cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure of coordinatively unsaturated molybdenum and molybdenum oxide carbonyls

Results of density functional theory calculations on coordinatively unsaturated molybdenum carbonyl and molybdenum oxide carbonyl anion and neutral complexes observed in previous experimental studies [Wyrwas, Robertson, and Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 214309 (2007)] and extended to related complexes are reported. The ground and low-lying electronic states were calculated for the most stable structures predicted for Mo(CO)n/Mo(CO)n− (n=1–3, 5 and 6), MoO(CO)n/MoO(CO)n− (n=0–3), and MoO2(CO)n/MoO2(CO)n− (n=0–2). Interesting trends are predicted with CO addition, electron addition, and oxidation of the Mo center. In all cases, anions have stronger Mo–CO bond energies, which is attributed to enhanced πCO∗ backdonation. This enhancement is more dramatic for the molybdenum oxo complexes because the highest occupied molecular orbitals shift from Mo to the πCO∗ backbonds with the addition of oxygen to the Mo center. Sequential addition of CO for all species results in a sequential stabilization of low spin state...
Structural Integrity Procedures for Naval Ships

The application of both light and heavy sections of high strength metals in weight sensitive ships demands that structural integrity principles be followed during all stages of design, fabrication and life-cycle support of ship structures. The integration of the interfacing disciplines of material sciences, fracture mechanics, structural design, welding engineering, production engineering and nondestructive testing are necessary ingredients of the Navy's structural integrity plan. The relationships of these groups in the past, and envisioned in the future, are discussed. Results of early structural integrity efforts for present day ships as well as structural integrity aspects of ongoing designs are also discussed.
Climatological patterns of thunderstorm activity in south‐eastern USA

Climatological patterns of summertime thunderstorm activity are examined for most of southeastern USA, excluding the Florida peninsula. Monthly numbers of thunderstorm observations at 61 stations for the period 1951–1977 are analysed by means of principal components analysis (PCA) to identify recurring spatial patterns. The first seven components are found to contain non-random patterns and are subjected to an oblique rotation. The results indicate that there are approximately six distinct spatial patterns. A high correlation between two of the rotated components and the similarity of their spatial loading patterns implies that they may be manifestations of the same pattern. Months with the highest component scores for each of the first four components are presented as pattern examples, and their upper level circulation patterns are discussed.
On the Athey–Levin model of skewed bidding

Using data from 39 first-price, sealed-bid auctions from three Wisconsin State forests, we examine the fragility of the sealed-bid auction portion of Athey and Levin's (2001) study of skewed bidding behaviour in US forest service auctions. The results of our analysis compare favourably with their results, suggesting that their model is robust across data sets similar to, but distinct from, the data used in their study.
Antibiotics in Non-Tuberculous Pulmonary Diseases

Penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin and chloromycetin are all invaluable in the treatment of pulmonary infections. Penicillin is the drug of choice in all coccal pneumonias, suppurative diseases of the lungs, bronchiectasis, spirochaetal infections and actinomycosis of the lung. It is best given by the intramuscular route, using 50,000 units of crystalline penicillin G every three hours. When repeated injections are not feasable, 12 hourly injections of 400,000 units of penicillin containing 300,000 units of procaine penicillin G and 100,000 units of sodium or potassium penicillin G should be used. In suppurative lung lesions and bronchial infections, aerosol penicillin should be added, using 50,000 units of penicillin dissolved in 1 cc. of saline solution, three times daily, preferably with an oxygen tank. In empyemas, direct daily instillation of 50,000 units of penicillin dissolved in 50 cc. saline into the pleural cavity may be curative. Streptomycin is the drug of choice in gram-negative infections of the lung. It is highly specific for pneumonias and pulmonary infections due to Friedlander's bacillus, B. tularensis, B. pestis, hemophilus influenzae and E. coli. It is best given by intramuscular injection of ½ gram every six hours until the infection is under control. In suppurative diseases of the lungs and bronchiectasis, aerosol streptomycin in conjunction with penicillin should be used. Aureomycin is the drug of choice in atypical pneumonia, ornithotic pneumonia, tularemic pneumonia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever infections and brucellosis. The drug is given orally, using 1 gram every six hours for several days, and then ½ gram every six hours. Bacterial pneumonias not responding to penicillin and streptomycin may respond to aureomycin. Chloromycetin is the drug of choice in pulmonary infections due to typhus, salmonella group, E. coli and brucella organisms. The drug is given by mouth, using 1 gram every four to six hours until improvement takes place, then ½ gram every six hours. Combined Therapy : In pulmonary infections of unknown etiology, it is often invaluable to use both penicillin and streptomycin at once, and if in a short time improvement does not occur, aureomycin and/or streptomycin should be added. Other Antibiotics : Several of the newer antibiotics show great promise in the treatment of hitherto incurable lesions, such as fungus and viral infections. Most of these are still toxic to animals, but it is very likely that with further refinements in preparation, they will soon prove to be effective in a still wider range of pulmonary infections.
Bargaining, Networks, and Management of Municipal Development Subsidies

