cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laminar flow heat transfer

Numerical solutions of the equations of motion and energy for the heating of non-Newtonian fluids in rectilinear, axisymmetric laminar flow in tubes of circular cross section are extended to the case of cooling at constant tube-wall temperature. The fluid density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity are assumed constant, but the flow properties are represented by the temperature-dependent equation τ = m(Ṡ exp ΔH‡/RT)n. The results are presented as plots of average NNu vs. NGz, with flow and temperature-effect indices as parameters. The mean deviation of experimental data for the cooling of aqueous CMC and carbopol dispersions from the numerical solutions is ±8%.
TSH-receptor-expressing fibrocytes and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a vexing and undertreated ocular component of Graves disease in which orbital tissues undergo extensive remodelling. My colleagues and I have introduced the concept that fibrocytes expressing the haematopoietic cell antigen CD34 (CD34(+) fibrocytes), which are precursor cells of bone-marrow-derived monocyte lineage, express the TSH receptor (TSHR). These cells also produce several other proteins whose expression was traditionally thought to be restricted to the thyroid gland. TSHR-expressing fibrocytes in which the receptor is activated by its ligand generate extremely high levels of several inflammatory cytokines. Acting in concert with TSHR, the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expressed by orbital fibroblasts and fibrocytes seems to be necessary for TSHR-dependent cytokine production, as anti-IGF-1R blocking antibodies attenuate these proinflammatory actions of TSH. Furthermore, circulating fibrocytes are highly abundant in patients with TAO and seem to infiltrate orbital connective tissues, where they might transition to CD34(+) fibroblasts. My research group has postulated that the infiltration of fibrocytes into the orbit, their unique biosynthetic repertoire and their proinflammatory and profibrotic phenotype account for the characteristic properties exhibited by orbital connective tissues that underlie susceptibility to TAO. These insights, which have emerged in the past few years, might be of use in therapeutically targeting pathogenic orbit-infiltrating fibrocytes selectively by utilizing novel biologic agents that interfere with TSHR and IGF-1R signalling.
Evaluation of the Iowa Medicaid pharmaceutical case management program.

Objective: To test the effect of pharmaceutical case management (PCM) on medication safety and health care utilization. Design: Prospective cohort design with 9-month follow-up period (enrollment from October 1, 2000, through July 1, 2001, with follow-up through July 1, 2002). Setting: Iowa Medicaid program. Participants: 2,211 noninstitutionalized, continuously eligible Iowa Medicaid patients taking four or more chronic medications including at least one agent commonly used in at least 1 of 12 specific diseases who were cared for by pharmacists in 117 pharmacies. Interventions: Reimbursement for PCM services (initial patient assessment, written recommendations to physician, follow-up assessments and communication of progress and new problems to physician). Main Outcome Measures: Use of high-risk medications, Medication
Collaborative Planning for Clean Energy Initiatives in Small to Mid-Sized Cities

Problem, research strategy, and findings: A growing number of small to mid-sized cities are implementing initiatives to promote energy conservation, efficiency, and renewable energy use in their communities. We need to better understand how these cities have approached this issue and the processes by which they adopt clean energy initiatives. We surveyed representatives of small to mid-sized cities to identify the types of clean energy initiatives they have adopted, the processes by which they were developed, and the obstacles encountered along the way. We also conducted 10 in-depth interviews with representatives of targeted high- and low-adopter cities. While many of the cities are aggressively pursuing clean energy opportunities in their municipal operations, far fewer are taking action to promote clean energy community wide. The high-adopter cities that have developed community-wide clean energy initiatives often did so using a variety of community engagement and stakeholder outreach methods.Takeaway ...
On teaching cognitive strategies: The influence of accessibility of conceptual knowledge

Abstract Cognitive performance can be improved through the explicit instruction of strategies that produce good performance. While such instruction will generally promote improved performance immediately following instruction, an important issue that still needs to be addressed is how to get students to maintain use of the strategies when they are left to their own devices. This article considers how variations in the ability to access knowledge relevant to the specific materials might affect strategy use, students' perceptions of these strategies, and, as a consequence, strategy maintenance.
Gaussian Basis Sets for Highly Accurate Calculations of Isotropic Hyperfine Coupling Constants at Hydrogen

ESR spectroscopy is an important method for characterizing radicals. However, the isotropic hyperfine coupling constants are difficult to calculate. The effects of solvent and molecular vibration a...
Intestinal metaplasia recurs infrequently in patients successfully treated for Barrett's esophagus with radiofrequency ablation.

