cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of new genes involved in disaccharide fermentation in yeast

Maltose non-fermenting mutants were obtained from strains carrying a MAL4 allele which permits constitutive synthesis of maltase. Cells carrying this allele are able to utilize sucrose in the absence of the “classical” sucrose genes. All maltose non-fermenting mutants were also sucrose non-fermenters. Eight mutants had become maltase negative; 19 mutants could still form maltase constitutively. In crosses with segregational maltose and sucrose non-fermenting strains, enzyme negative mutants gave diploids unable to ferment maltose and sucrose. Enzyme positive, non-fermenting mutants gave diploids which readily fermented maltose and sucrose. This latter type of mutants was designated dsf (disaccharide fermentation) mutants. The diploids derived from crossing non-fermenting mutants with segregational non-fermenters were subjected to tetrad analysis. Enzyme negative non-fermenters gave only non-fermenting progeny. The dsf mutants segregated both fermenting and non-fermenting progeny, some of which showed the dsf phenotype. This indicated that none of the dsf mutants had a defect in a gene closely linked to MAL4. Crosses between dsf mutants and strains carrying the maltose genes MAL2 and MAL3 showed that the mutations affected maltose fermentation in general. Sucrose fermentation in the presence of the “classical” sucrose gene SUC3 was not affected, nor were fermentation of glucose, fructose and galactose. The uptake of radioactivity from uniformly labeled maltose appeared to be blocked in mutants of at least four of the dsf genes. Only one non-leaky and a leaky mutant showed a significant uptake. These results suggest that there is an extremely complex transport system for maltose and sucrose or that the utilization of these disaccharides requires a complex series of metabolic reactions.
Robust predictive distributions for exponential families

SUMMARY The bootstrap predictive distribution considered by Harris (1989) is modified by replacing the maximum likelihood estimator of the unknown parameter by its minimum Hellinger distance estimator. The predictive distribution thus obtained is asymptotically superior to the corresponding estimative distribution in terms of the average Kullback-Leibler divergence, when the true distribution is in the natural exponential family. Simulation results are provided for the binomial and normal distributions which suggest that the proposed predictive distributions are robust and can perform better than the likelihood based methods under data contamination.
Thimerosal and Vaccines — A Cautionary Tale

On July 9, 1999, the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics asked pharmaceutical companies to remove thimerosal from vaccines. Dr. Paul Offit writes that the alarm caused by the removal of thimerosal from vaccines has been quite harmful.
Can I Take a Peek?: Continuous Monitoring of Online A/B Tests

A/B testing is a hallmark of Internet services: from e-commerce sites to social networks to marketplaces, nearly all online services use randomized experiments as a mechanism to make better business decisions. Such tests are generally analyzed using classical frequentist statistical measures: p-values and confidence intervals. Despite their ubiquity, these reported values are computed under the assumption that the experimenter will not continuously monitor their test--in other words, there should be no repeated "peeking" at the results that affects the decision of whether to continue the test. On the other hand, one of the greatest benefits of advances in information technology, computational power, and visualization is precisely the fact that experimenters can watch experiments in progress, with greater granularity and insight over time than ever before. We ask the question: if users will continuously monitor experiments, then what statistical methodology is appropriate for hypothesis testing, significance, and confidence intervals? We present recent work addressing this question. In particular, building from results in sequential hypothesis testing, we present analogues of classical frequentist statistical measures that are valid even though users are continuously monitoring the results.
THE RELATION BETWEEN STORAGE TIME OF ERYTHROCYTES AND THEIR PERCENTAGE VIABILITY AFTER TRANSFUSION.

During storage of blood the percentage of viable erythrocytes decreases at such a rate that when these percentages are plotted against time of storage, they fall on an S-shaped curve. This curve can be explained on the assumption that the resistance of red cells to in vitro aging is normally distributed, i.e., follows the normal probability curve. By a mathematical transformation used in other cases of biological standardization, the curve can be changed to a straight line, the slope of which, if accurately determined with a sufficient number of recipients, is the most accurate method of estimating the rate of in vitro aging. To illustrate the method, the rate of in vitro aging has been determined for the following storage procedures: (a) addition of ACD solution; (b) addition of two different solutions containing EDTA as anticoagulant; (c) prevention of coagulation by removal of calcium with an ion-exchange resin and subsequent addition of glucose-lactate or glucose acetate solution. Of these, the last had the fastest rate of in vitro aging and the first the slowest. Possible reasons for this are discussed. In addition, blood was stored in plastic bags rejected by the manufacturer because of toxic substances in the plastic; here a fraction of the cells was rapidly rendered nonviable while the remainder aged normally.
Exploring the Neural Dynamics Underpinning Individual Differences in Sentence Comprehension

