cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound Propagation from an Arbitrarily Oriented Multi-Pole Placed Near a Plane, Finite Impedance Surface

Abstract Theories that have been developed for the purpose of predicting sound propagation over plane, finite impedance surfaces have usually been expressed in terms of sound radiation from point monopoles, or at least in terms of sources that generate cylindrically symmetric sound fields. However, not all practical noise sources are monopolar in character, nor do they necessarily generate cylindrically symmetric sound fields. In this paper, a two-dimensional finite Henkel transform technique is described that makes it possible to predict sound propagation from sources that generate non-cylindrically symmetric sound fields: e.g., arbitrarily oriented dipoles and quadrupoles. As a result, the proposed technique may prove useful for predicting sound propagation from aerodynamic noise sources placed near plane outdoor surfaces. The prediction procedure is based on representing the direct field of a source as a two-dimensional wavenumber spectrum in which the radial wavenumber and azimuth are the transform variables. The direct wavenumber spectrum is then combined with the plane wave reflection coefficient of the impedance plane to yield the wavenumber spectrum of the reflected field. The latter component is added to the direct wavenumber spectrum and the result is inversely transformed to give the sound pressure as a function of radius and azimuth angle. Owing to the finite nature of the transforms that are used in the discrete implementation of this procedure, the predictions are valid only to a finite distance from the source. Thus the transform procedure must be supplemented by an asymptotic theory if predictions of the whole sound field are to be made: an appropriate asymptotic theory is summarized here. The use of the transform procedure is illustrated by using a number of example calculations, and general conclusions are drawn regarding ways of choosing the transform parameters to ensure accurate predictions. The results of the transform procedure have also been found to be in excellent agreement with measurements of sound propagation over a finite impedance surface from a small, unbaffled loudspeaker.
Geometry and topology of chiral anomalies in gauge theories

Abstract Geometrical and topological aspects of chiral anomalies in gauge theories are reviewed. Geometrical and topological concepts and results for chiral anomalies in gauge theories are considered, including differential forms, Lie groups, homotopy, homology, cohomology, Riemannian manifolds, fibre bundles, characteristic classes, index theorems and spectral flow. Gauge theories and their formulation in terms of differential forms and fibre bundles are described. The quantisation of gauge theories is performed using path integrals, and the orbit space, BRST symmetries and ϑ vacuum are discussed. Gauge theories with fermions are formulated, including realistic models of strong and weak interactions. Chiral anomalies and related issues such as the existence of Schwinger terms, their origins in terms of differential forms, cohomology, the orbit space, BRST identities, Hamiltonian systems and relations to index theorems are analysed. Constraints on models for particle physics from chiral anomalies and theo...
Improved Utility of Photolabile Solid Phase Synthesis Supports for the Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing 3'-Hydroxyl Termini.

Oligonucleotides are synthesized on, and cleaved from, a solid phase support (6) using the o-nitrobenzyl intramolecular photochemical redox reaction. The yields of isolated oligonucleotides relativ...
Integrated and real-time diffusion denuder sample for PM2.5

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of stable condensed phases, adsorbed or dissolved gases, and semi-volatile materials, i.e. compounds that transfer between the gas and condensed phases. Fine particles in both rural and urban environments contain substantial quantities of semi-volatile material that can be lost from the particles during sample collection on a filter and during subsequent handling, storage and conditioning (or equilibration). These include ammonium nitrate, semi-volatile organic compounds and particle bound water. In addition, gas phase organic compounds can also be absorbed by a quartz filter. As a result, the concentrations of these species are often significantly in error for results obtained with a conventional single filter sampler. The accurate measurement of the mass and chemical components of fine particles will become more important as a result of the recent promulgation of fine particle standards by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the additional monitoring that will be required for implementation of those standards as well as for additional research on the sources and effects of PM. Past organic compound diffusion denuder samplers developed by us (BOSS, BYU Organic Sampling System) are not amenable to routine field use because of the need to independently determine the gas phase semi-volatile organic material breakthrough of the denuder for each sample. This problem has been eliminated in the Particle Concentrator–Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC–BOSS) using a combined virtual impactor, particle-concentrator inlet to provide a concentrated stream of 0.1–2.5 μm particles. This is followed by a BOSS diffusion denuder and filter packs containing particle collecting and sorbent filters to collect particles, including any semi-volatile organic material or ammonium nitrate lost from the particles during sampling. The PC–BOSS contains a sequential sampler to allow for the routine collection of several samples. A second sampler, the Real-time Total Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS), has been developed by combining the PC–BOSS with TEOM technology. In this sampler, a diffusion dryer to remove gas phase water follows the diffusion denuder. The dried aerosol stream is then sampled with a “sandwich” (TX40 and sorbent) filter on the TEOM tapered element to collect particles, including any semi-volatile species. Laboratory and field validation data indicate that the precision of determination of fine particulate material, including ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic material is better than ±10%.
Stellar mixing - I. Formalism

