cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Castration of male mice prevents the progression of established angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms

Objective Male sex is a nonmodifiable risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. Similar to humans, male mice are more susceptible to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAAs than female mice. Previous studies demonstrated that castration of males markedly reduced the formation of AngII-induced AAAs. Progression of AAA size is associated with increased risk of aneurysm rupture. In this study, we hypothesized that castration of male mice would reduce the progression of established AngII-induced AAAs. Methods Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were infused with AngII for 1 month to induce AAA formation. Aortic diameters were measured by ultrasound imaging, and mice were stratified into two groups that underwent a sham operation or castration. AngII infusions were continued for a further 2 months. Ultrasound imaging was used to quantify lumen diameters, and excised aortas were processed for quantification of AAA size, volume, and tissue characteristics. Results Sham-operated mice exhibited progressive dilation of suprarenal aortic lumen diameters during the continued AngII infusion. Aortic lumen diameters were significantly decreased in castrated mice (n = 17) compared with sham-operated mice (n = 15) at study end point (1.63 ± 0.04 vs 1.88 ± 0.05 mm; P P Conclusions Removal of endogenous male hormones by castration selectively reduces aortic lumen expansion while not altering the external AAA dimensions.
Temporal resolution of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) auditory system.

Auditory evoked potential (AEP) measurements of two Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) were measured in response to amplitude modulated tones. The AEP measurements showed weak responses to test stimuli from 4 kHz to 40 kHz. The manatee modulation rate transfer function (MRTF) is maximally sensitive to 150 and 600 Hz amplitude modulation (AM) rates. The 600 Hz AM rate is midway between the AM sensitivities of terrestrial mammals (chinchillas, gerbils, and humans) (80–150 Hz) and dolphins (1,000–1,200 Hz). Audiograms estimated from the input–output functions of the EPs greatly underestimate behavioral hearing thresholds measured in two other manatees. This underestimation is probably due to the electrodes being located several centimeters from the brain.
Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites

Abstract Abstract. A type of tool use by Asian elephants alluded to over a century ago by Darwin is their use of branches as a switch, allegedly to repel flies. In a study of Asian elephants used to take tourists for rides into a national park in Nepal the elephants were observed to grab branches spontaneously and switch with them during the rides and to switch frequently with branches presented to them at the stable. A study of 15 adult working female elephants was conducted to determine whether the use of swtiches was related to intensity of fly harassment, and if the behaviour functioned to reduce fly intensity around the elephants. Elephants were presented with switches resembling those they spontaneously picked up during rides. At daybreak (0600 hours), when no flies were present, the median switching rate was about 30 per 10 min. At four other observation times during the day (approximately 0800, 1100, 1500 and 1800 hours), when fly counts ranged from a median of 1·5 to 4·0 flies on and around the elephants, the median switching rate ranged from 150 to 186 per 10 min. A comparison of switching rate with daytime temperature changes and feeding schedules indicated that switching is not a manifestation of confinement stereotypy or a behaviour related to cooling the body. In an experiment on eight elephants conducted during the time of day when fly activity was most intense (approximately 1100 hours), fly counts were conducted for 10 min when no branch was available and immediately thereafter for 10 min when the elephants were presented with branches. The median fly count was significantly reduced by 43%. Elephants of the study sometimes modified the branches by removing side stems or shortening the branch. The frequency of fly switching by wild Asian elephants is not currently known. However, among the captive elephants of this study, fly switching would appear to be one of the most frequently employed instances of tool use.
Hot matter from exploding black holes

The relativistic viscous fluid equations describing the outflow of high temperature matter created via Hawking radiation from microscopic black holes are solved numerically for a realistic equation of state. We focus on black holes with initial temperatures greater than 100 GeV and lifetimes less than 6 days. The spectra of photons and neutrinos are calculated for energies greater than 1 GeV. The most promising route for the observation of these black holes is to search for point sources emitting gamma rays or neutrinos of ever-increasing energy.
On meromorphic solutions of f2 + g2 = 1

We show that meromorphic solutions f, g of f2 + g2 = 1 in C2 must be constant, if fz2 and gz1 have the same zeros (counting multiplicities). We also apply the result to characterize meromorphic solutions of certain nonlinear partial differential equations.
Reversible and irreversible heat capacity of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) analyzed by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry

The heat capacity of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) has been analyzed using temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and compared with results obtained earlier from adiabatic calorimetry and standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using quasi-isothermal TMDSC, the apparent reversing and nonreversing heat capacities were determined from 220 to 540 K, including glass and melting transitions. Truly reversible and time-dependent irreversible heat effects were separated. The extrapolated vibrational heat capacity of the solid and the total heat capacity of the liquid served as baselines for the analysis. As one approaches the melting region from lower temperature, semicrystalline PTT shows a reversing heat capacity, which is larger than that of the liquid, an observation that is common also for other polymers. This higher heat capacity is interpreted as a reversible surface or bulk melting and crystallization, which does not need to undergo molecular nucleation. Additional time-dependent, reversing contributions, dominating at temperatures even closer to the melting peak, are linked to reorganization and recrystallization (annealing), while the major melting is fully irreversible (nonreversing contribution). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 622–631, 2000
Non-synonymous variations in cancer and their effects on the human proteome: workflow for NGS data biocuration and proteome-wide analysis of TCGA data

