cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Musca domestica resistance of to common insecticides and control strategies in Xuzhou city

Objective To determine the resistance of Musca domestica to commonly used insecticides to inform proper application of chemical killing agents.Methods The median lethal dose(LD50) for M.domestica was determined by the dripping method.Results The LD50 values of beta-cypermethrin,deltamethrin,and dichlorvos for M.domestica were 0.064,0.010,and 0.037 μg/♀,respectively,and the corresponding resistance coefficients of M.domestica were 9.14,50.00 and 61.67,respectively.M.domestica showed low resistance to beta-cypermethrin and high resistance to deltamethrin and dichlorvos.Conclusion For effective control of M.domestica,comprehensive control strategies shall be employed,such as eliminating breeding places and physical management,chemical control and regular resistance monitoring,along with appropriate application of pesticides.
Estimation Model for Electrical Conductivity of CaF 2 -CaO-Al 2 O 3 Slags

Electrical conductivity is one of the most important properties of molten slags. It has an important influence on process parameter selection of the electroslag remelting process. In the present work, a new model for estimating electrical conductivity of high-temperature slags has been proposed via calculating the conductivity by electrical conductivity of pure substances and interaction parameters between the different components in the slag has been proposed. In this model, the Arrhenius law is used to describe the relationship between electrical conductivity and temperature of slags. This model has been successfully applied to the CaF2-Al2O3, CaF2-CaO, and CaO-Al2O3, as well as CaF2-CaO-Al2O3 systems, and the calculated results are in good agreement with the measured values.
Book Review, of Adam J. Macleod, Property and Practical Reason

This review is a 2,500-word review of Property and Practical Reason, by Adam J. MacLeod, (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2015). The book makes a novel contribution to scholarship on property in English-speaking jurisdictions, because it shows how property is justified under principles of flourishing and perfectionism associated with Joseph Raz and John Finnis. In many lay and scholarly impressions, property consists of a sphere of absolute dominion. In a perfectionist approach, by contrast, property consists of a sphere of dominion when dominion seems likely to empower owners to exercise their faculties to flourish, but not when dominion seems likely to restrict non-owners’ opportunities to acquire resources for their own flourishing. Property and Practical Reason makes many subtle insights about the scope and limits of property, and especially about the ways in which moral property rights get specified in common law reasoning. The review offers one significant criticism: Many basic property institutions are designed relying on broad assumptions that people’s preferences toward certain classes of resources are commensurable; the account of human flourishing on which the book relies may not be capable of specifying when such preferences should and shouldn’t be treated as commensurable.
Preparation of Chromosomes from Zea mays

High-quality preparations of chromosomes are useful for many purposes. To prepare metaphase chromosome spreads in maize, root tips are harvested and treated with nitrous oxide to stop cell division at metaphase before being fixed in acetic acid. This process allows a high number of condensed chromosome spreads to be obtained at the end of the procedure. To prepare chromosome spreads from various stages of meiosis, anthers are first fixed before being examined for developmental stage. Cells are digested with a mixture of enzymes before the chromosomes are dropped onto glass sides and fixed under UV light. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Spiral Structure in M51

We present a mosaic map of M51 in the 12CO 1→0 line made with the Owens Valley mm-interferometer. The molecular arms we see are narrow and show an offset relative to the Ha emission. They also show coincidence with the dust lanes. Several interarm emission regions have also been detected, but with very little accompanying Ha emission. We briefly discuss the evidence for density-wave triggering of star formation.
Ultrasound and photoacoustic image-guided photothermal therapy using silica-coated gold nanorods: In-vivo study

In nanoparticle mediated photothermal therapy, confirmation of nanoparticle delivery/deposition in a tumor before therapy and temperature monitoring during therapy are needed to optimize therapeutic outcomes. In this paper, we demonstrate that ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging techniques can plan and guide photothermal cancer therapy, using an in-vivo mouse model of subcutaneous cancer intravenously administrated with silica-coated gold nanorods.
Energy Intensity and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tight Oil Production in the Bakken Formation

The Bakken formation has contributed to the recent rapid increase in U.S. oil production, reaching a peak production of >1.2 × 106 barrels per day in early 2015. In this study, we estimate the energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 7271 Bakken wells drilled from 2006 to 2013. We model energy use and emissions using the Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator (OPGEE) model, supplemented with an open-source drilling and fracturing model, GHGfrack. Overall well-to-refinery-gate (WTR) consumption of natural gas, diesel, and electricity represent 1.3%, 0.2%, and 0.005% of produced crude energy content, respectively. Fugitive emissions are modeled for a “typical” Bakken well using previously published results of atmospheric measurements. Flaring is a key driver of emissions: wells that flared in 2013 had a mean flaring rate that was ≈500 standard cubic feet per barrel or ≈14% of the energy content of the produced crude oil. Resulting production-weighted mean GHG emissions in 2013 wer...
Looking at PTSD and Other Stressors from Various View Points

