cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival analysis of variceal hemorrhage: does it matter when the meter is started?

Variation in time of patient admission to studies of prognosis after variceal hemorrhage has been proposed as a major factor in the wide range of reported results. A study of 144 unselected subjects with a low initial mortality (3% at two days) suggests that the effect has been overemphasized and studies in which time of entry is later than the date of bleeding may be usefully compared. Reanalysis of previous work suggests that even in populations with a high initial mortality limited comparisons between studies can still be usefully made. It is stressed that survival analysis must be started from the date of study entry and not from the date of the index bleed which involves incorporating a retrospective period of survivorship.
Social Engagement and Cognitive Function in Old Age

We examined the association of diverse measures of social engagement with level of function in multiple cognitive domains in 838 persons without dementia who had a mean age of 80.2 (SD = 7.5). Social network size, frequency of social activity, and level of perceived social support were assessed in linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, and other covariates. Social activity and social support were related to better cognitive function, whereas social network size was not strongly related to global cognition. The results confirm that higher level of social engagement in old age is associated with better cognitive function but the association varies across domains of social engagement.
Bronchographic Signs Useful in the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

SUMMARY Bronchography is a useful tool in the diagnosis of lung cancer. A complete bronchographic study which should include chest fluoroscopy will uncover more than 89 per cent of all cases of pulmonary malignancy. It provides a greater diagnostic yield than any other standard screening method including bronchoscopy, scalene node biopsy and cytologic examination of sputa, aspirates and pleural fluid. It enables identification and localization of upper lobe bronchus tumors which are inaccessible to the bronchoscope. Shifts of the mediastinum, diaphragmatic abnormalities and pleural effusions which are noted at fluoroscopy help to identify and localize lung cancers. Fluoroscopic monitoring of the instillation of contrast medium is necessary to ensure complete filling and enables spot film recording of findings. Bronchial alterations which are found in pulmonary malignancy include abrupt bronchial obstruction, localized bronchial displacement, concentric bronchial narrowing, "thumb-print" impression and abrupt bronchial narrowing without termination.
Association of amino acid variants in the activating transcription factor 6 gene (ATF6) on 1q21-q23 with type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians

Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is important for protective cell response to accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum, and disturbances of this process can contribute to β-cell apoptosis. We analyzed the structural gene located within a region on 1q21-q23 linked with type 2 diabetes in several populations for variants in the Pima Indians. Functionally important segments of ATF6 were sequenced in 15 diabetic and 15 nondiabetic Pimas and representative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested for association with type 2 diabetes in 900–1,000 subjects. We identified 20 variants including three amino acid substitutions [Met(67)Val, Pro(145)Ala, and Ser(157)Pro]. Pro(145)Ala and Ser(157)Pro were in a complete linkage disequilibrium and showed a nominal association with type 2 diabetes ( P = 0.05; odds ratio 2.3 [95% CI 1.0–5.2]) and with 30-min plasma insulin during oral glucose tolerance test in 287 nondiabetic individuals ( P = 0.045). Although the associations with type 2 diabetes and plasma insulin levels are marginal and their functional consequences are yet unknown, all three amino acid substitutions are located in a functionally important part of ATF6. Because these variants are not unique to the Pimas, it will be feasible to investigate their association with type 2 diabetes in other populations to better evaluate their significance for a predisposition to the disease.
Glycosidase activity profiling for bacterial identification by a chemical proteomics approach

Genome sequencing projects are suggesting there are dozens of glycosidase sequences that could be used to fingerprint cell types and serve as starting points for biocatalyst discovery. Herein, we present a simple chemical proteomics approach to profile intracellular glycosidase activities of three different bacterial cell extracts using a synthetic α- and β-linked library of 18 representative substrates with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) reaction monitoring. Three target bacteria – Escherichia coli K12, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa – can be easily differentiated by this method. Compared with traditional chromogenic and fluorogenic methods to profile bacterial enzyme activities individually, this MS-based method can detect multiple enzyme activities in one reaction and easily highlight activity differences between whole cell extracts.
Wire and via modeling and simulation solutions for a tri-grid mesh plane ceramic packaging

To accurately evaluate interconnect net electrical properties of the tri-grid structure we need to model the wires and vias in this structure. Due to the high application frequencies and the non-TEM nature of the propagating mode in this structure, the use of full-wave electromagnetic tools is necessary. In this paper we describe the principles and results of three different modeling and simulation solutions. The modeling and simulation solutions are based on full-wave electromagnetic simulations on short physical structure sections. The solutions can be applied to the transient circuit simulation on longer interconnect nets for evaluating system reflection, transmission, near end noise, and far end noise. The comparison shows the per-unit-length RLGC is the most efficient model and simulation method for this application.
Comparison of Perimeter Trap Crop Varieties: Effects on Herbivory, Pollination, and Yield in Butternut Squash

