cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ex vivo Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Drug PNC-27 in the Treatment of Patient-Derived Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

Objective Despite an 80% response rate to chemotherapy, epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest case fatality rate of all gynecologic malignancies. Several studies have shown the efficiency of anticancer peptides PNC-27 and PNC-28 in killing a variety of cancer cells selectively in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PNC-27 against human primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods We established primary cultures of freshly isolated epithelial ovarian cancer cells from patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cystadenocarcinomas. Two cell lines were obtained, one from mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and the other from high-grade papillary serous carcinoma. The cancerous properties of these cells were characterized in vitro morphologically, by their growth requirements and serum independence. Treatment effects with PNC-27 were followed qualitatively by light microscopy, and quantitatively by measuring inhibition of cell growth using the MTT cell proliferation assay and direct cytotoxicity by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Results PNC-27 inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the growth of and is cytotoxic to human primary cancer cells that had been freshly isolated from two ovarian epithelial cancers. The results further show that the control peptide PNC-29 has no effect on the primary cancer cells. Our results also show that PNC-27 is cytotoxic to cells from long-established and chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines. Conclusion These findings show, for the first time, the efficacy of PNC-27 on freshly isolated, primary human cancer cells. Our results indicate the potential of PNC-27 peptide as an efficient alternative treatment of previously untreated ovarian cancer as well as for ovarian cancers that have become resistant to present chemotherapies.
Designing the Terminal

The airport terminal provides the connection between the aircraft and the vehicles for ground transport. This function is difficult to perform well: the different size and length of stay of the air and ground vehicles imply quite dissimilar amounts of space on the airside and landside of the terminal. Typically, the stands for stationing the aircraft must occupy a much longer distance than the curb needed for the loading and unloading of cars, buses or other such vehicles. How to balance these conflicting requirements on opposite sides of the same building, is the essential question of terminal design. Until recently, this may not have been either a major or an important problem. Things are different now.
Lateral rotatory dislocation of the ankle without fracture. A case report.

A case of simple lateral rotatory dislocation of the ankle without fracture is reported. No similar case has been found in the English literature. The mechanism of injury is a minor inversion type of injury. There is no roentgenographic evidence of tibiofibular diastasis. Treatment consisted in closed reduction followed by a below-the-knee non-weight-bearing plaster cast for six weeks. A good anatomical, roentgenographic, and functional result was obtained.
Centering: Reducing Rape Trauma Syndrome Anxiety During a Gynecologic Examination

1. Individuals often delay seeking routine gynecologic care or have difficulty completing gynecologic examinations due to the effects of trauma. 2. Advance practice nurses (APN) are challenged to participate with clients to reduce their anxiety, thereby decreasing the health risks associated with avoiding routine gynecologic care. 3. "Centering" is a holistic, noninvasive modality to reduce anxiety associated with rape trauma syndrome.
Spin Geometry, Clifford Analysis, and Joint Seminormality

The first part of this article studies the integral and maximal operators associated with fundamental solutions of Dirac operators on Clifford bundles. The main goal is to obtain explicit estimates for integral transforms of this kind in terms of the corresponding maximal functions. As direct cones-quences of such estimates one derives several quantitative Hartogs-Rosenthal type theorems concerning monogenic approximation on compact sets.
Import Rules for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Contaminated Beef

To satisfy the Uruguay Round agreement, the United States proposed a region-based system of sanitary import rules for meat and livestock, whereby, as the risk of importing a disease rises, increasingly strict monitoring, certification, and quarantine rules are triggered. Paarlberg and Lee (1998) present an alternative policy in which the level of a trade barrier is linked directly to the health risk associated with imports. To illustrate how the risk of importing products containing Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) affects the welfare-optimizing tariff, we use a simple model of trade in beef. The level of a welfare-maximizing tariff imposed by the United States is affected both by the risk taken with beef that contains FMD as it moves from one country to another and by the expected loss in U.S. national beef output. Greater risks of importing beef that contains FMD result in larger tariffs against the exporter of contaminated beef. Also, increased expected U.S. output losses cause increased tariffs. When the risk of importing FMD is low and the expected output loss is slight, the discriminatory tariff due to FMD is negligible. When the risk of importing FMD is high and the expected output loss is great, then the discriminatory tariff is prohibitive.
A Gift: Workers to Sebastião Salgado

In a photograph the workers give what they cannot have: the right to be seen. Sebastiao Salgado first came to international prominence as a photographer in 1981 when he was assigned by the New York Times Magazine to cover the first 100 days of the new presidency and was there outside the Washington Hilton as John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Reagan. Salgado had already proven himself as a photographer in the previous decade (efforts that led to him joining the prestigious Magnum agency in 1979) but nothing could quite match the buzz of such a momentous event.
Converter-connected power plant generic model for frequency stability studies

This paper describes a generic mathematical model of a power plant comprising a synchronous machine driven by a prime mover and connected to the electrical grid through a static converter. We follow a standard approach used to represent other types of converter-connected generators and propose a dedicated turbine and active power control model. This model controls the mechanical speed and the inertial response of the turbine-synchronous machine shaft to enhance the contribution of the power plant to the system frequency control. It is a simplified performance-based model that allows to assess the potential advantages of using such power plant arrangement and benchmark it against other technologies.
Rhinologic Uses of Powered Instrumentation in Children Beyond Sinus Surgery

Powered instrumentation is now available for a variety of sinonasal procedures in children. Microdebriders with continuous suction at the operative site allow increased precision for complex procedures that often were difficult in small, fragile, pediatric noses. These instruments can be used for functional endoscopic sinus surgery in children and for such procedures as benign and malignant sinonasal or base of skull tumors, choanal atresia, complicated adenoidectomies, dacrocytorinostomies, septal spurs, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. These instruments can remove mucosa, neoplastic tissue, cartilage, thin bony septations, nasal debris, and blood under continuous endoscopic visualization. Edematous mucosa is not stripped, but trimmed and preserved, allowing much more rapid postoperative healing because exposed bone is avoided.
Differential expression of cytokines and receptor expression during anoxic growth

Cell density in tumor cell three dimensional (3D) cultures affects secretome expression of components. A microenvironment characteristic shared by high-density 3D cell culture and in vivo tumor masses is poor oxygenation, with anoxia being a natural cell state in tumor centers. Until recently, the ability to study anoxia-adapted cell physiology was not possible. Using a newly-developed methodology, anoxic HeLa cell secretome expression was measured. Anoxic HeLa cell cytokine levels after 3 days’ (hypoxia inducible factor, HIF1 positive) and 10 days’ growth (HIF1 negative; anaerobic respiration) were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than normoxic controls for: IL-8 (1.8- and 3.4-fold higher, respectively), GRO (1.3- and 1.1-fold higher, respectively), and IL-11 (1.4- and 1.1-fold higher, respectively). In contrast, G-CSF, IFNα2, and CXCL-10 levels decreased over time (day 3 vs. day 10). Thus, metabolically active HeLa cells respond to the lack of oxygen, in part, by regulating the levels of cytokines produced. Cytokines expressed at increased levels, in the absence of oxygen, correspond to a secretomic profile reported for paracrine signaling pathways associated with metastasis. Further studies defining physiologic changes that occur upon anoxic growth may lead to the discovery of novel chemotherapeutic drug targets.
Resurgence of congenital syphilis.

SUMMARY As a result of the alarming increase in primary and secondary syphilis in the United States, congenital syphilis has resurged in many areas, including Detroit. Several maternal risk factors have been identified as contributing to the increase in congenital syphilis, the most important of which are poor prenatal care and the trading of sex for illicit drugs, specially “crack” cocaine. Contact tracing programs are currently ineffective. To prevent the continuing increase in congenital syphilis, a comprehensive prenatal care program starting in early pregnancy is essential. STS should be determined during pregnancy and may be required more than once in high-risk mothers. Results of STS must be verified before infants are discharged from nurseries. Obstetricians, neonatolo-gists, pediatricians, and general practitioners should be more aware of the problem of congenital syphilis and the need for early intervention and treatment.
Nevoid Skin Findings

Birthmarks and acquired nevoid skin findings are a group of skin diseases in which one (nevus) or two or more (hamartoma) cell types are increased in number or functionally altered. Hamartomas are generally localized tumors of cells that are normal to a region, as opposed to choristomas, which contain cells abnormal to a region.
Prenatal diagnosis and management of abdominal wall defects

The widespread use of fetal ultrasonography in routine antenatal care now allows the majority of abdominal wall defects to be identified prenatally, with subsequent opportunities for parental counseling, fetal intervention, and optimal perinatal management. Outcome is significantly affected by the presence of additional structural or chromosomal malformations; appropriate multidisciplinary counseling and management is dependent on the early identification of such anomalies in addition to accurate delineation of the abdominal wall defect itself. In cases with associated lethal or multiple severe abnormalities, parents may opt for elective termination of the pregnancy. Serial sonography is of particular value in gastroschisis, but there is little evidence that fetal manipulation or premature delivery confers any significant benefit. For all types of abdominal wall defect, optimal perinatal management is achieved in centers where neonatal medical, surgical, and anesthetic expertise is immediately available; cases diagnosed in units without these services should be considered for in utero transport to the nearest perinatal center.
Agriculture and Wild Plant Use in the Middle Senegal River Valley, c. 800 BC—1000 AD

The histories of the diverse agricultural strategies used in the Middle Senegal River Valley (MSV) are poorly understood. The MSV is a productive inland floodplain environment located within the highly unpredictable West African Sahel, and is capable of reliable flood recession agriculture augmented by rain-fed strategies. Archaeological research from 1990–1993, directed by R. McIntosh, S. McIntosh, and H. Bocoum at Sincu Bara, Siwre and Cubalel sites along with additional excavations at Walalde by A. Deme in 1998–1999 produced diverse archaeological materials spanning almost three millennia of occupation. These included an extensive archaeobotanical record comprising 315 flotation samples from 14 excavation units in which the period 800 BC–1000 AD is particularly well represented. This paper presents a synthesis of the archaeobotanical seed and fruit sequence from these sites, drawing upon previous work by several scholars, including Capezza, Fuller, Gallagher, M.A. Murray and S. Murray, to explore regional patterns in plant use. Results indicate that pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) was cultivated in the MSV for almost 3000 years, and during this time residents also exploited a range of wild plants, including jujube ( Ziziphus sp.). In contrast, although common in the ethnohistoric record, sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was extremely rare and cotton (Gossypium sp.) was not conclusively identified at any of the excavated sites. The absence and/or rarity of these important plants in the archaeobotanical record of the MSV may be a result of preservation biases or it may be that they were of lesser significance prior to 1000 AD.
Correction: Goodbye to the bioassay.

Correction for ‘Goodbye to the bioassay’ by Jay I. Goodman et al., Toxicol. Res., 2018, 7, 558–564.
Presidential Address: Heroes, Warriors, and Burqas : A Feminist Sociologist's Reflections on September 11

My presidential address looked back at the gendered imagery of American heroes and warriors, Muslim terrorists, and oppressed Islamic women as they appeared in comparatively sophisticated media sources in the first 6 months after September 11. The imagery was conventionally gendered, but the actions of women and men reported in the same sources showed multiple gendering—heterogeneity within homogeneity. Making this multiplicity of gendering visible blurs and undermines gender lines and the inequities built on them. The social constructions of heroism, masculinity, and Islamic womanhood are core parts of the gender politics of September 11, a politics deeply embedded in the current debates over the causes and consequences of terrorism and war.
The Relationship Between Quality of Care, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy Staffing Levels in Nursing Homes in 4 Years' Follow-up.

Abstract Objectives To understand physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) staffing levels in nursing homes and to examine their relationship with quality of care. Design Observational study that used 4 secondary data sources to perform facility-level panel data analyses. Setting and participants For-profit and nonprofit US nursing homes participating in Medicare and/or Medicaid. The final analytic sample includes 42,374 observations from 12,352 nursing homes, 2013-2016. Methods Three Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services quality measures, including activities of daily living (ADL), falls, and 5-star quality, were used to examine the association between PT/OT staffing and quality. Bivariate analyses between PT/OT staffing and facility-level characteristics were run to describe the staffing disciplines in this setting. F tests and t tests were used to test for significance of each relationship. The sample was stratified into quintiles to determine if nursing homes with higher PT/OT staffing levels were linked to higher quality. Significance was determined using F tests and chi-squared tests. Finally, multilevel random effects regressions were performed to examine the relationship between PT/OT staffing and quality. Results Bivariate analyses indicate that PT/OT staffing levels vary across several nursing home characteristics. After stratifying the sample based on staffing levels, this study found that nursing homes that differ in staffing levels also differ in their quality performance. The random effects regression models also estimated a significant, positive relationship between higher staffing levels and quality, evidenced by each quality domain. Conclusions/Implications The findings demonstrate that PT/OT staffing may be important components in improving long-stay resident outcomes and overall quality. Evidence was found in support of utilizing a combination of both PT/OT staff and nursing staff to improve resident outcomes, and expanding coverage of these staff/services under Medicaid. Further research should evaluate effective multidisciplinary approaches to care to lend further support to policy makers and progress quality improvement strategies.
Breaking graph-based IoT malware detection systems using adversarial examples: poster

The main goal of this study is to investigate the robustness of graph-based Deep Learning (DL) models used for Internet of Things (IoT) malware classification against Adversarial Learning (AL). We designed two approaches to craft adversarial IoT software, including Off-the-Shelf Adversarial Attack (OSAA) methods, using six different AL attack approaches, and Graph Embedding and Augmentation (GEA). The GEA approach aims to preserve the functionality and practicality of the generated adversarial sample through a careful embedding of a benign sample to a malicious one. Our evaluations demonstrate that OSAAs are able to achieve a misclassification rate (MR) of 100%. Moreover, we observed that the GEA approach is able to misclassify all IoT malware samples as benign.
Japanese War Brides in America An Oral History

In the countries featured in Japanese War Brides in America: An Oral History, people conventionally celebrate marriage by donning ritual attire, preparing official documents, and performing religio...
Comments On a Concept From General Relativity

It is not widely known that the mass-energy equivalence of special relativity and the energy-momentum equations that describe geodesics in General Relativity constrain the form of the time component of the metric tensor. It is possible to satisfy the constraint by considering gravitational fields to be real, independent entities that possess field energy densities and including these as source terms in the Einstein field equations. In this approach, the spacetime metric becomes a function of the gravitational potential rather than having to describe both geometry and gravity. This prevents the formation of event horizons and can eliminate the need for a cosmological constant (aka "dark energy"). The gravitational potentials and field energies offer a path toward alleviating the incompatibility of quantum mechanics and General Relativity.
TAPHONOMY OF THE LOWER JURASSIC KONSERVAT-LAGERSTÄTTE AT YA HA TINDA (ALBERTA, CANADA) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR EXCEPTIONAL FOSSIL PRESERVATION DURING OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENTS

Konservat-Lagerstatten provide the most complete snapshots of ancient organisms and communities in the fossil record. In the Mesozoic, these deposits are rarely found in marine facies outside Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) intervals, suggesting that OAEs set the stage for exceptional fossil preservation. Although anoxia does not guarantee survival of non-biomineralized tissues or articulated skeletons, other OAE phenomena may promote their conservation. Here, we test this hypothesis with a taphonomic analysis of the Konservat-Lagerstatte in the black shales and siltstones of the Jurassic Fernie Formation at Ya Ha Tinda (Alberta, Canada). This deposit contains crustacean cuticles, coleoid gladii with ink sacs and mantle tissues, and articulated skeletons of fish, crinoids, and ichthyosaurs. The fossils were preserved in the Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) when euxinic conditions were common in the area, in part, due to the ∼183 Ma Toarcian OAE. Some of the fossils contain carbonaceous material, but the majority consists of apatite minerals, and phosphatic gladii demonstrate that some animals were preserved through secondary phosphate mineralization. Phosphatization generally occurs within phosphate-rich sediment, but oceanic anoxia causes sediment to release phosphorus and prevents animals from colonizing seafloor habitats. Accordingly, we propose that the animals were preserved during brief episodes of bottom water oxia and/or dysoxia, when the environment would have been most favorable to benthic communities and phosphate mineralization. In this setting, phosphatization may have been fueled by phosphate delivery from continental weathering in response to climatic warming, ocean upwelling of eutrophic water, and/or nutrient trapping by anoxia in the basin.
COMPARISON OF PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY FOLLOWING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY: A PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER COHORT STUDY

After our systematic retrieval, 23 prediction models of contrast medium nephropathy (CIN) were built but still no evidence which is the best. Therefore, we use our prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study to compare the prediction efficiency of 23 CIN risk models. A total of 4271
Regional Identity in the Four Colonies

Early in my general psychiatry residency, a patient justified her behavior by the following analogy: “When you’re raised in a town where everybody is a horse thief, you grow up thinking it’s okay to be one.” Later on, another patient explained a relative’s personality by saying that the person was from a certain town! Further, similar events aroused my curiosity about geographical variations in values and ethics.
Session-Based Cyberbullying Detection: Problems and Challenges

Cyberbullying has become one of the most pressing online risks for young people, due in part to the rapid increase in social media use, and has raised serious concerns in society. Existing studies have examined various approaches to cyberbullying detection focusing on a single piece of text, whereas relatively little is known about cyberbullying detection within a social media session . A social media session typically consists of an initial post, images/videos, a sequence of comments that involves user interactions, user information, spatial location, and other social content. By investigating cyberbullying at the level of social media sessions, researchers can draw on data that are more complex, diverse, and crucial for understanding two defining characteristics of cyberbullying, in particular: repetitive acts and power imbalance . This article thus highlights the importance of studying session-based cyberbullying detection, identifies core challenges, and serves as a resource to help direct future research efforts.
Multivariate associations between dopamine receptor availability and risky investment decision making across adulthood

Pharmacological manipulations have revealed that enhancing dopamine increases financial risk taking across adulthood. However, it is unclear whether baseline individual differences in dopamine function, assessed using PET imaging, are related to performance on risky financial decision making tasks. Here, thirty-five healthy adults completed an incentive-compatible learning-based risky investment decision task and a PET scan at rest using [11C]FLB457 to assess dopamine D2-like receptor availability. In the task, participants made choices between a safe asset (bond) and a risky asset (stock) with either an expected value less than the bond (bad stock) or expected value greater than the bond (good stock). Five measures of behavioral performance (choice inflexibility, risk seeking, suboptimal investment) and beliefs (absolute error, optimism) were extracted from the task data and average non-displaceable dopamine D2-like binding potential was extracted from four brain regions of interest (midbrain, amygdala, anterior cingulate, insula) from the PET imaging data. Given the presence of multiple independent and dependent variables, we used canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to evaluate multivariate associations between learning-based decision making and dopamine function controlling for age. Decomposition of the first dimension (r = .76) revealed that the strongest associations were between measures of choice inflexibility, incorrect choice, optimism, amygdala binding potential, and age. Follow-up univariate analyses revealed that amygdala binding potential and age were both independently associated with choice inflexibility. The findings reveal latent associations between baseline neural and behavioral measures suggesting that individual differences in dopamine function may be associated with learning-based financial risk taking in healthy adults.
Using qualitative and participatory methods to refine implementation strategies: universal family psychosocial screening in pediatric cancer.

Children with cancer and their families are at risk for short- and long-term psychosocial difficulties. Screening for psychosocial risk remains inconsistent, leading to inequitable access to psychosocial services. The Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT) is an evidence-based caregiver report screener of family psychosocial risk ready for implementation in a nationwide cluster randomized trial that will test two implementation strategies across 18 pediatric cancer centers. The current study, conducted in preparation for the trial, solicited the perspectives of key stakeholders about two proposed implementation strategies identified during previous research which focus on health equity and screening of all families (universal screening). Results were used to refine the implementation strategies for testing in the subsequent trial. Semi-structured interviews with 19 key stakeholders (parents, health care providers, pediatric oncology organizations, and pediatric healthcare leaders) were conducted regarding the two implementation strategies. Strategy I is a training webinar; Strategy II is training + implementation enhanced resources, which includes a champion at each site and monthly peer support consultation calls. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis with deductively derived codes based on the Interactive Systems Framework and inductive codes based on emerging data. Stakeholder interviews provided rich data to rigorously modify the proposed implementation strategies. Implementation strategies were modified in consistent with these recommendations: engaging providers by framing family psychosocial screening as an opportunity for more efficient and effective practice; setting clear expectations about the importance of screening 100% of children and their families to achieve the goal of universal screening, equity of care, and reduction of disparities; and adapting successful strategies for systematic implementation of screening to ensure optimal engagement with children and their families throughout their care. Stakeholder input strengthened implementation strategies by suggesting modifications that emphasized health equity and reduction in health disparities. Using implementation science methods to build on a long-standing program of research provided practical insights about immediate needs of families and historical insights regarding structural inequities such as language differences and access to services. Resulting strategies address all levels of the social ecology for children’s cancer care, including the patient, family, provider, healthcare system, and community. NCT04446728 June 23, 2020
Four-Phonon Processes and the Thermal Expansion Effects in the Thermal Resistivity of Crystals at High Temperatures

The temperature dependence of the high temperature thermal resistivity for many crystals is observed to contain a T2 component in addition to the linear component expected from three-phonon processes. Four-phonon processes yield a T2 resistivity component. The four-phonon inverse relaxation time is estimated in terms of the Grueneisen parameter and its strain derivative, but its magnitude is found to be much smaller than that needed to account for the experimental T2 resistivity term. A formula for the pressure dependence of the thermal conductivity can be used to estimate the effect of the thermal expansion on the three-phonon resistivity. It is found that the thermal expansion effect can account for the T2 resistivity component in KCl. The high Debye temperatures of Al2O3, BeO, and MgO allow other effects to mask the T2 component at most temperatures. An inspection of lower Debye temperature materials, RbBr, Ge, and Si reveals that the thermal expansion effect accounts for only a fraction of the T2 component. The behavior of the low frequency longitudinal phonons may be the reason why the resistivity, corrected to constant volume, still varies faster than T.
Abstract TP321: Testing a Neural Activity Triggered Device for Stroke Rehabilitation

Background: In this ongoing study we are testing a closed-loop neurological feedback device that can facilitate functional recovery in stroke patients with upper extremity motor deficits. Methods: ...
Voir Dire and Jury Selection

During the pretrial proceeding of voir dire, attorneys use a wide range of techniques to select potential jurors who will be favorably disposed to their case. Traditionally, attorneys have drawn on intuition, courtroom experience, and implicit theories of juror behavior to select favorable jurors. In contrast, scientific jury selection refers to the use of surveys and other social scientific tools to identify demographic characteristics, personality traits, or attitudes that predict jurors' verdict inclinations. There is a long-standing debate within the legal and scientific communities whether either method of jury selection effectively identifies jurors favorable to a given case. This chapter describes the legal framework in which attorneys execute jury selection (i.e., voir dire), the procedures underlying traditional and scientific jury selection, and the history behind the development of scientific jury selection. The chapter provides a detailed review of the empirical research assessing the effectiveness of both traditional and scientific jury selection. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of this empirical research and a recommendation for a social-psychological approach to the study of scientific jury selection that may remedy the current theoretical stagnation and advance research in the area. Keywords: juror bias; jury selection; scientific jury selection; trial consulting; voir dire
Detecting metal-metal interactions and measuring distances between metal centers in metalloproteins

