cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of δ15N and δ18O to differentiate NO3− sources in runoff at two watersheds in the Catskill Mountains of New York

� of precipitation was � 0.2%, that of soil water was +1.4%, and that of stream water was +2.3%; these values showed greater overlap among the three different waters than did the d 18 O-NO3 � values, indicating that d 15 N-NO3 � was not as useful for source separation. Soil water d 18 O-NO 3 � values decreased, and d 15 N-NO3 values increased, from the O to the B and C horizons, but most of the differences among horizons were not statistically significant. Nitrate derived by nitrification in incubated soil samples had a wide range of d 15 N-NO3 � values, from +1.5% to +16.1%, whereas d 18 O-NO 3 � values ranged more narrowly, from +13.2% to +16.0%. Values of d 18 O-NO3 indicated that NO3 in stream water is mainly derived from nitrification. Only during a high-flow event that exceeded the annual flood was precipitation a major contributor to stream water NO3 . Values of d 18 O-NO3 and d 15 N-NO3 changed at differing rates as NO3 cycled through these watersheds because d 18 O-NO3 values change sharply through the incorporation of oxygen from ambient water and gas during nitrification, whereas d 15 N-NO3 values change only incrementally through fractionation during biocycling processes. The results of this study show that most NO3 is first cycled through the biota and nitrified before entering the stream. INDEX TERMS: 1040 Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 1803 Hydrology: Anthropogenic effects; 1806 Hydrology: Chemistry of fresh water; 1871 Hydrology: Surface water quality; KEYWORDS: nitrogen deposition, nitrogen saturation, nitrification, isotope, Catskill Mountains, snowmelt
The hydrodynamics of eel swimming II. Effect of swimming speed

Simultaneous swimming kinematics and hydrodynamics are presented for American eels, Anguilla rostrata, swimming at speeds from 0.5 to 2 L s(-1). Body outlines and particle image velocimetry (PIV) data were collected using two synchronized high-speed cameras, and an empirical relationship between swimming motions and fluid flow is described. Lateral impulse in the wake is estimated assuming that the flow field represents a slice through small core vortex rings and is shown to be significantly larger than forces estimated from the kinematics via elongated body theory (EBT) and via quasi-steady resistive drag forces. These simple kinematic models predict only 50% of the measured wake impulse, indicating that unsteady effects are important in undulatory force production. EBT does, however, correctly predict both the magnitude and time course of the power shed into the wake. Other wake flow structures are also examined relative to the swimming motions. At all speeds, the wake contains almost entirely lateral jets of fluid, separated by an unstable shear layer that rapidly breaks down into two vortices. The jet's mean velocity grows with swimming speed, but jet diameter varies only weakly with swimming speed. Instead, it follows the body wavelength, which changes more among individuals than at different speeds. Circulation of the stop-start vortex, shed each time the tail changes direction, can also be predicted at low speeds by the integral of squared tail velocity over half of a tail beat. At high speeds, these kinematics predict more circulation than is actually present in the stop-start vortex. Finally, the cost of producing the wake, one component of the total cost of transport, increases with swimming speed to the 1.48 power, lower than would be expected if the power coefficient remained constant over the speed range examined.
Internal carotid artery to superior ophthalmic vein fistula: a case report.

A direct fistula between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the uperior ophthalmic vein (SOV) bypassing the cavernous sinus has ever been described in the literature to date. This extremely rare rterio-venous connection can closely mimic clinically and angioraphically a carotid-cavernous sinus (CC) fistula. In this article, e present an interesting case of a direct ICA–SOV fistula that was uccessfully treated at our institution.
The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis

Conventional wisdom maintains that the Islamic world and western Christendom held two very different views of the crusades. The image of warfare between Islam and Christendom has promoted the idea that the combative instincts aroused by this conflict somehow produced discordant views of the crusades. Yet the direct evidence from Islamic and Christian sources indicates otherwise. The self-view of the crusades presented by contemporary Muslim authors and the self-view of the crusades presented by crusading popes are not in opposition to each other but are in agreement with each other. Both interpretations place the onset of the crusades ahead of their accepted historical debut in 1095. Both interpretations point to the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily (1060–91) as the start of the crusades. And both interpretations contend that by the end of the eleventh century the crusading enterprise was Mediterranean-wide in its scope. The Islamic view of the crusades is in fact the enantiomorph (mirror-image) of the Christian view of the crusades. This article makes a radical departure from contemporary scholarship on the early crusading enterprise because it is based on the direct evidence from Islamic and Christian sources. The direct evidence offers a way out of the impasse into which crusade history has fallen, and any attempt at determining the origin and nature of crusading without the support of the direct evidence is doomed to failure.
A comparison of implicit time integration methods for nonlinear relaxation and diffusion

