cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of increasing intravenous glucose load in the presence of normoglycemia on outcome and metabolism in critically ill rabbits

Endocrine disturbances during critical illness lead to a feeding-resistant wasting syndrome, characterised by profound protein breakdown, promoting delayed recovery and poor outcome. Parenteral nutrition failed to counteract the hypercatabolic state, possibly due to aggravation of the detrimental hyperglycemic response to critical illness. In our rabbit model of prolonged critical illness we investigated the impact of varying intravenous glucose load, while maintaining normoglycemia, on mortality, organ damage, and catabolism/anabolism.
Silicon photomultiplier characterization for the GlueX barrel calorimeter

GlueX is a new detector being constructed at Jefferson Laboratory to study gluonic excitations and confinement via the detection of exotic meson states. The hermetic detector includes a barrel calorimeter where the photodetectors must operate in a high magnetic field exceeding 0.5 T. After extensive tests with a variety of sensors, the chosen photodetector will be a custom silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array manufactured by Hamamatsu Corporation. This paper will focus on the characterization of the first 80 production samples of these SiPMs, including dark rate, photodetection efficiency (PDE), crosstalk, response uniformity and radiation tolerance.
Computerized Pure-Tone Audiometric Procedures.

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer program and the necessary interfacing systems which would enable a PDP/8-I digital computer to (1) control all aspects of administering pure-tone...
The Origins of Specialization: Insights from Bacteria Held 25 Years in Captivity

Examples of ecological specialization abound in nature but the evolutionary and genetic causes of tradeoffs across environments are typically unknown. Natural selection itself may favor traits that improve fitness in one environment but reduce fitness elsewhere. Furthermore, an absence of selection on unused traits renders them susceptible to mutational erosion by genetic drift. Experimental evolution of microbial populations allows these potentially concurrent dynamics to be evaluated directly, rather than by historical inference. The 50,000 generation (and counting) Lenski Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE), in which replicate E. coli populations have been passaged in a simple environment with only glucose for carbon and energy, has inspired multiple studies of their potential specialization. Earlier in this experiment, most changes were the side effects of selection, both broadening growth potential in some conditions and narrowing it in others, particularly in assays of diet breadth and thermotolerance. The fact that replicate populations experienced similar losses suggested they were becoming specialists because of tradeoffs imposed by selection. However a new study in this issue of PLOS Biology by Nicholas Leiby and Christopher Marx revisits these lines with powerful new growth assays and finds a surprising number of functional gains as well as losses, the latter of which were enriched in populations that had evolved higher mutation rates. Thus, these populations are steadily becoming glucose specialists by the relentless pressure of mutation accumulation, which has taken 25 years to detect. More surprising, the unpredictability of functional changes suggests that we still have much to learn about how the best-studied bacterium adapts to grow on the best-studied sugar.
Religiosity and Workplace Behavior: A Manifestation of Emotional Intelligence

This field study examines the relationships among religiosity, emotional intelligence, depressed mood, and work-related outcomes. Data were collected from 209 employees and managers from 29 stores of a retail chain. We found that religiosity was positively related to emotional intelligence, and emotional intelligence was negatively related to individuals' experiences of depressed moods. A mediating role of emotional intelligence was found in the religiosity—depressed mood relationship. We also found that depressed mood was positively associated with job tension and negatively associated with job satisfaction and job performance. Implications of the findings for practice and future research are discussed.
The Goal Gradient in a Maze of Variable Path Length

(1942). The Goal Gradient in a Maze of Variable Path Length. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 307-315.
Modeling On-Board Via Stubs and Traces in High-Speed Channels for Achieving Higher Data Bandwidth

To achieve a target data bandwidth in high-speed channels, an on-board channel modeling study was presented in this paper. A design guideline was found by observing the variation of link performance, depending on parameters such as channel length, baud rate, and the number of signal layers. The channel performance was investigated using a newly developed parametric simulation environment supported by a fast multilayered via transition modeling tool. The extensive parameter sweep simulations showed that an allowable channel reach has a lower and an upper bound limited by stub via effect and trace loss, respectively. Under a specified channel reach, the aggregate data bandwidths were estimated using a particle swarm optimization routine, and a tradeoff relation among the wiring capability and the maximum allowable data rate was observed. From these observations, the approach provides a guideline to select the number of signal layers for achieving the required data bandwidth.
Raman scattering by the hydrosulphide ion (SH−) in potassium halide crystal under high pressures

Abstract Raman spectra are reported for SH − ions isolated in potassium halide crystals at pressures up to 40 kbar. Effects of compression of the crystalline environment and of the foc-simple cubic phase transformation on the SH − stretching vibration are treated in terms of a simple ionic model which considers coulombic, Born-Mayer repulsive, and polarization contributions to the lattice perturbation. Significant local distortion of the host lattice by the impurity had to be assumed to obtain a satisfactory fit to the experimental results with this model.
Iodination of phenols using chloramine T and sodium iodide

Abstract A convenient procedure for the iodination of many substituted phenols uses chloramine T and sodium iodide in DMF, DMSO, or acetonitrile.
Composition and incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid into molecular species of phospholipid classes by cultured human endothelial cells.

