cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneities and the Fragility of Labor Markets

Workers' labor market participation decisions and firms' vacancy creation decisions are studied in a model where different matches generate different surpluses. An immediate consequence of these heterogeneities is that better matches are possible in thicker markets. This creates a thick market externality: when additional workers and firms enter the market, they confer net benefits on the other workers and firms by improving the expected quality of their matches. As a consequence, there is always too little entry by both workers and firms. The thick market externality has further implications. Quite generally labor markets will be fragile: Considering shocks to average match productivities, there will be a critical threshold at which the market suddenly transitions from supporting multiple workers and multiple firms in equilibrium to supporting no workers or firms in any equilibrium. Workers and firms suffer discontinuous losses as this threshold is passed and the market collapses.
Physical stress/exercise and the immune response

The literature examining the effects of exercise on the immune system has grown significantly in the past decade. Figure 1 shows the results of a Medline search using the keywords “exercise” and “immune” from the year 1966 to the present. The search yielded a total of 691 studies, of which 607 were published in the past decade alone. This phenomenal growth of interest reveals the area of exercise and immunology to be one of the fastest growing research areas of study in applied immunology. The scope of this research has particularly broadened in the past few years by utilizing various cutting edge research techniques (e.g., improved assays).
HSA Balances, Contributions, Distributions, and Other Vital Statistics -- A First Look at Data from the EBRI HSA Database on the 10th Anniversary of the HSA

This year marks the 10th anniversary of the creation of health savings accounts (HSAs) under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. The EBRI HSA Database contains data collected from various HSA providers on 1.5 million accounts with total assets of $2.7 billion as of December 31, 2013. This paper is the first annual report drawing on cross-sectional data from the EBRI HSA Database. It examines account balances, individual and employer contributions, annual distributions, deductibles and type of coverage when the HSA was opened, and account-owner demographics for 2013. Starting from scratch a decade ago, enrollment in HSA-eligible health plans is estimated to range from 15.5 million to 20.4 million policyholders and their dependents, and it has also been estimated that there are 10.7 million accounts holding $19.3 billion in assets as of Dec. 31, 2013. Seventy percent of HSAs were opened since 2011. The average HSA balance at the end of 2013 was $1,766, up from $1,280 at the beginning of the year. Average account balances increased with the age of the owner of the account. Account balances averaged $697 for owners under age 25 and $4,460 for owners ages 65 and older. HSAs with either individual or employer contributions accounted for 69 percent of all accounts and 87 percent of the assets. Six percent of these accounts ended the year with a zero balance. On average, individuals who made contributions deposited $2,032 to their account. HSAs receiving employer contributions received $1,184, on average. Four-fifths of HSAs with a contribution also had a distribution for a health care claim during 2013. Among HSAs with claims, the average amount distributed for health care claims was $1,953. Distributions for health care claims increased with age, with the exception of those ages 65 and older. Average annual distributions were $667 for account owners under age 25; $2,335 for account owners ages 55-64; and $2,017 for account owners ages 65 and older. Average annual distributions were higher for accounts that were older. However, the likelihood of taking a distribution for health care claims was higher among accounts opened more recently. HSAs are likely to keep growing: It is expected that 30 percent of larger employers will offer an HSA-eligible health plan or HRA as the only plan option by 2015.
On Equity and Developing Country Participation

The call for ‘meaningful participation’ of ‘key’ developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol has been one of the most important issues in the climate negotiation in 1998 leading towards the CoP4 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in November. The issue was brought to attention in international politics by the United States, though ‘meaningful participation’ is not well defined and ‘key’ developing countries cannot easily be pinpointed. Unfortunately, since the US negotiators failed to have developing country participation explicitly included in the Protocol, the US government decided to postpone the submission for ratification of the Protocol before the Senate at least until after the upcoming CoP4.
Automated Satellite-Based Landslide Identification Product for Nepal

Landslide event inventories are a vital resource for landslide susceptibility and forecasting applications. However, landslide inventories can vary in accuracy, availability, and timeliness as a result of varying detection methods, reporting, and data availability. This study presents an approach to use publicly available satellite data and open source software to automate a landslide detection process called the Sudden Landslide Identification Product (SLIP). SLIP utilizes optical data from the Landsat 8 OLI sensor, elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission to create a reproducible and spatially customizable landslide identification product. The SLIP software applies change detection algorithms to identify areas of new bare-earth exposures that may be landslide events. The study also presents a precipitation monitoring tool that runs alongside SLIP called the Detecting Real-time Increased Precipitation (DRIP) model that helps identify the timing of potential landslide events detected by SLIP. Using SLIP and DRIP together, landslide detection is improved by reducing problems related to accuracy, availability, and timeliness that are prevalent in the state-of-the-art of landslide detection. A case study and validation exercise was performed in Nepal for images acquired between 2014 and 2015. Preliminary validation results suggest 56% model accuracy, with errors of commission often resulting from newly cleared agricultural areas. These results suggest that SLIP is an important first attempt in an automated framework that can be used for medium resolution regional landslide detection, although it requires refinement before being fully realized as an operational tool.
${\rm{TS}}(v,\lambda)$ with cyclic 2-intersecting Gray codes: $v\equiv 0$ or $4\pmod{12}$

