cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating dark energy probes using multidimensional dark energy parameters

We investigate the value of future dark-energy experiments by modeling their ability to constrain the dark-energy equation of state. Similar work was recently reported by the Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) using a two dimensional parameterization of the equation-of-state evolution. We examine constraints in a nine-dimensional dark-energy parameterization, and find that the best experiments constrain significantly more than two dimensions in our 9D space. Consequently the impact of these experiments is substantially beyond that revealed in the DETF analysis, and the estimated cost per 'impact' drops by about a factor of 10 as one moves to the very best experiments. The DETF conclusions about the relative value of different techniques and of the importance of combining techniques are unchanged by our analysis.
Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract

The range of gastrointestinal complications of diabetes extends from the mouth to the anus. In some cases the resulting conditions are familiar – such as gastro-oesophageal reflux and constipation – and the relevance of the diabetes is little more than that these conditions are seen more frequently in diabetic patients than in the general population. Indeed, the range of treatments and their effectiveness are the same in both groups irrespective of the presence of diabetes. But there are two unusual gastrointestinal complications that are peculiar to diabetes: gastroparesis and diabetic diarrhoea. The management of patients with these problems can be extremely challenging; apart from the sheer unpleasantness of chronic vomiting and diarrhoea to the point of incontinence, fluid depletion and loss of diabetic control may necessitate hospital admission. Both vomiting and diarrhoea can be intractable, and the disappointing response of both conditions to the existing range of treatments is often frustrating for patient and physician. Much of the difficulty stems from the fact that their aetiology is poorly understood. The skills involved in looking after such patients extend far beyond the prescribing manual.
DENDRITIC LOCALIZATION OF CA2+-PERMEABLE AMPA/KAINATE CHANNELS IN HIPPOCAMPAL PYRAMIDAL NEURONS

Although it is well established that cortical and hippocampal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons generally have large numbers of Ca2+-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate channels (Ca-A/K channels), their presence on pyramidal neurons is controversial. Ca2+ permeability of AMPA channels is regulated by expression of a particular glutamate receptor subunit (GluR2), which confers Ca2+ impermeability to heteromeric channels. Most electrophysiology studies, as well as in situ hybridization and immunolabeling studies demonstrating expression of GluR2 mRNA or peptide in pyramidal neurons, have provided evidence against the presence of Ca-A/K channels on pyramidal neurons. However, observations that pyramidal neurons often appear to be labeled by kainate-stimulated Co2+ influx (Co2+(+) cells), a histochemical stain that identifies cells possessing Ca-A/K channels, suggests that they may have these channels. The present study futher examines cellular and subcellular distribution of Ca-A/K channels on hippocampal pyramidal neurons in slice as well as in culture. To this end, techniques of kainate-stimulated Co2+ influx labeling, supplemented by AMPA receptor subunit immunocytochemistry and fluorescent imaging of kainate-stimulated intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) rises are employed. Co2+ labeling is often seen in pyramidal neuronal dendrites in both slice and in culture. In addition, although GluR1 and 4 staining in these neurons is often seen in the soma and dendrites, GluR2 label, when evident, is generally more restricted to the soma. Finally, measurement of kainate-stimulated [Ca2+]i rises in cultured neurons, assessed by using low affinity Ca2+ indicators in the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel blockade, often shows dendritic rises to precede those in the somata. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that Ca-A/K channels are present in dendritic domains of many pyramidal neurons, and may help to provide resolution of the apparently conflicting data regarding their distribution. J. Comp.Neurol. 409:250–260, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Mayo Clinic and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A review of the medical records at the Mayo Clinic revealed the evolution of a common clinical condition—carpal tunnel syndrome. Initially, treatment was limited to those patients with the most severe neuropathies and derangements of wrist anatomy. As confidence with the diagnosis and therapy increased, progressively less severe anatomic deformities and then progressively less severe neurologic impairments were considered for surgical management. Documentation shows that the first surgical division of the flexor retinaculum for treatment of distal median neuropathy was performed in 1924, almost a decade earlier than previously thought.
Immunodominance in the T-cell response to multiple non-H-2 histocompatibility antigens. II. Observation of a hierarchy among dominant antigens.

Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with BALB.B spleen cells in vivo and subsequent boosting in mixed lymphocyte culture result in the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which are specific for a limited number of immunodominant antigens. Experiments are described which suggest the existence of a hierarchy of immunodominance in this donor: host combination. Two antigens, CTT-1.3 and CTT-2.3, are dominant in the C57BL/6 anti-BALB.B CTL response. The distribution of these antigens among CXB recombinant inbred (RI) strains suggests that they segregate as single gene traits. Elimination of the CTT-1.3 and CTT-2.3 antigens by complementation in the responder, or elimination from the priming and boosting stages by the selection.of CXB RI strain mice as responders or stimulators, reveals a second level of immunodominant antigens which include CTT-3.3 and CTT-4.3. CXB mice which express one of the CTT-1.3 or CTT-2.3 antigens will produce CTLs specific for the other antigen upon priming and boosting with BALB.B cells. Expression of both antigens in responders results in the generation of CTLs specific for the second level, dominant antigens. Immunodominance is not confined to the C57BL/6 anti-BALB.B system but can also be observed in the BALB.B anti-C57BL/6 and B10.D2 anti-DBA/2 systems. Finally, generation of CTLs following priming and boosting with dominant and dominated antigens presented on different cells confirmed that immunodominance can only be observed when the dominant and dominated antigens are presented on the same cells. These observations suggest that immunodominance is revealed at the level of antigen-presenting cells primarily involved in vivo priming.
High-pressure vibrational spectroscopy of energetic materials: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine.

Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to investigate the room-temperature high-pressure phases of the energetic material hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The pressure-induced alterations in the spectral profiles were studied in a compression sequence to 30.2 GPa using Raman spectroscopy and to 26.6 GPa using far-infrared spectroscopy. At pressures near 4.0 GPa, several changes become immediately apparent in the Raman spectrum, such as large frequency shifts, mode splittings, and intensity changes, which are associated with a phase transition from α-RDX to γ-RDX. Our study extends the kinetic stability of γ-RDX to pressures near 18.0 GPa. Evidence for a new phase was found at pressures between 17.8 and 18.8 GPa and is based on the appearance of new vibrational bands and associated changes in intensity patterns. The new phase has vibrational characteristics that are similar to those of β-RDX, suggesting the two polymorphs share a related crystal structure.
The DLT priority sampling is essentially optimal

The priority sampling procedure of N. Duffield, C. Lund and M. Thorup is not only an exciting new approach to sampling weighted data streams, but it has also proven to be highly successful in a variety of practical applications. We resolve the two major issues related to its performance. First we solve the main conjecture of N. Alon, N. Duffield, C. Lund and M. Thorup in [1], which states that the standard deviation for the subset sum estimator obtained from k priority samples is upper bounded by W/√k-1, where W denotes the actual subset sum that the estimator estimates. Although Alon et al. give an O(W/√k-1) upper bound on the standard deviation of the estimator, their formula cannot be used as a performance guarantee in an applied setting, because the constants coming up in their proof are very large. Our constant cannot be improved. We also resolve the conjecture of Duffield, C. Lund and M. Thorup which states that the variance of the priority sampling procedure is not larger than the variance of the threshold sampling procedure with sample size only one smaller. This is the main conjecture in [7]. The conjecture's significance is that the latter procedure is provably optimal within a very general class of sampling algorithms, but unlike priority sampling, it is not practical. Our result therefore certifies that priority sampling offers the unlikely feat of uniting mathematical elegance, (essential) optimality and applicability. Our proof is based on a new integral formula and on very finely tuned telescopic sums.
Cell cycle determination of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the opossum, Didelphis virginiana.

La courbe PLM (pourcentages indiques de mitoses) pour les lymphocytes d'opossum in vitro a fait preuve d'unT c (temps generateur) que n'atteignait pas la somme de G2, S, et M (mitosis). Tandis que les calculations pour les phases de G2 et S sont representees avec exactitude sur la courbe, il y a des variations dans le G1 parmi les population de lymphocytes au fonctionnement divers (au nombre de deux ou peut-etre plus parmi cellesci) qui sont responsables de ce desaccord apparent.
The Ironies of Degeneration: The Dilemmas of Bourgeois Masculinity in Theodor Fontane's Frau Jenny Treibel and Mathilde Möhring

�� ��� I. Scholars have called the nineteenth century a “bourgeois epoch,” as members of Germany’s middle classes shaped the transformation of the emerging nation- state into an economic and industrial power and acquired greater authority in civil society. 1 Already by the middle of the century, members of the bourgeoisie began proclaiming themselves and their class the victors of history and the shapers of the future. Middle- class writers created a narrative of ascent that erased the political failure of 1848, established common values in place of confessional, cultural, and economic differences, and celebrated bourgeois ingenuity and entrepreneurship. At the root of this vision was a hegemonic conceptualization of bourgeois masculinity. 2 Gustav Freytag’s Soll und Haben (1855) and Wilhelm Riehl’s Deutsche Arbeit (1861), for instance, celebrated the manly virtues of productivity, strength, and self- discipline and elevated the bourgeois work ethic to a quasi- religious virtue. The resulting achievements of bourgeois men not only legitimated the bourgeoisie’s social, cultural, economic, and moral supremacy over the idle aristocracy and the undisciplined working classes, but also justifi ed the “patriarchal dividend” that ensured male preeminence in the family and society. 3 By the 1880s, however, this narrative of achievement, unity, and patriarchal hegemony was under threat. The consequences of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, including the growing stratifi cation among the bourgeoisie, the increasing assertiveness of women, and an emerging consumer and leisure culture, joined other factors in demythologizing the ideals of bourgeois society and culture. Theodor Fontane’s novels Frau Jenny Treibel (1892) and Mathilde Mohring (1891 / 1895 / 1896) refl ect these changing circumstances and constitute critical assessments of the foundational components of bourgeois self- identity, from the moral legitimacy of bourgeois social and cultural hegemony to the predominant role of patriarchy. Fontane worked on
Electrophysiology and anatomy of medulla interneurons in the optic lobe of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

