cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Data Analysis

Preface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Advantages of Longitudinal Studies. 1.2 Challenges of Longitudinal Data Analysis. 1.3 Some General Notation. 1.4 Data Layout. 1.5 Analysis Considerations. 1.6 General Approaches. 1.7 The Simplest Longitudinal Analysis. 1.8 Summary. 2. ANOVA Approaches to Longitudinal Data. 2.1Single-Sample Repeated Measures ANOVA. 2.2 Multiple-Sample Repeated Measures ANOVA. 2.3 Illustration. 2.4 Summary. 3. MANOVA Approaches to Longitudinal Data. 3.1 Data Layout for ANOVA versus MANOVA. 3.2 MANOVA for Repeated Measurements. 3.3 MANOVA of Repeated Measures-s Sample Case. 3.4 Illustration. 3.5 Summary. 4. Mixed-Effects Regression Models for Continuous Outcomes. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 A Simple Linear Regression Model. 4.3 Random Intercept MRM. 4.4 Random Intercept and Trend MRM. 4.5 Matrix Formulation. 4.6 Estimation . 4.7 Summary. 5. Mixed-Effects Polynomial Regression Models. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Curvilinear Trend Model. 5.3 Orthogonal Polynomials. 5.4 Summary. 6. Covariance Pattern Models. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Covariance Pattern Models. 6.3 Model Selection. 6.4 Example. 6.5 Summary. 7. Mixed Regression Models with Autocorrelated Errors. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 MRMs with AC Errors. 7.3 Model Selection. 7.4 Example. 7.5 Summary. 8. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) Models. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). 8.3 Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) Models. 8.4 GEE Estimation. 8.5 Example. 8.6 Summary. 9. Mixed-Effects Regression Models for Binary Outcomes. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Logistic Regression Model. 9.3 Probit Regression Models. 9.4 Threshold Concept. 9.5 Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression Model. 9.6 Estimation. 9.7 Illustration. 9.8 Summary. 10. Mixed-Effects Regression Models for Ordinal Outcomes. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Mixed-Effects Proportional Odds Model. 10.3 Psychiatric Example. 10.4 Health Services Research Example. 10.5 Summary. 11. Mixed-Effects Regression Models for Nominal Data. 11.1 Mixed-Effects Multinomial Regression Model. 11.2 Health Services Research Example. 1 1.3 Competing Risk Survival Models. 11.4 Summary. 12. Mixed-effects Regression Models for Counts. 12.1 Poisson Regression Model. 12.2 Modified Poisson Models. 12.3 The ZIP Model. 12.4 Mixed-Effects Models for Counts. 12.5 Illustration. 12.6 Summary. 13. Mixed-Effects Regression Models for Three-Level Data. 13.1 Three-Level Mixed-Effects Linear Regression Model. 13.1.1 Illustration. 13.2 Three-Level Mixed-Effects Nonlinear Regression Models. 13.3 Summary. 14. Missing Data in Longitudinal Studies. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Missing Data Mechanisms. 14.3 Models and Missing Data Mechanisms. 14.4 Testing MCAR. 14.5 Models for Nonignorable Missingness. 14.6 Summary. Bibliography. Topic Index.
Objective assessment of transient corneal haze and its relation to visual performance after photorefractive keratectomy

Abstract PURPOSE: Photorefractive keratectomy has the potential to cause transient corneal haze. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between transient corneal haze as measured by an objective means and high and low contrast visual performance. METHODS: In a prospective study, 44 eyes of 28 patients were examined preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after photorefractive keratectomy. Five laser in situ keratomileusis and two intrastromal corneal ring segments (Intacs [KeraVision, Fremont, CA]) were included for comparison, because these procedures are not expected to cause haze. Haze was measured using a prototype objective hazemeter, TSPC-3, a modification of the Nidek EAS-1000. Visual performance was measured using high-contrast visual acuity and the Rabin Small Letter Contrast Test. RESULTS: Corneal haze was greatest at the 1-month examination and was consistent with a decrease in visual performance on both tests. Corneal haze resolved in 82% of eyes by 10 ± 4 months after photorefractive keratectomy. However, visual performance had not returned to preoperative levels in 65% and 81% of these eyes on the high-contrast visual acuity test and the Small Letter Contrast Test, respectively. Eyes that underwent laser in situ keratomileusis and Intacs did not develop corneal haze; however, visual decrements were measured. CONCLUSIONS: As a clinical tool, the TSPC-3 hazemeter objectively measures very subtle changes in haze levels. Corneal haze appears to account for only approximately 50% of visual performance changes in the early healing period after photorefractive keratectomy. Other factors, namely topographic abnormalities, are more likely to be an important cause of persistent visual disturbances.
Quantitative analysis of two-phase 3D+time aortic MR images

