cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral analysis of slow modulation of EEG amplitude and cardiovascular variables in subjects with postural tachycardia syndrome

Abstract Objective Previous studies have reported slow ( Methods We recorded EEG, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), heart rate, respirations, and blood pressure from subjects with POTS and controls during head-up tilt. Time-frequency analysis of 0.512-s epochs of EEG was performed to determine peak α amplitude. Spectra were divided into 3 bands: ultraslow, middle, and respiratory. Results EEG α amplitude modulation in all frequency bands was reduced in POTS subjects while supine. EEG modulation decreased in controls with head-up tilt but not in POTS subjects. Heart rate modulation in the respiratory frequency band decreased with head-up tilt and was significantly less (P Conclusion There are subtle differences in EEG amplitude modulation in subjects with POTS. Altered EEG amplitude modulation in POTS may reflect altered brainstem physiology in this disorder.
A DNA prism for high-speed continuous fractionation of large DNA molecules

The analysis and fractionation of large DNA molecules plays a key role in many genome projects. The standard method, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), is slow, with running times ranging from 10 hours to more than 200 hours. In this report, we describe a thumbnail-sized device that sorts large DNA fragments (61–209 kilobases (kb)) in 15 seconds, with a resolution of ∼13%. An array of micron-scale posts serves as the sieving matrix, and integrated microfluidic channels spatially shape the electric fields over the matrix. Asymmetric pulsed fields are applied for continuous-flow operation, which sorts DNA molecules in different directions according to their molecular masses, much as a prism deflects light of different wavelengths at different angles. We demonstrate the robustness of the device by using it to separate large DNA inserts prepared from bacterial artificial chromosomes, a widely used DNA source for most genomics projects.
History and hero-making: patriotic narratives and the Sovietization of Kazakh front-line propaganda, 1941–1945

This article analyses Soviet agitprop that was produced for Kazakhstani soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. The author argues that one of the main goals of this propaganda was to cultivate a complementary Soviet-Kazakh identity. Conditions at the front made this difficult to accomplish, but Soviet propagandists persisted in tailoring their propaganda for the benefit of Kazakh soldiers. As the war progressed, Kazakh front-line propaganda acquired a more unambiguously Soviet orientation, a consequence of the elimination of key themes derived from Kazakh national history and considered too politically volatile by the Communist Party. The article concludes by suggesting that the narratives articulated during World War II by Soviet propagandists went a long ways towards setting the contours of a prescribed Soviet-Kazakh identity.
Photochemistry of Structural Analogues of Previtamin D3: Generality of the Wavelength-Dependent Triene Photocyclization

Two structural previtamin D3 analogues (R = H, CH3) cyclized photochemically with a 1.4−1.8-fold increase in quantum yields over a 3-nm change in excitation wavelength. The sudden increase in quantum yields is due to the participation and mixing of both 2A and 1B excited states. At λ ≤ 306 nm, the 1B state is initially excited and then (a) partitions between isomerization to the corresponding trans triene isomers, (b) decays to the 2A state to give the corresponding cyclohexadienes, and (c) decays to the ground state. At λ ≥ 309 nm, the 2A state is directly excited to give the corresponding cyclohexadienes and the relaxation path from 1B state to the ground state or isomerization in the 1B state is diminished.
Scanning acoustic microscopy of neoplastic and inflammatory cutaneous tissue specimens.

Acoustic microscopy utilizes high frequency ultrasound to generate microscopic images. The current study was designed to examine representative disorders of the skin by use of a reflective scanning acoustic microscope (R-SAM), and to determine whether the obtainable resolution was sufficient to render a microscopic diagnosis. An Olympus UH3 Scanning Acoustic Microscope was utilized with lenses producing burst wave frequencies at 600 and 800 MHz (600 and 800 million cycles/sec). Cutaneous tissue specimens representing 12 different neoplastic and inflammatory disorders were examined. Acoustic images of unstained sections were com- pared with conventional light microscopic study of sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. In most neoplasms examined, it was possible to make a specific diagnosis primarily from low magnification pattern analysis. Although individual cells could be visualized, cytologic atypia was poorly defined. In the inflammatory disorders, a specific diagnosis was possible in all but bullous pemphigoid and lichen planus, because the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate was difficult to determine. The advantages of the R-SAM include the capability of producing an acoustic profile of the tissue and the future possibility of in situ diagnosis.
Enzymatic Identification of the Anthocyanin Pigment of Blackberry

