cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective comparison of rapid urease tests (Pyloritek, CLO test) for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: A pediatric multicenter study

Prospective Comparison of Rapid Urease Tests (PyloriTek, CLO Test) for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Symptomatic Children: A Pediatric Multicenter Study
Barrier-island aggradation via inlet migration: Mustang Island, Texas

Abstract After establishing its present location around 9.5 ka, Mustang Island aggraded, stacking over 20 m of barrier-island sand in the same location. Throughout Mustang Island's history, tidal inlets shifted within nearly the same location from 7.5 ka to the present, leaving 10–15 m thick deposits of clean, well-sorted, quartz sand deposited within only a few centuries. These deposits lack some of the sedimentary features normally associated with tidal inlets, such as tidal couplets and shell hash. The lack of such features is attributed to the uniform nature of the deposits cut by the inlets during the island's relatively long period of aggradation. Mustang Island was able to maintain an aggradation character throughout most of the Holocene due to the sediment eroded from three sources: Pleistocene headlands, the transgressive Colorado River delta of Texas, and the OIS 3 shoreline of the central-Texas shelf. Each of these sources was exposed to waves and accompanying longshore drift during the island's early history when sea level rose quickly, but was flooded or capped by transgressive muds by the time sea-level rise slowed during the middle Holocene.
Complexation of silver(I) cation by a series of heterosubstituted dipyridyl ligands

Abstract The synthesis of a series of dipyridyl ligands based on 1,2-bis(2′-pyridylethynyl)benzene and their complexation of silver cation is described. NMR binding studies confirm that the incorporation of thioether appendages results in an increased binding constant while ether appendages result in similar or lower binding constants as compared to the unsubstituted ligand. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirms that steric hinderance is critical.
Development and pilot testing of a parent education intervention for type 1 diabetes: parent education through simulation-diabetes.

PurposeTo purpose of the pilot study was to evaluate the use of a pediatric human patient simulator (HPS) to teach parents diabetes management for their children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, referred to as Parent Education Through Simulation–Diabetes.MethodsA focus group study and 2 pilot studies (1-group study and a randomized 2-group study) were used to develop and test a teaching intervention. Parents were recruited from the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic at UMass Memorial Medical Center. A brainstorming group (n = 6) discussed the simulator concept and what modifications would be necessary to enhance parent teaching; the authors also developed the initial hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia teaching vignettes. Two focus groups (n = 13) discussed the acceptance of using a simulator and the timing and content of the teaching sessions. Based on their recommendations, a 1-group pretest-posttest pilot was conducted with parents (n = 10) receiving hypoglycemia education enhanced with the HPS, followed by a r...
Fracture and deformation behavior of common and novel scintillating single crystals

The ability to manufacture large scale scintillating crystals is directly linked to the mechanical properties of the crystal. In this paper, estimated mechanical properties, including hardness, modulus, and fracture toughness of novel and established scintillating single crystals including CsI(Tl), CdWO 4 , NaI(Tl), and LaBr 3 (Ce). Lanthanum and cerium halide crystals have shown particular promise as scintillating materials because of their high luminosity and proportional response. However, the ability to manufacture large crystals of these materials is limited by their low fracture toughness. The mechanical properties of all the crystals are discussed in terms of the materials' deformation and fracture mechanisms and resulting manufacturability.
Torulopsis glabrata vertebral osteomyelitis.

SummaryA case of Torulopsis glabrata osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine producing spinal cord compression and myelopathy is reported. The patient displayed several of the predisposing factors to T. glabrata infection, including diabetes mellitus, a history of abdominal surgery, and intravenous cath
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF CONSERVATION-TILLED WHEAT. I. SOURCES AND APPLICATION RATES

ABSTRACT Selection of the nitrogen (N) source and rate for application is critical to ensure profitable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields. The research objective was to evaluate several N sources and spring application rates for conservation tillage wheat production. Research was initiated in the fall of 1997 and continued through 2000 on Collins silt loam (Aquic Udifluvents). A different cultivar was seeded each of the three years. The experimental design was a split-plot with 0, 34, 67, 101, 134, and 168 kg N ha−1 rates the main plots and N sources (ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and UAN+Ca(NO3)2 co-mixture) the sub-plots. The yield response to N rate varied with year and N source. For the three years, yields were increased by applying either 67 or 101 kg N ha−1. Broadcasting AN produced higher yields than urea-containing N sources (urea or UAN) for two of the three years. Broadcasting urea or UAN restricted yields approximately 12% apparently due to N volatilization l...
GLUCOSINOLATE CHANGES IN BLANCHED BROCCOLI and BRUSSELS SPROUTS

