cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On coronal temperatures, temperature gradients and compositions

Average solar wind properties at 1 AU either alone or together with the electron density distribution are used to obtain or review some results that relate coronal temperatures, temperature gradients, and compositions. Measured values of the temperature (T) and the temperature gradient parameter are used to find compositions that satisfy the equations used to obtain the results. The total energy equation may be satisfied if the thermal conductivity is reduced by considerable depletions of H(+) in the corona. The hydrostatic approximation (momentum equation) for the electron density distribution appears to require considerable depletions of H(+) in the corona.
A New Mixer Design for 140-220 GHz (Short Papers)

A new Schottky-diode mixer is described which has low noise and conversion loss in the 140-220-GHz band. At 170 GHz mixer noise temperatures of 1100-1300 K [Single sideboard (SSB)] have been measured, with 6.2-7.2-dB SSB conversion loss. The design should be usable up to -300 GHz with appropriate scaling. The mixer has been successfully used in airborne radiometers on the NASA Convair 990 and C-141 aircraft.
The alterations in CNS serotonergic mechanisms caused by neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure are permanent.

Abstract Fetal or neonatal exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) or related organophosphate pesticides leads to abnormalities of brain cell development, synaptic function, and behavior. Recent studies in rats indicate profound effects on serotonin (5HT) systems that originate during CPF exposure and that are still present at 2 months posttreatment in the young adult. To determine if these changes are permanent, we administered 1 mg/kg of CPF daily to neonatal rats on postnatal days 1–4, a regimen devoid of systemic toxicity, and examined 5HT synaptic markers at 5 months of age: radioligand binding to 5HT 1A and 5HT 2 receptors and to the 5HT transporter. There were global elevations in all three synaptic proteins, with pronounced sex selectivity (effects on males > females) and a regional hierarchy of effects, viz. striatum > midbrain ≈ brainstem > cerebral cortex. Because there is a normal sex disparity for 5HT synaptic proteins, with females having higher values than males, the increase caused by CPF exposure in males completely eliminated this difference. Our findings at 5 months of age replicate those seen in young adulthood and strongly suggest that the effects of neonatal CPF exposure on 5HT systems are permanent.
Implementation issues for operations research software

Abstract There are many issues which underly the effective implementation of operations research techniques on a computer. This study discusses general implementation issues, including portability, user friendliness and marketing, as well as issues specifically related to optimization. In the latter category, issues such as model input and solution output, sensitivity analysis, interactive modeling and automated data collection are examined.
Asthma quality-of-care measures using administrative data: relationships to subsequent exacerbations in multiple databases

INTRODUCTION The Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) was developed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance and applied to many diseases, including asthma.1 The HEDIS asthma measure identifies patients with “persistent asthma” based on inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy utilization data and assesses the proportion of such patients dispensed at least 1 controller medication. Problems with this measure include the fact that this administrative definition of persistent asthma may not adequately reflect persistent asthma as defined clinically2,3 and that patients who meet these criteria for appropriate treatment may actually be at increased risk of subsequent emergency hospital care.4 Patients with better adherence to inhaled steroids may have improved outcomes.4 In 1 study, dispensing of 4 or more canisters of inhaled steroids was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent emergency hospital care.5 The ratio of controller medication to total medications (controller plus rescue medications) has also been proposed as an alternative administrative quality-of-care process measure that better reflects asthma outcomes. This measure has been shown to be significantly related to survey outcome measures, such as asthma quality of life and control.6 In addition, patients with a higher ratio experience significantly fewer subsequent asthma exacerbations defined by administrative data.6,7 The purpose of this study was to investigate whether other measures of quality of asthma care using administrative data would be more appropriate than the current HEDIS measure. The strategy was to perform a uniform analysis that used several commercial insurance data sets and to test the relationship of different numerator-denominator combinations of medical and pharmacy claims in year 1 to asthma exacerbations in the subsequent year. A measure associated with reduced exacerbations would presumably be a better measure of quality care than a measure not associated with reduced exacerbations. Based on this information, potential numerators tested included the current HEDIS measure ( 1 controllers), 4 or more controller canisters or dispensings, and a medication ratio of 0.5 or greater.6
In-situ studies of the TGO growth stresses and the martensitic transformation in the B2 phase in commercial Pt-modified NiAl and NiCoCrAlY bond coat alloys.

