cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-fidelity design methodology using LES-based simulation and POD-based emulation: A case study of swirl injectors

Abstract Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, significantly extended design freedom and knowledge must be available in the early design stages. This paper presents a high-fidelity framework for design and optimization of the liquid swirl injectors that are widely used in aerospace propulsion and power-generation systems. The framework assembles a set of techniques, including Design Of Experiment (DOE), high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES), machine learning, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)-based Kriging surrogate modeling (emulation), inverse problem optimization, and uncertainty quantification. LES-based simulations can reveal detailed spatiotemporal evolution of flow structures and flame dynamics in a high-fidelity manner, and identify important injector design parameters according to their effects on propellant mixing, flame stabilization, and thermal protection. For a given a space of design parameters, DOE determines the number of design points to perform LES-based simulations. POD-based emulations, trained by the LES database, can effectively explore the design space and deduce an optimal group of design parameters in a turn-around time that is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The accuracy of the emulated results is validated, and the uncertainty of prediction is quantified. The proposed design methodology is expected to profoundly extend the knowledge base and reduce the cost for initial design stages.
Perceived impact of state-mandated reporting on infection prevention and control departments.

Background Currently, most US states have adopted legislation requiring hospitals to submit health care–associated infection (HAI) data. We evaluated the perceived impact of state HAI laws on infection prevention and control (IPC) departments. Methods A web-based survey of a national sample of all non-veteran hospitals enrolled in the National Healthcare Safety Network was conducted in fall 2011. Variations in IPC department resources and characteristics in states with and without laws were compared by use of χ², Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon), and Student t tests. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify increases or decreases, versus no change, in perceived resources, time, influence, and visibility of the IPC department in states with and without HAI laws. Results Overall, 1,036 IPC departments provided complete data (30% response rate); 755 (73%) were located in states with laws. Respondents in states with reporting laws were more likely to report less time for routine IPC activities (odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.31) and less visibility of the IPC department (odds ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.58) than respondents in states without laws, after controlling for geographic region, setting, and the presence of a hospital epidemiologist. Conclusions Respondents in states with laws reported negative effects on their IPC department, beyond what was required by federal mandates. Further research should examine resources necessary to comply with state HAI laws and evaluate unintended consequences of state HAI laws.
Are Aerobic Programs Similar in Design to Cardiac Rehabilitation Beneficial for Survivors of Stroke? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Survivors of stroke face movement disability and increased cardiovascular disease and stroke risk. Treatment includes rehabilitation focused on functional movement with less emphasis on ...
Oral Psoriasis of the Tongue: A Case Report

Psoriasis is a common dermatological disease, but oral psoriasis is rarely reported in the literature. Its diagnosis has been a contentious issue among physicians. Its presence in the absence of skin lesions is not completely accepted by all physicians, and diagnosis is complicated by the fact that there are no defined criteria. We present a case report of oral psoriasis in a man who did not have skin lesions concurrently but did have a previous history of dermal psoriasis. Additionally, we discuss the history, typical presentation, and current treatments of oral psoriasis.
When Lingens meets Frege: communication without common ground

In this paper, I argue that, contrary to Robert Stalnaker’s highly influential account of linguistic communication, successful communication does not depend on a common ground between speaker and hearer. The problem for Stalnaker’s account manifests itself in communicative situations that represent both Lingens cases, i.e., cases involving egocentric beliefs, and Frege cases, i.e., cases involving identity confusions. I describe two hypothetical cases that involve successful communication, but in which no common ground of the kind required by Stalnaker’s account is available. I therefore propose an alternative account of communication that is based on epistemic two-dimensionalism. This account maintains that communication requires the transfer of a thought content from speaker to hearer. By holding that this shared content often constitutes common ground, it preserves much of the appeal of Stalnaker’s account. However, my account allows for cases in which the shared thought content does not figure in common ground.
Creating a transformative learning experience through a capstone course in economics

Abstract Being a bridge between students’ undergraduate curricula and the real world, a capstone course in economics is an effective method to promote the achievement of economic proficiencies. The main focus of the course is a substantial research paper that integrates theoretical and analytical skills, advance data collection and processing, and econometric analysis techniques. The course also hones graduating seniors’ professional writing and presentation skills. In this article, we describe how a one-semester, required capstone course in economics is developed, so it serves the purpose of being a transformative learning experience. The data come from 170 students in eight sections of the course taught over the course of six semesters. We used multiple assessment methods for data collection: questionnaires, faculty evaluations of the research project, and formal course evaluations. We make recommendations for design, teaching, and assessment of the capstone course.
Association Between Wearable Device–Based Measures of Physical Frailty and Major Adverse Events Following Lower Extremity Revascularization

