cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing total energy cost and tardiness penalty for a scheduling-layout problem in a flexible job shop system: A comparison of four metaheuristic algorithms

Abstract Job scheduling and machine layout are interrelated in improving energy consumption (EC) and productivity measures such as tardiness and represent two important decisions that must be made by manufacturers. This interdependency can be explained by transportation time, which connects scheduling and layout. Scheduling and layout, however, have not been thoroughly studied in conjunction using an integrated model in the context of sustainable manufacturing. Hence, we propose an energy-aware optimization model in which scheduling is integrated with layout in a single-level framework. More specifically, a single objective function is defined to minimize the facility energy cost and the job tardiness penalty, which control EC and tardiness respectively in a flexible job shop system. In order to model machine EC more accurately, we also consider three different machine states: a processing state and two idle states. Our case studies show that the integrated model exhibits better performance in controlling manufacturing EC and job tardiness than a non-integrated model in which machine locations are uncontrollable and transportation times between machines are unchangeable. To deal with large-sized problems, we also introduce four new metaheuristics. The performances of these new metaheuristics are compared in terms of objective function values and CPU times using various case studies. The results indicate that a hybrid ant colony optimization and simulated annealing (ACO-SA) algorithm provides better performance than the other algorithms. Specifically, our case studies show that the integrated model using ACO-SA can improve the objective function value by around 5% when compared to the non-integrated model.
Brief report: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health behaviors in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Background There is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively affect health behaviors in youth, especially youth diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Objective The purpose of this paper was to examine changes in physical activity, screen-time, and sleep in adolescents with ASD due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Nine adolescents with ASD completed surveys measuring physical activity, screen-time, and sleep duration prior to and during the pandemic. Results A significant decrease in days of physical activity (4.17 vs 2.27; p = 0.0006), and a significant increase in hours of both weekday (3.69 vs 6.25; p = 0.007) and weekend screen-time (5.94 vs. 7.39; p = 0.004) was observed during the pandemic. No changes regarding sleep duration was observed. Conclusions Although preliminary, results suggest that physical activity and screen-time may be negatively affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in youth with ASD. The development of interventions to promote health behaviors in ASD populations during long periods of less-structured time (quarantine) should be considered.
Capillary ion chromatography

This review summarizes progress in capillary ion chromatography. Theoretical aspects and practical limitations of packed and open tubular capillary columns are considered. Applications of packed and open tubular capillary IC are described. Emerging technologies such chip-scale IC and the use of monolithic columns are discussed.
Donald Trump's Impact on the Republican Party

What impact did Donald Trump have on the Republican Party during his time as President? This article argues that although the presidency of Donald Trump was a natural progression of Republican cons...
Second Primary Urinary Cancer in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) survivors have increased risk of secondary solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Previous studies have demonstrated HL survivors to have increased incidence and worse survival outcomes after developing malignancies of the lung, breast, head & neck, and gastrointestinal tract. However, there are scarce data on overall survival (OS) for primary solid tumors of the urinary system, i.e., kidney, ureter, and bladder, in HL survivors relative to the general population. MATERIALS/METHODS A cohort study was conducted and examined 57,495 patients with primary urinary malignancy (kidney, ureter, bladder) and 192 who developed a secondary urinary cancer after HL (HL-U). The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for urinary cancers, Kaplan-Meier OS and multivariable Cox regression modelling were performed. All patients were reported to the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. RESULTS The observed to expected ratio for second kidney, ureter, bladder malignancies were 1.60 (95% CI: [1.30-1.94], P < 0.05), 1.22 (95% CI: [1.00-1.48], P < 0.05), 3.86 (95% CI: [1.66-7.60], P < 0.05). HL survivors who developed bladder malignancy had a median OS of 69 months (95% CI: [50-136]) vs. 92 months (95% CI: [91-94]) in the general population (log rank P < 0.015). In the case of renal malignancies after HL patients had a median OS of 154 months (95% CI: [125-131]) vs. 128 months (95% CI: [110-n/a]) in the general population (log rank P = 0.45). A multivariable Cox regression model accounting for age, sex, race, radiation/chemotherapy/surgery for urinary cancers, tumor grade, histology and stage showed HR 1.65 (95% CI: [1.21-2.27], P = 0.0019), HR 1.20 (95% CI: [0.82-1.74], P = 0.34), and HR 4.45 (95% CI: [1.4-14.3], P = 0.01) for patients with secondary bladder, renal and ureter cancers, respectively. CONCLUSION Compared with patients who had de novo bladder and ureter malignancy, HL survivors experienced significantly decreased OS compared to the general population. Due to the increased incidence, increased mortality and poorer survival outcomes, HL survivors should be considered for surveillance of urinary cancers.
Real-World Data for Integration Strategy of Radiotherapy (RT) With Immunotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have proven effective in metastatic NSCLC. RT has been used for symptom palliation or aggressive consolidation with improvement of survival in this group of patients. The question of when and how to combine RT with ICIs needs to be further defined in this combination therapeutic strategy in NSCLC. The growing body of evidence demonstrated that RT-ICIs sequence, dose of RT and location of RT are matter to the treatment outcome. We retrospectively analyzed our institutional data as real-world data to further illustrate the role of RT in combination with ICIs for metastatic NSCLC. MATERIALS/METHODS We retrospectively studied patients from a single institution diagnosed with metastatic NSCLC who were treated with RT-ICIs. The impact of overall survival (OS) from patients' characteristic, histology of tumor, PD-L1 expression, RT BED10 (biological equivalent dose) dose, number of site of RT, RT to bone/no-bone metastasis site, and sequence of RT-ICIs as well as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) before and after RT were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors for OS. RESULTS A total of 80 patients received ICI+RT were enrolled into the study with a median follow-up of 15 months. Median OS 18.8 was months. Univariable analysis revealed that positive OS predictors (P < 0.05) were lower post-RT NLR, sequential RT-ICIs, higher BED10 dose of RT, one site of RT and RT to no-bone metastasis site. The post-RT NLR, and BED10 dose of RT were independent predictors for OS on multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier estimates median OS of low/high post-RT NLR, sequential/concurrent RT-ICIs, higher/lower BED10 dose of RT, one/a number of RT sites and RT to no bone/bone metastasis sites were 23.7/11.5 mo., 24.5/16.4 mo., 20.6/16.8 mo. and 21.8/16.6 mo., respectively. The histology of tumor, PD-L1 expression and whether received chemotherapy or not did not significantly impact on OS. CONCLUSION Our real-world data supports that synergistic effective of RT can be achieved in combination with ICIs for metastatic NSCLC when RT was admitted with sequential fashion, ablative dose to one and non-bone metastatic site. Together with significant prognostic value of Post-RT NLR, it has been clearly demonstrated that the integration strategy of RT with ICIs should choose RT which would not compromise existing innate immunity of patients.
Intensity of Trade with the EU and Corruption in Africa

