cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Determining the Electron Density Distribution of the Solar Corona from K-Coronameter Data

The electron density distribution of the inner solar corona (r ⩽ 2 R ⊙) as a function of latitude, longitude, and radial distance is determined from K-coronameter polarization-brightness (pB) data. A Legendre polynomial is assumed for the electron density distribution, and the coefficients of the polynomial are determined by a least-mean-square regression analysis of several days of pB-data. The calculated electron density distribution is then mapped as a function of latitude and longitude. The method is particularly useful in determining the longitudinal extent of coronal streamers and enhancements and in resolving coronal features whose projections on the plane of the sky overlap.
Quantum-Mechanical Radiation-Pressure Fluctuations in an Interferometer

The interferometers now being developed to detect gravitational vaves work by measuring small changes in the positions of free masses. There has been a controversy whether quantum-mechanical radiation-pressure fluctuations disturb this measurement. This Letter resolves the controversy: They do.
Metacontrast with increases in the number of masking ring segments

The present experiment replicated and extended earlier studies which examined the effect of increases in the number of masking ring segments on the detectability of a black target disk. It confirmed earlier findings that masking effectiveness increases with increases in black ring segments up to 16, where asymptote is reached. Beyond this value, the present study demonstrates a decline in masking with increases in black mask segments up to 64, indicating an inverted U-shaped relationship between number of ring segments and mask effectiveness. The failure of current theories to account for this finding and implications for future theories are discussed. The present study is one in a series of experiments which investigates the effect of configuration variables on metacontrast by applying the forced-choice response methodology to the disk-ring paradigm used by Werner (I935). In particular, the present study extends the results of those experiments investigating the masking effectiveness of masking rings having incomplete con­ tours. An early study by Sherrick and Dember (1968) used masking rings in which 60% of the black ring contour was removed, while the remaining contour was divided into two, four, six, or eight equal-sized black segments and distributed evenly around the ring (alter­ nated with an equal number of white segments). The results showed that masking effectiveness increased as the number of ring segments increased. A subsequent study by Dember, Colina, and Sherrick (1972) used two sets of masking rings. In one set 25%, 50%, or 75% of a complete ring was removed, and the remaining contour was divided into four equal-sized segments and evenly distributed around the ring. A second set of masks consisted of complete gray rings having 25%, 50%, or 75% of the luminance of the white background. It was found that the contrast-reduced gray ring was less effective in masking a black disk than was its incomplete counterpart. Arand and Dember (1974) attempted to extend the relationship found by Sherrick and Dember (1968) by again using masking rings having 40% of the complete ring contour, but with the remaining contour divided into 2,4,6,8, 16, or 32 equal-sized black segments. It was expected that the Sherrick and Dember (1968) finding of an increase in masking effectiveness with increases in ring segments would reach asymptote at some value of ring segments greater than 8. Beyond that point it was expected that the limits of visual acuity would transform the incomplete ring into one that
High-conversion-efficiency, diode-pumped continuous-wave Raman laser

We demonstrate a diode-pumped cw Raman laser in H2 with photon-conversion efficiency of 66±8%. Pumped by an injection-locked diode laser at 792 nm, the Stokes laser produces a peak output power of ∼16 mW at 1180 nm. Accompanying the high Stokes power are deviations from the existing theory, which are believed to be caused by the thermal-lensing effect of the Raman gas.
Association of anemia and long-term survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Background Anemia is a marker of worsened clinical outcome in patients with heart failure from left ventricular dysfunction. Pulmonary hypertension often results in right ventricular dysfunction. Accordingly we sought to examine the association of hemoglobin levels and long-term all-cause mortality in a cohort of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Methods Baseline demographic information, clinical characteristics and fasting blood work were obtained in a cohort of 145 patients with pulmonary hypertension referred for pulmonary vasodilator testing. Data was retrospectively analyzed with Cox-proportional hazards analysis. Results Baseline characteristics of the cohort included age (mean±SD) 55.8±14.6years, 75% women, 50% with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, mean pulmonary artery pressure 46.1±14.2mmHg and arterial O 2 saturation 91±6%. The most commonly utilized pulmonary hypertension specific therapeutic agents in descending order of frequency were epoprostenol (27%), sildenafil (21%), bosentan (17%), and treprostinil (6%). Over a median follow-up of 2.1years, there were 39 deaths (26.9%). Patients who died had significantly lower hemoglobin levels than those survived (12.2±2.3 vs. 13.7±2.0, p p =0.005). Conclusions Hemoglobin levels closely parallel survival in pulmonary hypertension. Modification of anemia in this disorder could alter the clinical course and calls for further research in this area.
Apparent motion of a spherical shell collapsing onto a black hole

