cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How many critical paths classify a function? A study in design space extraction

A subproblem of the general design space extraction problem-classifying the design for a known function type such as an adder-is solved. An algorithm is presented that uses the distribution of critical path lengths as the basis for this classification. Experimental data are cited for a CAD tool implemented for the adder design space classification. This work also identifies the connection between the critical path lengths and the room for global optimization in a circuit. >
Omega-3 fatty acids and stress-induced changes to mood and cognition in healthy individuals.

Abstract Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake is associated with improved mood and cognition, but randomized controlled trials addressing the causal nature of such relationships are less clear, especially in healthy, young adults. Stress is one potential mechanism by which n-3 PUFAs may influence mood. Thus the present aim is to evaluate the influence of n-3 PUFA supplementation on stress-induced changes to mood, cognition, and physiological stress markers in healthy, young adults. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 72 young adults were randomized to receive 2800 mg/day fish oil (n = 36, 23 females) or olive oil control (n = 36, 22 females) for 35 days. Subjects completed measures of mood and cognition before supplementation, and two times after supplementation: following an acute stressor or non-stressful control task. The stress induction was effective in that the stressor impaired mood, including augmenting feelings of tension, anger, confusion and anxiety, reduced accuracy on a cognitive task measuring attentional control and the ability to regulate emotion, and increased salivary cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Rated anger and confusion increased with stress in the olive oil group, but remained stable in the fish oil group. However, fish oil had no further effects on mood, cognitive function, cortisol, or IL-1β. Fish oil exerted few effects in stressful and non-stressful situations, consistent with findings showing little influence of n-3 PUFA supplementation on mood and cognition in young, healthy individuals. Potential target populations who would more likely benefit from increased n-3 PUFA intake are discussed.
Fast and Accurate Bessel Function Computation

The Bessel functions are considered relatively difficult to compute. Although they have a simple power series expansion that is everywhere convergent, they exhibit approximately periodic behavior which makes the direct use of the power series impractically slow and numerically unstable. We describe an alternative method based on systematic expansion around the zeros, refining existing techniques based on Hankel expansions, which mostly avoids the use of multiprecision arithmetic while yielding accurate results.
The Effect of Water Vapor on Passive-Layer Stability and Corrosion Behavior of Fe–Al–Cr Base Alloys

Although it has been reported that additions of water vapor to high-temperature corrosion environments accelerate corrosion, the role of water vapor on increasing the corrosion rate of Fe–Al–Cr alloys and coatings is not very well understood. In order to better understand these effects, multiple Fe–Al–Cr base alloys were tested at 500°C for 100 hr in three different multi-component corrosive gases with and without water vapor. The three gases were a sulfidizing gas, a mixed oxidizing/sulfidizing gas, and an oxidizing gas. Thermogravimetric testing showed that the corrosion kinetics increased when water vapor up to 6% was added to the atmospheres. The surfaces of the exposed samples were considered carefully to determine if the addition of water vapor changed the morphology of the corrosion products and, more importantly, affected the passive layer. It has previously been shown that the formation of nodules can be caused by the inability of the passive layer to re-heal itself after the presence of a defect allowing fast growing non-protective corrosion products to externally grow from the surface. In this study, the amount of external nodules that formed on the surface of the alloys was shown to increase with the addition of water vapor. An increase in the amount of external nodules present due to additions of water vapor gives an indication that water vapor accelerates the passive-layer breakdown. It was observed that the scale morphology correlated well with the corrosion kinetics for the exposed alloys, which showed that water vapor increased the corrosion rates of the alloys.
Dielectric modeling of polyimide exposed to environmental stress

The effects of high temperature and humidity exposure on the complex permittivity of PMDA-ODA polyimide (PI) are reported. The dielectric properties of a Cr-PI-Cr capacitor are measured over a frequency range from 12 Hz to 100 kHz for ambient relative humidity (RH) values from 5 to 85% RH (at room temperature). The capacitor is then aged at 85 degrees C/85% RH for six weeks. A low-frequency dispersion in the capacitance and dissipation factor of the aged devices is observed. In addition, there is a low-frequency loss peak at high humidity values after aging that was not observed in the virgin device. The observed changes in the dielectric behavior after aging are not fully reversible via annealing at the cure temperature, though the dispersion is somewhat reduced. The authors propose a modified Debye model with two relaxation times, and its dual lumped parameter circuit model which includes a parallel conductance for the frequency response of PI films before and after aging at 85 degrees C/85% RH. The model shows good agreement with the experimental observations. >
JVM-Bypass for Efficient Hadoop Shuffling

