cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Interphases in Fiber-Reinforced Composites Under Transverse Loading Using the Boundary Element Method

In this paper, interphases in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites under transverse loading are modeled by an advanced boundary element method based on the elasticity theory. The interphases are regarded as elastic layers between the fiber and matrix, as opposed to the spring-like models in the boundary element method literature. Both cylinder and square unit cell models of the fiber-interphase-matrix systems are considered. The effects of varying the modulus and thickness (including nonuniform thickness) of the interphases with different fiber volume fractions are investigated. Numerical results demonstrate that the developed boundary element method is very accurate and efficient in determining interface stresses and effective elastic moduli of fiber-reinforced composites with the presence of interphases of arbitrarily small thickness. Results also show that the interphase properties have significant effect on the micromechanical behaviors of the fiber-reinforced composites when the fiber volume fractions are large. @S0021-8936~00!02501-0#
Mitral Regurgitation What Causes the Leakage Is Fundamental to the Outcome of Valve Repair

Mitral regurgitation (MR) has become the predominant mitral valve disease as a result of the regression of rheumatic diseases and the aging of the population. The high prevalence in the elderly of degenerative and ischemic MR implies that MR is currently a public health problem. Recent data suggest that MR has severe outcome implications that are dependent on the degree of regurgitation, both for MR due to organic disease of the mitral valve and MR due to ischemic heart disease. This combination of high prevalence and relatively high risk requires careful examination of therapies applicable to MR. Unfortunately for patients with MR, therapeutic approaches for both medical and surgical treatment have not been evaluated by the state-of-the-art method—ie, by randomized clinical trials. Therefore, observational studies form the basis of our clinical decision-making process, and the quality of evidence is less than optimal. Our assessment of the improvement of outcome provided by various strategies (eg, medical treatment versus untreated observation, surgical treatment versus medical treatment of asymptomatic patients, valve repair versus valve replacement in patients who require surgery) is based on observational studies that have intrinsic limitations. The first implication of this situation is that we need (for a lack of a stronger word) appropriately designed randomized clinical trials comparing various strategies of treatment. The second implication is that it is not surprising that various observational studies, such as that presented by Thourani and colleagues in the present issue of Circulation ,1 may have findings different from each other in accordance with the population examined. Consequently, it is essential to examine the current status of our knowledge and determine how to interpret data that may seem to contradict existing information. See p 298 What does the current literature say about the potential outcome benefit of mitral valve repair for patients …
T-bet Regulates the Terminal Maturation and Homeostasis of NK and Vα14i NKT Cells

Natural killer (NK) and CD1d-restricted Valpha14i natural killer T (NKT) cells play a critical early role in host defense. Here we show that mice with a targeted deletion of T-bet, a T-box transcription factor required for Th1 cell differentiation, have a profound, stem cell-intrinsic defect in their ability to generate mature NK and Valpha14i NKT cells. Both cell types fail to complete normal terminal maturation and are present in decreased numbers in peripheral lymphoid organs of T-bet(-/-) mice. T-bet expression is regulated during NK cell differentiation by NK-activating receptors and cytokines known to control NK development and effector function. Our results identify T-bet as a key factor in the terminal maturation and peripheral homeostasis of NK and Valpha14i NKT cells.
An efficient artificial landmark-based system for indoor and outdoor identification and localization

Current technologies for localization such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) have limitations in terms of accuracy, cost, signal attenuation and need for re-calibration over time, which leads to a compromise in performance and accuracy. In this paper, we present a novel Artificial Landmark-Based Identification System (ALIS), which can be used in both indoor and outdoor localization applications. ALIS is a multi-part landmark-based localization approach, which uses template matching techniques to find multiple landmark patterns in an image to estimate distance from the landmark.
Incentive-Based Self-Organization for 2 Dimensional Event Tracking

For problems that cannot be modeled and solved efficiently using a centralized approach, distributed algorithms are a necessity. Self-organizing systems are systems constructed from a network of autonomous communicating agents whereby from simple individual behaviors emerges a global system behavior that is complex, efficient, adaptable, and robust. For the right behavior to emerge, the components must have the correct incentives when they select among their next action. In this paper, we explore the problem of self organization in the context of a mobile sensor network tracking an event. We select two different paradigms, a newtonian force-based approach and a potential energy approach. We test the resulting algorithms in a simulation environment.
Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in follicular carcinomas of the thyroid

