cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closed-Loop Global Motion Planning for Reactive, Collision-Free Execution of Learned Tasks

We present a robot motion planning approach for performing a learned task while reacting to the movement of obstacles and task-relevant objects. We employ a closed-loop, sampling-based motion planner operating multiple times a second that senses obstacles and task-relevant objects and generates collision-free motion plans based on a learned-task model. The task model is learned from expert demonstrations prior to task execution and is represented as a hidden Markov model. During task execution, our motion planner quickly searches in the Cartesian product of the task model and a probabilistic roadmap for a collision-free plan with features most similar to the demonstrations given the current locations of the task-relevant objects. We accelerate replanning using a fast bidirectional search and by biasing the sampling distribution using information from the learned-task model. We show the efficacy of our approach with the Baxter robot performing two tasks.
Tsetse Vector Based Strategies for Control of African Try Panosomiasis

The application of recombinant DNA technologies for molecular genetic approaches promises to bring about new strategies for control of vector-borne-diseases. These approaches can also enhance the existing tools. Here, one application of this technology is presented where parasite refractory insects are engineered that can then be spread to replace their susceptible counterparts in the field to reduce disease transmission. The approach presented here utilizes the symbiotic bacteria that are naturally harbored in tsetse to express foreign genes. As these naturally harbored organisms reside in the same tissues as trypanosomes, the expression of anti-trypanosoma1 products in these bacterial symbionts can adversely effect parasite biology. The use of Wolbachia symbionts, which are known to induce phenomena such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, is discussed as a potential gene driving system.
Quasi-One-Component Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Particle Brush Assembly

Recent progress in surface-initiated polymerization techniques facilitates the synthesis of polymer-grafted particles or colloids (so-called ‘particle brushes’) with precise control of density, molecular weight, and dispersity of surface-grafted chains. The self-assembly of these particle brush materials into array-type structures provides a novel path toward quasi-one-component nanocomposite materials in which microstructural characteristics are intimately related to the molecular architecture of the particle brush building blocks. Because the molecular connectivity between polymer and inorganic components facilitates the realization of very high concentrations of inorganic component, particle brush-based composites hold the promise to realize novel high-performance engineering materials with a wide range of applications, for example, in the area of energy storage or optical materials. This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts that are relevant to the understanding of structure–property relationships in particle brush materials and reviews recent work to illustrate the concept and showcase the opportunities of particle brush-based quasi-one-component composite materials.
Mucus and Cell Renewal

Pavlov often gave demonstrations during his lectures, using one of his placid, chronically prepared dogs. He delighted in showing that the surface of the resting stomach is alkaline, not acid, because it is covered with a layer of mucus. Pavlov showed his audience that when acid secretion begins, the concentration of acid rises. He explained this by saying: The wall of the stomach is usually covered with a considerable layer of mucus, and it is quite natural that the first portions of juice secreted, for example under the influence of sham feeding, will have the lowest acidity.... Obviously this is because the stream of juice has been neutralized by mucus.280 The mucus and the fluid in which it is suspended is the second component of gastric secretion.
Sexual Orientation Disparities in Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes

Objectives Little is known about maternal and infant health among sexual minority women (SMW), despite the large body of research documenting their multiple preconception risk factors. This study used data from the 2006–2015 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to investigate sexual orientation inequities in pregnancy and birth outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and birth weight. Methods Women reported 19,955 study eligible pregnancies and 15,996 singleton live births. Sexual orientation was measured using self-reported identity and histories of same-sex sexual experiences (heterosexual-WSM [women who only report sex with men]; heterosexual-WSW [women who report sex with women]; bisexual, and lesbian). Logistic regression models were used that adjusted for several maternal characteristics. Results Compared to heterosexual-WSM, heterosexual-WSW (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.00–1.58) and bisexual and lesbian women (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.34–2.35) were more likely to report miscarriage, and bisexual and lesbian women were more likely to report a pregnancy ending in stillbirth (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.40–5.83). Lesbian women were more likely to report low birth weight infants (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.38–5.07) and bisexual and lesbian women were more likely to report very preterm births (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.11–3.04) compared to heterosexual-WSM. Conclusions for Practice This study documents significant sexual orientation inequities in pregnancy and birth outcomes. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms that underlie disparate outcomes and to develop interventions to improve sexual minority women’s maternal and infant health.
Going Beyond Technical Requirements: The Call for a More Interdisciplinary Curriculum for Educating Digital Librarians

The transformation of librarians to digital librarians is a revolutionary one in many ways. Information Schools have tried to transform our curricula to meet future needs by focusing on information architecture and metadata, but these are only part of the skills required. This paper explores a number of other academic disciplines, such as Law, Art, Publishing Studies, Museum Studies that should inform curricula for digital librarians. The paper concludes by calling for continued progress towards a more interdisciplinary professional degree.
The Discovery Tax

