cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of pair-wise dynamic multi-user joint transmission

This paper characterizes the performance of multiuser joint transmission (MU-JT) with pair-wise dynamic base station (BS) clustering. For analyzing the performance of such BS cooperation method, a tractable model is presented by means of stochastic geometry. Using tools of stochastic geometry, a tight lower bound of the instantaneous signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) distribution is derived in a closed form in terms of relevant system parameters: the path-loss exponent and the topologies of users in the BS cooperative region. Our key finding is that the pair-wise dynamic BS cooperation through MU-JT provides a better rate coverage performance than that of single-user joint transmission (SU-JT) over the entire range of the rate threshold when each user is close enough to the associated BS. Through simulations, the exactness of the derived analytical expression is verified.
Superoxide dismutase, oxidative stress, and cell metabolism

Publisher Summary Studies in unicellular organisms have revealed a complex role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in aerobic cell metabolism. A compromise in SOD activity can have broad ramifications on cell function, ranging from defects in amino acid metabolism to increases in oxidative damage to DNA. From the studies on organisms genetically defective for SOD, it appears that at least three basic functions can be assigned to this ubiquitous metal-binding enzyme: (1) SODs protect biomolecules against the damage from O2−; (2) Oxidation by O2− of iron-sulfur clusters becomes problematic in cells lacking SOD; and (3) damage to these clusters can inactivate key enzymes involved in amino acid and sugar metabolism and also lead to a mobilization of free iron and an increase in iron-related toxicity. It is noteworthy that from studies in yeast, all the cellular damage resulting from loss of SOD can be reversed by alterations in the homeostasis of the transition metals copper and manganese. Currently, it remains unclear as to whether these metals are functionally substituting for SOD at the level of O2¯ scavenging, metal buffering, or maintaining the reduced environment of the cell.
Experience and Prediction. An Analysis of the Foundations and the Structure of Knowledge

Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953) was a formidable figure in early-twentieth-century philosophy of science. Educated in Germany, he was influential in establishing the so-called Berlin Circle, a companion group to the Vienna Circle founded by his colleague Rudolph Carnap. The movement they founded-usually known as "logical positivism," although it is more precisely known as "scientific philosophy" or "logical empiricism"-was a form of epistemology that privileged scientific over metaphysical truths. Reichenbach, like other young philosophers of the exact sciences of his generation, was deeply impressed by the far-reaching changes in physics brought about by Einstein's special and general theories of relativity. Reichenbach responded to scientific advances by doing fundamental work in space-time theories, in quantum mechanics, in statistical mechanics, and in the development of probability theory-making him the most important philosopher of physics in the first generation of logical empiricism. Forced from his academic position by the Nazi race laws in 1933, Reichenbach wrote Experience and Prediction at the University of Istanbul, where had had fled, expressly to introduce logical positivism to English speakers. In the two decades following World War II, during the explosion of scientific advances in North America, logical positivism was the reigning theory of the philosophy of science and Reichenbach was at the peak of his career. But, inevitably, support for logical positivism began to wane as it became obvious that the justification of scientific theories could not be entirely resolved by relying on strictly formal, technical processes. The growth of the discipline of the history of philosophy of science, which has created an audience of scholars eager for seminal classics in scientific philosophy, and the evidence supporting a historicist paradigm within logical positivism are two important reasons to make Experience and Prediction available once again.
Goal Focused Interviewing

Introduction Learning Goal Focused Interviewing Goal Focused Interviewing with an Individual Client Using Goal Focused Interviewing with Groups Goal Focused Interviewing with Families Organizing Information The Silent Interview Other Uses of Goal Focused Interviewing When a Client and a Helper Cannot Transform a Problem into a Goal Statement A Few Closing Thoughts
ZNRF Proteins Constitute a Family of Presynaptic E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

Protein ubiquitination has been implicated recently in neural development, plasticity, and degeneration. We previously identified ZNRF1/nin283, a protein with a unique, evolutionarily conserved C-terminal domain containing a juxtaposed zinc finger/RING finger combination. Here we describe the identification of a closely related protein, ZNRF2, thus defining a novel family of ZNRF E3 ubiquitin ligases. Both ZNRF1 and ZNRF2 have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and are highly expressed in the nervous system, particularly during development. In neurons, ZNRF proteins are located in different compartments within the presynaptic terminal: ZNRF1 is associated with synaptic vesicle membranes, whereas ZNRF2 is present in presynaptic plasma membranes. Mutant ZNRF proteins with a disrupted RING finger, a domain necessary for their E3 function, can each inhibit Ca2+-dependent exocytosis in PC12 cells. These data suggest that ZNRF proteins play a role in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal transmission and plasticity via their ubiquitin ligase activity.
A Review of “Brown in Baltimore; School desegregation and the limits of liberalism”

