cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tropical intraseasonal oscillations in a simple nonlinear model

Abstract This study examines two possible mechanisms responsible for the selection of the preferred period of the Madden and Julian (40–50 day) oscillation. A global two-level nonlinear model with a positive-only CISK-type cumulus heating parameterization is used to simulate the oscillation, which appears when the SST exceeds a critical value for instability of CISK type. Longitudinal variations of tropical SST are imposed so that a stable and an unstable region coexist. When the cold SST sector is sufficiently stable, the CISK wave propagates efficiently through the stable region in the form of a damped moisture-modified Kelvin wave, and reemerges in the unstable region where its amplitude grows. When the SST in the stable sector is set closer to the instability threshold, the moist Kelvin wave slows down and decays before reentering the unstable region, but the CISK perturbation periodically regenerates over the warm waters in response to a local buildup of instability. This last experiment implies a ne...
The utility of B72.3, carcinoembryonic antigen, and Leu M-1 in cell blocks: an adjunct to fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung.

BACKGROUND The distinction of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) or reactive alveolar cell hyperplasia (RAH) can be difficult on aspiration cytology, even when cell block preparations are available. The authors evaluated the usefulness of B72.3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and Leu M-1 immunostains in differentiating BAC, AAH, and RAH. METHODS Immunostains for B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1 were performed on cell block sections from 11 lung lesions that were diagnosed cytologically as BAC (6 lesions) and “atypical cells, cannot exclude BAC” (5 lesions). Ten histologic sections of AAH and 8 histologic sections of RAH also were stained. RESULTS Among the six lesions that had an unequivocal cytologic diagnosis of BAC, all sections were positive for two of three immunostains. Tissue follow-up confirmed BAC in all six lesions. Among the five lesions that were diagnosed as “atypical cells, cannot exclude BAC,” four lesions were positive for two of three immunostains, and one lesion was negative for all three immunostains. Subsequent tissue follow-up confirmed BAC in four of these lesions. Follow-up histology of the wedge resection on the lesion in the atypical category that was negative for B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1 showed only AAH. All 10 lesions that had a histologic diagnosis of AAH and 8 lesions that had a histologic diagnosis RAH were negative for B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1. CONCLUSIONS Positive staining for at least 2 immunostains among B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1 provided strong supportive evidence for the diagnosis of BAC, and a negative result for all 3 immunostains was helpful in excluding BAC and in differentiating BAC from AAH and RAH. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Virtual sub-metering via combined classifiers

The aim of virtual sub-metering is to disaggregate and report the operation of individual electrical loads beyond the single measurement point. Traditional non-intrusive load monitoring methods (steady state load classification, transient pattern analysis) usually fail if many similar loads are connected beyond the measurement point. This situation can be often encountered in commercial and public buildings. This paper provides a way how to substantially improve the performance of virtual sub-metering in this target environment via using combined classifier approach. The proposed algorithm utilize only inputs which are typically already available within the standard Building Management System (BMS) and combine this diverse information in an appropriate manner to get the results as well as their confidence.
A numerical comparison of some prediction densities for the normal linear model

Abstract Based upon the computed values of the Kullback-Leibler divergence, the relative advantage of an optimal prediction density for the normal linear model over three well-known competitors is displayed and discussed.
Understanding biomedicai research collaborations through social network analysis: A case study

A recent surge of research on social networks and their characteristics has attracted an increasing amount of interests from the community of biomedicine and biomedical informatics. Social network analysis (SNA) methods have been regarded as an effective tool to assess inter- and intra-institution research collaborations in the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) community. In this paper, we present a case study of SNA on the research collaboration networks (RCNs) at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) - a CTSA institution. We have applied graph theoretical analyses to the RCNs prior to and after the CTSA award at UAMS. By virtue of quantitative measures, we have obtained valuable insights into the network dynamics and topological characteristics of the research environment. Moreover, through observing the temporal evolution of the RCNs at UAMS, we are able to demonstrate the effectiveness of the CTSA program and its important role in promoting trans-disciplinary collaborative research within an institution.
Section's e‐mail list keeps members informed

For years the geomagnetic/paleomagnetic community has used an e-mail list as an important means of communication. It was started by Sue Beske-Diehl and turned over to AGU management 3 years ago. Submissions to the list (gpmag@agu.org) are sent to ltauxe@wizard.ucsd.edu, who reviews them for suitability and sends them out to the recipients of the e-mail list. The recipients are distributed among two separate lists. The first is drawn from those identified as GP section members in the online membership directory at AGU and the second is a private list maintained by Lisa Tauxe. Anyone can be added to the latter on request (ltauxe@ucsd.edu).
The Neutron Science TeraGrid Gateway, a TeraGrid Science Gateway to Support the Spallation Neutron Source

