cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Subpial Resection of Tumors in the Amygdala and Hippocampus.

Objective Surgical techniques to achieve complete resection of mesial–basal temporal tumors should be pursued by neurosurgical oncologists. We describe the anatomical subpial amygdalohippocampectomy (SpAH) technique for tumor resection. Methods The key anatomical landmarks and critical steps of the SpAH technique were outlined and emphasized with medical illustrations and intraoperative photographs. The senior author's 90-day surgical outcomes with this approach were reviewed. Results Twenty-five patients (men, 17 [68%]; women, 8 [32%]; median [range] age, 59 [23–80] years) with temporal tumors involving the amygdalohippocampal region were included. SpAH was performed selectively in 8 [32%] patients, whereas 17 [68%] patients underwent SpAH in conjunction with an anterior temporal lobectomy due to tumor involvement of the anterolateral temporal cortex. The subpial resection of the amygdala protected the critical structures of the suprasellar cistern and sylvian fissure. Identifying the choroidal fissure as the superior-most aspect of hippocampal resection protected the optic tract and the thalamus. Subpial resection of the parahippocampal gyrus inferiorly protected the brainstem and critical structures of the ambient cistern. Tumors in the amygdalohippocampal region were anatomically and completely resected in all 25 patients. Of the 15 patients who presented with seizures, 13 (87%) were seizure-free at the 90-day postsurgical follow-up. Permanent neurologic deficits occurred in 3 patients (12%). Conclusions The SpAH technique permits complete resection of mesial–basal temporal tumors with an acceptable morbidity profile. An in-depth understanding of temporal lobe anatomy combined with a refined microsurgical technique allows for reproducible resection of tumor in the amygdalohippocampal region while protecting critical neurovascular structures.
Insomnia as a risk for PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated attempts to curb its spread have led to a significant increase in mental health issues. Evidence suggests that sleep provides a protective resilience against the adverse effects of stress. Moreover, sleep disruption is often considered the “hallmark symptom” of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we hypothesized that insomnia would increase during the first six months of the pandemic, and that higher insomnia would be associated with elevated rates of PTSD. Methods: A total of 6,190 adults ranging in age from 18 to 84 years (53.6% female), completed an online cross-sectional survey at one of six time points between April and September 2020 (∼1,000 per administration). Instruments included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Primary Care PTSD Checklist (PC-PTSD), and the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5). Standard clinical cutoffs were used for ISI (≥10) and PCL-5 (≥38). Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, chi-square contingency tables, and bivariate correlations. Results: Over the first six-months of the pandemic, PTSD increased with each passing month on both the PC-PTSD (p=.001) and PCL-5 (p<.0001). Similarly, ISI scores increased month-by-month (p<.0002). Insomnia scores were highly correlated with PCL-5 PTSD scores (r=.62, p<.0001), even when sleep items on the scale were excluded (r=.60, p<.0001). Finally, the rate of PTSD remained below 5% across all months for those without insomnia, but among those with insomnia, the prevalence of PTSD increased between May (26% positive) and September (40% positive), representing an increase of 56% over the data collection period (interaction p=.0004). Conclusion: Both insomnia and PTSD have increased dramatically over the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, insomnia appears to be highly linked with the emergence of PTSD during this time. While it is not possible to make causal attributions from these cross-sectional findings, the steadily increasing rates of PTSD over time only among those with insomnia, raise the possibility that sleep disruption could act as a diathesis for the development of PTSD symptoms in response to the pandemic. Addressing insomnia during the pandemic may be an important aspect of maintaining psychological resilience in the populace.
Treatment of CSF1R-Related Leukoencephalopathy: Breaking New Ground.

Background Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R)-related leukoencephalopathy is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no cure. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed as a disease-modifying treatment. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect of HSCT on disease progression. Methods We collected all available clinical data from a cohort of 7 patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy who underwent HSCT at our institutions. Clinical data included detailed neurological examination by a board-certified neurologist, serial cognitive screens, formal neuropsychological evaluations, and serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Our patients had an average disease duration of 27.6 months at the time of transplant, and we have 87 months of total posttransplant follow-up time (median, 11; range, 2-27). One patient died in the periprocedural period. The remaining patients showed a variable response to treatment, with 6 of 7 patients trending toward stabilization on motor examination, cognitive scores, and/or MRI abnormalities, especially with white matter lesion burden. Conclusions This is the largest series of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy receiving HSCT. We conclude that HSCT can stabilize the disease in some patients. Variability in patient responsiveness suggests that measures of disease heterogeneity and severity need to be considered when evaluating a patient's candidacy for transplant. HSCT appears to be the first disease-modifying therapy for CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. This milestone may serve as a foothold toward better understanding the disease's pathomechanism, thus providing new opportunities for better disease-specific therapies. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Seafoods