Baltimore officials quickly approved a plan to desegregate the city's school system following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) that separate but equal...
Laparoscopy for giant cystic ovarian tumors in children

Objective: We describe our experience with the laparoscopic removal of giant cystic ovarian tumors in four pediatric patients. Methods: Patients with giant ovarian tumors removed laparoscopically between 1998 and 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Four girls between the ages of 14 and 17 years (average, 15.5) had giant cystic ovarian masses that were successfully removed laparoscopically. The average maximum diameter of the ovarian cysts of the patients was 16.75 cm (range, 9-20 cm). Three patients had benign ovarian cysts, and one had a teratoma. The duration of the operation ranged from 76 to 210 minutes. The postoperative hospital stays were 1 to 2 days after cyst removal and 3 days after teratoma excision. No intraoperative complications occurred, and the hospital course of all patients was uncomplicated. The morbid obesity of one patient did not negatively affect her surgery. The patients did not report any problems during follow-up, and the clinical examination findings were normal in all ...
A review of amino acid racemization studies in Quaternary mollusks: Stratigraphic and chronologic applications in coastal and interglacial sites, pacific and Atlantic coasts, United States, United Kingdom, baffin Island, and tropical islands

Abstract Amino acid racemization (AAR) studies of Quaternary mollusks (mostly marine mollusks from coastal deposits) are reviewed. Data obtained in regional studies from the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, Baffin Island, the United Kingdom, and tropical islands are discussed as they relate to method evaluation, kinetic model development, and aminostratigraphic applications. U.S. Pacific coast studies have been employed for estimating tectonic deformation rates, study of molluscan zonation patterns in the late Pleistocene, and in kinetic model evaluation. U.S. Atlantic coast studies have identified multiple aminostratigraphic zones in areas with complex morphostratigraphic relationships, and have also revealed some important conflicts between aminostratigraphic temperature concepts and radiometric data. Studies in the United Kingdom, involving coastal sites and non-marine interglacial sites, identify some stratigraphic and kinetic conflicts but provide a preliminary chronostratigraphic model for the classical interglacial terminology of the U.K. middle to late Pleistocene. Baffin Island studies, involving AAR data and UTh dating of shells, have resulted in some significant revisions of previous chronologic models. The Arctic environment has also stimulated some novel approaches in the collection and interpretation of AAR results. Tropical island studies, though few in number, aid in calibration of observed racemization and also aid in correlation of coastal deposits with late Pleistocene isotopic ice-volume records.
Quantitative single photon emission computed thallium-201 tomography for detection and localization of coronary artery disease: Optimization and prospective validation of a new technique

One hundred eight-three men underwent stress-redistribution thallium-201 myocardial perfusion tomography. After evaluation of various preprocessing filters in a phantom study, the Butterworth filter with a frequency cutoff of 0.2 cycles/pixel, order 5 (which provided optimal filter power) was used in the back projection algorithm of the patient studies. All short-axis and apical portions of vertical long-axis images were quantified by dividing each myocardial slice into 60 equal sectors and displaying the maximal count per sector as a linear profile. In a pilot group consisting of 20 normal men (less than 5% likelihood of coronary artery disease) and 25 men with coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% coronary stenosis by angiography), profiles representing the lowest observed value below the mean normal profiles provided the best threshold for defining normal limits. Abnormal portions of the patient profiles were plotted on a two-dimensional polar map. The polar map was divided into 102 sectors, and sectors with a probability of greater than or equal to 80% for disease of each one of the three major coronary arteries were clustered to represent specific coronary artery territories. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for defect size showed that the optimal threshold for defining a definite perfusion defect was 12% for the left anterior descending and left circumflex and 8% for the right coronary artery territories. These criteria were prospectively applied to an additional 92 patients with angiographic coronary artery disease, 18 patients with normal coronary arteriograms and 28 patients with less than 5% likelihood of coronary disease. Sensitivity, specificity (in patients with normal coronary arteriograms) and normalcy rate (in patients with less than 5% likelihood of coronary artery disease) for overall detection of coronary disease were 96%, 56% and 86%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for identification of individual diseased vessels were, respectively, 78% and 85% for the left anterior descending, 79% and 60% for the left circumflex and 81% and 71% for the right coronary artery. These results were not significantly different from those of the pilot group. An optimized quantitative method for interpretation of stress thallium-201 myocardial perfusion tomography has been developed. Prospective application of this method indicates that the technique is accurate for the overall detection of coronary artery disease and identification of disease in individual arteries.
On geometric measures of chirality