Automated and accurate segmentation of the aorta in 3D+time MR image data is important for early detection of connective tissue disorders leading to aortic aneurysms and dissections. A computer-aided diagnosis method is reported that allows the objective identification of subjects with connective tissue disorders from two-phase 3D+time aortic MR images. Our automated segmentation method combines level-set and optimal border detection. The resulting aortic lumen surface was registered with an aortic model followed by calculation of modal indices of aortic shape and motion. The modal indices reflect the differences of any individual aortic shape and motion from an average aortic behavior. The indices were input to a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and a discrimination model was constructed. 3D+time MR image data sets acquired from 22 normal and connective tissue disorder subjects at end-diastole (R-wave peak) and at 45% of the R-R interval were used to evaluate the performance of our method. The automated 3D segmentation result produced accurate aortic surfaces covering the aorta from the left-ventricular outflow tract to the diaphragm and yielded subvoxel accuracy with signed surface positioning errors of -0.09±1.21 voxel (-0.15±2.11 mm). The computer aided diagnosis method distinguished between normal and connective tissue disorder subjects with a classification correctness of 90.1 %.
Infant and toddler oral- and manual-motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism

Background: Spoken and gestural communication proficiency varies greatly among autistic individuals. Three studies examined the role of oral- and manual-motor skill in predicting autistic children’s speech development. Methods: Study 1 investigated whether infant and toddler oral- and manual-motor skills predict middle childhood and teenage speech fluency; Study 2 verified those early infant and toddler predictions with historical home video; and Study 3 assessed the relation between autistic children’s current-day oral-motor skill and their speech fluency. Results: Infant and toddler oral-motor and manual-motor skills inter-correlated significantly, distinguished autistic children (N ¼ 115) from typically developing children (N ¼ 44), and distinguished autistic children whose current-day speech was minimally fluent (N ¼ 33), moderately fluent (N ¼ 39), and highly fluent (N ¼ 39). These results were corroborated by analysis of historical home video (N ¼ 32) and verified with current-day assessment (N ¼ 40). Conclusions: The prominent associations among early oral- and manual-motor skills and later speech fluency bear implications for understanding communication in autism. For instance, these associations challenge the common assumption (made even in diagnostic criteria) that manual modes of communication are available to autistic individuals – if simply they choose to use them. These associations also highlight a potential confound from manual-motor skills when assessing autistic cognition, receptive language, and ‘nonverbal’ social communication. Keywords: Early motor development, autism, communication, dyspraxia, motor skills. Abbreviations: ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.
Perception of Cognitive Ability in Families of Adolescents

The families of 20 hospitalized adolescents were compared with a control group of 20 non-pathological families on the accuracy with which family members could predict each others' performance on two tests of intellectual ability. Accuracy of prediction was measured by the discrepancies between actual scores obtained by each family member and the scores other family members predicted he or she would obtain. The control and experimental groups were found to differ significantly on socioeconomic status and intellectual ability, and when these variables were controlled, a covariance analysis revealed no significant difference between the groups on accuracy of predictions. The results suggest that variables other than psychopathology must be taken into account in explaining apparent differences between healthy and disturbed families on measurements of interpersonal judgments. Implications for research and family therapy are discussed.
Marriage, Depression and Illness: Sociosomatic Models in a South Asian Immigrant Community

Among South Asian women, epidemiological studies identify a strong link between marital and family problems and a wide range of health problems. Studies of women in the South Asian diaspora suggest the vulnerability of married women in immigrant communities, compared to native women. The present study examines how women understand this link by examining their conceptual representations of the causal relationship between marriage roles, health and illness. Using qualitative methods and a model of illness representation from health psychology literature, 35 traditional South Asian immigrant women living in New York City were interviewed. Results indicate that problems associated with marriage roles, including marital and affinal family conflict, domestic overwork and isolation were viewed as extremely serious and were associated conceptually with a variety of health problems. Two overlapping sociosomatic models of marital illness emerge in the findings. One model revolves around a semantic framework of idea...
The effects of ischemia with and without remote conditioning on hyperemia induced decline in carotid-radial pulse wave velocity

Abstract Ischemic conditioning has long held promise for preventing ischemic–reperfusion (I–R) injury. Although a number of studies have evaluated the effects of brief repeated episodes of ischemia before a prolonged ischemic episode on the cardiovascular system using clinical endpoints, more sensitive techniques by which to measure its effects are lacking. Since endothelial function is sensitive to I–R injury, flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery has been proposed for this purpose, but has significant limitations. Hyperemia normally decreases carotid to radial pulse wave velocity (PWV). Accordingly, we sought to determine the effects of I–R injury and ischemic conditioning on the hyperemic change ( Δ ) in PWV. We induced hyperemia by release of arterial cuff occlusion before and after ipsilateral arm I–R injury (7.5min occlusion) in 25 healthy males, age 29±6 years. The protocol was repeated on 2 occasions in combination with either pre- or post- conditioning stimuli (3× 30s contralateral arm occlusions). Hyperemia resulted in a significant decrease (−13.7%, p p =0.40). I–R along with either pre- or post-ischemic conditioning restored the PWV decline (pre: −11.0%, p p
A homogenization method for shape and topology optimization

Abstract Shape and topology optimization of a linearly elastic structure is discussed using a modification of the homogenization method introduced by Bendsoe and Kikuchi together with various examples which may justify validity and strength of the present approach for plane structures.
Do Conversational Gutturals Help Florida Scrub-Jays Coordinate Their Sentinel Behavior?

