cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stall Recovery Guidance Algorithms Based on Constrained Control Approaches

Aircraft loss-of-control, in particular approach to stall or fully developed stall, is a major factor contributing to aircraft safety risks, which emphasizes the need to develop algorithms that are capable of assisting the pilots to identify the problem and providing guidance to recover the aircraft. In this paper we present several stall recovery guidance algorithms, which are implemented in the background without interfering with flight control system and altering the pilot's actions. They are using input and state constrained control methods to generate guidance signals, which are provided to the pilot in the form of visual cues. It is the pilot's decision to follow these signals. The algorithms are validated in the pilot-in-the loop medium fidelity simulation experiment.
A spectral characterization and an approximation scheme for the Hessian eigenvalue

We revisit the $k$-Hessian eigenvalue problem on a smooth, bounded, $(k-1)$-convex domain in $\mathbb R^n$. First, we obtain a spectral characterization of the $k$-Hessian eigenvalue as the infimum of the first eigenvalues of linear second-order elliptic operators whose coefficients belong to the dual of the corresponding Garding cone. Second, we introduce a non-degenerate inverse iterative scheme to solve the eigenvalue problem for the $k$-Hessian operator. We show that the scheme converges, with a rate, to the $k$-Hessian eigenvalue for all $k$. When $2\leq k\leq n$, we also prove a local $L^1$ convergence of the Hessian of solutions of the scheme. Hyperbolic polynomials play an important role in our analysis.
Last-iterate Convergence in Extensive-Form Games

Regret-based algorithms are highly efficient at finding approximate Nash equilibria in sequential games such as poker games. However, most regret-based algorithms, including counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) and its variants, rely on iterate averaging to achieve convergence. Inspired by recent advances on last-iterate convergence of optimistic algorithms in zero-sum normal-form games, we study this phenomenon in sequential games, and provide a comprehensive study of last-iterate convergence for zero-sum extensive-form games with perfect recall (EFGs), using various optimistic regret-minimization algorithms over treeplexes. This includes algorithms using the vanilla entropy or squared Euclidean norm regularizers, as well as their dilated versions which admit more efficient implementation. In contrast to CFR, we show that all of these algorithms enjoy last-iterate convergence, with some of them even converging exponentially fast. We also provide experiments to further support our theoretical results.
Trade-offs and synergies in managing coastal flood risk: A case study for New York City

Decisions on how to manage future flood risks are frequently informed by both sophisticated and computationally expensive models. This complexity often limits the representation of uncertainties and the consideration of strategies. Here, we use an intermediate complexity model framework that enables us to analyze a rich set of strategies, objectives, and uncertainties. We find that allowing for more combinations of risk mitigation strategies can expand the solution set, help explain synergies and trade-offs, and point to strategies that can improve outcomes.
Automatically Exposing Problems with Neural Dialog Models.

Neural dialog models are known to suffer from problems such as generating unsafe and inconsistent responses. Even though these problems are crucial and prevalent, they are mostly manually identified by model designers through interactions. Recently, some research instructs crowdworkers to goad the bots into triggering such problems. However, humans leverage superficial clues such as hate speech, while leaving systematic problems undercover. In this paper, we propose two methods including reinforcement learning to automatically trigger a dialog model into generating problematic responses. We show the effect of our methods in exposing safety and contradiction issues with state-of-the-art dialog models.
Near-Optimal No-Regret Learning in General Games

We show that Optimistic Hedge -- a common variant of multiplicative-weights-updates with recency bias -- attains ${\rm poly}(\log T)$ regret in multi-player general-sum games. In particular, when every player of the game uses Optimistic Hedge to iteratively update her strategy in response to the history of play so far, then after $T$ rounds of interaction, each player experiences total regret that is ${\rm poly}(\log T)$. Our bound improves, exponentially, the $O({T}^{1/2})$ regret attainable by standard no-regret learners in games, the $O(T^{1/4})$ regret attainable by no-regret learners with recency bias (Syrgkanis et al., 2015), and the ${O}(T^{1/6})$ bound that was recently shown for Optimistic Hedge in the special case of two-player games (Chen & Pen, 2020). A corollary of our bound is that Optimistic Hedge converges to coarse correlated equilibrium in general games at a rate of $\tilde{O}\left(\frac 1T\right)$.
Addressing Twin Crises in the Law: Underserved Clients and Underemployed Lawyers

The legal profession faces two unprecedented crises: underserved middle class clients and underemployed lawyers. On September 27, 2013, members of the Utah bench, bar, and academy gathered to discuss these crises at the Twin Crises in the Law CLE, sponsored by the Utah State Bar and Utah Law Review OnLaw. Papers from the CLE presenters are collected in this volume of Utah Law Review OnLaw.
Embryonic hyperglycemia perturbs the development of specific retinal cell types, including photoreceptors.