A ${\rm{TS}}(v,\lambda)$ is a pair $(V,\mathcal{B})$ where $V$ contains $v$ points and $\mathcal{B}$ contains $3$-element subsets of $V$ so that each pair in $V$ appears in exactly $\lambda$ blocks. A $2$-block intersection graph ($2$-BIG) of a ${\rm{TS}}(v,\lambda)$ is a graph where each vertex is represented by a block from the ${\rm{TS}}(v,\lambda)$ and each pair of blocks $B_i,B_j\in \mathcal{B}$ are joined by an edge if $|B_i\cap B_j|=2$. Using constructions for ${\rm{TS}}(v,\lambda)$ given by Schreiber, we show that there exists a ${\rm{TS}}(v,\lambda)$ for $v\equiv 0$ or $4\pmod{12}$ whose $2$-BIG is Hamiltonian.
A Comparison of the Types of Problems Encountered by Entrepreneurial Students and Successful Professional Entrepreneurs

Research examining the similarities and differences between the types of problems that students enrolled in entrepreneurship courses encounter and the types of problems that successful entrepreneur...
Maintenance of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm at different in vitro oxygen tensions alters ATP levels and cell functional characteristics

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in sperm from steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were found to be 12.0 ± 1.4 pmol ATP per 106 sperm cells. Sperm were stored at 0–2 °C for up to 72 h under 100 and 21% O2, and 100% N2. The sperm ATP content of samples maintained under 100 and 21% O2 both decreased to about 70 and 50% of initial values after 24 and 72 h, respectively. ATP levels of sperm stored under 100% N2 decreased to 20% of initial values after only 4 h and to less than 10% of initial values after 24 h; they remained unchanged throughout the following 48 h. These low levels, however, were reversible. Following 4 h incubation under 100% N2, sperm ATP levels rose upon exposure to and maintenance under 100% O2, increasing to 50% of initial values after a total of 72 h. ATP levels in sperm maintained with cyanide for 4 h decreased to less than 5% of initial values. The magnitude of the change in sperm ATP levels after 24 h in samples maintained under 100% O2 correlated positively with the initial sperm ATP levels. Sperm ATP levels, motility, and fertility were all correlated positively in a subset of samples examined. The initial percent of living sperm (sperm viability) was 97.5 ± 0.5% and was unaltered through 24 h under all O2 tensions. Sperm viability remained unchanged through 72 h under 21% O2 and decreased by 10 and 30% by 72 h under 100% O2 and 100% N2, respectively. Therefore, reductions in sperm ATP levels could not be attributed to cell death as viability decreased only modestly over these durations. Spermatocrit values were unaltered throughout the 72 h incubation for samples maintained under 100 and 21% O2, however, a 95% increase in spermatocrit occurred after 72 h in samples maintained under 100% N2. These data indicate that intracellular ATP in steelhead trout sperm can be modulated by ambient oxygen without significant loss of viability and that this ATP has a probable role in cell motility and fertility, and sperm packing and cell flexibility.
Impact of aided AAC interventions on speech comprehension of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities: A critically appraised topic

A critically appraised topic (CAT) is one form of rapid review that can be particularly useful for informing practice. The purpose of this CAT was twofold: to determine (a) the impact of aided augm...
Conclusion: The Campaign of Personalized Conflict

This chapter offers concluding remarks about emotive context of the presidential campaign and which emotional dimensions had significant influence on voters’ decisions—leading voters to interpret personal feelings as salient political information on specific policy issues. It also reviews thematic and distinctive patterns from the findings that point to evidence that lends support to the negative partisanship framework, and the 2016 presidential campaign along with some possible implications intimated by this evidence.
Lines and Boxes: The Geometry of Thought

Lines simplify and abstract; they also focus attention, leading a body or a mind from place to place. The eye creates lines where there are none, connecting occluded fragments to perceive objects. The body creates lines in the world on paths, on bookshelves, and on streets. The hand creates lines on the page to represent things and ideas, organized and messy. The mind creates lines, moving from thought to thought.
Rainfall intensification increases nitrate leaching from tilled but not no-till cropping systems in the U.S. Midwest

