cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Graphical Password for Mobile Devices

The objective of this project is to conduct a comprehensive research into the usability; design and security of graphical password on touch screen devices. We address the design limitation of touch screen devices and possible solutions. We also propose a simple graphical password scheme designed specifically for touch screen devices. Further, expert reviews and usability studies were used to explore user interactions in order to gain a more complete understanding on the potentials to improve the graphical password design for touch screen mobile devices.
Tanks in the Streets: SUVs, Design Defects, and Ultrahazardous Strict Liability

Sport Utility Vehicles, or “SUVs”, are among the most dangerous products ever placed in the hands of American consumers.1 These vehicles have been killing their drivers and passengers in rollover crashes for years.2 However, there is a growing awareness of the lethal injuries and catastrophic damage that SUVs cause to other vehicles and their occupants.3 When an SUV crashes into a passenger car, the occupants of the car are much more likely to be killed than the occupants of the SUV.4 This is due to the particular design of SUVs. SUVs ride higher than cars, with bumpers and frame rails that ride up over a car’s frame in a collision, bypassing the car’s built-in energy-absorbing protections.5 SUVs also have stiffer frames than passenger cars, allowing the SUV to transfer crash energy to the car instead of sharing the energy equally.6 In addition, the sheer mass of SUVs, particularly the latest “behemoth” SUVs such as the Hummer and the new
Necessity and safety of completion thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma during the course of lobectomy for a dominant nodule occasionally cannot be rendered on the basis of frozen section. Once the diagnosis of carcinoma is made, the question of completion thyroidectomy arises. The decision to perform completion thyroidectomy and the timing, safety, and efficacy of this procedure are reviewed. METHODS During the past 25 years (1965 to 1990), we operated on 351 consecutive patients with thyroid carcinoma. One hundred of these patients (84 women and 16 men) were initially treated by unilateral thyroid lobectomy for the previously stated reasons. Histopathologic examination of the permanent sections of the initial thyroid lobectomy specimen demonstrated papillary carcinoma in 70 patients and follicular carcinoma in 30 patients. Within a few months, a completion thyroidectomy was performed. RESULTS The completion thyroidectomy specimen contained papillary carcinoma in 33 (47%) of the 70 patients with papillary carcinoma and 10 (33%) of the 30 patients with follicular carcinoma. Overall, 43 of these 100 patients harbored thyroid carcinoma in the contralateral lobe. Complications of completion thyroidectomy were transient recurrent nerve paresis in two patients and temporary hypoparathyroidism in three patients, requiring calcium and vitamin D therapy for a few months. CONCLUSIONS Although the significance and treatment of papillary carcinoma are debated on the basis of size and grade of the primary lesion and age and sex of the patients, once the diagnosis is made in one lobe we believe that a completion thyroidectomy should be considered, not only for papillary carcinomas but also for follicular carcinomas because 47% (papillary) to 33% (follicular) of these patients will harbor the neoplasm in the contralateral lobe.
Large-Scale Refrigeration Systems for the Temperature Range of 1.0 to 1.85°K

The two-mile electron linear accelerator at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center has now been in operation for a number of years and has proved to be a powerful tool of high-energy-physics research. During the years in which the accelerator was being built, and particularly in the last few years, a number of significant developments in technology have taken place. These developments have opened the way towards achieving higher energies at lower cost per unit power input than has been hitherto realized, in particular by the remarkable progress in the technology of superconductors.
Early Modern Central Asia in World History

Scholars have long recognized that Central Asia played a key role in trans-Eurasian trade, positioned as it was at the crossroads of the overland “Silk Road” network of caravan routes. The economic advantages associated with the region’s geography are presumed to have supported the great nomadic empires of the Eurasian interior in the classical and medieval eras, and to have come to an abrupt end in the early modern era. This generally has been attributed to the rise of European commercial interests in the Indian Ocean, which signaled the end of the overland Silk Road trade and sent Central Asia into a centuries-long period of decline. This essay draws attention to a number of foundational assumptions that have informed this interpretation, and it advocates for moving beyond the decline paradigm to employ an integrative method of analysis that more effectively situates the region in its global context and invigorates the study of early modern Central Asian history.
Papular mycosis fungoides: report of two patients, literature review, and conceptual re‐appraisal

Recent reports of 10 patients have proposed a papular variant of mycosis fungoides (MF), characterized by the appearance of papules in the absence of patches and the presence of histopathologic features of classic patch/plaque stage MF. Given the overlapping clinical and pathologic features between this proposed entity and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP)-type B, however, the optimal classification for such cases remains somewhat unclear. Herein, two patients are described who presented to the dermatology clinic with persistent erythematous papular eruptions on the trunk, upper and lower extremities and histopathology compatible with MF. Of note, these patients represent the oldest reported cases of papular MF, and one patient had documented peripheral blood involvement by atypical CD4+ cells. The clinicopathologic characteristics of this purported entity suggest that it may occupy the intersection between MF and CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. These two cases expand the clinicopathologic spectrum of papular MF to include older individuals, and further emphasize the importance of recognition of this morphology as a possible MF manifestation. Furthermore, consideration of our cases in conjunction with the previously documented 10 other patients in the literature, offers potential insight into the relationship between MF and CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders.
Photometric Abundance Calibration of δ Scuti Stars Using hk Photometry

