cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point-bonded polymer nonwovens and their rupture in stretching

Abstract The work aims at the experimental investigation and theoretical modeling of the physical phenomena responsible for thermal bonding of polymer fibers in nonwovens and their effect on such mechanical properties as the nonwoven stiffness, the yield stress, the stress at failure, toughness, and the entire stress-strain curve. In the experiments two types of nonwovens were explored: Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) nonwoven and Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)/Polyethylene (PE) (80/20) nonwoven. Special attention was paid to the effect of the bonding pattern (e.g. circular or rhombic) on the nonwoven failure patterns in stretching. It was shown that failure happens at the periphery of stiffened bonds. A theory of this phenomenon is given which predicted tensile stress concentration up to 140% of the applied tensile stress in that area, which was responsible for the failure modes observed experimentally.
Direct-infusion electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry profiling of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl reaction mixtures

Abstract The widespread distribution and variety of fentanyl-related opioids has prompted many forensic researchers to begin exploring new techniques to carefully process and identify the many components of these seized exhibits. While these analyses typically consist of chromatographic separation, this can be a tedious and time-consuming process. To improve upon the accurate detection and structural elucidation of the components of these complex samples, a direct-infusion technique was utilized with ESI–MS on both a triple quadrupole and Orbitrap mass spectrometer to both structurally identify and propose reaction mechanisms for minor, unknown components. Results from these direct-infusion experiments suggest amine oxide formation and O-acetylation within crude reaction mixtures of both fentanyl and acetylfentanyl producing ions at m/z 395 and 353, respectively. Other previously detected components, including both byproducts and degradation products, of these samples have also been identified by their exact masses and fragmentation. Complementary fragmentation and exact mass data from these experiments can be used to accurately profile new, unknown components and help exclude potential isobaric interferences.
Tripoli’s Family Court: The Judge in Post-Revolution 2013

Muslim family law was codified relatively late in Libya by the Gaddafi regime in 1972. Despite Gaddafi’s self-pronounced commitment to gender equality, the subsequent reformed Law 10/1984 ‘Concerning the Regulation of Marriage and Divorce and Their Effects’ only allows wives to petition the court for divorce on the grounds of harm (ḍarar). This is difficult to prove and restricts the opportunity for debate about who is to blame for the failure of a marriage. In 2013, a female judge in a Tripoli family court, nevertheless, worked hard to allow spouses to talk about their difficulties. Reform under Law 14/2015 has undermined the limited state feminism in Libya’s family law and increased gender inequality in access to divorce.
Attribution of Cause, Responsibility and Blame Among Violent and Nonviolent Individuals

Nonviolent philosophy has not been a source of significant theoretical or empirical work within social psychology. What little research exists has examined nonviolence indirectly or primarily as a technique, not as a philosophy or way of life. So for example, several classic studies have investigated, directly or indirectly, people who refused to act violently (Milgram, 1974), did not cooperate with immoral acts (Gamson, Fireman & Rytina, 1974) or bargained in a conflict situation with others who adopted a nonviolent approach (Shure, Meeker and Hansford, 1965). Social science research tells us very little about the moral reasoning and judgment processes that lie behind nonviolent action and are critical to its meaning. Psychologists have studied nonviolence almost exclusively as an instrumental technique; that is, as a bargaining or conflict reduction strategy evaluated by its effectiveness rather than its moral or philosophical meaning. Certainly this lack of research does not preclude nonviolence in whatever form, as a personal philosophy or personality type within our culture. Nonviolence has a long and visible history which provides a unique perspective, or at a minimum, a useful heuristic for examining judgments and beliefs concerning violence. Historical studies (e.g., Texeira, 1987; Pelton, 1974) show that many elements of nonviolent philosophy are evident in western religious teachings and have been the basis for exemplary nonviolent individuals (e.g., Martin Luther King, Caesar Chavez) and groups (e.g., Quakers).
Begriff und Merkmale der Planung

Planung last sich als systematisch-methodischer Prozes der Erkenntnis und Losung von Zukunftsproblemen kennzeichnen1, bei dem in vorgelagerten Entscheidungen Parameter fur nachgeordnete Entscheidungen festgelegt werden. Durch Planung wird schrittweise oder simultan die Komplexitat von Problemen reduziert, indem der Entscheidungsspielraum durch planerische Festlegungen eingeengt wird.
Pathological Effects of Maternal Hypertension and Defective Placentation on Placental Growth and Development