As used in this chapter, the term seafood covers fish, shellfish, and mollusks from all waters— fresh and marine or warm and cold. In general, the biota of a fresh seafood animal is reflective of the waters from which it is taken. As is the case for meat animals, the inner tissues of a healthy fish are sterile. With fish, the microbial biota is found generally in three places: the outer slime, gills, and the intestines of feeding fish. Fresh or warm-water fish tend to have a biota that is composed of more mesophilic gram-positive bacteria than cold-water fish, which tends to be largely gram negative (the indigenous bacterial biota of marine water is gram negative).
A Structure Perspective on Organelle Bioenergetics

Fundamental concepts are presented of the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms that underlie the transduction and utilization of the transmembrane proton (and sodium) electrochemcial potential gradient generated in the energy-transducing chloroplast thylakoid membranes of oxygenic photosynthesis and the inner membranes of eukaryotic mitochondria. Fundamental features are described of the atomic structures of many of the participating electron and proton transport protein complexes in these membranes.
Mutation analysis of Connexin 31 (GJB3) in sporadic non-syndromic hearing impairment.

Mutations in GJB3, the gene encoding the gap junction protein Connexin 31 (CX31), have been pathogenically linked to erythrokeratodermia and non-syndromic autosomal dominant (DFNA2) or recessive hereditary hearing impairment (HHI). To determine the contribution of CX31 to sporadic deafness, we assessed 63 individuals with non-syndromic hearing impairment for CX31 mutations. Single coding exon of CX31 was amplified from genomic DNA and then sequenced. Single nucleotide sequence alteration was present in 15 out of 63 patients (24%), all of the positives being heterozygous for the four different single base pair changes that were detected: C94T, C201T, C357T and C798T. Of these, only C94T transition, identified in two patients, results in amino acid change, R32W, while the other three changes are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The R32W substitution in CX31 has been previously documented and is speculated to manifest variable penetrance, similar to the polymorphic allele encoding CX26 M34T . Over one-third of all samples were also screened with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC). Seven out of 25 individuals screened were determined to be positive for CX31 sequence variation. Sequence analysis of the 25 individuals screened identified nucleotide alterations in all of the 7 'positives' and in none of the 16 'negatives' yielding a specificity and sensitivity of 100%. Thus, dHPLC represents a highly efficient CX31 screening technique. This study suggests that while sequence alterations are common, pathogenic mutations of CX31 are infrequent in sporadic non-syndromic hearing impairment.
Cell-Free Translation of Paramyxovirus Messenger RNA

Polypeptides corresponding in electrophoretic mobility to virion polypeptides 1, 3, and 5 were made in a reticulocyte cell-free system to which 18S RNA from Sendai virus-infected cells was added. Immune precipitation was used to select relevant polypeptides from endogenous products. The cell-free product corresponding to virion polypeptide 3 (the nucleocapsid structure unit) was the most abundant; its tryptic peptides comigrated electrophoretically with tryptic peptides of polypeptide 3 isolated from virions. Other sedimenting classes of RNA from infected cells were tested; only the 28S fraction showed slight activity. Virion 50S RNA was inactive. These findings support the hypothesis that complementary RNA transcripts of paramyxovirion RNA are the templates for viral proteins.
Applications of Theories of Generalized Cosserat Continua to the Dynamics of Composite Materials

It is shown that the Cosserat continuum and the theory of elasticity with micro-structure can be interpreted as analytical models describing the dynamic behavior of a composite material. The nonclassical material constants are simply functions of the geometry and the classical constants of the two materials constituting the composite. The study of wave propagation in a laminated composite reveals that a more complex micro-structure needs to be introduced in a continuum in order to describe adequately the dispersive character of (essentially) longitudinal waves.
Nonlinear effects in femtosecond pulse amplification using chirped fiber gratings

The objective of this paper is to investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, the limits on maximum pulse energy from a fiber-grating-based all-fiber system and to reveal methods for improving and optimizing its overall performance. We have found that for fiber gratings manufactured in a standard single-mode fiber the pulse energy limit is of the order of 20-50 nJ, which is on the same level as from currently available bulk, large-frame femtosecond lasers. This demonstrates the potential of this compact all-fiber design for generating high-power ultrashort pulses.
Theoretical capacity achieved in a LiMn0.5Fe0.4Mg0.1BO3 cathode by using topological disorder

