cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Clouds, Soil Moisture, Precipitation, and Water Vapor on Diurnal Temperature Range

The diurnal range of surface air temperature (DTR) has decreased worldwide during the last 4‐5 decades and changes in cloud cover are often cited as one of the likely causes. To determine how clouds and moisture affect DTR physically on daily bases, the authors analyze the 30-min averaged data of surface meteorological variables and energy fluxes from the the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment and the synoptic weather reports of 1980‐1991 from about 6500 stations worldwide. The statistical relationships are also examined more thoroughly in the historical monthly records of DTR, cloud cover, precipitation, and streamflow of this century. It is found that clouds, combined with secondary damping effects from soil moisture and precipitation, can reduce DTR by 25%‐50% compared with clear-sky days over most land areas; while atmospheric water vapor increases both nighttime and daytime temperatures and has small effects on DTR. Clouds, which largely determine the geographic patterns of DTR, greatly reduce DTR by sharply decreasing surface solar radiation while soil moisture decreases DTR by increasing daytime surface evaporative cooling. Clouds with low bases are most efficient in reducing the daytime maximum temperature and DTR mainly because they are very effective in reflecting the sunlight, while middle and high clouds have only moderate damping effects on DTR. The DTR reduction by clouds is largest in warm and dry seasons such as autumn over northern midlatitudes when latent heat release is limited by the soil moisture content. The net effects of clouds on the nighttime minimum temperature is small except in the winter high latitudes where the greenhouse warming effect of clouds exceeds their solar cooling effect. The historical records of DTR of the twentieth century covary inversely with cloud cover and precipitation on interannual to multidecadal timescales over the United States, Australia, midlatitude Canada, and former U.S.S.R., and up to 80% of the DTR variance can be explained by the cloud and precipitation records. Given the strong damping effect of clouds on the daytime maximum temperature and DTR, the well-established worldwide asymmetric trends of the daytime and nighttime temperatures and the DTR decreases during the last 4‐5 decades are consistent with the reported increasing trends in cloud cover and precipitation over many land areas and support the notion that the hydrologic cycle has intensified.
Modeling and monitoring dynamic dependency environments

Enterprise modeling using data dependencies is common in monitoring and business performance management systems. The modern enterprise is a dynamic creature, constantly adapting itself to the changing environment. This adaptation may result in changes in enterprise components and data dependencies between them. An enterprise model must be able to express this dynamism, and business performance management services must be able to react accordingly. In this paper, we briefly introduce ADI (active dependency integration technology), a language for modeling data dependencies between entities. We discuss developments related to support in modeling dynamic environments, where elements may be added or deleted. Dynamism-related developments include the support of automatic dependency instantiation from an abstract dependency. The abstract dependency expresses a general pattern in the ontology, functioning as a template for dependency instances. Another aspect of dynamism is support for changes in existing dependencies rather than only creating new dependencies; for example, adding a new entity to a dependency. Changes in topology do not imply system redeployment. ADI also supports the influence of dynamism on data items and subsequent propagation of this influence through the model.
Charismatic leadership viewed from above: the impact of proactive personality

We tested hypotheses regarding the relationship between proactive personality and perceptions of charismatic leadership. A sample of 156 managers completed measures of proactive personality along with measures of the five-factor model of personality and other individual differences. The managers' immediate supervisors rated their charismatic leadership and in-role behavior. Results suggest that self-reported proactive personality is positively associated with supervisors' independent ratings of charismatic leadership. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that proactive personality accounts for variance in a manager's charismatic leadership above and beyond that accounted for by an array of control variables (the Big Five personality factors, in-role behavior, and social desirability). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of pseudothalidomide syndrome in consecutive pregnancies of a consanguineous couple.

Pseudothalidomide syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by tetraphocomelia, craniofacial abnormalities and postnatal growth restriction. We report the prenatal sonographic findings of pseudothalidomide syndrome in three consecutive pregnancies of a consanguineous couple. In the last pregnancy, the correct diagnosis was made sonographically at 11 weeks of pregnancy. The combination of transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound examinations revealed a large cystic hygroma extending over the lower back. The lower extremities were, markedly shortened with no identifiable bones below the level of the femora. The humeri on both sides were shortened; ulnae were small with no identifiable radii. The pregnancy was terminated by dilatation and curettage and diagnosis confirmed at 12 weeks of pregnancy. In conclusion, fetuses with pseudothalidomide syndrome may exhibit characteristic findings in the first trimester of pregnancy which can be detected using ultrasound. Copyright © 1997 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Laser Activation of Rapid Absorption Changes in Spinach Chloroplasts and Chlorella