This article investigates why cities use fiscal analyses such as cost–benefit analysis and/or fiscal impact analysis to manage offers of economic development incentives to business. We advance an approach to understanding economic development subsidies and control mechanisms that integrate political bargaining and network theories. Municipal bargaining power, institutional incentives, and organizational networks are hypothesized to influence development subsidy decisions. The results confirm that local governments’ bargaining power and political institutions influence the degree to which cities use fiscal analyses. In addition, public/private organizational networks that bridge public and private sectors by linking quasigovernmental organizations and local governments increase information and credibility thus leading to greater use of fiscal analyses.
The organizational contexts of development and use

Most computers are used in organizational settings. However, the 1980s provided an interval in which human-computer interaction research and design could ignore social context and focus on perceptual and cognitive aspects of use. IBM PCs and Macintoshes were difficult to network. They were used in social and organizational contexts, but their use was individual. Results were typically shared as printed hardcopy. In this decade, software engineers, human factors engineers, graphic and industrial designers, and psychologists addressed the perceptual and cognitive challenges of presenting information and conducting human-computer dialogues. As PCs lost their “insularity,” social and organizational effects grew in design relevance. First came file sharing and file transfer, then email and the Internet. Client-server computing, groupware, and other technologies reflect these changes. As “PC islands” disappear, computing becomes inextricably interwoven with its group and organizational contexts. Over time, the proportion of computers used in engineering settings decreases. Developers of interactive systems must work harder to understand the contexts of use. As the field of human-computer interaction expands its focus to consider organizational context, we find that this is not wholly unexplored territory. Particularly in Europe, less influenced by personal computer software development, organizational analysis has been a continuous thread in human factors and ergonomics research and practice. In general, the information systems field (also called data processing or management information systems) has focused on the organizational effects of computing (see Friedman [1989] and Hirschheim et al. [1995] for historical surveys). This work focuses on organizations. Between the individual focus of much HCI work and the organizational level lie yet other levels of organization, such as groups and projects. Recent research into group dynamics, much of it by anthropologists or ethnographers who study technology use in modern organizations, is found in the computer-supported cooperative work conferences (North American and European conference proceedings available from ACM and Kluwer, respectively) and the Kluwer journal of the same name. Organizational context plays two roles in interactive systems development:
Two portraits of caring: a comparison of the artists, Leininger and Watson

Two nursing leaders, Madeleine Leininger and Jean Watson, have devoted their careers to studying and evolving the meaning of caring. The theme of caring as presented by each theorist was explored along with their views of the nature of nursing, use of theory development strategies, and their individual contributions to the development of nursing knowledge. Both identify nursing as a humanistic science, with the concept of caring being the central unifying domain of nursing. Consistent with their belief that the humanistic sciences require a different research methodology to study that which is uniquely human, both have utilized qualitative research methodologies in their study of care. The evolution of each theorist perspective of care reflects their own background and experiences. Each theorist, therefore, has painted a different portrait of caring, demonstrating a differing emphasis on philosophical, cultural and empirical concerns. For Leininger, caring must be placed in a cultural context since caring patterns can differ transculturally. Watson has focused on the philosophic (existential--phenomenological) and spiritual basis of caring and sees caring as the ethical and moral ideal of nursing. Both Leininger and Watson have demonstrated their artistry in their individual portraits of caring and in their contributions to the development of nursing knowledge.
Exchange currents in nuclei, threshold pion photoproduction from nucleons, and the equivalence theorem

The experimental data for pion threshold photoproduction from nucleons are examined and are used to distinguish between models used to calculate pion-exchange currents in nuclei. The roles of the equivalence theorem and equivalence-breaking terms are stressed in both types of processes.
Teaching programming languages: A survey of approaches

Ten approaches to programming language instruction are summarized. The approaches discussed are: structured programming, modular programming, grammatical versus “whole program”, spiral, problem analysis, computer modeling, computer assisted instruction, instructional television, egoless versus individualistic programming, and team debugging.These approaches are discussed in terms of their general characteristics, proposed benefits, and demonstratable effectiveness. It is concluded that the serious lack of empirical research on teaching programming makes it difficult to rationally infer the comparable effectiveness of these pedagogical approaches.
Vsx‐1 and Vsx‐2: Two Chx10‐like homeobox genes expressed in overlapping domains in the adult goldfish retina