Diabetes is linked to various long-term complications in adults, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes poses additional risks for pregnant women, because glucose passes across the placenta, and excess maternal glucose can result in diabetic embryopathy. While many studies have examined the teratogenic effects of maternal diabetes on fetal heart development, little is known about the consequences of maternal hyperglycemia on the development of the embryonic retina. To address this question, we investigated retinal development in two models of embryonic hyperglycemia in zebrafish. Strikingly, we found that hyperglycemic larvae displayed a significant reduction in photoreceptors and horizontal cells, whereas other retinal neurons were not affected. We also observed reactive gliosis and abnormal optokinetic responses in hyperglycemic larvae. Further analysis revealed delayed retinal cell differentiation in hyperglycemic embryos that coincided with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results suggest that embryonic hyperglycemia causes abnormal retinal development via altered timing of cell differentiation and ROS production, which is accompanied by visual defects. Further studies using zebrafish models of hyperglycemia will allow us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
Hydrogen peroxide-mediated ferrylhemoglobin generation in vitro and in red blood cells.

Publisher Summary The oxidation of methemoglobin by hydrogen peroxide is explained by a heterolytic cleavage of the O—O bond of the coordinated peroxide, yielding a two-electron oxidation product of the hemoprotein, known as “ferrylhemoglobin.” The first oxidation equivalent provided by this reaction is in the form of the oxo-ferryl complex, FeIV=O, similar to compound II reported for peroxidases, and the second oxidation equivalent is detected as a transient apoprotein radical as reported for myoglobin. Therefore, the formation of the radical form of the ferryl species bears the important implication that it bridges the discrepancy between the retention of one oxidizing equivalent in the ferrylheme complex and the observed catalysis of two-electron oxidations. The reason that ferrylhemoglobin is regarded as an oxidizing agent capable of promoting oxidation of molecules of biological relevance, it is of some value (1) to obtain ferrylhemoglobin as an oxidizing experimental tool in various systems and (2) to characterize ferrylhemoglobin in systems in which it may be produced to distinguish it from other species with similar spectral profiles. This chapter describes procedures for the preparation and spectral characterization of ferrylhemoglobin.
Neutron-induced fission-cross-section measurements and calculations of selected transplutonic isotopes

The neutron-induced fission cross sections of 242mArn and 245Cm have been measured over an energy range of 10−4 eV to ∼20 MeV in a series of experiments at three facilities during the past several years. The combined results of these measurements, in which only sub-milligram quantities of enriched isotopes were used, yield cross sections with uncertainties of approximately 5% below 10 MeV relative to the 235U standard cross section used to normalize the data. We summarize the resonance analysis of the 242mAm(n,f) cross section in the eV region. Hauser-Feshbach statistical calculations of the detailed fission cross sections of 235U and 245Cm have been carried out over the energy region from 0.1 to 5 MeV and these results are compared with our experimental data.
Texture Evolution during Grain Growth of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B

The strong basal texture which develops during the rolling of Mg alloy, AZ31B, sheet persists and can even increase during annealing. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of texture evolution during grain growth. The grain growth kinetics were determined for temperatures between 260 and 450 °C revealing a grain growth exponent, n~4. The activation energy for grain growth was found to be close to the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion. Abnormal grain growth was observed as a broadening of the normalized grain size distribution at 400 and 450 °C. However, no temporal correlation was found between the peak in texture intensity and the peak in the width of the normalized distribution. Rather, the abnormal grain growth appears to correlate with the coarsening of second phase particles, which are present in the microstructure. The texture evolution is speculated to be due to anisotropy of grain boundary energy and mobility.
Distinct element counting in distributed dynamic data streams

We consider a new type of distinct element counting problem in dynamic data streams, where (1) insertions and deletions of an element can appear not only in the same data stream but also in two or more different streams, (2) a deletion of a distinct element cancels out all the previous insertions of this element, and (3) a distinct element can be re-inserted after it has been deleted. Our goal is to count the number of distinct elements that were inserted but have not been deleted in a continuous data stream. We also solve this new type of distinct element counting problem in a distributed setting. This problem is motivated by several network monitoring and attack detection applications where network traffic can be modelled as single or distributed dynamic streams and the number of distinct elements in the data streams, such as unsuccessful TCP connection setup requests, is calculated to be used as an indicator to detect certain network events such as service outage and DDoS attacks. Although there are known tight bounds for distinct element counting in insertion-only data streams, no good bounds are known for it in dynamic data streams, neither for this new type of problem. None of the existing solutions for distinct element counting can solve our problem. In this paper, we will present the first solution to this problem, using a space-bounded data structure with a computation-efficient probabilistic data streaming algorithm to estimate the number of distinct elements in single or distributed dynamic data streams. We have done both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations, using synthetic and real data traces, of our algorithm to show its effectiveness.
Theoretical modelling of the elastic properties of forsterite: A polyhedral approach

