cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial allograft replacement of the radial head in the management of complex fracture-dislocations of the elbow

Background There have been reports of total radial head allografts showing variable outcomes. This case series reports the novel use of an allograft for partial radial head replacement in the treatment of elbow fracture-dislocation. Methods Eight patients underwent partial radial head allograft reconstruction to restore stability for complex fracture-dislocations involving fractures of the coronoid and radial head, with collateral ligament disruption. Two patients were treated acutely. Six were referred from other centers 2 to 48 weeks after injury following failure of primary treatment. In each case, it was not possible to perform stable open reduction–internal reduction of the radial head fracture, or the fracture fragment had already been excised. A fresh-frozen partial radial head allograft was used to replace the defect and restore the joint surface. The coronoid fracture and injury to collateral ligaments were also managed surgically. Patient charts, surgical records, and radiographs were reviewed. Patients were contacted at a mean of 79 months after treatment to answer questions to determine the Mayo Elbow Performance Score and the score on the shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Results Clinical and radiologic reviews confirmed union of graft in all cases. None resorbed or collapsed. Three patients had resorption of the coronoid fragment resulting in poor outcomes, with one patient ultimately undergoing total elbow arthroplasty. Conclusion Partial radial head allograft may be a useful alternative to radial head prosthesis in unstable fracture-dislocations in which the radial head cannot be restored fully.
Radiosensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. blue lake: Morphological and physiological criteria

Mujeeb K. A. and Greig J. K. `Radiosensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Blue Lake : morphological and physiological criteria. Radiation Botany 12, 437–439, 1972.-Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Blue Lake seeds were given acute gamma radiation exposures of 1·0, 1·5, 2·0, 2·5, 3·0, 3·5, 4·0, 4·5, 5·0 and 7·5 kR from a 4500 Ci 60Co source. Leaf-disk samples from primary leaves, collected 21 days after seeds were planted, were analyzed for total chlorophyll. Germination and seedling height, determined at the same time, were used to estimate seedling performance, (germination x seedling height, as per cent of respective controls). Leaf spotting progressed with ascending dosage. Highly significant negative correlations to exposure were found for total chlorophyll content and seedling performance. The morphological and pigment criteria differed significantly in estimating biological response, yielding D50 values of 4·5 kR and 6·3 kR, respectively. The pigment criterion has been suggested to provide greater mutability in M2.
Pedestrian Push-Button Confirmation Increases Call Button Usage and Compliance

Many pedestrian crashes involve pedestrians crossing during the don't walk signals for pedestrians. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of push buttons that give visual and audible feedback when they have been pressed on the proportion of pedestrians who press the call button and the proportion of pedestrians pressing the call button who wait for the walk sign. Data were collected at two busy intersections in Miami Beach, Florida, with relatively high daily traffic flows. The installation of push buttons that provided visual and audible feedback was associated with a statistically significant increase in the percentage of cycles in which pedestrians pressed the button as well as a significant increase in the percentage of pedestrians pressing the button who waited for the walk sign. Because behavior changed only when the new push buttons were installed and the push buttons were installed at a different point in time at each site, it was possible to rule out potential confounding variable...
Residuals and Their Variance Patterns

One of the most important aspects of the analysis of data by regression methods is the examination of residuals. This implies the careful inspection of the differences, ei = yi – ŷ i , i = 1,2, …, n, between the observed values yi , and the corresponding values yi which are predicted by the fitted model at the n observation sites. There are many ways of looking at residuals; for basic references see Anscombe and Tukey (1963) and Anscombe (1961, 1967), or see the expository accounts by Draper and Smith (1966, Chapter 3) and Wooding (1969). Important basic techniques are the inspection of the magnitude of individual residuals to detect the presence of outliers and the plotting of the residuals against their corresponding fitted values, or against the corresponding values of the independent variables, or against the corresponding values of “new” variables, and (in all cases) observing the pattern thus formed. An “ideal” pattern for most plots, that implies no denial of the regression assumptions, occurs when...
Adsorbed serum albumin is permissive to macrophage attachment to perfluorocarbon polymer surfaces in culture