Importance Physical frailty is a key risk factor associated with higher rates of major adverse events (MAEs) after surgery. Assessing physical frailty is often challenging among patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) who are often unable to perform gait-based assessments because of the presence of plantar wounds. Objective To test a frailty meter (FM) that does not rely on gait to determine the risk of occurrence of MAEs after revascularization for patients with CLTI. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included 184 consecutively recruited patients with CLTI at 2 tertiary care centers. After 32 individuals were excluded, 152 participants were included in the study. Data collection was conducted between May 2018 and June 2019. Exposures Physical frailty measurement within 1 week before limb revascularization and incidence of MAEs for as long as 1 month after surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures The FM works by quantifying weakness, slowness, rigidity, and exhaustion during a 20-second repetitive elbow flexion-extension exercise using a wrist-worn sensor. The FM generates a frailty index (FI) ranging from 0 to 1; higher values indicate progressively greater severity of physical frailty. Results Of 152 eligible participants (mean [SD] age, 67.0 [11.8] years; 59 [38.8%] women), 119 (78.2%) were unable to perform the gait test, while all could perform the FM test. Overall, 53 (34.9%), 58 (38.1%), and 41 (27.0%) were classified as robust (FI <0.20), prefrail (FI ≥0.20 to <0.35), or frail (FI ≥0.35), respectively. Within 30 days after surgery, 24 (15.7%) developed MAEs, either major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; 8 [5.2%]) or major adverse limb events (MALE; 16 [10.5%]). Baseline demographic characteristics were not significantly different between frailty groups. In contrast, the FI was approximately 30% higher in the group that developed MAEs (mean [SD] score, 0.36 [0.14]) than those who were MAE free (mean [SD] score, 0.26 [0.13]; P = .001), with observed MAE rates of 4 patients (7.5%), 7 patients (12.1%), and 13 patients (31.7%) in the robust, prefrail and frail groups, respectively (P = .004). The FI distinguished individuals who developed MACE and MALE from those who were MAE free (MACE: mean [SD] FI score, 0.38 [0.16]; P = .03; MALE: mean [SD] FI score, 0.35 [0.13]; P = .004) after adjusting by body mass index. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, measuring physical frailty using a wrist-worn sensor during a short upper extremity test was a practical method for stratifying the risk of MAEs following revascularization for CLTI when the administration of gait-based tests is often challenging.
The covid-19 Pandemic, Geopolitics, and International Law

Balance-of-power politics have shaped how countries, especially the United States and China, have responded to the covid-19 pandemic The manner in which geopolitics have influenced responses to this outbreak is unprecedented, and the impact has also been felt in the field of international law This article surveys how geopolitical calculations appeared in global health from the mid-nineteenth century through the end of the Cold War and why such calculations did not, during this period, fundamentally change international health cooperation or the international law used to address health issues The astonishing changes in global health and international law on health that unfolded during the post-Cold War era happened in a context not characterized by geopolitical machinations However, the covid-19 pandemic emerged after the balance of power had returned to international relations, and rival great powers have turned this pandemic into a battleground in their competition for power and influence © 2020
Self‐Assembling Catalytic Peptide Nanomaterials Capable of Highly Efficient Peroxidase Activity

The self-assembly of short peptides gives rise to versatile nanomaterials capable of promoting efficient catalysis. We have shown that short, seven-residue peptides bind hemin to produce functional catalytic materials which display highly efficient peroxidation activity, reaching a catalytic efficiency of 3×105 m-1 s-1 . Self-assembly is essential for catalysis as non-assembling controls show no activity. We have also observed peroxidase activity even in the absence of hemin, suggesting the potential to alter redox properties of substrates upon association with the assemblies. These results demonstrate the practical utility of self-assembled peptides in various catalytic applications and further support the evolutionary link between amyloids and modern-day enzymes.
Tethered Durable Goods and Installed Base Degradation via Software Updates