1. Medulla interneurons of the optic lobe of P. americana were studied to determine their spectral properties. These neurons exhibited tonic firing which changed with monochromatic broadfield illumination of the ipsilateral eye. The response patterns of these neurons were analyzed by inferring their relation to the ultraviolet (UV) and green (G) photoreceptor groups of the eye. Their anatomy was described after injection of Lucifer yellow. 2. Broadband neurons received either excitatory or inhibitory input from both UV and G receptors. These neurons were not strictly sensitive to luminosity levels and had large cell bodies in the central rind of the medulla and wide dendritic arbors in the medulla neuropil. 3. Narrow band neurons received input from predominantly one receptor type. Their spectral sensitivity curves were more finely tuned than those of the primary receptors presumably due to neural interactions within the optic lobe. 4. Color opponent neurons were inhibited by UV and excited by G inputs in their sustained response. Under certain conditions, some of these neurons also showed G inhibition. These neurons suggested the presence of a subsystem involved in color vision. 5. Broadband, narrow band and color opponent properties were seen in some single neurons when tested over a 5–6 log unit range of intensity. The responses of some of these neurons changed when stimulus duration was increased. These findings indicated that functional classification for these neurons was dependent on stimulus intensity and duration. 6. Polarizational sensitivity was tested in preliminary experiments. Two neurons responded to the movement and direction of polarized light.
Icy Galilean Satellites: 70 cm Radar Results from Arecibo

Abstract The radar scattering properties of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are unlike those of any other object observed with planetary radars. At wavelengths of 3.5 cm and 13 cm most inner Solar System targets have low reflectivities on the order of 0.1, while the icy Galilean satellites are strongly backscattering with specific radar cross sections that can exceed unity (Campbell et al. 1978, Icarus 34, 254–267, Ostro et al. 1992, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 18227–18244). Their polarization ratios are also high, ∼1.5, indicative of multiple scattering, and the echoes follow a diffuse scattering law at all incident angles with no indication of the quasi-specular reflections characteristic of terrestrial planets and the Moon. We present observations that were made in 1988 and 1990 with the Arecibo radar at a much longer wavelength, 70 cm. The total cross sections measured at this wavelength are much lower than those measured at the shorter wavelengths. At 0.62±0.20 and 0.15±0.09, respectively, Ganymede's and Callisto's total normalized cross sections are a factor of 3 lower than their values at the short wavelengths. However, their 70-cm polarization ratios are greater than unity and consistent with those at the shorter wavelengths. Europa was not reliably detected at 70 cm and hence an upper limit on its total cross section is placed at 0.34, which is almost a factor of 10 lower than at the short wavelengths. Although all the 70-cm echoes are fairly weak and carry relatively large uncertainties, it appears unlikely that single reflections from the vacuum–surface interface are contributing significantly to the reflections, and hence the mechanism responsible for the radar scattering properties at 3.5 cm and 13 cm is still active at 70 cm, but apparently not operating as efficiently.
Robust Tolerance for Ambiguity

Abstract We argue first that "ambiguous prospects" should be defined in a way that is compatible with dictionary definitions and other technical uses of ambiguity. We then define an ambiguous prospect as a disjunction of risky prospects. Then to harmonize some findings in the literature we test the hypothesis that people are ambiguity indifferent up to moderate amounts of ambiguity and are ambiguity averse only for large amounts of ambiguity. To test the hypothesis we found probability equivalents to risk for prospects of varying degrees of ambiguity. Up to an ambiguity range of .7 the equivalents were near that of a normatively equivalent risky prospect while the equivalents of highly ambiguous prospects differed. We interpret the data in terms of competing desires for minimum effort and maximum accuracy.
Contradictions and tensions in the place of teachers in educational reform: reflections on teacher preparation in the USA and Namibia

This paper examines recent education and teacher education reforms in the USA and Namibia and analyzes two tensions that have been a central part of debates about teacher quality and teacher education in many parts of the world: whether we should prepare teachers as technicians or as reflective practitioners; and whether we should prepare teachers for teacher‐centered or learner‐centered instruction. Although the USA and Namibia are very different countries in size, economic development, and in numerous other ways, the authors argue that their national governments, like many others, have chosen to follow similar paths in reforming their K‐12 and teacher education systems. Both countries demonstrate an emphasis on the investment of scarce resources in constructing and maintaining elaborate accountability systems by preparing teachers to meet externally prescribed standards to produce good standardized test scores. The paper argues that this approach, tied to a technicist view of teaching and teacher educat...
Appendiceal carcinoid tumors: Predictors of lymph node metastasis and the impact of right hemicolectomy on survival.

