cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION : VII. KINETICS OF INTERFERON FORMATION AND ITS INHIBITION WITH HYDROCORTISONE IN RELATION TO VIRAL STRAIN AND VIRULENCE

A comparative study was undertaken of the pathogenesis of infection of the allantoic sac of the chick embryo with three influenza viruses of differing virulence, and of the influence of hydrocortisone on the course of infection. Judged on the basis of earlier onset and greater degree of inflammatory response and diminished survival time of infected embryos, Mel. and Lee viruses were markedly more virulent than PR8, despite the earlier appearance of virus in PR8-infected embryos. Interferon appeared first and in greater quantity in the allantoic fluid of Lee-infected embryos and latest with PR8 infection. Thus, there was no correlation of avirulence and better interferon production with the viruses under study in the present system. Furthermore, evidence obtained suggested that Lee virus ("virulent") was most susceptible to interferon action, and also that viral synthesis in the chorioallantoic membrane with PR8 ("avirulent") persisted after the appearance of interferon. The injection of hydrocortisone within 2 hr of the initiation of infection delayed the synthesis of all three viruses; had no significant effect upon the inflammatory response; and transiently inhibited the synthesis of interferon, while prolonging the survival of Lee- and Mel.-infected embryos. Late administration of hydrocortisone suppresses both the inflammatory response and the production of interferon. Only in the case of Lee virus infection did hydrocortisone administration lead to augmentation of final yields of virus with the low infection multiplicity employed in the present experiments. It is postulated that Lee virus is a better inducer of interferon because its infectivity in vivo is more rapidly inactivated. As a consequence synthesis of Lee virus is more under the control of endogenous interferon than is the case with PR8 or Mel. virus. Therefore, inhibition of interferon synthesis with hydrocortisone has a greater influence on final yields of Lee virus.
Issues in the treatment of depressed children.

Abstract Basic research into the cognitive, behavioral, familial, and physiological disturbances associated with depressive disorders during childhood is reviewed. Implications for the development of a treatment program are discussed and a comprehensive treatment model is proposed. The proposed model includes intervention strategies for the child, parents, family, and school. The child component consists of intervention strategies for the affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological disturbances that are evident from the existing research. The parent training component is designed to address disturbances in parenting due to cognitive disturbances and skills deficits. The family therapy component emphasizes changing interaction patterns that communicate schema-consistent maladaptive interactions. A school consultation component is proposed in which school personnel support the skills training through prompting use of the skills and reinforcement of the use of the coping skills.
Imaging the separation of cathodic arc plasma and macroparticles in curved magnetic filters

Cathodic vacuum arc plasmas can be used to produce well-adherent, dense, high-quality films and coatings, provided macroparticles are removed from the plasma. Both plasma and macroparticles are produced at cathode spots, and in most cases both can easily be observed because they emit light. The nature of this light emission is briefly discussed. Using open, curved solenoids as magnetic filters, one can readily optically record the separation of plasma and macroparticles by the filter. Imaging can be used as a powerful tool to help developing macroparticle filters and optimizing their design.
Light-induced phase shifts in tau mutant hamsters

Phase shifts produced by single 1-hr light pulses were compared in homozygous tau mutant and wild-type hamsters after several different kinds of pretreatment regimens. There was a dramatic increase in the magnitude of phase delays in the mutant hamsters as they were kept for progressively longer times in constant darkness (DD), and a smaller increase in the magnitude of phase advances. Under the same conditions a small increase in the magnitude of phase delays and no significant increase in phase advances occurred in the wild-type hamsters. After only 7 days in DD the phase response curves (PRCs) of mutant and wild-type hamsters were both type 1 and were indistinguishable from each other, whereas after 49 days in DD the PRCs of mutant hamsters had become type O. Mutant hamsters were entrained to eight different T-cycles (1 hr of light per cycle), released into DD, and given a phase delaying light pulse 7 days later. T-cycles which entrained the animals so that the 1 hr of light fell between 6 and 9 hours after the onset of activity suppressed the amplitude of phase delays, whereas T-cycles which entrained the animals so that the 1 hr of light fell at other times did not suppress phase delays. The implications of the data for entrainment theory and the mechanism of action of the tau gene are discussed.
Common (Mis)Perceptions About IRB Review of Human Subjects Research

Every researcher who conducts research involving human subjects for their data has experiences with one or more institutional review boards. Some view their institutional review board experiences as helpful; others view them as painful and obstructive. However, there are many misperceptions about institutional review boards and their operation. Some common misperceptions are presented and discussed in an effort to correct false views held by researchers.
Resource Management under Production and Output Price Uncertainty: Implications for Environmental Policy

