cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time architecture analysis: a COTS perspective

Real-time systems are defined as systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical correctness of the computation, but also on the time at which the result is produced. Honeywell's choice of the Time Triggered Protocol (TTP) for a low cost avionics bus in 2001, exemplifies the industry trend to using Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components to implement real-time systems. The driving factors behind the trend are the introduction of SoC devices (Systems on a Chip) that contain processors, memory, network access, I/O interface, system and application software, and smart MEMS transducers which contain the sensing element, the signal conditioning logic and network access logic on a single silicon die. In this paper, we compare and contrast TTP, FlexRay and MIL-STD-1553 architectures in terms of the basic requirements for a systems bus, namely, network architecture, bus access, message formats, clock synchronization, fault tolerance, error detection and tool support.
Language Diversity and Accountability in the South: Perspectives and Dilemmas

This paper examines the need for accountability in language planning in multilingual contexts in the South. After a brief overview of language diversity in the South, it notes that this multilingual reality has often been ignored by policy-makers acting in their own interests, unaccountable to those affected by their decisions. It considers how world trends of increasing democratisation and strengthening of minority rights are generating calls for greater accountability and language rights, so that governments become more accountable to communities for their decisions about language. Some dimensions of accountability are explored, focussing on the need to integrate the perspectives of both government and community. Structures are addressed, with an emphasis on the role of local communities and illustrations from two particular African contexts, in Cameroon and Zaire. The paper concludes with a discussion of some practical dilemmas relating to policy and research, technical input, financial assistance and community ambivalence.
Collider signals from slow decays in supersymmetric models with an intermediate-scale solution to the μ problem

The problem of the origin of the \ensuremath{\mu} parameter in the minimal supersymmetric standard model can be solved by introducing singlet supermultiplets with non-renormalizable couplings to the ordinary Higgs supermultiplets. The Peccei-Quinn symmetry is broken at a scale which is the geometric mean between the weak scale and the Planck scale, yielding a \ensuremath{\mu} term of the right order of magnitude and an invisible axion. These models also predict one or more singlet fermions which have electroweak-scale masses and suppressed couplings to MSSM states. I consider the case that such a singlet fermion, containing the axino as an admixture, is the lightest supersymmetric particle. I work out the relevant couplings in several of the simplest models of this type, and compute the partial decay widths of the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle involving leptons or jets. Although these decays will have an average proper decay length which is most likely much larger than a typical collider detector, they can occasionally occur within the detector, providing a striking signal. With a large sample of supersymmetric events, there will be an opportunity to observe these decays, and so gain direct information about physics at very high energy scales.
Piezo-Optic Properties of Amorphous Selenium at a Wavelength of 1.15 μ

Variation of the refractive index of amorphous selenium with hydrostatic pressure to 7 kbar was measured using an interferometric technique and a laser source at a wavelength of 1.15 μ. The refractive index increases, linearly with pressure, with a slope of 2.74·10−2 kbar up to 2 kbar; thereafter, it increases nonlinearly. However, the increase of refractive index is linear with respect to lagrangian strain, even though the total volume strain is as high as 6%. The results are interpreted in the light of Mueller’s theory of photoelasticity of amorphous solids. The individual values of the elasto-optic constants of amorphous selenium, p11 and p12, were also determined by use of the results from both hydrostatic and uniaxial pressure measurements. Their values at λ = 1.15 μ are p11 = 0.345 and p12 = 0.362. From considerations of figure of merit it appears that amorphous selenium is a highly promising acousto-optic device material for use at λ = 1.15 μ. From a detailed analysis of the data on dn/dρ and the shift of the absorption edge of selenium by pressure, it is shown for the first time that the resonance-absorption frequency derived from the Drude–Sellmeier dispersion relation corresponds to the experimentally observed frequency. On the other hand, the corresponding frequency derived from the Lorentz–Lorenz equation represents the frequency of the individual oscillator in its free state, but not that in the solid state.
Protein synthesis within neuronal growth cones