This editorial introduces the Special Issue on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This issue examines difference presenting problems that can lead to PSTD and reviews and critiques some of the different treatment modalities that exist.
Rank One Groups

The homology of rank one linear groups (SL2, PGL2) often can be computed via the action of the group on a suitable simplicial complex. There is the well-known tiling of the hyperbolic plane by SL2(ℤ)-translates of an ideal triangle (see, e.g. [21], p. 215) and there is the Bruhat-Tits tree associated to a field with discrete valuation. Often, the action implies something about the structure of the group such as the existence of an amalgamated free product decomposition.
A Simplified Strengthening Methodology for Minaret Structures in Turkey: Hagia Sophia Case

Considering various types of historical buildings in Turkey, mosqs are the most common ones. Mosqs have minaret structures standing along next to the main body with dome. The minaret buildings with their own architectural and structural characteristics, are representing the cultural and historical change in different periods over the centruies. Minarets from Ottomon period are the most widespread ones in Turkey. With its cultural synthesis through out the history, minarets from Ottomon period differ from the others with structural capability. Since Turkey is a earthquke prone country, it is very important to make existing historical structures stronger against to the seismic loads. Recently, historical structures have been strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. There are numerous of research studies are available related with strengthening using FRP composites. From this standing point, in this research, a simplified and practicale strengthening methodlogy is proposed. For the investigation Hagia Sophia Minaret structures has been used as a case study. In the analysis part, Hagia Sophia Minaret structures have been investigated through time history analyses before and after FRP composite strengthening. As a result of the present research work, displacements and stress values are determined for comparison of the structural behavior of minaret structures.
Conclusion: Kant the Philosopher

Abstract Kant is often characterized as a system-builder. The conclusion shows the ways in which Kant is a philosopher in the classical sense, as someone driven by questions that challenge basic epistemological and moral beliefs – even his own.
Mechanism of Action of Soluble Immune Response Suppressor (SIRS)

The mechanism of action of soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS), a product of concanavalin A - activated murine Ly 2+ T cells, which nonspecifically suppresses immune responses in vitro has been investigated. Normal macrophages (Mo) and the Mo-cell line, RAW 264.7, after exposure to SIRS, release Mo-derived suppressor factor (Mo-SF), a potent nonspecific, inhibitor of proliferation of T cells, B cells and several tumor cell lines. The effects of Mo-SF on cell division are rapid but reversible with 2-mercaptoethanol, suggesting that Mo-SF may be an oxidizing agent. Generation of Mo-SF by Mo is insensitive to inhibitors of protein and prostaglandin synthesis, but is blocked by catalase suggesting that peroxide is necessary. SIRS and Mo-SF are proteins (mol wt ~ 55,000 daltons) with similar properties; thus it is possible that peroxide produced by Mo converts SIRS to Mo-SF. Reaction of SIRS with 10−13 M H2O2 generates Mo-SF; this reaction is blocked by cyanide and catalase. Mo-SF generated by Mo and H2O2 are indistinguishable; a variety of peroxidase substrates effectively inactivate Mo-SF. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that SIRS is a peroxidase which is converted by Mo or H2O2 to Mo-SF, an oxidizing agent whose biological activity appears to be mediated by oxidation of cellular components essential for cell division.
The Spectra of Cosmic Ray Nuclei > 1 Gev/nuc — Implications for Acceleration and Propagation

The spectrum of cosmic ray nuclei in interstellar space carries with it a unique signature of the acceleration mechanism of these particles and also of the interstellar propagation process. Two classes of cosmic ray nuclei may be distinguished. One class contains elements for which the largest fraction, at earth, is accelerated in the cosmic ray source. Examples of these so called primary nuclei are H, He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe. The determination of the interstellar spectra and relative abundances of these nuclei is of principal importance. Interstellar propagation affects the relative spectra and composition of these elements in important ways but does not obscure the details of the original spectrum.
Exploring the lexical and acoustic consequences of referential predictability

Findings from various domains suggest that predictability is an important component of language processing. We report psycholinguistic research suggesting that predictability also influences referential processing, in the form of reduced acoustic durations for predictable referents. However, we do not find evidence that predictability directly influences likelihood of pronominalization, contrary to some prior claims. Instead, our data indicate that the use and interpretation of pronouns is influenced by thematic role, independently of which referent is most predictable, i.e., most likely to be mentioned next. We suggest that likelihood-of-mention is influenced by the mapping between syntactic and thematic roles. Our results highlight the benefits of exploring both lexical and acoustic aspects of referential production.
Therapeutic Targeting of Gut-Bone Signaling to Treat Osteoporosis