Preeclampsia is a systemic syndrome with hypertension and proteinuria that manifests mainly in the second half of pregnancy although pathophysiological events in the first half of pregnancy are responsible. A characteristic feature is the finding of an inadequate maternal vascular response to placentation in early pregnancy in which spiral arteries fail to transform into uteroplacental arteries in the placental bed. This transformation is facilitated by decidualization and effected by extravillous trophoblast invasion into the spiral arteries and takes place in the placental bed where there is an intimate relationship between maternal tissue and the fetally derived trophoblast. Accordingly, most of the mechanistic theories have focused on the trophoblast (e.g., proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis), decidual factors (e.g., hormonal milieu and recruitment of immune cells), immunologic factors (e.g., cytokines), and vascular factors (e.g., vascular growth factors).
Use of Anticoagulant Agents and Risk of Bleeding Among Patients Admitted With Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the NCDR ACTION Registry–GWTG (National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With the Guidelines)

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate anticoagulant use patterns and bleeding risk in a contemporary population of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Background Current practice guidelines support the use of unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, bivalirudin, or fondaparinux in non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Little is known about how these agents are selected in clinical practice. Methods Between January 2007 and June 2009, data were captured for 72,699 patients with NSTEMI and 48,943 patients with STEMI at 360 U.S. hospitals for the NCDR ACTION Registry–GWTG (National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With the Guidelines). Patients were categorized based on anticoagulant strategy selected during hospitalization and their CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of ACC/AHA [American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association] Guidelines) bleeding risk category. Results At least 1 anticoagulant was administered to 66,279 patients (91.2%) with NSTEMI and 46,149 patients (94.3%) with STEMI. Among STEMI patients, unfractionated heparin was most commonly used (66%), followed by bivalirudin (14%) and low molecular weight heparin (8%). In NSTEMI patients, unfractionated heparin was also the most commonly used anticoagulant (42%), followed by low molecular weight heparin (27%) and then bivalirudin (13%). There were significant differences in anticoagulant use by age, risk factors, concomitant medications, and invasive care. There was a 5-fold difference in the rate of bleeding between patients in the lowest and highest CRUSADE bleeding risk groups, which was consistently observed in most anticoagulant groups. Conclusions There is a wide variability in the use of anticoagulant regimens with significant differences according to baseline characteristics and concomitant therapies. Major bleeding is common, though a great degree of the variability in the rate of bleeding is largely based on differences in baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and invasive treatment strategies, rather than specific anticoagulant regimens.
CHAPTER 18 – Cancer Gene Therapy with the p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene

Many human malignancies show mutations or deletions in tumor suppressor genes, replacement of these genes has become an important strategy in cancer gene therapy. The p53 tumor suppressor gene has been extensively studied because it can induce either cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis through its differential activation of target genes. Overexpression of p53 in tumor cell lines may then modulate chemosensitivity and/or radiosensitivity. The p53 tumor suppressor may also be combined with other therapeutic modalities, such as other tumor suppressors. Recent research suggests that p53-related genes may also prove beneficial in cancer gene therapy. Various strategies have been used to enhance the effectiveness of the tumor suppressor p53 in cancer gene therapy. Administration of p53 in an adenovirus vector (Ad-p53) has been combined with both standard radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Finally, some groups are attempting to modify the structure of p53 to improve its capabilities to cause either growth inhibition or apoptosis. A novel chemotherapeutic compound currently being tested with Ad-p53 is TRAIL, a recently identified apoptosis-inducing ligand related to TNF-α.
Function and expression of checkpoint inhibitors and immune agonists on immune cells in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and MM and tumor-specific T lymphocytes.

11577Background: Characterization of expression and function of immune regulatory molecules in tumor microenvironment will provide the framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Methods...
Short Communication: Evaluating feed cost, income over feed cost, and the cost of production for milk and crops on 4 case study farms that double cropped winter annual silage and corn silage for 2 years in northern and western Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT Double cropping is used to reduce environmental impacts, increase total farm forage yields, and reduce feed costs. Whereas double cropping is common in areas with longer growing seasons, it is not common in areas with shorter growing seasons. This study evaluated the cost to produce milk and crops on 4 dairy farms in northern and western Pennsylvania, a region where double cropping is not common due to the shorter growing season relative to other parts of the state where double cropping is more common. Production and financial data were collected during farm visits. Cost of production (COP) per hundredweight (45.36 kg) of energy-corrected milk and per DM tonne of crops raised was calculated. Herd size averaged 292 cows, and farm size averaged 319 ha, with 14.1% of hectares double cropped during 2016 and 2017. Yields of winter annual silage averaged 3.7 and 3.2 t/ha for 2016 and 2017, respectively. The COP for energy-corrected milk ranged from $13.06 to $26.00/hundredweight across all farms during both years. The COP for winter annual silage ranged from $138 for one farm in 2016 to $322/t for another farm during 2017, with an average across farms and years of $252.59/t compared with an average purchased price of $210/t of winter annual silage. Overall, the COP of winter annual silage was greater than the purchase price of winter annual silage for 3 of the 4 farms in the study.
Using a Web-Based Data Collection Platform to Implement an Effective Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Registry