Three major glucosinolates in broccoli, i.e., glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, and glucobrassicin were greatly reduced by both water and steam blanching. Water blanching produced the most significant glucosinolate loss. Blanched brussels sprouts did not exhibit this significant reduction of glucosinolates. This inhibition of glucosinolate loss probably is due to the physical configuration of brussels sprouts, i.e., a tight, compact vegetable that is more resistant to the leaching effects of blanching compared to the loose structure of broccoli. Thus, flavor and the numerous physiological changes and attributes associated with glucosinolates are retained to a much greater degree in blanched brussels sprouts than in blanched broccoli.
Simulating nutrient cycling and removal through treatment wetlands in arid/semiarid environments

Abstract The Constructed Wetlands Algorithm for Nutrient Transformations (CWANT) computer program was designed to mathematically simulate the fate, transformation, and transport of nutrients as they move through ammonium-rich treated secondary wastewater in constructed surface-flow wetland systems. CWANT employs empirically derived mathematical functions to represent a wetland water budget, water temperature, emergent vegetation, and algae dynamics, reactions involving important elements (N, P, CBOD 5 , and O), and ultimately the water quality of wetland outflow over time. Sensitivity analysis was used to calibrate model parameters. The model was verified with weekly data from the Hemet/San Jacinto Multipurpose Demonstration Wetland, owned and operated by the Eastern Municipal Water District (EMWD), in Riverside County, California, USA. Graphical illustrations showed that, on average, predicted values corresponded to seasonal trends exhibited by the measured data. Overall, the model was determined to slightly overpredict outflow concentrations for most nutrients (mean percent error (MPE) = 1.22% for organic N, 2.1% for NO 3 − , 8.69% for NH 4 + , 9.96% for CBOD, and 20.2% for total P). In its current state, CWANT serves as a screening tool to increase understanding of the nutrient transforming mechanisms dominating constructed treatment wetlands.
The patchy configuration of scaphoid avascular necrosis

The proximal poles of five patients with presumed avascular necrosis of the scaphoid, mostly the result of nonunion, were analyzed histologically for true, pathologically confirmed avascular necrosis of bone. Each specimen was reviewed both qualitatively by an experienced bone pathologist and quantitatively with the use of a computerized image analysis system. Avascular necrosis was found to be variable from one specimen to another as well as within each specimen. Midcentral levels showed a statistically significant greater degree of avascular necrosis than either adjacent palmar or dorsal zones. Both viable and nonviable areas of avascular bone were found in an unpredictable, irregular (patchy) distribution, often in direct apposition to one another. It is apparent from this study that random biopsy alone cannot accurately predict the histologic status of the entire specimen; the clinician must rely on other methods to determine scaphoid viability.
Proteomic analysis of the vaginal amniotic fluid (VAF) in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM)

PRETERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES (PPROM) IRINA BUHIMSCHI, CATALIN BUHIMSCHI, HAMAR BEN, MERT BAHTIYAR, ANNA SFAKIANAKI, ERROL NORWITZ, JOSHUA COPEL, GEORGE SAADE, CHARLES LOCKWOOD, CARL WEINER, Yale University, Ob./Gyn. & Reprod. Sci, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Galveston, Texas, Yale University, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Physiology, Baltimore, Maryland OBJECTIVE: PPROM occurs in 10% of pregnancies and is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality. All current methods of assessing the intrauterine environment are invasive. A noninvasive approach is highly desirable, but the AF may be altered by its transfer to the vagina. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed 106 AF samples. Transabdominal amniocentesis-derived AF samples (aAF) and cervico-vaginal secretions were obtained from women with intact membranes (n = 66, GA = 26.3 G 0.8 wks). 20 paired aAF and vAF samples were obtained from women with PPROM (GA = 29.4G 1.1 wks). AF specimens were compared for proteomic similarities/differences by SELDI-TOF-MS. Protein biomarker identification was pursued with in-gel tryptic digests and MALDI-MS/MS. Immunoassays were used to quantify aspects of proteomic results. RESULTS: SELDI tracings revealed a set of biomarkers characterizing both aAF and vAF but absent in cervico-vaginal secretions of women with intact membranes (ie, biomarkers of ROM). This set included a fragment of b2microglobulin, a fragment of cystatin C and a-fetoprotein. In the PPROM group, vAF was enriched with the markers as compared to aAF and swab cervicovaginal samples from women with intact membranes (P ! .001). In the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI), proteomics analysis identified a second set of biomarkers differentially expressed in the aAF vs. vAF, confirmed by specific ELISA, whose elements were neutrophil defensins and the S-100 proteins calgranulin A and C. Interestingly, in the presence of IAI, these differences are lost. CONCLUSION: AF retrieved from the vagina has a different proteomic profile from AF obtained by amniocentesis, and from cervicovaginal fluid. Analysis of vAF coupled with bioinformatic algorithms provided valuable tools for the noninvasive assessment of the uterine and fetal environment. The proteomic markers used to identify IAI differ between amniocentesis and vaginal AF samples and cannot be used transvaginally.
Moderators of Peer Contagion: A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Socialization Between Adolescents and Their Best Friends