The genetic linkages of the murine ocular retardation mutation with the Chx10 gene and the murine small eye mutation with the Pax-6 gene has demonstrated the importance of Paired class homeobox genes in the development of the mammalian retina. Previously, we identified a Paired-class homeobox gene, Vsx-1, whose expression in the adult goldfish retina is restricted to the inner nuclear layer (INL) and to postmitotic, differentiating progenitor cells in the growth zone at the retinal peripheral margin, where neurogenesis continues throughout life. Here, we report the molecular cloning and expression pattern of a new Paired class homeobox gene, Vsx-2, in the adult goldfish retina. Like Vsx-1, Vsx-2 expression is highly restricted to the retina in the adult goldfish and overlaps with Vsx-1 expression in the mature INL. At the peripheral margin, Vsx-2 is expressed in mitotically active neuronal progenitors and is downregulated as these cells become postmitotic and begin to differentiate. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of Vsx-2, Vsx-1, Chx10, and C. elegansceh-10 reveal a conserved homeodomain and a unique domain termed the CVC domain. The similarities of the Vsx-2, Vsx-1, and Chx10 expression patterns suggest that genes containing the CVC domain have conserved functions during retinal development in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:439–448, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Quiz Timing on Exam Performance

The author reported on the effectiveness of online quizzes in introductory finance courses. He found completion of quizzes near the time when the teacher presents the material in class lectures to be associated with a moderate and statistically significant increase in performance on exams. Feedback to students on their quiz performance did not seem to be as important as timely completion of the quizzes.
Olfactory ERPs in an odor/visual congruency task differentiate ApoE ε4 carriers from non-carriers

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that impairs memory and semantic processing. AD patients and MCI patients at risk for AD show altered N400 ERP responses to incongruent visual and verbal stimuli. AD patients exhibit neuropathology in olfactory brain areas before cognitive symptoms, suggesting the potential for olfactory processing to reflect early pathology. Despite this, odor congruency has not been examined. We investigated odor-image congruency in older adults at genetic risk for AD. ApoE e4 carriers and non-carriers were screened for anosmia, severe hyposmia, and dementia. Olfactory ERPs were measured 600-1300 ms following odor-image pairs. Odors were each presented once congruently and once incongruently via an olfactometer. Pz amplitude significantly decreased on incongruent trials in e4 carriers. Pz amplitude differences on congruous and incongruous trials were larger in non carriers. Regression indicated that congruency showed very high sensitivity and specificity for correctly classifying e4 carriers from non-carriers.
Measuring depressive symptoms among treatment-resistant seizure disorder patients: POMS Depression scale as an alternative to the BDI-II

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidity among patients with treatment-resistant seizures. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is often used to measure the severity of self-reported depressive symptoms among patients with seizure disorders. In contrast, researchers often use the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Depression (D) scale to assess depressed mood among other medical patient groups. The clinical significance of POMS-D scores among seizure disorder patients is not clear. In this study, we computed the correlation of POMS-D and BDI-II scores, determined a formula for converting POMS-D scores to BDI-II scores, and computed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the POMS-D among seizure disorder patients. Two BDI-II cutoffs (BDI-II16 and 20) were used as criteria for significant reported depressive symptoms. We found a strong correlation between POMS-D and BDI-II scores. Analyses indicated that POMS-D scores strongly predict BDI-II scores. In addition, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV values obtained demonstrated that POMS-D scores accurately classify seizure disorder patients who endorse significant depressive symptoms. These results suggest that the POMS-D may be effective in measuring reported depressive symptoms among seizure disorder patients.
Heterogeneous SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes promote expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor target genes in melanoma.

The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) promotes melanocyte differentiation and cell cycle arrest. Paradoxically, MITF also promotes melanoma survival and proliferation, acting like a lineage survival oncogene. Thus, it is critically important to understand the mechanisms that regulate MITF activity in melanoma cells. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes are multiprotein complexes composed of one of two related ATPases, BRG1 or BRM, and 9-12 associated factors (BAFs). We previously determined that BRG1 interacts with MITF to promote melanocyte differentiation. However, it was unclear whether SWI/SNF enzymes regulate the expression of different classes of MITF target genes in melanoma. In this study, we characterized SWI/SNF subunit expression in melanoma cells and observed down-regulation of BRG1 or BRM, but not concomitant loss of both ATPases. Re-introduction of BRG1 in BRG1 deficient SK-MEL5 cells enhanced expression of differentiation specific MITF target genes and resistance to cisplatin. Down-regulation of the single ATPase, BRM, in SK-MEL5 cells inhibited expression of both differentiation specific and pro-proliferative MITF target genes and inhibited tumorigenicity in vitro. Our data suggest that heterogeneous SWI/SNF complexes composed of either the BRG1 or BRM subunit promote expression of distinct and overlapping MITF target genes and that at least one ATPase is required for melanoma tumorigenicity.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and food intake: effects on motivation to eat and in female mice

Recent studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide may play an important role in the regulation of food intake. The studies reported here extend these findings by demonstrating that NG-nitro-arginine-methylester, N-Arg(ME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, decreased intake of a highly palatable substance (i.e., milk), though at a higher dose than necessary for decreasing consumption of food pellets. N-Arg(ME) failed to inhibit lever press for milk reward in nonprefed mice, but decreased lever pressing in prefed mice. N-Arg(ME) decreased food intake in female mice, being most potent in proestrus. These studies suggest that nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases food intake without inducing aversion or illness.
Morphology development and control in immiscible polymer blends

Most immiscible polymer blends are produced by melt compounding in extruders. The melting and mixing process can generate morphologies ranging from disperse drops to fibers to lamella to cocontinuous structures. Controlling these morphologies is critical to performance of the final blend. This paper reviews recent research, from our group which reveals how these morphologies develop during compounding and how they can be stabilized with reactions at the interface between the two polymers.
Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in children with nephrotic syndrome

Although abnormalities of calcium and vitamin D metabolism are recognized in children with nephrotic syndrome, longitudinal observations are not available in these patients during periods of relapse and remission. We report observations in 58 children (mean age 10.1 years) with nephrotic syndrome and normal glomerular filtration rate. Hypocalcemia, modest hyperparathyroidism, and strikingly low calcidiol levels were identified during episodes of relapse. Most alterations were transient, and normalized on remission. The plasma concentration of calcitriol, the most active metabolite of vitamin D, was found to be normal in both relapse and remission. In the presence of hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism, however, normal plasma calcitriol levels in relapse may be inappropriately low and reflect a state of relative deficiency. Concurrent glucocorticold therapy did not modify the results. A corollary of our observations is that children with relapsing or protracted nephrotic syndrome are at risk of developing metabolic bone disease, even without impairment of glomerular filtration rate.
Calculations of plasma sputtering including the effect of the surface floating potential

Abstract The velocity distribution of plasma ions is altered significantly when the ions pass through the electrostatic, surface floating potential. The average energy of an ion can increase by more than a factor of three as a result of this potential and the effect on sputtering can be significant. In this paper, the effect of the surface floating potential on sputtering is calculated using a Monte Carlo code. This code incorporates a simulation of the velocity distribution of plasma ions incident on a surface with a floating potential. The effect of the surface floating potential is also included in a new plasma sputtering yield analytical model. Calculations of plasma sputtering with the new model are compared with Monte Carlo results. Expressed in terms of the ion plasma temperature and the surface floating potential, the new model should provide a fast and accurate means to calculate sputtering in fusion experiments.
Design of the Next Generation Aircraft Noise Prediction Program: ANOPP2

The requirements, constraints, and design of NASA's next generation Aircraft NOise Prediction Program (ANOPP2) are introduced. Similar to its predecessor (ANOPP), ANOPP2 provides the U.S. Government with an independent aircraft system noise prediction capability that can be used as a stand-alone program or within larger trade studies that include performance, emissions, and fuel burn. The ANOPP2 framework is designed to facilitate the combination of acoustic approaches of varying fidelity for the analysis of noise from conventional and unconventional aircraft. ANOPP2 integrates noise prediction and propagation methods, including those found in ANOPP, into a unified system that is compatible for use within general aircraft analysis software. The design of the system is described in terms of its functionality and capability to perform predictions accounting for distributed sources, installation effects, and propagation through a non-uniform atmosphere including refraction and the influence of terrain. The philosophy of mixed fidelity noise prediction through the use of nested Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings surfaces is presented and specific issues associated with its implementation are identified. Demonstrations for a conventional twin-aisle and an unconventional hybrid wing body aircraft configuration are presented to show the feasibility and capabilities of the system. Isolated model-scale jet noise predictions are also presented using high-fidelity and reduced order models, further demonstrating ANOPP2's ability to provide predictions for model-scale test configurations.
Urea disc-gel electrophoresis of rabbit and bovine myosin

Abstract Numerous procedures for improving the entry of aggregates and of large myosin subunits into disc gels were investigated. Both rabbit and bovine myosin behaved essentially the same during electrophoresis in urea. Aggregates of myosin and large and small subunits were found to enter and migrate in a 2·5% acrylamide gel in 7 m urea on using a continuous buffer system. Washing with low ionic strength buffer ( 0·04 m KCl prior to the addition of urea increased the proportion of migrating myosin. Storage of myosin aggregates in urea for periods up to three weeks increased the yield of electrophoretically migrating protein. The possible significance of these findings with regard to the properties of meat is discussed.
Characterization of the PC4 Binding Domain and its Interactions with HNF4α

In the presence of oxidative stress, the hepatocellular inflammatory-redox (IR) state upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression as an anti-oxidant function. In IL-1beta and peroxide treated hepatocytes, we have identified hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF4) and the transcriptional co-activator, PC4, to be essential for upregulation of iNOS transcription in this setting. The co-activator, PC4, facilitates activator-dependent transcription via interactions with basal transcriptional machinery that are independent of PC4-DNA binding. The interaction between HNF4 and PC4 has not been previously characterized. In this study utilizing human HepG2 cells, we demonstrate the critical role for p38 MAP kinase mediated HNF4 Ser158 phosphorylation (P-HNF4-S158), binding of PC4 to P-HNF4-S158 and characterize the functional domain of PC4 required for P-HNF4-S158 binding. Our results indicate that the presence of the IR state enhances PC4-HNF4 binding to upregulate transcription of target hepatocyte genes, such as iNOS.
Relationship of age on enjoyment of physical activity in upper extremity illness

