cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Budget and the National Cancer Program

The budget picture for the NCI is presented for your information and evaluation-evaluation in the sense that I need and would appreciate your comments. A major issue of course is balance, in terms of clinic versus laboratory; short-term versus long-term; academic versus commercial; targeted versus nontargeted; grants versus contracts versus intramural; national versus international, and the like. It must be recognized that within a program of this emotion, visibility, and importance scientific findings and other considerations will dictate changes on at least a monthly basis. Things other than science contribute to this balance. On any given day we live within the impact of at least three budget years (what we received and did last year, what we will receive and do this year, and what this will allow us to receive and do next year). The federal budgetary process as well as the priority-setting processes of science are such that new directions cannot be taken as qulickly as woLld be optimal. Priorities muLst be set in cancer at least in their broad sense; for in addition to other areas of biomedical research, there are other compelling demands for the limited federal dollar. There will never be enouLgh resources to do all that can be done or needs to be done in cancer research. That probably is as it should be. In this regard it is heartening that operating funds for the institutes at NIH other than NCI will increase by $264 million in 1974. It is as true that information from research in other disciplines and categorical diseases will provide leads to cancer, as well as the reverse. And certainly, virtually no one wants to see resources for cancer increased at the expense of other important tasks and opportunities. This article is not an attempt to justify or to defend the spending plan of the National Cancer Program. It is to let youL know what9s going on and to seek further advice on how to do it better. Articles on other aspects of the program will be published in journals including Science, Cancer Research, and the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
Wavelength dispersion of Verdet constant in E-field oriented iron oxide doped polymer nanocomposites

The wavelength dispersion of Verdet constant was evaluated for nanoparticulate hematite (α-Ferric Oxide) and maghemite (γ-Ferric Oxide) in poly-phenyl methyl vinyl siloxane after the nanoparticles were oriented using an external electric field. The experiment was carried out at wavelengths of 405 nm, 473 nm, 532 nm and 632.8 nm. The role of electric field based orientation of the nanoparticles in affecting the Faraday rotation was studied and found to directly improve the signal to noise ratio for magneto-optic sensing. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the material for potential applications as an optical current sensor in a magneto-optic current transformer for accurate measurement and highly enhanced magneto-optic sensitivity. The highest Verdet constant observed was 7.91 °/ T-cm for hematite doping, measured at a wavelength of 532 nm for an applied electric field of 2.5 kV/cm.
Soap gels in non-aqueous media. III. The setting time, syneresis, and gel-strength of gels of some sodium soaps in organic solvents

1. The setting time, syneresis, and gel-strength of gels of sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, and sodium oleate in toluene, xylene, cymene, pinene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, p-chlorotoluene, n-amyl, n- and i-butyl, n- and i-propyl, and benzyl alcohols, o-cresol, glycerol, anisole, and phenetole, have been measured. 2. For gels in any given solvent the setting time and extent of syneresis decrease with different soaps in the order, NaOl>NaStr>NaP, and the gelstrength increases in the order, NaOl<NaStr<NaP. for solvents belonging to a homologous series the setting time and extent of syneresis of soap gels increase and the gel-strength decreases as the series is ascended. 3. An explanation for this behavior is offered in terms of the constitutive properties of the solvent molecules.
The primate social environment, brain neurochemical changes and psychopathology

Abstract Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurochemical measures associated with both depression and schizophrenia have been reported and replicated in several studies. Nevertheless, the causes of these changes remain uncertain. Neurochemical differences may be secondary effects of behavioral changes, altered diet, daily routine, and perhaps drug use. Alternatively, if neurochemical changes produce a behavioral disorder, then a further question arises as to what caused these changes in the first place. Recent animal studies suggest that disruption of social development or ongoing social relationships could cause some of these changes.
Encountering the world

David Damrosch’s writings on world literature envision readers “making themselves at home abroad.” This essay argues against his Thoreauvian optimism, given a world that is too large to grasp or to become a home. World literature cannot be naturalized. Drawing on examples from Leibniz, Achebe, Walcott, and Petrarch, the essay proposes that world literature is best identified in terms not of the value of authors and works, nor of the situations portrayed through the characters and plots, but of the nature of the readerly experience. It examines the style of representation in world literature, which Brian Lennon’s book In Babel’s Shadow productively characterizes as a kind of kitsch reflecting a struggle to communicate. World literature is not, as Damrosch says, “writing that gains in translation,” but writing that retains its alienness even in the original.
Purification and properties of bovine myocardial phosphorylase phosphatase (protein phosphatase C).

