cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case report 510

This 26-year-old white man complained of a dull ache in the hip over a 4-months period. There was no history of trauma, unusual athletic activity, vigorous massage, or other cause of local contusion was obtained. He had experienced no fever or weight loss. Physical examination revealed a tender mass measuring approximately 5 x 5 cm anterior to the left hip. The overlying skin appeared normal. Laboratory evaluation including serum calcium, phosphate, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was within normal limits. Plain radiographs showed a large, densely-ossified para-articular mass adjacent to the ilium
Design for optimized electromechanical transduction in ionic polymer transducers fabricated with architecturally controlled ionomers

Ionic polymer transducers (IPT) are devices composed of ionomeric membranes, high surface area electrodes, and ion-conducting electrolytes that are capable of electromechanical transduction. This study aims to optimize the interactions between all three of these components to design a high performance IPT with novel ionomers. Equivalent circuit modeling of impedance data allowed for estimations of IPT capacitance due to changes in the compositions of the electrodes. Various methods for control of electrolyte uptake resulted in a range of ionic conductivity when combined with novel ionomers that vary in polymer backbone architecture and charge content. Although the ionic liquid was found to dominate the magnitude of the conductivity, the pathway for uptake was significant in determination of the overall maximum values. Combination of these optimized parameters for capacitance and ionic conductivity identified design criteria for potentially high performance IPTs to investigate the benefits of these novel ionomers in electroactive devices.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Security Threat Analytics and Countermeasure Synthesis for Power System State Estimation

State estimation plays a critically important role in ensuring the secure and reliable operation of the power grid. However, recent works have shown that the widely used weighted least squares (WLS) estimator, which uses several system wide measurements, is vulnerable to cyber attacks wherein an adversary can alter certain measurements to corrupt the estimator's solution, but evade the estimator's existing bad data detection algorithms and thus remain invisible to the system operator. Realistically, such a stealthy attack in its most general form has several constraints, particularly in terms of an adversary's knowledge and resources for achieving a desired attack outcome. In this light, we present a formal framework to systematically investigate the feasibility of stealthy attacks considering constraints of the adversary. In addition, unlike prior works, our approach allows the modeling of attacks on topology mappings, where an adversary can drastically strengthen stealthy attacks by intentionally introducing topology errors. Moreover, we show that this framework allows an operator to synthesize cost-effective countermeasures based on given resource constraints and security requirements in order to resist stealthy attacks. The proposed approach is illustrated on standard IEEE test cases.
Self-Management and Peer-Monitoring within a Group Contingency To Decrease Uncontrolled Verbalizations of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study examines the efficacy of an intervention designed to improve the classroom behavior of children identified with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The intervention entailed training a class of third-grade students, including four students diagnosed with ADHD, to use self-management and peer-monitoring strategies embedded within a group contingency to decrease inappropriate verbalizations during class time. Findings indicated that the self-monitoring/group contingency intervention substantially decreased inappropriate talking-out behavior in all four subjects along with their matched controls. Implications as well as limitations within the study are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of BreR Interaction with the Bile Response Promoters breAB and breR in Vibrio cholerae

ABSTRACT The Vibrio cholerae BreR protein is a transcriptional repressor of the breAB efflux system operon, which encodes proteins involved in bile resistance. In a previous study (F. A. Cerda-Maira, C. S. Ringelberg, and R. K. Taylor, J. Bacteriol. 190: 7441–7452, 2008), we used gel mobility shift assays to determine that BreR binds at two independent binding sites at the breAB promoter and a single site at its own promoter. Here it is shown, by DNase I footprinting and site-directed mutagenesis, that BreR is able to bind at a distal and a proximal site in the breAB promoter. However, only one of these sites, the proximal 29-bp site, is necessary for BreR-mediated transcriptional repression of breAB expression. In addition, it was determined that BreR represses its own expression by recognizing a 28-bp site at the breR promoter. These sites comprise regions of dyad symmetry within which residues critical for BreR function could be identified. The BreR consensus sequence AANGTANAC-N 6 -GTNTACNTT overlaps the −35 region at both promoters, implying that the repression of gene expression is achieved by interfering with RNA polymerase binding at these promoters.
Evaluation of the deformation fields and bond integrity of Cu/SS joints

Abstract The stress states that lead to failure of joints between Glidcop™ CuAl25 and 316L SS were examined using finite element modeling techniques to explain experimental observations of behavior of those joints. The joints were formed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and bend bar specimens were fabricated with the joint inclined 45° to the major axis of the specimen. The lower surface of the bend bar was notched in order to help induce a precrack for subsequent loading in bending. The precrack was intended to localize a high stress concentration in close proximity to the interface so that its behavior could be examined without complicating factors from the bulk materials and the specimen configuration. Preparatory work to grow acceptable precracks caused the specimen to fail prematurely while the precrack was still progressing into the specimen toward the interface. The finite element model demonstrated maximum stress concentrations in the interface layer to be shifted off-center. An additional benefit from the finite element modeling effort was in understanding if the stress states in this non-conventional specimen were representative of those that might be experienced in practice.
Reintroducing sborgite: Crystallization through exposure of sodium borosilicate glasses to moisture

