cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An nth-order Gaussian energy distribution model for sintering

Although it is well known that the rate of sintering is governed by deceleratory kinetics, it is often difficult to fit power-law and nth-order reaction models over broad time-temperature ranges. This work shows that a phenomenological model combining a reaction order with an activation energy distribution can correlate surface area as a function of sintering time and temperature over a greater range of those variables. Qualitatively, the activation energy distribution accounts the dependence of free energy on particle size and material defects, while the reaction order accounts for geometric factors such as a distribution of diffusion lengths. The model is demonstrated for sintering of hydroxyapatite using data of Bailliez and Nzihou (Chem. Eng. J. 98 (2004), 141-152).
A Simple Alamouti Space–Time Transmission Scheme for Asynchronous Cooperative Systems

In this letter, we propose a simple orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme for an asynchronous cooperative system, where OFDM is implemented at the source node, and time-reversion and complex conjugation are implemented at the relay nodes. The cyclic prefix (CP) at the source node is used for combating the timing errors from the relay nodes. In this scheme, the received signals at the destination node have the Alamouti code structure on each subcarrier, and thus, it has the fast symbol-wise ML decoding. It should be emphasized that the relay nodes only need to implement the time-reversion, some sign changes from plus to minus, and/or the complex conjugation to the received signals, and no IDFT or DFT operation is needed. It is shown that this simple scheme achieves second-order diversity gain without the synchronization requirement at the relay nodes.
Pain and perfectionism -- the physician and the "pain patient".

Pain more than "health" has been a central concern of the physician as his guide to internal disorders, for to patient and physician alike, pain usually means disease or disorder of some kind. Yet,...
Neural Theories of Simple Visual Discriminations

Simple visual discriminations such as detection of presence and recognition of small differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of objects have been explained in some detail in recent years by variants of the physical quantum theory. The present paper summarizes the status of an alternative group of theories, which is classed as neural, primarily to distinguish them from the physical quantum theory, and compares the two groups of theories. The neural theories are models of the visual system as a whole and include assumptions concerning the transformation of stimulus to sensory events, and the decision processes involved in discrimination. They are neural by inference only, and rarely specify the type of neural activity or the neural site at which the events occur. The bulk of the paper is devoted to a description of specific neural theories, attributable to the writer, concerned with (a) the detection process and the form of threshold probability data; and (b) the relation of threshold ΔI/I to I, and to the spatial and temporal characteristics of the stimulus. These theories are compared with selected related theories. The Swets–Tanner decision theory is contrasted with the present detection threshold theory and various lines of evidence are summarized. It is shown that data previously used to support the Swets–Tanner theory are inconclusive. Chief evidence against the Swets–Tanner theory comes from data obtained in a stimulus-comparison experiment, and from the contradiction implied when the relations assumed to exist between stimulus and sensory magnitudes over the threshold range are extended to a wider range. Evidence is presented which is in favor of the present theories and opposed to the neural theories of Graham and his colleagues which relate threshold ΔI/I to the spatial and temporal characteristics of the stimulus. This evidence comes primarily from detection thresholds for stimuli composed of twin spatial points or double temporal pulses, which the Graham theories cannot explain. In addition to spatial and temporal summation, double spatial and temporal stimuli exhibit probability summation whenever the sensory correlates of the stimuli exhibit twin modes. A 5–6 cps scanning mechanism is shown to exist which breaks up prolonged temporal stimuli and provides probability summation among the separate parts.
Airline networks as joint goods: Implications for competition policy

This article derives a model of airline services as joint goods. Using this model, the article shows how the existence of higher fares in certain “hub” routes may imply the market has generated a solution to the problem of covering joint costs by having a larger proportion of those costs come from hub routes, rather than the existence of any general market failure. The model is then used to make recommendations for competition policy.
Effect of PJ34 on spinal cord tissue viability and gene expression in a murine model of thoracic aortic reperfusion injury.

Introduction: These studies were designed to determine whether PJ34, a novel Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitor, modulates expression of markers of stress and inflammation in the spinal cord foll...
Some Aspects of Cellular Radiobiology

The effects of radiation on the loss of ability of an irradiated Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell to produce a visible colony were studied. The studies included dependence of radiosensitivity on oxygen, temperature, cellular water, and phase state. Some generalizations on cellular radiobiology are included. (T.R.H.)
A multiprocessor system for real-time robotic control