Karrer and Pieper reported in 1930 that the principal pigment of blackberry, Rubus fructicosus L., was either identical or isomeric with chrysanthemin or cyanidin-3-β-monoglucoside1. They obtained compact polyhedral rhombs of a pigment chloride which was indistinguishable in colour properties from an authentic sample of chrysanthemin chloride, and differed from it only in respect of crystal form. Natural chrysanthemin chloride from Chrysanthemum indicum L.2, and the chloride of synthetic cyanidin-3-β-monoglucoside3 were known to crystallize in diamond-shaped leaflets. It was suggested that the observed difference might be due to traces of impurity in the product from blackberry1. Afterwards, blackberry was shown to contain a second unidentified anthocyanin by paper chromatography4. More recently, I have isolated from blackberry5 a crystalline anthocyanin chloride, essentially free from the second minor component. The product was obtained in leaflets, and appeared to bear a reasonable resemblance to the crystals of chrysanthemin chloride shown in a published microphotograph2. However, an air-dried sample of this material was analysed correctly as a monohydrate5, while chrysanthemin chloride crystals had previously been found to contain 1½ moles of water of crystallization2,3. No analysis for an air-dried sample was provided by Karrer and Pieper1.
Controlled Envelopment of Magnetic Particles within Liposomes using a Custom-Built Multi-Layer Magnetic Microfluidic Device

Liposomes can be magnetically triggered to release chemicals by encasing magnetic particles in an organized and predetermined fashion (e.g. linear array). Here we demonstrate a controlled arrangement of magnetic particles within liposomes using a custom-built microfluidic device. The multi-layer magnetic microfluidic device consists of two thin bottom layers containing low-melting point (117° C) 52% In - 48% Sn solder and a third top layer devoted to the input of lipids and magnetic particles. The microchannels containing the solder are electrically isolated and arranged in a lattice pattern; the top layer contains one channel, which is wide enough to span this solder lattice. To facilitate installing the solder into the channels, we reduce the surface free energy by first injecting a solution of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane in acetonitrile and allowing it to dry. By controlling the current in the solder lattice we can non-invasively corral magnetic particles contained in the top channel. To control the magnetic multi-layer microfluidic device, we are implementing a digital potentiometer (AD7151) using an Arduino (Mega 2560) microcontroller with analog inputs for connecting the potentiometers. An AD7151 can step through 64 different positions offering fine control of the current within the solder lattice. This digital potentiometer permits us to vary the current by changing the resistance electronically rather than manually as in a conventional analog potentiometer. This device can not only be used to assemble magnetic particles within the liposomes for potential in vivo delivery, but it can also be adapted to sort liposomes based on their magnetic content.
The Prevalence of Stalking Among College Students: The Disparity Between Researcher- and Self-identified Victimization

Abstract Objective: Researchers examined the prevalence of self-identified and researcher-identified stalking victimization among college students. Participants and Methods: A representative sample of 1,573 (70.1% female; 29.9% male) student respondents completed an online stalking questionnaire. Results: Overall, 12% self-identified as having been stalked. Additionally, 42.5% (45.4% female; 35.7% male) of students reported experiencing at least 1 behavioral indicator of stalking victimization; however, only 24.7% of those self-identified as being stalked (25.6% female; 22.0% male). Conclusions: Stalking is a serious problem in the college community. A concern that needs to be addressed is the disparity between the number of those who met the behavioral criteria for stalking victimization, but who did not self-identify as a victim. The consequences of stalking victimization are highlighted. Recommendations for addressing this issue on campus are detailed in a plan that may help improve the retention, prog...
A high-intensity superconducting muon channel

Abstract The design of a high-intensity muon channel with an acceptance of more than 2 sr is considered. The channel consists of two superconducting magnets; a toroid and a solenoid. Monte Carlo calculations are performed to optimize the channel's design parameters for maximum muon beam intensity. The channel can provide 1.4 × 10 9 muons/s when used in conjuction with a 1 mA, 400 MeV electron linac.
Supported organoactinides. Surface chemistry and catalytic properties of alumina-bound (cyclopentadienyl)-and (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)thorium and -uranium hydrocarbyls and hydrides

Results of a detailed, quantitative investigation are reported of surface chemistry and catalysis involving selected organoactinides and partially dehydroxylated (PDA) or dehydroxylated (DA) alumina supports. For the complexes Cp'/sub 2/M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ and Cp'/sub 2/M(CD/sub 3/)/sub 2/ (Cp' = eta/sup 5/ - (CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/; M = Th, U), methane-evolving surface reaction pathways are identified as M-CH/sub 3/ protonolysis via surface OH (especially on PDA), Cp' H atom abstraction, and intramolecular elimination of methane within M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ units. This latter process is proposed on the basis of methylene transfer to acetone and some olefin metathesis activity to result in Al/sup 3 +/-stabilized alkylidenes. Hydogenolysis studies indicate that ca. 25% of the Cp'/sub 2/M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2//DA surface M-CH/sub 3/ groups are removable as methane; reduction of methyl chloride to methane confirms the presence of surface M-H groups produced by hydrogenolysis. The Cp'/sub 2/M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2//DA complexes are active catalysts for propylene hydrogenation following a variety of pretreatment conditions, with N/sub t/ approx. = 0.5 s/sup -1/ in a flow reactor at -63/sup 0/C (about 10 times more active than typical Pt/SiO/sub 2/ catalysts under the same conditions). M = Th and U are comparable in hydrogenation activity, and CO poisoningmore » experiments indicate that ca. 3% of the adsorbed molecules are catalytically active. Cp'/sub 2/M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ complexes on PDA and silica gel are considerably less active catalysts. The Cp'/sub 2/M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2//DA systems are also active catalysts for ethylene polymerization and weakly active for butene isomerization. Experiments with Cp'/sub 2/Th(CH/sub 2/C(CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/)/sub 2/ and (Cp'/sub 2/Th(..mu..-H)H)/sub 2/ on DA reveal activity for propylene hydrogenation comparable to the Cp'/sub 2/M(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ systems. In contrast, more coordinatively saturated Cp/sub 3/UCH/sub 3/ and Cp/sub 3/Th(n-C/sub 4/H/sub 9/) (Cp = eta/sup 5/-C/sub 5/H/sub 5/) are far less active, while Cp'Th(CH/sub 2/C/sub 6/H/sub 5/)/sub 3/ is far more active (N/sub t/ approx. = 10 s/sup -1/).« less
Human Keratinocytes Constitutively Express Interleukin-18 and Secrete Biologically Active Interleukin-18 After Treatment with Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Dinitrochlorobenzene