Hadoop employs Java-based network transport stack on top of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for its data shuffling and merging purposes. Our examination reveals that JVM introduces a significant amount of overhead to data processing capability of the native interface. Furthermore, JVM constrains the use of high-performance networking mechanisms such as RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) which has established itself as an effective data movement technology in many networking environments because of its low-latency, high bandwidth, low CPU utilization, and energy efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a plug-in library called JVM-Bypass Shuffling (JBS) for Hadoop data shuffling. JBS helps Hadoop data shuffling by avoiding Javabased transport protocols, removing the overhead and limitations of the JVM. In addition, we design JBS as a portable library that can leverage both TCP/IP and RDMA on different network systems such as InfiniBand and 1/10 Gigabit Ethernet. We have designed and implemented JBS as part of Hadoop acceleration. It has been transferred to Mellanox as the software product UDA (Unstructured Data Accelerator) and used to enable our studies on a variety of merging algorithms. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that JBS can effectively reduce the execution time of Hadoop jobs by up to 66.3% and lower the CPU utilization by 48.1%.
Should receivers follow multiple signal components? An economic perspective

Animals often communicate with each other via elaborate displays. A popular hypothesis is that such displays somehow benefit the animals toward which communication is directed; however, theoretical optimality models usually predict that these animals should attend to the single “best” component of a display. This study supported the latter prediction, suggesting that additional benefits are required to explain the prevalence of complex communication in nature.
The Money Market Investor Funding Facility

The authors review the creation and economic rationale for the Money Market Investors Funding Facility (MMIFF), a Federal Reserve facility designed to provide liquidity to money market mutual funds and securities lenders. Put in place in October 2008 under Section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act that allows the Federal Reserve to lend to nonbanks, the MMIFF was one of a number of policy actions taken to stem the excessive withdrawals by money fund shareholders in the wake of losses experienced by many prime funds after the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. One challenge in designing an appropriate method for money funds to access an alternative source of liquidity is that money funds may not borrow. Instead, they hold tradable debt instruments, with prime funds holding large amounts of commercial paper, as assets and issue shares, rather than deposits, as liabilities. In October 2008 trading in commercial paper became highly illiquid, causing the funds' strategy of selling commercial paper to meet shareholder withdrawal demands to be very costly. The MMIFF is designed to allow money funds to sell commercial paper to the facility even in a market that is otherwise highly illiquid or frozen. Its design is a novel approach to provide an official liquidity backstop for financial institutions that hold tradable securities and are not allowed to take on leverage. Its design features may be applied to the provision of liquidity to tradable securities more generally.
Geometric Framework for Land Data Systems

The necessary geometric framework for the successful development and application of such land data systems should permit identification of land areas by coordinates down to the individual parcel level, while permitting the precise mathematical correlation of real property boundary and earth science data. The paper examines such a geometric framework developed by combining two unrelated survey control systems established by the federal government for real property boundary and earth science mapping. Although the specific geometric framework described is applicable only to those parts of the United States which have been covered by the U.S. Public Land Survey System, the fundamental concept involved is applicable to any area.
Subcellular fractionation method to study endosomal trafficking of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Virus entry involves multiple steps and is a highly orchestrated process on which successful infection collectively depends. Entry processes are commonly analyzed by monitoring internalized virus particles via Western blotting, polymerase chain reaction, and imaging techniques that allow scientist to track the intracellular location of the pathogen. Such studies have provided abundant direct evidence on how viruses interact with receptor molecules on the cell surface, induce cell signaling at the point of initial contact with the cell to facilitate internalization, and exploit existing endocytic mechanisms of the cell for their ultimate infectious agenda. However, there is dearth of knowledge in regards to trafficking of a virus via endosomes. Herein, we describe an optimized laboratory procedure to isolate individual organelles during different stages of endocytosis by performing subcellular fractionation. This methodology is established using Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection of human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells as a model. With KSHV and other herpesviruses alike, envelope glycoproteins have been widely reported to physically engage target cell surface receptors, such as integrins, in interactions leading to entry and subsequent infection. Subcellular fractionation was used to isolate early and late endosomes (EEs and LEs) by performing a series of centrifugations steps. Specifically, a centrifugation step post-homogenization was utilized to obtain the post-nuclear supernatant containing intact intracellular organelles in suspension. Successive fractionation via sucrose density gradient centrifugation was performed to isolate specific organelles including EEs and LEs. Intracellular KSHV trafficking was directly traced in the isolated endosomal fractions. Additionally, the subcellular fractionation approach demonstrates a key role for integrins in the endosomal trafficking of KSHV. The results obtained from fractionation studies corroborated those obtained by traditional imaging studies. This study is the first of its kind to employ a sucrose flotation gradient assay to map intracellular KSHV trafficking in HFF cells. We are confident that such an approach will serve as a powerful tool to directly study intracellular trafficking of a virus, signaling events occurring on endosomal membranes, and dynamics of molecular events within endosomes that are crucial for uncoating and virus escape into the cytosol.
Rethinking Monetary Stabilization in the Presence of an Asset Bubble