The National Science Foundation's Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF), or TeraGrid (http://www.teragrid.org/), is entering its operational phase. An example of an ETF science gateway effort is the Neutron Science TeraGrid Gateway (NSTG). The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) resource provider effort (ORNL-RP) now in operation is bridging the gap between a large-scale experimental community and the TeraGrid as a large-scale national cyberinfrastructure. Of particular importance here is the collaboration with the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at ORNL. The U.S. Department of Energy's SNS (http://www.sns.gov/) at ORNL will be commissioned in the spring of 2006 as the world's brightest source of neutrons. Neutron science users can run experiments, generate datasets, perform data reduction, analysis, visualize results, collaborate with remotes users, and archive long-term data in repositories with curation services. The ORNL-RP and the SNS data analysis group have spent 18 months developing and exploring user requirements, including the creation of prototypical services such as a facility portal, data, and application execution services. We describe results from these efforts and discuss implications for science gateway creation. Finally, we show incorporation into implementation planning for the NSTG and SNS architectures. The plan is for a primarily portal-based user interaction supported by a service-oriented architecture for functional implementation. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal Boolean sum-of-product forms in prolog

Abstract The method of consensus taking has been used to develop a program in PROLOG for the symbolic computation of the prime implicants and all the minimal sums for a Boolean expression given in a sum-of-product form.
Structural transitions in myosin and the origin of contractile force in muscle.

Force generation in actively contracting muscle very likely involves a structural transition in each cycling cross-bridge while it is attached to actin. Two different types of force-generating mechanisms are discussed in this paper: (1) the force-generating event results from a change in the effective angle of the myosin head (S-1 subunit) and (2) a conformational change in the α-helical S-2 region of the crossbridge occurs when this portion of the bridge is released from the thick-filament surface. This process causes shortening in S-2 and produces force. Evidence supporting mechanism 2 has been obtained from recent studies of actively contracting muscle fibers and of isolated myosin rod subfragments using an enzyme- (chymotrypsin) probe technique to detect and pinpoint local melting within the α-helical structure. The kinetics of proteolysis and the site of cleavage were determined at various temperatures (5 to 40°C) by electrophoresis of digestion products on SDS gels. We found the cleavage sites to be localized in a restricted segment of S-2 spanning the LMM/HMM hinge region (64,000–90,000 Mr/polypeptide chain from the C-terminus of the myosin rod). The cleavage rate constant for activated muscle fibers in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system was about 100 times larger at each temperature than that for rigor or relaxed muscle fibers, and it showed a marked increase in magnitude with increasing temperature. Comparative plots of the apparent rate constant for cleavage within the S-2 hinge domain and the isometric force generated by active fibers vs MgATP concentration gave closely similar profiles, suggesting a close coupling between the conformational transitions within the S-2 hinge domain and contractile force when the cross-bridges undergo cycling.
Outcome of Biventricular Repair in Infants With Multiple Left Heart Obstructive Lesions

The decision to perform biventricular repair for infants with multiple obstructive or hypoplastic left heart lesions (LHL) and borderline left ventricle (LV) may be controversial. This study sought to assess the mortality and morbidity of patients with LHL after biventricular repair and to determine the growth of the left-sided cardiac structures. Retrospective analysis of 39 consecutive infants with LHL who underwent biventricular repair was performed. The median age at surgery was 7 days (range 1–225 days), and the median follow-up period was 34 months (range 1–177 months). Between diagnosis and the end of the follow-up period, the size of the aortic annulus (z-score −4.1 ± 2.8 vs. −0.1 ± 2.7) and the LV (LV end-diastolic diameter z-score −1.7 ± 2.8 vs. 0.21 ± 1.7) normalized. During the follow-up period, 23 patients required 39 reinterventions (62%) consisting of redo surgery for 21 patients (57%) and catheter-guided reinterventions for 8 patients (22%). At the end of the follow-up period, 25 of 34 patients were doing subjectively well; 10 children (29%) received cardiac medication; 12 (35%) presented with failure to thrive (weight ≤ P3) and 5 (15%) with pulmonary hypertension. The overall mortality rate was 13%. Biventricular repair for patients with multiple LHL results in sufficient growth of the left-sided cardiac structures. Nevertheless, residual or newly developing obstructive lesions and pulmonary hypertension are frequent, causing significant morbidity that requires reintervention.
The coccidia infesting the cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri (Allen), with descriptions of two new species