The hk index has been used as a metallicity indicator for RR Lyrae variable stars. It is now being applied to the shorter period δ Scuti variables. Employing spectroscopic abundances of stars with published hk values and photometric indices calculated from stellar atmosphere models, a three-dimensional interpolation is used to determine [Fe/H] from intrinsic b-y, c1, and hk values. The resulting [Fe/H], log g, and Teff values for 10 δ Scuti stars are presented.
The SLC23 family of ascorbate transporters: ensuring that you get and keep your daily dose of vitamin C.

The ascorbate transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 are crucial for maintaining intracellular ascorbate concentrations in most cell types. Although the two transporter isoforms are highly homologous, they have different physiologic functions. The SVCT1 is located primarily in epithelial cells and has its greatest effect in reabsorbing ascorbate in the renal tubules. The SVCT2 is located in most non-epithelial tissues, with the highest expression in brain and neuroendocrine tissues. These transporters are hydrophobic membrane proteins that have a high affinity and are highly selective for ascorbate. Their ability to concentrate ascorbate inside cells is driven by the sodium gradient across the plasma membrane as generated by Na+/K+ ATPase. They can concentrate ascorbate 20 to 60-fold over plasma ascorbate concentrations. Ascorbate transport on these proteins is regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Available studies show that transporter function is acutely regulated by protein kinases A and C, whereas transporter expression is increased by low intracellular ascorbate and associated oxidative stress. The knockout of the SVCT2 in mice is lethal on day 1 of life, and almost half of SVCT1 knockout mice do not survive to weaning. These findings confirm the importance both of cellular ascorbate and of the two transport proteins as key to maintaining intracellular ascorbate.
High Summer Temperatures Affect the Survival and Reproduction of Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest in California. Identifying environmental constraints that affect the geographic distribution and abundance of any invasive insect pest is fundamental to its effective management. California's Central Valley, where most commercial olives are grown, is extremely hot during the summer, with maximum daily temperatures consistently >35.0 degrees C. This study examined the effects of two diurnal temperature regimens (low 18.3 degrees C, high 35.0 or 37.8 degrees C) reflecting summer conditions in the valley, and one control temperature regimen (low 18.3 degrees C, high 23.9 degrees C) on the fly's survival and reproductive success in the laboratory. The temperature regimen of 18.3-35.0 degrees C resulted in delayed egg maturation and reduced production of mature eggs compared with the control temperature regimen. Egg maturation was possible at the higher temperature regimen when females were provided with water and food, and egg-laying occurred during the cold phase of the temperature cycle. Access to olive fruit and oviposition itself further promoted egg maturation. Under exposure to the 18.3-35.0 degrees C temperature regimen, approximately 50% of eggs died, and the remainder that hatched died as first instars. No egg hatch occurred at the temperature treatment of 18.3-37.8 degrees C. We confirmed these laboratory results through field cage studies with adult B. oleae, conducted in the summer of 2007 and 2008. Under ambient summer temperatures, adult B. oleae survived for 1-2 wk, and females readily laid eggs when provided water and food. No offspring developed in midsummer of 2007, and <2% of the offspring developed to adults in summer 2008 trials. These results suggest that high summer temperatures limit the fly's abundance in California's Central Valley.
Multi-phase moisture transfer in porous media subjected to temperature gradient

Abstract To describe the history of moisture migration in porous media, the dependence on the relevant material characteristics must be considered. A diffusion theory with a linear or nonlinear coefficient of diffusivity is not adequate for the description of the behavior of mass transfer in a porous medium. Transfers of mass of all phases and the transfer of heat must be considered simultaneously. Based upon the principle of non-equilibrium irreversible thermodynamics, the macroscopic laws of conservation, and the liquid-vapor equilibrium of a porous system, a set of basic equations for simultaneous mass and heat transfer is developed. The developed theory is applied to the investigation of moisture migration in a light-weight concrete wall subjected to a temperature gradient. The result reveals that in addition to diffusion, both the capillary and the evaporation-condensation mechanisms, which are strongly affected by the topology of a porous system, are important in the drying process.
DID BABYLONIAN ASTROLOGY INFLUENCE EARLY CHINESE ASTRAL PROGNOSTICATION XING ZHAN SHU 星占術

This article examines the question whether aspects of Babylonian astral divination were transmitted to East Asia in the ancient period. An often-cited study by the Assyriologist Carl Bezold claimed to discern significant Mesopotamian influence on early Chinese astronomy and astrology. This study has been cited as authoritative ever since, including by Joseph Needham, although it has never been subjected to careful scrutiny. The present article examines the evidence cited in support of the claim of transmission.
Randomizing a Model

Abstract A randomization of a first order structure M is a new structure with certain closure properties whose universe is a setKof “random elements” of M . Randomizations assign probabilities to sentences of the language of M with new constants fromK. Our main theorem shows that all randomizations of M are models of the same first order theoryT, which has a nice set of axioms and admits elimination of quantifiers. Moreover, the class of substructures of models ofTis characterized by a natural setVof universal axioms ofT, so thatTis the model completion ofV.
Thickness dependent soft-breakdown phenomena of low dielectric constant thin films and corresponding activation energy

Thickness dependent dielectric soft-breakdown and corresponding activation energy in low dielectric constant (low-k) thin films with thickness ranging from 48 to 1141 nm are investigated to evaluate the reliability of polymer integration on device wafers for the first time. It is found that the strength against soft-breakdown decreases and the leakage current increases with the decrease in low-k film thickness. In the regions both before and after soft-breakdown, the conduction activation energy increases with the increase in low-k film thickness. The conduction activation energy before soft-breakdown is smaller than that after soft-breakdown.
The effect of fear and anxiety on exploration and curiosity: toward a theory of exploration.

(1968). The Effect of Fear and Anxiety on Exploration and Curiosity: Toward a Theory of Exploration. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 105-120.
Learning curve of robotic assisted pyeloplasty for pediatric urology fellows

Purpose: Little is known about the learning curve of robotic surgery for surgeons in training. We hypothesized that pediatric urology fellows could attain proficiency in robotic pyeloplasty, defined as operative time equivalent to that of an experienced robotic surgeon, within the 2-year time frame of fellowship.Materials and Methods: From 2006 to 2010 we performed a prospective cohort study of pediatric robotic pyeloplasty done by 4 pediatric urology fellows and 1 pediatric urology attending surgeon. We recorded operative times and surgical outcomes of the total of 20 consecutive robotic pyeloplasties performed by the 4 pediatric urology fellows (80 cases) and a random sample of 20 performed by the attending surgeon. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the change in operative time for each case done by fellows and estimate the number of cases needed for fellows to achieve the median operative time of the attending pediatric urologist.Results: Fellow operative time decreased at a constant...
Enhanced ultrasound transmission through the human skull using shear mode conversion

A new transskull propagation technique, which deliberately induces a shear mode in the skull bone, is investigated. Incident waves beyond Snell’s critical angle experience a mode conversion from an incident longitudinal wave into a shear wave in the bone layers and then back to a longitudinal wave in the brain. The skull’s shear speed provides a better impedance match, less refraction, and less phase alteration than its longitudinal counterpart. Therefore, the idea of utilizing a shear wave for focusing ultrasound in the brain is examined. Demonstrations of the phenomena, and numerical predictions are first studied with plastic phantoms and then using an ex vivo human skull. It is shown that at a frequency of 0.74 MHz the transskull shear method produces an amplitude on the order of—and sometimes higher than—longitudinal propagation. Furthermore, since the shear wave experiences a reduced overall phase shift, this indicates that it is plausible for an existing noninvasive transskull focusing method [Clement, Phys. Med. Biol. 47(8), 1219–1236 (2002)] to be simplified and extended to a larger region in the brain.
Neurotransmitters in the retina

Processing of visual information within the retina depends in large measure upon a complement of chemical neurotransmitters which are released at synaptic contacts between individual neurons. Numerous investigators have participated in the identification of many of these transmitters and their assignment to specific neuronal subpopulations. However, it is now clear that the action of each transmitter depends upon the receptor molecules to which it binds. Multidisciplinary studies are underway to characterize these receptors as well as to investigate transporter molecules which may serve not only to inactivate certain neurotransmitters but may also function in their release.
Apoptosis in Alphavirus Encephalitis

Abstract Sindbis virus causes acute encephalitis in mice and serves as a useful model for encephalitic alphaviruses that infect humans. The outcome of infection is determined by whether infected neurons are resistant to virus-induced programmed cell death or activate their apoptotic pathway. The host immune response may also cause death of infected neurons. Determinants of neuronal apoptosis include the maturity of the neuron, the virulence of the infecting virus and the cellular immune response to infection. In many situations viral and cellular factors that decrease virus replication also decrease apoptosis. Antiviral antibody can downregulate virus replication in surviving neurons without affecting cell viability. Other innate and induced host immune responses can alter the outcome of infection without a change in virus production. Failure to induce apoptosis in infected neurons leads to long-term persistence of small amounts of viral RNA in the nervous system of infected mice despite the clearance of infectious virus. The molecular mechanisms that govern these pathogenesis factors are beginning to be elucidated.
The limiting form of inertial instability in geophysical flows

