cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in acyl and total ghrelin concentrations and their association with dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of finishing beef steers and heifers.

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced in the gut that is implicated in signaling appetite and regulating dry matter intake (DMI). The objective of this experiment was to determine the change in acyl ghrelin, total ghrelin, and the ghrelin ratio (acyl ghrelin/total ghrelin) over an 84-d DMI and average daily BW gain (ADG) measurement period and to determine the association of those ghrelin measurements with DMI, ADG, ADG:DMI ratio (G:F), and residual feed intake in finishing beef steers and heifers. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and day 83 before feeding and between 0730 h and 1130 h. Samples were analyzed for acyl and total ghrelin using commercially available RIA. DMI in steers was greater during the last 35-d period of the experiment compared with the first 35 d (P < 0.01) and was greater than heifers regardless of period (P < 0.01). Steers had greater acyl ghrelin concentrations on day 0 than heifers, but concentrations decreased by day 83 to equal concentrations in heifers (P < 0.01). Total ghrelin concentrations were lower on day 0 in heifers but increased by day 83 and did not differ from steers on day 83 (P < 0.01). A mixed model analysis was used to determine the association of ghrelin concentrations and ratio with production traits, independent of breed and sire effects. There was an interaction of day 0 acyl ghrelin concentrations with time of sample collection for 84-d DMI (P < 0.01), ADG (P < 0.01), and G:F (P = 0.09), indicating a general positive association of acyl ghrelin with production traits, but the association weakened as time of sample collection increased. The mean ghrelin ratio tended (P = 0.08) to be positively associated with DMI in the last 35-d period. The ghrelin ratio on day 0 interacted with time of sample collection for ADG and G:F (P < 0.05), indicating an overall positive association of the ghrelin ratio with ADG and G:F. Results indicate that ghrelin is associated with DMI, ADG, and feed efficiency of finishing beef cattle, and data lend more evidence that ghrelin is involved in appetite regulation of ad libitum fed cattle.
Role of renal dopamine D1 receptors in natriuresis induced by calcium channel blockers

The direct tubular natriuretic effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) may be due to an interaction between CCBs and a renal tubular dopamine receptor. We therefore studied the effects of two che...
Hematoma Expansion: Clinical and Molecular Predictors and Corresponding Pharmacological Treatment.

Background Hematoma expansion is a detrimental event of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which results in progressive neurologic deteriorations and poor outcomes. Objective To summariz the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying hematoma expansion and discuss the potential approaches of treatment and prevention. Results Although the exact mechanism of hematoma expansion is unclear, accumulating evidences suggest that multiple clinical markers such as coagulation/hemostasis dysfunction, higher blood pressure and BRAIN scores, higher serum glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, serum creatinine, Factor XIII and international normalized ratio (INR), lower serum cholesterol or LDL cholesterol, and fibrinogen, may be correlated with incidents of hematoma expansion. Furthermore, activation of several molecular pathways (i.e. plasma kallikrein, von Willebrand factor, N-methyl-Daspartate and its receptor, cytokines/ adipokines, cellular fibronectin and apolipoprotein Ee2 allele) may lead to hematoma expansion. Conclusion Prospective study for hematoma expansion How to predict the patients Who are at highest risk of hematoma expansion is more challengeable than restricting hematoma expansion itself following acute ICH. Seeking and detecting risk markers in plasma that can be intervened appropriately is meaningful for patients with potential hematoma expansion, which may contribute to improve clinical outcomes in patients suffering from ICH.
Intimate violence: Jewish testimonies on victims and perpetrators in Eastern Galicia

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on a close reading of Jewish court testimonies from the trials that took place in Poland in the immediate postwar period. Called to testify about the actions of individuals indicted for their collaboration with the Germans during the Second World War, Jewish witnesses described interethnic relations in Eastern Galicia before and during the German occupation. These accounts offer us a window into the process of destruction of Jewish communities in the region from a perspective of individual families. They shed light on the scope of intimate violence perpetrated by former neighbors as well as the survivors’ struggle to grasp and understand it.
Religious Social Support, Discrimination, and Psychiatric Disorders among Black Adolescents

Discrimination is a common experience for black adolescents that can jeopardize their mental health. However, research suggests that various dimensions of religion have positive effects on their mental health and well-being. Additionally, exposure to discrimination may vary by youths’ socio-demographic factors, such as gender and ethnicity. Numerous studies identify the protective effects of emotional and tangible religious social support on the mental health of black adults reporting discrimination. Conversely, fewer studies address the influence of emotional and tangible religious social support on mental health for black adolescents experiencing discrimination, while also accounting for socio-demographic heterogeneity among black adolescents. Historically, religion has played an instrumental role in the diverse narratives of the black Diaspora in the United States. It is important to account for its potential protective effects for black youth. Examining these factors using a compensatory risk and resilience model, our study finds that black adolescents who experience discrimination are also more likely to meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder. Additionally, those who report experiencing religious social support are less likely to meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder. These findings were not moderated by the socio-demographic factors of gender or ethnicity. To date, this investigation is one of the first to examine the effect of different types of religious social support in the presence of discrimination on psychiatric illness among African American and Caribbean black adolescents.
Modeling and Simulation of Shoulder-Humerus Complex via Multibody Dynamics for a Walking Elder Using a Cane