Abstract Based on quantitative high-performance liquid Chromatographic analyses of molecular species in selected phospholipid subclasses from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the relative degree of unsaturation was ethanolamine plasmalogens > phosphatidylethanolamine > phosphatidylcholine. A total of 36 different molecular species were identified in the phosphatidylcholine fraction. Interestingly, the phosphatidylcholine contained a significant amount (11.7%) of the dipalmitoyl species, a lipid normally associated with lung surfactant. The arachidonoyl-containing molecular species of phosphatidylserine/ inositol were labeled to the highest extent and the ethanolamine plasmalogens contained the lowest specific radioactivity after incubating [3H]arachidonic acid with human endothelial cells for 4 h. Within each phospholipid subclass the arachidonoyl species where both acyl groups of the phospholipid are unsaturated (20:4–20:4, 18:2–20:4 + 16:1–20:4, and 18:1–20:4) had higher specific radioactivities, after labeling with [3H]arachidonic acid, than those that contained saturated aliphatic chains (16:0–20:4 and 18:0–20:4). This indicates that the unsaturated species have higher turnover rates.
Memory systems, computation, and the second law of thermodynamics

A memory is a physical system for transferring information from one moment in time to another, where that information concerns something external to the system itself. This paper argues on information-theoretic and statistical mechanical grounds that useful memories must be of one of two types, exemplified by memory in abstract computer programs and by memory in photographs. Photograph-type memories work by exploiting a collapse of state space flow to an attractor state. (This attractor state is the “initialized” state of the memory.) The central assumption of the theory of reversible computation tells us that inany such collapsing, regardless of whether the collapsing proceeds from the past to the future or vice versa, the collapsing must increase the entropy of the system. In concert with the second law, this establishes the logical necessity of the empirical observation that photograph-type memories are temporally asymmetric (they can tell us about the past but not about the future). Under the assumption that human memory is a photograph-type memory, this result also explains why we humans can remember only our past and not our future. In contrast to photograph-type memories, computer-type memories do not require any initialization, and therefore are not directly affected by the second law. As a result, computer memories can be of the future as easily as of the past, even if the program running on the computer is logically irreversible. This is entirely in accord with the well-known temporal reversibility of the process of computation. This paper ends by arguing that the asymmetry of the psychological arrow of time is a direct consequence of the asymmetry of human memory. With the rest of this paper, this explains, explicitly and rigorously, why the psychological and thermodynamic arrows of time are correlated with one another.
Rheology and particle interaction of thickened latex

Abstract The pseudoplastic rheological properties of concentrated monodisperse polystyrene latexes with known sodium lauryl sulfate and methylcellulose surface coverages have been studied. It was assumed that the flow units of a concentrated thickened latex subjected to mechanical shear are “flocs” which comprise many particles with immobilized medium in the interstices. During shearing, the particle-particle bonds within the flocs undergo compression and stretching, sometimes breaking and reforming, causing the energy dissipation measured as the yield stress. A model was developed to calculate the average number of bonds per floc and this model was applied to an empirical modification of Firth and Hunter's elastic floc model to correlate the yield stress with the particle-particle separation pressure (defined as a measure of the interaction strength). It was found that the yield stress of a thickened latex is affected by the particle-particle interaction and the morphology of the particle flocs. The particle-particle interaction is affected by the surface coverage of thickener and emulsifier, and their concentrations in the aqueous phase, as well as other factors. The morphology of the particle flocs is affected by the particle interaction and the mechanical treatment. The adsorption of emulsifier and thickener, the rheology of the thickened latexes, the morphology of the particle flocs, and the particle-particle interactions, as well as their interrelationships, are described.
Management of Posterior Lenticonus Complicated by Unilateral Cataract

We studied 21 patients with 23 eyes with posterior lenticonus. Twenty-one of the eyes developed progressive cataractous changes that required lens aspiration in 19 eyes when vision reduction was 6/30 (20/100) or less. The inherent weakness of the diaphanous portion of the posterior lens capsule contributed to disruption of the normal lamellar arrangement of the lens fibers resulting in cataractous changes. Amblyopia was the most significant visual problem associated with posterior lenticonus. Fifteen of the 19 operated eyes in this study were amblyopic and nine of the 15 were improved to 6/15 (20/50) or better vision with occlusion therapy, after surgical aspiration of the cataractous lens and contact lens therapy.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate Variability Is Not Affected by Home Combustion Sources in a Group of Nonsmoking Women

