cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Immunoglobulin a Deficiency in a Subset of Autistic Subjects

We recently reported (Warren, Burger, Odell, Torres, & Warren, 1994) that a major subset of our autistic subjects has decreased plasma C4B levels resulting from inheritance of a null allele (no protein produced) of the C4B gene (Warren et al, 1991) located in the middle of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6. The C4B gene and the tightly linked structurally and functionally similar C4A gene encode products, designated as C4B and C4A proteins, that share several structural and functional characteristics identifying them as C4. However, they are distinct in other characteristics, most notably hemolytic activity; with C4B proteins having about four times more activity than C4A (Isenman & Young, 1986). The C4B null allele has been associated with increased viral and bacterial infections including bacterial meningitis (Rowe, McLean, Wood, Leggiardro, & Winkelstein, 1989), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis (Bishof, Welch, & Beischel, 1990). The C4 genes along with other complement genes BF and C2 are located between the HLA-B region and HLA-DR region (Figure 1) of the MHC (Apler, Awdeh, & Yunis, 1989). Certain combinations of HLA-B, complement, and HLA-DR alleles associate together more often than would be expected from the relative distance between their respective loci and have been termed "extended MHC haplotypes" (Awdeh, Raum, Yunis, & Alper, 1983). The C4B null allele is recognized as part of one of these extended haplotypes designated [HLA-B44-SC30-DR4] in which the HLA-B allele is 44, the BF
Do Individual Investors Affect Share Price Accuracy? Some Preliminary Evidence

A common belief is that individual investors are noise traders that distort stock prices. Because accurate share prices are important for economic functioning, the market effect of retail investors has significant regulatory implications. This paper, employing a new NYSE retail trading data set and the R2 metric of share price informedness, contributes to the debate by demonstrating that as the proportion of trading by individual investors increases, the R2 of firms decreases. Adherents of the R2 methodology hold that lower R2's imply more accurate stock prices. The results of an instrumental variable estimation suggest that this relationship is a causal one (that is, retail trading causes changes in R2). Thus, if a low R2 indeed signifies share price accuracy, the findings of this study provide evidence that, contrary to the received wisdom, retail trading increases share price accuracy.
Lung function and metabolic syndrome: Findings of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010.

Background Considerable uncertainty remains about obstructive lung function (OLF) in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the present study was to examine pulmonary function status in adults with and without MetS. Methods We used data from 3109 participants aged ≥20 years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010. Subjects' MetS status was established on the basis of the 2009 harmonizing definition. Participants received spirometry. Results After age adjustment, 79.3% (SE 1.1) of participants with MetS had normal lung function, 8.7% (0.9) had restrictive lung function (RLF), 7.1% (0.8) had mild OLF, and 4.8% (0.6) had moderate OLF or worse. Among participants without MetS, these estimates were 78.7% (1.2), 3.9% (0.6), 10.9% (1.1), and 6.4% (0.8), respectively. After multiple adjustment, participants with MetS were more likely to have RLF (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67, 2.90) and less likely to have any OLF (aPR 0.73; 95% CI 0.62, 0.86) than those without MetS. Furthermore, participants with MetS had lower mean levels of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1 % predicted, forced vital capacity (FVC), and FVC % predicted, but a higher FEV1/FVC ratio than participants without MetS. Mean levels of FEV1, FEV1 % predicted, FVC, and FVC % predicted declined significantly, but not the FEV1/FVC ratio, as the number of components increased. Conclusions Compared with adults without MetS, spirometry is more likely to show a restrictive pattern and less likely to show an obstructive pattern among adults with MetS. 摘要 背景：目前还不十分明确合并代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome，MetS）的成年人的阻塞性肺功能（obstructive lung function，OLF）状态。当前这项研究的目的是在合并以及不合并MetS的成年人中调查肺功能状态。 方法：我们使用的3109名年龄≥ 20岁的参与者的数据来自2007–2010全国健康与营养调查研究。受试者的MetS状态根据2009年达成一致的定义来确定。参与者接受了肺活量的测定。 结果：经过年龄的校正之后，发现79.3%（标准误为1.1）合并MetS的参与者肺功能是正常的，8.7%（0.9）为限制性肺功能（RLF），7.1%（0.8）为轻度OLF，4.8%（0.6）为中度或者重度OLF。在不合并MetS的参与者中，估计这些相应的比例分别为78.7%（1.2）、3.9%（0.6）、10.9%（1.1）以及6.4%（0.8）。经过多重校正之后，发现与不合并MetS的参与者相比，合并MetS的参与者的肺功能状态更可能为RLF（校正过的患病率比[aPR]为2.20；95%置信区间[CI]为1.67，2.90），并且可能为任何程度的OLF的几率更低（aPR为0.73；95%CI为0.62，0.86）。此外，与不合并MetS的参与者相比较，合并MetS的参与者一秒钟用力呼气量（forced expiratory volume in one second，FEV1）、FEV1%预测值、用力肺活量（forced vital capacity，FVC）以及FVC%预测值的平均水平都更低，但是FEV1/FVC比值却更高。FEV1、FEV1%预测值、FVC以及FVC%预测值的平均水平都在显著下降，但是FEV1/FVC的比值却没有下降，因为组成的数量增加了。 结论：与不合并MetS的成年人相比，在合并MetS的成年人中使用肺活量测定法更有可能发现限制性肺功能状态，而发现阻塞性肺功能状态的可能性却更低。
Ascaris suum: A Useful Model for Anaerobic Mitochondrial Metabolism and the Aerobic- anaerobic Transition in Developing Parasitic Helminths

The developmental cycle of Ascaris suum involves a transition from free-living stages, that use aerobic energy generating pathways, to adult worms, where pathways are maximally adapted to anaerobic energy generation. Mitochondria from A. suum provide an excellent model for studies of anaerobic metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Adult worm body wall muscle has been used as a single tissue source for large scale isolation of anaerobic mitochondria for studies on regulation of some of the key soluble enzymes and comparison with counterparts in aerobic tissues. The basic catalytic mechanism of the ascarid pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is, for example, similar to its aerobic counterpart, its regulation however exhibits a number of unique features many of which can be directly related to its anaerobic environment. Another example is provided by the pathways of branched chain fatty acid synthesis in Ascaris, which characteristically involve the reversal of β-oxidation operative in mammalian mitochondria. Electron transfer is NADH dependent and the enzyme methyl branched-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase differs in its regulatory properties in accord with its physiological function as a reductase. Key regulatory proteins of adult mitochondria have been purified to homogeneity and recent advances include the preparation of polyclonal antibodies. These can provide sensitive assays for the molecular events governing mitochondrial biogenesis during transition from aerobic to anaerobic energy generation during the moult from L3 to L4. This ascarid system is ideally suited to investigate a number of important questions about the aerobicanaerobic transition present in many different helminths.
Why do people use Facebook

The social networking site, Facebook, has gained an enormous amount of popularity. In this article, we review the literature on the factors contributing to Facebook use. We propose a model suggesting that Facebook use is motivated by two primary needs: (1) the need to belong and (2) the need for self-presentation. Demographic and cultural factors contribute to the need to belong, whereas neuroticism, narcissism, shyness, self-esteem and self-worth contribute to the need for self-presentation. Areas for future research are discussed.
OCEANIC HEAT CONTENT OFF OREGON: ITS VARIATIONS AND THEIR CAUSES1

Heat content, surface to 100 m, was computed for oceanographic stations within 165 nautical milts (305 km) of the Oregon coast. Mean content, 1962 through 1965, was 100 kg cal cm-‘, with a root mean square deviation of 13 kg cal cm-‘. The principal fluctuation around the mean was seasonal; the seasonal range among monthly mean values was twice as large offshore, beyond 100 miles ( 185 km) from the coast (35 kg cal cm-“) as the range inshore, within 6,s miles ( 120 km) of shore ( 15 kg cal cm-.‘). The cause of the seasonal variation offshore was local heating, but advection was important inshore. Observed ranges in heat storage inshore were only a third as large as expected from the computed local heating. The results are consistent with inshore currents from the south in winter and coastal upwelling associated with offshore transport of water and heat in summer. For data off Newport, the sum of squares was partitioned by a hierarchal scheme. Thjs revealed that inshore the seasonal regime was not dominant; fluctuaGons of long and short periods and geographical variations were also appreciable. It is suggest&l that future sampling in the inshore region be more intensive, with smaller intervals in both distance and time. It is also apparent that long records (tens of years ) arc nccdcd both inshore and offshore if WC wish to describe the major fluctuations of heat content, since long-period deviations from the average seasonal cycle are indicated.
The auditors’ client inquiry process

The efficiency and the effectiveness of the audit depend in part on the efficiency and the effectiveness of the client inquiry process. This paper presents a model that helps auditors to understand the stages of the client inquiry process and the factors that influence its reliability. The model serves to illuminate the client inquiry process and thereby assist auditors in evaluating the evidence thus obtained. Our model is a multistage communication channel that connects reality, the client’s perception of reality, the client’s representation of reality, the auditor’s perception of reality, and the auditor’s representation of reality. Distortions of reality occur between adjacent stages as the result of the subjectivity, technical incompetence, untrustworthiness, and poor presentation skills of either the client or the auditor. We discuss our model in the context of the analytical review task.
CpA containing oligoribonucleotides specifically inhibit protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes.

The diribonucleoside monophosphate CpA (and no others) inhibits polypeptide chain elongation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates at 10-50 microM. Furthermore, all the trinucleotides containing CpA, i.e., XpCpA and CpApX (X = U, C, A or G) block polypeptide chain elongation as well. At 10 microM the inhibition by XpCpA and not CpApX is transient because a 3'-exonucleolytic activity destroys the critical CpA moiety. The inhibitors do not appear to interfere with the aminoacylation of tRNAs or disrupt the interaction of amino-acyl-tRNAs with the protein synthetic machinery. High levels (200 microM) of CpA or the trinucleotides containing CpA have no effect on translation in a wheat germ cell-free system.
Collection of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organics with a glass fiber filter-polyurethane foam system

High volume air samples were collected in an urban (Columbia, SC) and rural (Savannah River Plant, SC) location using a glass fiber filter followed by two plugs of polyurethane foam (PUF). Total organics ⩾ n-C19 were analyzed by flame ionization GC, and PAH were determined by reversed phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Most of the 3- and 4-ring PAH were found on the PUF trap, while the higher-ring PAH were retained by the filter. For total organics, fluoranthene, and pyrene, the adsorbentretained: filter-retained ratio was related to the suspended particle concentration and the average sampling temperature through an equation derived from the Langmuir isotherm. Movement of organic vapors through the PUF bed was related to the temperature-weighted air volume, where the temperature weighting factor was calculated from the Antoine equation for phenanthrene vapor pressure. At 20°C and 600m3 air, breakthrough from the first to the second PUF trap was 15% for phenanthrene and anthracene, and 25 % for total organics ⩾n-C19. The same volume of air sampled at 25°C produced 40% or more breakthrough.
The Problem of Unconsciousness in Qualitative Research.

Abstract Although reflexivity is critical to the practice of qualitative research, the problem of unconsciousness seems to stand in its way. If aspects of lived experience are unconscious to an engaged participant, then how can one become reflexive? This paradox, and the problems it poses for qualitative research, are discussed. Varying conceptualisations of unconsciousness are presented. Unconsciousness can be understood as revealed through language, as primarily non-verbal, or as ultimately irrelevant to human experience. In addition, the source of unconscious material can be conceptualised as internal and subjective, or as contextual and direcdy observable. From these assumptions follow diverse approaches to qualitative research. If unconsciousness is structured via language, then research must focus on the words through which participants describe their experience. If, however, unconsciousness is distinct from language, then qualitative methods must incorporate non-verbal data. The presumed locus of u...
DOES PREGNANCY SUPPRESS THE LACTOGENIC HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY1 2

A NUMBER OF THEORIES, supported by experimental evidence, have been formulated to explain the absence of lactation during pregnancy and its initiation after parturition. To date none of these theories have proved to be conclusive. The cause of the initiation of milk secretion after parturition still remains unsolved. Hildebrandt (1) was the first to suggest that the onset of lactation might be due to the removal of some suppressing agent in the blood. Halban (2), Frankl (3), Smith and Smith (4) and Nelson (5) have presented evidence indicating that the presence of the placenta during pregnancy may inhibt lactation. It was observed that when placental tissue was retained after parturition or, in one case (3) implanted near term, no lactation occurred. However, Litt (6) was unable to inhibit parturition and normal lactation by successfully implanting placental grafts into the eyes of rabbits.
FISHing for acrocentric associations between chromosomes 14 and 21 in human oogenesis.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to search for cytologic evidence of robertsonian translocation formation that involves chromosomes 14q and 21q in human oogenesis with the use of dual color fluorescent in situ hybridization with whole chromosome paints. Study design The oocytes from a chromosomally normal fetus at 23.5 weeks of gestation underwent cohybridization with chromosome specific DNA libraries from chromosomes 14 and 21. The nuclei were scored for the proportion of meiosis I prophase substages and for hybridization efficiency and were evaluated for the presence of hybridization signals that were suggestive of heterologous associations between chromosomes 14q and 21q in zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene. Results A total of 1769 meiotic nuclei were analyzed. Of 272 informative nuclei at zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene, 1 nucleus at pachytene demonstrated hybridization signals for chromosomes 14 and 21 that could be consistent with a robertsonian translocation. Conclusion A heterologous association between chromosomes 14q and 21q that possibly represent robertsonian translocation formation was observed cytologically with the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization.
Performing Identities in the Classroom Teaching Jewish Women's Studies

Teaching about intersecting, fluid and historically contingent identities has been taken up extensively within the sociology of race, class and gender and women's studies. Oddly, the case of Jewish women has been virtually left out of this robust literature. This article explores the challenges raised through teaching the course "Jewish Women in Contemporary America," and links these challenges to the pedagogy of race, class and gender more broadly. Using the classroom as a research site, the authors conducted post-course interviews with students and kept detailed field notes on class sessions. The authors use Judith Butler's theorization of performativity to analyze classroom dynamics. After redesigning and teaching the course a second time, the authors conclude that the relationship between "experience" and "theory" must be constantly interrogated by both instructor and students; that personal narratives merit space within the classroom, but must be problematized; and a critical Jewish Women's Studies, based on illuminating the socially constructed and hybrid character of contemporary Jewish American women's identities, can help to expose the tendency to methodological essentialism still prevalent in much of the feminist race, class, and gender literature.
Enhancement of Calcium Transport in the Caco‐2 Cell Monolayer Model

The overall objective of this research was to identify enhancers of calcium transport using an in-vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The enhancers studied were medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and acylcarnitines (AC). The extent of cell damage associated with the use of these enhancers was determined by monitoring the release of cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The effect of chain-length and concentration dependence of these agents on enhancement were also determined. The effects of ACs were found to be superior to those of MCTs. However, the ACs elicited a greater release of LDH than the MCTs. The possible mechanisms of enhancer-mediated increase in calcium transport and the potential significance of this study with regard to the prevention of osteoporosis are discussed.
Which modality is best for presenting navigation instructions

Abstract Three experiments involved college students receiving and following instructions of various lengths for navigating in a three-dimensional space displayed on a computer screen. The purpose was to evaluate which is the best modality for presenting navigation instructions so that they can be executed successfully. Single modalities ( read , hear , and see ) were considered along with dual modalities presented simultaneously or successively. It was found that when there were differences between single modalities, generally execution accuracy was best for see and worst for read . Information presented in two modalities did not yield better accuracy than information presented twice in a single modality. Also, the ordering of modalities depended on the extent of practice. Thus, presentation modality does not have a consistently large effect on receiving and following navigation instructions. Repetition and the amount of practice are much more important variables than is presentation modality in determining how well navigation instructions are followed.
Identification of new TAP2 alleles in gorilla: evolution of the locus within hominoids.

Transporters associated with antigen processing molecules (TAP1 and TAP2) mediate the transfer of cytosolic peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for association with newly synthesized class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Previous molecular and functional analyses of rat and humanTAP2 homologues indicated major differences in gene diversification patterns and selectivity of peptides transported. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the alleles of the gorillaTAP2 locus to determine whether the pattern of diversification resembled that in either of those two species. Sequence analysis of theTAP2 cDNAs from gorilla Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines revealed four alleles with a genetic distance of less than 1%. The nucleotide substitutions distinguishing the alleles are confined to the 3′ half of the coding region and occur individually or within two small clusters of variability. Diversification of the locus appears to have resulted from point substitutions and recombinational events. Evolutionary-rate estimates for theTAP2 gene in gorilla and human closely approximate those observed for other hominoid genes. The amino acid polymorphisms within the gorilla molecules are distinct from those in the human homologues. The absence of ancestral polymorphisms suggests that gorilla and humanTAP2 genes have not evolved in a trans-species fashion but rather have diversified since the divergence of the lineages.
Nonequilibrium transport of an electron-phonon-hole system in a semiconductor quantum well

The recently developed transport theory of two-dimensional carriers has been applied to an electron-lattice-hole system with an applied electric field in GaAs-Ga/sub 1-//sub x/Al/sub x/As heterojunction. The renormalized carrier-carrier coupled potentials and the renormalized carrier-phonon coupled potentials (including hole-lattice deformation potential) are derived in the ring diagram approximation. Force and energy balance equations of electrons and holes are obtained by a nonequilibrium density operator technique. These four balance equations are solved numerically in the steady state. The result shows that the electrons are heated in the applied electric field much more than the holes and the electron-hole interaction enhances the energy and momentum loss rate of electrons. These results are in agreement with recently experimental data.
Stochastic cluster dynamics method for simulations of multispecies irradiation damage accumulation

Abstract Accurate modeling of irradiation damage processes is important to predict materials performance in nuclear environments. The mean-field rate theory (RT) approach has been and remains the standard method for calculations of the kinetics of damage accumulation under irradiation. Despite its many advantages, when using RT, very large numbers of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) need to be solved if one is interested in the kinetics of complex defect populations containing defect clusters made up of constituent defect species of different types, e.g. He, H, O, alloying impurities, etc. Here we present a stochastic variant of RT, which we term stochastic cluster dynamics (SCD), intended as an alternative to the standard ODE-based implementation. SCD obviates the need to solve the exceedingly large sets of ODEs and relies instead on sparse stochastic sampling from the underlying kinetic Master Equation. The new method evolves an integer-valued defect population in a finite material volume. In this paper we describe the general ideas behind the SCD method, give essential details of our numerical implementation and present SCD simulations that verify the new method against standard RT implementations on two well characterized material models. We then apply the method to simulate triple beam irradiation experiments of heavy Fe ions, He, and H on model ferritic alloys up to a dose of 1 dpa.
The effect of vagal cooling on canine hepatic glucose metabolism in the presence of hyperglycemia of peripheral origin.

Abstract We examined the role of vagus nerves in the transmission of the portal glucose signal in conscious dogs. At time 0, somatostatin infusion was started along with intraportal insulin and glucagon at 4-fold basal and basal rates, respectively. Glucose was infused via a peripheral vein to create hyperglycemia (≃2 fold basal). At t = 90, hollow coils around the vagus nerves were perfused with −10°C or 37°C solution in the vagally cooled (COOL) and sham-cooled (SHAM) groups, respectively (n = 6 per group). Effectiveness of vagal blockade was demonstrated by increase in heart rate during perfusion in the COOL vs SHAM groups (183 ± 3 vs 102 ± 5 beats per minute, respectively) and by prolapse of the third eyelid in the COOL group. Arterial plasma insulin (22 ± 2 and 24 ± 3 μU/mL) and glucagon (37 ± 5 and 40 ± 4 pg/mL) concentrations did not change significantly between the first experimental period and the coil perfusion period in either the SHAM or COOL group, respectively. The hepatic glucose load throughout the entire experiment was 46 ± 1 and 50 ± 2 mg · kg−1 · min−1 in the SHAM and COOL groups, respectively. Net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) did not differ in the SHAM and COOL groups before (2.2 ± 0.5 and 2.9 ± 0.8 mg · kg−1 · min−1, respectively) or during the cooling period (3.0 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.6 mg · kg−1 · min−1, respectively). Likewise, net hepatic glucose fractional extraction and nonhepatic glucose uptake and clearance were not different between groups during coil perfusion. Interruption of vagal signaling in the presence of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia resulting from peripheral glucose infusion did not affect NHGU, further supporting our previous suggestion that vagal input to the liver is not a primary determinant of NHGU.
The Long Reach of Evolution and Development: Effects on the Alzheimer Brain

: Genes that cause late-onset neurodegenerative disease may have the property of evolvability. Their tendency to collect mutations may have contributed to the rapid evolution of the brain.
Co-crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the high mobility group domain of HMG-­D bound to DNA

Structural studies are essential to understand mechanisms of non-sequence-specific DNA binding used by chromosomal proteins. A non-histone high-mobility group (HMG) chromosomal protein from Drosophila melanogaster, HMG-D, binds duplex DNA in a non-sequence-specific fashion. The DNA-binding domain of HMG-D has been co-crystallized with a duplex DNA fragment in the primitive orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell dimensions a = 43.74, b = 53.80, c = 86.84 A. Data have been collected to 2.20 A at 99 K, with diffraction observed to at least 2.0 A. Heavy-atom derivative crystals have been obtained by co-crystallization with oligonucleotides halogenated at major-groove positions near the end of the DNA.
Morphology of the retroviruses associated with AIDS and SAIDS.

AbstractThin section electron microscopy of tissue culture preparations of viruses associated with AIDS and SAIDS have shown that the mature particles have a similar morphology following budding from the cell membrane. The model provided explains the various core morphologies seen in section and provides a basis for identifying these agents in clinical tissues.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel, Mesoporous Organosilica with Additional Cyclodextrin-Based Micropores

A novel mesoporous organosilica with additional cyclodextrin-based micropores has been synthesized from tetaethoxysilane (TEOS) and cyclodextrin-based silane monomer precursors and triblock PEO-PPO-PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)- poly(ethylene oxide)) copolymer P123 as the structure-directing template with the aid of sodium chloride and the suppramolecular asssembly of cyclodextrins with P123. The synthesis of CD-Si-2%.
Bolaforms with fourteen galactose units: a proposed site-directed cohesion of cancer cells.

The multistep synthesis of a calixarene joined to a second calixarene via a long spacer is described. Since each calixarene bears multiple galactose-based units (known to bind strongly to rat hepatoma cells), there existed the possibility of cross-linking the cancer cells into a network. The compounds did not serve this purpose, a fact potentially correctable by adjusting or rigidifying the spacer. Formation of a “cancer net” around a solid tumor remains a viable approach to retarding growth and/or inhibiting metastasis.
Guidelines for nonclinical toxicology studies for chemical warfare agent (CWA) antidotes and pretreatments.

The following is a review of FDA's guidelines for nonclinical toxicology studies as applied to chemical warfare agent (CWA) antidotes and pretreatments. These specific guidelines are of major interest to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command which is a full-scale developer of pharmaceuticals and active in the research and development of antidotes and pretreatments against CWAs. Antidotes and pretreatments against CWAs are unique classes of drugs whose nonclinical requirements are unlike most other pharmaceuticals. However, these guidelines have general applicability to pharmaceutical developers in the private sector and apply to any antidote or pretreatment regardless of the indication.
The reservoir-associated earthquakes of April 1983 in western Thailand: Source modeling and implications for induced seismicity

On 22 April 1983, a very large area of Thailand and part of Burma were strongly shaken by a rare earthquake (m b=5.8,M s=5.9). The epicenter was located at the Srinagarind reservoir about 190 km northwest of Bangkok, a relatively stable continental region that experienced little previous seismicity. The main shock was preceded by some foreshocks and followed by numerous aftershocks. The largest foreshock ofm b=5.2 occurred 1 week before the main shock, and the largest aftershock ofm b=5.3 took place about 3 hours after the main shock. Focal mechanisms of the three largest events in this earthquake sequence have been studied by other seismologists using firts-motion data. However, the solutions for the main shock and the largest aftershock showed significant inconsistency with known surface geology and regional tectonics. We reexamined the mechanisms of these three events by using teleseismicP-andS-waveforms and through careful readings ofP-wave first motions. The directions of theP axes in our study range from NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW, and nodal planes strike in the NW-SE to about E-W in agreement with regional tectonics and surface geology. The main shock mechanism strikes 255°, dips 48°, and slips 63.5°. The fault motions during the main shock and the foreshock are mainly thrust, while the largest aftershock has a large strike-slip component. The seismic moment and the stress drop of the mainshock are determined to be 3.86×1024 dyne-cm and 180 bars, respectively. The occurrence of these thrust events appears to correlate with the unloading of the Srinagarind reservoir. The focal depths of the largest foreshock, the main shock, and the largest aftershock are determined to be 5.4 km, 8 km, and 22.7 km, respectively, from waveform modeling and relative location showing a downward migration of hypocenters of the three largest events during the earthquake sequence. Other characteristics of this reservoir-induced earthquake sequence are also discussed.
Congestion control alternatives for residential broadband access