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have resulted in petabytes of scattered data, decentralized in archives, databases and sometimes in isolated hard-disks which are inaccessible for browsing and analysis. It is expected that curated secondary databases will help organize some of this Big Data thereby allowing users better navigate, search and compute on it. To address the above challenge, we have implemented a NGS biocuration workflow and are analyzing short read sequences and associated metadata from cancer patients to better understand the human variome. Curation of variation and other related information from control (normal tissue) and case (tumor) samples will provide comprehensive background information that can be used in genomic medicine research and application studies. Our approach includes a CloudBioLinux Virtual Machine which is used upstream of an integrated High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment (HIVE) that encapsulates Curated Short Read archive (CSR) and a proteome-wide variation effect analysis tool (SNVDis). As a proof-of-concept, we have curated and analyzed control and case breast cancer datasets from the NCI cancer genomics program - The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our efforts include reviewing and recording in CSR available clinical information on patients, mapping of the reads to the reference followed by identification of non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Variations (nsSNVs) and integrating the data with tools that allow analysis of effect nsSNVs on the human proteome. Furthermore, we have also developed a novel phylogenetic analysis algorithm that uses SNV positions and can be used to classify the patient population. The workflow described here lays the foundation for analysis of short read sequence data to identify rare and novel SNVs that are not present in dbSNP and therefore provides a more comprehensive understanding of the human variome. Variation results for single genes as well as the entire study are available from the CSR website ( http://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/dna.cgi?cmd=csr ). Availability of thousands of sequenced samples from patients provides a rich repository of sequence information that can be utilized to identify individual level SNVs and their effect on the human proteome beyond what the dbSNP database provides.
Loop-level parallelism in numeric and symbolic programs

A new technique for estimating and understanding the speed improvement that can result from executing a program on a parallel computer is described. The technique requires no additional programming and minimal effort by a program's author. The analysis begins by tracing a sequential program. A parallelism analyzer uses information from the trace to simulate parallel execution of the program. In addition to predicting parallel performance, the parallelism analyzer measures many aspects of a program's dynamic behavior. Measurements of six substantial programs are presented. These results indicate that the three symbolic programs differ substantially from the numeric programs and, as a consequence, cannot be automatically parallelized with the same compilation techniques. >
The development of grain-orientation-dependent residual stressess in a cyclically deformed alloy

There have been numerous efforts to understand and control the resistance of materials to fracture by repeated or cyclic stresses. The micromechanical behaviours, particularly the distributions of stresses on the scale of grain size during or after mechanical or electrical fatigue, are crucial to a full understanding of the damage mechanisms in these materials. Whether a large microstress develops during cyclic deformation with a small amount of monotonic strain but a large amount of accumulated strain remains an open question. Here, we report a neutron diffraction investigation of the development of intergranular stresses, which vary as a function of grain orientations, in 316 stainless steel during high-cycle fatigue. We found that a large intergranular stress developed before cracks started to appear. With further increase of fatigue cycles, the intergranular stress decreased, while the elastic intragranular stored energy continued to grow. One implication of our findings is that the ratio between the intergranular and intragranular stored energies during various stages of fatigue deformation may validate the damage mechanism and can be used as a fingerprint for monitoring the state of fatigue damage in materials.
Probing the ground state structure of the green fluorescent protein chromophore using Raman spectroscopy.

We present Raman spectra, obtained using 752 nm excitation, on wild-type GFP and the S65T mutant of this intrinsically fluorescent protein together with data on a model chromophore, ethyl 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene-2-methyl-5-oxoimidazolacetate. In the pH range 1−14, the model compound has two macroscopic pKas of 1.8 and 8.2 attributed to ionization of the imidazolinone ring nitrogen and the phenolic hydroxyl group, respectively. Comparison of the model chromophore with the chromophore in wild-type GFP and the S65T mutant reveals that the cationic form, with both the imidazolinone ring nitrogen and the phenolic oxygen protonated, is not present in these particular GFP proteins. Our results do not provide any evidence for the zwitterionic form of the chromophore, with the phenolic group deprotonated and the imidazolinone ring nitrogen protonated, being present in the GFP proteins. In addition, since the position of the Raman bands is a property exclusively of the ground state structure, the data enable...
Modeling for synthesis - the gap between intent and behavior

Aside from the continuing critical inputs of UCLA faculty and students SARA has been affected by [CLE74]; the work of the MIT Information Structures Group, Carnegie-Mellon studies, the Case-Western Reserve LOGOS project, Petri Net studies, the growing literature on structured programming and work on program verification. The body of this paper presents the highlights of our synthesis methodology, the set of primitives used by modeling tools in SARA and a fast look at the design procedure proposed to support the methodology.
Steroidogenic factor 1 is the essential transcript of the mouse Ftz-F1 gene.

