cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear ubiquitination by FBXL5 modulates Snail1 DNA binding and stability

The zinc finger transcription factor Snail1 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition, repressing epithelial markers and activating mesenchymal genes. Snail1 is an extremely labile protein degraded by the cytoplasmic ubiquitin-ligases β-TrCP1/FBXW1 and Ppa/FBXL14. Using a short hairpin RNA screening, we have identified FBXL5 as a novel Snail1 ubiquitin ligase. FBXL5 is located in the nucleus where it interacts with Snail1 promoting its polyubiquitination and affecting Snail1 protein stability and function by impairing DNA binding. Snail1 downregulation by FBXL5 is prevented by Lats2, a protein kinase that phosphorylates Snail1 precluding its nuclear export but not its polyubiquitination. Actually, although polyubiquitination by FBXL5 takes place in the nucleus, Snail1 is degraded in the cytosol. Finally, FBXL5 is highly sensitive to stress conditions and is downregulated by iron depletion and γ-irradiation, explaining Snail1 stabilization in these conditions. These results characterize a novel nuclear ubiquitin ligase controlling Snail1 protein stability and provide the molecular basis for understanding how radiotherapy upregulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition-inducer Snail1.
Preparation and reactivity of lead zirconate-titanate solid solutions produced by precipitation from aqueous solutions

Abstract A process for preparation of PZT by precipitation from butoxide precursors is described. The reactivity of the powders during low temperature firing (calcining) has been determined using weight loss, x-ray diffraction, and DTA-TGA techniques.
Afterlife Beliefs and Death Anxiety: An Exploration of the Relationship between Afterlife Expectations and Fear of Death in an Undergraduate Population:

Psychologists and theologians have proposed that belief in afterlife (BA) buffers death anxiety (DA) by providing hope. This view is limited because it assumes the expected afterlife is rewarding. ...
Use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products

Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni are the 2 major foodborne pathogens transmitted through poultry products. Chickens are the reservoir hosts of these pathogens, with their intestinal colonization being the most significant factor causing contamination of meat and eggs. Effective preslaughter strategies for reducing the colonization of birds with these pathogens are critical to improve the microbiological safety of poultry products. An antimicrobial treatment that can be applied through feed represents the most practical and economically viable method for adoption on farms. Additionally, a natural and safe antimicrobial will be better accepted by producers without concerns for toxicity. This symposium talk discussed the potential use of plant-derived, GRAS (generally recognized as safe)-status molecules, caprylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol as feed supplements for reducing cecal populations of Salmonella Enteritidis and C. jejuni in chickens. Additionally, the effect of plant molecules on Salmonella virulence genes critical for cecal colonization in chickens was also discussed.
Study of the Serum Lipids in Sclerema Neonatorum

ConclusionsAnalyses of the subcutaneous tissues in a 3 1/2-month-old, breast-fed female infant with sclerema neonatorum revealed the usual histologic and chemical alterations: chronic inflammatory reaction and presence of excess saturated fat. When the condition was improved repeat analyses revealed normal adipose tissue. During the course of the disease studies of the blood lipids were made. Early in the disease an increase in all the fractions of the blood lipids as well as a decrease in the iodine number, especially of the neutral fat, was found. When all signs of the disease had disappeared the blood lipids were normal. The lipemia is briefly discussed in the light of the alterations of the fat tissues, and it is suggested that a disturbance in fat deposition or in fat transport from the pathologic areas may be present in this disease. The clinical observation gives support to the idea that this tissue was meta-bolically altered.
Delivery systems of intensity-modulated radiotherapy using conventional multileaf collimators.

Abstract Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using conventional multileaf collimators (MLCs) has gained much attention in the radiation therapy community. To implement IMRT safely and efficiently, it is essential to understand the characteristics of MLCs, the associated delivery systems, and the limitations of each system when applied to IMRT. In this article, 3 major manufactured MLC collimators are reviewed, including the general descriptions such as the location of the MLC, whether or not it is single focused or double focused, the physical characteristics of leaves, the leaf movement restrictions, and the maximum achievable field size for IMRT delivery. MLC-based static and dynamic mechanisms are reviewed, and the delivery systems for these 3 collimators are described. Machine-related and patient plan-related quality assurance issues are discussed. Our conclusions are that MLC-based IMRT delivery is practical; however, extensive efforts are needed when IMRT is implemented in clinics. .
Prognostic Biomarker Study in Pathologically Staged N1 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Purpose: The prognostic influence of 6 biomarkers correlated to histologic subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on loco-regional control, overall survival, disease-free survival (DFS), and distant disease control (DDC) rates, all measured at 5 years, were examined. Materials & Methods: Cell blocks from the primary tumors of 137 patients with pathologically staged N1 NSCLC at MDACC were analyzed by 6-biomarker status correlated to histological subtypes and their outcomes. Results: The ranges of biomarker values were as follows: apoptotic index, 0.2–2.8%; mitotic index, 0–1.8%; the proportion of cells in S+G2M, 3–36%; p53 status, 0–100%; Ki-67, 0–9.3%; DNA index, 1.0–2.74. Subtypes of 137 cases from the postoperative pathology specimen showed that 74 patients had squamous carcinoma and 63 patients had adenocarcinoma. Mean and median lengths of follow-up were 4.21 years and 2.43 years, respectively. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) had a better 5-year survival (p = 0.006), DFS (pp = 0.002) than patients with adenocarcinoma (AC). Among patients with AC, the DNA index was a significant predictor of 5-year DFS (p = 0.02), DDC rate (p = 0.04), and local-regional control (p Conclusion: Spontaneous apoptotic index and Ki-67 were significantly higher in SC than in AC. Patients with SC had less distant metastasis better DFS and overall survival than those with AC. Multivariate analysis revealed that DNA index and Ki-67 status were significant predictors for DDC and DFS in patients with AC, but only mitotic index was a significant predictor of overall survival for patients with SCC.
Encapsulation of streptococci isolated from bovine milk.