Abstract In this paper we discuss the concepts of “measure of chirality” and “degree of chirality” as functions of the shape of a molecular model M . The measure of chirality χ( M ) is defined as a continuous, real-valued, and similarity-invariant function of M such that χ( M ) = 0 when M is achiral, and χ( M ')= −χ( M ), where M ' is the enantiomorph of M . The degree of chirality is defined as ¦χ( M ) ¦. We discuss the application of one such function, based on the idea of maximal overlap (superimposition) of M and M ' to tetrahedra, simplexes in E 3 . An analysis of the properties of this function leads to the conclusion that, although a least chiral tetrahedron exists, the most chiral one might only be approachable as a limit. A rigorous analytical study of the corresponding function for triangles, simplexes in E 2 , serves to illustrate this conclusion.
Development and pilot testing of an integrated, web-based self-management program for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Background Although essential, many medical practices are unable to adequately support irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patient self-management. Web-based programs can help overcome these barriers. Methods We developed, assessed, and refined an integrated IBS self-management program (IBS Self-care). We then conducted a 12-week pilot test to assess program utilization, evaluate its association with patients' self-efficacy and quality of life, and collect qualitative feedback to improve the program. Key Results 40 subjects with generally mild IBS were recruited via the Internet to participate in a 12-week pilot study. Subjects found the website easy to use (93%) and personally relevant (95%), and 90% would recommend it to a friend. Self-rated IBS knowledge increased from an average of 47.1 on a 100-point VAS scale (SD 22.1) at baseline to 77.4 (SD: 12.4) at week 12 (p < 0.0001). There were no significant changes in patient self-efficacy (Patient Activation Measure) or quality of life (IBS -Quality of Life Scale). Conclusions & Inferences The IBS Self-Care program was well received by users who after 12 weeks reported improved knowledge about IBS, but no significant changes in self-efficacy or quality of life. If applied to the right population, this low cost solution can overcome some of the deficiencies of medical care and empower individuals to better manage their own IBS.
A LOWER BOUND FOR THE FIRST EIGENVALUE OF A FINITE-VOLUME NEGATIVELY CURVED MANIFOLD

The method of proof is the same as in I-D-R] but there are cer ta in technical complcation$. The main d i f f i c u l t y turns out to be avoiding the appearance of der iva t i ves of the curvature tensor in the estimate of L = norm of the gradient of an e igenfunct ion belonging to ~I(M). This is accomplished by smoothing the metric using the resu l t of [B-M-R] . The paper is organized as fo l lows. In Section l we introduce the no ta t ion , discuss the " th i ck and th i n " decomposition of M, and show how to smooth out the metr ic.
The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics: magnetism and transport at the nanoscale.

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Peter Grunberg and Albert Fert for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). GMR is a phenomenon that is intimately linked to the nanostructuring of magnetic materials and has had broad scientific and economic impact. Here, we summarize the early scientific studies of magnetic thin films and superlattices that enabled the discovery of GMR, and we describe the evolution of spin-electronics (spintronics) that has emerged since its discovery.
Regional population structure and management of aquaculture for stock enhancement of the spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)

Abstract The spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus is one of the most popular game fish in coastal waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico. An aquaculture-based stock enhancement program that aims to supplement native wild populations in Mississippi was initiated in 2004 as part of management efforts to sustain stocks and provide additional fishing opportunities to anglers. A genetic program associated with stock enhancement is in development and seeks to assess the effects of stocking on genetic diversity and fitness of wild populations, and design and implement genetic management to monitor and minimize those impacts. In this work, the structure of spotted seatrout populations in the region was investigated in order to assist with the development of a sustainable spatial management of stocking operations. Spotted seatrout specimens were collected during 2010 and 2011 from the four major bay systems in Mississippi and from reference populations in Louisiana (Grand Isle), and West Florida (Pensacola and Apalachicola). Sample size per locality ranged from 53 to 105 specimens. All samples were assayed at 15 microsatellite markers. Divergence among bay systems from Grand Isle (Louisiana) to Grand Bay (Mississippi–Alabama border) was low and non-significant. However, significant divergence between these localities and the Apalachicola location (West Florida) was detected (0.0214 ST 0.0264, P 0.001), consistent with an isolation-by-distance model of population structure. Estimates of local effective population size by the linkage disequilibrium method were very large or infinite in most localities within the Western part of the sampled range (Mississippi and Louisiana) suggesting current population density is high in that region. While the lack of divergence among Mississippi bay systems supports genetic management as a single unit, further work is needed to determine the spatial scale of natural dispersal and assess the degree of local adaptation of regional populations.
Magnetic resonance imaging at microscopic resolution reveals subtle morphological changes in a mouse model of dopaminergic hyperfunction