Via partnership agreements like the Cotonou Partnership Agreement, the EU provides African countries with access to its markets and asks for compliance with a given set of good governance norms and procedures. While the EU markets are significant for African countries, African markets are not significant for the EU. This asymmetric relationship should give the EU the power to “convince” the African countries to adopt better governance practices. Results from panel data regression analyses indicate that for 34 African countries, an increase in the intensity of trade and imports from the EU over the period of 1984~2009 reduced the level of corruption, but not always the intensity of exports to the EU. These findings do not provide strong evidence in favor of the idea that the EU has effectively used its asymmetric trade relationship in convincing African countries to adopt better governance practices, but they consistently support alternative-rival-hypotheses, namely trade openness and imports-as-market discipline hypotheses. Further research needs to takes into account the increasing influence of China.
FAIR Metadata: A Community-driven Vocabulary Application.

FAIR metadata is critical to supporting FAIR data overall. Transparency, community engagement, and flexibility are key aspects of FAIR that apply to metadata. This paper presents YAMZ (Yet Another Metadata Zoo), a community-driven vocabulary application that supports FAIR. The history ofYAMZ and its original features are reviewed, followed by a presentation of recent innovations and a discussion of how YAMZ supports FAIR principles. The conclusion identifies next steps and key outputs.
Barriers to Mental Health Treatment in Rural Older Adults

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to seeking mental health treatment experienced by rural older adults. We also examined if barriers differed by age and worry severity. Methods Participants were 478 rural older adults responding to a flyer for a psychotherapy intervention study. Interested participants were screened by telephone, and barriers to mental health treatment were assessed. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Abbreviated. Results The most commonly reported barrier to treatment was the personal belief that "I should not need help." Other commonly reported barriers included practical barriers (cost, not knowing where to go, distance), mistrust of mental health providers, not thinking treatment would help, stigma, and not wanting to talk with a stranger about private matters. Multivariable analyses indicated that worry severity and younger age were associated with reporting more barriers. Conclusions Multiple barriers interfere with older adults seeking treatment for anxiety and depression. Older age is associated with fewer barriers, suggesting that the oldest old may have found strategies for overcoming these barriers. Young-old adults may benefit from interventions addressing personal beliefs about mental health and alternative methods of service delivery.
Nonlinear Stabilization by Hybrid Quantized Feedback

