cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene transcripts: New insights into the pattern of TH gene expression in the locus coeruleus under pharmacological stimulation

To document the subcellular compartmentalization of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) primary (heterogeneous nuclear, hnRNA) and processed mRNA transcripts in vivo, we have studied the expression of the TH gene in the locus coeruleus of the rat brain in basal conditions and under pharmacological stimulation by reserpine. Using exon-specific probes and electron microscopic in situ hybridization in reserpine-treated animals, we have demonstrated that the TH mRNA is localized both in the perikaryal cytoplasm (in association with domains of the endoplasmic reticulum) and in the nucleus (in large and smaller aggregates). By comparing hybridization patterns with intron- and exon-specific probes, we have shown that the two main foci of nuclear TH RNA labeling correspond to the Primary (hnRNA) transcript, while accessory secondary tracks or dots represent mature transcript devoid of introns. Finally, our data indicate that the pattern of expression of the TH gene is heterogeneous within the locus coeruleus neuron population. Under basal conditions, many neurons exhibit no detectable intro signal, although all locus coeruleus neurons express the TH gene. Other neurons display high intron labeling, and obviously express the gene at a much higher level. Upon reserpine stimulation, the number of neurons displaying detectable intro signals, as well as the intensity of the intron signal per neuron progressively increases during the first 24 h, suggesting that TH expressing neurons are progressively recruited for higher expression of this gene as the stimulation progresses.
Prostaglandins: biphasic dose responses.

Biphasic dose responses induced by prostaglandins are documented and assessed with respect to quantitative features of their dose-response functions, mechanistic foundation, and biological generalizability. Biphasic responses were seen for multiple endpoints, including DNA synthesis, neutrophil migration, corticoster-one production, fibroblast proliferation, and other parameters. In addition, numerous nonsteroidal antiinflamma-tory agents and other drugs alter prostaglandin concentrations and/or transport in a biphasic dose- response manner. These findings have considerable implications for the understanding of basic biological regulatory processes as well as clinical practices.
Temporal-spatial activation of apoptosis and epithelial injury in murine experimental biliary atresia.

Biliary atresia is a fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy that obstructs the extrahepatic bile ducts in young infants. Although the pathogenesis of the disease is undefined, studies in livers from affected children and neonatal mice with experimental biliary atresia have shown increased expression of proapoptosis molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that apoptosis is a significant mechanism of injury to duct epithelium. To test this hypothesis, we quantified apoptosis using terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling and active caspase-3 staining in livers and extrahepatic bile ducts from Balb/c mice infected with Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) within 24 hours of birth. RRV induced a significant increase in labeled cells in the portal tracts and in epithelial and subepithelial compartments of extrahepatic bile ducts, with onset within 3 days and peaks at 5–10 days. Exploring mechanisms of injury, we found increased biliary expression of caspases 1 and 4 and of interferon-gamma (IFNγ)–related and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)–related genes. Using a cholangiocyte cell line, we found that neither IFNγ nor TNFα alone affected cell viability; however, simultaneous exposure to IFNγ and TNFα activated caspase-3 and decreased cell viability. Inhibition of caspase activity blocked apoptosis and restored viability to cultured cholangiocytes. In vivo, administration of the caspase inhibitor IDN-8050 decreased apoptosis in the duct epithelium and the extent of epithelial injury after RRV challenge. Conclusion: The biliary epithelium undergoes early activation of apoptosis in a mouse model of biliary atresia. The synergistic role of IFNγ and TNFα in activating caspase-3 in cholangiocytes and the decreased apoptosis following pharmacologic inhibition of caspases support a prominent role for apoptosis in the pathogenesis of experimental biliary atresia. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
The C-kit receptor and its possible signaling transduction pathway in mouse spermatozoa

The presence and role of the c-kit protein was investigated in the mature sperm of the mouse. The c-kit monoclonal antibody (mAb) ACK2 reacted specifically with the acrosomal region and the principal piece of fixed noncapacitated sperm but did not react with the acrosome region in acrosome-reacted sperm. ACK2 significantly inhibited the acrosome reaction; this inhibition was relieved by the calcium ionophore A23187. The kit ligand stem cell factor (SCF) significantly increased the percentage of sperm undergoing acrosome reaction. This increase was partially inhibited by the calcium channel inhibitor (verapamil), the PI3k inhibitor (wortmannin), and the PLC inhibitor (U-73122). ACK2 predominantly recognized c-kit proteins of 33, 48, and 150 kDa by Western blotting of mouse sperm extracts. The 48- and 150-kDa protein bands were released into the media and tyrosine autophosphorylated at low basal levels during acrosome reaction. On stimulation with SCF, the level of c-kit phosphorylation increased significantly. These findings suggest that c-kit is present in mature sperm, and its binding to SCF may result in the activation of PLC gamma 1 and PI3K, leading to receptor autophosphorylation, and ultimately may play a role in capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction.
Melanocytomalytic glaucoma in eyes with necrotic iris melanocytoma

