cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humans have antibodies against a plant virus: evidence from tobacco mosaic virus.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a widespread plant pathogen, is found in tobacco (including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco) as well as in many other plants. Plant viruses do not replicate or cause infection in humans or other mammals. This study was done to determine whether exposure to tobacco products induces an immune response to TMV in humans. Using a sandwich ELISA assay, we detected serum anti-TMV antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgM) in all subjects enrolled in the study (20 healthy smokers, 20 smokeless-tobacco users, and 20 non-smokers). Smokers had a higher level of serum anti-TMV IgG antibodies than non-smokers, while the serum level of anti-TMV IgA from smokeless tobacco users was lower than smokers and non-smokers. Using bioinformatics, we also found that the human protein TOMM40L (an outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog – like translocase) contains a strong homology of six contiguous amino acids to the TMV coat protein, and TOMM40L peptide exhibited cross-reactivity with anti-TMV antibodies. People who smoke cigarettes or other tobacco products experience a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Our results showing molecular mimicry between TMV and human TOMM40L raise the question as to whether TMV has a potential role in smokers against Parkinson’s disease development. The potential mechanisms of molecular mimicry between plant viruses and human disease should be further explored.
Probability of internal unwinding in the triple helix of collagen.

Helix probability profiles are calculated for collagen models that take into account specific sequence and unwinding from the ends, by internal loops and by chain dissociation, using parameters from a previous study and the technique of the previous paper.2 An analysis is made of the occurrence of imino acids in known collagen sequences and no significant difference is found from random occurrence. Studies of model sequences generated by random placement of the imino acids show no tendency for collagen to unwind via internal loops even when one end is covalently linked and a loop is permanently nucleated at that end.
Parallel Lines in Residual Plots

Abstract Attention is drawn to a little-known feature of residuals plotted against predicted values: When observed values of y are repeated in the data, then the plot exhibits a series of parallel lines having slope — 1.
Deposited silicon high-speed integrated electro-optic modulator.

We demonstrate a micrometer-scale electro-optic modulator operating at 2.5 Gbps and 10 dB extinction ratio that is fabricated entirely from deposited silicon. The polycrystalline silicon material exhibits properties that simultaneously enable high quality factor optical resonators and sub-nanosecond electrical carrier injection. We use an embedded p+n-n+ diode to achieve optical modulation using the free carrier plasma dispersion effect. Active optical devices in a deposited microelectronic material can break the dependence on the traditional single layer silicon-on-insulator platform and help lead to monolithic large-scale integration of photonic networks on a microprocessor chip.
Peroxisomal protein targeting and identification of peroxisomal targeting signals in cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes

At least three different subcellular compartments, including peroxisomes, are involved in cholesterol synthesis. Recently, it has been demonstrated that peroxisomes contain a number of enzymes involved in cholesterol biogenesis that previously were considered to be cytosolic or located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Peroxisomes have been shown to contain acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate decarboxylase, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase and FPP synthase. Moreover, the activities of these enzymes are also significantly decreased in liver tissue and fibroblast cells obtained from patients with peroxisomal deficiency diseases. In addition, the cholesterol biosynthetic capacity is severely impaired in cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from patients with peroxisomal deficiency diseases. These findings support the proposal that peroxisomes play an essential role in isoprenoid biosynthesis. This paper presents a review of peroxisomal protein targeting and of recent studies demonstrating the localization of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes in peroxisomes and the identification of peroxisomal targeting signals in these proteins.
Contemporary curriculum discourse: Too much ado about too much nothing

Curriculum discourse. Whatever else might be said, most people would agree that there has been a lot of it. In 1986 Schubert claimed that more than 1,100 curriculum books had been written in this century (Schubert, 1986). The volume of words is probably explained in large measure by the fact that the curriculum field has no generally agreed-upon boundary markers. Different ways of framing curriculum questions and diverse answers compete for legitimacy without generally agreed-upon criteria for judging among them. Theoretical arguments have continued in a variety of historical guises alongside of numerous proposals for changing the day-to-day curriculum practices of schools. Fundamental disagreements about whether or not curriculum theorizing should be relevant to schools and schooling and whether or not educational reform is possible without social reconstruction have never been resolved.
Simulation calculations of the outcome of H‐diffusivity measurements deduced from the outgassing of samples with differing initial concentration profiles

One of the most common methods used to measure the diffusivity D of hydrogen in solids is to determine the outgassing kinetics of H-charged bodies. The simple outgassing rate laws depend for their strict validy upon the assumption that the as-charged H-profile in the sample is uniform, and that this profile is not perturbed in the heat-up phase before the outgassing pressure is recorded. These experimental conditions are difficult to fulfill, especially at temperatures where D is large. It is shown by “computer experiments” that the validy of D-values extracted from outgassing kinetics is not sensibly affected even when deviations from these boundary conditions are large.
Father Enrollment and Participation in a Parenting Intervention: Personal and Contextual Predictors