Abstract Phosphorylase phosphatase was purified to homogeneity from bovine myocardium by the procedure of Brandt et al. ( Brandt, H., Capulong, Z. L., and Lee, E. Y. C., (1975 ) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8038–8044). The purified enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain of M r , 34,800 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The K m for phosphorylase a was 2.9 μ m and at V max , the enzyme had a turnover number of 11.7 mol phosphorylase a (dimer) converted/mol phosphatase/s. Phosphorylated histone and protamine were also substrates for this phosphatase. The K m for histone was 46 μ m (based on incorporated 32 P i and at V max a turnover number of 3.3 mol phosphate released/mol phosphatase/s was found. In general, the properties of the bovine phosphorylase phosphatase closely resemble those found for the rabbit liver enzyme.
Inhibition by fatty acids of the biodegradation of petroleum.

The extent of biodegradation of petroleum by two marine bacterial isolates was found to increase when the organisms were grown in dialysis culture. This suggests that inhibitory products are formed during growth on petroleum. Fatty acids were produced by both organisms and were present in the dialyzate (dialyzable material). Fatty acids and crude oil were found to have a synergistic toxic effect. Short-chain acids were more toxic than longer-chain ones.
Fundamental Research in Structural Ceramics for Service Near 2000°C

Structural ceramics for high-temperature applications should embody the following properties: oxidation resistance, chemical stability, low volatility, resistance to creep deformation, resistance to creep cavitation at interfaces, sufficient toughness at ambient temperature, and thermalshock resistance. These criteria lead to five themes for fundamental research and design of high-temperature structural ceramics: chemical and environmental stability, grain-boundary sliding and cavitation, single-crystal microstructure design, room-temperature mechanical properties, and thermal shock. It is recommended that research that is confined to any one of these five areas takes into consideration the broader implications of research results. For example, microstructure designs that require weak interfaces for obtaining toughness at room temperature directly or indirectly conflict with creep and cavitation resistance needed for long-term service at high temperatures. New research should be directed at mechanisms that can simultaneously achieve good mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures. This paper addresses the following recommendations: (i) although non-oxide systems can be viable for structural applications below 1500°C, oxidebased ceramics are necessary for service above 1500°C; (ii) microstructure designs based on acicular grain morphologies and/or single-crystal fiber reinforcements have the potential for meeting the mechanical property requirements from room temperature up to very high temperatures; (iii) for fundamental studies of mechanical properties at high temperatures, simple uniaxial tension experiments should be used in tandem with four-point bending and uniaxial compression experiments; (iv) the study of the reinforcement phase should center on very pure, highly stoichiometric materials in the case of non-oxides, and on mixed and alloyed single crystals of cubic symmetry, or crystals having isotropic properties, and large unit cells in the case of oxides; (v) the study of interfaces in non-oxides should focus on the chemistry of the intergranular glass phase, particularly the control of the oxygen content and the crystallization of this phase for improvement of high-temperature properties; (vi) the study of interfaces in oxides is best directed at the relationship between interface structure, defect chemistry, and interfacial mechanical properties over a wide range of temperature; (vii) the understanding of the micromechanisms of thermal-shock failure and the application of this understanding for designing graded interfaces that may be able to cope with thermal-expansion stresses without leading to microfracture and cavitation is important in all classes of ceramic materials, and is of critical importance in the development of oxides for very-high-temperature applications; and (viii) research in processing science should emphasize the study of basic mechanisms that lead to in-situ growth of acicular and fibrous microstructures.
MORPHOLOGY AND THERMAL DEATH POINT OF OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE

A B S T R A C T The morphology of single-sporangial isolates of lettuce, tomato, mustard, and oat Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang. growing in their respective hosts as well as in cowpea were compared in situ and after extraction from the roots. The sporangia, zoospores, and resting spores of all isolates were within the established limits of the species. Single exit tubes or pores predominated which means that these isolates should not be transferred to the genus Pleotrachelus. A satisfactory assay for the presence of resting spores was developed by air-drying of the roots for a week or longer. This treatment killed zoospores and vegetative sporangia, but not resting spores. Factors affecting resting spore formation were investigated unsuccessfully. The thermal death point of zoospores of mustard isolates that did not form resting spores was between 40 and 45 C for 10 min. OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE (Wor.) Dang. was associated with the occurrence of big-vein disease of lettuce by Grogan, Zink, Hewitt and Kimble (1958) and by Fry (1958). These authors followed the conclusions of Sampson (1939) on the morphology and taxonomy of the fungus. Sahtiyanci (1962) published detailed observations of three isolates of a fungus similar to 0. brassicae. Many of these observations of sequences in the life cycle of the fungus were confirmed and extended in electron microscopic studies (Temmink
Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) as an adjunct for hemorrhagic shock.

