cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of load ratio and maximum stress intensity on the fatigue threshold in Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract There has been a renewed interest of late in the mechanisms responsible for the influence of the load ratio, R, and the maximum stress intensity, Kmax, on the threshold for fatigue-crack growth, ΔKth. While mechanistic explanations in the past have largely focused on the role of crack closure, it is certainly not the only mechanism by which Kmax influences ΔKth. In this work, we examine the effect of a wide range of loading frequencies (ν=50–1000 Hz) and load ratios (R=0.10–0.95) on fatigue-crack propagation and threshold behavior in a Ti–6Al–4V turbine blade alloy consisting of ∼60 vol% primary-α and ∼40 vol% lamellar α+β. The data presented in this paper indicate that at Kmax values above 6 MPa√m (R>0.5), where macroscopic crack closure is no longer detected in this alloy, ΔKth decreases approximately linearly with increasing Kmax. This result is discussed in terms of possible mechanistic explanations, including sustained-load cracking, microscopic near-tip closure, and static fracture modes, based on considerations of experimental evidence from both the current study and the literature.
Evaluation of unilateral exophthalmos with ultrasonography: Analysis of 258 consecutive cases

Ultrasound examination has emerged as a valuable technique for defining soft tissue abnormalities of the eye and orbit. As high frequency sound waves (5 to 20 megahertz) are projected through soft tissues, echoes are produced at tissue interfaces. These echoes are displayed on oscilloscopes as either one-dimensional amplitude spikes (A-mode ultrasonography), or as dots integrated into a two-dimensional image representing a thin section through the entire orbit (B-scan ultrasonography). A-mode indicates tissue substance, while B-scan illustrates tissue morphology. With this technique, orbital tumors are clearly distinguished in terms of their location, size, and configuration, as well as the basic tissue type (cystic, solid, angiomatous or infiltrative). Other orbital processes are defined by ultrasonography also, including inflammatory conditions such as diffuse pseudotumor or cellulitis, congestive conditions such as dysthyroid exophthalmos, and orbital hemorrhage. Intracranial and vascular etiologies of exophthalmos have no specific ultrasound signs. In a series of 258 consecutive patients with unilateral exophthalmos examined with ultrasonography, diagnosis of tumor was made in 26 percent (66 cases). Overall accuracy of orbital tumor diagnosis by ultrasonography was 94 percent in this series. Tumor localization, configuration, and extent indicated by the test aided in selecting surgical approaches. Other patients in the series were diagnosed ultrasonically as a variety of other entities, mostly inflammatory and dysthyroid exophthalmos. Normal ultrasound studies were found in 19 percent. None of these patients had subsequent diagnosis of tumor. Diagnostic ultrasonography is capable of detecting orbital tumors and distinguishing them from inflammatory, congestive, and other causes of exophthalmos with a high degree of reliability. The test is painless, well tolerated, non-invasive, and non-toxic. It now has a prominent role in evaluation of any patient with exophthalmos.
Overview of nuclides for bone pain palliation

Abstract A variety of radiopharmaceuticals has been used for systemic therapy to reliee pain from malignancies metastatic to bone, using electron emitting radionuclides either in ionic form or as labels for bone seeking compounds to irradiate locally at sites of metastases. The major complication comes from the absorbed dose to the bone marrow. Therefore, there has been a search for radionuclides with lower energy emissions and correspondingly shorter range in tissue. Some studies have shown that it is possible to delay the onset of new pain sites and perhaps increase life expectancy.
Legislated Limits on Certification Requirements: Lessons from the Texas Experience.

The passage of Texas Senate Bill 994 in 1987 limited professional education courses to no more than 18 semester hours for initial certification and eliminated undergraduate degrees in educa tion. The events leading to this policy decision are described, and the implications of this action for other states are considered. It is suggested that, to avoid such action in the future, teacher educators must collaborate on the development and advocacy of a knowledge base for teaching, create coalitions within universities and with the organized teaching profession, insist on strong standards, and provide national leadership for the advancement of teacher education.
Remote Locations for Technical Services: An Exploratory Survey

The emerging trend of remote or separate locations for technical service units is explored by the author in this article. The goal of the author is to begin a discussion on the topic and to collect suggestions and tips for technical services units facing a transition to a remote location. The author conducted a survey open to all types of libraries to gather more information on remote technical services. Although the survey results provided feedback as to how respondents felt concerning the remote technical services situation and recommendations for success, the responses to the more specific questions in the survey were not as helpful.
Photoacoustic tomography system for noninvasive real-time three-dimensional imaging of epilepsy