This paper is concerned with global asymptotic stabilization of continuous-time control systems by means of quantized feedback. For linear systems, a hybrid control strategy for dealing with this problem was recently proposed by Roger Brockett and the author. The solution is based on making discrete on-line adjustments to the sensitivity of the quantizer. In the present paper we extend this method to a class of nonlinear systems.
Genetic control of phosphoglucomutase variants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The three electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucomutase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae breeding stocks are produced by two unlinked genes, pgm-1 and pgm-2; pgm-1 contains two known alleles, pgm-1a and pgm-1b, each of which specifies a minor phosphoglucomutase component, and pgm-2 specifies the major phosphoglucomutase component.
Robert Coover's fictions

"At first," once upon no time, "in an instant half-real half-remembered, the leper is at rest; then he begins his approach."1 But no: "he has always been beginning, always approaching." The landscape is mythic, perhaps allegorical: the "sun at its zenith .... dazzling white this figure crossing the molten red flats, his outline blurred by the savage glare" (179). A medieval Totentanz "He merely dances on, arms and legs outflung, . . . scratching his helix across the desert floor, . . . his steaming white helix on the burnt red plane. His robe seems not so much a robe as a . . . winding sheet! Death!" (180). But, no, the echo is complicated and crossed by the incursions of other echoes which are also to be denied priority. The leper moves in a crazy helix because the narrator, "we," moves us in a "precise, governed" pattern "so regulating our own velocity as to schedule his [the leper's] arrival ... at our starting point" (180). It is a game, hunt in which the leper is only an object on the geometrical psyche of the hunted nar rator. But as the physical distance closes ("Down the last arc segment we glide, closing it now .... he is close enough now for us to see his eager smile" [181] ) the narrator's cool voice becomes less objectively distanced, nervously observant of detail which he tries to dismiss: "tattered ends of his white flesh confusing themselves with ... his fluttering robe, flake off in a scaly dust .... translucent layers of dead scaly material, here and there hardened into shiny nodules, here and there disturbed by deep cavities. In the beds of these cavities: a dark sub stance, resembling blood not so much as ... as: excrement. Well, simple illusion, blood mixed with pus and baked in the sun, that's what it is" (181). And then the voice becomes hysterical, the voice of Faustus and Everyman: "But now? oh my god!?as a mere few paces separate us, our point of origin?and end!?just visible before us, the brute reality slams through the barriers of our senses: the encounter is now imminent!" (181). "The leper, tongue dangling . . . whole wretched body oozing a kind of milky sweat, hurls himself into our arms, smother ing us, pitching us to the red clay, his sticky cold flesh fastening to us, me, his black tongue licking my face" (182). One recalls the folk terror, the frequent legends of curse from the leper's kiss. And yet, the narrator seems to seek his destiny even after he has recognized its inevitability and its horror: "Our hands, my hands, appear before us . . . extended now for the embrace" (181); "I lie helpless under the sickening weight of his perishing flesh. Then, in the same instant, it is over. Purged of all revulsions ... we lay him gently on the red
The ketene thioacetal group as a cationic cyclization terminator. : A synthesis of the pyrrolizidine ring system.

Abstract A cationic cyclization to the pyrrolizidine ring system is reported in which a ketene thioacetal group serves as an efficient terminator for 5-membered ring formation. (±)-Supinidine is prepared using this methodology.
Coupling difficulty following replacement of Tyr with HOTic during synthesis of an analog of an EGF B-loop fragment.

During Fmoc synthesis of an analog, [Abu20,31, HOTic22]hEGF(20–31), of a fragment, Cys-Met-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Ala-Leu-Asp-Lys-Tyr-Ala-Cys, of the B-loop of human EGF, conductivity measurements showed that increased time was necessary for coupling and complete deprotection of the residues Met21 and Abu20 which followed the HOTic22. Use of different active ester-forming reagents, including HOBt and BOP, did not increase the yield. Use of symmetrical anhydride with extended coupling time increased the yield but did not complete the coupling. It appears that inclusion of HOTic in place of Tyr to introduce conformational constraint to peptide analogs can cause or augment a tendency towards conformations with increasing occlusion of N-terminal amino groups and result in the need for altered coupling strategies for completion of analog synthesis.
Polycystic ovarian disease

