cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Associations Between Internalized Racism, Racial Identity, and Psychological Distress:

Internalized racism, or the acceptance of negative stereotypes about one's own racial group, is associated with psychological distress; yet, few studies have explored the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults. Furthermore, racial identity's role as a protective factor in the context of internalized racism remains unclear. This study examined the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and the moderating role of racial identity beliefs among 171 African American emerging adults. Full cross-lagged panel models revealed no main effects of internalized racism beliefs on psychological distress. However, several racial identity beliefs moderated the relationship between internalized racism beliefs and changes in psychological distress over a year later. Initial levels of alteration of physical appearance, internalization of negative stereotypes, and hair change internalized racism beliefs were related to subsequent psychological distress, but only for those with certain levels of racial centrality, private regard, public regard, and assimilationist, humanist, and nationalist ideology beliefs. These findings suggest that, over time, internalized racism and racial identity beliefs can combine to influence the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults.
Vicarious trauma in mental health care providers

Abstract Purpose A study on mental health care providers experiencing vicarious trauma and implications in not addressing it is the purpose of this study. This study utilized the Vicarious Trauma Scale to assess symptoms of vicarious trauma on mental health care providers. The objective of the study was to inform mental health care providers and administrative groups on the necessary actions that must be considered for mental health care providers experiencing vicarious trauma. Methods A factor analysis was used to analyze results from a survey provided to a purposive sample of health care providers at an academic health sciences center. Results: This group of mental health care providers, results indicate they were exposed to traumatic themes, regardless of their professional role. Factor analysis confirmed a strong indication for exposure to vicarious trauma. Conclusion Negative effects of vicarious trauma may cause mental health care providers long-lasting impairment. Appropriate interventions may prevent long-term negative effects, improve quality of care and patient satisfaction, and maintain mental health care providers in their positions.
Drivers of uncertainty in future projections of Madden–Julian Oscillation teleconnections

Abstract. Teleconnections from the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) are a key source of predictability of weather on the extended timescale of about 10–40 d. The MJO teleconnection is sensitive to a number of factors, including the mean dry static stability, the mean flow, and the propagation and intensity characteristics of the MJO, which are traditionally difficult to separate across models. Each of these factors may evolve in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, which will impact MJO teleconnections and potentially impact predictability on extended timescales. Current state-of-the-art climate models do not agree on how MJO teleconnections over central and eastern North America will change in a future climate. Here, we use results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and SSP585 experiments in concert with a linear baroclinic model (LBM) to separate and investigate alternate mechanisms explaining why and how boreal winter (January) MJO teleconnections over the North Pacific and North America may change in a future climate and to identify key sources of inter-model uncertainty. LBM simulations suggest that a weakening teleconnection due to increases in tropical dry static stability alone is robust across CMIP6 models and that uncertainty in mean state winds is a key driver of uncertainty in future MJO teleconnections. Uncertainty in future changes to the MJO's intensity, eastward propagation speed, zonal wavenumber, and eastward propagation extent are other important sources of uncertainty in future MJO teleconnections. We find no systematic relationship between future changes in the Rossby wave source and the MJO teleconnection or between changes to the zonal wind or stationary Rossby wave number and the MJO teleconnection over the North Pacific and North America. LBM simulations suggest a reduction of the boreal winter MJO teleconnection over the North Pacific and an uncertain change over North America, with large spread over both regions that lends to weak confidence in the overall outlook. While quantitatively determining the relative importance of MJO versus mean state uncertainties in determining future teleconnections remains a challenge, the LBM simulations suggest that uncertainty in the mean state winds is a larger contributor to the uncertainty in future projections of the MJO teleconnection than the MJO.
SLInKi: State Lattice based Inverse Kinematics - A Fast, Accurate, and Flexible IK Solver for Soft Continuum Robot Manipulators