Fathers are an important, though often underrepresented, population in family interventions. Notably, the inclusion of ethnic minority fathers is particularly scarce. An understanding of factors that promote and hinder father participation may suggest strategies by which to increase fathers' presence in studies designed to engage the family unit. The current research examined Mexican origin (MO) fathers' involvement in a family-focused intervention study. Participants included 495 fathers from eligible two-parent MO families with an adolescent child. Individual, familial, and culturally relevant predictors based on father, mother, and/or child report data were collected through pretest interviews and included in two separate logistic regression analyses that predicted the following: (1) father enrollment in the study and (2) father participation in the intervention. Results indicated that higher levels of maternal education and lower levels of economic stress and interparental conflict were associated with increased father enrollment in the study. Rates of father participation in the intervention were higher among families characterized by lower levels of interparental conflict, economic stress, and Spanish language use. Results highlight the relevancy of the familial and environmental context to MO fathers' research participation decisions. These findings as well as their implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Innovation and Public Accountability in Clinical Research

For more than 20 years, clinical researchers have expressed alarm about the decline of their field, but they have failed to achieve a consensus on policies to revitalize and sustain it. Although they have traced the plight of clinical research to profound changes in science, medicine, and public expectations, their conservative vision and preference for short-term measures inhibit effective policy formulation. These trends are the outcome of historical developments, and they seem to mandate a new approach to public policy. A potential source for more viable and socially accountable policies lies in practitioners' notion that clinical research bridges basic and applied science (by translating scientific innovations into practical measures). Exploiting that idea, however, would require a major reorientation of the field toward health services research and the institutions that are struggling to support it.
Global Hydromagnetic Wave Ducts in the Exosphere

IN 1957, one of us (H.A.B.) considered the initiation of an earth-magnetic field experiment to detect hydromagnetic waves in the upper ionosphere and exosphere. He suggested the use of very large wire loops (of about 100 km.2 area) as pick-up systems for earth-magnetic field perturbations. A large loop has the advantage of a very high signal-to-noise ratio, since it effectively averages out local magnetic interference.
Synthetic-aperture radar imagery scene segmentation using fractal processing

This paper demonstrates the application of fractal random process models and their related scaling parameters as features in the analysis and segmentation of clutter in high-resolution polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Specifically, the fractal dimension of natural clutter sources, such as grass and trees, is computed and used as a texture feature for a Bayesian classifier. The SAR shadows are segmented in a separate manner using the original backscatter power as a discriminant. The proposed segmentation process yields a three-class segmentation map for the scenes considered in this study (with three clutter types: shadows, trees and grass). The difficulty of computing texture metrics in high-speckle SAR imagery is also addressed. In particular, a two-step preprocessing approach consisting of polarimetric minimum speckle filtering followed by non-coherent spatial averaging is used. The relevance of the resulting segmentation maps to constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) target detection techniques is also discussed.
Group Helplessness and Rage

The problem of group violence is one of the most important issues facing society. Not only is this a crucial topic for our Americanized society, but we are confronted with events that are occurring...
Compact gap coupled resonator using negative refractive index microstrip line

A compact gap coupled resonator implemented with a negative refractive index microstrip line section is presented. The resonator offers harmonic suppression and an 86% size reduction compared to a conventional gap coupled resonator operating at 1.2 GHz. The resonator should have many applications in the design of filters and oscillators.
Genetics of Body Color in Tilapia mossambica

Gold, bronze, and black (normal pigmentation) body colors in Tilapia mossambica are controlled by a single autosomal gene with incomplete dominant gene action: GG fish are black gg fish are gold; Gg fish are bronze. Because gold body color is produced by the recessive genotype, it is easy to produce and to maintain a truebreeding population of gold T. mossambica for commercial purposes. If all other colors are culled, the population will breed true, because gold × gold will always produce 100% gold offspring. The G gene will be a valuable genetic marker for many genetic studies, such as the production of gynogenetic T. mossambica.
Protocols for multi-step thermoplastic processing of metallic glasses

Temperature profiles of multi-step thermoplastic forming of bulk metallic glasses were simulated by isothermal annealing at multiple temperatures and sequences. For a single annealing temperature, the time to crystallize is additive. When the sample is first annealed at a higher temperature and quenched to a lower temperature, time till crystallization is gained, and vice versa. These findings can be explained by the temperature dependence of nucleation and growth rates, which suggests the maximum nucleation temperature is below thermoplastic forming temperatures.
Nonlinear analysis of pretwisted rods using 'principal curvature transformation'. II - Numerical results

