cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The employment effects of social security tax changes and minimum wage regulations: A case study of the American restaurant industry

Several recent changes in public policy in the United States have significantly affected labor market conditions in the restaurant industry. First, at the close of 1987, Congress passed legislation requiring employers to pay, for the first time, Social Security taxes (hereinafter FICA) on the tip incomes of restaurant employees. Second, after a long hiatus, there were two successive increases in the federal minimum wage law — one on April 1, 1990, and the second exactly one year later. This study attempts to measure the employment effects of these policy changes and, in the process, to illuminate how seemingly minor changes in public policy may have very substantial effects on markets.
Linear multivariable state-feedback starting from the MPF model; as recurrent algorithm to the control for canonical forms

This article presents an alternative method for finding the state feedback matrix for MIMO systems from the model matrix polynomial fraction MPF. The proposed algorithm is recurrent state-feedback method for multivariable canonical forms. This algorithm tends to be more efficient at level structurally, but not computationally, because advances in simulation with the model MPF not yet have a clear prospect by using symbolic mathematics. This works shown a simple and easy handling that this model provides to engineers and researches. To facilitate and validate the algorithm, some functions have been developed with Matlab®, which are available in Matlab Mathworks Center.
Selective JAK2 Inhibition Specifically Decreases Hodgkin Lymphoma and Mediastinal Large B-cell Lymphoma Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

Purpose: Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (MLBCL) share similar histologic, clinical, and genetic features. In recent studies, we found that disease-specific chromosome 9p24.1/ JAK2 amplification increased JAK2 expression and activity in both cHL and MLBCL. This prompted us to assess the activity of a clinical grade JAK2 selective inhibitor, fedratinib (SAR302503/TG101348), in in vitro and in vivo model systems of cHL and MLBCL with defined JAK2 copy numbers. Experimental Design: We used functional and immunohistochemical analyses to investigate the preclinical activity of fedratinib and associated biomarkers in cell lines and murine xenograft models of cHL and MLBCL with known 9p24.1/ JAK2 copy number. Results: Chemical JAK2 inhibition decreased the cellular proliferation of cHL and MLBCL cell lines and induced their apoptosis. There was an inverse correlation between 9p24.1/ JAK2 copy number and the EC 50 of fedratinib. Chemical JAK2 inhibition decreased phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6 and reduced the expression of additional downstream targets, including PD-L1, in a copy number–dependent manner. In murine xenograft models of cHL and MLBCL with 9p24.1/ JAK2 amplification, chemical JAK2 inhibition significantly decreased JAK2/STAT signaling and tumor growth and prolonged survival. In in vitro and in vivo studies, pSTAT3 was an excellent biomarker of baseline JAK2 activity and the efficacy of chemical JAK2 inhibition. Conclusions: In in vitro and in vivo analyses, cHL and MLBCL with 9p24.1/ JAK2 copy gain are sensitive to chemical JAK2 inhibition suggesting that clinical evaluation of JAK2 blockade is warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2674–83. ©2014 AACR .
Potential C-terminal-domain Inhibitors of Heat Shock Protein 90 Derived from a C-terminal Peptide Helix

Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone implicated in many diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Most inhibitors target the ATPase site in Hsp90’s N-terminal domain, with relatively few inhibitors of other domains reported to date. Here, we show that peptides derived from a short helix at the C-terminus of Hsp90 show micromolar activity as Hsp90 inhibitors in vitro. These inhibitors do not block the N-terminal domain’s ATP-binding site, and thus are likely to bind at the C-terminal domain. Substitutions and helix stapling were applied to demonstrate structure–activity relationships and improve activity. These helical peptides will help guide the design of a new class of inhibitors of Hsp90’s C-terminal domain.
Mapping C-terminal transactivation domains of the nuclear HER family receptor tyrosine kinase HER3.

Nuclear localized HER family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been observed in primary tumor specimens and cancer cell lines for nearly two decades. Inside the nucleus, HER family members (EGFR, HER2, and HER3) have been shown to function as co-transcriptional activators for various cancer-promoting genes. However, the regions of each receptor that confer transcriptional potential remain poorly defined. The current study aimed to map the putative transactivation domains (TADs) of the HER3 receptor. To accomplish this goal, various intracellular regions of HER3 were fused to the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor Gal4 (Gal4DBD) and tested for their ability to transactivate Gal4 UAS-luciferase. Results from these analyses demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of HER3 (CTD, amino acids distal to the tyrosine kinase domain) contained potent transactivation potential. Next, nine HER3-CTD truncation mutants were constructed to map minimal regions of transactivation potential using the Gal4 UAS-luciferase based system. These analyses identified a bipartite region of 34 (B1) and 27 (B2) amino acids in length that conferred the majority of HER3’s transactivation potential. Next, we identified full-length nuclear HER3 association and regulation of a 122 bp region of the cyclin D1 promoter. To understand how the B1 and B2 regions influenced the transcriptional functions of nuclear HER3, we performed cyclin D1 promoter-luciferase assays in which HER3 deleted of the B1 and B2 regions was severely hindered in regulating this promoter. Further, the overexpression of HER3 enhanced cyclin D1 mRNA expression, while HER3 deleted of its identified TADs was hindered at doing so. Thus, the ability for HER3 to function as a transcriptional co-activator may be dependent on specific C-terminal TADs.
Mode of Action of Streptomycin on Type b Hemophilus influenzae. II. Nature of Resistant Variants.