The microbiome plays an integral role in regulating human and animal health. Nearly all organs respond to changes in the microbiome, including the skeleton. Both microbiome dysregulation (bacterial dysbiosis as seen with inflammatory bowel disease) and deficiency (as seen in germ-free mice) have been shown to critically affect bone. Ingestion of probiotic bacteria modulates the microbiome, and an increasing number of studies indicate that several probiotic strains can prevent osteoporosis. The benefits are seen under conditions of estrogen deficiency (i.e., menopause) as well under disease conditions, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). This chapter provides an overview of studies demonstrating a role for gut-targeted probiotics as a therapeutic for maintaining bone health.
Diastolic Assessment: Application of the New ASE Guidelines

The purpose of this review is to summarize the new guidelines from the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) for the diagnosis and grading of diastolic dysfunction (DD), with commentary on the rationale behind the use of the recommended individual parameters. Previous guidelines for assessment of diastolic function have been criticized for being too complex with modest diagnostic performance and inter-observer variability. The new ASE/EACVI diastology guidelines aim to simplify the diagnosis and gradation of DD by using a limited set of echocardiographic variables. The robustness of these recommendations has been subsequently validated in several trials. Understanding the physiological principles that govern changes in echocardiographic parameters during normal and abnormal diastolic function is critical for the appropriate application of these recommendations.
Using a primordial gravitational wave background to illuminate new physics

A primordial spectrum of gravitational waves serves as a backlight to the relativistic degrees of freedom of the cosmological fluid. Any change in the particle physics content, due to a change of phase or freeze-out of a species, will leave a characteristic imprint on an otherwise featureless primordial spectrum of gravitational waves and indicate its early-Universe provenance. We show that a gravitational wave detector such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna would be sensitive to physics near 100 TeV in the presence of a sufficiently strong primordial spectrum. Such a detection could complement searches at newly proposed 100 km circumference accelerators such as the Future Circular Collider at CERN and the Super Proton-Proton Collider in China, thereby providing insight into a host of beyond standard model issues, including the hierarchy problem, dark matter, and baryogenesis.
Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Integrin Blockade in Coronary Artery Disease: Current State of the Art

Platelets have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, and ischemic complications after percutaneous coronary intervention. Fibrinogen binding via platelet surface glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors constitutes the "final pathway" in platelet aggregation leading to thrombus formation. The GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, a new class of antiplatelet agents that have emerged in recent years, show great promise in reducing complications of coronary angioplasty and acute coronary syndromes. This review will examine the biology of platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptors, the various classes of GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, the results of the latest clinical trials, and their implications in current clinical practice.
The Multivariate Theory of Connections.

This paper extends the univariate Theory of Connections, introduced in (Mortari, 2017), to the multivariate case on rectangular domains with detailed attention to the bivariate case. In particular, it generalizes the bivariate Coons surface, introduced by (Coons, 1984), by providing analytical expressions, called constrained expressions, representing all possible surfaces with assigned boundary constraints in terms of functions and arbitrary-order derivatives. In two dimensions, these expressions, which contain a freely chosen function, g ( x , y ) , satisfy all constraints no matter what the g ( x , y ) is. The boundary constraints considered in this article are Dirichlet, Neumann, and any combinations of them. Although the focus of this article is on two-dimensional spaces, the final section introduces the Multivariate Theory of Connections, validated by mathematical proof. This represents the multivariate extension of the Theory of Connections subject to arbitrary-order derivative constraints in rectangular domains. The main task of this paper is to provide an analytical procedure to obtain constrained expressions in any space that can be used to transform constrained problems into unconstrained problems. This theory is proposed mainly to better solve PDE and stochastic differential equations.
Childhood and Modernity in Cold War Mexico City

Eileen Ford’s book makes the case for studying the cultural history of childhood to understand the lived experience of modernity in Mexico’s capital in the mid-twentieth century. Setting her story ...
Corneal Neurotization: A Review of Pathophysiology and Outcomes.

PURPOSE The objective of this study is to provide a systematic review of the clinical outcomes of corneal neurotization and present the pathophysiology of corneal wound healing, neurotrophic keratopathy, and corneal neurotization. METHODS A literature review of published articles and meeting abstracts between December 2008 and February 2019 in the English language with the terms "corneal neurotization," "corneal neurotisation," "corneal reinnervation," and "neurotrophic keratopathy" was performed. Reported clinical data before and after corneal neurotization, and surgical techniques, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 54 eyes that underwent corneal neurotization were identified. Final Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity improved to 0.85 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.65) from 1.25 (SD = 0.71) with a mean improvement of 0.41 (SD = 0.55; p < 0.0001). Central corneal sensation measured using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer improved from 2.18 mm (SD = 0.4) to 40.10 mm (SD = 18.66) with a mean filament length change of 38.00 mm (SD = 18.95; p < 0.0001). The median time to the reported maximal sensation return was 8 months (interquartile range 6-10). The most common reported limitation to visual recovery was corneal scarring (31.5%). Children (ages 0-17 years) as compared with adults (ages 18-82 years) had significantly greater final central corneal sensation esthesiometry readings, central corneal sensation return, and improvement in the logMAR best-corrected visual acuity (p < 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Neurotrophic keratopathy disturbs the homeostatic balance of trophic factors and trigeminal nerve reflexes needed to support ocular surface health and corneal healing. Corneal neurotization can significantly improve corneal sensation and visual acuity and should be considered for the treatment of refractory neurotrophic keratopathy, especially in pediatric populations.
Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health

More than 1 billion children are exposed to violence every year. The devastating immediate and long-term impact of violence on the mental health of children is well established. Despite commitments made by the international community to end violence against children and support their mental health, there has been a serious lack of investment and capacity to provide quality, rights-based, culturally appropriate mental health care globally. The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic has magnified these challenges. This article outlines how the risk of children experiencing violence has increased and how the pandemic has weakened the capacity of child protection and mental health services to respond. The article argues for child protection, mental health and other core services to be prioritized during and after the pandemic. A failure to do so will undermine the international community’s ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and to fulfil its obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Supply Chains with a Conscience

As supply chains become more and more globalized, even in times of disruptions and trade frictions, and that consumers are increasingly more demanding on the environmental and social responsibility performances of the supply chains that supply products they are buying, research in supply chain management should also contribute to make an impact under such trends. I call this “supply chains with a conscience,” where supply chains need to continuously strive to minimize the harms and negative impacts to the environment and people, while maximize the values and well‐beings of society at large, especially for those in emerging and developing economies. I want to share some frameworks of perspectives on this subject, some illustrative developments, and an example of a personal journey.
Treatment of Major Depression in a Partial Hospital Program

Major depressive disorder is among the most common psychiatric disorders globally and is a leading cause of impaired functioning and psychiatric hospitalization. One setting to which individuals with major depressive disorder may present for treatment is a partial hospital program (PHP). PHPs represent a surprisingly feasible and effective environment in which depression symptoms can be therapeutically impacted. In this chapter, we discuss how basic components of evidence-based treatment for depression can be incorporated into a PHP to facilitate significant treatment gains and reductions in depression symptom severity in a short-term treatment model. We briefly review gold-standard depression treatment approaches largely informed by cognitive behavioral therapy principles and demonstrate through vignettes how they can be administered in a PHP setting, drawing on our experiences at McLean Hospital’s Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program (BHP) in the United States (US). We discuss how PHPs not only provide vital clinical treatment but also can integrate research and clinical training to advance the mental health field.
The combined effects of macrophytes and three road salts on aquatic communities in outdoor mesocosms.

Abstract Because of environmental and societal concerns, new strategies are being developed to mitigate the effects of road salt. These include new deicers that are alternatives to or mixtures with the most common road salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), improved techniques and equipment, and biotic mitigation methods. Using outdoor mesocosms, we investigated the impacts of NaCl and two common alternatives, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on freshwater communities. We also investigated the mitigation ability of a common macrophyte, Elodea. We hypothesized that road salt exposure reduces filamentous algae, zooplankton, and macrocrustaceans, but results in increases in phytoplankton and gastropods. We also hypothesized that MgCl2 is the most toxic salt to communities, followed by CaCl2, and then NaCl. Lastly, we hypothesized that macrophytes mitigate some of the effects of road salt, specifically the effects on primary producers. We found that all three salts reduced filamentous algal biomass and amphipod abundance, but only MgCl2 reduced Elodea biomass. MgCl2 had the largest and longest lasting effects on zooplankton, specifically cladocerans and copepods, which resulted in a significant increase in phytoplankton and rotifers. CaCl2 increased ostracods and decreased snail abundance, but NaCl increased snail abundance. Lastly, while we did not find many interactions between road salt and macrophyte treatments, macrophytes did counteract many of the salt effects on producers, leading to decreased phytoplankton, increased filamentous algae, and altered abiotic responses. Thus, at similar chloride concentrations, NaCl alternatives, specifically MgCl2, are not safer for aquatic ecosystems and more research is needed to find safer road management strategies to protect freshwater ecosystems.
Simultaneous measurement of the pancreatic and biliary response to CCK and secretin. Primate biliary physiology. XIII.