Temporary occlusion of the aorta as an operative method to increase proximal or central perfusion to the heart and brain in the setting of shock is not new.1 Resuscitative aortic occlusion with a balloon was reported as early as the Korean War and has been described in more recent publications.2–5 Despite potential advantages over thoracotomy with aortic clamping, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for trauma has not been widely adopted. Broader application of this procedure may have lagged because of latent technology, a poorly understood skill set, or anticipated ineffectiveness of the technique. However, the recent evolution of endovascular technology and its clear benefit in managing vascular disease such as ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm suggest that a reappraisal of this technique for trauma is needed. The objective of this report is to provide a technical description of REBOA. To simplify, this maneuver can be considered in the following five steps each with specific procedural considerations (Table 1):
Neonatal Lupus and Related Autoimmune Disorders of Infants

Neonatal lupus syndromes are caused by maternal antibodies targeting proteins displayed on apoptotic blebs. Mothers frequently are healthy and unaware of their autoantibody status. Manifestations in infants include rashes, cytopenias, hepatobiliary disease, heart block, and rarely, cardiomyopathies. Cerebral dysmaturation, ventriculomegaly, and lenticulostriate vasculopathy are recently described manifestations. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, pneumonitis, nephritis, and multiorgan failure are rare. Coexisting antithyroid and antiphospholipid antibodies may complicate the presentation. Symptoms typically disappear with the clearance of maternal antibodies from the neonatal circulation, except in cases where the disease is extensive or involves vulnerable tissues. Early diagnosis, close monitoring, and appropriate intervention with immunosuppressive treatment may subvert organ-threatening disease in select cases.
Homogeneous Nucleation with Parallel Pathways

An extension of the thermodynamically-based nucleation theory that has been used successfully to describe sickle cell hemloglobin polymerization is presented. (Ferrone, Hofrichter, Eaton, 1985, JMB 183:611-631) This extension accounts for the possible interference of parallel assembly pathways such as liquid-liquid demixing, or disordered cluster formation, in a mathematically simple and physically intuitive way. We illustrate this theory by application to the crystallization of lysozyme, which exhibits a well-documented liquid-liquid demixing process and thus fills the role of an alternate pathway to assembly. The theory correctly describes an observed acceleration of the nucleation rates upon intersection of the barriers for nucleation and demixing. An interesting corollary of the theory presented here is that it provides a novel explanation for assembly processes that appear to proceed via monomeric nuclei.
The use of assistance while lifting

Using assistance during lifting is a desirable behavior. Assistance can eliminate or reduce the amount of biomechanical stress associated with a lift, significantly reducing the risk of low back injury. This paper describes lifting activities engaged in by nursing care workers. Only 15% of all lifts performed by the hospital nursing personnel in this study were assisted lifts. The analysis suggests that the use of assistance can be associated with specific factors such as type of object lifted, work stress associated with the lift, number of preparations that must be made before the lift can be attempted, years of experience of the lifter, and the idiosyncratic behavior patterns of lifters with respect to using assistance. It is recommended that attention be given to psychological and social, as well as biomechanical, factors in the control of low back injury.
Day care USA: A statement of principles 1

Day care is coming to America. The question is: What kind? Shall we follow the pattern of certain other nations in which day care programs have served further to separate the child from his family and reduce the family's and the community's feeling of responsibility for their children? Or, shall the American model of day care retain and rededicate our commitment to the family as the primary and proper agent for the process of making human beings human? The program here described opts for the second alternative, not only because it is more in keeping with our national traditions, but also because scientific studies indicate that a young child needs for his development the kind of attention and close interpersonal relationships that a family can best provide. But in what sense can day care strengthen the family in its child rearing functions? To answer this question, we must understand what has taken place in the way in which children are reared in the United States.3 As a recent study describes it:
Endothelin-1: Possible implications in pulmonary vascular disease

Abstract The vasoactive properties of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the animal model vary with the tone of the pulmonary vessels, the dose level of ET-1, and the maturation of the vessels. The action of ET-1 is mediated by endothelium-derived nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and electrolytes. Plasma levels of ET-1 are elevated in pulmonary hypertension in both animals and humans. ET-1 antagonists may prove useful in treating pulmonary hypertension in children and adults.
Development and validation of the voice handicap index-10.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to develop an abbreviated voice handicap assessment instrument and compare it with the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Study Design: Item analysis of the VHI in individuals without voice disorders and patients with voice disorders and creation and validation of the abbreviated VHI. Methods: Clinical consensus review of the VHI items was held to prioritize the clinical value of each of the VHI items (30 items in all). Item analysis of the VHI was performed using the VHI responses of 100 patients with voice problems and 159 control subjects. The 10 most robust VHI items were selected using the item analysis and clinical consensus results to form the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10). Statistical analysis comparing the validity of the VHI-10 with the VHI was performed with 819 patients representing a wide spectrum of voice disorders. Results: Statistical analysis of the VHI and VHI-10 scores from the study group showed no statistically significant differences between the VHI and the VHI-10. Irrespective of diagnosis, the correlation between the VHI and the VHI-10 was greater than .90 (P = .01). The ratios of the VHI-10 to VHI scores for a variety of voice disorder categories were analyzed and found to be consistently greater than the expected value (33%). This suggests that the VHI-10 may be a more robust instrument than the VHI. Conclusion: The VHI-10 is a powerful representation of the VHI that takes less time for the patient to complete without loss of validity. Thus, the VHI-10 can replace the VHI as an instrument to quantify patients' perception of their voice handicap.
Do public clinic systems provide health care access for the urban poor? A cross-sectional survey.

