cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by In Vitro Stimulation With Interferon-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor–α, and Interleukin-1β

Recent studies have documented evidence for the death of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) within advanced human atheroma. These lesions contain macrophages and T lymphocytes in addition to SMCs. We therefore investigated whether interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a cytokine secreted by T lymphocytes, or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), two cytokines characteristically produced by activated macrophages, can trigger apoptosis of vascular SMCs. Simultaneous treatment with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and/or IL-1 beta but not with each cytokine alone promoted death of human and rat SMCs. Exposure for 48 hours to a combination of IFN-gamma (400 U/mL), TNF-alpha (400 U/mL), and IL-1 beta (100 U/mL) significantly (P < .001) increased the accumulation of oligonucleosomes comprising DNA fragments and histones in human SMCs. Electrophoresis of genomic DNA showed internucleosomal fragments of genomic DNA isolated from the cytokine-cotreated SMCs of both humans and rats. These cells exhibited morphological changes typical of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. In situ 3' end labeling of DNA fragments with terminal transferase confirmed the fragmentation of genomic DNA in these cells. Simultaneous treatment with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta induced elaboration of nitrite, an end product of nitric oxide, in rat but not human SMCs. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibited nitrite accumulation and also partly blocked cytokine-induced apoptosis of rat SMCs but had little effect on human SMCs, suggesting operation of both nitric oxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms for cytokine-induced apoptosis in vascular SMCs. Production of immune cytokines by vascular cells and/or infiltrating leukocytes may regulate apoptotic death of SMCs during atherogenesis.
Influence of Reserpine and Antibiotics on Incidence of Dissecting Aneurysm in Turkeys as Induced by Beta-aminopropionitrile

Abstract DURING the past decade, turkey growers have experienced increasing losses due to aortic rupture and consequent hemorrhage in their growing turkeys. In 1952, Durrell, Pomeroy, Carr and Jerstad reported this problem in various sections of the United States. A report describing this condition was made by McSherry et al. (1954). Barnett et al. (1957) demonstrated that the feeding of 0.03–0.12% beta-aminopropionitrile HCl produced a syndrome in turkey poults characterized by hock and toe deformity, pericardial hemorrhage, aortic rupture, and growth depression. Waibel and Pomeroy (1958) reported that the feeding of 0.02% beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate (BAPN) to turkeys delayed the onset of hemorrhage until 10 to 12 weeks of age and produced aortic rupture and lesions which were grossly indistinguishable from those found under field conditions. The cause of spontaneous dissecting aneurysm is still unknown. Presently, the only effective treatment for its control is the administration of reserpine (first reported by …
Central giant cell lesion

A classic case of central giant cell lesion (CGCL) is presented with emphasis on clinical, radiologic, and histologic features. The differential is discussed including peripheral giant cell granuloma, brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism, and giant cell tumor of bone. The molecular pathway of osteoclastogenesis is selectively reviewed and applied to suggest possible etiologies of the giant cell lesions. CGCL syndromes and treatment are also discussed.
Analysis procedure for stiffened plate systems using an energy approach

Abstract A procedure to analyze a stiffened plate system consisting of a plate supported by a network of steel girders is presented. Two types of plate systems are considered, one in which the beams run parallel to the span (called the ribbed plate system), and the other in which in addition to the ribs there are also cross beams provided which run perpendicular to the span (called the grid plate system). The beams are assumed to be rigidly connected to the plate. Such plate systems are commonly used for highway bridge decks and building-floor systems. The method of analysis is based on energy principles. Formulation of the deflection function for the plate, which is a product of a polynomial and a trigonometric series, is presented. This function is used to compute moments in the plate due to a general static loading. The results obtained are compared with finite element method, and it is concluded that the function obtained adequately represents the plate behavior and is computationally more efficient.
Observational Learning: The Effects of Age, Task Difficulty, and Observers' Motoric Rehearsal.

Abstract Eighty-eight fourth- and sixth-grade Ss observed a model perform a paired-associate task in which the stimulus items were letters of the alphabet and the response items were connected-dot patterns. Half of the Ss at each grade level observed the model passively, while half practiced connecting the dots along with the model. In each of the two observational conditions, half of the Ss learned four associate pairs and half learned a list of eight pairs. Results showed (a) that performance improved with age, (b) that performance was better on the shorter list and, (c) that active participation of response items by Ss resulted in slower learning than passive observation. The latter findings were interpreted in terms of possible response interference accompanying active participation by observers.
Chronic vascular disorders of the upper extremity

This article details the presentation and evaluation of occlusive, vasospastic, and mixed vascular disorders. Indications and techniques of nonoperative management and surgical techniques of vascular reconstruction and periarterial sympathectomy are presented. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
Pseudocysts: Diagnosis in the adult by total body opacification