Abstract Forty patients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovarian disease (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) are presented. All were subjected to ovarian wedge resections which resulted in ovulatory cycles in 36. Thirty-seven pregnancies occurred in 21 patients. All had normal excretory rates for estrogen and gonadotropin. 17-Ketosteroid levels were normal or slightly elevated. In those cases tested, pregnanetriol values were all within normal limits. Pregnanediol levels were comparable to those found during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle. In 2 patients LH excretion was comparable to that found in three normal patients during the pre- and postovulatory phases. A third patient had slightly greater LH levels. Cystic ovaries were produced experimentally in rats by several methods which permitted continuous exposure of the ovaries to FSH without sufficient LH for ovulation and luteinization. Analysis of these clinical and experimental data provides a possible explanation for the production of polycystic ovaries and the usually favorable response to ovarian wedge resections. These observations suggest that the Stein-Leventhal syndrome is but a part or phase of the over-all problem of anovulatory ovarian function.
Earnings Management and Return-Earnings Association of Firms Reporting Material Internal Control Weaknesses Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The main objectives of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are to improve the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosure. Under Section 404 of SOX, an auditor has to report an assessment of a firm's internal controls and attest to management's assessment of the firm's internal control. Material weaknesses of internal controls must be disclosed in auditor and management reports. The objectives of this study are to examine if firms reporting material internal control weaknesses under Section 404 have more earnings management and lower return-earnings associations compared to other firms. The results provide mild evidence that there are more positive and absolute discretionary accruals for firms reporting material internal control weaknesses than for other firms. The findings also provide mild evidence that firms reporting material internal control weaknesses have lower return-earnings associations than other firms.
The interplay between binding energy and catalysis in the evolution of a catalytic antibody

Antibody catalysis1 provides an opportunity to examine the evolution of binding energy and its relation to catalytic function in a system that has many parallels with natural enzymes. Here we report such a study involving an antibody AZ-28 that catalyses an oxy-Cope rearrangement, a pericyclic reaction that belongs to a well studied and widely used class of reactions in organic chemistry2. Immunization with transition state analogue 1 results in a germline-encoded antibody that catalyses the rearrangement of hexadiene 2 to aldehyde 3 with a rate approaching that of a related pericyclic reaction catalysed by the enzyme chorismate mutase3. Affinity maturation gives antibody AZ-28, which has six amino acid substitutions, one of which results in a decrease in catalytic rate. To understand the relationship between binding and catalytic rate in this system we characterized a series of active-site mutants and determined the three-dimensional crystal structure of the complex of AZ-28 with the transition state analogue. This analysis indicates that the activation energy depends on a complex balance of several stereoelectronic effects which are controlled by an extensive network of binding interactions in the active site. Thus in this instance the combinatorial diversity of the immune system provided both an efficient catalyst for a reaction where no enzyme is known, as well as an opportunity to explore the mechanisms and evolution of biological catalysis.
A JOB SAMPLING APPROACH TO MERIT SYSTEM EXAMINING1

The application of content validity to a merit examining process or rating schedule requires an extension of the concept beyond that of work samples and tests of knowledges or skills to measures of ability and personal characteristics. A method for accomplishing this without violating the principles of content validity is presented. This technique, called the job sampling approach, is a task-based, structured system of eliciting the information necessary to construct the rating schedule from sources most able to provide that information and for using the information to construct the rating schedule and linking it to job performance. The steps include: definition of the performance domain of the job in terms of process statements; identification of the selection and measurement objectives of the organization; development of the measurement domain in relation to the performance domain and to the selection and measurement objectives; and demonstration that a close match between the performance domain and the measurement domain was in fact achieved.
Something Borrowed and Something New?: Welfare Reform and Social Science

William M. Epstein, Welfare in America: How Social Science Fails the Poor. Herbert J. Gans, The War Against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy Joel F. Handler, The Poverty of Welfare Reform
Cyclic oxidation of copper doped Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb

The widespread use of titanium aluminide alloys will require effective joining techniques for primary fabrication and repair. One such technique is Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) bonding, which has been used to join titanium aluminide alloys. A successful TLP bonding process uses a copper-containing composite interlayer and thus introduces a small amount of copper into the alloy. Although even relatively small alloying additions can be detrimental to the oxidation resistance of titanium aluminide alloys, the amount of copper added to the alloy during the TLP bonding process has previously been shown to be neutral or beneficial to the isothermal oxidation resistance of the alloy. In this paper, a small amount of copper introduced during TLP bonding is shown to have no detrimental effect on the cyclic oxidation of Ti-48 at% Al-2 at% Cr-2 at% Nb.
Gastroesophageal reflux complicating choanal atresia repair

Four infants with bilateral congenital choanal atresia (CCA) underwent transpalatal (3) or transnasal (1) repairs. Postoperatively all four infants experienced gastroesophageal reflux (GER) with intermittent nasal reflux. GER was documented by GER radionuclide scanning in one patient and by dual nasopharyngeal and esophageal pH probe studies in the remaining three patients. The infants with documented GER required prolonged stenting and dilations for choanal restenosis and granulations. The literature emphasizes the importance of the technical repair for prevention of these complications; GER can be a significant complicating factor.
Micro-probe Raman spectroscopy of YVO4 single crystals grown by different growth techniques for investigation of micro-inhomogeneities