Abstract SIERA (System for Implementing and Evaluating Robotic Algorithms) is a multiprocessor system that has been developed at the Laboratory for Engineering Man/Machine Systems (LEMS) at Brown University. It incorporates a tightly coupled bus-based system (the Real Time Servo System, or RTSS) and a loosely coupled link-oriented network (the Armstrong Multiprocessor System). SIERA is capable of controlling many types of commercially available robots because the modular construction of its hardware and software has minimized robot dependences. Support routines have been created to yield a powerful robotic algorithm development system. This includes a custom real-time operating system for the RTSS and special processes for the Armstrong system. These facilities allow a researcher to interactively modify or replace any algorithm related to the operation of the robot. A compliant control example is used to illustrate SIERA's capabilities. The algorithm presented in this example may be applied to unconstrained motion as well as compliant motion and is the topic of further research.
Fairness and Consequential Validity of Teacher Work Samples

Acknowledging the necessity to establish the fairness and consequential validity of teacher candidate performance assessments when they are used to make high-stakes decisions impacting entry into the profession, we investigated whether there were any adverse results from the use of the Renaissance Teacher Work Sample (TWS) assessment at two universities as a consequence of the age, gender, or race/ethnicity of teacher candidates. We also investigated education program and program entrance requirements, such as Praxis I scores, and measures of grade point average, as general predictors of TWS success. The findings indicated no disparate impact or adverse consequences based on the gender, age, or race/ethnicity of the teacher candidates. Selected variables did predict a moderate amount of the variance of the TWS total scores of both preinterns and student-teaching interns. The process used to determine the value implications of the results was also discussed.
Visual masking and carbon monoxide toxicity.

Thresholds for letters were measured with and without a masking stimulus (presented either to the same eye as the letters or to the other eye) before and after exposure of smokers and nonsmokers to 500 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) in air for 1 hr. Identification of the unmasked letters was not degraded by CO but a number of thresholds of the masked letters were significantly affected among the smokers. The effects of the CO on binocular and interocular masking were similar. These results suggest that the first effects of CO toxicity are neither on the receptors nor central but on the transmission lines in between and that smokers are more susceptible than nonsmokers to short-term increases in the level of CO. The masking phenomenon, however, does not appear to be an unusually sensitive measure of CO toxicity. Language: en
Politics, people and polar bears: A rebuttal of Clark et al. (2013)

► Polar bears meet the criteria for listing on CITES Appendix I. ► Opponents to the uplisting misunderstand these criteria or the science on unsustainable quotas. ► Eliminating international commercial trade is precautionary and based on sound science.
Induction of remission of severe and refractory rheumatoid arthritis by allogeneic mixed chimerism

This report describes the first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) performed for the indication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We used nonmyeloablative allogeneic HSCT to treat a 52-year-old woman who had treatment-refractory RA and a poor prognosis (24 swollen and 38 involved joints). She was treated with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, CAMPATH-1H, and CD34-selected HSCT (8 million CD34+ donor cells/kg); the donor was the patient's HLA-matched, rheumatoid factor-negative sister. One year post-HSCT, the patient has had no infection except dermatomal varicella-zoster virus infection and no acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Her RA has remained in remission with no immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory medications. The patient is a mixed chimera, with 55% donor T (CD3+) cells and 70% donor myeloid (CD33+) cells. This is the first published report of allogeneic HSCT performed for the indication of RA. Mixed chimerism has resulted in marked amelioration of RA, without GVHD.
A Gazetteer of Entomological Stations in Ecuador

For many years I have been interested in the zoo-geography of the Andes. While in Ecuador in 1938–39 I sent to Dr. Clarence H. Kennedy a few notes about the stations occupied by William Clarke-Macintyre in the Valley of the Rio Pastaza. Dr. Kennedy suggested that upon my return I write a longer paper covering as many of the stations that have been collecting points for entomologists in Ecuador as I could list. I here present that paper. It is not complete but it does cover a great many of the localities that to most students of zoology are merely funny names. I have tried to assign most of the places to some faunal zone. Where such information is omitted it is because I do not know what conditions prevail at the station and hesitate to guess. Ecuador is full of paradoxes. I hope I have not made any errors of commission, I know that I have made errors of omission. I will be grateful for any additional or correctional information that readers care to send me. Eastern Ecuador is one of the least known areas of its size in the Western Hemisphere.
Impaired collateral blood flow reserve early after nontransmural myocardial infarction in conscious dogs