The purpose of this study was to describe the health care access provided to a low-income urban population by a system of county run public clinics. We conducted a cross-sectional interview survey of a random sample of subjects applying for or renewing eligibility to use the public system. The setting was a public system consisting of inner-city community health centers and hospital-based clinics delivering primary care. We interviewed 547 adult nonpregnant subjects; mean age was 41 years; 55% were women, 54% were Hispanic and 28% were non-Hispanic Blacks; 78% had household income below $15,000 per year, and 75% had no health insurance. Access to health care was measured in three ways: physician contact during year prior to survey; and answers to two separate questions concerning delaying needed medical care because it cost too much, and delaying care because it would take too long to be seen.
Thermodilution cardiac output measurement in infants and small children following intracardiac surgery.

Abstract A modified catheter has been used in conjunction with a thermodilution cardiac output computer for postoperative assessment of cardiac function in infants and children. Because of the small amount of fluid required for each determination and the simplicity of the technique, serial measurements can be done safely. Its use has a contributed to the early detection of low output states. It has also proven to be a useful tool for estimating the optimal heart rate in each patient and for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.
The β-adrenergic receptor kinase in heart failure

Abstract Heart failure (HF) remains a significant and increasing cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. HF is less a disease than a common clinical endpoint resulting from diverse, but often co-existing etiologies—including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and viral cardiomyopathy. Regardless of the pathologic trigger, HF can be characterized by a series of specific, molecular changes in the diseased myocardium. Noteworthy among these changes are alterations in the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling cascade. βARs belong to the larger family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and modulate cardiac function by controlling the inotropic and chronotropic response to catecholamines. βARs, in turn, are regulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs). GRKs phosphorylate βARs, blocking downstream-signaling cascades and ultimately desensitizing the receptor to further catecholamine stimuli. Recent advances in transgenic mouse and gene therapy techniques have led to therapeutic strategies by manipulating βAR signaling, specifically through the inhibition of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK1 or GRK2), the predominant myocardial GRK. The purpose of this manuscript, then, is to review (1) the changes that occur to βAR-signaling pathways in HF, (2) the evidence from transgenic murine studies examining the consequences of βARK1 manipulation in the failing heart, and (3) the effectiveness of in vivo applications of βARK1-targeted gene therapy at ameliorating HF.
Formation of Absorption Spectra by Diffuse Reflection from a Semi-Infinite Planetary Atmosphere

Absorption spectra formation by diffuse reflection from semiinfinite plane parallel scattering planetary atmosphere, using asymptotic expressions for higher order scattering
High-speed wavelength-swept semiconductor laser with a polygon-scanner-based wavelength filter

Ultrahigh-speed tuning of an extended-cavity semiconductor laser is demonstrated. The laser resonator comprises a unidirectional fiber-optic ring, a semiconductor optical amplifier as the gain medium, and a novel scanning filter based on a polygonal scanner. Variable tuning rates up to 1150 nm/ms (15.7-kHz repetition frequency) are demonstrated over a 70-nm wavelength span centered at 1.32 microm. This tuning rate is more than an order of magnitude faster than previously demonstrated and is facilitated in part by self-frequency shifting in the semiconductor optical amplifier. The instantaneous linewidth of the source is <0.1 nm for 9-mW cw output power and a low spontaneous-emission background of -80 dB.
Georadar Investigation of Karst in a Limestone Quarry near Anna, Illinois

SUMMARY Clay-filled karst was encountered during normal operations of a limestone quarry near Anna, Illinois. Attempts to determine karst extent with a drill rig became too dangerous. Consequently, a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system was used to map karst extent and to determine any possible relationship to fractures observable along quarry walls. Georadar profiles were located adjacent to major fractures to intersect exposed portions of the karst feature. Reflector velocity information was obtained using the commonmidpoint (CMP) method at selected locations along the radar profiles. Radar profiles were collected using 50 and 100 MHz antennae. Karst features filled with sediment and air were imaged remarkably well on georadar data using both antennae. Stratigraphy associated with the karst includes 4 m of finegrained limestone overlain by 5-6 m of interbedded chert and limestone. This vertical transition in stratigraphy is observable on the processed georadar data, as are several fractures which intersect the main cavity. Fractures served as conduits for local groundwater, which resulted in carbonate dissolution, and for sediment which later filled the void. Karst extent was determined quickly and efficiently using simple ground-penetrating radar methods, and quarry operators were provided with information necessary to continue production of limestone materials.
A prospective study of loss of control eating for body weight gain in children at high risk for adult obesity.