A primate model is described that permits separate but simultaneous sampling of bothbile and pancreatic fluid without altering the normal enterohepatic circulation. Simultaneous biliary and pancreatic dose response curves are presented to contrast the production of bile with both pancreatic flow and the secretion of pancreatic protein and bicarbonate. The data show that in the cholecystectomized animal both cholecystokinin and secretin increase bile flow at doses that produce appropriate submaximal responses from the pancreas. Both these hormones, therefore, are physiologically important in regulating bile flow. Further, over a wide dose range (0.2 to 2.3 U per kg) secretin has the major effect on bile flow, pancreatic flow, and pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, whereas cholyecystokinin has the major effect on pancreatic protein secretion.
The consistent concept axiom

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a consistent concept axiom , which represents version space as a sentence in a formal language. By representing the version space as an axiom, inductive conclusions become logical consequences of a set of axioms including background knowledge, observations, and the consistent concept axiom. This unifies deduction and induction in the same logical framework, so that learning can be more uniformly integrated with the rest of an AI system which is mainly of deductive nature.
Verification of Real Time Chemical Processing Systems

The application of Symbolic Model Verification, SMV, to the fault analysis of chemical processing systems was investigated. The objective was to measure the ability of the modeling language, employed by SMV, to capture significant logical and dynamic behaviors present in the processing systems. These behaviors originated from continuous dynamic chemical processing equipment, failure prone human operators, and control systems that are composed of relay ladder logic executed by programmable logic controllers. Also, the study measured the time and effort required to build models of the processing systems, assemble appropriate specifications for these systems, verify the system models, interpret the results, and revise the system model or original process design. We have verified systems for the transportation of multi-component solids in a conveying process for the manufacture of aluminum, leak testing of a fuel gas piping network, and batch reaction to produce fertilizer. Verification of each of these systems revealed numerous faults that lead to improved designs.
Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation on Pain Thresholds and Sensory Perceptions in Chronic Pain Patients.

Objective Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been in clinical use for nearly four decades. In earliest observations, researchers found a significant increase in pain threshold during SCS therapy without changes associated with touch, position, and vibration sensation. Subsequent studies yielded diverse results regarding how SCS impacts pain and other sensory thresholds. This pilot study uses quantitative sensory testing (QST) to objectively quantify the impact of SCS on warm sensation, heat pain threshold, and heat pain tolerance. Materials and Methods Nineteen subjects with an indwelling SCS device for chronic pain were subjected to QST with heat stimuli. QST was performed on an area of pain covered with SCS-induced paresthesia and an area without pain and without paresthesia, while the SCS was turned off and on. The temperature at which the patient detected warm sensation, heat pain, and maximal tolerable heat pain was used to define the thresholds. Results We found that all three parameters, the detection of warm sensation, heat pain threshold, and heat pain tolerance, were increased during the period when SCS was on compared with when it was off. This increase was observed in both painful and non-painful sites. Conclusion The observed pain relief during SCS therapy seems to be related to its impact on increased sensory threshold as detected in this study. The increased sensory threshold on areas without pain and without the presence of SCS coverage may indicate a central (spinal and/or supra-spinal) influence from SCS.
Drawing Telecommunication Networks

The design and analysis of cost effective survivable telecommunication networks is a very important problem. We study techniques for visualizing survivable telecommunication networks. The visualization of telecommunication networks is very useful in aiding the design process of minimum cost networks and the management of network operations. We present several linear time algorithms for drawing telecommunication networks (with optimal area) so that important properties are displayed. Given a ring cover of a network, our algorithms display it in such a way that rings are easily identifiable and possible problems can be spotted by network designers.
Studies on the Role of Phospholipids in Phagocytosis

The increased incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol in polymorphonuclear leukocytes undergoing phagocytosis is not secondary to an elevated specific activity of adenosine triphosphate during phagocytosis. The incorporation of labeled glycerol, oleic acid, and linolenic acid into the above phosphatides is not increased on stimulation of phagocytosis. Phosphatidic acid is synthesized directly from α-glycerophosphate added to the incubation medium, but this synthesis is not increased on stimulation of phagocytosis. If it is assumed that the α-glycerophosphate which enters the cell is accessible to all of the intracellular α-glycerophosphate this result argues against the increased synthesis of phosphatidic acid being catalyzed by α-glycerophosphate acylase. The formation of phosphatidic acid in homogenates of leukocytes from ATP and diglyceride or monoglyceride was, respectively, 20 and 12 times that from α-glycerophosphate and palmityl coenzyme A plus oleyl coenzyme A. These results suggest that the increased synthesis of phosphatidic acid on induction of phagocytosis may be brought about by diglyceride kinase or possibly monoglyceride kinase plus lysophosphatidic acid acylase. The incorporation of labeled inositol into phosphatidylinositol is increased in cells undergoing phagocytosis, indicating that the increased incorporation of 32P into this phosphatide is not solely a result of a higher specific activity of phosphatidic acid, which may be the precursor for phosphatidylinositol in this system.
China and India in the Age of Globalization: Variation in the Reregulation of Foreign Direct Investment

