cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional heterogeneity of the ancient Martian crust: Analysis of Ares Vallis bedrock with THEMIS and TES data

[1] THEMIS multispectral and thermophysical information combined with TES hyperspectral and albedo data is used as a powerful high spectral/spatial resolution tool to investigate the mineralogic heterogeneity of ancient Martian crust exposed in Ares Vallis bedrock. Three major spectral units are present in the upper Ares Vallis region: (1) a regional unit that is composed primarily of a high-silica (Si/O > ∼0.35) component, with lesser amounts of plagioclase and pyroxene, and is associated with channel wall rock and surrounding plains; (2) a pyroxene- and olivine-rich rock unit exposed as a ∼250 m thick contiguous layer in the wall rock of Ares Vallis, as well as in isolated exposures in the plains outside of the channel; and (3) a unit composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, and lesser high-silica component(s) (Si/O > ∼0.35) that primarily occurs as low-albedo sand. The spatial and stratigraphic distribution of these units suggests that the pyroxene- and olivine-enriched unit may be extrusive and/or intrusive in origin, indicating that this region experienced either a single stage or repeated episodes of olivine-enriched magmatism during the first 1.5 Gyr of crust formation. This olivine enrichment may have been caused by a larger degree of mantle partial melting, facilitated by higher mantle temperature, melting from a more depleted mantle source, and/or less olivine fractionation relative to regional rock parent magmas. The olivine-rich unit is similar in thermophysical character to previously published olivine-bearing terrains on Mars, but the derived modal mineralogy consists of >∼20% more pyroxene and less plagioclase than those terrains.
Critical Heat Flux in Horizontal Tube Bundles in Vertical Crossflow of R113

The critical heat flux (CHF) on a single tube in a horizontal bundle subject to an upward crossflow of R113 has been studied in three bundle geometries. Effects of local quality, mass flux, pressure, and bundle geometry on the CHF were investigated. The shapes of the CHF-quality curves display three distinct patterns, which progress from one to another as mass flux increases. At low mass fluxes, the CHF data monotonically decreased with increasing quality. At intermediate mass fluxes with increasing quality, the CHF data initially decreased to a relative minimum, then increased to a relative maximum, and finally began to decrease again as the higher qualities were reached. At high mass fluxes, as quality increased, the CHF rose gradually from the zero quality value to a maximum and then began to decrease. For all mass fluxes, the zero-quality CHF points clustered around an average value, which varied slightly with test section geometry. Mechanisms for the CHF condition are suggested.
Development of a system for evaluating 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors using human whole blood.

Abstract A reliable system for evaluating 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway inhibitors employing human whole blood stimulated by the calcium ionophore, A-23187, and yeast cell walls (YCW) is described. In developing this system, we have shown that leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) can be recovered quantitatively from whole blood, and can be measured with accuracy and a precision (standard deviation) of ± 129% Apparent differences in LTB 4 /5-HETE levels between donors can be minimized by normalizing the LTB 4 /5-HETE production to neutrophil number. Variability in LTB 4 /5-HETE production among different donors was reduced by increasing the ionophore concentration. The kinetics of ionophore stimulated product production display a 1–4 min lag which is dependent on ionophore concentration. The lag is removed by pretreatment of blood with 5 μg/ml cytochalasin B. Likewise, the kinetics of product formation after stimulation with yeast cell walls demonstrated a lag period, which could be shortened by prior opsonization of the YCW. The amount of LTB 4 metabolism to 20-OH-LTB 4 and 20-COOH-LTB 4 in this system is approximately 20%. Phenidone, nordihydroguaiaref acid, and nafazatrom, known inhibitors of the 5-LO pathway, display half-maximal inhibition points of 0.4, 1.5, and 9 μg/ml, respectively. In summary, we believe that this assay offers a guide for predicting systemic levels of drug needed to be achieved for effective inhibition of cellular LTB 4 /5-HETE synthesis/release in humans.
Composite solitons in /sup 3/He-A in a restricted geometry

The composite soliton in a narrow circular cylinder with radius R ($l{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) is studied theoretically, where ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ (\ensuremath{\simeq} 10 \ensuremath{\mu}m) is the dipole coherence distance. The resulting satellite frequency could account for the second transverse resonance frequency in narrow cylinders observed by Gould and Lee. We also consider the possible effect of thermal fluctuations of spin waves and the soliton density for a narrow cylinder. For a cylinder with $R\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ \ensuremath{\mu}m, the thermal effects appear to be negligible. However, for a cylinder with $R\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5$ \ensuremath{\mu}m, these effects may become experimentally accessible.
In Situ X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Nonclassical Catalytic Hydrogenation with an Iron(II) Catecholate Immobilized on a Porous Organic Polymer