Objective Limited data suggest that disordered-eating may predispose children to excessive weight gain. We investigated the relationship between baseline responses to the Eating Disorder Examination adapted for Children (ChEDE) and change in BMI (kg/m2) in children at high risk for adult obesity. Method Children (6–12 years) were administered the ChEDE to assess loss of control (LOC) eating, dietary restraint, and eating, shape, and weight concern. Height and weight were measured at baseline and annually. Results Between July, 1999, and August, 2007, 772 measurements were obtained from 143 children over 4.5 ± 1.9 years. LOC eating predicted an increased rate of BMI growth over time (p = .02). Compared with children without LOC, those reporting LOC gained an additional mean 2.4 kg of weight per year. Conclusion LOC is a salient predictor of weight gain during middle childhood. Interventions that decrease LOC eating should be evaluated for their ability to prevent excessive pediatric weight gain. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Effects of intimate partner violence on low-income women's health and employment.

Rates of both intimate partner violence and poor health are high among low-income women This paper examines relationships among abuse, health, and employment stability using data from a 3-year study of over 1000 female welfare recipients in Illinois. Results demonstrate the importance of accounting for both recency and chronicity of intimate partner violence and understanding the mediational role of health in the relationship between intimate partner violence and employment. Chronic intimate partner violence is associated with poor health, whereas recent intimate partner violence is associated with unstable employment. Mediations analyses suggest that health does not mediate the effects of abuse on employment stability over a 3-year period.
The IDOE Inter-University Manganese Nodule Project: A progress report

As coordinator of the Inter-University Manganese Nodule Project, (1972 1975), the author presents a summary of the research results of many investigators. Details of individual researches are given at the conference, but in deference to those investigators whose work is reported, only the expanded abstract of the presentation is given in published form.
Fermentation and toxin studies of the molluscicidal strains of Bacillus brevis.

Strain SS86-4 was one of 40Bacillus brevis strains shown to be molluscicidal to the schistosomiasis snail vectorBiomphalaria glabrata. When grown in mB4 medium in 2-L fermentors, SS86-4 was molluscicidal only if fructose or phenylalanine was present in the medium. This is reminiscent of secondary fermentation factor effects, in this case an antioxidant effect. In vivo proteases also were capable of reducing molluscicidal activity. The molluscicidal toxin has an LC50 of 1 μg toxin protein ml−1 (approx. 1 p.p.m.) and may be described as a small proteinaceous, heat-stable, oxygen-sensitive entity associated with the particulate portion of the cell wall fraction ofB. brevis that is formed prior to sporulation. Initial information indicates that its HPLC signature shows major peaks at 148.37 and 163.96 s and consists of two bands of approximately 5.3 kDa and 8.7 kDa on PAGE gel.
Crystal field and exchange interactions in PrAl2−xAgx

Abstract Magnetic order disappears on homogeneous substitution for Al by Ag in the ferromagnet PrAl 2 (MgCu 2 type) beyond a composition PrAl 1.7 Ag 0.3 and the materials become van Vleck paramagnets which, however, retain large exchange parameters. The lack of ordering appears to be partly due to the creation of crystal field singlets by randomizing the coordination shell, an effect reminiscent of the amorphous state.
Styelin D, an Extensively Modified Antimicrobial Peptide from Ascidian Hemocytes

Abstract We isolated styelin D, a 32-residue, C-terminally amidated antimicrobial peptide, from the blood cells (hemocytes) of the solitary ascidian, Styela clava. Styelin D had remarkably extensive post-translational modifications, containing two novel amino acids, dihydroxyarginine and dihydroxylysine, and two distinctly unusual ones, 6-bromotryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. In addition, the peptide exhibited microheterogeneity because of differential mono- and dihydroxylation of several lysine residues. The primary sequence of one variant was: GW*LR**K**AAK**SVGK**FY*Y*K**HK*Y*Y*IK*AAWQIGKHAL-NH2 , where W* is 6-bromotryptophan, R** is dihydroxyarginine, Y* is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, K* is 5-hydroxylysine, and K** is dihydroxylysine. Styelin D exhibited activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and this activity was retained in 200 mm NaCl. The role of the extensive modifications may be to preserve activity at low pH and/or high salinity because, under these conditions, the native peptide was considerably more active against the Gram-positive bacterial strains than its unmodified synthetic analogue. The peptide was also hemolytic and quite cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. These broad ranging activities, combined with its relative abundance in ascidian hemocytes, suggest that styelin D plays a significant role in the innate immune mechanisms of S. clava.
Reduced Punishment Sensitivity in Neural Systems of Behavior Monitoring in Impulsive Individuals