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of collateral blood flow reserve of surviving myocardium 3 to 4 days after coronary occlusion in dogs. The proximal circumflex coronary artery was occluded in 9 conscious dogs, and in 7 of these the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery was also occluded. Three to 4 days after myocardial infarction, studies were performed under control conditions and during right ventricular pacing at the maximal heart rate that did not decrease aortic pressure. Pacing increased the heart rate from 110 to 222 beats/min, caused no change in mean aortic pressure (112 to 118 mm Hg), and increased left atrial pressure marginally (13.5 to 16.0 mm Hg) (0.05 <p <0.10). The ischemic zone mass that was dependent on collateral flow because of coronary occlusion was 56% (range 29 to 69) of the mass of the left ventricle, and the mass of the infarct occupied 21 % (range 4 to 41) of the mass of the left ventricle. Subendocardial and mid-myocardial ischemic zone samples contained infarcted tissue and had low control values of coronary vascular conductance (flow/100 mm Hg mean aortic pressure) which tended to decrease during pacing: subendocardium, 0.18 to 0.02 ml · min−1 · g−1/100 mm Hg (0.05 <p <0.11), and mid-myocardium, 0.38 to 0.11 (p <0.05). Coronary vascular conductance in normal zone subepicardium increased 35% from control conditions to pacing (1.24 to 1.69 ml · min−1 · g−1/100 mm Hg; p <0.03). In contrast, coronary vascular conductance in surviving myocardium located in the subepicardial layer of the ischemic zone did not change during pacing (1.17 to 1.21 ml · min−1 · g−1/100 mm Hg). It is concluded that collateral blood flow in surviving myocardium within the initial zone of ischemia returns to normal under control conditions by 3 to 4 days after coronary occlusion, but there is no reserve capacity to increase collateral conductance. Impaired collateral reserve in this unique canine model is probably related to multivessel occlusion and to the short period of time collateral vessels had to develop (3 to 4 days after coronary occlusion). If these findings are clinically applicable, they suggest that severe stress after acute myocardial infarction has the potential to provoke ischemia and its consequences in the surviving tissue supplied by occluded coronary arteries.
Model Based Inspection Of Integrated Circuit Patterns Using The Scanning Electron Microscope (Sem)

In the fully automated semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) fabrication facility of the future, individual fabrication processes are expected to be controlled on-line, by intelligent systems. The current state of a process will be supplied to these systems in part by intelligent sensors/inspection systems which will observe the product after it has been processed. These systems should be fast, nondestructive, automatic, and be able to work at high spatial resolutions. This paper describes a SEM based IC pattern shape inspection system which uses the design file of the IC as the reference model. The system is intended to identify discrepancies between the shapes of patterns transferred onto the wafer and the desired pattern shapes as stored in the design file. The algorithm uses a discrete optimization approach for finding the correspondence between image and model pattern boundary points. The paper will describe the proposed approach, present some result, and will also discuss parallel implementation issues.
Quinone reductases multitasking in the metabolic world.

The multiple functions of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1, DT‐diaphorase) in the cell are reviewed. NQO1 has long been viewed as a chemoprotective enzyme involved in cellular defense against the electrophilic and oxidizing metabolites of xenobiotic quinones. It also participates in reduction of endogenous quinones, such as vitamin E quinone and ubiquinone, generating antioxidant forms of these molecules. NQO1 has recently been shown to interact with superoxide and may be involved in scavenging superoxide within the cell. In addition, the possible role of NQO1 in p53 stabilization and consequently in contributing to p53‐dependent stress responses is summarized. Such protein multitasking is a good strategy in terms of cellular economy. NQO1 can also be exploited in the design of NQO1‐directed antitumor agents such as the new aziridinylbenzoquinone RH1 and Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17AAG. Polymorphisms in NQO1 which have profound influence on phenotype such as the NQO1*2 polymorphism may influence the ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and baclofen: is there a light at the end of the tunnel?

Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are rapid and prolonged relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that are not associated with swallowing. They are the mechanism by which most gastroesophageal reflux episodes occur in normal people and in patients with esophagitis. Transient LES relaxations appear to be mediated by a vagovagal reflex initiated by gastric distention. Baclofen is a γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that inhibits the production of TLESRs by acting as a GABAB receptor agonist at one or more loci along the vagovagal reflex arc. Animal and human studies suggest that baclofen decreases the number of reflux events and amount of esophageal acid exposure. Baclofen or another GABAB receptor agonist may be clinically useful in treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The Asian birth outcome gap.

Asians are often considered a single group in epidemiological research. This study examines the extent of differences in maternal risks and birth outcomes for six Asian subgroups. Using linked birth/infant death certificate data from the State of California for the years 1992--97 we assessed maternal socio-economic risks and their effect on birthweight preterm delivery (PTD) neonatal post-neonatal and infant mortality for Filipino (87 120) Chinese (67 228) Vietnamese (45 237) Korean (23 431) Cambodian/ Laotian (21 239) and Japanese (18 276) live singleton births. The analysis also included information about non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks in order to give a sense of the magnitude of risks among Asians. Logistic regression models explored the effect of maternal risk factors and PTD on Asian subgroup differences in neonatal and post-neonatal mortality using Japanese as the reference group. Across Asian subgroups the differences ranged from 2.5- to 135-fold for maternal risks and 2.2-fold for infant mortality rate. PTD was an important contributor to neonatal mortality differences. Maternal risk factors contributed to the disparities in post-neonatal mortality. Significant differences in perinatal health across Asian subgroups deserve ethnicity-specific interventions addressing PTD teen pregnancy maternal education parity and access to prenatal care. (authors)
Hepatic Circulation during Sodium Nitroprusside Infusion in the Dog

