cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Phylogeny of the Reduvioidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Part II. Wing Venation

Evidences of the identity of the veins of the cubitalanal field of the hemipterous wing are given. In the fore wing of auchenorrhynchous Homoptera these veins are: Cm (anterior to the clavus) ; Cu2 (closely associated with the claval furrow) ; Pcu, 1st A, and 2d A (in the clavus). In Heteroptera Cu2 is absent, and the clavus contains only Pcu and 1st A. There is no anal lobe in either suborder, the clavus representing the postcubital region of the fore wing. In the hind wing of Auchenorrhyncha the veins of the cubital-anal field are the same as in the fore wing; a cubital furrow lies just behind Cu2, and the anal fold lies just behind 1st A. In Heteroptera this region of the hind wing is similar, except that Cu2 is absent, and the cubital furrow often is bifid and may contain secondary veins between its branches. In both Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera the anal lobe of the hind wing usually is well developed, and the jugal lohe is always absent. In the Cimicomorpha the hind-wing venation of the Miridae, Nabidae, Microphysidae, Anthocoridae, Joppeicidae, Thaumastocoridae, and Velocipedidae is of the same basic type, characterized particularly by the absence of Sc and by having a Y- or V-shaped pattern of Pcu and 1st A. The tingids resemble this group, but have a distinct Sc. The nabids and microphysids seem exceptional in sometimes having R and M separated distally, as in the Pentatomomorpha. The reduviid venation is distinct from that of the other Cimicomorpha, and is best characterized by a narrow postcubital sector containing subparallel Pcu and 1st A veins. Venation is useful in distinguishing subfamilies of the Nabidae. Anthocoridae, and Reduviidae; in the Reduviidae it serves in characterizing three major groups of subfamilies.
2011 Society of Counseling Psychology Presidential Address Exploring Privilege in Counseling Psychology: Shifting the Lens

Within a system of societal inequities, privilege consists of unearned advantages that are conferred on individuals based on membership or assumed membership in a dominant group. This article describes the relationship between privilege and oppression, dimensions of privilege, characteristics of privilege, costs of privilege, and resistance to awareness of privilege. Understanding of privilege can enhance counseling psychology practice, research, training, and professional organizations. The article concludes with recommendations for exploring privilege and a vision for systemic change.
CHASM and SNVBox

Summary: Thousands of cancer exomes are currently being sequenced, yielding millions of non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of possible relevance to disease etiology. Here, we provide a software toolkit to prioritize SNVs based on their predicted contribution to tumorigenesis. It includes a database of precomputed, predictive features covering all positions in the annotated human exome and can be used either stand-alone or as part of a larger variant discovery pipeline. Availability and Implementation: MySQL database, source code and binaries freely available for academic/government use at http://wiki.chasmsoftware.org, Source in Python and C++. Requires 32 or 64-bit Linux system (tested on Fedora Core 8,10,11 and Ubuntu 10), 2.5*≤ Python 5.0, 60 GB available hard disk space (50 MB for software and data files, 40 GB for MySQL database dump when uncompressed), 2 GB of RAM. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tuning Dihydrogen Bonds: Enhanced Solid-State Reactivity in a Dihydrogen-Bonded System with Exceptionally Short H⋅⋅⋅H Distances.

Topochemical assembly of a covalent material can be achieved with the complex LiBH4 ⋅TEA (TEA=triethanolamine; section of structure shown), a dihydrogen-bonded system which has very short H⋅⋅⋅H contacts and high solid-state reactivity due to acidity enhancement in the OH groups by Li+ ion complexation.
p73 Is Required for Multiciliogenesis and Regulates the Foxj1-Associated Gene Network

We report that p73 is expressed in multiciliated cells (MCCs), is required for MCC differentiation, and directly regulates transcriptional modulators of multiciliogenesis. Loss of ciliary biogenesis provides a unifying mechanism for many phenotypes observed in p73 knockout mice including hydrocephalus; hippocampal dysgenesis; sterility; and chronic inflammation/infection of lung, middle ear, and sinus. Through p73 and p63 ChIP-seq using murine tracheal cells, we identified over 100 putative p73 target genes that regulate MCC differentiation and homeostasis. We validated Foxj1, a transcriptional regulator of multiciliogenesis, and many other cilia-associated genes as direct target genes of p73 and p63. We show p73 and p63 are co-expressed in a subset of basal cells and suggest that p73 marks these cells for MCC differentiation. In summary, p73 is essential for MCC differentiation, functions as a critical regulator of a transcriptome required for MCC differentiation, and, like p63, has an essential role in development of tissues.
Structural switching in self-assembled metal–ligand helicate complexes via ligand-centered reactions

Ligand centered reactions are capable of conferring structural switching between a metastable, self-assembled Fe-iminopyridine aggregate and a stable M2L3 helicate. The reactivity is directed and accelerated by the stability of the final product structure. Under aerobic conditions, both substitution and oxidation occurs at the ligand, exploiting atmospheric oxygen as the oxidant. In the absence of air, reaction occurs more slowly, forming the less stable substitution product. Control ligands show a preference for simple substitution, but the self-assembly directs both substitution and oxidation. The metastable nature of the initial aggregate species is essential for the reaction: while the aggregate is "primed" for reaction, other analogous helicate structures are "locked" by self-assembly, preventing reactivity.
In vivo Effects of Ouabain on Calcium Metabolism in Rabbit Hearts and Plasma.