This longitudinal study examined peer contagion of depressive symptoms over an 18-month interval within a sample of 100 11th-grade adolescents. Three types of peer contagion moderators were examined, including characteristics of adolescents (social anxiety, global self-worth), friends (level of friends' peer-perceived popularity), and the relationship between them (friendship quality). Measures were collected using adolescents' and their friends' reports of depressive symptoms, adolescents' reports of social anxiety, global self-worth, friendship quality, and a sociometric assessment of peer-perceived popularity. Results indicated that among girls higher levels of social anxiety were associated with adolescents' greater susceptibility to peer contagion. Among boys, higher levels of friends' peer perceived popularity and lower levels of positive friendship quality each were associated with greater susceptibility to depressive symptom contagion.
Time-dependent sensitization: the odyssey of a scientific heresy from the laboratory to the door of the clinic

This review provides both a biological and clinical perspective on Time-Dependent Sensitization (TDS), an ancient amplified memory response to threat manifest in the ability of both drugs and nondrug stressors to induce neuronal and behavioral effects which strengthen entirely as a function of the passage of time following even a single or acute exposure. Evidence is presented to show that TDS may be involved in the development of a spectrum of diseases and how drug regimens based on the principles of TDS could provide a novel and revolutionary means of treating psychiatric and other illnesses.
Base calling for high-throughput short-read sequencing: dynamic programming solutions.

Next-generation DNA sequencing platforms are capable of generating millions of reads in a matter of days at rapidly reducing costs. Despite its proliferation and technological improvements, the performance of next-generation sequencing remains adversely affected by the imperfections in the underlying biochemical and signal acquisition procedures. To this end, various techniques, including statistical methods, are used to improve read lengths and accuracy of these systems. Development of high performing base calling algorithms that are computationally efficient and scalable is an ongoing challenge. We develop model-based statistical methods for fast and accurate base calling in Illumina’s next-generation sequencing platforms. In particular, we propose a computationally tractable parametric model which enables dynamic programming formulation of the base calling problem. Forward-backward and soft-output Viterbi algorithms are developed, and their performance and complexity are investigated and compared with the existing state-of-the-art base calling methods for this platform. A C code implementation of our algorithm named Softy can be downloaded from https://sourceforge.net/projects/dynamicprog . We demonstrate high accuracy and speed of the proposed methods on reads obtained using Illumina’s Genome Analyzer II and HiSeq2000. In addition to performing reliable and fast base calling, the developed algorithms enable incorporation of prior knowledge which can be utilized for parameter estimation and is potentially beneficial in various downstream applications.
An analytical model for collector currents in gated lateral bipolar transistors

A physically based, analytical model for collector currents in lateral bipolar junction transistors is presented and used to describe the hybrid mode operation of these devices in the presence of a gate electrode over the base region. Results obtained from the analytical model are compared with those of computer simulations. Good agreement has been demonstrated with both numerical simulations and experimental data. >
Organic Acids as Tenderizers of Collagen in Restructured Beef

Acetic, citric and lactic acid were incorporated into restructured beef steaks to determine their effect on collagen. These steaks were analyzed for collagen solubility, total collagen content, shear force behavior, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein extractability, thermal stability and color. These results were compared to those obtained from control samples containing high collagen and low collagen. Results indicate that these acids increased collagen solubility, total collagen content and shear force values when compared with the control samples. No differences (P > 0.05) were found in sarcoplasmic protein extractability although myofibrillar protein extractability declined. Acid treatment decreased the thermal stability of collagen. The Hunter Color values of the uncooked and cooked acid-treated steaks differed (P 0.05) from the controls.
The Effect of Light and Temperature and Their Interaction on the Semen Production of White Leghorn Males

Abstract LIGHT and temperature are two environmental variables principally affecting certain activities associated with reproductive cycles in birds. The influence of photoperiodism on gonadal activity in various avian species is well reviewed by Farner (1964). However, lighting for increased egg production long preceded any systematic investigation in this field (Staffe, 1951). Temperature has been reported to influence the reproductive activities of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (Burger, 1948), white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) (Farner and Wilson, 1957), rooks and robins (Corvus frugilegus and Erithacus rubecula) (Marshall, 1952), chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) (Lamoreux, 1943), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) (Kosin et al., 1955; Kosin and Mitchell, 1955; Kosin, 1958; Law and Kosin, 1958) and many other birds. Little information has been available, however, concerning the effects of long-term light or temperature, or both, on semen production of domestic chicken males. The present paper presents the results of a study on the effect of long-term, constant short …
SS433: Periodic Changes in the Radio Structure of Scale Size 1016 cm