Exposure to indoor combustion has been associated with health effects, especially in women, in many parts of the world. The authors studied 648 nonsmoking women in nonsmoking households who measured their peak expiratory flow rate for 2 weeks, during the winter, when ambient air pollution is lower. The participants recorded any use of secondary home heating combustion sources (eg, kerosene heaters, fireplaces, wood-burning stoves). Peak expiratory flows were expressed as the variability percent mean for the 2-week measurement period. Adjusting for educational level, ethnicity, and history of allergies, the 2-week variability in peak expiratory flow was associated with a previous physician diagnosis of asthma (OR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.59-5.21) and black or Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.27-3.22), but was not associated with use of any supplementary home combustion sources among either asthmatic or nonasthmatic women.
The View from San Juan del Rio Mexican Indigenous Annals and the History of the Wider World

After the Spanish conquest, Mexican indigenous peoples were exposed to European culture to varying degrees. The people of the Tlaxcala valley, east of Mexico City, were more isolated from Spanish colonisers than many others. Thus in the 17th century, we find a florescence of traditional indi-genous historical annals in the native language of Nahuatl, by then written out in the Roman alphabet rather than in the older pictographic forms. In this region, a new city was founded, Puebla de los Angeles, with Spanish, indigenous and African settlers. Here lived an indigenous historian named don Miguel de los Santos, who produced a text embodying the perspective of indigenous residents, but comingled with the history of the Spaniards as well as that of Africans and other groups of Native Americans. Making fascinating use of his people’s traditional multi-vocal histories, don Miguel was able to maintain a certain flexibility in the face of Spanish conquest: he found that new content and even new styles could be in...
Thermodynamic investigation into the equilibrium phases in the NiCoCrAl system at elevated temperatures

Abstract NiCoCrAlY alloys, commonly used as the bond coat layer in thermal barrier coatings, have been widely studied through experimentation. It is generally agreed that the major phases in the NiCoCrAlY are γ-Ni(Co,Cr) matrix and β-NiAl, with occasional presence of γ′-Ni 3 Al, (Co, Cr)-rich σ, and/or α-Cr precipitates, depending on the chemical composition and the temperature. It is noted, however, that the chemical compositions of the NiCoCrAlY alloys vary from one study to another. The present work reviews the literature on the experimental descriptions of the phases present in NiCoCrAlY and the corresponding phase transformations. To complement this literature review and, more importantly, to allow for consideration of alloy compositions not yet studied experimentally, equilibrium phases within the NiCoCrAl quaternary system are investigated in terms of the change in phase fractions as a function of temperature, isotherms at elevated temperatures (700–1100 °C) with a wide and continuous variation in composition (Co, Cr or Al content), and the phase compositions, through computation by Thermo-calc ® . The results are in good general agreement with the experimental findings, thus validating the approach. The γ′ and the σ phases are emphasized in the analysis, because of their significant contributions to the thermo-mechanical properties of the NiCoCrAlY alloys. Results indicate that an increase in Co content leads to decreased stability of the γ′ phase in the temperature range of 700–1100 °C; while appropriate Co additions increase the stability of the σ phase, with the appearance of a four-phase (γ + γ′ + σ + β) co-existing region, at temperatures below 1000 °C.
Lateral microtubule bundles promote chromosome alignment during acentrosomal oocyte meiosis

Although centrosomes serve to organize microtubules in most cell types, oocyte spindles form and mediate meiotic chromosome segregation in their absence. Here, we used high-resolution imaging of both bipolar and experimentally generated monopolar spindles in Caenorhabditis elegans to reveal a surprising organization of microtubules and chromosomes within acentrosomal structures. We found that homologous chromosome pairs (bivalents) are surrounded by microtubule bundles running along their sides, whereas microtubule density is extremely low at chromosome ends despite a high concentration of kinetochore proteins at those regions. Furthermore, we found that the chromokinesin KLP-19 (kinesin-like protein 19) is targeted to a ring around the centre of each bivalent and provides a polar ejection force that is required for congression. Together, these observations create a new picture of chromosome-microtubule association in acentrosomal spindles and reveal a mechanism by which metaphase alignment can be achieved using this organization. Specifically, we propose that ensheathment by lateral microtubule bundles places spatial constraints on the chromosomes, thereby promoting biorientation, and that localized motors mediate movement along these bundles, thereby promoting alignment.
Electromagnetic interrogation and the Doppler shift using the method of mappings

We consider the electromagnetic detection of hidden moving or oscillating conductive targets. The resulting mathematical problem involves computation of a Doppler shift for an electromagnetic wave reflecting from a moving interface. This entails solving Maxwell's equations on a domain changing in time. We employ the method of mappings to transform the problem to one of computing solutions of a Maxwell system with time dependent coefficients on a fixed reference domain. Thus we obtain a problem that is eminently tractable with finite element or finite difference time domain methods. The accuracy of numerical solutions is illustrated with computations for a number of different velocities for the moving interface.
A high resolution UV spectrograph for sounding rocket measurement of planetary emission line profiles