Publisher Summary Even if a high-resolution structure of a metalloprotein is not available, it is possible to obtain important insights into molecular structure and function through the application of appropriate biophysical techniques. This chapter addresses one particular aspect of studying the structures of metalloproteins in solution—namely, methods and techniques to characterize the organization of metal centers in multimetal proteins. Before proceeding to the discussion of methods, a short account of the structural and functional variety of closely spaced metal atoms in multimetal proteins is given. Metals in these proteins either form well separated mononuclear complexes or are closely spaced or clustered. Metal-metal interactions occur within one protein subunit, between subunits, or between a metal cofactor or a label and an intrinsic metal atom. In this chapter, attention is focused on methods that can detect directly (physically) interacting metal atoms and that can measure distances between them. Accordingly, interaction becomes largely synonymous with proximity throughout this chapter, except that the few existing methods that can measure longer distances are also presented. Binuclear arrangements of metal ions are most frequently recognized and higher nuclearity is also observed.
Physical activity and change in long distance corridor walk performance in the health, aging, and body composition study

Objectives To examine the prospective relationship between self-reported physical activity and aerobic fitness in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (Health ABC) using the Long Distance Corridor Walk (LDCW). Design Cohort study with 7 years of follow-up. Setting Two U.S. clinical sites. Participants Community-dwelling older adults enrolled in Health ABC (N = 3,075, aged 70–79, 52% female, 42% black) with no self-reported difficulty walking one-quarter of a mile or climbing 10 steps. Measurements Participants were classified based on a physical activity questionnaire as being inactive (≤1,000 kcal/wk exercise activity, ≤2,719 kcal/wk total physical activity), lifestyle active (≤1,000 kcal/wk exercise activity, >2,719 kcal/wk total physical activity), or exercisers (≥1,000 kcal/wk exercise activity). The LDCW, an endurance walking test (400 m), was administered at Years 1 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, and 8 to assess aerobic fitness. Results At baseline, LDCW completion times (adjusted for age and sex) were 351.8 seconds (95% confidence interval (CI) = 346.9–356.8 seconds) for the inactive group, 335.9 seconds (95% CI = 332.7–339.1 seconds) for the lifestyle active group, and 307.7 seconds (95% CI = 303.2–312.3 seconds) for the exerciser group (P < .001). From baseline to Year 8, the inactive group slowed 36.1 seconds (95% CI = 28.4–43.8 seconds), the lifestyle active group slowed 38.1 seconds (95% CI = 33.6–42.4 seconds), and the exerciser group slowed 40.8 seconds (95% CI = 35.2–46.5 seconds), and did not differ significantly between groups. In linear mixed-effects models, the rate of change in LDCW time did not differ between the groups, although exercisers consistently had the fastest completion times (P < .001 for all pairwise comparisons). Conclusion Decline in LDCW time occurred regardless of baseline activity, although exercisers maintained higher aerobic fitness, which may delay reaching a critically low threshold of aerobic fitness at which independence is impaired.
Forensic applications of ion-beam mixing and surface spectroscopy of latent fingerprints

Ion Beam Enhancement and Detection of Latent Fingerprints Using Auger and SIMS Analysis have potential significant forensic applications. The ion implantation process is used to ion beam mix the materials of the latent fingerprints into a substrate, such that the atoms that form the latent fingerprints become an integrated part of the substrate material. The permanent record of the fingerprint can be imaged optically or with a scanning electron microscope. In addition, surface analysis techniques such as Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) or Auger Spectroscopy (AES) can be used to identify the chemical composition of the fingerprint material. This work involved ion beam mixing fingerprints into selected classes of substrates and used Auger spectrometry and computer aided Auger mapping to image fingerprints with low concentrations of the fingerprint materials. This combination of techniques produced images of fingerprints with heretofore-unapplied surface analysis techniques. The application of these surface analysis techniques was possible by the ion beam mixing process. Future applications are now possible with utilizing techniques more sensitive to lower concentrations of the fingerprint material. Using modern surface spectroscopy methods it can be possible to detect and map fingerprints at concentrations in parts per billion (ppb).© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Autohydrogenotrophic perchlorate reduction kinetics of a microbial consortium in the presence and absence of nitrate.

Abstract This is the first study to model the effects of nitrate on autohydrogenotrophic perchlorate biokinetics. Batch experiments demonstrated that the presence of nitrate significantly inhibited perchlorate degradation by a hydrogen-oxidizing, perchlorate-reducing microbial consortium. However, the consortium was capable of significant perchlorate reduction while the bulk of the nitrate was still present. Results showed that a modified competitive inhibition model successfully predicted autohydrogenotrophic perchlorate degradation in the presence of nitrate (initial concentrations of ∼230 μg ClO 4 − /L and 2.2–4.6 mg NO 3 − -N/L). The model describes perchlorate degradation as a function of the biomass, perchlorate, hydrogen, and nitrate concentrations, as well as the single-component perchlorate (28 μg/L), hydrogen (2.3 × 10−6 M (aq)), and nitrate (0.15 mg/L as N) half-saturation coefficients (Ks) and perchlorate maximum substrate utilization rate (k) (1.8 μg ClO 4 − /mg TSS-hr). Single-component parameters were obtained through a series of batch experiments performed under perchlorate-, nitrate-, and hydrogen-limiting conditions with initial concentrations of 80–340 μg ClO 4 − /L, 2.7–3.6 mg NO 3 − -N/L, and 1%–3% H2 (g) by volume.
Myocardial calcification and cardiac dysfunction in chronic renal failure.

Purpose Myocardial calcium content may have clinical importance in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but it is difficult to detect during life. Our goal was to assess the effect of myocardial calcium content on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in uremic patients undergoing dialysis. Patients and methods Energy subtraction radiography of the chest was used to measure myocardial calcium content in 43 patients undergoing dialysis, in 32 control subjects, and in nine patients with advanced cardiomyopathy. LVEF and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension were measured by two-dimensional echocardiography. The concentration of parathyroid hormone was measured by radioimmunoassay; calcium-phosphorus product, alkaline phosphatase, and serum bicarbonate were also assessed. Results Patients undergoing dialysis had a greater myocardial calcium content than control subjects [262 ± 15.4 (mean ± SE) versus 187 ± 8 mg/cm 2 , p Conclusion We suggest that increased myocardial calcium content results from poor calcium and phosphorus control and may be enhanced by parathyroid hormone hyperactivity. Increased myocardial calcium content is strongly associated with myocardial dysfunction in patients undergoing dialysis.
The Failure of Inquiry: Preparing Science Teachers with an Authentic Investigation

This mixed methodology action research study examined the impact of a curricular innovation designed to provide an authentic science inquiry learning experience for 15 secondary science teacher candidates enrolled in a master’s level initial certification program. The class investigated the question “How can peak autumn color in New England be determined?” The project goals were to help teacher candidates acquire the skills, knowledge, and dispositions necessary to foster learning through inquiry in their respective content areas as defined by teacher preparation professional standards. Though the teacher candidates were successful at identifying a likely answer to the question, the project failed to achieve its learning goals. Reasons for the project’s failure and implications for the science education community are discussed.
Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Study for the Isotope Effect on OH Vibration in Ice Ih

The stretching vibration of OH of ice Ih is studied by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics in regarding the effect of mixed H/D contamination while the vibrational spectrum is considered by velocity-velocity autocorrelations of the sampled ensemble. When hydrogen atoms are immersed randomly into the deuterated ice, a typical vibrational frequency of OH stretching mode is observed to be similar to that from the pure H2O ice. When focusing on the correlation of isolated neighboring OH stretching, a narrower and blue shifted peak is observed at the high frequency range as a result of the screening from the complex many body correlations by D2O environment. It is also specifically related to the symmetric intermolecular correlations between neighboring OH stretching modes. More enhanced high frequency range can be explained by the expansion of such two body correlations to collective many body correlations among all possible OH stretching modes. This contribution becomes important when it involves in chemical interactions via excitation of such vibrational states.
Work-Force Scheduling with Cyclic Requirements and Constraints on Days Off, Weekends Off, and Work Stretch

Abstract A generalization of cyclical work-force scheduling is presented. We compute the minimal number of workers needed for a seven-days-a-week operation to satisfy cyclic demand for D workers every weekday and E workers every weekend day, while giving each worker two days off per week, including A out of B weekends off, for any A and B (A < B). Using this workforce, the generalized cyclical scheduling procedure produces a feasible “master rotation” schedule, which additionally maintains all work stretches between two and four days (unless a worker gets two successive weekends off, in which case he works Monday through Friday), and which gives adjacent weekdays off, as often as possible, to any worker who must work on successive weekends. It is shown that the latter condition can be satisfied for all workers in almost all instances.
Modeling images and textures by minimax entropy

This article proposes a general theory and methodology, called the minimax entropy principle, for building statistical models for images (or signals) in a variety of applications. This principle consists of two parts. (1) Maximum entropy principle for feature binding (or fusion): for a given set of observed feature statistics, a distribution can be built to bind these feature statistics together by maximizing the entropy over all distributions that reproduce these feature statistics. The second part is the minimum entropy principle for feature selection: among all plausible sets of feature statistics, we choose the set whose maximum entropy distribution has the minimum entropy. Computational and inferential issues in both parts are addressed. The minimax entropy principle is then corrected by considering the sample variation in the observed feature statistics, and a novel information criterion is derived for feature selection. The minimax entropy principle is applied to texture modeling. Relationship between our theory and the mechanisms of neural computation is also discussed.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Comparison of Resident Fish Assemblages in Managed and Unmanaged Coastal Wetlands in North Carolina and South Carolina

