cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on polynucleotides. 103. Total synthesis of the structural gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast.

Abstract A plan for the total synthesis of the DNA duplex, 77 nucleotide units long, corresponding in sequence to the major yeast alanine transfer RNA, is formulated. The plan involves: (a) the chemical synthesis of 15 polydeoxynueleotide segments ranging in length from five to 20 nucleotide units and (b) ligase-catalyzed covalent joining of several segments to form three parts of the duplex, followed by joining of the three parts to construct the entire duplex. Twelve accompanying papers describe the experimental realization of this objective.
All things are connected

Design of complex system is essentially about connections: Connection of concepts, connection of objects, connection of teams. And products of the future will be connected seamlessly across physical and virtual domains. Connections can produce systems that offer more than the sum of the components but they can also yield to systems that are less powerful than the sum of the components or that are so compromised by their interactions that they do not work at all.Collaboration is the name of the game for design, for production, for operation of multi-scale systems.There is increasingly less distance between design and operation of systems. An efficient management of interactions among deployed parts of a larger system requires principles that are common to the design methods developed at the bleeding edge of technology. I will examine the evolution of design principles and of multiscale systems and the challenges we are facing today. I will point to a number of exciting fields where advances are constantly made towards the mastering of connections.
Synthesis, crystal structure and conformation in solution of four stereoisomeric cyclo‐lanthionine derivatives

The synthesis of the four stereoisomeric cyclo-lanthionine derivatives: Cbz-[RS]-AlaL.-[R S]-AlaL-OMe-S (where AlaL, denotes one end of the lanthionine unit) was carried out on a Kaiser-oxime resin starting from orthogonally protected lanthionine units. The peptide ring was prepared in 79–85%, yield via amide bond formation by utilizing the method of peptide cyclization on an oxime resin (PCOR). The crystal and molecular structures of the protected cyclic dipeptides have been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. The two cyclic lanthionine derivatives with chiralities of [R.S] and [S.R] crystallized in the orthorhonibic space group P212121 and the [R.R]- and [S.S]-cyclo-lanthionine derivatives in the monoclinic space group C2. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined to an R factor of 0.0368–0.0573. The ring amide bonds in all four compounds are cis, while the urethane group is trans and extended. The NMR spectra of the four stereoisomers in DMSO-d6 were used to determine their conformation in solution. The analysis of the NMR data with constrained distance geometry search showed the same conformational features in solution as in the crystalline state.
The Nanostructure and Nanomechanics of a Novel Black Widow Spider Silk Assessed Using Atomic Force Microscopy

The black widow spider produces numerous silk types that serve unique biological and mechanical functions. Recently, a novel member of the spider silk family, Pyroform Spidroin 1 (PySp1), was identified from the attachment discs of black widow spiders. Here we investigate the nanostructure and the nanoscale material behavior of native PySp1 silks using atomic force microscopy.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effect of Instream Sand Dredging on Fish Communities in the Kansas River USA: Current and Historical Perspectives

ABSTRACT Relatively few studies have examined the ecological effects of instream sand and gravel mining which occurs in many streams and rivers worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate fish community composition at sand dredged and unmodified (control) sites in the Kansas River, Kansas. Fish and habitat sampling were conducted at two control sites and one dredged site in September 1979 and 1980. The same sites and one additional dredged site were sampled in September 2006. In 2006, dredged sites were deeper and had slower current velocities than control sites. Similarity indices determined that fish community at control sites in 2006 were 80% similar to the same sites in 1979 and 1980, despite 26 years between sampling. Dredged sites had more variable species composition, but one site still had large-river species (blue sucker shovelnose sturgeon), which were sampled above the actual dredge in fast shallow water. Native river fish species were similarly present in 1979–1980 and 2006, but len...
Building muscle, browning fat and preventing obesity by inhibiting myostatin

The obesity epidemic is an overwhelming global health concern. Interventions to improve body weight and composition aim to restore balance between nutrient intake and energy expenditure. Myostatin, a powerful negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus because of the prominent role skeletal muscle plays in metabolic rate and insulin-mediated glucose disposal. In fact, inhibition of myostatin by genetic manipulation or pharmacological means leads to a hypermuscular and very lean build in mice. The resistance of myostatin-null mice to diet-induced obesity, fat mass accumulation and metabolic dysfunction has been presumed to be a result of their large skeletal muscle mass; however, in this issue of Diabetologia, Zhang et al. (doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2304-4) provide evidence that myostatin inhibition also significantly impacts the phenotype of white adipose tissue (WAT). The authors reveal elevated expression of key metabolic genes of fatty acid transport and oxidation and, intriguingly, the presence of brown adipose tissue-like cells in WAT of myostatin-null mice. They also show that pharmacological inhibition of myostatin replicates several of the protective benefits conveyed by its genetic inactivation. Herein, these data, areas in need of further investigation and the evidence that implicates myostatin as a target for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are discussed.
Interactive presentation: Process tolerant β-ratio modulation for ultra-dynamic voltage scaling