A real-time three-dimensional (3D) photoacoustic imaging system was developed for epilepsy imaging in small animals. The system is based on a spherical array containing 192 transducers with a 5 MHz central frequency. The signals from the 192 transducers are amplified by 16 homemade preamplifier boards with 26 dB and multiplexed into a 64 channel data acquisition system. It can record a complete set of 3D data at a frame rate of 3.3 f/s, and the spatial resolution is about 0.2 mm. Phantom experiments were conducted to demonstrate the high imaging quality and real time imaging ability of the system. Finally, we tested the system on an acute epilepsy rat model, and the induced seizure focus was successfully detected using this system.
Reinforcement learning and design of nonparametric sequential decision networks

In this paper we discuss the design of sequential detection networks for nonparametric sequential analysis. We present a general probabilistic model for sequential detection problems where the sample size as well as the statistics of the sample can be varied. A general sequential detection network handles three decisions. First, the network decides whether to continue sampling or stop and make a final decision. Second, in the case of continued sampling the network chooses the source for the next sample. Third, once the sampling is concluded the network makes the final classification decision. We present a Q-learning method to train sequential detection networks through reinforcement learning and cross-entropy minimization on labeled data. As a special case we obtain networks that approximate the optimal parametric sequential probability ratio test. The performance of the proposed detection networks is compared to optimal tests using simulations.
Introducing the revised WEBbook of Biologics.

CIS invites you to view the newly updated and expanded WEBbook of Biologics. The WEBbook provides basic information about biologic therapies licensed in the USA in a singular and searchable format, of particular interest to physicians who employ such therapies to treat immunologic and inflammatory disorders. CIS developed the WEBbook of Biologics 4 years ago under the leadership of Dr. Marc Natter. Inevitably, medical science advances. Accordingly, Dr. Robert Eisenberg, CIS Website editor, and Dr. Richard Shames, CIS Communications Committee Chair, have directed the task of updating all the existing entries, and adding new ones to cover biologics that have recently come on the market. These are the principles that underlie the update:
Journal of Paleolimnology: looking back/looking ahead

This issue (Volume 39, No. 1) of the Journal of Paleolimnology (JOPL) marks a transition. For the first time since 1988, John P. Smol is not listed as Editor or Co-Editor on JOPL’s front cover. For more than 20 years John was at the helm of JOPL, either going it solo, or sharing editing duties with Bill Last, from 1993 to 2006. As I take over the reins at JOPL (with some trepidation) I want to first thank John and Bill for their tireless efforts on behalf of the journal. All of us in the discipline owe them a great debt of gratitude. I confess that it is a daunting task to take on the editing responsibilities, especially following the incredible success the journal has enjoyed under the direction of John and Bill. This seems an appropriate moment to briefly review the past triumphs of the journal and say a few words about its future. It is entertaining and informative to re-read John’s opening editorial in the first issue of JOPL (Smol 1988), in which he made a case for launching an interdisciplinary journal that would be a venue for papers on lacustrine sediments. John argued that the establishment of a paleolimnology journal would bring together investigators from diverse areas, rather than fragment the science. Indeed, under its ‘‘aims and scope’’ the journal was explicit in giving the highest priority to interdisciplinary papers, thereby encouraging scientists with different specialties to work together. If, in 1988, John harbored any doubts as to whether the journal would receive sufficient high-quality submissions, it is clear today, with the benefit of hindsight, those worries were for naught. As John mentioned in the 20th anniversary issue of JOPL (Smol 2007), early submissions were strongly biased toward diatom-based paleolimnology, with a focus on North America. This of course reflected the tremendous contributions that paleolimnologists were making toward the documentation and understanding of cultural eutrophication, and especially lake acidification, at the time. Soon, however, the journal was receiving papers on work in many geographic regions that covered a wide range of topics. New field and laboratory methods were also being published. And JOPL was accepting manuscripts on cores collected in wetlands, rivers, peatlands, and estuaries. The common thread that bound all of the papers was the paleoenvironmental perspective. Scanning the complete run of JOPL that is just to the right of my office desk, a few things are apparent. First, the journal now takes up about 90 cm of linear space on the shelf! That works out to a net accumulation rate of about 4.5 cm a. Second, over time the number of issues per year grew and the number of pages per issue increased. For comparison, Volumes 3 and 4 (1990) measure *3.2 cm, whereas volumes 37 and 38 (2007) measure *6.0 cm, a near doubling in accumulation rate in less than two decades. Third, a number of special issues were published, covering M. Brenner (&) Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611–2120, USA e-mail: brenner@ufl.edu
STARTING A FEE‐BASED SERVICE IN A RURAL AREA

In order to serve the growing needs of the business community while maintaining service to its primary clients, North Dakota State University Libraries began a fee‐based information service. In its first year and a half the North Dakota Information Service to the Community has developed a policy statement, successfully publicized itself, and overcome initial resistance from portions of the community. It is now well established and is operating on a cost‐recovery basis.
A radioimmunoassay for the detection of ciguatoxin