This paper addresses three important questions: how should monetary policy respond to stock market booms, what causes stock market bubbles and can monetary policy pop them. These questions arose during the recent stock market bubble during 1995-2000 and its collapse during 2000-1. To answer these questions we rapidly review the lessons learned from the Fed's response to the stock market boom in the 1920s and the lessons learned from the response of the Bank of Japan in the 1990s. The conclusion of the paper is that an asymmetric response of monetary policy to the stock market booms is appropriate: neutral in stock market booms unless they cause inflation, monetary ease after a stock market bust to dampen the effect on output and if necessary to provide liquidity to the financial system. The theoretical bubble literature and the U.S. experience in the 1920s provides little evidence that monetary policy can pop bubbles and attempting do so is potentially costly in terms of lost output.
Bullying as a Civil Rights Violation: The U.S. Department of Education’s Approach to Harassment

The Obama Administration recently mounted a high-profile campaign against bullying in public schools, staging a White House conference on bullying prevention, featuring the President and first lady; creating a White House anti-bullying Web site; and issuing new regulatory guidance ostensibly to combat this problem. The administrative core of the campaign has been a new federal bullying policy issued by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) on October 26, 2010. This policy, conveyed in a ten-page “Dear Colleague” guidance letter signed by Assistant Secretary of Education for Civil Rights Russlynn Ali, has been controversial: supporters have welcomed new protections for minority victims of this social problem, while critics have argued that the Obama Administration has effectively created a new right unauthorized by Congress. As a substantive matter, two things must be said about OCR’s new bullying policy. First, it is neither new nor a bullying policy. Rather, it is a repackaging of longstanding OCR interpretations of harassment law. In this sense, as this article will show, it is not what supporters and critics alike have assumed it to be. Nevertheless, it is an important document, because there is considerable policy significance in the Obama Administration’s determination as to which of OCR’s prior decisions merit this form of codification, although its greatest substantive contribution may lie in an area that has received scant attention. Second, it is neither a straightforward application of federal anti-discrimination statutes, nor a faithful application of judicial case law. Instead, it provides OCR’s distinctive and controversial interpretation of its civil rights statutes, deviating in significant ways from the courts’ precedents.
Nanoporous GaN-Ag composite materials prepared by metal-assisted electroless etching for direct laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry.

Three-dimensional nanoporous gallium nitride(PGaN) produced by metal-assisted electroless etching is chemically embedded with silver nanoparticles via electroless deposition, forming a metallized semiconductor membrane with large surface area and nanoscale metal features. A new application utilizing the unique chemical and morphological features of these composite nanostructures is described here, laser induced desorption-ionization(LDI) of biomolecules(e.g., cholesterol and nucleotides) for direct mass analysis, without use of additional organic matrix. Although PGaN itself is a poor matrix for direct LDI mass spectrometry, the combination of Ag and PGaN greatly improves ion signals relative to PGaN or Ag nanostructure surfaces alone. This behavior is attributed to the combination of strong UV absorption, enhanced surface area, and favorable thermal properties of PGaN. Importantly, Ag-PGaN is shown to facilitate the formation of Ag adduct ions in some cases, for example adenine, where adducts are not obs...
17-Ketosteroids in gastric juice.

ConclusionsEther-soluble material giving a positive Zimmerman reaction is present in gastric juice in varying concentrations. Evidence is lacking of a direct correlation between acidity of the juice and concentration of the steroids. Concentration of 17-KS in gastric juice is shown to increase markedly during intravenous administration of hydrocortisone; hence it appears to reflect to some extent the blood level of hydrocortisone. The inference is justified that the gastric mucosa is the site of active steroid metabolism.
Influence of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection and propofol on restlessness in wake up stage with sevoflurane anesthesia

Objective: To study the dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection and propofol to curb child sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia awakening period clinical treatment effect of agitation. Randomly selected from January 2013 to January 2014 in our hospital between rows of laparoscopic hernia sac high ligation and decline in cryptorchidism fixation with 60 cases as the research objectes,which was divided into normal saline( group A),dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection( group B) and propofol group( C) three groups,each group of children with 20 cases. Three groups of children all used mask 8% sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia induction,immediately after the surgery to the anesthesia recovery room,gave 2 ml of 0. 9% sodium chloride injection in group A,group B was gave 0. 7 μg / kg dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection,group C give propofol 0. 1 mg / kg propofol injection. To compare three groups of children with time,pain and agitation and complications after waking up. Results: The waking time and incidence of complications has no obvious difference among three groups. The pain and agitated after waking score among three groups,the statistical result has obvious difference( P 0. 05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection and propofol sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia can cut down obviously with the probability of restlessness woke up in,and the analgesic effect is good,will not extend the children wake up time and no obvious adverse symptoms occur,safe and effective,can be suitable for clinical promotion.
Analysis and clinical significance of irregular antibodies screening in 5982 patients