Abstract Micro-probe Raman spectroscopy was utilized for the investigation of three YVO 4 crystals grown by different growth techniques, rapid Czochralski growth (CZ1), top seeded solution growth (TSSG) and automatic diameter controlled Czochralski growth (CZ2). All of the Raman active modes below 1000 cm −1 are stable and homogeneous throughout the crystals. There exist distinctive differences between the differently grown crystals above 1000 cm −1 .
Common Pool Equities: An Arbitrage Based Non-cooperative Solution to the Common Pool Resource Problem

Abstract It is proposed that a new type of property right termed a “Common Pool Equity” can solve the common pool resource problem. This equity may be presented to any firm that extracts from the resource for a share in profits. It is shown that a profit arbitrage condition ensures that the market and socially efficient solutions correspond whenever market power is absent. The cost externalities are fully internalized.
Contributions of vision and proprioception to arm movement planning in the vertical plane

The roles of visual and somatosensory information in arm movement planning remain enigmatic. Previous studies have examined these roles by dissociating visual and somatosensory cues about limb position prior to movement onset and examining the resulting effects on movements performed in the horizontal plane. Here we examined the effects of misaligned limb position cues prior to movement onset as reaches were planned and executed along different directions in the vertical plane. Movements were planned with somatosensory and visual feedback aligned at the starting position of the reach or with visual feedback displaced horizontally (Experiment 1) or vertically (Experiment 2). As in the horizontal plane, changes in movement directions induced by misaligned feedback indicated that vision and proprioception were both generally taken into account when planning vertical plane movements. However, we also found evidence that the contributions of vision and proprioception differed across target directions and between directions of displaced visual feedback. These findings suggest that the contributions of vision and proprioception to movement planning in the vertical plane reflect the unique multisensory and biomechanical demands associated with moving against gravity.
Effect of the straw itch mite on larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle

Feeding by the ectoparasitic mite,Pyemotes tritici (Lagreze-Fossot and Montane) on second and fourth instar Colorado potato beetle larvae resulted in irreversible paralysis of the larvae within two to four hours after attack. Death of the larvae occurred 2–7 days later. The survival of adult Colorado potato beetles were not affected by these ectoparasites. When allowed to feed only upon Colorado potato beetle larvae, the mites did not engorge fully and, therefore, probably could not reproduce.
Changes in the carbohydrate content of the KB cell during the growth cycle

KB cells were grown in suspension culture and synchronized with a double thymidine block. Cells were removed at various times during the cell cycle and analyzed for sialic acid, fucose, mannose and galactose. The mannose, galactose, and fucose contents of the cells all showed a decrease during the mitotic phase. The content of sialic acid decreased, but later in the cycle. When the cell was not dividing the molar rations of sialic acid to fucose: mannose: galactose were approximately 2:5:3 when sialic acid was expressed as 1; the ratios dropped to approximately 1:3:1.5 throughout division. These results indicate that the glycoprotein and/or glycolipid contents of KB cells probably change throughout the cell cycle.
Teaching Creativity to Business Students: How Well Are We Doing?

As calls for enhancing the ability of business students to think creatively and develop innovative goods and services have become universal, researchers in the area of creativity have expressed concerns that the U.S. educational system may not foster creative thinking. The authors’ research is based on a sample of 442 undergraduate business students enrolled in marketing classes at two different universities. Students’ creativity was assessed using a creativity scale that measured ways of thinking in six different areas. The authors compared creativity scores of different business majors in each of these six dimensions and found that contrary to earlier research findings, students in the quantitative business disciplines of accounting, finance, economics, and information systems outperformed other business majors in some categories of creative thinking. Specific recommendations are presented to include training in a greater variety of dimensions of creative thinking in the business curriculum.
Benefits of Including Siblings in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Having a brother or sister with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can significantly impact the life of a typically developing sibling. These relationships are generally characterized by less frequent and nurturing interactions than are evident in sibling constellations with neurotypical children or children with other developmental disabilities. One way to address this issue is to teach typically developing siblings skills to participate in a brother or sister's treatment. Including siblings in behavioral interventions is documented to be beneficial to both children, and is associated with generalization of skills for the sibling with ASD. Here we review this body of literature, present case examples from clinical practice, and make treatment recommendations for utilizing sibling-mediated behavioral approaches.
Identifying components comprising neighborhood quality of life

This research identified factors affecting neighborhood quality of life. A total of 140 men and women from diverse groups throughout the San Francisco Bay area participated. Each person completed a critical incident questionnaire reporting specific events within the neighborhood that affected his or her quality of life. Analysis of 695 incidents resulted in 17 factors within five main areas: (a) Environmental and Physical Conditions, (2) Economic Conditions, (3) Facilities and Services, (4) Political Conditions, and (5) Personal Characteristics and Interpersonal Relationships. The approach and results can be used to study impacts of specific social policies on neighborhoods and their residents.
Effects of Utilization of Modified Starches on the Cake Quality