Recent use of higher doses of contrast material for excretory urography in adults has made differentiation between cystic and solid masses feasible in adults just as it has been in children. The first two adults to have the cystic nature of their pseudocysts ascertained by total body opacification are presented. In one case, the mass was not palpable because the abdomen was markedly tender, suggesting that total body opacification may be helpful in the examination of the acute abdomen. The second case suggests the importance of the prone position.
How source/collector placement and subsurface absorbing layer affect time-resolved and phase/modulation-resolved photon migration

The time-resolved reflectance of photons from a homogeneous tissue was modeled using a Monte Carlo simulation. The data was then converted by fast Fourier transform (FFT) into the frequency domain. In the frequency domain, the phase, (Phi) , and modulation, M, of collected light from a frequency-modulated light source was determined. A comparison of Monte Carlo and diffusion theory was made for various separation distances between the source and collector on the tissue surface. The results showed that Monte Carlo and diffusion theory agreed in the time domain only for times larger than 500 ps after injection of an impulse of photons. In the frequency domain, Monte Carlo and diffusion theory agreed only if the probe separation, r, was at least 2 cm apart for (mu) s' equals (mu) s(1 - g) equals 5 cm-1, or in dimension less units r(mu) s' > 10. The effect of buried absorbed is also tested in the time and frequency domains. A semi-infinite volume of absorber is placed at 0, 3 mm, 6 mm, or (infinity) from the surface of a nonabsorbing tissue. The presence of a deep absorber on the time and frequency domain data show that attenuation of longer pathlength photons causes the phase of collected photons to reduce and the modulation of collected photons to increase. Both effects are indicative of the net shorter pathlength of the ensemble of collected photons.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Accurate small and wide angle x-ray scattering profiles from atomic models of proteins and nucleic acids.

A new method is introduced to compute X-ray solution scattering profiles from atomic models of macromolecules. The three-dimensional version of the Reference Interaction Site Model (RISM) from liquid-state statistical mechanics is employed to compute the solvent distribution around the solute, including both water and ions. X-ray scattering profiles are computed from this distribution together with the solute geometry. We describe an efficient procedure for performing this calculation employing a Lebedev grid for the angular averaging. The intensity profiles (which involve no adjustable parameters) match experiment and molecular dynamics simulations up to wide angle for two proteins (lysozyme and myoglobin) in water, as well as the small-angle profiles for a dozen biomolecules taken from the BioIsis.net database. The RISM model is especially well-suited for studies of nucleic acids in salt solution. Use of fiber-diffraction models for the structure of duplex DNA in solution yields close agreement with the observed scattering profiles in both the small and wide angle scattering (SAXS and WAXS) regimes. In addition, computed profiles of anomalous SAXS signals (for Rb+ and Sr2+) emphasize the ionic contribution to scattering and are in reasonable agreement with experiment. In cases where an absolute calibration of the experimental data at q = 0 is available, one can extract a count of the excess number of waters and ions; computed values depend on the closure that is assumed in the solution of the Ornstein–Zernike equations, with results from the Kovalenko–Hirata closure being closest to experiment for the cases studied here.
Developmental changes in aminoacylation of mouse brain tRNa.

Abstract The concentration of tRNA for seven amino acids and the percentage of each tRNA that is aminoacylated in , vivo were determined at various stages of postnatal brain development. When normalized on a brain weight basis, the amount of amino acid acceptance of tRNAPhe, tRNAVal and tRNAGlu in 1-day old brain tissue was 50% to 100% higher than that measured in the adult brain. However, the percentage of tRNA molecules which is aminoacylated in , vivo was shown to gradually decrease during neural maturation. Age-dependent changes in the proportions of aminoacylated-tRNA were shown to be independent of the concentrations of free amino acids. This phenomenon is discussed with regard to free amino acid pools and the availibility of these precursors to protein synthesis during various stages of neural development.
Effect of breed composition on phenotypic residual feed intake and growth in Angus, Brahman, and Angus × Brahman crossbred cattle