Radio observations have clearly demonstrated that the kinematic twin-jet model (Milgrom 1979; Abell and Margon 1979) is the correct description of the general behavior of SS433 and have determined the orientation parameters that could not be obtained from the optical observations (Gilmore and Seaquist 1980; Hjellming and Johnston 1981 (HJ); Niell, Lockhart, and Preston 1981 (NLP)). Figure 1 shows the observed position angle of the radio jet at a distance of approximately 0′.′15 from the core during the period 1979 May to 1981 May as determined from our VLBI measurements at 2.3 GHz. The mean position angle is 98°±2° for a 20° half-angle cone of precession about an inclination of 79° to the line of sight. The phase is consistent with the expected propagation time out to 0′.′15 (1016cm) at a speed of 0.26c for a distance to SS433 of 5 kiloparsecs (HJ; NLP).
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Relationships in Human Cells in Tissue Culture: III. Autoradiographic Study of Interrelation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Ribonucleic Acid

The movement of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from nucleus to cytoplasm has been studied, by autoradiographic techniques, in cells of the human amnion grown in tissue culture. Cells were exposed to cytidine-H3 for 1 hour after which time only the RNA of the nuclei was labelled. After this 1 hour exposure the cells were placed in a medium containing an excess amount of unlabelled cytidine. Periodically, cells from this medium were fixed. Autoradiographs showed that there was a progressive movement of the label from nucleus to cytoplasm, such that after 24 hours essentially all the label was in the RNA of the cytoplasm. A study of the incorporation of the cytidine-H3 in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in the same population of cells at the same times, indicated that the presence of excess amounts of unlabelled cytidine almost instantaneously inhibited further utilization of cytidine-H3. It is concluded that RNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm as a complex polynucleotide structure.
Perceived partner responsiveness predicts decreases in smoking during the first nine years of marriage.

Introduction Support for quitting is associated with smoking cessation, but few studies have examined the influence of more general social support on smoking outcomes. The current research examines perceptions of the partner's willingness and ability to provide general social support (i.e., perceived partner responsiveness) as a longitudinal predictor of smoking trajectories. Methods Data are from a sample of newlywed couples assessed at six timepoints over 9 years. The current analyses focus on both partners in 333 "ever-smoker" couples. Participants completed measures of partner responsiveness, smoking, and demographics through the mail at each timepoint. Results Both husbands and wives who initially reported greater partner responsiveness showed a decrease over the following 9 years in the likelihood of being a smoker and in cigarette quantity. This decrease was not apparent for husbands and wives who initially reported lower partner responsiveness. These effects were mediated by several time-varying characteristics. Conclusions Previous research has shown that support for quitting is an important predictor of smoking cessation. The current research demonstrates that more general perceived social support, unrelated to smoking behavior, also predicts decreases in smoking over time in both men and women. In fact, reports of partner responsiveness at baseline predicted smoking over 9 years, demonstrating the potency of this particular relationship perception for smoking outcomes.
Analyses of Electromagnetic Fields Induced in Biological Tissues by Thermographic Studies on Equivalent Phantom Models

One of the most vexing problems in studies involving the interaction of electromagnetic fields and living biological systems and tissues is the quantification of the fields induced in the tissues by nearby sources. This paper describes a method for rapid evaluation of these fields in tissues of arbitrary shape and characteristics when they are exposed to various sources including plane wave, aperture, slot, and dipole sources. The method, valid for both far- and near-zone fields, involves the use of a thermograph camera for recording temperature disitributions produced by energy absorption in phantom models of the tissue structures. The magnitude of the electric field may then be obtained anywhere on the model as a function of the square root of the magnitude of the calculated heating pattern. The phantoms are composed of materials with dielectric and geometric properties identical to the tissue structures which they represent. The validity of the technique is verified by comparing the results of the experimental approach with the theoretical results obtained for the case of plane layers of tissue exposed to a rectangular aperture source and cylindrical layers of tissue exposed to a plane-wave source. This technique has been used successfully by the author for improving microwave applicators.
Effects of management communication, opportunity for learning, and work schedule flexibility on organizational commitment☆

Abstract In the current career climate characterized by change and turbulence, employees may demonstrate limited organizational commitment to their employers. Rousseau (1998) suggests that two key ways to elicit loyalty from employees today are to reinforce perceptions of organizational membership and demonstrate organizational care and support for employees. Based on her conceptual framework, we examined the separate and synergistic effects of three valued aspects of the work environment—management communication, opportunity for learning, and work schedule flexibility—on organizational commitment. With 1770 full-time and 273 part-time workers of a large national retailer, we found that all three variables had positive main effects on organizational commitment. Also, they three-way interacted to affect part-time workers’ organizational commitment. The implications of these findings for research on organizational commitment and on comparisons of full-time and part-time workers are discussed.
Philanthropic Funding of Human Services: Solving Ambiguity Through the Two-Stage Competitive Process:

