cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The spatial and temporal origin of chandelier cells in mouse neocortex.

Diverse γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing interneurons regulate the functional organization of cortical circuits and derive from multiple embryonic sources. It remains unclear to what extent embryonic origin influences interneuron specification and cortical integration because of difficulties in tracking defined cell types. Here, we followed the developmental trajectory of chandelier cells (ChCs), the most distinct interneurons that innervate the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons and control action potential initiation. ChCs mainly derive from the ventral germinal zone of the lateral ventricle during late gestation and require the homeodomain protein Nkx2.1 for their specification. They migrate with stereotyped routes and schedule and achieve specific laminar distribution in the cortex. The developmental specification of this bona fide interneuron type likely contributes to the assembly of a cortical circuit motif.
The Novel ATP-Binding Cassette Protein ARB1 Is a Shuttling Factor That Stimulates 40S and 60S Ribosome Biogenesis

ARB1 is an essential yeast protein closely related to members of a subclass of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of proteins that are known to interact with ribosomes and function in protein synthesis or ribosome biogenesis. We show that depletion of ARB1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells leads to a deficit in 18S rRNA and 40S subunits that can be attributed to slower cleavage at the A0, A1, and A2 processing sites in 35S pre-rRNA, delayed processing of 20S rRNA to mature 18S rRNA, and a possible defect in nuclear export of pre-40S subunits. Depletion of ARB1 also delays rRNA processing events in the 60S biogenesis pathway. We further demonstrate that ARB1 shuttles from nucleus to cytoplasm, cosediments with 40S, 60S, and 80S/90S ribosomal species, and is physically associated in vivo with TIF6, LSG1, and other proteins implicated previously in different aspects of 60S or 40S biogenesis. Mutations of conserved ARB1 residues expected to function in ATP hydrolysis were lethal. We propose that ARB1 functions as a mechanochemical ATPase to stimulate multiple steps in the 40S and 60S ribosomal biogenesis pathways.
Oh, We’ve Got Trouble! Right Here in Ravenna City: It Starts With “G,” and Has an “S,” and Ends in “A” (With Apologies to Meredith Wilson)

Currently in his second year as assistant principal, Jack Andrews is facing conflicting pressures of leadership related to his perception of career mobility and the tensions caused by a pervasively heterosexist, sexist, and homophobic culture in his school. This case raises questions regarding the purpose of school in terms of social justice, equality and liability, and curriculum outside of the lessons geared toward standardized testing. In addition, this case provokes reflection on the relationship between community values and the politics related to leadership and career mobility.
THE POSSIBLE FORMATION OF DITHYMINE PEROXIDE IN IRRADIATED DNA

— The observation of the photo-oxidation of the 5-methyl group of thymine derivatives in aqueous solution led to the suggestion of the formation of dithymine peroxide (TOOT) as the common initial intermediate. The mechanisms for converting TOOT into various oxidation products were discussed. Stereochemically, TOOT can be considered as an outstanding intermediate for the irradiation of DNA. Also, the identification of 5-formyluracil as a photoproduct may provide a chemical explanation for the crosslinking of DNA to protein.
Patient-Based Outcomes After Tibia Fracture in Children and Adolescents

Introduction: Tibia fractures are common in pediatric patients and time necessary to return to normal function may be underappreciated. The purpose of this study was to assess functional recovery in pediatric patients who sustain tibia fractures, utilizing the Pediatrics Outcome Data Collection Instrument (PODCI), in order to provide evidence-based information on post-injury functional limitations and anticipated recovery times. Methods: 84patients (out of 264 eligible patients, response rate 32%) age 1.5-18 years treated for a tibia fracture at a large children's hospital between 1/07 and 4/08 completed a PODCI questionnaire at 6 and 12 months post-injury. PODCI questionnaires were compared to previously reportednormal controls using Student's t-test in six categories. Results: At 6 months after injury, the Sports functioning PODCI score was significantly less than healthy controls in both the parent reports for adolescent (mean 88.71 versus 95.4) and adolescent self-report (mean 90.44 versus 97.1); these showed no difference at 12 months. Discussion: For adolescents who sustain fractures of the tibia, there remains a negative impact on their sports functioning after 6 months that resolves by 12 months. Physicians can counsel their patients that although they may be limited in their sports function for some time after injury, it is anticipated that this will resolve by one year from the time of injury.
On a model of indexability and its bounds for range queries