The American civil discovery regime is what is known as producer-pays: one side requests information and the other side has to pay whatever it costs to produce it. The 2015 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have not changed this much and are not likely to in the future. But producer-pays leads to two big problems: requesters have an incentive to request too much, and, because defendants tend to have more to discover than plaintiffs, the parties’ mutually-beneficial settlement range ends up skewed against defendants, leading cases to settle for more than they are worth. No one has proposed a realistic alternative to producer-pays that solves both of these problems. In this Article, I propose such an alternative: a discovery tax. If the government taxes requesters an amount equal to whatever producers have to pay to respond to their requests, both sides in litigation fully internalize the costs of discovery. Moreover, the mutually-beneficial settlement range stays symmetric, helping cases settle for the same price they would be resolved at trial. The government could use the tax revenue for any socially useful purpose, including offsetting the cost of the court system.
38-year-old Woman with a Cough and a Rash.

Author(s): Donahue, Megan P.; Clayborne, Elizabeth P.; Dezman, Zachary D.W.; Bontempo, Laura J.
(300) Neuropeptide Y and ALLO: Potential Neurobiological Mediators of Exercise Benefits for Pain Sensitivity in Chronic Pain and PTSD: Preliminary CDA2 Findings

This study assessed the effects of acute exercise challenge testing (MAX-EX), as well as progressive exercise training, on Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ALLO, two anti-stress and anti-nociceptive neurohormones, according to their relationship with pain sensitivity in a male and female population of civilians and Veterans with comorbid chronic pain and PTSD. The pilot sample (N=5) was 40% male (n=2), 60% female (n=3) with mean age of 35 years. Before exercise training, there were only small, non-significant positive correlations between MAX-EX test-induced increases in NPY or ALLO and indices of pain sensitivity (pain threshold and tolerance) assessed via a cold pressor test performed 30’ after the MAX-EX test (Δ NPY with pain threshold: =.36, p=.43; ΔALLO with pain tolerance: =-.37, p=.47). After exercise training, correlations between MAX-EX test-induced increases in NPY or ALLO and indices of pain sensitivity were high (ΔNPY with pain threshold: =.96, p
Effects of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) on the Production of Poly(β-Hydroxybutyrate) by Azotobacter vinelandii UWD

Azotobacter vinelandii UWD, ATCC 53799, an engineered strain derived from Azotobacter vinelandii UW was used in the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modulated synthesis of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on modulating the production of PHB by amending the fermentation broth with PEG using A. vinelandii UWD. It was determined that A. vinelandii UWD is prone to back-mutation to the parent strain; hence fermentation experiments require the use of the antibiotic rifampicin. Diethylene glycol (DEG) and PEGs with molecular weights of 400, 2000, and 3400 Da and pentaerythritol ethoxylate (PEE) were used in the modulated fermentation experiments in a concentration of 2% (w/v). The molecular weight of the resulting polymers was reduced by up to 78%. No impact on the productivity of the strain was observed. Spectroscopic evidence showed that PEG-modulated synthesis resulted in the covalent attachment of the ethylene glycol moiety only when a small molecule, DEG, was used. PEGs had the same effects on the polymer formation in terms of molecular weight reduction as DEG, but no spectroscopic evidence was found for the formation of a covalent linkage between PHB and higher molecular weight PEGs.
Abstract 210: Effects of Indication for Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation on Predictive Value of Save Score

Introduction: Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA ECMO) has emerged as a prominent tool for management of patients with Inability to Wean Off Cardiopulmonary Bypass (IWOCB), extra...
RSV M2-1 Protein in Complex with RNA: Old Questions Are Answered and a New One Emerges.

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) M2-1 protein is essential for virus transcription. In this issue of Structure, Gao et al. (2020) describe the crystal structure of M2-1 in complex with RNA. This structure provides new insight into the RSV transcription mechanism but also raises an intriguing question regarding M2-1's function.
Thermal Emission from Multi-Mode Optical Antennas on an Epsilon-Near-Zero Substrate

Far-field thermal emission is measured for multi-mode optical antennas fabricated on an epsilon-near-zero substrate. The evolution of the emission pattern for the Berreman and first and second antenna modes versus antenna length is presented.
"I've Weathered Really Horrible Storms Long Before This": The Experiences of Parents Caring for Children with Hematological and Oncological Conditions during the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.