Various environmental policies have been proposed to control agricultural runoff of nutrients and pesticides. The impacts of these policies on input use are complicated because of the various sources of uncertainty farmers face and the precise nature of farmers' risk attitude. A risk-averse farmer's response to changed profit, input, and output taxes under output price and production uncertainty is examined. The impact of these policies on input use depends on the form of production uncertainty, risk-input relationships, risk attitudes, and degrees of output price and production uncertainty. These results have implications for the design and implementation of environmental and other production-related policies. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Update on Influenza Diagnostics: Lessons from the Novel H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic

Summary: The menu of diagnostic tools that can be utilized to establish a diagnosis of influenza is extensive and includes classic virology techniques as well as new and emerging methods. This review of how the various existing diagnostic methods have been utilized, first in the context of a rapidly evolving outbreak of novel influenza virus and then during the different subsequent phases and waves of the pandemic, demonstrates the unique roles, advantages, and limitations of each of these methods. Rapid antigen tests were used extensively throughout the pandemic. Recognition of the low negative predictive values of these tests is important. Private laboratories with preexisting expertise, infrastructure, and resources for rapid development, validation, and implementation of laboratory-developed assays played an unprecedented role in helping to meet the diagnostic demands during the pandemic. FDA-cleared assays remain an important element of the diagnostic armamentarium during a pandemic, and a process must be developed with the FDA to allow manufacturers to modify these assays for detection of novel strains in a timely fashion. The need and role for subtyping of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility testing will likely depend on qualitative (circulating subtypes and their resistance patterns) and quantitative (relative prevalence) characterization of influenza viruses circulating during future epidemics and pandemics.
Ixodes scapularis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Louisiana Are Competent to Transmit Borrelia burgdorferi, the Agent of Lyme Borreliosis

The principal vector of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme borreliosis spirochete, in the Northeast and Midwestern regions of the United States is the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis. Because of a favorable environment, I. scapularis is also plentiful in the South; however, a correlation with Lyme borreliosis cases does not exist in this region of the United States. Concern existed that something intrinsic to ticks found in Louisiana could mitigate their ability to transmit B. burgdorferi. Therefore, we set out to assess the ability of I. scapularis ticks from Louisiana to become infected with and transmit B. burgdorferi using mice as hosts. In the laboratory, mating adult female ticks collected in southeastern Louisiana were fed on the ears of rabbits. After oviposition and egg hatching, the resulting larvae were fed on mice that had been needle-inoculated with two different strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B31 and JD1. Larvae were found to be positive for spirochetes. Additional fed larvae were allowed to molt into the nymphal stage. Flat nymphs remained infected with B. burgdorferi. Infected nymphs were allowed to feed on naive mice, all of which became infected as shown by culture of ear biopsy specimens. Naive larvae were then fed on these same mice to assess transmissibility. The resulting engorged larvae harbored spirochetes. We have demonstrated that the I. scapularis ticks found in Louisiana are fully competent to carry and transmit B. burgdorferi infection.
Perspectives of WIC Staff Regarding Physical Activity Levels and Behaviors of Latino Preschool Children

Background : Racial and ethnic disparities in physical activity (PA) are evident, with non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American children engaging in less vigorous activity than non-Hispanic White children. Collaborating with public health programs serving at-risk populations, such as the WIC program may be an effective way to promote the development of healthful PA behaviors among low-income preschool children and families. This paper explores WIC staff perceptions, attitudes, barriers, and facilitators related to PA levels and behaviors among low-income Latino preschool children and families, as well as the role the WIC program may play in promoting PA among low-income populations. Methods : A qualitative study was conducted with a sample of WIC staff in the State of Rhode Island (RI), Northeast United States. Individual, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 21 WIC staff working directly with Latino clients enrolled in the WIC program. Thematic content analysis was used. Results : The majority of WIC staff reported their Latino clients facing many barriers that limit their ability to be physically active, including busy and multiple shift schedules, lack of access to safe outdoor spaces, financial constraints to attending programs and recreational facilities, lack of transportation getting to safe outdoor spaces and facilities, etc. WIC staff identified several ways that the WIC program could increase the promotion PA among Latino families including partnering with local organizations such as the YMCA, Boys and Girls Club to provide increased access and opportunities for PA among low-income, Latino families. Conclusions : Study findings add to the existing literature suggesting that the WIC program is an important venue for educating low-income, Latino children and families about the importance of establishing early healthy PA habits within the context of overall health and development. Findings also highlight the need for a continuing effort to integrate the promotion of PA as part of the WIC program. In addition, findings highlight WIC staff desire for additional training and resources in promotion of PA.
Acoustic development of vowel production in American English children

