cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence, Acoustic Backscatter, and Pelagic Nekton in Monterey Bay

Abstract During August 2006 aggregations of nekton, most likely small fish, intersected microstructure survey lines in Monterey Bay, California, providing an opportunity to examine biologically generated mixing. Some aggregations filled the water column, 80 m deep, and extended 100–200 m along the survey track. Others were half that size, and some were much smaller. Acoustic energy backscattered from the aggregations was measured with a calibrated echosounder and yielded volume backscattering strength Sv values of −80 to −60 dB re 1 m−1. Turbulent dissipation rates ϵ were 10−6–10−5 W kg−1 in the more intense aggregations. Within these, ϵ was much more uniform than turbulence measured outside the aggregations and varied with Sυ. Three similar aggregations contributed half of the average ϵ in 142 profiles taken along a 5-km-long survey line during a 12.5-h tidal cycle. Turbulence within aggregations differed markedly from that outside in the following three ways: (i) Thorpe scales, that is, root-mean-square...
Genetic Evaluation of Holsteins in Columbia

Abstract Original data consisted of 31,777 records of progeny of 1442 sires for calvings between 1975 and 1983. Un-adjusted means for milk yield (kg), days in milk, days dry, calving interval, days carried calf, and age at calving were 4281, 267, 88, 421, 145, and 36.6. Estimated total variance for first lactation milk yield by Henderson's method 3 was 1,385,436 kg2 with sire and error variances accounting for 1.8 and 98.2%. Heritabilities for milk yield, lactation length, age at calving, and days carried calf were .07, .06, 2.59, and .01. High estimate for age was attributed to confounding of sires with season of calving. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits were milk and lactation length, .76 and .72; milk and age at calving, .17 and −.04; milk and days carried calf, −2.11 and .13; lactation length and age at calving, −.13 and −.06; lactation length and days carried calf, .87 and 16.; age at calving and days carried calf, −.60 and −.03. Sires with at least 10 daughters were evaluated by best linear unbiased prediction procedures. First lactation sire values for milk ranged from 359 to −340 kg with an average difference between sires of 12 kg. Sire values using all lactations ranged from 505 to −286 kg with an average difference between sires of 13 kg. Rank correlation between all and first lactation evaluations was .77.
Latina Mothers' School Preparation Activities and Their Relation to Children's Literacy Skills

Few studies have examined the link between children's early school achievement and parents' at-home practices exclusively among Latino groups. This study examined the relation between Latina mothers' reported at-home practices regarding school preparation and their children's literacy skills. Participants included 56 kindergarten children and their mothers from the School Transition Study. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that mothers' practices in the social rather than academic domain were positively associated with children's literacy skills in the spring of kindergarten and that children's classroom engagement partially mediated these relations. Implications for building supportive partnerships among Latino families, teachers, and schools are discussed.
Semantic queries in databases: problems and challenges

Supporting semantic queries in relational databases is essential to many advanced applications. Recently, with the increasing use of ontology in various applications, the need for querying relational data together with its related ontology has become more urgent. In this paper, we identify and discuss the problem of querying relational data with its ontologies. Two fundamental challenges make the problem interesting. First, it is extremely difficult to express queries against graph structured ontology in the relational query language SQL, and second, in many cases where data and its related ontology are complicated, queries are usually not precise, that is, users often have only a vague notion, rather than a clear understanding and definition, of what they query for. We outline a query-by-example approach that enables us to support semantic queries in relational databases with ease. Instead of endeavoring to incorporate ontology into relational form and create new language constructs to express such queries, we ask the user to provide a small number of examples that satisfy the query she has in mind. Using these examples as seeds, the system infers the exact query automatically, and the user is therefore shielded from the complexity of interfacing with the ontology.
Gaming or sharing at LAN-parties - what is going on?

Over the last few years there have been a lot of discussions about sharing of digital content over the Internet as well as University networks. In parallel, temporary local networks have been established on a regular basis to facilitate multi-player gaming. The similarities between these networks and University networks, both in technical terms and user profiles, provides the motivation to further explore this new phenomena of LAN-parties, currently unknown to most researchers and practitioners, to better understand if they have any impact on content distribution. Using empirical data coming from a survey conducted at various LAN-parties, we find that: gaming is not a dominant motivation to attend LAN-parties; the average amount of files provided and downloaded at these events is much higher than on P2P networks; free-riding is present for all kinds of content; and LAN-parties tend to favor sharing of larger files such as movies compared to P2P networks.
Elastic Modeling on the IBM 3090 Vector Multiprocessor