In this note, we first give an overview of the economic and traffic conditions of residential broadband Internet access in the United states, with a focus on Comcast's multiple-priority approach to congestion control for its cable modem termination system (CMTS). We compare the Comcast framework to alternative proposals, including those based on usage based pricing and quotas. The security overhead and potential network security benefits of usage priced systems are also explored
High-Performance Electromechanical Actuator Dynamic Heat Generation Modeling

All-electric aircraft is a high-priority goal in the avionics community. Both increased reliability and efficiency are the promised implications of this move. But, thermal management has become a significant problem that must be resolved before reaching this goal. Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) are of special concern. Advanced analysis technologies such as the finite element method (FEM) and intelligent control systems such as field-oriented control (FOC) are being used to better understand the source of the heat and to eliminate as much of it as possible. This paper describes the nonlinear, lumped-element, integrated modeling of a permanent magnet (PM) motor used in an EMA. The parameters, including nonlinear inductance, rotor flux linkage, and thermal resistances and capacitances, are tuned using FEM models of a real, commercial actuator. The FOC scheme and the lumped-element thermal model are also described.
CT evaluation of common duct dilation after cholecystectomy and with advancing age

Purpose: To evaluate common duct (CD) dilation by computed tomography (CT) in patients with intact gallbladders and diameter change over time in remote and interval cholecystectomy patients, frequency of visualization of the CD, and its relationship to age. Methods: This IRB-approved retrospective study evaluated baseline CD diameter, intrahepatic biliary dilation, and interval duct diameter change in patients with CTs ≥ 2 years apart (n = 324), in block-randomized order by two blinded board-certified radiologists. 272 patients were divided into three groups: (1) prior cholecystectomy before the first CT, (2) cholecystectomy between the first and last CTs, and (3) no cholecystectomy. A subset of 191 nonoperated patients was evaluated for age-related dilation. Results: Group 1 ducts were significantly larger than the other groups at both baseline and follow-up CTs (p < 0.001). Group 2 showed a greater increase in duct size than the other groups at follow-up (p < 0.001). The CD was measurable in 89% of the CT studies. In nonoperated patients, there was a statistically significant correlation between CD size and increasing age (p < 0.001), although the CD size remained within normal size limits. Conclusion: Remote cholecystectomy patients have larger CD diameters than the nonoperated and interval cholecystectomy groups. Greater increase in ductal diameter occurred between studies in the interval cholecystectomy patients, suggesting that dilation occurs after cholecystectomy. Also, the CD dilates slightly with age in nonoperated patients.
Measurement of Speech Quality as a Tool to Optimize the Fitting of a Hearing Aid

The purpose of the present research was to develop a theoretical basis for the adjustment of hearing aid frequency response based on speech quality measurements. Speech quality measurements were made using continuous discourse and a category rating procedure for the following dimensions: intelligibility, pleasantness, loudness, effort, noisiness, and total impression. Speech quality ratings were obtained from a group of listeners with hearing loss who wore hearing aids. The stimulus conditions simulated hearing aid frequency response alterations within a frequency response range where intelligibility was held constant at or near 100%. The subject ratings revealed that (a) different listeners interpreted the individual dimensions in different ways; (b) within listeners, most of the dimensions were unique; that is, they were rated differently; and (c) across listeners, pleasantness was the dimension most highly correlated with total impression.
Treatment of Acquired Esophagotracheobronchial Fistula

cquired fistulas between the esophagus and tracheobronchial tree are uncommon. The majority of these fistulas occur in patients A with a malignancy and represent a complication of the underlying disease. Although fistulas due to trauma [2] or infection [ 1, 31 have been successfully treated, because of the uniformally fatal outcome in those patients with acquired esophagotracheobronchial fistulas due to malignancy, surgeons have been reluctant to attack them. The development of such a fistula undoubtedly leads to the earlier death of the patient. Furthermore, the morbidity associated with any communication between the esophagus and tracheobronchial tree is distressing both to the patient and to the physician. It seems that a more aggressive approach should be taken by surgically treating certain selected patients with a tracheoesophageal fistula caused by a malignancy. In this paper the cases of acquired esophagotracheobronchial fistulas seen at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1927 through 1964 will be briefly reviewed, and 3 cases of successful treatment of this condition in patients with a malignancy will be reported. REVIEW OF CASES
Alternatives to traditional instruction: Using games and simulations to increase student learning and motivation

This study explores the effects of games and simulations in the communication classroom. Past research has suggested that games and simulations improve student motivation, affective learning, and cognitive learning. However, Jew studies have empirically tested this relationship. Based on responses from 90 undergraduates, results support previous research that games and simulations increase student motivation and cognitive learning beyond traditional instructional methods. Results also suggest that games and simulations are similarly effective to traditional instruction in promoting students’ affective learning. We discuss the implications of these findings for educational contexts.
Solitary pulmonary nodule in secondary syphilis

Abstract A case of secondary syphilis with a solitary right upper-lobe nodule is presented. Patient presented without any pulmonary complaints or findings. This mass disappeared with residual scar after a full course of penicillin therapy. Our report is the first in the literature that reports a solitary nodule in the upper lobes in secondary syphilis. Previous reports showed nodules only in lower lobes. Our patient also presented with a rectal mass that disappeared on antisyphilitic therapy.
THE SURFACE IMPEDANCE OF HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

Recent experiments on the surface impedance of the high temperature superconductors are summarized. The overall temperature dependence of the penetration depth is in broad qualitative agreement with conventional pairing, but with an anomolous power law behavior observed at low temperatures. The surface resistance is orders of magnitude larger than estimates based on the Mattis-Bardeen theory. One possibility is unconventional pairing, but structural inhomogenities are the most likely explanation for the experimental results.
Depression of afferent-induced primary afferent depolarization at the lumbar spinal cord following concussive head injury

Abstract Afferent-induced primary afferent depolarization (PAD) was depressed for 2–5 min following concussive head injury in the cat, as assessed by dorsal root potentials and augmentation of antidromic dorsal root potentials, both evoked by stimulation of adjacent dorsal roots. These changes in PAD were abolished by spinal cord transection but not affected by midpontine transection. Spontaneous dorsal root potentials, resting amplitudes of antidromic dorsal root potentials and reductions of antidromic dorsal root potentials following tetanic root stimulation were not substantially altered by injury. These findings suggest that concussive head injury depresses spinal interneuronal transmission by neurally mediated processes involving the bulbar brainstem.
Minimizing the mean weighted absolute deviation from due dates in lot-streaming flow shop scheduling

Lot-streaming is the process of splitting a job (lot) into a number of smaller sublots so that successive operations can be overlapped in a multi-stage production system. This paper presents a procedure for minimizing the mean weighted absolute deviation from due dates when jobs are scheduled in a lot-streaming flow shop. This performance criterion has been shown to be non-regular and requires a search among schedules with inserted idle times to find an optimal solution. For a given job sequence, we present linear programming formulations to obtain optimal sublot completion times for cases where buffers between successive machines have limited or infinite capacities, and sublots have equal-size or are consistent. A no-wait flow shop problem is also considered. Sixteen pairwise interchange methods are considered to generate the best sequences. These algorithms are obtained by combining four rules to generate initial sequences with four neighborhood search mechanisms. Computational experiments are conducted on 140 test problems. The results show that the best solutions are obtained by the heuristic algorithm with a non-adjacent pairwise interchange method and the smallest overall slack time rule to generate the initial sequence.
Interventions for Individuals with Low Health Literacy: A Systematic Review

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently called for action on health literacy. An important first step is defining the current state of the literature about interventions designed to mitigate the effects of low health literacy. We performed an updated systematic review examining the effects of interventions that authors reported were specifically designed to mitigate the effects of low health literacy. We searched MEDLINE®, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), and the Cochrane Library databases (2003 forward for health literacy; 1966 forward for numeracy). Two reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles for inclusion and included studies that examined outcomes by health literacy level and met other pre-specified criteria. One reviewer abstracted article information into evidence tables; a second checked accuracy. Two reviewers independently rated study quality using predefined criteria. Among 38 included studies, we found multiple discrete design features that improved comprehension in one or a few studies (e.g., presenting essential information by itself or first, presenting information so that the higher number is better, adding icon arrays to numerical information, adding video to verbal narratives). In a few studies, we also found consistent, direct, fair or good-quality evidence that intensive self-management interventions reduced emergency department visits and hospitalizations; and intensive self- and disease-management interventions reduced disease severity. Evidence for the effects of interventions on other outcomes was either limited or mixed. Multiple interventions show promise for mitigating the effects of low health literacy and could be considered for use in clinical practice.
Rotary Cross-Bispectra and Energy Transfer Functions Between Non-Gaussian Vector Processes. II. Winds and Currents off the Oregon Coast

Abstract Application of rotary cross-bispectra and energy transfer functions to a set of wind and current data measured from the Totem research buoy shows these elements to be non-Gaussian and that nonlinear interactions do occur between the wind stress and current at 14 m depth. Such transfers account for 35% of the total energy estimates and for 100% of the estimates at the inertial frequency. For the latter, the most effective set of nonlinear interacting components include half-day and quarter-day components of wind stress. No energy transfers linearly. The effect of nonlinear interaction in broadening the current response spectrum is noted.
Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan using U-Pb in monazite

Abstract In the Himalayas, investigators have constrained the timing of metamorphism associated with the Eocene orogeny through the use of cooling ages on a number of minerals. The majority of such studies give minimum metamorphic ages of ∼ 30–40 Ma [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], largely confirming theoretical studies predicting peak metamorphic conditions occurring tens of millions of years after large-scale collision [e.g. 7]. In northwestern Pakistan, however, the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif (NPHM) exhibits much more recent activity, with rapid and accelerating cooling over the past 10 Ma [ 1 , 2 ]. The NPHM also exhibits unexpectedly recent igneous activity: three leucogranite dikes give minimum zircon U-Pb ages of 7, 5 and 2.3 Ma [ 8 ]. The problem we address in this paper is whether the thermal structure suggested by recent leucogranite production at depth is discernible in the shallower metamorphic rocks of the NPHM. To date metamorphism, we have used the U-(Th)-Pb system in monazite, a common accessory mineral in high-grade metamorphic rocks which can be a viable metamorphic geochronometer, dating the formation of the mineral under moderate metamorphic conditions [ 9 , 10 ]. Monazite separated from schists and gneisses of the NPHM gives U-Pb ages of 4–11 Ma. We interpret these young ages as evidence for Neogene metamorphism affecting the NPHM, an event heretofore unsuspected in the greater Himalaya and only intimated in the NPHM. This recent metamorphism roughly coincided with leucogranite production at depth [ 8 ] and with the onset of high denudation rates [ 1 , 2 ]. As such, our conclusions offer important constraints on further modeling of similarly anomalous behavior within tectonically active regions, suggesting that any reasonable model should strive to explain the relationship between recent, rapid uplift and coincident recent metamorphism.
Pulse radiolysis study of the reaction of OH. radicals with methanesulfonate and hydroxymethanesulfonate

Pulse radiolysis studies of the reaction kinetics of methanesulfonate and hydroxymethanesulfonate with hydroxyl radicals were conducted by relative rate methods. The rate constant for the reduction of CH{sub 3}SO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} with OH{sup {sm_bullet}} was determined as 1.24 ({plus_minus} 0.07) {times} 10{sup 7} M{sup {minus}1}s{sup {minus}1} at an ionic strength of 0.2 M, with thiocyanate as the reference solute. For the same ionic strength conditions, the rate constant for the attack of OH{sup {sm_bullet}} with CH{sub 2}(OH)SO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}, k = 2.65 ({plus_minus} 0.12) {times} 10{sup 8} M{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1}, was more than an order of magnitude greater than the rate constant for methanesulfonate. Previous estimates of the rate constants for the methanesulfonate reaction varied by approximately 2 orders of magnitude; our results are in best agreement with the slowest value. Our rate constant for hydroxymethanesulfonate was also significantly smaller than two previously reported values. Both reactions are independent of pH over the pH range studied (3.8-6.5) and are nearly independent of ionic strength. These results imply that the oxidation of methanesulfonate by OH{sup {sm_bullet}} is too slow to be significant in typical remote cloud droplets, but may be important in aerosols. The reaction of OH{sup {sm_bullet}} with hydroxymethanesulfonatemore » would be significant in atmospheric droplets when hydroxyl radical concentrations are at least 10{sup {minus}12} M. 29 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Trace Invariant and Cyclic Cohomology of Twisted Group C*-Algebras

Abstract By the method of cyclic cohomology we prove that all tracial states on a twisted group C *( G ;σ), where G is a torsion free discrete group of polynomial growth and σ is a 2-cocycle on G with values in the unit circle group, induce the same map from K 0 ( C *( G ;σ)) into R .
Dynamics of oralrespiratory coordination in full‐term and preterm infants: I. Comparisons at 38‐40 weeks postconceptional age

This study compares the coordination of pacifier sucking and breathing between healthy full-term, low risk preterm, and high risk preterm infants at 38–40 weeks postconceptional age. High and low risk preterm infants did not differ in overall score on a neurobehavioral examination (NAPI), but infants in the high risk group differed from the others in breathing frequency and in the coordination of breathing and sucking rhythms. For infants in the high risk group, sucking had less influence on respiratory frequency and patterns of coordination between the frequencies of sucking and breathing were simpler. Oral–respiratory coordination may be a useful marker of infants at risk for later speech problems.
The SHEDS-Wood model: incorporation of observational data to estimate exposure to arsenic for children playing on CCA-treated wood structures.

BackgroundLumber treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) compounds has been used in residential outdoor wood structures and public playgrounds. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) h...
Depository libraries, the Internet, and the 21st century?

Abstract The convergence of Internet technology and federal information policy are encouraging federal information producers and users to adopt a new direct model of information dissemination of federal information from producing agency to end user. On the surface, this trend would appear to remove the traditional middlemen—the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) and depository libraries—from the dissemination model. To assess the impact of the Internet model on the future viability of the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), the traditional GPO/depository library model of information dissemination is examined in four areas, keeping in mind the underlying intent of the FDLP to assure access to federal information in all congressional districts.