cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioligand Binding Studies of Agonist Interactions with Dopamine Receptors

Since 1975, the elegantly simple radioligand binding technique has allowed direct examination of neurotransmitter and drug interactions with dopamine receptors. The simplification obtained through elimination of factors such as alteration of neurotransmitter synthesis or other regulators of dopamine’s second messenger systems is the chief advantage of this approach to the study of receptor biochemistry and pharmacology. This simplification, however, also presents a major challenge—to demonstrate that the binding sites identified in vitro have functional relevance in the physiological milieu. It is a task of utmost importance, and often of considerable difficulty, to demonstrate that receptor binding sites can be clearly associated with some biological function. Although problems remain, this correspondence between binding sites and their function, on both the behavioral and biochemical level, is steadily being established for the dopamine receptors.
A preliminary study of the Jewish quarters, Nájera (La Rioja)

ABSTRACTThe Jewish population of Najera (La Rioja) formed one of the largest and most prominent aljamas within the Kingdom of Navarre and, later, in the Kingdom of Castile. Two separate Jewish quarters are documented within the city, but their location and chronology have not been the subject of a systematic survey. This paper presents preliminary results from a multi-year study of the urban remains of medieval Najera that places the aljama of Najera within its urban context. The Jews of Najera are identified with two successive areas of occupation. The first, within the city proper, was occupied until the construction of Santa Maria la Real in 1052. The second, located above the city on the hill known as Malpica, was juridically independent of the Christian town and remained so until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. This settlement can be identified with standing architectural remains on Malpica including a circuit wall and remains of substantial stone foundations.
A Nonheme Sulfur-Ligated {FeNO}6 Complex and Comparison with Redox-Interconvertible {FeNO}7 and {FeNO}8 Analogues.

A nonheme {FeNO}6 complex, [Fe(NO)(N3PyS)]2+ , was synthesized by reversible, one-electron oxidation of an {FeNO}7 analogue. This complex completes the first known series of sulfur-ligated {FeNO}6-8 complexes. All three {FeNO}6-8 complexes are readily interconverted by one-electron oxidation/reduction. A comparison of spectroscopic data (UV/Vis, NMR, IR, Mossbauer, X-ray absorption) provides a complete picture of the electronic and structural changes that occur upon {FeNO}6 -{FeNO}8 interconversion. Dissociation of NO from the new {FeNO}6 complex is shown to be controlled by solvent, temperature, and photolysis, which is rare for a sulfur-ligated {FeNO}6 species.
Using the Virtual World Second Life for a Polymerase Chain Reaction Laboratory Simulation

With the growing emphasis on molecular biology assays in medical science, it is critical that students learn the principles and procedures of these assays. However, teaching these methods in a hands-on laboratory can be cost prohibitive. In forensic science, DNA profiling utilizes the polymerase chain reaction of short tandem repeats. To introduce students, many of whom do not have a strong science background, in an introductory forensic science course to this relatively complex topic a laboratory simulation was developed. The free, online virtual site Second Life was used to simulate a laboratory environment. Students represent themselves with avatars and work in teams to complete the DNA analysis. In the simulation, students interact with laboratory instruments answering questions about the procedures. For example, they must know what solutions to use and the correct volume, which instruments to use, and what parameters to use on the instruments. After successfully completing the simulation, students receive results that they must analyze in a written report. In course evaluations, students found the simulation helpful. To the statement, "After participating in the Second Life crime scene assignment, I increased my knowledge about how to correctly implement the laboratory procedure to conduct a DNA profile on a blood sample," 34 of 54 students (63%) responded agree or strongly agree. The Second Life laboratory simulation is an effective method to introduce students to the polymerase chain reaction and could be adapted to other complex assays that require expensive instrumentation.
Assembly structure and free energy change of a chromonic liquid crystal formed by a perylene dye

ABSTRACTThe nematic (chromonic N) and isotropic phases formed by aqueous solutions of a perylene dye are investigated by x-ray diffraction and visible light absorption spectroscopy. X-ray diffracti...
Nonlinear Dynamical Behavior of the Deep White Matter during Head Impact

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern, affecting millions of people each year in the USA. Understanding the patterns of brain movement and deformation during head impact is one of the most powerful strategies for shedding light on the physical causes of TBI. This study uses modal analysis and advanced finite-element simulations to characterize the dynamical behavior of the human brain during head impact. The authors find evidence of geometrical nonlinear effects in the deep white matter of the brain, suggesting a link between the onset of injury and the existence of local nonlinearity in brain tissue.
The inferred determination of the phase speed of a bubbly liquid of less than 2 m/s by using a transfer function technique.

