cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells as In Vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

My main research focused in the last years has been the reprogramming of differentiated cell types, such as human fibroblasts, into pluripotent stem cells called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the application of this technology to studies of the nervous system and the diseases that affect it. We have been working on the generation of iPSC lines from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients using recent developments in reprogramming strategies such as non-integrating episomal vectors to produce virus-free, clinical safe hiPSC. Our study shows that neurons differentiated from these cells display important disease properties and, thus, have the potential to serve as cellular models to explore various aspects of Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. One of the lab’s scientific goal is to use lines of familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD)-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate brain-like structures (“organoids”) mimicking native brains. Three-dimensional (3D) systems, called cerebral organoids, can recapitulate distinct architectures of the human brain, such as fluid-filled cavities resembling brain ventricles and tissues organized in layers including progenitor ventricular and subventricular zones present in the native brain. Recently, we have extended our research interests in the rapidly emerging field of exosomes and micro-vesicles (called as EMVs). Extracellular vesicles of either 50–200 nm in size (called exosomes) or 200 nm–1 μm in size (called micro-vesicles) are membrane-bounded vesicles that can carry RNAs, proteins, and other metabolites and are secreted from all cell types and are present in biological fluids such as serum and plasma. We have examined properties and functions of EMVs from human iPSCs that can be cultured infinitely under a chemically defined medium and compared them with the ones secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Purified EVs produced by both stem cell types have similar sizes, but human iPSCs produced 16-fold more EVs than MSCs. When iPSC-EMVs were applied in culture to senescent MSCs, they reduced their elevated cellular ROS levels and alleviated aging phenotypes. We are currently exploring the potential application of EMVs in diagnostics, pathology, and therapeutics of AD. Extracellular vesicles secreted from AD patient derived neurons contain a relatively low amount of Aβ but have an increased Aβ42/ Aβ40 ratio; the majority of Aβ is located on the surface of the EVs. The results of our research can contribute substantially to the successful translation of stem cell biology into clinical therapy by improving our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Achievement related classroom behavior of secondary school normal and disturbed students.

How can the educator be helped to focus upon achievement related classroom behavior in an organized, reliable, and communicable fashion? Academically related behaviors were described by teachers of...
Liver Transplantation as a Novel Strategy for Resolution of Congenital Afibrinogenemia in a Pediatric Patient

Fibrinogen replacement therapy is a treatment mainstay for patients with afibrinogenemia and significant bleeding. A male infant with congenital afibrinogenemia and several spontaneous hemarthroses commenced cryoprecipitate prophylaxis but developed severe urticarial reactions. He transitioned to a human fibrinogen concentrate (HFC) (RiaSTAP® , CSL Behring; 70 mg/kg biweekly) but continued experiencing hemarthroses (estimated annualized bleeding rate [ABR]: 5-6) and severe anaphylactic reactions, despite pre- and postinfusion medications. Following switching to a new HFC (Fibryga® , Octapharma; 50 mg/kg biweekly), ABR was 0-1 with no further infusion reactions. Aged 9 years, because of limited quality of life, development of obesity and fatty liver disease, he underwent orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) under HFC coverage. Pharmacokinetic analysis guided presurgical fibrinogen levels > 150 mg/dL. No intraoperative HFC infusions were required. Coagulation profile and fibrinogen levels remained within normal limits during and posttransplant. To our knowledge, this is the first pediatric report of afibrinogenemia successfully treated with OLT.
Meta-analysis of the relationship between milk trans-10 C18:1, milk fatty acids <16 C, and milk fat production.

ABSTRACT The economic value of milk fat and its responsiveness to management strategies provides strong interest in maximizing milk fat production by minimizing occurrence of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression (BH-MFD) and maximizing de novo synthesized fatty acids (FA). Tools that allow a timely diagnosis of BH-MFD would improve nutritional management. Specific milk FA or FA categories correlate to milk fat concentration and are of interest for diagnosing the cause of changes in milk fat concentration. The objective of the current study was to characterize the relationship between milk fat concentration and trans-10 C18:1, a proxy for BH-MFD, and FA
"Absolute Power and Authority": John Locke and the Revisions of The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

This essay offers a detailed textual study of the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina in light of its history of extensive revisions. In due course, it considers Locke’s considerable secretarial presence and, more guardedly, his authorial presence in these revisions. The Fundamental Constitutions imagined an aristocratic republic in a colonial setting; and its fundamental ideology was one of proprietary absolutism. Its ever-changing articles on absolute power, slavery, and religion are of greatest interest. Important in themselves, they also invite inquiry into their points of contact with Locke’s political theory.
Fundoplication after lung transplantation in patients with systemic sclerosis–related end-stage lung disease:

Introduction:Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration are risk factors for chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. Patients with systemic sclerosis are at an increased risk ...
Finding refuge in reverie: The terror management function of nostalgic entertainment experiences