Changes in the hepatic circulation and oxygen supply during sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion were studied in 14 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg. Portal and hepatic arterial blood flows were measured with electromagnetic flow-meters. Aortic, portal and hepatic vein pressures were recorded, and pH, PCo2, O2 content, and lactate and pyruvate concentrations of blood from these vessels were measured. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution using a Swan-Ganz catheter. In half the dogs a surgical preparation permitted controlled portal blood flow. SNP, 3–5 μg/kg/min, decreased mean arterial blood pressure as much as 15 per cent with no significant change in hepatic circulation, Doses of 10–20 μg/kg/min decreased arterial blood pressure 40 per cent, portal pressure 44 per cent, and portal blood flow 25 per cent. Hepatic arterial blood flow increased 13 per cent. There was no significant change in oxygen content of arterial, portal or hepatic vein blood, in oxygen consumption of the liver, or in the ratio of Iactate to pyruvate produced by the liver. Concentrations of more than 25 μg/kg/min decreased arterial blood pressure more than 50 per cent from control level, decreased portal and hepatic arterial blood flows as much as 80 and 40 per cent, respectively, and decreased oxygen content of portal and hepatic vein blood as much as 5 ml oxygen/100 ml blood. In conditions of steady portal blood flow infusion of SNP led to a decrease in portal pressure by 18 per cent and a decrease in hepatic arterial blood flow. It is concluded that SNP in concentrations that decrease systemic blood pressure as much as 40 per cent of the baseline value does not lead to hepatic hypoxia in normal dogs. SNP decreases portal presinusoidal resistance and does not interfere with the ability of the liver to increase hepatic arterial blood flow in conditions of insufficient portal circulation.
Evaluation of the effect of computed tomography scan protocols and freeform fabrication methods on bone biomodel accuracy.

Objective—To assess the effect of computed tomography (CT) scan protocols (radiation amounts) and fabrication methods on biomodel accuracy and variability. Sample—Cadaveric femur of a Basset Hound....
Riboflavin deficiency in a pediatric population of low socioeconomic status in New York City.

1. Chantler C, Baum JD, and Norman DA: Dextrostix in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia, Lancet 2:1395, 1967. 2. Ente G, Klein SW, and Paraswanath BS: Evaluation of a direct-reading reflectometer for neonatal hypoglycemia screening, Am J Clin Pathol 61:612, 1974. 3. Levkoff AH, Duncan RC, Urquhart C, and Gershank JJ: Measuring neonatal blood glucose with a reflectance meter and test strips, Israel J Med Sci 7:598, 1971. 4. Schersten B, Kuhl C, Hollender A, and Ekman R: Blood glucose measurements with Dextrostix and new reflectance meter, Br Med J 3:384, 1974. 5. Snedecor GW, and Cochran WG: Statistical methods, ed 6, Ames, Iowa, 1972, Iowa State University Press, Chapters 6 and 7.
The phenomenal determination of retroaction and proaction: I. Interference within pairs of a single list

Two groups learned a paired-associate list to partial criterion. The stimulus and response items were similar for Group 1 and neutral for Group 2. Both groups were tested for stimulus and response recall 10 min and 24 h after original learning. In Group 1, stimulus recall did not change with time, but response recall decreased. To the contrary, both stimulus and response recall dropped with time in Group 2. It was concluded that the response items retroactively interfered with stimulus recall under conditions of similarity. In turn, the stimulus items seemed to recover with time to proactively interfere with response recall. Thus, retroaction and proaction have been demonstrated in the learning of a single list.
Searching and Learning by Trial and Error

I study a dynamic model of trial-and-error search in which agents do not have complete knowledge of how choices are mapped into outcomes. Agents learn about the mapping by observing the choices of earlier agents and the outcomes that are realized. The key novelty is that the mapping is represented as the realized path of a Brownian motion. I characterize for this environment the optimal behavior each period as well as the trajectory of experimentation and learning through time. Applied to new product development, the model shares features of the data with the well-known Product Life Cycle. (JEL D81, D83, D92, L26)
A selective PMCA inhibitor does not prolong the electroolfactogram in mouse.