The shoulder is a very mobile joint. Because of the mobility, the shoulder is considered to have an inherent weakness. The joint consists of three major bones, the clavicle, scapula and humerus. These bones are more commonly called the collarbone, shoulder blade, and upper arm bone, respectively. Collectively, the shoulder is referred to as the scapula-humeral-clavicle complex. The joint between the humerus and scapula is a ball-socket joint. The joint between the scapula and acromial process allows for some movement but is primarily fixed. The ligaments, tendons, and muscles surround the shoulder to provide stability, movement, and limit the amount of rotation.In this paper, a multibody dynamics model of the shoulder-upper arm complex is presented. Three major bones clavicle, scapula, and Humerus in the shoulder-upper arm complex are represented by rigid bodies. The soft tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and muscles are modeled as springs and actuators respectively attached to the rigid bodies. The joints between the bones are expressed as ideal kinematic joints. Kane’s equations are then used to derive equations of motion of this multibody system. Based on the model, an elder who uses a cane with his or her shoulder-upper arm complex force to support his or her upper body weight during walking is analyzed. Commercial computer software is used to create the multibody shoulder-upper arm complex computational model and then carry out simulation. The model may be utilized in motion analysis of elderly people and sports medicine to study fatigue mechanism and prevent injuries of the shoulder-upper arm complex.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Remote Control and Modulation of Cellular Events by Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles: Implications and Opportunities for Biomedical Applications

Compared to traditional hyperthermia methods, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) successfully achieve site-specific incremental temperature in deep tissues. By virtue of near-infrared (NIR) laser-mediated photothermal treatment, Au NPs have been widely explored in clinical and preclinical applications, including cancer therapy and tissue engineering. In this issue of ACS Nano, Suzuki, Ciofani, and colleagues demonstrate how gold nanoshells can remotely activate striated muscle cells via inducing myotube contraction and modulating related gene expression by mild heat stimulation under NIR irradiation. This Perspective provides a brief overview of the current developments and future outlook for multifunctional platforms based on Au NPs for cancer treatment, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
In-cylinder pressure sensor–based NOx model for real-time application in diesel engines:

A real-time implementable, zero-dimensional model for predicting engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides using in-cylinder pressure measurements is developed. The model is an extension of existing works in open literature that align well with the objectives of real-time implementation. The proposed model uses a simplified Zeldovich NOx mechanism that uses combustion-related parameters derived from simplified thermodynamic and combustion sub-models. The performance of the model is discussed for both a heavy-duty and a light-duty diesel engines. The model behavior is evaluated under input uncertainty so as to provide realistic performance bounds.
Thermoelectric response of porous Ca3Co4O9 prepared by an eco-friendly technique

Abstract In this paper, we have studied the thermoelectric response of porous Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) samples. The porosity in the CCO samples was increased by introducing wood particles in the material followed by a high-temperature sintering to completely burn off the wood. The density of the resulting samples was found to decrease gradually with increase in porosity. Structural and chemical characterization of the samples was performed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All these characterization experiments showed that, except for an increase in the ratio of the relative concentration of Co3+ and Co4+, increasing porosity did not coincide with any change in phase or elemental composition of the material. The increase in the ratio of Co3+/Co4+, did serve to enhance the value of Seebeck coefficient of the more porous samples. Porosity also caused a reduction in the thermal conductivity due to increased phonon scattering, thereby enhancing the figure of merit, ZT, of the sample. A ZT value of 0.19 at 800 K was obtained for the CCO sample with optimum porosity of 47%. These promising results coming from materials prepared by an eco-friendly process give a path to a new era of porous materials for practical applications in thermoelectric modules.
Case Report: Hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone deficiency associated with Morning Glory Syndrome; with a review of the literature

Morning Glory Syndrome (MGS) is a rare congenital malformation of the optic nerve that is caused by a failure of the closure of the choroidal embryonic fissure in utero . The syndrome is usually seen in association with midline cranial defects, such as transsphenoidal and basal encephaloceles. Although MGS usually presents as an isolated ocular finding, it can be associated with endocrinological abnormalities. We report a case of a 32 year old female with MGS with hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone (GH) deficiency. She was diagnosed with MGS at the age of three and her past medical history was significant for left eye blindness, hyperprolactinemia and GH deficiency. She has received GH replacement and oral contraceptive pills in the past. Our investigations revealed elevated prolactin levels (63mg/l) and borderline low GH levels. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormality involving the optic chiasm, left optic nerve and compression of the pituitary gland by a basal encephalocele. Genetic studies were positive for a mutation in Paired box 6 gene ( PAX6) . She is being currently treated with cabergoline for her hyperprolactinemia. Our aims of this report are to highlight the hormonal manifestations of MGS and to review the etiopathogenesis of this rare disorder.
A new kentriodontid (Cetacea: Odontoceti) from the early Miocene Astoria Formation and a revision of the stem delphinidan family Kentriodontidae