Drawing on terror management theory (TMT), three experiments examined the impact of mortality threat on nostalgic entertainment experiences. Study 1 (N = 98) validated the stimuli used to elicit th...
Male Interpersonal Attraction

Captions on the covers of women’s magazines frequently read some version of “What Do Men Want? ” Several avid feminist women in my “Social Factors in Male Personality” course confronted me with such a magazine cover in October, 1982, and wanted to know “how do you feel about this magazine’s attempt to cater to men? ” My response was that I did not see the caption as an attempt by the magazine to cater to men. “Well, what do you see the caption as? ” one of the women asked. I replied that I saw the caption as an attempt by the magazine to delve into an area of interest to many people—academic people as well as those outside of academia. The area of interest I was referring to, of course was interpersonal attraction. In other words, the October 1982 issue of Ms. magazine, from my perspective, addressed issues such as why do we like some people and why do some others like us? What are the factors which promote interpersonal relationships and what factors cause such relationships between men and women as well as promote more harmonious relationships between them. In a sense, this is what this chapter is all about. What is it in a man that attracts others and what is it in others that attracts a man?
Gastric epithelial cells drive retinoic acid biosynthesis in human gastric dendritic cells (MUC8P.803)

Despite the high prevalence of chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori , the gastric mucosa as a unique immune environment has received little investigative attention. Here, we analyzed whether retinoic acid (RA), an important homeostatic factor in small intestine, also contributes to gastric immune regulation. Using HPLC, we detected both RA and the RA precursor molecule retinol in human gastric tissue, indicating that the gastric mucosa is an active site of RA biosynthesis. To determine the source of RA in gastric mucosa, we show that primary human gastric epithelial cells expressed RA biosynthesis genes Rdh10 and Aldh1a1 , surprisingly at higher levels than small intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, primary gastric epithelial cell cultures provided with retinol synthesized RA in vitro and induced the expression of the RA biosynthesis gene Aldh1a2 in co-cultured antigen-presenting cells through an RA-dependent mechanism, evidence that gastric epithelial cells confer the ability to generate RA to gastric DCs. Indeed, DCs purified from gastric mucosa had similar levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and RA biosynthesis gene expression as small intestinal DCs, although gastric DCs lacked CD103. In summary, gastric epithelial cells have access to retinol, convert retinol to RA and drive RA biosynthesis in gastric DCs. Such RA biosynthesis capacity may enable gastric DCs to induce regulatory T cells and drive mucosal T cell homing during H. pylori infection.
A Review of “Online Interviewing”

Online Interviewing fills a critical gap in research methods literature. Researchers are increasingly conducting qualitative research through online communications. Although there is an ongoing dia...
Particle Transport and Deposition: Basic Physics of Particle Kinetics

The human body interacts with the environment in many different ways. The lungs interact with the external environment through breathing. The enormously large surface area of the lung with its extremely thin air-blood barrier is exposed to particles suspended in the inhaled air. The particle-lung interaction may cause deleterious effects on health if the inhaled pollutant aerosols are toxic. Conversely, this interaction can be beneficial for disease treatment if the inhaled particles are therapeutic aerosolized drugs. In either case, an accurate estimation of dose and sites of deposition in the respiratory tract is fundamental to understanding subsequent biological response, and the basic physics of particle motion and engineering knowledge needed to understand these subjects is the topic of this article. A large portion of this article deals with three fundamental areas necessary to the understanding of particle transport and deposition in the respiratory tract. These are: (i) the physical characteristics of particles, (ii) particle behavior in gas flow, and (iii) gas-flow patterns in the respiratory tract. Other areas, such as particle transport in the developing lung and in the diseased lung are also considered. The article concludes with a summary and a brief discussion of areas of future research.
A Perspective of E+VxB=0 from the Special Theory of Relativity

Abstract We demonstrate from observing how a solar or stellar wind interacts with electromagnetic fields of magnetized objects, like planets, that the ideal MHD equation E + V×B = 0 is not adequate to describe the dynamics of space plasmas. Consider a solar wind that is approaching a magnetized planet. Chapman and Ferraro (1931) showed that a boundary current will be formed as the solar wind interacting with the planetary magnetic field induces an electromotive force ( e ℳ ℱ ). Ideal MHD fluids do not have this capability since the total magnetic flux is conserved, d ϕ /dt = 0 and e ℳ ℱ is not generated. The small electric field in the plasma which is neglected in ideal MHD is necessary for the generation of the boundary current. The special theory of relativity shows the charge density responsible for this electric field is due to Lorentz contraction of the current source in the moving planet as seen in the solar wind frame. The small electric field in the solar wind must be retained if the physics is to be consistent with the relativity principle. Faraday's law provides a correct description of how plasmas interact with electromagnetic fields, relating changes of the magnetic flux to the electromotive force ( e ℳ ℱ ) that includes both electric and magnetic fields in the plasma frame.
Intestinal Ulceration and Malabsorption Syndromes