Background Within the cilia of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons, Ca2+ accumulates during odor transduction. Termination of the odor response requires removal of this Ca2+, and prior evidence suggests that both Na+/Ca2+ exchange and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) contribute to this removal.
Slavery and the Magna Carta in the Development of Anglo-American Constitutionalism

If English and American constitutional thought rests on one shared foundation, it is the principle that executive power, in order to be legitimate, must be subject to law. In the thirteenth century, the English jurist Henry de Bracton declared that “the law makes the King”—rather than the King makes the law—and urged, “Let the King … bestow upon the law what the law bestows upon him, namely dominion and power, for there is no King where will rules and not law” (White 1908, 268). Bracton no doubt had in mind some of the recent provisions of the Magna Carta (1215), which provided a formal codification of this principle. The rebel barons who imposed the Magna Carta on King John were animated by a desire to limit arbitrary executive power, and, in Article 39, they secured a promise from the monarchy that “no free man shall be arrested or imprisoned, or disseised or outlawed or exiled or in any way victimised, neither will we attack him or send anyone to attack him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land” (Turner 2003, 231). In the fourteenth century, Article 39 was redrafted by Parliament to apply not only to free men but also to any man “of whatever estate or condition he may be,” and this process of reinterpretation continued throughout the next several centuries as Parliament expanded “the Charter's special ‘liberties’ for the privileged classes to general guarantees of ‘liberty’ for all the king's subjects” (Turner 2003, 3).
Improved procedures for preparation and characterization of Myrothecium cellulase. 3. Molecular weight, amino acid composition, terminal residues, and other properties.

The molecular weight of Myrothecium cellulase was estimated by the Archibald method to be approximately 49,000. No N-terminal amino acid could be detected by the Edman degradation or with fluorodin...
Lessons Learned: What Have International Experiences in Large Livestock Disease Outbreaks Taught Us? Some Personal Insights

Experiences working in the United Kingdom with the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemica and the Korean 2002 foot-andmouth outbreak have demonstrated both the economic and emotional impacts of livestock diseases. My personal involvement in these outbreaks originated because I consult to a Korean breeding company that had one case of footand-mouth infection on their 2,000-sow nucleus farm. This was obviously a great loss to the company and was a loss to me personally as well. Because we had done a lot of work on improving these animals, seeing them put into a pit was quite devastating to me. The UK outbreak affected colleagues and friends whom I have worked with for more than 20 years.
Biofunctionalized magnetic-vortex microdiscs for targeted cancer-cell destruction

Biocompatible, lithographically defined, ferromagnetic microdiscs that have a spin-vortex ground state oscillate when activated by an alternating magnetic field. This oscillation compromises the integrity of the cell membrane and initiates programmed cell death in ∼90% of cancer cells in vitro, even with a low-frequency field applied for only ten minutes.
Late-onset neurodegenerative diseases - The role of protein insolubility

Recently, mutations of the alpha-synuclein gene were found to cause dominantly inherited Lewy-body Parkinson's disease (PD) and alpha-synuclein was identified as a major component of the Lewy body. However, the cause of the common form of PD, with a multifactorial rather than autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, remains unknown. Alpha-synuclein precipitates slowly and apparently spontaneously at high concentration in solution and the mutations that cause PD accelerate precipitation. Other dominantly inherited late-onset or adult-onset dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases are associated with precipitation of proteins. In Alzheimer disease, beta-amyloid and tau abnormalities are present and in prion disorders, prion proteins are found. In Huntington disease, a disorder with expanded CAG repeats, huntingtin precipitates occur. In dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias, also expanded CAG repeat disorders, the corresponding ataxin protein precipitates are found. In multiple system atrophy, alpha-synuclein precipitates are encountered and in progressive supranuclear palsy, tau precipitates occur. In familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a group of dominantly inherited disorders, SOD1 precipitates are found. Most of these disorders can involve the basal ganglia in some way. Since similar processes seem to affect neurons of adults or older individuals and since a relatively limited group of proteins seems to be involved, each producing a form of neurodegeneration, it is possible that certain common features are present that affect this group of proteins. Candidates include a conformational shift, as in prions, an abnormality of the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway, as seen in PD, an abnormality of a pathway preventing precipitation (e.g. chaperonins), or potentiation of a pathway promoting precipitation (e.g. gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase) or apoptosis. Elucidation of the pathways causing this protein insolubilisation is the first step towards approaching prevention and reversal in these late-onset neurodegenerative diseases.
Liquid-metal plasma-facing component research on the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Liquid metal plasma-facing components (PFCs) have been proposed as a means of solving several problems facing the creation of economically viable fusion power reactors. Liquid metals face critical issues in three key areas: free-surface stability, material migration and demonstration of integrated scenarios. To date, few demonstrations exist of this approach in a diverted tokamak and we here provide an overview of such work on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). The liquid lithium divertor (LLD) was installed and operated for the 2010 run campaign using evaporated coatings as the filling method. Despite a nominal liquid level exceeding the capillary structure and peak current densities into the PFCs exceeding 100?kA?m?2, no macroscopic ejection events were observed. The stability can be understood from a Rayleigh?Taylor instability analysis. Capillary restraint and thermal-hydraulic considerations lead to a proposed liquid-metal PFCs scheme of actively-supplied, capillary-restrained systems. Even with state-of-the-art cooling techniques, design studies indicate that the surface temperature with divertor-relevant heat fluxes will still reach temperatures above 700??C. At this point, one would expect significant vapor production from a liquid leading to a continuously vapor-shielded regime. Such high-temperature liquid lithium PFCs may be possible on the basis of momentum-balance arguments.
The Synthesis, Structure, and Conformation of 2′-Deoxy Analogues of „Fat“ Xanthine Nucleosides, Containing the Imidazo[4,5-e][1,4]Diazepine Ring System