ABSTRACTThe Family Kentriodontidae is a diverse and abundant group of odontocetes from the late Oligocene and Miocene around the globe. Despite nearly a century of research on the group, the relationships across the family have remained poorly understood. Several recent studies have suggested that the family is polyphyletic and in need of major taxonomic revision. A new fossil stem delphinidan from the early Miocene of Washington State is described as Wimahl chinookensis, gen. et sp. nov., and is assigned to a revised Kentriodontidae. Wimahl chinookensis represents one of the oldest kentriodontids and is the northernmost kentriodontid described from the Pacific Ocean, extending their range in the eastern Pacific from central California up to Washington State. Its phylogenetic position relative to other stem delphinidans suggests that it is sister to Kampholophos serrulus from the middle Miocene Monterey Formation of California. Additional phylogenetic results guide the revision of stem delphinidans and ne...
How much randomization is needed to deter collaborative cheating on asynchronous exams

This paper investigates randomization on asynchronous exams as a defense against collaborative cheating. Asynchronous exams are those for which students take the exam at different times, potentially across a multi-day exam period. Collaborative cheating occurs when one student (the information producer) takes the exam early and passes information about the exam to other students (the information consumers) that are taking the exam later. Using a dataset of computerized exam and homework problems in a single course with 425 students, we identified 5.5% of students (on average) as information consumers by their disproportionate studying of problems that were on the exam. These information consumers ("cheaters") had a significant advantage (13 percentage points on average) when every student was given the same exam problem (even when the parameters are randomized for each student), but that advantage dropped to almost negligible levels (2--3 percentage points) when students were given a random problem from a pool of two or four problems. We conclude that randomization with pools of four (or even three) problems, which also contain randomized parameters, is an effective mitigation for collaborative cheating. Our analysis suggests that this mitigation is in part explained by cheating students having less complete information about larger pools.
A BIOCHEMIST LOOKS AT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a detailed analysis of nervous system. It also presents a discussion of neurochemistry, as a way of explaining its emergence as a semi-independent discipline within the broad field of modern biochemistry. At the Rockefeller Institute, J. Folch-Pl assisted in a program of study of the physiopathology of the pituitary hormones on which Irvine Page was engaged. His contribution was supposed to be the study of changes in blood lipids in various pituitary disorders. In practice, the work consisted in setting up quantitative methods for the analysis of lipids. The various areas of the brain shared the common features of being constituted by neurons and neuroglia. Neurons were the conducting elements. They belonged to a few basic types but the variations within each type were almost infinite. Neuroglia was referred to as the supportive element of the tissue, a description that was a tacit admission of little knowledge as to the exact function of these cellules.
Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle

Abstract The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are commonly found in fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines or consumed as dietary supplements, are essential to the diet, but in the United States are consumed at well below recommended levels. Early studies focused on the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acid intake but more recent studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may also positively affect muscle mass, strength, and physical function. For example, in cross-sectional studies higher intake of fatty fish has been associated with improved physical function and strength in older adult, and in prospective studies omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been found to increase lean body and muscle mass in older adults and attenuate muscle atrophy during cancer cachexia. This chapter will review results from studies examining omega-3 fatty acid-induced changes in muscle protein metabolism, body composition, and strength and function and provide recommendations for future studies where gaps in our knowledge exist.
Low-energy bound states, resonances, and scattering of light ions

We describe bound states, resonances, and elastic scattering of light ions using a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-shell potential. Focusing on low-energy data such as energies of bound states and resonances, charge radii, asymptotic normalization coefficients, effective-range parameters, and phase shifts, we adjust the two parameters of the potential to some of these observables and make predictions for the nuclear systems $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $^{3}\mathrm{H}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $^{3}\mathrm{He}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and $p+^{16}\mathrm{O}$. We identify relevant momentum scales for Coulomb halo nuclei and propose how to apply systematic corrections to the potentials. This allows us to quantify statistical and systematic uncertainties. We present a constructive criticism of Coulomb halo effective field theory and compute the unknown charge radius of $^{17}\mathrm{F}$.
Multicell Reconfigurable Multi-Input Multi-Output Energy Router Architecture