This study measured the response-locked event-related potential during a flanker task with performance-based monetarily rewarding and punishing trials in 37 undergraduate students separated into high- and low-impulsive groups based on a median split on self-reported Barrett Impulsiveness Scale. The high-impulsive group had a smaller medial frontal error-related negativity (ERN) on punishment trials than the low-impulsive group. The medial prefrontal neural system of behavior monitoring, indexed by the ERN, appears less sensitive to punishment signals in normal impulsivity. This reduced punishment sensitivity in impulsivity, a personality variation associated with several mental and personality disorders including ADHD and substance abuse may be related to the tendency to select short-term rewards despite potential long-term negative consequences in these individuals.
Why It Matters

Computer science research and technology can make a real difference in the world. The recent earthquake in China provides one example.
Laparoscopic augmentation cystoplasty: a comparison between native ileum and small intestinal submucosa in the porcine model.

OBJECTIVES To determine the feasibility of laparoscopic augmentation cystoplasty (LAC) in the porcine model and to compare LAC using standard bowel vs a small intestinal submucosa (SIS) allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen female pigs underwent LAC; six had standard ileal AC and eight AC with SIS. All the pigs had limited cystometrogram studies before surgery to determine bladder capacity. At 6 weeks after surgery the pigs were anaesthetized, the bladder capacities were re-assessed and then the pigs were killed; the bladders were harvested and examined histologically. RESULTS In all, 12 of 14 pigs completed the 6-week survival period; two pigs from the SIS group died from urinary ascites secondary to anastomotic leaks at the cystoplasty site. There were no complications in the ileal augmentation group. The operative duration was similar in both groups. The bladder capacities increased significantly in both groups, although more reliably in the native ileum group. In two pigs in the SIS group there was no increase in bladder capacity. CONCLUSIONS LAC is feasible in the porcine model and results in a significant increase in bladder capacity. AC using SIS does not appear to increase bladder capacity as reliably as native ileum, and has a higher complication rate.
Erosion of the telomeric single-strand overhang at replicative senescence

Cultured primary human cells inevitably enter a state of replicative senescence for which the specific molecular trigger is unknown. We show that the single-strand telomeric overhang, a key component of telomere structure, is eroded at senescence. Expression of telomerase prevents overhang loss, suggesting that this enzyme prevents senescence by maintaining proper telomere structure. In contrast, progressive overhang loss occurs in cells that avoid senescence through the inactivation of p53 and Rb, indicating that overhang erosion is the result of continuous cell division and not a consequence of senescence. We thus provide evidence for a specific molecular alteration in telomere structure at senescence and suggest that this change, rather than overall telomere length, serves to trigger this state.
Peer Justice and Teamwork Process

We articulate a teamwork process model of peer justice, defined as a shared perception regarding how individuals who work together within the same unit and who do not have formal authority over each other judge the fairness with which they treat one another. We argue that unit-level judgments of procedural and interpersonal fairness may influence team process, characterized by such things as better communication, better coordination, and more mutual support for members. These team processes, in turn, promote higher team performance and unit-level citizenship behaviors. These ideas were tested among teams of business students working on a semester-long class project. Findings generally supported our theoretical model, attesting to the importance of peer justice. We also found that peer procedural justice strength influenced team outcome variables, including performance, through teamwork processes. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Zinc Manganese Ferrite

Zn x Mn 1―x Fe 2 O 4 is a prototypical soft magnetic material, and commonly used for high-frequency applications due to its low power loss and high permeability and resistivity. Various wet chemistry routes have been developed for synthesizing Zn x Mn 1―x Fe 2 O 4 ; however, multistep procedures are usually involved in these methods, making them complex in implementation. Here, we use a facile chelate method to prepare Zn x Mn 1―x Fe 2 O 4 sol precursor for fabricating both fine powders and nanocrystalline thin films. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques are used to characterize the microstructure and composition of as-synthesized Zn x Mn 1―x Fe 2 O 4 , and superconducting quantum interface device is used to measure their magnetic properties. The investigation of powders with different Zn/Mn cation concentration indicates that the saturation magnetization is determined by the content parameter x; while the coercive field is closely correlated to the crystal size. Further, Zn 0.4 Mn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 thin films were deposited using spin-coating technique, and annealed at different temperatures to study the formation of the impurity phase.
Prevention of Cardiac Hypertrophy by Calcineurin Inhibition: Hope or Hype?