Children’s vowel acquisition has long been examined on the basis of transcription-based evaluations of the accuracy rate of the vowel production in children before 5 years of age. This study examines the development of static and dynamic acoustic features in children between 3 and 7 years of age by comparing the acoustic features of children with those of adults. All acoustic analyses were based on the normalized formant frequency values to exclude the effect of different vocal tract size. The increasing compactness of individual vowel categories in the acoustic space evidenced the refinement of phonetic features in children in this age range. In addition, the vowel dispersion pattern of certain vowel plotted on the basis of formant frequency values at 5 temporal locations demonstrated positional change as well as differences in terms of the trajectory length. Results demonstrate that the acoustical development of vowels from children to adult norms is likely a long-term, graduate but not necessarily continuous process. Index Terms: speech development, monolingual English, vowel acoustics
Investigation of a Heated Supersonic Jet Chevrons Nozzle

Jet noise radiated from high-speed supersonic military aircrafts operating at high-power and after-burner conditions is highly dominated by Mach wave radiation and crackle. This paper studies how adding chevrons (0.08D penetration) to an Md = 1.5 converging-diverging conical nozzle impacts the jet noise intensity and directivity. Results are shown for jet temperature ratios of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, at design, over-expanded and under-expanded conditions. The selected chevrons configuration collapses the set of double-shocks from the baseline into an stronger single set, increases the shock-cell spacing, and reduces the potential core length. The chevrons also increased TKE levels near the nozzle exit and reduced levels downstream. The chevrons were effective at decreasing OASPL, pressure skewness, and dP/dt skewness in the near and far fields, and therefore Mach wave radiation and crackle are expected to be effectively mitigated. Chevrons had a greater degree of impact on the statistics of the TR 2.0 condition as compared to the TR = 3.0, and at the design and under-expanded conditions, as compared to the over-expanded case. Also, while chevrons reduced mixing in the aft quadrant of the jet, shock noise was increased in the sideline.
Effect of juglone on growthin vitro ofFrankia isolates and nodulation ofAlnus glutinosa in soil

In vitro growth (total protein content) of 5Frankia isolates was significantly inhibited at 10−4M juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone) concentration, but the degree of inhibition varied with theFrankia isolate. Isolates fromAlnus crispa [Alnus viridis ssp.crispa (Ait.) Turril] were most tolerant of 10−4M juglone relative to controls, while an isolate fromPurshia tridentata (Pursh.) D.C. was most inhibited, displaying a dramatic decrease in growth and greatly altered morphology.
Software-Assisted Depth Analysis of Optic Nerve Stereoscopic Images in Telemedicine

Background. Software guided optic nerve assessment can assist in process automation and reduce interobserver disagreement. We tested depth analysis software DAS in assessing optic nerve cup-to-disc ratio VCD from stereoscopic optic nerve images SONI of normal eyes. Methods. In a prospective study, simultaneous SONI from normal subjects were collected during telemedicine screenings using a Kowa 3Wx nonmydriatic simultaneous stereoscopic retinal camera Tokyo, Japan. VCD was determined from SONI pairs and proprietary pixel DAS Kowa Inc., Tokyo, Japan after disc and cup contour line placement. A nonstereoscopic VCD was determined using the right channel of a stereo pair. Mean, standard deviation, t-test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient ICCC were calculated. Results. 32 patients had mean age of 40±14 years. Mean VCD on SONI was 0.36±0.09, with DAS 0.38±0.08, and with nonstereoscopic 0.29±0.12. The difference between stereoscopic and DAS assisted was not significant p=0.45. ICCC showed agreement between stereoscopic and software VCD assessment. Mean VCD difference was significant between nonstereoscopic and stereoscopic p<0.05 and nonstereoscopic and DAS p<0.005 recordings. Conclusions. DAS successfully assessed SONI and showed a high degree of correlation to physician-determined stereoscopic VCD.
Predicting College Enrollment from Student Interaction with an Intelligent Tutoring System in Middle School.

Research shows that middle school is an important juncture for a student where he or she starts to be conscious about academic achievement and thinks about college attendance. It is already known that access to financial resources, family background, career aspirations and academic ability are indicative of a student’s choice to attend college; though these variables are interesting, they do not necessarily give sufficient actionable information to instructors or guidance counselors to intervene for individual students. However, increasing numbers of students are using educational software at this phase of their education, and detectors of specific aspects of student learning and engagement have been developed for these types of learning environments. If these types of models can be used to predict college attendance, it may provide more actionable information than the previous generation of predictive models. In this paper, we predict college attendance from these types of detectors, in the context of 3,747 students using the ASSISTment system in New England, producing detection that is both successful and potentially more actionable than previous approaches; we can distinguish between a student who will attend college and a student who will not attend college 68.6% of the time.
Urquhart and probability: The transition from librarianship to library and information science: Research Articles