Abstract As global surface temperatures rise, the percentage of total precipitation that falls in extreme events is increasing in many areas (“rainfall intensification”), including the U.S. Midwest, a major agricultural region. While it is well known that losses of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied in excess of crop N demand have consequences for non-agricultural ecosystems, the effects of rainfall intensification on N losses from agricultural fields are uncertain. We conducted a 234-day field experiment in which we evaluated the effects of rainfall intensification on N leaching, soil inorganic N pools, soil N transformations, and crop N content in replicated tilled and no-till row crop systems of the upper Midwest. Under rainfall exclusion shelters we exposed 5 × 5 m plots to a control rainfall treatment with relatively small, frequent rainfall events historically typical of the region, and an intensified rainfall treatment with the same total rainfall added in larger, less frequent events. Although rainfall intensification increased modeled water percolation to 1.2 m in both tilled and no-till systems, as reported previously, it increased nitrate leaching only in tilled systems. Extractable soil nitrate concentrations throughout the experiment were on average 32 % higher in surface soils exposed to intensified rainfall compared to control rainfall regardless of tillage management. In-situ net N mineralization and nitrification rates measured during a two-week period in summer showed no significant differences between rainfall or tillage treatments. Inorganic N pools (0–1.2 m depth) were 43 % greater in no-till soils compared to tilled soils and were unaffected by rainfall intensification; crop N concentrations and total N were likewise unaffected. Our results suggest that rainfall intensification in tilled cropping systems will increase N leaching to groundwater, with consequent economic and environmental harm. No-till management, however, may buffer systems against the effects of intensification on nitrate loss.
Simple and efficient adaptive two-sample tests for high-dimensional data

In this paper, we first consider testing the equality of two mean vectors in the so-called “high-dimension, low sample size” setting. Different from the existing methods in the literature, we propo...
Using Ultrasonic Waves to Determine the Microstructure of Snow

High frequency (ultrasonic) acoustic wave propagation measurements were inverted to determine important near-surface parameters of snow including porosity, tortuosity, and pore geometry, using a newly-designed, oblique-reflection transducer apparatus. Acoustic signals interact with the physical structure of porous media, are particularly sensitive to porosity and tortuosity, and can be used to measure physical properties in a non-destructive manner. Given the fragile nature of freshly fallen snow, non-contact, non-destructive characterization methods made possible via acoustic signals, are desirable. High frequency wave propagation methods can be used to determine in situ near surface micro-pore geometry parameters in snow using methods demonstrated on cohesive porous materials including manufactured foams, porous metals, and sintered glass beads. Here, we conducted high frequency, oblique-angle and near vertical reflection measurements on snow samples to demonstrate the feasibility of acoustic response detection. We compared the acoustically derived snow physical parameters, including porosity and tortuosity, with values determined from X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and gravimetric methods. Preliminary results using different snow types, and following the methods from previous work for cohesive porous media (i.e. fused glass beads) show good agreement between values of porosity determined from the acoustic measurements and the values determined from μCT image analysis.
An Extended Radar Relative Calibration Adjustment (eRCA) Technique for Higher Frequency Radars and RHI Scans

Abstract. This study extends the relative calibration adjustment technique for calibration of weather radars to higher frequency radars, as well as range-height indicator scans. The calibration of weather radars represents one of the most dominant sources of error for their use in a variety of fields including quantitative precipitation estimation and model comparisons. While most weather radars are routinely calibrated, the frequency of calibration is often less than required resulting in miscalibrated time periods. While full absolute calibration techniques often require the radar to be taken offline for a period of time, there have been online calibration techniques discussed in the literature. The relative calibration adjustment (RCA) technique uses the statistics of the ground clutter surrounding the radar as a monitoring source for the stability of calibration but has only been demonstrated to work at S- and C-Band for plan-position indicator scans at a constant elevation. In this work the RCA technique is modified to work with higher frequency radars, including Ka-band cloud radars. At higher frequencies the properties of clutter can be much more variable. This work introduces an extended clutter selection procedure that incorporates the temporal stability of clutter and helps to improve the operational stability of RCA for relatively higher frequency radars. The technique is also extended to utilize range-height scans from radars where the elevation is varied rather than the azimuth. These types of scans are often utilized with research radars to examine the vertical structure of clouds. The newly extended technique (eRCA) is applied to four DOE-ARM weather radars ranging in frequency from C- to Ka- band. Cross comparisons of three co-located radars with frequencies C, X, and Ka at the ARM CACTI site show the technique can determine changes in calibration. Using an X-band radar at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic site, we show how the technique can be modified to be more resilient to clutter fields that show an increased variability, in this case due to sea clutter. The results show that this technique is promising for a-posteriori data calibration and monitoring.
A Novel, Inexpensive Portable Respiratory Protection Unit for Prehospital Use: A Technical Note