Abstract Objective Iris melanocytoma, although histologically benign, may undergo spontaneous necrosis with the resultant pigment dispersion causing secondary open-angle glaucoma. The authors describe the clinical findings in three patients with this syndrome and review the current literature. Design The study design was a small case series. Participants Three patients with secondary glaucoma caused by a necrotic iris melanocytoma participated. Intervention Clinical records and pathologic preparations were reviewed. The diagnosis of iris melanocytoma was confirmed by histopathologic examination in all three cases. Results All patients had intrinsically pigmented localized iris tumors and pigmentation of the angle. Hyperchromic heterochromia iridum was noticeable in all patients. In two instances, a central crater in the lesion signified tumor necrosis. Two patients were treated successfully by surgical resection of the iris tumor and the glaucoma resolved. One patient was treated with enucleation. In all patients, histopathologic analysis disclosed extensively necrotic tumor comprised of maximally pigmented nevus cells with bland nuclei and infiltration of the trabecular meshwork by melanophages. Conclusion Secondary glaucoma may result from obstruction of the trabecular meshwork with necrotic iris melanocytoma. Resection of the tumor may relieve the glaucoma.
Equation of state of NaCl: Ultrasonic measurements to 8 kbar and 800°C and static lattice theory

Abstract The elastic properties of NaCl have been measured ultrasonically as a function of pressure and temperature, from 0 to 8 kbar and from 300 to 800°K. Together with zero pressure data on thermal expansivity and heat capacity, these data permit the specification of the equation of state ( PVT ) throughout the P–T range measured. This permits extrapolation of high temperature ( T > θ D ) data to zero temperature for comparison with properties predicted for a static lattice. A Born lattice model calculation shows the importance of second nearest neighbor interactions, ionicity and the functional form of the potential. The measured equation of state permits detailed comparison with theory, and the separation of volume and temperature effects. Gruneisen's parameters is shown to be primarily dependent on volume, with small temperature dependence; it is not a linear function however.
Post-genomics and the neutral theory:variation and conservation in the tumor necrosis factor-α promoter

In the post-genomics era, molecular evolutionary geneticists have come to possess the molecular, statistical, and computational tools for estimating the relative importance of selection and random genetic drift in virtually any gene in almost any organism. We have examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and nucleotide divergence across a region of approximately 1 kb in the promoter of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene. TNF-alpha, which plays an important role in lymphocyte biology and in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases, is tightly regulated at the level of transcription through sequence-specific binding of transcription factors to cognate binding sites in a relatively small region of the 5' non-coding region of the gene. Analysis of the promoter region in 207 human chromosomes revealed nine SNPs, none of which were located in regions known to be important in transcriptional activation. Comparison with one promoter sequence in each of seven species of primates revealed 162 nucleotide sites occupied by a monomorphic nucleotide in the human sample but occupied by a different nucleotide in at least one of the primate sequences (a 'fixed human difference'). The fixed human differences were found outside the regions known to be important in transcriptional activation, and their large number suggests that they might be effectively neutral (Ns<<1). With regard to the human SNPs, although the hypothesis Ns approximately 0 cannot be rejected, the sample configurations suggest that the substitutions might be mildly deleterious. We emphasize the analytical insight to be gained from interspecific comparisons: through the interspecific comparisons, 3.1% of the total sequence information yielded 94.7% of the variable nucleotides. This combined approach, using interspecific comparisons and human polymorphism together with data from functional analyses, provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history and regulation of a key gene in the human immune response.
Role of nitric oxide in cerebral blood flow abnormalities after traumatic brain injury.

Nitric oxide (NO) has important regulatory functions within the central nervous system. NO is oxidized in vivo to nitrate and nitrite (NOx). Measurement of these products gives an index of NO produ...
Sodium nitroprusside, an endothelium-derived relaxing factor congener, increases platelet cyclic GMP levels and inhibits epinephrine-exacerbated in vivo platelet thrombus formation in stenosed canine coronary arteries

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitrosovasodilator, increases platelet cyclic GMP levels and inhibits platelet activity in vitro. The antiplatelet properties of SNP are not well established in vivo, however, and consequently are not appreciated by clinicians. In our established model of mechanically stenosed canine coronary arteries (MSCA) with intimal damage, periodic acute platelet thrombus formation (APTF) occurs, followed by embolization distally, which then causes cyclic flow reductions (CFRs) in coronary blood flow. Aspirin (ASA) abolished platelet-mediated CFRs in our model, but they recur when epinephrine (EPI) is infused (0.2 microgram/kg/min). SNP was given continuously intravenously (i.v.) to 17 dogs with MSCA; CFRs were abolished in all dogs by SNP at 4.4 +/- 2.7 micrograms/kg/min (mean +/- SD). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased by 19 +/- 9 mm Hg (p < 0.001) from control, while heart rate (HR) increased 35 +/- 20 beats/min (p < 0.001). Platelet cyclic GMP levels were 2.9 +/- 1.1 pmol/10(8) platelets before SNP infusion, and increased to 4.3 +/- 1.6 pmol/10(8) platelets (p < 0.05) when CFRs were abolished. CFRs were not renewed during the continued SNP infusion when EPI was infused at 0.2 microgram/kg/min for 20 min in 11 dogs, but CFRs returned within 5-25 min after the SNP infusion was terminated. The return of CFRs occurred together with a decrease in platelet cyclic GMP levels to 3.3 +/- 1.4 pmol/10(8) platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Telomere DNA content and allelic imbalance demonstrate field cancerization in histologically normal tissue adjacent to breast tumors