We develop a theoretical framework to characterize the hardness of indexing data sets on block-access memory devices like hard disks. We define an indexing workload by a data set and a set of potential queries. For a workload, we can construct an indexing scheme, which is a collection of fixed-sized subsets of the data. We identify two measures of efficiency for an indexing scheme on a workload: storage redundancy, r (how many times each item in the data set is stored), and access overhead, A (how many times more blocks than necessary does a query retrieve).For many interesting families of workloads, there exists a trade-off between storage redundancy and access overhead. Given a desired access overhead A, there is a minimum redundancy that any indexing scheme must exhibit. We prove a lower-bound theorem for deriving the minimum redundancy. By applying this theorem, we show interesting upper and lower bounds and trade-offs between A and r in the case of multidimensional range queries and set queries.
THE MADIUN, INDONESIA, CHONDRITE

Madiun is a white, veined olivine-hypersthene, L6 chondrite. It can be classed as such on the basis of its petrography and chemistry, uniform olivine (Fa24.2) and pyroxene (Fs21,2) end total iron content of 23.7 wt % Fe.
LogTree: A Framework for Generating System Events from Raw Textual Logs

Modern computing systems are instrumented to generate huge amounts of system logs and these data can be utilized for understanding and complex system behaviors. One main fundamental challenge in automated log analysis is the generation of system events from raw textual logs. Recent works apply clustering techniques to translate the raw log messages into system events using only the word/term information. In this paper, we first illustrate the drawbacks of existing techniques for event generation from system logs. We then propose Log Tree, a novel and algorithm-independent framework for events generation from raw system log messages. Log Tree utilizes the format and structural information of the raw logs in the clustering process to generate system events with better accuracy. In addition, an indexing data structure, Message Segment Table, is proposed in Log Tree to significantly improve the efficiency of events creation. Extensive experiments on real system logs demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of Log Tree.
Performance of a manufacturing module with moving workers

We model a U-shaped manufacturing module that operates with fewer workers than machines. Workers move in order around the layout. A definition of the module’s rules of movement are presented. The t...
Digital humanities in the Anthropocene

This keynote address for the 2014 Digital Humanities conference is a practitioner’s talk, and—though the abstract belies it—an optimistic one. I take as given the evidence that human beings are irrevocably altering the conditions for life on Earth and that, despite certain unpredictabilities, we live at the cusp of a mass extinction. What is the place of digital humanities (DH) practice in the new social and geological era of the Anthropocene? What are the DH community’s most significant responsibilities, and to whom? This talk positions itself in deep time, but strives for a foothold in the vital here-and-now of service to broad publics. From the presentist, emotional aesthetics of Dark Mountain to the arms-length futurism of the Long Now, I dwell on concepts of graceful degradation, preservation, memorialization, apocalypse, ephemerality, and minimal computing. I discuss digital recovery and close reading of texts and artifacts once thought lost forever, and the ways that prosopography, graphesis, and distant reading open new vistas on the longue duree. Can DH develop a practical ethics of resilience and repair? Can it become more humane while working at inhuman scales? Can we resist narratives of progress, and still progress? I wish to open community discussion about the practice of DH, and what to give, in the face of a great hiatus or the end of it all.
Decreasing readmissions after lung resection: The carrot or stick approach?

In this issue of the Journal, Rajaram and colleagues 1 highlight readmission rates as an important aspect of postoperative care in lung cancer that has received less attention than more conventional quality indicators such as perioperative mortality and length of stay. This is an important contributionto the field and identifies postoperativecomplications as the principal determinant of readmission risk after lung resection. This observation reinforces the findings of Hu and coworkers 2 and of Lucas and colleagues 3 while also identifying a potentially targetable group to decrease readmission rates. The reasons for the recent intense national scrutiny of readmissions after elective surgery are manifold; some are obvious and others less so. First, attempting to decrease readmissions is unquestionably good practice, as numerous publications have shown that they are associated with a higher mortality and an increased cost of care. Second, with the increasingly widening availability of medical outcomes data in the public domain, readmissions provide another firm metric that can be used by high-performing providers as a merit badge and by others as a strong incentive to improve. Such efforts are now routinely supported and encouraged by such national organizations as the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Third, recent work from my own group has shown that even after accounting for baseline risk as well as short-term perioperative mortality, readmissions are markers for a higher risk of long-term mortality. The biologic reasons for this are unclear, but the finding reinforces the importance of taking readmissions seriously. Finally, from a payer’s perspective, readmissions offer an ideal point for intervention. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has already established procedures for reduced payments for readmissions for certain medical diagnoses and is adding elective surgical procedures to the list. The overall perceived goal with such disincentives is to improve quality of care; however, any measures that save the payers money are likely to be adopted rapidly in the near future. Readmissions after elective surgery can be broadly classified as expected or unexpected. This is especially true if a 90-day time horizon is being considered. The average patient undergoing surgery for lung cancer is nearly 70 years old and has 2 to 3 comorbidities. Western population‐based studies have shown that a similar elderly population carries a1 4% to 23% baseline annual risk of hospital admission formedical problems. 4 In addition, with 15%to 25%of patients with clinical stage I lung cancer having their disease upstaged after surgery and thus requiring adjuvant therapy, further hospitalizations for placement of venous access devices or management of adverse effects of chemoradiotherapy are relatively common in this subset. It is important to clearly label such admissions as unrelated, not only to avoid incurring unreasonable monetary penalties but to present a realistic estimate of true surgical morbidity.
Avian Bulbospinal Pathways: Anterograde and Retrograde Studies of Cells of Origin, Funicular Trajectories and Laminar Terminations