Monocyte/macrophage adhesion to biomaterials, correlated with foreign body response, occurs through protein-mediated surface interactions. Albumin-selective perfluorocarbon (FC) biomaterials are generally poorly cell-conducive because of insufficient receptor-mediated surface interactions, but macrophages bind to albumin-coated substrates and also preferentially to highly hydrophobic fluorinated surfaces. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMO) and IC-21, RAW 264.7, and J774A.1 monocyte/macrophage cells were cultured on FC surfaces. Protein deposition onto two distinct FC surfaces from complex and single-component solutions was tracked using fluorescence and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) methods. Cell adhesion and growth on protein pretreated substrates were compared by light microscopy. Flow cytometry and integrin-directed antibody receptor blocking were used to assess integrins critical for monocyte/macrophage adhesion in vitro. Albumin predominantly adsorbs onto both FC surfaces from 10% serum. In cultures preadsorbed with albumin or serum-dilutions, BMMO responded similar to IC-21 at early time points. Compared with Teflon AF, plasma-polymerized FC was less permissive to extended cell proliferation. The beta(2) integrins play major roles in macrophage adhesion to FC surfaces: antibody blocking significantly disrupted cell adhesion. Albumin-mediated cell adhesion mechanisms to FC surfaces could not be clarified. Primary BMMO and secondary IC-21 macrophages behave similarly on FC surfaces, regardless of preadsorbed protein biasing, with respect to adhesion, cell morphology, motility, and proliferation.
Light deprivation from birth and acetylcholinesterase activity in cortex of mature rats

Specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in visual and motor cortex of rats raised from birth to maturity in near total darkness and of control littermates reared in a light-dark cycling environment. Although systematic differences could be demonstrated between motor and visual areas, none was found between the deprived and the control groups.
Root defense responses to fungal pathogens: A molecular perspective

This review will focus on the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying defense responses of roots to fungal pathogens. Soil-borne pathogens, including Phytophthora, Pythium, Fusarium, and Bipolaris, represent major sources of biotic stress in the rhizosphere and roots of plants. Molecular recognition and signaling leading to effective resistance has been demonstrated to occur between host and Phytophthora, or Pythium. The hypersensitive response and apoptotic cell death, two oxidative processes that limit biotrophic pathogens, generally act to exacerbate disease symptoms induced by necrotrophic organisms. Although pathogenesis-related proteins can be expressed in roots during pathogen challenge, salicylic acid has not been implicated in root-mediated interactions. Jasmonic acid and ethylene have been found to mediate parallel as well as synergistic pathways that confer partial tolerance to necrotrophic pathogens, as well as induced systemic resistance to root and foliar pathogens. Genomics approaches are revealing new networks of defense-signaling pathways, and have the potential of elucidating those pathways that are important in root-defense responses.
Synthesis of cyclopropanes via organoiron methodology: stereoselective preparation of cis-2-(2'-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine

A stereoselective route to cis-2-(2′-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine has been developed. exo-Nucleophilic addition to the (bicyclo[5.1.0]octadienyl)iron(1+) cation establishes the relative stereochemistry at the cyclopropane ring and the α-stereocenter. Subsequent removal of the metal and cleavage of the cyclic diene gave the protected target 10, which upon hydrolysis gave 1.
Coping with Achievement-Related Failure: An Examination of Conversations between Friends.

Prior research has identified ways in which parents and teachers contribute to learned helpless responses to failure, but little is known about the role that interactions with peers might play. In this study, the conversations of fourth- through sixth- grade children and their friends were observed after children experienced an achievement-related failure. Changes in children's responses to failure from postfailure to postdiscussion were predicted from the features of these conversations. Children who received frequent help from friends reported fewer maladaptive responses to failure. In contrast, learned helpless responses were predicted when friends engaged in off-task talk, when children discounted their failures, and when children or friends evaluated the task negatively. Sequential analyses were used to better understand these effects and those moderated by gender and relative performance. Using observational methods, this study contributes to our understanding of the processes by which achievement-related beliefs are influenced by peer interactions.
Prime-Power Factor Groups of Finite Groups. II

Theorem A. Suppose S is a p-subgroup of G, T ~_ S and T < G. Assume that Ko~(S)~= K~(T ) or K~(S)=[= K~(T) (e.g., if K~(S):~G or K~(S):~G). Then there exists g ~ S T satisfying the following conditions: (a) For every chief factor X / Y of G such that X ~_ T, we have [X, g; 4] ~ Y (b) I f T= Op(G) and C(T)~_ T,, then there exists a chieffactor X / Y of G such that X ~_ T and IX, g, g] ~_ Y and [X, g] ~ Y
Critical behavior near the nematic-smectic-A transition in butyloxybenzylidene octylaniline (40.8)

We report a high-resolution heat-capacity and x-ray study of the nematic---smectic-$A$ transition in the single-layer smectic material butyloxybenzylidene octylaniline (40.8). We find that the transition is second order to within 3 mK, with critical behavior closely similar to that observed previously in bilayer smectic materials such as octyloxycyanobiphenyl (8OCB). For the critical exponents we measure $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=0.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. These exponents are consistent with the anisotropic hyperscaling relation ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}+2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$. In addition, we find that the ratio of the amplitudes of the critical heat capacities in 40.8 and 8OCB is inversely proportional to the ratio of the correlated volumes as measured with x rays. The smectic longitudinal correlation length measured directly with x rays agrees quantitatively with that deduced by von K\"anel and Litster from the director fluctuations. Substantial disagreements with the superconducting analog model remain unexplained.
Speech Production Intelligibility of Early Implanted Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users

