laser interferometry and optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics1. Three different experimental laser energies and pulse widths such as 170 mJ at 8 ns, 130 mJ at 7 ns and 65 mJ at 12 ns are studied. The laser pulses were focused down to a ~7 micron spot size in air and the resulting laser flux densities range from 4-14 TW/cm2. A 532 nm laser shadowgraphy coupled with high speed and high resolution image capturing diagnostics has been established to investigate spatio-temporal evolution and hydrodynamic behavior of the 1064 nm laser induced plasma and neutral density shock during the formation, expansion and collapsing stages. The observed plasma formations were aspherical due to absorption translation during the initial laser-energy coupling. The aspherical feature seeded the hydrodynamic instability leading to the ultimate destabilization of the hot gaseous core after approximately 10 microseconds. The active plasma lifetime through plasma self-luminescence measurements indicate variations from 200-500 ns for the three laser pulses. Shock propagation velocity and plasma volume for three laser pulse series indicate similarly shaped profiles at different expansion velocities. Early plasma expansion velocities of 20 km/s were measured and using Hugoniot relations the neutral shock pressures and temperatures were inferred and the results at the early plasma expansion stage were found to be over 1000 atmospheres and 4 eV. Laser induced plasma breakdown and its resulting shockwave generation and bubble formation in water was also investigated and characterized. The results of these investigations will be presented.
The inconsistent evaluation of absolute versus comparative payoffs in labor supply and bargaining

Abstract We demonstrate an inconsistency in how people weight fairness concerns depending upon how preferences for outcomes are elicited. Specifically, we show that people are less concerned with fairness when simultaneously choosing between two outcomes than when considering each outcome separately. For example, in Study 1, subjects were recruited for participation in one of two experiments. One study would pay all participants $7. Another would pay the focal subjects $8, but others $10. When simultaneously choosing between experiments, subjects were more likely to volunteer for the one which paid $8. However, when recruited for only one experiment, those recruited for the $7 one were more likely to volunteer than those recruited to be paid $8 in the $8 $10 one. In Study 2, subjects playing the chooser role in an ultimatum game were presented with one of two alternative elicitation frames. When asked to consider each possible offer and whether to accept it or reject it and get nothing, subjects' demonstrated a greater willingness to accept unequal payoffs than when asked to state a minimum acceptable payoff. We discuss the possible causes of these inconsistencies and show that similar reversals occur in other choice domains.
Hartree-Slater subshell photoionization cross-sections at 1254 and 1487 eV.

The results of calculations of photoelectric cross-sections for the Kα lines of magnesium at 1254 eV and of aluminum at 1487 eV are presented. All of the subshell cross-sections are given for Z values up to 96. The calculations were carried out relativistically using the single-potential Hartree-Slater atomic model.
Gestational carrier pregnancy.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the results of a gestational carrier program in terms of pregnancy rates in fresh and cryopreserved cycles. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Private IVF program. Patient(s): Women with uterine or medical reasons for unsuccessful gestation. Intervention(s): In vitro fertilization of oocytes with fresh or cryopreserved ET to gestational carriers. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy rates and deliveries. Result(s): A PR of 56.3% and a cycle rate of 30.8% was achieved in each patient 40 years of age in 27 cycles. Conclusion(s): Carrier gestation offers a satisfactory solution to childlessness caused by uterine or major medical factors.
Intrauterine diagnosis: comparative enzymology of cells cultivated from maternal skin, fetal skin, and amniotic fluid cells.

Intrauterine Diagnosis: Comparative Enzymology of Cells Cultivated from Maternal Skin, Fetal Skin, and Amniotic Fluid Cells
Predatory behavior in captive Lemur spp

Lemur fulvus mayottensis, L catta, and L mongoz mongoz at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust readily catch and consume proffered crickets and locusts. Lf mayottensis and L m mongoz also readily catch and consume small birds and mice, whilst these are ignored by L catta and L variegatus. These differences probably reflect real differences in the predatory behavior of these species, though they may also relate to cage specifications or to the history of the particular groups. These captive lemurs are either perpetuating previously unsuspected wild habits or else innovating in captivity. Observed Lemur predation resembles that of other primate species in being primarily accomplished by dominant individuals (in lemurs, generally adult females), and involving group excitement, as well as snatching and begging by subordinates, which could lead to traditions of predatory behavior.
The impact of hospital-acquired conditions on Medicare program payments.