The instability of a rotating, stratified flow with arbitrary horizontal cross-stream shear is studied, in the context of linear normal modes with along-stream wavenumber k and vertical wavenumber m. A class of solutions are developed which are highly localized in the horizontal cross-stream direction around a particular streamline. A Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation analysis is performed, yielding asymptotic series for the frequency and structure of these solutions in terms of k and m. The accuracy of the approximation improves as the vertical wavenumber increases, and typically also as the along-stream wavenumber decreases. This is shown to correspond to a near-inertial limit, in which the solutions are localized around the global minimum of fQ, where f is the Coriolis parameter and Q is the vertical component of the absolute vorticity. The limiting solutions are near-inertial waves or inertial instabilities, according to whether the minimum value of fQ is positive or negative. We focus on the latter case, and investigate how the growth rate and structure of the solutions changes with m and k. Moving away from the inertial limit, we show that the growth rate always decreases, as the inertial balance is broken by a stabilizing cross-stream pressure gradient. We argue that these solutions should be described as non-symmetric inertial instabilities, even though their spatial structure is quite different to that of the symmetric inertial instabilities obtained when k is equal to zero. We use the analytical results to predict the growth rates and phase speeds for the inertial instability of some simple shear flows. By comparing with results obtained numerically, it is shown that accurate predictions are obtained by using the first two or three terms of the perturbation expansion, even for relatively small values of the vertical wavenumber. Limiting expressions for the growth rate and phase speed are given explicitly for non-zero k, for both a hyperbolic-tangent velocity profile on an f-plane, and a uniform shear flow on an equatorial β-plane.
Developing Durable Infrastructures: Politics, Social Skill, and Sanitation Partnerships in Urban India1

Accelerated national and international efforts to redress the acute lack of infrastructures in the developing world have focused on forging partnerships to spur infrastructure development. This article finds a sore lack in attempts to grasp how infrastructures implemented through multiactor partnerships within entrenched, often volatile, political environments, become durable. Durability is understood here through field analysis, an approach common within the “new institutional” literature. Two case studies of sanitation infrastructure-making from cities in India are presented as empirical evidence. Failure of the first case and the success of the second in acquisition of durability clearly illustrate the vital role political strategy plays in making infrastructures durable.
Cross-Informant Agreement for Ratings for Social Skill and Problem Behavior Ratings: An Investigation of the Social Skills Improvement System—Rating Scales

One of the most consistent findings in rating scale research with children and adolescents is the modest agreement among different informants' ratings. The present study systematically explored patterns of agreement among teachers, parents/caregivers, and students in domains of social skills and problem behaviors using the Social Skills Improvement System—Rating Scales (SSIS―RS; F. M. Gresham & S. N. Elliott, 2008). Two subsamples from the normative sample of the SSIS-RS were used. The first sample of participants consisted of 168 students who had all 3 informants (parent, teacher, and self) complete the SSIS-RS scales, which was necessary to assess agreement across different raters. The second sample consisted of 164 students who had raters in a similar or same role (father-mother, teacher―teacher). The results replicated an extensive literature showing that cross-informant agreements for social skills and problem behaviors are weak to moderate. The current study invoked multitrait― multimethod logic to interpret the correlations among raters derived from different informants and showed that the convergent validity coefficients were consistently stronger than the discriminant validity correlations. Implications for assessment practices and future research are discussed.
Investigation of the magnetic susceptibility of nanocomposites obtained in zero-field-cooled conditions

An investigation of the effect of particle size, size dispersion, intensity of applied field, and anisotropy constant on the characteristics of the superparamagnetism of magnetic nanocomposites was carried out using an integral equation for the magnetic susceptibility that assumes uniaxial anisotropy. The nanoscopic phase of the composites is composed of noninteracting randomly oriented single-domain spheres embedded in a nonmagnetic host. A Gaussian distribution for the particle diameter dispersion was used in agreement with experimental results. The results show that the above parameters alter the position and width of the superparamagnetic peak, but only particle size and size dispersion can affect the shape of the high-temperature susceptibility tail above the peak temperature. Higher size dispersion values lead to broader peaks shifted to higher temperatures and flatter high-temperature tails. Simulations of experimental data obtained from cobalt nanocomposites, where the average particle size and size distribution were previously determined by transmission electron microscopy, yielded very good agreement.
Mixed convection along a nonisothermal vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium: The entire regime

