cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional correlates of synaptic transmission in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Because vertebrate neuromuscular junctions are readily accessible for experimental manipulation, they have provided a superb model in which to examine and test functional correlates of chemical synaptic transmission. In the neuromuscular synapse, acetylcholine receptors have been localized to the crests of the junctional folds and visualized by a variety of ultrastructural techniques. By using ultrarapid freezing techniques with a temporal resolution of less than 1 msec, quantal transmitter release has been correlated with synaptic vesicle exocytosis at discrete sites called "active zones." Mechanisms for synaptic vesicle membrane retrieval and recycling have been identified by using immunological approaches and correlated with endocytosis via coated pits and coated vesicles. In this review, available ultrastructural, physiological, immunological, and biochemical data have been used to construct an ultrastructural model of neuromuscular synaptic transmission that correlates structure and function at the molecular level.
Is stochastic equivalent linearization a subtly flawed procedure

Abstract The standard equivalent linearization procedure for estimating the mean and variance of the response of nonlinear dynamic systems has proved to be an unusually effective technique. For over forty years there has been general agreement about the procedure to be followed. Recently two independent claims have been made that the standard procedure harbors a subtle flaw. In place of the standard procedure, essentially the same alternative procedure was claimed to be the “correct” procedure, even though, in the test cases investigated, the alternative “correct” procedure produced estimates with greater errors than the “incorrect” standard procedure. The present note investigates the claim that the standard procedure is flawed and finds that: (a) there is no subtle flaw in the standard procedure; (b) the proposed alternative procedure differs from the standard procedure in that it employs a different criterion for selecting the optimum linear approximation; (c) there is also no flaw in the proposed alternative procedure; but, (d) there does not seem to be any practical advantage to using the proposed alternative, since the standard procedure is simpler and more accurate.
The atmospheric eclipse of 31 Cygni in the ultraviolet

Theoretical spectra are compared with high-dispersion IUE observations for the 1982 atmospheric eclipse of 31 Cyg. It is found that temperature increases with height in the chromosphere, showing a range of 5,000-14,400 K for four lines of sight. Turbulence remains in the range 20-25 km/s throughout the chromosphere. The turbulence and temperature values may be lower in chromospheric gas just above the temperature minimum. The temperature-minimum region of the upper photosphere was found to have a temperature near 2,500 K. The velocity structure of wind lines of O I, Si II, Mg II, and Fe II indicates that most of the wind on the side of the K supergiant toward the B dwarf is photoionized to the next higher ionization stage. Abundances of heavy elements are shown to be close to solar with anomalies that may be the result of systematic errors in the oscillator strengths.
Effect of aging on the adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activity of isolated fat cells of rat

Abstract The activities of adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase were studied in epididymal fat cells isolated from young (5–6 week), middle-aged (10–12 week) and old (18–24 weeks) rats. Adenyl cyclase activity in fat cell homogenates was assayed by the formation of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic 3′,5′-AMP) from ATP. The NaF-and norepinephrine-stimulated adenyl cyclase activity was much lower in fat cell homogenates of old rats than in those of the younger rats. Adenyl cyclase activity in intact fat cells was assayed by measuring the accumulatiion of 3 H-labeled cyclic 3′,5′-AMP by cells which had been previously labeled with [ 3 H]adenine. The norepinephrine stimulated adenyl cyclase activity in intact fat cells also decreased markedly in older rats. By contrast, phosphodiesterase activity was higher in fat cells of the older rats.
Care of young under communal conditions in the mouse (Mus musculus).

Lactating mice and their young were housed with either virgin female or male mice. Virgin females cared for the young as much as did the lactating animals and in one instance were actually seen to aid in their delivery. Males displayed little caretaking behavior in the communal situation but exhibited a full range of such behavior when housed individually with young.
Adaptive optics reconstruction utilizing supersampled deformable mirror influence functions

Control laws for an adaptive optics system for the Palomar Mountain Hale Telescope are described. These are derived using a linear matrix model of the optics, which gives the Hartman-sensor centroids and the science camera wavefront as functions of deformable mirror (DM) commands and atmospheric phase. The matrices defining this system can be directly measured from the optics, some at finer spatial resolution than the wavefront sensor can resolve. A minimum-wavefront compensator feeds back both the wavefront sensor centroids and previous DM commands, using the atmospheric covariance to smooth the response at the finer spatial scale. The DM command feedback provides direct observability of waffle, piston and other modes unobservable in the wavefront sensor. Compensator gains can be updated using Kalman filtering techniques to track the evolution of the atmospheric covariance matrix.
Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital

Abstract In spite of a prevailing policy focus, little is known about the employment outcomes of former foster youth during early adulthood and the factors associated with those outcomes. We explore how former foster youth who aged out of care in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa are faring in the labor market at age 24 and what explains variability in employment and wages for these youth. We utilize multilevel models to analyze youth's employment using four waves of the Midwest Study. Our findings point to a critical need to better understand and address barriers to education, causes of substantial racial disparities, and characteristics of family foster homes that facilitate youths' employment. We find that youth who remain in care past age 18 attain higher educational credentials which translate into better employment outcomes. This research also highlights the need for policies directed at current and former foster youth who become early parents.
Cognitive objectives in a LOGO debugging curriculum: Instruction, learning, and transfer ☆

Abstract In this paper we report two studies in which elementary-school children learned a complex computer-programming skill—how to debug LOGO graphics and list-processing programs—and then transferred the high-level goal structure of that skill to nonprogramming domains. Instruction, its assessment, and the transfer tasks were all derived from an explicit model of the debugging process, cast as a computer simulation. Debugging skills were acquired over a period of several months as part of a LOGO programming course; the transfer tasks involved correcting written instructions in a variety of domains, including arranging items, allocating resources, and following map routes. Students showed clear improvement in the transfer tasks following instruction in debugging programs, and in the second study, amount of transfer was correlated with the degree of debugging skill acquisition. Our results contrast with many earlier studies that found little transfer of problem-solving skills in general and of high-level programming skills in particular. We suggest that the key to the success of our procedure is the fact that we used an extremely precise computer simulation model of the skills required to debug LOGO graphics and list-processing programs as a concrete manifestation of the notion of “cognitive objectives”.
Capillary hydrodynamic chromatography

Abstract Liquid chromatographic separation in capillary tubing of particles ranging from 0.5 to 30 μm is reported. Elution volumes are inversely related to particle diameter for materials of diverse composition such as latex, pollen, bacterial spores, silica, and whole cells. Relative elution times of particles are dependent on column diameter and both the velocity and viscosity of the mobile phase. Viscosity appears to affect the relative retention of small particles more than particles over 1 μm in diameter. Addition of ethyleen glycol to aqueous mobile phases diminishes peak trailing wiht latex particles. The practical limit on column length is approximately 300 ft.
Annealing effects on creep of polycrystalline alumina-based fibers

Abstract Continuous-length polycrystalline aluminum oxide-based fibers are being considered as reinforcements for advanced high-temperature composite materials. For these fine-grained fibers, basic issues arise concerning grain growth and microstructural instability during composite fabrication and the resulting effects on the fiber's thermo-mechanical properties. To examine these issues, commercially available Nextel 610 (alumina) and Altex (alumina–silica) fibers were annealed at 1100 and 1300°C for up to 100 h in air. Changes in fiber microstructure, fiber tensile creep, and bend stress relaxation (BSR) that occurred with annealing were then determined. BSR tests were also used to compare as-received and annealed fibers to other polycrystalline oxide fibers. Annealing was shown to have a significant effect, particularly on the Altex fiber, and caused it to have increased creep resistance.
The political economy of aesthetics: Modes of domination in modern nation states seen through Shakespeare reception

In countries that adopt similar forms of hegemony or modes of domination, the ruling class might be expected to approach the problem of the control of taste, as part of that hegemony, in similar ways. Applying the historical ana sociological theory of Antonio Gramsci to the field of comparative literature, I will explore this proposition with respect to modern Shakespeare reception.1 The spread of finance capital in the latter years of the nineteenth century created political crises in virtually every country in the world, from which new strategies and modes of domination emerged. How many, and what sorts of domination came into existence through this process? To rephrase this question, how many ways of disguising class conflict have modern ruling classes devised? Gramsci indicated four generic hegemonic forms, spread throughout the world across different cultural and ideological divides: an English Road, based on rule by racial difference; a Russian Road, based on rule by caste; an Italian Road, based on rule by region; and an Albanian Road, based on tribal-ethnic and pronounced gender divisions.2 I have chosen to explore the reception of Shakespeare in these four different hegemonic modes because his works are important in all of them. An effect of cultural imperialism, the pervasive dissemination of Shakespeare has provoked, nonetheless, rich and varied ? sometimes subversive ? responses in the countless cultures in which his works have been adapted, staged and glossed. Neither Marx nor Gramsci wrote about Shakespeare to a great extent, but they did write about the importance of theatre for political economy. In Gramsci's theory of hegemony, theatre was important on two levels, that of the praxis of intellectuals, directors and actors, and that of hegemony itself.3 Thus, theatre has a privileged place in the study of the state's relation to aesthetics. Moreover, theatre includes the widest range of artistic expressions,
One-angle fluorescence tomography with in-and-out motion