Interleukin-18 is a potent inducer of interferon-γ by activated T cells, macrophages, and monocytes and is synthesized as an inactive precursor. Pro-interleukin-18 must be cleaved by interleukin-1-β-converting enzyme for secretion of the biologically active form. We report that among selected non-bone marrow derived skin cells, interleukin-18 mRNA is constitutively expressed by human keratinocytes and not by dermal microvascular endothelial cells, dermal fibroblasts, or melanocytes. Interleukin-18 mRNA and intracellular protein levels are neither changed in human keratinocytes nor induced in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, dermal fibroblasts, or melanocytes by exposure to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Exposure of human keratinocytes to phorbol 12-myrisate 13-acetate, lipopolysaccharides or the contact sensitizer DNCB results in the secretion of immunoprecipitable interleukin-18 protein. Human keratinocyte-secreted interleukin-18 is biologically active, in that conditioned media from phorbol 12-myrisate 13-acetate, lipopolysaccharide and DNCB-treated human keratinocytes induce interferon-γ expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This bioactivity is neutralized by anti-interleukin-18, but not anti-interleukin-12 antibodies. By immunohistochemistry, interleukin-18 protein is detected in basal keratinocytes of normal human skin, but its expression is markedly upregulated in suprabasal keratinocytes in psoriasis. These findings indicate that human keratinocytes are a source of biologically functional interleukin-18 and thus are capable of playing an initiating part in the local interferon-γ-dependent inflammatory processes through expression, activation, and secretion of interleukin-18.
A perturbation treatment of oscillating magnetic fields in the radical pair mechanism using the Liouville equation

Abstract This paper describes an application of time-dependent perturbation theory to the calculation of singlet-to-triplet yields in radical pair reactions for oscillating magnetic fields. It outlines an iterative approach, based on the Liouville equation, that holds for any order of perturbation theory. It then compares this method to other methods, namely, numerical integration and the rotating frame treatment as well as methods based on the Schrodinger equation, and gives sample results.
The Place of Fire

As the wildland-urban interface (WUI) grows in size and density and increasing levels of funding are being directed toward education and outreach programs targeting residents in these communities, it is becoming increasingly important to investigate residents’ responses to wildfire risk. This is particularly true because participation of WUI residents in reducing fire risk constitutes an important piece in the management of wildland fire problem. Few studies have examined how residents living in fire-prone areas feel about and adapt to increasing levels of wildfire risk. In this paper, I investigate “place” as a salient theme shaping the decision-making process around the implementation of wildfire risk reduction measures on private property. Insight into this process will be valuable to fire and forest managers who are increasingly charged with the responsibility of galvanizing WUI residents and communities to take part in wildfire risk reduction.
Defining nicotinic agonist binding surfaces through photoaffinity labeling

Nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) agonists are potential therapeutic agents for neurological dysfunction. In the present study, the homopentameric mollusk ACh binding protein (AChBP), used as a surrogate for the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the nAChR, was specifically derivatized by the highly potent agonist azidoepibatidine (AzEPI) prepared as a photoaffinity probe and radioligand. One EPI-nitrene photoactivated molecule was incorporated in each subunit interface binding site based on analysis of the intact derivatized protein. Tryptic fragments of the modified AChBP were analyzed by collision-induced dissociation and Edman sequencing of radiolabeled peptides. Each specific EPI-nitrene-modified site involved either Tyr195 of loop C on the principal or (+)-face or Met116 of loop E on the complementary or (-)-face. The two derivatization sites were observed in similar frequency, providing evidence of the reactivity of the azido/nitrene probe substituent and close proximity to both residues. [3H]AzEPI binds to the alpha4beta2 nAChR at a single high-affinity site and photoaffinity-labels only the alpha4 subunit, presumably modifying Tyr225 spatially corresponding to Tyr195 of AChBP. Phe137 of the beta2 nAChR subunit, equivalent to Met116 of AChBP, conceivably lacks sufficient reactivity with the nitrene generated from the probe. The present photoaffinity labeling in a physiologically relevant condition combined with the crystal structure of AChBP allows development of precise structural models for the AzEPI interactions with AChBP and alpha4beta2 nAChR. These findings enabled us to use AChBP as a structural surrogate to define the nAChR agonist site.
The Number of Steps in the Euclidean Algorithm