Targeted disruption of the mouse Ftz-F1 gene, which encodes the orphan nuclear receptors steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and embryonal long terminal repeat-binding protein (ELP), established that this gene is essential for development of the primary steroidogenic tissues and for male sexual differentiation. Associated with these dramatic developmental abnormalities, all Ftz-F1-disrupted mice died in the immediate postnatal period and had very low glucocorticoid levels. In this report, we show that treatment with corticosteroids markedly prolonged survival of the Ftz-F1-disrupted mice, proving that steroid hormone deficiency causes their death. We also generated SF-1-specific knockout mice with a targeting construct that specifically disrupted the SF-1 coding sequence without impairing the ELP protein. The phenotype of the SF-1-specific knockout mice was indistinguishable from that observed in Ftz-F1-disrupted mice that lack both SF-1 and ELP. Taken together, these results indicate that SF-1 is the Ftz-F1-en...
Effect of selenium and type of diet on the pattern of food and water intake in the rat

Erhielten junge, normale Ratten eine Grunddiat von Rohrzucker oder Mais, so war das physiologische Verhaltnis zwischen Futter- und Wasserverbrauch gestort. Die Beigabe von Selen verminderte Futter-und Wasserverbrauch, das letztere in hoherem Grade. Das Ergebnis weist darauf hin, dass in der Storung der normalen Regelung von Futter- und Wasserverbrauch moglicherweise ein neuer Faktor vorliegt, der die Intensitat der Zahnkaries in Ratten beeinflusst.
Performance measurement in a university computing facility

Methods of software performance monitoring and data reduction, recently implemented at the University of Wisconsin, have been successfully used to provide a meaningful set of information for management decision making. Emphasis in performance measurement has been placed on I/O request data, resource utilization, user and system file usage summaries, and individual job accounting statistics.The major goals at Wiscon in have been to maximize system through put and to reduce turnaround time for small jobs, while keeping turnaround for larger jobs within a reasonable limit. Over a two year period throughput was increased by a factor of two and mean turnaround time was decreased by a factor of ten.Although implemented for a specific system, the UNIVAC 1108, the overall approach is applicable to a wide range of general purpose multiprogramming time sharing systems. The description of the data collection and analysis facility emphasizes this generality.
MMW radar enhanced vision systems: the Helicopter Autonomous Landing System (HALS) and Radar-Enhanced Vision System (REVS) are rotary and fixed wing enhanced flight vision systems that enable safe flight operations in degraded visual environments

Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) has developed rotary and fixed wing millimeter wave radar enhanced vision systems. The Helicopter Autonomous Landing System (HALS) is a rotary-wing enhanced vision system that enables multi-ship landing, takeoff, and enroute flight in Degraded Visual Environments (DVE). HALS has been successfully flight tested in a variety of scenarios, from brown-out DVE landings, to enroute flight over mountainous terrain, to wire/cable detection during low-level flight. The Radar Enhanced Vision Systems (REVS) is a fixed-wing Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) undergoing prototype development testing. Both systems are based on a fast-scanning, threedimensional 94 GHz radar that produces real-time terrain and obstacle imagery. The radar imagery is fused with synthetic imagery of the surrounding terrain to form a long-range, wide field-of-view display. A symbology overlay is added to provide aircraft state information and, for HALS, approach and landing command guidance cuing. The combination of see-through imagery and symbology provides the key information a pilot needs to perform safe flight operations in DVE conditions. This paper discusses the HALS and REVS systems and technology, presents imagery, and summarizes the recent flight test results.
Treatment of previously untreated (by hormonal manipulation) stage D adenocarcinoma of prostate with combined orchiectomy, estrogen, and cis diamminedichloroplatinum

Thirty-four patients with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate previously untreated by hormonal manipulation were treated with the combination of orchiectomy, estrogen therapy, and infusion of cis diamminedichloroplatimum (1 mg./Kg./week) for six weeks initially and every three weeks thereafter. A partial objective response was observed in 22 of 34 patients (64.7 per cent). This response lasted three to twenty-nine months, with an average of 9.3 months. Five patients (14.7 per cent) had a significant decrease or disappearance of bone pain and became ambulatory. Six patients (17.6 per cent) remained stable. One patient (2.9 per cent) did not respond to treatment and showed progression of his disease. The toxicity of the treatment was mild to moderate. Most of the patients were treated in the outpatient deps to be the most effective method of treatment for previously untreated (by hormonal manipulation) Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
Sleep-related headache syndromes

The relationship between sleep and sleep disorders and headache remains unclear. Clinical experience and numerous studies document some sort of relationship, but the exact nature remains understudied and complex. Changes in sleep duration and sleep quality appear to be capable of affecting headaches of different types. Obstructive sleep apnea can cause or exacerbate headaches in a susceptible person. Obstructive sleep apnea also may cause a specific headache when awakening, which is different from migraine or tension headache and disappears after treatment of the sleep and breathing disturbance. Hypnic headache is another type of sleep-exclusive headache that has been proposed. Hypnic headaches are brief, moderately severe, and affect the elderly primarily.
Dynamic assembly by electrokinetic microfluidics.

Dynamic assembly induced by electrokinetic flows was investigated in a two-dimensional tapered microchannel. Vortices formed both at the outlet of the small end and inside the channel. These vortic...
The zooplankton community of Croker passage, Antarctic Peninsula

Zooplankton species composition, abundance and vertical distribution were investigated in the upper 1000 m of Croker Passage, Antarctic Peninsula during the austral fall (March–April, 1983). 106 species were identified, many being mesopelagic and reported previously from the Southern Ocean. The most numerous species (>1000/100 m3) were the copepodsMetridia gerlachei, Microcalanus pygmaeus, Oncaea antarctica andOncaea curvata. Oncaea curvata alone constituted half the zooplakton population. Zooplankton biomass was dominated by three copepod species,Metridia gerlachei, Calanoides aculus andEuchaeta antarctica,which comprised 74% of the biomass. Size analysis revealed most of the zooplankton numbers were in the >1 mm fraction. The biomass distribution was polymodal with major maxima in the >1 mm and the 4–4.9 mm size classe. The >1 mm peak, exclusive of protozoans, was primarily copepod nauplii and copepodites ofOncaea, Metridia andMicrocalanus. The 4–4.9 mm peak was mostlyCalanoides acutus andMetridia gerlachei. All of the principal species had broad vertical distributions both day and night. There was some suggestion of diel vertial migration byMetridia gerlachei andEuchaeta antarctica, with segments of their populations migrating into the upper 100 m and 200 m, respectively, at night. Most of the dominant and subdominant species were concentrated below 200 m,with only the subdominantOithona similis having its maximum in the epipelagic zone. The occurrence of zooplankton at winter depths appears to have been earlier in Croker Passage in 1983 than has been generally reported for waters south of the Polar Front. Total standing stock of net-caught zooplankton (>15 mm) in the upper 1000 m was estimated at 3.1 gDW/m2, which is somewhat higher than values reported for the West Wind Drift and for open ocean areas of temperate to tropical latitudes.Euphausia superba (17–52 mm) dominated the pelagic biomass, exceeding zooplankton standing stock under a square meter of ocean by a factor of 15. This is in contrast to lower latitudes where zooplankton biomass is usually greater than macrozooplankton-micronekton.
Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in a Diverse Urban Classroom

While it is well established that the ability of teachers to build cultural competence is a critical aspect of their work especially in urban and highly diverse settings, the kinds of experiences that help them build cultural competence is less clear. The author attempts to contribute to this void by showcasing a White, science teacher’s experiences in building cultural competence in a highly diverse urban school. Culturally relevant pedagogy is used as an analytic tool to explain and uncover the ways in which the teacher develops cultural knowledge to maximize student learning opportunities. The basic premise of the article is that this White teacher was able to build cultural congruence with his highly diverse learners because he developed cultural competence and concurrently deepened his knowledge and understanding of himself and his practices. Practicing teachers, teacher educators, and researchers are provided a picture of how the teacher builds relationships with his students, how he deepens his knowledge about how identity and race manifest in the urban context, and how he implements a communal and collective approach to his work as he builds cultural knowledge and cultural competence about himself, his students, and his practices.
The quantal component of synaptic transmission from sensory hair cells to the vestibular calyx

Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded in calyx nerve terminals from the turtle vestibular lagena to quantify key attributes of quantal transmission ...
Clove plantations on nineteenth-century Zanzibar: Possibilities for gender archaeology in Africa

Clove plantations on nineteenth-century Zanzibar were sites on which many recent immigrants from Oman and Africa constructed new identities within the complex social relations of colonial rule, enslavement and concubinage. Archaeological evidence relating both to architectural and ceramic remains is used within this work to interpret such multifaceted identities. Ethnographic and historical accounts of African societies have both shown that gendered identities across the continent are, and have been in the past, characterized by diversity. This article has a wider significance beyond the field of African archaeology, in suggesting that archaeologists working across Africa are ideally placed to make an important contribution to the field of gender archaeology in exploring such heterogeneous subjectivities.
Helitrons on a roll: eukaryotic rolling-circle transposons