The usual tomography is achieved by acquiring measurements around an object with multiple angles. The possibility of obtaining a fluorescence tomographic image from measurements at only one angle is explored. Instead of rotating around the object, the camera (or the objective lens) moves toward (or away from) the object and takes photographs while the camera’s focal plane passes through the object. The volume of stacked two-dimensional pictures forms a blurred three-dimensional image. The true image can be obtained by deconvolving the system’s point spread function. Simplified computer simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The computer simulations indicate that it is feasible to obtain a tomographic image by using the in-and-out motion to acquire data.
Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA product activates the Rhizobium meliloti nitrogenase promoter

Bacteria in the genus Rhizobium normally fix nitrogen only when they interact with leguminous plants to produce on the roots a highly differentiated structure, the nodule, within which the bacteria differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. By contrast, the enteric bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae reduces nitrogen in a free-living state in conditions of low oxygen tension and deficiency of fixed nitrogen. In K. pneumoniae the overall circuitry by which nitrogen-fixation (nif) genes are regulated has been elucidated1,4. In response to ammonia starvation, the product of the glnG gene activates transcription of the nifLA operon; this activation is dependent on the product of glnF (ref. 4). The nifA gene product is in turn required for transcription of all the other nif genes, including the nifHDK operon which codes for the subunits of nitrogenase. In contrast, very little is known about the sequence of events involved in the regulated change in rhizobial nif gene expression associated with bacteroid differentiation. In the work described here, we identify the K. pneumoniae and Rhizobium meliloti nifHDK promoters by mapping the in vivo start points of transcription. By defining and comparing the DNA sequences of these two promoters, we find that they share an unexpected degree of homology. Further, by constructing fusions of each of the two promoters to the lacZ gene from Escherichia coli, we show that both promoters are activated by the product of the K. pneumoniae nifA gene.
Modulation of extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens by a taurine uptake inhibitor.

Abstract Using in vivo microdialysis, we examined the effect of local perfusion of the taurine uptake inhibitor guanidinoethyl sulfonate on extracellular levels of various neurotransmitters in the rat nucleus accumbens. Guanidinoethyl sulfonate (500 μM–50 mM) produced a concentration-dependent increase in extracellular taurine levels. While 500 μM and 5 mM concentrations of guanidinoethyl sulfonate were largely without effect, 50 mM guanidinoethyl sulfonate produced a significant decrease in extracellular levels of aspartate, glutamate and glycine, with no effect on extracellular dopamine levels. These results indicate that guanidinoethyl sulfonate can modulate extracellular amino acid levels in the nucleus accumbens.
Multiscale Gaussian Random Fields and Their Application to Cosmological Simulations

This paper describes the generation of Gaussian random fields with multiple levels of resolution. We present the theory of adaptive mesh refinement of Gaussian random fields followed by the implementation and testing of a computer code package performing this refinement called "GRAFIC2." This package is available to the computational cosmology community at http://arcturus.mit.edu/grafic/ or by e-mail from the author.
A general equation and optimal design for a 2-factor restricted region

Abstract Economic, practical, or physical constraints sometimes prevent the factor space of a designed experiment from being a regular p-dimensional hypercube or hypersphere. Since standard designs may not be the best choice, it is desirable to be able to find best designs under these restrictions. This paper extends the work of Zahran et al. (J. Quality Tech. 35 (4)) using a more general equation to define the boundary of a modifying 22 factorial design and considers optimality criteria for the best of the designs.
Nuclear Targeting Dynamics of Gold Nanoclusters for Enhanced Therapy of HER2+ Breast Cancer

Recent advances in fluorescent metal nanoclusters have spurred tremendous interest in nanomedicine due to the ease of fabrication, excellent biocompatibility, and, more importantly, excellent wavelength-dependent tunability. Herein, we report our findings on fluorescent BSA-protected gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), ∼2 nm in size conjugated with Herceptin (AuNCs-Her), for specific targeting and nuclear localization in ErbB2 over-expressing breast cancer cells and tumor tissue as a novel fluorescent agent for simultaneous imaging and cancer therapy. More interestingly, we found that AuNCs-Her could escape the endolysosomal pathway and enter the nucleus of cancer cells to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Herceptin. We elucidate the diffusion characteristics (diffusion time and number of diffusers) and concentration of the fluorescing clusters in the nucleus of live cells. Our findings also suggest that the nuclear localization effect of AuNCs-Her enhances the anticancer therapeutic efficacy of Herceptin as evidenced by the induction of DNA damage. This study not only discusses a new nanomaterial platform for nuclear delivery of drugs but also provides important insights on nuclear targeting for enhanced therapy.
Corporate universities of the future

Corporate universities, like other lines of business within an enterprise, have customers and other stakeholders whose wants need to be satisfied. They operate in an environment subject to demographic, technological, and political trends that could affect their business. The leaders of corporate universities need to define the business situation they face so as to leverage their university’s strengths, minimize its problems, actively seek out and select opportunities, and protect against threats. To treat a corporate university as a staff function or support activity is likely to lead to the demise of the university. Corporate universities ‐ if they are to persist past a faddish stage of lip service to “learning organizations” ‐ should be managed as lines of business serving the learning needs of internal, and at times external, personnel.
Control of the Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, with Systemic Insecticides