Abstract A practical, sensitive, simple and relatively specific radioimmunoassay test for the assay of ciguatoxin directly from natural sources has been developed. The radioimmunoassay test has been utilized to distinguish the toxic fishes in human ciguatera poisoning outbreaks from the nontoxic fishes. The radioimmunoassay test showed a fair amount of correlation with the mongoose assay in the analysis of eel tissues ( r = 0.54). It is suggested that further studies should aid in the development of a practical, sensitive, simple and specific immunological test for routine examination of ciguatoxin in fishes and for the analysis of ciguatoxin structure.
The dimensions of career and work orientation in college women

Abstract The purpose of this study was to clarify the meaning of the construct, career orientation. Fourteen presumed measures of career orientation as well as Super's Work Values Inventory were administered to college women. Analysis of the relationships among these variables identified two relatively independent clusters. The first cluster most closely approximated the usual definition of career orientation. Career-oriented women were found to be highly career motivated and perceived the career role as primary in their adult lives. The second cluster was called work orientation. This orientation characterized women with well-defined occupational aspirations who placed a high value on both the career role and marriage-family responsibilities in their future. Work-oriented women tended to choose traditionally feminine occupations in contrast to the career-oriented women whose aspirations included higher level and less traditional occupations.
The thermoelectric power due to surface scattering in thin gold films

Abstract Based on Matthiessen's rule, the thermoelectric power in thin films is separated into several parts. The component of the thermoelectric power due to surface scattering, S s , is determined by comparing the difference in thermoelectric power between thin film and bulk material. The thermoelectric power arising from structural defects created during film preparation, S i , is also estimated by annealing the films. For the gold films studied, S s = 1.07 μ V/° K and S i = 3.18 μ iV /°k at T = 298 ° K .
VENTURIA INAEQUALIS (CKE.) WINT. VII. INDUCTION OF MUTANTS FOR STUDIES ON GENETICS, NUTRITION, AND PATHOGENICITY

THE EARLIER PAPERS of this series (Keitt and Langford, 1941; Keitt et al., 1943; Shay and Keitt, 1945; Keitt et al., 1948) were concerned chiefly with inheritance of pathogenicity and with the development of materials, methods, and points of view that might open the way to further investigations of this and other basic problems of infectious disease. Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. was shown to have adaptations similar to those of the 8-spored Neurosporas for related genetic and physiologic studies, and therefore to afford unusually favorable materials for our purposes. This earlier work has been reviewed and the adaptations of materials and methods developed in it have been discussed (Keitt, 1952). As the work on inheritance of pathogenicity progressed, the program was broadened to include correlated studies on the genetics, nutrition, and pathogenicity of this fungus. Two papers concerned with aspects of its nutrition have been published (Leben and Keitt, 1948; Pelletier and Keitt, 1954). Whereas our earlier work was done with wildtype lines of the fungus and with mutants that developed spontaneously in cultures in vitro, the later studies have been increasingly concerned with induced mutants. The accomplishments of Beadle and associates (Beadle, 1945a, b) and others (see Catcheside, 1951) in genetic and physiologic studies with induced biochemical mutants of Neurospora suggested application of similar techniques to Venturia. If a large variety of biochemical miutants of this pathogen could be induced the fungus could be manipulated through a wide spectrum of variability, and the genetic and nutritional changes could be studied in relation to pathogenicity (cf. Keitt, 1954). Many biochemical and other mutants of V. inaequalis have now been induced and substantial progress has been made in studies on their genetics, nutrition, and pathogenicity. Preliminary reports on the progress of this work have been made (Boone, 1949, 1951; Boone and Keitt, 1949, 1952; Boone et. al., 1954; Keitt and Boone, 1954). The
Anthropoid origins—the foot evidence†

Evolutionary explanations for substrate use and the locomotor origin of Anthropoidea have been presented by Napier & Walker (1967) and Rollinson & Martin (1981) ; however, these explanations present contrasting opinions concerning the use of vertical supports. A comparison of bony foot anatomy in extant and fossil prosimians and anthropoids provides a likely solution concerning support choice and movement preference. Functionally, decreased mobility for abduction in the foot, de-emphasis of the strong grasping hallux, decrease in the length of the fourth digit, and a mid-trochlear position for the flexor hallucis longus groove on the posterior talus all support a more horizontal foot posture for anthropoids than in their “prosimian” ancestors. Thus, the origin of Anthropoidea in part resulted from a shift in movement and support choice, with a decrease in the use of vertical climbing and an increase in the use of above-branch quadrupedalism on horizontal supports. Adapids share derived foot characters with lemuriforms, and thus omomyids are left as the most likely ancestral stock for anthropoids.
Neoclassical explanations of vertical organization and performance of food Industries

