cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stem and root carbohydrate dynamics of two cotton cultivars bred fifty years apart

Little is known concerning carbohydrate pools within the nonleaf and nonreproductive portions of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant. A 2-yr field study was conducted to ascertain both the concentration and total content of soluble carbohydrate and starch in upper stems, lower stems, vegetative branches, and roots of two cultivars released approximately 50 yr apart [Deltapine (DPL) 14 and 5690] from the same breeding program. In addition, yield, canopy photosynthesis, nodes above white flower, and white flowers per square meter were measured in the second year. Cultivar main effect was significant for soluble carbohydrate, total carbohydrate (soluble carbohydrate + starch), root dry weight, and total stem and root dry weight per plant. These differences are reflected by the generally greater dry weight and larger soluble carbohydrate concentration of DPL 5690 at 143 d after planting in 1994. Deltapine 5690 also exhibited larger late-season, integrated canopy photosynthesis in 1994, attributing to its larger soluble carbohydrate content. There was an initial increase in total stem and root carbohydrate per plant in each year followed by a decrease. Timing of the maxima and minima differed between years and between cultivars in 1994. Both the upper/lower stem carbohydrate ratios and the upper/lower stem starch ratios indicate declining upper-stem carbohydrate as flowering approached a hiatus and a shift in carbohydrate content towards the lower half of the stem. The data indicate that carbohydrate concentration and content per plant vary throughout the season; however, the cultivars exhibited little alteration in carbohydrate trends due to breeding efforts.
Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C1-C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood.

Organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds (VOC), gas-phase semivolatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds are measured from residential fireplace combustion of wood. Firewood from a conifer tree (pine) and from two deciduous trees (oak and eucalyptus) is burned to determine organic compound emissions profiles for each wood type including the distribution of the alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), phenol and substituted phenols, guaiacol and substituted guaiacols, syringol and substituted syringols, carbonyls, alkanoic acids, resin acids, and levoglucosan. Levoglucosan is the major constituent in the fine particulate emissions from all three wood types, contributing 18−30% of the fine particulate organic compound emissions. Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), and guaiacols with additional substituents at position 4 on the molecule, and resin acids are emitted in significant quantities from pine wood combustion. Syringol (2,6-dimethoxyphenol) and syringols with additional substituents at position 4 on the molecule are emitted in large amounts from oak and eucalyptus firewood combustion, but these compounds are not detected in the emissions from pine wood combustion. Syringol and most of the substituted syringols are found to be semivolatile compounds that are present in both the gas and particle phases, but two substituted syringols that have not been previously quantified in wood smoke emissions, propionylsyringol and butyrylsyringol, are found exclusively in the particle phase and can be used to help trace hardwood smoke particles in the atmosphere. Benzene, ethene, and acetylene are often used as tracers for motor vehicle exhaust in the urban atmosphere. The contribution of wood smoke to the ambient concentrations of benzene, ethene, and acetylene could lead to an overestimate of the contribution of motor vehicle tailpipe exhaust to atmospheric VOC concentrations.
A FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE MEDIATES REVERSAL OF WOUND-INDUCED RESISTANCE AND CONSTRAINS TOLERANCE IN A GRASS

Most plants respond to herbivore damage with elevated chemical and/or structural mechanisms of resistance. However, some plants, particularly those with few chemical defenses, may actually become more susceptible to herbivores following damage; that is, damage may induce susceptibility. We tested the hypothesis that a fungal symbiont of tall fescue grass provides induced resistance to aphids by manipulating fungal infection, plant damage (clipping), and level of nutrient fertilizer in greenhouse/laboratory experi- ments. The fungus had a negative effect on aphid reproduction that was most pronounced following damage. This result appears to be caused by elevated levels of alkaloids produced by the fungus after damage. Furthermore, plants lacking fungal infection were more sus- ceptible to aphids following damage. Hence, while plant damage induces susceptibility in uninfected plants, it does the opposite (induced resistance) in infected plants. Additional experiments showed that the reversal of induced susceptibility is influenced by intrinsic (fungal strain) as well as extrinsic (nutrient application to plants) factors. We also found that the induced resistance conferred by the fungus comes at the cost of tolerance (reduced regrowth) in infected plants. As a modulator of both resistance and tolerance, the fungus plays a central role in influencing defense of host plants against herbivores and should have important implications for plant-herbivore interactions in natural and agricultural systems.
A note on modeling of tumor regression for estimation of radiobiological parameters