Objective:To study the clinical significance of irregular antibodies screening in 5982 patients.Methods:On the pre-specimens of patients with irregular blood type antibody screen.Results:Clinically significant irregular antibodies were found in 16 samples out of 5982 patients.The qualities of alloantibodies found among patients were: anti-E 7,anti-D 5,anti-C 2,anti-c 2,anti-M 2.Conclusion:Screening of irregular antibodies in patients is necessary for safe blood transfusion,decrease or avoid hemolytic transfusion reaction,timely seek for matched blood,also prevent and reduce the haemolytic disease of the newborn occurrence.
Discussion on CDC Field Teaching,Practice and Problems of Preventive Medical Interns

Through the CDC field teaching and practice of preventive medical interns,we find the problems,explore the construction of standardized practice base,improve the quality of field teaching and practice,and train practical public health professionals.
The Migration–Development Nexus in Local Immigration Policy: Baltimore City and the Hispanic Diaspora

In the United States, academic research on local polices for international migration remains predominantly descriptive, methodologically localist, and focused on anti-immigrant policies. By contras...
Retrocaval Ureter: Report of 8 Cases and the Surgical Management

We present 8 cases of retrocaval ureter, one of which concerns a unique periureteral venous ring formed by the persistence of the right posterior cardinal vein along with a normal vena cava. Current radiographic concepts are reviewed and the importance of inferior venacavography in the preoperative evaluation for correction of the retrocaval ureter is emphasized.
Trends in Bone-Block Augmentation Among Recently Trained Orthopaedic Surgeons Treating Anterior Shoulder Instability.

Background: Shoulder instability is a common entity requiring surgical stabilization. Although arthroscopic soft-tissue stabilization has been the most common surgical treatment, increased attention is now being paid to Latarjet coracoid transfers and bone-block augmentation, particularly with glenoid bone loss. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the current status of arthroscopic soft-tissue stabilization and bone-block augmentation stabilization techniques among newly trained orthopaedic surgeons in the United States. Methods: The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) database was utilized to identify shoulder instability cases submitted by ABOS Part-II Board Certification examination candidates. Cases were dichotomized into two groups: isolated soft-tissue stabilizations and bone-block augmentation procedures, including coracoid transfer. The two groups were then analyzed to determine trends in annual incidence, complication rates, types of complications, concomitant procedures, surgeon fellowship training, and geographic region of practice. Results: From 2004 to 2013, 6,854 surgeons submitted 7,587 shoulder instability surgical cases that met all inclusion criteria. Of these, 7,515 (99.1%) were isolated soft-tissue stabilizations, and 72 (0.95%) were bone-block glenoid augmentations. Surgeons with sports medicine fellowship training performed 61.85% of isolated soft-tissue stabilization procedures and 58.33% of bone-block stabilization procedures. The percentage of stabilization cases that utilized bone-block augmentation increased tenfold from 0.14% to 1.4% (p = 0.029) during the study period. The overall annual incidence of isolated soft-tissue stabilizations (p = 0.037) and bone-block procedures (p = 0.016) increased from 2004 to 2013. Although the complication rate of the bone-block procedures remained steady (mean rate, 20.8%; p = 0.932), the isolated soft-tissue stabilization complication rate rose from 4.9% to 9.0% (mean rate, 5.4%; p = 0.003). Conclusions: A trend exists toward increased utilization of bone-block stabilization for the treatment of shoulder instability among recently trained orthopaedic surgeons. Complication rates remained relatively high (20.8%) for these procedures, but did not increase as was seen with the isolated soft-tissue stabilizations. Residency and fellowship programs should continue to focus on methods to optimize training for these procedures. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Use of Data on Biologically Reactive Intermediates in Risk Assessment

As defined by the US National Academy of Sciences (1994), risk assessment is “the evaluation of scientific information on the hazardous properties of environmental agents and on the extent of human exposure to those agents”. The goal of risk assessment is a scientifically defensible regulatory exposure level (Pease et al., 1991). The eventual product of any risk assessment should be the probability that populations exposed to the agent will be harmed and to what degree. In achieving this goal, three rather disjoint elements must cooperate and attempt to understand each other; science, politics and policy. The scientific element of risk assessment is usually divided into the three basic categories of hazard identification, dose-response modeling and risk characterization. Hazard identification is the process of determining if there exists a health risk from exposure to an agent and determining that there is exposure to the same agent. Dose-response modeling then uses the available data on exposure and hazard to quantify the risk for varying levels of exposure. Risk characterization concludes the scientific component of the risk assessment by summarizing the degree of risk in populations exposed to the agent.
The High-Performing Practice into the Future