Cancer arises from an accumulation of mutations that promote the selection of cells with progressively malignant phenotypes. Previous studies have shown that genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer cells, is a driving force in this process. In the present study, two markers of genomic instability, telomere DNA content and allelic imbalance, were examined in two independent cohorts of mammary carcinomas. Altered telomeres and unbalanced allelic loci were present in both tumors and surrounding histologically normal tissues at distances at least 1 cm from the visible tumor margins. Although the extent of these genetic changes decreases as a function of the distance from the visible tumor margin, unbalanced loci are conserved between the surrounding tissues and the tumors, implying cellular clonal evolution. Our results are in agreement with the concepts of "field cancerization" and "cancer field effect," concepts that were previously introduced to describe areas within tissues consisting of histologically normal, yet genetically aberrant, cells that represent fertile grounds for tumorigenesis. The finding that genomic instability occurs in fields of histologically normal tissues surrounding the tumor is of clinical importance, as it has implications for the definition of appropriate tumor margins and the assessment of recurrence risk factors in the context of breast-sparing surgery.
Does virtual team composition matter? Trait and problem-solving configuration effects on team performance

Due to the increased importance and usage of self-managed virtual teams, many recent studies have examined factors that affect their success. One such factor that merits examination is the configuration or composition of virtual teams. This article tackles this point by 1 empirically testing trait-configuration effects on virtual team performance, which are based on supplementary, complementary and interaction person-team fit perspectives and 2 extending the suggested trait-configuration model to include virtual team configuration in terms of the perceived problem-solving demands of the task as a predictor of team performance. To this end, median regression techniques were applied to data from 62 self-managed virtual teams that used an asynchronous bulletin board for working on a case study analysis. The findings suggest a plausible negative main effect of within-team conscientiousness heterogeneity on team performance, operationalised as standardised team grade. This effect depends on the level of the within-team extroversion heterogeneity which helps to mitigate the negative effect of within-team conscientiousness heterogeneity on team performance. Furthermore, within-team heterogeneity of the perceived problem-solving demands of the task reduces team performance. Overall, this study proves that virtual team configuration matters, and demonstrates that the joint utilisation of multiple person-team fit perspectives for improving virtual team performance has merit. Implications for research and practice are further discussed.
Elevated CD4 antigen expression among activated T cells in lymph nodes draining mammary regions chronically exposed to Staphylococcus aureus antigen.

Abstract We examined the cell cycle distribution and subset marker characteristics of mucosal-associated supramammary lymph node (MALN) T cell subpopulations at sites proximal and distal to the mammary region of animals repeatedly injected with Staphylococcus aureus antigen. Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of draining MALNs showed that CD4 + T cells expressed significantly greater amounts of CD4 surface antigen than corresponding cell populations in non-draining MALNs. In contrast, the intensity of CD8 surface antigen expression among draining MALN CD8 + cells remained unchanged. Draining and non-draining MALNs contained nearly equal proportions of large CD4 + T cell subpopulations (CD4/CD8 ratio) with the former having greater cell numbers undergoing active DNA synthesis (S+G 2 M phase) in vivo . Similarly, draining MALNs had greater cell numbers of small CD4 + lymphocytes in the S+G 2 M phase, although with lower CD4/CD8 ratios of corresponding cell populations in non-draining MALNs. This study demonstrates that prolonged exposure with Staph aureus antigen enhances the cell number and expression of CD4 surface antigen among T lymphocyte subpopulations actively synthesizing DNA in draining MALNs. The role of the CD4 antigen in inflammatory responses at sites proximal (draining) and distal (non draining) to chronic infection within the mammary/mucosal immune network is discussed.
Metabolism of anthranilic hydroxamic acid by rat liver