The oxidation state and coordination number of immobilized iron catecholate EtO2Fe(CAT-POP) were determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) under a variety of conditions. We find the as-prepared material to be three-coordinate Fe2+ that readily oxidizes to Fe3+ upon exposure to air but remains three-coordinate. Both the reduced and oxidized Fe(CAT-POP) catalyze olefin hydrogenation in batch and flow reactors. We determined the catalytic rates for both species and also observed by means of XAS that the oxidation state of the iron centers does not change in hydrogen at the reaction temperature. Therefore, we postulate that the mechanism of hydrogenation by Fe(CAT-POP) proceeds through one of several possible nonclassical mechanisms, which are discussed.
A modified algebra of currents in broken chiral symmetry

Abstract A method of relaxing the usual hypothesis that the algebra of currents is unaffected by chiral symmetry breaking is proposed and investigated. While the equal-time SU(3) ⊗ SU(3) charge algebra is retained, the space components of the currents are allowed to transform generally among themselves under commutation with the nonconserved charges, resulting in a modified current algebra containing five real parameters of the symmetry breaking. It is found that manifest covariance in low-energy theorems is destroyed, necessitating introduction of new techniques for sharpening the role of pion pole dominance and SU(3) symmetry. These techniques lead to the conclusion that the predictions of current algebra for pion scattering lengths G A G V and hyperon decays are unchanged, whereas those for π13 decay and the connections among K12, K13 and K14 decays are altered in definite ways, as is Weinberg's first-sum rule. All of the predictions for leptonic K-decays are found to involve only one of the five symmetry breaking parameters; kaon experiments therefore provide both measurements of one of the new parameters and tests of the original hypothesis of a generalized current algebra. Present experimental data are, however, not sufficiently accurate for this purpose.
A NEW GENERALIZATION OF THE CENTER OF A NEAR-RING WITH APPLICATIONS TO POLYNOMIAL NEAR-RINGS

Let N be a zero-symmetric right near-ring with identity. In 1993, S. Bagley introduced a construction for N[x], the near-ring of polynomials with coefficients from N. In this paper we study the central elements of N[x], C(N[x]), and we characterize C(N[x]) in terms of C(N) for a class of near-rings. We also introduce a new generalization for the center of a ring to the near-ring case, and we show that this new generalization yields a near-ring which properly contains C(N[x]) for a certain class of near-rings N.
Managing online sales with posted price and open-bid auctions

We study the profitability of selling consumer goods online using posted price and open ascending-bid uniform-price auction simultaneously. We develop a model of consumer behavior when faced with the choice between the two channels. The model is simulated in order to identify the best designs of the dual channel regime and compare its performance with that of the only posted price regime. We find that the best designs of dual channels with open-bid auctions differ from those of dual channels with sealed-bid auctions previously studied. In addition, when optimally designed, the dual channel regime outperforms the posted price regime.
Steroid hormone regulation of rat myometrial gap junction formation: Effects on cx43 levels and trafficking

The formation of myometrial gap junctions coincides with onset of labor in many mammalian species, including humans. The assembly of gap junction protein into functional gap junction plaques is a final step in a cascade that begins with estrogen-dependent expression of the connexin43 (cx43) gene and continues with synthesis of cx43 in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and transport to the Golgi, followed by its trafficking to the plasma membrane and its assembly into functional gap junctions. Moreover, in several models of preterm labor in rats, precocious synthesis, trafficking, and assembly of cx43 follow an increase in the estrogen:progesterone ratio. The actions of these steroids on cx43 expression, gap junction formation, and labor led us to consider whether or not the cascade of cx43 expression and gap junction assembly typical of preterm and term labor would be disrupted by manipulations that inhibit labor through experimental reduction of the estrogen:progesterone ratio. Ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized pregnant rats were treated with minimal doses of progesterone or the anti-estrogenic compound ICI 182780 over a time course sufficient to inhibit labor. We found that cx43-positive gap junction formation was prevented in all animals treated with ICI 182780 or progesterone but that the mechanism by which this disruption occurred was different in anti-estrogen- and progesterone-treated animals. We found that ICI 182780 significantly inhibited the typical rise in myometrial cx43 concentrations normally observed just before labor. In contrast, it was surprising to find that significant cx43 was synthesized in myometrium of progesterone-treated intact and ovariectomized animals even though labor was inhibited. However, we found that the trafficking of myometrial cx43 from the Golgi and assembly into gap junctions at the plasma membrane were suppressed in these progesterone-treated animals, providing further support for the hypothesis that it is not synthesis of cx43 per se but trafficking of cx43 to the plasma membrane and its assembly into gap junctions that are required for effective synchronized myometrial contractions typical of labor.
The reliability of modern alumina bearings in total hip arthroplasty—Update to a 2006 report