Most wireless and hand-held gadgets work in burst mode, and the performance demand varies with time. When the performance requirement is low, the supply voltage can be dithered and the circuit can enter from superthreshold region to subthreshold region (Vdd
Determination of refractive index of a simple negative, positive, or zero power lens using wedged plated interferometer

Measurement of the refractive index of a simple negative lens is presented. The technique is also useful for measuring the refractive index of a simple convex and zero power lens.
Identification of Functionally Relevant Residues of the Rat Ileal Apical Sodium-dependent Bile Acid Cotransporter

The mechanisms underlying the transport of bile acids by apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) are not well defined. To further identify the functionally relevant residues, thirteen conserved negatively (Asp and Glu) and positively (Lys and Arg) charged residues plus Cys-270 of rat Asbt were replaced with Ala or Gln by site-directed mutagenesis. Seven of the fourteen residues of rat Asbt were identified as functionally important by taurocholate transport studies, substrate inhibition assays, confocal microscopy, and electrophysiological methods. The results showed that Asp-122, Lys-191, Lys-225, Lys-256, Glu-261, and Lys-312,Lys-313 residues of rat Asbt are critical for transport function and may determine substrate specificity. Arg-64 may be located at a different binding site to assist in interaction with non-bile acid organic anions. For bile acid transport by Asbt, Na(+) ion movement is a voltage-dependent process that tightly companied with taurocholate movement. Asp-122 and Glu-261 play a critical role in the interaction of a Na(+) ion and ligand with Asbt. Cys-270 is not essential for the transport process. These studies provide new details about the amino acid residues of Asbt involved in binding and transport of bile acids and Na(+).
Terminologia anatomica: considered from the perspective of next-generation knowledge sources.

This report examines the semantic structure of Terminologia Anatomica, taking one randomly selected page as an example. The focus of analysis is the meaning imparted to an anatomical term by virtue of its location within the structured list. Terminologia’s structure expressed through hierarchies of headings, varied typographical styles, indentations and an alphanumeric code implies specific relationships between the terms embedded in the list. Together, terms and relationships can potentially capture essential elements of anatomical knowledge. The analysis focuses on these knowledge elements and evaluates the consistency and logic in their representation. Most critical of these elements are class inclusion and part-whole relationships, which are implied, rather than explicitly modeled by Terminologia. This limits the use of the term list to those who have some knowledge of anatomy and excludes computer programs from navigating through the terminology. Assuring consistency in the explicit representation of anatomical relationships would facilitate adoption of Terminologia as the anatomical standard by the various controlled medical terminology (CMT) projects. These projects are motivated by the need for computerizing the patient record, and their aim is to generate machineunderstandable representations of biomedical concepts, including anatomy. Because of the lack of a consistent and explicit representation of anatomy, each of these CMTs has generated it own anatomy model. None of these models is compatible with each other, yet each is consistent with textbook descriptions of anatomy. The analysis of the semantic structure of Terminologia Anatomica leads to some suggestions for enhancing the term list in ways that would facilitate its adoption as the standard for anatomical knowledge representation in biomedical informatics.
ORDER PLACEMENT STRATEGIES IN A PURE LIMIT ORDER BOOK MARKET

Using order book information from the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), we examine whether (and to what extent) the order book affects investors' order placement strategies. We find that the top of the book always affects order submissions, cancellations, and amendments, and the rest of the book mostly affects order cancellations and amendments. The previously documented order submission aggressiveness, given a crowded first step of the book, persists to other price steps and is found in order amendments and cancellations along the book. Finally, investors tend to fill in the large price gaps in the book by submitting or amending orders.
Factors contributing to the yield of asymmetric bilateral implantation of intracranial electrodes