In this paper we study a monopolist technology vendor's decision to degrade their installed base when they release their newer version. An installed base of products that are technologically tethered, whether digital products such as smartphones or predominantly non-digital products such as automobiles, can be degraded in performance through software updates. This raises new possibilities and temptations for sellers, and therefore new questions not hitherto addressed in the literature on durable goods and innovation, on the optimal product policy for durable goods monopolists. In contrast to the traditional planned obsolescence literature, where the seller has to introduce novel versions (novel in either fashion or functional features) to obsolete their installed base of older versions, in the changed scenario when a seller can degrade their installed base via a software update, they don't have to rely on product novelty to encourage consumers to buy the new product. In a two-period setting featuring a monopolist selling a durable good to a unit mass of consumers with uniformly distributed valuation for the good, we show that installed base degradation can emerge in equilibrium, with or without innovation. In the absence of innovation (i.e. same durable good available for sale in both periods), our model first finds that the seller is mostly better off not degrading their installed base in period 2, except for products with very low marginal cost relative to value, which should be leased and not sold. Nevertheless, the seller faces a commitment problem and is tempted to degrade the installed base in period 2, for a substantial part of the parameter space. Next, in the presence of innovation, we find that the seller is better off not degrading the earlier version in the later period, when the marginal cost is high relative to product value, and innovation is low, or when marginal cost is very low and innovation is very high. But there exists a substantial region in the middle, when marginal cost is low to medium, and innovation is medium to high, when the seller earns a higher profit overall by degrading their installed base in period 2, which explains why durable goods vendors may face incentives to engage in this practice. With innovation, there also exists a region in the parameter space where the seller faces a commitment problem and achieves sub-optimal profit by degrading their installed base in period 2, when they could earn a higher profit by refraining from doing so. Even when the seller degrades the installed base, they choose a sub-optimal price, due to a different kind of commitment problem. In the no-innovation scenario, installed base degradation is mostly sub-optimal to the seller due to the commitment problem, whereas in the innovation scenario, installed base degradation is mostly optimal with a relatively smaller sub-optimal region.
Bioaccumulation potential of chlorpyrifos in resistant Hyalella azteca: Implications for evolutionary toxicology.

Abstract Given extensive use of pesticides in agriculture, there is concern for unintended consequences to non-target species. The non-target freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca has been found to show resistance to the organophosphate (OP) pesticide, chlorpyrifos, resulting from an amino acid substitution in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), suggesting a selective pressure of unintended pesticide exposure. Since resistant organisms can survive in contaminated habitats, there is potential for them to accumulate higher concentrations of insecticides, increasing the risk for trophic transfer. In the present study, we estimated the uptake and elimination of chlorpyrifos in non-resistant US Lab, and resistant Ulatis Creek (ULC Resistant), H. azteca populations by conducting 24-h uptake and 48-h elimination toxicokinetic experiments with 14C-chlorpyrifos. Our results indicated that non-resistant H. azteca had a larger uptake clearance coefficient (1467 mL g−1 h−1) than resistant animals (557 mL g−1 h−1). The half-life derived from the toxicokinetic models also estimated that steady state conditions were reached at 13.5 and 32.5 h for US Lab and ULC, respectively. Bioaccumulation was compared between non-resistant and resistant H. azteca by exposing animals to six different environmentally relevant concentrations for 28 h. Detection of chlorpyrifos in animal tissues indicated that resistant animals exposed to high concentrations of chlorpyrifos were capable of accumulating the insecticide up to 10-fold higher compared to non-resistant animals. Metabolite analysis from the 28-h concentration experiments showed that between 20 and 50 % parent compound was detected in H. azteca. These results imply that bioaccumulation potential can be more significant in chlorpyrifos resistant H. azteca and may be an essential factor in assessing the full impacts of toxicants on critical food webs, especially in the face of increasing pesticide and chemical runoff.
Can performance be always improved in iterative identification/control designs: a case study

Considers certainty equivalence control design for a high order plant on the basis of an estimate that is identified within a less complexity model set. Application of a closed loop identification together with successive controller design based on the obtained estimate is repeated. The following questions are addressed: (1) Does performance improve after each identification/control design interaction? (2) Does there exist an integer l>0 so that performance improves after every l interaction? (3) Does performance improve asymptotically? Through a case study, the author shows that the answer to all the above three questions is "not always". The author then provides discussions as to how performance improvement might be noticed.
The Membrane Receptor for Plasma Retinol-Binding Protein, A New Type of Cell-Surface Receptor

Vitamin A is essential for diverse aspects of life ranging from embryogenesis to the proper functioning of most adult organs. Its derivatives (retinoids) have potent biological activities such as regulating cell growth and differentiation. Plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) is the specific vitamin A carrier protein in the blood that binds to vitamin A with high affinity and delivers it to target organs. A large amount of evidence has accumulated over the past decades supporting the existence of a cell-surface receptor for RBP that mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. Using an unbiased strategy, this specific cell-surface RBP receptor has been identified as STRA6, a multitransmembrane domain protein with previously unknown function. STRA6 is not homologous to any protein of known function and represents a new type of cell-surface receptor. Consistent with the diverse functions of vitamin A, STRA6 is widely expressed in embryonic development and in adult organ systems. Mutations in human STRA6 are associated with severe pathological phenotypes in many organs such as the eye, brain, heart, and lung. STRA6 binds to RBP with high affinity and mediates vitamin A uptake into cells. This review summarizes the history of the RBP receptor research, its expression in the context of known functions of vitamin A in distinct human organs, structure/function analysis of this new type of membrane receptor, pertinent questions regarding its very existence, and its potential implication in treating human diseases.
Monitoring standing herbage on granitic soils in the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, USA

