cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Validation in Statistical Climate Forecast Models

Abstract Cross-validation is a statistical procedure that produces an estimate of forecast skill which is less biased than the usual hindcast skill estimates. The cross-validation method systematically deletes one or more cases in a dataset, derives a forecast model from the remaining cases, and tests it on the deleted case or cases. The procedure is nonparametric and can be applied to any automated model building technique. It can also provide important diagnostic information about influential cases in the dataset and the stability of the model. Two experiments were conducted using cross-validation to estimate forecast skill in different predictive models of North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The results indicate that bias, or artificial predictability (defined here as the difference between the usual hindcast skill and the forecast skill estimated by cross-validation), increases with each decision—either screening of potential predictors or fixing the value of a coefficient—drawn from the da...
Erythrocyte Membrane Phospahtidylcholine and Rh (D) Antigen Cryolatiency

The extent of binding of anti-D antibody to intact Rh (D) positive human erythrocytes at -2.5° was approximately one-third that at.3-°. An Arrhenius plot of the temperature dependence of antibody binding showed a clear and reproducible discontinuity at approximately 6-8°. Phospholipasc A2 digestion of the intact erythrocytes resulted in a diminuticr. of exclusively phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the membrane, and an approximately parallel loss of Rh antigen activity at 37° to about 50% of the original. An Arrhenius slot showed no change in the temperature dependence below 6-8° but significant diminution above that point suggesting that the outer membrane PC is involved in Rh(D) antigen activity manifested above that temperature.
Editing the epigenome: technologies for programmable transcription and epigenetic modulation

Gene regulation is a complex and tightly controlled process that defines cell identity, health and disease, and response to pharmacologic and environmental signals. Recently developed DNA-targeting platforms, including zinc finger proteins, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, have enabled the recruitment of transcriptional modulators and epigenome-modifying factors to any genomic site, leading to new insights into the function of epigenetic marks in gene expression. Additionally, custom transcriptional and epigenetic regulation is facilitating refined control over cell function and decision making. The unique properties of the CRISPR-Cas9 system have created new opportunities for high-throughput genetic screens and multiplexing targets to manipulate complex gene expression patterns. This Review summarizes recent technological developments in this area and their application to biomedical challenges. We also discuss remaining limitations and necessary future directions for this field.
Accuracy of Published Medical Reference Citations

Among 2, 195 reference citations, published during 1975 in ten major US medical journals, 634 (29%) were found to be erroneous on direct checking of the original source. The percentage of error wit...
Photometric titrations. VIII

Cadmium and zinc can be determined in one solution in the following manner. The sample is adjusted to pH 9.4 with an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer so that the total ammonia concentration is 0.01–0.03M. Zincon is added to attain a concentration of 0.06–0.18 mg/ml. The titration is performed photometrically at about 620 nm with EGTA as the titrant. The titration curve obtained shows two breaks which are related to the consecutive titration of cadmium and zinc. The influence of calcium impurities in the reagents used has been studied and a pre-titration method is proposed to deal with small calcium blanks. Calcium may also be added to the sample in order to obtain a titration curve which shows three breaks, which are related to the consecutive titration of cadmium, calcium, and zinc.
Stress Measurement in Spin Coated Polyimide Films Using Time Average Holographic Interferometry

It is proposed that the stresses in a thin polyimide film can be analyzed using the solution to the problem of a vibrating membrane. The polyimide membrane is supported on a copper substrate and excited with a small speaker. The membrane vibrates uniformly in response to its resonant frequencies. The vibration pattern will be recorded using holographic interferometry. The biaxial stress in the film is calculated from the measured characteristic frequency, the density of the material, and the mode of vibration. This technique may also be used to determine the Poisson’s ratio of the film by combining uniaxial and biaxial stress analyses.
Are Mixed Economies Persistent or Transitional? Evidence Using Social Networks from Arctic Alaska

Two opposing narratives describe future prospects for mixed economic livelihoods in Alaska and the broader Arctic. On the one hand, Arctic anthropologists have written about the emergence of persistent mixed economies in Native communities. A second narrative echoes modernization assumptions and assumes that “subsistence is dying,” mixed economies are transitional, and Native communities are headed inevitably toward full market dependence. We provide evidence that mixed economies are not transitional. Mixed economies have three components: households engage in (1) market exchange, (2) subsistence activities, and (3) culturally embedded social relationships sustained by flows of wild food and other resources. Using household-level social network and economic data from two Inupiat communities spanning 30 years, we explore hypotheses designed to test an assumed transition to market dependence. If transition assumptions hold, households with high engagement in the cash economy will have low engagement in subsistence production and diminished social relationships. Results do not support this narrative of change. Although there is considerable variability in household harvest, income, and social relationships, those highly engaged in market activities are also disproportionately involved in subsistence activities, sharing, and cooperation. Beyond broad narratives, an assessment of underlying processes and conditions supporting persistent mixed economies is warranted. [Arctic, mixed economies, subsistence hunting, cash economy, social networks]
Teachers' Perceptions Indicate Success for Harvest of the Month Nutrition Education Program