Several time integration methods for nonlinear systems are compared. All of the time discretizations are based on the θ-method, but differ in their treatment of the implicit nonlinear terms. One method converges the implicit nonlinear terms to a small tolerance and is often referred to as nonlinearly consistent (NC). Newton's method, or its approximation Newton-Krylov, is used to converge the nonlinearities. The other methods considered are linearized and comparisons are made for a relaxation problem and a radiation diffusion problem. The linearized one-step method that uses the full Jacobian is shown to have similar accuracy as NC methods. The lagged linearization method and an extension that is second-order accurate are also studied. A trunction error analysis complements the numerical results, For the relaxation problem, it is shown that each of the second-order accurate linearized methods may be more accurate than an NC method, depending on the degree of nonlinearity in the problem. For the radiation diffusion problem, in general the NC method is most accurate and allows a larger time step. However, the linearized methods perfom surprisingly well.
Image analysis in dermatopathology

Background/aims: Image analysis in dermatopathology has been used for DNA ploidy analysis, morphometry, stereology, and quantitative immunohistochemistry. The object is to review image analysis in dermatopathology and evaluate these modalities and their application in pigmented lesion pathology, for elucidation of tumor behaviour and architecture and as an aid in tumor identification and prognostication. Conclusion: Image analysis in dermapathology has a huge potential. The techniques are difficult and at present mainly used in specialized centres.
Electron microscopic observations of Visna virus-infected cell cultures.

Abstract Electron microscopic observations of three cell lines infected with visna virus revealed two types of extracellular particles. The smaller of these was 65–110 mμ in diameter and contained a 20–30 mμ electron-dense core. Ordered arrays of the latter type of particle occurred rarely in the cytoplasm. After cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of the virus, the band that contained maximal infectivity was composed of numerous particles with osmiophilic cores similar to those found in infected cell cultures. This finding suggests that such particles represent the infective agent. The second type of extracellular particle was larger (100–140 mμ in diameter), lacked an electron-dense core, and contained material similar in appearance to cellular cytoplasm. This form appeared to develop by budding from the cell surface.
Displaced fractures of the femoral shaft in children. Unique features and therapeutic options.

Abstract The decision analysis for managing femoral shaft fractures in children should included such factors as the possibility of child abuse, overgrowth, and the potential for remodeling. Direct and indirect costs must be understood. Factors to consider in determining treatment include the age of the child, the extent of the soft tissue injury, and associated injuries. Non-operative methods, universally used in the past to treat these injuries, still are indicated, but operative modalities should be considered for a greater number of pediatric femoral fractures. Early enthusiasm for external fixation and rigid intramedullary rodding has been tempered by a greater awareness of their particular complications. The role of flexible intramedullary rodding, however, is expanding.
X-ray focusing using an inclined Bragg-reflection lens

An experimental demonstration showing that a one-dimensional focus can be produced by using the principle of inclined diffraction from a perfect crystal is presented. By machining a groove with a controlled cross-sectional profile it is shown that it is possible to vary the out-of-plane deviations in a controlled manner and hence generate a focus. Also demonstrated is the use of four reflections in (−,+,+,−) dispersive geometry resulting in the cancellation of all beam-spreading in the orthogonal direction. The experiment used an energy of 15 keV with a source-to-crystal distance of 13.5 m and crystal-to-focus distance of 4.5 m. A focus of width 0.29 mm was produced from an incident beam of width 2.7 mm. It is clear from the measurements that a better surface finish would result in a smaller focal spot.
TRADEX autonomous catalog maintenance experiment (TRACM)

The TRADEX radar at the Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR) introduces a new debris characteriation capability to the space surveillance commuity. A single-sensor debris cataloging capability for small uncorrelated targets (UCTs) was recently demonstrated in a TRADEX autonomous catalog maintenance (TRACM) experiment. The experiment validated a number of new TRADEX space surveillance tools and integrated them with the unique Stare and Chase mode in which TRADEX finds and tracks small UCTs (objects less than 10 cm in diameter) at a rate of one new object per hour. Orbital elements for Stare and Chase acquisitions were determined from recorded track data and were of sufficient quality to permit re-acquisition by TRaDEX on subsequent passes. The experimental procedure is described and results are summarized in terms of successful re-tracks for objects maintained in a local proof-of-concept catalog. The catalog was established during the second half of a two month effort and individual debris objects were cataloged for up to 26 days. Comparison of TRADEX re-track performance for UCTs versus re-track performance for objects already cataloged by the space surveillance network (SSN) are also indicated. Conclusions and recommendations for further work are included.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils from Spices

Natural product isolation and analysis provide an opportunity to present a variety of experimental techniques to undergraduate students in introductory organic chemistry. Eugenol, anethole, and carvone were extracted from six common spices using steam-distillation and diethyl ether as the extraction solvent. Students assessed the purity of their spice extract and identified its components via TLC, reverse-phase HPLC, and GC–MS analyses. In addition, students reviewed molecular characteristics and interactions while discovering the similarities and differences among the six spice extracts.
Characterization of multiple prohormone convertase PC1/3 transcripts in porcine ovary.