Abstract Ceramic components׳ clinical fractures in total hip arthroplasty (THA) are a rare but, nonetheless, serious complication. As a result of continued improvements in ceramic material quality, manufacturing methods, and implant design made over the last 30 years, the incidence of such failures has been drastically reduced. In this report, the frequency of these ceramic components׳ clinical failures in THA will be examined. In addition, some information regarding the contribution that can be made by the surgeon to enhance the reliability of ceramic components will also be presented. In order to get a broad view, the largest supplier of these components, CeramTec Medical Products (Plochingen, Germany), was contacted, and they agreed to share their most recent data. In the year 2000, the largest supplier of alumina–ceramic bearings for orthopedic applications (CeramTec GmbH, Plochingen, Germany) began a rigorous program of collecting clinical fracture data for all of its ceramic components. The clinical fracture data for the period of January 2000–June 2013 are reported here, with a review of the material properties, historical component fracture trends, and relative risk of fracture associated with alumina THA bearings. The data reported is divided into two separate groups. The first one is the incidence of clinical fracture of the Biolox ® forte material. This is their original material developed in the 1970s and is still available today and optimized over the years. The overall clinical fracture rate of these alumina components was 0.021%, or 21 in 100,000, during the January 2000–June 2013 time period. The second group is composed of components manufactured from their Alumina Matrix Composite, Biolox ® delta . The overall clinical fracture rate for these components is 0.0001% or 1 in 100,000. Almost 80% of these alumina bearing failures occurred within 36 months following surgery. Using the latest material and increasing femoral head diameter were associated with a substantially reduced risk of fracture. Alumina bearings used in modern THA implants are safe and reliable, with a very low risk of failure. Improvements in the materials, developments in the manufacturing, the introduction of the Alumina Matrix Composite, and the trend to utilize larger-diameter ball heads are likely to continue to reduce the concerns that have been in the mind of surgeons using ceramics in THA.
Evidence for the biological turnover of thiols in anoxic marine sediments

The concentrations of methanethiol (MSH) and 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MPA) increased for a period of up to 24 h in fresh slurries of anoxic Biscayne Bay sediments. Other endogenous thiols such as glutathione (GSH) deceased immediately after slurry preparation or were not detectable at all. The maximum concentrations reached by 3-MPA and MSH were sometimes as high as 1 μM, but were usually in the 100 to 300 nM range. After the initial increases, the concentrations of these thiols decreased rapidly to nearly constant levels of ∼20 nM for MSH and < 1nM for 3-MPA. In pre-incubated slurries, which had constant levels of thiols, the addition of microbial inhibitors including tungstate, molybdate, chloroform, and a mixture of chloramphenicol plus tetracycline caused MSH and 3-MPA to accumulate steadily. In the presence of inhibitors, accumulation rates of MSH ranged from 18 to 730 nM · d-1 and those of 3-MPA ranged from 0 to 185 nM · d-1. Tungstate and chloroform generally gave the highest accumulation rates, while molybdate gave the lowest, possibly due to its complexation with sulfhydryl compounds. BES (2-Bromoethanesulfonate) was also tested for its effects, but no 3-MPA and only trace amounts (19 nM · d-1) of MSH accumulated with this treatment. However, additions of BES (10 mM) to sulfidic sediments caused significant (∼8 μM · d-1) production of 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (HS-CoM). Formation of HS-CoM was abiotic and was due to sulfide attack on the bromine atom in BES. The accumulations of 3-MPA and MSH in the presence of several different microbial inhibitors, suggests that these thiols may turn over in anoxic sediments. The relatively low concentrations of thiols observed in pore water profiles may be due to continuous microbial removal of these compounds. Much larger amounts of thiols were associated with sediment particles than present in the pore water. Evidence is presented which suggests that bound thiols may be exchangeable with the porewater, and therefore potentially available for microbial consumption.
Multiresponsive Clay-Containing Layer-by-Layer Films

We report on polymer/clay layer-by-layer films responsive to multiple stimuli. Temperature- and salt-responsive films were constructed using assembly of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and montmorillonite clay nanosheets. An additional pH response was achieved by depositing and cross-linking hybrid, dual-network PNIPAM/clay/PNIPAM/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) multilayers. Both types of films remained stable in a wide pH range and were highly swollen. For example, PNIPAM/clay films swelled up to ∼14.5 times their dry film thickness in low-salt solutions at 25 °C, as shown by laser scanning confocal microscopy. At temperatures higher than PNIPAM’s lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32 °C, or in 0.3 M Na2SO4 solutions at room temperature, both PNIPAM/clay and PNIPAM/clay/PNIPAM/PMAA films reversibly deswelled as a result of collapse of PNIPAM chains. Films of both types showed a decrease in permeability to fluorescein-tagged dextrans of various molecular weights. Importantly, film permeabili...
Reformulating infant and toddler social competence with peers

Efforts to identify children at risk for social and academic difficulties at an early age have begun to apply conceptualizations of social competence with peers from childhood to infancy and toddlerhood. These attempts have had limited success, in part because social behaviors studied in later childhood such as negative or aggressive acts may not capture relevant dimensions of social competence with peers during the infant and toddler years. The present study conducted an exploratory factor analysis to begin developing a conceptualization of social competence with peers that is appropriate for use with infants and toddlers, and that captures individual differences capable of predicting later social functioning. Results indicate three dimensions of infant and toddler social competence with peers: peer sociability, active peer refusal, and passive peer avoidance. Negative and aggressive behaviors loaded on each of the three factors rather than emerging as a unique dimension of social competence. Each factor demonstrated both convergent and predictive validity, indicating that early identification of social skills remains a reasonable goal for practitioners and researchers alike. Finally, antecedents within children, families, and out-of-home child care environments helped to explain individual variability in each of these three factors of social competence with peers.
B DECAYS TO FINAL STATES INCLUDING $D^{(*)}_s$ AND D*