Abstract Sborgite (Na[B5O6(OH)4]·3H2O) is a rare mineral, naturally occurring in only 2 known locations worldwide: California, USA and Larderello, Italy. Little is known of this mineral given its rarity in the natural world as well the inability, until now, to be produced in a single crystalline product. For the first time, we reported a single crystalline sborgite crystallization phenomenon caused by exposure of two different sodium borosilicate glasses to moisture. In this study, two homogeneous and two phase separated borosilicate glasses were prepared and exposed to moisture at room temperature (~25 °C) for up to 1 month. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The results showed that exposure of all sodium borosilicate glasses to moisture can lead to crystallization of sborgite micro-crystals with a column-like morphology. In addition, it is shown that exposure of homogeneous glasses to humidity results in the formation of more highly crystalline sborgite than phase separated glasses of equal composition.
Metabolism of l-[guanidinooxy-14C]canavanine in the rat

The metabolism of L-canavanine, a nonprotein amino acid with significant antitumor effects, was investigated. L-Canavanine, provided at 2.0 g/kg, was supplemented with 5 microCi of L-(guanidinooxy-/sup 14/C)canavanine (58 microCi/mumol) and administered iv, sc, or orally to female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200 g. /sup 14/C recovery in the urine at 24 hr was 83, 68, or 61%, respectively, of the administered dose. Another 5-8% of the /sup 14/C was expired as /sup 14/CO/sub 2/. The gastrointestinal tract contained 21% of orally administered /sup 14/C. Serum, feces, tissues, and de novo synthesized proteins only accounted for a few percent of the original dose by any administrative route. Analysis of the /sup 14/C-containing urinary metabolites revealed that (/sup 14/C) urea accounted for 88% of the urinary radioactivity for an iv injection, 75% for sc administration, and 50% following an oral dose. By all routes of administration, (/sup 14/C)guanidine represented 5% of the radioactivity in the urine and (/sup 14/C)guanidinoacetic acid accounted for 2%. Serum and urine amino acid analysis showed a markedly elevated ornithine level. Basic amino acids such as histidine, lysine, and arginine were also higher in the urine. Plasma ammonia levels were determined following oral canavanine doses of 1.0, 2.0,more » and 4.0 g/kg. A rapid but transient elevation in plasma ammonia was observed only at the 4.0 g/kg dose. This indicates that elevated plasma ammonia is not a likely cause of canavanine toxicity at the drug concentrations used in this study.« less
The Rise and Demise of Deans of Men

By examining historical events, it is possible to extrapolate trends and patterns that can facilitate the interpretation of issues in the present and the future. By looking at the developing of the position of dean of men and tracing the patterns of institutional response to change in and outside of the academy to this position, it is possible to anticipate how current trends in higher education may play out in the future.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF COMMINUTED MIDDLE PHALANGEAL FRACTURES IN THE HORSE

Comminuted fractures of the middle phalanx have been well described in the horse. Choice of treatment, surgical planning and prognosis have traditionally been based upon evaluation of radiographs. However, the complex nature of comminuted fractures makes radiographic interpretation difficult. Computed tomography (CT) allows the production of cross-sectional images with spatial separation of structures which are superimposed on survey radiographs. This allows accurate assessment of the number and direction of fracture lines within the bone. In this paper we report the use of CT in the evaluation of 6 comminuted middle phalangeal fractures. Computed tomography is potentially useful in deciding the type of treatment, surgical planning and determining the prognosis.
Novel drug interactions at D2 dopamine receptors: Modulation of [3H]quinpirole binding by monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Abstract D 2 dopamine receptors are the principal target of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Recent findings suggest novel drug interactions at D 2 receptors, specifically interactions of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at a novel binding site that modulates the binding of [ 3 H]quinpirole to the D 2 receptor. That MAOIs inhibit [ 3 H]quinpirole binding challenges the traditional understanding of ligand interactions at dopamine receptors and may shed light on the mechanism of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants and the pharmacology and toxicity of MAOIs.
Crossover of Organizational Commitment

Spousal commitment toward an employee's organization is a little-studied construct that deserves attention because his or her spouse may influence the employee's assessments of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Using 186 couples, this study investigated spousal influence on U.S. military members’ organizational commitment and their decisions to reenlist. Results of a structural equation model analysis indicate that indirect mechanisms of crossover (e.g., positive emotions displayed by the spouse during discussions of reenlistment) facilitated the positive relationships between the organizational commitment of military spouses and members. Findings and discussion contribute to the fields of organizational commitment and crossover, and we conclude our analysis by offering practical implications for nonmilitary occupations.
T Cell Receptor CDR3 Sequence but Not Recognition Characteristics Distinguish Autoreactive Effector and Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells

Summary The source, specificity, and plasticity of the forkhead box transcription factor 3 (Foxp3) + regulatory T (Treg) and conventional T (Tconv) cell populations active at sites of autoimmune pathology are not well characterized. To evaluate this, we combined global repertoire analyses and functional assessments of isolated T cell receptors (TCR) from TCRα retrogenic mice with autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Treg and Tconv cell TCR repertoires were distinct, and autoantigen-specific Treg and Tconv cells were enriched in diseased tissue. Autoantigen sensitivity and fine specificity of these cells intersected, implying that differences in responsiveness were not responsible for lineage specification. Notably, autoreactive Treg and Tconv cells could be fully distinguished by an acidic versus aliphatic variation at a single TCR CDR3 residue. Our results imply that ontogenically distinct Treg and Tconv cell repertoires with convergent specificities for autoantigen respond during autoimmunity and argue against more than limited plasticity between Treg and Tconv cells during autoimmune inflammation.
Phospho-p70S6K and cdc2/cdk1 as therapeutic targets for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

p70S6K/p85S6K and cdc2/cdk1 are members of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. p70S6K/p85S6K is one of the downstream effectors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal transduction pathway. It phosphorylates S6 protein of 40S ribosomal subunit and thus functions in protein synthesis and cell growth. cdc2/cdk1 is a cyclin-dependent protein kinase that controls the cell cycle entry from G2 to M phase. Overexpression of phospho-p70S6K and cdc2/cdk1 has recently been identified in the majority of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) specimens. Combination of small molecules that target phosphorylation of p70S6K and cdc2/cdk1 synergistically induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle G1 and G2 arrest, suggesting that they are potential molecular targets for DLBCL therapy. This review will summarize recent advances in the study of phospho-p70S6K and cdc2/cdk1 as molecular markers and therapeutic targets for DLBCL. We propose that multilevel inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and double brake at the G1 and G2 phase...
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 133

Abstract Nuclear structure data are compiled for the ten known members of the A = 133 mass chain. Decay and reaction data from approximately 200 references available through July 1973 are evaluated. Adopted level properties and gamma-ray properties are presented in summary form for each nucleus. Included are seven drawings which show most of the decay properties and adopted values. Following the data section for each radioactive nucleus is a discussion of its decay scheme. Since data for short-lived members of the A-chain are limited and sometimes inconsistent, few definitive spin and parity assignments can be made for their daughter nuclei.
An improved measurement of the surface area of DLX6000 Microspheres

A measurement of the specific surface area of DLX6000 Microspheres using the method of vapor pressure adsorption isothermometry yields a value of 10.0 m2/g. This observation confirms the assertion of Friedman et al. that the prominent minimum in the NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate that they observed in the19F spins of this substrate occurs just at the completion of a monolayer of adsorbed3He.
Their men in Havana: Anglo‐American intelligence exchanges and the Cuban crises, 1961–62

(2000). Their men in Havana: Anglo‐American intelligence exchanges and the Cuban crises, 1961–62. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 15, American‐British‐Canadian Intelligence Relations 1939–2000, pp. 121-176.
Developmentally specific role of the CCAAT box in regulation of human γ-globin gene expression

The CCAAT box is a widespread motif in eukaryotic promoters. In this study we demonstrate that the effects of the CCAAT box on γ-globin gene activation are developmentally distinct. Although this promoter element is essential for high level γ gene expression in adult erythropoiesis, it plays little role in embryonic erythroid cells. The CCAAT mutation in the human γ-globin gene promoter impairs recruitment of TATA-binding protein (TBP), TFIIB, and RNA polymerase II in adult splenic erythroblasts but not in embryonic erythroid cells. We also show that the efficiency of γ gene transcription is correlated with recruitment of TBP on the TATA box but that the level of TBP recruitment is not nuclear factor Y (NF-Y)-dependent. Our data also suggest that it is unlikely that transcriptional stimulation by the CCAAT box is exerted through direct protein-protein interaction between NF-Y and TBP.
Sources for Comparative Studies of Placentation. II. Genomic Resources

The genomes of over a dozen placental mammal species are now publicly available. These genome sequences have the potential to provide insight into the development and evolution of the placenta. In particular, the variable anatomy of the placenta has likely been affected by natural selection on the genomes of living and extinct mammals. In this note the current availability of mammal genome sequences is reviewed, and strengths and limitations of these data are discussed. Additionally, museums, zoos, and commercial entities are available to provide genomic resources to the placental research community. Recommendations for tissue storage conditions of placentas in genomic research are given.
Strategies for working with a preterm rabbit model of glycerol-induced intraventricular hemorrhage: strengths and limitations

