cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low dose irradiation or folate-CpG enhances the efficacy of folate-hapten targeted immunotherapy.

5563 Human cancers frequently over-express a high affinity cell surface receptor for the vitamin folic acid (Kd=10 −9 M). This same receptor has also been shown to bind folate-hapten conjugates with 10 −9 M affinity, permitting the decoration of cancer cell surfaces with highly immunogenic molecules. Using syngeneic tumors in immunocompetent mice, we have shown that targeting of folate-linked haptens (FITC, DNP) to tumors in anti-hapten-immunized hosts can lead to rapid accumulation of autologous anti-hapten antibodies on the tumor cell surfaces and subsequent tumor elimination via antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This strategy yields 100 % cures of established tumors ( 3 ) in murine cancer models if the immune system is boosted with low doses of immunostimulatory cytokines (IL-2, IFN-α). However, when subcutaneous tumors exceed 300 mm 3 (8-9 mm in diameter) before initiation of therapy, antitumor activity is decreased. In an effort to enhance the efficacy of the folate-targeted immunotherapy against large tumors, other therapies that could conceivably synergize with the hapten-targeted immunotherapy were explored. We demonstrate here that 1) strong synergy is observed between tumor irradiation and immunotherapy, and 2) this synergy is not observed with standard chemotherapy. Furthermore, the combination of immunotherapy plus radiotherapy yields an improved response from even those tumors on the same animal that were not irradiated, suggesting that the combined therapies generate a systemic and synergistic antitumor response that can suppress tumor growth of even nonirradiated tumor masses. In a separate study, co-administration of the folate-hapten immunotherapy with a folate-targeted toll-like receptor ligand (CpG, the TLR 9 ligand known to have immunostimulatory activity) was also found to substantially increase mouse survival under conditions where neither therapy alone had a strong effect. Since folate-hapten targeted immunotherapy was not observed to synergize with any classical nontargeted chemotherapy, these data suggest that the combination of immunotherapy with a few selected other therapies may be beneficial in the treatment of large metastatic folate receptor positive tumors.
Hsp90 Interactions and Acylation Target the G Protein Gα12 but Not Gα13 to Lipid Rafts

Abstract The heterotrimeric G proteins, G12and G13, are closely related in their sequences, signaling partners, and cellular effects such as oncogenic transformation and cytoskeletal reorganization. Yet G12 and G13can act through different pathways, bind different proteins, and show opposing actions on some effectors. We investigated the compartmentalization of G12 and G13 at the membrane because other G proteins reside in lipid rafts, membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts were isolated after cold, nonionic detergent extraction of cells and gradient centrifugation. Gα12 was in the lipid raft fractions, whereas Gα13 was not associated with lipid rafts. Mutation of Cys-11 on Gα12, which prevents its palmitoylation, partially shifted Gα12 from the lipid rafts. Geldanamycin treatment, which specifically inhibits Hsp90, caused a partial loss of wild-type Gα12 and a complete loss of the Cys-11 mutant from the lipid rafts and the appearance of a higher molecular weight form of Gα12 in the soluble fractions. These results indicate that acylation and Hsp90 interactions localized Gα12 to lipid rafts. Hsp90 may act as both a scaffold and chaperone to maintain a functional Gα12 only in discrete membrane domains and thereby explain some of the nonoverlapping functions of G12 and G13 and control of these potent cell regulators.
Keeping Up with the Times

Abstract International Index to Music Periodicals (IIMP), The Music Index, and RILM Abstracts of Music Literature were evaluated in a number of performance aspects, including the number of titles selectively and comprehensively indexed, timeliness of indexing, breadth of language coverage, and periodical subject area coverage. Concerning timeliness of indexing, it appears the more titles each index tries to control, the less current their indexing. RILM attempts to comprehensively index far fewer titles than the other two databases, but is much more consistent over time, with current issue indexing available for more than half of their comprehensively indexed titles. IIMP also has a respectable number of titles with current issue indexing available, including many quarterly and monthly magazines, but the majority of their titles have a significant indexing gap of one year or more. Music Index has significantly more titles under comprehensive indexing control, but lags behind the others in currency. Concer...
The incidence, predictors and management of anaemia and its association with virological response in HCV / HIV coinfected persons treated with long-term pegylated interferon alfa 2a and ribavirin