Abstract Oxide growth stresses were measured in situ at 1100 °C on commercial Pt-modified NiAl and NiCoCrAlY bond coat alloys using synchrotron X-rays. Measurements were taken on samples that had no preoxidation, as well as on samples that had experienced 24 one-hour thermal exposures at 1150 °C, a condition known to induce rumpling in the Pt-modified NiAl alloy, but not in the NiCoCrAlY alloy. The NiCoCrAlY alloy showed continuous stress relaxation under all conditions, whereas the Pt-modified NiAl alloys would typically stabilize at a fixed (often non-zero) stress suggesting a higher creep strength in the “Thermally Grown Oxide” on the latter alloy, though the precise behavior was dependent on initial surface preparation. The formation of martensite in the Pt-modified NiAl alloys was also observed upon cooling and occurred at temperatures below 200 °C for all of the samples observed. Based on existing models, this Ms temperature is too low to account for the rumpling observed in these alloys.
Resultants, companion matrices, and Jacobson chains

The multiplicative property of triangular Toeplitz matrices is used to derive a polyproduct rule for companion matrices. This rule is then used to obtain some new identities involving resultants and companion matrices, and to investigate the block structure of Jacobson chains relating companion and hypercompanion matrices.
Neurospora crassa ribosomal DNA: sequence of internal transcribed spacer and comparison with N. intermedia and N. sitophila

Using [32P]DNA probes from a clone containing 17S, 5.8S and 26S rRNA of Neurospora crassa, the remainder of the repeat unit (RU) for ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has been cloned. Combining restriction analysis of the cloned DNA and restriction digests of genomic DNA, the RU was found to be 8.7 kb. The nucleotide sequence was determined for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions one and two, for 5.8S rRNA and for portions of 17S and 26S rRNAs immediately flanking the ITS regions, and compared to the corresponding region of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. In addition, a comparative restriction analysis of two other Neurospora species was performed using twelve restriction endonucleases. Genomic DNA blots of rDNA from N. intermedia and N. sitophila revealed rDNA RUs of 8.4 kb. The majority of differences in restriction patterns were confined to sequences outside the mature rRNA regions. However, one SmaI recognition site was found in 26S rRNA of N. crassa and N. sitophila but not in N. intermedia.
Phase Behavior of Pseudobinary Precious Metal−Carbide Systems

Transition metal carbides exhibit a variety of interesting material properties, including electrochemical stability. When combined with precious metals, Ta and W carbides have shown promise as fuel cell electrode materials; yet, the phase behavior of these precious metal−carbide systems is largely unexplored. We investigated P-M-C phase behavior with P = Pt, Pd, and Ru and M = Ta and W using composition spread thin films. We attained limited control of the deposited carbide phase through variation of the sputter atmosphere and demonstrated decreased corrosion of W−C materials with increasing C content. A high-throughput X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence experiment was employed for thin film characterization, which revealed solubility of Pt, Pd, and Ru in cubic WC. Density functional calculations of the lattice parameter dependence on carbon concentration enabled the determination of carbon concentration from the X-ray data as a function of transition metal stoichiometry. Our measurement of variatio...
Shell model study of N = 50 nuclei

Abstract Measured E2 and M4 transitions and energy levels in the N = 50 isotones with Z > 38 are satisfactorily reproduced by a shell model with proton configurations (2 p 1 2 , 1 g 9 2 ) n . Four sets of two-body matrix elements are found by least-squares fitting to energy levels and transition rates in the N = 50 isotones. These interactions include one that exactly conserves seniority and another that fits the strongly inhibited 8+→ 6+ transition in 94Ru. Slight seniority nonconservation is required to predict inhibited N = 50 transition rates. The sign of the off-diagonal matrix element is determined by comparison with experimental M4 rates. The seniority conserving interaction is found to be equivalent to the best seniority nonconserving interaction for prediction of energy levels.
Gelatinase A expression in endothelial cells is regulated by at least two cis-acting promoter elements.

Abstract Increased expression of gelatinase A is associated with both angiogenesis and alterations in blood vessel structure. Heart-derived endothelial cells derived from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were found to express significantly more gelatinase A in culture, both at the protein and mRNA level, than endothelial cells from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Other matrix metalloproteinases, as well as their tissue inhibitors, were not differentially regulated. A 1683 bp gelatinase A promoter fragment linked to a luciferase reporter demonstrated up to 40-fold more activity when transfected into SHR-derived cells versus WKY-derived cells. The promoter region between −1324 and −1272, previously termed RE1, contributed up to a five-fold increase in basal promoter activity in both cells, but contributed only 12% of the promoter activity in SHR-derived cells compared to 85% in WKY-derived cells. In SHR-derived cells, but not in WKY-derived cells, a second region between −1435 and −1375, termed RE2, contributed 60% of the total activity of the 1683 bp promoter fragment. Both electrophoretic mobility shift assays and Southwestern blots demonstrated differences in RE2-specific binding factors in nuclear extracts derived from the two cell types. SHR-derived endothelial cells thus represent a new model system to study the regulation of gelatinase A expression, which itself may contribute to the abnormal vascular structure seen in the SHR.
The prostaglandin E agonist, misoprostol, inhibits airway IL-5 production in atopic asthmatics