Abstract The syntheses of 1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-6H-imidazo[4,5-e] [1,4]diazepine-5,8-dione (9β), its 3-glycosyl regioisomer (16β), and their respective α anomers (9α and 16α), are reported. Conformational and configurational studies, employing 1H NMR NOE and CD spectroscopy, are described. The single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of 9β is presented. The attempted enzymic glycosylation of the heterocyclic base 6 with a bacterial purine nucleoside phosphorylase was not successful.
On closures of orbits and arithmetic of quaternions

ForG=PGL2(ℚ p )×PGL2 ℚ we study the closures of orbits under the maximal split Cartan subgroup ofG in homogeneous spacesΓ\G. We show that if a closure of an orbit contains a closed orbit then the orbit is either dense or closed. We show the relation of this to divisibility properties of integral quaternions and other lattices.
Intelligence test performance of patients with partial and generalized seizures.

Summary: The intellectual performance of 350 patients with seizures was examined. Seizures were classified according to the revised International Classification of Epileptic Seizures as partial (simple or complex), generalized, or partial secondarily generalized. Performance on the Wechsler Intelligence subtests served to measure intellectual ability. Patients with partial seizures performed better on Digit Span, Digit Symbol, Block Design, and Object Assembly than those with either generalized or partial secondarily generalized seizures. These subtests are functionally associated with abilities such as attention, visuospatial problem-solving, and sequencing ability. RESUME Les performances intellectuelles de 350 patients epileptiques ont eteevaluees dans ce travail. Les crises ont ete classees selon la nouvelle Classification Internationale des Crises Epileptiques en crises partielles (simples ou complexes), generalisees ou partielles secondairement generalisees. Les resultats aux subtests de l'echelle d'intelligence de Wechsler ont servi de mesure des captacites intellectuelles. Les patients ayant des crises partielles avaient de meilleurs resultats a l'empan verbal (span), au code, aux cubes et aux assemblages do'objects que les patients avec crises generalsees ou avec crises partielles secondairement generalisees. Ces subtests sont lies aux fonctions d'attention. de structuration visuospatiale et d'habilete dans les tâches sequentielles. RESUMEN En este estudio se ha examinado la capacidad intelectual de 350 pacientes con ataques. Las crisis se clasificaron de acuerdo con la Clasificacion Internacional de los Ataques Epilepticos revisada, como ataques parciales (simples o complejos), generalizados o paraciales con generalizacion secundaria. Los resultados de los subtests de la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler sirvieron como medida de la capacidad intelectual. Los pacientes con ataques parciales consiguieron mejores resultados en la retencion de digitos, simbolos de digitos, diseno de bloques y asamablaje de objetos, que los que padecian ataques generalizados o parciales con generalizacion secundaria. Estos subtests estAn asociados funcionalmente con habiladades tales como atencion, resolucion de problemas visuo0espaciales y capacidad de elaborar secuencias.
Are we on the right track? Examining the role of developmental behavioral pediatrics.

I recently reflected on whether developmental behavioral pediatrics (DBP) is on the right track. Along with most section members of my generation, I first became involved with clinical care, teaching, and research activities as a general pediatrician (not a subspecialist) and saw and continue to view development and behavior (DB) as the foundation of pediatrics. This generalist perspective may puzzle those trained subsequently in DBP fellowships, but the generation that defined the field did so because it was concerned that many pediatricians were not adequately prepared to understand DB aspects of the care they were expected to provide, regardless of setting or venue. I am part of a generation that saw DB as so fundamental to all clinical pediatrics that it was hard to segregate it as a subspecialty. Today, fewer share this perspective, because fellowship training typically occurs before a clinician has a chance to practice general pediatrics and this historical perspective is not emphasized. DBP has strong roots going back to the 1920s, but in 1985 Stan Friedman defined it as “Those aspects of pediatrics generally ignored by most pediatric training programs.”1 He believed we needed a subspecialty not to provide specialized care, but to become central teachers in departments of pediatrics to convey a body of knowledge about normal and atypical DB of children and adolescents to trainees in residency training programs and to do research to add to the knowledge-base. John Duby’s recent tribute to 3 former Aldrich recipients pointed to great strides in DB training and research. We are now an established subspecialty with fellowship training and an organization, and all pediatric residents are required to take at least … Address correspondence to Ruth E. K. Stein, MD, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Room 6B27 Van Etten, Bronx, NY 104661. E-mail: ruth.stein{at}einstein.yu.edu
Observing child behavior during testing: Constructs, validity, and situational generality