Structural abnormalities of the basal ganglia have been documented in several neuropsychiatric conditions associated with dysregulation of the dopamine system. However, the histological nature underlying these changes is largely unknown. Using magnetic resonance imaging at microscopic resolution (MRI, 9.4 T with 43 microm isotropic spatial resolution) and stereological techniques, we have investigated the effect of increased dopamine neurotransmission on brain morphology in mice with elevated extracellular dopamine, the dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) mice. We first demonstrate the usefulness of MRI at microscopic resolution for the accurate identification and measurement of volumes of specific subregions, accounting for less than 0.03% (0.16 mm(3)) of the volume of a mouse brain. Furthermore, the MRI analysis reveals a significantly lower volume (-9%) of the anterior striatum of DAT-KO mice, while the volume of other dopamine-related structures such as the posterior striatum and the substantia nigra pars reticulata is unchanged in comparison to wild type littermates. Stereological analysis performed in the same brains reveals that one important structural factor accounting for this selective change in volume is a reduction of 18% in the absolute number of neuronal cell bodies. The feasibility of assessing accurately small morphological alterations in mouse models, where the molecular and histological pathologies can be easily compared in a controlled manner, provides a paradigm to examine the relevance of selective brain volumetric changes associated with a number of neuropathological conditions.
Technology of superconducting thin films on Si, SiO/sub 2/, and Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ for vacuum microelectronics

A study of YBaCuO films on Si, SiO/sub 2/, and Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ substrates demonstrates that rapid thermal processing can suppress the film-substrate reaction during the postgrowth oxygen annealing. By increasing the copper content of YBaCuO films that are sputter-deposited on SiO/sub 2//Si to correspond to the 1:2:3 metal composition, the authors have achieved an onset of superconductivity above 95 K and a T/sub c/(0) above 70 K through a rapid oxygen anneal for 6 s at 940 degrees C without a nitrogen preanneal. These results as well as results of others suggest that high T/sub c/ oxide superconductors could be used as electron sources or as cold emitters, gates, and collectors. >
Pediatric fiberoptic video bronchoscopy: The use of computer interfacing

Conventional video-recordings of pediatric bronchoscopic procedures are routinely performed in many centers. The limitations of conventional video-recordings include an inability to concurrently compare serially recorded images, lack of color fidelity of the displayed image, difficulty in image retrieval of archived video, and the inability to subject the image to mathematical analysis. We describe a computer interface which addresses each of these limitations.
Fears in preschool-age children

Although several comprehensive reviews of the literature on children's fears are available, none clearly distinguishes among different age levels of children in any way other than to describe developmental trends regarding specific fears. Differentiating younger from older children for the purpose of examining their fears may be crucial for accurate classification and assessment and effective intervention. To that end, this review extrapolates from the research on children's fears information that is specific to preschool-age children, with particular emphasis on intervention. Relevant literature regarding prevalence, developmental trends, and prognoses is also reviewed, and various assessment techniques are presented and discussed in relation to preschoolers. Directions for further investigation into the fears of preschool-age children are suggested.
TPA induces simultaneous alterations in the synthesis and organization of vimentin

Abstract We have found an increased rate of vimentin synthesis in TPA-treated chicken embryonic fibroblasts, as shown by two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of newly synthesized polypeptides. The capacity of TPA to elicit this effect correlated with its activity as a tumor promoter. Treatment with TPA also altered the organization of the vimentincontaining intermediate filaments, as revealed by immunofluorescence. Treatments which inhibited the TPA-induced rearrangements of vimentin filaments did not prevent the increase in the rate of vimentin synthesis, indicating that gross alterations in cytoskeletal organization were not the immediate cause of the altered vimentin synthesis. On the other hand, alterations in the rate of vimentin synthesis may be a necessary, but not sufficient condition for alterations in vimentin filament organization. TPA as a positive modulator of vimentin synthesis may serve as a useful probe for an eventual understanding of the dynamics of the mechanisms that control the assembly and organization of vimentin filaments.
Masson's intravascular hemangioma masquerading as effort thrombosis

An otherwise healthy 55-year-old white woman had acute onset of right arm swelling. No precipitating factors were identified. Venograms revealed an occluded subclavian vein, and catheter-directed thrombolysis was performed. After lysis a persistent residual intraluminal filling defect was identified, with persistent symptoms. Partial claviculectomy was performed, the mass was removed, and patch venoplasty carried out, with good outcome. Pathologic analysis demonstrated the mass to be a Masson's hemangioma, a papillary proliferation of thin-walled capillaries intimately associated with thrombus. Considered a benign intravascular lesion, the treatment of choice is complete excision.
Central magnetic anomalies of Nectarian-aged lunar impact basins: Probable evidence for an early core dynamo