Abstract Modern health care places significant emphasis on patient-centered care. As a result, many orthopaedic providers are incorporating routine patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) collection into their practice. However, routine PROM collection often disrupts clinical workflow and can place a burden on both the patient and the provider. Electronic PROM collection systems, if implemented deliberately to maximize convenience and efficiency, have the potential to mitigate these obstacles. This technique guide presents an overview of designing and implementing a PROM-based clinical registry for the ambulatory orthopaedic clinic using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN). We outline the basic steps of creating a simple but effective patient registry using this accessible data collection platform.
The Art of Americanization at the Carlisle Indian School (Hayes Peter Mauro, 2011)

Set in the context of America’s “Gilded Age,” Mauro’s visual culture history centers on the trope of the “before and after” portraits used to mark the progress and practice of assimilating Indians into Americans at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. His aim is to show how Richard Pratt, the school’s administrator, used photographs to argue that “by means of aesthetic transformation, these groups were to be converted from an assumed state of degenerate Otherness into model ‘American’ citizens.”
Differences in quality of life and emotional health by diagnosis among women with early-stage gynecological cancers.

e23180Background: Psychosocial outcomes have been described in women with gynecological cancers, but potential differences by diagnosis have received less attention. We sought to compare quality of...
De novo design of high-affinity antibody variable regions (scFv) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the pandemic of respiratory disease known as COVID-19, which emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China in late 2019. Both vaccines and targeted therapeutics for treatment of this disease are currently lacking. Viral entry requires binding of the viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) with the human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). In an earlier paper, we report on the specific residue interactions underpinning this event. Here we report on the de novo computational design of high affinity antibody variable regions through the recombination of VDJ genes targeting the most solvent-exposed ACE2-binding residues of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the software tool OptMAVEn-2.0. Subsequently, we carry out computational affinity maturation of the designed prototype variable regions through point mutations for improved binding with the target epitope. Immunogenicity was restricted by preferring designs that match sequences from a 9-mer library of human string content (HSC). We generated 60 different variable region designs and report in detail on the top five that trade-off the greatest affinity for the spike epitope (quantified using the Rosetta binding energies) with low immunogenicity scores. By grafting these designed variable regions with frameworks, high-affinity monoclonal antibodies can be constructed. Having a potent antibody that can recognize the viral spike protein with high affinity would be enabling for both the design of sensitive SARS-CoV-2 detection devices and for their deployment as neutralizing antibodies.
Model elements identification using neural networks: a comprehensive study

Modeling of natural language requirements, especially for a large system, can take a significant amount of effort and time. Many automated model-driven approaches partially address this problem. However, the application of state-of-the-art neural network architectures to automated model element identification tasks has not been studied. In this paper, we perform an empirical study on automatic model elements identification for component state transition models from use case documents. We analyzed four different neural network architectures: feed forward neural network, convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network (RNN) with long short-term memory, and RNN with gated recurrent unit (GRU), and the trade-offs among them using six use case documents. We analyzed the effect of factors such as types of splitting, types of predictions, types of designs, and types of annotations on performance of neural networks. The results of neural networks on the test and unseen data showed that RNN with GRU is the most effective neural network architecture. However, the factors that result in effective predictions of neural networks are dependent on the type of the model element.
SPACE‐ARFID: A pilot trial of a novel parent‐based treatment for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Objective This pilot trial aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, treatment-satisfaction, and preliminary efficacy of Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions adapted for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (SPACE-ARFID). SPACE-ARFID is a novel outpatient parent-based treatment that focuses on parental responses to child problematic eating habits and aims to promote food-related flexibility. Method Parents of 15 children (ages 6-14 years) with ARFID participated in 12 weekly sessions of SPACE-ARFID. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed by calculating enrollment, attendance, attrition, and adverse events. Treatment-satisfaction was assessed with the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8), administered posttreatment. ARFID symptom severity and impairment and family accommodation were assessed at baseline and posttreatment. Results Of 17 eligible families, 15 (88.24%) elected to participate in the trial. Of the 15 participating families, all except for 1 (6.67%) completed all 12 weekly treatment sessions. Both parents and children rated the treatment as highly satisfactory. ARFID symptom severity and impairment as well as family accommodation were significantly reduced from pre- to posttreatment. Increases in food-related flexibility are described. Discussion Findings provide preliminary evidence that SPACE-ARFID, a parent-based treatment that focuses on parental responses to the ARFID symptoms is feasible, acceptable, and satisfactory and produces improvement in clinical outcomes.
A multiple casualty incident clinical tracking form for civilian hospitals.