There is a heightened concern for exposure to infectious aerosols during the intubation of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) patients. We took our previously designed portable, inexpensive, and easily constructed device and modified it for the prehospital setting. Using polyvinyl chloride pipe and automobile collision wrap, a prehospital unit can be constructed in less than 30 minutes, and the cost of material is under 50 U.S. dollars. The box stores easily in an ambulance and can be assembled on the scene within two minutes. This easily built device likely provides some limited protection from aerosolization during video laryngoscopy and can be replicated easily.
Proximity to Established Populations Explains Moose (Alces alces) Occurrence in Northern Wisconsin

Wildlife conservation and management requires an understanding of patterns and changes in the populations and distributions of wildlife. Moose (Alces alces) population trends vary within regions of North America, such as in the upper Midwest region of the United States where sub-populations are declining in Minnesota, but are stable or increasing in Michigan. The population and distribution of moose in Wisconsin, which shares a border with Minnesota and Michigan, is unknown. We examined community scientist observations of moose collected by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources from 1991–2017 to determine the trends of moose occurrence in Wisconsin and the relationship to potential drivers. We used a binomial generalized linear mixed model in a Bayesian framework to understand how variables affect county-level occurrence of moose. We found moose occurrence was greater in counties closer to Minnesota and Michigan, but the effect of distance to Minnesota on moose occurrence has decreased over time. We also found counties with higher habitat suitability and proximity to Michigan are more likely to have a moose occurrence than those with low habitat suitability. This study offers insight for moose populations at the southern fringe of their circumpolar distribution and a foundation for understanding the moose population in Wisconsin and the upper Midwest.
Improving search ranking of geospatial data based on deep learning using user behavior data

Abstract Finding geospatial data has been a big challenge regarding the data size and heterogeneity across various domains. Previous work has explored using machine learning to improve geospatial data search ranking, but it usually relies on training data labelled by subject matter experts, which makes it laborious and costly to apply to scenarios in which data relevancy to a query can change over time. When a user interacts with a search engine, plenteous information is recorded in the log file, which is essentially free, sustainable and up-to-the-minute. In this research, we propose a deep learning-based search ranking framework that can expeditiously update the ranking model through capturing real-time user clickstream data. The contributions of the proposed framework consist of 1) a log parser that can ingest and parse Web logs that record users’ behavior in a real-time manner; 2) a set of hypotheses of modelling the relative relevance of data; and 3) a deep learning based ranking model which can be updated dynamically with the increment of user behavior data. Quantitative comparison with a few other machine learning algorithms suggests substantial improvement.
From Troublemakers to Pobrecitos: Honoring the Complexities of Survivorship of Latino Youth in a Suburban High School

Despite the recognition to improve the schooling experiences of Latino youth, they continue to be targets of control. While much of the research on Latino youth takes place in urban schools, this q...
Sleep Problems and Melatonin Prescription After Concussion Among Youth Athletes.

OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of sleep disturbances on concussion symptom recovery and to examine the effect of melatonin prescription on symptom improvement among concussed adolescents with sleep problems. DESIGN Longitudinal test-retest. SETTING Sports medicine clinic. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 8 to 18 years, diagnosed with a concussion, evaluated within 14 days after injury, and evaluated again 15 to 35 days after injury. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES We grouped patients based on whether they reported sleep disturbances within 14 days of injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included symptom severity, headache severity, melatonin prescription, and the change in symptom severity between visits. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-five patients were included: 36% who reported sleep problems (44% female; age = 14.4 ± 2.0 years; evaluated 7.3 ± 3.8 and 23.2 ± 5.4 days after injury) and 64% who did not (32% female; age = 14.6 ± 2.3 years; evaluated 7.2 ± 3.4 and 23.0 ± 5.3 days after injury). Those with sleep problems reported higher symptom severity than those without across the 2 visits (22.1 ± 14.3 vs 14.6 ± 12.5; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the change in symptom severity between visits among those who received [median = 9-point improvement; interquartile range (IQR) = 1-14] and did not (median = 9, IQR = 2-18) receive a melatonin prescription (P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Sleep problems among pediatric patients within 2 weeks of concussion are associated with more severe symptoms. Melatonin prescription was not associated with faster symptom recovery.
The Multicolored Hot Interstellar Medium of “the Antennae” Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039)

