cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation Length of Stay, Body Mass Index, and Functional Improvement among Adults with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Objective Examine the modifying effect of body mass index (BMI) on the association between rehabilitation length of stay (LOS), severity of injury, and motor FIM® (mFIM) improvement in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Seventeen SCI Model Systems (SCIMS) centers in the United States. Participants 3,413 patients who has a TSCI admitted to an SCIMS between October 2011 and August 2018. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The mFIM (12 items) improvement by discharge. Four rehabilitation LOS groups split by quartiles were created for each neurologic severity of injury group (C1-C4 level with American Spinal Injury Impairment Scale [AIS) ABC, C5-C8 AIS ABC, T1-S3 AIS ABC, and AIS DE). The interrelationship among rehabilitation LOS, BMI, and mFIM improvement were examined using multivariate linear regressions. A stratified analysis was performed to examine the association between rehabilitation LOS and mFIM improvement by BMI status (under or normal weight, overweight, and obese) and neurologic groups. Results 1099 (32.2%) and 821 (24.1%) patients were overweight and obese, respectively. Patients with obesity had less improvement in mFIM than those who were under or normal weight (unit of mFIM improvement =-3.71). After stratifying by BMI status, among obese patients, those with the longest rehabilitation LOS showed greater improvement in mFIM than those in the shortest LOS (unit of mFIM improvement =4.78). Conclusions Longer inpatient rehabilitation LOS may benefit patients with TSCI by increasing mFIM improvement by discharge. Obesity is negatively associated with mFIM improvement.
Unanticipated monetary policy and real economic activity: Some cross-regime evidence

Abstract Classical equilibrium models of business cycles predict several consequences of policy regime shift. This paper examines these predictions, using evidence from the post-1979 period, and by comparing several pre-war monetary regimes. The policy-invariance proposition and the Lucas hypothesis receive some support from the evidence, although some discrepancies remain.
Diversity-aware Evaluation for Paraphrase Patterns

Common evaluation metrics for paraphrase patterns do not necessarily correlate with extrinsic recognition task performance. We propose a metric which gives weight to lexical variety in paraphrase patterns; our proposed metric has a positive correlation with paraphrase recognition task performance, with a Pearson correlation of 0.5~0.7 (k=10, with "strict" judgment) in a statistically significant level (p-value<0.01).
Cytokine-Regulated Neutrophil Recruitment Is Required for Brain but Not Spinal Cord Inflammation during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which inflammatory lesions lead to tissue injury in the brain and/or spinal cord. The specific sites of tissue injury are strong determinants of clinical outcome in MS, but the pathways that determine whether damage occurs in the brain or spinal cord are not understood. Previous studies in mouse models of MS demonstrated that IFN-γ and IL-17 regulate lesion localization within the brain; however, the mechanisms by which these cytokines mediate their effects have not been identified. In the present study, we show that IL-17 promoted, but IFN-γ inhibited, ELR(+) chemokine-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the brain, and that neutrophil infiltration was required for parenchymal tissue damage in the brain. In contrast, IFN-γ promoted ELR(+) chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the spinal cord. Surprisingly, tissue injury in the spinal cord did not exhibit the same dependence on neutrophil recruitment that was observed for the brain. Our results demonstrate that the brain and spinal cord exhibit distinct sensitivities to cellular mediators of tissue damage, and that IL-17 and IFN-γ differentially regulate recruitment of these mediators to each microenvironment. These findings suggest an approach toward tailoring therapies for patients with distinct patterns of neuroinflammation.
Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health

Socioeconomic status – comprising education, income, and occupational prestige – is one of the most compelling predictors of physical health and life expectancy worldwide. As socioeconomic status increases, health outcomes improve (known as the social gradient in health). Each component of socioeconomic status impacts health through different but interconnected pathways: income represents spending power and thus financial capability to afford medical care. Occupational prestige denotes behaviors associated with work (e.g., working in a mine as compared to working in an office building), and education stands for the ability to access resources through knowledge and skills. Keywords: education; health; social class; social gradient; socioeconomic status
Influence of gamma irradiation on the development of neoplastic disease in mice. I. Reticular tissue tumors.

