cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of O(1D) interactions with the atmospheric gases N2, N2O, H2O, H2, CO2, and O3

Abstract Rate coefficients for collisional removal of O( 1 D) by six atmospheric gases have been measured by monitoring the appearance of O( 3 P) following photolytic production of O( 1 D). The measured values, k M ±2σ, in units of 10 −11 cm −3 molecule −1 s −1 are k O 3 = 22.8±2.3, k N 2 = 2.52 ± 0.25, k CO 2 = 10.4 ± 1.0, k H 2 O 195± 2.0, k N 2 O = 11.7 ± 1.2, and k H 2 , = 11.8±1.2.
Emergency healthcare worker sleep, fatigue, and alertness behavior survey (SFAB): Development and content validation of a survey tool

Abstract Background Workplace safety is a recognized concern in emergency medical services (EMS). Ambulance crashes are common and injury rates exceed that of the general working public. Fatigue and sleepiness during shift work pose a safety risk for patients and EMS workers. Changing EMS worker behaviors and improving alertness during shift work is hampered by a lack of instruments that reliably and accurately measure multidimensional beliefs and habits that predict alertness behavior. Objectives We sought to test the reliability and validity of a survey tool (the sleep, fatigue, and alertness behavior survey [SFAB]) designed to identify the cognitions of EMS workers concerning sleep, fatigue, and alertness behaviors during shift work. Methods We operationalized the integrative model of behavioral prediction (IMBP) and developed a pool of 97 candidate items and sub-items to measure eight domains of the IMBP. Five sleep scientists judged the content validity of each item and a convenience sample of EMS workers completed a paper-based version of the SFAB. We retained items judged content valid by five sleep scientists and performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and tests of reliability and internal consistency. We identified a simple factor structure for each scale and calculated means and standard deviations for each item and scale. Results We received 360 completed SFAB surveys from a convenience sample of 800 EMS workers attending two regional continuing education conferences (45% participation rate). Forty-seven candidate items and sub-items/options were removed following content validation, EFA, and CFA testing. Analyses revealed a simple factor structure for seven of eight domains and a final pool of 50 items and sub-items/options. Domains include: attitudes, normative beliefs, knowledge, salience, habits, environmental constraints, and intent. EFA tests of self-efficacy items failed to identify a simple factor structure. We retained two self-efficacy items based on Spearman–Brown correlation of 0.23 (p Conclusions Measurement of sleep, fatigue, and alertness behavior among EMS workers is challenging. We describe the development and psychometric testing of a survey tool that may be useful in a variety of applications addressing sleep, fatigue, and alertness behavior among EMS workers.
Arterial oxygen tension in premature infants.

Summary Arerial Po2 samples of temporal artery blood are presented. Full-term infants attain adult levels of Po2 within the first few days of life. Infants who weigh 1,200 to 2,500 grams may require days to weeks to achieve a normal Po2 value. In infants who weigh less than 1,200 grams, the Po2 values usually remain at low levels for months or more. Dysmature babies have Po2 values which are more in keeping with their maturity than with their birth weight.
Inflow Conditions and the Wall Shear Stress Characteristics of a Biofluid in Separated and Reattached Flow Regions

The influence of inflow conditions and human blood rheology on the wall shear stress distribution in a confined separated and reattached flow region is investigated. The governing mass and momentum conservation equations along with the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model are solved numerically using a finite-difference scheme. A parametric study is performed to reveal the influence of uniform and fully-developed inflow velocity profiles on the wall shear stress (WSS) characteristics using hemorheological models that account for the yield stress and shear-thinning non-Newtonian characteristics of human blood. The highest WSS or WSSmax, is always observed inside the flow separation region at a location corresponding to that of the corner vortex center. Uniform inflow results in higher WSSmax values in comparison with fully-developed inflow for moderate upstream flow restrictions. The opposite trend is observed for severe flow restrictions. Uniform inflow always results in smaller flow separation regions and WSSmax values at locations closer to the flow restriction plane. The yield shear-thinning hemorheological model always results in the highest observed peak WSS. The yield stress impact on WSS distribution is most pronounced in the case of severe restrictions to the flow.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Inhalant abuse as an adolescent drug problem: An overview

The inhalation of the vapors of chemical substances for the purpose of achieving an intoxicated state is currently quite popular within the adolescent population. However, this form of substance abuse often receives less attention than more well-known drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. This paper is intended to be an introduction to the topic of inhalant abuse, including prevalence rates, the types of substances typically abused, their effects on the body, methods of inhalation, symptoms associated with this practice, the risks involved, and finally, the question of physical and psychological addiction.
Studies on benzodiazepines and opioids administered alone and in combination in rhesus monkeys: ventilation and drug discrimination