The influence of additive and nonadditive genetic effects and temperament on 4 postweaning feed intake and growth traits was evaluated in a group of 581 bull, heifer, and steer calves born in 3 Florida herds in 2006 and 2007. Calves had breed compositions ranging from 100% Angus (A) to 100% Brahman (B). They were randomly allocated to 24 pens each year by herd (Brooksville, Gainesville, Marianna, FL), sire group (A, 3/4 A 1/4 B, Brangus, 1/2 A 1/2 B, 1/4 A 3/4 B, and B), and sex (bull, heifer, and steer) in a GrowSafe automated feeding facility at Marianna. Calves were fed a concentrate diet during the 21-d adjustment and the 70-d trial periods. Individual feed intakes were recorded daily, and BW, chute scores, and exit velocities were recorded every 2 wk. Traits were phenotypic daily residual feed intake (RFI), mean daily feed intake (DFI), mean daily feed conversion ratio (FCR), and postweaning BW gain. Phenotypic RFI was computed as the difference between actual and expected feed intakes. Calves were assigned to 3 RFI groups: high (RFI greater than 0.9 kg of DM/d), low (RFI less than -0.9 kg of DM/d), and medium (RFI between mean +/- 0.9 kg of DM/d; SD = 1.8 kg of DM/d). The mixed model included the fixed effects of contemporary group (herd-year-pen), RFI group (except when trait was RFI), age of dam, sex of calf, age of calf, B fraction of calf, heterozygosity of calf, mean chute score, and mean exit velocity. Brahman fraction and heterozygosity of calf were nested within sex of calf for RFI and within RFI group for DFI, FCR, and postweaning BW gain. Random effects were sire and residual. Feed efficiency tended to improve (decreased RFI) as the B fraction increased. However, calves required larger amounts of feed per kilogram of BW gain (larger FCR) as the B fraction increased. Postweaning BW gain tended to decrease as the B fraction increased. Temperament traits were unimportant for all traits except exit velocity for DFI, suggesting perhaps a lack of variation for temperament traits in this herd, or that calves became accustomed to the level of handling pre- and postweaning, thus decreasing behavioral differences among them.
Imperfect Competition in Bank Retail Markets, Deposit and Loan Rate Dynamics, and Incomplete Pass Through

This paper examines determinants of pass through from the market interest rate to bank retail deposit and loan rates. A dynamic adjustment cost model with imperfect competition implies that these rates depend on own lagged values and on lagged, current, and expected future values of the security rate. Greater competition in retail markets reduces the impact of lagged and expected rates on current retail rates while raising the effect of the current security rate, yielding greater pass through. These results have important implications for both the specifications used in empirical work and biases introduced into estimates of pass-through effects.
Direct observation of rotational energy transfer in ammonia by time-resolved infrared—microwave double resonance☆

Abstract An N 2 O laser is used to pump the ground vibrational state (8,7) inversion doublet of 14 NH 3 while simultaneously monitoring other ground state doublets. Time-resolved rotational energy transfer signals are observed in accordance with known selection values. Absolute rates of rotational energy transfer processes are estimated.
Robot deictics: how gesture and context shape referential communication

As robots collaborate with humans in increasingly diverse environments, they will need to effectively refer to objects of joint interest and adapt their references to various physical, environmental, and task conditions. Humans use a broad range of deictic gestures—gestures that direct attention to collocated objects, persons, or spaces—that include pointing, touching, and exhibiting to help their listeners understand their references. These gestures offer varying levels of support under different conditions, making some gestures more or less suitable for different settings. While these gestures offer a rich space for designing communicative behaviors for robots, a better understanding of how different deictic gestures affect communication under different conditions is critical for achieving effective human-robot interaction. In this paper, we seek to build such an understanding by implementing six deictic gestures on a humanlike robot and evaluating their communicative effectiveness in six diverse settings that represent physical, environmental, and task conditions under which robots are expected to employ deictic communication. Our results show that gestures which come into physical contact with the object offer the highest overall communicative accuracy and that specific settings benefit from the use of particular types of gestures. Our results highlight the rich design space for deictic gestures and inform how robots might adapt their gestures to the specific physical, environmental, and task conditions. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1.2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems— human factors, software psychology; H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces— evaluation/methodology, usercentered design. General Terms Design, Human Factors
Low-resistivity 10 nm diameter magnetic sensors

Resistivities of 5.4 μΩ·cm were measured in 10-nm-diameter metallic wires. Low resistance is important for interconnections of the future to prevent heating, electromigration, high power consumptio...
Are discordant positron emission tomography and pathological assessments of the mediastinum in non–small cell lung cancer significant?

Objective Many patients with non–small cell lung cancer have positive mediastinal lymph nodes on preoperative positron emission tomography (PET) but do not have mediastinal involvement after surgery. The prognostic significance of this discordance was assessed. Methods This Institutional Review Board–approved study evaluated patients treated with upfront surgery at Duke Cancer Institute (Durham, NC) for non–small cell lung cancer from 1995 to 2008. Those staged with PET with pN0-1 disease after negative invasive mediastinal assessment were included. Mediastinal lymph nodes were scored as positive or negative based on visual analysis of the preoperative PET. Clinical outcomes of the PET-positive and PET-negative cohorts were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using a log-rank test. Prognostic factors were assessed using a multivariate analysis. Results A total of 547 patients were assessed, of whom 105 (19%) were PET positive in the mediastinum. The median number of mediastinal lymph node stations sampled was 4 (range, 1-9). The 5-year risk of local recurrence was 26% in PET-positive versus 21% in PET-negative patients ( P = .50). Patterns of local failure were similar between the 2 groups. Distant recurrence (35% vs 29%; P = .63) and overall survival (44% vs 54%; P = .52) were comparable for PET-positive and PET-negative patients. On multivariate analysis, a positive PET was not significant for local recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1; P = 1), distant recurrence (HR, 0.82; P = .42), or overall survival (HR, 1.08; P = .62). Conclusions Patients with positive mediastinal lymph nodes on preoperative PET, but negative on histologic analysis, are not at increased risk of disease recurrence. Pathologic staging remains the standard.
Algorithms for MDC-Based Multi-Locus Phylogeny Inference: Beyond Rooted Binary Gene Trees on Single Alleles