Background: While mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) may have competing absolute definitions, a universally accepted criterion is one that strains locally available resources. In the fall of 2017, a MCI occurred in New York and Bellevue Hospital received multiple injured patients within minutes; lessons learned included the need for a formalized, efficient patient and injury tracking system. Our objective was to create an organized MCI clinical tracking form for civilian trauma centers. Methods: After the MCI, the notes of the surgeon responsible for directing patient triage were analyzed. A succinct, organized template was created that allows MCI directors to track demographics, injuries, interventions, and other important information for multiple patients in a real-time fashion. This tool was piloted during a subsequent MCI. Results: In late 2018, the hospital received six patients following another MCI. They arrived within a 4-minute window, with 5 patients being critically injured. Two emergent surgeries and angioembolizations were performed. The tool was used by the MCI director to prioritize and expedite care. All physicians agreed that the tool assisted in organizing diagnostic and therapeutic triage. Conclusions: During MCIs, a streamlined patient tracking template assists with information recall and communication between providers and may allow for expedited care.
The Effect of Feedback Type on Perception of Performance

In an increasingly connected world, it’s essential to have efficient teams. Training is a common method used to maintain or improve team performance. However, implementing high quality team trainin...
Demanded Abstract Interpretation (Extended Version).

We consider the problem of making expressive static analyzers interactive. Formal static analysis is seeing increasingly widespread adoption as a tool for verification and bug-finding, but even with powerful cloud infrastructure it can take minutes or hours to get batch analysis results after a code change. While existing techniques offer some demand-driven or incremental aspects for certain classes of analysis, the fundamental challenge we tackle is doing both for arbitrary abstract interpreters. Our technique, demanded abstract interpretation, lifts program syntax and analysis state to a dynamically evolving graph structure, in which program edits, client-issued queries, and evaluation of abstract semantics are all treated uniformly. The key difficulty addressed by our approach is the application of general incremental computation techniques to the complex, cyclic dependency structure induced by abstract interpretation of loops with widening operators. We prove that desirable abstract interpretation meta-properties, including soundness and termination, are preserved in our approach, and that demanded analysis results are equal to those computed by a batch abstract interpretation. Experimental results suggest promise for a prototype demanded abstract interpretation framework: by combining incremental and demand-driven techniques, our framework consistently delivers analysis results at interactive speeds, answering 95% of queries within 1.2 seconds.
Severe altered mentation due to cervicothoracic intrathecal pump after correction of cervical stenosis: a case report

Background Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) dynamics are complex and changes in spinal anatomy may influence the rostrocaudal movement of intrathecal medications. We present the first reported case demonstrating that acute cervical spinal stenosis may impede the distribution of adjacent intrathecal medications, and that correction of such stenosis and the resulting changes in CSF flow may necessitate significant adjustments in the intrathecal infusates. Case presentation We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with a cervicothoracic intrathecal pump (ITP) infusing morphine, bupivacaine, and baclofen for chronic neck pain. The alert and oriented patient had a recent fall resulting in an acute severe cervical stenosis and cord compression which required urgent surgical decompression. Postoperatively, after the cervical decompression, the patient had significant altered mental status requiring a naloxone infusion. Multiple attempts to reduce the naloxone infusion were initially not successful due to worsened somnolence. The previously tolerated ITP medications were continuously reduced over the next 14 days, allowing concomitant decrease and eventual cessation of the naloxone infusion while maintaining patient mental status. The only opioids the patient received during this period were from the ITP. Conclusions This case presents clinical evidence that severe spinal stenosis may impede the rostral CSF distribution of intrathecal medications. Intrathecal medications previously tolerated by patients prior to decompression may need to be significantly reduced in the postoperative period.
Accountability Forces in Performance Appraisal: Effects of Self-Appraisal Information, Normative Information, and Task Performance

This study investigated the effects of self-appraisal information, normative information, and task performance on performance appraisal ratings. Participants rated a fictitious “subordinate's” performance on a clerical task (which was either very good or moderately poor) subsequent to receiving self-assessment information (high or low) and normative information (present or absent). Self-appraisals affected performance ratings for poor performers but not for good performers, suggesting that judges are more motivated to please ratees than they are merely to adopt the “subordinate's” view of their own performance. Furthermore, objective normative information had greater influence than self-appraisals on performance ratings, suggesting that information source credibility has more influence than felt accountability on performance appraisals. Implications of the findings for organizations were discussed.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the provision of long-term support for severe, potentially reversible cardiopulmonary failure through the use of extrathoracic cannulation and an extracorporeal circuit. The extracorporeal circuit is a modification of the heart-lung machine used in cardiac bypass surgery and consists of a drainage reservoir, blood pump, artificial lung for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, a heat exchanger for maintenance of body temperature, cannulae for vascular access, and connecting tubing. ECMO is used in the management of severe, acute, potentially reversible cardiopulmonary failure in neonates, children, and adults. The modes of support include venoarterial (VA), venovenous (VV), arteriovenous (AV), and hybrid VA and VV (VVA). Venoarterial support bypasses the heart and lungs and provides cardiac and pulmonary support. Venovenous provides gas exchange in the central venous circulation, and it provides pulmonary support only. Arteriovenous is performed using an artificial lung without a pump, but provides carbon dioxide removal only. VVA mode combines partial cardiac support in addition to pulmonary support. The performance of the ECMO circuit depends on several factors. Blood flow is dependent on geometry of the vascular cannulae, tubing, and artificial lung, and it includes laminar and turbulent flow. Pressure-flow relationships for ECMO circuit components have been published. Gas exchange efficiency in venovenous ECMO is affected by recirculation. The determinants of artificial lung gas transfer are complex but based on principles of passive diffusion. Modern cross-flow hollow fiber devices that have blood flow exterior to the fibers demonstrate the best blood flow and gas transfer performance. Keywords: respiratory failure; artificial lung; blood pump; extracorporeal circulation; gas transfer; lung injury; mechanical ventilation; membrane oxygenator
Performance of multi-parents genetic algorithms (MPGA) for IIR adaptive system identification