Purpose: Accurate calculation of radiobiological parameters is crucial to predicting radiation treatment response. Modeling differences may have a significant impact on derived parameters. In this study, the authors have integrated two existing models with kinetic differential equations to formulate a new tumor regression model for estimation of radiobiological parameters for individual patients. Methods: A system of differential equations that characterizes the birth-and-death process of tumor cells in radiation treatment was analytically solved. The solution of this system was used to construct an iterative model (Z-model). The model consists of three parameters: tumor doubling time Td, half-life of dead cells Tr, and cell survival fraction SFD under dose D. The Jacobian determinant of this model was proposed as a constraint to optimize the three parameters for six head and neck cancer patients. The derived parameters were compared with those generated from the two existing models: Chvetsov's model (C-model) and Lim's model (L-model). The C-model and L-model were optimized with the parameter Td fixed. Results: With the Jacobian-constrained Z-model, the mean of the optimized cell survival fractions is 0.43 ± 0.08, and the half-life of dead cells averaged over the six patients is 17.5 ± 3.2 days. The parameters Tr and SFD optimized with the Z-model differ by 1.2% and 20.3% from those optimized with the Td-fixed C-model, and by 32.1% and 112.3% from those optimized with the Td-fixed L-model, respectively. Conclusions: The Z-model was analytically constructed from the differential equations of cell populations that describe changes in the number of different tumor cells during the course of radiation treatment. The Jacobian constraints were proposed to optimize the three radiobiological parameters. The generated model and its optimization method may help develop high-quality treatment regimens for individual patients.
VIIRS day-night band gain and offset determination andperformance

On October 28th, 2011, the Visible-Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was launched on-board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) spacecraft. The instrument has 22 spectral bands: 14 reflective solar bands (RSB), 7 thermal emissive bands (TEB), and a Day Night Band (DNB). The DNB is a panchromatic, solar reflective band that provides visible through near infrared (IR) imagery of earth scenes with radiances spanning 7 orders of magnitude. In order to function over this large dynamic range, the DNB employs a focal plane array (FPA) consisting of three gain stages: the low gain stage (LGS), the medium gain stage (MGS), and the high gain stage (HGS). The final product generated from a DNB raw data record (RDR) is a radiance sensor data record (SDR). Generation of the SDR requires accurate knowledge of the dark offsets and gain coefficients for each DNB stage. These are measured on-orbit and stored in lookup tables (LUT) that are used during ground processing. This paper will discuss the details of the offset and gain measurement, data analysis methodologies, the operational LUT update process, and results to date including a first look at trending of these parameters over the early life of the instrument.
Effect of acidity and alkalinity on the distillation of phenol: interferences of aromatic amines and formaldehyde with the 4-aminoantipyrine spectro-photometric method for phenol

Abstract As determined by the 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) spectrophotometric method, the distillation of phenol is quantitative over the range from about pH 6 to very strongly acidic solutions. Recovery from alkaline solutions decreases with increasing alkalinity. Aromatic amines can interfere with the 4-AAP method by producing colors. The extent of the interference varies markedly with different aromatic amines and is much greater for the extraction method than the direct method. The interference can be considerably reduced by distillation from a strongly acidic solution (10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid per 500 ml); for large amounts of aromatic amines, double distillation may be necessary. Formaldehyde can interfere by reacting with phenol and repressing the color development. This interference can be eliminated by treatment with ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide to form hexamethylenetetramine, followed by acidification and distillation.
Site Identification of Mixed Arrays of Keggin-type Heteropolyacids by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Tunneling Spectroscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and tunneling spectroscopy (TS) studies on the mixed arrays of Keggin-type heteropolyacids (HPAs) deposited on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface were carried out to test the ability of these techniques to distinguish structurally similar molecules. An equimolar aqueous mixture of HPAs was deposited on a graphite surface for STM measurements. The mixture of Keggin-type HPAs, H3PW12O40 and H3PMo12O40, with identical net anionic charges and identical charge-compensating cations (protons), formed ordered two-dimensional arrays on a graphite surface similar to those formed by their pure components. The periodicities of the arrays were in good agreement with the shape and dimension of the pure Keggin HPAs. It was evident from the STM image of the mixed array that some features appeared brighter than others; the ratio of bright to dim features was almost unity as designed, and their distribution within the ordered array on the surface appeared to be random. T...
From the Streets to Institutions Female Adolescent Drug Sellers’ Perceptions of Their Power

