cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis and S-phase synthesis in rodent hepatocytes following in vivo treatment: testing of 24 compounds.

The in vivo-in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay has been shown to be useful for studying genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. In addition, measurement of S-phase synthesis (SPS) provides an indirect indicator of hepatocellular proliferation, which may be an important mechanism in rodent carcinogenesis. This assay was used to examine 24 chemicals for their ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) or SPS in Fischer-344 rats or B6C3F1 mice following in vivo treatment. Hepatocytes were isolated by liver perfusion and incubated with 3H-thymidine following in vivo treatment by gavage. UDS was measured by quantitative autoradiography as net grains/nucleus (NG). Controls from both sexes of both species yielded less than 0.0 NG. Chemicals chosen for testing were from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) genetic toxicology testing program and most were also evaluated in long-term animal studies conducted by the NTP. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid, benzyl acetate, bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether (BCMEE), C.I. Solvent Yellow 14, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl anthranilate, dichloromethane, dichlorvos, glutaraldehyde, 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), 4-nitrotoluene, 4,4'-oxydianiline, a polybrominated biphenyl mixture (PBB), reserpine, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and 2,6-xylidine all failed to induce UDS in rats and/or mice. Dinitrotoluene and Michler's Ketone induced positive UDS response in rat, while N-nitrosodiethanolamine and selenium sulfide induced equivocal UDS results in mouse and rat, respectively. BCMEE, bromoform, chloroform, PBB, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene were all potent inducers of SPS in mouse liver, while C.I. Solvent Yellow 14, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane yielded equivocal SPS results in rat and mouse, respectively. These results indicate that most of the test compounds do not induce UDS in the liver; however, the significant S-phase responses induced by many of these compounds, especially the halogenated solvents, may be an important mechanism in their hepatocarcinogenicity.
E. Virginia Armbrust

Note from the EditorEducator Highlights for CBE-LSE show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly...
P2y purinergic receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in tissues of the cochlear lateral wall

The tissues of the lateral wall of the cochlea, spiral ligament and stria vascularis, maintain homeostasis of the inner ear through the production of endolymph and regulation of cochlear blood flow. We examined the effects of purinergic agonists on the release of inositol phosphates (InsPs) in intact isolated lateral wall tissues of the Fischer-344 rat. After preincubation with myo[3H]inositol, stimulation with the P2 purinergic agonist ATP-gamma-S resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the formation of [3H]InsPs. The P2 purinergic agonist alpha,beta-methylene ATP (AMP-CPP) was a weaker stimulant, and the P1 purinergic agonist adenosine was ineffective. These results are consistent with the presence of P2y receptors and a purinergically controlled InsP3 second messenger system in the cochlear lateral wall.
Heats of mixing in the critical region

Abstract Molar enthalpies of mixing, H E m , along isothermisobars in the critical region are reviewed. Small positive H E m below the lower critical temperature transform to large negative H E m as the temperature rises, then to large positive H E m near the upper critical temperature. As the temperature continues ro rise, H E m values diminish until they resemble those observed below the lower critical temperature. Phase changes at pressures below the critical locus, or large changes in the supercritical compressibilities, are responsible. Van der Waals-like equations of state have been used to correlate the H E m data using only one adjustable coefficient in the combining rule for a ij , the attractive energy parameter. Correlations are improved when a hard-sphere pressure replaces the excluded volume pressure of the equation of state. Applications to heat pumps, temperature buffers, extraction, and chromatography are discussed.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular reactivity testing for the evaluation of the role of psychosocial factors and prognosis in hypertensive patients.

Abstract This article reviews the contributions of laboratory-based reactivity testing and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of the role of paychosocial factors in hypertension. Reactivity testing is ideally suited for evaluating individual differences in susceptibility to the acute effects of stressors but cannot resolve the question regarding whether stressors in everyday life contribute to a sustained elevation of pressure. Although several assoclations between increased reactivity and hypertension have been demonstrated, they do not necessarily imply a primary role for behavioral factors. Ambulatory monitoring is ideally suited for studying the effects of everyday stressors and has shown that blood pressure may increase as a result of occupational stress. On the grouns that hypertension results from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors, it is argued that both techniques have their place and that the role of psychosocial factors can best be demonstrated by prospective studies of persons exposed to different levels of stress.
The Effects of the Mexican Economic Crisis on Trade and Employment in the United States