Summary Capsule expression was assessed by India ink staining in 95 streptococcal and enterococcal isolates representing 8 species. Organisms were evaluated after primary culture on blood agar and after storage in 10 % skim milk at −80 °C. Seventeen of 95 primary culture samples were positive for an unstained halo (capsule) by India ink. Only 3 isolates were positive for capsule after being maintained for an extended period of time. To confirm results of India ink tests, an unencapsulated and encapsulated strain of each species was observed by electron microscopy. Cells of encapsulated strains were surrounded by thread-like fibers indicative of capsule, whereas cells of unencapsulated strains had a smooth surface. The importance of capsule in the pathogenesis of streptococcal mastitis is unknown. Studies on capsule expression by streptococci may facilitate investigations on the pathogenesis of streptococcal mastitis.
Applications Of Millimeter Wave Imaging

Millimeter waves have the advantage of greater resolution over longer wavelength microwaves, for a given antenna size, while still penetrating clouds and fog to provide near all-weather operation compared to high resolution infrared and optical sensors which are blinded except in clear weather. Millimeter-wave imaging, from aircraft and spacecraft, has been used to provide information on soil moisture, type and porosity; to locate field and vegetation boundaries and snow cover; to define intense fire areas through smoke; to infer the thickness and water content of clouds; to map the location and distribution of weather fronts, convection zones, severe storms, and precipitation; to detect and quantify marine oil spills; to map ocean thermal fronts and measure marine wind speed; to delineate the ice-ocean edge; to locate icebergs, polynas, and leads; to enable optimum transport through the ice pack; to identify and map sea ice type, age, and concentration; and to detect ships, aircraft, and man-made features through adverse weather for various surveillance and targeting applications. The emission, absorption, and transmission of atmospheric constituents and their effects on the choice of observational frequency, along with the general radiative properties of terrain and ocean surfaces, are briefly discussed. Major emphasis is placed on the application of millimeter-wave imaging to the all-weather location and measurement of sea ice properties.
Induction of rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) gene expression by triamcinolone acetonide: impact on minoxidil-mediated hypotension.

The hypotensive agent minoxidil (6-imino-1, 2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine) depends upon aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1)-catalyzed sulfation for its bioactivation. Previous reports suggest that glucocorticoids induce class-specific SULT1 and isoform-specific SULT1A1 gene expression in rat liver. In the present study, rats were treated with the glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 5 mg/kg/day i.p. x 3 days) or its vehicle, 2% Tween-20, prior to minoxidil, and subsequent effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and hepatic SULT1 gene expression were characterized. Minoxidil treatment (1.5 mg/kg) resulted in a steady decline in MAP values of 16.3 to 18.6% relative to basal control levels at 35 to 60 min following minoxidil injection. Pentachlorophenol (PCP, 40 micromol/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of SULT1 enzyme activity, effectively ablated the hypotensive effects of minoxidil. By contrast, pretreatment with TA significantly enhanced minoxidil-induced hypotension. Relative to vehicle-treated controls, TA-treated rats displayed a steeper rate of decline in MAP and more profound levels of hypotension with decreases in MAP following minoxidil administration of 27.8%. TA also produced significant increases in hepatic SULT1 mRNA expression (of 271%) and SULT1A1 immunoreactive protein levels (of 273%), relative to vehicle-treated controls. These results provide physiological evidence to support the biological relevance of SULT1A1 induction by glucocorticoids. The data indicate that steroid treatment induces SULT1A1 gene expression and, as a consequence, accentuates the hypotensive effects of minoxidil.
Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease

Muscle atrophy frequently complicates the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with excess morbidity and mortality. In this Review, the authors describe how CKD stimulates catabolic pathways that interfere with cellular protein metabolism and discuss how knowledge of these pathways might enable the development of therapies to block muscle wasting in catabolic conditions.
Processing plant samples with a compost mill to hasten drying and reduce bulk

