cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abomasal infusion of casein, starch and soybean oil differentially affect plasma concentrations of gut peptides and feed intake in lactating dairy cows

Abstract The effects of specific nutrients on secretion and plasma concentrations of gut peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36) amide (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK)) differ across species, but are not reported for cattle. Our objective was to determine acute (hours) and chronic (1 week) effects of increased abomasal supply of protein, carbohydrate, or fat to the small intestine on dry matter intake (DMI) and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, CCK, and insulin. Four mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments were 7-day abomasal infusions of water, soybean oil (500g/d), corn starch (1100g/d), or casein (800g/d). Jugular vein plasma was obtained over 7h at the end of the first and last day of infusions. Oil infusion decreased DMI on day 7, but total metabolizable energy (ME) supply (diet plus infusate) did not differ from water infusion. Casein and starch infusion had no effect on feed DMI; thus, ME supply increased. Decreased DMI on day 7 of oil infusion was accompanied by increased plasma GLP-1 concentration, but decreased plasma CCK concentration. Increased plasma GIP concentration was associated with increased ME supply on day 7 of casein and starch infusion. Casein infusion tended to increase plasma CCK concentration on both days of sampling, and increased plasma GLP-1 and insulin concentration on day 1 of infusion. The present data indicate a sustained elevation of plasma concentration of GLP-1, but not CCK, may contribute to the reduced DMI observed in dairy cows provided supplemental fat.
Solar photosynthetically active radiation transmission through greenhouse glazings

Abstract One critical factor for crop energy conversion for plant growth is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) received by the plant. While it is important to know their total solar radiation transmission characteristics in the design of greenhouse for thermal environment management, it is also essential to understand their PAR transmission capability, especially over the winter period for high-latitude regions. This paper presents the results of PAR transmission of four different greenhouse glazings, measured at both the glazing and crop canopy levels. The glazings studied were single glass, double glass, twin-walled acrylic and air-inflated double polyethylene. The first three materials were tested at a commercial rose greenhouse range (gable type) in Connecticut and the double polyethylene greenhouse (bow type) was located at Cook College, Rutgers University. Also reported is the comparison between total solar radiation transmission and PAR transmission in the double polyethylene greenhouse. The glazing level PAR transmission showed mainly the effects of glazing materials, sky clearness and solar angle of incidence, whereas PAR received at the canopy level was strongly influenced by the greenhouse geometric configuration and internal structures. It was found that air-inflated double polyethylene transmitted a higher percentage when measured in the total solar radiation range than in the PAR range.
The space division multiple access protocol: asynchronous implementation and performance

Implementation of communication protocols based on collision resolution algorithms on broadcast bus networks requires a level of synchronization among participating stations such that idle steps in the algorithm can be globally and unambiguously detected. We present performance results for two collision resolution algorithms, the Capetanakis tree protocol and space division multiple access, a new algorithm, using a previously described asynchronous implementation technique. Two variants of space division multiple access are discussed. One variant improves upon the mechanism for implementing the necessary synchronization. The other relaxes the requirements for a station with a new packet joining the resolution algorithm. The performance effects of these variations are examined by simulating the behavior of the protocols. The variants are shown to improve the performance of the protocol under some traffic loads. In addition, one of the variants is shown to improve on the fairness of the original algorithm over a variety of offered loads and maximum data rates.
The behavior of a group of captive pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus)

A group of captive pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) was studied in the San Diego Zoological Gardens. The behavior patterns that these animals exhibit are described. Each of these behavior patterns is compared to those described for wild and captive common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). Differences in behavior between these two species are attributed to specialization of the pygmy chimpanzee to a rain forest habitat and to a monogamous social system.
Immunogenic Sugar Moieties of HIV-1and SARS-CoV and Their Therapeutic Potential

Sugar chains are abundantly expressed on the outer surfaces of the vast majority of viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungal pathogens, as well as on the membranes of mammalian cells. This class of carbohydrate molecules is structurally diverse and characteristically suitable for storing biological signals for molecular and cellular recognition. Exploring the biological information contained in sugar chains is an important topic of current post-genomic research. To facilitate these investigations, we have focused on the development of carbohydrate-based microarray technologies. Two complementary platforms of carbohydrate microarrays, a method of non-covalent immobilization of carbohydrate antigens on micro-glass slides and a method of photo-coupling of saccharide moieties on a bioarray substrate, have been recently established by our laboratory and collaborators. In this presentation, we attempt to summarize our progress in using these technologies to explore the immunogenic sugar moieties, especially those that are expressed by viral pathogens (SARS-CoV and HIV-1) but share strong antigenic cross-reactivities with human cancers. Potential of this class of carbohydrate moieties in development of novel antiviral and anticancer strategies will be discussed.
Combinatorial Approach to Identification of Catalysts for the Photoelectrolysis of Water