Abstract The dominant fish species within impounded coastal wetlands in the southeastern US may be different from the species that dominate natural marshes. We tested the hypothesis that resident fish assemblages inhabiting impounded coastal wetlands in South Carolina would differ from resident assemblages in natural marshes of the southeastern United States. We used rarefied species richness, Shannon's H' diversity, J' evenness, Morisita's index of similarity, and the percent similarity index to compare resident fish assemblages from two impoundments to 12 open-marsh resident fish assemblages from previously published studies in North and South Carolina. We used rotenone to sample fish assemblages in impoundments. The assemblages in natural marsh habitat had been sampled with rotenone and seines. We classified comparisons yielding a similarity index ≥0.50 as moderately similar and those with an index ≥0.75 as very similar. Fifty-three percent of the among-impoundment comparisons (Morisita's index) were a...
Late Reversal of Cerebral Perfusion and Water Diffusion after Transient Focal Ischemia in Rats

Top of pageAbstract Region-specific cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water in the rat brain were quantified by high-field magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T in the rat suture occlusion model. Cerebral blood flow and ADC were compared during the short- (4.5 hours) and long-term (up to 6 days) reperfusion after 80 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and correlated with the histology analysis. On occlusion, average CBF fell from 100 to less than 50 mL 100 g-1 min-1 in the cortex, and to less than 20 mL 100 g-1 min-1 in the caudate putamen (CP). Corresponding ADC values decreased from (6.98 0.82) 10-4 to (5.49 0.54) 10-4 mm2/s in the cortex, and from (7.16 0.58) 10-4 to (4.86 0.62) 10-4 mm2/s in the CP. On average, CBF recovered to 50% of baseline in the first 24 hours of reperfusion. After 2 to 4 days, a strong hyperperfusion in the ipsilateral cortex and CP, up to 300 mL 100 g-1 min-1, was observed. The ADC ratio in the ipsilateral and contralateral CP was also inverted in the late reperfusion period. Histology revealed more severe tissue damage at the late stage of reperfusion than at 4.5 hours. Significant reversal of CBF and ADC during the late reperfusion period may reflect the impairment of autoregulation in the ischemic regions. Vascular factors may play an important role in the infarct development after 80-minute focal ischemia. Keywords: Focal cerebral ischemia, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cerebral blood flow, Apparent diffusion coefficient, Hyperperfusion
Photon-driven chemistry of column V hydrides on GaAs(100)

The chemistry, driven by 6.4 eV photons, of ammonia, phosphine, and arsine, adsorbed on GaAs(100), is compared. When molecularly adsorbed XH3 (XequalsN, P, and As) at low temperatures, ca. 100 K, is irradiated, molecular desorption and hydride bond cleavage occurs. The branching between these two channels varies strongly with X; desorption is favored for NH3 and As-H Bond cleavage favored for AsH3. The H atoms within the photochemically formed XH2 groups can also be removed with photons, but only by extensive irradiation.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analogical priming via semantic relations

Research on semantic memory has often tacitly treated semantic relations as simple conduits for spreading activation between associated object concepts, rather than as integral components of semantic organization. Yet conceptual relations, and the role bindings they impose on the objects they relate, are central to such cognitive tasks as discourse comprehension, inference, problem solving, and analogical reasoning. The present study addresses the question of whether semantic relations and their bindings can influence access to semantic memory. The experiments investigated whether, and under what conditions, presenting a prime pair of words linked by 1 of 10 common semantic relations would facilitate processing of a target pair of words linked by the same relation. No effect was observed when participants merely read the prime; however, relational priming was observed under instructions to note and use the semantic relations. Participants were faster at making a lexical decision or naming a word on a related pair of target words when that pair was primed with an analogously related pair of words than when the prime pair consisted of either two unrelated words or two words linked by some other relation. This evidence of analogical priming suggests that under an appropriate strategic set, lexical decisions and naming latencies can be influenced by a process akin to analogical mapping.
Serum cholesterol of Malayan tree shrews

Subspecific differences were found in total and esterified cholesterol of Malayan tree shrews. Thirty-twoT. glis sordida (Tioman Island) had mean levels of 73.4 mg% total cholesterol and 50.6 mg% esterified cholesterol. Mean levels of 57.3 mg% total cholesterol and 38.2 mg% cholesterol esters were found in 25T. g. ferruginea from the Malayan mainland. Other factors such as sex, pregnancy, and perhaps stress as related to diet and density of population, appeared to contribute to the variance of cholesterol level between insular and mainland forms.