Introduction Agricultural Research Service botanists have supplied more than 17,000 plant samples for anti-tumor screening by the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center of the National Cancer Institute. Annual procurement has ranged up to 2,200 1to 2-lb samples for initial screening, and up to 200 large samples of biologically active plant materials for chemical fractionation to isolate, characterize, and evaluate anti-tumor constituents. During the early years of this program, field projects were concentrated largely in the United States and Mexico. More recently, procurement increasingly has been concentrated abroad. As procurement turned overseas, the expense of shipping bulky collections has become a much more significant item in project costs. While domestic shipping costs (either via surface or air freight) are based on weight of the material shipped, shipping costs from foreign ports are based on volume and can range up to $2.50 per cu ft. The latter require expensive crating, the cost of which is also based on volume. As our attention turned to overseas procurement, it became evident that equipment to chop bulky plant material would be highly desirable, because chopping would greatly reduce volume and permit more efficient packing. Such equipment should be driven by its own source of power, preferably a gasoline engine. It should be durable, compact, fairly light in weight, and highly portable for day to day use in the field. It should chop most plant materials into small pieces so that the broad range of samples to be collected would occupy a minimum of space. A compost mill2 filled these requirements completely.
Defensive COBOL strategies

This paper will focus on an approach to teaching a stylistic subset of COBOL in such a manner that students are equipped with the “safe” way to program from the outset, even if this means “hiding” some of the more “dangerous” features of the language from them until they can better cope with them. This approach places the highest priority on teaching techniques which go beyond effectiveness to the broader objectives of adaptability and continued effectiveness in the face of change.
Sleep-wake disturbances and quality of life in patients with advanced lung cancer.

Purpose/objectives To examine the scope and severity of subjective sleep-wake disturbances in patients with lung cancer and compare them to a group of healthy adults who were similar in age, gender, and race, and to examine the impact of sleep-wake disturbances on measures of health-related quality of life (QOL). Design Descriptive, comparative. Setting University-based and private urban ambulatory care clinics. Sample 43 patients with advanced non-small cell or small cell lung cancer and 36 healthy adults. All participants were cognitively intact, and none had any known neurologic disorder, polysomnographically diagnosed sleep disorder, mood or anxiety disorders, or cerebral metastasis. Methods Questionnaires, interview, and medical record review. Main research variables Nocturnal sleep (quality, quantity, and disturbance), daytime sleepiness, and health-related QOL (physical, mental). Findings Patients with lung cancer had poor perceived nocturnal sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness that differed significantly from the comparison group. Sleep disturbances in the group with lung cancer were characterized by breathing difficulty, cough, nocturia, and frequent awakenings. Sleep-wake disturbances were significantly associated with poorer health-related QOL after controlling for group. Excessive daytime sleepiness was associated most often with decreases in mental health, whereas poor nocturnal sleep was associated most often with decreases in physical health. Conclusions Findings suggest that sleep-wake disturbances are common in patients with lung cancer and that the disturbances are significantly associated with health-related QOL. Patients with lung cancer may be at risk for sleep-disordered breathing. Implications for nursing The magnitude of nocturnal sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness identified in this study reinforces the importance of ongoing screening and effective intervention for sleep-wake disturbances in patients with lung cancer.
Explaining the Vote in Judicial Elections: the 1984 Ohio Supreme Court Elections

rT ^HE MERITS of alternative systems for selection of state judges have been the subject of debate throughout American history (Dubois 1980: ch. 1). That debate continues today, focusing on the choice between the traditional systems of election and gubernatorial appointment and the twentieth-century innovation of the Missouri Plan, under which the governor appoints judges from a list of commission nominees. In recent years, the debate over state selection systems increasingly has been informed by empirical research about the operation and consequences of these systems, with the greatest attention given to judicial elections. A number of studies have examined patterns of outcomes in states that elect judges (Dubois 1980, 1984; Barber 1984; Hannah 1978), and several have used survey research to probe the information that voters seek and use to make their decisions (ohnson, Schaefer, and McKnight 1978; Lovrich and Sheldon 1983, 1985; Sheldon and Lovrich 1983). But there is still little survey evidence about the factors that influence voters' choices in judicial elections (but see Ladinsky and Silver 1967).' This limitation is unfortunate, because survey evidence on voters' choices is the most direct means to learn about the bases for those choices. This
The coefficient of static friction of Monel K-500 on phosphor bronze☆

Abstract During laboratory tests designed to measure the torque required to actuate the emergency forebody release device of the research submersible Alvin, the coefficient of static friction was determined for the contacting metals, Monel K-500 and phosphor bronze A. Three conditions were investigated: surfaces clean and dry, surfaces immersed in seawater, and surfaces greased. Coefficient values fell in the range 0.12–0.24.
A continuous variable Bayesian networks model for water quality modeling

