cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of cells bearing the HNK-1 epitope in the human placenta

HNK-1 (Leu-7 antigen or CD57) is a unique carbohydrate moiety found in certain glycosphingolipids and several cell adhesion glycoproteins on the cell membrane. Previous studies have suggested that HNK-1 carbohydrates act as adhesive ligands in cell-cell interactions. Using a monoclonal antibody reactive to the HNK-1 moiety and an immunoperoxidase method on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, the expression of the HNK-1 epitope in human placentae was confined to the intermediate trophoblast (IT) in trophoblastic columns. The number of HNK-1 immunoreactive IT cells increased from the proximal to the midportion of the trophoblastic column, and then disappeared at the junction of the column with the basal plate where IT infiltrates the endomyometrium and becomes extravillous IT. Neither cytotrophoblast nor syncytiotrophoblast reacted with the HNK-1 antibody. In hydatidiform moles, HNK-1 immunoreactivity was localized to areas that structurally resembled trophoblastic columns. In contrast, placental site trophoblastic tumours which do not contain structures analogous to trophoblastic columns did not express HNK-1 epitope. Expression of HNK-1 was only rarely observed in choriocarcinomas, being present in less than 5 per cent of trophoblastic cells in two of 13 cases. The murine placenta, which lacks trophoblastic columns, was negative for HNK-1. Thin-layer chromatography immunostaining demonstrated the HNK-1 reactive glycosphingolipids in placental lipid extracts, whereas Western blot analysis from placental protein extract failed to reveal detectable glycoproteins that demonstrated HNK-1 immunoreactivity. In conclusion, the specific localization of HNK-1 reactive glycosphingolipids in trophoblastic columns of the human placenta suggests that the HNK-1 moiety may play an important role in maintaining cohesion between intermediate trophoblastic cells in the trophoblastic columns thereby contributing to the structural integrity of the villi that anchor the placenta to the basal plate.
Abciximab for the treatment of acute distal embolization associated with internal carotid artery angioplasty.

Carotid artery angioplasty and stent placement (CAS) can be complicated by procedure-related distal embolization and thrombus formation, potentially resulting in neurological sequelae. Patient A had CAS of left internal carotid artery and had loss of vision in the left eye with no flow in the left ophthalmic artery. Patient B had CAS of right internal carotid artery and developed left sided hemiparesis with total occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. A selective intra-arterial injection of 5 mg of abciximab locally followed by a bolus of 5 mg of abciximab intravenously resulted in complete resolution of the filling defect on repeat angiography after 10 min in both patients.
Effect of diabetes on the rat hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase system in endoplasmic reticulum subfractions.

Abstract Diabetes-induced alterations in the activities of the components of the glucose-6-phosphatase system (i.e., the enzyme, the glucose-6-P translocase (T1), and the phosphate translocase (T2) were examined in smooth and rough subfractions of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum from streptozotocin-injected rats. A significant effect of diabetes on the maximal velocity of glucose-6-P hydrolysis by the enzyme was present in both endoplasmic reticulum subfractions (3.1-fold increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum; 3.8-fold increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum). Based on latency values, diabetes did not result in a proportional increase in capacity of T1 or T2. In contrast to the control condition, the relationship between transport capacity and hydrolytic capacity was not significantly different in the two subfractions from diabetic animals. Elucidation of the effects of diabetes on the components of the glucose-6-phosphatase system associated with smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes enhances our understanding of the hepatic contribution to diabetic hyperglycemia.
Toxicity of an Anthraquinone Violet Dye Mixture Following Inhalation Exposure, Intratracheal Instillation, or Gavage

Anthraquinone dyes are utilized by the military in colored-smoke grenades. During production, workers in munitions plants may be exposed to fugitive emissions of these dyes or mixtures thereof. The effects of a prototype violet dye mixture (VDM) consisting of Disperse Red 11 (DR11), [1,4-diamino-2-methoxy-anthraquinone] and Disperse Blue 3 (DB3) [1-methylamino-4-hydroxyethylamino-anthraquinone] on F344 male and female rats have been investigated. Acute 1-day inhalation exposures (6 hr) to VDM were conducted at 1000, 300, 100, 70, 40, and 10 mg/m3, with an additional exposure to 40 mg/m3 6 hr/day for 5 days; 4.22 +/- 2.1 microns (MMAD +/- delta g). Lung burdens of dye, general histopathology, and/or liver function were evaluated at 0, 3, and 7 days postexposure. Unexpected lethality due to severe liver damage was observed with acute exposures of > or = 300 mg/m3 and in the 5-day 40 mg/m3 exposures. Centrilobular degeneration and necrosis of liver cells was concentration-dependent with inhalation of VDM > or = 40 mg/m3. In addition, nasal olfactory epithelium exhibited degeneration and necrosis with acute exposures > or = 10 mg/m3. Lung instillations at 250, 500, and 1000 micrograms of the VDM revealed no lung or liver toxicity. Because per os exposure due to preening was suspected as a major exposure route, a gavage study with the VDM and its two component dyes DR11 and DB3 (800 mg/kg) was undertaken. One day following gavage with DR11 or DB3, serum enzymes indicative of liver toxicity (LDH, SGPT, SDH, and ICDH) were slightly elevated (1-6x control). However, rats gavaged with VDM had serum enzyme levels 10-100x control by Day 1 after gavage, indicating acute liver toxicity. Activities of liver enzymes involved in xenobiotic and glutathione metabolism were also acutely affected. All of the dyes caused various degrees of induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and nonprotein sulfhydryls. The enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (glutathione S-transferase, NADPH cytochrome-c reductase, and P450) were also elevated by the two component dyes, in contrast to their significant depression with VDM treatment. The similarity between the liver and olfactory epithelium effects of these compounds and the lack of pulmonary tissue effects is not fully understood, but the interaction of the individual dyes as VDM emphasizes the need to assess chemicals such as the anthraquinones as their likely-to-be-encountered mixtures.
Variations in pharmacology of β-blockers may contribute to heterogeneous results in trials of perioperative β-blockade