Abstract Context.—Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) has been shown to be up-regulated and/or overexpressed in a variety of human neoplasms. However, limited data exist on the role of COX-2 in follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. Studies in this area are potentially significant, since therapeutic agents that inhibit COX-2 are currently available and could play a role in treatment. Design.—A retrospective clinicopathologic review with COX-2 immunohistochemical staining of 34 follicular carcinomas and 7 follicular adenomas with incomplete capsular penetration was performed. Results.—The study included 41 patients (25 women; mean age, 50.9 years). All patients underwent gross total resection of the neoplasm. Fifteen carcinoma patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Seven patients with follicular carcinomas developed recurrent disease: 3 patients were alive (mean follow-up, 10.1 years) and 4 patients died of metastatic disease (mean follow-up, 3.5 years). All remaining patients were disease free (mean follow-up, 5.9 ...
On the flow of water in an elastic artesian aquifer

Slichter showed in 1898 that a solution may be obtained for a given problem in the steady motion of ground-water by solving the familiar Laplace equation and that therefore in steady-state conditions a problem in the motion of ground-water is mathematically analogous to a problem in the steady flow of heat or electricity [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. More recently it has been recognized that the analogy holds also for the non-steady-state flow of compressible liquids, in elastic systems as well as in rigid systems. In studying the effect of the discharge of flowing wells on the head in the Dakota sandstone, Meinzer [2, 3] concluded that the water discharged by the wells had largely been derived locally from storage. It was found that the amount of water withdrawn from storage could not be accounted for on the basis of the compressibility of water alone but that it might be accounted for on the basis of the probable compressibility of the sandstone itself. Prior to that time, estimates of water-supplies from artesian aquifers had been based upon the assumption that artesian aquifers are perfectly incompressible and inelastic However, as Meinzer states [2, p. 289], “artesian aquifers are apparently all more or less compressible and elastic though they differ widely in the degree and relative importance of these properties. In general, the properties of compressibility and elasticity are of the most consequence in aquifers that have low permeability, slow recharge, and high head.”
Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma

Effective treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable challenge. Survival rates remain poor despite decades of clinical trials of conventional and novel, biologically targeted therapeutics. There is considerable evidence that most of these therapeutics do not reach their targets in the brain when administered via conventional routes (intravenous or oral). Hence, direct delivery of therapeutics to the brain and to brain tumors is an active area of investigation. One of these techniques, convection-enhanced delivery (CED), involves the implantation of catheters through which conventional and novel therapeutic formulations can be delivered using continuous, low–positive-pressure bulk flow. Investigation in preclinical and clinical settings has demonstrated that CED can produce effective delivery of therapeutics to substantial volumes of brain and brain tumor. However, limitations in catheter technology and imaging of delivery have prevented this technique from being reliable and reproducible, and the only completed phase III study in GBM did not show a survival benefit for patients treated with an investigational therapeutic delivered via CED. Further development of CED is ongoing, with novel catheter designs and imaging approaches that may allow CED to become a more effective therapeutic delivery technique.
"Extending the Activation Hypothesis: Demands, Control, Work and Non-work Support on Performance"

We proposed that effects of job demands on performance would be moderated by high levels of perceived control over working processes, and support from within the workplace, such that those perceivi...
Predicting Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) From the Environmental Parameters- Light, Flow, and [DIC]

Isotopic discrimination against 13 C during photosynthesis is determined by a combination of environmental conditions and physiological mechanisms that control delivery of CO2 to RUBISCO. This study investigated the effects of light, flow, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, and its speciation, on photosynthetic carbon assimilation of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) using a combination of laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations leading to a mechanistic understanding of environmental conditions that influence leaf carbon uptake and determine leaf stable carbon isotope signatures (d 13 C). Photosynthesis was saturated with respect to flow at low velocity (� 3c m s 21 ), but was strongly influenced by [DIC], and particularly aqueous CO2 (CO2(aq)) under all flow conditions. The non-linear responses of light- and flow-saturated photosynthesis to [DIC] were used to quantify the maximum physiological capacity for photosynthesis, and to determine the degree of photosynthetic carbon limitation for light-saturated photosynthesis, which provided a mechanistic pathway for modeling regulation of carbon uptake and 13 C discrimination. Model predictions of d 13 C spanned the typical range of values reported for a variety of seagrass taxa, and were most sensitive to [DIC] (predominantly [CO2(aq)]) and flow, but less sensitive to DIC source [CO2(aq) vs. HCO 2 ]. These results provide a predictive understanding of the role of key environmental parameters (light, flow, and DIC availability) can have in driving d 13 C of seagrasses, which will become increasingly important for predicting the response of these ecosystem engineers to local processes that affect light availability and flow, as well as global impacts of climate warming and ocean acidification in the Anthropocene.
Genetic variability for girth growth and rubber yield in Hevea brasiliensis

