cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of the Effector Function in a Transducin-α Mutant Associated with Nougaret Night Blindness

A missense mutation, G38D, was found in the rod transducin alpha subunit (Galpha(t)) in individuals with the Nougaret form of dominant stationary night blindness. To elucidate the mechanism of Nougaret night blindness, we have examined the key functional properties of the mutant transducin. Our data show that the G38D mutation does not alter the interaction between Galpha(t) and Gbetagamma(t) or activation of transducin by photoexcited rhodopsin (R*). The mutant Galpha(t) has only a modestly (approximately 2.5-fold) reduced k(cat) value for GTP hydrolysis. The GTPase activity of Galpha(t)G38D can be accelerated by photoreceptor regulator of G protein signaling, RGS9. Analysis of the Galpha(t)G38D interaction with cGMP phosphodiesterase revealed marked impairment of the mutant effector function. Galpha(t)G38D completely fails to bind the inhibitory PDE gamma subunit and activate the enzyme. Altogether, our results demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism in dominant stationary night blindness. In contrast to known forms of the disease caused by constitutive activation of the visual cascade, the Nougaret form has its origin in attenuated visual signaling due to loss of effector function by transducin G38D mutant.
Studies of Stereotypes: I. The Directionality and Uniformity of Responses to Stereotypes

(1940). Studies of Stereotypes: I. The Directionality and Uniformity of Responses to Stereotypes. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 357-366.
Another look at bijections for pattern-avoiding permutations

In Bloom and Saracino (2009) [2] we proved that a natural bijection @C:S"n(321)->S"n(132) that Robertson defined by an iterative process in Robertson (2004) [8] preserves the numbers of fixed points and excedances in each @[email protected]?S"n(321). The proof depended on first showing that @C(@s^-^1)=(@C(@s))^-^1 for all @[email protected]?S"n(321). Here we give a noniterative definition of @C that frees the result about fixed points and excedances from its dependence on the result about inverses, while also greatly simplifying and elucidating the result about inverses. We also establish a simple connection between @C and an analogous bijection @f^*:S"n(213)->S"n(321) introduced in Backelin et al. (2007) [1] and studied in Bousquet-Melou and Steingrimsson (2005) [3].
STRESS-INDUCED BREAKDOWN OF AN APPETITIVE DISCRIMINATION.

Rats trained to discriminate between SD and SΔ for food reinforcement showed marked impairments in this discrimination when strong, unavoidable shocks occurred at the termination of a third stimulus. The predominant feature of this impairment was a supernormal rate of unreinforced (SΔ) behavior. Shocks delivered without exteroceptive warning also led to a discriminative breakdown. The effect was a direct function of shock intensity. When behavior was strongly suppressed in the third stimulus by response-correlated shock (“punishment”), instead of unavoidable shock, breakdowns were only temporary; as soon as responding recovered from its overall suppression, discriminative performance returned to normal. The discriminative deterioration may be interpreted as an emotional by-product of frequent aversive stimulation, but accidental contingencies could also have played a role.
Nanofabrication with water-dissolvable polymer masks of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): MxL

The paper describes the use of water-dissolvable masks, formed from a polyvinyl alcohol film forming solution, for high-resolution pattern definition and materials-transfer printing. The approach replicates surface patterns as water-soluble polymer masks (templates) by spin-casting the film-forming solution onto a master pattern. The water-soluble mask is coupled to a substrate by polymer adhesion to form a solid two-layer structure. Water is used to dissolve the mask layer to uncover the formed pattern in the adhesive layer, thereby providing a new release mechanism for contact-based methods of pattern formation. Moreover, the patterned polymer adhesion transfer process enables a large-area, conformable, single-use template addressed towards meeting registration and defect control challenges in contact printing. The process further incorporates the capability to replicate with loaded nanostructured materials to form a composite of nanoparticles in a soluble polymeric matrix with a patterned surface. The embedded particles are accessible at the surface of the template and thereby are concurrently transferred to the substrate through the polymer adhesion process and subsequently released from the soluble template after water-dissolution in a structured manner. The paper also describes applications of PVA in forming polymer masks as (a) suspended thin-film templates, (b) imprinting templates for repeated use, and (c) as templates for nanoparticle formation by collimated deposition. Polyvinyl alcohol thus provides an additional material for consideration as a mask (template) for nanofabrication, and would be an alternative to quartz, silicon, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in that regard. The class of printing techniques using PVA as a mask material is referred to as molecular transfer lithography (MxL).
Evaluation of Upper Extremity Movement Characteristics during Standardized Pediatric Functional Assessment with a Kinect®-based Markerless Motion Analysis System