Abstract Objectives To investigate the influence of age, and age-at-implantation, on speech production intelligibility in prelingually deaf pediatric cochlear implant recipients. Methods Forty prelingually, profoundly deaf children who received cochlear implants between 8 and 40 months of age. Their age at testing ranged between 2.5 and 18 years. Children were recorded repeating the 10 sentences in the Beginner's Intelligibility Test. These recordings were played back to normal-hearing listeners who were unfamiliar with deaf speech and who were instructed to write down what they heard. They also rated each subject for the intelligibility of their speech production on a 5-point rating-scale. The main outcome measures were the percentage of target words correctly transcribed, and the intelligibility ratings, in both cases averaged across 3 normal-hearing listeners. Results The data showed a strong effect of age at testing, with older children being more intelligible. This effect was particularly pronounced for children implanted in the first 24 months of life, all of whom had speech production intelligibility scores of 80% or higher when they were tested at age 5.5 years or older. This was true for only 5 out of 9 children implanted at age 25–36 months. Conclusions Profoundly deaf children who receive cochlear implants in the first 2 years of life produce highly intelligible speech before the age of 6. This is also true for most, but not all children implanted in their third year.
Premixed Flame Propagation and Morphology in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber

This work presents an experimental and numerical investigation of premixed flame propagation in a constant volume rectangular channel with an aspect ratio of six (6) that serves as a combustion chamber. Ignition is followed by an accelerating cusped finger-shaped flame-front. A deceleration of the flame is followed by the formation of a “tulip”-shaped flame-front. Eventually, the flame is extinguished when it collides with the cold wall on the opposite channel end. Numerical computations are performed to understand the influence of pressure waves, instabilities, and flow field effects causing changes to the flame structure and morphology. The transient 2D numerical simulation results are compared with transient 3D experimental results. Issues discussed are the appearance of oscillatory motions along the flame front and the influences of gravity on flame structure. An explanation is provided for the formation of the “tulip” shape of the premixed flame front.
Palmitoylation of the rat μ opioid receptor

Abstract We examined whether the μ opioid receptor was palmitoylated and attempted to determine sites of palmitoylation. Following metabolic labeling with [3H]palmitic acid and immunoaffinity purification of the μ opioid receptor, SDS-PAGE and fluorography revealed a broad labeled band with Mr of ∼80 kDa in CHO cells stably expressing the rat μ receptor, but not in CHO cells transfected with the vector alone, indicating that the μ receptor is palmitoylated. Activation of the receptor with morphine did not affect the extent of palmitoylation. Hydroxylamine or dithiothreitol treatment removed most of the radioactivity, demonstrating that [3H]palmitic acid is incorporated into Cys residue(s) via thioester bond(s). Surprisingly, mutations of the only two Cys residues in the C-terminal domain did not reduce [3H]palmitic acid incorporation significantly. Thus, unlike many G-protein coupled receptors, the palmitoylation site(s) of the rat μ opioid receptor do(es) not reside in the C-terminal domain.
Use of FEC coding to improve statistical multiplexing performance for video transport over ATM networks

The use of forward error-control (FEC) coding, possibly in conjunction with ARQ techniques, has emerged as a promising approach for video transport over ATM networks for cell-loss recovery and/or bit error correction, such as might be required for wireless links. Although FEC provides cell-loss recovery capabilities it also introduces transmission overhead which can possibly cause additional cell losses. A methodology is described to maximize the number of video sources multiplexed at a given quality of service (QoS), measured in terms of decoded cell loss probability, using interlaced FEC codes. The transport channel is modelled as a block interference channel (BIC) and the multiplexer as single server, deterministic service, finite buffer supporting N users. Based upon an information-theoretic characterization of the BIC and large deviation bounds on the buffer overflow probability, the described methodology provides theoretically achievable upper limits on the number of sources multiplexed. Performance of specific coding techniques using interlaced nonbinary Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and binary rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes is illustrated.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The speed of knowledge transfer within multinational enterprises: the role of social capital

Purpose – The success of knowledge transfer very much depends on a company's ability to effectively manage their knowledge transfer process. The purpose of this paper is to argue that a critical component in understanding knowledge transfer in the international arena is the speed of that knowledge transfer (and those factors that influence that speed) within a multinational enterprise (MNE).Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, social capital theory is used to argue that social capital is related to the speed of knowledge transfer within an MNE. The three dimensions of social capital, i.e. relational, dimensional, and cognitive, facilitate the transfer process and effect the rapidity of technology transfer.Findings – The role of knowledge transfer speed in MNEs knowledge management has been neglected and, yet, the speed of knowledge transfer is critical for MNE organizations to build or maintain their competitive advantage. A critical component in understanding knowledge transfer in the internation...
E-ethical leadership for virtual project teams

Abstract This paper presents a review of current literature on ethical theories as they relate to ethical leadership in the virtual business environment (e-ethics) and virtual project leadership. Ethical theories are reviewed in relation to virtual project management, such as participative management, Theory Y, and its relationship to utilitarianism; Kantian ethics, motivation, and trust; communitarian ethics, ethic of care and egalitarianism; Stakeholder Theory; and the use of political tactics. Challenges to e-ethical leadership are presented and responses to these issues discussed. The conclusion presents four propositions for future research. The purpose of this paper is to identify secondary literature on e-ethics and how this new area of business ethics may affect the leaders of virtual project teams.
Hepatoma, host liver, and normal rat liver lipids: distribution of isomeric monoene fatty acids in individual lipid classes.