Benzodiazepines and opioids are co-administered recreationally as well as clinically; in the current study, the ventilatory-depressant and discriminative stimulus effects of several benzodiazepines and opioids were examined alone and in combination in order to evaluate any interaction between agonists from these pharmacological classes. The benzodiazepines alprazolam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, midazolam and triazolam and the opioids morphine and fentanyl decreased ventilation (V(E)) in monkeys breathing either air or 5% CO2 in air, although decreases in ventilation produced by opioids were greater in magnitude than decreases produced by benzodiazepines. Flumazenil antagonized the ventilatory-depressant effects of flunitrazepam and triazolam and not those of fentanyl; naltrexone antagonized the ventilatory-depressant effects of fentanyl and not those of flunitrazepam or triazolam. Interactions between the ventilatory-depressant effects of agonists from the two classes were less than additive. In monkeys receiving 3.2 mg/kg per day of morphine and discriminating 0.01 mg/kg naltrexone, neither flunitrazepam nor triazolam substituted for naltrexone; in morphine-deprived monkeys, morphine, and not flunitrazepam or triazolam, reversed naltrexone-lever responding. Moreover, benzodiazepines did not modify the discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in morphine-treated monkeys or of morphine in morphine-deprived monkeys. In contrast to studies showing synergism between benzodiazepines and opioids, the current study suggests that, under some conditions, combinations of these drugs can be administered without enhancing the ventilatory-depressant effects of either class of drugs or the discriminative stimulus effects of opioids.
Neighborhood Deterioration and Social Isolation in Later Life.

The purpose of this study is to test a conceptual model that attempts to show how selected neighborhood characteristics are related to social isolation in later life. This model specifies that older adults with low levels of educational attainment are more likely to experience financial problems and that elderly people who are confronted by financial difficulties are more likely to reside in dilapidated neighborhoods. The model further predicts that deteriorated neighborhoods in turn tend to promote distrust of others and older adults who are more distrustful of others tend to be more socially isolated. Based on data provided by a nationwide survey of elderly people, subsequent analyses revealed strong support for the theoretical sequence described above.
Prediction of solar irradiance distribution in a wheat canopy using a laser technique

Abstract A new measurement technique, the “laser technique”, is proposed for providing timely information concerning the solar irradiance distribution in a vegetative canopy. The method is conceptually similar to the point quadrat method and involves measuring the height where a collimated light beam of very small cross section, aimed at the canopy, first hits foliage. To demonstrate its use, the technique is used to determine power and energy budgets of radiation intercepted by the various foliage components of a wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.) canopy. It was found for the wheat canopy in the dough maturity stage that the middle and upper canopy layers intercept the bulk of the solar irradiance during the middle hours of the day, and that the soil and leaves intercept no sunlight for low sun angles. In comparison with other available measuring methods the laser technique is shown to have two major advantages. First, it is amenable to automation, and, using such an automated system, to rapid acquisition of large data sets. Second, it is applicable to canopies of various heights to about 30 m. Several potential sources of error in application of the technique, methods of error minimization, and improvements to the technique are discussed.
Flexibility and the choice of manufacturing facilities under short product life cycles

Abstract Rapid changes in technology and intense competition have led to shorter product life cycles in both high-technology industries and industries not commonly regarded as high-technology. As a result of short product life cycles, firms are faced with the challenge of planning for facilities whose useful lives are much longer than the life cycle of any individual product it manufactures. This paper develops a model to analyze the critical trade-offs associated with determining the best level of flexibility for a facility that manufactures a series of high-volume products, sequentially over each product's life cycle. Our analysis considers the benefits associated with more flexible facilities including reduced changeover costs and earlier market entry, versus the higher initial investment and higher production costs typically encountered.
Influence of organic matter on some characteristics of aquatic soils

Analyses of hydrosoils from 29 Alabama impoundments revealed that relationships between soil organic matter and organic nitrogen, organic sulfur and cation exchange capacity were similar to those for agricultural soils. Therefore, much of the data for agricultural soil organic matter should be applicable to studies of hydrosoils.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of ED decision making in patients with non-high-risk heart failure

