cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of meltwater discharge from Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last deglaciation

During the last ice age, ice sheets covered large portions of North America, Europe, Asia, and the Arctic Ocean. The ice sheets were composed of meteoric water, enriched in the light isotope of oxygen (16O), leaving oceanic seawater correspondingly enriched1,2 in 18O. The volume of past continental ice sheets during the last glacial maximum 18,000 yr ago has been estimated from terrestrial evidence of ice limits3, glaciological modelling4, the δ18O of foraminifera from deep sea cores5,6, and sea-level evidence from raised coral terraces7,8. Oxygen isotope studies of planktonic foraminifera reveal that δ18O shifts during deglaciations in areas near sources of ice meltwater, like the Gulf of Mexico and Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay, are often larger than the corresponding average global oceanic shift9–11 and that these variations reflect the timing of ice decay without the ocean-mixing lag contained in both distal and benthic δ10O variations12. We show here that geographically-distinct planktonic δ18O gradients can be related to the volume of meltwater discharged through specific meltwater outlets and thus to the initial volume of the ice sheets at the commencement of deglaciation and to the subsequent dynamics of ice-sheet decay.
Alterations in striatal zif/268, preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin mRNA expression induced by repeated amphetamine administration in rats.

Abstract Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to compare the effects of AMPH administration on mRNAs coding forzif/268, a member of the zinc finger family of immediate early genes, and the opioid peptides, preprodynorphin (PPD) and preproenkephalin (PPE), in rat striatum after 3 dosing schedules: (1) acute; (2) once a day for 5 days, and (3) once a day for 5 days followed 10 days later by a challenge dose. Behavioral ratings indicated that the activity of rats was significantly higher after 5 daily AMPH (5 mg/kg, i.p.) injections than after a single 5 mg/kg injection and that the activity of AMPH-pretreated rats was significantly higher than that of saline-pretreated rats after a 1 mg/kg challenge dose 10 days later. Three hours after acute administration of AMPH to naive rats, PPD mRNA expression in the dorsal (caudatoputamen) and ventral (nucleus accumbens, NAc) striatum as well as PPE andzif/268 mRNA expression in the dorsal, but not ventral, striatum were increased as compared to saline-treated rats. Five daily treatments with AMPH augmented acute AMPH-induced increases in PPD mRNA expression in the caudatoputamen but not in the NAc. The increase in striatalzif/268 mRNA expression induced by acute AMPH was, in contrast, reduced after 5 daily treatments with AMPH. AMPH induced PPE expression to the same extent in rats treated with one or 5 daily injections. Hybridization performed 3 h after AMPH challenge in AMPH-pretreated rats failed to demonstrate augmentation of AMPH-stimulatedzif/268, PPD, or PPE mRNA expression in the striatum as compared to saline-pretreated rats. These results indicate that an augmented response of PPD and a decreased response ofzif/268 mRNA expression in striatal neurons are closely associated with the initiation of behavioral sensitization induced by repeated, intermittent AMPH treatments. In contrast, a clear dissociation exists between the expression of sensitized behaviors and unsensitizedzif/268, PPD and PPE mRNA in the striatum in response to a challenge dose of AMPH. Possible functional implications of these alterations in the initiation and expression of AMPH-induced behavioral sensitization are discussed.
Parallels between bank failures and industrial accidents

This paper summarizes our analysis of 171 national banks that failed be tween 1979 and 1987. We have found that poor policies, procedures and man agement quality lie at the root of those failures. This finding closely parallels conclusions about the causes of major industrial accidents in the past decade, namely, poorly conceived policies and procedures, failure to follow established policies and procedures, inadequate controls and faulty judgement. Because of the parallels between bank failures and industrial accidents, an understanding of the root causes of bank failures may provide new insights for the identifica tion and management of technological risks and environmental hazards.
Pressure Distribution and Induced Force Field on a Conical Nozzle due to Impingement of a Normal Jet into the Supersonic Cross-Flow

Abstract : An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the pressure distribution and induced side force on the wall of a conical nozzle due to intrusion of a jet into a supersonic cross flow. The experiment was carried out to simulate the side injection of fuel coolant from the regenerative cooling system into the supersonic exhaust gas discharging through the nozzle of a rocket engine. The motivation was to shed light on an engine anomaly that occurred during the first Titan IV launch, and thereby to reject or to substantiate the hypothesis that two or three ruptured regenerative cooling tubes caused the near-normal injection of liquid fuel (Aerozine-50) into the exhaust gas in the expansion nozzle section. This scenario was the prime reason for one of the engines to gimbal over to its extreme stop position. The flow of nitrogen (700 psi plenum pressure) through a 1/30th subscale converging- diverging nozzle simulated the main exhaust flow. Injection of a liquid (Freon- 11, water) or a gas (nitrogen) from an injection port drilled at the most probable wall location provided the penetrating side jet. Mass flow rate ratios (jet-to-main flow rates), as well as local Mach number, were matched as closely as possible with those reported from actual flight data. The mass flow ratio was varied to assess the sensitivity of the results to the relative momentum of the jet. Later, wires with different aspect ratios were situated in the supersonic stream replacing the impinging jet at the location of injection. This was done to compare the flow field around a solid bluff body with that around an impinging liquid jet.
Student Perceptions of the Acceptance of Communication Diverseness