A recently developed and evaluated upper extremity (UE) markerless motion analysis system based on the Microsoft® Kinect® has potential for improving functional assessment of patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. 12 typically-developing adolescents ages 12-17 were evaluated using both the Kinect-based system and the Shriners Hospitals for Children Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE), a validated measure of UE motion. The study established population means of UE kinematic parameters for each activity. Statistical correlation analysis was used to identify key kinematic metrics used to develop automatic scoring algorithms. The Kinect motion analysis platform is technically sound and can be applied to standardized task-based UE evaluation while providing enhanced sensitivity in clinical analysis and automation through scoring algorithms.
Psychological Distance and Group Judgments: The Effect of Physical Distance on Beliefs about Common Goals

The present research examined the consequences of physical distance on beliefs about common goals, which have been implicated in judgments of entitativeness (“groupness”) of social entities. A central feature of task groups is the degree to which its members are driven by common goals. According to construal level theory, as stimuli are removed psychologically (e.g., physically), people construe stimuli in more abstract terms, focusing more on central features of stimuli. Adopting this framework, four studies demonstrated that people are more likely to assume the behavior of task group members is driven by common goals for physically distant rather than near groups. This effect occurred when perceived identification and similarity to others were held constant. Implications for intergroup relations are discussed.
Social change and popular culture: seminal developments at the interface of race, sport and society

Outstanding achievement is enabled by the example of outstanding forerunners transmitted by traditions of community. This essay argues that the post-Second World War pattern of racial integration w...
Recurrent Henoch-Schonlein purpura presenting as gingival petechiae and mandibular pain.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), or anaphylactoid purpura, is a syndrome of small vessel vasculitis in children characterized by nonthrombocytopenic purpura in a characteristic distribution, arthritis with often severe arthralgia, and cramping abdominal pain. 1 The clinical course is variable, but is usually limited to a single episode that lasts from 4 to 6 weeks? While the majority of patients recover completely, recurrences ensue in approximately 40% of cases.? Uncommon presentations ofHSP include ocular, pulmonary, scrotal, testicular, and neurological involvement.' Oropharyngeal manifestations have been only rarely reported? and are not mentioned in extensive reviews of the usual" and unusuaf manifestations of HSP. We present the case of a IS-year-old girl who presented with gingivitis, gingival petechiae, and mandibular pain as the primary manifestation of her recurrent HSP.
Conflicting Paradigms on Gender and Sexuality in Rap Music: A Systematic Review

Rap music has major social and cultural significance for American and global youth audiences and, along with other media, is believed to play a central role in shaping adolescents’ beliefs, attitudes and intentions related to sexuality. However few studies concerned with health issues have explored the content of lyrics regarding sex and gender, with most research in this area focused on the effects of media portrayals on sexual behavior and problems. Much of the scholarship analyzing sexuality and gender issues in the media comes from disciplines outside of health and the behavioral sciences, such as cultural studies. This paper compares literature related to sexuality and gender in rap music from a variety of perspectives such as feminism, cultural studies, and sociology as well as from health and behavioral research in order to deepen understanding of the lyrical content that may influence sexual attitudes and behavior. The review illustrates that conflicting paradigms, for example of sexual agency or misogyny, emerge in this literature and that few studies are both conceptually rich and empirically strong. Future research should address this challenge as well as explore changes over time in how sexual and gender relationships have been depicted in this musical genre.
A CONFUSING MESSAGE FOR TEACHERS ON BLACK LANGUAGE AND READING

(1975). A CONFUSING MESSAGE FOR TEACHERS ON BLACK LANGUAGE AND READING. The Review of Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 100-103.
Socioeconomic status and glioblastoma risk: a population-based analysis

Purpose Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with risk of various cancer types because of correlation between SES and causal factors or increased case ascertainment, or both. Studies evaluating the association between glioblastoma and occupational or SES factors have yielded inconsistent results. We evaluated the association between SES and glioblastoma risk using a large, population-based cancer registry dataset.
Species Composition and Biomass of Fish in Selected Coves in Beaver Lake, Arkansas, during the First 18 Years of Impoundment (1963-1980)

Abstract Fish samples were collected annually with rotenone in coves in Beaver Lake, Arkansas, to (1) detect changes in species composition, relative abundance, and standing crops, (2) explore interactions between important groups of species and their physical environment, and (3) describe trends in the total fish population in the reservoir during the first 18 years of impoundment. Fish recovered after treatment of coves with rotenone indicated that the number of species decreased after impoundment. Twelve species showed a general increase in abundance during the period, six species decreased, and three species disappeared-yellow bullhead (Ictalurus natalis), black bullhead (Ictalurus melas), and mooneye (Hiodon tergisus). Of five species introduced into the lake-striped bass (Moroue saxatilis), bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), and threadfin shad (Dorosoma peteneuse)- only threadfin shad made a major contribution to the tot...
Aquatic toxicity of leachates generated from electronic devices