Simple borates are attractive cathodes for lithium-ion batteries due to two main reasons: covalently bonded anions provide operating stability through suppressed oxygen loss, and the borate group (BO3) possesses the highest theoretical specific capacity for one-electron polyanion systems. In this work, we demonstrate an electrochemically superior lithium borate (LiMn0.5Fe0.4Mg0.1BO3) that delivers a near theoretical capacity (98%) of 201 mA h g−1 at C/50, an improved rate capability of 120 mA h g−1 at 1 C, and good capacity retention. Using ab initio modeling, the superior Li intercalation activity is explained by both stabilization of the delithiated state and increased topological cation disorder, which counter-intuitively facilitates Li transport. Our results indicate that through engineering of defect chemistry, the basic mechanism can be modified from one-dimensional to three-dimensional conduction, thereby improving kinetics. Combined with the inherent stability of the borate group, the enhanced electrochemical properties should reinvigorate search in borate chemistry for new safe and high-energy cathode materials.
145 THE EFFECT OF IONOTROPIC AGENTS ON THE ECHO IMAGED LEFT VENTRICULAR POSTERIOR WALL

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of ionotropic agents upon systolic thickening and diastolic thinning of the left ventricular posterior wall. Two populations were investigated: #1--14 children with congenital cardiac disease who had echoes recorded at catheterization before and during isoproterenol infusion, and #II--8 boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy who participated in a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study of the effects of digoxin. All echoes were analyzed by digitizing left ventricular posterior wall endo- and epicardium and evaluating % systolic time and % diastolic time at standardized time intervals. No significant differences occurred when control and ionotropic group values were compared for either group at any percentage of systolic or diastolic time. Thus, the sequence of contraction and relaxation was unaltered by ionotropic agents. However, when wall thickness values at standardized time intervals were compared before and during administration of ionotropic agents, significantly greater (p<.01) systolic wall thickening was present at each time interval. A 15% mean additional systolic thickness occurred for isoproterenol and 10% mean increase occurred for digoxin. This investigation shows that ionotropic agents do not alter the shape of the systolic time or diastolic time curves but significantly change systolic contraction magnitude.
Our focus on the pharmacogenetics of CRF 1 antagonists is simply because they are in clinical development

Our focus on the pharmacogenetics of CRF 1 antagonists is simply because they are in clinical development
Effects of cone surface waviness and freestream noise on transition in supersonic flow

A comparison of transition on wavy-wall and smooth-wall cones in a Mach 3.5 wind tunnel is made under conditions of either low freestream noise (quiet flow) or high freestream noise (noisy flow). The noisy flow compares to that found in conventional wind tunnels while the quiet flow gives transitional Reynolds numbers on smooth sharp cones comparable to those found in flight. The waves were found to have a much smaller effect on transition than similar sized trip wires. A satisfatory correlating parameter for the effect of waves on transition was simply the wave height-to-length ratio. A given value of this ratio was found to cause the same percentage change in transition location in quiet and noisy flows.
Policy Coordination in Metropolitan Areas An Ecological Perspective

The perennial concern for coordinating policy in metropolitan areas is receiving re newed attention in federal program evaluation and reorganization proposals. Recent urban fiscal problems and the reformulation of federal urban policy are raising new questions about the need for program coordination among local governments. Yet few attempts to impose coordination requirements in the past have been successful. Public administration guidelines have generally overlooked the political factors that influence interaction among federal agencies and local units of government. Within metropolitan areas intergovernmental cooperation is conditioned by a large number of ecological factors-spatial, organizational, political, economic, and psychological -that create opportunities for and constraints on interjurisdictional coordination and that must be understood in designing coordinative arrangements. The major ecological variables influencing political interaction within metropolitan areas are reviewed and a framework...
Properties of neural networks: experimentation and modeling of the epileptic hippocampal slice

Abstract Mathematical models of neural networks now predict complex system behavior which mimics that seen in live brain tissue. These models are derived from basic membrane properties and connectivity patterns which have been determined by experimentation. In turn, the models make testable predictions about the behavior of the neural systems and about the properties of the individual neurons within the system. We will describe the collaboration between experimenters and theorists which produced our current understanding of the mechanisms of synchronous epileptic activity in the hippocampal slice preparation. We will consider first the measurement and computer modeling of the intrinsic biophysical properties of the pyramidal cells. We then go on to review the exploration and modeling of three mechanisms of interaction between neurons which produce synchronous epileptic activity: synaptic connections, electrotonic junctions, and electric fields.
Controversies in the treatment of pediatric victims of crotalinae snake envenomation

Abstract Approximately 2,000 children age 17 years and younger are victims of a rattlesnake or copperhead bite each year. Most are teenage boys or late preteen boys. Over the years, controversy has surrounded the management of snakebites. Victims have been subjected to a variety of unproven first-aid techniques. In addition, surgeons and nonsurgeons have argued over the risks and benefits of bite site excision, prophylactic fasciotomy, expectant observation, and antivenom administration. Research in the last 2 decades has led to a better understanding of the risks of tissue injury without treatment and the impact of antivenom. A new, safer but expensive antivenom promises a shift in the debate from whether to how much and when.
Changes in Erythrocyte Enzyme Activities during Erythrocyte Aging in Alcoholism