O conhecimento basico das caracteristicas presentes nas populacoes de plantas e essencial para a conducao dos trabalhos de selecao e melhoramento. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se descrever a variacao genetica da producao de borracha e correlaciona-las com outras caracteristicas, assim como estimar os parâmetros geneticos para perimetro do caule e o numero de aneis de vasos laticiferos. Um total de 67 clones de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Juss.) Muell.-Arg.] foram avaliados em cinco locais durante 10 anos. Os caracteres perimetro do caule na abertura do painel e producao de borracha mostraram herdabilidades no sentido amplo ao nivel de media de parcela entre 0,32 a 0,66 e 0,59 a 0,92, respectivamente. Ganhos geneticos preditos de 0,73 cm e 0,79g de incremento de perimetro na fase juvenil parecem viaveis mesmo com uma intensidade de selecao moderada. Correlacoes geneticas entre producao de borracha, espessura de casca e numero total de vasos laticiferos foram muito altas, e praticamente nao houve interacao genotipo-ambiente para perimetro do caule. Alta interacao genotipo-ambiente foi detectada para producao de borracha, com correlacoes geneticas e fenotipicas por locais variando entre 0,64 e 0,92 (geneticas) e 0,63 e 0,89 (fenotipicas). O carater total de aneis de vasos laticiferos apresentou alta herdabilidade, variando de 20% ate 63% nos locais E e B, respectivamente.
A myristoyl switch regulates membrane binding of HIV-1 Gag

How and where are virus particles assembled in an infected cell? To address this question, virologists are studying retroviruses and lentiviruses, enveloped viruses that contain RNA as their genetic material. The only viral protein that is needed to make a virus-like particle is the Gag protein (1, 2). In the lentivirus HIV-1, Gag is synthesized as a cytosolic 55-kDa precursor (Pr55gag) that contains four domains: p17 matrix (MA), p24 capsid (CA), p7 nucleocapsid (NC), and p6 (Fig. 1 A ). The newly synthesized Gag precursor targets to the plasma membrane in most cells, where it multimerizes by means of its CA and NC domains into large arrays that direct particle assembly and budding. How does HIV-1 Gag associate with cellular membranes? The membrane-binding (M) domain maps to the N-terminal region of MA. For the M domain to function, it must be covalently modified at its N terminus by myristate, a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid (3). Nearly all mammalian retroviral Gag proteins are myristoylated (4). However, myristoylation alone is not sufficient to promote stable membrane binding of proteins (5, 6). A second signal, which in the case of HIV-1 Gag is a cluster of basic residues within the M domain, synergizes with myristate to promote tight membrane binding (7). Structural studies of non-myristoylated forms of MA have revealed that part of the M domain forms an amphipathic β-pleated sheet, with the basic residues oriented on the top surface (8–10). Here they would be positioned to interact electrostatically with negatively charged headgroups of acidic phospholipids in the membrane. But where is the myristate? The article by Tang et al. in this issue of PNAS (11 …
Innovation, Firm Size and Growth

Limited entrepreneurial attention plays a critical role in the ability of a firm to innovate new products and to maintain the profitability of current product lines. When the entrepreneur is responsible for decisions concerning both the innovation of new products and the maintenance of current products, then one of the costs of innovation is the opportunity cost of the entrepreneur’s time. This opportunity cost is caused by the neglect of current operations and the resulting loss of profits. This loss of profits may be due to the entry of competing products from other firms, changes in consumer tastes or any number of other causes. If the ability of the entrepreneur to improve the profitability of current products is sufficiently high, relative to the ability to innovate new products, then these current operations distract the entrepreneur from innovating new products. If this is the case, then as the number of current operations increase, the entrepreneur has less time to devote to innovating new products. If the profitability of current operations declines slowly when neglected, then the diversion of the entrepreneur’s attention away from innovation is less frequent. This allows the entrepreneur to more innovative.
Glycoconjugate Vaccines: What Next?

The principle that infants can be protected from invasive diseases caused by encapsulated organisms has been proved with the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. The use of glycoconjugates to implement some of the goals of the Children's Vaccine Initiative requires a clear delineation of the chemical and immunological specifications for optimal vaccines.
Ground reflections and green thunderstorms

Abstract It has been suggested that green light often observed in association with severe thunderstorms is caused by sunlight being reflected onto the cloud by green vegetation. Colorimetric observations were recorded of green-colored and blue-colored thunderstorms in conjunction with spectral measurements of the light reflected by the ground beneath the storms. Simple numerical models were used to evaluate the likelihood of ground-reflected light causing the green color in storms. Both the observations and calculations indicate that the green light seen in severe thunderstorms is not caused by light reflected from green foliage.
MIMO radar, SIMO radar, and IFIR radar: a comparison