We present a continuous variable Bayesian networks modeling framework that integrates the graphical representation of a Bayesian networks model with empirical model-developing approach. Our model retains the Bayesian networks model's graphical representation of hypothesized causal connections among important variables and employs conventional statistical modeling approaches for establishing functional relationships among these variables. The modeling framework avoids discretizing continuous variables and the resulting models can be updated over time when new data are available or updated using local data to develop a site-specific model. We illustrate the modeling approach using a data for establishing nutrient criteria in streams and rivers in Ohio, U.S.A. A continuous variable Bayesian Networks (cBN) model is developed to avoid discretization.The cBN model is a framework for combining graphical and empirical modeling approaches.A Bayesian updating process is used for localizing a model based on regional data.The modeling process is applied to the data from Ohio small rivers and streams for deriving nutrient criteria.
Mesoionic compounds VIII. Synthesis of 3‐phenylsydnonyl substituted alkenes. Some new photochromic sydnones

The reactions of 3-phenylsydnonyllithium with a variety of ketones to afford tertiary carbinols 4a-4i and their subsequent dehydration to 4-(3-phenylsydnonyl) alkenes 5a-5i are discussed. Among the alkenes, 2-[4-(3-phenylsydnonyl)]propene (5b) and 1-[4-(3-phenylsydnonyl)]-1-cyclohexene (5i) were photochromic. A Wittig reaction between ethyl-4-(3-phenylsydnonyl)-ketone and methylenetriphenylphosphorane afforded the photochromic 2-[4-(3-phenylsydnon-yl)]-1-butene(5j).
An outcomes analysis of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: The futility rationale for do not resuscitate orders

Abstract Purpose: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a frequently performed medical intervention in hospitalized patients who die. Despite the widespread use of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders during the last decade, the outcome following CPR appears not to have improved. The key to an improved outcome may be better patient selection. The objective of this study was to determine the hospital survival rate following CPR in the era of DNR orders, and to identify risk factors predictive of hospital survival at a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the code sheets and patient charts of all patients who underwent CPR during a 4-year period from January 1991 to January 1995. Three-hundred-and-eight patients were identified. Results: CPR was successful in 99 (32%) patients, with 41 (13%) patients surviving to hospital discharge. All the patients who survived were otherwise "healthy" with reversible conditions, who experienced a sudden and unexpected arrhythmic event. No pre-arrest risk factors could clearly distinguish the hospital survivors from the nonsurvivors. The length of the code was 9.4 ± 4 minutes in the hospital survivors compared with 26.6 ± 19.1 minutes in the nonsurvivors. Patients whose initial rhythm was either ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation had a better survival rate than patients with other rhythms. Conclusion: DNR protocols do not prevent CPR being performed on patients who are unlikely to survive to hospital discharge. CPR should only be offered to patients who are likely to derive benefit from this intervention.
Adolescent development influences functional responsiveness of noradrenergic projections to the hypothalamus in male rats

Hypothalamic noradrenergic utilization in vivo and the in vitro depolarized release of norepinephrine (NE) were measured at 28, 42, and 70 days of age in male rats to determine the impact of adolescent development on the functional responsiveness of this transmitter system. At each age, function was determined in control rats and rats challenged by restraint. NE utilization in vivo was estimated by measuring the decrease in NE levels following administration of a synthesis inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (α-MT, 250 mg/kg). The half-life of approach to a new steady-state was determined. To measure depolarized release of NE, the hypothalamus was incubated in vitro in a high potassium (50 mM) medium and the percent of endogenous NE released into the medium was determined. The in vivo results indicated that hypothalamic NE utilization in control animals decreases as animals mature. Additionally, the in vitro results indicated that the percent NE released upon depolarization also decreased with maturation in control animals. Restraint shifted the NE decay curve measured in vivo to the right at all ages. Overall, however, restraint tended to increase NE utilization at 70 days, have little effect at 42 days, and retard utilization at 28 days. Furthermore, restraint markedly reduced the depolarized release of NE at 28 days, had no effect at 42 days and slightly, but significantly, increased release at 70 days. Restraint significantly increased plasma corticosterone at all ages. Hypothalamic NE projections are important to an organism's regulatory responses, and changes that take place over adolescence in this system may be important for the emergence of adult-typical responses as well as render adolescents vulnerable to specific dysfunctions.
Effect of surface-influenced order on thermal expansivity of polymer thin films

Variations of the thermal expansion coefficient of thin polyimide films as a function of film thickness (40−260 nm) have been measured by monitoring film thickness as a function of temperature usin...
Crystallization during polymerization of selenium from the vapour phase

Abstract The kinetics of crystal growth of trigonal selenium from the vapour phase has been studied between 440.5 and 473.0K at vapour pressures ranging from 34.4 to 293 Pa. The crystal growth was found to be dependent upon the supercooling to the 2.5 power, in contrast to melt crystallization which has an exponential supercooling dependence. From the vapour pressure—growth rate correlation there is evidence that the active species in crystallization is Se 2 . Crystallization of Se from the gas phase is an example of crystallization during polymerization.
The Effect of Congestive Heart Failure on Blood Volume as Determined by Radiochromium-Tagged Red Cells