SummaryThe in vivo effects of ouabain on rabbit myocardial and plasma Ca metabolism were determined. It was found that ouabain toxicity was associated with a significant increase in myocardial Ca exchange but no significant change in myocardial Ca content. The whole plasma Ca and non-protein bound Ca concentrations were high as compared to other vertebrates. Ouabain had no significant effect on these parameters. It was concluded that the in vivo effects of ouabain were similar to that seen in vitro using artificial solutions and that a change in Ca metabolism may be the basic cause of in vivo cardiac glycoside toxicity. In addition, it would appear that the concentration of extracellular ionized Ca of the rabbit in vivo is considerably higher than that which occurs when using many artificial solutions.
Testing the limits of the 18-electron rule: the gas-phase carbonyls of Sc(+) and Y(+).

Scandium and yttrium carbonyl cations produced in the gas phase via laser vaporization are mass selected and studied with infrared laser spectroscopy in the C–O stretching region. Mass spectra, ion fragmentation behavior, and infrared spectra, complemented by computational chemistry, establish the coordination numbers and structures of these complexes. Sc+ does not form the eight-coordinate 18-electron complex but instead produces a 16-electron seven-coordinate species. However, Y+ forms the anticipated eight-coordinate structure. Density functional theory computations provide structures and corresponding vibrational spectra for these complexes. Sc(CO)7+ has a C3v capped octahedral structure, while Y(CO)8+ forms a D4d square antiprism. The C–O stretches at 2086 and 2087 cm–1 for Sc(CO)7+ and Y(CO)8+, respectively, are among the most red-shifted frequencies measured for any transition metal carbonyl cation.
Regulation of Catalytic Activity by Phosphine Ligand Design

Abstract Starting with the catalytic complex [Rh(PPh3)3Cl], the influence of variation of phosphine ligand properties on the activity of rhodium phosphine complexes as catalysts for the hydrogenation of olefins was systematically studied. The following catalyst modifications were examined (a) varying the basicity of the triarylphosphine ligands, (b) replacing Cl− by a non-coordinating anion (BF4 −) to make the catalyst cationic, (c) substituting a chelating diphosphine for the monophosphine ligands to ensure cis-coordination, and (d) varying the chain length of the diphosphine ligand to vary the chelate ring size and flexibility. By systematic manipulation of these parameters, enhancements of catalytic activity by factors in excess of 104 were achieved.
A negative-feedback loop regulating ERK1/2 activation and mediated by RasGPR2 phosphorylation

The dynamic regulation of ERK1 and -2 (ERK1/2) is required for precise signal transduction controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the activation of ERK1/2 are not completely understood. In this study, we show that phosphorylation of RasGRP2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), inhibits its ability to activate the small GTPase Rap1 that ultimately leads to decreased activation of ERK1/2 in cells. ERK2 phosphorylates RasGRP2 at Ser394 located in the linker region implicated in its autoinhibition. These studies identify RasGRP2 as a novel substrate of ERK1/2 and define a negative-feedback loop that regulates the BRaf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade. This negative-feedback loop determines the amplitude and duration of active ERK1/2.
Kinesin-ADP: whole lotta shakin' goin' on.

A mobile state of the kinesin–ADP head is discovered using multi- and single-molecule fluorescence polarization.
Analysis on schistosomiasis endemic at surveillance sites of Hubei province( 2012)

Objective To understand the endemic situation of Schistosomiasis at surveillance sites of Hubei Province in 2012. Methods According to the Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Hubei Province,207 endemic villages were selected as surveillance sites,where the infection of residents,livestock and the distribution of Oncomelania snails were investigated. Results In the 207 surveillance sites,the infection rate of residents was 0. 55%,the infection rate in the 50-60 age group was 0. 92%,and the age group over 60 was 0. 90%,which were higher than those of other age groups. The infection rates of herdsmen,fishermen,farmers and boat people were 1. 37%,0. 72%,0. 67% and 0. 67%,respectively, which were higher than the residents with other occupations. The infection rate of cattle was 0. 38%. The density of living snails and infected snails was 0. 367 49 and 0. 000 016 snails /0. 11m2,respectively,and the infection rate of snails was 0. 004 2%. Conclusion Compared with that in 2011,the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2012 was improved obviously. The control measure: taking the domestic animals as the major infectious source,should be strengthened,while health education in the key groups should be intensified simultaneously.
The Therapeutic Uses of Transfer Factor