Computerized seismic prospecting is an echo-ranging technique usually targeted at mapping accurately oil and gas reservoirs. In seismic surveys an impulsive source, often an explosive charge, located at the earth’s surface, generates elastic waves which propagate in the subsurface and are scattered by the earth’s geological discontinuities back to the surface where an array of receivers register the reflected signals. The subsurface imaging of the geological structures is obtained by means of complex mathematical inversion and modeling techniques amongst which the process of forward elastic modeling of the wave field plays a major role. The aim of this paper is to present formulations of pseudo-spectral as well as finite differences elastic models. Vector multiprocessor implementations of both formulations exploiting the IBM 3090 architecture together with its associated software are then described. Performance results are also reported. The results summarized in this paper show the suitability of this class of geophysical computations to efficient implementation on vector multiprocessors: combined vector/parallel speedups around 20–30 are in fact observed.
Cardiac responses TO premature monophasic and biphasic field stimuli: Results from cell and tissue modeling studies

Abstract Experimental and clinical observations confirm that certain biphasic (BP) defibrillation shocks are significantly more efficacious than equivalent monophasic (MP) shocks, yet the mechanisms underlying these improvements are still not well understood. The authors used two separate, but related, computer models to investigate in detail the excitation responses of active cardiac cells and tissue to idealized premature extracellular MP and BP field stimuli. The results revealed a large disparity in MP and BP excitation responses to low-strength, but not high-strength, fields. In particular, at these low-strength levels, the polarity reversal within BP shocks effectively extends excitability to earlier cellular refractory states than can be achieved with simple MP shocks. Moreover, whereas low-strength MP shocks induce a distinct all-or-none excitatory response to varying shock prematurities, the excitatory response to equivalent BP shocks remains highly graded. In tissue simulations where such field stimuli intersected propagating wave fronts, the all-or-none excitatory response elicited by low-strength MP shocks created a postshock discontinuity in the spatial transmembrane voltage profile, which initiated a new propagation wave front. In contrast, the graded excitatory response elicited by BP waveforms effectively prevented the formation of postshock wave fronts. High-strength MP and BP stimuli prevented renewed propagation equally well. In conclusion, these results suggest a new mechanism for BP defibrillation superiority over MP waveforms: that the graded excitatory response to BP stimuli at low-field strengths effectively prevents the formation of large spatial transmembrane voltage gradients, which can lead to renewal of propagated wave fronts
Exploit common source-line to construct energy efficient domain wall memory based caches

Domain wall memory (DWM) is an emerging memory technology that utilizes magnetic domains along a nanowire to achieve high density, short latency and low power. Recent studies showed that it is promising to replace SRAM and STT-MRAM to construct DWM based on-chip caches. However, accessing DWM requires frequent shift operations, which leads to large energy consumption for DWM caches. In this paper, we propose DWM-SSL, an architectural innovation to achieve energy efficiency for multiple-head based DWM caches. DWM-SSL adopts common source line design to re-organize DWM cell arrays such that accessing an N-bit cache line from M-head DWM based cache activates N/M tracks instead of N tracks in the baseline. Our experimental results show that, on average, DWM-SSL reduces around 5.1x track shifts and up to 63% cache energy consumption for a 4-head DWM cache design.
Chemotherapy-Associated Hepatotoxicities

Chemotherapy can cause liver injury, which should be considered when planning for safe surgical hepatic resections. This article reviews the pertinent clinical findings and applications for surgeons to take into account in evaluating patients for hepatic resection with liver injury secondary to chemotherapy. A selection of the pertinent literature discussing types of chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicities, mechanisms of injury, methods for identification of liver injury, and impact on surgical outcomes is discussed.
Equilibrium Informativeness in Veto-Based Delegation

Models of veto-based delegation have seen limited use in applications despite their potential relevance, perhaps because the equilibrium set is not wellunderstood. We demonstrate that every equilibrium can be constructed by a simple algorithm, and use this algorithm to identify the most informative equilibrium in a setting that includes that of Krishna and Morgan (2001). We show the Krishna and Morgan equilibrium is most informative in their parameter space and strengthen Dessein’s (2002) result comparing full and veto-based delegation. In an application, we study the identified equilibrium in the context of the relationship between an uninformed patient and a doctor with a financial incentive to overtreat. The doctor’s bias harms the patient both through excessive treatment and uninformative communication, and we show the latter may be the stronger effect. Insurance reduces the gap in doctor and patient financial incentives and thereby improves communication to the benefit of both sides.
Novel polycyclic heterocycles. XI. Synthesis of 11,12‐dihydropyrido[2,1‐b] [1,3]benzodiazepines, 6H‐pyrido[1,2‐c] [1,3,5]benzoxadiazepines, and 6H‐Pyrido[1,2‐c] [1,3,5]benzothiadiazepines