Monoenoic acid fractions were isolated from phosphatidycholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters of hepatoma 7288CTC, host liver, and normal liver from animals maintained on chow and fat free diets. Hexadecenoate (16∶1), octadecenoate (18∶1), and eisosenoate (20∶1) fractions were analyzed quantitatively for their isomeric composition. The fat free diet had little or no effect relative to the chow diet on the isomeric composition of 16∶1, 18∶1, and 20∶1 from any lipid class in either hepatoma, host liver, or normal liver. Host livers were reduced in palmitoleic acid, and oleic and eicos-11-enoic acids were increased relative to normal liver. The 16∶1 fraction from triglyceride of normal liver, host liver, and hepatoma contained 90, 80, and 75% palmitoleic acid, respectively. The 20∶1 fraction from triglycerides of normal liver, host liver, and hepatoma contained ca. 55, 70, and 60% eicos-11-enoic acid, respectively, with the remainder consisting of eicos-13-enoic acid. The proportion of vaccenic acid in the 18∶1 fraction was 60, 50, 20, and 25% for phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters, respectively, with oleic acid making up the balance. In contrast, all hepatoma lipid classes exhibited the same proportion of oleic (70%) and vacenic (30%) acids. These data appear to be the first to demonstrate lipid class specificity for isomeric octadecenoic acids in normal liver and the loss of this specificity in a neoplasm.
Minoxidil therapy in children with severe hypertension.

Six children, from 1.3 to 18 years of age, with severe hypertension associated with the hemolytic uremic syndrome, periarteritis, and renal transplant rejection received minoxidil, an antihypertensive agent, for three to 36 weeks. All had severe hypertension resistant to oral antihypertensive medications; five required frequent intravenous diazoxide therapy prior to minoxidil therapy. The mean pretreatment systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 176 and 117 mm Hg, respectively. Following treatment, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 133 and 82 mm Hg, respectively. Concomitant antihypertensive medications were decreased in all six patients once optimal blood pressure control was obtained. The initial dosage of minoxidil was 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/day; maximal dosage for blood pressure was 0.3 to 1.4 mg/kg/day. Major complications of therapy were fluid retention and hirsutism. Transient asymptomatic pericardial effusions occurred in two patients. Three patients on prolonged minoxidil therapy had persistent increases in right ventricular end diastolic diameters. Minoxidil is an effective oral antihypertensive agent for treatment of severe hypertension in pediatric patients. Avoidance of fluid retention is mandatory to prevent congestive heart failure.
Acknowledged absences: Claire Denis' cinema of longing

AbstractThis article examines Claire Denis' metropolitan films, through the lens of her colonial experience and the formation of the cinematic aesthetic that is visible in her debut film, Chocolat. The writer argues that Denis can be associated with the directors and works of filmmakers that Hamid Naficy discusses in An Accented Cinema (2001), despite the fact that she is not an ethnic filmmaker. The author examines the aesthetics and politics of Denis films and their representations of postcolonial and multi-ethnic urban spaces.
Inhibition of chloroplast coupling factor ATPase by 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine.

Abstract Incubation of chloroplast coupling factor with 5′-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine in the 1 to 2 mM range inhibits subsequently measured ATPase activity. The inhibition is probably due to covalent binding since it survives ammonium sulfate fractionation and dialysis. The kinetics of the inhibited enzyme with respect to substrate show a decrease in V max with no change in K m for ATP. The presence of ATP or ADP together with the inhibitor provides some protection against inhibition. The results suggest a possible covalent attack at a nucleotide binding site, leading to inhibition of activity.
Bureaucracy, altruisme, and monetary policy: A note from a forecasting perspective

sets over the period 1916-1987. Their structured critique is consistent with the earlier work of Strong (1984), Boyd (1984), Allen, McCrickard, Cartwright and Delorme (1988), Mester (1994) and others. In general, all question the findings of Toma (1982), Shughart and Tollison (1983), Boyes, Mounts and Sowell (1988) and others, that bureaucratic effects and institutional incentives have had a significant impact on the development and conduct of monetary policy. An underlying issue in this debate is whether variables proxying bureaucratic or institutional effects emanating from the incentives contained in the structure
The biology and biochemistry of inflammatory signalosomes

The Juan March Foundation symposium on Signaling Networks in Immunity and Inflammation took place in Madrid, Spain, between 22 and 24 May 2005 and was organized by J. Moscat, M. Karin, P. Rennert and C. Martinez‐A. ![][1] This two‐day workshop on inflammatory signalling was the first Juan March Foundation symposium to be held at the new Cantoblanco campus of the University Autonomous of Madrid. The intimate audience and the breadth of material discussed made for an exciting and highly interactive meeting. Fuelled by excellent wine and strong coffee, scientific conversations continued late into the night after dinner in Madrid's beautiful plazas. The prominent and long‐recognized role of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) cascade in inflammatory responses made this pathway a main focus of the meeting. However, emerging paradigms in innate signalling receptors and their effectors—including the Toll‐like, Nacht‐leucine‐rich repeats (NLR) and p53‐induced protein with a death domain (PIDD) receptor systems—and the myriad events that are required to fine‐tune the adaptive immune response, from interchromosomal interaction to specific co‐receptors and effectors, also received significant attention. In this report, I attempt to highlight several new concepts related to these inflammatory signalling cascades. ### Initiation and modulation of NF‐κB signalling The meeting began with an introduction by I. Verma (San Diego, CA, USA) of the events mediating the NF‐κB cascade. The evolutionarily conserved, core NF‐κB signalling module is comprised of five NF‐κB/Rel family transcription factors, five potential IκB family regulatory subunits and three IκB kinases (IKKs)—including the catalytically active subunits IKKα and β, as well as the catalytically inactive, co‐associated regulatory subunit IKKγ (also known as NEMO; Fig 1; reviewed in Hayden & Ghosh, 2004). Figure 1. Members of the nuclear factor‐κB, IκB and IκB kinase families. The number of amino acids in each protein is indicated (right). Cleavage sites for p100, p105 and selected phosphorylation and ubiquitylation sites are shown. NF‐κB, … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Analysis and Modeling of DC Current Crowding for TSV-Based 3-D Connections and Power Integrity

3-D integration using through-silicon-vias (TSVs) is emerging as one of the key technology options for continued miniaturization. However, because of increased device and current density, the reliability of the 3-D power grid and its integrity must be studied and analyzed. Due to the geometry of TSVs and connections to the global power grid, significant current crowding can occur. Current densities at these connections can be much higher than the expected average values, so extra care is required for accurate analysis. In prior work, TSVs are modeled as single resistors along with power grid wire segments. Such models do not capture detailed current density distribution and may miss hotspots associated with current crowding. This paper studies current crowding and its impact on 3-D power grid integrity. First, we explore the current density distribution within a TSV and its connections to the global chip power grid. Second, we implement simple TSV models to obtain current density distributions within a TSV and its local environment. These models are checked for accuracy by comparing with models simulated using finite element modeling methods. Finally, the simple TSV models are integrated with the global power grid for detailed chip-scale power analysis.
An analysis for orthogonal cutting with restricted tool-chip contact

Summary An analysis is made for cutting with restricted tool-chip contact and it is shown that for a given length of contact and tool rake angle not only can the shear angle be predicted but also the so-called angle of friction between chip and tool. The analysis predicts an increase in shear angle and a decrease in friction angle for a decrease in contact length. Reasonable agreement is shown with experimental results.
Teaching Cryptography and Access Control Hands-On (Abstract Only)

Cryptography and access control are perhaps the two most fundamental mechanisms for data protection. This workshop presents hands-on methods for teaching cryptography and access control that leverage software tools developed with funding from the NSF. The workshop will proceed in two sessions. The first session will address teaching well-known ciphers (including Vigenere, DES, AES, RSA, and SHA) and elliptic-curve cryptography using tools from the cryptoVisual software suite. These tools step students through an algorithm with either the system or the student computing the result of each step. The second session will address access control and the Multilevel Security, Role Based Access Control, and Domain Type Enforcement models using tools from the acVisual software suite. These tools support graphical policy development and analysis. The presenters have used this material in undergraduate courses in Cryptography and Computer Security. The tools have been used and evaluated favorably at multiple institutions. Participants will install and use the software on their own laptops running Linux, Windows, or MacOS. The acVisual software runs natively on Linux and MacOS and through a Linux virtual machine under Windows. The cryptoVisual software suite is available at http://www.cs.mtu.edu/~shene/NSF-4/. The acVisual software suite is available at http://acv.cs.mtu.edu.
Complexity Charts Can Be Used To Map Functional Domains in DNA

We measured local compositional complexity (LCC) of DNA sequences by calculating Shannon information content over mononucleotide frequencies. Eukaryotic DNA appeared to be "simpler" than bacterial DNA even at the level of short oligonucleotides. Moreover, different DNA functional domains displayed different compositional complexity in a systematic manner. In particular, the complexity of exon sequences was systematically higher than the complexity of corresponding introns. We therefore present examples of complexity charts (plots of complexity versus position in sequence) for pre-mRNA sequences from higher eukaryotes. By taking a window width of 100 nucleotides and a window step of 1 nucleotide, introns can be distinguished from exons in the majority of cases studied. Complexity charts of immunoglobulin variable regions allowed correct mapping of exons and introns in these sequences as well, a task that was impossible with commercial programs available to date.
Ambulatory care education: how do academic medical centers, affiliated residency teaching sites, and community-based practices compare?

