cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of the dynamics of large fire plumes and the phenomenon of puffing

A vortex-based computational simulation of an axisymmetric fire plume is presented. The physical model accounts for unsteady buoyancy dynamics, conductive and convective heat transfer, and fast combustion. The effect of radiation is modeled by reducing the effective heat release from the combustion zone and raising the temperature of the evaporate from the pool. Numerical solutions are obtained using a modified vortex method in which the element vorticity is updated every time step according to source terms modeling the impact of gravity and pressure gradients in variable density flows. Attention is focused on the unsteady dynamics of the fire plume, or puffing, its dependence on the pool diameter, and the observed similarity between the unsteady behavior of isothermal and fire plumes. The numerical results show that, except for very low Reynolds numbers, fire and isothermal plumes oscillate at a frequency that depends most strongly on the pool diameter. The oscillations are accompanied by the shedding of large burning structures at a point located approximately one pool diameter above the ground. Most of the burning occurs within these structures, whose sizes are of the order of magnitude of the pool diameter. We find that the origin of the instability is a Kelvin-Helmholtz type mechanism of the vortex sleeve that forms at the interface between the fuel and air sides of the plume. The numerical results agree with experimental data on the shedding frequency, the average size of the structures and average flame height. We also find that while the buoyancy flux variation with height is different in fire and isothermal plumes, over a range of conditions, both cases have similar density fields near the pool and thus similar shedding characteristics.
The P-loop region of Schlafen 3 acts within the cytosol to induce differentiation of human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells.

Abstract Schlafen 3 (Slfn3) mediates rodent enterocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo, required for intestinal function. Little is known about Schlafen protein structure–function relationships. To define the Slfn3 domain that promotes differentiation, we studied villin and sucrase isomaltase (SI) promoter activity in Slfn3-null human Caco-2 BBE cells transfected with full-length rat Slfn3 DNA or truncated constructs. Confocal microscopy and Western blots showed that Slfn3 is predominantly cytosolic. Villin promoter activity, increased by wild type Slfn3, was further enhanced by adding a nuclear exclusion sequence, suggesting that Slfn3 does not affect transcription by direct nuclear action. We therefore sought to dissect the region in Slfn3 stimulating promoter activity. Since examination of the Slfn3 N-terminal region revealed sequences similar to both an aminopeptidase (App) and a divergent P-loop resembling those in NTPases, we initially divided Slfn3 into an N-terminal domain containing the App and P-loop regions, and a C-terminal region. Only the N-terminal construct stimulated promoter activity. Further truncation indicated that both the App and the smaller P-loop constructs enhanced promoter activity similarly to the N-terminal sequence. Point mutations within the N-terminal region (R128L, altering a critical active site residue in the App domain, and L212D, conserved in Schlafens but variable in P-loop proteins) did not affect activity. These results show that Slfn3 acts in the cytosol to trigger a secondary signal cascade that elicits differentiation marker expression and narrows the active domain to the third of the Slfn3 sequence homologous to P-loop NTPases, a first step in understanding its mechanism of action.
Investigation of the trans effect in the fragmentation of dinuclear platinum complexes by electrospray ionization surface-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry.

Cis and trans isomers of two dinuclear platinum complexes, [cis-{Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl} 2 μ-(NH 2 (CH 2 ) a NH 2 )]]NO 3 ) 2 (1,1/c,c) and [trans-{Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl} 2 μ-(NH 2 (CH 2 ) a NH 2 )](NO 3 ) 2 (1,1/t,t), where the diamine was 1,4-butanediamine (n = 4) or 1,6-hexanediamine (n = 6), were studied using electrospray ionization surface-induced dissociation (ESI/SID) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The same fragment ions were observed for both the cis and trans isomers of each complex (n = 4 or 6), but the relative intensities were dependent on the isomer studied. The ESI/SID data and energy-resolved mass spectra show that the position of the chloride plays a significant role in the fragmentation of these ions. Two major fragmentation pathways were detected for the complexes. The cleavage of the Pt-N bond trans to chloride was the most favorable pathway for both isomers of the complexes following the ion-surface collision. The differences in the ESI/SID spectra between the cis and trans isomers can be explained by the trans effect, namely that the Pt-N bond trans to chloride is the most labile bond.
Theoretical Studies of Electromigration in Polycrystalline Metal Stripes

A systematic analysis is presented of the mesoscopic mechanisms that govern the structural evolution of polycrystalline conductors under the action of applied electric fields. A recently derived set of general dynamical mesoscopic equations is specialized to study the behavior of microstructural building blocks. Scaling analysis is presented for the dynamics of the corresponding transport and micromechanical processes associated with a wide range of time scales. Results of numerical simulations are presented for vacancy migration along grain boundaries, evolution of current-induced stresses, surface diffusion, and void stability and growth. The calculated dependence of characteristic times on current density is discussed.
Thermal Annealing of Fluorocarbon Films Grown by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition

Annealing alters the stability, structure, and morphology of fluorocarbon films grown from hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) precursor. The composition of these films is greater than 97% CF2. The as-deposited film in this study contains extraneous hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl/carboxyl (CO/COO) groups, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Such groups are found to be thermally labile and lead to two film decomposition regimes, centered at 150 and 300 °C. This is similar to the two decomposition onsets at 150-250 and 300 °C observed in irradiated bulk PTFE, which are attributed to the loss of peroxy radicals and COOH groups, respectively. A postdeposition 1 h 400 °C in situ vacuum anneal reduced the OH and CO/COO groups in the HFCVD film to below FTIR detection limits. This postanneal film is found to be stable up to 400 °C with no evidence of structural changes. The surface morphology of the film quenched from th e1h4 00°C in situ vacuum anneal, as imaged by optical microscopy (OM), resembles that of the as-deposited film, showing no discernible surface features. However, for a film quenched from th e1h3 25°C in situ vacuum anneal, significant crystalline spherulites of up to 1 mm in diameter are observed through OM. This is attributed to favorable crystallization in the proximity of the melting temperature of bulk PTFE. Intensity differences in FTIR absorption peaks in this film, compared to the other films, also support the morphological differences seen.
CsHPt1, a putative histidine-containing phosphotransmitter protein induced during early somatic embryogenesis in Valencia sweet orange

A cDNA named CsHPt1 (forCitrussinensis histidine phosphotransmitter protein 1) containing a conserved domain characteristic of a twocomponent phosphorelay intermediate associated with signal transduction mechanisms, was isolated from globular embryos of C. sinensis sweet orange cv. ‘Valencia’ by differential display RT-PCR. The corresponding full-length cDNA, subsequently obtained by RACE-PCR, is 772 bp with a 450 bp open reading frame encoding a 150 amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of CsHPt1 is approximately 60% similar to five AHP histidine-containing phosphotransmitter (HPt) proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and contains the 12 amino acid motif characteristic of all known HPt domains. RT-PCR analyses showed higher CsHPt1 transcript abundance in embryogenic callus when compared to non-embryogenic callus, leaves, phloem, roots, and flavedo (rind). Immature fruits and mature flowers, both of which contain tissues with embryogenic potential, also showed increased CsHPt1 expression. Furthermore, CsHPt1 gene expression levels in globular embryos were higher than in embryogenic callus in three of the five cell lines we analyzed. Results of this study provide insight on signal transduction mechanisms that may be active during early plant embryogenesis. # 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Minichromosome maintenance protein expression in benign nevi, dysplastic nevi, melanoma, and cutaneous melanoma metastases.

Background Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are a recently elucidated group of polypeptides intimately involved in DNA replication and appreciable only in cycling cells. In other organ systems their expression has proven more prognostically useful than cell proliferation markers such as Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. To date, the evaluation of MCM proteins in melanocytic neoplasms has not been undertaken. Objective We sought to determine whether MCM protein 2 (the most extensively evaluated of the MCM protein family) is present in melanocytes from benign nevi, dysplastic nevi, primary cutaneous melanomas, and cutaneous melanoma metastases and, if so, whether there exists a significant difference in expression among the 3 groups. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for MCM 2 was performed on tissue sections from 10 benign nevi, dysplastic nevi, and primary cutaneous melanomas and from 5 cutaneous melanoma metastases. Approximately 200 cells were evaluated microscopically in 5 separate fields for each specimen and the number of positively staining nuclei was counted. After a percentage was calculated for each lesion, the data were pooled and statistically analyzed. Results Melanocyte nuclear staining was readily visible microscopically. The percentage of positively staining nuclei in benign nevi (1.2%), dysplastic nevi (6.1%), primary cutaneous melanomas (49.1%), and cutaneous melanoma metastases (40.9%) was significantly different ( P Limitations This is a small pilot study without blinded evaluation of the tissue sections and lacking correlation with patient clinical outcome or accepted histologic prognostic factors. Conclusion MCM protein expression appears to differ significantly in melanocytic neoplasms and potentially provides an additional tool for distinguishing benign tumors from their malignant counterparts. Further evaluation of this expression may prove useful in delineating the biologic behavior of these tumors and warrants additional research.
Mammalian Alkaloids: Configurations of Optically Active Salsoline- and 3′,4′-Dideoxynorlaudanosoline-1-carboxylic Acids†