Florida scrub-jays, Aphelocoma coerulescens, perform sentinel behavior in which individuals alternate bouts of watchfulness with little overlap. We examined how calls might facilitate sentinel coordination. Small soft calls labeled conversational gutturals were heard more often from sentinels than from foraging birds. Calls occurred infrequently throughout sentinel bouts but were more common later in bouts. The pattern of calling does not match predictions for a ‘watchman’s song’ at regular intervals nor for a signal at the end of a sentinel bout. Thus, our quantitative assessment of calling by sentinels did not find support for either standard hypothesis. Although Florida scrub-jays clearly have information on each other’s sentinel behavior, our results suggest that calls provide perhaps a fraction of this information.
ON THE NOTION OF WELL-DEFINED TECTONIC REGIMES FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANETS IN THIS SOLAR SYSTEM AND OTHERS

A model of coupled mantle convection and planetary tectonics is used to demonstrate that history dependence can outweigh the effects of a planet's energy content and material parameters in determining its tectonic state. The mantle convection-surface tectonics system allows multiple tectonic modes to exist for equivalent planetary parameter values. The tectonic mode of the system is then determined by its specific geologic and climatic history. This implies that models of tectonics and mantle convection will not be able to uniquely determine the tectonic mode of a terrestrial planet without the addition of historical data. Historical data exists, to variable degrees, for all four terrestrial planets within our solar system. For the Earth, the planet with the largest amount of observational data, debate does still remain regarding the geologic and climatic history of Earth's deep past but constraints are available. For planets in other solar systems, no such constraints exist at present. The existence of multiple tectonic modes, for equivalent parameter values, points to a reason why different groups have reached different conclusions regarding the tectonic state of extrasolar terrestrial planets larger than Earth ("super-Earths"). The region of multiple stable solutions is predicted to widen in parameter space for more energetic mantle convection (as would be expected for larger planets). This means that different groups can find different solutions, all potentially viable and stable, using identical models and identical system parameter values. At a more practical level, the results argue that the question of whether extrasolar terrestrial planets will have plate tectonics is unanswerable and will remain so until the temporal evolution of extrasolar planets can be constrained.
Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants.

The psychostimulants methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), amphetamine (Adderall), and modafinil (Provigil) are widely used in the treatment of medical conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy and, increasingly, as “cognitive enhancers” by healthy people. The long-term neuronal effects of these drugs, however, are poorly understood. A substantial amount of research over the past 2 decades has investigated the effects of psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines on gene regulation in the brain because these molecular changes are considered critical for psychostimulant addiction. This work has determined in some detail the neurochemical and cellular mechanisms that mediate psychostimulant-induced gene regulation and has also identified the neuronal systems altered by these drugs. Among the most affected brain systems are corticostriatal circuits, which are part of cortico-basal ganglia-cortical loops that mediate motivated behavior. The neurotransmitters critical for such gene regulation are dopamine in interaction with glutamate, while other neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin) play modulatory roles. This review presents (1) an overview of the main findings on cocaine- and amphetamine-induced gene regulation in corticostriatal circuits in an effort to provide a cellular framework for (2) an assessment of the molecular changes produced by methylphenidate, medical amphetamine (Adderall), and modafinil. The findings lead to the conclusion that protracted exposure to these cognitive enhancers can induce gene regulation effects in corticostriatal circuits that are qualitatively similar to those of cocaine and other amphetamines. These neuronal changes may contribute to the addiction liability of the psychostimulant cognitive enhancers.
DELAYED NEONATAL HYPOTHALAMIC/PITUITARY/OVARIAN MATURATION IN A FEMALE INFANT WITH CAH AND MENSTRUAL BLEEDING. 585

DELAYED NEONATAL HYPOTHALAMIC/PITUITARY/OVARIAN MATURATION IN A FEMALE INFANT WITH CAH AND MENSTRUAL BLEEDING. 585
Resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns – A review and analysis