Abstract The hydroxamate corresponding to anthranilic acid was found to disappear when incubated with rat liver slices. The properties of this enzyme system were studied and compared with those of the enzymes which attack nicotinhydroxamate (NicHA) and benzohydroxamate (BenzHA). Intact cells are required; freezing the liver, or marked alterations of osmolarity, inactivate the enzyme. No activity could be obtained in homogenates, or in homogenates to which many possible activators had been added. Nicotinhydroxamate is reduced by homogenates, and BenzHA is rapidly hydrolyzed, producing hydroxylamine in the process. Mouse ascites tumor cells contain the enzyme for anthranilhydroxamic acid (AHA) but not for BenzHA. The AHA. enzyme is inhibited by cyanide and by hydroxylamine but not by fluoride. The BenzHA enzyme is inhibited by fluoride but not by the other two. The properties of the end product formed during incubation of AHA and liver slices were compared with those of anthranilic acid and anthranilamide. The end product could be diazotized and was extracted by ether from alkaline incubation mixtures but not from acid ones. The rate of the development of the color after coupling is rapid and follows exactly that of anthranilamide; that from anthranilic acid develops much more slowly. Chromatography followed by diazotization gave R f values for anthranilic acid, end product, and anthranilamide of 31, 69, and 70, respectively. No traces of other diazotizable materials were seen. Finally, quantitative estimations of end product calculated as anthranilamide formed, compared with the AHA which disappeared, yielded 95–100% of the amide.
On the existence of inflection points in minimum energy problems

Existence of inflection points in cost vs terminal time curve for linear minimum energy regulator
TH-A-19A-05: Modeling Physics Properties and Biologic Effects Induced by Proton and Helium Ions

Purpose: Currently, proton and carbon ions are used for cancer treatment. More recently, other light ions including helium ions have shown interesting physical and biological properties. The purpose of this work is to study the biological and physical properties of helium ions (He-3) in comparison to protons. Methods: Monte Carlo simulations with FLUKA, GEANT4 and MCNPX were used to calculate proton and He-3 dose distributions in water phantoms. The energy spectra of proton and He-3 beams were calculated with high resolution for use in biological models. The repair-misrepairfixation (RMF) model was subsequently used to calculate the RBE. Results: The proton Bragg curve calculations show good agreement between the three general purpose Monte Carlo codes. In contrast, the He-3 Bragg curve calculations show disagreement (for the magnitude of the Bragg peak) between FLUKA and the other two Monte Carlo codes. The differences in the magnitude of the Bragg peak are mainly due to the discrepancy in the secondary fragmentation cross sections used by the codes. The RBE for V79 cell lines is about 0.96 and 0.98 at the entrance of proton and He-3 ions depth dose respectively. The RBE increases to 1.06 and 1.59 at the Bragg peak of proton and He-3 ions. The results demonstrated that LET, microdosimetric parameters (such as dose-mean lineal energy) and RBE are nearly constant along the plateau region of Bragg curve, while all parameters increase within the Bragg peak and at the distal edge for both proton and He-3 ions. Conclusion: The Monte Carlo codes should revise the fragmentation cross sections to more accurately simulate the physical properties of He-3 ions. The increase in RBE for He-3 ions is higher than for proton beams at the Bragg peak.
Defatting heptocytes under flow

There is a critical shortage of transplantable livers in both the US and the world. One method to increase the donor pool is to develop methodology to recondition extended criteria donor grafts, a large portion of which are moderate to severe macrosteatotic livers. Transplantation of these livers often leads to primary nonfunction caused by an increased susceptibility to the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury that result from the harvesting, transportation, and transplantation of the liver. Our lab has developed a novel cocktail of defatting reagents that can, over a period of two days, render hepatocytes lean and with good cell viability and function. Despite this accomplishment, in order to be feasibly performed in a clinical setting, the defatting process must be completed in a matter of hours. The current project focuses on understanding the differences between defatting in a static versus flow environment and then using this information to develop the ideal parameters for defatting whole organs. Our hypothesis in the current work is that using flow and the appropriate defatting agents, steatotic hepatocytes can be defatted in a clinically relevant time of hours, without decreasing cell viability or function. In order to test this hypothesis, a perfusion reactor was constructed which holds microscope slides that can be seeded with fatty hepatocytes. Perfusion of defatting media was performed at different flow rates over a six hour period. Results showed that within a six hour period, significant defatting (as compared to static cultures) was observed at both 2.0 and 4.0 ml/min as indicated by oil red O staining. Current experiments are focused on further evaluation of hepatocyte viability and function (e.g. albumin, urea, and cytochrome P450 function). These types of parametric experiments will form the basis for future perfusions with whole organs from obese rats.
Prediction of impact forces using Hertzian contact theory and measured modal structural data

Abstract A method is presented for predicting the impact force between a mass of known velocity and a structure using measured frequency response functions to characterise the dynamics of the underlying structure and a Hertzian model of the local contact stiffness at the point of impact. The method is applied by obtaining Laplace domain parameters determined by curvefitting the measured frequency response functions and writing linear state equations to characterise the structure. The non-linear contact stiffness is represented by a two parameter Hertzian model, identified by matching a predicted force pulse with a measured force pulse. It is shown that the non-linear dynamic characteristics of an elastomeric pad at the point of contact are modeled very satisfactorily by static Hertz theory during the deformation period and reasonably well during the restitution period of impact.
The psychiatric consultation checklist: A structured from to improve the clarity of psychiatric consultation requests