Soft continuum robots offer unique properties that cannot be achieved using rigid linkage-based robotic bodies. Their dexterity and intrinsic compliance deliver the ability to navigate constrained environments and operate in unprecedented ways. Although the Jacobian velocity matrix based method is a widely used approach to solve inverse kinematics (IK) problems for traditional rigid robots, its drawbacks emerge while solving IK problems of continuum robots, such as high computational cost with no solution guarantees. Attempts to provide alternative solutions must overcome the computational complexity and vast functional workspace of continuum manipulator postures. Here, we propose a heuristic approach, the State Lattice based Inverse Kinematics Solver (SLInKi), which uses concepts originally developed for solving path-finding problems to solve the IK problem of a soft continuum robot. This algorithm is intuitive, runs in real time, and combines the strengths of two algorithms in a unique package that surpasses existing methods in adjustability and efficiency. Several simulation case studies and real robot experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach is flexible, computationally efficient, and highly accurate compared to the state of the art.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1a, Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, and Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a congenital disorder caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of the GNAS gene encoding Gsα, the ubiquitously expressed G protein α-subunit that is required for intracellular cAMP generation in response to hormones and other extracellular signals. AHO patients develop short stature, brachydactyly, subcutaneous ossifications, and, in some cases, neurocognitive impairment. Due to genomic imprinting of GNAS, mutations on the maternal allele also lead to multihormone resistance and early-onset obesity, a condition known as pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a. In contrast paternal mutations only lead to AHO, also known as pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. In some instances, the same Gsα mutations are associated with a more severe form of ectopic ossification known as progressive osseous heteroplasia.
New semicrystalline block copolymers of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate)

Abstract Multiblock copolymers of poly(arylene ether sulfones) (PAESs) and poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCT) were synthesized via melt-phase polymerization. PAES oligomers (Mn = 2000 g/mol) were synthesized with hydroxyethoxyl end groups, and then reacted with dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) to obtain segmented copolymers with the goal of introducing semi-crystallinity into the PAES segmented block copolymers. Two CHDMs (all trans and cis/trans = 30/70) were used for comparison. Weight percentages of PCT segments varied from 20 wt% to 80 wt%. According to the results measured by DSC, DMA and WAXS, the copolymers crystallized when the content of PCT segment was above 50 wt%, and the crystallinity of the copolymers exhibited a proportional dependence on the weight percentage of PCT segments. Segmented copolymers with trans-CHDM as the polyester segment exhibited a higher level of crystallinity than the 30/70 CHDM mixture.
Pathways Out of Poverty

Abstract With the enactment of welfare reform in 1996, welfare policy has changed significantly. Welfare rolls have been reduced, yet poverty has not been overcome for many clients in the welfare system. This paper analyzes potential pathways out of poverty within the context of devolution. The need for a redefinition of poverty is reviewed and several dimensions of policy are discussed: the notion of work as an antipoverty strategy, potential methods to support work, the notion of payment for care-givers functions, the controversy surrounding the promotion of marriage, education and employment options, and the need for a permanent safety net to assist individuals and families. Changes in the welfare system are suggested that could assist individuals and families to overcome poverty conditions.
Congenital cardiovascular anomalies in chick embryos exposed to x-irradiation and hypothermia

Abstract The effects of x-irradiation and hypothermia on cardiovascular development were analyzed in chick embryos. Cardiovascular anomalies produced by x-irradiation and hypothermia included aortic stenosis, common truncus arteriosus, ventricular and atrial septal defects, abnormal semilunar valves, thin ventricular wall, and inhibition of aortic arch development. Aortic stenosis was the most frequent finding at low dosages of radiation while common truncus arteriosus was the most frequent finding at higher levels of radiation. Exposure of the embryos to hypothermia before irradiation had a questionable effect upon radiosensitivity of the embryos (as determined by LD 50 values) or radiation damage to the developing heart (as determined by the incidence of cardiac defects). Exposure to cold after radiation appeared to exaggerate the effects of the radiation, as determined by an increased sensitivity and a greater incidence of cardiac anomalies.
The ultrastructure of chromatin fibers: II. The ultrastructure of the loops from sea urchin sperm chromatin

Abstract The ultrastructure of the chromatin from sea urchin sperm has been studied by the use of a standard spreading technique and positive and negative staining with uranyl acetate. The outer loops of the chromatin are made by single fibrils about 30 A wide that appear irregularly folded and that are prone to aggregate with other fibrils. The composition of these elementary 30 A fibrils was studied by enzyme digestions and extractions. The fibrils are destroyed completely by DNAse, but not by trypsin. Extraction of the fibrils with 2 M NaCl results in continuous and convoluted strands that are similar to DNA molecules. Salt extraction also results in the loss of material stained with phosphotungstic acid at pH 4.5. The localization of both histones and DNA are discussed in relation to chromatin structure.
Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice I: clinical course and outcome are dependent on route of exposure