Heavy metal leaching of electronic waste has been documented in recent literature. Heavy metal aquatic toxicity in the toxicity characteristic (TC) leachates produced from 56 electronic devices were tested using the aquatic toxicity assays such as Ceriodaphnia dubia 48-hr acute toxicity assay, the Selenatastrum capricornutum chronic algal growth inhibition assay (test used only for circuit-board leachates), and the MetPLATE acute heavy metal toxicity tests. The electronic devices tested, include 9 circuit boards (printed wire boards), 2 videocassette recorders, 4 remote controls, 1 cathode ray tube, 15 cellular phones, 1 calculator, 5 smoke detectors and their PC board components, 3 printers, 4 laptop computers, and 7 personal computer central processing units (CPUs). The toxicity tests showed toxicity in 51 of the 56 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure leachates of electronic devices assayed.
Insulin binding to erythroblastic leukemic cells is decreased by insulin and increased by amino acids

Abstract Erythroblastic leukemic cells incubated in media supplemented with high amino acid concentrations subsequently bound 55.5% more [125I]insulin than cells incubated in low amino acid media. Cycloheximide (1 μg/ml) abolished this effect. Incubation of cells with physiological (100 μU/ml) doses of insulin in low amino acid media decreased insulin binding by 34.7%. In high amino acid media the same dose of insulin decreased insulin binding by 33% compared to supplemented media without insulin but increased binding by 22.5% compared to basal media without insulin. The data suggest that amino acids or specific amino acids may exert a regulatory influence on insulin receptor homeostasis.
Small-angle elastic scattering of 14.8 mev neutrons

Abstract The 14.8 MeV neutron elastic scattering differential cross sections of U, Pb, Hg, Ta, Sn and Al have been measured for angles extending from 10° down to 1.8° and for U and Pb down to 0.35°. Nuclear cross sections extrapolated to 0° have been compared with the Wick limit. The U nuclear cross sections did not rise as sharply toward 0°, and were not in as serious disagreement with the spherical optical model, as in earlier measurements. The smallest-angle data verified the Schwinger prediction.
A repetition-suppression account of between-trial effects in a modified Stroop paradigm

Theories that postulate cognitive inhibition are very common in psychology and cognitive neuroscience [e.g., Hasher, L., Lustig, C., & Zacks, R. T. (2007). Inhibitory mechanisms and the control of attention. In A. Conway, C. Jarrold, M. Kane, A. Miyake, A. Towse, & J. Towse (Eds.), Variation in working memory (pp. 227-249). New York, NY: Oxford, University Press], although they have recently been severely criticized [e.g., MacLeod, C. M., Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., Wilson, D. E., & Bibi, U. (2003). In opposition to inhibition. In H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 43, pp. 163-214). Elsevier Science]. This paper poses and attempts to answer the question whether a research program with cognitive inhibition as its main theoretical assumption is still worth pursuing. We present a set of empirical data from a modified Stroop paradigm that replicates previously reported findings. These findings refer to between-trial effects previously described in the literature on Stroop, negative priming, and inhibition-of-return. Existing theoretical accounts fail to explain all these effects in an integrated way. A repetition-suppression mechanism is proposed in order to account for these data. This mechanism is instantiated as a computational cognitive model. The theoretical implications of this model are discussed.
Multi-Model Adaptive Regulation for Aircraft Dynamics With Different Zero Structures

An adaptive regulator is designed for parameter dependent families of systems subject to changes in the zero structure. Since continuous adaptive regulation is limited by relative degree and right half plane zeros, a multiple model adaptive regulator is implemented. The two multiple model design subproblems, covering and switching, are addressed with LQR state feedback and Lyapunov function switch logic respectively. These two subproblems are combined into a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) and concurrently solved. The multiple model design method is applied to longitudinal aircraft dynamics.© 2014 ASME
Circadian Hormone Rhythms in Lipid Regulation

synopsis. Many of the significant events that occur in the life of an animal are regulated by hormones. Because lipids are the principal energy reserve, it is axiomatic that the reg? ulation of fat synthesis and mobilization would be closely interrelated with the regulation of physiological and behavioral events. The circadian rhythms of prolactin and the corti? costeroid hormones have important roles in regulating daily and seasonal changes in body fat stores and in organizing the total animal so that metabolism, reproduction, and be? havior are fully integrated.
Imagination, Indexicality, and Intensions

John Perry's book Knowledge, Possibility, and Consciousness is a lucid and engaging defense of a physicalist view of consciousness against various antiphysicalist arguments. In what follows, I will address Perry's responses to the three main anti-physicalist arguments he discusses: the zombie argument (focusing on imagination), the knowledge argument (focusing on indexicality), and the modal argument (focusing on intensions).
Sign acquisition in a home-reared/free-ranging orangutan: Comparisons with other signing apes.

