cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of [18F]GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Preparation of no-carrier-added fluorine-18 labeled GBR 12909 (1-[2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine), a specific and high affinity inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, is described. 4-Fluoro-4′-[18F]fluorobenzophenone was prepared by [18F]fluoride ion substitution of the corresponding trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate salt. The [18F]benzophenone was reduced to the benzhydrol, chlorinated, then used to alkylate 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-propyl)piperazine to yield [18F]GBR 12909 in high specific activity (≥2000 Ci/mmol) and overall yields of 10–16% (corrected, 140 min synthesis).
Many-body theory of surface-enhanced Raman scattering

A many-body Green's function approach to the microscopic theory of surface-enhanced Raman scattering is presented. Interaction effects between a general molecular system and a spatially anisotropic metal particle supporting plasmon excitations in the presence of an external radiation field are systematically included through many-body perturbation theory. Reduction of the exact effects of molecular-electronic correlation to the level of Hartree-Fock mean-field theory is made for practical initial implementation, while description of collective oscillations of conduction electrons in the metal is reduced to that of a classical plasma density; extension of the former to a Kohn-Sham density-functional or second-order M\o{}ller-Plesset perturbation theory is discussed; further specialization of the latter to the random-phase approximation allows for several salient features of the formalism to be highlighted without need for numerical computation. Scattering and linear-response properties of the coupled system subjected to an external perturbing electric field in the electric-dipole interaction approximation are investigated. Both damping and finite-lifetime effects of molecular-electronic excitations as well as the characteristic fourth-power enhancement of the molecular Raman scattering intensity are elucidated from first principles. It is demonstrated that the presented theory reduces to previous models of surface-enhanced Raman scattering and leads naturally to a semiclassical picture of the response of a quantum-mechanical molecular system interacting with a spatially anisotropic classical metal particle with electronic polarization approximated by a discretized collection of electric dipoles.
Identifying behavioral measures of stress in individuals with aphasia.

Purpose To develop valid indicators of stress in individuals with aphasia (IWA) by examining the relationship between certain language variables (error frequency [EF] and word productivity [WP]) an...
Cellular Responses Required for Oxidative Stress Tolerance, Colonization, and Lesion Formation by the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria alternata in Citrus

The pathogenic capability of the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata relies on the production of host-selective ACT toxin. Inoculation of A. alternata in leaves of the citrus quickly induced rapid lipid peroxidation, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and cell death, indicative of host defensive response. We previously demonstrated an essential role of the A. alternataAaAP1 gene, encoding a redox-responsive YAP1-like transcription factor, to contribute to fungal pathogenicity. The AaAP1 null mutant fails to incite necrotic lesions. In this study, we show further that the fungal mutant defective at the AaAP1 locus displayed reduced activities for glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and ligninolytic peroxidase, yet retained normal production of ACT toxin. In contrast to the wild-type progenitor and the genetically reverted strain, the mutant strain was unable to detoxify H2O2 effectively and was killed upon exposure to H2O2. The mutant strain induced lower levels of H2O2 accumulation in citrus leaves, compared to those induced by the wild-type or by the genetically reverted strain. Upon exposure to H2O2, A. alternata apparently changed expression of a wide array of the genes regulated by AaAP1. Thus, the impairment of the AaAP1 null mutants to incite necrotic lesions is apparently a consequence of their inability to alleviate the toxicity of ROS, and circumvention of plant defenses is important for the disease process.
The Mandate of Empathy

Confucian thinkers seem to have had something like our present concept of empathy long before that notion was self-consciously available in the West. Wang Yang-Ming’s talk of forming one body with others and similar ideas in the writings of Cheng Hao and, much earlier, of Mengzi make it clear that the Confucian traditions not only had the idea of empathy but saw its essential relation to phenomena like compassion, benevolence, and sympathy that are constitutive of the altruistic side of morality. Nowadays, there is increasing interest among Western psychologists and philosophers in the phenomenon of empathy, and it would be lovely and welcome if, having originated these ideas, Chinese philosophers would now take up and help develop what has recently been said and done about empathy, and its relation to altruism, in the West.
Defining Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Refractory Superficial Bladder Tumors

ABSTRACTPurpose: We define bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) refractory, high risk, superficial bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 93 patients received a 6-week induction course of BCG. They were evaluated for response after 3 and 6 months. Half of the patients received monthly maintenance BCG for 2 years and half did not. In both groups the initial responses to BCG at 3 and 6 months were correlated with subsequent tumor recurrence and progression.Results: Of the 93 cases 57% were negative for tumor at 3 months and 43% had residual tumor resected. At 6 months 80% of the patients were tumor-free and 20% had persistent or recurrent tumor. Maintenance BCG did not decrease tumor recurrence further than induction BCG. Subsequent tumor-free interval during 24 months of followup were best predicted by response to BCG after 6 months.Conclusions: A minimum treatment and followup time of 6 months is required to identify high risk, superficial bladder tumors as truly BCG refractory.
The Use of the Scales of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdnerii) to make Direct Comparisons of Growth