The phase speed of a bubbly liquid has been inferred at the single bubble resonance. The difficulty in this measurement is the fact that acoustic absorption is very strong at the single bubble resonance making it impossible to measure with standard techniques, e.g., time-of-flight or the use of standing waves. Instead, the strong absorption was exploited by first measuring the change in the reflection coefficient and relating it to the acoustic impedance and the sound speed. A sound speed of less than 2 m/s was determined possibly making it one of the slowest sound speeds ever recorded.
Student Anxiety in Standards-based Grading in Mathematics Courses

This paper describes a study examining how mathematics anxiety, test anxiety, and communication apprehension are related to student behavior in courses using standards-based grading. An observational study of mathematics courses with 221 participants found that test anxiety increased over the semester although many students reported lower stress or anxiety in an open-ended survey question. Mathematics anxiety and test anxiety were positively correlated with the number of voluntary reassessments students attempted, while communication apprehension was negatively correlated. These findings indicate that standards-based grading is an assessment framework that can provide alternate methods for some students to demonstrate content mastery. While this study was conducted in mathematics courses, the findings on test anxiety are likely to extend to other disciplines.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Warnings: Policing Women’s Behavior Distorts Science:

This article focuses on the recent resurgence of concerns regarding fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). A report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warning even women not trying to...
How to Earn Immortality: Brunetto Latini (1220–1294)

This chapter examines the lessons and life of Brunetto Latini, philosopher, rhetorician, teacher, and statesman, a leading figure in Florentine social life for almost forty years. Brunetto meets the pilgrim in canto fifteen of Inferno. Residing among sodomites in the third ring of the seventh circle of Dante’s hell, the pilgrim recognizes that Latini taught him to make himself eternal. This chapter explains what that suggests in the context of Latini’s exile from and return to Florence, as well as his encyclopedic and philosophical writings. An ongoing, irresolvable scholarly dispute centers on why Dante places Brunetto in the third ring of the seventh circle given we lack any historical evidence that Latini was a sexual sodomite. After sketching divergent interpretations of the narrative in canto fifteen, this chapter evaluates the historical and textual evidence in search of Brunetto’s sin. Finally, I take seriously the possibility that Dante unfairly assesses Brunetto Latini.
New approaches for two-variable inequality graphs utilizing the Cartesian Connection and the APOS theory

This study utilizes the Cartesian Connection and the action, process, object, and schema (APOS) theory to investigate how preservice mathematics teachers constructed and justified graphs of two-variable inequalities. The analysis shows that most teachers were not equipped with the skills and knowledge that were prerequisites for action, process, and object conceptions of two-variable inequality graphs. Many teachers used informal rules, rather than mathematical ideas such as the Cartesian Connection, to construct and/or justify inequality graphs. They also perceived inequality graphs as shapes rather than as representations based on the meaning of inequalities. I present a genetic decomposition for inequality graphs, through the concepts of variable and of parameter, as well as tasks associated with the genetic decomposition. I call for more studies on inequalities, including those relating to the implementation of the suggested genetic decomposition and tasks.
Schechter vs. Schechter: Sub-Arcsecond Gravitational Lensing and Inner Halo Profiles

Sub-arcsecond lensing statistics depend sensitively on the inner mass profiles of low-mass objects and the faint-end slopes of the Schechter luminosity function and the Press-Schechter mass function. By requiring the luminosity and mass functions to give consistent predictions for the distribution of image separation below 1'', we show that dark matter halos with masses below 10^12 M_sun cannot have a single type of profile, be it the singular isothermal sphere (SIS) or the shallower ``universal'' dark matter profile. Instead, consistent results are achieved if we allow a fraction of the halos at a given mass to be luminous with the SIS profile, and the rest be dark with an inner logarithmic slope shallower than -1.5 to compensate for the steeper faint-end slope of the mass function compared with the luminosity function. We quantify how rapidly the SIS fraction must decrease with decreasing halo mass, thereby providing a statistical measure for the effectiveness of feedback processes on the baryon content in low-mass halos.
Visible Matters; Radiation in Kobayashi Erika’s Multimedia Project in Post-Fukushima Japan

Kobayashi Erika (b.1978), delves into the long-lasting transnational effects of radiation on human bodies beyond present time and space. Kobayashi employs multimodal writing and rethinks the relati...
Analyzing skilled and unskilled labor efficiencies in the US

In this paper, I analyze the time paths of the efficiencies of skilled and unskilled labor in a production framework where skilled and unskilled labor are imperfect substitutes. Their implications for economic growth and wage inequality in the US between 1950 and 2005 present two main findings. First, although skilled labor efficiency has a strong upward trend, I find no evidence of acceleration in its growth rate to support the common view that there has been an acceleration in the new skilled-biased technologies. Second, beginning around 1970, there has been a decline in the absolute level of the efficiency of unskilled labor, implying that the decline has played a significant role in the overall productivity slowdown and the substantial widening in the US wage structure.
Impulse response of turbulent flow in smooth and riblet-walled channels to a sudden velocity increase