This article presents a multicell reconfigurable multi-input multi-output (MR-MIMO) power conversion architecture for multiport applications such as multisource energy router, battery balancer, and photovoltaic optimizer. The MR-MIMO architecture couples a large number of modular dc–ac cells with a single magnetic core which processes multiway bidirectional power flow. The system voltage and current ratings can be linearly extended and reconfigured by connecting the dc–ac cells in series or parallel. The MR-MIMO architecture decouples the voltage rating and current rating of the basic cells, and offers much lower device stress than traditional wide-operation range multiport dc–dc converters. The key contributions of this article include: 1) a multicell reconfigurable 12-winding MIMO converter with high performance across a wide range; 2) a hybrid time-sharing and phase-shift control strategy; and 3) a systematic method of designing multiwinding PCB transformers. The MR-MIMO architecture allows one power converter being used for multiple purposes through software reconfiguration. The work presented in this article proved that it is possible to gain significantly design flexibility in a multicell reconfigurable architecture without sacrificing the efficiency or power density. A 500-W 4-port energy router with 12 modular cells and a 12-winding transformer has been built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed MR-MIMO architecture. The energy router maintains over 95% efficiency across a wide range of input and output voltage options.
Correction to: Carbon sequestration and nitrogen uptake in a temperate silvopasture system

In the original publication of the article, the Abstract was published with an error in a sentence. The correct version is given with this Correction.
Monitoring iron-sulfur cluster occupancy across the E. coli proteome using chemoproteomics

Abstract Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous metallocofactors found across diverse protein families, where they perform myriad functions including redox chemistry, radical generation, and gene regulation. Monitoring Fe-S cluster occupancy in protein targets directly within native biological systems has been challenging. Commonly utilized spectroscopic methods to detect Fe-S clusters require purification of proteins prior to analysis. Global iron incorporation into the proteome can be monitored using radiolabeled iron, but limitations include the low resolution afforded by gel-based autoradiography. Here, we report the development of a mass spectrometry-based strategy to assess Fe-S cluster binding in a native proteome. This chemoproteomic strategy relies on monitoring changes in the reactivity of Fe-S cluster cysteine ligands upon disruption of Fe-S cluster incorporation. Application to E. coli cells cultured under iron-depleted conditions enabled monitoring of disruptions to Fe-S cluster incorporation broadly across the E. coli Fe-S proteome. Evaluation of E. coli deletion strains of three scaffold proteins within the Isc Fe-S biogenesis pathway enabled the identification of Fe-S clients that are reliant on each individual scaffold protein for proper cluster installation. Lastly, cysteine-reactivity changes characteristic of Fe-S ligands were used to identify previously unannotated Fe-S proteins, including the tRNA hydroxylase, TrhP, and a member of a family of membrane transporter ATPase subunits, DppD. In summary, the chemoproteomic strategy described herein provides a powerful tool to report on Fe-S cluster incorporation directly within a native proteome, to interrogate the role of scaffold and accessory proteins within Fe-S biogenesis pathways, and to identify previously uncharacterized Fe-S proteins.
Of Kingship and Counselors: The Royalist Revolution in Legal History

Eric Nelson has written a book that has made a lot of people mad. Some, in frustration, have claimed it has nothing new in it. Others that it is all novel, because nearly fictional. A few allege that he has misconstrued his evidence. At least one accuses him of hubris.
Deep Learning (DL)-based adaptive transport layer control in UAV Swarm Networks

Abstract This paper focuses on the congestion control issues in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Swarm Networks (USNs). In a USN, many network factors can cause segment loss, including dynamic swarming, high mobility, and link fading loss. With traditional transport layer protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), these losses are interpreted as congestion events and will cause the data sending rate being decreased dramatically, therefore impacting throughput. In this paper, a learning-based adaptive network coding scheme is proposed to handle segment loss. In this scheme, a certain amount of redundancy is attached to the original data. If the segment loss is caused by random factors (such as radio interference), the lost segments are retrieved by decoding. However, if the loss is caused by congestion, the sender will retransmit the lost segments and decrease the sending rate. The coding rate is a critical factor, which should guarantee that the random loss can be retrieved by decoding while the congestion loss triggers retransmission and sending rate deduction. To achieve this goal, a Deep Learning (DL) algorithm is proposed, which comprehensively considers the wireless network conditions and dynamically optimizes the coding rate. Our experimental results show that the DL-based network coding scheme provides improved throughput and end-to-end delay compared to the TCP and general network coding schemes.
Goal programming and multiple objective optimizations: Part 1

This is part 1 of a survey of recent developments in goal programming and multiple objective optimizations. In this part, attention is directed to goal programming with emphasis on the authors' own work (with others) in a variety of applications. This includes goal and goal interval programming along with definitions and examples of proper goal functionals. Characterizations are also supplied for alternate representations and explicit solutions from special structural properties involving piecewise linear functions. Possibilities for various other kinds of goal functionals are explored and delineated. One class of examples is developed in detail and an algorithm is supplied which utilizes sequences of ordinary linear programming problems to solve certain nonlinear and non-convex problems involving maxima of ratios of linear forms.
Fine Structure of Ascosporogenesis in Nematospora coryli Peglion, a Pathogenic Yeast