We report the results of the analysis of the extended soft emission discovered in the Chandra ACIS pointing at the merging system NGC 4038/4039 ("the Antennae"). We present a multicolor X-ray image that suggests both extensive absorption by the dust in this system, peaking in the contact region, as well as variations in the temperature of different emitting regions of the hot interstellar medium (ISM). Spectral fits to multicomponent thermal emission models confirm this picture and give a first evaluation of the parameters of the hot plasma. We compare the diffuse X-ray emission with radio continuum (6 cm), H I, CO, and Hα images to take a first look at the multiphase ISM of "the Antennae" galaxies. We find that the hot (X-ray) and cold (CO) gas have comparable thermal pressures in the two nuclear regions. We also conclude that the displacement between the peak of the diffuse X-ray emission in the north of the galaxy system, toward the inner regions of the northern spiral arm (as defined by Hα, radio continuum, and H I), could result from ram pressure of infalling H I clouds.
Modeling granular segregation for overlapping species distributions

Abstract We explore the segregation of two size-polydisperse particle species with overlapping size distributions using an experimentally validated continuum segregation model and discrete element method simulations. The continuum approach is extended to successfully model segregation for two species with overlapping size distributions. Nevertheless, the impact of species size dispersity on species segregation is weak. Consequently, the local species concentration can be accurately modeled as a mixture of two size-monodisperse species, even if the distributions of the two species overlap. However, the local mean particle size can be influenced by size dispersity in some regions of the flow, particularly for broad size distributions. The segregation length scale, which characterizes the propensity of the two species to segregate, can be measured for mixtures of two polydisperse species as well, and closely follows the value associated with the mean diameters of the two species.
The Truth About Property

This essay reviews Gregory Ablavsky's Federal Ground: Governing Property and Violence in the First U.S. Territories (Oxford University Press, 2021), which explores the origins of the modern American property system and federal jurisdiction and sovereignty more generally. This essay emphasizes how Ablavsky's more nuanced retelling of America's property creation story can suggest important insights about the nature of property relations today—including important lessons about how property systems emerge and evolve, how property choices entrench inequities across geography and generations, and what might be lost in the continuing homogenization of how we even imagine and conceive of what property, land, and community relations can be.
The contribution of observational studies and clinical context information for guiding the integration of infobuttons into clinical information systems.

UNLABELLED The integration of information resources into clinical information systems may be based on a variety of approaches, including what is practical to provide, what is hypothetically useful, and (based on user studies) what is empirically useful. Resource selection may also be based on the user's context (role, task, patient demographics, concept of interest, etc.). METHODS Two years of log files showing the context-specific use of information resources, especially via use of an infobutton manager (IM), were examined for patterns of usage. RESULTS 3483 known unique users (and an unknown number of anonymous users) accessed information resources 65,128 times, including the use of the IM 21,907 times by at least 2367 unique users. Links provided in response to empirical information needs accounted for 16% of the total links and 32% of the accesses to information resources. Links that were provided based on patient demographics accounted for 29% of the total links and 13% of the accesses to information resources. Links that were provided based on the users concept of interest accounted for 21% of the total links and 13% of the accesses to information resources. CONCLUSION Knowledge of observed information needs and of context attributes is useful for guiding automated selection of resource links by an Infobutton Manager.
Natural resources and the tenth five year plan

Abstract The tenth Soviet five year plan projected increased extraction of mineral resources and improved utilization of those resources. Through 1976 and 1977, actual production closely parallelled planned production in most resources. Even so, 1978 was a critical year for Soviet resources production, and may determine whether the goals of the tenth plan are achieved. Other areas of Soviet resource policy which are discussed include the drive to accelerate Siberian and far eastern development, the effort to improve capital and manpower efficiency, the attempt to improve resource use and reduce non-essential consumption, and the effort to import advanced extractive technology and capital. The article concludes with the observation that with the difficulties facing the Soviet extractive industries, the tenth plan may be the last which projects and strives for a rapid expansion of the Soviet resource base.
Linear approximations for rate control in video coding

An efficient method for rate control is illustrated for joint source-channel rate selection and for encoding under multiple leaky bucket buffer constraints. This method shows advantages over existing methods in that it has polynomial time complexity and handles a class of rate constraints that include common constraints such as the leaky bucket and sliding window constraints. This technique is based on a linear relaxation of rate constraints and a piecewise linear approximation of the frame-level distortion-rate functions. Using linear programming, optimal solutions to the approximated versions of the problems are guaranteed in polynomial time. Moreover, bounds are provided for the deviation of the value of this solution from that of the optimal solution to the initial problem.
CrossNets: neuromorphic networks for nanoelectronic implementation

Hybrid "CMOL" integrated circuits, incorporating advanced CMOS devices for neural cell bodies, nanowires as axons and dendrites, and single-molecule latching switches as synapses, may be used for the hardware implementation of extremely dense (∼107 cells and ∼1012 synapses per cm2) neuromorphic networks, operating up to 106 times faster than their biological prototypes. We are exploring several "CrossNet" architectures that accommodate the limitations imposed by CMOL hardware and should allow effective training of the networks without a direct external access to individual synapses. CrossNet training in the Hopfield mode have been confirmed on a software model of the network.
Actors-in-Time: A Proposed Real Time, Decisional Model for Evaluating the Ethical Content of Decisions in the Financial Services Industry

A number of theoretical approaches to ethicaldecision making in the business context arecriticized as being too complex and cumbersometo be useful in day to day decision making. Byway of a potential solution, the authorspresent a universalistic, real-time model forassessing and resolving ethical decisions. Utilizing this model requires students andpractitioners to evaluate their decisionsaccording to two dimensions. In the firstdimension, stakeholders are identified aseither ``insiders'' or ``outsiders'' relating tothe differential advantages and/ordisadvantages a decision has on these twogroups. With the second dimension, consequences for the short term and long termfor these two stakeholder groups are assessed. The paper concludes with an illustration fromreal financial services business decisions asviewed through the model. These examplesprovide readers a sense of the model'spotential for consulting and pedagogicalpurposes.
Family Business Ownership and Management: A Gender Comparison

While family firms account for an estimated 80 percent of all American businesses, and about one-third of these family businesses are owned by women, there has been minimal study of gender issues in family business ownership and management. In contrast to early (pre-1980) gender comparisons in management and entrepreneurs hip, this study found general similarities and few significant differences in a variety of management activities and styles between family businesses with at least half the owner-managers being women and those with less than half. These findings add to the limited and currently inconclusive body of knowledge regarding gender issues in family business, entrepreneurship, and management in general.
Comparison of numerical simulation of solute transport with observed experimental data in a silt loam subsoil.

Solute transport experiments were conducted on loamy soils of north-eastern Iowa, USA, and the results were compared with a numerical solution of a classical advection-dispersion transport model developed in this study. Flow experiments in the laboratory on undisturbed soil columns showed a flow rate of water much higher than was estimated from the soil properties and grain-size analysis data, suggesting preferential flow regime in the soil. In contrast, the relative concentration peaks of Cl– and Br– in the effluent were only approximately 70% of those predicted by the classical advection-dispersion equation (ADE). In addition, the experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs) showed greater tailings of these ions than the model solution. These observations suggest a loss of solute mass during transport from the dynamic flowing regions to a stagnant, immobile water phase in the soil matrix. Experiments in small disturbed soil columns showed that movement of Cl– and Br– is in good agreement with predictions of the classical ADE when the tracers are applied as a continuous source. However, in the case of a pulse source, the BTCs of Cl– and Br– matched the model only in the ascending part of the curves. Such variation indicates greater retardation of these ions than that of simulation, probably caused by the decrease in soil permeability due to cation exchange reactions in the soil involving monovalent and divalent cation pairs such as K+–Ca2+ and K+–Mg2+. In addition, retardation occurred as a result of the continuous saturation of soil columns which seemed to have caused an expansion of clay minerals, thus resulting in decreased soil permeability. In both the continuous and the pulse-source experiments, K+ was not detected in the effluent samples, which seemed to have been lost in exchange reactions and adsorption.
Supercritical fluid applications in polymer nanocomposites

Supercritical fluids have been used to synthesize and foam a variety of polymer nanocomposite materials. There have been significant advances in developing and characterizing nanoscale structures and using supercritical fluids to alter properties at the nanoscale. In this work we summarize these advances and discuss foam properties generated using supercritical carbon dioxide as well as relevant fundamental properties of the system.
Understanding adolescent parenthood from a multisystemic perspective.

Abstract Purpose This study examined the associations between social, behavioral, and environmental factors and adolescent parenthood. Methods We analyzed data from a subsample of participants, 18–30 years of age (n=7,937), who took part in the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative survey of adults. An extended Cox proportional hazards model was used to model time until becoming an adolescent parent (i.e., age at which first child was born if ≤18 years). Predictor variables of interest included initiation of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and daily cigarette use, age of earliest conduct disorder symptom, having a parent with alcohol and/or drug problems, parental death, divorce and/or separation, race/ethnicity, and gender. Results Several variables were associated with adolescent parenthood, including initiation of daily cigarette smoking, age of first antisocial/conduct disorder symptom, and race/ethnicity. Parental alcohol/drug problems and parental death were also associated with adolescent parenthood for women. A significant interaction between initiation of daily cigarette smoking and ethnicity was present for women. Daily cigarette smoking was associated with adolescent parenthood to a greater degree than nondaily cigarette smoking for white and Hispanic women but not African American women. No significant associations were found between adolescent parenthood and initiation of drinking, marijuana, or cocaine and parental divorce/separation. Conclusions Prevention efforts should focus on adolescents who are at highest risk of adolescent parenthood.
Railgun system with pulse-dynamic biasing of the muzzle