Intestinal Metaplasia Recurs Infrequently in Patients Successfully Treated for Barrett's Esophagus With Radiofrequency Ablation
Electronic charge distribution of sodium substituted palladium hydride, NaPd{sub 3}H{sub 2}

The calculated valence charge density of the recently synthesized NaPd{sub 3}H{sub 2} compound is compared with that of palladium hydride, PdH, from which it can be derived.
Ion irradiation-induced phase transformation in AlCuCoGe decagonal quasicrystal

Abstract The ion irradiation-induced phase transformation in a AlCuCoGe decagonal quasicrystal has been studied by means of in situ transmission electron microscopy. Prior to ion irradiation, typical single decagonal quasicrystalline HRTEM images and electron diffraction patterns along the tenfold axis were observed. The HRTEM image clearly showed the decagonal quasicrystal structure and revealed no apparent defects in the unirradiated material. After a 1.5 MeV Xe+ ion irradiation to a dose of 4.3 × 1014 ions/cm2, electron diffraction and HRTEM images indicated that the original, single quasicrystal had transformed into amorphous and bcc crystalline components. Moreover, the amorphous component had the same composition as the original quasicrystal, and the bcc crystalline component lacked aluminum as compared with the quasicrystal. The crystalline component was much more resistant to amorphization than the quasicrystalline structure. The phase transformation and separation observed in the Xe+ ion irradiated AlCuCoGe quasicrystal were due to irradiation-induced defect accumulation and compositional segregation. During the annealing of the Xe+ ion-irradiated specimen, the electron diffraction pattern of the crystalline phase component did not change with the increasing temperature. However, a transition from amorphous-to-quasicrystal was observed during annealing at different temperatures.
The World Federation: Enhancing Global Critical Care Practice and Performance

The World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine is an international organization composed of 42 members of national societies of intensive and critical care medicine representing approximately 38,000 physicians and allied health professionals. To appreciate the importance of international collaboration in various specialties, it is imperative to recognize not only the similarities within health systems, but also to recognize the international focus of disease.
Paralytic shellfish toxins sequestered by bivalves as a defense against siphon-nipping fish

Saxidomus giganteus (butter clams), are known to sequester diet-derived paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), highly potent neurotoxins, in their siphons. Captive staghorn sculpins (Leptocotus armatus), a marine fish species known to crop bivalve siphons, developed a significant aversion to siphons from toxic but not non-toxicS. giganteus following a single conditioning feeding of toxic siphon tissues. Control fish showed no aversive response to siphons from non-toxicS. giganteus during 11 feeding sessions over 56 d. Aversive and non-aversive behavior varied with the toxicity of the siphons, but not with the geographic origin of the clams. Both experimental and control fish ate freely and showed no aversion to siphons from toxic littleneck clams (Protothaca staminea). Littleneck clams, unlikeS. giganteus, retain PST in their visceral mass but not in their siphons. Both toxic and non-toxicS. giganteus extended their siphons significantly more often and higher above the sediment surface during dark hours, but toxicS. giganteus extended their siphons higher than non-toxic individuals. These results support the hypothesis that siphon-nipping by fish may have selected for the retention of PST in butter clam siphons as a chemical defense.
Comparison of computer-aided detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has the potential to replace digital mammography (DM) for breast cancer screening. An effective computer-aided detection (CAD) system for microcalcification clusters (MCs) on DBT will facilitate the transition. In this study, we collected a data set with corresponding DBT and DM for the same breasts. DBT was acquired with IRB approval and informed consent using a GE GEN2 DBT prototype system. The DM acquired with a GE Essential system for the patient’s clinical care was collected retrospectively from patient files. DM-based CAD (CADDM) and DBT-based CAD (CADDBT) were previously developed by our group. The major differences between the CAD systems include: (a) CADDBT uses two parallel processes whereas CADDM uses a single process for enhancing MCs and removing the structured background, (b) CADDBT has additional processing steps to reduce the false positives (FPs), including ranking of candidates of cluster seeds and cluster members and the use of adaptive CNR and size thresholds at clustering and FP reduction, (c) CADDM uses convolution neural network (CNN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to differentiate true microcalcifications from FPs based on their morphological and CNN features. The performance difference is assessed by FROC analysis using test set (100 views with MCs and 74 views without MCs) independent of their respective training sets. At sensitivities of 70% and 80%, CADDBT achieved FP rates of 0.78 and 1.57 per view compared to 0.66 and 2.10 per image for the CADDM. JAFROC showed no significant difference between MC detection on DM and DBT by the two CAD systems.
Dendritic Cell‐Based Vaccine against Coccidioides Infection

Coccidioides causes coccidioidomycosis in the southwestern United States. Its clinical manifestations range from the primary asymptomatic to progressive pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Because of endemicity, frequent relapse, and virulent nature of Coccidioides, there is an urgent need for the development of effective therapy or vaccine. It has been recognized from studies in human patients and in murine models that the divergence in their susceptibility to Coccidioides infection is related to differences in T cell response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are most potent antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in activating naive T cells. On account of their unique immunostimulatory capacity, DCs have been used for the development of immunotherapy and vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases. We recently investigated the immunostimulatory potential of a DC-based vaccine in a murine model against Coccidioides posadasii (C. posadasii). Our results suggest that DCs act as a potent adjuvant and activate protective responses in mice against C. posadasii.
On-line flow cytometry for real-time surgical guidance.