Summary Objective To determine the outcome of implanting fewer electrodes over the hemisphere with less supporting presurgical localizing data. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our epilepsy surgery database at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2011, to identify patients who had an asymmetric number of electrode contacts implanted in each hemisphere for seizure localization. We scored each presurgical noninvasive data point (0, 0.5, or 1) to predict the likelihood of identifying seizure onset in the hemisphere with fewer intracranial electrode contacts (HFEC). An aggregate score was obtained for each patient. Results Thirteen (37%) of 35 patients had HFEC-onset seizures on intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). The following factors predicted HFEC-onset seizures: (1) temporal lobe epilepsy (p = 0.02); (2) interictal scalp electroencephalographic discharges at the HFEC (p = 0.04); and (3) both interictal and ictal scalp EEG discharges at the HFEC (p = 0.01). The median (range) aggregate score was 2 (1–3) for patients with HFEC-onset seizures recorded on iEEG and 1 (0–3) for patients without HFEC-onset seizures (p = 0.001). Using this scoring model, the odds ratio of identifying HFEC-onset seizures on iEEG was 6.4 for each one-point increment in the aggregate score. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for this model was 0.84, suggesting excellent ability of the aggregate score to discriminate between patients with and without HFEC-onset seizures on iEEG. Significance Implanting electrodes on the basis of limited supporting presurgical data may be useful in selected patients, especially those with temporal lobe epilepsy, interictal scalp discharges involving the HFEC, or both interictal and ictal scalp discharges involving the HFEC. In addition, our proposed scoring system may be helpful in selecting patients with complicated epilepsy for implantation of an asymmetric number of intracranial electrodes in the hemispheres.
Trapping of Sb by TiC precipitates in Fe

Ion-beam experiments have yielded strong evidence for trapping of Sb by TiC precipitates in Fe. Alloyed layers exhibiting this effect were produced by ion implanting Ti, C, and Sb into Fe at room temperature and then aging at 873 or 973 K. The depth distribution of the constituents and the microstructure were monitored by ion backscattering analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Heating initially caused a dense dispersion of TiC precipitates to form, and Sb was bound within the region of the Fe containing these precipitates. No evidence of Sb intermetallic compounds was found. Continued annealing resulted in Sb diffusion from the precipitated layer into the underlying bulk of the Fe, and the kinetics of this release were shown to be consistent with a trapping process. These observations and additional evidence prompt the inference that Sb is bound to the TiC precipitates, presumably occupying the TiC-Fe interface. The binding enthalpy is estimated to be ∼0.4 eV when referenced to an untrapped Sb site in theα-Fe phase. This trapping effect may provide a means for immobilizing Sb and other metalloid impurties in ferritic steels to inhibit temper embrittlement.
Perceptual cues used in reproduction of inspired volume

Man is capable of reproducing an inspired lung volume (IV) with relative precision (±3 %–8 %). To investigate the importance of cues which may be used to determine IV, we performed two experiments. In each, the subject inspired a “standard” breath (from resting end~xpired lung volume) corresponding to 25%, 50%, or 75% of inspiratory capacity (IC) and then expired nearly completely. From this expired volume, the subject either tried to reproduce the tidal volume (i.e., volume of air inspired) of the first breath (volume reproduction) or to reproduce the previous end-inspired lung volume (position reproduction). The constant error indicated that subjects overestimated tidal volume by about 200 ml. Despite this overestimation, the variability of reproduction was less for volume reproduction than for position reproduction when IV was small. The JND for volume reproduction increased linearly with increasing IV, whereas the JND for position reproduction was similar at all IVs so that the Weber ratio decreased. These observations suggest that, in the perception of inspired volume, the sensation of end-inspired position is important when the inspired volume is large, but that subjects apparently rely on some other cue to reproduce small lung volumes accurately.
Studies on the Biology of the Periodontium of Marmosets: II. Development and Organization of the Periodontal Ligament of Deciduous Teeth in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus):

Formation of periodontal fibers of deciduous teeth of marmosets were studied. The oblique orientation of mesenchymal cells toward the gingival region of unerupted teeth changed into organized, classically described periodontium only after the tooth became functional. Stresses of occlusion resulted in thickening of individual fibers and fiber groups.
Equine CRISP3 Modulates Interaction Between Spermatozoa and Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Equine spermatozoa induce a uterine inflammatory response characterized by a rapid, transient influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Seminal plasma proteins have been shown to modulate the interaction between spermatozoa and PMNs, but a specific protein responsible for this function has not been identified. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify a protein in equine seminal plasma that suppresses binding between spermatozoa and PMNs. Seminal plasma was pooled from five stallions, and proteins were precipitated in 60% (w/v) ammonium sulfate and dialyzed (3500 MW cutoff). Proteins were submitted to a Sephacryl S200 column, and fractions were pooled based on the fraction pattern. Each pool was analyzed for protein concentration and tested for its suppressive effect on PMN/sperm binding. Protein pools with biological activity were submitted to ion-exchange chromatography (diethylaminoethyl [DEAE] Sephadex column) with equilibration buffers containing 0.1–0.5M NaCl. Eluants were pooled...
Transcriptional adaptation of the heart to mechanical unloading

Abstract Novel strategies in the treatment of heart failure include mechanical unloading with a left ventricular assist device. Although first considered as a bridge to cardiac transplantation, this surgical treatment may improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure, even after removal of the device. The molecular adaptation of the heart to unloading remains largely unknown. Most of the enzymes involved in the regulation of myocardial energetics (including contractile proteins, ion pumps, and metabolic enzymes) exist in “fetal” and “adult” isoforms. It is known that cardiac hypertrophy due to increased work load in vivo involves a switching from the normally expressed adult isoform to the fetal isoform. Our work has now shown that the same pattern occurs in the unloaded heart. In both conditions, this switching is accompanied by the reexpression of growth factors and proto-oncogenes. The functional improvement of the failing heart after mechanical unloading may in part be the result of a reexpression of fetal genes.
Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy in ambulatory patients with spasticity.