Abstract Data from 47 patients with malabsorption and small intestinal ulceration were reviewed to provide information on the relationship of the ulcerative process to celiac disease and to lymphoma. Presentations included: (a) worsening of malabsorptive symptoms and abdominal pain in a patient with celiac disease in his or her fifth or sixth decade; (b) an unexplained, unresponsive malabsorption syndrome with a flattened jejunal mucosa; or (c) complications including obstruction, perforation, or hemorrhage. Ulcer diagnosis was usually first made at surgery and not radiologically. The ulcers were morphologically nonspecific, usually multiple, and predominantly jejunal. Twenty-two patients with benign ulceration could be classified as celiac disease. Eleven others with "unclassified sprue" had similar jejunal biopsies, often with a long history of malabsorption. They did not go into remission with gluten withdrawal or adrenocorticosteroids. In some, this may have been because of the ulcers. Intestinal resection "cured" 4 of 13 patients. Steroid therapy was associated with prolonged remissions in 2 of 13, but intestinal perforation occurred in 10 while on steroids. Currently 29 of the 40 patients with benign ulceration are known to have died as a result of the ulcers. Lymphoma was antedated for months or years by benign ulceration in 3 patients and by histiocytic cells in pleomorphic atypical ulcers probably representing early subtle lymphoma in 2 others. When intestinal ulceration accompanied by malabsorption is suspected, exploratory laparotomy for biopsy and bowel resection and to search for lymphoma is reasonable. Use of the term "nongranulomatous ulcerative jejunoileitis" may be misleading and is not recommended.
The PRACA system as an ‘incubator’ for lessons learned

Although NASA has an established process for documenting lessons learned from development and operation of its complex and challenging missions, a recent audit of the NASA lessons learned program found that most NASA Centers have made few contributions to the NASA lessons learned repository in recent years. Among the NASA Centers, the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has a relatively mature lesson learned process. Based on his experience managing the JPL lessons learned process, the author suggests that organizations lacking sources of lessons learned content may find excellent pre-screened material in their equivalent of the Laboratory's problem/failure reporting system. JPL confidence in the value and veracity of its lesson learned submissions is enhanced by an extensive periodic review of Problem Reporting and Corrective Action (PRACA) reports from JPL spaceflight projects. A standard practice of most engineering organizations throughout the system development life cycle, this formal anomaly reporting may reveal enterprise-wide process deficiencies or other issues worthy of documentation as lessons learned. Valid lesson learned topics are derived from various sources, including word-of-mouth. But when a lesson learned is supported by information from the PRACA system, it benefits from the rigorous PRACA vetting process that includes formal analysis of proximate cause and root cause. A “well-incubated” PRACA report— i.e., one that has benefitted from thousands of labor dollars worth of engineering analysis and reflection and has been signed off by the appropriate engineering authorities— may provide ample objective evidence of a lesson that needs to be learned.
How Self-Image and Compassionate Goals Shape Intrapsychic Experiences

Self-image goals focus on constructing, maintaining, and defending desired public and private images of the self, whereas compassionate goals focus on being supportive and not harming others. We suggest that these goals shape construals of others in relation to the self, which in turn, shape affective experiences. We review research showing that when people have self-image goals, they construe others as competitors, which leads to feeling uneasy with others (i.e., conflicted, confused, and fearful), and that when they have compassionate goals, they construe others as collaborators and have more constructive approaches to interpersonal problems, which leads to feeling at ease with others (i.e., peaceful, clear, and loving) and less upset with them. Thus, interpersonal goals shape construals of others, which in turn shape intrapsychic experiences of the world and of the self.
Phase III randomized double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy of a polycarbophil-based vaginal moisturizer in women with breast cancer.

PURPOSEVaginal dryness and dyspareunia are significant estrogen-depletion symptoms that affect many breast cancer survivors. The present trial was developed to evaluate the nonhormonal vaginal lubricating preparation, Replens, for alleviating these symptoms.MATERIALS AND METHODSA double-blind, crossover, randomized clinical trial was developed. Patients received 4 weeks of Replens (Columbia Research Laboratories, Rockville Centre, NY) followed by a 1-week washout period followed by 4 weeks of a placebo lubricating product, or vice versa. Weekly patient-completed diaries were used for measuring efficacies and toxicities of therapy.RESULTSThe 45 assessable patients provided well-balanced treatment groups. During the first 4 weeks, average vaginal dryness decreased by 62% and 64% in the placebo and Replens groups, respectively (P = .3). Average dyspareunia scores also improved by 41% and 60%, respectively (P = .05). Crossover analysis indicated that the bulk of the beneficial effects appeared within the firs...
An adipocyte-central nervous system regulatory loop in the control of adipose homeostasis.