OBJECTIVE: This study tests the feasibility of using on-line analysis of tissue during surgical resection of brain tumors to provide biologically relevant information in a clinically relevant time frame to augment surgical decision making. For the purposes of establishing feasibility, we used measutement of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content as the end point for analysis. METHODS: We investigated the feasibility of interfacing an ultrasonic aspiration (USA) system with a flow cytometer (FC) capable of analyzing DNA content (DNA-FC). The sampling system design, tissue preparation requirements, and time requirements for each step of the on-line analysis system were determined using fresh beef brain tissue samples. We also compared DNA-FC measurements in 28 nonneoplastic human brain samples with DNA-FC measurements in specimens of 11 glioma patients obtained from central tumor regions and surgical margins after macroscopically gross total tumor removal to estimate the potential for analysis of a biological marker to influence surgical decision making. RESULTS: With minimal modification, modem FC systems are fully capable of real-time, intraoperative analysis of USA specimens. The total time required for on-line analysis of USA specimens varies between 36 and 63 seconds; this time includes delivery from the tip of the USA to complete analysis of the specimen. Approximately 60% of this time is requined for equilibration of the DNA stain. When compared with values for nonneoplastic human brain samples, 50% of samples (10 of 20) from macroscopically normal glioma surgical margins contained DNA-FC abnormalities potentially indicating residual tumor. CONCLUSION: With an interface of existing technologies, DNA content of brain tissue samples can be analyzed in a meaningful time frame that has the potential to provide real-time information for surgical guidance. The identification of DNA content abnormalities in macroscopically normal tumor resection margins by DNA-FC supports the practical potential for on-line analysis of a tumor marker to guide surgical resections. The development of such a device would provide neurosurgeons with an objective method for intraoperative analysis of a clinically relevant biological parameter that can be measured in real time.
Murine α-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase: Isolation and Expression of a Full-Length cDNA and Genomic Organization: Further Evidence of an α-Galactosidase Gene Family

Abstract Recent characterization of the human sequences encoding two lysosomal hydrolases, α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) and α- N -acetylgalactosaminidase (α-GalNAc) revealed that these two enzymes with distinct enzymatic activities shared about 50% overall amino acid identity and that their genomic sequences had a conserved common gene structure. These findings suggested that these genes, which are located on different chromosomes, arose by duplication and divergence from a common ancestral gene. To further compare this α-galactosidase gene family, the murine α-GalNAc cDNA and genomic sequences were isolated and characterized. The full-length cDNA contained an open-reading frame of 1245 bp encoding a 415 amino acid polypeptide and had 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of 94 and 333 bp, respectively. The coding region had 81% nucleotide and 81.9% amino acid identities with those of the corresponding human α-GalNAc sequence. Northern analysis revealed a single transcript of ∼1.9 kb. The functional integrity of the cDNA was demonstrated by transient expression in COS-1 cells. The murine α-GalNAc genomic sequence spanned ∼9 kb and was identical in structure with the human α-GalNAc gene with eight introns interrupting the coding sequence at identical positions. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of the murine α-GalNAc gene was highly homologous with α-GalNAc and α-Gal A genes from other species providing further support for a common evolutionary ancestor of the α-galactosidase gene family. The availability of the murine gene will permit additional evolutionary comparisons, structure/function analyses, and the generation of mice with α-GalNAc deficiency by gene targeting.
SURFACE MODIFICATION BY ELECTROCHEMICAL METALLIDING

ABSTRACT Controlled electrolysis in molten salts can improve the surface properties of metal alloys for wear and corrosion resistance. Surfaces of Al 1100 and steel were modified by passage of cathodic current under potentiostatic and galvanostatic control in molten salts containing Ce3+, BF4 −, Ti3+ ions. Hard, poorly adherent CeAl4 and CeAl3 layers formed on At surfaces at potentials which were 200 to 400 mV positive to the reduction of Ce. The deposition occurred by a reductive precipitation from a KC1/LiCI melt at 560°C containing 1 mole% Ce3+. Boride and titanide layers were found on steel in a LiF/KF melt containing the respective ions. A borided layer on steel exhibited a factor of ten improvement in hardness and a titanided layer exhibited a 30% increase in hardness.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 contributes to ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF) contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) into the airways following exposure to ozone (O3). Wild-type mice, TNF p55 or p75 receptor knockout mice (p55 TNFR −/− and p75 TNFR −/− ), as well as double receptor knockout mice (p55 / p75 TNFR −/− ), were exposed to O3. Three hours after cessation of O3, airway responses to inhaled methacholine were determined by whole body plethysmography using changes in enhanced pause (Penh) as an index of airway narrowing. In wild-type mice, O3 exposure (0.5 ppm, 3 h) caused a significant increase in airway responsiveness as indicated by a 1.2 log leftward shift in the methacholine dose– response curve. In contrast, in p55 / p75 TNFR −/− mice, O3 caused only a 0.5 log shift in the dose–response curve (p < 0.05 compared with wild-type). Similar results were obtained in p75 TNFR −/− mice. In contrast, O3-induced airway hyperresponsiveness wa...
Distributed modal identification using restricted auto regressive models

