cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in terrestrial carbon budgets related to spring phenology

[1] In temperate regions, the budburst date of deciduous trees is mainly regulated by temperature variation, but the exact nature of the temperature dependence has been a matter of debate. One hypothesis is that budburst date depends purely on the accumulation of warm temperature; a competing hypothesis states that exposure to cold temperatures is also important for budburst. In this study, variability in budburst is evaluated using 15 years of budburst data for 17 tree species at Harvard Forest. We compare two budburst hypotheses through reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. We then investigate how uncertainties in budburst date mapped onto uncertainties in ecosystem carbon using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's LM3 land model. For 15 of 17 species, we find that more complicated budburst models that account for a chilling period are favored over simpler models that do not include such dependence. LM3 simulations show that the choice of budburst model induces differences in the timing of carbon uptake commencement of ∼11 days, in the magnitude of April–May carbon uptake of ∼1.03 g C m−2 day−1, and in total ecosystem carbon stocks of ∼2 kg C m−2. While the choice of whether to include a chilling period in the budburst model strongly contributes to this variability, another important factor is how the species-dependent field data gets mapped onto LM3's single deciduous plant functional type (PFT). We conclude budburst timing has a strong impact on simulated CO2 fluxes, and uncertainty in the fluxes can be substantially reduced by improving the model's representation of PFT diversity.
An Economic Analysis of Audit and Nonaudit Services: The Trade-off between Competition Crossovers and Knowledge Spillovers*

In this paper, I present a model in which both markets for audit services and nonaudit services (NAS) are oligopolistic. Accounting firms providing both audit services and NAS will employ oligopolistic competition in each of these markets. In addition to auditors' gaining “knowledge spillovers” from auditing to consulting or vice versa, oligopolistic competition in one market will influence the counterpart in the other market - what I call “competition crossovers”. Although scope economies due to knowledge spillovers (for example, cost savings) are always beneficial to auditors, such benefits can entice accounting firms to adopt strategies (for example, price reductions) to compete aggressively in the audit market so that some, or all, firms become worse off. A trade-off arises between these two economic forces in the two oligopolistic markets. Given the trade-off between competition crossovers and knowledge spillovers, accounting firms may not reduce their audit prices, even though supplying NAS enables firms to decrease auditing costs — a nontrivial impact of oligopolistic competition in two markets on audit pricing. The empirical implication of my results is that because of competition-crossover effects between the auditing and consulting service markets, finding empirical evidence for knowledge-spillover benefits is likely to be difficult. Control variables for “audit-market concentration” concerned with competition-crossover effects and “auditor expertise” concerned with knowledge-spillover benefits should be included in audit-fee regressions to increase the power of empirical tests. With regard to policy implications, my analyses help explain the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on “market segmentation” and, hence, the profitability of accounting firms.
Tau gene expression in rat sensory neurons during development and regeneration

In the mature rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG), only one tau isoform is expressed, and this protein (110 kDa in apparent molecular weight) is considerably larger in size than the predominant tau isoforms found in brain. The size of the mRNA encoding the "big" tau mRNA in DRG [approximately 8 kilobases (kb)] is also much larger than that of the major rat brain tau mRNA species (approximately 6 kb). In this study, we examined the pattern of normal developmental changes in expression of this high-molecular-weight (HMW) tau and its encoding mRNA and also determined how axonal injury of adult DRG neurons effected the expression of this gene. RNA blotting experiments revealed that higher levels of HMW tau mRNA were present in the DRG at early postnatal times than in the adult. Immunoblotting of total DRG protein using a monoclonal tau antibody revealed that the immature DRG (7 d postnatal) contained a 62-kDa tau isoform in addition to the HMW tau isoform that was expressed in the adult DRG. Neither of the tau isoforms expressed in the immature DRG was present to any significant extent in either immature or adult rat brain. To examine how tau expression changed in adult DRG neurons during regeneration, the sciatic nerves of rats were unilaterally crushed, and the L4 and L5 DRG were harvested 1, 7, and 14 d later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of tonicity on the release of neutral lipids in Echinostoma caproni adults and observations on lipids in excysted metacercariae.

High performance thin layer chromatography was used to analyze neutral lipids in worm incubates isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic to the intestinal habitat of adult Echinostoma caproni. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of free sterols, free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and a steryl ester/hydrocarbon fraction in all incubate samples. The most abundant neutral lipid fraction released into the incubation medium was the triacylglycerol fraction. This fraction was quantified after worms were maintained for 2 h at 37.5°C in hypertonic (Locke’s 2× solution), isotonic (Locke’s 0.5× solution) and hypotonic (deionized water) media. Percentages of triacylglycerols on a wet-weight basis found in Locke’s 2×, 0.5×, and deionized water were 0.369, 3.23, and 0.242, respectively, suggesting that the optimal medium to obtain maximal excretory-secretory products is the Locke’s 0.5× solution. Histochemical staining of whole excysted metacercariae with oil red O did not detect neutral lipids. Analysis of 500 excysted metacercariae incubated for 2 h at 37.5°C revealed that free sterols, free fatty acids, and triacylglycerols were released in amounts of 16.2, 1.59, and 5.34 ng/organism, respectively. Our results were compared with previous studies on neutral lipids in excysted metacercariae and adults of E. trivolvis. Variations in the results of our study compared with others reflect intrinsic differences in the species of echinostome used.
Withdrawal of mycophenolate mofetil in stable renal transplant recipients.

Background. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been demonstrated to decrease episodes of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients during the first year after transplantation. The utility of MMF after 1 year is less clear. Methods. Forty-five stable renal transplant recipients on maintenance therapy of cyclosporine microemulsion, MMF, and prednisone had MMF withdrawn at approximately 1 year after transplantation. A matching concurrent group of 45 stable renal transplant recipients served as the case control group. Results. Two of 45 patients in the MMF withdrawal group suffered an acute rejection episode as opposed to 1 of 45 in the control group. Both patients who rejected in the withdrawal group had adequate cyclosporine levels and had no recent decrease in prednisone dose. There was no evidence of an increased incidence of proteinuria or increased creatinine levels in the MMF withdrawal group. Conclusion. In general, withdrawal of MMF in stable renal transplant recipients is well tolerated. No increased risk of rejection could be demonstrated in this patient group. A larger study will be needed to confirm our result.
Why Include Warrants In New Equity Issues? A Theory Of Unit IPO's

We develop a theory of unit IPOs, in which the firm going public issues a package of equity with warrants. We model an equity market characterized by asymmetric information, where insiders have private information about the riskiness as well as the expected value of their firm's future cash flows. We demonstrate that, in equilibrium, high risk firms issue "units" of equity and warrants, and the package of equity and warrants is underpriced; lower risk firms, on the other hand, issue underpriced equity alone. An important feature of our model is that, in contrast to the existing literature, underpricing is used as a signal in equilibrium in the context of a one-shot equity offering. While the model is developed in the context of IPOs of equity, it is also applicable with minor modifications to the case of seasoned equity offerings packaged with warrants; further, the intuition behind the model generalizes readily to provide a new rationale for packaging call option-like claims with other risky securities (e.g., convertible debt, debt with warrants) as well.
Clues for case control studies of cancer in the Northeast urban corridor.

Abstract Age-adjusted rates of mortality during 1950–1969 and 1968–1972 from 26 causes of cancer and age-specific rates of 4 causes were correlated with 71 hypothesized factors of elevated and reduced risk for 49 counties in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Delaware. In the cases of white male and female stomach cancer, male skin, female liver, male and female childhood leukemia, and young adult Hodgkin's and lymphoma cancer strong, clear and consistent correlations were found with one or two dominant risk factors. In eighteen other cases, the relationships were weak, or significant, but inconsistent.
Reappraisal of sea-ice distribution in Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean at 18,000 yr BP

The question of the distribution of winter and summer sea-ice cover during the last glacial maximum (18,000 yr BP) is important in climatic modelling of the glacial world. We have now compared satellite-derived 5-yr monthly averages of per cent summer sea-ice cover in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean with the distribution of reported sedimentological indicators of sea-ice cover at the sediment–water interface. These data strongly suggest that sediment type cannot be used to identify summer sea-ice limits, neither in Recent sediments nor in sediments of the last glacial maximum. Rather, the data seem to indicate that sediment type can be used to identify spring sea-ice limits for these two time intervals.
Circulating angiogenic factors in singleton vs multiple-gestation pregnancies

Objective Placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Here we describe alterations in serum angiogenic factor levels in women with multiple gestation pregnancies, a major preeclampsia risk factor. Study Design We collected serial serum specimens from 101 pregnant women at high preeclampsia risk between 22 and 36 weeks' gestation. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and placental growth factor were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Women who had preeclampsia or gestational hypertension develop were excluded. Results Maternal soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 was higher in multiple gestation (n = 20) compared with high-risk singleton (n = 81) pregnancies for each gestational age range examined. Maternal placental growth factor was significantly higher in multiple vs high-risk singletons before 31 weeks' gestation, whereas the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio was higher in multiple vs high-risk singletons after 27 weeks. Conclusion Alterations in circulating angiogenic factors are present in women with multiple gestations and may contribute to higher preeclampsia risk in this population.
Weighing Stones in Ancient Mesopotamia

Abstract The Old Babylonian mathematical tablet YBC 4652 contains a series of related problems stated together with their answers. In this paper, we propose a procedure for determining the solutions to these problems and consider the pedagogy underlying the mathematics. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). L'ancienne tablette mathematique babylonienne YBC 4652 contient une serie de problemes avec leurs reponses. Dans cet article, nous proposons une procedure pour determiner les solutions de ces problemes et considerons la demarche pedagogique sous-jacente aux mathematiques. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). MSC 1991 subject classification: 01A17.
Industry and University Initiatives and the Industrial Marketing Course

Industrial marketing courses suffer from lack of hands-on experiences for students. This article describes a method for implementing industry-university joint ventures which provide practical experience for students.
Mitochondrial DNA and ancient population growth

In recent years, the study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation has entered a new phase with an increasing emphasis on interpretations of demographic, rather than phylogenetic, history. Human mtDNA variation fits a "sudden expansion" model, where the human species expanded rapidly in size during the Late Pleistocene. This paper examines the sudden expansion model with the goal of partitioning total mtDNA diversity in contemporary populations into two components--diversity that existed prior to the population expansion and diversity that arose after the expansion. A method is developed for estimating these components. Analysis of mtDNA diversity within selected human populations shows that 64-80% of mtDNA diversity in contemporary populations arose after the expansion, a consequence of a high mutation rate relative to the number of generations since expansion. The basic model is extended to two components of excess diversity in sub-Saharan Africa--differences in population size before the expansion and differences in the timing of expansion. Results suggest that excess sub-Saharan African mtDNA diversity is due to the combined effects of the sub-Saharan African population being larger in size prior to the expansion and expanding earlier.
A field study of productivity improvements in the manufacturing of circuit boards

Abstract This paper describes the results of an ergonomics field study in a manufacturing environment. The study was performed primarily to improve the manufacturing yield in the production of electronic circuit board panels. A secondary objective was to improve operator comfort and job satisfaction. The project combined ergonomics and productivity assessments of several different tasks using analysis methodology such as ergonomic check lists, predetermined time and motion study operator assessment of ergonomic interventions and the rate of absenteeism. The project revealed a $1.7 million saving for modification costs of $16,000. This implies a hundred-fold rate of return of invested funds.
Characterization of autologous erythrocyte rosette-forming cells in Minnesota miniature swine

Abstract The percentage of porcine lymphocytes capable of binding autologous erythrocytes was determined with an assay previously shown to optimize detection of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (S-RFC). Approximately 57–66% of porcine thymocytes, 7–22% of lymph node, tonsil, and Peyers patch, and 1–6% of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes were found to rosette with autologous erythrocytes. Such autologous erythrocyte rosett-forming cells (A-RFC) were nonphagocytic, surface immunoglobulin negative, and were demonstrated to be T cells by mixed resetting with porcine and sheep erythrocytes. The high incidence of A-RFC in thymus and low incidence among peripheral lymphoid cells (as compared to S-RFC) suggested that the autologous erythrocyte receptor was shed from or masked in the membrane of the majority of T cells as they exited the thymus. Enzymatic digestion of the surfaces of peripheral lymphoid cells by bromelain was shown to enhance the incidence of A-RFC, indicating that this receptor for self was masked in the membrane of the majority of peripheral T cells. The numbers of A-RFC in peripheral lymphoid tissues may be a reflection of thymic function regulating discrimination between self and nonself among maturing T-lymphocyte populations.
THE MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS UNDER TENSION

The rheological significance of a state of hydrostatic tension was investigated. A method for measuring the limiting low shear viscosity of liquids under tension was developed. The ability of nine liquids to withstand tension was verified, and the magnitudes of tension achievable through different methods were compared. The use of viscosity data from liquids under tension to more accurately determine the initial pressure viscosity coefficient was investigated. The continuity of the pressure viscosity coefficient across absolute zero pressure was verified.
Academic libraries in Iowa cope with serials cutbacks

At a time when rising costs of journal subscriptions forced academic libraries in Iowa to scrutinize their continuing obligations more carefully, a group of librarians representing both the publicly and privately supported colleges and universities investigated the impact of their decisions on their aggregate serials holdings. The project was carried out by the Resource Sharing Working Group of the Cooperation Co‐ordinating Committee with the sponsorship of the state's ACRL Chapter. Two surveys collected information directly from the libraries for serials cancelled from July 1989 through June 1992. More than 40 libraries responded; 45 percent responded to both requests for data. Analyzes results of the surveys, revealing cancellations in many disciplines and instances of libraries stopping the same title. The project was an outgrowth of increased attempts to explore the potential for cooperative collection development and resource sharing within Iowa. One benefit of this approach was increased communication among collection development librarians, selectors of materials, and managers of serials collections within the state. Outlines future goals.
Development of a biochemical profile for mass-reared boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

1. 1. A simplified biochemical profile consisting of whole body levels of cholesterol, lipid, uric acid, and soluble protein was obtained on mass-reared Anthonomous grandis Boheman of three adult ages for 8 successive weeks representing four generations. 2. 2. All parameters showed significant variation with adult age, sex and chemosterilant treatment. 3. 3. Levels of cholesterol, uric acid, and soluble protein were significantly depressed in weevils treated with busulfan. 4. 4. The Feasibility of obtaining biochemical data on large numbers of insects as a means of quality control is verified, but the utility of this approach requires the long-term accumulation of such information prior to its application.
Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis and superior vena caval obstruction from blastomycosis

Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis is most commonly a complication of granulomatous disease caused by histoplasmosis. We report a case of Blastomyces dermatitidis causing superior vena caval obstruction from fibrosing mediastinitis.
EFFECT OF CHOLERA TOXIN ON Na TRANSPORT IN INTESTINE

Massive secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen is observed in cholera. This study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the role of the epithelial cells in the Na secretion observed in cholera. From measurements of flux as a function of electrical potential, the transcellular Na fluxes (Jc) were estimated, in vitro, on ileum treated with cholera toxin (CT) for 60 minutes and compared with Jc from unchallenged control (C) intestine from the same rabbit. In absence of electrochemical potential, in Ringer's solution, CT caused a net Na secretion (−1.35 + 0.21 μeq/hr cm2), without statistical change in short circuit current. The net secretion appears to be due to a decrease of transcellular Na flux from mucosa to serosa (Jcms) (−0.94 ± 0.35 μeq/hr cm2) and an increase of cellular flux from serosa to mucosa (Jcsm) (+0.75 ± 0.64 μeq/hr cm2). The addition of 10mM glucose caused an increase (p<0.01) of JNa, Isc and Jcms almost identical in C and CTnet intestine. However, Jcsm did not change significantly with glucose. These results indicate that CT caused an active cellular Na secretion which is most easily explained by postulating that CT stimulates an electrically neutral (Na+Anion) transport process from serosa to mucosa but does not change the “electrogenic” Na absorption.
Comorbid conditions in heart failure: an unhappy marriage.

e. th ec li ni cs .c om The general issue of comorbidity is of major clinical importance for patients, health care providers, and society as a whole. A principal manifestation of aging, multimorbidity poses many challenges on the overall health of an individual and to the health care system in heart failure. Polypharmacy in heart failure patients with multiple morbidities influences their prognosis, adds a disease burden, and challenges adherence to medical management while increasing overall cost of care. Heart failure has special bidirectional relationships with cardiac and noncardiac comorbidity that are pathophysiologically intertwined. Examples of such intertwined comorbidities include arrhythmias, valvular disease, renal dysfunction, pulmonary dysfunction (both obstructive and restrictive pulmonary physiology), pulmonary hypertension, sleep apnea, liver dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, anemia, stroke, and skeletal myopathy. Such limitations are not just in the physical domain; mental diseases such as depression can also perpetuate a negative self-fulfilling cycle of clinical decline in heart failure. Beyond the direct organ system interactions and their confounding factors, more insight is now being developed to appreciate common system pathophysiologic mechanisms like inflammation and oxidative stress that are operative in a unifying manner to influence the partnership of diseasedisease interaction. In this unique issue of Heart Failure Clinics, Drs Zannad and Ventura have assembled 11 highly experienced teams of clinicians and researchers to provide a commentary on issues pertinent to
A Compromise Experimental Design Method for Parametric Polynomial Response Surface Approximations

Abstract This study presents a compromise approach to augmentation of experimental designs, necessitated by the expense of performing each experiment (computational or physical), that yields higher quality parametric polynomial response surface approximations than traditional augmentation. Based on the D-optimality criterion as a measure of experimental design quality, the method simultaneously considers several polynomial models during the experimental design, resulting in good quality designs for all models under consideration, as opposed to good quality designs only for lower-order models, as in the case of traditional augmentation. Several numerical examples and an engineering example are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the approach.
Properties of die materials: A comparative study

Abstract A comparative study of the pertinent properties of die materials used for the indirect materials has been made. Eight classes of materials were evaluated. No one material proved to be superior in all properties. The stones were superior from the standpoint of dimensional accuracy but their abrasion resistance was low. All of the dies, with the exception of those made from stone or low-fusing alloy, were undersize at the cervical margin of the simulated full cast crown preparation. An abrasion apparatus, designed to duplicate certain of the conditions to which such dies are subjected, was devised. On the basis of these tests it was not always possible to predict the abrasion resistance from the corresponding hardness. The dies made from the ceramic material, silicophosphate cement, one of the resins and by electrodeposition were superior in abrasion resistance. The surface of the electroplated dies, the ceramic material, stones and silicophosphate cement provided excellent duplication of detail. Differences were observed in the compatibility of certain die materials and rubber impression products, as compared to the duplication produced when the die material was poured against an inert surface.
Correlations among scores on WISC-R and Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Tests for learning disabled children.

Summary.-Pearson correlations between standard scores on the WISC-R and Woodcock-Johnson tests for 77 learning disabled subjects (M age = 9.5 yr.) showed Reading, Mathematics, and Written Language scores were positively and significantly relared to the Verbal subtest scaled scores and Verbal IQs. Scores on Reading and Mathematics were similarly related to the WISC-R Full Scale IQs. The practical significance of these findings is discussed. The WoodcocLJohnson Psycho-educational Battery (4) is an individually administered test of 16 subtests organized into three parts. Part 1 contains 12 tests of cognitive abiliry, Part 2, five tests designed to measure achievement, and Part 3, two tests of scholastic and nonscholastic interests. Since the instrument is relatively new, few assessments of its relation with other tests of intelligence and achievement are reported besides those by the authors of the test. The performance of learning disabled children on the WISC-R compared with that on the Tests of Cognitive Ability of the Woodcock-Johnson indicated learning disabled populations performed more poorly on the Woodcock-Johnson than on the WISC-R despite the strong correlations between scores on the two (1, 5). Since there is little research on these relations, the present study was conducted. A sample of 77 white children whose mean age ws 9-5 yr. (SD = 22 mo.) were from several elementary schools located in a southwestern suburb. The 51 males and 26 females were administered the WISC-R (2) and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement as part of the psycho-educational assessment which helped identify them as learning disabled. Federal guidelines were used to classify and place these children in special education classes for the learning disabled.' The WISC-R (excluding Mazes) and Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (1; Reading, Mathematics, and Written Language) were administered by five certified school psychologists. Since the tests were not given in any systematic counterbalanced order, no comparison of mean scores was made. Standard scores for the WISC-R and Woodcock subtests were correlated by the Pearson produa-moment method. The mean WISC-R Full Scale IQ for the group was 93.3 (SD = 11.9), Verbal IQ was 92.8 (SD = 13.6), and Performance IQ was 95.2 (SD = 12.0). The mean Wood
Influence of temperature on osmotic behaviour of some crustacea and its bearing on problems of animal distribution

A SEASONAL cycle in the osmotic concentration of the blood of some amphipods, isopods and decapods has been reported by Widmann1 and Otto2. Both these authors observed a higher value for blood in winter than in summer; the animals examined included marine, freshwater and air-breathing species. In Eriocheir, Otto2 was able to correlate these changes directly with the temperature of the external medium. Krogh3, reviewing the subject, mentions that the ecological significance of these facts is unknown.
The importance of optimal treatment planning in radiation therapy

Abstract There are two classes of failure in radiation therapy: local control not achieved and radiation-induced morbidity. Technical developments which permit the employment of treatment volumes which achieve a closer approximation to the target volume can confidently be asserted to yield clinical gains in terms of higher tumor control rates and/or reduced severity/frequency of radiation induced morbidity. The magnitude of the gains and the cost and effort to realize those gains may need to be assessed by the technique of the “clinical trial.” Such gains will be the consequence of a higher dose to the target and/or the irradiation of smaller volumes of non-target tissues. An important fact is that unirradiated tissues do not develop radiation-related injury. Selected categories of radiation injuries that appear in non-target tissues are here reviewed. Valuable advances in the technology of radiation therapy are virtually certain for the near term. This bodes well, indeed, for our future patients.
Fatal pulmonary embolism despite an inferior vena cava filter in glioblastoma multiforme.

Introduction: Patients with high-grade gliomas are at increased risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Treatment of this complication remains uncertain and options include anticoagulation or venous filters. Methods: We present a patient with a glioblastoma multiforme who developed a fatal pulmonary embolism in spite of an inferior vena cava filter. Conclusion: In spite of the theoretical risk of intratumoral hemorrhage, anticoagulation may be more effective and associated with fewer complications than inferior vena cava filters.
The interplay of ischemic and hypertensive pathophysiology on cardiac function.

Many patients with systemic hypertension also have concomitant angina pectoris. Hypertension is a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease as well as an aggravating factor once symptomatic ischemic heart disease develops. It would be prudent to use one agent that reduced the elevated blood pressure and relieved anginal symptoms while providing no negative affects on hemodynamics or other cardiac risk factors. β-Adrenergic blockers (traditional agents and newer compounds with ancillary properties) and calcium-entry blockers have been shown to be effective as monotherapies in patients with angina
Region‐specific expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and its activators, p35 and p39, in the developing and adult rat central nervous system

The ubiquitously expressed cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) is essential for brain development. Bioactivation of cdk5 in the brain requires the presence of one of two related regulatory subunits, p35 and p39. Since either protein alone can activate cdk5, the significance of their coexistence as cdk5 kinase activators is unclear. To determine whether the two activators are expressed in different cells throughout the nervous system and during development, we compared the tissue distributions of cdk5, p35, and p39 mRNAs in the rat using in situ hybridization. In the adult rat, expression levels of p35 mRNA are generally higher in the brain than in the spinal cord, while the converse is observed for p39 mRNA. During neurogenesis, both p35 and p39 transcripts can be detected as early as embryonic day 12 (E12) in the marginal zone, but are absent from the ventricular zone, which may restrict cdk5 activation to the postmitotic neural cells in the developing brain. The expression levels of p35 and p39 mRNAs in the marginal zone increase by E15 and E17, paralleling the neurogenetic timetable. One exception is in the rostral forebrain, where p35 mRNA expression levels are high, suggesting that p35 may be the major activator for cdk5 during telencephalic morphogenesis. A significant level of p35 mRNA is present in the myotome at E12 and p35 expression persists in the premuscle mass and mature musculature at later stages, suggesting that p35 may also activate cdk5 during myogenesis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 35: 141–159, 1998
‘I'd know a false confession if I saw one’: a constructive replication with juveniles

We report two experiments concerning the ability of laypersons to assess the credibility of confessions given by incarcerated juveniles. Participants were 401 college students who were asked to make 3208 true or false judgments and confidence estimates of the juveniles' confessions. Judgment accuracy was poor across two experiments averaging 52.8% correct with the participants showing a small truth bias in their judgments. Audio and video presentation modes resulted in more accurate judgments than did transcripts. Participants were moderately confident in their accuracy judgments and confidence was sometimes weakly associated with accuracy. A believability index developed from judgments and confidence consistently showed significant, but small, differences in the evaluations of true and false confessions with audio and video presentation, but not with transcripts. Our results suggest that, as with adults, a high degree of caution is necessary when evaluating confessions given by juveniles.
Modeling short-pulse-driven collisional x-ray lasers and other new schemes

Recently, the technique of using a nsec pulse to preform and ionize the plasma followed by a psec pulse to heat the plasma has enabled low-Z neon-like and nickel-like ions to lase driven by small lasers with only ten joules of energy. In this work we model recent experiments done using the COMET laser at LLNL to illuminate 1 cm long slab targets of Ti with a 4.8 J, 800 ps prepulse followed 1.6 nsec later by a 6 J, 1 psec drive pulse. The LASNEX code is used to calculate the hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma and provide the temperatures and densities of the XRASER code, which then does the kinetics calculations to determine the gain.
Properties of mixed composition Si/ZnSe and ZnSe/LaF(3) infrared optical thin films.

The behavior of codeposited thin films of ZnSe/LaF3 and Si/ZnSe has been investigated. Mixed ZnSe/LaF3 films are polycrystalline with intermediate compositions with moderately high compressive stress (1500–2000 kg/cm2). Mixed Si/ZnSe films are amorphous with intermediate compositions with low compressive stress (<1000kg/cm2). Optical properties of the ZnSe/LaF3 system vary monotonically with composition, but those of the Si/ZnSe system do not, which is explained by the possible chemical reaction of the two species.
Pre‐Ripening damage to cottonseed byaspergillus flavus is not influenced by seed coat permeability

Infection of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) byAspergillus flavus and associated production of aflatoxins are problems in the arid portions of the United States cotton belt. The hard seed (impermeable to water) characteristic confers resistance to these problems in ripened cottonseed. Experiments were done to determine if low seed coat permeability to water or impermeability protect developing seeds from deterioration and aflatoxin formation. No differences were observed in the degree of seed deterioration in the various cotton lines that could be attributed to seed coat permeability. It is likely that, because the impermeable or low permeability phenotypes are expressed only upon seed ripening, these characteristics afford no protection to cottonseed against attack byA. flavus during seed development.
Natural Products and Supplements for Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Disorders: An Evaluation of the Research

Numerous geriatric patients are using Complemen- tary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for late-life mood and cognitive disorders. Natural products and supplements are a common CAM intervention which have risks and benefits of which patients should be appropriately advised. The data for omega-3 fatty acids, ginkgo biloba, SAMe, St John's wort, B vitamins and vitamin D, huperzine, caprylidene, and coconut oil will be evaluated. Since the evidence basis for natural products and supplements is limited, especially for the geriat- ric population, studies involving the general adult population are included to infer effects in the aging population. Despite the data available, more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes over longer periods of time are still needed. Regardless of a physician's preference to recommend various natural supplements and products, a physician could protect their patients by having an understanding of the side effects and indications for various natural products.
Dysphagia in a patient with a history of large B-cell lymphoma: esophageal disease with negative biopsy findings.

A patient with a previous diagnosis of lymphoma showed signs of dysphagia. Endoscopy found a lesion of the esophagus. Brush cytology and biopsy sampling were accomplished. The biopsy showed inflammation and granulation tissue but no tumor. The cytology specimen, however, was diagnostic of lymphoma. This case emphasizes the need for obtaining cytologic specimens concurrently with biopsies of esophageal lesions.
Two-dimensional nozzle plume characteristics

Future high performance aircraft will likely feature asymmetric or two-dimensional nozzles with or without ejectors. In order to design two-dimensional nozzle/ejector systems of minimum size and weight, the plume decay and spreading characteristics of basic two-dimensional nozzles must first be established. The present work deals with the experimental analyses of these plume characteristics and includes the effects of nozzle aspect ratio and flow conditions (jet Mach number and temperature) on the plume decay and spreading of two-dimensional nozzles. Correlations including these variables are developed in a manner similar to those previously developed successfully for conic and dual-flow plumes.
INSULIN LEVELS IN NEONATES OF DRUG ADDICTED MOTHERS

Fetal insulin is considered to be an intrauterine growth promoting hormone. Intrauterine growth retardation has been one of the major problems of newborn of drug addicted mothers. Umbilical cord venous blood was collected from full term small for gestational age babies (SGA) born to drug addicted mothers (DA). Controls (C) include normal full term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age babies of non-drug addicted mothers. Gestational age was assessed by DUBOWITZ and lens examination in all the newborns. The results are as follows: There is significant decrease in insulin leves in SGA newborns as compared to AGA group. The insulin levels of AGA-DA group are significantly lower than AGA-C but significantly higher than SGA-C or SGA-DA. Insulin levels in SGA-DA were significantly lower than in SGA-C. These results suggest that intrauterine growth retardation of newborns of drug addicted mothers is a process mediated by insulin. Further studies are needed.
Adaptations to tidal marshes in breeding populations of the swamp sparrow

The Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana nigrescens) was originally described from a small number of specimens from the tidal marshes of the Nanticoke River in southeastern Maryland. Based on our quantitative analysis of a larger series of specimens, we found that Swamp Sparrows collected during the breeding season from the Chesapeake and Delaware bays (and tributaries) and near the mouth of the Hudson River are generally less rusty, have more black in the crown and nape, and have larger bills than other Swamp Sparrows. Contrary to earlier accounts, we found M. g. nigrescens to be migratory, arriving after the spring migration and departing before the fall migration of the inland subspecies through the tidal marshes. The location of the wintering grounds of M. g. nigrescens is unknown. We argue that the morphological and life history differences characterizing M. g. nigrescens reflect adaptation to tidal marshes. We base this hypothesis on the nature of the morphological differences, which are convergent with other tidal marsh breeding sparrows and other terrestrial vertebrates.
A model of the seasonal circulation in the Arabian Sea forced by observed winds

Abstract Results of a numerical model of the wind driven seasonal circulation in the Arabian Sea are presented, with particular emphasis on the ocean's response to the monsoon winds. The model equations are the fully nonlinear reduced gravity transport equations in spherical coordinates. The model resolution is 1/8° in the east-west direction and 1/4° in the north-south direction. The model basin geometry corresponds as closely as possible to that of the north-west Indian Ocean from 40°E to 73°E and from 10°S to 25°N, and includes the gulfs of Aden and Oman, and the islands of Socotra and the Seychelles. The southern boundary and a portion of the eastern boundary, from the equator to 6°S, representing the opening between the Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago, are open boundaries. At other boundaries, the no-slip condition is applied. The wind stress data used to force the model comes from the NOAA National Climate Center's TD-9757 Global Marine Sums data, which consists of monthly mean winds compiled on 1° squares from over 60 years of ship observations. These data are interpolated in time using the mean and first five Fourier harmonics at each point, and then interpolated linearly to the model grid. The model equations are integrated in time using centered finite differences in time and space (a leap-frog scheme), with lateral friction treated by a Dufort-Frankel scheme. After a one year spin up, the model settles into a regular periodic seasonal cycle, even though the solution to the model equations is locally highly nonlinear, with large nonlinear eddies developing in the same location at the same time of year from one year to the next. The development of the model Somali Current system with the onset of the (northern hemisphere) summer monsoon is consistent with the available observations in the region. The model reproduces many of the observed features in this region, such as the two-gyre circulation pattern, and the timing and movement of these features corresponds well with their real world counterparts. The model also shows an eastward jet forming in late June to early July at 13°N, just to the east of Socotra. This jet is fed by flow coming out of the great whirl. The break down of the two-gyre pattern occurs in mid to late August, when the southern gyre breaks up into several smaller eddies, the northern-most of which coalesces with the great whirl. Numerous small cyclonic eddies develop along the Arabian coast, from the Gulf of Oman into the Gulf of Aden, in early to mid August, and persist well into the winter monsoon. The model shows that it is possible to simulate very complicated flows, if one has sufficient wind data, using fairly simple models with a realistic basin geometry.
Glomerular deposition of Ss protein in murine immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Abstract Recent observations indicate that Ss protein is a part of the mouse hemolytic complement system. Further evidence to support this hypothesis was sought by examining glomeruli from mice with immune complex nephritis for the presence of Ss deposition. Glomerular localization of Ss protein correlated with observed immunoglobulin and C-3 deposits. Ouchterlony analysis indicated Ss protein was not an immunoglobulin or C-3. The data indicate Ss protein participates in immune complex glomerulonephritis in mice.
On the spectrum of the laplacian on complete riemannian manifolds

Soit M n une variete de Riemann complete de dimension n. On demontre que quand M n est simplement connexe et non compacte avec une metrique invariable par rotation de courbure non negative, le spectre du laplacien est [0,∞) et il n'a pas de valeurs propres
The inverse hypergeometric ‐ a useful model

Summary The inverse hypergeometric random variable is defined. Properties of the distribution, in particular the relationship to the hypergeometric, are discussed and a number of important applications are reviewed. Finally, an alternative definition which permits an easy extension to the multivariate case is given.
The Study of in vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Medicinal Plants in Chamoli Garhwal Region

Abstract The antibacterial effect of some selected medicinal plants at Chamoli Garhwal Region were evaluated by in-vitro antimicrobial study against the strains Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The solvents used for the extraction of plants were water and methanol. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion method. The significant antibacterial activity of active extracts was compared with the standard antibiotics, piperacillin (100 μg/disc) and gentamicin (10 μg/disc). The results obtained in the present study suggest that Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng can be used against the test organisms.
Exercise 18FDG Imaging for the Detection of CAD: What Are the Clinical Hurdles?

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been in clinical use for over 30 years, providing an effective, reliable, and relatively simple tool for diagnosis, risk stratification, and follow-up of patients with suspected or know coronary artery disease (CAD). The unique strength of nuclear imaging is its ability to provide tools for imaging biochemical and metabolic processes, and receptor and transporter functions at molecular and cellular levels in intact organisms under various physiologic conditions. Metabolic imaging using radiolabeled glucose analogues (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose [18FDG]) provides a unique ability to image myocardial ischemia directly (“hot spot” imaging) in patients with known or suspected CAD. Exercise 18FDG imaging can potentially overcome some of the limitations of currently used stress-rest MPI. In this article, we describe recent studies using exercise 18FDG for imaging myocardial ischemia and its potential use in routine clinical practice.
Reduction of graphene oxide by electron beam generated plasmas produced in methane/argon mixtures

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was controllably reduced using electron beam generated plasmas produced in methane/argon mixtures. Operating parameters including, total pressure, duty factor (the ratio of the pulse duration to the pulse period), treatment time, and methane flow rate were varied to determine their impact on the reduction process. The resulting surface chemistry, topography and crystallinity of the reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) was determined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. Oxygen concentration could be tuned to values between 43 at.% and 5 at.%, and under certain operating conditions the sp 2 cluster size grows. System diagnostics identified the critical operating parameters for the reduction of oxygen in GO.
Calculating the electrostatic potential of molecules in solution: Method and error assessment

We present a numerical method for calculating the electrostatic potential of molecules in solution, using the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The emphasis in this work is on applications to biological macromolecules. The accuracy of the method is assessed by comparisons with analytic solutions for the case of a single charge in a dielectric sphere (Tanford-Kirkwood theory), which serves as a model for a macromolecule. We find that the solutions are generally accurate to within 5%. Larger errors occur close to the charge and the dielectric boundary, but the maximum error found at ion-bonding distance (3 A) from a charge close to the boundary (1 A deep) is only ∼15%. Several algorithmic improvements, described here, contribute to the accuracy of the method. The programs involved compose a coherent software package, called Del Phi, which goes from a Brookhaven Protein Data Bank format file to calculated electrostatic fields.