Abstract Mounting evidence supports a `lipostatic' model for the regulation of adipose mass. In such a model, signals are generated in the periphery in proportion to adipose mass that act on hypothalamic control centers in the brain to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Two such signals, leptin and insulin, have been identified and found to dramatically lower food intake and body weight. Several signalling molecules in the effector pathways that mediate the response to these signals in the brain have also been identified. The regulation of these factors and the nature of the adipose-CNS regulatory loop will be discussed
Magnetic Susceptibility and Magnetostriction of CoO, MnO, and NiO

The experimentally observed increase in the magnetic susceptibility and the accompanying change in length of antiferromagnetic MnO and NiO single crystals were used to evaluate critical fields and anisotropy of these materials. For CoO the susceptibility varied over too small a range to be of significance in this work.
Prolonged activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in noradrenergic neurones of rat brain by cholinergic stimulation

IN sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla, the augmented release of acetylcholine from preganglionic sympathetic neurones can lead to prolonged changes in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the enzyme catalysing the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines1,2. The trans-synaptically mediated increase in TH activity is due to excitation of cholinergic receptors3–5, occurs after a latency of many hours to days, remains elevated up to weeks and is attributable entirely to increased accumulation of TH enzyme molecules; it therefore represents induction of the enzyme.
Signal processing aspects of the S-1 multiprocessor project

The S-1 family of uni-and multiprocessors is an extremely high performance but relatively inexpen-sive general purpose set of digital processing systems being developed for the most demanding National security applications. A typical S-1 system consists of from one to sixteen S-1 uniprocessors sharing up to 4 gigawords of uniformly addressed main memory. Each uniprocessor of the current (Mark IIA) generation has computational power roughly equivalent to that of a CRAY-1. In this paper, we give a general description of the S-1 Mark IIA uniprocessor and a somewhat more extensive discussion of its signal processing hardware and hardware-executed algorithms. Our focus is a discussion of the felicitous properties of the uniprocessor components that make the S-1 system a powerful general purpose digital signal processor.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quadrature interferometry for plasma density measurements

Summary form only given. A quadrature interferometer has been used routinely in several pulsed power experiments to measure the line-averaged electron density. The optical source is a 30 mW, continuous wave Nd-YAG laser operating at 1300 nm. The light is coupled directly to an optical fiber and split into reference and scene beams with a fiber splitter. The scene beam is transported to and from the plasma using single mode optical fibers up to 100 m in length. To simplify alignment through the plasma, we have used GRIN lenses on both the launch and receive sides of the single pass transmission diagnostic where this is possible. The quadrature optics allow for an unambiguous determination of the slope of the density changes at inflection points. Final setup of the interferometer is facilitated by looking at the Lissajous figure generated from the two quadrature components. We have used this interferometer to diagnose the background density in the Pegasus-II power flow channel, to study the plasma plume generated in foil implosion experiments, to measure the plasma blowoff during implosions, and to understand the plasma formation mechanism in a fusion target plasma system.
On estimating subpopulation means

A sample is taken from a population consisting of K subpopulations. The observations consist of two components (P,Y) where Y is of real interests and P is a conditional probability to help identify as to which subpopulation the observations come from. A general estimation procedure for estimating the subpopulation means of Y is introduced. It is the regression coefficient estimation when Y is regressed on the conditional probability. When the conditional probability is accurately given, the estimator is unbiased. The notion of a fuzzy partition is introduced. It is suggested that the estimation procedure using a fuzzy partition will reduce the bias. A simulation study is conducted to cornpare the proposed estimator (estimator after fuzzy c:lassification) with the usual estimator (estimator after hard classification) and Selen's (1986) estimator.
Lipids in Japanese Noodle Flours

ABSTRACT Lipids in Japanese salt and alkaline noodle flours and in Australian soft white wheat (SWW) flours were extracted and compared. Nonstarch lipid (NSL) and free lipid (FL) levels ranges were 1.33–1.71% and 0.84–1.04%, respectively, for nine Japanese salt noodle flours compared to 1.43–1.50% and 0.97–1.00% for three Australian SWW flours used mainly to prepare salt noodle. The six Japanese alkaline noodle flours averaged ≈15% less NSL and 20% less FL than the Australian flours. The NSL was separated by column chromatography into nonpolar lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), and phospholipid (PL) fractions. The NSL extracted from salt noodle and Australian flours contained ≈36% more NL than that from alkaline noodle flour. The composition of NSL was similar for salt noodle and Australian SWW flours but was different for alkaline noodle flour. Japanese salt noodle flour could be differentiated from alkaline noodle flour by the higher levels of NSL and FL, although those elevated levels may be caused in part t...
Quo Vadis, Europa

The Eurozone (and implicitly the whole EU) finds itself at the crossroad. Economic dynamism of the last few years revealed fissures in the European economic and increasingly political edifice. The vaunted achievement—the common currency Euro—proved itself to be the double-edged sword. The common currency certainly contributed to the increased integration both in the real and the financial sectors. However, in the presence of the persistent differences between the “northern core” and the countries on the Mediterranean littoral, this enhanced integration acts more as an undesirable weight and obstacle rather than the dreamed about engine of progress.
Historical Input and Degradation of Toxaphene in Lake Ontario Sediment