Abstract No one has apparently made use of efficient statistical procedures for the “back-calculation” of the growth of fish from the measurements of the scales. If it can be shown that the scale provides an unbiased estimate of the length or “size” of the fish, then there is no real necessity for the conversion of scale size into body size for comparisons of the growth. A study of data obtained from the rainbow trout population of Paul Lake, British Columbia, showed that scale size could be regarded as an unbiased estimate of the length of immature 2-year-old male and female rainbow trout under the ordinary conditions of sampling by angling. An example is given to show how the growth of rainbow trout in 4 separate years could be compared by the direct use of the scales. It is known from previous studies that a significant reduction in size occurred during these years. A corresponding reduction in the size of the scales was also found. It is suggested that the method provides a direct index of the growth ...
Biosynthesis of 1‐Octen‐3‐ol and 10‐Oxo‐trans ‐8‐decenoic Acid Using a Crude Homogenate of Agaricus bisporus: Reaction Scale Up

The enzymatic reaction that produces 1-octen-3-ol and 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid was successfully scaled up from a 1-L to a 10-L bioreactor using a crude mushroom homogenate of Agaricus bisporus. For this non-Newtonian reaction broth, the agitation rate was considered the most important controlling factor for the scale up. An agitation rate of 600 rpm, for an aeration rate of 0.44 m 3 /m 3 /h, was found to be the minimum to maintain the yield constant for the 1-L reactor. Subsequently, the agitation rate for the 10-L reactor was determined using 2 different approaches: a constant power per volume of liquid and a constant volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k L a). The constant power per volume of liquid approach predicted an agitation rate of 364 rpm that resulted in being too low to maintain the same yield obtained with the 1-L reactor. Measurement of the k L a for the 10-L reactor, at 364 rpm and an aeration of 0.44 m 3 /m 3 /h, produced a value of 11.7/h, thus confirming that the reaction in the larger reactor was oxygen-deprived. Therefore, the use of constant volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k L a) strategy was used instead. k L a was experimentally determined at different agitation rates for the 10-L reactor. It was found that 750 rpm produced a k L a of 40.2/h. Confirmatory reactions were run in both reactors with the same batch of mushrooms, and the results were equivalent, thus indicating that was a good criterion for scaling up this process.
Impact of Vegetable Oil on Distribution of Trichloroethylene in Groundwater During Enhanced Bioremediation

Vegetable oils are increasingly being used as long-term carbon donors to stimulate reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE). Besides potential enhancement of biodegradation, the addition of vegetables oils may impact TCE fate and distribution within the aquifer by acting as non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Distribution coefficients for TCE between groundwater and four vegetable oils were determined using a slow-stir technique. Log vegetable oil/water distribution coefficients (log Kvw) were found to range from 1.0 to 2.56. TCE/vegetable oil distribution coefficients statistically increased with an increase in oil weathering while the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the water did not change over time.
A Probability Method for Bulk Power System Security Assessment, II - Development of Probability Models for Normally-Operating Components

The paper continues the discussion of a probability method for the "on-line" assessment of the near-term future security of an operating bulk power system begun in Reference [1]. The present paper presents the development of probability models for normally- operating components needed for implementation of the probabilistic security assessment method.
Irregularly shaped otoliths from saugers prevent back-calculation of length at previous ages in Wyoming

Abstract We collected otoliths from saugers Stizostedion canadense in Boysen Reservoir, Bighorn Reservoir, and the Bighorn River in Wyoming to evaluate age and growth. All otoliths in our samples (264 fish) were irregularly shaped, and the irregularities became more pronounced with increasing age of the fish. Age estimates with irregular otoliths were possible, but back-calculation of length at previous ages was not possible as a result of radically inconsistent lengths of radii. It should not be assumed that otoliths can be used for back calculation of length at age among all stocks of sauger. The assumption of regular otolith formation within a stock should be tested before obtaining samples of otoliths for age and growth assessment.
Increasing phylogenetic resolution at low taxonomic levels using massively parallel sequencing of chloroplast genomes