A new simple and high-throughput combinatorial method to search for materials capable of the photoelectrolysis of water is presented. Ink jet printing is used to pattern metal oxide precursors (simple nitrate salts) onto conductive glass substrates. Subsequent pyrolysis yields electrodes with patterns of metal oxide compositions that, when immersed in an electrolyte, are easily screened for photoelectrolysis activity using a simple scanning laser system. Some promising metal oxide compositions were identified using this approach.
Reflections on a Feminist Psychology of Women: Paradoxes and Prospects

The articles published in Psychology of Women Quarterly provide both testimony to the progress made by feminist psychologists and an opportunity for critical self reflection on this literature. This paper reports an analysis of the methods and conclusions of articles published in Psychology of Women Quarterly from 1978 through 1981. The analysis was undertaken to document what has been accomplished by the psychology of women literature, to identify vestiges of traditional psychology reproduced within this literature, to examine conceptual paradoxes introduced by attempts to generate a feminist psychology, and to articulate prospects for a fuller realization of a feminist psychology. Three paradoxes, examined in detail, emerge from feminist psychology's commitment to contextual validity: the presumption of “progressive progress”; the implication of internal causes for social conditions; and the advancement of individualistic change strategies. The analysis concludes with recommendations for enhancing the c...
In vivo detection of GABA in human brain using a localized double-quantum filter technique

A proton MR spectral editing technique employing a spatially localized, double-quantum filter (DQF) was used to measure gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human brain at 1.5 T. The double-quantum method provided robust, single-shot suppression of uncoupled resonances from choline, creatine, and NAA and allowed detection of the gamma CH2 GABA (3.0 ppm) resonance with 30% efficiency. Spatial localization of the GABA measurement was achieved by incorporating PRESS localization within the double-quantum excitation and detection sequence. A calibration technique was developed to adjust the relative phases of the RF pulses to maximize the in vivo double-quantum detection efficiency for an arbitrary voxel location. The sequence efficiency, degree of suppression of uncoupled reasonances, and characterization of the in vivo DQF technique was examined in phantom experiments and in a study of the occipital lobe of 10 normal subjects. The ratio of the 3.0-ppm GABA resonance to the 3.0-ppm creatine resonance was found to be 0.20 +/- 0.05 (SD).
Predicting slip behavior in alloys containing shearable and strong particles

Deformation behaviour is predicted by combining slip intensity calculations for shearable precipitates (δ′) with critical particle size (for dislocation shearing-to-looping transition) estimates for strong precipitates (T1, S′). The deformation behavior of the microstructures correlates fairly well with the predictions. Calculations imply that significant volume fractions of shearable phases affect the shearability of strong precipitates. Although specific examples are drawn from AlLiCuMg alloys, the general theory is applicable to most precipitation-hardened alloys. The predictions of the mechanical behavior made for the various microstructures correlate well with the available data.
In vivo transthoracic measurement of end-diastolic left ventricular stiffness with ultrasound shear wave elastography: A pilot study

End-diastolic left ventricular (EDLV) stiffness is a strong biomarker of diastolic heart failure (DHF). Ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) can provide a quantitative and noninvasive measure of myocardial stiffness, which makes SWE a promising tool for clinical diagnosis of DHF. In practice, however, in vivo transthoracic heart study with SWE is very challenging due to the difficult imaging situation of the heart. Recently, we proposed a pulse-inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI) approach for shear wave detection and showed substantial improvement of shear wave signal quality from the heart. In this study, we further developed a multi-zone PIHI shear wave detection method to enhance harmonic excitation and further improve shear wave signal quality. We also developed a cardiac shear wave speed (SWS) calculation method that allows manual tracing of the shear wave propagation path. This path length is used to estimate the SWS using an algorithm based on the Radon transform of the motion data. A pilot study was conducted to test the repeatability of measuring EDLV stiffness of healthy subjects with the multi-zone PIHI approach and the cardiac SWS calculation method. Five subjects were recruited and studied on three different days. Statistical analyses showed good repeatability of SWS measurements across 3 days for subjects 1 and 4, and between days 2 and 3 for subjects 1, 2, 3 and 4. The overall success rates of detecting robust shear waves from subjects 1 to 5 are 94%, 83%, 96%, 98%, and 27%, respectively. The overall SWS measurements for all subjects are in good agreement with literature values from animal studies. These results indicate that the proposed SWE methods with multi-zone PIHI detection and cardiac SWS calculation is reliable in measuring EDLV stiffness and has great potential for diagnosing DHF in future studies.
Detection of high molecular weight vinculin binding proteins in muscle and nonmuscle tissues with an electroblot-overlay technique.