Research objective Hospital-acquired conditions, or HACs, often result in additional Medicare payments, generated during the initial hospitalization and in subsequent health care encounters. The purpose of this article is to estimate the incremental cost to Medicare, as measured by Medicare program payments, of six HACs. Study design The researchers used a matched case-control design to determine the incremental increase in Medicare payments attributable to each HAC. For each HAC patient, five comparison patients were matched on diagnosis group, sex, race, and age. Using the matched sample, we estimated a hospital fixed effects log-linear regression on total Medicare payments for the episode of care, further controlling for co-morbid conditions. Care episodes included the initial hospitalization and all inpatient, outpatient, physician, home health, and hospice care that occurred within 90 days of hospital discharge. Population studied All Medicare fee-for-service patients discharged alive from a hospital between October 2008 and June 2010 with one of six HACs-severe pressure ulcer, fracture, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, vascular catheter-associated infection, surgical site infection following certain orthopedic procedures, or deep vein thrombosis/ pulmonary embolism following certain orthopedic procedures-were included in the sample and matched to five similar patients without the HACs. Principal findings The multivariate analysis suggests that Medicare paid an additional $146 million per year across these HAC care episodes compared with what would have been paid without the HACs. Conclusions HACs create a significant financial burden for the Medicare program. We compare the incremental Medicare payments for these six HACs to the current and upcoming Medicare HAC payment penalties.
Detection of non-UV-absorbing chiral compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract Confirmation of chiral purity is usually carried out via HPLC separation. The mobile phases required to effect good separation, using polar organic phase chromatography on cyclodextrin columns, result in poor detection when the compounds of interest do not have strong UV chromophores. We have investigated the use of HPLC-MS techniques to develop a suitable method of detection for compounds which have UV chromophores absorbing below the UV cut-off wavelength of the mobile phase (∼240 nm). This paper describes the development of a robust and reliable, analytical, chiral LC-MS system based on the use of plasmaspray mass spectrometry.
Effects of a Weight Loss Intervention on Body Mass, Fitness, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Overweight or Obese Breast Cancer Survivors

Obesity is characterized by chronic mild inflammation and may influence the risk and progression of cancer. The current study is an exploratory analysis of the effect of a weight loss intervention that emphasized increased physical activity on inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) at the end of the 16-week intervention period in overweight breast cancer survivors. Study participants averaged 56 years of age (N = 68). Intervention participants (n = 44 vs. 24 controls) participated in a cognitive behavioral therapy-based weight management program as part of an exploratory randomized trial. The intervention incorporated strategies to promote increased physical activity and diet modification. Baseline and 16-week data included height, weight, body composition, physical activity level, and biomarkers IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and VEGF. Weight loss was significantly greater in the intervention group than controls (−5.7 [3.5] vs. 0.2 [4.1] kg, P < 0.001). Paired t tests noted favorable changes in physical activity level (P < 0.001 intervention, P = 0.70 control), marginally lower IL-6 levels (P = 0.06 intervention, P = 0.25 control) at 16 weeks for participants in the intervention group, and lower TNF-α levels for participants in the intervention (P < 0.05) and control groups (P < 0.001). Increased physical activity was associated with favorable changes in IL-6 for participants in the intervention group (R 2 = 0.18; P < 0.03). Favorable changes in cytokine levels were observed in association with weight loss in this exploratory study with overweight breast cancer survivors.
Detection of primary cilia in human glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant adult brain tumor and carries a poor prognosis due to primary and acquired resistance. While many cellular features of GBM have been documented, it is unclear if cells within these tumors extend a primary cilium, an organelle whose associated signaling pathways may regulate proliferation, migration, and survival of neural precursor and tumor cells. Using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy (EM) techniques, we screened human GBM tumor biopsies and primary cell lines for cilia. Immunocytochemical staining of five primary GBM cell lines revealed that between 8 and 25 % of the cells in each line possessed gamma tubulin-positive basal bodies from which extended acetylated, alpha-tubulin-positive axonemes. EM analyses confirmed the presence of cilia at the cell surface and revealed that their axonemes contained organized networks of microtubules, a structural feature consistent with our detection of IFT88 and Arl13b, two trafficked cilia proteins, along the lengths of the axonemes. Notably, cilia were detected in each of 23 tumor biopsies (22 primary and 1 recurrent) examined. These cilia were distributed across the tumor landscape including regions proximal to the vasculature and within necrotic areas. Moreover, ciliated cells within these tumors co-stained with Ki67, a marker for actively dividing cells, and ZEB1, a transcription factor that is upregulated in GBM and linked to tumor initiation, invasion, and chemoresistance. Collectively, our data show that subpopulations of cells within human GBM tumors are ciliated. In view of mounting evidence supporting roles of primary cilia in tumor initiation and propagation, it is likely that further study of the effects of cilia on GBM tumor cell function will improve our understanding of GBM pathogenesis and may provide new directions for GBM treatment strategies.
A Class of General Reliability Growth Prediction Models