This paper explores the use of a small-span direct numerical simulation for a transient, smooth-wall turbulent channel flow and then applies the small-span simulation to a transient channel flow wi...
Let Them Stay or Let Them Go? Online Retailer Pricing Strategy for Managing Stockouts

A challenge for online retail firms is managing stockouts when substitute products are available. Firms have options to set prices or offer substitute products to retain or release the consumers following stockouts. We develop a game-theoretic model in which competing online firms face the decision whether to price low enough so that, following product stockouts, their consumers remain in their stores by turning to unfamiliar substitute products that are in stock or even to attract their competitor’s consumers following stockouts at their competitor, or price high enough to release the consumers to the competitor. We demonstrate that our model’s unique equilibrium is one of three types: retain-consumer, release-consumer, or all-firm-i-consumer. Our analyses of the equilibria show that firms have the opportunity to use prices as a stockout recovery mechanisms, but surprisingly, they may choose not to do so under certain circumstances, dependent on the consumer search costs of unfamiliar substitute products on their sites.
Organic cation dynamics in hybrid halide perovskite semiconductors

Hybrid halide perovskites have radically transformed photovoltaics research. While these materials, exemplified by (CH3NH3)PbI3, are chemically complex relative to traditional elemental (Si) and co...
Weight Loss Prior to Pregnancy and Early Gestational Glycemia: Prepare, a Randomized Clinical Trial.

CONTEXT Women with elevated body mass index are encouraged to lose weight before pregnancy, but no trials have tested the effects of prepregnancy weight loss on risk of developing gestational diabetes. OBJECTIVE This work aims to determine whether prepregnancy weight loss improved the early metabolic environment as measured by early gestational diabetes diagnosis. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a pragmatic randomized clinical trial conducted between May 2015 and October 2019 in an integrated health system that encouraged first-trimester gestational diabetes screening for high-risk women, including those with obesity. Women aged 18 to 40 years with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 27 who were planning pregnancy were randomly assigned to a behavioral weight loss intervention or usual care. Clinical care decisions and data collection were blind to condition assignment. We compared rates of diagnosis with gestational diabetes in early pregnancy between the groups using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 326 participants, 168 (89 in the intervention and 79 in usual care) had singleton pregnancies during the study period. At baseline, mean age was 31.3 ± 3.5 years and BMI was 34.8 ± 5.8. Fifty-nine (66%) intervention participants and 57 (72%) usual care participants underwent early screening. Among those, intervention participants were 73% less likely to be diagnosed with gestational diabetes than usual care participants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09-0.80). There was no difference in diagnosis of gestational diabetes in later pregnancy (aOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.41-2.81). CONCLUSION Participation in a prepregnancy weight loss intervention led to lower rates of gestational diabetes diagnosis in early pregnancy. This suggests positive effects of prepregnancy weight loss on the early metabolic environment, a critical factor in offspring metabolic risk.
Survival benefit of partial nephrectomy: Reconciling experimental and observational data

Given recent epidemiological and practice trends, small kidney cancers are poised to become a focus of modern-day surgical care provided by urologists and urologic oncologists. For the past decade, partial nephrectomy has been viewed as preferable to radical nephrectomy for the treatment of many patients with early-stage kidney cancer, partly because observational studies suggest a survival benefit with nephron sparing. More recently, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 30904--a phase 3 randomized control trial--demonstrated better survival for patients treated with radical vs. partial nephrectomy. Shortly thereafter, an instrumental variable analysis reported a survival advantage with partial nephrectomy. Although seemingly contradictory, these studies are potentially reconcilable when considering methodological differences and other empiric work.
USE OF DEXAMETHASONE (DXM) IN SEVERE NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISEASE SECONDARY TO PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPHN)