In this study, we examined binding of radiolabelled vinculin to proteins separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and then electrophoretically transferred onto nitrocellulose sheets. We detected saturable binding of vinculin to polypeptides with apparent M r 's of 215,000, 205,000 and 185,000 in a low ionic strength extract from chicken gizzard membranes. Binding of vinculin to proteins with apparent M r 's of 205,000, 185,000, and 165,000 in human platelets was also detected. In addition, we found that [ 125 I]vinculin binds to unlabelled vinculin and to α-actinin, although these interactions appear to be of lower affinity than those with the higher molecular weight proteins.
Nonparametric tests for multiple regression under progressive censoring

Abstract For continuous observations from time-sequential studies, suitable Cramer-von Mises and Kolmogorov-Smirnov types of (nonparametric) statistics (based on linear rank statistics) for testing hypotheses on some multiple-regression models are proposed and studied. The asymptotic theory of these tests is provided for both the null and (local) alternative hypotheses situations and is based on the weak convergence of suitable rank order processes (on the D [0, 1] space) to certain functions of Brownian motions. Bahadur efficiency results are also presented. Empirical values of the percentile points of the null distributions of the proposed test statistics, obtained through simulation studies, are also provided.
Relative equilibria and the virial theorem

A solution of the Newtoniann-body problem for which the moment of inertia (with respect to the centre of mass) is constant is a solution of relative equilibrium.
How calcium from calcium carbonate and milk benefit peptic ulcer patients.

Calcium from calcium containing antacids and milk enhance the integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa and mucus, as it is the natural linker agent of these structures, which strengthens their defense function.
Interspecific and geographical variation in the sequence of rDNA expansion segment D3 of Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).

The base sequence of the rDNA D3 expansion segment and flanking H14 stem varies between six species of Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) where only 33 invariant sites occur among sequences of 123–203 bases in length. Multiple copies of D3 were sequenced from localities across the geographical ranges of four species to investigate deep population genetic structure. Two species, I. pacificus, from western North America, and I. ricinus, from Europe, have no sequence variation indicating a lack of deep genetic structure. One species, I. scapularis, from eastern North America has two forms of the D3 sequence that are distributed differently among northern vs. southern populations, suggesting recent divergence and hybridization. I. persulcatus, from Eurasia, has sequence variation between localities of the order of that observed between other species, suggesting a long history of population isolation and deep genetic structure. With the exception of I. scapularis, sequence variation was not observed within localities. This indicates that cellular processes underpinning concerted evolution have homogenized populations and species for particular rDNA sequence variants.
Pausing and attenuation of in vitro transcription in the rrnB operon of E. coli

We have determined the effects of the nusA gene protein and the regulatory nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) on pausing and termination of transcription in the leader region of the rrnB operon in vitro. The leader region of rrnB contains several types of potential regulatory sequences that act at the level of RNA chain elongation and may be involved in control of bacterial growth. We have mapped a termination site, tL, located 260 bases from rrnB promoter P1. Termination at tL is dependent on the nusA protein and is enhanced by ppGpp. The DNA sequence at tL shows striking homologies with trp t', a terminator also strongly affected in vitro by the nusA protein. These in vitro results suggest that rRNA transcription in vivo may be regulated in part through an attenuation mechanism that leads to termination of rrnB chains in the leader region. In addition to tL, elongation of transcription in the leader region is affected by several pause sites that are sensitive to the concentration of ppGpp and the presence of the nusA gene protein. The location and properties of these pause sites suggest that they may also play a role in regulation of rrnB transcription through a mechanism we have termed "turnstile" attenuation. One pause site, located 90 and 91 bases from P1, is unique in that it is not normally a site for transcriptional pausing, but is dependent on simultaneous binding of polymerase at rrnB promoter P2. This leads to blockage of P1 transcripts at high RNA polymerase densities and may provide an additional locus for regulation of rrn transcription.
Combination of tadalafil and finasteride for improving the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia: critical appraisal and patient focus

The evidence suggests that combination therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) using an α-blocker and a 5α-reductase inhibitor has become well accepted. The combination of daily tadalafil and an α-blocker has also demonstrated benefit. This paper addresses combination therapy with daily tadalafil and finasteride for the treatment of BPH-LUTS. Our results demonstrate that use of tadalafil and finasteride represents a logical extension of combination therapies. We analyze a landmark study by Casabe et al that demonstrates improved voiding symptoms as assessed by International Prostate Symptom Scores with a combination of tadalafil and finasteride compared with finasteride and placebo. Study patients had moderate to severe LUTS and prostate volumes >30 g. The additional benefit of improved erectile function as assessed by International Index of Erectile Function-erectile function domain scores with the addition of tadalafil was a secondary benefit. We propose that the ideal patient for combination therapy with tadalafil and finasteride has a prostate volume >30 g and desires additional benefit over monotherapy. For these men, improved erectile function without sexual side effects was a secondary benefit.
Reproductive history and hormonal birth control use are associated with coronary calcium progression in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Context: Coronary artery disease is increased in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), compared with nondiabetic (Non-DM) women. Women with T1D have more menstrual dysfunction and are less likely to use hormonal birth control (BC) than Non-DM women. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether coronary artery calcium (CAC) is associated with menstrual dysfunction and BC use in women with T1D. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, and participants were followed up for an average of 2.4 yr. Patients: Patients included 612 women (293 T1D, 319 Non-DM) between the ages of 19 and 55 yr who had CAC measured twice by electron beam tomography. Results: Irregular menses and amenorrhea were more common in T1D than Non-DM women (22.1 vs. 14.9%, P < 0.05 and 16.6 vs. 7.0%, P < 0.001). T1D women reported less BC use than Non-DM women (79.8 vs. 89.9%, P < 0.001) and reached menarche at an older age (13.1 ± 1.8 vs. 12.8 ± 1.5 yr, P < 0.05). Use of BC was associated with less CAC progres...
Resonance fluorescence during phase-controlled transient excitation