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase activities were determined in erythrocytes of various ages, separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation, in 13 alcoholic patients and eight control subjects. The total erythrocyte activities of all three enzymes were not affected by alcoholism, however, the youngest cells of alcoholics had a decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, while both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activities were increased. The depression of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity not only persisted, but became more marked after 2 weeks of abstinence, while the enhanced activities of the two other enzymes returned to normal. These observations suggest that chronic alcohol ingestion suppresses aldehyde dehydrogenase in the bone marrow, while it enhances other erythrocytic enzymes.
Thermodynamic feasibility of harvesting data center waste heat to drive an absorption chiller

Abstract More than half the energy to run a data center can be consumed by vapor-compression equipment that cools the center. To reduce consumption and recycle otherwise wasted thermal energy, this paper proposes an alternative cooling architecture that is heat driven and leads to a more efficient data center in terms of power usage effectiveness (PUE). The primary thermal source is waste heat produced by CPUs on each server blade. The main challenge is capturing enough of this high-temperature heat to energize an absorption unit. The goal is to capture a high fraction of dissipated thermal power by using a heat capture scheme with water as the heat transfer fluid. To determine if the CPU temperature range and amount of heat are sufficient for chiller operation, we use server software, validation thermocouples, and chip specifications. We compare these results to required values from a simulator tool specific to our chiller model. One challenge is to simultaneously cool the data center and generate enough exergy to drive the cooling process, regardless of the thermal output of the data center equipment. We can address this by adding phase change latent heat storage to consistently deliver the required heat flow and, if necessary, a solar heat source. Even with zero solar contribution, the results show that the number of CPUs we have is sufficient and our PUE indicates a very efficient data center. Adding solar contribution, the steady-state model proposed leads to a potentially realizable PUE value of less than one.
The optimum protein concentration for growth stimulation of axenic cultures of malignant mammalian cells.

Abstract The optimum concentration of calf serum and fetal calf serum for growth stimulation was determined for a cell line derived from a Burkitt lymphoma and from a hamster small-bowel carcinoma. Maximum cell densities were obtained at 7–8 and 3–4 mg/ml protein, respectively. With the cell line of hamster origin, fetal calf serum was able to stimulate a more rapid growth rate than calf serum, even though approximately the same maximum cell density was attained in both instances. The bearing of these findings on the elucidation of the role of protein in the nutrition of mammalian cells is discussed.
Defining a National Health Research and Practice Agenda for Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

With the increasing number of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) surviving into old age governments, provider agencies, and practitioners are recognizing the insufficiencies of available information related to the interaction of the aging process with lifelong disability, the incidence of disease and secondary conditions with advancing age, and the means to provide quality medical and health care. These insufficiencies were noted by a World Health Organization report that identified a need for more research on the health of older adults with IDs and reports from two meetings held by United States Public Health Service and the United States Surgeon General that examined health disparities among adults with ID. This paper reports the process and results of the Tampa Scientific Conference on Intellectual Disabilities, Aging, and Health, a meeting held in 2002 specifically to examine health issues germane to older adults with ID. The meeting produced a long-term research agenda for determining more effective physical and mental health outcomes for aging and older persons with ID and recommendations for aging-related medical and health surveillance practices that would improve the overall health status of adults with ID.
A Multiple-Case Analysis of Nocturnal Radiation-Fog Development in the Central Valley of California Utilizing the GOES Nighttime Fog Product

Abstract Radiation fog in the Central Valley of California has received very little attention in terms of climatological research. This study uses the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) nighttime fog product to develop a sequence of images and datasets that reveal patterns of nocturnal radiation-fog development in the Central Valley. Twenty long-lived, spatially extensive radiation-fog episodes, occurring from October through January, were selected for the period of 1997–2000. Mean hourly parameters for fog cover, fog development rate, and vertical development were calculated for the 20 episodes in the Central Valley. The study region is separated into five analysis divisions oriented from south to north for spatial comparisons within the valley. Large-scale radiation fog begins developing before 1800 LST, and rates of development vary widely from south to north. Radiation fog develops earlier and covers a larger area of the southern valley as compared with the central and northern p...
DNA methylation as a system of plant genomic immunity

Transposons are selfish genetic sequences that can increase their copy number and inflict substantial damage on their hosts. To combat these genomic parasites, plants have evolved multiple pathways to identify and silence transposons by methylating their DNA. Plants have also evolved mechanisms to limit the collateral damage from the antitransposon machinery. In this review, we examine recent developments that have elucidated many of the molecular workings of these pathways. We also highlight the evidence that the methylation and demethylation pathways interact, indicating that plants have a highly sophisticated, integrated system of transposon defense that has an important role in the regulation of gene expression.
Merging callus level and whole plant micro‐culture to select salt‐tolerant ‘seaside’ creeping bentgrass 1