Field experiments in 1964 and 1965 demonstrated the effectiveness of phosphamidon, dimethoate, and Bidrin® (3-hydroxy- N, N -dimethy-cis-crotanamide dimethyl phosphate) against the larvae of the walnut husk fly. These materials prevented shell staining when applied as sprays to nuts containing eggs or newly hatched larvae. Oxydemetonmethyl and Niagara 10242, (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) were not effective at the dosages tested. Phosphamidon applied late in the season to heavily infested trees reduced both the incidence and extent of shell staining and the incidence of moldy nut meats. The use of systemic insecticides for walnut husk fly control should make possible a reduction in the number of treatments from that currently required with contact materials.
Alcohol problems in women admitted to a level I trauma center: a gender-based comparison.

Background: Male patients constitute such a large proportion of trauma patients that most studies of alcohol problems in trauma patients have been carried out with clinical data largely or totally contributed by male patients. It may be incorrect to assume that the nature of alcoholism in women and men is identical, or that the size of the problem among women is small, eliminating the need to specifically study female patients. The purpose of this study was to perform a gender-based comparison of alcohol problems in trauma patients. Methods: Admitted injured patients underwent routine screening, including a blood alcohol concentration, serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test. A random sample of screen positive women and men underwent a comprehensive alcohol use and psychosocial assessment, and the results were compared by gender. Results: The screen-positive rate was higher for men, 51% versus 34% (p < 0.01). However, screen-positive women and men had similar problem severity as reflected by mean blood alcohol concentration (162 mg/dL vs. 142 mg/dL, p = 0.16) and Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test scores (4.6 vs. 5.0, p = 0.32). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, NIMH-DIS, and Severity of Alcohol Dependence Data form showed that female trauma patients with alcohol problems have the same severity of dependence symptoms as men. However, women were significantly more likely to have liver dysfunction, depression, psychological distress, and recent physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Conclusion: Alcohol problems are more common in male trauma patients, but women with alcohol problems are just as severely impaired, have at least as many adverse consequences of alcohol use as their male counterparts, and have more evidence of alcohol-related physical and psychological harm.
Cross-cultural differences in somatic awareness and interoceptive accuracy: a review of the literature and directions for future research.

This review examines cross-cultural differences in interoceptive processes and the role of culturally-bound epistemologies, historical traditions, and contemplative practices to assess four aspects of culture and interoception: 1) the extent to which members from Western and non-Western cultural groups exhibit differential levels of interoceptive accuracy and somatic awareness; 2) the mechanistic origins that can explain these cultural differences, 3) culturally-bound behavioral practices that have been empirically shown to affect interoception, and 4) consequences for culturally-bound psychopathologies. The following outlines the scope of the scientific review. Part 1 reviews studies on cultural variation in spontaneous somatic word use, linguistic expressions, traditional medical practices, and empirical laboratory studies to assess the evidence for cultural differences in somatic processes. Integration of these findings suggests a startling paradox: on the one hand, non-Western cultures consistently exhibit heightened somatic focus and awareness across a variety of contexts; on the other hand, non-Western cultures also exhibit less interoceptive accuracy in laboratory studies. Part 2 discusses the various mechanistic explanations that have been proposed to explain these cultural differences in somatic awareness and interoceptive accuracy, focusing on cultural schemas and epistemologies. Part 3 addresses the behavioral and contemplative practices that have been proposed as possible “interventions,” or methods of cultivating bodily awareness and perceptual accuracy. Finally, Part 4 reviews the consequences of interoceptive processes for psychopathology, including somatization, body dysmorphia, eating disorders, and anxiety disorders.
When a Policy's Time Has Come: Cases of Rapid Policy Diffusion 1983–1984

Most students of policy diffusion have noted that new policies have tended to be adopted by most American states in ever shorter time spans in the twentieth century. Historically, rapid policy diffusion has usually occurred only when the federal government has served as a central propagating agency, especially when it has used the incentive of grant funds. In the past decade, however, a number of policies have diffused rapidly (i.e., thirty or more states adopting in one to five years, with little or no central propagation). During 1983–1984, two such policies were laws mandating child passenger restraints and lemon-aid laws. Two broad agenda items, education reform and driving while intoxicated, also received much attention in 1984. A variety of specific policies were enacted in a majority of the states. It would appear that some problems become so widespread today that proffered solutions are readily snapped up by state governments as though the policies were ones whose “time has come.” The rapidity of their diffusion seems limited primarily by their “fragility,” that is, the degree of perceived organized resistance to their adoption.
Toward an analytical solution for 3D SPECT reconstruction with nonuniform attenuation and distance-dependent resolution variation: a Monte Carlo simulation study