Philanthropic funders play an important role in human services—they support policy research and community services—but little is known about how they structure their funding or select grant recipie...
Management of Inpatient Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia occurs frequently in hospitalized patients and affects patient outcomes, including mortality, inpatient complications, length of stay, and overall hospital costs. Various degrees of glycemic control have been studied and a recent consensus statement from American Diabetes Association (ADA)/American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) recommends a target glucose range of 140–180 mg/dL in most hospitalized patients. Insulin is first-line therapy for hyperglycemia as it is adaptable to the changing patient physiology over the course of hospitalization. Critically ill patients should receive intravenous (IV) insulin infusion, and all non-critically ill patients with hyperglycemia should be managed using a subcutaneous (SC) insulin algorithm with basal, nutritional, and correctional dose components. The limiting factor to achieving a near euglycemic state is hypoglycemia. Similar to hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia is an independent risk factor for poor outcomes in the hospitalized patient. Institutions can increase safe insulin use by utilizing insulin algorithms, pre-printed order sets, and hypoglycemia protocols as well as by supporting patient and health care provider education. * IV : intravenous SC : subcutaneous ICU : intensive care unit BG : blood glucose AMI : acute myocardial infarction CAP : community-acquired pneumonia COPD : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease NICE-SUGAR : Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation AACE : American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ADA : American Diabetes Association OADs : oral antidiabetic drugs GLP-1 : glucagon-like peptide 1 SHM : Society of Hospital Medicine TDD : total daily dose SSI : sliding-scale insulin HbA1C : hemoglobin A1c JCAHO : Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations TPN : total parenteral nutrition EMR : electronic medical record POCT : point-of-care glucose testing
HIV Risk Behaviors of Male and Female Jail Inmates Prior to Incarceration and One Year Post-Release

Individuals cycling in and out of the criminal justice system are at high risk for contracting HIV/AIDS. Most infections are contracted in the community, not during incarceration, but little is known about the profile of risk behaviors responsible for this elevated infection rate. This study investigated pre-incarceration and post-release HIV risk behaviors in a longitudinal study of 542 male and female inmates in a Northern Virginia jail. Although there was a significant decrease in risky behavior from pre-incarceration to post-incarceration, participants reported high levels of unprotected sexual activity and risky IV drug behaviors at both time points, emphasizing the need for prevention programming among this at-risk population. Gender differences in participants’ pre-incarceration and post-release HIV risk behaviors suggest the need for gender-specific interventions to reduce overall HIV risk. Identifying specific HIV risk behaviors of jail inmates is vital to improve treatment and intervention efforts inside and outside of correctional settings.
The Information Content of Forward-Looking Statements in Corporate Filings-A Naïve Bayesian Machine Learning Approach: the information content of corporate filings

This paper examines the information content of the forward-looking statements (FLS) in the Management Discussion and Analysis section (MD&A) of 10-K and 10-Q filings using a Naive Bayesian machine learning algorithm. I find that firms with better current performance, lower accruals, smaller size, lower market-to-book ratio, less return volatility, lower MD&A Fog index, and longer history tend to have more positive FLSs. The average tone of the FLS is positively associated with future earnings even after controlling for other determinants of future performance. The results also show that, despite increased regulations aimed at strengthening MD&A disclosures, there is no systematic change in the information content of MD&As over time. In addition, the tone in MD&As seems to mitigate the mispricing of accruals. When managers “warn” about the future performance implications of accruals (i.e., the MD&A tone is positive (negative) when accruals are negative (positive)), accruals are not associated with future returns. The tone measures based on three commonly used dictionaries (Diction, General Inquirer, and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) do not positively predict future performance. This result suggests that these dictionaries might not work well for analyzing corporate filings.
Commentary: A Consensus About “Consensus”?

In “Bioethics and the Whole: Pluralism, Consensus, and the Transmutation of Bioethical Methods into Gold,” Patricia Martin identifies themes common to three emerging approaches to clinical bioethics--clinical pragmatism, ethics facilitation, and mediation-in order to develop an “ethical consensus method” that can serve as a “practical, step-by-step guide” for decision making She is to be applauded both for her identification of themes common to these three approaches and for her contribution to what we hope will be a growing literature on practical methods for problem solving in clinical bioethics that take seriously the ideal of consensus. After a few preliminary remarks concerning Martin's working model, we focus the majority of our commentary on the notion of “consensus,” which is at the heart of her “ethical consensus method,” and the three approaches from which it is drawn.
Humanitarian Intervention: The liberal case for humanitarian intervention

The paper makes the liberal argument for intervening by force to end or prevent serious human rights abuses. It relies on twin assumptions of liberal moral and political theory: that the primary purpose of governments is to protect human rights, and that victims of grievous injustice are entitled to outside help. Humanitarian intervention is legitimate when it is directed at suppressing human rights abuses and complies with the doctrine of double effect. The paper considers and rejects well-known objections: that interventions undermine respect for international law, that interventions are comissive acts and thus more objectionable than non-interventions because these are simple omissions, that humanitarian interventions are objectionable because they kill innocent persons, and that humanitarian interventions undermine global stability. Finally, the paper discusses the libertarian objection that humanitarian interventions are illegitimate because governments do not have the right to send persons to fight for the liberty of foreigners. It concludes that this objections has some force against conscription but not against the use of a voluntary army.
Imbalanced signal transduction in regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor FoxP3