Abstract When the Euclidean algorithm is run on a pair (a, b) of positive integers with a (a, b) → (b mod a, a) required to extract the gcd is known to be typically close to (12 log 2/π2) log b. Here we sharpen earlier estimates of Dixon [J. Number Theory2 (1970), 414-422] and Heilbronn ["Number Theory and Analysis (Papers in Honor of Edmund Landau)," pp. 87-96] and show that among pairs (a, b) with 1 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ x as x → ∞, the number of such steps has an asymptotically normal distribution with mean close to (12 log 2/π2) log x and variance close to C1 log x, where C1 = π−6(12 log 2/π2)3(d2/ds2) log λ(s)|s = 2, with λ(s) denoting a certain pseudo zeta function associated with continued fractions.
Interruption of Placental Blood Flow during Labor: Potential Systemic and Cerebral Organ Consequences

Interruption of placental blood during labor, also termed "asphyxia," affects approximately 3 of every 1000 term infants. The systemic and cerebral consequences of asphyxia are in part related to circulatory adaptive responses, which in turn are modulated by the severity and duration of the insult. Long-term neurological outcome has been well categorized, whereas the systemic consequences remain unclear.
Safety and efficacy of carvedilol therapy for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to muscular dystrophy.

Background By the age of 20 years, almost all patients with Duchenne’s or Becker’s muscular dystrophy have experienced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a condition that contributes significantly to their morbidity and mortality. Although studies have shown carvedilol to be an effective therapy for patients with other forms of DCM, few data exist concerning its safety and efficacy for patients with muscular dystrophy. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carvedilol for patients with DCM.
Imaging of ischemia and infarction in blood-perfused pig hearts using 87Rb MRI.

87Rb-MRI was used to measure Rb+ uptake in blood-perfused pig hearts during complete occlusion (120 and 70 min) of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and subsequent reperfusion (120 and 170 min). The Rb+ uptake rate and maximal Rb image intensity during 120-min occlusion were significantly lower in the ischemic anterior left ventricular (LV) wall (0.35 ± 0.14%/min and 26 ± 4.7%) relative to those in the remote posterior LV wall (2.43 ± 0.33%/min and 98 ± 10%). Reperfusion after 120 and 70 min of occlusion resulted in formation of damaged areas, which had 40 ± 4 and 73 ± 10% of the 87Rb image intensity observed in the remote posterior wall. The infarct sizes determined histologically by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were 9.6 ± 3.4 and 5.6 ± 4.6% of the total ventricular mass (LV + RV) in the 120- and 70-min occlusion groups, respectively. The sizes determined by MRI were 13.1 ± 2 and 2.8 ± 4.3% of the total number of pixels, respectively. The Rb+ uptake in the anterior wall during 120-min occlusion was somewhat lower than that previously observed in crystalloid-perfused hearts. It is concluded that blood does not interfere with the ability of 87Rb MRI to detect ischemic and infarct areas. Magn Reson Med 49:99–107, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Family law issues in family therapy practice: Early intelligence scores and subsequent delinquency: A Prospective study

Abstract Most early studies found that delinquents obtained lower IQ scores than nondelinquent controls. A criticism of early findings related to sample selection subsequent to identification as juvenile offenders. Of 3,164 births enrolled in the Brown University cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project, 13.6% appeared in Family Court charged with juvenile offenses prior to age 18. In this study, those delinquency cases were compared with controls at three age levels. At 8 months, based on the Bayley Scales of Mental and Motor Development, there were no significant differences in mental or motor development scores between delinquents and nonoffenders. At 4 years, Stanford-Binet scores were significantly lower among the delinquent sample. Similarly, at age 7, the delinquent sample scored lower on the Wechsler Iiztelligence Scale for Children (WJSC) on both verbal and performance measures. Performance scores were consistently higher than verbal scores in both the delinquent and nonofender grou...
Association reactions of nickel atoms with carbon monoxide and alkenes at room temperature: binding energy of NiC2H4

Abstract We report a kinetic study of association reactions of nickel atoms with carbon monoxide, ethene, propene and 1-butene in carbon dioxide buffer gas in the pressure range 1–600 Torr at 296 K. RRKM theory is used together with results of previous ab initio electronic structure calculations to interpret association rate coefficients in terms of binding energies of 1:1 complexes. The binding energy of NiC 2 H 4 at 0 K is estimated as 35.5±5 kcal mol −1 . The role of excited electronic states of the complexes in the association reactions is briefly discussed.
Cell cycle regulation and control of angioplasty restenosis