Abstract The problem of mixed convection about a vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium is analyzed. Nonsimilarity solutions are obtained for the cases of variable wall temperature (VWT) in the form T w (x) = T ∞ + ax n and variable surface heat flux (VHF) in the form q w (x) = bx m . The entire mixed convection regime is covered by two different nonsimilarity parameters χ = [1 + ( Ra x / Pe x ) 1/2 ] − and χ * = [1 + ( Ra x * / Pe x 3/2 ) 1/3 ] −1 , respectively, for VWT and VHF cases, from pure forced convection (χ = 1 or χ * = 1) to pure free convection (χ = 0 or χ * = 0). A finite-difference scheme was used to solve the system of transformed governing equations. Velocity and temperature profiles, and local Nusselt numbers are presented. It is found that as χ or χ * decreases from 1 to 0, the thermal boundary layer thickness increases first and then decreases, but the local Nusselt number in the form Nu x ( Pe x 1/2 + Ra x 1/2 ) −1 or Nu x ( Pe x 1/2 + Ra x *1/3 ) −1 decreases first and then increases. The correlation equations for the local and average Nusselt numbers are also obtained for the two surface heating conditions.
Revisiting Tāhā Husayn's Fī al-Shi'r al-Jāhilī and its sequel

In 1926, Tāhā Husayn published Fī al-shi'r al-jāhilī, a book in which he analyzed the language and style of pre-Islamic poetry, and argued that some poems were written in the Islamic period. A few passages in the work questioning the historicity of the Qur'ān infuriated the religious establishment in Egypt. Accused of blasphemy and threatened to lose his professorship at the Egyptian University, Husayn was summoned before a court that charged and convicted him of apostasy and banned his book from circulation. A year later, he published a presumably softened version of the book under a different title, Fī al-adab al-jāhilī, and the clamor subsided. To date, intellectual historians of Egypt understand the second book as an attempt to appease the 'ulamā', and as part of a shift from western-inspired to Islamic-oriented scholarship that occurred among Egyptian intellectuals during the late 1920's. This article revisits Husayn's two books, and shows that Fī al-adab al-jāhilī was not a milder and slightly-amended version of the first book. Rather, it served as a platform for Husayn to reassert his message and get back at his rivals. Placed in the context of his scholarship at large, this article argues that Husayn remained a passionate advocate of western liberal ideas throughout his career.
A Multi-resource Sharing-Aware Approximation Algorithm for Virtual Machine Maximization

Cloud providers face the challenge of efficiently managing their infrastructure through minimizing resource consumption while allocating requests such that their profit is maximized. We address this challenge by designing a greedy approximation algorithm for solving the multi-resource sharing-aware virtual machine maximization (MSAVMM) problem. The MSAVMM problem requires determining the set of VMs that can be instantiated on a given server such that the profit derived from hosting the VMs is maximized. The solution to this problem has to consider the sharing of memory pages among VMs and the restricted capacities of each type of resource requested by the VMs. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm by determining its approximation ratio and by performing extensive experiments against other sharing-aware VM allocation algorithms.
Validity in Dialogic Encounters With Hermeneutic Truths

Hermeneutic theories of interpretation are at the core of qualitative methodologies and can be identified as belonging to either epistemological or ontological philosophical orientations. Concerns about validity in qualitative research have mainly been shaped by epistemological questions. What differentiates philosophical hermeneutics, an ontological perspective, from traditional hermeneutics is its radical departure from finding a “technique” of interpretation to proposing a hermeneutic ontology, where the hermeneutic task of understanding is thought to be our very way of being in the world. Unlike traditional interpretive approaches which often seek to maximize validity by eliciting a respondent’s account of an experience in a way that closely corresponds to that experience, philosophical hermeneutical approaches assert that the meaning of the experience is uniquely configured in the dialogic encounter itself. Dialogue is thought to offer a hermeneutic valence for people’s engagement with understanding ...
Calprotectin S100A9 Calcium-binding Loops I and II Are Essential for Keratinocyte Resistance to Bacterial Invasion

Epithelial cells expressing calprotectin, a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins, are more resistant to bacterial invasion. To determine structural motifs that affect resistance to bacterial invasion, mutations were constructed in S100A9 targeting the calcium-binding loops I and II (E36Q, E78Q, E36Q,E78Q) and the C terminus (S100A91–99 and S100A91–112), which contains putative antimicrobial zinc-binding and phosphorylation sites. The S100A8 and mutated S100A9 encoding plasmids were transfected into calprotectin-negative KB carcinoma cells. All transfected cells (except KB-sham) expressed 27E10-reactive heterodimers. In bacterial invasion assays with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium), cell lines expressing S100A8 in complex with S100A9E36Q, S100A9E78Q, S100A91–99, or S100A91–112 mutants or the S100A91–114 (full-length) calprotectin resisted bacterial invasion better than KB-sham. When compared with KB-S100A8/A91–114, cells expressing truncated S100A91–99 or S100A91–112 with S100A8 also showed increased resistance to bacterial invasion. In contrast, glutamic acid residues 36 and 78 in calcium-binding loops I and II promote resistance in epithelial cells, because cells expressing S100A9E36Q,E78Q with S100A8 were unable to resist bacterial invasion. Mutations in S100A9 E36Q, E78Q were predicted to cause loss of the calcium-induced positive face in calprotectin, reducing interactions with microtubules and appearing to be crucial for keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion.
Rayleigh-Taylor instability of surface layers as the mechanism for bioconvection in cell cultures.