Strategies for working with a preterm rabbit model of glycerol-induced intraventricular hemorrhage: strengths and limitations
Mass Spectrometric Studies of Coals and Coal Macerals

This chapter will explore the characterization of coal-derived materials by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Coals are very complex and heterogeneous on both a microscopic and molecular level. The microscopic heterogeneity can be reduced by working with macerais separated from the whole coal. Macerais are the microscopically identifiable plant remains which make up the organic portion of coals. The molecular makeup of the various macerais can be traced back to the original biomolecules and biomacromolecules. The extent of alteration depends on both the rank of the coal and the type of macerai, some of which are more resistant than others. Data from the analysis of both whole coals and separated coals will be discussed.
Isotropy irreducible spaces and s-representations

Abstract A simple description of isotropy irreducible spaces G K is given when G is classical.
Freezing points and related properties of electrolyte solutions. II. Mixtures of lithium chloride and sodium chloride in water

The freezing points of aqueous lithium chloride and its mixtures with sodium chloride have been measured from 0.1 to 1.5m. From these measurements, calorimetric enthalpies of mixing, and osmotic coefficients of the pure salts at 298°K, osmotic and activity coefficients of the mixtures have been calculated up to 6.0m at 298°K. Excellent agreement with the literature values is found over the entire range of composition. This method of computation is considered to be superior to the analysis of only isopiestic results in the calculation of activity coefficients in mixed electrolytes.
The Field of International Economic Law

In a journal analyzing developments in the theory and practice of international economic law (IEcL), it is appropriate occasionally to reflect on the changing meaning of IEcL and its relation to public and general international law. After an introductory excursus of the three terms—international, economic, and law—this article examines the evolution of the field as such. First, there is a discussion of the key institutional innovations achieved in the early 20th century. Second, there is an overview of the foundational IEcL writings of Ernst Feilchenfeld, Georg Schwarzenberger, and John H. Jackson. The historical contributions of Feilchenfeld, a Georgetown University scholar, have heretofore received little attention in the IEcL literature. Next, the article discusses the burgeoning IEcL scholarship of the past few 25 years and notes the still ongoing efforts to develop a theory of IEcL to explain its purpose in regulating the global economy and achieving a world public order of human dignity.
Insulator-metal transition in solid hydrogen: Implication of electronic-structure calculations for recent experiments

Electronic-structure calculations for compressed molecular hydrogen are performed to provide more insight into the diversity of phenomena recently observed experimentally. We perform full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave calculations and analyze them in terms of a molecular tight-binding model. We show that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{g}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}$ bands overlap occurs at rather low pressure, while an insulating state persists at specific orientations up to 200 GPa, in accord with previous work, and is due to opening of hybridization gaps at the Fermi level. We also present calculations of electronic properties such as plasma frequencies and electron-vibron coupling.
Gyrase-dependent initiation of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication: interactions of Escherichia coli gyrase with novobiocin, coumermycin and phage DNA-delay gene products.

Abstract Wild-type bacteriophage T4 and DNA-delay am mutants defective in genes 39, 52, 60 and 58–61 were tested for intracellular sensitivity to the antibiotics coumermycin and novobiocin, drugs which inhibit the DNA gyrase of Escherichia coli . Treatment with these antibiotics drastically reduced the characteristic growth of gene 39, 52 and 60 DNA-delay am mutants in E. coli lacking an amber suppressor ( su − ). Wild-type phage-infected cells were unaffected by the drugs while the burst size of a gene 58–61 mutant was affected to an intermediate extent. A su − E. coli strain which is resistant to coumermycin due to an altered gyrase permitted growth of the DNA-delay am mutants in the presence of the drug. Thus, the characteristic growth of the DNA-delay am mutants in an su − host apparently depends on the host gyrase. An E. coli himB mutant is defective in the coumermycin-sensitive subunit of gyrase (H. I. Miller, personal communication). Growth of the gene 39, 52 and 60 am mutants was inhibited in the himB mutant while the gene 58–61 mutant and wild-type T4 showed small reductions in burst size in this host. Experiments with nalidixic acid-sensitive and resistant strains of E. coli show that wild-type phage T4 requires a functional nalA protein for growth. Novobiocin and coumermycin inhibit phage DNA synthesis in DNA-delay mutant-infected su − E. coli if added during the early logarithmic phase of phage DNA synthesis. The gene 58–61 mutant showed the smallest inhibition of DNA synthesis in the presence of the drugs. Addition of the drugs during the late linear phase of phage DNA synthesis had no effect on further synthesis in DNA-delay mutant-infected cells. Coumermycin and novobiocin had no effect on DNA synthesis in wild-type-infected cells regardless of the time of addition of the antibiotics. Models are considered in which the DNA-delay gene products either form an autonomous phage gyrase or interact with the host gyrase and adapt it for proper initiation of phage DNA replication.
Land tenure, population, and long-run growth

This paper brings together the development literature on land tenure with current research on population and long-run growth. Landowners make a decision between fixed rent, fixed wage, and sharecropping contracts to hire tenants to operate their land. The choice of tenure contract affects the share of output going to tenants, and within a simple unified growth model, this affects the relative price of food and therefore fertility. Fixed wage contracts elicit the lowest fertility rate and fixed rent contracts the highest, with sharecropping as an intermediate case. The implications of this for long-run growth depend on the assumptions one makes about scale effects in the aggregate economy. With increasing returns to scale, as in several models of innovation, fixed rent contracts imply higher growth through a market size effect. Without such increasing returns, though, fixed rent contracts reduce output per capita through a depressing effect on accumulation.
High-Capacity Reaction-Wheel Attitude Control

A possible method of controlling the attitude of satellites and space vehicles makes use of a reaction-wheel control system based upon the conservation of angular momentum. Such reaction-wheel systems are currently under consideration for use in earth satellites. The development of high-capacity systems (i.e., systems which have the ability to develop large control torques and to store high values of angular momentum) can extend the applicability of reaction-wheel control to include deep-space missions. The problems encountered in the design of such systems are mainly those which arise from cross-coupling of torques among the principal axes and from component nonlinearities. A design for a 3-axis control system, in which control torques about each axis are derived solely from angular information measured about the same axis, is presented. The system is designed for maximum obtainable rates of several degrees per second. System stability and bounds on the magnitudes of the interaxial disturbances are investigated analytically from a linearized model. Nonlinear effects are investigated by means of digital computer simulation and an experimental model.
Monitoring human melanocytic cell responses to piperine using multispectral imaging

Vitiligo is a depigmentary disease characterized by melanocyte loss attributed most commonly to autoimmune mechanisms. Currently vitiligo has a high incidence (1% worldwide) but a poor set of treatment options. Piperine, a compound found in black pepper, is a potential treatment for the depigmentary skin disease vitiligo, due to its ability to stimulate mouse epidermal melanocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The present study investigates the use of multispectral imaging and an image processing technique based on local contrast to quantify the stimulatory effects of piperine on human melanocyte proliferation in reconstructed epidermis. We demonstrate the ability of the imaging method to quantify increased pigmentation in response to piperine treatment. The quantization of melanocyte stimulation by the proposed imaging technique illustrates the potential use of this technology to quickly assess therapeutic responses of vitiligo tissue culture models to treatment non-invasively.
Antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives in adolescent women with epilepsy

Both estrogen and progesterone influence seizure activity in women with epilepsy, with estrogen generally demonstrating proconvulsant and progesterone anticonvulsant effects. Women with epilepsy exhibit a variety of endocrine disturbances, probably due to a combination of factors, including the epilepsy syndrome and the effect of interictal and ictal epileptic discharges in the brain. The direct effects of some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) further increase this risk, apparently related to a specific drug's effect on hepatic microsomal enzymes of the cytochrome P-450 system. AEDs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes also interact with hormonal contraception to increase estrogen's metabolism and progesterone's protein binding, decreasing concentrations of both hormones and thus reducing contraceptive efficacy. Some evidence indicates that concurrent use of hormonal contraceptives and lamotrigine significantly decreases the plasma concentration of lamotrigine, suggesting that close monitoring is warranted. Nevertheless, hormonal contraception confers comparable or superior efficacy compared with such other contraceptives as the intrauterine device and barrier methods and remains an appropriate option in women with epilepsy. Importantly, concurrent use of hormonal contraception and AEDs does not adversely affect seizure control. Careful patient management, including the use of increased estrogen doses (> or =50 microg) in patients receiving enzyme-inducing AEDs, may further minimize the risk for unintended pregnancy. Special considerations in women of childbearing age include decreased compliance and disease prevention. Although adequate seizure control is the critical requirement of an AED, the potential for interactions with hormonal contraception and the increased risk for endocrine disturbances caused by drugs that alter hepatic microsomal enzymes suggest additional potential advantages for AED treatment that does not affect these enzymes. Both the constellation of physicians treating women with epilepsy and the patients themselves have a poor understanding of the spectrum of reproductive health issues involved, and increased awareness is needed to improve patient management.
Research Use in School District Central Office Decision Making A Case Study

The current educational policy climate in the USA places immense pressure on school district central offices to use evidence to inform their decisions in order to improve student learning. In light...
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields cause melanomas to self-destruct

We have discovered a new, drug-free therapy for treating solid skin tumors. Pulsed electric fields greater than 20 kV/cm with rise times of 30 ns and durations of 300 ns penetrate into the interior of tumor cells and cause tumor cell nuclei to rapidly shrink and tumor blood flow to stop. Melanomas shrink by 90% within two weeks following a cumulative field exposure time of 120 micros. A second treatment at this time can result in complete remission. This new technique provides a highly localized targeting of tumor cells with only minor effects on overlying skin. Each pulse deposits 0.2 J and 100 pulses increase the temperature of the treated region by only 3 degrees C, ten degrees lower than the minimum temperature for hyperthermia effects.
Determinants of engagement in mental health consumer-run organizations.

Objective:Mental health consumer–run organizations (CROs) are a low-cost, evidence-based strategy for promoting recovery. To increase CRO utilization, characteristics that promote engagement need to be identified and encouraged. The study examined individual and organizational characteristics that predict three types of engagement in CROs—attendance, leadership involvement, and socially supportive involvement.Methods:Surveys were administered to 250 CRO members attending 20 CROs. Leaders of each CRO reported organizational characteristics through a separate questionnaire. Multilevel regression models examined relationships between predictors and indicators of CRO engagement.Results:Perceived sense of community was the only characteristic that predicted attendance, leadership involvement, and socially supportive involvement (p<.001). Perceived organizational empowerment, shared leadership, peer counseling, and several demographic characteristics also predicted some measures of engagement.Conclusions:CROs t...
Relationship of structure and function of the avian respiratory system to disease susceptibility

The avian respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the gas and the blood utilizing a relatively small, rigid, flow-through lung, and a system of air sacs that act as bellows to move the gas through the lung. Gas movement through the paleopulmonic parabronchi, the main gas exchanging bronchi, in the lung is in the same direction during both inspiration and expiration, i.e., from the mediodorsal secondary bronchi to the medioventral secondary bronchi. During inspiration, acceleration of the gas at the segmentum accelerans of the primary bronchus increases gas velocity so it does not enter the medioventral secondary bronchi. During expiration, airway resistance is increased in he intrapulmonary primary bronchus because of dynamic compression causing gas to enter the mediodorsal secondary bronchi. Reduction in air flow velocity may decrease the efficiency of this aerodynamic valving and thereby decrease the efficiency of gas exchange. The convective gas flow in the avian parabronchus is orientated at a 90 degree angle with respect to the parabronchial blood flow; hence, the cross-current designation of this gas exchanger. With this design, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood leaving the parabronchus can be higher than that in the gas exiting this structure, giving the avian lung a high gas exchange efficacy. The relationship of the partial pressure of oxygen in the moist inspired gas to that in the blood leaving the lung is dependent on he rate of ventilation. A low ventilation rate may produce a ow oxygen partial pressure in part of the parabronchus, thereby inducing hypoxic vasoconstriction in the pulmonary arterioles supplying this region. Inhaled foreign particles are removed by nasal mucociliary action, by escalator in the trachea, primary bronchi, and secondary bronchi. Small particles that enter parabronchi appear to be phagocytized by the epithelial cells in eh atria and infundibulum. These particles can e transported to interstitial macrophages but the disposition of the particles from this site is unknown. The predominant site of respiratory infections in the caudal air sacs, compared to other parts of the respiratory system, can be explained by the gas flow pathway and the mechanisms present in the parabronchi for particle removal.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ON WATER INTAKE, FOOD INTAKE, AND BODY TEMPERATURE IN THE ALBINO RAT

Intraperitoneal injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin in albino rats produces a decrease in food and water intake and a drop in body temperature. The drop in temperature and in water intake is probably proportional to the size of the dose. Using a behavioral test in which animals are trained to press a bar at a steady rate for intermittent food or water reward, it is possible to demonstrate the sudden onset of the toxin effect at 30 to 45 minutes after injection. In any group of rats, all of whom were presumably exposed to E. coli, three types of response to toxin can be found: (a) Sharp reduction in water intake 30 minutes after injection. (b) Little or no change in intake or rate of working for water reward. (c) Immediate depression of work rate. These three types of reaction appear related to previous experience with the toxin. The "normal" or "inexperienced" reaction a was seen in animals who had not been given toxin before. The "protected" reaction b, with little or no effect of toxin injection on response rate was frequently found 4 to 5 days after a previous injection. The "susceptible" reaction c was found in three animals after 14 or more days had passed since a previous injection. Injections of toxin into the lateral hypothalamic region of four animals through implanted cannulae had no effect on the rate of bar pressing for water. Control injections of lidocaine blocked response rate completely for brief periods in three animals.
Customizable biopolymers for heavy metal remediation

Nanoscale materials have been gaining increasing interest in the area of environmental remediation because of their unique physical, chemical and biological properties. One emerging area of research has been the development of novel materials with increased affinity, capacity, and selectivity for heavy metals because conventional technologies are often inadequate to reduce concentrations in wastewater to acceptable regulatory standards. Genetic and protein engineering have emerged as the latest tools for the construction of nanoscale materials that can be controlled precisely at the molecular level. With the advent of recombinant DNA techniques, it is now possible to create ‘artificial’ protein polymers with fundamentally new molecular organization. The most significant feature of these nanoscale biopolymers is that they are specifically pre-programmed within a synthetic gene template and can be controlled precisely in terms of sizes, compositions and functions at the molecular level. In this review, the use of specifically designed protein-based nano-biomaterials with both metal-binding and tunable properties for heavy metal removal is summarized. Several different strategies for the selective removal of heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury are highlighted.
Fast atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry for structure determination of steroid and flavonoid glycosides.

Abstract The combination of fast atom bombardment (FAB) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS−MS) was tested for its applicability to generate useful structural information for steroid and flavonoid glycosides. The following compounds were investigated: quercetin, myricitrin, apigetrin, fraxin, rutin, neohesperidin, hesperidin, naringin, apiin, cymarin, digoxin, digitoxin, xanthorhamnin, and frangulin. Upon FAB, the sample molecules are desorbed as (M + H) + , (M − H) − , or as (M + Na) + or (M + K) + . Collisional activation of (M + H) + or (M − H) − ions in the MS−MS experiment leads to sequential losses of glycoside moieties in a manner which permits the sequence of glycosides to be established. Some glycosides occur as mixtures of homologs. Proper interpretation of the MS-MS or collisional activation decomposition spectra often allows the homology to be located. In addition to the simple and highly selective fragmentations observed in this combined experiment, FAB and MS-MS also remove interference caused by the ubiquitous matrix ions which are desorbed by FAB.
Evoked responses and background unit activity during appetitive conditioning in dogs.

Abstract In dogs, the late components of both the auditory cortex response to stimulation of the medial geniculate and the visual cortex responses to stimulation of the optic radiations were enhanced at the onset of a CS for food reward and depressed later in the trial, just prior to food delivery. Tonic multiple unit activity from the optic radiations was also enhanced following CS onset and declined to a level below control prior to food delivery. The multiple unit activity from the medial geniculate showed a similar enhancement following CS onset. CS onset, in the present experiments, evoked a behavioral orienting reflex (OR) as does stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation or presentation of novel stimuli. Since these procedures as well as avoidance conditioning produce similar effects on these evoked responses, it is concluded that processes not specific to a single motivational state, such as arousal or attention, are operating during the conditioning trial to bring about modulation of the excitability of the central auditory and visual pathways.
Extracellular matrix modulates mesangial cell apoptosis and mRNA expression of cathepsin‐B and tissue transglutaminase

Mesangial matrix is a dynamic structure which modulates mesangial cell function. Since accumulation of matrix precedes the development of focal glomerulosclerosis, we studied the effect of different matrices on mesangial cell (MC) apoptosis. Suspended mesangial cells became apoptotic in a time dependent manner. Collagen type III did not modulate MC apoptosis when compared to cells grown on plastic. MCs grown on Matrigel, collagen type I and IV showed an increased number of apoptotic cells when compared to MCs grown on plastic. DNA end-labeling further confirmed these observations. MCs grown on Matrigel showed enhanced (P < 0.05) mRNA expression for tissue transglutaminase (TTG) and cathepsin-B. Mesangial cells grown on Matrigel also showed enhanced expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD). We conclude that mesangial cells require attachment to the matrix for their survival and alteration of the quality of matrix modulates mesangial cell apoptosis.
Mask inspection method for 45nm node device

Sensitivity of newly developed photo mask inspection tool with reflective optic was evaluated for 45nm DRAM device. To get the required defect sensitivity of mask, printability of mask defect on wafer were simulated using in house simulation tool. Simulation results were compared with inspection results. Characteristic and sensitivity comparison between conventional transmissive and reflective optic tools were evaluated for several types of mask layer of 45nm and 55nm DRAM according to pixel size of detector of inspection tools. This reflective optic with short working distance was equivalent in sensitivity to transmissive optic tool. Mask for 45nm DRAM can be qualified by current status of the art inspection tools.
The Case for Pair Programming in the Computer Science Classroom

Previous studies indicate that the use of pair programming has beneficial effects on student learning. In this article, we present a controlled study that directly measured students’ acquisition of individual programming skills using laboratory practica (in which students programmed individually under exam conditions). Additionally, we analyzed other measures of student performance, attitudes, and retention. Our results provide direct evidence that pair programming improves the individual programming skills of lower SAT students, and that students who pair program are more confident in their work and are more likely to successfully complete the course. Results from the four other major studies of the effects of pair programming are reviewed and compared with those presented here in order to draw broader conclusions.
Individual Behavioral Profiles and Predictors of Treatment Effectiveness for Children With Autism.

Differential responsiveness to intervention programs suggests the inadequacy of a single treatment approach for all children with autism. One method for reducing outcome variability is to identify participant characteristics associated with different outcomes for a specific intervention. In this investigation, an analysis of archival data yielded 2 distinct behavioral profiles for responders and nonresponders to a widely used behavioral intervention, pivotal response training (PRT). In a prospective study, these profiles were used to select 6 children (3 predicted responders and 3 predicted nonresponders) who received PRT. Children with pretreatment responder profiles evidenced positive changes on a range of outcome variables. Children with pretreatment nonresponder profiles did not exhibit improvements. These results offer promise for the development of individualized treatment protocols for children with autism.
Mapping the City: Innovation and Continuity in the Chicago School of Sociology, 1920–1934

This paper examines the historical origins and theoretical underpinnings of the maps of the city of Chicago produced by sociologists at the University of Chicago between 1920 and 1934. I argue that the three mapping schemes produced in those years—the concentric zone map of The City (1925), the base map of 75 community areas and the census tract maps published in three volumes of Census Data of the City of Chicago (1920, 1930, 1934)—draw upon distinct historical antecedents and have distinct theoretical implications. The first scheme exhibits the strong influence of Johann Heinrich von Thunen’s location theory and maps produced by early Chicago city boosters, the second most clearly exhibits the influence of the Social Survey Movement and of pragmatist philosophy and the third, the influence of the financial and governmental interests of the organizations that made up the Chicago Census Committee. Literature on early urban sociology and mapping in Chicago has hitherto not adequately differentiated these three mapping schemes or problematized the implications of their differences for our understanding of the theoretical commitments of the “Chicago School.”
A search for thresholds and other nonlinearities in the relationship between hexavalent chromium and lung cancer.

The exposure-response relationship for airborne hexavalent chromium exposure and lung cancer mortality is well described by a linear relative rate model. However, categorical analyses have been interpreted to suggest the presence of a threshold. This study investigates nonlinear features of the exposure response in a cohort of 2,357 chemical workers with 122 lung cancer deaths. In Poisson regression, a simple model representing a two-step carcinogenesis process was evaluated. In a one-stage context, fractional polynomials were investigated. Cumulative exposure dose metrics were examined corresponding to cumulative exposure thresholds, exposure intensity (concentration) thresholds, dose-rate effects, and declining burden of accumulated effect on future risk. A simple two-stage model of carcinogenesis provided no improvement in fit. The best-fitting one-stage models used simple cumulative exposure with no threshold for exposure intensity and had sufficient power to rule out thresholds as large as 30 μg/m 3 CrO3 (16 μg/m 3 as Cr +6 ) (one-sided 95% confidence limit, likelihood ratio test). Slightly better-fitting models were observed with cumulative exposure thresholds of 0.03 and 0.5 mg-yr/m 3 (as CrO3) with and without an exposure-race interaction term, respectively. With the best model, cumulative exposure thresholds as large as 0.4 mg-yr/m 3 CrO3 were excluded (two-sided upper 95% confidence limit, likelihood ratio test). A small departure from doserate linearity was observed, corresponding to (intensity) 0.8 but was not statistically significant. Models in which risk-inducing damage burdens declined over time, based on half-lives ranging from 0.1 to 40 years, fit less well than assuming a constant burden. A half-life of 8 years or less was excluded (one-sided 95% confidence limit). Examination of nonlinear features of the hexavalent chromium-lung cancer exposure response in a population used in a recent risk assessment supports using the traditional (lagged) cumulative exposure paradigm: no intensity (concentration) threshold, linearity in intensity, and constant increment in risk following exposure.
Optic Disk Edema With a Macular Star

Optic disk edema with a macular star is a descriptive term encompassing a heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical features include sudden visual loss, swelling of the optic disk, peripapillary and macular exudates that may occur in a star pattern, and cells in the vitreous. Herein we describe the clinical features, potential etiologic factors, differential diagnosis, work-up, and natural history of this entity. Although optic disk edema with a macular star is usually idiopathic, infectious causes, especially syphilis, Lyme disease, cat-scratch disease, and toxoplasmosis, should be considered. The macular exudate likely results from primary optic nerve disease, not from inflammation of the retina; therefore, we prefer the term "idiopathic optic disk edema with a macular star" for idiopathic cases rather than "neuroretinitis." When optic disk swelling and macular star are associated with focal or multifocal inflammatory lesions in the retina (retinitis), especially if an infectious cause is documented, the term "neuroretinitis" is appropriate. The prognosis for visual recovery is usually good, but residual visual loss may be severe in a few cases. Patients with a recurrent type of the disease may not experience pronounced improvement in optic nerve function. The macular exudate may not develop in cases of disk edema until 2 weeks after the patient's initial assessment; thus, patients who have acute papillitis with a normal macula should be reexamined within 2 weeks for development of a macular star. The presence of a macular star militates strongly against subsequent development of multiple sclerosis.