Genetic algorithms (GA) are based on principles of natural selection that originate in biology. The GA has been used for adaptive IIR system identification, but due to slow convergence rates and high computational complexity its use for IIR adaptive systems has been limited. This paper proposes a multi-parents genetic algorithm (MPGA) that is a generalization of the two-parents GA. Results demonstrate that the MPGA can improve convergence rates and maintain relatively low mean-square-errors (MSEs), although it requires increased computational complexity. An attempt to reduce computational complexity is presented and experiments illustrate how the MPGA operates on various digital filter structures.
Adsorption of influenza A virus by Aerobacter aerogenes spheroplasts.

Brown, Ronald J. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), Albert A. Benedict, and Nancy Armstrong. Adsorption of influenza A virus by Aerobacter aerogenes spheroplasts. J. Bacteriol. 83:1124–1130. 1962.—Aerobacter aerogenes spheroplasts adsorbed virus at a greater rate than whole A. aerogenes cells or cell-wall preparations. The largest fragments of sonic-disrupted spheroplasts were responsible for adsorption. Adsorption was characterized by rapid disappearance of viral hemagglutinin in about 8 min, elution of hemagglutinin, and followed again by complete adsorption of hemagglutinin. Viral activity was not recovered from spheroplasts after the final adsorption phase. Spheroplasts treated with heat, dilute periodate, or formaldehyde did not adsorb virus, and treatment of spheroplasts with receptor-destroying enzyme resulted in delayed adsorption.
An improved method for the determination of amino acids by spectral reflectance

Abstract A nonspray method is described whereby amino acids resolved on thin-layer plates can be estimated by spectral reflectance. In addition to facilitating the determination the elimination of the spraying operation with its attendant irregularities has resulted in a substantial increase in precision and accuracy. In this respect the method is competitive with paper chromatography, used in conjuction with such techniques as total scanning and the electronic integration of curves.
Respiratory metabolism of the antarctic tick, Ixodes uriae

Abstract 1. 1. The respiratory metabolism of the Antarctic tick, Ixodes uriae White (Acari: Ixodidae) was investigated at Palmer Station, Anvers Island (64°46'S; 64°03'W) during the austral summer, January 1981. 2. 2. At 20°C the metabolic rate of females was 303 nl/mg live wt/hr, approximately three times that of males and engorged nymphs. 3. 3. Laboratory acclimation of females, males and nymphs to 0 and 10°C for 2 wk had no effect on respiration rates, suggesting that I. uriae lacks the ability for compensatory acclimation of respiration rate. 4. 4. Metabolic rates of temperate ixodids are similar to those for females of I. uriae. which suggests that metabolic cold adaptation is absent in this species.
Transport of the amino acid analog, 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract 1. 1. The transport of the amino acid analogs, 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), α-aminoisobutyric acid and 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (cycloleucine), was examined in the Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cell at 37 °C. 2. 2. The time course of uptake of BCH was similar to that observed for cycloleucine and α-aminoisobutyric acid, and both the initial and steady-state distribution ratios were inhibited by a minimum of 60% when Na+ in the medium was replaced by choline or K+. 3. 3. Jmax, the maximal rate of BCH uptake, was markedly Na+ dependent, and was reduced by 50% in choline-substituted media. Km, the presumed Michaelis constant, was not altered significantly. 4. 4. The uptake of BCH could be inhibited completely by competition with either α-aminoisobutyric acid or cycloleucine, but was at the most 15% inhibited in the presence of N- methyl- dl -alanine . BCH, however did not affect the uptake of α-aminoisobutyic acid. 5. 5. Interpreted in terms of the distinction of “A” and “L” systems for neutral amino acid transport in the Ehrlich tumor cell, these results support a dichotomy of binding sites. However, the Na+ dependence of BCH uptake and the lack of reciprocal competitive interaction between BCH and α-aminoisobutyric acid prevent any simple dissociation of the two systems.
High Risk Infants and Child Maltreatment: Conceptual and Research Model for Determining Factors Predictive of Child Maltreatment

