cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of mesh effects on turbulent flow statistics

Abstract Turbulence models, such as the Smagorinsky model herein, are used to represent the energy lost from resolved to under-resolved scales due to the energy cascade (i.e. non-linearity). Analytic estimates of the energy dissipation rates of a few turbulence models have recently appeared, but none (yet) study the energy dissipation restricted to resolved scales, i.e. after spatial discretization with h> micro scale. We do so herein for the Smagorinsky model. Upper bounds are derived on the computed time-averaged energy dissipation rate, 〈 e ( u h ) 〉 , for an under-resolved mesh h for turbulent shear flow. For coarse mesh size O ( R e − 1 ) h L , it is proven, 〈 e ( u h ) 〉 ≤ [ ( C s δ h ) 2 + L 5 ( C s δ ) 4 h + L 5 2 ( C s δ ) 4 h 3 2 ] U 3 L , where U and L are global velocity and length scale and C s and δ are model parameters. This upper bound being independent of the viscosity at high Reynolds number, is in accord with the equilibrium dissipation law (Kolmogrov's conventional turbulence theory). This estimate suggests over-dissipation for any of C s > 0 and δ > 0 , consistent with numerical evidence on the effects of model viscosity (without wall damping function). Moreover, the analysis indicates that the turbulent boundary layer is a more important length scale for shear flow than the Kolmogorov microscale.
Selective C–C Bond Cleavage of Methylene-Linked Lignin Models and Kraft Lignin

Biorefinery and paper pulping lignins, referred hereto as technical lignins, contain condensed C–C interunit linkages. These robust C–C linkages with higher bond dissociation energies are difficult to disrupt under hydrogenolysis conditions, which are generally used for cleaving C–O bonds of native lignin in biomass or model C–O linked compounds. Thus, selective interunit C–C cleavage to release aromatic monomers for high-value applications is a challenge. We report an effective catalytic system to cleave such C–C bonds selectively under mild conditions. A representative methylene-linked C–C model dimer achieves 88% yield of mainly two aromatic monomers within 1.5 h at a reasonably low temperature (250 °C) using a commercial CoS2 catalyst. Aromatic monomers convert to nonaromatic products upon the reaction for a prolonged time. The interunit C–C bond of the dimer become unreactive to cleavage upon dehydroxylation of aromatic rings, while the methoxyl group has little effect on the cleavage. β-1 and 5-5 C–...
Adult cancer survivorship referrals for hereditary cancer genetic testing.

183Background: Genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes is underutilized among cancer patients. Cancer survivorship clinics may identify individuals at risk for hereditary cancer. We present...
Automation intelligence for the smart environment

Scaling AI algorithms to large problems requires that these algorithms work together to harness their respective strengths. We introduce a method of automatically constructing HHMMs using the output of a sequential data-mining algorithm and sequential prediction algorithm. We present the theory of this technique and demonstrate results using the MavHome intelligent environment.
Toxicoproteomic Applications to Environmental Health and Diseases

Toxicoproteomics, resulting from the merging of conventional toxicology with functional proteomics, is the use of proteomics technologies to better understand the interplay between environmental and genetic factors, toxic mechanisms and modes of action of environmental chemicals, and the development of diseases or other adverse health effects caused or influenced by exposure to toxicants. It aims to study the response of a whole proteome of cells or tissues to the toxicants, especially environmental chemicals. The use of toxicoproteomics to identify key biochemical pathways, toxicity mechanisms, and biomarkers of exposure and effects is a useful tool for gaining a better understanding of the etiology of environmental diseases and accurately assessing the risk of environmental chemical exposures to human health. This article provides an overview of toxicoproteomics from an environmental health perspective. Key toxicoproteomic technologies and approaches such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, protein expression profiling, and identification of protein posttranslational modifications are described, and examples of the application of these technologies and methods to understanding adverse health effects of environmental chemical exposures are presented. Opportunities for future, more extensive applications of toxicoproteomics to studies of environmental health and disease are also discussed.
MYELOMA STEM CELL PHENOTYPE: Implications For Treatment

The differentiation distance between the recognizable myeloma cell, of plasma cell morphology and function, and its proliferative progenitor, the myeloma stem cell, is a topic of continuing controversy. Myeloma cells are plasma cells, the most mature cell in the B-lymphocyte differentiation pathway, by morphology, phenotype, and function. Products of these cells are responsible for disease manifestations. Treatment is designed to decrease tumor burden; treatment success is judged by reduction in the number of recognizable tumor cells, their products, and manifestations. With recent innovations in the treatment of myeloma (discussed elsewhere in this issue), a considerable number of patients are induced into complete remissions. Still, cures have not been reported. Myeloma plasma cells are phenotypically heterogeneous. In individual patients, myeloma cells expressing lineage- and differentiation-associated surface molecules that indicate heterogeneity in their stages of maturation coexist. These myeloma cell populations are also functionally heterogeneous, lending support to the notion that the recognizable myeloma cells are the end product of a differentiation process, whereby myeloma progenitor cells, heretofore unrecognized, give rise to the terminally differentiated, nonproliferative myeloma plasma cells. Such preplasmacytic myeloma progenitor cells are B lymphocytes that are morphologically indistinguishable from normal B cells. This article discusses the relevant phenotypic, functional, and molecular genetic data.
Quantitative Behavioral Techniques for the Study of Crustacean Aggression