An unusually facile dehydrobromination, involving the ortho-bromine atom and the = NH proton of a 2-imino-1-(phenethyl)-, 2-imino-1-(phenoxymethyl)-, or 2-imino-1-(phenylthiomethyl)-pyridine (2a-e) has led to the synthesis of three novel bridgehead nitrogen tricyclic systems: 11,12-dihydropyrido[2,1-b] [1,3]benzodiazepines (3a,b), 6H-pyrido[1,2-c] [1,3,5]benzoxadiazepines (3c,d) and 6H-pyrido[1,2-c][1,3,5]benzothiadiazepines (3e). As anticipated, these cyclizations required a base, e.g., potassium carbonate, and a catalyst, e.g., copper bronze. What was unusual, was that these reactions occurred in methanol or n-propanol, under reflux, either under anhydrous conditions, or in the presence of large amounts of water. The pmr spectra of these compounds are discussed.
Polymorph Discrimination Using Low Wavenumber Raman Spectroscopy

Characterization of crystalline polymorphs and their quantitation has become an integral part of the preclinical drug development process. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the rapid identification of phases of pharmaceuticals. In the present work we demonstrate the use of low wavenumber Raman vibrational spectroscopy (including phonon measurement) for discrimination among polymorphs. A total of 10 polymorphic pharmaceuticals were employed to conduct a critical assessment. Raman scattering in the low-frequency region (10–400 cm–1), which includes crystal lattice vibrations, has been analyzed, and the results indicate lattice phonon Raman scattering can be used for rapid discrimination of polymorphic phases with additional discriminating power compared to conventional collection strategies. Moreover structural insight and conformational changes can be detected with this approach.
Application of B-ultrasound in monitoring the treatment of uterus septa with hysteroscope electrocision

Objective:To explore the clinical value of B-ultrasound in monitoring the operation of transcervical resection of septum(TCRS).Methods:From 1991 to 2007,136 patients with uterus septum were treated via TCRS,which were all under the B-ultrasonic surveillance.The patients were followed up one to sixty months postoperatively.Results:All the operations were performed successfully,without the occurrence of perforation.In this series,109 patients had the desire for baby,of which 83 experienced pregnancy and 52 patients had finally given birth to children.Conclusion:B-ultrasound can monitor the whole operative process and,thus,improve the safety and the successful rate of the operation.
Risk factors for atypical femur fractures in cancer patients.

e12533 Background: Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are rare adverse events associated with long term bisphosphonate (BP) use, almost exclusively seen in patients with osteoporosis. Although cancer patients receive higher dose of BPs than individuals without cancer, only 9 cases of AFF have been described. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for AFF in cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at UT MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cases with radiographic findings consistent with AFF, and controls with normal femur radiographs on BPs. (January 1, 1990- April 1, 2013) were selected. Fisher exact and test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used for categorical and continuous variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the multivariate relationship between patient demographics and clinical characteristics and outcomes. Results: Five cases were excluded from the analysis (2 cases didn’t have information on BP’s; 3 cases were not AFF). Twenty four cases of AFF we...
Interplay of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 with NF-kappaB Signaling of the Host.

Herpesviruses establish a chronic infection in the host characterized by intervals of lytic replication, quiescent latency, and reactivation from latency. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) naturally infects small rodents and has genetic and biologic parallels with the human gammaherpesviruses (gHVs), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. The murine gammaherpesvirus model pathogen system provides a platform to apply cutting-edge approaches to dissect the interplay of gammaherpesvirus and host determinants that enable colonization of the host, and that shape the latent or lytic fate of an infected cell. This knowledge is critical for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against the oncogenic gHVs. The NF-κB signaling pathway is well-known for its role in the promotion of inflammation and many aspects of B cell biology. Here, we review key aspects of the virus lifecycle in the host, with an emphasis on the route that the virus takes to gain access to the B cell latency reservoir. We highlight how the murine gammaherpesvirus requires components of the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote replication, latency establishment, and maintenance of latency. These studies emphasize the complexity of gammaherpesvirus interactions with NF-κB signaling components that direct innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Importantly, multiple facets of NF-κB signaling have been identified that might be targeted to reduce the burden of gammaherpesvirus-associated diseases.
A meta-analysis of parental style and consumer socialization of children

Abstract This meta-analysis attempts to offer an overall cumulative effect estimate of the parental style–consumer socialization relationship(s) across 73 studies examining child outcomes, including 173 unique consumer socialization dependent variables—ranging from understanding advertising practices to weight status to theft—among approximately 200,000 child respondents. This meta-analysis offers two contributions to the consumer socialization literature. It systematically confirms the influence that parental Restrictiveness (relative to Permissiveness) has on raising children adept at positively interacting—and avoiding negative interactions—with the marketplace and related environments. Also, this meta-analysis supports prior literature's depiction of the Authoritative parenting style as especially important to these positive interactions with the marketplace, in particular among older children and psychosocial-type outcomes. Finally, this research is the first to provide a comprehensive confirmation of differences in child thinking, believing, doing, choosing not to do, feeling, etc. as attributable to different parental styles.
Diverse neurotoxicants target the differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells into neuronal and glial phenotypes

