cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching quantitative thinking.

In their Viewpoint “Introductory science and mathematics education for 21st-century biologists” (Special Issue on Mathematics in Biology, 6 Feb., p. 788), W. Bialek and D. Botstein propose that undergraduate biology students must undergo very rigorous quantitative coursework beyond calculus and differential equations sequences, so that they will be intellectually prepared for the challenges of 21st-century biology, where quantitative thinking is the essence of understanding living systems. Their prescription to eradicate this inadequacy among biology students is to develop a curriculum in introductory college-level classes where more emphasis is placed on quantitative thinking. Quantitative thinking is a process that cannot be achieved by students taking advanced mathematics courses alone; an environment that nurtures a culture of quantitative thinking in all science courses must be created. This quantitative culture must be an integral component of all science courses. To meet these challenges, we must revise our science curriculum. Physics, chemistry, mathematics, and other courses must integrate biological problems in their study work, and teachers must change their attitudes toward teaching to become more receptive to this interdisciplinary approach. Understanding living systems will require input from all fields of science. If we can achieve that, then we can develop our students to be inquisitive, productive, intellectually mature, critical thinkers ready for the challenges of the 21st century.
Efficient Bayesian Sample Size Calculation for Designing a Clinical Trial with Multi-Cluster Outcome Data

Health care utilization and outcome studies call for hierarchical approaches. The objectives were to predict major complications following percutaneous coronary interventions by health providers, and to compare Bayesian and non-Bayesian sample size calculation methods. The hierarchical data structure consisted of: (1) Strata: PGY4, PGY7, and physician assistant as providers with varied experiences; (2) Clusters: ks providers per stratum; (3) Individuals: ns patients reviewed by each provider. The main outcome event illustrated was mortality modeled by a Bayesian beta-binomial model. Pilot information and assumptions were utilized to elicit beta prior distributions. Sample size calculations were based on the approximated average length, fixed at 1%, of 95% posterior intervals of the mean event rate parameter. Necessary sample sizes by both non-Bayesian and Bayesian methods were compared. We demonstrated that the developed Bayesian methods can be efficient and may require fewer subjects to satisfy the same length criterion.
Reading journal articles for comprehension using key sentences: an exercise for the novice research student

We have incorporated an active-learning assignment, Reading Papers Using Key Sentences, in an upper-level Introduction to Chemical Research course. Although key sentences are typically used to help authors write with clarity and organization, we have found that this assignment helps students improve upon and practice reading journal articles for comprehension. A recent survey of the Fall 2011 class shows that on a scale of 1–5 (1 = not at all; 3 = somewhat; 5 = very much), students found that the key sentence assignment helped them to identify key words and concepts, understand the author’s point, and evaluate information. Students have reported that the exercise helped them to prepare slides for their final oral presentation; we have also observed improvement in their average grades on the midterm reading assignment exam since we started doing the key sentence assignment in the Fall of 2010.
An Evaluation of Gold and Copper Wire Bonds on Shear and Pull Testing

In microelectronic packaging technology wire bonding is a common interconnect technique. The quality and reliability of wire bonds are generally evaluated by ball shear and stitch pull testing. From the load versus time and load versus tool tip displacement plots of the shear test, three regions can be observed. Region I primarily exhibits elastic-plastic deformation occur, while crack nucleate in region II which propagates in region III which finally ends in a catastrophic failure. Fractographs reveal in the case of gold ball bonds shows fracture occurs in Al bond pad metallization close to Au-Al intermetallics. In Cu ball bonds of 1, 2, and 4 ml wire sizes also Al bond pad metallization cracks but penetrate deeper into the pad which indirectly shows that the bonding layer is stronger than that of gold ball bonds. Optical microscopic observation of the sheared copper bond surfaces reveal sticking of Al which provides qualitative information of the area of the bond between the ball bond and the bond pad. In thermally aged gold ball bonds, the gold above the intermetallic layer fractures. The energy required to fracture a gold or copper ball bond of 1 ml wire size is around 370 J/m 2 , while an aged gold ball bond consumes about 520 J/m 2 . Void nucleation and coalescence mechanism of ductile fracture takes place in the ball and stitch bonds, however, silicon particles may be the preferential void nucleation sites in bond pad aluminum metallization failures. To understand the second bond strength, a stitch pull test was conducted and the results showed the neck of the stitched wire cracks thus leaving behind a tail bond on the lead finger.
CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis

Introduction: CD8+ T cells were originally considered to exert a suppressive role in demyelinating disease because of bias toward the CD4+ T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the most common multiple sclerosis (MS) model. However, recent studies of human MS lesion samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provided compelling evidence about the pathogenic role of CD8+ T cells. In this article, we discuss the theoretical roles of different CD8+ T-cell subsets in MS. Areas covered: A revised focus from CD4+ to CD8+ T cell-mediated demyelinating disease is summarized. Clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells in MS lesions and in vitro evidence that CD8+ T cells injure every central nervous system (CNS) cell type and transect axons are discussed. The role of CD8+ T cells in two animal models of MS and of regulatory, interleukin (IL)-17-secreting CD8+ T cells is reviewed. Lastly, an overview about the pathogenic and/or beneficial role of various CD8+ T-cell subsets is offered. Expert opinion: Growing...
SOAP Strategy Making Reasonable Accommodations for Students with Learning and Behavior Disorders

The SOAP strategy is a problem-solving strategy that provides a systematic approach to adapting instruction for students with learning and behavior disorders (LBD). This strategy is based on four k...
On the use of wall functions as boundary conditions for two-dimensional separated compressible flows

A new and improved wall function method for compressible turbulent flows has been developed and tested. This method is applicable to attached and separated flows, to both high- and low-Reynolds number flows, and to flows with adiabatic and nonadiabatic surfaces. This wall function method has been applied to the Launder-Spalding k-epsilon two-equation model of turbulence. The tests consist of comparisons of calculated and experimental results for: (1) an axisymmetrical transonic shock-wave/boundary-wave interaction flow at low Reynolds number in an adiabatic tube, (2) an axisymmetrical high-Reynolds number transonic flow over a nonadiabatic bump, and (3) a two-dimensional supersonic high-Reynolds number flow on a nonadiabatic deflected flap. Each of these experiments had significant regions of flow separation. The calculations are performed with an implicit algorithm that solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. It is shown that the results obtained agree very well with the data for the complex compressible flows tested.
Bounds on scattering phase shifts for compound systems

An extension of recently developed methods determines a rigorous upper bound on ${(\ensuremath{-}kcot\ensuremath{\eta})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is the phase shift, for the general one-channel scattering process. The method, unfortunately, requires truncation of the various potentials, but it should generally be possible, in practice, to so truncate the potentials that the difference between the phase shifts of the original problem and of the problem for which a bound is obtained is insignificant.In the course of the development it is necessary to introduce, for compound system scattering, an absolute definition of the phase shift, not simply a definition modulo $\ensuremath{\pi}$. The definition chosen is to take the projection of the full scattering wave function on the ground-state wave function of the scattering system, and to treat the resultant one coordinate wave function as if it were the scattering wave function for a particle on a center of force. Though irrelevant with regard to the determination of a bound on $cot\ensuremath{\eta}$, it is interesting that at least for some simple cases this definition automatically increases the phase shift by at least $\ensuremath{\pi}$ whenever the Pauli principle introduces a spatial node into the scattering wave function. The triplet scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms provides an example.
Atmospheric control of the cooling rate of impact melts and cryolavas on Titan's surface

Abstract As on Earth, Titan’s atmosphere plays a major role in the cooling of heated surfaces. We have assessed the mechanisms by which Titan’s atmosphere, dominantly N 2 at a surface pressure of 1.5 × 10 5 Pa, cools a warm or heated surface. These heated areas can be caused by impacts generating melt sheets and (possibly) by endogenic processes emplacing cryolavas (a low-temperature liquid that freezes on the surface). We find that for a cooling cryolava flow, lava lake, or impact melt body, heat loss is mainly driven by atmospheric convection. Radiative heat loss, a dominant heat loss mechanism with terrestrial silicate lava flows, plays only a minor role on Titan. Long-term cooling and solidification are dependent on melt sheet or flow thickness, and also local climate, because persistent winds will speed cooling. Relatively rapid cooling caused by winds reduces the detectability of these thermal events by instruments measuring surface thermal emission. Because surface temperature drops by ≈50% within ≈1 day of emplacement, fresh flows or impact melt may be difficult to detect via thermal emission unless an active eruption is directly observed. Cooling of flow or impact melt surfaces are orders of magnitude faster on Titan than on airless moons (e.g., Enceladus or Europa). Although upper surfaces cool fast, the internal cooling and solidification process is relatively slow. Cryolava flow lengths are, therefore, more likely to be volume (effusion) limited, rather than cooling-limited. More detailed modeling awaits constraints on the thermophysical properties of the likely cryomagmas and surface materials.
Research Issues in the Transition to Free Flight