The societal impact of COVID-19 is vast, thus it is imperative to understand how vulnerable groups, such as children with chronic medical conditions are affected. This understanding can prepare psychologists and other healthcare providers to meet their current and future needs. A convenience sample of 11 parents of children with hematological/oncological conditions was recruited. They participated in semi-structured interviews on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on their children. Qualitative analysis identified common themes. Parental responses focused on the pandemic's impact on children's general daily life and healthcare. Themes of caution, uncertainty, adaptation, and the role of the healthcare providers and early medical experiences emerged. Concerns about vulnerability, changes in routine, the importance of virtual connections, and the pivotal role of providers have implications for children with and without medical conditions. The adaptation and resilience of the families provide a sense of hope in an uncertain time.
Interactions at surface–subterranean ecotones: structure and function of food webs within spring orifices

Spring orifices are ecotones between surface and subterranean aquatic ecosystems. Invertebrates of different origins (e.g., surface, spring obligate, and subterranean) coexist in these spatially restricted environments, potentially competing for resources. However, processes that allow for population coexistence in these presumably low resource environments are not well understood. We examined invertebrate communities at two spring complexes in Texas, USA and assessed resource use and food web structure at spring orifices using stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). Using bulk δ13C and δ15N of organisms and potential food sources, we elucidated dietary sources and found that invertebrate communities exhibited resource partitioning and contained two main food chains (periphyton versus terrestrial organic matter [OM]). In both spring complexes, several endemic spring orifice associated and subterranean taxa derived most of their diet from terrestrial OM. Analysis of compound-specific stable isotopes (i.e., δ13C of essential amino acids, EAAs) from two co-occurring elmid species indicated that the endemic spring orifice-associated species (Heterelmis comalensis) derived > 80% of its EAAs from bacteria, whereas the widespread surface species (Microcylloepus pusillus) derived its EAAs from a more equitable mix of bacteria, fungi, and algae. We additionally calculated niche overlap among of several taxonomically related groups (aquatic beetles and amphipods) that co-occur in spring ecotones and posterior probability estimates indicated little to no niche overlap among related species. Results indicate that invertebrates at subterranean—surface aquatic ecotones are partitioning food resources and highlight the importance of connections to riparian zones for persistence of several endemic invertebrates.
New Heights for ProTides

In this issue of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Janeba et al. found that the in vitro antiviral activity and selectivity index of the aryloxy phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate tenofovir (tenofovir alafenamide) can be dramatically improved by replacing the aryloxy pro-moiety with an appropriate tyrosine derivative. This Viewpoint highlights the possible impact and ramifications that these findings may have in the development of new ProTides.
Physical mapping of human chromosomes.

A major focus of modern molecular biology is the isolation and analysis of genes based upon associated phenotypes. The strategies for “positional cloning,” where a gene is cloned, analyzed and the basic underlying biology uncovered based upon its chromosomal map location alone, form the basis of much modern molecular genetics research and has made possible the isolation, characterization and understanding of genes responsible for many human hereditary, malignant and degenerative diseases. The success of this type of phenotype-based gene hunting has been dramatically illustrated through the cloning of genes responsible for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (1), cystic fibrosis (2) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (3), among many others.
Defects in epitaxial multilayers: II. Dislocation pile-ups, threading dislocations, slip lines and cracks

Multilayers composed of many thin layers of GaAs and GaAs0.5P0.5 were grown on GaAs substrates by chemical vapor deposition. They were examined by optical microscopy, electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Slip lines, dislocation pile-ups, threading dislocations, and cracks were found. These defects were made to relieve elastic stresses generated as a result of misfit between the multilayer taken as a whole and its substrate. The roles of dislocation pile-ups and superkinks in the propagation of dislocations through multilayers are discussed.
A prototype agent-based modeling approach for energy system analysis

Abstract The current world energy system is highly complex and is rapidly evolving to incorporate emerging energy technologies. An understanding of how these technologies will be incorporated into the existing system is needed in order to make intermediate and long term research and infrastructure decisions. We propose an agent-based modeling and simulation approach for energy system analysis that can be used to investigate the mechanisms by which changes occur within the system. The approach has been applied to the Indiana state energy system.
Flagella, flexibility and flow: Physical processes in microbial ecology