This paper focuses on a simple beamforming problem and compares the MIMO and SIMO radar systems for the case where the transmitter and receiver are collocated. The simplicity of the application allows one to see clearly where the advantages of MIMO radar come from, and what the tradeoffs are. The comparison also includes a third system called the IFIR radar (interpolated FIR radar). The MIMO radar offers advantages in terms of clutter reduction, especially when the extra coherent integration time can be exploited, but it does not offer an SNR advantage — in fact the SNR is worse than that of the SIMO radar when extra integration cannot be performed. The IFIR radar, which is essentially a simple variation of phased array radars, has an advantage over the SIMO radar in terms of clutter reduction, and does not compromise SNR in order to achieve this. The multiple orthogonal waveforms used in MIMO radar typically require extra bandwidth for fixed range resolution but the IFIR radar does not require extra bandwidth.1
The mixed serial/parallel approach to VLSI search processors

Discusses a design methodology for VLSI search processors whereby most of the processing elements of previous designs are replaced with high-speed shift registers. Such an approach results in a significant cost reduction while maintaining a reasonable suboptimal processing speed for databases of practical interest. As an added benefit, the proposed designs offer considerable flexibility in the handling of variable-length and very long records. Such records are impossible to handle or lead to intolerable performance penalties with fixed-format designs. A key to the proposed architecture is the coupling of high-speed shift registers with systolic string comparators that can operate at extremely high clock rates. The speed/cost tradeoffs provided by various architectural features of the proposed system are discussed and its performance is compared to those of certain theoretically optimal, but currently unrealizable hardware-intensive architectures. >
Intergroup Argumentation in City Government Decision Making: The Wal-Mart Dilemma

Intergroup argumentation is an important aspect of civic activism, but it has yet to be studied from an interaction perspective. Using group argumentation research as a foundation, this study analyzed intergroup argumentation complexity and strategy by applying the Conversational Argument Coding Scheme (Canary, Ratledge, & Seibold, 1982) to a Lawrence, KS, USA, city commission meeting. Analysis found that Wal-Mart officials spent the majority of their speaking time framing their positions (i.e., delimitors), whereas city commissioners spent most of their time seeking convergence, and the public spent more time than the other groups using generative mechanisms. Findings suggest the need to distinguish between argument effectiveness and argument complexity, an important theoretical implication for argumentation research.
A Conversation with Richard Bistrong: FCPA Violator and Undercover Cooperator

Richard Bistrong. Most people likely associate his name with the manufactured Africa Sting Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enforcement action. The Africa Sting action involved a purported deal to purchase equipment for the presidential guard of an African Government with FBI agents posing as African Government officials and Bistrong working as an undercover informant.The Africa Sting enforcement action resulted in criminal charges against 22 individuals. After extensive motions practice and two trials, all charges against all defendants were ultimately dismissed by the DOJ and the action ended with a federal judge calling the entire case a “long and sad chapter in the annals of white collar criminal enforcement.”Bistrong was not charged in the Africa Sting case, but previously pleaded guilty to “real-world” FCPA conduct, including conspiring with others to bribe United Nations officials, Dutch officials, and Nigeria officials. This charge stemmed from Bistrong’s work as the international sales vice president for a large, successful and publicly traded multi-national corporation. Bistrong started to cooperate with the DOJ in June 2007 and the judge ultimately credited Bistrong’s extensive cooperation at sentencing.At the time of this QA what made him think he could get away with it; his thought process when he realized he was caught; and how he spent his time in federal prison. In the Q&A, Bistrong not only looks back, but forward as well, and shares what he learned from his experience and what he hopes to accomplish in the future.
Planar Biaxial Characterization of Human Coronary and Carotid Arteries for Computational Modeling

Finite element analyses (FEA) provide contributions to clinical cardiovascular applications such as assessment of plaque vulnerability, the mechanical optimization of balloon angioplasty and stent deployment. However, FEA-predicted stresses for physiological and pathological states are dependent heavily on the accuracy of material models utilized. Thus, developing accurate quantitative descriptions for the multiaxial mechanical behavior of blood vessels is essential for developing accurate computational models for arterial stiffness.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Avoided emissions of a fuel-efficient biomass cookstove dwarf embodied emissions