Background and Objectives Given the lack of population-based data in the literature, we sought to (1) identify predictors of appendiceal carcinoid tumor nodal metastasis to distinguish which patients would most likely benefit from hemicolectomy and (2) compare survival after hemicolectomy versus appendectomy alone. Methods Using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Database (1988–2005), we identified patients with appendiceal carcinoid tumors who underwent resection. We identified risk factors for nodal metastasis using logistic regression models and used the Kaplan–Meier method to compare adjusted overall and cancer-specific survival after right hemicolectomy versus appendectomy alone. Results 576 patients met our inclusion criteria. We found that tumor size (>2.0 cm) and tumor histology (pure carcinoid tumors) were significant predictors of lymph node metastasis. After stratifying by tumor size, we did not detect a significant difference in survival between patients who underwent hemicolectomy and those that underwent appendectomy alone (log-rank, P > 0.10). Conclusions Tumor size and histology are significant predictors of appendiceal carcinoid tumor nodal metastasis and therefore may be helpful to identify which patients would most likely benefit from a hemicolectomy. However, our population-based study did not demonstrate a significant difference in adjusted survival rates between hemicolectomy versus appendectomy alone. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:39–45. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Sucrose on Root Caries subsequent to Gingivectomy in Conventional Rats Infected with Actinomyces viscosus M-100

Three groups of weanling, Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were inoculated with Actinomyces viscosus M-100 and fed powdered diet containing either 67%, 5%, or 0% confectioner's sugar. Two further groups were fed diet containing 5% confectioner's sugar and inoculated with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 or S. sobrinus 6715 plus A. viscosus M-100. The most coronal 1 mm of gingiva was removed from maxillary and mandibular right molar quadrants (gingivectomy), and the animals re-inoculated following gingivectomy. The animals were killed 64 days following gingivectomy, and the lingual surface of mandibular first molar roots was measured for exposed root-surface area and root caries. In the groups of rats infected with A. viscosus M-100, root caries area was significantly greater in the group fed diet containing 67% confectioner's sugar. Sucrose level did not significantly affect the amount of exposed lingual first molar root area regardless of whether the tooth had been subjected to a gingivectomy. In the groups of rat...
Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Liver Cancer: Is It Time to Distinguish Conventional from Drug-Eluting Chemoembolization?

Conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads are increasingly being performed interchangeably in many institutions throughout the world. As both therapies continue to being tested in many phase II and III studies and in combination with other therapies, especially targeted agents, for treatment of primary and metastatic liver cancer, it is imperative to review their current status and evaluate their impact on patient survival. This review critically assesses patient selection, indications, contraindications, techniques, materials, safety, and clinical outcomes of patients treated with conventional chemoembolization and chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads.
Control of infection on the two sides of the Atlantic.

One of the most crucial tests of the hospital epidemiologist is the speed and skill with which he controls an outbreak. By definition an epidemic is an unusually large cluster vvhich is measured statistically as a significantly increased rate (PGO.05) above that of the background of endemic occurrence. Epidemics occur at a rate of approximately one per 10,000 admissions and account for less than 5% of all nosocomial infections (Wenzel et al., 1983; IIaley et al., 1985). However, they are emotionally charged events vvhich can lead to serious medical, legal and administrative liability. It, therefore, seems reasonable to review the control of epidemics in the USA and Europe. There are well recognized differences in approach to inv’estigating epidemics on the two sides of the Atlantic. ‘I’he Europeans favour a laboratory-based initiative where the medically qualified microbiologist starts epidemiological investigations following recognition of a problem from laboratory-based surveillance. The Americans, in contrast, often prefer to have a ward-based epidemiological approach from the outset. There is no evidence that either course is more efficient or efficacious, and both groups appear to be listening to the advantages of the complementary disciplines. If tradition counts, however, it seems that the English have all the advantages: not only microbiology but also statistics and epidemiology developed early in the UK. To begin with vital statistics was born in 1662 with the publication of the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt, a brilliant London merchant with no formal background in mathematics. In 1837 William Farr, who was the first director of the general registrar’s oflice, lifted vital statistics to a new era with his refined definitions and classifications of death rates by age, sex, region and disease. In the 19th century, Karl Pearson founded the field of biometry. In the face of such strength the bias toward the microbiological probably reflects the strong position of bacteriology in the teaching hospitals and the supply of medically qualified microbiologists to general service hospitals. Perhaps it is fair to suggest that the traditions of bacteriology and of statistics-epidemiology in the UK developed like two species in separate environments, not yet merging for sufficient time to develop a successful symbiosis. There are indications that the timing is right to test the union of microbiology and epidemiology in infection control. The Hospital Infection
The enigma of low bilirubin kernicterus in premature infants: Why does it still occur, and is it preventable?