Monitoring annual herbage use in rangelands is desirable for scientific management but problematic due to the difficulty and expense of making direct measurements of sufficient precision. We used a Robel pole with 1.27 cm alternating white and gray bands to indirectly measure standing herbage. This technique enables a smooth transition in the basis of annual use monitoring from percent use to residual herbage and overcomes the difficulties alluded to above. Our study was conducted in the southern Bighorn National Forest, Wyoming on granitic soils and within the Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer) vegetation type. The objectives were to develop and validate the relationship between Robel pole visual obstruction readings and clipped standing herbage, and develop guidelines for monitoring and estimation of optimum sample size. Clipped standing herbage ranged from 134 to 3792 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 with a mean of 1558 kg DM ha−1. Visually obstructed bands (band = 1.27 cm) averaged 6.1 and ranged from 0.2 to 19.5. Approximately 75% of the variation in standing herbage was explained by linear regression on visual obstruction measurements. Both intercept and slope of the regression were highly significant (P = 0.001). The standard error of the estimate for a single observation was 458 kg DM ha−1. Cluster analyses grouped the visual obstruction readings into four management categories. This monitoring tool provides pertinent information for managers to develop guidelines based on band and/or standing herbage for natural areas, wildlife and livestock use.
The cooperativity of burst phase reactions explored.

Abstract The denaturant-dependence of the major, observable relaxation rates for folding (kobs) of ribonuclease HI from Escherichia coli (RNase H) and phage T4 lysozyme (T4L) reveal that, for both proteins, folding begins with the rapid and transient accumulation of intermediate species in a “burst phase” which precedes the rate-limiting formation of the native state; this is evidenced by a “rollover” in the folding limb of the rate profiles (kobsversus denaturant, or chevron plot). These rate profiles are most simply described by a three-state mechanism (unfolded-to-intermediate-to-native), which implies that the burst phase represents a transition between two distinct thermodynamic states. It is shown here that the equilibrium properties of these burst phase reactions can be equally well modeled by a mechanism involving a continuum of states where the free energy of each state is linearly related to its m-value (the parameter describing the linear relationship between free energy and denaturant). A numerical model is also developed to describe the time evolution of such a system, which exhibits nearly perfect exponential behavior. Both models emphasize how a continuum of states operating under a linear free energy relationship may behave like a two state system. Such a scheme finds experimental justification from an interpretation of recent native state hydrogen exchange data. The analytical model described for a continuum can account for the observed kinetic profiles of several other model proteins. The results, however, appear context specific, suggesting that burst phase reactions are not entirely random and non-specific. The results reported in this study have important implications for the concept of cooperativity in protein folding reactions.
Self-Representation: Life Narrative Studies in Identity and Ideology

Introduction The Rat Man Mack and Larry Moha and Mohammed Structure, Antistructure, and Nonstructure in Personality Tofu and Junk Food A Good Heart A Diamond in the Rough A Structural Theory of Self-Representation Select Bibliography Index
Towards Artistry: A Critique of the HRD Performance Paradigm and a Suggested New Model

ABSTRACT This article critiques the performance approach to HRD and proposes a new model that takes into account the deep complexities inherent in the human transaction of work. In critically examining the dominant performance paradigm, meanings of work are examined, illustrating that the desire to work extends beyond extrinsic considerations. That work and working need to be problematized and made the basis of inquiry within HRD is explored. Social exchange theory is drawn upon to explain how employees can become impelled to exercise the discretion to engage in creative behaviors that can redound to the benefit of their organizations. The proposed model is premised upon two variables, namely impetus for training and purpose of training. Impetus for training is on a continuum from individual to organization. Purpose of training is on a continuum from intrinsic to instrumental. Of the four approaches to HRD suggested by the model, the type that is bounded by intrinsically driven purpose and focused upon the developmental needs of the individual is suggested as being most likely to prompt worker artistry.
The Brainstem Begs the Question: “Petitio Principii”

Mark Solms proposes that the upper brainstem is intrinsically conscious and that the cortex is intrinsically unconscious and is only permeated with consciousness from the brainstem. His theory relies heavily on studies of hydranencephalic children, who appear to have emotional reactions to outside stimuli despite the fact that they are missing a cerebral cortex. Solms uses this as his main evidence that consciousness is not a function of the cortex. However, I explain in this commentary, based on years of accumulated neuroscientific evidence, why Solms is making two unsupported assumptions: (1) that without cortex you have affective consciousness, and (2) that without brainstem you lose consciousness. It is important not to confuse “consciousness as such” (i.e., wakefulness) with the “content of consciousness” (i.e., awareness). There is excellent converging evidence for the cortical basis of the contents of consciousness.
Insulin receptors from guinea pig liver and brain: structural and functional studies.