This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate individual differences in the neural underpinnings of sentence comprehension, with a focus on neural adaptability (dynamic configuration of neural networks with changing task demands). Twenty-seven undergraduates, with varying working memory capacities and vocabularies, read sentences that were either syntactically simple or complex under conditions of varying extrinsic working memory demands (sentences alone or preceded by to-be-remembered words or nonwords). All readers showed greater neural adaptability when extrinsic working memory demands were low, suggesting that adaptability is related to resource availability. Higher capacity readers showed greater neural adaptability (greater increase in activation with increasing syntactic complexity) across conditions than did lower capacity readers. Higher capacity readers also showed better maintenance of or increase in synchronization of activation between brain regions as tasks became more demanding. Larger vocabulary was associated with more efficient use of cortical resources (reduced activation in frontal regions) in all conditions but was not associated with greater neural adaptability or synchronization. The distinct characterizations of verbal working memory capacity and vocabulary suggest that dynamic facets of brain function such as adaptability and synchronization may underlie individual differences in more general information processing abilities, whereas neural efficiency may more specifically reflect individual differences in language experience.
Long‐term social structure of a resident community of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella Frontalis, in the Bahamas 1991–2002

Long-term social structure data on small delphinids is lacking for most species except the bottlenose dolphin. This study describes the long-term social structure of one community of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, divided into three social clusters. Data from 12 yr were analyzed using SOCPROG 2.3. Coefficients of association (CoA) were calculated using the half-weight index. The overall mean community CoA ranged from 0.09 to 0.12. Temporal analyses and mantel tests revealed significant differences between sex class associations due to high male-male CoA (0.12–0.23) compared to female-female and mixed sex CoA (0.08–0.10). Female associations were strongly influenced by reproductive status, calf care, and social familiarity, but not by age class. Male associations were strongly influenced by age, access to females, and alliance formation. Males showed two levels of alliance formation, long-term first order pairs/trios (CoA 0.70–1.00) and shorter-term second order alliances between two or more first order alliances (CoA 0.45–0.69), and a possible third level during interspecies interactions. Mating strategies, sex, and cluster formation shaped the social structure in this spotted dolphin community. Similar to many bottlenose dolphin studies, long-term affiliations for spotted dolphins were correlated with age, sex, and reproductive status.
Liposomes to Target Peripheral Neurons and Schwann Cells

While a wealth of literature for tissue-specific liposomes is emerging, optimal formulations to target the cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are lacking. In this study, we asked whether a novel formulation of phospholipid-based liposomes could be optimized for preferential uptake by microvascular endothelia, peripheral neurons and Schwann cells. Here, we report a unique formulation consisting of a phospholipid, a polymer surfactant and cholesterol that result in enhanced uptake by targeted cells. Using fluorescently labeled liposomes, we followed particle internalization and trafficking through a distinct route from dextran and escape from degradative compartments, such as lysosomes. In cultures of non-myelinating Schwann cells, liposomes associate with the lipid raft marker Cholera toxin, and their internalization is inhibited by disruption of lipid rafts or actin polymerization. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis does not significantly impact liposome entry. To evaluate the efficacy of liposome targeting in tissues, we utilized myelinating explant cultures of dorsal root ganglia and isolated diaphragm preparations, both of which contain peripheral neurons and myelinating Schwann cells. In these models, we detected preferential liposome uptake into neurons and glial cells in comparison to surrounding muscle tissue. Furthermore, in vivo liposome administration by intramuscular or intravenous injection confirmed that the particles were delivered to myelinated peripheral nerves. Within the CNS, we detected the liposomes in choroid epithelium, but not in myelinated white matter regions or in brain parenchyma. The described nanoparticles represent a novel neurophilic delivery vehicle for targeting small therapeutic compounds, biological molecules, or imaging reagents into peripheral neurons and Schwann cells, and provide a major advancement toward developing effective therapies for peripheral neuropathies.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE INDUCED MATERIAL PROPERTY VARIATIONS ON PIEZOELECTRIC COMPOSITE PLATES