A conceptual framework and a research model for examining the confluence of factors that are predictive of child maltreatment are presented and discussed. The conceptual framework is the ecological approach which perceives child maltreatment as a function of individual, family, social and cultural factors. The value of this model is that it integrates single factor theories of child maltreatment into a multifactor model capable of being empirically tested. The hybrid observational cohort‐case/control design is proposed as the research model to test the ecological approach. This design is being employed in an ongoing study by Kotch and Howze (1984). While the design addresses many of the methodological weaknesses inherent in traditional observational cohort and case/control designs, it is not without its problems.
The temporal and spatial profiles of cell loss following experimental spinal cord injury: effect of antioxidant therapy on cell death and functional recovery

Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced overproduction of endogenous deleterious substances triggers secondary cell death to spread damage beyond the initial injury site. Substantial experimental evidence supports reactive species (RS) as important mediators of secondary cell death after SCI. This study established quantitative temporal and spatial profiles of cell loss, characterized apoptosis, and evaluated the effectiveness of a broad spectrum RS scavenger - Mn (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) and a combination of MnTBAP plus nitro-L-arginine to prevent cell loss and neurological dysfunction following contusion SCI to the rat spinal cord.
Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Nanoparticles Induce Reactive Oxygen Species, AKT, ERK, AP-1, NF-κB, VEGF, and Angiogenesis

Powder mixtures of tungsten carbide and metallic cobalt (WC-Co) are widely used in various products. Nano- particles are engineered structures with at least one dimension of 100 nm or smaller. WC-Co is known to be associated with lunginjuryand diseases. Angiogenesis isa keyprocessduring vasculature,carcinogenesis,recoveryofinjury,andinflamma- tory diseases. However, the cellular effects of WC-Co nano- particles on angiogenesis remain to be elucidated. In this study, weinvestigatedangiogenicresponseand relativemech- anisms after exposure to WC-Co nanoparticles. Our results showed that WC-Co nanoparticles at 5 μg/cm 2 induced ROS production which activated AKTand ERK1/2 signaling path- waysinlungepithelialcells byreactiveoxygenspecies (ROS) staining and immunoblotting; WC-Co treatment also in- creased transcriptional activation of AP-1, NF-κB, and VEGF by reporter assay. Further studies demonstrated that ROS are upstreammoleculesofAKTandERK signalingpathways; the activation of AP-1, NF-κB, and VEGF was through ROS generation, AKT and ERK1/2 activation. In addition, WC- Co nanoparticles affected the cells to induce angiogenesis by chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. These re- sults illustrate that exposure to WC-Co nanoparticles induces angiogenic response by activating ROS, AKT, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and the downstream molecules and eluci- date the potential molecular mechanisms during this process. This information may be useful for preventing potential dam- age from nanoparticle exposure in the future.
Ratings of the performances of practicing internists by hospital-based registered nurses

PURPOSE. To examine the feasibility and reliability of ratings completed by hospital-based registered nurses of the humanistic qualities, communication skills, and selected aspects of the clinical skills of practicing internists. METHOD. In 1988–1989, registered nurses who worked in the same 175 hos
Identifying priority sites for low impact development (LID) in a mixed-use watershed

Abstract Low impact development (LID), a comprehensive land use planning and design approach with the goal of mitigating land development impacts to the environment, is increasingly being touted as an effective approach to lessen runoff and pollutant loadings to streams. Broad-scale approaches for siting LID have been developed for agricultural watersheds, but are rare for urban watersheds, largely due to greater land use complexity. Here, we introduce a spatially-explicit approach to assist landscape architects, urban planners, and water managers in identifying priority sites for LID based exclusively on freely available data. We use a large, mixed-use watershed in central Oklahoma, the United States of America, as a case-study to demonstrate our approach. Our results indicate that for one sub-catchment of the Lake Thunderbird Watershed, LID placed in 11 priority locations can facilitate reductions in nutrient and sediment loading to receiving waters by as much as 16% and 17%, respectively. We had a high rate of correctly identified sites (94 ± 5.7%). Our systematic and transferable approach for prioritizing LID sites has the potential to facilitate effective implementation of LID to lessen the effects of urban land use on stream ecosystems.
Nursing Diagnosis and Depressive Illness

In nursing practice, clinicians have identified specific nursing diagnoses that repeatedly emerge in depressed individuals. Specifically, chronic low self-esteem, powerlessness, and hopelessness have been linked with depressive illness and reflect Beck's cognitive theory of depression, which postulates that depressive symptoms result from a negative view of self, world, and future. The purpose of this analysis was to validate defining characteristics of three nursing diagnoses while evaluating the usefulness of the Cognitive Triad Index for specifying critical and supporting indicators for these nursing diagnoses in a population of 63 depressed adult inpatients. A patient-focused clinical diagnostic validation model was used. Results are discussed in light of previously specified defining characteristics for these diagnoses and directions for future research related to clinical validation of these diagnoses are recommended.
Vitamin E protects against methyl ethyl ketone peroxide-induced peroxidative damage to rat brain DNA