The oocysts studied were concentrated from the contents of the colon and caecum of the cottontail rabbit. The concentration method of Benbrook (1929) has been found to serve best.
Time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy from bacteria subjected to bactericidal agents

The time-resolved and steady-state changes in fluorescence were investigated from one spore-forming (Bacillus subtilis (Bs)) and four non-spore forming (Escherichia coli (Ec), Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa)) bacteria subjected to different bactericidal agents. The bactericidal agents were sodium hypochlorite (bleach) hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and UV light exposure. Application of sodium hypochlorite resulted in an almost total lose of fluorescence signal and large decrease in the optical density of the bacterial suspension. Addition of hydrogen peroxide resulted in a 35% decrease in emission intensity fom the Sa and an 85-95% decrease for the other bacteria. Ultraviolet light exposure resulted in a 5-35% decrease in the emission intensity of the tryptophan band. The addition of formaldehyde to the bacteria did not result in significant changes in the steady-state emission intensity, but did shift the tryptophan emission peak position to shorter wavelengths by 3 to 5 nm. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements showed that the fluorescence lifetime of tryptophan in the bacteria could not be described by a single exponential decay, and was similar to that of tryptophan in neutral aqueous solution. Upon addition of formaldehyde to the Gram positive bacteria (Bs and Sa) the strength of the short lifetime component increased dramatically, while for the Gram negative bacteria, a smaller increase was observed. These fluorescence changes reflect the different mechanisms of the bactericidal agents and may provide a useful tool to monitor the effectiveness of disinfectants.
TU wave area—Derived measures of repolarization dispersion in the long QT syndrome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate area-derived parameters of repolarization dispersion in LQTS patients and their unaffected family members and to use this analysis to challenge the concept of dispersion of repolarization in surface ECG. The area under the curve between the J point and the next P wave was measured automatically in 12 leads of the digital ECG in 34 LQTS patients and 22 unaffected family members. The area-derived measures of repolarization included total repolarization area, T wave amplitude, time to accumulate the first (tA50) and the median (tA25-75) 50% of the total area, and the time to accumulate 97% of the total repolarization area (tA97). In comparison with unaffected family members, LQTS patients had significantly higher dispersion of tA50 (tA50-SD = 34 +/- 18 ms vs 11 +/- 6 ms, respectively, P < .001) and tA25-75 (t[A25-75]-SD = 44 +/- 19 ms vs 24 +/- 15 ms, respectively, P < .001), whereas no significant difference was observed in the dispersion of total repolarization area, T wave amplitude, and time to accumulate total repolarization area (tA97-SD = 44 +/- 20 ms vs 53 +/- 19 ms, respectively, ns). It is concluded the analysis of area-derived parameters of repolarization showed that LQTS patients have increased interlead variability of the repolarization morphology (tA50-SD and t[A25-75]-SD), whereas they do not have increased dispersion of the total repolarization duration (tA97-SD). This observation indicates that an increase in traditional measures of dispersion (QT dispersion) may represent a heterogeneity of repolarization shape, whereas the true dispersion of the total duration of repolarization, which is related to electrocardiographic lead projection, is similar in patients and healthy subjects.
Oxalate ion as a sacrificial electron donor in the Ru(bpy)32+-methylviologen model photochemical system

Abstract Oxalate ion (C2O42−) reduces Ru(bpy)33+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) in aqueous solution, albeit with rather small rate constants (k = (1.0 ± 0.3) × 105 and (3 ± 1) × 104 M−1 s−1 for μ = 0.30 − 1.0 and 2.1 − 3.0 M respectively). As a result, the scavenging by C2O42− of photochemically-generated Ru(bpy)33+ (Ered° = 1.3 V) from the oxidative quenching (by methylviologen MV2+) of the lowest electronically excited state of Ru(bpy)33+ cannot compete satisfactorily with the electron transfer reaction between Ru(bpy)33+ and MV+ , the reduced methylviologen cation radical (k ≈ 3 × 109 M−1 s−1). Thus the quantum yields of MV+ formation in the continuous photolysis of the Ru(bpy)32+ − MV2+ − C2O42− photochemical system are no higher than approximately 0.02, even under optimized conditions.
Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from Northern California Indicate Undescribed Species

Abstract Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures of Reticulitermes samples from disparate locations in northern California were characterized and correlated with species determinations. Literature records indicate that there are two extant species of Reticulitermes in northern California: Reticulitermes hesperus Banks and R. tibialis Banks. We identified five distinct hydrocarbon phenotypes in Reticulitermes from northern California. Termites were diagnosed morphologically as R. tibialis for all five cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes based on available keys to soldiers. Commonly accepted distributions of Reticulitermes in northern California indicate that our primary collection sites should only produce R. hesperus. On the basis of cuticular hydrocarbons alone we suggest that there are two or more undescribed taxa of Reticulitermes in northern California, or that described species of Reticulitermes occur in northern California, but have never been noticed before. Therefore, we conclude that the taxonomy of Reticulitermes in North America is in need of revision.
Sa-Skya Pandita’s Buddhist Argument For Linguistic Study