This article seeks to build on prior research and knowledge about young female drug sellers’ social power by answering the following research question: What are the behavioral manifestations of young female drug sellers’ social power as these young women move through their native environments and social institutions? How do these behavioral manifestations influence their perception of the professionals with whom these young women interact in treatment and alternative education programs? The results indicate that young women develop requisite skills for surviving on the streets of their neighborhoods and that some bring these skills into the social institutions they enter for education or treatment. Moreover, the transfer of street-based skills into social institutions influences how young women respond to staff in these social institutions.
Iron intake and transferrin saturation in adolescents

The relationship of maturity, age, race, sex and income level to dietary intake and body stores of iron, as indicated by percent of transferrin saturation, was studied in healthy adolescents. Maturity rating, sex, and race were significant. Level of family income was not a significant factor. Both boys and girls increase the intake of iron as they mature, boys more than girls, and white adolescents slightly more than their black counterparts. Range of intakes was large, and there was no significant correlation between quantity of dietary iron and the percent of transferrin saturation. Norms for dietary intake of iron and percent of transferrin saturation, based on sex, race, and maturity, are presented for use by physicians and nutritionists.
Comparison of immobilized enzyme reactors for flow-injection systems

Abstract Straight, coiled, beaded, and packed-bed reactors containing immobilized glucose oxidase or l -(+)-lactate dehydrogenase were compared in terms of reaction rate, sensitivity, sample throughput, and sample dispersion. The enzymes were covalently attached to the inside walls of 5.0-cm long, 1.12-mm i.d. nylon tubes, and the resulting reactors were tested in a flow-injection system. The beaded enzymatically-active reactors (BEARs) were filled with solid glass beads of 0.5-mm or 1.0-mm diameter. Reactors with the larger beads had 2–4 times the activity, twice the sensitivity, and better throughput than the open reactors; they also minimized the physical and chemical contributions to dispersion. Packed-bed reactors were superior in the lactate determination, but the beaded reactors were better for the determination of glucose. With BEARs containing 1.0-mm beads, glucose was determined in the range 10–800 μM with a conversion efficiency of 0.056 mol of product per mole of substrate; for lactate, the range was 8–64 μM with a conversion efficiency of 0.13 mol mol−1.
Image-Based Modeling of a Scanning Probe Microscope Using a Spiral Scan

In order to enable the high-speed control of scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), a model of the SPM nanopositioner must typically be acquired. Modeling of SPM systems is difficult due to issues with external nanoposition sensor resolution, integration, and availability. In order to overcome these problems, a method capable of finding a model of the SPM nanopositioner using only the SPM’s existing imaging capabilities is presented. In this method, images acquired using a known spiral input trajectory are analyzed to determine the amplitude and phase of the output signal, which can be used to determine the magnitude and phase of a transfer function model. The method is presented, followed by simulations and preliminary experiments that show the validity of the approach.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Tidal and Sub-inertial Fluctuations in the Florida Current

Abstract A 50-day time series was obtained from a current meter mooring in the Florida Current off Miami. The results agree with earlier observations regarding the significance of several-day oscillations in the Gulf Stream. The energy spectrum of the V component shows a pronounced peak at periods of 5–6 days with an amplitude of about 20 cm sec−1. Quantitatively the results are reminiscent of barotropic shelf waves, although definite conclusions about the occurrence of such waves require additional observations. Analysis of tidal fluctuations shows that 25% of the variance in the V component and 6% of the variance in the U component can be accounted for by the four major constituents, M2, S2, K1 and O1. The largest constituent in the V component is the O1 tide, whereas the K1 tide dominates in the U component. The results are in good agreement with earlier observations from the sea surface, indicating that the vertical structure of the tides is predominantly barotropic.
Light elements - one observer's historical perspective

This essay attempts to provide a historical perspective on some of the key questions that engaged the attention of participants at the symposium. In particular, the writer offers and comments on a personal list of milestones in the literature published between 1957 and 1982.
Mitigating the risk of supply disruptions: a case study

A Dallas-based telephone manufacturer, that imports semi-finished products from a supplier in Malaysia, wants to develop a risk mitigation plan to minimise the operational risk it may face due to supply disruptions at a US port. Disruptions at the port can render the supply unavailable for a considerable period of time, resulting in a loss of business. We analyse two sourcing policies that evaluate the trade-off between risk-inventory cost and expected loss of business from disruptions. We examine the sensitivity of the policies to the cost parameters and demonstrate how a payment contract affects the selection of a sourcing policy.
The learning registry: building a foundation for learning resource analytics

We describe our experimentation with the current implementation of a distribution system used to share descriptive and social metadata about learning resources. The Learning Registry, developed and released in a beta version in October 2011, is intended to store and forward learning-resource metadata among a distributed, de-centralized network of nodes. The Learning Registry also accepts social/attention metadata---data about users of and activity around the learning resource. The Learning Registry open-source community has proposed a schema for sharing social metadata, and has experimented with a number of organizations representing their social metadata using that schema. This paper describes the results and challenges, and the learning-resource analytics applications that will use Learning Registry data as their foundation.
1203 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MODERATE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING PREGNANCY

In order to study the effects of varying levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, a group of 1,529 unselected mothers were interviewed during their 5th month of pregnancy as to their use of alcohol. At birth, 82 of the infants born to drinking mothers were examined by a dysmorphologist, along with 81 controls (J Pediatr 92:457, 1978). In the current study, 75 of these infants were re-examined at 4 years, along with 130 children from the same study population. All exams were conducted without knowledge of the mothers' drinking history. Reported alcohol consumption during the month prior to recognition of pregnancy among mothers from the experimental group averaged 2.0 oz. absolute alcohol per day, while controls drank infrequently or never. 20% of the experimental group showed alterations of growth and morphogenesis compatible with some fetal alcohol effect, compared with 9% of controls (p = .027). There was an increasing incidence of recognizable alcohol effects with increasing alcohol consumption (p = .013). Of 11 children judged to show alcohol effects at birth, 10 of these were re-examined at age 4 years, and 8 were independently judged to show fetal alcohol effects; their mean IQ was 92. These data suggest that moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy may result in specific lasting phenotypic alterations which can permit valid, reliable judgments as to the presence of fetal alcohol effects.
Momentum distributions in the nucleus

The power law falloff of the nuclear form factor $F(q)$ and single particle momentum distribution $n(q)$ for large $q$ are discussed. For $F(q)$ we show that it is $\frac{q}{A}$ that must be large for the asymptotic form to be valid. In a one-dimensional model with $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function forces the form factor is shown to fall exponentially with $q$ if $q$ is large but $\frac{q}{A}$ is not. Similar behavior is suggested for $n(q)$.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Large momentum behavior of nuclear form factor and single particle momentum distribution in general and in a one-dimensional model.
Revisiting Bedouin Desert Adaptations: Lactase Persistence as a Factor in Arabian Peninsula History

Abstract: This paper revisits a 1974 study by McCance et al., which asked whether or not Arab Bedouins were physiologically adapted to life in the desert. In sharp contrast to that early study, this paper answers that question with a resounding yes, and identifies lactase persistence (LP) amongst the Arabs as a crucial genetic adaptation to desert environments. By synthesizing older ethnographic sources with newer genetic studies, this paper examines the origins and the impact of the G−13915 LP mutation within the Arabian Peninsula, and concludes that the LP gene not only provided a desert survival advantage to Arabian Bedouins, but also left a mark upon Arab history, in particular contributing to an explanation of both the successes and the limitations of the great Arab conquests of the seventh to eighth centuries.
Melodic, Rhythmic, and Timbral Perception of Adult Cochlear Implant Users

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate adult Ineraid and Nucleus cochlear implant (CI) users’ perceptual accuracy for melodic and rhythmic patterns, and quality ratings for different mu...
Determination of optical parameters of atmospheric particulates from ground-based polarimeter measurements

This paper describes the theoretical analysis that is required to infer, from polarimeter measurements of skylight, the size distribution, refractive index and abundance of particulates in the atmosphere. To illustrate the viability of the method, some data obtained at UCLA is analyzed and the atmospheric parameters are derived. The explicit demonstration of the redundancy in the description of aerosol distributions suggests that radiation field measurements will not uniquely determine the modal radius of the size distribution. In spite of this nonuniqueness information useful to heat budget calculations can be derived.
Generalized analytical model for benthic water flux forced by surface gravity waves

[1] A generalized analytical model for benthic water flux forced by linear surface gravity waves over a series of layered hydrogeologic units is developed by adapting a previous solution for a hydrogeologic unit with an infinite thickness (Case I) to a unit with a finite thickness (Case II) and to a dual-unit system (Case III). The model compares favorably with laboratory observations. The amplitude of wave-forced benthic water flux is shown to be directly proportional to the amplitude of the wave, the permeability of the hydrogeologic unit, and the wave number and inversely proportional to the kinematic viscosity of water. A dimensionless amplitude parameter is introduced and shown to reach a maximum where the product of water depth and the wave number is 1.2. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a benthic water discharge flux to a marine water body. The Case I model estimates an 11.5-cm/d SGD forced by a wave with a 1 s period and 5-cm amplitude in water that is 0.5-m deep. As this wave propagates into a region with a 0.3-m-thick hydrogeologic unit, with a no-flow bottom boundary, the Case II model estimates a 9.7-cm/d wave-forced SGD. As this wave propagates into a region with a 0.2-m-thick hydrogeologic unit over an infinitely thick, more permeable unit, the Case III quasi-confined model estimates a 15.7-cm/d wave-forced SGD. The quasi-confined model has benthic constituent flux implications in coral reef, karst, and clastic regions. Waves may undermine tracer and seepage meter estimates of SGD at some locations.
Heliospheric Physics: Linking the Sun to the Magnetosphere

Research into the heliospheric structure and its relation to the solar boundary is at an impasse. After successful predictions by Parker about the zeroth-order behavior of the heliospheric magnetic field and the solar wind, the heliospheric community struggles to make substantive progress toward a predictive model describing the connections between the Sun and its space environment, between the closed corona and the open corona extending to the planets. This is caused by our lack of understanding of the basic processes heating the corona and transporting open magnetic field. We detail the models used to describe this connectivity, from potential field source surface models to full MHD techniques. We discuss the current limitations of both approaches. Finally, we address a recent attempt to advance our understanding beyond these limitations. At this point in time the proposed theory remains controversial in the community, but it addresses important shortcomings of current approaches outlined above.
High-throughput spectral system for interrogation of dermally-implanted luminescent sensors

Ratiometric luminescent microparticle sensors have been developed for sensing biochemical targets such as glucose in interstitial fluid, enabling use of dermal implants for on-demand monitoring. For these sensor systems to be deployed in vivo, a matched optoelectronic system for interrogation of dermally-implanted sensors was previously designed, constructed, and evaluated experimentally. During evaluation experiments, it revealed that the system efficiency was compromised by losses due to fiber connections of a commercial spectrometer. In this work, a high-throughput spectral system was presented to solve the photon loss problem. This system was designed, constructed, and tested. The throughput was around hundred time more than the previous system we used, and it was cost-effective, as well. It enables use of an integrated system for excitation, collection and measurement of luminescent emission, and will be used as a tool for in vivo studies with animal models or human subjects.
Lateral distribution of hot-carrier-induced interface traps in MOSFETs

The spatial profiles of hot-carrier-induced interface traps in MOSFETs with abrupt arsenic junctions and oxide thickness of 10-38 nm are determined using charge pumping both in the conventional manner and with a modified constant-field approach. For the thinnest oxides the damage is highly localized in a very sharp peak that is located inside the drain at the point of maximum lateral electric field. In thicker oxides, the damage peak is broader and is shifted toward the edge of the drain junction. Two-dimensional device simulations using the measured profiles are in qualitative agreement with measured I-V characteristics after degradation. However, the magnitude of the predicted degradation is underestimated, suggesting that significant electron trapping occurs also. >
Reactions of sulfur dioxide with neutral vanadium oxide clusters in the gas phase. II. Experimental study employing single-photon ionization.

Single-photon ionization through vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 10.5 eV) and soft X-ray (extreme ultraviolet, EUV, 26.5 eV) laser radiation is successfully employed for the study of the reactions of neutral vanadium oxide clusters (VmOn) with sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the gas phase. VmOn clusters are generated by reaction of a laser-generated vanadium plasma with O2 in a supersonic expansion. The clusters are cooled in the expansion and are reacted with SO2 in a fast-flow reactor. Detection of neutral clusters and products is through ionization employing VUV and EUV laser radiation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Many association reaction intermediates [VmOnSO2 and V2O4(SO2)2] are observed. Isolated SO is also observed, as a product as predicted by theoretical studies presented in part I (J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 13339). A weak feature at the SO3 mass channel (80 amu) is suggested to be present in the product mass spectra. Further reactions of the intermediates with O2 are positively identified for VO2SO2 ,V 3O7SO2, and V5O10SO2. Reaction mechanisms are interpreted on the basis of the observations and preliminary theoretical calculations. Molecular level reaction mechanisms for oxidation of SO2 to SO3 facilitated by condensed-phase vanadium oxides as catalysts are suggested.
Ultrafast relaxation of optically excited nonequilibrium electron-hole distributions in germanium

Abstract New measurements of the nonlinear, nonequilibrium optical (1.06μm) properties of the germanium solid-state plasma are presented. Single pulse transmission has been measured as a function of incident pulse energy at sample temperatures of 105 K and 297 K. In addition the relative transmission of a probe pulse as a function of time delay after an excitation pulse has been measured for three different excitation pulse energies and two temperatures. A model which explains the observed behavior of germanium under intense radiation is briefly, qualitatively described, and theorectical curves are plotted with the experimental data.
Initial experience with fenoldopam after cardiac surgery in neonates with an insufficient response to conventional diuretics.