The e+e- annihilation data recorded with the BABAR detector has been used to study B decays to and D*± mesons. The production fraction of inclusive and the corresponding momentum spectra have been determined. Exclusive decays have been identified with a partial reconstruction technique and their branching fractions have been measured. We also report branching fraction measurements for the exclusive hadronic modes B0 → D*- π+ and B0 → D*- ρ+.
Real‐time motion correction for high‐resolution larynx imaging

Motion--both rigid-body and nonrigid--is the main limitation to in vivo, high-resolution larynx imaging. In this work, a new real-time motion compensation algorithm is introduced. Navigator data are processed in real time to compute the displacement information, and projections are corrected using phase modulation in k-space. Upon automatic feedback, the system immediately reacquires the data most heavily corrupted by nonrigid motion, i.e., the data whose corresponding projections could not be properly corrected. This algorithm overcomes the shortcomings of the so-called diminishing variance algorithm by combining it with navigator-based rigid-body motion correction. Because rigid-body motion correction is performed first, continual bulk motion no longer impedes nor prevents the convergence of the algorithm. Phantom experiments show that the algorithm properly corrects for translations and reacquires data corrupted by nonrigid motion. Larynx imaging was performed on healthy volunteers, and substantial reduction of motion artifacts caused by bulk shift, swallowing, and coughing was achieved.
Effects of cyclin D1 overexpression on G1 progression-related events.

Abstract In previous studies (W. Jiang, S. M. Kahn, P. Zhou, Y.-J. Zhang, A. M. Cacace, A. S. Infance, Y. Doi, R. M. Santella, and I. B. Weinstein 1993,Oncogene8, 3447–3457) we reported that stable overexpression of cyclin D1 in R6 rat embryo fibroblasts shortens the G1 phase and impairs growth control. In the present study we examined the effects of cyclin D1 overexpression on other events involved in the G1 to S progression, utilizing the overexpressor cell line R6-ccnD1. We found that when compared to R6 control cells, serum-starved quiescent R6-ccnD1 cells had not only increased levels of the cyclin D1 protein but also increased levels of the cyclin E protein. The latter protein was complexed to phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). However, in quiescent serum-starved R6-ccnD1 cells this cyclin E–CKD2 complex lackedin vitrokinase activity due to the presence of a heat-stable inhibitory activity, apparently reflecting the inhibitory effects of the CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) p21WAF1and p27KIP1. Serum stimulation of the quiescent R6-ccnD1 cells was associated with a loss of this inhibitory activity and a decrease in the levels of the latter two proteins, as the cells progressed through the G1 phase. On the other hand, serum stimulation of the control R6 cells was associated with both induction of cyclin E and increased levels of phosphorylated CDK2 proteins and decreased levels of p21WAF1and p27KIP1, as the cells progressed through the G1 phase. Thus, even though overexpression of cyclin D1 can induce the expression of cyclin E and phosphorylated CDK2, premature activation of cyclin E–CDK2 kinase activity in quiescent cells or during progression through G1 appears to be blocked by CDKIs. Nevertheless, the R6ccnD1 cells have a shorter G1 phase than the control cells presumably due to the high levels of both cyclin D1 and cyclin E. Taken together, these results indicate that overexpression of cyclin D, which is frequently seen in human tumors, can have complex effects on the expression of other genes that control cell cycle progression.
Role of Autorosette Forming Cells in Antibody Synthesis in vitro: Suppressive Activity of ARFC in Humoral Immune Response

Abstract The role of autologous rosette forming cells (ARFC) in humoral immune responses was studied using an in vitro system. While depletion of ARFCs from PBL resulted in a significant increase of either total IgG or anti-TT IgG, addition of these cells to the system decreased the production of immunoglobulin to a level comparable to that of unfractionated PBL. The majority of the ARFCs reacted with anti-Leu2a and anti-Leu8. In contrast, the majority of non-ARFCs reacted with Leu3a and only 10 % with Leu8 monoclonal antibodies. Stimulation of unfractionated PBL with concanavalin A (ConA) resulted in an increase of the ARFC population. ConA stimulation also increased the number of cells reactive with anti-Leu2 and/ or anti-Leu8. The autorosette population had a higher purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) content than the non-ARFC population. Although the ARFC suppressed synthesis of antibody by B cell in vitro when they were mixed with either autologous or allogeneic B cells, a marked proliferation of non-B cells was evident. We conclude that at least two different subpopulations of T cells are capable of forming rosettes with autologous red blood cells.
DNA chips for species identification and biological phylogenies

The codeword design problem is an important problem in DNA computing and its applications. Several theoretical analyses as well as practical solutions for short oligonucleotides (up to 20-mers) have been generated recently. These solutions have, in turn, suggested new applications to DNA-based indexing and natural language processing, in addition to the obvious applications to the problems of reliability and scalability that generated them. Here we continue the exploration of this type of DNA-based indexing for biological applications and show that DNA noncrosshybridizing (nxh) sets can be successfully applied to infer ab initio phylogenetic trees by providing a way to measure distances among different genomes indexed by sets of short oligonucleotides selected so as to minimize crosshybridization. These phylogenies are solidly established and well accepted in biology. The new technique is much more effective in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, cost and time than current methods. Second, it is demonstrated that DNA indexing does provide novel and principled insights into the phylogenesis of organisms hitherto inaccessible by current methods, such as a prediction of the origin of the Salmonella plasmid 50 as being acquired horizontally, likely from some bacteria somewhat related to Yesinia. Finally, DNA indexing can be scaled up to newly available universal DNA chips readily available both in vitro and in silico. In particular, we show how a recently obtained such set of nxh 16-mers can be used as a universal coordinate system in DNA spaces to characterize very large groups (families, genera, and even phylla) of organisms on a uniform biomarker reference system, a veritable and comprehensive "Atlas of Life", as it is or as it could be on earth.
A Multimarket Bounded Price Variation Model under Rational Expectations: Corn and Soybeans in the United States

The bounded prices model under rational expectations is extended to a multimarket setting. Because the resulting rational expectations model is highly nonlinear, Fair and Taylor's iterative procedure is employed in conjunction with the multimarket framework to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of a supply-demand model for corn and soybeans. The estimated model is then used to simulate the market equilibrium effects associated with removing price support and acreage set-aside programs over the sample period. Among other things, the results reveal that acreage set-asides have dominated the induced supply effects of price support programs for corn.
Application of microchip assay system for the measurement of C-reactive protein in human saliva

In the last decade, saliva has been advocated as a non-invasive alternative to blood as a diagnostic fluid. However, use of saliva has been hindered by the inadequate sensitivity of current methods to detect the lower salivary concentrations of many constituents compared to serum. Furthermore, developments in the areas related to lab-on-a-chip systems for saliva-based point of care diagnostics are complicated by the high viscocity and heterogeneous properties associated with this diagnostic fluid. The biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant and a well-accepted indicator of inflammation. Numerous clinical studies have established elevated serum CRP as a strong, independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD has also been associated with oral infections (i.e. periodontal diseases) and there is evidence that systemic CRP may be a link between the two. Clinical measurements of CRP in serum are currently performed with “high sensitivity” CRP (hsCRP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests that lack the sensitivity for the detection of this important biomarker in saliva. Because measurement of salivary CRP may represent a novel approach for diagnosing and monitoring chronic inflammatory disease, including CVD and periodontal diseases, the objective of this study was to apply an ultra-sensitive microchip assay system for the measurement of CRP in human saliva. Here, we describe this novel lab-on-a-chip system in its first application for the measurement of CRP in saliva and demonstrate its advantages over the traditional ELISA method. The increased sensitivity of the microchip system (10 pg ml−1 of CRP with 1000-fold dilution of saliva sample) is attributed to its inherent increased signal to noise ratio, resulting from the higher bead surface area available for antigen/antibody interactions and the high stringency washes associated with this approach. Finally, the microchip assay system was utilized in this study to provide direct experimental evidence that chronic periodontal disease may be associated with higher levels of salivary CRP.
Algorithmic methods for multi-server queues with group arrivals and exponential services

Abstract We discuss algorithms for the computation of the steady-state features of the c -server queue with exponential service times and bounded group arrivals. While our methods are valid for general interarrival time distributions, we treat in detail the simplifications obtained by using a distribution of phase type. Oueue length densities at times prior to arrivals and at arbitrary times are obtained in a modified matrix-geometric form. Their means and variances are found in computationally tractable forms. We also present algorithmic methods for the waiting time and the virtual waiting time distributions of a customer in a group and obtain the means and variances of these distributions in tractable forms. Numerical examples show that the effects of changing various parameters of the queuing model may so be examined at a small computational cost.
Toward implementation of the reconfiguration for providing differentiated reliability options in distribution systems

This paper proposes an approach to providing differentiated reliability options in distribution networks under the assumption that utilities would guarantee to deliver power to customers according to customers' willingness to pay. The approach is based on the optimal system reconfigurations by operating normally closed switches (NCSs) and normally open switches (NOSs) for given fault locations and power supplies. In addition, a distributed generator (DG) is deployed to supply power to priority customers if all main substations are disconnected. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem with the purpose of minimizing utility liability. The optimization is performed offline and the optimal switch combinations are stored in a database for use by the utility in real time. Furthermore, a decision tree algorithm is applied to determine combinations of switches for cases that are not stored in the offline database.
Relationship between urinary tract infection and contraceptive methods

To investigate the relationship between urinary tract infection (UTI) and contraceptive methods, a comparative survey of contraceptive methods and frequency of intercourse was conducted among young women with and without confirmed UTI. Women with a documented UTI had more frequent intercourse than those without infection. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between frequency of intercourse and UTI. When frequency of intercourse was statistically controlled for, there were no significant differences between those with and those without UTI regarding the type of contraceptive method used.
Pion and Nucleon Structure Functions near x = 1

In a colored-quark and vector-gluon model of hadrons we show that a quark carrying nearly all the momentum of a nucleon (x≈1) must have the same helicity as the nucleon; consequently νW^2_n/νW^p_2→(3/7) as x→1, not (2/3) as might naively have been expected. Furthermore as x→1, νW^(π)_2∼(1-x)^2 and (σ_(L)/σ_(T))π∼μ^(2)Q^(-2)(1-x)^(-2)+O(g^2); the resulting angular dependence for e^(+)e^(-)→h^(±)+ X is consistent with present data and has a distinctive form which can be easily tested when better data are available.
Longitudinal Patterns of Unmarried Resident Fathers' Engagement with Young Children in the U.S.: Examining the Role of Ethnicity and Extended Family Relationship

This study examined the role of ethnicity and extended family relationship in the longitudinal patterns of unmarried resident fathers’ engagement with young children in the U.S. Using three waves of panel data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), data obtained from 292 respondents were analyzed by the Linear Mixed Effects Regression (LMER) method. Findings suggested that Black unmarried resident fathers exhibited more engagement with their infants at age one than their White counterparts did, but the initial difference reversed by age five as a result of decreasing engagement among Black fathers over time and comparatively increasing engagement among Whites. Results also suggested that Black unmarried resident fathers with a high relationship level with their extended family members exhibited less engagement with their infants than Black fathers with a low relationship level, but the initial difference reversed by age five as a result of decreasing engagement among Black fathers with a low relationship level over time and comparatively increasing engagement among Black fathers with a high relationship level.
A Longitudinal Study of Stuttering in Children: A Preliminary Report.

The objectives of this pilot study were to establish methods for longitudinal research of stuttering in children and to provide preliminary data on the variations that occur in disfluencies during the developmental course of stuttering. Twenty-seven preschool-aged children were followed for a minimum of 2 years shortly after they began stuttering. Tape-recorded speech samples were obtained from the children at several intervals during this period. The number of various types of disfluencies was counted in the speech samples obtained in each testing period. Twenty-one children continued to be followed for varying periods of up to 12 years. Eighteen of the 27 subjects received a few speech treatment sessions during the initial period of the study, whereas 9 children did not receive direct treatment. Results indicated that for the two subgroups there was a marked deceleration over time in the mean frequency of stuttering-like disfluencies. Individual subjects' data showed considerable variability in the longitudinal development of disfluency but most subjects followed the patterns of the group means. Much of the reduction took place during the early stage of the disorder, especially near the end of the first year post-onset. There were indications that group differences between chronic and recovering stutterers become distinct by approximately 20 months post-onset.
Drawing reasonable conclusions from information under similarity modelled contexts

We are interested in the process of making reasonable conclusions about the value of a variable. We indicate that reasonableness generally depends on the information we have about the variable as well as the context in which we shall use the assumed value. In order to include a wide range of imprecise and uncertain information, we use granular computing technologies such as fuzzy sets, Dempster-Shafer belief structures and probability theory to represent our knowledge and conclusions. While context is a very diverse idea, in order to provide some structure, we restrict ourselves to the special case where context can be modelled using a similarity relationship. Within this framework, we suggest a measure of the reasonableness of drawing conclusions from information in the context of a similarity relationship. We look at the properties of this measure and investigate its performance in a number of special cases.
Stress distribution around a slender notch in a beam

Abstract A detailed two dimensional photoelastic investigation is made of the stress distribution around a slender notch in a simply supported beam subjected to a central load. It is found that the shear stress attains a maximum when the notch axis is inclined at 30° with the centroidal axis of the beam.
BILINGUAL‐BICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CHICANOS IN THE SOUTHWEST

cultural experiences of the Chicanos; (2) Chicano experiences may be polarized and reflect different philosophies of education; (3) The evaluation of bilingual-bicultural programs should take into account the expectations of Chicano educators and see programmatic developments from their standpoint. Bilingual-bicultural education is understood by the U.S. Office of Education as the use of two lan-
A Simplified Format for the Model Elimination Theorem-Proving Procedure

An alternate approach to the formulation of the Model Elimination proof pro­cedure is presented. By exploiting fully the ability to linearize the procedure format (isolating the format from a tree structure form) and by representing lemmas by clauses, the description of the Model Elimination procedure is greatly simplified.
Innovative Product Advanced Service Systems (I-PASS): methodology, tools, and applications for dominant service design