Abstract The spinosyns were introduced in 1997 with the launch of spinosad. Since then, there have been several cases of resistance to spinosad in the field populations of insect pest species that have resulted in reduced efficacy. There have also been a number of studies where spinosad-resistant insect strains were created and characterized in the laboratory. Likewise many studies examining resistance to a variety of other classes of insecticides have included spinosad in the evaluation of their cross-resistance spectrum. Understanding mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance can provide the basis for developing insecticide resistance management programs, as well as defining the most appropriate tools to address potential resistance issues. This review provides an overview and analysis of resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram). Although there are more than 30 examples of resistance to the spinosyns, only half of these are related to selection in the field. The majority of these field selected examples occur in either the diamondback moth or western flower thrips. There have also been over 85 studies investigating cross-resistance to the spinosyns. However, in half of these studies spinosad showed no cross-resistance, and in another third of the total studies spinosad cross-resistance was minimal. Therefore, while resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns does occur, it is appears to be more limited in impact than might be implied from the large body of literature on the subject.
Adapting Traditions: Teaching Research Methods in a Large Class Setting.

popular task. Social scientists, particularly sociologists, seem to place great value in small classes and group projects, especially in teaching research methods (Longmore, Dunn, and Jarboe 1996; Schutt, Orenstein, and Wagenaar 1987). Longmore, Dunn, and Jarboe (1996) present good suggestions for using group projects in classes of 30 to 60 students which results in six to 12 groups of five students. However, in our department, the sophomore-level research methods class ranges from 70 to 105 students, which would result in 14 to 21 small groups for one instructor to supervise without a teaching assistant. We believe that the group project approach in a large class with only one instructor is difficult to manage and often alienates students. In order to avoid becoming overburdened with group coordination and organization in our large classes, we have adapted the small class traditions using individual mini-projects supported by several small group preproject in-class active learning techniques to effectively teach research methods in a large class setting. To successfully teach research methods in a large class setting, it is paramount to incorporate student-centered learning and to balance active learning with manageable time commitments for the instructor. We
Burnout among osteopathic otolaryngology residents: identification during formative training years.

CONTEXT Studies of burnout among allopathic physicians have shown many deleterious effects for both physicians and patients. To our knowledge, no studies have quantified burnout among osteopathic physicians. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of burnout, mentoring, and resident training satisfaction among US osteopathic otolaryngology residents compared with previously published data for allopathic otolaryngology residents. METHODS A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, electronic survey of US osteopathic otolaryngology residents was conducted. Residents were surveyed about demographic information, personal and professional life satisfaction, professional stressors, burnout (assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey), and mentor-resident interactions. Burnout was measured based on levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low personal accomplishment (PA). Results were compared with previously published data for allopathic otolaryngology residents. RESULTS Of the 102 osteopathic residents contacted, 48 (47%) responded and 47 provided complete responses in some categories. Burnout rates were low in 11 respondents (23%), moderate in 31 (66%), and high in 5 (11%), compared with published rates of 14%, 76%, and 10%, respectively, for allopathic residents (P=.18). The rates of EE and DP did not differ significantly from published data, but levels of PA were higher in osteopathic residents (P=.03). Sleep hours per night were significantly higher in osteopathic than in allopathic residents (mean, 6.6 vs 6.2; P=.04), and work hours per week were significantly lower (mean, 62 vs 71; P<.001). Increased EE scores were negatively associated with hours of sleep (ρ=-0.42, P=.003). Increased influence from a mentor was associated with decreased levels of burnout for all 3 components (EE: ρ=-0.54, P=.002; DP: ρ=-0.59, P<.001; PA: ρ=0.44, P=.02). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the current study is the first to quantify burnout among osteopathic residents, and our findings suggest that osteopathic residents have lower rates of burnout than allopathic residents. Osteopathic residents reported lower rates of low PA, increased hours of sleep, and decreased overall work hours. Further study of the relationship between mentoring and decreased burnout is needed.
Matrix sequences associated with the Ducci map and the mediant construction of the rationals

Abstract The Ducci map on R n takes a vector [ x 1 , … , x n ] T to the vector of adjacent-entry differences [ | x 1 - x 2 | , … , | x n - x 1 | ] T . This paper considers the case where n = 3 , with the focus being on those sequences of 3 × 3 matrices that can be used to carry out iterations of the Ducci map. This linear-algebraic perspective reveals an unexpected connection between the Ducci map, the process of forming mediants of rational numbers, and the Stern–Brocot tree.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYMIC TRANSFER OF ARACHIDONOYL GROUPS TO 1‐ACYL‐PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES IN MOUSE SYNAPTOSOME FRACTION