During late 1981 Mexico began experiencing a rapid deterioration in its current account balance which is frequently associated with an overvalued exchange rate. The government's initial reaction to this problem was to increase its official intervention in the foreign exchange market. This policy was abandoned in early 1982 as Mexico's international reserves were depleted by falling export revenues, capital flight, and an inability to obtain further loans in international credit markets. The adjustment program which followed included three devaluations of the peso, exchange controls, reduced import tariffs to mitigate the inflationary effects of the devaluation, and tighter monetary and fiscal policies. In response to this austerity program Mexico was able to obtain short-term loans from foreign central banks, U.S. government agencies, and multi-lateral institutions. Unfortunately, neither the adjustment programs nor the assistance it received from abroad was sufficient to prevent the foreign exchange crisis from creating a severe macroeconomic contraction. While the effects of the foreign exchange crisis on Mexico's current account balance and domestic economy are well known, the effects on the U.S. economy have not been as widely addressed. This neglect is understandable as most work on the international transmission of economic disturbances focuses on the relationships among developed countries (DCs) and implicitly assumes that a disturbance emanating from a less developed country (LDC) would have a trivial impact on DC. However, Mexico is the third largest trading partner of the U.S. While the economic disturbance in Mexico may not have a large impact on the U.S. as a whole, it should have a measurable impact on U.S. trade with Mexico and, by extension, employment in export and import competing sectors.
Free Bank Failures: Risky Bonds versus Undiversified Portfolios

Almost 30% of the 872 banks established under the Free Banking System (1837–62) are considered failures, unable to reimburse noteholders for the full value of their bank notes upon closure. Lacking sufficient data, economists have focused on one of two general failure explanations: poor regulation design or undiversified bank portfolios. I test both explanations within hazard functions using Warren Weber's annual balance sheet data for almost every antebellum bank. My results suggest that free banking's bond-secured note issue was the underlying problem, but individual banks could have avoided failure by diversifying their assets with loans and controlling their circulation.
The Effect of Cluster Size Variability on Statistical Power in Cluster-Randomized Trials

The frequency of cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) in peer-reviewed literature has increased exponentially over the past two decades. CRTs are a valuable tool for studying interventions that cannot be effectively implemented or randomized at the individual level. However, some aspects of the design and analysis of data from CRTs are more complex than those for individually randomized controlled trials. One of the key components to designing a successful CRT is calculating the proper sample size (i.e. number of clusters) needed to attain an acceptable level of statistical power. In order to do this, a researcher must make assumptions about the value of several variables, including a fixed mean cluster size. In practice, cluster size can often vary dramatically. Few studies account for the effect of cluster size variation when assessing the statistical power for a given trial. We conducted a simulation study to investigate how the statistical power of CRTs changes with variable cluster sizes. In general, we observed that increases in cluster size variability lead to a decrease in power.
Secondary structure prediction and unrefined tertiary structure prediction for cyclin A, B, and D

We present heuristic-based predictions of the secondary and tertiary structures of cyclins A, B, and D, representatives of the cyclin superfamily. The list of suggested constraints for tertiary structure assembly was left unrefined in order to submit this report before an announced crystal structure for cyclin A becomes available. To predict these constraints, a master sequence alignment over 270 positions of cyclin types A, B, and D was adjusted based on individual secondary structure predictions for each type. We used new heuristics for predicting aromatic residues at protein-protein interfaces and to identify sequentially distinct regions in the protein chain that cluster in the folded structure. The boundaries of two conjectured domains in the cyclin fold were predicted based on experimental data in the literature. The domain that is important for interaction of the cyclins with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is predicted to contain six helices; the second domain in the consensus model contains both helices and a beta-sheet that is formed by sequentially distant regions in the protein chain. A plausible phosphorylation site is identified. This work represents a blinded test of the method for prediction of secondary and, to a lesser extent, tertiary structure from a set of homologous protein sequences. Evaluation of our predictions will become possible with the publication of the announced crystal structure.
The treatment of dupuytren's contracture

Abstract It is evident from a review of the literature that conservative treatment, namely, stretching, heat and massage and the use of ointments and irradiation, has failed to prevent or cure Dupuytren's contracture. Following an experience of more than twenty years, during which time I have seen 315 patients who were afflicted with this condition and have operated on more than 100 of them, I have come to the conclusion that the operation of choice is surgical excision of the involved palmar fascia. The result has been satisfactory in about 90 per cent of the cases. Subcutaneous section of the constricting bands ot palmar fascia is a satisfactory method of treating certain patients. A carefully managed program of physical therapy is necessary. A combination of excision, splinting and physical therapy results in a useful functioning extremity.
Bioaccumulation Profiles of Chemical Contaminants in Fish from the Lower Willamette River, Portland Harbor, Oregon