Heart failure afflicts about 5 million Americans at an estimated cost to the healthcare system of 40 billion dollars annually.1 2 Despite extensive knowledge of the causes and effects of heart failure, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease remain vague. Elucidation of these mechanisms is an essential prerequisite to the development of rational pharmacological approaches to prevent and potentially reverse the pathological changes associated with this catastrophic disease. Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response of the heart to a wide array of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, valvular disease, endocrine disorders, and contractile abnormalities resulting from mutant sarcomeric proteins. Because cardiomyocytes lose the ability to divide soon after birth, enlargement of the heart during hypertrophy involves an increase in size and mass of individual cardiomyocytes without an increase in cell number. Although initially beneficial, prolonged hypertrophy can become deleterious, resulting in dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and sudden death. Several drugs show efficacy in sustaining cardiac function and prolonging life in heart failure patients, but the 5-year mortality rate for patients with the disease remains nearly 50%, and there is no truly effective pharmacological prevention or cure. The recent creation of several mouse models that mimic aspects of human heart disease represents an auspicious step toward the development of improved drug therapies. Over the past decade, a multitude of papers have described various signal-transduction pathways that can induce hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes and transgenic mice.3 4 However, although it is apparent that a host of signals can cause hypertrophy in experimental systems, which of these really do cause hypertrophy and heart failure in humans remains a fundamental question. In addition, many of the signaling molecules that have been shown to induce hypertrophy in primary cardiomyocytes or transgenic mice have not yet been …
Equilibrium Shapes and Forces Incurred by Lifting a Heavy, Segmented Rod from One End:

A segmented rod, composed of heavy rigid links joined by hinges with rotational resistance, is gradually lifted off the ground from one end. The equilibrium shape is governed by a non linear difference equation with two unknown parameters. The solution scheme yields a non linear lifting force–lifted height relation.
Turning tables [HTML tables]

Behind all the fancy tools that churn out volumes of messy HTML, there is a basic set of standardized HTML tags that all professional Webspinners must learn to master. It is important to understand these tags and how they work because despite recent advances in code-checking tools, debugging HTML often still comes down to hand-tweaking code with simple text editors like NotePad and BBEdit. The paper discusses HTML tables which are the fundamental building blocks for most of today's Web pages. It considers three basic tags to build a table.
The effect of mechanical load on tendon-to-bone healing in a rat model.

Background:Joint motion is commonly prescribed after tendon repair surgeries such as rotator cuff repairs; however, the ideal rehabilitation program to optimize tendon-to-bone healing is unknown.Hypotheses:(1) Delayed loading would result in a mechanically stronger and better organized tendon-to-bone interface compared with prolonged immobilization or immediate loading. (2) Low-magnitude load would lead to superior healing compared with high-magnitude load.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:A total of 192 rats underwent unilateral patellar tendon detachment and repair followed by placement of a custom external fixator. Rats were assigned to immobilization, immediate postoperative loading, or delayed-onset loading (4- or 10-day delay). Loading was controlled using a specially designed motorized device to apply constant strain until 3 N (low load) or 6 N (high load) of axial tensile force was reached through the healing bone-tendon complex for 50 cycles per day. Rats were sacrificed at 4, 10, ...
EXPECT: Intelligent Support for Knowledge Base Refinement

Effective knowledge acquisition amounts to having good sources of expectations that can provide guidance about what knowledge needs to be acquired from users. Current approaches to knowledge acquisition often rely on strong models of the problem-solving method used in the task domain to form expectations. These methods are often implicit in the tool, which is a strong limitation for their use in different domains. Additionally, these tools require an understanding of the method to be used that most experts find difficult to overcome. In this paper we present EXPECT, a novel approach to knowledge acquisition based on the EES architecture that forms expectations based on the current knowledge contained in the system about the task, and are not hard-coded in the tool. We show how the explicit representation of domain principles and its relation to compiled procedural knowledge enables a system to form expectations as to what knowledge is missing or incorrect. This capability coupled with a dialogue-based explanation facility makes communication with the knowledge acquisition tool more natural to domain experts.
Substantive and Procedural Arbitrability in Ad Hoc Investor-State Arbitration — BG Group v. Argentina

The U.S. Supreme Court has developed a conceptual framework for deciding how much deference an award-enforcing U.S. court must give to the arbitral tribunal’s conclusion that the dispute was properly arbitrable, that is, that the award was based on an existing and valid arbitration agreement and that the claim was admissible. In BG Group v. Argentina, the Court has now developed that framework further and has applied it for the first time to an ad hoc investor state arbitration case seated in the U.S. In BG Group the British investor failed to litigate its claim first in an Argentinian court, as required in the U.K.-Argentina Bilateral Investment Treaty [BIT], but the arbitral tribunal found the local litigation requirement inapplicable and ruled for the investor on the merits. The U.S. Supreme Court concluded that the local litigation requirement was a “procedural arbitrability” question, concerning which an enforcing U.S. court must give deference to the tribunal’s ruling that the claim was admissible. This piece explains and analyzes the Supreme Court’s “substantive” and “procedural” arbitrability concepts and the significance for ad hoc investor-state arbitration, and more broadly for international commercial arbitration in general, of this new Supreme Court decision.
Specificity of the antibody response to the pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.