We studied the structural and functional characteristics of insulin receptors from guinea pig liver and brain. Binding to crude membrane preparations of liver and brain was time, temperature, and pH dependent. Maximal specific binding to liver crude membrane preparations was 16.4 ± 0.5%, and that to brain crude membrane preparations was 10.4 ± 1.8%. Specificity studies demonstrated typical affinities for insulin receptors with chicken insulin > porcine insulin>human proinsulin>desoctapeptide insulin in both liver and brain. Antiinsulin receptor antiserum inhibited binding of [125I]insulin to both liver and brain crude membrane preparations. Electrophoresis performed under reducing conditions after affinity cross-linking of liver and brain insulin receptors with [125I]insulin revealed labeled proteins (α-subunit) with apparent mol wt of 136,000 in liver and 121,000 in brain. Treatment of liver and brain receptors with both endoglycosidase H and endoglycosidase F increased the electrophoretic mobility of th...
Properties of high Jc BiSrCaCuO and TlBaCaCuO thin film

Abstract BiSrCaCuO thin films were prepared by an RF magnetron sputtering. We obtained a c-axis oriented polycrystal with many intergrowth layers. This film has high Jc of 3.4MA/cm 2 at 77.3K. TlBaCaCuO thin films were also prepared by the sputtering. It was a c-axis textured polycrystalline thin film. Its Tc(R=0) and Jc was 115K and 3.2MA/cm 2 , respectively.
Polarized electron-cyclotron emission in a poloidal-divertor tokamak

The polarization of electron‐cyclotron emission at the second harmonic (ω=2ωce) has been measured both without and with a microwave absorber installed within view of the receiver to reduce wall reflection. Whereas without the absorber the radiation is dominantly unpolarized, with the absorber installed the radiation is significantly polarized, and the extraordinary mode intensity is typically three times the ordinary mode intensity. This indicates that wall reflections significantly depolarize the received radiation. Right‐hand‐cutoff effects are also observed and electron temperature is inferred from the emission from optically thin plasmas.
The origins of the title of Muret’s Iuvenilia

Muret’s choice of “iuvenilia” as a title for the first edition of his poetry (1553) is an innovation that deserves closer scrutiny. Other authors, both French and Italian, were already using the terms “juvenile” or “adolescent” to characterize their literary love, affairs, and in each case the terms carry an apologetic tone. The classical antecedent for the term as a poetic tag is Ovid. By examining the various contexts in which he employs some form of “iuvenilia”, we can come to a better understanding of its import for Muret. Ultimately, the term “iuvenilia”, connotes not so much a mundane temporal condition (i.e. the time of life during which the poems were written) as a poetic disposition (i.e., erotic, playful poetry as opposed to more serious genres).
Modeling the environmental/optical relation in near shore regions

ABSTRACT Fresh water runoffinto the ocean from rivers amd estuaries contains colored dissolved organicmatter (CDOM) that strongly affects optical absorption. Ifconservative mixing occurs between these fresh water plumes and the surrounding high salinity/low CDOM oceanic waters, then a linearrelationship should exist between salinity and optical absorption, enabling remote mapping of theplume' s dispersion. In this study we test this relationship in the near shore region with optical absorption and salinity time series taken during four different experiments in separate locations and separate seasons. Our conclusion is that in very near shore regions, away from the immediate river runoff, the conservative mixing relationship is easily violated. 1. INTRODUCTION Because of the highly variable nature of near shore hydrodynamics, it is imperative thatmethods for synoptically mapping these areas using aircraft or satellite be developed. One methodthat has recently demonstrated high potential, at least with river plume tracing, involves the
Search for weak beta and gamma branches in the beta decay of $sup 59$Fe

The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{59}\mathrm{Fe}$ was studied by $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence methods for direct evidence of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ branches leading to higher excited states of $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ and to search for any transitions that had not yet been observed. Weak $\ensuremath{\beta}$ branches were observed to the 1.481- and 1.434-MeV states of $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$, confirming earlier indirect evidence from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray studies. No new $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions were observed, but some useful limits were set on branching ratios of suspected transitions.
CO2 conversion and oxalate stability on alkali promoted metal surfaces: sodium modified Al(100)