For many years transfer factor, the cell-free leukocytic extract capable of transferring delayed hypersensitivity reactivity, was controversial, even with respect to its very existence. Recent work, however, has clearly delineated a clinical potential for transfer factor in the treatment of some immunodeficiency diseases, and possibly also as an adjunct in the management of certain cancers.
Molecular Signatures of Tumor-Initiating Cells Unveil Wnt Pathway As a Therapeutic Target in Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Introduction Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive and incurable form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Despite initial responses to intense chemotherapy, up to 50% of cases of MCL relapse, often in a chemoresistant form. We hypothesized that the recently identified MCL-initiating cells (MCL-ICs) are the main reason for relapse and chemoresistance of MCL. Methods We isolated MCL-ICs from primary MCL cells on the basis of a defined marker expression pattern; CD34-CD3-CD45+CD19-. The MCL-ICs, MCL-non-ICs, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors were analyzed for gene expression using the Arraystar platform. The differences in mRNA levels of genes of interest were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The prominent differentially expressed transcripts were analyzed using the Ingenuity Platform. Primary MCL cells were co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells to assess the effects of chemotherapeutic agents such as vincristine, doxorubicin and the newly approved Burton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib, and Wnt signaling inhibitors. Results Approximately 1% of primary MCL cells are MCL-ICs and they can be maintained in co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells. Comparison of gene expression profiles of MCL-ICs and MCL-non-ICs revealed activation of stem cell-specific pathways in MCL-ICs by expression of Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog and enhanced expression of Nanog, Oct4, KLF4, ADH1, MT1b and ABCC3. Gene expression microarray data and RT-PCR data suggested predominant activation of the Wnt/Frizzled pathway. Indeed, MCL-ICs were particularly sensitive to Wnt pathway inhibitors. Targeting Wnt-dependent β-catenin‒TCF4 interaction with CCT036477, iCRT14, or PKF118-310 preferentially eliminated the MCL-ICs, reduced the expression of stem cell transcription factors (Myc, Nanog, Oct4, Klf4), and sensitized MCL cells to vincristine, doxorubicin, and ibrutinib. Interestingly, while vincristine, doxorubicin or ibrutinib did kill MCL cells, they did not reduce the percentage of MCL-ICs in treated co-culture. Conclusion MCL-ICs are present in primary MCL isolates and they show gene expression pattern of chemoresistant, stem cell-like cells with predominant activation of Wnt signaling. In order to produce durable remissions in MCL patients, treatment strategies should be directed to target MCL-ICs. Disclosures Wang: Pharmacyclics, Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding.
Anterior Transperitoneal Approach for Treatment of Urolithiasis

An anterior transperitoneal incision was used to remove stones from 20 kidneys in 18 patients (2 bilateral). Our experience with 35 kidneys operated upon by this method (15 previously reported) has been favorable. Use of percutaneous nephropyelostomy tubes to drain obstructed kidneys in septic patients has permitted all procedures to be done under non-emergency conditions. Careful alignment of x-ray equipment and adjustment of exposure technique in the operating room before induction of anesthesia result in consistently good quality preoperative and intraoperative roentgenograms. The transperitoneal approach has afforded good access to the anterior portion of the renal pelvis even in those patients who have had previous operations on the kidney by the flank approach. Additional intra-abdominal procedures done at the same operation have included urinary diversion by ileal loop, revision of previous ileal loop, ureterolithotomy, pyeloureteroplasty, partial nephrectomy, cholecystectomy and appendectomy. The procedures done with the patients in the supine position have been well tolerated even in patients with serious coincident medical diseases.
Are we ever aware of concepts? A critical question for the Global Neuronal Workspace, Integrated Information, and Attended Intermediate-Level Representation theories of consciousness

To locate consciousness in the flow of synaptic activity in the brain, we must first locate it in the flow of information processing in the mind. Two different positions have been debated for centuries. The liberal view maintains that the contents of experience include not only sensory, motor, and affective states, but also concepts and the thoughts they enter into. In contrast, the conservative view maintains that concepts have no intrinsic qualia of their own, and that the contents of experience are therefore restricted to sensory, motor, and affective states. Here I discuss how this long-standing controversy is relevant to several contemporary neuroscientific theories of consciousness. I do so, however, in a manner that is admittedly biased toward the conservative view, since I am among those who believe that it is more consistent than the liberal view with a number of key findings. I focus first on two of the most prominent neuroscientific theories of consciousness—namely, Stanislas Dehaene's Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Giulio Tononi's Integrated Information Theory. I argue that because both of these approaches assume the liberal view, they are challenged in significant ways by data favoring the competing conservative view. I then turn to a third framework—namely, Jesse Prinz's Attended Intermediate-Level Representation Theory. I contend that because it explicitly endorses the conservative view, it has a unique advantage over the other two approaches. I also point out, however, that it has independent shortcomings that prevent it from achieving adequate explanatory coherence. I conclude by emphasizing that, if the conservative view is in fact correct, a central goal of future research should be to distinguish, at both psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis, between the following two kinds of information processing that often occur simultaneously: first, activation of the modality-specific sensory, motor, and affective representations that constitute the sole ingredients of conscious experiences; and second, activation of the conceptual representations that give those experiences meaning and that may even influence them in a top-down manner, but that never themselves reach awareness.
New and Future Technology

Judging from archaeological evidence, irrigation has been practiced for at least eight millennia, starting in the Nile, followed by the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Yellow River in China, and the Indus River in India (Hoffman et al., 1990). During this time, the experience and skill of humankind has been accumulated, improved with an eye toward future needs, and yet sometimes still lost to history. Therefore, capturing the state of the art of irrigation is clearly worthwhile. On the other hand, predicting the future is far less so clearly worthwhile. We recognize that our foresight may well in time be proven dim. Bearing in mind the context of 80 centuries, however, we attempt to describe new and predict future trends.
Quality Improvement Education for Pediatric Residents and Fellows

Quality improvement (QI) methodologies allow healthcare systems to improve the quality of care delivered to patients. Teaching trainees about these concepts and tools is now a required component of residency training. QI training in pediatric residency programs is generally well-accepted and feasible, and many programs include a project component that can effect change in clinical processes; however, there is lack of agreement on best practice standards for training residents in terms of content, format, and assessment. For example, though pediatric residents are generally satisfied with their QI training, one survey found that many did not use basic QI tools during their project design, implementation, and analysis. The majority of pediatric program directors note that a QI curriculum exists in their program but the formats vary; as opposed to residents, only 23% are satisfied with their current program. Additionally, some programs do not use a formal evaluation process to study and improve their curriculum. Innovations in teaching QI, such as focused residency tracks and faculty-resident co-learning, are exciting, but the priority must be creation of a standardized set of learning objectives for trainees. Barriers to successful QI training include lack of faculty expertise and cultural factors, such as misaligned values between the institution, GME, and/or residents. An emphasis on the scholarly output possible from QI projects may help assuage doubts for those who initially do not see the value of QI-based improvements.
Medical Therapy of Schwannomas

Abstract Schwannomas (or neurilemmomas) are one of the common benign intracranial tumors with an incidence of approximately 1 per 100,000. Clinical evidence suggests that schwannomas are painless and slow growing, yet cause cranial nerve deficits. The most common deficits are unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, and trigeminal deficits. Currently, the mainstays of management are observation with serial imaging studies, surgery, or radiation therapy when necessary. Patients are prone to damage of the facial nerve and further hearing loss, with some surgical approaches sacrificing hearing to attain tumor control. Currently, there is no approved medical therapy for schwannomas. Given the morbidity and mortality of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)-associated vestibular schwannomas (VS) and the high risks of surgical treatment or radiation therapy, medical therapies that can slow or arrest tumor growth are urgently needed. Here we review the current standard therapies for schwannomas, the molecular biology and its relevance to treatment. In addition, past and current uses of medical therapies in VS are discussed and delineate areas of current and future research.
A Mormon Pilgrimage to Sikh Sacred Practice, Text, and Temple

This article highlights surprising parallels and intersections between Sikhism and the author’s own LDS Christian background. Three aspects of Sikh practice particularly worthy of “holy envy” include the devotion shown in the distinctive Sikh symbols of the Khalsa, the Sikh commitment to seva (service) including the practice of sharing langar (a community meal), and most particularly the Sikh appreciation of and loyalty to their holy scripture. The chapter centers on how the importance of Sikh scripture is embodied in the work and worship of the pilgrims at the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The author affirms that the effort to approach Sikh scripture seriously and with holy envy, can open bridges of understanding and provide resources to enhance one’s own devotional and academic reading of scripture.
IP Administration of Moxalactam during CAPD

The pharmacokinetics of moxalactam were studied in eight patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Patients received moxalactam intravenously (IV) and intraperitoneally (IP) in 1.0 g or 2.0 g dosages. Serum, dialysate and urine samples were obtained for 72 hours. Moxalactam absorption from the peritoneal cavity was 88 ± 2.1% of that administered. Mean peak serum concentration after the 2.0 g IP dose was 98.4 ± 25.6 μg/ml and remained >29 μg/ml after 24 hours. The 1.0 g IP dose gave a peak level of 20.9 ± 8.9 μg/ml and remained >7 μg/ml at 24 hours. Diarrhea developed in all patients receiving the 2.0 g dose. No side effects were noted after 1.0 g. Based on these results 1.0 g of moxalactam given IP every 24 hours should be adequate to treat susceptible organisms causing local or systemic infections in CAPD patients.
Insulin-Mediated Neuroplasticity in the Central Nervous System