We have constructed a high resolution imaging spectrograph for use as a payload in a sounding rocket experiment. The spectrograph employs a modified Ebert-Fastie design using a LiF predispersing prism and a replica of the E1 echelle grating developed for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The spectrograph is used as a focal plane instrument of the Jupiter Telescope, a Cassegrain telescope constructed exclusively for use as a sounding rocket payload. The telescope and spectrograph were launched from the White Sands Missile Range on May 4, 1991 to observe the H Ly-alpha line profile spatially resolved across the disk of Jupiter in the north-south and east-west directions, and to measure the H Ly-alpha emission line profile from interplanetary hydrogen associated with the local interstellar medium.
Fertility of Chickens Inseminated Intraperitoneally with Semen Preserved in Liquid Nitrogen

Abstract INTRODUCTION INTRAPERITONEAL insemination, the deposition of fresh semen in the peritoneal cavity in the area of the infundibulum, has resulted in fertilization in the chicken (Kosin, 1944; Van Drimmelen, 1945; Grigg and Skaller, 1958; Brown et al., 1963) and pigeon (Van Drimmelen, 1951). In earlier work at this laboratory, the intraperitoneal method of insemination was used for frozen chicken semen (Brown et al., 1963) and the best fertility obtained was 28%. Data are limited on the effects of equilibration and cooling rate before freezing on the survival of chicken spermatozoa. Polge et al. (1949) observed that slowly cooled fowl spermatozoa regained full motility upon thawing. No spermatozoa survived rapid freezing to −79°C. Clark and Shaffner (1960) reported that slow cooling with long equilibration was not necessary when glycerol was added to chicken spermatozoa suspended in phosphate buffer. Brown and Harris (1963) noted that chicken semen equilibrated in a glycerol diluent . . .
Determinants of retirement planning behaviour and differences by age

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the determinants of retirement planning behaviour and differences among three age groups: 21- to 39-year-olds, 40- to 59-year-olds and those aged 60 years and older. A national survey of 911 individuals from households with incomes of $75 000 or greater was conducted in the US. The significance of socio-demographic variables, the ability to recover from loss, behavioural tendencies and perceived or actual personal control were investigated; together with their role in the prediction of maximization of retirement contributions and ownership in the personal individual retirement account (IRA) or Keogh accounts. The results identified several significant variables in the prediction of ownership in a personal IRA or Keogh, including age, sources of financial information, being an early investor and investor activity. The results also identified several significant variables in the prediction of the maximization of retirement contributions, including employment, income, savings activity, ex ante research, review of investment performance, early investor, investor activity, such as planning for financial future, setting up automatic deposits and reviewing financial information in the mail.
Stigma related to labels and symptoms in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Abstract Background Despite advances that the psychosis "clinical high-risk" (CHR) identification offers, risk of stigma exists. Awareness of and agreement with stereotypes has not yet been evaluated in CHR individuals. Furthermore, the relative stigma associated with symptoms, as opposed to the label of risk, is not known, which is critical because CHR identification may reduce symptom-related stigma. Methods Thirty-eight CHR subjects were ascertained using standard measures from the Center of Prevention and Evaluation/New York State Psychiatric Institute/ Columbia University. Labeling-related measures adapted to the CHR group included "stereotype awareness and self-stigma" ("Stereotype awareness", "Stereotype Agreement", "Negative emotions [shame]"), and a parallel measure of "Negative emotions (shame)" for symptoms. These measures were examined in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression, adjusting for core CHR symptoms (e.g. attenuated psychotic symptoms). Results CHR participants endorsed awareness of mental illness stereotypes, but largely did not themselves agree with these stereotypes. Furthermore, CHR participants described more stigma associated with symptoms than they did with the risk-label itself. Shame related to symptoms was associated with depression, while shame related to the risk-label was associated with anxiety. Conclusion Both stigma of the risk-label and of symptoms contribute to the experience of CHR individuals. Stereotype awareness was relatively high and labeling-related shame was associated with increased anxiety. Yet limited agreement with stereotypes indicated that labeling-related stigma had not fully permeated self-conceptions. Furthermore, symptom-related stigma appeared more salient overall and was linked with increased depression, suggesting that alleviating symptom-related shame via treating symptoms might provide major benefit.
An on-chip 72×60 angle-sensitive single photon image sensor array for lens-less time-resolved 3-D fluorescence lifetime imaging

We present a 72×60, angle-sensitive single photon avalanche diode (A-SPAD) array, able to perform lens-less 3-D fluorescent lifetime imaging. A-SPAD pixels are comprised of (1) a SPAD to resolve precise timing information, reject high-powered UV stimulus, and map the lifetimes of different fluorescent sources and (2) integrated diffraction gratings over the SPAD to extract the incident angle of light, enabling 3-D localization at a micrometer scale. The chip integrates pixel-level counters and shared timing circuitry, and is implemented in unmodified 180nm CMOS.
Fluorinated analogs and tritiated enantiomers of inositol (1,3,4)-trisphosphate