Transacting business with individuals who may speak English fluently but have an accent is common today. Use of translation services such as in transportation facilities, government offices, educational institutions, and manufacturers' instruction manuals is on the increase. Consequently, linguistic diversity issues require relevant academic discussion and attention. In this article, the author examines university students' perceptions of the acceptance of communication diverseness and provides comparisons of the data on demographic factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Analyzing the results provides insight into the nature of particular groups to be inclusive or exclusive on the basis of speech diversity components.
THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF SEX IN DIGITALIS TOLERANCE.

Abstract The possible difference in digitalis sensitivity between males and females was determined in three groups of young patients with rheumatic heart disease. A total of 183 patients with 306 separate admissions was studied. In the two groups of male patients receiving digitalis, 22.2 and 20.6 per cent developed digitalis-induced arrhythmias. In contrast, only 10.2 per cent of the female patients receiving digitalis became toxic. Although this difference is not highly significant statistically, it is quite suggestive that the female is less sensitive to the cardiotoxic effects of digitalis. This would be clinical confirmation of previously reported experimental work showing sex differences in digitalis sensitivity.
A photochemical diels—alder reaction of N-methyltriazolinedione☆

Abstract Irradiation of N -methyltriazolinedione (MTAD) and naphthalene leads to a new [4 + 2] cycloadduct. Quantum yield data indicate that the reaction can occur via both singlet and triplet excited MTAD and also via charge transfer irradiation of a ground state complex. Naphthalene quenches the fluorescence of 1 MTAD at diffusion-controlled rates. A contact radical–ion pair is suggested as a common intermediate in the singlet and charge transfer reactions. Triplet sensitization of the cycloadduct caused di-π-methane rearrangement.
Elucidation of interactions of alzheimer amyloid β peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) with insulin degrading enzyme: A molecular dynamics study

In this study, interactions of the two full-length Alzheimer amyloid beta peptides (Abeta40 and Abeta42) with the fully active form of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) through unrestrained, all-atom MD simulations have been investigated. This enzyme is a Zn-containing metallopeptidase that catalyzes the degradation of the monomeric forms of these peptides, and this process is critical for preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The available X-ray structures of the free and small fragment-bound (Asp1-Glu3 and Lys16-Asp23 of Abeta40 and Asp1-Glu3 and Lys16-Glu22 of Abeta42) mutated forms of IDE and NMR structures of the full-length Abeta40 and Abeta42 have been used to build the starting structures for these simulations. The most representative structures derived from the Abeta40-IDE and Abeta42-IDE simulations accurately reproduced the locations of the active site Zn(2+) metal and small fragments of the substrates and their interactions with the enzyme from the X-ray structures. The remaining fragments of both the substrates were found to interact with IDE through several hydrogen bonding, pi-pi, CH-pi, and NH-pi interactions. In comparison to Abeta40, Abeta42 is more flexible and interacts through a smaller number (17-22) of hydrogen bonds in the catalytic chamber of IDE. Both the substrates adopted more beta-sheet character in the IDE environment, an observation that is in line with experiments. Their structural characteristics inside IDE are significantly different than the ones observed in aqueous solution. The atomistic level details provided by these simulations can help in the elucidation of binding and degrading mechanisms of the Abeta peptides by IDE.
Central nervous system findings on functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients before and after treatment with anticholinergic medication.

Purpose: Anticholinergic medications are commonly used to treat urinary urgency and frequency. Muscarinic receptors are located in areas beyond the detrusor muscle. In this study we measured changes in central nervous system activity in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms treated with tolterodine or a placebo.Materials and Methods: A total of 20 female patients with urinary frequency were randomized to 4 weeks of treatment with tolterodine or a placebo. Functional magnetic resonance imaging based on blood oxygenation level dependant imaging of the brain during bladder filling was performed before and after treatment. For each patient the bladder was filled by a urethral catheter and emptied 5 times.Results: Multiple brain areas showed significant activation with bladder filling compared to the empty state and many areas also showed deactivation. Overall brain activation with bladder filling was decreased after treatment in both groups. After treatment 2 areas of the parietal cortex (precuneus and p...
Intra-articular Microparticles for Drug Delivery to the TMJ