This paper examines the exercise of market power in vertical marketing channels in a more general and novel fashion than prior research. Neoclassical models arising from the work of Adam Smith, George Stigler, Harold Demsetz, and John Spengler are presented in juxtaposition to the more commonly advanced agency theoretic explanation of vertical organization and performance. The paper develops a structural model of price transmission in a channel that has differentiated product oligopolies at two stages. Increasing concentration at successive stages creates a problem of double marginalization. Vertical trading partners reduce it by avoiding vertical Nash (arms length) pricing via the use of trade promotions and other coordination methods such as private label. Finally, the rise in retail buyer concentration, six supermarket chains now control 52.6% of supermarket sales in the U.S., portends a possible shift to the European model wherein food retailers develop and promote their own brands. [EconLit Citations: L13,Q13]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multicomponent phase equilibrium measurements and modeling for the allylic epoxidation of trans-2-hexen-1-ol to (2R,3R)-(+)-3-propyloxiranemethanol in high-pressure carbon dioxide

Abstract High-pressure gases can be attractive substitutes for hazardous organic solvents. In particular, our interest is the use of subcritical liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide as a replacement solvent for reactions. In considering carbon dioxide as a replacement solvent, a key factor is the solubility of the reaction mixture in the new solvent. We present solubility data and modeling for the reactants and products in the allylic epoxidation of trans-2-hexen-1-ol to (2R,3R)-(+)-3-propyloxiranemethanol in high pressure carbon dioxide. We show that it is possible to use the Peng–Robinson equation of state to model both the liquid and gas phases. We demonstrate that the use of the nonzero binary interaction coefficients between each compound and carbon dioxide dramatically improves the modeling results. This knowledge should prove useful to those who are considering carbon dioxide as a substitute solvent for complex chemical mixtures that are encountered in multistep chemical syntheses.
Challenges in deepening prospective teachers’ understanding of multiplication through justification

This article reports challenges faced by prospective elementary teachers as they revisited whole number multiplication through a sequence of tasks that required them to develop and justify reasoning strategies for multiplication. Classroom episodes and student work are used both to illustrate these challenges, as well as to demonstrate growth over time. Implications for the design of mathematics courses for prospective teachers’ are discussed. Although the study is situated in the context of multiplication, it has implications for teachers reasoning and justification in other areas of mathematics.
Physicochemical approaches to the alcohol-membrane interaction in brain.

The effects of ethanol on physicochemical and enzymatic perturbations of neuronal membranes were examined. Using synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) isolated from cerebral cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats, a biphasic mode of action for ethanol was observed with (Na++K+)-ATPase, but not with Ca2+-ATPase or acetylcholinesterase. (Na++K+)-ATPase was found to be more sensitive to low concentration of sodium deoxycholate treatment than Ca2+-ATPase. A sharp transition break of (Na++K+)-ATPase activity in response to temperature changes was found with SPM preparation. Arrhenius plots of the response also indicated that (Na++K+)-ATPase is more sensitive to temperature changes than Ca2+-ATPase. The fluorescence polarization of TNS-membrane complex decreases as ethanol concentration increases, indicating an increase in membrane fluidity. However, ethanol, at low concentration (<0.3%) appears to elevate TNS fluorescence, but a hhigher concentration (3%) ethanol tends to lower the intensity of maximal emission. The results of this study indicate that ethanol may interact with the synaptic plasma membranes and elicit specific biochemical responses depending on the concentration of the alcohol used.
Decay processes in an open Hamiltonian system

A complex spectral decomposition is developed for the survival probability and spectral density of a simple metastable state in an open quantum system. The time interval before exponential decay occurs is shown to be dominated by the short-lived quasibound states of the system. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Pipeline Training Program in Maternal and Child Health: Interdisciplinary Preparation of Undergraduate Students from Underrepresented Groups

The Preparing Academically Successful Students in Maternal and Child Health (MCH PASS) training program provided financial support and specialized training to occupational therapy (OT) and speech-language pathology (SLP) undergraduate students from underrepresented groups in maternal and child health. The project assisted undergraduate trainees to matriculate into graduate programs in their respective fields and facilitated application into long-term maternal and child health training programs. Sixteen trainees (8 OT and 8 SLP) participated in an undergraduate training program with an emphasis on interdisciplinary teaming, family mentoring, leadership development, public health and population-based research. Instruction occurred in community and classroom settings through didactic instruction and small group discussions. Fifteen of the trainees applied to and were accepted in graduate programs in their respective fields. Two trainees applied to a long-term MCH training program. Students reported increased knowledge about programs that serve women and children, the effects of poverty on health, interdisciplinary teaming and the daily routines of families who have a child with a special health care need. The MCH PASS program provided a unique opportunity for undergraduate students in OT and SLP to learn about public health with an emphasis on maternal and child health. The specialized preparation enabled students to understand better the health concerns of underserved families whose children have special health care needs.
Towards a large Liquid Argon TPC for the NuMI Off-axis Beam