Advances in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology have provided promising possibilities in detecting a change in the state of a structure through monitoring its features estimated using sensor data. The natural vibration properties of the structure are a set of features commonly used for this purpose and are often estimated using a multivariate autoregressive model (AR model) for the measured structure's response to ambient vibrations. Fitting a multivariate AR model to the observed acceleration requires the computation of the lagged covariance between the measurements in all nodes. The resulting volume of data transmission causes significant latency due to the low data bandwidth of WSNs in addition to having a high transmission energy cost. In this paper, a set of restrictions to the estimation of the AR model is introduced. Such restrictions significantly reduce the volume of data flowing through the WSN thus reducing the latency in obtaining modal parameters and extending the battery lifetime of the WSN. A physical motivation is given for the restrictions based on a linear model for a multi-degree of freedom vibrating system. Stabilisation diagrams are compared for the restricted and full AR models fitted using data simulated from linear structures and real data collected from a WSN deployed on the Golden Gate Bridge (GGB). These stabilisation diagrams show that the estimated modes using the restricted AR models are of comparable quality to that of the full AR model while substantially reducing the volume of transmitted data.
Sensitivity, specificity, and predictability of biopsy interpretations in chronic hepatitis

Abstract Background: To determine the frequency of individual histological findings in different types of chronic hepatitis and to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and predictability of histological patterns in distinguishing these types, liver biopsy specimens were examined from 86 patients with autoimmune hepatitis (43 patients), chronic hepatitis B (11 patients), chronic hepatitis C (21 patients), and cryptogenic hepatitis (11 patients). Methods: Specimens were examined under code by a single hepatopathologist, and predefined histological features were sought. A histological diagnosis was rendered based on composite changes. Results: Patients with chronic hepatitis C had a higher frequency of portal lymphoid aggregates (76% vs. 42%, P = 0.02) and steatosis (52% vs. 16%, P = 0.006) than patients with autoimmune hepatitis, whereas the latter patients more commonly had severe periportal hepatitis (23% vs. 0%, P = 0.02), moderate to severe plasma cell infiltration of the portal tracts (66% vs. 21%, P = 0.005), and lobular hepatitis (47% vs. 16%, P = 0.04). Patients with chronic hepatitis B had a higher frequency of ground-glass hepatocytes (36% vs. 0%, P = 0.001) and multinucleated giant cells (54% vs. 2%, P = 0.0001) than those with autoimmune hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C. The histological diagnoses for these clinical entities had high specificity (81%–99%) and predictability (62%–91%) but low sensitivity (36%–57%). Conclusions: Autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C have characteristic individual histological features. Histological patterns based on these features have high specificity and predictability but low sensitivity.
Seminal Plasma Induces Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase (PTGS) 2 Expression in Immortalized Human Vaginal Cells: Involvement of Semen Prostaglandin E2 in PTGS2 Upregulation

Inflammation of the cervicovaginal mucosa is considered a risk factor for HIV infection in heterosexual transmission. In this context, seminal plasma (SP) may play an important role that is not limited to being the main carrier for the virions. It is known that SP induces an inflammatory reaction in the cervix called postcoital leukocytic reaction, which has been associated with promotion of fertility. The mechanisms by which SP triggers this reaction, however, have not been clearly established. Previously we reported the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), also known as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), in human vaginal cells in response to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and other proinflammatory stimuli. In this study, we demonstrate that SP induces transcriptional and translational increase of COX-2 expression in human vaginal cells and cervicovaginal tissue explants. Furthermore, SP potentiates vaginal PTGS2 expression induced by other proinflammatory stimulants, such as TLR ligands and a vaginal mucosal irritant (nonoxynol-9) in a synergistic manner. SP-induced PTGS2 expression is mediated by intracellular signaling pathways involving MAPKs and NF-κB. Using fractionation and functional analysis, seminal prostaglandin (PG)-E(2) was identified as a one of the major factors in PTGS2 induction. Given the critical role of this PG-producing enzyme in mucosal inflammatory processes, the finding that SP induces and potentiates the expression of PTGS2 in cervicovaginal cells and tissues has mechanistic implications for the role of SP in fertility-associated mucosal leukocytic reaction and its potential HIV infection-enhancing effect.
The Arabidopsis Floral Homeotic Proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA Negatively Regulate the BANQUO Genes Implicated in Light Signaling