The objective of this study was to examine teachers’ attitudes, beliefs, classroom practices and perceptions of students’ nutrition-related behaviors. The study involved 419 K-6th grade teachers participating in the Harvest of the Month (HOTM) program in fifty low-income schools from 19 school districts in the Sierra Cascade region of northern California. The independent variables were the teachers’ implementation level of the HOTM program and encouragement level of vegetable and fruit consumption. The dependent variables were teachers’ attitudes and beliefs about their ability to provide nutrition education, classroom practices and their perceptions of students’ nutrition-related behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple ordinal logistic regression models. The analysis accounted for number of years teaching, county location of school, and grade. Implementation level of the HOTM program was significantly related to teachers’ perception of student nutrition-related behaviors. Additionally, teachers’ perceptions of improvements in their students’ behaviors were positively associated the level of encouragement they report to give their students to consume fruits and vegetables. Therefore, levels of both HOTM program implementation and fruit and vegetable consumption encouragement were associated with positive outcomes. Study results support the effectiveness of the HOTM program and identify a need for teacher trainings to increase the levels of nutrition education and encouragement for students to make healthier food choices.
Pharmacology of the Blood-Brain Barrier

All so-called permeability studies of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) actually measure one of several transfer constants (e.g., the extraction fraction) and not a true permeability coefficient. The permeability coefficient or, more simply, the permeability is classically defined as the flux (i.e., the rate of unidirectional solute flow) per unit membrane area divided by the driving forces for the flux, which are the concentration, pressure, and electrical gradients, in most cases. Experimental measurements of permeability involve an assessment of the flux across the membrane of predetermined surface area that separates two solutions of nearly identical composition. For the BBB, which is generally believed to be formed by the capillary endothelium, the classic definition of the permeability coefficient should be retained because it can be used to understand BBB function more clearly. By contrast, the standard methods of measuring the permeability coefficient cannot be employed for the cerebral capillaries, since neither the capillary surface area nor the composition of the blood within the capillaries and the interstitial fluid surrounding them can be tightly controlled or precisely known.
Determination of Dichloroacetic acid and Trichloroacetic acid of disinfection by-products in drinking water by free reagent ion chromatography

Objective To develop a method for simultaneous determination of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid of disinfection by-products in drinking water by free reagent ion chromatography.Methods The target analytes in drinking water sample were separated on Ionpac AS19 anion exchange column with 8 mmol / L ～ 45 mmol / L KOH generated on line for gradient elution,and detected by conductivity detector with the injection volume of 500μl,the flow rate was 0.8 ml/min.Results This method had good linearity in the range of 0 mg/L ～0.20 mg/L and good analytic precision( RSD % 4.0).The correlation coefficient was 0.9991 for dichloroacetic acid and0.9995 for trichloroacetic acid.The recovery rate was 90.5% ～ 99.4% for dichloroacetic acid and 86.5% ～97.0% for trichloroacetic acid.The detection limit was 1.22 μg / L for dichloroacetic acid and 1.90 μg / L for trichloroacetic acid.Conclusion This method is simple,rapid and sensitive.It is available to determine the dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid of disinfection by-products in drinking water by free reagent ion chromatography.
The Role of Hormones in the Evolution of Human Sociality

The human family seems to follow a typical mammalian pattern:intense maternal care including breastfeeding of an altricial (helpless) offspringwith some support from other relatives. Beyond the shared mammal/primate commonality, however, humans have some highly unusual traits. We are the only species characterized by the combination of: stable breeding bonds, extensive paternal care in multimale groups, extended bilateral kin recognition, life-long brother-sister bonds, grandparenting, and controlled exchange of mates among kin groups. Perhaps even more surprising than this unique set of universals is the extraordinary diversity in composition and behavior of human families. These characteristics are important pieces of the human evolutionary puzzle, and are critical for theoretical and pragmatic understanding of human family relationships and child development. In this chapter we first review a general model for the evolution of human mating, parenting, and kinship patterns based on a process of runaway social selection. We then evaluate the fossil evidenceand the potential physiological and neurobiological mechanismsthat underpin these central aspects of our sociality. Evidence suggests that humans have a suite of derived traits best explained by an evolutionary history of bilateral, multiple-generation kin networks, pairbonding, and complex coalitions including intercommunity alliances based in part on mating/marriage relationships. Keywords: human evolution; family relationships; hominin fossils; hormones; behavioral endocrinology
The USA: Staying Close to Home—Justice Reform in New York City

In the current era of mass incarceration, juvenile justice policies in the USA criminalise youthful behaviours, even youths themselves. Motivated by fears of supposed ‘super-predators’ in the 1990s, legislators some 25 years since continue to target poor children and children of colour for harsh punishment and exclusionary sanctions. Policy makers across the country have responded to populist demands to get ‘tough on crime’, setting an agenda that has effectively removed thousands of youths, among them an increasing number of girls and young women, from their families and communities. The assumption that juvenile delinquency has reached such an exceptionally high level that punitive action—in the form of removal—is required is not new, but represents a longstanding practice in the cyclical pattern of American justice reform (Bernard and Kurlychek 2010; Rothman 1990, 2002). For over 200 years, public and private organisations have rallied to clear the streets of vagrant and delinquent youth, and have erected institutions to contain the unfortunates caught in the clean-up operation.
Dyspnea Assessment and Airway Management in Acute Heart Failure Patients

Dyspnea is the most common presenting symptom in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Alleviating breathlessness is a critical goal of early AHF management. For the vast majority of patients, traditional AHF therapies such as intravenous (IV) loop diuretics, vasodilators such as nitroglycerin or ACEI, and supplemental oxygen are able to improve dyspnea. For other patients, the severity of their respiratory distress requires the use of additional treatment modalities, such as noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, or rarely endotracheal intubation, to ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. In this chapter, we review the assessment of dyspnea followed by airway management in AHF.
Megakaryocyte-Derived Microparticles: Mechanism of Formation and Circulation in Plasma.

Platelet microparticles are submicron membrane vesicles expressing platelet markers and are a normal constituent of circulating blood. Several studies have demonstrated positive correlations between thrombotic states and increased platelet microparticle levels. Yet the physiology of these microparticles is poorly understood. Specifically, the origin of circulating platelet microparticles is not known. Platelet microparticles are routinely formed in vitro following exposure of platelets to pharmacologic concentrations of platelet agonists such as the combination of thrombin and collagen. This observation has lead to the widely held assumption that circulating platelet microparticles are derived from activated platelets. We now have identified and characterized platelet microparticles derived directly from megakaryocytes. Videomicroscopy of microparticle production by mouse megakaryocytes demonstrated an active process in which microparticles form as submicron beads along the lengths of thin, extended pseudopods. These pseudopods were morphologically distinct from the broad, branching cytoplasmic extensions from which proplatelets form. Studies using cytoskeletal inhibitors confirmed that megakaryocytes produce microparticles and platelets by two distinct mechanisms. The microtubule inhibitor nocodazole (5 μM) totally abolished proplatelet formation, but failed to affect microparticle formation. Latrunculin A (5 μM), which depolymerizes F-actin, inhibited proplatelet branching, but resulted in a 2-fold increase in megakaryocyte-derived microparticle formation. Megakaryocyte-derived microparticles had an average diameter of 0.5 μm. These microparticles were CD41 + and bound annexin V, indicated surface phosphatidylserine exposure. To determine whether plasma microparticles in wild-type mice are derived primarily from activated platelets or generated from megakaryocytes, we identified markers that distinguish between these two populations. CD62 and CD63 were found only on microparticles generated by activated platelets. In contrast, full-length filamin A was found in megakaryocyte-derived microparticles, but not in microparticles from activated platelets. Circulating microparticles isolated from mice were CD62 − ,CD63 − , and expressed full-length filamin A indicating a megakaryocytic origin. Similarly, circulating microparticles isolated from healthy volunteers were CD62 − ,CD63 − , and expressed full-length filamin A. These results indicate that direct production by megakaryocytes represents a physiologic means to generate circulating platelet microparticles. We propose that circulating platelet microparticles can be derived from two sources. One source is the mature platelet, from which microparticles are generated following platelet activation in pathological conditions. The second source is megakaryocytes, which produce microparticles in a constitutive manner.
Magnetic Properties of Superconductors

Although initially discovered and investigated by ONNES (e.g., [Onn11]) in the period between 1911 and 1913 as a zero-resistivity phenomenon (and ultimately exploited as such), it was soon recognized that the essential physics of superconductivity was couched in terms of electromagnetism and, in particular, in terms of the responses of superconductors to applied magnetic fields.
Separating the Harmful Versus Beneficial Effects of Marital Disruptions on Children

ABSTRACTAlthough a marital disruption can certainly be harmful for some children, it might be beneficial to other children. Analyses on how children are affected by marital disruptions typically capture the average estimated effects (or associations) of a disruption on an outcome. Thus, the harmful effects of the disruption on some children are being averaged with the neutral and beneficial effects on other children. This could mute the estimated effect, and it could prevent the detection of significant harmful (or beneficial) effects. Using achievement test scores and an index of behavioral problems in a first-difference framework, I find evidence for the standard approach having muted estimated effects and failing to detect significant effects when the same data produce significant isolated harmful effects.
Mesenchymal Markers (Nonhematopoietic)

Vimentin is one of the types of intermediate (10 nm) filaments that characterize cell types. It is a 57 kD protein and is expressed primarily in cells of mesenchymal origin. Immunogold labeling localized vimentin to the cytoplasmic processes of fibroblasts, Langerhans cells and melanocytes, with lesser amounts in the per-nuclear cytoplasm (1). Anti-vimentin antibodies were among the first antibodies available for diagnostic use. Early studies suggested that vimentin expression was relatively specific and that its detection in cells would enable diagnosticians to categorize a tumor as being of mesenchymal origin (2,3). Almost immediately thereafter, it was discovered that vimentin could be detected in cells that were nonmesenchymal. Normal and malignant melanocytes (of neuroectodermal origin) were found to strongly express vimentin (4–6). Within several years, the list of neoplasms known to express vimentin had grown significantly, and thus, its diagnostic specificity became less impressive (7).
Evolution of surgical education through the 20th Century into the 21st Century.

An abridged overview of the development of surgery and early surgical education, training and practice is presented, beginning in colonial America in the 18th century, extending throughout the 19th century, evolving rapidly during the 20th century, and progressing into the first decade of the 21st century. The metamorphosis and transformation of surgery training programs in the United States are described and discussed, together with some of the most relevant rationale and justifications for the many changes introduced, established, mandated and in progress. The current accreditation requirements, oversight, and governance of general surgery training programs; the incorporation of multiple technical and technological advances into general surgical practice; the addition of required training modules and systems to the programs; and their secondary implications, consequences, and impact upon the programs, are presented. These include financial and other resource impediments, the 80-h work week implications and constraints, the technological explosion, the demands of the required expanded general surgical curriculum and operative case experience, the continued erosion of general surgery by surgical and medical specialists, the increasing workload coupled with decreasing reimbursement for surgeons and their services; and the challenges and difficulties of amalgamating all of these confounding or conflicting factors into an effective and viable general surgery program. Finally, some of the personal insights, opinions, experiences, and philosophy of the author are incorporated into the narrative.
Effects of Intensity, Immediacy and Diversity Upon Receiver Attitudes Toward a Belief-Discrepant Message and Its Source

ABSTRACT During the last fifteen years, over fifty studies have been done on the attitudinal consequences of three language variables: language intensity, verbal immediacy and lexical diversity. We recently constructed a comprehensive theory integrating previous research on these variables which comprises 26 axioms, 66 novel theorems and a causal model. The research reported here is an initial test of a part of the causal model and selected theorems; 183 persons participated. Each read one of eight versions of a message pretested for belief discrepancy. The versions represented orthogonal combinations of two levels (high versus low) of each of the three language variables. Subjects responded to 24 seven-interval scales which measured their judgments of the communicator and her message. Results indicate that diversity is directly related to judgments of competence, trustworthiness, predictability, similarity and receiver favourableness toward the belief-discrepant message. Immediacy is inversely related to judgments of competence at low diversity and of trustworthiness at high diversity. Immediacy is inversely related to liking when intensity is high. Intensity is directly related to predictability when immediacy is low. The results partially confirm our predictions. They indicate also that diversity is a more powerful determinant of receiver judgments and attitudes than are immediacy or intensity.
Why do they do it, and what does it mean for their job? An investigation of employee volunteering

Volunteering is prevalent and on the rise in the United States, but little research has examined the connection between individuals’ volunteering and their jobs. In the absence of that research, it...
Interpersonal Trauma Exposure, Trauma Symptoms, and Severity of Substance Use Disorder among Youth Entering Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment

A substantial body of literature has found associations between interpersonal victimization, trauma symptoms, and substance use disorders (SUD) among adolescents. Secondary data analysis was conducted on structured interview data collected by treatment providers as 172 adolescents (ages 12-19) entered outpatient substance abuse treatment. Results indicate high prevalence rates of interpersonal trauma exposure: 71.5% self-reported trauma exposure, specifically direct physical abuse or assault, sexual abuse or assault, and/or witnessing intimate partner violence of a parent. Severity of SUD, as measured by number of DSM-5 criteria endorsed, was not only associated with the number of types of criterion A events for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder but also more self-reported internalizing problems. There was no significant relationship between the severity of SUD and the severity of trauma symptoms at treatment intake, gender, or attention problems. Ongoing assessment of possible trauma symptoms is recommended throughout substance abuse treatment with youth who have reported trauma exposure, as well as continued screening of trauma exposure.
Current Landscape and the Potential Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Selenium in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment

In the last two decades, the discovery of various pathways involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has led to the development of biologically-driven targeted therapies. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), angiogenic growth factors, von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene mutations, and oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. These insights have led to the development of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic agents, which have significantly improved the outcomes of patients with advanced RCC. HIF inhibitors will be a valuable asset in the growing therapeutic armamentarium of RCC. Various histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, selenium, and agents like PT2385 and PT2977 are being explored in various clinical trials as potential HIF inhibitors, to ameliorate the outcomes of RCC patients. In this article, we will review the current treatment options and highlight the potential role of selenium in the modulation of drug resistance biomarkers expressed in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) tumors.
Principles of leaky-mode photonic lattices: band flips and Bloch mode dynamics

We present principles of leaky-mode photonic lattices explaining key properties enabling potential device applications. The one-dimensional grating-type canonical model is rich in properties and conceptually transparent encompassing all essential attributes applicable to two-dimensional metasurfaces and periodic photonic slabs. We address the operative physical mechanisms grounded in lateral leaky Bloch mode resonance emphasizing the significant influence imparted by the periodicity and the waveguide characteristics of the lattice. The effects discussed are not explainable in terms of local Fabry-Perot or Mie resonances. In particular, herein, we summarize the band dynamics of the leaky stopband revealing principal Bragg diffraction processes responsible for band-gap size and band closure conditions. We review Bloch wave vector control of spectral characteristics in terms of distinct evanescent diffraction channels driving designated Bloch modes in the lattice.
Endogenous pain modulation assessed with offset analgesia is not impaired in chronic temporomandibular disorder pain patients.

BACKGROUND Abnormal endogenous pain modulation (EPM) was suggested as a pathophysiological characteristic of chronic pain. EPM has been investigated using psychophysical tests for pain facilitation and inhibition such as temporal summation of pain and conditioned pain modulation, respectively. Another psychophysical test for pain inhibition is offset analgesia (OA), where small variations in noxious stimulus intensity over time elicit a disproportionately large analgesic response. OA has been investigated in patients with mixed pain conditions, but not in chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. OBJECTIVE To compare OA responses in chronic TMD female cases to age-matched, pain-free female controls. METHODS Offset analgesia was assessed by applying noxious heat over the non-dominant forearm of chronic TMD cases (n = 22) and controls (n = 17), using a previously reported paradigm with individualised test temperatures (TT): T1(5 seconds) = TT, T2(5 seconds) = TT + 1°C and T3(20 seconds) = TT. Clinical and psychosocial characteristics were measured. Main outcomes for OA were delta computerised visual analogue scale (COVAS), per cent change (T2-T3/T2-T1) and area under the curve (AUC) ratio of pain ratings controlling for TT. RESULTS No statistically significant between-group differences were found for delta COVAS (TMD cases mean ± SD = 53.5 ± 22.0; controls = 51.6 ± 22.9, P = 0.876) and per cent change (T2-T3/T2-T1) (cases mean = 327.2 ± 375.1; controls = 226.9 ± 553.4, P = 0.515), with both groups presenting a robust OA response. TMD cases perceived more pain during OA trials than controls, as measured by AUC ratio (mean difference [95% CI] = -15.6 [-26.9, -3.5], P = 0.017). CONCLUSION Chronic TMD cases presented with similar OA response over the forearm as controls; however, they experienced greater pain during testing. Future studies including this patient population should investigate OA responses over painful body sites, for example, jaw/face.
Teaching NeuroImages: Corkscrew medullary veins in active neurosarcoidosis.

A 47-year-old man with a history of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis presented with 6 months of cognitive decline and incontinence. Neuroimaging was consistent with active neurosarcoidosis and notable for asymmetrical dilation and corkscrew appearance of the right medullary veins (figure). Medullary vein dilation is a recently described imaging pattern in neurosarcoidosis, seen in 33% of patients.1 The pathogenesis is uncertain but may result from perivenous inflammation or dysfunction of glymphatic drainage.1 Susceptibility-weighted imaging highlights the veins by localizing the paramagnetic signal of deoxygenated blood.2 Medullary vein dilation is a frequent finding in neurosarcoidosis, which can be used as one of the diagnostic criteria and can serve as a biomarker of disease activity.
Bank regulatory size thresholds, merger and acquisition behavior, and small business lending

Abstract Size threshold-based regulatory requirements are pervasive in banking, but little is known about how they affect the merger and acquisition (M&A) behavior of banks around the thresholds. M&As cause discrete increases in size, so we hypothesize changes in banks' M&A behavior near regulatory size thresholds and associated real effects (changes in small business lending by the acquiring banks). We develop a novel research design that estimates indirect treatment effects for banks just below the thresholds. We find strong evidence of indirect treatment effects on bank M&A behavior and the small business lending of the merged banks. Our results illustrate the importance of indirect treatment effects in difference-in-differences studies involving size thresholds.
Data Philanthropy: Corporate Responsibility with Strategic Value?

Data philanthropy is a corporate gift of data, data resources such as analysts, and/or data technologies such as software, computing power, and storage. Yet data philanthropy is unlike other corpor...
Study on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Metal Foam Core Sandwich Panels

Metal foams are known for their energy absorption under compression but generally lack strength in tension. Metal foam core sandwich panels can offer a non-porous surface and improve the material’s corrosion resistance as well as their strength in tension. Composite metal foam (CMF) is a type of metal foam that has superior mechanical properties compared to other metallic foams due to the presence of a matrix in between its porosities and their uniform cell structure. The mechanical properties of CMF under various loading scenarios are well established, but mechanical properties of CMF core sandwich panels (CMF-CSP) have yet to be reported. This work will report the mechanical properties of CMF-CSPs and compare those to bare CMF panel properties under compression, bending, and tension. CMF-CSPs were manufactured by diffusion bonding stainless steel face sheets to the top and bottom of stainless steel CMF plates. The tensile and bending yield strengths and failure strain saw a drastic increase due to the addition of the face sheets, while the compressive properties of the CMF core were unchanged. Overall, CMF-CSP can be preferred for applications that require a nonporous surface, such as those exposed to corrosive environment like material used in tank cars carrying hazardous materials, in machine tools, and even basic components of building structures. Alternative adhesions methods for the face sheets are currently explored and will be reported in future studies.
Theoretical Calculations on the Interaction of Bridging Carbonyls with Transition Metal Dimers

Molecular orbital calculations at the ab initio Hartree-Fock-Roothaan level of theory were performed to determine what electronic properties cause a bridging carbonyl to adopt a particular bridging mode, i.e. linear semibridging, or symmetrical bridging. A set of rules is then developed to predict when a bridging carbonyl will assume a certain bridging mode.
NLP Scholar: A Dataset for Examining the State of NLP Research.

Google Scholar is the largest web search engine for academic literature that also provides access to rich metadata associated with the papers. The ACL Anthology (AA) is the largest repository of articles on Natural Language Processing (NLP). We extracted information from AA for about 44 thousand NLP papers and identified authors who published at least three papers there. We then extracted citation information from Google Scholar for all their papers (not just their AA papers). This resulted in a dataset of 1.1 million papers and associated Google Scholar information. We aligned the information in the AA and Google Scholar datasets to create the NLP Scholar Dataset – a single unified source of information (from both AA and Google Scholar) for tens of thousands of NLP papers. It can be used to identify broad trends in productivity, focus, and impact of NLP research. We present here initial work on analyzing the volume of research in NLP over the years and identifying the most cited papers in NLP. We also list a number of additional potential applications.
Contribution of Stimulus Variability to Word Recognition in Noise Versus Two-Talker Speech for School-Age Children and Adults.

Background Speech-in-speech recognition scores tend to be more variable than the speech-in-noise recognition scores, both within and across listeners. This variability could be due to listener factors, such as individual differences in audibility or susceptibility to informational masking. It could also be due to stimulus variability, with some speech-in-speech samples posing more of a challenge than others. The purpose of this experiment was to test two hypotheses: (1) that stimulus variability affects adults' word recognition in a two-talker speech masker and (2) that stimulus variability plays a smaller role in children's performance due to relatively greater contributions of listener factors. Methods Listeners were children (5 to 10 years) and adults (18 to 41 years) with normal hearing. Target speech was a corpus of 30 disyllabic words, each associated with an unambiguous illustration. Maskers were 30 samples of either two-talker speech or speech-shaped noise. The task was a four-alternative forced choice. Speech reception thresholds were measured adaptively, and those results were used to determine the signal-to-noise ratio associated with ≈65% correct for each listener and masker. Two 30-word blocks of fixed-level testing were then completed in each of the two conditions: (1) with the target-masker pairs randomly assigned prior to each block and (2) with frozen target-masker pairs. Results Speech reception thresholds were lower for adults than for children, particularly for the two-talker speech masker. Listener responses in fixed-level testing were evaluated for consistency across listeners. Target sample was the best predictor of performance in the speech-shaped noise masker for both the random and frozen conditions. In contrast, both the target and masker samples affected performance in the two-talker masker. Results were qualitatively similar for children and adults, and the pattern of performance across stimulus samples was consistent, with differences in masked target audibility in both age groups. Conclusions Although word recognition in speech-shaped noise differed consistently across target words, recognition in a two-talker speech masker depended on both the target and masker samples. These stimulus effects are broadly consistent with a simple model of masked target audibility. Although variability in speech-in-speech recognition is often thought to reflect differences in informational masking, the present results suggest that variability in energetic masking across stimuli can play an important role in performance.
CMT-308, a Nonantimicrobial Chemically-Modified Tetracycline, Exhibits Anti-Melanogenic Activity by Suppression of Melanosome Export

CMT-308 is a nonantimicrobial chemically-modified tetracycline (CMT), which we have previously shown exhibits antifungal activity and pleiotropic anti-inflammatory activities, including inhibition of the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Based on its chemical structure, we hypothesized that CMT-308 could inhibit melanogenesis and might be a candidate for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders which occur due to unregulated melanin biosynthesis and/or transport. CMT-308 was first studied for any effects on activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in vitro using a purified preparation of mushroom tyrosinase; the mode of inhibition of the soluble fungal enzyme was evaluated by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots as well as by non-linear least squares fitting. Next, the effects of CMT-308 were tested in mammalian cell cultures using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and further validated in darkly-pigmented human melanocytes (HEMn-DP). Our results showed that micromolar concentrations of CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase enzyme activity, using the first two substrates in the melanogenesis pathway (l-tyrosine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)); CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase primarily via a mixed mode of inhibition, with the major contribution from a competitive mode. In B16F10 cell cultures, CMT-308 (10 µM) significantly diminished total melanin levels with a selective reduction of extracellular melanin levels, under both basal and hormone-stimulated conditions without any cytotoxicity over a duration of 72 h. Studies of potential mechanisms of inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells showed that, in mammalian cells, CMT-308 did not inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity or the activity of α-glucosidase, an enzyme that regulates maturation of tyrosinase. However, CMT-308 suppressed MITF protein expression in B16F10 cells and showed copper chelating activity and antioxidant activity in a cell-free system. The significantly lower extracellular melanin levels obtained at 10 µM indicate that CMT-308's anti-melanogenic action may be attributed to a selective inhibition of melanosome export with the perinuclear aggregation of melanosomes, rather than a direct effect on the tyrosinase-catalyzed steps in melanin biosynthesis. These results were validated in HEMn-DP cells where CMT-308 suppressed dendricity in a fully reversible manner without affecting intracellular melanin synthesis. Furthermore, the capacity of CMT-308 to inhibit melanosome export was retained in cocultures of HEMn-DP and HaCaT. In summary, our results offer promise for therapeutic strategies to combat the effects of hyperpigmentation by use of CMT-308 at low micromolar concentrations.
Ruptured Spinal Aneurysms: Diagnosis and Management Paradigms.

Background Spinal aneurysms (SA) are rare neurovascular pathologies with an unclear natural history and management strategy. We review the clinical and radiologic manifestations, management, and outcome of patients who presented with spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to ruptured spinal aneurysms over a 10-year period. We provide a literature review about this condition and its management. Methods All patients diagnosed with nontraumatic spinal SAH were collected from a single-center prospectively maintained database of patients with SAH between January 2010 and January 2020. Patients diagnosed with spinal aneurysms were reviewed. For each patient, demographic data, clinical presentation, imaging findings, management strategies, and outcomes are reviewed and discussed. Results Between January 2010 and January 2020, ten patients were diagnosed with nontraumatic spinal SAH (3 patients presented with isolated spinal SAH and 7 patients with concomitant spinal and posterior fossa SAH). Among those, 4 patients were found to have a spinal aneurysm as the cause of SAH. The aneurysms were located in the cervical regions in 3 patients (75%) and at the thoracic level in 1 patient. Two aneurysms (50%) involved the anterior spinal artery, and 2 aneurysms (50%) involved a radiculomedullary artery. One aneurysm was a flow-related aneurysm of the anterior spinal artery in the setting of bilateral vertebral artery occlusion and was treated by surgical clipping with good outcome. Three aneurysms were idiopathic pseudoaneurysms with a negative diagnostic evaluation for secondary causes. These pseudoaneurysms were treated conservatively; 2 patients did well and 1 patient passed away from severe intracranial vasospasm. Two aneurysms resolved on diagnostic angiogram, and 1 aneurysm was absent on initial angiogram and appeared on follow-up diagnostic imaging 3 months later. Conclusions Spinal aneurysms are rare neurovascular pathologies that should be considered in the setting of spinal and/or posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage. Conservative treatment may be a potential safe alternative to interventional treatment. Before the initiation of surgical or endovascular treatment, spinal angiography should be repeated because of the potential for spontaneous resolution.
LPA-SDP: A Lightweight Privacy-Aware Service Discovery Protocol for IoT Environments

Latest forecasts show that 50 billion devices will be connected to the Internet by 2020. These devices will provide ubiquitous data access and enable smarter interactions in all aspects of our everyday life, including vital domains such as healthcare and battlefields, where privacy is a key requirement. With the increasing adoption of IoT and the explosion of these resource-constrained devices, manual discovery and configuration become significantly challenging. Despite there is a number of resource discovery protocols that can be efficiently used in IoT deployments, none of these protocols provides any privacy consideration. This paper presents LPA-SDT, a novel technique for service discovery that builds privacy into the design from the ground up. Performance evaluation demonstrates that LPA-SDT outperforms state-of-the-art discovery techniques for resource-constrained environments while preserving user and data privacy.
What lies beneath: a spatial mosaic of Zika virus transmission in the 2015-2016 epidemic in Colombia

Background: Temporal incidence patterns provide a crucial window into the dynamics of emerging infectious diseases, yet their utility is limited by the spatially aggregated form in which they are often presented. Weekly incidence data from the 2015-2016 Zika epidemic were available only at the national level for most countries in the Americas. One exception was Colombia, where data at departmental and municipal scales were made publicly available in real time, providing an opportunity to assess the degree to which national-level data are reflective of temporal patterns at local levels. Methods: To characterize differences in epidemic trajectories, our analysis centered on classifying proportional cumulative incidence curves according to six features at three levels of spatial aggregation. This analysis used the partitioning around medoids algorithm to assign departments and municipalities to groups based on these six characteristics. Examination of the features that differentiated these groups and exploration of their temporal and spatial patterns were performed. Simulations from a stochastic transmission model provided data that were used to assess the extent to which groups identified by the classification algorithm could be associated with differences in underlying drivers of transmission. Results: The timing of departmental-level epidemic peaks varied by three months, and departmental-level estimates of the time-varying reproduction number, R(t), showed patterns that were distinct from a national-level estimate. The classification algorithm identified moderate support for two to three clusters at the departmental level and somewhat stronger support for this at the municipal level. Variability in epidemic duration, the length of the tail of the epidemic, and the consistency of cumulative incidence data with a cumulative normal distribution function made the greatest contributions to distinctions across these groups. Applying the classification algorithm to simulated data showed that municipalities with basic reproduction number, R0, greater than 1 were consistently associated with a particular group. Municipalities with R0 < 1 displayed more diverse patterns, although in this case that may be due to simplifications of how the model represented spatial interaction among municipalities. Conclusions: The diversity of temporal incidence patterns at local scales uncovered by this analysis underscores the value of spatially disaggregated data and the importance of locally tailored strategies for responding to emerging infectious diseases.
Smart Stick an IoT based Product Idea for Farmers and Senior Citizens

There have been many deaths of farmers due to several reasons like electric shocks, thunder strikes, snake bites, etc which can be very well avoided. The aim is to design the IoT based handheld "smart stick" for farmers, senior citizens and others who don’t necessarily use smart mobiles phones and work in areas like farmlands, forests, etc. which are risk prone areas. This paper explains the "smart stick" architecture, block diagram, functionality and benefits. The main aim of this idea is to provide safety by providing alerts and emergency services to the farmers and seniors citizen who are not in accessible range or working remote areas.
Clomiphene- induced pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are a major cause of hospitalization and cause high mortality. Several risk factors, such as smoking, immobilization, cancer, trauma, OCPs, pregnancy, an...
Inquiry, Not Science, as the Source of Secularization in Higher Education

Author(s): Evans, John H | Abstract: Abstract The traditional claim in the literature on religion and science is that exposure to science leads to secularity because the claims about the natural world in the two systems are incompatible. More recently, research has narrowed this claim and shown that conflict over knowledge in the USA is primarily limited to one religion—conservative Protestantism—and only to a few fact claims. In this paper, I test this claim using longitudinal data from matched surveys taken in students’ first and fourth year of university. I find no evidence that the science is more secularizing than nonscience. I then turn to a distinction in university majors long used by sociologists of education—between majors focused on inquiry versus those focused on applying knowledge—and find that majors focused on inquiry are more likely to secularize than those focused on application. I interpret this to mean that learning to inquire secularizes.