Background Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses provide conflicting guidance on the role of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta-blockers) in reducing perioperative complications. We hypothesize that variability in trial results may be due in part to heterogeneous properties of beta-blockers. First, we propose that the extent of beta-blocker metabolism by cytochrome P-450 and the time available to titrate the dosage before surgery (titration time) may interact; dependence on P-450 may be most harmful when titration time is short. Second, beta-blockers vary in their selectivity for the beta-1 receptor and reduced selectivity may contribute to cerebral ischemia. Methods We used meta-analysis and meta-regression of existing trials to explore the role of these pharmacological properties. Results We found that both of these pharmacological factors are significantly associated with reduced efficacy of beta-blockers. Conclusions Pharmacological properties of beta-blockers may contribute to heterogeneous trial results. Many trials have used metoprolol, which is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 and is less selective for the beta-1 receptor. For these two reasons, the efficacy of metoprolol to prevent perioperative cardiac complications should be compared with the efficacy of other beta-blockers.
Molecular biological approaches to the synthesis and action of GABA

Abstract Molecular biological approaches have revealed that both the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the GABAA receptor are more complex than previously thought. The mammalian brain contains at least two forms of GAD, with different functional properties, encoded by separate genes. Molecular cloning has similarly revealed at least 12 GABAA receptor polypeptides that can contribute to the formation of a multimeric GABA-gated chloride channel. Reconstitution of GABA receptors in Xenopus oocytes and in nonneural cell lines allows the dissection of the functional contributions of individual polypeptides to GABA responses. In situ hybridization studies have revealed the independent regulation of both GAD and GABA receptor genes.
Adherence of Salmonella typhimurium to Murine Peritoneal Macrophages Is Mediated by Lipopolysaccharide and Complement Receptors

Adherence of Salmonella typhimurium to mouse peritoneal macrophages (Mo) was monitored using a direct microscopic assay and flow cytometry. Competitive binding studies using wild-type lipopolysaccharide and derivatives confirmed a role for this moiety in bacterial adherence. Mo pretreated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose exhibited lower binding activity than did untreated controls, suggesting involvement of either Fc or complement receptors. Pre-exposing Mo to Fc fragments, however, failed to reduce bacterial binding, thus eliminating a role for Fc receptors in this process. Mo pretreated with neutrophil elastase exhibited a diminished ability to bind S. typhimurium, suggesting involvement of complement receptor 1. Monoclonal antibodies M1/70 and M18/2, specific for epitopes on the alpha and beta chains, respectively, of complement receptor 3, also blocked this adherence. In each case we were unable to eliminate completely bacterial adhesion to Mo. Monoclonal antibodies to two additional Mo receptors, Mac-2 and Mac-3, did not block bacterial attachment. These data indicate that multiple mechanisms are involved in the initial adhesion of S. typhimurium to mouse Mo.
Shutting Down the United Nations War Crimes Commission

This article presents the struggle between factions in the executive branch of the US government over post-war relations with Eurasia in general and Germany in particular. It argues that the legal and moral divide between the groups concerned interpretation of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the limits of national sovereignty. It discusses the discontent of members of the UNWCC over US and UK efforts to close the Commission and how the United Nations dealt with the remaining UNWCC cases and records.
Basins of measures on inverse limit spaces for the induced homeomorphism

Let fV X! X be continuous and onto, where X is a compact metric space. Let YVD lim .X; f/ be the inverse limit and FV Y! Y the induced homeomorphism. Suppose that is an f -invariant measure, and let m be the measure induced on Y by .;; : : :/ . We show that B is a basin of if and only if 1 1 .B/ is a basin of m. From this it follows that if is an SRB measure for f on X , then the induced measure m on Y is an inverse- limit SRB measure for F. Conversely, if m is an inverse-limit SRB measure for F on Y , then the induced measure on X is an SRB measure for f .
Spherical solid He nanometer bubbles in an anisotropic complex oxide