Background Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) is an effective treatment for severe spasticity. In ambulatory patients with spasticity, it is possible that ITB treatment may compromise ambulatory function by unmasking underlying muscle weakness. This retrospective study is designed to determine the long–term ambulatory function in patients receiving ITB.
A fuzzy logic-based self tuning power system stabilizer optimized with a genetic algorithm

Abstract This paper presents an approach for designing power system stabilizers (PSS) with a fuzzy logic based parameter tuner. In the initial design step, Prony analysis is used to identify linear models for the synchronous generator at a large number of operating points, consisting of various power outputs and machine terminal voltages. Next, optimal parameter settings for a conventional PSS are generated using the linearized models. From the operating point settings, a selection of fuzzy rules is used to tune the stabilizer parameters online according to real-time measurements. The membership functions of the fuzzy parameter tuner are optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). Simulation studies show that the proposed stabilizer performs well over a wide range of operating conditions and provides better dynamic performance than a fixed parameter PSS.
Parallel implementation of the FETI-DPEM algorithm for general 3D EM simulations

A parallel implementation of the electromagnetic dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting algorithm (FETI-DPEM) is designed for general three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic large-scale simulations. As a domain decomposition implementation of the finite element method, the FETI-DPEM algorithm provides fully decoupled subdomain problems and an excellent numerical scalability, and thus is well suited for parallel computation. The parallel implementation of the FETI-DPEM algorithm on a distributed-memory system using the message passing interface (MPI) is discussed in detail along with a few practical guidelines obtained from numerical experiments. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the parallel implementation.
THE EFFECT OF TESTICLE EXTRACT AND OF NORMAL SERUM ON A TRANSPLANTABLE EPITHELIAL TUMOR OF THE RABBIT

Extract of rat, rabbit or bull testicle prevents or retards the growth of a rabbit tumor when a mixture of the extract and a tumor cell suspension is inoculated intradermally. Similar mixtures, made with normal rabbit serum instead of testicle extract, give rise to tumors which grow with unusual rapidity. The results are the opposite of those obtained with pathogenic bacteria or filtrable viruses which are enhanced by testicle extract and generally inhibited by normal serum.
Body weight and behavioral difference in mice maintained at 4 C and 21 C

Abstract Isolated mice maintained at 4 C gained weight at approximately the same rate as those kept at 21 C and consumed 66 percent more food than the 21 C controls. Unlike the mice in the 21 C environment, when animals housed at 4 C were allowed unlimited food they constructed elaborate nests and kept their cages tidy. However, when the food supply was limited to the amount needed to maintain the weight of animals at 21 C, the animals at 4 C became lethargic, rapidly lost weight, showed decreases in body temperature and nest building, and they tended to ball up and remain immobile until feeding time.
New results on output feedback disturbance attenuation of saturated linear systems

In this paper, we will study the problem of disturbance attenuation by output feedback for linear systems subject to actuator saturation. Both continuous and discrete-time systems are considered. A nonlinear output feedback, expressed in the form of a quasi-linear parameter-varying system, is constructed that minimizes the the effect of the disturbance on the output of the system. The level of disturbance attenuation is measured in terms of the regional ℒ 2 gain and l 2 to l ∞ gain over a class of energy-bounded disturbances.
Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned μ opioid receptor in the rat CNS

Three opioid receptor types have recently been cloned that correspond to the pharmacologically defined mu, delta and kappa 1 receptors. In situ hybridization studies suggest that the opioid receptor mRNAs that encode these receptors have distinct distributions in the central nervous system that correlate well with their known functions. In the present study polyclonal antibodies were generated to the C terminal 63 amino acids of the cloned mu receptor (335-398) to examine the distribution of the mu receptor-like protein with immunohistochemical techniques. mu receptor-like immunoreactivity is widely distributed in the rat central nervous system with immunoreactive fibers and/or perikarya in such regions as the neocortex, the striatal patches and subcallosal streak, nucleus accumbens, lateral and medial septum, endopiriform nucleus, globus pallidus and ventral pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus, presubiculum, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, superior and inferior colliculi, central grey, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. In addition, two major neuronal pathways, the fasciculus retroflexus and the stria terminalis, exhibit densely stained axonal fibers. While this distribution is in excellent agreement with the known mu receptor binding localization, a few regions, such as neocortex and cingulate cortex, basolateral amygdala, medial geniculate nucleus and the medial preoptic area fail to show a good correspondence. Several explanations are provided to interpret these results, and the anatomical and functional implications of these findings are discussed.
Toxaphene residues on alfalfa hay exposed to drying by sunlight, ultraviolet light, and air.

Abstract Alfalfa sprayed with large concentrations of toxaphene was air dried (Lot I), sunlight dried (Lot III), and dried under ultraviolet lamps (Lot II). Maximal loss of residue (Lot I, 19%; Lot II, 46%; Lot III, 54%) occurred approximately 7 days after the toxaphene application and plateaued thereafter. No distinguishable photochemical degradation products were detected.
Operating characteristics and modeling of the LLNL 100-kV electric gun

In the electric gun, the explosion of an electrically heated metal foil and the accompanying magnetic forces drive a thin flyer plate up a short barrel. Flyer velocities of up to 18 km/s make the gun useful for hypervelocity impact studies. The authors review the technological evolution of the exploding-metal circuit elements that power the gun, describe the 100-kV electric gun designed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in some detail, and present the general principles of electric gun operation. They compare the experimental performance of the LLNL gun with a simple model and with predictions of a magnetohydrodynamics code. >
Did Thomas Know the Synoptic Gospels? A Response to Denzey Lewis, Kloppenborg and Patterson

Nicola Denzey Lewis, Stephen Patterson and John Kloppenborg have written appreciative but critical reviews of the books by Simon Gathercole and Mark Goodacre. This response focuses on several key elements in their critiques: Thomas’s role in secondand fourth-century Christianity; the difference between ‘direct links’ and ‘diagnostic shards’; the analogy of ‘the plagiarist’s charter’; the categories ‘secondary orality’ and ‘scribal culture’; the role played by oral tradition; the argument from Thomas’s genre; the example of the Rich Fool; modelling Christian origins; and questioning the notion of a ‘new Synoptic Problem’.
Long-lasting enhancements of memory and hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity following multiple-day targeted noninvasive stimulation

Noninvasive stimulation can alter the function of brain networks, although the duration of neuroplastic changes are uncertain and likely vary for different networks and stimulation parameters. We have previously shown that multiple-day repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can influence targeted hippocampal-cortical networks, producing increased functional MRI connectivity of these networks and concomitant improvements in memory that outlast stimulation by ∼24 h. Here, we present new analyses showing that multiple-day targeted stimulation of hippocampal-cortical networks produces even longer-lasting enhancement. The ability to learn novel, arbitrary face-word pairings improved over five consecutive daily stimulation sessions, and this improvement remained robust at follow-up testing performed an average of 15 days later. Furthermore, stimulation increased functional MRI connectivity of the targeted portion of the hippocampus with distributed regions of the posterior hippocampal-cortical network, and these changes in connectivity remained robust at follow-up testing. Neuroplastic changes of hippocampal-cortical networks caused by multiple-day noninvasive stimulation therefore persist for extended periods. These findings have implications for the design of multiple-day stimulation experiments and for the development of stimulation-based interventions for memory disorders.
EFFECT OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS ON MIXED-MODE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF WOVEN FABRIC COMPOSITES

Effect of manufacturing processes on delamination fracture toughness and resistance to growth of T300/934 plane weave fabric carbon/epoxy laminate was evaluated. Three manufacturing processes, namely, autoclave molding (ATM), compression molding (CM), and vacuum assisted compression molding (CMV) were used. Split edge delaminated specimens and mixed-mode bending test apparatus were used to measure delamination fracture toughness. All panels were fabricated and specimens prepared and tested under dry condition and displacement control. Mixed-mode tests for G/G,, ratios of 1/4, 1/1, 2/1, and 4/1 were conducted. Fracture tests were stable for mode-l and G,/GM > 1.0 and unstable for mode-ll and G/GM < 1/4. Average G,. for ATM composites for G/G,, loading of 1/0, 4/1, 2/1, 1/1,1/4 and 0/1 was 282.0, 336.3, 374.8, 390.5, 632.2, and 663.8-J/m2 respectively. Average G0 for CM composites for G/G,, loading of 1/0, 4/1, 2/1, 1/1, 1/4 and 0/1 was 375.5, 381.9, 439.6, 504.4, 746.1, and 933.8-J/m2 respectively. Delamination fracture toughness and resistance to delamination growth of ATM and CMV composites were nearly same for all loading conditions. However, the delamination fracture toughness of CM composite is about 14 to 40 % larger than ATM composites, due to larger resin thickness ahead of the delamination front. In both ATM and CMV, vacuum was used to remove entrapped air and any volatile gases between and within the plies, which resulted in laminated composites having nearly identical flexural modulus and delamination fracture properties.
Etch rates for micromachining processing

The etch rates for 317 combinations of 16 materials (single-crystal silicon, doped, and undoped polysilicon, several types of silicon dioxide, stoichiometric and silicon-rich silicon nitride, aluminum, tungsten, titanium, Ti/W alloy, and two brands of positive photoresist) used in the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems and integrated circuits in 28 wet, plasma, and plasmaless-gas-phase etches (several HF solutions, H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/, HNO/sub 3/+H/sub 2/O+NH/sub 4/F, KOH, Type A aluminum etchant, H/sub 2/O+H/sub 2/O/sub 2/+HF, H/sub 2/O/sub 2/, piranha, acetone, HF vapor, XeF/sub 2/, and various combinations of SF/sub 6/, CF/sub 4/, CHF/sub 3/, Cl/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, and He in plasmas) were measured and are tabulated. Etch preparation, use, and chemical reactions (from the technical literature) are given. Sample preparation and MEMS applications are described for the materials.
Impact of security properties on the quality of information in tactical military networks

The goal of a tactical military network is to provide information superiority over an opposing force. This information superiority increases mission tempo if the information can be used to make correct decisions within time constraints. To achieve this goal, a sufficient amount of information must be received with a required quality. The information quality implicitly accounts for the level of security provided. In this paper we examine the dependencies between security and other factors that affect the information quality. We incorporate the notion of the amount of information of sufficient quality received over time as the operational information content capacity. We discuss the complex tradeoffs that arise while providing security properties: the decision maker may require certain security properties to use information, but the provision of such properties may degrade the ability of the network to deliver the required amount of information in time, thus lowering the operational information content capacity of the network.
Endocrine and behavioral correlates of drought in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis)

As part of a long-term study in behavioral endocrinology, wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) living in the Serengeti ecosystem of East Africa have been under study since 1978. The present report documents behavioral and endocrine changes associated with the severe drought of 1984. During this time, the annual rainy season failed and grassland biomass was severely reduced in the Serengeti. Baboons were able to maintain body weight but spent significantly more time foraging for food. In four prior years of study, basal testosterone concentrations were remarkably stable in adult and subadult males. In contrast, during the drought, there was a highly significant 60% decline in basal concentrations of the steroid. This testicular suppression was apparent in males of all ranks (by approach-avoidance criteria). Prior studies with this population, which examined the role of acute and chronic stressors in similarly suppressing testosterone concentrations, suggested that the present instance was in response to the stress of the drought. The drought was also associated with significant reductions in the rates of escalated aggression among males. However, the distribution of fights between high-ranking males, between low-ranking males, and between high- and low-ranking males did not change from prior years, nor was the dominance hierarchy inordinately unstable during this time. These findings agree with previous evidence that indicates that suppressed testosterone concentrations in males can be associated with lower rates of aggressive behaviors but that the steroid plays a predominantly facilitative rather than activational role. Finally, rates of approach-avoidance interactions and of male sexual behaviors were unchanged during the drought. These findings agree with an endocrine literature that indicates that reproductive behavior or physiology in primates is rarely disrupted by suppression of testosterone concentrations of the magnitude of the present case.
Tamoxifen resistance and Her2/neu expression in an aged, irradiated rat breast carcinoma model

Clear links have been established between occupational or therapeutic radiation exposure and breast cancer. Tamoxifen chemoprevention following radiation exposure may be able to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. In order to model carcinogenesis in this setting, an in vivo model of tamoxifen chemoprevention and tamoxifen failure in a radiation-induced rat mammary carcinoma model was characterized. Two hundred and twenty-seven 60-day-old female rats received whole body or sham exposure to ionizing radiation. Thirty days later long-term, continuous, tamoxifen chemoprevention was initiated in half the population and all animals were monitored over three and a half years for the development of mammary tumors. Mammary tumors were surgically removed and carcinomas were histologically identified and characterized. Results showed that tamoxifen chemoprevention decreased the incidence and prolonged the latency of radiation-induced mammary carcinomas. However, many individuals receiving tamoxifen chemoprevention developed their first carcinoma very late in life. These carcinomas shared morphological features distinct from the majority of carcinomas that developed in the absence of tamoxifen chemoprevention. Analyses of cell lines established from these carcinomas and immunohistochemistry of tumor sections revealed that the highest levels of Her2/neu expression were associated with in vivo tamoxifen exposure. Treatment of rat mammary carcinoma cells with an anti-rat Her2/neu monoclonal antibody (MAb 7.16.4) inhibited cell growth and this effect was more pronounced in the presence of tamoxifen. These studies suggest that carcinoma growth driven by the Her2/neu pathway may be associated with tamoxifen chemoprevention failure in the rat mammary carcinoma model. Additionally, strategies combining targeted Her2/neu antibodies, vaccines or drugs with estrogen pathway modification may be more effective in reducing breast cancer chemoprevention failures.
A Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Citric Acid in Blood

A method is described for a determination of citric acid in serum. This method is based on the formation of pentabromoacetone from citric acid and subsequent color development with thiourea.
Client relationship development for Application Service Providers: a research model

Application Service Provision emerged in the late 1990s as a viable method for remote delivery of software to multiple clients. This form of outsourcing differs from traditional outsourcing on aspects such as attributes of vendors and clients, contracts coverage and length, and functions and customization offered. Such differences are expected to result in a different pattern of relationships between Application Service Providers (ASPs) and their clients. This paper compares traditional outsourcing with ASP model, and proposes a research model and propositions on vendor-client relationship development based on prior empirical work, popular media, and theoretical perspectives from economic and marketing literature. A profile of an actual ASP is provided for illustration. In addition to providing insight into this growing form of outsourcing, this paper rectifies a prior client-centric bias in outsourcing research by considering both the vendor and the client's point of view on relationship development.
Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents who have epilepsy

1. Jana E. Jones, PhD* 2. Joan K. Austin, DNS, RN† 3. Rochelle Caplan, MD‡ 4. David Dunn, MD§ 5. Sigita Plioplys, MD** 6. Jay A. Salpekar, MD¶ 1. *Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc 2. †Distinguished Professor of Nursing, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, Ind 3. ‡Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Calif 4. §Arthur B. Richter Professor of Child Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind 5. **Assistant Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill 6. ¶Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC Epilepsy occurs in approximately 1% of the population. It is the third most common neurologic disorder in the United States after Alzheimer disease and stroke. The prevalence of epilepsy is equal to the combined prevalence of cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson disease. Epilepsy is the most common childhood neurologic disorder, affecting 0.5% to 1.0% of children younger than age 16 years. (1) More than 326,000 children younger than age 15 years have epilepsy, and approximately 90,000 have seizures that are not controlled completely by treatment. Epilepsy often occurs in conjunction with other conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and intellectual disability. Although seizures are the most readily identifiable feature of epilepsy, behavior and cognitive functioning also are affected negatively in a substantial number of children. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy is significantly higher than in healthy controls or in children who have other chronic health conditions. This article reviews the current knowledge of coexisting psychiatric disorders in children who have epilepsy and discusses diagnostic and treatment issues. Two epidemiologic investigations, conducted in the United Kingdom 3 decades apart, demonstrate that psychiatric comorbidity is overrepresented in pediatric epilepsy. In the classic Isle of Wight study, Rutter and associates (2) reported that 7% of children in the general population exhibited a mental health problem compared with 12% of children who had non-neurologic physical disorders. Significantly higher rates were reported in those having epilepsy, including 29% in children who had uncomplicated (idiopathic and cryptogenic) epilepsy and 58% in those who had complicated epilepsy (seizures in the context of structural central nervous system abnormalities). Strikingly similar findings were reported in a recent United Kingdom epidemiologic investigation by Davies and colleagues. (3) Among children ages 5 to 15 years of age, psychiatric disorders were found in 9.3% of the …
Strategy for the sequence analysis of heparin

The versatile biological activities of proteoglycans are mainly mediated by their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components. Unlike proteins and nucleic acids, no satisfactory method for sequencing GAGs has been developed. This paper describes a strategy to sequence the GAG chains of heparin. Heparin, prepared from animal tissue, and processed by proteinases and endoglucuronidases, is 90% GAG heparin and 10% peptidoglycan heparin (containing small remnants of core protein). Raw porcine mucosal heparin was labelled on the amino termini of these core protein remnants with a hydrophobic, fluorescent tag [N-4-(6-dimethylamino-2-benzofuranyl) phenyl (NDBP)-isothiocyanate]. Enrichment of the NDBP-heparin using phenyl-Sepharose chromatography, followed by treatment with a mixture of heparin lyase I and III, resulted in a single NDBP-linkage region tetrasaccharide, which was characterized as deltaUAp(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-Xylp -(1-->O-Ser-NDBP (deltaUAp is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyl uronic acid). Several NDBP-octasaccharides were isolated when NDBP-heparin was treated with only heparin lyase I. The structure of one of these NDBP-octasaccharides, deltaUAp2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp (1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc6S(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcAp(1-->3)-beta-D- Galp(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-Xylp-(1-->O-Ser NDBP (S is sulphate, Ac is acetate), was determined by 1H-NMR and enzymatic methods. Enriched NDBP-heparin was treated with lithium hydroxide to release heparin, and the GAG chain was then labelled at xylose with 7-amino-1,3-naphthalene disulphonic acid (AGA). The resulting AGA-Xyl-heparin was sequenced on gradient PAGE using heparin lyase I and heparin lyase III. A predominant sequence in heparin at the protein core attachment site was deduced to be -D-GlcNp2S6S(or 6OH)(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNp2S6S (or60H) (1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNp2S6S( or 6OH)(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc (1- ->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc6S(1-->4)-beta-D-++ +GlcAp(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-Xyl-AGA.
Enabling ESSENCE to Process and Export Meaningful Use Syndromic Surveillance Data