FoxP3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells have a fundamental role in immunological tolerance, with transcriptional and functional phenotypes that demarcate them from conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconv). Differences between these two lineages in the signaling downstream of T-cell receptor-triggered activation have been reported, and there are different requirements for some signaling factors. Seeking a comprehensive view, we found that Treg cells have a broadly dampened activation of several pathways and signaling nodes upon TCR-mediated activation, with low phosphorylation of CD3ζ, SLP76, Erk1/2, AKT, or S6 and lower calcium flux. In contrast, STAT phosphorylation triggered by interferons, IL2 or IL6, showed variations between Treg and Tconv in magnitude or choice of preferential STAT activation but no general Treg signaling defect. Much, but not all, of the Treg/Tconv difference in TCR-triggered responses could be attributed to lower responsiveness of antigen-experienced cells with CD44(hi) or CD62L(lo) phenotypes, which form a greater proportion of the Treg pool. Candidate regulators were tested, but the Treg/Tconv differential could not be explained by overexpression in Treg cells of the signaling modulator CD5, the coinhibitors PD-1 and CTLA4, or the regulatory phosphatase DUSP4. However, transcriptome profiling in Dusp4-deficient mice showed that DUSP4 enhances the expression of a segment of the canonical Treg transcriptional signature, which partially overlaps with the TCR-dependent Treg gene set. Thus, Treg cells, likely because of their intrinsically higher reactivity to self, tune down TCR signals but seem comparatively more attuned to cytokines or other intercellular signals.
Retrieval of Cloud Properties for Partly Cloudy Imager Pixels

Abstract Retrievals of cloud properties from satellite imagery often invoke the assumption that the fields of view are overcast when cloud-contaminated, even though a significant fraction are only partially cloud-covered. The overcast assumption leads to biases in the retrieved cloud properties: cloud amounts and droplet effective radii are typically overestimated, while visible optical depths, cloud altitudes, cloud liquid water amounts, and column droplet number concentrations are typically underestimated. In order to estimate these biases, a retrieval scheme was developed to obtain the properties of clouds for partially covered imager fields of view. The partly cloudy pixel retrieval scheme is applicable to single-layered cloud systems and invokes the assumption that clouds that only partially cover a field of view are at the same altitude as nearby clouds from the same layer that completely cover imager pixels. The properties of the retrieval are illustrated through its application to 2-km Visible and...
Early basidiospore formation in Lactarius lignyotellus.

Basidiospore formation in Lactarius lignyotellus is a complex phenomenon involving cytoplasmic and wall layer synthesis and interaction. Four stages in early basidiospore development prior to nuclear migration into the spore cytoplasm were delineated, as evidenced by changes in gross morphology, wall tegumentation, and cytoplasmic differentiation. The establishment of early spore asymmetry in heterotropic basidiospores of L. lignyotellus was correlated with the presence of a hilar appendix body. The hilar appendix body was poorly differentiated, but appeared to be a demarcated region of cytoplasm that influenced localized spore wall synthesis. The amyloid portion of the spore wall was initiated as an inner, electron-transparent zone. Specialization of the hilar appendix region for forcible discharge was not evident in early spore development in L. lignyotellus. Organelle composition of the cytoplasm throughout early basidiospore development in L. lignyotellus was comparable to that reported previously for other fungi.
The Saccadic Eye Movement Control System

This paper reports the results of an effort to construct a computer model of the saccadic eye movement control system. The purpose of the system, the structure of the system, and measures of system performance were identified. A model of the system was constructed and a computer simulation of the model was developed and exercised. The performance of the computer model was then compared with the measured performance of the system and the validity of the model was determined.
NF-κB inhibits transcription of the H+-K+-ATPase α2-subunit gene: role of histone deacetylases

The H+-K+-ATPase α2 (HKα2) gene plays a central role in potassium homeostasis, yet little is known about its transcriptional control. We recently demonstrated that the proximal promoter confers bas...
Studies on the Antipyretic Action of Salicylates.