This study describes the in vivo biocompatibility of intra-articular poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticle (MP) formulations in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). To our knowledge, this is the first intra-articular microparticle-based drug delivery system for the TMJ. The impact of PLGA MP concentration on rat TMJ function was quantified via computerized meal pattern analysis; in this non-invasive technique, previously validated markers of TMJ pain or nociception (specifically, meal duration and food intake) were recorded by computer-monitored pellet feeders. Bilateral intra-articular injection of 15, 30, or 50 mg/mL PLGA MPs had no impact on meal duration or food intake over 6 days, compared with controls that did not receive injections. Histological analysis showed that the MPs were retained within the synovial lining. These findings indicate that the PLGA MPs described herein are biocompatible and suitable for intra-articular delivery to the rat TMJ, a finding that has significant implications for the improvement of TMJ therapeutics.
Nonexistence of Levi-degenerate hypersurfaces of constant signature in CPn

Let M be a smooth hypersurface of constant signature in CP n , n≥3. We prove the regularity for Open image in new window on M in bidegree (0,1). As a consequence, we show that there exists no smooth hypersurface in CP n , n≥3, whose Levi form has at least two zero-eigenvalues.
Volunteer Assistants in Special Education.

Abstract In the field of special education, educators and administrators have witnessed a growing demand for mandated services for the handicapped together with critical manpower shortages and severe financial cutbacks. To alleviate problems of staffing, budgeting and delivery of services, a plan for better utilization of assistant volunteers from all citizen groups in the community is offered. The significant role each volunteer group plays in the educational process of the handicapped is identified. Proposals for volunteers in meeting the needs of the special child are provided together with useful strategies for a success‐‐volunteer program. A viable relationship between the professional, classroom teacher and the assistant volunteer is highlighted.
Introduction: the dispositional approach to job satisfaction

The role of individual differences versus situations has been debated throughout the history of organizational behavior research. Disposition researchers have argued that job satisfaction is to a great extent a product of personality, as individuals vary in their responses to the same situation. Others have taken an opposing view, suggesting that personality is often confounded with situations, the latter of which is the real driving force behind job satisfaction. This point/counterpoint exchange explores the role of dispositions and situations in determining job satisfaction. Barry Staw and Yochi Cohen-Charash take the 'pro-disposition causes job satisfaction' position. Their paper traces the history of the dispositional argument, discusses and refutes criticisms of the dispositional approach, and provides an information-processing model of how dispositions might affect job satisfaction. Barry Gerhart takes the opposing view, focusing mainly on two implications of the dispositional approach. First, he argues that dispositions do not constrain the effects of situations and that both can have important influences. He points out that some situations will produce higher satisfaction than others, although certainly individuals in each situation may differ from one another. Second, he discusses the use of affective disposition measures for employee selection, outlining additional research that needs to be done before organizations adopt this approach. These two papers provide a contemporary overview of the issues concerning individual differences versus situations in determining job satisfaction. They raise a number of intriguing questions that need research attention concerning the interplay of individual differences and situational factors in the workplace.
Clinical Use of Probiotics: A Survey of Physicians' Beliefs and Practice Patterns

Background : Probiotics have the potential to be used as a preventive agent or adjuvant therapy for various medical conditions, and recent research is beginning to illuminate some of the associated benefits. Some clinicians currently prescribe probiotics in practice. Understanding physicians’ beliefs and practice patterns regarding the use of probiotics will help identify current practices, barriers preventing their acceptance, and the sources of information that impact clinical practice. Objective: To identify and describe physicians’ beliefs and practice patterns regarding the use of probiotics. Methods : A cross-sectional online questionnaire was administered to 130 physicians employed by or affiliated with Danville Regional Medical Center, a 350- bed, acute care facility located in Danville, VA. Data were analyzed using descriptive frequencies, Pearson’s chi-square, and the Student’s t-test. Results: Of the 27 valid responses (20.8%), 55.6% of physicians reported using probiotics in clinical practice (n = 15). Those who used probiotics were significantly more likely to agree that probiotics have clinically beneficial effects ( p p p p p Conclusions : Physicians’ beliefs regarding the use of probiotics differ between those who recommend their use in clinical practice and those who do not. Physicians not using probiotics feel that more evidence-based research is needed to support their use in clinical practice.
Inhibition of Serine β-Lactamases by Vanadate−Catechol Complexes†

All three classes of serine β-lactamases are inhibited at micromolar levels by 1:1 complexes of catechols with vanadate. Vanadate reacts with catechols at submillimolar concentrations in aqueous buffer at neutral pH in several steps, initially forming 1:1, 1:2, and, possibly, 1:3 complexes. Formation of these complexes is followed by the slower reduction of vanadate (VV) to vanadyl (VIV) and oxidation of the catechol. Vanadyl−catechol complexes, however, do not inhibit the β-lactamases. Rate and equilibrium constants of formation of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of vanadate with catechol itself and with 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene were measured by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Typical examples of all three classes of serine β-lactamases (the class A TEM-2, class C P99, and class D OXA-1 enzymes) were competitively inhibited by the 1:1 vanadate−catechol complexes. The inhibition was modestly enhanced by hydrophobic substituents on the catechol. The 1:1 vanadate complexes are considerably better inhibitors of th...
A Wideband RF Power Amplifier in 45-nm CMOS SOI Technology With Substrate Transferred to AlN