This study investigates the capacity of neuronal growth cones to synthesize protein locally and independently of their cell body. Isolated growth cones were prepared from cultures of neurons from the snail Helisoma by transecting neurites proximal to the growth cone. The capacity for protein synthesis was tested by radiolabeling cultures with 3H-leucine and analyzing the resultant autoradiograms. Isolated growth cones displayed incorporation of 3H-leucine that was inhibited by treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin and pactamycin, indicating that ribosomal-dependent translation occurs in growth cones. Ultrastructural analyses of growth cones demonstrated the presence of polyribosomes, the machinery for protein synthesis. The density of polyribosomes varied between growth cones, even between different growth cones on the same neuron, suggesting that growth cones express a range of protein synthetic capabilities. That different types of growth cones possess differing capabilities for protein synthesis is suggested in autoradiograms of 3H-leucine incorporation by the growth cones of axonal and nonaxonal neurites; incorporation was radically reduced in axonal growth cones in comparison with non-axonal growth cones. Finally, growth cones that were isolated for 2 d prior to radiolabeling incorporate 3H-leucine in a eukaryotic ribosomal-dependent manner, suggesting that the capacity for translation is long-lived in growth cones. Taken together, these studies reveal a capacity for protein synthesis confined totally to the neuronal growth cone proper. The synthesis of proteins in growth cones could afford a mechanism for the alteration of growth cone structure or function. This is in accord with the view that growth cones participate autonomously, to at least some extent, in the processes of synaptogenesis and the construction of neuronal architecture.
Connecting Families and Classrooms Using Family Involvement Webs.

(2000). Connecting Families and Classrooms Using Family Involvement Webs. Childhood Education: Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 209-214.
Characterizing Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to understand affective instability among patients with borderline personality disorder by examining the degree of instability in six affective domains. The authors also examined the subjective intensity with which moods are experienced and the association between instability and intensity of affect. METHOD: In a group of 152 patients with personality disorders, subjective affective intensity and six dimensions of affective instability were measured. The mean scores for lability and intensity for each affective domain for patients with borderline personality disorder were compared with those of patients with other personality disorders through analyses that controlled for other axis I affective disorders, age, and sex. RESULTS: Greater lability in terms of anger and anxiety and oscillation between depression and anxiety, but not in terms of oscillation between depression and elation, was associated with borderline personality disorder. Contrary to expectation, the experience o...
Oozing sub-cutaneous masses due to histoplasmosis in a patient from Mali

We presented the case of a 64 year old from Mali who was admitted to the hospital for ”oozing sub-cutaneous masses”. The diagnosis of African histoplasmosis was established by serology. Several courses of amphotericin B resulted in a cure with sequellae.
Intuitive Eating, Diet Composition, and The Meaning of Food in Healthy Weight Promotion

Abstract Intuitive eating (an anti-dieting, hunger-based approach to eating) has been popularized as a viable approach to healthy weight management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between intuitive eating, diet composition, and the meaning of food. The convenience sample included 343 students enrolled in a general education course at a Western university. Participants were given paper-and-pencil surveys containing the Intuitive Eating Scale and a variety of diet-related scales adapted from other studies. Each scale/subscale was evaluated for internal consistency and deemed acceptable. Those scoring high in intuitive eating had lower BMI scores (r=-.327, p<.001), less health-consciousness in relation to food (r=-.209, p<.001), and higher levels of pleasure associated with food and eating (r=.484, p<.001). No negative aspect of diet composition was correlated with intuitive eating or any of its sub-scales. Mean comparisons showed a significant difference between males and females...
Simple examples of non linear truss behavior

Abstract Nonlinear material models are defined to represent elastic/perfectly-plastic and elastic/buckling behavior. A simple three-bar truss is used to demonstrate that under a monotonically increasing prescribed displacement the truss may exhibit reverse stressing or non-uniqueness, and that when two different control displacements are applied the principal of superposition does not hold.
A new fuzzy approach for setting the initial weights in a neural network

We introduce "fuzzy curves" and use them to set the initial weights in a fuzzy-neural network. We show that our choice of initial weights and network structure yields networks that train very rapidly. >
The State and Food and Nutrition

States play a major role in the production of food and in its distribution and cope with the outcome of food shortages. The state has used food to increase its power and to control the behavior of its citizens. Furthermore, social welfare has always centered on fundamentals such as food, and as the state has preempted local authorities, it has inherited social welfare responsibilities. Dealing with these responsibilities always occurs within a class context. Thus food and food-related health policies arise from the interaction of state and class interests. This chapter focuses on these and other issues.
NONCONTINGENT DELIVERY OF ARBITRARY REINFORCERS AS TREATMENT FOR SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR

Results of recent research have shown that noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) can be effective in reducing the frequency of behavior problems. In typical NCR applications, the reinforcer that is responsible for behavioral maintenance (as demonstrated through a functional analysis) no longer follows occurrences of the target behavior but instead is delivered according to a time-based schedule. Thus, it is unclear if NCR would be effective if the target behavior continued to be reinforced or if arbitrary reinforcers (i.e., those irrelevant to behavioral maintenance) were substituted for the maintaining reinforcers in the NCR procedure. In this study, 2 individuals whose self-injurious behavior (SIB) was maintained by positive reinforcement were exposed to conditions in which arbitrary and maintaining reinforcers were withheld and were delivered either contingently or noncontingently. Results indicated that noncontingent delivery of arbitrary reinforcers was effective in reducing SIB even though occurrences of SIB produced access to the maintaining reinforcer. These results suggest that (a) arbitrary reinforcers may sometimes be substituted for maintaining reinforcers, (b) an important component of NCR procedures is alteration of a behavior's establishing operation, and (c) NCR with arbitrary reinforcers might therefore be effective when maintaining reinforcers cannot be identified or withheld during the course of treatment.
Rotavirus Disrupts Calcium Homeostasis by NSP4 Viroporin Activity