CO2 conversion on alkali promoted metals in aprotic systems has been followed with surface sensitive spectroscopies. New results on sodium modified aluminum(100) are presented and compared with previous studies on magnesium [1], aluminum [2], and bulk alkali metals [3]. Electron energy loss spectra reveal two different states of CO2 adsorption at 100 K and monolayer sodium coverage. Vibrational bands at 650 cm−1 and 2325 cm−1 correspond to weakly bound molecular CO2 and a multitude of bands between 2300 cm−1 and 460 cm−1 to oxalate ions with low, possibly unidentate, coordination. Gentle annealing increases the coordination as apparent by vibrational shifts. This corresponds to oxalate to carbonate conversion, a process which is completed around room temperature. CO desorption was detected at 285 K and Auger measurements reveal a 1∶3 C/O stoichiometry after high temperature annealing. We observe no release of CO2 above 110 K but an additional weak state of CO desorption around 470 K. High temperature annealing causes decomposition of all intermediates and leaves the aluminum surface covered with an irreducible carbide and oxide overlayer. We suggest that CO2 reduction and dimerization to C2O4−2 is a common path to yield carbon deposition on all alkali promoted surfaces in hydrogen deficient systems. In contrast, oxalate decomposition is related to the specific chemistry of each substrate.
Increased growth of Rous sarcomas in chickens pretreated with formalinized syngeneic tumor cells.

The effect of inoculating formalinized syngeneic or allogeneic Rous sarcoma cells on the growth of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumors in two related inbred strains of chickens was studied. Chickens from both strains that received three weakly inoculations of syngeneic tumor cells had a significant increase in tumor growth and mortality after subsequent challenge with RSV. Development of RSV-induced tumors in chickens pretreated with formalinized allogeneic tumor cells (i.e. incompatible for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens) was similar to what we observed in nonpretreated control chickens. The finding that the tumor-host relationship is altered only in chickens pretreated with formalinized syngeneic RSV-transformed cells, suggests that tumor-associated antigens of Rous sarcomas are modified MHC antigens analogous to "altered self" antigens thought to be present on certain virus-infected cells. If this hypothesis is correct, the results we obtained with formalin-killed syngeneic tumor cells can be explained on the basis of three possible mechanisms: immunological enhancement, immune tolerance or induction of antibody to anti-tumor idiotype. The merits of each mechanism in accounting for the results are discussed.
Brief Report: Excellent Agreement Between Two Brief Autism Scales (Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Social Responsiveness Scale) Completed Independently by Parents and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised

Agreement between the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and two brief scales completed by parents was 93.1% for the Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder (CASD) and 89.7% for the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in a sample of adolescents with suspected autism spectrum disorders. Our study is consistent with others showing that brief scales like the CASD and SRS have strong psychometric support and compare favorably with the ADI-R. The CASD and SRS are each completed and scored in 15 min, whereas the ADI-R takes over 2 h to administer and score. The CASD and SRS offer a valid and cost effective alternative to lengthy and expensive measures and, by virtue of their brevity and simplicity, could facilitate diagnosis, access to treatment, and research.
Beyond the object: Of rabbits, rutabagas and history

This article takes Raymond Williams' discussion of the `laborer's supper' as an entree to an exploration of what `value' and `history' might mean, and especially, what the relations between the two might be. My purpose is neither to arrive at definitions of `value' or `history', nor to elaborate a general theory defining their nature or interrelation. Rather, it is to consider the presence of history, and in many cases, the implications of its absence or containment, in both structural and object-centered anthropological analyses of value. I take the `laborer's supper' as a challenge to consider the implications and possibilities of bringing the two concepts into a more explicit and dynamic relationship with each other, thus moving from the anthropology of value to something that might be called the anthropology and history of value.
Impact of hippocampal neuronal ablation on neurogenesis and cognition in the aged brain

Neuronal loss is the most common and critical feature of a spectrum of brain traumas and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The capacity to generate new neurons in the central nervous system diminishes early during brain development and is restricted mainly to two brain areas in the mature brain: subventricular zone and subgranular zone. Extensive research on the impact of brain injury on endogenous neurogenesis and cognition has been conducted primarily using young animals, when neurogenesis is most active. However, a critical question remains to elucidate the effect of brain injury on endogenous neurogenesis and cognition in older animals, which is far more relevant for age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Therefore, we examined the impact of neuronal loss on endogenous neurogenesis in aged animals using CaM/Tet-DTA mice, a transgenic model of hippocampal cell loss. Additionally, we investigated whether the upregulation of adult neurogenesis could mitigate cognitive deficits following substantial hippocampal neuronal loss. Our findings demonstrate that aged CaM/Tet-DTA mice that sustain severe neuronal loss exhibit an upregulation of endogenous neurogenesis. However, despite this significant upregulation, neurogenesis alone is not able to mitigate the cognitive deficits observed. Our studies suggest that the aged brain has the capacity to stimulate neurogenesis post-injury; however, multiple therapeutic approaches, including upregulation of endogenous neurogenesis, will be necessary to recover brain function after severe neurodegeneration.
Compression Behaviour of Stacked Woven Fabrics

Understanding the behaviour of fabric in bulk form is necessary for the optimum design of automated material handling systems. Considers the bulk behaviour of stacks of cut fabric parts; the objective is to predict the bulk behaviour of stacks under compression. Uses a single ply fabric compression model developed by De Jong, Snaith and Michie to develop a compression model for stacked fabric.
An educational model for patient safety and disclosure of medical error in podiatric medicine.