We recognize that the topics and case studies up to this point have been largely based on past experience, which in some settings might not be predictive of future success given the pace of changes happening in medicine today. However, we do believe that it is not just one principle that will define a practice as successful and that regardless of the changes in the global environment of medical practice and health-care delivery, the principle of being able to effect a synergy of the various aspects covered in previous chapters will be essential to both effective health care and rewarding work as a practitioner of pathology. That said, we recognize that it can be difficult to see how these pieces come together into a cohesive solution for all the various iterations of medical practice that do or will exist. With that in mind, we have asked a number of individuals from a wide variety of backgrounds and practice settings to give us their take on what the high-performing pathology practice will look like in the future. Herewith are some of their responses.
Inflammation of the Lungs, Umbilical Cord and Placenta Associated with Meconium Passage in Utero: Review of 123 Autopsied Cases

It is uncertain how often the passage of meconium in utero is a response to some event causing fetal distress as opposed to being simply the physiologic functioning of a maturing intestinal tract. The extent to which meconium may produce injury or inflammation in pulmonary and placental tissues after intrauterine exposure is also unclear. This study was a retrospective review of 123 cases, 79 stillborn and 44 liveborn less than one month of age, autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and showing histologic evidence of intrauterine meconium exposure by aspirated meconium or meconium macrophages in placental tissues. Of 55 cases with pulmonary inflammation, 13 (24%) had fetal pneumonia, 5 (9%) had postnatal bronchopneumonia, and 37 (67%) had inflammation secondary to meconium aspiration. There was inflammation of the umbilical cord in 31 (41%) of the 75 cases with available slides, 11 (15%) had funisitis associated with chorioamnionitis and 18 (58%) were secondary to meconium exposure. There were 19 cases with focal injury of cord vessels from meconium, two of which had cord ulceration. Inflammation of the membranes and chorionic plate was present in 24 (33%) of the 72 cases where it could be assessed, and was due to chorioamnionitis in 11 (46%) and to meconium in 13 (54%). In general, meconium-related inflammations was much less severe in the membranes than in the cord. There were 67 (54%) cases with definite or probable evidence of fetal distress. In 38 (48%) stillborns no cause of fetal death in utero was identified and in 18 (41%) liveborns there was no known prenatal problem. The results support the concept that meconium passage in utero may occur either as a response to fetal distress or as a physiologic process. Inflammation in the lung and placental tissues, and vascular injury in the umbilical cord may arise secondary to in utero exposure to meconium.
Incentive and Reminder Strategies to Improve Response Rate for Internet-Based Physician Surveys: A Randomized Experiment

Background: Most research on how to enhance response rates in physician surveys has been done using paper surveys. Uncertainties remain regarding how to enhance response rates in Internet-based surveys. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a low-cost nonmonetary incentive and paper mail reminders (formal letter and postcard) on response rates in Internet-based physician surveys. Methods: We executed a factorial-design randomized experiment while conducting a nationally representative Internet-based physician survey. We invited 3966 physicians (randomly selected from a commercial database of all licensed US physicians) via email to complete an Internet-based survey. We used 2 randomly assigned email messages: one message offered a book upon survey completion, whereas the other did not mention the book but was otherwise identical. All nonrespondents received several email reminders. Some physicians were further assigned at random to receive 1 reminder via paper mail (either a postcard or a letter) or no paper reminder. The primary outcome of this study was the survey response rate. Results: Of the 3966 physicians who were invited, 451 (11.4%) responded to at least one survey question and 336 (8.5%) completed the entire survey. Of those who were offered a book, 345/2973 (11.6%) responded compared with 106/993 (10.7%) who were not offered a book (odds ratio 1.10, 95% CI 0.87-1.38, P=.42). Regarding the paper mail reminder, 168/1572 (10.7%) letter recipients, 148/1561 (9.5%) postcard recipients, and 69/767 (9.0%) email-only recipients responded (P=.35). The response rate for those receiving letters or postcards was similar (odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.91-1.44, P=.26). Conclusions: Offering a modest nonmonetary incentive and sending a paper reminder did not improve survey response rate. Further research on how to enhance response rates in Internet-based physician surveys is needed. [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(9):e244]
Luminescent enhancement of reflective displays

Achieving bright reflected colors is a major challenge for reflective display technologies. We demonstrate the potential for photoluminescence to enhance the color performance of simple reflective displays based on electrophoretic or dichroic guest-host technologies.
A 20-Year Analysis of Clinical Trials Involving Proton Beam Therapy.