The historical input of toxaphene to Lake Ontario has been determined. We analyzed total toxaphene concentrations in eight Lake Ontario sediment cores by electron capture gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and found that toxaphene maximizes in 1973 ± 6 yr with a horizon date of 1945 ± 6 yr. The maximum toxaphene flux to Lake Ontario sediment was 22 ± 8 μg/m 2 yr in about 1973, and the total toxaphene load in the lake is 10 ± 3 t. By comparing the toxaphene burdens for the cores, we conclude that toxaphene is deposited to Lake Ontario sediment from both the Niagara River and from the atmosphere. We also found that toxaphene is slowly dechlorinated after deposition in Lake Ontario sediment.
Further comment on V. K. Oppenheimer’s “The Life-Cycle Squeeze: The Interaction of Men’s Occupational and Family Life Cycles”

Oppenheimer's paper "The Life-Cycle Squeeze: The Interaction of Men's Occupational and Family Life Cycles" in the May 1974 issue of Demography deserves comment. She finds that, depending on their occupation, men's earnings peak at different ages. Relating this finding to the pattern of family growth over the family life cycle, she argues that the earnings of many husbands, particularly those in low status occupations, level off or decline before the child-rearing expenses of their families have peaked. Hence, she infers, there is in these families a growing gap between child-rearing expenses and the husband-father's income. This gap, she concludes, is surely an important determinant of wives' labor force participation, especially when they have children of high school or college age. She believes this argument helps account for the relatively high labor force participation rate of wive.s in their forties. In her effort to ascertain the covariation of income and expense over the family life cycle, Oppenheimer used 1960 cross-sectional data as an approximation of cohort data. In respect to the time pattern of men's earnings, this approximation is particularly questionable. The various birth cohorts in this cross-sectional analysis are of different size, and they have obtained increasing amounts of education. Both factors influence the starting level of income and the subsequent rate and pattern of income change. Carter and Glick (1970, p. 206), therefore, properly "caution against an uncritical interpretation of the age pattern of median income for MSP [married spouse-present] men in 1960 as being typical of changes in relative financial status throughout the marital cycle." Although there seems to be less reason to question the approximation of family life-cycle variation with respect to the presence and age of children, it would be desirable to assemble what cohort data are available: to check this point to some extent. But whether cohort or cross-sectional data are used, the meaning of information on the presence and age of children is ambiguous in an important respect. The older the children, so long as they are dependent, the more expensive they are. Other things equal, this tends to motivate mothers to earn money. However, the older the children, the les,s child care they need. Other things equal, this tends to facilitate mothers' labor force participation. The problem, then, is how to identify the separate effects of these two determinants of the labor force participation of wives. The solution requires different measures of child-care expense and maternal child-care responsibility. Ideally, neither of these measures should consist of the data on the presence and age of children. Since, however, it would probably be difficult to measure maternal child-care responsibility without such data, it would be practical to use them but to, measure child-rearing expense differently. Other
Shadowing the Professional Class: Reporting Fictions in Doctors' Strikes

This article focuses on the shadowing of Mexican physicians during the 10-month long medical movement of 1964–65. The author highlights how hospital spaces, doctors' routines, medical hierarchies, and the nature of physicians' labour posed particular difficulties for secret service agents. By examining a report from May 1965, mid-way through the movement, it becomes clear how agents sought to better understand a group with little history of state opposition. Physicians had significant symbolic, moral, and real power within Mexican society. For that reason, the intelligence community gave priority to documenting the subtle and growing disillusionment expressed in hundreds of physician meetings. The report examined here shows how doctors begin to question the impartiality of the press and the veracity of the government's promises. This report also illustrates how, as the movement grew, government agents exploited mounting tensions. Finally, these documents inadvertently signal the exceedingly bureaucratic n...
A conserved domain important for association of eukaryotic J-protein co-chaperones Jjj1 and Zuo1 with the ribosome.

Abstract J-proteins, obligate co-chaperones, provide specialization for Hsp70 function in a variety of cellular processes. Two of the 13 J-proteins of the yeast cytosol/nucleus, Zuo1 and Jjj1, are associated with 60S ribosomal subunits. Abundant Zuo1 facilitates folding of nascent polypeptides; Jjj1, of much lower abundance, functions in ribosome biogenesis. However, overexpression of Jjj1 substantially rescues growth defects of cells lacking Zuo1. We analyzed a region held in common by Zuo1 and Jjj1, outside the signature J-domain found in all J-proteins. This shared “zuotin homology domain” (ZHD) is important for ribosome association of both proteins. An N-terminal segment of Jjj1, containing the J-domain and ZHD, is ribosome-associated and, like full-length Jjj1, is competent to rescue both the cold- and cation-sensitivity of ∆zuo1. However, this fragment, when expressed at normal levels, cannot rescue the cytosolic ribosome biogenesis defect of ∆jjj1. Our results are consistent with a model in which the primary functions of Zuo1 and Jjj1 occur in the cytosol. In addition, our data suggest that Zuo1 and Jjj1 bind overlapping sites on ribosomes due to an interaction via their common ZHDs, but Jjj1 binds primarily to pre-60S particles and Zuo1 to mature subunits. We hypothesize that ZUO1 and JJJ1, which are conserved throughout eukaryotes, arose from an ancient duplication of a progenitor J-protein gene that encoded the ZHD ribosome-binding region; subsequently, specialized roles and additional ribosome interaction sites evolved.
Nonword Repetition and Child Language Impairment.