In structuring reliability growth prediction models as Markov chains it is seen that the computation of the reliability after n trials and possible associated repairs R, may be accomplished with any of several different methods. This paper considers a class of models that accommodates variations in several important factors, such as the interdependences of assignable cause failure modes, inclusion of an inherent failure mode, the repair policy, and the distribution of initial states of the system.
Different Timelines for Different Technologies

Case studies of the first completed Advanced Technology Program (ATP) projects have shown considerable variation in commercialization patterns of ATP-funded technologies. These variations were apparent in the timing of initial revenues, commercialization in more mature and multiple applications, and diffusion of ATP technologies relative to the period of ATP funding of R&D. This study analyzes differences in commercialization patterns for different ATP-funded technologies in a systematic way.
Androgen depletion and repletion as a means of potentiating the effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer.

Seventy-five patients with stage D-2 prostate cancer refractory to orchiectomy have been entered in a controlled trial to test whether androgen priming enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy. All patients are treated with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone as a means of achieving medical adrenalectomy and are given cyclic i.v. chemotherapy with cytoxan, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. Patients in the stimulation arm (N = 39) receive, in addition, fluoxymesterone (5 mg p.o. b.i.d.) for 3 days before and on the day of chemotherapy. A similar response rate was observed in the stimulation and control arm (83% vs 74% respectively) when the analysis was restricted to evaluable patients. When all patients were included, a significantly higher response rate was observed in the control arm (64% vs 49%, P < 0.05) as a result of the larger fraction of unevaluable patients in the stimulation arm (41% vs 14%). Median duration of response is 9 months in the stimulation and 10 months in the control arm. Median overall survival in the stimulation and control group is 12 months and 16 months respectively. Significant toxicity consisting of exacerbation of bone pain and in two patients, development of reversible spinal cord compression was observed following androgen priming. Our results suggest that combined medical adrenalectomy and chemotherapy are highly effective in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Thus far, no additional benefit has been observed with androgen priming.
Differential labeling of triglycerides and polar lipids of cultured mammalian cells by albumin-bound [1-14C] fatty acids of serum