Previously developed analytical formulations for piezoelectric composite plates are extended to account for the nonlinear effects of material property temperature dependence. Using manufacturer's experimental data, the temperature variation of the different piezoelectric properties are incorporated at the material level into the thermopiezoelectric constitutive equations. These constitutive equations are used in turn to formulate a layerwise laminate theory and to derive finite element equations, which are implemented into a bilinear four noded plate element. This unified representation leads to an inherent capability to model both the active and sensory response, as well as accounting for the coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal behavior of piezoelectric composite plates. Numerical studies demonstrate the nonlinear effects introduced by the temperature dependence of material properties on the displacements, sensory voltages, and stresses of a simply supported composite plate with attached piezoceramic patches.
The Use of Low-Protein, Low-Phosphorus, Amino Acid- and Phytase-Supplemented Diets on Laying Hen Performance and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether, by using a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet or a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet in conjunction with low-P, phytase-supplemented diet, the excretion of N and P could be reduced without affecting the productive performance of laying hens. Eight dietary treatments were assigned to Babcock B300 hens in each of 2 experiments that involved a positive control (16 to 16.5% CP) and a negative control (13% CP) with and without supplementation with the limiting essential amino acids. In experiment 1, supplementing the negative control with lysine, methionine, and tryptophan resulted in performance comparable to that obtained with the positive control, with the exception that egg weight was heavier for the negative control supplemented with amino acids. Supplementing the negative control with additional essential amino acids improved the performance higher than the positive control indicating that the positive control was deficient in one or more essential amino acids. In experiment 2, supplementing the negative control containing 0.2% nonphytate P (NPP) with all the limiting amino acids plus phytase resulted in performance comparable to the positive control group, which was fed 0.4% NPP without phytase. The results of a digestibility assay indicated that daily total P and N excretions of the negative control containing 0.2% NPP and supplemented with limiting amino acids and phytase were reduced by 48 and 45% of the positive control group, respectively, without compromising laying performance.
Cellular frequency-hopping CDMA systems

The potential performance of a cellular frequency-hopping code-division multiple-access system is evaluated for both the forward and reverse links. The effects of sectorization, the number of mobile users per sector, spatial diversity, the number of frequency channels, and the thermal noise are studied. The performance advantage of separated orthogonal frequency-hopping patterns, which eliminate the effects of spectral splatter, is demonstrated.
Candidate pathways and genes for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of gene expression data

The genetic mechanisms of prostate tumorigenesis remain poorly understood, but with the advent of gene expression array capabilities, we can now produce a large amount of data that can be used to explore the molecular and genetic mechanisms of prostate tumorigenesis. We conducted a meta-analysis of gene expression data from 18 gene array datasets targeting transition from normal to localized prostate cancer and from localized to metastatic prostate cancer. We functionally annotated the top 500 differentially expressed genes and identified several candidate pathways associated with prostate tumorigeneses. We found the top differentially expressed genes to be clustered in pathways involving integrin-based cell adhesion: integrin signaling, the actin cytoskeleton, cell death, and cell motility pathways. We also found integrins themselves to be downregulated in the transition from normal prostate tissue to primary localized prostate cancer. Based on the results of this study, we developed a collagen hypothesis of prostate tumorigenesis. According to this hypothesis, the initiating event in prostate tumorigenesis is the age-related decrease in the expression of collagen genes and other genes encoding integrin ligands. This concomitant depletion of integrin ligands leads to the accumulation of ligandless integrin and activation of integrin-associated cell death. To escape integrin-associated death, cells suppress the expression of integrins, which in turn alters the actin cytoskeleton, elevates cell motility and proliferation, and disorganizes prostate histology, contributing to the histologic progression of prostate cancer and its increased metastasizing potential. The results of this study suggest that prostate tumor progression is associated with the suppression of integrin-based cell adhesion. Suppression of integrin expression driven by integrin-mediated cell death leads to increased cell proliferation and motility and increased tumor malignancy.
The economics of an integrated CO2 capture and sequestration system: Texas Gulf Coast case study

Abstract Using a power generation dispatch model of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) to estimate CO 2 capture from retrofitting an existing coal power plant, this paper estimates the system cost and revenue associated with handling CO 2 input and output mismatch in an integrated source-sink pipeline by installing more injection wells into a saline reservoir to handle peak CO 2 capture rates. The fluctuations in CO 2 capture (e.g. supply) are assumed to come from an existing coal-fired power plant in Texas operating according to a merit-order dispatch model with an imposed CO 2 price. We analyze a 20-year cash flow with CO 2 demand for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) based upon a nominal purchase schedule over an 11-year lifespan of a high-quality candidate oil field, Conroe, along the Gulf Coast of Texas. With an assumed structured and inflexible use of CO 2 for EOR, the deeper saline reservoir can sequester captured CO 2 that is not injected for EOR. By performing a cash flow analysis with and without the EOR field and saline reservoirs included, the economic costs and benefits of coupling EOR and saline storage to a single coal generator are determined for a specific Texas case study. At low CO 2 prices, the EOR reservoir contributes more value than the saline reservoir, but the opposite is true at high CO 2 prices. This answer can be partly explained because as CO 2 price increases, the analysis assumes constant demand of electricity and endogenously increases electricity prices but uses an exogenous constant oil price. The method can be generalized to include additional coal-based plants as well as EOR and saline reservoirs in Texas to envision an entire carbon capture and sequestration network in a region with high EOR potential.
Treatment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis: Review and Meta-analysis