The influence of ${}^{137}{\rm Cs}\ \gamma $ irradiation on the development of reticular tissue neoplasms was investiged using male and female RFM/Un mice. The relationship between radiation dose and incidence of thymic lymphoma for females was complex, and no simple model described the relationship over the entire dose range. Over the range 0 to 25 rad linearity could be rejected and a dose-squared model described the data, while over the range 50 to 300 rad the response was linear. Males were less sensitive to induction of thymic lymphoma than females and their dose-response relationship was less complex with a linear response predominating. Males were more sensitive than females to induction of myeloid leukemia, with the age-adjusted incidence at 300 rad reaching 20% in males but only 5% in females. The response was linear for both sexes. The age-adjusted incidence of reticulum cell sarcoma decreased with dose in both male and female mice. The role of host factors in determining the type of neoplasm as...
Stream‐groundwater exchange and hydrologic turnover at the network scale

morphologies and sizes in the 11.4 km 2 Bull Trout Watershed of central ID. We implemented these empirical relationships in a numerical network model and simulated stream water gains and losses and subsequent fractional hydrologic turnover across the stream network. We found that stream gains and losses from and to groundwater can inuence source water contributions and stream water compositions across stream networks. Quantifying proportional inuences of source water contributions from runoff generation locations across the network on stream water composition can provide insight into the internal mechanisms that partially control the hydrologic and biogeochemical signatures observed along networks and at watershed outlets. Citation: Covino, T., B. McGlynn, and J. Mallard (2011), Stream-groundwater exchange and hydrologic turnover at the network scale, Water Resour. Res., 47, W12521, doi:10.1029/2011WR010942.
Time series motif discovery: dimensions and applications

Time series motifs are repeated segments in a long time series that, if exist, carry precise information about the underlying source of the time series. Motif discovery in time series data has received significant attention in the data mining community since its inception, principally because, motif discovery is meaningful and more likely to succeed when the data is large.
Strengthening the Efficacy of Acquisitive Prescription in International Law: Implications for the Senkaku-Diaoyu Islands Dispute

Nestled between Taiwan, Mainland China, and Japan in the East China Sea lie five uninhabited islands and three barren rocks known as the Senkaku Islands. The Senkakus were mostly ignored in the records of international discourse until 1969 when potentially vast oil and gas reserves were discuvered in their vicinity. Since then, the ownership of the islands has been hotly contested between China and Japan. To date, ithas become one of the primary topics of contention between the two Asian powers.
Folate Supplementation and Age-Related Hearing Loss

While noise, infection, head trauma, and ototoxic drugs cause some variation, most hearing loss in the developed world is simply “age-related.” Such hearing loss is sensorineural and is associated ...
Defining Tolerance: Impacts of Delay and Disruption when Managing Challenged Networks

Challenged networks exhibit irregularities in their communication performance stemming from node mobility, power constraints, and impacts from the operating environment. These irregularities manifest as high signal propagation delay and frequent link disruption. Understanding those limits of link disruption and propagation delay beyond which core networking features fail is an ongoing area of research. Various wireless networking communities propose tools and techniques that address these phenomena. Emerging standardization activities within the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) and the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) look to build upon both this experience and scalability analysis. Successful research in this area is predicated upon identifying enablers for common communication functions (notably node discovery, duplex communication, state caching, and link negotiation) and how increased disruptions and delays affect their feasibility within the network. Networks that make fewer assumptions relating to these enablers provide more universal service. Specifically, reliance on node discovery and link negotiation results in network-specific operational concepts rather than scalable technical solutions. Fundamental to this debate are the definitions, assumptions, operational concepts, and anticipated scaling of these networks. This paper presents the commonalities and differences between delay and disruption tolerance, including support protocols and critical enablers. We present where and how these tolerances differ. We propose a set of use cases that must be accommodated by any standardized delay-tolerant network and discuss the implication of these on existing tool development.
Cheating Behavior, Subject Variables, and Components of the Internal-External Scale under High and Low Risk Conditions

AbstractUnder two conditions (high and low risk) college undergraduates (N = 153) were administered the Rotter Internal-External Scale and the circles test of Hartshorne and May. The I-E Scale was scored for the Collins subscales (1974). The only significant correlation between cheating, the I-E Scale, and the Collins subscales was on the difficult-easy world subscale under the high risk condition (r = .19). This finding was consistent with the findings of Houston. It was found that cheating was situationally specific; subjects cheated more under the low risk condition than under the high risk condition. The data were also analyzed with respect to the relationships between sex, academic ability, and cheating behavior. In the low risk condition women cheated significantly more than men. Sanction threats (high risk condition) were found to reduce the incidence of cheating only for women. Cheating behavior was not related to academic ability; however, under the high risk condition high ability students cheat...
Assembling ligands in situ using bioorthogonal boronate ester synthesis

