cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytokine-induced memory-like natural killer cells have enhanced function, proliferation, and in vivo expansion against ovarian cancer cells.

Abstract Objective Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes well suited for adoptive immunotherapy. Attempts with adoptive NK cell immunotherapy against ovarian cancer have proven unsuccessful, with the main limitations including failure to expand and diminished effector function. We investigated if incubation of NK cells with interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, and IL-18 for 16 h could produce cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) NK cells capable of enhanced function against ovarian cancer. Methods NK cells were preactivated briefly with IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18, rested, then placed against ovarian cancer targets to assess phenotype and function via flow cytometry. Real-time NK-cell-mediated tumor-killing was evaluated. Using ascites cells and cell-free ascites fluid, NK cell proliferation and function within the immunosuppressive microenvironment was evaluated in vitro. Finally, CIML NK cells were injected intraperitoneal (IP) into an in vivo xenogeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. Results CIML NK cells demonstrate enhanced cytokine (IFN-γ) production and NK-cell-mediated killing of ovarian cancer. NK cells treated overnight with cytokines led to robust activation characterized by temporal shedding of CD16, induction of CD25, and enhanced proliferation. CIML NK cells proliferate more with enhanced effector function compared to controls in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Finally, human CIML NK cells exhibited potent antitumor effects within a xenogeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. Conclusions CIML NK cells have enhanced functionality and persistence against ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo, even when exposed to ascites fluid. These findings provide a strategy for NK cell-based immunotherapy to circumvent the immunosuppressive nature of ovarian cancer.
Physical and chemical stability of β-carotene nanoemulsions during storage and thermal process.

Abstract Nanotechnology has become an option for the encapsulation of compounds, such as carotenoids. However, for the incorporation in to food, it is necessary to develop nanometric systems that are stable under the different conditions to which the food is submitted during its production, transport, and storage. Thus, with the intent to develop a stable nanoemulsion formulation for food application, the physical and chemical stability of β-carotene nanoemulsions after thermal treatments and storage under different conditions, were investigated in this work. The β-carotene nanoemulsions were formulated with corn oil, by applying high-pressure homogenization, with an average size in the 300 nm range, which is within the appropriate scale for industrial preparations, such as foods and cosmetics. The nanoemulsion droplets had negative charge (more than −25 mV) and monodisperse profile. The sample were pasteurized, sterilized, and stored at 4, 25, and 37 °C in the presence and absence of light for up to 90 days. Following the heat treatments and storage, the nanoemulsions showed no evidence of physical destabilization, retaining 70–80% of the carotenoid after the pasteurization and sterilization processes, and 70% when stored at 4 °C without light, respectively. Overall, our findings provide new information about the physical and chemical stability of β-carotene nanoemulsions during traditional thermal processes and environmental conditions.
Carotid body tumors

Abstract 1. 1. Four cases of carotid body tumor subjected to surgical removal are reported. 2. 2. Three were in men and one in a woman and their ages were respectively 15, 52, 36 and 40 years. 3. 3. The tumors were of two months', twenty years', three years' and four years' duration. That they may exist for years without complications is illustrated by the second case. This brings up the question of radiation treatment. 4. 4. A correct preoperative diagnosis was made in three cases and during operation in the fourth. 5. 5. Two tumors were encapsulated and two had infiltrated the surrounding tissues. 6. 6. The carotids were ligated once and resected twice. The tumor was removed once without injury to th evessels. 7. 7. The facial nerve was temporarily injured twice. The right vagus nerve was resected three times. The spinal accessory was injured twice, the hypoglossal twice and the cervical sympathetic nerve once. 8. 8. No case at any time had hemiplegia. 9. 9. None received preoperative, and but one postoperative x -ray therapy. 10. 10. There were no deaths and no recurrences respectively forty, twenty-nine, and fifteen months after operation. One case could not be traced.
A risk-based approach to evaluating the Area of Review and leakage risks at CO2 storage sites

Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Class VI regulations for underground carbon dioxide (CO2) injection require owners and operators of storage projects to identify (1) an Area of Review (AoR) that represents the region that may be affected by the injection of CO2, and (2) leakage risks that might impact the quality of underground sources of drinking water (USDWs). This article describes how such risks can be determined by accounting for the physical and chemical properties of all components of a CO2 storage site using elements of the National Risk Assessment Partnership Integrated Assessment Model for Carbon Storage (NRAP-IAM-CS). We used practical data from three sites that are part of two CarbonSAFE (Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise) projects to demonstrate application of the NRAP-IAM-CS toolset to determine project risk areas. NRAP-IAM-CS was used to estimate the project risk area that could represent the AoR and the impact of leakage through legacy wells to overlying drinking waters at these candidate CO2 storage sites. Our study shows that risk to USDWs is minimal despite (1) the presence of multiple legacy wells at these sites where the AoR approximates the maximum extent of injected CO2 or (2) the presence of a much larger AoR approximating the pressure front caused by the injection of CO2.
Experience and sleep-dependent synaptic plasticity: from structure to activity

