cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pseudo-complementary finite element approach for the vibration analysis of thin plates in bending

The present paper is concerned with the numerical analysis of the steady-state and transient response of thin elastic plates. Based on a modification of the variational principle due to Hamilton wherein in contrast to the classical formulation not only displacements but also stress resultants represent independent (primal) variables, a new mixed hybrid finite element model is proposed. Introducing separate approximations for the displacement and stress field, stiffness and consistent mass matrix of a triangular plate element with three kinematic degrees of freedom per nodal point are obtained. The performance of the new element scheme is evaluated on the basis of several test examples representing a broad range of circumstances encountered in linear elastokinetic thin plate analysis. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that in terms of efficiency, reliability and accuracy the new element scheme competes most favorably with a series of well-established plate elements.
Crash Testing and Evaluation of Work Zone Traffic Control Devices

Safety of work zones is a major area of concern since it is not always possible to maintain a level of safety comparable to that of a normal highway not under construction. Proper traffic control is critical to the safety of work zones. However, traffic control devices themselves may pose a safety hazard when impacted by errant vehicles. The impact performance of many work zone traffic control devices is mostly unknown, and little, if any, crash testing has been conducted in accordance with guidelines set forth in NCHRP Report 350. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has, in recent years, sponsored a number of studies at the Texas Transportation Institute to assess the impact performance of various work zone traffic control devices, including plastic drums and sign substrates, temporary and portable sign supports, plastic cones, vertical panels, and barricades. The results, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are presented for temporary and portable sign supports, plastic drums, sign sub...
Decoding linear block codes for minimizing word error rate (Corresp.)

Two modifications of the basic correlation decoding approach are presented. One of them yields a nonexhaustive optimum word decoding algorithm whose complexity depends upon the "projecting" structure of the code. This algorithm is then modified to yield a second decoding algorithm which, while not optimum, has simpler complexity. Applications to the AWGN channel are discussed and performance curves are given for (24, 12) and (31, 15) codes.
Problem-solving performance with task overload: Effects of self-pacing and trait anxiety

Ninety-two subjects solved a series of problems without enough time to finish and worked either at a pace and in an order determined by the experimenter (experimenter-paced) or at their own pace and order under self-administered time deadlines (self-paced). Self-pacing resulted in superior performance on rote and poorer performance on cognitive problems relative to experimenter-paced groups. Self-pacing had no effect on low-anxious subjects but increased performance for high-anxious subjects, and high-anxious subjects performed better on rote and poorer on cognitive problems relative to low-anxious subjects. Practical and theoretical implications were discussed.
Interleukin-1-like activity in rat brain: sources, targets, and effect of injury.

Extracts of injured rat brain contained molecules that shared biological and physicochemical properties with interleukin-1 (IL-1). Brain IL-1-like activity increased following brain injury in parallel with the increase in astrocyte and fibroblast mitogenic activity. After 3 days postlesion, it reached about 20 times the basal (noninjured) level. Monoclonal antibodies to human IL-1 inhibited this brain IL-1-like activity. One of the cellular sources of brain IL-1-like activity seems to be astroglial cells. Primary cultures of purified rat brain astrocytes secreted into the culture medium more IL-1 activity than comparable numbers of peripheral blood monocytes. Brain IL-1, as well as authentic monocyte IL-1, appear to act on brain glial cells, promoting thymidine incorporation into purified astrocytes in culture.
The cumulative effect of neglect and failure to thrive on cognitive functioning

Abstract Objective: A cumulative risk model was used to examine the relationship among neglect, failure to thrive (FTT), and cognitive functioning in low income children. Method: A sample of 177 children 3 to 30 months old was recruited from a pediatric clinic serving low-income, primarily African American families. Four groups were formed based on neglect and FTT status: Neglect and FTT, Neglect Only, FTT Only, and No Neglect or FTT. FTT was defined as weight-for-age below the 5th percentile on growth charts. To avoid the biases associated with Child Protective Service reports as definitions of neglect, the HOME scale (Caldwell & Bradley, 1984) was used to define neglect. Results: The cognitive performance of the group with neglect and FTT was significantly below that of the children in the Neglect Only, FTT Only, and No Neglect or FTT groups. Conclusions: These findings support a model in which the accumulation of risk factors is detrimental to cognitive functioning. The results also underscore the need for thorough evaluation when one risk factor has been identified. Growth failure may come to the attention of medical personnel, but neglect may not be detected. However, a child experiencing both neglect and FTT may be at risk for significant deficits in cognitive functioning.
Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) analysis of benzophenones and biflavonoids in eight Garcinia species.