In recent times, globalization has brought us not only new opportunities but also new challenges. The theme of innovation has become a mandatory topic for all industries—it has become a focal point for the enterprise, society, and the world. The goal of innovation is to create business value by developing worthwhile ideas into a customer-centric marketable reality. This, for most companies, is difficult to achieve due to the lack of a methodology and tools for systematic innovative thinking. This article presents an operating system for innovation by offering a methodology for systematic innovative thinking and a toolbox of interconnected tools that can aid in the transformation of core product competencies into effective product–service amalgamations. Brief reviews of product innovation and emerging concepts of product–service systems are presented. Then, a methodology for systematic thinking is proposed, relying on the integration of the novel innovation matrix, application space mapping, and quality function deployment tools. Furthermore, a case study is presented with concluding remarks and future work.
Beta-blocker medication usage in older women after myocardial infarction.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess demographic characteristics of women prescribed beta-blocker (&#x03B2-blocker) medication and compare to those not using &#x03B2-blocker medication, and to determine if there are differences in depression and fatigue among women who used &#x03B2-blockers compared to nonusers 6–12 months after myocardial infarction (MI). Data sources: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 84 women (61 using &#x03B2-blockers and 23 not using &#x03B2-blockers) aged 65 and older who were 6–12 months post-MI. Women had their height and weight measured and completed a Demographic Health Form, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale (RPFS). Conclusions: While most of the women were taking b-blockers after MI (74%), significantly fewer Black women were taking b-blockers (&#x03C7 2 = 5.086, p = 0.032). Most of the b-blocker users were overweight or obese. There were no significant differences in age, t (82) = 0.7, p = 0.486; body mass index, t (82) = 0.76, p = 0.445; income, &#x03C7 2 (df = 2) = 3.219, p = 0.075; mean depression, t (82) = 1.648, p = 0.103; or fatigue scores, t (82) = 0.993, p = 0.324, between &#x03B2-blocker users and nonusers. More of those not taking &#x03B2-blockers reported fatigue with significantly higher fatigue in the affective meaning dimension of the RPFS, t(82) = 2.272, p = 0.03. Implications for practice: &#x03B2-Blocker medication continues to be underutilized in older women. Because no difference was noted in fatigue and depression in the two groups, these may mean that these side effects are not barriers in prescribing this medication post-MI. Nurse practitioners are in pivotal positions to monitor the ongoing physiological and psychological sequelae post-MI and implement interventions to improve their outcomes.
Mean lifetimes of levels in 92Mo

Abstract The mean lifetimes of the 1.509 MeV, 2.848 MeV and 3.089 MeV levels in 92Mo were measured by the attenuated Doppler-shift technique. The measurements were analyzed by use of the universal stopping cross sections given by Lindhard, Scharff and Schiott. The lifetimes obtained are 430+220−140, 350+180−100, and 32±18 fs respectively.
Recent advances in discourse analysis

Books reviewed LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION AND SPEECH ACTS. By Kent Bach and Robert M. Harnish. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1979; pp. xvii+327. $19.95. QUESTIONING STRATEGIES IN SOCIO‐LINGUISTICS. By Lindsey Churchill. Rowley, Ma.: Newbury House Publishers, 1978; pp. xi+161. Paper $6.95. AN INTRODUCTION TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS. By Malcolm Coulthard. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1977; pp. xv+195. Paper $7.95. CHILD DISCOURSE. Edited by Susan Ervin‐Tripp and Claudia Mitchell‐Kernan. New York: Academic Press, 1977; pp. xii+266. $11.50. QUESTIONS AND POLITENESS: STRATEGIES IN SOCIAL INTERACTION. Edited by Esther N. Goody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978; pp. viii+324. $22.00; paper $8.95. THERAPEUTIC DISCOURSE: PSYCHOTHERAPY AS CONVERSATION. By William Labov and David Fanshel. New York: Academic Press, 1977; pp. x+392. $17.75. STUDIES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION. Edited by Jim Schenkein. New York: Academic Press, 1978; pp. xvi+275. $19.00.
The typification of Cordia flavescens Aubl., the transfer of Firensia Scop. from Cordia L. (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) to the synonymy of Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), and the identity of the species of Firensia

Firensia Scop. was based on Cordia flavescens Aubl., a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that Scopoli never transferred to Firensia. The genus included three additional species formally named by Rafinesque. Currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by Scopoli or given by Rafinesque for reason of priority. A lectotype is designated for Cordia flavescens that places Firensia in the synonymy of Ocotea (Lauraceae).
Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis. Frank E. Harrell, Jr. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2001, 568 pp., $94.00, hardcover. ISBN 0-387-95232-2.