The kinetics of the 520 mmu absorption change in spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella vulgaris following a flash from the ruby laser have been determined as follows: rise halftime </= 0.3 x 10(-6) second; rapid recovery halftime = 5 to 6 x 10(-6) second; intermediate recovery halftime = 4 x 10(-4) second (spinach chloroplasts only); slow recovery halftime = 12 to 170 x 10(-3) second, dependent on the measuring light intensity and aerobicity of the suspension.The rapid phase of the 520 mmu reaction is approximately independent of temperature, from 295 degrees to 77 degrees Absolute.With increasing oxygenation of the sample, the extent of the rapid phase decreases, the extent of the slow phase increases, while the extent of the intermediate phase in spinach chloroplasts remains constant.In spinach chloroplasts, no recovery halftime of the 3 recovery phases for the 520 mmu absorption change was observed to correspond to the halftime for oxidation of cytochrome f (t((1/2)) = 1.3 x 10(-3) second).
On information flow for intrusion detection: what if accurate full-system dynamic information flow tracking was possible?

Current intrusion detection systems (IDSes) fall into two very limiting categories: appearance-based or behavior-based. These rely on specifying good vs. bad behavior in terms of patterns in the malicious input or in the trace of execution during the attack. Some successful IDS systems have specified attacks in terms of information flow and the influences data sources have on the system, but only in very limited domains such as control data attacks, and typically using information flow tracking mechanisms customized to their purpose. Intrusion detection based on a general method for information flow tracking would allow for very explicit and general definitions of attacks that precluded entire categories of vulnerabilities and exploits, but our current methods for dynamic information flow tracking (DIFT) are inadequate to make this a reality.DIFT works by tagging (or tainting) data and tracking it to measure the information flow throughout the system. Existing DIFT systems have limited support for address and control dependencies, and therefore cannot track information flow within a full system, except in an ad-hoc, application-specific fashion. As a first step toward making information flow a new paradigm for intrusion detection, we present a prototype DIFT system that supports address and control dependencies in a general way. As a motivating example to demonstrate this system, we define an attack by the amount of control that external network entities have over what a networked system is doing. This coarse definition is not precise enough to detect attacks but serves as a demonstration of our approach to DIFT. We measure the amount of information flow between tainted sources and the control path of the CPU for a variety of scenarios and show that our prototype system gives intuitive, meaningful results.
Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for atherothrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus

Summary Background The aim of this study was to asses whether plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for stroke and other thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)–a condition known to be associated with premature atherothrombotic complications. Methods In this prospective study, we investigated the association between homocysteine and risk of stroke and thrombotic events in 337 SLE patients in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort Study, with follow-up of 1619 person-years (mean 4·8 [SD 1·7] years). Each patient had four follow-up assessments per year to obtain information about established risk factors for thrombosis and coronary artery disease. The prospectively defined endpoints were occurrence of stroke and arterial or venous thrombotic events between 1987 and 1995. Blood samples were taken at study entry from fasting patients. Plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) concentrations were measured. Raised homocysteine concentrations were defined as more than 14·1 μmol/L. Findings 93% of the study population were women, 54% African American, and 45% white. The mean age of participants was 34·9 (SD 11·7) years. During follow-up there were 29 cases of stroke and 31 arterial thrombotic events. Raised homocysteine concentrations were found in 51 (15%) SLE patients. The log-transformed total homocysteine concentrations correlated with serum folate (r=0·31, p=0·0001). In univariate analyses, raised homocysteine concentrations were significantly associated with stroke (odds ratio 2·24 [95% CI 1·22–4·13], p=0·01) and arterial thrombotic events (3·74 [1·96–7·13], p=0·0001). After adjustment for established risk factors, total plasma homocysteine concentrations remained an independent risk factor for stroke (2·44 [1·04–5·75], p=0·04) and arterial thromboses (3·49 [0·97–12·54], p=0·05). Interpretation Homocysteine is a potentially modifiable, independent risk factor for stroke and thrombotic events in patients with SLE.
The effect of resin chemistry on the curing behavior and chemorheology of unsaturated polyester resins

The effect of the structure of unsaturated polyester resin on its curing and rheological behavior during isothermal cure has been investigated, using three different grades of resin. In the investigation, the structure of the resins was determined, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), together with chemical analysis. Both a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and an infrared (IR) spectrometer were used to determine the curing kinetics, and a cone-and-plate rheometer was used to determine the variation of rheological properties during isothermal cure. On the basis of the experimental study, we have concluded: (1) at the same styrene-to-fumarate mole ratio, the resin having isophthalates cures slower than the one having none; (2) everything else being equal, the resin having a high styrene-to-fumarate mole ratio cures faster than the resin having a low one; (3) the higher the concentration of initiator, the faster a resin cures. It has been found that a resin that cures faster does not necessarily achieve a higher final degree of cure than one that cures slowly. We have found that a mechanistic kinetic model developed in our previous investigation is very useful for investigating the reactivity of unsaturated polyester resin, by determining the rate constant and activation energy of the propagation reaction. On the basis of rheological investigation, we have concluded that both tη∞ determined from steady shearing flow measurement and ttan δ = 1 determined from oscillatory shearing flow measurement may be used as a measure of gel time.
Isotopic composition of stratospheric ozone