Synthesis of the optical isomers of (±)-methyl 6,7-dimethyl-3′,4′-dideoxynorlaudanosoline-1-carboxylate ((±)-2) was accomplished by reaction of (±)-2 with (+)-(R)-1-phenylethyl isocyanate, separation of the urea diastereoisomers (−)-4A and (+)-4B, and alcoholysis of the ureas in refluxing BuOH. Optically active isoquinoline-carboxylates 2A,B and hydantoins 8A,B isolated were characterized. The absolute configuration of the reaction products was established by X-ray analysis of the optically active hydantoin (+)-8A. Hydrolysis of the methyl isoquinolinecarboxylates 2A,B with 48% HBr soln. at reflux afforded the desired optically active 3′,4′-dideoxynorlaudanosoline-1-carboxylic acids 1A,B required for enzyme-inhibition studies. Details of the X-ray diffraction analysis of (+)-methyl salsoline-1-carboxylate hydrobromide ((+)-11A·HBr) prepared earlier are included. CD spectra of (+)-(S)-methyl 6,7-dimethyl-3′,4′-dideoxynorlaudanosoline-1-carboxylate hydrobromide ((+)-2A. HBr) and (−)-(R)-methyl salsoline-1-carboxylate hydrochloride ((−)-11B·HCl) confirmed the assignment of their (S)- and (R)-configurations, respectively.
Automated immunomagnetic separation and microarray detection of E. coli O157:H7 from poultry carcass rinse

We describe the development and application of an electromagnetic flow cell and fluidics system for automated immunomagnetic separation (IMS) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 directly from poultry carcass rinse. We further describe the biochemical coupling of automated sample preparation with nucleic acid microarrays. Both the cell concentration system and microarray detection method did not require cell growth or enrichment from the poultry carcass rinse prior to IMS. Highly porous Ni foam was used to enhance the magnetic field gradient within the flow path, providing a mechanism for immobilizing immunomagnetic particles throughout the fluid rather than the tubing wall. A maximum of 32% recovery efficiency of non-pathogenic E. coli was achieved within the automated system with 6 s cell contact times using commercially available antibodies targeted against the O and K antigens. A 15-min protocol (from sample injection though elution) provided a cell recovery efficiency that was statistically similar to > I h batch captures. O157:H7 cells were reproducibly isolated directly from poultry carcass rinse with 39% recovery efficiency at 10(3) CFU ml(-1) inoculum. Direct plating of washed beads showed positive recovery of O157:H7 directly from poultry carcass rinse at an inoculum of 10 CFU ml(-1). Recovered beads were used for direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and microarray detection, with a process-level detection limit (automated cell concentration though microarray detection) of < 10(3)CFU ml(-1) in poultry carcass rinse.
X-ray pulsing methods for reduced-dose computed tomography in PET/CT attenuation correction

The image quality needed for CT-based attenuation correction (CTAC) is significantly lower than what is used currently for diagnostic CT imaging. Consequently, the X-ray dose required for sufficient image quality with CTAC is relatively small, potentially smaller than the lowest X-ray dose clinical CT scanners can provide. Operating modes have been proposed in which the X-rays are periodically turned on and off during the scan in order to reduce X-ray dose. This study reviews the different methods by which X-rays can be modulated in a CT scanner, and assesses their adequacy for lowdose acquisitions as required for CTAC. Calculations and experimental data are provided to exemplify selected X-ray pulsing scenarios. Our analysis shows that low-dose pulsing is possible but challenging with clinically available CT tubes. Alternative X-ray tube designs would lift this restriction.
Prospective evaluation of quality of life in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Background Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES) is associated with complicated ulcer disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. While management of ZES has dramatically improved with proton pump inhibitor therapy, quality of life in medically treated patients has not been evaluated.
The computer paint program: a palette for facilitating visual and verbal literacy

The goal of this research was to explore the relationship between the use of a computer paint program to create visual images and the subsequent verbal expression of these illustrations. First- and fourth-grade children created visual stories using either traditional media or a computer paint program and subsequently word-processed a verbal representation of their stories. Analyses indicated that the paint program visuals illustrated greater creative strength and the accompanying written stories were richer in detail. Additionally, the creative process varied across the two groups in that the students who used the paint program engaged in more peer collaboration, were more likely to experiment with media effects, and made more revisions in both their visual and written products.
A hybrid technique: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) pulmonary resections for community-based surgeons

Although video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for pulmonary resection was first described more than 15 years ago, it has yet to gain grass-roots acceptance. The majority of surgeons who routinely perform VATS resections work in academic or government institutions. The perceived complexity of the technique, inadequate instrumentation and resources, and concern regarding the potential compromise of surgical and oncologic principles may present a greater barrier to adoption by community-based surgeons. This article illustrates some of the technical aspects of a hybrid technique that enables a single surgeon to perform VATS pulmonary resection on a routine basis in a community-based practice. From January 2005 to March 2008, 492 VATS pulmonary resections were performed by a community-based, solo-practice surgeon using a hybrid VATS technique. The highlight of this technique is utilization of a thoracoscopy port and a utility incision. The advantages of this dual access are ease in instrumentation, visualization, lighting, and retraction. In addition, this technique allows immediate access under direct vision for urgent control of bleeding, which can be difficult using a conventional thoracoscopic approach. Mean operative time was 52 (median, 48) minutes. Mean length of stay was 7 (median, 4) days. Mean length of ICU stay was 1.7 days, with 85% of patients having no days spent in the ICU. Mean length of chest tube duration was 4 days. Perioperative mortality was 3.5% and overall mortality was 9.8%, with a mean follow-up of 239 days. These results compare favorably with the conventional VATS approach. This series shows that our hybrid VATS approach to pulmonary resection is safe and feasible at community hospital-based practices.
Enthalpy of Formation of Gallium Nitride