— In the presence of ATP, Mg2+ and CoA, mouse brain synaptosomes actively catalyze the transfer of arachidonate to 1-acyl-phosphoglycerides. The enzymic acylation process was inhibited greatly by 0.1 mm-PCMB (parachloromercuric benzoate), and only partially by 0.1 mm-DNP (2,4-dini-trophenol) and 0.001% (w/v) oligomycin. Arachidonoyl transfer to 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylcholines and 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylinositols was negligibly affected by 1 mm-NaF and 10 mm-glucose. Among the different 1-acyl-phosphoglycerides used as acceptor molecules, the relative order for arachidonoyl transfer activity was: 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylinositols > 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylcholines > l-acyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamines. The ester linkage at the C-1 position of the 1-acyl-phosphoglycerides also appears necessary for activity for no arachidonoyl transfer activity was observed when 1-alkenyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamines were used as the acceptor molecules. Arachidonate transfer to 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylinositols was optimal at low acceptor concentrations (10–30 μm) whereas the transfer to 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylcholines occurred over a much broader range of acceptor concentrations (30–80 μm). At optimal acceptor concentration, maximal transfer activity was observed at arachidonate concentration of 50–80 μm. The newly synthesized phosphoglycerides were found distributed in the subsynaptic components with specific activity highest in the fraction containing synaptic vesicles.
Left Ventricular Assist Device–Induced Coagulation and Platelet Activation and Effect of the Current Anticoagulant Therapy Regimen:

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are mechanical pumps that enhance cardiac function in patients with heart failure. In all, 7 patients with an LVADs (1.8 international normalized ratio warfa...
Exact embedding functors between categories of modules

Abstract For any rings R and S with 1, it is showed that the following conditions are equivalent: 1. (a) There exists an exact embedding functor R - Mod → S - Mod . 2. (b) All diagram-chasing properties of finite commutative diagrams that are satisfied in S - Mod are also satisfied in R - Mod . 3. (c) Each lattice L which is embeddable in the lattice of submodules of some R -module is also embeddable in the lattice of submodules of some S -module. Several other equivalent conditions are given, both for the general case and for the special case that R is left Noetherian. When R is left Noetherian, the above conditions are also equivalent to: 4. (d) There exists a bimodule S A R which is faithfully flat as a right R -module.
Expression of non-MHC-restricted T cell antigen-binding molecules by thymic lymphocytes.

Abstract Heterologous antisera which recognize non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cell antigen-binding molecules (TABM) were used to characterize the expression and structure of TABM on thymic lymphocytes. Approximately 70% of thymocytes express membrane molecules bound by anti-TABM antibodies (mTABM). Antibody activity for thymocyte TABM could be removed by adsorption to splenic T cells, but not by adsorption to splenic B cells. Similarly, adsorption of the antiserum to thymocytes or splenic T cells removed antibody activity to a purified TABM whereas adsorption with B cells had no effect. Radioiodinated thymic and splenic T cell mTABM were resolved by 2D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and when reduced, both populations of mTABM migrated primarily as Mr, 23,000 proteins with an isoelectric point range of 6.8–7.8. Multimers of this protein were also observed at Mr 85–97,000 and 130–150,000 on both thymocytes and splenic T cells. These data indicate that MHC-unrestricted antigen-binding molecules are expressed by a majority of thymocytes and these thymic TABM are structurally and antigenically similar to mTABM on peripheral cells. This suggests an ontogenic relationship between thymic TABM and peripheral TABM.
Hormone replacement therapy in cancer survivors: A con opinion

In patients with hormonally sensitive tumors, estrogen replacement therapy carries a theoretical risk of stimulating recurrent disease as well as contributing to an increased risk of other hormonally related cancers. In women with hormone-related cancers, it is unknown if their inherently increased risk for other related cancers can be further increased by the administration of hormones. In genetically susceptible animal models, hormones have been shown to promote growth of hormonally sensitive cancers. The uncertainty and potential risk of hormone replacement therapy demonstrates the need for randomized, prospective trials to provide women with a reasonable basis for therapeutic alternatives. The most prudent approach with this population is to consider alternative treatments until the ongoing, randomized clinical trials have been evaluated with adequate longterm follow-up. Until such time, nonhormonal alternatives to manage symptomatic patients should be employed. It is incumbent on physicians to educate themselves and become adept in their use. Diet and exercise will have to be an essential component of the counseling provided to patients following cancer therapy.
Origin and Ultrastructure of Intra-Hyphal Hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum

A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty hyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha.
Early versus delayed intervention for prostate cancer: the case for early intervention

The advent of PSA testing has led to concern that prostate cancer is being over diagnosed with consequent treatment of otherwise harmless tumors, resulting in some centers initiating active monitoring protocols. In this Viewpoint, the authors examine the evidence and argue that early intervention is favorable to active monitoring and delayed treatment.
Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Organized Nanostructure Arrays Generated by Laser Irradiation