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the anterograde and retrograde studies of the cells of origin, funicular trajectories, and laminar terminations. Although a considerable amount of efforts are directed toward the study of the descending spinal pathways in mammals and reptiles, both with the older degeneration techniques and the more current horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and autoradiographic techniques. Very little published information is available on the anatomical organization of the descending pathways to the spinal cord in birds. To determine, as completely as possible, the full set of brain structures giving rise to descending spinal projections, several birds received multiple unilateral injections of HRP into the spinal cord at high cervical levels. Some of these cells extend dorsally from nucleus ruber along the midline and are seemingly in continuity with retrogradely labeled cells located in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal situated ipsilaterally to the injection site. The identity of these cells along the midline dorsal to nucleus ruber is unclear, but they may correspond to the prerubral field.
High Levels of Resistance in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), to Neonicotinoid Insecticides

The rapid increase of bed bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of novel control tactics. Products combining pyrethroids and neonicotinoids have become very popular for bed bug control in the United States, but there are concerns about evolution of resistance to these compounds. Laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of topical applications of four neonicotinoids to a susceptible population and three pyrethroid-resistant populations. Activity of esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and cytochrome P450s of all strains was also evaluated. High levels of resistance to four neonicotinoids, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam, relative to the susceptible Fort Dix population, were detected in populations collected from human dwellings in Cincinnati and Michigan. Because activity of detoxifying enzymes was increased in these two populations, our results suggest that these enzymes have some involvement in neonicotinoid resistance, but other resistance mechanisms might be involved as well. Detection of high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids further limits the options for chemical control of bed bugs.
Cheap-Talk, Back-Room Deals and Multilateral Bargaining

Recently, both theoretical and experimental literatures have incorporated the ability of strategic players to communicate verbally prior to choosing their actions. We design an experiment to show how and why presence and type of communication matters. We use a multilateral bargaining setting, and focus on the specific strategic setup of the "divide-a-dollar" game between more than two players under different voting rules (majority versus unanimity). Relative to a situation where no communication is allowed, an unrestricted communication protocol leads to more inequality and closer-to-equilibrium outcomes under the majority rule, while it removes all inequality and leads to further-from-equilibrium outcomes under the unanimity rule. Under the majority rule, subjects use the communication tool to engage in back-room deals, while under the unanimity rule, subjects communicate publicly. Private communication channels are used by non-proposers to compete for favors from proposers while public communication channels are used to express preferences for fairness and equality. We further show that in order to reach close-to-equilibrium outcomes in the majority setting, private communication channels are a necessary component of communication protocols.
Abstract 3615: Degree of CTA Collaterals determines the Early and Final MRI DWI Lesion Volumes in Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Large pre-treatment DWI lesion volumes have been correlated with poor response to intra-arterial (IA) stroke therapies. In patients with large intracranial vessel occlusion, the degree ...
Importance of the C2, N7, and C8 Positions to the Mutagenic Potential of 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine with Two A Family Polymerases