Abstract The response of a two-level atom to a resonant driving field can be dramatically altered by a sudden shift in the driving field's phase. We discuss the implications of this fact with respect to the atom's transient fluorescence spectrum and relaxation properties.
Emotional Labor and the Difficult Customer: Coping Strategies of Service Agents and Organizational Consequences

ABSTRACT While the service quality literature suggests the importance of courteous service agents, the emotional labor literature has shown that there are important negative personal consequences associated with emotional work requirements. In this study, a survey which evaluated employee responses to the emotional labor involved in serving difficult customers is detailed and significant consequences for the organization are considered. Some of these consequences have the potential to negatively impact several determinants of service quality.
Anisotropic nuclear spin relaxation rate

Abstract We calculate the dipolar interaction contribution to the nuclear spin relaxation time T 1 in an anisotropic superconductor. It is argued that such a contribution plays a major role in some heavy fermion superconductors and gives rise to a strongly anisotropic relaxation rate due to the coupling between the order parameter and the applied magnetic field.
Visualization and Analysis of Venting From a Single Microchannel Two-Phase Copper Heat Exchanger

Two-phase microfluidic cooling solutions have the potential to meet the thermal and geometric requirements of high performance microprocessors. However, rapid nucleation and growth of the vapor phase in the micro-scale flow structures produce detrimental rise in the system pressure and create flow instabilities. In our previous work we developed a novel solution to these problems: to locally vent the vapor formed in the microstructures by capping the flow structures with porous, hydrophobic membranes that allow only the trapped vapor phase to escape the system. In this paper we present the results from a visualization study of this venting process in a copper microchannel with a porous hydrophobic Teflon membrane wall and determine the impact of varying flow conditions on the venting process. We tested liquid flow rates of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 ml/min with air injection rates varying from 0.2 to 6 ml/min, corresponding to mass qualities of 0.1% to 7%. Bubbly/slug and wavy flows are dominant at the lower liquid and air flow rates, with wavy-stratified and stratified flows becoming dominant at higher air injection rates. At the highest liquid flow rate, plug and annular flows were common. Analysis finds that venting effectiveness is insensitive to Reliq until the point where non-contact flow structures such as annular become dominant and result in a loss of effective venting area. We also find that venting area changes linearly with mass quality and that the maximum venting effectiveness can be improved by increasing the venting area or raising the total static system pressure. However, venting effectiveness is fundamentally limited by the membrane conductance.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Fragile X mental retardation protein levels are decreased in major psychiatric disorders.

In individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), there is a silencing of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene, usually due to an expansion of a CGG repeat in the 5’ untranslated region (Oostra and Willemsen, 2009). The subsequent loss of the FMR1 gene product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that travels between the nucleus and cytoplasm, results in disruption of post-transcriptional regulation of many target RNAs (De Rubeis and Bagni, 2010), leading ultimately to multiple pathologies associated with FXS.
Effects of nucleotide analogs on ATP hydrolysis by P‐type ATPases. Comparison between the canine kidney (Na++ K+) ATPase and maize root H+‐ATPase

The mechanism by which chemical energy is converted into an electrochemical gradient by P-type ATPase is not completely understood. The effects of ATP analogs on the canine kidney (Na + + K + ) ATPase were compared to effects of the same analogs on the maize (Zea mays L. cv. W7551) root H + -ATPase in order to identity probes for the ATP binding site of the maize root enzyme and to determine potential similarities of ATP hydrolysis mechanisms in these two enzymes. Six compounds able to modify the ATP binding site covalently were compared. These compounds could be classed into three distinct groups based on activity. The first group had little or no effect on catalytic activity of either enzyme and included 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. The second group, which included azido adenine analogs. fluorescein isothiocynnate and 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenine, were inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis by both enzymes. However, the sensitivity of the (Na + + K + ) ATPase to inhibition was much greater than that exhibited by the maize root enzyme. The third group. which included periodate treated nucleotide derivatives and 2',3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine triphosphate, inhibited both enzymes similarly. This initial screening of these covalent modifiers indicated that 2',3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine triphosphate was the optimal covalent modifier of the ATP binding site of the maize root enzyme. Certain reagents were much more effective against the (Na + + K + ) ATPase than the maize root enzyme, possibly indicating differences in the ATP binding and hydrolysis pathway for these two enzymes. Two ATP analogs that are not covalent modifiers were also tested: the trinitrophenyl derivatives of adenine nucleotides were better than 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate for use as an ATP binding probe
A review of prior common body of knowledge (CBOK) studies in internal auditing and an overview of the global CBOK 2006