Twenty-five PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 15 organochlorine (OC) pesticides, and mercury were determined in fish from the Willamette River in Oregon, including a Portland Harbor superfund site. Fish were collected during the summer of 2000 along a 20-mile stretch of the lower Willamette River. Concentrations of sumPCBs (sum of 25 individually determined PCB congeners) and sumDDTs (sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD) in fish ranged from 14 to 530 and from 18 to 510 ng/g-wet weight, respectively. SumPCBs concentrations at all sites exceeded US EPA fish advisory's screening values. Hexachlorobiphenyl congener 153 was the most abundant of the PCBs detected and p,p'-DDE was the most abundant OC pesticide detected. Low levels of dieldrin were detected in fish at all sites with the highest concentration at the superfund site (4.6 ng/g-wet weight), while other OC pesticides tested were near or below detection limits (approximately 2 ng/g). In general, organic chemical contaminant concentrations were highest in fish from the superfund site and were lower further upriver. Smallmouth bass had the highest levels of OC compounds of three fish species examined. They also had the largest site-to-site variations whereas black crappie had little variation throughout the study area. Mercury levels in fish ranged from 13 to 520 ng/g. Historical fish residue data are limited from the Portland Harbor superfund site, what data is available is over a decade old, generally consisted of only a few fish (< or = 3) and analyses quantified only a few PCB congeners (< 3).
Controlled Synthesis of Mixed Core and Layered (Zn,Cd)S and (Hg,Cd)S Nanocrystals within Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles

Phosphatidylcholine vesicles provide reaction compartments for the synthesis of nanometer-size CdS, ZnyCd1-yS, and HgyCd1-yS particles with size- and composition-tunable absorbance and luminescence features. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric measurements are consistent with crystalline, monodisperse particles with few core or surface defects and uniform core composition. Core−shell CdS−HgS and CdS−ZnS nanocrystals also are synthesized within the vesicle interiors by alternating addition of cations and sulfide to build layered particles. These materials exhibit well-defined, yet qualitatively different, absorbance and luminescence spectra and establish the versatility of vesicles for synthesis of both mixed and layered composition nanocrystals.
The ligation and flexibility of four-arm DNA junctions.

Four-arm DNA branched junctions are stable analogs of Holliday recombination intermediates, constructed from oligonucleotides. The conformational flexibility of junctions can be estimated by ligating them together and determining the set of closed macrocyclic products that are obtained among the linked units. We have performed a series of these experiments, using pairs of sticky ends that flank each of the six angles of a four-arm junction. In every case, the ligated junctions are separated by 20 nucleotide pairs, about two turns of DNA. All expected short linear products, starting with dimers, are observed for all ligations. All ligations result in a macrocyclic series that begins with trimers. Thus, over the time scale of these reactions, the arms of this junction can form angles as low as 60°. The response of this junction to torsional stress has been tested in a companion experiment. A smaller version of this same four-arm junction has been oligomerized so that successive junctions are separated by 16 nucleotide pairs, approximately 1.5 turns of DNA. If junctions were as rigid as linear duplex DNA, this system would not be expected to form macrocycles until the continuous chain approaches the Shore–Baldwin limit, ca. 160 base pairs. However, macrocyclic closure is observed in a regular ligation ladder, starting from tetramers. Model building suggests that the most likely explanation for the observed closure is that the junction adopts two different conformations, which bend the continuous strand toward opposite grooves. The junction structures formed by these ligations represent fluctuations from equilibrium structures.
A Note-Restructuring Intervention Increases Students’ Exam Scores

It was hypothesized that students’ learning would be enhanced by an intervention getting them to elaborate on and restructure the notes they had taken in lecture. Students in a research methods course were randomly assigned to weeks in which they would turn in a copy of their restructured lecture notes along with a very brief summary of the class. This intervention required students to spend quality time-on-task. Subsequently, results of exam questions from weeks in which students completed the intervention were compared to weeks they did not do so. The intervention improved student performance by a full class grade (11 percent, effect size d = 1.1) and it improved performance equally for students at the top, bottom, and middle of the class.
Co-Culture of Carrot Cells and a Green Alga on Medium Deficient in Nitrogen

Summary Actively growing carrot callus was transferred to medium deficient in nitrogen. The callus was co-cultured with a nitrogen fixing green alga. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the algae cells were in intercellular spaces between the carrot cells where they may be supplying sufficient nutrients to maintain the callus.
Anomalous Behavior of Semi-Insulating Silicon Rich Amorphous Silicon Nitride

Silicon rich PECVD amorphous silicon nitride has been used as an inter-level metal dielectric for making laser programmable connections on restructurable VLSI. There is an apparent Schottky barrier characteristic that has a 0.11 eV lower barrier for Ti than for Al. The stoichiometry was analyzed using RBS and HFS, and found to contain approximately 55% Si, 25% N, and 20% H by atomic percentages. The optical bandgap is 2.01 eV as found by the Tauc method. The insulating behavior depends on time in an anomalous manner at applied fields greater than about 0.2 MV/cm, whereby the current increases with time for several seconds until it leaches an equilibrium value. The current decays in a normal charging manner at lower fields and in samples with insulating sub-layers between the electrodes and the nitride. When used as a gate dielectric, there is a long-time charging behavior that shifts the flat band voltage in the opposite direction of the applied stress. This shift is indicative of polarization within the dielectric. This behavior is similar to that of a reverse biased a-Si:H p-i-n diode.
Convergence of Passive Scalar Fields in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Flows to Kraichnan's Model