A wideband radio frequency power amplifier (RF PA) is implemented with a stack of 16 low-breakdown-voltage thin-oxide transistors in a standard 45-nm CMOS SOI technology. A combination of dynamic-biasing and stacking prevents all breakdown mechanisms when the PA operates under large voltage swings and facilitates an output impedance close to 50 Ω without a need for an output-matching network. Using a post-fabrication process, the conductive Si substrate of the CMOS SOI PA is etched away and replaced by a semi-insulating aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate to reduce the effect of substrate parasitic capacitances and improve the PA's performance. A small-signal gain of 12.2 dB at 1.8 GHz is achieved with a - 3-dB bandwidth from 1.5 to 2.6 GHz. For high-reliability operation, the PA is biased with a 15-V power supply and a small transistor current density of 0.2 mA/μm and delivers a saturated output power (PSAT) of 30.2 dBm and a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 23.8%. For a wide range of measured frequencies from 1.5 to 2.4 GHz and under a lower supply voltage of 12 V, PSAT and P1 dB remain above 27.9 and 24.8 dBm, respectively, with peak PAE above 20%. In terms of output power, efficiency, and linearity, the CMOS PA on AlN substrate outperforms its Si counterpart, while both PAs deliver good power performance despite utilizing thin-oxide low-breakdown-voltage transistors.
Characterizing Single-Channel Behavior of GluA3 Receptors

AMPA receptors play a major role in excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS and are involved in numerous neurological disorders. Agonists bind to each of four bilobed LBDs of this tetrameric receptor, and upon binding, the lobes close to envelope the agonist, leading to channel activation. However, AMPA receptors exhibit complex activation kinetics, the mechanism of which has not yet been determined. We report here single-channel studies of a homomeric AMPA receptor (GluA3) activated by the full agonist, glutamate, and a partial agonist, fluorowillardiine. Both agonists activate the channel to the same three open conductance levels but with different open probabilities in each level. The closed probability (Pc) varied within records, particularly at low agonist concentrations. By sorting discrete segments of the record according to Pc using the X-means algorithm, we defined five modes of activity. The kinetic behavior could then be analyzed for both agonists over a range of agonist concentrations with a relatively simple model (three closed states and two open states for each open conductance level). The structural mechanism underlying the modal behavior is not clear; however, it occurs on a timescale consistent with hydrogen bonding across the lobe interface in the LBD.
Sequential optimization and reliability assessment for multidisciplinary systems design

With higher reliability and safety requirements, reliability-based design has been increasingly applied in multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO). A direct integration of reliability-based design and MDO may present tremendous implementation and numerical difficulties. In this work, a methodology of sequential optimization and reliability assessment for MDO is proposed to improve the efficiency of reliability-based MDO. The central idea is to decouple the reliability analysis from MDO with sequential cycles of reliability analysis and deterministic MDO. The reliability analysis is based on the first-order reliability method (FORM). In the proposed method, the reliability analysis and the deterministic MDO use two MDO strategies, the multidisciplinary feasible approach and the individual disciplinary feasible approach. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with two example problems.
The gas-phase decomposition of methylsilane. Part I. Mechanism of decomposition under shock-tube conditions

The gas-phase decompositions of methylsilane and methylsilane-d3 have been investigated in a single-pulse shock tube at 4700 torr total pressure in the temperature range of 1125–1250 K. For CH3SiD3 at 1200 K three primary steps occur in the homogeneous decomposition with efficiencies in parentheses: , , and . For CH3SiH3 at 1200 K the primary CH4 elimination efficiency is 0.09 while the total primary H2 elimination efficiency is 0.91. Minor product formations of C2H4, acetylene, dimethylsilane, and SiH4 are discussed.
Structures of photo-produced transient species

An overview of recent advances in the experimental measurements, theoretical interpretations, and practical applications of bond length and bond angle changes that occur after a molecule absorbs one or more photons is presented. “Gentle” changes are those in which the chemical bonds remain intact, but the lengths and angles increase or decrease. The bond length and bond angle changes that occur when a molecule absorbs a photon are measured by using a combination of electronic (emission and absorption) spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and the time-dependent theory of spectroscopy. “Catastrophic” changes are those in which multiple bonds are broken, leading to extensive photofragmentation. Luminescence spectroscopy is used to identify the transient fragments of metal-containing compounds that are precursors for laser assisted chemical vapor deposition.
Dynamics of weakly stretched flames: quantitative description and extraction of global flame parameters