Abstract In the late 1990s major changes in the philosophy of air traffic control are underway. The traditional approach to managing air traffic is characterized by central control of flight operations by ground based personnel supported by ground-based technology. Future management of air traffic is described as "free flight" and will feature collaborative decision making among pilots, ground based controller personnel, and air line operations control centers - all supported by space based technology with significant airborne and ground components. The effective realization of free flight requires advances in communications, navigation, surveillance, and human factors technology and procedural changes. Some research required to support these advances is described in this paper.
Advancing the field of drug delivery: Taking aim at cancer

Drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics have now been used by millions of patients and have resulted in the creation of new therapies as well as significantly improving existing ones. Here we discuss a number of the drug delivery systems that have been approved by regulatory authorities and that are currently in clinical use, such as controlled delivery of cancer therapeutics, local chemotherapy, polymer drug conjugates, liposomal systems, and transdermal drug delivery patches. The next generation of "smart" drug delivery approaches such as controlled release microchips are discussed as are some of the future challenges and directions in this field.
Quasicrystals: a brief history of the impossible

The 30-year history of quasicrystals is one in which, time after time, the conventional scientific view about what is possible has been proven wrong. First, quasicrystals were thought to be mathematically impossible; then, physically impossible; then, impossible unless synthesised in the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions. One by one, these strongly held views have been disproven, the last only recently as the result of the discovery of a natural quasicrystal found in a meteorite dating back to the formation of the solar system. This paper is a brief personal perspective on this history of misunderstanding and discovery.
LIES, DAMN LIES, AND STATISTICS REVISITED A Comparison of Three Methods of Representing Change

Numerous authors have argued that change is fundamental to the education process, and that the measurement of change is an essential element in efforts to assess the quality and effectiveness of postsecondary education. Despite widespread support for the concept of studying student growth and development, many researchers have been critical of existing methods of representing change. Intended for assessment practitioners and educational researchers, this study examines three methods of measuring change: (1) gain scores, (2) residual scores, and (3) repeated measures. Analyses indicate that all three methods are seriously flawed, although repeated measures offer the greatest potential for adequately representing student growth and development.
Urethral strictures and the cancer survivor.

Purpose of review Urethral stricture disease is poorly understood in prostate cancer survivors who have undergone radiation or ablative treatments. We review the cause and incidence of urethral strictures (excluding bladder neck contracture) in this setting, as well as risk factors and treatment options. Recent findings Stricture rates differ for various modalities of radiation therapy, with the highest rate in high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Risk factors include higher dose of radiation delivered to prostate apex, radiation delivered per treatment, and prior transurethral resection of prostate. Cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound of the prostate also carry high risk of urethral stricture formation, particularly in the salvage setting. Dilation or direct vision incision of the urethra can be utilized as a temporizing technique, with frequent recurrence. Urethral stenting is also an option; however, this is associated with a high rate of incontinence. Urethroplasty has durable outcomes for radiation-induced strictures, with a preference for excision and primary anastomosis because of the bulbomembranous location and relatively short length of these strictures. Salvage radical prostatectomy has been described in a small series as treatment for posterior urethral strictures and bladder neck contractures resulting from ablative therapies. Summary Prostate cancer survivors treated with radiation or ablative therapies are at risk for urethral stricture formation. Urethroplasty is a feasible and durable treatment option and should be considered in the appropriate patient.
Making habitat selection more “familiar”: a review

Behavioral ecologists generally agree that animals derive benefits from familiarity with spaces that they inhabit or visit, yet site familiarity is rudimentary or lacking in most models of habitat selection. In this review, I examine evidence for the occurrence of site familiarity and its fitness benefits, describe the difficulty of measuring site familiarity, note its omission from the influential ideal free and ideal despotic models, and use a literature search to test an assumption of the ideal models that has become widespread in habitat selection theory: that animals behave without regard for site familiarity. I find little support for such “familiarity blindness” in vertebrates. Next I discuss how the study of public information has drawn attention away from site familiarity and point out that both kinds of information are likely to be important in habitat selection. I proceed to examine current models of initial settlement (exploration and settlement of prebreeders on first territories) and optional resettlement (site fidelity or dispersal by established breeders following a period of prospecting) and find that the latter include only basic forms of site familiarity. Hence, I develop the concept that an inhabited space holds a unique “private value” to an animal based on its familiarity with the space and offer a simple model for optional resettlement based on private value that generates several novel predictions, including site fidelity based on cumulative breeding site familiarity and high site fidelity among species with complex territories.
Constraining the 2-component model of marine dissolved organic radiocarbon