Abstract One of the criteria for inferring a species tree from a collection of gene trees, when gene tree incongruence is assumed to be due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), is Minimize Deep Coalescence (MDC). Exact algorithms for inferring the species tree from rooted, binary trees under MDC were recently introduced. Nevertheless, in phylogenetic analyses of biological data sets, estimated gene trees may differ from true gene trees, be incompletely resolved, and not necessarily rooted. In this article, we propose new MDC formulations for the cases where the gene trees are unrooted/binary, rooted/non-binary, and unrooted/non-binary. Further, we prove structural theorems that allow us to extend the algorithms for the rooted/binary gene tree case to these cases in a straightforward manner. In addition, we devise MDC-based algorithms for cases when multiple alleles per species may be sampled. We study the performance of these methods in coalescent-based computer simulations.
Presidentialism and Accountability for the Economy in Comparative Perspective

The degree to which voters can hold elected officials to accounts remains a central concern of political science. Most research has explored established democracies, which all happen to be parliamentary systems, with the exception of the United States. Democracy’s spread around the world has increased the number of presidential systems, which generates an important new set of questions about the relationship between economics and elections, and thus about well democracy can work: To what extent do the institutions of presidentialism allow voters to hold the government accountable? To what extent do we see party or government accountability in separation of powers systems? That is, do voters reward or punish incumbent presidents and legislators, and to the same degree? Do particular partisan dynamics or institutionalformatsofpresidentialismdimorenhance the prospects for accountability? Scholars have yet to provide answers to questions such as these, although substantial debate persists aboutthepresidentialism’srelativemerits.Somescholars disdain presidentialism and suggest that the separation of powers hinders accountability. For example, Linz (1990, 1994) argued that presidentialism’s “dual democraticlegitimacies”confusesvotersandthatpresidential autonomy inhibits “party government” accountability. 1 Others question Linz’s claim and suggest
REACTION OF TeCI4 WITH FORMAMIDES. FORMATION OF TETRAMETHYLFORMAMIDINIUM ION AND ALKOXY GROUP COORDINATION TO

Abstract The reaction between tellurium tetrachloride and N,N-dimethylforrnamide does not yield the addition compound. When dimethylformamide (DMF) and TeCl4 are allowed to react under reflux conditions, TeCl−2 6 is formed along with the counter-ions [Me2NH2]+ and the carbonium ion, [(Me2N)2CH]+. At lower temperatures, the same components, following the addition of ethanol, yield highly moisture sensitive crystals having the stoichiometry TeCl4·2DMF·C2H5OH. The crystal structure of this compound and 1H NMR studies reveal that the alcoholic proton is removed and becomes coordinated with two moles of DMF to form the hydrogen-bonded cation, Me2NC(H)O…H+…O(H)C-NMe2. The oxygen atom of the ethoxy group occupies one apical position around a six-coordinate Te atom. Four Cl atoms are coplanar with the Te atom and the second apical position around Te,is occupied by the more distant chlorine of an adjacent EtOTeCl4 moiety.
Spread-Spectrum Signaling for Distributed Fiber Optic Systems

One of the stringent requirements on the receivers of distributed industrial fiber optic systems is fast and accurate adaptive thresholding and a wide dynamic range. This is due to the existence of variable link lengths and geometry, especially in multipleaccess situations, coupled with unipolar optical signaling. This paper analyzes the application of a simple spread-spectrum system in such fiber-optic data links. It proposes a detector model that yields a tractable expression for the probability of error. The optimum threshold and the probability of error are then related to the received optical power, bit rate, and spectrum-spreading factor. A procedure is indicated by which, based on the minimum expected received power, a spreading facor and a threshold are chosen to insure a given maximum error rate at all the receivers.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for nonneonatal respiratory failure.