Abstract The total syntheses of 2-fluoro- and 2,2-difluoro-2-deoxy analogs of DL- myo -Ins (1,3,4)P3 are described. Resolution of a key intermediate followed by borotritide reduction and phosphorylation provided both D- and L-[1- 3 H]-Ins(1,3,4)P 3 enantiomers with specific activities 15 Ci/mmol.
Markov chains with quasitoeplitz transition matrix: applications

Application problems are investigated for the Markov chains with quasitoeplitz transition matrix. Generating functions of transient and steady state probabilities, first zero hitting probabilities and mean times are found for various particular cases, corresponding to some known patterns of feedback ( &#147;warm-up,&#148; &#147;switch at threshold&#148; etc.), Level depending dams and queue-depending queueing systems of both M/G/1 and MI/G/1 types with arbitrary random sizes of arriving and departing groups are studied.
Activism Inc.: How the Outsourcing of Grassroots Campaigns Is Strangling Progressive Politics in America and The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights Movement to the Streets of Seattle

Activism Inc.: How the Outsourcing of Grassroots Campaigns Is Strangling Progressive Politics in America. By Dana R. Fisher. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 168p. $24.95 cloth. The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights Movement to the Streets of Seattle. By T. V. Reed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. 362p. $74.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. These two new books bring welcome perspectives to the study of social movements in America. Reed considers the art of collective action: in terms of both the creative repertoire of activists responding to evolving social and political contexts and the cultural arts that are invoked by and associated with social movements. Fisher's book, meanwhile, sheds light on a second dimension of collective action: the nationwide grassroots canvassing organizations that collect donations and [ostensibly] inform concerned citizens about progressive issues. At first glance, the two books seem to be speaking to aspects of mobilization that are worlds apart. However, their differences help to bring a fuller understanding of the operational field in which social movements are sustained or wither.
The Airport City Phenomenon: Evidence from Large US Airports:

As air transport for leisure trips, business travel and goods shipment increased rapidly over the past several decades, the emergence of airport cities has been hypothesised. Busy commercial airports may be emerging as central transport nodes in large metropolitan areas, much as ports and rail terminals were in the past, anchoring employment servicing passengers, facilitating frequent travellers and providing a spatial focus for unrelated firms. An analysis of small-area employment data for the areas surrounding 25 major US airports and the related central cities reveals the concentration of employment within 2.5 miles of these airports to be substantial—approximately half that within 2.5 miles of the central point of the corresponding CBDs—and growing. The analysis refocuses a question about the nature of spatial differentiation within metropolitan regions supporting multiple employment nodes.
Quantum chaos in the mixmaster universe.

A Monte Carlo simulation of the vacuum Bianchi type-IX (mixmaster) cosmology yields a significant correlation between large universe volume and high anisotropy. An analog of the model's chaotic classical behavior is seen in the break up of the universe wave function at large volume into fingers in the corners of the minisuperspace anisotropy potential.
Generalized polynomial programming

Conventional design procedures use physical reasoning to construct equations describing the system. To find the optimal design for some specified performance criterion, it is desirable to change these equations into inequalities so that generalized polynominal programming, a highly nonlinear optimization technique, can be used. For illustration, a chemical reactor system optimal design problem with 11 variables and 8 constraints is formulated as an equality constrained optimization problem, then transformed into an inequality constrained generalized polynominal program and finally solved on the computer. On utilise un raisonnement physique, dang les procedes ordinaires de conception d'un systeme pour etablir des equations qui le decrivent. Pour trouver la meilleure conception en rapport avec certains criteres specifiques de rendement, il est desirable de changer les dites equations en inegalites, de maniere a pouvoir utiliser une programmation generalisee et a nombres multiples, laquelle est une technique d'optimisation non-lineaire. Pour fin d'illustration, on a formule un probleme de conception optimale pour un systeme de reacteur chimique comportant 11 variables et 8 constantes; il s'agissait d'abord d'un probleme d'optimisation a limites egales, puis d'un programme generalise a nombres multiples et a limites inegales, dont on a trouve la solution au moyen d'un ordinateur.
The conservative treatment of simultaneous fractures through the necks of both mandibular condyles associated with multiple fractures of other parts of the mandible