The results of the design and simulation of the railgun with pulsed-dynamic biasing of the muzzle (PDB). Principles of operation of the railgun system with PDB, simulation carried out computer simulations were studied. Based on the results of simulation have been proposed three basic variants of the structural performance of the railgun system with PDB. The results of preliminary calculations showed efficiency of the proposed ideas, the availability of application design and feasibility of their implementation. Subsequent experimental verification confirmed the correctness of a model and a satisfactory agreement with calculated data.
Steady-state ab initio theory of lasers with injected signals

We present an ab initio treatment of the steady-state of lasers with injected signals that describes a regime, valid for microlasers, in which the locking transition is dominated by cross saturation and spatial hole burning. The theory goes beyond standard approaches and treats multimode lasing with injected signals and finds the possibility of partially locked states and as well as repulsion of the free-running frequencies from the injected signal. The theory agrees well with exact integration of the full wave and matter equations for the system. It can also describe accurately complex modern lasers structures and is applied to the example of deformed disk lasers. We show that in the case of a one-dimensional cavity in the locked or regenerative amplifier regime the theory reduces to an improved version of the Adler equations in the appropriate limit.
Chemical compositions of refractory inclusions in the Murchison C2 chondrite

Neutron activation has been used to analyze samples from ten refractory inclusions in Murchison for 36 elements. Two inclusions, BB-5 and MUCH-1, have large negative Yb anomalies unaccompanied by correspondingly large and negative Eu anomalies; six inclusions have group II or III patterns, or variants of such patterns. The frequency of highly fractionated REE patterns, and the absence of group I patterns, suggest that refractory inclusions in Murchison stopped equilibrating with the nebular gas at higher temperatures than most Allende coarse grained inclusions. Murchison inclusions tend to be lower in nonrefractory elements than Allende coarse grained inclusions, further suggesting that, on average, the former underwent less severe secondary alteration than the latter.
Application of streamwise diffusion to time-dependent free convection of liquid metals

A numerical analysis is given for the application of streamwise diffusion to high-intensity flows with marginal spatial resolution. Terms are added to the momentum equation which are similar to those used in the Petrov-Galerkin, Taylor-Galerkin and balancing tensor diffusivity methods. Values for the streamwise viscosity are obtained from mesh refinement studies. An illustration is given for the time-dependent free convection of a liquid metal in a cavity with differentially heated sided walls. The spatial problem is solved with the Galerkin finite element method and the time integration is performed with the backward Euler method. Solution quality and computation time are compared for results with and without added streamwise diffusion
Cellular and secreted forms of acetylcholinesterase in mouse muscle cultures.

: When grown in primary cell culture in the absence of neurons, muscle cells from a variety of species synthesize several forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), including the collagen-tailed A12 form. A12 AChE has been the subject of much study because it is thought to be a major functional enzyme form normally found in the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. In this paper, we show that muscle fibers derived from mouse embryos and neonates are also able to synthesize substantial percentages of their AChE as the A12 form when grown in vitro. This synthesis is modulated by a process associated with spontaneous muscle contractile activity since both total enzyme levels and the proportion of A12 AChE expressed on the cell surface are decreased when the cells are grown in the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin, which blocks muscle contraction. On the other hand, when the cells are treated with veratridine, which opens sodium channels, thereby mimicking one aspect of muscle contraction, their AChE levels are comparable to those of untreated cells. Although smaller in magnitude, these changes are similar to those seen in rat muscle cultures. A novel feature of mouse muscle cultures. not seen in those from rat and chick, is the presence of a secreted enzyme form that sediments in the same position as the cellular A12 form (when separated on sucrose density gradients containing high salt) and is also collagenase sensitive.
A System-Topics Framework for the Study of Personality

Organizational frameworks help communicate the knowledge of a given field so as to promote that field's research, education, and applications. This article develops one possible framework for the organization of personality psychology. The framework's rationale, based on General Systems Theory, is developed and its organization is described. This organization, which includes several topics each subdivided into multiple perspectives, is specifically intended to accommodate both the elements of specific theories in personality psychology (e.g., psychodynamic, humanistic), as well as contemporary research in the field both related and unrelated to those theories. Examples are provided of how the framework might be applied. Its potential strengths and weaknesses are evaluated.
Regulation of type I interferon responses

Type I interferons (IFNs) activate intracellular antimicrobial programmes and influence the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. Canonical type I IFN signalling activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, leading to transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Host, pathogen and environmental factors regulate the responses of cells to this signalling pathway and thus calibrate host defences while limiting tissue damage and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we summarize the signalling and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate type I IFN-induced STAT activation and ISG transcription and translation. These regulatory mechanisms determine the biological outcomes of type I IFN responses and whether pathogens are cleared effectively or chronic infection or autoimmune disease ensues.
A study of thermal conversion of interstitials in platinum by means of electrical resistivity measurements