Abstract Keeling plots of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and Δ 14 C depth profiles imply rapid, diapycnal transport of DOC to the meso- and bathypelagic zones, but do not constrain the mechanism of redistribution. We review the 2-component Keeling plot model, and present an alternative formulation explicitly based on homogenization of water parcels. Applying this new model to DOC and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) depth profiles suggests that the dominant controls on DOC redistribution differ throughout the water column. DOC concentration and Δ 14 C gradients were consistent with biogeochemical processing in the epipelagic and advection in the mesopelagic. Vertical gradients in DOC concentration and Δ 14 C were insufficient for further interpretation in the bathypelagic. Ultimately, additional concurrent measurements of DOC and DIC concentrations and Δ 14 C values throughout the water column at more locations are needed to constrain the applicability of two-component mixing models to marine DOC.
Themes in Rural History of the Western World

Drawing on a number of disciplines - economic and cultural history, geography, anthropology, climatology - nine scholars examine the major issues addressed by rural history. The result is an admirable collaborative demonstration of the influence of agriculture on more general historical developments. Three authors analyze the struggles between landowners and tenants. They range from capital investment and risk-taking in ancient Roman agriculture to the introduction of vineyards in southern Italy and to surprising advantages in feudal tenure in eighteenth-century Hesse, Germany. Other essays look at how European settlers affected the environment and peoples of the New World: in conflicts of cultures, in the development of the Mexican hacienda, and in land policy on a U.S. Indian reservation. There are also studies of frontier resources, new markets, and new politics during the era of the American Revolution; Spaniards introducing European farm animals to the New World; and the history of drought in Spanish America as a threat to social and economic stability. In his introductory essay, Richard Herr reviews the practice of rural history in the twentieth century and uses the other essays to offer a new way of thinking about this discipline.
SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION, THREE STRIKES, AND THE PROBLEM OF AGING PRISON POPULATIONS: USING SIMULATION MODELING TO SEE THE FUTURE*

Research Summary: The growth of prison populations over the last three decades is a great source of concern for policy makers and observers. One mechanism by which this growth occurs is via sentencing reforms that extend length of stay for certain categories of offenders. This has the effect of aging prison populations, which is problematic for many reasons. Apart from the increased financial burdens entailed in caring for older prisoners, it is also important to consider the intent of reforms in evaluating them. Of late, sentencing reform has become increasingly focused on the selective incapacitation of dangerous offenders. Policies that have the effect of aging the prison population are problematic from this perspective due to the diminishing returns realized with respect to incapacitation as offenders age. Dynamic systems simulation analysis is employed to investigate the likely consequences of recent sentencing reforms that increase length of stay for some offenders. These analyses indicate that the effects of recent reforms may not be as dramatic as some observers have predicted, but they suggest that the consideration of alternatives to incarceration for elderly offenders is warranted from the standpoint of cost considerations as well as that of selective incapacitation. Policy Implications: The results indicate that California's Three Strikes law will not accelerate the rate of growth of the elderly prison population. However, even without increasing the proportional representation of elderly prisoners, the number of elderly prisoners is expected to grow substantially over the next three decades. These prisoners will strain criminal justice system resources while presenting little public safety threat. State criminal justice policy makers and their constituents should closely examine laws that impose very long stays without discretionary release, as these statutes may contribute to the production of elderly prisoners. This problem is particularly pronounced in Three Strikes and other habitual offender laws that use retrospective methods to identify habitual offenders. Additionally, the effects of reforms lengthening stay for some offenders must be considered in light of cumulative effects of sentencing reform resulting in changes to the demographic structure of the prison population overall. Dynamic systems simulation modeling is presented as a valuable policy-making tool, as it allows the policy analyst to examine the potential impacts of laws in the absence of data suitable for conventional statistical analyses.
Alternative standardization approaches to improving streamflow reconstructions with ring-width indices of riparian trees:

Old, multi-aged populations of riparian trees provide an opportunity to improve reconstructions of streamflow. Here, ring widths of 394 plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides, ssp. monilifera) trees ...
The Doctor of Musical Arts in Music Education: A Distinctive Credential Needed at This Time.

The music education profession is in a period of transition. New musics, cultural understandings, and technologies require music teachers to continually update their knowledge and skills. Regulatory changes in many states that require teachers to pursue continuing education credits and receive a master's degree earlier in their careers than previously and the retirement of the baby boom generation will soon create a shortage of qualified teachers and university professors. At the same time, doctoral education is being scrutinized and reconsidered for the relevance of its content and the efficacy of traditional models in preparing professionals for the twenty-first century. This article proposes a way to address this situation by defining the Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) in music education as a distinctive credential and making the degree accessible to working teachers.
Instructional Feedback II: How Do Instructor Immediacy Cues and Facework Tactics Interact to Predict Student Motivation and Fairness Perceptions?