� 7.5–12.5% (referenced to atmospheric O2 )f ord 49 O3 and d 50 O3, respectively, at altitudes between 20 and 35 km; the photolysis in the Hartley band of ozone is responsible for the observed altitude variation. The overall magnitude of the ozone enrichments (� 10%) is large compared with that commonly known in atmospheric chemistry and geochemistry. The heavy oxygen atom in ozone is therefore useful as a tracer of chemical species and pathways that involve ozone or its derived products. For example, the mass anomalies of oxygen in two greenhouse gases, CO2 and N2O, are likely the consequences of the transfer of heavy oxygen atoms from ozone.
Macrophage population dynamics within fetal mouse fibroblast cultures derived from C57BL/6, CD-1, CF-1 mice and interleukin-6 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor knockout mice

In vitro models of macrophage growth, differentiation, and function are needed to facilitate the study of their biology as important immune facilitator cells and as frequent targets of bacterial and viral infection. A simple method for the selective expansion and continuous culture of mouse macrophages from primary explant cultures of mouse embryonic tissue is described. Culture in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM) low-glucose (1 g/L) formulation (DMEM/L) inhibited fibroblast growth. In contrast, macrophages continued to proliferate in the presence of DMEM/L when in contact with the fibroblasts. Alternating growth in high-glucose DMEM with DMEM/L produced a 1.16- to 2.1-fold increase (depending on mouse strain) in the percentage of macrophages within the cell culture in comparison with culturing in DMEM with high glucose exclusively. Macrophage yields of over 1 million cells/T12.5 flask were achieved by passages 3-4, and, thereafter, declined over the next 5-10 passages. The peak percentage of macrophages within a culture varied depending on the strain of mouse (C57BL/6, CD-1, and CF-1 and two knockout C57BL/6 strains deficient in either interleukin-6 [IL-6] or granulocyte colony stimulating factor [GCSF]). The GCSF (-/-)-derived cultures had the lowest peak macrophage content (30%) and CD-1 the highest content (64.9%). The IL-6 (-/-) and CD-1 cultures appeared to spontaneously transform to create cell lines (IL6MAC and CD1MAC, respectively) that were composed of 50-75% macrophages. The macrophages were phagocytic and were positive for CD14, acetylated low-density lipoprotein receptors, and F4-80 antigen. Light and electron microscopy showed that the cultured macrophages had in vivo-like morphological features, and they could be plated to high purity by differential attachment to petri dishes in serum-free medium.
Time Out! Is Timepiece Variability a Factor in Critical Care?

• BACKGROUND Accurate documentation of time is essential in critical care for treatments, interventions, research, and medicolegal and quality improvement activities. • OBJECTIVES To assess use of timepieces in critical care and to determine practical methods for improving their accuracy. • METHODS Providers were surveyed to identify timepieces used during routine and emergency care. Times displayed on standard unit and personal timepieces were compared with coordinated universal time. Four models of atomic clocks were assessed for drift for 6 weeks and for resynchronization for 1 week. Bedside monitors were manually synchronized to coordinated universal time and were assessed for drift. • RESULTS Survey response was 78% (149/190). Nurses (n = 93), physicians (n = 32), and respiratory therapists (n = 24) use wall clocks (50%) and personal timepieces (46%) most frequently during emergencies. The difference from coordinated universal time was a median of -4 minutes (range, -5 minutes to +2 min) for wall clocks, -2.5 minutes (-90 minutes to -1 minute) for monitors, and 0 minutes (-22 minutes to +12 minutes) for personal timepieces. Kruskal-Wallis testing indicated significant variations for all classes of timepieces (P<.001) and for personal timepieces grouped by discipline (P=.02). Atomic clocks were accurate to 30 seconds of coordinated universal time for 6 weeks when manually set but could not be synchronized by radiofrequency signal. Drift of bedside monitors was 1 minute. • CONCLUSIONS Timepieces used in critical care are highly variable and inaccurate. Manually synchronizing timepieces to coordinated universal time improved accuracy for several weeks, but the feasibility of synchronizing all timepieces is undetermined. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2005;14:113-120)
INSECTICIDAL CONTROL OF BROADMITE ON 'JALAPENO' PEPPER WITH OBERON AND MOVENTO, 2010

8.5 oz 0.80b 1.03b 0.03b 0.03b 0.00 1.80b 1.02ab 0.00b 0.00b 0.08 Movento 2SC 5 oz 0.13b 0.03b 0.00b 0.03b 0.00 0.18b 0.00b 0.03b 0.00b 0.03 Means followed by same letter are not statistically different (LSD, P>0.05)
Overall Evaluation Rating Scales: An Assessment