Rolling-circle eukaryotic transposons, known as Helitron transposons, were first discovered in plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa) and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. To date, Helitrons have been identified in a diverse range of species, from protists to mammals. They represent a major class of eukaryotic transposons and are fundamentally different from classical transposons in terms of their structure and mechanism of transposition. Helitrons seem to have a major role in the evolution of host genomes. They frequently capture diverse host genes, some of which can evolve into novel host genes or become essential for helitron transposition.
Folate receptor alpha as a tumor target in epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives. Folate receptor α (FRα) is a folate-binding protein overexpressed on ovarian and several other epithelial malignancies that can be used as a target for imaging and therapeutic strategies. The goal of this study is to improve historical data that lack specific information about FRα expression in rare histological subtypes, primary disease versus metastatic foci, and recurrent disease. Methods. FRα expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on 186 primary and 27 recurrent ovarian tumors, including 24 pairs of samples obtained from the same individuals at diagnosis and at secondary debulking surgery. For 20 of the 186 primaries, simultaneous metastatic foci were also analyzed. FRα staining was analyzed in light of disease morphology, stage, grade, debulking status, and time from diagnosis to recurrence and death. Results. FRα expression was apparent in 134 of 186 (72%) primary and 22 of 27 (81.5%) recurrent ovarian tumors. In 21 of 24 (87.5%) matched specimens, recurrent tumors reflected the FRα status detected at diagnosis. Metastatic foci were similar to primary tumors in FRα staining. FRα status was not associated with time to recurrence or overall survival in either univariate or multivariable analyses. Conclusion. FRα expression occurs frequently, especially in the common high-grade, high-stage serous tumors that are most likely to recur. New findings from this study show that FRα expression is maintained on metastatic foci and recurrent tumors, suggesting that novel folate-targeted therapies may hold promise for the majority of women with either newly diagnosed or recurrent ovarian cancer.
Neuroprosthetic devices: how far are we from recovering movement in paralyzed patients?

In October 2008, Eberhard Fetz’s group from the University of Washington demonstrated that a direct artificial connection from a region of the brain associated with the control of movement to muscl...
Kinetic mechanism of the dimeric ATP sulfurylase from plants.

In plants, sulfur must be obtained from the environment and assimilated into usable forms for metabolism. ATP sulfurylase catalyses the thermodynamically unfavourable formation of a mixed phosphosulfate anhydride in APS (adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) from ATP and sulfate as the first committed step of sulfur assimilation in plants. In contrast to the multi-functional, allosterically regulated ATP sulfurylases from bacteria, fungi and mammals, the plant enzyme functions as a mono-functional, non-allosteric homodimer. Owing to these differences, here we examine the kinetic mechanism of soybean ATP sulfurylase [GmATPS1 (Glycine max (soybean) ATP sulfurylase isoform 1)]. For the forward reaction (APS synthesis), initial velocity methods indicate a single-displacement mechanism. Dead-end inhibition studies with chlorate showed competitive inhibition versus sulfate and non-competitive inhibition versus APS. Initial velocity studies of the reverse reaction (ATP synthesis) demonstrate a sequential mechanism with global fitting analysis suggesting an ordered binding of substrates. ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) showed tight binding of APS to GmATPS1. In contrast, binding of PPi (pyrophosphate) to GmATPS1 was not detected, although titration of the E•APS complex with PPi in the absence of magnesium displayed ternary complex formation. These results suggest a kinetic mechanism in which ATP and APS are the first substrates bound in the forward and reverse reactions, respectively.
A probability metrics approach for reducing the bias of optimality gap estimators in two-stage stochastic linear programming

Monte Carlo sampling-based estimators of optimality gaps for stochastic programs are known to be biased. When bias is a prominent factor, estimates of optimality gaps tend to be large on average even for high-quality solutions. This diminishes our ability to recognize high-quality solutions. In this paper, we present a method for reducing the bias of the optimality gap estimators for two-stage stochastic linear programs with recourse via a probability metrics approach, motivated by stability results in stochastic programming. We apply this method to the Averaged Two-Replication Procedure (A2RP) by partitioning the observations in an effort to reduce bias, which can be done in polynomial time in sample size. We call the resulting procedure the Averaged Two-Replication Procedure with Bias Reduction (A2RP-B). We provide conditions under which A2RP-B produces strongly consistent point estimators and an asymptotically valid confidence interval. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach analytically on a newsvendor problem and test the small-sample behavior of A2RP-B on a number of two-stage stochastic linear programs from the literature. Our computational results indicate that the procedure effectively reduces bias. We also observe variance reduction in certain circumstances.
Growth of a candidate arbovirus (Tsuruse) in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes following intrathoracic inoculation.

SummaryTsuruse virus, a candidate arbovirus, isolated in mice from bird (Blue Magpie) blood in Japan, grew unequivocally in A. acgypti after intrathoracic inoculation, though in only a rare mosquito after oral feeding. The estimated size of the virus was 50-100 mμ by filtration, and it was inactivated by lipid solvents, grew in the presence of iododeoxyuridine, produced plaques in cultures of primary chicken embryonic cells under agar and was lethal to suckling and weanling mice and weanling hamsters inoculated intracranially and to chicken embryos after yolk sac inoculation. No antigenic relationships were found between Tsuruse virus and 112 arboviruses.
On the Observed Annual Cycle in the Ocean-Atmosphere Heat Balance Over the Northern Hemisphere

Based on the best presently available satellite radiation, atmospheric and oceanic data sets, the long-term mean heat balance of the earth and its normal seasonal variation are investigated over the Northern Hemisphere. Quantitative estimates for the various flux and storage terms in the atmospheric and terrestrial branches of the heat balance are given for 10-deg-wide latitude belts and for each calendar month. The results are presented in both graphical and tabular form. As was known before, the storage of heat in the oceans is found to dominate the energy storage in the combined atmosphere-ocean-land-cryosphere system. In the tropics, large changes in oceanic heat storage are found in the 10 N-20 N belt with a maximum in spring and a minimum in late summer. The main new finding of this study is that the inferred oceanic heat transports appear to undergo very large seasonal variations especially in the tropics.
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians

To the extent that a key issue can ever be identified in biology, understanding the significance of the large amount of genetic variation encountered in all properly studied outbreeding plant and animal species is the key issue in population genetics today. A meaningful discussion of this issue is seriously hampered by lack of data on the breeding structure of natural populations. Human populations offer unusual advantages for the study of population structure. Ancestry and recent patterns of migration of individuals and groups can be determined with a precision not possible for other 'wild' populations, as can individual reproductive performances. History and archaeology supply additional data on population movements in the past also usually not available for other types of organisms. While data on all types of human populations are greatly to be desired, data on the surviving relatively unacculturated, tribal-type populations are especially critical. The parameters of these populations come closest to reflecting the circumstances under which human evolution occurred and under which the vast amount of variability now known to be present in human populations arose. Such populations will not long be available for study. Guided by these and other considerations, in 1961 we initiated a major programme directed
Identity Formation, Metaphors, and Values A Rejoiner to Waterman

Waterman's (1986) contention that his views on identity, self discovery, and personal responsibility are not accurately represented by Berzonsky (1986) is examined. Two types of responsibility are distinguished: (1) being responsible for the underlying identity that is assumed to emerge (constructivist) or preexist (discovery), and (2) acting responsibly in attempting to construct or discover that identity. I show that an individual cannot be held responsible in the first sense if a true self is assumed to preexist. Second, I show that there is no objective scientific basis for confirming or invalidating claims about self discovery. Therefore, the need to rely solely on an individual's self reports allows for the possibility that irrefutable claims about self discovery can be made without responsible personal involvement, effort, and dedication.
Bisphosphonate treatment suppresses not only stochastic remodeling but also the targeted repair of microdamage.

Two kinds of remodeling, stochastic and targeted, have been proposed based on the observation that microdamage in bone can initiate the remodeling process. Bisphosphonates are known to suppress stochastic bone remodeling. It has been hypothesized that bisphosphonates allow microdamage to accumulate, suggesting that they also suppress targeted remodeling. This study investigated whether suppression of remodeling using bisphosphonates inhibits remodeling targeted to repair microdamage, or whether the suppression of stochastic remodeling alone can account for the observed increase in damage accumulation. Beagle dogs were divided into three groups: control (CNT), risedronate-treated (RIS), and alendronate (ALN)-treated groups. The doses of both bisphosphonates were 6 times higher than the clinical doses. After 1-year treatment, animals were sacrificed and the right 9th rib was assigned to microdamage analysis. There were 3.06 times more associations between cracks and resorption spaces in CNT than expected (P < 0.005), indicating that remodeling normally targets cracks for repair, i.e., cracks can initiate a new remodeling event. However, although there was increased microdamage accumulation in RIS and ALN compared with CNT, fewer cracks than expected were associated with resorption spaces. The observation in RIS and ALN that there were fewer associations between cracks and resorption spaces than expected indicates that both targeted and non-targeted remodeling are suppressed in these groups. These data further suggest that the complete suppression of targeted remodeling could account for the increased microdamage burden.
Pupil apodization as a means of mitigating diffraction effects in remote sensing instruments