Based on Kunyansky's and our previous work, an efficient, analytical solution to the reconstruction problem of myocardial perfusion SPECT has been developed that allows simultaneous compensation for non-uniform attenuation, scatter, and system-dependent resolution variation, as well as suppression of signal-dependent Poisson noise. To avoid reconstructed images being corrupted by the presence of Poisson noise, a Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) domain adaptive Wiener filter is applied first to suppress the noise in the primary- and scatter-window measurements. The scatter contribution to the primary-energy-window measurements is then removed by our scatter estimation method, which is energy spectrum based, modified from the triple-energy-window acquisition protocol. The resolution variation is corrected by the depth-dependent deconvolution, which, being based on the central-ray approximation and the distance-frequency relation, deconvolves the scatter-free data with the accurate detector-response kernel in frequency domain. Finally, the deblurred projection data are analytically reconstructed with non-uniform attenuation by an algorithm based on Novikov's explicit inversion formula. The preliminary Monte Carlo simulation results using a realistic human thoracic phantom demonstrate that, for parallel-beam geometry, the proposed analytical reconstruction scheme is computationally comparable to filtered backprojection and quantitatively equivalent to iterative maximum a posteriori expectation-maximization reconstruction. Extension to other geometries is under progress.
Preemptive Uniprocessor Scheduling of Non-cyclic GMF Task Systems

Formal models used for representing recurrent real-time processes are typically characterized by a period parameter, representing the minimum amount of time that may elapse between successive invocations of the process. However a recently proposed model called the non-cyclic GMF model deviates from this trend: there is no single period parameter characterizing the recurrent behavior of the task. In this paper we consider schedulability analysis of real-time systems comprised of collections of such tasks, that are to be scheduled using earliest-deadline first (EDF)scheduling on a single preemptive processor. We provide evidence that indicates that schedulability analysis for such systems is more difficult than for systems in which each recurrent task is characterized by a single period parameter, and derive apseudo-polynomial time schedulability analysis algorithm for bounded-utilization systems of such tasks.
Selenite-induced inhibition of colony formation by buthionine sulfoximine-sensitive and resistant cell lines

We previously demonstrated that treatment of HeLa cells with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which decreases the level of cellular glutathione, resulted in a decrease in the potency of selenite in inhibiting cell colony formation. We have now examined the effect of selenite on normal human lung fibroblast (CCL-210) cells, which resemble HeLa cells in their sensitivity to BSO, and on human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, which are relatively insensitive to BSO. We have found that BSO treatment caused an approximately fourfold decrease in selenite potency in the CCL-210 cells, but had no significant effect on its potency in A549 cells. These results support the hypothesis that for selenite to exert its cytotoxic effect, it must under-go the reaction with an SH compound to form the selenotrisulfide. As a result of the lower sensitivity of the tumor cells to BSO, it was possible to achieve a large differential sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of selenite.
NORMAL FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE LEVELS IN SOME BIRDS OF PREY

Blood samples taken from five great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), eight red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), four marsh hawks (Circus cyaneus), two prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), five golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), and five white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) that had been fasted for 24 h were used to determine plasma levels of glucose by the glucose oxidase method. The mean plasma glucose levels were: great horned owls 374.6 mg/100 ml, red-tailed hawks 346.5 mg/00 ml, marsh hawks 369.3 mg/100 ml, prairie falcons 414.5 mg/100 ml, golden eagles 368.4 mg/100 ml, and white Leghorn chickens 218.2 mg/100 ml. The plasma glucose levels obtained for the raptorial birds in this study were considerably higher than those found for the chickens. These values are discussed in relation to the carnivorous food habits of raptors.
RATES OF DISCORDANCE WITH GUIDELINE-RECOMMENDED LABORATORY TESTING AFTER INITIATION OF MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST FOR HEART FAILURE

Background: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) reduce morbidity and mortality in select patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, but can cause hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury. Thus, clinical practice guidelines recommend measurement of serum chemistries before and within a week after MRA initiation to ensure patient safety. Patterns of monitoring after MRA initiation in clinical practice are not well described. Whether poor monitoring may reduce safety and partially explain the lack of MRA beneit seen in observational studies remains to be determined.
Effects of 14-day treatment with the schedule III anorectic phendimetrazine on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys.

Background The clinical utility of monoamine releasers such as phenmetrazine or d-amphetamine as candidate agonist medications for cocaine dependence is hindered by their high abuse liability. Phendimetrazine is a clinically available schedule III anorectic that functions as a prodrug for phenmetrazine and thus may have lower abuse liability. This study determined the effects of continuous 14-day treatment with phendimetrazine on cocaine- vs.- food choice in rhesus monkeys (N=4).
Failed AAA endograft exclusion due to type II endoleak: explant analysis.