Neuroplasticity is a concept that can be broadly defined as the ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to respond and adapt to the surrounding milieu. Neuroplasticity occurs in a variety of ways, including changes in the structural and functional properties of neuronal and non-neuronal cells as well as alterations in receptor pharmacology and neurochemical profiles. Ultimately these changes affect cognitive performance. Emerging evidence from clinical and preclinical studies suggests that insulin is an important mediator and facilitator of neuroplasticity in the CNS. Insulin administration improves cognitive performance in a variety of clinical settings ranging from normal healthy volunteers to patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since the cognition-enhancing actions of insulin are likely mediated by insulin receptors (IR), these data suggest that impairments in the functional activities of insulin in the hippocampus may contribute to cognitive deficits observed in diabetes patients. The clinical and epidemiological data illustrate that diabetes patients have an increased risk of developing age-related disorders like AD, suggesting that deficits in IR signaling may be a key initiating factor in the development and progression of cognitive decline. An important question that remains to be addressed is the identification of the mechanisms through which insulin enhances cognitive performance and, conversely, how impairments in IR signaling may contribute to neuroplasticity deficits associated with diabetes and age-related disorders. This aim of this review is to discuss the literature that supports the hypothesis that insulin is a trophic factor in the CNS that supports neuroplasticity, particularly as it relates to how deficits in IR signaling may be a mechanistic link between neurological co-morbidities like AD and diabetes.
Deep learning based detection of cone photoreceptors with multimodal adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope images of achromatopsia

Fast and reliable quantification of cone photoreceptors is a bottleneck in the clinical utilization of adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) systems for the study, diagnosis, and prognosis of retinal diseases. To-date, manual grading has been the sole reliable source of AOSLO quantification, as no automatic method has been reliably utilized for cone detection in real-world low-quality images of diseased retina. We present a novel deep learning based approach that combines information from both the confocal and non-confocal split detector AOSLO modalities to detect cones in subjects with achromatopsia. Our dual-mode deep learning based approach outperforms the state-of-the-art automated techniques and is on a par with human grading.
Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature readings is common, and they have been proven to be accurate and invaluable in this regard. However, this method of temperature measurement requires the mice to be anesthetized in order to insert the probe without injury to the animal. This limits the ability to observe other phenotypes of the mouse simultaneously. In order to investigate other phenotypes while measuring temperatures, rectal probes are not ideal, and another method is desired. Here, we introduce a noninvasive method of temperature measurement that foregoes the requirement for mouse anesthesia while maintaining equal reliability to rectal probes in measuring body temperature. We use an infrared thermometer that detects body surface temperatures at ranges between 2 and 150 mm. This method of body temperature measurement is successful in reliably replicating temperature change trends during passive system anaphylaxis experiments in mice. We show that body surface temperatures are about 2.0 °C lower than rectal probe measurements, but the degree of temperature drop follows the same trend. Furthermore, we use the same technique to observe mice in a food allergy model to evaluate temperature and activity levels simultaneously.
Log-Link and Logistic Regression

Regression with log-link or Poisson regression is a model that can be used to study the relative change in an outcome variable. In the log-link regression model, the antilog of each coefficient describes the relative difference in the outcome variable associated with each one-unit difference in the predictor variable. For binary outcomes, the logistic regression model relates the log odds of the outcome with one or more predictor variables. The antilog of each coefficient in a logistic regression model describes the odds ratio of the outcome variable associated with a one-unit difference in the predictor variable.
Effects of nanofibers on properties of geopolymer composites

Abstract This chapter highlights the effects of nanoreinforcements on fracture toughness of geopolymers. This effort mainly focuses on the effects of few general properties of nanomaterials including aspect ratio, interfacial strength, and thermal stability. This effort aims at improving the toughness of geopolymer for potential application as the matrix materials for continuous fiber reinforced composites. The objective of this study is to investigate the optimum effectiveness of various nanofillers in fracture toughness of the geopolymer based on their physical dimensions, mechanical properties, reinforcing capability, and interfacial bond strength. This study compares the effectiveness of nanofibers on toughening of geopolymer with nanoparticles. In addition, this study shows a comparative analysis between the nanofibers with low and high interfacial bonding with geopolymer. This chapter explains the measurement technique of mode-I fracture toughness, KIC, of geopolymer. Then the effects of nanofibers on fracture toughness are explained. In order to elucidate the effect of nanoreinforcement, this chapter focuses on statistical design of experiments (DOE) approach, which explains the effect of few variables of nanomaterial and processing parameters on the fracture toughness of geopolymer in particular. This chapter describes limits and parameters of the variables, experimental toughness results, and analysis of results. In this chapter, the results are presented in terms of ANOVA, Pareto chart, and effect charts. In addition, the analysis included micrographs of nanofiber-reinforced geopolymer processed at various conditions.
A Crucible for Corrective Justice: Legislative Experiments with ADR to Reform the Medical Malpractice System