Abstract A re-examination of all available low-altitude LP magnetometer data confirms that magnetic anomalies are present in at least four Nectarian-aged lunar basins: Moscoviense, Mendel–Rydberg, Humboldtianum, and Crisium. In three of the four cases, a single main anomaly is present near the basin center while, in the case of Crisium, anomalies are distributed in a semi-circular arc about the basin center. These distributions, together with a lack of other anomalies near the basins, indicate that the sources of the anomalies are genetically associated with the respective basin-forming events. These central basin anomalies are difficult to attribute to shock remanent magnetization of a shocked central uplift and most probably imply thermoremanent magnetization of impact melt rocks in a steady magnetizing field. Iterative forward modeling of the single strongest and most isolated anomaly, the northern Crisium anomaly, yields a paleomagnetic pole position at 81° ± 19°N, 143° ± 31°E, not far from the present rotational pole. Assuming no significant true polar wander since the Crisium impact, this position is consistent with that expected for a core dynamo magnetizing field. Further iterative forward modeling demonstrates that the remaining Crisium anomalies can be approximately simulated assuming a multiple source model with a single magnetization direction equal to that inferred for the northernmost anomaly. This result is most consistent with a steady, large-scale magnetizing field. The inferred mean magnetization intensity within the strongest basin sources is ∼1 A/m assuming a 1-km thickness for the source layer. Future low-altitude orbital and surface magnetometer measurements will more strongly constrain the depth and/or thicknesses of the sources.
A Dam Problem: TVA's Fight Against Malaria, 1926–1951

The TVA has been applauded for its anti-malaria programs in the Southeast during the 1930s and 1940s. However, the TVA developed their anti-malaria programs because they created lakes suitable for mosquito breeding. To estimate the relationship between the TVA and malaria, I construct a county-level panel data from the Southeast United States. I find that the net effect of the TVA was to increase malaria rates following its construction. Using statistical life value estimates, I find that the hidden malaria cost of the TVA offset 24 percent of the fiscal stimulus multiplier generated by the TVA.
Apoptosis-induced inhibition of CD1d-mediated antigen presentation: different roles for caspases and signal transduction pathways.

The stimulation of programmed cell death can either enhance or inhibit antigen presentation by classic major histocompatibility complex molecules. In the current study, we report that the induction of apoptosis by topoisomerase I inhibition or elevation of intracellular ceramide levels substantially impairs CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. In the former case, such a reduction occurred via the regulation of both the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase C δ signal transduction pathways as well as the caspase cascade, whereas the latter was p38-(but not caspase)-dependent. Confocal microscopic analysis showed an altered intracellular distribution of CD1d following the inhibition topoisomerase I or by an increase in intracellular ceramide levels, that was prevented by p38 and caspase inhibitors. Thus, the induction of apoptosis in antigen presenting cells severely compromises CD1d-mediated antigen presentation by multiple mechanisms.
Comparison of Numerically Modeled Knee Joint Contact Forces to Instrumented Total Knee Prosthesis Forces

Total knee replacement (TKR) surgery decreases pain and increases functional mobility for patients with joint disease. As primary TKRs are implanted in patients who are younger, heavier, and more active (1), increases in wear and TKR revision rates are expected. Preclinical analysis of TKRs with mathematical models and experimental tests require accurate in vivo kinetic and kinematic input data. Kinematics can be obtained with gait analysis, but in vivo force data are just beginning to become available from instrumented TKRs from only a few patients (2). Patient gait is highly variable both within and between individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors including the progression and history of joint disease, surgical procedure, and TKR design. Variation in patient gait and activities results in subsequent contact force and polyethylene wear variability. A validated mathematical model which calculates contact forces for alternate input data could add valuable insight for preclinical testing. A problem facing mathematical modeling is that there are too many unknowns to directly solve for contact forces. In order to approach this problem, we have developed a knee mathematical model that allows parametric variation of muscle activation levels (3) and calculates a solution space of physically possible contact forces.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Stoichiometry, growth, and fecundity responses to nutrient enrichment by invertebrate grazers in sub-tropical turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows

Although the effectiveness of herbivores in mitigating the effects of nutrient enrichment is well documented, few studies have examined the effects of nutrient enrichment on components of consumer fitness. Enclosures were deployed in shallow turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) beds in Florida Bay, Florida in fall 2003, spring 2004, and fall 2004 to measure the effects of nitrogen and phosphorous enrichment on the growth, fecundity, and stoichiometry of three invertebrate epiphyte grazers commonly associated with T. testudinum. The gastropod Turbo castanea exhibited significantly greater wet weight gain and lower C:P and N:P in enriched than in ambient treatments. Although nutrient enrichment did not have any significant effects on the growth of caridean shrimp (treatment consisted of several different caridean shrimp species), their C:N was significantly lower in enriched treatments. The final size and stoichiometry of the hermit crab Paguristes tortugae was not significantly affected by nutrient enrichment, nor did nutrient enrichment significantly affect the fecundity of P. tortugae, the only grazer in which gravid individuals or egg masses were present. Our study demonstrated that nutrient enrichment of primary producers can positively affect the growth of marine invertebrate grazers and alter their stoichiometry; however, these effects were species-specific and may be dependent upon the life stage, specific diets, and/or compensatory feeding habits of the grazers.
Selective Effects of Inhibitors of Hormone Processing on Insulin Action in Isolated Hepatocytes