This study investigated the effects of four different types of modified wheat and corn starches (pregelatinized, thinned with acid, cross-linked, dextrinized and intact form) on the cake quality. The starches were added to the cake formulations at levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30% based on flour. Addition of wheat starch gave a higher cake volume and specific cake volume than corn starch. Also, the modified starches gave increased penetration values and shelf life to the cakes by delaying the staling process. As a result, the addition of 10% pregelatinized starch had a positive effect on the quality of cakes.
Improving Dictation as an Aural-Skills Instructional Tool

Many high schools in the U.S. offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses in music theory for students wishing to study music at the college level.' Others devote part of the music curriculum to theory and aural-skills instruction, but do not offer AP courses. In either case, high school theory and aural-skills courses typically strive to cover all, or part, of the material presented in first-semester college theory and aural-skills courses. Music dictation is a mainstay in most college aural-skills classes, and the College Board advocates including dictation in AP music theory courses. This raises an important question: is giving prospective college music majors a head start with dictation in high school the best way to help them develop the listening skills necessary to succeed in college and beyond? At first glance, the answer would seem to be a resounding yes. However, dictation's effectiveness as a tool for developing listening skills varies considerably, depending on how dictation exercises are constructed and implemented. This article will examine some traditional dictation practices, identify perceptual skills required to listen to music critically, and offer strategies for acquiring and integrating broader listening skills that will more directly develop students' critical listening and musicianship.
Design and analysis of elastodynamic locomotion for robotic insects

One of the critical problems in the design of autonomous insect-like mobile structures is power consumption. The independent control of several legs is energetically expensive, while the energy capacity of typical electrochemical batteries is quite small. The net result is autonomous robotic insects that have extremely limited range. The authors propose an alternative approach to this problem that enables autonomous robotic insects to exhibit extremely high movement efficiency, and thus are capable of long range missions. Specifically, the desired limb motion is obtained by designing a lightly-damped skeletal structure and exciting the skeletal structure at an appropriate resonance. The approach is called elastodynamic locomotion. Rather than altering the open-loop dynamics of the machine, as is the case with conventional-scale machine control, the control actuator serves only as an excitation source that excites the open-loop dynamics of the skeleton structure. Since the motion of the insect limbs operate at their structural resonance, the acceleration and deceleration for each motion (i.e.: stride for a walking machine) requires little power, which results in a highly efficient machine. Since the motion of the insect limbs is determined by design and not by control, the primary focus of this work is in the design of a skeletal structure that will exhibit walking motion when vibrationally excited. The paper presents some insect designs that will generate a walking motion with minimal actuation. Also analyzed are the characteristic features of the gaits produced by each design.
Rigid polyurethane foam testing for mine neutralization and vehicle traction performance

Abstract A rigid polyurethane foam (RPF) was dispensed on a test lane to determine if (1) a trafficability lane could be created that would neutralize vehicle and personnel mines and (2) the foam would increase vehicle traction in slippery soils. The RPF consisted of two liquids, 1,1-dichloro-1 -fluoroethane (known as urethane resin) and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (known as polymeric MDI). These two liquids were mixed in a commercial foam dispensing machine and dispensed at the test site. Two test areas were built to examine minefield neutralization and traction improvements separately. The minefield test lane consisted of a 7×17 m area, instrumented with pressure cells, M15 training mines, M1 tripwire devices and string tension sensors covered with approximately 0.6 m of 64.1 kg/m 3 density RPF. Fifty passes each of an M88A2 and a HMMWV were made while engineers monitored changes in ground contact pressure. Trip wires were placed 5 cm above the ground in the lane and instrumented to measure tension placed on the devices by the expanding foam. Application of the RPF, at a depth of 0.6 m, appeared to neutralize most antitank mines examined in this program but triggered all the trip wire devices during the application. The foam also appeared to stand up well under vehicle traffic. The traction test lane consisted of two 5×35 m lanes. The lanes were created to test changes in traction in dry, wet, and foam-augmented wet soil. For these tests, 0.08 to 0.1 m of foam was dispensed into M88A2 and HMMWV ruts created during dry and wet drawbar-pull tests. Trafficability performance of the M88A2 decreased slightly with the application of the foam from an optimum drawbar pull coefficient of 0.21 after the simulated rainfall to 0.14 after application of the foam. Trafficability of the HMMWV showed moderate improvement from an optimum drawbar pull coefficient of 0.3 after the simulated rainfall to 0.5 after the application of the foam.
Organizational Conflict and Individual Creativity