Perimeter trap cropping (PTC) is a method of integrated pest management (IPM) in which the main crop is surrounded with a perimeter trap crop that is more attractive to pests. Blue Hubbard (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) is a highly effective trap crop for butternut squash (C. moschata Duch. ex Poir) attacked by striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum Fabricius), but its limited marketability may reduce adoption of PTC by growers. Research comparing border crop varieties is necessary to provide options for growers. Furthermore, pollinators are critical for cucurbit yield, and the effect of PTC on pollination to main crops is unknown. We examined the effect of five border treatments on herbivory, pollination, and yield in butternut squash and manipulated herbivory and pollination to compare their importance for main crop yield. Blue Hubbard, buttercup squash (C. maxima Duch.), and zucchini (C. pepo L.) were equally attractive to cucumber beetles. Border treatments did not affect butternut leaf damage, but butternut flowers had the fewest beetles when surrounded by Blue Hubbard or buttercup squash. Yield was highest in the Blue Hubbard and buttercup treatments, but this effect was not statistically significant. Native bees accounted for 87% of pollinator visits, and pollination did not limit yield. There was no evidence that border crops competed with the main crop for pollinators. Our results suggest that both buttercup squash and zucchini may be viable alternatives to Blue Hubbard as borders for the main crop of butternut squash. Thus, growers may have multiple border options that reduce pesticide use, effectively manage pests, and do not disturb mutualist interactions with pollinators.
A role for nuclear receptors in mammalian hibernation

Hibernation is one of the most dramatic examples of phenotypic plasticity in mammals. During periods of food shortage and/or reduced ambient temperatures hibernating mammals become heterothermic, allowing their body temperature to decrease while entering an energy-conserving torpid state. In order to survive the multi-month hibernation season many species engage in hyperphagy, dramatically increasing adipose stores prior to the onset of hibernation. Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of transcription factors many of which bind lipophilic molecules as ligands. They regulate a variety of processes including energy homeostasis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, inflammation and circadian rhythm. Given that lipids are integral in the hibernation phenotype they may play important regulatory roles through their interactions with nuclear receptors. Here we review current knowledge and suggest possible roles in mammalian hibernation for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), liver X receptors (LXRs), retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs) and Rev-ERBs.
Quantum memory with millisecond coherence in circuit QED

Significant advances in coherence render superconducting quantum circuits a viable platform for fault-tolerant quantum computing. To further extend capabilities, highly coherent quantum systems could act as quantum memories for these circuits. A useful quantum memory must be rapidly addressable by Josephson-junction-based artificial atoms, while maintaining superior coherence. We demonstrate a superconducting microwave cavity architecture that is highly robust against major sources of loss that are encountered in the engineering of circuit QED systems. The architecture allows for storage of quantum superpositions in a resonator on the millisecond scale, while strong coupling between the resonator and a transmon qubit enables control, encoding, and readout at MHz rates. This extends the maximum available coherence time attainable in superconducting circuits by almost an order of magnitude compared to earlier hardware. Our design is an ideal platform for studying coherent quantum optics and marks an important step towards hardware-efficient quantum computing in Josephson-junction-based quantum circuits.
The Supreme Court's 'Enemy Combatant' Decisions: Recognizing the Rights of Non-Citizens and the Rule of Law

This Article examines the Supreme Court's trio of enemy combatant decisions issued in 2004. It explains why the decisions together should be interpreted as rejecting the use of bright-line rules to distinguish between citizens and non-citizens detained as enemy combatants. The Article addresses the Supreme Court's approach to the scope of executive detention authority, procedural safeguards, and access to the courts through habeas corpus. It explains how the decisions support extending fundamental protections to non-citizens held outside the United States in order to prevent the creation of rights-free zones like Guantanamo Bay.
Targeted optical imaging and photodynamic therapy.

This review of photodiagnosis and phototherapy is a summary of specific aspects of optical targeting. It is not meant to be a comprehensive review, rather it is expected to serve both as an introduction of the approach for an audience outside the field of optical technologies. As such it is somewhat subjective and it is important for the reader to be aware that this is a very brief summary of literature and concepts in a rapidly emerging field. With the advent of new molecular probes and light delivery and light capturing techniques, it is likely that the field of optical treatment and diagnosis will have developed to such an extent in the next 5 years so as to make this writing irrelevant!
Norepinephrine-evoked salt-sensitive hypertension requires impaired renal sodium chloride cotransporter activity in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Recent studies have implicated a role of norepinephrine (NE) in the activation of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) to drive the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. However, the interaction between NE and increased salt intake on blood pressure remains to be fully elucidated. This study examined the impact of a continuous NE infusion on sodium homeostasis and blood pressure in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats challenged with a normal (NS; 0.6% NaCl) or high-salt (HS; 8% NaCl) diet for 14 days. Naive and saline-infused Sprague-Dawley rats remained normotensive when placed on HS and exhibited dietary sodium-evoked suppression of peak natriuresis to hydrochlorothiazide. NE infusion resulted in the development of hypertension, which was exacerbated by HS, demonstrating the development of the salt sensitivity of blood pressure [MAP (mmHg) NE+NS: 151 ± 3 vs. NE+HS: 172 ± 4; P < 0.05]. In these salt-sensitive animals, increased NE prevented dietary sodium-evoked suppression of peak natriuresis to hydrochlorothiazide, suggesting impaired NCC activity contributes to the development of salt sensitivity [peak natriuresis to hydrochlorothiazide (μeq/min) Naive+NS: 9.4 ± 0.2 vs. Naive+HS: 7 ± 0.1; P < 0.05; NE+NS: 11.1 ± 1.1; NE+HS: 10.8 ± 0.4). NE infusion did not alter NCC expression in animals maintained on NS; however, dietary sodium-evoked suppression of NCC expression was prevented in animals challenged with NE. Chronic NCC antagonism abolished the salt-sensitive component of NE-mediated hypertension, while chronic ANG II type 1 receptor antagonism significantly attenuated NE-evoked hypertension without restoring NCC function. These data demonstrate that increased levels of NE prevent dietary sodium-evoked suppression of the NCC, via an ANG II-independent mechanism, to stimulate the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Fourth Amendment - Search and Seizure - Reasonable Mistake of Law - Heien v. North Carolina

The Supreme Court has long held that a police officer’s reasonable mistake of fact may give rise to a lawful search or seizure under the Fourth Amendment. But where an officer acts upon a reasonable mistake of law, lower courts have differed on whether the corresponding search or seizure encroaches upon constitutional rights. Last Term, in Heien v. North Carolina, the Supreme Court held that a police officer’s reasonable mistake of law may give rise to the reasonable suspicion needed to justify a traffic stop under the Fourth Amendment. Mindful that an open-ended “reasonableness” test might sow confusion — or worse, abuse — both the majority and concurrence sought to cabin the reasonable-mistake-of-law test with additional qualifiers. Such qualifiers allay some but not all concerns over what the Heien test means for judicial administrability and police discretion.
Self-perceived Authenticity is Contaminated by the Valence of One’s Behavior

AbstractTwo studies tested whether people are biased to infer that their positive actions are more authentic than their negative actions. In Study 1, participants identified a positive or negative personal characteristic and assessed the authenticity of past behavior that reflected that characteristic. In Study 2, people imagined themselves performing positive and negative behaviors that they authentically did or did not want to perform. Both studies showed that people’s judgments of the authenticity of their behavior were contaminated by their perceptions of the valence of their behavior even when the objective authenticity of the behavior was controlled. Future research must disentangle authenticity and positivity to determine the degree to which each contributes to positive outcomes that have been attributed to authenticity.
In-situ Pb isotopic analysis of sulfides in abyssal peridotites: New insights into heterogeneity and evolution of the oceanic upper mantle

Abyssal peridotites and mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORBs) represent complementary residue-liquid products of melting and melt migration in the oceanic mantle. Because MORBs are mixtures of melts from different mantle depths, their isotopic signature does not directly describe the isotopic composition of the mantle source, but instead describes the local average composition of different parts of the mantle. In contrast, abyssal peridotites, the residues of fractional melting and melt-rock reaction, should shed more light on the distribution of isotopic heterogeneities. We analyzed Pb isotopic compositions in sulfide grains from the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Gakkel Ridge (Arctic Ocean) using the high-resolution Cameca 1280 ion microprobe. Sulfide Pb isotope ratios show very large variations, with 16 grains from 1 sample covering ∼25% of the entire range observed in the oceanic mantle. Pb isotopes in sulfides preserve a record of mantle compositions not seen in whole-rock MORBs from the same area. Sulfides from the Atlantis II Fracture Zone (Southwest Indian Ridge) confirm the presence of ancient refractory material scatter in the oceanic upper mantle. Gakkel Ridge sulfides define a high degree of isotopic variability, suggesting that oceanic mantle, not subcontinental lithospheric mantle, is the main source of such heterogeneity. Our results confirm that the source of MORBs, as represented by abyssal peridotites, is very heterogeneous and that other mantle end-member components are intimately mixed in. In-situ sulfide analysis is a powerful tool to detect the isotopic diversity of the MORB mantle source.
2H-1,2-Thiaborin: A New Boron–Sulfur Heterocycle

The reaction of 2,5-dihydro-2-diisopropylamino-1,2-thiaborole (5) with 2 equiv of LDA followed by CH2Cl2 gives 2-(diisopropylamino)-2H-1,2-thiaborin (2c), which has been spectroscopically and struc...
Comparison of supination external rotation type IV ankle fractures in geriatric versus nongeriatric populations.

BACKGROUND Geriatric patients' (defined as those older than 65 years old) inherent comorbidities, functional limitations, and bone quality present obstacles to successful clinical outcomes for operatively treated supination external rotation (SER) ankle fractures. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected series of SER injuries between 2004 and 2010. This is a comparison of the radiographic and clinical outcomes of our geriatric (27 patients) and nongeriatric (81 patients) populations. We hypothesized that geriatric patients would have worse outcomes when compared to nongeriatric patients. METHODS All SER ankle fractures (176) treated by a single surgeon were enrolled in a prospective database. All patients fulfilled inclusion criteria (108) consisting of 1 year of having clinical follow-up, postoperative radiographs, and Foot & Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOS). The primary outcome evaluated was functional outcome as exhibited by the FAOS. The secondary outcomes included adequacy of reduction, loss of reduction, postoperative complications (wound complications, infection, pain-driven hardware removal), and range of motion. RESULTS Despite significantly higher rates of diabetes (P < .001) and peripheral vascular disease (P < .001), there were statistically significantly better FAOS outcomes in the symptoms subcategory among the geriatric population. There was no significant difference in the articular reduction, syndesmotic reduction, wound complications, postoperative infections, or range of motion between these groups. CONCLUSION Geriatric patients exhibited equivalent complication rates, radiographic outcomes, and functional outcomes compared to nongeriatric patients in this series. Anatomic fixation and soft tissue management counter the inherent risks of operative intervention in geriatric populations that report higher rates of comorbidities. This study supports aggressive fracture- and ligament-specific operative intervention in geriatric patients presenting with unstable SER injuries.
Gender and Race Representations of Scientists in Highlights for Children: A Content Analysis

Girls lose interest in science by age 9, and researchers have attributed this finding to misrepresentations of female scientists in the media. While television, film, the Internet, textbooks, and biographies have been analyzed for such representations, this study examines the extent to which females and minorities are portrayed over time in science sections of a popular children’s magazine, Highlights for Children. Results indicate that, while males and Whites have outnumbered females and minorities in depictions of science, Highlights has consistently exceeded the number of females and minorities actually employed in scientific fields.
Targeted Therapies for Brain Metastases from Breast Cancer

The discovery of various driver pathways and targeted small molecule agents/antibodies have revolutionized the management of metastatic breast cancer. Currently, the major targets of clinical utility in breast cancer include the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK-4/6) pathway. Brain metastasis, however, remains a thorn in the flesh, leading to morbidity, neuro-cognitive decline, and interruptions in the management of systemic disease. Approximately 20%–30% of patients with metastatic breast cancer develop brain metastases. Surgery, whole brain radiation therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery are the traditional treatment options for patients with brain metastases. The therapeutic paradigm is changing due to better understanding of the blood brain barrier and the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Several of these agents are in clinical practice and several others are in early stage clinical trials. In this article, we will review the common targetable pathways in the management of breast cancer patients with brain metastases, and the current state of the clinical development of drugs against these pathways.
Remote Elicitation of Inflectional Paradigms to Seed Morphological Analysis in Low-Resource Languages

Structured, complete inflectional paradigm data exists for very few of the world’s languages, but is crucial to training morphological analysis tools. We present methods inspired by linguistic fieldwork for gathering inflectional paradigm data in a machine-readable, interoperable format from remotely-located speakers of any language. Informants are tasked with completing language-specific paradigm elicitation templates. Templates are constructed by linguists using grammatical reference materials to ensure completeness. Each cell in a template is associated with contextual prompts designed to help informants with varying levels of linguistic expertise (from professional translators to untrained native speakers) provide the desired inflected form. To facilitate downstream use in interoperable NLP/HLT applications, each cell is also associated with a language-independent machine-readable set of morphological tags from the UniMorph Schema. This data is useful for seeding morphological analysis and generation software, particularly when the data is representative of the range of surface morphological variation in the language. At present, we have obtained 792 lemmas and 25,056 inflected forms from 15 languages.
Speech-based natural language interface for UAV trajectory generation

In recent years, natural language machine interfaces have become increasingly common. These interfaces allow for more intuitive communication with machines, reducing the complexity of interacting with these systems and enabling their use by non-expert users. Most of these natural language interfaces rely on speech, including such well-known devices as the iPhone's Siri application, Cortana, Amazon's Alexa and Echo devices, and others. Given their intuitive functionality, natural language interfaces have also been investigated as a method for controlling unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), allowing non-subject matter experts to use these tools in their scientific pursuits. This paper examines a speech-based natural language interface for defining UAV trajectories. To determine the efficacy of this interface, a user study is also presented that examines how users perform with this interface compared to a traditional mouse-based interface. The results of the user study are described in order to show how accurately users were able to define trajectories as well as user preference for using the speech-based system both before and after participating in the user study. Additional data are presented on whether users had previous experience with speech-based interfaces and how long they spent training with the interface before participating in the study. The user study demonstrates the potential of speech- based interfaces for UAV trajectory generation and suggests methods for future improvement and incorporation of natural language interfaces for UAV pilots.
Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases With the t(5;12)(q33;p13)

Chronic myeloproliferative diseases (CMPDs) associated with t(5;12)(q33;p13) are reported to be responsive to imatinib mesylate. We studied 5 cases of CMPD with isolated t(5;12) treated at our hospital between January 1993 and October 2004. All were men with a median age of 55 years (range, 18–68 years). In the peripheral blood, each had marked leukocytosis, with variable eosinophilia (n = 4), monocytosis (n = 3), or basophilia (n = 2). Bone marrow specimens were hypercellular (70%–100%) with marked myeloid hyperplasia in each patient, but only 1 patient had eosinophilia, monocytosis, and basophilia. Follow-up ranged from 23 to 182 months (median, 48 months). Four died 23 to 182 months after initial diagnosis, 3 of blast crisis and 1 of cardiac complications of severe eosinophilia. Additional cytogenetic aberrations were identified at the time of blast crisis. Of 3 patients treated with imatinib, 2 responded, but only 1 had a sustained response. CMPD with t(5;12) commonly transforms to blast phase, and transformation is associated with cytogenetic evidence of clonal evolution.
The U.S. Criminal Justice System: A Role for Radical Social Work

Characteristics of the current United States criminal justice system include mass incarceration at a rate higher than that of any other Western country, extraordinarily long sentences, rampant raci...
Effects of Prenatal Irradiation on Postnatal Psychophysiological Development

Ionizing radiation is a well-established teratogen. For almost 50 years, it has been known to cause congenital malformations (Job, Leibold, & Fitzmaurice, 1935). Only recently, nonionizing radiation has been observed to cause birth defects. The method of action of this form of radiation appears to be related to heat stress, which is itself a well-known teratogen. A discussion of this phenomenon has been presented in numerous papers (Edwards, 1968, 1969; Fernandez-Cano, 1958; Howarth, 1969; Hsu, 1948). This chapter describes the nature of ionizing and nonionizing radiation and presents a review of the literature concerning postnatal behavioral alterations induced by prenatal exposure to radiation.
Conjoining "Recklessness" in Securities Fraud Cases to Moral Culpability

First, I would like to express my thanks for being invited to speak at this Conference on “Behavior Economics and State of Mind: Pleading and Proving Scienter in Securities Fraud Cases.” I am delighted to be part of the Conference, not least because it is at Loyola University Chicago. My wife is from Chicago, I love my wife, and therefore I love Chicago. I believe that is what Daniel Kahneman would call “System 1 Thinking.”1 I want to express a little bit of skepticism, with apologies, to much of what was presented at the Conference today (all of which was extremely interesting) about the role of behavioral economics in law. First, I think that the sciences—social sciences, neurosciences, and behavioral sciences—that are being cited are not as strong as they are sometimes assumed to be and, even where they are strong, do not necessarily provide implications for the legal system.2 As Arthur Leff once said, law and economics may be “elegant, attractive, and useful,” but it is “ultimately doomed” as an “attempt to present a total picture.”3 Or as Grant Gilmore claims, “So far as we have been able to learn, there are
Antimicrobial Medical Devices in Preclinical Development and Clinical Use

Medical devices are increasingly used worldwide for an expanding ­repertoire of patient clinical needs. Biomaterials and medical device designs have become progressively more complex to accommodate diverse demands for performance and safety in vivo. While a majority of these implants satisfy their clinical expectations with safety and efficacy in their specific applications, a minority of implants induce serious adverse events with substantial health and economic consequences. One recognized challenge is the growing clinical problem with implant-associated infections. Increasing number and types of implants used in patients have resulted in increasing numbers of biomaterial-associated infections. Researchers and medical device manufacturers have responded to this challenge with intensified attention to innovating device designs, surgical implantation protocols, and biomaterials to minimize infection opportunities. Medical devices with claims to limit microbial adhesion and colonization using combinations of pharmacological, topological, and materials chemistry approaches have been brought into clinical use with the intent of reducing device-related infections. Many types of catheters, stents, orthopedic devices, contact lenses, surgical meshes, shunts, sutures, cardiovascular replacements, and many other device categories offer antimicrobial enhancements. Approaches include different biomaterials chemistries that intrinsically resist microbial colonization or that deter active growth on contact, surface modifications that produce topologies observed to limit pathogen attachment, medicinal, antiseptic or bioactive coatings, direct antimicrobial attachment to surfaces, or drug impregnation within the biomaterial, and extended release strategies that control antimicrobial agent release from the device over time after implantation.
The Science and Regulatory Perspectives of Pharmaceutical Suspensions

This chapter details the requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration pertaining to suspension drug products. Extensive information is provided on nomenclature, regulatory filing requirements for new drug applications and abbreviated new drug applications, as well as postapproval changes and supplements. The global move to the common technical document format is also discussed. Finally, the authors present an overview of how quality by design principles can be effectively applied to suspension drug product technology.
Fast Power-Temperature Cycling of BEOL Test Structures for Power Devices

Power semiconductors used in automotive applications are exposed to higher temperatures and higher currents than devices used in consumer products. The qualification of these devices includes power-temperature cycling (PTC) stresses on fully integrated structures. The PTC stresses are time consuming and can require device redesign if fails are observed. In this report, we show that PTC stresses using simple test structures can be used to quickly test the interconnects and wire bonds, and thereby highlight weak links in the process.
The Turtle: A Highland Chontal Text

Este cuento explica por que una tortuga tenia su caparazon quebrado. El cuento tambien habla de unos encuentros de la tortuga con un leon que queria comersela. En cada encuentro, la tortuga engana al leon. Al fin, el leon se mata a si mismo.
Fuels treatment and wildfire effects on runoff from Sierra Nevada mixed‐conifer forests

Author(s): Saksa, PC; Bales, RC; Tague, CL; Battles, JJ; Tobin, BW; Conklin, MH | Abstract: We applied an eco-hydrologic model (Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System [RHESSys]), constrained with spatially distributed field measurements, to assess the impacts of forest-fuel treatments and wildfire on hydrologic fluxes in two Sierra Nevada firesheds. Strategically placed fuels treatments were implemented during 2011–2012 in the upper American River in the central Sierra Nevada (43 km2) and in the upper Fresno River in the southern Sierra Nevada (24 km2). This study used the measured vegetation changes from mechanical treatments and modelled vegetation change from wildfire to determine impacts on the water balance. The well-constrained headwater model was transferred to larger catchments based on geologic and hydrologic similarities. Fuels treatments covered 18% of the American and 29% of the Lewis catchment. Averaged over the entire catchment, treatments in the wetter central Sierra Nevada resulted in a relatively light vegetation decrease (8%), leading to a 12% runoff increase, averaged over wet and dry years. Wildfire with and without forest treatments reduced vegetation by 38% and 50% and increased runoff by 55% and 67%, respectively. Treatments in the drier southern Sierra Nevada also reduced the spatially averaged vegetation by 8%, but the runoff response was limited to an increase of less than 3% compared with no treatment. Wildfire following treatments reduced vegetation by 40%, increasing runoff by 13%. Changes to catchment-scale water-balance simulations were more sensitive to canopy cover than to leaf area index, indicating that the pattern as well as amount of vegetation treatment is important to hydrologic response.
Om toleran Om: four Indonesian reflections on digital heterosexism:

Beginning in January 2016, an unprecedented series of anti-LGBT events took place in Indonesia, the fourth most populous nation (after China, India, and the United States) and home to more Muslims ...
Look there! The effect of perspective, attention, and instructions on how people understand recorded police encounters

Now more than ever, body cameras, surveillance footage, dash-cam footage, and bystanders with phones enable people to see for themselves officer and civilian behavior and determine the justifiability of officers' actions. This paper examines whether the camera perspective from which people watch police encounters influences the conclusions that people draw. Consistent with recent findings showing that body camera footage leads people to perceive officers' actions as less intentional (Turner, Caruso, Dilich, & Roese, 2019), our first study demonstrates that participants who watched body-camera footage, compared with people who watched surveillance footage of the same encounter, perceived the officer's behavior as being more justified and made more lenient punishment decisions. In our second study, only one of the four police encounters that participants watched led participants to perceive the officer more favorably when they watched body-camera footage compared with bystander footage. Our results demonstrate that some body-camera footage-specifically videos that capture an officer using his or her body to apprehend a civilian-can lead to biased perceptions of police encounters that benefit the officer. Our findings suggest that this occurs because: (i) in body-camera footage, the civilian is the more easily visible figure, thus making less salient the officer's role in the encounter; and (ii) the body camera-attached to an officer's uniform-is unable to adequately capture certain use of force movements that are important in determining an officer's intent.
Analysis and measurements of a quasi-optical slot ring mixer

A quasi-optical slot ring mixer is analyzed using a mixer analysis program and comparison is made between the predicted and experimental results. Applicability to the design of millimeter-wave slot ring mixers is discussed.
COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia Are Associated With Younger Age and Lower Blood Eosinophil Counts.

BackgroundAnosmia and ageusia are symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, but the relationship with disease severity, onset and recovery are unclear.ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with ...
Platelet activation contributes to hypoxia-induced inflammation

Inflammation is central to the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Inflammation precedes remodeling in preclinical models, thus supporting the concept tha...
Household Economy at Wall Ridge: A Fourteenth-Century Central Plains Farmstead in the Missouri Valley: By Stephen C. Lensink, Joseph A. Tiffany, and Shirley J. Schermer. 288 pp, 8.5×11. 32 color & 66 b/w illustrations, 15 maps. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 2020. US $70.00. ISBN: 978-1-60781-773-4

This attractive and informative tome deals with a farmstead occupied during the early 1300s AD along the Missouri River Valley in the Glenwood locality of southwest Iowa. The editors and principal ...
How does obesity promote breast cancer tumor growth

Obesity is a risk factor for many cancers. Maguire et al. (2021) found increased creatine synthesis by the adipocytes adjacent to breast cancers in obese mice. The creatine is transported into the cancer cells, producing larger tumors, possibly due to greater energy availability.
Dynamics across a Free Surface Reflect Interplay between Density and Cooperative Length: Application to Polystyrene

It is now generally agreed that the most dramatic influence of a free surface on local relaxation dynamics occurs over the first 10 nm from the surface. Using the cooperative free volume (CFV) rate...
Elastic equilibrium of spherical particle composites with transversely isotropic interphase and incoherent material interface

Abstract The rigorous analytical solution to the unit cell model of spherical particle composite with transversely isotropic interphase and incoherent material interface has been obtained by the multipole expansion method. To this end, a general expression of the displacement vector in spherical transversely isotropic solid in terms of the vector spherical harmonics has been derived. By accurate fulfillment of the contact conditions, the model boundary value problem is reduced to the linear algebraic system. The anisotropic interface model has been developed as the first order approximation of the transversely isotropic interphase. Relevance of this model to the theory of material interfaces and its applicability in the nanomechanics context is discussed. The developed model expands the theory of curved deformable interfaces of Gurtin et al. [Phil. Mag. A 78 (1998) 1093] on the incoherent interfaces between the dissimilar elastic materials and provides a certain insight into the interface elastic moduli. Taking incoherency of the nano level interfaces into account enables more realistic models and thus increases the predictive power the homogenization theory of nanostructured solids. The obtained accurate numerical data discover a significant effect of the interphase/interface anisotropy on the local stress and effective stiffness of spherical particle composite.
Testing XRF Discrimination of Marine and Terrestrial Flood Deposits in Southeastern Texas Coastal Marshes

Williams, H.F.L. and Liu, K.-b., 2021. Testing XRF discrimination of marine and terrestrial flood deposits in southeastern Texas coastal marshes. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(6), 1081–1087. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study tests the ability of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis to discriminate between storm-generated marine and terrestrial sediment beds in coastal wetlands. Cluster analysis was applied to the elemental compositions of a sediment core and a monolith collected from McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Texas. The core contains washover sediment beds previously attributed to hurricanes Ike, Rita, Carla, and Audrey. The monolith contains a terrestrial flood deposit attributed to Hurricane Harvey and a washover sediment bed attributed to Hurricane Ike. Clustering correctly distinguished between washover, flood, and marsh deposits. This level of discrimination was not achieved by previous studies based on loss-on-ignition and microfossil analyses because sediment from these different sources can have similar moisture, organic, carbonate, texture, and microfossil characteristics. Cluster analysis places every centimeter of a sediment core into a cluster, providing a more precise means of evaluating the relative contributions of marine and terrestrial sources. In the study area, for example, cluster analysis suggests that 50.5% of coastal marsh sediment was derived from marine sources. The XRF technique used in this study is a promising tool for discrimination of marine and terrestrial sediment sources. Further research is warranted to apply this technique in other coastal environments subject to marine and terrestrial sediment inputs.
Blocking a dead-end assembly pathway creates a point of regulation for the DEAD-box ATPase Has1 and prevents platform misassembly

Assembly of ribosomal subunits occurs via parallel pathways, which accelerate the process and render it more robust. Nonetheless, in vitro analyses have also demonstrated that some assembly pathways are dead-ends, presumably due to rRNA misfolding. If and how these non-productive pathways are avoided during assembly in vivo remains unknown. Here we use a combination of biochemical, genetic, proteomic and structural analyses to demonstrate a role for assembly factors in biasing the folding landscape away from non-productive intermediates. By binding Rrp36, Rrp5 is prevented from forming a premature interaction with the platform, which leads to a dead-end intermediate, and a misassembled platform that is functionally defective. The DEAD-box ATPase Has1 separates Rrp5 and Rrp36, allowing Rrp5 to reposition to the platform, thereby promoting ribosome assembly and enabling rRNA processing. Thus, Rrp36 establishes an ATP-dependent regulatory point that ensures correct platform assembly by opening a new folding channel that avoids funnels to misfolding.
RIPK3 signaling and its role in the pathogenesis of cancers

RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase. As a key component of necrosomes, RIPK3 is an essential mediator of inflammatory factors (such as TNFα-tumor necrosis factor α) and infection-induced necroptosis, a programmed necrosis. In addition, RIPK3 signaling is also involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cytokine/chemokine production, mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy, and cell proliferation by interacting with and/or phosphorylating the critical regulators of the corresponding signaling pathways. Similar to apoptosis, RIPK3-signaling-mediated necroptosis is inactivated in most types of cancers, suggesting RIPK3 might play a critical suppressive role in the pathogenesis of cancers. However, in some inflammatory types of cancers, such as pancreatic cancers and colorectal cancers, RIPK3 signaling might promote cancer development by stimulating proliferation signaling in tumor cells and inducing an immunosuppressive response in the tumor environment. In this review, we summarize recent research progress in the regulators of RIPK3 signaling, and discuss the function of this pathway in the regulation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis and MLKL-independent cellular behaviors. In addition, we deliberate the potential roles of RIPK3 signaling in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers and discuss the potential strategies for targeting this pathway in cancer therapy.
Urban parks, energy budgets, and surface temperatures

This paper deals with the results of the combination of two deterministic models: a multi-layered canopy leaf energy budget model CANOPY and a complex street canyon energy budget model URBAN 3. Both models were validated previously. In comparing the effect of street parks and roof gardens in contrast to non-vegetated city blocks. four typical urban morphologies were created, ranging from high-rise structures to low buildings and combinations thereof. These building systems were exposed to typical summer and winter scenarios for three latitudes. The simulations indicated a variety of increases in absorbed shortwave radiation and net radiation, and decreases in sensible heat flux and system reradiation compared to non-vegetated environments. It is believed that the discussed features represent generalized limits of the possible effect of adding vegetatived surface covers to non-vegetated city blocks.
Generalized Higher-Order Dependency Parsing with Cube Pruning

State-of-the-art graph-based parsers use features over higher-order dependencies that rely on decoding algorithms that are slow and difficult to generalize. On the other hand, transition-based dependency parsers can easily utilize such features without increasing the linear complexity of the shift-reduce system beyond a constant. In this paper, we attempt to address this imbalance for graph-based parsing by generalizing the Eisner (1996) algorithm to handle arbitrary features over higher-order dependencies. The generalization is at the cost of asymptotic efficiency. To account for this, cube pruning for decoding is utilized (Chiang, 2007). For the first time, label tuple and structural features such as valencies can be scored efficiently with third-order features in a graph-based parser. Our parser achieves the state-of-art unlabeled accuracy of 93.06% and labeled accuracy of 91.86% on the standard test set for English, at a faster speed than a reimplementation of the third-order model of Koo et al. (2010).
Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Protective Factor Against Junk Food Advertisements: A Moderated Mediation Model of Behavioral Intention.

This study investigates the role of attitudinal ambivalence in moderating the effects of junk food advertisements on behavioral intentions by tapping different facets of this construct—felt ambivalence, potential ambivalence, and affective-cognitive ambivalence. Results based on an online survey of college students indicate that attention to junk food advertisements has an indirect positive effect on intentions to eat junk food through its positive effect on attitudes toward junk food. A moderated mediation model reveals that this indirect effect of junk food advertisements is weakened as respondents’ levels of felt ambivalence increase. This moderating role is not observed for the measures of potential ambivalence and affective-cognitive ambivalence. Implications are discussed for health interventions.
The effects of irradiation on plasma proteins and leukocytes in thymectomized and control chickens.

SummaryThis experiment was conducted in an attempt to elucidate a postneonatal function for the thymus in chickens. Twenty-six chickens were thymectomized at 2 weeks of age and 26 were sham-operated. At 8 weeks of age all birds were irradiated with 750 R. Plasma protein and leukocyte values were measured in survivors. Three days after irradiation a 40-50% decrease in plasma protein occurred in control and thymectomized birds. This decrease was due to decreased amounts of albumin, and alpha-2, beta-2, and gamma globulin. By day 6 all of the globulins recovered to preirradiation levels, and in most cases there was an overcompensation noticeable by day 10. The albumin values, however, never returned to the magnitude of the starting values. No differences were observed between plasma protein responses of thymectomized and intact birds. Thymectomy caused a depression in the number of circulating small lymphocytes. The numbers of all lymphocyte types were markedly depressed by irradiation but they rebounded by ...