A brief, processing-dependent, nonword repetition task, designed to minimize biases associated with traditional language tests, was investigated. In Study 1, no overlap in nonword repetition perfor...
The Redox Stress Hypothesis of Aging

The main objective of this review is to examine the role of endogenous reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS) in the aging process. Until relatively recently, ROS were considered to be potentially toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, which, if not eliminated, may inflict structural damage on various macromolecules. Accrual of such damage over time was postulated to be responsible for the physiological deterioration in the postreproductive phase of life and eventually the death of the organism. This "structural damage-based oxidative stress" hypothesis has received support from the age-associated increases in the rate of ROS production and the steady-state amounts of oxidized macromolecules; however, there are increasing indications that structural damage alone is insufficient to satisfactorily explain the age-associated functional losses. The level of oxidative damage accrued during aging often does not match the magnitude of functional losses. Although experimental augmentation of antioxidant defenses tends to enhance resistance to induced oxidative stress, such manipulations are generally ineffective in the extension of life span of long-lived strains of animals. More recently, in a major conceptual shift, ROS have been found to be physiologically vital for signal transduction, gene regulation, and redox regulation, among others, implying that their complete elimination would be harmful. An alternative notion, advocated here, termed the "redox stress hypothesis," proposes that aging-associated functional losses are primarily caused by a progressive pro-oxidizing shift in the redox state of the cells, which leads to the overoxidation of redox-sensitive protein thiols and the consequent disruption of the redox-regulated signaling mechanisms.
Chemical structures of fuel-rich, premixed, laminar flames of 1,2-C2H4Cl2 and CH4

Abstract Chemical structures of atmospheric-pressure, fuel-rich (sooting), premixed, laminar flames of 1,2-C 2 H 4 Cl 2 and CH 4 have been investigated using a flat-flame burner. Species mole fraction profiles were determined by using a hot-water-cooled micro-probe coupled to an on-line gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. In addition to those of the reactants, mole fraction profiles have been determined for CO, CO 2 , HCl, H 2 O, H 2 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 , CH 3 Cl, C 2 H 3 Cl, C 4 H 4 , C 4 H 2 , and C 6 H 6 . In a stoichiometric flame of pure 1,2-C 2 H 4 Cl 2 , highly chlorinated hydrocarbons such as C 2 Cl 4 , C 2 HCl 3 , trans-C 2 H 2 Cl 2 , C 2 HCl, CCl 4 , and CHCl 3 , as well as Cl 2 and COCl 2 , were also observed. The roles of these species, in view of the current ideas of the mechanism of combustion of 1,2-C 2 H 4 Cl 2 , are discussed.
Generation of tunable cw radiation near 875 nm.

In an attempt to obtain more efficient pumping of the color-center laser, we undertook a detailed comparative study of the performance characteristics of Styryl 9 and HITC using a Spectra-Physics model 375 dye laser equipped with HITC optics and a high pressure (120-psi) dye circulator. (AIP)
The creativity of social action: A composite account from art, philosophy, and political science

The pursuit of innovation depends on creativity as a competency, yet creativity-especially in organizational settings — is difficult to understand, let alone manage. By consulting works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty (art), Martin Heidegger (philosophy), and Hannah Arendt (political science), this article offers a composite account of creativity that suggests the aggressive pursuit of creativity in an organizational setting should include an expenditure of effort by leaders to create a social environment where participants can reflect upon and accept their own inner creativity, known as natality, as well as the creativity of others as a collective response to aspects of a reality we ordinarily overlook.
Carbon dioxide laparoscopy.

SUMMARY A total of 114 patients were anesthetized for pelvic laparoscopy, using halo-thane, nitrous oxide, oxygen sequence. Endotracheal intubation and mechanically controlled ventilation were employed. No major surgical or anesthesia complications were observed. The technique, indications and contra-indica-tions of laparoscopy are detailed. Acid-base parameters were determined on 11 patients showing an average rise of 9.28 mm Hg in arterial carbon dioxide tension, in spite of vigorous hyperventilation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 114 Patienten wurden fur Beckenlaparoskopien mit der {Combination Halothan-Lachgas-Sauerstoff narkotisiert. Endotracheale Intubation und mechanisch kontrollierte Beatmung kamen zur Anwendung. Es wurden keine grosseren operativen oder Anaesthesiekomplikationen beobachtet. Technik, Indikationen und Kontraindikationen der Laparoskopie werden im Einzelnen dargelegt. Bei 11 Patienten wurden die Saure-Basen-Parameter bestimmt, wo-bei sich ein durchschnitdicher Anstieg von 9,28 mm Hg in der arteriellen Kohlensaurespannung, trotz kraftiger Hyperventilation, ergeben hat.
The continuous spectrum of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. II - Eigenfunction expansions

