cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL VERSUS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN RESEARCH WITH THE MMPI

Summay.-Some of the contradictions in psychological research may be attributable to failure to distinguish statistical Emm clinical significance. 82 artides in which the MMPI was the research instrument were analyzed to see how often the results ceported as significant were in fact large enough to warrant such a conclusion. Articles were classified as to whether or not the clinical interpretations were consistent with the statistical results. Excluding articles in which data were insu£Eicient to reach an independent conclusion, 54.90% of the artides presented conclusions of clinical significance chat were not supported by the data, while 45.10% reported clinical results that were supported by the data. Psychological research often appears unclear and contradictory when the complete literature in a field is read. It is not unusual to find a body of research supporting a particular viewpoint and an equally strong body of data refuting that view. For instance, the literature on the effectiveness of psychotherapy is replete with such contradictions. Eysenck (1952) refuted the effectiveness of traditional psychotherapy, while Lambert, Shapiro, and Bergin (1986) offered support for it. On the question of a biological basis for alcoholism, Goodwin, Schulsinger, Hermansen, Guze, and Winokur (1973) found support for a biological basis, while Schulsinger, Knop, Goodwin, Teasdale, and Mikkleson (1986) did not find such support. Other examples of contradictory research would not be difficult to find, but further examples are not necessary here. Among possible factors contributing to the contradictory research are small samples [Holmes, 1979), poor research design, lack of adequate control groups, inconsistent criteria, and equating statistical with chcal significance. The last possibility is the subject of this article. By clinical significance we refer to results that actually constitute meaningful differences (e.g., the difference between a mean IQ of 100 and a mean of 103 may be statistically significant, but in terms of intellectual functioning carries no clinical significance). This distinction was specifically addressed, for example, by Holmes, Fouty, Wurtz, and Burdick (1988) when they noted that the magnitude of differences on a depression measure were so small that in spite of statistical significance the differences were meaningless (i.e., not clinically important). Although the literature contains no empirical study of the coniusion of
Performance of cultivated indica rice (Oryza Sativa L.) as affected by weedy rice

Weedy rice species exhibit differential competitive ability and cause significant losses to rice yield. The present study was conducted to evaluate the competing ability of weedy rice accessions collected from foothills of eastern Himalayas and coastal Odisha grown in the presence of cultivated indica rice var. Swarna. The competitive ability of Swarna and weedy rices were estimated on the basis of (i) Swarna yield reduction under different durations of competition with weedy rice; and (ii) nutrient uptake by Swarna and weedy rice in competitive environment. There was significant yield reduction (18%) when competition was allowed until 6 weeks after emergence (WAE) compared to competition until 2 WAE, which was due to vigorous growth of weedy rice at early vegetative stage. The biomass accumulation and tiller number of weedy rice were significantly higher compared to Swarna. Odisha weedy rice accession recorded about 18, 57 and 24% higher N, P and K uptake, respectively, than Swarna. The highest yield reduction (22%) in Swarna was recorded when grown with OA1 and the lowest impact (7.7%) was recorded with AA2. As conclusion, management practices should be implemented within 2–4 weeks of emergence considering 5–10% acceptable yield loss of Swarna, and grain yield of cultivated rice was reduced significantly by high N and K uptake by weedy rice under a competitive environment.
Metabolic, Functional and Structural Remodeling of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Hearts Over Time

366 Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal relationship between metabolic, functional and structural changes in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) hearts. Methods: SHR (n=8) and control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats (n=4-5) were serially imaged at 1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 12 months of age. Briefly, dynamic FDG PET imaging (with Siemens microPET Focus F 120 scanner) for measuring glucose uptake in rat hearts in vivo was performed wherein a 60 minute list mode acquisition was initiated following an intravenous injection of ~1mCi FDG via a tail-vein catheter. The rats were fasted for 5-6 hours prior to the PET scan. The time-resolved cardiac PET images corrected for attenuation were used to compute rate of myocardial FDG uptake, Ki (ml/min/g), using a 3-compartment kinetic model with spill-over and partial volume corrections [1]. The same rats were also imaged using the Bruker Clinscan 7T MR scanner for measuring functional and structural changes in the rat hearts in vivo. Briefly, an ECG-triggered cine black blood pulse sequence was used to image the rat hearts with 1.5 mm slice thickness and 100 x 100 µm2 in-plane resolution [2]. The images were analyzed using SEGMENT to compute left ventricular mass (LVM), end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV). The LVM was normalized to body weight (BW) to compute LVM/BW ratios, and EDV and ESV were used to compute ejection fraction (EF). In addition, diastolic function of the rat hearts were assessed at 12 months of age using high temporal-resolution phase-contrast MRI [3]. Specifically, the trans-mitral and trans-aortic velocity-time curves were used to quantify isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) of the rat hearts. The PET and MRI serial data were analyzed by way of linear mixed models. A value of p Results: Rates of myocardial FDG uptake (Ki) in SHR was significantly higher than in WKY from 2-12 months of age with a marked difference observed at 2 months of age (p
Ethnology Unboxed: The Making of Culture Through Its Performative (Un)doing