Abstract Background : Prostaglandin E 2 is a potent immunomodulator that inhibits the early and late bronchoconstriction to inhaled allergen, as well as inhibiting the acute allergen-induced release of mediators into the human airway. To determine if the stable prostaglandin E agonist misoprostol could alter the late allergic formation of mediators we measured the appearance of eosinophils and key cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 24 h after allergen instillation. Methods : Six atopic asthmatics underwent bronchoscopy, alveolar lavage and antigen instillation followed 24 h later by bronchoalveolar lavage. Eosinophil counts were done, together with measurements of IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, RANTES and cysteinyl leukotrienes by immunoassay. The study was done in randomized blinded fashion while the volunteers took placebo or 600 μg of misoprostol four times a day (QID). Results : Misoprostol significantly decreased the appearance of IL-5 late after allergen challenge. Eotaxin levels were reduced, but not statistically significantly. Eosinophil number, RANTES, eosinophil cationic protein and cysteinyl leukotrienes were not altered by misoprostol. Conclusions : Misoprostol reduces the formation of IL-5 late after allergen challenge, perhaps by inhibiting eosinophil, mast cell, and/or T lymphocyte production of IL-5. Despite decreases in IL-5 and eotaxin, eosinophils were recruited and activated by allergen.
Community-based management and technical advice in Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil)

The Forum of Patos Lagoon, a multi-partner entity, was established in 1996 to organize the fishery sector of the estuary of Patos Lagoon (Brazil). Through the Forum, a strong link between fishermen and researchers has been established. Some research projects are being developed according to the needs of the fishermen. To develop research projects related to community needs means to produce results in a short time even in the absence of accurate scientific data. The use of the precautionary approach is fundamental in these situations. Results of the research are presented to the fishermen, and the possible management alternatives and the consequences of each alternative appear after intensive discussions with the fishermen, backed by the scientific knowledge supported by the traditional knowledge. Research results constitute the framework under which the suggestions and opinions from fishermen and other fishery-related groups will help to build the most adequate management solution. Fishermen are involved in resources management from the beginning of the process, discussing the problems, the alternatives to solve the problems and the consequences of each alternative. Decision-making is a collective process and responsibilities are shared. Although not all the community needs will be satisfied as well as not all the science requirements will be attained, the objective is, in fact, to find a way to adjust community needs to science requirements, aiming ecological balance, social justice and economic return.
The Original Assessment Center Revisited: Prediction of Leadership Performance from Global Assessments of Potential

Summary.-Using the United States Air Force Academy Group Reaction Course as a leadership-assessment center, global ratings of leadership potential were determined for 545 entering cadets, using a five-point scale. The Group Reaction Course consists of 12 problem environments similar to those used in World War I1 by the Office of Strategic Services for assessment. These assessments then were used to predict independent ratings of leadership by peers, upper-classmen, and tactical officers in the cadets' respective squadrons, and an averaged composite of the three independent ratings at the end of the cadets' fourth-class (freshman) year. The predictive validity of the assessments was statistically significant for all four sets of criterion ratings; Pearson productmoment correlations ranged from -.26 to -.34. Potential applications of similar assessments in selection and training are discussed. During the past two decades the management-assessment center has emerged as the most effective means of assessing potential for promotion across a broad spectrum of organizations and settings. For example, from a review of over 50 studies conducted in different organizations Huck (1973) found that all showed positive findings. Byham (1970), based on a review of some 23 studies conducted in 20 companies operating management-assessment centers, reported that 22 showed assessment centers were more effective than other approaches. These reviews indicated that validity coefficients of between .30 and .50 typically have been found, although correlations with various managerial and leadership performance criteria occasionally have exceeded .60. The original assessment process from which the current management centers evolved was that developed for the selection of personnel for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War 11. The predictive validity of the OSS assessments, using overseas staff appraisals as the criterion, was .37 for one OSS assessment center, and .53 for the other, corrected for restriction in range (OSS Assessment Staff, 1948). Wiggins ( 1973), using improved methods for estimating outcomes and predictions, found that 77% of the first OSS center's decisions and 84% of the second center's judgments were correct. At the core of the OSS assessment-center approach were a series of situational tests which were designed to assess the leadership and related skills of the participants. Typical of these situational tests was the Brook Test in which a group of six candidates were taken to an 8-ft. wide stream. On one bank was a 'Request reprints from Hal W. Hendrick, 849 Hahaione Street, Honolulu, HI 96825.
SwitchBack: an on-body RF-based gesture input device