Many molecules that could manipulate cellular function are not practical due to their large size and concomitant undesirable pharmocokinetic properties. Here, we describe a bioorthogonal, highly stable boronate ester (HiSBE) synthesis and use this reaction to synthesize a biologically active molecule from smaller precursors in a physiological context. The rapid rate of HiSBE synthesis suggests that it may be useful for assembling a wide variety of biologically active molecules in physiological solutions.
Phase-Field Analysis of Fracture-Induced Twinning in Single Crystals

Abstract Deformation twinning at the tip of a straight crack or notch is analyzed using a phase-field method that seeks equilibrium twin morphologies via direct minimization of a free energy functional. For isotropic solids, the tendency to twin under mode I or mode II loading is found to depend weakly on Poisson’s ratio and elastic nonlinearity and strongly on surface energy and twinning shear (i.e. eigenstrain). Depending on the coherent twin boundary energy, anisotropy of surface energy is important for mode I loading but less so for mode II. Model predictions for several single crystals are in agreement with experimental observations. Calcite demonstrates a preference for mode I cleavage crack extension over crack tip twinning. Magnesium shows a likelihood for tensile twinning from a pre-existing crack on the basal plane. In sapphire, a preference for rhombohedral twins over basal twins is apparent, with the latter thinner in shape than the former.
Multiple molecular actions for steroids in the regulation of reproductive behaviors

Abstract Steroid hormones control brain functions and behaviors by several molecular actions that include the well-known genomic mechanism, in which intracellular steroid receptors regulate gene expression, and mechanisms that involve cell-surface receptors for steroids. Examples of the latter include the steroid modulation of the GABAA receptor complex and the recently discovered corticosteroid receptor in neuronal membranes from an amphibian (Taricha granulosa). This cortico steroid receptor meets the major criteria for being a bona fide receptor, is neuroanatomically and pharmacologically distinct from intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and seems to be coupled to G proteins. Furthermore, this membrane receptor seems to be physiologically relevant, functioning in the inhibitory pathways that control reproductive behaviors in Taricha.
The β-(Phosphatoxy)alkyl Radical Rearrangement. Rate Constants, Arrhenius Parameters, and Structure Activity Relationships

Rate constants for the migration of a series of p,p-disubstituted β-(diarylphosphatoxy)alkyl migrations have been determined in benzene at reflux by competition against the benzeneselenol clock reaction. There is a strong linear correlation of log(k) with the Hammett σp but not with various σ• parameters indicating that the migration occurs through a highly polarized transition state resembling an alkene radical cation loosely bound to a phosphate anion. The Arrhenius equation describing the migration of the β-phenyl-β-(diphenylphosphatoxy)ethyl radical in toluene was found to be log(kR) = (10.2 ± 0.8) − (7.0 ± 1.0)/2.3RT.
Spaceflight laser development for future remote sensing applications

At NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center we are developing next generation laser transmitters for future spaceflight, remote instruments including a micropulse altimeter for ice-sheet and sea ice monitoring, laser spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric CO2 and an imaging lidar for high resolution mapping of the Earth's surface. These laser transmitters also have applicability to potential missions to other solar-system bodies for trace gas measurements and surface mapping. In this paper we review NASA spaceflight laser transmitters used to acquire measurements in orbit around Mars, Mercury, Earth and the Moon. We then present an overview of our current spaceflight laser programs and describe their intended uses for remote sensing science and exploration applications.
Analysis of natural convection in a closed vertical annulus

Abstract A simple analysis is presented to study the natural convective heat transfer in a closed vertical annulus with isothermal walls and insulated top and bottom surfaces. The analysis predicts the thermal stratification in the annular space and the overall heat transfer rates, for any curvature and aspect ratios. Comparison with experimental data is made. Qualitative agreement with the temperature data, and acceptable agreement with the overall heat transfer rate data are obtained.
A serum-free, chemically-defined medium for function and growth of primary neonatal rat heart cell cultures

A serum-free, chemically defined medium for supporting rhythmic contraction, maximum survival, and moderate growth of cardiac cells was achieved by using a combination of hormones and growth supplements in a mixture of equal volumes of Ham’s F12 and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium. The hormones and growth supplements included insulin, transferrin, selenium, fetuin, bovine serum albumin, hydrocortisone (HC),l-thyroxine (T4), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Cardiac cells were grown on fibronectin-precoated plates using the above serum-free medium. Cells grow in this medium exhibited a higher beating rate and were maintained for a longer time compared to those cells grown in serum.
A review of high energy backscattering spectrometry