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 1234–1244 Summary Background The association of anaemia with outcomes in the HCV/HIV coinfected persons undergoing HCV treatment remains unclear. Aims To study the incidence, predictors and management of anaemia, and its association with outcomes among persons treated with pegylated interferon and weight-based ribavirin. Methods Retrospective analysis of a prospective controlled treatment trial of HCV/HIV coinfection. Results Among 329 subjects enrolled, 40% developed anaemia during the first 12–18 weeks of treatment (median haemoglobin decrease at week 4: 2.2 g/dL). Among 169 subjects who achieved early virological response and received therapy for 72 weeks, 55% eventually developed anaemia. However, median haemoglobin levels stayed stable after 12–18 weeks of initial therapy. Among these 169 subjects, 45% were prescribed an erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA), with 17% receiving it prior to a drop in haemoglobin meeting protocol definition of anaemia. Only 27% completed the study without any ribavirin dose modification. Age >40 years, lower BMI, zidovudine use and lower entry haemoglobin were significant predictors of anaemia in the multi-covariate model. Among all 329, sustained virological response (SVR) rate was similar in those with or without anaemia (23% vs. 30%; P = 0.17) with no evidence of association between anaemia or ESA use and treatment response. Conclusions Anaemia is common in HCV/HIV coinfected persons undergoing HCV treatment, and only a minority of them are able to maintain ribavirin dose. Persons with age >40 years, lower baseline haemoglobin and lower baseline BMI should be monitored carefully. Prescription of erythropoiesis stimulating agent is common, but anaemia or erythropoiesis stimulating agent use is not associated with SVR.
Chapter 2 Mutagenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the principles and protocols involved in mutagenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Intended as a guide to the choice of mutagens and elaborates basic principles for their rational use this chapter considers only mutagenesis related to “forward” genetic analysis. “Forward” in this context means the identification of mutant strains following global mutagenesis of the entire genome. The goal of in vivo mutagenesis is to increase either the frequency or the variety of mutations contained in a population of animals. The benefit of increasing the frequency of mutations is self-evident; it makes finding the desired mutants easier. Choosing the right mutagen means selecting the right combination of mutagen efficiency and mutagen specificity. For mutagen efficiency, nothing beats Ethyl methanesulfate (EMS). It is extremely potent, easy to use, and its mutational specificity is well documented. If mutations other than G/C →A/T transitions are desired, mutagens other than EMS must be used. Based on initial observations, N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) appears to be as efficient as EMS.
Evaluation and validation of ion mobility spectrometry for presumptive testing targeting the organic constituents of firearms discharge residue

Firearms discharge residue (FDR) refers to both the inorganic particulates (GSR) and the organic constituents (OGSR) formed when a firearm is discharged. Currently, there are few if any viable presumptive or screening tests amenable to detection of FDR on skin. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is already widely deployed in law enforcement and homeland security for use as a portable/presumptive detector for narcotics and explosives. The goal of this project was to evaluate IMS for use as a screening device to detect OGSR on hand swabs. Two instruments were thoroughly tested and figures of merit, including detection thresholds, were established. Sample stability was also characterized with significant degradation seen when samples were stored at room temperature. Based on the target compounds and media used, the stability studies suggest a holding time limit of days or a few weeks. Results showed that given proper and specialized QA/QC procedures, IMS can be successfully utilized for screening purposes without requiring modification of instrumentation. A well-suited method for daily monitoring was demonstrated through the use of control charts providing a means to track variability in peak intensity over time. Analysis of more than 200 skin swab samples demonstrated that pattern matching data analysis is preferred to peak-based methods when attempting to ascertain if a person recently fired a weapon.
A digital filtering scheme for particle codes in curvilinear coordinates

Summary form only given. Statistical noise has long been a significant limitation for particle-in-cell (PIC) calculations at high densities. This noise is manifested in the charge and current density source terms to the field equations, which results in fluctuations in fields. Such fluctuations in fields can cause non-physical net heating of particles. The noise and consequent fluctuations are inversely proportional to the square root of the number of particles, so the brute force reduction of noise by increasing the number of particles is computationally inefficient. The problem is significantly more severe in curvilinear coordinates, where the inter-particle distance is proportional to the radius r/sup -1/ in cylindrical coordinates, and to r/sup -1/ in spherical coordinates, resulting in most severe noise on axis. A common remedy for this problem is the use of spectral filters or digital filters. Spectral filters operate in k-space, most appropriate when a spectral field solution is performed. Digital filters are more amenable to finite difference field solutions in real space, which is generally the case for bounded PIC codes in curvilinear coordinates. In this work, we extend a digital filtering scheme to curvilinear coordinates. The filtering scheme is applied to charge density for the electrostatic case in a one-dimensional radial model, and filtering of current density for the electromagnetic case in an axisymmetric model. The impact on particle shape and spectral content is measured to gauge the impact of the filter. An optimization is described and implemented to improve the performance of the filter, which can require many passes for best results.
Race and human evolution

By Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1997. 464 pp. ISBN 0-684-81013-1. $26.00 (cloth).
Effect of Body Aspect Ratio and Tank Size on the Hydrodynamics of a Rotating Bluff Body During the Initial Spin-Up Period