Molecular evolutionary studies share the common goal of elucidating historical relationships, and the common challenge of adequately sampling taxa and characters. Particularly at low taxonomic levels, recent divergence, rapid radiations, and conservative genome evolution yield limited sequence variation, and dense taxon sampling is often desirable. Recent advances in massively parallel sequencing make it possible to rapidly obtain large amounts of sequence data, and multiplexing makes extensive sampling of megabase sequences feasible. Is it possible to efficiently apply massively parallel sequencing to increase phylogenetic resolution at low taxonomic levels? We reconstruct the infrageneric phylogeny of Pinus from 37 nearly-complete chloroplast genomes (average 109 kilobases each of an approximately 120 kilobase genome) generated using multiplexed massively parallel sequencing. 30/33 ingroup nodes resolved with ≥ 95% bootstrap support; this is a substantial improvement relative to prior studies, and shows massively parallel sequencing-based strategies can produce sufficient high quality sequence to reach support levels originally proposed for the phylogenetic bootstrap. Resampling simulations show that at least the entire plastome is necessary to fully resolve Pinus, particularly in rapidly radiating clades. Meta-analysis of 99 published infrageneric phylogenies shows that whole plastome analysis should provide similar gains across a range of plant genera. A disproportionate amount of phylogenetic information resides in two loci (ycf1, ycf2), highlighting their unusual evolutionary properties. Plastome sequencing is now an efficient option for increasing phylogenetic resolution at lower taxonomic levels in plant phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. With continuing improvements in sequencing capacity, the strategies herein should revolutionize efforts requiring dense taxon and character sampling, such as phylogeographic analyses and species-level DNA barcoding.
Bim1p/Yeb1p Mediates the Kar9p-dependent Cortical Attachment of Cytoplasmic Microtubules

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, positioning of the mitotic spindle depends on the interaction of cytoplasmic microtubules with the cell cortex. In this process, cortical Kar9p in the bud acts as a link between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. To identify Kar9p-interacting proteins, a two-hybrid screen was conducted with the use of full-length Kar9p as bait, and three genes were identified: BIM1, STU2, and KAR9 itself. STU2 encodes a component of the spindle pole body. Bim1p is the yeast homologue of the human microtubule-binding protein EB1, which is a binding partner to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein involved in colon cancer. Eighty-nine amino acids within the third quarter of Bim1p was sufficient to confer interaction with Kar9p. The two-hybrid interactions were confirmed with the use of coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Genetic analysis placed Bim1p in the Kar9p pathway for nuclear migration. Bim1p was not required for Kar9p's cortical or spindle pole body localization. However, deletion of BIM1 eliminated Kar9p localization along cytoplasmic microtubules. Furthermore, in the bim1 mutants, the cytoplasmic microtubules no longer intersected the cortical dot of Green Fluorescent Protein–Kar9p. These experiments demonstrate that the interaction of cytoplasmic microtubules with the Kar9p cortical attachment site requires the microtubule-binding protein Bim1p.
Full quantum mechanical study of binding of HIV‐1 protease drugs

Fully quantum mechanical studies of detailed binding interactions between HIV-1 protease and six FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved drugs (saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, and lopinavir) are carried out using a recently developed MFCC (molecular fractionation with conjugate caps) method. The MFCC calculation produces a quantum mechanical interaction spectrum for any protease drug binding complex. Detailed quantitative analysis on binding of lopinavir to specific residues of the protease is given from the current study. The present calculation shows that the dominant binding of lopinavir to the protease is through the formation of a strong hydrogen bond between the central hydroxyl group of the drug to the aspartate oxygen of Asp25 in one of the two chains of the protease (A chain). This is closely followed by hydrogen binding of the drug to Asp29 in the B chain and somewhat weak hydrogen bonding to Asp30, Gly27, Gly48, and Ile50 in both chains. By partitioning all six drugs into four building blocks besides the central component containing the hydroxyl group, MFCC calculation finds that block III has essentially no binding interaction with the protease and the major binding interactions of these drugs are from blocks II and IV, in addition to the dominant central hydroxyl group. This detailed quantitative information on drug binding to the protease is very useful in rational design of new and improved inhibitors of HIV-1 protease and its mutants. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 103: 246 -257, 2005
The rheological characterization of coal liquefaction preheater slurries

Rheological characterizations were made for a coal liquefaction preheater slurry; measurements were made in line at high temperature and high pressure. Above 400/degree/K, the coal-solvent slurry (35 wt.% coal) was pseudoplastic and was adequately modeled by a power-law equation. Experimental data over a temperature range of 400 to 700/degree/K were correlated, and critical slurry velocities for transition from laminar flow were calculated for flow in several pipe diameters. 15 refs.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein Site 2 Protease-deficient Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Amyloid peptides of 39–43 amino acids (Aβ) are the major constituents of amyloid plaques present in the brains of Alzheimer's (AD) patients. Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the yet unidentified β- and γ-secretases leads to the generation of the amyloidogenic Aβ peptides. Recent data suggest that all of the known mutations leading to early onset familial AD alter the processing of APP such that increased amounts of the 42-amino acid form of Aβ are generated by a γ-secretase activity. Identification of the β- and/or γ-secretases is a major goal of current AD research, as they are prime targets for therapeutic intervention in AD. It has been suggested that the sterol regulatory element-binding protein site 2 protease (S2P) may be identical to the long sought γ-secretase. We have directly tested this hypothesis using over-expression of the S2P cDNA in cells expressing APP and by characterizing APP processing in mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells that are deficient in S2P activity and expression. The data demonstrate that S2P does not play an essential role in the generation or secretion of Aβ peptides from cells, thus it is unlikely to be a γ-secretase.
Population Structure in a Comprehensive Genomic Data Set on Human Microsatellite Variation