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) platform carries an infrared atmospheric sounding instrument which is used to obtain vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity throughout much of the western hemisphere. These profiles are numerically retrieved from measured nadir-viewing spectral radiances. The opacity of clouds to IR radiance makes such instruments functional only in clear-air regions. Because severe weather is associated with clouded regions, it is highly desirable to obtain soundings through holes in the cloud cover and up to the edge of frontal boundaries. There is much difficulty in performing this task with the existing GOES sounder because cloud cover gives rise to radiance errors in adjacent, and more distant, clear-air fields-of-view. A primary cause for this problem is diffraction, which introduces optical crosstalk between fields-of-view, and which is exacerbated by the large radiance contrast between clouds and clear air. This paper describes a novel application of tapered, or apodized, aperture illumination which may be employed in future GOES sounding instruments to mitigate the effects of diffraction. Tapering the aperture illumination at the edges (or applying this taper at accessible pupils, which are images of the aperture stop) reduces the subsidiary rings of the point-spread function. The benefits of pupil apodization are quantified, as are the penalties incurred by effectively making the aperture smaller. The construction of a graded-transmission spatial filter is described, and its optimal location in a sounding instrument based on a Michelson spectrometer is defined. Finally, the results of measurements taken on a fabricated filter are presented.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reversal of the SMSI state on Pt/Ti02 by CO hydrogenation

Abstract We have examined the role of the SMSI state in the CO hydrogenation activity of Pt/TiO2 and, in particular, whether CO hydrogenation leads to reversal of the SMSI state. Hydrogenolysis of n-butane, which is suppressed in the SMSI state, was used to monitor the onset and reversal of the SMSI state. When CO hydrogenation was performed on a Pt/TiO2 catalyst subjected to high temperature reduction, there was almost a complete restoration of hydrogenolysis activity. This implies that the working catalyst surface during CO hydrogenation is free of the site-blocking oxide species responsible for the SMSI state. The ratio of hydrogenolysis/isomerization activity of n-butane was also unaffected by onset of the SMSI state. Therefore, the migration of TiQx over the metal surface during SMSI does not cause selective suppression of hydrogenolysis with respect to isomerization. The site-blocking oxide species responsible for SMSI on the metal surface do not appear to be necessary to obtain enhanced CO hydrogenation activity on Pt/TiO2.
Sex and the media: Three decades of best-selling books and major motion pictures

The expression of sexuality in best-selling novels and major motion pictures was examined. There are two reasons that such stimuli merit systematic analysis. First and foremost is the finding that best-selling novels and major motion pictures exist as a primary source of sexual information. Of equal importance, however, is the need to examine such stimuli for myths and fallacies. The novels and films analyzed in the present study were selected from the last years of three consecutive decades: 1959, 1969, and 1979. Inclusion in this study was based on ranking in either a best-seller list (i.e., books) or a rental-receipts list (i.e., movies). The use of such criteria serves the dual purpose of allowing for the examination of stimuli that are accessible to large masses of people and at the same time allowing for the examination of sexually relevant stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of historical changes (over the three decades) and manifest themes (i.e., general characteristics or consistent themes). An additional section was included to address the broader implications of the present findings and to suggest alternatives.
The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on steroidogenesis in mouse adrenal tumor cells☆

Abstract Three days of growth in 5-bromodeoxyuridine inhibited both baseline and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis by 50% in mouse adrenal tumor cells in tissue culture. Steroidogenesis returned to control levels after these cells were reincubated in Eagle's minimum essential medium containing thymidine for 10 days. The inclusion of an equimolar concentration of thymidine in the culture medium prevented BrdU inhibition of steroidogenesis. Further studies demonstrated that incorporation of [ 3 H]BrdU into nucleic acid was proportional to the reduction in steroidogenesis. Adrenal cells grown in the presence of hydroxyurea and [ 3 H]BrdU did not incorporate [ 3 H]BrdU into nucleic acid and released control levels of corticosteroids. These studies suggested that BrdU inhibited steroidogenesis by being incorporated into DNA in place of thymidine. Growth in BrdU inhibited the specialized function of adrenal tumor cells to a much greater extent than RNA and protein synthesis. Pregnenolone restored steroidogenesis in BrdU-treated cultures to control levels, suggesting that the step in the steroid biosynthetic pathway that is inhibited by BrdU is prior to pregnenolone formation.
ATP transport and ABC proteins

ATP can be exported into the extracellular space, where it has important biological effects. Recent evidence shows that direct ATP export across the plasma membrane is associated with the presence of ABC proteins. Do the ABC proteins pump ATP as well as their other substrates, and if so, why?
Feminism, Postmodernism, and Organizational Communication Studies A Critical Reading

Recent developments in critical organization studies suggest that feminist theory and research provides an additional, and currently underexplored, domain of inquiry. Although critical studies have done much to focus attention on the relationships among communication, hegemony, and organization, little attempt has been made to explore organizations as gendered sites of communication, control, and resistance. This article takes up this issue through an exploration of the intersection of feminism and postmodernism and its potential value for organizational communication studies. The concept of gendered rationality is suggested as a useful way of framing this intersection.
TIUPAM: A Framework for Trustworthiness-Centric Information Sharing