Abstract Overlapping cDNAs encoding porcine prohormone convertase, PC1/3, have been isolated from a pregnant sow ovary cDNA library using a mouse PC1/3 cDNA as a probe. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these cDNAs predicts a PC1/3 precursor protein of 753 amino acid residues, which shares an overall sequence homology of 96, 92, and 92% with the human, rat, and mouse counterparts, respectively. Furthermore, five different polyadenylation sites have been observed. The utilization of these polyadenylation sites results in a length difference of 40–440 bp in the 3′ untranslated regions of the transcripts.
Incorporation of carbohydrates into endogenous acceptors of liver microsomal fractions.

Abstract Radioactive sugar-nucleotides reacted with the microsomal fractions of rat and rabbit liver to form glycoproteins with endogenous acceptors. Triton X-100 caused 2- to 3-fold enhancement of incorporation, but the transfer enzyme system lost activity very rapidly under such conditions. Higher concentrations of sugar-nucleotides somewhat protected the enzymes. The transfer of hexosamine- N -acetyl from UDP-hexosamine-NAc was noncompetitively inhibited by UDP and UMP. Cyclic UMP, uridine, ADP, and AMP had no significant effect. The incorporation of mannose from GDP-mannose was inhibited by GDP, but UMP and UDP had only very slight inhibitory action. Snake venom phosphodiesterase also caused marked inhibition under conditions where it hydrolized only a fraction of UDP-hexosamine-NAc. Two products were observed in the reactions with UDP-galactose, UDP-hexosamine-NAc, and GDP-mannose; one was very labile to acid hydrolysis and could be extracted with lipid solvents, while the other was protein-bound sugar. The incorporation of hexosamine-NAc into the lipid was initially rapid then reached a plateau after about 10 min of reaction. The incorporation into protein was slower initially but proceeded longer at a steady rate. When microsomal fractions labeled previously with hexosamine-NAc- 14 C were treated with UMP or UDP, the radioactivity of the sugar-lipid decreased rather rapidly. Phosphodiesterase had a similar action. In a pulse-chase experiment the radioactivity of the sugar-lipid decreased, as expected from a precursor of the protein-bound sugar, and the activity of the protein increased concomitantly. The incorporation of UDP- 3 H and UMP- 3 H into UDP-glucosamine-NAc was also measured. Under the conditions of the tests only a minute amount of 3 H could be detected in UDP-glucosamine-NAc.
GDEE antagonism of iontophoretic amino acid excitations in the intact hippocampus and in the hippocampal slice preparation

Glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE) reversibly antagonized excitations produced by glutamate and aspartate but not those produced by acetylcholine when applied iontophoretically to rat CA1 hippocampal neurons in penthrane (methoxyfluorane) anesthetized rats and to CA1 neurons in in vitro slice preparations. GDEE did not appear to differentiate between the excitations produced by glutamate aspartate and appeared to be a more potent antagonist than has previously been reported. CA1 cells were remarkably sensitive to acetylcholine; 5-50 nA being sufficient to produce marked amino acid-like excitations, which were unrelated to the pH of the acetylcholine. The nature of the responses to applied substances was virtually identical between the intact animal and the in vitro slice preparation. A description of the in vitro technique is given as an Appendix.
Photoelectron emission from Mg(OH)2 single crystals in the valence band region

Abstract The x-ray stimulated photoelectron emission from a) the (10 1 0) and b) the (0001) surface of Mg(OH)2 single crystals was studied. A marked anisotropy was observed in the valence band region. For a) three maxima were found at 4.6, 8.8 and 12.0 eV which can be assigned to the T1u, Eg and A1g states respectively, if regular Oh symmetry is assumed for the ligand field. For b) the A1g band disappears which is attribu to the fact that in Mg(OH)2 the octahedral symmetry is reduced to D3d by the special orientation of the OH dipoles parallel to the c-axis.
Immunologically mediated and nonspecific inflammatory responses in the middle ear.