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), an arbovirus, is an important human and veterinary pathogen belonging to one of seven antigenic complexes in the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. EEEV is considered the most deadly of the mosquito-borne alphaviruses due to the high case fatality rate associated with clinical infections, reaching up to 75 % in humans and 90 % in horses. In patients that survive acute infection, neurologic sequelae are often devastating. Although natural infections are acquired by mosquito bite, EEEV is also highly infectious by aerosol. This fact, along with the relative ease of production and stability of this virus, has led it to being identified as a potential agent of bioterrorism. To characterize the clinical course and outcome of EEEV strain FL93-939 infection, we compared clinical parameters, cytokine expression, viremia, and viral titers in numerous tissues of mice exposed by various routes. Twelve-week-old female BALB/c mice were infected by the intranasal, aerosol, or subcutaneous route. Mice were monitored for clinical signs of disease and euthanized at specified time points (6 hpi through 8 dpi). Blood and tissues were harvested for cytokine analysis and/or viral titer determination. Although all groups of animals exhibited similar clinical signs after inoculation, the onset and severity differed. The majority of those animals exposed by the aerosol route developed severe clinical signs by 4 dpi. Significant differences were also observed in the viral titers of target tissues, with virus being detected in the brain at 6 hpi in the aerosol study. The clinical course and outcome of EEEV infection in mice is dependent on route of exposure. Aerosol exposure to EEEV results in acute onset of clinical signs, rapid neuroinvasion, and 100 % mortality.
Evaluation of neonatal hydronephrosis with diuretic renography

The common use of maternal ultrasonography has increased the apparent incidence of neonatal hydronephrosis. Many of these cases are found to have partial obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). These patients are safely managed in our institution with careful observation and only occasionally require surgical intervention. The authors present two contrasting cases of suspected UPJ obstruction in the neonatal period. The diagnostic evaluation and management in these two patients with similar presentation and markedly different outcome are discussed. The role of various imaging modalities including voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), intravenous pyelography (rVP), ultrasonography (US) and diuretic radionuclide renography was discussed. The relationship of normalized renal uptake and diuretic clearance half-time (Tl/2) with outcome was examined in 50 patients with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. The normalized uptake value is the fraction of the total Tc99m DTPA extracted by each kidney between 60 and 120 seconds following the injection of the patient There was a statistically significant difference in the renal uptake and Tl/2 in those kidneys that subsequently required surgery compared to those wtich were managed conservatively. The predictive value of renal uptake and Tl/2 in identifying those patients who require surgical correction is not yet fully defined.
High-level expression of IκB-β in the surface epithelium of the colon: in vitro evidence for an immunomodulatory role

The intestinal epithelium is spatially segregated into two compartments, one containing undifferentiated cells in a proliferative state and one with non-proliferative differentiated cells. Al- though this epithelium can produce many immune- modulating substances, emerging evidence suggests that the differentiated cell compartment is less immune responsive. Indeed, it is the differentiated cellular compartment that represents the interface between the highly antigenic luminal environment and the mucosal immune system. The NF-kB/rel family of transcriptional activators play a critical role in regulating the inflammatory response by activating a wide variety of immune-modulating genes. These transcription factors are maintained in an inactive state in the cytoplasmic compartment by interaction with inhibitory proteins of the IkB family. In this study we show by immunohistochem- istry that IkB-b is expressed at high levels specifi- cally in the differentiated surface epithelium of the colonic mucosa. Using a naturally occurring com- pound found in the colon of vertebrates, butyrate, we provide evidence in an intestinal cell line that alteration of IkB-b expression can modulate the transcriptional activation of the interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene by preventing the nuclear translocation of NF-kB proteins. Therefore, the expression of IkB-b in the differentiated surface epithelium of the colon may help these cells act as an immunological barrier to prevent activation of the mucosal im- mune system. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 1049-1056; 1999.
Introduction to Preventive Pediatrics

Pediatricians can do much to ensure an active, forceful, and rational approach to the prevention of childhood injury and disease. The extent of progress over the next decade will, in large measure, be determined by the ability of pediatricians to work with the nonmedical community in implementing meaningful accident prevention efforts.
Cretaceous Shales and Sandstones of the Southwestern United States, Microbiology of

Geological Background Sulfate as Electron Acceptor The San Juan Basin Isolation of Pure Cultures from the San Juan Basin Origins of Microorganisms in the Subsurface Piceance Basin, Colorado Origins of Microorganisms Related Studies Keywords: sandstones; shales; subsurface microbiology
Girls and Boys in School: Together or Separate?

Challenging many assumptions about the effectiveness of co-education in secondary schools, this book lays out arguments both for and against co-education. The author concludes that, according to the available data, single-sex schools offer an educational advantage, especially for women.
Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in college males and females.