In this article, I analyze the role of Donald J. Urquhart in the creation of modern library and information science. Urquhart was one of the chief architects of information science in Britain and founder of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL), which evolved into the present-day British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC). In particular, I focus on the part played by Urquhart in the development of that branch of information science termed bibliometrics, the application of mathematical and statistical techniques to information phenomena, pursuing both historical and practical aims. The article is intended not only to trace the history of the probability distributions applicable to library use and other facets of human knowledge but also to demonstrate how these distributions can be used in the evaluation and management of scientific journal collections. For these purposes, the paper is divided into three parts of equal importance. The first part is statistical and establishes the theoretical framework, within which Urquhart's work is considered. It traces the historical development of the applicable probability distributions, discussing their origins on the European continent and how Continental principles became incorporated in the biometric statistics that arose in Britain as a result of the Darwinian revolution. This part analyzes the binomial and Poisson processes, laying out the reasons why the Poisson process is more suitable for modeling information phenomena. In doing so, it describes key distributions arising from these processes as well as the various tests for these distributions, citing the literature that shows how to conduct these tests. Throughout the discussion, the relationship of these distributions to library use and the laws of information science is emphasized. The second part of the article analyzes the pioneering role of Urquhart as a conduit for the entry of these probability distributions into librarianship, converting it into library and information science. He was the first librarian to apply probability to library use, utilizing it not only to establish and manage the scientific journal collections of the NLL but also to evolve his Law of Supralibrary Use. Urquhart's work is portrayed within the context of a general trend to adopt probabilistic methods for analytical purposes, and a major premise of this article is that his law and the probabilistic breakthrough, on which it was based, were most likely in Britain, which was one of the few countries not only to develop but also maintain the necessary scientific preconditions. The third—and concluding section—discusses how Urquhart's Law forces a probabilistic reconceptualization of the functioning of the scientific journal system as well as the law's practical implications for journal sales, collection evaluation and management, resource sharing, and the transition from the paper to the electronic format. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular assays of oncogene transformation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of various cellular assays for examining the growth transformation caused by GPCR oncogenes that promote the aberrant activation of Rho family small GTPases. A critical step in the validation of the role of candidate oncogenes in oncogenesis involves a demonstration of their ability to endow non-neoplastic cells with growth properties characteristics of tumor cells. Three types of focus formation assays can be used to evaluate the transforming potential of oncoproteins that cause persistent activation of Rho family proteins. The most commonly used assay is the primary focus formation assay, which provides a straightforward method for quantitation of transforming potential. A second assay is a primary focus formation cooperation assay, where activated Raf is coexpressed along with the oncogene under evaluation. Ras-induced foci should be readily visible after 7 to 10 days, whereas various Dbl or Rho family protein-induced foci may not be visible until 14 to 21 days. The second type of focus formation assay is a secondary focus formation assay, which employs NIH 3T3 cells stably expressing a weakly transforming oncoprotein.
Fathers' Perspectives on Coparenting in the Context of Child Feeding.

Abstract Background: In a diverse sample of fathers, this study examined coparenting dynamics specific to (1) how fathers managed responsibilities for food parenting with the child's mother and (2) the extent to which their food parenting practices were co-operative versus conflicting with those of the mother. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 37 fathers (38 ± 9.1 years) using a piloted interview guide. Interview questions focused on the division of responsibility in food parenting practices, experiences of consistent versus conflicting practices, and the source and consequences of conflicting practices. The data were analyzed in QSR NVivo 10 using thematic analysis. Results: Sixty-two percent (N = 23) of fathers reported sharing food parenting responsibilities with the child's mother. Among the remaining fathers, approximately half reported being solely responsible for food parenting (N = 6) and half reported that the mother was solely responsible (N = 8). Fathers reported using a va...
Feasibility of Mind-Body Movement Programs for Cancer Survivors

Purpose/objectives To evaluate mind-body movement exercise (MBME) classes (yoga, tai chi, and Qigong) for cancer survivors. . Design A single-group, repeated-measures design. . Setting The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital in Columbus. . Sample 33 adult cancer survivors, with any cancer diagnosis, participating in MBME classes. . Methods The researchers sought to examine feasibility of multiple data collection time points and data collection measures; acceptability; and changes to physical, emotional, and biometric measures over time, as a result of participation in MBME classes. . Main research variables Quality of life, sleep, depressive symptomatology, fatigue, stress, upper body strength, gait and balance, body mass index, heart rate, and blood pressure. . Findings The current study was feasible because survivors were willing to participate and completed most of the questionnaires. Participants found these classes to be beneficial not only for exercise, but also for social support and social connectedness. Poor sleep quality was consistently reported by participants. MBME classes should be recommended to survivors and are beneficial for oncology practices to offer. . Conclusions Conducting MBME research with cancer survivors is feasible, and participants find the MBME acceptable and a way of addressing health and managing cancer-related symptoms. . Implications for nursing Nurses should help patients and caregivers identify locations and times when MBME class participation is possible, assess MBME class participation during each clinic visit to promote continued involvement and to understand if positive effects are occurring, and continue to provide support for MBME classes throughout the survivorship experience.
Performance of UV weathered HDPE composites containing hull fiber from DDGS and corn grain.