Low bilirubin kernicterus in preterm neonates, though rare, remains an unpredictable and refractory form of brain injury. Hypoalbuminemia, co-morbid CNS insult(s), infection, and inflammation are contributing causes that, in many cases, appear to interact in potentiating bilirubin neurotoxicity. Despite compulsive attention to serum bilirubin levels, and clinical and laboratory indices of neurotoxicity risk, low bilirubin kernicterus continues to be seen in contemporary NICUs. While efforts to refine and improve current treatment guidelines are certainly needed, such revision(s) will also have to take into account the risks and benefits of any intervention, including phototherapy.
Interactions of phytochrome with detergents and liposomes

Interactions between phytochrome and Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (liposomes) were studied spectroscopically to elucidate the difference in hydrophobicity between the Pr and Pfr forms of degraded ‘large’ phytochrome. Triton was found to have a specific binding site, and the binding caused the bleaching of the Pr absorbance but not the Pfr absorbance. The binding site is accessible in the Pfr form but not in the Pr form. SDS forms a stable complex with phytochrome at a concentration below 50 μM without any spectral change for phytochrome. By increasing the SDS concentration to 100–200 μM, a local conformational change at or near the chromophore occurs, prior to a gross protein conformation transition. At concentrations above 500 μM, the native protein structure is altered and rearranged to a new ordered structure, along with an inversion of the visible CD sign. Spectral changes associated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide binding resemble those obtained with SDS. The corresponding spectral denaturation by the former occurs at approximately 6-fold lower concentration than that by SDS. A detergent binding without a noticeable conformational change affects the Pr spectrum exclusively, but the protein conformation change induced by detergent binding perturbs the Pfr spectrum more drastically than the Pr spectrum. It is proposed that the environment, in addition to being hydrophobic, includes electrostatically negative residue(s). The binding of phytochrome (in either the Pr or Pfr form) to liposome does not affect the gross membrane properties. It is suggested that phytochrome in its Pfr form promotes ion permeability of liposome by forming a channel-like pore.
Upgrade of MHD Data Acquisition System from ISX-B to ATF

A data acquisition system is being developed for MHD diagnostics on ATF. The system is based on a previous system used on ISX-B, modified both by lessons learned from ISX-B and by new ATF requirements. The system will store a flexible mix of data and will allow the operator to acquire and examine data simultaneously. Different modes of operation for the data acquisition system will address the various plasma control and turbulence studies to be undertaken on ATF.
Ethics-in-oncology forums

Background. We developed an ethics curriculum for hematology/oncology fellows who had already learned medical ethics from medical school and residency programs. The goal of the ethics program was to train fellows in ethics issues specific to hematology/oncology; to raise awareness of ethical issues; and to teach fellows to write, edit, and publish reviews in specific ethical issues.Methods. Fellows learned to summarize expert opinions, to understand diversity in cultural concepts relating to ethics, and to crystallize their approaches to ethical dilemmas to selected oncology patients. Fellows were also trained to write ethics discussions in manuscript format, edit the manuscripts, and submit them for publication.Results. We hypothesized that fellows would learn ethics in oncology by recognizing and choosing an ethical dilemma from among patient population; reviewing the literature for a discussion of relevant ethical issues; presenting the case and facilitating discussion to an ethics-in-oncology committee; hearing faculty and peer input into their cases; and finally writing, editing, and publishing the deliberation. It also increased understanding of health systems management, a new competency required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for board certification.Conclusions. Fellows’ perceptions about the experience were positive. We recommend that other subspecialty programs consider this format for teaching ethics in their subspecialties.
Effects of Drying Intervals and Repeated Rain Events on Runoff Nutrient Dynamics from Soil Treated with Broiler Litter

ABSTRACT Even though the effect of poultry litter application on runoff nutrient concentrations has been thoroughly evaluated, the timing of broiler litter application and estimated runoff nutrient dynamics are not well documented. The objectives of this study were to evaluate how time to rainfall and repeated rain events affect nutrient concentrations and dynamics in runoff from a Ruston sandy loam (fine, mixed active, thermic Aquic Hapludults) soil established with Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.). Air-dried soil was packed into runoff boxes (144 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm deep) to a bulk density of 1.30 g cm−3. Hybrid Bermuda grass was established by plugging (26 plugs per box). Broiler litter was broadcast at the rate of 9 Mg ha−1. Simulated rainfall (27 mm h−1) was applied until 15 min of runoff was collected at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d after broiler litter application. Also, 8 successive rainfall events were applied at 3-d intervals to the soil incubated for 9-d with broiler litter and commercial fer...
Calculations of atmospheric refraction for spacecraft remote-sensing applications.

Analytical solutions to the refraction integrals appropriate for ray trajectories along slant paths through the atmosphere are derived in this paper. This type of geometry is commonly encountered in remote-sensing applications utilizing an occultation technique. The solutions are obtained by evaluating higher-order terms from expansion of the refraction integral and are dependent on the vertical temperature distributions. Refraction parameters such as total refraction angles, air masses, and path lengths can be accurately computed. It is also shown that the method can be used for computing refraction parameters in astronomical refraction geometry for large zenith angles.
Expression profiling using cdna microarrays

cDNA microarrays are capable of profiling gene expression patterns of tens of thousands of genes in a single experiment. DNA targets, in the form of 3' expressed sequence tags (ESTs), are arrayed onto glass slides (or membranes) and probed with fluorescent- or radioactively-labelled cDNAs. Here, we review technical aspects of cDNA microarrays, including the general principles, fabrication of the arrays, target labelling, image analysis and data extraction, management and mining.
Electronic mechanism of impurity-dislocation interactions in intermetallics: NiAl

The nature of impurity-dislocation interactions is one of the key questions governing the strength and plasticity of solid-solution materials. To investigate the influence of impurities on the mechanical properties of intermetallic NiAl, the electronic structure and energy of NiAl with a {010} edge dislocation and transition-metal impurities was calculated using the real-space tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method. The localized electronic states, appearing in the core of the dislocation, are found to lead to strong impurity-dislocation interactions via two mechanisms: firstly, chemical locking, due to strong hybridization between impurity electronic states and dislocation localized states; secondly, electrostatic locking, due to long-range charge oscillations caused by the electron localization in the dislocation core. The results obtained explain qualitatively why the solid-solution hardening effect in NiAl correlates with the electronic structure of impurities rather than with size misfit, as expected according to traditional views.
A small ultrasonic atomizer for liquid fuels

Abstract This paper describes a small ultrasonic atomizer system that has been developed for the combustion of liquid fuels in a burner with a thermal output of 20,000Btu/h. The technique of ultrasonic atomization offers significant advantages over conventional methods since it requires no high-pressure pump and it operates well with a variety of fuels. The system can be throttled or modulated and operates well at any fuel flow rate up to the design maximum.
Core Stabilization for Low Back Pain and Performance

Zusammenfassung Core stabilization oder Rumpfstabilisierung kommt haufig in der Behandlung von lumbalen Ruckenschmerzen zum Einsatz. Auch wenn die Begrifflichkeiten nicht klar definiert sind, ist Ziel dieses Therapieansatzes bei schmerzhafter spinaler Instabilitat die intersegmentale Stabilitat im Bereich der Lendenwirbelsaule zu verbessern. Die fruhzeitige Umsetzung dieser Trainingskonzepte erfolgt nach Publikation erster Studien, die versuchten die Rolle der Rumpfmuskulatur zu definieren und klinische Erfolge aufwiesen. Nichtsdestotrotz haben aktuelle randomisierte kontrollierte Studien, die sich gezielt mit dem Thema Rumpfstabilisierung befasst haben, keinen erkennbaren Unterschied zwischen diesem Therapieansatzund anderen Trainingsprotokollen feststellen konnen. Die Rolle von Trainingsprogrammen in der Behandlung von chronischen Ruckenschmerzen muss in dem Kontext dieses multifaktoriellen Beschwerdebildes kritisch analysiert werden.
Colonic necrosis because of strangulated recurrent Morgagni's hernia in a child with Down's syndrome

Postoperative bowel obstruction complicating a recurrent Morgagni's hernia (MH) is an uncommon condition and hence the presentation. Nonspecific symptoms and misleading radiologic image may result in misdiagnosis and severe complications. We report the case of a child with a transverse colon necrosis because of strangulation in a misdiagnosed recurrent MH. The child presented with bowel obstruction and repeated chest infections. Colonic necrosis could be avoided by timely diagnosis and repair of MH. This severe and rare occurrence complicating a recurrent MH should be kept in mind in children with respiratory tract infections and vomiting.
Direct load management of electric vehicles