A young female orangutan that was maintained in a home-reared/free-ranging environment acquired 37 signs (Ameslan) after 19 months of training. Analysis and qualitative comparison of the initially produced signs revealed that an orangutan developed a vocabulary of signs in a manner similar to that of a chimpanzee and gorilla. This substantiates the general pongid ability to acquire manual signs.
High Prevalence of Natural Chlamydophila Species Infection in Calves

We investigated the acquisition and prevalence of Chlamydophila sp. infection in calves. Specimens were collected at weekly intervals from birth to week 12 postpartum from 40 female Holstein calf-dam pairs in a dairy herd. Real-time PCR detected, quantified, and differentiated Chlamydophila 23S rRNA gene DNA from vaginal cytobrush swabs and milk samples. Chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with lysed Chlamydophila abortus or Chlamydophila pecorum elementary body antigens quantified antibodies against Chlamydophila spp. in sera. Chlamydophila sp. DNA was found in 61% of calves and 20% of dams in at least one positive quantitative PCR. In calves, clinically inapparent C. pecorum infection with low organism loads was fivefold more prevalent than C. abortus infection and was most frequently detected by vaginal swabs compared to rectal or nasal swabs. In dams, C. abortus dominated in milk and C. pecorum dominated in the vagina. The group size of calves correlated positively (P < 0.01) with Chlamydophila infection in quadratic, but not linear, regression. Thus, a doubling of the group size was associated with a fourfold increase in frequency and intensity of Chlamydophila infection. For groups of 14 or 28 calves, respectively, logistic regression predicted a 9 or 52% probability of infection of an individual calf and a 52 or 99.99% probability of infection of the group. Anti-Chlamydophila immunoglobulin M antibodies in Chlamydophila PCR-positive calves and dams and in dams that gave birth to calves that later became positive were significantly higher than in PCR-negative animals (P ≤ 0.02). Collectively, crowding strongly enhances the frequency and intensity of highly prevalent Chlamydophila infections in cattle.
The Race To Replace Tin-Doped Indium Oxide: Which Material Will Win?

The search for materials that can replace tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) as the leading transparent conductive electrode (TCE) has intensified significantly in the past few years, motivated by the ever-increasing price of indium. Materials such as carbon nanotube (CNT) films, graphene films, metal nanowire gratings, and random networks have been at the forefront of research in this direction. A paper by Wu et al. in this issue discusses the use of solution-processed graphene as the TCE in organic light-emitting devices. Advantages such as large-scale fabrication at relatively less expense, compatibility with flexible substrates, and improving performance have significantly contributed to their case as potential candidates for TCEs. Demonstrations of various display and photovoltaic devices using TCEs made of these materials, with performances rivaling those employing ITO, have provided the research community with encouragement to explore new materials and to address the associated scientific and technologic...
Linear Inversion For Absorptive/Dispersive Medium Parameters

We report on a way-point in the development of a formalism for the recovery of absorptive and dispersive medium parameters based on the inverse scattering series. We pursue such a methodology because of its theoretical promise to reduce/eliminate the need for prior information and medium structure assumptions in Q estimation and compensation procedures; to perform Q-compensation, in other words, in the absence of an accurate knowledge of Q. The first step in this development is a detailed understanding of the linear inverse problem. In this paper we present a linear inverse procedure for two parameters (wavespeed and Q) that are permitted arbitrary variation in depth, given a single shot-record as input. We demonstrate that the problem is over-determined, and recommend using incident angle as a final degree of freedom over which we perform averaging; we consider a normal incidence example to demonstrate a mitigation of the attenuation (transmission) error. This linear inverse, therefore, in addition to its main task as input to higher order terms in the inverse scattering series, has value on its own as a stand-alone parameter estimation procedure. A particular aspect of the Q-estimation and Q-compensation procedures implied by this formalism is the drastically different way in which the data is interrogated for Q information, namely through analysis of the characteristic absorptive/dispersive reflectivity.
Development and application of a chiral high performance liquid chromatography assay for pharmacokinetic studies of methadone.

Methadone enantiomers and EDDP, the main metabolite of methadone, were separated (Rs = 2.0 for methadone enantiomers) following liquid–liquid extraction from human serum and urine followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a derivatized β-cyclodextrin column and quantified at therapeutic concentrations with ultraviolet detection. Detector response was linear (r2 > 0.98) to 1,000 and 2,500 ng.mL−1 for methadone enantiomers and EDDP, respectively. The limit of quantification from a 1-mL biological sample was 2.5 and 5 ng.mL−1 for methadone enantiomers and EDDP, respectively. Interday variation was <13% and intraday variation was <8% for the analytes of interest. The assay was applied to plasma protein and erythrocyte binding studies and a 96-h pharmacokinetic study in two healthy female volunteers following oral dosing with rac-methadone. The binding of methadone to plasma proteins was enantioselective with the active (−)-(R) enantiomer having the highest free fraction (mean ± SD: 21.2 ± 7.6% vs. 13.3 ± 6.2% for (+)-(S)-methadone, n = 8). Binding of methadone to erythrocytes was not apparently enantioselective (38.6 ± 1.3% and 38.1 ± 1.4% bound for (−)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-methadone, respectively). The pharmacokinetic study revealed enantioselective disposition of methadone in one volunteer but not in the other. EDDP was observed in urine but was only in small or undetectable concentrations in serum. The method is applicable to in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies of rac-methadone disposition in humans. Chirality 12:681–687, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous estimation of shape and reflectance map from photometric stereo