Abstract More efficient methods for developing and identiyng new salt‐tolerant (ST) turfgrasses are needed since salt from irrigation is accumulating in production and recreation soils. In this study, callus culture selection was combined with whole plant microculture (WPMC) screening to facilitate identifnng ST ‘Seaside’ creeping bentgrass genotypes. Putative ST cell lines were first isolated from salt‐challenged compact callus cultures grown in media containing 0–3% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). These selected cell cultures were then regenerated and rescreened at the WPMC level in vitro to compare their vegetative growth relative to non‐selected plants. Neither the selected nor the non‐selected microcultured plants produced roots in an in vitro medium containing 3% Na2SO4. However, the selected plantlets exhibited slightly better root and shoot growth than non‐selected plants at lower salinity (1.5–2.0% Na2SO4). This technique proved successful for screening potentially salt‐tolerant turfgrasses. In addition...
Katrina and the Gulf States Casino Industry

Hurricane Katrina devastated the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coast. The casino industry, especially in Mississippi, suffered staggering losses. We describe the industry's losses and provide data on the industry before and after Katrina. Following previous research which has indicated that casino development may be a stimulus to a state's economy, we use a simple OLS model to examine whether rebuilding the Gulf Coast casinos has had an impact on personal income in Louisiana and Mississippi. After accounting for other factors, our results indicate that the casino industry has had a positive impact on post-Katrina personal incomes in Louisiana and Mississippi.
SPIN DEPENDENT WIGNER FUNCTION SIMULATIONS OF DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICES – B FIELD TUNING

Two terminal devices have traditionally provided band-structure based high frequency operation. Third terminal control often involves hybrid design approaches. The presence of diluted magnetic semiconductor layers in device fabrication should permit the magnetic field to function as a pseudothird terminal. This is discussed for single barrier, double barrier and superlattice structures, where control is demonstrated. The limits of high frequency operation are discussed in general terms with application to barrier devices and superlattices containing DMS layers.
An equivalent circuit for the quantitative description of inter-receptor coupling in the retina of the desert antCataglyphis bicolor

1. An ionic equivalent circuit model is developed for the purpose of quantifying the strengths of electrical coupling existing between certain receptor cells in the compound eye ofCataglyphis bicolor which show wavelength dependence in the slopes of their ‘V logI’ relations and orientations of maximum PS (Mote and Wehner, 1980). It combines the pure electrical equivalent of the plasma membrane, as proposed by Finkelstein and Mauro (1963), and a closed series circuit such that Kirchhoff's laws are applicable. 2. The model is applied to hypothetical pairs of cells with different sensitivities and different strengths of interaction. It predicts that cells are most strongly coupled when at rest and most weakly coupled when most active. When one is active and the second is not then “apparent rectification” can occur since the coupling strength is not symmetrical. This means that both “resting” and “dynamic” coupling coefficients must be considered. Transition between these modes causes irregularities in the ‘V logI’ relation of a weakly excited cell which is coupled to a strongly excited cell. 3. The model is then applied to data obtained from photoreceptors in the compound eye ofCataglyphis. It adequately simulates the wavelength dependence of both the ‘V logI’ relation (Fig. 6) and the orientation of maximum PS (Fig. 7) measured in these cells. In its simplest form the model permits an estimate of the coupling coefficients which are greater than 0.6 for strongly coupled cells and less than 0.4 for weakly coupled cells. 4. A hypothetical treatment of pairs of coupled cells under conditions approaching the natural situation in the animal's environment suggests that super-numerary analyzers of polarized light in the u.v. could arise through receptor coupling in certain ommatidial types found in the eye ofCataglyphis.
The histochemistry of developing adipocytes in primary stromal-vascular cultures of rat adipose tissue

Histochemical analysis for NADP-dependent dehydrogenases, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH and NADPH-tetrazoleum reductases and esterase was conducted on primary cultures of adipose tissue stromal-vascular cells. Enzyme activities were restricted to clusters of lipid laden cells (adipocytes). The number of enzyme reactive adipocytes increased with length of culture. Coverslips were partially coated with collagen to allow comparisons of cell differentiation on coated (C-glass) and uncoated glass (U-glass) surface. There were no reactions for NADH- and NADPH-tetrazoleum reductases (TR) in cells on C-glass whereas adipocytes and stromal cells on U-glass were reactive. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate (6PGDH) dehydrogenase activities were markedly demonstrated in both stromal cells and adipocytes on U-glass. Malate (MDH) and isocitrate (ICDH) dehydrogenase activites were higher in adipocytes than in stromal cells on the U-glass. Stromal cells on C-glass were either devoid of these enzymes (G6PDH, MDH, 6PGDH, ICDH) or activity was restricted to a small area of the cytoplasm. There were two levels of staining intensity in (MDH, ICDH, G6PDH, 6PGDH) adipocyte clusters on C-glass. Elimination of phenazine methosulphate from the NADP-dependent dehydrogeanse medias and SDH media, caused a reduction in enzyme reactive adipocytes on the C-glass. This manipulation did not reduce the number of enzyme reactive cells on U-glass. Cells on C-glass and U-glass were distinctly different in esterase stained coverslips. These studies demonstrated enzyme histochemical reactions of adipocytes and stromal cells in primary culture that were dependent on the type of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, enzyme histochemistry was shown to be useful for delineating adipocytes from stromal cells in primary cultures.
Expanding the definition of privilege: The concept of social privilege.