Over the past two decades, microsatellite genotypes have provided the data for landmark studies of human population-genetic variation. However, the various microsatellite data sets have been prepared with different procedures and sets of markers, so that it has been difficult to synthesize available data for a comprehensive analysis. Here, we combine eight human population-genetic data sets at the 645 microsatellite loci they share in common, accounting for procedural differences in the production of the different data sets, to assemble a single data set containing 5795 individuals from 267 worldwide populations. We perform a systematic analysis of genetic relatedness, detecting 240 intra-population and 92 inter-population pairs of previously unidentified close relatives and proposing standardized subsets of unrelated individuals for use in future studies. We then augment the human data with a data set of 84 chimpanzees at the 246 loci they share in common with the human samples. Multidimensional scaling and neighbor-joining analyses of these data sets offer new insights into the structure of human populations and enable a comparison of genetic variation patterns in chimpanzees with those in humans. Our combined data sets are the largest of their kind reported to date and provide a resource for use in human population-genetic studies.
The Radiated Energy of the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman Earthquake

We use several independent methods to estimate the radiated energy E R of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (M W =9.0 to 9.3), and investigate whether the difference in the rupture patterns between north and south is reflected in the difference in the energy budget. First, we used a finite source model and estimated E R to be 1.38x10 17 J for a frequency band / (frequency) ≤ 0.1 Hz. Since this method is relatively free from many assumptions commonly made in energy estimation, this value is considered robust. To estimate E R for a frequency band 0.1 ≤ f≤ 1 Hz, we used a frequency-domain analysis and obtained E R =1.6 x10 17 J for this frequency band. This estimate is somewhat uncertain because of the energy attenuation during propagation and the effect of the near-source structure. We also estimated E R relative to the 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquakes for which a reliable estimate of E R has been obtained. The total E R thus estimated is 3.0x10 17 J. The energy-moment ratio, 0A6x10 -5 , is slightly smaller than that for other large subduction-zone earthquakes. The radiation efficiency defined by η R = (2μ / Δτ) (E R / M o ) (μ=rigidity, M 0 = seismic moment, Δτ= static stress drop) is 0.16 which is smaller than that of many large earthquakes, and is between the values of regular earthquakes and slow tsunami earthquakes. The values of η R for the Nicobar segment, the Nicobar-Andaman segments combined, and the Sumatra segment are 0.053, 0.11, and 0.21, respectively, which suggests that the slip in the northern segments involves a large amount of energy dissipation associated with water-filled thick sediments.
Cholinergic receptor signaling modulates spontaneous firing of sinoatrial nodal cells via integrated effects on PKA-dependent Ca2+ cycling and IKACh

Prior studies indicate that cholinergic receptor (ChR) activation is linked to beating rate reduction (BRR) in sinoatrial nodal cells (SANC) via 1) a Gi-coupled reduction in adenylyl cyclase (AC) a...
Robot road following by adaptive color classification and shape tracking

This paper present a color vision based robot road following program. The program uses an adaptive color model to classify pixels as road or shoulder features. To update the color statistics, the program tracks the shape of the road through the image sequence. As long as the program has either a reasonable color model from the previous image or a reasonable estimation of the expected road position it can steer a robot vehicle along a road reliably even in the presence of surface color variation, fluctuation of illumination conditions and deviation of sensor response. We present results from several test runs of a robot vehicle in a natural outdoor environment. The paper includes a discussion of failure modes of the program that have been catalogued and analyzed in order to guide future developments.
Socio-PLT: principles for programming language adoption

Why do some programming languages fail and others succeed? What does the answer tell us about programming language design, implementation, and principles? To help answer these and other questions, we argue for examining the sociological groundings of programming language theory: socio-PLT.Researchers in the social sciences have studied adoption in many contexts. We show how their findings are applicable to programming language design. For example, many programming language features provide benefits that programmers cannot directly or immediately observe and therefore may not find compelling. From clean water to safe sex, the health community has repeatedly identified and surmounted similar observability barriers. We use such results from outside of programming language theory to frame a research agenda that should help us understand the social foundations of languages. Finally, we examine implications of our approach, such as for the design space of language features and the assessment of scientific research into programming languages.
Effects of adding extended-release niacin and colesevelam to statin therapy on lipid levels in subjects with atherosclerotic disease.

Background The use of combination therapies is needed to treat dyslipidemia in patients with both elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). We conducted a study to assess the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with statin plus extended-release (ER) niacin and colesevelam, aimed at lowering LDL-C and raising HDL-C, in subjects with atherosclerotic disease. Methods This 1-year study randomized 123 subjects with atherosclerotic disease to atorvastatin alone, double therapy with atorvastatin plus ER niacin, or triple therapy with atorvastatin, plus ER niacin and colesevelam. Target LDL-C was ≤80 mg/dL for single and double therapy, and ≤60 mg/dL for triple therapy. Target HDL-C was an increase of ≥10 mg/dL for double and triple therapy. Results Single therapy, with mean atorvastatin dose 30 mg/day, had a 47% reduction in LDL-C ( P P P P Conclusion This study demonstrated that combination therapy with atorvastatin plus ER niacin and colesevelam can safely and effectively treat dyslipidemia in subjects with atherosclerotic disease.
Simultaneous Corrosion and Abrasion Measurements under Grinding Conditions

Abstract The contribution of corrosion to the abrasive-corrosive wear of high-carbon, low-alloy steel (HCLA), commonly used for grinding balls, was evaluated in 15% quartz slurries. Results were co...
Superoxide mediates tight junction complex dissociation in cyclically stretched lung slices

We found that stretching Type I rat alveolar epithelial cell (RAEC) monolayers at magnitudes that correspond to high tidal-volume mechanical ventilation results in the production of reactive oxygen species, including nitric oxide and superoxide. Scavenging superoxide with Tiron eliminated the stretch-induced increase in cell monolayer permeability, and similar results were reported for rats ventilated at large tidal volumes, suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in barrier impairment in ventilator-induced lung injury associated with large stretch and tidal volumes. In this communication we show that mechanisms that involve oxidative injury are also present in a novel precision cut lung slices (PCLS) model under identical mechanical loads. PCLSs from healthy rats were stretched cyclically to 37% change in surface area for 1 hour. Superoxide was visualized using MitoSOX. To evaluate functional relationships, in separate stretch studies superoxide was scavenged using Tiron or mito-Tempo. PCLS and RAEC permeability was assessed as tight junction (TJ) protein (occludin, claudin-4 and claudin-7) dissociation from zona occludins-1 (ZO-1) via co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot, after 1h (PCLS) or 10min (RAEC) of stretch. Superoxide was increased significantly in PCLS, and Tiron and mito-Tempo dramatically attenuated the response, preventing claudin-4 and claudin-7 dissociation from ZO-1. Using a novel PCLS model for ventilator-induced lung injury studies, we have shown that uniform, biaxial, cyclic stretch generates ROS in the slices, and that superoxide scavenging that can protect the lung tissue under stretch conditions. We conclude that PCLS offer a valuable platform for investigating antioxidant treatments to prevent ventilation-induced lung injury.
Effect of circumferential bands on cortical vascularity and viability

Wire cerclage devices do not restrict cortical vascularity; however, bands, because they are flat and wide, have been implicated as the cause of fracture nonunion by disruption of cortical vascularity. This experiment evaluated the effect of cerclage bands on the cortical vascularity of bones that had not been fractured. Stainless-steel bands of four sizes (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mm wide) and nylon bands of five sizes (2.5, 3.6, 4.8, 7.6, and 9.0 mm wide) were applied 1 cm apart to both femoral diaphyses of four mature dogs. In two additional dogs, 18-gauge cerclage wires were applied 5 mm apart on one femur and nylon bands were applied immediately adjacent to one another on the other femur to cover 3 cm of the length of each femoral diaphysis. These six dogs were euthanatized and perfused 7 days postoperatively and specimens were studied by microangiography and correlated histology. Two additional dogs were studied 4 and 15 weeks after application of nylon and metal bands. There was no evidence of complete cortical devascularization under any size or type of cerclage appliance at any time interval. Numerous examples of vessels traversing the cortex directly beneath all the cerclage appliances were observed. Cerclage devices, even when flat and wide, do not restrict cortical vascularity when applied to intact bones.
Spatial Cognition: Systematic Distortions in Cognitive Maps