Abstract This paper investigates whether the shape of an object and certain parameters of its reflectance map can be simultaneously estimated using photometric stereo. This problem has been addressed in the literature for the case where the Lambertian and non-Lambertian components in the image can be easily separated. No such separability is assumed in this paper. A class of reflectance maps for modeling diffusely reflecting surfaces is proposed. This class is based on the physics of scattering from real world surfaces. Next, the problem of joint estimation of some parameters of the map along with the surface shape is analyzed. A bound is obtained on the number of light sources necessary for a unique solution to the problem. The analysis also reveals that some of the estimates can be obtained by a nonparametric method. The behavior of the estimates in the presence of noise is also investigated. It is shown that simultaneous estimation is ill-posed. Regularizing the estimates yields good reconstructions from real world data.
A Multiplicity Detector Using a Glow Discharge Memory

It has been proposed to eliminate the x-y correlation ambiguities introduced by multiple tracks in a wire chamber by using the chamber itself as a memory. Hits in the chamber itself ignite glow discharges storing the x-y location of the hits in a correlated fashion. Glow ignition may be achieved by employing a multi-step avalanche chamber above a memory gap. Correlation is maintained during readout by successively pulsing each hit wire in one coordinate and sensing transmissions through glows in the other coordinate.
Activation of GABAA or 5HT1A receptors in the raphé pallidus abolish the cardiovascular responses to exogenous stress in conscious rats.

Dysfunction in serotonin (5HT) neurotransmission in the brainstem of infants may disrupt protective responses to stress and increase the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The raphe pallidus (NRP) and other brainstem nuclei are rich in 5HT and are thought to mediate stress responses, including increases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Determining how 5HT neurotransmission in the brainstem mediates responses to stress will help to explain how dysfunction in neurotransmission could increase the risk of SIDS. It was hypothesized that alterations in neurotransmission in the NRP, specifically activation of the 5HT(1A) receptor subtype, would block cardiovascular responses to various types of exogenous stress. Using aseptic techniques, male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with radiotelemetry probes which enabled non-invasive measurement of BP and HR. An indwelling microinjection cannula was also stereotaxically implanted into the NRP for injection of drugs that altered local 5HT neurotransmission. Following a one week recovery period, rats were microinjected with either muscimol (GABA(A) receptor agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (agonist to the inhibitory 5HT(1A) receptor), or a vehicle control (artificial cerebral spinal fluid; ACSF) immediately prior to exposure to one of three stressors: handling, air jet, or restraint. Physical handling and restraint of the animal were designed to elicit a mild and a maximal stress response respectively; while an air jet directed at the rat's face was used to provoke a psychological stress that did not require physical contact. All three stressors elicited similar and significant elevations in HR and BP following ACSF that persisted for at least 15 min with BP and HR elevated by ∼14.0 mmHg and ∼56.3 bpm respectively. The similarity in the stress responses suggest even mild handling of a rat elicits a maximal sympathoexcitatory response. The stress response was abolished following 8-OH-DPAT or muscimol microinjection suggesting the cardiovascular responses to stress are mediated by the NRP and likely involve the 5HT(1A) receptor. Impairment in 5HT(1A) receptor function in the NRP likely impairs the normal cardioprotective responses to stress and may contribute to the etiology of SIDS.
Nonunion of the mandible: an analysis of contributing factors.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to review our experience of nonunion of mandible fractures and to compare this information with the past and present literature. The analysis also evaluated risk factors and those conditions that lead to nonunion so that the complication may be better managed and possible avoided. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of mandible fractures in a major medical center was carried out on patients treated from 1994 through 1998. The nonunion cases were evaluated for factors such as age, sex, race, cause of fracture, location of fracture, delay until the patient obtained treatment, teeth in the fracture line, use of antibiotics, multiplicity of fractures, degree of fragmentation, medical problems, and drug and alcohol abuse. The adequacy of reduction and appropriateness of the fixation techniques were evaluated by analysis of the postoperative imaging studies. Postoperative occlusion and patient compliance were also included in the evaluation. Results: Of the 906 patients with 1,432 mandible fractures, there were 25 nonunion complications, for an incidence of 2.8%. Most patients with nonunion were men who had received the fracture as a result of an altercation. The nonunion was frequently noted in the body, and was almost twice as common (39% vs 17.6%) in patients with multiple fractures than in a randomly selected group who did not have the complication. Delayed treatment was noted in 8 of the patients, and teeth were present in the fracture line in another 8. Alcohol and drug abuse were prevalent, and 1 of 5 of the patients removed their fixation devices. Eight patients were believed to be stabilized inadequately, and 1 patient also had a poor reduction. Osteomyelitis was a common complication. Conclusions: The incidence of nonunion appears to be unchanged over time regardless of the varied and presumably advanced methods of fixation and reduction. Multiple fractures were a contributory factor, and the body of the mandible appeared to be a common site. Many patients had osteomyelitis associated with the nonunion. Inadequate stabilization or reduction were important causes. Other suspected contributory factors included failure to provide antibiotics, delay in treatment, teeth in the fracture line, alcohol and drug abuse, inexperience of the surgeon, and lack of patient compliance.
Improving recommendations using WatchingNetworks in a social tagging system