Abstract We model the collapse of a spherically symmetric, constant density, pressureless shell onto a preexisting black hole. Contrary to a recent claim of Liu and Zhang (2009), we show that an observer at infinity never sees any part of the shell cross the event horizon. The entire shell appears to “freeze” outside the black hole. We find that during intermediate stages of the collapse, the change in apparent size of the inner surface is non-monotonic. However, at late times, the apparent sizes of the inner and outer surfaces of the shell both approach 3 3 G M / c 2 asymptotically, where M is the combined mass of the initial black hole and the shell.
Interactions between human---human multi-threaded dialogues and driving

In-car devices with speech user interfaces are proliferating. How can we build these interfaces such that they allow human---computer interactions with multiple devices to overlap in time, but without interfering with the driving task? We suggest that interface design can be inspired by the way people deal with this problem in human---human dialogues and propose discovering human dialogue behaviors of interest through experiments. In this paper, we discuss how to design an appropriate human---human dialogue scenario for such experiments. We also report on one human---human experiment, in terms of the dialogue behaviors found, and impact on the verbal tasks and on driving. We also offer design considerations based on the results of the study.
Pastoral Care and Medical Education

This essay describes how contemporary medical education and pastoral care share historical roots, confront similar pressures and objectives in the formation of future professionals, and address common concerns in the area of bioethics. The essay concludes with a summary of ideas regarding the present and future relationship between medical education and pastoral care. The essay is dedicated to the memory of David P. Rogers, M.D., whose vision of medical education and medical practice embodied a rare passion for justice.
Pressure-volume relationships in right ventricle.

Contour changes of the pressure curve of the isovolumic right ventricle were analyzed as its volume increased and during spontaneous tachycardia and l -epinephrine exhibition. Evidence of an early diastolic dip going below ambient pressure was observed when spontaneous tachycardia developed. Evidence was clear that the impedance to filling during the phase of active relaxation lessened in the right ventricle when spontaneous tachycardia occurred and l -epinephrine was exhibited, and to a lesser extent when the ventricle became more dynamic. However, there was no evidence of any shift in the right ventricular pressure/volume relationship at the end of diastole during spontaneous tachycardia or l -epinephrine action. On the other hand, the pressure/volume relationship at the end of systole was altered under these two conditions, in that the pressure for any volume was increased. The curves of the pressure/volume relationship of the right ventricle at the end of systole and at the end of diastole were found to be similar in contour to those of the left ventricle except for the magnitude of change.
Sensitivity analysis of differential-algebraic equations: A comparison of methods on a special problem ✩

We compare several methods for sensitivity analysis of differential‐algebraic equations (DAEs). Computational complexity, efficiency and numerical conditioning issues are discussed. Numerical results for a chemical kinetics problem arising in model reduction are presented. © 2000 IMACS. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ultrasound-guided delivery of microRNA loaded nanoparticles into cancer.

Ultrasound induced microbubble cavitation can cause enhanced permeability across natural barriers of tumors such as vessel walls or cellular membranes, allowing for enhanced therapeutic delivery into the target tissues. While enhanced delivery of small ( 100nm) therapeutic carriers into cancer remains unclear and may require a higher pressure for sufficient delivery. Enhanced delivery of larger therapeutic carriers such as FDA approved pegylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-PEG-NP) has significant clinical value because these nanoparticles have been shown to protect encapsulated drugs from degradation in the blood circulation and allow for slow and prolonged release of encapsulated drugs at the target location. In this study, various acoustic parameters were investigated to facilitate the successful delivery of two nanocarriers, a fluorescent semiconducting polymer model drug nanoparticle as well as PLGA-PEG-NP into human colon cancer xenografts in mice. We first measured the cavitation dose produced by various acoustic parameters (pressure, pulse length, and pulse repetition frequency) and microbubble concentration in a tissue mimicking phantom. Next, in vivo studies were performed to evaluate the penetration depth of nanocarriers using various acoustic pressures, ranging between 1.7 and 6.9MPa. Finally, a therapeutic microRNA, miR-122, was loaded into PLGA-PEG-NP and the amount of delivered miR-122 was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR. Our results show that acoustic pressures had the strongest effect on cavitation. An increase of the pressure from 0.8 to 6.9MPa resulted in a nearly 50-fold increase in cavitation in phantom experiments. In vivo, as the pressures increased from 1.7 to 6.9MPa, the amount of nanoparticles deposited in cancer xenografts was increased from 4- to 14-fold, and the median penetration depth of extravasated nanoparticles was increased from 1.3-fold to 3-fold, compared to control conditions without ultrasound, as examined on 3D confocal microscopy. When delivering miR-122 loaded PLGA-PEG-NP using optimal acoustic settings with minimum tissue damage, miR-122 delivery into tumors with ultrasound and microbubbles was 7.9-fold higher compared to treatment without ultrasound. This study demonstrates that ultrasound induced microbubble cavitation can be a useful tool for delivery of therapeutic miR loaded nanocarriers into cancer in vivo.
Interactions of iron bleomycin, phosphate or cyanide, and DNA: sequence-dependent conformations and reactions.