In this paper we use the Reynolds stress models (RSM) to derive algebraic expressions for the following variables: a) heat fluxes; b) J.l fluxes; and c) momentum fluxes. These relations, which are fully 3D, include: 1) stable and unstable stratification, represented by the Brunt-Vaislila frequency, N(exp 2) =-g/H(sub p_(del - del(sub ad))(1 - RI(sub mu)); 2) double diffusion, salt-fingers, and semi-convection, represented by the density ratio R(sub mu) = del(sub mu)/(del - del(sub ad)); 3) shear (differential rotation), represented by the mean squared shear Sigma(exp 2) or by the Richardson number, Ri =N(exp 2)Sigma(exp -2); 4) radiative losses represented by a Peclet number, Pe; 5) a complete analytical solution of the ID version of the model. In general, the model requires the solution of two differential equations for the eddy kinetic energy K and its rate of dissipation, epsilon. In the local and stationary cases, when production equals dissipation, the model equations are all algebraic.
Comparison or Two Deproteinization Methods for the Determination of DDT and DDT Metabolites in Serum

Abstract The quantitative determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and DDT metabolites in the parts-per-billion range was compared by using methanol deproteinization and formic acid deproteinization methods. The methanol deproteinization method gave higher recoveries of fortified (in vitro) serum than the formic acid method. The methanol deproteinization method also gave excellent precision in the analyses of DDT and DDT metabolites in human serum that contained either in vivo bound or in vitro fortified DDTs.
Community aware content retrieval in disruption-tolerant networks

A major challenge in the design of a sparse mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is the support of efficient content retrieval. Information-centric network (ICN) is an emerging network technology which provides a viable underlying architecture for efficient content distribution. However, current mobile ICN approaches generate excess control overhead that cause scalability issues as network and content sizes grow. In this paper, we propose a community-based content retrieval architecture which is highly scalable in disruption-tolerant mobile information-centric networks. Simulations in the NS-3 environment shows that our system requires less control overhead while maintaining comparable performance for content retrieval applications.
Experimental Demonstration of an Allee Effect in American Ginseng

Harvesting of wild American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) for the herbal trade has lowered nat- ural population sizes. We tested for reproductive limitation due to small population size (a form of the Allee effect) by experimentally planting "natural" populations numbering 4, 16, and 64 using 4-year-old cultivated plants. Plant size traits and reproductive traits (bud, flower, green fruit, and mature fruit) were recorded through the ensuing summer. Fruit production per flower and per plant increased in proportion to flowering population size ( p 5 0.0063 and p 5 0.0017, respectively), strongly suggesting that an Allee effect occurs in very small populations. The increase in fruit production was not explained by either plant or inflorescence size differences. Although population size-dependent pollination, through insufficient pollinator visitation rate or pollen transfer rate, seems the most likely cause of the observed effects, our limited observations of pol- linators were not sufficient to demonstrate a change in pollination rates as a function of population size. Knowledge of the presence as well as the mechanism underlying this Allee effect may be especially useful for management and determination of minimum viable population size of the species in the wild.
Carlson's theorem for harmonic functions

Soit f(z) une fonction entiere de type exponentiel inferieur a π avec {f(m+i)∈l 1 . Si f(m)=0, ∞<m<∞, alors f/z)≡0
The solubility of carbon tetrachloride in water and seawater

Abstract High precision measurements of the solubility of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) in pure water and seawater were made over the temperature range of ∼0–40°C. For comparison with previously reported results, the solubilities of CFC-11 and CFC-12 were also measured during these experiments. The experimental data were fit by equations in temperature and salinity, in the form used in previous gas solubility studies. The CFC-11 and CFC-12 results were generally in good agreement with earlier work, although some differences were noted. For CCl 4 , the standard error of the measurements from the fitted curves was ±2.5%. The concentrations of dissolved CCl 4 measured in near-surface waters on a recent long meridional section in the South Pacific Ocean (where the temperature ranged from −1 to 29°C) are compared to calculated saturation levels based on these solubility data and atmospheric levels of CCl 4 measured along the section.
Estrogen, testosterone, and gender differences