The large number of compounds that needs to be tested for developmental neurotoxicity drives the need to establish in vitro models to evaluate specific neurotoxic endpoints. We used neural stem cells derived from rat neuroepithelium on embryonic day 14 to evaluate the impact of diverse toxicants on their ability to differentiate into glia and neurons: a glucocorticoid (dexamethasone), organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion), insecticides targeting the GABAA receptor (dieldrin, fipronil), heavy metals (Ni2+, Ag+), nicotine and tobacco smoke extract. We found three broad groupings of effects. One diverse set of compounds, dexamethasone, the organophosphate pesticides, Ni2+ and nicotine, suppressed expression of the glial phenotype while having little or no effect on the neuronal phenotype. The second pattern was restricted to the pesticides acting on GABAA receptors. These compounds promoted the glial phenotype and suppressed the neuronal phenotype. Notably, the actions of compounds eliciting either of these differentiation patterns were clearly unrelated to deficits in cell numbers: dexamethasone, dieldrin and fipronil all reduced cell numbers, whereas organophosphates and Ni2+ had no effect. The third pattern, shared by Ag+ and tobacco smoke extract, clearly delineated cytotoxicity, characterized by major cell loss with suppression of differentiation into both glial and neuronal phenotypes; but here again, there was some selectivity in that glia were suppressed more than neurons. Our results, from this survey with diverse compounds, point to convergence of neurotoxicant effects on a specific "decision node" that controls the emergence of neurons and glia from neural stem cells.
ARS-Media for Excel: A Spreadsheet Tool for Calculating Media Recipes Based on Ion-Specific Constraints.

ARS-Media for Excel is an ion solution calculator that uses “Microsoft Excel” to generate recipes of salts for complex ion mixtures specified by the user. Generating salt combinations (recipes) that result in pre-specified target ion values is a linear programming problem. Excel’s Solver add-on solves the linear programming equation to generate a recipe. Calculating a mixture of salts to generate exact solutions of complex ionic mixtures is required for at least 2 types of problems– 1) formulating relevant ecological/biological ionic solutions such as those from a specific lake, soil, cell, tissue, or organ and, 2) designing ion confounding-free experiments to determine ion-specific effects where ions are treated as statistical factors. Using ARS-Media for Excel to solve these two problems is illustrated by 1) exactly reconstructing a soil solution representative of a loamy agricultural soil and, 2) constructing an ion-based experiment to determine the effects of substituting Na+ for K+ on the growth of a Valencia sweet orange nonembryogenic cell line.
Integrating gastrocnemius force–length properties, in vivo activation and operating lengths reveals how Anolis deal with ecological challenges

ABSTRACT A central question in biology is how animals successfully behave under complex natural conditions. Although changes in locomotor behaviour, motor control and force production in relation to incline are commonly examined, a wide range of other factors, including a range of perch diameters, pervades arboreal habitats. Moving on different substrate diameters requires considerable alteration of body and limb posture, probably causing significant shifts in the lengths of the muscle–tendon units powering locomotion. Thus, how substrate shape impacts in vivo muscle function remains an important but neglected question in ecophysiology. Here, we used high-speed videography, electromyography, in situ contractile experiments and morphology to examine gastrocnemius muscle function during arboreal locomotion in the Cuban knight anole, Anolis equestris. The gastrocnemius contributes more to the propulsive effort on broad surfaces than on narrow surfaces. Surprisingly, substrate inclination affected the relationship between the maximum potential force and fibre recruitment; the trade-off that was present between these variables on horizontal surfaces became a positive relationship on inclined surfaces. Finally, the biarticular nature of the gastrocnemius allows it to generate force isometrically, regardless of substrate diameter and incline, despite the fact that the tendons are incapable of stretching during cyclical locomotion. Our results emphasize the importance of considering ecology and muscle function together, and the necessity of examining both mechanical and physiological properties of muscles to understand how animals move in their environment.
Why Me? An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Drinking Gamers’ Reasons for Selecting Other Players to Drink

A drinking game (DG) is a high-risk drinking activity because it consists of rules that facilitate heavy drinking. The opportunity to select another player to drink is a feature of certain games, w...
Net Community Metabolism and Seawater Carbonate Chemistry Scale Non-intuitively with Coral Cover