Hydrodynamic torque measurements on rotating bluff bodies are presented for 32 different bodies and three different sized tanks for Reynolds numbers in the range 10 4 -10 5 . The present results focus on the initial period, build-up regime, where the torque remains constant before the tank walls have impacted the flow field in the vicinity of the body. The results show that during the build-up regime, the torque coefficient is a function only of the aspect ratio and increases to a maximum at an aspect ratio near unity, followed by a decrease for further increases in the aspect ratio. This behavior is similar to a uniform flow past rectangular cylinders of varied width and a physical description for the observed variation is proposed. A nondimensional time scale describing the time until the tank geometry impacts the flow field near the body is also presented. This time scaling is based on all of the measurements and appears to be quite general, predicting the spin-up time for bodies differing in volume by three orders of magnitude and tanks differing by two orders of magnitude.
The role of adsorption in determining the minimum film boiling temperature

Abstract A minimum film boiling mechanism is suggested, based on the adsorption characteristics of the system. The wetting process is characterized by a precursor, non-evaporating film. As the surface temperature increases the film thickness decreases, with a sharp decrease at a temperature threshold determined by the heat of adsorption. The minimum film boiling temperature is assumed to be the temperature at which only one monolayer exists. The predicted values are in fair agreement with experimental results for different systems.
Photocatalytic oxidation of methyl formate on TiO2: a transient DRIFTS study

Abstract Methyl formate adsorbs both molecularly and dissociatively as methoxy and formate on titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ). Methyl formate dissociates on TiO 2 at dual sites that adsorb methoxy and formate; formate adsorption sites are more numerous than those of methoxy and the availability of methoxy sites limits methyl formate coverage. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) oxidizes the α -carbon in methyl formate to CO 2 without forming any long-lived intermediates, whereas the β -carbon forms CO 2 through formaldehyde and formate. At least two types of active sites exist for PCO on TiO 2 and their activities differ by more than an order of magnitude; the more-active sites comprise approximately 30% of adsorption sites. Photocatalytic oxidation carried out at 373 K oxidizes species more quickly than at room temperature because elevated temperatures enhance inherent site activity and convert adsorbed methoxy to formate. Water does not poison methyl formate PCO and redistributes weakly bound species during PCO by displacement. Water preferentially displaces methanol and also converts some adsorbed methoxy to formate at room temperature.
Lack of Benefit of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Lung Function in Patients with Overlap Syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been shown to be an inflammatory stimulus and may potentially result in a deterioration in the respiratory status of patients with coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (overlap syndrome). We hypothesized that with treatment of OSA, there would be an improvement in coexistent COPD in overlap patients. We also sought to characterize overlap patients by comparing them with patients with either OSA or COPD alone. We performed a retrospective study of patients who attended a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs hospital. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the medical charts and pharmacy records for the preceding two years and for the two years following the initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Overlap patients had moderately severe sleep apnea (AHI 28.6 +/- 4.2) and moderately severe COPD (FEV1= 1.94 +/- 0.10 L). The prevalence of overlap syndrome in COPD patients was 11.9%, and 41% in OSA patients. Overlap patients who were compliant with CPAP therapy experienced a greater decrease in FEV1, percent predicted FEV1, percent decrease in FEV1, FVC, percent predicted FVC, and percent decrease in FVC when compared with noncompliant patients. A very strong correlation was found between the average hours of CPAP use per day and the percent decrease in FEV1 (r = 0.69, p = 0.003). There was a similar strong correlation for the decrease in FEV1 and percent predicted FEV1. OSA is common in COPD patients; similarly, COPD is common in OSA patients. Treatment of OSA with CPAP therapy in patients with overlap syndrome may not lead to an improvement in the coexistent COPD.
Nitrogen Source and Rate Effects on the Establishment of ‘TifSport’ and ‘Tifway’ Hybrid Bermudagrass

In the southeast United States, the most popular vegetatively propagated hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis Pers. L.) has long been the cultivar Tifway. In recent years, however, southern turf managers choosing cultivars for lawns, golf course fairways, or athletic fields have a newer option: 'TifSport' hybrid bermudagrass, also a vegetative selection. Although the use of TifSport is increasing, research that studies the establishment of TifSport is largely absent from the literature, as most past work has focused exclusively on Tifway. Thus, the objective of our research was to evaluate the establishment of Tifway and TifSport hybrid bermudagrasses when established from sprigs, examining the effect of N rate and N source of the rate of groundcover, shoot density, and stolon and rhizome development. The study was conducted in 2002 and 2004; in each year, new plots were fumigated and then sprigged with Tifway and TifSport. Nitrogen source treatments were ammonium nitrate (AN) (34-0-0) or calcium (Ca) nitrate (CaN) (16-0-0; 39% Ca), both applied at 2.4, 4.9, 7.3, or 9.8 g N m -2 wk -1 . Treatments were a factorial combination of cultivar, N rate, and N source. Collected data included percentage groundcover as measured via line-transect, shoot density, and dry weight of stolons and rhizomes. In both years, TifSport had higher percentage groundcover than Tifway at early measurement dates, with >95% groundcover for both cultivars at 7 and 5 weeks after sprigging for 2002 and 2004, respectively. Shoot density often increased as N rate increased, with shoot density maximized at N rates between 6.2 and 7.6 g N m -2 wk -1 . In both years, dry weight of stolons and rhizomes decreased as N rate increased.
Parental Choices in the Primary and Secondary School Market in Dushanbe, Tajikistan