Sa-skya Pandita est un philosophe bouddhiste tibetain dont l'A. analyse ce qui peut etre considere comme une analyse linguistique dans des ecrits tels que le «Tresor du Raisonnement» ou la «Porte vers le Dharma». De maniere a souligner l'importance de l'etude de la grammaire, Sa-skya Pandita mele concepts grammaticaux et idees standards dans une philosophie du langage bouddhiste
Intracellular trafficking of KA2 kainate receptors mediated by interactions with coatomer protein complex I (COPI) and 14-3-3 chaperone systems.

Assembly and trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors are processes contingent upon interactions between intracellular chaperone systems and discrete determinants in the receptor proteins. Kainate receptor subunits, which form ionotropic glutamate receptors with diverse roles in the central nervous system, contain a variety of trafficking determinants that promote either membrane expression or intracellular sequestration. In this report, we identify the coatomer protein complex I (COPI) vesicle coat as a critical mechanism for retention of the kainate receptor subunit KA2 in the endoplasmic reticulum. COPI subunits immunoprecipitated with KA2 subunits from both cerebellum and COS-7 cells, and β-COP protein interacted directly with immobilized KA2 peptides containing the arginine-rich retention/retrieval determinant. Association between COPI proteins and KA2 subunits was significantly reduced upon alanine substitution of this signal in the cytoplasmic tail of KA2. Temperature-sensitive degradation of COPI complex proteins was correlated with an increase in plasma membrane localization of the homologous KA2 receptor. Assembly of heteromeric GluR6a/KA2 receptors markedly reduced association of KA2 and COPI. Finally, the reduction in COPI binding was correlated with an increased association with 14-3-3 proteins, which mediate forward trafficking of other integral signaling proteins. These interactions therefore represent a critical early checkpoint for biosynthesis of functional KARs.
Aldehydes from 4,4‐Dimethyl‐2‐Oxazoline and Grignard Reagents: o‐Anisaldehyde

Aldehydes from 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline and grignard reagents: o-anisaldehyde intermediate: oxazolidine product: o-anisaldehyde reactant: 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline reactant: N,4,4-Trimethyl-2-oxazolinium iodide byproduct: 5–10% o-bromoanisole product: C6H5CHO product: C6H5CH2CHO product: C6H5CHCHCHO product: C6H5CCCHO product: 2-CH3OC6H4CDO Keywords: Grignard and related reactions; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline, preparation of; hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA); 2-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide, preparation of; tetrahydrofuran; hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), toxicity; methyl iodide
INCARCERATED WOMEN'S PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING DURING PREGNANCY

To understand experiences of incarcerated pregnant women, 25 pregnant women in a state prison were interviewed. Responses were coded for frequency and intensity of narrative themes. Psychological distress and recall of past relationships with mothers were assessed using questionnaires. Participants reported moderate depression and high hostility and recalled their own mothers as high in control and low in warmth. Depressive symptoms were positively correlated with themes of separation, attachment, visitation, jealousy toward interim caregivers, and cognitive coping. Recalling lower levels of mother's warmth was correlated with more frequent thoughts about reunification with infants. Recalling higher levels of mother's control was correlated with greater confidence in parenting and planning for custody. Implications for mother–infant health and intervention are discussed.
The road ahead: working towards effective clinical translation of myocardial gene therapies.

During the last two decades the fields of molecular and cellular cardiology, and more recently molecular cardiac surgery, have developed rapidly. The concept of delivering cDNA encoding a therapeutic gene to cardiomyocytes using a vector system with substantial cardiac tropism, allowing for long-term expression of a therapeutic protein, has moved from hypothesis to bench to clinical application. However, the clinical results to date are still disappointing. The ideal gene transfer method should be explored in clinically relevant animal models of heart disease to evaluate the relative roles of specific molecular pathways in disease pathogenesis, helping to validate the potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Successful clinical cardiovascular gene therapy also requires the use of nonimmunogenic cardiotropic vectors capable of expressing the requisite amount of therapeutic protein in vivo and in situ. Depending on the desired application either regional or global myocardial gene delivery is required...
Military Triumph, Racial Transcendence, and Colin Powell