Patient safety is a process that began to gain momentum in health care in the 1980s. It quickly became a new discipline in the delivery of patient care that emphasizes the identification, early recognition, analysis, evaluation, assessment, reporting, and, ultimately, the development of a new systematic approach to health-care delivery, promoting a culture of prevention of medical errors that often lead to untoward medical outcomes in the treat
Protection system for inductively coupled magnets (and experience in MRI magnet systems)

A completely passive protection system for complex assemblies of superconductive magnets is presented. Quench-back heaters are used to initiate normal zones in multiple coils. Silicon diodes operating at 4.5 K are utilized to permit rapid charging and discharging of the magnet system, to protect the persistent current switches, and to prevent the long-lived field disturbances associated with resistively shunted magnets. Protection modules employing a self-limiting heater are used to provide the rapid response necessary to protect inductively coupled shim coils while maintaining protection system integrity during a worst-case quench of the main coils. Operating experience with this protection technique on three Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) magnet systems is reported.
Adaptive Regression by Mixing

Adaptation over different procedures is of practical importance. Different procedures perform well under different conditions. In many practical situations, it is rather hard to assess which conditions are (approximately) satisfied so as to identify the best procedure for the data at hand. Thus automatic adaptation over various scenarios is desirable. A practically feasible method, named adaptive regression by mixing (ARM), is proposed to convexly combine general candidate regression procedures. Under mild conditions, the resulting estimator is theoretically shown to perform optimally in rates of convergence without knowing which of the original procedures work the best. Simulations are conducted in several settings, including comparing a parametric model with nonparametric alternatives, comparing a neural network with a projection pursuit in multidimensional regression, and combining bandwidths in kernel regression. The results clearly support the theoretical property of ARM. The ARM algorithm assigns we...
Bridging Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Theory and Attachment Theory in the Preschool Strange Situation

Parental acceptance-rejection theory (PARTheory) and attachment theory evolved independently but along parallel lines, creating many similarities but also significant differences. This article is the first attempt to describe these similarities and differences, and to test expected linkages between theories using attachment theory's Preschool Strange Situation procedures. Results of analyses showed that PARTheory's parental behavior measures were highly correlated with a number of attachment theory's parental behavior measures. Included here was a strong positive correlation between PARTheory's main construct of parental acceptance, and attachment theory's main construct of maternal sensitivity. In addition, expected linkages between parental behavior and child attachment classifications were shown using measurements drawn from PARTheory. Results provide strong support for the value of continuing to explore conceptual and empirical links between theories.
Transport energetics of the Cl- pump in Aplysia gut.

Abstract Basolateral membranes of Aplysia foregut epithelia contain an ATP-dependent Cl − transporter (Cl − pump). Increased activity of the Cl − pump, coupled to apical and basolateral membrane depolarization, changed the Cl − transport energetics across the apical membrane but did not change the vectorially-opposite Cl − transport energetics across the basolateral membrane.
Electron microscopy of fine‐needle aspiration biopsies of the mediastinum

Twenty cases of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of mediastinal tumors with ultrastructural studies of the aspirated material were reviewed. The cases were classified according to the cytologic and ultrastructural diagnosis. A specimen insufficient for ultrastructural study was obtained in five cases (25%). Refinement of the cytologic diagnosis was made in three cases (15%) and good correlation between the initial cytologic impression and the ultrastructural studies was seen in the remaining cases (60%). Comparison of different sites of FNA biopsy revealed a higher rate of ultrastructural examination in the cases involving the mediastinum. Illustrative cases of the use of electron microscopy in FNA biopsies of mediastinal tumors are presented.
Autologous splenic transplantation for splenic trauma