One and two-dimensional arrays of nanoripples and nanoprotrusions can be generated by pulsed laser irradiation. Nanoprotrusions were produced on the surface of silicon when a Lloyd’s mirror configuration was used, and could develop to a height of 80 nm. Atomic force and high resolution scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that these structures are preceded by the formation of extended ripples that can reach a height of up to 12 nm. It is shown that one or two identifiable arrays of mutually orthogonal ripples may form. Out of the four differently-spaced ripple arrays that were found, three indicated a very close connection with the production of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Interference of the incoming or refracted laser beam and the laser light scattered by surface undulations has been recognized as the cause of LIPSS formation. The present experiments show that the Lloyd’s mirror configuration strongly enhances the formation of ripples and that nanoprotrusions form, sometimes at the intersection of two mutually orthogonal sets of ripples. Each of the beams, the directly incident and the mirror-reflected beam, independently produce an interference pattern with their corresponding scattered beams. However, these two independently generated patterns coincide because their periodicity is only a function of the angle of incidence. Thus, the two interference patterns reinforce each other’s effects on the substrate. Single beam, direct irradiation of the substrate failed to induce nanoprotrusions, although 1-D ripple arrays developed. Analyses of the data indicated that the formation of the ripples is due to a hydrodynamic process while a very thin layer of silicon remains melted. It was concluded that the gradient of surface tension is responsible for the formation of the ripple structure and that the break-down of the ripples into aligned protrusions is due to a temperature modulation along the ripple lines. The intersection of two mutually perpendicular ripple structures and the very high reflectivity of the nanoprotrusion tips are two of the causes that promote this secondary modulation of laser light.
Muscarinic receptors on human eccrine sweat gland in aging and Alzheimer's disease

Age and Alzheimer's disease-related changes have been reported in the peripheral cholinergic system controlling sweating. We present (1) evidence of a high affinity muscarinic receptor localized on human eccrine sweat gland and (2) muscarinic receptor concentrations on eccrine gland samples from 22 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease of various degrees of dementia, 8 age-matched controls, and 11 young controls. Muscarinic receptors were measured using autoradiography with 3H-NMS as ligand. We found no evidence of changes related to aging or Alzheimer's disease in the overall concentration of receptors or in the amount of gland showing binding. Nor was there any correlation between the degree of dementia as measured by the Global Deterioration Scale or the Mini-Mental State Exam and 3H-NMS binding. In conclusion, we find no evidence that previously reported sweat gland functional changes associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease are reflected in changes in eccrine gland muscarinic receptor density.
Oxygen equilibria of partially oxidized hemoglobin.

Abstract Adult hemoglobin was partially oxidized with ferricyanide and the oxygen equilibrium in 0.4 M-phosphate was studied. An increase in the oxygen affinity and a decrease in the heme-heme interaction were associated with the partial oxidation of hemoglobin. The results confirmed those of Darling and Roughton (1942). Quantitative relationships between partial oxidation and these functional changes were established. The oxidation had no influence upon the normal Bohr effect. It was shown that the changes in the oxygen equilibria were not caused by the increase of one positive net charge per heme oxidized, nor by ferrocyanide bound to hemoglobin, nor by the oxidation of SH groups. Based upon the present results, physiological implications of methemoglobinemia were quantitatively discussed.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON CORRELATION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD — THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL EFFECT

A review is given of recent experiments on the fractional quantum Hall effect. The emphasis is placed on the quasi-particle energy gap data, which provide a first quantitative test of theory, and on the observation of an even denominator fraction.
Analysis of brain and pituitary RNA metabolism: A review of recent methodologies

Abstract Recent characterization of brain and pituitary RNA metabolism is reviewed. Relative to other tissues, the brain transcribes more of the unique, single-copy DNA. This transcriptional diversity reflects the inherent heterogeneity in organization and development of the brain. The end product of transcriptional regulation in the brain is a population of functional cytoplasmic mRNAs with multiple components, differing in complexity and abundance. Analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA provides evidence that both brain-specific synthesis and processing may determine the final mRNA population. Both polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNA classes contribute significantly to the total brain polysomal mRNA fraction. Characterizations of individual species of mRNA from both brain and pituitary are described. One possible transcriptional modulator in both the pituitary and brain is the presence of steroid hormone at responsive sites. Functional consequences of steroid accumulation within the brain may be 1. (1) interactions with neurotransmitter, especially catecholamine, metabolism and function 2. (2) developmental interactions with neuronal systems, and 3. (3) differentiation of glial cell function. The pleiotropic nature of steroid hormone effects (both transcriptional and non-transcriptional) within one brain region is considered by examining the biochemical effects of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus.
Spurious effects from an extraneous variable.