Abstract The availability of distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS), the main co-product of corn ethanol production, exceeds its demand as feedstuff. A physical separation process named elusieve can separate the hull fiber from DDGS or corn flour to obtain DDGS with enhanced protein and oil content, or corn flour with higher starch content. This study was performed to investigate the potential of using the hull fiber separated with elusieve process on DDGS or corn flour as fillers in high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites at the commercial scale. Additionally, the degradation effects of UV accelerated weathering on this material were investigated. Commercial scale composite samples were made with six combinations of oak fiber, corn hull fiber and DDGS fiber, with the fiber loading maintained at 50%, and then the samples were subjected to UV accelerated weathering for 2000 h. The unexposed DDGS samples showed better resistance to moisture absorption (less than 5%) than the corn filler samples (18%). The specific gravity for all the filler composites was more than one for both unexposed and UV weathered composites. The DDGS fiber also showed higher flexural properties in oak25/DDGS25 than other filler composites. For all samples, the accelerated weathering resulted in a lightening during the first 1000 h of exposure, followed by a darkening at 2000 h of UV exposure. Overall, UV weathering resulted in a chain scission of the HDPE polymer increasing the crystallinity of the polymer in the weathered filler composites.
Computer Methods II

Determining the dynamic response of a structure is one of the most demanding challenges for implementing matrix methods on a computer. This divides into two distinct but highly related problems: direct integration in time of the dynamic equilibrium equations, and performing a modal analysis. Reference [5] is an excellent source of additional material.
Relation of long-term patterns in caregiving activity and depressive symptoms to telomere length in older women.

Abstract Background Research links psychological stress to accelerated cellular aging. Here we examined whether long-term patterns of depression and caregiving burden, forms of chronic psychological stress, were associated with shorter telomere length, a biomarker of cellular aging. Methods The study included 1250 healthy older women (mean: 68.0; range: 60–81 years) in the Nurses’ Health Study. Long-term patterns in depressive symptoms and caregiving activity (separated into care of children/grandchildren vs. ill or disabled family members/others) incorporated questionnaire data between 1992 and 2000; relative leukocyte telomere lengths (LTLs) were measured in 2000–2001. Least-squares means LTL z-scores were calculated across categories of depression patterns and caregiving intensity. Results Six empirically-derived latent classes of depressive symptom trajectories were identified: minimal-stable (63.7%), mild-worsening (3.9%), subthreshold-improving (22.8%), subthreshold-worsening (2.7%), clinical range depressive-improving (6.2%), and clinical range depressive-persistent (0.6%). After collapsing trajectory patterns into 4 groups (combining those with minimal and mild symptoms into one group and those with clinical range depressive symptoms into one group) due to very small sample sizes in some groups, we observed marginal associations (p = 0.07): e.g., the least-squares means LTL z-scores were lowest (−0.08; 95% CI: −0.22 to 0.06) for the clinical range depressive symptoms group and highest (0.12; 0.04–0.20) for the subthreshold-improving group (Tukey’s post-hoc pairwise p = 0.07). With six depressive symptom trajectories, no significant associations were observed with regard to telomere lengths. There were no significant associations between caregiving intensity and LTLs. Conclusions There were no associations between long-term patterns of caregiving burden and telomere lengths among older women. Possible differences in telomere lengths by types of long-term depressive symptom trajectories may warrant further investigation.
M-Kulinda: Using a Sensor-Based Technology Probe to Explore Domestic Security in Rural Kenya

In rural Kenyan households, property theft is a persistent problem. To explore how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may be used to address this problem we designed and deployed "M-Kulinda"-a sensor-based technology probe. We used interview, observation, diary, and data logging methods to understand 20 households' experiences using the system. Our findings suggest that a probe's approach is useful in this context, more specifically we found that participants used our system in different ways to address their specific needs (e.g., monitoring poultry, electronics, and their family members). We also observed changes in our participants' understanding of sensors; M-Kulinda prompted them to reflect on other areas where sensors could be used in their households. We present design implications based on these findings, and offer new perspectives on the role of technology in deterring crime.
Ziff on Shooting an Elephant