The Arabidopsis thaliana MADS box transcription factors APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) heterodimerize and are required to specify petal identity, yet many details of how this regulatory process is effected are unclear. We have identified three related genes, BHLH136/BANQUO1 (BNQ1), BHLH134/BANQUO2 (BNQ2), and BHLH161/BANQUO3 (BNQ3), as being directly and negatively regulated by AP3 and PI in petals. BNQ1, BNQ2, and BNQ3 encode products belonging to a family of atypical non-DNA binding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins that heterodimerize with and negatively regulate bHLH transcription factors. We show that bnq3 mutants have pale-green sepals and carpels and decreased chlorophyll levels, suggesting that BNQ3 has a role in regulating light responses. The ap3 bnq3 double mutant displays pale second-whorl organs, supporting the hypothesis that BNQ3 is downstream of AP3. Consistent with a role in light response, we show that the BNQ gene products regulate the function of HFR1 (for LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1), which encodes a bHLH protein that regulates photomorphogenesis through modulating phytochrome and cryptochrome signaling. The BNQ genes also are required for appropriate regulation of flowering time. Our results suggest that petal identity is specified in part through downregulation of BNQ-dependent photomorphogenic and developmental signaling pathways.
I Am a Scientist, Not a Philosopher!

We longer live in the era of Aristotelian philosophers or alchemists attempting to turn lead into gold. Yet, you might be forgiven for thinking we were, after observing many computer security researchers' claims - even in papers published in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceeding. Computer security is both an art and a science, but researchers frequently fail to follow the scientific method to support the claims they make in scientific, peer-reviewed papers. Some computer security research is highly mathematical and can be proven formally without experimentation. This article presents a method for scientific experimentation when others aren't appropriate or can't be readily applied. Our goal is to further motivate researchers to apply science to experiments and, in concert with our earlier work, offer a new technique for doing so.
Wireless IDT ice sensor

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a Wireless IDT Ice Sensor for sensing the phase change from water to ice and hence to detect and monitor the ice formation at a remote location. The sensor is based on the principle of shear horizontal waves and its un-damped nature in the presence of a liquid. The frequency shift due to the phase change of water to ice is measured wirelessly and it is observed that, the sensor has potential applications for ice detection in airplane wings.
Nonallelic histone gene clusters of individual sea urchins (Lytechinus pictus): polarity and gene organization.

Abstract We have analyzed the histone genes from the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Examination of native DNA from individuals reveals four major Eco RI restriction endonuclease histone gene DNA fragments which have been labeled A (6.0 kb), B (4.1 kb), C (3.1 kb) and D (1.2 kb). The fragments A, B and C have been cloned into E. coli plasmids (pLpA, pLpB and pLpC). These histone gene fragments display length and sequence heterogeneity in different individuals. The plasmid pLpA contains the coding regions for H1, H4, H2B and H3 histones, and we determined that the DNA fragment D is tandem to A in native DNA and that it contains the H2A gene. The plasmids pLpB and pLpC contain the histone genes H2A-H1-H4 and H2B-H3, respectively, and together contain the sequences for the five major histones. Restriction analysis of native L. pictus DNA reveals that B and C are tandem to each other but not intermingled with the A-D-type repeat units, and are thus in separate clusters with a repeat length of 7.2 kb. Since the two cluster types do not segregate, they are not alleles. Hybridization of histone mRNA to exonuclease III-digested linear DNA demonstrated an identical polarity of the histone genes in the A-D- and B-C-type repeat units. This result revealed that the L. pictus histone genes have a polarity which is the same as other sea urchin histone genes examined to date—that is, 3′ H1-H4-H2B-H3-H2A 5′. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of the cloned segments indicate that considerable sequence heterogeneity exists between the two types of histone gene repeat units.
‘Rotators’ in the National Science Foundation's Geosciences Directorate

More than half of the program directors at the U.S. National Science Foundation are ‘rotators,’ either on loan from their host institutions as visiting scientists, engineers, and educators, or employed through grants to their home institutions. What are the benefits of being a rotator at NSR and should you apply for a rotator position? This forum summarizes the reflections of 17 rotators from the divisions of Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences in NSF's Directorate for Geosciences who responded to an informal survey I sent out after completing a 2-year position in the Division of Ocean Sciences. My aim here is to describe how rotators in the geosciences view their experiences at NSF with respect to their own science and career paths, to help you decide whether to consider applying for a rotator position in the directorate.
The Role of Self-monitoring in Learning Chemistry with Dynamic Visualizations