This is an excellent book by one of the world’s premier statisticians. Directed primarily at researchers and graduate students in statistics, it presents practical strategies for the development of predictive models. For the novice statistician, this book may be a difficult read because of its mathematical sophistication. However, the clear writing style will allow virtually all readers to derive benefit from reading various subsections of the text. The author, who is chairman of the Department of Biostatistics at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, states …
Comparison of vestibular and abducens internuclear projections to the medial rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus in the monkey

Abstract Comparisons were made of projections from the vestibular nuclei (VN) and abucens internuclear neurons (AIN) to cell group A of the medial rectus subdivision (MRS) of the oculomotor nuclear complex. Cell group A, the major component of the MRS, receives projections only from the ipsilateral VN and the contralateral AIN. Neither ipsilateral vestibular projections to cell group A, arising from the medial vestibular nucleus, nor projections from MVN to the opposite abducens nucleus, match the massive projection of AIN to the MRS.
A New Electron-Transfer Donor for Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Polypyridyl Molecular Assemblies

A synthetic procedure has been devised for the preparation of the reductive quencher ligand 4-methyl-4‘-(N-methyl-p-tolylaminomethyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine (dmb-tol), which contains toluidine covalently bound to 2,2‘-bipyridine. When bound to ReI in [ReI(dmb-tol)(CO)3Cl], laser flash ReI → dmb metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation at 355 nm in CH3CN at 298 ± 2 K is followed by efficient, rapid (<5 ns) appearance of a transient with an absorption feature at 470 nm. The transient spectrum is consistent with formation of the redox-separated state, [ReI(dmb--tol+)(CO)3Cl], which returns to the ground state by back electron transfer with kET = (1.05 ± 0.01) × 107 s-1 (τ = 95 ± 1 ns) at 298 ± 2 K. Rapid, efficient quenching is also observed in the RuII complex [Ru(4,4‘-(C(O)NEt2)2bpy)2(dmb-tol)]2+. Based on transient absorption measurements, a rapid equilibrium appears to exist between the initial metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state and the redox-separated state, which lies at higher energy. Dec...
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 217*

The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=217 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and parity assignments are given.
Selective inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 attenuates inflammation and improves long-term survival in a lethal septic model

regulated expression of cyclin D1, a downstream target of Wnt signaling. In contrast, Wnt agonist treatment restored beta-catenin and cyclin D1 levels in the lungs and liver. This was associated with a reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and IL-6 mRNA in the lungs following treatment (Table), as well as an improvement in a lung histologic injury index. Also, Wnt agonist treatment increased Bcl-2 expression, while it inhibited the degradation of caspase-3 in the lungs.
Helicopter Bearing Failure Detection Utilizing Shock Pulse Techniques.

Abstract : The Shock Pulse technique works on the principle that a discrete fault, such as a pit or a spall, will cause repetitive impacts of short duration. These impacts will cause shock waves to propagate through the bearing structure causing a pulse displacement input to an accelerometer, suitably, attached to the bearing structure. The output of the accelerometer passes through a high gain amplifier tuned at the resonant frequency of the accelerometer (this amplifier than acts as a sharp band-pose filter). After the signal is processed the output is displayed on a counter which provides the frequency of peaks above any desired peak amplitudes.
Kuzbanian Controls Proteolytic Processing of Notch and Mediates Lateral Inhibition during Drosophila and Vertebrate Neurogenesis

Abstract Notch and the disintegrin metalloprotease encoded by the kuzbanian ( kuz ) gene are both required for a lateral inhibition process during Drosophila neurogenesis. We show that a mutant KUZ protein lacking protease activity acts as a dominant-negative form in Drosophila. Expression of such a dominant-negative KUZ protein can perturb lateral inhibition in Xenopus, leading to the overproduction of primary neurons. This suggests an evolutionarily conserved role for KUZ. The Notch family of receptors are known to be processed into smaller forms under normal physiological conditions. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that Notch is an in vivo substrate for the KUZ protease, and that this cleavage may be part of the normal biosynthesis of functional Notch proteins.
Anterograde Transneuronal Viral Tract Tracing Reveals Central Sensory Circuits From Brown Fat and Sensory Denervation Alters Its Thermogenic Responses

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity and growth are controlled by its sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation, but nerve fibers containing sensory-associated neuropeptides [substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] also suggest sensory innervation. The central nervous system (CNS) projections of BAT afferents are unknown. Therefore, we used the H129 strain of the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), an anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracer used to delineate sensory nerve circuits, to define these projections. HSV-1 was injected into interscapular BAT (IBAT) of Siberian hamsters and HSV-1 immunoreactivity (ir) was assessed 24, 48, 72, 96, and 114 h postinjection. The 96- and 114-h groups had the most HSV-1-ir neurons with marked infections in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, periaqueductal gray, olivary areas, parabrachial nuclei, raphe nuclei, and reticular areas. These sites also are involved in sympathetic outflow to BAT suggesting possible BAT sensory-SNS thermogenesis feedback circuits. We tested the functional contribution of IBAT sensory innervation on thermogenic responses to an acute (24 h) cold exposure test by injecting the specific sensory nerve toxin capsaicin directly into IBAT pads and then measuring core (Tc) and IBAT (TIBAT) temperature responses. CGRP content was significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated IBAT demonstrating successful sensory nerve destruction. TIBAT and Tc were significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated hamsters compared with the saline controls at 2 h of cold exposure. Thus the central sensory circuits from IBAT have been delineated for the first time, and impairment of sensory feedback from BAT appears necessary for the appropriate, initial thermogenic response to acute cold exposure.