Electrical Vehicles are gaining increasing attention, due to the opportunities and challenges they present for the energy market. On the one hand, they will allow to drastically reduce the need for oil; on the other hand they may require a significant shift in the day to day management of the electricity generation. This paper is concerned with finding appropriate models for residential load in light of a widespread penetration of electric vehicles. The analysis is aimed at finding a SmartGrid solution that would enable us to optimize the generation dispatch in real time and allow to plug cars in any SmartGrid enabled plug. The key idea is to discriminate between regular load and the load due to the EVs, gathering in real time aggregate information about the sensed EV arrivals and their associated charging times in a demand matrix, that can be readily used to optimize the dispatch, while updating without real time constraints the billing record for the EV.
Pathologic Collision of Inverted Papilloma with Esthesioneuroblastoma

Background: Inverted papilloma (IP) of the nasal cavity is a benign tumor that 0.5-4% of all nasal tumors and have been known to rarely undergo malignant transformation to squamous carcinoma an even more rarely adenocarcinoma. Synchronous association with low grade esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) has been reported in only one case report where a small sized lesion was treated with surgery alone. Here we report the first case of invasion of IP by high grade ENB with nodal metastasis that was treated with combined modality therapy.Case Presentation: A case of a 64 year-old African American gentleman presented to the otolaryngology with a three-month history of recurrent epistaxis. Imaging revealed a large right nasal cavity mass extending into the right sphenoid sinus but without intracranial extension. Surgical pathology revealed high grade ENB invading IP. An orbitofrontal craniotomy approach was used to achieve complete resection of the mass but with positive margins. Postoperative PET/CT showed nodal metastasis. The patient was then treated with adjuvant chemoradiation and remains without evidence of disease at 42 months post-treatment. We discuss the disease presentation, histopathologic features, and disease management with literature support.Conclusion: In this very rare disease presentation where two extremely rare malignancies collide, we show that aggressive management with trimodality therapy of surgery, adjuvant radiation with stereotactic radiosurgical boost, and adjuvant chemotherapy gives excellent results. Given the natural history of the disease, however, long follow up is needed to declare complete freedom from the disease.
Strengthening causal interpretations of nonexperimental data: The role of meta‐analysis

The validity of results generated within any individual study are likely to be equivocal because of many threats to validity that cannot be tested directly. Using meta-analysis, this chapter shows how it is possible to examine, empirically, the influence of between-study differences in research designs, measures, intervention strategies, and contextual factors on various forms of validity of study results.
Prostate Specific Antigen Velocity in Men With Total Prostate Specific Antigen Less Than 4 ng/ml

Purpose: A prostate specific antigen velocity threshold of 0.75 ng/ml per year has commonly been used to distinguish men with prostate cancer from those with benign prostate conditions. In addition, a prostate specific antigen velocity greater than 2 ng/ml per year has been linked to an increased prostate cancer specific mortality rate after radical prostatectomy and after radiation therapy. However, both of these frequently cited thresholds were determined largely in groups of men with a prostate specific antigen greater than 4 ng/ml.Materials and Methods: Of approximately 26,000 men who participated in a prostate cancer screening study 22,019 had a prostate specific antigen of 4 ng/ml or less. Of these men 501 were diagnosed with prostate cancer and had sufficient data for a prostate specific antigen velocity calculation. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to compare cancer detection rates and performance characteristics using various prostate specific antigen velocity thresholds in these...
Results of the FFCD 9901 Trial in Early-Stage Esophageal Carcinoma: Is It Really About Neoadjuvant Therapy?

therapy does not improve survival and increases postoperative mortality in patients with early-stage disease. 13 However, patterns of failure analysis showed a significant improvement in local control in patients who were assigned to receive neoadjuvant therapy, nearly halving the rate of locoregional recurrence (29% v 15%). Disease recurrence rates were also significantly reduced in patients receiving neoadjuvanttreatment.TheselocalfailureratesmirrortheDutchtrial ratesoflocoregionalrecurrencereductionfrom34%(surgeryonly)to 14%(neoadjuvanttherapyandsurgery)inamoreadvancedgroupof patients.Thesedatahighlightthechallengeofsurgeryinextirpatingall locoregional disease even in patients with early-stage disease. How does one reconcile the differences in survival outcomes betweentheFrenchandDutchstudies?Thereareseveralpossibilities. First, small patient numbers in the FFCD 9901 trial reduce the statistical power of detecting a survival benefit, such as that seen in the Dutch study, despite similar reduction in disease recurrence rates in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment. Next, the histologic subtypesweredifferentinthesetwostudies.Seventypercentofpatientsin the French study had a histologic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma compared with 23% in the Dutch study. Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignancy often arising in patients with longstanding histories of alcohol and tobacco use and associated comorbidities, whereas esophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett’s disease. The underlying biology and natural history of these two malignancies is different. Finally, the French study included more patients with early-stage disease(fewernode-positiveandT3patients)withcorrespondinghigh
Atomistic and electrical simulations of a GaN-AlN-(4H)SiC heterostructure optically-triggered vertical power semiconductor device