Abstract Observing behavior during test sessions is a fundamental clinical activity. Test-session observations help judge the impact of children's behavior on the quality of test scores. A related purpose of such observation is to identify behavioral characteristics that generalize to other contexts. Unfortunately, these benefits of test-session observation typically are assumed in that they rarely have been documented empirically. The performance of children between the ages of 6 and 14 (N=311) was recorded by summative ratings of test-session behavior. These objective ratings were used first to predict IQs obtained within test sessions. Second, they were used to predict performance evaluated according to adaptive behavior and achievement criteria obtained outside the test situation. Test-session ratings were subjected to principal components analyses. Thereafter, the resultant test-behavior factors were submitted to canonical variate analyses, with combinations of IQ adaptive behavior, and achievement used as criterion data sets. Statistical significance was achieved in each multivariate comparison. Subsequent canonical redundancy was appreciable for the IQ criterion (41.6%). Nevertheless, redundancy was equivocal for the combined adaptive-behavior and achievement criterion (3.5%). The results indicate that test-session observations are critical as cross-checks of the validity of test scores obtained during test sessions. However, test-session observations provide considerably less insight into children's adaptation and achievement outside the test-session environment.
Regularization model of human binocular vision

Binocular reconstruction of a 3D shape is an ill-conditioned inverse problem: in the presence of visual and oculomotor noise the reconstructions based solely on visual data are very unstable. A question, therefore, arises about the nature of a priori constraints that would lead to accurate and stable solutions. Our previous work showed that planarity of contours, symmetry of an object and minimum variance of angles are useful priors in binocular reconstruction of polyhedra. Specifically, our algorithm begins with producing a 3D reconstruction from one retinal image by applying priors. The second image (binocular disparity) is then used to correct the monocular reconstruction. In our current study, we performed psychophysical experiments to test the importance of these priors. The subjects were asked to recognize shapes of 3D polyhedra from unfamiliar views. Hidden edges of the polyhedra were removed. The recognition performance, measured by detectability measure d¢, was high when shapes satisfied regularity constraints, and was low otherwise. Furthermore, the binocular recognition performance was highly correlated with the monocular one. The main aspects of our model will be illustrated by a demo, in which binocular disparity and monocular priors are put in conflict.
Clustering of nucleons in the nuclear surface

The numerical results of a recent paper on nn and pp clustering are explained in terms of a simple schematic model which emphasizes the role of positive and negative parity single particles.
Allocating the Costs of Labor Mobility

How the costs of labor mobility ought to be distributed is the issue explored in this essay. Neoclassical procedural devices are argued to be irrelevant and unable to guide allocative decisions. A modified structuralist thesis is introduced in which the substantive nature of capitalist employment contracts is emphasized. The actual agent of allocation is the judiciary, and some attention is given to the role of the judiciary in modern society. Four strategic rules are then proposed as the basis for judicial decisions regarding the allocation of mobility costs. These rules are reliance, context, comparability, and resource endowment.
Contrast enhanced MRI-guided photodynamic therapy for site-specific cancer treatment.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and effective approach for cancer treatment. It is potentially useful for treating tumors that are not accessible to surgery, radiation, or destructive ablations, and are resistant to chemotherapy. Efficacious treatment of interstitial tumors with PDT requires efficient delivery of photosensitizers and accurate location of tumor tissues for effective light irradiations. In this study we performed contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI-guided PDT with a bifunctional polymer conjugate containing both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent and a photosensitizer, poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA)-(Gd-DO3A)-mesochlorin e6 (Mce6). The efficacy of the bifunctional conjugate in cancer CE-MRI and cancer treatment was evaluated in athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts, with PGA-(Gd-DO3A) used as a control. The polymer conjugates preferentially accumulated in the solid tumor due to the hyperpermeability of the tumor vasculature, resulting in significant tumor enhancement for accurate tumor detection and localization by MRI. Significant therapeutic response was observed for PDT with the bifunctional conjugate as compared to the control. CE-MRI-guided PDT with the bifunctional conjugate is effective for tumor detection and minimally invasive cancer treatment. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Discussion of Statistical Methods for Design and Analysis of Microarray Experiments for Plant Scientists