Total blood volume, red cell mass and plasma volume have been determined with radiochromium in subjects with congestive heart failure, before and after treatment. All functions were significantly increased during the congestive state and all decreased as compensation was achieved. The magnitude of the hypervolemia and the changes incident to treatment were apparently related to alterations in heart size. Selective expansion of the plasma volume was not encountered.
3-D global/local analysis of composite hip prostheses – a model for multiscale structural analysis

The need for contextual multiscale analysis in the design of hip prostheses made from composite materials is queried using the 3-D global/3-D local (3-D GL) method. Continuum level solutions at the global structural scale as well as local microstructural level solutions were obtained and compared for an in situ composite hip prosthesis. The comparison yields a set of guidelines for the design of hip prostheses made from laminated fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. As a first step, global continuum level solutions need to be obtained but only after accounting for the nonlinearity of the structure. Secondly, a local microstructural analysis at the ply level is required if issues of relative prosthesis strength are to be examined. While a linear solution may initially be obtained for comparative purposes, accuracy demands that a nonlinear solution be obtained at the local level as well.
Analogies between scaling in turbulence, field theory, and critical phenomena

We discuss two distinct analogies between turbulence and field theory. In one analog, the field theory has an infrared attractive renormalization-group fixed point and corresponds to critical phenomena. In the other analog, the field theory has an ultraviolet attractive fixed point, as in quantum chromodynamics.
Biosynthesis and structure of glycosyl diglycerides, steryl glucosides, and acylated steryl glucosides.

A particulate enzyme fraction fromMycobacterium smegmatis catalyzed the transfer of14C-glucose from UDP-14C-glucose into neutral glycolipids. The two major radioactive components were purified by column chromatography on 0-diethylamino ethyl cellulose (acetate) and thin layer chromatography on silica gel in several solvents. The first product yielded a water-soluble component upon saponification, which had a hexoseglycerol ratio of 1∶1 with all of the hexose being identified as glucose. The second product yielded a water-soluble component upon saponification which contained hexose and glycerol in a 2∶1 ratio and, in addition to glucose, contained lesser amounts of mannose and galactose. Palmitate and oleate were the predominant fatty acids and were present in equimolar amounts. The products thus have been identified as monoglycosyldiglyceride and diglycosyldiglyceride. The diglycosyldiglyceride could also be labeled with14C-galactose when UDP-14C-galactose served as the donor, but the monoglycosyldiglyceride was only slightly labeled with14C-galactose. Membrane fractions from mung bean seedlings catalyzed the transfer of14C-glucose from UDP-14C-glucose into a neutral glycolipid which has been purified by thin layer chromatography and analyzed by combined gas liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. It was determined to be a steryl glucoside with the two major sterol components being β-sitosterol and stigmasterol linked to β-D-glucose. Particulate fractions from developing cotton fibers also catalyzed the formation of steryl glucosides and, in addition, they catalyzed the esterification of steryl glucosides at the 6 position of glucose with fatty acids (primarily palmitate and oleate) from an endogenous acyl donor. Both the glucosyl transferase and the acyltransferase have been solubilized with Triton X-100 and partially purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The acyltransferase activity was reconstituted by the addition of the steryl glucoside and a phospholipid acyl donor.
How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal

It has been suggested that reappraisal strategies are more effective than suppression strategies for regulating emotions. Recently, proponents of the acceptance-based behavior therapy movement have further emphasized the importance of acceptance-based emotion regulation techniques. In order to directly compare these different emotion regulation strategies, 202 volunteers were asked to give an impromptu speech in front of a video camera. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The Reappraisal group was instructed to regulate their anxious arousal by reappraising the situation; the Suppression group was asked to suppress their anxious behaviors; and the Acceptance group was instructed to accept their anxiety. As expected, the Suppression group showed a greater increase in heart rate from baseline than the Reappraisal and Acceptance groups. Moreover, the Suppression group reported more anxiety than the Reappraisal group. However, the Acceptance and Suppression groups did not differ in their subjective anxiety response. These results suggest that both reappraising and accepting anxiety is more effective for moderating the physiological arousal than suppressing anxiety. However, reappraising is more effective for moderating the subjective feeling of anxiety than attempts to suppress or accept it.
Epilepsy, psychosis and schizophrenia

A connection between epilepsy, especially temporal lobe (psychomotor, limbic) epilepsy (TLE) and schizophrenia has been proposed by a number of investigators. The evidence both supporting and challenging this widespread idea is reviewed, and several hypotheses are considered that may account for the higher incidence of this form of epilepsy and of schizophrenic psychoses after adolescence.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein involved in plasmid maintenance is necessary for mating of MATα cells