Observations with the electron microscope of the early stages of ascospore formation in Nematospora coryli Peglion reveal the following sequence of events. Partial dissociation of the nuclear membrane is followed by the appearance of unit membranes. Each unit membrane gives rise to two pairs of double membranes delimiting the ascospores from the epiplasm of the ascus. Enlarged mitochondria which have a granular matrix and limited cristae development are also regularly seen.
Genetic Study of Suppressor-Sensitive Mutants of the Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage φ29

Abstract With bacteriophage 29 of Bacillus subtilis 133, suppressor-sensitive (sus) hydroxylamine mutants have been isolated. Intracistronic and intercistronic quantitative complementation placed the mutants in 13 cistrons, and three-factor crosses have been used to assign an unambiguous order for 10 cistrons. Recombination frequencies have been presented for several regions of the genome to facilitate comparison of the sus system with the previously published temperature-sensitive mapping systems.
Ventricular septal defect. I. Congestive heart failure in infancy.

Seventeen patients had a history of congestive heart failure in infancy out of a total of 125 cases of ventricular septal defect reviewed. The initial episode of cardiac decompensation occurred in the first 6 months of life. Ten of the patients had evidence of unremitting failure and died in the first year of life, while seven survived infancy. Exacerbations of decompensation after infancy were rare; patients who survived the first year of life did not succumb to complications of the defect in childhood.
Review of Sandra D. Mitchell: Unsimple truths: science, complexity, and policy

In Unsimple truths, Sandra D. Mitchell examines the historical context of current scientific practices and elaborates the challenges complexity has since posed to status quo science and policymaking. Mitchell criticizes models of science inspired by Newtonian physics and argues for a pragmatistic, anti-universalist approach to science. In this review, I focus on what I find to be the most important point of the book, Mitchell’s argument for the conceptual independence of compositional materialism and descriptive fundamentalism. Along the way, I provide a description of Mitchell’s overall project and a road map of the book.
Motor unit potential induced repetitive discharges (MIRDs): description of an unusual iterative discharge.

Introduction: Repetitive discharges may be recorded during nerve conduction studies (NCS) or during needle electromyography in a muscle at rest. Repetitive discharges that occur during voluntary activation and are time-locked to voluntary motor unit potentials (MUP) have not been described. Methods: Retrospective review of motor unit potential induced repetitive discharges (MIRDs) identified in the EMG laboratory. Characteristics of each MIRD, patient demographics, other EMG findings in the same muscle, and electrophysiological diagnosis were analyzed. Results: MIRDs were observed in 15 patients. The morphology and number of spikes and duration of MIRDs varied. The discharges fired at rates of 50–200 Hz. All but 2 patients had EMG findings of a chronic neurogenic disorder. Conclusions: MIRDs are rare iterative discharges time-locked to a voluntary MUP. The pathophysiology of MIRDs is unclear, but their presence may indicate a chronic neurogenic process. Muscle Nerve 48: 977–979, 2013
Think Local: Reconsiderations on the Liberal Peace

Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding: Critical Developments and Approaches. Edited by Oliver P. Richmond New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. 288 pp., $28.00 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-230-55523-5). Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding: Moving From Violence to Sustainable Peace. Edited by Bruce W. Dayton, Louis Kriseberg. London: Routledge, 2009. 288 pp., $42.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-415-48085-7). The Role of International Law in Rebuilding Societies After Conflict. Edited by Brett Bowden, Hilary Charlesworth, Jeremy Farrall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 346 pp., $127.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-50994-7). The promise of international peacebuilding as articulated by national policymakers and officials of international organizations has not been fully realized in any of the countries where it has been applied. Although external involvement in post-conflict cases has led to improvements in terms of containing violence, and thereby allowing some return to normalcy, in many cases those benefits rest on a shaky foundation of limited and half-implemented structural changes, reforms in international parlance, that serve merely to obscure the grievances and tensions that make violence more possible. These three volumes take on this conundrum to investigate why peacebuilding falls so consistently short of its goals and provide some recommendations for how it could be reconfigured, or in some cases radically redesigned, to allow for more positive outcomes. They are recent entrants in a growing body of literature offering critical analysis of peacebuilding in terms of both its premise and outcome. The tide of academic attention has turned from primary focus on the technical and mechanical aspects of peacebuilding—specific reform programs and their impact—to question more fundamentally the objectives underlying the action and the ways in which it interacts with the local society. The three volumes find a similar fault in peacebuilding as currently practiced. Though they focus on different aspects of conflict and its transformation, the volumes reviewed here point to the lack of engagement with and understanding of local actors and cultures as a central flaw of international peacebuilding. It is not something that works with societies but on them, the authors in these volumes find, in ways that reinforce local frustrations, solidify perceptions of great power hegemony, and benefit the few at the expense of the many. Taken together, these works are a welcome addition to the literature and should force greater consideration about what peacebuilding intends to accomplish …
Static variable ordering in ZBDDs for path delay fault coverage calculation

Zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams (ZBDDs) are data structures that represent sets efficiently and they have recently been suggested for use in nonenumerative path delay fault (PDF) coverage calculations. Many heuristics have been proposed to order variables (representing primary inputs) in ZBDDs to avoid size explosion; however, in ZBDD-based PDF coverage calculations, the variables represent the nets in a circuit, not the circuit primary inputs. This fact motivates us to investigate new ordering strategies since the number of nets in a circuit is relatively large as compared to the number of primary inputs. Several new static ordering heuristics are proposed based on structural properties of the circuit undergoing PDF coverage calculations and are evaluated. The experimental results show that the new heuristics we propose greatly reduce the size of the ZBDDs.
An inexpensive distance measuring system for location of robotic vehicles

An distance measuring system based on a swept frequency reflectometer radar system was built and tested for application to navigation of robotic vehicles in a sealed room where GPS signals are not available. The final system built en masse would cost approximately $25. The system was simulated using HP/EEsof(Libra) software and tested using inexpensive commercial components, Several signal processing methods were compared for deriving distance from the data acquired from the system. Log periodic antennas (LPA) were used to test the system, and inexpensive LPA and Yagi-Uda microstrip patch arrays were built and tested for use in this application.
The Theoretical Rationale for a Framework for Appraising The Profitability Potential of a Business Model Innovation

Because of the uncertainty associated with innovation, it is difficult to assess the profitability potential of business model innovations. However, since theory predicts and explains, and assessing the profitability potential of a business model is about predicting what its profitability will be in the future, we can use strategy theories to help with the assessment. Therefore, I draw on three strategic management theories — the resource-based view, the product-market position view, and the dynamic capabilities perspective to derive a framework for assessing the profitability potential of a business model innovation. I then illustrate how the framework could work by applying it to Quirky's crowdsourcing business model innovation.
PRICE DYNAMICS IN GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM EXPERIMENTS

General equilibrium (GE) theory faces several related challenges. Classical theories of out-of-equilibrium adjustment are intuitive but implausibly centralized. Further, standard restrictions on individual preferences place little structure on aggregate excess demand functions. Amongst other issues, this fact implies that economies can be unstable under classical dynamics, and thus instability appears to be an unavoidable feature of GE theory. This paper recounts laboratory studies of GE environments which reveal that classical theories of dynamics do, in fact, organize market activity surprisingly well. These experiments suggest that the Walrasian auctioneer, for example, appears to be a constructive abstraction, and that instability should be accommodated within theory rather than circumscribed. Laboratory applications of GE theory focused on issues beyond stability and dynamics are also briefly surveyed.
Role of dark excitations in the nonequilibrium condensation of exciton polaritons in optically-pumped organic single crystal microcavities

We present a reaction/diffusion model for the formation of a lower polariton condensate in a microcavity containing an organic semiconducting molecular crystalline film. Our model–based upon an anthracene film sandwiched between two reflecting dielectric mirrors–consists of three coupled fields corresponding to a gas of excitons created by an external driving pulse, a reservoir of dark states formed by the nonemissive decay of excitons in to nearby electronic states, and a lower polariton condensate. We show that at finite temperature, the presence of the dark reservoir can augment the exciton population such that a lower critical pumping threshold is required to achieve the critical exciton densities required to sustain a stable condensate population. Using linear-stability analysis, we show that a variety of dynamical regimes can emerge depending upon the characteristics of the cavity and the lattice temperature.
Electronic and ionic conduction in sodium borosilicate glasses

Abstract Electron and sodium ion motion in sodium borosilicate glasses containing Sb2O3 has been determined by thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization current (TSPC/TSDC) technique. Whereas a glass containing Sb2O3 exhibited a TSPC peak, the peak was absent in a similar glass without Sb2O3. The TSPC peak which appeared in TSPC-1 and TSPC-2 was 103–104 times larger than the TSDC peaks and had an activation energy higher than that of the TSDC peaks and ionic dc conduction. Electron hopping between Sb5+ and Sb3+ ion sites is considered responsible for the TSPC peak. All the glasses show two TSDC peaks. The origin of the low temperature TSDC peak is uncertain but the high temperature TSDC peak could be accounted for by the orientation of Na+ ions around [BO4]− groups. Above ∼ 360 K the dc conduction is due to sodium ion motion.
Characterization of the rat type III hexokinase gene promoter. A functional octamer 1 motif is critical for basal promoter activity.