Abstract Eight Garcinia species including seven edible fruits, Garcinia aristata , G. hombroniana , G. intermedia , G. livingstonei , the “superfruit” G. mangostana , G. spicata , and G. xanthochymus , and the wood of G. kola were analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. Three benzophenones, guttiferone A, guttiferone E, and xanthochymol, and four biflavonoids amentoflavone, fukugeside, fukugetin, and volkensiflavone were identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA with authentic standards to verify their identity. Garcinia intermedia (IC 50 = 60.1 ± 27.3 μg/mL) and G. mangostana (IC 50 = 64.3 ± 11.3 μg/mL) fruits demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. The highest level of xanthochymol was found in G. spicata (70.50 ± 1.10 mg/g dry weight), while the highest quantity of guttiferone A was detected in G. intermedia (43.00 ± 0.30 mg/g dry weight), and thus was determined to be rich in total phenolic content.
Temporomandibular joint in miniature pigs: anatomy, cell replication, and relation to loading.

The mechanical environment is a regulator of growth and adaptation of the musculoskeletal system, including joints. Although pigs (Sus scrofa) are used frequently as models for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, no systematic description of microanatomy exists for this species. We injected the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into 10- to 11-month-old miniature pigs that were undergoing measurements of TMJ bone strain. Ten hr later, the animals were sacrificed and their heads were perfused. Histological sections were used to map the distribution of replicating cells. Additional observations were made on gross dissections of jaw joints obtained from an abattoir. The pig TMJ is better supported than that of humans laterally and medially, but more vulnerable posteriorly. The posterior attachment area of the intra-articular disc is fibro-fatty rather than vascular, as in humans. Cartilage lines the articular eminence as well as the condylar surface. At the posterosuperior region of the condyle, the cartilage ends abruptly and is replaced by an invaginating, actively replicating periosteum. Almost all of the BrdU-labeled cells resided in the prechondroblastic zones. The condyle had more replicating cells than did the eminence (P < 0.02), but lateral and medial locations did not differ in either element. In sagittal sections, the condyle had more replicating cells posteriorly (P < 0.001), but no A-P differences were seen in the eminence. Comparisons of these data with data on bone strain indicate that increased loading is negatively associated with cell replication.
Integral manifold as a tool for reduced-order modeling of nonlinear systems: A synchronous machine case study

A discussion is presented of the use of integral manifolds as a tool for reduced-order modeling in nonlinear systems. It specifically addresses its application to synchronous machine modeling. Not only does the integral manifold approach contribute to the understanding of the origin and validity of reduced-order models, but it also produces a systematic reduction procedure. While illustrated on a synchronous machine case study, the method has broad applications in a wide class of nonlinear dynamic systems. >
Studying the diffuse ultraviolet background radiation with tomography

Observation of faint diffuse ultraviolet background radiation is a delicate undertaking, given the brightness of the ultraviolet stars against which discrimination is essential. I demonstrate that the technique of tomography is unsuited to this particular task.
Transcriptional attenuation controls macrolide inducible efflux and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and in other Gram-positive bacteria containing mef/mel(msr(D)) elements.

Macrolide resistance, emerging in Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Gram-positive bacteria, is increasingly due to efflux pumps encoded by mef/mel(msr) operons found on discrete mobile genetic elements. The regulation of mef/mel(msr) in these elements is not well understood. We identified the mef(E)/mel transcriptional start, localized the mef(E)/mel promoter, and demonstrated attenuation of transcription as a mechanism of regulation of macrolide-inducible mef-mediated macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae. The mef(E)/mel transcriptional start site was a guanine 327 bp upstream of mef(E). Consensus pneumococcal promoter -10 (5′-TATACT-3′) and -35 (5′-TTGAAC-3′) boxes separated by 17 bp were identified 7 bp upstream of the start site. Analysis of the predicted secondary structure of the 327 5’ region identified four pairs of inverted repeats R1-R8 predicted to fold into stem-loops, a small leader peptide [MTASMRLR, (Mef(E)L)] required for macrolide induction and a Rho-independent transcription terminator. RNA-seq analyses provided confirmation of transcriptional attenuation. In addition, expression of mef(E)L was also influenced by mef(E)L-dependent mRNA stability. The regulatory region 5’ of mef(E) was highly conserved in other mef/mel(msr)-containing elements including Tn1207.1 and the 5612IQ complex in pneumococci and Tn1207.3 in Group A streptococci, indicating a regulatory mechanism common to a wide variety of Gram-positive bacteria containing mef/mel(msr) elements.
Demonstration of whole blood analysis using proton-induced x-ray emission.

The elemental variations in whole blood following γ‐radiation injury of mice have been studied. The trace‐element analyses were performed using the proton‐induced x‐ray emission technique, and the results were compared with the red blood‐cell count. It is shown that, by using this method, the variation of the six elements, K, Ca, Fe, Cu,Zn, and Rb, can be studied simultaneously.
Quantification of the Clinical Modifiers Impacting High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the Community: Personalized Medicine Research Project

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are inversely correlated with the development of cardiovascular disease. To date, genetic association studies have explained only a small proportion of the overall variance in HDL cholesterol. Further studies are needed, within practice-based cohorts, to place genetic findings into context alongside important clinical variables (eg, age, sex, body mass index, medication use, and clinical comorbidity). The Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project database was designed for large-scale studies of genetic epidemiology in a clinical practice-based setting. Because of its size and its unique practice-based design, this resource will provide adequate statistical power for the assessment of genetic findings related to HDL cholesterol level within the context of covariates known to modify lipid homeostasis. The authors report construction and validation of novel electronic phenotyping algorithms that can be used to model individual baseline HDL cholesterol levels within this practice-based resource. Because these algorithms were developed in a setting that reflects routine clinical care, future genetic studies using these algorithms within practice-based DNA biobanks should facilitate the identification of markers with optimal effect size after adjustment for known clinical factors contributing to the overall variance in HDL cholesterol level within the community. Prev Cardiol. 2010;13:63–68.©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonintegrability of the Dragt-Finn model of magnetic confinement: a Galoisian-group approach

Abstract We prove rigorously that the Hamiltonian H of a model of magnetic confinement of Dragt and Finn (DF-model) is nonintegrable. More precisely, we show that for certain nonzero values M of the component M 3 of the angular momentum vector along the rotational symmetry axis there does not exist a real analytic function in involution with and functionally independent of H and M 3 which has a meromorphic extension to a suitable region in the complexified phase space of H . For M ≠0, let K M be the Hamiltonian of two degrees of freedom obtained by reducing H with respect to M 3 and K M its holomorphic extension to the complexified phase space of K M . For each such M , we show that the differential Galois group (DGG) of the normal variational equation (NVE) of a suitable complexified nonequilibrium curve to K M is not of Ziglin type. By a result implicit in recent work of Morales-Ruiz and Ramis which follows more directly from results explicitly stated by Churchill, this entails that K M is nonintegrable in a suitable sense, from which the nonintegrability of H follows. We point out the advantage of using this approach to prove nonintegrability in cases such as the DF-model, in which the NVE considered is embedded into a non-Fuchsian equation.
Reflections on the Concept and Measurement of Global Civil Society

This paper argues that the current academic debate about global civil society has reached a point where some assessment or reflection could be useful for informing the course of future research in the field. Behind this call for an assessment is the very nature of the debate and emerging gaps and weaknesses that together produce a potential slow-down in generating new knowledge and understanding of global civil society. There are several shortcomings to the current research approach: the failure to take account of other civil society traditions; the failure to address the relationship between global civil society, conflict, and violence; and, most critically, the neglect of the notion of civility, both conceptually and empirically. The balance of the paper then explores the implications of this new assessment of global civil society research.
Prevention of Descending Pneumonia in Rats with Perflubron‐delivered Tobramycin

OBJECTIVES Patients undergoing emergent endotracheal intubation are at increased risk for developing pneumonia. Although numerous strategies have been investigated to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the incidence of VAP and its associated mortality remains high. This investigation tested the hypothesis that LiquiVent (Alliance Pharmaceutical, San Diego, CA-LV) delivered antibiotics (via spray-dried microspheres-SDM) would improve survival in a rat model of descending gram-negative pneumonia. METHODS Wistar rats (n = 49) were randomized to receive prophylaxis with 1). nothing (controls); 2). intramuscular (IM) tobramycin, 3). intratracheal LV plus SDM shells (vehicle), 4). intratracheal LV plus SDM shells plus IM tobramycin, or 5). intratracheal LV plus SDM containing 1 mg/kg of tobramycin. All interventions were given 24 hours before a bacterial challenge with 10(8) colony-forming units of intratracheal Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mortality at ten days was the sole outcome measure. Survival in individual groups was compared with controls by Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS All animals in the control group died of pneumonia within ten days of bacterial inoculation (0% survival). Prophylaxis with either IM tobramycin or SDM vehicle plus IM tobramycin provided no protection (0% survival). This is in sharp contrast to the cohort receiving pretreatment with tobramycin-containing SDM delivered via LV, in which 60% of the animals survived to study completion (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prophylaxis with SDM containing antibiotics delivered in low-dose LV provided significant protection in a rat model of descending gram-negative pneumonia. These data support the hypothesis that perfluorocarbon-delivered intratracheal antimicrobials may be useful in the prevention of VAP.
John Watkins. Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Semper eadem —always the same—was Elizabeth I's motto, but the accounts and appropriations of her legacy have been anything but. In the century after her death, as John Watkins' study shows, Elizabeth received mostly good press, but she was praised for different reasons by different people, and to greatly varying political ends. Jacobean economists linked James and Elizabeth as saviors of the English nation against Catholic threat. Parliamentarians in the 1630s and 1640s (and Whig historians thereafter) praised an Elizabeth whose supposedly moderate, constitutionalist government contrasted with the tyrannical innovations of the Stuarts; Royalists, by contrast, praised her as a defender of royal prerogative. Elizabeth made an uncomfortable model for revolutionaries, and her famous memory was invoked less during the Interregnum than before or after; but Restoration writers such as Clarendon and William Cavendish advocated a return to Elizabethan government, which Clarendon understood as a via media between tyranny and excessive popular concessions, but which Cavendish frankly praised as a successful despotism. After the Glorious Revolution, the power of the monarchy had become too limited for Elizabethan government to serve as a practical political model of any kind; but popular interest in Elizabeth flourished in “secret histories” which purported to reveal the passions of her private life, a genre which appealed to the public appetite for scandal in high places, and which endures to this day.
Algebraic analysis of physical and spurious states in Dyson boson mapping.

Dyson boson mapping of a system of 2n fermions distributed among k single-particle states uses a space generated by two-index ideal bosons. We define a unitary group U(k) to classify this ideal-boson space. The physical subspace is shown to correspond to the antisymmetric irreducible representation (1/sup 2//sup n/). This classification enables one to introduce a ''Majorana'' operator S which is a linear combination of one- and two-body Casimir operators of U(k). A zero eigenvalue of S characterizes the physical subspace while positive eigenvalues identify all other irreducible representations that occur. The Hermitian boson image of the Hamiltonian does not connect physical and spurious states because it is a function of the generators of U(k). All the nonphysical eigenvalues and eigenstates of a physical boson Hamiltonian (Dyson boson image of a physical fermion Hamiltonian) which could be Hermitian or non-Hermitian, can be removed without affecting the physical eigenvalues and eigenvectors, by adding a suitable multiple of S to the Hamiltonian.
Finite strain solutions in compressible isotropic elasticity

Three classes of compressible isotropic elastic solids are introduced, for each of which the strain energy, expressed as a function of the three principal invariants of the stretch tensors, is linear in two of its arguments and nonlinear in the third argument. One of these is the class of harmonic materials. Several deformation fields are examined, for which the governing equations, for general compressible isotropic elastic response, reduce to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. For the three special classes of materials, this differential equation may be solved in closed form, giving a deformation field which is independent of the material response function, or its solution may be reduced to a single quadrature, involving the nonlinear material response function.
Selective associations and associative learning: Multiple mechanisms, multiple measures

Davey presents expectancy bias as an alternative explanation for preparedness effects in conditioning; this commentary mentions some of the problems in interpreting UCS expectancy designs vis-a-vis conditioning. A further complication is that other CS characteristics also influence conditioning: A recent experiment provided support for Rescorla and Wagner's (1972) hypothesis that the amount of conditioning is smaller when the CS and UCS elicit similarly valenced initial affective responses (as with a fear-relevant CS and shock UCS). Finally, different physiological systems measure different aspects of the conditioning process, a further consideration in interpreting the results of selective association studies.
3D analysis of MR readback on perpendicular medium

A 3-D analysis of magnetoresistive (MR) read on perpendicular media using the reciprocity method is presented. It is shown that the conduction of magnetic flux, obtained from an equivalent reciprocity field, away from the active area is an important phenomenon for this structure, and may introduce error if 2-D analysis is used. The authors examine the effect of shield width and show that when the shield width is equal to the width of the active area of the MR head, 3-D analysis closely resembles the 2-D results. This calculation is extended to a differentially connected dual element MR head for perpendicular recording. >
An economic water-jacketed vacuum-enforced mini-column system for quick separation of double and single stranded DNA

Abstract A jacketed column system that can be applied in separation of double and single stranded DNA by hydroxylapatite chromagtography is described. The construction of the column allows high flow rates and a short manipulation time. The system is simple, inexpensive, and easy to construct.
Design of multi-drug release coatings targeting infection and inflammation