Eight newborn infants, gestational ages 32-42 wks (mean 37 ± 3.6) and birthweights 1870-4160 gms (mean 2899 ± 687) were treated with DXM, 1.0 mg/kg IV every 12 hrs for 4 doses for severe respiratory disease secondary to PPHN. All were receiving IPPV and could not be weaned below an FiO2 of 0.65; 7 of 8 were receiving FiO2 ≥ 0.85. Mean age at DXM therapy was 9.8 days (range 6-17) and mean prior duration of FiO2 1.0 was 123 hrs (range 56-189). Parameters monitored before, during, and after therapy included mean airway pressure (PAW), ventilator rate (IMV), FiO2, and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-a DO2). Changes in these parameters from initiation to completion of therapy were: The mean time until FiO2 could be reduced to ≤ 0.5 was 60.7 hrs (range 33-123). The mean time until IMV could be halved was 84.9 hrs (range 28-150). All infants were receiving systemic antibiotics when therapy began; no significant new infections occurred. Transient elevations in serum sodium (2), blood pressure (2), and serum glucose (2) were noted but were not clinically significant. Our observations suggest DXM is beneficial in the treatment of severe respiratory disease in newborns requiring intensive ventilatory management beyond 5 days of age. A controlled clinical trial will be necessary to demonstrate long-term safety and efficacy.
Fracture Spatial Density and the Anisotropic Connectivity of Fracture Networks

The permeability of fractured rock depends on both the average transmissivity of the fractures and on how the fractures connect together to form a network. The connectedness of a network is a function of the spatial density of the fractures, which can be measured directly at the surface or inferred from the subsurface using seismic travel times. Spatial density is related to network connectedness using a new connectivity model based upon the power-law fracture length distribution commonly observed in the field. Numerical simulations suggest that for effective spatial densities less than approximately one (which include the typical range of effective spatial densities observed on outcrops), the new model provides a reasonable estimate of the connectivity of power-law networks for typical values of the power-law exponent. A review of the typical range of fracture apertures determined from field and laboratory tests suggests that while the new model, in conjunction with field observations, constrains the connectivity of a network, in the absence of additional information on the average fracture transmissivity the new methodology does not significantly constrain the overall conductivity of fractured rock. Therefore, the practical application of indirect geologic and geophysical data to predict the conductivity of fractured rock requires new methods for estimating average fracture transmissivities from the structural, mechanical, and geophysical properties of fractured rock.
Social Context and Social Capital

This research uses a three-part concept of social capital that incorporates structural elements, cognitive elements, and collective action, to explore cross-national variation in social capital. The forms and levels of social capital can be influenced by individual characteristics, such as gender and education level, and by macrolevel social context. Using data from the World Values Survey for thirty-three low- and middle-income countries, this study uses multilevel models to explore how governance, inequality, and general social conditions affect social capital. It is found that polity type matters for social capital levels, but the quality of governance does not. Democracy has a strong positive effect on levels of social capital, relative to more autocratic polity types. However, control of corruption has a negative effect. Even after controlling for a wide variety of macrolevel phenomena, social capital varies dramatically between countries. This finding lends support to the idea that cultural factors ...
Presacral epidermoid cysts in women.

Abstract The congenital presacral epidermoid cyst is an exceedingly rare pelvic tumor. It is a type of inclusion cyst, which probably results from cells which are detached from the anal plate, when the latter is canalized to form the anal canal. Such a cyst may remain silent for years, to be unexpectedly encountered at the time of labor or a pelvic laparotomy. Being prone to suppuration, such a cyst may be converted by infection into an abscess. Digital examination of the rectum is essential to diagnosis. The ideal treatment is elective total extirpation through a longitudinal parasacral incision, which includes coccygectomy. An infected cyst should be treated by incision and drainage. From an obstetrical standpoint, most patients may safety be delivered per vaginam, although cesarean section is indicated in the event of dystocia.
Distinct Subsets of FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells Participate in the Control of Immune Responses

Expression of the transcription factor FoxP3 is the hallmark of regulatory T cells that play a crucial role in dampening immune responses. A comparison of the development and phenotype of FoxP3(+) T cells in relation to the expression of conventional MHC molecules facilitated the identification of several distinct lineages of naive and effector/memory populations of Foxp3(+) T cells. One subpopulation of effector/memory Foxp3(+) T cells develops in the thymic medulla, whereas the second is thymic independent. Both lineages display a distinct activated phenotype, undergo extensive steady-state proliferation, home to sites of acute inflammation, and are unique in their capacity to mediate Ag-nonspecific suppression of T cell activation directly ex vivo. Effector FoxP3(+) T cells may act as a sentinel of tolerance, providing a first line of defense against potentially harmful responses by rapidly suppressing immunity to peripheral self-Ags.
Pneumococcal serotype evolution in Western Europe