Generalized expressions for the flame response to weak stretch rate variations were derived based on an integral analysis. Together with values of the laminar flame speed, laminar flame thickness, and the one-step overall reaction order and activation energy determined from the computational results of the one-dimensional planar flame, these expressions for the stretched flames were then used to correlate the computational results of the spherical outwardly propagating, spherical inwardly propagating, and counterflow hydrogen/air and propane/air flames. These correlations yielded the laminar flame speeds through linear extrapolation to zero stretch rate, the Markstein lengths representing the sensitivity of the flame response to stretch rate, and the flame Lewis number. Furthermore, it is shown that the extracted Markstein lengths and Lewis numbers from the three flame configurations are largely the same for given equivalence ratio and system pressure, and that these Lewis numbers also agree well with those predicted from the two-reactant flame theory of Joulin and Mitani. The feasibility of a priori quantitative determination of stretch effects on laminar premixed flames is suggested.
Consistency of a class of information criteria for model selection in non-linear regression

In this paper we prove the consistency in probability of a class of generalized BIC criteria for model selection in non-linear regression, by using asymptotic results of Gallant. This extends a result obtained by Nishii for model selection in linear regression.
The impact of disparities in health on pandemic preparedness.

����� ��� pandemic illness would threaten family, community, and national security. Globally pandemics such as smallpox, polio, and more recently HIV/AIDS have left a trail of destruction of individuals, homes, communities, and institutions. Pandemics have destroyed educational, economic, and political stability and progress. Well over 15 million orphans have been left in Africa by AIDS alone. Thus pandemic preparedness is one of the most important goals for us as individuals, families, and communities. Health disparities and global health inequities represent some of the greatest barriers to pandemic preparedness. Elimination of disparities in health and the drive toward global health equity must be major components of our commitment to pandemic preparedness. Some of the most striking areas of disparities in health in the United States are represented by differences in health outcomes between African Americans and the majority population. For example, African Americans are two and a half times more likely to die in the first year of life (infant mortality) and eight times as likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS as the majority. 1,2 African Americans are also 35% more likely to die of cancer and have the highest mortality rates in the four leading causes of cancer death in America (lung, colorectal, breast and prostate). 3 Similarly, African Americans are 30% to 35% more likely to die of cardiovascular disease. 3 Why are disparities in health and health inequities major barriers to pandemic preparedness? Disparities in health include disparities in health outcomes, health care quality, and health access. 4 Major components of pandemic preparedness include health awareness, early detection of health problems (especially the onset of infectious diseases), access to vaccines to prevent infectious diseases, and early intervention to treat infectious diseases. People who lack access to health care are more likely to be uninformed about the risk of a pandemic, less likely to trust messages they do hear, less likely to be immunized early against new infections, and more likely to ignore messages that they hear from the government about ways to protect themselves. 5 In the eradication of smallpox, a major component of the strategy for control and elimination of the disease was early detection and intervention including virtual
Characterization of mutagenic coal fly ash and extracts.

Abstract Post-electrostatic precipitator (ESP) fly ash samples were collected from a coal-fired electric power generation plant under three modes of plant operation: normal operation, a low NOx-emission mode of combustion, and operation with the ESP shorted-out. Results of chemical and physical characterization of the ashes were compared with bacterial mutagenicity bio-assay to determine parameters or compounds correlating with bioactivity. The general physical properties, ultimate composition, and trace elemental and radiochemical species determined did not correlate with the mutagenicity. Only the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and chemically derivatizable polar organic compounds appeared to be associated with mutagenicity of the fly ash.
Social skills and self-esteem

Abstract This study examined the interrelations among a multidimensional self-report measure of social skills/competence, the Social Skills Inventory, and measures of self-esteem, social anxiety, locus of control, loneliness, and well-being. One hundred and twenty-one undergraduate volunteers completed a battery of self-report measures of these constructs. As expected, correlational analyses revealed that social skills was positively correlated with self-esteem, and negatively correlated with social anxiety and loneliness. Contrary to prediction, total score on the Social Skills Inventory was not significantly correlated with either the locus of control or general well-being measure. However, all of the various measures, with the exception of locus of control, appeared to share a common dimension—one that might be labeled a sense of ‘social self-efficacy’.
Moving Toward Bioadjuvant Approaches to Head and Neck Cancer Prevention

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma affects >45,000 Americans annually. Patients who are successfully treated for their primary tumor are at high risk of developing a second primary tumor, making effective preventive strategies highly desirable for this disease. Although a landmark study in 1990 suggested some benefit of high-dose retinoids in head and neck cancer prevention, subsequent trials using more tolerable doses have shown limited clinical success. Newer preventive strategies have included bioadjuvant therapy combining retinoids with interferon and α-tocopherol, combinations of molecularly targeted agents, and oncolytic viruses. Furthermore, considerable evidence has supported a cancer protective role for several nutrients, including green tea and curcumin analogs. Natural compounds such as these with favorable long-term safety profiles might be particularly suited to the cancer prevention setting, in which patients will usually tolerate only moderate risk and toxicity.
Durability of antibody titers induced by RA27/3 rubella virus vaccine