Abstract The proliferative response of smooth muscle cells to injury remains the largest cause of clinical failure in interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of the atherosclerotic process. Contributing to this proliferative response are a number of factors including platelet and leukocyte adherence, transmigration, and activation with a concomitant release of a myriad of growth factors and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. The failure of attempts to modify this response by targeting single elements of the process is testimony to the redundancy of proliferative stimuli at work in the restenotic lesion. Therefore, interest has been directed towards the final common pathway of the proliferative vasculopathies, the cell cycle itself. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize recent attempts to control proliferation through interventions aimed at critical elements of the cell cycle, and to comment about how these interventions could be brought to bear in the clinical realm.
Effect of retro-reflector diameter on testing optical systems

In the use of ball bearings as retro-reflectors for testing optical systems in a double pass configurations, care must be taken when choosing the radius of the ball bearing. Using too small a radius can adversely effect the wavefront error as presented by the interferometer. The wavefront error, being a function of wavelength, can be significantly altered due to this ball bearing error, particularly in long wavelength IR systems tested with a visible light interferometer. This paper is the result of research towards understanding and modeling this error in the presence of spherical aberration.
Failure analysis of architectural glazing subjected to blast loading

In this study, failure probability of architectural (laminated and monolithic) glazing subjected to blast loading is investigated. An empirical formula based on free air explosive blast wave of the positive phase is adapted to simulate loading due to an explosion on ground. The glass plies and PVB interlayer are treated as elastic and viscoelastic, respectively. A three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite element code (LS-DYNA3D) is used to conduct the stress analysis. Based on the cumulative damage theory, two-parameter Weibull distribution is adopted to describe the cumulative probability of failure of monolithic glazing and inner glass ply of laminated glazing. Effects of blast load parameters, glazing geometry and material on the failure probability are presented. The analytical results on failure probability of architectural glazing can be used to mitigate hazard from broken glazing due to blast loading.
Oil in the City: The Fall and Rise of Oil Drilling in Los Angeles

82 The Journal of American History June 2012 Today oil derricks stand like trees in a forest. . . . Steam pile drivers roar on many a vacant lot. . . . One hundred and eighty permits to drill for oil have been given and twenty-five more are in procedure. . . . If this fever continues, as it gives every indication of doing, one reasonably may expect to see virtually the entire waterfront line of private properties from Washington street to Sixty-sixth avenue or Playa del Rey dotted with a line of oil derricks.
Nonnative salmon alter nitrification in Great Lakes tributaries

Nonnative species can affect the biogeochemistry of an ecosystem. For instance, Pacific salmon have been introduced for sport fishing in many streams and lakes beyond their native range, and their introduction may be altering nitrogen cycling in those ecosystems.
Single-photon spin-orbit coupling and LOQC

When a photon propagates in an inhomogeneous medium, its spin and orbital degrees of freedom are coupled. We explore consequences of this effect for fiber-based cluster state linear optical quantum computing (LOQC).
Flavonoid Apigenin Is an Inhibitor of the NAD+ase CD38: Implications for Cellular NAD+ Metabolism, Protein Acetylation, and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a growing health problem worldwide. It is therefore imperative to develop new strategies to treat this pathology. In the past years, the manipulation of NAD(+) metabolism has emerged as a plausible strategy to ameliorate metabolic syndrome. In particular, an increase in cellular NAD(+) levels has beneficial effects, likely because of the activation of sirtuins. Previously, we reported that CD38 is the primary NAD(+)ase in mammals. Moreover, CD38 knockout mice have higher NAD(+) levels and are protected against obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here, we show that CD38 regulates global protein acetylation through changes in NAD(+) levels and sirtuin activity. In addition, we characterize two CD38 inhibitors: quercetin and apigenin. We show that pharmacological inhibition of CD38 results in higher intracellular NAD(+) levels and that treatment of cell cultures with apigenin decreases global acetylation as well as the acetylation of p53 and RelA-p65. Finally, apigenin administration to obese mice increases NAD(+) levels, decreases global protein acetylation, and improves several aspects of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Our results show that CD38 is a novel pharmacological target to treat metabolic diseases via NAD(+)-dependent pathways.
Highly scalable algorithm for distributed real-time text indexing