Examinations of privilege have historically focused on gender and race. By placing privilege within the context of oppression, the authors offer an expanded view of the domains of privilege that include sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, differing degrees of ableness, and religious affiliation. Los examenes del privilegio se han enfocado historicamente en el genero y la raza. Colocando el privilegio dentro del contexto de la opresion, los autores ofrecen una vista ensanchada de los dominios del privilegio que incluye la orientacion sexual, la posicion socioeconomica, la edad, difiriendo los grados de habilidad, y de la afiliacion religiosa.
Synthesis and characterization of sol-gel derived hexa-aluminate phosphors

Two refractory phosphors, BaMg2Al16O27: Eu2+ (BAM) and MgAl11O17.5: Ce3+, Tb3+ (MAO), have been synthesized both by the conventional solid-state processing route (using oxides as the starting materials) and by reacting precursors made by the sol-gel process using organic precursors. The phases formed were reacted at 1000 °C in (a) steam and (b) steam + AlF3. The phosphors were well crystallized with particle sizes in the range of 1–10 μm. The emission spectra showed the characteristic broad band blue emission of Eu2+ for BAM and a narrow band green luminescence of Tb3+ for MAO. The melting points of BAM and MAO were measured to be 1920 ± 20 °C and 1950 ± 20 °C, respectively, using an Ir-strip furnace and optical pyrometer. BAM and MAO phosphor materials are congruently and incongruently melting, respectively. Excellent crystallization via the sol-gel route was found even at 1220 °C. Enhancement of the luminescent output by the steam treatment by some 25% was determined.
A More Efficient Cryptographic Matchmaking Protocol for Use in the Absence of a Continuously Available Third Party

The problem of authentication of mutually suspicious parties is one that is becoming more and more important with the proliferation of distributed systems. In this paper we construct a protocol in which users can verify whether they have matching credentials without revealing their credentials to each other unless there is a match. Thk protocol requires a trusted third party, but does not require it to be available to the users except when they sign up for the system. Thus it is useful in situations in which a trusted third party exists, but is not available to all users at all times.
On the accumulated aggregate surplus of a life portfolio

Abstract The present paper considers a simple stochastic model for a multi-period (non-profit) life portfolio with two sources of uncertainty, the returns on investments and the claims. Within this model the bonus of a portfolio is determined numerically using the concept of stable reserve associated to a financial gain. The accumulated aggregate surplus of the portfolio after a finite number of insurance periods is expressed as the difference between the accumulated value on investments and the accumulated actuarial reserves and aggregate claims. It is shown that replacing the dependence between the aggregate claims of successive periods by an assumption of independence increases the riskiness in stop-loss order of the accumulated aggregate surplus. This results in higher stable reserves under the independence assumption. It is shown that the stable reserve can be determined numerically by solving an implicit expected value equation, which involves Black–Scholes formula for the stop-loss premiums on the accumulated return on investments and De Pril’s two-stage recursive formulas for the distribution of the accumulated aggregate claims. The obtained results are illustrated numerically at a portfolio of endowment insurance policies.
Computer aided design for power electronics

Computer programs and techniques are now available for simulating even the most complex electronic power systems. Models for non-linear magnetics, HEXFETS and other power related devices are included in the latest CAD packages. This paper presents several examples of practical applications.
Communities of Practice: Connecting What We Know with What We Do

This article examines the community of practice model as a framework for integrating educational research and practice. This perspective extends current notions about collaborative inquiry and the role of teacher participation in research aimed at improving educational practices. In addition to defining communities of practice and describing reflective practice and situated learning as the theoretical underpinnings of this approach, the article analyzes applications of this model from the literature and offers suggestions for transforming traditional methods of conducting research on educational practice. The article concludes with a challenge to the field to consider ways to promote dialogue and inquiry to advance our knowledge on this issue.
RACCOON POXVIRUS FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS VP2 RECOMBINANT PROTECTS CATS AGAINST FPV CHALLENGE

An infectious raccoon poxvirus (RCNV) was used to express the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) open reading frame VP2. The recombinant, RCNV/FPV, was constructed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for inserting the expression cassette into the thymidine kinase (TK) locus of RCNV. Expression of the VP2 DNA was regulated by the vaccinia virus late promoter P11. Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses confirmed the cassette was in the TK gene of the RCNV genome. An immunofluorescent antibody assay using feline anti-FPV polyclonal serum showed the expressed viral antigen in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation with the same antiserum detected a 67-kDa VP2 protein which exactly matched the migration of the authentic FPV VP2 protein by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nine five-month-old cats were vaccinated and 21 days later were boosted with the recombinant virus. Peroral FPV challenge 2 weeks after the booster showed that the cats were fully protected as measured by examining clinical signs and total white blood cell counts in peripheral blood. Cats not immunized developed low to very low leukocyte counts following peroral FPV challenge. The nine vaccinated cats showed high FPV neutralization antibody prior to challenge, whereas nonvaccinated cats formed anti-FPV antibodies only after challenge.
The role of L-type voltage dependent calcium channels in stimulated [3H]norepinephrine release from canine hippocampal slices following global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

Abstract The hippocampus is among those brain regions which are selectively vulnerable to ischemic damage. Hippocampal damage due to transient cerebral ischemia is mainly of the delayed, non-necrotic type which may arise after disruption or activiation of specific cellular systems, including transmitter release through excitatory amino acid receptors. We investigated the contribution of L-type voltage dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) to glycine (GLY) potentiatedN-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor- and potassium-stimulated [3H]norepinephrine (NE) release in a canine model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Tissue was collected from four experimental groups: non-arrested controls (NA), global cerebral ischemia induced by 10 minute cardiac arrest (CA), and CA followed by 30 min or 24 hours reperfusion after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Brain slices prepared from all groups accumulated approximately equivalent amounts of [3H]NE. The sensitivity of [3H]NE release to stimulation by NMDA/GLY or elevated potassium was unchanged after ischemia and reperfusion. About 30% of release stimulated by the addition of 20 mM potassium was inhibited by the NMDA receptor-operated channel antagonist MK801 in all groups except CA in which only 4% of release was inhibited by MK801. The ability of 1 μM nitrendipine (NTP) to block stimulated release indicated that the contribution of the L-type VDCC to potassium or NMDA/GLY-stimulated release was significant only in NA and 24 hour reperfused animals. These data suggest that NE release may be stimulated through the NMDA receptor channel at control levels for up to 24 hours after ischemic insult and that the L-type VDCC is not a significant mediator of Ca++-induced [3H]NE release in arrest and early reperfusion. The data also support the involvement of the L-type VDCC in regulating NMDA-stimulated release in NA and 24 hour reperfused animals. The results in hippocampus demonstrate a different pattern of L-type VDCC-mediated catecholamine release following ischemia and reperfusion from that found for [3H]dopamine release from canine striatal slices in our previous study.
True Zero-Crossing Fast Discriminator

This paper describes a discriminator for use with nuclear detectors that incorporates both a pulse height threshold and a true zero-crossing time detector. A negative doubly-differentiated signal is applied both to the base of an avalanche transistor and to a tunnel diode pulse height selector. The transistor is normally biased off but if the leading edge of the signal trips the tunnel diode, a pedestal is applied to the emitter of the transistor allowing it to avalanche when the input signal crosses zero. By driving the discriminator directly from the anode of a proton recoil scintillation detector, a total time shift of less than one nanosecond can be obtained for pulses ranging from 1.1 to 30 times threshold.
Synthesis and destruction of prothrombin in the rat

Abstract The kinetics of synthesis and destruction of prothrombin in the rat were investigated. In normal rats given cycloheximide or vitamin K antagonists, prothrombin activity declined logarithmically with half-lives ranging from 5.3 to 7.0 hr. The rate of prothrombin inactivation was slightly higher in vitamin K-deficient rats but did not increase with increasing severity of deficiency. The initial response to vitamin K by deficient rats was more rapid than predicted by the theoretical induction curve calculated from the rate of prothrombin destruction. After 1 hr the rate of prothrombin increase was similar to the theoretical rate and required over 15 hr to reach normal prothrombin concentration. In deficient rats given vitamin K in the presence of cycloheximide, a small rise in prothrombin activity was observed whereas in deficient rats given warfarin or the chloro analog of vitamin K response to vitamin K was obliterated. Actinomycin D administered to deficient rats up to 10 hr before vitamin K did not alter response to the vitamin. If the antibiotic was administered to normal rats, the prothrombin level was little changed for 10 hr after which it decreased with a half-life similar to that observed in rats treated with cycloheximide. The effect of actinomycin D on prothrombin concentration in deficient rats was similar to that observed in normal animals. From the data presented in this report we conclude that the inhibition of prothrombin destruction is not the principal mechanism of action of vitamin K. The more rapid than expected appearance of prothrombin in the plasma after the injection of vitamin K into deficient rats suggests that an unsteady state is established at the outset of the action of the vitamin. This could be due to (1) the release of small amounts of stored prothrombin, (2) the completion of a stored prothrombin precursor (on or off ribosomes), (3) the activation of stored or accumulated mRNA for prothrombin biosynthesis. Although de novo protein synthesis appears to be ultimately involved in the maintenance of plasma prothrombin levels under the influence of vitamin K, quantitative studies of the degree of labeling of plasma prothrombin during the initiation of vitamin K action will be required to determine the extent to which vitamin K itself participates in the biosynthesis of prothrombin.
Matrix Metalloproteinases Cleave Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor EFFECTS ON COAGULATION