ABSTRACT Many viruses alter intracellular calcium homeostasis. The rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane glycoprotein, increases intracellular levels of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ]cyto) through a phospholipase C-independent pathway, which is required for virus replication and morphogenesis. However, the NSP4 domain and mechanism that increases [Ca 2+ ]cyto are unknown. We identified an NSP4 domain (amino acids [aa] 47 to 90) that inserts into membranes and has structural characteristics of viroporins, a class of small hydrophobic viral proteins that disrupt membrane integrity and ion homeostasis to facilitate virus entry, assembly, or release. Mutational analysis showed that NSP4 viroporin activity was mediated by an amphipathic α-helical domain downstream of a conserved lysine cluster. The lysine cluster directed integral membrane insertion of the viroporin domain and was critical for viroporin activity. In epithelial cells, expression of wild-type NSP4 increased the levels of free cytoplasmic Ca 2+ by 3.7-fold, but NSP4 viroporin mutants maintained low levels of [Ca 2+ ]cyto, were retained in the ER, and failed to form cytoplasmic vesicular structures, called puncta, which surround viral replication and assembly sites in rotavirus-infected cells. When [Ca 2+ ]cyto was increased pharmacologically with thapsigargin, viroporin mutants formed puncta, showing that elevation of calcium levels and puncta formation are distinct functions of NSP4 and indicating that NSP4 directly or indirectly responds to elevated cytoplasmic calcium levels. NSP4 viroporin activity establishes the mechanism for NSP4-mediated elevation of [Ca 2+ ]cyto, a critical event that regulates rotavirus replication and virion assembly. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children and young animals. Rotavirus infection and expression of nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) alone dramatically increase cytosolic calcium, which is essential for replication and assembly of infectious virions. This work identifies the intracellular mechanism by which NSP4 disrupts calcium homeostasis by showing that NSP4 is a viroporin, a class of virus-encoded transmembrane pores. Mutational analyses identified residues critical for viroporin activity. Viroporin mutants did not elevate the levels of cytoplasmic calcium in mammalian cells and were maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum rather than forming punctate vesicular structures that are critical for virus replication and morphogenesis. Pharmacological elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels rescued puncta formation in viroporin mutants, demonstrating that elevation of calcium levels and puncta formation are distinct NSP4 functions. While viroporins typically function in virus entry or release, elevation of calcium levels by NSP4 viroporin activity may serve as a regulatory function to facilitate virus replication and assembly.
Long noncoding RNA transcriptome of plants

Summary Since their discovery more than two decades ago, animal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of many biological processes. Recently, a large number of lncRNAs have also been identified in higher plants, and here, we review their identification, classification and known regulatory functions in various developmental events and stress responses. Knowledge gained from a deeper understanding of this special group of noncoding RNAs may lead to biotechnological improvement of crops. Some possible examples in this direction are discussed.
Antihypertensive effect of pioglitazone is not invariably associated with increased insulin sensitivity.

Hypertension is often associated with insulin resistance, and several chemically diverse agents that increase insulin sensitivity attenuate the development of experimental hypertension. We undertook the present study to determine whether attenuation of hypertension by pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione derivative that increases insulin sensitivity without increasing insulin secretion, is specifically related to its effect on insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Pioglitazone administered daily by oral gavage (20 mg/kg per day) for 3 weeks attenuated the development of hypertension in both the Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rat (an insulin-resistant model of hypertension) and the one-kidney, one clip rat (a model of hypertension not associated with insulin resistance). Based on euglycemic insulin clamp studies in conscious animals, the glucose clearance rate was increased (P < .05) in pioglitazone-treated DS rats (36 +/- 3 mg/kg per minute) compared with control DS rats (27 +/- 1 mg/kg per minute). However, pioglitazone did not affect the glucose clearance rate in one-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats. Metformin, an unrelated agent that also improves glucose tolerance, had no significant effect on blood pressure or glucose clearance rate in either DS or one-kidney, one clip rats. Thus, the hypotensive effect of pioglitazone is not invariably associated with its capacity to improve insulin-induced glucose utilization.
Words the most like things: Iconicity and the rhetorical text

(1990). Words the most like things: Iconicity and the rhetorical text. Western Journal of Speech Communication: Vol. 54, Rhetorical Criticism, pp. 252-273.
The lac permease of Escherichia coli: a prototypic energy-transducing membrane protein.