SummarySodium salicylate is antipyretic in experimental endotoxin fevers in rabbits but is not significantly antipyretic in fevers induced by leucocytic pyrogen. The in vitro production of pyrogen by leucocytes is significantly decreased by salicylate. The accumulated evidence suggests that in rabbits the antipyretic effect of salicylate is not central on the hypothalamus but is peripheral on the leucocyte to inhibit formation or release of its pyrogen.
Baseline egg load of southern pine beetle parasitoid complex

Nous avons examine la quantite d'oeufs presents chez des parasitoides adultes fraichement emerges du dendroctone meridional du pin, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). De l'ecorce a ete recoltee sur des pins dans des forets infestees par D. frontalis dans le sud-ouest de l'Arkansas (comtes de Clark et de Montgomery; 1995) et dans les forets nationales de Bankhead (1999) et de Talladega (1998-2000) en Alabama, entre juin et septembre, chaque annee de recolte. Les femelles parasitoides fraichement emergees ont ete dissequees et on y a denombre les oeufs immatures et les oeufs a maturite. Il n'y avait pas de difference significative entre le nombre d'oeufs des parasitoides d'une espece dans la foret de Bankhead et celui des parasitoides de la meme espece dans la foret de Talladega en Alabama en 1999. Il y avait des differences dans le nombre d'oeufs d'une espece d'une annee a l'autre au meme endroit. Ce sont les parasitoides de D. frontalis de la famille des Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) qui contenaient le plus grand nombre d'oeufs arrives a maturite, suivis des Braconidae (Hymenoptera) et des Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera). Parmi les parasitoides de D. frontalis de la famille des Pteromalidae, Dinosticus dendroctoni (Ashmead) et Heydenia unica Cook et Davis avaient plus d'oeufs matures que Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg. Chez ceux de la famille des Braconidae, les femelles de Meteorus hypophloei Cushman contenaient le plus grand nombre d'oeufs avances, suivis de Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck, de Spathius pallidus Ashmead et de Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead). Ce sont la des donnees de base pour des etudes sur le nombre-type d'oeufs chez les especes du complexe de parasitoides de D. frontalis.
The Place of Rigor in Mathematics

(1934). The Place of Rigor in Mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 599-607.
The Point Sal–Point Piedras Blancas correlation and the problem of slip on the San Gregorio–Hosgri fault, central California Coast Ranges

Existing models for large-magnitude, right-lateral slip on the San Gregorio–Hosgri fault system imply much more deformation of the onshore block in the Santa Maria basin than is supported by geologic data. This problem is resolved by a model in which dextral slip on this fault system increases gradually from 0–10 km near Point Arguello to ∼150 km at Cape San Martin, but such a model requires abandoning the cross-fault tie between Point Sal and Point Piedras Blancas, which requires 90–100 km of right-lateral slip on the southern Hosgri fault. We collected stratigraphic and detrital zircon data from Miocene clastic rocks overlying Jurassic basement at both localities to determine if either section contained unique characteristics that could establish how far apart they were in the early Miocene. Our data indicate that these basins formed in the early Miocene during a period of widespread transtensional basin formation in the central Coast Ranges, and they filled with sediment derived from nearby pre-Cenozoic basement rocks. Although detrital zircon data do not indicate a unique source component in either section, they establish the maximum depositional age of the previously undated Point Piedras Blancas section to be 18 Ma. We also show that detrital zircon trace-element data can be used to discriminate between zircons of oceanic crust and arc affinity of the same age, a potentially useful tool in future studies of the California Coast Ranges. Overall, we find no characteristics in the stratigraphy and provenance of the Point Sal and Point Piedras Blancas sections that are sufficiently unique to prove whether they were far apart or close together in the early Miocene, making them of questionable utility as piercing points.
Heterogeneity of large granular lymphocyte proliferations: delineation of two major subtypes.

Two major types of lymphocytosis of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) were observed. The proliferating LGLs in each type had distinct immunophenotypes, functional characteristics, and probably belonged to different cell lineages. The more common form (Type A) consisted of cells derived from the T cell lineage and had the T suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype (T11+, T3+, T8+). The expression of the Leu 7 and HLA-DR antigen was variable. These cells did not have natural killer (NK) function but showed a variable degree of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) activity. Neutropenia was invariably present and rheumatoid arthritis and autoantibodies were frequent associations. These lymphocytes had many similarities to the major type of LGLs present in normal adult bone marrow. The other type of LGL lymphocytosis (Type B) consisted of cells lacking the antigens T3 and T8 but expressing M1 and NKH1. These cells possessed strong NK and ADCC activity but their cell lineage was not clear. Neutropenia and autoimmune phenomena were not detected. The cytochemical characteristics of the LGL granules from both types of patients were similar but differences in ultrastructure were observed. LGLs from Type B patients proliferated in the presence of Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and 12- O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate (TPA). Significant changes in their basic T11+, T3-, T8- phenotype were not observed. IL-2 and TPA, however, had profound influence on the NK function of the cells with enhancement in the case of IL-2 and marked suppression when stimulated by TPA.
Development of Intubation System Combined with LiuDi Trachea and LED Light Wand

Objective To research on a set of intubation system,applied both in daily routine and wartime.Methods The system of trachea and light wand of direct intubation was made by adopting medical plastic polyethylene,polypropylene,medical rubber,wire guide,LED light and working device,which was simple and could accomplish the work speedily and guarantee the ventilation for the patients.Results It improved the treatment of patients by using this system as it would save time to increase the rate of survival.Conclusion This system is convenient,easily operated fast and fast to carry out the task,lower request for the body posture,and no need for the aid of laryngoscope.It is suitable for daily routine and war time on-site first-aid.
Determination of Tetrodotoxin in Fish by HPLC-MS