Rabbit liver cells were cultured in medium containing serum whose albumin-bound fatty acids were labeled with [1-14C] palmitic or oleic acid of determined specific activity. After 7 to 500 fold increases in cell mass, the cell lipid was extracted and fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography. The triglyceride and polar lipid fractions were saponified and their constituent fatty acids, in the form of methyl esters, were separated and isolated by gas chromatography and their specific activities determined. Based on their14C content, approximately three-quarters of the palmitic and oleic acids of the accumulated triglycerides, which constituted half of the cell lipid, were derived from their counterparts in the albumin-bound fatty acids of the medium. In the case of the structural polar lipids, approximately only one-half of the palmitic and oleic acids were derived from their albumin-bound counterparts. Since the presence of serum in the medium completely represses thede novo synthesis of fatty acids in cultured mammalian cells, it is concluded that an appreciable portion of the polar lipid fraction is derived from the complex lipids of the serum lipoproteins, or their partial hydrolysis products. Based on these considerations, a function of serum lipoproteins is to act as precursors of a portion of the cell's structural lipids, or constituent parts thereof.
A Likelihood Ratio Test regarding Two Nested but Oblique Order-Restricted Hypotheses

Abstract Cadoret, Woolson, and Winokur (1977) considered two theories regarding the genetic makeup of patients suffering from unipolar affective disorder. These two theories imply nested but oblique order restrictions on the parameters of a statistical model. A likelihood ratio test for these two restrictions is studied and found to be dominated by a test that neglects some of the information in the model.
Rooted Cosmopolitans: Israelis with a European Passport – History, Property, Identity

Over the past decade, a new and intriguing phenomenon developed in Israel: close to 60,000 Israelis applied for citizenship in the Central and Eastern European countries from which their families immigrated. Typically, these new dual citizens have no plans to 'return' to Germany or Poland, nor do they feel any identification with their countries of origin. Instead, they are mainly interested in obtaining a ' European Union passport' and in gaining potential access to the European common market. The paper presents statistics on this unconventional case of dual citizenship, surveys the historical and legal circumstances that produced it and uses material from interviews to explore the meanings and uses that European- Israeli dual citizens attribute to their European passports. Dual citizenship, the findings show, is used by Israelis in various and sometimes unexpected ways: as enhancer of economic opportunities, 'insurance policy,' intergenerational gift, and even as an elitist status symbol. This modality of state belonging can be termed 'passport citizenship': Non-resident citizenship here is stripped of its national meaning and treated as an individual piece of property, which is embodied by the passport and obtained for pragmatic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Integrating MPEG-7 into the moving image collections portal

This article discusses the implementation of MPEG-7 within the Moving Image Collections (MIC) portal. MIC is a union catalog of the world's moving images, as well as a portal to information on the care, management, and use of moving images. The MIC Union Catalog utilizes a core registry schema that is designed to map readily to any metadata schema used to describe moving images. The MIC development team was particularly interested in supporting MPEG-7 for future nontextual digital video indexing applications. An MPEG-7 application profile and Microsoft Access cataloging utility were developed in order to test MPEG-7 within the MIC Union Catalog; 400 science digital videos in the Research Channel collection were cataloged in MPEG-7. The MPEG-7 records were mapped to MIC and ingested. Draft MPEG-7 to MIC and MIC to MPEG-7 maps were developed and are available at the MIC Web site. MPEG-7 records are available for viewing for any record in the MIC database via a collections explore search within the Archivists' portal. The MPEG-7 cataloging utility may be downloaded from the MIC project Web site (Moving Image Collections. MIC Cataloging Utility. http://gondolin.rutgers.edu/MIC/text/ how/cataloging_utility.htm). This article also discusses issues with MPEG-7 as a descriptive metadata schema, as well as mapping and implementation issues identified in the project.
Constraints on Primordial Non-Gaussianity from the High-Redshift Cluster MS 1054-03