Abstract The purposes of this study were (a) to validate the Rockport Fitness Walking Test (RFWT) in college students, and (b) to develop prediction equations on this college sample if the RFWT proved invalid. Subjects were administered a test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on a treadmill and the RFWT in afield testing environment. Comparisons were made between the measured VO2max and the VO2max predicted from the equations of Kline, Porcari, Hintermeister, et al. (1987). The Kline, Porcari, Hintermeister, et al. equations overpredicted VO2max by 16–18% in the males and by 22–23% in the females. The correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted VO2max values ranged from .39 to .59. Derivation of new prediction equations using the same variables as in the RFWT produced only one equation that had sufficient accuracy to recommend its use. It was concluded that the original RFWT overpredicts VO2max in college students and should not be used with this population.
Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy

Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is a promising optical technique developed for quantitative characterization of tissue morphology as well as in vivo detection and diagnosis of disease such as early cancer. LSS employs a wavelength dependent component of light scattered by epithelial cells and other tissues to obtain information about subcellular structure. We present two novel modalities of LSS, LSS imaging and scattering angle sensitive LSS (a/LSS). LSS imaging provides quantitative information about the epithelial cell nuclei, such as nuclear size, degree of pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and amount of chromatin. It allows mapping these histological properties over wide areas of epithelial lining. We show that LSS imaging can be used to detect precancerous lesions in optically accessible organs. Using a/LSS, which enables characterization of tissue components with sizes smaller than the wavelength of light, we show that the number of subcellular components with the sizes between 30 nm and few microns scales with the size according to an inverse power-law. We show that the size distribution exponent is an important parameter characterizing tissue organization, for example the balance between stochasticity and order, and has a potential to be applicable for early cancer diagnosis and characterization.
Preparation and thermal stability of some divalent metal chelate polymers of β-hydronaphthazarin☆

Abstract Metal chelate polymers have been prepared from β-hydronaphthazarin and the divalent metal ions: cobalt, nickel, lead, copper and beryllium. The chelates are fine powders, insoluble or very slightly soluble with dissociation in water, ethanol and benzene. The metal to ligand ratio is one to one for all chelates. The order of thermal stability is: Be > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb. The composition, thermal stability and infrared spectra of these chelates are compared with the properties of the divalent metal chelates of naphthazarin. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to pepare a zinc-β-hydronaphthazarin chelate.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Probes of Two Bio-molecules Using Ag-Coated Porous Glass-Ceramic Substrates

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of an amino acid - phenylalanine and an antifreeze glycoprotein have been probed using Ag-coated porous glass-ceramic substrates. SERS spectra of these bio-molecules are compared to regular Raman spectra and discussed.
Decision support systems for workers: a bridge to advancing productivity

Abstract This paper explores how and why the use of computer-based support systems could effectively serve as the bridge to attain higher levels of worker responsibility for and involvement in quality and productivity improvement. Economic, technological, and competitive conditions appear to provide compelling reasons for moving toward more advanced modes of worker participation utilizing computer support systems. A Worker Support System is described which contains components of knowledge-based (expert) systems for methods engineering, creativity-idea processing support, a Worker Information Center, and an Analytical Templates component. Such components can be introduced in a phased experimental mode, with more advanced levels of support kept in tandem with more advanced levels of worker participation.
Analysis of interfacial slip in cross-wedge rolling : an experimentally verified finite-element model

Abstract Friction and interfacial slip in metal forming processes are very important parameters when considering tool design, tool wear, and finished product integrity. This paper investigates the interfacial slip between the forming tool and workpiece in a relatively new metal forming process, cross-wedge rolling (CWR). After a brief description of CWR is given, a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) is introduced which realistically characterizes the interfacial slip that occurs during a flat-wedge CWR process. Finite-element results, which are generated for various workpiece area reductions, are verified using experimental data obtained from a CWR prototype machine that was specially designed and constructed for understanding the deformations encountered in CWR. From the close agreement between the experiment and numerical results, it is shown that all of the important physical phenomena in the nonlinear deformation process of CWR are included in the FEM. The relevance of developing such a model, as applied to automating CWR tool design, is subsequently discussed.
Toward Authentic Student-Centered Practices Voices of Alternative School Students

This investigation uncovered the conditions of learning, both positive and negative, that students in an alternative school experienced both in and out of the classroom setting. Eleven students at an alternative high school in a large suburban school district in the Pacific Northwest were interviewed using methods of narrative inquiry and iterative data collection, grounded in social cognitive theory and student voice literature. Four chief findings are discussed: (a) Learning experiences are improved when explicitly connected to the real world; (b) Positive emotions and relationships support successful learning, whereas negative ones hinder learning; (c) A certain level of student autonomy during learning seems to be tied to achieving goals; and (d) Social learning is consequential for students. The social as defined in this study is composed of two things: (a) how social influences from outside of school can have an effect on how students approach schooling and (b) the implications of understanding and ...
Chatter in deterministic microgrinding of optical glasses

In this paper, the chatter observed in the deterministic microgrinding of optical glasses is examined. Because chatter adversely affects ground surface quality, understanding and eliminating chatter could significantly reduce total fabrication time. First, a description of the characteristics of chatter marks observed on ground glass surfaces is presented. Next, a model for chatter generation during grinding is described. In this model, a linearized formula for chip area is derived and a parameter (the process cutting stiffness) predicting the possibility of chatter is introduced. Finally, experimental results are presented.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Defining culturally appropriate community interventions: Hispanics as a case study

This article proposes three components that are needed in order to develop communitywide change interventions that are culturally appropriate or group-specific. The basis for the development of targeted group-specific interventions is the quickly accumulating evidence that shows that ethnic and/or racial groups differ in terms of their cultural values, norms, expectancies, and attitudes. These differences predicate the notion that in order to be effective, community interventions need to take into consideration the specific characteristics of the group being targeted. Culturally appropriate community interventions are defined, therefore, as meeting each of the following characteristics: (a) The intervention is based on the cultural values of the group, (b) the strategies that make up the intervention reflect the subjective culture (attitudes, expectancies, norms) of the group, and (c) the components that make up the strategies reflect the behavioral preferences and expectations of the group's members. The implications of this definition for the development of a culturally appropriate intervention for Hispanics are also discussed.
Care Bundles in the Adult ICU: Is It Evidence-Based Medicine?

Sepsis and hospital acquired infections (HAI’s) are considered major public health risks and leading causes of death in hospitalized patients. These HAI’s may be preventable if addressed with bundled care processes, which are felt to be powerful drivers for improving the reliability of delivery of evidence-based care to impact patient outcomes. In addition to HAI, much attention has now been shifted to delirium and sedation practices in ICUs, with recent data showing the untoward effects of delirium with regards to increased ICU lengths of stay, costs, mortality and long-term cognitive impairment, and the realization that our sedation practices may in part contribute to this delirium.
Approaching novel thoughts: Understanding why elation and boredom promote associative thought more than distress and relaxation☆

Abstract Research indicates that an affective state's valence (positive/negative), orientation (approach/avoidance), and activation level (activated/deactivated) can influence people's ability to make creative associations. Unfortunately, how these features influence associative thought has not been fully tested because researchers typically do not examine deactivated states. In three studies, respondents in either elated (positive, approach, activated), relaxed (positive, avoidance, deactivated), bored (negative, approach, deactivated), or distressed (negative, avoidance, activated) states completed measures of associative thought. Consistent with the orientation hypothesis, respondents in approach-oriented states (elated/bored) performed better on two measures of associative thought than those in avoidance-oriented states (distressed/relaxed). These effects stemmed from the approach states promoting a desire for new experiences, as sensation seeking mediated these results (Study 3). The data indicate that not only can deactivated states alter thought, but their effect depends on whether they are associated with approaching or avoiding new experiences.
Targeting the genotoxic effects of estrogens

Our studies indicate that expression of antioxidative stress enzymes is upregulated by Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) in breast epithelial cell lines, providing protection against the genotoxic effects of estrogens and against estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. This upregulation of antioxidative stress enzymes requires Estrogen Receptor beta (ERβ) and human homolog of Xenopus gene which Prevents Mitotic Catastrophe (hPMC2). Further studies indicate that hPMC2 has a functional exonuclease domain that is required for upregulation of antioxidative stress enzymes by SERMs and repair of estrogen-induced abasic sites.
Understanding Older Adults’ Perceptions of Internet Use: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

The current study examined factors related to older adults’ perceptions of Internet use. Three hundred ninety five older adults participated in the study. The factor analysis revealed four factors perceived by older adults as critical to their Internet use: social connection, self-efficacy, the need to seek financial information, and the need to seek health information. Key differences were found between previous research and the factors extracted in this study. The regression analysis demonstrated that variables like health condition, financial status, computer experience, and life satisfaction significantly predict, at various levels, factors perceived by the older adults to affect Internet use. The significance of the study as well as its implications for research and practice are discussed. Suggestions are made for future research and practice.
The effect of ethyl alcohol on electroencephalographic sleep cycles in cats