Abstract An analysis is presented of the results of conservative treatment in a group of ten patients having fractures through the necks of both condylar processes of the mandible associated with fractures of other parts of the bone. The end results in this group of cases were good in 50 per cent, fair in 30 per cent, and failures in 20 per cent. This would indicate that conservative treatment is the method of choice in this type of fracture. There is discussed one additional case of fractures through the necks of both mandibular condyles associated with a fracture of a coronoid process and a fracture of the body of the mandible in which initial treatment was delayed, and in which good functional results were obtained by using a conservative procedure not previously described for this type of injury. The method was based on the application of force exerted vertically downward through the line of the mandibular ramus to overcome the spasm of the muscle elevators of the jaw which prevented reduction of the displaced fragment of the fractured coronoid process. The results obtained in the outlined case would suggest that the procedure of choice in the treatment of fractures of the coronoid process of the mandible with the fragments displaced would be conservative and would be the application of the method described for overcoming spasm of the elevator muscles of the mandible. The suggestion is made that in the treatment of the more complicated fractures of the mandible there should be close cooperation between dental oral surgeons and orthopedic surgeons.
Notes on the Spotted Dolphin, Stenella plagiodon, and the First Record of the Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis, in the Gulf of Mexico

Through the courtesy of Mr. Stewart Springer, I had the opportunity to make Cruise No. 23 of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service M/V Oregon to the Western Gulf of Mexico during May and part of June, 1954, and to record the observations on the spotted dolphin, Stenella plagiodon , noted below. Sight records are summarized in Table 1 and Figure 1. The numbers in parentheses refer to Figure 1. View this table: Table 1 Observations of spotted dolphins made aboard the M/V Oregon from May 7 to June 5, 1954 Fig. 1 —Approximate positions of the M/V Oregon in the Western Gulf of Mexico in May and June of 1954. All of the observations of the spotted dolphin recorded in Table 1 were made in the immediate vicinity of the vessel, primarily around and in front of the bow, though on two occasions, positions (6) and (8), the individuals were seen to follow a large otter trawl to the surface as it was being hauled in. Both of these times the dolphins milled around the filled cod end of the net until it was actually brought on board. Only once, the afternoon record at position (2), did the animals stay with the vessel more than a few minutes, ten or less. They usually ran with the ship just at the bow, occasionally darting away and returning before disappearing very rapidly, as they had appeared. The ones at the bow usually held their speed with that of the vessel, which ranged from a near standstill to approximately ten knots. Their frequency of blowing also seemed to be correlated with the speed of the ship. When moving rapidly they blew every 5–10 seconds, and when nearly motionless (when the vessel was almost stopped) …
Evaluating Soybean Oil Meal Protein for Chick Growth by Enzymatic Release of Amino Acids

Abstract STUDIES on the effect of heat on the nutritive value of proteins have been reported by many workers, Morgan and King (1926), Evans and McGinnis (1946), Block, Cannon, Wissler, Steffee, Straube, Frazier and Woolridge (1946), Hankes, Riesen, Henderson and Elvehjem (1948) and others. It was shown by Clandinin, Cravens, Elvehjem and Halpin (1947) that practical chick rations containing only overheated soybean oil meal as a supplementary source of protein were deficient in methionine and lysine. These deficiencies were corrected by the addition of the crystalline amino acids. The work of Riesen, Clandinin, Elvehjem and Cravens (1947) showed that there was a marked decrease in the enzymatic release of the essential amino acids of soybean oil meal which had been overheated when compared with correctly heated meal. They took three samples of soybean oil meal, one raw, one autoclaved at 15 pounds pressure for 15 minutes, and one autoclaved at 15 . . .
Control techniques for dual current source GTO inverters

This paper presents the control techniques for a dual current source GTO inverter (DCSI) in a high power environment. The output current space vector diagram for the DCSI is presented. The important issue of DC current sharing between the two bridges is discussed, and a novel current sharing control scheme based on the use of redundant switch combinations is presented. Harmonic issues are discussed. The ranges of independent control of real and reactive power for different DC power sources are presented. >
Hardware implementation of a neural network pattern shaper algorithm

Electrical stimulation can be used to activate paralyzed muscles for the purpose of restoring motor functions such as stepping in individuals with spinal cord injury. Due to the variability observed in the responses of electrically stimulated muscles, several adaptive control techniques have been developed. The pattern shaper (PS) is an adaptive neural network that has been tested in a software implementation and has been shown to be capable of automatically generating cyclic patterns that are customized for an individual. The results of these tests are encouraging, but implementation of the real-time algorithm currently requires a dedicated PC. The purpose of this research is to develop a hardware implementation of a digital PS neural network to generate the electrical signals to stimulate muscles in individuals with spinal cord injury. We have implemented the pattern shaper algorithm in hardware by mapping the digital logic circuit to a field programmable gate array (FPGA), developed a user interface to input data to the FPGA from a computer, and constructed a wire-wrapped board to implement the PS in hardware for use in clinical tests. This hardware implementation is a step towards the development of low-power, portable, adaptive controller that can be used in electrical stimulation systems.
An algebraic algorithm for weighted linear matroid intersection