In recent years, China and India have extensively liberalized foreign direct investment. They depart from the East Asian developmental states, which restricted FDI to protect domestic industry, and the liberal FDI strategy of Latin America during a similar stage of development as they eschew dependent development. Instead, they have taken a “liberalization two-step.” They follow FDI liberalization with reregulation, which varies across industrial sectors. Country and sectoral case studies demonstrate the strategic value of a sector and the organization of institutions in a given sector shape how patterns of state control vary. The Chinese state shifts from universal controls on the aggregate level across all sectors to selective controls at the sectoral level and adopts a bifurcated strategy in its reregulation. In India, the state liberalizes FDI according to state goals but reregulates as a function of sectoral interests arising from the legacy of its post-Independence economic strategy.
Application of static compensators in small AC systems with constant power loads

As the technology of the power electronics has developed, a new concept of small AC system was presented and studied. In this kind of stand-alone power system, the system is divided into several modules. The load is no longer connected to the tie line directly. The power flows through a set of AC-DC-AC equipments in order to increase flexibility In the architectural system design and optimize the fuel efficiency. The load becomes a constant power type and it may increase the system instability as well. In this paper, the authors tried to study the system with the theories of voltage collapse by using a mathematical model. Finally, the authors apply the FACTS devices as the solution of the stability problem in such a kind of system based on the research result from the mathematical model.
Comparison of Abbreviation Methods: Measures of Preference and Decoding Performance:

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimal method for abbreviating any specific set of words. Experienced sonar operators rated conventional, nonsystematically produced abbreviations as slightly better than simple truncation abbreviations, and as much better than contraction/vowels-out abbreviations in representing a set of words used on a modern sonar system. In the second experiment, subjects decoded different sets to evaluate the effects of abbreviation method and single versus multiple abbreviations of the same word. During training, when the precise endings of words had to be reported, fewer errors were made in the decoding of conventional abbreviations. During test trials, error rates were comparable, but the speed of decoding of the rule-based abbreviations improved more over trials. These findings are discussed in terms of word-abbreviation similarity and the ability of subjects to apply rule knowledge to aid in practiced decoding. Multiple abbreviations had no detrimental effects on ...
SALBUTAMOL CHANGES THE MOLECULAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CANINE SKELETAL MUSCLE

1. Salbutamol, a beta 2-agonist, increased the weight of the canine latissimus dorsi muscle. It also increased fusion frequency, and decreased time-to-peak tension, half-relaxation time, and total contraction time. These changes in twitch times and fusion frequency were associated with changes in the levels of proteins expressed in slow- and fast-twitch fibres. Salbutamol decreased the levels of the slow-twitch cardiac isoform of sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a) and phospholamban proteins, and increased the level of the fast-twitch isoform of sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA1a). 2. Changes in the levels of SERCA proteins, particularly SERCA1a, could account for most of the increases in calcium uptake rate observed in homogenates of muscles from the salbutamol-treated animals and could partially account for the changes in half-relaxation rates and other twitch times. 3. Changes in the levels of SERCA1a, SERCA2a and phospholamban protein did not always follow changes in the levels of their corresponding mRNAs. Divergence depended upon the SERCA isoform and muscle. The muscles studied were latissimus dorsi and vastus intermedius. 4. Salbutamol did not change the level of myosin heavy chain (HC)-I isoforms in either muscle, suggesting that it did not increase the proportion of slow-twitch fibres in these muscles. It did increase the level of HC-IIx and decrease the level of HC-IIa isoforms in the latissimus dorsi. Salbutamol did not produce these effects in the vastus intermedius. It is of particular interest that salbutamol changed the relative levels of SERCA proteins in the latissimus dorsi muscle without producing significant change in the level of HC-I isoform.
Spatially-coupled low density lattices based on construction a with applications to compute-and-forward

We consider a class of lattices built using Construction A, where the underlying code is a non-binary spatially-coupled low density parity check code. We refer to these lattices as spatially-coupled LDA (SCLDA) lattices. SCLDA lattices can be constructed over integers, Gaussian integers and Eisenstein integers. We empirically study the performance of SCLDA lattices under belief propagation (BP) decoding. Ignoring the rate loss from termination, simulation results show that the BP thresholds of SCLDA lattices over integers is 0.11 dB (0.34 dB with the rate loss) and the BP thresholds for SCLDA lattices over Eisenstein integers are 0.08 dB from the Poltyrev limit (0.19 dB with the rate loss). Motivated by this result, we use SCLDA lattice codes over Eisenstein integers for implementing a compute-and-forward protocol. For the examples considered in this paper, the thresholds for the proposed lattice codes are within 0.28 dB from the achievable rate of this coding scheme and within 1.06 dB from the achievable computation rate of Nazer and Gastpar's coding scheme in [6] extended to Eisenstein integers.
Life history benefits of residency in a partially migrating pond‐breeding amphibian