A theory of the interaction of perceptions of conflict and dispositional tendencies on individual creativity is presented and tested. It is argued that there are two broad classes of people: those who are primarily socially oriented and those who are primarily instrumentally oriented. Further, on tasks that match their orientation, individuals are proposed to generally adhere to patterns and strategies that experience has taught them are most likely to work. This should mitigate against creativity. On tasks outside of their area of specialization, however, individuals are typically expected to be more random in their thinking, which should promote creativity. Perceived conflict is argued to lead to a reversal of this pattern, however. That is, perceptions of conflict were expected to promote creativity on tasks within, and reduce it on tasks outside of, individuals area of primary interest. These ideas were tested in two studies, one with university employees and one with minority students. The results of both studies generally supported the theory.
The Return of Nature as an Operative Model: Decoding of Material Properties as Generative Inputs to the Form-Making Process

The abandonment of nature as an architectural model and the redefinition of the relationship between form and material were two of the main consequences of industrialization for modern architecture. While nature was replaced by the machine as a model for architecture, industrial production suppressed the craftsman's knowledge of the material and the associated techniques once essential to the form-making process. Thus, the replacement of nature as a model implied that principles once related to natural processes started to be seen as industrial values, i.e., the economy of means stopped being recognized as a quality related to natural form-making processes and became a demand of industrial production. Nowadays, material properties and nature are being reintroduced into architecture with the help of digital technologies; that is, the return of nature though computation. As a result, nature has become an operational model as opposed to the visual or iconic one it used to be; its inner qualities and processe...
High-Temperature Stability of Palladium Membranes on Porous Metal Supports with Different Intermediate Layers

The effectiveness of intermediate layer to prevent intermetallic diffusion is a key factor for application of Pd membranes on porous stainless steel (PSS) support. In this work, electroless-plated Pd membranes were prepared on PSS disks with two different intermediate layers: in situ oxidized metal oxide and sol−gel derived mesoporous yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). A thinner, gastight Pd layer can be formed on PSS support with the YSZ intermediate layer, resulting in a higher hydrogen permeance than Pd membranes on PSS support with the in situ oxidized metal oxide intermediate layer. High temperature permeation and 100-h stability tests showed that both intermediate layers were effective as the diffusion barrier for Pd membranes on PSS supports in the temperature range of 773−873 K. At temperatures above 873 K, only the YSZ intermediate layer is effective in preventing intermetallic diffusion and gives a stable Pd membrane. At the elevated temperatures Pd membranes on PSS support with in situ oxidation...
Examination of the Impact of Ethnicity on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Fake Bad Scale

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Fake Bad Scale (FBS; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) has been shown to be sensitive to somatic over-endorsement. However, the impact of ethnicity has not been examined on the FBS, which is of concern given some studies that show increased rates of somatic endorsement in particular ethnic groups. We evaluated the FBS performance of 190 Caucasian American, Hispanic, and African American outpatients who were obtained from two different clinical settings, excluding those who were applying for disability or in litigation. We failed to find significant ethnic differences in mean FBS performance or in cut-off specificity rates. We did find evidence of a gender effect, supporting continued use of gender-specific FBS cutoffs.
New insights into perforator vein incompetence.

Abstract Background: there has been much controversy on the role of perforator veins in the development of chronic venous disease (CVD). This study was designed to determine the duration and direction of flow of lower limb perforator veins (PVs) in relation to their location, diameter and competency status of superficial and deep veins, in healthy volunteers and patients with different grades of CVD. Patients and methods: thirty limbs in 15 symptom-free volunteers and 103 limbs in 75 patients with signs and symptoms of CVD were examined with colour-flow duplex scanning. Superficial, perforator and deep veins were studied in the standing and sitting positions. Flow-velocity characteristics, the number and maximum PV diameter at the deep fascia and subfascially were determined. A PV was considered incompetent when the outward flow lasted >0.5 s. Results: 581 PVs were found in the patients and 106 in the volunteers. 163 PVs (28%) were incompetent in the first group and none in the latter. The total number of PVs and the number of incompetent PVs per limb increased significantly with the severity of CVD. The mid-calf area had more competent and incompetent PVs in patients (p 3.9 mm (95% CI 3.4 to 4.4 mm) indicated incompetence. However, the reverse was not true, because about a third of incompetent PVs had a subfascial diameter of
A sodium salt of the dimer of boronoterephthalic acid anhydride.