This paper aims to examine whether users' watching networks can improve collaborative filtering-based recommendations (CF). Watching networks are established by users upon their perceived usefulness or interests about other users' information collections. The networks do not require mutual agreement between a watching party and a watched party. The typical example of this network is 'following' in Twitter, 'watching' on CiteULike, or 'contacts' on Flickr. Once a user declares that 'I want to watch user A', the user A's information collection is displayed to the watching user, continuously. It can beinterpreted to mean that a watching user found some shared interests in user A's collection and want to refer to it in future. The approaches explored in this paper take advantage of this watching network as a part of user's preferences for recommendations. To evaluate the potential of these approaches, we focus on a social tagging system, CiteULike. Our data shows that in this context, a hybrid recommendation approachthat fusesCF and watching network-based recommendations outperforms both CF and network-based recommendations.
Discovery of radio emission from AE Aquarii

VLA 1.4-GHz and 4.9-GHz observations of six DQ Her cataclysmic variables, obtained in the C/D hybrid configuration with 50-MHz bandwidth, 7-sec time resolution, and limiting flux density about 200 microJy on July 21, 1984, are reported. Variable radio emission with time scale less than 5 min, circular polarization less than 15 percent, and flux density 3-5 mJy at 1.4 GHz and 8-16 mJy at 4.9 GHz is detected from AE Aqr. This emission is tentatively attributed to synchrotron emission from mildly relativistic electrons, powered by the MHD torque coupling the magnetic white dwarf to either (1) a secondary with a strong magnetic field or (2) an accretion disk.
Fast gas chromatographic separation of biodiesel.

A high-speed gas chromatographic method has been developed to determine the FAME distribution of B100 biodiesel. The capillary column used in this work has dimensions of 20 m x 0.100 mm and is coated with a polyethylene glycol film. Analysis times are typically on the order of 4-5 min depending upon the composition of the B100. The application of this method to a variety of vegetable and animal derived B100 is demonstrated. Quantitative results obtained with this method were in close agreement with those obtained by a more conventional approach on a 100 m column. The method, coupled with solid-phase extraction, was also found suitable to determine the B100 content of biodiesel-diesel blends.
A contractile actomyosin network linked to adherens junctions by Canoe/afadin helps drive convergent extension

Integrating individual cell movements to create tissue-level shape change is essential to building an animal. We explored mechanisms of adherens junction (AJ):cytoskeleton linkage and roles of the linkage regulator Canoe/afadin during Drosophila germband extension (GBE), a convergent-extension process elongating the body axis. We found surprising parallels between GBE and a quite different morphogenetic movement, mesoderm apical constriction. Germband cells have an apical actomyosin network undergoing cyclical contractions. These coincide with a novel cell shape change—cell extension along the anterior–posterior (AP) axis. In Canoe's absence, GBE is disrupted. The apical actomyosin network detaches from AJs at AP cell borders, reducing coordination of actomyosin contractility and cell shape change. Normal GBE requires planar polarization of AJs and the cytoskeleton. Canoe loss subtly enhances AJ planar polarity and dramatically increases planar polarity of the apical polarity proteins Bazooka/Par3 and atypical protein kinase C. Changes in Bazooka localization parallel retraction of the actomyosin network. Globally reducing AJ function does not mimic Canoe loss, but many effects are replicated by global actin disruption. Strong dose-sensitive genetic interactions between canoe and bazooka are consistent with them affecting a common process. We propose a model in which an actomyosin network linked at AP AJs by Canoe and coupled to apical polarity proteins regulates convergent extension.
Sources of Pedagogical Content Knowledge Reports by Preservice Instrumental Music Teachers

The purpose of the study was to better understand what influences preservice instrumental music teachers' acquisition of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Research questions were as follows: (a) Are there identifiable applications of PCK in the preservice teachers' interactions with students? (b) To what source—apprenticeship of observation, methods classes, cooperating teachers, or intuition—do preservice teachers attribute these applications of PCK? Video recordings of preservice teachers conducting a rehearsal were collected and analyzed for events that demonstrated PCK. Exemplary excerpts were selected and reviewed with each participant. Interviews revealed a substantial amount of identifiable PCK. Apprenticeship of observation, methods courses, and cooperating teacher were each cited by 2 participants as their primary source of PCK. One participant cited intuition and methods courses equally. Determining where preservice teachers go to access PCK is the first step in redesigning college methods co...
Adaptive control of laser modal properties