A modified rigid-ion model is developed based on coordination polyhedra as the fundamental modelling units in a crystal structure. A crystal structure is represented by its constituent coordination polyhedra that are treated as three-dimensional elastic continua. Elastic moduli, experimentally determined or otherwise assumed, are ascribed to these coordination polyhedra. Finite element analysis is applied to retrieve the interatomic force information implicit in the elastic moduli of these polyhedra. The polyhedral approach provides a framework to model noncentral and many-body forces in a conventional lattice calculation because the elastic moduli contain much information on the nature of static interatomic forces within a crystal structure. The polyhedral model of the single-crystal elastic moduli of forsterite compares very well with the observed data; the average deviation of the calculated elastic moduli from the measured elastic moduli is within 6 percent.
The “Skinny” on Body Size Requests in Personal Ads

The message that women should be thin comes from many sources; some of which may be using the terminology loosely. To test this, the Figure Rating Scale was mailed to 547 personal ad writers to examine the actual preferences of those seeking a thin partner, those seeking a physically fit partner, and those giving no weight preference. Respondents indicated ideal and acceptable body sizes for partners. The ethnicity of respondents was 85.1% White, 7.5% Hispanic, 1.4% African American, 0.7% American Indian, and 4.1% other. The mean education level was 16.6 years and the average annual income was about $40,000. Although males in the three ad categories had statistically significant differences in their choice of an ideal figure, the actual figure size differences appeared negligible, and men did not differ in the number of figures they found acceptable. Females chose the same figure as ideal despite different weight requests. The implications of males accepting a wide range of body sizes for a partner despite specifically requesting a thin one are discussed.
EMI specifics of design with multiple DC-DC converters sharing common power bus

Modern circuits on boards in computing equipment are powered by very low voltages, to achieve faster speeds by reducing transition times between low and high trigger levels in logic devices. Complex ASIC components often run at 1.5 V-1.8 V; the combination of power consumption at low voltage and fast operating speed results in demands for a substantial current. Power for these devices cannot be delivered from a remote, central-to-system location - the losses in cables and connectors prohibit such an approach due to DC voltage drops. In addition, fast changes in current demand require the power source to be located close to the load, to minimize the impact of the impedance of the power bus. Step-down type DC-DC converters exhibit discontinuous pulsed input current, resulting in noise propagating through the power planes. The paper addresses the causes of the noise generated by the so-called reflected input ripple current, the effective method of suppressing it using a common-mode filtering scheme, and the compatibility of multiple DC-DC on-board converters powered by a single input bus.
Serum albumin fractions of different solubility and their relation to cancer.

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described in which the more soluble albumin fraction is extracted with a 38.5 Gm. per cent ammonium sulfate solution from the serum proteins precipitated on a strip of filter paper. The total albumin was estimated by extraction of serum absorbed on a filter strip with a 31 Gm. per cent ammonium sulfate solution. The protein concentration in the extracts was measured turbidimetrically. On the average 100 ml. of normal serum contained 1.13 Gm. of the more soluble albumin fraction which represents about 25 per cent of the total albumin. 2. 2. The values for the more soluble albumin fraction, expressed as S = per cent of average values in normal sera, and the values for total albumin, expressed as T = per cent of average normal total albumin, were measured in 464 nonmalignancies and 82 malignancies. In addition S alone (without T) was determined in 320 nonmalignancies and 157 malignancies. 3. 3. For correlation with cancer diagnosis, S values were classified in two ways: first as high and low with respect to an intermediate zone which bears no relation to T, later as high and low with respect to a curve (Fig. 1) which represents the mean of the averages of S values in nonmalignancies and in malignancies for each T. The advantages of the later classification are pointed out. On the average the S values were 23 per cent lower in the sera from malignancies. Evaluation of the individual sera with the curve of means (Fig. 1) was correct in 89 per cent of the malignancies and in 77 per cent of the nonmalignancies. The correlation with the clinical evaluation of the success of treatment of gynecological carcinomas was correct in 98 per cent of the recurrences, and in 67 per cent of the nonrecurrences. 4. 4. During pregnancy S and T values decrease with the duration of gestation, in the last trimester they become indistinguishable from those of malignancies. 5. 5. Results from more recent studies indicate that the serological evaluation can be improved by a correction for the variations in the total protein/total albumin ratio.
Project SAGE, a half-century on

John Leslie King's interest in history was evident at the first CSCW conference in 1986. His review of 15 years of research with technology to support real-time collocated interaction, then called Group Decision Support Systems, revealed that we sometimes learn more slowly from experience than we could. In this article, he describes the little-known system that pioneered real-time human-computer interaction in the 1950s, created the computing profession, and trained hundreds of its earliest practitioners.---Jonathan Grudin
Time-dependent loss of Mac-1 from infiltrating neutrophils in the reperfused myocardium.