Nonspecific antibodies, which are thought to be nonprotective, have been shown to contribute a substantial proportion of the measured concentration in the standardized immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pneumococcal polysaccharide capsular antibodies. The presence of such antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons has not been evaluated. The amount of nonspecific antibodies is proportional to the reduction in IgG antibody concentration that occurs with serum absorption with the heterologous polysaccharide 22F. We measured the amount of nonspecific antibodies before and after vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV; n = 33) or the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV; n = 34) in HIV-infected adults with CD4 counts of ≥200 cells/mm3. Blood was drawn before and 2 months after vaccination. For prevaccination sera, we found a substantial amount of nonspecific antibodies for serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, and 23F (23 to 47% of measured IgG concentration), but not for serotype 14. There tended to be proportionately less nonspecific antibodies in postvaccine sera than prevaccine sera for PCV, but not for PPV. Subjects with a low HIV viral load (≤400 copies/ml) had proportionately more nonspecific antibodies than those with higher viral load before and after both vaccines. After 22F absorption, the geometric mean concentrations of antibodies were significantly higher post-PCV than post-PPV for the high viral load group for all five serotypes, but for no serotypes in the low viral load group. These findings confirm that absorption with a heterologous pneumococcal polysaccharide (e.g., 22F) is necessary to remove nonspecific antibodies in a standardized IgG ELISA for pneumococcal capsular antibodies in HIV-infected adults.
Evanescent growth and tunneling through stacks of frequency-selective surfaces

The presence of wave tunneling and the "growing evanescent envelope" for field distributions in suitably designed, periodically layered stacks of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) is discussed in this letter. It is known that a slab of double-negative (DNG) or left-handed metamaterial sandwiched between two vacuum half-spaces may lead to "growing" evanescent plane waves, which may be used to restore sub-wavelength information in Pendry's "perfect" lens (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, pg. 3966, 2000). In this letter, it is shown that a completely different setup allows an analogous buildup of evanescently modulated waves. In particular, it is shown how an interface resonance phenomenon similar to the one present at the interface between metamaterials with oppositely signed constitutive parameters may be induced by a proper choice of the periodicities of the FSS stacks and the geometrical properties of these surfaces. The analysis is performed through an equivalent transmission-line approach, and some physical insights into this phenomenon are presented. Salient features, such as the complete wave tunneling through the pair of cascaded FSS, each operating at its bandgap, are presented and discussed.
Removing hidden patient data from digital images in PowerPoint.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to discuss the potential issue of exposing patient information from digital images used in PowerPoint presentations.CONCLUSION. Current methods for safeguarding patient information in PowerPoint presentations still contain the potential for risk. In radiology, many digital images used in PowerPoint contain hidden patient identification information. Although cautious use of cropping and masking techniques has been adequate for presentation, the hidden information is still available as part of the digital image and may pose Health Insurance Portability and Account-ability Act (HIPAA) risks. This article will discuss the origin of this issue and describe simple solutions for permanently removing patient information using built-in PowerPoint functions.
Petrochemical and geochronological studies of plutonic rocks in the southern Appalachians: III. Leucocratic adamellites of the Charlotte belt near Salisbury, North Carolina

The Salisbury, Yadkin, Southmont, Gold Hill, and Kannapolis plutons and related smaller bodies in the Charlotte belt of central North Carolina are leucocratic albite adamellite. The Rb-Sr whole-rock ages for these plutons are 413 to 386 m.y., and the Salisbury-group granites generally have low initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios near 0.703. A mica date of 368 m.y. is an upper bracket for metamorphism. The Gold Hill fault truncates the Gold Hill pluton; major movement probably occurred between about 400 and 368 m.y. ago. Gold mineralization apparently is younger than major deformation. The gold deposits are strongly localized in shear zones, although some gold-bearing veins cut the Gold Hill and Salisbury plutons. Acadian deformation in this part of the southern Appalachians is mainly restricted to shear zones trending about 25° east of north and was accompanied or followed by lower–greenschist-facies metamorphism that overprinted an earlier greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphism.