cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dural scalp and intracranial hemangiomas causing hydrocephalus and venous sinus thrombosis in an infant.

Cutaneous scalp hemangiomas may herald the presence of occult intracranial hemangiomas. A previously healthy 4-month-old girl presented with a bleeding scalp hemangioma, a bulging fontanel, and anemia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed hydrocephalus along with multiple intracranial hemangiomas. These lesions compressed the jugular foramina, resulting in venous sinus thrombosis involving the right transverse sinus, the left sigmoid sinus, and the torcular herophili. The patient had no family history of phakomatoses or other genetic abnormalities. A thrombophilia work-up result was unremarkable. The patient was treated with prednisolone (10 mg twice daily) and low molecular weight heparin (1 mg/kg/dose) twice daily. This treatment decreased the size of her cutaneous and intracranial hemangiomas and led to the resolution of her venous sinus thromboses and hydrocephalus. Innocuous scalp hemangioma in an infant may herald more concerning intracranial pathology, which can be treated effecti...
Avoided deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: Simulating the effect of the Juma Sustainable Development Reserve

Abstract The Juma Sustainable Development Reserve, located in Brazil’s state of Amazonas, was the first protected area in Brazil to be benefited by a Reducing Emissions from a Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) project. However, the carbon benefits of REDD projects may be compromised by leakage, or displacement of deforestation to areas outside of the reserve. Through environmental modeling techniques it is possible to simulate scenarios that represent changes in land use and land cover and thus assess the possible trajectories and magnitude of deforestation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Juma reserve in reducing deforestation and to estimate projected carbon emission by 2050. The simulated scenarios were: (1) baseline scenario, without the creation of the Juma reserve; (2) scenario with leakage (SL) where the creation of the reserve would cause a spatial shift in deforestation, and (3) scenario with reduced leakage (SRL), where the amount of deforestation resulting from leakage is reduced. Considering the study area as a whole (Juma reserve +120-km buffer zone), there would be a 16.0% (14,695 km2) reduction in forest cover by 2050 in the baseline scenario, 15.9% (14,647 km2) in the SL and 15.4% (14,219 km2) in the SRL, as compared to what was present in 2008. The loss of forest cover within the limits of the Juma reserve by 2050 would be 18.9% (1052 km2) in the baseline scenario and 7.1% (395 km2) in the SL and SRL. From the simulated scenarios, the carbon stock in the total study area was estimated to be reduced from 1.63 Pg C (Pg = 1015 g = 1 billion tons) in 2008 to 1.37 Pg C in 2050 in the baseline scenario and in the SL and to 1.38 Pg C in the SRL. In the area of the Juma reserve, the carbon stock would be reduced from 0.10 Pg C in 2008 to 0.08 Pg C in 2050 (baseline) or 0.09 Pg C (SL and SRL). The Juma reserve was effective in reducing carbon emission by 2050, but the reduction would be substantially less than that calculated in the Juma REDD project. Leakage must be accounted for in REDD projects because the deforestation resulting from this effect could generate “hot air” (carbon credit with no additionality). Over longer time horizons the benefits of reserves are greater and leakage losses are recovered.
The effects of a four week primary and secondary speed training protocol on 40 yard sprint times in female college soccer players

Improvements in running speed have been attributed to both primary and secondary speed training techniques. Primary techniques involve attention to running mechanics and form, and secondary techniques involve resisted or assisted sprinting. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of combining both primary and secondary speed training techniques on 40 yard sprint speed in young soccer players. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of pre- and post- four week speed training protocol on 40-yard sprint times in female collegiate soccer players. METHODS: Twelve (19.5 + 1.5y) normal weight (BMI: 22.7 + 3.4 kg∙m -2 ) and body composition (BF: 27.75 + 3.8%) active white female collegiate soccer players participated in a four week training protocol which implemented primary and secondary speed training methods. A standard running mechanics program was implemented two times per week and was immediately followed by resisted or assisted sprinting. Sled towing was chosen for resisted sprinting, while elastic towing devices were chosen for assisted sprinting. Forty yard sprint times were assessed pre and post protocol. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. RESULTS : A paired samples t-test showed the four week speed training protocol elicited statistically significant reductions in 40 yard sprint times (p<0.001). The average sprint time decreased by 0.248 seconds (pre=5.463 + 0.066 vs post=5.215 + 0.053). CONCLUSION: A four week speed training protocol of primary and secondary techniques may play a significant role in reducing 40 yard sprint times in college female soccer athletes. Values are presented as (mean + SEM)
Evolving Approaches to Tricuspid Valve Surgery: Moving To Europe?∗

The tricuspid valve has sometimes been referred to as the “forgotten valve” because there are far more publications about mitral valve surgery than about tricuspid valve surgery. In this issue of the Journal , Chikwe et al. [(1)][1], from Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York, provide an
Mechanical Properties of Ga 1–xInxAs

Substantial solid solution strengthening of GaAs by In acting as InAs4 units has recently been predicted. This strengthening could account for the reduction of dislocation density in GaAs single crystals grown from the melt. High temperature hardness measurements up to 700°C have been carried out on (100) GaAs and Ga0.9975In0.0025 AS wafers. Results show a significant strengthening effect in In-doped GaAs even at concentration levels of about 0.2 wt%. A temperature independent flow stress region is observed for both these alloys. The In-doped GaAs shows a higher plateau stress level compared to the undoped GaAs. The results are consistent with the solid solution strengthening model.
Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of lipids and lipophilic pigments in snails

This paper reviews the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for the analysis of neutral lipids and phospholipids in medically and economically important snails (gastropod molluscs). It updates and fills in unintentionally neglected papers from earlier reviews on this topic published in 1990 and 2006 in this journal, and extends coverage to lipophilic pigments for the first time. The review discusses all steps of the TLC procedure, including sample preparation, sample and standard application, layers and mobile phases, detection of zones, and quantification. Significant findings on the effects of temperature, larval parasitism, diet, and environmental changes on the lipid and lipophilic pigment content in the snails as determined by TLC as well as the results of other miscellaneous studies and advantages and future prospects are presented.
Alternative splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGF-R2) in human prostate cancer

Progression of prostate cancer from an androgen sensitive to androgen insensitive tumor has previously been shown to be accompanied by a change in alternative splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGF-R2) in a rat model of prostate cancer. This change results in loss of the FGF-R2(IIIb) isoform and predominant expression of the FGF-R2(IIIc) isoform. We sought to determine whether this change in FGF-R2 splicing is also associated with androgen insensitivity in human prostate tumors. We analysed three well characterized human prostate cancer cell lines and three metastatic prostate tumors which have been maintained as xenografts in nude mice. One of the cell lines, LNCaP, and two of the xenografts, DUKAP-1 and DUKAP-2, have been characterized as androgen sensitive, whereas two of the cell lines, DU-145 and PC-3, and one of the xenografts, DU9479, display androgen independent growth. Using an RT-PCR based assay, we demonstrated that progressive loss of the FGF-R2(111b) isoform correlated with androgen insensitivity in these human prostate cancer models. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that that loss of FGF-R2(IIIb) may be one step in a series of events which lead to progression of human prostate cancer.
People Who Lived in Stone Houses: Local Knowledge and Social Difference in the Classic Maya Puuc Region of Yucatan, Mexico

This study builds on the premise that local knowledge of limestone—and its workable characteristics—was foundational to landscape inhabitation in the Puuc region of Yucatan, Mexico. Classic Maya architecture of the northern Yucatan generally is considered to represent the apogee of Maya construction prowess with extensive use of core-veneer masonry and the creation of tall, wide corbelled vaults. Less commonly discussed is the variable distribution of high-quality limestone across the Yucatan, the social matrix that undergirds the quarrying, transporting, and working of limestone, and the pronounced social differences materialized in stone architecture. This study explores these three topics by bringing to bear Yucatec Mayan linguistic evidence and excavation data from the archaeological site of Sayil, in the hilly Puuc region of Yucatan. That information provides a basis for understanding the development of a sprawling residential complex, the role that variable limestone quality played in its expansion, and serves as an index of intra-compound social difference. Late additions to the dwellings indicate that recognition of the cultural value of carved stone persisted long after masonry skills became attenuated. The durability of stone renders it a particularly effective—if underutilized—medium for interpreting social landscapes of the past.
Behavior of human cytomegaloviruses in cell cultures of bovine and simian origin.

SummaryBovine and Vero (simian) cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibited cytopathic changes and produced specific antigens as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and complement fixation (CF). Infectious virus was recovered by cocultivation with human fibroblasts from the bovine cells only during the first week after inoculation, but from the Vero cells throughout the 4-week period of observation. Herpes-like virus particles were evident by electron microscopy in the nuclei of infected Vero cells at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after inoculation but were not demonstrable in the bovine cells.
Characterization of Fe-50mol%Al Powder in Mechanical Alloying

A study was made on the identification of change in structure of the Fe50Al50 powders during mechanical alloying. The powders were produced by milling a mixture of pure Fe and pure Al powders with molar ratio 50:50. A dry tumbler ball milling was used.In the X-ray diffractions, the peaks of the Fe and the Al phases became weak with milling time and the powders showed the same patterns as a case of supersaturated solid solution, α-Fe(Al), after 1800ks milling. Scanning electron microscope observations showed that the difference of each layer, the contrast of the back scattered electron micrograph, was diminished as milling time. The particles became large and lamellar in the initial milling stage. The powder became very fine (average particle size<5μm) and approximately spherical after 1800ks. A single phase of FeAl were formed by milling 1800ks and annealing at 1200K.
Low Noise, Mode-Locked 253 MHz Tm/Ho Fiber Laser With Core Pumping at 790 nm

We demonstrate a single-mode Tm/Ho co-doped mode-locked fiber laser with a repetition rate of 253 MHz that is directly core pumped at a wavelength of 790 nm. In a soliton mode-locked linear fiber laser cavity, femtosecond pulses with transform-limited pulse durations of 315 fs are generated. With single-mode core pumping, the high peak absorption of the gain medium is utilized to obtain an optical spectrum with suppressed ripples and high signal-to-background levels in the RF spectrum above 70 dB. Good noise performance with a rms relative intensity noise of 0.11% [10 Hz, 2 MHz] and a timing jitter of 20 fs [100 Hz, 2 MHz] is demonstrated. For a single pulsing mode-locking regime, a reproducible and stable peak wavelength tunability of the optical spectrum is achieved over 11 nm by pump power tuning.
Sexually Transmitted Infections in LGBT Populations

While it is recognized that men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI), it is important to understand that all members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population are at risk for STI acquisition, in many instances also disproportionately. Health care providers should be aware that many individuals who do not identify as part of the LGBT community also participate in non-heterosexual behaviors. All patients must thus receive detailed sexual histories for providers to establish risk of individual STI at various anatomic sites. Key sexually transmitted pathogens include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrheae (GC), Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Treponema pallidum (the etiologic agent of syphilis), and human papillomavirus (HPV). Other pathogens of note include lymphogranuloma venereum, bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis, Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis), pubic lice, molluscum contagiosum, and scabies. The epidemiological factors, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for these pathogens and conditions are discussed within this chapter. Further, a discussion of the key STI clinical syndromes (urethritis, cervicitis, proctitis, and vaginitis) is included to help health care providers of LGBT patients with their approach to care of the patient with a potential STI.
The kinetics of the interaction between tetrodotoxin and mammalian nonmyelinated nerve fibers.

Kinetic measurements were made of the blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX) of sodium channels in the nonmyelinated fibers of the desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. The onset rate was found to increase with TTX concentration, whereas the offset rate after removal of TTX was found to be relatively independent of the TTX concentration to which the preparation had been exposed. It has been shown that the rate of action of tetrodotoxin may well be controlled by diffusion (slowed by simultaneous adsorption) rather than by the rate of the drug-receptor interaction. Nevertheless, the equilibrium constant calculated independently from kinetic measurements, on the wrong assumption that the rates are controlled by the drug-receptor interaction, should be roughly correct. The equilibrium constant so calculated was 3.18 nM, confirming the previous independent estimate made from equilibrium measurements of TTX blockade.
Prolonged adenosine triphosphate infusion and exercise hyperemia in humans.

In humans, intra-arterial ATP infusion in limbs mimics many features of exercise hyperemia. However, it remains unknown whether ATP can evoke the prolonged vasodilation seen during exercise. Therefore, we addressed two questions during a continuous 3-h brachial artery infusion of ATP [20 μg·100 ml forearm volume (FAV)(-1)·min(-1)]: 1) would skeletal muscle blood flow remain robust or wane over time (tachyphylaxis); and 2) would the hyperemic response to moderate-intensity exercise performed during the ATP administration be blunted compared with that during control (saline) infusion. Nine participants (25 ± 1 yr) performed one trial consisting of seven bouts of rhythmic handgrip exercise (20 contractions/min at 20% of maximum), two bouts during saline (control), and five bouts during 180 min of continuous ATP infusion. Five minutes of ATP infusion resulted in a 710% increase in forearm vascular conductance (FVC) from control (4.8 ± 0.77 vs. 35.0 ± 5.7 ml·min(-1)·100 mmHg(-1)·dl FAV(-1), P 0.05), seen prior to the exercise bouts at 5 vs. 150 min, respectively. During superimposed exercise, FVC increased from 35.0 ± 5.7 to 49.6 ± 5.4 ml·min(-1)·100 mmHg(-1)·dl FAV(-1) at 5 min and 36.0 ± 7.7 to 54.5 ± 5.0 at 150 min (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate ATP vasodilation is prolonged over time without tachyphylaxis; however, exercise hyperemia responses remain intact. Our results challenge the metabolic theory of exercise hyperemia, suggesting a disconnect between matching of blood flow and metabolic demand.
Gender Inequality in Education

Two main dimensions of educational gender inequality, “attainment” and “segregation,” have followed distinct historical trajectories since the middle of the twentieth century. On the one hand, long-standing male–female gaps in enrollment and completion have been shrinking, and have even reversed in many societies. On the other hand, segregation across fields of study has persisted, even strengthened, in many of the world's most affluent democracies. These divergent trends, along with sociological explanations for them, are discussed. Keywords: education; gender equality; inequality/inequalities; women in science
Cerebrovascular Disease and Migraine

The connection between migraines and cerebrovascular disease has been studied for over a century. In the past few decades, multiple studies have demonstrated an increased risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in those with migraines, with a stronger link noted in migraines with aura. Determining the underlying etiology of this association, however, has proven difficult. Neuroimaging studies have not demonstrated any underlying associations either. Differentiating between migraines with aura and transient ischemic attacks, migrainous infarction, and late-life migraine accompaniments can be challenging. Despite the known association between these disorders, there are no current robust preventive strategies, though patients requiring oral contraceptives should avoid estrogen-containing medications.
The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age

(2006). The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 235-237.
Cup products, lower central series, and holonomy Lie algebras

Abstract We generalize basic results relating the associated graded Lie algebra and the holonomy Lie algebra of a group, from finitely presented, commutator-relators groups to arbitrary finitely presented groups. Using the notion of “echelon presentation,” we give an explicit formula for the cup-product in the cohomology of a finite 2-complex. This yields an algorithm for computing the corresponding holonomy Lie algebra, based on a Magnus expansion method. As an application, we discuss issues of graded-formality, filtered-formality, 1-formality, and mildness. We illustrate our approach with examples drawn from a variety of group-theoretic and topological contexts, such as link groups, one-relator groups, and fundamental groups of orientable Seifert fibered manifolds.
Controlling Limit Cycle Oscillation Amplitudes in Nonlinear Aeroelastic Systems

The paper focuses on the design of nonlinear state feedback controllers to minimize the amplitude of limit cycle oscillations exhibited by nonlinear aeroelastic systems. Nonlinear normal modes are ...
The nature of clinical depression: Symptoms, syndromes, and behavior analysis

In this article we discuss the traditional behavioral models of depression and some of the challenges analyzing a phenomenon with such complex and varied features. We present the traditional model and suggest that it does not capture the complexity of the phenomenon, nor do syndromal models of depression that dominate the mainstream conceptualization of depression. Instead, we emphasize ideographic analysis and present depression as a maladaptive dysregulation of an ultimately adaptive elicited emotional response. We emphasize environmental factors, specifically aversive control and private verbal events, in terms of relational frame theory, that may transform an adaptive response into a maladaptive disorder. We consider the role of negative thought processes and rumination, common and debilitating aspects of depression that have traditionally been neglected by behavior analysts.
Characterising omission errors in everyday task completion and cognitive correlates in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia

Objective: Functional ability declines with age and cognitive impairment. This study investigated errors of omission made by community-dwelling older adults completing everyday tasks in a naturalis...
David Franks: Colonial Merchant. By Mark Abbott Stern

David Franks (1720–1793) was one of Philadelphia's earliest Jewish residents and among the region's premier merchants. From the time of the French and Indian War until his death, much of his business activity coincided with political events. Despite Franks's central role in commerce in Pennsylvania, his membership in Philadelphia's elite circles, and his family's prominence in trans-Atlantic trade, no full-length treatment of his life had previously been published. The reason for this omission is likely the absence of any large archival collection dedicated to Franks, making it difficult to compile a coherent record. Mark Abbott Stern,a retired engineer, has located scattered sources and reconstructed the details of Franks's life.
The prevalence of kilometer-scale heterogeneity in the source region of MORB upper mantle.

The source regions of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are heterogeneous, consisting of chemically and lithologically distinct domains of variable size. Partial melting of such heterogeneous mantle sources gives rise to diverse isotopic compositions of MORB and abyssal peridotites. Variations in radiogenic isotope ratios in MORB are attributed to mixing of melts derived from enriched and depleted mantle components. However, melt mixing alone cannot fully account for the difference between the average 143Nd/144Nd in abyssal peridotites and their spatially associated MORB. We show that the more depleted Nd isotope composition in abyssal peridotites is a natural consequence of melt migration–induced mixing or smearing in the melting column. Sub-kilometer scale enriched mantle components or heterogeneities are significantly damped or homogenized in both the residue and erupted melt during their transit through the melting region. Heterogeneities with larger size and higher incompatible trace element abundance are more resistive to the mixing processes. The size-sensitive mixing depends on a parameter called the enrichment strength, which is the product of the heterogeneity size and the ratio between incompatible trace element abundance in the enriched and depleted mantle sources. Observed Nd-Hf isotope variations in MORB and abyssal peridotites can be reproduced if the enrichment strength is 20 to 60 km. These heterogeneities could be on the kilometer scale and have similar isotope ratios to but less incompatible trace element abundances than recycled oceanic crust.
Editing the Epigenome: Reshaping the Genomic Landscape