The technique and application of high-energy backscattering (HEBS) is reviewed in this paper. The advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed as well as the origins of the resonances in the cross sections which are fundamental for its application. Methods for determining the cross sections are presented including the fabrication of targets for measuring the cross sections. Applications for both α and proton HEBS are presented.
Modeling word-level rate-of-speech variation in large vocabulary conversational speech recognition

Abstract Variations in rate-of-speech (ROS) produce variations in both spectral features and word pronunciations that affect automatic speech recognition systems. To deal with these ROS effects, we propose to use a set of parallel rate-specific acoustic and pronunciation models. Rate switching is permitted at word boundaries, to allow within-sentence speech rate variation, which is common in conversational speech. Because of the parallel structure of rate-specific models and the maximum likelihood decoding method, our approach does not require ROS estimation before recognition, which is hard to achieve. We evaluate our models on a large vocabulary conversational speech recognition task over the telephone. Experiments on the NIST 2000 Hub-5 development set show that word-level ROS-dependent modeling results in a 2.2% absolute reduction in word error rate over a rate-independent baseline system. Relative to an enhanced baseline system that models cross-word phonetic elision and reduction in a multiword dictionary, rate-dependent models achieve an absolute improvement of 1.5%. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to modeling reduced pronunciations that are common in fast speech based on the approach of skipping short phones in the pronunciation models while preserving the phonetic context for the adjacent phones. This method is shown to also produce a small additional improvement on top of ROS-dependent acoustic modeling.
Accurate adaptive level set method and sharpening technique for three dimensional deforming interfaces

In this paper, we demonstrate improved accuracy of the level set method for resolving deforming interfaces by proposing two key elements: (1) accurate level set solutions on adapted Cartesian grids by judiciously choosing interpolation polynomials in regions of different grid levels and (2) enhanced re-initialization by an interface sharpening procedure. The level set equation is solved using a fifth order WENO scheme or a second order central differencing scheme depending on availability of uniform stencils at each grid point. Grid adaptation criteria are determined so that the Hamiltonian functions at nodes adjacent to interfaces are always calculated by the fifth order WENO scheme. This selective usage between the fifth order WENO and second order central differencing schemes is confirmed to give more accurate results compared to those in literature for standard test problems. In order to further improve accuracy especially near thin filaments, we suggest an artificial sharpening method, which is in a similar form with the conventional re-initialization method but utilizes sign of curvature instead of sign of the level set function. Consequently, volume loss due to numerical dissipation on thin filaments is remarkably reduced for the test problems.
Pressure effects on the association of the α and β2 subunits of tryptophan synthetase from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Sucrose density gradient centrifugation was employed to study the association of the α and β 2 subunits of the enzyme tryptophan synthetase from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . In both cases, the fully associated enzyme ( α 2 β 2 ) showed a sedimentation coefficient of 6.4 S, in agreement with the values reported by other workers for the E. coli enzyme. The substrate, l -serine, and the cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate, were required for complex formation in both cases. Generation of moderately high pressures by increasing the centrifuge speed from 39,000 rpm to 50,000 rpm was found to interfere with complex formation in both species at 5 °C. This effect was reversed by a temperature increase from 5 °C to 20 °C or by low concentrations of a nonpolar solvent, ethanol, at 5 °C. These results indicate that hydrophobic bonding plays an important role in the formation of the active tryptophan synthetase α 2 β 2 complex. Monovalent and divalent cations also interfered with the formation of the α 2 β 2 complex, indicating the possibility that ionic bonds are also involved.
BACE1 gene regulation: A novel drug target in Alzheimer's disease

and perspective provided by an experienced researcher and investigator involved in a recently completed disease modifying immunotherapy program. Conclusions: It is imperative that methodological issues be identified and appropriately addressed in order to enhance the probability of success as the field moves forward into the long term investigation of earlier therapeutic interventions. We cannot afford to repeat the mistakes of the past.
Quasi-decentralized control of integrated process networks with multiple communication delays

This paper focuses on networked control of multi-unit distributed plants subject to discrete and delayed communication between the local control systems. A modelbased quasi-decentralized networked control structure that enforces closed-loop stability with minimal data transfer, while simultaneously taking into account the different communication delays associated with the transfer of information between the constituent subsystems, is developed. In this structure, each control system includes: (1) a set of predictive models each of which predicts the evolution of the state variables of a given neighboring unit when measurements are unavailable and is updated when communication is restored, and (2) a set of propagation models each of which uses the delayed measurements from a given unit, together with the past values of the estimated local control action, to generate an estimate of the current state which is then used to update the state of the corresponding model. A combined discrete-continuous system formulation of the networked closed-loop plant is developed and analyzed, leading to an explicit characterization of the closed-loop stability properties in terms of the update period, the communication delay sizes, the degree of plant-model mismatch, and the selection of controller design parameters. Finally, the theoretical results are illustrated using a reactor-separator plant example.
Over-the-counter cough and cold medications in children: Are they helpful?