PURPOSE Little is known about how different ambulatory sites compare as clinical educational settings. The authors used students' log data to compare the educational content and processes in academic medical center-based clinics (AMCs), affiliated residency teaching sites (ARTs), and local community-based practices (CBPs) at one medical school. METHOD Students recorded their experiences with symptoms, counseling, procedures, and common medical conditions as well as characteristics of the learning process during a required eight-week third-year ambulatory clerkship in family medicine. Descriptive statistics, chi-square for differences in categorical variables, and analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance for differences in continuous variables were used to compare the educational settings. RESULTS Over 9,000 encounters were analyzed; 29.7% occurred in AMCs, 14.8% in ARTs, and 55.5% in CBPs. The proportion of continuity visits was lowest in the AMCs and highest in CBPs (13% versus 22%, respectively; p <.01). Students saw almost 57,000 symptoms and conditions. Of 19 symptoms compared, seven differed significantly among the three settings: back pain, cough, dyspnea, ENT (ears, nose, throat problems), fatigue, knee pain, and vomiting. All but one of these were least likely to occur in ARTs. Procedures were performed more frequently, whereas counseling skills were called upon less frequently in CBPs. Students reported being more likely to work unobserved while conducting physical examinations in ARTs and CBPs. Amount of feedback provided on clinical skills did not differ, but students reported receiving more teaching about patient management in ARTs and AMCs versus CBPs (74%, 72%, and 66% of encounters, respectively; p <.01). CONCLUSIONS Academic and community settings can complement each other as learning sites for an ambulatory clerkship in family medicine, and common curricular expectations can be achieved. Settings' differences and similarities should be taken into account when developing, implementing, or revising clerkship programs and should be considered with students' interests and previous clinical experiences before assigning students to a teaching site.
Economics of Alternative Tillage Systems

As economists, one of our objectives is to help farmers maximize returns to their total resource mix which includes their land, and the use of their labor and management skills during the time they have available for crop work. Other objectives include minimizing soil loss, meeting sedimentation laws, improving the environment, etc. I will concentrate my analysis on the first objective.
Multiphoton Lithography of Unconstrained Three-Dimensional Protein Microstructures

Multiphoton lithography (MPL) is a highly versatile strategy for creating 3D microscale objects with complex geometrical arrangements, including nested boxes, interlocking blocks, and braided threads. Of the various chemistries used to produce solid forms in MPL, protein photocrosslinking has been of particular value in biological applications, yielding materials with high porosity, tunable elasticity, and a diverse set of chemical and biochemical properties. Unfortunately, the potential for object drift, and consequent distortion, during this direct-write process has required that microforms be constructed in integral contact with an immobile surface, precluding fabrication of protein-based objects that retain rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Here, the development of a high-viscosity protein-based reagent that can be used to fabricate complex 3D microstructures that are not adhered to a surface, including chains of Mobius strips, paddlewheels, and unconstrained (free-floating) probes for bacterial motility, is reported.
Hypericin inhibits choroidal endothelial cell proliferation and cord formation in vitro

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effect of hypericin on bovine choroidal endothelial cell proliferation and cord formation and on protein kinase C activity. METHODS. The effect of hypericin (0.1–5 µM) on bovine choroidal endothelial cell proliferation was determined by cell number counting and a 3 H-thymidine uptake assay in media containing 1, 5 or 10% serum. For the cord formation assay, bovine choroidal endothelial cells were seeded on basement membrane matrix, and the lengths of the capillary-like structures (cords) formed were quantified by image analysis. The effect of hypericin on cord formation was evaluated in the presence of serum or vascular endothelial growth factor. The effect of hypericin on protein kinase C activity was also measured in the presence or absence of light. RESEULTS. Hypericin inhibited bovine choroidal endothelial cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of light but not in the dark. Serum dose-dependently masked the inhibition of DNA synthesis by hypericin. Cord ...
A Review of RISKPRO Version 2.1.

This article reviews the computer program RISKPRO version 2.1. RISKPRO is a powerful and versatile exposure modeling system for multiple types of environmental contaminations. It incorporates a number of models that have been prepared for and/or used by the US EPA to evaluate the spread of toxic chemical released to air, soil, surface water, and ground water. The software package includes several major databases required to run the models: chemical properties, climate data, soil data, wind fields, and population distribution.
An evolution in demographics, treatment, and outcomes of oropharyngeal cancer at a major cancer center: a staging system in need of repair.