This paper presents findings about factors parents consider when choosing schools in the new educational market in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. The economic and political chaos of the early independence period led to greater differentiation between public schools. Policies were enacted that encouraged the growth of private schools and fee-charging specialized public schools (lyceums and gymnasiums). In this paper, I first outline some of the causes for the growth of diversity among schools. I then present results about the factors that parents in Dushanbe weigh when deciding among schools. I find that parents utilize a complex matrix of factors—school location, child aptitude, child's gender, and school quality—in making their decisions. Surprisingly, cost is not at the forefront of the decision matrix as most parents make choices that are comfortably in their range of affordability.
Search for color changes and brightening of Io upon eclipse reappearance

Medium-resolution spectra were made of Io as it emerged from two eclipses in December 1975. In the wavelength range 4000-5800 A, no spectral changes greater than the standard deviations were observed when the spectrum of Io just after reappearance was divided by the spectrum of Io 20 min later. No substantial increase in total brightness was observed over the same time interval. These observations were made at a time when the sub-earth point was in Io's northern hemisphere; therefore, prediction of positive posteclipse brightening in this circumstance is not confirmed.
Effects of dose and duration of continuous GnRH-agonist treatment on induction of estrus in beagle dogs: Competing and concurrent up-regulation and down-regulation of LH release

Dose-response estrus-induction trials were conducted during anestrus in 93 treated and 6 control bitches, a continuous administration of the GnRH-agonist lutrelin with a potency 150 x GnRH, and at six different doses from 0.2 to 4.8 microg/kg/d for 7-14 days in 15 groups of six to eight dogs each in defined stages of natural or pharmacologically determined anestrus. Agonist treatment induced clinically and cytologically normal proestrus (in 89% of cases) within 4.8 +/- 0.2 x days, and resulted in behavioral estrus (71%), spontaneous late-proestrus LH (and FSH) surges, ovulation (59%) and pregnancy (44%) in a dose dependent manner. Outcomes of ovulation and pregnancy in most cases required that the dose be sufficiently large enough to routinely stimulate a large initial increase in LH and FSH (i.e., > or = 0.6 microg/kg/d), and of sufficient duration (i.e., > 7 days) to ensure that supra-basal gonadotropin levels persistedntil no longer needed for spontaneous continuation of an induced proestrus. Success additionally required that the GnRH dose be modest enough (i.e., < 1.8 microg/kg/d) to not excessively down-regulate spontaneous pre-ovulatory surge release of gonadotropin or be removed shortly before or at the time when the LH surges typically occurred (10-13 days after initiation of treatment). The 1.8 microg dose was compared to saline to assess the time course of its down-regulation action on serum LH in six ovariohysterectomized bitches compared to four saline-related controls. Results in intact bitches receiving the 1.8-microg doses demonstrated an LH-releasing effect for 10-11 days that overlapped a period of obvious down-regulation seen with the same dose after 3 days in the ovariohysterectomized bitches. In the latter, however, complete down-regulation to anestrus-like values did not occur until after 18-21 days of treatment. A dose of 0.6 microg/kg/d for 12 days yielded the best estrus-induction results, including pregnancy rates of 100% in six bitches treated in natural-anestrus bitches, six bitches in which anestrus had been advanced by a luteolytic prostaglandin treatment and in six bitches in which anestrus had been extended by progesterone implants administered for 3 months. Although lutrelin is not commercially available, these results provide guidelines for the development of estrus-inducing protocols with other GnRH-agonists of known biopotencies.
The interaction of H2 with water ice by neutron scattering: Rotation and translation

The inelastic neutron scattering from H2 in D2O ice at energy transfers that correspond to rotation-translation are presented. Both the first energy gain and the energy loss peaks are observed. The position of the peaks shows that the H2 molecules execute nearly free rotation. The translational (recoil) contribution to the band positions as well as their widths can be fit by free translation with the molecule having an effective mass of about 1.7M0 where M0 is the mass of H2. The experimental results are compared to the available computer simulations.
Extensions of a sums-of-squares problem

While discussing Lagrange's theorem (every integer can be written as a sum of four squares, not all necessarily nonzero) in a number theory class, Jackson, a graduate student, noted a result in Niven and Zuckerman [1, p. 145] showing that all but a few integers can be written as the sum of 5 nonzero squares. Our resulting discussion shows that the "5" in this result can be increased indefinitely. Moreover, due to an unusual property of 169, we also establish our
"Corporate Leaders' Decision Styles, Entrenchment and Disruptive Strategies: A Conceptual Framework"

Decision making is a key responsibility of top management team (TMT) members, including CMOs (Chief Marketing Officers), yet, ineffective decision making is increasingly recognized as a problem at ...
Constructing Emotional and Relational Understanding: The Role of Affect and Mother-Child Discourse