OBJECTIVE Fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist, causes systemic vasodilation and increased renal blood flow and tubular sodium excretion. We hypothesized that urine output would improve when fenoldopam was added to conventional diuretic therapy after neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using a time-series design. SETTING Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. PATIENTS All neonates who received fenoldopam to promote diuresis after cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass from February 2002 through December 2004. INTERVENTIONS Fenoldopam infusion for inadequate urine output despite conventional diuretics. MEASUREMENTS Demographics, diagnostic information, and surgical procedures were recorded. Urine output, fluid balance, inotrope scores, diuretic doses, and other clinical variables that may influence diuresis were recorded for the 24-hr period immediately preceding fenoldopam initiation and during the initial 24 hrs of drug administration. MAIN RESULTS A total of 25 neonates received fenoldopam to promote diuresis after the modified Norwood (n = 14), arterial switch (n = 4), or other operations (n = 7). Heart rate, conventional diuretic dosing, and fluid intake were similar during the 24-hr periods of conventional therapy and fenoldopam use (p = not significant for all), whereas inotrope scores decreased during the study (p = .021). There was a small but statistically significant increase in blood pressure during the 48-hr study period. Median urine output was 3.6 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1) (range, 0.2-7.2 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1)) during the 24-hr period of conventional therapy and 5.8 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1) (range, 1.6-11.7 mL x kg(-1) x hr(-1)) during the initial 24 hrs of fenoldopam administration (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Fenoldopam may improve urine output in neonates who are failing to achieve an adequate negative fluid balance despite conventional diuretic therapy after cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. This study is limited by its retrospective design and the possibility that urine output improved spontaneously during the treatment period. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial will be required to confirm these findings.
SeaMARC II evidence for the locus of seafloor spreading in the southern Mariana Trough

Abstract Two surveys near 13°45′N across the Mariana Trough identify the axis of backarc seafloor spreading at 143°53′E. The spreading center is identified on the basis of its high acoustic backscatter in SeaMARC II side-scan images and by the presence of young volcanic features. Neither asymmetric spreading nor discrete jumps in the spreading center location are required to explain the observed morphology and backscatter characteristics. Changes in the orientation of the seafloor spreading fabric suggest that an early phase of arc rifting may have been followed by northward propagation of the backarc spreading center to widen this portion of the basin. This could have produced the current situation, with the rift axis offset about 35 km east of the center of the Mariana Trough. The off-center position of the spreading axis may also the result of overgrowth of backarc crust by the volcanic arc.
Finite nets of dimension three. I

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of a finite net of dimension three. This is a generalization of finite net (of dimension two) due to Bruck. An association scheme is defined on this system which is then shown to form a partially balanced incomplete block design based on an association scheme with three associate classes.
Performance on an impulse control task is altered in adult rats exposed to amphetamine during adolescence

Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs is associated with long-lasting changes in cognition, particularly in behavioral tasks that are sensitive to prefrontal cortex function. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to these drug-induced cognitive changes because of the widespread adaptations in brain anatomy and function that are characteristic of normal development during this period. Here, we used a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task in rats to determine if amphetamine exposure during adolescence would alter behavioral inhibition in adulthood. Between postnatal day 27 and 45, rats received every other day injections of saline or amphetamine (3 mg/kg). At postnatal day 125, rats were trained progressively through a series of four reinforcement schedules (DRL 5, 10, 15 and 30 sec) that required them to withhold responding for the appropriate amount of time before a lever press was reinforced. Relative to controls, amphetamine-treated rats displayed transient deficits in behavioral inhibition (i.e., decreases in efficiency ratio) that were only evident at DRL 5. In addition, they had increased responding during non-reinforced periods, which suggested increased perseveration and propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward-paired cues. Following challenge injections with amphetamine (0.25–1 mg/kg, i.p.), which were given 10 min before the start of DRL 30 test sessions, both groups exhibited dose-dependent decreases in efficiency. These results suggest that amphetamine-induced alterations in incentive-motivation and perseveration are more robust and longer-lasting than its effects on impulse control.
Error bounded Padé approximation via bilinear conformal transformation