Several compounds known to alter receptor-mediated endocytosis were tested for their effect on insulin action in isolated rat hepatocytes. Dansylcadaverine blocked the inhibitory effect of insulin on hepatic protein degradation, but was without effect on the inhibition produced by high concentrations of amino acids. Dansylcadaverine also was without effect on the stimulatory action of insulin on glucose incorporation into glycogen, but totally blocked the insulin stimulation of alanine uptake. No inhibition of basal or (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated alanine uptake was observed with dansylcadaverine. These results indicate that dansylcadaverine has selective effects on some but not all of insulin’s actions. Methylamine also blocked insulin stimulation of alanine transport, although at higher doses, methylamine decreased basal and (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated uptake due to cellular toxicity. Chloroquine, an inhibitor of intracellular insulin processing, had no effect on insulin-stimulated alanine transport. To examine the si...
U-monad topologies of hyperfinite time lines

In an ω 1 -saturated nonstandard universe a cut is an initial segment of the hyperintegers which is closed under addition. Keisler and Leth in [KL] introduced, for each given cut U , a corresponding U -topology on the hyperintegers by letting O be U -open if for any x ϵ O there is a y greater than all the elements in U such that the interval [ x − y , x + y ] ⊆ O . Let U be a cut in a hyperfinite time line , which is a hyperfinite initial segment of the hyperintegers. The U -monad topology of is the quotient topology of the U -topological space modulo U . In this paper we answer a question of Keisler and Leth about the U -monad topologies by showing that when is κ-saturated and has cardinality κ,(1) if the coinitiality of U 1 , is uncountable, then the U 1 ,-monad topology and the U 2 -monad topology are homcomorphic iff both U 1 , and U 2 have the same coinitiality; and (2) can produce exactly three different U -monad topologies (up to homeomorphism) for those U 's with countable coinitiality. As a corollary can produce exactly four different U -monad topologies if the cardinality of is ω 1 .
Matrix-Enhanced Degradation of p,p‘-DDT during Gas Chromatographic Analysis: A Consideration

Analysis of p,p‘-DDT in environmental samples requires monitoring the GC-derived breakdown of this insecticide, which produces p,p‘-DDD and/or p,p‘-DDE, both also primary environmental degradation products. A performance evaluation standard (PES) containing p,p‘-DDT but not p,p‘-DDD or p,p‘-DDE can be injected at regular intervals throughout an analytical sequence to monitor GC degradation. Some U.S. EPA methods limit GC breakdown of DDT in the PES to ≤20%. GC/MS analysis of large-volume natural water samples fortified with deuterium- and 13C-labeled p,p‘-DDT exhibited up to 65% DDT breakdown by the GC inlet. These matrix-enhanced GC degradation amounts substantially exceeded the <20% breakdown levels indicated by bracketing injections of the PES containing unlabeled and labeled DDT. Substantial matrix-enhanced GC degradation was not observed during analysis of a limited number of fractionated bed-sediment extracts containing labeled DDT. Use of isotopically labeled DDT seems to provide an effective tool ...
Technical factors for consideration in selecting a 4-D CT simulator

INTRODUCTION Thoracic and upper abdominal cancer remains a primary challenge in radiation therapy because of respiratory-induced motion of tumor and organs at risk (OAR). Four-dimensional CT has become an important tool in the evaluation and assessment of respiratory motion to reduce the uncertainties associated with motion in radiation therapy [1]. In this article, we highlight and discuss the technical factors for consideration in selecting and commissioning a 4-D CT scanner.
Induced chromosom loss following treatment of postmeiotic cells of the Drosophila melanogaster male with MMS and DMN and matings with repair-proficient females and the repair-deficient females mei-9a and st mus302

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster ring-X males carrying a double marked Y chromosome, BsYy+, were treated with MMS or DMN and mated with repair-proficient females or the repair-deficient females mei-9a and st. mus302. Frequencies of induced complete loss (principally the ring-X) and partial losses of the Y chromosome (loss of Bs or y+) decreased in the sequence st mus302>mei-91>repair-proficient females agreeing with the sequence obtained previously with procarbazine and DEN. With MMS and DMN, some 30–40% or more of partial Y chromosome losses are mosaics from mei-9a and only 0–4% from st mus302 females suggesting rapid finalization of breaks/pre-break lesions in st mus302 females and a delay in mei-9a females. Similar findings with procarbazine and DEN are indicated. That the higher sensitivity of st mus302 relative to mei-9a results from impairments in both postreplication and excision repair in the former remains to be determined.
Arabitol accumulation in Geotrichum candidum