A nascent project to develop a design for a multi-kiloton Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber for a ν e appearance experiment in the NuMI Off-axis beam is described. This is a summary of part of my talk given at NuFACT05. An updated and more complete description of the project is given in [D. Finley et al., Fermilab FN-0776-E].
Diabetic Hyperglycemia Acutely Affects Action Potentials and Ionic Currents through CaMKII Activation on Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease that involves cardiomyopathy and neuropathy. Ca2+-Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a nodal molecule that participates in many physiological and pathological processes in the heart. Diabetic hyperglycemia has been shown to activate CaMKII, through a novel modification of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at S279, leading to cardiac arrhythmias at the whole heart/animal level. However, acute hyperglycemia affects specific ion channels and thus action potentials (APs) through O-GlcNAc activated CaMKII are still unclear. To investigate this question, we measured APs and ionic currents on freshly isolated rat ventricular myocytes under acute diabetic hyperglycemia challenge. Glucose (30mM) perfusion significantly reduced the AP amplitude (82.7±5.7% of control, n=8, p=0.011), depolarized the resting membrane potential (−79.8±0.8 mV for control vs. −73.4±1.8 mV for glucose, n=8, p=0.002), and prolonged the AP duration (117.3±7.1% of control, n=8, p=0.001) on rat myocytes whereas osmolality matched mannitol application did not change any AP parameters. KN-93 (10uM) pre-incubation abolished the glucose effects, indicating that acute glucose application changes cellular electrical activities via a CaMKII-dependent manner. Together, these data provide evidence for the arrhythmogenesis of acute hyperglycemia at the cellular level and suggest that CaMKII-modulated ionic currents are responsible for the hyperglycemic effects on APs.
Spectral Response Based Calibration Method of Tristimulus Colorimeters.

A new method is described to calibrate tristimulus colorimeters for high accuracy color measurements. Instead of traditional lamp standards, modern, high accuracy detector standards are suggested for calibration. After high accuracy absolute spectral response determination of the tristimulus receivers, color (spectral) correction and peak (amplitude) normalization can minimize uncertainties caused by imperfect realizations of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) color matching functions. As a result of the corrections, stable light sources of different spectral power distributions can be measured with an accuracy dominated by the sub tenths of a percent uncertainty of novel spectral response determinations.
Correlates of Participation in Local Churches

Abstract Using data from a sample of 58 local churches, we predict two types of participation by members. We examine the importance of individual background attributes for the prediction of participation, but we also go beyond most past research efforts to consider reactions to the church, organizational characteristics, interpersonal influence, orientation toward the church, and activity in other organizations. Individual background characteristics are found to be more important for predicting the proportion of income donated to the church than for predicting active participation in church affairs. Our findings also indicate that social experiences are more important than demographic and other individual background characteristics for predicting active participation. We conclude that theories of participation should include both individual background variables and more “dynamic” variables.
Recurrent ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after defibrillation by police and firefighters: implications for automated external defibrillator users.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and frequency of recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients defibrillated by police and firefighters only and to determine its relation to survival. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Out of hospital. Patients: Individuals with witnessed VF arrest in the Rochester, MN, ambulance public service area who had defibrillatory shocks delivered by police and firefighters and return of spontaneous circulation with shocks only. Measurements and main results: Electrocardiograms were recovered from data cards in automated external defibrillators used by police (n = 49) or firefighters (n = 18) to deliver shocks from December 1996 through December 2003 in the Rochester, MN, ambulance public service area. Patients with witnessed VF arrest were identified for recurrent VF after initial shock success (first one to three shocks). Both police and firefighters deployed automated external defibrillators delivering nonescalating 150-J biphasic truncated exponential waveform shocks (ForeRunner Automated External Defibrillator, Phillips/Heartstream Operation, Seattle, WA). Among 67 patients, 30 (45%) survived to neurologically intact discharge (overall performance category score of 1 in 29 patients and score of 2 in one patient). Twenty-nine patients (43%) regained spontaneous circulation with shocks only and 25 of 29 (86%) survived. VF recurred in 35 of the 67 patients (52%) while being cared for by police or firefighters. Of these 35 patients, no relation was found between the prevalence or frequency of VF recurrence and survival. Conclusions: VF recurrence is frequent, variable in time of onset, and unrelated to the performance of bystander CPR. The prevalence and frequency of VF recurrence were unpredictable and do not adversely affect survival. Thus, vigilance for recurrent VF is essential to ensure the survival of patients who are in the care of first responders, even after initial restoration of pulses with shocks.
Past, present and future of gestational trophoblastic diseases

When asked to give a relatively brief presentation on such a complex subject, my fast concern was how to divide it into segments which were meaningful in relation to the subject of this congress: Gestational TrophobIastic Disease (GTD), I propose that more useful time frames and subjects are GTD Prior to Effective Chemotherapy, Developments Following Demonstration of Effectiveness of Chemo~empy in GTD, and GTD in the Future. Rather than repeat many of the observations made by Professor Bag&awe in his opening address to the V&h World Congress on Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases [l]. I have chosen to describe the work carried out by Dr. Roy Hertz and his colleagues who worked in the Endocrinology Branch of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. Although known to many because of its early use of Methotrexate in the latent of patients with me&static gestational trophoblastic diseases [2], this group of investigators studied many other malignancies and carried out many studies related to reproductive and developmen~l endocrinology. My interest and information for this presentation come from three personal contacts with the group. In 1959 1961 I was a clinical associate on the service, during which time I did the chart research for the 1961 paper reporting the fmt 5 year survivors of metastatic GTD cured by chemotherapy [3]. Then in 1965 ~ 1%7 I returned to Bethesda and worked as a Senior Investigator in the Surgery Branch, NCI, and carried out laboratory research related to the GTD patients. Finally, in 1967 I was a member of the NC1 Choriocarcinoma Task Force [4].
Identification of selenium-containing proteins in HEK 293 kidney cells using multiple chromatographies, LC–ICPMS and nano-LC–ESIMS

Our previous studies using HeLa and HEK 293 cells demonstrated that selenomethionine, SeMet, exerts more of an antagonistic effect on arsenic than other selenium species. These studies attributed the antagonistic effect of SeMet to decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, ROS, changes in protein phosphorylation and possible incorporation of SeMet into proteins. The present study employs a metallomics approach to identify the selenium-containing proteins in HEK 293 cells raised with SeMet. The proteins were screened and separated using two dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed-phase chromatography (RPC). The Se-containing proteins were identified by peptide mapping using nano-HPLC-Chip-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS).
Quantitative analysis of transient GABA expression in embryonic and early postnatal rat spinal cord neurons

GABA expression was investigated using biochemical analysis of spinal cord homogenates and immunocytochemical analysis of cells acutely dissociated from the embryonic and postnatal rat spinal cord. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) was detected by both methods as early as embryonic day 13 (E13). At E13, the percentage of neurons that were GABA+ was 0.5%. This value increased during embryogenesis, peaked during the first two postnatal weeks to just over 50%, and declined to approximately 20% by the third postnatal week emphasizing the transient nature of GABA expression. At E17 there was a pronounced, positive ventro-dorsal and rostro-caudal gradient of GABA+ cells that persisted until just before birth. At this time the gradients reversed in cervical and lumbosacral regions indicating that GABA immunoreactivity in discrete anatomical regions is also a transient phenomenon. During the embryonic period GABA immunoreactivity was diffusely distributed throughout cell bodies and proximal processes. At E21, both GABA and synaptophysin were present in the same cells. However the two antigens did not co-localize point for point. By postnatal day 21 GABA immunoreactivity appeared in puncta that co-localized entirely with puncta of synaptophysin immunoreactivity. The sizable percentage of neurons that transiently express GABA during development, and the fact that it can be detected prior to the synaptic form of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), suggest that the amino acid may play a significant role during differentiation before it functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Polymer micelles with crystalline cores for thermally triggered release.

Interest in the use of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polycaprolactone diblock copolymers in a targeted, magnetically triggered drug delivery system has led to this study of the phase behavior of the poly...
Vascular tumor growth and treatment: Consequences of polyclonality, competition and dynamic vascular support

A mathematical model is presented to describe the evolution of a vascular tumor in response to traditional chemotherapeutic treatment. Particular attention is paid to the effects of a dynamic vascular support system in a tumor comprised of competing cell populations that differ in proliferation rates and drug susceptibility. The model consists of a system of partial differential equations governing intratumoral drug concentration, cancer cell density, and blood vessel density. The balance between cell proliferation and death along with vessel production and destruction within the tumor generates a velocity field which drives the expansion or regression of the neoplasm. Radially symmetric solutions are obtained for the case when only one cell type is present and when the proportion of the tumor occupied by blood vessels remains constant. The stability of these solutions to asymmetric perturbations and to a small semi-drug resistant cell population is then investigated. The analysis shows that drug concentrations which are sufficient to insure eradication of a spherical tumor may be inadequate for the successful treatment of non-spherical tumors. When the drug is continuously infused, linear analysis predicts that whether or not a cure is possible is crucially dependent on the proliferation rate of the semi-resistant cells and on the competitive effect of the sensitive cells on the resistant population. When the blood vessel density is allowed to change dynamically, the model predicts a dramatic increase in the tumors growth and decrease in its response to therapy.
Smooth pursuit eye movements with imaginary targets defined by extrafoveal cues