Background Orthopaedic surgeons often work under the assumption that patients over 60 are low-demand individuals. This study addressed the primary null hypothesis that older age does not correlate with the enjoyment of physical activities in patients with upper extremity illness. Secondary analyses sought factors associated with enjoyment of physical activity, activity level and magnitude of disability.
Gender and Race/Ethnicity Differences in Hip Fracture Incidence, Morbidity, Mortality, and Function

Background Hip fracture is an international public health problem. Worldwide, approximately 1.5 million hip fractures occur per year, with roughly 340,000 in the United States in individuals older than 65 years. In 2050, there will be an estimated 3.9 million fractures worldwide, with more than 700,000 in the United States. However, whether there are disparities in morbidity, mortality, and function between men and women or between races/ethnicities is unclear.
Development of transgenic hybrid sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua × L. formosana ) expressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase or mercuric reductase for phytoremediation of mercury pollution

Using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, we generated transgenic hybrid sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua × L. formosana) overexpressing two types of genes to enhance plant remediation of mercury-contaminated soil and water: bacterial γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene (ECS), the first and most important enzyme in phytochelatin synthesis, or various genes encoding a mercuric ion reductase (merA9, merA18, merA77). Hybrid sweetgum proembryogenic masses (PEMs) constitutively overexpressing ECS were able to grow in the presence of 50 μM HgCl2, which inhibited wild-type PEMs, but plantlets regenerated from the PEMs had abnormal form and did not survive for more than a few weeks following germination. In contrast, mature somatic embryos generated from PEMs constitutively overexpressing merA9 and merA18 converted to normal plantlets on germination medium containing 25 μM HgCl2, while control embryos were killed on 25 μM Hg(II)-medium. Transgenic merA plantlets displayed enhanced resistance to Hg(II) and released Hg(0) two to three times more efficiently than the wild-type plantlets.
Aphakic Optical Correction with Intraocular Lenses for Children with Traumatic Cataracts

Two hundred and thirty-eight children, all but one with unilateral traumatic cataracts, were treated by our paediatric ophthalmology group between 1974 and 1988. One hundred and seventeen patients received IOLs, 86 received contact lenses, three received glasses, 14 had epikeratoplasties and 18 patients received no correction because of the marked reduction in vision following the initial trauma. Three designs of IOLs were implanted: 79 iris suture IOLs between 1974 and 1981, followed by 28 anterior chamber and 20 posterior chamber IOLs implemented between 1981 and 1988. The incidence of preoperative complications was 59%. Secondary operations were somewhat more frequent for IOL-containing eyes at 51%, but less than epikeratoplasty eyes at 79% and more than contact lens or glasses rehabilitated eyes at 41 and 33% respectively. Iris-supported IOLs required more secondary surgery, but these were often related to the occurrence of secondary membranes which were routinely opened at a second operation. The visual results were equal for patients receiving contact lens and IOLs even with a skewed case selection. Patients receiving primary IOLs had a better visual result than those patients receiving secondary IOLs because of time lost before the IOL was implanted and before amblyopia therapy was begun. Children over 8 years at the time of injury also achieved far better visual results because of the presence of visual maturity.
THE ISOLATION OF TOBACCO RING SPOT AND OTHER VIRUS PROTEINS BY ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

A high molecular weight crystalline protein, possessing the properties of ring spot virus and differing markedly from tobacco mosaic virus protein in its physical, chemical and serological properties, has been isolated by means of an ultracentrifuge from Turkish tobacco plants diseased with tobacco ring spot virus. Ultracentrifugal methods were also used to demonstrate that high molecular weight proteins are characteristic of other virus diseases. The concentration of the different virus proteins in the host was found to differ greatly. The quantity ultracentrifuge, used in conjunction with an analytical ultracentrifuge, has proven to be a powerful tool for the concentration, purification and crystallization of high molecular weight virus proteins and to be indispensable in the case of unstable viruses existing in low concentration in the host.
High School Student Perceptions Associated with Their Participation in the National School Lunch Program

Abstract Perceptions were obtained from 812 11 th -grade students from six low-participation schools and 482 students from high-participation schools. Items were related to food quality and appearance, variety in food choices, dining environment and crowding, service time, staff service, sanitation practices, menu dietary practices, menu dietary information, marketing and promotion, meal price, and influence of others in deciding whether or not to participate in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). Weighted school mean scores of student satisfaction/dissatisfaction (5 items) and agreement/ disagreement (34 items) reflected generally neutral ratings (2.75-3.24 on a 5-point scale) in both low- and high-participation schools. Independent t-tests indicated significant differences between the two groups for 13 of the 39 items. However, similarity of student perceptions in both low- and high-participation schools indicate that participation in the NSLP may not be a good indicator of student satisfaction. Step-wise logistic regression analysis showed that convenience and having no other choice were the two independent variables that contributed the most to explaining differences in levels of participation in both low- and high-participation schools. Researchers also made on-site observations. They rated items related to crowding, service time, temperature of hot food, taste of foods, and meal price higher than did students. Approximately 25% of students indicated that more variety in food choices and improvement in food quality would encourage them to eat the reimbursable lunch more often. These suggestions were consistent with mean ratings of ⩽2.76 for quality and variety of foods offered and should be viewed as an opportunity to increase participation.
Management of infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts

Abstract Background Hemodialysis access is one of the most common vascular procedures that is performed by vascular and general surgeons. Prosthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG) infections pose potentially life-threatening septic and bleeding complications, as well as loss of dialysis access. Strategies employed to preserve some grafts, prevent morbidity in those with major infections, and maintain access are presented. Methods Between July 1, 1995 and August 1, 2002, 1441 AVG procedures were performed at a single institution. Fifty-one (3.5%) prosthetic AVG infections in 45 patients were identified. Twenty-seven graft infections occurred at a prior incision for placement or revision of a graft. The other 24 infections were located within the body of the graft, and 14 of these were documented to be at a recent puncture site for hemodialysis access. The most common presentation (47% [24/51]) was an exposed graft or a draining sinus tract. Management included total graft excision (TGE) when patients presented with sepsis or the entire graft was bathed in pus; subtotal graft excision (SGE), when all of the graft was removed except an oversewn small cuff of prosthetic material on an underlying patent artery; and partial graft excision (PGE), when only a limited infected portion of the graft was removed and a new graft was rerouted through adjacent sterile tissue to maintain patency of the original graft. Results None of the 45 patients died or developed hand ischemia. A uniformly successful outcome was achieved in all patients who were treated with TGE (13/13: 8 vein patches, 4 primary closure, 1 arterial ligation) or SGE (15/15). However, these treatments necessitated placement of a central venous catheter for temporary dialysis access and a new AVG later. All of these 28 wounds healed by secondary intention, including all 15 cases in which an oversewn cuff of prosthetic material remained. Graft patency and wound healing were achieved in 74% (17/23) of infections treated with PGE, and placement of a temporary dialysis access catheter and new AVG were avoided. The 6 failures of PGE ultimately required TGE because of nonhealing wounds, but there were no acute hemorrhagic or septic events. Conclusions Systemic sepsis caused by prosthetic AVG infections mandates TGE. SGE and PGE can be safely employed in selected patients with infected prosthetic AVGs. SGE maintains patency of the underlying artery and avoids a difficult and time-consuming dissection. PGE offers the advantage of minimizing extensive dissection of well-incorporated uninfected graft segments and allows continued dialysis access at the incorporated portion of the graft.
A history of fire and vegetation in northeastern Minnesota as recorded in lake sediments

The record of charcoal in lake sediments indicates that fire has always been an important ecological factor in the forest history of northeastern Minnesota. The annually laminated sediments of Lake of the Clouds permit precise dating of the charcoal peaks and record the changes in the influx of various pollen types. A detailed record of the past 1000 yr shows that the average frequency of fire is approximately 60–70 yr, with a range of about 20–100 yr. The amount of charcoal in sediments dating between 1000-500 y.a. is consistently higher than that for the last 500 yr, although the fire frequency for the two periods was not appreciably different. Pollen analysis shows no change or only short-term changes in the percentages of major pollen types following charcoal peaks.
Assessment of coronary artery stenoses by digital subtraction angiography: a pathoanatomic validation.

Automated computer assessment of coronary stenoses from digital subtraction angiographic images comparing geometric and videodensitometric algorithms was performed. Digital subtraction angiograms were acquired on a 512 × 512 × 8 bit pixel matrix at 8 frames/second. Fifteen segments from nine human cadaver coronary arteries, with lesions ranging from 0% to 97%, were analyzed. Hand injections of radiopaque dye were made during the pulsatile infusion of saline solution at physiologic pressures and flows. Individual frames best demonstrating a lesion were digitally magnified and the stenosis was measured; the operator identified only the segment of interest. The artery was then injected with a rapidly hardening gel during the same rate of infusion as that used during image acquisition. Histologic sections were cut at 2 mm intervals after fixation and elastic stains applied. Photographs of the section comparable to the site determined from the angiogram were taken, and hand planimetry by a blinded investigator was performed. There was an excellent correlation between histopathology and videodensitometry (r = 0.93; p < 0.0001). The two geometric algorithms studied also had very good correlations (r = 0.90 and 0.84) with pathology. Two experienced angiographers, despite excellent agreement with each other, had lower correlations with pathology than any of the three computer algorithms studied (r = 0.79 and 0.83, respectively), although this difference did not attain statistical significance. This in vitro model simulating in vivo conditions validates the use of automated videodensitometric and geometric computer algorithms to interpret coronary angiography and assess severity of stenosis.
Extending a Bayesian analysis of the two-period crossover to accommodate missing data