Abstract We previously reported the isolation of yeast mutants that seem to affect the function of certain autonomously replicating sequences ( ARS s). These mutants are known as mcm for their defect in the maintenance of minichromosomes. We have now characterized in more detail one ARS -specific mutation, mcm 1-1. This Mcm1 mutant has a second phenotype; MATα mcm 1-1 strains are sterile. MCM 1 is non-allelic to other known α-specific sterile mutations and, unlike most genes required for mating, it is essential for growth. The α-specific sterile phenotype of the mcm 1-1 mutant is manifested by its failure to produce a normal amount of the mating pheromone, α-factor. In addition, transcripts of the MF α1 and STE 3 genes, which encode the α-factor precursor and the a -factor receptor, respectively, are greatly reduced in this mutant. These and other properties of the mcm 1-1 mutant suggest that the MCM 1 protein may act as a transcriptional activator of α-specific genes. We have cloned, mapped and sequenced the wild-type and mutant alleles of MCM 1, which is located on the right arm of chromosome XIII near LYS 7. The MCM 1 gene product is a protein of 286 amino acid residues and contains an unusual region in which 19 out of 20 residues are either aspartic or glutamic acid, followed by a series of glutamine tracts. MCM 1 has striking homology to ARG 80, a regulatory gene of the arginine metabolic pathway located about 700 base-pairs upstream from MCM 1. A substitution of leucine for proline at amino acid position 97, immediately preceding the polyanionic region, was shown to be responsible for both the α-specific sterile and minichromosome-maintenance defective phenotypes of the mcm 1-1 mutant.
Toxicity of Tall Fescue Forage: A Review

Tall fescue is grown in many parts of the United States as a forage crop and as a general purpose turf grass for airfields, highway berms, home lawns and athletic fields. It is a valuable forage grass, particularly in the southern and western areas of the countrv. Millions of acres of fescue are planted in the Southeast alone. Its popularity rests on its desirable agronomic features: it does well on poor soil, produces a dense turf which withstands grazing anid remains greer throughout much of the winter. Cattle grazing on fescue pasture are soimietimes affected with "fescue foot," a noninfectious disease of cattle characterized by lameness of the hind quarters and by a predisposition to dry gangrene of the extremities. The ineidence of fescue foot varies widely. In many cases, no syimptoms develop when cattle are on fescue pasture. In other cases, the outbreak may affect only a few of the cattle (31), or it imiay affect up to 78% of the herd (12). Although the symnptoms are similar to ergot poisoning, ergot is not involved in fescue foot. The exact cause of the disease is not known.
Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure elicits presynaptic serotonergic and dopaminergic hyperactivity at adolescence: critical periods for regional and sex-selective effects

Fetal or neonatal chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure affects serotonin (5HT) synaptic function and related behaviors in adulthood. We examined the critical period and dose threshold for effects on 5HT and assessed their emergence in adolescence. Pregnant rats were given CPF (1 or 5mg/kg/day) from gestational days (GD)17-20 or GD9-12 and 5HT levels and turnover were evaluated on postnatal day 30; the lower dose lies below the threshold for inhibition of fetal brain cholinesterase. GD17-20 exposure increased 5HT turnover in brain regions containing either 5HT projections or cell bodies, with a preferential effect in males. Shifting the exposure to GD9-12 also augmented 5HT activity but only in the cerebral cortex and without sex preference. Similar, but lesser effects were seen for dopamine turnover in the same regions. These results indicate that, in a critical developmental period, apparently subtoxic exposures to CPF produce long-term activation of 5HT systems.
Cultures of the plant-parasitic nematode genus Pratylenchus on sterile excised roots. II. A trap for collection of axenic nematodes and quantitative initiation of experiments.

Abstract Plant parasitic nematodes ( Pratylenchus penetrans ) that emerge from infectiondamaged corn roots at room temperature are allowed to sink into refrigerated storage traps. Subsequently they are pumped out, treated 1 hour with 0.2 mg/ml aqueous mercurochrome, and suspended in sterile water. A single suspension has been used for the infection of subcultures that number into hundreds. The traps are constructed of ground-joint glassware, sterilizable plastics (polyvinyl chloride and Teflon), and hypodermic needles plus their tubing adapters. Sterile techniques within a glove box are used to remove roots from agar-flask cultures and to place them in the trap units. Quantitative studies have included the buildup of an infection in excised roots, abandonment of heavily damaged roots by the parasites, and laboratory toxicologic experiments. Nematocidal activities of chemicals can now be compared with the standard of reference, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane by determinations of the numbers of a major plant pathogen ( P. penetrans ) that develop in control and in treated excised roots during 3 months' incubation in closed 2-oz screw-cap bottles.
Effect of pH and postmortem aging on protein extraction from broiler breast muscle