The American tort system has been the target of medical malpractice reform efforts for close to fifty years. Using different “crisis” narratives, reform advocates argue that litigation costs must be contained, that alternative methods for compensating injured patients should replace the tort system, and that healthcare delivery systems must change to reduce the incidence of patient injury. In pursuit of these different reform objectives, state legislatures enact laws that, for medical malpractice claims, change both substantive tort doctrine and procedure. For procedural reforms, policymakers turn repeatedly to ADR to fix perceived problems with the medical malpractice system, enacting statutes that mandate or direct parties to utilize specific ADR processes. This Article argues that ADR procedural interventions have substantive reform goals in the medical malpractice context. Ironically, these successive generations of medical malpractice ADR demonstrate a diminishing primacy of tort, rendering ADR not only an alternative process but also a venue for alternative models of corrective justice.
Weathering in the Glacial Foreland of Southern and Western Greenland

Glaciers physically grind up underlying rock and create fine-grained sediment that has a high potential for chemical weathering. Subsequent weathering of these sediments produces solutes, including nutrients and radiogenic isotopes, which are transported by streams to the world’s oceans where they can impact primary productivity and record past ice sheet activity. Previous research on the geochemistry of bedrock, bedload sediment and stream waters demonstrated that the extent of chemical weathering varies across a transect in western Greenland due to variations in either exposure age or precipitation (Scribner et al., 2015), and that variations in the extent of weathering associated with retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) may account for observed trends in solutes during the last deglacial period. This project adds a new study area in southern Greenland that has higher precipitation, more vegetation, a different lithology, and a range of exposure ages, to address the leading factors contributing to the extent of weathering. Based on the relative proportions of cations and percent change between Na+K concentrations of bedload to waters, the southern region is undergoing less extensive weathering than the western transect, which suggests that lithology may be an important driver of weathering, and that exposure age and precipitation are less important factors than expected. The results also suggest there are additional factors that contribute to weathering that were not accounted for in this study, such as dissolved organic matter and microbial activity.
An Exploration of the Temporal Dynamics of Circadian Resetting Responses to Short- and Long-Duration Light Exposures: Cross-Species Consistencies and Differences:

Light is the most effective environmental stimulus for shifting the mammalian circadian pacemaker. Numerous studies have been conducted across multiple species to delineate wavelength, intensity, duration, and timing contributions to the response of the circadian pacemaker to light. Recent studies have revealed a surprising sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to short pulses of light. Such responses have challenged photon counting-based theories of the temporal dynamics of the mammalian circadian system to both short- and long-duration light stimuli. Here, we collate published light exposure data from multiple species, including gerbil, hamster, mouse, and human, to investigate these temporal dynamics and explore how the circadian system integrates light information at both short- and long-duration time scales to produce phase shifts. Based on our investigation of these data sets, we propose 3 new interpretations: (1) intensity and duration are independent factors of total phase shift magnitude, (2) the possibility of a linear/log temporal function of light duration that is universal for all intensities for durations less than approximately 12 min, and (3) a potential universal minimum light duration of ~0.7 sec that describes a "dead zone" of light stimulus. We show that these properties appear to be consistent across mammalian species. These interpretations, if confirmed by further experiments, have important practical implications in terms of understanding the underlying physiology and for the design of lighting regimens to reset the mammalian circadian pacemaker.
Modelling the recovery of critical commercial services and their interdependencies on civil infrastructures

When an extreme event occurs in a specific area, the mere recovery of civil infrastructures is not enough to help recover local communities due to the cascading disruptions that can occur to supply chains of critical commercial services, whose operation and restoration is highly dependent on infrastructures. We build single-period, multi-commodity disruption models to examine the interdependencies between infrastructures and critical commercial services and predict the outages experienced by local communities after extreme events. We further build multi-period restoration models to select and schedule the restoration tasks after disruptive events with an objective to maximise the aggregated flows of utilities and commodities. We simulate scenarios of Categories 2, 3, 4 hurricanes and apply the models to a dataset of an artificial county with a population of half a million. We find that coordinated infrastructure restoration decisions with critical commercial services help improve community resilience, especially under relatively severe extreme events.
Acoustic structure of forest elephant rumbles: a test of the ambiguity reduction hypothesis

Quantitative assessments of the structure of vocalizations are a fundamental prerequisite to understand a species’ vocal communication system and, more broadly, the selective pressures shaping vocal repertoires. For example, to reduce ambiguity in signal interpretation in the absence of auxiliary visual cues, species in densely vegetated habitats should exhibit more discrete vocal signals than species in open habitats. To test this “ambiguity reduction hypothesis”, we conducted the first quantitative assessment of the rumble vocalizations of the forest elephant. Based on 686 forest elephant rumbles recorded with autonomous acoustic recording units at four sites across Central Africa, we used model-based cluster analyses paired with subsequent evaluation of cluster-discreteness and discriminant function analyses to quantify the structure of rumbles based on 23 source- and filter-related acoustic parameters. Model-based cluster analyses suggest that rumbles can be classified into five to eight types. Similar to previous findings in savannah elephants and contrary to the ambiguity reduction hypothesis, average silhouette coefficients below 0.34 indicated that these rumble types were highly intergraded. However, discriminant function analyses predicted rumble types with at least 75% accuracy whereby the location of the minimum fundamental frequency, middle slope and peak frequency contributed most to separation between types. In line with an increasing number of studies highlighting that a distinction between discrete and graded repertoires may have little biological significance, we propose that ambiguity reduction may take place through the evolution of perceptual and cognitive mechanisms, rather than acting on vocal production.
Back-to-back relative-excess observable to identify the chiral magnetic effect

$\textbf{Background:}$ The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is extensively studied in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. In the commonly used reaction plane (RP) dependent, charge dependent azimuthal correlator ($\Delta\gamma$), both the close and back-to-back pairs are included. Many backgrounds contribute to the close pairs (e.g. resonance decays, jet correlations), whereas the back-to-back pairs are relatively free of those backgrounds. $\textbf{Purpose:}$ In order to reduce those backgrounds, we propose a new observable which only focuses on the back-to-back pairs, namely, the relative back-to-back opposite-sign (OS) over same-sign (SS) pair excess ($r_{\text{BB}}$) as a function of the pair azimuthal orientation with respect to the RP ($\varphi_{\text{BB}}$). $\textbf{Methods:}$ We use analytical calculations and toy model simulations to demonstrate the sensitivity of $r_{\text{BB}}(\varphi_{\text{BB}})$ to the CME and its insensitivity to backgrounds. $\textbf{Results:}$ With finite CME, the $\varphi_{\text{BB}}$ distribution of $r_{\text{BB}}$ shows a clear characteristic modulation. Its sensitivity to background is significantly reduced compared to the previous $\Delta\gamma$ observable. The simulation results are consistent with our analytical calculations. $\textbf{Conclusions:}$ Our studies demonstrate that the $r_{\text{BB}}(\varphi_{\text{BB}})$ observable is sensitive to the CME signal and rather insensitive to the resonance backgrounds.
Effective Concurrency Testing for Distributed Systems

Despite their wide deployment, distributed systems remain notoriously hard to reason about. Unexpected interleavings of concurrent operations and failures may lead to undefined behaviors and cause serious consequences. We present Morpheus, the first concurrency testing tool leveraging partial order sampling, a randomized testing method formally analyzed and empirically validated to provide strong probabilistic guarantees of error-detection, for real-world distributed systems. Morpheus introduces conflict analysis to further improve randomized testing by predicting and focusing on operations that affect the testing result. Inspired by the recent shift in building distributed systems using higher-level languages and frameworks, Morpheus targets Erlang. Evaluation on four popular distributed systems in Erlang including RabbitMQ, a message broker service, and Mnesia, a distributed database in the Erlang standard libraries, shows that Morpheus is effective: It found previously unknown errors in every system checked, 11 total, all of which are flaws in their core protocols that may cause deadlocks, unexpected crashes, or inconsistent states.
Chapter 18 – Dynamic SQL

Publisher Summary Dynamic SQL is the name usually applied to the facility that allows the users to execute the SQL statements whose complete text are not known until they are ready to be executed. This chapter draws heavily on these dynamic SQL statements. Dynamic SQL can be executed in two ways. They can be prepared for execution and then executed as often and as many times as required by the application, and they can be prepared as well as executed in one step using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement. To process a dynamic SQL statement, the user has to store the text of that statement into a character string host variable and execute using either a PREPARE statement or an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement. The PREPARE statement analyzes the dynamic SQL statement for appropriate syntax, to determine the data types of the dynamic parameters and to optimize the execution of the statement. The results of the preparation are associated with a statement name that is used in the later statements of the execution, especially when there is a need to identify that prepared statement. As an alternative to all that, the dynamic SQL statement can be executed using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE. However, because EXECUTE IMMEDIATE does not allow the use either of descriptor areas or of host variables or parameters, the dynamic SQL statement cannot contain any dynamic parameters. The chapter describes in detail the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, PREPARE, EXECUTE and DESCRIBE statements. The chapter ends with a discussion on dynamic SQL and cursors along with a detailed example of a dynamic SQL code.
Protonation-Driven Aqueous Lyotropic Self-Assembly of Synthetic Six-Tail Lipidoids