The eukaryotic epigenome has an instrumental role in determining and maintaining cell identity and function. Epigenetic components such as DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, chromatin accessibility, and DNA architecture are tightly correlated with central cellular processes, while their dysregulation manifests in aberrant gene expression and disease. The ability to specifically edit the epigenome holds the promise of enhancing understanding of how epigenetic modifications function and enabling manipulation of cell phenotype for research or therapeutic purposes. Genome engineering technologies use highly specific DNA-targeting tools to precisely deposit epigenetic changes in a locus-specific manner, creating diverse epigenome editing platforms. This review summarizes these technologies and insights from recent studies, describes the complex relationship between epigenetic components and gene regulation, and highlights caveats and promises of the emerging field of epigenome editing, including applications for translational purposes, such as epigenetic therapy and regenerative medicine.
Real Time Fuzzy Logic Controller for Balancing a Beam-and-Ball System

Controlling a nonlinear system in real time is a challenging task which usually involves extensive mathematical formulation and intensive computation. In many cases, a linearization of the system model has to be derived first before the design of a controller, which limits the validaty of the system model. In addition, the detailed system parameters have to be known in order to perform such linearization, which can be difficult or even may not be practical in some real world applications. In this study, we demonstrated the design of a real-time fuzzy logic controller for a typical nonlinear system control application, balancing a beam-and-ball system in real time. Unlike the optimal or conventional control technique, the fuzzy logic controller requires no explicit system parameters, such as mass, torque etc., and it is characterized by its simplicity. A hardware prototyping system is built and the experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the controller. The comparative study reveals that the fuzzy logic controller outperforms optimal control based algorithm and in most cases outperforms trained human operators as well.
Positivism Challenged: Interpretation, Integrity, and Law

Sometimes jurisprudence mimics the physical world, each new theory provoking an opposite and sometimes equally powerful theory. This is not an iron law, perhaps, but the claim is borne out by developments in Anglo-American jurisprudence the last quarter of the twentieth century. Hart’s powerful restatement of positivism at mid-century stimulated a revival of natural-law jurisprudence in the last two decades of the century. From different philosophical quarters, a variety of theories emerged pursuing quite different theoretical agendas, but all were united in their opposition to positivism. Rejecting Hart’s underlying empiricism, anti-positivist theories like those of John Finnis (1980, 1992, 1998) and Ernest Weinreb (1988, 1995) revived rationalist jurisprudence; Aristotle, Aquinas, and Kant, rather than Hume and Bentham, provided the philosophical foundations for these two quite different contemporary natural-law theories (see below, chap. 12). In contrast, Michael Moore (1985, 1992, 1995) offered a thoroughly modern, revisionist naturallaw theory, drawing on philosophical realism in contemporary metaphysics and meta-ethics. In Chapter 12, we will consider the most influential of these natural-law theories, but in this chapter we explore positivism’s most widely discussed challenger, Ronald Dworkin’s interpretive jurisprudence and “law as integrity.”
A Vectorized Matrix-Vector Multiply and Overlapping Block Iterative Method

An overlapping block iterative method is presented for solving large systems of equations which result from finite element discretizations. This algorithm is very much in the spirit of the element-by-element techniques described by Hughes et al. and by Carey and Jiang; however, it differs from these in that the algorithm here is a block iterative method in the classical sense where the blocks or groups are the nodes in the individual elements. Since any given node may appear in several elements, this technique has been called an “overlapping” block iterative method.
Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System

The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family is characterized by covalently linked repeating disaccharides forming long unbranched polysaccharide chains. Thus far in higher eukaryotes, the family consists of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparin/heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and hyaluronan (HA). All GAG chains (except HA) are characteristically modified by varying amounts of esterified sulfate. One or more GAG chains are usually found in nature bound to polypeptide backbones in the form of proteoglycans; HA is the exception and is not synthesized covalently bound to a protein. Proteoglycans, and especially their GAG components, participate in numerous biologically significant interactions with growth factors, chemokines, morphogens, guidance molecules, survival factors, and other extracellular and cell-surface components. These interactions are often critical to the basic developmental processes of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as to both the onset of disease sequelae and the prevention of disease progression. In the nervous system, GAG/proteoglycan-mediated interactions participate in proliferation and synaptogenesis, neural plasticity, and regeneration. This review focuses on the structure, chemistry, and function of GAGs in nervous system development, disease, and injury response.
Wh – Question answering in children with intellectual disability