Abstract Purpose: Clinical trials (CTs) in proton beam therapy (PBT) are important for determining its benefits relative to other treatments. An analysis of PBT trials is, thus, warranted to understand the current state of PBT CTs and the factors affecting current and future trials. Materials and Methods: We queried the clinicaltrials.gov Website using the search terms: proton beam therapy, proton radiation, and protons. A total of 152 PBT CTs were identified. We used χ2 analysis and logistic regression to evaluate trial characteristics. Results: Most CTs were recruiting (n = 79; 52.0%), phase II (n = 95; 62.5%), open label (n = 134; 88.2%), single-group assignment (n = 84; 55.3%), and with primary treatment endpoints of safety and efficacy (n = 94; 61.8%). The primary treatment sites included gastrointestinal (n = 32; 21.1%), central nervous system (n = 31; 20.4%), lung (n = 21; 13.8%), prostate (n = 19; 12.5%), sarcoma (n = 15; 9.9%), and others (n = 24; 15.8%). Comparison studies between radiation moda...
Imagining Policy [Data] Differently

This chapter articulates a call to attend to how policy imagines, or cannot imagine, futures. Utilizing examples from a policy table focused on increasing Black young parents education success, Pillow demonstrates the necessity to trace how data matter in policy formation. Situating this work within a context of education debt and data deficits, Pillow takes seriously Webb and Gulson’s petition to reinvigorate policy studies in ways that account for embodied materialities. Troubled by the incapacity to think Black youth futures outside of temporal and structural constraints, Pillow focuses on questions of how policy creates feelings about young parents and turns to Afrofuturism theorizing to identify and rethink policy construction limitations. The chapter concludes with consideration of what it might look like to imagine policy data and futures differently and the need for continued emphasis in this area.
Patterning on Topography for Generation of Cell Culture Substrates with Independent Nanoscale Control of Chemical and Topographical Extracellular Matrix Cues.

The cell microenvironment plays an important role in many biological processes, including development and disease progression. Key to this is the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex biopolymer network serving as the primary insoluble signaling network for physical, chemical, and mechanical cues. In vitro, the ability to engineer the ECM at the micro- and nanoscales is a critical tool to systematically interrogate the influence of ECM properties on cellular responses. Specifically, both topographical and chemical surface patterning has been shown to direct cell alignment and tissue architecture on biomaterial surfaces, however, it has proven challenging to independently control these surface properties. This protocol describes a method termed Patterning on Topography (PoT) to engineer 2D nanopatterns of ECM proteins onto topographically complex substrates, which enables independent control of physical and chemical surface properties. Applications include interrogation of fundamental cell-surface interactions and engineering interfaces that can direct cell and/or tissue function. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: extracellular matrix; microtopography; fibronectin; biomaterials; microcontact printing; surface initiated assembly
Ambient temperature impacts on real-world electric vehicle efficiency & range

Electric vehicles offer a means of substantially reducing emissions in the short run, and reaching near-zero levels with complementary power sector policies over the longer-term. However, to date, consumer adoption has been limited by range anxiety and lack of familiarity with the technology. Understanding the effects of ambient temperature on electric vehicle efficiency is relevant for improving vehicle performance, enabling widespread consumer adoption and ensuring beneficial environmental outcomes. Using real-world fleet data from the Tesla Model S, vehicle efficiency is observed across a range of trip characteristics, regional climates, and ambient temperatures. The data suggest that low-temperature penalties to vehicle efficiency are mostly confined to short-distance drives, limiting the impacts on useful range experienced by the driver. Drivers are also able to adapt behaviors in response to anticipated range needs. Lastly, average efficiency impacts of climate are moderate (10% or less), as very low temperature conditions strongly affect only a small subset of trips.
Toward Exascale Earthquake Ground Motion Simulations for Near-Fault Engineering Analysis

Modernizing SW4 for massively parallel time-domain simulations of earthquake ground motions in 3D earth models increases resolution and provides ground motion estimates for critical infrastructure risk evaluations. Simulations of ground motions from large (M ≥ 7.0) earthquakes require domains on the order of 100 to500 km and spatial granularity on the order of 1 to5 m resulting in hundreds of billions of grid points. Surface-focused structured mesh refinement (SMR) allows for more constant grid point per wavelength scaling in typical Earth models, where wavespeeds increase with depth. In fact, MR allows for simulations to double the frequency content relative to a fixed grid calculation on a given resource. The authors report improvements to the SW4 algorithm developed while porting the code to the Cori Phase 2 (Intel Xeon Phi) systems at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Investigations of the performance of the innermost loop of the calculations found that reorganizing the order of operations can improve performance for massive problems.
Automated knowledge extraction from the federal acquisition regulations system (FARS)

With increasing regulation of Big Data, it is becoming essential for organizations to ensure compliance with various data protection standards. The Federal Acquisition Regulations System (FARS) within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) includes facts and rules for individuals and organizations seeking to do business with the US Federal government. Parsing and gathering knowledge from such lengthy regulation documents is currently done manually and is time and human intensive. Hence, developing a cognitive assistant for automated analysis of such legal documents has become a necessity. We have developed semantically rich approach to automate the analysis of legal documents and have implemented a system to capture various facts and rules contributing towards building an efficient legal knowledge base that contains details of the relationships between various legal elements, semantically similar terminologies, deontic expressions and cross-referenced legal facts and rules. In this paper, we describe our framework along with the results of automating knowledge extraction from the FARS document (Title 48, CFR). Our approach can be used by Big Data Users to automate knowledge extraction from Large Legal documents.
Immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a new standard of care?

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a clinical challenge with only modest improvements in treatment over two decades and a plateau in survival.
Validierungsbegriffe und -prozesse in einem analytischen Labor

Konsistente, zuverlassige und richtige Daten im analytischen Labor konnen nur mit gut kalibrierten Geraten, mit validierten Methoden und mit Prozessen fur die Datenvalidierung erzielt werden. Obwohl diese Forderung in den Gesetzen und Normen im allgemeinen nicht direkt enthalten ist, erwarten Behorden und Inspektoren, das Gerate und Methoden, die bei der Erzeugung von kritischen sicherheitsrelevanten analytischen Daten eingesetzt werden, validiert sind. Diese Forderung kann aus den eher generellen Inhalten von Gesetzen uber Gerate, wie „Gerate sollen fur ihren Zweck geeignet sein“ abgeleitet werden. Dies trifft fur alle Arten von Geraten, einschlieslich computergesteuerter Mesgerate zu. Neuere Dokumente enthalten die direkte Forderung nach Validierung, z.B. das OECD Konsenspapier uber GLP und Computer [126] „Systeme sollen in Ubereinstimmung mit den GLP-Grundsatzen entwickelt, validiert und betrieben werden“. Dieses Kapitel gibt eine generelle Ubersicht uber die Validierung von computergesteuerten analytischen Geraten im analytischen Labor.
Complement receptors, adhesion, and phagocytosis.

Complement is a major opsonin in blood and in extracellular fluids that is a major mechanism for recognition and destruction of potential pathogen invaders. An important part of complement’s role in this process is the recognition by phagocytes of complement components, particularly C3, bound to the surfaces of these dangerous organisms. Of the C3 receptors on the phagocytes, the two in the integrin family appear extremely important. In particular, the exquisite sensitivity of these integrin complement receptors to cues from the environment of the phagocytic cells help increase the efficiency with which they internalized opsonized targets for destruction and help limit their function to sites of inflammatory perturbation of homeostasis. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of integrin receptor function, but many important events in the signal transduction cascades that lead to increased affinity for ligand and increased integrin clustering required for ingestion remain to be elucidated.
Hobbes, Revolution, and the Philosophy of History

When coming to the study of Hobbes’s political philosophy one is confronted by several puzzling elements. I wish to take up three of them. The most bothersome, perhaps, is Hobbes’s claim that there is no significant difference between sovereignty by institution and sovereignty by acquisition. Both can be legitimate and can be so for the same reason, namely, the consent of the subjects.
Linear Hypothesis: Regression (Quantile)

Classical least squares regression may be viewed as a natural way of extending the idea of estimating an unconditional mean parameter to the problem of estimating conditional mean; the crucial link is the formulation of an optimization problem that encompasses both problems. Likewise, quantile regression offers an extension of univariate quantile estimation to estimation of conditional quantile functions via an optimization of a piecewise linear objective function in the residuals. Median regression minimizes the sum of absolute residuals, an idea introduced by Boscovich in the eighteenth century. The asymptotic theory of quantile regression closely parallels the theory of the univariate sample quantiles and leads to a generalization of the theory of L-statistics to the regression context. Computation of quantile regression estimators may be formulated as a linear programming problem and efficiently solved by simplex or barrier methods. A close link to rank based inference has been forged from the theory of the dual regression quantile process or regression rankscore process.
Gentiobiose, a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid from coliphage T6.