Research suggests that both emotion-laden discourse and positive affect facilitate the construction of emotional and relational understanding. Despite this, research has not typically examined simultaneously the connections among affect, emotional discourse, and socioemotional development. In this study, 51 preschool children (M age = 52.80 months) and their mothers took part in two discourse tasks (a reminiscing task and a storybook reading), and both tasks were coded for the emotional content and style of the discourse and for the emotional quality of the interaction between the mother and child. Children also completed measures of emotional understanding and representations of relationships, and mothers completed a maternal report of aggressive behavior. Both the level of shared positivity and the style and content of the discourse between the dyad was related to the child's level of socioemotional development.
Shrinking Alpine glaciers spell trouble for Europe's rivers

Within the frosted peaks of the Swiss Alps, the cycle of winter precipitation accumulation and springtime melt provides a seasonal flow of water to much of western Europe. Research into the freshwater contributions of Alpine glaciers has predominantly looked to measure water released directly from glacier melt. A glacier's overall water storage, however, which takes into account the snow that resides on the glacier's surface, more accurately describes the role Swiss glaciers play in feeding European streams. A new analysis by Huss that investigated the effects of changing Swiss glacier storage on the flows of four of Europe's largest rivers suggests that glaciers may be more important than previously realized.
Intrinsic blood pressure.

In this paper a concept of intrinsic blood pressure is formulated. This pressure was measured in 84 subjects with normal and abnormal vascular systems. It is concluded that shock, congestive failure, hypertension and the normal vascular system can be defined and understood in terms of intrinsic blood pressure.
A NEW CAVE CRAYFISH OF THE GENUS ORCONECTES, SUBGENUS ORCONECTES, FROM SOUTHCENTRAL MISSOURI, U.S.A., WITH A KEY TO THE STYGOBITIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS (DECAPODA, CAMBARIDAE)

The cave-adapted crayfish, Orconectes (Orconectes) stygocaneyi sp. nov., is described from Mud Cave, Ozark County in south central Missouri, U.S.A. Orconectes stygocaneyi is the first stygobitic crayfish of the genus to be found west of the Mississippi River and is compared with other, related species of cave crayfishes. It is unique in that the mesial process of first pleopods of Form I males recurves cephalically toward the central projection. Figures are presented and a key to the stygobitic members of the genus Orconectes is provided. L'ecrevisse cavernicole, Orconectes (Orconectes) stygocaneyi sp. nov. est decrite de Mud Cave, Ozark County, dans le sud du Missouri central, U.S.A. Orconectes stygocaneyi est la premiere ecrevisse stygobie du genre a avoir ete trouvee a l'ouest du Mississippi et est comparee a d'autres especes apparentees d'ecrevisses cavernicoles. Elle est unique par le fait que le processus mesial des premiers pleopodes des mâles Form I est recourbe anterieurement vers la projection centrale. Des figures sont presentees et une cle des membres stygobies du genre Orconectes est fournie.
The symplecton: A prototype for semi-simple graded Lie algebras

An elementary, physically motivated, example of a semi-simple graded Lie algebra (SSGLA) is shown to be given by the ‘symplecton realization’ of angular momentum [an associative, involutive, inner-product algebra whose characteristic polynomials realize the symplectic group Sp(2)]. The Pais-Rittenberg result shows that the n-component symplecton realizes the most general, SSGLA, Sp(2n).
School Resource Officers for Bullying Interventions: A Mixed-Methods Analysis

The number of school police officers, School Resource Officers (SROs), is increasing on school campuses to assist in preventing school violence, and in particular bullying. This mixed-methods study was conducted to compare the knowledge and perceptions of SROs (N = 184) hired by independent school districts (ISD SROs) and those contracted from law enforcement agencies (CSROs) about their knowledge and perceptions about bullying interventions. By comparison, ISD SROs were more aware than CSROs about knowledge of school bullying plans, the need for social skills training, enforcing existing school policies regarding bullying intervention strategies, and using more conflict resolution strategies. Additionally, ISD SROs were less likely to use punitive law enforcement strategies than were CSROs.
Structural remodelling of the heart by fibrous tissue: Role of circulating hormones and locally produced peptides

Symptomatic heart failure is accompanied by diastolic ventricular dysfunction due largely to an extensive reactive and reparative fibrosis. Experimental evidence suggests a clear association between myocardial fibrosis and chronic inappropriate elevations in circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) and/or aldosterone. Although not entirely elucidated, injury follows Ang II-associated release of adrenal medullary catecholamines and aldosterone-induced myocardial potassium depletion. Increasing evidence indicates locally produced cardiac Ang II plays an important role in tissue repair that may underlie myocardial remodelling, the fibrous tissue accumulation both at and remote to the site of myocardial infarction (MI). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) binding density markedly increases at these fibrous tissue sites after experimental MI, indicating an involvement in wound healing regardless of the cause and location of fibrosis ; cells expressing Ang II receptors are primarily myofibroblasts. Therapy with ACE inhibitors and aldosterone receptor antagonist have each been shown to attenuate development of fibrosis.
Against Value Empiricism in Aesthetics