The implications of the massive, X-ray selected cluster of galaxies MS 1054-03 at z = 0.83 are discussed in light of the hypothesis that the primordial density fluctuations may be non-Gaussian. We generalize the Press-Schechter (PS) formalism to the non-Gaussian case and calculate the likelihood that a cluster as massive as MS 1054 would have been found in the Einstein Medium Sensitvity Survey (EMSS). A flat universe (ΩM + ΩΛ = 1) is assumed, and the mass fluctuation amplitude is normalized to the present-day cluster abundance. The probability of finding an MS 1054-like cluster then depends only on ΩM and the extent of primordial non-Gaussianity. We quantify the latter by adopting a specific functional form for the probability distribution function (PDF), denoted ψλ, which tends to Gaussianity for λ 1 but is significantly non-Gaussian for λ 10, and show how λ is related to the more familiar statistic T, the probability of ≥3 σ fluctuations for a given PDF relative to a Gaussian. Special attention is given to a careful calculation of the virial mass of MS 1054 from the available X-ray temperature, galaxy velocity, and weak-lensing data. We find that Gaussian initial density fluctuations are consistent with the data on MS 1054 only if ΩM 0.2. For ΩM ≥ 0.25 a significant degree of non-Gaussianity is required, unless the mass of MS 1054 has been substantially overestimated by X-ray and weak-lensing data. The required amount of non-Gaussianity is a rapidly increasing function of ΩM for 0.25 ≤ ΩM ≤ 0.45, with λ ≤ 1 (T 7) at the upper end of this range. For a fiducial ΩM = 0.3, ΩΛ = 0.7 universe, favored by several lines of evidence we obtain an upper limit λ ≤ 10, corresponding to a T ≥ 3. This finding is consistent with the conclusions of Koyama, Soda, & Taruya, who applied the generalized PS formalism to low (z 0.1) and intermediate (z 0.6) redshift cluster data sets.
Interprofessional Education and Training: Transforming Professional Preparation To Transform Human Services.

Many universities are experimenting with interprofessional programs to better prepare professionals to tackle the complex problems faced by children and families. Universities face three major challenges: overcoming the compartmentalization of professional schools, which is then reflected in fragmentation of service delivery; learning to function as effective partners with communities; and reconceptualizing the nature of professional expertise to include collaborative scholarship and practice. The authors found that collaborative work can offer scholars substantial intellectual challengers, learning opportunities, and a new kind of access to the community, which can receive increased professional assistance. Interprofessional education is likely to promote alternative conceptions of teaching, scholarship, program design, and community service. However, it is personally and intellectually demanding, costly in time and other resources, and institutionally fragile. The open question is how many university fa...
Large for gestational age and long-term cognitive function

Objective As we have previously published, small-for-gestational-age ( Study design Nonanomalous singletons from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort with BW ≥90% vs 5-89% were compared. Cognitive and academic functioning was measured at 4 time points: 9 months, and 2, 3.5, and 5.5 years. Associations between WGA and cognitive functioning at each time point was examined using confounder-adjusted general linear model–based methods. Results Of 2930 cases, 271 (9.2%) were ≥90% WGA. In terms of cognitive performance, children ≥90% WGA were not statistically different ( P = .068) from normal WGA at any time point, nor did they change at different rates across early childhood. Conclusion There is no difference in cognitive function in children with BW 5-89% vs ≥90% for GA.
Effects of retinoic acid and sodium butyrate on gene expression, histone acetylation and inhibition of proliferation of melanoma cells.

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) induces growth-arrest of many tumor cell lines but it is an ineffective therapeutic against melanoma. We investigated whether the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor sodium butyrate (BUT) can restore or potentiate the RA-response of RA-resistant human A375, and RA-responsive S91 murine melanoma cells. BUT induced expression of RARβ and p21waf1/cip1 mRNA in A375 cells but in S91 cells only p21waf1/cip1 was induced. RA and BUT synergistically activated transcription of an RA-dependent reporter gene in S91, but not A375 cells. BUT increased histone H4-acetylation in both cell types. RA potentiated BUT-mediated inhibition of S91 cell proliferation, whereas A375 cells remained largely resistant to both compounds. HDAC-inhibitors may enhance the activity of RA on RA-responsive melanoma cells.
Perilous thoughts: comment on van Fraassen

Bas van Fraassen’s empiricist reading of Perrin’s achievement invites the question: whose doubts about atoms did Perrin put to rest? This comment recontextualizes the argument and applies the notion of empirical grounding to some contemporary work in behavioral biology.
The contribution of personality to the overlap between antisocial behavior and substance use/misuse.