The deoxyribonucleic acid of the T-even coliphages contains glucosylated and nonglucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of cytosine (l-6). In the case of deoxyribonucleic acid from phage T6, 72y0 of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine residues are diglucosylated. In T2 deoxyribonucleic acid, 70% of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine residues are monoglucosylated, but 5% bear diglucosyl units. A recent investigation of the configuration of the disaccharides bound to the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid from T2 and T6 showed the glucose units to be p linked to each other and joined to the hydroxymethyl group of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by an cr linkage (6). In the present study, the disaccharide from T6 deoxyribonucleic acid was identified as gentiobiose, 6-O-O-D-ghcOpyranOSyl-D-ghCOSe. This disaccharide is unique to deoxyribonucleic acid from phage T6 and possibly T2 and has been observed only in such glycosides as amygdalin and crocin, and as part of the trisaccharide, gentianose.
CHAPTER 28 – Renal Osteodystrophy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

This chapter discusses the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of renal osteodystrophy in children with chronic renal failure and those treated with maintenance dialysis. Renal osteodystrophy is a disorder of bone and mineral metabolism that has long been recognized as a consequence of renal dysfunction. Disturbances in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, reduced synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , altered metabolism of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and impaired renal clearance of PTH fragments and other substances—such as aluminum and β 2 -macroglobulin—develop during progressive renal impairment. These factors are fundamental in the pathogenesis of renal bone disease. Although it is well established that these skeletal lesions in adults primarily represent disturbances in bone remodeling, in children, they occur during longitudinal and appositional bone growth and modeling. Thus, the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism remains a critical element in the care of pediatric patients with renal failure to prevent potential serious long-term consequences, such as bone deformities and growth retardation.
Combined Effects of Internal Curing, SCMs, and Expansive Additives on Concrete Shrinkage

Internal curing (IC) using prewetted lightweight aggregate (LWA) has often been used to improve the cracking performance of concretes with low water-to-binder (w/b) ratios (<0.42) when autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation are of concern. Shrinkage-compensating admixtures (SCAs) are also used to improve the cracking performance of concrete. A modified version of ASTM C157, Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete, in which length-change measurements begin 5 1/2 ± 1/2 h after casting concrete, was used to evaluate the effects of IC obtained through the use of intermediate-sized prewetted LWA, partial replacements of cement with the supplementary cementitious materials slag cement and silica fume (SCMs); incorporation of calcium oxide–based and magnesium oxide–based SCAs; and combinations of IC, SCMs, and SCAs using eleven concrete mixtures with moderate w/b ratios (0.45). The results show that the modified ASTM C157 method helps to capture the early-age behavior of concrete mixtures. IC provided by partial replacement of total aggregate with intermediate-sized prewetted LWA is effective in reducing drying shrinkage in concrete made with moderate w/b ratios. Partial replacements of cement with slag cement and silica fume induce increased first-day expansion and reduce shrinkage. A further increase in first-day expansion and a reduction in shrinkage is obtained when IC is used in conjunction with slag cement and silica fume. The SCAs evaluated in this study reduce the tendency to develop shrinkage strain. The calcium oxide–based SCA induces the more rapid expansion of greater magnitude, while the magnesium oxide–based SCA expands more gradually. When the calcium oxide–based SCA is incorporated in a mixture containing SCMs or SCMs and IC, expansion is further increased. The same observation cannot be made for mixtures incorporating SCMs with the magnesium oxide–based SCA.
Breadth and Depth

This chapter explores the many different types of writing that Reid was engaged in throughout her career for radio, television, and stage—drawing together these works in order to make further conclusions about Reid’s contributions to the fabric of writing in and about Northern Ireland in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
Attack of the green-eyed monster: a review of jealousy and envy in small groups

Past research on jealousy and envy has focused primarily on dyadic interpersonal relationships; little is known about the perception and expression of such emotions within small groups. The express...
Essentials of modern hearing aids: selection, fitting, and verification

A text for the ages is how one can describe “Essentials of Modern Hearing Aids”. For one, the book is sure to stand a certain test of time. But more so, it is described as such, because the book is...
Halo exclusion criteria impacts halo statistics

CONACyTConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) [710106]; DOEUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0015975]; Cottrell Scholar Award program
Settling the Score: The Role of Organizational Justice in the Relationship Between Psychological Contract Breach and Anticitizenship Behavior

This study investigated the role of psychological contract breach, procedural justice, and interactional justice in influencing employees' anticitizenship behaviors. It was posited that the association between contract breach and these negative employee outcomes would be moderated by perceptions of both procedural and interactional justice. In particular, employees' anticitizenship behaviors are hypothesized to be higher following a breach when both procedural and interactional justice are low. One hundred and sixty-five employees from a variety of organizational settings completed measures of contract breach, procedural justice, and interactional justice whereas their respective supervisors completed a measure of anticitizenship behavior. Results revealed a 3-way interaction between contract breach, procedural justice, and interactional justice on anticitizenship behavior. The nature of the interaction was further investigated through simple slope analyses. Consistent with the study's propositions, anticitizenship behavior was higher following a contract breach when both procedural and interactional justice were low. Theoretical and practical implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.