The capacity of inflammatory cell-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to cleave tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and alter its activity was investigated. MMP-7 (matrilysin) rapidly cleaved TFPI to a major 35-kDa product. In contrast, MMP-1 (collagenase-1), MMP-9 (gelatinase B), and MMP-12 (macrophage elastase) cleaved TFPI into several fragments including the 35-kDa band. However, rates of cleavage were most rapid for MMP-7 and MMP-9. NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that MMP-12 cleaved TFPI at Lys(20)-Leu(21)(close to Kunitz I domain and producing a 35-kDa band), Arg(83)-Ile(84) (between Kunitz I and II domains), and Ser(174)-Thr(175) (between Kunitz II and III domains). MMP-7 and MMP-9 cleaved TFPI at Lys(20)-Leu(21) with additional COOH-terminal processing. These MMPs did not cleave tissue factor (TF), factor VII, and factor Xa. Proteolytic cleavage by MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9, and MMP-12 resulted in considerable loss of TFPI activity. These observations indicate specific cleavage of TFPI by MMPs, which broadens their substrate profile. Co-localization of MMPs, TF, and TFPI in atherosclerotic tissues suggests that release of MMPs from inflammatory cell leukocytes may effect TF-mediated coagulation.
The electrokinetic properties of reovirus type 3: electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential in dilute electrolytes

Abstract The electrokinetic behavior of reovirus type 3 (Dearing strain) suspended in dilute aqueous suspensions of simple electrolytes was studied by laser-illuminated whole-particle microelectrophoresis. The virus isoelectric point (IEP), 3.8, was independent of NaCl concentration. The electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of the virus were dependent upon pH, ionic strength, and nature of the electrolyte. The mobility decreased with increasing electrolyte concentration; multivalent cations had a profound influence on negatively charged virus. Thus, in terms of the effect of the mobility KCl ≈ NaCl, CaCl2 ≈ MgCl2, 2 NaCl ≈ Na2SO4, and MgCl2 ≈ MgSO4, but 100 NaCl ≈ CaCl2. Furthermore, the IEP was unaffected by phosphate but it was elevated by Ca2+ and acetate. At pH 8.1 the virus was strongly negatively charged in NaCl; however, when the cationic flocculants Al2(SO4)3 and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMA) were present, the charge was neutralized or reversed. Much of the electrokinetic behavior of reovirus can be understood by considering the virion as a spherical colloid of relatively low IEP. The effects of simple electrolytes and cationic flocculants indicate that similar viruses are amenable to removal in water-treatment processes in which conventional methods for removal of suspended solids are optimized.
Dual regulation of M current in gastric smooth muscle cells: beta-adrenergic-muscarinic antagonism.

The effects of the β-adrenergic agent isoproterenol on membrane currents were studied in freshly dissociated gastric smooth muscle cells of Bufo marinus. Voltage-clamp experiments were carried out with patch pipettes in the tight-seal, whole-cell recording mode or with conventional microelectrodes. Isoproterenol induced a current identified as M current by the following criteria: the induced current is outward and carried by K+ ions, is suppressed by muscarine or acetylcholine, remains steadily activated, turns off with hyperpolarization, and exhibits slow relaxations in response to voltage jumps. In contrast to endogenous M current, isoproterenol-induced M current usually exhibited slower relaxations on hyperpolarizing voltage commands and displayed a steady-state conductance/voltage relationship that was shifted in the negative direction along the voltage axis. M current was also induced by either forskolin or phosphodiesterase-resistant cAMP analogs. In all cases, muscarinic agonists suppressed the M current, apparently by acting at a locus downstream from regulation of cAMP levels by adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase. β-Adrenergic agents may act to increase the number of M channels available to be opened and also modify their kinetics.
Porokeratotic eccrine duct and hair follicle nevus

A 30-year-old patient had a linear lesion involving the forearm and hand for 30 years. Histologic examination of this lesion revealed hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, and acanthosis. There also were funnel-shaped areas of epidermal depression containing parakeratotic columns which penetrated hair follicles and sweat ducts. The differential diagnosis of this lesion is discussed.
Economies of scale and input substitution in public libraries

Abstract A translog cost function is applied to 1988 data for 194 Indiana public libraries to measure economies of scale and input substitution elasticities. Book circulation measures library output and costs include noncapital expenditures. Scale economies exist for libraries with circulations up to 55,000 per year. Larger libraries exhibit constant returns to scale. Labor, books, and supplies/services are all substitutes with inelastic own-price and cross-price elasticities.