Synaptic plasticity is important for learning and memory. With increasing evidence linking sleep states to changes in synaptic strength, an emerging view is that sleep promotes learning and memory ...
Scaling Culture Change through Institutional Logics: A Look at the American Association of Universities (AAU) STEM Initiative

Little research examines scaled culture change attempted across a network of institutions moving toward more enterprise-level changes. This study attempts to fill that gap by studying the American ...
Impact of Number of Vessels Targeted on Outcomes of Fenestrated-Branched Endovascular Repair for Complex Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of number of vessels targeted by fenestrations or branches on early outcomes of fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair (F-BEVAR) for complex abdominal aortic aneurysms (cAAAs). Methods The clinical data of 260 patients (209 men; mean, 74 ± 7 years) treated for cAAAs in four academic centers using fenestrated-branched stent grafts with one to five fenestrations or branches were entered into prospectively maintained databases (2010–2015). Data were analyzed in patients treated with ≤2-vessel (group 1, n = 124), 3-vessel (group 2, n = 80), or ≥4 fenestrations or directional branches (group 3, n = 56). For group definition, only vessels incorporated by fenestrations or directional branches were accounted. End points were technical success, procedural variables, 30-day mortality, and major adverse events (MAEs). Results A total of 830 vessels (mean, 3.19 ± 0.8 vessels/patient) were targeted by fenestrations (n = 672), scallops (n = 136), or branches (n = 22). Two-vessel designs were used more often in the early experience (64%), whereas ≥3-vessel design (groups 2 and 3) was preferred in the late experience (68%, P 0.05). Conclusions F-BEVAR for complex abdominal aortic aneurysms was associated with high technical success and low 30-day mortality and morbidity. Increasing complexity was associated with longer operating and fluoroscopy time, more contrast use, and longer hospital stay but did not affect technical success and MAEs of the procedure.
Degos Disease (Malignant Atrophic Papulosis) With Granular IgM on Direct Immunofluorescence.

Degos disease is a rare vasculopathy characterized by skin papules with central porcelain white atrophy and a surrounding telangiectatic rim. Etiology of this condition is unknown. There are benign and systemic forms of the disease, and the latter may lead to fatality. Connective tissue diseases with Degos-like features have been described, and many authors speculate that Degos is not a specific entity but, rather, a distinctive pattern of disease that is the common endpoint of a variety of vascular insults. We describe the case of a 45-year-old female who presented with numerous red papules with sclerotic white centers and minimal systemic symptoms. Laboratory workup was notable for a negative autoimmune panel and hypercoagulation panel. Histopathology revealed epidermal atrophy, abundant dermal mucin, a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, interface inflammation, papillary dermal hemorrhage, and several small thrombi in the mid-to-superficial vessels. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) showed strong granular immunoglobulin M (IgM) deposition at the dermal-epidermal junction. Based on the pathognomonic skin findings, persistently negative antinuclear antibody, lack of systemic signs of systemic lupus erythematosus, and characteristic hematoxylin and eosin findings, a diagnosis of Degos disease was rendered. In the fewer than 200 published cases of Degos disease, DIF findings have been conflicting and often negative. The DIF pattern of granular IgM is classically found in lupus erythematosus. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Degos disease reporting deposition of strong granular IgM on DIF. This case serves as additional evidence of the considerable clinical and histologic overlap between Degos disease and lupus erythematosus.
Return to Sport After Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft ACL Reconstruction in High School-Aged Athletes.

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are occurring with increasing frequency in the adolescent population. Outcomes after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) are inconsistently reported in ho...
The design of a photoionization front experiment using the Z-Machine as a driving source and estimated measurements

Radiation-driven heat fronts are present in the early universe during reionization, the circumstellar medium of supernovae, and in high-energy-density physics experiments. Dedicated experiments to observe and diagnose the behavior of these types of heat fronts can improve our understanding of these phenomena. A simulation study of photoionization fronts using the HELIOS-CR radiation hydrodynamics code provides an experimental design for the Z-Machine at Sandia National Laboratory using a measurement-calibrated input radiation flux to drive the photoionization front. The simulations use detailed atomic physics and non-diffusive radiation transport in 1D to determine an optimal gas pressure of 0.75 atm for an experiment in N gas as well as the effects of increasing the thickness of the window that seals the gas cell. Post-processing of these simulations demonstrates that ratios of atomic rate coefficients place the heat front in a physics regime where photoionization dominates the energy deposition. To see the sensitivity of the simulations to changes in the model and spatial grid, this analysis performed resolution, atomic model detail, and radiation transport angular grid studies showing less than 10% deviation from the nominal model for increased complexity, when possible. An effort to emulate 3D geometric effects on the radiation flux using an artificial attenuation scheme has shown that, even for conservative estimates of the flux, simulations still produce a photoionization front. Estimations of a streaked, visible spectroscopy measurement using SPECT3D showed that line emission measurements are present early in time and that later in time thermal emission should become dominant.
Reassembling a cannon in the DNA defense arsenal: genetics of StySA, a BREX phage exclusion system in Salmonella lab strains