Abstract Medical specialty consultation is requested to obtain expert review of a patients's condition. The specialist usually receives a case synopsis with pertinent positives and negatives and a specific request for assistance. In contrast, the psychiatrist often gets a statement of diagnostic speculation (e.g., “depressed”) with a request to “please evaluate.” Classically, the psychiatric consultant begins with open-ended empathic questioning in an attempt to redefine the written consultation question. However, given the difficulty consultees have in forming questions, and increasing time limitations, a more structured approach to obtaining data might assist both the consultee (M.D. requesting assistance) and the consultant (psychiatrist). The Psychiatric Consultation Checklist (PCC) was devised to function as a paper “expert” questioning system to provide such assistance. In a pilot study, 10 administrations of the PCC took an average of 3.6 minutes. In comparison to consultations using standard forms, more data were supplied in several categories when the PCC was used, particularly regarding patient stressors, patient behaviors of concern, and consultee speculation on psychiatric diagnostic formulation. The PCC may be used in consultation research, for assessment and education of physicians in training (regarding psychiatric issues in the medical/surgical setting), and for general clinical consultation purposes.
Brain-stem and cortical interactions in the interhemispheric delayed response.

Acute experiments on cats under chloralose anesthesia were designed to study the role of the brain stem in the transmission of the interhemispheric delayed response (IDR). Experiments on interaction of potentials recorded in brain stem and at cortex led to the conclusion that the IDR is relayed to the contralateral hemisphere via routes which pass through the general area of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Other brain-stem areas, not directly in the pathway, also have access to the cortical fields discharging the IDR. During passage through the mesencephalon and elaboration at the cortex the IDR comes under the influence of afferent activity. To a more or less considerable extent, depending on the time relationships, this interaction is reciprocal. Characteristics of the IDR were investigated and the findings confirmed in preparations with brains radically split longitudinally in the mid-line. An integrative function based upon cortical-brain-stem-cortical and afferent activity is suggested for the IDR system.
532 SERUM COTININE MEASURES PASSIVE SMOKING IN YOUNG CHILDREN

Investigating the health consequences of passive smoking would be aided by a quantitative measure of tobacco smoke exposure. We studied whether cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, could be detected by radioimmunoassay in the serum of young children and used as a measure of household exposure to tobacco smoke. Our subjects were 46 healthy children, aged 7 months to 5 years, in a group day care center. After a serum sample was obtained from each child, a telephone smoking questionnaire was administered to the child's parents. Serum cotinine proved to be a valid indicator of passive smoking in these children. Median cotinine concentration was 4 ng/ml (range 0 to 11 ng/ml) in exposed children and 0 ng/ml (range 0 to 4 ng/ml) in unexposed children (p<.0001). Serum cotinine correlated well with the reported total number of cigarettes consumed daily in each child's home (r=.69, p=.0004). Serum cotinine concentration can be used as a measure of exposure in studies of the long term health consequences of tobacco smoke inhalation in early life.
Developing Biofuel in the Teaching Laboratory: Ethanol from Various Sources

In this series of experiments, we mimic a small-scale ethanol plant. Students discover that the practical aspects of ethanol production are determined by the quantity of biomass produced per unit land, rather than the volume of ethanol produced per unit of biomass. These experiments explore the production of ethanol from different sources: fruits, corn, potato starch, and grass. Students have the opportunity to ferment and distill ethanol from these sources and explore the advantages and disadvantages of each. We designed these experiments for the first-semester organic chemistry laboratory where students are introduced to a series of new techniques designed to build laboratory skills. Students can apply newly learned skills to the development of renewable energy.
Measurements of bubbles formed in boiling Methanol

The photographic method was used to measure bubble sizes and frequencies for methanol boiling at atmospheric pressure outside a 3/8-in. O.D., steam-heated, horizontal copper tube. The average temperature of the tube was measured by use of the tube as a resistance thermometer. For nucleate boiling at heat fluxes up to 80% of the maximum, the product of bubble diameter and frequency was constant at 4 in./sec. In this region both the Rohsenow equation and the Forster-Zuber equation gave good predictions of the heat transfer. At higher fluxes the product f × D increased and the equations were much less suitable. The critical temperature difference for copper to methanol was not a single value but was a region extending from 52° to 62°F. The heat flux was nearly constant throughout this range at a maximum of 115,000 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.). For film boiling, f × D was nearly constant at 11 sec.−1 Bromley's equation was unsuitable for ΔT values less than 180°F., but it became applicable at this ΔT. The use of Nusselt's equation for steam condensing inside the tube was found to be satisfactory, proof that the slight slope of the tube was sufficient to permit adequate condensate drainage.
The Total synthesis of (+)-artemisinin and (+)-9-desmethyltemesinin

Abstract (+)-Artemisinin has been synthesized from the 3R-methylcyclohexanone 4 in 12 steps.
Expected Microwave Absorption Coefficients of Water and Related Molecules