Abstract The immune response to antigens presented to the middle ear has been postulated as a factor in the pathogenesis of serous otitis media. We have previously described the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) presented to the middle ear in guinea pigs. In this report we describe the histologic and cytologic response in the middle ear cavity. KLH with or without alum was introduced into the middle ear. The nonspecific inflammation caused by alum alone served as comparison. No effusion was observed after any of these interventions. Large numbers of polymorphonuclear neuropils (PMNs) infiltrated the middle ear cavities of all subjects within 24 hours; this PMN response was gradually supplanted by lymphocytic and mononuclear cell infiltration. Eosinophils and basophils were noted only after introduction of antigen, with or without alum. All subjects showed submucosal edema and some degree of epithelial hyperplasia. Proliferation of respiratory epithelium was only seen after injection of alum with or without antigen. The appearance of plasma cells in the middle ear mucosa, indicating the development of a local immune response, was noted only after injection of antigen with alum adjuvant. The results indicate that both the development of a potent local immune response and the elicitation of a strong inflammatory response can occur in the middle ear without development of effusion.
Micro-managing the executioner: pathogen targeting of mitochondria

Eukaryotic cell viability is largely regulated at the level of mitochondria, with cell death executed by endogenous proteins that act to increase the permeability of the inner and/or outer membranes of these organelles. The gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, can mimic this mechanism by producing the pro-apoptotic toxin, VacA, which was recently demonstrated to (i) localize to mitochondria within epithelial cells, (ii) rapidly transport into mitochondria in vitro, and (iii) induce changes consistent with permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes by a mechanism dependent on cellular entry and toxin membrane channel activity. The targeting of mitochondrial membranes is emerging as a strategy used by pathogenic microbes to control cell viability while circumventing upstream pathways and checkpoints of cell death.
Analytical model of hygroscopic particle behavior in human airways.

A model is developed to calculate the deposition of hygroscopic aerosols in the human tracheobronchial (TB) tree. The TB airflow pattern assumed is consistent with experimental observations and accounts for anatomical features such as the larynx and cartilaginous rings in large airways. Some original deposition efficiency formulae are presented for laminar and turbulent airstreams. Stepwise growth is simulated by changes in particle size and density at each TB generation. The dose distribution of NaCl aerosols is studied as a function of inhaled particle size and flow rate. Two NaCl growth rate curves are used which differ in the mode of aerosol-air mixing in the trachea. The initial rate of aerosol mixing in the human due to the laryngeal jet is shown to be an important factor affecting the deposition of hygroscopic aerosols. Total TB deposition of NaCl exceeds that for nonhygroscopic particles of the same inhaled aerodynamic size. Hygroscopic growth can also influence the regional TB distribution of dose when submicron NaCl particles grow rapidly enough to deposit by impaction and sedimentation.
A new multi-core pipelined architecture for executing sequential programs for parallel geospatial computing

Parallel programming on multi-core processors has become the industry's biggest software challenge. This paper proposes a novel parallel architecture for executing sequential programs using multi-core pipelining based on program slicing by a new memory/cache dynamic management technology. The new architecture is very suitable for processing large geospatial data in parallel without parallel programming. This paper presents a new architecture for parallel computation that addresses the problem of needing to relocate data from one memory hierarchy to another in a multi-core environment. A new memory management technology inserts a layer of abstraction between the processor and the memory hierarchy, allowing the data to stay in one place while the processor effectively migrates as tasks change. The new architecture can make full use of the pipeline and automatically partition data then schedule them onto multi-cores through the pipeline. The most important advantage of this architecture is that most existing sequential programs can be directly used with nearly no change, unlike conventional parallel programming which has to take into account scheduling, load balancing, and data distribution. The new parallel architecture can also be successfully applied to other multi-core/many-core architectures or heterogeneous systems. In this paper, the design of the new multi-core architecture is described in detail. The time complexity and performance analysis are discussed in depth. The experimental results and performance comparison with existing multi-core architectures demonstrate the effectiveness, flexibility, and diversity of the new architecture, in particular, for large geospatial data parallel processing with the examples of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation from Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) dataset.
Abstract LB-279: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and risk of lethal renal cell carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use may increase risk of renal cell cancer (RCC), but the relationship to the lethal form of RCC remains unknown. Methods: We examined the relationship between NSAID use and RCC risk in two large prospective cohorts: the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Use of aspirin and other NSAIDs was ascertained in 1990 in the Nurses’ Health Study and in 1986 in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and every 2 years thereafter. We evaluated baseline use and duration of NSAID use. We defined the lethal form of RCC as RCC that resulted in death due to the disease. Results: During follow-up of 18 years among 77,524 women and 20 years among 49,403 men, we documented 364 cases of RCC, of which 102 were fatal. Regular use of non-aspirin NSAIDs was associated with an increased overall RCC risk; there was a dose-response relationship between duration of non-aspirin NSAID use and RCC risk; compared with non-regular use, the pooled multivariable relative risks (RRs) were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.58-1.06) for use of less than 4 years, 1.29 (95% CI, 0.95-1.74)) for 4 to less than 10 years, and 2.21 (95% CI 1.39-3.49) for use for 10 or more years (P for trend, 0.0006). Furthermore, non-aspirin NSAID users of 4-10 years (pooled multivariable RR 3.13, 95% CI 1.70-5.77) and more than 10 years (pooled multivariable RR 7.23, 95% CI 2.51-20.83) had a significantly increased risk of lethal RCC. Aspirin use was not associated with increased risk of overall (pooled multivariable RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.84-1.34) or lethal RCC (pooled multivariable RR 1.59, 95% CI 0.85-2.96). Conclusion: Our prospective data suggest that non-aspirin NSAID use is associated with an increased incidence of RCC, especially the lethal form of RCC. Citation Format: Mark A. Preston, Jed-sian Cheng, Glen Barrisford, Alex Sanchez, Adam S. Feldman, Dayron Rodriguez, Toni K. Choueiri, Meir Stampfer, Walter C. Willett, Eunyoung Cho. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and risk of lethal renal cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-279. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-279
Chemical Definition of Mature Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Mature detrital sedimentary rocks are defined as having Al : Fe=1.9±0.4. Normalized Si (=100-[A1+Fe]) varies in a manner consistent with the usual classifications of these rocks. Relative maturity and sedimentary precursors of parametamorphic rocks may be recognized by their proportions of silicon, aluminium and iron.
Comparative studies of latex extracts used in skin testing.