We present SwitchBack, a novel e-textile input device that can register multiple forms of input (tapping and bi-directional swiping) with minimal calibration. The technique is based on measuring the input impedance of a 7 cm microstrip short-circuit stub consisting of a strip of conductive fabric separated from a conductive fabric ground plane (also made of conductive fabric) by a layer of denim. The input impedance is calculated by measuring the stub's reflection coefficient using a simple RF reflectometer circuit, operating at 900MHz. The input impedance of the stub is affected by the dielectric properties of the surrounding material, and changes in a predictable manner when touched. We present the theoretical formulation, device and circuit design, and experimental results. Future work is also discussed.
Experiences of U.S. Military Nurses in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, 2003–2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the lived experience of U.S. military nurses who served in Iraq or Afghanistan during the war years 2003 to 2009, and life after returning from war. Methods: Colaizzi's phenomenological method guided discovery. This method includes elements of both descriptive and interpretive phenomenology. The sample consisted of 37 military nurses who served in the Army, Navy, or Air Force in the Iraq or Afghanistan wars. Four data-generating questions guided the interview process. Most interviews were face-to-face and conducted in naturalistic settings chosen by the participants. Several interviews were conducted telephonically due to geographic constraints. Data analysis followed Colaizzi's method of analysis. Seven themes emerged from the data, including “deploying to war;”“remembrance of war: most chaotic scene;”“nurses in harm's way: more than I bargained for;”“kinship and bonding: my military family;”“my war stress: I'm a different person now;”“professional growth: expanding my skills;” and “listen to me: advice to deploying nurses.” Analysis continued until data saturation was achieved. Results: Results indicated that wartime deployment was a difficult challenge, lessons learned should be shared with nurses deploying in future years, homecoming was more difficult than most nurses anticipated, and reintegration after coming home takes time and effort. Conclusions: Nursing in war is a unique experience regardless of education, preparation and training. There are a myriad of variables that enter into the experience and effect outcomes, both personal and professional. Clinical Relevance: Wartime nursing is a reality in the current clinical practice arena. War takes its toll on everyone involved, including the caregivers. Nurses returning from war can provide valuable insights to those that follow.
Stat5a and Stat5b: fraternal twins of signal transduction and transcriptional activation.

Abstract Stat5a and Stat5b are discretely encoded transcription factors that mediate signals for a broad spectrum of cytokines. Their activation is often an integral component of redundant cytokine signal cascades involving complex cross-talk and pleiotropic gene regulation by Stat5 has been implicated in cellular functions of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis with relevance to processes of hematopoiesis and immunoregulation, reproduction, and lipid metabolism. Although Stat5a and Stat5b show peptide sequence similarities of >90%, targeted gene disruptions in mice yield distinctive phenotypes. Prolactin-directed mammary gland maturation fails without functional Stat5a, while disruption of Stat5b in males mitigates growth hormone effects on hepatic function and body mass. The molecular basis for this biologic dichotomy is probably multifaceted. Limited structural dissimilarities between the Stat5a and Stat5b transactivation domains, or subtle differences in the DNA-binding affinities of Stat5 dimer pairs undoubtedly influence gene regulation, but cell-dependent asymmetries in availability of phosphorylated Stat5 can be an underlying factor. Differences in serine phosphorylation(s) of Stat5a and Stat5b, or Stat5 associations with adaptor proteins or co-transcription factors are other potential sources of functional disparity and the signal amplitude, frequency or duration also can be significant. In addition to Stat5 signal attenuation by phosphatase actions or classical feedback inhibition, truncated forms of Stat5 lacking in transactivation capacity may compete upstream for activation and diminish access of full length molecules to DNA binding sites.
Robust Control in Biology: From Genes to Cells to Systems

Abstract Challenges in the field of systems biology are outlined from the perspective of control and dynamical systems. These exquisite biophysical networks have enviable properties with regard to robustness to disturbances and uncertainty, as well as noise tolerance. Several examples are used to motivate the ideas, including neurons controlling circadian rhythms, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and signaling pathways for glucose metabolism.
Stochastic network optimization with non-convex utilities and costs

This work considers non-convex optimization of time averages of network attributes in a general stochastic network. This includes maximizing a non-concave utility function of the time average throughput vector in a time-varying wireless system, subject to network stability and to an additional collection of time average penalty constraints. We develop a simple algorithm that meets all desired stability and penalty constraints, and, subject to a convergence assumption, yields a time average vector that is a local optimum of the desired utility function. We also consider algorithms that yield “local near optimal” solutions, where the distance to a local optimum can be made as small as desired with a corresponding tradeoff in average delay. Our solution uses Lyapunov optimization with a combination of stochastic dual and primal-dual techniques. We also discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.
Knowledge-for-Action Theories in Evaluation: Knowledge Utilization, Diffusion, Implementation, Transfer, and Translation.