Stream computing research is moving from terascale to petascale levels. It aims to rapidly analyze data as it streams in from many sources and make decisions with high speed and accuracy in fields as diverse as security surveillance and financial services including stock trading. We specifically consider real-time text indexing and search with high input data rates (10 GB/s or more) along with small index age-off(expiry) time. This makes it necessary to have maximal indexing rates for large volumes of data as well as minimal latency for indexing (time between start of indexing for a document and its availability for search) while maintaining very-low search response time. In addition, future massively parallel architectures with storage class memories will enable high speed in-memory real-time indexing, where index can be completely stored in a high capacity storage class memory. In this paper, we present the design of distributed data-structures and distributed real-time text indexing algorithm for parallel systems having large (thousands to hundred thousand) number of cores/processors, while simultaneously providing acceptable search performance [1]. The inherent trade-offs involved in index space, indexing throughput and search response time make this problem particularly challenging. Our algorithm uses group-based index construction and leverages novel index data structures that reduce load imbalance and make text indexing and merge process more scalable and efficient. We show analytically that the asymptotic parallel time complexity of our distributed indexing algorithm, is at least Ω(log(P)) factor better than typical indexing approaches, where P is the number of indexing nodes in a group. We further demonstrate the performance and scalability of our distributed indexing algorithm, on an MPP architecture (Blue Gene/L 1) using actual IBM intranet data. We achieved high indexing throughput of around 312 GB/min on an 8K node Blue Gene/L machine. In comparison with parallel indexing implemented using typical approaches like CLucene 2, this is 3x–7x better. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published result on indexing throughput at such a large scale, with sustained search performance. We further show that our approach is scalable to 128K nodes, giving an estimated indexing throughput of 5 T B/min. We also achieved indexing latency that is around 10x better than typical indexing approaches.
Dynamic behavior of implanted nitrogen in zirconium at various stages of implantations

Abstract Depth profiles of nitrogen implanted into Zr with an energy of 50 keV were calculated by dynamic SASAMAL code with three different assumptions for the diffusion of excess atoms over stoichiometry, i.e., ‘no diffusion', ‘both-sides-diffusion’ and ‘upward-diffusion'. To distinguish nitrogens implanted certain stage of implantations, alternate implantations of 15N and 14N were used. The results were compared with the experimental results by the resonance nuclear reaction analysis, NRA. For 15N implantation with fluences from 1 × 1017 to 1 × 1018 ions/cm2, the calculated results with ‘upward-diffusion’ agreed very well with the NRA results for all fluences. For the depth profile of pre-implanted 15N (1 × 1017 ions/cm2), which was changed by the subsequent 14N implantation with fluences of 1 ∼ 10 × 1017 ions/cm2, the agreement with the NRA results was satisfactory until the 14N fluence did not exceed 5 × 1017 ions/cm2, but for higher fluences, the retained probabilities of 15N obtained by the ‘upward-...
Biofilm formation by avian Escherichia coli in relation to media, source and phylogeny.

Aims: To assess the abilities of 105 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and 103 avian faecal commensal E. coli (AFEC) to form biofilms on a plastic surface and to investigate the possible association of biofilm formation with the phylotype of these isolates. Methods and Results: Biofilm production was assessed in 96-well microtitre plates using three different media, namely, M63 minimal medium supplemented with glucose and casamino acids, brain‐heart infusion broth, and diluted tryptic soy broth. Avian E. coli are highly variable in their ability to form biofilms. In fact, no strain produced a strong biofilm in all three types of media; however, most (75AE7% AFEC and 55AE2% APEC) were able to form a moderate or strong biofilm in at least one medium. Biofilm formation in APEC seems to be mostly limited to nutrient deplete media; whereas, AFEC are able to form biofilms in both nutrient deplete and replete media. Also, biofilm formation in E. coli from phylogenetic groups B2, D and B1 was induced by nutrient deplete conditions; whereas, biofilm formation by members of phylogenetic group A was strongest in a rich medium. Conclusions: Biofilm formation by APEC and phylotypes B2, D and B1 is induced by nutrient deplete conditions, while AFEC are able to form biofilms in both nutrient rich and deplete media. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study to investigate biofilm formation by a large sample of avian E. coli isolates, and it provides insight into the conditions that induce biofilm formation in relation to the source (APEC or AFEC) and phylogenetic group (A, B1, B2 and D) of an isolate.
The economics of clinical ethics programs: a quantitative justification.

The restructuring of the healthcare marketplace has exerted pressure directly and indirectly on clinical ethics programs. The fiscal orientation and emphasis on efficiency, outcome measures, and cost control have made it increasingly difficult to communicate arguments in support of the existence or growth of ethics programs. In the current marketplace, arguments that rely on the claim that ethics programs protect patient rights or assist in the professional formation of practitioners often result in minimal levels of funding and preclude program growth. Where ethics programs could once sustain themselves on goodwill alone and values arguments in an expanding healthcare market they are now encountering—at least by anecdotal reports—cutbacks and even elimination. To respond to these challenges, we offer an economic model that can be used to demonstrate the “value” of an institutionally based ethics program.
Genomic Signature of Adaptation to Climate in Medicago truncatula

Local adaptation and adaptive clines are pervasive in natural plant populations, yet the effects of these types of adaptation on genomic diversity are not well understood. With a data set of 202 accessions of Medicago truncatula genotyped at almost 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, we used mixed linear models to identify candidate loci responsible for adaptation to three climatic gradients—annual mean temperature (AMT), precipitation in the wettest month (PWM), and isothermality (ITH)—representing the major axes of climate variation across the species’ range. Loci with the strongest association to these climate gradients tagged genome regions with high sequence similarity to genes with functional roles in thermal tolerance, drought tolerance, or resistance to herbivores of pathogens. Genotypes at these candidate loci also predicted the performance of an independent sample of plant accessions grown in climate-controlled conditions. Compared to a genome-wide sample of randomly drawn reference SNPs, candidates for two climate gradients, AMT and PWM, were significantly enriched for genic regions, and genome segments flanking genic AMT and PWM candidates harbored less nucleotide diversity, elevated differentiation between haplotypes carrying alternate alleles, and an overrepresentation of the most common haplotypes. These patterns of diversity are consistent with a history of soft selective sweeps acting on loci underlying adaptation to climate, but not with a history of long-term balancing selection.
Plasma NPY concentrations during tryptophan and sham depletion in medication-free patients with remitted depression