The initial rates of resistivity increase in platinum specimens with many different concentrations of vacancies injected by quenches are measured during electron irradiations at temperatures between 80 and 200 K. The ratio of the initial rate in a quenched specimen to that in a specimen well annealed before irradiation decreases with increasing vacancy concentration; but these ratios are nearly independent of irradiation temperature over this range. Thermal conversion of interstitials in platinum is negligible below 200 K. Die anfanglichen Widerstandszunahmen in Platinproben, mit vielen unterschiedlichen Leerstellenkonzentrationen, die durch Abschrecken hervorgerufen sind, werden wahrend der Elektronenbestrahlungen bei Temperaturen von 80 bis 200 K gemessen. Das Verhaltnis der anfanglichen Rate in einer abgeschreckten Probe zu der in einer gut geharteten, noch nicht bestrahlten Probe wird mit zunehmender Leerstellenkonzentration vermindert, jedoch sind diese Verhaltnisse fast unabhangig von der Bestrahlungstemperatur in diesem Bereich. Die thermische Umwandlung von Zwischengitteratomen in Platin ist unterhalb 200 K unbedeutend.
Topic Prominence in Japanese EFL Students' Existential Constructions.

This paper investigates Japanese speakers’ interlanguage constructions of English existential sentences with a locative sentential topic. Written sentences produced by four different levels of learners were compared. The investigation focuses on the following two issues: (1) the effect of learners’ proficiency level on the degree of topic prominence in a relatively free writing task (Test 1) and (2) the effect of elicitation on production of target-like constructions (i.e., the subject-predicate structure) in a controlled writing task (Test 2). The results of Test 1 indicate that there was a general shift from topic-comment to subject-predicate structures as the students’ proficiency increases. Interactions were also observed between the degree of topic-prominence and the location of the sentence in the students’ writing tasks. The results of Test 2 suggest that although some students did not use the target-like structure in Test 1, this does not mean that they cannot use it under other conditions. The implications of these results are discussed.
On the nature of circulating lipoproteins of intestinal origin in the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. The size distribution of intestinal lymph and plasma lipoproteins in rats on a fat-free diet and after fat feeding was determined by analytical and preparative density gradient ultracentrifugation, and discrete subfractions were analyzed for lipids and protein. Lymph and plasma were obtained from rats fed the diets supplemented with 2% of orotic acid as well as from controls fed the same diets without orotic acid; in the former animals it was previously shown that the intestinal lymph lipoproteins of s f > 0 are exclusively derived from the intestine. 2. 2. The spectrum and composition of lymph lipoproteins in controls and in orotic acid-fed rats were similar under all dietary conditions. On a fat-free diet, lymph contained a continuous range of lipoproteins between s f 20 and sf 3200, with most being in the s t 60–1100 range. After fat feeding, s f >3200 particles predominated, s f 400–3200 particles increased greatly, and the amount of s f 20–400 lipoproteins was relatively unchanged. Lymph had negligible amounts of S f 0–20 and high density lipoproteins. 3. 3. In plasma, in contrast to lymph, high density lipoproteins predominated under all dietary conditions. On a fat-free diet, control plasma contained some s f 60–1100 lipoproteins, and after fat feeding a small amount of s f > 1100 lipoproteins was found. Plasma from orotic acid-fed rats was virtually devoid of all s f > 0 lipoproteins before and after fat feeding, confirming earlier findings. 4. 4. In lymph and plasma lipoproteins, the relative content of protein and phospholipid decreased and triglyceride increased with increasing particle size. Lipoproteins isolated from lymph contained relatively more phospholipid and less protein than fractions of corresponding s f value isolated from plasma.
Response of different plants to ammonium and nitrate as sources of nitrogen with application of fungicides

Abstract In a greenhouse, radish (Raphanus sativus L.), corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in soil‐based medium with captan at 60 mg/kg and truban at 30 mg/kg and with different levels of N from (NH4)2SO4 or NaNO3. Growth of radish, soybean, and corn was restricted by NH4‐N compared with NO3‐N. Captan and truban stunted growth of radish and soybean. As NH4‐N or NO3‐N fertilizer increased, the concentration of Ca and Mg in all plants decreased, and the percentage of K in corn, soybean, and wheat increased. Application of captan and truban increased all cation concentrations in corn, wheat, and soybean but decreased Ca concentration in radish. The amount of residual NH4‐N in the medium supplied with (NH4)2SO4 was increased by application of captan or truban. Captan increased the residual NO3‐N in the medium treated with NaNO3. Chemical names used: captan, (N‐(trichloro)methylthio)‐4‐cyclo‐hexene‐l, 2‐dicarboximide); truban, (5‐ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethyl...