cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Custom-fit total knee arthroplasty (OtisKnee) results in malalignment.

Abstract We report on 4 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty with OtisKnee system (OtisMed, Hayward, Calif). An image-free computer navigation system was used to evaluate the deformities and the recommended cuts. The recommended custom cuts were as follows: valgus/varus cuts on the femur (5.5° valgus to 0.5° varus) in reference to the mechanical axis, flexion cuts on the femur (4°-9° of flexion); femoral rotation was within 1° of the epicondylar axis; valgus/varus cut on the tibia (3° of valgus to 7.5° of varus); tibial slope (5.5° of anterior slope to 0.5° of posterior slope). The custom OtisKnee system guides recommended alignment of the components that was more than 3° off of mechanical axis. The potential for malalignment with this system places implants at high risk of early failure.
Multiple hepatic abscesses secondary to chicken bone penetration of the colon, A case report

Hepatic abscesses can result from foreign body perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. Although uncommon, reported cases often involve solitary hepatic abscess with no obvious etiology. We describe the case of a 65-year- old female with multiple hepatic abscesses occurring secondary to chicken bone perforation of the sigmoid colon identified on colonoscopy. With prompt diagnosis, the patient was successfully treated with endoscopic removal of the foreign body and broad spectrum antibiotic treatment.
John Gower’s Sweet Tooth

The modern, scientifically based disapproval of artificially sweetened foods was matched, Newhauser argues, by the moral disapprobation of sweeteners in the late Middle Ages, particularly in the works of John Gower. In this wide-ranging essay, Newhauser traces both the changes in diet among the peasantry that resulted from their greater spending power following the Black Death and the growing use of sugar as a sweetener, particularly among the wealthy, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, as demonstrated both by commercial records and by the cookery books of the time. For both Langland and Gower, the peasants' emulation of the tastes of their social superiors was one of several signs of the breakdown of society. For Gower as for others, sweetness has a double valence, often used in descriptions of the Virgin, for instance, but also depicted as an enticement to sin. Gower's most consistent use, Newhauser claims, is the latter, "an expression of the deception utilized by evil or the self-deception of the sinner" (755), for instance in MO 505-16, where "sweetness" applies both to the devil's rhetoric and to the temptations of the flesh. And the desire for sweet foods is one of his most common images for the corruption of the contemporary clergy, as Newhauser illustrates with passages from MO, VC, and CA, including this passage from Prol. 325-27, "Delicacie his swete toth / Hath fostred so that it fordoth / Of abstinence al that ther is," that is evidently the first use of the term "sweet tooth" in the English language. [PN. Copyright. JGN 33.1].
Significance of overexpression of alpha methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase in hepatocellular carcinoma

alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), an immunomarker for prostatic adenocarcinoma, has been shown to be expressed in a variety of other neoplasms. This study aims to evaluate immunohistochemical expression of the AMACR in neoplastic and nonneoplastic liver lesions, and assess its value in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 51 HCC (14 well, 22 moderately and 15 poorly differentiated), 9 hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), 48 cirrhotic nodules (CN) and 16 normal liver tissues (NLT) were immunostained for AMACR. Expression of AMACR is significantly enhanced in HCC tissue compared with non-HCC tissue. High expression of AMACR was found in 82% of HCC including 86% of well-differentiated HCC. In contrast, only 11% of HCA, 13% of CN and 6% of NLT showed high expression for AMACR. Clinicopathological evaluation showed a significant correlation between AMACR expression and venous invasion and capsular invasion by HCC. Our results suggest that AMACR staining may serve as a useful marker for the differential diagnosis of well-differentiated HCC from HCA. Increased AMACR expression and its association with tumor venous invasion suggest that AMACR may play a role in HCC development and progression.
Lunar base construction robots

President Bush called for the construction of a permanently manned lunar base. All serious plans for such a base require the use of lunar soil as shielding material against the Sun's radiation. Plans rely on the use of a large bulldozer-like vehicle to be driven by an astronaut, either locally or under teleoperation control. Brooks and Flynn (89) proposed an alternate approach to a single large and complex robot based on many small totally autonomous robots which trade off time to achieve the task with lowered complexity and cost of the system. In this paper the authors describe an experimental system they are building with 20 small bulldozers, which work without explicit coordination or communication, but nevertheless cooperate to achieve tasks that will be useful in building a manned lunar base. In particular the authors believe such tasks as digging out trenches in which the habitation units will be placed, stockpiling a supply of loose lunar soil to cover the habitation units, and actually covering them when delivered, can all be carried out by such small bulldozers. >
The lived experiences of alcohol addiction: men of alcoholics anonymous

Alcohol addiction is one of the most prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders among the general population. Yet, little has been published on what it is like for men to actually experience this disorder. The purpose of this study was to identify commonalities in the experience of alcohol addiction among seven male members of Alcoholics Anonymous. Using a phenomenological approach, the participants completed an audio taped, unstructured, nondirective interview in which they were asked to describe their experience of alcohol addiction. The interviews were then transcribed and read by a phenomenological research team. Four themes were discovered: Emotions, Control, Awareness of Others, and The Turning Point, as well as a temporal ground. The authors conclude that mental health professionals should encourage alcohol addicted persons to talk about their experiences and to help them identify feelings and develop new coping skills.
Three-dimensional interconnected microporous poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices.

This technical note presents a fabrication method and applications of three-dimensional (3D) interconnected microporous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices. Based on soft lithography, the microporous PDMS microfluidic devices were fabricated by molding a mixture of PDMS pre-polymer and sugar particles in a microstructured mold. After curing and demolding, the sugar particles were dissolved and washed away from the microstructured PDMS replica revealing 3D interconnected microporous structures. Other than introducing microporous structures into the PDMS replica, different sizes of sugar particles can be used to alter the surface wettability of the microporous PDMS replica. Oxygen plasma assisted bonding was used to enclose the microstructured microporous PDMS replica using a non-porous PDMS with inlet and outlet holes. A gas absorption reaction using carbon dioxide (CO2) gas acidified water was used to demonstrate the advantages and potential applications of the microporous PDMS microfluidic devices. We demonstrated that the acidification rate in the microporous PDMS microfluidic device was approximately 10 times faster than the non-porous PDMS microfluidic device under similar experimental conditions. The microporous PDMS microfluidic devices can also be used in cell culture applications where gas perfusion can improve cell survival and functions.
Increasing and maintaining rates of teacher praise. A study using public posting and feedback fading.

This study investigated the effects of public posting of feedback on the praising behavior of teachers in a classroom for handicapped children. In an ABABCA design, following baseline, the daily ra...
Power efficient register file update approach for embedded processors

In this paper we present an approach for a low power register file in the domain of embedded processors. The suggested approach obtains power savings through tackling the unnecessary writes to register files for short live registers. Writes to register files are essentially redundant when an instruction manages to forward its results to all of its dependents through forwarding hardware. As the percentage of registers that exhibit short liveness is shown to be significant, tackling unnecessary writes contributes to delivering appreciable power savings. In this work we show that tackling the unnecessary writes could be attained efficiently through a register based encoding scheme. The suggested encoding scheme exploits application-specific information and renames all or most of the short live registers to a small subset of the registers that are prespecified during the hardware design. The renaming process is performed at the compiler level. Power savings can be obtained through precluding the set of prespecified registers from writing to the register file. We suggest in this paper efficient algorithms for the purpose of renaming, one algorithm to perform the renaming in the cases of no register pressure and another one for the cases of register pressure. In the cases of register pressure, some of the prespecified registers may need to be turned into normal registers, a process that is managed through the use of reprogrammable hardware support. Although the cases of register pressure could impact power savings, the detailed analysis we outline shows that the size of the prespecified registers subset is typically small which makes register pressure an infrequent event. Experimental analysis on numerical and DSP codes indicates appreciable improvements in power savings.
Annual Migration Density and Stopover Patterns of Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus)

Abstract Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) exhibit large fluctuations in annual number of individuals migrating in eastern United States. Underlying large differences in the magnitude of the migration may be important density-dependent effects on body condition and stopover patterns. We investigated such effects using data from saw-whet owls that were trapped and banded during autumn migration at the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula (near Cape Charles, Virginia) from 1994 to 2000. Irruptive migration events occurred in 1995 and 1999 when 1,002 and 700 owls were captured, respectively. Capture totals ranged from 22 to 105 owls during five nonirruptive years. Irruptive migration years were dominated by immature owls (82% of captures) and were characterized by low recapture rates (13%) and shorter minimum stopover lengths (median = 5 nights) for all owls. Body masses and body-condition index scores were significantly lower for both immature and adult age classes during years when owl density w...
Culture Learning in a Changed World: Student Perspectives.

In this paper, the author explores the views of a group whose perspectives have not often been included in discussions of new directions for foreign language education - students. Drawing from a larger ethnographic, discourse-analytic study of the nature of culture learning for one group of college students and their teacher, this paper presents data from interviews with students about their broad orientations to the role of culture in foreign language education as well as their more specific views of the culture learning process in the French class they were taking at the time. The approach used in the class, global simulation, engaged students in several culture learning processes, including being exposed to multiple perspectives, being able to try on those points of view, and engaging in self-reflection. The results of this study outline what today’s college students expect and desire in terms of the cultural dimensions of their foreign language education. Additionally, the results suggest one approach that can successfully engage students in the kind of learning about culture that the Modern Language Association’s report advocates.
Lobbyists and Policy Adoption: The Case of the Aarhus Convention

Previous studies of international environmental treaty ratification show that corruption and lobbyists to be influential in the ratification process. Using the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters as the focus, this article demonstrates that interaction of corrupt governments and increasing numbers of lobbyists hasten the ratification of the Aarhus Convention. It also demonstrates that past participation in environmental treaties, as well as government effectiveness (a measure of bureaucratic competence and public service delivery quality), both have negative influences on the ratification of the Aarhus Convention.
Building and Managing E-Book Collections. by Richard Kaplan

E-books are now outselling print materials. Libraries are spending more of their budgets on e-resources than print. Library collections are fashioned to meet reader's needs, and that means e-books ...
Characters of Semi-Simple Lie Groups

Let C be the circle group, that is, the multiplicative group of all complex numbers c with |c| = 1. Then for every integer n, we have the character χn of C given by χn(c) = cn, and these are the only (irreducible) characters of C. Moreover, the main result in the theory of Fourier series asserts that $$f(1) = \sum\limits_{ - \infty < n < \infty } \; \int_0^{2\pi } f ({e^{i\theta }}){e^{in\theta }}\frac{{d\theta }}{{2\pi }}$$ for any smooth function f on C. Now dc = dθ/2π may be regarded as the normalized Haar measure on C, so that the total measure of C is 1. Then this equation becomes $$\delta (f) = \sum_{n}\int f\chi_{n}dc$$ where δ is the Dirac measure on C concentrated at 1. We may restate this equation in the form $$\delta = \sum_{n} \chi_{n}$$ in the sense of the Schwartz theory of distributions. This relation is called the Plancherel formula for C.
In vitro evaluation of the PARP inhibitor ABT-888 in combination with temozolomide for the treatment of pediatric leukemia

9528 Background: The alkylating agent temozolomide exerts its primary cytotoxic activity through the addition to O6 methyl adducts to guanine residues in DNA, and temozolomide resistance results ei...
Self and senior executive perceptions of fit and performance: A time-lagged examination of newly-hired executives

Drawing on the person–organization fit literature and person-categorization theory, we proposed that new executive performance depends on both their self-perceptions as well as their fit as seen by senior executives. Using three-phased, multisource data from newly-hired executives of a Fortune 500 pharmaceutical company across their first six months on the job, we found that senior executive pre-entry person–organization fit expectations of their followers (new executives) are positively related to their post-entry person–organization fit perceptions through the partial mediating role of their leader–member exchange relationships. Furthermore, results also revealed that senior executive person–organization fit perceptions were significantly and positively related to new executive in-role and extra-role performance, but only when new executives’ own perceptions of person–organization fit were low.
A CLOSED-LOOP, ACT-R APPROACH TO MODELING APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AND WITHOUT SYNTHETIC VISION SYSTEM (SVS) TECHNOLOGY

We present a computational model of closed-loop, pilot-displays-aircraft system designed to evaluate the impact of the addition of a synthetic vision system (SVS) to a commercial airliner cockpit. The NASA-run empirical study revealed that while pilots rarely looked out the window during most phases of approach and landing, they devoted a substantial proportion of their gaze toward the SVS. A model pilot implemented in ACT-R was connected to a commercial flight simulator package in an attempt to model pilots’ attention allocation behaviors. Based on metrics such as transitions from one display to another, the model provides a good approximation to pilot behaviors and should allow us to perform virtual experiments on the impact of changes to the SVS. Evaluation of new technology for the commercial aircraft cockpit is an expensive and time-consuming process. The pool of potential subjects is small and consists of individuals with extensive training who are both relatively difficult and expensive to access. Thus, the typical design-test-modify iteration cycle is generally both slow and costly. One approach with
Design of a Cursor Control Device for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle

NASA has embarked on a new program to develop vehicles for returning humans to the Moon by 2020. The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) will replace the Space Shuttle and serve as the primary vehicle for transporting the crew. Orion will be equipped with a modern “glass cockpit” that will allow operators to command and control all of the vehicle's systems from one of two operator stations. The design of Orion's operator stations creates some unique human-machine interface issues due primarily to the vehicle design and the extreme conditions the crew must operate in. One of the unique challenges for Orion is the need for a novel cursor control device that allows the crew to interact with the vehicle while seated and restrained. This paper describes some of the human factors challenges of designing such a device as well as the process that was employed.
We Don't Need No Education - Is the U.S. at Risk of Losing its Edge in Higher Education to China?

Although the United States is currently the world leader in higher education, it is facing increasing competition from universities in China. An overview is presented why Chinese students increasingly prefer to study in the U.S. A general presentation of China’s highly-competitive college entrance examination is included.This article explores the current state of U.S. higher education compared to other countries in the world. The increased Chinese enrollment in U.S. universities is explained, as well as some problems with Chinese higher education that have caused migration to U.S. universities. A comparison is presented of the Chinese and U.S. higher education admission process, including a discussion of why Chinese students may resort to unethical means to obtain admittance. Investment in higher education is examined, and further investment is recommended.
Managing Digital Cultural Objects: Analysis, Discovery and Retrieval: Allen Foster and Pauline Rafferty (Eds.). 2016. London, England: Facet Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-85604-941-2

Short- and long-term preservation and management of nontextual digital objects has become a hot topic within librarianship, given the large number of corporations and academic institutions that are...
Photonic Crystal Selective Structures for Solar Thermophotovoltaics

Solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) systems convert sunlight into electricity via thermal radiation. The efficiency of this process depends critically on both the selective absorber and the selective emitter, which are controlled by both the materials and the photonic design. For high concentration solar TPV applications, 2D photonic crystals (PhCs) made of refractory metals such as tungsten have demonstrated promising results. For even higher performance, we propose two photonic crystal-based designs to both collect solar heat and reradiate above-gap photons. First, a PhC selective structure (IPSS), which combines 2D photonic crystals and filters into a single device. Second, an Er-Yb-Tm co-doped fused silica coated with a 17-bilayer structure also offers significant selectivity with greater ease of fabrication. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) simulations show that both can significantly suppress sub-bandgap photons. This increases sunlight-to-electricity conversion for photonic crystal-based emitters above 24.3% at 100 suns concentration or 27% at 1000 suns concentration using a Ga0.42In0.58As PV diode with a bandgap of 0.7 eV (nearly lattice-matched to InP).
Effect of Various Leg-Crossing Positions on Muscle Activities of Rectus Femoris, Tensor Fascia Latae, and Hamstring in Healthy 20’s Adults

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of leg-crossing positions on muscle activities of rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae, and hamstring in healthy 20`s adults. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were asked to perform three leg-crossing positions, leg crossing (LC), tailor crossing (TC), and ankle crossing (AC). Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to evaluate the activities of rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae, and hamstring during upright sit posture (UP) and three leg-crossing positions and UP was compared to three leg-crossing positions. Repeated one way ANOVA was used for data analysis. The alpha level was set at 0.05. Results: The results showed significant difference in the muscle activities of rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae, and hamstring among leg-crossing positions. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris was significantly lower in LC and TC positions than UP. The muscle activ ity of tensor fascia latae was significantly higher in LC position than UP and other leg-crossing positions. The muscle activity of ham string was significantly higher in LC and TC positions and significantly lower in AC position than in UP. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the activity of hip muscles was affected by pelvic and knee alignment in various leg-crossing posi tions.
A survey of fault and attack tree modeling and analysis for cyber risk management

Cyber security is of great concern to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and other organizations within government, as cyberspace is the gateway to services and infrastructure, making them vulnerable to a wide range of software-based attacks that could result in physical and cyber threats and hazards. It is extremely difficult to secure these cyber-physical systems (CPS) due to the complexity of their interfaces, which often leaves them exposed to elevated levels of risk to severe disruptions, including information security violations that could threaten national and economic security. Therefore, many researchers have dedicated substantial effort to model and analyze cyber-physical systems through red teaming in order to identify various potential strategies an attacker may take to hack into the system so that they can develop effective countermeasures. Reliability and risk modeling approaches discussed in the literature include fault trees (FT), event trees (ET), binary decision diagrams (BDD), Petri nets (PN), Markov modeling (MM), and attack trees (AT) to systematically characterize the risks latent in cyber-physical systems. This paper provides a survey of the two most popular modeling approaches including fault and attack trees, discussing their benefits and potential limitations. This survey should be beneficial to security professionals who wish to apply techniques from reliability and risk modeling to ensure the cyber security of their systems as well as researchers seeking to identify new modeling opportunities.
SCADA network forensics of the PCCC protocol

Abstract Most SCADA devices have few built-in self-defence mechanisms, and tend to implicitly trust communications received over the network. Therefore, monitoring and forensic analysis of network traffic is a critical prerequisite for building an effective defense around SCADA units. In this work, we provide a comprehensive forensic analysis of network traffic generated by the PCCC(Programmable Controller Communication Commands) protocol and present a prototype tool capable of extracting both updates to programmable logic and crucial configuration information. The results of our analysis show that more than 30 files are transferred to/from the PLC when downloading/uploading a ladder logic program using RSLogix programming software including configuration and data files. Interestingly, when RSLogix compiles a ladder-logic program, it does not create any low-level representation of a ladder-logic file. However, the low-level ladder logic is present and can be extracted from the network traffic log using our prototype tool. The tool extracts SMTP configuration from the network log and parses it to obtain email addresses, username and password. The network log contains password in plain text.
A 144-MHz Fully Integrated Resonant Regulating Rectifier With Hybrid Pulse Modulation for mm-Sized Implants

This paper presents a fully integrated resonant regulating rectifier (IR3) with an on-chip coil used to wirelessly power mm-sized implants. By combining rectification and regulation in a single stage, and controlling this stage via a hybrid pulse-width modulation and pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) feedback scheme, the IR3 avoids efficiency-limiting cascaded losses while enabling tight voltage regulation with low dropout and ripple. The IR3 is implemented in 0.078 mm2 of active area in 180-nm Silicon oxide insulator (SOI) CMOS, and achieves a 1.87% $\Delta V_{{{\textrm{DD}}}}/V_{{{\textrm{DD}}}}$ power supply regulation ratio with a 1-nF decoupling capacitor despite a tenfold load current variation from 8 to 80 $\mu {{\text{A}}}$ . A 0.8-V $V_{{{\textrm{DD}}}}$ is maintained at a 8- ${{\text{k}}}\Omega $ load for 144-MHz RF inputs ranging from 0.98 to 1.5 V. At 1-V regulation, the voltage conversion efficiency is greater than 92% with less than 5.2- ${{\text{m}}}V_{{{\textrm{pp}}}}$ ripple, while the power conversion efficiency is 54%. The measured overall wireless power transfer system efficiency, from the primary coil to $V_{{{\textrm{DD}}}}$ output of the IR3, is 2% at 160- $\mu {{\text{W}}}$ load, and reaches 5% at 700 $\mu {{\text{W}}}$ .
Corporate Reputation and the News Media: The Origin Story

This essay provides the background story on the role that Corporate Reputation Review and its conference, Corporate Reputation, Identity, and Competitiveness played in my research and thinking on corporate reputation as a scholarly endeavor. In particular, this essay discusses the 3rd conference, (including access to the papers, presentations, and speakers), offline discussions with attendees, and the meeting of the minds between Fombrun, van Riel, and Max McCombs, one of the co-authors of the original study on agenda-setting theory. A brief description of the pivotal projects and outcomes of that meeting are discussed.
Ferromagnetics in Ureteroscopy

Urolithiasis is an increasing problem in our society. Current methods of treatment often leave behind small stone fragments that act as a nidus for further stone formation requiring secondary treatments.
PI3K/PTEN/Akt Pathway

In conclusion, direct genetic alterations leading to deregulated PI3K/Akt signalling are common in a significant fraction of human malignancies. The forthcoming decade should witness the development and clinical deployment of a number of novel small molecule inhibitors specifically designed to disrupt the function of members of this pathway. It is hoped and perhaps likely that such inhibitors, either alone or in combination with current therapeutics, will ultimately proof clinically efficacious.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND TRANSMITTER CANDIDATES

Part of the evidence that a substance is a neurotransmitter consists of its differential distribution within the nervous system. Evidence of this kind for GABA, glycine, glutamate and aspartate is illustrated by the distribution of these amino acids in rabbit spinal cord and monkey retina. In spinal cord, GABA is highly concentrated in a band in the grey matter near the tip of the dorsal horn. Glycine is concentrated in both white and grey matter on either side of the grey-white boundary in the lateral and dorsolateral regions. Aspartate is concentrated in the tip of the ventral horn. In retina GABA is almost entirely confined to the inner reticular layer and may be an amacrine cell transmitter. Glycine levels are very high in both inner reticular and inner nuclear layers and it could be associated with horizontal as well as amacrine cells. The distribution of glutamate and aspartate in retina is compatible with concentration in Muller fibres rather than any particular neuron.
Drones and Aerial Surveillance: Considerations for Legislators

The looming prospect of expanded use of unmanned aerial vehicles, colloquially known as drones, has raised understandable concerns for lawmakers. Those concerns have led some to call for legislation mandating that nearly all uses of drones be prohibited unless the government has first obtained a warrant. Privacy advocates have mounted a lobbying campaign that has succeeded in convincing thirteen states to enact laws regulating the use of drones by law enforcement, with eleven of those thirteen states requiring a warrant before the government may use a drone. The campaigns mounted by privacy advocates oftentimes make a compelling case about the threat of pervasive surveillance, but the legislation is rarely tailored in such a way to prevent the harm that advocates fear. In fact, in every state where legislation was passed, the new laws are focused on the technology (drones) not the harm (pervasive surveillance). In many cases, this technology-centric approach creates perverse results, allowing the use of extremely sophisticated pervasive surveillance technologies from manned aircraft, while disallowing benign uses of drones for mundane tasks like accident and crime scene documentation, or monitoring of industrial pollution and other environmental harms. Legislators should reject a warrant-based, technology-centric approach as it is unworkable and counterproductive. Instead, legislators should follow a property rights-centric approach, coupled with limits on persistent surveillance, data retention procedures, transparency and accountability measures and a recognition of the possibility that technology may make unmanned aerial surveillance more protective of privacy than manned surveillance. This paper makes five core recommendations: 1. Legislators should follow a property-rights approach to aerial surveillance. This approach provides landowners with the right to exclude aircraft, persons, and other objects from a column of airspace extending from the surface of their land up to 350 feet above ground level. Such an approach may solve most public and private harms associated with drones. 2. Legislators should craft simple, duration-based surveillance legislation that will limit the aggregate amount of time the government may surveil a specific individual. Such legislation can address the potential harm of persistent surveillance, a harm that is capable of being committed by manned and unmanned aircraft. 3. Legislators should adopt data retention procedures that require heightened levels of suspicion and increased procedural protections for accessing stored data gathered by aerial surveillance. After a legislatively determined period of time, all stored data should be deleted. 4. Legislators should enact transparency and accountability measures, requiring government agencies to publish on a regular basis information about the use of aerial surveillance devices (both manned and unmanned). 5. Legislators should recognize that technology such as geofencing and auto-redaction, may make aerial surveillance by drones more protective of privacy than human surveillance.
Evaluation of Full Reynolds Stress Turbulence Models in FUN3D for Axisymmetric Jet Flow