Culture conditions which lead to the intracellular accumulation of arabitol and mannitol in Geotrichum candidum were investigated. The accumulation of arabitol was dependent on the concentrations of metabolizable hexoses, the non-metabolizable disaccharide sucrose, NaCl and KCl in the growth medium. In media containing 2% (w/v) glucose, fructose or l-sorbose cultures contained only mannitol after 48 h or 72 h growth. In media containing 10% (w/v) to 30% (w/v) glucose, or 25% (w/v) fructose or l-sorbose there was an increase in the total concentration of intracellular polyol due to the accumulation of arabitol. This pentitol was also found to accumulate intracellularly when the organism was grown in medium containing 34% (w/v) sucrose, 0.7 M NaCl or 0.7 M KCl in addition to 2% (w/v) glucose. Under the conditions tested no change in the accumulation of mannitol or ethanol-soluble carbohydrate, believed to be primarily composed of trehalose, was evident.
Technologies for Diabetes Genomics

The genetic risk for diabetes largely depends on the type of diabetes and the penetrance and severity of the effect of the contributing genes. This ranges from the high-risk mutations of neonatal diabetes and maturityonset diabetes of the young to the lower, but still significant, risk conferred by common human leukocyte antigen alleles in type 1 diabetes to the still-lower risk conferred by the common variants associated with type 2 diabetes. There are many new molecular technologies, each with their own set of methodological issues, that have been used for genome-wide association studies and that can be used for determining the genetic risk for these various types of diabetes. These technologies include whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays, high-throughput polymorphism analyzers, next-generation sequencers, and copy-number variant technologies.
An Introduction to the Special Issue

I t has long been acknowledged that there are overlapping neural circuits for food and drugs of abuse. In particular, regions of the brain and intracellular signaling cascades implicated in processing the reinforcing effects of food also appear to regulate the consumption of addictive drugs (1–3). What is being ardently debated is whether overlapping substrates imply that food is, or can be, addictive (4,5). This is a critical question because it is attractive to use the addiction framework to jump-start and guide our understanding of how neural circuits of reward and self-control might contribute to understanding overeating and the obesity epidemic. However, the price of adopting an inappropriate framework is high, as it might steer research toward evaluating mechanisms that have been shown to be critical for addiction at the expense of those that are unique to obesity and perhaps key to understanding overeating. Reflecting both the gravity and uncertainty of this decision, the American Psychiatric Association considered and then rejected the inclusion of food as one of the addictive substances in the new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Similarly, when the National Institutes of Health was considering merging the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism into a single Institute of Addiction-Related Research, the idea of including food was considered and then rejected. In both cases, insufficient scientific understanding was cited as critical to the decision. The goal of this special issue is to bring together original research findings, reviews, and opinions of leaders in the field to objectively represent the current state of knowledge, to consider the costs and benefits of adopting the addiction model, and to identify critical future directions.
Integration of a barcode reader with a commercial flow cytometer.

This report describes the application and installation of a barcode reader on a standard EPICS Elite flow cytometer. The barcode reader system eliminates keyboard entry of sample information on the cytometer. The system automates the transfer of sample information already present in our laboratory database to the cytometer at run time. The system uses a standard “off-the-shelf” bar code wand with a personal computer keyboard interface and requires no additional software at run time. No typing of sample information is required by the operator at any stage of normal sample operation at the cytometer. All operations are automatically coded into the cytometry software using the macro functions of the software. Tubes are inserted into the tribe reader and sample information is transferred automatically into the cytometer. We have found that the system allows rapid and continuous operation of routine clinical and research samples. This automated data entry also reduces the possibility of data input errors.
Cybernetics and human-computer interaction: Case studies of modern interface design

Graphical user interfaces embody the complex dynamics between humans and everyday technologies. Designers and developers, constructing the graphical interfaces which determine and “control” the structures of user experience, are themselves informed by observations of user behavior and interaction. The recent commercial proliferation of these graphical interfaces in consumer electronics and digital computing has expanded their use and influence. Revisiting the graphical user interface reveals the influence of the Wiener's original cybernetics project on early pioneers of interface design. The general cybernetic inquiries of control and communication are especially relevant to the concept of graphical user interfaces as modern communicative media between human and machine, as is the later work in understanding the reflexivity of observers acting within systems. In the potential capacity of graphical interfaces to expand human agency, but only if conceptualized and designed by humans to do so, understanding the cybernetic and systemic ontology of the graphical user interface is important in motivating innovative interface design and understanding the determinants of contemporary digital culture.
Changing economic conditions and their effects on professional autonomy: An analysis of family practitioners and oncologists