Abstract Three billion people cook their food on biomass-fueled fires. This practice contributes to the anthropogenic radiative forcing. Fuel-efficient biomass cookstoves have the potential to reduce CO 2 -equivalent emissions from cooking, however, cookstoves made from modern materials and distributed through energy-intensive supply chains have higher embodied CO 2 -equivalent than traditional cookstoves. No studies exist examining whether lifetime emissions savings from fuel-efficient biomass cookstoves offset embodied emissions, and if so, by what margin. This paper is a complete life cycle inventory of “The Berkeley–Darfur Stove,” disseminated in Sudan by the non-profit Potential Energy. We estimate the embodied CO 2 -equivalent in the cookstove associated with materials, manufacturing, transportation, and end-of-life is 17 kg of CO 2 -equivalent. Assuming a mix of 55% non-renewable biomass and 45% renewable biomass, five years of service, and a conservative 35% reduction in fuel use relative to a three-stone fire, the cookstove will offset 7.5 tonnes of CO 2 -equivalent. A one-to-one replacement of a three-stone fire with the cookstove will save roughly 440 times more CO 2 -equivalent than it “costs” to create and distribute. Over its five-year life, we estimate the total use-phase emissions of the cookstove to be 13.5 tonnes CO 2 -equivalent, and the use-phase accounts for 99.9% of cookstove life cycle emissions. The dominance of use-phase emissions illuminate two important insights: (1) without a rigorous program to monitor use-phase emissions, an accurate estimate of life cycle emissions from biomass cookstoves is not possible, and (2) improving a cookstove's avoided emissions relies almost exclusively on reducing use-phase emissions even if use-phase reductions come at the cost of substantially increased non-use-phase emissions.
Vocabulary, Grammar, Sex, and Aging

Understanding the changes in our language abilities along the lifespan is a crucial step for understanding the aging process both in normal and in abnormal circumstances. Besides controlled experimental tasks, it is equally crucial to investigate language in unconstrained conversation. I present an information-theoretical analysis of a corpus of dyadic conversations investigating how the richness of the vocabulary, the word-internal structure (inflectional morphology), and the syntax of the utterances evolves as a function of the speaker's age and sex. Although vocabulary diversity increases throughout the lifetime, grammatical diversities follow a different pattern, which also differs between women and men. Women use increasingly diverse syntactic structures at least up to their late fifties, and they do not deteriorate in terms of fluency through their lifespan. However, from age 45 onward, men exhibit a decrease in the diversity of the syntactic structures they use, coupled with an increased number of speech disfluencies.
Comparison of W-Plasty vs Traditional Straight-Line Techniques for Primary Paramedian Forehead Flap Donor Site Closure

ImportanceThe paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) donor site scar is hard to disguise and may be a source of patient dissatisfaction. ObjectiveTo evaluate the aesthetic outcome of W-plasty vs tradition...
A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN.

Mental retardation affects twice as many children as any other chronic disorder. Since the general physician treats the majority of the children in the United States, he should be able to detect signs of subnormal mental development.A series of simple tests is suggested to aid in evaluating mental development. These procedures will not provide a complete psychologic assessment, but they will indicate whether a more comprehensive evaluation is necessary.
Dedicated Resuscitation Operating Room for Trauma

The development of trauma systems and training courses such as ATLS have promoted the prompt triage of injured patients to trauma centers and provided a common approach to identify and treat potentially life threatening injuries. A major emphasis in the care of the injured patient has focused on the prompt identification and treatment of hemorrhage. Here, we review the use of a dedicated operating room for trauma resuscitation where patients are transported from the scene, directly to the operating room. The operating room resuscitation allows for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of shock and brings together the trauma team, anesthesia team, and operating room personnel to care for the severely injured patient. The operating room is the ideal location to perform procedures and initiate operative interventions to achieve hemorrhage control. The use of hybrid operating rooms may further improve the capabilities of the dedicated operating room for trauma resuscitation. Ongoing research is needed to continue to define the ideal patients and injury patterns that will gain the most benefit from direct transport to the operating room for trauma resuscitation.
What Do You Know? A Statutory and Precedential Approach to Corporate Scienter

Every year, hundreds of private lawsuits alleging violations of Section 10(b)’s antifraud provision of the Securities Exchange Act are filed in federal courts. These litigations have a substantial impact on the national economy, with millions of dollars at stake in most lawsuits. While the Supreme Court has clarified many questions of ambiguity within the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA), the Court has not opined on the scienter requirement for claims involving a corporate defendant. A circuit split has thus developed surrounding “corporate scienter.” When permitted, this doctrine allows a plaintiff to meet the PSLRA’s pleading requirement by alleging one person had the requisite state of mind and another person committed the fraudulent act. The corporate scienter doctrine therefore allows the plaintiff to more easily bring a lawsuit against a corporate defendant, leading to the potential for forum shopping and inequitable results among defendants. I examine the current circuit split, which was fractured even more after the Sixth Circuit’s recent creation of a new pleading standard. After examining the current approaches to corporate scienter, I study the text and structure of the PSLRA to argue for a new approach to corporate scienter. My suggested approach would require plaintiffs to demonstrate that an executive officer made or approved a fraudulent statement and that that officer had actual knowledge of the statement’s falsity. Such an approach comports with prior, related case law and the structure of the statute.
Some Behaviorial Science Measurement Concerns and Proposals