Two full seven-equation turbulence models available in the FUN3D code are evaluated for their ability to improve the computation of challenging mixing flows encountered in aerospace propulsion. These models are the SSG/LRR and Wilcox full second-moment Reynolds stress models. They solve equations for the six components of the Reynolds stress and a seventh equation for the turbulent length scale. Two standard eddy viscosity models are also evaluated for comparison, the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) one-equation model and the Menter Shear Stress Transport (SST-V) two-equation turbulence model. Flow through an axisymmetric reference nozzle is examined at three flow conditions: subsonic unheated, subsonic heated, and near sonic unheated. Centerline profiles of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy and radial profiles of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent stresses are examined. Results showed that the SA model did well at predicting the jet potential core length, but over-mixed the downstream flow, whereas the SST-V model over-predicted the potential core length. The Wilcox-model significantly over-predicted the potential core length and under-predicted the mixing and was not well-suited for the jet flows evaluated, however the SSG/LRR Reynolds stress model did well at predicting the mixing rate and mean velocity for all cases examined.
Evaluating automated entity extraction with respect to drug and non-drug treatment strategies.

Abstract Objectives Treatment used in a randomized clinical trial is a critical data element both for physicians at the point of care and reviewers who are evaluating different interventions. Much of existing work on treatment extraction from the biomedical literature has focused on the extraction of pharmacological interventions. However, non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., exercise, diet, etc.) that are frequently used to address chronic conditions are less well studied. The goal of this study is to compare knowledge-based and machine learning strategies for the extraction of both drug and non-drug treatments. Methods We collected 800 randomized clinical trial abstracts each for breast cancer and diabetes from PubMed. The treatments in the result/conclusion sentences of the abstracts were manually annotated and marked as drug/non-drug treatments. We then designed three methods to identify the treatments and evaluated the systems with respect to drug/non-drug treatments. The first method is solely based on knowledge base (here we used MetaMap). The second method is based on a machine learning model trained mainly on contextual features (ML_only). The third method is a combination approach that integrates the previous two approaches. Results/discussion Results show that MetaMap, when used with high precision semantic types, has better performance for drug compared to non-drug treatments (F1 = 0.77 vs. 0.64). The ML_only approach has smaller performance difference between drug and non-drug treatments compared with the KB-based approach (F1 = 0.02 vs. 0.05, 0.07, and 0.13). The combination approach achieves significantly better performance than all MetaMap approaches alone for total treatments (F1 = 0.76 vs. 0.72, p Conclusion These results suggest that a knowledge-based approach should be employed for medical conditions that are primarily treated with drugs whereas conditions that are treated with either a combination of drug and non-drug interventions or primarily non-drug interventions should use automated tools that combine machine learning and a knowledge-based approach to achieve optimal performance.
Unpacking Refugee Flight: Critical Content Analysis of Picturebooks Featuring Refugee Protagonists

In this paper, I analyze representations of refugee flight in children’s literature to extrapolate related assumptions about power and agency. The findings suggest that picturebooks tend to adhere to refugee flight as a bureaucratic process and refugee as an institutionally imposed standardized identity. Specifically, stories canonically mirror the legal UNHCR definition of a refugee, establishing forced-to-flee narratives, centering persecution, and corroborating well-founded fear. Collectively, stories mask what leads to persecution and distribute power to essentialized “safe” countries resettling refugees. The implications call for diversity of representation and invite teachers to critically unpack contexts of refugee flight.
Drawing Queerness Forward: Fusion, Futurity, and Steven Universe