Abstract Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used for 20 years in neonates and children with cardiac and respiratory failure. The number of neonates treated with ECMO has increased exponentially, but the number of older children treated is small. The selection and exclusion criteria for pediatric ECMO are poorly defined, and the results vary because of variable selection criteria and institutional experience with the technique. In order to help define the role of pediatric ECMO, we reviewed our experience in nonneonatal pediatric respiratory failure. We have treated 22 patients ranging in age from 1 to 105 months and ranging in weight from 3 to 35 kg. Eighteen patients met the criteria for adult respiratory distress syndrome, two had respiratory scyncytial virus pneumonia, and one had severe barotrauma complicating the management of reactive airway disease. All patients were considered by the referring institutions and by us to be failing conventional management as evidenced by hypoxia, hypercarbia, excessive ventilatory pressures, or progressive barotrauma. All were considered likely to die with continued conventional management. Sixteen of the 22 patients had complications (73%), but half of the last 10 patients had no complications. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in 12 patients. Mechanical complications included membrane failure, raceway rupture, pump malfunction, and improper cannula positioning. Other complications included culture-proven infection and renal failure. Eleven of the 22 patients survived (50%); nine of the last 12 survived (75%). These results suggest that ECMO may be a useful technique in selected pediatric patients with respiratory failure. Survival and complication rates improve as experience with the technique increases.
The role of AT&T’s public relations campaign in press coverage of the 1982 breakup

Abstract This study examined newspaper coverage of the 1982 breakup of AT&T and the role that the company’s public relations campaign may have played in the way the story was reported. A framing analysis was used to determine the relationship between the company’s public relations objectives and press content. Although most stories were rated as neutral, favorable stories were more frequent than were unfavorable ones. Frames consistent with AT&T’s stated objectives were prevalent, but the linkage of these frames to company sources was not that evident, supporting the conclusion that influences on press coverage of the breakup may have been much broader than just AT&T’s public relations initiative. Jack Glascock is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication at Stephen F. Austin State University in eastern Texas, just north of Houston.
In vitro mineralization and bone osteogenesis in poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibers.

The implementation of bio-inspired strategies in developing scaffolds for the reconstruction of oral, craniofacial and bone skeletal tissues after injury or resection remains a challenge. Currently, advanced scaffolds comprising nanofibers endowed with biochemical/biophysical signaling capability offer great advantages in bone regeneration, because of their faithful mimesis of the characteristic size scales encountered in the fibrous network of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we investigate the biological potential of nanofibers made of polycaprolactone and gelatin on guiding the regenerative mechanisms of bone. Contact angle measurements and environmental SEM investigations indicate a weak linkage of gelatin molecules to PCL chains, facilitating an efficient adhesion signal to cells up to 3 days of culture. In vitro studies performed on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) until 3 weeks in culture medium with osteogenic supplementation, clearly showing the effectiveness of PCL/Gelatin electrospun scaffolds in promoting bone osteogenesis and mineralization. The increase of alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and gene expression of bone-related molecules (bone sialoprotein, osteopontin and osteocalcin), indicated by immunodetection and upregulation level of mRNA, confirm that proposed nanofibers promote the osteogenic differentiation of hMSC, preferentially in osteogenic medium. Moreover, the evidence of newly formed collagen fibers synthesis by SIRCOL and their mineralization evaluated by Alizarin Red staining and EDS mapping of the elements Ca, P and Mg corroborate the idea that native osteoid matrix is ultimately deposited. All these data suggest that PCL and gelatin electrospun nanofibers have great potential as osteogenesis promoting scaffolds for successful application in bone surgery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3008–3019, 2012.
Stochastic Analysis of Reaction–Diffusion Processes

Reaction and diffusion processes are used to model chemical and biological processes over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Several routes to the diffusion process at various levels of description in time and space are discussed and the master equation for spatially discretized systems involving reaction and diffusion is developed. We discuss an estimator for the appropriate compartment size for simulating reaction–diffusion systems and introduce a measure of fluctuations in a discretized system. We then describe a new computational algorithm for implementing a modified Gillespie method for compartmental systems in which reactions are aggregated into equivalence classes and computational cells are searched via an optimized tree structure. Finally, we discuss several examples that illustrate the issues that have to be addressed in general systems.
“Are There Other Kids Like Me?” Children With a Parent in Prison

The number of children who experience parental incarceration continues to rise with the United States. In 1999, an estimated 1.5 million minor children had a parent in a United States prison. One-fifth of these children are under 5 years of age (Mumola, Incarcerated parents and their children, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, 2000). A brief overview of some of the issues associated with parental incarceration is presented. The inclusion of books about having a parent in prison in the classroom is discussed as one method of supporting children and families.
Polycyclic Group Rings Whose Principal Ideals Are Projective

Abstract Let K[G] be a prime group algebra with G a polycyclic-by-finite group. In this paper we prove that K[G] is a CS-ring or a PP-ring if and only if either G is torsion-free or G ≅ D∞ and char K ≤ 2. The proof requires group theoretic as well as group ring arguments.
What personal photos reveal about marital sex conflicts