A study was conducted to determine whether different overall evaluation rating scales would produce different results. Six different rating scales were used to measure three stimuli (the respondents’ college, the Governor of New York State, and the quality of the current season’s television programs). The six overall evaluation rating scales were: an "overall how would you rate" scale, a "compared to what you expected" scale, a "compared to the ideal" scale,” a "likely to recommend" scale, an "amount of improvement needed" scale, and an "if you had to do it all over again, would you" scale. The results indicated that the six scales, although producing different means, were all measuring the same underlying factor. In addition, the "improvement" scale produced more negative evaluations than the other scales and the overall performance rating scale tended to produce more positive evaluations.
Team Member’s Centrality, Cohesion, Conflict, and Performance in Multi-University Geographically Distributed Project Teams

This study examined team processes and outcomes among 12 multi-university distributed project teams from 11 universities during its early and late development stages over a 14-month project period. A longitudinal model of team interaction is presented and tested at the individual level to consider the extent to which both formal and informal network connections—measured as degree centrality—relate to changes in team members’ individual perceptions of cohesion and conflict in their teams, and their individual performance as a team member over time. The study showed a negative network centrality-cohesion relationship with significant temporal patterns, indicating that as team members perceive less degree centrality in distributed project teams, they report more team cohesion during the last four months of the project. We also found that changes in team cohesion from the first three months (i.e., early development stage) to the last four months (i.e., late development stage) of the project relate positively ...
Boll Weevil Chemosterilization by Hypobarometric Distillation

Hypobarometric distillation appears to be a promising technique for sterilizing Anthonomus grandis Boheman because of the short exposure times. Boll weevils were exposed to hempa and hempa + isotropyl methane sulfonate for times ranging from 1–6 min. Males were effectively sterilized by the 2, 4, and 6 min treatments, although some recovery of fertility was evident in the 2nd and 3rd weeks posttreatment. Egg production by treated females was significantly decreased and egg hatch averaged 31%.
Graphene As A Permeable Ionic Barrier

Previously, we have considered electronic p-n junction as a protector of steel from corroding. Here we add graphene between the electronic barrier and metal and study its effect on the corrosion process. We compare our results to metal-graphene-polypyrrole structures. While graphene occupies only a few monolayers of carbon it has a noticeable effect on the surface potential of the metal.
YANG Wei-zhen(杨维桢) and the changes of classical novels(文言小说) at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty(元末明初)

The gathering period of Yuan and Ming Dynasties are the period of wandering for classical novels. YANG Wei-zhen(杨维桢), a leading figure in the literature stage at the end of the Yuan Dynasty(元末), put great emphasis on popular novels. He emphasized the "history-complementing" feature of novels as well as their primary feature of "literary", Influenced by him, on one side, there formed the prosperity of songjiang notebook novels(松江笔记小说); on the other, there directly revived the legendary novels(传奇小说) at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty(明初), finally leading the way for the novel to be literarily formalized.
Radiography of Diseases Involving the Aortic Valve and Thoracic Aorta

This article presents the plain radiographic findings in a variety of conditions that affect the aortic valve and thoracic aorta. For many of the lesions presented in this article, the diagnosis can readily be made by using digital subtraction angiography, computed tomography, and echocardiography. The use of these modalities in conjunction with the chest radiographic findings is emphasized.
Pathologies of the Mind/Body Interface: Exploring the Curious Domain of the Psychosomatic Disorders

Introduction 1. Basic Concepts 2. Hysteria: The Psychosomatic Disorder Par Excellence 3. Somatophobia 4. Mind and its Development 5. Stress 6. The Placebo Response 7. The Psychosomatic Disorders 8. Psychosomatic Disorders: Living on the Edge 9. Treating the Psychosomatic Disorders 10. Conclusion
The Hidden Lesion

A 24-year-old woman presented to the ED with pain in the left leg. She had been training for a 5-km race when, 2 days before presentation, she had crampy pain in her left leg, extending to the left lower abdomen and buttock, plus leg swelling and exertional dyspnea.
Assessing microbial processes in deep-sea hydrothermal systems by incubation at in situ temperature and pressure