8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (OdG) is a prominent DNA lesion produced from the reaction of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) with reactive oxygen species. While dG directs the insertion of only dCTP during replication, OdG can direct the insertion of either dCTP or dATP, allowing for the production of dG → dT transversions. When replicated by Klenow fragment-exo (KF-exo), OdG preferentially directs the incorporation of dCTP over dATP, thus decreasing its mutagenic potential. However, when replicated by a highly related polymerase, the large fragment of polymerase I from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BF), dATP incorporation is preferred, and a higher mutagenic potential results. To gain insight into the reasons for this opposite preference and the effects of the C2, N7, and C8 positions on OdG mutagenicity, single-nucleotide insertions of dCTP and/or dATP opposite dG, OdG, and seven of their analogues were examined by steady state kinetics with both KF-exo and BF. Results from these studies suggest that the two enzymes behave similarly and are both sensitive not only to steric and electronic changes within the imidazole ring during both dCTP and dATP incorporation but also to the presence of the C2-exocyclic amine during dATP incorporation. The difference in incorporation preference opposite OdG appears to be due to a somewhat increased sensitivity to structural perturbations during dCTP incorporation with BF. Single-nucleotide extensions past the resulting base pairs were also studied and were not only similar between the two enzymes but also consistent with published ternary crystallographic studies with BF. These results are analyzed in the context of previous biochemical and structural studies, as well as stability studies with the resulting base pairs.
7255 Identification and validation of a predictive model to determine the likelihood of choledocholithiasis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A predictive model using biochemical and noninvasive imaging characteristics to determine the likelihood of choledocholithiasis (CDL) will enable improved decision making and resource allocation. We sought to develop and validate an accurate predictive model to predict the likelihood of retained stone in patients with suspected CDL. METHODS: The records of all patients undergoing ERCP for evaluation of suspected CDL were reviewed. Demographic, historical, biochemical and imaging data were collated. The data was randomly assigned to a developmental and a validation sample. Using forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression, a predictive model using univariate predictors of CDL was developed. The most parsimonius predictive model was chosen and validated using receiver-operator curves (ROC) in the development and validation data samples. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty eight patients (296 females and 52 males) were included in the total sample. The overall prevalence of CDL in our sample was 28.3%. Hyperbilirubinemia (>2.5mg/dl), alkaline phosphatase(>300mg/dl), common bile duct dilatation and ultrasound evidence of CDL were significant predictors of CDL. Other significant predictors were Hispanic origin and age >65 years. The final multivariate model had a sensitivity of 76%, specificity of 81%, positive predictive value of 81% and a negative predictive value of 75%. The probability of CBD stone was 94% in patients with all identified predictors and 5.92% in patients without any of the predictors CONCLUSION: A validated logistic model using a combination of biochemical and imaging predictors is useful in determining the likelihood of retained stone in patients with suspected CDL
Productivity and survival of great horned owls exposed to dieldrin

We investigated the influence of dieldrin, a persistent organochlorine, on a top trophic level raptor, by comparing productivity and survival of Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) using contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Between 1994-1996, we worked on a Superfund hazardous waste site, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado. Productivity of owls did not differ between those using the contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Adults in the uncontaminated area had nominally higher survival from 15 January-15 August. Mortalities related to dieldrin in adults were most likely the result of mobilization of dieldrin from other tissues due to nutritional stress associated with reproduction. Interval survival of juveniles in contaminated and uncontaminated areas was similar, however, dieldrin residue in plasma at nine weeks of age was strongly and negatively related to survival; juveniles with higher dieldrin residues died during dispersal. Plasma dieldrin concentrations in juveniles correlated with dieldrin levels in soil and prey within parental home ranges. Consequently, sampling dieldrin in juvenile plasma is a more reliable method for monitoring the impact of dieldrin than counting number of young fledged per nest.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from domestic kitchens in middle Tennessee, United States.

Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated in cases of severe meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature and full-term infants. In this study, the prevalence of C. sakazakii was estimated in selected domestic kitchens in middle Tennessee. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of these C. sakazakii isolates were examined for points of public health significance. A total of 234 contact sites in 78 domestic kitchens were tested for C. sakazakii. Consumers' used dishcloths and cleaning sponges were also tested. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the identified C. sakazakii isolates was determined for 10 antimicrobial drugs by means of the disk diffusion method. C. sakazakii was recovered from 26.9% of domestic kitchens visited. Multidrug resistance was observed; the highest resistance was to penicillin (76.1% of isolates) followed by tetracycline (66.6%), ciprofloxacin (57.1%), and nalidixic acid (47.6%). None of the C. sakazakii isolates were resistant t...
Turbocompressor Antisurge Control, New Solution for an Old Problem

The performance of many antisurge control systems is degraded because they do not adequately compensate for variable gas properties (primarily molecular weight). The consequences can range from inefficient operation to serious compressor damage due to surges.To eliminate deficiencies previously experienced, a new, relatively simple (requires measuring only three process variables) system was developed for a machine which normally compresses a 24.2 molecular weight gas, but is also required to operate on other gas mixtures of approximately 40% lower molecular weight. The new method is explained and the results compared with two other widely used concepts.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
A phase field model for simulating the pitting corrosion