A "black kid of no early promise," Colin Powell became the youngest general in the U.S. Army, and then in short order national security advisor, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the nation's secretary of state. What does this extraordinary story reveal about contemporary American political life? Analyzing surveys supplied by the National Election Study and the National Black Election Study, we first establish that Powell's rapid rise to prominence is matched by his remarkable popularity among the American public. Next, we develop and test two possible explanations for Powell's popularity. One supposes that the secret to Powell's high standing with the public lies in his association with success on the battlefield: Powell as the victorious general. The other explanation invokes racial progress, the disappearance of racism among whites, and the decline of identity politics among blacks: Powell as racially transcendent. In the final section of the article, informed by our results, we offer some speculations about American politics today-about the political implications of military accomplishment and about the multiplicity of conditions that are required for Americans to "see through" race.
“Hot spot” contention and combining in multistage interconnection networks

The combining of messages within a multistage switching network has been proposed to reduce memory contention in highly parallel shared-memory multiprocessors, especially for shared lock and synchronization data. A quantitative investigation of the performance impact of such contention and the effectiveness of combining in reducing this impact is reported. The effect of a nonuniform traffic pattern consisting of a single hot spot of higher access rate superimposed on a background of uniform traffic was investigated. The potential degradation due to even moderate hot spot traffic was found to be very significant, severely degrading all memory access, not just access to shared lock locations, due to an effect the authors call tree saturation. The technique of message combining was found to be an effective means of eliminating this problem if it arises due to lock or synchronization contention.
Stoichiometrically Explicit Food Webs: Feedbacks between Resource Supply, Elemental Constraints, and Species Diversity

A stoichiometrically explicit approach to food web ecology yields new insight into promotion and degradation of diversity, changes in species composition along environmental gradients, biomass partitioning among trophic levels, and limitation of primary production. These revelations emerge from food web modules that incorporate fundamental constraints imposed by mass balance and a key trait, stoichiometric body composition, into a species’ niche. These niche components involve a species’ requirements from its environment and its own impacts on its environment. More specifically, stoichiometric composition influences minimal nutrient requirements of consumers (perhaps especially grazers); this component becomes pertinent because large imbalances often arise between nutrient:carbon content of consumers relative to prey. Furthermore, these imbalances then modulate the impact of consumers on their own resources through nutrient recycling. Once these niche components become synthesized, their implications in s...
Fatal Disseminated Infection Due to Exserohilum rostratum in a Patient with Aplastic Anemia: Case Report and Review

Exserohilum rostratum is a dematiaceous fungus that rarely causes infection in humans. We describe a patient with severe aplastic anemia who developed fatal disseminated disease caused by E. rostratum, and we review the English-language literature on this unusual agent. Our patient initially presented with signs and symptoms of sinusitis, which progressed to invasive pulmonary disease. The clinical course and histopathologic findings at autopsy were similar to those seen in cases of invasive aspergillosis or mucormycosis in that a propensity for vascular invasion and dissemination was seen.
Effect of Medical Comorbidity on Response to Fluoxetine Augmentation or Dose Increase in Outpatients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

This study assessed the effect of general medical comorbidity on response to next-step antidepressant treatments among subjects with major depressive disorder whose depression failed to respond to an 8-week open trial of 20 mg/day of fluoxetine. Of the 386 outpatients in the open trial, 101 who remained depressed were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with either an increased dose of fluoxetine or lithium or desipramine augmentation for 4 weeks. The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) was used to assess baseline general medical comorbidity, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms. Logistic regression analysis showed that CIRS score was not associated with likelihood of remission or premature study discontinuation. Medical comorbidity thus does not appear to be associated with significantly poorer outcome among patients whose major depressive disorder failed initially to respond to an initial trial of 20 mg/day of fluoxetine.
Maximization of information content in polarimetric measurements

Given that the constraints on imaging polarimeters drive the design to fewer measurements, a question remains as to how to best choose the individual measurements to optimize information content and make the most reliable reconstruction of the Stokes vector. In this paper a single strategy is developed to design an optimum polarimeter configuration for any dimensionality, any imaging strategy and any number of measurements. The concept is illustrated by an optimization of the variable retardance polarimeter.
Discounting dilemmas: Editors’ introduction

Two developments pose dilemmas for well established discounting techniques: (1) The extremely long time horizons associated with recently prominent environmental policy problems, such as climate change and nuclear waste storage, have made it important to take seriously both benefits to future generations and extreme uncertainties in projecting the returns to policies and future well being. (2) Findings in the burgeoning field of behavioral economics have made it clear that individuals routinely depart significantly from rational prescriptions when making choices over time, thus undermining a bulwark of the discounting approach. These two sets of dilemmas are addressed in a series of papers under the headings normative analyses and behavioral analyses. These papers use concepts from psychology and philosophy to complement their economic approach.
Understanding Aerodynamics Using Computers