This presentation will detail the technical hurdles with reading a meaningful use syndromic surveillance data feed containing multiple sources, deriving a common meaning from the varying uses of the standard and writing data out to a meaningful use HL7 2.5 format that can be exported to other tools, such as BioSense 2.0. The presentation will also describe the technologies employed for facilitating this, such as Mirth, and will discuss how other systems could utilize these tools to also support processing meaningful use syndromic surveillance data.
Real Estate Finance: Loan Documentation and Payment Structures

In Chap. 1, two of the market participants that were introduced were investors and lenders. In this chapter, these two market participants come to the forefront. When structuring loan documentation and amortizations for investment property indebtedness, the types of arrangements provided often depend on the motivation for investment by the investor, and as we will discuss in a subsequent section, the objectives of the lender.
Survival strategies for transposons and genomes.

A report on the Keystone Symposium "Transposition and other genome rearrangements", Santa Fe, USA, 8-14 February 2003.
Day to day variability of the dark-adapted pupil diameter.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the individual variability of the dark-adapted pupil diameter over 2 testing sessions using a standardized dark-adaptation protocol. Setting: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, 40 volunteers with no history of ocular disease, surgery, or injury other than requirement for refractive correction were included. The right eye was tested. A standardized dark-adaptation protocol was used that controlled for accommodation and patient alertness. Infrared, still digital photographs were taken after 5 and 10 minutes of dark adaptation and analyzed independently by 2 investigators using digital-image software. Two test sessions were performed 1 to 7 days apart. Lifestyle factors such as sleep, diet, and exercise were not controlled. Results: The mean subject age was 31.5 years (range 20 to 49 years). There were 20 men; 27 subjects wore correction for myopia, and 13 wore no correction. The mean interval between test sessions was 2 days (range 1 to 7 days). The mean difference and 95% confidence intervals for pupil diameter difference between sessions were as follows: 5-minute readings, +0.032 mm (−0.030 to +0.094); 10-minute readings, −0.006 mm (−0.059 to +0.047); mean of 5- and 10-minute readings, +0.013 mm (−0.038 to +0.064). Using the paired t test, the pupil diameter did not differ significantly between sessions in 5-minute dark adaptation ( P = .2980), 10-minute dark adaptation ( P = .8263), or the mean ( P = .6049). Conclusion: Using a consistent dark-adaptation protocol that controlled for alertness, individuals aged 20 to 49 years showed no significant variation in dark-adapted pupil diameter when tested twice in 1 week.
Optimal intensity control of a queueing system with state-dependent capacity limit

A general single-state queueing system, in which the input and output processes are modeled as point processes with stochastic intensities, is studied. The problem is to control both the input and the output intensities, subject to some state-dependent capacity limits, and the objective is to maximize a discounted value function. With reasonable assumptions on the capacity limits, it is shown that there exists an optimal control that is of the threshold type, characterized by a finite upper barrier (the lower barrier being zero). The results developed provide theoretical justification for the optimality of the threshold control, which is widely applied in practice. >
Efficient Broadcast Authentication for Wireless Sensor Networks

This work proposes a reliable and secure broadcast protocol for ad hoc wireless (sensor) networks. Since reliability and security compete for the same resources, we jointly solve for error control coding and integrity for a broadcast scenario. Hence, it is very important that data packets are received by all nodes in the network using minimum number of transmissions and with a minimum latency because of the limited resources of the sensor nodes and the urgency of the information. We assume that the adversary can drop (or modify) legitimate packets and inject its own packets by compromising nodes. Thus, it is critical that, any node receiving a malicious packet immediately filters it out and uses only the legitimate ones for forwarding to the next hop and decoding. This makes the packet authentication a very challenging problem for broadcast. We build our authentication scheme, on top of a reliable and energy-efficient broadcasting protocol called Collaborative Rateless Broadcast (CRBcast) to achieve efficiency, reliability and authenticity.