Abstract This manuscript presents the formulation and implementation of a phase field model for simulating the activation- and diffusion-controlled pitting corrosion phenomena in metallic materials. Introducing an auxiliary phase field variable to represent the physical state of each material point, the free energy of the corroding metal–electrolyte system can be expressed as a function of field variables and their gradients. The governing equations for the evolution of each field variable are then derived such that the system free energy is decreased during the mass transfer and metal dissolution processes. The propagation of the diffuse interface is tracked implicitly by solving the phase field variable over the entire system, which allows the accurate approximation of complex morphological evolutions. A comprehensive study is presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed model. We show that by calibrating the interface kinetics parameter with the exchange current density, the proposed model can reproduce different portions of the polarization curve associated with the activation-controlled, diffusion-controlled, and mixed-controlled corrosion kinetics. We also demonstrate the application of this model for simulating the electropolishing process, interactions between multiple growing pits, and pitting corrosion in a metal matrix composite and a polycrystalline stainless steel.
Measuring System of Machining Precision Based on the Least Square Circle Method

The measuring system of machining precision was designed to detect the roundness and coaxiality errors during producing the professional precision components.The inductive micrometer was used to acquire the initial data in the system,and then according to the mathematic model of computer system established by the least square circle method,the roundness error was obtained after computing the single revolution surface and the coaxiality error was obtained through processing data between different revolution surfaces.The resultant error of the system is 0.03 mm,less than standard system error.The checkout gear operates steadily and succinctly,and agrees with the measuring requirements of product quality.
Status of Healthy Diet in New Type Rural Community of Chengdu

Objective To understand the status of healthy diet in new type rural community in Chengdu,and to provide scientific evidence for effective intervention measures.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 6 rural communities in Chengdu to investigate 176 residents selected with stratified random sampling method.Results A portion of 54% respondents checked the package before buying the food,23.9% was unclear of using different utensils to handle cooked food and raw food.Among residents of different regions,the rate of diet-related behavior was different,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Due to low level awareness of healthy food knowledge and unhealthy behavior among residents in new type rural community in Chengdu,it is necessary to strengthen health education and behavior intervention.
Goal-Oriented Modeling

Two criteria are traditionally used for model parameter estimation and model structure identification: (C-1) fitting observation data; and (C-2) honoring prior information. As we have shown in Chaps. 3 and 7, these two criteria cannot determine a model uniquely by solving either classical inverse problem (CIP) or extended inverse problem (EIP) when observation error and model error exist. Models that cannot be rejected by prior information and observed data are called data-acceptable models. In environmental and water resource (EWR) modeling, because the real system structure is complex and unknown, there may be infinite combinations of model structures and model parameters that can fit the existing data equally well. Different modelers may construct different models for the same system based on the same data. As we explained in Chap. 10, this type of model nonuniqueness is called equifinality by Beven and coworkers.
More Than Competition, More Than Information

In the last chapter, I argued that the negative impact of viewing education simply and solely as a product is significant. I also claimed earlier in the book that such a position was neither inherently “anti-business” nor does it deny the importance and value of bringing products to market. The problem, as I and others see it, with limiting our understanding of education to being just a product has to do with how neoliberals frame the issue—namely that the market simultaneously determines what products are of value and are worth promoting, while also requiring that these products, including education, serve the market’s needs, as in producing profit. Successfully contextualizing education in this manner has allowed neoliberals to influence and control education reform to the detriment of students, teachers, administrators, and entire communities.
Modeling, simulation and implementation of circuit elements in an open-source tool set on the FPAA

An open-source simulator to design and implement circuits and systems, replicating the results from the Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) is presented here. The fundamental components like the transistors, amplifiers and floating gate devices have been modeled based on the EKV model with minimal parameters. Systems including continuous-time filters and the analog front-end of a speech processing system have been built from these basic components and the simulation results and the data from the FPAA are shown. The simulated results are in close agreement to the experimental measurements obtained from the same circuits compiled on the FPAA fabricated in a 350 nm process.
High School Students’ Accuracy in Estimating the Cost of College: A Proposed Methodological Approach and Differences Among Racial/Ethnic Groups and College Financial-Related Factors

High school students’ accuracy in estimating the cost of college (AECC) was examined by utilizing a new methodological approach, the absolute-deviation-continuous construct. This study used the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09) data and examined 10,530 11th grade students in order to measure their AECC for 4-year public and private postsecondary institutions. The findings revealed that high school students tended to overestimate the cost of college, especially 4-year public in-state tuition. Second, this investigation explored AECC differences across racial/ethnic groups. Lastly, this research examined how AECC differed based on racial/ethnic and college financial-related factors (importance of cost on college enrollment, knowledge of and intent to complete FAFSA, and eligibility for financial aid). This examination is important because it is the first critical analysis of AECC and is timely given the data were collected immediately after the Great Recession.
The effects of a foreclosure moratorium on loan repayment behaviors