The hypothesis was investigated that axial ligands bound to Fe(III)-bleomycin [Fe(III)Blm] are destabilized at specific 5′-guanine-pyrimidine-3′ binding sites but are stable at nonselective dinucleotides. DNA oligomers and calf-thymus DNA were used in reactions with L-Fe(III)Blm, where phosphate and cyanide served as examples of large and small ligands (L). Both ligands underwent dissociation when L-Fe(III)Blm was bound to d(GGAAGCTTCC)2 (I) but not d(GGAAATTTCCC)2 (II) and at large ratios of calf-thymus DNA to drug. Fe(III)Blm is high spin in 20 mM phosphate buffer, signifying the presence of a phosphate adduct. In the titration of HPO4-Fe(III)Blm with calf-thymus DNA, a large excess of DNA was needed to reach the low-spin state, consistent with an equilibrium competition between phosphate and DNA for Fe(III)Blm. Equilibrium constants for binding Fe(III)Blm and CN-Fe(III)Blm to calf-thymus DNA (6.8×105 M–1 and 5.9×104 M–1, respectively, in HEPES buffer at 25 °C and pH 7.4) showed that the CN– ligand also reduced the affinity of DNA for the drug. The kinetics of dissociation of CN– from CN-Fe(III)Blm-DNA were slow and first order in bound drug. The reversible nature of these dissociation reactions was shown using 1H NMR spectroscopy of Fe(III)Blm-I in the absence and presence of large excesses of CN– or phosphate. The results are discussed in terms of a two-state hypothesis for the binding of L-Fe(III)Blm to specific and nonspecific dinucleotides. It is proposed that steric restrictions at specific sites inhibit binding of these ligands.
Information filtering in wireless and mobile environments

The paper describes the issue of power conservation on mobile clients, e.g., palmtop computers, and suggests that signature methods are suitable for real-time information filtering on wireless communication services. Two signature-based approaches, namely simple signature and multi-level signature schemes, are presented. Cost models for access time and tune-in time of these two approaches are developed.
Constructing a Two-Way Street: An Argument for Interdisciplinary Collaboration through an Ethnomusicological Examination of Music Therapy, Medical Ethnomusicology, and Williams Syndrome

本稿では、医療民族音楽学と音楽療法というふたつの領域が手法の交換によって学際的互恵関係を構築する方法を探る。これは、一方では、障碍のエスノグラフィー的及び文化的理解を応用することによって療法の実践が豊かになるものであり、他方では音楽療法技法をエスノグラフィー的に用いることによって民族音楽学に力を与えるものである。この視点を裏づけるため、私が音楽療法士としてミシガン州Grand Rapidsで行われたウィリアム症候群の子ども達とのWhispering Trailsサマーキャンプに勤務しながら、音楽とウィリアム症候群のリサーチを行った経験を、エスノグラフィー的報告として述べる。最後に、医療民族音楽学領域と音楽療法領域の相互作用的コラボレーションは、これらの領域の学問的議論にとどまらず、ふたつの領域の専門家たちが社会的公正の問題について発言し、社会における障碍のための調整や受容を進める可能性について議論する。
Anagram Solving as a Function of Letter Spacing

Frequencies of bigrams (two-letter combinations) in written language, e.g., Underwood and Schulz (1960), may be used to compute total bigram frequency of any set of letters by summing, left to right, frequencies of successive bigrams. Mayzner and Tresselt (1959) showed that, if the same word was rearranged into two anagrams, one with high, the other wich low, total bigram frequency, solution times were significantly slower for anagrams with high totals. They suggested that associative strength is greater between letters of high frequency bigrams, so it is more difficult to break up such pairs when actempting to rearrange letters of an anagram. It is also possible that "cohesive strength" between adjacent letters may in part depend on physical proximity of the letters. If so, anagrams with wide spacing between individual letters may be more easily solved than anagrams with letters close together; this hypothesis is tested here. The five, Very Frequent (Thorndike-Lorge count) words, chair, sugar, train, party, and labor, and the five Very Infrequent words, tango, groin, peony, ghozll, and triad, used by Mayzner and Tresselt in another study (1958), were employed. After rearrangement into anagrams, each anagram was typed in capital letters on two cards. On one card the space between successive letters was that produced normally by an elite-type typewriter (Nonspaced Condition). On the other card successive letters were separated by 10 typewriter spaces (Spaced Condition). In each condition 36 undergraduate Ss attempted to solve all 10 anagrams. Two letter orders were used for each anagram. The two orders selected were the one that yielded the highest, and the one that yielded the lowest, bigram frequency totals obtainable within the five "hard" letter orders developed by Mayzner and Tresselt (1958). Within each condition, half the Ss were given the version with high total bigram frequency, half the version wich low total frequency, of each of the 10 anagrams. E showed S a sample anagram, then presented each of the 10 anagrams one at a time, using a different random order of presentation for each S. S gave his solutions verbally. If S had not solved an anagram in 4 min., E told him the solution and presented the next anagram. The time of successful solutions was recorded in seconds. Since there were a number of failures to solve in 4 rnin., the data analyzed
Comparing Students’ and Experts’ Understanding of the Content of a Lecture