There is much excitement among biologists and statisticians regarding new high-dimension data sets that have arisen from the application of microarray technology. In statistics, there has been a flurry of activity surrounding the development of new methods for the analysis of such data, and
Microarchitecture floorplanning for sub-threshold leakage reduction

Lateral heat conduction between modules affects the temperature profile of a floorplan, affecting the leakage power of individual blocks which increasingly is becoming a larger fraction of the overall power consumption with scaling of fabrication technologies. By modeling temperature dependent leakage power within a micro architecture-aware floorplanning process, we propose a method that reduces sub-threshold leakage power. To that end, two leakage models are used: a transient formulation independent of any leakage power model and a simpler formulation derived from an empirical leakage power model, both showing good fidelity to detailed transient simulations. Our algorithm can reduce subthreshold leakage by up to 15% with a minor degradation in performance, compared to a floorplanning process that does not model leakage. We also show the importance of modeling whitespace during floorplanning and its impact on leakage savings
Survey Research and Southern Politics: The Implications of Data Management

With an identical data base-the SRC/CPS election studies conducted over the 1952-1976 period-scholars arrive at conflicting conclusions about the future politics of the South. One problem is alternative regional definitions-the survey category Solid South (which includes the states of the former Confederacy minus Tennessee) or the combined categories Solid South and Border South. Another problem is the choice to analyze native whites, whites, or all election participants. Based on data presented here, these choices are not neutral; rather, they influence the research findings. If the intent is to build upon the aggregate data-based research of Key and others, one should use the Solid South definition. Moreover, if the intent is to predict about the future politics of the South, one should analyze all election participants. Charles D. Hadley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of New Orleans. The data, originally collected by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center/Center for Political Studies, were made available by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Harold W. Stanley, Michael D. McDonald, and Bruce A. Campbell for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Responsibility for the analysis and the interpretations presented here are the author's alone. At the University of New Orleans, the analysis was conducted at the Computer Research Center and supported by a research grant from the College of Liberal Arts. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 45 393-401 ? 1981 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/81/0045-393/$2.50 This content downloaded from 40.77.167.85 on Fri, 30 Sep 2016 05:48:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 394 CHARLES D. HADLEY and Arseneau, 1978); and (3) a political dealignment occurred and continues in the South (Beck, 1977). How, then, can scholars analyzing the identical SRC/CPS surveys come to such widely varying conclusions about the future of southern
Performance driven resynthesis by exploiting retiming-induced state register equivalence

This paper presents a retiming and resynthesis technique for cycle-time minimization of sequential circuits with feedback (finite state machines). Operating on the delay critical paths of the circuit, we perform a set of controlled local retimings of registers across fanout stems and logic gates, followed by local node simplifications. We guide the retiming of registers across fanout stems to induce equivalence relations among them, which are exploited for subsequent logic simplification. Our technique is able to analyze correlation of logic across register boundaries during simplification. We strive to minimize the increase in number of registers without sacrificing the cycle-time performance. The results demonstrate a favourable performance/area trade-off when compared with optimally retimed circuits.
Conceptualizing radicalization in a market for loyalties

The purpose of this analysis is to locate radicalization – the process of developing extremist ideologies and beliefs – in the broader context of strategic actors (e.g. states) competing for legiti...
Optimal representations in multitree dictionaries with application to compression

We generalize our results of [Y. Huang et al, 2005 and 2003] and propose a new framework of multitree dictionaries which include many previously proposed dictionaries as well as many new, very large, tree-structured dictionaries. We present an efficient, globally optimal algorithm to find the best tree in such a dictionary. We describe a novel block image coder based on our framework, which is an improvement over our image coder presented in Y. Huang et al, (2005).
Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis assessed by scheduled repetitive coronary arteriography *

We studied 42 subjects, each of whom demonstrated significant (greater than or equal to 50%) narrowing of a non-grafted coronary artery and a baseline cholesterol level greater than 250 mg%. All patients underwent repeat scheduled coronary arteriography after 2 years on the study. Twenty-five colestipol responders (cholesterol levels reduced at least 15% within 1 month of therapy) were compared to 17 non-responders who were given 23 months of placebo after a 1 month exposure to colestipol. Baseline risk factors and demographic characteristics were similar for the two groups. In comparison to baseline arteriography, only 3 of the 25 drug-treated patients showed progression, while 8 of 17 placebo treated patients demonstrated progression (P = 0.011). Drug-treated patients demonstrated a 20% decrease in cholesterol levels, while placebo patients did not experience a significant reduction in cholesterol levels. Our study suggests that significant reduction in serum cholesterol levels is associated with a reduced likelihood of progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions assessed by scheduled repetitive coronary arteriography in hyperlipidemic subjects demonstrating significant coronary artery narrowing on their initial arteriograms.