This study determined the effects of ex- traction buffer pH and postmortem aging on the ex- traction of salt-soluble and water-soluble proteins from broiler pectoralis muscle. Deboned broiler breast fillets were collected at 4 h postmortem, packaged, and then stored at 4°C until 1, 5, or 8 d postmortem. After the designated aging period, salt-soluble and water-soluble protein extractions were performed using buffers at 7 different pH levels (pH 5.4, 6.4, 6.9, 7.2, 7.5, 8.0, 9.0). Protein concentrations of the extracts were measured and SDS-PAGE analysis was performed. Salt-soluble protein concentration increased (P < 0.0001) as buffer pH increased from pH 5.4 to 6.9 and then remained unchanged from pH 6.9 to 9.0. Water-soluble protein concentration increased (P < 0.0001) as buffer pH increased from pH 5.4 to 7.2 and then remained un- changed from pH 7.2 to 9.0. There was not a significant extraction buffer pH by aging treatment interaction for the total protein concentration of either the salt-soluble or water-soluble protein extracts. The protein concen- trations of salt-soluble extracts were similar at both 1 and 8 d postmortem but lower (P < 0.0001) at 5 d postmortem. The protein concentrations of water-solu- ble extracts were similar at both 1 and 5 d postmortem, but higher (P < 0.0001) at 8 d. Both extraction buffer pH and postmortem aging influenced the SDS-PAGE protein profiles of salt-soluble and water-soluble pro- tein extracts from breast muscles. Data demonstrate that postmortem aging and extraction buffer pH in- fluence both the total amount and the composition of the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins that can be extracted from broiler breast fillets.
Estrogen induces accumulation of the mitochondrial ribonucleic acid for subunit II of cytochrome oxidase in pituitary tumor cells.

The gene for subunit II of cytochrome oxidase is part of the mitochondrial genome. 17 β-Estradiol, 1 nm, increased the levels of cytochrome oxidase II mRNA in the GH4C1 pituitary tumor cell line; the increases ranged from 3- to 16-fold over controls indifferent experiments. Insulin, 300 nm, estradiol, 1 nm, and epidermal growth factor, 10 nm, together causeda larger increase in cytochrome oxidase II mRNA accumulation than did estradiol alone. The dose-response relationship for the induction of cytochrome oxidase II mRNA by estradiol was similar to that for PRL mRNA; maximal induction occurred at about 10−9m. This concentration is 10-fold greater than that required for maximal stimulation of cell proliferation and of 1C28, another estrogen-inducible mRNA, indicating that the increase in cytochrome oxidase II mRNA is not a result of increasing the growth rate of the cells. The increase in cytochrome oxidase II mRNA was not caused by an increase in the number of copies of the cytochrome oxidase II gene. Estr...
Input and experience in bilingual development

As part of the Trends in Language Acquisition Research series, this thirteenth volume focuses on childhood bilingualism within different sociocultural contexts in which children acquire two or more...
Steroid therapy and vascular lesions in rheumatoid arthritis

The clinical manifestations and pathology of diffuse vascular lesions, occurring in three patients with rheumatoid arthritis, are described. The possible significance of such lesions including their apparent relationship to corticosteroid therapy is discussed in detail. Es describite le manifestationes clinic e le pathologia de diffuse lesiones vascular, occurrente in tres patientes con arthritis rheumatoide. Es discutite in detalio le signification possibile de tal lesiones, incluse lor apparente relation con therapia corticosteroide.
Offshore: The Petroleum Industry in The People's Republic of China 1969-1978

Before the Communist regime came to power in the autumn months of 1949, it was generally believed that China's petroleum resources were very limited, perhaps nothing more than a few isolated deposits of shale oil. However, the remarkable achievements of the Chinese people in the oil industry over the years have done much to alter this belief. From a meager 121,000 metric tons in 1949 (1), China's output of crude oil soared to an impressive 90 million metric tons in 1976. (2) Although the annual rate of increase has declined somewhat since 1974, these statistics represent an annual average rate of increase in crude output in excess of 20 percent up to 1974. (3) At present, the People's Republic of China ranks fifth in the world as a producer of primary energy, behind only the United States, the Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. (4)
Image processing by self-generated spatial and spectral masks

Abstract Parallel, analog image processing techniques are described which enable images to be decomposed into subimages that contain objects that are spatially and spectrally equivalent. The decomposition is achieved by generating binary aperture masks directly from the image, with the aid of predetermined signature functions. The versatility of this approach is experimentally demonstrated for some simple scenes. The technique holds promise for on-board, computer-controlled processing of remotely obtained images.
An experimental technique to detect tool–workpiece contact in micromilling

Abstract There is a need for simple, accurate, and low-cost techniques to detect tool–workpiece contact (or tool touch-off) in micromilling operations. This paper presents a method that is based on monitoring changes in the power spectral characteristics of the spindle vibration signal. The accuracy of this contact detection method is evaluated under different conditions by measuring the overshoot of the tool into the workpiece surface. Specifically, the effects of tool geometry, workpiece surface roughness and hardness, tool wear, step size, and contact detection threshold on the overshoot are analyzed through experiments carried out on a 3-axis micromilling machine. The results show that the method is capable of sub-micron contact detection accuracy depending on the workpiece hardness, roughness, and contact detection threshold.
Generation of artificial earthquakes via the wavelet transform