The present study tested the ability of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a general model of personality functioning, to account for the stability across time of antisocial behavior (ASB) and substance use/ misuse (SUM), and the correlation between ASB and SUM at a given time. Data from a community-based longitudinal study of 481 men and women were examined. Specifically, we examined relations among substance use and conduct problems through the 10(th) grade, lifetime symptoms of substance abuse and dependence, adult symptoms of antisocial personality disorder through age 21, and a measure of the FFM. Results were virtually identical for men and women. Personality traits accounted for relatively large proportions of the variance in ASB and SUM with R-2 ranging from .19 for early SUM to .30 for early ASB. Additionally, personality profiles of the four measures were highly similar, with similarity coefficients ranging from .87 to .97. Finally, the inclusion of common personality correlates reduced the relations between the four measures by between 13% (early ASB and SUM) and 29% (early and later SUM). It is concluded that personality, particularly the dimensions of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, is important to understanding ASB and SUM.
Distribution of Numbers and Distribution of Significant Figures

IN an earlier note1 it is shown that the distribution of first digits of the numbers in a table will obey a logarithmic law provided that a certain sum can be replaced by an integral. We shall here discuss this approximation in more detail. The notation used will be the same as before, f(x) giving the distribution of the numbers and F(p) the distribution of the significant figures. We shall also introduce the distribution of the logarithms of the numbers; setting y = In x, we have for the fraction of entries with logarithms between y and y + dy:
Jupiter's ammonia clouds—localized or ubiquitous?

Abstract From an analysis of the Galileo Near Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (NIMS) data, Baines et al. (Icarus 159 (2002) 74) have reported that spectrally identifiable ammonia clouds (SIACs) cover less than 1% of Jupiter. Localized ammonia clouds have been identified also in the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observations (Planet. Space Sci. 52 (2004a) 385). Yet, ground-based, satellite and spacecraft observations show that clouds exist everywhere on Jupiter. Thermochemical models also predict that Jupiter must be covered with clouds, with the top layer made up of ammonia ice. For a solar composition atmosphere, models predict the base of the ammonia clouds to be at 720 mb, at 1000 mb if N/H were 4×solar, and at 0.5 bar for depleted ammonia of 10 −2 ×solar (Planet. Space Sci. 47 (1999) 1243). Thus, the above NIMS and CIRS findings are seemingly at odds with other observations and cloud physics models. We suggest that the clouds of ammonia ice are ubiquitous on Jupiter, but that spectral identification of all but the freshest of the ammonia clouds and high altitude ammonia haze is inhibited by a combination of (i) dusting, starting with hydrocarbon haze particles falling from Jupiter's stratosphere and combining with an even much larger source—the hydrazine haze; (ii) cloud properties, including ammonia aerosol particle size effects. In this paper, we investigate the role of photochemical haze and find that a substantial amount of haze material can deposit on the upper cloud layer of Jupiter, possibly enough to mask its spectral signature. The stratospheric haze particles result from condensation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), whereas hydrazine ice is formed from ammonia photochemistry. We anticipate similar conditions to prevail on Saturn.
Exploring the clinical value and implications of routine pathological examination of septoplasty specimens

Objectives/Hypothesis: During septoplasty, otherwise normal cartilage and bone are removed and routinely submitted for pathologic examination. According to the College of American Pathologists, however, the examination of bone and cartilage from septoplasty and rhinoplasty may be left to the pathologist's discretion. We explored the processing of tissues removed during septoplasty, examining the clinical value and implications of current practices. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Our database was searched for septoplasty (CPT code 30520) procedures performed specifically for the indication of nasal obstruction. Results: Five hundred sixteen consecutive cases from 15 surgeons spanning a 2-year period were identified. In the majority of cases, septal tissues removed during surgery were submitted to pathology. The majority of cases (>90%) involved septoplasty performed in conjunction with another procedure, most commonly addressing the inferior turbinates. All septal specimens received gross examination by a pathologist, and a smaller fraction were also examined histologically. Gross findings included the qualitative appearance of the specimen and dimensional measurements of bone and cartilage fragments. No abnormalities were identified (by gross or histologic examination) in any of the specimens. Associated costs included specimen handling, storage, and pathology fees. Conclusions: In our health care system, it is common practice to submit tissues removed during septoplasty for pathologic examination. This study demonstrates that routine evaluation of septal tissues following surgery for obstruction has no clinical value whatsoever, and is associated with direct and indirect costs. Given the current health care climate, this practice should be further scrutinized and reconsidered.
The limits of management

