cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated radial diffusion spectrum imaging using a multi-echo stimulated echo diffusion sequence.

Purpose Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) provides us non-invasively and robustly with anatomical details of brain microstructure. To achieve sufficient angular resolution, DSI requires a large number of q-space samples, leading to long acquisition times. This need is mitigated here by combining the beneficial properties of Radial q-space sampling for DSI with a Multi-Echo Stimulated Echo Sequence (MESTIM). Methods Full 2D k-spaces for each of several q-space samples, along the same radially outward line in q-space, are acquired in one readout train with one spin and three stimulated echoes. RF flip angles are carefully chosen to distribute spin magnetization over the echoes and the DSI reconstruction is adapted to account for differences in diffusion time among echoes. Results Individual datasets and bootstrapped reproducibility analysis demonstrate image quality and SNR of the more-than-twofold-accelerated RDSI MESTIM sequence. Orientation distribution functions (ODF) and tractography results benefit from the longer diffusion times of the latter echoes in the echo train. Conclusion A MESTIM sequence can be used to shorten RDSI acquisition times significantly without loss of image or ODF quality. Further acceleration is possible by combination with simultaneous multi-slice techniques. Magn Reson Med 79:306–316, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Motivation, Perception, and Treatment Beliefs in the Myocardial Infarction Genes (MI-GENES) Randomized Clinical Trial

Little is known about individuals’ motivation, perception, and treatment beliefs towards the use of genetic information in risk estimates for coronary heart disease (CHD). In this study, participants at intermediate 10-year risk of CHD were randomized to receive either their estimated conventional risk score (CRS) alone, or a CRS and a genetic risk score (GRS), by a genetic counselor. Surveys on motivation to participate in and perception of genetic testing for CHD were administered at 3 months and treatment beliefs at 6 months following risk disclosure. Survey responses used Likert scales. Linear and logistic regression were used for analysis. Overall, motivation to participate in genomic clinical trials was favorable and did not differ between the CRS and GRS groups (16.95 ± 0.82 vs. 17.58 ± 0.83, p = 0.091), but participants who initially received their GRS indicated a greater desire to find ways to improve health as a reason for participation (OR: 0.53 (95%CI: 0.29, 0.94), p = 0.028). Perception of genetic testing was also favorable in both groups (15.29 ± 0.39 vs. 15.12 ± 0.40, p = 0.835). Participants who initially received their GRS were more inclined to recommend genetic testing to family and friends (9.95 ± 1.88 vs. 10.52 ± 2.17, p = 0.023). In the MI-GENES study, motivation to participate in and perception of genetic testing among study participants were overall favorable. Genetic risk disclosure was associated with increased motivation to recommend genetic testing to family and friends.
Query-Adaptive Online Partitioning of Associated Data for Efficient Retrieval

Data partitioning is a crucial component of any distributed storage system that wants to scale. For retrieval efficiency, data frequently requested together in the same query should be placed on the same server as much as possible. Although intuitive, this is not easy to be implemented if constrained by load balancing, computationally, it is an NP hard problem. Existing research has offered approximate solutions optimized for a given workload of queries, in which the order as to when each query is received is not considered. This paper initiates a new study on online partitioning algorithms that are sequentially optimized for a query sequence. In the new problem, the queries arrive in a stream manner, unknown, and given the option to revise the partition after each query, the objective is to minimize the total query processing cost and data migration cost. We formulate this problem formally, investigate several online heuristics, and evaluate them using simulation.
Using Shaping to Increase Foods Consumed by Children with Autism

The current study used differential reinforcement and shaping to increase the variety of foods accepted by children with autism who demonstrated significant feeding inflexibility. Participants were introduced to four new food items via a hierarchical exposure, which involved systematically increasing the desired response with the food item. Level of food consumption was evaluated using a combined multiple baseline plus changing criterion design. Following intervention, all participants accepted all foods targeted, expanding upon the number of foods consumed.
The Plan and Aim of the Book

“How can we reduce the food surplus, increase farmers’ incomes and still cut farm program costs?” That is the riddle of American agriculture, the riddle we wish to explore. We do not give the answer. But we do suggest some things to be considered before any answer is given.
Race and Victim Age Matter: Sexual Behaviors and Experiences Among Confined African American and European American Youth With Sexual and Nonsexual Offenses.

Previous research has found differences in sexual behavior and types of sexual offending by offense category and racial/ethnic group. The present study examined effects of offense category, victim ...
Heterovalent B-Site Co-Alloying Approach for Halide Perovskite Bandgap Engineering

Compositional engineering, which can enrich the database of prospective materials and offer new or enhanced properties, represents one of the key focal points within halide perovskite research. Compositional engineering studies often focus on A+ and X– site substitutions, within the ABX3 perovskite structure, due to the relative ease of varying these sites. However, alloying on the B site can play a more important role in generating novel properties and decreasing Pb toxicity for Pb-based systems. To date, B site substitution has primarily been confined to single-element alloying. Herein, a heterovalent co-alloying strategy for the B site of halide perovskites is proposed. AgIBiIII and AgISbIII are co-alloyed into a host crystal of APbBr3 (A = Cs and methylammonium), leading to a larger range of prospective alloying elements on the perovskite B site. Density functional theory-based first-principles calculations provide a possible rational for the red shift of the bandgap and blue shift of the photolumines...
Entities Without Identity: A Semantical Dilemma

It has been suggested that puzzles in the interpretation of quantum mechanics motivate consideration of entities that are numerically distinct but do not stand in a relation of identity with themselves or non-identity with others. Quite apart from metaphysical concerns, I argue that talk about such entities is either meaningless or not about such entities. It is meaningless insofar as we attempt to take the foregoing characterization literally. It is meaningful, however, if talk about entities without identity is taken as elliptical for either nominal or predicative use of a special class of mass terms.
Beginnings of a Fulfilling Career

In 1989 I decided to join the doctoral program in Marketing at Michigan State University (MSU). Although I had been accepted into the doctoral programs at several universities, including UCLA and the University of Washington, I chose MSU because of its strong reputation in International Marketing, and its emphasis on managerial applications. Tamer Cavusgil had recently joined the MSU faculty and had just initiated the Center for International Business Education and Research. I wanted to learn from him as my mentor and dissertation chair, and was encouraged by the potential resources available through the CIBER to do international research. This decision to come to MSU and to be a student of Tamer Cavusgil is a decision I have never regretted, and that has enabled me to become a successful, full professor, engaged in a career in International Marketing.
CD38 pretargeted RIT of B-cell tumors.

In this issue of Blood , Green et al identified an innovative and promising pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (RIT) approach for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma. Pretargeted RIT of B-cell malignancies with a CD38 bispecific monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a novel approach, and the results achieved in preclinical models are very impressive. CD38 is an excellent target because it has high density and stable expression in multiple myeloma and NHL. 1
Role of cyclic GMP in the control of capacitative Ca2+ entry in rat pancreatic acinar cells

We have investigated the possible roles of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in initiating or regulating capacitiative Ca2+ entry in rat pancreatic acinar cells. In medium containing 1.8 mM external Ca2+, thapsigargin activated Ca2+ entry and slightly but significantly increased intracellular cGMP concentration. This rise in cGMP levels was prevented by pretreating the cells with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, LY-83583, or by omitting Ca2+ during stimulation by thapsigargin or methacholine. LY-83583 and NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA, an inhibitor of NO synthase) both had a small inhibitory effect on Ca2+ entry when they were added after thapsigargin in Ca2(+)-containing medium, and they reduced by 32 and 48% respectively the thapsigargin-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry when added to the cells during a 20 min preincubation period. However, neither dibutyryl cGMP (Bt2cGMP) nor sodium nitroprusside, an NO mimic, affected either basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i or thapsigargin-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. Further, the inhibitory effects observed after preincubation with LY-83583 or L-NA could not be prevented by preincubation with Bt2cGMP, nor could they be reversed by adding Bt2cGMP, 8-bromo-cGMP or sodium nitroprusside acutely after activation of capacitative Ca2+ entry by thapsigargin. Finally, pretreatment of cells with LY-83583 or L-NA did not affect Ca2+ signalling in response to 1 microM methacholine, including the pattern of [Ca2+]i oscillations. In conclusion, in pancreatic acinar cells, the rise in cellular cGMP levels appears to depend on, rather than cause, the increase in [Ca2+]i with agonist stimulation.
Man of multiple identities: Complex individuality and identity intersectionality among college men

In their book, College Men and Masculinities, Shaun R. Harper and Frank Harris III (2010) challenge educators and administrators to respond more purposefully to the developmental and educational challenges faced by undergraduate men. Doing so requires moving beyond what they have termed “the model gender majority myth”—a common misconception that all men similarly benefi t from the power and privilege historically and contemporarily conferred to men because of their gender. Also necessary, Harper and Harris argue, is a more complete understanding of college men as men with gender-specifi c needs andoften unresolved identity issues. Other scholars have noted the various ways in which young men experience confl ict around gendered norms regarding the performance of their masculinities in college environments (Davis, 2002; Edwards & Jones, 2009; Harper, Harris, & Mmeje, 2005; Harris & Harper, 2008; O’Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986).
An Online, Self-Directed Curriculum of Core Research Concepts and Skills

Introduction Existing scholarly curricula often underemphasize basic research skills and do not address the individual learning needs of residents, whose level of prior exposure to research concept...
Barriers and Motivators for Tractor ROPS Retrofitting in Iowa.

Iowa State University Extension and Outreach conducted an assessment of Iowa farm operators‘ perceptions of the barriers and motivators when considering retrofitting tractors with rollover protective structures (ROPS). A statewide sample of approximately 2,000 farm operators was surveyed in the 2017 Iowa Farm and Rural Life Poll. A series of questions was asked to evaluate the importance of potential barriers to decisions to not retrofit a tractor and potential motivators that could influence the decision to retrofit or purchase a tractor with ROPS. The survey received a 48% response rate (999 responses). Among the 76% of Iowa farm operators who reported at least one pre-1985 tractor, only 18.6% reported that all of those tractors had ROPS. The remaining 81.4% had at least one tractor that did not have ROPS. Iowa farm operators‘ perceptions of the barriers and motivators when considering retrofitting tractors with ROPS are shared. The results of Iowa farm operators‘ perceptions will be used as Iowa State University Extension and Outreach prepares to align efforts with the National Tractor Safety Coalition and participate in the National ROPS Rebate Program, with the goal of reducing tractor fatalities.
Identifying Older Adults With Serious Illness: Transitioning From ICD-9 to ICD-10.

Abstract Context Identifying the seriously ill population is integral to improving the value of health care. Efforts to identify this population using existing data are anchored to a list of severe medical conditions (SMCs) using diagnostic codes. Published approaches have used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes, which has since been replaced by ICD-10. Objectives We translated SMCs from ICD-9 to ICD-10 using a refined code list. We aimed to test the hypothesis that people identified by ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes would have similar Medicare costs, health care utilization, and mortality. Methods Using data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study linked to Medicare claims, we compared samples from periods using ICD-9 (2014) and ICD-10 (2016). We included participants with six-month fee-for-service Medicare data before their interview date who had an SMC identified within that period. We compared the groups' demographic, functional, and medical characteristics and followed up them for six months to compare outcomes. Results Among subjects in the 2016 (ICD-10) sample, 19.9% were hospitalized, 24.6% used the emergency department, 7.2% died, and average Medicare spending totaled $9902.04 over six months of follow-up. We observed no significant differences between the 2014 and 2016 samples (P > 0.05); both samples represent 18% of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. Conclusion Identifying the seriously ill population using currently available data requires using ICD-10 to define SMCs. Routine measurement of function, quality of life, and caregiver strain will further enhance the identification process and efficiently target palliative care services and appropriate quality measures.
on ownership structure and corporate performance: Looking back and looking forward

Abstract This piece reflects on the impact of Demsetz and Villalonga (2001) on the occasion of the paper receiving the Journal of Corporate Finance 25-Year Award.
Response to BotulinumtoxinA in a migraine cohort with multiple comorbidities and widespread pain.

Background The phase III research evaluating migraine prophylaxis therapy (PREEMPT) protocol was developed in low-risk migraine patients. We studied longitudinal response to treatment in a sequential retrospective observational cohort to evaluate predictors of effectiveness in patients with multiple overlapping pain syndromes treated in a quaternary pain management clinic. Methods We evaluated indicators of individual response in 402 consecutive chronic migraine patients who provided demographic information and used the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry. Results The patients were middle aged 47 (38–56) median (IQR) years old and 83% women. They reported multiple complex pain problems with 11 (6–18) regions represented on a pain body map. Evaluated with National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System measures, they reported higher scores for sleep impairment and disturbance, anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain behavior, pain interference and worse function and satisfaction with social roles compared with the general US population; p Conclusions Our findings point to the importance of identifying and addressing pain interference and depression early in chronic migraine management and, more broadly, highlights the importance of multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment in chronic migraine.
Frequency and clinical outcomes of CYP2C19 genotype-guided escalation and de-escalation of antiplatelet therapy in a real-world clinical setting.

To evaluate the frequency and clinical impact of switches in antiplatelet therapy following implementation of CYP2C19 genotyping after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The frequency of escalation (clopidogrel switched to prasugrel/ticagrelor) and de-escalation (prasugrel/ticagrelor switched to clopidogrel) was evaluated in 1063 PCI patients who underwent CYP2C19 genotyping. Risk of major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular (MACCE) and bleeding events over one year was evaluated. Antiplatelet therapy switches were common (19%), with escalation (101/115: 88%) and de-escalation (77/84: 92%) occurring predominantly in patients with and without a CYP2C19 nonfunctional allele, respectively. Nonfunctional allele carriers initiated and continued on clopidogrel had a significantly higher risk of experiencing either a MACCE or bleeding event compared with those escalated to prasugrel/ticagrelor (52 vs. 19 events/100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.89 [1.44–6.13], p = 0.003). Patients without a nonfunctional allele de-escalated to clopidogrel had no difference in risk compared with those initiated and continued on prasugrel/ticagrelor (21 vs. 19 events/100 patient-years; adjusted HR 1.13 [0.51–2.34], p = 0.751). CYP2C19-guided escalation and de-escalation is common in a real-world setting. Continuation of clopidogrel in nonfunctional allele carriers is associated with adverse outcomes. De-escalation to clopidogrel in patients without a nonfunctional allele appears safe and warrants prospective study.
Prospects for Functional Address Translation

Address translation fundamentally embodies a translation function that maps from virtual to physical addresses. In current systems, the translation function is encoded by the kernel in an in-memory radix tree structure (the page table hierarchy) which is then interpreted by the hardware (the pagewalker, pagewalk-caches, and TLBs). We consider implementing the translation function itself as reconfigurable hardware—does this make any sense? To study this question, we collected numerous in-situ Linux page tables for a wide range of workloads, including those from HPC, to serve as example translation functions. We then prototyped several potential mechanisms to implement the translation function, including inverted page tables with function-specific perfect hashing, translation functions directly implemented using Espresso-minimized PLAs, translation functions genetically-evolved in a language suitable for FPGA-like synthesis, and translation functions based on recovered/manufactured region (segment/mmap) lookup using multiplexor trees. Each mechanism was then evaluated using the Linux page tables, primarily for space and lookup speed. We report our findings and try to address the question.
Adaptive HTF-MPR: An Adaptive Heterogeneous TensorFlow Mapper Utilizing Bayesian Optimization and Genetic Algorithms

Deep neural networks are widely used in many artificial intelligence applications. They have demonstrated state-of-the-art accuracy on many artificial intelligence tasks. For this high accuracy to occur, deep neural networks require the right parameter values. This is achieved by a process known as training. The training of large amounts of data via many iterations comes at a high cost in regard to computation time and energy. Optimal resource allocation would therefore reduce the training time. TensorFlow, a computational graph library developed by Google, alleviates the development of neural network models and provides the means to train these networks. In this article, we propose Adaptive HTF-MPR to carry out the resource allocation, or mapping, on TensorFlow. Adaptive HTF-MPR searches for the best mapping in a hybrid approach. We applied the proposed methodology on two well-known image classifiers: VGG-16 and AlexNet. We also performed a full analysis of the solution space of MNIST Softmax. Our results demonstrate that Adaptive HTF-MPR outperforms the default homogeneous TensorFlow mapping. In addition to the speed up, Adaptive HTF-MPR can react to changes in the state of the system and adjust to an improved mapping.
Neural Plasticity in Human Fathers

Both new mothers and fathers undergo neural changes that support positive adaptation to parenting and the development of parent-infant relationships. In this chapter, we review important psychological adaptations that fathers and mothers experience during the transition to parenthood. We then review evidence of structural and functional plasticity in human fathers’ and mothers’ brains and explore how such plasticity supports their psychological adaptation to parenting and parenting behaviors. Finally, we discuss similar and different vulnerabilities and opportunities for the transition to parenthood in the brains of fathers and mothers and how they may inform interventions.
Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Study of Molecular Dynamics of Pyridine 1-Oxide Encapsulated in p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene.

The mixture of guests 25% pyridine 1-oxide (PNO) and 75% nitrobenzene (NB) encapsulated in a host cavity of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (p-tBC) is a suitable system for the study of intermolecular we...
Abstract-Driven Pattern Discovery in Databases

In this paper, we study the problem of discovering interesting patterns in large volumes ofdata. Patterns can be expressed not only in terms of the database schema but also in user-definedterms, such as relational views and classification hierarchies. The user-defined terminology isstored in a data dictionary that maps it into the language of the database schema. We definea pattern as a deductive rule expressed in user-defined terms that has a degree of certaintyassociated with it. We present methods of discovering interesting patterns based on abstractswhich are summaries of the data expressed in the language of the user.
The Association Between Cytomegalovirus and Disability by Race/Ethnicity and Sex: Results From the Health and Retirement Study.

Recent studies have documented a decline in the overall prevalence of disability in the United States; however, racial/ethnic and sex disparities continue to persist. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, a socially patterned exposure, may be a key mechanism in understanding these previously documented disparities. Using data from a nationally representative study, the 2016 Health and Retirement Study, we employed Poisson log-binomial models to estimate the prevalence of disability in a comparison of CMV-seropositive and -seronegative adults and investigated effect modification by race/ethnicity and sex. Among the 9,029 participants (55% women; mean age = 67.4 years), 63% were CMV-seropositive and 15% were disabled. CMV seropositivity was highest among non-Hispanic Black (88%) and Hispanic (92%) adults as compared with non-Hispanic White adults (57%). We found evidence for effect modification in the association between CMV and disability by sex but not race/ethnicity. While the 95% confidence intervals in the fully adjusted models included the null value, in comparison with seronegative women, our results suggest a greater prevalence of disability among CMV-seropositive women (prevalence ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.97, 1.38) but not among men (prevalence ratio = 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.69, 1.06). Results provide initial support for the hypothesis that CMV may be an important determinant of sex disparities in disability.
Feminism, Art and Politics: Fragments of the Same?

From the very moment of entry into the conference hall, the art bounded and infused the conversations among artists and scholars and explanations of intentionality, meaning, affect and effects were made three-dimensional through participation in making art, in photos and in videos vibrant in their demands... literally and figuratively re-arranging worlds.
Twenty-one-gene recurrence score (RS) in germline (g)CHEK2 mutation-associated versus sporadic breast cancers (BC): A multi-site case-control study.

10531Background: Genomic assays, such as RS, are used to determine chemotherapy benefit in early-stage, estrogen receptor (ER)- and/or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive, HER2 negative BC patients...
Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations I1532T and F1534S Were Identified in Aedes albopictus Field Populations in Zhejiang Province, Central China.

Aedes albopictus is the only vector that can transmit the dengue virus in Zhejiang Province, central China, and it can develop insecticide resistance due to long-term exposure to pyrethroids. The presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations is one of the mechanisms responsible for pyrethroid resistance, and has been reported in some Ae. albopictus populations in southern China. However, little is known about the DNA diversity of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene in Ae. albopictus populations in central China. Four Ae. albopictus field populations were collected, in Yiwu (YW), Quzhou (QZ), Wenzhou (WZ), and Jiaxing (JX) from Zhejiang Province, central China. The susceptibility of Ae. albopictus adults to three pyrethroids (beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) was tested using the WHO tube assay, and Kdr mutations were identified via PCR and sequencing. The relationship between kdr mutations and pyrethroid phenotypes was also analyzed. Of the four populations, none was sensitive to any pyrethroid tested, and the YW population showed the strongest pyrethroid resistance. Non-synonymous kdr mutations were detected in codons 1532 and 1534, domain III. At codon 1534, one mutant allele, TCC(S), was detected in the four populations with a frequency of 42.08%, while at codon 1532, one mutant allele, ACC(T), was detected in the JX and QZ populations, with frequencies of 4.22 and 3.03%, respectively. The F1534S mutant allele was positively correlated with both beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin resistance phenotypes (OR > 1, P 0.05). In conclusion, resistance and resistance mutations regarding to three pyrethroids are already present in the Ae. Albopictus populations from Zhejiang, central China, which prompts the need to use non-insecticide-based methods of insect control.
Parental opioid use disorder: Examining their children's experiences, needs, and road to resilience

Problem Over 8 million children in the United States live with a parent with substance use disorder (SUD), inclusive of opioid use disorder (OUD). This is an adverse childhood experience (ACE), that often leads to poor outcomes such as developing SUD or mental illness. Interventions and research have focused more on the parent and not their children. Without emphasis on child's experiences, their needs, and building interventions toward developing resilience, the intergenerational cycle of SUD/OUD will persist. Methods Nine children (ages 12-17) in custody of Social Services, who experienced a parent with OUD, participated in this pilot study. The intervention was SAMHSA's Children's Program Kit: Supportive Education for Children of Addicted Parents. Thematic analysis of verbal responses/behaviors, observations, field notes, and any retained materials (i.e., handouts) was conducted over eight sessions. Findings Findings included three themes regarding participant's experiences: Meaning of a Parent; Others Involved; and Witnessing the Cycle. Two sub-themes also emerged: Ways to Cope and Support from Various Sources. Conclusions Results support mental health nurses as forerunners in building, implementing, and evaluating child-focused interventions for children of parents with OUD. Interventions should focus on the needs of the children and use a strength-based approach to promote their resilience.
Logistic risk model for the unique effects of inherent aerobic capacity on +Gz tolerance before and after simulated weightlessness.

Small sample size (n less than 1O) and inappropriate analysis of multivariate data have hindered previous attempts to describe which physiologic and demographic variables are most important in determining how long humans can tolerate acceleration. Data from previous centrifuge studies conducted at NASA/Ames Research Center, utilizing a 7-14 d bed rest protocol to simulate weightlessness, were included in the current investigation. After review, data on 25 women and 22 men were available for analysis. Study variables included gender, age, weight, height, percent body fat, resting heart rate, mean arterial pressure, Vo(sub 2)max and plasma volume. Since the dependent variable was time to greyout (failure), two contemporary biostatistical modeling procedures (proportional hazard and logistic discriminant function) were used to estimate risk, given a particular subject's profile. After adjusting for pro-bed-rest tolerance time, none of the profile variables remained in the risk equation for post-bed-rest tolerance greyout. However, prior to bed rest, risk of greyout could be predicted with 91% accuracy. All of the profile variables except weight, MAP, and those related to inherent aerobic capacity (Vo(sub 2)max, percent body fat, resting heart rate) entered the risk equation for pro-bed-rest greyout. A cross-validation using 24 new subjects indicated a very stable model for risk prediction, accurate within 5% of the original equation. The result for the inherent fitness variables is significant in that a consensus as to whether an increased aerobic capacity is beneficial or detrimental has not been satisfactorily established. We conclude that tolerance to +Gz acceleration before and after simulated weightlessness is independent of inherent aerobic fitness.
Towards VLSI GaAs heterostructure FET integrated circuits

A self-aligned, refractory metal gate, heterostructure FET process for the fabrication of high-speed digital and mixed digital/analog LSI/VLSI integrated circuits is reported. A 4500-gate 16*16 complex multiplier, a 3800-gate butterfly adder and a four-bit analog-to-digital converter have been demonstrated using MBE (molecular beam epitaxy)-grown heterostructure FET technology. With nominal 1- mu m-gate-length devices, DCFL (direct-coupled FET logic) ring oscillators have propagation delays, of 28 ps/stage at a power dissipation of 1 mW/stage. When the gate length is reduced to 0.5 mu m, DCFL ring oscillators have propagation delays of 17 ps/stage with a power dissipation of 1 mW/stage. >
Indwelling polyethylene nasogastric tube for feeding premature infants.

Experiences with an indwelling polyethylene nasogastric tube in feeding 30 small premature infants for periods varying from 7 to 49 days have been described. The technic has the following advantages: 1. The interval between feedings may be shortened, if necessary, without any increase in the likelihood of esophageal irritation. 2. Feedings disturb the infant so little as to cause no fatigue. 3. Feeding can be accomplished so easily that less skill is demanded of the nurse. Two of the 30 infants died, and each had an ulcer in the upper, anterior part of the esophagus. Similar ulcers were noted by Gruenwald and Marsh in 16⅔% of 310 autopsied infants. Two other infants developed a purulent rhinitis on the side of the tube. Each infant suffered from other, seemingly unrelated infections at the time. Thrush was never noted. Occult blood was absent in the 50 stools obtained from 18 infants, as indicated by a negative guaiac test. Nine of the 10 infants weighing less than 1,000 gm. at birth survived, as did 15 of the 16 who weighed 1,000 to 1,499 gm. A complete evaluation of esophageal irritation in tube as compared with gavage feeding will require a more extended study. Results so far with the polyethylene tube lead the authors to believe it to be a better device for feeding premature infants than either the rubber gavage tube repeatedly inserted or the dropper.
Histologic Variations in the Structure of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands

INTRODUCTION In recent years much attention has been focused on the human eccrine sweat gland by both clinical and basic science investigators (1-14). The clinician is aware of the role of the sweat gland in the production of both general and cutaneous disease. The physiologist and the chemist have studied the normal and the alterations from the normal of the functions of the gland and of its secretions. Pathologists have been concerned primarily with tumors of the sweat glands and occasionally with alterations in structure as they pertain to clinical disease. The present trend is to correlate the normal and the abnormal variations of the physiology and chemistry of the sweat gland with its histochemistry and histo-logic structure.
Concentration and extraction of phosphorus from swine manure slurries as struvite

The goal of this project was to develop a system that identified magnesium demand for struvite formation by monitoring conductivity changes during continuous injection of magnesium chloride in several different manure slurries. The conductivity of six manure slurries was monitored to identify the response due to magnesium chloride injection and struvite precipitation. Struvite precipitation is a technically feasible treatment method for phosphorus removal and recovery from manure slurries (Bowers and Westerman, 2005a; Burns et al., 2000). Swine manure slurries typically require the addition of magnesium (Mg) to force struvite precipitation. The quantity of Mg required for maximized phosphorus removal is generally determined through laboratory tests. Optimized struvite precipitation in a field setting would require a real-time method to determine Mg addition rates for the duration of a land application event. This paper will discuss the requirements of a feasible automated control system which monitors and controls the injection of Mg to force struvite precipitation, accounting for real-time variations of magnesium demand. Theoretical predictions and pure solution tests provided information capable of determining the magnesium demand for struvite precipitations. After testing six different manures in
Time in Biology and Physics

Traditionally, time has been modelled as a basic variable taking its values from an interval on a real axis. Although special relativity introduced Lorentz transformations mixing rectilinear time and space axes, while general relativity introduced curved spacetimes, the concept of a single underlying time dimension parametrised by a real interval remained. The pervasiveness of this concept was certainly due in large measure to the success of the models it supported, in particular to the expression of physical laws by differential equations which ultimately relied on the limiting process inherent in the notion of a (total or partial) derivativc. Despite this success at the computational level, it has long been clear that the truly ramified nature of time cannot be captured by what amounts to a mathematical convention. The current paper sets out to recall some of the perspectives on time and space that have been emerging from the study of biology and complex systems. Although these examples are still rather isolated and underdeveloped, they are already leading to some new insights. Summarising briefly, it is becoming apparent that each part of a complex system is equipped with its own intrinsic spacetime. When the system functions, the spacetimes of its constituent parts interact in various ways. As biological systems are able to insulate their component parts from environmental influences to a greater or lesser extent, one may propose an answer to Schrodinger’s question “What is life?” [1], characterising biological systems as those systems complex enough to isolate their component spacetimes. By contrast, the success of the single traditional “universal,” “clock,” or “calendar” time in physics is seen to be due to the way in which the component spacetimes of low-level systems are mutually coupled. This presents a different approach to universal time. Rather than being built in to our models ab initio, universal time should be seen as a phenomenon that emerges from the closely coupled interactions of low-level components.
Glucose production, recycling, Cori cycle, and gluconeogenesis in humans: relationship to serum cortisol

Six normal subjects (NL group) and 13 cancer patients (CAI and CAII groups) were fasted overnight and infused with [U-(13)C]glucose (0.016-0.058 mg x min(-1) x kg(-1)). Plasma glucose and lactate were isolated, and mass isotopomer distributions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Applying equations modified from those previously described [J. A. Tayek and J. Katz. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Endocrinol. Metab. 33): E709-E717, 1996], we determined glucose production (GP), recycling of glucose carbons, fraction of recycled molecules in blood glucose (Cori cycle), formation of pyruvate from unlabeled carbons, dilution of pyruvate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and other reactions, and rate of gluconeogenesis. Glucose production was similar in all groups: 2.4 +/- 0.2 mg x min(-1) x kg (-1). The fraction of recycled carbon and of the Cori cycle were elevated in the CAI group vs. the CAII and NL groups: 15 and 33% vs. 7.8 and 19%, respectively (P = 0.01). Gluconeogenesis was 1.9 +/- 0.1, 1.0 +/- 0.1, and 0.83 +/- 0.11 mg x min(-1) x kg(-1) in the CAI, CAII, and NL groups, respectively. In the NL and CAII groups, 20% of GP is via recycling, 20% from unlabeled carbon sources (muscle glycogen, amino acids), and 60% from hepatic glycogenolysis; in the CAI group, 30% is from recycling, 50% from unlabeled carbon, and 20% from glycogen and other sources. Serum cortisol was elevated in the CAI group vs. the CAII group: 11.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 7.7 +/- 1.2 microg/dl (P < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between plasma cortisol and Cori cycle in the NL (r = 0.963) and CAI and CAII groups (r = 0.771). Serum cortisol was directly, and insulin was inversely, correlated with gluconeogenesis in the NL (r2 = 0.967) and CAI and CAII groups (r2 = 0.727). We conclude that whereas the cancer population is heterogeneous with respect to gluconeogenesis, many cancer patients derive their GP predominantly from gluconeogenesis compared with healthy controls, who derive less than one-half of their GP from gluconeogenesis.
The dimensions and shapes of the furanose rings in nucleic acids

A survey was made of the geometry of furanose rings in β-nucleotides and β-nucleosides (as monomers related to nucleic acids) for which structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Mean values, and estimated standard deviations from them, were calculated for bond-lengths, bond-angles and conformation-angles. For parameters with values dependent on ring-puckering, separate calculations were made for each ring type. (The rings are puckered in one of three conformations: C-2- or C-3-endo or C-3-exo; C-2-exo has not been observed.) The results were used to compute standard furanose rings with C-2-endo, C-3-endo and C-3-exo conformations for use in nucleic acid molecular model-building. The survey also showed that the only other conformation-angle in nucleotides dependent on the furanose ring conformation corresponds to the relative orientation of the purine (or pyrimidine) base and the ring.
Clinical Features and Outcomes in Adults With Cardiogenic Shock Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an increasingly used supportive measure for patients with refractory cardiogenic shock (CS). Despite its increasing use, there remain minimal data regarding which patients with refractory CS are most likely to benefit from ECMO. We retrospectively studied all patients (n = 123) who underwent initiation of ECMO for CS from February 2009 to September 2014 at a single center. Baseline patient characteristics, including demographics, co-morbid illness, cause of CS, available laboratory values, and patient outcomes were analyzed. Overall, 69 patients (56%) were weaned from ECMO, with 48 patients (39%) surviving to discharge. Survivors were younger (50 vs 60 years; p ≤0.0001), had a lower rate of previous smoking (27 vs 56%; p = 0.01) and chronic kidney disease (2% vs 13%; p = 0.03), and had lower lactate measured soon after ECMO initiation (3.1 vs 10.2 mmol/l; p = 0.01). Patients with pulmonary embolism (odds ratio 8.0, 95% confidence interval 2.00 to 31.99; p = 0.01) and acute cardiomyopathy (odds ratio 7.5, 95% confidence interval 1.69 to 33.27; p = 0.01) had a higher rate of survival than acute myocardial infarction, chronic cardiomyopathy, and miscellaneous etiologies compared to postcardiotomy CS as a referent. In conclusion, survival after ECMO initiation differs based on underlying cause of CS. Survival may be lower in older patients and those with early evidence of persistent hypoperfusion after initiation of ECMO for CS.
Protein microarrays for highly parallel detection and quantitation of specific proteins and antibodies in complex solutions

We describe a method for printing protein microarrays, and using these microarrays in a comparative fluorescence assay to measure the abundance of many specific proteins in complex solutions. A robotic device was used to print hundreds of specific antibody or antigen solutions in an array on the surface of derivatized microscope slides. Two complex protein samples, one serving as a standard for comparative quantitation, and the other representing an experimental sample in which the concentrations of specific proteins were to be measured, were labeled by covalent attachment of spectrally-resolvable fluorescent dyes. Specific antibody-antigen interactions localized specific components of the complex mixtures to defined cognate spots in the array, where the relative intensity of the fluorescent signals representing the experimental sample and the reference standard provided a measure of each protein's abundance in the experimental sample. To characterize the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of this assay, we analyzed the performance of 115 antibody/antigen pairs. 50% of the arrayed antigens, and 20% of the arrayed antibodies, provided specific and accurate measurements of their cognate ligands at or below concentrations of 1.6 µg/ml and 0.34 µg/ml, respectively. Some of the antibody/antigen pairs allowed detection of the cognate ligands at absolute concentrations below 1 ng/ml, and partial concentrations of less than 1 part in 106, sensitivities sufficient for measurement of many clinically important proteins in patient blood samples. Protein microarrays can provide a simple and practical means to characterize patterns of variation in hundreds or thousands of different proteins, in clinical or research applications.
Guaranteed Safe Online Learning via Reachability: tracking a ground target using a quadrotor

While machine learning techniques have become popular tools in the design of autonomous systems, the asymptotic nature of their performance guarantees means that they should not be used in scenarios in which safety and robustness are critical for success. By pairing machine learning algorithms with rigorous safety analyses, such as Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) reachability, this limitation can be overcome. Guaranteed Safe Online Learning via Reachability (GSOLR) is a framework which combines HJI reachability with general machine learning techniques, allowing for the design of robotic systems which demonstrate both high performance and guaranteed safety. In this paper we show how the GSOLR framework can be applied to a target tracking problem, in which an observing quadrotor helicopter must keep a target ground vehicle with unknown (but bounded) dynamics inside its field of view at all times, while simultaneously attempting to build a motion model of the target. The resulting algorithm was implemented on board the Stanford Testbed of Autonomous Rotorcraft for Multi-Agent Control, and was compared to a naive safety-only algorithm and a learning-only algorithm. Experimental results illustrate the success of the GSOLR algorithm, even under scenarios in which the machine learning algorithm performed poorly (and would otherwise lead to unsafe actions), thus demonstrating the power of this technique.
Cyclic response of plate steels under large inelastic strains

Abstract In structures subjected to extreme loading, plate steels are relied upon to plastically deform under large repeated strains. Nevertheless, limited data exists on the hysteretic stress–strain response and low-cycle fatigue life of these steels. In the study described in this paper, axial coupons were tested for five types of plate steel, including conventional and high performance A709 steel as well as specialty low yield point steels, to investigate the material response under repeated inelastic demands of constant amplitude between 1% and 7% strain. Parameters for analytical models were established for cyclic stress–strain and low-cycle fatigue life relationships. Based on this study, it was found that the low-cycle fatigue life of the different types of plate steels was similar and that the effect of increased strain rate was minimal. However, the maximum cyclic stress was found to exceed the yield strength by a factor of 2.0 for the conventional grade steel and up to 4.8 times for the low yield point steels, within just a few reversals in the considered strain ranges. The maximum cyclic stress behavior was not related to the yield strength as much as it was to the manufacturing specifications. This behavior should be considered when using these materials in the limit state design of structures for extreme events such as earthquakes.
Prototype cannabinoid analgetics, prostaglandins and opiates--a search for points of mechanistic interaction.

Abstract While prototype cannabinoid analgetics such as levonantradol do not act at the opiate receptor, their opiate-like properties suggest a proximal site of action. Based on this reasoning we perceived a remarkable structural analogy between levonantradol and prostaglandin E2. We further postulated a three point receptor contact which enabled us to predict the minimum structural features for analgesia. In this report we describe a simple phenyl cyclohexanol ( 1 ) which was found to possess potent analgesia across a battery of analgetic assays and defines three key sites of receptor contact necessary for cannabinoid-like analgetic activity.
Mesoporous silicon particles as a multistage delivery system for imaging and therapeutic applications

Many nanosized particulate systems are being developed as intravascular carriers to increase the levels of therapeutic agents delivered to targets, with the fewest side effects. The surface of these carriers is often functionalized with biological recognition molecules for specific, targeted delivery. However, there are a series of biological barriers in the body that prevent these carriers from localizing at their targets at sufficiently high therapeutic concentrations. Here we show a multistage delivery system that can carry, release over time and deliver two types of nanoparticles into primary endothelial cells. The multistage delivery system is based on biodegradable and biocompatible mesoporous silicon particles that have well-controlled shapes, sizes and pores. The use of this system is envisioned to open new avenues for avoiding biological barriers and delivering more than one therapeutic agent to the target at a time, in a time-controlled fashion.