Purpose – The 2006 global common body of knowledge (CBOK) study is part of an ongoing research program that will broaden the understanding of how internal auditing is practised throughout the world. At the core of the 2006 CBOK study are three surveys of internal auditors worldwide regarding their professional activities. This paper reviews past CBOK studies and introduces the 2006 CBOK research project.Design/methodology/approach – The findings of prior CBOK studies are reviewed, and additional topics are identified to develop the topical areas to be covered in CBOK 2006.Findings – Past CBOK studies covered many of the same topical areas. Recent changes in The Institute of Internal Auditors Professional Standards, introduction of new technology, and the expanding complexity of business operations require new knowledge and skills for internal auditors. CBOK 2006 will be designed to address these issues.Originality/value – By presenting an overview of past CBOK studies and discussing the rationale for the ...
CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF IMPAIRED ADIPOSE TISSUE AND MUSCLE PERFUSION IN INSULIN-RESISTANT MICE

Background— In diabetes mellitus, reduced perfusion and capillary surface area in skeletal muscle, which is a major glucose storage site, contribute to abnormal glucose homeostasis. Using contrast-enhanced ultrasound, we investigated whether abdominal adipose tissue perfusion is abnormal in insulin resistance and correlates with glycemic control. Methods and Results— Contrast-enhanced ultrasound perfusion imaging of abdominal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle was performed in obese insulin resistance (db/db) mice at 11 to 12 or 14 to 16 weeks of age and in control lean mice. Time–intensity data were analyzed to quantify microvascular blood flow (MBF) and capillary blood volume (CBV). Blood glucose response for 1 hour was measured after insulin challenge (1 U/kg, IP). Compared with control mice, db/db mice at 11 to 12 and 14 to 16 weeks had a higher glucose concentration area under the curve after insulin (11.8±2.8, 20.6±4.3, and 28.4±5.9 mg·min/dL [×1000], respectively; P =0.0002) and also had lower adipose MBF (0.094±0.038, 0.035±0.010, and 0.023±0.01 mL/min per gram; P =0.0002) and CBV (1.6±0.6, 1.0±0.3, and 0.5±0.1 mL/100 g; P =0.0017). The glucose area under the curve correlated in a nonlinear fashion with both adipose and skeletal muscle MBF and CBV. There were significant linear correlations between adipose and muscle MBF ( r =0.81) and CBV ( r =0.66). Adipocyte cell volume on histology was 25-fold higher in 14- to 16-week db/db versus control mice. Conclusions— Abnormal adipose MBF and CBV in insulin resistance can be detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and correlates with the degree of impairment in glucose storage. Abnormalities in adipose tissue and muscle seem to be coupled. Impaired adipose tissue perfusion is in part explained by an increase in adipocyte size without proportional vascular response.
Gold nanoparticles as contrast agent for in vivo photoacoustic tomography of tumor

We demonstrate that gold nanoparticles can be utilized as a good contrast agent for in vivo tumor (human breast cancer, BT474) imaging with photoacoustic tomography (PAT) in an animal model.
Differing selectivities in mechanochemical versus conventional solution oxidation using Oxone

Abstract A mechanochemical oxidation of methoxylated aromatic chemicals is described, providing an example of a very different selectivity as compared to solution-based chemistry. Oxone was shown to react with 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene to yield predominantly 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone in the solid state or 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenol in solution. The difference in effective acidity of the reaction conditions was not apparently responsible for the observed selectivity. The mechanochemical method described is simple, reproducible, and gave higher yield at higher conversion of substrate compared to solution conditions.
Microbial Diversity and Resistance to Copper in Metal-Contaminated Lake Sediment

Contamination of habitats with heavy metals has become a worldwide problem. We describe herein the analysis of lake sediment contaminated with high concentrations of copper as a consequence of mine milling disposal over a 100-year period. Copper concentrations in the sediment were found to vary with depth and ranged from 200 to 5500 ppm. Analysis of the microbial community with T-RFLP identified a minimum of 20 operational taxonomic units (OTU). T-RFLP analysis along a depth profile detected as many as nine shared OTUs across 15 centimeters, suggesting a conservation of community structure over this range. Only two genera, Arthrobacter and Ralstonia, were detected among 50 aerobic copper-resistant isolates cultivated on R2A, one of which (Ralstonia sp.) was characterized by the sequestration of copper, identified by electron diffraction scanning, in growing colonies. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes to the outer envelope of the cells when grown in the presence of copper. The copper-resistant Ralstonia isolates were also resistant to Ni, Cd, and Zn, showing two patterns of phenotypic resistant to these three metals in which either resistance to Zn or Ni was expressed in an isolate but never both.
The clinical presentation of childhood partial arousal parasomnias.