Etude genetique, structurale et fonctionnelle de l'enzyme lac permease catalysant le transport membranaire de β-galactoside chez E. coli. Un modele pour la structure secondaire de cette proteine membranaire est propose
Exposing Environmental Health Deception as a Government Whistleblower: turning critical ethnography into public pedagogy

This article focuses on the author's applied anthropological work with the Ingham County Health Department between 1998 and 2001. Government administrators were reflexively aware that nobody had ever stepped back to assess the area's overall environmental health and rank the issues according to some criteria, such as by the 'most urgent problems', and then help resolve them. They requested a holistic analysis. The author, an anthropologist, was hired to investigate virtually all of the environmental health problems in the region. This initiative, as originally conceived, was envisioned as a challenge to traditional ways of doing business at the Environmental Health Bureau of the Health Department. The Health Department leadership explicitly sought to create a model that turned the 'public's health into the 'People's Health'. Paradoxically, after several disturbing findings became apparent, Health Department officials began to work diligently to prevent the impending publication of the first report, 'The Story of Water Resources at Work' in August 2000. The article describes how the author used the methodology of critical ethnography to chronicle the processes of hegemony in the work environment, and how he acted as a critical public pedagogue by employing extant cultural forms to communicate these corruptions to citizens at large. In so doing it charts the surprising contingencies that resulted from his resistance.
Two Novel Fungal Virulence Genes Specifically Expressed in Appressoria of the Rice Blast Fungus

The PMK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase gene regulates appressorium formation and infectious hyphae growth in the rice blast fungus. To further characterize this mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, we constructed a subtraction library enriched for genes regulated by PMK1. Two genes identified in this library, GAS1 and GAS2, encode small proteins that are homologous with gEgh16 of the powdery mildew fungus. Both were expressed specifically during appressorium formation in the wild-type strains, but neither was expressed in the pmk1 mutant. Mutants deleted in GAS1 and GAS2 had no defect in vegetative growth, conidiation, or appressoria formation, but they were reduced in appressorial penetration and lesion development. Interestingly, deletion of both GAS1 and GAS2 did not have an additive effect on appressorial penetration and lesion formation. The GAS1–green fluorescent protein and GAS2–green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were expressed only in appressoria and localized in the cytoplasm. These two genes may belong to a class of proteins specific for filamentous fungi and function as novel virulence factors in fungal pathogens.
A Single Conversation with a Wise Man Is Better than Ten Years of Study: A Model for Testing Methodologies for Pedagogy or Andragogy.

This article creates the Teaching Methodology Instrument (TMI) to help determine the level of adult learning principles being used by a particular teaching methodology in a classroom. The instrument incorporates the principles and assumptions set forth by Malcolm Knowles of what makes a good adult learning environment. The Socratic method as used in law schools is applied to the instrument to determine whether it displays more pedagogical or more andragogical principles.
A Bibliographical Sketch of All-Magnetic Logic Schemes

An all-magnetic logic scheme is one with which a workable digital system could be constructed involving only magnetic elements, current-carrying conductors, and sources of clock pulses. Historical developments of both resistance schemes (dependent upon coupling-loop resistance) and nonresistance schemes (possessing at least first-order independence of coupling-loop resistance) are described, with reference to all relevant published work known to the authors. Included are: 1) schemes using electric-circuit transfer linkage with simple cores, multipath cores, and thin-film elements, and 2) schemes using continuous magnetic structures where transfer linkage is purely magnetic.
XML in an adaptive framework for instrument control

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is developing an extensible framework for instrument command and control, known as instrument remote control (IRC) that combines the platform independent processing capabilities of Java with the power of the extensible markup language (XML). A key aspect of the architecture is software that is driven by an instrument description, written using the instrument markup language (IML). IML is an XML dialect used to describe interfaces to control and monitor the instrument, command sets and command formats, data streams, communication mechanisms, and data processing algorithms. The IRC framework also provides the ability to dynamically discover and communicate with other devices anywhere on a network in a peer-to-peer manner. To enable a dynamic discovery and configuration capability for a collection of devices, each IRC instance (referred to as an IRC device) can advertise and publish information about themselves on a virtual network. For scoping and security the virtual network can be divided into virtual peer groups. Devices can join or leave a virtual peer group and thus join or leave the instrument control environment of IRC. An IRC Device can advertise and publish several public IML interface descriptions. A device may want to split up its public descriptions (commanding vs. data) or publish more than one version (novice vs. expert). This simple capability of dynamically publishing and subscribing to interfaces enables a very flexible self-adapting architecture for monitoring and control of complex instruments in diverse environments. Several astronomical instruments are working with the LRC development team to develop custom components for IRC to control their instruments. These instruments include: High resolution airborne wideband camera (HAWC), a facility instrument for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA); and submillimeter high angular resolution camera (SHARC II), an operational facility instrument at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO).
Specific targeting of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human melanoma cells by a dietary triterpene lupeol

Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway regulates a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis and cell motility. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been observed in approximately one-third of melanomas and this subset has very poor prognosis suggesting that targeting Wnt signaling could be a promising strategy against this subtype. Mel 928 and Mel 1241 melanoma cells representative of cells with constitutive activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and Mel 1011 representative of cells that lack this pathway were treated with a dietary triterpene lupeol and its effects on growth, proliferation, β-catenin transcriptional activity and Wnt target genes were determined both in vitro and in vivo. Lupeol treatment to Mel 928 and Mel 1241 but not Mel 1011 cells resulted in a dose-dependent (i) decrease in cell viability, (ii) induction of apoptosis, (iii) decrease in colonogenic potential, (iv) decrease in β-catenin transcriptional activity and (v) decrease in the expression of Wnt target genes. Most importantly, lupeol restricted the translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Lupeol also decreased the growth of Mel 928 but not Mel 1011-derived tumors implanted in the athymic nude mice. The decrease in Mel 928-derived tumor growth was associated with a decrease in the expression of Wnt target genes c-myc, cyclin D1, proliferation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 and invasion marker osteopontin. We suggest that lupeol alone or as an adjuvant to current therapies could be developed as an agent for the management of human melanomas harboring constitutive Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Crossveinless 2 contains cysteine-rich domains and is required for high levels of BMP-like activity during the formation of the cross veins in Drosophila

The BMP-like signaling mediated by the ligands Dpp and Gbb is required to reinforce the development of most veins in the Drosophila wing. However, the formation of the cross veins is especially sensitive to reductions in BMP-like signaling. We show here that the formation of the definitive cross veins occurs after the initial specification of the longitudinal veins in a process that requires localized BMP-like activity. Since Dpp and Gbb levels are not detectably higher in the early phases of cross vein development, other factors apparently account for this localized activity. Our evidence suggests that the product of the crossveinless 2 gene is a novel member of the BMP-like signaling pathway required to potentiate Gbb of Dpp signaling in the cross veins. crossveinless 2 is expressed at higher levels in the developing cross veins and is necessary for local BMP-like activity. The Crossveinless 2 protein contains a putative signal or transmembrane sequence, and a partial Von Willebrand Factor D domain similar to those known to regulate the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular bonds. It also contains five cysteine-rich domains, similar to the cysteine-rich domains found in Chordin, Short Gastrulation and Procollagen that are known to bind BMP-like ligands. These features strongly suggest that Crossveinless 2 acts extracelluarly or in the secretory pathway to directly potentiate Dpp or Gbb signaling.
‘When Is a Liability Not a Liability’ Revisited: Should Financial Text Analysis Abandon General Lexicons?

Finance scholars increasingly believe automated text analysis using a general lexicon misclassifies the tone of financial terms and is ineffective at predicting firm returns. We show that research originating this belief failed to use required word-sense disambiguation, leading to inaccurate results and conclusions regarding the effectiveness of general lexicons. Contrary to this research, we find that a disambiguated general lexicon accurately identifies tone in financial documents. Moreover, disambiguated general lexicons provide advantages of generalizability, precision, and objectivity. Our results imply that general lexicons should not be abandoned in financial text analysis, and disambiguation is critical for this type of analysis.
The incidence of hypopharyngeal stenosis after surgery for laryngeal cancer

Hypopharyngeal stenosis is a frequent complication of laryngectomy and radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma. In a retrospective study of patients treated in the University of Washington Affiliated Hospitals, hypopharyngeal stenosis was more frequent after laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy than after laryngectomy alone and occurred more commonly in lesions of the pyriform fossa than in glottic tumors. Neck disease and inclusion of radical neck dissection were both significant factors in the development of hypopharyngeal stenosis. Recurrent tumor was significantly more prevalent in these patients.
NOX2-dependent regulation of inflammation

NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms together have multiple functions that are important for normal physiology and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is critical for antimicrobial host defence. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of NOX2 characterized by severe life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections and by excessive inflammation, including Crohn's-like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NOX2 defends against microbes through the direct antimicrobial activity of reactive oxidants and through activation of granular proteases and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETosis involves the breakdown of cell membranes and extracellular release of chromatin and neutrophil granular constituents that target extracellular pathogens. Although the immediate effects of oxidant generation and NETosis are predicted to be injurious, NOX2, in several contexts, limits inflammation and injury by modulation of key signalling pathways that affect neutrophil accumulation and clearance. NOX2 also plays a role in antigen presentation and regulation of adaptive immunity. Specific NOX2-activated pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcriptional factor that induces antioxidative and cytoprotective responses, may be important therapeutic targets for CGD and, more broadly, diseases associated with excessive inflammation and injury.
A Conversation with Ivan Niven

(1991). A Conversation with Ivan Niven. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 370-402.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children under 1 year of age: indications, complications, and outcome

During the 9-year period from June 1979 to July 1988, 197 percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomies (PEG) were performed by us in infants and children; 69 (35%) were placed in 68 infants 12 months of age or younger. Indications for the PEG in this latter group were: (1) inability to swallow: 48 (CNS lesions — 40; maxillofacial malformations — 4; oropharyngeal dysmotility — 2; vocal cord paralysis — 2); (2) long-term continuous enteral feedings: 20 (cardiopulmonary lesions and inadequate caloric intake — 14; short gut syndrome — 3; malabsorption and chronic diarrhea — 3); and (3) access for nonpalatable medication in 1 case. Forty-four infants weighed 5 kg or less; of these, 9 weighed less than 3 kg. Seventeen had had previous abdominal procedures. PEG was successfully performed in all 69 attempts. Major complications included: 1 death related to postoperative cardiac failure, 1 operative catheter change (retrsopectively unnecessary), and 1 gastrocolic fistula (operatively corrected). Follow-up was possible in 67 of the 68 infants and revealed the following: 18 patients died of their original disease with the PEG in place; the gastrostomy was no longer needed and was removed in 19, while 31 were using the gastrostomy at the time of completion of the study. Pre-PEG gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was diagnosed in 27 of 69 patients (39%); 14 of these have had no significant long-term problems with GER. Of the remaining 13, 11 required fundoplication while 2 with severe reflux were judged too ill to undergo an anti-reflux procedure. Of the 41 infants without pre-PEG GER, fundoplication was subsequently required in a cas 3\({\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}\) years after PEG removal. Since 4 patients were followed for less than 6 months and the 2 refluxing patients were also excluded, only 12 anti-reflux procedures were performed in 62 evaluable patients (19.3%). Fundoplications in this subset were associated with major complications. GER was not implicated in the deaths of any of the 18 patients who died with the PEG in place. PEG has proven to be simple, safe, and effective in this heterogeneous, high-risk group of children. These results encourage us to recommend PEG as a useful modality for infants requiring enteral access.
Antimicrobial Nanomaterials Derived from Natural Products—A Review

Modern medicine has relied heavily on the availability of effective antibiotics to manage infections and enable invasive surgery. With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, novel approaches are necessary to prevent the formation of biofilms on sensitive surfaces such as medical implants. Advances in nanotechnology have resulted in novel materials and the ability to create novel surface topographies. This review article provides an overview of advances in the fabrication of antimicrobial nanomaterials that are derived from biological polymers or that rely on the incorporation of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity in nanofibers made from synthetic materials. The availability of these novel materials will contribute to ensuring that the current level of medical care can be maintained as more bacteria are expected to develop resistance against existing antibiotics.
A comparison between activated protein C and des-1-41-light chain-activated protein C in reactions with type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor.

This study investigates the role of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gla) containing domain of activated protein C in interactions with both platelet-derived and purified type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). The activity of human platelet PAI-1 was neutralized to the same extent by bovine activated protein C and bovine des-1–41- light chain-activated protein C. Both forms of activated protein C formed SDS-stable, divalent-cation independent complexes with platelet PAI-1, as demonstrated by immunoblotting using antibodies directed to either protein C or PAI-1. Since activated protein C neutralized PAI-1, the potential inhibition of the enzyme by PAI-1 was studied. Purified PAI-1 inhibited the amidolytic activity of bovine-activated protein C and bovine des-1–41-light chain-activated protein C with a k2 of 2.85 X 10(4) M-1 sec-1 for both proteins. These data suggest that the gla domain of activated protein C is not required for neutralization of PAI- 1 activity, for complex formation with PAI-1, or for inhibition of the amidolytic activity of activated protein C by PAI-1.
Do Human Rights Derive From Natural Rights? The State of Nature, Political Authority and the Natural Right to Independence†

Fil: Montero, Julio Cesar. Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina
The Technology of Cavity Filler on the Body Side of Automotive

a problem about leakage come from the cavity of body side of automotive has been discussed and the resolution by the cavity filler has been given out.The interior noise source which come from outer and the design method and characteristic of cavity filler part is the emphases in this paper.the cavity filler part has been applied for some automotive to resolve the leakage problem and the test results show it is effective to reduce the interior noise and prevent the dust intruding.
The Influence of China′s Financial System Reform on the Transformation of the Local Government Functions