Five knowledge-for-action theories are summarized and compared in this chapter for their evaluation implications: knowledge utilization, diffusion, implementation, transfer, and translation. Usually dispersed across multiple fields and disciplines, these theories are gathered here for a common focus on knowledge and change. Knowledge in some form (ideas, innovation, skills, or policy) moves in some direction (laterally, hierarchically, spreads, or exchanges) among various stakeholders (knowledge producers, end users, or intermediaries) and contexts (national, community, or organizational) to achieve some outcomes (intended benefits, unanticipated outcomes, or hijacked effects). Although rooted in different disciplines, sensitive to different key indicators, and following different process paths, these theories individually and collectively provide multiple lenses on the evaluation of complex interventions. A table compares key theory points of disciplinary roots, type of knowledge, movement of knowledge, contextual influences, and the added lens of each theory. These lenses are used to analyze the set of theories for evaluation implications. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Measuring the performance of IEEE 802.11p using ns-2 simulator for vehicular networks

The 802.11p protocol, also known as wireless access for the vehicular environment (WAVE), has recently gained momentum in the area of research and development. The WAVE protocol provides enhancements to the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the existing 802.11 wireless standards. These enhancements are required to support the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) initiatives of the US Department of Transportation regarding vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and infrastructure-to-vehicle communication. Many research groups have contributed to the development of the protocol. Many of the same individuals have worked to extend the ns-2 network simulator to correctly simulate wireless mobile networking, specifically vehicle adhoc networks (VANETs). The objective of this research project is to measure the performance of the WAVE protocol at the MAC layer, using the ns-2 simulator. Specifically, the simulations measure aggregate throughput, average delay, and packet loss metrics.
Evaluating mixed-initiative systems: an experimental approach

Mixed-Initiative approaches to Planning and Scheduling are being applied in different real world domains. While several recent successful examples of such tools encourage a wider use of this solving paradigm, research in mixed-initiative interaction is still at an early stage and many important issues need to be addressed. In particular, most of the work has been dedicated to designing working prototypes and identifying relevant features of the mixed-initiative interaction, while much less attention has been given to the problem of evaluating the approach as a whole. This article is aimed at addressing some of the many diverse aspects involved in Mixed-Initiative Planning and Scheduling system evaluation, highlighting the need for a methodology to provide effective evaluation studies for this class of tools. In this paper we consider an established research methodology in experimental psychology, and adopt it to investigate specific aspects of mixed-initiative interaction. Specifically, the experiments described in this article shed some light on three aspects: (a) understanding users' attitude when choosing between automated and mixed-initiative problem solving, (b) investigating recourse to explanation services as a means to foster the users' involvement in the solving process, and (c) investigating possible individual differences (e.g., experts vs. non-experts) in the choice of resolution strategy or access to explanation.
Maternal Exposure to Respiratory Infections and Adult Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study

We sought to examine the relationship between maternal exposure to adult respiratory infections and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) in the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia (PDS) Study, a large birth cohort investigation. Previous work suggests that second trimester exposure to respiratory infection may be a risk factor for SSD. We therefore examined whether this class of infection was associated with adult SSD. For this purpose, we capitalized on several design advantages of the PDS Study, including a comprehensive, prospective data base on physician-diagnosed infections and a continuous followup in which diagnoses of SSD were made, in the majority, by face-to-face interview. Second trimester exposure to respiratory infections was associated with a significantly increased risk of SSD, adjusting for maternal smoking, education, and race (rate ratio [RR] = 2.13 [1.05-4.35], chi2 = 4.36, df= 1,p = 0.04); no associations were shown for first trimester and third trimester exposure to these respiratory infections. These findings support-and extend-previous studies suggesting that second trimester respiratory infections are risk factors for SSD. This study therefore has implications toward uncovering the etiology of schizophrenia and developing preventive strategies.
Flow structure at an asymmetrical stream confluence

Abstract Measurements of downstream and cross-stream velocities at a small, asymmetrical stream confluence show that the structure of low-stage flows is influenced by the tributary/main stem momentum flux ratio, the total discharge of the incoming flows, and the bed morphology. Flow accelerates through the confluence during all three measured events. This acceleration is associated with a downstream reduction in channel capacity caused in part by the presence of a large bar along the inner bank of the downstream channel. As the momentum ratio increases, flow from the lateral tributary increasingly deflects flow from the main stream toward the outer channel bank within the confluence. As a result, the mixing interface between the converging flows also shifts outward. The large bar in the downstream channel deflects flow along the inner bank toward the adjacent scour hole, enhancing flow convergence downstream of the confluence and producing a region of flow separation adjacent to, or in the lee of the bar. The loci of maximum topographic deflection and flow separation vary with momentum ratio and total discharge. Secondary circulation within the downstream channel is characterized by a single large helical cell when the momentum ratio exceeds one, and weak surface-convergent helical cells on opposite sides of the mixing interface when the momentum ratio is less than one. Curvature of the flow, and thus the strength of helical motion, is greatest on the tributary side of the mixing interface. Although the flow events measured in this study did not exceed the threshold for sediment movement, the bed morphology at the confluence can be explained by the flow structure observed during these low-stage events, suggesting that formative flows may have similar downstream and cross-stream velocity fields.
Prevent Wounds by Conducting a Comprehensive Foot Examination and Intervention