How microorganisms interact with their environment and with their conspecifics depends strongly on their mechanical properties, on the hydrodynamic signatures they generate while swimming and on fluid flows in their environment. The rich fluid-structure interaction between flagella – the appendages microorganisms use for propulsion – and the surrounding flow, has broad reaching effects for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms. Here, we discuss selected recent advances in our understanding of the physical ecology of microorganisms, which have hinged on the ability to directly interrogate the movement of individual cells and their swimming appendages, in precisely controlled fluid environments, and to image them at appropriately fast timescales. We review how a flagellar buckling instability can unexpectedly serve a fundamental function in the motility of bacteria, we elucidate the role of hydrodynamics and flexibility in the emergent properties of groups of eukaryotic flagella, and we show how fluid flows characteristic of microbial habitats can strongly bias the migration and spatial distribution of bacteria. The topics covered here are illustrative of the potential inherent in the adoption of experimental methods and conceptual frameworks from physics in understanding the lives of microorganisms.
Abstract 697: Protein Sumoylation in the Adipocyte Modulates Inflammatory Responses, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Adipocyte dysfunction is highly correlated with the development of diabetes. Protein SUMOylation has emerged as important regulatory mechanisms for protein function. In this study, we show that mice with a genetic deletion of the SUMO-specific protease SENP1 gene in adipocytes (SENP1-apKO) develop a type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), including hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and increased circulating diabetic markers insulin autoantibody, C-reactive protein and beta-hydroxybutyrate with normal lipid profiles. The pancreases of SENP1-apKO mice exhibit increased infiltration of T cells and inflammation-induced β-cell apoptosis. Detailed analyses indicate that proinflammatory cytokines produced by pancreatic adipocytes in SENP1-apKO mice precedes the onset of T1DM phenotype. Mechanistic studies show that NEMO, the NF-κB essential molecule, is a major target of SENP1 in the adipose tissues. SENP1 deletion in pancreatic adipocytes enhances NEMO SUMOylation at lysine 277/309, augmenting NF-κB activity, cytokine production and pancreatic inflammation. More importantly, NF-κB inhibitor could inhibit pre-diabetic cytokine production, beta cell damages and T1DM phenotype in SENP1-apKO mice. Our study has uncovered a novel mechanism for the onset and progression of T1DM associated with adipocyte dysfunction. The SENP-apKO mice also develop other cardiovascular disease phenotype and we will discuss potential mechanisms.
Ingella Station, A New Chondrite Find from the Tenham Strewnfield, Queensland, Australia

— Based on optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis of mafic minerals, Ingella Station, a new meteorite find from the area of the Tenham strewnfield, Queensland, Australia, is classified as an H5a chondrite.
Correlates of Individualism and Collectivism: Predicting Volunteer Activity

Differences in the factors that initiate volunteering in individualists versus collectivists were examined. In prior work it has been suggested that the two differ, not in how much service volunteers give, but in the reasons why. Individualist and collectivist tendencies were measured in a sample of long-term volunteers. Also assessed were respondents’ attitudes about the responsibility of individuals and of society to help those in need, the individual’s obligation to engage in social and political action, and the quality of social support available to participants. Collectivism was associated most strongly with personal responsibility and with a strong social support network, while individualism was related to a perceived responsibility to participate in social and political activism. Neither individualism nor collectivism was predictive of time spent volunteering. The findings suggest that rather than predicting who will, and will not, volunteer, the individualism/collectivism construct is useful in clarifying why people help. This knowledge, in turn, can be used to match the volunteer to the appropriate activity.
The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery [Point of View]

We are now seeing governments and funding agencies looking at ways to increase the value and pace of scientific research through increased or open access to both data and publications. In this point of view article, we wish to look at another aspect of these twin revolutions, namely, how to enable developers, designers and researchers to build intuitive,multimodal, user-centric, scientific applications that can aid and enable scientific research.
Competing strain effects in reactivity of LaCoO 3 with oxygen

Planar strain effects on oxygen-vacancy formation and oxygen adsorption on ${\text{LaCoO}}_{3}$ are shown to manifest through competing mechanisms. Through first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that these unit processes are facilitated by elastic stretching. On the other hand, spin-state transitions and Co-O bond exchange hinder these processes by trapping the lattice oxygen with increasing tensile strain. A transition from chemisorption to physisorption of the oxygen molecule is identified at high strains. Insights on charge-density profiles, density of electronic states, and stress thresholds suggest the possibility of tuning strain-mediated reactivity in ${\text{LaCoO}}_{3}$ and related perovskite oxides.
Visible and invisible candidates: A case study in “competing logics” of campaign coverage

The article presents a case study of the coverage of the 1992 presidential campaign of Democrat Larry Agran. Agran's background and experience made him less than a “major” candidate yet more than a “minor” candidate. Agran's anomalous status, along with his exclusion from most televised campaign debates and his inclusion in some, helped make visible some of the normally implicit journalistic decisions concerning campaign coverage. An analysis of the patterns of coverage and noncoverage of his campaign, interviews with local and national journalists, and discussions with average citizens suggests that there are at least three different ways to think about whether and how a presidential campaign should be covered: national journalistic logic, local journalistic logic, and public logic. These logics vary along a number of dimensions, including perception of news‐gathering resources, what a presidential campaign is all about, whose perception of candidates is most important, how to react to signs that a candi...
Leadership at the American Library Association and accessibility: a critical view