We show, using room temperature, high-resolution electron microscopy studies, that implanted He in ${\text{LiNbO}}_{3}$ nucleates and accumulates as bubbles. These He inclusions are at $\ensuremath{\sim}20\text{ }\text{GPa}$ pressure and most probably in the solid phase. In addition, the energetically favored shape of the inclusions in their as-implanted form is spherical and not oblate; this spherical shape is due to the fact that their diameter is below a critical radius for balancing the surface and elastic energies as predicted by elastic theory. When annealed, the characteristic length scale of the He inclusions increases, forming faceted bubbles. Annealing also causes the He inclusions to migrate and accumulate into strings due to the preferred ${10\overline{1}4}$-pyramidal-twinning planes.
NOSTOC (CYANOPHYTA) PRODUCTIVITY IN OREGON STREAM ECOSYSTEMS: INVERTEBRATE INFLUENCES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES1

Nostoc parmelioides colonies housing dipteran larvae (Cricotopus) had higher rates of weight specific photosynthesis than colonies without the larvae. A change in colony shape, which allowed the alga to be exposed to higher light intensities, occurred, in the presence of the larvae. This change in morphology together with potential nutrient additions by the larvae and other effects may have caused the increase in photosynthetic rates. Nostoc colonies were typically found in open areas of small streams in western Oregon mountains where the ability to respond to high light would be advantageous in supporting the metabolically expensive process of nitrogen fixation.
Temporal Patterns of Abundance of Arthropods on Sand Dunes

Abstract During >1 decade, I surveyed arthropods on a desert sand-dune system in the Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California. The most abundant of these arthropods were Coachella Valley giant sand-treader crickets Macrobaenetes valgum (Orthoptera: Rhapidophoridae), beetles Asbolus laevis and Edrotes ventricosus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and California harvester ants Pogonomyrmex californicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). While dynamics of M. valgum closely tracked precipitation, the other three species had complex fluctuations that often lacked correlations to annual rainfall. Beyond identifying departures from expected rainfall-driven relationships, an important outcome was an understanding of how long-term datasets are essential for understanding dynamics of populations.
Genetic variants in TLR2 and TLR4 are associated with markers of monocyte activation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities MRI Study

Markers of monocyte activation play a critical role in atherosclerosis, but little is known about the genetic influences on cellular levels. Therefore, we investigated the influence of genetic variants in monocyte differentiation antigen (CD14), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) on monocyte surface receptor levels. The study sample consisted of 1,817 members of a biracial cohort of adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. Monocyte receptors were measured using flow cytometry on fasting whole blood samples. TLR2 rs1816702 genotype was significantly associated with CD14+/TLR2+ percent of positive cells (%) and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) in whites but not in blacks (p < 0.001). Specifically, the presence of the minor T-allele was associated with increased receptor levels. In blacks, TLR4 rs5030719 was significantly associated with CD14+/TLR4+ monocytes (MFI) with mean ± SE intensities of 16.7 ± 0.05 and 16.0 ± 0.14 for GG and GT/TT genotypes, respectively (p < 0.001). Variants in TLR2 and TLR4 were associated with monocyte receptor levels of TLR2 and TLR4, respectively, in a biracial cohort of adults. To our knowledge, this is the first study to look at associations between variants in the toll-like receptor family and toll-like receptor levels on monocytes.
Microscopic description of superconductor-normal-metal superlattices

We study a model for superconductor-normal-metal superlattices in which adjacent layers are coupled via single-particle hopping. Examples include the high-T c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ, where the BiO sheets seem to have normal metallic character. Using a BCS treatment, we investigate the influence of the interlayer hopping between the superconducting and the normal-metal slabs on the superconducting density of states, the tunneling characteristics for tunneling into both superconducting and normal-metal slabs as well as the temperature dependence of the London penetration depth.
Performance Results for the New RSX-11M Q System

The new RSX-11M version of the Q data acquisition and data replay system has been in use for approximately one year. The structure and flow of data through the system is described. Performance data is presented on the Q system event acquisition, event distribution, histogramming, data testing and tape writing.
The effect of age and cholesterol on the rat lung beta-adrenergic system

Abstract To assess the influence of membrane lipid composition on beta-adrenergic receptor number and adenylate cyclase activity in aging, we investigated the effect of cholesteryl hemisuccinate on these parameters in lung membranes of 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old CDF (F-344) rats. When cholesteryl hemisuccinate (0.5 mg/ml) was incubated with lung membranes, beta-adrenergic receptor density was increased by 70%. This effect was the same for each age group studied and indicated that the density of both basal and CHS-sensitive receptors is unaltered in rat lung with age. Forskolin, NaF, p[NH]ppG, and isoproteronol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity is 30% lower in lung membranes from aged rats. Since enzyme activity is affected by the lipid environment and membrane composition often changes with age, we assessed adenylate cyclase activity following cholesteryl hemisuccinate incorporation. There was up to a 75% decrease in adenylate cyclase activity following cholesteryl hemisuccinate incorporation in lung membranes in each of the three age groups. In untreated membranes, there was no significant difference in cholesterol or lipid phosphate content with age. These data suggest that cholesterol content does not account for alterations in senescent rat lung adenylate cyclase activity.
Origin of the hot gas and radio blobs at the Galactic Centre