We report the aqueous lyotropic mesophase behaviors of protonated amine-based "lipidoids," a class of synthetic lipid-like molecules that mirrors essential structural features of the multitail bacterial amphiphile lipid A. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies demonstrate that the protonation of the tetra(amine) headgroups of six-tail lipidoids in aqueous HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and H3PO4 solutions variably drives their self-assembly into lamellar (Lα) and inverse micellar (III) lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), depending on acid identity and concentration, amphiphile tail length, and temperature. Lipidoid assemblies formed in H2SO4(aq) exhibit rare inverse body-centered cubic (BCC) and inverse face-centered cubic (FCC) micellar morphologies, the latter of which unexpectedly coexists with zero mean curvature Lα phases. Complementary atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations furnish detailed insights into this unusual self-assembly behavior. The unique aqueous lyotropic mesophase behaviors of ammonium lipidoids originate in their dichotomous ability to adopt both inverse conical and chain-extended molecular conformations depending on the number of counterions and their identity, which lead to coexisting supramolecular assemblies with remarkably different mean interfacial curvatures.
Cyclone: A Static Timing and Power Engine for Asynchronous Circuits

Asynchronous circuits have potential advantages of higher speed and lower power consumption compared to their synchronous counterparts, but their poor CAD support is a major issue limiting adoption. In this paper, we present an integrated timing and power analysis engine capable of handling large asynchronous circuits. For timing, we introduce the notion of performance and correctness slack for asynchronous circuits; for power, we compute both the static and dynamic components. We provide a hierarchical approach to constructing the event-dependency graph, and use the Galois framework for parallelization to achieve fast runtime. The net result is Cyclone, a fast and accurate engine for both static timing and power analysis of asynchronous circuits.
Characterization of hydrogen sulfide toxicity to human corneal stromal fibroblasts.

Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2 S) is a chemical weapon and a common environmental pollutant. H2 S intoxication is lethal to humans and animals. H2 S contact to the eye can cause vision loss. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with H2 S toxicity to the cornea remain unclear, and no specific therapy exists to mitigate ocular damage from H2 S. Here, we report H2 S-induced cytotoxicity and the parameters contributing to the molecular mechanisms associated with corneal toxicity using primary human corneal stromal fibroblasts (hCSFs) in vitro. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) was used as a source of H2 S, and the cytotoxicity of H2 S was determined by treating hCSF cells with varying concentrations of NaSH (0-10 mM) for 0-72 hours. Changes in cell proliferation, oxidative stress factors, and the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes were studied using standard commercial kits and qRT-PCR. NaSH exposure to hCSFs showed dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. The IC50 of NaSH was determined to be 5.35 mM. NaSH 5.35 mM exposure led to significantly decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, increased ROS production, and increased expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes in hCSF cells. H2 S/NaSH exposure alters normal mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and fibrotic gene responses in corneal stromal fibroblasts in vitro.
A discharge education initiative to improve asthma care through innovative teaching material and one-on-one teach-back.

Title: A discharge education initiative to improve asthma care through innovative teaching material and one-on-one teach-back. Introduction: Discharge from the hospital is a vital point in care when a practice team can change the trajectory of chronic disease. Multiple studies have looked at implementation of asthma action plans (AAP) to alter markers of asthma control with varied but often unimpressive results. The aim of our project was to create an innovative asthma education tool combined with one-on-one teach-back and evaluate for improvement in asthma control. Method: The project was completed …
Copper/Diamond Adhesion and Hydrogen Termination

The clean Cu/diamond(111) work of separation is found to be $1.30\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. Copper $d$ and diamond $p$ states play a significant role in forming relatively strong Cu/diamond interfacial bonds, while reconstruction of the free diamond(111) surface lowers the work of separation. The single dangling bond diamond termination is the stable interfacial configuration. Hydrogen termination of the diamond lowers the work of separation to $0.21\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, consistent with experimental measurements of hydrogen effects on Cu/diamond adhesive strengths. Hydrogen is stable in the Cu/diamond interface.
Active Curriculum Learning

This paper investigates and reveals the relationship between two closely related machine learning disciplines, namely Active Learning (AL) and Curriculum Learning (CL), from the lens of several novel curricula. This paper also introduces Active Curriculum Learning (ACL) which improves AL by combining AL with CL to benefit from the dynamic nature of the AL informativeness concept as well as the human insights used in the design of the curriculum heuristics. Comparison of the performance of ACL and AL on two public datasets for the Named Entity Recognition (NER) task shows the effectiveness of combining AL and CL using our proposed framework.
Peer Victimization and Social-Psychological Adjustment in Hispanic and African-American Children.

We examined the relation of overt and relational victimization to depressive symptoms, fear of negative evaluation (FNE), social avoidance, and loneliness in a sample of Hispanic and African-American children. The Social Experience Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, Social Anxiety Scale for Children—Revised, and Asher Loneliness Scale were administered to 190 children in the fifth and sixth grades of an urban elementary school. Consistent with prior work, overt victimization was positively associated with depressive symptoms, FNE, social avoidance, and loneliness for both boys and girls. Relational victimization was found to be uniquely associated with depressive symptoms, FNE, and social avoidance of general situations for girls only. Prosocial behaviors from peers moderated the effects of relational victimization on loneliness, but no other social-psychological adjustment variables. Implications of our findings for the role of peer victimization and prosocial behaviors in the peer relationships of Hispanic and African-American children are discussed.