This chapter explores ways to help students monitor and regulate their learning of difficult chemistry concepts. Dynamic visualizations can illustrate complex, unobservable phenomena such as bond breaking and bond formation. To develop robust, integrated understanding when learning with visualizations, students need cognitive understanding of the phenomena as represented in the visualization. They also need metacognitive skills to decide whether they understand the visualization and determine when to revisit the visualization to clarify their interpretations. We investigate the development of integrated understanding using the Technology-Enhanced Learning in Science (TELS) chemical reactions inquiry unit that combines the pedagogical support of the Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE) with dynamic visualizations from Molecular Workbench. Our first study combining judgments of learning and explanation prompts revealed that visualizations may fail to add new ideas because they are often deceptively clear. Students typically overestimated their understanding of visualizations while gaining only superficial ideas. In our second study we refined both cognitive and metacognitive guidance to encourage students to distinguish and reflect upon their ideas. The results suggest that strengthening self-monitoring skills can overcome deceptive clarity and lead to coherent understanding. These studies suggest that the metacognitive skills of monitoring understanding of complex visualizations and determining when to return to the visualization contribute to the development of integrated understanding and can be supported by careful design of technology-enhanced instruction. The notion of metacognition applied in this study refers to monitoring and evaluating one’s understanding, to the regulation/control function of metacognition, and to the self-knowledge functions of metacognition.
Imaging Therapeutic Response in Human Bone Marrow Using Rapid Whole-Body MRI

Whole-body imaging of therapeutic response in human bone marrow was achieved without introduced contrast agents using diffusion-weighted echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging of physiologic water. Bone marrow disease was identified relative to the strong overlying signals from water and lipids in other anatomy through selective excitation of the water resonance and generation of image contrast that was dependent upon differential nuclear relaxation times and self-diffusion coefficients. Three-dimensional displays were generated to aid image interpretation. The geometric distortion inherent in echo-planar imaging techniques was minimized through the acquisition of multiple axial slices at up to 12 anatomic stations over the entire body. Examples presented include the evaluation of therapeutic response in bone marrow during cytotoxic therapy for leukemia and metastatic prostate cancer and during cytokine administration for marrow mobilization prior to stem cell harvest.
Electrochemical Characterization of La 2−x Pr x NiO 4+x for Application as Cathodes in Intermediate Temperature SOFCs

The electrochemical properties of perovskite-type materials, Ln2NiO4+d (Ln = La, Pr) as cathodes on Ce0.9Gd0.1O3 (CGO) and YSZ electrolytes were studied from 400 to 700 °C under different oxygen partial pressures (pO2 = 0.01-1 atm) by using AC impedance spectroscopy. These oxide electrodes yielded lower area specific resistance (ASR) compared to manganite perovskites. Ln2NiO4+d (Ln = La, Pr) on CGO showed similar electrochemical performance though La2NiO4 (LNO) has a smaller ASR than Pr2NiO4 (PNO). The polarization resistance of LNO on YSZ was 2 orders higher than that on CGO. The interfacial resistance between the electrode and electrolyte was much smaller for LNO on CGO than for LNO on YSZ.
Intensity-dependent polarization twisting within the temporal profiles of optical pulses in a nonbirefringent single-mode optical fiber

An intensity-dependent polarization-twisting phenomenon has been observed within the temporal profiles of linearly polarized picosecond laser pulses propagating through a nonbirefringent single-mode optical fiber. The substructures of output pulse temporal profiles for the two perpendicular linearly polarized components from linearly polarized input laser pulses have been measured. These strong intensity-dependent temporal structures have been attributed to the twisting action of the linear polarization state as a function of pulse local time.
Federal Administrative Regions.

The central problem of the administrative structure of government is that of defining administrative jurisdictions. It is only by carefully describing the spheres of activity of organization units and of their employees that responsibility for administrative errors can readily be located. If duties are clearly defined, and if the relations of particular units to other agencies are generally understood, offending units, together with their responsible personnel, may be called to task for failure to perform their assigned duties or for trespass on the spheres of others. The patency of these facts has led American students of federal administration to devote considerable attention to functional jurisdictions. During the past generation there have been a multitude of proposals for the reallocation of functions among the bureaus, departments, and independent establishments of the federal government. Intent upon these functional concerns, American students have denied or ignored the importance of the territorial definition of jurisdictions.
In Situ Microscopy and Spectroscopy Applied to Surfaces at Work

Author(s): Han, HL; Melaet, G; Alayoglu, S; Somorjai, GA | Abstract: The present review discusses the current state of the art microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques available to study surfaces and interfaces under working conditions. Microscopic techniques such as environmental transmission electron microscopy and in situ transmission electron microscopy are first discussed showing their applications in the field of nanomaterials and catalysis. Next sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy is discussed, giving probing examples of surface studies in gaseous conditions. Synchrotron based X-ray techniques are also examined with a specific focus on ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron and absorption techniques such as near and extended X-ray absorption fine structure. Each of the techniques is evaluated, whilst the pros and cons are discussed in term of surface sensitivity, spatial resolution and/or time resolution. The second part of the articles is articulated around the future of in situ characterization, giving examples of the probable development of the discussed techniques as well as an introduction of emerging tools such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, ptychography, and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy.
Erastianism in the Westminster Assembly

The beginning point for an analysis of the Erastian faction of the Westminster Assembly is an adequate understanding of the structure and procedure of the Assembly. A complete work on this important ecclesiastical body is sorely needed and none has been attempted in recent years. Much of the work that has been done has centered more attention on the Confession of Faith and the Directory for Worship than it has on the debates con cerning church government.1 All these works, however, do have in common the sources used, and by relying on these sources it is possible to set up a general framework in which the Erastian role can be discussed and understood. The Westminster Assembly was called at a time when the relations between king and parliament were particularly critical. The king had allied himself with the prelatic party responsible for the "et cetera oath" which was to bind every clergyman never to give his consent "to alter the government of this Church by archbishops, bishops, deans, and archdeacons, etc., as it stands now established, and as by right it ought to stand."2 This oath was answered by the famous "Root and Branch Petition" to Parliament, which stated that "the government of archbishops, and lord bishops, deans, and archdeacons, etc., with all its de
Possessing the Iconic Book: Ben Sira as Case Study

I propose that the notion of possession adds an important ideological nuance to the analyses of iconic books set forth by Martin Marty (1980) and, more recently, by James Watts (2006). Using the early second century BCE book of Sirach as a case study, I tease out some of the symbolic dynamics through which the Bible achieved iconic status in the first place, that is, the conditions in which significance was attached to its material, finite shape. For Ben Sira, this symbolism was deeply tied to his honor-shame ethos in which women posed a threat to the honor of his eternal name, a threat resolved through his possession of Torah figured as the Woman Wisdom. What my analysis suggests is that the conflicted perceptions of gender in Ben Sira’s text is fundamental to his appropriation of, and attempt to produce, authoritative religious literature, and thus essential for understanding his relationship to this emerging canon. Torah, conceived as female, was the core of this canon, but Ben Sira adds his own literary production to this female “body” (or feminized corpus, if you will), becoming the voice of both through the experience of perfect possession.
In vivo efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol in attenuating Listeria monocytogenes infection in a Galleria mellonella model

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that causes life-threatening illnesses in humans. With emergence of antibiotic resistance in L. monocytogenes, there is considerable interest in testing the efficacy of alternative therapies for controlling listeriosis in humans. This study investigated the efficacy of three phytochemicals, namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), carvacrol (CR), and thymol (TY) in reducing L. monocytogenes virulence in the recently established invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella. In addition, the effect of phytochemicals on the transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes in G. mellonella (responsible for host defense) was investigated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. G. mellonella larvae were inoculated with L. monocytogenes (10(5) CFU/larvae) either with or without the subinhibitory concentration (chemical concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of phytochemicals. The larvae were incubated at 37 °C for 5 days, and their mortality was scored at 24-h intervals. The transcriptional response of the defense genes was studied in inoculated and uninoculated larvae at 6 h post challenge. The experiments were repeated at least six times with replicates. All phytochemicals enhanced the survival rates of G. mellonella infected with lethal doses of L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05). CR and TC at 0.01 % concentration were found to be the most effective treatments, and increased larval survival rates by 80 % and 50 %, respectively, on day 5 (P < 0.05). The phytochemicals also upregulated the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in G. mellonella larvae challenged with L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05). Results suggest that TC, CR, and TY could potentially be used to control listeriosis. Further investigation in an appropriate mammalian model is warranted.
Inhibition of terminal axonal sprouting by serum from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract To investigate the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we compared the effect of serum from patients with this disease on the regenerative sprouting of terminal axons in botuiinum-treated mouse gluteus muscle with the effects of serum from controls and from patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Serum from 9 of 19 patients with the sporadic form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and from 2 of 6 patients with the familial form caused a reduction in the proportion of sprouting terminal axons, as compared with that found in muscles treated with serum from controls or diabetic patients. Immuno-globulin from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, when tested on immunoblots, recognized a 56-kilodalton protein secreted by denervated rat diaphragm muscle; rabbit antiserum raised against this protein also suppressed terminal axonal sprouting. Thus, we have detected an antibody in the serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that inhibits sprouting of neurons and subseque...
Strength Analysis on Adhesive Bonding Repair of Damaged Composite Laminates

A common temporary repair method for the defects and damages caused in process and service of aeronautic composite structures is to bond composite patch on the out-surfaces of the damage laminates. The modified double-plate-string-element and triple-plate-string-element finite element models were used to calculate the strength of repaired structures of the penetrated damage and semi-penetrated damage respectively. The corresponding strength tests were conducted to verify the computational results. According to the computational and experimental results, the influence of the repair parameters on the repair efficiency was analyzed, such as the diameter, and the thickness of the patch. Finally, the general principles to reasonably choose the repair parameters were presented.
Improvement of Aluminum Determination Method in Cooked Wheaten Food

Objective To improve the Chinese national standard method which determines alumium in cooked wheaten food.Method OP-10 emulsifier was added in the reaction system.Result The linear range of the method was 0-5μg/ml(r=0.999 6).The RSD was 2.12%-2.97%.The average recovery rates were 90.5%-103.8%.Conclusion This method is sensitive,steady,accurate and has low interference.It is suitable for the determination of aluminum in cooked wheaten food.
A Comparative Study of VaR Model and Its Demonstration Based on Monte Carlo Simulation

Based on the introduction of VaR Model,this paper builds a VaR calculation model with Monte Carlo Simulation,calculates the VaR values in financial market by random simulation and historical simulation combining with Matlab 2012a calculation software and makes a lateral comparative analysis through the same type simulation. The result shows that,compared to the standardized normal distribution model,t distribution model has high precision requirement and advantage in the condition of the high confidence level and the characterization of financial returns is more reasonable. The structure of stock index futures market in 2013 has changed a lot and the system risk has the trend of being enlarged.
What role for vitrectomy in managing diabetic retinopathy

Vision compromised by vascular proliferation, hemorrhage, or retinal detachment may be improved by new techniques of pars plana vitrectomy with special miniaturized instruments. Surgery is not done until visual loss is severe, however, because of the risk intraoperative and postoperative complications such as hemorrhage and rubeosis iridis. A national study now under way may determine the optimal time for intervention.
Consultation With the Specialist: Lymphomas

1. Maria C. Velez, MD* 1. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA Lymphomas, which include both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin, are the third most common childhood malignancy, accounting for approximately 12% of the newly diagnosed cancers seen in children younger than the age of 15 years. Approximately 60% of pediatric lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Although the incidence of both types of lymphoma increases with age throughout childhood and adolescence, Hodgkin disease (HD) accounts for a greater proportion of the lymphomas seen in adolescents. The crucial role of the pediatrician in the care of the child who has these or other suspected malignancies is maintenance of a high index of suspicion and prompt referral to a pediatric cancer specialist who can initiate the evaluation with dispatch and initiate appropriate diagnosis-directed therapy. Patient A is a 16-year-old African-American male who is brought to the emergency department with a 5-day history of substernal chest pain and shortness of breath. His review of systems is positive for fatigue and cough but negative for fever, weight loss, or night sweats. On physical examination, he is afebrile but tachypneic and tachycardic. He has mild respiratory distress with no retractions, and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Heart sounds are distant; peripheral pulses are adequate. There is no significant lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Patient B is an 11-year-old Caucasian male who is brought to his pediatrician for evaluation of shortness of breath and fatigue of 2 to 3 weeks’ duration. His mother insists that the child is pale and has less energy than usual. On physical examination, the child is alert and in no distress. His lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. There is no significant lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. The initial evaluations for these patients include chest radiography (Figs. 1 and 2). Figure 1. Patient A presented with symptoms of respiratory distress of 5 days’ duration. Chest radiography revealed a …
Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: A SILENT COMMERCE OF SIGNS

On a winter night in the early twelfth century, the monks of Cluny awoke to the sound of screaming so persistent that it eventually roused the entire community. A novice named Armannus was raving in his sleep and no effort could wake him from his terrible dream. The alarmed monks rushed to the bedside of their abbot, but the lateness of the hour prohibited them from speaking, so they made it known to him with signs ( nutibus ) that something extraordinary was taking place. As it turned out, the novice had been terrified by a vision of the devil in the form of a ravenous bear. Peter the Venerable related this episode in his treatise On Miracles , but unlike John of Salerno, whose expository digression 200 years earlier in the tenth-century Life of Odo provided the earliest description of the character and function of the Cluniac sign language, the abbot felt no need to explain or otherwise qualify the actions of his brethren. By the time of his abbacy (1122–1156), the custom of using signs in place of spoken words was woven so tightly into the fabric of monastic life at Cluny that knowledge of it was easily taken for granted by those who employed it. In fact, cloistered authors rarely mentioned the use of sign language at all. Surprisingly little is known about the practical applications of monastic sign language at Cluny. Most studies have relied heavily on the Cluniac sign lexicon for information about this custom.