In all of ten strains of H. influenzae examined prior to exposure to streptomycin a very small fraction of the bacteria formed colonies in the presence of 1,000 units of streptomycin per cc. These variant organisms possess the characteristics of bacterial mutants. 1. Different independent cultures of the same strain on different occasions, and even cultures seeded in a single test with the same inoculum, show marked variation in prevalence of resistant variants in populations of comparable size. This variation is just as great in genetically homogeneous culture sources as in heterogeneous sources. Evidence is presented for the continuous random occurrence of these resistant organisms. 2. The rate of occurrence of the resistant members is not significantly different for the ten strains studied; it varies from 2.6 x 10(-11) to 7.0 x 10(-11) per bacterium per bacterial generation. The results of five different tests on the same strain show comparable variation, 2.9 x 10(-11) to 5.3 x 10(-11). This low rate contributes evidence consistent with the mutation hypothesis. 3. Variants exhibiting resistance to 1,000 units of streptomycin per cc. transmit this trait unchanged in degree through many generations. The results obtained after twelve or more subcultures in streptomycin-free media suggest that in a portion of the colonies resistant to streptomycin an additional trait, differing from those exhibited by the parent culture, is associated; the nutritional requirements of these cultures are different.
Prevalence and prediction of previously unrecognized peripheral arterial disease in patients with coronary artery disease: The peripheral arterial disease in Interventional Patients Study

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is under diagnosed in primary care practices, yet the extent of unrecognized PAD in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown. Objective: To assess the prevalence of previously unrecognized PAD in patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or intervention and to determine the relationship between presence of PAD and severity of CAD. Methods: The Peripheral Arterial Disease in Interventional Patients Study (PIPS) is a prospective cohort study conducted at an inpatient service of a tertiary referral center. A total of 800 patients referred for coronary angiography without prior diagnosis of PAD aged 70 years or older or aged 50–69 years with a history of tobacco use and/or diabetes mellitus were included. Evaluation involved a medical history, a questionnaire to assess symptoms and functional status, and measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). PAD was considered present if the ABI was 0.90 or less. Results: The prevalence of previously unrecognized PAD was 15%, 95% CI (12.6–17.7) and was highest among patients over 70 years of age (25.2%) and in women (23.3%). Among patients with CAD, those with PAD had higher prevalence of left main and multivessel coronary artery disease (87.2% vs. 75.5%, P = 0.006). Alternatively, patients with multivessel CAD had a twofold higher risk of being diagnosed with previously unrecognized PAD compared with those with single vessel CAD [adjusted OR = 2.02, (95% CI 1.03–3.98)]. Conclusions: PAD is often overlooked even in patients with known ischemic heart disease under specialist cardiovascular care. Overlooked PAD in this population increases in frequency with advanced age, in women, and in the presence of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, the presence of PAD in this population identifies a subgroup with more severe form of CAD. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The MyProxy Gateway

In 2000, the original My Proxy server was released to provide a centralized way to securely store and delegate grid credentials. In 2009, the OAuth for My Proxy (OA4MP) server was released in response to security concerns expressed by resource providers and a strong trend of science gateways moving to the web. OA4MP provided a standards-based way for users to delegate X.509 credentials from My Proxy to science gateways without exposing user passwords to third-party services. This addressed both a security concern for service providers and a desire by gateway developers for a standards-based approaches to security. While OA4MP solved some problems, it introduced others. The My Proxy Gateway Service (MPG) is a Restful API to My Proxy that picks up where OA4MP left off by supporting OAuth2 credential renewal, attribute insertion, trust root management, language agnostic access patterns, and improved accounting. In this paper we first start by looking at related work and detailing the evolution of My Proxy up to the writing of this paper. Next we briefly describe OAuth2 and highlight the differences between it and OAuth1. After that we describe the MPG, its multiple configurations, and security considerations. We conclude with finishing remarks.
Uptake of corticosterone by rat brain and its concentration by certain limbic structures.