As the 21st century approaches, firms will move toward becoming information-based organizations. This change will be accompanied by a decrease in the number of organizational levels needed to run the firm. The compression of the organizational structure will approach four basic management levels, each of which will be bounded by specific limits of management activities. The role of each level will be more definitive, the relationship between the levels will become more purposeful, and the primary role of the individuals at each level will be associated with very specific activities. An understanding of the levels, the associated management activities and limits, and the changes that will accompany the structure transition is necessary if management is to successfully take full advantage of being an information-based organization and the opportunities provided by the smaller number of management levels.
Reduced neuropeptide Y concentrations in suicide brain

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was measured in postmortem brain tissue from victims of suicide and from individuals dying a sudden natural or accidental death (controls). Concentrations of NPY-immunoreactivity were measured by radioimmunoassay in frontal cortex (BA 10), temporal cortex (BA 22), caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. Concentrations of NPY-immunoreactivity were significantly lower in postmortem frontal cortex (-14%) and caudate nucleus (-27%) from suicide victims compared with age-matched controls. A subgroup of suicides with evidence of a history of depression revealed more robust reductions in concentrations of NPY-immunoreactivity in frontal cortex and caudate nucleus, as did four individuals who died from natural causes and also were described as having a possible history of depression. Concentrations of NPY-immunoreactivity in temporal cortex and cerebellum from victims of suicide or from the subgroup of subjects with a possible history of depression were not significantly different from those of age-matched controls. We suggest there is a deficit in the brain NPY system leading to region-specific reductions in peptide concentrations in subjects who have a history of depression. Language: en
Nonlinear current flow in superconductors with restricted geometries

We calculate two-dimensional steady-state distributions of transport electric field $\mathbf{E}(x,y)$ and current density $\mathbf{J}(x,y)$ in superconductors with restricted geometries, such as films with macroscopic planar defects, faceted grain boundaries, current leads, flux transformers, and microbridges. We develop a hodograph method, which enables us to solve analytically Maxwell's equations for $\mathbf{E}(x,y)$ and $\mathbf{J}(x,y),$ taking account of the highly nonlinear $E\ensuremath{-}J$ characteristics of superconductors ${E=E}_{c}{(J/J}_{c}{)}^{n},n\ensuremath{\gg}1.$ Based on this approach, a very effective numerical method of solving the nonlinear Maxwell equations was also developed. We show that nonlinear current flows in restricted geometries exhibit orientational current-flow domains separated by domain walls of varying width, which remain different from the discontinuity lines of the Bean model, even in the critical state limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}\ensuremath{\infty}.$ The nonlinearity of $E(J)$ gives rise to new length scales for $\mathbf{E}(x,y)$ and $\mathbf{J}(x,y)$ distributions, strong local enhancement of $\mathbf{E}(x,y)$ and long-range electric-field disturbances around planar defects on the scale ${L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{an}$ much greater than the defect size a. For instance, a planar defect of length $agd/n$ in a film of thickness d produces a narrow $(\ensuremath{\sim}d/\sqrt{n})$ magnetic-flux jet (domain of high electric field), which spans the entire current-carrying cross section. As a result, even small defects $(a\ensuremath{\sim}d/n),$ which occupy only a small fraction of the geometrical cross section, give rise to significant peaks of voltage and dissipation. This nonlinear current blockage by planar defects (high-angle grain boundaries, microcracks, etc.) essentially affects the global $E\ensuremath{-}J$ characteristics and critical currents in superconductors.
A methodology for comparing predictions from many models to few data