This, the second part of a two-part paper, makes use of the method developed in the first part to investigate the nonlinear behavior of rods. A first example illustrates the complexity of the nonlinear relative to the linear case. A second example examines such aspects as convergence of the iterative solution, the number of generalized coordinates needed, and four different levels of nonlinearity. A comparison of the results calculated using the theory for the second example with existing experimental results shows good agreement. A third example deals with the resulting moment distribution along the rod. Three methods for calculating the components of this resultant moment are presented, compared, and discussed. The fourth example involves the nonlinear behavior of a pretwisted rod.
SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS OF FUNDULUS CELLS AND THEIR RELATION TO CELL MOVEMENTS DURING GASTRULATION

Cell movements in Fundulus blastoderms during gastrulation were studied utilizing time-lapse cinemicrography and electron microscopy. Time-lapse films reveal that cells of the enveloping layer undulate and sometimes separate briefly but remain together in a cohesive layer. During epiboly, the marginal enveloping layer cells move over the periblast as it expands over the yolk sphere. Movement occurs as a result of ruffled membrane activity of the free borders of the marginal cells. Deep blastomeres become increasingly active during blastula and gastrula stages. Lobopodia project from the blastomeres in blastulae and adhere to other cells in gastrulae, giving the cells traction for movement. Contact specializations are formed by the lateral adjacent plasma membranes of enveloping layer cells. An apical junction is characterized by an intercellular gap of 60–75 A. Below this contact, the plasma membranes are separated by 120 A or more. In mid-gastrulae, cytoplasmic fibrils occur adjacent to some apical junctions, and small desmosomes appear below the apical junction. Septate desmosomes also appear at this time. A junction with an intercellular gap of 60 A occurs between marginal enveloping layer cells and periblast. Contacts between deep blastomeres become numerous in gastrulae and consist of contacts at the crests of surface undulations, short areas of contact in which the plasma membranes are 60 or 120 A apart, and long regions characterized by a 200-A intercellular gap. Lobopodia contact other blastomeres only in gastrulae. These junctions contain a 200-A intercellular space. Some deep blastomeres are in contact with the tips of periblast microvilli. The mechanism of epiboly in Fundulus is discussed and reevaluated in terms of these observations. The enveloping layer is adherent to the margin of the periblast and moves over it as a coherent cellular sheet. Periblast epiboly involves a controlled flow of cytoplasm from the thicker periblast into the thinner yolk cytoplasmic layer with which it is continuous. Deep cells move by adhering to each other, to the inner surface of the enveloping layer, and to the periblast.
Neuromuscular Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita in a Thoroughbred Foal

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita was studied in a newborn thoroughbred foal. The syndrome affected only the left hind limb allowing the right hind limb to serve as a reference. There was a significant depletion of large motor neurons from the ventral horn of the spinal cord from Ls to S., on the affected side. Hypoplasia of nerves, muscles, and bones was present in the affected limb. Histologically, hypoplasia and degeneration of myofibers and nerve bundles were seen. No cause of the syndrome, which corresponds to most human cases, was determined. Neuromuscular arthrogryposis was diagnosed because of the difficulty in distinguishing primary neuropathic from primary myopathic forms of the disease. Arthrogryposis or congenital articular rigidities is a syndrome resulting from fixation of joints, often in flexion (gryposis = "crooking"). It usually is present at birth and involves multiple joints, hence the frequently used term arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.2' The majority of human cases are believed to be neurogenic. A few are associated with various forms of myelodys- plasia and a few with peripheral neuropathies, but the majority result from undefined disturbances of the an- terior horn cells.1.3*6.21*22 Skeletal malformations and connective tissue disorders rarely account for arthro- gryposis in man and although oligohydramnios is a frequent finding, pure fetal confinement is not regarded as a common cause.22 In man, the infrequent my- opathic forms of arthrogryposis have been associated with various muscular dystrophies or myotonia and strong hereditary factor^.^,^' Arthrogryposis resulting from the neuromuscular dysfunction of congenital myasthenia or the use of muscle relaxants during preg- nancy also is uncommon.20 In domestic animals hereditary arthrogryposis has been associated with forms of myelodysplasia in cattle and pigs.". l5 Akabane virus infection in utero, resulting in arthrogryposis, is well described.l3- I4 Although many toxic plants are associated with the disorder, particu- larly in cattle and swine, the actual pathogenesis usually is not defined.4"0.'2 The syndrome known as "con- tracted l9 includes arthrogryposis.". l6 Details of examination of neuromuscular tissues are lacking in studies of this syndrome; primary skeletal defects sim- ply have been suggested and no myogenic or neurogenic . forms have been described in the horse. This paper will document a case of equine neuromuscular arthrogrypo- sis.
Analysis and design of a context adaptable SAD/MSE architecture