Abstract [1,2−3H] Corticosterone is taken up by all parts of the brain of normal and adrenalectomized rats. As the blood concentration of hormone increases, a situation which occurs following stress, the concentration of hormone in the brain also increases. Superimposed on top of the brain-wide uptake of corticosterone is the tendency of 2 limbic structures, the hippocampus and septum, to concentrate and retain labeled corticosterone. The hippocampal uptake sites are saturated by levels of corticosterone found in normal rats, while the septal sites are not. Hippocampal uptake is therefore observed only in adrenalectomized rats and can be seen as early as 2 h after adrenalectomy. The hippocampal uptake sites in adrenalectomized rats are saturated by exogenous unlabeled corticosterone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone. The relevance of hormone retention to the function of the hippocampus and septum in behavior and control of ACTH release is discussed. The possible cellular sites of action of corticosterone are also considered.
Immunohistological Analysis of the Immune Cells in the Normal Oral Mucosa of Aging Mice1

Normal gingival tissues of BNL mice of different ages were studied, using recently developed immunohistochemical techniques to detect T and B lymphocytes, Langerhans cells and macrophages. The presence of mast cells, plasma cells and neutrophils was also determined. Cell densities were determined in the epithelium and connective tissue of all three areas studied. Their numbers increased significantly with age in the attachment area and in the papillary connective tissue. Langerhans cells (F4/80+) were detected in the epithelium of all three areas examined. Their numbers did not vary significantly with age. The highest concentrations of T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells were observed in the attachment area at all ages. Macrophages (F4/80+) were detected in the connective tissue of all three areas examined. Their numbers increased significantly in the papillary connective tissue of older animals (78 weeks of age). Neither B lymphocytes (RA-2C2+) nor plasma cells were detected in any of the tissue areas examined. The presence of neutrophils in the attachment area increased with age. Mast cells were present in all samples in the more vascularized areas (the papilla and diastema). The results suggest that, throughout the lifespan, T lymphocytes, macrophages, Langerhans cells and mast cells are normal constituents of the oral mucosa of the mouse, while B lymphocytes, plasma cells and, for the most part, neutrophils are absent under normal conditions. Furthermore, the concentrations of T lymphocytes and macrophages increased with age in the areas adjacent to the dentition, possibly as a result of reduced tissue resistance to external antigens.
Microsatellite variation suggests substantial gene flow between king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) in the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

Abstract We developed microsatellite loci for king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and used them to investigate population structure and gene flow between samples from regional localities in the western Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic) and Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Based on mark-recapture and spatial–temporal sampling, king mackerel in US waters have been perceived as organized into two or more “migratory units” that tend to move in the spring from southern wintering areas off south Florida and the Yucatan peninsula to more northern spawning areas along the southeastern US coast and the northern Gulf. We surveyed allelic variation at five microsatellite loci between samples of king mackerel from eight geographic localities in the Atlantic and Gulf. Tests of homogeneity in allele distribution indicated that two samples from the northern Gulf (Port Aransas, TX, and Gulfport, MS) differed significantly from the remaining samples. However, no significant genetic differences were found between samples representing geographic extremes, and no significant geographic patterns of genetic divergence were found when samples were combined into regional groupings reflecting current hypotheses of population structure. There also was no evidence of an isolation-by-distance effect. We hypothesize that the regional migratory groupings in king mackerel do not restrict gene flow to the extent that significant genetic population structure may arise.
Developing parallel procedures for line simplification

Abstract This paper explores parallel programming issues that are relevant to the efficient implementation of spatial data handling procedures on current parallel computers through sample implementations of the Douglas line simplification procedure. Using source code-equivalent implementations of the Douglas procedure, this paper analyses the performance characteristics of two parallel implementations, compares their performance characteristics to those of a sequential implementation, and identifies critical components of the parallel implementations that enhance or inhibit their overall performance values. The results of this work show that the selection of appropriate interprocessor communication and load balancing strategies are crucial to obtaining large speedup values over comparable sequential implementations.
An improved physics-based phase variable model of PM synchronous machines obtained through field computation

The study of sensorless control of PM synchronous machines at low speed or at standstill requires a machine model which includes highly detailed and accurate information on the saliency. To meet these requirements, the physics-based phase variable model previously developed by these authors is improved here by including the inductance variations with the armature currents. As a result, the improved model considers all the possible factors affecting the inductances, including the rotor position, the armature currents, and the nonlinear magnetization of the core. The inductances required are obtained from the steady state solutions of nonlinear transient field computations covering a complete ac cycle. In this paper, the improved model, the procedure used for the inductance determination through field computation, and the implementation of the improved model are presented.
ON AN IRRADIATION ORIGIN FOR MAGNESIUM ISOTOPE ANOMALIES IN METEORITIC HIBONITE

We investigate spallogenic effects on magnesium isotopic compositions in solids with hibonite-like (CaAl12O19) chemistry under an irradiation setting in the early solar system. We consider a series of nuclear reactions triggered by gradual flare irradiation, with an energy spectrum dN/dE E –2.7 and a proton flux Fp (E≥ 10 MeV) = 1.9 × 1010 cm–2 s–1, on isotopically normal hibonite-like solids. The proton fluence is constrained by matching the 10Be/9Be measured in meteoritic hibonite platy crystals. The net result, accounting for both production and destruction reactions of Mg isotopes, shows small deviations from the terrestrial isotopic composition with the sign and magnitude of Δ26Mg effects dependent on both low energy cutoff and total fluence. The total span of predicted spallogenic deviations can explain small apparent 26Mg excesses observed in some hibonite grains, but does not account for the magnitude of apparent 26Mg deficits found in other grains. As previously indicated, irradiation by gradual flares decouples Δ26Mg variations and 26Al/27Al from 10Be/9Be.
TNCs, intervening mechanisms and economic growth in Ireland: A longitudinal test and extension of the Bornschier model