Value empiricists in aesthetics claim that we can explain the value of artworks by appeal to the value of the experiences they afford. I raise the question of the value of those experiences. I argue that while there are many values that such experiences might have, none is adequate to explaining the value of the works that afford the experiences. I then turn to defending the alternative to value empiricism, which I dub the object theory. I argue that if there is some problem attending the object theory, commensurate with the problems attending empiricism, no one seems to have any idea what it is. I close by urging that the object theory be granted a fresh hearing.
SU‐D‐18C‐03: In Vivo MR Imaging Using a Combined Single‐Point Dixon and Phase‐Sensitive Inversion Recovery Technique

Purpose: To demonstrate combined single-point Dixon water/fat separation and phase sensitive inversion recovery imaging in in vivo brain images acquired in a single scan. Methods: A single inversion recovery image is acquired with an inversion-time (TI) selected to maximize the dynamic range of the longitudinal magnetization of the water signals and at an echo time (TE) to introduce an orthogonal phase-difference (i.e. 90°) between the fat and water signals. In the image reconstruction, spatially smooth background phase errors due to static magnetic field inhomogeneity are estimated by applying a region growing based phase correction algorithm: the algorithm first determines spatial phase jumps of 180° and then the second spatial phase jumps of 90°. After the background phase-errors are removed from the acquired image, phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) water-only image and a separate fat-only image can be generated as the real and imaginary parts of the phase-corrected image, respectively. Results: The pulse sequence was implemented on a 3T whole-body clinical scanner and a single brain image of a healthy volunteer was acquired. The acquired image was confirmed to contain an orthogonal phase difference between water and fat boundaries and 180o phase difference between the boundaries of long and short T1-water tissues. The background phase errors were successfully determined and removed by the proposed phase correction algorithm and uniformly separated fat-only and PSIR water-only images were reconstructed without artefacts. Conclusion: We demonstrated combined single-point Dixon water/fat separation and PSIR imaging in in vivo brain images acquired in a single scan. Such images can be useful when fat suppression and enhanced T1-contrast are desired. Potential areas of application may include imaging of the brain or myocardium.
Framework of network centric signal sensing for automatic modulation classification

This paper proposes a sensor network framework for sensing and exploiting unknown signals. It includes distributed decision fusion, distributed processing, centralized synchronous signal sensing, centralized asynchronous signal sensing, and system of systems single sensing. Data fusion is applied to enhance the SNR of weak signals and to eliminate channel distortion. Statistical estimation and modulation classification techniques are discussed.
Gender Role Beliefs at Sexual Debut: Qualitative Evidence from Two Brazilian Cities

Culturally based beliefs about gender roles influence womens sexual behavior and their ability to protect themselves from unwanted sexual experiences. Studying the beliefs that influence womens behavior at sexual debut helps contextualize unwanted sexual intercourse. Twenty-four focus groups on womens beliefs about gender roles at sexual debut were conducted in 2002 with low- and middle-income women aged 18--21 and 30--39 who were recruited from public and private venues in Recife capital of Pernambuco and Belo Horizonte capital of Minas Gerais Brazil. The data were analyzed for common themes and quotations were chosen to illustrate those themes. Focus group participants perceived that men have an urgent need for sex. This perception caused women to fear abandonment anger or violence if they refused to have sex with their partner. The participants believed that women had to act passive the first time they had sex because taking the initiative (for example by asking their partner to practice contraception) would lead him to accuse them of having previous sexual experience. Also they believed they had to say no to sex under all circumstances to protect their reputation. To decrease the occurrence of unwanted intercourse interventions must address the social expectations that influence mens and womens sexual behavior. (authors)
Enzyme histochemistry of the choroid plexus in rat and squirrel monkey.

The reactions given for various oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes by the choroid plexus of the squirrel monkey and the rat brain have been studied in detail. The lining cells show strong activity for citric acid cycle and glycolytic pathways enzymes. The stroma shows strong activity for adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine monophosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase. The peripheral part or luminal borders of the cytoplasm of the choroidal cells show strong activity for alkaline phosphatase, adenosine monophosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase, and a well developed thiamine pyrophosphatase positive Golgi complex, indicating their participation in the formation and transport of secretory material. The nucleoli of the lining cells give a positive reaction for glucose-6-phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Acid phosphatase like the thiamine pyrophosphatase positive Golgi material is found all over the cytoplasm. The functional significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
The integrated sun as a (magnetic) variable star