Abstract Background The ED disposition of patients with non–high-risk acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is challenging. To help address this problem, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of different ED disposition strategies. Methods We constructed a decision analytic model evaluating the cost-effectiveness of 3 possible ED ADHF disposition strategies in a 60-year-old man: (1) discharge home from the ED; (2) observation unit (OU) admission; (3) inpatient admission. Base case patients had no high-risk features. We used Medicare costs and the national physician fee schedule to capture ED, OU, and hospital costs, including costs of complications and death. All analyses were conducted using Decision Maker software (University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ). Results Compared to ED discharge, OU admission had a reasonable marginal cost-effectiveness ratio ($44 249/quality adjusted life year), whereas hospital admission had an unacceptably high marginal cost-effectiveness ratio ($684 101/quality adjusted life year). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that as the risk of early (within 5 days) and late (within 30 days) readmission exceeded 36% and 74%, respectively, in those discharged from the ED, OU admission became less costly and more effective than ED discharge. Similarly, an increase in relative risk of both early and late death in those discharged from the ED improves the marginal cost-effectiveness ratio of OU admission. Finally, as postdischarge event rates increase in those discharged from the OU, hospital admission became more cost-effective. Conclusion Observation unit admission for patients with non–high-risk ADHF has a societally acceptable marginal cost-effectiveness ratio compared to ED discharge. However, as ED and OU discharge event rates increase, hospital admission becomes the more cost-effective strategy.
A Comparison of Noninteractive and Interactive Video Instruction about Smokeless Tobacco

To compare learner cognitive and affective responses to a lesson on smokeless tobacco, 205 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to a control or one of three experimental groups. Experimental groups viewed a videotape in the classroom or individually, or viewed an interactive video version of the lesson. They then completed a questionnaire to ascertain knowledge and attitudes about smokeless tobacco and lesson satisfaction. The interactive video group demonstrated the most accurate and comprehensive recall. While neither videotape group answered as many questions correctly as the interactive video group, the individual videotape group did better than the classroom videotape group and all experimental groups did better than the control group. Additionally, the interactive video group was more willing to promote cessation among users. Learner satisfaction with the interactive video equipment and lesson was high. The increased knowledge and motivation to act reported suggest opportunities for future ...
On the recovery of multiple flow parameters from transient head data

The problem of estimating groundwater flow parameters from head measurements and other ancillary data is fundamental to the process of modelling a groundwater system. We consider here a new method that allows for the simultaneous computation of multiple parameters as the unique minimum of a convex functional.
Performance of silicon micromachined waveguide at W-band

Fabrication and measurement of low-loss micromachined waveguides developed in [001] silicon through wet anisotropic etching is detailed. Such waveguides are candidates for use in submillimetre-wave systems owing to their compatibility with both efficient micromachined horn antenna elements and planar-based circuitry.
Social Stories for Sexuality Education for Persons with Autism/Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Lack of social skills for individuals having autism can be particularly significant in the area of intimate relationships and of sexuality. However, typical sexuality education programs for persons with disabilities may lack components that address the unique social skill needs for persons having autism. In special education, Social Stories have been used to teach appropriate social skills and behaviors to children and youth having autism. Nonetheless, no research documents the use of social stories in sexuality education in this population. The present paper outlines the instructional use of Social Stories with individuals having autism, investigates components that make Social Stories a promising method of intervention, and discusses implications for the utility of Social Stories for sexuality education in particular. Information presented should assist individuals with autism and their caregivers/educators in preparing for, and managing the opportunities to engage in healthy and satisfying sexual lives.
Interplay Between Four-Wave Mixing and Six-Wave Mixing in Rubidium Atoms

Interference between four-wave and six-wave mixing signals is observed in a four-level atomic system due to atomic coherence. The experimental and theoretical conditions for generating such interesting effects are investigated.
Thermal oxidation of polycrystalline silicon films

In order to study the oxidation rate of polycrystalline silicon, thin polycrystalline films deposited at 650°C and thicker films deposited at 1020° and 1100°C were oxidized under conditions corresponding to both the reaction-rate-limited and diffusion-limited cases. The apparent oxidation rate of polycrystalline silicon was found to be somewhat less than that of single-crystal silicon but greater than that of single-crystal silicon. The differences observed are attributed to the varying oxidation rates of the differently oriented grains in the polycrystalline samples. Both optical and replica photomicrographs confirm this hypothesis. If the effect of grain orientation must be avoided in a certain application, oxidations should be carried out under diffusion-limited conditions (e.g. 1200°C), where the oxidation rates are approximately the same for single-crystal and polycrystalline silicon.
Absorption and metabolism of 1-14C-hydroxy octadecadienoate in the rat.

The metabolism of 1-14C-9(13)-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (1-14C-HAME) by the rat was investigated in vivo and in liver slices. A 1.5 mg dose of 1-14C-HAME administered by stomach tube was efficiently hydrolyzed and absorbed from the intestinal tract. In comparison with 1-14C-methyl linoleate (1-14C-ML), 1-14C-HMAE was more extensively oxidized to14CO2 in vivo and in vitro. After 1-14C-HAME administration as much as 50% of the radioactivity in the adipose tissue triglycerides was associated with14C-hydroxy fatty acids. The remaining activity was present in randomly labeled normal fatty acids. No evidence was obtained for the incorporation of14C-hydroxy acids into liver lipids; most of the radioactivity from 1-14C-HAME in this organ was recovered in saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. About 10% of the radioactivity 24 hr after 1-14C-HAME administration was associated with triglyceride trienoic acids, indicating that at least a portion of this acid was dehydrated in the liver. An unidentified polar acid was detected in the urine of the 1-14C-HAME-treated animals.
Correction of cell-cell communication defect by introduction of a protein kinase into mutant cells.