Abstract At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, a large source of potential chemical energy is created when reducing vent fluid and oxidizing seawater mix. In this environment, chemolithoautotrophic microbes catalyze exergonic redox reactions which in turn provide the energy needed to fuel their growth and the fixation of CO 2 into biomass. In addition to producing new organic matter, this process also consumes compounds contained both in vent fluid and entrained seawater ( e.g. H 2 , NO 3 − ). Despite their biogeochemical importance, such reactions have remained difficult to quantify due to methodological limitations. To address this knowledge gap, this study reports a novel application of isobaric gas-tight fluid samplers for conducting incubations of hydrothermal vent fluids at in situ temperature and pressure. Eighteen ~24 h incubations were carried out, representing seven distinct conditions that examine amendments consisting of different electron donors and acceptors. Microbial activity was observed in all treatments, and time series chemical measurements showed that activity was limited by electron acceptor supply, confirming predictions based on geochemical data. Also consistent with these predictions, the presence of nitrate increased rates of hydrogen consumption and yielded ammonium as a product of nitrate respiration. The stoichiometry of predicted redox reactions was also determined, revealing that the sulfur and nitrogen cycles are incompletely understood at deep-sea vents, and likely involve unknown intermediate redox species. Finally, the measured rates of redox processes were either equal to or far greater than what has been reported in previous studies where in situ conditions were not maintained. In addition to providing insights into deep-sea hydrothermal vent biogeochemistry, the methods described herein also offer a practical approach for the incubation of any deep-sea pelagic sample under in situ conditions.
Trends in the Magnitude of, and Patient Characteristics Associated With, Multiple Hospital Readmissions After Acute Myocardial Infarction

There are limited contemporary data available describing recent trends in the magnitude and characteristics of patients who are rehospitalized multiple times after hospital discharge for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We reviewed the medical records of 4,480 residents of the Worcester, Massachusetts, metropolitan area, who were discharged from 3 Central Massachusetts medical centers after an AMI in 6 biennial periods from 2001 to 2011 and were followed for all-cause and cause-specific hospital readmissions over the subsequent 6 months. The average age of our study population was 68 years, 89% were white, and 41% were women. Overall, ∼1 of every 3 patients had a readmission to the hospital within 6 months after hospital discharge for an AMI. The proportion of patients who were readmitted to the hospital 1, 2, or 3 times for any cause within 6 months remained unchanged during the years under study (20%, 8%, and 6%, respectively); 59% of these readmissions were cardiac related. Women, elderly patients, those with multiple chronic conditions, patients with a prolonged index hospitalization, and those who developed heart failure and/or atrial fibrillation during hospitalization were at higher risk for being readmitted multiple times compared with those who were readmitted once. Six-month hospital readmission rates after hospital discharge for an AMI remained stable during the years under study. In conclusion, we identified several groups at higher risk for multiple hospital readmissions who might be targeted for intensified monitoring efforts and tailored educational and treatment approaches.
Cable Dynamics For Offshore Application

Publisher Summary Mooring lines are used to anchor large structures, i.e., prevent them from drifting away from their average position and from performing large-amplitude, low-frequency resonant oscillations. At the same time, the mooring lines are forced to move at the top with the wave-induced motions of the structure, and are subject to flow-induced vibrations.. Cables have complex mechanics of their own, which interact with fluid forces to create several important mechanisms for dynamic tension amplification and generation of damping forces. Recent progress in developing codes for the simulation of cable structures, conceptual developments in the proper modeling of low-tension cables, and the development of experimentally-based models for fluid forces, allows a comprehensive analysis of mooring line dynamics, suitable for design. Because of the superposition of excitation forces of many time scales, the problem becomes tractable for design applications only by separating the equations through an amplitude and time-scale expansion. Three separate equations describe: slowly-varying large amplitude motions, which are very important for studying the resonant motions of a moored structure, wave-induced motions of moderate amplitude, which are important to evaluate the peak dynamic tensions due to the seaway, as well as the drag coefficient amplification caused by nonlinear superposition of slow and wave-induced motions; and very fast, small-amplitude vortex-induced motions, which affect the drag coefficient. All three sets of equations are coupled parametrically; hence analysis is still computationally intensive. Reliable results can be obtained now, which can assist the practicing engineer in choosing optimal configuration.
Epilogue: Love and Death—The Royal Navy in the Atlantic World

The eighteenth-century navy ranged far and wide around the Atlantic Ocean, knitting together a British world between metropole, colonies, trading stations and shipping routes. This concluding chapter provides an overview of some of these activities, examining the navy from the perspectives of cultural history. Wilson reminds us that the popularity of this institution occurred through representation, as the navy became a symbol of virtuous self-sacrifice and an object of adoration for groups scattered around Britain’s expanding empire. But she also demonstrates that depictions or discussions of naval deeds did not always treat the navy or its officers with sheer adulation. And in all of these contexts, naval men came into close physical contact with all sorts, from enslaved and free coloured women to shopkeepers, merchants, planters and colonial governors: offering another reminder of how the navy helped to entwine the multifarious and deeply divided people who populated Britain’s Atlantic world.
Motility and Construction of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Living Cells

Since the discovery of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Porter et al., 1945), investigation of the biochemistry of this organelle has revealed its fundamental importance in protein synthesis, metabolism of lipids, and other functions (for review see Palade, 1956; Fawcett, 1981). However, one of the most characteristic features of the ER, its intricate tubuloreticular structure, has until recently received little attention; both its cell biological basis and function have remained relatively obscure. Recently, however, the development of vital staining techniques for the ER has created a new opportunity for observing it in live cells, and for scrutinizing the process of its assembly. A broad variety of approaches, including in vitro study of cytoskeletal motility, and investigation of ER motility and cytoskeletal interactions in living cells, have elucidated the basic mechanisms whereby the structure of ER is formed.
Can the macro beat the micro? Integrated information across spatiotemporal scales.

Causal interactions within complex systems such as the brain can be analyzed at multiple spatiotemporal levels. It is widely assumed that the micro level is causally complete, thus excluding causation at the macro level. However, by measuring effective information—how much a system’s mechanisms constrain its past and future states—we recently showed that causal power can be stronger at macro rather than micro levels. In this work, we go beyond effective information and consider additional requirements of a proper measure of causal power from the intrinsic perspective of a system: composition (the cause–effect power of the parts), state-dependency (the cause–effect power of the system in a specific state); integration (the causal irreducibility of the whole to its parts), and exclusion (the causal borders of the system). A measure satisfying these requirements, called Φ Max, was developed in the context of integrated information theory. Here, we evaluate Φ Max systematically at micro and macro levels in space and time using simplified neuronal-like systems. We show that for systems characterized by indeterminism and/or degeneracy, Φ can indeed peak at a macro level. This happens if coarse-graining micro elements produces macro mechanisms with high irreducible causal selectivity. These results are relevant to a theoretical account of consciousness, because for integrated information theory the spatiotemporal maximum of integrated information fixes the spatiotemporal scale of consciousness. More generally, these results show that the notions of macro causal emergence and micro causal exclusion hold when causal power is assessed in full and from the intrinsic perspective of a system.
Opinion of Justice Katherine Franke in Obergefell v. Hodges

Professor Jack Balkin has assembled a group of 9 scholars and advocates to write opinions in the Obergefell v. Hodges case for a forthcoming volume, What Obergefell Should Have Said (Yale University Press 2017). Balkin writes for the majority of the Court and I provide a concurrence along with a short commentary explaining my approach and reasoning. In summary, I conclude that: Laws barring same-sex couples from eligibility for licensure as civil marriages violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because they find their origin in and perpetuate notions of heterosexual supremacy, and have the aim and effect of imposing a badge of inferiority on gay men and lesbians more generally. In so finding I reject an approach to equality grounded in classification, preferring instead one that focuses on principles of anti-subordination. Given that the real parties in interest in this action include all gay men and lesbians, the underlying values of equal protection could only be served if the Court were to avoid a remedy that ameliorated one form of inequality while simultaneously exacerbating yet another. For this reason, the only remedy that would be equality-enhancing overall would be one that disestablished the institution of civil marriage altogether. It would then be left to the states to devise a more equitable means by which to secure the economic and legal interests of its citizens; one that does not rest on status hierarchies that run afoul of fundamental values of equality and democracy.
The response in jejunal and ileal nutrient and energy digestibility and the expression of markers of intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens to coccidial vaccine challenge and phytase supplementation

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of phytase supplementation and coccidial vaccine challenge (CVC) on jejunal and ileal nutrient and energy digestibility and the expression of genes of some markers of inflammation and nutrient transporters in broilers. Ross 708 broilers (384 males) were randomly assigned to six treatments in a factorial arrangement with two levels of CVC (0× or 25×) and three levels of phytase [0, 1000, or 5000 phytase units (FTU) kg−1 diet] with eight birds per pen and eight replicates per treatment. On day 42 post hatching, 192 birds received no challenge (NCH) or challenged (CHA) with 25× coccidial vaccine. Birds received the experimental diets from day 49 post hatching until day 55. Jejunal dry matter and energy digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) with CVC, but phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) nitrogen (49.1%–55.2%) and phosphorus (18.0%–58.3%) digestibility. Ileal nitrogen and P digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. In the j...
Coordinate frame free Dubins vehicle circumnavigation using only range-based measurements

Summary The paper presents a feedback control design that allows a Dubins vehicle to enter a circular trajectory using only range-based measurements from the vehicle to the center of the trajectory. The controller is derived and analyzed based on a novel state space kinematic model, with the state that is composed of two continuous and one discrete state variables.The evolution of the discrete state variable is not completely defined by the model and the control design has to deal with the ambiguity of this value. Based on the conditions that need to be satisfied for the controller to work, the closed loop dynamics analysis can be performed based on 2D phase portraits, and it can be shown that the controller can work in the case of the bounded turning rate of the vehicle. The conditions define only bounds for the controller parameters and not their specific values. Therefore, the parameters can be selected based on the maximal working range of the controller and linear quadratic regulator design. The proposed control design is illustrated by 2D phase portraits and simulations describing the control implementation, which is based only on range measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standing balance in people with trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes: A literature review

Background:Balance is an important variable to consider during the rehabilitation process of individuals with trans-tibial amputation. Limited evidence exists on the balance abilities of people wit...
Quantifying time-series of leaf morphology using 2D and 3D photogrammetry methods for high-throughput plant phenotyping

Developed novel computer vision algorithms for time-series plant morphology in 2D and 3D.We used 2D leaf area to quantify leaf nastic movements.3D leaf area showed a reliable time-series leaf growth trend.The throughput of the pipeline is very high comparing to previous studies. Conventional phenotyping methods impose a significant bottleneck to the characterization of genotypic and environmental effects on trait expression in plants. In particular, invasive and destructive sampling methods along with manual measurements widely used in conventional studies are labor-intensive, time-consuming, costly, and can lack consistency. These experimental features impede large-scale genetic studies of both crops and wild plant species. Here, we present a high-throughput phenotyping pipeline using photogrammetry and 3D modeling techniques in the model species, Arabidopsis thaliana. We develop novel photogrammetry and computer vision algorithms to quantify 2D and 3D leaf areas for a mapping population of 1050 Arabidopsis thaliana lines, and use 2D areas to analyze plant nastic movements and diurnal cycles. Compared to the 2D leaf areas, 3D leaf areas show an uncorrupted growth trend regardless of plant nastic movement. With optimized algorithms, our pipeline throughput is very computationally efficient for screening a large number of plants. The pipeline not only supports measurement of organ-level growth and development over time, but also enables analysis of whole-plant phenotypes and, thus, identification of genotype-specific performance. Further, the accuracy results evaluating the relationship between physical dimensions and 3D measurements indicate an R2=0.99, and the average 3D area processing time per plant is 0.02s. Our algorithms provide both high accuracy and throughput in plant phenotyping, thereby, enabling progress in plant genotypic modeling.
Femtosecond transient electron heating in metals

The study of transient processes in metals is a relatively new area of investigation made possible through recent advances in the generation and amplification of ultrashort optical pulses.1-3 Because of inherently high densities, most transient phenomena in metals occur on a time scale ranging from femtoseconds to a few picoseconds. In addition, in contrast to semiconductors, the observed changes in optical properties for metallic systems are relatively small. Thus investigations of transient phenomena require high detection sensitivity as well as femtosecond time resolution.
Morphologic variants of familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy a genetics-magnetic resonance imaging correlation study.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of left ventricular (LV) involvement in individuals predisposed to developing arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyop...
The Iconic American Western in Film and Literature

This essay examines representative stories of the American Western genre in both film and literature in light of various literary influences, including The Bible and classical epics such as Gilgamesh, The Iliad, and The Odyssey. These stories relate the dynamic tensions of characters caught between righteous and unrighteous anger, between home and longing for the road, and between the imperative to survive and the impulse to sacrifice oneself for others.
Swimming performance and unique wake topology of the sea hare (Aplysia)

The Aplysia, also known as 'sea hare', is a marine mollusc that swims via large-amplitude flapping. With flow simulations we find a unique pattern in its wake of three vortex ring-like structures which overcome body drag. Swimming performance, however, appears to lag behind that of related species.
Multi-Input Attention for Unsupervised OCR Correction

We propose a novel approach to OCR post-correction that exploits repeated texts in large corpora both as a source of noisy target outputs for unsupervised training and as a source of evidence when decoding. A sequence-to-sequence model with attention is applied for single-input correction, and a new decoder with multi-input attention averaging is developed to search for consensus among multiple sequences. We design two ways of training the correction model without human annotation, either training to match noisily observed textual variants or bootstrapping from a uniform error model. On two corpora of historical newspapers and books, we show that these unsupervised techniques cut the character and word error rates nearly in half on single inputs and, with the addition of multi-input decoding, can rival supervised methods.
Abstract 3738: Three-dimensional treatment-resistant breast cancer spheroids as a predictive model of in vivo response to endocrine therapy

1 out of every 8 U.S. women will develop invasive breast cancer during her lifetime, making it the second most common form of cancer affecting women. Breast cancer is also a leading cause of cancer related deaths for women in the U.S., second only to lung cancer. Activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the primary proliferative mechanism of breast cancer cells, making it a logical target for therapy. ER ligands with antiestrogenic activity, such as the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen, and selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), fulvestrant, have proven clinically successful as treatments for breast cancer; however, resistance in up to 50% of patients provides a therapeutic challenge. Once resistant, breast cancer cells become endocrine-independent, because of this, there is an urgent need for both novel therapy and improved models of resistant breast cancer. Our lab has created a panel of various endocrine-independent cell lines to mimic SERM and SERD resistance. Along with traditional 2D cell culturing, 3D spheroids have also been utilized to gain a better understanding of resistance. Importantly, the response to therapeutic agents, of cell lines in 2D versus 3D cultures is not identical. We observe that 3D cultures better replicate observations in mouse xenograft models, demonstrating that elements of the spheroid microenvironment, such as cell-cell interactions and the presence of extracellular matrix (EM), mimic aspects of the tumor microenvironment in vivo. Cells cultured as spheroids are therefore a suitable in vitro model for drug discovery, predictive of response in preclinical animal models, in contrast to 2D monolayer cell cultures. Citation Format: Carlo I. Rosales, Jiong Zhao, Lauren M. Gutgesell, Rui Xiong, Debra A. Tonetti, Gregory R. Thatcher. Three-dimensional treatment-resistant breast cancer spheroids as a predictive model of in vivo response to endocrine therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3738.
The Theory of Glacier Sliding

Until recently the amount of experimental research devoted to the study of the sliding of glaciers has been quite limited. Whatever understanding we had of this phenomenon came principally from theoretical work (Weertman, 1957, 1958, 1962; L. Lliboutry, 1959, 1963). The situation now is changing. B. Kamb and E. LaChapelle (1963, 1964) have carried out extremely interesting field studies and laboratory tests on the mechanisms involved in glacier sliding. Lliboutry and R. Brepson (1963) have constructed a large machine in which 30 kg blocks of ice will be made to slide. G. R. Elliston (1963) has shown from field work on the Gornergletscher that (melt) water at the bottom of a glacier profoundly influences the sliding velocity.
Access in Natural Orifice Transvaginal Endoscopic Surgery

The knowledge of the topographic anatomy of the rectouterine pouch is a pivotal point for the understanding of the inclusion and exclusion criteria in this surgical approach [1].
Cross‐sectional survey of workplace stressors associated with physician burnout measured by the Mini‐Z and the Maslach Burnout Inventory

Rising physician burnout has adverse effects on healthcare. This study aimed to identify remediable stressors associated with burnout using the 10-item Mini-Z and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and to compare performance of the Mini-Z's single-item burnout metric against the 22-item MBI. Surveys were emailed to 4,118 clinicians affiliated with an academic health system; 1,252 clicked the link, and 557 responded (completion rate 44%). Four hundred seventy-five practicing physicians were included: academic faculty (372), hospital employed (52), and private practitioners (81). Prevalence of burnout via the MBI was 56.6%. Predictors of burnout were poor control over workload [OR = 8.24, 95% CI 4.(81, 14.11)], inefficient teamwork [OR = 7.61, 95% (CI 3.28, 17.67)], insufficient documentation time [OR = 5.83, 95% (CI 3.35, 10.15)], hectic-chaotic work atmosphere [OR = 3.49, 95% (CI 2.12, 5.74)], lack of value-alignment with leadership [OR = 3.27, 95% (CI 2.12, 5.74)], and excessive electronic medical record time at home [OR = 1.99, 95% CI (1.21, 3.27)]. Academic faculty experienced more burnout than private practitioners (59.9% vs. 42.0%, p = 0.013). Odds of burnout associated with stressors were generally concordant via Mini-Z's burnout metric versus the MBI. The Mini-Z is a brief, valid method to identify stressors associated with burnout and guide interventions.
The influence of seawater calcium ions on coral calcification mechanisms: Constraints from boron and carbon isotopes and B/Ca ratios in Pocillopora damicornis

Abstract In order to better understand the response of coral calcification to changes in seawater chemistry, fragments of the coral Pocillopora damicornis were grown in seawater with varying [Ca2+]. Using a combined trace element (B/Ca) and stable isotope ( δ 11 B, δ 13 C) approach, this paper explores the effect of seawater calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]SW) on coral calcification mechanisms and describes the manipulation of the extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) pH (pHECF), saturation state (ΩECF) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) speciation of the ECF. In these experiments, increases in [Ca2+]SW did not significantly influence calcification rates but caused the skeletal B/Ca ratio to significantly increase. To explain these results we propose a mechanism by which [CO 3 2 − ]ECF is influenced by [Ca2+]SW. This mechanism suggests that the pHECF will be lowest in our highest [Ca2+] treatment and using this relationship we can place constraints on the pHECF. The difference in pHECF in our treatments is supported in part by a slight, but insignificant decrease in skeletal δ 11 B and δ 13 C values. We propose a novel dual-proxy approach to estimate pHECF, where calcification occurs at a pHECF > 9. This work emphasizes the importance of multi-element proxy approaches in understanding pH up-regulation and CO 3 2 − concentrations during calcification of corals.
Psi Chi at 90 Years:The International Honor Society in Psychology

In 2019, Psi Chi celebrates its 90th and 10th birthdays as the National and International Honor Society in Psychology. This review of the glorious history of Psi Chi is in three parts: (1) its current mission, serving over 750000 life members in 1130 college campuses world-wide; (2) its humble but inspiring origins in 1929 at Yale University; (3) four points of impressive courage within the history of Psi Chi - in 1929, 1959, 1981, and 2009; and also includes a bibliography, for international and U.S. readers to access prior histories of Psi Chi.