Purpose:To report the patient history and analysis of an explanted modular bifurcated endograft that was implanted to exclude an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).Case Report:An 80-year-old man with ...
Risk of Thromboembolism in Shoulder Arthroplasty: Effect of Implant Type and Traumatic Indication

Background Prior research about symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) after shoulder arthroplasty has not determined whether procedure type (hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, or reverse shoulder arthroplasty) or surgical indication (traumatic or elective) represent risk factors for VTE after shoulder replacement.
An experimental investigation into forced, natural and combined forced and natural convective heat transfer from stationary isothermal circular disks

Experimental heat transfer data are presented and dimensionless correlations developed for forced, natural and combined assisting forced and natural convection for heated stationary isothermal circular disks over wide ranges of the Reynolds, Rayleigh and modified Reynolds numbers, respectively. Experiments with air were performed for a variety of disks ranging in diameter and thickness-to-diameter aspect ratio. The correlation for combined forced and natural convection was developed utilizing the concept of a modified Reynolds number which accounts for a buoyancy-induced velocity. Utilizing this concept, the experimental data and respective empirical correlations for all three convection modes can be collapsed and plotted on the same continuous curve.
Advertising in Asia: Communication, Culture, and Consumption . Edited by Katherine Toland Frith. Ames, Ia.: Iowa State University Press, 1996. 313 pp. $44.95.

This text collects the work of 11 practioners and scholars from Japan, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Korea, India, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. They show how advertising operates in these countries and prospects for the future within the mass media.
PRESENCE OF THORACIC AORTIC CALCIUM, AORTIC VALVULAR CALCIUM AND MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIUM AUGMENTS IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: ANALYSIS OF 1474 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS WITHOUT KNOWN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE UNDERGOING CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY

Thoracic aortic calcium (TC), aortic valvular calcium (AVC) and mitral annular calcification (MAC) have been associated with adverse prognosis. The association between these findings to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary plaque burden and plaque composition has not been examined.
Relationship of dusk‐sector electric field to energy dispersion at the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet for nonequatorially mirroring electrons

The steady state relationships between the convection electric field and electron boundary energy dispersion in the dusk sector are obtained for off-equatorially mirroring electrons in dipole and dipole plus current sheet magnetic field configurations. Comparison of these predictions with dusk-sector ionospheric satellite measurements of electron boundaries and electric fields shows reasonable agreement in magnitude and general increasing trend with latitude, particularly when the dipole-plus-current sheet magnetic field configuration is used.
Determination of digestibility coefficients of various feedstuffs for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Abstract The availability of nutrients and energy in feedstuffs to fish may vary considerably, depending on a variety of factors including fish species, ingredient quality and processing conditions. The red drum is an emerging aquaculture species for which information concerning nutrient and energy availability is needed to more precisely formulate diets to meet their requirements and to enable effective substitution of ingredients. This study was conducted with red drum to determine apparent organic matter, protein, lipid, and gross energy digestibility coefficients and apparent phosphorus availability of the following ingredients: select (low temperature) menhaden fish meal; regular-quality menhaden fish meal, poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal, dehulled soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and wheat. Test diets consisting of a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient were utilized with chromic oxide as the non-digestible marker. Organic matter digestibility of ingredients generally decreased as the nitrogen-free extract fraction increased, ranging between 94% for select menhaden fish meal to 47% for wheat. Crude protein digestibility was high for most ingredients, ranging from 77% for regular menhaden fish meal to 97% for wheat, with the exception of poultry by-product meal which was 49%. Lipid digestibility coefficients ranged from 59% for poultry by-product meal to 88% for wheat. Digestible energy coefficients were generally high for the animal meals, ranging from 72% for poultry by-product meal to 95% for select menhaden fish meal however, digestible energy coefficients for plant feedstuffs were considerably lower, from 62% for wheat to 70% for cottonseed meal. Phosphorus availability from animal products was variable, with a low of 27% for poultry by-product meal and a high of 66% for meat and bone meal. Phosphorus availability from soybean meal and cottonseed meal was 47% and 40%, respectively. Wheat had the highest phosphorus availability at 79%. Data from this study indicate red drum can digest and absorb the nutrients in animal products more completely than those from plant products. This difference presumably reflects their inability to effectively digest the nitrogen-free extract portion of plant products. These data provide more precise information concerning nutrient and energy utilization of red drum and will allow ingredient substitutions in practical diet formulations based on levels of available nutrients.
In vitro assessment of sulbactam plus cefoperazone in the treatment of bacteria isolated from cancer patients

Abstract Cefoperazone is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin that has been used extensively to treat infections in cancer patients. A recent survey demonstrated only a 6% resistance to this drug among Gram-negative bacteria. The combination of cefoperazone plus sulbactam was studied in vitro against consecutive isolates causing bacteremia in cancer patients as well as those selected for resistance to cefoperazone. Both a fixed ratio of sulbactam/cefoperazone (2:1 w/w) and selected concentrations of sulbactam (2, 4, 8, and 16 μg/ml) were studied. Sulbactam was shown to increase the susceptibility of various unselected Gram-negative bacilli; this effect increased with larger concentrations of sulbactam. The addition of sulbactam at optimum concentration levels made 29 of 65 cefoperazone-resistant Gram-negative bacilli susceptible. This effect was seen most markedly for Acinetobacter spp.
The Food Stamp Program in an Era of Welfare Reform: Discussion

tion. Second, the program's broad availability, together with the fact that it provides food rather than cash, makes it less politically contentious than other programs. In my opinion, however, the universal availability of Food Stamps should make us even more interested in understanding how they work. With the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act's (PRWORA's) tightening of eligibility restrictions and the end of entitlement to other welfare programs, Food Stamps may become a more important source of aid for many families. The papers presented in this session are among the first to investigate the dynamics of the Food Stamp program in the context of welfare reform. Each of these papers is thought provoking. As a discussant, my job is to highlight the most important aspects of the papers and provide some suggestions for their improvement. Let me begin with the paper by Figlio, Gundersen, and Ziliak. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the extent to which the recent decline in the Food Stamp caseload can be attributed to state adoption of welfare waivers versus economic expansion. Estimates of the relationship between welfare waivers and caseload size give us a sense of what PRWORA's effect on the number of fam-
Turner Syndrome-Adulthood: Reproductive Health Care and Options

Abstract Health care professionals caring for adult women with Turner syndrome will be challenged in the future to provide and discuss new options in reproductive health care. The rapid evolution of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and other assisted reproductive technologies have created the possibility of pregnancy in women with ovarian failure including those with Turner syndrome. Further developments in IVF, and cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos will enhance the availability of this technology while posing new medical and ethical questions. In the past, reproductive health care in women with Turner syndrome centered primarily on estrogen replacement therapy. The importance of this treatment has been further highlighted by studies demonstrating the benefits of hormone replacement. A variety of special concerns exist regarding health maintenance in this population. Screening should carefully identify all somatic anomalies and include periodic evaluations for autoimmune disease, hypertension, skin changes, and altered renal or cardiac function. Despite the many advances in reproductive health care, it will remain important for health care professionals who treat women with Turner syndrome to provide comprehensive and compassionate care and to provide realistic expectations regarding new reproductive options.
The Information Problems in Organizations: A Research Model for the Value of Information and Information Systems*

Growing recognition of the need for better management information system (MIS) theory and practice centers around problems with identifying the value of information and information systems in organizations. This paper addresses this issue by showing that existing theory in organizational economics and industrial organization directly relates to information problems in organizations (their nature, and their effects in terms of organization structure and performance). The paper categorizes these problems and associated theories into four distinct classes and shows that MIS research and practice can be mapped to information problems of each type. Because the economic theory pertinent to specific information problems includes the nature of the organizational response to information constraints, it also provides insight into the nature of the improvement to be realized if information constraints can be overcome. These improvements can then be interpreted as the value of the associated information systems which suggests using the resultant classification scheme to map between information problems and system value. The paper shows that this methodology provides a more appropriate level of focus than either traditional normative or business value methods, especially because many improvements have structural as well as performance consequences.
Modes of production and medicine: An examination of the theory in light of Sherpa medical traditionalism

Since medical ideologies and socio-economic systems are interdependent, anthropologists have described the tendency of people in developing countries to become more committed to Western medicine as they become more involved in capitalist production. This paper examines the interdependence of socio-economic and medical systems by suggesting explanations for the persistent use of traditional medicine by Nepalese Sherpas who are drawn into the world capitalist economy through tourism. The analysis offers insight on the political economy of health in developing societies by addressing the need to scrutinize variations in pre-capitalist social structures, experience of development, and the practices of traditional healers.
Enthalpies of formation of selected Pd2YZ Heusler compounds

Abstract Standard enthalpies of formation of selected ternary Pd-based Heusler type compositions Pd2YZ (Y = Cu, Hf, Mn, Ti, Zr; Z = Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn) were measured using high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry. The measured enthalpies of formation (in kJ/mole of atoms) of the Heusler compounds are, Pd2HfAl (−81.6 ± 2.4); Pd2HfGa (−79.9 ± 2.9); Pd2HfIn (−76.4 ± 1.4); Pd2HfSn (−77.6 ± 1.6); Pd2MnSn (−54.6 ± 3.1); Pd2TiGa (−65.6 ± 3.6); Pd2TiIn (−69.9 ± 2.1); Pd2TiSn (−78.6 ± 2.4); Pd2ZrAl (−85.3 ± 3.0); Pd2ZrGa (−76.2 ± 1.9); Pd2ZrIn (−85.1 ± 3.9); Pd2ZrSn (−92.2 ± 3.1); for the B2 compounds, Pd2MnAl (−87.1 ± 3.0); Pd2MnGa (−54.5 ± 1.7); Pd2MnIn (−41.0 ± 2.5); Pd2TiAl (−81.4 ± 1.9); for the tetragonal compound Pd2CuAl (−55.2 ± 3.0) and for the orthorhombic compound Pd2CuSn (−43.1 ± 2.3). Values were compared with those from published first principles calculation and the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD). Lattice parameters of these compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Microstructures were identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Selected alloys were annealed at various temperatures to investigate phase transformations and phase relationships.
Cropping systems for the management of phytonematodes

Damage caused by nematodes is one of the limiting factors in crop production. Traditional nematode management is based on the use of crop rotations, resistant cultivars, nematicides, or combinations of these methods. For a crop like peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cultivars resistant to root-knot nematodes are not available. There are soybean (Glycine max) cultivars resistant to some of the species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); however, most fields have nematode infestations composed of mixtures of species. Research at Auburn has shown that tropical crops can be used effectively in rotation to manage nematode problems. Rotations with American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana), castor (Ricinus communis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) have resulted in good nematode control and increased yields of peanut and soybean. Some crops (castor, sesame) are considered ‘active’ in that they produce compounds that are nematicidal, whereas others (e.g. corn, sorghum) are simply non-host, that is, ‘passive’.
Extended preservation of the liver for clinical transplantation.

Abstract A new solution (UW solution) was used for flushing and storage of 17 livers before transplantation. In 9 cases the preservation times exceeded 10 hours (mean 12·7, range 11-20) but all left hospital with good liver function.
Synthesis and characterization of scandium complexes with reduced ligands: Crystal structures of Cp∗ScI2, [Cp∗ScI(bpy)]2, and [Cp∗ScCl(bpy)]2

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of complexes containing a Cp∗Sc(R2bpy) (Cp∗ = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy = 4,4′-R,R-2,2′-bipyridine, R = H, Me) motif are described. Cp∗ScI2 (1) was prepared from Cp∗Sc(acac)2 (acac = acetylacetonate) and AlI3 (2 equiv) in pentane. Compound 1 reacted with bipyridine and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dmb) in benzene to yield Cp∗ScI2(bpy) (3) and Cp∗ScI2(dmb) (4), respectively. Compound 3 was reduced by alkali metal reductants such as Na/Hg, NaK2, and K in aromatic solvents to yield [Cp∗ScI(bpy)]2 (5). The chloride analog of 5, [Cp∗ScCl(bpy)]2 (7), was prepared from Cp∗ScCl2 by salt metathesis with Li2(dme)2bpy (6) (dme = dimethoxyethane) in toluene. Compounds 1, 5, and 7 have been structurally characterized. Analysis of the bond distances of the bipyridine ligands in 5 and 7, together with infrared and UV/vis spectroscopic data, suggest that the bipyridine ligands in these molecules exist as radical anions. The bipyridine ligands in 5 and 7 are arranged co-facially and are in close proximity (⩽3.30 A), suggesting the presence of a π–π interaction.
Molecular effects on the angular distribution parameter from the photoelectron spectra of the 3d orbitals of Kr, HBr, Br2 and CH3Br using synchrotron radiation

Abstract The angular distribution parameter, β, has been measured as a function of photon energy from 3 to 40 cV above the ionization threshold for the 3d orbital in Kr, HBr, Br 2 and CH 3 Br. A chemical effect was observed over the range of photoelectron energies from ≈ 5 to 15 cV.
Effects of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interests in adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The goal of this study was to examine the relation of early androgen exposure to sex-typed activities and interests in adolescence. Participants aged 9-19 years included 24 girls and 18 boys with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and 16 unaffected sisters and 24 unaffected brothers who served as controls. Using standardized questionnaires, adolescents reported on their participation in sex-typed activities and interest in sex-typed occupations, and parents reported on the adolescents' activities. As hypothesized, girls with CAH showed sex-atypical preferences: increased interest in male-typical activities and careers and reduced interest in female-typical activities and careers compared to the unexposed control girls. These results extend findings of sex-atypical play in young girls with CAH and suggest that the sex-atypical activities and interests of females with CAH reflect direct effects of androgens on the developing brain rather than social responses to virilized genitalia. These results also suggest that population sex differences in activities and interests arise in part from sex differences in early androgens.
Computed tomography in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ― Preliminary results

Four dogs were immunized with a mixture of spinal cord homogenate and complete Freund's adjuvant. One of these dogs developed hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis. Cranial computed tomography in this animal demonstrated a low absorption area in the internal capsule that corresponded to the pathologic lesion. Computed tomography scanning may be a useful tool in monitoring experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.