The title compound, sodium bis­(6-carb­oxy-1-hy­droxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborol-1-yl)oxidanium, Na+·C16H15B2O13−, was prepared in two steps from 2-bromo-p-xylene. Its crystal structure was determined at 140 K and has triclinic (P\overline{1}) symmetry. The compound presents a unique structural motif, including two units of the cyclic anhydride of boronoterephthalic acid, joined by a protonated, and thereby trivalent, oxonium center. Association in the crystal is realized by complementary hydrogen bonding of the carboxyl groups, as well as by coordination of the sodium cations to the oxygen centers on the five-membered rings.
The Fifth Column: Survival Scheduling with Hodgson's Rule or See How Those Salesmen Love One Another

southwestern part of this great country. It had recently hired a new production scheduler, and he started off his day with a briefing from the sales and production managers as to the lay of the land. The briefing informed him that attached to each trailer order was a salesman who got his full commission only if that order of trailers was delivered on time. The com mission continued to slide down to some
Injury of the renal microvascular endothelium alters barrier function after ischemia

The role of renal microvascular endothelial cell injury in the pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) remains largely unknown. No consistent morphological alterations have been ascri...
Incompatible kidney transplantation: lessons from a decade of desensitization and paired kidney exchange

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization and ABO incompatibility continue to pose significant barriers to further expansion of live donor renal transplantation. However, the recent development of effective desensitization protocols and creative paired donation strategies demonstrates that the presence of circulating donor HLA-specific antibodies and the use of ABO incompatible organs should no longer be considered contraindications for renal transplantation. It is estimated that as many as 6,000 patients on the kidney transplant waiting list have incompatible living donors and could benefit from these treatments. Furthermore, as our understanding of these treatment modalities has improved, it is now possible to predict whether desensitization, kidney paired donation or a combination of both will provide an individual patient with their best chance for successful renal transplantation.
Method for measurement of the blood–brain barrier permeability in the perfused mouse brain: application to amyloid-β peptide in wild type and Alzheimer’s Tg2576 mice

Abstract The role of transport exchanges of neuroactive solutes across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is increasingly recognized. To take full advantage of genetically altered mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders for BBB transport studies, we adapted a brain perfusion technique to the mouse. During a carotid brain perfusion with a medium containing sheep red blood cells and mock plasma, the physiological parameters in the arterial inflow, regional cerebral blood flow ( 14 C -iodoantipyrine autoradiography), ultrastructural integrity of the tissue, barrier to lanthanum, brain water content, energy metabolites and lactate levels remain unchanged. Amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) were iodinated by lactoperoxidase method. Non-oxidized mono-iodinated Aβ monomers were separated by HPLC (as confirmed by MALDI-TOF spectrometry) and used in transport measurements. Transport of intact 125 I -Aβ40 across the BBB was time- and concentration-dependent in contrast to negligible 14 C -inulin uptake. In 5–6 months old Alzheimer’s Tg2576 mice, Aβ40 BBB transport was increased by >eight-fold compared to age-matched littermate controls, and was mediated via the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts. We conclude the present arterial brain perfusion method provides strictly controlled environment in cerebral microcirculation suitable for examining transport of rapidly and slowly penetrating molecules across the BBB in normal and transgenic mice.
Parasites and Mate Choice in Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor

A fundamental assumption of the Hamilton and Zuk (1982) model of sexual selection is that parasite-free males should produce mate attracting displays that are substantially more vigorous and effective than those of their parasitized counterparts. Further, the model predicts that parasite-free males should be preferred as mating partners by females and, as a consequence, should have higher reproductive success than their parasitized competitors. Gray treefrogs ( Hyla versicolor ) constitute an ideal species for testing both assumptions and predictions of the Hamilton-Zuk model in that: (i) mate attraction by males requires the production of energetically costly calls and (ii) males of this species have been shown to harbor a wide range of helminth parasites. The present paper summarizes results of analyses of calling and mating behavior by male gray treefrogs in relation to their parasite infection levels. In general, these analyses revealed no consistent relationship between the number and kinds of parasites harbored by males and either the duration or duty-cycle (a direct measure of energetic cost) of their calls. Furthermore, males found in amplexus (i.e., males actually selected as mating partners by females) showed a slightly higher prevalence of parasite infection (but a slightly lower intensity of infection) than did a comparable sample of unmated males. In sum, the present study failed to support the major within-species prediction of the Hamilton-Zuk model of sexual selection and also calls into question one of the fundamental assumptions of the model.
An All Glass Apparatus for “Continuous” Chromatography and its Application to Chrysene

Abstract A technique for the ′continuous′ chromatography of large batches, greater than 10–20 g, of organic scintillators for removal of strongly adsorbed impurities was extensively used in 1956 by Sangster and Irvine1 and is shown in Fig. 1(a). The solvent percolates through the batch of crude material extracting the most soluble fraction and carrying it onto the adsorption chromatography column. The highly adsorbed impurities are retained on the column, usually highly polar impurities, and the purified solution enters the lower reservoir. A heating mantle is then used to boil up the solvent which recondenses and falls on the crude material again, thus making a continuous solvent cycle. The process is continued until the impurities, observed either by their color or fluorescence, approach the lower reservoir at which point the elution can be temporarily stopped and a fresh charge of adsorbent introduced.