Abstract During the 2008 housing crisis, lenders were accused of making mistakes when repossessing homes, spurring some policymakers to call for a moratorium on foreclosure filings. Using a New Jersey court-ordered stay on foreclosure-related filings that applied to six high-profile lenders and a difference-in-difference-in-differences strategy, this paper shows that loans impacted by the moratorium are no more likely to be observed as in default as comparable loans not subject to the court order. Borrowers, and lenders, appear to respond in ways that did not result in the strongly negative effects initially predicted by critics at the time, and this policy may have accomplished the intended consumer protection goals.
Sexual Identity, Gender and the Millennials

The chapter starts with a discussion of the notion that gender is socially constructed and open to choice. It discusses the ideas of Judith Butler who sees gender as a kind of performance that can be changed according to the desires of individuals. This leads to a discussion of gender roles in society and the notion that they are not universal and not merely natural. It is estimated that there are around seven million LGBTQ Millennials in America. Millennials, it is suggested, are much more supportive of gay marriage than the general population, and this is having an effect on society. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gender transformations, which have been taking place for many years.
Ex vivo and in vivo demonstration of 2D viscoelastic response (VisR) anisotropy imaging in skeletal muscle

Degree of anisotropy (DoA) has been evaluated for clinical significance in several organs. In skeletal muscle, mechanical DoA has been shown to increase with passive extension, i.e. the shear modulus parallel to muscle fibers (μ l ) increases relative to that perpendicular (μ t ). Imaging such variations in DoA could facilitate diagnosing and monitoring muscle pathologies. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of imaging DoA with VisR ultrasound, in silico. The purpose of this work is to experimentally demonstrate VisR DoA imaging ex vivo in pig and in vivo in human muscles. We hypothesize that 2D VisR anisotropy images represent mechanical anisotropy in muscle.
Economic Distress and Labor Market Participation

Many of the most deeply and persistently distressed regions of the United States, such as parts of West Virginia, suffer from extremely low levels of labor force participation. These are regions where economic despair seems to have taken hold for generations and which face numerous other impediments to economic prosperity, such as opioid abuse. Better understanding these linkages can lead to policy solutions to help the most disadvantaged places break the cycle of economic despair. Using county-level data, we begin by estimating a series of models that allow us to understand the drivers of local labor force participation. We also consider how these drivers may differ between rural and urban areas. We then analyze how levels of participation in the labor force are related to other measures of economic distress. We find that there is significant variation in the drivers of rural and urban labor force participation; however, much of the variation can be explained by known factors. Yet, our results also suggest that there remains some portion of the lower levels of labor force participation in West Virginia and Appalachia that cannot be explained by other factors. Since it appears that labor force participation is important to explaining higher levels of employment growth in rural areas, for persistently distressed regions, finding ways to increase labor force participation may be a critical step toward increasing economic prosperity.
Chinese Consumers’ Purchase Intentions for Luxury Clothing: A Comparison between Luxury Consumers and Non-Luxury Consumers

ABSTRACTThis study fills the literature gap by examining whether there are significant differences between the luxury clothing purchase intentions of luxury vs. non-luxury Chinese consumers and com...
Multiperiodicity, Chaos, and Intermittency in a Reduced Model of the Solar Cycle

In a recent paper, Durney (2000) has discussed a physically plausible procedure whereby the dynamo equations describing magnetic field regeneration in Babcock–Leighton models of the solar cycle can be reduced to a one-dimensional iterative map. This procedure is used here to investigate the behavior of various dynamo-inspired maps. Durney's explanation of the so-called odd–even effect in sunspot cycle peak amplitudes, which he ascribed to a period-2 limit cycle, is found to be robust with respect the choice of nonlinearity defining the map, and to the action of strong stochastic forcing. In fact, even maps without limit cycles are found to show a strong odd–even signal in the presence of forcing. Some of the stochastically forced maps are found to exhibit a form of on-off intermittency, with periods of activity separated by quiescent phases of low cycle amplitudes. In one such map, a strong odd–even signal is found to be a good precursor to the transition from bursting to quiescent behavior.
Spectral Detection on a Manifold for Finding Undersea Objects