Cooley argues that Steven Universe reimagines the cartoon trope of “fusion” as a generative, queer mode of being that blueprints configurations of sexuality that are not possible (or not yet possible) outside of the relaxed physics of animation. He reads fusion as an imaginative outside to compulsory heterosexuality and reproductive futurity, connoted here by Homeworld’s Imperial reproduction. Challenging cartooning scholarship that overemphasizes presence, Cooley proposes that Steven Universe performs a certain “tracing by effacing” (a potentiality within cartooning to make meaning from units of absence) to materialize queernesses resistant to limiting discourses. The essay concludes with a meditation on the default academic pessimism toward radical visual media produced in corporate circumstances, like Steven Universe, and evaluates the show’s methods to bypass that pessimism.
Why Firms Issue Stock to Their Own Employees

This paper shows that issuing shares to firm employees instead of outside investors mitigates the adverse selection problem and lowers cost of capital. For a firm that repeatedly needs funds, the incentives to grant overvalued equity to employees are reduced because employees can rationally deprive the firm of fairly-priced financing after a poor stock price performance. The model explains stylized facts, such as a positive relation between risk and incentives, improvements in operating performance after stock-based grants, and systematic overvaluation by employees of their equity-based compensation. Additionally, it shows that combining outside equity financing with stock-based grants to employees allows the firm to signal value and to price new equity issues more favorably. Empirical evidence provides support to the main predictions of the model.
Towards more robust hydroacoustic estimates of fish abundance in the presence of pelagic macroinvertebrates

Abstract The inclusion of unwanted targets in hydroacoustic surveys biases estimates of fish abundance. Thus, knowledge of frequency-dependent responses of unwanted targets (e.g., pelagic macroinvertebrates) can help ensure that transducer frequencies are used that minimize this bias. We determined how fish density estimates varied across multiple frequencies when the larval stage of a midge, Chaoborus, was present in the water column. We hypothesized that fish density estimates would increase with increasing transducer frequency, owing to greater backscattering by Chaoborus at higher frequencies than lower ones, which allows it to be included with the backscattering caused by fish. We found that fish density estimates were always greater at higher frequencies (e.g., 120 and 200 kHz) compared to a lower one (70 kHz) in several productive north-temperate reservoirs. Furthermore, pairwise comparisons of total (i.e., fish plus Chaoborus) backscattering showed that significantly more backscattering occurred at higher rather than lower frequencies. We also found that fish density estimates varied between spring and summer, partially owing to inter-seasonal size variation in Chaoborus that influenced its backscattering. Beyond demonstrating why the presence of pelagic macroinvertebrates needs to be considered when estimating fish abundance with hydroacoustics, we provide methods to identify and reduce this bias.
Social Categories in Context

Social categories play a central role in inquiry. Some authors have argued that social categories can only play this role because they have a particular metaphysical status, such as a connection to natural kinds or to comparatively joint-carving properties. This reflects the broadly realist idea that categories that play important roles in inquiry do so for metaphysical reasons. In this paper I argue that such metaphysical views of social categories cannot accommodate ‘empty’ social categories, cases in which social categories that cannot have the metaphysical features attributed to them by such accounts still play a central role in inquiry. I defend an alternative approach: context-dependent naturalness, an analogue of metaphysical naturalness that concerns context-dependent, rather than metaphysical, structure.
Spermatogonial Gene Networks Selectively Couple to Glutathione and Pentose Phosphate Metabolism but Not Cysteine Biosynthesis.

Summary In adult males, spermatogonia maintain lifelong spermatozoa production for oocyte fertilization. To understand spermatogonial metabolism we compared gene profiles in rat spermatogonia to publicly available mouse, monkey, and human spermatogonial gene profiles. Interestingly, rat spermatogonia expressed metabolic control factors Foxa1, Foxa2, and Foxa3. Germline Foxa2 was enriched in Gfra1Hi and Gfra1Low undifferentiated A-single spermatogonia. Foxa2-bound loci in spermatogonial chromatin were overrepresented by conserved stemness genes (Dusp6, Gfra1, Etv5, Rest, Nanos2, Foxp1) that intersect bioinformatically with conserved glutathione/pentose phosphate metabolism genes (Tkt, Gss, Gclc, Gclm, Gpx1, Gpx4, Fth), marking elevated spermatogonial GSH:GSSG. Cystine-uptake and intracellular conversion to cysteine typically couple glutathione biosynthesis to pentose phosphate metabolism. Rat spermatogonia, curiously, displayed poor germline stem cell viability in cystine-containing media, and, like primate spermatogonia, exhibited reduced transsulfuration pathway markers. Exogenous cysteine, cysteine-like mercaptans, somatic testis cells, and ferroptosis inhibitors counteracted the cysteine-starvation-induced spermatogonial death and stimulated spermatogonial growth factor activity in vitro.
The Spectrum of Health Care Coverage

Summary The health care delivery landscape is becoming increasingly complicated. Delivery systems and insurance products are attempting to balance choice with value. Large purchasers are deciding between taking on risk by designing their own benefit package and paying for the insurance company to assume their risk and accepting the federally qualified benefit package. Successful physician executives understand these complexities and can steer their delivery system to be effective and profitable while providing care and services across the spectrum of managed care models.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES AND BIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF ODONTOGENIC CYSTS AND TUMORS: Considerations for Surgical Management