Abstract A wavelet-based procedure is presented to generate an accelerogram whose response spectrum is compatible with a target spectrum. The acceleration time history of a recorded ground motion is decomposed into a number of component time histories. Next, each of the time histories is appropriately scaled so that its response spectrum matches a specified design spectrum at selected periods. The modified components are used to reconstruct an updated accelerogram, its spectrum is compared with the target spectrum and the process is repeated until a reasonable match is obtained. To achieve this goal, a new wavelet, based on the impulse response function of an underdamped oscillator is proposed. The proposed procedure is illustrated by modifying five recorded accelerograms with different characteristics so that their spectra match a seismic design spectrum prescribed in the 1997 Uniform Building Code for a seismic zone 3 and soil type S B (rock).
VIBRATION-BASED DAMAGE DETECTION USING STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL

Abstract Currently, vibration-based damage detection is an area of significant research activity. This paper attempts to extend the research in this field through the application of statistical analysis procedures to the vibration-based damage detection problem. The damage detection process is cast in the context of a statistical pattern recognition paradigm. In particular, this paper focuses on applying statistical process control methods referred to as ‘control charts’ to vibration-based damage detection. First, an autoregressive (AR) model is fit to the measured acceleration–time histories from an undamaged structure. Residual errors, which quantify the difference between the prediction from the AR model and the actual measured time history at each time interval, are used as the damage-sensitive features. Next, the X-bar and S control charts are employed to monitor the mean and variance of the selected features. Control limits for the control charts are constructed based on the features obtained from the initial intact structure. The residual errors computed from the previous AR model and subsequent new data are then monitored relative to the control limits. A statistically significant number of error terms outside the control limits indicate a system transit from a healthy state to a damage state. For demonstration, this statistical process control is applied to vibration test data acquired from a concrete bridge column as the column is progressively damaged.
Dental restoration induced orofacial pain and its management

Dental procedure induced pain may develop into a chronic condition that accompanied with functional or neuropathy changes in the nerve system. In this case, severe persistent pain gradually developed after repeatedly placing a subgingival amalgam restoration in the right second molar. Hyperalgesia and allodynia were present at the affected region. A provisional diagnosis of chronic orofacial pain with peripheral and central sensitization was considered. After re-contouring, local debridement and occlusal adjustment the pain disappeared. The underlying mechanism in this case is neuronal sensitization and peripheral Aβ-fiber mechanoreceptor activation. Its diagnosis and management depend on identification and treatment of the cause for pain generation and sensitization.
A computer approach to measuring shuttle box activity and conditioned place preference.

Abstract A procedure is described for measuring locomotor activity and place preference using an Apple II+ computer. The interface consists of a single integrated circuit connected by a 16 pin jumper cable to the Apple's game I/O connector. This approach can be easily adapted to provide sequential reading of one to seven input lines from up to 16 different test boxes. The software is written in basic and doesn't require any knowledge of memory addressing or machine language programming.
Constitutive activity of the murine IL-1β promoter is regulated by a transcriptional repressor

Constitutive expression of IL-1 beta is kept under tight control in healthy tissues. So far no repressor elements down-regulating expression of the IL-1 beta gene have been described. In the current study, a deletion analysis approach was utilized to identify a region spanning -306/-292 bp upstream of the transcription start site, which appeared to down-regulate constitutive IL-1 beta promoter activity. Further deletion analysis confirmed that the -306/-292 bp element possessed repressor activity. A putative NF-kappaB binding site and an AATATT palindromic sequence were identified within the 306/-292 bp element. Notably, no binding of NF-kappaB was observed in gel shift assays, suggesting that another nuclear activity binding to the 14 bp sequence suppressed NF-kappaB binding. Further, the results of gel shift assays demonstrated that the AATATT palindromic sequence, which lies immediately downstream of the putative NF-kappaB site, may be responsible, in conjunction with the NF-kappaB site, for constitutive suppression of the IL-1 beta promoter. Thus, our results suggest that a novel repressor element may play a potentially important role in suppressing constitutive activity of the IL-1 beta promoter.
The immune system, adaptation, and machine learning

Abstract The immune system is capable of learning, memory, and pattern recognition. By employing genetic operators on a time scale fast enough to observe experimentally, the immune system is able to recognize novel shapes without preprogramming. Here we describe a dynamical model for the immune system that is based on the network hypothesis of Jerne, and is simple enough to simulate on a computer. This model has a strong similarity to an approach to learning and artificial intelligence introduced by Holland, called the classifier system. We demonstrate that simple versions of the classifier system can be cast as a nonlinear dynamical system, and explore the analogy between the immune and classifier systems in detail. Through this comparison we hope to gain insight into the way they perform specific tasks, and to suggest new approaches that might be of value in learning systems.