Abstract Spurious effects from an extraneous variable are a troublesome problem in many areas of research in the biological and behavioral sciences. While investigators have recognized intuitively that there is a relationship between the size of an effect and its chance of being spurious, current textbooks do not contain any explicit statement of this relationship. In this paper one such statement, the Size Rule, is developed. The application of this rule to controversies in the medical area is discussed.
A Numerical Round Robin for the Reliability Prediction of Structural Ceramics

A round robin has been conducted on integrated fast fracture design programs for brittle materials. An informal working group (WELFEP-WEakest Link failure probability prediction by Finite Element Postprocessors) was formed to discuss and evaluate the implementation of the programs examined in the study. Results from the study have provided insight on the differences between the various programs examined. Conclusions from the study have shown that when brittle materials are used in design, analysis must understand how to apply the concepts presented herein to failure probability analysis.
The identification of poinsettia cultivars by HPLC analysis of their flavonol content

Abstract The flavonols from each of 38 poinsettia cultivars were quantitatively resolved by HPLC. Careful selection of samples revealed significant quantitative differences in flavonol content. While all cultivars of seedling origin could be differentiated on the basis of their flavonols, several families of sports could not. Most new commercial poinsettia cultivars have been selected from among somatic mutants exhibiting different bract color. Such changes in color were usually the results of change in anthocyanin content rather than flavonol content. The flavonol content increased in color sports with less anthocyanin. Three of the flavonols were absent from a few of the cultivars but most differences between cultivars were only quantitative. Genetic data suggested independent assortment of control of quercetin 3-rhamnoside and quercetin 3-galactoside synthesis but linkage of quercetin 3-rhamnoside and kaempferol 3-rhamnoside synthesis.
Solution structure of a purine·purine·pyrimidine DNA triplex containing G·GC and T·AT triples

Abstract Background: Oligonucleotide-directed triple helix formation allows sequence-specific recognition of double helical DNA. This powerful approach has been used to inhibit gene transcription in vitro and to mediate single site specific cleavage of a human chromosome. Results: Using a combined NMR and molecular dynamics approach (including relaxation matrix refinement), we have determined the solution structure of an intramolecular purine·purine·pyrimidine (R·RY) DNA triplex containing guanines and thymines in the third strand to high resolution. Our studies define the G·GC and T·AT base triple pairing alignments in the R·RY triplex and identify the structural discontinuities in the third strand associated with the non-isomorphism of the base triples. The 5′-d(TpG)-3′ base steps exhibit a pronounced increase in axial rise and reduction in helical twist, while the reverse is observed, to a lesser extent, at 5′-d(GpT)-3′ steps. A third groove is formed between the purine-rich third strand and the pyrimidine strand. It is wider and deeper than the other two grooves. Conclusions: Our structure of the R·RY DNA triplex will be important in the design of oligonucleotide probes with enhanced specificity and affinity for targeting in the genome. The third groove presents a potential target for binding additional ligands.
The Effects of Team Personality Awareness Exercises on Team Satisfaction and Performance: The Context of Marketing Course Projects

Marketing courses heavily utilize team projects that can enhance student learning and make students more desirable to recruiters seeking greater teamwork skills and experience from students. Unfortunately team projects that provide opportunities to learn and improve such skills can also be great sources of frustration and dissatisfaction for instructors and students. This research investigates the effects of exercises designed to encourage student reflection on their behavior as team members and engage in proactive communications with teammates. The exercises are based on a set of humorous personality types derived from common maladaptive student behavior in teams (e.g., “The Dictator,” “The Monarchist”). The exercises are tested in a field study, which shows their use results in greater student satisfaction with the team and team output. They also result in increased student learning as measured by improved team project performance and better individual exam and course grades compared to students who eng...
Moral Judgment and Moral Heuristics in Breach of Contract

Most people think that breaking a promise is immoral, and that a breach of contract is a kind of broken promise. However, the law does not explicitly recognize the moral context of breach of contract. Using a series of web-based questionnaires, we asked subjects to read breach of contract cases and answer questions about the legal, financial, and moral implications of each case. Our results suggest that people are quite sensitive to the moral dimensions of a breach of contract, especially the perceived intentions of the breacher. In the first study, we framed the motivation for a contractor's breach as either the chance to make more money or the chance to avoid losing money. Subjects were more punitive when the motivation appeared to be greed (breach to gain) than when the motivation appeared to be fear (breach to avoid loss). In the second study, we manipulated the timing of the negotiation over damages, comparing cases in which the promisor asks to negotiate damages before definitively breaching (as in a liquidated damages clause) with cases in which the breach has already occurred. We predicted that once the contract is breached, the moral violation becomes very salient, and we found that subjects were less punitive when they setting damages ex ante. Finally, results from the third study suggest that subjects seemed to believe that intentionally breaking a contractual promise is a punishable moral harm in itself. When presented with identical losses, one from an intentional breach of contract and the other from a negligent tort, subjects were more punitive toward the breacher than the negligent tortfeasor. They treated willful breach as an intentional harm.
Pattern classification using Charge Transfer Devices

The potential uses of Charge Transfer Devices (CTDs) in pattern classification operations are explored. The needs for a hardware-based pattern classifier are established, and a matrix multiplication subsystem based upon a sum of products CTD is presented. An evaluation process for sum of products devices (particularly analog-analog correlators) is developed, and the feasibility of employing a particular device in a pattern classifier is determined. Finally, the possible impact of future trends in technology is considered.
Photochemical regeneration of acid dye receptor sites: A new method for differential dyeing of polyamides

Abstract The reactivity of polyamides toward acid dyes depends on the number of free amine end groups available along the polyamide chain, the so-called acid dye receptor sites. These protonated amine groups form an ionic bond with the acid dyes. The dyeability of polyamides can be drastically reduced by treatment of polyamides with a chlorinating agent which converts the amine groups into weakly basic N -chloroamines. The difference in dye uptake between the chlorinated sample and the untreated control depends on the temperature and duration of chlorination. The dyeability of the chlorinated polyamide can be restored by exposing the sample (using a mask or screen) to weak UV light to regenerate the free amine sites. This photochemical reaction depends on the UV dosage. The combined treatments of chlorination and photolysis offer a new process for differential acid dyeing of polyamides.
Should reseau photographs be considered for improving photogrammetric accuracy

Abstract The results of two separate investigations into the use of reseau photographs are summarized first. There is no doubt that the use of reseau permits to reliably determine the deformation of photographic images. The necessary additional outlay of work is, however, prohibitive. It appears that the film deformation depends upon many variable factors that cannot be predicted. Since the results of specific experiments carried out by the author and other researchers seem to indicate that the film deformation is a main factor limiting at present the photogrammetric accuracy, use of plastic plates instead of the roll film is suggested.
Perceived Breach of Contract for One's Own Layoff vs. Someone Else's Layoff: Personal Pink Slips Hurt More

In this study we examine how the perception of layoff as a violation of a psychological contract can vary depending upon one's perception of employer contractual obligation. We also investigate how perceptions of layoffs vary depending on whether one is focusing on his/her own layoff or the layoff of someone else. Survey results from 81 layoff victims reveal that respondents perceive their own layoff as a breach of contract more than they do the layoff of someone else. In addition, respondents who believe strongly in employee self reliance perceive their own layoff as less of a contract breach. Ideas for future research and implications for managers are discussed in our conclusions.
Character segmentation in handwritten words — An overview

Abstract This paper is the second part of a review series on the character segmentation techniques. In this paper, we present an overview on the most important techniques used in segmenting characters from handwritten words. It is well-recognized that it is difficult to segment individual characters from handwritten words without the support from recogniton and context analysis. One common characteristic of all the existing handwritten word recogniton algorithms is that the character segmentation process is closely coupled with the recognition process. This review consists of three major portions, handprinted word segmentation, handwritten numeral segmentation and cursive word segmentation. Every algorithm discussed in the paper is accompanied with a flow chart to give a clear grasp of the algorithm. One section summarizes the terms and measurements commonly used in handwritten character segmentation. The bibliography contains a comprehensive list of work in handwritten character segmentation and recognition.
Nonexistence of stable harmonic maps to and from certain homogeneous spaces and submanifolds of Euclidean space

BY RALPH HOWARD AND S. WALTER WEI ABSTRACT. Call a compact Riemannian manifold M a strongly unstable manifold if it is not the range or domain of a nonconstant stable harmonic map and also the homotopy class of any map to or from M contains elements of arbitrarily small energy. If M is isometrically immersed in Euclidean space, then a condition on the second fundamental form of M is given which implies M is strongly unstable. As compact isotropy irreducible homogeneous spaces have "standard" immersions into Euclidean space this allows a complete list of the strongly unstable compact irreducible symmetric spaces to be made.
Variation in antisperm antibody response following transection of male genital tract in Lewis rats.

Genital tracts of male Lewis rats were transected at various levels to determine whether this may influence antisperm antibody response. Adult male rats underwent bilateral transection of the vas deferens (group I, n = 9), mid-epididymis (group II, n = 10), and efferent duct (group III, n = 9). Group IV (n = 10) underwent a sham operation. Sera were collected by retro-orbital puncture before the operative procedure and monthly for 3 months postprocedure. Sperm-reactive immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured individually as well as combined in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS)-solubilized washed rat caudal epididymal sperm. The maximal immune response was seen in all groups at 2 months postprocedure. Antibody response defined as the net ELISA absorbance reading for the combined immunoglobulin group were (mean +/- SEM): group I = 120 +/- 16, group II = 156 +/- 23, group III = 190 +/- 20, and group IV = 116 +/- 22. The highest antibody response was noted in the efferent duct group, which was statistically (p < .05) greater than the sham-operated and vas deferens groups. In the efferent duct group the highest immunoglobulin response was observed in the IgG class, which was significantly higher (p < .05) than the IgA and IgM classes. The transection of the male genital tract at different levels leads to variation in antisperm antibody response and that sperm located at different sites along the genital tract may differ in their autoantigenic potential.