Understanding mechanisms that shape horizontal exchange in prokaryotes is a key problem in biology. A major limit on DNA entry is imposed by restriction-modification (RM) processes that depend on the pattern of DNA modification at host-specified sites. In classical RM, endonucleolytic DNA cleavage follows detection of unprotected sites on entering DNA. Recent investigation has uncovered BREX systems, RM-like activities that employ host protection by DNA modification but replication arrest without evident nuclease action on unmodified phage DNA. We show that the historical stySA RM locus of Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium is a BREX homolog. The stySA29 allele of the hybrid strain LB5000 carries a mutated version of the ancestral LT2 BREX system. Surprisingly, both a restriction and a methylation defect are observed for this lineage despite lack of mutations in brxX, the modification gene homolog. Instead, flanking genes pglZ and brxC each carry multiple mutations () in C-terminal domains. To avoid plasmid artifacts and potential stoichiometric interference, we chose to investigate this system in situ, replacing the mutated pglZ and brxC genes with wild type (WT). PglZ-WT supports methylation in the presence of either BrxC or BrxC-WT but not in the presence of a deletion/insertion allele, {Delta}brxC::cat. Restriction of phage L requires both BrxC-WT and PglZ-WT, implicating the BrxC C-terminus specifically in restriction activity. Disruption of four other CDS with cat cassettes still permitted modification, suggesting that BrxC, PglZ and BrxX are principal components of the modification activity. BrxL is required for restriction only. A partial disruption of brxL disrupts transcription globally.
Language affiliation and ethnolinguistic identity in Chickasaw language revitalization

Abstract While the primary focus in language revitalization centers on fluent Speakers, such movements occur in a wider community of partial speakers, language learners, and non-speakers. In this paper, I explore the linguistic and semiotic strategies within the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma that establish an ethnolinguistic definition of Chickasaw community membership, focusing on how such strategies are utilized by those who do not hold Speaker status. Specifically, I demonstrate how non-Speakers take up and reinforce ethnolinguistic language ideologies that connect them to the Chickasaw language through discourses of language affiliation via (1) a familial relationship to Speakers; (2) some level of Chickasaw language learning or activism; and/or (3) a familial relationship to the language learners and activists in the second category.
Disentangling the Lexicons of Disaster Response in Twitter

People around the world use social media platforms such as Twitter to express their opinion and share activities about various aspects of daily life. In the same way social media changes communication in daily life, it also is transforming the way individuals communicate during disasters and emergencies. Because emergency officials have come to rely on social media to communicate alerts and updates, they must learn how users communicate disaster related content on social media. We used a novel information-theoretic unsupervised learning tool, CorEx, to extract and characterize highly relevant content used by the public on Twitter during known emergencies, such as fires, explosions, and hurricanes. Using the resulting analysis, authorities may be able to score social media content and prioritize their attention toward those messages most likely to be related to the disaster.
Impact of unbalance on power system harmonics

Due to the ever increasing number of nonlinear loads on distribution systems, the existence of harmonics, nowadays, is inevitable. As a result voltage and current waveforms are rarely sinusoidal. In addition, distribution systems are quite often unbalanced in nature. This necessitates the study of the combined effect of unbalance and nonlinearity on power system voltages and currents. Results of simulations carried out to study the effect of unbalance on the harmonics injected by a 6-pulse converter drive, are presented in this paper. Initial analysis is carried out in the phasor domain, and this is corroborated with results obtained by decomposing individual harmonics into symmetrical components. The performance of arc furnace models, under unbalanced conditions is also investigated, to observe the impact of unbalance on the modeling of nonlinear loads.
Delivery of Nerve Growth Factor to the Brain via the Olfactory Pathway.