Radio continuum observations have shown a chain of blobs of emission leading from SgrA* to a small cavity which is located in one of the ionized gas streamers (the Bar) that orbit SgrA* and which is associated with hot gas. Further high-resolution radio images are presented here which show that the blobs are connected to SgrA* by a ridge of emission. It is suggested that the blobs are formed by the interaction of stellar winds from the IRS16 cluster with the gravitational potential of SgrA*. The hot gas then results from the dissipation of the kinetic energy of the blobs as they collide with the orbiting ionized streamer. These collisions are of dynamical significance for the motion of the Bar around the Galactic Center, and there should be detectable variability in the structure on a timescale of 10 yrs.
DDT contamination of a North Alabama aquatic ecosystem

Between 1947 and 1970, Olin Chemical Company discharged an estimated 4.32 × 105 to 8.0 × 106 kg of DDT residues (DDT, DDD and DDE) into Huntsville Spring Branch and Indian Creek in Alabama. Residents of Triana, Alabama, located approximately 10 mi downstream from the outfall, have been found to have high tissue levels of DDT residues. A comprehensive investigation of the contaminated area conducted by Tennessee Valley Authority and others in 1979 indicated extensive contamination of the ecosystem. This study investigated the environmental dynamics of DDT residues in the Huntsville Spring Branch-Indian Creek aquatic ecosystem by assessing residue levels in sediment, water and benthic macroinvertebrates collected in September 1983 during a 3-d period. Analytical results revealed continued heavy DDT residue contamination of all three media. Water and sediment data exhibited an exponential decrease in residues with increasing distance below the outfall. Sediments showed concentrations of residues of up to 2% by weight. Benthic macroinvertebrates also displayed high levels of DDT residues. Water bioconcentration factors ranged from 1,737 to 99,700 for total residues. DDT residue levels in Indian Creek-Huntsville Spring Branch are still extremely high 14 years after the input of DDT was stopped. There has been no significant change in contamination levels during the 4-year interim between this study and the previous TVA study.
Overview of unsolved problems

Early fiber reliability efforts concentrated on the development of manufacturing processes for the production of long lengths of strong fibers. More recently new devices and packages have been developed. Their successful deployment requires not only engineering procedures for the production of strong fibers, but also a much better understanding of the behavior of these fibers in a variety of situations.
On the spread of a hermitian matrix and a conjecture of thompson

We prove some inequalities involving the eigenvalues of an nxn Hermitian matrix and the eigenvalues of the (n−1)x(n−1) principal submatrices. We apply this inequality to generalize a known result on the numerical range to the lth numerical range. The method used yields an elegant proof of the converse to the interlacing theorem, which we include. A counterexample to the quardratic spread inequality conjectured by R. C. Thompson is also given.
Initial experience with a real-time video processor for enhancing endoscopic image contrast

Background: An initial experience using a digital video processor to enhance contrast in endoscopic images in real-time is described. Methods: Endoscopic images were examined with a system using locally adaptive processing to balance variations in illumination and sharpen fine features in real-time. For comparison, indigo carmine dye, a popular exogenous contrast agent, was applied to one patient. Results: In general, contrast-enhanced images appeared to contain more mucosal detail, with reduced glare and features in shadowed areas revealed. When used in conjunction with indigo carmine, the enlarged crypt openings in an aberrant crypt focus were visible, the first such detection in vivo without the use of magnifying endoscopy. Conclusions: Real-time video contrast enhancement during endoscopic procedures appears to provide excellent mucosal detail and improve contrast in a clinically useful manner.
Synthesis and structures of Na 4 P 2 Se 6 , Cs 3 PSe 4 , and Rb 4 P 2 Se 9

Na4P2Se6 (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmca (No. 64) with a = 11.836(3) A, b = 13.311(4) A, c = 8.061(2) A, V = 1270.0(6) A3, Z = 4, and, D c = 3.283 g/cm3. Na4P2Se6 belongs to the family of compounds with the general formula $$[({\rm A}^{ + x} )_{y/x} ({\rm P}_2^{{\rm iv}} {\rm Q}_6 )^{ - y}]$$ where A = Na+ and Q = Se2−. The crystal structure consists of isolated ethane-like P2Se $$_6^{4-}$$ anions surrounded by Na+ cations. Cs3PSe4 (2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 10.0146(9) A, b = 11.9899(10) A, c = 9.9286(9) A, V = 1192.17(18) A3, Z = 4, and, Dc = 4.154 g/cm3. Cs3PSe4 belongs to the family of compounds with the general formula [(A+ x ) z / x (P v Q4)− z ] where A = Cs+ and Q = Se2−. The crystal structure consists of isolated methane-like PSe $$_4^{3-}$$ anions surrounded by Cs+ cations. Rb4P2Se9 (3) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15), a = 9.725(2) A, b = 10.468(3) A, c = 19.155(5) A, β = 93.627(5)°, V = 1946.1(8) A3, Z = 4, D c = 3.804 g/cm3. Rb4P2Se9 belongs to the family of compounds with the general formula [(A+ x )(2 z −2)/ x (Q3PQ′—Q″—Q′PQ3)−(2 z −2)] where A = Cs+ and Q = Se2−, Q′ = Se1−, Q″ = Se0. The crystal structure consists of isolated P2Se $$_9^{4-}$$ anions surrounded by Rb+ cations.
In Early Education, Why Teach Handwriting before Keyboarding?.