Numerous studies have shown that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infiltrate the myocardium immediately after reperfusion of infarcted tissue. Studies with mAbs in vivo and cellular studies in vitro suggest that PMN-induced injury of the cardiac myocyte involve Mac-1 adhesion to myocyte ICAM-1. In this study we demonstrate that PMNs that have infiltrated the ischemic area begin to lose Mac-1 within the first 3 h. By the fifth hour of reperfusion, minimal CD11b staining is seen on PMNs using immunostaining, whereas CD11a remained unchanged. Immunoreactivity of postreperfusion cardiac lymph with R15.7 (anti-CD18) or MY904 (anti-CD11b) was positive in all animals but not for CD11a (R7.1), indicating a specific loss of Mac-1. Immunoprecipitation with either R15.7 or MY904 resulted in identical peptides (a doublet at 190 kDa and a band at 80 kDa), suggesting that both α and β subunits of Mac-1 heterodimer were released. Immunoprecipitation of control PMN lysates revealed bands of 198 kDa and 91 kDa slightly greater than those from the released Mac-1. An in vitro model of homotypic aggregation showed a similar loss of Mac-1 from PMNs; immunoprecipitates of the supernatant demonstrated peptide bands identical with those found in postischemic cardiac lymph. The appearance of soluble Mac-1 in vitro was prevented by anti-CD18 mAb, R15.7, and also by protease inhibition by PMSF. Thus, in vivo and in vitro, activated PMNs lose Mac-1 in a process that may be dependent upon adhesion and subsequent proteolysis.
Equilibrial Blenniid Assemblages on Offshore Petroleum Platforms

Ecological assemblages may be viewed as lying along a continuum between equilibrium and non-equilibrium. I investigated the position on this continuum of an assemblage of blennies found on offshore petroleum platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. I conducted visual censuses of four species of blennies on 13 different platforms. Several species displayed a distinct vertical zonation with Scartella cristata confined to the upper 5 m and Parablennius marmoreus limited to 10–15 m depths. I used Morisita's index (IM) to assess blenniid assemblage similarity and compared values to a null model of randomly generated data. Comparisons indicated that platforms were similar in blenniid assemblage structure. Tropical Storm Danny passed over my study site after data collection had begun in 1997. Pre- and post-storm IM's indicated that this disturbance did not affect these blenniid assemblages.
Change in leptin, body composition and other hormones around menarche--a visual representation.

Aim: To present a visual representation of changes in body composition, leptin, insulin, estradiol and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in relation to menarche in girls. Methods: Participants were a subset of healthy girls (n = 108) enrolled in a longitudinal study of growth and development conducted at the General Clinical Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Participants were seen annually from before menarche until 4 years postmenarche for measures of body composition and serum levels of leptin, insulin, estradiol and FSH. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. Standardized body composition and hormone levels were smoothed and plotted relative to menarche to visualize patterns of change. Results: At menarche, the mean percentage body fat (%BF) of girls was 24.6% (SD = 4.1%) after menarche %BF was ∼27%. Leptin levels averaged 8.4 ng/mL (SD = 4.6) at menarche and were ∼12 ng/mL after menarche. Changes in leptin levels closely paralleled changes in %BF. Insulin, estradiol and FSH levels followed expected patterns relative to menarche. Leptin began rising closer to menarche than did insulin or the other sex hormones. Conclusion: We provide a visual presentation of hormonal and body composition changes occurring throughout the pubertal period in girls which may be useful in generating new hypotheses related to the timing of menarche.
Quality and customers: Type 2 change in mental health delivery within health care reform

The traditional separation of mental health and medical programs is problematic because mental health issues are inseparable from the larger medical system. By contrast, a collaborative primary care model of mental health care, augmented and supported by secondary specialty mental health services, has the potential to optimize quality and cost goals while reinforcing health care reform principles. The flexibility of mental health treatment in this delivery structure provides opportunities to customize services according to patient and purchaser expectations.
Standoff detection of obscured vehicle with laser Doppler vibrometer