Fighting in clawed decapod crustaceans has received considerable attention due to the presence of patent visual displays featuring conspicuous and potentially lethal weapons. General observation confirms that agonistic encounters in this group are characterized by a distinct shortage of diplomatic skills. With the exception of some mating behaviors, a meeting between two individuals of similar size invariably leads to agonistic interactions which escalate with a series of stereotyped behavior patterns until one of the combatants withdraws. To a large degree, it is physical superiority which determines the fight outcome, fostering a quick resolution in the presence of a mismatch in factors such as body and claw size, sex, or molt state. Moreover, social conditioning as a result of previous wins or losses influences both fighting behavior and the outcome of subsequent interactions on a time frame of up to several days. Even in group situations, fighting consists mainly of paired encounters; in crustaceans, interactions involving three or more individuals are extremely rare. The presence of this highly structured behavioral system offers unique opportunities to quantify the aggressive state of individuals, explore mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of dominance relations, investigate dynamic properties of hierarchy formation, and explore the significance of neural and neurochemical mechanisms in these behavioral phenomena.
Zinc uptake by plants on amended polluted soils

This study evaluated the efficacy of various soil amendments in reducing Zn availability in an ultisol Appling silt loam. Zinc was added to the soil at two rates (1000 and 2000 mg kg-1) as a defined mixture of various Zn sources (40% of ZnSO4, 25% of ZnCO3, 20% of ZnO, and 15% of ZnCl2). After soil equilibration, one of five amendments was added: lime, apatite, natural zeolite (phillipsite), Fe-rich™, and N-viro (an alkaline stabilized sewage sludge). Lime was added to adjust soil pH to a value of 6.5 and the zeolite, apatite, Fe-rich™, and N-viro were added at a rate of 25 g kg-1. Early plant mortality resulted from Zn-treated soils receiving no amendment. In contrast, each of the soil amendments reduced Zn uptake by plants. Based on plant yield, Zn tissue concentrations, and extractability of Zn in treated soils, Fe-rich™, apatite, and N-viro appear to be more effective in reducing Zn availability than either lime or zeolite.
From Aristotle to Clausius, or the Logic Hole in the Fabric of the Second Law

The thermodynamic conceptualization giving sustenance to Clausius analysis leading to the law of increasing entropy, is here shown to be in opposition with the first principle of formal logic: Aristotle’s principle of contradiction.
Dual Oxidation State Tandem Catalysis in the Palladium-Catalyzed Isomerization of Alkynyl Epoxides to Furans

A two-catalyst system consisting of different oxidation states of palladium is described, which mediates the isomerization of alkynyl epoxides to furans. In a process termed “dual oxidation state tandem catalysis”, a multistep isomerization pathway is delineated in which the different metal oxidation states and ligands play independent mechanistic roles, but which, in combination, enable the use of milder reaction conditions and lower catalyst loadings than a single catalyst in isolation. In the present context, this rare example of a homobimetallic catalytic transformation provides a mild, scalable, and atom-efficient route for furan synthesis.
Forensic radionuclide identification using time-sequence list mode gamma spectroscopy

In this work, we apply the Kalman filter to list mode gamma spectroscopy data on small-scale trials to produce a model for further development. The Kalman filter applied to gamma spectroscopy is similar to the standard spectrum technique, but incorporates the time-varying nature of the data into the analysis. The potential benefits of this approach are quicker, near real-time estimation of the initial state of the system and greater accuracy than traditional peak analysis methods. Results from trials on irradiated uranium oxide, cement, soil, and organic peach leaves indicate the Kalman filter can closely approximate the initial masses of active isotopes.
Compositional paths to de re

I argue that attitude reports de re arise compositionally via two distinct LF mechanisms. One mechanism allows the res to remain inside the embedded clause syntactically, and does not treat the res as an argument of the attitude verb semantically ( Percus & Sauerland 2003 , Ninan 2012 ). The other involves the res semantically serving as an argument of the attitude verb, and syntactically occupying a distinctive res position external to the embedded clause ( Heim 1994 ). I show that both LF mechanisms are made use of by a single natural language, Nez Perce, and that Nez Perce allows the distinctive res position to be filled by covert movement ( res -movement) or by base-generation.
Spatialities of class formation: Urban sprawl and union density in U.S. metropolitan areas

Abstract This article analyzes links between urban sprawl and labor union membership across 194 U.S. metro areas. It finds significant correlations between union density and sprawl, especially in right-to-work states, and especially for public sector workers. It substantiates arguments that smart growth policies, in addition to being beneficial for the sustainability, health, well-being, and opportunity of urban communities, can bring about an urban-spatial pattern of higher density and mixed use that is advantageous for union organizing. Greater union engagement in smart growth and climate justice coalitions in struggles over land use, infrastructure, and urban form, it argues, is thus important not only to directly further goals of social justice and sustainability, but for its potential value in strategies to revitalize the U.S. labor movement. Reviewing labor studies literature on urban spatiality and working class formation, the paper underlines the importance of the “integrative turn” toward comparative and systematic analysis in labor geography.
The Decision to Arrest in Sexual Assault Case Processing: A Test of Black's Theory of the Behavior of Law.

Past research applying Donald Black’s theory of the behavior of law to sexual assault case processing has focused on victim decisions to report the crime to the police. This study builds on and ext...
Abstract 009: Endothelial Epithelial Sodium Channel Promotes Intrinsic Cardiomyocyte Stiffness and Diastolic Dysfunction in Response to a Diet Induced Obesity in Female Mice

Obesity is associated with a metabolic cardiomyopathy characterized by diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function. Although premenopausal non-obese women show relative protection agains...
Differential adsorption of analyte and deuterated analogue onto the rotor seal of the injector in high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.

Quantitation of analytes by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is now very widely used, usually with an appropriate internal standard, but this does not guarantee problem-free analyses. Investigation of a problem that arose during method development is described, where it was surmised that differential adsorption onto the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) injector of the analyte (Rac GTPase inhibitor NSC23766) and its deuterated analogue, as internal standard, was taking place. METHODS Samples were injected onto the HPLC system via either a Valco C14W.1 internal sample injector or a Rheodyne 7125 injector, both with dissimilar Vespel rotor seals, and linked to a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. Alternatively, samples were infused directly into the mass spectrometer via a syringe-driver. Electrospray ionisation in positive mode was used in both cases. RESULTS Experiments demonstrated significant differential adsorption of the analyte (RAC inhibitor, NSC23766) and its tri-deuterated internal standard onto the Vespel rotor seal, with the latter seeming to be preferentially adsorbed. The deuterated analogue also showed lower electrospray sensitivity, as demonstrated by syringe infusion of a mixture of the compounds, compared with their separate infusion at the same concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated the problem of differential adsorption onto HPLC Vespel rotor seals, and that the use of a stable-isotope-labelled analogue as internal standard does not guarantee the constancy of the analyte/internal response ratio in quantitative methods. The partial solution was to work at much higher concentration where adsorption, whilst still apparent, was relatively insignificant.
Adapting Experiential Learning Opportunities: A Political Science Research Methods Course Case Study

This paper addresses some of the implications of courses with an experiential learning component for students with disabilities. We describe the adaptation of an original survey project, fielded us...
Testing the Influence of Autocratic Leadership, Democratic Leadership, and Public Service Motivation on Citizen Ratings of An Agency Head’s Performance

Research is lacking concerning the impact of leadership styles on citizen attitudes toward the performance of government leaders. To address this gap, an online experimental survey was conducted to...
Dewey and Political Communication in the Age of Mediation

The present sociopolitical environment in the United States is perpetually mediated and beset with information from innumerable sources. This paper argues that Dewey’s conception of communication as a mutual act of meaning-making holds insights for explaining the connections between pervasive mediation and political polarization, in addition to understanding why political discourse has become more degrading in recent years. It also points the way toward viable solutions by arguing for the reorientation of schools toward valuable living experiences that are becoming less pronounced in the broader culture, such as sustained face to face engagement on matters of social import.
Chronotropic incompetence limits aerobic exercise capacity in patients taking beta-blockers

Background: Chronotropic incompetence in patients taking beta-blockers is associated with poor prognosis; however, its impact on exercise capacity (EC) remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from consecutive patients taking beta-blockers referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing. EC was expressed as peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2; mL/kg/min). Chronotropic incompetence was defined as chronotropic index (CI) [≤] 62%. CI was calculated as [(HR at peak-HR at rest) / (maximum predicted HR-HR at rest)] x 100%. Results: Among 140 patients all taking beta-blockers (age 61 {+/-} 9.7 years; 73% males), there were 113 (80.7%) patients with chronotropic incompetence. EC was lower in the group with chronotropic incompetence than the group without it, peak VO2 18.3 {+/-} 5.7 vs. 24.0 {+/-} 5.3 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001. In multivariate analysis EC correlated positively with CI ({beta} = 0.14, p < 0.001) and male gender ({beta} = 5.12, p < 0.001), and negatively with age ({beta} = -0.17, p < 0.001) and presence of heart failure ({beta} = -3.35, p < 0.001). Beta-blocker dose was not associated with EC. Partial correlation attributable to CI accounted for more than one-third of the variance in EC explained by the model. Conclusions: In patients taking beta-blockers, presence of chronotropic incompetence was associated with lower EC, regardless of the beta-blocker dose. CI accounted for more than one-third of EC variance explained by our model.
Photoelectron-photofragment coincidence spectroscopy of the mixed trihalides.

Photoelectron–photofragment coincidence (PPC) spectroscopy is used to study the photodetachment, photodissociation, and dissociative photodetachment (DPD) of I2Br−, IBr2−, I2Cl−, and ICl2− at 266 nm. The mixed trihalides are asymmetric analogs of the well-studied I3− anion, with distinguishable dissociation asymptotes and the potential for selective bond breaking. The high beam energy PPC spectrometer used in this study couples an electrospray ionization source, a hexapole accumulation ion trap, and a linear accelerator to produce a 21 keV beam of a particular trihalide. Total, stable, and dissociative photoelectron spectra have been recorded for all the anions, except ICl2− that does not photodetach at 266 nm. A bound ground state (X) is observed for all the anions, and a dissociative first excited (A) state is also seen for I2Br− and I2Cl− at low electron kinetic energies (eKE). A 258 nm photoelectron spectrum recorded for I2Br− and I2Cl− rules out autodetachment of a dipole-bound state as the origin of the low eKE feature. The threshold detachment energy (TDE) of I2X− to the X state of the radical is similar to I3−, whereas the TDE to the radical A state increases with substitution of iodine for a lighter halogen. Two-body DPD is observed for I2Br− and I2Cl−, resulting in IBr/ICl + I + e−. For IBr2− and ICl2−, the charge symmetric three-body photodissociation of [Br–I–Br]− and [Cl–I–Cl]− is seen yielding Br + Br and Br + Br*, and Cl + Cl and Cl + Cl* neutral fragments. Evidence for the minimum energy anion structure is observed in all cases, where the iodine atom is located at the center of the trihalide.
Pressure Transient Analysis to Determine Anisotropic Fault Leakage Characteristics

AbstractDeep saline aquifers have the large required capacity to dispose of or store fluids in the subsurface. The consequent overpressure may cause undesirable brine leakage through possible inter...
Compressive Sensing via Variational Bayesian Inference

The sparse signal recovery problem from a set of compressively sensed noisy measurements using sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) modeling and variational Bayesian (VB) inference technique is considered. In the context of SBL, two main approaches are considered here. In the first approach, each component of the sparse signal is modeled via a Gaussian prior with a Gamma/inverse-Gamma hyper prior on its variance/precision. In the second model, each component of the sparse signal is modeled via a Gaussian prior combined with a Bernoulli prior along with a Gamma/inverse-Gamma hyper prior on its variance/precision. In this work, we consider such modeling and derive the update rules for the latent variables and parameters of each modeling in detail. We believe that such rigorous details on these two modeling and inferences provide sufficient intuition for better understanding the inference using variational Bayes, which can also serve as basic models when incorporating any further structures on the sparse/compressible signal.
Hepatic steatosis relates to gastrointestinal microbiota changes in obese girls with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective Hepatic steatosis (HS) is common in adolescents with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gut microbiota are altered in adults with obesity, HS, and PCOS, which may worsen metabolic outcomes, but similar data is lacking in youth. Methods Thirty-four adolescents with PCOS and obesity underwent stool and fasting blood collection, oral glucose tolerance testing, and MRI for hepatic fat fraction (HFF). Fecal bacteria were profiled by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results 50% had HS (N = 17, age 16.2±1.5 years, BMI 38±7 kg/m2, HFF 9.8[6.5, 20.7]%) and 50% did not (N = 17, age 15.8±2.2 years, BMI 35±4 kg/m2, HFF 3.8[2.6, 4.4]%). The groups showed no difference in bacterial α-diversity (richness p = 0.202; evenness p = 0.087; and diversity p = 0.069) or global difference in microbiota (β-diversity). Those with HS had lower % relative abundance (%RA) of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.013), Bacteroidaceae (p = 0.009), Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.011), and Ruminococcaceae (p = 0.008), and higher Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes (F:B) ratio (47.8% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.018) and Streptococcaceae (p = 0.034). Bacterial taxa including phyla F:B ratio, Bacteroidetes, and family Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Porphyromonadaceae correlated with metabolic markers. Conclusions Obese adolescents with PCOS and HS have differences in composition of gut microbiota, which correlate with metabolic markers, suggesting a modifying role of gut microbiota in HS and PCOS.
The Good Life in the Face of Climate Change: Understanding Complexities of a Well-being Framework through the Experience of Pastoral Women

Frameworks for understanding well-being play an important role in designing and evaluating climate change adaptation intervention and policy. To be effective, frameworks must capture the complexiti...
Influence of best value procurement on design-build projects: a grounded theory study

This study examines the entire life-cycle of best-value projects to identify factors that can help key stakeholders build collaborative teams. Fifteen design-build projects (three medical, five off...
Neuroimaging Analysis of the Dopamine Basis for Apathetic Behaviors in an MPTP-Lesioned Primate Model.

Apathy commonly occurs in Parkinson disease (PD) patients; however, the role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of apathy remains elusive. We previously demonstrated that dopaminergic dysfunction within the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) pathway contributes to the manifestation of apathetic behaviors in monkeys treated with the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We now extend these studies to identify dopaminergic dysfunction in cortical regions that correlate with development of apathetic behaviors. Specifically, we measured the effects of MPTP on monkeys' willingness to attempt goal directed behaviors, which is distinct from their ability to perform tasks. A total of 16 monkeys had baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), using 6-[18F]fluorodopa (FD), [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), and 2β-[11C]carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT). The monkeys received unilateral infusion of different doses of MPTP (0 – 0.31mg/kg) to produce a wide range of severity of motor parkinsonism. Eight weeks after MPTP, PET scans were repeated and animals were euthanized. Apathetic behavior and motor impairments were assessed blindly both pre- and post-MPTP infusion. Apathy scores were compared to in vitro and in vivo dopaminergic measures. Apathy scores increased following MPTP and correlated with PET measures of dopaminergic terminals (DTBZ or CFT) in dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and insular cortex (IC). Among all the cortical regions assessed, forward step-wise regression analyses indicated that only stereologic cell counts in VTA, and not counts in the substantia nigra (SN), predict dopamine transporter changes in IC. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic dysfunction within the VTA–IC pathway plays a role in the manifestation of apathetic behaviors in MPTP-lesioned primates.
A digital TDMA system for VHF aeronautical communications on 8.33 kHz channels

VDL mode E is a digital TDMA VHF communications system providing voice and data services for civil aeronautical communications. It is proposed as an upgrade for the existing 8.33 kHz channel analog AM system currently used in Europe. 8.33 kHz channel compatibility of VDL mode E permits a simple transition from the existing analog system by "dropping in" digital VDL mode E channels on current 8.33 kHz analog AM assignments. The voice and data capacity of VDL mode E provides adequate capacity for forecasted air traffic operations in Europe to at least the year 2050.
Portrait of a Profession in Paralysis

Reading Deborah Rhode's book on the legal profession is a profoundly depressing experience. This is precisely because of the book's understatement. Unlike many of the recent jeremiads lamenting the fall of the profession from a golden age of ethical practice and public service, In the Interests of Justice is far from an undiscriminating broadside against the bar and its works. Rhode strives to be restrained, temperate and discriminating in her critiques. Unlike most of the political and media critics of the profession, she relies on a substantial body of sober research on lawyers and their work rather than on anecdotal horror stories. Indeed she uses this research to defend lawyers against some of the more common attacks on them, such as that criminal defense lawyers regularly bring about the release of dangerous criminals on "technicalities," and that personal injury lawyers are seriously damaging the American economy by deluging businesses with frivolous lawsuits. (The real scandals, as she points out, are that most accused criminals get no effective representation at all and that most valid personal injury claims never reach the tort system and remain uncompensated.) Nor is her book purely destructive, an indictment without remedies. Although often acerbic, her tone is detached and diagnostic rather than polemical or accusing. She has many practical proposals for reform, which on the whole are modest, incremental, sensible, and entirely feasible.
The Cloning of Zein Sequences and an Approach to Zein Genetics

In addition to the cell biology of zein synthesis1,2,we are interested in the genetics of zein structural genes. Initially we had hoped that there might be as few as two gene products. This was based on the fact that when reduced zein polypeptides are separated on the basis of molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels two bands are resolved at Mr 19,000 and 22,5002. We have recently separated these two components preparatively and determined the amino terminal sequence for each3. While the two chains have about 30% conserved homology there was no indication of sequence heterogeneity within the first 35 residues of the light chain or the first 25 residues of the heavy chain. In contrast to these results, zein has long been reported to be heterogeneous with respect to charge4. Our own results with isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea and reducing agent indicate that there are usually 3 major components and a varying number of minor ones which differ with respect to charge. However, when the major charge components were separated preparatively on thin layer isoelectric focusing and re-examined on SDS-polyacrylamide gels both heavy and light chains were found in each of the three major bands.
Altered immune status in aluminum reduction plant workers.

From 1978 to 1985, B-cell lymphoma occurred in five employees of an aluminum reduction plant (expected = 0.2; Poisson distribution). As immunodeficiency is a known risk factor for B-cell lymphoma, we did a pilot study to evaluate immune function in apparently healthy plant workers. Twenty-three volunteers were selected for study from 350 workers, representing a range of experience in the potroom and with exposures to strong magnetic fields and volatilized aromatic hydrocarbons. Potroom workers had significantly higher T8 levels (mean = 1,227) than non-potroom workers (mean = 597) (p less than .05, Wilcoxon rank sums) or established normal values (median = 450). T4 levels were higher for potroom workers (mean = 1,017) than for non-potroom workers (mean = 558) or for established norms (median = 756) (p less than .10, Wilcoxon rank sums). Ten of 20 potroom workers had abnormal T4/T8 ratios (less than 0.91) due to disproportionate elevation of the T8 subpopulation. These data suggest an underlying immune alteration in the aluminum workers studied. Further study is needed to assess the implications of abnormal T-cell subsets in a worker population with high rates of lymphoma.
Failures and Reoperations After Matrix-Assisted Cartilage Repair of the Knee: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To quantify the reported failures and reoperations for the emerging technique of matrix-assisted cartilage repair at short-term and midterm follow-up. Methods We conducted a systematic review of 3 databases from March 2004 to February 2014 using keywords important for articular cartilage repair. Two authors reviewed the articles, the study exclusion criteria were applied, and articles were determined to be relevant (or not) to the research question. All studies with a minimum of 2 years' clinical follow-up were reviewed for all reported reoperations. The reasons for reoperations were recorded. Results We reviewed 66 articles from the 301 articles identified in the original systematic search. There were 60 articles on matrix-assisted cartilage transplantation and 6 articles on matrix-induced chondrogenesis. The matrix-assisted cartilage transplantation studies reported on a total of 1,380 patients at 2 to 5 years' follow-up. Among these, there were 72 reoperations (5%) including 46 treatment failures (3%). These numbers increased to an 11% reoperation rate and 9% treatment failure rate at minimum 5-year follow-up of 961 patients. The most common procedures performed other than revision cartilage surgery or arthroplasty were manipulation under anesthesia for arthrofibrosis (0.7%) and debridement for graft hypertrophy (1.2%). The matrix-induced chondrogenesis studies reported on 163 patients. Among these, there were 15 reoperations (9%) that included 4 treatment failures (2%), 9 manipulations under anesthesia (6%), and 2 debridements for graft hypertrophy (1%). Conclusions Treatment failure rates for matrix-assisted cartilage repair increase from short-term to midterm follow-up, with 11% of patients having undergone further surgery at a minimum of 5 years' follow-up. These data can be used to counsel patients on the potential need for further operative intervention after this emerging cartilage repair technique. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I through IV studies.
Link Travel Time Functions for Dynamic Network Models

Extensive research has occurred in recent years on dynamic transportation network models, and especially on dynamic route choice models; these models have important applications in future ATIS and ATMS systems. However, most of the existing models lack a basis in traffic engineering. A significant problem for dynamic route choice is that the traditional BPR (Bureau of Public Roads, the predecessor of the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT) volume-delay function is not applicable to a time-dependent traffic network. Meanwhile, since no proper dynamic link travel time functions exist, current dynamic route choice models assume various functional forms which are either too abstract or cannot provide realistic travel time estimates, even for a small network. Thus, it is becoming increasingly urgent to develop a set of timedependent link travel time functions for dynamic route choice problems.
Treatment of sleep-disordered breathing with positive airway pressure devices: technology update

Many types of positive airway pressure (PAP) devices are used to treat sleep-disordered breathing including obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and sleep-related hypoventilation. These include continuous PAP, autoadjusting CPAP, bilevel PAP, adaptive servoventilation, and volume-assured pressure support. Noninvasive PAP has significant leak by design, which these devices adjust for in different manners. Algorithms to provide pressure, detect events, and respond to events vary greatly between the types of devices, and vary among the same category between companies and different models by the same company. Many devices include features designed to improve effectiveness and patient comfort. Data collection systems can track compliance, pressure, leak, and efficacy. Understanding how each device works allows the clinician to better select the best device and settings for a given patient. This paper reviews PAP devices, including their algorithms, settings, and features.
The heavy top: a geometric treatment

We consider the steady group motions of a rigid body with a fixed point moving in a gravitational field. For an asymmetric top, rotation about the axis of gravity is the only permissible group motion; for a Lagrange top, simultaneous rotation about the axis of gravity and spin about the axis of symmetry of the top is permissible. Our analysis of the heavy top follows the reduced energy momentum method of Simo el a1 , which is applicable to a wide range of conservative systems with symmetry. Steady group motions are characterized as solutions of a variational problem on the configuration space; local minima of the amended potential correspond to nonlinearly orbitally stable steady motions. The combination of a low-dimensional configuration space and a relatively large number of parameters that produce substantial qualitative changes in the dynamics makes possible a thorough, detailed analysis, which not only reproduces the classical results for this well known system, but leads to some results which we believe are new. motions of a heavy top with a fixed point. We rederive the classical equilibrium and stability conditions for sleeping tops and precessing Lagrange taps, analyse in detail the stability of a family of steady rotations of tilted tops which bifurcate from the branch of sleeping tops parametrized by angular velocity, and classify thc possible stability transitions of an arbitrary top as its angular velocity is increased. We obtain a simple, general expression far the charactenstic polynomial of the linearized equations of motion and analyse the linear stability of both sleeping tops and the family of tilted top motions previously mentioned. Finally, we demonstrate the coexistence of stable branches of steadily precessing tops that bifurcate from the branch of sleeping Lagrange lops throughout the range of angular velocities for which the sleeping top is stable.
Treating Children with Constipation and Encopresis with Concomitant Different Diagnosis Using Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) 3350 with Electrolytes (Movicol

Abstract Purpose Constipation without a specific cause is not uncommon in paediatric patients. This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and dose needed, of Movicolâ (sachet 13,8g) in children with different diagnosis, to normalize defecation and to find out any adverse effect to Movicol. Material and Methods There were 53 patients, 37 boys and 16 girls (1-21years of age) with constipation and/or encopresis, referred to our pelvic floor therapy unit .The concomitant diagnosis involved neurological and psychiatric problems, CNS-damage, pelvic floor malformation and others. All children were followed for at least 2 years. The initial dose was 0,25- 0,5 sachet. Results Bristol scale index improved from 2 to 4. Dose to reach Bristol 4, was 0,25-0,5 sachets. Before treatment 28/53 had encopresis and after treatment 14/28. Painful defecation had 22/53 while afterwards 0/22. Abdominal pain had 32/53 before and 4/32 after. Nausea and vomiting had 15/53 before and 10/15 after. Diapers were used by 14/53 before treatment and by 4/14 after. Urine incontinence was found in 15/53 before and 12/15 after and enuresis in 21/53 before and 12/21 after treatment. The only adverse events were a few mild episodes of nausea and difficulties in consistency. Conclusions Treatment with Movicolâ normalized consistency and frequency, reduced abdominal pain and pain at defecation as well as leak episodes. This regime also improved, enuresis and the need of diapers. These data shows that Movicolâ is effective in children with various types of concomitant diagnosis when they need treatment for constipation and/or encopresis.
Perceptions of Gender Discrimination across Six Decades: The Moderating Roles of Gender and Age

In the current paper we examined whether women and men view gender discrimination as having changed over time, and if so: 1) how it has changed and 2) whether changes in anti-women bias are viewed as directly associated with changes in anti-men bias. Based on prior research (Norton and Sommers, 2011; Sidanius and Pratto, 1999), it was hypothesized that older men (35 years and older) compared to younger men (18–34 years of age) would hold a zero-sum view of gender discrimination trends in that older men would perceive increases in anti-men bias to accompany decreases in anti-women bias. Conversely, women, regardless of age, were expected to perceive changes in anti-women bias as unrelated to changes in anti-men bias. Results based on data from an online U.S. national sample (n = 499) supported the hypotheses for older men (n = 58), younger men (n = 160), older women (n = 96) and younger women (n = 185) and corroborated parallel past findings that the historically dominant social group (older men in this case) perceive any status gained by a socially subordinate group (women) as coming at the dominant group’s expense.
Failure of Sacral Nerve Stimulation Due to Migration of Tined Lead

Purpose: Stimulation of the sacral nerves is a commonly used treatment for frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, retention and other types of voiding dysfunction. Minimally invasive placement of a percutaneous permanent quadripolar tined lead into the sacral foramen has been described. No lead migration has been reported. We report on our experience with lead migration and the subsequent failure of InterStim® in a large cohort of patients with a focus on possible diagnostic and salvage techniques.Materials and Methods: Between February 2002 and April 2005 tined lead electrodes were implanted in the S3 foramen in 235 patients using the InterStim® system. Patients with a good response during the testing phase (greater than 50% improvement) underwent placement of an implantable pulse generator. Position was confirmed by radiographic evaluation intraoperatively. Sacral radiographs were obtained at the first postoperative visit, after IPG placement and whenever there was a change in symptomatic response.Resul...
Four-dimensional mapping model for two-frequency electron cyclotron resonance heating

Abstract Two-frequency electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) is modelled by a four-dimensional symplectic mapping derived from the nonrelativistic single particle equations of motion. The model includes changes in parallel energy due to the spatially separate resonance zones, not given by previous two-dimensional models. Fixed points are located and their linear stability limits determined. Resonances in action space are calculated along with their widths and used to obtain the adiabatic barrier to heating. Quasilinear diffusion coefficients are derived for the stochastic regime and found to agree well with numerical calculations. The primary diffusion in perpendicular energy can couple to the parallel motion, leading to diffusion in parallel energy. The resulting diffusion coefficient is calculated analytically and compared with numerical results. The much weaker Arnold diffusion along a resonance layer is also treated analytically, yielding diffusion coefficients in reasonable agreement with numerical values.
Micro- and nanostructure induced birefringence in phosphate glass fibers

We demonstrate that microstructures inside the cladding of phosphate fiber as well as sub-wavelength nanostructures inside the fiber core can introduce birefringence in phosphate glass fiber components.
Diffraction limited integral field spectrographs for large telescopes

As telescopes become larger and adaptive optics systems become more capable, integral field spectrographs offer a range of advantages over traditional cameras and spectrographs for many applications. I’ll specifically discuss the design and benefits of lenslet-based integral field spectrographs with examples from the OSIRIS instrument at Keck, the Gemini Planet Imager IFS and the IRIS instrument for the planned Thirty Meter Telescope. All three of these spectrographs are fully cryogenic with minimal wavefront error, high throughput and relatively large fields of view (in terms of the number of spatial elements).
Case Report: Eosinophilic Fasciitis: A Distinct Clinical Entity?

Abstract Eosinophilic Fasciitis is a syndrome characterized by exertion related scleroderma-like skin changes, peripheral eosinophilia, hypergam-maglobulinemia and diffuse faciitis. Controversy exists as to the precise classification of the syndrome, i.e., whether it is a distinct entity or a variant of scleroderma . We describe a patient with eosinophilic faciitis but with several unique features: 1) progressive skin changes unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy; 2) elevated anti-DNA antibodies; 3) hypocomplementemia; and 4) a followup biopsy showing sclerodermatoid skin changes. These features and others relating to the controversial aspects of classification of eosinophilic fasciitis are discussed.
High-fidelity modulation parameter estimation of non-cooperative transmitters: Carrier frequency

Formulae are derived concerned with the accurate estimation of parameters of modulated transmissions from emitters which need not be cooperative. Thus, the modulation scheme and encryption methods need not be known. Our specific objective is to estimate the carrier frequency of the modulated transmission with high accuracy from large but not quasi-infinite data records oversampled when compared with the (unknown) baud rate. The approach taken is to develop exact descriptions of the second-order statistics of the sampled signal and, from this, to generate carrier frequency estimates together with a characterization of their accuracy, so that successive blocks of data might be analyzed for characteristics such as jitter of this value over time as a means to identify or classify emitters. The technical content of the paper is the derivation of exact formulae for second-order statistics of modulated signal transmissions, their specialization for asymptotic behavior as the number of data increase and for the case where the oversampling is at an integer multiple of the baud rate.
Using Big Data and Quantitative Methods to Estimate and Fight Modern Day Slavery

Given the hidden, criminal nature of contemporary slavery, empirically estimating the proportion of the population enslaved at the national and global level is a challenge. At the same time, little is understood about what happens to the lives of the survivors of slavery once they are free. I discuss some data collection methods from two nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) I have worked with that shed light on these issues. The first NGO, the Walk Free Foundation, estimates that there are about 30 million enslaved in the world today. The second NGO, Free the Slaves, employs a longitudinal analysis to chronicle the lives of survivors. The acquisition and dissemination of such information is crucial because policymakers and donors sometimes require hard data before committing time, political will, and resources to the cause.
Approach to meniscal tears in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Meniscus pathology in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured knee is common, and the treatment of meniscal tears associated with ACL reconstruction is often challenging. In a literature review, Smith et al reported that the incidence of meniscal tears in association with ACL injury ranged from 16–82% in acute cases, and as high as 96% in chronic ACL injury [1]. The majority of meniscal repairs are performed in conjunction with torn ACLs: 92% of meniscal repairs in Henning’s series were associated with torn ACLs, 79% in Cannon’s experience, 50% in Johnson’s series, and 49% in Morgan’s practice [2]. Over time, a torn meniscus may become irreparable because of repetitive damage from continued anteroposterior instability in the ACL-deficient knee. This is especially likely for tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, as the medial meniscus acts as a secondary restraint to anterior tibial translation in the ACL-deficient knee [3–5]. In recent years, there has been increased emphasis on meniscus repair instead of removal, based on improved understanding of the importance of the meniscus as well as advances in arthroscopic techniques and devices for meniscus repair. Improved outcomes have been reported in long-term studies of meniscus-preserving procedures [6–16]. Meniscus repair has become popular, moreover, as more aggressive rehabilitation programs after meniscal repair have been reported to be effective. It is generally accepted that meniscus repair in a knee with persistent ACL-insufficiency leads to a higher retear rate [17], and that meniscal repair in conjunction with ACL reconstruction is associated with a higher rate of meniscal healing compared with patients who do not undergo ACL reconstruction [8,10,18,19]. In this article, we will review the background of these concepts and present treatment strategies for meniscal tears in ACL-insufficient knees, with particular attention to meniscal repair and meniscal allograft transplantation.
UPPER LIMIT FOR LITHIUM IN MERCURY'S ATMOSPHERE

High-resolution spectra of Mercury show no evidence of emission at the wavelength of the lithium resonance doublet, 6708 A. Observations were made with the 1.5-m telescope at the Catalina Observatory, near Tucson, Arizona, with the LPL echelle spectrograph and cooled CCD camera system. With an rms noise level of ∼0.1% we set an upper limit for the Li vertical column abundance <8.4 × 107atoms cm−2, and the Li/Na ratio is <5.6 × 10−4.