Abstract Although infection and inflammation commonly coexist, there is a paucity of appropriate methods for concurrent localized delivery of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at appropriate concentrations and timescales. The commonly used therapeutic approach of systemic delivery of antibiotics and NSAIDs is associated with many complications, including rises in antibiotic resistant bacteria and severe gastrointestinal problems. As a potential solution, in this work we have assembled polymer multilayers to concurrently release therapeutic concentrations of an antibiotic, vancomycin, and an NSAID, diclofenac. Prior to film assembly, interactions between film components were thoroughly examined. Taking advantage of novel interactions found to exist between film components, several optimal film architectures were engineered using both dip and spray layer-by-layer assembly. A wide range of drug release profiles were obtained, with vancomycin delivery lasting from 4 hours to 2.3 days at final loadings of 13 to 30 μg/cm 2 , while diclofenac released over 1.7 to 14 days at final loadings of 10 to 36 μg/cm 2 . These drug release profiles have the potential to address a range of infection and inflammation requirements, from short term infection and inflammation eradication for trauma relief to infection prevention and long term inflammation mitigation from biomedical implants. Film-released vancomycin and diclofenac were found to be highly active against their respective targets in vitro, Staphylococcus aureus and cyclooxygenase. These films were also successfully applied to several medically relevant substrates, including intraocular lenses, bandages, and sutures, demonstrating potential for use as medical device coatings.
Somatostatin, Gastrin, and Cholinergic Muscarinic Binding Sites in Rat Gastric, Duodenal, and Jejunal Mucosa

Clinical and experimental data indicate that the concentration of gastrin-I and somatostatin binding sites in human and rat gastric and duodenal mucosa may be changed in several pathologic conditions, including human peptic ulcer and cancer diseases. There are no data, however, indicating the distribution of receptor binding sites in the normal upper gastrointestinal tract. We studied the regional distribution of somatostatin-14, gastrin-I, and cholinergic muscarinic binding sites in membrane preparations from rat gastric corporeal and antral mucosa and in mucosa obtained from the duodenum and jejunum. The corporeal mucosa contained the most high-affinity gastrin binding sites (Bmax = 39.1 ± 6.5 fmol/mg protein; Kd = 1.1 ± 0.4 nM). The antral mucosa contained the most somatostatin and cholinergic muscarinic binding sites (Bmax = 65.7 ± 6.6 fmol/mg protein and 460.3 ± 101.8 fmol/mg protein, respectively). The duodenal and jejunal mucosal membranes contained somatostatin, gastrin, and cholinergic muscarinic...
A Kantian-Style Critique of Person-in-Environment

This article provides a historical and philosophical analysis of the intellectual thought supporting ecological systems theory and the person-in-environment model. It offers a critique outlining both strengths and shortcomings by analyzing the claims to validity upon which the theory rests. These claims rest on an analogy with various theories empirically established in the natural sciences; as such, validity claims rest heavily upon the emphasis of humans' continuity with animals. Consequently, the claims' shortcomings arise from their inability to address adequately issues arising from qualities that make humans distinct from animals—such as language and its impact upon culture, history, human relationships, and our ability to construct our environment and thus do more than simply interact with the environment.
Reliability of the nursing care hour measure: A descriptive study

Abstract Background The nursing care hour has become an international standard unit of measure in research where nurse staffing is a key variable. Until now, there have been no studies verifying whether nursing care hours obtained from hospital data sources can be collected reliably. Objectives To examine the processes used by hospitals to generate nursing care hour data and to evaluate inter-rater reliability and guideline compliance with standards of the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators ® (NDNQI ® ) and the National Quality Forum. Design and setting Two-phase descriptive study of all NDNQI hospitals that submitted data in third quarter of 2007. Methods Data for phase I came from an online survey created by the authors to ascertain the processes used by hospitals to collect nursing care hours and their compliance with standardized data collection guidelines. In phase II, inter-rater reliability was measured using intra-class correlations between nursing care hours generated from clock hour files submitted to the study team by participants' payroll/accounting departments and aggregated data submitted previously. Results Phase I data were obtained from a total of 714 respondents. Nearly half (48%) of all sites use payroll records to obtain nursing care hour data and 70% use one of the standardized methods for converting the bi-weekly hours into months. Unit secretaries were reportedly included in NCH by 17.4% of respondents and only 26.2% of sites could accurately identify the point at which newly hired nurses should be included. The phase II findings ( n =11) support the ability of two independent raters to obtain similar results when calculating total nursing care hours according to standard guidelines (ICC=0.76–0.99). Conclusions Although barriers exist, this study found support for hospitals' abilities to collect reliable nursing care hour data.
Technology Management Education in MBA Programs: A Comparative Study of Knowledge and Skill Requirements

Abstract This study attempts to explore the content and process of technology management education in the context of masters of business administration (MBA) programs in the US. Based on two mail surveys, the research identifies the knowledge and skills that are necessary for effective management of technology. Except for a few specific knowledge and skill areas, general agreement was found to exist between academicians and practitioners as to what knowledge and skills are important for effective management of technology. Knowledge of business strategy and competition, the strategic role of technology in business, new product development and the understanding of issues related to implementation of new technology were found to be important for management of technology. Moreover, effective oral and written communication and the ability to achieve implementation are considered essential skills for managing technology. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Products formed in aged Ca-polyester complexed polymer concrete containing cement paste

Abstract Poorly crystallized calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ] yielded from portland cement pastes incorporated in calcium-polyester complexed polymer concrete (Ca-UP PC) was slowly formed during 21 days' exposure in water at 24°C. Crystal growth continued as the hydration reactions proceeded. Ca(OH) 2 formed within the amorphous organic polymer layers after up to 90 days' exposure had little if any effect on the ultimate strength of the PC composites. Ca 2+ ions increased with exposure time, and they act as strongly nucleophilic agents to enhance the formation of complexed COO − (Ca 2+ ) groups. These contain an ionic bond between Ca 2+ ion and carboxylate anion (COO − ) produced by the hydrolysis of esters in UP polymer.
The prevalence of childhood traumatic grief--a comparison of violent/sudden and expected loss

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief (CTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parentally bereaved children and compare scores between those who had lost a parent to a sudden/violent death and those who had lost a parent to an expected death. A sample of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7-16 completed the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI); 127 of those also completed the UCLA PTSD Index. A large number of children were experiencing CTG symptoms at moderate and severe levels. There was no significant difference in EGI or UCLA PTSD Index scores between the two types of losses. Findings are discussed in relation to trauma theory, research on parentally bereaved children and implications for practice.
The Role of Socioeconomic Factors in Cerebral Atherosclerosis

This report presents an analysis of autopsy material from 3,942 cases of age 20 and older in whom the circle of Willis was scored for the severity and the extent of atherosclerosis. Several criteria were used to assess the effect of socioeconomic factors on cerebral atherosclerosis; these consisted of the financial hospital status of the patient, the place of residence, and occupation and physical activity. In the female patients it appeared that the indigent cases had a slightly higher prevalence of cerebral atherosclerosis than the private cases. In the males a difference in prevalence was found between urban and rural cases, the urban males showing higher scores. A comparison between a group of patients with mostly sedentary occupations and a group with more physically active occupations revealed no difference in atherosclerosis scores.
Modelling the effect of acidity on mercury uptake by walleye in acidic and circumneutral lakes

An association between acidification of lakes and high mercury concentrations in fishes has been reported. In northern Wisconsin (USA), for example, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in naturally acidic lakes have higher mercury concentrations than walleye in circumneutral lakes (Weiner, 1983). In this study a bioenergetic based model for mercury uptake is applied to identify potential causes of higher mercury concentrations in fishes living in acidic lakes. Application of the model to walleye populations in northern Wisconsin indicates that higher mercury concentrations in acidic lakes are most likely a result of both increased concentrations in the water and increased efficiencies of uptake from water. Higher concentrations in the water would result in higher concentrations in the food.
Representation-mediated extinction of conditioned flavor aversions

Abstract Conditioned flavor aversions were extinguished by presenting without consequence auditory stimuli that had been previously paired with the aversive flavor. In Experiment 1, rats that received tone-sucrose pairings, then sucrose-lithium chloride (LiCl) pairings, and finally repeated tone-alone presentations showed greater sucrose consumption in subsequent testing than rats that received similar sucrose-LiCl pairings and tone-alone presentations but no initial tone-sucrose pairings. Experiment 2 demonstrated the stimulus specificity of the mediated extinction observed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, rats that received first-order light-food and second-order tone-light pairings prior to sucrose-LiCl pairings did not show greater subsequent sucrose consumption when extinction of the second-order tone intervened. These results suggest that conditioned stimulus (CS)-evoked representations of events can substitute for those events themselves in the extinction of previously established associations.
Variables that Encourage Students to Persist in Community Colleges

Estimating the persistence of first-time students from the first year to the second year of college is a growing social and financial concern. Studying how socioeconomic status affects year-to-year persistence may help to identify and assist those students who have socioeconomic profiles most likely to indicate challenges to year-to-year persistence. This study used data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:96/98), a nationally representative survey, to provide additional information about the patterns of educational attainment and persistence for a subset of the more than 51,000 students included in the NPSAS:96 survey. The study used all students enrolled as first-time beginning students at two-year institutions. The purpose of the study was to develop and test a theoretical framework for describing the persistence of students at two-year institutions. The preliminary model included 39 literature-based variables grouped into seven factors: background, high school, college-en...
Numerical analysis of unsteady thermosolutal convection over a horizontal isothermal circular cylinder

The aim of the present article is to clarify the nature of interaction between thermal and solutal buoyancy for flow over a horizontal, isothermal, circular cylinder. In a range of values of the buoyancy ratio N (defined as the ratio of solutal to thermal Grashof numbers) an interesting “biptume” solution has been obtained in which an upward thermally driven flow coexists with a solutally driven downward flow. The problem has been studied for air-naphthalene (Lewis number Le = 3.57) and water-salt (Le = 100) binary systems.
Preparation of hollow spherical particles of yttrium compounds

Hollow spherical particles of yttrium compounds were obtained by coating a polystyrene latex with yttrium basic carbonate layers and subsequently calcining at elevated temperatures in air. In order to establish the optimum conditions for the preparation of such hollow spheres, temperature and heating rate were systematically varied. The size of voids and of shells could be altered by using as the starting powder particles covered with inorganic layers of different thickness.
A Small, Low Flow, High Sensitivity Reaction Vessel for NO Chemiluminescence Detectors

Abstract Details of a reaction vessel suitable for atmospheric measurements of nitric oxide at parts per trillion mixing ratios using the chemiluminescent reaction with ozone are provided. It is designed to operate at an ambient air flow of 1 standard liter per minute, much lower than most current high performance instruments. The savings in weight, space and power for a complete instrument allow obvious advantages for multispecies measurements using smaller aircraft.
The Theory of Metals in One Dimension

We review the Luttinger liquid and the Hubbard model, and mention the t-J model, insofar as their one-dimensional versions help form a coherent picture of the many-electron metallic phase in one-dimensional structures. A brief history is followed by a summary of some key concepts.
Antepartum diagnosis of goitrous hypothyroidism by fetal ultrasonography and amniotic fluid thyrotropin concentration.

Abstract Ultrasonography of a 26-week-old fetus suggested the presence of a goiter. Amniocentesis was performed at 26 and 38 weeks gestation to evaluate thyroid function. An elevated amniotic fluid TSH level was found on both occasions, though amniotic fluid T4, T3, and rT3 levels were similar to those of euthyroid fetuses. The diagnosis of goitrous hypothyroidism was confirmed at birth. Therapy with thyroid hormone was instituted on the first day of life. Growth and development of the infant have been normal during the first year of his life. We suggest that the measurement of amniotic fluid TSH can be useful in the diagnosis of intrauterine primary hypothyroidism.
Effect of pH on the Stability of Plant Phenolic Compounds

It is not uncommon to treat plant-derived foods and feeds with alkali. Such exposure to high pH is being used to recover proteins from cereals and legumes, to induce the formation of fiber-forming meat analogue vegetable protein, for preparing peeled fruits and vegetables, and for destroying microorganisms. In addition to their profound effects on functional and nutritional properties in such foods, such treatments may also cause other side reactions, including the destruction of natural polyphenolic compounds. Because plants contain a large number of structurally different antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial polyphenolic compounds, it is of interest to know whether such compounds are stable to heat and to high pH. In this model study, the stability of the following natural polyphenols to pH in the range 3-11 was studied with the aid of ultraviolet spectroscopy: caffeic acid, (-)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin, rutin, and the nonphenolic compound trans-cinnamic acid. This study demonstrates that caffeic, chlorogenic, and gallic acids are not stable to high pH and that the pH- and time-dependent spectral transformations are not reversible. By contrast, chlorogenic acid is stable to acid pH, to heat, and to storage when added to apple juice. (-)-Catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, ferulic acid, rutin, and trans-cinnamic acid resisted major pH-induced degradation. The results are rationalized in terms of relative resonance stabilization of phenoxide ions and quinone oxidation intermediates. The possible significance of these findings to food chemistry and microbiology is discussed.
The philosopher and society: John Locke and the English revolution.

In a group of political tracts and philosophical essays written just following the English Revolution and some three decades before the publication of the Treatises and Essay (1690), Locke already assumed the basic propositions of British liberalism and empiricism: that the individual has within himself the power to act in his own right, and to know the world for himself through experience. Since one of the functions of these otherwise abstract pieces was to come to terms with the disruptive thoughts and behavior of men in revolution against their government, it is argued that Locke's philosophy was a construction of reality. Furthermore, because it extends back to the early 1660s at least, it had a much longer and more complex history than previous interpretations have supposed.
A phase I/II pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic study of calcitriol in combination with cisplatin and docetaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Background Preclinical studies demonstrated antiproliferative synergy of 1,25-D3 (calcitriol) with cisplatin. The goals of this phase I/II study were to determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of 1,25-D3 with cisplatin and docetaxel and its efficacy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.
The Difference Between Stiffness and Quasi-Stiffness in the Context of Biomechanical Modeling