A common problem in data analysis occurs when one has many models to compare to a single or just a few data sets. For example, a researcher may conduct an experiment in which subjects respond by choosing one category from a small set of categories. The data set then consists of the frequencies with which the categories occur. Many substantive models may yield predictions of these frequencies, so that the researcher is faced with the problem of comparing the data to many a priori equally attractive theoretical predictions. This paper proposes a method for the simultaneous study of the predictions and data. The method improves on the standard approach to judging goodness-of-fit by treating the predictions as rows in a two (or higher) way contingency table. Log linear models for the probabilities that subjects respond in specific ways are used to determine how the predictions compare to the data and to rank the predictions in terms of their accuracy.
Spectroscopic Evidence for Ternary Surface Complexes in the Lead(II)–Malonic Acid–Hematite System

Using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) measurements, we examined the sorption of Pb(II) to hematite in the presence of malonic acid. Pb L(III)-edge EXAFS measurements performed in the presence of malonate indicate the presence of both Fe and C neighbors, suggesting that a major fraction of surface-bound malonate is bonded to adsorbed Pb(II). In the absence of Pb(II), ATR-FTIR measurements of sorbed malonate suggest the formation of more than one malonate surface complex. The dissimilarity of the IR spectrum of malonate sorbed on hematite to those for aqueous malonate suggest at least one of the sorbed malonate species is directly coordinated to surface Fe atoms in an inner-sphere mode. In the presence of Pb, little change is seen in the IR spectrum for sorbed malonate, indicating that geometry of malonate as it coordinates to sorbed Pb(II) adions is similar to the geometry of malonate as it coordinates to Fe in the hematite surface. Fits of the raw EXAFS spectra collected from pH 4 to pH 8 result in average Pb-C distances of 2.98 to 3.14 A, suggesting the presence of both four- and six-membered Pb-malonate rings. The IR results are consistent with this interpretation. Thus, our results suggest that malonate binds to sorbed Pb(II) adions, forming ternary metal-bridging surface complexes. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Functional analysis of various promoters in lentiviral vectors at different stages of in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.

Given the therapeutic potential offered by embryonic stem (ES) cells, it is critical to optimize stable gene delivery and expression at different developmental stages of ES cell differentiation. Here, we systematically analyzed lentiviral vectors containing the following promoters: the human elongation factor 1 α (EF1 α ) promoter, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early region enhancer-promoter, the composite CAG promoter (consisting of the CMV immediate early enhancer and the chicken β -actin promoter), the human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK) promoter, the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) long terminal repeat (LTR), or the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) LTR. Our results show that the EF1 α promoter directed robust transgene expression at every stage of mouse ES cell differentiation, whereas the CMV promoter drove transgene expression only during late stages. Similarly, the CAG and PGK promoters drove transgene expression at a significant level only during late stages. The MSCV LTR and the GALV LTR exhibited much lower promoter activities at all stages. Interestingly, mouse ES cells transduced with the EF1 α promoter-containing lentiviral vector lost most of their transgene expression during in vitro differentiation to neural precursors and neuronal cells. Our results demonstrate that different cellular and viral promoters exhibit very distinct and dynamic properties not only in terms of promoter strength but also with respect to differentiation stage–specific activity.
Heat transfer in packed and fluidized beds by the method of cyclic temperature variations

Particle-to-gas heat transfer coefficients were determined in packed and fluidized beds with large diameter particles and high mass velocities using the cyclic temperature method. Experimental results for packed beds were satisfactorily correlated within 10% deviation as ejh vs. NRe and were found to compare favorably with results of other experimenters obtained with much lower mass velocities and larger particles. The particle-to-gas heat transfer coefficient varied as G0.60 for the steel spheres vs. G0.66 for the tungsten spheres, and as Dp−0.44. Heat transfer coefficients obtained at minimum fluidization were in good agreement with those obtained with packed beds. As the mass velocity was increased above that required for minimum fluidization, heat transfer coefficients remained essentially constant.