A 1532-base pair 5′-flanking region of the gene encoding rat type III hexokinase has been cloned and sequenced. The total sequence includes positions −1548 to −17 (A of the translational start ATG as position +1). Using luciferase reporter constructs transfected into PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) and L2 (rat lung) cells, basal promoter activity has been associated with sequence between −182 and −89. This includes a single transcriptional start site, an adenine at position −134 identified by primer extension. Together with previously cloned cDNA sequence, this accounts for an mRNA of approximately 3.9 kilobases, found by Northern blotting of RNA from rat lung and kidney. Sequence upstream of the transcriptional start site was devoid of canonical TATA and CAAT elements. An octamer 1 (Oct-1) binding site, located between positions −166 and −159 was shown by deletion analysis and site-directed mutation to be critical for promoter activity. Nuclear extracts from PC12 cells contained a protein (or proteins) specifically binding the octamer sequence, and supershift experiments with anti-Oct-1 indicated involvement of this ubiquitously expressed transcription factor in the complex. Sequence including the Oct-1 site and immediately adjacent regions was protected from DNase I digestion in footprinting experiments with nuclear extracts from PC12 cells. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that levels of type III hexokinase mRNA in rat tissues increased in the order brain
Thermal structure and dynamics of Saturn and Jupiter

High resolution Voyager IRIS measurements for Saturn and Jupiter are assembled in meridional cross sections of the retrieved upper tropospheric temperatures. The calculated thermal wind shear in the upper troposphere is highly correlated on both planets with the cloud top winds derived from imaging data. In contrast, temperatures below approximately 300 mbar are not simply related to the zonal jet structure. The upper tropospheric temperatures seem to have been more consistently correlated with cloud top winds than with major albedo features at the time of the Voyager encounters.
Phospholipase A2–derived neutral lipids from posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph prime the neutrophil oxidative burst

Abstract Background. Our previous work identified posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) lipids as key elements in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)–provoked acute lung injury. We hypothesize that gut phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is responsible for the generation of proinflammatory lipids in PHSML that primes circulating PMNs for enhanced oxidative burst. Methods. Mesenteric lymph was collected from rats (n = 5) before (preshock), during the induction of hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure, 40 mm Hg × 30 minutes), and at resuscitation (shed blood + 2× lactated Ringer's solution). PLA2 inhibition (quinacrine, 10 mg/kg, intravenously) was given before shock was induced. Extracted lipids were separated by normal phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and resuspended in albumin. PMNs were exposed to a 5% vol:vol concentration of eluted lipids and activated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (1 μmol/L). Superoxide production was assessed by cytochrome C reduction. Results. High-pressure liquid chromatography–extracted neutral lipids of lymph collected before hemorrhagic shock did not prime the PMN oxidase, whereas isolated neutral lipids of postshock lymph primed PMNs 2.6- ± 0.32-fold above baseline (P
Treatment of recurrent digital scar contracture in paediatric patients by proximal phalangeal island flap.

Summary Despite adequate medial treatment, digital palmar burn scar contractures can still occur in children. Surgical treatment basically consists of scar release and skin grafting or Z-plasty. However, recurrence of deformity can occur, especially in children. Ten children with recurrent digital contractures were operated. The palmar scars were released and the defects covered by proximal phalangeal island flap. All flaps survived completely and no recurrence was observed, even 5 years after surgery. These promising results encouraged us to propose proximal phalangeal island flap as first choice in the treatment of recurrent digital scar contractures in paediatric patients.
Stakeholders Versus Stockholders and Financial Ethics: Ethics to Whom?

Corporate finance is under attack. Commentators mention that corporate managers have enriched themselves and shareholders, and in the process have failed to consider the interests of all stakeholders (Hennessy, 1989, Alkhafaji, 1989, Newton, 1989, Dunfee, 1989, Steidlmeier, 1989, Jones and Hunt, 1991). They cite the active corporate control market that produced hostile takeovers, leveraged buyouts, and corporate restructuring activity, all presumably causing a reduction in social welfare. This view is now beginning to permeate itself into the financial education debate. For example, Hawley (1991) suggests that financial educators are abdicating their responsibility of helping prepare corporate managers to recognize and deal with business ethics‐social responsibility effectively. Hawley proposes that the shareholder wealth maximization model for corporate management rationalizes the commission of unethical or socially irresponsible actions. Because of this ongoing criticism being levied against the practice of corporate finance, financial educators are now moving to incorporate ethics in the finance curricula. Although this move may be welcomed, we suggest that financial educators proceed with caution.
A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing

This article addresses a significant gap in the theoretical literature on marketing ethics. This gap results from the lack of an integrated framework which clarifies and synthesizes the multiple va...
Condensate Retention Model for Plain-Fin Heat Exchangers

A model has been developed for predicting the amount of condensate retained as drops on the air-side of heat exchangers operating under dehumidifying conditions. For a coil with a given surface wettability, characterized by the advancing contact angle, the maximum diameter for a retained drop is obtained from a balance between gravitational and surface tension forces. A logarithmic function is used to describe the size-distribution of drops on fins, based on the fraction of fin-area covered by liquid. The volumes of individual drops are calculated by a geometric method for approximating the three dimensional shapes of drops on vertical and inclined surfaces. The total volume of condensate accumulated on a coil is then found by multiplying the size-distribution and volume functions and integrating over all drop diameters. The model is successful in predicting measurements by other researchers of the mass of condensate retained on plain-fin heat exchangers.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Dispersed cobalt-containing zeolite Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Abstract Microwave discharge methods have been used to prepare highly dispersed cobalt clusters in zeolites. Ferromagnetic resonance, electron microscopy, and H2 chemisorption experiments have been done to determine the particle sizes of the cobalt clusters. These materials were also studied as Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. Catalytic results suggest that these cobalt zeolite catalysts show high selectivity for the production of low-molecular-weight olefins. Evidence of shape selective catalysts with a cutoff at the C6 chain length has also been observed. Our results are also in line with the concept of Structure sensitivity.
Propulsion system design with smart vortex generators

Abstract Adverse flow environments pose challenging design constraints in aircraft engine components and component interactions. Some examples of such flow environments are: steep pressure gradients, random and periodic unsteadiness, shock wave interactions and 3-D boundary layer separation. These adverse flow environments and interactions promote the growth of various kinds of instability waves inherent in gas turbine engines, e.g., vorticity wave, entropy wave and acoustic or pressure wave instabilities. A series of smart subsonic and supersonic flow controllers are presented with applications to the design of aircraft gas turbine engine components. They are on-demand vortex generators capable of injecting co- and counter-rotating streamwise vortices in subsonic, transonic and supersonic flow. The strength and location of the vortex is a control variable and must be optimized via a closed-loop control algorithm. The subsonic smart VG assumes a ramp-type geometry (similar to Wheeler vortex generators) and the smart supersonic VG is a tailored cavity with a movable flap concealing the cavity. The movable flap is actuated inward to expose the cavity to transonic or supersonic flow. The depth of the cavity is controlled via a closed-loop feedback control system which ties the strength of the vortex to the “desired” performance as measured by one or more sensors. Candidate cost functions are proposed in the optimization routine for each component in a gas turbine engine.
Reflection from a semi-infinite rugate filter

A theoretical approach was applied to compute the reflectance spectrums of semi-infinite rugate filters with a sinusoidal refractive-index profile. Regardless of the linear polarization state of the incident plane wave, the reflectance spectrum of a sufficiently thick rugate filter contains a top-hat feature – indicative of the Bragg regime – with ripples on both flanks. The corresponding reflectance spectrum of a semi-infinite rugate filter also contains the top-hat feature, but is devoid of ripples.
Computer Systems: Reliable full-duplex file transmission over half-duplex telephone line

A field-proven scheme for achieving reliable duplex transmission over a half-duplex communication line is presented, and to demonstrate the difficulty of the problem, another similar scheme, which is only slightly unreliable, is also presented. A flowchart for the reliable scheme and some interesting examples are given.
Wedge Resection and Brachytherapy for Lung Cancer in Patients With Poor Pulmonary Function

Background Although lobectomy is the standard for lung cancer because a wedge resection has a 3 to 5 times greater incidence of local recurrence, poor pulmonary function may preclude lobectomy. For these patients, low-dose-rate brachytherapy has recently been used to decrease local recurrence after sublobar resection. Current techniques expose operating room personnel and patient contacts to unnecessary radioactivity risks. We present our technique of sublobar resection combined with afterload catheters for high-dose-rate brachytherapy for patient benefit with minimal risk to others. Methods Forty-eight patients (25 women, 23 men) underwent wedge resection, node dissection, and brachytherapy. A remote-afterloading high-dose-rate unit for radiation produced a median dose of 2450 cGy (350 cGy per fraction over 7 fractions twice daily for 4 days). The dose was prescribed to 1 cm deep to the stapled line. Biologically, this dose is approximately 5000 cGy and above (180 cGy/d equivalent) at the depth of 5 mm in reference to the resection margin. Results Two patients died. The length of mean stay was 5.5 days (median, 5 days). Complications included prolonged air leak in 5 patients, atrial fibrillation in 5, pneumonia in 3, trapped lung in 2, and 1 each with empyema, bleeding, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Three patients required a blood transfusion. Within the follow-up of 1 to 27 months, there were four recurrences. Conclusions Wedge resection and brachytherapy appears to be a reasonable treatment for patients with lung cancer and pulmonary function that prohibits a lobectomy.