Design of flexible multimedia accelerators that can cater to multiple algorithms is being aggressively pursued in the media processors community. Such an approach is justified in the era of sub-45 nmtechnology where an increasingly dominating leakage power component is forcing designers to make the best possible use of on-chip resources. In this paper we present an analysis of two commonly used window-based operations (sum of absolute differences and mean squared error) across a variety of search patterns and block sizes (2 × 3, 5 × 5, etc.). We propose a context adaptable architecture that has (i) configurable 2D systolic array and (ii) 2D Configurable Register Array (CRA). CRA can cater to variable pixel access patterns while reusing fetched pixels across search windows. Benefits of proposed architecture when compared to 15 other published architectures are adaptability, high throughput, and low latency at a cost of increased footprint, when ported on a Xilinx FPGA.
A Comparison of Two Dosing Regimens of Succimer in Children with Chronic Lead Poisoning

There is limited information defining the optimal dosing regimen of succimer in the treatment of children with chronic lead poisoning. It is typically administered as a five day course of high dose therapy (1,050 mg/m2/day) followed by 14 days of low dose therapy (700 mg/m2/day). This study compared the effect on blood lead concentrations (BPb) of treatment with this standard regimen and an alternate regimen consisting of two courses of high dose therapy separated by one week. There were significant reductions in the mean BPb in both the standard (n = 7) and alternate (n = 4) treatment groups but there was not a significant difference between the groups. In the standard group, the BPb decreased from 33 +/- 4 to 27 +/- 6 mcg/dL. The BPb decreased from 33 +/- 6 to 23 +/- 4 mcg/dL in those treated with alternate therapy. This study suggests that two short courses of high dose therapy may be an acceptable alternative to standard succimer therapy. Because of the small size of this study, other studies are warranted.
Design of the detuned accelerator structure

This is a summary of the design procedure for the detuned accelerator structure for SLAC's Next Linear Collider program. The 11.424 GHz accelerating mode of each cavity must be synchronous with the beam. The distribution of the disk thicknesses and lowest synchronous dipole mode frequencies of the cavities in the structure is Gaussian in order to reduce the effect of wake fields. The finite element field solver YAP calculated the accelerating mode frequency and the lowest synchronous dipole mode frequency for various cavity diameters, aperture diameters and disk thicknesses. Polynomial 3-parameter fits are used to calculate the dimensions for a 1.8 m detuned structure. The program SUPERFISH was used to calculate the shunt impedances, quality factors and group velocities. The RF parameters of the section like filling time, attenuation factor, accelerating gradient and maximum surface field along the section are evaluated. Error estimates are discussed and comparisons with conventional constant gradient and constant impedance structures are be presented. >
High temperature corrosion in gasifiers

Several commercial scale coal gasification combined cycle power plants have been built and successfully operated during the last 5-10 years. Supporting research on materials of construction has been carried out for the last 20 years by EPRI and others. Emphasis was on metallic alloys for heat exchangers and other components in contact with hot corrosive gases at high temperatures. In this paper major high temperature corrosion mechanisms, materials performance in presently operating gasifiers and future research needs will be discussed.
A comparison of the availability and affordability of a market basket in two communities in the Chicago area.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to characterise the food landscape of an inner city African American neighbourhood and its mixed-race suburban neighbour. Detailed analysis focuses on the relationship between community store mix and price, availability and produce quality. Design A market basket study was completed by members of the Chicago Food Systems Collaborative. The US Department of Agriculture's standard market basket survey and methodology were used. Additional items and analyses were added in consultation with community members. Setting Austin is a lower-middle-class African American community of 117,500 on the western edge of Chicago. Oak Park, which borders Austin, is an upper-middle-income suburb of 52,500 with a mixed racial profile. Subjects A market basket survey of every retail food store in Austin and Oak Park was completed. A total of 134 were included. Results Results indicate that Austin has many grocery stores and few supermarkets. Many Austin groceries stores carry produce that is usually competitively priced, but often of unacceptable quality. Supermarkets had the best selection. Prices were lowest at discount supermarkets. Prices of packaged items were higher at independent stores than at chain supermarkets, but fresh items were cheaper. Conclusions Food access is related more to store type than number. In this study, item availability and produce quality varied greatly between store types. Price differences were complicated and varied by store type and food category. This has consequences in terms of food purchasing decisions and dietary quality that public health professionals should acknowledge.
A Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Substrate Screen Identifies Rho Guanine Dissociation Inhibitor as a Substrate of Gene Related to Anergy in Lymphocytes