During feedback interventions (FIs), instructors may feel torn between directing students’ learning or maintaining productive rapport with them. Existing research suggests how instructional communication can achieve both outcomes. This study examined how students’ motivation to learn and perceptions of fairness were enhanced or eroded via particular instructional behaviors. Actual face-threat mitigation (FTM) tactics and teacher nonverbal immediacy (TNI) cues were manipulated in differing combinations to manage an FI situation, with varying effects on the outcome variables. Multivariate analysis detected main effects and a significant interaction effect between FTM and TNI regarding students’ motivation to learn, but main effects only for their perceptions of interactional fairness. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed in light of self-determination, facework, approach-avoidance, and feedback intervention theories.
Radiosensitization of EMT6 cells by four platinum complexes

Abstract The greatest research effort in producing radiation sensitizers has been directed toward organic compounds. However, platinum complexes also have radiosensitizing capabilities, perhaps because they bind to DNA. The compound described here are dichloro complexes of bivalent platinum with one or two potentially radiosensitizing ligands. The radiosensitization of oxygenated and hypoxic exponentially growing EMT6 cells in vitro was measured. The dose modifying factors obtained with 200 μM and 400 μM trans -bis(2-nitroimida-zole)dichloroplatinum II (NIPt) in hypoxic cells were 1.5 and 2.1, respectively. For trans -bis(2-amino-5-nitrothiazole)dichloroplatinum II (Plant) under the same conditions, the dose modifying factor was 1.5 at 200 μM and 1.8 at 400 μM. Neither compound sensitized oxygenated cells when tested similar protocols. Unlike the trans complexes, (1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene)dichloroplatinum 11 (Plato) was cytotoxic toward the hypoxic cells in the absence of X rays. The time course of cytotoxicity for 100 μM Plato in exponentially growing cells showed rapid killing of hypoxic cells, and much less toxicity toward oxygenated cells. In radiosensitization studies, dose modifying factors of 1.6 and 2.0 were found with 200 μM and 400 μM Plato in hypoxic cells. The compound did not sensitize aerobic cells. The well-known platinum complex cis -dipyridinedichloroplatinum II (PyPt) represents a cis -platinum heterocyclic aromatic complex that does not have a nitro-functionality. The dose modifying factor obtained with 400 μM PyPt in hypoxic cells was 1.7. On a molar basis, the nitrofunctional platinum complexes appear to be more effective as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers than the corresponding free ligands.
Sonographic monitoring of ovarian follicular development.

Serial sonographic examinations were performed on 15 volunteers five days during the expected midcycle. The 75 sonographic studies were evaluated in a nonbiased manner, and the following features were assessed: (1) the presence or absence of a follicle within the ovary; (2) if present, the average dimension of the follicle; (3) the ability to delineate both ovaries; and (4) the presence of associated changes, such as involution of the follicle, echogenic texture within the follicle, or fluid in the cul-de-sac. The sonographic findings were correlated with serial leutinizing hormone (LH) assays as well as basal body temperature charts. As defined in the study, the correlation between the sonographic findings and hormonal determination were considered excellent in 70% of the cases, good in 20%, and poor in 10%. Both ovaries were delineated in 73% of the examinations performed, thus substantiating the ability of sonography to detect maturing ovarian follicles.
Faculty Performance Evaluation: Modeling to Improve Personnel Decisions*

Based on likely future changes in faculty evaluation practices, this paper examines how institutions of higher education might operationalize performance evaluation as related to research, teaching, and service. A model is developed that allows coupling performance evaluation and relevant market considerations with merit pay, tenure, and promotion decisions. The approach is specifically applicable to tenure-track faculty members in colleges and universities.
Genetic and Stochastic Influences on the Interaction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Identical Twins

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) evolves in vivo under selective pressure from CD8+ T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which are in turn determined by host and viral genetic factors, such as restricting major histocompatibility complex molecules and the available viral epitope sequences. However, CTL are derived stochastically through the random gene rearrangements to produce T-cell receptors (TCR), and the relative impact of genetic versus stochastic processes on CTL targeting of HIV and immune-driven viral evolution is unclear. Here we evaluate identical twins infected with HIV-1 as neonates from a common blood transfusion, with subsequently similar environmental exposures, thereby allowing controlled comparisons of CTL targeting and viral evolution. Seventeen years after infection, their CTL targeting of HIV-1 was remarkably similar. In contrast, their overall TCR profiles were highly dissimilar, and a dominant epitope was recognized by distinctly different TCR in each twin. Furthermore, their viral epitopes had diverged, and there was ongoing viral phylogenetic divergence between the twins between 12 and 17 years after infection. These results indicate that while CTL targeting is predominately genetically determined, stochastic influences render the interaction of HIV-1 and host immunity, and therefore viral escape and CTL efficacy, unpredictable.
A God by any other Name

In his book Ethics Without God, Kai Nielsen voices criticism of Christian thought and morality. In two of his major arguments, Nielsen contends that morality can not be based on the Christian religion or similar theistic metaphysics, and secondly, that if morality is based on God, or God's will, any ‘moral decisions’ are arbitrary and involve no reasoning on the part of the individual. These two criticisms of Christian moral thought can be met by drawing upon the Ideal Observer Theory in ethics.
"Feedforward" Adaptive-Optic System Identification Analysis for Mitigating Aero-Optic Disturbances

As a beam of light traverses through a non-uniform index-of-refraction field, adjacent light rays become advanced or retarded with respect to one another. This in turn creates an aberrated line of constant phase known as an aberrated optical wavefront. Such phase distortions significantly degrade the beam’s far-field intensity pattern resulting in a loss of system performance. Aberrations induced over short propagation lengths, i.e. on the order of the beam’s aperture, are known as “aero-optic” effects. Aero-optic disturbances, such as those created in free shear layers, commonly exceed 1 kHz placing certain sensing and update requirements on the control system used to correct for these aberrations. Frequency response testing was used to perform system identification on one of the key components in an Adaptive-Optic (AO) system. The amplifier used to transfer control signals to the deformable mirror (DM) was shown to have significant slew rate limitations. These results, in conjunction with the DM’s actuator response characteristics, reveal that the conventional AO approach may be limited by sensing and update requirements necessary to correct for aero-optic disturbances. System identification was also used to determine a representative transfer function for the DM amplifier to be used in the analysis and development of an alternative AO controller. The system identification outlined in this paper will also serve as a model for further testing. I. Motivation Aberrations imposed on otherwise planar optical wavefronts cause significant degradation to the beam’s far-field irradiance pattern, resulting in a loss of system performance due to the reduction in ontarget intensity. These aberrations may be caused by variations in the index-of-refraction field; a field producing additive phase fluctuations to the beam’s wavefront as it traverses the flow. Optical aberrations that amass over long propagation lengths are termed atmospheric disturbances and those that occur over short propagation lengths, on the order of the beam’s aperture, are called “aero-optic” effects; this refers to the flow field near the exit aperture of an outgoing beam or the receiving aperture of an imaging system as shown in Fig. 1. Due to the dependence of a beam’s maximum irradiance on wavelength, aero-optic effects proved inconsequential until recently with the movement towards near-visible-wavelength laser systems. With the increased use of shorter wavelength lasers, aero-optic disturbances due to separated flows greatly restrict an airborne laser system’s field of regard; in order to recover field of regard it becomes imperative to perform real-time corrections of aero-optic disturbances. 1 Adaptive-Optics (AO) is “the control of light in a realtime closed loop fashion”.
Influence of sucrose on cold gelation of heat-denatured whey protein isolate

A solution of heat-denatured whey proteins was prepared by heating 100 g kg−1 whey protein isolate (WPI) at pH 7.0 to 75 °C for 15 min in the absence of salt. Heat treatment caused the globular protein molecules to unfold, but electrostatic repulsion opposed strong protein–protein aggregation and so prevented gel formation. When the heat-denatured whey protein solution was cooled to room temperature and mixed with 15 mM CaCl2, it formed a gel. We investigated the influence of the presence of sucrose in the protein solutions prior to CaCl2 addition on the gelation rate. At relatively low concentrations (0–100 g kg−1), sucrose decreased the gelation rate, presumably because sucrose increased the aqueous phase viscosity. At higher concentrations (100–300 g kg−1), sucrose decreased the gelation rate, probably because sugar competes for the water of hydration and therefore increases the attraction between proteins. These data have important implications for the application of cold-setting WPI ingredients in sweetened food products such as desserts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Sliding behavior of multifunctional composite coatings based on diamond-like carbon

AbstractThe sliding behavior of several coatings based on non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) is described. Coatings were producedbyusingamagnetronsputter-assistedpulsedlaserdepositionprocessdevelopedattheAirForceResearchLaboratory.Resultsarecomparedfor two types of coatings: DLC with WC nanoparticles and DLC with both WC particles and WS 2 (“WCS”). Sliding tests were done in air,nitrogen and vacuum and for alternating periods in different environments, e.g., cycling between air and vacuum conditions. The frictionforce and the signal from an in situ Kelvin probe were monitored during sliding. Friction coefﬁcients ranging from near 0.01 to 0.6 havebeen observed.The Kelvin probe detected transients lasting from ten minutes to more than one hour. Post-test characterization included SEM/EDS,Raman and TEM. The role of transfer and mixing is discussed.© 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Composite coatings; DLC coatings; Sliding friction; WS 2 1. IntroductionTypical solid lubricant materials are relatively soft andtherefore not abrasion resistant. Hard coatings are often em-ployed to protect surfaces from abrasive and erosive wear.However, hard coatings may not have low friction and arefrequently brittle. There is a need to design hard coatingsthat also provide low friction, exhibit increased toughnessand remain compatible with their substrates. For aerospaceapplications, such coatings should also operate reliably overa wide range of loads, temperatures and environmental con-ditions and should survive cycling of these variables. Forexample, the coating might be required to operate well inhumid air at a launch site as well as for extended periodsin the vacuum of space. Coatings that maintain low frictionwould assure that energy use is minimized during extendedoperation or when resuming relative motion after periods ofrest during on–off cycles. They would also be expected toprovide increased lifetimes of tribological systems.To produce effective and reliable coatings that might sat-isfy the requirements outlined above, the multidisciplinarycoatings research group at AFRL has chosen a strategy thatincludes all of the following:
Tobacco cessation via doctors of chiropractic: Results of a feasibility study

Introduction There is a sizeable and growing body of empirical literature on the effects of physician advice to quit smoking. Because of the association between tobacco use and the health problems that may provoke referral to chiropractic care, doctors of chiropractic (DCs) may be able to give patients personalized proximal health feedback that may motivate them to quit. However, DCs have not been utilized in this role. The primary aim of this study was to design and refine a brief office-based tobacco intervention for use within chiropractic settings. Methods This study was conducted in 20 private chiropractic practices in 2 phases: (a) intervention development, in which we created and focus tested practitioner and patient materials, and (b) feasibility, in which we evaluated the impact of the intervention on 210 tobacco-using chiropractic patients. Results Analyses were conducted on 156 patients who exclusively smoked cigarettes. Using an intent-to-treat approach, assuming all nonresponders to be smokers, 13 (8.3%) reported 7-day abstinence at 6 weeks, 22 (14.1%) at the 6-month follow-up, and 35 (22.4%) at the 12-month assessment. Eleven participants (7.1%) reported prolonged abstinence at the 6-month follow-up, and 15 (9.6%) reported prolonged abstinence at 12 months. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to refine a brief office-based treatment for tobacco dependence for use in chiropractic settings. The results of this study were promising and will lead to a randomized clinical trial. If found to be effective, this model could be disseminated to chiropractic practitioners throughout the United States.
Television viewing, IQ and academic achievement

(1980). Television viewing, IQ and academic achievement. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 117-133.
A Case of Delayed Induction of Menstruation in Primary Amenorrhea

A23-year-old white woman, married for 2 years, was referred in March, 1935, for sterility. The patient had never menstruated. She had married at 21 years of age. Still having complete amennorhea 6 months later she consulted a physician who prescribed theelol and chorionic gonadotropin. This was taken for 3 months without results. The mother had not menstruated until she married, then only at irregular intervals, and there had been only one pregnancy. The patient's personal history was not remarkable. She stated that she felt well except for frontal headaches which occurred frequently when she was excited or tired. She fatigued easily. Physical examination revealed an attractive young woman of boyish figure whose height was 64.8 in. and weight 117.7 lbs. There was only slight mammary development. The pubic hair had a tendency towards masculine distribution. The axillary hair was abundant, and there was a sufficient excess of facial hair that treatment for its removal at regular intervals by electrolysis wa...
Clinical Rules for Phenytoin Dosing

OBJECTIVE:To develop simple clinical rules for dosing phenytoin (PHT) using computer simulations, then to test the rules for accuracy and safety on actual patient data.DESIGN:Patients with steady-state PHT plasma concentrations at least two different PHT doses were identified from three separate sources of patient data. A computerized dosing program calculated pharmacokinetic parameters using Bayesian methodology, then predicted how many patients were likely to reach potentially toxic PHT plasma concentrations when their daily dosage was increased by 30, 50, or 100 mg. Dosing rules were developed to allow fewer than ten percent of resultant plasma concentrations to exceed 25 μg/mL. The dosing rules then were tested on dose/plasma concentration data from a separate group of patients.SETTING:All patients were being treated by neurologists either as outpatients or inpatients.PATIENTS:All patients were adults with epilepsy being treated with PHT; none had clinically significant renal or hepatic disease. Patie...
Positive Peer Group Interventions: An Alternative to Individualized Interventions for Promoting Prosocial Behavior in Potentially Disaffected Youth