Abstract This study investigated the ability of students with intellectual disability (ID) (n = 39) to answer questions beginning with different wh- question words presented in two referential conditions (i.e., with and without a picture). It also investigated participants’ ability to answer questions that were more concrete (i.e., who, what, where) or abstract (i.e., when, why, how). Across conditions, the rank ordering of correct responses for each question word was: what, who, where, how, why, when. Logistic regression analysis revealed no overall statistical significance between the probability of answering questions correctly across referential conditions. Participants answered 89% of concrete and 56% of abstract questions correctly across both referential conditions, and logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the probability of answering concrete and abstract questions. The results of this study point to the importance of learning more about ways to support students with ID with answering wh- questions.
Effects of internal porosity and crystallographic texture on Charpy absorbed energy of electron beam melting titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)

Abstract The effects of internal porosity and crystallographic texture on miniaturized Charpy absorbed energy behavior of electron beam melting (EBM) titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) are shown through investigation of material in two heat treatment conditions (As-Built and Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed)) and two specimen orientations (Vertical and Horizontal). Internal porosity was assessed by use of x-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) and fractography. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize crystallographic texture. Charpy absorbed energy was measured over a range of temperatures (−196 to 600 °C). Results suggested internal porosity has a deleterious effect on Charpy absorbed energy. Internal porosity was observed in the As-Built condition (99.8% dense) but not in the HIPed condition, and the HIPed material had a higher Charpy absorbed energy. An observed increase in α lath thickness due to HIPing also contributed to this trend in Charpy absorbed energy. Crystallographic texture and anisotropic grain morphology (i.e., prior-β grains elongated in the build direction) influenced the measured Charpy absorbed energy. It was observed that for similar texture, crack pathways that crossed more prior-β grain boundaries resulted in higher Charpy absorbed energy. However, differing textures were found to negate the prior-β grain boundary strengthening effect, emphasizing the influence of texture and variations in texture on Charpy absorbed energy. Mixed textures were measured for all heat treatment conditions and specimen orientations, ranging from predominantly ⟨ 00 1 ⟩ β to predominantly ⟨ 11 0 ⟩ β (both in the build direction), but none matched the most commonly reported texture for this material (i.e., exclusive ⟨ 00 1 ⟩ β -fiber in the build direction). Hypothesized processing parameters leading to these textures are discussed.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Variable Stiffness Joint for Robot

As people pay more attention to the safety of human-robotic interaction, the flexibility of machine joints is becoming more and more important. To address the needs of future robotic applications, many kinds of variable stiffness mechanisms have been designed by scientists. But most of the structures are complex. By studying and comparing many different mechanism designs of variable stiffness joint, we recognize the need to miniaturization and reduce weight of variable stiffness joints with high frequency operation. To address this, need a continuously Variable Compliant Joint (CVCJ) was designed. The core of the joint is based on the structure of the spherical continuously variable transmission (SCVT) which is the catalyst to change the stiffness continuously and smoothly. In this paper, we present a compact variable stiffness joint structure to meet the volume and weight requirements of the future robotic systems. We show the connection between the joint stiffness coefficient and the structure parameters by making mathematical analysis, modelling and simulation for the system to verify the ability to satisfy the base application requirements of the compliant joint.
Trust of Humans in Supervisory Control of Swarm Robots with Varied Levels of Autonomy

In this paper, we study trust-related human factors in supervisory control of swarm robots with varied levels of autonomy (LOA) in a target foraging task. We compare three LOAs: manual, mixed-initiative (MI), and fully autonomous LOA. In the manual LOA, the human operator chooses headings for a flocking swarm, issuing new headings as needed. In the fully autonomous LOA, the swarm is redirected automatically by changing headings using a search algorithm. In the mixed-initiative LOA, if performance declines, control is switched from human to swarm or swarm to human. The result of this work extends the current knowledge on human factors in swarm supervisory control. Specifically, the finding that the relationship between trust and performance improved for passively monitoring operators (i.e., improved situation awareness in higher LOAs) is particularly novel in its contradiction of earlier work. We also discover that operators switch the degree of autonomy when their trust in the swarm system is low. Last, our analysis shows that operator's preference for a lower LOA is confirmed for a new domain of swarm control.
Time Barrier-Based Emergency Message Dissemination in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