Background Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and serotonergic systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression but have not yet been linked together.
Determining the Effect of Imiquimod on Human Endothelial Cells

Objective: There have been multiple reports of the success of using 5% imiquimod to treat hemangioma of infancy (HOI) lesions. There have been no published studies looking at the effect of imiquimod on these lesions on a molecular level. Therefore, we investigated the effect of imiquimod in a human endothelial cell line (HUVEC). Study Design: Basic science laboratory experiments Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were plated and treated with different concentrations of imiquimod. After treatment was complete, media was collected and the cells were harvested for RNA and protein isolation. ELISA, reverse transcriptase PCR, and western blots were carried out using the harvested media, RNA, and protein respectively, and comparisons between treatment groups were made. Furthermore, cell proliferation in HUVEC cells treated with imiquimod was also evaluated using MTT assays. Results: In the HUVEC cells, there was a dose dependent decrease in cell proliferation with imiquimod treatment based on MTT assays. However, there were no significant differences in IL-8 or VEGF secretion by ELISA, reverse transcriptase PCR revealed no difference in expression in IL-8, VEGF, Ki-67, MMP-9, Cyclin D1, Interferon-alpha, or Caspase-3, and western blot also showed no difference in amounts of Cyclin D1, Caspase-3, PARP, and PCNA between the treatment groups. Conclusions: Treatment of a HUVEC cell line with imiquimod resulted in decreased cell proliferation in a dose dependent response based on MTT analysis, however we were unable to identify a potential pathway for this as there was no difference in a number of molecular studies between the treatment groups.
Non-invasive in situ monitoring and quantification of TOL plasmid segregational loss within Pseudomonas putida biofilms.

Methods for the detection of plasmid loss in natural environments have typically relied on replica plating, selective markers and PCR. However, these traditional methods have the limitations of low sensitivity, underestimation of specific cell populations, and lack of insightful data for non-homogeneous environments. We have developed a non-invasive microscopic analytical method to quantify local plasmid segregational loss from a bacterial population within a developing biofilm. The probability of plasmid segregational loss in planktonic and biofilm cultures of Pseudomonas putida carrying the TOL plasmid (pWWO::gfpmut3b) was determined directly in situ, in the absence of any applied selection pressure. Compared to suspended liquid culture, we report that the biofilm mode of growth enhances plasmid segregational loss. Results based on a biofilm-averaged analysis reveal that the probability of plasmid loss in biofilm cultures (0.016 ± 0.004) was significantly greater than that determined in planktonic cultures (0.0052 ± 0.0011). Non-invasive assessments showed that probabilities of plasmid segregational loss at different locations in a biofilm increased dramatically from 0.1% at the substratum surface to 8% at outside layers of biofilm. Results suggest that higher nutrient concentrations and subsequentially higher growth rates resulted in higher probability of plasmid segregational loss at the outer layers of the biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2949–2958. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Apparent diffusion tensor measurements in myelin-deficient rat spinal cords.

The apparent diffusion tensor (ADT) was measured in excised and fixed spinal cords from myelin-deficient (md) rats and age-matched controls. These data were used to obtain the principal diffusivities of the ADT, and also the scalar invariant parameters D (averaged principal diffusivity) and Aσ (anisotropy index) for four white matter and two gray matter regions. The results for white matter regions showed that the principal diffusivities were significantly higher for md animals, and while the D was increased in tissue from md animals, the Aσ was found to be decreased. Grey matter D was measured to be between those of white matter from control and md animals, and the Aσ was much smaller than that of white matter from both sets of animals, indicating that diffusion in md white matter is more anisotropic than in gray matter. The results show that while myelination is not a prerequisite for diffusion anisotropy, it does influence the magnitude of the observed anisotropy. Magn Reson Med 45:191–195, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Two Internet Freedoms: Framing Victimhood for Political Gain

This article, via framing analysis and textual analysis, examines the rhetoric of U.S. officials and political commentators toward Internet usage in other countries versus Internet policy in the United States. The article will argue that Internet freedom has been defined differently based on who frames the discussion, and what the strategic and political implications might be. This in turn leads to different perceptions of who the victims are when Internet access is threatened.
Serial vs. Parallel Processing: Sometimes They Look Like Tweedledum and Tweedledee but They Can (and Should) Be Distinguished