Primarily from a measurement standpoint, we question some basic beliefs and procedures characterizing the scientific study of human behavior. The relations between observed and unobserved variables are key to an empirical approach to building explanatory theories and we are especially concerned about how the former are used as proxies for the latter. We believe that behavioral science can profitably reconsider the prevailing version of this arrangement because of its vulnerability to limiting idiosyncratic aspects of observed/unobserved variable relations. We describe a general measurement approach that takes into account idiosyncrasies that should be irrelevant to the measurement process but can intrude and may invalidate it in ways that distort and weaken relations among theoretically important variables. To clarify further our major concerns, we briefly describe one version of the measurement approach that fundamentally supports the individual as the primary unit of analysis orientation that we believe should be preeminent in the scientific study of human behavior.
A sustainable lignocellulosic biodiesel production integrating solar- and bio-power generation

A solar-bio-powered refining concept has been developed to establish sustainable lignocellulosic biodiesel production. The refining concept applies a combined hydrolysis process without detoxification to release sugars from corn stover, uses aerobic oleaginous fungal fermentation to accumulate lipids on the hydrolysate for biodiesel production, and implements solar-bio-power generation to satisfy the energy demand. The results demonstrate that system integration of solar-bio-power generation and fungal lipid accumulation is an effective approach to create a sustainable lignocellulosic biodiesel production. Compared to concentrated solar power (CSP) units, photovoltaics (PV) are a more suitable solar technology to satisfy the energy needs of the lignocellulosic biodiesel production. The PV-bio-powered lignocellulosic biodiesel production has a net energy output of 28.70 MJ kg−1 biodiesel produced, and a net energy ratio (NER) of 1.08.
Molecular Crowding Effects on Microgel-Tethered Oligonucleotide Probes.

Microgel tethering is a nontraditional method with which to bind oligonucleotide hybridization probes to a solid surface. Microgel-tethering physically positions the probes away from the underlying hard substrate and maintains them in a highly waterlike environment. This paper addresses the question of whether molecular crowding affects the performance of microgel-tethered molecular beacon probes. The density of probe-tethering sites is controlled experimentally using thin-film blends of biotin-terminated [PEG-B] and hydroxyl-terminated [PEG–OH] poly(ethylene glycol) from which microgels are synthesized and patterned by electron beam lithography. Fluorescence measurements indicate that the number of streptavidins, linear DNA probes, hairpin probes, and molecular beacon probes bound to the microgels increases linearly with increasing PEG-B/PEG–OH ratio. For a given tethering-site concentration, more linear probes can bind than structured probes. Crowding effects emerge during the hybridization of microgel-...
Real-Time Anomaly Detection Framework for Many-Core Router through Machine-Learning Techniques

In this article, we propose a real-time anomaly detection framework for an NoC-based many-core architecture. We assume that processing cores and memories are safe and anomaly is included through a communication medium (i.e., router). The article targets three different attacks, namely, traffic diversion, route looping, and core address spoofing attacks. The attacks are detected by using machine-learning techniques. Comprehensive analysis on machine-learning algorithms suggests that Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) have better attack detection efficiency. It has been observed that both algorithms have accuracy in the range of 94p to 97p. Additional hardware complexity analysis advocates SVM to be implemented on hardware. To test the framework, we implement a condition-based attack insertion module; attacks are performed intra- and intercluster. The proposed real-time anomaly detection framework is fully placed and routed on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. Postplace and -route implementation results show that SVM has 12p to 2p area overhead and 3p to 1p power overhead for the quad-core and 16-core implementation, respectively. It is also observed that it takes 25p to 18p of the total execution time to detect an anomaly in transferred packets for quad-core and 16-core, respectively. The proposed framework achieves 65p reduction in area overhead and is 3 times faster compared to previous published work.
Philosophers as statesmen: in the light of recently discovered texts

The period from the birth of Confucius (551–479 BC) in the middle of the sixth century BC to the closing of the Warring States period in 221 BC is usually designated as the “Age of Philosophers.” Despite the ceaseless military conflicts staged by the large territorial states (analyzed in Chapter 9), China had at the same time also seen unprecedented intellectual developments with the Shi (discussed in Chapter 8) at the center of the stage. Those Shi who were able to systematically develop their theses, usually represented by a core group of texts, and in turn had them passed on to their disciples through the medium of private education were then remembered in history as the philosophers. The fundamental philosophical ideas developed by these late Spring and Autumn and Warring States period masters have since dominated the skyline of the Chinese intellectual life, and became the defining features of Chinese civilization over the next two millennia. The phenomenon is interesting within the context of Chinese history and is also important for understanding the early development of the humanities in a global context. For this reason perhaps, the subject of early Chinese philosophy has always been at the heart of Western sinology. And this trend has only been increased with the discovery of critically important new philosophical texts from Warring States tombs, mainly in South China, over the past thirty years. It is obviously impossible to offer here a full discussion of the various propositions endorsed by the numerous philosophers and to trace the lines of their discourses across the extremely rich literature of the Warring States period, for which purpose good introductions have already been written. Instead, as a unit of a concise survey of early Chinese civilization the present chapter will focus on the process of formation of a few main philosophical traditions as a social and cultural phenomenon, along with the introduction of some fundamental concepts as their responses to the problems of their time and society. In this way, the chapter will also discuss some recent discoveries of philosophical texts and the significant new light they shed on the development of the early Chinese intellectual traditions.
Jackknifing Linear Estimating Equations: Asymptotic Theory and Applications in Stochastic Processes