With the advancement in technology and inception of smart vehicles and smart cities, every vehicle can communicate with the other vehicles either directly or through ad-hoc networks. Therefore, such platforms can be utilized to disseminate time-critical information. However, in an ad-hoc situation, information coverage can be restricted in situations, where no relay vehicle is available. Moreover, the critical information must be delivered within a specific period of time; therefore, timely message dissemination is extremely important. The existing data dissemination techniques in VANETs generate a large number of messages through techniques such as broadcast or partial broadcast. Thus, the techniques based on broadcast schemes can cause congestion as all the recipients re-broadcast the message and vehicles receive multiple copies of same messages. Further, re-broadcast can degrade the coverage delivery ratio due to channel congestion. Moreover, the traditional cluster-based approach cannot work efficiently. As clustering schemes add additional delays due to communication with cluster head only. In this paper, we propose a data dissemination technique using a time barrier mechanism to reduce the overhead of messages that can clutter the network. The proposed solution is based on the concept of a super-node to timely disseminate the messages. Moreover, to avoid unnecessary broadcast which can also cause the broadcast storm problem, the time barrier technique is adapted to handle this problem. Thus, only the farthest vehicle rebroadcasts the message which can cover more distance. Therefore, the message can reach the farthest node in less time and thus, improves the coverage and reduces the delay. The proposed scheme is compared with traditional probabilistic approaches. The evaluation section shows the reduction in message overhead, transmission delay, improved coverage, and packet delivery ratio.
Maintaining Competitive Advantage Through Organizational Unlearning

Recent studies suggest that market oriented firms have a greater likelihood of attaining competitive advantage (Kohli and Jaworski 1990; Narver and Slater I990; Day I994). A main premise of this paper is that a strong market orientation is necessary, but not sufficient to maintain competitive advantage because it cannot, by itself, facilitate unlearning.
Intraseptal Mucocele as a Long-term Complication of Revision Septorhinoplasty: A Case Report and Review of a Rare Entity.

Paranasal sinus mucoceles are benign, expansive, cystic lesions which arise from retention of mucus secretions. They arise primarily in the setting of cystic degeneration of the sinus mucosa or sec...
A dataset collected in a lab experiment for the Generalized Second Price auction

This article presents a new data set on individual choices in the Generalized Second Price (GSP) auctions, collected in a lab experiment reported in "An Experimental Study of the Generalized Second Price Auction" [1]. 108 subjects were recruited and asked to submit bids in a sequence of GSP auctions, which were computerized, programmed using z-tree (Fischbacher, 2007). The subjects were incentivized to submit bids to (in expectation) maximize the profit in the GSP auctions as we paid cash proportional to the profit earned in the experiment. The experiment simulated GSP auctions where three bidders compete for two advertisement-slots. Two sets of Click-Through Rates (11-10, 11-3) were employed under both static complete information and dynamic incomplete information.
Compose, OML, and Activate: A New Software Suite for Modeling and Simulation

Modeling and simulation is a fundamental part of control and design. This paper describes a new suite of software that has a combination of features that makes it unique. It is professionally designed and developed and is a mixture of open source and freely distributed software. It uses a language syntax similar to the most commonly used ones today. It includes also a graphical modeling package. The software is designed to model continuous-time, discrete-time, and hybrid systems. The distribution also includes a Modelica part that allows easy incorporation of Modelica blocks within the general diagrams. A control toolbox is also included. There are a number of other features that are described in this paper.
CMV Colitis in a Patient Receiving Dasatinib.

Introduction: CMV generally produces an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic acute illness in immunocompetent patients. CMV reactivation commonly occurs in patients with CML after allogeneic transplant but has not been described in those who are treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We report a case of a patient with CML in lymphoid blast phase treated with dasatinib to cytogenetic remission that presented with CMV Colitis. Method: 73-year-old male diagnosed with CML in lymphoid blast crisis 2/2006 treated with chemotherapy and imatinib with good response. He relapsed in 2/2007 with leukostasis and underwent leukopharesis. His BCR/ABL mutation analysis was positive for F359V mutation conferring resistance to imatinib. He was started on dasatinib 70 mg twice daily and had a cytogenetic remission within four months. He presented five months after starting therapy with four weeks of recurrent fevers, chills, malnutrition and diarrhea. Results: CBC and differential revealed only mild thrombocytopenia, Absolute CD4 count of 209; absolute CD8 count of 1495. CMV DNA PCR Quantification of 1500 copies/ml. CT chest abdomen and pelvis showed right sided pleural effusion but no pneumonitis. Flex sigmoidoscopy showed inflamed edematous mucosa with submucosal hemorrhages scattered throughout colon and rectum. Pathology showed chronic colitis, focal viral cytopathic changes consistent with CMV presence. Presence of CMV was confirmed by immunoperoxidase stain for CMV. Treatment was started with IV ganciclovir then switched to oral valganciclovir with good response and resolution of CMV infection. Conclusion: CMV colitis is a well-known complication in immunocompromised hosts after HCT. We are reporting a case of CMV colitis in a patient with CML and had hematologic and cytogenetic remission on a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor - dasatinib. CMV reactivation may occur in patients who are receiving dasatinib. Furthur evaluation is necessary to determine the incidence of this complication.
Design and Implementation of a Bipolar-Unipolar Switched Boundary Current Mode (BCM) Control GaN-Based Single-Phase Inverter