We prove that the passive scalar field in the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck velocity field with wave-number dependent correlation times converges, in the white-noise limit, to that of Kraichnan's model with higher spatial regularity.
COLORADO COMMUNITY COLLEGE AND OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM: A CULTURE STRUCTURED FOR INNOVATION

When examined closely, culture and leadership are interrelated. To understand dramatic changes in community colleges and to anticipate their future, we must recognize the importance of the culture and the organization's ability to accept significant change. The cultural conditions within the Colorado system have had a significant impact on the individual state system colleges' effectiveness. The shared assumptions, norms, values, and climate, as defined by Edgar Schein (1991) in Organizational Culture and Leadership create a view of the organization within itself and in its environment. This article describes the development of an organizational culture that helped create a climate for innovation and led to the emergence of the Colorado Community College and Occupational Education System as a major innovator in the higher education systems of Colorado and the nation. The cultural transition described consisted of many different legal steps, personnel and policy decisions that culminated in the creation of...
Case study: Precise products

The experience of this spring-pin manufacturer illustrates how a small company can resolve environmental problems “in-house” with a minimum of professional assistance—and only minor capital expenditures.
Defect generation and suppression during the impurity-induced layer disordering of quantum-sized GaAs/GaInP layers

We have investigated both analytically and experimentally the mechanisms for defect formation during interdiffusion of GaAs and GaInP. We find that the analytical model predicts a critical thickness below which defects are not produced during this highly strained interdiffusion process. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of diffused buried layers of varying thickness exhibits very good qualitative agreement with the analysis developed.
Treatment of electrical storms in Brugada syndrome

Abstract Patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) not uncommonly suffer from recurrent and recalcitrant ventricular fibrillation episodes, the so-called “electrical storm” which is malignant and potentially lethal event. While electrical storm in BrS is a therapeutic challenge, fortunately there are effective therapeutic solutions which must be compulsory applied: Elimination of precipitating factors, isoproterenol and oral quinidine are the first 2 therapeutic steps that one must urgently commenced. And if this measure should fail, ablation of the triggering ventricular premature beats and/or substrate ablation at the anterior aspect of the right ventricular outflow tract should be performed.
Nanopreparations to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer

Multidrug resistance is the most widely exploited phenomenon by which cancer eludes chemotherapy. Broad variety of factors, ranging from the cellular ones, such as over-expression of efflux transporters, defective apoptotic machineries, and altered molecular targets, to the physiological factors such as higher interstitial fluid pressure, low extracellular pH, and formation of irregular tumor vasculature are responsible for multidrug resistance. A combination of various undesirable factors associated with biological surroundings together with poor solubility and instability of many potential therapeutic small & large molecules within the biological systems and systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents has necessitated the need for nano-preparations to optimize drug delivery. The physiology of solid tumors presents numerous challenges for successful therapy. However, it also offers unique opportunities for the use of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles, up to 400 nm in size, have shown great promise for carrying, protecting and delivering potential therapeutic molecules with diverse physiological properties. In this review, various factors responsible for the MDR and the use of nanotechnology to overcome the MDR, the use of spheroid culture as well as the current technique of producing microtumor tissues in vitro are discussed in detail.
Optimization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers of Serotonin for Biomaterial Applications.

We prepared molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), a neurotransmitter and mood modulator, using a combination of neutral (methacrylamide or acrylamide) and positively charged (methacrylic acid) functional monomers. Water, PBS, acidified methanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate were compared as rinsing solvents for the removal of serotonin from the MIPs. Methacrylamide MIPs rinsed in acidified methanol (92% serotonin removal) produced the highest imprinting factor (3.1) in equilibrium batch rebinding experiments using a combination of 2% water and 98% MeCN as the rebinding solvent. For the first time, these MIPs were assessed for cytocompatibility using mouse mesencephalon neural progenitor cells (NPC) and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Although MIP particles decreased NPC viability to <70%, MIP particles did not significantly reduce fibroblast viability when incorporated into a hyaluronic acid biomaterial. MIP microparticles were incorporated into a cross-linked hyaluronic acid...
Mesoporous Membrane Technologies for the Collection of Airborne Biological Pathogens

There is an urgent need for efficient, rapid, and inexpensive collection techniques for pathogen detection in environmental samples. For over 40 years membrane filters have been played an important role in the collection of radiological and chemical samples from the environment. Recently inorganic mesoporous alumina membranes have been developed with high densities of highly uniform size pores. Measurements of the physical properties of membranes with 100 nm and 200 nm pores revealed that a transition state hydrodynamic condition exists in the pores that enhanced the permeability of the membranes to gases. These membranes were also found to maintain a high permeability at relative humidities as high as 98% and to be capable of supporting pressures as high as 65 psi. A high density poly(ethylene glycol) monolayer was grafted to the alumina membranes to minimize the adhesion of aerosols to the membranes. This hybrid membrane allowed B. globigii spores to be extracted from aqueous solutions with 96.7% efficiencies. Multi-day collection runs with a prototype collector demonstrated that an instrument based on these membranes could be operated in complex environmental conditions.
Ultrastructural changes in the developing chick liver: I. General cytology