Objectives: The goal of the current study was to compare the sleep characteristics of children diagnosed with a partial arousal parasomnia to a community sample and further, to compare children diagnosed with sleep terrors to those diagnosed with sleepwalking.Background: Many children experience frightened awakenings, with up to 15% meeting criteria for a parasomnia. Despite this, very little empirical data exists examining parasomnias in childhood.Method: The parents of children (between 2 and 12 years of age) referred to a pediatric sleep disorders clinic completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSH) on their child. The group meeting criteria for partial parasomnia was then matched with a community sample to identify differences in sleep characteristics between children with parasomnias and a normative sample.Results: Children with parasomnias had higher rates of bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, night waking, and reduced sleep duration than a matched community sample. Sleepwalkers had more sleep onset problems than children with sleep terrors. Almost one quarter of sleepwalkers between 3 and 12 years of age reported nocturnal enuresis.Conclusions: Children with partial arousal parasomnias do have slightly more disturbed sleep than community controls.
Accuracy and consistency of weights provided by home bathroom scales

Self-reported body weight is often used for calculation of Body Mass Index because it is easy to collect. Little is known about sources of error introduced by using bathroom scales to measure weight at home. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of digital versus dial-type bathroom scales commonly used for self-reported weight. Participants brought functioning bathroom scales (n = 18 dial-type, n = 43 digital-type) to a central location. Trained researchers assessed accuracy and consistency using certified calibration weights at 10 kg, 25 kg, 50 kg, 75 kg, 100 kg, and 110 kg. Data also were collected on frequency of calibration, age and floor surface beneath the scale. All participants reported using their scale on hard surface flooring. Before calibration, all digital scales displayed 0, but dial scales displayed a mean absolute initial weight of 0.95 (1.9 SD) kg. Digital scales accurately weighed test loads whereas dial-type scale weights differed significantly (p < 0.05). Imprecision of dial scales was significantly greater than that of digital scales at all weights (p < 0.05). Accuracy and precision did not vary by scale age. Digital home bathroom scales provide sufficiently accurate and consistent weights for public health research. Reminders to zero scales before each use may further improve accuracy of self-reported weight.
Re: Comparison of single photon emission computed tomography findings in cases of healthy adults and solvent‐exposed adults

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a useful tool in measuring dynamic brain functioning. Its potential to reveal the physiological mechanisms of neurotoxicity has not been fully explored. In the present study, the SPECT findings for 25 healthy control subjects were compared to the findings for 25 mixed organic solvent exposure subjects. Specific physiological abnormalities related to regional cerebral blood flow activity (rCBF) were revealed. In the early phase of uptake, significantly decreased uptake was found in the mixed organic solvent group; in the late phase of uptake, a significant increase in uptake was found in specific regions of interest. The discovery of this abnormality in brain functioning may be a significant step toward the creation of a biological marker of neurotoxicity. Early detection of neurotoxicity is important in occupational medicine to prevent neurotoxic illnesses in working populations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:4–14 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Agricultural Districts and Zoning: A State-Local Approach to a National Problem

Known limitations on petroleum and future food supplies warrant regulatory action to preserve land capable of sustained and intensive cultivation. A set of recommendations outlines legislation designed to preserve agricultural land by using the Land Inventorying and Monitoring classification system. Local and state governments will find a districting approach is effective when land quality is not uniform. State-mandated local zoning offers a politically feasible alternative to more-intrusive state land-use regulation. Primary responsibility for planning should be placed on existing local governmental agencies, with provisions for state review and consultation. Some provision should be made for interim land-use regulation to prevent excessive conversion of cropland before local programs are implemented. An owner-initiated exemption procedure will avoid undue hardships. 151 references.
NON-RANDOM ASSORTMENT IN SD HETEROZYGOUS XYY MALES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Segregation Distorter (SD) was found to assort more frequently with the Y-chromosome in SDcn/SD+; XYY males of Drosophila melanogaster. Because gametic and zygotic selection can be eliminated as possible explanations of this non-random assortment, it is suggested that the pairing pattern in the sex chromosomes is changed when segregation distortion occurs. The hypothesis of homology between the SD region and part of the X-chromosome suggested by Hiraizumi and Nakazima (1967) could be one possible explanation.
Survey on Amacrine Cells Coupling to Retrograde-Identified Ganglion Cells in the Mouse Retina

Purpose. Retinal amacrine cells (ACs) may make inhibitory chemical synapses and potentially excitatory gap junctions on ganglion cells (GCs). The total number and subtypes of ACs coupled to the entire GC population were investigated in wild-type and three lines of transgenic mice.
Auxin-induced synthesis of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate in Avena coleoptiles.