EEGs taken from four sleeping cats for three control and four alcohol consecutive nights show that if 1 gm ethanol/kg body weight is administered 15 min. prior to sleep, Stage 1 REM time decreases from control values the first two alcohol nights but returns to control levels on the third and fourth alcohol nights. This pattern of change in REM time is the same as that found in humans. The REM time pattern is effected by a change in length rather than in numbers of REM periods. These data support the use of cats in establishing a mechanism for REM sleep which can be extrapolated to humans.
The proportion of cells labeled with tritiated thymidine as a function of population doubling level in cultures of fetal, adult, mutant, and tumor origin

Abstract The proportion of human fibroblast-like cells in culture able to incorporate tritiated thymidine ([ 3 H]TdR) into their nuclei was shown autoradiographically to decrease with increased population doubling level, but variations were found in the pattern with which this occurred. Cultures of fetal origin (WI38) demonstrated consistently high proportions of labeled cells through 40 population doublings, after which a sharp decrease in the proportion of labeled cells was followed by culture termination. A diploid culture derived from an adult donor exhibited a more gradual decrease in the proportion of labeled cells beginning at low population doubling levels. Six Xeroderma pigmentosum cultures of four complementation groups showed decreases in the proportion of labeled cells intermediate between those of the fetal and adult cultures as expected from their donor ages. Diploid Fanconi's anemia and progeria cultures from young donors exhibited decreases in the proportion of labeled cells at low population doubling levels, and demonstrated sinusoidal fluctuations in the proportion of labeled cells as a function of population doubling level. A diploid culture derived from a benign tumor in an adult donor differed from the HeLa cell line in that it exhibited an accumulation of unlabeled cells with increased population doubling level, although this occurred at greater population doubling levels than in the fetal culture.
Inverse‐microsuspension polymerization: Mechanism, kinetics and modelling

A mechanism has been developed for the inverse- microsuspension polymerization of acrylic water soluble monomers. This free-radical reaction scheme includes elementary reactions for polymerization in the aqueous and organic phases, nucleation in the monomer droplets and heterophase oligoradical precipitation. The latter being the dominant initiation process. A unimolecular termination reaction with interfacial species has also been elucidated and has been found to compete with and often dominate over the conventional biomolecular reaction. A kinetic model is developed which includes the influence of ionogenic monomers and polyelectrolytes and is able to predict the rate, molecular weight and composition data well for polymerizations of acrylamide and copolymerizations with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers. A categorization and systematic nomenclature for heterophase water-in-oil and oil-in-water polymerizations is also developed based on physical, chemical and colloidal criteria.
Analyses of tensile deformation of nanocrystalline α-Fe2O3 +fcc-Al composites using molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract The tensile deformation of nanocrystalline α -Fe 2 O 3 + fcc -Al composites at room temperature is analyzed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The analyses focus on the effects of variations in grain size and phase volume fraction on strength. For comparison purposes, nanostructures of different phase volume fractions at each grain size are given the same grain morphologies and the same grain orientation distribution. Calculations show that the effects of the fraction of grain boundary (GB) atoms and the electrostatic forces between atoms on deformation are strongly correlated with the volume fractions of the Al and Fe 2 O 3 phases. In the case of nanocrystalline Al where electrostatic forces are absent, dislocation emission initiates primarily from high-angle GBs. For the composites, dislocations emits from both low-angle and high-angle GBs due to the electrostatic effect of Al–Fe 2 O 3 interfaces. The effect of the interfaces is stronger in structures with smaller average grain sizes primarily because of the higher fractions of atoms in interfaces at smaller grain sizes. At all grain sizes, the strength of the composite lies between those of the corresponding nanocrystalline Al and Fe 2 O 3 structures. Inverse Hall–Petch (H–P) relations are observed for all structures analyzed due to the fact that GB sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. The slopes of the inverse H–P relations are strongly influenced by the fraction of GB atoms, atoms associated with defects, and the volume fractions of the Al and Fe 2 O 3 phases.
The vibrational spectra of p-cresol

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of p-cresol have been obtained and a complete vibrational assignment of this molecule has been made. Three deuterated derivatives of p-cresol have been prepared. The infrared and Raman spectra of the deuterated species have also been studied and the assignments of these molecules were used to substantiate the assignment of p-cresol.
Kinase domain point mutations in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia emerge after therapy with BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND. BCR-ABL kinase domain (KD) mutations are detected in approximately 45% of patients with imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia. Patterns of KD mutations in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are less well studied. METHODS. The authors assessed KD mutations in patients with recurrent Phpositive ALL after treatments that included 1 or more kinase inhibitors (n 5 24 patients) or no prior kinase inhibitor (KI) therapy (n 5 12 patients). RESULTS. ABL KD mutations were detected by direct sequencing in 15 of 17 patients (88%) who had recurrent Ph-positive ALL and received prior imatinib
Modeling of local strains in ductile fracture