Peroxidative damage to DNA initiated by methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, a potent initiator of lipid peroxidation, and protection against this damage by vitamin E were studied in rats. Groups of rats were fed a casein-based diet that contained 10% tocopherol-stripped corn oil and either 0, 3, 5, or 10 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg; the groups were named 0, 3, 5, or 10, respectively. DNA isolated from the brains of these rats was analyzed for template activity, bound tryptophan, and malondialdehyde-type DNA-protein and interstrand DNA crosslinks. The DNA of groups 5 and 10 had significantly higher template activity, less bound tryptophan, and fewer crosslinks than that of groups 3 and 5, respectively. The DNA of group 3 had significantly fewer interstrand DNA crosslinks than that of group 0, and the most significant differences were between groups 3 and 5. Loss of template activity correlated best with interstrand DNA crosslinks, and bound tryptophan correlated best with DNA-protein crosslinks. Electrophoresis of the RNA transcribed from the isolated DNA showed that a significantly higher percentage of longer RNA was made from the DNA of groups 5 and 10 than from that of group 0. The apparent molecular weight of the DNA of group 0 was less than that of group 10 and was more heterogeneous, which suggests fragmentation and/or crosslinking. The DNA from group 10 had maximum observed template activity; therefore, 10 IU of vitamin E/kg of diet appeared to be adequate to protect brain DNA against the damage measured in this study.
Signal‐transduction pathways in androgen‐dependent and androgen‐independent prostate tumor cells

We have investigated the differential responses of androgen-dependent prostate tumor cell line LNCaP and androgen-independent prostate tumor cell line PC-3 to various effectors at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal-transduction intermediates. We have examined the change in protein levels of ras, raf, mek1,2, and erk1,2 in LNCaP and PC-3 cells following treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), ionizing radiation, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), ZnSO4, and CdSO4, DHT treatment of androgen-dependent LNCaP cells resulted in an increase in cellular ras protein levels by 1 hour after treatment, whereas ras levels decreased 0.5 hours after DHT treatment of androgen-independent PC-3 cells. These data indicate that, in fact, DHT does invoke a differential response in androgen-dependent compared to androgenindependent prostate tumor cells. E2 treatment resulted in a change in ras levels for LNCaP cells, but not for PC-3 cells, which is further evidence of a differential response in these prostate tumor cells. Ionizing radiation, TNFα, and CdSO4 treatment showed no effect on signal-transduction intermediates; however, ZnSO4 treatment of LNCaP cells resulted in an increase in ras protein levels and a decrease in raf-1 protein levels. No change in ras levels was observed in PC-3 cells upon ZnSO4 treatment. Our data show few differences in the signal-transduction intermediates of the MAPK pathway in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate tumor cells in response to tested stimuli. These results and the observation that cellular mek1,2 and erk1,2 protein levels were constituitively elevated support the hypothesis that MAPK-independent signal transduction may be occurring in these prostate cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Racial Diversity in the Schools: A Necessary Evil?.

White teachers see racial diversity in the schools as a “necessary evil.” Common beliefs are that a) Black students are saved by nurturing White teachers and well-behaved White children, and b) White students learn from “disadvantaged“ Black children the dual lesson of empathy and gratitude.
A Summary of the Present Diffusionist Views on Bainite

The bainite transformation is here considered to be a nonlamellar, competitive form of eutectoid decomposition reaction, taking place by means of ledgewise diffusional growth. The differences between this diffusional, microstructurally oriented approach and a definition evolved from a shear-based transformation mechanism are summarized. The various morphologies of microstructurally defined bainite are described, and the factors affecting their growth kinetics are reviewed. Finally, explanations for the peculiarities associated with the transformation at intermediate reaction temperatures in certain alloy steels are presented
PERIURETHRAL PHLEGMON: POSTERIOR RUPTURE THROUGH COLLES' FASCIA.

SUMMARY Although urologists are familiar with the classical pathways of spread of fluid beneath Colles' fascia, it is not commonly appreciated that the periurethral phlegmon, by virtue of its ability to induce vascular thrombosis, ischeemia and necrosis of restraining fascial barriers, may disseminate by routes not expected from anatomical studies alone. Two cases demonstrating posterior extension into the buttocks have been presented and the seriousness of the disease has been emphasised. Recognition of such a complication is of more than academic interest since recovery may be dependent upon drainage of these ancillary areas.
Coramae Richey Mann on Women, Crime and the Color of American Justice

Abstract The contributions of African-American criminologists have yet to be given sufficient prominence and recognition in the shaping of the academic discourse on crime and justice in America. Persistent failures in the area of policy-making underscore the need for more diversity and inclusiveness in ongoing efforts to understand the problems that plague the administration of justice. The perspectives of African-American criminologists should be treated as a visible and valuable resource. Toward this end, the contributions of African-American criminologist Coramae Richey Mann are explored within the larger framework of her life and work in the struggle for social justice. The significance of Mann's unique “minority perspective” is discussed. Biographical data were gathered from her published works and verified by a telephone interview. A detailed analysis of her major publications is conducted under two themes: the etiology of female crime and the color of American justice.
Slower implicit categorical learning in adult poor readers

We investigated the relationship between reading and explicit and implicit categorical learning by comparing university students with poor reading to students with normal reading abilities on two categorical learning tasks. One categorical learning task involved sorting simple geometric shapes into two groups according to a unidimensional rule. The sorting rule was easily stated by the participants, consistent with explicit learning, and all participants attained criterion levels of performance. The second task involved the integration of features on different dimensions with a more complex rule that could not be described by participants, even though most could attain criterion levels of performance consistent with implicit learning. Poor readers performed as well as those without reading problems in explicit learning but not in implicit learning. Implicit learning was correlated with word reading, phonological decoding, and orthographic skill, independent of verbal ability. We consider the role of implicit learning in reading, and how a deficit could impair phonological and orthographic representation and processing.
Magnetic and petrofabric studies in the multiply deformed Thomson Formation, east-central Minnesota

Abstract Two contrasting zones of deformation have been previously recognized in the Proterozoic Thomson Formation of east-central Minnesota. The northern zone consists of open, upright E-W-trending folds with a well-developed steeply south-dipping axial-planar cleavage. The southern zone is marked by a pervasive subhorizontal cleavage (S 1 ), crenulated by a second cleavage that is vertical to steeply south dipping (S 2 ). Paleomagnetic results and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM) in these rocks indicate that the ferrimagnetic particles preserve a record of the field during deposition and primary compaction: neither NRM nor AARM were much affected by tectonic deformation. By contrast, the low-field magnetic susceptibility, which is dominated by paramagnetic minerals (particularly chlorite), reflects the tectonic fabric of the rock. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is characterized by minima normal to the cleavage in the northern zone and to the S 1 cleavage in the southern zone. Thus, the S 2 deformation did not significantly affect the AMS fabric. “March strains” were obtained by measuring the (002) lattice preferred orientation of chlorite using an X-ray pole-figure goniometer. The principal orientations of March strain match well those of AMS, and AMS and March strain ellipsoids for selected samples in both northern and southern zones plot in the flattening field of a Flinn diagram. Based on AMS signature, it is possible that the deformation in the northern zone occurred at the same time as the first deformation in the southern zone. This could have involved simple shear on subhorizontal planes giving way to pure shear with horizontal shortening towards the north. In this scenario, the second deformation, the result of regional late-stage shortening, was only marked by a cleavage (S 2 ) in the southern zone due to the favorable orientation there of S 1 .
MSK and Offset QPSK Modulation

Minimum shift keying (MSK) and offset keyed quadrature phase shift keying (OK-QPSK) modulation techniques are often proposed for use on nonlinear, severely band-limited communication channels because both techniques retain low sidelobe levels on such channels, while allowing efficient detection performance. A more detailed performance comparison of the two techniques on such channels is, therefore, of interest. In this paper a Markov process representation is developed which is applicable to either the MSK or OK-QPSK waveform. This representation is employed to illustrate the similarity between the modulation processes and to obtain the autocorrelations and power spectral densities of the two waveforms. This Markov process representation may be similarly employed with other modulation waveforms of the same class. The autocorrelations and power Spectral densities of MSK and offset QPSK provide initial insight to expected performance on band-limited channels. The results of a digital computer simulation are presented. The simulation compares the bit error rates (BER's) of MSK and offset QPSK on nonlinear, band-limited double-hop links such as encountered in satellite communications. The simmulation results are presented as E_{b}/N_{0} degradation with respect to ideal detection versus channel noise bandwidth. The error probability was used as a performance metric, and equal adjacent channel interference as a constraint. For the channels simulated, MSK is found to provide superior performance when the channel noise bandwidth exceeds about 1.1 times the binary data rate. For narrower bandwidths, offset QPSK provides superior performance.
Failure of Ant. Pituitary Extracts to Maintain Fasting Carbohydrate Levels of Hypophysectomized Rats After Preliminary Treatment.

SummaryCrude anterior lobe extracts are able to maintain the fasting muscle glycogen levels of hypophysectomized rats in an acute test, but are unable to do so when injected chronically. Continued treatment of normal rats with such extracts abolishes their ketogenic effect.