Let (X1, X2, ..., X") be a vector of (possibly dependent) random variables having distribution F(X, 0). Let G(X, 0) = E 1 gi (X, 0) = 0 be an estimating equation for 0, e.g. the score function or the maximum pseudolikelihood estimating equation in spatial processes. Let O,n be the estimator obtained from G such that 0On +0o in probability and n 1/2(0 00) -+ N(O, V) in distribution. In many situations, it is difficult to derive an analytical expression for V, e.g. for maximum pseudolikelihood estimators for the spatial processes. In this paper, we give a jackknife estimator of V and show that it is weakly consistent. The method consists of deleting one estimating equation (instead of one observation) at a time and thus obtaining the pseudovalues. The method of proof and conditions are similar to those of Reeds with some modifications. The method applies equally to independent and identically distributed random variables, independent but not identically distributed random variables, timeor space-dependent stochastic processes. Our conditions are less severe than Carlstein's who deals with a similar problem of estimating V for dependent observations. We also give some simulation results.
Vitamin D deficiency, behavioral atypicality, anxiety and depression in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a complex developmental disorder with serious medical, cognitive and emotional symptoms across the lifespan. This genetic deletion also imparts a lifetime risk for developing schizophrenia that is 25-30 times that of the general population. The origin of this risk is multifactorial and may include dysregulation of the stress response and immunological systems in relation to brain development. Vitamin D is involved in brain development and neuroprotection, gene transcription, immunological regulation and influences neuronal signal transduction. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with schizophrenia, depression and anxiety in the general population. Yet, little is known about how vitamin D levels in children with 22q11.2DS could mediate risk of psychosis in adulthood. Blood plasma levels of vitamin D were measured in children aged 7-16 years with (n=11) and without (n=16) 22q11.2DS in relation to parent reports of children's anxiety and atypicality. Anxiety and atypicality in childhood are risk indicators for the development of schizophrenia in those with 22q11.2DS and the general population. Children with 22q11.2DS had lower vitamin D levels, as well as elevated anxiety and atypicality compared with typical peers. Higher levels of anxiety, depression and internalizing problems but not atypicality were associated with lower levels of vitamin D. Vitamin D insufficiency may relate to higher levels of anxiety and depression, in turn contributing to the elevated risk of psychosis in this population. Further study is required to determine casual linkages between anxiety, stress, mood and vitamin D in children with 22q11.2DS.
The application of cell sheet engineering in the vascularization of tissue regeneration

Scaffold-free cell sheet engineering (CSE) is a new technology to regenerate injured or damaged tissues, which has shown promising potential in tissue regeneration. CSE uses a thermosensitive surface to form a dense cell sheet that can be detached when temperature decreases. The detached cell sheet can be stacked on top of one another according to the thickness of cell sheet for the specific tissue regeneration application. One of the key challenges of tissue engineering is vascularization. CSE technique provides excellent microenvironment for vascularization since the technique can maintain the intact cell matrix that is crucial for angiogenesis. In this review paper, we will highlight the principle technique of CSE and its application in tissue regeneration.
The Asymmetric Effects of Positive Or Negative Experiences with an Extension on Low- or High-Equity Parent Brands: A Microtheoretical Notion

We investigate the effects of actual product experiences with typical brand extensions on attitudes toward low- vs. high-equity brands. By using a three-wave longitudinal design, we assess both the immediate and delayed intra-individual influence of an experience with an extension on evaluations of the core brand. We find support for the microtheoretical notion that the valence of the experience with an extension has asymmetric effects on parent brand attitudes depending on the equity of the core brand. Good experiences with extensions result in greater attitude enhancement for low-equity brands, whereas bad experiences lead to greater attitude dilution for high-equity brands. These results are primarily due to the disconfirmation of expectations associated with the core brand, not the differential diagnosticity of the experience with the extension. Although the immediate effects are stronger than the delayed effects, the asymmetric feedback effects persist over time and beyond the context in which the experience occurred.
Evaluation of Psychiatric and Personality Disorders