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to take a critical view at leadership of the American Library Association (ALA) and discuss the extent to which its policies promote, or fail to promote, a barrier‐free online library environment.Design/methodology/approach – Analyses selected ALA policies, and examines the degree to which accessibility advocating groups within ALA participate in the process of policy making.Findings – Several ALA policies and guidelines dealing with digital resources neglect to address the needs of users with disabilities. The organizations within ALA that are advocates for people with disabilities, particularly the Libraries Serving Special Populations Section (LSSPS) and the Accessibility Assembly, fail to pay attention to policy development in other ALA branches.Practical implications – Suitable ALA organizations should establish a clearinghouse providing easy access to vendor‐supplied information as well as pointers to data collected by independent researchers. Advocates for peo...
Intensity functions of neurons in the auditory cortex of the unanesthetized monkey

The relation between stimulus intensity and single‐unit activity was investigated in the auditory cortex of awake rhesus monkeys. Units were recorded from monkeys performing a simple auditory reaction time task, from trained nonperforming monkeys, and from untrained monkeys. The auditory cortex was approached in the vertical stereotaxic plane. Seventy‐five percent of the tracts were marked for subsequent histological verification. Neural responses were analyzed in terms of frequency of firing, initial latency, and pattern of response. Intensity functions were obtained using pure tones at approximately the best frequency of the unit and/or white noise stimuli. Units studied possessed best frequencies spanning the entire range of monkey auditory sensitivity. The majority of responses involved excitatory‐on components. For most of these on‐responses frequency of firing was a monotonically increasing function of intensity. The dynamic range of these cells included some with a range as small as 10 to 20 dB, bu...
Secretion of platelet-activating factor by periovulatory ovine follicles

Secretion of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in vitro by ovine follicles and ovarian interstitium obtained at various times before, during and after the endogenous preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovulation was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Release of PAF by the preovulatory follicle increased within 2 h after initiation of the surge of LH. Capacity for secretion of PAF was greatest at the time of ovulation, then declined thereafter. Production of PAF by ovarian interstitium throughout the periovulatory period was relatively low and did not change with time. It appears that PAF could act as an intrafollicular mediator in the mechanisms of ovulation and(or) luteinization.
Autonomous Intact Abort System for the X-34

Autonomous algorithms are developed which provide trajectory guidance for horizontally landing vehicles such as the X-34 under a variety of abort conditions. The nominal guidance system of the X-34 is incapable of directing the vehicle to a safe landing for many possible situations in which trajectory is far away from nominal conditions (as in the case of an engine failure). To minimize the risk of losing the vehicle, the autonomous intact abort system considers multiple landing sites and redesigns certain guidance inputs in order to adapt to the new conditions presented by the abort. The abort system design is demonstrated in a high-fidelity simulation to prove the feasibility of the concept for various engine-out These abort algorithms are being incorporated into the X-34 vehicle to flight test this new technology as a part of the Future X Pathfinder Flight Demonstration Program.
RNA synthesis during the development of the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus☆

Abstract RNA synthesis was highest right after ecdysis and decreased towards the end of each larval instar in the large milkweed bug. The fifth instar showed a decrease in synthesis in the middle of the instar, an increase during the next 3 days, and then a decrease again before ecdysis. Only minor changes in the types of RNA synthesized throughout development were detected.
Triassic olistostrome and shelf-basin transition in the western Great Basin: Paleogeographic implications

The Pershing district of the southern Humboldt Range, northwestern Nevada, contains a large, Upper Triassic submarine olistostrome containing carbonate clasts from pebble size to 700 m in length that are supported mostly by a lime-mud matrix. The olistostrome comprises debris flows separated by intervals of hemipelagic sedimentation, turbidity flows, and density-modified grain flows. The olistostrome body is triangular-prism shaped with a flat top and keel-like base. It lies in a thick sequence of fine-grained siliciclastic rock. The lower submarine gravity flows were deposited in a pre-existing trough at a lower slope or base-of-slope. The highest gravity flow filled the trough and spilled over its sides. The source of olistostrome clasts and matrix was a carbonate platform (Dun Glen Formation) to the northeast that formed on the surface of a pre-existing shallow-marine delta. The olistostrome and older shelf-basin transitional rocks of the Humboldt Range indicate the existence of a Middle and Upper Triassic shelf-basin transition with an arcuate trace that is convex to the southwest at the southern Humboldt Range. This bend in the Middle to Late Triassic margin of western North America probably existed since at least Middle Triassic and did not result from later tectonics. The bend was apparently a controlling factor in the location and orientation of Jurassic contractile deformation.
Automated vector selection of SIVQ and parallel computing integration MATLAB TM : Innovations supporting large-scale and high-throughput image analysis studies

Introduction: Spatially invariant vector quantization (SIVQ) is a texture and color-based image matching algorithm that queries the image space through the use of ring vectors. In prior studies, the selection of one or more optimal vectors for a particular feature of interest required a manual process, with the user initially stochastically selecting candidate vectors and subsequently testing them upon other regions of the image to verify the vector's sensitivity and specificity properties (typically by reviewing a resultant heat map). In carrying out the prior efforts, the SIVQ algorithm was noted to exhibit highly scalable computational properties, where each region of analysis can take place independently of others, making a compelling case for the exploration of its deployment on high-throughput computing platforms, with the hypothesis that such an exercise will result in performance gains that scale linearly with increasing processor count. Methods: An automated process was developed for the selection of optimal ring vectors to serve as the predicate matching operator in defining histopathological features of interest. Briefly, candidate vectors were generated from every possible coordinate origin within a user-defined vector selection area (VSA) and subsequently compared against user-identified positive and negative ground truth regions on the same image. Each vector from the VSA was assessed for its goodness-of-fit to both the positive and negative areas via the use of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) transfer function, with each assessment resulting in an associated area-under-the-curve (AUC) figure of merit. Results: Use of the above-mentioned automated vector selection process was demonstrated in two cases of use: First, to identify malignant colonic epithelium, and second, to identify soft tissue sarcoma. For both examples, a very satisfactory optimized vector was identified, as defined by the AUC metric. Finally, as an additional effort directed towards attaining high-throughput capability for the SIVQ algorithm, we demonstrated the successful incorporation of it with the MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB TM ) application interface. Conclusion: The SIVQ algorithm is suitable for automated vector selection settings and high throughput computation.
Directional locking and deterministic separation in periodic arrays

We investigate the dynamics of a non-Brownian sphere suspended in a quiescent fluid and moving through a periodic array of solid obstacles under the action of a constant external force by means of Stokesian dynamics simulations. We show that in the presence of non-hydrodynamic, short-range interactions between the solid obstacles and the suspended sphere, the moving particle becomes locked into periodic trajectories with an average orientation that coincides with one of the lattice directions and is, in general, different from the direction of the driving force. The locking angle depends on the details of the non-hydrodynamic interactions and could lead to vector separation of different species for certain orientations of the external force. We explicitly show the presence of separation for a mixture of suspended particles with different roughness, moving through a square lattice of spherical obstacles. We also present a dilute model based on the two-particle mobility and resistance functions for the collision between spheres of different sizes. This simple model predicts the separation of particles of different size and also suggests that microdevices that maximize the differences in interaction area between the different particles and the solid obstacles would be more sensitive for size separation based on non-hydrodynamic interactions.
Complex wavefront synthesis by multiple exposure holography

Abstract An arbitrary complex wavefront can be synthesized by a multiple exposure of three photographic transparencies on a single holographic plate with 120° phase shift in the reference wave between exposures. This method has several advantages over ordinary computer generated holograms. Applications include spatial filtering, hologram optical elements, and image subtraction.
Spontaneous cognitive strategies for the control of clinical pain and stress

The spontaneous cognitive strategies employed by 75 patients undergoing dental extractions or mandibular block injections were elicited using a structured interview. Interest focused on the relationship between these strategies and several personality variables, including state and trait anxiety, locus of control, and absorption. In addition, the effect of strategy utilization on perceived pain and stress was assessed. Fourty-four percent of the patients employed cognitive strategies designed to minimize pain and stress, while 37% catastrophized, engaging in cognitive activity which exaggerated the fearful aspects of their experience. Only 19% of the patients denied any cognitive activity during the clinical procedure, and many of these used noncognitive coping strategies. Discriminant analysis revealed that situational anxiety was associated with the use of cognitive coping strategies. Catastrophizing was associated with increasing age, past dental stress, and higher levels of stress vulnerability (high trait anxiety and external locus of control). Copers reported less stress than catastrophizers but not less pain.
First-passage times for non-Markovian processes.

First-passage time statistics for non-Markovian processes have heretofore only been developed for processes driven by dichotomous fluctuations that are themselves Markov. Herein we develop a new method applicable to Markov and non-Markovian dichotomous fluctuations and calculate analytic mean first-passage times for particular examples.
Lead Uptake and Translocation by Willows in Pot and Field Experiments

Plant growth and lead (Pb) uptake by seven willow varieties were investigated in pot and field experiments to assess the suitability of willows for phytoremediation of Pb at heavily contaminated sites such as skeet ranges. Differences in uptake and translocation of Pb in Salix were observed between pot and field experiments. In the pot experiment, willows grown in Pb-contaminated field soil for 6 months showed tolerance to very high soil Pb concentration (21360 mg kg−1), and with the addition of EDTA were able to take up and translocate more than 1000 mg kg−1 Pb into above-ground tissues. In the field experiment, all willow varieties showed tolerance to heterogeneously high soil Pb concentrations. Plants were also able to take up and translocate Pb into above-ground tissues. However, after 4.5 months, the lead concentration in the above-ground tissues of willows grown in soil amended with EDTA was less than 200 mg kg−1. The results from the pot experiment suggest that Salix varieties have the potential to...
A comparison of genetic structuring of Yellowcheek Darters (Etheostoma moorei) using AFLPs and allozymes.

Abstract The goals of this study were to characterize the genetic structure of 6 populations of Etheostoma moorei (Yellowcheek Darter), endemic to the Little Red River watershed of central Arkansas, to estimate the levels of gene flow within isolated streams, and to compare AFLP genetic diversity and distance data to our previously published allozyme data. The Yellowcheek Darter is a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. This darter is found in previously connected headwater streams presently isolated and partially inundated downstream by Greers Ferry Reservoir. AFLP data for the Yellowcheek Darter was concordant with previous work utilizing allozymes ( r s = 0.682; p F ST = 0.003 − 0.010), with genetic structuring indicating distinct populations among streams.
The Burr type XII distribution as a failure model under various loss functions

Bayesian estimates of the parameter p and the reliability function for the two-parameter Burr type XII failure model under three different loss functions, absolute difference, squared error and logarithmic are derived. It is assumed that the parameter p behaves as a random variable having (i) a gamma prior and (ii) a vague prior. Monte Carlo simulations are presented to compare the Bayesian estimators and the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameter p and the reliability function. The results show that the “popular” squared error loss function is not always the best, and that the other loss functions give comparable results.
High mobility amorphous InGaZnO4 thin film transistors formed by CO2 laser spike annealing

Amorphous InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) hold great potential for large area and flexible electronics with current research focused on improving the mobility and stability. In this work, we report on properties of IGZO TFTs fabricated using laser spike annealing (LSA) with a scanned continuous wave CO2 laser. For peak annealing temperatures near 430 °C and a 1 ms dwell, TFTs exhibit saturation field-effect mobilities above 70 cm2/V-s (Von ∼ −3 V), a value over 4 times higher than furnace-annealed control samples (∼16 cm2/V-s). A model linking oxygen deficient defect structures with limited structural relaxation after the LSA anneal is proposed to explain the observed high mobility. This mobility is also shown to be comparable to the estimated trap-free mobility in oxide semiconductors and suggests that shallow traps can be removed by transient thermal annealing under optimized conditions.
Extrusion of Cross-Linked Hydroxypropylated Corn Starches II. Morphological and Molecular Characterization

ABSTRACT A series of cross-linked hydroxypropylated corn starches were extruded with a Leistritz micro-18 co-rotating extruder. Extrusion process variables including moisture (30, 35, and 40%), barrel temperature (60, 80, and 100°C), and screw design (low, medium, and high shear) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of extruded starches showed a gel phase with distorted granules and granule fragments after extrusion at 60°C. After extrusion at 100°C only a gel phase was observed with no granular structures remaining. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) equipped with multiangle laser light-scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detectors showed extruded starches degraded to different extents, depending on extrusion conditions. The average molecular weight of the amylopectin of unextruded native corn starch was 7.7 × 108. Extrusion at 30% moisture, 100°C, and high shear reduced the molecular weight of amylopectin to 1.0 × 108. Hydroxypropylated normal corn starch ex...
Effects of psychotherapy training and intervention use on session outcome.

Objective: This study was an investigation of the relationships among therapist training variables, psychotherapy process, and session outcome in a psychotherapy training clinic. The aims were to assess the relationship between “training as usual” and intervention use in individual psychotherapy, to investigate the relationship between therapist intervention use and session outcome, and to test whether training variables moderate this relationship. Method: Graduate student therapists (n 19; mean age 27 years; 79% women; 84% White) provided information about their training and completed a measure of intervention use (Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions; McCarthy & Barber, 2009) and clients (n 42; mean age 33 years; 64% women; 95% White) completed a measure of session outcome (Session Progress Scale; Kolden, 1991) after each session of individual psychotherapy. Results: With regard to intervention use and session outcome, no main effects were found for the training variables. Consequently, tests of moderation were not performed. The final model for intervention use and session outcome yielded main effects for time-varying interpersonal therapy and time-varying common factor use, and a 3-way interaction among time-varying cognitive–behavioral (CBT) intervention use, between-patient common factor use, and between-therapist common factor use. Patients who received more common factor interventions on average rated sessions as less helpful when more CBT interventions were employed; this finding was stronger for patients who were being treated by therapists with higher average levels of common factor use. Conclusions: Implications for training are discussed, with particular attention paid to the importance of clinical decision making and the complex interaction between common and unique technical factors in practice.
Potato early dying disease in the Pacific Northwest caused byErwinia carotovora pv.carotovora andE. carotovora pv.atroseptica

Premature death of potato vines is widespread in irrigated potato fields of the Pacific Northwest.Verticillium dahliae is a major cause of early dying in fields with a history of potato production, but in fields new to potato production, or those that have been fumigated and have a lowV. dahliae population in the soil, premature death of vines can also occur.Erwinia carotovora pv.carotovora (Ecc) andE. carotovora pv.atroseptica (Eca) have been implicated in the early dying disease syndrome in these fields. Both bacterial pathogens are associated with symptoms similar to those caused byV. dahliae; i.e., a progressive chlorosis and necrosis of the foliage and vascular discoloration that may extend a short distance up the stem. Greenhouse pathogenicity studies on cv. Russet Burbank cuttings in which symptom development was identical to that produced byV. dahliae have verified thatEcc andEca can cause potato early dying.
Intensification of seasonal extremes given a 2°C global warming target

Current international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit human-induced global-mean near-surface temperature increases to 2°C, relative to the pre-industrial era, are intended to avoid possibly significant and dangerous impacts to physical, biological, and socio-economic systems. However, it is unknown how these various systems will respond to such a temperature increase because their relevant spatial scales are much different than those represented by numerical global climate models—the standard tool for climate change studies. This deficiency can be addressed by using higher-resolution regional climate models, but at great computational expense. The research presented here seeks to determine how a 2°C global-mean temperature increase might change the frequency of seasonal temperature extremes, both in the United States and around the globe, without necessarily resorting to these computationally-intensive model experiments. Results indicate that in many locations the regional temperature increases that accompany a 2°C increase in global mean temperatures are significantly larger than the interannual-to-decadal variations in seasonal-mean temperatures; in these locations a 2°C global mean temperature increase results in seasonal-mean temperatures that consistently exceed the most extreme values experienced during the second half of the 20th Century. Further, results indicate that many tropical regions, despite having relatively modest overall temperature increases, will have the most substantial increase in number of hot extremes. These results highlight that extremes very well could become the norm, even given the 2°C temperature increase target.
A taxonomic revision of the Australian autumn gum moth genus Mnesampela Guest (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae)

The taxonomy and biology of the ennomine genus Mnesampela Guest is reviewed. Several species are well known in southern Australia as defoliators of gumtrees (Eucalyptus spp.) in cultivation. Seven species are recorded in the genus: privata (Guenee) (= inordinata Walker), comarcha Guest ( = comarcha Meyrick), lenaea Meyrick, heliochrysa (Lower), and three new species: athertonensis from the Atherton Tableland of north-eastern Quccnsland, kunama from high altitudes in south-eastern mainland Australia, and arida from the subinterior of southern Australia. A key to the species is provided and all species and their genitalia are descrihed and illustrated. Details of the immature stages, foodplants, flight periods, and distribution of the various species are also recorded. One new synonymy is established and two lectotypes are designated.
College Learning with and without Formal Classroom Instruction - A Comparison.

DOCUMENT RESUME 24 Himmel, Clark E. College Learning with and without Formal Classroom Instruction A Comparison. Wisconsin State Universities Consortium of Research Development, Stevens Point. Office of Education DHEW) ashingto D.C. BR-6-2728-21 Aug 69 OEG-3-6-062728-2129 36p. HE 002 559 MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 *Higher Education; *Learning; *Stuc:ent Teacher Relationship; *Teacher Role; Teaching; Teaching Methods; *Teaching Techniques This report examines the relationship between studen learning and teacher pedagogy by focusing on two discrete instructional methods: traditional teacher-directed versus student self-directed study. An experiment was administered to two groups of college students enrclled in a psychology courser and the control group having class meetings and lectures, the other studying independently in a "learning center" with no personal teacher contact. The initial part of this report describes the method of student selection, procedures for collecting data, and descriptions of all teaching materials and texts used in the experiment, as well as charts and tables comparing final examinations scores and student questionnaire data. A conclusion, which takes into account the Hawthorne Effect as an independent variable reaffirms the thesis that self-directed intellectual pursuit is, on the whole, a more effective teaching technique. The last section of the report consists of a four-part appendix: (a) the course outline and calendar, required texts, and a syllabus; (b) materials found in the "learning center"; (c) the final examination test questions; (d) student opinion quebi_onnaire. (BHC) WS0 SCOPE OF INTERF ST NOTICE The ERIC Facility has assigned this document ocessi g to: In our iudgament, this document is also of interest :a the clearinghouses noted to the right: I rdexing should reflect their SrPfl.;a I points of view. The Wisconsin State Universities Consortium of Research Ovlopneat