In spite of advances in physics pedagogy, the lecture is by far the most widely used format of instruction. We investigated students’ understanding and perceptions of the content delivered during a physics lecture. A group of experts (physics instructors) also participated in the study as a reference for the comparison. During the study, all participants responded to a written conceptual survey on sound propagation. Next, they looked for answers to the survey questions in a videotaped lecture by a nationally known teacher. As they viewed the lecture, they indicated instances, if any, in which the survey questions were answered during the lecture. They also wrote down (and if needed, later explained) the answer, which they perceived was given by the instructor in the video lecture. Students who participated in the study were enrolled in a conceptual physics course and had already covered the topic in class before the study. We discuss and compare students’ and experts’ responses to the survey questions before and after the lecture.
Effects of radiation on mechanical properties of polybutadiene/polystyrene blends

Blends containing 3 wt % low molecular weight polybutadiene (PB) in a polystyrene (PS) matrix were prepared via a precipitation technique that yielded spherical, submicron pools of PB. Tensile specimens made from these blends were then irradiated with high energy electrons in air at dose levels from 0 to 70 Mrads. The blends, which previously showed high levels of toughness approaching that of high impact PS, lost all enhanced toughness when irradiated above 10 Mrads. Analysis of pure PS specimens irradiated over the dose range from 0 to 45 Mrads showed no appreciable dependence of mechanical behavior on dose level. Molecular weight studies of the polybutadiene demonstrated only a very modest increase in molecular weight in the dose range studied here; therefore, reduced mobility of the PB in the blends was not the reason for the dramatic drop in toughness with radiation dose. It was concluded that radiation-induced scission of the PS near the surface of the blends resulted in a significant local reduction in molecular weight. This degraded layer led to premature craze failure and hence a low level of toughness. It was demonstrated that the absence of oxygen during the irradiation process or the removal of the scissioned surface layer via mechanical abrasion resulted in a recovery of toughness. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yogurt: role in healthy and active aging

Yogurt consumption has been associated with health benefits in different populations. Limited information, however, is available on nutritional and health attributes of yogurt in older adults. Yogurt is abundant in calcium, zinc, B vitamins, and probiotics; it is a good source of protein; and it may be supplemented with vitamin D and additional probiotics associated with positive health outcomes. Aging is accompanied by a wide array of nutritional deficiencies and health complications associated with under- and overnutrition, including musculoskeletal impairment, immunosenescence, cardiometabolic diseases, and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, yogurt is accessible and convenient to consume by the older population, which makes yogurt consumption a feasible approach to enhance older adults' nutritional status. A limited number of studies have specifically addressed the impact of yogurt on the nutritional and health status of older adults, and most are observational. However, those reported thus far and reviewed here are encouraging and suggest that yogurt could play a role in improving the nutritional status and health of older adults. In addition, these reports support further investigation into the role of yogurt in healthy and active aging.
Religious service attendance and spiritual well-being are differentially associated with risk of major depression.

Background—The complex relationships between religiosity, spirituality and the risk of DSM-IV depression are not well understood. Method—We investigated the independent influence of religious service attendance and two dimensions of spiritual well-being (religious and existential) on the lifetime risk of major depression. Data came from the New England Family Study (NEFS) cohort (n=918, mean age=39 years). Depression according to DSM-IV criteria was ascertained using structured diagnostic interviews. Odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between high, medium and low tertiles of spiritual well-being and for religious service attendance and the lifetime risk of depression were estimated using multiple logistic regression. Results—Religious service attendance was associated with 30% lower odds of depression. In addition, individuals in the top tertile of existential well-being had a 70% lower odds of depression compared to individuals in the bottom tertile. Contrary to our original hypotheses, however, higher levels of religious well-being were associated with 1.5 times higher odds of depression. Conclusions—Religious and existential well-being may be differentially associated with likelihood of depression. Given the complex interactions between religiosity and spirituality dimensions in relation to risk of major depression, the reliance on a single domain measure of religiosity or spirituality (e.g. religious service attendance) in research or clinical settings is discouraged.
Landfarming of petroleum wastes—modeling the air emission problem. This natural treatment process has vapor emission problems that may be reduced dramatically by subsurface injection

