cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo correction for Compton scattering effects in 3D PET brain imaging

A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to simulate and correct for Compton scattering effects in 3D acquired PET brain images. As input the routine requires the 3D reconstructed image volume of interest which is treated as a source intensity distribution for a photon-tracking Monte Carlo simulation. It is assumed that the number of counts in each pixel of the image represents the number of back-to-back 511 keV photon pairs being emitted at that location in the brain. The program then follows the history of each photons' interactions in the scattering medium and generates the sinograms for the scattered and unscattered photon pairs detected in a simulated 3D PET acquisition. The calculated scatter contribution is then subtracted from the original data set. The calculation is general and can be applied to any scanner configuration or geometry. In its current form the simulation requires 25 hours on a single Sparc10 CPU when every pixel in a 15-plane, 128/spl times/128 pixel image volume is studied, and less than 2 hours when sampled over regions of 4/spl times/4 pixels. Results of the correction applied to 3D human and phantom studies are presented. >
Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with Variant Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph) Translocations Have a Similar Outcome as Those with Classic Ph When Treated with Imatinib or 2nd Generation TKI

Background : Variant Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) translocations frequently involving 1-2 additional chromosomes besides 9 and 22 and represent 5–10% of patients (pts) with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The European LeukemiaNet recommendations provide a warning for patients with variant translocations, although there is limited information about their outcome after therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Our prior analysis mostly among pts who had failed prior interferon suggested that these pts had similar outcome to those with classic Ph translocations when treated with imatinib (El-Zimaity et al; Br. J Haematol 2004). Aims : To explore the characteristics and outcome of patients with variant translocations treated with frontline imatinib or 2 nd generation TKI (dasatinib or nilotinib) after imatinib failure. Methods : We reviewed the outcome of all pts with CML treated at our institution in 3 groups: early chronic phase (CP) receiving imatinib as initial therapy, and CP treated with 2nd generation TKI after Imatinib failure, accelerated phase (AP) treated with 2 nd TKI after imatinib failure. Results of pts with variant Ph were compared to those with classic Ph. Results : Among 554 pts (278 CP frontline imatinib, 190 CP post imatinib failure, 86 AP post Imatinib failure) 33 (6%) had variant Ph (21[8%], 6[3%], 6[7%], in each of the 3 groups, respectively). Median follow up is 55 months (mo) (2 – 90), 24 (1 – 53) mo and 29 (5 – 46) mo, respectively, for the 3 groups. Results are summarized in the following tables: Conclusion : Pts with variant Ph have a similar prognosis to those with classic Ph translocations when treated with imatinib as initial therapy or with 2 nd generation TKI after imatinib failure. The warning category for these patients may no longer be needed in the era of TKI.
System issues in embedded control

The computer in an embedded computer system is not used for manipulation of data as an end in itself but for the control of physical devices or processes. The problems associated with the control of a large and complex system composed of coupled subsystems are examined. Often, a real-time component of the required processing demands system response within a characteristic time determined by the system being controlled. The standards of reliability, survivability, and correctness which must be met by the computer system hardware and software are different. The control must function and not display any chaotic instabilities. The design must be such that it is self-stabilizing in the presence of both software and hardware errors. Because the system is distributed, there is the problem of maintaining consistency among multiple copies of the same information resident in different processors. The system can be structured to use more relaxed updating approaches as a tradeoff for improved performance. >
Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes in a Cohort of Elderly Essential Tremor Cases.

Objectives Individuals with essential tremor (ET) exhibit a range of cognitive deficits generally conceptualized as “dysexecutive” or “fronto-subcortical,” and thought to reflect disrupted cortico-cerebellar networks. In light of emerging evidence that ET increases risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it is critical to more closely examine the nature of specific cognitive deficits in ET, with particular attention to amnestic deficits that may signal early AD. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 128 ET cases (age 80.4±9.5 years) enrolled in a longitudinal, clinical-pathological study. Cases underwent a comprehensive battery of motor-free neuropsychological tests and a functional assessment to inform clinical diagnoses of normal cognition (ET-NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (ET-MCI), or dementia (ET-D). ET-MCI was subdivided into subtypes including: amnestic single-domain (a-MCI), amnestic multi-domain (a-MCI+), non-amnestic single-domain (na-MCI), or non-amnestic multi-domain (na-MCI+). Results Ninety-one (71.1%) cases were ET-NC, 24 (18.8%) were ET-MCI, and 13 (10.2%) were ET-D. Within MCI, the a-MCI+ subtype was the most common (13/24; 54.2%) followed by a-MCI (4/24; 16.7%), na-MCI+ (4/24; 16.7%), and na-MCI (3/24; 12.5%). Cases with amnestic MCI demonstrated lower recognition memory Z-scores (−2.4±1.7) than non-amnestic groups (−0.9±1.2) (p=.042). Conclusions Amnestic MCI, defined by impaired memory recall but associated with lower memory storage scores, was the most frequent MCI subtype in our study. Such impairment has not been explicitly discussed in the context of ET and may be an early hallmark of AD. Results have implications for the prognosis of specific cognitive deficits in ET. (JINS, 2017, 23, 390–399)
Common Findings in Late-Gestation Fetal Echocardiography.