Abstract Although the source of the solar magnetic cycle is not yet fully understood, it is clear that observed solar variations result primarily from surface manifestations of magnetic field associated active regions. Globally, and at depth in the solar interior, variations of convective efficiency following from magnetic field variations may cause luminosity and diameter changes. The waxing and waning of sunspots and faculae in the photosphere lead to luminosity variations on time scales of days to months, or longer. In the chromosphere magnetically controlled plage leads to a variation of UV flux and line emission such as Ca II H and K. The coronal structure is dominated by background magnetic fields and experiences factor of 2 variations of total mass over the solar cycle. Relative modulation characteristics are remarkably similar from the different atmospheric levels with their unique activity types.
Interface kinetics of freezing and melting with a density change

The change in density between liquid and solid is shown to affect the interface velocity for rapid solidification or melting. The effect is asymmetric, being much more pronounced for freezing than for melting, regardless of whether the liquid is more or less dense than the solid. Freezing velocity is limited by the rate at which a density excess can be transported away from or into the interface, but melting speed can still approach the speed of sound or thermal velocity. It is argued that relaxation of the density excess should be viewed on the molecular level, whereby diffusive jumps take place. This leads to a much slower removal of the excess than if it were propagated away as sound and a corresponding much greater effect on the interface motion. A modified transition-state theory is presented which incorporates the density change. Comparison is made with experiments on silicon and with molecular-dynamics simulations of freezing of a Lennard-Jones liquid. Satisfactory agreement is obtained, particularly in regard to the large asymmetry between freezing and melting speeds observed near the melting point in silicon.
Dynamic Structure of Emotions Among Individuals with Parkinson's Disease

With few exceptions, the dynamics underlying the mood structures of individuals with Parkinson's Disease have consistently been overlooked. Based on 12 participants' daily self-reports over 72 days, we identified 10 participants whose covariance matrices for positive and negative affect were similar enough to warrant pooling. Dynamic factor models that included factor autoregression and cross-regressions were fitted to the pooled, lagged covariance matrix representing approximately 700 occasions of measurement. Although results from the pooled data indicated that both positive and negative affect had a strong lag-1 autoregressive impact on current positive and negative affect, most individuals showed stronger autoregressive effects for positive than negative affect when examined individually. There was also a weak cross-regression effect of positive affect on negative affect, but the reverse was not true. Through model fitting, we demonstrated that failure to incorporate lagged relations among factors cou...
DIPION PRODUCTION AT LOW MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN $pi$$sup -$-p COLLISIONS AT 1.5 Bev/c

We have used precision spark-chamber spectrometers to measure the dipion mass spectrum from the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ at an incident momentum of 1.5 BeV/c. The spectrum was observed between 450 and 1000 MeV, with $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering angles at 90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 deg, and with four-momentum transfer to the nucleon between the minimum ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{min}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{min}+2\ensuremath{\mu}$. The mass resolution of the apparatus was \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 MeV. With more than 6000 events we observe a peak in the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ mass spectrum at \ensuremath{\sim}750 MeV with a width $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\cong}130$ MeV. We do not observe any other structure in the mass range explored. With these results we can set an upper limit for the branching ratio ($\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$) of \ensuremath{\le}1.0%, based on the assumption that there is no interference between the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ amplitudes. Interpreting the data with the one-pion exchange (OPE) model, we have computed the differential cross section $\frac{d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}}}{dcos{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ at 90 deg. This quantity shows a strong peak at the mass of the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ meson, but the peak is much larger than expected from a $J=1$ $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ resonant state produced by OPE. If this peak is really the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ meson, we must be observing it because of absorption phenomena in the initial $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ and final $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}N$ states which tend to depolarize the $\ensuremath{\rho}$. Expressing the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ decay intensity as $a+b{cos}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}}$, our data require $\frac{a}{b}\ensuremath{\approx}0.06$, while the simple OPE model predicts $\frac{a}{b}=0$. Other features of the data, the momentum-transfer distribution and the Treiman-Yang angular distribution, fit the OPE predictions fairly well. We discuss some evidence that the effect of a 1.4-BeV, $T=\frac{1}{2}$ isobar can be seen in the data.
Grain size variation across sand ridges, New Jersey continental shelf

Cross-ridge grain size profiles were determined for a nearshore and an offshore sand ridge on the New Jersey shelf. On both, the coarset sands occur on the landward flank. The range and rate of change in grain size with horizontal distance are greatest on the nearshore ridge. The grain size gradient is believed to be a response of the bottom to the cross-ridge shear stress distribution during storm flows. The difference between the two ridges may be a consequence of the relict origin of the offshore ridge versus a modern origin for the nearshore ridge, or to the different flow climates of the nearshore and offshore environments.
Experiments on time-dependent radiative transfer in a spectral line