SUMMARY Gross microscopy and LM examinations remain the main modality of diagnosis in surgical pathology. EM and other emerging diagnostic modalities are supplements to the time-tested LM examination of diseased tissue. The transmission EM provides a means of gaining increased specificity, stresses depth rather than breadth in tissue analysis, and on occasion provides greater precision of neoplasm cell identification.79 Tumors usually recapitulate their cell of origin, and it is the great magnification and the high resolution of EM that allows the pathologist to recognize cellular organelles and cell surface specialization that makes the cell identification possible.79, 134 Insight into the ultrastructure of the stroma and its interaction with the lesion in question has also provided additional clues to the diagnosis.128 It is to be re-emphasized that the diagnostic and prognostic conclusions in any particular case continue to rest more often, more accurately, and more properly on the experience of the pathologist with gross microscopic and LM examinations.68
Utility of follow-up cervical length screening in low-risk women with a cervical length of 26 to 29 mm.

Background In women with a previous preterm birth, a protocol for serial cervical length screening has been studied and recommended for the identification and treatment of a short cervix. Cervical length screening along with vaginal progesterone has been suggested for low-risk women with singleton pregnancies to treat a short cervix and reduce preterm birth. However, specific protocols for single vs serial ultrasound measuring cervical length in this population are not established. Cost-effectiveness of universal cervical length screening depends on the cost of screening; follow-up of borderline measurements can contribute to increased costs with uncertain benefit. Objective This study aimed to determine the utility of follow-up cervical length screening in otherwise low-risk women with singleton pregnancies with a midtrimester cervical length measurement of 26 to 29 mm through the assessment of the rate of short cervix (≤25 mm) on follow-up ultrasound and subsequent delivery outcomes. Study Design This was a 2-year retrospective cohort study at a single urban institution of women with singleton pregnancies with no previous spontaneous preterm birth and an initial transvaginal ultrasound cervical length measurement of 26 to 29 mm identified during universal cervical length screening at time of anatomy ultrasound (18 0/7 to 22 6/7 weeks’ gestation). The primary outcome was the rate of short cervix (defined as ≤25 mm on transvaginal ultrasound) on follow-up ultrasound at Results During the study period, there were 2801 women with singleton pregnancies at 18 0/7 to 22 6/7 weeks’ gestation with transvaginal ultrasound cervical length screening at time of anatomy scan. Among those women, 201 had a cervical length of 26 of 29 mm, and 184 (7%) had no previous spontaneous preterm birth and were included in the study. Furthermore, 144 women (78%) had a follow-up cervical length completed before 24 weeks’ gestation. The mean follow-up interval was 1.5±0.6 weeks. Overall, the percentage of short cervix (≤25 mm) on follow-up was 15% (n=21). Baseline characteristics were similar, but the initial cervical length measurement was shorter in women who subsequently developed a short cervix (26.7±0.8 vs 27.8±1.0; P 25 mm (16% vs 3%; P=.03). The rate of spontaneous preterm birth at Conclusion Here, approximately 15% of low-risk women with singleton pregnancies with a midtrimester cervical length measurement of 26 to 29 mm will experience cervical shortening of ≤25 mm before 24 weeks’ gestation. Compared to women with singleton pregnancies without a history of preterm birth, the rate of spontaneous preterm birth (16%) in women with an initial cervical length of 26 to 29 mm and a subsequent cervical shortening of ≤25 mm is significantly higher. A total of 111 follow-up ultrasounds measuring cervical length would be required to prevent 1 early preterm birth at
Crack Jumping in Fabric Composite Fracture Testing

Interlaminar fracture is a failure mode that fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) are commonly susceptible to during loading. The strain energy release rate associated with delaminations can be the limiting factor in a laminate’s design. Standard test methods have been developed to measure the critical strain energy release rates using precracked coupons, such as the double cantilever beam (DCB). However, since the adherends in these coupons are laminates themselves, often the crack can initiate a secondary crack within one of the adherends and propagate along a secondary interface as well as the primary, precracked, interface. Deconvoluting the effects of the two cracks, a bridged ply, and multiple crack tips can turn a relatively simple test in determining a material property into a very complicated structural problem. In most cases, it is best to scrap the data collected after the crack has jumped interfaces and start with a fresh specimen. For fabric composites, this phenomenon can be quite common due to the variation in bond line thickness between plies resulting from the architecture of the fabric itself (tow size, weave architecture) as well as manufacturing flaws (voids, foreign object debris). This study aims to use the crack jumping phenomenon to learn more about the characteristics of the process zone through the insertion of designed flaws as well as design a method for evaluating the fracture properties of a toughened film adhesive in a co-cured context.