Objectives Fetal echocardiography provides detailed information about cardiac structure and function in utero. Limited information is available regarding normal findings late in pregnancy. We therefore sought to identify and describe common cardiac findings in late gestation. Methods Fetuses with structurally normal hearts were identified in mid gestation within a subset of pregnant women in a prospective study. The atrioventricular valves, right and left atria, aortic isthmus and ductus arteriosus dimensions and flow abnormalities, aneurysm of the septum primum, and presence and grade of tricuspid regurgitation were assessed throughout pregnancy. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to characterize changes in quantitative and qualitative fetal echocardiographic parameters by gestational age (GA). Results Forty fetuses between 24 and 38 weeks' GA were studied. Each had a fetal echocardiographic study completed before and after 34 weeks' gestation, which were compared. Tricuspid-to-mitral valve and right-to-left atrium ratios increased with GA (P < .001). More frequently noted after 34 weeks were tapering of the ductus arteriosus (2.5% versus 32%), prominent aortic isthmus diastolic flow (5% versus 67%), prominent ductus arteriosus diastolic flow (2.5% versus 25%), trivial or mild tricuspid regurgitation (35% versus 80%), and aneurysms of the septum primum (37.5% versus 80%). These findings all increased linearly with GA (P < .001). Conclusions Atrioventricular valve and right/left atrium disproportion, mild ductus arteriosus tapering, prominent aortic isthmus and ductus arteriosus diastolic flow, trivial or mild tricuspid regurgitation, and aneurysms of the septum primum are frequently identified after 34 weeks' GA. Their identification suggests that these fetal echocardiographic findings in isolation are likely normal and are results of the physiologic alterations that occur late in the third trimester.
Treating Congenital Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Contracture

The management of congenital proximal interphalangeal joint deformity, also known as camptodactyly, is challenging. There are numerous theories on the cause of this abnormal finger posture, leading to variations in classification, definition, and treatment approaches. This article assesses the previous literature and provides clarity and guidance for the practical treatment of camptodactyly.
The Community Resilience Approach to Disaster Recovery: Strategies Communities Can Use

The community resilience approach to disaster management has gained prominence over the past ten years as a response to documented inadequacies in traditional approaches. Distinct from traditional, top-down approaches to disaster management that tend to see community members as victims of disaster events, this approach positions community members as important key actors in response and recovery efforts. The community resilience approach focuses attention on understanding community context and enhancing community-level capacities to work with response agencies post-disaster, so that the community as a whole is able to quickly return to a stable state and lead its own recovery efforts. This chapter introduces the community resilience approach, setting it in the context of four key findings from disaster research and identifying a corresponding set of challenges communities face when planning for disaster response and recovery in practice. It provides examples from a community resilience program in San Francisco to illustrate how three strategies integral to the approach can work to address those challenges in practice. The chapter concludes with implications for practice and research.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis: MitoCPR Resuscitates Import-Defective Mitochondria.

Summary Mitochondrial biogenesis requires the import of approximately 1,000 different proteins through a labyrinth of channels to reach the appropriate sub-organellar location. A new study now reports that, in response to stalled import complexes, an adaptive transcriptional response dubbed the mitoCPR is triggered to extract these stalled complexes into the cytosol for degradation.
Non-coding RNAs in lipid metabolism.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death and morbidity in the Western world, begins with lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, which is the initial step in atherogenesis. Alterations in lipid metabolism result in increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders, and treatment of lipid disorders remains the most common strategy aimed at reducing the incidence of CVD. Work done over the past decade has identified numerous classes of non-coding RNA molecules including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as critical regulators of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and CVD, mostly acting at post-transcriptional level. A number of miRNAs, including miR-33, miR-122 and miR-148a, have been demonstrated to play important role in controlling the risk of CVD through regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein metabolism. lncRNAs are recently emerging as important regulators of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. However, much additional work will be required to fully understand the impact of lncRNAs on CVD and lipid metabolism, due to the high abundance of lncRNAs and the poor-genetic conservation between species. This article reviews the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and their potential implications for the treatment of CVD.
Phonotactic and lexical constraints in speech recognition

We demonstrate a method for partitioning a large lexicon into small equivalence classes, based on sequential phonetic and prosodic constraints. The representation is attractive for speech recognition systems because it allows all but a small number of word candidates to be excluded, using only gross phonetic and prosodic information. The approach is a robust one in that the representation is relatively insensitive to phonetic variability and recognition error.
Ser caballero andante en tan detestable edad: antiguos y modernos en la autoconstrucción caballeresca de don Quijote

This study intends to demonstrate how the dispute between the Classic and Modem thought is constituted in a crucial aspect in the self-construction and deconstruction of Don Quixote's identity, whom in order to attain his goals, embarks on a process of imitation to go beyond his models in order to branch off in challenge of them in tension with their flattery, as well as in his own self-flattery based on his chivalrous attributes. After analyzing the unfavorable circumstances of his century for the exercise of arms, in addition to those derived from their errors in the imitative process and from their own particular deficiencies, the insurmountable divergences between his emulator speech and the reality, lead him to a fictitious inner defeat. This will only be apparent, when obtaining the greater victory - self-defeat - after freeing themselves of imitiatio and later in his death, he will surpass his previous models. He will authenticate his final victory by attaining his objectives of fame and glory after his death, by his contributions in maintaining the humanistic flame alive and by having found the perfect historian who will tell his story to later generations.
The TEAM Model for Evaluating Alternative Adaptation Strategies

Advances in the scientific literature have focused attention on the need to develop adaptation strategies to reduce the risks, and take advantage of the opportunities, posed by climate change and climate variability. Adaptation needs to be considered as part of any response plan. But appropriate adaptive responses will vary across different geographic regions since the potential consequences of climate change and variability for human and natural systems will vary regionally in scope and severity. The assessment of consequences and selection of appropriate adaptation strategies is a complex challenge for regional and local decision makers. To aid in these assessments, the U.S. EPA developed a decision support software system called the Tool for Environmental Assessment and Management (TEAM) that employs a multi-criteria approach for evaluating actions to address climate change impacts. Applications of TEAM have revealed some strengths of this tool: (1) transparency of the methodology used in TEAM is important, particularly to international audiences; (2) the structure encourages users to consider strategies and attributes from an array of disciplines, which leads to more effective outcomes; (3) the ability to consider and understand tradeoffs of noncomparable attributes is essential to good decision making; and (4) TEAM fosters communication and consensus among participants in the decision making process, in particular through the use of visual display features and sensitivity analyses.
Motor unit number estimation in the upper trapezius muscle.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that most techniques for motor unit number estimation (MUNE) have been developed to study distal hand muscles. The incremental, multiple point stimulation, and statistical MUNE techniques require a suitable length of peripheral nerve innervating the muscles under study for stable and repetitive electrical stimulation. It discusses that the spike triggered averaging (STA) MUNE technique can be used to study proximal muscles, because accessibility to the innervating nerve is only required to obtain the maximal compound motor action potential (CMAP) response. The STA technique identifies only the earliest recruited motor units and requires a well-controlled effort by the patient. These issues are partly solved by utilizing the decomposition-enhanced STA MUNE (D-E STA MUNE) software. The chapter also reviews that MUNE of proximal muscles is of interest in disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and charcot-marie tooth disease (CMT). Difficulties in obtaining a reliable biceps MUNE were encountered because of the challenge in obtaining a reliable and maximal CMAP response, and in over 20% of the patients no response could be obtained. Because of this, a technique is developed to study the upper trapezius muscle utilizing the D-E STA MUNE software.
OR2 Ligation of HLA class II molecules promotes endothelial cell permeability through activated Src and ERK signals

Aim Microvascular inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and accumulation of intravascular mononuclear cells are characteristics of acute (AMR) and chronic (cAMR) antibody-mediated rejection. In solid organ transplantation, donor specific antibodies (DSA) are associated with AMR, and early or late graft loss. However, the mechanisms underlying how DSA against HLA class II (HLA II) activate the endothelium and mediate inflammation and vascular permeability are poorly understood. Methods We utilized recombinant Class II Transactivator (CIITA) sub-cloned with pAd/PL-DEST vector to achieve expression of HLA II on vascular endothelium, and then evaluated the effects of HLA II antibodies (anti-HLA II) on endothelial cell (EC) permeability. Immunoblotting was used to determine the activation of signaling pathways and confocal microscopy was used to determine vascular endothelial - Cadherin (VE-Cad) phosphorylation and internalization. Results Ligation of HLA II by anti-HLA II activated Src and ERK, induced stress fiber formation, and increased EC permeability. Anti-HLA II also stimulated VE-Cad phosphorylation at Tyr685 as well as its internalization, thereby disassembling intercellular junctions. Class II mediated stress fiber formation and EC permeability was abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of ERK (U0126), Src (PP2) or MLC2 (ML-7). Both pharmacological and siRNA inhibition of Src, but not ERK, inhibited class II-induced phosphorylation of VE-cCd at Tyr685 and consequent VE-Cad internalization. Conclusions In conclusion, our data show that HLA class II DSA promotes actin stress fiber formation via a Src/ERK/MLC2 dependent pathway. Further, class II crosslinking with antibodies induces rapid endocytosis of VE-Cad via Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-Cad, thereby disrupting the endothelial barrier function and contributing to vascular permeability.
Probing covalency with oxidant K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy of UF4 and UO2

There are some interesting discrepancies between what has been observed experimentally and the predictions of cluster theory. In particular, the F 1s x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of uranium tetrafluoride and the U 4d XAS branching ratio for oxidized uranium are two cases in point. These discrepancies may be driven by the overestimation of covalency in cluster calculations.
An Interactive Virtual Reality Tour for Adolescents Receiving Proton Radiation Therapy: Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: Child life therapists provide patient education for children undergoing radiation therapy to assist in coping with and understanding their treatment. Objective: This proof-of-concept study aimed to determine the feasibility of incorporating a 360-degree video tour via a virtual reality system for children scheduled to receive radiation therapy. The secondary objective was to qualitatively describe each subject’s virtual reality experience. Methods: Children aged ≥13 years scheduled to receive proton radiation therapy were included in the study. Subjects watched the 360-degree video of the radiation therapy facility in an immersive virtual reality environment with a child life therapist experienced in coaching children receiving radiation therapy and completed a survey after the tour. Results: Eight subjects consented to participate in the study, and six subjects completed the 360-degree video tour and survey. All the enrolled patients completed the tour successfully. Two subjects did not complete the survey. Two subjects requested to pause the tour to ask questions about the facility. Five subjects said the tour was helpful preparation before undergoing proton radiation therapy. Subjects stated that the tour was helpful because “it showed [them] what’s to come” and was helpful to see “what it’s like to lay in the machine.” One subject said, “it made me feel less nervous.” Six subjects stated that they would like to see this type of tour available for other areas of the hospital, such as diagnostic imaging rooms. None of the subjects experienced nausea or vomiting. Conclusions: The 360-degree video tour allowed patients to explore the treatment facility in a comfortable environment. Participants felt that the tour was beneficial and would appreciate seeing other parts of the hospital in this manner.
Pelagian or Procrustean? Weighing Hugh Rock’s Reading of George Fox and James Arminius

This article responds to Hugh Rock’s recent attempt to locate Quaker theology in relation to Calvinism. Rock conflates George Fox’s and James Arminius’ doctrines and identifies them with a latter-d...
The Figure of the Day: A Classroom Activity to Improve Students' Figure Creation Skills in Biology

Creating and interpreting visual displays of data is an important component of quantitative and scientific literacy. We examined a figure-analysis activity called “Figure of the Day” (FotD) and its impact on undergraduate biology students9 figure creation skills. The treatment FotD activity required that students interpret a figure with some contextual information missing (e.g., titles, labels, legends). The control FotD activity required that students interpret a figure with no missing contextual information. Students in both the treatment and control groups made significant gains in their figure creation abilities. Bootstrapping of the Wilcoxon signed-rank effect sizes, r, shows large effect sizes for both the treatment (r ± SE = 0.708 ± 0.034) and control (r ± SE = 0.688 ± 0.0395) activities. Students most often reported that the activity9s positive aspects were increases in their figure interpretation and creation skills. Commonly reported negative aspects of the activity were that it took too much time and the figures were confusing. Students in the treatment group more often reported that the activity was enjoyable. This suggests that regular interaction with figures in the style of the FotD activity can improve students9 figure creation skills in a meaningful and enjoyable way.
What happened to cognitive science

More than a half-century ago, the ‘cognitive revolution’, with the influential tenet ‘cognition is computation’, launched the investigation of the mind through a multidisciplinary endeavour called cognitive science. Despite significant diversity of views regarding its definition and intended scope, this new science, explicitly named in the singular, was meant to have a cohesive subject matter, complementary methods and integrated theories. Multiple signs, however, suggest that over time the prospect of an integrated cohesive science has not materialized. Here we investigate the status of the field in a data-informed manner, focusing on four indicators, two bibliometric and two socio-institutional. These indicators consistently show that the devised multi-disciplinary program failed to transition to a mature inter-disciplinary coherent field. Bibliometrically, the field has been largely subsumed by (cognitive) psychology, and educationally, it exhibits a striking lack of curricular consensus, raising questions about the future of the cognitive science enterprise. Nunez et al. use bibliometric and socio-institutional indicators to show that over the years, cognitive science has failed to transition to a mature, coherent, interdisciplinary field.
From Persecuted Minority to Confessional Church

The essay argues that Old Belief did not emerge as a popular movement giving voice to the aspirations of ordinary Muscovites but rather as an elite culture that drew its inspiration from erudite churchmen closely affiliated with the Kremlin. The popularization of Old Belief occurred only during the last two decades of the seventeenth century, and was not completed even until the third decade of the eighteenth century. Most important in this process – which one might call the confessionalization of Old Belief – were the systematic dissemination of manuscripts, the canonization of Old Believer saints (such as the martyred Avvakum), and the development of an efficient school system. The author draws attention to the little-studied fact that Old Believers – both the founding fathers of the 1650s and eighteenth-century community leaders such as Andrei Denisov – drew inspiration from Ukrainian Orthodox models: they assimilated ideas from polemical texts against the Union of Brest (such as the idea of the Antichrist) and adopted the teaching methods of the Ukrainian seminary school which Denisov and other Old Believer intellectuals observed while studying at the Kievan Theological Academy.
Improved differential diagnosis of intracardiac and extracardiac shunts using acoustic intensity mapping of saline contrast studies.

Aims The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that temporal patterns of saline contrast entry into, and exit from the left heart are significantly different in intra- and extra-cardiac shunts and can be used to differentiate the shunt mechanism when Valsalva manoeuvre cannot be performed, or is of uncertain quality. We propose a novel approach of mapping the temporal changes in acoustic intensity (AI) within the left and right heart to identify and define these unique patterns. Methods and results We screened cases of right to left shunting on resting agitated saline contrast echocardiograms with clinical criteria that identified the origin of shunting as either a patent foramen ovale or pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Acoustic time-intensity curves were generated from the right and left heart chambers that reflected the change in saline contrast density over time. Several novel pre-specified parameters were measured from these curves, in addition to the standard heartbeat counting method, to characterize the entrance (wash-in) and exit (wash-out) patterns of saline contrast in the left heart. Statistical analysis showed that AI mapping provided superior differentiation of the two populations than did the traditional beat counting method. Conclusion Diagnosis of shunt mechanism from saline contrast studies can be improved over current methods through the use of AI mapping to define the rapidity that peak contrast effect develops, the speed that the contrast effect decays, and the contrast intensity late in the recording.
The implementation of inkjet-printed conductive copper in solution-processed electronics (Conference Presentation)

Through the use of solution‐based materials, the field of printed electronics has not only made new devices accessible, but enabled the process of manufacture to move towards a high-throughput industrial scale. However, while the solution‐based active layer materials employed in these types of systems have been studied quite intensely, the conducting structures that feature in printed circuits, RFID applications, logic systems and electrodes in optoelectronic devices have not received as much attention. Inkjet-printing in particular, as an additive, upscalable, direct write technique that requires no masks or lithographic pre-patterning of substrates, has been utilized to produce such structures in a wide variety of (opto)electronics, paving the way to fully solution-processed devices. However, for full compatibility with flexible, low cost substrates, the processing conditions of the deposited structures need to be controlled. This contribution highlights our work on utilizing inkjet-printing to deposit copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in order to form conducting structures within a range of electronic applications, specifically optoelectronic devices and printed circuits, and discusses methods to improve the conductive and interfacial properties. A reductive sintering approach is presented as an alternative to commonly used laser or flash lamp curing techniques. The findings presented address the importance of continuing work in improving the effectiveness of printed conductive structures, including in their use in organic and hybrid (opto)electronic devices, in order to move towards fully solution-processed and flexible electronics.
Under siege?: Assessing public perceptions of the “War on Police”