SUMMARY A procedure is developed for performing a Bayesian analysis of a simple two-period crossover design when some observations are missing in one, or both, treatment periods. The approach requires the numerical evaluation of a single integral to be performed for each posterior marginal distribution of interest. The relative efficiency of this approach to one in which patients with missing data are excluded is investigated.
MicroRNA modules prefer to bind weak and unconventional target sites

Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in gene regulation. Although it is well known that multiple miRNAs may work as miRNA modules to synergistically regulate common target mRNAs, the understanding of miRNA modules is still in its infancy. Results: We employed the recently generated high throughput experimental data to study miRNA modules. We predicted 181 miRNA modules and 306 potential miRNA modules. We observed that the target sites of these predicted modules were in general weaker compared with those not bound by miRNA modules. We also discovered that miRNAs in predicted modules preferred to bind unconventional target sites rather than canonical sites. Surprisingly, contrary to a previous study, we found that most adjacent miRNA target sites from the same miRNA modules were not within the range of 10–130 nucleotides. Interestingly, the distance of target sites bound by miRNAs in the same modules was shorter when miRNA modules bound unconventional instead of canonical sites. Our study shed new light on miRNA binding and miRNA target sites, which will likely advance our understanding of miRNA regulation. Availability and implementation: The software miRModule can be freely downloaded at http://hulab.ucf.edu/research/projects/miRNA/miRModule. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. Contact: ude.fcu.sc@uhiah or ude.fcu.liam@namoaix.
GIS and agent-based models for humanitarian assistance

Natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis occur all over the world, altering the physical landscape and often severely disrupting people’s daily lives. Recently researchers’ attention has focused on using crowds of volunteers to help map the damaged infrastructure and devastation caused by natural disasters, such as those in Haiti and Pakistan. This data is extremely useful, as it is allows us to assess damage and thus aid the distribution of relief, but it tells us little about how the people in such areas will react to the devastation. This paper demonstrates a prototype spatially explicit agent-based model, created using crowdsourced geographic information and other sources of publicly available data, which can be used to study the aftermath of a catastrophic event. The specific case modelled here is the Haiti earthquake of January 2010. Crowdsourced data is used to build the initial populations of people affected by the event, to construct their environment, and to set their needs based on the damage to buildings. We explore how people react to the distribution of aid, as well as how rumours relating to aid availability propagate through the population. Such a model could potentially provide a link between socio-cultural information about the people affected and the relevant humanitarian relief organizations.
Lattices and Related Classes of Functions

In this chapter certain function classes that arise naturally in potential theory will be discussed. These classes, the corresponding identically named classes in parabolic potential theory (Section XVIII.19) and in stochastic process theory (Chapter V of Part 2), are discussed together in Chapter I of Part 3.
Bétail, perles et pièces de monnaie : L’équivalence et les transformations de la monnaie dans les territoires coloniaux d’Afrique du Sud

Cet essai porte sur les mecanismes qui permettent les echanges equitables entre differents ordres de valeur, dans la production de la societe et de l’histoire. Alors que les equivalences entre monnaies, la normalisation et la conversion sont presentes dans la plupart des theories sur l’argent et la marchandisation, leur nature en tant que processus social n’a pas ete suffisamment etudiee, surtout dans la construction du caractere universalisant des ideologies et des regimes politiques et economiques modernes. Notre analyse examine la confrontation des differents regimes de valeur a l’occasion de la rencontre entre les Tswana d’Afrique du Sud et les colonisateurs europeens, ainsi que les conflits et la mediation complexe auxquels ce processus a donne lieu. Le betail, les pieces de monnaie et les contrats, qui avaient la possibilite a la fois de renforcer et de nier les differences, ont rapidement ete investis de qualites magiques. Mais les peuples colonises etaient egalement sensibles a la faculte de ces monnaies de faciliter ou d’empecher la convertibilite, et connaissaient les formes d’abstraction et d’incorporation qu’ils impliquaient. C’est pourquoi, en Afrique du Sud et ailleurs, ces monnaies ont souvent servi de moyen de contestation de la valeur autour de laquelle les luttes coloniales se sont jouees.
Media coverage and Israel’s ‘Four Mothers’ antiwar protest: agendas, tactics and political context in movement success