A major discrepancy in the literature concerning the enthalpy of formation of GaN has been resolved using oxidative oxide melt solution calorimetry. Four samples of differing nitrogen contents were measured by dropping them into molten 3Na2O·4MoO3 in a calorimeter at 975 K with oxygen gas bubbling through the solvent. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and BET measurements. The enthalpy of drop solution (kJ/g) varied approximately linearly with nitrogen content. Extrapolated to stoichiometric GaN, the data yield a value of −156.8 ± 16.0 kJ/mol for the standard enthalpy of formation from the elements at 298 K. The relatively large error reflects the deviation of individual points from the straight line rather than uncertainties in each set of data for a given sample. This new directly measured enthalpy of formation is in excellent agreement with that obtained from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium pre...
Ovarian cancer metastatic to the brain: what is the optimal management?

Purpose To better define determinants of survival and optimal management strategies for patients with ovarain cancer and brain metastases. Methods A review of literature using Medline identified 15 case series of ovarian cancer patients with brain metastases (OBM). Each article was abstracted for survival data, and in all cases, the intervals between ovarian cancer diagnosis and brain metastasis identification, and between brain metastasis identification and last follow-up were recorded. Cases were categorized by patient characteristics and treatment modality for brain metastases. Estimated survival probabilities were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method with differences between subgroups analyzed by the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify independent prognostic factors age, number of metastasis, and treatment modality associated with survival. Results The median interval from ovarian cancer diagnosis to brain metastasis in 104 identified patients was 19.5 months. Brain metastasis was single in 43%, multiple in 41%, and not reported in 16% of cases. About 81.7% of patients were treated for their brain metastases using external radiation therapy (XRT), chemotherapy, and surgery. XRT was utilized in 76% of 104 patients and in 93% of treated patients. The most commonly used modalities were XRT alone (40%) and craniotomy and XRT (17%). The median survival (MS) for all patients regardless of treatment type was 6 months. Patients who received any treatment lived longer than those not receiving surgery/chemotherapy/XRT (MS; 7 months vs. 2 months, P = 0.0001). Patients with single brain metastasis had a longer median survival (21 months vs. 6 months, P = 0.049) when treated with craniotomy plus radiation and/or chemotherapy compared to treatment regimens that excluded craniotomy. In a multivariate analysis, only treatment type was significant in predicting survival. Conclusion OBM portends a poor prognosis, however, long-term survival is possible. Patients appear to benefit from therapy, especially selected groups of OBM patients with single brain metastasis treated with radiation therapy and surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:194–200. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Textbook Vocabularies and Deceptive Cognates in Spanish

Author's summary.— Authors of Spanish textbooks often fail to indicate deceptive cognates in their vocabularies. This leads students to make inaccurate and sometimes ridiculous translations. More attention to range of meaning in English and Spanish will improve the quality of these textbooks.
Is Extremely High Life Satisfaction During Adolescence Advantageous

This study examined whether extremely high life satisfaction was associated with adaptive functioning or maladaptive functioning. Six hundred ninety-eight secondary level students completed the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale [Huebner, 1991a, School Psychology International, 12, pp. 231–240], Youth Self-Report of the Child Behavior Checklist [Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1991, Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report, Burlington, VT], Abbreviated Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire [Francis, 1996, Personality and Individual Differences, 21, pp. 835–844], Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (Muris, 2001, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assesment, 23(3), pp. 145–149], and the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (Malecki and Demaray, 2002, Psychology in Schools, 39, pp. 1–18]. Three groups of students were created based on their life satisfaction reports: very high (top 10%), average (middle 25%), and very low (lowest 10%). Compared to students with average life satisfaction, students with very high life satisfaction had higher levels on all indicators of adaptive psychosocial functioning, except extraversion. Moreover, students with very high satisfaction had the lowest scores on all measures of emotional and behavioral problems. However, rates of clinical levels of behavior problems did not differ significantly between the very high and average groups. Finally, several necessary, but not sufficient factors for very high life satisfaction were identified. Taken together, the findings support the notion that very high life satisfaction is associated with positive psychosocial functioning. Furthermore, adolescents’ reports of their life satisfaction revealed differences in adjustment that were not captured by measures of psychopathology.
From Here to Efficiency: Time Lags Between Introduction of New Technology and Achievement of Fuel Savings