In a series of essays published over the course of thirty years, Paul Ziff developed a provocative perspective on aesthetics and philosophy of art. This work culminated in 1984 with the publication of Antiaesthetics: An Appreciation of the Cow with the Subtile Nose. There are many good things in this book: Ziff’s treatments of novelty and creativity, his discussion of the relevance of physicalism and sociobiology to aesthetic theory, and his treatment of various special media, including dance and television. Ziff’s most dramatic claims, however, concern the appropriate objects of aesthetic appreciation and the role of aesthetic judgement. According to Ziff,
Frontiers of solid-state batteries

Solid-state batteries are considered the holy grail of next-generation battery technology, meeting the ever-increasing demand for energy storage that is affordable and safe, with high energy density and long cycle life. Materials and interfaces play a critical role for their eventual success and mass commercialization. This issue of MRS Bulletin focuses on the current state of the art of solid-state electrolytes and device architectures and provides a perspective into the various materials and interfacial challenges that limit its performance and stability.
Impact of vehicle seat back inclination on occupational driving safety

This study determined effect of automobile seat backrest inclination on lattisimus dorsi muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity. Myoelectric activity was determined at two seat backrest angles (90 degrees and 100 degrees inclinations). Twenty-one (21) participants were engaged in the study. Electromygraphic activity at 90 degrees inclination had slope value of -0.065 mV/minute while 100 degrees had slope value -0.044 mV/minute. Myoelectric data indicated activity at 100 degrees was lesser than at 90 degrees for latissimus dorsi muscles. Results of the experiment were significant (P=0.01). Myoelectric results indicated that activity of the latissimus dorsi muscles decreased with increase in backrest angle.
Tip Work: Examining the Relational Dynamics of Tipping beyond the Service Counter

Author(s): Wilson, Eli R | Abstract: Tips constitute a growing form of income for roughly three million American workers today. While existing scholarship on tipping focuses on worker-customer dynamics, it neglects the implications of gratuities beyond the service counter. Drawing on the case of restaurant workersin Los Angeles, this study analyzes tip work, the bundle of social relations and labor experiences framed by tips in commercial settings. I argue that tipping strains relations between subgroups of workers who, despite collectively producing service, are subject to unequal access to tip earnings. Tips thereby shape relations among workers in ways that exacerbate existing organizational and social hierarchies.
Disruption of Cerebellar Prediction in Verbal Working Memory.

Mounting evidence suggests that the right cerebellum contributes to verbal working memory, but the functional role of this contribution remains unclear. In an established theory of motor control, the cerebellum is thought to predict sensory consequences of movements through an internal “forward model”. Here, we hypothesize a similar predictive process can generalize to cerebellar non-motor function, and that the right cerebellum plays a predictive role that is beneficial for rapidly engaging the phonological loop in verbal working memory. To test this hypothesis, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over either the right cerebellum or right occipital lobe (control site), on half the trials, to interrupt the rehearsal of a 6-letter sequence. We found that cerebellar stimulation resulted in greater errors in participants’ report of the letter in the current position. Additional analyses revealed that immediately after cerebellar TMS, participants were more likely to use out of date information to predict the next letter in the sequence. This pattern of errors is consistent with TMS causing a temporary disruption of state estimation and cerebellar forward model function, leading to prediction errors in the phonological loop.
Human and DNN Classification Performance on Images With Quality Distortions: A Comparative Study

Image quality is an important practical challenge that is often overlooked in the design of machine vision systems. Commonly, machine vision systems are trained and tested on high-quality image datasets, yet in practical applications the input images cannot be assumed to be of high quality. Modern deep neural networks (DNNs) have been shown to perform poorly on images affected by blur or noise distortions. In this work, we investigate whether human subjects also perform poorly on distorted stimuli and provide a direct comparison with the performance of DNNs. Specifically, we study the effect of Gaussian blur and additive Gaussian noise on human and DNN classification performance. We perform two experiments: one crowd-sourced experiment with unlimited stimulus display time, and one lab experiment with 100ms display time. In both cases, we found that humans outperform neural networks on distorted stimuli, even when the networks are retrained with distorted data.
Reading and Note-Taking Prior to Instruction.