Detection and identification of vehicles obscured by forest canopy is a particularly challenging military problem. Imaging techniques, e.g. laser radar imaging a target through gaps in foliage, require extensive data, making this approach processing-intensive and time-consuming. A new method for standoff detection of a vehicle obscured under forest canopy by remotely sensing the vibration of foliage with a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) has been proposed. The method uses the effect of the vehicle engine creating sound waves, which then travel through the air and then couple into tree leaves, causing them to vibrate. The presence of a vehicle can be determined by the spectrum of the leaves' vibrations. Experimental study has shown that vibration velocity of leaves excited by sound from a vehicle is high enough to be reliably detected with a LDV. The vibrations of leaves excited with simulated vehicle acoustic stimuli and a real vehicle were successfully measured with a LDV in the laboratory and in an outdoor environment. The effect of wind on measurements have been studied and discussed in the current work.
Increased metastasis and mortality from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, squamous cell carcinoma behaves aggressively. Our purpose was to compare squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and mortality between patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and control subjects. Medical records were assessed retrospectively for 28 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who underwent surgical excision of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and for 56 matched control subjects. The rate of metastasis and mortality from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma were determined on a per-patient basis. Three of 28 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had metastasis and died of metastatic disease. No metastases or deaths occurred among the 56 control subjects. Compared with control subjects, chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma were more likely to have metastasis (P = .0031) and die of metastasis (P = .0033). No significant association was detected between metastasis and history of chemotherapy administration for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, surveillance for skin cancer and a decreased threshold for biopsy of suspect lesions are warranted.
Extraction of interface trap density in high-k/Ge gate stacks and determination of the charge neutrality level

The proper determination of the trap density distribution D it (E) at the oxide-semiconductor interface of future high mobility channel MOSFETs is essential for the optimization of their electrical performance. The conductance method, which was successfully applied to Si, reaches its limit on alternative substrates like low band gap germanium (Ge), because of the strong influence of minority carrier processes. Recent investigations show that these restrictions are severe and might lead to incorrect conclusions. We discuss here the appearance of such processes, compare the conventional conductance method [1] to the full conductance method of Martens et al. [2], and propose an alternative where a reverse bias V r is applied to source and drain with respect to the substrate. In this configuration, it becomes possible to separate, on the same device, the contribution of acceptor- and donor-like trap distributions and by the same token to determine the position of the charge neutrality level (CNL) at the surface of the semiconductor.
Vendor-based laser damage metrology equipment supporting the National Ignition Facility

S. Schwartz, R. T. Jennings, J. F. Kimmons, R. P. Mouser, C. L. WeinzapfelM. R. Kozlowski, C. J. Stolz, J. H. CampbellLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryP.O. Box 808, L-496Livermore, CA 9455 1-0808ABSTRACTA sizable laser damage metrology effortis required as part of optics production and installation for the 192 beam Nationalignition Facility (NIF) laser. The large quantities, high damage thresholds, and large apertures of polished and coated opticsnecessitates vendor-based metrology equipment to assure component quality during production. This equipment must beoptimized to provide the required information as rapidly as possible with limited operator experience. The damage metrologytools include: I) platinum inclusion damage test systems for laser amplifier slabs, 2) laser conditioning stations for mirrorsand polarizers, and 3) mapping and damage testing stations for UV transmissive optics. Each system includes a commercialNd:YAG laser, a translation stage for the optics, and diagnostics to evaluate damage. The scanning parameters, opticallayout, and diagnostics vary with the test fluences required and the damage morphologies expected. This paper describes thetechnical objectives and milestones involved in fulfilling these metrology requirements at multiple vendors.KEYWORD LISTLaser damage, laser damage metrology, NIF metrology, National Ignition Facility, large area conditioning, laser glass
Identification of human gene products containing Pro-Pro-x-Tyr (PY) motifs that enhance glutathione and endocytotic marker uptake in yeast.

In an attempt to identify genes involved in glutathione (GSH) transport, a human mammary gland cDNA library was screened for clones capable of complementing a defect in GSH uptake in yeast cells that lack Hgt1p, the primary yeast GSH uptake transporter. Five genes capable of rescuing growth on sulfur-deficient GSH-containing medium were identified: prostate transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 (PMEPA1); lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4 alpha (LAPTM4α); solute carrier family 25, member 1 (SLC25A1); lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF factor (LITAF); and cysteine/tyrosine-rich-1 (CYYR1). All of these genes encode small integral membrane proteins of unknown function, although none appear to encode prototypical GSH transporters. Nevertheless, they all increased both intracellular glutathione levels and [3H]GSH uptake rates. [3H]GSH uptake was uniformly inhibited by high concentrations of unlabeled GSH, GSSG, and ophthalmic acid. Interestingly, each protein is predicted to contain Pro-Pro-x-Tyr (PY) motifs, which are thought to be important for regulating protein cell surface expression. Uptake of the endocytotic markers lucifer yellow and FM4-64 was also enhanced by each of the five genes. Mutations of the PY motifs in LITAF largely abolished all of its effects. In summary, although the results do not reveal novel GSH transporters, they identify five PY-containing human gene products that may influence plasma membrane transport activity.
Human factors issues associated with image compression for low-data-rate remote driving