The concept of dividing microvoid coalescence (MVC) ductile fracture into three constituent processes, nucleation, growth, and coalescence, is discussed, with emphasis on needs for additional analytical and experimental work. Statistical and stochastic aspects of the problem are presented. Recent work on modeling of local strains during ductile fracture, and particularly as components of fracture toughness, is summarized and discussed in light of current knowledge of ductile fracture. Such local strain modeling is especially attractive because it permits micromechanisms of fracture to be explicitly included in the fracture model.
Alternative contact designs for thin epitaxial silicon solar cells

Two major opportunities for increasing the performance of crystalline silicon solar cells involve reducing their thickness and reducing the losses associated with their front metallic grid contacts. Front grid contacted thin epitaxial silicon solar cells based on the growth of crystalline silicon films on a substrate or superstrate have been reported for many years, as have wafer-based solar cells with alternative contact approaches. Integrating these two concepts into a single device presents an opportunity for simultaneously reducing two major loss mechanisms associated with crystalline silicon solar cells. The opportunities that exist and challenges that must be overcome in order to realize such a device are described in this paper. The design space is defined and explored by considering a wide range of possible approaches. A specific approach was chosen and used to design, grow, and fabricate a proof-of-concept thin epitaxial silicon solar cell with an embedded semiconductor grid as an alternative to a conventional front metallic grid. The work presented here has resulted in a thin epitaxial silicon solar cell with a 7·8% designated area conversion efficiency, well isolated contacts, negligible series resistive power loss, and less than 1% shading of the designated area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral dependence on caffeine and phencyclidine in rhesus monkeys: interactive effects.

Abstract Five rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer orally-delivered phencyclidine (PCP) and water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 8 schedules. Liquid deliveries were contingent upon lip-contact responses on solenoid-operated drinking spouts, and food pellet delivery was contingent upon responses on a centrally-located lever. Food was available during three 1-hr periods each day under an FR 64 or FR 80 schedule. The liquids were available during three 6.5-hr periods after each food component. In the first experiment caffeine (4 or 8 mg) was added to each 6-g food pellet, and after responding stabilized, noncaffeinated pellets were substituted for the caffeinated pellets for eight days. There were no differences in food-, water- or PCP-maintained behavior due to caffeine concentration (4 vs. 8 mg/pellet) although the monkeys consumed twice as much caffeine at the higher concentration. Food-maintained responding was reliably reduced by 25–50 percent the first day of caffeine removal, and there was a recovery of responding characterized by intermittent cycles of low response rates over the next 7 days. Water and PCP intake were not systematically disrupted when caffeine access was terminated. In the second experiment the monkeys were tested with caffeinated (6 mg/pellet) and noncaffeinated pellets under conditions of PCP removal (water substitution) and reinstatement. Under both food conditions, when PCP access was terminated, pellet deliveries decreased by about 50 percent and gradually recovered over the 8-day water substitution phase. However, behavioral disruptions were more severe under conditions in which monkeys received caffeinated pellets, suggesting an interactive effect due to termination of PCP access and decreased caffeine intake. These results indicate that disruptions in operant baselines are sensitive indicators of the effects of discontinuing caffeine access; however, the severity and time course of behavioral disruptions due to caffeine removal are considerably less than after termination of PCP access.
Auto-rectification of user photos

The image auto rectification project at Google aims to create a pleasanter version of user photos by correcting the small, involuntary camera rotations (roll / pitch/ yaw) that often occur in non-professional photographs. Our system takes the image closer to the fronto-parallel view by performing an affine rectification on the image that restores parallelism of lines that are parallel in the fronto-parallel image view. This partially corrects perspective distortions, but falls short of full metric rectification which also restores angles between lines. On the other hand the 2D homography for our rectification can be computed from only two (as opposed to three) estimated vanishing points, allowing us to fire upon many more images. A new RANSAC based approach to vanishing point estimation has been developed. The main strength of our vanishing point detector is that it is line-less, thereby avoiding the hard, binary (line/no-line) upstream decisions that cause traditional algorithm to ignore much supporting evidence and/or admit noisy evidence for vanishing points. A robust RANSAC based technique for detecting horizon lines in an image is also proposed for analyzing correctness of the estimated rectification. We post-multiply our affine rectification homography with a 2D rotation which aligns the closer vanishing point with the image Y axis.
Pressure-enhanced near-infrared breast imaging: toward cancer patient imaging