Information is essential to decision making. Nowadays, decision makers are often overwhelmed with large volumes of information, some of which may be inaccurate, incorrect, inappropriate, misleading, or maliciously introduced. With the advocated shift of information sharing paradigm from “need to know” to “need to share” this problem will be further compounded. This poses the challenge of achieving assured information sharing so that decision makers can always get and utilize the up-to-date information for making the right decisions, despite the existence of malicious attacks and without breaching privacy of honest participants. As a first step towards answering this challenge this paper proposes a systematic framework we call TIUPAM, which stands for “Trustworthiness-centric Identity, Usage, Provenance, and Attack Management.” The framework is centered at the need of trustworthiness and risk management for decision makers, and supported by four key components: identity management, usage management, provenance management and attack management. We explore the characterization of both the core functions and the supporting components in the TIUPAM framework, which may guide the design and realization of concrete schemes in the future.
Recognition and silencing of repeated DNA.

▪ Abstract Mechanisms for repetition of DNA pose both opportunities and challenges to a functional genome: opportunities for increasing gene expression by amplification of useful sequences, and challenges of controlling amplification by unwanted sequences such as transposons and viruses. Experiments in numerous organisms have suggested the likely existence of a general mechanism for recognition of repeated character in DNA. This review focuses (a) on the nature of these recognition mechanisms, and (b) on types of chromatin modification and gene silencing that are used to control repeated DNA.
Putting a good face on impression management: Team citizenship and team satisfaction.

In this research, we examined self-promotion and ingratiation as correlates of citizenship behavior and desired outcomes in work teams. Results of a cross-sectional study using a combination of self- and peer-report data from student work teams suggested that two dimensions of citizenship behavior, i.e., altruism and conscientiousness, were partly a function of ingratiation and self-promotion. Further, ingratiation was found to be positively associated with individual satisfaction within teams and the extent to which individual members were perceived as likable among their peers. Peer perceptions of the motivation underlying ingratiation and selfpromotion also had a positive relationship with liking for team member such that the more sincere a motive is perceived to be, the more positive the perception of liking for team member.
Derived fuzzy knowledge model for estimating the depth of anesthesia

Reliable and noninvasive monitoring of the depth of anesthesia (DOA) is highly desirable. Based on adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modeling, a derived fuzzy knowledge model is proposed for quantitatively estimating the DOA and validate it by 30 experiments using 15 dogs undergoing anesthesia with three different anesthetic regimens (propofol, isoflurane, and halothane). By eliciting fuzzy if-then rules, the model provides a way to address the DOA estimation problem by using electroencephalogram-derived parameters. The parameters Include two new measures (complexity and regularity) extracted by nonlinear quantitative analyses, as well as spectral entropy. The model demonstrates good performance in discriminating awake and asleep states for three common anesthetic regimens (accuracy 90.3% for propofol, 92.7%, for isoflurane, and 89.1% for halothane), real-time feasibility, and generalization ability (accuracy 85.9% across the three regimens). The proposed fuzzy knowledge model is a promising candidate as an effective tool for continuous assessment of the DOA.
Solving the Problem of Trans-Genomic Query with Alignment Tables

The trans-genomic query (TGQ) problem -- enabling the free query of biological information, even across genomes -- is a central challenge facing bioinformatics. Solutions to this problem can alter the nature of the field, moving it beyond the jungle of data integration and expanding the number and scope of questions that can be answered.An alignment table is a binary relationship on locations (sequence segments). An important special case of alignment tables are hit tables ? tables of pairs of highly similar segments produced by alignment tools like BLAST. However, alignment tables also include general binary relationships, and can represent any useful connection between sequence locations. They can be curated, and provide a high-quality queryable backbone of connections between biological information. Alignment tables thus can be a natural foundation for TGQ, as they permit a central part of the TGQ problem to be reduced to purely technical problems involving tables of locations.Key challenges in implementing alignment tables include efficient representation and indexing of sequence locations. We define a location datatype that can be incorporated naturally into common off-the-shelf database systems. We also describe an implementation of alignment tables in BLASTGRES, an extension of the open-source POSTGRESQL database system that provides indexing and operators on locations required for querying alignment tables.This paper also reviews several successful large-scale applications of alignment tables for Trans-Genomic Query. Tables with millions of alignments have been used in queries about alternative splicing, an area of genomic analysis concerning the way in which a single gene can yield multiple transcripts. Comparative genomics is a large potential application area for TGQ and alignment tables.
Identification and properties of plasma membrane azole efflux pumps from the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans

Objectives Cryptococcus gattii from the North American Northwest (NW) have higher azole MICs than do non-NW C. gattii or Cryptococcus neoformans. Since mechanisms of azole resistance in C. gattii are not known, we identified C. gattii and C. neoformans plasma membrane azole efflux pumps and characterized their properties.