This paper outlines the human factors issues inherent in the transmission of video data over a low bandwidth secure radio channel, necessary for battlefield teleoperation of remote platforms. Bandwidth allocation for image transmission for low data rate operations is 16 kilobits per second (Kb/s), as opposed to the 63 megabits per second (Mb/s) required for standard video transmission. Radically degraded imagery affects remote driver ability. Observations of the remote driving task have pointed out areas in which further research is indicated. Human factors issues in image-compression will be investigated to favorably impact the design of enhanced image-compression techniques and future human factors research.
Solidarity, Sustainability, Stewardship: Ethics across Generations:

The religious foundations of environmental concern have rarely been seen as a foundation for environmental ethics: namely, obligations across generations. In this essay, we offer three ethical prin...
Recovery of function following prefrontal lobe damage in rhesus monkeys

Summary Previous investigations have clearly demonstrated that destruction of frontal granular cortex in monkeys within the first 5 months of life is far less detrimental to delayed response ability than is damage sustained at a later time. Once this sparing effect ceases to occur, however, performance after surgery has tended to improve with age. In the present investigation, monkeys operated at 5, 12, or from 18 to 24 months were compared with unoperated controls on delayed response, object discrimination learning, and ability to develop object discrimination or oddity learning sets. Results showed that in all cases where monkeys of different ages were unequally disrupted, those tested soon after surgery at 12 months were significantly inferior to those tested after surgery at 18 or 24 months. These findings suggest that abilities normally mediated by the frontal lobes can also be mediated with somewhat less efficiency by other areas as the remaining parts of the nervous system develop.
Current voltage characteristics of an integrated Schottky diode

Abstract It is possible to reduce the reverse leakage current of a Schottky diode relative to its forward current through careful design of the Schottky electrode. This paper examines the J – V characteristics of a Schottky diode that employs a compound Schottky electrode. The compound electrode design presented in this paper increases the reverse breakdown voltage and reduces the reverse leakage current.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review

Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a public health focus in recent years and patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) reportedly have a high prevalence of the condition. Our objectives were to summarize definitions of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency used in the literature, and to determine the prevalence and magnitude of each in patients with SCD through a systematic review conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. From a PubMed search, 34 potential articles were identified and 15 met eligibility criteria for inclusion. Definitions of deficiency and insufficiency varied greatly across studies making direct comparisons difficult. This review provides evidence to suggest that suboptimal vitamin D levels are highly prevalent among those with SCD, far more so than in comparable non-SCD patients or matched control populations. Defining deficiency as vitamin D <20ng/mL, prevalence estimates in SCD populations range from 56.4% to 96.4%. When compared with results from the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, however, the general African American population appeared to have a similarly high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. African American patients with and without SCD were both substantially higher than that of Caucasians. What remains to be determined is whether there are adverse health effects for patients with SCD because of concurrent vitamin D deficiency.
Plan Colombia: Reassessing the Strategic Framework

In light of the cost and complexity of Plan Colombia, this essay makes two central arguments. First, despite receiving $6.1 billion in assistance from Washington from 2000–2008, Plan Colombia has not been a particularly cost-effective framework for the United States. And second, because drug interdiction and crop eradication programs—the centerpiece of US funding—have not achieved all the desired results based on cocaine production trends, there is a need to rethink current funding priorities. If the history of bilateral cooperation in the war on drugs is any guide, the emphasis on “hard-side” elements (e.g., drug control) in dealing with the cocaine phenomenon will endure. This has important policy implications. Although the United States and Colombia agree on the desired ends for Plan Colombia, Washington's pursuit of certain objectives at the expense of others, or the improper synchronization of policy instruments, may actually hinder the sustainment of hard-fought achievements.
Effective staff communications in a large I.C.U.

A byproduct of the Quality Assurance process is the continual review of individual and group practice. The aim is to eliminate errors and to improve care. For managers and directors to know what issues are currently important to the staff members an upward channel of communication is also needed. In our SICU with over 120 staff there was no documentation of communication in either direction. Casual survey did not reveal a major problem - but the need to document the dissemination of information, particularly new policies - especially to satisfy accrediting agencies - led us to develop MEMOS, an electronic mail system for staff members within the local area network (LAN) in the SICU. The system will run on an individual PC. The network is used because of the physical configuration of the intensive care units. The system is used by nurse managers to keep staff members up to date. Features include: Easy file maintenance. Individual password access. A defined group of system operators with access to all system functions Limited access to all other users. As many as 40 definable sub-groups for the purposes of mail distribution. Easy operator tallying of those delinquent in reading their mail. Hard copy with distribution list for all memos added to system. Browse feature to allow re-reading of old memos. Feedback channel regularly read by system operators. This system has improved the level of staff awareness in the SICU and helped build morale.
A 10-Year Content Analysis of Original Research Articles Published in Health Communication and Journal of Health Communication (2000–2009)