This article investigates conditions under which media coverage can enable antiwar protest to influence national security policy. Through a study of ‘Four Mothers — Leaving Lebanon in Peace’, an Israeli group that in the late 1990s protested against that country’s war in southern Lebanon, it demonstrates that: media attention was an essential factor in the group’s formation and development into a national movement; together with features of the political environment, media attention enabled the movement to mobilize public opposition to the war; important elements of the media opposed government policy and were therefore motivated to cover the movement; yet the movement’s ability to attract coverage also derived from its protest strategies and intensive media outreach. The article examines these efforts by movement leaders to increase coverage and the dilemmas that their media strategies posed for activists. The conclusions consider the case’s implications concerning the political efficacy of antiwar movem...
Oxygen transfer between rhodium and an oxygen‐ion conducting support

Etude comparative de l'activite catalytique d'un catalyseur rhodium sur support d'alumine et sur support de zircone stabilisee a l'Yttrium. Application a la conversion catalytique des echappements automobiles
The Fast and the Erroneous Journalism’s Reaction to CNN’s Misreporting of a SCOTUS Decision

This study analyzes how journalists reacted to Cable News Network’s (CNN) incorrect reporting, on June 28, 2012, that the U.S. Supreme Court had struck down the Affordable Care Act as unconstitutio...
Rainfall interception by Santa Monica's municipal urban forest

Effects of urban forests on rainfall interception and runoff reduction have been conceptualized, but not well quantified. In this study rainfall interception by street and park trees in Santa Monica, California is simulated. A mass and energy balance rainfall interception model is used to simulate rainfall interception processes (e.g., gross precipitation, free throughfall, canopy drip, stemflow, and evaporation). Annual rainfall interception by the 29,299 street and park trees was 193,168 m 3 (6.6 m 3 /tree), or 1.6% of total precipitation. The annual value of avoided stormwater treatment and flood control costs associated with reduced runoff was $110,890 ($3.60/tree). Interception rate varied with tree species and sizes. Rainfall interception ranged from 15.3% (0.8 m 3 /tree) for a small Jacaranda mimosifolia (3.5 cm diameter at breast height) to 66.5% (20.8 m 3 /tree) for a mature Tristania conferta (38.1 cm). In a 25-year storm, interception by all street and park trees was 12,139.5 m 3 (0.4%), each tree yielding $0.60 (0.4 m 3 /tree) in avoided flood control costs. Rainfall interception varied seasonally, averaging 14.8% during a 21.7 mm winter storm and 79.5% during a 20.3 mm summer storm for a large, deciduous Platanus acerifolia tree. Effects of differences in temporal precipitation patterns, tree population traits, and pruning practices on interception in Santa Monica, Modesto, and Sacramento, California are described.
Serotonin Transporter Genetic Variation and the Response of the Human Amygdala

A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been associated with several dimensions of neuroticism and psychopathology, especially anxiety traits, but the predictive value of this genotype against these complex behaviors has been inconsistent. Serotonin [5- hydroxytryptamine, (5-HT)] function influences normal fear as well as pathological anxiety, behaviors critically dependent on the amygdala in animal models and in clinical studies. We now report that individuals with one or two copies of the short allele of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter polymorphism, which has been associated with reduced 5-HTT expression and function and increased fear and anxiety-related behaviors, exhibit greater amygdala neuronal activity, as assessed by BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging, in response to fearful stimuli compared with individuals homozygous for the long allele. These results demonstrate genetically driven variation in the response of brain regions underlying human emotional behavior and suggest that differential excitability of the amygdala to emotional stimuli may contribute to the increased fear and anxiety typically associated with the short SLC6A4 allele.
Energy release rates in a constrained epoxy disc with Hookean and Mooney–Rivlin materials

Abstract Assuming that the disc material can be modeled either as Mooney–Rivlin or as Hookean and the steel ring enclosing the disc as Hookean, the energy release rates as a function of the crack length are evaluated and compared. Two loadings are considered––one in which the surface of the star shape hole in the disc is loaded by a uniform pressure and the other in which the temperature of the composite body is uniformly raised. It is found that the linear and the nonlinear analyses give qualitatively similar results for the two loadings. For each load, the energy release rate increases with an increase in the starter crack length, reaches a maximum value and then decreases gradually.
Magnetic resonance disease severity scale (MRDSS) for patients with multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study

Abstract Background We previously described a composite MRI scale combining T1-lesions, T2-lesions and whole brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS): the magnetic resonance disease severity scale (MRDSS). Objective Test strength of the MRDSS vs. individual MRI measures for sensitivity to longitudinal change. Methods We studied 84 MS patients over a 3.2 ± 0.3 year follow-up. Baseline and follow-up T2-lesion volume (T2LV), T1-hypointense lesion volume (T1LV), and brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) were measured. MRDSS was the combination of standardized T2LV, T1/T2 ratio and BPF. Results Patients had higher MRDSS at follow-up vs. baseline (p 0.5). Change in MRDSS was larger than the change in MRI subcomponents. While MRDSS showed significant change in relapsing–remitting (RR) (p Conclusion Results suggest improved sensitivity of MRDSS to longitudinal change vs. individual MRI measures. MRDSS has particularly high sensitivity in RRMS.