Abstract Bornschier has tested the association between foreign investment flows and stocks, and economic growth in 90 LDCs. His thesis is more useful in longitudinal analyses of specific developing countries than in cross-sectional tests. The case of Ireland after the late 1950s exemplifies the usefulness of the Bornschier analysis in a time-series context. A weak positive relationship is found between foreign investment flows and economic growth, and a strong negative association between the stock of foreign assets and growth. In an extension of the model, it is suggested that free trade intermediated between foreign penetration and stagnation in Ireland, and econometric tests support this conclusion.
The Determination of Meteoritic Densities

The densities of specimens of the meteorites Holbrook, Arizona, Llano del Inca, Atacama, Chile, Xiquipilco (Toluca), Mexico, and Admire, Kansas, have been determined (v. Table 1, post, for results). The influence of the immersion-liquid on the value of the density obtained is discussed, and examples are given. This influence is small but definite; it is especially important if the meteorite is in the form of filings or powder. The maximum error for some of the densities determined for this report is calculated and discussed. It was found to be small, particularly when the meteoritic specimen was large and the immersion-fluid was relatively dense. Lastly, rational methods of determining densities of meteorites are discussed and suggestions are offered for a method of calculating the densities of meteorites that are not suitable for immersion in liquids.
Modeling of a shape-memory alloy sheet with a circular hole and subjected to arbitrary in-plane loading

ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of the stress concentralion in a shape-memory alloy sheet containing a circular hole andsubject to aibitrary in-plane loading at great distances from the hole. The generalized Tanaka model is used to describe theconstitutive behavior ofthe material and an approximate approach due to Stowell is used for the stress analysis.Keywords: circular holes, inplane loading, plane stress state, shape-memoiy alloy, stress analysis, stress concentration,stress distribution 1. INTRODUCTION Problems of stress distribution in thin sheets with geometric discontinuifies such as holes have been of continuing interestfrom the famous Kirsch solution' of 1898, through the plasticity solutions ofthe 1950s and 1960s, cf.2'3, and the piezoelectricsolutions ofthe past five years, to the recent work6 on SMA (shape-memory alloy) sheets subjected to balanced biaxialstresses.The present work extends the work of Birman6 to the case of aibitrary planestress loading. The material model used isthe Tanaka model7 as extended to multiple dimensions by Boyd and Lagoudas8. For an extensive review of the literature onthe mechanics of shapememory alloy structures, see Birman9.
An overview of activities at the Laser Biomedical Research Center

Research projects on laser heating and ablation and on spectroscopy of biological tissues are described. The discussion focuses on studies regarding microscopic laser light scattering of biological cells and structures, ablation of calcific tissue using pulsed HF laser radiation, and fluorescence and its use in diagnosing atherosclerosis. A specifically designed multifiber laser catheter constructed to collect tissue fluorescence spectra using fiber optics is described. >
The biological effects of nitrate fertilization and water replacement in an oligotrophic cold water pond

Plastic enclosures (limnocorrals) were used to assess the impact of adding NO3 - to an oligotrophic pond. The pond, Mare's Egg Spring, is spring fed at a constant temperature of 4.5 °C (the main portion of the pool never exceeded 6 °C) and a molar ratio of N:P of 0.5. The pool is dominated by the cyanobacterium (blue green alga), Nostoc pruniforme, which is capable of nitrogen fixation. This, in combination with the low N:P ratio, suggested that non-nitrogen fixing primary producers were limited by nitrogen. Over a period of one month, growth and nitrogen fixation of Nostoc, suspended chlorophyll, sediment denitrification, and benthic diatom diversity were not dependent upon nitrate concentration. However, sedimentary chlorophyll levels increased slightly when NO inf3 sup- levels were increased from 0.71 µM (ambient) to 214 µM. Limnocorrals with slit sides gave water replacement rates between those for complete enclosure and those in open water. In the open channel, Nostoc growth was highest, and suspended chlorophyll the lowest. In the closed corrals, Nostoc growth was the lowest and suspended chlorophyll the highest, with intermediate values in the slit corrals. Therefore, short term increases of NO inf3 sup- levels in nitrogen poor aquatic systems do not necessarily affect the biological community, but slowing water replacement in small ponds may have significant effects.
Examining Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow catheter performance and cost in hemodialysis access