This paper presents the design and implementation of a boundary current mode (BCM) modulated GaN-based single phase inverter using a combination of bipolar and unipolar switching. Both unipolar and bipolar BCM-switched full bridge inverters are explored in detail in the context of efficiency, output current distortion and leakage current. Although the unipolar switched BCM inverter results in a higher efficiency in comparison to the bipolar switched inverter, it leads to a higher output current distortion at the low frequency zero crossing. On the other hand, the bipolar switched BCM inverter yields a low leakage current and reduced output current distortion, but exhibits lower efficiency. To overcome the low frequency zero crossing current distortion while maintaining a high efficiency, a combination of bipolar and unipolar switching in a BCM inverter is proposed. An experimental prototype has been built to validate the proposed control technique and modulation scheme. The proposed approach achieves a 2% efficiency improvement in comparison to the standard bipolar switched BCM inverter and a THD of 1.15%.
ADAPTIVE CAPABILITIES OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT: A CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PILOT STUDY

Background The term temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is a common broad clinical descriptor for a group of clinical signs and symptoms. Morphologic changes may underlie the clinical presentation. Objective This blinded case-control study aimed to correlate osseous changes of the condylar head in patients presenting to the Orofacial Pain Clinic with TMD-related complaints. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained, and 60 patients (30 study patients and 30 age- and gender-matched controls; age 18–40 years) were enrolled. After a clinical examination, each subject underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). The Revised Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)/TMD Diagnostic Form was used to record and assess clinical TMJ findings and InVivo v6.0 software to visualize and assess condylar volume and morphologic changes. The findings were recorded on an Excel spreadsheet. Results Remodeling was primarily observed in the anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior condylar surfaces. Clinical findings included disk displacement, temporalis and TMJ headache, and pain in the temporalis and masseter muscles and lateral pole of the TMJ. Condylar dimensional changes between groups were found to be nonsignificant. The results demonstrated that reduction in condylar volume correlated significantly with clinical evidence of disk displacement. Discussion Although osseous changes in older age groups have been well documented, changes seen in younger patients are not well reported in the literature.
The plant pathogen enzyme AldC is a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase

Aldehyde dehydrogenases are versatile enzymes that serve a range of biochemical functions. Although traditionally considered metabolic housekeeping enzymes because of their ability to detoxify reactive aldehydes, like those generated from lipid peroxidation damage, the contributions of these enzymes to other biological processes are widespread. For example, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 uses an indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to synthesize the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid to elude host responses. Here we investigate the biochemical function of AldC from PtoDC3000. Analysis of the substrate profile of AldC suggests that this enzyme functions as a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase. The 2.5 A resolution X-ray crystal of the AldC C291A mutant in a dead-end complex with octanal and NAD+ reveals an apolar binding site primed for aliphatic aldehyde substrate recognition. Functional characterization of site-directed mutants targeting the substrate- and NAD(H)-binding sites identifies key residues in the active site for ligand interactions, including those in the "aromatic box" that define the aldehyde-binding site. Overall, this study provides molecular insight for understanding the evolution of the prokaryotic aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily and their diversity of function.
The Presidency and Presidential Power

Over time Congress has delegated some of its powers to the president and both the Supreme Court and the public have tended to accept these delegations as legitimate. However, without the powers that the Constitution gives Congress and the Supreme Court, arguably America would not have a democracy as that concept is commonly understood among students of politics and, to a lesser degree, the general public. We highlight this vital theme in this chapter, and in doing so, trace High Court decisions on presidential power from the Civil War period to the present.
Taking the Tactical Out of Technical: A Reassessment of Tactical Technical Communication:

This article interrogates the concept of tactical technical communication specifically questioning the established understanding of de Certeau in the field of technical communication. It argues onc...
Laparoscopic Approach to Malrotation

Rotational anomalies of the intestine are well described in the pediatric surgical literature. The deep understanding of these anomalies their surgical management differentiate the pediatric surgeons from their adult surgery colleagues. The diagnostic and operative approaches to these problems have developed consistently over the last several decades as techniques and understanding have progressed. The potentially devastating outcomes of malrotation, nonrotation, and volvulus generally necessitate operative repair. The open technique was originally described by William Ladd in the 1930s, hence the eponymous “Ladd’s Procedure.” Since then, although the principles of the operation have remained the same, minimally invasive approaches have also been applied. Herein, we provide a review of the laparoscopic approach to surgical correction of abdominal rotation anomalies. Included in this chapter are a discussion of the preoperative workup, anesthetic considerations, and peri-operative pearls and pitfalls of laparoscopic repair.