It is argued that Aerodynamics Education can benefit from using elementary CFD codes, at least for benchmark problems.
Molecular desorption and secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Experiments and molecular dynamics computer simulations have been conducted to gain insight into the mechanism of desorption of molecules on surfaces subjected to bombardment by energetic particles. The model system is a monolayer of benzene on Ag{111}. The computer simulations are performed using a many body potential function based on the Brenner potential. This function allows interactions between desorbing benzene molecules to be accurately modeled. The experiments utilize multiphoton resonance ionization of desorbed benzene molecules to determine energy, angle, and vibrational state-selected information. The results show there is close agreement between the model and the measurements, providing a confirmation that the physical basis of the calculations, are indeed correct. The benzene molecules are desorbed by direct collisions with substrate atoms and many of the molecules are internally excited enough to be in excited vibrational levels or to undergo fragmentation. For multilayers of benzene on a metal, the desorbed molecules have much lower kinetic energy, suggesting that exothermic chemical reactions in the film may play a role in producing a thermal-like event. The results also show that the excited molecules arise mainly from the surface layer since molecules originating from below the surface tend to be cooled by multiple collisions with other molecules in the interfacial region. The model calculations are extended to show that cooperative uplifting of surface molecules is observed even for species of molecular weight of several thousand Dalton. The context of these experiments and calculations is considered as a consequence of a vision of the mechanism of molecular desorption in secondary ion mass spectrometry presented 20 years ago by Cooks.
Emerging ecommerce credit and debit card protocols

Internet sellers need guaranteed payments for goods and services. Buyers need protection from misuse of their financial accounts. Credit cards dominate the Internet payment world, but merchant fraud is rampant and cardholders are scared. This paper explores emerging protocols and technologies that are being developed to eliminate card fraud and Internet payment methods that will compete with credit cards.
A New Gate Dielectric for Highly Stable Amorphous-Silicon Thin-Film Transistors With $\sim\!\! \hbox{1.5-cm}^{2}/\hbox{V} \cdot \hbox{s}$ Electron Field-Effect Mobility

Hydrogenated amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) in the bottom-gate back-channel-cut geometry were made with a homogeneous SiO2-silicone hybrid as the gate dielectric. The dielectric is deposited in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) system at nominal room temperature, and the a-Si:H channel and n+ source/drain layers are deposited by PE-CVD at 150degC. The threshold voltage VT is ~3V, the subthreshold slope is S ~ 290 mV/decade, the electron field-effect mobility is mu~1.5 cm2/Vldrs, and the on/off current ratio is ~107. The threshold-voltage shift DeltaVT under high-field gate bias is approximately one-half of that in conventional a-Si:H/SiNx TFTs fabricated at 300degC . These results suggest that the SiO2-silicone hybrid material may become the gate dielectric of choice for a-Si:H TFT applications that require high transconductance and high stability.
Bridging, transition, and stuck-open faults in self-testing CMOS checkers

The consequences of bridging, transition, and stuck-open faults in self-testing checkers designed only for single stuck-at faults are examined. A methodology for design that guarantees that the checkers will be self-testing in the presence of bridging, transition and stuck-open faults is established. This methodology is applied to several implementations of self-testing checkers. Simulations confirm that these checkers are self-testing in the presence of bridging, transition, and stuck-open faults. The problems associated with testing the checkers in the presence of non-stuck-at faults and the problems that result from reducing the number of checker outputs from two to one are discussed. It is shown that self-testing checkers designed for stuck-at faults will remain self-testing in the presence of nonclassical faults. >
Ask the Authors

Until recently our understanding of hip pain in young adults has been limited. A minority of such patients had established osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, avascular necrosis, fractures, or childhood hip disease, but the majority had no specific diagnosis. In the last few years there has been increasing recognition of the syndrome of FAI, which seems to account for a large proportion of the previously undiagnosed cases of hip pain in young adults [1,2]. Despite an overwhelming focus on surgery for FAI and only limited attention to nonoperative care for FAI, the optimum treatment for FAI is still not known.
Some Benefits of Creating Macro-Contexts for Science Instruction: Initial Findings