Abstract Background The Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) vascular access device is a hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene graft-stent construct designed to address central venous occlusive disease. Although initial experience has demonstrated excellent mid-term patency rates, subsequent studies have led to external validity questions. The purpose of this study was to examine a single center experience with this vascular access device in challenging access cases with associated costs. Methods A retrospective study representing the authors' cumulative HeRO vascular access device experience was undertaken. The primary endpoint was graft failure or death, with secondary endpoints including secondary intervention rates and cost. Results Forty-one patients with 15,579 HeRO days and a mean of 12.7 ± 1.5 mo with the vascular access device were available for analysis. Secondary patency was 81.6% at 6 mo and 53.7% at 12 mo. The reintervention rate was 2.84 procedures per HeRO vascular access device year. Associated HeRO costs related to subsequent procedures were estimated at $34,713.63 per patient/y. Conclusions These data on the patency and primary outcome data diverge significantly from initial multicenter studies and represent a real-world application of this technology. It is costly to maintain patency. Use of HeRO vascular access devices should be judicious with outcome expectations reduced.
Resource virtualization with programmable radio processing platform

As wireless communication moves to all IP and packet based processing, the virtualization techniques will need to be introduced to provide common interface to higher layers which will hide the necessary details for resource reservations and sharing. In the circuit switched world the communication resources are guarantied with the allocation of channels that satisfy certain bandwidth requirements, where the allocated bandwidth is taken regardless of the actual utilization. In the IP packet based world the reservations have a soft form with statistical guaranties allowing dynamic sharing of bandwidth, while the bandwidth is requested by setting the Service Level Agreement (SLA) parameters. Setting up SLA parameters and monitoring their compliance can take complex forms, so it is advantageous to abstract the SLA related communication from the higher networking layers and shield them from the changes in the environment and system load.The virtualization is even more important for the reconfigurable and programmable devices suitable for cognitive radio applications. The changes in frequency band, modulation scheme, or other baseband and MAC protocols characteristics need to be monitored by the virtualization layer which is responsible for mapping original SLA of each flow to the new settings.We present the novel programmable radio processing platform architecture framework, Virtual Flow Pipelining -- FVP, which has underlying mechanisms for per flow performance guaranties. The SLA guaranties are enforced per flow using the scheduling mechanisms that will allocate proportional share of each hardware resource to the flow. The allocations of the resource share to the flow create the Virtual Flow consisting of the sequence of processing steps on the required processing modules. The wireless protocol processing often imposes end to end latency requirements for the whole processing flow, so the resource scheduler need to take the full flow latency into account as well.
Multi-ribozyme Targeting of Human α-Globin Gene Expression☆

Abstract ABSTRACT: One approach to gene therapy for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies has been focused on increasing normal globin gene expression. However, because of the high concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cell (32–34 g/dl), merely introducing the normal globin gene may not be enough to counteract the effect of an abnormal globin. We propose that in addition to strategies to add normal β- or γ-globin production to sickle erythrocytes, a decrease in overall hemoglobin concentration would further decrease the polymerization potential and should be considered with other gene therapy approaches. Ribozymes offer the potential to target a selected gene product. A model system has been set up using the human α-globin gene for specific gene suppression by ribozymes by cleaving α-globin mRNA transcripts. Ribozymes, specifically targeted to five different sites in the 5′ portion of human α-globin mRNA, have been designed and tested in vitro. Cleavage of 32P-labeled α-globin mRNA by these ribozymes has been observed in vitro and the highest level of activity has been found for a multi-ribozyme combining all five ribozymes. The multi-ribozyme gene along with promoters with varying activities in erythroid cells was transfected into human erythroleukemia K562 cells. The multi-ribozyme gene, under the control of human α-2-globin promoter alone and combined with the locus control region enhancer, caused a decrease in the level of α-globin mRNA of 50–75% compared to the control, determined by RNase protection and by real-time quantitative PCR. The decrease in α-globin transcripts has been found to be correlated with expression of the multi-ribozyme in a dose-dependent manner and does not appear to be mediated by an antisense effect. These results suggest that the multi-ribozyme may be useful in gene therapy as an effective suppressor of a specific globin gene.
Classroom Teachers' Thinking about Historical Texts: An Exploratory Study

Abstract The scope of this study is teachers' historical thinking with regard to the interpretation of a particular set of historical texts and interpretive tasks. It also focuses on teachers' disciplinary perspectives as factors in their historical thinking. The study takes Wineburg's (1991) research on the historical thinking of academic historians and high schools students as a point of departure. The teachers in this study read and “thought aloud” about the same documents on the Battle of Lexington used by Wineburg, then attempted to construct meaning and to assign credibility to particular sources for portraying the truth of historical events. The emergence of three distinct profiles in this study provides a possible framework for sorting through the experiences of history teachers in order to form a basis for understanding their historical thinking.
Optimizing power to track brain degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment with tensor-based morphometry: An ADNI study of 515 subjects

Tensor-based morphometry (TBM) is a powerful method to map the 3D profile of brain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We optimized a TBM-based image analysis method to determine what methodological factors, and which image-derived measures, maximize statistical power to track brain change. 3D maps, tracking rates of structural atrophy over time, were created from 1030 longitudinal brain MRI scans (1-year follow-up) of 104 AD patients (age: 75.7+/-7.2 years; MMSE: 23.3+/-1.8, at baseline), 254 amnestic MCI subjects (75.0+/-7.2 years; 27.0+/-1.8), and 157 healthy elderly subjects (75.9+/-5.1 years; 29.1+/-1.0), as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). To determine which TBM designs gave greatest statistical power, we compared different linear and nonlinear registration parameters (including different regularization functions), and different numerical summary measures derived from the maps. Detection power was greatly enhanced by summarizing changes in a statistically-defined region-of-interest (ROI) derived from an independent training sample of 22 AD patients. Effect sizes were compared using cumulative distribution function (CDF) plots and false discovery rate methods. In power analyses, the best method required only 48 AD and 88 MCI subjects to give 80% power to detect a 25% reduction in the mean annual change using a two-sided test (at alpha=0.05). This is a drastic sample size reduction relative to using clinical scores as outcome measures (619 AD/6797 MCI for the ADAS-Cog, and 408 AD/796 MCI for the Clinical Dementia Rating sum-of-boxes scores). TBM offers high statistical power to track brain changes in large, multi-site neuroimaging studies and clinical trials of AD.
Development of a Revised Health Care System Distrust Scale

Context Growing evidence suggests that most forms of distrust are multidimensional, including domains of technical competence and value congruence. Prior measures of health care system distrust have not reflected this multidimensional structure and may be limiting research into the role of health care system distrust in health and health care in the US.
Hypertension, Hypertrophy, and the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Disease

Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, increasing risk threefold. It predisposes to every clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease, now the most common and lethal outcome. It is as relevant a risk factor in the elderly as in the young. Risk is proportional to the degree of blood pressure elevation without a discernible critical value. Cardiovascular sequelae do not derive chiefly from the diastolic component, and isolated systolic hypertension confers increased risk at all ages. Hypertension tends to cluster with other cardiovascular risk factors, which must be taken into account in evaluating the risk and in choosing treatment. The excess cardiovascular risk in hypertension is concentrated in those with an increased total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, glucose intolerance, cigarette smoking, elevated fibrinogen, and electrocardiogram abnormalities. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common feature of hypertension and an ominous harbinger of cardiovascular sequellae. Electrocardiographic evidence of LVH, when manifested by repolarization abnormalities and voltage elevations, is particularly hazardous, reflecting not only anatomical hypertrophy but also ischemia. Electrocardiogram-LVH adds to cardiovascular risk associated with X ray or echocardiographic evidence of anatomical LVH. Because of a tendency to ventricular ectopy, LVH is associated with increased risk of sudden death. Electrocardiogram-LVH can be corrected or avoided by control of hypertension and weight reduction. The efficacy of correcting LVH remains to be demonstrated but benefits seem likely.
Gabrielle A. Roberts, Kim S. Davis, Dinorah Zanger, Aimee Gerrard‐Morris, and Daniel H. Robinson, “Top Contributors to the School Psychology Literature: 1996–2005.” Psychology in the Schools, 43(6) 2006, 737–743

The original article to which this erratum refers was published in Psychology in the Schools 43(6) 2006, 737-743.
Mechanisms of Cu Solubilization during Deposit Feeding

Large amounts of Cu in contaminated sediments can be dissolved by digestive fluids of deposit feeders during an in vitro digestion (Mayer et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 2641) and may subsequently become available to those organisms. The mechanisms of this digestive dissolution were investigated by comparing Cu release potentials of modified and unmodified gut fluids. Microwave treatments indicated that complexation rather than enzymatic action likely accounts for enhanced Cu solubilization by gut fluids rich in protein. Solutions of a common protein, bovine serum albumin, with similar AA concentrations mimicked digestive fluids in releasing sedimentary Cu. Chemical modification of histidine residues in gut fluids drastically reduced Cu release, sug gesting their important role in Cu bioavailability. Using an ion-selective electrode, we found an abundance of gut ligand sites with conditional stability constants >1010, consistent with histidine complexation. Histidine concentra tions among various ...
Bibliographic systems of the Soviet republics: Moldavia and Tajikistan

Abstract The article covers the bibliographic systems of the Moldavian and Tajik Soviet Socialist Republics, two of the non-Russian republics of the U.S.S.R. After briefly discussing the two-level system of current national enumerative bibliography found at present in the Soviet Union, it describes the overlap of bibliographic coverage at the two levels, and indicates what is unique and significant about the bibliographic description and indexing activities performed at the republic level. While only two Soviet republics are discussed, the general patterns of bibliographic control observed in Moldavia and Tajikistan are applicable to other Soviet republics as well. The article also discusses the general availability of the bibliographic publications from Moldavia and Tajikistan in library collections outside the U.S.S.R.
Anatomic, histologic, and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities of the shoulder.

Six fresh frozen, human cadaver shoulders were evaluated for gross anatomic, magnetic resonance imaging, and histologic abnormalities. The shoulders underwent routine magnetic resonance imaging with and without intraarticular Gadolinium using a standard surface shoulder coil. The shoulders were diss
Intracarotid delivery of oncolytic HSV vector G47Δ to metastatic breast cancer in the brain

Delivery of viral vectors to tumors in the brain is a challenge, especially via systemic administration, which is key to targeting the invasive margins of malignant glioma and the multiple foci of metastatic disease. Like for other cancer therapeutics, the blood-brain barrier or even the blood-tumor barrier significantly limits delivery and efficacy. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) is one strategy for transiting the cerebrovasculature. G47Delta is a third-generation oncolytic replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector, containing deletions of the gamma34.5 and alpha47 genes and an inactivating LacZ insertion in UL39 (ICP6). Intracarotid artery delivery of G47Delta after BBBD with 25% mannitol significantly extended the life of nude mice bearing intracerebral human MDA-MB-435 breast tumors, whereas, G47Delta injection contralateral to the tumor, in the absence of mannitol or mannitol alone had no effect on survival. G47Delta replication was extensive after BBBD, as visualized by X-gal staining. Staining of peripheral organs, lung and liver, was minimal and not altered by BBBD. This is the first demonstration of intracarotid arterial delivery of oncolytic HSV vectors and antitumor efficacy in a mouse model and opens the door to the use of mouse syngenic tumor models and transgenic/knockout animals.
The growth and chemisorptive properties of Ag and Au monolayers on platinum single crystal surfaces: An AES, TDS and leed study

Abstract The growth and chemisorptive properties of monolayer films of Ag and Au deposited on both the Pt(111) and the stepped Pt(553) surfaces were studied using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). AES studies indicate that the growth of Au on Pt(111) and Pt(553) and Ag on Pt(111) proceeds via a Stranski-Krastanov mechanism, whereas the growth of Ag on the Pt(553) surface follows a Volmer-Weber mechanism. Au dissolves into the Pt crystal bulk at temperatures > 800 K, whereas Ag desorbs at temperatures > 900 K. TDS studies of Ag-covered Pt surfaces indicate that the AgPt bond (283 kJ mol −1 ) is ∼25 kJ mol −1 stronger than the AgAg bond (254 kJ mol −1 ). On the Pt(553) surface the Au atoms are uniformly distributed between terrace and step sites, but Ag preferentially segregates to the terraces. The decrease in CO adsorption on the Pt crystal surfaces is in direct proportion to the Ag or Au coverage. No CO adsorption could be detected for Ag or Au coverages above one monolayer at 300 K and 10 −8 Torr. The heat of adsorption of CO on Pt is unaltered by the presence of Ag or Au.
Long-term changes in the type, but not amount, of ingested plastic particles in short-tailed shearwaters in the southeastern Bering Sea.

Abstract We report the current (1997–1999, 2001) incidence and amount of ingested plastic in short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) in the southeastern Bering Sea and compare our results with plastic reported in shearwaters during 1970–1978. We also examine correlations between plastic loads and shearwater body mass. We found that 84% (N=330) of shearwaters sampled in 1997–1999 and 2001 contained plastic. The incidence and amount of ingested plastic have not significantly changed since the 1970s. In contrast, the predominant type of plastic has changed over time, from industrial plastic to user plastic. Seasonal patterns in the incidence and amount of ingested plastic also changed from peak levels during early and late summer in the 1970s to mid summer in the late 1990s and 2001. We suggest that the availability of neuston plastic to seabirds in the Bering Sea has undergone a shift in composition since the 1970s. Shearwater body mass appears little if at all impaired by plastic, at least at present levels of consumption.
Composing With New Technology Teacher Reflections on Learning Digital Video

This study explores teachers’ reflections on their learning to compose with new technologies in the context of teacher education and/or teacher professional development. English language arts (ELA) teachers (n = 240) in 15 courses learned to use digital video (DV), completed at least one DV group project, and responded to open-ended survey questions. The data examined connections they made between print and DV composing, the best and most frustrating aspects of DV, content they still wanted to learn, and its relevance in their classrooms. The findings demonstrate high engagement with DV, the use of transmediation in making connections between print and DV, the reporting of both enjoyment and frustration with DV, and perceived curricular value with DV in the classroom. Implications include the need for teachers to have practical experiences with DV and opportunities to reflect on content and pedagogical applications.
Radiation characterization of an intra-oral wireless device at multiple ISM bands: 433 MHZ, 915 MHZ, and 2.42 GHz

Intra-oral wireless devices are becoming more popular for physiological monitoring of the mouth environment and tongue-operated assistive technologies, such as the internal Tongue Drive System (iTDS). Here we present the experimental measurements and simulations of radiation performance of three commercial wireless transmitters operating at 433 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.42 GHz, in the industrial-scientific-medical band when they were placed inside human mouth. The measurement and simulation results showed similarities in the attenuation patterns of all tested devices and indicated that the maximum attenuation occurs on the back of the head. There were no significant difference of average attenuation pattern between 433 MHz and 915 MHz, while the attenuation of 2.42 GHz was higher in simulations but not in the measurements.
Childhood growth patterns following congenital heart disease.

Author(s): Aguilar, David C; Raff, Gary W; Tancredi, Daniel J; Griffin, Ian J | Abstract: IntroductionPrenatal and early postnatal growth are known to be abnormal in patients with CHD. Although adult metabolic risk is associated with growth later in childhood, little is known of childhood growth in CHD.Patients and methodsRetrospective data were collected on 551 patients with coarctation of the aorta, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, single ventricle physiology, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, or ventricular septal defects. Weight, height, and body mass index data were converted to Z-scores. Body size at 2 years and growth between 2 and 20 years, 2 and 7 years, and 8 and 15 years were compared with Normative data using a sequential series of mixed-effects linear models.ResultsA total of 4660 weight, 2989 height, and 2988 body mass index measurements were analysed. Body size at 2 years of age was affected by cardiac diagnosis and gender. Abnormal growth was frequent and varied depending on cardiac diagnosis, gender, and the time period considered. The most abnormal patterns were seen in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or single ventricle physiology. Potentially high-risk growth, a combination of small body size at 2 years and rapid subsequent growth, was seen in several groups.ConclusionsChildhood and adolescent growth patterns were gender- and lesion-specific. Several lesions were associated with abnormal patterns of childhood growth known to be associated with an increased risk of adult adiposity or metabolic risk in other populations. Further information is needed on the long-term metabolic risks of survivors of CHD.
Realization of optimum interleavers

Four realizations of interleavers that reorder a sequence of symbols so that no contiguous sequence of n_2 symbols in the reordered sequence contains any pair of symbols that were separated by fewer than n_1 , symbols in the original ordering are introduced. For any n_1 and n_2 that satisfy an appropriate relative primeness condition, these interleavers are optimum in the sense that of all possible interleavers providing the indicated symbol separation, one of these four realizations achieves both the minimum possible encoding delay and the minimum possible combined storage capacity for the interleaver and its unscrambler.
Interaction between emissions of SO2 and HCl in fluidized bed combustors

Abstract The ability to capture SO2 and halogens is one of the most important advantages of fluidized bed combustion (FBC). In order to clarify the affects of chlorine in the absorption of SO2 emission, experiments involving the addition of PVC to coals were carried out using the 0.3 m ID bench scale FBC system at Western Kentucky University. During the experiments, PVC was added to three coals in different percentages, and the mixtures fed into the FBC system. The Ca/S ratio was kept constant at 3:1. The experimental results indicate that chloride addition dramatically decreased the SO2 concentration in flue gases. The sulfur and chlorine contents in both fly ash and bed ash increased. At the same time, the utilization efficiency of calcium increased with an increase in the PVC weight percent. This reduction in SO2 is attributed to more voids on the sorbent particle surface (limestone and/or ash) through transient formation of a mobile halide ion-containing phase (CaCl2), and to the reactions: (1) 4HCl+O 2 ↔2Cl 2 +2H 2 O (2) Cl 2 +SO 2 +H 2 O↔2HCl+SO 3 . A proposed mechanism involving the interaction between SO2 and HCl is discussed in detail.
Proteins in nucleocytoplasmic interactions. II. Turnover and changes in nuclear protein distribution with time and growth.

In previous studies, we showed that essentially all the proteins of the Amoeba proteus nucleus could be classified either as Rapidly Migrating Proteins (RMP), which shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm continuously at a relatively rapid rate during interphase, or as Slow Turnover Proteins (STP), which seem to move hardly at all during interphase. In this paper, we report on the kinetics and direction of the movement of both classes of protein, as well as on aspects of their localization, with and without growth. The effects of growth were observed with and without cell division. These nuclear proteins have been studied in several ways: by transplantation of labeled nuclei into unlabeled cells and noting the rate of distribution to cytoplasm and host cell nuclei; by repeated amputation of cytoplasm from labeled cells—with and without initially labeled cytoplasm—each amputation being followed by refeeding on unlabeled food; by noting the redistribution of the various protein classes following growth and cell division. The data show (a) labeled RMP equilibrate between a grafted labeled nucleus and an unlabeled host nucleus in ca. 3 hr, but are detectable in the latter less than 30 min after the operation; (b) STP label does, indeed, leave the nucleus and does so at a rate of ca. 25% of the nuclear total per cell generation (ca. 36–40 hr at 23°C); (c) the cytoplasm appears to have a reserve of material that is converted to RMP; (d) when labeled cells are amputated just before they would have divided and are refed unlabeled food after each amputation, there is a loss of 20–25% of the nuclear protein label with each amputation; (e) under the latter circumstances, an essentially complete turnover of all nuclear protein can be demonstrated.