Objective To develop a method for the determination of tetrodotoxin in fish by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS).Method After being extracted with acetate acid,hydrolyzed by papain,with fat removed by petroleum ether,precipitated with methanol,and further purified by SPE,samples were analyzed by HPLC-MS and quantified with the external standard method.Results The linear range of tetrodotoxin was 0.10-10 mg/kg in fish meat and liver(R=0.9998 and 0.9991,respectively).The mean recovery was 94.6%~102% and RSD was below 6.6%.The limit of detection was 0.03 mg/kg.Conclusion The established method is simple and efficient.It can provided an accurate and effective approach for the detection of tetrodotoxin in drinking water and fishes in forensic toxicology identification.
Phenotypic severity of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) mice on different genetic backgrounds recapitulates the features of human disease

Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) is a heritable osteosclerotic bone disorder due to dysfunctional osteoclast activity. ADO2 is caused by missense mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) gene characterized by osteosclerosis with multiple fractures. ADO2 can result in osteomyelitis, visual loss and bone marrow failure. Currently, there is no cure for ADO2, and until recently no appropriate animal model of ADO2 existed to understand better the pathogenesis of this disease and to test new therapies. Therefore, we created ADO2 knock-in mouse model with a G213R (human homolog of G215R) missense mutation in the Clcn7 gene on 129S1 background, and demonstrated that this mouse model phenocopies human ADO2. As ADO2 gives rise to incomplete penetrance (66%) in human and marked phenotypic variability is observed among patients with the same mutation, we hypothesized that the severity and penetrance of ADO2 will also vary in mouse models on different genetic backgrounds. To test this, we created ADO2 mouse models in DBA/D2, C57BL/6J/B6 and Balb/c strains, and compared bone phenotypes and performed serum biochemical analysis between strain- and age-matched wild-type (WT) and ADO2 mice. At 3months of age, whole body aBMD was higher (4-7% in male; 1-5% in female) in the ADO2 mice compared to their wild-type littermates. In addition, ADO2 male mice on 129 background displayed highest percent increase of BV/TV (106%), followed by D2 (92%), B6 (46%), and Balb/c (33%) compared to strain-matched wild-type mice. We observed similar differences for BV/TV between ADO2 and wild-type mice on different genetic backgrounds in female: 129 (96%)>D2 (73%)>Balb/c (39%) and B6 (36%). Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and P1NP levels were similar in the WT and ADO2 mice on all genetic backgrounds but TRAP was higher (76% to 220% in male; 33-95% in female) and CTX/TRAP ratio was lower (39-65% in male and 3-41% in female) in the ADO2 mice compared to their strain-matched wild-type littermates. We also found that young (3months) ADO2 mice on 129S1 background exhibited 200% higher trabecular BV/TV whereas old (18months) ADO2 mice displayed 400-700% higher BV/TV compared to their age-matched wild-type controls. In summary, phenotypic severity in ADO2 mice varied markedly on different genetic backgrounds (129>D2>Balb/c>B6) and became more pronounced with age, which resembles the wide variations in phenotype observed in ADO2 patients. These mouse models will help us to identify genes/factors that influence severity and penetrance of ADO2, and test innovative therapies to treat this disease.
Tapline, Welfare Capitalism, and Mass Mobilization in Lebanon, 1950–1964

This chapter examines the politics of the technical and of anti-colonial nationalism in the labor history of the Trans-Arabian pipeline, or Tapline, in Lebanon. It covers the period between 1950, when Tapline was completed, and 1963–1964, when the company’s Lebanese workforce unionized and participated in a successful nationwide strike. After reviewing the purposes Tapline was built to serve, this chapter examines the technical systems that enabled and regulated the flow of oil through the pipeline and the managerial strategy Tapline pursued to prevent worker mobilization that could disrupt those systems. It then shows how Tapline’s Lebanese employees unionized, secured coordinated control over the flow of oil through the pipeline, and used their resulting power to contest the terms of their labor. In doing so, this chapter aims to illustrate the unpredictable ways in which technology distributes agency, and the complex and seemingly contradictory ways in which labor activism engages with the managerial strategies it opposes.
Decoupled control of wireless power transfer: Eliminating the interdependence of load resistance and coupling to achieve a simple control framework with fast response times

Abstract Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an exciting technology that attempts to transfer energy via loosely coupled inductors. This paper suggests an automated system in which load side impedance matching is utilized to regulate power to a variable load. Such a scheme requires proper selection of topology and component values so that reactance is not a function of load resistance or coupling. Since the maximum power point (MPP) and maximum efficiency point (MEP) do not arise at the same load resistance, careful selection of resistance must be made so efficiency is maximized while target power is maintained. The result is a system that is quick, accurate, simple, robust, and operates without the need of a backward communications link.