The energy savings of new technology offering significant improvements in fuel efficiency are tracked for more than 20 years as vehicles incorporating that technology enter the fleet and replace conventional lightduty vehicles. Two separate analyses are discussed: a life-cycle analysis of aluminum-intensive vehicles and a fuel-cycle analysis of the energy and greenhouse gas emissions of double versus triple fuel-economy vehicles. In both efforts, market-penetration modeling is used to simulate the rate at which new technology enters the new fleet, and stock-adjustment modeling is used to capture the inertia in turnover of new and existing current-technology vehicles. Together, these two effects—slowed market penetration and delayed vehicle replacement—increase the time lag between market introduction and the achievement of substantial energy savings. In both cases, 15 to 20 years elapse before savings approach these levels.
Engineering complex computer systems: a challenge for computer types everywhere. I. Let's agree on what these systems are

We define the engineering of complex computer systems as all activities pertinent to specifying, designing, prototyping, building, testing, operating, maintaining, and evolving complex computer systems. While in the past, relatively noncomplex traditional systems sufficed for most computer control applications, the new and emerging demands of applications and the evolution of computer architectures and networks now essentially force systems to be complex, given our current understanding of how to engineer these systems. Complex computer systems are found in almost every industry. These include industrial process control, aerospace and defence, transportation and communications, energy and utilities, medicine and health, commercial data processing, and others. Unfortunately, the state of the art in research and technology has clearly fallen far behind the requirements of industrial, commercial, and government complex computer systems. >
Investment Policy for Private Foundations: Seeking Compliance and Survival in the New Normal

In order to ensure long-term viability and impact, many private foundations have three basic investment policy objectives: 1) distribute 5% of the net fair value of their assets per year, 2) maintain at least a constant level of real (inflation-adjusted) charitable giving per year, and 3) do so in perpetuity. The investment hurdle rate for a private foundation, defined as the return in excess of short-term nominal interest rates necessary to meet the above objectives, is therefore a function of the 5% distribution requirement, nominal interest rates, and level of inflation. The current market environment of low nominal interest rates and negative real interest rates presents perhaps the most challenging period in the past thirty years for achieving these goals. The author uses a simulation analysis based on market-derived capital market assumptions to estimate probabilities of success for three portfolios of various estimated risk levels over the next two decades. Notably, the analysis implies that most foundations will be unlikely to maintain the inflation-adjusted value of their corpus—in addition to meeting the 5% distribution requirement—over the next 10–20 years.
Efficiencies in Large-Scale Dairying: Incentives for Future Structural Change

The United States dairy industry is undergoing a profound transformation towards intensive largescale production units. During the ten-year period 1964-74, the number of farms with cows declined 71%, while the number of cows declined only 29% (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1964, 1974). According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, total milk production declined 9%, from 127.0 billion pounds to 115.6 billion pounds. The structural impact of this consolidation into fewer but larger herds is considerable. Both farm and cow numbers
Controlled Feeding of Laying Chickens

Abstract IT HAS long been a common practice with many commercial poultrymen to mechanically restrict the amount of feed to growing pullets in an attempt to delay maturity. Although there are few reports in the scientific literature on this subject, commercial operators have actually been ahead of scientific investigators in that it was practiced in the field before any scientific reports appeared. Schneider et al. (1955) and Milby and Sherwood (1956) are among those that have made reports in the scientific literature on this subject. Different workers are not completely agreed on the overall value of such programs but all have agreed that such systems do actually delay sexual maturity and change the pattern of egg production. With the apparent success of controlled feeding of growing birds it was only natural that some poultrymen should express an interest in the possibility of improving results with chickens of laying age, particularly with …
Prevention of otitis media caused by viral upper respiratory tract infection: vaccines, antivirals, and other approaches.

Otitis media (OM) imposes significant morbidity on the pediatric age group and a large financial burden on the general population. Because standard medical treatments are not highly efficacious in resolving the accompanying middle ear (ME) inflammation, a goal of current research is OM prevention. Past studies show that new episodes of OM are usually a complication of viral upper respiratory infection (vURI), and therefore, a rational approach to achieving that goal is to develop intervention strategies that target vURIassociated OM. However, past experiences with antibiotics show that, in the absence of well-defined treatment protocols that maximize expected efficacy, the adoption of prophylactic or active treatments for OM can have negative consequences for the patient and for the general population. In this review, we discuss the hypothesized mechanisms by which a vURI is translated into an acute OM episode and describe different strategies for aborting that process. Limitations to deployment of each strategy are outlined.
Differentiation between the stimulus effects of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide and lisuride using a three-choice, drug discrimination procedure

The discriminative stimulus properties of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM), were compared in a three-choice, water reinforced (FR 20) situation in which rats were required to press one lever following LSD (0.08 mg/kg), a second lever following LHM (0.04 mg/kg), and a third lever following saline. Reliable drug-appropriate responding was established in 72 sessions. Dose-response tests with LSD and LHM indicated that, as dose increased, the per cent of responding on the lever associated with the particular training drug also increased; little or no cross-transfer occurred between LSD and LHM. In generalization tests, the serotonin (5-HT) agonist quipazine substituted for LSD but not LHM while the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine mimicked LHM but not LSD; an unrelated compound, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), produced responding on the saline-appropriate lever. In combination tests, 5-HT antagonists (e.g., BC-105 and low doses of pirenperone) blocked responding on the LSD lever while DA antagonists (e.g., haloperidol and much higher doses of pirenperone) blocked LHM-appropriate responding. These data suggest that the three-lever (D-D-N) procedure is similar to, but can be more sensitive than the two-lever (D-N) procedure (because it can differentiate between LSD and LHM); they therefore at least partially support the hypothesis that three-choice discriminations can be conceptualized as two separate, two-choice (D-N) discriminations (Jarbe and Swedberg 1982). The results also confirm suggestion that the stimulus effects of LSD and LHM are mediated by different mechanisms; the primary action of LSD is serotonergic (5-HT2), while that of LHM is dopaminergic (White 1986).
Ineffectiveness of captopril in reducing cystine excretion in cystinuric children.

Cystinuria (McKusick 220100) is a heritable disorder of transepithelial transport expressed in kidneys and the intestine. Cystine stones are formed in cystinuric patients as a result of the saturation of urine with cystine, the least soluble of the natural amino acids. Therapeutic approaches aim at reducing the excretion and increasing the solubility of cystine. Recently, controversial reports have appeared regarding the effectiveness of captopril (Sloan and Izzo 1987; Dahlberg and Jones 1989; Streem and Hall 1989). We report our experience regarding the long-term application of this agent in two young cystinuric patients. P.F. is a 9-year-old boy who was hospitalized in August 1988 because of left renal colic. A renal stone that was found to consist of pure cystine was removed transurethrally from the bladder. Excessive urinary excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine (85, 181, 71,107 mmol/mol creatinine, respectively) was found on quantitation of urinary amino acids using a Biotronic LC500 amino acid analyser. Ultrasonographic examination showed a wrinkled left kidney; whole DTPA scanning with 99Tc demonstrated a great reduction of left kidney size with flattening of the nephrographic curve and significant functional reduction, contributing only 14.5% of the total renal function. N.F., the 6-year-old brother of P.F., was diagnosed as cystinuric by quantitation of urinary amino acids following the diagnosis made on his sibling (cystine 74, lysine 64, arginine 106, and ornithine 82 mmol/mol creatinine). He had never manifested any symptoms and all renal tests were normal. D-Penicillamine 250 mg administered orally three times daily to P.F. for 3 months did not result in the reduction of cystine excretion. Captopril was subsequently administered to P.F. at 50rag/day in 3 doses (2mg/kg per day) for 5 months and was increased to 62.5 mg/day (2.5 mg/kg per day) for 29 additional months. N.F. was also treated with captopril at an initial dose of 25 rag/day in 3 doses (1.5 mg/kg per day) for 5 months, subsequently increased to 50 rag/day (2 mg/kg per day) for another 29 months. Neither of our patients developed any signs of captopril side-effects during treatment. Arterial blood pressure, as well as all laboratory parameters concerning renal function, were within normal limits. Captopril, however, failed to produce a marked effect on cystine excretion reported previously (Sloan and Izzo 1987; Streem and Hall 1989). P.F. showed a minimal 10% fall in the ratio of cystine to creatinine at the end of the study period, as compared to pretreatment values. N.F. showed no reduction at all.
Interactive computation is interaction with what?: A reply to Clark

In this response essay, we argue that Andy Clark’s assessment of our position on cyborgs is rooted in a misconception of the notion of “interaction” that we advance.
Fermi Surface and Positron Annihilation in Yttrium

The electronic structure of yttrium has been calculated at the equivalent of 6000 general points in the primitive Brillouin zone using the augmented-plane-wave method. The density of states and the Fermi surface are presented. The topology of the Fermi surface is discussed, and experimental results for de Haasvan Alphen measurements are predicted. Wave functions have also been calculated for each of the occupied eigenvalues, and these were used to study the angular distribution of radiation resulting from positron annihilation in the metal. Few experimental results are currently available for comparison with this work.
HUMAN INDIVIDUALITY AND THE GAP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION

. Personality may play a role in disputes between religion and science. Personality is influenced by sixteen basic desires and core values, which provide the psychological foundation of meaningful experience. How we prioritize these sixteen desires is what makes us individuals. Religious persons may place a low priority on the desire for self-reliance (they enjoy being in need of others), whereas nonreligious scientists may place a high priority on self-reliance. These differences may motivate religious persons to find meaning in images of psychologically supportive deities and may motivate nonreligious intellectuals to find meaning in abstract scientific principles. To bridge the schism between religion and science, we need to appreciate the extent to which spirituality is an individual experience.
An electron microscopic investigation of the polymerization of bovine fibrin monomer.