Background There has been considerable variability reported in latex extracts used for skin testing and the results of those skin tests in the evaluation of latex allergy. Some test extracts have been associated with the induction of anaphylactic reactions in sensitive patients, while others have been reported as without adverse reactions. Objective The present study was designed to evaluate latex extracts by comparing antigens from latex gloves. Methods Latex gloves were extracted for from 15 minutes to 24 hours for their protein contents and in vitro reactivities with IgE antibodies using sera of latex allergic patients and controls by ELISA. Results A higher yield of proteins was obtained after prolonged extraction, although reactivity of the sera by ELISA showed no major differences among the extracts. Extracts of 15 minutes elicited stronger reaction with healthcare workers and patients with spina bifida than with 24-hour extracts. The 15-minute extract demonstrated comparatively more reactive antigenic components in the fractions representing 3 to 10 and 10 to 30-kD compared with fractions having less than 3 and over 30-kD antigens. Conclusion The study provided no evidence regarding the safely of one latex extract over the other related to time of extraction. The results indicated that a 15-minute extract can be used in ELISA for in vitro and, as in the literature, safe in vivo demonstrationof latex specific IgE antibody.
The Determination of Cardiac Output by the Dilution Method without Arterial Sampling II. Validation of Precordial Recording

Technics for determining the cardiac output by recording the dilution curve of injected iodinated I 131 human serum albumin from precordial sites have been described. By viewing predominantly either the right or left side of the heart and by rapid delivery of the isotope, quantitation of the dilution curves for cardiac output has been possible without critical requirements for placement of the counter. In a series of 26 determinations in normal patients cardiac output values calculated from simultaneously recorded precordial curves and withdrawn arterial blood showed an average agreement within ± 8 per cent. In a smaller series of 8 determinations on patients in heart failure, an average deviation of ± 9 per cent was found.
Mothers’ mental distress and parenting practices with infants and toddlers

The purpose of this study was to examine whether maternal mental distress affects parenting practices related to monitoring activities (i.e. daily routines, enrichment activities). The nationally representative sample consisted of 1638 mothers. Maternal mental distress was assessed by the 5-item Mental Health Index (MHI). Logistic regression models were conducted, controlling for covariates (e.g. marital status, education level, etc.). Approximately 14% of the women reported high levels of mental distress and 25% of the women failed to engage in enrichment activities or consistent daily routines with their children. There was a significant adverse relationship between mental distress and routines, with women who were mentally distressed being more likely to not engage in daily routines. There was no significant relationship between mental distress and enrichment activities. Race differentials were evident among these relationships. These findings highlight the prevalence of maternal mental distress and its deleterious effects on select parenting behaviors.
Tracing Water Sources of Terrestrial Animal Populations with Stable Isotopes: Laboratory Tests with Crickets and Spiders

Fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and water between ecosystem components and organisms have great impacts across levels of biological organization. Although much progress has been made in tracing carbon and nitrogen, difficulty remains in tracing water sources from the ecosystem to animals and among animals (the “water web”). Naturally occurring, non-radioactive isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water provide a potential method for tracing water sources. However, using this approach for terrestrial animals is complicated by a change in water isotopes within the body due to differences in activity of heavy and light isotopes during cuticular and transpiratory water losses. Here we present a technique to use stable water isotopes to estimate the mean mix of water sources in a population by sampling a group of sympatric animals over time. Strong correlations between H and O isotopes in the body water of animals collected over time provide linear patterns of enrichment that can be used to predict a mean mix of water sources useful in standard mixing models to determine relative source contribution. Multiple temperature and humidity treatment levels do not greatly alter these relationships, thus having little effect on our ability to estimate this population-level mix of water sources. We show evidence for the validity of using multiple samples of animal body water, collected across time, to estimate the isotopic mix of water sources in a population and more accurately trace water sources. The ability to use isotopes to document patterns of animal water use should be a great asset to biologists globally, especially those studying drylands, droughts, streamside areas, irrigated landscapes, and the effects of climate change.
Theoretical study of a molten carbonate fuel cell stack for pressurized operation

A mathematical stack model of a molten carbonate fuel cell was numerically solved for temperature, gas dynamic pressure, and cell performance. The model assumed a steady state, constant load operation for a co-flow stack with an external reformer. The numerical computation was done for a two-dimensional domain with a real size of cell specifications. The effect of two stack operation variables, gas utilization and system pressure, was thoroughly analysed. The computation results were demonstrated in the form of flow fields, temperature contours, axial profiles, and plots of characteristic values. Our analysis began with an underlying fact that a high cathode gas flow is necessary for stack temperature control. The analysis result verified the effect of stack cooling by the cathode gas, and showed various aspects of stack operation and performance under pressurization. The pressurization effect is most significant in a moderate pressure range of 1–5 atm. The gas dynamic pressure, as it inevitably increases at a high gas flow rate, is regulated by pressurization. All the pressurization effects can generally be represented using a dimensionless parameter, named a pressurization factor. The relation between gas dynamic pressure and total system pressure was clarified from the related flow equations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
For richer or for poorer: Marriage as an antipoverty strategy

This study examines the effects of changes in family structure on children's economic well-being. An initial shift-share analysis indicates that, had the proportion of children living in female-headed families remained constant since 1970, the 1998 child poverty rate would have been 4.4 percentage points lower than its actual 1998 level of 18.3 percent. The March 1999 Current Population Survey is then used to conduct a second analysis in which marriages are simulated between single mothers and demographically similar, unrelated males. The microsimulation analysis addresses some of the shortcomings of the shift-share approach by making it possible to account for the possibility of a shortage of marriageable men, to control for unobservable differences between married men and women and their unmarried counterparts, and to measure directly the effects of increases in marriage on the economic well-being of children. Results from the microsimulation analysis suggest that, had the proportion of children living in female-headed families remained constant since 1970, the child poverty rate would have been 3.4 percentage points lower than its actual 1998 level. Among children whose mother participated in a simulated marriage, the poverty rate would have fallen by almost two-thirds. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Trends in Labor Market Position for Puerto Ricans on the Mainland: 1970-1987.

Social and economic indicators for the Puerto Rican population on the US mainland showed continued decline in status during the 1970s and early 1980s. Using data from the 1970 and 1980 census and the 1987 Current Population Sun'ey, this article presents and discusses the trends behind the shift in the position of Puerto Ricans. Changes in labor force participation, employment, and average earnings for Puerto Rican males and females during the 1970s and the 1980s are discussed with attention to nativity and gentder differentials. Results show that the decline in socioeconomic status is not a untiversal trend within the Puerto Ricati population. Those born in Puerto Rico, males, those without high school education, and those above age 55 seem to face a critical situation. The experience of Puerto Rican males is different from that of females in that tltey continue to exhibit declining rates of labor force participation. On the other hand, there has been an increase in the representation of Puerto Ricans in ...
Neuropeptide modulation of lymphatic smooth muscle tone in the canine forelimb

Neurokinin A and B are putative inflammatory mediators. We assessed their ability to alter prenodal lymphatic resistance. Intralymphatic neurokinin A (3.0 × 10−6, 3.0 × 10−5 and 3.0 × 10−4 mol l−1) significantly constricted lymphatics at the two highest doses. Preliminary experiments suggested that neurokinin B might dilate lymphatics. To test this, lymphatic pressure was increased by norepinephrine (3.1 × 10−6 mol l−1). Neurokinin B (2.7 × 10−4 mol l−1) was then infused intralymphatically during norepinephrine infusion. Norepinephrine increased perfusion pressure from 5.6 ± 0.6 mmHg to 12.1 ± 1.4 mmHg. Subsequent infusion of neurokinin B significantly decreased lymphatic perfusion pressure from 11.9 ± 1.3 mmHg to 9.9 ± 1.1 mmHg. These data indicate that neurokinin A and B can alter lymphatic resistance and are consistent with the hypothesis that lymph vessel function may be subject to modulation by neurokinins.
Special Section on Grand Challenges in Neuroengineering