Prereading is helpful for some topics, not all ow can students achieve mathematics literacy? One of the goals set by the NCTM to develop such literacy in students is the implementation of math ematical communication. Mathematical communi cation allows students to express their thought processes and is fundamental to the comprehension of mathematics. Mathematical communication also forces students to be active learners as opposed to passive learners who simply accept and memorize procedures. For students to learn to communicate mathematically, NCTM's Curriculum and Evalua tion Standards for School Mathematics recom mends that teachers foster a classroom environ ment that encourages reading, writing, and verbal communication of students' thoughts. "Ideas are discussed, discoveries shared, conjectures con firmed, and knowledge acquired through talking, writing, speaking, listening, and reading" (NCTM 1989, 214).
Training Deep Neural Networks to Detect Repeatable 2D Features Using Large Amounts of 3D World Capture Data.

Image space feature detection is the act of selecting points or parts of an image that are easy to distinguish from the surrounding image region. By combining a repeatable point detection with a descriptor, parts of an image can be matched with one another, which is useful in applications like estimating pose from camera input or rectifying images. Recently, precise indoor tracking has started to become important for Augmented and Virtual reality as it is necessary to allow positioning of a headset in 3D space without the need for external tracking devices. Several modern feature detectors use homographies to simulate different viewpoints, not only to train feature detection and description, but test them as well. The problem is that, often, views of indoor spaces contain high depth disparity. This makes the approximation that a homography applied to an image represents a viewpoint change inaccurate. We claim that in order to train detectors to work well in indoor environments, they must be robust to this type of geometry, and repeatable under true viewpoint change instead of homographies. Here we focus on the problem of detecting repeatable feature locations under true viewpoint change. To this end, we generate labeled 2D images from a photo-realistic 3D dataset. These images are used for training a neural network based feature detector. We further present an algorithm for automatically generating labels of repeatable 2D features, and present a fast, easy to use test algorithm for evaluating a detector in an 3D environment.
O3B.3 Estimating the impact of changes to occupational standards for silica exposure on lung cancer mortality

Background Respiratory exposure to silica is associated with the risk of death due to malignant and non-malignant disease. 2.3 million U.S. workers are exposed to silica. Occupational exposure limits for silica are derived from a number of lines of evidence, including observational studies. Observational studies may be subject to healthy worker survivor bias, which could result in underestimates of silica’s impact on worker mortality and, in turn, bias risk estimates for occupational exposure limits. Methods Using data on 65 999 workers pooled across multiple industries, we estimate the impacts of several hypothetical occupational exposure limits on silica exposure on lung cancer and all-cause mortality. We use the parametric g-formula, which can account for healthy worker survivor bias. Results Assuming we could eliminate occupational exposure, we estimate that there would be 20.7 fewer deaths per 1000 workers in our pooled study by age 80 (95% confidence interval: 14.5, 26.8), including 3.91 fewer deaths due to lung cancer (95% CI: 1.53, 6.30). Less restrictive interventions demonstrated smaller, but still substantial risk reductions. Conclusions Our results suggest that occupational exposure limits for silica can be further strengthened to reduce silica-associated mortality and illustrate how current risk analysis for occupational limits can be improved.
Impact of exergames on psychiatric symptoms in older adults with serious mental illness.

Older adults with serious mental illness (SMI) are more likely to have high body mass index (BMI) and chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. A sedentary lifestyle, which ma...
The within-individual reproducibility of the disease severity index from the HepQuant SHUNT test of liver function and physiology.

The HepQuant SHUNT test quantifies liver function and blood flow using systemic and portal clearances of cholate. The test can identify the risk of well-compensated patients to develop complications of cirrhosis. To confirm the reliability of a single HepQuant SHUNT test we defined its within-individual reproducibility. Healthy subjects (n = 16), 16 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and 16 with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) underwent 3 HepQuant SHUNT tests on 3 separate days within 30 days. The test involves simultaneous administration of 20 mg 13C-cholate IV and 40 mg d4-cholate PO, and subsequent collection of 3 mL blood samples at 5, 20, 45, 60, and 90 minutes. Clearances are expressed as systemic and portal hepatic filtration rate. Portal-systemic shunting (SHUNT), a disease severity index (DSI), and an estimate of DSI (STAT) are calculated from the clearances. Reproducibility was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.70) and Bland-Altman analysis. Equal numbers of NASH and HCV patients had either early (F0-F2) or advanced (F3/F4) stages of fibrosis. All F3/F4 subjects were clinically compensated. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for DSI was 0.94 (0.90–0.96 95% confidence interval) indicating excellent reproducibility. The other test parameters had ICCs ranging from 0.74 (SHUNT) to 0.90 (STAT). In Bland-Altman analysis, the mean of differences between measurements of DSI was 0.13 with standard deviation 2.12. The excellent reproducibility of the HepQuant SHUNT test, particularly DSI, supports the use this minimally invasive, blood-based test as a reliable test of liver function and physiology.
Use of High-Flow Nasal Cannula vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy in Pediatric Asthma Exacerbations