The cell-to-cell permeability of the junctions of various cultured mammalian cell types depends on the concentration of intracellular cyclic AMP ([cAMP]i). The permeability rises when the cells are supplied with exogenous cyclic AMP or when their cyclic AMP synthesis is stimulated with choleragen or hormones; it falls when [cAMP]i is lowered by application of serum or due to increase in cell density1–5. The rise and fall in permeability take several hours to develop (the rise is protein synthesis-dependent) and they occur concurrently with the rise and fall in the number of intramembrane particles of the gap junctions2–4, which probably embody the cell-to-cell channels. Is this permeability regulation mediated by phosphorylating protein kinase? In many eukaryotes, the cyclic AMP receptor is a protein kinase6–8 consisting of a pair of regulatory subunits and a pair of catalytic subunits. The latter dissociate from the holoenzyme as the cyclic AMP binds to the regulatory subunits and, in this dissociated form, catalyse the phosphorylation of the target9. The regulatory subunit occurs in two isoenzyme forms, I and II. The catalytic subunit seems invariant9; subunits from different isoenzymes can substitute for each other10,11. We show here that a mutant cell lacking the isoenzyme I is deficient in permeable junctions, and that this junctional defect is corrected when the mutant is supplied with exogenous catalytic subunit.
Concise Preparation of Novel Tricyclic Chemotypes: Fused Hydantoin-benzodiazepines.

Abstract The following article describes a concise synthesis of a collection of 4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepines fused to a hydantoin ring. Molecular complexity and biological relevance are high and structures are generated in a mere three steps, employing the Ugi reaction to assemble diversity reagents. The protocol represents a novel UDC (Ugi-deprotect-cyclize) strategy employed in the Ugi-5-component CO2-mediated condensation, followed by further cyclization under basic conditions, to afford the fused hydantoin. Mechanistic caveats, dependent on the aldehydes of choice will be revealed and a facile oxidation of the final products to imidazolidenetriones is briefly discussed.
Adaptive rhythm sequencing: A method for dynamic rhythm classification during CPR.

Abstract Objective The accuracy of methods that classify the cardiac rhythm despite CPR artifact could potentially be improved by utilizing continuous ECG data. Our objective is to compare three approaches which use identical ECG features and differ only in their degree of temporal integration: (1) static classification, which analyzes 4-s ECG frames in isolation; (2) "best-of-three averaging," which takes the average of three consecutive static classifications successively; and (3) "adaptive rhythm sequencing," which uses hidden Markov models to model ECG segments as rhythm sequences. Methods Defibrillator recordings from 95 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests were divided into training and test sets. Each method classified the rhythm as asystole, organized rhythm or shockable rhythm throughout the recordings. Classifications were compared to the gold standard of physician review. The primary outcome was accuracy during CPR, which was estimated using a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Results In the training set, accuracies during CPR were 0.89 (95% CI 0.85, 0.92), 0.92 (95% CI 0.89, 0.94) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98) for the static, best-of-three averaging and adaptive rhythm sequencing methods, respectively. The corresponding results in the test set were 0.92 (95% CI 0.86, 0.96), 0.94 (95% CI 0.89, 0.97), and 0.97 (95% CI 0.94, 0.99). Of the dynamic methods, only adaptive rhythm sequencing was significantly more accurate than static classification in the training ( p p =0.03) sets. Conclusion In a continuous monitoring setting, adaptive rhythm sequencing was significantly more accurate than static rhythm classification during CPR.
Leading edge and peak flux density exciter speeds for well connected type-III bursts

Abstract We derive the speed along the interplanetary field of the leading edge and peak flux density from dynamic WIND/WAVES spectrograms of interplanetary type-III fast-drift radio bursts associated with 52 beam-like near-relativistic electron events observed at 1 AU from 1997 to 2000. The speeds of the leading edge and peak are established by a best fit to time-frequency points obtained from different frequency cuts of the WAVES spectrograms. These are the points when the flux density first rises above the pre-event level or reaches the peak flux density, respectively. The peak flux speeds are usually c with a median of 0.065 c . While the speeds assigned to the leading edge can sometimes exceed 0.3 c , their median speed is 0.15 c (electron excitation energy of 6 keV). We examine the speeds of the leading edge of the type-III bursts with respect to the delayed injection of the near-relativistic electrons measured at ACE to determine whether the speeds are correlated with the observed delays. We find a poor correlation and interpret this as no significant association between the low-energy electrons in the type-III leading edge and the population of near-relativistic electrons.
Understanding Self-Determination and Families of Young Children With Disabilities in Home Environments:

This article is about emergent self-determination for young children with disabilities in their home environments. The purpose of this study was to better understand family and home characteristics and how they influence the ways in which families can support the development of self-determination for their children with disabilities. Thirty families of young children with disabilities were interviewed, and their homes were systematically observed. Using a grounded theory design, an emergent model was developed that examined family and home context and the influence of context on the strategies that families used to support self-determination. Future research and practice implications of this research for supporting families are discussed.
Earth-observing hyperspectral imaging systems: a 2003 survey

A wide variety of hyper-spectral (HS) sensors and collection platforms are in existence. This paper investigates hyper-spectral imaging systems (HIS) worldwide in order to compose a comprehensive listing of these systems. A meta-data structure was developed to identify basic parameter information for all sensors that were reviewed. Systems were grouped into two primary categories of space borne and air borne. Sensors were further grouped into three types of imaging spectrometers; whiskbroom line array band interleaved by pixel, push broom area array band interleaved by line and framing camera band sequential methodology. Several sensor systems are presented using the meta-data structure and parameters developed for the analysis. A summary table identifying all sensor systems that were evaluated is presented. Applications include geo-environmental studies, aerosol release, materials identification, agricultural studies, atmospheric studies, and many others.
Characterization of the elastase inhibitor properties of α-crystallin and the water-insoluble fraction from bovine lens

Abstract Alpha-crystallin exhibits variable inhibition of several members of the chymotrypsin family of proteinases. Complete inhibition of elastase was obtained by the addition of either α-crystallin or a sonicated preparation of the water-insoluble fraction from bovine lens. Little or no inhibition was seen, however, with either β-crystallin or bovine serum albumin under the same conditions. Complete binding of elastase was demonstrated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography, and a direct correlation between binding and inhibition was obtained. This observation permitted us to do a Scatchard analysis of the inhibition data. Scatchard plots for the binding of elastase gave a biphasic response suggesting two separate binding sites. These sites had K d values of 15 and 40 n m for α-crystallin and 6 and 42 n m for the bovine water-insoluble fraction. Similarly, a Dixon plot exhibited a K i value of 3 n m and was consistent with non-competitive inhibition. One mole of α-crystallin (8 × 10 5 Da), or an equivalent amount of water-insoluble protein, bound from 13 to 19 mol of elastase which were about equally divided between the higher and lower affinity sites. Saturation studies confirmed 20 and 16 elastase binding sites per 8 × 10 5 Da for α-crystallin and water-insoluble protein, respectively. DFP-elastase was capable of binding to α-crystallin suggesting that a proteolytic cleavage was not required for complex formation. Stability measurements showed a linear return to 60% of the original activity over a 30-min period. Therefore, the interaction between elastase and α-crystallin resembles that of a heterologous protease: inhibitor complex in both binding and stability.
Effect of nicotine exposure on postnatal ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia

The risk of SIDS is increased up to fourfold by maternal smoking, by an unknown mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal nicotine exposure can cause abnormal postnatal development of breathing control. Osmotic minipumps were implanted into pregnant rats to deliver either nicotine bitartrate (6 mg kg−1 day−1) (NIC) or saline (CON) throughout gestation and for 1 week postnatal. NIC and CON rat pups from 4 age groups (means 3, 8, 18 and 34 days) were studied. Ventilation was recorded at 30°C in air and after 10 min at FiO2 = 0.1 and 0.15, and at FiCO2 = 0.05. Ventilatory responses to FiO2 = 0.1 and FiCO2 = 0.05 showed significant changes with age but were unaffected by NIC at all ages. The weak respiratory responses to FiO2 = 0.15 were unaffected by NIC or age. Oxygen consumption in normoxia and hypoxia, and hypoxic depression of oxygen consumption, declined with age but were not affected by NIC. We conclude that NIC exposure alone has no detectable effect on the postnatal development of respiratory responses to moderate levels of hypoxia or hypercapnia for short periods. However, effects of NIC on the responses to more severe or prolonged stimuli cannot be ruled out.
Formulating Blood Rotation Policies with Multiple Objectives

Human blood is perishable. Therefore it must be systematically redistributed to hospital blood banks where it will have a high probability of transfusion. Ideally this redistribution, referred to as blood rotation, should be performed in such a manner as to minimze the outdating and improve the quality of blood while keeping the frequency of blood shortages and regional operating costs at reasonable levels. Priorities for attaining these multiple objectives are different in every blood region. Consequently, in this paper, a goal programming model is developed to attain multiple goals as identified by the administrator of a regional blood center. Included in the model are goal constraints related to inventory levels, the availability of fresh blood, blood outdating, the age of the blood, and the cost of collecting it. The paper reports the results of applying the methodology in a large urban-rural blood region in the midwest. Use of the model demonstrated that: the percentage of blood collected for use within the region but not used could be reduced from 14.9% to 9.2% without increasing the frequncy of shortages; overstocking of hospital blood banks would be eliminated; sufficient fresh blood could be made available to meet the needs of special surgery; the amount of blood needed to be collected for use within the region could be reduced by over 5%, saving approximately $115,000 per year.
Using covalent dimers of human carbonic anhydrase II to model bivalency in immunoglobulins.

This paper describes the development of a new bivalent system comprising synthetic dimers of carbonic anhydrase linked chemically through thiol groups of cysteine residues introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. These com- pounds serve asmodels withwhich tostudytheinteractionofbivalentproteins with ligands presented at the surface of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Monovalent carbonic anhydrase (CA) binds to benzenesulfonamide ligands pre- sented on the surface of the SAM with Kd surf = 89 nM. The synthetic bivalent proteins—inspired by the structure of immunoglobulins—bind bivalently to the sulfonamide-functionalized SAMs with low nanomolar avidities (Kd avidity,surf =1 � 3 nM); this difference represents a ∼50-fold enhancementofbivalentovermonovalentassociation.ThepaperdescribesdimersofCAhaving(i)differentlengthsofthecovalent linker that joined the two proteins and (ii) different points of attachment of the linker to the protein (either near the active site (C133) or distal to the active site (C185)). Comparison of the thermodynamics of their interactions with SAMs presenting arylsulfonamidegroupsdemonstratedthatvaryingthelengthofthelinkerbetweenthemoleculesofCAhadvirtuallynoeffectonthe rate of association, or on the avidity of these dimers with ligand-presenting surfaces. Varying the point of attachment of the linker betweenmonomericCA'salso had almost noeffectonthe avidity ofthe dimers, although changingthe point ofattachment affected the rates of binding and unbinding. These observations indicate that the avidities of these bivalent proteins, and by inference the avidities of structurally similar bivalent proteins such as IgG, are unexpectedly insensitive to the structure of the linker connecting them.
Prediction and prevention of the first psychotic episode: new directions and opportunities

In the last few decades, substantial research has focused on the possibility of early detection and prevention of the first psychotic episode in young individuals at risk of developing this mental disturbance; however, unresolved clinical and ethical issues still call for further investigations. New perspectives and opportunities may come from the identification of selective psychopathological and instrumental markers linking the appearance of subtle psychotic symptoms with the clinical outcome of specific mental pathologies. Furthermore, empirically derived algorithms and risk staging models should facilitate the identification of targeted prevention therapies, possibly improving the efficacy of well-tolerated therapeutic approaches, such as psychological interventions and natural compound supplementations. To date, the collected evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological prevention therapies raises more doubts than hopes. A very early detection of risk and appropriate symptomatic pattern classifications may provide a chance to better match prevention strategies with the development of psychosis.
Rapid enzyme-induced hydrolysis of microgram amounts of phosphatidylcholine on phospholipase A2/celite columns

A method has been developed to hydrolyze microgram amounts of phosphatidylcholine (PC) regiospecifically. Hydrolysis of thesn-glycerol 2-acyl group occurs rapidly on microcolumns of immobilized phospholipase A2 on Celite 545 diatomaceous earth. Close to 90% reaction occurs within the first 5 min. Acyl group analysis then may be accomplished by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the resulting fatty acids. Hydrolysis of α-16∶0-β-14∶0 PC demonstrated consistent selectivity for 14∶0 liberation, with small amounts of 16∶0 probably indicative of acyl scrambling during the synthesis of the PC. Hydrolysis of an equal weight mixture of (14∶0)2 PC and (18∶2)2PC demonstrated nonpartiality of the immobilized enzyme for either a saturated or unsaturated substrate. The new methodology offers a convenient and sensitive alternative to the presently used procedures.
Teacher Preparation Policies and Their Effects on Student Achievement.

Abstract State policies affect the qualifications of beginning teachers in numerous ways, including regulating entry requirements, providing incentives for graduate degrees, and subsidizing preparation programs at public universities. In this paper we assess how these policy choices affect student achievement, specifically comparing traditionally prepared with alternative-entry teachers; in-state traditionally prepared with out-of-state traditionally prepared teachers; teachers beginning with undergraduate degrees with those beginning with graduate degrees; and teachers prepared at in-state public universities with those prepared at in-state private universities. Using school fixed effects to analyze data from North Carolina, we find that: Teach For America corps members are more effective than traditionally prepared teachers; other alternative-entry teachers are less effective than traditionally prepared instructors in high school mathematics and science courses; and out-of-state traditionally prepared t...
Marital and Parental Relationship Quality and Educational Outcomes for Youth

This research examines the effects of parental marital quality and the quality of the parent–child relationship on the educational progress of adolescents. Previous research indicates that family structure and economic capacity have significant effects on educational achievement and high school graduation rates. Few studies, however, examined the effects of the quality of the parental relationship on the educational outcomes of their children. This study is built on bioecological and social capital theories of human development suggesting that the capacity for child and youth development is enhanced when their primary relationships are supportive and provide them with social assets that encourage human capital development. The study uses data from the NLSY97, a nationally representative sample of adolescents who are being followed into adulthood. The findings indicate that family stability and living with two biological parents is a stronger predictor of high school graduation than parent marital quality ...
Effect of carbide size on the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys

Abstract A study of the effect of carbide size on the abrasion resistance of two cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys, alloys 6 and 19, was conducted using low stress abrasion with a relatively hard abrasive, A1 2 O 3 . Specimens of each alloy were produced with different carbide sizes but with a constant carbide volume fraction. The wear test results show a monotonie decrease in wear rate with increasing carbide size. Scanning electron microscopy of the worn surfaces and of wear debris particles shows that the primary material removal mechanism is micromachining. Small carbides provide little resistance to micromachining because of the fact that many of them are contained entirely in the volume of micromachining chips. The large carbides must be directly cut by the abrasive particles. Other less frequently observed material removal mechanisms included direct carbide pull-out and the formation of large pits in fine carbide specimens. These processes are considered secondary in the present work, but they may have greater importance in wear by relatively soft abrasives which do not cut chips from the carbide phase of these alloys. Some indication of this is provided by limited studies using a relatively soft abrasive, rounded quartz.
Generation of hazard indices for cumulative exposure to phthalates for use in cumulative risk assessment.

Exposures to multiple chemicals may contribute to increased risk of similar adverse effects. Cumulative risk may be estimated using a hazard index (HI), the sum of individual hazard quotients (HQ, ratio of exposure to the reference value). We demonstrate the HI approach for five phthalates: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). Phthalate exposure for the US general population is estimated using urine metabolite levels from NHANES, extrapolating to ingested 'dose' using the creatinine correction approach. We used two sets of reference values: European Union Tolerable Daily Intakes and Denmark Environmental Protection Agency Derived No Effect Levels. We also investigated the use of an alternate reference value for DEHP, derived from a recent study on male reproductive system development. HQs and HIs were calculated for the total population ages 6years and older, as well as for men and women of approximate reproductive age (18-39 years), and children (6-11 years). Median HQs ranged from 1.0), and were driven by DEHP and DBP exposures.
Laboratory comparison of three occlusal registration methods for identification of induced interceptive contacts

This study compared the performance of a new computerized occlusal analysis (T-Scan) system with that of Accufilm and Shimstock foil for the registration of tooth contacts on a laboratory model. Induced interceptive contacts were created on epoxy models in a mechanical closing device and the occlusal contacts were recorded for each registration method. The traditional methods were similar to the computerized analysis but the T-Scan system provided additional differential diagnostic information in force and time modes for an improved occlusal analysis.
Synthesis of sodium androst-5-ene-17-one-3β-methylene sulfonate

Abstract The synthesis of sodium androst-5-ene-17-one-3β-methylene sulfonate 2, a stable analog of memory-enhancing neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, is described. The synthesis of compound 2 is carried out in six steps from dehydroepiandrosterone.
Finding and facing the Frontiers at FIE Conferences

Each year since the founding in 1971, Frontiers in Education Conference participants have sought the newest innovations and concepts in engineering education, i.e., the true frontiers at the cutting-edge of the profession. While those frontiers have obviously changed over the past 42 years, the primary objective of identifying and addressing them has remained at the forefront. This WIP paper describes what was perceived as the main frontiers in each of four periods corresponding to the four decades since the first conference by examining papers from two sample conferences in each decade. In addition to a careful analysis of selected FIE Proceedings, results of a brief survey of long-time FIE leaders and more recent participants are presented as further evidence on identifying the recognized frontiers for each period. Changes during the intervening years of the conference included more formal presentations, required reviews before accepting papers, and references to clearly show the relevance of each paper within the body of knowledge. Currently, papers are categorized as innovative practice, research-to-practice, or research; an emphasis on STEM research nationally has created engineering education departments within universities. Faculty and staff from these departments regularly present their research results at FIE Conferences. The overall goal for conference organizers and program chairs is to make certain not only that accepted papers point to existing frontiers as the major focus of the FIE Conference each year but also include invited speakers, sessions, panels, and keynote addresses that focus on other emerging frontiers.
Peeking Through the Cloud: Client Density Estimation via DNS Cache Probing

Reliable network demographics are quickly becoming a much sought-after digital commodity. However, as the need for more refined Internet demographics has grown, so too has the tension between privacy and utility. Unfortunately, current techniques lean too much in favor of functional requirements over protecting the privacy of users. For example, the most prominent proposals for measuring the relative popularity of a Web site depend on the deployment of client-side measurement agents that are generally perceived as infringing on users’ privacy, thereby limiting their wide-scale adoption. Moreover, the client-side nature of these techniques also makes them susceptible to various manipulation tactics that undermine the integrity of their results. In this article, we propose a new estimation technique that uses DNS cache probing to infer the density of clients accessing a given service. Compared to earlier techniques, our scheme is less invasive as it does not reveal user-specific traits, and is more robust against manipulation. We demonstrate the flexibility of our approach through two important security applications. First, we illustrate how our scheme can be used as a lightweight technique for measuring and verifying the relative popularity rank of different Web sites. Second, using data from several hundred botnets, we apply our technique to indirectly measure the infected population of this increasing Internet phenomenon.
Ptychography and High Dimensional Phase Retrieval

Ptychography is a popular technique to go beyond hardware fabrication limits in microscopy using numerical optimization. Optimization in the larger dimensional data space enables more challenging and larger dimensional problems, and faster super-resolution imaging. Article not available.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY III. ABSORPTION OF PIGMENTS OF BILIARY DERIVATION FROM THE INTESTINE.

Direct proof of the absorption of bile pigments from the intestinal tract is presented. Feedings of pure bilirubin by mouth to dogs, like those of whole bile, increase greatly the amount of this pigment in the hepatic bile. Control feedings of bile salts, while greatly increasing the bile quantity, cause no change in the pigment output. Instillations of pure bilirubin directly into the duodenum of dogs, appropriately intubated, are followed by pronounced increases in the bilirubin output in the bile. Feedings of pure urobilin to dogs, yielding urobilin-free bile, as result of diversion of the secretion from the intestine, are followed by the appearance of this pigment in the bile.
Schubert edits JGR‐Red

‘As editor, my major concern will be to maintain and strengthen the Journal of Geophysical Research's position as the preeminent journal in solid earth and solid planet geophysics,’ asserted Gerald Schubert, the new editor of the red section of JGR. ‘I will endeavor to ensure that all major subject areas covered by JGR-Red are adequately represented among the published papers.’ Schubert, professor of geophysics and planetary physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, officially begins his 4-year term as editor on December 1, although he has been receiving manuscripts since October 1. The new editor brings to JGR enthusiasm and dedication. ‘I will try to make it the type of journal that the readers want it to be in terms of both rapid publication time and publication of the best papers.’ He expects to continue the traditions that his predecessor, Thomas J . Ahrens, has established. In particular, Schubert wants to continue publishing special issues that focus on specific research topics. He welcomes suggestions for such issues from the research community.
Toxicity associated with carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide (CO) has been called a ‘‘great mimicker.’’ The clinical presentations associated with CO toxicity may be diverse and nonspecific, including syncope, new-onset seizure, flu-like illness, headache, and chest pain. Unrecognized CO exposure may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Even when the diagnosis is certain, appropriate therapy is widely debated.
Wide-Area Damping Control of Power Systems Using Dynamic Clustering and TCSC-Based Redesigns

In this paper we present a FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)-based control design for electromechanical oscillation damping in large power systems, facilitated by aggregate models that can be constructed using Synchronized phasor measurements. Our approach consists of three steps, namely-1. Model Reduction, where Synchrophasors are used to identify second-order models of the oscillation clusters of the power system retaining the inter-ties on which FACTS devices such as Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) are installed, 2. Aggregate Control, where feedback controllers are designed to achieve a desired closed-loop transient response between every pair of clusters, and finally 3. Control Inversion, where the aggregate control design is distributed and tuned to actual TCSC controllers in the full-order model until its inter-area responses match the respective inter-machine responses of the reduced-order system. It is shown that the inversion problem can be posed equivalently as decomposing the swing dynamics into fast and slow states, and designing the controllers such that the slow dynamics can optimally track a desired closed-loop signal designed for the aggregate model. Application of the approach to two-area power systems is demonstrated through topological examples inspired by the US west coast grid.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Phthalimides Adsorbed on Alumina: Models for Polyimide Adhesion

Vibrational spectra of phthalimide and N-phenylphthalimide adsorbed on oxidized Al substrates have been studied with the use of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. Ring mode bands indicate that the substituted benzene rings interact strongly with the surface, thus adsorbing in a flatwise configuration. There is spectral evidence of Al-N complexing, and results also support the formation of weak Al-O=C bonding via one carboxyl group per molecule on average. No C=O bond cleavage has been observed, and the effect of surface OH groups on phthalimide adsorption remains unclear.