Stevens and Coupe demonstrated that people tend to regularize their cognitive maps by distorting the position of relatively small features (e.g., cities) to make them conform with the position of larger features (e.g., state boundaries). The present studies replicated those of Stevens and Coupe by asking college students to study prototypical maps with three kinds of boundaries: none, straight, and curved. They extended Stevens and Coupe's work by asking students to (a) physically reproduce the maps rather than simply answer questions about them, (b) recall the information not only immediately after study, but also one hour later and again two days later, and (c) reproduce the state boundaries as well as the city locations. Students who studied the curved boundary maps made more distortion errors than those who studied the straight boundary and the no-boundary maps. In addition, students' distortion errors were greatest when recall was delayed, and distortion errors in the recall of state boundaries were correlated with their distortion errors in the recall of city locations. In general, the findings provide additional evidence for the notion that memory for map information is schematic.
Calculating Monthly Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates fromMonthly Cloud Observations

Abstract The radiative transfer model from NCAR’s general circulation model CCM3 is modified to calculate monthly radiative fluxes and heating rates from monthly observations of cloud properties from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and temperature and humidity from ECMWF analysis. The calculation resolves the three-dimensional structure of monthly to interannual variations of radiative heating and is efficient enough to allow a wide range of sensitivity tests. Two modifications to the radiative transfer model improve the calculation of shortwave (SW) fluxes in a cloudy atmosphere. The first replaces an existing nonphysical parameterization of partially cloudy skies with a physically motivated one that increases substantially the accuracy of calculated SW fluxes while increasing the computational time of the calculation by only 10%. The second modification allows the specification of generalized cloud overlap properties. With these modifications, radiative fluxes are calculated from o...
THE CHRISTIAN VIRTUE OF MERCY: AQUINAS' TRANSFORMATION OF ARISTOTELIAN PITY

In his discussion of the virtue of mercy (ST, II-II.30), Thomas Aquinas draws upon two seemingly opposed sources. On the one hand, Thomas takes Aristotle as an authority on the subject of compassion. Aristotle maintains in his discussion of pity in the Rhetoric that pity is felt for those who suffer undeservedly since we do not pity but rather blame those who suffer as a result of their own wicked actions. On the other hand, Jesus in Matthew's gospel feels pity for the crowds. ‘At the sight of the crowds, his heart was moved with pity for them for they were troubled and abandoned, like sheep without a shepherd’ (Matt.9:36). In his commentary on this text from Matthew, Thomas identifies two possible interpretations for the troubled and abandoned condition of the crowd. The crowd is said to be troubled in so far as it is vexed by demons and abandoned in so far as it lies prostrate because of infirmities. The crowd can also be said to be troubled in so far as it is vexed by errors and to be abandoned in so far as it is fallen because of sin.1 Jesus, then, according to Thomas and contrary to Aristotle's claim, feels pity for the crowds as a result of the crowd's misery brought on by their own sinful deeds. In this paper, I examine how Thomas harmonizes these conflicting sources. More specifically, I hope to show both how Thomas uses Aristotle's observations on pity and at the same time transforms those observations in light of Christ's mercy on sinners. Thomas' use and transformation of Aristotle's account of pity provides an enlightening perspective from which to interpret Thomas' initially troubling claim that God feels no pity over the suffering of creatures, which we will consider briefly by way of a conclusion to this paper.
Power flow control in a microinverter based microgrid

In this paper, a method is proposed to control the power flow in islanded microgrids. The problem of an oscillating power flow is described and a damping effect is introduced by proposing a control method to suppress the oscillation. The method is extended to develop a novel droop control technique for a proper power sharing among the sources. The method is proven to be effective through simulation analysis.
Roles for Mental Health Consumers in Self-Help Group Research

This article describes emerging roles of mental health consumers in self-help group research. Examples taken from recent empirical studies of self-help group activities among people with long-term and serious mental health disabilities illustrate new roles that transcend traditional relationships in research. A working typology for these roles include informed participant, key informant, advisor, staff member, and co-investigator as practical additions to the more traditional role of the research subject. Current guidelines for the protection of human subjects in research are limited in their ability to address ethical and procedural issues that arise out of these new role relationships. Self-help group research should address ethical issues that are not currently addressed by the established requirements of informed consent and IRB oversight. The author recommends that consumer review and approval be included as an integral part of the development and evaluation of human subject issues in clinical servic...
Rodney King and O. J. Revisited: The Impact of Race and Defendant Empathy Induction on Judicial Decisions

White university students participated in a study to investigate the impact of defendant race and empathetic induction on a subsequent juror decision-making task. Participants read a passage involving a Black or a White defendant in a criminal case. They were subsequently induced to feel no empathy, low empathy, or high empathy for the defendant. When compared to participants in the low- and control empathy conditions, those in the high-empathy condition reported greater target empathy, made attributions that were more situational, and assigned more lenient punishments. The results also indicate that group membership can moderate the impact of empathetic induction. When compared to the participants in the Black defendant condition, those in the White defendant condition reported greater target empathy, made attributions that were more situational, and assigned more lenient punishments. Implications for both empathy and judicial decision-making research are discussed.
Oxygen-functionalized few-layer graphene sheets as active catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation reactions.