We present a new algebraic algorithm for the classical problem of weighted matroid intersection. This problem generalizes numerous well-known problems, such as bipartite matching, network flow, etc. Our algorithm has running time O(nrω-1W1+e) for linear matroids with n elements and rank r, where ω is the matrix multiplication exponent, and W denotes the maximum weight of any element. This algorithm is the fastest known when W is small. Our approach builds on the recent work of Sankowski (2006) for Weighted Bipartite Matching and Harvey (2006) for Unweighted Linear Matroid Intersection.
Immunization of Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Candidates and Recipients

Organ transplantation has evolved from an experimental procedure to an accepted treatment for otherwise irreversible or congenital disorders. The immunosuppression necessary to prevent rejection enhances the severity of many infectious diseases and may potentially attenuate the response to vaccines designed to prevent disease. In spite of the frequency and severity of infectious diseases in organ transplant recipients, many children are not fully vaccinated before transplantation. The safety and efficacy of many of the currently available vaccines for solid organ transplant recipients have not been evaluated. We review the currently available data on immunization safety and efficacy, discuss experimental vaccines, and outline strategies to avoid vaccine-preventable diseases in pediatric organ transplant recipients.
LUMENating Blood Vessels

The acquisition of a lumen is an essential step in vascular morphogenesis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Xu et al. (2011) show that the small GTPase Rasip is a critical regulator of cytoskeleton dynamics and cell adhesion, which together drive the emergence of vascular lumens.
Relationship of Femoral Intramedullary Pins to the Sciatic Nerve and Gluteal Muscles after Retrograde and Normograde Insertion

An anatomic analysis of retrograde and normograde intramedullary (IM) pinning of proximal, midshaft, and distal femoral fractures was performed in 28 canine cadavers. For all fracture locations, normograde pins were significantly more cranial in the middle gluteal muscle than retrograde pins (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between pinning techniques in craniocaudal position of the IM pin in the superficial gluteal muscle. In distal fractures, normograde pins were placed significantly more lateral than retrograde pins in the superficial gluteal muscle (p less than 0.01). One of 15 normograde pins and 9 of 13 retrograde pins were located in the medial half of the trochanteric fossa. Normograde pins were significantly more lateral in the trochanteric fossa than were retrograde pins in midshaft fractures (p less than 0.01). Normograde pins were significantly (p less than 0.01) farther from the sciatic nerve than retrograde pins when the hip was positioned at coxofemoral flexion angles of 85 degrees in midshaft and 110 degrees in distal fractures. Seven of 13 retrograde pins, but none of 15 normograde pins, contacted the sciatic nerve. Normograde pinning of the femur may be less likely to induce sciatic nerve injury, particularly in midshaft and distal fractures.
weaving transnational feminist(s) methodologies (re)examining early childhood linguistic diversity teacher training and research

The purpose of this article is to engender a space where a variety of critical feminist(s) lenses are interwoven to problematize current discursive practices in linguistic diversity training and to (re)imagine nueavas posibilidades for linguistic diversity research/training for pre-kindergarten teachers. Transnational feminists’ projects have the potential to illuminate and connect larger global issues with, and that pertain to, local and specific radical projects by incorporating critical reflexive methodological tools. In this article we propose to a) discuss language as a monocultural construction that limits conceptions of language and learning for younger human beings; b) examine the discursive practices of teachers of students who are English as second/third language learners; c) discuss the discourse of sharing codes of power; and finally d) scrutinize interventionist assumptions of educational research.
Second Order Distributed Consensus Time Synchronization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a novel discrete time second- order distributed consensus time synchronization (SO-DCTS) algorithm for wireless sensor networks. The consensus properties and convergence rates of the SO-DCTS algorithm are analyzed for both directed and undirected networks. Additionally, the convergence region and optimal convergence rate of the SO- DCTS algorithm are determined for undirected networks and this convergence rate is shown to be superior to that of the first-order DCTS (FO-DCTS) algorithm under careful algorithm design. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify these analytical results.
Intestinal strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome

In spite of recent advances with experiments on animal models, strongyloidiasis, an infection caused by the nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis, has still been an elusive disease. Though endemic in some developing countries, strongyloidiasis still poses a threat to the developed world. Due to the peculiar but characteristic features of autoinfection, hyperinfection syndrome involving only pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems, and disseminated infection with involvement of other organs, strongyloidiasis needs special attention by the physician, especially one serving patients in areas endemic for strongyloidiasis. Strongyloidiasis can occur without any symptoms, or as a potentially fatal hyperinfection or disseminated infection. Th2 cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity and mucosal immunity have been shown to have protective effects against this parasitic infection especially in animal models. Any factors that suppress these mechanisms (such as intercurrent immune suppression or glucocorticoid therapy) could potentially trigger hyperinfection or disseminated infection which could be fatal. Even with the recent advances in laboratory tests, strongyloidiasis is still difficult to diagnose. But once diagnosed, the disease can be treated effectively with antihelminthic drugs like Ivermectin. This review article summarizes a case of strongyloidiasis and various aspects of strongyloidiasis, with emphasis on epidemiology, life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis, clinical manifestations of the disease, corticosteroids and strongyloidiasis, diagnostic aspects of the disease, various host defense pathways against strongyloidiasis, and available treatment options.
Scalable power-efficient broadcast over densely deployed wireless ad hoc networks