Background: Asthma is the leading chronic disease in children. When children present with an asthma exacerbation (AE), they are frequently managed with steroids, bronchodilators, and oxygen support. High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a method of delivering inspired oxygen rapidly via nasal cannula. HFNC has become popular to use in pediatric AEs, due to its safety and convenience of use a medication delivery method. However, there is limited data on its efficacy in AE management. Objective: We aim to assess patient outcomes when treated with HFNC versus conventional oxygen (ConO2) for pediatric …
Reinventing Local TV News: Innovative Storytelling Practices to Engage New Audiences

The growing crisis in U.S. local news is making it increasingly urgent that local television outlets both improve the quality of news produced and chart a path toward a sustainable future in which new audiences are recruited. The style and substance of traditional local television news stand at odds with the emerging practices and sensibilities of digitally native video news, the kind that is often preferred by younger audiences on web and mobile platforms. In this research report, we show how local broadcasters might rethink story segments to create a more engaging news product for younger audiences, particularly with regard to hard news stories.
#ArmMeWith: Resources for Teacher Wellbeing

With teacher burnout on the rise in the US, this study explores the resources that teachers report to need to buffer the demands of their job and to increase their experience of wellbeing instead of stress and burnout. The data consists of tweets that teachers posted as a part of the #ArmMeWith Twitter campaign to voice the resource that they need in their job. We used thematic analysis to categorize teacher resource needs from 2,639 tweets. Using the Job Demands-Resources theory (JD-R) of employee wellbeing, we sorted codes into themes (physical, psychological, social, organizational), and investigated resource needs across regions of the United States. In this sample, teachers reported needs in all JD-R resource categories, and we identified an additional theme of institutional resource needs to represent the need for political and social change that teachers reported. In our frequency analysis, the need for physical and organizational resources were the most prevalent, and we found no regional differences. This research contributes to the literature on teacher wellbeing by highlighting resources that have the potential to bolster teacher wellbeing. The research also contributes to the JD-R theory by suggesting that institutional factors may contribute to employee wellbeing.
Arthroscopic Versus Open Anterior Shoulder Stabilization: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial With 15-Year Follow-up With an Assessment of the Glenoid Being “On-Track” and “Off-Track” as a Predictor of Failure:

Background:Recent studies have demonstrated equivalent short-term results when comparing arthroscopic versus open anterior shoulder stabilization. However, none have evaluated the long-term clinica...
Patients’ Perceptions of Health Care Providers’ Dismissive Communication:

Some patients experience negative interactions with health care providers, such as when they perceive that their concerns are ignored by providers. The present study, guided by patient-centered com...
Early Native Literacies in New England: A Documentary and Critical Anthology

Designed as a corrective to colonial literary histories that have excluded Native voices, this anthology brings together a variety of primary texts produced by the Algonquian peoples of New England during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and very early nineteenth centuries. Included among these written materials and objects are letters, signatures, journals, baskets, pictographs, confessions, wills, and petitions, each of which represents a form of authorship. Together they demonstrate the continuing use of traditional forms of memory and communication and the lively engagement of Native peoples with alphabetic literacy during the colonial period.Each primary text is accompanied by an essay that places it in context and explores its significance. Written by leading scholars in the field, these readings draw on recent trends in literary analysis, history, and anthropology to provide an excellent overview of the field of early Native studies. They are also intended to provoke discussion and open avenues for further exploration by students and other interested readers. Above all, the texts and commentaries gathered in this volume provide an opportunity to see Native American literature as a continuity of expression that reflects choices made long before contact and colonization, rather than as a nineteenth- or even twentieth-century invention.
Regional variability in liver waiting list removals causes false ascertainment of waiting list deaths.

Inconsistent identification of reasons for removal from the liver transplant waiting list by Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) regions may contribute to regional variability in wait-list death rates. We analyzed OPTN and Social Security Administration (SSA) reported deaths of 103 364 liver transplant candidates listed May 8, 2003–April 17, 2011, and determined regional variability in risk of death attributable to differences in use of OPTN removal codes. Only 26% of candidates removed as “too sick” died within 90 days of delisting; 6335 deaths after delisting were not reported to OPTN. The ratio of number of candidates removed as “too sick” to number who died on the waiting list varied by region from 0.23 to 0.94, indicating substantial variability in use of removal codes. Including SSA-reported deaths within 90 days of delisting reduced regional variability in risk of death by 48% compared with deaths on the list alone, and by 35% compared with deaths plus the “too sick” designation. Codes for delisting liver transplant candidates are inconsistently applied among OPTN regions, spuriously elevating estimated regional variability in risk of wait-list death. This variability is ameliorated by including SSA- reported deaths within 90 days of delisting.