Nanostructured graphitic forms of carbons have shown intersting potential for catalysis research and are ideal candidates to substitute the conventional metal-oxide catalysts because they can be easily disposed, which enables a greener, more sustainable catalytic process. Few-layer graphene and its functionalized form offer the opportunity to investigate the nature of graphitic active sites for oxidation reactions in well-defined carbon-based catalysts. In this paper, we report the utilization of oxygen-functionalized few-layer graphene sheets containing variable amounts of oxygen in the heterogeneous catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction of isobutane at 400oC. Interestingly, there is poor correlation between oxygen content and catalytic performance. Carbonyl groups were found to be highly stable, and graphene that had higher sp(2) character, the lowest oxygen content, and fewer edge sites presented the lowest specific rate of isobutane reaction, although the isobutene selectivity remained high. The reoxidation of the graphene surface occurred at the same rate as the ODH reaction suggesting a Mars-van Krevelen type of mechanism, similar to that which takes place on oxide surfaces. These results appear to suggest that a higher fraction of exposed edges where oxygen active sites can be formed and exchanged should lead to more active catalysts for ODH reactions.
Inhaled Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension

The inhaled route has a number of attractive features for treatment of pulmonary hypertension, including delivery of drug directly to the target organ, thus enhancing pulmonary specificity and reducing systemic adverse effects. It can also improve ventilation/perfusion matching by dilating vessels supplying ventilated regions, thus improving gas exchange. Furthermore, it can achieve higher local drug concentrations at a lower overall dose, potentially reducing drug cost. Accordingly, a number of inhaled agents have been developed to treat pulmonary hypertension. Most in current use are prostacyclins, including epoprostenol, which has been cleared for intravenous applications but is used off-label in acute care settings as a continuously nebulized medication. Aerosolized iloprost and treprostinil are both prostacyclins that have been cleared by the FDA to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Both require frequent administration (6 and 4 times daily, respectively), and both have a tendency to cause airway symptoms, including cough and wheeze, which can lead to intolerance. These agents cannot be used to substitute for the infused routes of prostacyclin because they do not permit delivery of medication at high doses. Inhaled nitric oxide (INO) is cleared for the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension in newborns. It is also used off-label to test acute vasoreactivity in PAH during right-heart catheterization and to treat acute right-heart failure in hospitalized patients. In addition, some studies on long-term application of INO either have been recently completed with results pending or are under consideration. In the future, because of its inherent advantages in targeting the lung, the inhaled route is likely to be tested using a variety of small molecules that show promise as PAH therapies.
Importance of Insulation at the Bottom of Mass Concrete Placed on Soil with High Groundwater

Frequently, when mass concrete is placed directly on top of a soil layer, an insulation layer is not used at the bottom of the concrete. The rationale for this practice is that the soil on which the concrete is placed is already an insulating material. This study investigated the question of whether the absence of an insulating layer between the mass concrete and the soil may cause a problem with cracking of the concrete at an early age. A three-dimensional finite element model was used for this investigation. The typical soil condition in Florida, where the groundwater level is high, was considered. The soil layer beneath the concrete was modeled to simulate realistic heat transfer between the concrete and the soil. To validate the developed model, temperature development in a bridge pier footing constructed in the field in Florida was compared with the computed temperature distribution from the finite element model. The results showed that the temperatures predicted by the model closely agreed with thos...
Biocolloid retention in partially saturated soils

Unsaturated soils are considered excellent filters for preventing the transport of pathogenic biocolloids to groundwater, but little is known about the actual mechanisms of biocolloid retention. To obtain a better understanding of these processes, a number of visualization experiments were performed and analyzed.
Thyroid cancer in 2015: Molecular landscape of thyroid cancer continues to be deciphered.

Studies published in 2015 have continued to unravel the genomic landscape of thyroid cancer, particularly of its less common forms (such as medullary and anaplastic carcinomas) and of familial forms of thyroid cancer. As a result, new diagnostic and therapeutic markers have been identified and validated for clinical use.
Testing the wrong hypothesis: the failure to recognize the limitations of troponin assays∗

The study by Khan et al. [(1)][1]in this issue of the Journal seeks to determine whether elevated levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) have prognostic significance in “asymptomatic patients with chronic renal failure” being treated with chronic hemodialysis. Unfortunately, because of the
THE IMPENDING JUDICIAL CRISIS: HOW POLITICS AND INDIFFERENCE ARE DESTROYING OUR FEDERAL COURTS