Purpose: To assess the potential of delivering nerve growth factor (NGF) to the brain along the olfactory neural pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Recombinant human NGF (rhNGF) was given as nose drops to anesthetized rats. The rhNGF concentrations in the brain were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Following olfactory administration, rhNGF reached the brain within an hour, achieving a concentration of 3400 pM in the olfactory bulb, 660–2200 pM in other brain regions and, 240 pM and 180 pM in the hippocampus and the amygdala, respectively. In contrast, little or no rhNGF was found in the brain following intravenous administration. Conclusions: A significant amount of rhNGF can be delivered to the brain via the olfactory pathway. The detection of rhNGF by ELISA indicates that rhNGF is delivered to the brain relatively intact. The rapid appearance of rhNGF in the brain suggests that it may be transported by an extraneuronal route into the brain via intercellular clefts in the olfactory epithelium. Further work to clarify the transport mechanism is underway. The olfactory pathway is a promising, non-invasive route for drug delivery to the brain, which has potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease.
Keynote: efficient cryptographic techniques for mobile ad-hoc networks

The focus of this talk is on cryptographic techniques that help enhance the security of mobile ad-hoc networks while minimizing necessary overhead in terms of power consumption as well as computational and communication latency. Techniques to be discussed include both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic schemes pertinent to the topic. Discussions will be also extended to other relevant issues, such as infrastructural support mandated by these techniques.
Quantifying mass transfer in permeable media containing conductive dendritic networks

[1] Tree-like branching networks are conduits for mass transport in many natural systems. Because precisely determining conduit-matrix mass transfer requires exact knowledge of dendrite geometries, interdomain mass exchange rates are often described using the concept of effective mass-transfer. We present a direct association between average geometric properties of dendritic networks and mass transfer. We show that the value of the mass-transfer rate coefficient can be estimated directly using a physically based relation that requires no knowledge of the specific network geometry.
Keck mid-ir High-Resolution Imaging of arp 220

To identify the main power source of an object, it is necessary to obtain high-resolution images of that object at the wavelengths at which most of the luminosity is coming out. However, such observations had not been possible in the studies of ULIRGs, which release most of their luminosity in the mid/far-IR. High-resolution imaging at 25 µm, for example, requires not only a sensitive mid-IR camera but also a 10-m class telescope to achieve a sub-arcsecond difraction limit. Recently, such high-resolution imaging in the mid-IR has become possible with the MIRLIN mid-IR camera (Ressler 1994) on the Keck II telescope. This camera is based on a 128 x 128 Si:As array, and has a field of view of 17" on a side with a pixel scale of 0."138/pixel. The working wavelength range is 5-26 µm. Using MIRLIN, we are now undertaking a program to perform high-resolution mid-IR imaging of nearby ultraluminous IR galaxies. Here, we present our first results on Arp 220. More details can be found in Soifer et al. (1999).
Denitrification in a sand and gravel aquifer.

Denitrification was assayed by the acetylene blockage technique in slurried core material obtained from a freshwater sand and gravel aquifer. The aquifer, which has been contaminated with treated sewage for more than 50 years, had a contaminant plume greater than 3.5-km long. Near the contaminant source, groundwater nitrate concentrations were greater than 1 mM, whereas 0.25 km downgradient the central portion of the contaminant plume was anoxic and contained no detectable nitrate. Samples were obtained along the longitudinal axis of the plume (0 to 0.25 km) at several depths from four sites. Denitrification was evident at in situ nitrate concentrations at all sites tested; rates ranged from 2.3 to 260 pmol of N2O produced (g of wet sediment)−1 h−1. Rates were highest nearest the contaminant source and decreased with increasing distance downgradient. Denitrification was the predominant nitrate-reducing activity; no evidence was found for nitrate reduction to ammonium at any site. Denitrifying activity was carbon limited and not nitrate limited, except when the ambient nitrate level was less than the detection limit, in which case, even when amended with high concentrations of glucose and nitrate, the capacity to denitrify on a short-term basis was lacking. These results demonstrate that denitrification can occur in groundwater systems and, thereby, serve as a mechanism for nitrate removal from groundwater.
Polymorphism of vanillin revisited: the discovery and selective crystallization of a rare crystal structure

While polymer induced heterogeneous nucleation (PIHn) has been shown to be a powerful tool for crystallization control and polymorph screening the factors influencing PIHn, such as solvent selection, supersaturation and method of crystallization are not well understood. Herein, we report on the use of PIHn to selectively crystallize a new and rare crystal structure of vanillin. Nearly 65 years ago, Walter McCrone postulated vanillin to be trimorphic. However, only one crystal form, Form I, had been structurally characterized to this point. Form II crystallizes in the space group Pna21 with four molecules in the asymmetric unit. Achiral molecules exhibiting such crystal structures account for less than 0.008% of all organic entries in the Cambridge Structural Database. Polymorphic control by PIHn was observed to be highly dependent on the method of crystallization. In the presence of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate) micro-particles the thermodynamically stable Form I was crystallized from isopropanol by quench cooling, while metastable Form II was obtained by slow evaporation. To our knowledge this is the first deliberate study to highlight the influence of crystallization method on PIHn.
Human Influence on the Spatial Structure of Threatened Pacific Salmon Metapopulations