The expansion of an arbitrary two-dimensional solution of the linearized stream-function equation in terms of the discrete and continuum eigenfunctions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation is discussed for flows in the half-space, y e [0, ∞). A recent result of Salwen is used to derive a biorthogonality relation between the solution of the linearized equation for the stream function and the solutions of the adjoint problem.For the case of temporal stability, the orthogonality relation obtained is equivalent to that of Schensted for bounded flows. This relationship is used to carry out the formal solution of the initial-value problem for temporal stability. It is found that the vorticity of the disturbance at t = 0 is the proper initial condition for the temporal stability problem. Finally, it is shown that the set consisting of the discrete eigen-modes and continuum eigenfunctions is complete.For the spatial stability problem, it is shown that the continuous spectrum of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation contains four branches. The biorthogonality relation is used to derive the formal solution to the boundary-value problem of spatial stability. It is shown that the boundary-value problem of spatial stability requires the stream function and its first three partial derivatives with respect to x to be specified at x = 0 for all t. To be applicable to practical problems, this solution will require modification to eliminate disturbances originating at x = ∞ and travelling upstream to x = 0.For the special case of a constant base flow, the method is used to calculate the evolution in time of a particular initial disturbance.
Economic security in an era of globalization: definition and provision

Abstract Globalization has undermined the traditional definition of economic security that centered on economic vulnerability to other states. At the same time, globalization has produced a redefinition of economic security in light of the risks posed by cross-border networks of non-state actors and by the economic volatility of the new global environment. The relationship between economic globalization and undesirable economic and political outcomes must be specified precisely and assessed carefully, however. Judgements about economic security must weigh the effects of increased volatility introduced by globalization against the benefits of improved economic performance in the longer run. Institutions can offset economic insecurity through the provision of insurance, shoring up policy credibility, and guiding adaptation to the new environment. National institutions will remain central to the provision of economic security under conditions of globalization. Regional and global institutions can complement ...
Mathematical modeling of transdermal drug delivery.

A dynamic mathematical model for transdermal drug delivery is developed on the basis of the bi-layer skin/twocompartment body model. The effects of metabolism reaction in the viable skin, the drug binding and reservoir function in the stratum corneum, and the solubility and diffusivity of the drug in the skin on the permeation ratetime profile are extensively simulated. The effects of the pharmacokinetic parameters on the plasma concentration profile are also analyzed. The present model is useful not only for analyzing the rate of skin permeation but also for predicting the plasma concentration after transdermal drug delivery.
Evaluation and Management of Left Atrial Lymphoma Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography

A highly mobile left atrial mass was detected by transesophageal echocardiography in a patient with mediastinal lymphoma. Transesophageal echocardiography also demonstrated resolution of the mass following chemotherapy. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, August 2003)
Tracking the prevalence of rollover protective structures on U.S. farm tractors: 1993, 2001, and 2004.

PROBLEM: Between 1992 and 2005, 1412 workers on farms died from tractor overturns. A Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) is a proven intervention to reduce overturn deaths. However, farm characteristics that are associated with the adoption of ROPS are not well understood. METHODS: ROPS prevalence statistics were derived from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveys that tracked ROPS use on farms. Data were from the years 1993, 2001, and 2004. RESULTS: In 1993, 38% of tractors were equipped with ROPS. This increased to 51% by 2004. ROPS prevalence rates were higher on farms in the Southern region of the United States, on farms where the operator was 25-34 years old, and on farms with $100,000 or more of farm sales. Low ROPS prevalence rates were associated with farm operators 65 years old or older and with farms with less than $10,000 of farm product sales. SUMMARY: The increase in ROPS prevalence between 1993 and 2004 has not been sufficient to decrease the rate of tractor overturn deaths on farms. Incentive programs targeting older farm operators and low-income farm operations are suggested to increase ROPS use on tractors. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The study provides farm characteristics associated with low ROPS prevalence rates. The results can be used to target farms for future ROPS promotion activities. Language: en
NEUROGENESIS AND CELL MIGRATION INTO THE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC PREOPTIC AREA/ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE FETAL FERRET