The cytological changes accompanying the differentiation of the liver of the the chick have been investigated from its first appearance on the third day of incubation, through hatching, and up to the fifteenth day after hatching. The appearance of glycogen and lipid are discussed in the light of recent findings of β granule formation in the pancreas and other available data. Activation of the Golgi complex takes place on the fourth to fifth day of incubation as judged by its expansion and the formation of a variety of vesicles. Mitochondria are sparse and have an average diameter of 0.2 μ at 4 days of incubation which increases to over 1 μ at hatching and then decreases to approximately 0.5 μ . The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 0072 0154 is very sparse at 3 days of incubation and appears first mainly in a vesicular form which eventually changes to a cisternal form and becomes closely associated with the plasma membrane and mitochondria, a single cisterna surrounding almost every mitochondrion. The rough ER gives rise to the smooth vesicular ER associated with glycogen deposition. Polyribosomal groups are frequently seen in the cytoplasm from the eighth day on. Microbodies become more numerous at hatching and are frequently located in the glycogen-lipid areas.
Building a Model of Work Force Reduction that is Grounded in Pertinent Theory and Data: Reply to Mckinley

In this article the authors respond to comments made about a paper they published in a pervious issue that discussed that examined organizational decline. The authors proposed two models of the process in their original work, the second of which drew the most scrutiny. In this article they reexamine this model of organizational decline and address various aspects of the model more intensively. The main areas that they focus on are explaining why administrative ratios were not included in their model as well as offering a better argument for why the assumption of symmetry between decline and growth was not needed in their model.
Clientele Effects on the Demand For Housing Price Appreciation

If house buyers are segmented by income, one might expect to observe buyers in such markets valuing the benefits of expected capital gain differently. Presumably, individuals experiencing higher marginal tax rates should be inclined to pay relatively more for anticipated capital gain since the opportunities of sheltering such income from taxation are greater. This paper attempts to identify a proxy for expected capital gain by using the hedonic price methodology to predict a recent price series for each housing unit in a sample of sales. That proxy is then used to determine an individual buyer's marginal willingness to pay for anticipated price appreciation. The results indicate that one cannot reject the joint hypothesis that homebuyers naively extrapolate from prior implied price performance to establish future price expectations and the variation in willingness to pay for that expectation may be a function of the buyer's income. This suggests the existence in housing markets of a phenomenon termed the clientele effect. This effect has been the subject of considerable examination in the finance literature.
Calcium-Mediated Fulvene Couplings. 2. Survey of 6-Aryl- and 6-Alkylfulvenes for Their rac Selectivity in the Synthesis of ansa-Calcocenes

The reductive coupling of 6-mesitylfulvene, 6-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)fulvene, 6-(1-naphthyl)fulvene, and 6-tert-butylfulvene with HgCl2-activated calcium was examined to determine if increasing t...
Transjugular Liver Biopsy in a Patient with a Total Artificial Heart

was repaired, and the patient was discharged home 2 days after the procedure. Surgical retrieval of a retained needle in the perineum assisted by the placement of a hook wire using biplane fluoroscopy has also been reported by Kleinpeter et al (3). However, in our experience, CT afforded an acceptable alternative with potentially more accurate localization and superior delineation of adjacent structures. Exploratory dissection for retained surgical instruments can be a frustrating and challenging endeavor. Hook wire localization can result in direct access for the surgeon without the need for an extensive dissection. CT guidance for localization improves the precision and reliability of the hook wire placement, particularly in deep structures that are not easily visualized with
“Just a Dream” Big Bill Broonzy, the Blues, and Chicago’s Black Metropolis

This article based on primary research including collections from the Alan Lomax Collection from the Library of Congress’s American Folklife Center, The Chicago Historical Society, The Pullman Company Papers from the Newberry Library, and the recently discovered Michael van Isveldt Collection from Amsterdam, Netherlands, argues that within Chicago’s rapidly developing Black Metropolis between World War I and II, Chicago bluesman Big Bill Broonzy treaded lightly between a world of black and white “Old Settler” ideas and those brought from the South by migrant “New Settlers.” By doing so, he helped establish a new dimension of the Great Migrations to Chicago’s Black Metropolis that centered on black creativity and a new kind of entrepreneurialism. This new dimension, moreover, nurtured a new identity in the emerging black urban consciousness that involved, in equal parts, southern cultural pathways and new ones created by city life. Scholarship on the development of Chicago’s Black Metropolis and the Great ...
Determining asteroid masses from perturbations on Mars

The orbit of Mars is perturbed more than 5 m, a value compatible with the accuracy of the Viking Lander ranging data, by about three dozen asteroids. In addition to larger asteroids throughout the belt, significant perturbations of long period are generated by smaller objects near commensurabilities with Mars. The largest periodic terms induced by 1 Ceres and 2 Pallas have amplitudes of 0.8 and 0.2 km, respectively, both with 10-year periods. Due to a near commensurability, 4 Vesta causes a 5-km, 52-year term. While the Viking ranges will yield significant mass determinations for the largest three asteroids, and some of the smaller bodies should be detectable, it will be difficult to separate the smaller bodies with useful accuracies. Accurate discrimination must await range data from future missions to Mars or other bodies in the neighborhood of the asteroid belt. The Viking ranges can also yield improved masses for the outer planets (except Pluto), an application which is being exploited by groups analyzing these data. Uncertainties in the asteroid masses limit the ultimate accuracy of the Viking determinations of both the long time scale motion of the system of the inner four planets with respect to an inertial frame and the rate of change of the gravitational constant.
Synthesis of the C-glycoside of α-D-mannose-(1 → 6)-D-myo-inositol

The dimannosylatedinositol pseudotrisaccharide phospholipid of the lipoarabinomannan (LAM) component of the mycobacterial cell wall has attracted interest as a therapeutic target because of its uniqueness to mycobacteria, its assembly at an early stage in LAM biosynthesis and the immunological activity of oligosaccharides containing this subunit. Accordingly, analogues of this pseudotrisaccharide, α-D-mannose-(1 → 2)-α-D-mannose-(1 → 6)-D-myo-inositol are of interest as mechanistic probes and drug leads. C-glycosides are of special interest because of their hydrolytic stability and conformational differences compared to O-glycosides. Herein, as a prelude to C-glycoside analogues of this pseudotrisaccharide, we describe the synthesis of the C-glycoside of α-D-mannose-(1 → 6)-D-myo-inositol. The synthetic strategy centers on the elaboration of a C1-linked glycal-inositol, the glycone segment of which is assembled via an oxocarbenium ion cyclization on a thioacetal-enol ether precursor that originates from “glycone” and “aglycone” components.
A coarse-to-fine strategy for multiclass shape detection

Multiclass shape detection, in the sense of recognizing and localizing instances from multiple shape classes, is formulated as a two-step process in which local indexing primes global interpretation. During indexing a list of instantiations (shape identities and poses) is compiled, constrained only by no missed detections at the expense of false positives. Global information, such as expected relationships among poses, is incorporated afterward to remove ambiguities. This division is motivated by computational efficiency. In addition, indexing itself is organized as a coarse-to-fine search simultaneously in class and pose. This search can be interpreted as successive approximations to likelihood ratio tests arising from a simple ("naive Bayes") statistical model for the edge maps extracted from the original images. The key to constructing efficient "hypothesis tests" for multiple classes and poses is local ORing; in particular, spread edges provide imprecise but common and locally invariant features. Natural tradeoffs then emerge between discrimination and the pattern of spreading. These are analyzed mathematically within the model-based framework and the whole procedure is illustrated by experiments in reading license plates.
Auger analysis of surface films on Ag3Sn

The surface properties of Ag3Sn are important in the amalgamation process so that mechanical abrasion is generally necessary to get a satisfactory amalgam. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to characterize the surface of Ag3Sn after several types of surfaces treatments. Homogeneous polycrystalline rods of Ag3Sn were prepared in vacuo from high purity (99.99%) Ag and Sn. Specimens were sliced from these rods and prepared as follows: (1) mechanically polished, (2) polished as in (1) and allowed to sit in air for three days and (3) polished as in (1) and electrolytically etched. Each of these specimens was examined by Auger electron spectroscopy. The results showed that after mechanical abrasion the surface film was primarily oxide and the Ag to Sn ratio was lower than the bulk composition, indicating preferential oxidation of Sn. After sitting in air sulfur was also present on the surface and the Ag to Sn ratio was greater than that immediately after polishing, indicating the formation of Ag2S. After electrolytic etching some oxide was still present, but only a trace of sulfide was found. However, the Ag to Sn ratio was greater than that for mechanically polished specimens, indicating preferential dissolution of Sn. Therefore, it is seen that the surface preparation of Ag3Sn has a marked effect on Ag and Sn concentrations and the nature of films at the surface.
Compact glow discharge for the elemental analysis of aqueous samples.

Glow discharge sources have shown impressive analytical performance, cost effectiveness, and versatility but have traditionally been ill-suited for the analysis of liquids or solutions. However, in recent years, glow discharges operated at atmospheric pressure have shown progress in this direction. In particular, glow discharges have been operated with the solution to be analyzed acting as one of the electrodes (most typically, and most successfully, the cathode). These sources exhibit many of the traditional advantages of glow discharges (such as low power requirements) and possess the additional benefit of not requiring vacuum equipment. In the present study, a modified design is introduced and its analytical performance is evaluated. The modification from the most similar source is primarily a reduction in discharge volume (nearly 5-fold, to 2 mm3) and a corresponding increase in power density. With the new design, detection limits for a range of metals are greatly improved, with most now in the single...
Interferon treatment inhibits the replication of simian immunodeficiency virus at an early stage: evidence for a block between attachment and reverse transcription.

Abstract Interferon (IFN) dramatically reduces both SIV and HIV-1 replication in vitro . However, we previously found that whereas IFN treatment of SIV-infected cells results in a decrease in the level of viral RNA, IFN treatment of HIV-1-infected cells has no effect on viral RNA expression but rather leads to a decrease in viral protein stability and a deregulation of polyprotein processing (M. B. Agy, R. L. Acker, C. H. Sherbert, and M.G. Katze, Virology 214, 379–386, 1995). To more closely define the stage of SIV replication adversely affected by IFN, we used several approaches, including PCR amplification, to examine the effects of IFN on viral DNA synthesis and integration in MT4 and 174 × CEM cells synchronously infected with SIV. Unexpectedly, we found that IFN blocked the synthesis of viral DNA in SIV-infected cells but appeared to have no effect on HIV-1 DNA synthesis. Using a p27 ELISA, we demonstrated that IFN had no effect on the attachment of SIV to MT4 cells. Thus, our results indicate that IFN blocks an early stage of SIV replication, at a step between attachment and reverse transcription. To our knowledge this is the first report to examine the effects of IFN on discrete stages of the SIV life cycle.
Site-specific silencing of regulatory elements as a mechanism of X-inactivation

Summary The inactive X chromosome's (Xi) physical territory is microscopically devoid of transcriptional hallmarks and enriched in silencing-associated modifications. How these microscopic signatures relate to specific Xi sequences is unknown. Therefore, we profiled Xi gene expression and chromatin states at high resolution via allele-specific sequencing in mouse trophoblast stem cells. Most notably, X-inactivated transcription start sites harbored distinct epigenetic signatures relative to surrounding Xi DNA. These sites displayed H3-lysine27-trimethylation enrichment and DNaseI hypersensitivity, similar to autosomal Polycomb targets, yet excluded Pol II and other transcriptional hallmarks, similar to nontranscribed genes. CTCF bound X-inactivated and escaping genes, irrespective of measured chromatin boundaries. Escape from X inactivation occurred within, and X inactivation was maintained exterior to, the area encompassed by Xist in cells subject to imprinted and random X inactivation. The data support a model whereby inactivation of specific regulatory elements, rather than a simple chromosome-wide separation from transcription machinery, governs gene silencing over the Xi.
MDMA-Like Stimulus Effects of Hallucinogens in Male Fawn–Hooded Rats

A two-lever, food-motivated, operant technique was employed to train the purportedly serotonergically dysfunctional Fawn-Hooded (FH) rat to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg MDMA. Once all 10 male subjects learned the MDMA-vehicle discrimination at criterion performance level, doses different than the training dose were used to generate a dose-response discrimination gradient. The ED50 value of MDMA was shown to be 0.136 mg/kg, not significantly different from that of previously trained Sprague-Dawley male rats. Thus, the Fawn-Hooded rat appears to not differ in its sensitivity to lower doses of MDMA. Testing for MDMA-like stimulus generalizations with other drugs indicated that the MDMA derivative MDE produced generalization at a dose of 2.25 mg/kg and allowed for an ED50 value of 0.496 mg/kg. Like MDE, the testing of alpha-ethyltryptamine was shown to produce MDMA-like responding. Lastly, a dose of 0.12 mg/kg LSD produced 90% MDMA-lever selection. In contrast to MDMA generalizations to these three drugs, testing of cocaine at doses of 2.5-10 mg/kg and mescaline at 8-14 mg/kg did not produce MDMA-like discriminative effects. The results of this testing in the presumably serotonergically dysfunctional Fawn-Hooded rat would indicate that this line not only can discriminate MDMA as well as heterogenous-bred lines, but also shows the same discriminative generalizations and nongeneralizations from MDMA to serotonergic and dopaminergic agents.
Contemporary Clinical Practice with Asian Immigrants: A Relational Framework with Culturally Responsive Approaches, by Irene W. Chung and Tazuko Shibusawa

Among the many techniques for teaching cultural responsiveness in clinical practice, “West” meets “East” can rank as one of the most important. This book makes available both the theory and the pra...
Jet and charged hadron nuclear modification factors in pPb collisions with CMS

Abstract One of the signatures of the strongly interacting medium produced in central PbPb collisions is the suppression of high- p T jets and charged particles. In order to disentangle the initial state and final state effects in heavy ion collisions, the nuclear modification factor of both jets and of charged-particles in pPb ( R pPb ) collisions is presented. The spectra of both jets and charged-particles in pPb collisions at s N N = 5.02 TeV , have been measured with the CMS detector using high statistics samples. The R pPb of charged particles is determined by dividing the measured pPb spectrum by a pp reference spectrum constructed using interpolation methods, or alternatively from PYTHIA simulations.
Core-valence correlation consistent basis sets for second-row atoms (Al–Ar) revisited

The augmented tight-d cc-pV(n + d)Z (where n = D, T, Q, 5) basis sets are now the recommended “standard” correlation consistent basis set for second-row atoms. These revised sets, however, do not have a suitable corresponding core–valence basis set series to enable an assessment of core–valence corrections. This is particularly important when such effects are assessed and are used as an additive effect, as is done in composite methods. Thus, there is a need for a new “standard” core–valence series of basis sets for second-row atoms that builds systematically upon the cc-pV(n + d)Z sets. In this study, we develop the cc-pCV(n + d)Z basis set series and demonstrate their usefulness through molecular benchmark calculations for a series of second-row systems. These revised core–valence basis sets provide greater consistency in the description of core–valence effects with respect to change in basis set, enabling greater utility of the sets, even for the lower values of n.
An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the entorhinal cortex in the rat

The longer connections of the entorhinal cortex have been studied autoradiographically in a series of rats, each of which received a small injection of 3H-amino acids in one of the various cytoarchitectonic subfields of the entorhinal cortex. The major findings can be summarized as follows. Whereas the projection of the lateral entorhinal area (LEA) to the dentate gyrus is broad in its longitudinal extent, the medial entorhinal area (MEA), and especially the ventral portion of this zone, projects in a more lamellar fashion. In the transverse plane the LEA preferentially projects to the inner (dorsal) blade of the dentate gyrus, while the MEA innervates both blades equally. Within the radial dimension, the entorhinal cortex projects to the dentate gyrus according to a medial to lateral gradient, with lateral portions of the LEA projecting along the pial surface and successively more medial portions of the entorhinal projecting closer to the granule cells. The commissural entorhinal to dentate projections are similar to the ipsilateral projections in location; however, they are considerably reduced in septotemporal extent and do not arise from cells in the ventral half of either LEA or the intermediate entorhinal area (IEA). The projection of the entorhinal cortex to Ammon's horn reflects the same longitudinal characteristics as the dentate projections. An alvear input which extends only to the pyramidal cells at the CA1-subicular junction was most noticeable at ventral hippocampal levels. Finally the extrahippocampal projections have been analyzed. These arise predominantly from cells in the LEA and project forward along the angular bundle to the piriform and periamygdaloid cortices, as well as the endopiriform nucleus, the lateral, basolateral, and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the olfactory tubercle, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the taenia tecta, and the indusium griseum. These extrinsic projections are to a large extent reciprocal to the major extrinsic inputs to the LEA.
Drosophila melanogaster activating transcription factor 4 regulates glycolysis during endoplasmic reticulum stress

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress results from an imbalance between the load of proteins entering the secretory pathway and the ability of the ER to fold and process them. The response to ER stress is mediated by a collection of signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response, which plays important roles in development and disease. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, ER stress induces a coordinated change in the expression of genes involved in carbon metabolism. Genes encoding enzymes that carry out glycolysis were up-regulated, whereas genes encoding proteins in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain complexes were down-regulated. The unfolded protein response transcription factor Atf4 was necessary for the up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes and Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh). Furthermore, Atf4 binding motifs in promoters for these genes could partially account for their regulation during ER stress. Finally, flies up-regulated Ldh and produced more lactate when subjected to ER stress. Together, these results suggest that Atf4 mediates a shift from a metabolism based on oxidative phosphorylation to one more heavily reliant on glycolysis, reminiscent of aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect observed in cancer and other proliferative cells.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers containing dipyrrolylquinoxaline receptors for the colorimetric detection of halide anion salts

Described herein is the synthesis of a dipyrrolylquinoxaline (DPQ) monomeric species containing methacrylamide functionality, and its subsequent copolymerisation with methyl methacrylate (MMA). The resulting copolymers were drop casted onto glass substrates, and the resulting thin films displayed distinct colorimetric change upon exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF) vapour. Furthermore, glass substrates coated with the DPQ–MMA copolymer could be used as ‘dip sticks’ to test for trace acid in solution, turning from yellow to red upon immersion in an aqueous solution of HF. Analysis by UV–vis spectroscopic titration allowed the association constant (K a) for interaction with fluoride (as the tetrabutylammonium salt) to be calculated as 6.16 × 105 M− 1 in CH2Cl2. Polymer coatings of this type could find applications in the colorimetric detection of HF vapour, a common hazard associated with industrial processes, such as aluminium smelting.