To remain viable, populations must be resilient to both natural and human-caused environmental changes. We evaluated anthropogenic effects on spatial connections among populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) (designated as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act) in the lower Columbia and Willamette rivers. For several anthropogenic-effects scenarios, we used graph theory to characterize the spatial relation among populations. We plotted variance in population size against connectivity among populations. In our scenarios, reduced habitat quality decreased the size of populations and hydropower dams on rivers led to the extirpation of several populations, both of which decreased connectivity. Operation of fish hatcheries increased connectivity among populations and led to patchy or panmictic populations. On the basis of our results, we believe recolonization of the upper Cowlitz River by fall and spring Chinook and winter steelhead would best restore metapopulation structure to near- historical conditions. Extant populations that would best conserve connectivity would be those inhabiting the Molalla (spring Chinook), lower Cowlitz, or Clackamas (fall Chinook) rivers and the south Santiam (winter steelhead) and north fork Lewis rivers (summer steelhead). Populations in these rivers were putative sources; however, they were not always the most abundant or centrally located populations. This result would not have been obvious if we had not considered relations among populations in a metapopulation context. Our results suggest that dispersal rate strongly controls interactions among the populations that comprise salmon metapopulations. Thus, monitoring efforts could lead to understanding of the true rates at which wild and hatchery fish disperse. Our application of graph theory allowed us to visualize how metapopulation structure might respond to human activity. The method could be easily extended to evaluations of anthropogenic effects on other stream-dwelling populations and communities and could help prioritize among competing conservation measures.
A novel binding site for a synthetic progestagen in breast cancer cells.

Abstract A novel, high-affinity saturable binding site for the synthetic 19-nor testosterone progestagen, 17α-ethinyl-13β-ethyl 17β-hydroxy-4,15-oestradiene-3-one (gestodene) has been detected using a sensitive affinity chromatography technique. This binding site is present in a range of malignant breast-derived cells lines, regardless of the presence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors, but is absent from endometrial carcinoma cells that contain both oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Competition studies show that this binding is not attributable to the receptors for the progestagens, androgens, glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids. Cytosolic gestodene binding is refractory to competition with oestradiol but nuclear gestodene binding is completely abolished by oestradiol. The binding of oestradiol to the oestrogen receptor is reduced 40–50% by competition with gestodene. Non-dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography reveal that this binding activity is associated with a protein of mean molecular mass 47 ± 9 kDa. Ligand binding studies with a range of other cell lines indicates that this binding site appears to be specific to breast cancer cells. These data show the presence of a partly oestrogen competable novel binding protein in breast cancer cells which does not appear to be due to any of the conventional steroid receptors.
Letter: Suppression of morphine-induced mania in cats

Six cats, pretreated with diphenylhydantoin, were administered morphine sulfate at a dose known to elicit the stereotyped feline morphine manic response. Pretreatment of this kind elicited a major modification of this morphine mania. All previous excitatory signs were drastically attenuated leaving in its place a pattern strikingly reminiscent of morphine induced depression.
Atherosclerotic lesion with intramural hemorrhages and incorporated thrombus in a cow

Summary Bovine atherosclerotic lesion with intramural hemorrhages and incorporated thrombus has been described. It seems clear that investigations of bovine arterial disease may provide informations helpful to an understanding of human atherosclerosis.
Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology: A Pluralistic Approach'

SYNOPSIS. An individual's existing phenotype is defined by behavioral and structural characters in the context of an ecological environment which is inclusive of both biotic and abiotic factors. Multiple explanations, designated here as mechanisms,life history, fitness, and evolutionary history, can account for the existence of phenotypic characters and their relationships to each other. These explanations can be described pictorially using a Venn—like diagram with three overlapping circles; each circle represents the potential range of variation for each character or the environment. The center of the diagram, a point of overlap in all three circles, is the existing phenotype. Mechanistic explanations establish linkages either between characters or between characters and the environment; they are represented spatially by the overlap between two circles identified here as behavioralecological, behavioral—structural, and ecological—structural mechanisms. Life history explanations incorporate the temporal dimension of an individual's age so that sequences of Venn diagrams would symbolize an individual's entire life history. Fitness explanations identify the relationship of a character, mechanism, life history stage or entire life history strategy to reproductive success and survival. Lastly, explanations based on evolutionary history account for the current phenotype in terms of interactions between characters and ecological environments along the temporal dimension of geological time. Together, multiple explanations contribute to a pluralistic understanding of an existing phenotype, as used in this essay to explain vocalization behaviors exhibited by alternative male reproductive morphs in a teleost fish, the plainfin midshipman, Porichthys notatus .
Effect of the Thermostatic Expansion Valve Characteristics on the Stability of a Refrigeration System

The combination of increased power dissipation and increased packaging density has led to substantial increases in chip and module heat flux in high-end computers. The challenge has been to limit the rise in chip temperature. In the past virtually all-commercial computers were designed to operate at temperatures above the ambient. However researchers have identified the advantages of operating electronics at low temperatures. The primary purpose of low temperature cooling using vapor compression system are faster switching times of semiconductor devices, increased circuit speed due to lower electrical resistance of interconnecting materials, and a reduction in thermally induced failures of devices and components. Achievable performance improvements range from 1 to 3% for every 10°C lower transistor temperature, depending on the doping characteristics of the chip. The current research focuses on IBM’s mainframe, which uses a conventional refrigeration system to maintain chip temperatures below that of comparable air-cooled systems, but well above cryogenic temperatures. Although performance has been the key driver in the use of this technology, the second major reason for designing a system with low temperature cooling is the improvement achieved in reliability to counteract detrimental effects, which rise as technology is pushed to the extremes. A mathematical model is developed to determine the time constant for expansion valve sensor blub. This time constant varies with variation in thermo-physical properties of sensor element that is bulb size and blub liquid. An experimental bench is built to study the effect of variation of evaporator outlet superheat on system performance. The heat load is varied from no load to full load (1KW) to find out the system response at various loads. Experimental investigation is also done to see how the changes in thermo-physical properties of the liquid in sensor bulb of expansion valve affect the overall system performance. Different types of thermostatic expansion valves are tested to investigate that bulb size; bulb constant and bulb location have significant effect on the behavior of the system. Thermal resistance between the bulb and evaporator return line can considerably affect the system stability and by increasing the thermal resistance, the stability can be further increased.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Tuberculosis as a Manifestation of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

To the Editor.— The frequency of diagnosed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is escalating. The recent article by Sunderam et al 1 raises interesting issues regarding the relationship of these two diseases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was shown in their study to have severe and unusual manifestations, with overwhelming extrapulmonary disease. The lack of an intact T-cell immune response in AIDS has been the commonly accepted explanation. 1 However, the enhanced suppressor cell activity common to both infections may play a role in the pathogenesis of these simultaneously occurring diseases. T-cell lymphopenia with a decrease in the T-helper/suppressor cell ratio occurs in untreated patients with M tuberculosis infection and can be reversed with therapy. 2 Patients with M tuberculosis infection who demonstrate cutaneous anergy have enhanced suppressor cell activity. In vitro, once suppressor cells are depleted, there is a 24-fold increase in T-lymphocyte response to purified protein
Organic-walled microfossils from earliest Cambrian or latest proterozoic Tindir Group rocks, Northwest Canada

Abstract Uppermost Tindir Group limestones exposed in the headwaters of Tindir Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada, contain a diverse and abundant microbiota of mineralized and organic-walled microfossils. Preserved primarily in chert modules and chert beds, the organic-walled forms include mat-building cyanobacterial filaments and coccoids accompanied by less common bacteria, fungi and forms of uncertain affinity as well as planktonic coccoidal cyanobacteria and acritarchs. Several lines of evidence support interpretation of an Early Cambrian age whereas others suggest a Late Proterozoic age. Of the 54 organic-walled taxa recognized, 12 are newly described: Yukonosphaeridion interior Awramik, n. gen., n. sp., Microagglomeratus borealis Awramik n. gen., n. sp., Phacelogeminus lineatus Awramik n. gen., n. sp., Palaeoanacystis magna Awramik, n. sp., Cephalophytarion majesticum Allison n. sp., Heliconema bulbosa Allison n. sp., Trachyhystrichosphaera magna Allison n. sp., Fusilabellum brevistriatum Awramik n. gen., n. sp., Sphaeranasillos irregularis Allison n. gen., n. sp., Hyalocyrillium clardyi Allison n. gen., n. sp., Eophycomyces herkoides Allison n. gen., n. sp. and Archeomyces dimakeloides Allison n. gen., n. sp.
Analytical solution of the Debye-Smoluchowski equation for geminate and homogeneous recombination and for flourescence quenching

Closed-form analytical time-dependent solutions of the Debye-Smoluchowski equation with a general spherical interaction are obtained for the important cases of geminate and homogeneous recombination by diffusional drift in a gas of liquid medium. A relationship between the time-dependent probability for recombination or escape in geminate recombination and the transient rate for homogeneous recombination is established. An expression for the rate of decay of emitted intensity in fluorescence quenching is also derived.
Sleep ontogeny in the chimpanzee: From birth to two months