A number of important models of information processing depend on whether processing is serial or parallel. However, many of the studies purporting to settle the case use weak experimental paradigms or results to draw conclusions. A brief history of the issue is given along with examples from the literature. Then a number of promising methods are presented from a variety of sources with some discussion of their potential. A brief discussion of the topic with regard to overall issues of model testing and applications concludes the paper.
Conical Intersections and Low‐Lying Electronic States of Tetrafluoroethylene

The low-lying electronic states of tetrafluoroethylene (C2 F4 ) are characterized theoretically for the first time using equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory (EOM-CCSD), and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2). Computations are performed for vertical excitation energies, equilibrium geometries, minimum-energy conical intersections, and potential energy curves along three geometric coordinates: 1) twisting of the FCCF dihedral angle, 2) pyramidalization of the CF2 group, and 3) migration of a fluorine atom resulting in an ethylidene-like (CF3 CF) structure. The results suggest two relaxation pathways from the Rydberg-3s excited electronic state to the ground state. These relaxation pathways are discussed in conjunction with the femtosecond photoionization spectroscopy results of Trushin et al. [ChemPhysChem- 2004, 5, 1389].
Taking Salience Seriously: The Viability of Ronald Dworkin's Theory of Salience in the Context of Extra-Territorial Corporate Accountability

In his posthumously published article “A New Philosophy for International Law”, Ronald Dworkin argues for the adoption of “salience” as basis for establishing international legal standards. Writing in the context of international law, Dworkin describes salience as follows: “If a significant number of states, encompassing a significant population, has developed an agreed code of practice, either by treaty or by other form of coordination, then other states have at least a prima facie duty to subscribe to that practice as well, with the important proviso that this duty holds only if a more general practice to that effect, expanded in that way, would improve the legitimacy of the subscribing state and the international order as a whole.” Dworkin argues that the limitations of the accepted grounds for establishing international law often fall short especially when addressing problems that necessitate forced collective action such as climate change. Although he makes no reference to multi-national corporations, many of the challenges brought out by Dworkin apply to multi-national corporations. The challenges are particularly daunting in the context of multinationals operating in the developing world where corporate governance structures provide nations in the developing world with limited voice and power. Dworkin’s doctrine of salience is well-suited for application in the context of transnational corporations. Dworkin’s salience seems to reflect what can take place and what is taking place in the development of this area of the law. In addition, salience presents a means for enabling the mutual development of coherent and referential international standards concerning the judicial management of extra-territorial corporate accountability. The need that salience can address is well demonstrated in the recent United States Supreme Court case of Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. This paper shows how Dworkin’s theory of salience offers a useful theoretical construct for developing a global approach to extra-territorial corporate jurisdiction and liability that can secure benefits and justice for nations in developing world.
Relationship between bilirubin, apolipoprotein B, and coronary artery disease

Lipoprotein lipids and apo B from 254 male patients were compared with bilirubin as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients were classified as: 1, Normal, all vessels 70%, n = 171. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC). Corrections were made for possible confounding variables in the multivariate analysis. Upon ROC analysis, bilirubin showed an inverse relationship with risk of CAD, with areas under the ROC curve comparable to lipoprotein: however, bilirubin showed no discrimination below false positive frequencies of approximately 0.3. Logistic regression indicated that bilirubin was a weaker global marker than the lipoproteins and interacted with apo B. A highly significant correlation was found between bilirubin and apo B (p = 0.0025), but not with cholesterol, triglycerides, or high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Compared to lipoprotein markers, bilirubin provides little practical power of discrimination for CAD. Further studies of the affect of bilirubin on CAD must take its interaction with apo B into consideration.
ID: 241 : Failure to control a neonatal measles viral infection in the brain despite immune cell infiltration and cytokine production

Viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with devastating neurological consequences, particularly in newborns. Neonates are often unable to control viruses in the brain and suffer extensive neuronal loss, despite mounting an immune response. To study viral CNS infections, we use a transgenic mouse model of neuronally-restricted measles virus (MV) infection (NSE-CD46 mice), where the human isoform of CD46, a MV receptor, is expressed under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Adult CD46+ mice survive infection and clear MV in an interferon gamma (IFNg)- and T cell-dependent manner. Neonatal CD46 mice succumb by 15 days post infection (dpi) despite T cell infiltration. Neonatal mice lacking IFNg succumb more rapidly (100% mortality by 10 dpi) despite higher T cell infiltration and equivalent natural killer cell infiltration and microglial activation compared to CD46+ neonates. CD46+ adults show greater CD4 T cell infiltration compared to neonates, despite lower levels of virus in the brain. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes such as IFNg, IFN α 2, IL-1 α , IL1 β , IL-6, and TNF α in MV infected neonates, as well as the anti-inflammatory Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Current experiments aim to compare anti-viral cytokines protein levels between MV-infected adults and neonates. These results suggest the neonates are capable of significant immune cell infiltration and cytokine production, but that the cytokine milieu is ineffective at controlling MV. These findings further suggest that the T cell response may contribute to neuropathology, as lower T cell infiltration is associated with prolonged survival in neonates.