The purpose of this report is to gain some current perspective on the definition, bases, and trends for research associated with gender differences. To accomplish this goal an analysis on the number of citations from a 1994–2004 Medline search with the terms estrogen, testosterone, gender differences, sex differences as well as the combinations of these terms was performed. Other combinations of terms included separate searches of estrogen, testosterone, and their combination within males or females, and an analysis of gender and sex differences with the terms human and animal. The salient results from this survey include: (1) An overall greater ratio of estrogen:testosterone citations when these terms were searched alone or in combination with gender differences; (2) an overall greater ratio of testosterone:estrogen citations when these terms were combined with sex differences or conducted separately within males or females, although this trend was shifting toward decreased testosterone and increased estrogen citation numbers toward the latter years of the survey; (3) a trend for increasing numbers of estrogen and gender differences citations over the period of the survey; (4) a clear indication for the term gender differences to be associated with the search term human; and (5) a very small number of citations when the terms estrogen and testosterone were combined. Interpretations and implications of these results are discussed.
How to Have Fun at School, Find Free Time, and Get Good Grades Too!

In today's competitive environment, businesses must adopt continuous improvement to succeed. As a result, engineering students must become familiar with continuous improvement to function in busine...
CURRENT EVIDENCE ON PUBLICISED SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT PROGRAMMES: ARE THEY STILL EFFECTIVE?

Background Alcohol-impaired driving is a major contributor to motor vehicle crash deaths resulting in almost 270 000 deaths globally. In 2001, the Community Preventive Services Task Force recommended the use of sobriety checkpoints on the basis of a systematic review that showed sobriety checkpoints resulted in a median decline of about 20% in alcohol-related crash fatalities. This review included 32 studies published through 30 June 2000. New studies evaluating publicised sobriety Checkpoint programmes have since been published, leading to an updated review in 2012. Aims/Objectives/Purpose To determine if the effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints has changed since the publication of the 2001 (original) systematic review. To explore whether low manpower staffed checkpoints are as effective as traditional checkpoints. To determine the economic costs and benefits of sobriety checkpoints. Methods The Community Guide methods for systematic reviews were used to evaluate studies of sobriety checkpoints published from July 2000 through March 2012. Results/Outcomes Fifteen studies met the systematic review inclusion criteria. Fourteen studies conducted in the USA showed a median reduction in alcohol-involved fatal crashes of 8.9%. One study from New Zealand showed a reduction in serious and fatal nighttime crashes of 22%. The two evaluations on low manpower staffed checkpoints respectively showed reductions of 18% and 64% in alcohol-involved fatal crashes and drinking/driving behaviour. Five economic evaluations showed that benefits exceed costs with benefit-to-cost ratios ranging from 2 : 1 to 57 : 1. Significance/Contribution to the Field This systematic review update confirms the effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints in reducing alcohol-impaired crashes, injuries and deaths. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
Non-operative management of blunt splenic trauma: a 10-year experience.

Abstract There is growing awareness that the majority of traumatic splenic injuries should be managed non-operatively. This review of all traumatic spleen injuries at a large community teaching hospital over a 10-year period (1978–1988) confirms that principle. The study generated selection criteria and principles of non-operative management. Of a total of 91 patients, 23 were initially treated non-operatively. The average age was 27 years and all but two were adults. Splenic injury was confirmed by computed tomography scan in 20 patients (87 per cent) and by liver/spleen scan in three patients (13 per cent). Of the 23 patients, 21 (91 per cent) were successfully treated non-operatively. Of these, 14 had intraparenchymal or subcapsular haematomas and seven had splenic lacerations with haemoperitoneum. Two patients (9 per cent) initially treated non-operatively required splenectomy. Haemodynamically stable adult patients with blunt splenic injuries can be managed non-operatively if monitored in a setting where immediate operative intervention is available. Operative intervention is indicated not only in haemodynamically unstable patients, but also in patients who require more than four units of blood during a 48-h period.
Supporting the habit: income generation activities of frequent crack users compared with frequent users of other hard drugs

US Federal sentencing guidelines punish possession of crack cocaine very differently from powder cocaine, based partially upon the assumption that crack users engage more frequently in criminal behavior to pay for their habit. This article analyzed frequent users (those who have used at least 15 of the last 30 days) of crack with subgroups of less frequent hard drug users in terms of various income generation activities reported during the past 30 days. The sample consists of 602 African-Americans who were current (in past 30 days) users or sellers of cocaine powder, crack, and heroin. They were carefully recruited from randomly selected blocks in the Central Harlem area of New York City and interviewed extensively in 1998-1999. Their IGAs were classified into six categories. Compared with not-frequent (less than 15 days) hard drug users, frequent crack and multiple hard drug users were equally likely to be involved in drug distribution activities, but were significantly less likely to have full-time jobs, part-time jobs, aid to families with dependent children or welfare support. They had much higher odds ratios for non-drug related illegal (theft mainly) income generation activities and sex work among women. Often, gender and birth cohort variables had higher odds ratios with specific income generation activities than the frequent use of the primary drug(s). This evidence suggests that very frequent crack users have been stigmatized by, are largely excluded from, and perform very marginal economic roles in the legal economic system (jobs and welfare), the illegal economic system, and even in the hard drug distribution system.
Patient Autonomy and Incidental Findings in Clinical Genomics

Exome and whole-genome sequencing are rapidly moving into clinical application to aid diagnosis and treatment. However, a startling statement by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) may prove to be a stumbling block ( 1 ). Rather than reconfirming well-established principles of patient autonomy and informed consent that have long applied in medical genetics and in medical practice more broadly, ACMG recommends an abrupt change.
Aberration correction in one-step lens image plane holography.