This study examines the effects of dimensions of the social structure on professional autonomy. Little support exists for arguments suggesting professional dominance or professional-bureaucratic confrontation. The study supports a theory of social change that places physicians in their historical, political, and economic context. There are four important findings. First, the degree of autonomy varies across physician specializations, and the social structure affects the autonomy of family practitioners and oncologists in different ways. Second, the Federal Drug Administration constrains the responsibility autonomy of both oncologists and family practitioners, and the innovative autonomy of family practitioners. Third, bureaucracy either has no effect or enhances physicians' autonomy. The fourth, and most consistent, finding demonstrates that profit-seeking corporations external to the work setting constrain physicians' autonomy. Findings suggest that researchers should give more attention to shifts in the loci of power and the effects of organizations external to the work setting, especially corporations, on professions.
Clinicopathologic features and BRAFV600E mutation analysis in cutaneous metastases from well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas

BACKGROUND Cutaneous metastases from well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas are rare and are usually identified in patients with widely disseminated disease. Occasionally, thyroid carcinomas can present as cutaneous metastases for which the primary site needs to be determined. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) commonly have BRAFV600E mutation. A series of 16 cutaneous metastases were analyzed from well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas to learn more about the clinicopathologic features and BRAFV600E mutation status. METHODS Eleven cases of PTC and 5 of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) metastatic to the skin were evaluated. All cutaneous metastases were studied histologically and with thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor immunostains. All tumor samples were analyzed for mutations at nucleotide 1799 in exon 15 of the BRAF gene. RESULTS Two patients with FTC presented with cutaneous metastases. Fourteen of 16 patients died of disease and 2 were alive with disease at follow-up. The histologic features of the cutaneous metastases were generally characteristic of the primary tumor; however, 2 of the 11 PTC metastases demonstrated cytoplasmic clearing not typical of classic PTC. BRAFV600E mutation (T1799A) was detected in 5 of 11 cases of PTC and in none of the 5 FTCs. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous metastases from PTC may show prominent clear cell change requiring differentiation from clear cell hidradenoma, clear cell dermatofibroma, malignant melanoma with prominent clear cell change, and cutaneous metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. BRAFV600E mutation is identified in a subset of cutaneous metastases from PTC. Cutaneous metastases from PTC and FTC are associated with a very poor prognosis. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Semi-empirical mathematical relationships for electropositive adsorbate induced work function changes

Abstract Simple mathematical expressions have been developed which can be used to predict, with good accuracy, the value of the work function at its minimum and variation of the work function with adsorbate coverage for members of the Group IA and Group IIA elements. The relationships are couched in terms of known physical parameters such as the intrinsic work function of the metal surface and the first ionization potential and electron affinity of the particular adsorbate.
Endovascular aortic repair

ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC REPAIR is a new alternative to conventional surgical repair of aortic pathology.1 This technique of aortic repair was first suggested by Dotter2 in 1969 and reached clinical application with the work of Parodi et al3 in 1990. Since this early work, the technology has been applied to the treatment of peripheral artery aneurysms,4,5 diffuse aortoiliac occlusive disease,6 aortic aneurysms and dissections, and traumatic aortic or arterial injuries.7 Endovascular grafts have the advantage of being a less-invasive technique compared with conventional arterial reconstructions, owing to the unique ability to insert these grafts through small incisions from remote arterial access sites. This minimally invasive approach results in several advantages to the patient compared with conventional aortic repair. Many patients undergoing aortic repair have concomitant cardiac, renal, and pulmonary disease, increasing the complexity of any anesthetic administered. Avoiding laparotomy or thoracotomy eliminates the need for extensive perioperative aortic dissection, which may be complicated by previous aortic surgery. This technique obviates the need for extensive and prolonged aortic occlusion, decreases blood loss, and avoids the significant fluid shifts that occur with visceral manipulation, lowering the risk of significant perioperative hemodynamic changes. Conventional open aortic repair required general anesthesia with or without supplemental regional anesthesia. Repair through the endovascular route is a less-invasive technique compared with an open reconstruction,8 requiring less anesthesia.
Brief Antecedent Ischemia Enhances Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator–Induced Coronary Thrombolysis by Adenosine-Mediated Mechanism

Background—Clinical studies have implicated preinfarct angina (brief antecedent ischemia/reperfusion [I/R]) as a predictor of more rapid thrombolysis and lower rates of reocclusion. However, the effects of antecedent ischemia on the efficacy of thrombolysis have not been rigorously assessed. Using a canine model of coronary thrombosis, we aimed to (1) reproduce these clinical findings and (2) determine whether release of adenosine (a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation via stimulation of platelet A2 receptors) during brief I/R contributes to this improved patency. Methods and Results—To address our first objective, we compared the time required to achieve lysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and patency during the first 2 hours after lysis in dogs in which 1-hour thrombotic occlusion was preceded by brief I/R (10-minute coronary occlusion/10-minute reperfusion) versus 20-minute uninterrupted perfusion (controls). Time to lysis was accelerated in the I/R group versus the control group (...