A brief summation of the underlying rationale of the technique and a description of how photo reconnaisance is utilized are presented first. Then some specific adaptations of the technique to the therapist's understanding and treatment of sexual conflicts in marital pairs are delineated. Although some correlations between certain configurations appearing in pictures and specific sexual conflicts or dysfunctions are hypothesized, it is not possible to posit clear-cut one-to-one linkages. The photographs provide clues and highlight forerunners of current difficulties; they do not establish definitive causation.
The optimization of aminooxadiazoles as orally active inhibitors of Cdc7

A series of aminooxadiazoles was optimized for inhibition of Cdc7. Early lead isoquinoline 1 suffered from modest cell potency (cellular IC50=0.71 μM measuring pMCM2), low selectivity against structurally related kinases, and high IV clearance in rats (CL=18 L/h/kg). Extensive optimization resulted in azaindole 26 (Cdc7 IC50=1.1 nM, pMCM2 IC50=32 nM) that demonstrated robust lowering of pMCM2 in a mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model when dosed orally. Modifications to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of this series were guided by trapping experiments with glutathione in rat hepatocytes.
Production Plant CONSIGHT Installations

CONSIGHT is a computer vision based system developed by General Motors which is able to locate and identify parts on moving conveyor belts. Two different factory applications are presented which illustrate CONSIGHT's capabilities and which bring out some of the issues of developing production systems. The first system discussed employs a single vision station and a series of pneumatic kicker devices to sort passing parts into one of 16 bins. The second system employs a single vision station and multiple robot stations to load large castings from a conveyor into shipping containers.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Running to catch a moving train: Schools and information technologies

(1998). Running to catch a moving train: Schools and information technologies. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 37, Technology and the Culture of Classrooms, pp. 20-30.
Toxic effect of valproic acid on tryptophan binding to rat hepatic nuclei

Abstract This study evaluated whether valproic acid, a branched-chain fatty acid which has been used in the treatment of seizures, would influence the binding of l -tryptophan to rat hepatic nuclei. Previous studies have indicated that binding of l -tryptophan to hepatic nuclear envelope protein was saturable, stereospecific, and of high affinity. In this study, we investigated whether valproic acid, which under certain conditions is heptatoxic, would influence l -tryptophan binding to rat hepatic nuclei as assayed by in vitro l -(5-3H)tryptophan binding. Our results indicate that the addition of valproic acid to hepatic nuclei or nuclear envelopes in vitro has little influence on their l -(5-3H)tryptophan binding. On the other hand, when valproic acid (80 mg/100 g body weight) is tube-fed 2 h before killing, the isolated nuclei show decreased specific l -tryptophan binding (total binding minus non-specific binding using unlabeled l -tryptophan (10−4 M), at 2000-fold excess) compared with controls. Other fatty acids (oleic, palmitic or linoleic acid at 10−4 M) when added with excess, unlabeled l -tryptophan (10−4 M) in vitro to hepatic nuclei revealed some (but less than with valproic acid) decreased specific binding compared with controls. At high doses, valproic acid (80 mg/100 g body weight) appears to decrease tryptophan-induced stimulation of hepatic protein synthesis, probably in a hepatotoxic manner.
Angiogenesis in Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1-Null Mice

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 has been previously implicated in endothelial cell migration; additionally, anti-PECAM-1 antibodies have been shown to inhibit in vivo angiogenesis. Studies were therefore performed with PECAM-1-null mice to further define the involvement of PECAM-1 in blood vessel formation. Vascularization of subcutaneous Matrigel implants as well as tumor angiogenesis were both inhibited in PECAM-1-null mice. Reciprocal bone marrow transplants that involved both wild-type and PECAM-1-deficient mice revealed that the impaired angiogenic response resulted from a loss of endothelial, but not leukocyte, PECAM-1. In vitro wound migration and single-cell motility by PECAM-1-null endothelial cells were also compromised. In addition, filopodia formation, a feature of motile cells, was inhibited in PECAM-1-null endothelial cells as well as in human endothelial cells treated with either anti-PECAM-1 antibody or PECAM-1 siRNA. Furthermore, the expression of PECAM-1 promoted filopodia formation and increased the protein expression levels of Cdc42, a Rho GTPase that is known to promote the formation of filopodia. In the developing retinal vasculature, numerous, long filamentous filopodia, emanating from endothelial cells at the tips of angiogenic sprouts, were observed in wild-type animals, but to a lesser extent in the PECAM-1-null mice. Together, these data further establish the involvement of endothelial PECAM-1 in angiogenesis and suggest that, in vivo, PECAM-1 may stimulate endothelial cell motility by promoting the formation of filopodia.
Evidence for stimulatory noradrenergic and inhibitory dopaminergic regulation of oxytocin release in the lactating rat.