The ankle contributes the majority of mechanical power during walking and is a frequently studied joint in biomechanics. Specifically, researchers have extensively investigated the torque-angle relationship for the ankle during dynamic tasks, such as walking and running. The slope of this relationship has been termed the “quasi-stiffness.” However, over time, researchers have begun to interchange the concepts of quasi-stiffness and stiffness. This is an especially important distinction as researchers currently begin to investigate the appropriate control systems for recently developed powered prosthetic legs. The quasi-stiffness and stiffness are distinct concepts in the context of powered joints, and are equivalent in the context of passive joints. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the difference between the stiffness and quasi-stiffness using a simple impedance-controlled inverted pendulum model and a more sophisticated biped walking model, each with the ability to modify the trajectory of an impedance controller's equilibrium angle position. In both cases, stiffness values are specified by the controller and the quasi-stiffness are shown during a single step. Both models have widely varying quasi-stiffness but each have a single stiffness value. Therefore, from this simple modeling approach, the differences and similarities between these two concepts are elucidated.
Directional letter-by-letter analysis and the word-superiority effect

Manipulations were introduced in three experiments to produce letter-by-letter analysis of orthographic (CVC) and nonorthographic (CCV or VCC) trigrams. Letters in the trigrams were presented in a different form (normal orientation and order, normal orientation but reversed order, reversed orientation but normal order, or reversed orientation and order) to each of four groups in the first experiment, and in each of the two normal orientation forms to different groups in the second experiment. Subjects both detected the presence or absence of a target letter and classified each trigram as a word or nonword. Additional changes were introduced in the third experiment to ensure that letters were being analyzed in the desired order. Performance was consistently better on orthographic trigrams, but only if the letters were oriented normally. This word-superiority effect (WSE) was related to feature testing that may be carried out letter by letter, with more efficient testing on words. Failiar orientation of letter features seems to be necessary; otherwise, testing becomes so difficult that there is no WSE. However, testing apparently is not finished on a given letter before it is begun on the next.
Using CIGAR for finding effective group behaviors in RTS game

We investigate using case-injected genetic algorithms to quickly generate high quality unit micro-management in real-time strategy game skirmishes. Good group positioning and movement, which are part of unit micro-management, can help win skirmishes against equal numbers and types of opponent units or win even when outnumbered. In this paper, we use influence maps to generate group positioning and potential fields to guide unit movement and compare the performance of case-injected genetic algorithms, genetic algorithms, and two types of hill-climbing search in finding good unit behaviors for defeating the default Starcraft Brood Wars AI. Early results showed that our hill-climbers were quick but unreliable while the genetic algorithm was slow but reliably found quality solutions a hundred percent of the time. Case-injected genetic algorithms, on the other hand were designed to learn from experience to increase problem solving performance on similar problems. Preliminary results with case-injected genetic algorithms indicate that they find high quality results as reliable as genetic algorithms but up to twice as quickly on related maps.
The effects of smoked cocaine during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women.

Rationale: Few studies have systematically determined whether the response to cocaine in human females is related to hormonal fluctuations at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Objectives: To investigate the responses to repeated doses of smoked cocaine in women during two phases of the menstrual cycle using a within-subject design. Methods: Eleven non-treatment seeking female cocaine smokers were administered smoked cocaine during the follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The order of menstrual cycle phase was counterbalanced across women and the order of cocaine doses was randomized. During each phase, there were four cocaine administration sessions. During each session, participants could smoke up to six doses of cocaine (either 0, 6, 12, or 25 mg cocaine base, depending on the session) at 14-min intervals. Results: The number of cocaine doses administered did not vary between the follicular and luteal phases. After cocaine administration, heart rate and several ratings – such as "good drug effect", "high", "stimulated", and "drug quality ratings" – were increased more during the follicular phase than the luteal phase, although, for some measures, these effects varied based on the cocaine dose. Further, dysphoric mood during the luteal phase was improved after cocaine administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that the cardiovascular and subjective effects of repeated doses of smoked cocaine are complex and vary as a function of menstrual cycle phase and cocaine dose.
The Feasibility of Monitoring Continuous Wave Sources with Seismic Arrays

This paper identifies and explores the technical requirements and issues associated with remotely monitoring continuous wave (CW) sources with seismic arrays. Potential approaches to this monitoring problem will be suggested and partially evaluated to expose the monitoring challenges which arise when realistic local geologies and cultural noise sources are considered. The selective directionality and the adaptive noise cancellation properties of arrays are required to observe weak signals while suppressing a colored background punctuated with an unknown distribution of point and sometimes distributive sources. The array is also required to characterize the emitters and propagation environment so as to properly focus on the CW sources of interest while suppressing the remaining emitters. The proper application of arrays requires an appreciation of the complexity of propagation in a non-homogeneous earth. The heterogeneity often limits the available spatial coherence and therefore the size of the array. This adversely impacts the array gain and the array's ability to carefully resolve various emitters. Arrays must also contend with multipath induced by the source and the heterogeneous earth. If the array is to focus on an emitter and realize an enhancement in the signal to noise ratio, methods must be sought to coherently add the desired signal components while suppressing interference which may be correlated with the desired signal. The impact of these and other issues on array design and processing are described and discussed.