Legible written communication is essential for students to share knowledge (Rogers and Case-Smith 2002). If students lack proficiency in written communication, their composition skills will suffer, which can affect their self-esteem and grades. Whether or not this proficiency is in handwriting or keyboarding is a question worthy of discussion. In this article the authors define motor learning, examine the overlapping principles of motor learning in handwriting and keyboarding skill development, and discuss the need for fluency. The principles of motor learning indicate that handwriting precedes keyboarding when comparing skills and time needed to gain competency. Also discussed are correlations between handwriting and keyboarding skills and the impact of teacher attitudes toward each. As occupational therapists, the authors’ recommendations are based on the review of literature and evidence their combined with their extensive experience as school-based occupational therapists. Using a school-based consultative model of occupational therapy at the continuing education or university educational level can facilitate the sharing of this knowledge with early childhood education teachers.
The specific degree-of-polymerization of A-type proanthocyanidin oligomers impacts Streptococcus mutans glucan-mediated adhesion and transcriptome responses within biofilms

Cranberry A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) have been recognized for their inhibitory activity against bacterial adhesion and biofilm-derived infections. However, the precise identification of the specific classes of degree-of-polymerization (DP) conferring PACs bioactivity remains a major challenge owing to the complex chemistry of these flavonoids. In this study, chemically characterized cranberries were used in a multistep separation and structure-determination technique to isolate A-type PAC oligomers of defined DP. The influences of PACs on the 3D architecture of biofilms and Streptococcus mutans-transcriptome responses within biofilms were investigated. Treatment regimens that simulated topical exposures experienced clinically (twice-daily, 60 s each) were used over a saliva-coated hydroxyapatite biofilm model. Biofilm accumulation was impaired, while specific genes involved in the adhesion of bacteria, acid stress tolerance, and glycolysis were affected by the topical treatments (vs the vehicle-contr...
Absence of paired cisternae during mitosis in the presence of actinomycin D and puromycin.

In vitro tumor cells from rats with 90 Sr-induced leukemia were observed to possess elaborate membranous lamellae in the perinuclear cytoplasm during mitosis. These “stacked remnants of nuclear envelope” were absent, however, after cultures were treated with nonlethal doses of either actinomycin D or puromycin. It is concluded that paired cisternae present in mitosis are products of prior synthesis, not remnants of nuclear envelope dispersed during late prophase. A possible contribution to Golgi centers, endoplasmic reticulum, and restoration of the nuclear envelope during telophase is discussed.
The link between sociotropy/autonomy and dimensions of relationship commitment: Evidence from gay and lesbian couples

The tendency to be excessively concerned about either interpersonal relationships (sociotropy) or self-reliance (autonomy) has been regarded as increasing one's susceptibility to experience symptoms of depression. In this study, both one's own and one's partner's scores for each tendency were linked to two dimensions of one's own appraisal of relationship commitment (attractions to the relationship and constraints against leaving the relationship) in a sample of both partners from 29 gay and 35 lesbian cohabiting couples. One's own high autonomy was linked to perceiving few attractions to the relationship, whereas one's own high sociotropy was linked to perceiving many constraints to leaving the relationship under two conditions: when one's partner's sociotropy was low or when one regarded the partner as highly dependable. Findings support the view that individual differences variables may serve as either risk factors for or protective factors against difficulties in maintaining a close relationship and underscore the need to examine cross-partner effects and moderating effects in identifying the individual differences variables linked to relationship functioning.
The Role of Mindlessness in a Typical Social Psychological Experiment

An experiment, offered as a methodological prototype, was conducted to assess whether subjects in a typical, successful social psychological experiment pick up cues planted by experimenters and then proceed relatively mindlessly with the task at hand. The Asch/Kelley experiment was used to test this hypothesis. Subjects were tested on recall of information they had just been given. As predicted, subjects who were mindless with respect to this information were more likely to confirm the Asch/Kelley prediction than disconfirm it, while there was no difference in confirmation for the mindful group. The implications of these results for our ability to generalize our findings from the laboratory to the nonlaboratory world were discussed.
Environmental resistance and the ecology of coexisting hermit crabs: Thermal tolerance