Lower extremity wounds and falls are on the rise with the demographics and projected aging population. Diabetes and heart disease supersede cancer deaths. A basic foot exam-performed routinely on patients identified as high risk allows time for early intervention and prevention. A Certified Foot and Nail Care Nurse (CFCN) who evaluates clients on a regular basis, conducts a comprehensive lower extremity exam for loss of protective sensation (LOPS) and compromised peripheral blood flow is more likely to provide needed care in a timely manner. Why a nurse? Because nurses who have the level of education, expertise through acquired training, and are board certified are competent to assess, educate, provide intervention, and refer. Utilizing CFCNs is cost-effective and efficient. CFCN is utilized as a member of the multidisciplinary team. Nurses are educators and education is an effective method for prevention. Nurses, as the most trusted health care provider, communicate, establish rapport, and develop sustaining relationships. Utilizing the Wound Ostomy Continence Nurses' Credentialing Board (WOCNCB) CFCN raises the standard of care substantially and reduces overall costs to life, limbs, and dollars. This innovation in practice improves outcomes, patient satisfaction, and safety while reducing hospital admissions.
"Property" and Aboriginal Land Claims in the Canadian Subarctic: Some Theoretical Considerations

Many of the world's aboriginal peoples are currently engaged in struggles over land and self-government with the states that encompass them. In Canada, aboriginal people have effectively used the concept of "aboriginal title" to force the government to negotiate land and self-government agreements with them. Such agreements, however, along with the notion of "aboriginal title" itself, are based on the European concept of "property"; they grant First Nations "ownership" of certain lands and spell out the rights they possess in relation to those lands. This means that aboriginal people have had to learn to think and speak in the "language of property" as a precondition for even engaging government officials in a dialogue over land and sovereignty. Yet the concept of property is in many ways incompatible with many Canadian First Nation people's views about proper human-animal/land relations. In this article, I argue that the land claim process—because it forces aboriginal people to think and speak in the language of property—tends to undermine the very beliefs and practices that a land claim agreement is meant to preserve. [Key words: property, First Nations, aboriginal land claims, Canada, Subarctic]
A Monte Carlo simulation of electron transit times in dissipative quantum devices

A Monte Carlo simulation procedure for the estimation of the transit times of electrons that tunnel across elastic barriers is presented. The procedure, based on a quantum kinetic approach, includes the effects of interference due to elastic barriers and incorporates electron-phonon phase-breaking processes. The phase-breaking processes remove the interference effects due to barriers and are responsible for dissipation in quantum transport. The transit time of electrons in quantum devices will, therefore, be drastically affected due to the presence of the two above-mentioned effects. The results of the simulation for the single- and double-barrier structures are reported. Also, as an example, an application of the transit time that shows how dissipation may influence the noise properties of the double-barrier structures is presented. >
Are K–12 Learners Motivated in Physical Education? A Meta-Analysis

Previous studies devoted to K–12 learner motivation in physical education share a general assumption that students may lack motivation. This meta-analytic study examined published original studies (n = 79) to determine students' motivation level and the association between motivation and outcomes. Original means of motivation measures were converted and aggregated to determine motivation levels. Correlation effect sizes were calculated to determine the association between motivation and outcome measures. The analyses revealed that K–12 students are motivated regardless of the theoretical constructs used in the studies (M > 50). The correlation effect sizes (r = .20–.30, p < .05) indicate a weak association between motivation and outcome. The findings suggest a need to involve meaningful learning and pedagogy variables in motivation research.
Tissue Geometry Regulates Collective Cell Motility

Collective cell migration plays an important role in embryonic development, wound repair and cancer invasion. Certain cell types have an intrinsic ability to organize themselves and move collectively when they are confined within monolayers. Here, we explored the role of tissue geometry on the collective motility of epithelial cells. In particular, we used microlithography and timelapse imaging to ask whether tissue geometry affects multicellular polarity and supracellular organization that are necessary for collective cell motion. We found that epithelial cells within monolayers tended to rotate as a group, and that increasing the size of the tissue increased the collectiveness of group rotation. The shape and boundary conditions of the tissue organized the motion of the cells by altering group rotation and coherence. The motility parameters of individual cells, including speed and persistence, were also affected by tissue geometry. Our results suggest that the overall architecture of the tissue in which cells reside instructs their movements with respect to each other within a collective. Accurate recapitulation of in vivo tissue structure will benefit future studies of processes which involve collective cell migration.
A hybrid approach to Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are autonomous, infrastructureless networks that support multihop communication through IP routing. This paper examines the use of mobile IP in order to provide global Internet connectivity to ad hoc networks that use an on-demand routing protocol. We present a hybrid scheme that uses techniques such as TTL scoping of agent advertisements, eavesdropping and caching agent and advertisements to combine the advantages of proactive and reactive approaches to providing connectivity. We present simulation results to show that our approach achieves excellent connectivity while keeping overhead costs low.
The hidden payroll: Employee benefits and the structure of workplace inequality