Pneumococcal diseases remain a leading cause of vaccine-preventable death worldwide in children <5 years of age. The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was approved in 2001 in Europe and was introduced into the national immunization programmes of many European countries from 2006–2008. In 2009, higher-valent PCVs (PCV10 and PCV13) became available, replacing PCV7 from 2009–2011. This article describes the evolution of vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) following the introduction of PCVs in Western Europe, based on data from publicly-available medical publications and national surveillance systems from January 2010 to May 2015. In countries with high vaccine uptake, 5–7 years after PCV7 introduction IPD caused by vaccine serotypes has almost disappeared in children. Non-PCV7 serotypes have emerged, particularly serotypes 19A, 7 F, 3 and 1. A rapid and significant reduction of the additional serotypes included in higher-valent vaccines has been observed consistently following the introduction of these vaccines. A significant and rapid decline of serotypes 19A, 7 F, 1 and 6A in both vaccine-eligible and older age groups has been observed in countries using PCV13 while serotype 19A and 3 has increased in countries using PCV10. Serotype 3 has become one of the most prevalent serotypes in adults, with some reduction only in the UK and France. Serotype diversity increased and varied by age group, the type of vaccine in use, and the time since the introduction of higher-valent PCVs. Serotypes that are currently more frequent include 24 F, 22 F, 8 and 15A in countries that use PCV13, and serotypes 19A and 3 in countries that use PCV10. Compared with the time before the introduction of higher valent PCVs, to date, there is no single ‘19A-like’ serotype emerging across countries and most of the newly emerging non-PCV13 vaccine types are less invasive with a low case-carrier ratio. It is important to closely monitor not only evolving serotypes but also the magnitude of the effect in order to evaluate the overall impact of pneumococcal vaccination programmes and to initiate the appropriate vaccination strategy. Emerging serotypes may also need to be considered for the future development of new vaccines.
Dopamine-dependent contralateral circling induced by neurotensin applied unilaterally to the ventral tegmental area in rats.

Abstract Unilateral application of neurotensin (5, 10, and 15 μg) to the ventral tegmental area in rats caused contralateral circling. Pretreatment with pimozide (0.5 mg/kg) blocked the behavior. As is the case with circling elicited by unilateral ventral tegmental morphine, the diameter of the circles made by the animals was determined by environmental factors rather than by internal motor programming.
Influence of nuclear-trajectory variations on atomic-excitation probabilities

Slight variations in the relative motion of two colliding atoms on the excitation amplitudes of the electronic states are discussed. A new theoretical method is proposed which leads to a simple calculation of the electronic amplitudes for a modified classical trajectory $\overline{R}(t)$ provided the exact solution is known for one particular time dependence $R(t)$. This is of considerable importance for practical calculations. The method is applied to deeply inelastic collisions between very heavy atoms and may be utilized also for muonic states during muon-induced fission.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Heavy ions; influence of nuclear trajectory on atomic excitations.
Exothermic Reactions behind a Reflected Shock

THE use of reflected shock waves to initiate exothermic reactions in a shock tube is commonly concerned with the ignition of oxygen and simple fuel molecules. The speed of the incident shock, Us, determines the speed of the reflected shock, Ur, and the temperature, T5, at which the reaction takes place. If T5 is sufficiently high, an explosion occurs almost instantaneously and the reflected shock leaves the end plate at high speed because of the release of the energy of combustion. At lower temperatures there is an induction period, τ, before reaction occurs; a combustion-driven wave then sets out after the slower non-reactive reflected shock and eventually the two waves coalesce. The use of large windows near the end plate of the shock tube has permitted streak photography of this phenomenon for carbon monoxide–oxygen1 and hydrogen–oxygen–argon2 mixtures. A typical record is depicted in Fig. 1.
Prediction of wear in a sliding system

Abstract In previous publications, the author and his co-workers have presented two models concerning wear prediction in sliding systems. The first model, the zero-wear model, enables one to predict analytically the amount of sliding required to produce wear of the order of the surface finish. The second model, the measurable-wear model, enables one to predict how wear, which is greater than the surface finish, will increase with increasing amounts of sliding. With the model for measurable wear, however, it was not possible to predict analytically how the wear would depend on other parameters of the system (e.g., load, material constants, etc.). This paper explores the possibility of using the zero-wear model, in conjunction with the measurable-wear model, to predict these dependencies. The results of this combined model were compared with experimental data obtained for several different sliding systems; good agreement was found between the theoretical calculations and experimental data.
Achieving Adequate Outcomes in Geriatric Depression: Standardized Criteria for Remission

In the management of late-life depression, a major set of issues concerns the terms or language used to describe the course of illness and response to treatment. There appear to be considerable advantages in the application of standardized remission criteria. If one is primarily concerned with symptomatic remission and the resolution of a single or initial episode of depression, then a moderately strict criterion is sufficient, for example, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) < or = 10. However, as the goal of treatment is to achieve complete recovery, which may reduce the risk for either relapse or recurrence, then there may be a strong advantage in applying a more stringent remission criterion such as HRSD < or = 6 or 7. The characteristics of the response pattern (ie, trajectory of clinical course) also can provide important prognostic information. Such pattern characteristics can be modeled with newer statistical methods, which in turn can better inform the course of future treatment. Finally, there is growing recognition that standardized remission criteria can be valuable for establishing treatment guidelines for late-life depression, as well as for educating clinicians and consumers.
The effect of a strong magnetic field on age-hardening of iron-chromium alloys