Wireless ad hoc or sensor networks usually operate over strictly or partially battery energy limited environments. To prolong the network operating time, energy-efficiency should be carefully considered at every layer of the network protocols and algorithms. Moreover, cross-layer effects and interactions have to be carefully analyzed and utilized. We consider the problem of constructing scalable power-efficient broadcast routing trees over densely deployed wireless ad hoc or sensor networks. The keys to resolving scalability issues are: (1) using a distributed implementation; (2) using a hierarchical approach; (3) using a (partially) shared routing tree structure. We achieve these by using, as a basic building block, the idea of a center-oriented broadcast (COBRA) scheme we presented earlier (Kang, I. and Poovendran, R., IEEE Wireless Commun. and Networking Conf., 2004).
A ranking-based approach for hierarchical classification

With the growth of information organized in hierarchical databases, it is essential to develop automated approaches for classifying data instances (e.g., documents, proteins and images) into hierarchies. Several classification approaches have been developed that exploit the hierarchical structure prevalent within these underlying databases. One commonly used approach is to train local one-versus-rest classifiers for each of the nodes within the hierarchy and then make a prediction using a combination of these several trained classifiers. In this paper, we develop a hierarchical classification approach that utilizes a rank-based loss function to differentiate between the examples from different nodes across the hierarchies. The intuition behind our approach is that it allows for the training examples to have an ordering based on their class membership within the hierarchy. We also add regularization constraints that force the learned weight vectors associated with the parent and children nodes within the hierarchy to be similar to each other. To further improve the model performance, we extend our formulation to include a hierarchy based cost-sensitive loss during training. To ensure the scalability of our approach to datasets with large number of classes, instances and feature space, we implemented a distributed map-reduce based algorithm for training the different per-node classifiers. Our empirical results on a diverse set of image and text hierarchical databases shows an improved performance with the use of rank-based models in comparison to other baseline approaches.
Concretizations of the Aeolian Metaphor

When we speak about fire and earth, the Promethian myth may provide explanations of how the Greek tradition tried to understand the elements of the universe, particularly fire. According to that tradition — and let us understand “tradition” not just in the sense of a “cultural habit” which we mindlessly follow, but rather, more literally, as something that has been handed down through generations as something valuable with which we identify and by which we are defined as individuals belonging to a certain cultural setting — according to the Greek tradition then, Prometheus, the Titan-son, rebelliously gave fire to the humans very much against the will of Zeus (who, of course, made Prometheus duly suffer for his transgression). We also remember Prometheus had, according to the Greeks, created human beings from clay, very much as Goethe made Prometheus say in the poem of that title forme Menschen nach meinem Bilde (molding human beings after my own image) [J. W. Goethe: “Prometheus,” last stanza].
Average-atom treatment of relaxation time in x-ray Thomson scattering from warm dense matter

The influence of finite relaxation times on Thomson scattering from warm dense plasmas is examined within the framework of the average-atom approximation. Presently most calculations use the collision-free Lindhard dielectric function to evaluate the free-electron contribution to the Thomson cross section. In this work, we use the Mermin dielectric function, which includes relaxation time explicitly. The relaxation time is evaluated by treating the average atom as an impurity in a uniform electron gas and depends critically on the transport cross section. The calculated relaxation rates agree well with values inferred from the Ziman formula for the static conductivity and also with rates inferred from a fit to the frequency-dependent conductivity. Transport cross sections determined by the phase-shift analysis in the average-atom potential are compared with those evaluated in the commonly used Born approximation. The Born approximation converges to the exact cross sections at high energies; however, differences that occur at low energies lead to corresponding differences in relaxation rates. The relative importance of including relaxation time when modeling x-ray Thomson scattering spectra is examined by comparing calculations of the free-electron dynamic structure function for Thomson scattering using Lindhard and Mermin dielectric functions. Applications are given to warm dense Be plasmas, with temperatures ranging from 2 to 32 eV and densities ranging from 2 to 64 g/cc.
The St. Petersburg paradox and capital asset pricing

Durand (J Finance 12:348–363, 1957) shows that the classical St. Petersburg paradox can apply to the valuation of a firm whose dividends grow at a constant rate forever. To capture a more realistic pattern of dividends, we model the dividend growth rate as a mean reverting process, and then use the capital asset pricing model to derive the risk-adjusted present value. The model generates an equivalent St. Petersburg game. The long-run growth rate of the payoffs (dividends) is dominant in driving the value of the game (firm), and the condition under which the value is finite is less restrictive than that of the standard game.