Abstract The structure of intermediate polymers of bovine fibrin was reinvestigated by currently used electron microscopic techniques. The polymers were prepared from isolated fibrin monomer in 1.0 m -sodium bromide by exhaustive dialysis against ·-1% ammonium carbonate (pH 9.25 to 10), sprayed and freeze-dried onto carbon films, and shadowcast with tantalum-tungsten alloy. It was confirmed that fibrinogen and fibrin monomer are of the same size and gross structure, consisting of an essentially linear triad of nodules, of which the central one is smaller. Micrographs of fibrin dimer, trimer, tetramer and higher intermediate polymers were obtained, in which the arrangement of the monomer units can be discerned readily. It was concluded that the basic structure of the intermediate fibrin polymers consists of a lateral association with partial overlapping, giving two parallel end-to-end chains with staggered junctions. Apparently twisted aggregates of two or three intermediate polymers were frequently observed; these evidently represent the first stage in the formation of the thicker fibrils of which fibrin clots are composed.
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR AN URBAN BIAS IN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

This paper presents a labor turnover model in which urban employers have an economic incentive to support an urban bias in development policies because of the indirect effect of rural incomes on urban training expenditures through the rate of labor turnover. A comparative static analysis of the model shows that an income transfer from rural workers to urban workers increases the profits of urban employers, even if urban employers are not directly involved in the transfer. Unlike previous versions of the labor turnover model, worker behavior is explicitly grounded in utility maximization.
Jun-Fos and receptors for vitamins A and D recognize a common response element in the human osteocalcin gene

We present evidence that the vitamin D response element in the human osteocalcin gene confers responsiveness to the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) expressed in E. coli binds to this sequence in vitro. Transfection of RAR expression vectors in cultured cells activates heterologous promoters containing this sequence in vivo. This response element contains a consensus AP-1 site TGACTCA and in vitro is bound by the Jun-Fos complex. Unexpectedly, cotransfection of Jun and Fos expression vectors suppresses basal level transcription of the osteocalcin gene and suppresses induction by both retinoic acid and vitamin D3. Additional studies delimit an 11 nucleotide segment as a minimal hormone response element containing the AP-1 site as its core. These results indicate that two distinct classes of transcription factors can recognize common regulatory sequences, a phenomenon we refer to as cross-coupling.
Laser beams and resonators: the 1960s

This paper looks back at how the basic concepts related to optical resonators and lensguides emerged during the first decade of the laser era.
Escape from Inhibition of Resorption in Cultures of Fetal Bone Treated with Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone

Initially calcitonin (CT) could completely inhibit the increase in bone resorption produced by parathyroid hormone (PTH) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (HCC) in fetal rat long bone shafts in tissue culture, but this effect was transient. After a period of inhibition varying from less than 36 hr to several days there was escape, that is, resorption began to increase despite the addition of fresh CT. This occurred with salmon calcitonin and human calcitonin as well as rat calcitonin at doses which were maximal or supramaximal for initial inhibition. Escape did not occur when spontaneous resorption in control untreated bones was blocked by CT, or when CT inhibited resorption produced by vitamin A, prostaglandin E, or dibutyryl- cyclic AMP. It was seen with calvaria as well as long bones stimulated with PTH. Escape could occur in the absence of PTH or 25-HCC if the bones were pretreated with maximal doses of these stimulators to induce resorption, and then treated with CT. Escape was prevented or delayed by dec...
Parental School Involvement and Children's Academic Achievement: Pragmatics and Issues

Developing collaborations between families and schools to promote academic success has a long-standing basis in research and is the focus of numerous programs and policies. We outline some of the mechanisms through which parental school involvement affects achievement and identify how patterns and amounts of involvement vary across cultural, economic, and community contexts and across developmental levels. We propose next steps for research, focusing on the importance of considering students' developmental stages, the context in which involvement takes place, and the multiple perspectives through which involvement may be assessed. Finally, we discuss enhancing involvement in diverse situations.
The safety of commercial fishing: Determinants of vessel total losses and injuries