The use of the upper soil zone to manage industrial waste has been referred to as land spreading, landfarming, sludge farming and more recently land treatment. The process itself is a natural one involving application of appropriate waste to the soil surface, cultivation of the material to bring aerobic bacteria into contact with the waste, and monitoring the necessary parameters to be certain the degradation is proceeding as planned. In the past few years, management of biodegradable petroleum waste by landfarming has dramatically increased, with possibly half of all refinery waste now being handled in this manner. Potential air emissions from land treatment of petroleum-refinery oily residuals has been identified as a topic requiring further study. This objective of this paper is to present a mathematical model that can be used to estimate emission of selected volatile chemicals from petroleum landfarming operations.
A discussion on the quality factor of impedance matched electrically small wire antennas

The quality factors of several impedance matched, electrically small wire antennas are compared as a function of matching technique and antenna geometry. The antennas considered have the same height and wire diameter, and they are designed to be self-resonant at approximately the same frequency. The antennas are impedance matched to a nominal 50 Ohm characteristic impedance using either a parallel stub, lossless reactive network or lossless transformer. It is shown that the quality factors of the antennas are essentially the same, and for the most part, independent of the matching technique and differences in the antenna geometry. The quality factor of the impedance matched, electrically small antenna is primarily established by the antenna's height and effective volume.
Compiler and run-time support for exploiting regularity within irregular applications

This paper starts from a well-known idea, that structure in irregular problems improves sequential performance, and tries to show that the same structure can also be exploited for parallelization of irregular problems on a distributed-memory multicomputer. In particular, we extend a well-known parallelization technique called run-time compilation to use structure information that is explicit on the array subscripts. This paper presents a number of internal representations suited to particular access patterns and shows how various preprocessing structures such as translation tables, trace arrays, and interprocessor communication schedules can be encoded in terms of one or more of these representations. We show how loop and index normalization are important for detection of irregularity in array references, as well as the presence of locality in such references. This paper presents methods for detection of irregularity, feasibility of inspection, and finally, placement of inspectors and interprocessor communication schedules. We show that this process can be automated through extensions to an HPF/Fortran-77 distributed-memory compiler (PARADIGM) and a new runtime support for irregular problems (PILAR) that uses a variety of internal representations of communication patterns. We devise performance measures which consider the relationship between the inspection cost, the execution cost, and the number of times the executor is invoked so that a comparison of the competing schemes can be performed independent of the number of iterations. Finally, we show experimental results on an IBM SP-2 that validate our approach. These results show that dramatic improvements in both memory requirements and execution time can be achieved by using these techniques.
Climate Change in the North Pacific Using Ice-Rafted Detritus as a Climatic Indicator

The variations in weight percent of the grain size fraction greater than 250 μ in nine cores from the North Pacific were determined using sampling intervals of 5 to 20 cm. Material in this size fraction is interpreted as transported by icebergs, and fluctuations are attributed to the waxing and waning of glaciers on the surrounding continents. At least eleven periods of increased ice rafting are detected in the cores during the time from 1.2 m.y. ago to the present, whereas only about four are identified from 1.2 m.y. to 2.5 m.y. B.P. The dating and time correlations are based on the magnetic stratigraphy, ash falls, and faunal extinctions. The ice-rafted detritus indicates a cooling beginning about 1.2 m.y. ago and becoming very intense between the Jaramillo event and the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary. This time may correspond to the initiation of mid-latitude glaciations of Europe and North America. At least six zones of ice-rafted sediment are present in the Brunhes normal polarity series. The correlations between these and the carbonate fluctuations of the central Pacific are good. Evidence for a marked interglacial ranging from about 460,000 to 530,000 yrs B.P. occurs within these cores. This interglacial may be worldwide in extent.
A Motivational Model of Knowledge Sharing

Often, the participants who collaborate in making a decision share knowledge in a relatively informal and unregulated manner that does not require same-time, same-place participation. This chapter considers systems used to facilitate knowledge sharing in support of unstructured decisions in such settings. These systems often involve the use of collaborative technologies such as groupware, threaded web forums, and wikis. While they are not a traditional type of DSS, these systems are becoming increasingly prominent as the need to make decisions in a knowledge-rich, creativity-dependent environment increases. Such systems are analogous to, and often embodied in, virtual communities of practice, which are increasingly recognized within organizations as an important way to create and synthesize organizational knowledge. Within this relatively low-regulation environment, conventional managerial controls and incentives become less significant in building motivation to participate. Accordingly, the intrinsic motivation of participants to share knowledge becomes more important. In this chapter, we explore motivational theories that may help explain the quantity and quality of knowledge sharing through such low regulation, asynchronous, multiparticipant decision support systems. We integrate these theories into a research model, using self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan 2000) as an overarching paradigm, which can be used to explain the influence of various motivational factors on the quantity and quality of knowledge shared.
Numerical implementation of time-dependent density functional theory for extended systems in extreme environments

In recent years, DFT-MD has been shown to be a useful computational tool for exploring the properties of WDM. These calculations achieve excellent agreement with shock compression experiments, which probe the thermodynamic parameters of the Hugoniot state. New X-ray Thomson Scattering diagnostics promise to deliver independent measurements of electronic density and temperature, as well as structural information in shocked systems. However, they require the development of new levels of theory for computing the associated observables within a DFT framework. The experimentally observable x-ray scattering cross section is related to the electronic density-density response function, which is obtainable using TDDFT - a formally exact extension of conventional DFT that describes electron dynamics and excited states. In order to develop a capability for modeling XRTS data and, more generally, to establish a predictive capability for rst principles simulations of matter in extreme conditions, real-time TDDFT with Ehrenfest dynamics has been implemented in an existing PAW code for DFT-MD calculations. The purpose of this report is to record implementation details and benchmarks as the project advances from software development to delivering novel scienti c results. Results range from tests that establish the accuracy, e ciency, and scalability of our implementation, to calculations thatmore » are veri ed against accepted results in the literature. Aside from the primary XRTS goal, we identify other more general areas where this new capability will be useful, including stopping power calculations and electron-ion equilibration.« less
Zur Berücksichtigung von Steuerwirkungen in Entscheidungsmodellen der Investitionsplanung

Im Rahmen der Investitionsplanung fuhrt die Berucksichtigung steuerlicher Einflusse zu erheblichem modellanalytischen Mehraufwand durch Komplexitatserweiterung. Ob diese Muhen auch tatsachlich durch Verbesserung der Losungsqualitat gerechtfertigt werden, ist es vor dem Hintergrund der Wirtschaftlichkeit fraglich. Keine Notwendigkeit ergabe sich genau dann, wenn sowohl die absolute Vor- teilhaftigkeit einzelner Investitionsprojekte als auch die Rangfolge der Vorteilhaftigkeit mehrerer Investitionsalternativen nach Steuern erhalten bliebe. Es wird gezeigt, dass Steuerwirkungen entscheidungsrelevant sein konnen, dass es dabei auf das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Partialeffekte ankommt und dass zuverlassige Indikatoren derzeit nicht identifiziert werden konnen.
Influence of initial length of uterus per embryo and gestation stage on prenatal survival, development, and sex ratio in the pig.

The effects of uterine length per embryo and stage of gestation on prenatal survival, development, and sex ratio were determined by systematically restricting embryos to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or > 50 cm of initial uterine length per potential embryo and examining the reproductive tracts at d 17, 23, 29, 35, or 41 of gestation. At d 3 the mean length of a uterine horn was 169 +/- 35 cm, with a range of 80 to 255 cm. The mean total number of corpora lutea (CL) was 12.4 +/- 2.34. Ovulation rate tended to be correlated with the length of uterine horns (r = .38; P > .1). Prenatal survival was highly correlated with initial assigned uterine space from 5 to 25 cm/CL (r = .95; P 25 cm/CL. In all groups, regardless of space available, some prenatal loss occurred before d 17. In sections with 25 cm/CL were longer and heavier than those from sections with less space (P < .05). Greater uterine space was occupied by larger fetuses (P < .05). Male fetuses occupied more uterine space than female fetuses did in both crowded and roomy sections (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toxicity and Action of Chlorpyrifos and Other Organophosphates in the Eastern Subterranean Termite12

Chlorpyrifos and certain other organophosphates were toxic when applied topically to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Symptoms manifested by termites poisoned with these organophosphates were cholinomimetic. There existed a relationship between in vitro termite cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition by direct inhibitors as measured by pI50 (the negative logarithm of the molar inhibitor concentration yielding 50% inhibition of enzyme) and toxicity as measured by LD50. Generally the shorter alkyl chain organophosphates were the more potent ChE inhibitors and were highly toxic. Conversely, the longer alkyl chain compounds were less potent in vitro ChE inhibitors and were much less toxic. With chlorpyrifos and several related chloropyridyl phosphorothioates and phosphates there was a direct relationship between in vivo ChE inhibition and the severity of the symptoms of poisoning. Thus, the action of chlorpyrifos and certain other organophosphates in the eastern subterranean termite was related to inhibition of ChE.
Morphological Studies of Polysilicon Emitter Contacts

Using high resolution lattice imaging techniques, the morphology of thepolycrystalline silicon — single crystal silicon interface has been correlated to (1) the surface treatment used prior to polysilicon deposition, (2) the polysilicon implant dose, and (3) high temperature annealing. Specimens which were chemically oxidized prior to deposition exhibited a continuous layer of amorphous oxide ≈1.5nm thick. High temperature annealing produces small discontinuities in this oxide which allow the polysilicon to make direct contact with, and become epitaxially aligned to, the substrate. Specimens which were etched in HF prior to deposition were characterized by nearly oxide-free interfaces, which, following implantation and annealing, exhibited regions of epitaxial realignment significantly larger than those found in the chemically oxidized films. Heavily implanted films annealed at high temperature displayed almost complete epitaxial realignment.
Lighting the path from the gut to the brain

Vagal nerve stimulation is used to treat epilepsy and depression and more recently has been found to be potentially beneficial for the treatment of obesity. However, the mechanism by which vagal stimulation causes weight loss is unclear. The vagus nerve innervates many intrathoracic and intra-
Juxtamedullary microvascular dysfunction during the hyperfiltration stage of diabetes mellitus

This study was designed to identify and localize defects in renal microvascular function during the hyperfiltration stage of diabetes mellitus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (IDDM rats) or vehicle (sham rats). IDDM rats received insulin (3 U.kg-1.day-1) via an osmotic minipump; sham rats received diluent. During the ensuing 2-wk period, blood glucose levels averaged 89 +/- 2 mg/dl in 33 sham rats and 290 +/- 13 mg/dl in 37 IDDM rats. At the end of this period, inulin clearance was elevated in eight IDDM rats (1.43 +/- 0.17 ml.min-1.g kidney wt-1) compared with six sham rats (0.78 +/- 0.05 ml.min-1.g kidney wt-1). The remaining animals served as tissue donors for study of the renal microvasculature using the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique. Kidneys from sham and IDDM rats were perfused with homologous blood at a renal arterial pressure of 110 mmHg. Juxtamedullary single-nephron glomerular filtration rate was higher in IDDM rats (41.5 +/- 5.4 nl/min) than in sham rats (25.4 +/- 2.4 nl/min). Afferent arteriolar inside diameter was greater in IDDM rats (34 +/- 2 microns) than in sham rats (22 +/- 1 microns); however, efferent arteriolar diameter did not differ between groups. The afferent arteriolar vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine (NE) was attenuated in IDDM rats, relative to sham rats, over a wide range of NE concentrations. In contrast, NE evoked similar degrees of efferent vasoconstriction in IDDM and sham rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Over the last several decades we have come to understand more about the risk factors and underlying genetic pathophysiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Starting with the identification of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene in 1995 to the recent comprehensive genetic evaluation of clear cell RCC there has been a significant amount of discovery in the underlying genetic basis of RCC which has led to the development of targeted drug therapies. In addition, epidemiological studies have identified risk factors, the majority of which are modifiable, which also contribute to the development of RCC. In this chapter we summarize the literature regarding the epidemiology and risk factors of renal cell carcinoma.
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH CATHETER DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS

Background: Although acute intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a rare complication of catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT), it remains a major concern associated with the use of this therapy. The incidence and clinical predictors of developing ICH in the setting of CDT are not known. Methods: The
The specificity of public stigma: A comparison of suicide and depression-related stigma

Each year, approximately 1.3 million Americans survive a suicide attempt. While stigma has been reported by suicide attempt survivors, limited research has examined how suicide stigma may differ from the stigma of mental illness. U.S. adults (n = 440) completed an online survey in which they were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes. Vignettes depicted a target individual with either past depression, past suicide attempt, death by suicide, or no information on suicide or mental illness (control). Participants completed a general measure of stigma, a suicide-specific stigma measure, and were surveyed on the recovery potential of individuals with mental illness and suicide attempt. While the general stigma measure failed to distinguish between groups, significant differences on the suicide stigma scale (SSAS-44) emerged between participants assigned in the depression and suicide conditions, especially for stereotype and prejudice subscales. Across conditions, participants believed that recovery was more realistic for someone described as having a mental illness than it was for someone described as having attempted suicide. These findings suggest that individuals who have attempted suicide are subject to differential stigma content from those with depression. Implications are discussed for combating stigma for suicide attempt survivors.
A Reserve Response Set Model for Systems with Stochastic Resources

The uncertainty and variability associated with stochastic resources coupled with the constantly changing system operating conditions introduce new challenges to power systems. Smart, well-designed reserve policies are needed to assist the operators in maintaining system reliability. This paper presents a reserve response set model, which improves upon existing deterministic models. The proposed model aims to address the allocation and deliverability issues associated with reserves by using reserve response set policies and by modeling the predicted post-contingency effects of nodal reserve deployment on critical transmission elements. The performance of the proposed reserve model is compared against contemporary deterministic programs and an extensive-form stochastic program. The results show that the proposed reserve model outperforms the contemporary models and improves the deliverability of reserves post-contingency at reduced costs. All numerical results are based on the IEEE 118-bus and the 2383-bus Polish test systems.
El valor de los autoanticuerpos: de la teoria al laboratorio clinico

La prueba de autoanticuerpos es cada vez mas relevante en el diagnostico de las enfermedades autoinmunes. Como consecuencia, la deteccion de autoanticuerpos se reconoce cada vez mas en los criterios de clasificacion y las directrices de diagnostico. Es importante conocer la presencia de los autoanticuerpos naturales y las caracteristicas que permiten su diferenciacion con los autoanticuerpos patologicos. Varias caracteristicas especiales de los auto anticuerpos y el desarrollo de nuevas metodologias hacen que la interpretacion correcta de los resultados de las pruebas de anticuerpos sea cada vez mas dificil. En este articulo se revisa las caracteristicas del autoanticuerpo, su reconocimiento como un analito heterogeneo y su implicancia en los metodos de deteccion, asi como la utilidad en la practica clinica.
Theology and Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Discussion

This chapter brings into conversation the theologians presented in Chap. 2, the psychologists presented in Chaps. 3 and 4, and the research participants presented in Chap. 5. It examines points of congruence, difference, and incongruence among and between theories and beliefs concerning how psychosis and mystical religious experiences are understood. The roles of personal experience and culture in both psychology and theology are discussed. Particular attention is focused on the importance of vertical experience to human beings, especially in light of the argument that human nature is three-dimensional (body, psyche, spirit) rather than two-dimensional (body, psyche). Points of congruence are then used in Chap. 7 to develop a new paradigm for distinguishing psychosis and mystical religious experience.
Compensation & Proportionality in War

Even in just wars we infringe the rights of countless civilians whose ruination enables us to protect our own rights. These civilians are owed compensation, even in cases where the collateral harms they suffer satisfy the proportionality constraint. I argue that those who authorize or commit the infringements and who also benefit from those harms will bear that compensatory duty, even if the unjust aggressor cannot or will not discharge that duty. I argue further that if we suspect antecedently that we will culpably refrain from compensating those victims post bellum, then this makes satisfying the war’s proportionality constraint substantially more difficult at the outset of the war. The lesson here is that failing to take duties of compensation in war seriously constrains our moral permission to protect ourselves.
Toward collecting and delivering knowledge for software design at the whiteboard

Knowledge - of all kinds - is essential to software design. It is well known, however, that most knowledge resides in the developers' heads. Especially when designing at the whiteboard, tool support is minimal, most often non-existent. In this brief research note, we sketch our ongoing research into supporting designers at the whiteboard with proactive knowledge that is collected, earlier, in some (semi-)automatic fashion.
Calcium Phosphates: Structure, Composition, Solubility, and Stability

Calcium phosphates are important materials in the fields of biology, geology, industry, medicine, and dentistry. Their formation, functions, and applications depend on their structure, composition, solubility, and stability. These related basic properties have been extensively studied; the literature is vast and interdisciplinary.1–3An overview of these physicochemical properties is presented in this chapter with the compound of greatest interest and importance, hydroxyapatite (OHAp), discussed in more detail; a standard reference material of OHAp4 is used as an example in discussion.
Adoption vs. parenting decisions among pregnant adolescents.

The choice of adoption is rare among pregnant adolescents. This exploratory study used regression analyses to ascertain which demographic social and intervention variables were related to this decision. The adolescents with mothers who favored adoption and/or had few parenting peer models were more likely to choose adoption. Age knowledge of peers who had chosen adoption grades in school level of involvement in a comprehensive adolescent pregnancy program and participation in individual therapy or Decision-Making Group were not significantly related to the decision. Decision-Making Group is a once-a-week therapy session that focuses on adoption vs. parenting decisions for pregnant adolescents. 87% of the adolescents who participated in these sessions found them helpful. Although the group per se did not have an impact on the adolescents choice of adoption vs. parenting this was probably due to selection bias. The study did indicate that if parents who are in favor of adoption communicate this to their child she is more likely to choose adoption and avoid being a young parent. The programs should therefore provide family assessments and ongoing family counseling in order to promote a positive communicative relationship between adolescent and parent. (authors modified)
The Role of Inflammasomes in Viral Infection

There are three known receptors capable of inducing inflammasome formation in response to viral infections: NLRP3, AIM2, and RIG-I. Here, we discuss the viruses and mechanisms of activation involved in inflammasome signaling. We also briefly discuss some of the viruses known to activate caspase-1 and induce secretion of IL-1β or IL-18, but for which the upstream inflammasome signaling pathway is not fully elucidated. Finally, the ability of several virus-encoded proteins to counteract inflammasome activation and their role in the pathogenesis of disease is reviewed.
Roboethics and Telerobotic Weapons Systems

A technology is used ethically when it is intelligently controlled to further a moral good. From this we can extrapolate that the ethical use of telerobotic weapons technology occurs when that technology is intelligently controlled and advances a moral action. This paper deals with the first half of the conjunction; can telerobotic weapons systems be intelligently controlled? At the present time it is doubtful that these conditions are being fully met. I suggest some ways in which this situation could be improved.