The RA27/3 rubella virus vaccine induced titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody that were slightly lower than those induced naturally, but after an initial decline the titers remained stable even in the absence of reexposure to rubella virus.
Simultaneous visuomotor adaptation to optical tilt and displacement

Change in visuomotor direction and orientation was measured following simultaneous exposure to optical displacement and tilt. Adaptation to both transforms simultaneously was not different from adaptation to each transform separately. These results are consistent with previous work involving purely visual change, and suggest that the two kinds of adaptation involve independent processes for locus-specific and relational analysis.
Microstructure of ZrO2–CeO2 hetero-multi-layer films grown on YSZ substrate

Multi-layer films of pure ZrO{sub 2} and CeO{sub 2} were grown using oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates. The microstructure of the film was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) elemental mapping, selected area electron diffraction, and dynamical electron diffraction calculations. The deposited pure CeO{sub 2} layers exist in the cubic fluorite structure, and the ZrO{sub 2} layers show a good epitaxial orientation with respect to the CeO{sub 2} layers. However, distinctive forbidden diffraction spots of (odd, odd, even) type were observed on the selected area electron diffraction patterns of the film. Dark-field imaging clearly reveals that these forbidden diffraction spots were contributed solely by the ZrO{sub 2} layers. Dynamical electron diffraction calculation based on the tetragonal phase of unity tetragonality (space group P4{sub 2}/nmc) with oxygen displaced along the c-axis does not match with the experimental pattern. Instead, a diffraction pattern calculated based on a cubic structure (space group P{bar 4}3m) for which the oxygen sub-lattice was displaced along the matches with the experimental data. It is further suggested that the displacement of the oxygen from the idealmore » (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) position was introduced during the film growth process.« less
Chromoscopy of intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus.

The aim of the Expert Approach section is to contribute to the dissemination and standardization of new endoscopic procedures. Authors from three distinct geographic areas combine forces, sharing their experience to form a consensus of opinion. Readers' comments are welcome and will be published in the Mailbox which appears at the end of each Expert Approach article.
Dependence of apparent diffusion coefficients on axonal spacing, membrane permeability, and diffusion time in spinal cord white matter.

We used a numerical simulation of water self-diffusion among permeable cylinders to predict the dependence of MR-based apparent diffusion coefficients in white matter on axonal separation, barrier permeability, and diffusion time (T). The transverse apparent diffusion coefficient (tADC), calculated with simulated diffusion-sensitizing gradients perpendicular to the axon fibers, remains a function of T down to diffusion times as short as .1 μsec for a range of diffusion barrier permeability. As the diffusion time lengthens, the response of tADC depends on axon diameter, with decreases in tADC occurring earliest, and most dramatically, for the smallest fiber diameter simulated (2 μm). For a given axonal separation, asymptotic values of ADC are determined by permeability alone and are the same for 2-μm and 11-μm fibers of equal membrane permeability. The effect of increased relative intracellular volume is manifested primarily in a decrease in tADC at short T. Increases in interaxonal spacing increase the tADC at asymptotically long diffusion times and reduce the dependence on permeability. However, at the widest plausible axonal separations, permeability remains an important determinant of tADC. These simulations may enhance interpretation of measured tADC in the context of the underlying physiologic and structural changes at the cellular level that accompany white-matter disease.
Assessment of need and method of delivery for information security awareness program

This paper looks at the assessment for quantity of information security awareness programs needed at Kentucky State University as a first step, and then the model is generated for a larger population. The model used is based on various levels of education and a randomly selected sample space. The model is also based on two assessments: the first focuses on information security in general, while the second assessment covers the following topics:Data classificationSecurity job roleAwareness programsSpam and virus knowledgeSocial engineeringThe sample space was randomly selected from a population of about 49,640 in Franklin County [5] and the results were then generalized for larger populations. The results show that there is a real need for information security awareness programs for the general public. However, the research also shows a large number of instructors needed per 1000 of population to start the information security awareness public program. These primary results have been looked at in two different aspects - the first as "in-class delivery" and the second as "out-class delivery". The research points out there hold unrealistic results for in-class delivery, hence we must focus on out-class awareness programs.
Outflow reconstruction in right hepatic live donor liver transplantation

Abstract Backgound. Inconstant venous anatomy increases the risk of outflow complications in right hepatic live donor liver transplantation (RH-LDT), but no consensus has emerged guiding optimal reconstruction for venous outflow. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed surgical venous reconstruction using a flexible approach to anterior accessory veins in 48 RH-LDTs performed between April, 1998 and July, 2002. Results. Actuarial recipient graft and patient survival was 79% and 85%, respectively. Single hepatic venous anastomosis was performed in 74% of the patients. Twelve patients underwent reconstruction of 20 accessory veins, including 7 posterior segment veins and 13 anterior segment veins. Anterior vein reconstruction techniques included end-to-end anastomosis to the middle hepatic vein, interposition conduit, venoplasty, or a combination of techniques. Documented complications related to the venous anastomosis occurred in only 1 patient (2%), with no patient having a documented venous thrombosis of either the main RHV or a reconstructed accessory vein. There were no differences in outcome based on single versus multiple venous reconstruction. Anteromedial congestion was noted in 3 patients in the absence of anatomic venous anastomotic complication, but the clinical significance of this finding is unclear. Conclusions. Despite variations in segmental venous drainage and a propensity for anteromedial congestion in right hepatic grafts, RH-LDT can be performed without outflow obstruction with close attention to a wide RHV anastomosis. In addition, anterior accessory vein reconstruction can be reserved for grafts of marginal size or quality where early postoperative venous congestion may impair early graft function. Routine extended hepatectomy incorporating the MHV with the graft is unnecessary. (Surgery 2003;133:243-50.)
Interleukin-6 augments neutrophil cytotoxic potential via selective enhancement of elastase release.

Abstract Background. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) appears to be a reliable marker of disease severity in critically ill patients at risk for inflammatory organ injury such as ARDS and MOF. Debate continues, however, as to whether this pleiotropic cytokine acts principally as a proinflammatory or counterregulatory mediator. Because the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) is a central effector of inflammatory injury, defining the effects of IL-6 on mechanisms of PMN cytotoxicity may be revealing. Previous investigations of PMN release of reactive oxygen species demonstrate that IL-6 in concert with other mediators may augment cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that IL-6 alone increases PMN cytotoxic potential through selective enhancement of elastase release. Materials and methods. Isolated human PMNs were incubated with IL-6 in the physiologic range observed in critically ill patients (0.1 to 100 ng/ml) for 10 to 30 min. Selected cells were then activated with fMLP (1 μM). Elastase release was measured by specific cleavage of AAPV-pNA and compared to untreated cells and cells activated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP; 1 μM) alone. To determine if changes in elastase release might be due to IL-6 induced generation of PAF, WEB 2347 (50 μM) was preincubated with selected cells for 20 min. Surface expression of β 2 integrins was measured by flow cytometry after incubating with labeled antibodies to CD11b and CD18. Results. IL-6 alone at 100 ng/ml augmented basal elastase release by 116 ± 41% within 10 min. Doses as low as 0.1 ng/ml stimulated elastase release when the incubation time was increased to 30 min. After 30 min of incubation, IL-6 at all doses examined augmented the elastase release of fMLP-activated cells (increases of 33 to 45%). WEB 2347 preincubation did not block augmentation of elastase release by IL-6 at 10 ng/ml. IL-6 had no effect on surface expression of β 2 integrins at 10 ng/ml. Conclusions. IL-6 alone enhances both basal and fMLP-stimulated elastase release by PMNs. This proinflammatory action on PMNs may help explain the observed correlation between circulating IL-6 levels and inflammatory organ injury.
Molecular weight-conversion curves in the diffusion-controlled free radical polymerization of styrene

Abstract To calculate molecular weights of polymer formed for a wide range of conversions in radical polymerization, we derive formulae based on termination rate being related to conversion through the free volume theory and reptation theory. The curves calculated for the relationship between molecular weight and conversion fit the experimental data obtained in the bulk polymerization of styrene initiated chemically.
A formal picture description scheme as a basis for picture processing systems

A formal picture description scheme to be used as the basis for picture processing systems is presented. The scheme is applicable to a large class of pictures including, but not restricted to, those containing line-like elements. The paper first presents a general linguistic model for picture processing in which the analysis and generation of pictures are defined as the derivation and execution, respectively, of descriptions. A particular realization of the descriptive component of the model including some of its formal properties is then given; a picture class is described in terms of its underlying graph structures by a grammar generating strings in a picture description language. A series of examples illustrate the capability and limitations of the description scheme. Some applications of implemented systems to the analysis and generation of pictures are discussed.
Non-thyrotropic pituitary cells in culture convert T4 to T3.

Abstract Although intrapituitary conversion of T4 to T3 has been shown in rat pituitary homogenates, this deiodination has not been demonstrated in non-thyrotropic pituitary cells. GH3 cells, which produce growth hormone and prolactin, were used to demonstrate formation of T3 from T4 in monolayer culture. During a 1 hr incubation, the amount of T3 generated increased with increasing T4 substrate concentrations, reaching a plateau after 0.9 μM T 4 . When dithiothreitol was added to the medium, production of T3 doubled at all concentrations of T4. T3 production in the presence of 2 μM T4 increased from .23 nM after 0.5 hr incubation to .8 nM after 3 hr incubation. Deiodination by this nonthyrotropic rat pituitary tumor cell is markedly enhanced by a thiol-protective agent.
Design of SuSI – superconducting source for ions at NSCL/MSU – II. The conventional parts

An ECR ion source is being designed to initially serve as a test bench for development and later will replace the existing 6.4 GHz SC-ECRIS. This ECRIS will operate at 18 + 14.5 GHz microwave frequencies. The radial magnetic field will be produced by six superconducting hexapole coils, capable to reach 1.5 T at the aluminum plasma chamber wall (R = 50 mm). The axial trapping will be produced with six superconducting solenoids enclosed in an iron yoke. We will present the conventional parts of this ion source design: plasma chamber, injection and extraction hardware design and principles of the associated test beamline.
The New York State universal newborn hearing screening demonstration project: introduction and overview.