Species with partial migration, where a portion of a population migrates and the other remains residential, provide the opportunity to evaluate conditions for migration and test mechanisms influencing migratory decisions. We conducted a five-year study of two populations of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), composed of individuals that either remain as residents in the breeding pond over the winter or migrate to the terrestrial habitat. We used multistate mark-recapture methods to (1) test for differences in survival probability between migrants and residents, (2) determine if migrants breed every year or skip opportunities for reproduction, and (3) estimate the frequency of individuals switching migratory tactic. We used estimates of life history parameters from the natural populations in combination with previous experimental work to evaluate processes maintaining partial migration at the population level and to assess mechanisms influencing the decision to migrate. Based on capture-recapture information on over 3000 individuals, we found that newts can switch migratory tactics over their lifetime. We conclude that migrants and residents coexist through conditional asymmetries, with residents having higher fitness and inferior individuals adopting the migrant tactic. We found that newts are more likely to switch from residency to migrating than the reverse and males were more likely to remain as residents. Migration differences between the sexes are likely driven by reproduction benefits of residency for males and high energetic costs of breeding resulting in lower breeding frequencies for females. Environmental conditions also influence partial migration within a population; we found support for density-dependent processes in the pond strongly influencing the probability of migrating. Our work illustrates how migration can be influenced by a complex range of individual and environmental factors and enhances our understanding of the conditions necessary for the evolution and maintenance of partial migration within populations.
Return dynamics across the Asian equity markets

The degree of integration among different economies is an important issue in international economics and finance. This article employs daily stock market data for the period 1988 through 1999 to investigate the return dynamics and the extent of the stock market linkages across six newly industrialized countries (NIC’s) of Asia, and documents the role of Japan and the US in this region. Primarily, the study finds that there are significant stock market linkages among the emerging equity markets of Hong Kong, India, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. While dominant relationships do exist, no country is totally insulated from market movements that emanate from other countries in the region. Furthermore, the study documents the presence of temporal instability in the transmission mechanism that coincides with the Asian economic crisis. During the period in which the NIC’s experienced rapidly rising stock valuations, Singapore and the US had dominant causal influences on these Asian markets. However, in the period of financial crisis during the latter part of the 1990s decade, Singapore’s influence is greatly diminished while shocks from other countries, most notably India, play a more dominant role. Several important policy implications are derived from the results.
The Effect of Lovastatin on [3H]Thymidine Uptake in HTC-4 and LLC-L1 Tumor Cells

Abstract Lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of a number of different cell lines. However, the mechanism by which lova- statin exerts its effect is not clear. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of lovastatin on the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine by Hepatoma Tissue Culture-4 (HTC-4) and Lewis Lung Carcinoma L-1 (LLC-L1) tumor cells. Tumor cells were grown under standard conditions and treated with four different concentrations of lovastatin. Cell growth was evaluated by daily hemacytometer cell counts. On Day 4, the plates were pulsed with 10 μCi [ 3 H]thymidine. After 24 hr, the plates were harvested and [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was measured by scintillation counting. Lova- statin inhibited both HTC-4 and LLC-L1 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest lovastatin dose, both LLC-L1 and HTC-4 cell growth was slowed to less than 15% of control. Remarkably, however, both cell lines showed a paradoxical, dose related, increase in [ 3 H]thymidine uptake. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry was performed on Day 5 in the LLC-L1 cell line. As the lovastatin concentration increased, a lower percentage of cells was found in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle and a higher percentage of cells was found in the S and G 2 phases. These findings suggest that these tumor cells are undergoing brisk DNA repair or that lovastatin is more effectively blocking cell division than cellular DNA replication.
Iridoids and alkaloids from Castilleja host plants for platyptilia pica. Rhexifoline content of P. pica

Abstract Iridoid and alkaloid analyses were conducted on Castilleja sulphurea, C. occidentalis, C. rhexifolia and C. hispida (Scrophulariaceae). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were found in C. rhexifolia and some C. sulphurea populations, but other C. sulphurea populations had quinolizidine alkaloids or none at all. No C. occidentalis populations contained alkaloids. C. hispida was found to contain lamprolobine and the quinolizidine alkaloid anagyrine. All taxa contained the pyridinemonoterpene rhexifoline. The iridoid content of the Castilleja species were all qualitatively similar. Major iridoids were aucubin, catalpol, penstemonoside and shanzhiside methyl ester, with traces of 8-epiloganin and gardoside methyl ester. Larvae of Platyptilia pica (Pterophoridae) hosted by Castilleja were found to excrete and not sequester iridoids. The adult moths contained rhexifoline alkaloid, but at a low concentration level. Systematic implications of the results for Castilleja are discussed.
Sleep during neuromuscular blockade in cats.

Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether normal sleep patterns can occur during neuromuscular blockade. Electrographic variables for determining the states of sleep and wakefulness, the electrocorticogram, lateral geniculate nucleus potentials, and dorsal hippocampal potentials, were recorded before, during and after the administration of gallamine triethiodide to cats with chronically implanted electrodes. When respiratory muscles became paralyzed, artificial ventilation commenced through a chronic tracheal fistula. The electrographic wave forms of the states (wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep) in paralyzed cats were indistinguishable by visual observation from those of freely moving animals. As compared to freely moving cats, paralyzed cats had more wakefulness at the expense of both states of sleep (about 33% NREM and 3% REM compared to 45% NREM and 15% REM, respectively). REM sleep was demonstrated to occur, albeit in low amounts. REM sleep levels did not increase across repeated sessions in the same cats nor was the distribution uneven within the average session. Large percentages of REM sleep with respect to total recording time were associated with large percentages of NREM sleep (correlation coefficient = 0.58). The sequence of sleep states was like that of freely behaving animals. The main conclusion is that this preparation, despite low amounts of REM sleep, is useful in neural studies of sleep and wakefulness.
Recent developments in standardized time series (panel)

The purposes of these two panel sessions are to present recent research results and to have a panel discussion on future research directions in standardized time series. Because the major research results presented by the panelists will be published in archival journals, they have been asked to publish in the conference proceedings either an extended abstract of their work with appropriate references or a paper describing their results for the practitioner.
Brueckner Theory in an Oscillator Basis. I. The Method of Reference Bethe-Goldstone Equations and Comparison of the Yale, Reid (Hard-Core), and Hamada-Johnston Interactions

Arguments are given for preferring discrete localized excited single-particle states to plane waves in Brueckner theory for finite nuclei. Short-range internuclear repulsion requires transforming pair states to relative and c.m. coordinates, in which only constant and harmonic potentials separate. This series of papers develops a form of Brueckner theory in which single-particle states are expanded in harmonic-oscillator functions. This paper is limited to the single-oscillator-configuration (SOC) approximation. The reaction matrix is obtained in two steps: A reference matrix, involving the potential ${V}^{R}({r}_{1})=\ensuremath{-}C+\frac{1}{2}m{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}{{r}_{1}}^{2}$ and Eden and Emery's rather good approximate Pauli operator, is obtained by solving radial Bethe-Goldstone equations. The off-diagonal elements of the tensor interaction are treated exactly in coupled equations. Second, essentially the exact SOC matrix is calculated; by making the Pauli and spectral corrections on the reference two-body rather than the relative matrix elements the exact SOC Pauli operator can be used, and energies of low-lying excited states can be varied (e.g., to satisfy self-consistency conditions). The Pauli corrections are much smaller than when the Pauli effect is omitted entirely in the reference matrix. By proper choice of $C$, the spectral corrections also may be reduced. Three interactions with hard cores are compared under the same conditions. The gap between occupied and excited states is greater than $\frac{3}{2}$ the normal oscillator spacing $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$. Occupied-state energies and pair-creation matrix elements of ${V}^{R}$ are made nearly self-consistent. The three interactions are practically equivalent, as demonstrated in a calculation of the energetics of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$. The most advantageous choice of excited-state spectrum remains the outstanding uncertainty, probably requiring careful evaluation of the Bethe three-body cluster for finite nuclei.
Too Important to Fail: A Reconsideration of the Lender of Last Resort Function

Despite unprecedented lender-of-last-resort efforts by the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department, the U.S. economy continues to be plagued by high levels of unemployment and foreclosures. Although several proposals to address these problems have been developed, their reactive nature limits their potential effectiveness. This paper describes how combining an employer-of-last-resort program with Treasury-financed mortgage mitigation initiatives could enhance economic stabilization.
Chemoselective glycosylations of sterically hindered glycosyl acceptors

Unexpected intermolecular aglycon transfer in chemoselective glycosylations between activated thioglycosyl donors and deactivated thioglycosyl acceptors could be avoided by employing a glycosyl acceptor that has a bulky anomeric dicyclohexylmethanethio group. The methodology was applied to the synthesis of a protected fragment of an oligosaccharide released from the jelly coat glycoprotein of X. leavis.