The present experiments tested the involvement of central catecholaminergic systems in the suckling-induced release of oxytocin (OT) during lactation in the rat. In the first experiment, female rats in midlactation were separated from their offspring for 4 h and then allowed to suckle their litters for 30 or 60 min or to remain nonsuckled. The turnover rates of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were calculated from the rate of decline after synthesis inhibition. Suckling decreased the turnover rate of DA in the median eminence and in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Suckling increased the turnover rate of NE in the rostral paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, areas that contain most of the OT cells that project to the neural lobe of the pituitary, and in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the arcuate or caudal paraventricular nuclei, median eminence, or neurointermediate lobe. In a second experiment, midlactating females received intracerebral microinjecti...
Trace elements in the hydrologic cycle of a forest ecosystem

Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were measured in bulk atmospheric precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and soil solutions at 10−, 15−, 25−, and 30-cm depths, in aEucalyptus globulus forest in the Berkeley hills, California, during the 1974–75 wet season after each main storm event. Litter and plant samples were analyzed. There was some similarity in the behavior of Cu, Fe, and Zn, but Mn behaved differently. Mn and Zn are largely deposited on the forest canopy by impaction during dry-deposition episodes, whereas most of the Cu and Fe input occurs in rain. For the hydrologic components measured, concentrations of Cu and Fe increase in the order: precipitation<throughfall<stemflow <soil solutions. For Zn the order is: precipitation<stemflow<throughfall<soil solutions. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Fe in the soil solution fluctuate with downward movement of wetting fronts and are negatively correlated with pH. Concentrations of Fe in soil solution are about 10 times greater than those of throughfall and stemflow; the corresponding relative differences for Cu and Zn were much less. Plant uptake of Mn exceeds that of Cu, Zn, and Fe. The increases in Mn concentrations from precipitation to throughfall and stemflow are much greater than those for Cu, Zn, and Fe because precipitation has very low Mn concentrations. The concentration series for Mn is: precipitation<soil solutions<throughfall<stemflow. Concentrations of Mn in the soil solution are negatively correlated with pH. During the dry summer Mn accumulates in the soil, but is quickly flushed by early rains of the wet season.
A new method for the estimation of silicon in silicon tetrachloride

A new method has been devised for the estimation of silicon in silicon tetrachloride. It is based on a quantitative esterification with absolute ethyl alcohol, the silicon content of the resulting ester being estimated.
A Particle Tracking Velocimetric Study of Stress Relaxation Behavior of Entangled Polystyrene Solutions after Stepwise Shear

rheology 1−4 there have been numerous experimental studies performed to validate the model. The most well-known agreement between the theory and experiment in the nonlinear regime involves the stress relaxation behavior after stepwise shear. The tube model anticipates two-step relaxation dynamics for well-entangled polymers after a large step strain. Specifically, there would be a kink in the time dependence of the relaxing stress. 5 The sharp stress drop would occur quiescently around the Rouse relaxation time τR due to the chain retraction, which is assumed in the tube model to take place in a barrier-free manner. This ansatz of the tube model has the consequence that the chain orientation would relax on the time scale of reptation, decoupled from the fast dynamics associated with chain stretching. Thus, the structure of the tube model automatically insures that there would be time-strain separability, i.e., the relaxing stress would have the same time dependence beyond the Rouse time τR, independent of the magnitude of the applied step strain. In particular, the strain softening would take place, due to the assumed barrier-free chain retraction. In other words, the residual shear stress arises entirely from the surviving chain orientation σγ γ γ
Potential therapeutic agents that raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death in westernised societies. A number of risk factors have been identified that accelerate the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including family history for premature disease (first degree male relative with CVD onset before the age of 55; first degree female relative with CVD onset before the age of 65), hypertension (whether treated or not), age, smoking, diabetes mellitus and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. One of the recent changes in the US Adult Treatment Panel guidelines was to increase the lower limit of desirable HDL-C levels (now raised to 40 mg/dL from 35 mg/dL). There have been a few clinical studies demonstrating the benefit of raising HDL-C levels but there are not many therapeutic options that easily accomplish this goal. Research into the understanding of HDL metabolism has yielded a number of potential therapeutic targets. HDL is thought to exert its cardioprotective effects by a number of mechan...
Secure image transform domain technique for steganographic applications

Digital steganography is the art of secretly hiding information inside a multimedia signal in such a way that its very existence is concealed. In this paper, we present a new steganographic technique for covert communications. The technique embeds the hidden information in the transform domain after decorrelating the image samples in the spatial domain using a key. This results in a significant increase in the number of transform coefficients that can be used to transmit the hidden information, and therefore, increases the data embedding capacity. The hidden information is embedded in the transform domain after taking a block DCT of the decorrelated image. A quantization technique is used to embed the hidden data. The decoding process requires the availability of the same key that was used to decorrelate the image samples. By using quantization techniques, the hidden information can be recovered reliably. If the key is not available at the decoder it is impossible to recover the hidden information. Hence, this system is secure against removal attacks. The statistical properties of the cover and the stego image remain identical for small quantization steps. Therefore, the hidden data cannot be detected. The data embedding system is modeled as transmitting information through a Gaussian channel.
Dialogic Editing: Interpreting How Kaluli Read Sound and Sentiment