Objective:To determine the feasibility of universal newborn hearing screening, including intervention of identified infants, in the state of New York.Design:The New York State Department of Health issued a request for proposals that invited regional perinatal centers to apply for funding to implemen
Limit laws for Brownian motion conditioned to reach a high level

Abstract A functional limit theorem is presented for the behaviour of Brownian motion conditioned to reach a high level during a fixed time interval. The asymptotic behaviour of the conditioned path as the level tends to infinity is related to Williams' path decomposition at the maximum.
Nerve growth factor enhances sleep in rabbits.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) elicits rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) in cats. Removal of NGF receptor-positive cholinergic basal forebrain neurons inhibits REMS in rats. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of NGF on sleep and brain temperature (Tbr) in rabbits. Male rabbits were implanted with electroencephalograph (EEG) electrodes, a brain thermistor and an intraventricular (i.c.v.) guide cannula. Rabbits received human β-NGF i.c.v. (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 μg] and on a separate day, 25 μl pyrogen-free saline i.c.v. as control. EEG and Tbr were recorded for 23 h after injections. The highest two doses of NGF increased both non-REMS and REMS across the 23-h recording period. REMS was enhanced dose-dependently. Tbr was not affected by any dose of NGF. These results suggest that NGF is involved in both REMS and non-REMS regulation.
The Relational Self Contemporary Psychoanalysis Reconsiders Religion

Psychanalyse contemporaine et religion : Winnicott, William Meissner, Ana Maria Rizzuto, Stanley Leavy et l'idee de Dieu et du soi
Representation of correlation statistics functions in heterogeneous materials using layered fast spherical harmonics expansion

Statistical correlation function, including two-point function, is one of the popular methods to digitize microstructure quantitatively. This paper investigated how to represent statistical correlations using layered fast spherical harmonics expansion. A set of spherical harmonics coefficients may be used to represent the corresponding microstructures. It is applied to represent carbon nanotube composite microstructures to demonstrate how efficiently and precisely the harmonics coefficients will characterize the microstructure. This microstructure representation methodology will dramatically improve the computational efficiencies for future works in microstructure reconstruction and property prediction.
Assertion Training: Effectiveness in the Treatment of Depression.

Assigned depressed outpatients (N = 32) to either group assertion training or "traditional" group psychotherapy. The results showed that over a relatively short period of time, assertion training was more effective than traditional psychotherapy in increasing self-reported assertiveness and in alleviating depression.
The effects of wave-induced seepage on an impervious breakwater with an extended foundation base

Abstract The effects of wave-induced seepage on an impervious breakwater, resting on a submerged bed of sand, and constructed with an extended foundation base, are considered. The problem formulation and solution are developed for the general case of a sandy bed with finite thickness. Two-dimensional potential flow theory is used to obtain an exact analytical solution for the seepage pressure in the entire sand bed. By integration of the pressure distribution along the underside of the breakwater, simple expressions, in terms of tabulated functions, for the wave-induced uplift force and the overturning moment exerted on the breakwater are also obtained. The results for the force are compared with the theoretical results obtained by Liu 1 for a breakwater without a foundation base, by Durand and Monkmeyer 2 for a sea bed of infinite thickness and by Dias and Monkmeyer 3 for a breakwater reduced to its foundation.
International Business Education in the AACSB Schools

The study analyzes the responses of 411 AACSB member schools with respect to their offerings in international business. The findings of this study are that international business material is often incorporated into functional courses, and that among AACSB schools the accredited ones are not significantly different from the non-accredited ones in terms of curricula composition.
Dependence of hydrogen arcjet operation on electrode geometry

The dependence of 2 kW hydrogen arcjet performance on cathode to anode electrode spacing was evaluated at specific impulses of 900 and 1000 s. Less than 2 absolute percent change in efficiency was measured for the spacings tested which did not repeat the 14 absolute percent variation reported in earlier work with similar electrode designs. A different nozzle configuration was used to quantify the variation in hydrogen arcjet performance over an extended range of electrode spacing. Electrode gap variation resulted in less than 3 absolute percent change in efficiency. These null results suggested that electrode spacing is decoupled from hydrogen arcjet performance considerations over the ranges tested. Initial studies were conducted on hydrogen arcjet ignition. The dependence of breakdown voltage on mass flow rate and hydrogen arcjet ignition on rates of pulse repetition and pulse voltage rise were also included for comparison with previous results obtained using simulated hydrazine.