The five articles in this special section resulted from the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS) Forum on Grand Challenges in Neuroengineering, held in May 2010 in Bethesda, MD.
Supporting development of the epistemology of inquiry

Abstract A sixth-grade class investigated the ecologies of two local retention ponds over the course of one school year. In this context, instruction assisted development as students designed models of the pond in one-gallon jars and attempted to stabilize these jars in sustainable ecosystems that could be used to study questions about the ponds. Unintended outcomes (e.g., algal blooms, bacteria colonies) became opportunities to learn how aquatic systems function. Efforts to model aquatic functioning were complemented by weekly research meetings that served as a forum for conjecture and test of relations between evidence and questions. At the end of the year students responded to individual interviews about their understandings of ecology and research design, along with their beliefs about the epistemology of inquiry. Results suggest that participation in carefully crafted, extended investigations transformed students’ views of the goals and purposes of inquiry and of the nature of science.
Phosphorylation shifts the time-dependence of cardiac Ca++ channel gating currents

A general mechanism for the physiological regulation of the activity of voltage-dependent Na+, Ca++, K+, and Cl channels by neurotransmitters in a variety of excitable cell types may involve a final common pathway of a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the channel protein. The functional correlates of channel phosphorylation are known to involve a change in the probability of opening, and a negative or positive shift in the voltage dependence for activation of the conductance. The voltage dependence for activation appears to be governed by the properties of the charge movement of the voltage-sensing moiety of the channel. This study of the gating charge movement of cardiac Ca++ channels has revealed that isoproterenol or cAMP (via a presumed phosphorylation of the channel) speeds the kinetics of the Ca++ channel gating charge movement. These results suggest that the changes in the kinetics and voltage dependence of the cardiac calcium currents produced by beta-adrenergic stimulation are initiated, in part, by parallel changes in the gating charge movement.
Understanding the Third‐Person Perception: Evidence From a Meta‐Analysis

The third-person effect hypothesis has generated a vibrant research area. The expansion of this literature poses need for a systematic synthesis of the empirical evidence and assessment of the viability of various theoretical accounts. For this purpose, a metaanalysis is conducted on all published empirical studies of the perceptual component. This analysis covers 60 papers, 106 studies, and 372 effect sizes. Results from a series of multilevel models show that the third-person perception is robust and not influenced by variations in research procedures. Desirability of presumed message influence, vulnerability of referent others, referent others depicted as being similar to self, and others being likely audience of the media content in question are significant moderators. A vote counting analysis is conducted on 124 self‐other comparisons in 29 studies from 13 additional papers that do not have the necessary statistical information. Further analyses are conducted to detect and estimate potential publication bias. Based on the empirical synthesis, the paper evaluates several explanatory factors and offers suggestions for future research.
Stimulators and Activators of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase: Review and Potential Therapeutic Indications

The heme-protein soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the intracellular receptor for nitric oxide (NO). sGC is a heterodimeric enzyme with α and β subunits and contains a heme moiety essential for binding of NO and activation of the enzyme. Stimulation of sGC mediates physiologic responses including smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of inflammation, and thrombosis. In pathophysiologic states, NO formation and bioavailability can be impaired by oxidative stress and that tolerance to NO donors develops with continuous use. Two classes of compounds have been developed that can directly activate sGC and increase cGMP formation in pathophysiologic conditions when NO formation and bioavailability are impaired or when NO tolerance has developed. In this report, we review current information on the pharmacology of heme-dependent stimulators and heme-independent activators of sGC in animal and in early clinical studies and the potential role these compounds may have in the management of cardiovascular disease.
In vivo examination of membrane protein localization and degradation with green fluorescent protein

To test the utility of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an in vivo reporter protein when fused to a membrane domain, we made a fusion protein between yeast hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and GFP. Fusion proteins displayed spatial localization and regulated degradation consistent with the native hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase proteins. Thus, GFP should be useful in the study of both membrane protein localization and protein degradation in vivo.
Iowa Lakes Community College: Partnerships for Academic and Economic Success in a Rapidly Evolving Wind-Energy Industry

Iowa Lakes Community College responded to a national need for wind-energy technicians. The Wind-Energy and Turbine Program aligned industry and academic competencies with experiential learning components to foster exploration of additional renewable energy applications. Completers understand both the physical and academic rigor a career in wind energy demands.
Kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed oligopeptide cleavage monitored by capillary zone electrophoresis: Comparison to spectrophotometric and HPLC methods