Public finance is the basic foundation of government to perform its functions at all levels.According to the requirement of government with hierarchy,we must establish a suitable fiscal system to ensure that the local government can obtain sufficient financial resource to implement its functions.China′s financial system reform is consistent with the transformation of local government functions in time and orders,the financial system reform has promoted the transformation of local government functions.At the same time,because of the incomplete fiscal system,the transformation of local government functions is restrained.
Control of Codling Moth in Walnuts, 2015

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of reduced-risk insecticides for CM control. The study was conducted in an untreated “Payne” walnut orchard near Tracy, CA. Twelve treatments were replicated four times in an RCB design. Each replicate was a single tree. The orchard was planted with 6.1 m × 12.2 m spacing. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 1,723.7 kPa with a finished spray volume of 2,338.5 liters/ha. Applications were based on degree-days (DD). DD were calculated using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a lower threshold of 10°C and an upper threshold of 31.1°C. Maximum and minimum air temperatures were …
Social marketing research trends in consumer psychology

This article discusses structural changes that have encouraged research in social marketing, including the Transformative Consumer Research movement. It also discusses substantive topics that are studied in social marketing including consumption and well-being, combatting threats to self, improving financial decision-making, and regulating the advertising of tobacco and other adult products. Recent methodological innovations in social marketing are identified, including the use of field studies that measure actual consumer behavior and that complement more controlled lab studies. Finally suggestions for junior social marketing scholars are provided, such as targeting journals that appreciate their specific research approach.
Assessment of bioavailable hydrocarbons in Pribilof Island rock sandpiper fall staging areas and overwintering habitat

At present, significant adverse hydrocarbon influence on the Pribilof Island rock sandpiper (Calidris ptilocnemis ptilocnemis) is unlikely. Almost the entire population overwinters in Cook Inlet and breeds on four Bering Sea islands. Passive samplers deployed several times in a three year period and corresponding sediment and soft tissue samples on St. Paul Island and in Cook Inlet generally accumulated small quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Composition was consistent with oil in < 15% of the passive samplers and rarely in soft tissue. Total PAH concentrations in corresponding sediment were very low (< 42 ng/g dry weight); composition was consistent with oil in 39% of these samples and biomarker composition confirmed this on St. Paul Island. However, composition was dominated by normal alkanes from natural sources.
Thrombin-Antithrombin System

To sustain blood circulation and continue on with life after a serious traumatic injury, it is equally necessary to prevent hemorrhage and exsanguination, and to check the development of subsequent systemic thrombosis by escaped clotting enzymes. Complex endogenous anticoagulant mechanisms have evolved to allow rapid, focal blood coagulation and hemostasis, and to prevent distal thrombosis which can lead to pathological—and sometimes fatal—circulatory disruption. Antithrombin (antithrombin III, AT) is an essential component of the body’s endogenous anticoagulant network, and works in concert with other endogenous anticoagulant and procoagulant components of the hemostatic system to keep blood flowing in the face of diverse challenges. The goals of this chapter are to provide a foundation for understanding the normal physiological functioning of AT, and to examine how AT becomes dysregulated in patients with severe injury, and contributes to trauma induced coagulopathy.
Electric Currents, Magnetic Forces

Andre Marie Ampere (1775–1836) was born in Lyon, France. He was home-schooled by his father, a merchant who directed his education and was guillotined in 1793 during the Jacobin purges of the French revolution. Ampere taught himself latin and mathematics at an early age in order to understand the scientific and mathematical writings of Euler and Bernoulli. He began his academic career as a mathematics teacher in 1799. He was appointed professor of physics and chemistry in 1802 at the Ecole Centrale at Bourg, professor of analysis in 1809 at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, and chair of experimental physics at the College de France in 1824. Like many other prominent figures of the French enlightenment, Ampere’s academic interests were quite broad, including astronomy, chemistry, mathematics and philosophy. Inspired by Oersted’s recent discovery of the effect of an electric current on a magnetized compass needle, Ampere performed a number of careful experiments on the relationship between electricity and magnetism; the mathematical formulation of his results came to be known as Ampere’s law. The text that follows is comprised of two extracts. The first is from a paper entitled “Experiments on the New Electrodynamical Phenomena,” In it, Ampere introduces some new terminology. The second is from a memoir presented before the Academy of Sciences on October 2, 1820. It describes his experiments on the force acting between two parallel electrical currents.
Comparison of Two Visualization Tools in Supporting Comprehension of Data Trends