Background This retrospective review examines demographic/clinical characteristics and overall survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP) at a tertiary cancer center and reports the characteristics influencing any observed survival trends over time.
Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a wheat gene conferring tolerance to the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani).

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is one of the major pests of wheat worldwide. The efficient utilization of wheat genes expressing resistance to greenbug infestation is highly dependent on a clear understanding of their relationships. The use of such genes will be further facilitated through the use of molecular markers linked to resistance genes. The present study involved several F2 wheat populations derived from crosses between susceptible cultivars and resistant germplasm carrying different greenbug resistance genes. These populations were used to characterize the inheritance of a wheat gene (Gbz) conferring tolerance to greenbug biotype I, to identify molecular markers linked to Gbz, and to investigate the relationship between Gbz and Gb3, a previously identified greenbug resistance gene. Our results indicated that Gbz is inherited as a single dominant gene. Microsatellite marker Xwmc157 is completely linked to Gbz, and Xbarc53 and Xgdm46 flank Gbz at distances of 5.1 and 9.5 cM, respectively. Selection of Gbz using marker Xwmc157 alone gives breeders 100% selection accuracy. Gbz may be placed in the distal region of the long arm of the wheat chromosome 7D. The results of allelism tests indicated that Gbz is either allelic or tightly linked to Gb3.
Magnetic circular dichroism studies—63. Sign variation in the magnetic circular dichroism spectra of some perimeter symmetric metallo porphyrins

Abstract It is known from previous work that porphine dication, porphine dianion and the ethanol adduct of magnesium porphine are exceptions to the “golden rule” of MCD spectroscopy that positive A terms are associated with the Q and B (Soret) electronic transitions of perimeter symmetric centrally substituted porphyrins since for them a negative A term is found for the Q0 transition, giving rise to an overall electronic MCD band sign pattern of + − − +. The present work uncovers additional examples in a series of zinc tetrakis(ortho-halophenyl)porphyrins. Michl's perimeter model is used to provide insight into structural effects which might lead to the condition of ΔHOMO ≲ ΔLUMO required to explain the sign inversions on a purely electronic basis. The possibility that the sign variations have a more general vibronic origin is also considered.
1998 AMERICAN UROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION GALLUP SURVEY: CHANGES IN PHYSICIAN PRACTICE PATTERNS, TREATMENT OF URETERAL STONES AND IMPACT OF MANAGED CARE

Purpose:: The American Urological Association first commissioned the Gallup Organization to conduct a study to assess urologist practice patterns in 1992. We present the results of the seventh consecutive Gallup Survey performed for the Association.Materials and Methods:: A random sample of 537 American urologists who completed urological residency and practiced at least 20 hours weekly in 1997 were interviewed by telephone in March 1998. Major topic areas included general demographics, practice patterns, treatment of ureteral stones and experience with managed care.Results:: Demographic trends indicated a significant decrease in average urologist age from 49.4 years in 1992 to 46.8 in 1998. Of the urologists 99% reported that they treat ureteral stones. Managed care had an increasingly larger role in most practices, particularly in the western United States, where 73% of urologists reported that they contract with a Medicare health maintenance organization.Conclusions:: The average age of practicing urol...
The learning cycle as a model for the design of science teacher preservice and inservice education

The design of effective teacher development activities for preservice and inservice science teachers is a continuing challenge to science teacher educators (Spector, 1987; Barufaldi, 1989). Science teacher development will be especially critical over the next decade as we work to update and renew the existing science teacher population, replace upon their retirement a significant number of science teachers who were hired during the 1960s and 1970s, and move to reform science education practice. But how should we proceed; what models of teacher education are most appropriate? Zeichner (1983) identified four distinct orientations or paradigms in the recent discourse on teacher development.
Economic impact assessment and operational decision making in emission and transmission constrained electricity markets

Abstract Carbon constrained electricity markets are a reality in 10 northeastern states and California in the US, as well as the European Union. Close to a Billion US Dollars have been spent by entities (mainly generators) in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in procuring CO 2 allowances to meet binding emissions restrictions. In the near future, there are expected to be significant impacts due to the cap-and-trade program, especially when the cap stringency increases. In this research we develop a bilevel, complete-information, matrix game-theoretic model to assess the economic impact and make operational decisions in carbon-constrained restructured electricity markets. Our model is solved using a reinforcement learning approach, which takes into account the learning and adaptive nature of market participants. Our model also accounts for all the power systems constraints via a DC-OPF problem. We demonstrate the working of the model and compute various economic impact indicators such as supply shares, cost pass-through, social welfare, profits, allowance prices, and electricity prices. Results from a 9-bus power network are presented.
Two-phase flow modeling of liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell

A two-phase flow model was developed for liquid-feed methanol fuel cells (DMFC) to evaluate the effects of various operating parameters on the DMFC performance. In this study, a general homogenous two-dimensional model is described in details for both porous layers and fluid channels. This two-dimensional general model accounts for fluid flow, electrochemical kinetics, current density distribution, hydrodynamics, multi-component transport, and methanol crossover. It starts from basic transport equations including mass conservation, momentum transport, energy balance, and species concentration conservation in different elements of the fuel cell sandwich, as well as the equations for the phase potential in the membrane and the catalyst layers. These governing equations are coupled with chemical reaction kinetics by introducing various source terms. It is found that all these equations are in a very similar form except the source terms. Based on this observation, all the governing equations can be solved using the same numerical formulation in the single domain without prescribing the boundary conditions at the various interfaces between the different elements of the fuel cell. The numerical simulation results, such as velocity field, local current density distribution, and species concentration variation along the flow channel, under various operation conditions are computed. The performance of the DMFC affected by various parameters such as temperature, pressure, and methanol concentration is investigated in this paper. The numerical results are further validated with available experimental data from the published literatures.
Historical nile floods and their implications for climatic change.

Analysis of Nile flood stages from A.D. 640 to 1921 reveals major episodes of low Nile discharge during the years 930 to 1070 and 1180 to 1350 and major episodes of high Nile floods during 1070 to 1180 and 1350 to 1470. Examination of Nile flood maxima and minima and comparison with water levels in Lake Chad reveal a correlation between high Nile discharge and greater rainfall in equatorial East Africa. There is also apparently a correlation between low Nile discharge and cold climate in Europe.
Comparative pharmacological profile of muscarinic agonists in the isolated ileum, the pithed rat, and the mouse charcoal meal transit test

1. Several reportedly selective (McN-A-343, M1; RS-86, M2; pilocarpine, M3) and non-selective (oxotremorine, acetylcholine, cis-dioxalone, arecoline, muscarine) muscarinic agonists were examined for comparative pharmacological potency in three diverse models: the guinea pig ileum, the pithed rat, and the mouse charcoal meal transit test. 2. In the guinea pig ileum, all of the compounds examined were associated with concentration-dependent contractions. 3. The apparent order of potency in the isolated ileum was cis-dioxalone greater than acetylcholine greater than oxotremorine greater than arecoline greater than RS-86 greater than pilocarpine greater than McN-A-343. 4. The pA2 values for atropine and pirenzepine in the ileum ranged from 8.4 to 9.4 and 6.1 to 7.7, respectively, indicative of a single receptor, most likely M3. 5. In the mouse charcoal meal transit test, non-selective muscarinic agonists produced dose-dependent increases in gastrointestinal transit, while selective agonists failed to produce any significant changes. 6. Scopolamine methylbromide, a peripherally acting non-selective muscarinic antagonist, significantly reduced the ability of muscarine to increase transit. 7. The compounds were further examined for dose-dependent pressor effects in the pithed rat, which are known to be mediated by stimulation of M1-receptors in sympathetic ganglia. 8. McN-A-343 produced the greatest pressor response, as measured by the percent increase in mean pressure, followed by pilocarpine. 9. Pirenzepine antagonized the pressor response of McN-A-343 and pilocarpine in a dose-dependent manner.
Surface electromagnetic fields

Abstract Recent progress in the theory of surface electromagnetic fields is reviewed. Difficulties are noted in applying the textbook theory of refraction to fields withinA˚of a surface. These difficulties have been overcome with the development of a nonlocal description of surface optics, that has largely been applied to free-electron metal surfaces. Various model versions of non-local surface optics are described and quantitatively compared. Opportunities for, and actual contact between the theory of surface electromagnetic fields and experiment are described. Directions for future research in the area are discussed.
Synthesis of lactoferrin and casein by explants of bovine mammary tissue

Synthesis of lactoferrin and casein by the bovine mammary gland was determined in an experimental model where lactation was maintained in one mammary half, while involution was induced in the contralateral half. Culture of explants with prolactin had no consistent effect on synthesis of casein or lactoferrin in tissue from either mammary half. Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-α generally decreased synthesis of casein and lactoferrin, suggesting that these inflammatory mediators are not directly responsible for increasing lactoferrin synthesis during mammary inflammation or involution. Synthesis of lactoferrin was increased and casein decreased in the involuting mammary half vs. the lactating half. These results suggest that local factors in the mammary gland play a role in the regulation of lactoferrin synthesis during involution.
The Impact of Bela H. Banathy's Research on an Educational Scholar-Practitioner

This remembrance is a narrative of how Bela H. Banathy's work involving the idealized design approach to educational change mediated and informed the author's attempt to understand the complexity of educational change. In addition, commentary is provided about the influence on the author's students of Banathy's ideas regarding systems thinking, design culture, design conversation, conscious evolution, and evolutionary guidance systems.