In this paper, a comprehensive simulation study is conducted to investigate the switching characteristics, gain, and breakdown voltage of a GaN–AlN–(4H)SiC based optically-triggered (OT) heterostructure vertical power semiconductor device (PSD). It comprises a 1 nm AlN buffer layer between the GaN and SiC heterointerface to achieve a reasonable compromise between lattice mismatch and lower forward drop. The results are compared with an all-(4H)SiC OT PSD. The all-(4H)SiC homostructure PSD is based completely on SiC and has no buffer layer. Further, it has the same structure, dimensions, and doping densities as that of the GaN–AlN–(4H)SiC based heterostructure PSD. While there have been studies on GaN–AlN–SiC lateral heterostructures, their primary focus has been on lateral conduction in the GaN structure with a thick (typically >300 nm) AlN buffer layer residing on top of a SiC substrate. Such an approach will not be useful for our vertical PSD because of the thick AlN layer. As such, first, a scaled molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) is carried out in DMol 3 emulating the GaN–AlN–(4H)SiC heterointerface pn junction of the vertical PSD (with 1 nm AlN buffer) to assess the possibility of vertical conduction and stability of the heterointerface by calculating the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level and the potential energy, respectively. Subsequently, detailed electrical simulations of the GaN–AlN–(4H)SiC and all-(4H)SiC vertical PSDs are carried out in Silvaco to assess their switching performances, gain, on-state drop, and blocking capabilities. The overall results indicate that, the GaN–AlN–(4H)SiC vertical PSD provides superior switching performance and optical absorption compared to the all-(4H)SiC vertical PSD, while the latter provides better gain. The blocking capabilities and forward drops are found to be comparable for both the PSDs from a practical standpoint. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Non-specific proteases can produce metal oxide nanoparticles

Biomineralization-based techniques have emerged as alternatives to traditional materials syntheses as they offer ambient fabrication conditions with a high degree of compositional specificity. This highlight focuses on a paper in the current issue of the Journal of Materials Chemistry by Feldheim and colleagues that demonstrates the extrapolation of metal oxide fabrication methods of sponges to other commonly used proteases. From this, active site criteria can be elucidated to understand the mechanistic details of enzymatic-based materials syntheses, which may eventually be incorporated into designs that require spatially registered materials deposition.
The split register file

Technology scaling requires lowering Vcc due to power constraints. Unfortunately, permanent faulty bit rates grow due to the higher impact of process variations at low Vcc, especially in the register file whose critical timing limits circuit optimizations. This paper proposes a novel register file design based on splitting registers and discarding faulty blocks to increase the number of registers available. By increasing the number of registers available higher performance can be obtained and yield increases because a larger number of processors reaches the minimum number of registers required to operate.
Qualitative Sampling Methods A Primer for Technical Communicators

Qualitative sampling methods have been largely ignored in technical communication texts, making this concept difficult to teach in graduate courses on research methods. Using concepts from qualitat...
Fear of fatness and drive for thinness in predicting smoking status in college women

Recent research has identified fear of fatness (FF) as a related yet distinct construct from drive for thinness (DT). Whereas DT may be associated with need for approval and an "approach" tendency, FF may be more strongly related to avoidance of disapproval and an avoidant problem-solving style. Although no research has directly compared the influence of FF vs. DT with regard to smoking behavior, FF and DT might represent distinct motivations for smoking. We predicted that both FF and DT would be significantly associated with cigarette smoking, but that FF would be a stronger predictor of smoking behavior, even after controlling for variables such as body mass index (BMI) and nicotine dependence. Participants (N=289) were female college undergraduate students. Daily smokers had the highest scores on measures of DT and FF, followed sequentially by infrequent smokers, "triers," and never smokers. More frequent smokers also reported greater levels of body dissatisfaction and eating pathology than less frequent and never-smokers. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that greater DT predicted higher likelihood of smoking on a daily basis; however, higher FF predicted fewer cigarettes smoked per day. FF and DT may each play a role in the relationship between eating pathology and smoking, but they might be differentially related to specific smoking patterns. Both FF and DT and their coinciding coping styles should be further researched in the role of smoking initiation and maintenance.
Managing legitimacy crisis for state-owned non-profit organization: A case study of the Red Cross Society of China

Abstract This study examined legitimacy crisis management of stated-owned organizations by analyzing Red Cross Society of China (RCSC)’s reactions to its legitimacy crisis ignited by an online wealth flaunting incident. Analysis revealed that RCSC’s inadequate implementation of image repair strategies and their lack of attendance to actional legitimacy escalated the crisis and ultimately shattered RCSC’s organizational legitimacy. This study argued that state-owned non-profit organizations need to actively engage in everyday maintenance of their legitimacy in the age of social media to build organizational transparency and accountability.