An engaging dimension of current interpretive ethnography and its critical rhetoric is the concern to situate knowledge, power, authority, and representation in terms of the social construction of literary realism. Ethnographers today are reading, writing, and thinking more about the politics of ethnographic writing.' That is why I read Bakhtin; in his literary world, a dialogic imagination helps reposition ethnographic writing beyond its overt trajectories, and toward reflexive, critical readings. Yet I've had a tendency to kvetch about the very literary genre and trend that I'm here to contribute to. I like the emphasis on a self-conscious, dialectical invention of culture, but I worry that the enterprise not devolve into an invention of the cult of the author. First-person narrative may be the fashionable way to write and critique ethnography these days, but that alone doesn't guarantee that the work is ethnographically insightful, self-conscious, or revelatory. That is why, in tandem, I read Singer; in his literary world, there is caution that first-person writing not pass as a ruse, that hermeneutic not pass for a mispronunciation of a nom de plum: Herman Nudnik.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Review of General Principles and Contemporary Practices

An important task of the clinical microbiology laboratory is the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of significant bacterial isolates. The goals of testing are to detect possible drug resistance in common pathogens and to assure susceptibility to drugs of choice for particular infections. The most widely used testing methods include broth microdilution or rapid automated instrument methods that use commercially marketed materials and devices. Manual methods that provide flexibility and possible cost savings include the disk diffusion and gradient diffusion methods. Each method has strengths and weaknesses, including organisms that may be accurately tested by the method. Some methods provide quantitative results (eg, minimum inhibitory concentration), and all provide qualitative assessments using the categories susceptible, intermediate, or resistant. In general, current testing methods provide accurate detection of common antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. However, newer or emerging mechanisms of resistance require constant vigilance regarding the ability of each test method to accurately detect resistance.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of the stability of air flow over a water surface

An experimental investigation of the instability of a laminar air flow over water shows two distinct modes of unstable oscillations as predicted by theory. The Tollmien–Schlichting waves instability could be excited by a ribbon vibrating in the air, and the neutral stability curve determined. The water wave instability mode could be excited by a ribbon vibrating in the water. The growth rates of these waves show only fair agreement with theoretical predictions.
Viscoelastoplastic Damage Characterization of Asphalt—Aggregate Mixtures Using Digital Image Correlation

This paper presents the research effort in which the viscoelastoplastic continuum damage (VEPCD) model is developed and calibrated for the behavioral prediction of asphalt–aggregate mixtures subjected to tensile stresses in pavement structures. It is found that the formation of strains in the mixtures becomes highly localized as microcracks densify, coalesce, and further grow to develop into macrocracks. However, conventional linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) used in most laboratory tests are unable to capture the localized process zone strains [or fracture process zone (FPZ) strains] due to various limitations. Consequently, the VEPCD model, calibrated using LVDT measurements, ceases to accurately predict the performance of asphalt–aggregate mixtures after the strain localization. This study explores the use of a digital image correlation (DIC) technique for measuring the FPZ strains in an aim to extend the validity of the VEPCD model beyond localization. An experimental/analytical method...
MNE competence‐creating subsidiary mandates

The determinants of R&D intensity differ between subsidiaries in a multinational enterprise (MNE). Previous literature suggests that whether a subsidiary achieves a competence-creating output mandate depends on the qualities of its location. R&D strategies in competence-creating subsidiaries are supply-driven while those in purely competence-exploiting subsidiaries are demand-driven. Using data on U.K. subsidiaries of non-U.K. MNEs, we find that the level of subsidiary R&D depends on MNE group-level and subsidiary-level characteristics as well as locational factors. The R&D of mandated subsidiaries rises with acquisition, but for non-mandated subsidiaries R&D falls upon acquisition. MNEs that grow through acquisition have more inter-subsidiary R&D diversity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ACQUIRING FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO FORM NEW VENTURES: PECKING ORDER THEORY AND THE EMERGING FIRM

The “pecking order theory” of financing says that firms and individuals will use personal funds before acquiring external debt and equity. The theory has been applied to the study of established firms, but it is not clear whether entrepreneurs follow a “pecking order” when financing their startups. This study investigates the types of financial resources acquired over time, by individuals in the process of creating a new venture. It uses data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics to investigate relationships between sources of funding and characteristics of the firm and entrepreneur. Results indicate that entrepreneurs do follow a pecking order when financing. However, contrary to most studies on entrepreneurial financing, results indicate that individual characteristics (e.g., race and prior start-up experience) may have an effect on the source of funding acquired.