This study compares two commonly used visualization tools, Gapminder and Tableau Public at simple and integrated level, to assess which tool better support user comprehension of data trends in a large dataset. Forty-seven participants were presented with a data set through Gapminder or Tableau Public at either a simple or integrated level. Then each participant was asked to answer questions about what they observed, showing their understanding of the information as well as rate ease-of-use of the tool. The results show that use of animation in Gapminder helped users comprehend data trends, whereas designs that assume prior geographical knowledge of users hampered their performance. Participants achieved higher accuracy with the graphs rated as easier to use. The results suggest that design of visualization tools should use familiar visual features and consider ease-of-use factor to assist user’s comprehension of data trend.
Decreasing patient cost and travel time through pediatric rheumatology telemedicine visits

Background There is a critical shortage of pediatric rheumatologists in the US. Substantial travel to clinics can impose time and monetary burdens on families. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost of in-person pediatric rheumatology visits for families and determine if telemedicine clinics resulted in time and cost savings. Factors associated with interest in telemedicine were also explored.
A Look Back, A Look Now, and A Look Forward

This chapter steps back from specific techniques of end-of-life care to look at the process as a whole. The chapter begins by briefly reviewing recent developments in end-of-life care. The chapter then summarizes the answers of health professionals (HPs) and patients to two key questions, What is dying well? And What is quality end-of-life care? Those answers suggest that today’s end-of-life care does a better job addressing the physical and psychological domains of dying than addressing the social, spiritual, and familial domains. The answers also suggest avenues for future research and improvements in care. The chapter closes by presenting a new vision of end-of-life care called “total, universally responsible care.”
Scenarios of Social Interaction

By now, we collected a huge amount of specific information, a smorgasbord of interesting facts, thousands of peculiarities to pay attention to and many things to consider. Now we want to integrate them in a simulation system.
PO-401 Detection of mutational patterns associated to HR deficiency from low counts of mutations

Introduction A common source of tumorigenesis in several cancer types such as breast and ovarian is a defect in the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. HR defect can be detected by identifying single nucleotide variants (SNVs), deletions, duplications, and other errors generated by the alternative double-strand break repair machineries. However, current diagnostic tools for HR defect relies on copy number changes with reduced sensitivity and specificity, or on the existence of BRCA mutations. While, recent efforts to detect HR defect using mutational signature require a large number of SNVs, beyond what is typically obtained from panel sequencing which is widely used in clinics. Material and methods We developed a computational software called SigMA to identify signatures of HR defect even from low SNV counts. SigMA carries out a multivariate analysis to isolate the effect of a single biological process in the presence of multiple mutagenic processes. The multivariate analysis includes likelihood estimations, which we suggest as novel and sensitive measures, together with commonly used measures such as cosine similarity, and signature amplitudes. First, we determine the signature composition of SNVs in 720 whole-genome sequenced (WGS) breast cancer samples, with non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). Then, a subset of mutations from each sample is selected based on whether they fall within the coverage of the sequencing technique of interest. We optimise our algorithm using the simulated data and considering NMF results as a baseline measurement, and we validate its performance on panel data of 890 breast tumours. Results and discussions Whereas previous attempts in detection of mutational signatures from panel data were limited to cases with a high mutation burden, SigMA can be applied to a large fraction of samples with panel data. On a panel consisting of 410 genes, we were able to dramatically improve the detection of mutational signature of HR defect, with 0.75 (0.5) sensitivity and 0.1 (0.01) false positive rate. SigMA detected 213 cases with HR defect in 890 breast cancer panels. For exome and whole-genome data, the performance of the tool is further improved. Conclusion We developed a tool which extends the applicability of mutational signatures analysis to low counts of mutations. Application of our SigMA algorithm to detect HR defect and other mutational signatures in panel sequencing data will increase the number of cases that may benefit therapeutic agents that target specific classes of genomic alterations.
1.16 Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Tomography of Virus Particles

Human infectious disease is classified into five etiologies: bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal, and prion. Viral infections are unique in that they recruit human cellular machinery to replicate themselves and spread infection. The number of viruses causing human disease is vast, and viruses can be broadly categorized by their structures. Many viruses, such as influenza, appear to be amorphous particles, whereas others, such as herpes simplex virus, rhinovirus, dengue virus, and adenovirus, have roughly symmetric structural components. Icosahedral viruses have been a target of electron microscopists for years, and they were some of the first objects to be reconstructed three-dimensionally from electron micrographs. The ease with which highly purified and conformationally uniform virus samples can be produced makes them an ideal target structural studies. Apart from their biological significance, these virus samples have played a pivotal role in the development of new methodologies in the field of molecular biology as well as in cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography.