cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of Beijing 2008 on China's image in the United States: a study of US media and polls.

The 2008 Beijing Olympics were widely regarded as China's ‘coming out party’, a belief strengthened by the extravagance and efficiency of the games. China was open about the image it wished to convey to the world, dubbing its games as the ‘humanistic Olympics’, ‘green Olympics’ and ‘technological Olympics’. Now, one year after the 2008 Olympics, this paper wishes to examine the extent to which China's Olympics were successful as a public-relations campaign in the United States by focusing on the images of China portrayed in the American media before, during and after the Olympics to detect any significant trends. The analysis focuses on editorial boards of widely circulated newspapers, representing the nine major divisions of the United States, and the three largest cable news networks: Fox News, CNN and MSNBC. Finally, there is an assessment of public opinion polls gauging amity towards China. The results indicate that overall, US media images of China became increasingly negative directly before, during...
Nitrogen oxides emission control options for coal-fired electric utility boilers.

Abstract Recent regulations have required reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from electric utility boilers. To comply with these regulatory requirements, it is increasingly important to implement state-of-the-art NOx control technologies on coal-fired utility boilers. This paper reviews NOx control options for these boilers. It discusses the established commercial primary and secondary control technologies and examines what is being done to use them more effectively. Furthermore, the paper discusses recent developments in NOx controls. The popular primary control technologies in use in the United States are low-NOx burners and overfire air. Data reflect that average NOx reductions for specific primary controls have ranged from 35% to 63% from 1995 emissions levels. The secondary NOx control technologies applied on U.S. coal-fired utility boilers include reburning, selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Thirty-six U.S. coal-fired utility boilers have...
A unified theory of microseisms and hum

Interacting ocean surface waves force water column pressure fluctuations with spectral peaks at the same frequencies of primary microseisms (PM), double-frequency microseisms (DF), and seismic hum. Prior treatment of nonlinear ocean wave interactions has focused on the DF pressure fluctuations which, in the presence of opposing waves, do not decay with depth and hence are dominant in deep waters. For an arbitrary 2-D surface wave spectrum we integrate over all pairings of wave vectors, directions, and frequencies to obtain a full-spectrum perturbation expansion including the first- and second-order pressure waves. First-order pressure waves generate a peak at PM frequencies and second-order pressure waves generated by obliquely interacting surface waves generate pressure fluctuations at DF and hum frequencies. These pressure fluctuations decay with depth but interact with the seabed in shallow water. As their generation does not require precise wave states, they are likely ubiquitous in shallow water.
Electroluminescence from a Single-Nanocrystal Transistor

We report the fabrication and characterization of light-emitting transistors incorporating individual cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals. Electrical measurements conducted at low bias voltage and low temperature show clear evidence of Coulomb blockade behavior, indicating that electrons pass through the nanocrystal by single-electron tunneling. Once the bias voltage exceeds the band gap of CdSe, devices with asymmetric tunnel barriers emit linearly polarized light. Combined analyses of the electrical and optical data indicate that the tunnel couplings between the nanorod and the metallic electrodes change significantly as a function of bias voltage and light emission results from the inelastic scattering of tunneling electrons.
Amygdaloid projections to subcortical structures within the basal forebrain and brainstem in the rat and cat

The efferent fiber connections of the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex with subcortical structures in the basal telencephalon, hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons have been studied in the rat and cat, using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal connections. The cortical and thalamic projections of these nuclei have been described in previous papers (Krettek and Price, ′77b,c). Although the subcortical connections of the amygdaloid nuclei are widespread within the basal forebrain and brain stem, the projections of each nucleus have been found to be well defined, and distinct from those of the other amygdaloid nuclei. The basolateral amygdaloid nucleus projects heavily to the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), to the caudal part of the substantia innominata, and to the ventral part of the corpus striatum (nucleus accumbens and ventral putamen) and the olfactory tubercle; it projects more lightly to the lateral hypothalamus. The central nucleus also projects to the lateral division of the BNST and the lateral hypothalamus, but in addition it sends fibers to the lateral part of the substantia nigra and the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. The basomedial nucleus has projections to the ventral striatum and olfactory tubercle which are similar to those of the basolateral nucleus, but it also projects to the core of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the premammillary nucleus, and to a central zone of the BNST which overlaps the medial and lateral divisions. The medial nucleus also projects to the core of the ventromedial nucleus and the premammillary nucleus, but sends fibers to the medial division of the BNST and does not project to the ventral striatum. The posterior cortical nucleus projects to the premammillary nucleus and to the medial division of the BNST, but a projection from this nucleus to the ventromedial nucleus has not been demonstrated. Projections to the “shell” of the ventromedial nucleus have been found only from the ventral part of the subiculum and from a structure at the junction of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, which has been termed the amygdalo-hippocampal area (AHA). The AHA also sends fibers to the medial part of the BNST and the premammillary nucleus. Virtually no subcortical projections outside the amygdala itself have been demonstrated from the lateral nucleus, or from the olfactory cortical areas around the amygdala (the anterior cortical nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the posterior prepiriform cortex). However, portions of the endopiriform nucleus deep to the prepiriform cortex project to the ventral putamen, and to the lateral hypothalamus.
Anthropometric, parental, and psychosocial correlates of dietary intake of African-American girls.

Objective: This paper identifies the anthropometric, parental, and psychosocial characteristics and meal practices (e.g., breakfast skipping and number of meals and snacks consumed) associated with consumption of total energy, percent energy from fat, fruit, 100% fruit juice, vegetables, sweetened beverages, and water among 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls. Research Methods and Procedures: This study included 114 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls and a parent or primary caregiver. Girls and a parent or primary caregiver completed several dietary questionnaires. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted with each girl. Height and weight were measured. Separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each dependent dietary variable; potential field center differences were examined. Results: The number of meals and snacks consumed was correlated with energy intake. Lower BMI was related to higher vegetable consumption, and the number of snacks consumed was positively related to sweetened beverage consumption. Greater low-fat food preparation practices reported by parents were related to lower consumption of fat as a percentage of total energy. Discussion: Dietary behavior differed across geographic areas. Low-fat food preparation practices in the home seemed to be an important influence on the percentage of energy consumed from fat. Greater vegetable consumption was associated with lower BMI. Interventions to prevent excessive weight gain in African-American girls should encourage low-fat food preparation in the home and greater consumption of vegetables.
Outpatient blood pressure monitoring using bi–directional text messaging

To diagnose hypertension, multiple blood pressure (BP) measurements are recommended. We randomized patients into three groups: EMR–only (patients recorded BP measurements in an electronic medical record [EMR] web portal), EMR þ reminders (patients were sent text message reminders to record their BP measurements in the EMR), and bi– directional text messaging (patients were sent a text message asking them to respond with their current BP). Subjects were asked to complete 14 measurements. Automated messages were sent to each patient in the bi–directional text messaging and EMR þ reminder groups twice daily. Among 121 patients, those in the bi–directional text messaging group reported the full 14 measurements more often than both the EMR–only group (P < .001) and the EMR þ reminders group (P ¼ .038). Also, the EMR þ reminders group outperformed the EMR–only group (P < .001). Bi–directional automated text messaging is an effective way to gather patient BP data. Text–message–based reminders alone are an effective way to encourage patients
Response of Staphylococcus aureus to Salicylate Challenge

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory salicylate reduces susceptibility of the organism to multiple antimicrobials. Transcriptome analysis revealed that growth of S. aureus with salicylate leads to the induction of genes involved with gluconate and formate metabolism and represses genes required for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. In addition, salicylate induction upregulates two antibiotic target genes and downregulates a multidrug efflux pump gene repressor (mgrA) and sarR, which represses a gene (sarA) important for intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. We hypothesize that these salicylate-induced alterations jointly represent a unique mechanism that allows S. aureus to resist antimicrobial stress and toxicity.
A model of spin wave resonance in grain-surface-layers for effective linewidth and channels of energy transfer on polycrystals

The spin wave dispersion relation for the grain-surface-layer region is calculated by assuming that the anisotropy constant K/sup s/ and the anisotropy field H/sup s/ in the gain-surface-layer region are different from the other region. In comparison with the manifold of the grain-interior, the resonance region, for the grain-surface-layer region is much broader than that for the grain-interior. The high field and the low field effective linewidths are given respectively: /spl Delta/H/sub eff/=2/spl chi/+/sup s"/V/sub s/f(H)(H/sub i/-/spl omega///spl gamma/-S)/sup 2//M/sub s/ and /spl Delta/H/sub eff/=2[/spl chi/+/sup s"/V/sub s/f(H)+/spl chi/+/sup b"/(1-V/sub s/)](H/sub i/-/spl omega///spl gamma/-S)/sup 2//M/sub s/, by setting /spl chi/+/sup i/= /spl chi/+/sup b/(1-V/sub s/)+/spl chi/+/sup s/V/sub s/, where /spl chi/+/sup i/ is the intrinsic susceptibility, /spl chi/+/sup b/, V/sub b/=1-V/sub s/, /spl chi/+/sup s/ and V/sub s/ denote the susceptibility and the volume fraction respectively for the grain-interior and the grain-surface-layer region. The dependence of /spl Delta/H/sub eff/ on the grain size, porosity, temperature, M/sub s/ and H, as well as the field shift S vs. H are explained with this model. The value of K/sup s//spl ap/-2/spl times/10/sup 5/ erg/cm/sup 3/ is estimated by fitting data for YIG and NiZn ferrite. An additional basic channel of energy transfer from the rf field via spin wave system of the grain-surface-layer region to the lattice is suggested for polycrystals.
Virus self-improvement through inflammation: No pain, no gain

It is becoming increasingly clear that there are circumstances where human cytomegalovirus (CMV) benefits from inducing a strong host inflammatory response. The virus encodes a number of immunomodulatory functions, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and, like other viruses that persist in the host, commits many viral functions to avoidance of the host immune response (1, 2). The work reported in this issue of PNAS by Zhu et al. (3) shows that prostaglandin (PG) E2, a key mediator in the inflammatory response, is induced and performs an important function to support viral replication. These authors show that PG synthesis follows induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 transcriptional activation (4) during CMV infection. The increased level of PGE2 in turn influences the expression of the critical viral transcriptional regulatory protein (IE2) and through this impact, strongly reduces replication and production of progeny (3).
Anticipating DSM-V: Should Psychosis Risk Become a Diagnostic Class?

In this issue, Woods et al1 report data analyses that support the validity of the criteria for identifying the prodrome stage of psychotic disorders. We have previously placed emphasis on this issue with a special theme.2–8 Questions related to the development of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-V) now emerge. Should clinical practice move in the direction of early detection of risk status? Do research findings warrant interventions at the prodrome stage in general clinical practice? If the answers are yes, then DSM-V and International Classification of Diseases, Twelfth Revision, will be challenged to provide clinicians with a diagnostic category to support this shift in practice. This will be an essential step for providing education, encouraging clinical intervention, and supporting research on these clinical activities. The DSM-V workgroup responsible for psychotic disorders is considering creating a new diagnostic class for this purpose. Although I chair the DSM-V Psychoses Workgroup, this editorial represents personal views, not recommendations, of the Psychosis Workgroup or official decisions of the DSM-V Task Force. These views are informed, however, by discussions with workgroup members (http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/Research/DSMIV/DSMV.aspx), especially Ming Tsuang, and advisors Tom McGlashan and Scott Woods.
Should Opioid Abusers Be Discharged from Opioid-Analgesic Therapy?

Editor's Note: This editorial by Dr. Peggy Compton, and the three papers in this issue by Drs. Webster, Fishbain, Zacny, and their colleagues, initiate the Opioids, Substance Abuse & Addiction Section of Pain Medicine. Under the leadership of section co-editors Steve Passik, PhD, and Lynn Webster, MD, PhD, and their distinguished colleagues, this section will inform our readership about this critically important area of our scholarship and clinical management. “Do no harm”— primum non nocere —is probably the best-known mandate implied by (but not literally stated in) the original Hippocratic Oath [1]. Although it is debated in certain modern contexts (i.e., abortion, capital punishment, end-of-life issues), this tenet is reflected in medical practice to the degree that healthcare is increasingly guided by evidence-based guidelines that are both effective and safe (i.e., do no harm). Unfortunately, an ongoing clinical practice with the potential to cause much harm to patients with chronic pain is that of discharging them from opioid therapy because of concerns about opioid-analgesic abuse or addiction. Like diabetes or heart disease, addiction is a chronic progressive disease that, if present and left untreated, may result in significant morbidity and death. Reactive discharge from opioid-analgesic therapy because of concerns about opioid addiction or abuse can do significant harm, not just at the level of the individual, but also affecting families, the healthcare system, and the society at large. Such practice should be avoided. Clearly, not all discharges from opioid therapy are due to the presence of addictive disease (or substance-use disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) [2]. Addiction concerns arise when the patient appears to be drug seeking, noncompliant with opioid therapy, or using other illicit drugs. Yet, none of these behaviors provide evidence of addiction, and …
Pressure-induced volume collapse and structural phase transitions in SrRuO3

Abstract We report on the low temperature (6 K) structural properties of SrRuO 3 under quasi-hydrostatic pressure studied by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. First principle calculations predict a first-order perovskite (Pv) to post-perovskite (pPv) phase transition at ∼40 GPa accompanied by a 1.9% volume collapse. Our results rule out the occurrence of a pPv phase to 54 GPa. Instead, we find a Pv to monoclinic to triclinic sequence of phase transitions. The monoclinic to triclinic phase transition at ∼38 GPa is accompanied by a 3.5% volume collapse. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that this volume collapse is not accompanied by a change in Ru valence state. Our results should help guide improvements to theoretical treatments of this and other correlated d -electron systems based on density functional theory.
PUBLICATION TRENDS IN A MAJOR FRENCH GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL

ABSTRACT Publication trends provide insights into the changing character of geographic research and the evolution of national schools of geography. Analysis of articles appearing in the Annales de Geographie, a major French geographical publication, reflects changing patterns of emphasis of French geographers. Systematically, topics of physical geography have been consistent in their importance. Topics of economic geography have increased sharply at the expense of cultural geography. Regionally, articles on metropolitan France have invariably been of greatest importance. Africa and other parts of Western Europe have been of secondary importance, whereas Asia and Latin America are proving increasingly attractive as research areas.
Plant-Microbe Symbioses: A Continuum from Commensalism to Parasitism

Photosynthetic organisms establish symbioses with a wide range of microorganisms. This review examines the diversity of symbiotic interactions, and proposes that there is a continuum from commensalism to mutualism to pathogenesis/parasitism in plant-microbe associations. The advantage of considering commensalism, mutualism, and pathogenesis/parasitism as a continuum rather than as discrete relationships between hosts and microbes, as they have been considered in the past, is that it will motivate us to focus more on common molecular mechanisms.
The Effect Of Individual Perceptions of Deadlines on Team Performance

Based on a review of existing literature, we propose that two time-oriented individual differences—time urgency and time perspective—influence team members' perceptions of deadlines. We present propositions describing how time urgency and time perspective affect individuals' deadline perceptions and subsequent deadline-oriented behaviors and how different deadline perceptions and behaviors among team members affect the ability of teams to meet deadlines. We end with implications for existing theory and future research.
Does the Formation of Temperature Dependence of Axion Walls Help Delineate a Regime Where the Wheeler De Witt Equation Holds

We examine from flrst principles the implications of the 5 th Randall Sundrum Brane world dimension in terms of setting initial conditions for chaotic in∞ationary physics. Our model pre supposes that the in∞ationary potential pioneered by Guth is equivalent in magnitude in its initial in∞ationary state to the efiective potential presented in the Randall -Sundrum model We also consider an axion contribution to chaotic in∞ation (which may have a temperature dependence) which partly fades out up to the point of chaotic in∞ation being matched to a Randall { Sundrum efiective potential. If we reject an explicit axion mass drop ofi to inflnitesimal values at high temperatures, we may use the Bogomolnyi inequality to re scale and re set initial conditions for the chaotic in∞ationary potential. Then the Randall-Sundrum brane world efiective potential delineates the end of the dominant role of di quarks, and the beginning of in∞ation. It also leads to a new region where the Wheeler De Witt equation holds. c
The dowel intervertebral-body fusion as used in lumbar-disc surgery.

1. The dowel intervertebral-body fusion is a simplified, safe way of doing body-to-body fusion. 2. The dowel fusion is an atraumatic form of interbody fusion and can be done in relatively short operative time. 3. As in other methods of fusing of the spine, the results of the dowel fusion appear to be the most successful when fusion is done between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. It is less successful when two levels are grafted. 4. It is advisable, when using iliac bone, to insert bilateral dowel grafts. The series in which cortical grafts were used is too small for evaluation. 5. To assure bone union, it is necessary to remove the vertebral-body end plates in the area of the graft in order that the dowel will be in cotntact with the cancellous bone of the vertebral bodies above and below the graft.
Maximizing Global Access to Effective Treatment: Center for Autism and Related Disorders (CARD), CARD eLearning™, and Skills™

The Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Inc. (CARD) was founded in 1990 by Dr. Doreen Granpeesheh. CARD provides services to approximately 1,200 children around the globe ranging in age from less than 1 year up to 21 years old, with a diagnosis of Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), or any other developmental delays typical of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including children at-risk for a diagnosis of autism.
Feeding systemic insecticides to cattle for control of the tropical horse tick.

When 6 systemic insecticides were fed to cattle for the control of artificial infestations of the tropical horse tick, Anocentor nitens (Neumann), a 1-host species, famphur at 5 mg/kg per day gave 98.3–100% control; famphur at 2.5 mg/kg per day afforded 39–87.5% control. Ronnel at 7 mg/kg per day, crufomate at 3 mg/kg per day, and coumaphos and Imidan® ( O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with N -(mercaptomethyl)phthalimide) both at 1.5 mg/kg per day gave variable but poor control (8.1–24.7%). Fenthion at 1.25 mg/kg per day gave 97.8% control but was lethal to an animal at 2.5 mg/kg per day. A high degree of control was reflected in smaller numbers of engorged females, reduced weights of the females and the egg masses they produced, and low percentage egg hatch compared with that of the ticks from untreated animals.
Culture: wanted? Alive or dead?

Is culture dead as a topic of interest to usability and user-interface usability and design professionals? One European anthropologist/ethnographer wrote recently that "culture is dead" and only of interest to people in the USA (who seemingly have little or no understanding of other cultures around the world). On the other hand, another (USA) usability/design professional recently stated that she thought cross-cultural issues were one of the most important and potent trends in product/service development. Who is right?
Neuronal disorders: studies of animal models and human diseases.

The peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS) are comprised of assemblies of neurons that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. Different disease processes selectively affect specific populations of neurons and/or specific cell functions (i.e., "selective vulnerability" of neurons is a principal determinant of phenotypes of disease). New cellular and molecular biological approaches have begun to clarify some of the mechanisms of selective cell injury in human diseases and their animal models. Following a brief review of the normal biology of nerve cells, we use illustrations drawn from studies of experimental and human diseases to discuss the mechanisms of structural/chemical abnormalities that occur in a variety of neuronal disorders.
Machine-Learning Indoor Localization with Access Point Selection and Signal Strength Reconstruction

Indoor localization technique is a key enabling technology for the future Internet of things (IoT) paradigm. Improving the precision of indoor localization will expand the horizon of indoor IoT applications. In this paper, we propose an enhanced machine-learning indoor localization scheme which incorporates access point (AP) selection and the proposed signal strength reconstruction to enhance robustness in noisy environments. The proposed signal strength reconstruction scheme estimates/reconstructs the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values of the nonselected APs from those of the selected APs to increase the size of the feature space for enhanced noise robustness. The proposed concept can be applied to various machine-learning frameworks. Simulation results demonstrate improved precision yielded by the proposed method in conjunction with support vector regression (SVR), ensemble SVR, and artificial neural network (ANN) models, as compared to these machine- learning techniques alone.
Range of fragipan expression in some Michigan soils: II. A model for fragipan evolution

The evolution of fragipans in the Great Lakes region is poorly understood despite the common occurrence of fragipans in the region. To help resolve this problem, three soils with fragipans in northern Michigan were studied to evaluate the pedogenic pathways for fragipan evolution, and the results extended to soils forming under similar conditions. Soil characterizations were made via field, physical, chemical, and micromorphological observations and analyses and were evaluated in terms of the major models of fragipan genesis. Because it appears that a combination of pedogenic models best explains many of the fragipan properties of our soils, while also allowing for their variable expression, we developed a new model-one that integrates and synthesizes existing models and our findings-to explain fragipan evolution for many soils in Michigan and the Great Lakes region. The Michigan Model of Fragipan Evolution (MMFE) is therefore a synthesizing model that involves the self-weight collapse of a wet soil or parent material, followed by physical ripening of the collapsed zone. Ripening helps to retain the closely packed fabric and intergrain bridging in the collapsed zone, creating a protofragipan. Later, amorphous bonding agents precipitate in the protofragipan due to its position near a weathering-front discontinuity. The resulting fragipan develops progressively and becomes better expressed with further pedogenesis. Fragipan degradation is eventually initiated by an increasingly prominent, perched zone of saturation that forms seasonally above the fragipan. With time, processes associated with fragipan degradation and translocation of materials to lower parts of the profile exceed processes associated with progressive development, and the fragipan is destroyed.
A comparison of imaging modalities for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an increasingly common pathology that often poses a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. Accurate and timely diagnosis is critical to preventing complications that can result in the loss of life or limb. In addition to history, physical exam, and laboratory studies, diagnostic imaging plays an essential role in the diagnostic process. This narrative review article discusses various imaging modalities employed to diagnose osteomyelitis: plain films, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, and positron emission tomography (PET). Articles were obtained from PubMed and screened for relevance to the topic of diagnostic imaging for osteomyelitis. The authors conclude that plain films are an appropriate first step, as they may reveal osteolytic changes and can help rule out alternative pathology. MRI is often the most appropriate second study, as it is highly sensitive and can detect bone marrow changes within days of an infection. Other studies such as CT, ultrasound, and bone scintigraphy may be useful in patients who cannot undergo MRI. CT is useful for identifying necrotic bone in chronic infections. Ultrasound may be useful in children or those with sickle-cell disease. Bone scintigraphy is particularly useful for vertebral osteomyelitis. Finally, PET scan has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity; however, its clinical application is limited by its high cost and poor availability. When used appropriately, diagnostic imaging can provide high sensitivity and specificity for detecting osteomyelitis, making radiographic evaluation a crucial step in the diagnostic process of this debilitating condition.
University-Industry Collaboration and Technology Transfer in Hong Kong and Knowledge-based Economic Growth

The twenty-first century is the century of knowledge-based international economic competition. More than ever, the prosperity of nations depends on the ability of public and private institutions, policies, managers, and workers to mobilize and exploit knowledge-intensive capabilities and assets. Although natural resources play an important role in economic competitiveness, the ability of even resource-rich economies to raise and sustain their citizens’ living standards depends on their ability to exploit the created resources of knowledge and human capital.
Spatial statistical network models for stream and river temperature in New England, USA

Watershed managers are challenged by the need for predictive temperature models with sufficient accuracy and geographic breadth for practical use. We described thermal regimes of New England rivers and streams based on a reduced set of metrics for the May–September growing season (July or August median temperature, diurnal rate of change, and magnitude and timing of growing season maximum) chosen through principal component analysis of 78 candidate metrics. We then developed and assessed spatial statistical models for each of these metrics, incorporating spatial autocorrelation based on both distance along the flow network and Euclidean distance between points. Calculation of spatial autocorrelation based on travel or retention time in place of network distance yielded tighter-fitting Torgegrams with less scatter but did not improve overall model prediction accuracy. We predicted monthly median July or August stream temperatures as a function of median air temperature, estimated urban heat island effect, shaded solar radiation, main channel slope, watershed storage (percent lake and wetland area), percent coarse-grained surficial deposits, and presence or maximum depth of a lake immediately upstream, with an overall root-mean-square prediction error of 1.4 and 1.5°C, respectively. Growing season maximum water temperature varied as a function of air temperature, local channel slope, shaded August solar radiation, imperviousness, and watershed storage. Predictive models for July or August daily range, maximum daily rate of change, and timing of growing season maximum were statistically significant but explained a much lower proportion of variance than the above models (5–14% of total).
The new mutants: superheroes and the radical imagination of American comics, by Ramzi Fawaz, New York, New York University Press, 2016, 368 pp., US$29.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4798-2308-6

Ramzi Fawaz’s The New Mutants: Superheroes and the Radical Imagination of American Comics (2016) boldly enters the critical conversations of American comics and literary studies as a monograph that...
The Relationship between Marxism and Indigenous Struggles and Implications of the Theoretical Framework for International Indigenous Struggles

Glen Coulthard’s masterly work, Red Skin, White Masks , raises the theoretical work of Indigenous scholarship in North America to a new level, bringing Marxism into the mix in looking at the political-economic effects of settler-colonialism on Indigenous peoples in North America. He charts a way forward for Indigenous activism outside the state, eschewing the politics of recognition. In addition to assessing Coulthard’s perspective on Marxism, this paper poses questions about privileging Indigenous social movements without addressing the national question and without including the role of the robust international Indigenous movement that has entered its fortieth year.
Diffusion Partial Differential Equations for Edge Detection

Publisher Summary In order to locate edges of various scales within an image, it is desirable to have an image operator that computes a scaled version of a particular image or frame in a video sequence. This operator should preserve the position of such edges and facilitate the extraction of the edge map through the scale space. This chapter introduces diffusion for image and video processing. It concentrates on the implementation of anisotropic diffusion, providing several alternatives for the diffusion coefficient and the diffusion PDE. Energy-based variational diffusion techniques are also reviewed. Recent advances in anisotropic diffusion processes, including multiresolution techniques, multispectral techniques, and techniques for ultrasound and radar imagery, are discussed. The extraction of image edges after anisotropic diffusion is addressed, and vector diffusion processes for attracting active contours to boundaries are examined.
Pitch ranking with different virtual channel configurations in electrical hearing

Monopolar Virtual Channels (MPVCs) use current steering to increase the number of spectral channels provided to cochlear implant users beyond the physical number of electrodes. The current spread created with a current steered channel is similar to the spread found for monopolar stimulation, and this spread may be one of the bottlenecks for improved performance with an increased number of channels. Quadrupolar Virtual Channels (QPVCs) use current focusing in combination with steering in an attempt to increase the number of channels while reducing channel interaction. However, due to the potentially asymmetric current field generated by QPVCs, there may be distortions in the place pitch representation using this mode. A Virtual Tripole (VTP) is introduced as a current focused virtual channel with a relatively symmetrical electric field distribution. In this study, we looked at pitch ranking in cochlear implant users with QPVC, VTP, and MPVC configurations to determine if place pitch shifts similarly across the cochlea or if any of the stimulation modes shift non-monotonically. Results suggest that MPVC and VTP stimulation provide a consistent monotonic shift across cochlear positions while the place shift provided by QPVCs was more variable. The use of VTP stimulation would be recommended instead of QPVC for a speech processing strategy.
Sparse Signal Recovery via Generalized Entropy Functions Minimization

Compressive sensing relies on the sparse prior imposed on the signal of interest to solve the ill-posed recovery problem in an under-determined linear system. The objective function used to enforce the sparse prior information should be both effective and easily optimizable. Motivated by the entropy concept from information theory, in this paper we propose the generalized Shannon entropy function and Renyi entropy function of the signal as the sparsity promoting regularizers. Both entropy functions are nonconvex, non-separable. Their local minimums only occur on the boundaries of the orthants in the Euclidean space. Compared to other popular objective functions, minimizing the generalized entropy functions adaptively promotes multiple high-energy coefficients while suppressing the rest low-energy coefficients. The corresponding optimization problems can be recasted into a series of reweighted $l_1$ -norm minimization problems and then solved efficiently by adapting the FISTA. Sparse signal recovery experiments on both the simulated and real data show that the proposed entropy functions minimization approaches perform better than other popular approaches and achieve state-of-the-art performances.
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of ethanol from potato waste by co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in biofilm reactors

Abstract Novel approaches for bioethanol production from industrial wastes have gained attention due to not only maximize the ethanol production productivity, but also reduce the production cost. Part of the production cost includes cost of the enzymes needed for saccharification step during the starch hydrolyzation, which can be significant cost depending on the enzymes’ performances. Therefore, in this study, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of ethanol by co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was assessed in a potato waste based medium by using biofilm reactors. The plastic composite supports (PCS) were studied for biofilm formation. Effects of temperature, pH, and aeration rates in biofilm reactors were evaluated by response surface methodology and the optimal conditions were found to be 35 °C, pH 5.8, and no aeration. The maximum ethanol concentration of 37.93 g/L was achieved at the end of 72 h fermentation, with a 0.41 g ethanol/g starch yield. Finally, biofilm formation of co-culture on PCS was also evaluated by scanning electron microscope. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that PCS can be utilized for SSF processes for ethanol production in biofilm reactors with co-cultures by using starchy industrial wastes.
A pH Switch for β-Sheet Protein Folding.

Protein design advancements have led to biotechnological strategies based on more stable and more specific structures. Herein we present a 6-residue sequence (HPATGK) that acts as a stable structure-nucleating turn at physiological and higher pH but is notably unfavorable for chain direction reversal at low pH. When placed into the turn of a β-sheet, this leads to a pH switch of folding. Using a standard 3-stranded β-sheet model, the WW domain, it was found that the pH switch sequence insertion caused minimal change at pH 8 but a ca. 50 °C drop in the melting temperature (Tm) was observed at pH 2.5: ΔΔGF ≥11.3 kJ mol−1. Using the strategies demonstrated in this article, the redesign of β-sheets to contain a global, or local, pH-dependent conformational switch should be possible.
Multilayer Mirror Based Monitors for Impurity Controls in ITER

Multilayer Mirror (MLM) based monitors are compact, high throughput diagnostics capable of extracting XUV emissions (the wavelength range including the soft-x-ray and the extreme ultraviolet, 10 A to 304 A) of impurities from the harsh environment of large fusion reactor type devices. Since 1989 the Plasma Spectroscopy Group at Johns Hopkins University has investigated the application of MLM based XUV spectroscopic diagnostics for magnetically confined fusion plasmas. MLM based monitors have been constructed for and extensively used on DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod, TEXT, Phaedrus-T, and CDX-U tokamaks to study the impurity behavior of elements ranging from He to Mo. On ITER MLM based devices would be used to monitor the spectral line emissions from Li I-like to F I-like charge states of Fe, Cr, and Ni, as well as ’extractors’ for the bands of emissions from high Z elements such as Mo or W for impurity controls of the fusion plasma. In addition to monitoring the impurity emissions from the main plasma, MLM based devices can also be adapted for radiation measurements of low Z elements in the divertor. The concepts and designs of these MLM based monitors for impurity controls in ITER will be presented. The results of neutron irradiation experiments of the MLMs performed in the Los Alamos Spallation Radiation Effects Facility (LASREF) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory will also be presented. These preliminary neutron exposure studies show that the dispersive and reflective qualities of the MLMs were not affected in a significant manner.
The safety and efficacy of propofol as a replacement for amobarbital in intracarotid Wada testing of presurgical patients with epilepsy.

Abstract Objective The intracarotid sodium amytal procedure (the “Wada test”) has for many years been the gold standard for language and memory lateralization and remains an important part of presurgical analysis for patients with medically intractable seizures. Due to shortages in the key sedative (amobarbital), neuropsychologists have turned to alternatives such as propofol. Our aim was to investigate the safety and efficacy of propofol relative to amobarbital in the Wada test. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the 97 Wada procedures performed at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from 2007 through mid-2015. Results Propofol produced similar lateralization rates as amobarbital for both language and memory. Similar rates of patients in each group went on to have the resection surgery. With regard to safety, there were no differences found in average rate or severity of adverse effects. None of the demographic characteristics reviewed were predictive of increased risk for either drug. Significance These findings support previous studies indicating that propofol is as safe and efficacious as amobarbital, and can continue to be used in Wada procedures with confidence.
Distribution and mass of groundwater orthophosphorus in an agricultural watershed.

Abstract Orthophosphorus (OP) is the form of dissolved inorganic P that is commonly measured in groundwater studies, but the spatial distribution of groundwater OP across a watershed has rarely been assessed. In this study, we characterized spatial patterns of groundwater OP concentrations and loading rates within the 5218 ha Walnut Creek watershed (Iowa) over a two-year period. Using a network of 24 shallow (
FOXP3 renders activated human regulatory T cells resistant to restimulation-induced cell death by suppressing SAP expression

Restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) is an apoptotic program that regulates effector T cell expansion, triggered by repeated stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Although CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) consume IL-2 and experience frequent TCR stimulation, they are highly resistant to RICD. Resistance in Tregs is dependent on the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor, although the mechanism remains unclear. T cells from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP-1), that lack the adaptor molecule SLAM-associated protein (SAP), are also resistant to RICD. Here we demonstrate that normal Tregs express very low levels of SAP compared to conventional T cells. FOXP3 reduces SAP expression by directly binding to and repressing the SH2D1A (SAP) promoter. Indeed, ectopic SAP expression restores RICD sensitivity in human FOXP3+ Tregs. Our findings illuminate the mechanism behind FOXP3-mediated RICD resistance in Tregs, providing new insight into their long-term persistence.
Targeted Increase in Pulmonary Blood Flow in a Bidirectional Glenn Circulation

In patients with a Glenn shunt and unilateral pulmonary vascular abnormalities, supplemental pulmonary blood flow may improve antegrade flow in the target lung and may permit eventual Fontan completion, while mitigating the risks of uncontrolled additional flow to the contralateral lung. We attempted this by inserting a small aortopulmonary shunt into the affected pulmonary artery and banding the central pulmonary artery. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent this procedure from 2000 to 2015. Comparisons of nonparametric variables were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Twenty patients were followed for a median of 36 months. Vascular abnormalities included recalcitrant unilateral pulmonary arterial (n = 8) or venous (n = 5) obstruction or hypoplasia, combined disease (n = 4), or abundant aortopulmonary collaterals (n = 3). Nine had retrograde flow from the affected lung. The most frequent complications were pleural effusions (n = 4) and shunt thrombosis (n = 4). Postoperatively, all patients demonstrated antegrade flow to the target lung at the earliest postoperative catheterization. Glenn pathway pressures and saturations were unchanged, whereas the shunted pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation and pressure increased by 4% (P = 0.04) and 6 mm Hg (P = 0.04), respectively. Three patients died; 9 achieved definitive palliation, 4 were deemed to have no improvement, and 4 continue to have a contralaterally shunted Glenn at this time. Targeted additional pulmonary blood flow may be useful for the palliation of single ventricle patients with abnormal pulmonary vasculature. However, morbidity and mortality are common in this high-risk population.
Rayleigh–Bénard Natural Convection Problem

Rayleigh–Benard buoyancy-driven convection of a layer of viscous Boussinesq fluid confined between two stress-free surfaces and heated from below is investigated in this chapter. The critical conditions for onset of a convective instability are obtained by a linear stability analysis of the pure conduction solution to the governing system of Boussinesq equations.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of canonical Wnt signaling during embryonic eye development and posterior capsular opacification (PCO).

Abstract The appropriate spatial and temporal regulation of canonical Wnt signaling is vital for eye development. However, the literature often conflicts on the distribution of canonical Wnt signaling in the eye. Here, using a sensitive mouse transgenic reporter line, we report a detailed re-evaluation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of canonical Wnt signaling in the developing eye. Canonical Wnt activity was dynamic in the optic vesicle and later in the retina, while it was absent from the ectodermal precursors of the lens and corneal epithelium. However, later in corneal development, canonical Wnt reporter activity was detected in corneal stroma and endothelium precursors as they form from the neural crest, although this was lost around birth. Interestingly, while no canonical Wnt signaling was detected in the corneal limbus or basal cells at any developmental stage, it was robust in adult corneal wing and squamous epithelial cells. While canonical Wnt reporter activity was also absent from the postnatal lens, upon lens injury intended to model cataract surgery, it upregulated within 12 h in remnant lens epithelial cells, and co-localized with alpha smooth muscle actin in fibrotic lens epithelial cells from 48 h post-surgery onward. This pattern correlated with downregulation of the inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling, Dkk3. These data demonstrate that canonical Wnt signaling is dynamic within the developing eye and upregulates in lens epithelial cells in response to lens injury. As canonical Wnt signaling can collaborate with TGFβ to drive fibrosis in other systems, these data offer the first evidence in a lens-injury model that canonical Wnt may synergize with TGFβ signaling to drive fibrotic posterior capsular opacification (PCO).
Application of Nanoscience Modeling to Understand the Atomic Structure of C-S-H

Concrete is used extensively for constructing buildings and highways. In order to enhance macroscopic mechanical properties (tensile strength) it is necessary to understand the structure and behavior of C-S-H gel at the atomic level. Current status in nanoscience modeling of C-S-H is reviewed. The computational tools available and their limitations are also surveyed. Application of nano science in improving the cement paste by studying the interaction of salt, water etc using the crystal structure of Tobermorite and Jennite are discussed first. Method to find the amorphous structure of C-S-H from the crystal structure of Tobermorite is discussed next. An amorphous atomic structure of C-S-H is proposed from the study. Finally studies conducted using the proposed amorphous structure of C-S-H is discussed.