An adaptive optical system for precise control of a laser beam's mode structure has been developed. The system uses a dynamic lens based on controlled optical path deformation in a dichroic optical element that is heated with an auxiliary laser. Our method is essentially aberration free, has high dynamic range, and can be implemented with high average power laser beams where other adaptive optics methods fail. A quantitative model agrees well with our experimental data and demonstrates the potential of our method as a mode-matching and beam-shaping element for future large-scale gravitational wave detectors.
First Trimester Typhoid Fever with Vertical Transmission of Salmonella Typhi, an Intracellular Organism

We report a case in which placental abruption occurred at 16 weeks following first trimester diagnosis and treatment for typhoid fever. Unexpectedly Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) was found in fetal tissues at autopsy. Using information from the murine model of typhoid fever in pregnancy, we draw parallels between S. Typhi and L. monocytogenes to develop a plausible hypothesis to explain how this organism was able to cross the placenta in the first trimester to cause abruption, inflammation, and expulsion of the fetus and placenta. We hope that this model for understanding placental infections by the hematogenous route helps to raise awareness that organisms not typically associated with TORCH infection can nevertheless cause placental infection and pregnancy loss.
The Livny and Plank-Beck Problems: Studies in Data Movement on the Computational Grid

Over the last few years the Grid Computing research community has become interested in developing data intensive applications for the Grid. These applications face significant challenges because their widely distributed nature makes it difficult to access data with reasonable speed. In order to address this problem, we feel that the Grid community needs to develop and explore data movement challenges that represent problems encountered in these applications. In this paper, we will identify two such problems that we have dubbed the Livny Problem and the Plank-Beck Problem. We will also present data movement scheduling techniques that we have developed to address these problems.
The interaction of knobs and B chromosomes of maize in determining the level of recombination.

Enhancement of recombination by B chromosomes is influenced by the kind of heterochromatic knob present in or near the tested region of the A chromosomes. In homomorphic chromosome 9 bivalents of Ks/Ks constitution, double exchanges were increased at the expense of singles, but in the K*/Ks heteromorphs there was a gain in both single and double exchanges at the expense of no-exchange tetrads. Modification of the B chromosome enhancement in different knob compounds was observed only in the megasporocytes.—Different frequencies of recombination are found in plants with odd and even numbers of B chromosomes; this effect is especially striking in the megasporocytes. The modification in recombination produced by an odd or even number of B chromosomes is a function of the interaction of a particular region and the knob constitution. Odd numbers of B chromosomes were more effective than even numbers in causing increased recombination.—It is concluded that heterochromatic knobs and the essentially heterochromatic supernumeraries may interact in the process of crossing over, with the level of recombination determined in part by knob constitution.
On the Hörmander Classes of Bilinear Pseudodifferential Operators

Bilinear pseudodifferential operators with symbols in the bilinear analog of all the Hormander classes are considered and the possibility of a symbolic calculus for the transposes of the operators in such classes is investigated. Precise results about which classes are closed under transposition and can be characterized in terms of asymptotic expansions are presented. This work extends the results for more limited classes studied before in the literature and, hence, allows the use of the symbolic calculus (when it exists) as an alternative way to recover the boundedness on products of Lebesgue spaces for the classes that yield operators with bilinear Calderon–Zygmund kernels. Some boundedness properties for other classes with estimates in the form of Leibniz’ rule are presented as well.
New trends in public sector management in health : applications in developed and developing countries

This paper begins with a review of the broad motivations behind the New Public Sector Management (NPSM), including intrinsic differences between public and private organizations that appear to impact on incentives and performance. The experience in selected OECD countries is reviewed where the financing and delivery of health and other social services is heavily socialized with a strong public sector role, taxpayers have expressed dissatisfaction with traditional modes of public sector management, and NPSM reforms have been hotly debated. Part II of the paper then describes the NPSM paradigm in terms of three building blocks that influence the performance of public agencies and the behaviors of employees who work for them. It explains how leverage points within the NPSM paradigm are expected to create incentives for improved performance. It is when all three building blocks of the NPSM paradigm work together that synergies are expected to take place, and that continuous improvements in the performance of public agencies are expected to be generated over time. Part III illustrates five organizational strategies that can be used to introduce NPSM into public agencies in the national health system. Much of Part III refers to developing country applications.
A transgenic embryonic sexing system for the Australian sheep blow fly Lucilia cuprina