Since asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) was introduced, many interconnect model order reduction methods via Pade approximation have been proposed. Although the stability and precision of model reduction methods have been greatly improved, the following important question has not been answered: "What is the error bound in the time domain?". This problem is mainly caused by the "gap" between the frequency domain and the time domain, i.e., a good approximated transfer function in the frequency domain may not be a good approximation in the time domain. All of the existing methods approximate the transfer function directly in the frequency domain and hence can not provide error bounds in the time domain. In this paper, we present new moment matching methods which can provide guaranteed error bounds in the time domain. Our methods are based on the classic work by Teasdale (1953) which performs Pade approximation in a transformed domain by the bilinear conformal transformation s=(1-z)/(1+z).
Backbone Amide Linker (BAL) Strategy for N(alpha)()-9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Solid-Phase Synthesis of Unprotected Peptide p-Nitroanilides and Thioesters(1).

A novel and general backbone amide linker (BAL) strategy has been devised for preparation of C-terminal modified peptides containing hindered, unreactive, and/or sensitive moieties, in concert with Nα-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase synthesis protocols. This strategy comprises (i) start of peptide synthesis by anchoring the penultimate residue, with its carboxyl group orthogonally protected, through the backbone nitrogen, (ii) continuation with standard protocols for peptide chain elongation in the C → N direction, (iii) selective orthogonal removal of the carboxyl protecting group, (iv) solid-phase activation of the pendant carboxyl and coupling with the desired C-terminal residue, and (v) final cleavage/deprotection to release the free peptide product into solution. To illustrate this approach, several model peptide p-nitroanilides and thioesters have been prepared in excellent yields and purities, with minimal racemization. Such compounds are very difficult to prepare by standard Fmoc che...
Hepatic vascular diseases: CT and MRI

Continued development of CT and MRI techniques has allowed these modalities to detect most hepatic vascular diseases, often obviating more invasive tests. In this article, the techniques for hepatic vascular diagnosis are reviewed, with emphasis on spiral CT and two-dimensional MRI techniques, and then the major vascular diseases on which these two modalities have a significant diagnosing impact are considered.
Archetypes in Thoroughbred dirt racetracks regarding track design, clay mineralogy, and climate

In Thoroughbred dirt racetracks, clay content plays a critical role in moisture management and influences mechanical properties. We hypothesized that different dirt track designs developed in response to the track materials used, particularly the clay content of the material. These designs are in turn a function of the local climate, in particular the amount of rainfall and the evaporation rate. X-ray diffraction makes it possible to determine whole rock and clay mineralogy for 26 tracks that were assigned to one of three track designs: shallow sand (SS), false base (FB), or false base with a pad (FBP). Results demonstrate that SS tracks occur in areas with the highest annual precipitation and have the lowest average clay content, whereas FBP tracks have the lowest annual precipitation and the highest average clay content. FB tracks have intermediate levels of precipitation and clay relative to other track styles. Understanding the effects of clay minerals in dirt and how different racetrack designs have evolved to handle differing levels of clay and moisture can aid in quantifying track maintenance decisions.
Factor structure of the agitated behavior scale

The Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS; Corrigan, 1989) is a 14-item scale developed to monitor agitation during the acute phase of recovery from acquired brain injury. While previous studies have supported the reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the ABS, the current study was designed to investigate its underlying factor structure, as well as to determine systematic effects of time-of-day on the occurrence of agitation. Subjects were 212 patients with traumatic or other recently acquired brain injury who exhibited agitation during their treatment on a specialized brain-injury unit of an acute rehabilitation hospital. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that agitation is best represented by one general construct with three underlying factors: Aggression, Disinhibition, and Lability. Analysis of agitation by nursing shift in which ratings were made confirmed that overall level was lowest during the night shift; however, the relationship between time-of-day and underlying factors deviated from this pattern. Results are discussed in terms of the necessity for objective measurement, definition of the construct of agitation, and time-of-day issues in sampling agitated behavior.
3rd BooksOnline workshop: research advances in large digital book repositories and complementary media

The goal of the 3rd BooksOnline Workshop is to bring together researchers and industry practitioners in information retrieval, digital libraries, e-books, human computer interaction, publishing industry, and online book services to foster progress on addressing challenges and exploring opportunities around large collections of digital books and complementary media. Towards this goal, the workshop programme consists of contributions both from academia and industry, including two keynote talks: James Crawford from Google Books and John Mark Ockerbloom from the University of Pennsylvania.
Recovery of function after hip fracture. The role of social supports.

Previous studies have found that social support may reduce mortality after myocardial infarction and reduce overall mortality among the elderly. To determine whether social support also influences the recovery of function among patients who have had hip fractures and to describe other potential predictors of recovery after hip fracture, 111 patients with hip fractures were interviewed and examined before discharge from the hospital. The functional status of surviving patients was assessed again 6 months later. Patients who had a greater number of social supports had more complete recovery of their prefracture level of function (r = .21; P = .04). This association was strongest for patients over 60 years old (r = .31; P = .006); among these patients, this association remained statistically significant after adjustment for other significant (P less than .05) predictors of recovery: arm strength, mental status, and serum albumin. Additional studies should be done to test whether interventions to increase social supports can improve the recovery of function among elderly patients with hip fractures and other illnesses. In the meantime, health professionals should counsel elderly patients about the potential rehabilitative and preventive benefits of social supports.
Tumors in fish from the Detroit River

A fish tumor survey was conducted in the Lower Detroit River during 1985 to 1987. Five species of fish were collected from sediment deposition zones and were examined for neoplasia. Neoplasms and related lesions were found in bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), redhorse sucker (Moxostoma, sp), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and bowfin (Amia calva). Overall, 8.2 percent of the fish examined had oral/dermal lesions and 10.1 percent had liver lesions. Liver and skin tumors were found to be age-related in bullheads and size-related in walleye. B ased on the fish surveyed, the incidence of tumors in fish from the Detroit River was similar to that observed in other chemically contaminated waterways.
Observation of dislocations in deformed molybdenum crystals

Dislocations in shear deformed molybdenum crystals examined by transmission electron microscopy
Evidence for self-organized criticality in evolution

Abstract Data of a number of different types have been put forward as evidence for self-organized critical behavior in evolution. These include fossil data on extinction rates and taxon lifetimes, evidence of fractal structure in taxonomic trees, and simulation data from experiments on artificial life. Here we present a new and very simple model of species origination and extinction which, although not critical, reproduces all of these data well. We suggest therefore, that data of these kinds should not be taken as evidence of self-organized criticality.
Use of Simulation to Assess Competence and Improve Healthcare

This communication briefly reviews research on the use of simulation-based medical education (SBME) for competence assessment and toward goals of healthcare improvement. The idea of SBME as translational science is addressed and examples of how simulation-based education can affect healthcare outcomes are provided. The report concludes with a call for rigorous measurement and research designs in SBME.
MTLD, vocd-D, and HD-D: a validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule’s K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices—MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas—appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α (PPARα) Signaling in the Gene Regulatory Control of Energy Metabolism in the Normal and Diseased Heart

The tremendous energy demands of the post-natal mammalian heart are fulfilled via dynamic flux through mitochondrial oxidative pathways. The capacity for energy production via fatty acid (FA) beta-oxidation pathway is determined, in part, by the regulated expression of genes encoding FA utilization enzymes and varies in accordance with diverse dietary and physiologic conditions. For example, fasting and diabetes activate the expression of cardiac FA oxidation (FAO). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is known to control the expression of many genes involved in cellular FA import and oxidation. Cardiac FA utilization rates are reduced in PPARalpha null mice due to diminished expression of genes encoding FAO enzymes. Recent work has shown that the PPARalpha regulatory pathway is deactivated in pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and hypoxia, two circumstances characterized by reduced FAO and increased dependence on glucose as a fuel source. Conversely, the activity of the PPARalpha gene regulatory pathway is increased in the diabetic heart, which relies primarily on FAO for energy production. In fact, evidence is emerging that excessive FA import and oxidation may be a cause of pathologic cardiac remodeling in the diabetic heart. This review summarizes the regulation of cardiac substrate utilization pathways via the PPARalpha complex in the normal and diseased heart.
Analysis of tauopathies with transgenic mice

Intraneuronal filamentous inclusions composed of the microtubule-associated protein tau are a feature of several neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer's disease) known as tauopathies. A pivotal finding was the identification in 1998 of mutations in tau associated with frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. This demonstrated that tau dysfunction is sufficient to cause neurodegeneration, and indicated that tau is likely to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of other tauopathies. However, the mechanism by which tau filamentous lesions form and their role in neurodegeneration remains uncertain. Recent progress in the development of transgenic mouse models of human tauopathy is allowing these questions to be addressed.