Different methodologies have been utilized to measure the presence or absence of psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy including medical record reviews, self-report measures, psychiatric interviews, and self-identification as having a particular disorder. Despite the fact that different methodologies and samples have been used across the literature, there is significant evidence to support the overall conclusion that there are higher rates of Axis I disorders among individuals with epilepsy compared to the general population. Similar to Axis I disorders, Axis II disorders appear to be common in individuals with epilepsy. However, the research in in Axis II disorders is limited and additional population based studies in epilepsy need to be conducted. Based on the current literature, it is increasingly imperative to assess, identify and provide recommendations for treatment of psychiatric disorders in this population. There is a vast array of diagnostic tools available to assess and identify psychiatric disorders. These tools range from self-report measures to structured interviews. A select subset of instruments and measures have been used in epilepsy both clinically and in research. In this chapter a number of instruments used to assess psychiatric disorders are described; reliability and validity of each measure is presented; utility and information regarding how to find each instrument is included.
Pediatric Neurology at the Millennium a Celebration or a Challenge

One definition of the millennium is an anniversary or celebration of “a period of freedom from imperfections in human existence.”
Struggle with ultimate meaning: Nuanced associations with search for meaning, presence of meaning, and mental health

AbstractStruggle with ultimate meaning reflects concerns about whether one’s life has a deeper meaning or purpose. We examined whether this construct could be distinguished from presence of meaning in life and search for meaning. In two US samples – a web-based sample (N = 1047) and an undergraduate sample (N = 3978) – confirmatory factor analyses showed that struggle with ultimate meaning loaded on a factor that was distinct from but related to presence (negatively) and search (positively). Moderated regression analyses showed that people with low levels of presence combined with high levels of search for meaning were particularly likely to struggle with ultimate meaning. Additionally, when compared to presence and search, struggle with ultimate meaning related more strongly to depressive symptoms than presence or search. These results suggest that struggle with ultimate meaning represents a distinct component of how people grapple with meaning that has implications for mental health.
Estimating Item Parameters

Because the actual values of the parameters of the items in a test are unknown, one of the tasks performed when a test is analyzed under item response theory is to estimate these parameters. The obtained item parameter estimates then provide information as to the technical properties of the test items. To keep matters simple in the following presentation, the parameters of a single item will be estimated under the assumption that the examinees ability scores are known. In reality, these scores are not known, but it is easier to explain how item parameter estimation is accomplished if this assumption is made.
Reconstructing prehistoric landscape use at a regional scale: A critical review of the lithic conveyance zone concept with a focus on its limitations

Abstract Researchers commonly use the distances and directions that toolstone was conveyed from sources to archaeological sites to reconstruct lithic conveyance zones (LCZs). This approach, which has been most eloquently applied in the Great Basin by Charlotte Beck and George Jones, is a primary means through which researchers can consider prehistoric landscape use at a regional scale. For the past 15 years, the LCZ concept has generated productive debate about the scale and types of Paleoarchaic mobility; however, it remains unclear exactly what kinds of behavior(s) LCZs represent. Furthermore, it has become clear that LCZ reconstructions may be impacted by the type and number of artifacts on which they are based. In this paper, we track the development of the LCZ concept in the Great Basin, highlight some possible issues with the approach, and outline some guidelines that may help provide a better picture of how and why prehistoric groups conveyed toolstone.
The Political Economy of Care: Flight Attendant Unions and the Struggle over Airline Deregulation in the 1980s

This paper traces flight attendant union activism in the 1980s to demonstrate how the ideology of the family weighed on the practice of care. Previous scholarship, especially the work of Arlie Russell Hochschild, has demonstrated that emotional labor is a defining feature of the flight attendant profession and of other service work. Because airline managers had framed women's jobs as providing care and not as work, flight attendants had always made far less money than their male peers in the airline industry. In the early 1970s, and in conjunction with the women's, gay, and lesbian liberation movements, flight attendant unions transformed the relationship between care and work, as they won large raises that allowed flight attendants to be breadwinners for their families. With flight attendants' economic advances, caregiving was defined in political economic terms, a practice that required a robust wage and affordable benefits. After the deregulation of the airline industry, however, airline managers strove to redefine the meaning of care. Working in tandem with the ascendant “pro-family” and pro-business activist movements of the early 1980s that aimed to cut taxes, roll back welfare programs, and eliminate government regulation, the airlines offered “family values” as a means to make up for what neoliberal reforms were taking away. This paper analyzes the ensuing confrontation, arguing that the category of care was a fault line in the struggle over the rise of neoliberalism.
Synthesis and evaluation of MR probes for targeted-reporter imaging

Visualizing disease heterogeneity remains a challenging task since most imaging agents are targeted to a single receptor. We describe the development of an MR platform able to report on multiple molecular events. Enzyme activation and enhanced cellular uptake of this modular probe make it suitable for subsequent targeted-reporter imaging applications.