Resumen en: Introduction. Most approaches to reducing the socially inappropriate behavior of adolescents target the individual rather than a group. Evidence suggests...
The Active Streams approach to adaptive distributed systems

The explosive growth of the Internet, with the emergence of new networking technologies and the increasing number of network-capable end devices, is paving the way for a number of novel distributed applications and services. Cooperative distributed systems have become a common computing model, and pervasive computing has caught the interest of academia and industry. To support future network applications, we believe that new services need to be customizable, applications need to be dynamically extensible, and both applications and services should be able to adapt to variations in resource availability and demand. propose Active Streams (F.E. Bustamante and K. Schwan, 1999), a middleware approach and its associated framework for building distributed applications and services that exhibit these characteristics.
Proposed Bell's inequality test using entangled photon holes

We propose an experimental test of Bell's inequality using entangled photon holes rather than entangled photon pairs. The experiment involves feeding entangled photon holes into a time-bin based two-photon interferometer.
TiO2 nanotube membranes on transparent conducting glass for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

Crack-free TiO2 nanotube (NT) membranes were obtained by short time re-anodization of a sintered TiO2 NT array on Ti foil, followed by dilute HF etching at room temperature. The resulting freestanding TiO2 membranes were opaque with a slight yellow color having one end open and another end closed. The membranes were then fixed on transparent fluorine?tin-oxide glass using a thin layer of screen-printed TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as a binding medium. It was found that low temperature treatment of the resulting NT/NP film under appropriate pressure before sintering at 450??C was critical for successful fixation of the NT membrane on the NP layer. The resulting films with open-ends of NT membranes facing the NP layer (open-ends down, OED, configuration) exhibited better interfacial contact between NTs and NPs than those with closed-ends facing the NP layer (closed-ends down, CED, configuration). The cells with an OED configuration exhibit higher external quantum efficiency, greater charge transfer resistance from FTO/TiO2 to electrolyte, and better dye loading compared to CED configurations. The solar cells with the OED configuration gave 6.1% energy conversion efficiency under AM1.5G condition when the commercial N719 was used as a dye and I ? /I3 ? as a redox couple, showing the promise of this method for high efficiency solar cells.
The Berlin Poliklinik: psychoanalytic innovation in Weimar Germany.

After Freud proposed in 1918 the creation of "institutions or out-patient clinics [where] treatment will be free," Max Eitingon, Ernst Simmel, and other progressive psychoanalysts founded the Berlin Poliklinik, a free outpatient clinic. Guided by Weimar Republic principles of "radical functionalism," the Poliklinik and its companion inpatient service, the Schloss Tegel Sanatorium, pioneered treatment and training methodologies still used--and still debated--today. Their funding strategies, statistics, and approaches to clinical problems like length of treatment tell the history of an innovative psychoanalytic institute where men and women were generally treated in equal numbers and patients (ranging in occupational status from unemployed to professional) of all ages were treated free. Franz Alexander, Karl Abraham, Theresa Benedek, Paul Federn, Otto Fenichel, Edith Jacobson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Helene Deutsch, Hanns Sachs, Sandor Rado, Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth, Wilhelm Reich, Annie Reich, and Melanie Klein all worked at the Poliklinik, and from there initiated decades of original clinical theory, practice, and education.
Effects of turbid media optical properties on object visibility in subsurface polarization imaging

We studied the effectiveness of using polarized illumination and detection to enhance the visibility of targets buried in highly scattering media. The effects of background optical properties including scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and anisotropy on image visibility were examined. Both linearly and circularly polarized light were used in the imaging. Three different types of target were investigated: scattering, absorption, and reflection. The experimental results indicate that target visibility improvement achieved by a specific polarization method depends on both the background optical properties and the target type. By analyzing all polarization images, it is possible to reveal certain information about target or the scattering background.
Brief Motivational Interventions to Change Problematic Substance Use

Motivation to change substance use is hypothesized to play an important role in shaping the decision to decrease substance use. Brief motivational interventions, such as Motivational Interviewing, have been developed to target motivation to change as a way to enhance the likelihood that an individual will reduce their substance use and/or seek out additional addictions treatment. Several recent meta-analyses and empirical reviews highlight the strong existing evidence that brief motivational interventions are effective. Newer research is seeking to expand these approaches into new settings, such as primary care and the Emergency Department, with the goal of reaching more individuals who might benefit from brief interventions. Social workers employed in a number of settings (e.g., substance abuse treatment, mental health or medical settings) are well positioned to identify individuals who could be appropriate for brief motivational interventions, including those that aim to facilitate referral to specialty substance abuse treatment settings. An enhanced knowledge of these approaches could facilitate the broader utilization of brief motivational interventions within clinical practice.