Abstract EEG records were taken from three newborn chimpanzees up to the age of 2 months. Both 24 h and day time records were made with the animals lying unrestrained in an Isolette incubator. Some records were telemetered, using a 3-channel Signatron Transmitter Unit. In the first day of life the slow sleep dominant pattern was one of low voltage theta activity interrupted by bursts of slower frequencies. Poorly defined spindles were frequently observed but rapid eye movement (REM) was difficult to identify. At 2 days the slow sleep pattern had disappeared and slow waves (2–4 c/sec) and theta activity often dominated the REM pattern. Well defined REM sometimes closely resembled the record of open-eyed waking. The amplitude of the record increased linearly with age and spindles (14–15 c/sec) developed completely. Stage 3 occurred more frequently with longer duration but no stage 4 was observed. Centro-occipital positive sharp waves were seen during REM at around 2 months. On the other hand, stage 2 also showed sharp waves in the parieto-occipital region but with an inverse polarity to those observed during REM. The ontogeny of the chimpanzee EEG was similar to that of man in some respects but seemed more closely akin to that of the lower primates.
Impact of restricted mass transport on pyrolysis pathways for aryl ether containing lignin model compounds

Pyrolysis studies have been conducted at 375 °C on several silica-immobilized phenethyl phenyl ether (PPE) model compounds, representative of related β-O-4 aryl ether linkages in lignin, to explore the impact of restricted mass transport on reaction pathways. As found previously for fluid-phase PPE, two competitive free-radical decay pathways are operative including a significant rearrangement pathway involving an O,C-phenyl shift for surface-attached PhCH2CH•OPh radicals. The selectivity for the rearrangement pathway is found to be sensitive to substituents and, in particular, to the structure of neighboring spacer molecules on the surface. In contrast to solution-phase behavior, dilution of PPE molecules on the surface with rigid aromatic spacers such as biphenyl or naphthalene hinder the rearrangement path. This phenomenon, attributed to steric constraints that decrease the rate of the 1,2-phenyl shift, is not observed when a more flexible spacer molecule (diphenylmethane) is employed. An improved know...
Demonstration of time interweaved photonic four-channel WDM sampler for hybrid analogue-digital converter

An experimental demonstration of a novel photonic sampler for a hybrid analogue-digital converter based on time interweaved wavelength channels is described. The technique uses a single modelocked laser to produce multiple wavelength channels where the wavelength channels are time interweaved to form a pulsed optical carrier for signal sampling.
Utility and futurity

A person's selection from a restaurant menu will seldom have any major effects on his future life. Most decisions, however—those of individuals, of committees, of corporation stockholders, of state legislatures, of national governments—are made with the realization that they may have far-reaching consequences over long periods of time. Many— sometimes all—of these consequences are uncertain, and thus probability estimation plays an important part in the decision-making process. This paper proposes a taxonomy for such extended choice conditions, and suggests mathematical techniques for studying individual examples.
Effects of Involuntary Eye Movements on Visual Acuity

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of involuntary eye movements on visual acuity. Three types of acuity target—vernier, fine line, and grating—were observed for varying exposure durations under two viewing conditions. One was the “stabilized image” condition where a mirror on the eye was used to reflect the target beam in such a way as to stop the motion of the retinal image that would otherwise accompany the eye movements. The other viewing condition was optically the same except that the eye movements produced normal motions of the retinal image. Acuity was defined in terms of a minimum angle of resolution, i.e., the threshold value of the angle subtended by the critical dimension of the target. Acuity was found to improve with increasing exposure time up to about 0.2 sec under both viewing conditions. The main conclusion is that acuity is neither enhanced nor impaired by the involuntary eye movements that are present during the inspection of a test object.
SUBTRACTING BY COUNTING UP: MORE EVIDENCE

To find any subtraction facts that children did not know (e.g., 14 - 8), 10 teachers successfully taught first- and second-grade children of all ability levels to count up from the smaller to the larger number while keeping track with one-handed finger patterns. Second graders at and above grade level and first graders above grade level in mathematics counted up with finger patterns to solve large multidigit subtraction problems that required regrouping. Learning to subtract by counting up greatly improved children's performance on take-away, compare, and equalize word problems, did not interfere with their understanding of take-away problems, and enabled them to accelerate by as much as 3 years their learning of subtraction topics. Other evidence indicated that subtracting by counting up is natural for children if they learn that one meaning of subtraction (and of the - symbol) is a compare/equalize meaning. In an earlier paper (Fuson, 1986b), one of us reported positive effects of a conceptually based instructional unit teaching first and second graders to find symbolic subtraction combinations such as 14 - 8 by counting up from the smaller to the larger number using one-handed finger patterns to keep track of the number of words counted up; for example, for 14 - 8, the student says "Eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen" while making finger patterns for 1 through 6 for the words said after 8. A number of issues remained from this work. The present study was designed to address several of these issues. First, the earlier sample had contained as many first graders who were above average as were either average or below average in mathematics, and the results were pooled for analysis across the classes. It seemed important to ascertain the extent to which average and below-average first graders could learn to subtract by counting up. Second, it seemed possible that learning to count up with finger patterns might have short-term benefits but long-term costs. Many teachers argue that children who are still using their fingers to find differences within 18 cannot learn the multidigit algorithm. This claim in fact may be true for the usual finger methods. They involve fingers on both hands, and children often put
Simplicity and complexity in music and cognition

There are three areas that have been touched upon in this conference about which I will comment. First, there is the issue of what I have come to call the “skimpiness” of stimuli in many experimental studies of music cognition. Second, there is the issue of whether there are cognitive universals constraining musical understanding and structure, and if there are, what we should make of them. Third, I take up the nature of mental representations involved in music cognition, suggesting that a considerable amount of the knowledge that guides listening and provides an interpretation of what we hear is implicit and procedural, rather than explicit and declarative.
A convex optimization approach to semi-supervised identification of switched ARX systems

This paper proposes a general convex framework for robustly identifying discrete-time affine hybrid systems from measurements contaminated by noise (both process and measurement) and outliers. Our main result shows that this problem can be formulated as a constrained polynomial optimization, for which a monotonically convergent sequence of tractable convex relaxations can be obtained by exploiting recent developments in sparse polynomial optimization. A salient feature of the proposed framework is its ability to incorporate existing a-priori information about the noise, co-ocurrences, or the switching sequence. These results are illustrated with several examples showing the ability of the proposed approach to make effective use of this additional information.
A simple model to predict residual velocities of thick composite laminates subjected to high velocity impact

Abstract A punch curve was used as the “structural constitutive model” that captures the highly nonlinear behavior of the laminate in the penetration process. This model in conjunction with a special two-noded ring element based on the Mindlin thick plate theory was employed to model damage processes during static and dynamic penetration. Different criteria for initiation of damage and plug formation were investigated, and the damage initiation and progression in the target and its effect on the dynamic response were estimated. The model predicts the residual velocity of the projectile at the end of the penetration process. The predicted residual velocities show good agreement with the experimental residual velocities for a range of striking velocities near and above the ballistic penetration limit velocity of the target.
A history of modern Morocco

Susan Gilson Miller's new text, A History of Modern Morocco, is a concise introduction to Morocco's political history. As the first of its kind since C. R. Pennell's 2000 volume, Miller's work buil...
Facular Influences on the Apparent Solar Shape

The problem of the influence of faculae on apparent solar shape is examined in light of general facular contrast models. The diagonal components of the oblateness signal from the faculae observed are calculated, and it is found that the faculae can contribute a signal whose time dependence is similar to that of the Dicke and Goldenberg (1967) oblateness signal, allowing an acceptable fit to the oblateness measurements for a facular contrast within the range of acceptable values.
Prescriptive framework for the transfer of appropriate technology

Abstract This article discusses the malfunctions in the technology transfer process and proposes a pragmatic approach to solve some of these problems. The failures of technology transfers to LDCs are mapped into three dimensions, namely structure, technology and behaviour. These dimensions of failure are used to understand and explain the malfunctions of the technology transfer process. Through the understanding of these dimensions of failure, appropriate strategies for the successful transfer of technology can be developed. A prescriptive framework is offered as a guide in reaching technology transfer decisions.
Ribose biosynthesis by Streptococcus faecalis

Abstract Ribose biosynthesis was studied in Streptococcus faecalis by growing the organism on glucose-1-C14, -2-C14, and -6-C14 and isolating ribose from ribonucleic acid. The labeling pattern of ribose thus obtained suggests that two pathways exist in the formation of ribose. Calculations based on the isotope data suggest that 60% of the ribose is formed by way of the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway. The other 40% of the ribose has an isotope composition similar to that obtained by the anaerobic reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway. However, failure to detect the enzyme transaldolase makes this possibility unlikely, and an alternative pathway of ribose synthesis using transketolase and aldolase has been suggested.
Organization of the sieve-element walls of leaf minor veins

The organization of the sieve-element wall in minor veins of Beta vulgaris and 13 other species has been investigated at the electron microscope level using histochemical techniques. In all species examined, chemically distinct regions of the wall could be identified using the silver methanamine technique for staining carbohydrates with VIC-glycol groups and by phosphotungstic acid (PTA)/HCl poststaining. There appears to be a thin, dense layer of nonmicrofibrillar material adjacent to the sieve-element plasma membrane of most species examined. Cell-wall enzymatic digestions suggest this layer may have a high pectin content. This layer does not appear to be related to the often-reported nacreous layer of the inner sieve-element wall. Immediately surrounding this layer is a thick microfibrillar region with the microfibrils apparently transversely aligned with respect to the long axis of the cell. These two layers are interpreted as constituting the primary wall of the sieve element. The adjacent companion cell wall, which is clearly delineated by use of PTA/HCl staining, is thinner and of a different chemical composition compared with the sieve-element wall, with hemicellulose possibly predominating. Variations in cell wall structure among species are illustrated, including the wall structure of two species containing phloem transfer cells. The possible functions of the specialized wall structure are discussed.