Abstract The spatial and temporal evolution of excited atoms in an optically thick magnesium vapor after an initial pulsed laser excitation is measured using a delayed pulsed probe laser. The collisional environment of the magnesium atoms in the vapor is modified by an argon buffer gas. Angle-averaged partial and complete redistribution calculatios are presented and compared with the data. Other aspects of the radiative transfer process are discussed.
Metabolite analysis of Clostridium acetobutylicum: Fermentation in a microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were used to monitor metabolism changes in Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentations. When MFCs were inoculated with C. acetobutylicum, they generated a unique voltage output pattern where two distinct voltage peaks occurred over a weeklong period. This result was markedly different to previously studied organisms which usually generate one sustained voltage peak. Analysis of the fermentation products indicated that the dual voltage peaks correlated with glucose metabolism. The first voltage peak correlated with acidogenic metabolism (acetate and butyrate production) and the second peak with solventogenic metabolism (acetone and butanol production). This demonstrates that MFCs can be applied as a novel tool to monitor the shift from acid production to solvent production in C. acetobutylicum.
Dissection of Normal and Atherosclerotic Human Artery with Proteolytic Enzymes in vitro

EARLY changes in the development of human atherosclerosis are characterized by accumulation of lipids and other tissue components in the intima or luminal lining of arteries. A promising technique for investigating the pathogenesis of these changes has been to examine in the intima the correlation between cytological characteristics, chemical composition and metabolism. This has been handicapped because the ultrastructural and cytochemical localization with current morphological techniques has not been matched by localization with biochemical methods. Although different types of cells are present in the arterial intima1–3 their isolation by gross mechanical dissection lacks sufficient cytological discrimination4,5. An ideal technique would break the intima into its individual cellular units while maintaining the integrity of their morphology and metabolism. We report here preliminary investigations which indicate that controlled irrigation of arteries with proteolytic enzymes can partially satisfy this need by resolving the intima into mixed populations of cells in a graded manner.
Salvage of occluded arterial bypass grafts by means of thrombolysis

Abstract Seventy-two thrombosed peripheral arterial bypass grafts in 62 patients were treated by local intraarterial thrombolytic infusion. The initial success rate was 69% (50 of 72 grafts). Graft material and location had no significant effect on the initial results. Urokinase was used in 43 cases with a 84% success rate, and streptokinase was used in 29 cases with a 48% success rate. After a follow-up period that ranged from 2 to 58 months, 27 grafts remained patent, with an average patency duration of 15 months (median 8 months). Overall graft patency at the end of 1 year was 60% applying life-table analysis. Factors that were evaluated to determine their effect on long-term patency included graft age and material, graft location, and the presence or absence of an underlying correctable lesion. The most significant factor in long-term patency was the presence of a lesion that was correctable by surgical revision or balloon angioplasty. In 25 grafts with underlying stenotic lesions, the 1-year patency was 86% after successful treatment. Twenty-five grafts without detectable lesions had 37% 1-year patency. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:426–31.)
The method of surrogate delays: Simultaneous resource possession in analytic models of computer systems

This paper presents a new approach to modelling the simultaneous or overlapped possession of resources in queueing networks. The key concept is that of iteration between two models, each of which includes an explicit representation of one of the simultaneously held resources and a delay server (an infinite server, with service time but no queueing) acting as a surrogate for queueing delay due to congestion at the other simultaneously held resource. Because of this, we refer to our approximation technique as the “method of surrogate delays”.
Theoretical and experimental studies of Ag–Pt interactions for supported Ag–Pt bimetallic catalysts

Abstract The electronic structure and chemical properties of catalysts prepared by the electroless deposition (ED) of Ag onto Pt/SiO 2 were studied using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. XPS studies revealed a negative shift (up to −0.75 eV) in the Ag 3 d binding energy (BE) relative to bulk Ag. Both the magnitude and direction of the shift are consistent with DFT calculations of model Ag/Pt(1 1 1) surfaces. DFT calculations have also been employed to study the adsorption of two probe molecules, carbon monoxide and 1-epoxy-3-butene (EpB), on the model surfaces. Combined with previously published reports, the results presented here suggest that (1) the AgPt/SiO 2 catalysts that are most active for hydrogenation of the EpB olefin function consist of an adlayer of Ag on Pt rather than a surface or bulk alloy and that (2) the higher activity and selectivity of ED-prepared Ag–Pt/SiO 2 catalysts for C C hydrogenation of EpB to 1-epoxybutane are consistent with computed electronic (ligand) and bifunctional effects.
Multiscale X-ray and Proton Imaging of Bismuth-Tin Solidification

The formation of structural patterns during metallic solidification is complex and multiscale in nature, ranging from the nanometer scale, where solid–liquid interface properties are important, to the macroscale, where casting mold filling and intended heat transfer are crucial. X-ray and proton imaging can directly interrogate structure, solute, and fluid flow development in metals from the microscale to the macroscale. X-rays permit high spatio-temporal resolution imaging of microscopic solidification dynamics in thin metal sections. Similarly, high-energy protons permit imaging of mesoscopic and macroscopic solidification dynamics in large sample volumes. In this article, we highlight multiscale x-ray and proton imaging of bismuth-tin alloy solidification to illustrate dynamic measurement of crystal growth rates and solute segregation profiles that can be that can be acquired using these techniques.