Abstract Initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements was studied using imaginary targets defined by pairs of small spots (“cues”) moving together in step-ramp motion. The arrangement of cues and imaginary target were either “two-sided”—cues far apart and imaginary target midway between, or “onesided” —cues 4 deg apart and imaginary target to one side of the cue pair. (1) Pursuit of two-sided stimuli was much better than pursuit of one-sided stimuli and was often as good as pursuit of a real foveal target. (2) Experiments with various cue configurations suggest an attribute required for vigorous pursuit: “foveal enclosure”. Configuration information is available to the pursuit system immediately after the onset of motion. (3) Pursuit of imaginary targets is markedly degraded by a background; the effect is strongest for a background at the fovea and weaker for an eccentric background, including one at the cue location.
Targeting lentiviral vector to specific cell types through surface displayed single chain antibody and fusogenic molecule

Background: Viral delivery remains one of the most commonly used techniques today in the field of gene therapy. However, one of the remaining hurdles is the off-targeting effect of viral delivery. To overcome this obstacle, we recently developed a method to incorporate an antibody and a fusogenic molecule (FM) as two distinct molecules into the lentiviral surface. In this report, we expand this strategy to utilize a single chain antibody (SCAb) for targeted transduction. Results: Two versions of the SCAb were generated to pair with our various engineered FMs by linking the heavy chain and the light chain variable domains of the anti-CD20 antibody (aCD20) via a GS linker and fusing them to the hinge-CH2-CH3 region of human IgG. The resulting protein was fused to either a HLA-A2 transmembrane domain or a VSVG transmembrane domain for anchoring purpose. Lentiviral vectors generated with either version of the SCAb and a selected FM were then characterized for binding and fusion activities in CD20-expressing cells. Conclusion: Certain combinations of the SCAb with various FMs could result in an increase in viral transduction. This two-molecule lentiviral vector system design allows for parallel optimization of the SCAb and FMs to improve targeted gene delivery.
On the design and implementation of transmission lines in commercial SiGe HBT BiCMOS processes

This paper examines the feasibility of implementing transmission lines in a commercially-available SiGe HBT BiCMOS technology. Thin film microstrip transmission lines, using the top and bottom metalization layers (with a 3.24 /spl mu/m separation), from a 4 layer metal process SiGe HBT technology were designed, fabricated, and measured up to 110 GHz. These measured results were compared to full wave EM simulation results to gain additional design insight. Additional EM simulations were used to explore the effects of design rule changes which do not allow for large extents of ground plane without slotting.
More than half of US youth consume seafood and most have blood mercury concentrations below the EPA reference level, 2009-2012.

Background: Consuming seafood has health benefits, but seafood can also contain methylmercury, a neurotoxicant. Exposure to methylmercury affects children at different stages of brain development, including during adolescence. Objective: The objective was to examine seafood consumption and blood mercury concentrations in US youth. Methods: In the 2009‐2012 NHANES, a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of the US population, seafood consumption in the past 30 d and blood mercury concentrations on the day of examination were collected from 5656 youth aged 1‐19 y. Log-linear regression was used to examine the association between frequency of specific seafood consumption and blood mercury concentration, adjusting for race/Hispanic origin, sex, and age. Results: In 2009‐2012, 62.4% 6 1.4% (percent 6 SE) of youth consumed any seafood in the preceding month; 38.4% 6 1.4% and 48.5% 6 1.5% reported consuming shellfish and fish, respectively. In 2009‐2012, the geometric mean blood mercury concentration was 0.50 6 0.02 mg/L among seafood consumers and 0.27 6 0.01 mg/L among those who did not consume seafood. Less than 0.5% of youth had blood mercury concentrations $5.8 mg/L. In adjusted log-linear regression analysis, no significant associations were observed between frequency of breaded fish or catfish consumption and blood mercury concentrations, but frequency of consuming certain seafood types had significant positive association with blood mercury concentrations: high-mercury fish (swordfish and shark) [exponentiated b coefficient (expb): 2.40; 95% CI: 1.23, 4.68]; salmon (expb: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.55); tuna (expb: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.45); crabs (expb: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.55); shrimp (expb: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.20), and all other seafood (expb: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.32). Age-stratified loglinear regression analyses produced similar results. Conclusion: Few US youth have blood mercury concentrations $5.8 mg/L, although more than half of US youth consumed seafood in the past month. JN utrdoi: 10.3945/jn.114.203786.
Transsynaptic localization of pharyngeal premotor neurons in rat

We determined the anatomy and connectivity of the brainstem circuit controlling the buccopharyngeal phase of swallowing, using pseudorabies virus to identify linked circuits of neurons. Pharyngeal vagal afferents terminate on premotor neurons in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract, which in turn, innervate pharyngeal motoneurons in the semicompact subnucleus of the nucleus ambiguus. This circuit is separate and distinct from the esophageal swallowing circuit.
Growth and pubertal development in children with congenital and acquired hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities

Abstract Hypothalamic-pituitary disorders, either congenital or acquired, frequently affect the growth and pubertal development of children. Two distinct groups were investigated. The first group consisted of 70 patients with congenital optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH): 16 (73%) of the 22 patients had growth hormone deficiency; among the 21 patients who were old enough and had adequate data for pubertal evaluation, 2 (10%) had delayed or absent puberty and 4 (19%) had precocious puberty. In the second group, 14 children had undergone head irradiation and/or surgery for brain/orbital tumors. Of these, 21% had precocious puberty, 36% had delayed puberty, and 10 (90%) of 11 patients tested had growth hormone deficiency. The pubertal growth spurt can conceal hGH deficiency. Linear growth continues at a rate near normal for childhood but low for puberty. Careful monitoring of growth and early initiation of growth hormone replacement are essential to achieve a normal adult height in adolescents with hypothalamic-pituitary disease.
Low power adder with adaptive supply voltage

Demands for the low power VLSI have been pushing the development of aggressive design methodologies to reduce the power consumption drastically. To meet the growing demand, we propose a low power adder, which adoptively selects supply voltages based on the input vector patterns. We prototyped a 32-bit Ripple Carry Adder and analyzed the power consumption and performance in details. Results show 29% improvement in power consumption over a conventional ripple carry adder with comparable performance.
Psychology, Behavioral Economics, and Public Policy

Economics has typically been the social science of choice to inform public policy and policymakers. In the current paper we contemplate the role behavioral science can play in enlightening policymakers. In particular, we provide some examples of research that has and can be used to inform policy, reflect on the kind of behavioral science that is important for policy, and approaches for convincing policy-makers to listen to behavioral scientists. We suggest that policymakers are unlikely to invest the time translating behavioral research into its policy implications, and researchers interested in influencing public policy must therefore invest substantial effort, and direct that effort differently than in standard research practices.
LSST sensor requirements and characterization of the prototype LSST CCDs

LSST parameters are discussed and requirements on the LSST camera are presented. Characterization methods and results on a number of new devices produced specifically to address LSST's performance goals, including flatness, QE, full well capacity, linearity, dark current, read noise, CTE, and image persistence are presented. The results indicate that commercially produced, thick n-channel over-depleted CCDs can achieve excellent red response, high CTE, low dark current and satisfy LSST requirements with no evidence of persistent image artifacts. We will also report ongoing studies of mosaic assembly techniques to achieve chip-to-chip co-planarity, high fill factor, and thermal stability.
Docking molecules by families to increase the diversity of hits in database screens: computational strategy and experimental evaluation.

Molecular docking programs screen chemical databases for novel ligands that fit protein binding sites. When one compound fits the site well, close analogs typically do the same. Therefore, many of the compounds that are found in such screens resemble one another. This reduces the variety and novelty of the compounds suggested. In an attempt to increase the diversity of docking hit lists, the Available Chemicals Directory was grouped into families of related structures. All members of every family were docked and scored, but only the best scoring molecule of a high-ranking family was allowed in the hit list. The identity and scores of the other members of these families were recorded as annotations to the best family member, but they were not independently ranked. This family-based docking method was compared with molecule-by-molecule docking in screens against the structures of thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and the cavity site of the mutant T4 lysozyme Leu99 → Ala (L99A). In each case, the diversity of the hit list increased, and more families of known ligands were found. To investigate whether the newly identified hits were sensible, we tested representative examples experimentally for binding to L99A and DHFR. Of the six compounds tested against L99A, five bound to the internal cavity. Of the seven compounds tested against DHFR, six inhibited the enzyme with apparent Ki values between 0.26 and 100 μM. The segregation of potential ligands into families of related molecules is a simple technique to increase the diversity of candidates suggested by database screens. The general approach should be applicable to most docking methods. Proteins 2001;42:279–293. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predictors of pain and functioning over time in fibromyalgia syndrome: An autoregressive path analysis

Objective Fibromyalgia is a disabling, chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. Although many factors have been recognized as important contributors to the pain experiences and functional abilities of fibromyalgia patients, the factors that are most impactful (and therefore represent optimal targets for intervention) are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the pathways among depression, self-efficacy, pain, and physical functioning in a large sample of fibromyalgia patients over a 1-year timeframe. Methods Data from 462 participants (441 women) were analyzed using an autoregressive path analytical model with first- and second-order cross-lagged effects. Results Self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of depression, physical functioning, and pain intensity ratings across time. Physical functioning at 6 months predicted self-efficacy at 1 year; no other factors related significantly to self-efficacy in the model. Conclusion Our model suggests that self-efficacy is a salient factor in fibromyalgia symptomatology. Our findings support designing interventions that use a multimodal approach, with an explicit focus on combining exercise (or other means) to improve physical functioning and psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive–behavioral therapy) with the intention of reprocessing the functional improvements and the implications of these improvements for the patients' ability to manage their fibromyalgia symptoms. By doing so, self-efficacy should be enhanced, and this would produce the greatest and broadest benefits for fibromyalgia patients.