ABSTRACT An NIRS tomography system that can simultan eously acquire data at three wavelengths has been developed to measure changes in physiological properties with 15 second time resolution. The results of homogenous and heterogeneous blood phantom studies indicated that the R 2 values between average estimated total hemoglobin (Hb T ) values and blood concentrations are 0.99 and 0.9, respectively. In preliminary normal subject clinical trials, a cohort of normal subjects were tested by acquiring the series images as well as the pressure is adding to and releasing from the breast. The recovered data shown that by adding measurable pressure, Hb T is reduced and the maximum Hb T reduction is correlated to the Body Mass Index. 1. INTRODUCTION Frequency Domain Near-infrared (NIR) imaging is being examined as a new tool for diagnosis breast cancer and monitoring the breast tumor response to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this imaging modality, localized physiological properties such as total hemoglobin concentration (Hb
External governmental mechanisms of police accountability: Three investigative structures

External, Governmental Mechanisms of Police Accountability: Three Investigative Structures by Thomas E. Perez, Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Justice, compares the U.S. federal grand jury system to the Independent Complaints Directorate in South Africa and the national Human Rights Commission in India. The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses shared by governmental oversight structures in these three democracies, identifies ways they might be improved, and determines whether lessons are transferable from one to another.
Effect of damped sine-wave shocks on catheter dielectric strength☆

Abstract This study evaluated the ability of 24 new standard tripolar and quadripolar U.S. Catheter Instruments catheters to withstand a single damped sinusoidal shock delivered by a standard defibrillator. The schema for energy delivery was meant to simulate possible clinical practices. Delivered peak voltage and current were measured during each shock. Each electrode was examined for pitting and changes in line resistance as a consequence of the shock. Electrode pitting occurred on all selected anodal poles. However, it also was found on “unsolicited” electrodes from 7 catheters, indicating that current had followed unanticipated routes. Electrode line resistance was unmeasurable in 6 of these 7 inappropriately pitted electrodes. Delivered peak voltage and postshock catheter dielectric strength depended on the manner of energy delivery. To simulate a posterior septal accessory pathway ablation procedure, a shock was delivered to 2 proximal (anodal) poles in 16 quadripolar catheters (8 received 200 J and 8 received 360 J). Delivered peak voltage was 3, 125 ± 362 V for the 200-J shock and 4,100 ± 160 V for the 360-J shock. Postshock catheter dielectric strength for the 200- and 360-J shock was 1,425 ± 826 V and 601 ± 707 V, respectively. This was significantly lower than peak delivered voltage (p To simulate His bundle or ventricular tachycardia focus ablation, 8 tripolar catheters each received a single 200-J shock to the tip electrode. This resulted in a delivered peak voltage of 2,900 ± 351 V, compared with a postshock dielectric strength of 1,325 ± 1,320 V (p It is concluded that standard catheters cannot control current flow adequately during a single high-energy shock because of inadequate dielectric strength. After the first shock an already inadequate dielectric strength deteriorates and increases the likelihood of current leakage with each subsequent shock.
Extraction of mixed solutes: I. Separation of formic and hydrochloric acids. II. Separation of acetic and sulfuric acids

In many complex systems in solvent extraction a second solute is often present or is added to promote extraction of the first solute. Previous studies showed that the electrolyte sulfuric acid can be considered as a salting-out agent for extraction of formic acid from water by methyl isobutyl ketone. In the present work two systems were studied: (I) hydrochloric acid-formic acid-water-methyl isobutyl ketone and (II) sulfuric acid-acetic acid-water-methyl isobutyl ketone. Selectivities of over 200 were found favoring the extraction of formic over hydrochloric acid, and values of over 6,000 favoring the acetic over the sulfuric acid were found. The data for extraction of formic acid were correlated by the Setschenow equation. A similar type of equation was found for extraction of acetic acid in system II. The results indicate that the electrolyte hydrochloric acid can also be considered as a salting-out agent for formic acid. The data show that sulfuric is more effective than hydrochloric acid in salting-out the formic acid. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental data in other systems employing sulfate and chloride electrolytes and with the theoretical equation derived by Debye and McAuley. About 28% less sulfuric acid is needed to salt-out a given amount of acetic acid when compared with salting-out the same amount of formic acid. The changes in activity coefficient of the acetic acid in the aqueous phase with additions of sulfuric acid were measured in system II. These activity coefficient changes could account for only about 39% of the increase in distribution ratio of the acetic acid. A possible explanation for this is that the molecular species of the acetic acid in the organic and aqueous phases changed when sulfuric acid was added to the water phase.