The national concern over the development of higher order thinking and problem solving skills reinforces the assumption that science education must involve more than the mere memorization of factual content. Nevertheless, research also indicates that effective thinking and problem solving depends on the availability of domain-specific knowledge, hence science content cannot be ignored. Our goal in this paper is to present initial data indicating that learning can be enhanced when information is presented in the context of video-based macro-contexts that illustrate how science information can be used to solve meaningful problems. The experiments show positive results through simple uses of technology. The results suggest that more sophisticated uses of technology, especially computer-controlled interactive videodisc technology, would have even greater benefits on comprehension and learning in science. We discuss what some of these more sophisticated uses might be.
Racial differences in the use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy among women undergoing BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic testing

6542 Background: Patients often use both positive and negative BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic test results to aid in surgical management decisions, but little is known about the existence of racial/ethnic differences in the use of genetic test results. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) by race. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed. Women with a personal history of breast cancer who underwent genetic testing for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes at our institution between 1996 and 2008 and were eligible for CPM were included in the study. Genetic test result, race/ethnicity as reported by the patient, years of follow-up since receipt of test result, and decision regarding CPM were recorded. Pearson chi square analyses and Fisher's exact tests were performed to test for significance. Results: 881 women were included in the study. Twenty percent (n = 180) were found to have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, while 80% (n = 701) were found to h...
On the ratio of P-wave to S-wave corner frequencies for shallow earthquake sources

abstract We construct a theoretical three-dimensional kinematical model of shallow-focus earthquake faulting in order to investigate the ratio of the P - and S -wave corner frequencies of the far-field elastic radiation. We attempt to incorporate in this model all of the important gross kinematical features which would arise if ordinary mechanical friction should be the dominant traction resisting fault motion. These features include a self-similar nucleation at a single point, a subsonic spreading of rupture away from that point, and a termination of faulting by smooth deceleration. We show that the ratio of the P -wave corner frequency to the S -wave corner frequency for any model which has these features will be less than unity at all points on the focal sphere.
Single parent attitudes toward sex education.

This study investigated single parent attitudes toward the sex education of their children. A questionnaire was devised to gather data about who should teach sex education to the children in a 1 parent home and how it should be done. An open ended question sought to determine specific problems which might be experienced. A majority of the single respondents agreed that sex education is a responsibility of the parent and school but the family should remain the primary source of attitudes toward sex. Respondents expressed concern over their own sexuality fears about the freer moods toward sex and confidence that single parents have no more problems than 2 parent families in teaching about sexuality. Respondents were randomly selected from attendees at an international convention of the organization "Parents Without Partners." (authors modified)
Ant-Man and the quantum realm

I was in Los Angeles airport, stuffing French fries into my mouth and waiting for a flight to Charlotte, North Carolina, when my phone buzzed. The e-mail was from the Science and Entertainment Exchange, a non-profit organization working to elevate the level of science in the movies, and it told me to report to Atlanta to consult on a new superhero movie: Ant-Man.
The KamLAND Muon Tracking System

The KamLAND detector with an overburden of 2700 m.w.e. measures a muon rate of 0.33 Hz through the inner detector. The neutrons and light nuclei produced by these muons are a significant background to both the reactor neutrino analysis and future solar neutrino analysis. A new detector is being constructed on deck to track a subset of muons as they pass through the inner detector or the surrounding rock. These data will be used to study KamLANDʼs muon detecting and tracking efficiencies and the production of neutrons and light nuclei from muon spallation.
Therapeutic Use of Music and Television in Neurocritical Care: A Practice Survey.

Introduction: Although health care providers often play music via radio, or play television, to calm and sooth patients, limited research is available to guide practice. Method: This study used a 1...
Experimental and Computational Study of the Formation Mechanism of the Diammoniate of Diborane: The Role of Dihydrogen Bonds

The mechanism of formation of ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB) and the diammoniate of diborane ([H2B(NH3)2][BH4], DADB) in the reaction between NH3 and THF·BH3 was explored experimentally and computationally. Ammonia diborane (NH3BH2(μ-H)BH3, AaDB), a long-sought intermediate proposed for the formation of DADB, was directly observed in the reaction using 11B NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that dihydrogen bonds between the initially formed AB and AaDB accelerate the formation of DADB in competition with the formation of AB.
Principles of cost effectiveness analysis for the assessment of current and new therapies.