This article compares a present-day etsy.com African curio shop — catalogued online and linked to craft-makers in Africa — with the Smithsonian Institution Abbott Collection of ethnological objects from Kilimanjaro, East Africa. The Smithsonian accessioned the Abbott Collection in 1890. A Tanzanian-born Canadian immigrant established the online curio shop circa 2012; she is a descendent of some of the owners of the Abbott collection objects. Building on Butler’s notion of museums without walls (2016) and Martinon-Torres’ concept of chaine operatoire (2002), this paper argues that the online curio shop, like the Abbott Collection, renders concrete (as in momentarily “still”) a chain of relations of production and exchange that link near and distant places. I deepen this argument by presenting the curio shop owner’s commentary and reflections on the Smithsonian Abbott collection, which she visited recently. The paper concludes with discussion of ethnology’s renewed significance for consumerist and diasporic communities.
Risk-taking propensity and sensation seeking in survivors of adverse childhood experiences

Risk-taking propensity and sensation seeking are developmentally meaningful traits for emerging adults, individuals ages 18 to 25 years. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of childhood abuse and neglect, exposure to domestic violence, residing with a substance abusing or mentally ill caregiver, and growing up with an incarcerated family member negatively impact the well-being of emerging adults. However, the specific association between ACEs and risk-taking propensity and sensation seeking has not been previously examined in this age group. This study aims to determine whether ACEs are individually or cumulatively related to risk-taking propensity (assessed by the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale) and sensation seeking (assessed by the Behavior Inhibition System/Behavior Approach System Scales) in a diverse sample of undergraduates, n = 436; Mage = 19.73 years (SD = 1.83 years); 67% female; 22% Hispanic. Multivariate ordinary least squares regressions were run to examine the association between ACEs and risk-taking propensity and sensation seeking. Individually, emotional abuse predicted greater inhibition (B = .28, p < .001), growing up with a mentally ill family member (B = -.12, p < .05) and emotional neglect (B = -.13, p < .05) predicted reduced motivation to pursue rewarding cues, and emotional neglect (B = -.12, p < .05) and witnessing domestic violence (B = -.10, p < .05) predicted less reward responsiveness. No cumulative effects were found. ACEs related to environmental instability may have a unique impact on sensation seeking domains in emerging adults. Clarifying the role of sensation seeking in emerging adults can contribute to better understanding of risk and resilience factors in this vulnerable population.
Transformational change in the field of diffuse optics: From going bananas to going nuts

The concept of region of sensitivity is central to the field of diffuse optics and is closely related to the Jacobian matrix used to solve the inverse problem in imaging. It is well known that, in ...
Comparative performance of Dorper and Rambouillet ewes on West Texas range

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to compare overall productivity between Dorper (n = 96) and Rambouillet (n = 100) ewes in West Texas commercial production conditions. Ewes originated from private flocks and were mated to produce terminal cross or purebred lambs, depending upon the year. These ewes generated 1,091 records of reproductive performance and lamb weights. Ewe traits included weight at the beginning of the fall breeding season, fertility (ewes that gave birth per ewe exposed), condition score, lambing interval, and stayability to 9 years of age. Mixed linear models included flock of origin and ewe as random effects. Fixed effects included the age of the ewe nested within year of record (P 0.05). Dorper ewes had higher condition score (3.02 ± 0.08), more lambs born per litter (1.6 ± 0.05) and shorter lambing intervals (386 ± 6.6 d) than Rambouillet ewes (2.69 ± 0.077, 1.4 ± 0.05, 403.3 ± 6.1 d, respectively). Dorper ewe weight (66.9 ± 1.3 kg) and stayability (0.69 ± 0.03) tended (0.08
The impact of generic aromatase inhibitors on initiation, adherence, and persistence among women with breast cancer: Applying multi-state models to understand the dynamics of adherence.

PURPOSE Clinical trials have clearly documented the survival benefit of aromatase inhibitors (AIs); however, many women fail to initiate (primary nonadherence) or remain adherent to AIs (secondary nonadherence). Prior studies have found that costs impact secondary nonadherence to medications but have failed to examine primary nonadherence. The purpose of this study is to examine primary and secondary adherence following the reduction in copays due to the introduction of generic AIs. METHODS Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 50 054 women diagnosed with incident breast cancer between 2008 and 2013. We compare women whose copays would change and those whose would not, due to the receipt of cost-sharing subsidies before and after generics were introduced using a difference-in-difference (DinD) analysis. To examine primary and secondary nonadherence, we rely on a multistate model with four states (Not yet initiated, User, Not Using, and Death). We adjusted for baseline factors using inverse probability treatment weights and then simulated adherence for 36 months following diagnosis. RESULTS The generic introduction of AIs resulted in patients initiating AIs faster (DinD = -4.7%, 95%CI = -7.0, -2.3; patients not yet initiating treatment at 6-months), being more adherent (DinD ranging in absolute increase of 8.1%-10.4%) and being less likely to not be using the therapy (DinD range in absolute decrease of 1.2% at 6 months to 8.8% at 24 months) for women that do not receive a subsidy after generics were available. CONCLUSIONS Introduction of generic alternatives to AIs significantly reduced primary and secondary nonadherence.
Energy Conversion by Phase Transformation in the Small-Temperature-Difference Regime

The discovery of alternative methods of producing electrical energy that avoid the generation of greenhouse gases and do not contribute to global warming is a compelling problem of our time. Ubiqui...
Molecular Diagnostics in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Current clinical practice guidelines recognize EGFR, BRAF, ALK, and ROS1 as essential molecular biomarkers, and a host of other genetic alterations as emerging biomarkers for non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. The available approaches to detecting relevant alterations in these genes are diverse and often complementary. Laboratories have increasingly migrated away from a “single-gene test” approach, embracing assays that incorporate panels of genes capable of detecting a diverse set of alterations. The adoption of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques has driven this shift; however, the approach to incorporation of NGS varies greatly between practices. Choice of molecular diagnostics assay, be it single-gene or NGS-based panel, will be driven by cost, urgency, clinical and laboratory focus, and professional considerations. Preanalytic factors including operator expertise, sample type and choice of fixative, and postanalytic factors including informatics pipeline and approaches to variant reporting have a significant impact on the quality of molecular diagnostics results. There is no real “one-size-fits-all” test for genomic profiling for lung cancer; clinicians and laboratorians must be prepared to offer a diverse set of assays in order to address turnaround time requirements and optimize detection of critical but difficult-to-detect tumor alterations such as gene fusions.
Practice-enhancing publications about the medication-use process in 2019.

Purpose This article identifies, prioritizes, and summarizes published literature on the medication-use process (MUP) from calendar year 2019 that can impact health-system pharmacy daily practice. The MUP is the foundational system that provides the framework for safe medication utilization within the healthcare environment. The MUP is defined in this article as having the following components: prescribing/transcribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring. Articles that evaluated one of the steps were gauged for their usefulness in promoting daily practice change. Summary A PubMed search was conducted in January 2020 for calendar year 2019 using targeted Medical Subject Headings keywords; in addition, searches of the table of contents of selected pharmacy journals were conducted. A total of 4,317 articles were identified. A thorough review identified 66 potentially practice-enhancing articles: 17 for prescribing/transcribing, 17 for dispensing, 7 for administration, and 25 for monitoring. Ranking of the articles for importance by peers led to the selection of key articles from each category. The highest-ranked articles are briefly summarized, with a mention of why each article is important within health-system pharmacy. The other articles are listed for further review and evaluation. Conclusion It is important to routinely review the published literature and to incorporate significant findings into daily practice; this article assists in identifying and summarizing the most impactful recently published literature in this area. Health-system pharmacists have an active role in improving the MUP in their institution, and awareness of the significant published studies can assist in changing practice at the institutional level.
Nonuniversality of density and disorder in jammed sphere packings

We show for the first time that collectively jammed disordered packings of three-dimensional monodisperse frictionless hard spheres can be produced and tuned using a novel numerical protocol with packing density ϕ as low as 0.6. This is well below the value of 0.64 associated with the maximally random jammed state and entirely unrelated to the ill-defined “random loose packing” state density. Specifically, collectively jammed packings are generated with a very narrow distribution centered at any density ϕ over a wide density range ϕ∊(0.6,0.740 48…) with variable disorder. Our results support the view that there is no universal jamming point that is distinguishable based on the packing density and frequency of occurrence. Our jammed packings are mapped onto a density-order-metric plane, which provides a broader characterization of packings than density alone. Other packing characteristics, such as the pair correlation function, average contact number, and fraction of rattlers are quantified and discussed.
The Role of the Persistent Sodium Current in Epilepsy

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are foundational to excitable cell function: Their coordinated passage of sodium ions into the cell is critical for the generation and propagation of action po...
Remote teaching of publication‐quality, single‐case graphs in Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is ubiquitous, cost-effective, and can be used to create publication-quality single-case design graphs. We systematically replicated the GraphPad Prism video tutorial by Mitteer et al. (2018) to teach 24 master's students to create multiple-baseline graphs using Excel 2016. Students' mean accuracy on the multiple-baseline graph was 25% in pretraining, 86% with the video tutorial, and 96% with the review checklist. Next, students used the same video tutorial to create multielement and reversal graphs. Students' mean accuracy on the multielement graph was 93% with video tutorial and 94% with review checklist, and accuracy on the reversal graph was 82% with video tutorial and 94% with review checklist. Students reported moderate to high satisfaction with both training components. The results support scientist-practitioners using the video tutorial and review checklists to create three common graphs using Excel 2016, Excel 2019, and Excel Office 365.
Improving Analysis Coverage for Dynamic IR Drop Sign-off in FinFET SoC Design

Power grid design is one of the key challenges in large SoC design. In order to guarantee robustness of the power grid, dynamic IR drop should be analyzed correctly. In this paper, we have described weakness of vectorless analysis and necessity of vector-based analysis. We have improved analysis coverage for the more accurate dynamic IR drop analysis. The analysis results were obtained with the FinFET technology node and all simulations were done in the ANSYS RedHawk.
Navigating Tensions Associated with Smartphone Use in Outdoor Recreation Settings

Smartphones are increasingly appearing in outdoor recreation settings despite controversy surrounding their appropriateness. This study examined the perceptions of eight instructors of an outdoor leadership development program regarding appropriate and inappropriate smartphone use, tensions and boundaries that arise during outdoor activities, and how those tensions are navigated. Results indicate that instructors often welcomed smartphones for photography, navigation, and limited communication. In addition to travel and down time, instructors allowed those who participated in program activities to use smartphones during main activities so long as it did not interfere with program goals, distract others, or present safety concerns, even in high-risk and back-country areas. When uses were deemed inappropriate, reminders of established policies, increased communication, and social policing by other group members often resolved concerns.Subscribe to JOREL
Effect of Harvest Maturity on the Chemical Composition of Cascade and Willamette Hops

Considerable expertise is required to grow high-quality hops, and brewers and hop growers alike have a common goal of obtaining the highest quality hops possible. Changes in the chemical compositio...
Reappearance of Ordered Motion in Classical Non-Integrable Hamiltonian Systems

We present numerical examples of two coupled non-linear oscillators which demonstrate that the degree of stochasticity does not always increase monotonically with increasing energy. This phenomenon is by no means pathological in non-integrable Hamiltonians that model interacting physical systems. Both strongly and weakly coupled sets of interacting units show the phenomenon. These results also indicate that the concept of a single stochastic transition energy requires extension.
Parallel fully implicit two‐grid methods for distributed control of unsteady incompressible flows

SUMMARY In this paper, we investigate some fully coupled parallel two-grid Lagrange‐Newton‐Krylov‐Schwarz algorithms for the suboptimal distributed control of unsteady incompressible flows governed by the Navier‐ Stokes equations. The algorithms include two major parts: a two-grid Newton method for the nonlinear part of the problem and a two-level Schwarz preconditioner for the linear part of the problem. Most of the existing approaches for distributed control problems are based on the so-called reduced space method, which is easier to implement, but may have convergence issues in some situations. In the full space approach, we couple the state variables, the control variables, and the adjoint variables in a single large system of nonlinear equations. The coupled system is considerably more ill-conditioned than its sub-systems; however, with the powerful two-grid approach, we are able to solve these difficult systems efficiently on large scale parallel computers. We show numerically that such an approach is scalable in the sense that the number of Newton iterations and the number of linear iterations are both nearly independent of the grid size, the number of processors, and the Reynolds numbers. We present numerical experiments for some suboptimal control problems obtained on supercomputers with more than two thousand processors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of solid hcp 4He off the melting curve

We report studies of the growth of solid hcp $^{4}\text{H}\text{e}$ at pressures higher than the bulk freezing pressure using a cell design that allows us to inject atoms into the solid. Near the melting curve during injection, we observe random events during which the pressure recorded in the cell drops abruptly. These events are accompanied by transient increases in the temperature of the cell. We discuss these transients and conclude that they represent the solidification of metastable liquid regions and the associated relief of strain in the local solid. We also observe that further from the melting curve, the transients are no longer recorded but that we can continue to add atoms to the solid, increasing its density at fixed volume. We document these changes in density with respect to changes in the chemical potential as a function of temperature and discuss these in the context of recent theoretical work.
Estrogen target cells in the forebrain of river lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis.

Estrogen-concentrating cells in the brain of river lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, are identified and mapped by thaw-mount autoradiography. After injection of 3H–estradiol–17β, cells with nuclear concentration of radioactivity are found in the ventral periventricular area of the telencephalon, and in preoptic, central hypothalamic, and thalamic regions of the diencephalon, while in the pallium no such target cells are found. Injection of unlabeled estradiol prior to the administration of 3H–estradiol reduces or eliminates the nuclear concentration of radioactivity. The autoradiographic results demonstrate the presence of estrogen target cells in the brain of descendents of one of the phylogenetically earliest vertebrate lines. The topographical distribution of these target neurons, which are accumulated in certain periventricular structures, is similar to the distribution of estrogen target neurons described previously for other nonmammalian and mammalian vertebrates. Accordingly, estrogen feedback and activation sites are present throughout vertebrate phylogeny.
Rethinking the information priorities of patients.

There is growing interest in offering patients better information to guide their health care decisions, from choosing a clinician or hospital to deciding which surgical procedure to consider.1 The availability and use of such information may be a powerful vehicle to help consumers understand their options and make informed decisions about their care.2 This movement is motivated in part by a commitment to patient engagement and activation and the importance of shared decision making for preference-sensitive decisions. For 2 decades, this movement has held that patients benefit from evidence-based materials that provide the key facts they need to make more informed choices about which options are best for them and that help them to balance the pros, cons, and scientific uncertainties surrounding available options.3 Comparative effectiveness research is thought to provide useful data to help patients weigh their options.4
Amplifying community content creation with mixed initiative information extraction

Although existing work has explored both information extraction and community content creation, most research has focused on them in isolation. In contrast, we see the greatest leverage in the synergistic pairing of these methods as two interlocking feedback cycles. This paper explores the potential synergy promised if these cycles can be made to accelerate each other by exploiting the same edits to advance both community content creation and learning-based information extraction. We examine our proposed synergy in the context of Wikipedia infoboxes and the Kylin information extraction system. After developing and refining a set of interfaces to present the verification of Kylin extractions as a non primary task in the context of Wikipedia articles, we develop an innovative use of Web search advertising services to study people engaged in some other primary task. We demonstrate our proposed synergy by analyzing our deployment from two complementary perspectives: (1) we show we accelerate community content creation by using Kylin's information extraction to significantly increase the likelihood that a person visiting a Wikipedia article as a part of some other primary task will spontaneously choose to help improve the article's infobox, and (2) we show we accelerate information extraction by using contributions collected from people interacting with our designs to significantly improve Kylin's extraction performance.
Discontinuous solutions of semilinear differential-algebraic equations—I: distribution solutions

Abstract : There is strong physical evidence that a full treatment of differential-algebraic equations should be incorporate solutions with jump discontinuities. It is shown here that for semilinear problems the setting of distributions allows for the development of a theory where indeed such discontinuities may occur. This approach also settles the problem of inconsistent initial conditions in a very simple way. On the other hand, new issues arise as not only uniqueness. but even countability of the number of solutions of initial value problems may now be lost. A physically motivated but purely mathematical selection procedure to overcome this difficulty is discussed in part 2 of this paper. (AN)
Four distinct regions in the auxiliary domain of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C-related proteins

A 306 amino acid sequence deduced from a rabbit bladder cDNA is 98% identical to the human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) C2. The sequence comparison of the hnRNP C-related proteins reveals four distinct regions in the C-terminal auxiliary domain. The region next to the N-terminal RNA-binding domain is variable in length. Following the variable region, a basic region and a leucine zipper are conserved in all hnRNP C-related proteins including mouse and human Raly. Several Lys-Ser-Gly repeats are present in the basic region of the hnRNP C proteins. The C-terminal region is more divergent between hnRNP C and Raly. Signature sequences and possible functions are proposed for the different regions of the hnRNP C proteins.
Current concepts about the pathogenesis of silicosis and asbestosis.

Abstract Silicosis and asbestosis are two forms of fibrotic lung disease resulting from the inhalation of inert materials indigestible by pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Results of studies of the host response to these particulates have not always been consistent. It is clear, however, that after phagocytosis, both cause alveolar macrophage damage, with resultant release of macrophage products, including fibrogenic factors and chemotactic factors for neutrophils. The latter cells also release lysosomal enzymes and flee radicals when exposed to silica and asbestos. The net effect of these observations suggests that the combination of tissue damage and fibroblast stimulation results in the pulmonary fibrosis characterizing these diseases. Patients with silicosis and asbestosis have normal or decreased cell-mediated and increased Immoral immunity with a high incidence of circulating immune complexes and autoantibodies. Whether these abnormalities are related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis or are epiphenomena remains to be determined.
Low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy of aliphatic dicarboxylate monoanions, HO2C(CH2)nCO2- (n = 1-10) : Hydrogen bond induced cyclization and strain energies

Photoelectron spectra of singly charged dicarboxylate anions HO2C(CH2)nCO2 - (n ) 1-10) are obtained at two different temperatures (300 and 70 K) at 193 nm. The electron binding energies of these species are observed to be much higher than the singly charged monocarboxylate anions, suggesting that the singly charged dicarboxylate anions are cyclic due to strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the terminal -CO2H and -CO2 - groups. The measured electron binding energies are observed to depend on the chain length, reflecting the different -CO2H‚‚‚ - O2C- hydrogen bonding strength as a result of strain in the cyclic conformation. A minimum binding energy is found at n ) 5, indicating that its intramolecular hydrogen bond is the weakest. At 70 K, all spectra are blue shifted relative to the room-temperature spectra with the maximum binding energy shift occurring at n ) 5. These observations suggest that the cyclic conformation of HO2C(CH2)5CO2 - (a ten-membered ring) is the most strained among the 10 anions. The present study shows that the -CO2H‚‚‚ - O2C- hydrogen bonding strength is different among the 10 anions and it is very sensitive to the strain in the cyclic conformations.
Comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult psychiatric outpatients with depressive or anxiety disorders

AbstractBackground. There are very few studies reporting on the prevalence and the contribution of not previously diagnosed ADHD in the clinical picture of other psychiatric disorders. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult psychiatric outpatients with depressive or anxiety disorders. Methods. During a 6-month period, 114 outpatients with depressive or anxiety disorders were evaluated for ADHD diagnosis. Assessment included interviews with both patient and relatives/friends and the use of a daily diary. Moreover, the patients completed the self-report scales Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger's Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Symptom Checklist-90-R Rating Scale (SCL-90-R). Results. A total of 22 out of 114 patients (19.3%) received an ADHD diagnosis for the first time in their life. Comorbid ADHD compared to non ADHD patients scored significantly higher (p < 0.05) for depression (BDI), sta...
Simulation Based Performance Comparison of Transistors Designed using Standard Photolithographic and Coarse Printing Design Specifications

Abstract In this work a simulation based comparative study of organic field effect transistors designed using standard lithographic and printing designs is presented. The device simulations were performed using two-dimensional drift-diffusion equations with a Poole–Frenkel field dependent mobility model. Both photolithographic and coarse printing transistor designs employed common materials such as 150 nm thick pentacene, 150 nm thick parylene gate insulator, gold source-drain electrodes and aluminum gate electrodes. The major differences between the two fabrication specifications are the minimum source/drain line width and the transistor channel length. The typical specifications for the minimum line width and channel length were 2 μm and 5 μm for photolithography and 25 μm and 20 μm for coarse printing techniques, respectively. The gate, source, and drain capacitances and channel on-resistances at various channel lengths and gate overlaps have been extracted and presented specifically for both process schemes. Due to increased channel length and gate-source/drain overlap of printed electrodes relative to lithographic design, the resulting on-resistance and capacitances for coarse printing are significantly higher. These results demonstrate a substantial operating frequency reduction for printing design relative to photolithographic design. For the tested materials and designs it is shown that the cut-off frequency for the photolithographic process was 400 kHz but decreased to a much lower 26 kHz for the coarse printing process. Since printing technology uses various other materials, which typically have less performance than the ones used for this simulation, the actual printed device might have even lower performance than predicted here.
DHIM Supporting Immunologic Investigations and the Identification of Immune Correlates of Protection

Evidence suggesting that immune responses to dengue virus (DENV) have the potential for both beneficial and detrimental effects on the outcome of infection is a concern for dengue vaccine development. There is thus a great need to define measures of DENV-specific immune responses that reliably indicate when immunity is protective. The existence of 4 main DENV serotypes and the difficulty in defining which individuals have been exposed and to which viruses present challenges to defining immune correlates of protective immunity against DENV in field efficacy studies; experimental infection studies in humans offer a pathway to address these challenges.
Behavioral Risk and Education: A United States Case Study.

Does educational achievement affect people's health-related behaviors? Differences in behavioral risk were found among 9,000 18 to 34 year old Americans surveyed for smoking, alcohol abuse, seat-belt-use, obesity, high blood pressure and physical activity. After controlling for sex, race/ethnicity and age, educational achievement was strongly associated with smoking and seat-belt use, and also with hypertension and obesity. New environmental health education programs in the USA are expected to reach the more educated, leading to enhanced health for most Americans, but not the less educated, resulting in a widening gap in American society.
Worldwide genetic structure in 37 genes important in telomere biology

Telomeres form the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are vital in maintaining genetic integrity. Telomere dysfunction is associated with cancer and several chronic diseases. Patterns of genetic variation across individuals can provide keys to further understanding the evolutionary history of genes. We investigated patterns of differentiation and population structure of 37 telomere maintenance genes among 53 worldwide populations. Data from 898 unrelated individuals were obtained from the genome-wide scan of the Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP) and from 270 unrelated individuals from the International HapMap Project at 716 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. We additionally compared this gene set to HGDP data at 1396 SNPs in 174 innate immunity genes. The majority of the telomere biology genes had low to moderate haplotype diversity (45–85%), high ancestral allele frequencies (>60%) and low differentiation (FST <0.10). Heterozygosity and differentiation were significantly lower in telomere biology genes compared with the innate immunity genes. There was evidence of evolutionary selection in ACD, TERF2IP, NOLA2, POT1 and TNKS in this data set, which was consistent in HapMap 3. TERT had higher than expected levels of haplotype diversity, likely attributable to a lack of linkage disequilibrium, and a potential cancer-associated SNP in this gene, rs2736100, varied substantially in genotype frequency across major continental regions. It is possible that the genes under selection could influence telomere biology diseases. As a group, there appears to be less diversity and differentiation in telomere biology genes than in genes with different functions, possibly due to their critical role in telomere maintenance and chromosomal stability.
Electronic and Structural Consequences of n-Doping: Bithiazole Oligomers and Partially Reduced Bithiazolium Cations

Abstract N -methylated-poly(diakyl-bithiazoles), NPABTs, can be reduced to give reasonably stable n-doped polymers. In order to understand the changes in the electronic structure and polymer conformations upon reductive doping of NPABTs, a series of oligomers of increasing length was studied by self-consistent field (AM1) and configuration interaction (ZINDO/S) calculations. Large red shifts in the optical transitions are predicted upon n-doping, along with significant planarization of chain segments. Full planarization was not realized for n-doped materials, however, as a variety of localized units were observed.
A Proposed Recommendation For Quality Assurance Programs In Diagnostic Radiology Facilities

The Food and Drug Administration is currently planning to publish for comment a Proposed Recommendation to encourage diagnostic radiology facilities to establish their own quality assurance programs. These programs will improve the quality of health care by reducing unnecessary patient radiation dose, improving the quality of the diagnostic image, and reducing the cost of radiological services. The general concepts of the Proposed Recommendation are discussed.
Coarsening during solidification of aluminium-copper alloys

Coarsening of directionally solidified α-phase dendrites and of particulate α-phase/liquid mixtures was investigated in Al-4, 10 and 20 wt% Cu alloys, as a function of temperature, composition and presence or absence of forced convection. Isothermal dendritic coarsening in the absence of convection operated in two stages. In stage I the dendritic structure broke down through remelting into fragments which spheroidized quickly; in stage II the spherical particles coarsened slowly. The coarsening rate of the dendritic or particulate solid increased with temperature and copper dilution. Alloy inoculation with titanium slowed coarsening, yielding finer dendritic microstructures. The effect of turbulent flow on coarsening was manifested only for longer holding times. At higher impeller angular velocities the dendritic structure breaks down into fragments which spheroidize rapidly. At lower shear rates (below 650 rev min−1) solid particles in solid-liquid mixtures coalesce into clusters, whereas at higher rates the clusters break up again into individual particles. A coarsening model was introduced which showed that coarsening is faster in the presence of forced convection, because of the resulting decrease in solute diffusion-boundary layer thickness.
Self-reported and observed risky driving behaviors among frequent and infrequent cell phone users

The apparently higher crash risk among individuals who use cell phones while driving may be due both to the direct interference of cell phone use with the driving task and tendencies to engage in risky driving behaviors independent of cell phone use. Measurements of actual highway driving performance, self-reported aberrant driving behaviors as measured by the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), and attitudes toward speeding, passing behaviors and relative concern about being involved in a crash were assessed. Individuals who reported frequently using cell phones while driving were found to drive faster, change lanes more frequently, spend more time in the left lane, and engage in more instances of hard braking and high acceleration events. They also scored higher in self-reported driving violations on the DBQ and reported more positive attitudes toward speeding and passing than drivers who did not report using a cell phone regularly while driving. These results indicate that a greater reported frequency of cell phone use while driving is associated with a broader pattern of behaviors that are likely to increase the overall risk of crash involvement.
Adaptation to ileal diversion

FOR MOST PATIENTS the early period after establishment of an ileostomy is marked by salt and water depletion. For most patients the fluid and electrolyte imbalances become manageable within a few days; however, a small proportion of patients maintain outputs of ileal fluid that are greater than 1 L per day. In the 1960s there had been a considerable amount of investigation to characterize the clinical course of adaptation after ileostomy. Recent work has focused on identifying the systemic mechanisms by which the organism adapts to the loss of its colon. However, little has been done to clarify the mechanisms by which the upstream small intestine increases its efficiency in absorbing NaCl and H2O after ileal diversion. Here I review these prior studies and findings and outline experimental approaches that have evaluated mechanisms of salt and water absorption by upstream segments of small intestine after diversion of the ileal contents distally. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTATION AFTER ILEAL DIVERSION Virtually all clinical reviews have indicated that patients with permanent ileostomies eventually have a high level of satisfaction with the function of the stoma. Of course, most of these studies have been conducted in patients who were suffering from acute symptoms of chronic ulcerative colitis before proctocolectomy and ileostomy. Thus, it has been argued that the improvements in satisfaction and quality of life indexes were no more than a comparison between states of illness and wellness. Nevertheless, a number of lessons have been learned from this group of patients (Table I).1-3 These include the following: First, the average patient empties the ileostomy bag, on average, 6 to 8 times per day.1 Second, despite the best techniques in stoma construction and care, skin excoriation affects between 30% and 40% of patients on a regular basis, and these effects are attributable to the volume and caustic nature of the ileal effluent.1,2 Third, certain foods, including those containing high levels of fat or fiber, often cause increased levels of ileostomy output.4-7 Fourth, ileostomy output is associated with insignificant or low levels of nutrient malabsorption, major vitamin deficiencies or metabolic derangements leading to anemia, mineral bone disease, gallstones or renal stones, unless it is also accompanied by resection of major portions of the small intestine.8-12 Adaptation to ileal diversion
Alternant takahashi nearest-neighbor gases: an exactly soluble case related to “soft rods”

Abstract We define an alternant nearest-neighbor Takahashi gas. For inter-mass point potentials alternating between two linear functions of arc length, we derive exact, explicit expressions for the partition and thermodynamic functions by the ensemble formalism. We relate the partition and thermodynamic functions to those of a soft rod system.
Programming the User Interface: Principles and Examples

Principles of User Input. Programming Menus. Programming Command-Based Systems. Programming Data Input. Giving Information Back to the User. Screen Techniques. Using Color in Output. Direct Manipulation Systems and Special Environments. Windows and User Interface Management Systems. Helping the User Work with the Program. Programming Help Systems. Handling and Avoiding Errors. Special Concerns: Making Programs Usable by Persons with Disabilities. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.
The effect of temporary residences on burglary: A test of criminal opportunity theory

Previous work testing the criminal opportunity/routine activities theory of burglary has been marked by three recurrent problems: (1) a neglect of testing the theory in rural areas (2) the use of indicators which confound opportunity with disorganization effects (3) failure to control for alternative theories of burglary. The present paper contributes to the literature by correcting these shortcomings. The results of a multiple regression analysis of county level data from Michigan indicate that the greater the criminal opportunity, the greater the rate of burglary. These results are independent of indicators taken from economic strain and social disorganization theories. The model explains 69% of the variance in burglary rates overall and 84% of the variance in rural counties. While there may be higher levels of social cohesion and lower anonymity in rural areas, these factors are not sufficient to offset the influence of criminal opportunity.
Casting a Wider Net

In this text intended for both classroom and online learning, Chiang uses questions about our online lives to explore the technology and computer science behind the Internet, wireless, and Web industries.
Influence of Diets Rich in Saturated and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Postprandial Responses of Apolipoproteins B-48, B-100, E, and Lipids in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins

Abstract The effects of diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA) (total polyunsaturated fatty acids \[PUFA\] \[g\]/total SFA \[g\]\[P/S ratio\], 0.2) or omega-6 PUFA (P/S ratio, 1.3) on the postprandial response of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) was determined in normolipidemic young men. After 15 and 29 days of diet intervention, the postabsorptive concentrations of apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 and apoB-100 were higher in the SFA group than in the PUFA group, but the absolute increase in apoB-48 was similar 3 hours after a challenge meal containing one third of daily energy and returned to postabsorptive values at 6 hours; this response was closely coupled to that of TRL triglycerides. In both groups, the percent increase in TRL apoB-48 and triglycerides was greater after the PUFA meal than after the SFA meal. The concentration of TRL apoB-100 also increased at 3 hours in both diet groups but returned to postabsorptive values at 6 hours only in those fed the PUFA diet; in the SFA group, apoB-100 remained high at 6 hours and fell below postabsorptive values only 9 hours after the meal. This apoB-100 response was affected primarily by the fatty acid composition of the diet and not by that of the challenge meal. The postprandial response of apoB-100 was closely coupled to that of cholesterol and apoE. These observations suggest that in healthy young men, neither the fatty acid composition of the diet nor that of the challenge meal affects the clearance of chylomicron remnants after a fat-containing meal. By contrast, the postprandial accumulation of hepatogenous TRL is prolonged in individuals fed a diet rich in SFA.