The federal judiciary today faces a crisis of authority. The independence of the judiciary that the Founders held so dear seems to have been compromised or threatened in many ways in recent years. The judicial nominations process has become politicized to an extent that has stymied the confirmation of judges needed to do the important work of the judiciary, judicial pay has languished at unreasonably low levels, the judiciary has been starved of the capital and human resources it truly needs to fulfill its Constitutional role, and Congress has increasingly sought to exert oversight and control over judicial decisionmaking. This Article chronicles these various challenges to the independence of the federal judiciary and offers some thoughts about how the independence of the Judicial Branch might be restored.
Effects of Researcher-Induced Disturbance on American Kestrels Breeding in Nest Boxes in Northwestern New Jersey

Abstract Nest boxes for American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) may alleviate local nest site limitation, but there is concern that periodically opening nest boxes or handling adults may negatively affect nesting success. I monitored 536 kestrel breeding attempts (≥1 egg laid) in about 100 nest boxes in northwestern New Jersey, 1995–2012. To study return rates, I opportunistically captured adults in nest boxes and marked them with U.S.G.S. leg bands and patagial tags. To examine possible effects of this disturbance, I compared nesting success (≥1 nestling surviving to banding age) of marked and unmarked adults. Nesting success was 67% for 270 unmarked pairs, 76% for 25 pairs with only the male marked, 82% for 206 pairs with only the female marked, and 91% for 35 pairs with both adults marked. This significant difference likely reflects differences in the probability of capture: successful attempts last longer and successful parents may be more attentive. To control for these correlations, I examined attempts...
Infections due to Rochalimaea: the expanding clinical spectrum.

Our appreciation of the clinical relevance of infections due to Rochalimaea has expanded dramatically over the past year. Two years ago the only known pathogen in this genus was Rochalimaea quintana, the louse-borne agent of trench fever that afflicted 1 million allied military personnel during World War I with an incapacitating febrile syndrome. Trench fever had been in little evidence since the end of
Significance of Detection of Platelet Glycoprotein-Specific Antibody in Children with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of platelet glycoprotein-specific antibody detection in the differential diagnosis between idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) and nonimmune thrombocytopenia(Non-ITP).Methods Anti-GPⅡb/Ⅲa and anti-GPⅠb/Ⅸ antibodies were detected by a modified monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens assay,and the platelet-associated IgG(PAIgG) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,and the 2 assays were compared.Results The positive rate of specific anti-GPⅡb/Ⅲa and anti-GPⅠb/Ⅸ antibodies were 47.4% and 22.8%,and the positive rate of both anti-GPⅡb/Ⅲa and anti-GPⅠb/Ⅸ antibodies were 15.8%,and the total positive rate was 54.4%,and anti-GPⅡb/Ⅲa were much more than anti-GPⅠb/Ⅸ.Compared with acute ITP patients,chronic ITP patients had slightly higher rate of anti-GPⅡb/Ⅲa and anti-GPⅠb/Ⅸ antibodies,and the positive rate was 66.7%.The positive rate of anti-GPⅡb/Ⅲa antibodies in Non-ITP was 20%,while none of the anti-GPⅠb/Ⅸ was detected,which had significant difference compared with ITP patients(P0.01).The positive rate of ITP patients was 84.2% while Non-ITP was 75.0%.There was no significant difference between ITP and Non-ITP patients in PAIgG(P0.05).The sensitivity of ITP diagnosis by specific antibody was 54.4%,the peculiarity was 80.0%,and the positive predictive value was 88.6%.Conclusion The platelet glycoprotein-specific antibody detection has certain clinical significance in discriminating ITP from Non-ITP.
Production is biased to provide informative cues early: Evidence from miniature artificial languages.

The role of processing constraints on sentence structure has been a topic of central interest in cognitive science. One proposal (Hawkins, 2004) suggests that language production system is organized to facilitate efficient parsing. We experimentally test this hypothesis using a miniature artificial language learning paradigm. Our findings support this account. Even though the input languages did not favor early placement of cues to grammatical function assignment (case and word order), participants used these cues in their own productions significantly more often in such a way as to allow early correct parsing commitments. This preference interacted with a bias to mark the less expected: Participants tended to use more case-marking in non-English OSV sentences. Our results underscore the potential of miniature artificial learning for language production research.
Early Childhood Development Plus Violence Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Study

Violence exposure can negatively impact early childhood development (ECD), yet limited research exists in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to determine what effective integration of ECD plus violence prevention (ECD+VP) can look like in LMICs. Seventeen key informants were selected using purposive sampling, representing U.N. agencies, donors, implementers and research organisations. Using open coding of semi-structured interviews, the authors identify five priority areas for promoting an integrated ECD+VP agenda: (i) parenting and parent child relationships, (ii) family systems, (iii) development in an ecological context, (iv) system strengthening and integration, and (v) building and translating evidence.