Coral cover and reef health have been declining globally as reefs face local and global stressors including higher temperature and ocean acidification (OA). Ocean warming and acidification will alter rates of benthic reef metabolism (i.e., primary production, respiration, calcification, and CaCO3 dissolution), but our understanding of community and ecosystem level responses is limited in terms of functional, spatial, and temporal scales. Furthermore, dramatic changes in coral cover and benthic metabolism could alter seawater carbonate chemistry on coral reefs, locally alleviating or exacerbating OA. This study examines how benthic metabolic rates scale with changing coral cover (0-100%), and the subsequent influence of these coral communities on seawater carbonate chemistry based on mesocosm experiments in Bermuda and Hawaii. In Bermuda, no significant differences in benthic metabolism or seawater carbonate chemistry were observed for low (40%) and high (80%) coral cover due to large variability within treatments. In contrast, significant differences were detected between treatments in Hawaii with benthic metabolic rates increasing with increasing coral cover. Observed increases in daily net community calcification and nighttime net respiration scaled proportionally with coral cover. This was not true for daytime net community organic carbon production rates, which increased the most between 0 to 20% coral cover and then less so between 20% to 100%. These differences in scaling resulted in larger diel variability in seawater carbonate chemistry as coral cover increased. To place the results of the mesocosm experiments into a broader context, in situ seawater carbon dioxide (CO2) at three reef sites in Bermuda and Hawaii were also evaluated; reefs with higher coral cover experienced a greater range of diel CO2 levels, complementing the mesocosm results. The results from this study highlight the need to consider the natural complexity of reefs and additional biological and physical factors that influence seawater carbonate chemistry on larger spatial and longer temporal scales. Coordinated efforts combining various research approaches (e.g. experiments, field studies, and models) will be required to better understand how benthic metabolism integrates across functional, spatial, and temporal scales, and for making predictions on how coral reefs will respond to climate change.
Adaptive Dynamics, Resource Conversion Efficiency, and Species Diversity

Previous work on the theory of continuous evolutionary games and adaptive dynamics has shown that a species can evolve to an evolutionarily stable minimum on a frequency-dependent adaptive landscape (e.g., Brown and Pavlovic [7], andAbrams etal. [3], [4]). While such stable minima are convergent stable, they can be invaded by rare alternative strategies. The significance of such stable minima for biology is that they produce “disruptive selection” which can potentially lead to speciation (Metz et al. [20], Geritz et al. [16], Cohen et al. [11], and Mitchell [21]. Previous analyses of Lotka-Volterra competition communities indicate that stable minima and speciation events are more likely to occur when the underlying resource distribution is broader than the resource utilization functions of the competing species. Here, I present an analysis based on a resource-consumer model which allows individuals to adaptively vary resource use as a function of competitor density and strategy. I show that habitat specialization, stable minima, community invasibility, and sympatric speciation are more likely when individuals are more efficient at converting resources into viable offspring. Conversely, factors that inhibit conversion efficiency inhibit speciation and promote competitive exclusion. This model suggests possible links between species diversity and factors influencing the resource conversion efficiency, such as climate, habitat fragmentation, and environmental toxins.
The effect of pre-polymer/cross-linker storage on the elasticity and reliability of PDMS microfluidic devices

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a commonly used material in biomedical engineering (Sollier et al. in Lab Chip 11(22):3752–3765, 2011; Palchesko et al. in PLoS ONE 7(12):e51499, 2012; Berthier et al. in Lab Chip 12(7):1224–1237, 2012). Its elastic nature makes PDMS especially attractive for microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) technology where micromechanical valves are actuated by deflecting a PDMS membrane under pressure. Therefore, understanding and control of PDMS elastic properties have commercial and scientific significance. In this study, we have investigated the effects of pre-polymer/cross-linker storage conditions on the mechanical properties of cured PDMS films as well as on microfluidic devices. We have showed that when the uncured components of PDMS are exposed to different humidity conditions, the elasticity of the PDMS changes and this is revealed as a change in the Young’s modulus of the cured PDMS. The high humidity (~85%) exposure for 24 h causes PDMS to become softer as confirmed by a significant decrease in the Young’s modulus values from 1.2 to 0.9 MPa. Furthermore, as the PDMS is exposed to high humidity conditions for longer periods (72 h), the Young’s modulus decreases down to 0.7 MPa. We found that exposing only the pre-polymer PDMS (Part A) to humid air does not alter the cured PDMS properties significantly, whereas exposure of the cross-linker (Part B) is responsible for the elasticity change. We have strictly controlled the storage humidity to build more reliable microfluidic chips using mLSI. As a result, actuation pressure of valves (10 psi) and defects of devices (in <30% of chips) are significantly reduced. These results suggest that to improve the manufacturing yield and reliability of PDMS devices, storage humidity should be controlled immediately after the material synthesis.
Survey of the Spiders of Cotton in New Mexico with Seasonal Evaluations Between Bt and Non-Bt Varieties

The relative abundance of spiders was evaluated over two growing seasons among six large fields of cotton representing the major forms of cotton grown in New Mexico (conventional acala, Bt acala, conventional pima, and organic pima). Spiders were collected both from the foliage and from the ground surface. Forty-two genera of spiders in 19 families were identified. The most abundant spiders collected were wolf spiders, sheetweb spiders, crab spiders, ghost spiders, and meshweb weavers. Pardosa sternalis (Thorell) was the most common spider collected overall during this study. Seasonal comparisons of spider abundance between conventional and Bt cotton were not significantly different. However, significant month by variety interactions were observed for some species.
Psychological Misconceptions: Recent Scientific Advances and Unresolved Issues:

Psychological misconceptions present problems for psychology students as well as for laypersons, experts, and others who need to think critically about psychological information. Recent progress in...
Skin toxicities associated with tumor treating fields: case based review

The novel anti-mitotic based tumor treating fields (TTFields) is FDA approved for recurrent glioblastoma. Recently the phase III upfront trial combining the Novo TTF-100A device, called Optune, with temozolomide following concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy, demonstrated improvement in survival. Wider use of this novel therapy is expected. The most common adverse event is dermatologic, which dominates compared to the next most frequently observed adverse event of headaches, the incidence of which was even in both arms in the phase III registration trial for recurrent glioblastoma. Our case review outlines the presentation, treatment, and outcome of representative patients using TTFields. In summary, preventative strategies to inform and educate patients and operators can prevent many of these dermatological events. Skin toxicity in the setting of concurrent use of TTFields with other therapies such as bevacizumab is an unknown and will need to be closely followed.
Adaptive Spectral Mapping for Real-Time Dispersive Refraction

Spectral rendering, or image synthesis utilizing the constituent wavelengths of white light, enables the rendering of iridescent colors caused by phenomena such as dispersion, diffraction, interference and scattering. Dispersion creates the rainbow of colors when white light shines through a prism. Caustics, the focusing and de-focusing of light through a refractive medium, can be interpreted as a special case of dispersion where all the wavelengths travel along the same paths. In this paper we extend Adaptive Caustic Mapping (ACM), a previously proposed caustics mapping algorithm, to handle physically-based dispersion. Our proposed method runs in screen-space, and is fast enough to display plausible dispersion phenomena at real-time frame rates.
Models for Kidney Allocation

The continued shortage of organs implies that the organ allocation policy determines who lives and who dies. This creates one of medicine’s most vexing dilemmas, and the crux of this dilemma is the tradeoff between clinical efficiency and equity. This chapter describes OR models that have been used to study the problem and the related tradeoffs. A taxonomy of the literature is developed, and a description of the key analytical and computational models is provided. Directions for future research are also presented.
Activity coefficients in electrolyte mixtures: HCl + ThCl4 + H2O for 5-55 °C

The emf of the cell without liquid junction (A) was used to study the HCl + ThCl[sub 4] + H[sub 2]O mixed electrolyte system, where (A) is Pt, H[sub 2](g,1 atm)[vert bar]Hcl(m[sub B])[vert bar]AgCl,Ag. The emf was measured for solutions at constant total ionic strengths of 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mol.kg[sup [minus]1] and at temperatures ranging from 5 to 55[degree]C. The mean activity coefficients of HCl in the mixtures were calculated using the Nernst equation. Two detailed treatments are given of the data for 25[degree]C. In the first, the Harned equations were fitted to the activity coefficient data using least-squares regression techniques. Results show that the quadratic equation is adequate for the full range of Y[sub B] to 0.9 for I [le] 2.0 mol.kg[sup [minus]1] but only for smaller Y[sub B] at I = 3.0. Second, an ion-interaction (Pitzer) equation treatment is given in which experimental isopiestic measurements, solubility, and the activity coefficient data are analyzed and the necessary parameters developed for the H[sup +]-Th[sup 4+]-Cl[sup [minus]]-H[sub 2]O system. 26 refs., 2 figs., 6 tabs.
Spatial Effects in Probit Models: A Monte Carlo Investigation

Heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation typically are assumed to be absent in econometric models. Linear regression models are forgiving if these assumptions fail: ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates remain consistent if errors are not homoscedastic or are autocorrelated. Estimators for models with discrete data are not always as forgiving as OLS. For example, the Standard probit estimator continues to provide consistent estimates when error terms are autocorrelated, but the estimates are inconsistent as well as inefficient when errors have non-constant variances. Failure of the homoscedasticity assumption also leads to inconsistent estimates in such common models as tobit and logit. Thus, heteroscedasticity is a serious problem in models with discrete data.
Expression of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Antigens during Erythroid Differentiation

Recent advances in hybridoma technology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and bone marrow culture techniques have led to investigations of the manner in which blood group antigens and other cell surface molecules are expressed during hematopoietic differentiation. These studies have demonstrated expression by erythroid progenitors and precursors of molecules or epitopes unique to the erythroid lineage as well as of other molecules whose expression is shared by precursor cells of other lineages. Some antigens are expressed by progenitor cells but lost during differentiation, while other antigens appear first during intermediate and late stages of erythropoiesis.
Interferons: Immunopharmacological Considerations

Numerous forms of human interferons (IFNs) have been identified which differ significantly in physical, chemical and biological properties. These IFNs can also differ significantly in terms of immunopharmacological properties effecting their abilities to distribute in the organism, to survive in the body and to effect target cell populations, both directly and indirectly. All these properties must be considered for efficient and rational utilizations of the IFNs for disease prophylaxis or therapy.
Positional and Restraint Asphyxia

The use of physical restraint to control violent, uncooperative, or combative individuals is to be expected in the law enforcement setting. Furthermore, the more violent, combative, or uncooperative an individual, the greater and greater degrees of force required to restrain such persons. When an individual dies under such circumstances, it becomes a legitimate question whether the restraint process or specific method itself had any causal relationship with the death or whether the death was predicated more upon the circumstances that led to restraint in the first place. Clearly, certain methods of restraint have been reported to be potentially harmful to individuals and as a result, certain “choke hold” maneuvers are no longer used by most police or law enforcement agencies because of the risk they apparently represent (1,2).
E-058 Technical note: BI-plane 3D guidance technique for neuro-interventional procedures: feasibility and potential benefits

Purpose Three-Dimensional (3D) guidance has not been widely adopted in interventional neuro-radiology (INR) despite the recognized role of 3D imaging for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The objective of the study was to describe our experience using a new bi-plane 3D guidance software (Vessel ASSIST, GE Healthcare) for INR procedures and identify a subset of procedures which would benefit the most from it. Material and methods Between Mar-2017 and Feb-2018 bi-plane 3D guidance was made available for INR procedures, in addition to conventional 2D roadmap. The decision to use 3D guidance was based on anticipated procedure difficulty and availability of pre-operative images. For brain aneurysms and arteriovenous pathologies, diagnostic trans-arterial catheter injected 3D acquisition was used to segment vessels or structures of interest, which were then overlaid on top of fluoroscopy on the frontal and lateral plane with automatic registration. For transvenous procedures, vessels of interest were first segmented using the time of flight sequence of a pre-operative magnetic resonance venogram (MRV). Two non-contrast fluoroscopic frames of the skull on each plane were used to register the MRV with fluoroscopy before venous access. After bi-plane 3D guidance was used, an operator filled questionnaire recorded: 1- feasibility of the technique in terms of timing and accuracy, 2- perceived benefits of the technique compared to conventional 2D guidance, and 3- if fusion on both planes had been used. Results Guidance using an intra-operative 3D acquisition or pre-operative MRV was reported feasible and appropriately accurate in all cases with both automatic and semi-automatic registration. Fusion on both planes was used in 30 cases. More specifically, guidance using intra-operative 3D acquisition was reported superior to conventional 2D roadmapping for complex aneurysm coiling and arteriovenous fistula (AVF) embolization. Use of pre-operative MRV 3D guidance was reported useful for trasnvenous access for embolization of AVF and for venous sinus stenting (VSS) procedures, providing visibility of the cortical veins without need for arterial injection. Operators reported better anatomical path visualization, increased confidence in approaching the lesion and increased confidence during the treatment, compared to 2D visualization alone. Conclusion Bi-plane 3D guidance using either pre-operative or per-operative images is feasible and safe for procedures such as complex aneurysm, AVF and VSS. Further studies should quantify the benefits on procedure time, radiation dose, contrast media and operator confidence. Disclosures A. Santillan: None. J. Schwarz: None. G. Avignon: 5; C; General Electric. P. Ozbek: 5; C; General Electric. A. Patsalides: None.
PHI: Architectural Support for Synchronization- and Bandwidth-Efficient Commutative Scatter Updates

Many applications perform frequent scatter update operations to large data structures. For example, in push-style graph algorithms, processing each vertex requires updating the data of all its neighbors. Neighbors are often scattered over the whole graph, so these scatter updates have poor spatial and temporal locality. In current systems, scatter updates suffer high synchronization costs and high memory traffic. These drawbacks make push-style execution unattractive, and, when algorithms allow it, programmers gravitate towards pull-style implementations based on gather reads instead. We present PHI, a push cache hierarchy that makes scatter updates synchronization- and bandwidth-efficient. PHI adds support for pushing sparse, commutative updates from cores towards main memory. PHI adds simple compute logic at each cache level to buffer and coalesce these commutative updates throughout the hierarchy. This avoids synchronization, exploits temporal locality, and produces a load-balanced execution. Moreover, PHI exploits spatial locality by selectively deferring updates with poor spatial locality, batching them to achieve sequential main memory transfers. PHI is the first system to leverage both the temporal and spatial locality benefits of commutative scatter updates, some of which do not apply to gather reads. As a result, PHI not only makes push algorithms efficient, but makes them consistently faster than pull ones. We evaluate PHI on graph algorithms and other sparse applications processing large inputs. PHI improves performance by 4.7× on average (and by up to 11×), and reduces memory traffic by 2× (and by up to 5×).
Kin Genomic Data Inference Attacks Through Factor Graph

The high availability of genome sequencing data and advancement in data mining stimulate the progress of biomedical breakthroughs and the hope of personalized medicine. Meanwhile, the popularity of personalized and commercialized genome testing brings about increasing privacy concerns. Moreover, personal genomic data is a kind of Big Data, sensitive and highly correlated among relative by blood. Therefore, it is challenging to quantitatively evaluate the risks of kin genomic data privacy. To address this problem, we construct a genome data model to capture the characteristics of kin genomic data. Besides, we develop an inference attack method by operating belief propagation on a factor graph.
SAR automatic target recognition with less labels

Synthetic-Aperture-Radar (SAR) is a commonly used modality in mission-critical remote-sensing applications, including battlefield intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). Processing SAR sensory inputs with deep learning is challenging because deep learning methods generally require large training datasets and high- quality labels, which are expensive for SAR. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for learning from SAR images in the absence of abundant labeled SAR data. We demonstrate that our geometrically-inspired neural architecture, together with our proposed self-supervision scheme, enables us to leverage the unlabeled SAR data and learn compelling image features with few labels. Finally, we show the test results of our proposed algorithm on the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) dataset.
Chapter 14 – Phylum Nemata

This article covers the general systematics, phylogenetic relationships, distribution and diversity of freshwater nematodes. Also included are synopses on the biology, external and internal anatomy, physiology, reproduction and feeding behavior of this widespread group of aquatic invertebrates. Discussions of their ecology include dispersal and macro and micro habitats, as well as physiological constraints, especially in regards extreme and specialized habitats. Also covered are predators and parasites of freshwater nematodes. Aside from free-living representatives, stages of invertebrate and vertebrate parasitic nematodes, especially members of the family Mermithidae, are also included. For those interested in collecting and maintaining freshwater nematodes in the laboratory, sections on sampling, extraction, fixing, mounting and culturing are also presented. Many of the areas discussed here could just as well pertain to brackish water nematodes as well as marine nematodes.
An analysis of related risk factors in preterm infants with cerebral injury

Objective To evaluate the related risk factors in preterm infants with cerebral injury. Methods A total of 268 cases whose gestational age less than 36 weeks had cranial ultrasound scans between 0 to 7 days after birth from January 1, 2006 to October 31,2007, and their clinical data were reviewed. Results One hundred and thirty patients (48.5 %) were diagnosed cerebral injury, total incidence of intraventricular haemorrhge and periventricular leukomalacia were 43.3% (116/268) and 14.3% (38/268) respectively. The incidence of cerebral injury was correlated with low birth weight, prematurity, asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, respiratory failure, pulmonary haemorrhge, anemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, infection, premature rupture of membrane, low gestaional age at birth and ventilation. Conclusion The incidence of preterm brain injury are related to many factors. Risk factors of cerebral injury should be prevented in clinical practice and cranial ultrasound scans are required for early diagnosis of preterm cerebral injury. Key words: Preterm infant; Intraventricular haemorrhage; Periventricular leukomalacia
Mediating Effects of School Engagement between High School On-Time Completion and Career and Technical Education.

Although prior studies have examined the influence of career and technical education (CTE) on high school completion in the United States, few studies provided direct empirical evidence on how it worked. Using the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:2009), this study examined public high school students’ CTE experience from three integral aspects (coursework, career and technical student organizations, and work-based learning) and investigated whether these experiences influenced high school on-time completion through school engagement. Results indicated that CTE coursework had the strongest positive influence on on-time completion. Mediating effects of selected school engagement variables existed for most CTE activities. Directions for future research are provided.
The Islamic Waqf: Instrument of Unequal Security, Worldly and Otherworldly

Until the modernizing reforms of the 19th century, the Islamic waqf played a massive role in the economy of the Middle East, the Balkans, and North Africa. Formally, it was a trust founded by an individual; income from the endowed assets financed designated services in perpetuity. The largest waqfs were established by members of high officials of the ruling dynasty to provide social services now supplied by municipalities or charitable corporations. These Islamic “state waqfs” have been the focus of case studies that make the waqf seem mainly a supplier of public goods. Using an original data set consisting of Istanbul waqf deeds from 1457-1923, this paper explores the functions of Islamic “regular waqfs”—waqfs founded either by elites below the top echelon or by commoners. The typical regular waqf had a relatively modest endowment and architectural footprint. In a setting characterized by weak property rights and legal system that favored males, Muslims, and state officials, it was established principally to provide material security to its founder and his or her descendants. Providing public goods was not among its major functions; neither was assisting the poor. Founders belonging to a disadvantaged group, including women, were especially likely to prioritize wealth sheltering. Regular waqfs thus served to perpetuate prevailing worldly inequalities through material security to the wealthy. They also aimed to create inequalities in the hereafter. Their major functions included financing prayers to expiate the sins of founders and their families.
Use of biometric data and EEG to assess architectural quality of two office spaces: a pilot experiment

Architecture's reach into neuroscience has demonstrated the value of biometric data, particularly neurophysiological data captured through the use of portable electroencephalography (EEG) technolog...