We describe a mathematical methodology for finding closed-form solutions to a class of manifold detection problems. The approach exploits the general principles of clairvoyant fusion to produce robust algorithms. The fusion technique requires solving a maximization problem equivalent to the logical ORing of an infinite number of detectors. These clairvoyants are individually optimal, but depend on parameters with potentially unknown values. The particular choice of problem class we examine is motivated by the detection of a spectrum that has been modified in traversing ocean water for an unknown distance. We solve a prototype model in detail to illustrate some of the issues that must be faced in a more ambitious problem definition.
Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures

It is our pleasure to present the following program for Nanoarch 2010. This year, a particular emphasis was made on selecting papers with a system or application-level focus --- but that were also well-grounded in implementation specifics. Each paper received a minimum of 3 reviews, and in nearly all cases, was reviewed by 4 anonymous referees. The acceptance rate for this year's conference was 33%. We would like to thank all referees, the organizing committee, as well as those who submitted papers to the symposium. We hope that you enjoy the technical program and your time in California.
Post-Flight Analysis of a 10 K Sorption Cryocooler

In May 1996, the Brilliant Eyes Ten-Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE) was flown aboard the Space Shuttle flight STS-77 in the first space-flight demonstration of chemisorption cryocooler technology. While on orbit, BETSCE successfully met its science objectives of cooling from 70 K to 10 K in less than two minutes, sustaining a 100 mW heat load below 11 K for over ten minutes, and demonstrating recycle times of approximately eleven hours. The hydride compressors were able to circulate and compress the hydrogen refrigerant fluid in a repeatable manner with no adverse microgravity effects being observed.
More Than IQ: Executive Function Explains Adaptive Behavior Above and Beyond Nonverbal IQ in Youth With Autism and Lower IQ.

Abstract Adaptive behavior is a critical metric for measuring outcomes in those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Executive function skills predict adaptive behavior in youth with ASD with avera...
Commentary: Innovations, Insights, and Impact: Expanding Frontiers in Learning Disabilities Research

In this commentary, I highlight key insights from research on learning disabilities (LD) reported in this special issue. Authors of each article describe innovative work that is expanding frontiers of LD knowledge, by focusing on vulnerable and understudied populations, using multiple methodologies and data sources, and building and refining theory. Insights that emerge from this work relate to defining and identifying LD; estimating prevalence rates of LD subgroups; and understanding the role of cognitive, language, genetic, and environmental factors and their implications for assessment and intervention. I conclude that findings of this work promise to have a significant and lasting impact on the lives of children and youth with LD.
Can high-volume surgeons achieve optimal outcomes at low-volume hospitals? Implications for the Leapfrog Initiative and regionalization of high-risk surgical oncology procedures.

6585Background: The Leapfrog group recently released surgeon and hospital procedure volume standards for several surgical oncology procedures. This study investigated trends in volume and whether h...
Bordering in Europe: Differential Inclusion

Borders exist and operate not only at formal frontiers but also outside and within European countries. Furthermore, borders both exclude and include migrants. This article advances the theory of differential inclusion. It provides a more nuanced understanding of processes of bordering that comprehends irregular migration as a phenomenon that is not only officially denounced and combatted but also unofficially tolerated and facilitated by European states. The analysis reveals that differential inclusion is transforming citizenship in Europe away from officially desired equality toward unofficially tolerated stratification. Employing Foucault’s notion of “assemblage”, the article also seeks to shed light on not only whose interests are undermined but also on whose interests are served by differential inclusion.
Epithelioid angiomyolipoma mimicking metastatic melanoma in a liver tumor.

It is well known to pathologists that melanoma is "the great mimicker," looking like almost any other tumor, and able to metastasize anywhere in the body. We report a case of a 48-year-old female with a history of metastatic melanoma 4 years before, who presented with a hepatic mass. Microscopic examination of the liver mass revealed sheets of pleomorphic, epithelioid cells, which expressed a pan-melanocytic cocktail (MART1, HMB45, and tyrosinase). These findings were initially interpreted as metastatic melanoma and the case was transferred for dermatopathology consultation. We compared the morphology of this tumor to the primary melanoma and noticed that the primary melanoma showed nevoid cytology, morphologically distinct from the liver lesion. Consequently, we performed additional immunohistochemical studies, which determined that the liver mass was negative for S100 and SOX10, and established a final diagnosis of epithelioid angiomyolipoma. The key for reaching the correct diagnosis was the morphologic comparison with the original lesion and the evaluation of a wider immunohistochemical profile. For appropriate management in patients with new lesions, even in the context of a patient with known metastatic disease, it is essential to consider other neoplasms in the differential diagnosis.
A Survey of Usage of Penile Prosthesis.