The microwave absorption of water and related molecules is of interest for practical and theoretical reasons. Since these molecules are asymmetric rotors, the occurrence of lines is a matter of chance and the calculation of their intensities is rather difficult. The line strengths of all transitions of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O up to $J=6$ have been calculated exactly and the transformation matrices are given explicitly. Van Vleck has shown that the observed intensity of the ${6}_{16}$-${6}_{23}$ radar line can be accounted for theoretically, by use of the calculated value of the line strength. The microwave absorption of HDO and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O is also predicted with the use of the dipole moment and half-width of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O which are presumably the same in the isotopic molecules. In addition, it is pointed out that HDO has components along both the least and intermediate axes of inertia. The selection rules for the former are quite different from the latter (obtaining in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O), and give rise to transitions between levels which are components of doubly degenerate levels in the limiting case of the symmetric rotor. This splitting varies in magnitude so that lines of HDO should appear throughout the radio and microwave regions. One of these lines has been discovered at 0.7441 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and is interpreted as the ${5}_{33}$-${5}_{32}$ transition predicted at 0.79 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The calculated absorption coefficient is 26\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ which is in excellent agreement with the observed value of 30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The microwave absorption of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$Se is discussed, and it is pointed out that HDS and HDSe will also have many lines in this region.
Fetal blood volume, urine flow, swallowing, and amniotic fluid volume responses to long-term intravascular infusions of saline.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a long-term infusion into the fetal circulaton on fetal and amniotic fluid dynamics. In 10 chronically catheterized fetal sheep averaging 130 ± 1 (SE) days' gestation, a balanced, isotonic electrolyte solution (Isolyte S) was infused continuously for 5 days into a fetal vein at a rate of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 0 L/day, respectively. During the infusion, fetal blood volume increased by a maximum of 6.4 ± 2.0% (p
Sporadic cretinism with goiter occurring in identical twins

Summary Identical twins with sporadic cretinism with goiter are presented. These children at first were erroneously thought to have cystic hygromas of the neck. They have responded well to treatment with desiccated thyroid extract, and their neck masses have disappeared completely. Although rare, sporadic goitrous cretinism does occur and should be included in the differential diagnosis of neck masses in infancy and childhood so that appropriate studies may be obtained, diagnosis made, and treatment instituted early.
The aromatization of linoleic acid with palladium catalyst

Hydrogen transfer catalysts are known to promote the elaidinization and conjugation of unsaturated fatty acid derivatives. More extensive reactions were indicated when palladium was tried as a polymerization catalyst. A subsequent study showed that methyl linoleate could be readily cyclized and aromatized in the presence of palladium.
Management of pregnancy-induced hypertension with pindolol--comparative study with methyldopa.

Abstract Thirty-two consecutive women with pregnancy-induced hypertension of early onset were randomly allocated to treatment with pindolol or methyldopa. There was no difference between the groups in regard to the average time of delivery (36.33 vs. 36.6 weeks) and weight of the newborn (2850 vs. 2870 g). A significant drop in systotic (P
Role of the Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) in Pharmacovigilance and Proper Use of Therapeutics

According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on the Assessment of the U.S. Drug Safety System, “The recent highly publicized controversies surrounding the safety of some drugs have contributed to a public perception that the drug safety system is in crisis. It seems fair to say that this perception has created an opportunity for a thorough evaluation of the U.S. drug safety system.”1 The evaluation was focused on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To improve the FDA and its function in the public health system to improve therapeutics, it is critical to understand the contributions of other components. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 82 118–121. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100251
Nerve-sparing Prostatectomy and Urinary Function: A Prospective Analysis Using Validated Quality-of-life Measures

Objectives To prospectively study whether urinary function and bother are directly related to neurovascular bundle preservation at radical prostatectomy using validated quality-of-life questionnaires. Methods A total of 91 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were prospectively studied using the University of California, Los Angeles, Prostate Cancer Index and the International Prostate Symptom Score. The patients were divided into 2 groups (>50% nerve sparing vs ≤50% nerve sparing). To control for differences in the 2 groups, linear mixed models were performed to adjust for the time after surgery, preoperative sexual ability, and urinary function. Results Of the 91 patients, 62 (68%) had >50% nerve-sparing during prostatectomy. Their mean age at surgery was 59 ± 6 years, and the mean follow-up was 16 ± 9 months. Of the 91 patients, 29 (32%) had ≤50% nerve sparing during prostatectomy. Their mean age at surgery was 64 ± 8 years, and the mean follow-up was 13 ± 7 months. Increased nerve sparing was associated with better urinary function ( P = .014) and less urinary bother ( P = .043). After adjusting for preoperative variables, the increased nerve-sparing group scored 8.4 points (95% confidence interval 1.3-15.4) higher for urinary function and 8.5 points (95% confidence interval 0.3-16.8) higher for urinary bother compared with the group. The International Prostate Symptom Score improved in both groups of patients, and no significant differences were found between the 2 groups. Conclusions The results of our study have shown that nerve-sparing prostatectomy is associated with improvement in urinary function and bother. This improvement was modest and is of unknown clinical significance.
Self-organization of coordinative movement patterns ☆

Abstract We present a strictly operational approach — in which theoretical tools and experimental data are developed together — to the problem of understanding the coordination of movement patterns. The empirical aspects are guided by synergetics, a theory of spontaneous pattern formation in open systems. Following an outline of our theoretical strategy, recent experimental results are reviewed that demonstrate the validity of the approach. From these studies, it is possible to establish the linkage between order-order transitions in movement behavior and other nonequilibrium phase transitions in nature. Behavioral patterns (corresponding to low-dimensional attractors for collective variables) and their dynamics are shown to arise in a purely self-organized fashion from cooperative coupling among individual components. This step has been implemented analytically and computationally. The insights gained from the present research allow a generalization in the form of seven theoretical propositions that aim at characterizing pattern formation, stability and change in complex, biological systems. In turn, a number of new research directions emerge, including studies of the collective dynamics of the environment-movement system, learning, and multiple-limb coordination.
The role of L-serine dehydratase in the metabolism of L-serine in the perfused rat liver

Abstract 1. 1. To determine the role of L -serine dehydratase ( L -serine hydrolyase, deaminating, EC 4.2.1.13) in L -serine metabolism in the rat liver, experiments involving in situ liver perfusion, metabolite measurement in freeze-clamped tissues and enzyme activity determinations were conducted. 2. 2. Results from liver perfusion experiments showed that the maximal rate of gluconeogenesis from 10 mM L -serine was identical to that from equimolar quantity of L -lactate or pyruvate in starved animals. Combining L -serine and L -lactate in the perfusion medium did not produce glucose at a faster rate than with either L -lactate or L -serine alone. Glucose formation from L -serine or L -lactate was inhibited by 4.8 mM quinolinate which was reversible by 4.8 mM MnCl 2 . 3. 3. Metabolite measurements revealed that perfusion with L -serine increased liver concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, aspartate, malate, and glutamate. The presence of 4.8 mM quinolinate further elevated the levels of aspartate, malate and glutamate. These metabolite levels dropped after the reversal of quinolinate inhibition by MnCl 2 . 4. 4. The increase in glucogenic rate from L -serine by starvation was paralleled by similar increase in serine dehydratase activity in the supernatant fraction of liver homogenate and L -serine disappearance from the perfusion medium. 5. 5. These results strongly suggest that a major portion of L -serine was metabolized by L -serine dehydratase in the perfused rat liver.
Wireless seismometer for venus

Measuring the seismic activity of Venus is critical to understanding its composition and interior dynamics. Because Venus has an average surface temperature of 462 °C and the challenge of providing cooling to multiple seismometers, a high temperature, wireless sensor using a wide bandgap semiconductor is an attractive option. This paper presents progress towards a seismometer sensor with wireless capabilities for Venus applications. A variation in inductance of a coil caused by a 1 cm movement of a ferrite probe held in the coil and attached to a balanced leaf-spring seismometer causes a variation of 80 MHz in the transmitted signal from the oscillator/sensor system at 420 °C, which correlates to a 10 kHz/mm sensitivity when the ferrite probe is located at the optimum location in the coil.
Differences in Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens in Cultured Human Epithelial Tissues and Cells

The metabolism of chemical carcinogens has been studied in cultured human bronchus, colon, duodenum, pancreatic duct, and esophagus. Metabolite patterns and carcinogen-DNA adducts are generally qualitatively similar among animal species, individuals within a species, and tissues within an individual. However, wide quantitative differences are observed between individuals in out-bred animal species, including humans. These interindividual differences in amounts of carcinogen-DNA adducts and in activities of enzymes that are important in the metabolism of chemical carcinogens are similar in magnitude (10-to 150-fold) to those observed in pharmacogenetic studies of drug metabolism. The role of these differences as risk factors in human cancer is being investigated.
Edge-plasma properties of the UCLA tokamaks

Probe measurements of the edge plasmas of the Macrotor and Microtor tokamaks are described. Limiter scrape-off layer thicknesses as measured with Langmuir probes are for Macrotor λ7–10 cm and for Microtor λ ~ 1 cm, both values being consistent with the Bohm diffusion rate. Heat deposition measured with thermocouples attached to small probes shows an anomalously high heat flux, particularly from the electron drift direction. It is argued that the anomalous particle diffusion is most likely associated with the large edge density fluctuations, while the anomalous heat flux is most likely due to a directed high-energy electron population.
Canonical form with respect to semiscalar equivalence for a matrix pencil with nonsingular first matrix

Polynomial n × n matrices A(x) and B(x) over a field $ \mathbb{F} $ are called semiscalar equivalent if there exist a nonsingular n × n matrix P over $ \mathbb{F} $ and an invertible n × n matrix Q(x) over $ \mathbb{F} $ [x] such that A(x) = PB(x)Q(x). We give a canonical form with respect to semiscalar equivalence for a matrix pencil A(x) = A 0x - A 1, where A 0 and A 1 are n × n matrices over $ \mathbb{F} $ , and A 0 is nonsingular.
Condition of elementary flatness and the two-particle Curzon solution