Presentation d'une methode de correction d'aberration permettant l'utilisation de lentilles a larges ouvertures de modeste qualite pour produire des hologrammes en lumiere blanche
Induction of microsomal enzymes in the southern armyworm (Prodenia eridania)

Abstract Levels of microsomal epoxidation, N-demethylation, and cytochrome P-450 in the gut tissues of sixth instar southern armyworm larvae were considerably enhanced following oral in vivo treatment with a series of methylbenzenes. Induction increased with increasing methyl substitution and was maximal with pentamethylbenzene. The increase in microsomal activity occurred rapidly after initiation of treatment and the final levels of induction achieved were dependent on the concentration of the inducer in the diet and the time of exposure. Microsomal enzyme activity returned to control levels following termination of exposure and induction was blocked by puromycin and cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. The in vivo tolerance of induced worms to orally administered carbaryl was increased in a manner reflecting the enhanced microsomal enzyme activity.
Randomized trial of a case management program for assault-injured youth: impact on service utilization and risk for reinjury.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to (1) assess receptiveness of families to violence prevention interventions initiated after an assault injury and (2) assess the effectiveness of a case management program on increasing service utilization and reducing risk factors for reinjury among assault-injured youth presenting to the emergency department. DESIGN/METHODS: A randomized controlled trial of youth, aged 12 to 17 years, presenting to a large urban hospital with peer assault injury was conducted. Youth and parents were interviewed at baseline and 6 months to measure service utilization, risk behavior, attitudes about violence, mental health, and injury history. INTERVENTION: Intervention families received case management services by telephone or in person during 4 months by a counselor who discussed sequelae of assault injury and assessed family needs and facilitated service use. Controls received a list of community resources. RESULTS: Eighty-eight families were enrolled; 50 (57%) completed both youth and parent follow-up interviews. Intervention and control groups were not significantly different at baseline on demographics, service utilization, and risk factors. Fighting was common in both groups. Most parents and youth identified service needs at baseline, with recreational programs, educational services, mentoring, and counseling as most frequently desired. There was no significant program effect on service utilization or risk factors for injury. Although intervention families were satisfied with case management services, there was no significant increase in service utilization compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Youth and parents were receptive to this violence prevention intervention initiated after an emergency department visit. This pilot case management program, however, did not increase service utilization or significantly reduce risk factors for injury. More intensive violence prevention strategies are needed to address the needs of assault-injured youths and their families. Language: en
Extracting Intrinsic Functional Networks with Feature-Based Group Independent Component Analysis

There is increasing use of functional imaging data to understand the macro-connectome of the human brain. Of particular interest is the structure and function of intrinsic networks (regions exhibiting temporally coherent activity both at rest and while a task is being performed), which account for a significant portion of the variance in functional MRI data. While networks are typically estimated based on the temporal similarity between regions (based on temporal correlation, clustering methods, or independent component analysis [ICA]), some recent work has suggested that these intrinsic networks can be extracted from the inter-subject covariation among highly distilled features, such as amplitude maps reflecting regions modulated by a task or even coordinates extracted from large meta analytic studies. In this paper our goal was to explicitly compare the networks obtained from a first-level ICA (ICA on the spatio-temporal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data) to those from a second-level ICA (i.e., ICA on computed features rather than on the first-level fMRI data). Convergent results from simulations, task-fMRI data, and rest-fMRI data show that the second-level analysis is slightly noisier than the first-level analysis but yields strikingly similar patterns of intrinsic networks (spatial correlations as high as 0.85 for task data and 0.65 for rest data, well above the empirical null) and also preserves the relationship of these networks with other variables such as age (for example, default mode network regions tended to show decreased low frequency power for first-level analyses and decreased loading parameters for second-level analyses). In addition, the best-estimated second-level results are those which are the most strongly reflected in the input feature. In summary, the use of feature-based ICA appears to be a valid tool for extracting intrinsic networks. We believe it will become a useful and important approach in the study of the macro-connectome, particularly in the context of data fusion.
Palladium-thallium interactions in dinuclear complexes with structural components that place the two metal centers in close proximity