This study presents data from a content analysis of original research articles published in Health Communication and Journal of Health Communication from 2000 to 2009. The authors coded 776 articles using categories that identified health topics, theory, population characteristics, and methods used in each study. Distinctions between the published research in Health Communication and Journal of Health Communication are highlighted. Across both journals, findings demonstrated articles sometimes lack racial demographic information, primarily perform research in the United States, rely heavily on survey data, and often lack a theoretical framework. The top physical health topic addressed across both journals was cancer, and the top non-physical health topic addressed was the role of media in health. Journals displayed differences in several areas and those differences often mirrored each journal's stated objectives. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for expanding health communication research to be reflective of issues salient to public health within the United States and around the world.
A Dutch view of medical anthropology: Criticisms and suggestions

Analyse de l'ouvrage de J. M. Richters, anthropologue et medecin hollandaise, qui critique l'approche de l'anthropologie medicale americaine exposee par A. Kleinman et presente des alternatives possibles.
Functional Gallbladder Disorder: Gallbladder Dyskinesia

Functional gallbladder disorder, commonly referred to as gallbladder dyskinesia, is characterized by the occurrence of abdominal pain resembling gallbladder pain but in the absence of gallstones. The diagnosis and management of this condition can be confusing even for the most astute clinician. The aim of this article is to clarify the identification and management of patients with suspected functional gallbladder disorder.
Investigation of Driver-Infrastructure and Driver-Vehicle Interfaces for an Intersection Violation Warning System

Research was undertaken to design, develop, and evaluate interfaces for a signalized- and stop-controlled violation warning system. Both infrastructure-based warnings (Driver Infrastructure Interface, DII) and vehicle-based warnings (Driver Vehicle Interface, DVI) were considered. The developed interfaces were tested by placing a driver in an instrumented vehicle on a closed test course with a working signalized intersection. The goal of the effort was to determine which DIIs/DVIs were most effective based upon the time to intersection at which the DII/DVI elicited the correct driver response of braking by the stop bar. While the DIIs that were tested were shown to be largely ineffective for violation warning, results showcase the potential of several DVI modalities, by themselves or in combination, to provide effective warnings to a driver violating a signal- or stop-controlled intersection. Furthermore, results indicate that a DVI warning combined with a vehicle's enhanced braking capability (brake precharging and panic brake assist) may enhance the range of acceptable DVIs.
Lewis Mumford and the Ecology of Technics.

This article examines Lewis Mumford's scholarship and his contribution to the emergence of media ecology as both an intellectual tradition and a theoretical perspective on the study of technology, media, and culture. After a biographical sketch with an emphasis on the larger historical contexts in which Mumford's scholarship is located, this analysis focuses on three aspects of Mumford's voluminous work that has contributed to the foundations of media ecology: his epochal historiography of technology, the techno‐organicism in his thinking about technology and human development, and his critique of the megamachine. The essay concludes with a discussion of the ecological ethics inherent in Mumford's work, his life, and the activism embedded in his media ecology.
Single-nucleotide polymorphism array genotyping is equivalent to metaphase cytogenetics for diagnosis of Turner syndrome.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism array genotyping is equivalent to metaphase cytogenetics for diagnosis of Turner syndrome
Markedness isomorphism as a goal of language change: The spread of periphrastic do in english

Roman Jakobson saw the arbitrariness of linguistic signs as being attenuated by a semiotic principle of isomorphism which yields form—meaning diagrams. Jakobson also analyzed linguistic elements into hierarchically organized oppositions between conceptually broader elements, called unmarked, and conceptually narrower ones, called marked. The present paper brings these two Jakobsonian ideas into synchronization by showing their utility in accounting for the direction of historical change. As an instantiation of these ideas, I examine their role in explaining the development of the use of periphrastic do in interrogatives, negatives, and emphatics. I argue that the telos of change determined by alignment of markedness values not only accounts for the spread of do in the semantically marked paradigms, but also explains its loss in the unmarked simple declarative forms.
Radiographic measurement of prevertebral soft tissue thickness on lateral radiographs of the neck.