Abstract Swimming micro-organisms which show negative geotaxis, that is, which swim upward against gravity, develop characteristic bioconvection patterns; similar bioconvention patterns are found in swimming microorganisms which are phototactic. This bioconvection is explained here as the consequence of Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The instability analysis is based on a treatment of the liquid with contained micro-organisms as a continuous fluid, and a justification of this treatment is given. In a well-developed culture which has a sufficiently high density of micro-organisms a steady state circulation can occur, and this condition is analyzed here. The quantitative experimental data obtained by Winet & Jahn (1972) for an organism with negative geotaxis, T. pyriformis, make possible detailed comparison with the theoretical analysis. It is also shown that the highly-organized swimming of the micro-organisms in the upward direction rules out the applicability of ideas of random walk and diffusion. As a final subject the effect of a distributed unstable density distribution is analyzed and compared with the effect of a step discontinuity in density.
Differentiated Design of Corona Noise Abatement in 500 kV Substation

Based on the analysis of the corona noise, the UV image from bus-bar in some typical designed substation, and the calculations of the 3-dimensional finite element models of spacer, the conclusion is drawn that the two-bundle conductor spacers are the main sources in the switchyard. Differentiation design is applied to optimize the end fitting structure the results show that the surface electric gradient of the optimized spacers can be the same level as that of the bus-bar, which reduces the corona noise in the yard.
Synergism between methamphetamine and the neuropeptide substance P on the production of nitric oxide in the striatum of mice

Our laboratory has been investigating the participation of striatal neurokinin-1 receptors in the methamphetamine (METH)-induced loss of striatal neurons. Signaling through these receptors exacerbates the METH-induced striatal apoptosis. METH induces the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and the latter has been linked to the activation of neurodegenerative cascades. In the present study, we assessed the role of the neurokinin-1 receptor in the production of striatal 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and l-citrulline (indirect indices of NO production). To that end, we injected male mice with a bolus of METH (30 mg/kg, ip) and visualized striatal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-positive cells by immunohistochemistry and protein levels by Western blot. The expression of neuronal NOS or protein levels at 2, 4 and 8 hours post-METH was unchanged. Next, we assessed 3-NT and l-citrulline by immunohistochemistry. At 4 hours post-METH, striatal 3-NT and l-citrulline levels were increased 30- and 5-fold, respectively, relative to controls and the selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist WIN-51,708 attenuated these increases. Intrastriatal infusion of the neurokinin-1 receptor agonist GR-73632 induced striatal 3-NT production that was attenuated with systemic injection of WIN-51,708 or 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, an inhibitor of neuronal NOS). Moreover, infusion of calmidazolium (calmodulin inhibitor) with GR-73632 prevented the production of 3-NT. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that METH-induced production of NO is modulated by the striatal neurokinin-1 receptors and that this receptor may participate in the biochemical activation of neuronal NOS.
Mechanisms of, and novel pharmacological approaches to, Peyronie’s disease

Peyronie’s disease is characterized by penile curvature because of a fibrotic plaque in the tunica albuginea, is frequently associated with pain and erectile dysfunction, and has a prevalence of 3–5%. Its pathophysiology is common to other fibrosis elicited by myofibroblast persistence, oxidative stress, and diverse cytokines. The balance between inducible nitric oxide synthase and metalloproteinase inhibitors appears to act as an endogenous defense mechanism. Therapy is essentially surgical, although verapamil and colchicine are moderately effective in some patients, and other experimental pharmacological approaches are promising.
Oral rehabilitation of the burn patient with severe microstomia: a report of case

Dental treatment of patients after second and third degree facial burns with subsequent oral constricture can present challenging treatment considerations. A case is presented involving complete oral rehabilitation and a review of the literature on management of second and third degree burns.
Connecting the dots: Limited English proficiency, second language learning theories, and information literacy instruction

Librarians who teach students with limited English proficiency have discussed various barriers limiting effective learning. This article shows how applying second language acquisition theories and teaching practices derived from them can significantly impact outcomes of information literacy instruction.
Experimental analyses of collapse behaviors of braced elliptical tubes under lateral compression

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted for braced, elliptical tubes with semi-axes ratios, b a , ranging from 0.5 to 2 to verify the theoretical analysis results presented in a companion paper (Wu and Carney, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1996). In that paper, mathematical models and finite element analyses (ABAQUS (Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc. ABAQUS Manual, Version 5.3, [2] )) were employed to study the initial collapse behavior of braced elliptical tubes. These mathematical and numerical predictions are compared with experimental results in this paper.
Novel reagents for terminal phosphorylation and thiophosphorylation of synthetic oligonucleotides

Abstract Two novel phosphoramidite building blocks and a solid support that allow an efficient solid-phase phosphorylation or thiophosphorylation of synthetic oligonucleotides were developed. The utility of these synthetic tools was demonstrated in the preparation of 5′- or 3′-thiophosphorylated oligonucleotides, which were subsequently labeled at the termini with fluorescent reporters.
Intraneural Perineurioma of the Median Nerve: Case Report and Literature Review