Abstract Magnetic aging at 14 Tesla produced an increase in the hardness of Fe-Cr alloys, and the effect is reversible during subsequent thermal aging. It was particularly effective in retarding thermal recovery of prior cold work. The effect becomes more pronounced at higher chromium concentrations, where it is equivalent to a shift of 10°C of the phase boundary at 20–23% Cr. These results are interpreted in terms of field-induced precipitation of a paramagnetic phase. The kinetics of age-hardening and thermal recovery is considered. The observed field-induced precipitation should cause additional hardening/embrittlement in ferritic candidate alloys in first wall applications in magnetic fusion devices.
Dietary fats, cholesterol and iron as risk factors for Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Epidemiologic findings suggest that dietary components may contribute to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). This population-based case–control study evaluated PD risk and dietary intake of fats, cholesterol and iron. Methods Newly diagnosed case ( n = 420) and age/gender/ethnicity-matched unrelated controls ( n = 560) were identified between 1992 and 2006 from the Group Health Cooperative health maintenance organization in western Washington State, and the University of Washington Neurology Clinic. In-person interviews elicited data on food frequency habits during most of adult life. Nutritional intakes were calculated and analyzed, with adjustments made for total energy intake (the ‘nutrition density’ technique). Results Cholesterol intake in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile was associated with a decreased risk of PD in men (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.33, 0.86). The highest versus the lowest quartile of dietary iron increased PD risk in men (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.11, 2.99). When the lowest quartile of cholesterol and the highest quartile for iron were compared to the highest quartile of cholesterol and the lowest quartile of iron, no association was seen in women, but for men PD risk was increased (OR = 2.70, 95%CI: 1.26, 5.76). Saturated fat intake below the median in combination with iron intake above the median also increased the PD risk (OR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.07, 2.11) in both genders combined. Conclusions A low intake of cholesterol, particularly in the presence of high iron, may be associated with an increased risk for PD.
Separating the Cost of Capital from the Other Carrying Charges in a Discounting Formulation of the EOQ Problem

The standard EOQ problem is studied from a cash flow point of view. The present value of the stream of cash disbursements is minimised, where the discount rate is the cost of capital, ICAP, rather than the total carrying charge, I. The value of I, which is used in the EOQ formula, contains two terms, ICAP + ΔI, where ΔI represents the additional carrying costs such as obsolescence, handling, etc. The purpose of this paper is to derive a formula for the errors which accrue when the simpler EOQ approach is used.
Two studies of children of divorce

The nature and correlates of children's and adolescents' attributions of blame for the divorce are explored. The relationship between parents' and youngsters' perceptions of youngsters' divorce adjustment is also examined.
Classifying properties: an alternative to the safety-liveness classification

Traditionally, verification properties have been classified as safety or liveness properties. While this taxonomy has an attractive simplicity and is useful for identifying the appropriate analysis algorithm for checking a property, determining whether a property is safety, liveness, or neither can require significant mathematical insight on the part of the analyst. In this paper, we present an alternative property taxonomy. We argue that this taxonomy is a more natural classification of the kinds of questions that analysts want to ask. Moreover, most classes in our taxonomy have a known, direct mapping to the safety-liveness classification, and thus the appropriate analysis algorithm can be automatically determined.
Natural convection of microparticle suspensions in thin enclosures

Abstract Natural convection experiments were performed with aluminum oxide microparticle aqueous suspensions in thin enclosures of circular planform at angles of inclination to the horizontal of 90°, 30° and 0°. The average size of the aluminum oxide particles was about 250 nm, and volume fractions of 1.31% and 2.72% were used. The aspect ratio varied from 50.7 to 10.9, and the maximum Raleigh number was 3 × 105. No effect of particles on the Nusselt number–Rayleigh number relation was found for the vertical enclosure at 90°. However at 30° and 0° (horizontal) there was a decrease in Nusselt number compared to pure water, which was pronounced at lower Rayleigh number and higher particle concentrations. This anomalous behavior is attributed to sedimentation.
Party leaders and presidentialism in the 1992 election: A post‐war perspective

(1993). Party leaders and presidentialism in the 1992 election: A post‐war perspective. British Elections and Parties Yearbook: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 193-204.
Giant plexiform neurofibroma causing asymptomatic cervical spinal cord compression in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1.