A capillary zone electrophoresis method has been developed for monitoring the rate of cleavage of basic oligopeptides. This method is particularly applicable to monitoring the cleavage rate of peptides where the specificity of the proteinase dictates against the presence of bulky chromophores. The kinetic parameters determined for the cleavage of a related chromophoric substrate were directly comparable. The kinetic analysis of intrinsically or mutationally induced inefficient enzymes can be facilitated by this approach.
Congenital Syphilis in the Archaeological Record: Diagnostic Insensitivity of Osseous Lesions

The paucity of convincing evidence for congenital bone lesions of syphilis in the archaeological record led to study of the human remains from the Buffalo site in West Virginia, dated at 550—650 years BP. The diagnosis of syphilis (venereal) in adults was based on previously validated population criteria for the recognition of syphilis and its distinction from among the other treponemal diseases. Among the 151 juveniles (23.3 per cent of the total series), only one had macroscopic evidence of periosteal disease. The low frequency of recognizable osseous stigmata characteristic of congenital syphilis, combined with the conspicuous absence of pathognomonic dental lesions, make such periosteal lesions insufficiently sensitive criteria for the identification of syphilis in the archaeological record. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoot growth and morphometric analyses of Serengeti graminoids

Summary Nine species from the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, were studied to provide morphometric and growth rate parameters for a simulation model of their growth (Coughenour, McNaughton & Wallace, 1984). Short grasses had a much greater capability than taller species for packing a large number of shoots with a high proportion of lamina on a given crown biomass. Absolute growth rates varied with species height group, shoot type and growth phase. The frequency distribution of growth rates indicated that maximum growth rates were similar but that modal growth rates decreased with height. This may be an important trait allowing short grasses both to endure unfavourable conditions and to effectively exploit transient showers and resultant water availability. The ability of smaller-statured specie's to concentrate a high number of shoots with a large proportion of blade on a given crown area is an effective mechanism for increasing productivity early in the growing season. Taller grasses could achieve the same production rates as short grasses only with greater individual growth rates of fewer shoots. These patterns may help to explain gradients of graminoid stature along rainfall and growing season gradients.
Market thickness and outsourcing services

Abstract This paper examines whether the outsourcing of business services is supported more in thicker local markets. In particular, I examine manufacturing plants' practices of outsourcing business services. Using plant-level data from the 1992 Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), I find evidence that supports the view that a plant's likelihood of outsourcing is greater in thicker local markets, while the extent of the effect varies across services.
Repeat radial keratotomy in monkeys.

Abstract Six adult rhesus monkey eyes underwent a repeat radial keratotomy consisting of eight additional incisions one year following the initial procedure. An additional 1.07 diopters (63%) flattening of the corneal curvature and +0.82 diopters (33%) of refractive error change was produced when compared with the control eyes.
The price of precision: voter microtargeting and its potential harms to the democratic process

This paper explores the potentially perverse effects of voter microtargeting, delineating how the very same techniques that empower political candidates to be more efficient and effective in their campaigning may also undermine the political and social fabric of the democracies in which those candidates seek office. The first part of the paper reviews the apparent attraction and stated goals of voter microtargeting and the technical processes upon which it relies. The second part draws out the ethical and political implications of the practice, pointing to some troubling empirical findings. The paper considers how microtargeting contributes to (1) an increased willingness and ability to deliver messages on wedge issues that would be extremely divisive in a more public forum; (2) voter discrimination and de facto disenfranchisement, (3) a chilling of political participation due to perceived violations of voters' privacy, and (4) a general trend toward single issue politics that leads to increased partisanship among voters and ambiguous political mandates for elected representatives. The final part of the paper introduces Soap Box: a project (initiated by the author) to develop a website that will act as a clearinghouse for targeted political advertising. The website aims to make these messages available to all-comers, forcing campaigns to account for and reconcile the different positions they present to different audiences. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limits of an approach that seeks to combat the more worrisome aspects of voter microtageting by exposing the tailored messages to greater public scrutiny.
Implementation of Treatments in Research and Practice: Commentary on the Special Issue

The articles presented in this special issue both advance what is currently known about treatment implementation in research and practice and illuminate what remains unknown. This article provides a commentary selectively linking current findings to prior research to make arguments regarding those facts that are well established and the gaps in the current knowledge base. The discussion is organized around the themes of implementation in research versus practice, defining and measuring implementation, supporting implementation, and implementation as a moderator of treatment outcome. The commentary concludes by considering major research needs and treatment implementation as fundamental elements of education, psychology, and behavior analysis as applied sciences.