Abstract Background Implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) has high success and satisfaction rates, but there remains a paucity of evidence examining non-usage of IPP and reasons for discontinuation. Aim To identify how frequent patients use their prosthesis and their personal reasons for no longer using it. Methods We conducted a survey of all patients who underwent an IPP implantation by a single surgeon over a 6-year period, between 2012 and 2018. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 114 patients formed the final cohort. Patients were initially surveyed via mail with a questionnaire; those who did not respond were surveyed via telephone. The factors determining patient selection for IPP implantation included suitability for general anesthesia, manual dexterity to use the device by the patient or their partner on a demonstration device, and presence of refractory erectile dysfunction, HbA1C lower than 8.5, or need for a revision of a previously placed IPP. Universally, a 3-piece AMS 700 Series implant was placed via the penoscrotal approach. Data were analyzed with Pearson chi square test, and survivability of the device was assessed with Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Outcomes The main outcomes of this study are the frequency of IPP usage and reasons for discontinuation. Results The survey participation rate was 97%. The mean age of patient was 64 years (range 34–83 years), and the mean time between surgery and completion of survey was 2.98 years (range 0.25–7.4 years). Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that 68% of the patients were using the IPP at 5 years after implantation. Using the age 70 years as a cutoff, 18 (22%) patients younger than 70 years and 14 (42%) patients older than 70 years discontinued using the IPP (P = .029). The commonest reasons for discontinuation were poor health to engage in sexual activity (2.6%), loss of companion (19%), loss of interest in sex (2.6%), and device malfunction with no further interest in revision of prosthesis (14%). Clinical Implications The clinical implication of this study was improved patient selection for device implantation. Strengths and Limitations To our knowledge, no other study has investigated reasons for patients no longer using their prosthesis. Our study has several limitations including that it is a cross-sectional analysis, our survey is not validated, this is a single-surgeon experience, we have a small sample size, and we did not differentiate between virgin implant and reimplantation. Conclusion Our study shows a high rate (28%) of non-usage of IPP, more so in men older than the age of 70 years in the first 5 years of implantation. Knoll P, Rai S, Talluri S, et al. A Survey of Usage of Penile Prosthesis. J Sex Med 2020;17:2287–2290.
SONO case series: 35-year-old male patient with flank pain

The diagnosis and management of obstructing nephrolithiasis by emergency physicians has undergone great advancements in the past few years. No longer do all patients with suspected renal colic need a CT scan and an immediate urology consult. In this case presentation, we present a classic case of obstructing nephrolithiasis along with the associated point-of-care ultrasound images. We will walk with the reader through a series of questions and answers discussing the patient’s diagnosis based on the most current evidence-based recommendations.
Mepolizumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (SYNAPSE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Summary Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps affects approximately 2–4% of the general population, and long-term use of systemic corticosteroids is associated with adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of mepolizumab in adults with recurrent, refractory severe bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Methods SYNAPSE was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 trial done at 93 centres, mainly hospitals, in 11 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with recurrent, refractory, severe, bilateral nasal polyp symptoms (nasal obstruction symptom visual analogue scale [VAS] score of >5), were eligible for repeat nasal surgery (overall symptoms VAS score >7 and endoscopic nasal polyps score of ≥5, with a minimum score of 2 in each nasal cavity) despite standard of care treatment, and had to have at least one nasal surgery in the past 10 years. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1), using permuted block design, to receive either 100 mg mepolizumab subcutaneously or placebo once every 4 weeks, in addition to standard of care (mometasone furoate intranasal spray for at least 8 weeks before screening and during the study, saline nasal irrigations, systemic corticosteroids or antibiotics, or both), as required, for 52 weeks. Site staff, the central study team, and patients were masked to study treatment and absolute blood eosinophil counts. The coprimary endpoints were change from baseline in total endoscopic nasal polyp score at week 52 and in mean nasal obstruction VAS score during weeks 49–52, assessed in the intention-to-treat population (ITT). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03085797 . Findings From May 25, 2017, to Dec 12, 2018, 854 patients were screened for eligibility. 414 patients were randomly assigned with 407 included in the ITT population; 206 received mepolizumab and 201 received placebo. Total endoscopic nasal polyp score significantly improved at week 52 from baseline with mepolizumab versus placebo (adjusted difference in medians −0·73, 95% CI −1·11 to −0·34; p Interpretation Mepolizumab treatment improved nasal polyp size and nasal obstruction compared with placebo, with no new safety indications, in patients with recurrent, refractory severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. These findings suggest that mepolizumab provides an effective add-on treatment option to standard of care in this population. Funding GlaxoSmithKline.