Structural studies on two heterodinuclear complexes containing palladium and thallium are reported and compared to complexes containing platinum/thallium and iridium/thallium combinations. [Tl(crown-P2)Pd(CN)2](PF6)·CHCl3 contains a planar P2Pd(CN)2 unit which is capped by a thallium(I) ion that is encapsulated within the azacrown portion of the crown-P2 ligand (Ph2PCH2N{(CH2)2O(CH2)2O(CH2)2}2NCH2PPh2). The PdII-TlI distance is 2.897(2) A and a qualitative molecular orbital interpretation of the bonding interaction between the d8 and s2 ions is given. Orange Pd(μ-O2CMe)4Tl(O2CMe) has a structure with four bridging acetates and one acetate ion that is chelated to the thallium. The PdII/TlIII distance (2.702(1) A) is shorter than that in the crown-P2 bridged PdII-TlI complex, but comparison between the two structures suggests that there is no metalmetal bond in the acetate bridged structure.
Sports Within the Black Subculture: A Matter of Social Class or a Distinctive Subculture?

This research compares the relative prominence of sports within the black and white subcultures. The focus is on variability among individuals in sports involvement as operationally defined by a seven- item index of passive sports participation. The data derive from a national probability survey conducted by Research Forecasting Incorporated for the Miller Brewing Company. Based on multiple regression, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance, the greater extent of sports involvement among blacks remained evident after controlling for age, education, income, and size of city. We interpret these findings as reflective of a distinctive subculture as contrasted with a "culture of poverty" phenomenon as discussed by Rudman (1986) in his study of the sports mystique within the black subculture.
The Communist Utopia and the Fate of the Socialist Experiment in Russia

It is a peculiar paradox that the fall of "really existing socialism" in Europe evoked surprisingly few serious reflections on the historical fate of the communist Utopia. In my view insufficient advantage has been taken of the opportunity to survey the communist phenomenon as a whole, that is, from the perspective of the completed cycle of its history in "the first country of socialism." One may even say that interest in the ideological sources of the communist experiment in Russia has declined significantly. The predominant view explains the Russian Revolution and its tragic consequences in terms of the peculiarities of Russian history, Russian culture, and even the Russian mentality.1 An emphasis on the role played by the universal (and Western in origin) ideology of Marxist communism is very often regarded either simply as naivety or as a relic of the early period of the Cold War.
Effective abelian gauge fields

Abstract For a non-abelian gauge field coupled to external source trajectories, one may introduce a pair of intermediary abelian fields. By integrating over the non-abelian variables one obtains a nonlinear lagrangian for the abelian fields which are related by a dielectric coefficient. The string model corresponds to a limitig case of such an abelian system.
Seabird species assemblages reflect hydrographic and biogeographic zones within Drake Passage

Drake Passage, extending from the southern tip of South America to the northern Antarctic Peninsula, is a dynamic oceanographic region with well-defined habitats delineated by the three strong frontal jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Here, we describe seabird species distribution patterns across Drake Passage and test the hypothesis that species assemblages broadly reflect physical characteristics of the hydrographic fronts. Strip-transect seabird surveys were conducted between Tierra del Fuego and the South Shetland Islands (700 km track line) during January–March (austral summer) over 14 years (48 crossings). Locations of the latitudinally variable fronts were assessed using in situ shipboard data on sea surface temperature and salinity; areas of high variance were used to indicate frontal features. We quantified five distinct species assemblages that correspond to biogeographic regions and relate to the positions of the Sub-Antarctic Front, Polar Front and ACC Southern Front. Dense seabird concentrations coincided with regions characterized by highly variable sea surface temperature and salinity, suggesting that associated species assemblages reflect the mesoscale hydrographic surface as indicated by sea surface conditions.
Molecular interactions within the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine/receptor superfamily

Production of cytokines by immune cells in response to stimuli and the binding of cytokines to specific receptors on target cells is a central feature of the immune response. The IL-12 cytokine family is particularly influential in determining the fate of T cells and is characterized by the sharing of cytokine and receptor subunits. A thorough understanding of the molecular interactions within this family will be a key to the development of therapeutic inhibitors or enhancers of IL-12 family function. While the current structural and molecular data for IL-12 family members is limited, there is ample information on the structurally related IL-6 cytokine family. This review will summarize the current structural and mutagenesis data within the IL-12 family and will attempt to utilize similarities between the IL-6 and IL-12 families to understand molecular interactions between IL-12 family subunits and with receptor components.
NEPHROTOXIC SERUM NEPHRITIS IN RATS : II. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SOLUBLE PROTECTIVE FACTOR PRODUCED BY TRYPSIN DIGESTION OF RAT TISSUE HOMOGENATES