OBJECTIVE: The authors reviewed the experimental evidence, surgical technique, complications, and results of clinical trials evaluating the role of autologous splenic transplantation for splenic trauma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Splenorrhaphy and nonoperative management of splenic injuries have now become routine aspects in the management of splenic trauma. Unfortunately, not all splenic injuries are readily amenable to conventional spleen-conserving approaches. Heterotopic splenic autotransplantation has been advocated for patients with severe grade IV and V injuries that would otherwise mandate splenectomy. For this subset of patients, splenic salvage by autotransplantation would theoretically preserve the critical role the spleen plays in the host's defense against infection. METHODS: The relevant literature relating to experimental or clinical aspects of splenic autotransplantation was identified and reviewed. Data are presented on the experimental evaluation of autogenous splenic transplantation, methods and complications of autotransplantation, choice of anatomic site and autograft size, and results of clinical trials in humans. RESULTS: The most commonly used technique of autotransplantation in humans involves implanting tissue homogenates or sections of splenic parenchyma into pouches created in the gastrocolic omentum. Most authors have observed evidence of splenic function with normalization of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis, immunoglobulin M levels, and peripheral blood smears. Some degree of immune function of transplanted grafts has been demonstrated with in vivo assays, but the full extent of immunoprotection provided by human splenic autotransplants is currently unknown. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple human and animal studies have established that splenic autotransplantation is a relatively safe and easily performed procedure that results in the return of some hematologic and immunologic parameters to baseline levels. Some aspects of reticuloendothelial function are also preserved. Whether this translates into a real reduction in the morbidity or mortality rates from overwhelming bacterial infection is unknown and requires further investigation.
Analysis and prediction of constriction resistance between coated surfaces

Introduction T HE resistance to heat flow encountered at the interface between two rough surfaces is a pervasive problem in thermal design. This phenomenon of contact resistance is important in electronics, aerospace, and heat exchanger applications in which efficient heat removal is essential.1,2 Because of the microscopically rough nature of real engineering surfaces, only 1–2% of the nominal surface area is in actual contact.3 An interstitial gas or vacuum fills the remaining gaps between these surfaces. The heat flow from one surface to the other is greatly constricted to flow through only the contacting asperities. To understand the flow of heat across the contact, it is necessary to understand the constriction resistance occurring on the microscale. Constriction resistance is defined as the ratio of the additional temperature drop due to constriction to the rate of heat flow through the interface. Carslaw and Jaeger4 analytically determined the constriction resistance for a half-space. However, the half-space approximation is a poor approximation for actual surfaces in contact. Mikic and Rohsenow5 considered the heat as flowing through heat flux columns (semi-infinite cylinders), which terminate in a small contact radius. They showed that the constriction resistance for this case can be related to the resistance of a half-space by a constriction alleviation factor F . Olsen et al.6 proposed that an asperity on a real surface is best modeled as a cylinder terminating in the frustum of a cone. When a finite difference conduction analysis of this geometry was used, the effects of contact radius, contact angle, and substrate conductivity on constriction resistance were explored. Black et al.7 refined this model and calculated constriction resistance over a wide range of parameters for bare contacts. A generalized equation suitable for computer implementation was developed by performing a nonlinear least-squares fit to the numerical data. Singhal and Garimella8 used this equation in conjunction with a surface deformation model for bare surfaces to predict the contact resistance between real metallic surfaces. For the mitigation of contact resistance, one or more of the mating surfaces is often coated with a conductive and malleable material such as tin or silver. The present work aims to extend the work of Black et al.7 to investigate constriction resistance in the presence of
Restenosis after directional coronary atherectomy.

Objectives. This study evaluates the incidence of restenosis after successful directional coronary atherectomy and identifies risk factors for restenosis. Background. Directional coronary atherectomy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment of obstructive coronary artery disease; however, information regarding restenosis is limited. Methods. Between October 1986 and December 1989, 289 patients with 332 lesions were successfully treated with directional coronary atherectomy and followed up prospectively. Clinical follow-up information was available for 98% and angiographic follow-up information was obtained for 82% at approximately 6 months, or earlier if symptoms recurred. Angiograms were quantitatively analyzed. Restenosis was defined as > 50% stenosis at the site of intervention. Results. Seventy-four percent of patients were either asymptomatic or clinically improved after the procedure. Thirty-two percent were subsequently treated by coronary artery bypass surgery (14%), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (4%) or repeat atherectomy (13%). Angiographic evidence of restenosis was observed in 42%. The restenosis rate in native coronary arteries was 31 % for primary lesions and 28% and 49%, respectively, for lesions treated with one or two previous angioplasty procedures. The restenosis rate for saphenous vein grafts was 53% for primary lesions and 58% and 82%, respectively, for lesions treated with one or two previous angioplasty procedures. The median interval to angiographically documented restenosis was 133 days. A higher restenosis rate was associated with a saphenous vein graft, hypertension, a longer lesion (≥ 10 mm), a smaller vessel diameter (< 3 mm), a noncalcified lesion and use of a smaller (6F) device. Conclusions. Restenosis remains a limitation of directional coronary atherectomy. A subset of patients with larger vessels, shorter lesions or lesions treated with a larger (7F) device may have a more favorable outcome.