A sexually dimorphic male nucleus (MN) of the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH), comprising large, estradiol-receptor containing neurons, is formed in male ferrets due to the action of estradiol, derived from the neural aromatization of circulating testosterone, during the last quarter of a 41-day gestation. Two experiments were conducted to compare the birthdates and the migration pattern of cells into the sexually dimorphic portion of the dorsomedial POA/AH as well as the nondimorphic ventral nucleus (VN) of the POA/AH of males and females. In experiment 1 the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses of different mothers between embryonic (E) days 18 and 30. Kits from all mothers were sacrificed on E38, and brains were processed to localize BrdU immunoreactivity (IR) for determining the birthdates of neurons in the POA/AH. Cells in the MN-POA/AH of males and in a comparable region of females were born between E22 and E28; cells in the nondimorphic VN-POA/AH of both sexes were born between these same ages. These results suggest that cells in the sexually dimorphic as well as the nondimorphic subdivision of the ferret POA/AH are born during the same embryonic period. This is well before the ages (E30–E41) when administering testosterone to females can stimulate, and blocking androgen aromatization in males can inhibit, MN-POA/AH differentiation. In experiment 2 BrdU was injected on E24, and kits from different litters were perfused on E30, E34, or E38. Brains were processed for BrdU-IR as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which served as a marker for radial glial processes. The orientation of radial glial processes in fetal brains of both sexes suggested that cells migrate into the dorsomedial POA/AH from proliferative zones lining the lateral as well as the third ventricles. Quantitative, computer-assisted image analysis of BrdU-IR in groups of male and female brains supported this hypothesis. There were no significant sex differences in the distribution of BrdU-IR over the three ages studied, suggesting that formation of the MN-POA/AH in males cannot be attributed to an effect of estradiol on the migration of those cells born on E24 into this sexually dimorphic structure. Finally, total BrdU-IR did not change significantly in the POA/AH of male and female kits killed at E30, E34, or E38 while the area of the POA/AH increased more than 2.5-fold over this period, suggesting that few of the POA/AH cells born on E24 die during this period in either sex. In the absence of evidence that formation of the male ferret's MN-POA/AH depends on steroid-induced changes in neurogenesis, cell migration, or death, we suggest that the specification of a particular neuronal phenotype (e.g., large somal size; capacity to produce some undetermined neurotransmitter or neuropeptide) may be responsible. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three‐dimensional VERB radiation belt simulations including mixed diffusion

[1] The evolution of relativistic electron fluxes in the radiation belts is described by the modified Fokker-Plank equation in terms of the radial distance, energy and equatorial pitch angle. In this study we present numerical solutions of the two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D Fokker-Planck equation including mixed diffusion terms. We use finite differences method with implicit numerical scheme, which is stable for any given time step. We evaluate the importance of the mixed diffusion in 2-D and 3-D cases of the Fokker-Planck diffusion equation for radiation belts simulations. In both cases the mixed diffusion tends to inhibit local acceleration and results in lower relativistic electron fluxes, as compared to the simulation without mixed diffusion. The effect of the mixed diffusion terms is most significant at small pitch angles. The inclusion of mixed diffusion also tends to delay the formation of the peak in phase space density in the recovery phase of a storm. We also perform sensitivity simulation to the assumed wave models, which indicates that an accurate knowledge of the wave parameters is the most important factor.
Ergodic Properties of an Infinite One Dimensional Hard Rod System

It is shown that an infinite one dimensional system of hard rods for which the “effective” velocities of the pulses (free velocity plus a drift term due to collisions) are bounded away from some neighborhood of 0 is Bernoulli. This generalizes a result of Sinai who showed that some hard rod systems areK-systems.
Toward an integrated silicon-photonic module for widely tunable narrow-line RF source using injection-locking

Through the use of a narrow-linewidth low-frequency oscillator, optical modulator, and injection locking, we have developed a system for generating widely tunable, narrow-line RF signals from a pair of injection-locked lasers. Here we focus on the design and implementation of an integrated device including photonic sources and modulators to realize the system described above. Specifically, we report on the creation and mixing of two tunable lasers on a silicon platform with a heterogeneously integrated gain medium realized in a III–V material system.
The Modified Gamma Size Distribution Applied to Inhomogeneous and Nonspherical Particles: Key Relationships and Conversions

AbstractThe four-parameter modified gamma distribution (MGD) is the most general mathematically convenient model for size distributions of particle types ranging from aerosols and cloud droplets or ice particles to liquid and frozen precipitation. The common three-parameter gamma distribution, the exponential distribution (e.g., Marshall–Palmer), and power-law distribution (e.g., Junge) are all special cases. Depending on the context, the particle “size” used in a given formulation may be the actual geometric diameter, the volume- or area-equivalent spherical diameter, the actual or equivalent radius, the projected or surface area, or the mass.For microphysical and radiative transfer calculations, it is often necessary to convert from one size representation to another, especially when comparing or utilizing distribution parameters obtained from a variety of sources. Furthermore, when the mass scales with Db, with b < 3, as is typical for snow and ice and other particles having a quasi-fractal structure, ...
Choices, choices, choices.

Individual olfactory sensory neurons express only one of more than a thousand different odorant receptors, suggesting that DNA rearrangement may be involved. Based on a clever new technical approach, two groups now conclude that this is not the case.