A 12-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) presented with a giant mass involving the posterior head and neck. The mass was present since 6 months of age and showed considerable growth over the past 2 years that caused extensive disfigurement that was deemed inoperable due to its size prior to immigration to USA. Physical examination revealed neurocutaneous findings consistent with NF-1. Neurological examination including mental status, cranial nerves, motor, sensory, …
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LIPIDS FROM THE CHICKEN PREEN GLAND

Although the preen gland of chickens contain 39% fat, it is still discarded or sent to rendering plants along with the other waste from the poultry processing plants. This study was conducted to determine some of the physical properties and to characterize the fatty acids of the oil from the preen gland. A low temperature solvent extraction using an isopropyl alcohol-hexane system was used to extract the oil from the preen gland. The values obtained for specific gravity (0.9086), melting point (17–28°C), iodine number (66.04), and saponification value (197.4) were within the range of values reported for chicken fat. The fatty acid distribution of the preen gland oil as determined by gas chromatographic analysis was very similar to the distribution of fatty acids that were reported for abdominal adipose lipids. Oxidized flavors could not be detected after holding the oil at 40°C for 8 days. These results indicate that the oil of the preen gland can be efficiently extracted and the quality of the oil is such that it could be used as a commercial chicken fat in the food industry.
Empirical Bayesian Regularization of the Inverse Problem for Diffuse Optical Tomography with Multiple Priors

Image reconstruction of diffuse optical data is underdetermined inverse problem requiring regularization to obtain accurate images. We describe the application of empirical Bayesian methods to obtain optimal regularization levels based on maximizing the log-likelihood function.
On the control of lysogeny in phage λ

Abstract The int (prophage integration) gene of phage λ requires the product of gene N for expression. However, in the presence of the immunity repressor the N product of a heteroimmune phage is not sufficient to induce a high level of int expression, although there is a low level of int expression under these conditions. The relevance of these findings to lysogeny and control of gene expression is discussed.
THE EMERGENCE OF ANTIBODIES WITH EITHER IDENTICAL OR UNRELATED INDIVIDUAL ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY DURING REPEATED IMMUNIZATIONS WITH STREPTOCOCCAL VACCINES

Electrophoretically monodisperse antibody components in rabbit antisera to the carbohydrates of the Groups A and C streptococci have been examined for their individual antigenic specificity. In these antibody components which were isolated by preparative electrophoresis, individual antigenic specificity was confined to the specific antibody and was absent in the nonantibody γ-globulin. Radioprecipitation experiments and the use of immune absorbent columns constructed from goat anti-antisera, which had been absorbed with fraction II, revealed that all the specific antibody in an electrophoretically monodisperse component was reactive with the homologous anti-antibody. Antibodies with either identical or distinct individual antigenic specificities may occur in the same rabbit with repeated immunizations. Antibodies with identical antigenic specificity had identical electrophoretic mobility, whereas antibodies with unrelated antigenic specificities had distinct electrophoretic mobilities. In the interval between immunizations, if antibody to the carbohydrate antigen was absent, there was no detectable antibody with individual antigenic specificity.
Molecular determinants of activation and membrane targeting of phosphoinositol 4-kinase IIβ

Mammalian cells contain two isoforms of the type II PI4K (phosphoinositol 4-kinase), PI4KIIalpha and beta. These 55 kDa proteins have highly diverse N-terminal regions (approximately residues 1-90) but conserved catalytic domains (approximately from residue 91 to the C-termini). Nearly the entire pool of PI4KIIalpha behaves as an integral membrane protein, in spite of a lack of a transmembrane domain. This integral association with membranes is due to palmitoylation of a cysteine-rich motif, CCPCC, located within the catalytic domain. Although the CCPCC motif is conserved in PI4KIIbeta, only 50% of PI4KIIbeta is membrane-associated, and approximately half of this pool is only peripherally attached to the membranes. Growth factor stimulation or overexpression of a constitutively active Rac mutant induces the translocation of a portion of cytosolic PI4KIIbeta to plasma membrane ruffles and stimulates its activity. Here, we demonstrate that membrane-associated PI4KIIbeta undergoes two modifications, palmitoylation and phosphorylation. The cytosolic pool of PI4KIIbeta is not palmitoylated and has much lower lipid kinase activity than the membrane-associated kinase. Although only membrane-associated PI4KIIbeta is phosphorylated in the unique N-terminal region, this modification apparently does not influence its membrane binding or activity. A series of truncation mutants and alpha/beta chimaeras were generated to identify regions responsible for the isoform-specific behaviour of the kinases. Surprisingly, the C-terminal approx. 160 residues, and not the diverse N-terminal regions, contain the sites that are most important in determining the different solubilities, palmitoylation states and stimulus-dependent redistributions of PI4KIIalpha and beta.
Preserved Hearing Following Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery

Audiologic test results were reviewed for 30 patients whose hearing was preserved following eighth nerve tumor surgery. Speech reception thresholds, 4,000-Hz thresholds, acoustic reflexes, and ABR ...
A Model-Driven Development Approach to Integrating Requirements, Design and Simulations in the Early Stages of Product Development

Decisions made in the early stages of the product development lifecycle have significant impact on the downstream activities. However, existing tools supporting decision-making and product verification at these stages are very limited. One of the obvious reasons is the lack of a common understanding between the system-level design activity and the design activities within the various participating engineering disciplines. In this paper, we propose a collaboration solution which we have developed and commercialized based on the model-driven development platform that allows numerous engineers from heterogeneous engineering disciplines to collaborate on the development of a complex system, such as an automobile. It helps engineers apprehend the system holistically and collectively thus make better architectural decisions. More specifically, this solution connects discipline-specific designs and simulations with the system-level requirements that trigger them in order to facilitate the integration of development efforts and to enable system-level evaluation of the design concepts early in the product development processes. Our approach provides an effective way to trace and analyze the impact of requirements and design changes, facilitates reuse of simulation artifacts for the optimization of future product designs, and supports decision-making activities at the system level. We illustrate our approach in the context of a automotive use case involving mechanical, requirement and safety engineers respectively using their own authoring environments but collectively in synch on the total system thanks to an SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) based integration between their authoring environments.© 2007 ASME
Jasperoid float and stream cobbles as tools in geochemical exploration for hydrothermal ore deposits

Abstract Fragments of silicified rocks that are associated with deposits of base and precious metals may be transported as cobbles and pebbles in alluvium far downstream from the source outcrop. These rocks commonly exhibit certain characteristics which distinguish them from other detrital siliceous material, and may thus serve as a useful tool in reconnaissance geochemical exploration The predominant characteristics of jasperoid samples, classified according to genesis, type of host rock, and proximity to base and precious metal deposits have been tabulated from a large master file containing descriptive and analytical information on jasperoid samples representing more than a hundred areas in the United States. Jasperoid that is genetically and spatially associated with ore deposits is generally dark gray or brown in color, brecciated, phaneritic, and vuggy. Jasperoids associated with lead and zinc deposits exhibit extensive halos of lead and silver anomalies, and more restricted zinc and gold anomalies. Those related to copper deposits show extensive copper, silver, and gold anomalies, and more restricted bismuth and molybdenum anomalies. Jasperoid related to gold deposits tends to exhibit extensive gold and silver anomalies and more restricted titanium, barium, vanadium, molybdenum, and rare-earth element anomalies.
Targeting and retention of Golgi membrane proteins

Recent cloning of genes encoding membrane proteins of the Golgi complex has allowed investigation of protein targeting to this organelle. Targeting signals have been identified in three glycosyltransferases, a viral envelope protein and several proteins of the trans-Golgi network. Interestingly, the targeting signals for membrane proteins of the Golgi stacks seem to be contained in transmembrane domains. Information in the cytoplasmic tails is required for the targeting of trans-Golgi network proteins. Mechanisms involving both retention and retrieval have been invoked.
The connotative meaning of some animal symbols for college students.

(1963). The Connotative Meaning of Some Animal Symbols for College Students. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 60-67.
A scaled floating body cell (FBC) memory with high-k+metal gate on thin-silicon and thin-BOX for 16-nm technology node and beyond

A scaled, undoped, thin-BOX, planar FBC technology is demonstrated for the first time, featuring 10-nm BOX, 25-nm SOI, high-k, metal gate, separate back-gate (BG) doping, and raised source-drain epitaxy. Retention of a minimum 3-muA sensing window for 100 ms, in devices with 60-nm gate-length (Lg) and 70-nm diffusion width (W), represents the best retention time of all sub-100-nm FBC devices. FBC scaling is predicted to be feasible at least to 40-nm Lg, enabling memory cell sizes much smaller than 6T-SRAM at 16-nm technology node. Functional 32-nm Lg devices suggest the feasibility at the 11-nm technology node.
Recent progress on molecular hydrogen in Orion

The H2 emission from the Orion Molecular Cloud is, by an order of magnitude, the brightest known example of H2 emission, offering a means by which to estimate quantities connected with the mass flow. The size, temperature, velocity, and intensity of the lines can be used to infer the mass loss rate, the rate at which momentum is yielded to the cloud through masss loss, and the energy dissipation rate as the cloud is disrupted internally. Attention is accordingly given to the most recent observational results, with respect to morphology, extinction, level populations, and excitation temperature. The estimates concerning the mass loss phenomenon derived from H2 observations yield approximately the same numbers of those inferred from CO and H2O maser observations.