Purpose. The prevertebral soft tissue measurement is commonly used for assessing prevertebral pathology such as abscesses or hematomas after injury. Very few references concerning the ratio of retrotracheal thickness to C5 diameter are available in the literature. The purpose of this study was to measure the normal soft tissue thickness at the C5 level of the neck and to establish the normal ratio of retrotracheal soft tissue thickness to the diameter of C5 for daily use. Design and patients. We measured soft tissue thickness in the neck of 54 normal subjects and calculated the mean and standard deviation. Results and conclusion. Using mean plus one standard deviation the maximum retrocricoid soft tissue thickness was 0.7×C5 diameter and maximum retrotracheal thickness was 1.0×C5 diameter. Soft tissue thickness that exceeds this limit must be studied further for signs of potential disease.
Factors influencing survival after resection for periampullary neoplasms.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of survival after resection for periampullary neoplasms. Methods: Over a 15-year period, 208 patients underwent laparotomy for periampullary neoplasms. Data were analyzed to assess predictors of survival. Results: Pathologic examination showed pancreatic cancer (n = 136; 65%), ampullary cancer (n = 28; 13%), distal common bile duct cancer (n = 10; 5%), duodenal cancer (n = 4; 2%), neuroendocrine tumor (n = 11; 5%), cystadenocarcinoma (n = 4; 2%), cystadenoma (n = 5; 2%), and other (n = 10; 5%). A total of 129 patients underwent pancreatic resection (71 Whipples, 35 total pancreatectomies, 21 distal pancreatectomies, and 2 partial pancreatectomies) whereas 79 patients were found to be unresectable and underwent palliative bypass and/or biopsy. Median survival was 20.4 months for resectable patients versus 4.5 months for unresectable patients (P <0.001). Of the 129 resected patients, factors significantly (P <0.05) favoring long-term survival on univariate analysis included well-differentiated histology, common bile duct or ampullary adenocarcinoma, early stage, tumor diameter <2 cm, negative margins, and absence of lymph node metastases, perineural, or vascular invasion. Age, sex, race, and type of procedure had no influence on survival. On multivariate analysis, only tumor differentiation appeared independently related to survival. Using Kendall’s tau analysis, tumor type and grade correlated significantly with all other predictors. Conclusions: Of all variables studied, tumor type and poor tumor differentiation in periampullary neoplasms appear to be markers that predict a constellation of other adverse findings.
Graphical Analysis of Ranked Counts (of Words)

Abstract Items that are counted may lack a natural ordering or classification by factors. This article develops a data-analytic technique for dealing with the distribution, often very long-tailed, of such counts. The technique, applied to counts of words from large texts in Greek, French, and English, discovers a set of word frequency distributions dependent on word length. A form of the incomplete gamma function estimates the expected number of words of a specified length.
A collaborative, design-based approach to improving an online program

Abstract This paper explores the effects of a collaborative, design-based approach to improving teaching and learning in core courses in an online program. It describes research which tested a model for linking iterative, theory based improvements in the design and implementation of online courses to learning outcomes. The researchers, who are also faculty in a graduate-level Teacher Leadership program, used the Quality Matters and Community of Inquiry frameworks to address first course design (QM) and then course implementation (CoI) issues across multiple semesters. Results show improved learning outcomes in most core courses from this two-step process.
Using GFP Video to Track 3D Movement and Conditional Gene Expression in Free-Moving Flies

Background In vivo imaging and quantification of fluorescent reporter molecules is increasingly useful in biomedical research. For example, tracking animal movement in 3D with simultaneous quantification of fluorescent transgenic reporters allows for correlations between behavior, aging and gene expression. However implementation has been hindered in the past by the complexity of operating the systems.
TH-D-AUD-02: Feasibility of Using High-Field MRI, Functional Imaging, And Diffusion Tensor Images for Treatment Planning of SRS and IMRT

Purpose: Loss of hearing, vision, and other cranial nerve functions can occur as complications of radiotherapy for brain and H&N tumors. Thus, we tested the feasibility of using high‐field magnetic resonance images, function magnetic resonance images (fMRI) and diffusiontensorimages (DTI) in treatment planning to spare the cranial nerves and visual and auditory pathways. Method and Materials: Three‐dimensional T1‐weighted images (T1WI) and DTI from GE 3‐Tesla MR scanner were acquired on two volunteers. At the same position, The fMRI paradigm was performed by a block design in which music was binaurally presented through headphones. Structures including the nerves and fiber tracts (FT) and the tonotopic maps were defined in the DTI, fMRI, and T1WI using IPlan and BrainScan planning system (BrainLab). A small acoustic neuroma (SAN) and a large meningioma (LM) were created as targets in treatment plans. Subtracted DVHs were used for comparison of plans using dynamic arc radiotherapy (DART), conformal beam radiotherapy (CBRT), or intensity‐modulated beam radiotherapy(IMRT) with prescription dose (PD) at 96%, 90% or 80% isodose. Results: For the SAN, cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX and X near the tumor have been clearly defined in 3.0‐Tesla T1WI. DVHs indicate that IMRT was superior with the PD 96%, and DART was superior with PD 80%. For the LM, optic nerves and tracts, chiasm, and hearing response regions were all considered as OAR. IMRT plan provided a better target coverage while sparing critical structures. However, doses to chiasm and left optic nerve and tract reached above the tolerance level. Plans for preserving only one side optic pathway can reduce the hot spots by 40%.Conclusion: This study shows potential benefits of using new imaging techniques to reduce the hearing and vision losses for SRS and IMRT of brain and H&N tumors.