Intraneural perineurioma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor of perineurial cell origin. We present the case of an intraneural perineurioma of the median nerve in a 23-year-old woman which posed a diagnostic challenge. Ultrasonography was found to be a quick, easy, and effective screening tool for identifying the source of the deficit followed by MRI to further elucidate the lesion. We discuss surgical management options for optimizing functional outcomes when addressing such lesions.
Binding of glutathione-depleting agents to metallothionein.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to compare metallothionein to the tripeptide glutathione in their ability to sequester electrophilic agents. Following incubation of liver homogenates with high concentrations of nonradioactive iodoacetate, and a tracer amount of iodo[14C]acetate and subsequent isolation of metallothionein by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration (Sephadex G-75), 14C-derived radioactivity coeluted with metallothionein. Following in vivo administration of bromo[14C]benzene or [14C]chloroform to zinc- and phenobarbital-pretreated rats and subsequent purification of hepatic metallothionein, 14C did not appreciably coelute with metallothionein. In vitro addition of diethyl maleate, iodomethane, or iodoacetate to liver homogenate obtained from zinc-pretreated rats resulted in a concentration-related loss of glutathione- and metallothionein-like activity. However, the concentration of alkylator needed to produce decreases in metallothionein-like activity was approximately 10 times higher than that needed for glutathione loss. The results suggest that sulfhydryl groups on metallothionein can act as binding sites for possible detoxification of alkylating agents. However, the agents used in this investigation have an apparent higher affinity for glutathione than metallothionein and thus binding to this protein probably does not represent a major detoxification pathway.
Paying for grades: Impact of merit‐based financial aid on educational quality

In contrast to education reform efforts that target teachers and schools, merit-based financial aid for college increases the incentives for high school students and their families to directly affect the quality of education by investing more time and effort in schoolwork. Large-scale merit-based aid programs, such as Georgia's HOPE Scholarship, seek to improve education by encouraging students to meet higher standards, in this case by obtaining a 3.0 grade point average in high school and college. Since the HOPE program began in 1993, the number of high school graduates qualifying for the aid has steadily increased to more than 38,000 graduates in the class of 1998, or 59.5 percent of the graduating class. At the same time, the relationship between grades and achievement has remained consistent or, in some cases, improved since HOPE began. In fact, African–American males and females with a 3.1 high school core course grade point average have increased their average Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores by more than 20 points. This indicates that merit-based aid has improved the quality of K–12 education in Georgia and reduced racial performance disparities by motivating students and their families to commit greater effort to schooling. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Change in tectonic style along the Montana thrust belt

The western limit of the belt of Lara-mide thrusting in northwestern Montana is delineated by the Lewis-Eldorado-Lombard thrust faults. Within the Sheep Creek 7½-min quadrangle, the tectonic style of this belt changes from a moderately dipping zone of imbricated thrusts in the northwest corner to a single, nearly flat-lying thrust at the eastern margin of the quadrangle. This change probably reflects foreland buttressing at the northwestern edge of the central Montana trough.
The form equality, as a set of equals: Phaedo 74 b-c

G each and Mills have cited Plato's occasional use of the plural in referring to certain Forms as evidence that Plato conceived of the Forms as self-predicable standards.1 In the Parmenides, for example, not only does Plato freely interchange rok 7ro;kXC and To iX;kOo0,2 but in one place he actually uses the expression "m&roc ta 6,LoLa" to refer to the Form, Similarity.3 A similar usage is found in the Phaedo with the expression "OauT& t& 'c6a."4 The most natural explanation for Plato's use of the plural in these passages, it has been argued, is that, since he regarded the Forms as "self-predicable," and since plurality or similarity or equality is most naturally thought of as a property not of a single thing but of a set of things,5 the fact that he
The Contingent Claims Approach to Corporate Vulnerability Analysis: Estimating Default Risk and Economy-wide Risk Transfer

In this paper, we examine the ability of the contingent claims approach (CCA) to identify corporate sector and economy-wide vulnerabilities. We apply the Moody’s MfRisk model, which uses aggregated CCA principles, to assess vulnerabilities retroactively in two historical country cases. The results indicate that the method may prove helpful in identifying corporate sector vulnerabilities and estimating the associated value of risk transfer across interrelated balance sheets of the corporate, financial, and public sectors.
Potential purine antagonists. XXXIII. Synthesis of chloropurines

The previously described synthesis of 2,6,8-trichloropurine by the oxidation of 2,6,8-purinetrithiol with chlorine gas has been applied to the synthesis of the six remaining simple chloropurines. The synthesis of the previously unknown 8-chloropurine is described. The new method is general and is superior to the previously described methods for the synthesis of the various chloropurines.
Recognition of protein coding regions in DNA sequences

We give a test for protein coding regions which is based on simple and universal differences between protein-coding and noncoding DNA. The test is simple enough to use without a computer and is completely objective. The test has been thoroughly proven on 400,000 bases of sequence data: it misclassifies 5% of the regions tested and gives an answer of "No Opinion" one fifth of the time. We predict some new coding and noncoding regions in published sequences.
A PRELIMINARY SORTING‐OUT OF “NESS COUNTY” METEORITES

With the exception of a distinctive olivine-bronzite chondrite recognized by H. H. Nininger: “Ness County (1938)”, most of the numerous stony meteorites found in Ness County, Kansas, have been lumped together under the designation “Ness County (1894)”. It is the purpose of this paper to show that at least three separate falls are covered by this name
System Trades For The SEOS Telescope

The Synchronous Earth Observation Satellite (SEOS) is a geostationary system which provides unique possibilities for earth surveillance. Questions of SEOS applications are considered, taking into account the employment of the Large Earth Survey Telescope. Aspects of performance and costs are examined. The generation of a value function in connection with a quantitative ranking of the applications is discussed along with an analysis performed to determine those parameter values which will maximize mission performance capability at given levels of system cost.
Dispersion in the Vicinity of an Optical Resonance

The optical dispersion in the vicinity of the 3P1–1S0 transition in mercury has been examined in high resolution by a novel method employing a variable frequency light source and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The enhancement of instrument sensitivity through lock-in synchronous detection, particularly for small negative dispersion measurements, was demonstrated. In some cases fringe shifts as small as one ten-thousandth of a fringe could be observed. The large Faraday rotation expected near resonance was also observed and the feasibility of using it as a narrow band modulatable filter demonstrated. A derivation of the refractive index in the vicinity of the resonance using the Kramers-Kronig relations is given, and the theory is shown to be consistent with experiment. The generalization of these techniques to laser work is briefly discussed.
Power motivation as an influence on reaction to an imagined feminist dating partner

McClelland’s (1976) power-stress theory proposes that persons high in need for power experience severe stress in the face of actual or anticipated social events that thwart their need to exert control or influence over others, or to achieve recognition for power-oriented behaviors. Guided by McClelland’s theory, we conducted a simulated dating service experiment with college men who scored either high or low on the Picture Story Exercise (PSE) measure of power motivation and later observed a video displaying an interview with a hypothetical dating partner. From among the 203 men who completed the PSE, 96 took part in the experiment. The video presented an 8-min enactment by a young woman who came across either as an assertive feminist or as compliant and agreeable. Electromyographic responses from the corrugator supercilii (frown muscles) fit the premise of McClelland’s power-stress theory, as did scores on the Reysen Likability Scale and the Affective Attitudes Scale.
Aphagia in the presence of drinking an isosmotic NaCl solution

Abstract Rats with familial diabetes insipidus (D.I.) were exposed to liquids in which the solute was either excreted (NaCl), metabolized (glucose), or partially excreted-metabolized (milk). In the presence of an isosmotic solution where all the solvent was utilized for clearance of the solute (NaCl), rats continued to drink but displayed aphagia; decrease in the osmolality of NaCl solutions resulted in a proportional recovery of solid food ingestion. Exposure to milk resulted in hypophagia. Glucose solution did not interfere with the maintenance of eating, however, rats with D.I. did not increase their intake of glucose solution during solid food deprivation. Experimental evidence supports the view that the state of hydration as indicated by the body-fluid osmolality is essential for the maintenance of solid food ingestion. The evidence for a primary caloric regulation was doubtful.
Money, Debt, and Economic Activity

vent output prices and output from adjusting instantaneously. Both the size of deficits and the method of financing affect output and prices. Some principal implications are derived. Several of these are also demonstrated, using a graph to show the interaction of asset markets, output markets, and the financing of the budget deficit. Some main implications of standard analysis are rejected. The basis for several "monetarist" conclusions is shown.
Chromatin proteins of rat preputial-gland: Acute changes in response to estrogen

1. 1. The effects of estradiol-17β (E2β) at 2 or 15min in vivo on chromatin proteins of rat preputial-gland were analyzed by a battery of electrophoretic methods. 2. 2. Among histones, E2β/control ratios for major bands of H1 decreased substantially between 2 and 15 min. In contrast, ratios of H4 increased (P < 0.01), whereas, except for losses by 2 min m a H2B-like component and in H3.1, other core histones were unchanged. 3. 3. Among 0.35 M NaCl-soluble proteins, components at 34K-mol. wt and < 21K-mol wt were increased after 2 min of E2β. The bulk of the hormone-responsive low-molecular weight proteins was basic in charge. 4. 4. Electrophoretic correlates of 6 basic lysosomal proteins corresponded to those of low-molecular weight salt-soluble chromatin proteins. 5. 5. Selective proteolysis initiated in vivo by E2β depleted some tightly-bound nonhistone proteins.