Ubiquitination of eukaryotic proteins regulates a broad range of cellular processes, including regulation of T cell activation and tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), a ring finger ubiquitin E3 ligase, is required for the induction of T cell anergy; however, the substrate(s) for GRAIL E3 ligase activity is/are unknown. In this study, we report a novel prokaryotic system developed to screen for substrates of E3 ligases. Using this screen, Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) was identified as a potential substrate of GRAIL. GRAIL was subsequently demonstrated to bind and ubiquitinate RhoGDI, although GRAIL-mediated ubiquitination of RhoGDI did not result in proteosomal degradation. Expression of GRAIL in T cells resulted in specific inhibition of RhoA GTPase activation; activation of Rac1, cdc42, and Ras GTPases were not affected. Interestingly, stable T cell lines expressing dominant-negative RhoA mimicked the GRAIL-mediated IL-2 inhibition phenotype, and T cells expressing constitutively active RhoA were able to overcome GRAIL-mediated inhibition of IL-2 expression. These findings validate our prokaryotic screen as a method of identifying substrates for ubiquitin E3 ligases and suggest a role for Rho effector molecules in T cell anergy.
DNA-independent and DNA-dependent mechanisms regulate the differential heterodimerization of the isoforms of the thyroid hormone receptor with retinoid X receptor.

Abstract Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) require heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor (RXR) for maximum DNA binding affinity. Interaction with RXR occurs via two dimerization interfaces, one in the DNA-binding domain and one in the C-terminal “ninth heptad” of the receptors. We studied the relative importance of these two dimerization domains in naturally occurring C-terminal TR variants. TRα1 has a conserved ninth heptad and formed stable heterodimers with RXR in solution. TRα1·RXR heterodimers bound similarly to direct repeat 4 (DR4) sites with different 5′-flanking and spacer sequences. In contrast, TRα2, which contains a highly divergent ninth heptad, did not interact with RXR in solution and bound as a heterodimer with RXR only to specific DR4 sequences in which the downstream half-site was the preferred octameric binding site of TR (TNAGGTCA). Although the ninth heptad of TRα2 was insufficient for interaction with RXR off DNA, this region was required for DNA-dependent heterodimerization with RXR. TRα3, another naturally occurring TRα isoform whose ninth heptad differs from those of both TRα1 and TRα2, displayed intermediate behavior in heterodimerization with RXR. Thus, in the absence of a strong ninth heptad interaction an octameric downstream half-site allosterically promotes RXR heterodimerization with TRα2. Differential dependence upon DNA-binding for heterodimerization with RXR may influence transcriptional regulation by TRα isoforms.
A stereochemical study on the metabolism of isobutyrate in Pseudomonas putida

Abstract Ammonium[2- 3 H,1- 14 C]isobutyrate was converted by Pseudomonas putida ATCC 21244 into S(+)-β-hydroxyisobutyric acid (β-HIBA) with loss of the α-tritium atom. The recovered isobutyrate had the same 3 H 14 C as the starting material. Ammonium (2 S )-[3- 13 C]isobutyrate was synthesized and converted by P. putida into β-HIBA. The 13 C-nmr of the corresponding methyl ester benzoate showed 13 C enrichment in the hydroxymethyl carbon atom. The results therefore indicate that isobutyrate metabolism in this organism proceeds via an unsaturated intermediate (probably methacrylyl-CoA) formed by dehydrogenation of the 2- pro-S -methyl group of the precursor (isobutyryl-CoA). Hydration of the intermediate proceeds with addition of a proton at C-2 from the same side as the hydrogen removed in the dehydrogenation.
The TI ASC: a highly modular and flexible super computer architecture

Early in 1966, a large computer development program was begun by Texas Instruments. The goal for this effort was to provide needed capacity for supporting seismic processing, plus offering a general super computer capability in the support of new markets.
Thermal responses to feeding in a secretive and specialized predator (Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum)

Abstract We investigate how a unique dietary specialist, the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), uses behavioral thermoregulation to elevate body temperature (Tb) after feeding. Lizards in a laboratory thermal gradient were fed rodent meals of three different sizes (5, 10, or 20% of body mass), or sham fed (meal of 0% body mass), and Tbs were recorded for three days before feeding and seven days after feeding. Gila monsters selected a mean Tb of 25.2 °C while fasting (set-point range 23.6–27.1), and increased Tbs after feeding. The magnitude and duration of post-prandial Tb increases are positively related to meal size, and Gila monsters selected mean Tbs up to 3.0 °C higher and maintain elevated Tbs for 3–6 days after feeding. Selection of Tb does not appear to differ between day and night time periods, and because the lizards are both diurnal and nocturnal (at different times of year), photoperiod may not be an important influence on Tb selection.
Theory of two beam interference with arbitrary spectra

A new formulation describing the interference term of a two beam interferometer with unequal Gaussian spectra propagating in different dispersive media is provided by defining a composite standard deviation and a composite center frequency of the interfering spectra. This formulation is generalized to arbitrary spectra by decomposing each spectrum into a linear composition of Gaussian distributions. The effective phase and group delays indicate the effect of the unequal spectral distributions and the dispersive media. An effective coherence length is derived, different than the coherence lengths of the interfering fields. The accuracy of the new formulation is proven experimentally by using optical coherence tomography systems.
Effectiveness of Lead–Lag Phasing on Progression Bandwidth:

Quantitative assessments are provided on two signal timing issues related to progression bandwidth maximization: the effectiveness of using lead—lag phasing and the effect of the number of signals on progression bandwidth. A computer program was developed to generate multiple signal system scenarios randomly and to provide maximum bandwidth solutions. The randomly generated signal system scenarios represented various signal systems likely to be seen in the real world. On the basis of these randomly generated system scenarios and their associated maximum bandwidth solutions, conclusions were drawn regarding the two issues. Lead—lag phasing had a significant advantage over the leading-left-turn and lagging-left-turn phasing schemes to provide maximum bandwidth solutions. At any signal in a system, lead—lag phasing was used in more than 70% of the cases compared, with about 20% for leading-left-turn phasing and 10% for lagging-left-turn phasing. The number of signals had a profound impact on bandwidth attain...
Gas‐phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the ozonolysis of ten different terpenes

The ozonolyses of six monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and myrcene), two sesquiterpenes (α-humulene and β-caryophyllene), and two oxygenated terpenes (methyl chavicol and linalool) were conducted individually in Teflon chambers to examine the gas-phase oxidation product and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields from these reactions. Particle size distribution and number concentration were monitored and allowed for the calculation of the SOA yield from each experiment, which ranged from 1 to 54%. A proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was used to monitor the evolution of gas-phase products, identified by their mass to charge ratio (m/z). Several gas-phase oxidation products, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone, acetic acid, and nopinone, were identified and calibrated. Aerosol yields, and the yields of these identified and calibrated oxidation products, as well as many higher m/z oxidation products observed with the PTR-MS, varied significantly between the different parent terpene compounds. The sum of measured oxidation products in the gas and particle phase ranged from 33 to 77% of the carbon in the reacted terpenes, suggesting there are still unmeasured products from these reactions. The observations of the higher molecular weight oxidation product ions provide evidence of previously unreported compounds and their temporal evolution in the smog chamber from multistep oxidation processes. Many of the observed ions, including m/z 111 and 113, have also been observed in ambient air above a Ponderosa pine forest canopy, and our results confirm they are consistent with products from terpene + O_3 reactions. Many of these products are stable on the timescale of our experiments and can therefore be monitored in field campaigns as evidence for ozone oxidative chemistry.
Importance of E-Selectin for Firm Leukocyte Adhesion In Vivo

Abstract—Leukocyte adhesion under flow is preferentially mediated by the selectins. In this study we used intravital microscopy to investigate whether E-selectin may promote firm leukocyte adhesion in vivo. E-Selectin is expressed by endothelial cells activated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and causes slow leukocyte rolling. Microinjection of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) next to a venule of the TNF-α–treated mouse cremaster muscle significantly increased the number of adherent leukocytes. In gene-targeted mice homozygous for a null mutation in the E-selectin gene or in wild-type mice treated with an E-selectin monoclonal antibody (mAb), this response was significantly attenuated (by >80%). No such defect was seen in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)–deficient mice. E-Selectin–null mice showed more rapid leukocyte rolling than wild-type or ICAM-1–deficient mice, resulting in significantly shortened leukocyte transit times through ...
Interfacial fracture of multiphase particles and its influence on liberation phenomena

Abstract The phenomenon of liberation of binary phase mineral particles by fracture at the interface is theoretically examined by consideration of the fracture mechanics of brittle solids. Interfacial fracture leading to liberation is naturally predicted by the effect of size on strength which is intrinsic to Weibull statistics. Application of the Brazil test to sphalerite/dolomite specimens confirms the prediction and the presence of a critical size for liberation via interfacial fracture.
Organolanthanide-catalyzed hydroamination.

Organolanthanides are highly efficient catalysts for inter- and intramolecular hydroamination of various C−C unsaturations such as alkenes, alkynes, allenes, and dienes. Attractive features of organolanthanide catalysts include very high turnover frequencies and excellent stereoselectivities, rendering this methodology applicable to concise synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids and other polycyclic azacycles. The general hydroamination mechanism involves turnover-limiting C−C multiple bond insertion into the Ln−N bond, followed by rapid protonolysis by other amine substrates. Sterically less encumbered ligand designs have been developed to improve reaction rates, and metallocene and nonmetallocene chiral lanthanide complexes have been synthesized for enantioselective hydroamination.
Electron microscopy evidence of aggregation under three different size scales for soot nanoparticles in flame

Abstract The microstructure of soot at larger (∼1 s) residence times within a propane–air diffusion flame is here investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy. Three classes of nanoparticles are observed. The first is recognised as the well-known class of primary particles (20–50 nm) that usually are reported to be the sub-units that make up the chain-like and fractal soot aggregates. The other two categories of carbon nanoparticles here shown are termed sub-primary graphitical particles (6–9 nm), and elementary particles (
Switching Optically-Connected Memories in a Large-Scale System