Abstract Tolerance to increased water temperatures was determined for four, coexisting species of intertidal hermit crabs, Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson), P. hirsutiusculus venturensis (Coffin), P. granosimanus (Stimpson), and P. hemphilli (Benedict), of central California. All species showed significantly different median survival temperatures after acclimation to both 12 and 20°C. The tolerances corresponded with the intertidal zonation of the species. There was a significant increase in tolerance with an increased acclimation temperature in all species. Size had no effect on the tolerance of P. samuelis . The results support the hypothesis that differential genetic capacities of tolerance are important in influencing distributions. These findings and behavioral observations indicate that thermal conditions comparable with those created by the effluent of electricity generating facilities can cause considerable mortality to hermit crab populations on a local level.
Theoretical development of a new surface heat flux calibration method for thin-film resistive temperature gauges and co-axial thermocouples

This paper presents a theoretically developed and computationally demonstrated surface heat flux calibration method applicable to thin-film resistive temperature gauges and co-axial thermocouples. For this study, the physical situation of interest involves hypersonic shock-tunnel studies. For experiments instrumented with these gauges, constant thermophysical properties are assumed since small temperature variations normally occur in the short-duration run times. Extraction of the net surface heat flux is acquired by resolving a newly formulated first-kind Volterra integral equation that contains calibration data. The proposed calibration method is based on an inverse approach which contrasts system identification methods. Several key advantages to this approach are discussed and demonstrated in the context of these gauges. Advantages of the proposed approach include (a) only one unknown “regularization” parameter is required; (b) estimation of the optimal regularization parameter is systematically and theoretically developed and demonstrated through the energy residuals, (c) computational coding is minimal and computer run times are short, and (d) results indicate robustness, stability and accuracy in the methodology. This calibration formulation and its subsequent regularized numerical method do not explicitly require the thermal effusivity, $$\sqrt{\rho C k}$$ owing to its input–output based derivation.
l-resolved intercombination transitions in Rydberg atoms in collisions with electrons.

A systematic study of semiclassical and quantum cross sections of l-resolved intercombination transitions in Rydberg atoms due to collisions with fast electrons is performed in the Ochkur approximation for principal quantum numbers n\ensuremath{\le}15 and all possible orbital numbers l and changes \ensuremath{\Delta}l. The semiclassical approach provides reasonable estimates for cross sections over the angular-momentum range up to l\ensuremath{\sim}n/2. Intercombination transitions are shown to obey the ``Bethe rule'': at large l the transitions with n and l changing in the same direction dominate transitions with changes in opposite directions. It is also demonstrated that the more deeply inelastic the collision is, the higher the multipoles \ensuremath{\Delta}l that prevail in the total cross section. The semiclassical approach makes it possible to derive simple analytic formulas for cross sections with an explicit dependence on principal and orbital quantum numbers.
Sensitivity of Linear Programs to Related Changes in Multiple Inputs

In a 1991 paper in Decision Sciences, Camm and Burwell presented smart modeling techniques for obtaining the sensitivity of linear programs to simultaneous common changes in common inputs. This note addresses sensitivity analysis of simultaneous related changes in multiple inputs, and shows how related multi-parametric analysis can be performed with software that has no or only limited parametric programming capability.
Quantitative low-dose assessment of seafood toxin, domoic acid, in the rat brain: application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and demonstrate its ability to predict low-dose uptake of domoic acid, a seafood contaminant, in discrete areas of the rat brain. The model we used was derived from the generic PBPK model of our previous studies with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( Kim et al., 1994 . Pharmacokinetic modeling of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rats and in rabbits brain following single dose administration. Toxicol. Lett. 74, 189; Kim et al., 1995 . Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dosimetry in discrete areas of the rabbit brain. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 17, 111), to which physiological- and chemical-specific parameters for domoic acid were applied. It incorporates two body compartments along with compartments for venous and arterial blood, cerebrospinal fluid, brain plasma and seven brain regions. Uptake of the blood-borne toxin is membrane-limited by the blood-brain barrier with clearance from the brain provided by cerebrospinal fluid `sink' mechanisms. This model generated predicted profiles of toxin level in brain and blood over a 1-h period that compared reasonably well with concentrations calculated from in vivo data of rats that had been given [3H]domoic acid intravenously ( Preston and Hynie, 1991 . Transfer constants for blood–brain barrier permeation of the neuroexcitatory shellfish toxin, domoic acid. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 18, 39). This PBPK model should be an effective tool for evaluating the target doses that produce the potential neurotoxicity of domoic acid found in foods.
Accuracy characteristics of the electronics of waverider buoys used in the ARSLOE

During the Atlantic Remote Sensing Land Ocean Experiment (ARSLOE), October-November, 1980, a large number of meteorological and oceanographic instruments, especially wave-measurement instruments, were deployed in the ocean near the Army Corps of Engineers Pier, Duck, NC. About nine Waverider buoys were deployed in an approximately rectangular pattern, about 30 km wide by 40 km seaward. The Waveriders were an accepted reference for study of other wave-measurement instrument systems. Almost all of the Waverider buoys were calibrated on the rotating-arm facility of the NOAA, Engineering Support Office. Pre- and post-deployment calibrations formed the basis for tables and equations for correction of the Waverider measurements. The calibrations discussed here established that the Waveriders were measuring lower than specification, averaging about 5 percent low (10 percent for variance spectra coefficients.) Corrections for effects of fluctuations in water temperature on Waverider sensitivity were required and are provided. The manufacturer's modification to prevent future drift in sensitivity is also described.
Capturing caregiver data: An examination of kinship care custodial arrangements

Abstract In order to examine the experiences of both formal and informal kinship caregivers, this study presents data from June 2003 to October 2005 from the Kinship Care Warmline, a statewide emotional support, education, and information and referral telephone line in Florida. This study addresses the following three research questions: (1) What are the demographics and basic needs of a large group of kinship caregivers in a Southern state? (2) Do kinship caregiver and children demographics differ by formal versus informal custody arrangements? (3) Do the needs identified by kinship caregivers differ significantly by formal versus informal custody arrangements? The following differences were found between formal and informal kinship caregivers: income, relationship to child, child's age, number of children in care, and length of time in care. Both formal and informal kinship caregivers expressed similar needs. Significant differences were found between informal and formal caregivers for the need for more information about available resources and the need for counseling for their children. Both informal and formal caregivers felt particularly strong about the need for more information about resources. This supports the operation of the Kinship Care Warmline for those caregivers in need.
Inventory, Classification, and Analysis of Special Management Areas Associated with U.S. Coastal Programs

Area-based management approaches may be beneficial in integrating sectoral, single-purpose laws and regulations; however, these benefits may not be attained if special area designations are equally sectoral or single-purpose in nature. Over 60 types of special management areas were documented under U.S. coastal programs, and a new classification scheme was developed to allow comparisons and analyses across programs. Results indicate that requirements and incentives for special area designations under the Coastal Zone Management Act did little to standardize or influence area-based management systems associated with state and territory coastal programs. Further, the absence of clear patterns within and between coastal programs with respect to special area policies suggests a limited commitment to this important aspect of coastal management. Continued research is needed to document the effectiveness of the various area-based management approaches presented in this article.
Five-year follow-up of hepatitis C-naïve heart transplant recipients who received hepatitis C-positive donor hearts

Abstract Background Due to the risk of transmission of hepatitis C virus, the use of hepatitis C seropositive donors in heart transplantation is controversial. The transmission rate of hepatitis C in this patient population is estimated to range from 67% to 80%. Long-term clinical outcomes of heart transplant recipients of hepatitis C-positive donor hearts are not well described. We report the 5-year long-term outcome of seven hepatitis C-naive heart transplant recipients who received hepatitis C-positive donor hearts. Methods Retrospective analysis of clinical course, liver biochemistry, serology, and hepatitis C virology data. Results Seven hearts transplant recipients, six men and one woman were included in our study. After a mean follow-up of 63.3 ± 20.4 months (range 28.2 to 85.9), four of seven (57.1%) patients are hepatitis C-negative, have normal liver function tests, and no clinical evidence of hepatitis. Three of seven (43%) have been diagnosed with hepatitis C by liver biopsy or the HCV-RNA reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction at a mean follow-up of 35.1 months (18.8 months posttransplantation). One had an accelerated course of hepatitis that was ultimately fatal, one was successfully treated with interferon, and the third died from other causes than liver injury. Overall, the 5-year survival was 71.4%. Conclusions The 5-year survival of hepatitis C-naive recipients of hearts from hepatitis C-positive donors is similar to heart transplant recipients with hepatitis-negative donor hearts. Nevertheless, the transmission rate is high and hepatitis C infection in this population can lead to considerable morbidity and accelerated, fatal hepatitis.
Stellar coronagraphs for telescopes with arbitrary pupils

Traditional coronagraph design is reviewed and extended to the case of arbitrary pupil geometries with adaptive optics (AO). By selecting a desired focal plane occulting mask and specifying the expected Strehl ratio achieved by the AO system, the design for a matched Lyot stop is given. The outline of the optimum Lyot stop is derived using general considerations of the residual halo from an on-axis source, as well as by maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio. A continuous transmission variant of the optimum Lyot stop is also found by means of a heuristic argument. It is suggested that essentially the same result may be found using a matched-filter analog from signal processing theory. The resulting Lyot stops for multi-segment telescope apertures can be quite unexpected, and a case with six circular segments is considered as an example.
Design Considerations For Mode Extinction Modulators In LiNb0 3 Waveguides