Employee benefits contribute to the stratification of the labor force into occupational markets. Employee benefits and earnings form “compensation packages” available in different combinations and at different levels to occupations located in different labor markets. In this study I have merged and aggregated data from the Current Population Survey Pension Suppolement in 1979 at the detailed occupation level with data from the Fourth Edition of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to examine the relative importance of workforce characteristics, occupational content, and labor market context in the provision of selected employee benefits both separately and in combinations with earnings. The analyses reveal that fringe benefits are structurally-determined factors that represent a dimension of the reward structure of occupations different from earnings, but they combine with earnings to stratify the workplace into occupational markets.
Trends in Abundance of Hibernating Bats in a Karst Region of the Southern Great Plains

We analyzed temporal variation in abundance of hibernating bats from long-term records (1965-2004) in gypsum caves of the Red Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma, a region lying at peripheries of geographic ranges of four species of bats. Nonparametric correlation analyses were used to evaluate variation in abundances of five species among 12 hibernacula. Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) showed no significant change in abundance among most of its hibernacula, but exhibited one increase and one decrease in abundance in two hibernacula. The cave myotis (Myotis velifer) displayed increasing abundance in some hibernacula (27% of hibernacula, n 5 3) and one decrease (9% of hibernacula, n 5 1). The tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) exhibited increasing abundance in 60% (n 5 6) of its hibernacula. The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) exhibited no statistically significant change in size of population in any hibernaculum, although the pallid bat occurred infrequently and in low numbers (#11 individuals) in the hibernaculum where it was detected. The changes in abundance we detected may reflect range expansions of some species (e.g., tri-colored bat) or changes in qualities of hibernacula or other aspects of habitats, but underlying mechanisms are unknown.
Chromatin Loading of E2F-MLL Complex by Cancer-Associated Coregulator ANCCA via Reading a Specific Histone Mark

Histone modifications are regarded as the carrier of epigenetic memory through cell divisions. How the marks facilitate cell cycle-dependent gene expression is poorly understood. The evolutionarily conserved AAA ATPase ANCCA (AAA nuclear coregulator cancer-associated protein)/ATAD2 was identified as a direct target of oncogene AIB1/ACTR/SRC-3 and a transcriptional coregulator for estrogen and androgen receptors and is strongly implicated in tumorigenesis. We report here that ANCCA directly interacts with E2F1 to E2F3 and that its N terminus interacts with both the N and C termini of E2F1. ANCCA preferentially associates via its bromodomain with H3 acetylated at lysine 14 (H3K14ac) and is required for key cell cycle gene expression and cancer cell proliferation. ANCCA associates with chromosomes at late mitosis, and its occupancy at E2F targets peaks at the G1-to-S transition. Strikingly, ANCCA is required for recruitment of specific E2Fs to their targets and chromatin assembly of the host cell factor 1 (HCF-1)-MLL histone methyltransferase complex. ANCCA depletion results in a marked decrease of the gene activation-linked H3K4me3 mark. Bromodomain mutations disable ANCCA function as an E2F coactivator and its ability to promote cancer cell proliferation, while ANCCA overexpression in tumors correlates with tumor growth. Together, these results suggest that ANCCA acts as a pioneer factor in E2F-dependent gene activation and that a novel mechanism involving ANCCA bromodomain may contribute to cancer cell proliferation.
Multiresidue Determination of Acidic Pesticides in Water by HPLC-DAD with Confirmation by GC-MS Using Conversion to the Methyl Ester with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane *

A multiresidue pesticide methodology is studied and results for acidics are reported here, with base/neutral to follow. This work studies a literature procedure as a possible general approach to many pesticides and potentially other analytes that are considered to be liquid chromatographic (LC) candidates, rather than gas chromatographic (GC) ones. The analysis of the sewage effluent of a major southwestern U.S. city serves as an example of the application of the methodology to a real sample. Recovery studies were also conducted to validate the proposed extraction step. A gradient elution program was followed for the high-performance LC (HPLC) leading to a general approach for acidics. Confirmation of identity was by electron ionization-GC-mass spectrometry (MS) after conversion of the acids to the methyl ester (or other appropriate methylation) by means of trimethylsilyldiazomethane. The 3,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used as an internal standard to monitor the reaction, and polychlorobiphenyl #19 is used for the quantitation internal standard. Although others have reported similar analyses of acids, conversion to the methyl ester is by means of diazomethane itself, rather than by the more convenient and safe trimethylsilyldiazomethane. Thus, the present paper supports the use of trimethylsilyldiazomethane with all of these acids (trimethylsilyldiazomethane has been used in environmental work with some phenoxyacetic acid herbicides) and further supports the usefulness of this reagent as a potential replacement for diazomethane. The HPLC approach here could also serve as the separation basis for an LC-MS solution for confirmation of identity, as well as quantitation.
Multidrug resistance 1 polymorphisms and trough concentrations of atazanavir and lopinavir in patients with HIV.

Introduction: HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors may benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring-assisted dose adjustment to achieve target plasma concentrations. However, efflux pumps such as permeability-glycoprotein, which is encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR)1 gene, may decrease intracellular drug concentrations, thus reducing the amount of drug at the site of action. Plasma concentrations of protease inhibitors and CD4 cell count response have been associated with the T allele at the MDR1 C3435T locus. We examined MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a cohort of patients in whom therapeutic drug monitoring is ongoing through a research protocol. Methods: In a multicenter study, genotypic analyses at two MDR1 loci, C3435T and G2677T, were performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction method using DNA from 103 patients categorized as substance users or nonusers on atazanavir or lopinavir as the primary antiretrovirals. Allelic frequencies were determined as a function of ra...
MODELING OF SITE OCCUPANCY DYNAMICS FOR NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF BARRED OWLS

Northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) have been studied intensively since their listing as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1990. Studies of spotted owl site occupancy have used various binary response measures, but most of these studies have made the assumption that detectability is perfect, or at least high and not variable. Further, previous studies did not consider temporal variation in site occupancy. We used relatively new methods for open population modeling of site occupancy that incorporated imperfect and variable detectability of spotted owls and allowed modeling of temporal variation in site occupancy, extinction, and colonization probabilities. We also examined the effects of barred owl (S. varia) presence on these parameters. We used spotted owl survey data from 1990 to 2002 for 3 study areas in Oregon, USA, and we used program MARK to develop and analyze site occupancy models. We found per visit detection probabilities averaged <0.70 and were highly variable among study years and study areas. Site occupancy probabilities for owl pairs declined greatly on 1 study area and slightly on the other 2 areas. For all owls, including singles and pairs, site occupancy was mostly stable through time. Barred owl presence had a negative effect on spotted owl detection probabilities, and it had either a positive effect on local-extinction probabilities or a negative effect on colonization probabilities. We conclude that further analyses of spotted owls must account for imperfect and variable detectability and barred owl presence to properly interpret results. Further, because barred owl presence is increasing within the range of northern spotted owls, we expect to see further declines in the proportion of sites occupied by spotted owls.
Developmental changes in intracellular pH regulation in medullary neurons of the rat

We examined intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a CO2-sensitive site, and the hypoglossal nucleus, a nonchemosensitive site, during development (postnatal days 2–...
Performance Categories: Task-Diagnostic Techniques and Interfaces

The application of diagnostic techniques must consider two major factors: the type of expected human performance task and the diagnostic delivery interface. This chapter describes two major categories of human performance that require different diagnostic techniques: (1) prescribed tasks and (2) discretionary tasks. We then describe alternative interfaces that can be used in diagnostic situations for these performance categories, including hierarchical prerequisite templates, text chat bots, and embodied conversational agents.
Understanding self-management behaviors in symptomatic adults with uncertain etiology using an illness perceptions framework

The self-management behaviors of individuals with medical conditions that have an unknown etiology have not been studied. This study assesses the relationship between illness perceptions and various illness self-management behaviors in patients undergoing clinical genomic sequencing to identify a genetic cause for their condition. Hierarchical linear regression, Poisson linear regression, and logistic regression were used to assess the effect of illness perceptions (i.e., perceived consequences, timeline, personal control, treatment control, identity, concern, understanding, emotional impact, and causal beliefs as measured by the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire) on healthcare use, prescription medication use, and doctor recommended supplement use, respectively (n = 200). Analyses revealed that (1) illness identity beliefs were positively associated with healthcare use (β = 0.20, p = 0.04), (2) both treatment control beliefs (B = 0.03, p = 0.02) and genetic causal beliefs (B = 0.17, p = 0.049) were positively associated with prescription medication use, and (3) both timeline beliefs (OR 1.23, p = 0.02) and emotional impact (OR 1.20, p = 0.02) were positively associated with doctor recommended supplement use. These findings can be used to inform the development of guidelines for treating patients who are seeking a genetic diagnosis for their illness.