Abstract The condition of elementary flatness — used in demonstrating the existence of a strut (along r = 0) in the two-particle Curzon solution of the Einstein field equations — is given a rigorous foundation. We show, by using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, that if elementary flatness is violated then the spacetime including r = 0 is not a lorentzian manifold.
Uncertain tax rules and futures hedging

This paper considers the optimal futures hedging decision under uncertain tax treatment. If the Corn Products (CP) rule applies, gains or losses from futures trading can offset business gains or losses. However, under the Arkansas Best (AB) doctrine, offsetting is not allowed. We show that the risk neutral firm will not trade futures contracts if the probability the CP rule prevails is small. When the probability is sufficiently large, the firm will assume an underhedge. A risk averse firm is likely to trade, even if the AB rule prevails. As long as the CP ruling is not a sure thing, the firm will engage in underhedge. The effects of average business profits, the volatility of business profits, and risk aversion on the optimal futures position are provided. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approach to the Patient Evaluation Using Static and Dynamic Hip Pathomechanics

The etiology of mechanical hip pain in the absence of osteoarthritic changes requires a careful consideration of static and dynamic factors. Dynamic factors result from abnormal stress and contact between the femoral head and acetabular rim with hip motion, whereas static factors result from asymmetric and supraphysiologic loads between the femoral head and acetabular socket when in the standing or axially loaded position. Compensatory motion resulting from restricted terminal hip motion may adversely affect dynamic muscle forces across the hip joint, leading to several other related extra-articular symptoms and pain. An appreciation of abnormal hip morphology and hip joint mechanics is required to understand the important role of both static and dynamic stresses in the development of hip pain and early onset osteoarthritis in the young hip. This review describes the static and dynamic factors associated with mechanical hip pain to allow for the development of a thoughtful and effective treatment plan.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen XXVI. Phosphor‐31 chemische Verschiebungen in primären Phosphinen

An empirical equation is given which allows the calculation of the 31P-chemical shifts of primary phosphines.
Short note: Distinguishing correct from incorrect PML proposals and a corrected unsplit PML for anisotropic, dispersive media

We show that some previous proposals for perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbers in anisotropic media or for waveguides at oblique incidence are not, in fact true PMLs; in previous work we similarly showed a failure of several PML proposals for periodic media (photonic crystals). We therefore argue that a more careful validation scheme is required for PML proposals, in contrast to past authors who have typically checked only that reflections are small for a fixed resolution, and suggest a simple validation scheme that can be readily applied to any PML proposal regardless of derivation or implementation. We demonstrate this test for a corrected, unsplit-field PML valid for anisotropic, dispersive media, implemented in both planewave-expansion and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods.
Electrochemical synthesis of 3D ordered ferromagnetic nickel replicas using self-assembled colloidal crystal templates

3D ordered nickel replicas of colloidal crystals were fabricated by electrodeposition into colloidal crystal templates. Colloidal crystals were self-assembled in a lateral flow cell that was also used for electrodeposition. We show that 3D replicas with thicknesses up to 100 μm can be formed over relatively large areas using this approach. We also show that the magnetic properties of the replicas are characteristic of a 3D nanostructured network.
Experiments on Wave-Transition Spectra and Vacillation in an Open Rotating Cylinder

Abstract Rotating thermal convection experiments, of the same type as those carried out in the early 1950's, were conducted using an open cylinder with rim heating and center cooling. Many improvements, especially provision of a rim-thermostatted bath, allowed far more stable and reproducible results to be obtained. Moderate internal heating distributions due to ordinary incandescent lights were found to produce profound alterations in the fluid responses over rotation ranges that in the earlier works led only to irregular Rossby regime flows. All the qualitative types of flow observed in the extensive work on annulus convection-completely symmetric Hadley flows, steady waves and periodic vacillation states-were found with transition curves on at least one spectrum diagram as sharp or sharper than those previously observed only in annuli. Thus comparatively small changes of the vertical distribution of diabatic heating are capable of switching the system response completely to a sharply defined spectrum. ...
The effect of frozen ovarian autografts on compensatory ovulation and steroid production in unilaterally ovariectomized rats.

The effect of frozen ovarian autografts on compensatory ovulation and steroid production was investigated in unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) rats. The surgically removed ovary was frozen for 13 days and after allowing the remaining ovary to compensate with respect to number of ova shed the frozen graft was thawed and transplanted subcutaneously to determine the effect on ovulation number cycle length uterine weigh t ovarian weight and plasma levels of estradiol-17 beta and progesteron e. Rats ULO at 45 days of age which received an autograft 13 days later had a decrease in the number of eggs shed as compared to control ULO rats (6.4 vs. 11.1 eggs respectively) and a decrease in plasma estradiol (14.5 vs. 21 pg/ml). Rats ULO at 31 days of age showed no differences in comparison to control ULO rats. Castrates which received ovarian autografts revealed cycling vaginal smears and had increased estradiol (31.9 pg/ml) and decreased progesterone (18.3 ng/ml) levels. These results demonstrate that the amount of ovarian tissue influences ovulation number either by utilization of gonadotropins or by an undefined mechanism.