Many types of electro-optic modulators have been considered for IOC applications. The mode extinction modulator is particularly interesting in that its operation is based on the composition of several physical mechanisms. These include coupling between guided modes, radiation to substrate modes, and voltage dependent propagation losses. Therefore, in addition to possessing the desired properties of high frequency response, low operating voltage, high efficiency, large packing density, and simplicity in fabrication, the modulator's transfer curve can be altered to optimize a particular curve shape. This is accomplished by adjusting certain physical parameters in the waveguide structure or modulator electrodes. For example, a large linear dynamic range can be achieved by the proper choice of physical parameters. Optimization for high efficiency, linearity, and modulation depth will be reported along with design parameters and trade-offs. In addition, a technique for creating an optical bias will be discussed which allows operating point selection.
Model Misspecification: Contrasting Formative and Reflective Indicators for a Model of E-Service Quality

This paper discusses the managerial and theoretical implications of model misspecification-specifically, formative versus reflective construct conceptualization, measurement, and modeling of e-service quality. Service quality has a long history of using reflective indicators in its conceptualization. Recently, researchers have started to question the traditional conceptualization by noting that service quality may be better represented by formative rather than reflective indicators. We undertook a study of e-service quality and analyzed the data using a formative conceptualization, as well as a traditional reflective conceptualization. The results of our comparison demonstrated very different managerial conclusions for the two specifications. Thus, we conclude that the issue of model specification is a topic that needs more attention in the academic community due to the potentially flawed managerial conclusions that can result from model misspecification.
Spectral response of an injection-mode infrared detector

Abstract Large injection pulses are observed in simple circuits containing forward-biased silicon p - i - n ( p + - n - n + ) structures at liquid helium temperatures. The pulse rate is dependent on the intensity of infrared radiation incident on the device. The substantial voltage, current, and power output eliminates the need for on-chip or off-chip amplifiers. The first observation of the spectral response of such a detector as measured from 22 to 32 μm with a liquid-helium-cooled monochromator is reported. The response is similar to other extrinsic detectors and modulated by a multiple internal reflection interference pattern. The interference pattern and the origin of optical absorption are analyzed.
Suppression of granulopoietic progenitor cell proliferation by metabolites of the branched-chain amino acids

The effects of branched-chain amino acid metabolites on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell proliferation in marrow culture are reported. Isovalerate and propionate profoundly suppress granulopoiesis at both 3.2 and 6.4 mM concentrations, whereas methylmalonate and other metabolites suppress to a lesser degree. The parent branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine do not suppress in vitro granulopoiesis at similar concentrations. Because the concentrations of the organic acids tested fall within the pathophysiologic ranges observed in patients with isovaleric, propionic, and methylmalonic acidemias, we suggest that elevated in vivo levels of isovalerate, propionate, and to a lesser degree methylmalonate are responsible for the neutropenia observed in these disorders.
The impact of long-range managerial compensation plans on shareholder wealth

Abstract This study examines the stock price reaction around the announcement of proposed changes in long-term managerial compensation packages. The evidence indicates that on average these plans are met with positive market reactions, i.e., shareholder wealth increases. Further, we are unable to differentiate the market reaction to various types of long-range compensation schemes. This result is consistent with the notion that firms with different characteristics will resolve their managerial compensation requirements differently. Thus no particular compensation package necessarily dominates all others.
The vibrational spectra of α-alkaline earth pyrophosphates☆☆☆

Abstract Raman spectra and middle infrared absorption spectra (4000-200 cm −1 ) were measured for α-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 , α-Sr 2 P 2 O 7 , and α-Ba 2 P 2 O 7 . These spectra were interpreted using factor group analyses, and band assignments were made. Noncoincidences in the infrared and Raman spectra of α-Sr 2 P 2 O 7 indicated that this material possesses the centrosymmetric space group D 16 2 h - Pnma rather than the noncentrosymmetric space group, C 9 2 ν - Pna 2 1 . The similarities between the vibrational spectra of α-Ba 2 P 2 O 7 and α-Sr 2 P 2 O 7 suggested that α-Ba 2 P 2 O 7 is isostructural with α-Sr 2 P 2 O 7 . Differences were noted in the vibrational spectra of monoclinic α-Ca 2 P 2 O 7 and the two orthorhombic α-phases, α-Sr 2 P 2 O 7 and α-Ba 2 P 2 O 7 , which were related to differences in their crystal structures. The P 2 O 7 4− -anions of all three compounds contained nonlinear POP bond angles.
Charmed Meson Lifetime Ratios and Production in e+ e- Collisions

Two separate charmed-particle issues are discussed in the context of charm production in ${e}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions. One has to do with the kinds of measurements that might serve to establish the relative lifetimes of the charmed mesons ${D}^{+}$, ${D}^{0}$, ${F}^{+}$. The other concerns the isotopic properties of the production process.
Bound States of Alkali and Noble-Gas Atoms

The numbers of bound states for mixtures of alkali and noble-gas atoms have been calculated for a 6-10 Lennard-Jones interatomic potential function. For this calculation, a simple analytic expression for the number of bound vibrational levels as a function of the angular-momentum quantum number has been obtained. Bound molecular states were found for all alkali-noble-gas atom pairs for which potential-function data are available. From these numbers of bound states, internal partition functions have been calculated and, finally, values obtained for the number densities of alkali-noble-gas molecules.