Economic issues have a prominent place in the debate about reforming the U.S. health care system. If more rational allocations of health care resources are to occur, the principles of decision analysis and clinical economics will need to be understood and used to assess current and new technologies. This requires an explicit assessment of the costs and benefits of a health care intervention, defining the current standard intervention, and clarifying the perspective of the assessment (societal, patient, payer, or provider). Detailed cost accounting of resources is optimal in contrast to costs or charges. These principles were included in 1992 proposed Canadian guidelines for using economic evaluations for adoption of new technologies. Such guidelines provide further impetus for the economic assessment of phase III clinical trials. When applied to peripheral blood progenitor cells, future studies should assess the incremental benefits of the strategy using the progenitor cells, not just the cost savings com...
The social desirability bias in autocrat's electoral ratings: evidence from the 2012 Russian presidential elections

ABSTRACTIn authoritarian regimes, election polls can be vastly polluted by measurement error, namely the social desirability bias, which can contribute to substantial inflation in the publicized estimates of an autocrat's electoral support and voter turnout, seeming to validate falsified election outcomes that match the inflated estimates. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the magnitude of social desirability bias in polling estimates released before and after the 2012 Russian presidential elections by focusing on the implications of Noelle-Neumann's “spiral of silence” theory. The empirical data analysis is based on list experiments from four data samples collected during the Russian presidential campaign. The estimated magnitude of the social desirability bias in Putin's electoral support is statistically significant and reaches approximately 15%. For voter turnout, however, I find social desirability bias of the same order as in Western democracies. My main conclusions are further validated b...
Familial clustering of systemic lupus erythematosus in the cayman islands.

OBJECTIVE To describe the unusual clustering of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a family from the Cayman Islands. METHOD An observational retrospective study of SLE was done following an index case of mixed connective tissue disease in a 51-year old West Indian woman of African descent. Her two daughters of the same father, who is of Cayman Islands origin, were also diagnosed with SLE. A family tree was subsequently drawn up to 1890 to identify other cases in the same family. RESULTS There were 13 cases identified and all occurred between the 6th and the 8th generation. A family tree linked all cases to a man from the Cayman Islands who died in 1890. The nine cases with full medical records showed eight females and one male (8:1). The mean age at diagnosis was 29 years; polyarthritis occured in all nine patients (100%), kidney involvement in 6/9 (66.6%), skin rash in 6/9 (66.6%), pleuritis and pericarditis in 6/9 (66.6%) and anaemia in 6/9 (66.6%). The autoantibodies were mainly ANA in all patients (100%) and anti-dsDNA in 8/9 (88.8%). CONCLUSION The unusual extensive familial clustering in this study represents the first to be described in a West Indian population where SLE is most prevalent and may suggest a genetic predisposition.
Abstract 2896: MEK inhibition controls EGFR level in EGFR-dependent NSCLC cells via deregulated expression of EGF-like ligands

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying MEK inhibitor-induced EGFR down-regulation in EGFR-dependent NSCLC cell lines. Methods: EGFR protein level in A549 and H1975 cell lysates was explored by Western blot assay. A549 and H1975 cell lysates were prepared and separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and blotted on PVDF membranes with antibodies specific for total or phosphorylated forms of EGFR, AKT, and total or phosphorylated ERK1/2. Calnexin or α-tubulin was used as loading control. Analysis of EGFR, HB-EGF and TGFα gene expression was performed using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Total RNA was extracted from cells and used for cDNA synthesis. qPCR was performed using Taqman On-Demand assays for EGFR, TGFα, HB-EGF and GAPDH. Relative quantification was applied using normalization to GAPDH. Results: In the present study we observed that activation of the EGFR signaling cascade is attenuated by inhibition of MEK, resulting in down-regulation of EGFR in EGFR-dependent H1975 cells but not in EGFR-independent A549 cells. Interestingly EGFR down-regulation in H1975 cells does not occur at the level of transcription. However, mRNA expression of HB-EGF and TGFα, ligands overexpressed in EGFR-dependent H1975 cell line, decreased when treated with MEK inhibitor (AZD6244, Astra Zeneca). In contrast, no decrease in expression of either of the ligands was observed in the EGFR-independent A549 cell line following AZD6244 treatment. Interrogation of EGFR turnover using both protein degradation inhibitors and neutralizing anti-EGFR and anti-HB-EGF antibodies suggested that MEK inhibition down-regulates EGFR expression by directing EGFR to lysosomal degradation via deregulated EGFR and ligands interactions. Conclusions: Our results suggest that loss of active ERK1/2 does not directly impact EGFR gene transcription and that MEK inhibition eliminates the signal for EGFR recycling and promotes degradation of EGFR. We assert that the MAPK cascade regulates production of EGF-like ligands responsible for maintaining high levels of active EGFR on which the cells depend. The difference in level of HB-EGF and TGFα ligands observed in EGFR-dependent cells indicates that EGFR signaling in these cells is maintained by both overexpression of ligands and maintenance of active ligands for EGFR interaction. Finally, our findings indicate that targeting EGFR ligand expression via the MAPK pathway may provide therapeutic benefit in EGFR-dependent lung cancer harboring resistant mutation to TKIs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2896. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2896