Recent trends in processor and memory systems in large-scale computing systems reveal a new "memory wall" that prompts investigation on alternate main memory organization separating main memory from processors and arranging them in separate ensembles. In this paper, we study the feasibility of transferring data across processors by using the optical interconnection fabric that acts as a bridge between processor and memory ensembles. We propose a memory switching protocol that transfers data across processors without physically moving the data across electrical switches. Such a mechanism allows large-scale data communication across processors through transfer of a few tiny blocks of meta-data. We present detailed techniques for supporting two communication patterns prevalent in any large-scale scientific and data management applications. We present experimental results analyzing the feasibility of memory switching in a wide range of applications, and characterize applications based on the impact of the memory switching on their performance.
Portable Gas Chromatography

Portable gas chromatography (GC) instruments are those that are used outside the laboratory, and both transportable and person-portable types exist within the larger class. A transportable instrument requires external power and a vehicle for movement, while a person-portable instrument may be operated on battery power with a self-supplied carrier gas . Additionally, an arbitrary weight limit of 50 pounds (23 kg) has been used in the past to define a person-portable GC instrument that allows for movement by a single individual. Historically, the capabilities of transportable GC instruments have reflected those of contemporary laboratory gear, while power constraints imposed by battery operation have caused the performance of person-portable GC instruments to suffer. However, recent advances in column heating technology have improved the capabilities of portable GC instruments in both categories, and analysis completed outside of the laboratory is increasingly relied on to answer questions related to industrial processes, material composition, military and homeland defense against terrorism, and workplace and environmental health and safety. The developments that led to the widespread adoption of open tubular fused silica columns in the 1980s, primarily for chromatographic performance, coincidentally made this important GC component strong and lightweight. Also, the low thermal mass of an open tubular GC column allows temperature program analysis using relatively little power if heating may be limited mostly to the column itself, and within the past 10 years the idea of resistive column heating to complete rapid temperature program analysis has led to the commercial availability of very small column assemblies based on this heating approach. Using such a column assembly , aggressive temperature ramp rates are possible even when an instrument is operated using battery power, and the resulting rapid analysis speeds improve the ability to quickly complete GC analyses in the field. With the advent of commercially available resistive column heating, temperature ramping is now routine for newer person-portable instruments and the performance of transportable instruments can in many ways exceed that of traditional laboratory gear. In addition to the developments in portable GC that have resulted from the incorporation of open tubular columns in resistively heated modules, GC components based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), particularly the use of micromachining of silicon, has led to new types of components in the field of “micro GC” (µGC). Historical context and some implications of the possibility to create low-cost batch produced µGC components are discussed for this developing field. Discussion is also provided regarding available solventless sample introduction methods to support analysis by portable GC, including sorbent sampling for thermal desorption, solid-phase microextraction, and the use of needle trap sampling devices. Keywords: portable gas chromatography; resistive column heating; thermal desorption; solid-phase microextraction; needle trap sampling
Thermal sensitivities and d eff ʼs for second harmonic generation (SHG) in LaCa 4 O(BO 3 ) 3 (LaCOB) and GdCa 4 O(BO 3 ) 3 , (GdCOB) compared to LiB 3 O 5 (LBO)

The physical robustness of the GdCOB family of nonlinear crystals1-4 has attracted interest in these materials in applications involving high-average power. Large crystal growth of these materials is relatively easy, they readily and quickly accept a high quality optical polish, and are non-hygroscopic.
Language Policy and Planning in Language Education: Legacies, Consequences, and Possibilities.

This article considers the relevance of language policy and planning (LPP) for language education in the United States in relation to the country's longstanding and continuing multilingualism. In reflecting on the U.S. context, one striking feature is the absence of a guiding overarching explicit national educational language policy. Language policies and practices may either promote or restrict the teaching of languages. Thus, whether having such a policy would be desirable for promoting the learning of languages depends on a number of factors such as the features of the policy and the extent to which it was adequately resourced, understood, valued, and implemented effectively, just to mention a few. Explicit language planning and policy making in the United States−when it does occur−tends to be done at the state, local, or institutional levels, or within rather limited domains of federal priorities, such as those related to defense or national security. Beyond formal policies, implicit language practices sometimes have more influence on language behavior. Even when policies are intended to promote languages, they may not always be well conceived, received, resourced, or implemented. Given some of these issues, it is useful to consider the role of agency in language planning and policy (LPP). Even when guided by national or state top-down policy agendas, policies can be interpreted and reinterpreted, by policy intermediaries, agents, administrators, or arbiters (Johnson, ). Moreover, within the context of school language policies, at the level of implementation, teachers, parents, and the students themselves help to determine the effectiveness of policies in practice (Menken & Garcia, ). Beyond the schools, parents and stakeholders in the community can play significant roles in creating practices that have the force of policy from the bottom up. Given these considerations, this article weighs the role of policy and the legacy of past policies and their consequences; assesses some of the strengths and weaknesses of current policies and practices, both in schools and families and communities; and considers prospects for a more promising future that involves embracing the fundamental multilingualism of U.S. society, communities, and families. In so doing, the article reflects on alternatives to U.S. language education policy that would transcend national conceptions of languages so as to leverage speakers' actual linguistic competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Distribution of esterase in the mouse embryo.

