cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous transition of turbulent flames to detonations in unconfined media

A deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) can occur in environments ranging from experimental and industrial systems to astrophysical thermonuclear (type Ia) supernovae explosions. Substantial progress has been made in explaining the nature of DDT in confined systems with walls, internal obstacles, or preexisting shocks. It remains unclear, however, whether DDT can occur in unconfined media. Here we use direct numerical simulations (DNS) to show that for high enough turbulent intensities unconfined, subsonic, premixed, turbulent flames are inherently unstable to DDT. The associated mechanism, based on the nonsteady evolution of flames faster than the Chapman-Jouguet deflagrations, is qualitatively different from the traditionally suggested spontaneous reaction-wave model. Critical turbulent flame speeds, predicted by this mechanism for the onset of DDT, are in agreement with DNS results.
Sound predictive race detection in polynomial time

Data races are among the most reliable indicators of programming errors in concurrent software. For at least two decades, Lamport's happens-before (HB) relation has served as the standard test for detecting races--other techniques, such as lockset-based approaches, fail to be sound, as they may falsely warn of races. This work introduces a new relation, causally-precedes (CP), which generalizes happens-before to observe more races without sacrificing soundness. Intuitively, CP tries to capture the concept of happens-before ordered events that must occur in the observed order for the program to observe the same values. What distinguishes CP from past predictive race detection approaches (which also generalize an observed execution to detect races in other plausible executions) is that CP-based race detection is both sound and of polynomial complexity. We demonstrate that the unique aspects of CP result in practical benefit. Applying CP to real-world programs, we successfully analyze server-level applications (e.g., Apache FtpServer) and show that traces longer than in past predictive race analyses can be analyzed in mere seconds to a few minutes. For these programs, CP race detection uncovers races that are hard to detect by repeated execution and HB race detection: a single run of CP race detection produces several races not discovered by 10 separate rounds of happens-before race detection.
Tactical Flexibility: Libyan Foreign Policy under Qadhafi, 1969–2004†

On September 1, 1969, a group of junior Libyan Army officers took control of the Libyan government in a bloodless coup d'etat. After the coup, the group formed the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), chaired by Muammar al-Qadhafi. In the four decades following, Libya faced numerous foreign policy challenges. The Qadhafi regime took on a distinctly anticolonial flavor that mirrored the revolutionary political trends of Egypt under of Gamal Abdul Nasser. This change in foreign policy posture shook Libya's relations with the United States and the United Kingdom and initiated the degradation of Libyan–Western ties. Under Qadhafi's leadership, Libya chose an ideological path for that focused on the strengthening of sovereignty while pursuing policies of unity and anti-imperialism. This often put Libya at loggerheads with the West, and at times with its neighbors. Nevertheless, Qadhafi maintained popularity among his constituency.1 His domestic fame was the product of a carefully constructed persona that gave him the charismatic appeal necessary to maintain leadership during the latter quarter of the twentieth century and into the new millennium. Publicly, Qadhafi highlighted the similarities between himself and Libya's rural working class. He lived in a tent, and wore modest clothing. He fancied himself a devout Muslim, and praised the wisdom of the Libyan masses. He connected with his constituency through rhetoric that illustrated the stability of his policies over time, and their connection to the ideas that originally made him popular. This argues that the source of Qadhafi's charismatic power lay in his rhetoric, which connected Libya's foreign policy decisions to his foreign policy vision, the basis of his charismatic leadership. Qadhafi articulated his foreign policy vision during his first major speech to the Libyan people in September 1969, and he referred to it time and again when speaking about major Libyan foreign policy decisions. To demonstrate, this article describes the basis of Qadhafi's leadership authority and defines the parameters of his vision. Then Qadhafi's rhetoric surrounding major shifts in Libyan foreign policy is analyzed to show its congruence with his foreign policy vision. The rhetoric surrounding the Libya–Egypt war, the end of Libya's Chad intervention, Libya's surrendering of the two Lockerbie bombing suspects to be tried under Western authority, and Qadhafi's denunciation of the weapons of mass destruction programs—all major shifts in Libyan foreign policy—demonstrate how Qadhafi was able to maintain a single message, and thus his authority, over his first 35 years in power based on values established in the early days of his revolution. The flexibility of his vision enabled Qadhafi to maintain authority, while tactically adjusting Libyan foreign policy positions.
A perception-production study of Romanian diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences

This study compares two diphthongs ([ea], [oa]) and two glide-vowel sequences ([ja], [wa]) in Romanian. The diphthongs and the sequences are auditorily very similar, but they differ in their phonological patterning. An integrated production and perception experiment is conducted in search of perceptual and acoustic evidence for the different phonological representations proposed for the diphthongs and the sequences. Four acoustic parameters of the diphthongs and sequences are measured and compared in a production study. In addition, a perception experiment tests native speakers' ability to correctly identify the two types of vocalic sequences. The results support the different representations proposed for [ea] vs. [ja], but not necessarily for [oa] vs. [wa]. This asymmetry is interpreted in the context of language-specific frequency differences, and of contrast maintenance. The study shows that detailed phonetic description is needed for a complete understanding of the phonological facts.
Rheology-processing-property relationships in tubular blown film extrusion. I. High-pressure low-density polyethylene

Three different grades of high-pressure low-density polyethylene resin were used to establish relationships between tubular film blowability and the molecular parameters, namely, the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the degree of long-chain branching (LCB), and also between the processing conditions and the mechanical properties of the tubular blown films produced. For the study, both the shearing and elongational flow properties of the resins were determined. During the tubular film blowing experiment we measured the freeze-line position, the tubular bubble diameter, the takeup speed, the axial tension, the pressure inside the tubular bubble, and the mass flow rate of the resin. The thickness of the tubular blown films was measured from the samples collected. In order to determine the tubular film blowability, we measured the maximum takeup speed at which the tubular blown bubble broke, for various blowup ratios. The measurements described above permitted us to calculate the tensile stresses at the freeze line, in both the machine and transverse directions, and they were found to be correlatable to the processing conditions employed. It has been found that the tubular film blowability is increased as the resin's MWD becomes narrower and the degree of LCB is less. It has been found further that a resin having lower elongational viscosity tends to give a greater draw-down ratio, indicating a better tubular film blowability. Finally, the tensile properties of the tubular blown films were found correlatable to the processing variables, namely, blowup and takeup ratios.
Static Joint Torque Determination of a Human Model for Standing and Seating Tasks Considering Balance

Estimation of the risk of injury to human different joints during occupational tasks plays an important role to reduce injuries before the operators carry out the tasks. This paper presents a methodology for determining the static joint torques of a human model considering balance for both standing and seating tasks such as weight lifting, material handling, and seated operating tasks in the assembly line. A high fidelity human model has been developed, and recursive dynamics has been used to formulate the static equation of motion. An alternative and efficient formulation of the zero-moment point for static balance and the approximated (ground/seat) support reaction forces/moments are derived from the resultant reaction loads, which includes the gravity and externally applied loads. The proposed method can be used for both standing and seating tasks for assessing the stability/balance of the posture. The proposed formulation can be beneficial to physics-based simulation of humanoids and human models. Also, the calculated joint torques can be considered as an indicator to assess the risks of injuries when human models perform various tasks. The computational time for each case is close to 0.015 s.
An In-depth Investigation of the Effect of Oil Pressure on the Complete Statistical Performance of a High-pressure Flowing Oil Switch

A high-pressure flowing oil dielectric switch was developed for high-performance, high-voltage switching. It was evaluated by a team at the University of Missouri-Columbia. The switch was designed to produce a continuous train of nanosecond-rise electrical impulses, with a peak output power ranging up to several gigawatts, and at repetition frequencies ranging up to several kilohertz. High-pressure flowing oil was proposed for the switching medium as a means of enabling the rapid recovery of the insulating properties of the dielectric following electrical breakdown. The switch was developed for self-breakdown operation, with an anticipated lifetime of greater than 107 switching cycles. An experimental study of the statistical performance of the high-pressure flowing oil switch was conducted over a range of oil pressures from 0.5 to10 MPa, oil flow, peak modulator charge voltages from 12.5 to 25.0 kV, gap separations from 0.50 to 1.00 mm, and at an oil flow rate of 20 Lpm. The switch was designed for self-breakdown operation at repetition frequencies of up to 100 Hz, though the experiment was conducted at 2 Hz. The breakdown electric field strength was found to follow a Weibull probability density function. The effect of increased oil pressure was to flatten the distribution with an asymmetric negative skew. The peak charge voltage was found to have virtually no effect on normal breakdown. The gap separation produced the largest effects observed, resulting in an increase in the average breakdown electric field strength with decreased gap separation, and a decrease in variance with increasing gap separation.
Modeling low probability/high consequence events: an aviation safety risk model

In this paper, we present an overview of an aviation system risk model (ASRM) that assesses the impact of new technology insertions or products designed to mitigate the likelihood or consequence of aviation accidents. In the aviation industry, accidents occur very infrequently, yet it is still critical to further reduce their rate of occurrence. There are analogous scenarios in many industries and organizations, which must aggressively analyze events that occur with a very low probability because the implications or repercussions are so very severe or extreme. While the occurrence of these events is already very rare, extensive effort and analysis is devoted to further reducing or eliminating the probability. Existing methods and models are already useful, but because of the importance of these failures, new modeling perspectives can add additional insights to further enhance safety. The ASRM, developed with joint support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), is an example of a model devoted to this class of 'low probability-high consequence' events. The ASRM is demonstrated with a model developed for a certain aircraft accident type known as controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)
Improving foodborne illness prevention among transplant recipients.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed a food safety brochure to educate transplant recipients and their caregivers about the risk of contracting foodborne illnesses and safe food-handling prevention practices. Qualitative research was conducted with transplant recipients and caregivers to collect information on participants’ food safety concerns, knowledge, and practices; changes in food safety knowledge and practices after receiving the food safety brochure; preferred communication channels and dissemination strategies for delivering the brochure; and evaluation of the brochure. Many participants received food safety information from a health care provider, but the content and format varied by institution. Most participants are not following recommended practices to cook and chill food safely, and many participants consume high-risk foods associated with foodborne illnesses. After reading the brochure, many participants made or plan to make at least one food safety recommendation. The research fin...
Freeze-blowing: a new technique for the study of brain in vivo.

Abstract— A new apparatus is described which removes and freezes brains of conscious rats more rapidly than was heretofore possible. The apparatus consists of two probes which are driven simultaneously into the cranial vault of the rat immobilized in a specially constructed restraining cage. When in position, air under pressure enters through one probe and blows the supratentorial portion of the brain tissue (situated between the olfactory bulbs and the superior colliculi) out the other probe and into a thin chamber previously cooled in liquid N2. This method stops brain tissue metabolism more rapidly than the previously-described methods of microwave irradiation, decapitation into liquid N2, or whole-animal immersion into liquid N2, as evidenced by the measurement of labile metabolites and redox states. Thus, samples of freeze-blown brain had higher levels of a-oxoglutarate, creatine phosphate, pyruvate, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate and lower levels of lactate, malate and AMP than brain tissue obtained by the other methods. The free cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH2], [NADP+]/[NADPH2] and [ATP]/[ADP] [HPO42-] ratios were higher in freeze-blown samples. These data indicate that more extensive anoxic metabolism occurred when methods other than freeze-blowing were used. We conclude that the levels of metabolites measured in brain obtained with the freeze-blowing technique more closely resemble those which occur in vivo.
Comparison of adaptive linear interpolation and conventional linear interpolation for digital radiography systems

Some large field digital radiography systems are currently under development using multiple detectors. These small size two dimension detectors are abutted together to cover a large field. Physical gaps existing between adjacent detectors produce seams between the resultant subimages. In this paper, an adaptive linear interpolation algorithm was introduced for estimating missing information at the seams and was compared with conventional linear interpolation and with nonlinear interpolation. The effectiveness of the algorithms was evaluated for relative/absolute errors. Phantom images were acquired using prototype digital radiography systems. Seams with width ranging from two pixel to six pixel were introduced and adaptive linear interpolation algorithms were applied to estimate missing information at the seams. Quantitatively, the adaptive interpolation offers at least equivalent or less error than that of the linear interpolation algorithm. The experimental results prove that there is a significant difference between two algorithms for tested radiographic images. The comparison results also show that the adaptive interpolation offers better performance than nonlinear interpolation. When developing large field digital radiography imaging systems, gaps between adjacent detectors should be minimized. For narrow seams, the adaptive linear interpolation algorithm is a practical solution because of its simplicity and effectiveness.
Experimental demonstration of fiber impairment compensation using the split-step infinite impulse response method

The use of infinite impulse response filtering for back-propagation of an optical signal is investigated. Experimental results and a comparison between several compensation techniques show the feasibility of this approach.
Human retinopathy-associated ciliary protein retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator mediates cilia-dependent vertebrate development

Dysfunction of primary cilia is associated with tissue-specific or syndromic disorders. RPGR is a ciliary protein, mutations in which can lead to retinitis pigmentosa (RP), cone-rod degeneration, respiratory infections and hearing disorders. Though RPGR is implicated in ciliary transport, the pathogenicity of RPGR mutations and the mechanism of underlying phenotypic heterogeneity are still unclear. Here we have utilized genetic rescue studies in zebrafish to elucidate the effect of human disease-associated mutations on its function. We show that rpgr is expressed predominantly in the retina, brain and gut of zebrafish. In the retina, RPGR primarily localizes to the sensory cilium of photoreceptors. Antisense morpholino (MO)-mediated knockdown of rpgr function in zebrafish results in reduced length of Kupffer's vesicle (KV) cilia and is associated with ciliary anomalies including shortened body-axis, kinked tail, hydrocephaly and edema but does not affect retinal development. These phenotypes can be rescued by wild-type (WT) human RPGR. Several of the RPGR mutants can also reverse the MO-induced phenotype, suggesting their potential hypomorphic function. Notably, selected RPGR mutations observed in XLRP (T99N, E589X) or syndromic RP (T124fs, K190fs and L280fs) do not completely rescue the rpgr-MO phenotype, indicating a more deleterious effect of the mutation on the function of RPGR. We propose that RPGR is involved in cilia-dependent cascades during development in zebrafish. Our studies provide evidence for a heterogenic effect of the disease-causing mutations on the function of RPGR.
Vitamin D in Atherosclerosis, Vascular Disease, and Endothelial Function

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and related mortality, even after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Accumulating evidence from experimental, clinical, and epidemiological studies suggests that vitamin D may also be associated with several indices of vascular function, including the development and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These findings may provide at least a partial explanation for several recent epidemiologic studies implicating low vitamin D status in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, many questions still remain. Only a handful of studies are currently available, and the results of these studies have generally been mixed. Additionally, it is unknown whether findings differ across varied subpopulations, including minority subgroups in the United States, younger adults, and those residing in areas with varying amounts of regular sunlight. Furthermore, the exact mechanism by which vitamin D may influence the atherosclerotic disease process has not yet been completely elucidated. In addition, if vitamin D is important in the etiology of atherosclerosis, it is unclear at what stage(s) in the atherosclerotic disease process vitamin D may exert its effects. Large-scale, well-conducted, placebo controlled clinical trials testing the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in delaying, slowing, or reverting the atherosclerotic disease process have not yet been conducted. Until the results of these studies are available, we believe it is premature to recommend vitamin D as a therapeutic option in atherosclerosis.
DSK1, a kinesin-related protein involved in anaphase spindle elongation, is a component of a mitotic spindle matrix

DSK1 is a kinesin-related protein that is involved in anaphase spindle elongation in the diatom Cylindrotheca fuisiformis [Wein et al., 1996: J. Cell Biol. 113:595-604]. DSK1 staining appeared to be concentrated in the gap that forms as the two half-spindles separate, suggesting that DSK1 may be part of a non-microtubule spindle matrix. We set out to investigate this possibility using three-dimensional high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, and biochemical methods of tubulin extraction. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy reveals that DSK1 remains in the midzone after the bulk of the microtubules from the two half-spindles have left the region. Biochemical studies show that CaCl2 extraction of tubulin from a mitotic spindle preparation does not extract similar proportions of DSK1 protein. Immunofluorescence confirms that this CaCl2 extraction leaves behind spindle-like bars that are recognized by anti-DSK1, but not by anti-tubulin antibodies. We conclude that DSK1 is part of, or attached to, a non-microtubule scaffold in the diatom central spindle. This discovery has implications for both the structural organization of the mitotic spindle and the mechanism of spindle elongation.
Peptide Sequence Tag-Based Blind Identification-based SVM Model

Identifying the ion types for a mass spectrum is essential for interpreting the spectrum and deriving its peptide sequence. In this paper, we proposed a novel method for identifying ion types and deriving matched peptide sequences for tandem mass spectra. We first divided our dataset into a training set and a testing set and then preprocessed the data using a Support Vector Machine and a 5-fold cross validation based dual denoting model. Then we constructed a syntax tree and generated a rule set to match the mass values from experimental mass spectra with the mass spectral values from corresponding theoretical mass spectra. Finally we applied the proposed algorithm to a tandem mass spectral dataset consisting of 2656 spectra from yeast. Compared with other methods, the experimental results showed that the proposed method can effectively filter noise and successfully derive peptide sequences.
The counterflow diffusion flame burner: A new tool for the study of the nucleation of refractory compounds

Abstract This paper describes the development of the counterflow diffusion flame burner into a tool which provides great promise as a technique for the study of the nucleation from the vapor phase of refractory compounds such as SiO2, Al2O3, and other metal oxides. This burner produces a flame which is flat, stable, and rectangular in shape, with temperature and species-concentration distributions which are uniform in the horizontal plane. Thus, concentrations and temperatures can be measured spectroscopically. Hydrogen (diluted in argon) and oxygen (diluted in argon) have been used as the primary fuels and oxidants. Small amounts of appropriate gases, e.g., silane, are added to the fuel stream. Light scattering measurements indicate that an avalanche of nucleation occurs when the silane flow rate is increased beyond a critical value (e.g., 2.3 cm3/min). The temperatures and the partial pressures of SiO and O2 were measured. Assuming chemical equilibrium in the vapor phase, the SiO2 partial pressure and the SiO2 supersaturation were calculated. The H 2 O 2 flame changes color from pale-blue to a whitish pale-yellow when small amounts of silane are introduced into the flame. Increasing the silane flow rates makes this flame brighter and brighter. When the silane flow rate is increased sufficiently (e.g., to 9.3 cm3/min), a second flame, thin and orange in color, appears on the H2-side of the H 2 O 2 flame zone. Between the two flames there is always a dark space. The peak in light scattering intensity always occurs in the middle of this dark space.
Post-Stroke Rehabilitation with the Rutgers Ankle System: A Case Study

The “Rutgers Ankle” is a Stewart platform-type haptic interface designed for use in rehabilitation. The system supplies six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) resistive forces on the patient's foot, in response to virtual reality-based exercises. The Rutgers Ankle controller contains an embedded Pentium board, pneumatic solenoid valves, valve controllers, and associated signal conditioning electronics. The rehabilitation exercise used in our case study consists of piloting a virtual airplane through loops. The exercise difficulty can be selected based on the number and placement of loops, the airplane speed in the virtual environment, and the degree of resistance provided by the haptic interface. Exercise data is stored transparently, in real time, in an Oracle database. These data consist of ankle position, forces, and mechanical work during an exercise, and over subsequent rehabilitation sessions. The number of loops completed and the time it took to do that are also stored online. A case study is presented of a patient nine months post-stroke using this system. Results showed that, over six rehabilitation sessions, the patient improved on clinical measures of strength and endurance, which corresponded well with torque and power output increases measured by the Rutgers Ankle. There were also substantial improvements in task accuracy and coordination during the simulation and the patient's walking and stair-climbing ability.
The Place of Technology Based Incubators in Ghana's Economic Development

A persuasive argument can be made that economic development is the most important challenge facing the peoples of Africa and that Technology Based Incubators can play an important role in tackling that challenge. Despite the immense progress that has been made throughout the world in improving the quality of life through applications of technology, a large proportion of the peoples of Africa still live on less than $1.00 per day income. Progress in education, health, nutrition and environmental protection, although not nil, has been slow in African countries. This presentation will deal with the role that Technology Based Incubators can play in enhancing the quality of life in Africa and its place in Ghana’s economic development. The first part of the presentation will be a brief survey of recent advances in Technology Based Incubators with the potential for impacting the economic development of Ghana. The presentation will then proceed to outline specific applications of Technology Based Incubators and the contribution it has made to the economic development of some developed countries. Having made a case that Technology Based Incubators can be adapted to enhance Ghana’s economic development, attention will be turned to specific recommendations pertaining to the role of universities, governments and industries vis-a-vis that of the international scientific community in nurturing the appropriate atmosphere for Technology Based Incubators to thrive in Ghana. Questions of intellectual property protection will also be discussed.
Singing Songs in a Strange Land: The Plight of Haitian Children in the Space of International Adoption

Four years ago, I had the privilege of assisting a Maryland couple with the adoption of their young niece from the island nation of Grenada. This process, though lengthy and tedious, was a labor of love because in the end, I witnessed firsthand the joy of a little girl who had lost her mother and was now facing a bright future in the United States. More importantly, she would be joining a family of blood relatives, her birth mother's sister, with whom she not only shared familial ties, but also aculture.
Transforming discourse: Interdisciplinary critique, the university, and the academic study of religion

AbstractIn the book Interdisciplinarity, Joe Moran traced the rise of interdisciplinarity as an inherently transformative approach to the gathering and ordering of knowledge in the modern university. Interdisciplinarity challenges the university as an epistemological project by historicizing it as a context for knowledge production. The academic study of religion arose in this setting and has developed within the intellectual forces—the lines of inquiry and allegiances to certain discourses and ways of organizing knowledge—that marked the modern university. Over the past few decades, the concept of “religion” has been historicized and scholars have argued over whether the “sacred” is in the structure of human consciousness or is the expression of culture; whether the “sacred” is its own category or is better left to the various disciplines to account for it; and, how “religion” and “secular” are to be understood. Religious Studies has been called interdisciplinary by some, but the development of the intel...
Local Nature of Substituent Effects in Stacking Interactions

Popular explanations of substituent effects in π-stacking interactions hinge upon substituent-induced changes in the aryl π-system. This entrenched view has been used to explain substituent effects in countless stacking interactions over the past 2 decades. However, for a broad range of stacked dimers, it is shown that substituent effects are better described as arising from local, direct interactions of the substituent with the proximal vertex of the other ring. Consequently, substituent effects in stacking interactions are additive, regardless of whether the substituents are on the same or opposite rings. Substituent effects are also insensitive to the introduction of heteroatoms on distant parts of either stacked ring. This local, direct interaction viewpoint provides clear, unambiguous explanations of substituent effects for myriad stacking interactions that are in accord with robust computational data, including DFT-D and new benchmark CCSD(T) results. Many of these computational results cannot be re...
The Effect of Heptachlor and Chlordane on the Foraging Activity of Imported Fire Ants

Studies have shown that the feeding activity of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, on dyed baits is substantially retarded when the foraging area has been treated with granular heptachlor or chlordane. This apparent repellent effect is counteracted partially by the addition of various insecticide solvents or additives such us heavy aromatic naphtha, rosin, lubricating oil, butyl cellusolve, alkylatd polystyrenes, and Piecopale (a petroleum product). There was no apparent difference in feeding-activity in the present of heptachlor or chlordane at dosage rates of 1/16, 1/8, and 1/4 lb/acre and 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 lb/acre respectively. Repellency was determined by the percentage of ants containing dye after 24 hours of foraging on 1-acre plots treated with bait applied simultaneously with the granular insecticide formulations.
Formation of Benzonitrile from the Reaction of Styrene with Nitrogen on the Pt(111) Surface

Temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) were used to investigate the adsorption and reaction chemistry of styrene with clean and ...
Aza-m-Xylylene Diradical with Increased Steric Protection of the Aminyl Radicals

Aminyl diradical 3, a derivative of aza-m-xylylene, is expected to be more stable than diradical 1, due to increased steric protection of the radicals by additional methyl groups in the pendant group. Here we report synthesis and characterization of diradical 3. The structure of diamine precursor 6 is characterized by high-field 1H NMR spectroscopy in which the two diastereomers (meso and ± pair) are distinguishable. In addition, correlation between the DFT-calculated and experimental 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts provides evidence in support of the diamine structure. Electrochemistry of the diamine is carried out to explore redox properties and stability of the corresponding aminium diradical dications. The ground state and ΔEST for 3 are established by statistical analyses of mean χT determined by EPR spectroscopy. Decay kinetics of aminyl diradical 3 indicates that the decay of 3 is faster than that of 1, possibly due to intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction from benzylic methyl groups in 3, follow...
What Happens in the Thymus Does Not Stay in the Thymus: How T Cells Recycle the CD4+-CD8+ Lineage Commitment Transcriptional Circuitry To Control Their Function.

MHC-restricted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are at the core of most adaptive immune responses. Although these cells carry distinct functions, they arise from a common precursor during thymic differentiation, in a developmental sequence that matches CD4 and CD8 expression and functional potential with MHC restriction. Although the transcriptional control of CD4+–CD8+ lineage choice in the thymus is now better understood, less was known about what maintains the CD4+ and CD8+ lineage integrity of mature T cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that establish in the thymus, and maintain in postthymic cells, the separation of these lineages. We focus on recent studies that address the mechanisms of epigenetic control of Cd4 expression and emphasize how maintaining a transcriptional circuitry nucleated around Thpok and Runx proteins, the key architects of CD4+–CD8+ lineage commitment in the thymus, is critical for CD4+ T cell helper functions.
Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions of the Uterus: Total Vaginal Hysterectomy

As minimally invasive technology continues to be developed and refined, surgeons must be discerning in choosing the safest, cost-effective surgical approach associated with the best outcomes for each individual patient. Vaginal hysterectomy can be successfully accomplished even in challenging situations, such as previous pelvic surgery, nulliparity, uterine enlargement, or obesity. Vaginal hysterectomy should be considered the primary route for treatment of benign disease.
Learning Sparse Models at Scale

Recently, learning deep models from dense data has received a lot of attention in tasks such as object recognition and signal processing. However, when dealing with non-sensory data about real-world entities, data is often sparse; for example people interaction with products in e-Commerce, people interacting with each other in social networks or word sequences in natural language. In this talk, I will share lessons learned over the past 10 years when learning predictive models based on sparse data: 1) how to scale the inference algorithms to distributed data setting, 2) how to automate the learning process by reducing the amount of hyper-parameters to zero, 3) how to deal with Zipf distributions when learning resource-constrained models, and 4) how to combine dense and sparse-learning algorithms. The talk will be drawing from many real-world experiences I gathered over the past decade in applications of the techniques in gaming, search, advertising and recommendations of systems developed at Microsoft, Facebook and Amazon.
Location of Health Care Facilities

This chapter reviews the location set covering model, maximal covering model and P-median model. These models form the heart of the models used in location planning in health care. The health care and related location literature is then classified into one of three broad areas: accessibility models, adaptability models and availability models. Each class is reviewed and selected formulations are presented. A novel application of the set covering model to the analysis of cytological samples is then discussed. The chapter concludes with directions for future work.
System-in-Package Testing Using Existing IEEE Test Standards

System-in-Package (SiP) is where multiple dice, along with passive components, are mounted onto a common substrate. For the purposes of testing, the substrate can be viewed as simply a printed circuit board. If viewed as such, there are two IEEE standards that can be used very effectively to provide testing of SiPs, (1) 1149.1 A Test Access Port and Boundary Scan Architecture, and (2) 1149.4 A Standard Mixed Signal Test Bus.
The Targetable Epigenetic Tumor Protein EZH2 is Enriched in Intraocular Medulloepithelioma.

Purpose Intraocular medulloepithelioma (IM), the second most common primary neuroepithelial tumor of the eye, can lead to blindness in the affected eye and in rare cases, is deadly. Intraocular medulloepithelioma lacks targetable biomarkers for potential pharmacologic therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify actionable, tumor-specific proteins for potential diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. We hypothesize that the tumor-specific epigenetic enzyme EZH2 is selectively expressed in IM. Methods We conducted a retrospective case series study of five IM from five eyes of four children and one adult. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE expression was weaker or absent in areas of well-formed neuroepithelial units. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify an actionable tumor-specific maker, EZH2, in IM. Our findings point to the possibility of exploring the potential of EZH2 inhibitors, already in clinical trials for other cancers, for IM.
The Impact of Respect on Teacher Retention

The US Department of Education estimates that approximately 150,000 new teachers are hired each year to replace those that have retired or left the profession (Natt, 1999). Enrollment increases over the next 10 years will push the number of new hires needed to staff the Nationâ€™s classrooms from 150,000 to 220,000 annually (Curran, Abrahams, & Manual, 2000). Approximately 2.4 million newly hired public school teachers and 568,000 private school teachers are needed between now and 2009. Retaining teachers in the teaching profession is critical (Natt, 1999). One in five graduates start teaching after college but move on to a profession other than teaching within four years. In some urban districts the percentage of new teachers leaving the teaching profession is as high as 50% (Streisand & Toch, 1998). The most common reasons teachers leave teaching include low salaries, poor working conditions, difficult teaching assignments, and no opportunity for advancement (Boe et al., 1996; Bondi & Trowbridge, 1999; Bradley, 1999a; Curran et al., 2000; Henry, 1986; Natt, 1999; Streisand & Toch, 1998. Does professional respect impact teacher recruitment and retention? This paper will explore professional respect and teaching.
E-cigarettes and Weight Loss-Product Design Innovation Insights From Industry Patents.

Objective There is emerging evidence that e-cigarettes are being used by some to mitigate weight gain after quitting smoking, and being used to help control weight. This study sought to identify and describe patents related to innovations for e-cigarette devices associated and weight loss. Methods Relevant patents were identified using Google Patents with the core search terms: "electronic cigarette" OR "e-cigarette" OR "vaporizer" OR "vapourizer" AND "nicotine" AND "weight loss" OR "weight control" OR "obesity" OR "hunger". Patents were reviewed to identify and classify the innovation related to weight loss or weight control. Results Our search identified 23 unique patents that were filed between 2004 and 2015. Patent applications were sponsored by individual inventors (n = 7), tobacco companies (n = 5), e-cigarette companies (n = 8), pharmaceutical companies (n = 2) and a cannabis company (n = 1). More than half the patents (n = 12) were filed in the United States; other countries included China, Germany, South Korea, and South Africa. Strategies included using e-cigarette devices to deliver constituents to users that support weight loss through altered metabolism, reduced nutrient absorption, suppressed appetite, or supported healthy behavior change. In most cases (n = 18), the innovations detailed in the patents were intended to be used with an e-cigarette device that delivered nicotine to the user. Conclusions Companies from around the world, and from a range of industries are developing and patenting technologies related to e-cigarettes and weight loss. E-cigarettes may be presented to cigarette users as a possible solution to support smoking cessation and address the fear of weight gain. Implications This article presents evidence that a range of industries are innovating to design e-cigarettes or constituents to be used with e-cigarettes to deliver a variety of drugs beyond nicotine including weight loss drugs, laxatives, and nutritional supplements. This study may inform surveillance studies to systematically include weight loss as a possible motivation to use e-cigarettes. Further, market surveillance of e-cigarette products needs to monitor ingredients in e-liquids including constituents that have been historically used for weight loss or weight control. Regulations around e-cigarette marketing, promotion, product design including e-liquid constituents need to consider weight loss claims.
Diverse roles of TIM4 in immune activation: implications for alloimmunity.

Purpose of reviewT-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule (TIM)4 is a costimulatory molecule and phosphatidylserine receptor. Its dominant function varies according to the expressing cell and site of activation. In recent years, studies have identified its role in diverse disease p
Unifying the open big data world: The possibilities∗ of apache BEAM

This talk will examine the Apache BEAM framework, and how it aims to address the problem of disparate interfaces across “big data” processing paradigms.
High-Resolution Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting: Biophysics Tool for Drug Discovery.

Hydroxyl radical footprinting (HRF) of proteins with mass spectrometry (MS) is a widespread approach for assessing protein structure. Hydroxyl radicals react with a wide variety of protein side chains, and the ease with which radicals can be generated (by radiolysis or photolysis) has made the approach popular with many laboratories. As some side chains are less reactive and thus cannot be probed, additional specific and nonspecific labeling reagents have been introduced to extend the approach. At the same time, advances in liquid chromatography and MS approaches permit an examination of the labeling of individual residues, transforming the approach to high resolution. Lastly, advances in understanding of the chemistry of the approach have led to the determination of absolute protein topologies from HRF data. Overall, the technology can provide precise and accurate measures of side-chain solvent accessibility in a wide range of interesting and useful contexts for the study of protein structure and dynamics in both academia and industry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics Volume 47 is May 20, 2018. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Compressed-Liquid Density Measurements of Four Polyol Ester-Based Lubricants

A vibrating-tube densimeter has been used to measure compressed-liquid densities of the fluids pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate (POE5), pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate (POE7), pentaerythritol tetranonanoate (POE9), and a fully qualified lubricant within a temperature range of 270 to 470 K at pressures within 0.5 to 50 MPa. The compressed-liquid densities of the lubricants studied cover a density range from 829 kg/m3 to 1063 kg/m3. The data have been extrapolated to atmospheric pressure and correlated with a Racket equation and the compressed-liquid density data have been correlated to Tait equations for comparison to existing literature data.
Ventriculomegaly in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (P1.179)

Objective: Report on the progressive development of ventriculomegaly in GBM patients. Background: Hydrocephalus reportedly develops in 10% of GBM patients, but ventriculomegaly may be more common. Symptomatic hydrocephalus is often a diagnosis of exclusion, and studies frequently define its onset as when a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) is placed. In a preliminary investigation, we traced the development of enlarged ventricles in 3 patients with GBM who received a VPS. Design/Methods: Using Evans index, we measured ventricular size serially on brain MRIs starting with the initial diagnostic scan until ventriculomegaly onset. We additionally looked at time to VPS placement, tumor location, number of surgeries, ventricular breach, treatment, symptoms, molecular markers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and evidence of leptomeningeal metastasis. Outcomes included clinical response and overall survival (OS). Results: 2 had temporal and 1 had parietal tumor. All underwent 1–2 surgeries without ventricular breach. Initial treatment for 2 patients consisted of temozolomide (TMZ)/focal radiation therapy (RT) 60 Gy; 1 later received carboxyamidotriazoleorotate (CTO)/TMZ followed by bevacizumab+carmustine while the other received TMZ. The third patient initially received CTO/TMZ/focal RT 60 Gy followed by CTO, selinexor, and bevacizumab+pembrolizumab. CSF protein range was 38–146 mg/dL. 1 patient had elevated opening pressure (23 cmH2O) and 1 had elevated WBC (8). None had positive cytology, although 1 had radiographic leptomeningeal metastasis. Ventriculomegaly developed 4–5 months from GBM diagnosis, by which time 2/3 patients developed lethargy or gait instability. In all 3, VPS was placed 8–15 months after ventriculomegaly first appeared radiographically. Favorable clinical response was observed in 1 patient and OS from GBM diagnosis averaged 18 months. Conclusions: These few patients suggest that ventriculomegaly develops insidiously in patients with GBM and that diagnosis is often delayed. We are initiating a larger retrospective study to develop criteria to identify patients at risk for developing hydrocephalus and to identify those who would benefit from VPS. Disclosure: Dr. Miranda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. Andersen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hatzoglou has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeAngelis has received personal compensation for activities with Juno Therapeutics as a member of the Medical Advisory Board, Sapience and Roche as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board.
Assessment of neurologic deficits in stroke : acute-care and rehabilitation implications

It has been estimated that half of all stroke patients who survive are left with some level of disability and that for some patients this disability is severe. Methods that maximize recovery and decrease complications are essential for all stroke patients, regardless of the level of disability. Rehabilitation philosophy and practices are applicable in all types of care settings. The Joint Committee for Stroke Facilities set the guidelines for stroke rehabilitation to provide the following: . Prevention of secondary complications . Compensation for sensory, perceptual, and motor loss . Environmental stimulation . Socialization . Development of motivation . Enablement of independent living and home living . Achievement of vocational rehabilitation when feasible In the acute-hospital setting, these guidelines can be incorporated into planning care for the stroke patient. Assessment of the patient on an ongoing basis provides a clear description of neurologic, cognitive, and functional status. With this information, the nurse can shape the patient's environment to provide for safety and stimulation, while encouraging maximum mobility and self-care. Within the stressful and busy environment of an acute-care unit, taking time to allow a patient to struggle with performing even simple tasks may be frustrating for the nurse. This frustration may be lessened through the recognition that every patient movement and activity can be viewed as therapeutic and that every improvement brings the patient closer to the reality of independence.