A soluble protective factor, capable of absorbing nephrotoxic antibodies from anti-rat kidney serum, can be obtained in high concentration by tryptic digestion of rat kidney homogenate. The factor is no longer antigenic or at most only slightly so. It is stable at 60 degrees , destroyed by boiling, is non-dialyzable, can be precipitated by ammonium sulfate, but resists destruction by proteolytic and other enzymes. In accord with previous studies on the organ localization of the rat tissue antigen responsible for the production of nephrotoxic antibodies, the soluble protective factor, or antigen derivative, can be obtained by tryptic digestion of rat lung, skeletal muscle, heart, and liver.
Slices: Provisioning Heterogeneous HPC Systems

High-end computing systems are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, with nodes comprised of multiple CPUs and accelerators, like GPGPUs, and with potential additional heterogeneity in memory configurations and network connectivities. Further, as we move to exascale systems, the view of their future use is one in which simulations co-run with online analytics or visualization methods, or where a high fidelity simulation may co-run with lower order methods and/or with programs performing uncertainty quantification. To explore and understand the challenges when multiple applications are mapped to heterogeneous machine resources, our research has developed methods that make it easy to construct 'virtual hardware platforms' comprised of sets of CPUs and GPGPUs custom-configured for applications when and as required. Specifically, the 'slicing' runtime presented in this paper manages for each application a set of resources, and at any one time, multiple such slices operate on shared underlying hardware. This paper describes the slicing abstraction and its ability to configure cluster hardware resources. It experiments with application scale-out, focusing on their computationally intensive GPGPU-based computations, and it evaluates cluster-level resource sharing across multiple slices on the Keeneland machine, an XSEDE resource.
Morphological and syntactic features for Arabic speech recognition

In this paper, we study the use of morphological and syntactic context features to improve speech recognition of a morphologically rich language like Arabic. We examine a variety of syntactic features, including part-of-speech tags, shallow parse tags, and exposed head words and their non-terminal labels both before and after the word to be predicted. Neural network LMs are used to model these features since they generalize better to unseen events by modeling words and other context features in continuous space. Using morphological and syntactic features, we can improve the word error rate (WER) significantly on various test sets, including EVAL'08U, the unsequestered portion of the DARPA GALE Phase 3 evaluation test set.
Functional reconstitution of the mitochondrial Ca2+/H+ antiporter Letm1

The leucine zipper, EF hand–containing transmembrane protein 1 (Letm1) gene encodes a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, whose depletion severely perturbs mitochondrial Ca2+ and K+ homeostasis. Here we expressed, purified, and reconstituted human Letm1 protein in liposomes. Using Ca2+ fluorophore and 45Ca2+-based assays, we demonstrate directly that Letm1 is a Ca2+ transporter, with apparent affinities of cations in the sequence of Ca2+ ≈ Mn2+ > Gd3+ ≈ La3+ > Sr2+ >> Ba2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+. Kinetic analysis yields a Letm1 turnover rate of 2 Ca2+/s and a Km of ∼25 µM. Further experiments show that Letm1 mediates electroneutral 1 Ca2+/2 H+ antiport. Letm1 is insensitive to ruthenium red, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, and CGP-37157, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Functional properties of Letm1 described here are remarkably similar to those of the H+-dependent Ca2+ transport mechanism identified in intact mitochondria.
Quantum 1/f noise in GaN FETs, HFETs, MODFETs, and their oscillators' phase noise

GaN-based FETs, HFETs and MODFETs are ideally suited for use in high-power amplifiers and oscillators, due to their large band gap and high operating voltages. According to the quantum 1/f theory, the larger effective mass implied for the carriers also leads to lower fundamental 1/f noise and to lower resulting phase noise close to the carrier frequency. We have therefore studied the quantum 1/f noise sources in the channel and in the gate insulation. For the channel, a combination of conventional and coherent Quantum 1/f Effect (Q1/fE) is present, with the conventional Q1/fE dominant in the sub-threshold part of the channel toward the drain. It turns out that the quantum 1/f parameter "s" that determines the fraction of the two forms of Q1/fE, is no longer increasing proportionally to the width of the device w, when the latter exceeds the length of the channel. A logarithmic dependence on w is obtained for s instead. This is why an extremely large width w does not automatically lead to coherent Q1/fE in HFETs. Conventional Q1/fE applies for the gate insulation, with contributions of the much larger piezoelectric Q1/fE in spontaneously polarized AlGaN, if gate leakage is present. The noise figure is calculated, including all contributions. Finally, the minimal expected oscillator phase noise is calculated from the Q1/fE in the dissipative elements, even for perfectly linear amplifiers, by multiplication with the inverse fourth power of the quality factor, as was first done by us for quartz in 1979.
Adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine in the 1950s, neuroleptic medications have been the mainstay of treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. These medications do not always lead to complete remission of symptoms but they have allowed many patients to lead more productive and satisfying lives away from the restrictions of chronic hospitalisation. However, neuroleptics are associated with a number of adverse effects that can compromise their effectiveness. Extrapyramidal adverse effects include acute dystonic reactions, neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism and akathisia. They can often be treated with neuroleptic dose reduction, addition of anticholinergic or beta-blocking agents, or medication change. Later-onset movement disorders such as tardive dyskinesia or dystonia require careful evaluation and may be treated with dose reduction or change of neuroleptic to an atypical agent. Potentially fatal reactions such as agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome can rarely occur and often require significant medical intervention. Clozapine offers some advantages over 'typical' neuroleptics but has a unique adverse effect profile which includes agranulocytosis.
Forecasting the Dst index during corotating interaction region events using synthesized solar wind parameters

[1] Observations from SOHO, STEREO, and ACE during the declining phase of the solar cycle toward the deep minimum in 2008 are analyzed to establish the timing of corotating interaction region (CIR) activity. This analysis is then employed to synthesize signals of the z component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz, solar wind radial velocity vx, and solar wind proton density Np at 1 AU. The synthesized signals are used as a substitute for ACE measurements to represent solar wind forcing due to coronal hole driven CIR events occurring during multiple Bartel rotations (BR 2381 to BR 2393). The signals drive a low-order physics-based model of the magnetosphere called WINDMI, one of whose outputs is the ground-based measurement of the Dst index. Estimating the arrival of CIR events for future rotations using ACE and SOHO data during BR 2381 produced what we refer to as an uncalibrated yearly forecast. We next generated a video-calibrated estimate of the arrival times of CIR events in addition to information from BR 2381 using SOHO and STEREO images of the Sun in order to produce a simulated 3.5 day ahead forecast of possible geomagnetic activity. The time of arrival of CIR events is taken to be the travel time of density compressions as seen in a noninertial frame according to a radial solar wind speed of 500 km/s and a distance of 1 AU. We were able to forecast the timing of CIR-induced geomagnetic activity to within 12 h for 17 out of 28 events by using the expected recurrence of the events through multiple Bartel rotations together with SOHO and STEREO coronal hole sightings made 3.5 days before every event. The uncertainty in the IMF Bz led to a forecast of levels of geomagnetic activity on an ensemble basis, yielding a distribution of different possible Dst signatures. We used a 10-sample ensemble and a 50-sample ensemble to obtain typical representations of geomagnetic activity. Depending on the periodicity and intensity of fluctuations in Bz, we obtained higher or lower levels of activity and shorter or longer times for the recovery of the Dst to quiet levels.
Electron spin relaxation in ionic solutions: Anion-anion or cation-cation pairs

The theory of magnetic dipole-dipole interaction is combined with expressions for diffusion in ionic liquid solutions. The result may be used to calculate the contribution to electron spin resonance line broadening caused by dipolar interaction between two paramagnetic ions. Both ions must have the same charge sign. Effects of ionic strength and different correlation mechanisms are considered. The theory is illustrated by an analysis of experimental data from several representative ions covering a wide range of relaxation times. In most cases scalar coupling contributes a much larger amount to the broadening than does the dipolar mechanism. However, dipolar coupling is found to be important when (SO3)2NO−2 is broadened by Cr(CN)6−3 in aqueous solution.
Preliminary results for model identification in characterizing 2-D topographic road profiles

Load data representing severe customer usage is needed throughout a chassis development program; the majority of these chassis loads originate with the excitation from the road. These chassis loads are increasingly derived from vehicle simulations. Simulating a vehicle traversing long roads is simply impractical, however, and a greatly reduced set of characteristic roads must be found. In order to characterize a road, certain modeling assumptions must be made. Several models have been proposed making various assumptions about the properties that road profiles possess. The literature in this field is reviewed before focusing on two modeling assumptions of particular interest: the stationarity of the signal (homogeneity of the road) and the corresponding interval over which previous data points are correlated to the current data point. In this work, 2-D topographic road profiles are considered to be signals that are realizations of a stochastic process. The objective of this work is to investigate the stationarity assumption and the interval of influence for several carefully controlled sections of highway pavement in the United States. Two statistical techniques are used in analyzing these data: the autocorrelation and the partial autocorrelation. It is shown that the road profile signals in their original form are not stationary and have an extremely long interval of influence on the order of 25m. By differencing the data, however, it is often possible to generate stationary residuals and a very short interval of influence on the order of 250mm. By examining the autocorrelation and the partial autocorrelation, various versions of ARIMA models appear to be appropriate for further modeling. Implications to modeling the signals as Markov Chains are also discussed. In this way, roads can be characterized by the model architecture and the particular parameterization of the model. Any synthetic road realized from a particular model represents all profiles in this set. Realizations of any length can be generated, allowing efficient simulation and timely information about the chassis loads that can be used for design decisions. This work provides insights for future development in the modeling and characterization of 2-D topographic road profiles.
The transsylvian approach to middle cerebral artery bifurcation/trifurcation aneurysms

A transsylvian approach to treat aneurysms located at the bifurcation/trifurcation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is described. This surgical route traces a distal MCA branch retrogradely into the Sylvian fissure whereupon a secondary MCA branch and the main stem of the MCA (M1) are identified before aneurysm clipping. The advantages, and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. The transsylvian route should be considered as an alternative to the traditional pterional approach, which utilizes proximal to distal dissection of the MCA, in situations when the M1 is long or when the pterional approach is inadvisable.
Protecting Civilians from Mass Atrocities: Meeting the Challenge of R2P Rejectionism

The three broad challenges that obstruct R2P’s implementation are conceptual, institutional, and political. Most scholarly work on R2P deals with the conceptual or institutional obstacles, paying insufficient attention to the political process. In this paper I analyse the motivations behind country opposition to the responsibility to protect and make recommendations to address the drivers of R2P rejectionism. A mix of underlying variables feeds this opposition, in particular experiences with state repression, mass atrocities and external interference, tactical maneuvers by UN delegations, and state revisionism. The political context for R2P implementation is not ‘a given’, but to some extent susceptible to external influence. In order to move R2P from an aspiration into an accepted norm, advocates with significant political leverage could undermine R2P opposition where possible. Neutralising rejectionism is key to obtain a stronger consensus resolution, move R2P into the normative mainstream, and increase the pressure to formulate rapid and robust responses to imminent or ongoing atrocities.
A Randomized Trial of Two Irremovable Off-Loading Devices in the Management of Plantar Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers

OBJECTIVE —The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a removable cast walker (RCW) rendered irremovable (iTCC) with the total contact cast (TCC) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic plantar foot ulcers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial, 41 consecutive diabetic patients with chronic, nonischemic, neuropathic plantar foot ulcers were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a RCW rendered irremovable by wrapping it with a single layer of fiberglass casting material (i.e., an iTCC) or a standard TCC. Primary outcome measures were the proportion of patients with ulcers that healed at ≤12 weeks, healing rates, complication rates, cast placement/removal times, and costs. RESULTS —The proportions of patients with ulcers that healed within 12 weeks in the iTCC and TCC groups were 80 and 74%, respectively (94 and 93%, respectively, when patients who were lost to follow-up were excluded). Survival analysis (healing rates) was statistically equivalent in the two groups, as were complication rates, but with a trend toward benefit in the iTCC group. The iTCC took significantly less time to place and remove than the TCC with 39% and 36% reductions, respectively. There was also an overall lower cost associated with the use of the iTCC compared with the TCC. CONCLUSIONS —The iTCC may be equally efficacious, faster to place, easier to use, and less expensive than the TCC in the treatment of diabetic plantar neuropathic foot ulcers.
Stargrass Response to Lime and Phosphogypsum

Stargrass (Cynodon spp.) is an important forage in tropical Florida and other tropical regions of the world. Lime is believed to be a major input needed for stargrass production. A field study was conducted on a Pomona fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic, Ultic Haplaquod) to determine the response of stargrass to lime and phosphogypsum and to determine if lime application levels can be reduced below the current agronomic recommendations for commercial growers (pH = 6.0). Treatments consisted of a check (0 tons lime or phosphogypsum/acre) and five rates of dolomitic limestone (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 tons/acre) and two rates of phosphogypsum (1.0 and 2.0 tons/acre) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Dolomitic lime increased stargrass dry matter (DM) yields quadratically in all 3 yr with yield maximizing when 2 ton/acre of dolomitic lime was applied. Application of dolomitic lime increased soil pH, soil Ca, and soil Mg linearly in the Ap soil horizon. Soil pH ranged from 4.6 to 6.0 and exchangeable Al ranged from 10.4 to 18.1 ppm for the Ap horizon for the 3.0 and 0 ton lime/acre treatments, respectively. Application of phosphogypsum resulted in increased yields in spite of the increase in soil acidity. Stargrass roots penetrated the spodic horizon regardless of phosphogypsum or lime rates. This study demonstrates the importance of dolomitic lime or phosphogypsum for stargrass production in low pH soils and that the recommended rate of lime application may be reduced without affecting forage production.