The aim of this article is to review the results of outcome studies of the treatment of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using meta-analysis. All treatments for depression in MS were found to be significantly more effective than no treatment. Patients in control groups that received no treatment, as opposed to minimal treatment, tended to become more depressed over time, suggesting that untreated depression worsens without treatment. There appears to be no significant difference in efficacy between psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. Psychothera-pies that focus on improving coping skills are more effective at reducing depression than psychotherapies that focus on increasing insight. We conclude that patients with MS should be evaluated routinely for depression. Patients reporting symptoms of depression should be referred for treatment since active intervention is effective at reducing depression and untreated symptoms are likely to worsen.
Understanding Immunology via Engineering Design: The Role of Mathematical Prototyping

A major challenge in immunology is how to translate data into knowledge given the inherent complexity and dynamics of human physiology. Both the physiology and engineering communities have rich histories in applying computational approaches to translate data obtained from complex systems into knowledge of system behavior. However, there are some differences in how disciplines approach problems. By referring to mathematical models as mathematical prototypes, we aim to highlight aspects related to the process (i.e., prototyping) rather than the product (i.e., the model). The objective of this paper is to review how two related engineering concepts, specifically prototyping and “fitness for use,” can be applied to overcome the pressing challenge in translating data into improved knowledge of basic immunology that can be used to improve therapies for disease. These concepts are illustrated using two immunology-related examples. The prototypes presented focus on the beta cell mass at the onset of type 1 diabetes and the dynamics of dendritic cells in the lung. This paper is intended to illustrate some of the nuances associated with applying mathematical modeling to improve understanding of the dynamics of disease progression in humans.
Sediment flux and the Anthropocene

Data and computer simulations are reviewed to help better define the timing and magnitude of human influence on sediment flux--the Anthropocene epoch. Impacts on the Earth surface processes are not spatially or temporally homogeneous. Human influences on this sediment flux have a secondary effect on floodplain and delta-plain functions and sediment dispersal into the coastal ocean. Human impact on sediment production began 3000 years ago but accelerated more widely 1000 years ago. By the sixteenth century, societies were already engineering their environment. Early twentieth century mechanization has led to global signals of increased sediment flux in most large rivers. By the 1950s, this sediment disturbance signal reversed for many rivers owing to the proliferation of dams, and sediment load reduction below pristine conditions is the dominant signal today. A delta subsidence signal began in the 1930s and is now a dominant signal in terms of sea level for many coastal environments, overwhelming even the global warming imprint on sea level. Humans have engineered how most water and sediment are discharged into the coastal ocean. Hyperpycnal flow events have become more common for some rivers, and less common for other rivers. Bottom trawling is now widespread, suggesting that even continental shelves have received a significant but as yet quantified Anthropocene impact. The Anthropocene attains the level of a geological climate event, such as that seen in the transition between the Pleistocene and the Holocene.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper: Use of a Molecular Inhibitor to Afford Uniform Nanoislands or Smooth Films

We report a method to control the surface morphology of thin copper films during growth by chemical vapor deposition from the precursor Cu(hfac)VTMS. A molecular inhibitor ‐ an additive that modifies the surface attachment kinetics but does not decompose and contribute impurity atoms to the film ‐ is added during the nucleation and/or growth stages of the film. Here we show that the reaction by-product VTMS can serve as such an inhibitor. If the inhibitor is added during the nucleation stage, when bare substrate surface is still exposed, the inhibitor greatly reduces the rate of coalescence and promotes the formation of a large density of uniformly-sized copper islands. Alternatively, if the film is allowed to nucleate in the absence of the inhibitor, subsequent addition of the inhibitor leads to a continuous copper film that is remarkably smooth on the nm scale.
Enactment of inter-subjectivity in phenomenological bodily interaction: a conceptual framework

How can design teams constitute human bodily attributions as the locus of productive forces, the site in which an interaction language links up with phenomenological practices of human users? I propose that the salient characteristic of this matter is inter-subjective in that bodily interaction should not exclude either sustenance of different phenomenological bodies or intervention with them. Acknowledging the design challenge of the matter, I discuss a comprehensive survey of bodily attributions as generative design materials, consisting of sensory, grounded cognition, and socio-cultural levels. The framework is intended to help design teams systematically establish prioritized relationships among these bodily attributions as discovered in behavioural sequences. The framework is justified with the example of the bodily interactions of the Ocarina application of the iPhone. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes inter-subjective description that not only is inclusive of phenomenological bodies, but also establishes consistency of what they might afford.
Identifying novel constrained elements by exploiting biased substitution patterns