Abstract Purpose A number of high-profile killings of police officers has occurred throughout the United States since 2014. These killings have led some police executives, politicians, and political commentators to suggest that a “war on police” is taking place. This narrative persists to the present day, although little is known regarding how the public perceives this phenomenon. The current study draws from theoretical perspectives on media consumption, institutional trust, and political orientations to understand these perceptions. Methods Using a national sample of American adults, a series of OLS regressions are used to examine correlates of public perceptions of the “war on police.” Results Perceptions of the “war on police” are fairly pervasive. Political conservatism and trust in the police are both significantly, positively associated with these perceptions, while media consumption has inconsistent effects on perceptions. Findings from sensitivity analyses are consistent with those from the OLS models. Conclusions Findings highlight the relevance of multiple theoretical perspectives for understanding public perceptions of criminal justice-related political narratives. Further exploring linkages between perceptions of these contemporary narratives and policy preferences is necessary.
Boeing: Pairing Commercial Work with Government Contracts to Reduce Risk

As leaders of an established aerospace firm, Boeing executives learned how to pair government contracts with commercial work so as to reduce the likelihood of a failed initiative. Boeing’s receipt of a NASA award to transport astronauts to the International Space Station allowed its company leaders “to close the business case” for the CST-100 Starliner.
Moments Musicaux

One form of musical library that is a mainstay of traditional musicology and which stands to benefit from digital attention is the ‘anthology’. These collections, often paired with a textbook, are tasked with bringing together a set of ‘representative’ examples for musical devices such as particular chords. This paper provides lists of such examples, both manually curated and automatically retrieved, bringing computational methods to complement and extend the traditional concept and preparation of a musical anthology. The lists and code are available at https://github.com/MarkGotham/Moments. Discussion centres on the motivations for and issues with preparing such lists, including the design of retrieval algorithms. A final section discusses the special case of examples for teaching musicianship which can face additional difficulties in finding suitable repertoire examples. Again, this culminates in datasets of repertoire examples, but for specifications such as ‘diatonic, stepwise melodies in quarter and eight notes’.
Modified Instructional Teaching Method

Competency-based Language Teaching (CBLT) causes character education issue and its competence in facing a complex social circumstance which is quite conspicuous when implementing in national scale. Content-based Instruction (CBI) covers students and teacher proficiency that is considered not effective if the implementation does not take material and students’ different competence into account. Cooperative Language Learning (CLL) weakness shows a feasible challenging with the classroom discussion dynamics and the allotted time. The weakness shows one leads to a broad scale, the other one causes teacher and students and the last costs the practical implementation.
Acute Sensory-Motor Axonal Neuropathy in a 57-Year-Old Male Presenting With Paresthesia and Distal Muscle Weakness.

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a relatively uncommon post-infectious, immune-mediated neurologic disorder with an incidence of 0.5-2/100,000. It is usually preceded by an infection that evokes an immune response that cross-reacts with peripheral nerve components via molecular mimicry. The presentation of this disorder has several forms, including acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). The case we describe is of a 57-year-old male presenting with sensory features followed by symmetrical ascending paralysis and diagnosed with ASMAN, a recently described subtype of GBS, based on neurological and laboratory findings.
Saturation RRAM Leveraging Bit-Level Sparsity Resulting from Term Quantization

The proposed saturation RRAM for in-memory computing of a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) inference imposes a limit on the maximum analog value output from each bitline in order to reduce analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion costs. The proposed scheme uses term quantization (TQ) to enable flexible bit annihilation at any position for a value in the context of a group of weights values in RRAM. This enables a drastic reduction in the required ADC resolution while still maintaining CNN model accuracy. Specifically, we show that the A/D conversion errors after TQ have a minimum impact on the classification accuracy of the inference task. For instance, for a 64x64 RRAM, reducing the ADC resolution from 6 bits to 4 bits enables a 1.58x reduction in the total system power, without a significant impact to classification accuracy.
Targeting top terrorists: Understanding leadership removal in counterterrorism strategy

Bryan C Price’s Targeting Top Terrorists: Understanding Leadership Removal in Counterterrorism Strategy is a comprehensive book which seeks to measure the effectiveness of removing terrorist leader...
Bioprocessing of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: From Planar Culture to Microcarrier-Based Bioreactors

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have demonstrated great potential to be used as therapies for many types of diseases. Due to their immunoprivileged status, allogeneic hMSCs therapies are particularly attractive options and methodologies to improve their scaling and manufacturing are needed. Microcarrier-based bioreactor systems provide higher volumetric hMSC production in automated closed systems than conventional planar cultures. However, more sophisticated bioprocesses are necessary to successfully convert from planar culture to microcarriers. This article summarizes key steps involved in the planar culture to microcarrier hMSC manufacturing scheme, from seed train, inoculation, expansion and harvest. Important bioreactor parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), mixing, feeding strategies and cell counting techniques, are also discussed.
Using landscape metrics to characterize towns along an urban-rural gradient

Urban-rural gradients are useful tools when examining the influence of human disturbances on ecological, social and coupled systems, yet the most commonly used gradient definitions are based on single broad measures such as housing density or percent forest cover that fail to capture landscape patterns important for conservation. We present an approach to defining urban–rural gradients that integrates multiple landscape pattern metrics related to ecosystem processes important for natural resources and wildlife sustainability. We develop a set of land cover composition and configuration metrics and then use them as inputs to a cluster analysis process that, in addition to grouping towns with similar attributes, identifies exemplar towns for each group. We compare the outcome of the cluster-based urban-rural gradient typology to outcomes for four commonly-used rule-based typologies and discuss implications for resource management and conservation. The resulting cluster-based typology defines five town types (urban, suburban, exurban, rural, and agricultural) and notably identifies a bifurcation along the gradient distinguishing among rural forested and agricultural towns. Landscape patterns (e.g., core and islet forests) influence where individual towns fall along the gradient. Designations of town type differ substantially among the five different typologies, particularly along the middle of the gradient. Understanding where a town occurs along the urban-rural gradient could aid local decision-makers in prioritizing and balancing between development and conservation scenarios. Variations in outcomes among the different urban-rural gradient typologies raise concerns that broad-measure classifications do not adequately account for important landscape patterns. We suggest future urban-rural gradient studies utilize more robust classification approaches.
Salience Reasoning

The thesis of this essay is that social conventions of the kind Lewis modeled are generated and maintained by a form of practical reasoning which is essentially common. This thesis is defended indirectly by arguing for an interpretation of the role of salience in Lewis’s account of conventions. The remarkable ability of people to identify salient options and appreciate their practical significance in contexts of social interaction, it is argued, is best explained in terms of their exercise of what I call “salience reasoning,” a form of common practical reasoning. The more widely accepted understanding of salience competence, the “natural salience” understanding, fails as an interpretation of the notion at work in Lewis and Schelling (on whom Lewis relied) and is inadequate as an explanation of salience competence.
Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants.

Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
The unusual suspect (P1.025)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of myeloradiculopathy which was found to be caused by an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the unusual location of the pelvis and went undetected on original imaging. BACKGROUND: While spinal AVMs are a common consideration as a possible culprit for myeloradiculopathy, the literature largely describes the locations as within the central nervous system (CNS). The rare cases of pelvic AVMs discussed typically have presented with sciatica symptoms. DESIGN/METHODS: This is a case report of a patient who developed myeloradiculopathy due to a pelvic AVM. RESULTS: A 45 year old man presented with complaints of back pain, left leg paresthesia, reduced anal sensation and urinary retention after “twisting” his back the month prior. A spinal MRI revealed cervical central canal stenosis without T2 signal change and serpiginous intradural extramedullary flow voids suggestive of a spinal vascular malformation; however, a conventional angiogram showed no evidence of AVM. Urology found no anatomic abnormalities to explain the urinary issues. The muscle weakness and sensory loss improved. He was sent back to prison to follow-up as an outpatient. A month later, he returned for an EMG/NCS which was concerning for bilateral lumbosacral plexopathy. His symptoms had returned and progressed. CSF analysis was unremarkable. MRI of the pelvis and spine now showed a vascular malformation involving the left internal iliac vessels with engorgement of the draining veins and ischemic myeloradiculopathy of the thoracic and lumbar spine and cauda equina. He underwent subtotal embolization of left pelvic AVM with plans to return for further embolization. Upon discharge, his strength and sensation had improved. CONCLUSIONS: We believe it is important to consider the possibility of AVM outside of the CNS as a potential etiology for myeloradiculopathy or cauda equina even in light of negative or inconclusive MRI and vascular imaging. Study Supported by: none Disclosure: Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kafaie has nothing to disclose.
Invertebrate systems for the study of hormonal effects on behavior.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses invertebrate systems for the study of hormonal effects on behavior. It has long been known that hormones can have profound effects on behavior. The most familiar examples of these effects are the changes that occur in many vertebrates during their breeding seasons. Behaviors involved in courtship, copulation, and rearing of young, while absent during most of the year, appear during these times. Their appearance is typically caused by the changing hormonal conditions of the animal, especially by the titers of the sex hormones. Although much attention has been focused on the action of steroid hormones, peptide hormones such as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone also are important in triggering sexual behaviors. As one might expect when dealing with a behavioral response, the primary target of the hormone is usually the central nervous system (CNS). This was first directly demonstrated in vertebrates for the induction of sexual behavior in female cats. Implantation of minute amounts of the synthetic estrogen, stilbestrol dibutyrate, into specific areas of the brain caused the onset of estrous behavior without any of the accompanying physiological manifestations of heat.
Cellular factors regulate transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract It is hypothesized that the immediate-early (IE) gene products of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the transactivator (TAT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulate HIV-1 gene expression through mechanisms involving host cell factors. By using transient transfection assays with the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) under the transcriptional control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), we examined transactivation of the LTR by plasmids that express either the HIV-1 gene for TAT or human CMV IE. The ratio of the level of transactivation by CMV IE to the level of transactivation by TAT varied up to 1,000-fold between cell types. The difference in the activities of these transactivators in various cell types was not a consequence of differential expression of the transactivator gene. Analysis of RNA species initiated in the HIV-1 LTR supports the conclusion that cellular factors regulate the level of elongation of the transcription complex on the LTR. Furthermore, evidence that in some cell types the predominant mechanism of transactivation by HIV-1 TAT involves posttranscriptional processes is presented.
DFIG characteristic and control integration study under decoupled d-q vector control in stator flux oriented frame

This paper studies DFIG power generation characteristics as well as how the control of a DFIG should match the requirement of those characteristics through a computer simulation approach. The paper develops a DFIG steady-state model in d-q reference frame and uses a numerical iteration technique to obtain steady-state characteristics under general d-q control conditions in the stator flux oriented frame. An integrative study is presented for concurrent inspection of multiple DFIG operating data. Transient simulation using SimPowerSystem is developed to validate the effectiveness of steady-state results in a more realistic virtual laboratory environment. Extensive simulation study is performed to explore DFIG characteristics and control integration properties under general d-q control strategies.
Some Notes on Random Satisfiability

3-SAT is a canonical NP-complete problem: satisfiable and unsatisfiable instances cannot generally be distinguished in polynomial time. However, random 3-SAT formulas show a phase transition: for any large number of variables n, sparse random formulas (with m ? 3.145n clauses) are almost always satisfiable, dense ones (with m ? 4.596n clauses) are almost always unsatisfiable, and the transition occurs sharply when m/n crosses some threshold. It is believed that the limiting threshold is around 4.2, but it is not even known that a limit exists. Proofs of the satisfiability of sparse instances have come from analyzing heuristics: the better the heuristic analyzed, the denser the instances that can be proved satisfiable with high probability. To date, the good heuristics have all been extensions of unit-clause resolution, all expressible within a common framework and analyzable in a uniform manner through the differential equation method. Any algorithm expressible in this framework can be "tuned" optimally. This tuning requires extending the analysis via the differential equation method, and making use a "maximum-density multiple-choice knapsack" problem. The structure of optimal knapsack solutions elegantly characterizes the choices made by an optimized algorithm. Optimized algorithms result in improving the known satisfiability bound from density 3.145 to 3.26. Many open problems remain. It is non-trivial to extend the methods to 4-SAT and beyond. If results are to be applicable to "real-world" 3-SAT instances, then the theory should be extended to formulas that need not be uniformly random, but obey some weaker conditions. Also, there is theoretical evidence that in the unsatisfiable regime it is difficult to prove the unsatisfiability of a given formula, while in the known region of satisfiability, linear-time algorithms produce satisfying assignments with high probability. Is the unsatisfiable regime truly hard, and is the whole of the satisfiable regime truly easy? In particular, as the scope of myopic, local algorithms is expanded so that they examine more and more variables, can such algorithms solve random instances arbitrarily close the the threshold density?.
Photoproduction of h(2) from cellulose by an anaerobic bacterial coculture.

Cellulomonas sp. strain ATCC 21399 is a facultatively anaerobic, cellulose-degrading microorganism that does not evolve hydrogen but produces organic acids during cellulose fermentation. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata cannot utilize cellulose, but grows photoheterotrophically under anaerobic conditions on organic acids or sugars. This report describes an anaerobic coculture of the Cellulomonas strain with wild-type R. capsulata or a mutant strain lacking uptake hydrogenase, which photoevolves molecular hydrogen by the nitrogenase system of R. capsulata with cellulose as the sole carbon source. In coculture, the hydrogenase-negative mutant produced 4.6 to 6.2 mol of H2 per mol of glucose equivalent, compared with 1.2 to 4.3 mol for the wild type.