Genetic approaches, including the sterile insect technique (SIT), have previously been considered for control of the Australian sheep blow fly Lucilia cuprina, a major pest of sheep. In an SIT program, females consume 50% of the diet but are ineffective as control agents and compete with females in the field for mating with sterile males, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the program. Consequently, transgenic sexing strains of L. cuprina were developed that produce 100% males when raised on diet that lacks tetracycline. However, as females die mostly at the pupal stage, rearing costs would not be significantly reduced. Here we report the development of transgenic embryonic sexing strains of L. cuprina. In these strains, the Lsbnk cellularization gene promoter drives high levels of expression of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) in the early embryo. In the absence of tetracycline, tTA activates expression of the Lshid proapoptotic gene, leading to death of the embryo. Sex-specific RNA splicing of Lshid transcripts ensures that only female embryos die. Embryonic sexing strains were also made by combining the Lsbnk-tTA and tetO-Lshid components into a single gene construct, which will facilitate transfer of the technology to other major calliphorid livestock pests.
Electroosmotic flow through porous media: cylindrical and annular models

Abstract Electroosmotic flow rates through porous media are predicted through the cylindrical and annular geometrical models. Differences in the results obtained from the two models are compared and discussed by making reference to the electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil. In the annular-model case, when the electrical potential on the outer wall is less than on the inner wall and/or the double-layer thickness is much shorter than the outer radius, a maximum flux is predicted at some outer-to-inner-radii ratio. At a given soil porosity, the cylindrical model predicts a higher flow rate than the annular model, and the difference becomes increasingly more pronounced as the radii ratio approaches unity, which corresponds to a low-porosity soil.
Integrating The Diverse Definitions of Happiness: A Time-Sequential Framework of Subjective Well-Being

The field of subjective well-being (SWB) is primarily concerned with people’s evaluation of their lives; however, it includes a wide range of concepts, from momentary moods to global life satisfaction judgments. We propose a framework that integrates these diverse constructs. Our sequential temporal framework of subjective well-being describes experiences of well-being from the events and circumstances that cause evaluative reactions, through the emotional reactions to these events, to recall of these reactions, and finally to global judgments of well-being based on the previous stages. The hypothesized processes that translate the various steps in the sequence into one another are described, and supporting evidence is reviewed. We outline the implications of our framework for understanding subjective well-being, and discuss the research that is needed to further explore the proposed framework.
Predicting lumbar plexus depth in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar plexus block provides effective analgesia for hip, thigh, and knee surgery. A simple measurement that accurately predicts lumbar plexus depth would be invaluable for clinicians performing this block in children, in whom plexus depth varies with age. METHODS: Surface anatomy measurements were taken on children having lower extremity surgery and lumbar plexus block. All blocks were placed under general anesthesia using peripheral nerve stimulation. The distance from the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) to the intercristal line (ICL), i.e., PSIS-ICL distance, and from midline to the intersection of a perpendicular line drawn from the PSIS and the ICL were measured. Lumbar plexus depth was recorded at the point at which maximum quadriceps stimulation was elicited using the lowest current output. Linear regression was used to explore the least squares line of best fit for each measure. RESULTS: Measurements were made on 350 consecutive patients aged 1 month to 24 years. A very strong linear relationship between lumbar plexus depth and PSIS-ICL distance was noted. The median (interquartile range) absolute difference between observed lumbar plexus depth and that predicted by PSIS-ICL distance was 2 mm (1-5 mm), 95% CI for median = 1.36 to 2.64. Ninety-two percent of patients (95% CI, 88.7%-94.6%) had lumbar plexus depths within ±10 mm of the predicted depth. The strongest correlation to lumbar plexus depth was found with PSIS-ICL distance (R 2 = 0.89, P < 0.0001). Weaker correlations were found for weight, height, body mass index, midline-PSIS line distance, and age. CONCLUSION: PSIS-ICL distance provides an accurate, patient-specific predictor for lumbar plexus depth in children over a wide range of age and body habitus. The strong linear relationship obviates the need for complex calculations. This measurement can be used as a guide for ultrasound location, to choose an appropriate needle length, and may reduce complications associated with this block.
Transmission power control for ad hoc wireless networks: throughput, energy and fairness

We introduce a new power control scheme, for IEEE 802.11-like MAC protocols. Our scheme carefully combines collision avoidance and spatial reuse. Although many power control schemes were proposed for IEEE 802.11, to the best of our knowledge, our scheme is the first to achieve significant improvements for network throughput and energy efficiency simultaneously (up to 40% throughput increase and 3 times more data delivery with the same amount of energy), while adhering to the single-channel, single-transceiver design rule. Furthermore, our scheme solves the fairness problem identified in (J. Monks et al, IEEE INFOCOM, 2003), i.e., IEEE 802.11 and some power control schemes deliver more packets for short distance source-destination pairs than for long distance pairs. Thus, our scheme also improves the bit-metre/sec metric (by up to 70%). Our proposed scheme belongs to a more general class of power control schemes, that we extensively simulate. We also provide a theoretical analysis to justify our approach and simulation results.