Motivation: Comparing the genomes from closely related species provides a powerful tool to identify functional elements in a reference genome. Many methods have been developed to identify conserved sequences across species; however, existing methods only model conservation as a decrease in the rate of mutation and have ignored selection acting on the pattern of mutations. Results: We present a new approach that takes advantage of deeply sequenced clades to identify evolutionary selection by uncovering not only signatures of rate-based conservation but also substitution patterns characteristic of sequence undergoing natural selection. We describe a new statistical method for modeling biased nucleotide substitutions, a learning algorithm for inferring site-specific substitution biases directly from sequence alignments and a hidden Markov model for detecting constrained elements characterized by biased substitutions. We show that the new approach can identify significantly more degenerate constrained sequences than rate-based methods. Applying it to the ENCODE regions, we identify as much as 10.2% of these regions are under selection. Availability: The algorithms are implemented in a Java software package, called SiPhy, freely available at http://www.broadinstitute.org/science/software/. Contact: xhx@ics.uci.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Non-Redundant Social Information Use in Avian Flocks with Multisensory Stimuli

Animals generally live in multisensory worlds; however, our understanding of multisensory perception is rather limited, despite its relevance for explaining the mechanisms behind social interactions, such as collective detection while foraging in groups. We tested how multisensory stimuli affected the antipredator behavior of dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) using alarm calls as an auditory signal and flushing behavior as a visual cue. We varied the degree of risk within the group by manipulating the number of group mates alarm calling and/or flushing using robotic birds. We assumed that alarm calling and flushing were redundant stimuli and predicted that they could generate one of three types of responses (enhancement, equivalence, or antagonism) depending on the mechanism of multisensory perception. We set up an artificial flock with three robotic juncos surrounding a live junco and controlled for multiple confounding factors (e.g., identity of the focal, body mass, food deprivation time). We found that the degree of alarm of live juncos increased when at least one robot flushed. However, the time it took the live individuals to react to the robots' behavior increased, rather than decreased, with at least one alarm call. This could be the result of an orienting response or sensory overload, as live juncos increased scanning behavior after being exposed solely to alarm calls. Contrary to some theoretical assumptions, alarm calling and flushing behavior elicited independent unimodal responses, suggesting that they are non-redundant stimuli and that together they could reduce the occurrence of false alarms and facilitate flock cohesion.
Phosphorus Availability of Common Feedstuffs to Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus as Measured by Weight Gain and Bone Mineralization1

The efficacy of using weight gain and bone mineralization to estimate phosphorus availability from feed ingredients for channel catfish was investigated at the conclusion of a 12-wk feeding trial. Juvenile channel catfish (initial weight = 7.8 g/fish) were fed one of seven test diets each containing phosphorus from a single source. All diets were isocaloric, isonitrogenous, and met all nutrient requirements of channel catfish except for phosphorus, which was assumed to be the factor limiting growth. Phosphorus was considered to be 90% available to fish fed the diet containing monosodium phosphate, but a relative value of 100 was assigned to this treatment for purposes of comparison. All other availability values were calculated relative to this value. Phosphorus availabilities (based on weight gain) for wheat middlings, cottonseed meal, and soybean meal were 38%, 43%, and 49%, respectively, which are in the range previously reported for channel catfish. Phosphorus availability values (based on weight gain) for dicalcium phosphate, menhaden fish meal, and meat and bone/blood meal were 82%, 75%, and 84%, respectively. These values were considerably higher (93–96%) than previously reported for catfish when based on bone ash or bone phosphorus. However, availability data based on weight gain for feedstuffs of animal origin generally agreed with phosphorus availability data reported for rainbow trout. Based on our data, mineral utilization by animals in general, and on known physiology of channel catfish, we suggest that weight gain may be a reliable indicator of phosphorus availability and that phosphorus availability values may be overestimated when base on bone mineralization.
On rotational gas flows

In this paper we repeat the compatibility equations for steady gas flows, given by Ratip Berker, and then we apply these equations to general axisymmetric and plane steady gas flows. We obtain a linear partial differential equation satisfied by the velocity field. Then we find the solutions of some special problems in the cases of plane and axisymmetric flow. We use the following notation: $$\vec V$$ velocity; $$\vec V = V(\alpha ,\beta )\vec e_1 ;{\text{ }}V = g(\beta )G(\alpha ,\beta );$$ $$\vec a$$ acceleration; $$\vec f$$ external force; $$\vartheta \equiv {\text{div }}\vec V,$$ $$\vec j \equiv \vec a - \vec f;$$ $$\mu = \vec V \cdot \vec j;$$ p pressure; q density; s specific entropy; β=const. streamlines; α=const, their orthogonal trajectories; $$ds^2 = h_1^2 d\alpha ^2 + h_2^2 d\beta ^2 $$ the element of arc length; w1≡ 1/h1, w2≡ 1/h2 In § 1 we give the compatibility equations for gases. In the § 2 we consider general axisymmetric flows. We suppose that the streamlines and their orthogonal trajectories are given by the following equations: α (r, z)=const. (orthogonal trajectories), β (r, z)=const. (streamlines) and that the element of arc is of the form $$ds^2 = h_1^2 d\alpha ^2 + h_2^2 d\beta ^2 $$ here we put w 1=1/h1 and w 2=1/h2 Writing out the compatibility equations, we obtain the following results for the scalar velocity V: V=g(β)·G(α,β) where g (β) is an arbitrary function of β and G (α,β) is a function satisfying the equation (1) $$\frac{{G''_{\alpha \beta } }}{G} - \frac{{(w_1 )''_{\alpha \beta } }}{{w_1 }} - \frac{{G'_\alpha }}{G}\left[ {{\text{In}}\left( {r\frac{{w_1 }}{{w_2 }}} \right)} \right]_\beta ^\prime + \frac{{(w_1 )'_\beta }}{{w_1 }}\left[ {{\text{In}}\left( {r\frac{{w_1 }}{{w_2 }}} \right)} \right]_\alpha ^\prime = 0.$$ =0. In the case of plane flow, r is to be replaced by 1 in this equation. We give expressions for the density, pressure and Mach number in § 3. In § 4 we give the results for the cases for which the gas is a Prim gas or a perfect gas. The results for plane flows are given in § 5. In §§ 6–9 we apply the results obtained in §§ 1–5 to some special problems. In § 6 we obtain the solution for axisymmetric radial flow; in § 7, axisymmetric radial flow from an axis; in § 8, plane radial flow and finally, in § 9, flow in concentric circles in the meridional planes in the case of axisymmetric flow.
An extended-interaction klystron: Efficiency and bandwidth

A three-cavity extended-interaction klystron, with cavities consisting of resonated sections of ring-bar structure, was tested in pulsed operation near 25 kV at 1100 Mc/s. The active length of the output resonator was variable between one and five resonant half wavelengths. The input and the intermediate cavities were tuned continuously to simulate a wide-band stagger-tuned bunching section. The dependence was investigated of the efficiency and the saturated bandwidth on the length and the loading conditions of the output resonator, and on the beam velocity. Data are presented which lead to the following conclusions: As the cavity length is increased, the peak efficiency rises up to a point and then remains constant, while the bandwidth increases proportional to cavity length. As the loading is reduced, for a given cavity length, the efficiency generally rises monotonically until further reduction in loading results in the onset of regenerative cavity oscillations at the frequency of the design resonance. The necessary suppression of regenerative oscillation in adjacent resonances becomes more difficult as the cavity length is increased, and a basic limitation on cavity length is given by the quality of the coupler, which must be capable of providing uniform and heavy loading over a broad frequency range.
Hegel and Hermeneutics

Some of the most recent developments under the banner of “her-meneutics” have made explicit appeal to various facets of Hegel’s thought, suggesting that its current Wirkungsgeschichte goes beyond Marxism and existentialism pure and simple, while still including these in sublated forms. Such direct appeals are to be found in both the hermeneutical phenomenology of Hans-Georg Gadamer and its incorporation in the most recent efforts of the Frankfurt school of ideology critique, particularly in the work of Jurgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel, who together constitute the hard core of what has been called the “hermeneutical-dialectical approach to metascience” (Radnitzky). Moreover, inasmuch as the aim of the latter approach is a “philosophical anthropology of knowledge” and hermeneutics as such remains centered on the problem of Verstehen, one might expect that a rereading of Hegel in the light of these recent developments should reveal something of what is still alive and operative in his thought with regard to the so-called “problem of knowledge.”
Induction of neuro-protective/regenerative genes in stem cells infiltrating post-ischemic brain tissue

Although the therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells (BMSC) has been demonstrated in different experimental models of ischemic stroke, it remains unclear how stem cells (SC) induce neuroprotection following stroke. In this study, we describe a novel method for isolating BMSC that infiltrate postischemic brain tissue and use this method to identify the genes that are persistently activated or depressed in BMSC that infiltrate brain tissue following ischemic stroke. Ischemic strokes were induced in C57BL/6 mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 h, followed by reperfusion. BMSC were isolated from H-2 Kb-tsA58 (immortomouse™) mice, and were administered (i.v.) 24 h after reperfusion. At the peak of therapeutic improvement (14 days after the ischemic insult), infarcted brain tissue was isolated, and the BMSC were isolated by culturing at 33°C. Microarray analysis and RT-PCR were performed to compare differential gene expression between naive and infiltrating BMSC populations. Z-scoring revealed dramatic differences in the expression of extracellular genes between naive and infiltrating BMSC. Pair-wise analysis detected 80 extracellular factor genes that were up-regulated (≥ 2 fold, P < 0.05, Benjamini-Hochberg correction) between naive and infiltrated BMSC. Although several anticipated neuroregenerative, nerve guidance and angiogenic factor (e.g., bFGF, bone morphogenetic protein, angiopoietins, neural growth factor) genes exhibited an increased expression, a remarkable induction of genes for nerve guidance survival (e.g., cytokine receptor-like factor 1, glypican 1, Dickkopf homolog 2, osteopontin) was also noted. BMSC infiltrating the post-ischemic brain exhibit persistent epigenetic changes in gene expression for numerous extracellular genes, compared to their naive counterparts. These genes are relevant to the neuroprotection, regeneration and angiogenesis previously described following stem cell therapy in animal models of ischemic stroke.
Approach for Configuring a Standardized Vessel for Processing Radioactive Waste Slurries

A standardized vessel design is being considered at the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) that is under construction at Hanford, Washington. The standardized vessel design will be used for storing, blending, and chemical processing of slurries that exhibit a variable process feed including Newtonian to non-Newtonian rheologies over a range of solids loadings. Developing a standardized vessel is advantageous and reduces the testing required to evaluate the performance of the design.The objectives of this paper are to: 1) present a design strategy for developing a standard vessel mixing system design for the pretreatment portion of the waste treatment plant that must process rheologically and physically challenging process streams, 2) identify performance criteria that the design for the standard vessel must satisfy, 3) present parameters that are to be used for assessing the performance criteria, and 4) describe operation of the selected technology.Vessel design performance will be assessed for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian simulants which represent a range of waste types expected during operation.Desired conditions for the vessel operations are the ability to shear the slurry so that flammable gas does not accumulate within the vessel, that settled solids will be mobilized, that contents can be blended, and that contents can be transferred from the vessel. A strategy is presented for adjusting the vessel configuration to ensure that all these conditions are met.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Continuity in ℓp of certain Ornstein—Uhlenbeck Processes

Consider \(X\left( t \right) = \left\{ {{X_k}\left( t \right)} \right\}_{k = 1}^\infty ,t \in \left[ {0,T} \right]\), as a vector of independent Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, i.e., mean zero Gaussian processes defined by $$E{X_k}\left( t \right){X_k}\left( s \right) = {{{\alpha _k}} \over {{\lambda _k}}}\exp \left( { - {\lambda _k}\left| {t - s} \right|} \right)$$ (1) If $$\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {{{\left| {{{{\alpha _k}} \over {{\lambda _k}}}} \right|}^p} < \infty } $$ (2) then for each fixed i, X(t) ∈ l p a.s. (i.e., \(\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^\infty {{{\left| {{X_k}\left( t \right)} \right|}^p} 0 is unimportant as long as [0, T] is a bounded interval. In all that follows we will assume that T > 0 is fixed. The constants in Theorem 1 below depend on T. Note also that we allow the case p = ∞ with the usual interpretation. In [I], motivated by a question raised in the study of infinite dimensional stochastic differential equations, we were concerned with obtaining general conditions for the continuity of X(t) in l p . Our approach used a Corollary of Talagrand’s [T] necessary and sufficient condition for continuity of Gaussian processes, due to Fernique [F], which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for continuity of Banach space valued Gaussian processes with stationary increments. In order to use this result we needed a generalization of an interesting inequality of Boas which was first used in the study of Gaussian processes by the author and L. Shepp [MS] twenty years ago. The generalization we obtained, Lemma 5 in [I], gave us what we needed for that paper but it was only sharp for p = 2. The purpose of this paper is to extend (1.15) of Lemma 5 in [I] to all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then, as an extension of some of the results in [I], we can give equivalent lower and upper bounds for E sup t ∥X(t)∥ p in certain cases. These bounds imply the almost sure continuity of these sequences in l p .
Effect of TiO 2 on the Crushing Strength and Smelting Mechanism of High-Chromium Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite Pellets