Abstract Problem: Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. This study investigates determinants of vessel total losses and number of fatal and nonfatal crew injuries resulting from commercial fishing vessel accidents. Method: An injury and vessel damage accident model is developed. Total vessel loss and crew injury models are estimated using probit and negative binomial regressions, respectively, and a unique micro data set of commercial fishing vessel accidents. Results: Estimation results indicate that the probability of a total loss is the greatest for a capsizing, followed by a sinking accident. Fire/explosions and capsizings are expected to incur the greatest number of crew fatalities — 3.5 and 3.8 for every 100 such accidents. For every 100 collisions, 2.1 nonfatal crew injuries are expected. The probability of a total loss and the expected number of crew fatalities vary inversely with the price of fish catches. Discussion: We discuss relevant issues related to fishing vessel safety management and regulation. Important vessel safety measures are summarized. Summary: Policy implications: (a) policies that reduce capsizings and sinkings will be effective in reducing fishing vessel accident total losses; (b) policies that reduce fire/explosions and capsizings (collisions) will be effective in reducing fatal (nonfatal) injuries. Impact on Industry: Policymakers should find the results of this study useful in developing regulation and enforcement mechanisms for reducing fishing vessel injuries and total losses.
Animating by multi-level sampling

We describe a method for synthesizing joint angle and translation data based on the information in motion capture data. The synthetic data is realistic not only in that it resembles the original training data, but in that it has random variations that are statistically similar to what one would find in repeated measurements of the motion. To achieve this result, the training data is broken into frequency bands using a wavelet decomposition, and the information in these bands is used to create the synthetic data one frequency band at a time. The method takes into account the fact that there are correlations among numerous features of the data. For example, a point characterized by a particular time and frequency band will depend upon points close to it in time in other frequency bands. Such correlations are modeled with a kernel-based representation of the joint probability distributions of the features. The data is synthesized by sampling from these densities and improving the results using a new iterative maximization technique. We have applied this technique to the synthesis of joint angle and translation data of a wallaby hopping on a treadmill. The synthetic data was used to animate characters that have limbs proportional to the wallaby.
A least‐squares method for axisymmetric div–curl systems

SUMMARY We present a negative-norm least-squares method for axisymmetric div–curl systems arising from Maxwell’s equations for electrostatics and magnetostatics in three dimensions. The method approximates the solution in a two-dimensional meridian plane. To achieve this dimension reduction, we must work with weighted spaces in cylindrical co-ordinates. In this setting, a stable pair of approximation spaces is developed and analysed. We also report the results of some numerical experiments, which demonstrate a quasi-optimal convergence rate and a robustness with respect to the domain and coefficients. Copyright q 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
M-theory on manifolds with exceptional holonomy

In this lecture I review recent progress on construction of manifolds with exceptional holonomy and their application in string theory and M-theory.
Effects of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours: Evidence from Production Supervisors

Based on a sample of production workers in a textile firm, supervisory ratings of employee performance were found to be influenced by supervisors' perceptions of employees' organizational citizenship behaviours as well as by employees' objectively measured performance. Regression analysis indicated that supervisory ratings were influenced by two dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviour — conscientiousness and altruism — as well as by objective performance. These three variables explained 53% of the variance in ratings. A third dimension of OCB, sportsmanship, did not affect supervisory ratings.
Social research on climate change: where we have been, where we are, and where we might go

The greenhouse effect, global warming, global climate change: the environmental phenomenon so important that it needs three names. Whatever one calls it, climate change is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental issues for the new century; it has been the focus of one of the most impressively coordinated international scientific efforts in recent memory. Moreover, the communication and sociological literatures—not to mention the content of this special issue of Public Understanding of Science—feature a growing variety of by-lines devoted to social research on climate change. Why is this an important topic for social researchers; why does it merit attention in a special issue of this journal? Since the close of the nineteenth century, scientists have been concerned about the effect that humans might be having on the atmosphere through the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels began in 1957; they show that we are rapidly approaching a doubling relative to preIndustrial Revolution levels. During the 1980s, climatologists made significant advances in understanding planetary climate using computer analyses known as Global Circulation Models. Though the models are still relatively crude (compared to the actual climate), they began to bring climatology toward some understanding with respect to the question of human influence over climate. In the parlance of climatology, it was a search for a “human fingerprint,” the “smoking gun” of climate change research. Eventually, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) announced that its group of some 1,500 scientists representing 60 nations had come to a consensus that the fingerprint had been found, and that the planet’s average temperature would increase between about 1.5 ◦ and 6 ◦ Fahrenheit over the next 100 years. But even with that remarkable consensus, there was (and still is) considerable disagreement over what this could actually mean. A few foresee a warmer but wetter world, while others predict a wilder world as weather becomes more extreme, agricultural patterns shift, and sea levels rise. While the degree and speed of such change is uncertain, the consensus remains that climate will change in ways that influence both ecological and human social systems. 1 Recent research based on ice core samples has suggested that paleoclimate has shifted dramatically over very short periods of time—heightening the concern of many about our ability to adapt to what may lie in the future. 2 Other studies have shown that different, and conflicting, temperature trends exist at different levels of the atmosphere—adding some equivocal evidence to the argument. 3 And even important scientists such as James Hansen of NASA have added to the confusion by questioning the reliability and accuracy of the various models used to predict climate. 4