SummaryThe 5 and 10 mm stages of mouse embryo do not show any histochemical evidence of esterase activity by the technic of Gomori. The distribution of esterase in the 15 and 20 mm stages of the mouse embryo, as demonstrated by the histochemical technic of Gomori, is essentially the same as that in the adult mouse. The only exception is the kidney, which does not give a positive staining reaction in the embryo. The occurrence of esterase activity in the thyroid gland seems to be peculiar to the mouse; the significance of this observation is not understood.
Molecular Imaging of Tumor Responses to Photodynamic Therapy in vivo

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) elicits significant molecular and host responses, which are understood to be important to long-term tumor control. We demonstrate the ability to image these responses using confocal fluorescence in superficial tumors in vivo.
Observation on daily iodine of pregnant and lactating women in continued eliminating IDD area

Objective: To observe daily iodine intake of pregnant and lactating women in continued(eliminating) IDD area.Methods: Urinary iodine excretion,daily intake of salt and iodine concentration in iodized salt determines simultaneously in pregnant and lactating women. Results: Daily iodine intake,iodine amount from iodized salt,and environment iodine sources are respectively 399.2 μg/d,247.3 μg/d,and(151.9 μg/d.) Conclusion: Daily iodine intake is an index to illustrate iodine nutrition of pregnant and lactating women.
Insulin clearance: an underappreciated modulator of plasma insulin concentration

Plasma glucose concentrations are tightly regulated and maintained within a narrow range in non-diabetic individuals. Maintenance of this physiological state is primarily a function of the ability of the pancreatic β-cells to modify insulin secretion rate (ISR), thus preventing wide-swings in plasma glucose concentrations. As a consequence, and in contrast to plasma glucose concentrations, plasma insulin concentrations vary substantially in non-diabetic individuals. Although differences in ISR are primarily responsible for the variability in plasma insulin concentration, there is increasing evidence that differences in insulin clearance rate (ICR) also play a role in regulation of plasma insulin concentration. The goal of this mini-review is to highlight situations that demonstrate the important role of ICR in both insulin and glucose homeostasis.
αβ spectrin coiled coil association at the tetramerization site

On the basis of sequence homology studies, it has been suggested that the association of human erythrocytes alpha and beta spectrin at the tetramerization site involves interactions between helices. However, no empirical details are available, presumably due to the experimental difficulties in studying spectrin molecules because of its size and/or its structural flexibility. It has been speculated that erythrocyte tetramerization involves helical bundling rather than coiled coil association. We have used recombinant spectrin peptides to model alpha and beta spectrin to study their association at the tetramerization site. Two alpha peptides, Sp alpha 1-156 and Sp alpha 1-368, and one beta peptide, Sp beta 1898-2083, were used as model peptides to demonstrate the formation of the alpha beta complex. We also found that the replacement of R28 in Sp alpha 1-368 to give Sp alpha 1-368R28C abolished complex formation with the beta peptide. Circular dichroism techniques were used to monitor the secondary structures of the individual peptides and of the complex, and the results showed that both Sp alpha 1-156 and Sp beta 1898-2083 peptides in solution, separately, included helices that were not paired with other helices in the absence of their binding partners. However, in a mixture of Sp alpha 1-156 and Sp beta 1898-2083 and formation of the alpha beta complex, the unpaired helices associated to form coiled coils. Since the sequences of these two peptides that are involved in the coiled coil association are derived from a native protein, the information obtained from this study also provides insight toward a better understanding of naturally occurring coiled coil subunit-subunit association.
Liver Transplantation for Common Bile Duct Injury

Indications for liver transplantation after bile duct injury fall into two major categories: Chronic liver disease due to secondary biliary cirrhosis and acute liver failure due to an associated major vascular injury. The exact incidence of liver transplantation due to biliary injury is difficult to estimate because the etiology of liver failure for these patients is not always adequately captured in current transplant registries. There is a rare but important role and need for liver transplant in highly selected cases of bile duct injury. While the etiology of obstruction leading to secondary biliary cirrhosis is not consistently reported, most cases series describe the use of transplantation as a consequence of iatrogenic injury.