The effect of TiO2 on the crushing strength for high-Cr V-Ti magnetite pellets was studied in this paper. On one hand, the crushing strength obviously decreased with the increasing TiO2 contents. On the other hand, the crushing strength had an obvious increase after grinding treatment for the high-Cr V-Ti magnetite and titanium concentrate. It is found that the crushing strength has great relations with the mineral phase and microstructure. The effect of TiO2 on the smelting mechanism for high-Cr V-Ti magnetite pellets was also studied in this paper. With the increasing TiO2 contents in the range of 2.47 to 12.14 pct, the softening start temperature and softening temperature gradually increased, and the softening zone gradually narrowed down; the melting start temperature and the dripping temperature increased, and the melting–dripping temperature zone also increased. The permeability index increased with the increasing TiO2 contents as a whole. In the process of slag–iron’s dripping and separating, it is proposed that amounts of Cr and V moving to the melted iron are obviously more than those moving to the slag, while amount of Ti moving to slag is much greater than that moving to the melted iron. It is demonstrated that Ti(C,N) generates increasingly with the increasing TiO2 contents and accumulates as especial regular rigid granules on the surface of coke. The size of melted iron decreased with the increasing TiO2 contents, and this is in accordance with the present investigations that the dripping difficulty increased with the increasing TiO2 contents.
A pilot study of chemotherapy alternating with twice-a-day accelerated radiation therapy as an alternative to cystectomy in muscle infiltrating (stages T2 and T3) cancer of the bladder: preliminary results.

AbstractLaboratory studies have suggested that rapidly alternating chemotherapy and accelerated radiation therapy might act synergistically. We evaluated the toxicity and effectiveness of this approach in muscle infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients who were poor risks for or who refused cystectomy. We treated 18 men and 3 women with stage T2 or T3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by transurethral resection, followed by 3 cycles of chemotherapy (during weeks 1, 4 and 7) rapidly alternating with 3 cycles of twice-a-day radiation therapy (during weeks 2, 5 and 8). Chemotherapy consisted of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin. The total dose of radiation therapy was 5,400 to 6,000 cGy. during 6½ weeks and the total duration of chemotherapy and radiation therapy was 7½ weeks. One patient died of hematological toxicity during treatment. With a median followup of 2 years (range 0.5 to 5.5 years) the observed survival rate was 72% at 2 years and 60% at 3 y...
Permission-Giving and Marital Infidelity

ABSTRACTThe research used qualitative methods to begin exploring how individual’s decision-making enhances their risk of having a marital affair. Particularly how does a woman give herself permission to move forward with having an affair? Semistructured interviews were recorded with women who had a marital affair and then transcribed in preparation for coding. The transcendental phenomenological model was used to analyze the data collected. Sensitizing concepts were used as a base in identifying how participants were able to limit their cognitive dissonance as a way of giving themselves permission to have an affair. The results found four methods of limiting cognitive dissonance: not being worthy of loyalty, rationalization, guilt-free infidelity, and compartmentalization. Clinical implications are discussed.
Ancient origin of lubricated joints in bony vertebrates

We owe our flexibility to the lubricated joints that connect the bones of our body. Unfortunately, these joints tend to deteriorate over time, leading to a condition called osteoarthritis that affects millions of people. Scientists had thought that lubricated joints first evolved when backboned animals started walking on land, with fish lacking these types of joints. However, by studying zebrafish, Askary, Smeeton et al. now show that fish do have lubricated joints; in fact, the joints in the jaw and fins of zebrafish have a similar structure to those in humans. These zebrafish joints make an important protein called Lubricin that is known to lubricate joints in mice and humans. Furthermore, analyzing two other fish species – a stickleback and a primitive fish called a spotted gar – revealed that fish joints in general produce Lubricin. This pushes back the evolutionary origins of lubricated joints millions of years, to at least the common ancestor of all backboned animals. Next, Askary, Smeeton et al. used a new type of molecular scissors to eliminate the ability of zebrafish to produce Lubricin. These mutant fish developed the same early onset arthritis as mice and humans that lack Lubricin. Studying such fish should allow new approaches to be developed that will help us to understand how debilitating joint diseases progress. As zebrafish are highly regenerative, future studies could also explore whether they can regenerate damaged joints, which could spur new strategies for treating and reversing arthritis.
Interrogation and the Minority Suspect: Pathways to True and False Confession

This chapter considers six sources of vulnerability to interrogation-induced confession among racial minorities: (1) stereotypes associating racial minorities with crime, (2) stereotype threat, (3) language barriers, (4) enhanced power differentials between minorities and law enforcement, (5) perceptions of legal rights, law enforcement and the justice system, and (6) associations between race and established risk factors for false confession. We consider mechanisms through which these factors can affect the interrogator’s presumption of guilt, interrogation effort, and selection of tactics. We further consider specific mechanisms through which the six factors affect minorities’ vulnerability in interrogation. Finally, we consider difficulties faced by those judging the voluntariness or truthfulness of minority suspect confessions. We conclude that minorities suffer enhanced vulnerability to true and false confession. We further suggest that minorities’ vulnerabilities are unlikely to be recognized. Instead, stereotypes associating race with criminality tend to lead minority confessions to be viewed as more voluntary and true.