Abstract In Avena coleoptile sections treated with indole acetic acid there is an increase in the synthesis of cyclic 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate as compared to untreated sections. This difference is seen within 30 minutes, the shortest time interval studied.
Linear Programming Performance Bounds for Markov Chains With Polyhedrally Translation Invariant Probabilities and Applications to Unreliable Manufacturing Systems and Enhanced Wafer Fab Models

Our focus is on a class of Markov chains which have a polyhedral translation invariance property for the transition probabilities. This class can be used to model several applications of interest which feature complexities not found in usual models of queueing networks, for example failure prone manufacturing systems which are operating under hedging point policies, or enhanced wafer fab models featuring batch tools and setups or affine index policies. We present a new family of performance bounds which is more powerful both in expressive capability as well as the quality of the bounds than some earlier approaches.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
34 Pieces of a puzzle: biogeography of southeast farallon Island, California

Rocky intertidal communities in cold waters on open shores tend to have a stable, predictable makeup worldwide. The structure of the environment, the morphology and life history of species, the economics of species behavior and the dynamics of population changes all contribute to the distribution of species in a given habitat. South East Farallon Island, in the Pacific Ocean off the northern California coast, hosts an intertidal community typical in many ways of other rocky intertidal communities. However, two orders of marine algae one might expect to be there, the Fucales and Laminariales, are unexpectedly uncommon on this island. In this paper some of the possible environmental, morphological and life history factors contributing to and restricting the distribution of marine algae in the intertidal zone on South East Farallon Island are considered.
Plastic deformation and springback of rectangular bars subject to combined torsion and tension

Abstract S pringback of rectangular bars under combined torsion and tension is investigated. A theoretical model for springback is developed and evaluated by comparing calculated and experimental results. It is concluded that springback is analytically predictable. Both analysis and test data show that an axial tension always reduces angular springback in a twisted bar. The order of plastic deformation is found to be important : twist followed by pull produces smaller angular springback upon release of torque and force than does a deformation in the reverse order.
Differences in non-enzymatic glycation and collagen cross-links between human cortical and cancellous bone.

It is important to establish the relationship between pentosidine and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in bone. We found the relationship between pentosidine and AGEs and their magnitude of accumulation were dependent on bone’s surface-to-volume ratio. Results illustrate the importance of measuring pentosidine and AGEs separately in cancellous and cortical bone. Accumulation of collagen cross-links (AGEs) produced by non-enzymatic glycation deteriorates bone’s mechanical properties and fracture resistance. Although a single AGE, pentosidine, is commonly used as a representative marker, it is unclear whether it quantitatively reflects total fluorescent AGEs in bone. The goal of this study was to establish the relationship between pentosidine and total AGEs in cancellous and cortical bone. Pentosidine and total AGEs were quantified in 170 human bone samples. Total fluorescent AGEs were measured in 28 additional cancellous and cortical bone specimens of the same apparent volume that were incubated in control or in vitro glycation solutions. Correlations between pentosidine and total AGEs and differences between cortical and cancellous groups were determined. Pentosidine was correlated with total AGEs in cancellous bone (r = 0.53, p < 0.0001) and weakly correlated in cortical bone (r = 0.23, p < 0.05). There was more pentosidine (p < 0.01) and total AGEs (p < 0.001) in cancellous than in cortical bone. The in vitro glycation substudy showed that cancellous bone accumulated more AGEs than cortical bone (p < 0.05). The relationship between pentosidine and total AGEs and their magnitude of accumulation differed in cancellous and cortical bone of the same apparent volume, and were dependent on the surface-to-volume ratios of each sample. It is important to consider the bone types as two separate entities, and it is crucial to quantify total AGEs in addition to pentosidine to allow for more comprehensive analysis of the effects of non-enzymatic glycation in bone.
Exercise-induced bundle branch block

Abstract Exercise-induced bundle branch block (BBB) is poorly understood. An investigation was made of its clinical, electrocardiographic, coronary angiographic, and myocardial scintigraphic characteristics, with follow-up data in 16 patients, aged 59 ±9 (mean ± standard deviation) years, 11 who had left BBB and 5 who had right BBB. Fourteen had a preexisting baseline electrocardiographic abnormality; 11 had either incomplete BBB or nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay. Heart rates at onset of exercise BBB varied from 70 to 166 beats/min and in 9 patients the rates at BBB onset and offset appeared to be related, occurring within 8 beats/min of each other. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was diagnosed in 10 patients, cardiomyopathy in 2, and probable coronary spasm in 2. One patient had ventricular arrhythmias of uncertain origin, and 1 appeared to have no cardiac disease. Three patients had reversible thallium perfusion defects consistent with ischemia concurrent with developing BBB. The 3 patients in whom exercise BBB persisted all had CAD. Over a mean of 28 months of follow-up, only 1 patient had a morbid cardiac event—nonfatal myocardial infarction—and 2 died from noncardiac causes. Thus, exercise BBB primarily occurs in the context of cardiac disease, most commonly CAD, and concurrent ischemia may be demonstrable; the presence of “rate relation” does not militate against CAD.
Inherent sea ice predictability in the rapidly changing Arctic environment of the Community Climate System Model, version 3

Seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice have typically been based on statistical regression models or on results from ensemble ice model forecasts driven by historical atmospheric forcing. However, in the rapidly changing Arctic environment, the predictability characteristics of summer ice cover could undergo important transformations. Here global coupled climate model simulations are used to assess the inherent predictability of Arctic sea ice conditions on seasonal to interannual timescales within the Community Climate System Model, version 3. The role of preconditioning of the ice cover versus intrinsic variations in determining sea ice conditions is examined using ensemble experiments initialized in January with identical ice–ocean–terrestrial conditions. Assessing the divergence among the ensemble members reveals that sea ice area exhibits potential predictability during the first summer and for winter conditions after a year. The ice area exhibits little potential predictability during the spring transition season. Comparing experiments initialized with different mean ice conditions indicates that ice area in a thicker sea ice regime generally exhibits higher potential predictability for a longer period of time. In a thinner sea ice regime, winter ice conditions provide little ice area predictive capability after approximately 1 year. In all regimes, ice thickness has high potential predictability for at least 2 years.
Interfaces for 3D Flight Path Visualization

Increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles on the battlefield is driving a transition of human operators into supervisory roles. In these roles, operators will have access to mission data and they will be required to make rapid decisions based on criteria, prior experience, and instincts. To facilitate rapid decisions, an interface must provide information in a format that operators can readily understand. A study was performed to investigate an operator’s ability to rapidly understand flight path data presented in either top-down 2D or perspective 3D. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the benefits of interactivity when observing the 3D scenarios. It was found that participants in the 3D group with automatic camera movement were not more accurate but were faster than participants who saw a top-down 2D view or a 3D view with manual camera control. This suggests that there may be benefits to a 3D interface for displaying three-dimensional path data. It also confirms that providing an interactive interface will not necessarily lead to higher performance, as the user may not use it efficiently.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
DALITZ PLOT ANALYSES OF CHARMLESS B DECAYS

We present preliminary results of maximum-likelihood Dalitz plot analyses performed by the BABAR Collaboration of the charmless hadronic decays B{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup 0}, B{sup +} {yields} K{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup +}, and B{sup +} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup +}. We report inclusive decay rates, as well as fractions and phases for intermediate resonant decays.We also report CP-violating charge asymmetries for intermediate resonant decays of neutral B mesons.
Fracture in Thin Oxide Films

In thin film systems, failure often occurs via fracture mechanisms, with either through thickness cracking or interfacial delamination leading to failure of the device or layer. Measuring the stress at which fracture occurs in these thin film systems requires testing methods amicable to both the small scale of the films as well as the complex relationship between the mechanical properties of the film and the substrate. This paper will cover two oxide film systems, a piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) on platinum and passive oxide films (primarily Cr2O3) on stainless steels. Both will be tested with a bulk method (bulge testing in the case of PZT and circumferentially notched tensile bars for the stainless steel) and then with a nanoindentation method developed for testing fracture for hard coatings on soft substrates. The differences in stresses required for failure between the bulk and the nanoscale tests will be discussed in terms of differences in flaw population.
Trace elements in continental-margin magmatism: Part III. Alkali granites and their relationship to cratonization: Summary

Alkali granites form as the final tectonic-magmatic event in shield areas and in many Phanerozoic orogenic belts. They occur mostly as discordant, post-tectonic plutons. Plutons of various ages and geographic locations are lithologically extremely similar, with an average composition of 72.5% SiO 2 , 0.3% TiO 2 , 14.1% A1 2 O 3 , 2.2% total Fe as Fe 2 O 3 , 0.4% MgO, 1.3% CaO, 3.6% Na 2 O, and 4.8% K 2 O. The alkali granite suites differ from the felsic rocks of most calcalkalic batholiths in having higher K 2 O/MgO ratios and few rocks with less than 65% SiO 2 . Alkali granite magmas may form by normal crystallization differentiation from calc-alkalic adamellites (quartz monzonites), although not all alkali granite magmas have originated by that process. Most alkali granites do not show evidence of having been derived from a crustal source. In some occurrences, pre-existing sial apparently was not present in the area at the time that the alkali granite magmas evolved. Thus, alkali granites may be part of the process that causes development of stable cratons by addition of new sialic material to thicken the continental crust. The higher concentration of K 2 O in younger shield areas and compensatory changes in abundances of other elements are caused by the higher abundance of alkali granites in younger cratons.