Over-the-counter cough/cold medications are commonly used in children. Recent recommendations by the Food and Drug Administration and changes to product labeling by cough/cold product manufacturers have reduced use of these products in children younger than four years of age. Data from controlled clinical trials of cough/cold product ingredients do not support their efficacy in young children. Serious adverse effects have been reported from cough/cold product use in infants and children, which largely result from inappropriate use by caregivers. Conservative therapies, including nasal suctioning, humidification, and nasal saline, should be recommended over cough/cold product use for infants and children. Otolaryngologists should educate caregivers of children on the safe and effective use of these products and therapies.
Time of Fumigation of Aphid Infested Canning Peas and Resistance of the Plants to Subsequent Infestation

Even the most susceptible strains of canning peas appear to become more resistant to the pea aphid, Illinoia pisi (Kltb.) as they approach maturity. This report deals with an attempt to test, under certain conditions, the extent of this resistance. Data are presented which appear to substantiate the observations.
Computer-based Multimedia: New Directions in Teaching and Learning

Abstract Today's students have grown up in an electronic world. There is no doubt that the approaching generation will be even more technologically advanced than our current students. Computer technology offers us a powerful and versatile tool that can dramatically change teaching and learning. The result is an improved ability to present abstract or complex material with increased student comprehension and interest. Case studies and computer simulations help develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills by providing students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge. Studies indicate that instruction via computers results in higher test scores compared to conventional methods, as well as greater long-term retention. The time has come for faculty to consider how computer technology can best be used in their classes.
The Seismic Wavefield, Volume II: Interpretation of Seismograms on Regional and Global Scales

Volume II of Brian Kennett's book, The Seismic Wavefield, is entitled “Interpretation of Seismograms on Regional and Global Scales.” The first volume in this series is entitled “Introduction and Theoretical Development,” and was published in 2001. The current volume is divided into three parts, 17 chapters, and an appendix. By way of numerous observations and illustrations, this volume introduces the reader to the various regional and global seismic phases. Here is where one learns how to distinguish Pn from Pg, how to unravel the PKP traveltime branches, and where to look for Love. The writing is clear and concise, the references are plentiful, and the quality of the figures is excellent.
Assessment of fetal health by analysis of maternal steroids.

Summary The large amounts of urinary estriol excreted by the pregnant woman during late pregnancy are derived from the fetus and the placenta functioning as an integrated biosynthetic unit. Thus, maternal excretion of estriol can serve as an indicator of the adequacy of fetal steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, and by deduction or extrapolation as an indicator of general fetal health. Very low maternal excretions of estriol (less than 4 mg. per day) are found in association with fetal death, anencephaly, isolated adrenal cortical hypoplasia, and highdose corticosteroid therapy of the mother. Persistent low excretions of estriol during late gestation (4 to 12 mg. per day) are associated with intrauterine growth retardation of the fetus. Rapidly falling preterm estriol excretions indicate failing fetal health with probable intrauterine hypoxia. Decreasing excretions of estriol in the post-term phase of gestation indicate decreasing adequacy of placental function and are frequently asociated with dysmature fetuses. The information that a woman in labor has had low estriol excretion values during her pregnancy should alert the pediatrician to the probability of early neonatal problems. Rapidly falling urinary estriol values suggest that the infant may manifest some signs of dysmaturity and of prepartum asphyxia, that there may be difficulties in the initiation of breathing, and in temperature control, as well as manifestations of hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia. Persistently low urinary estriol levels suggest that, in addition to these acute problems, the newborn infant may have significant intrauterine growth retardation in both weight and height and possibly longterm related sequelae.
RF communications in underwater wireless sensor networks

We investigate the propagation of radio waves underwater and between water and air to facilitate setting up hybrid wireless sensor networks with both surface and subsurface nodes. Our investigation includes signal attenuation, antenna radiation patterns, multipath due to reflections from the surface and substrate, noise, and reflection losses transmitting from one medium to another.
Pregnane xenobiotic receptor in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic response

Pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) is an orphan nuclear receptor that regulates the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics. PXR is promiscuous and unique in that it is activated by a diverse group of xenochemicals, including therapeutic anticancer drugs and naturally-occurring endocrine disruptors. PXR has been predominantly studied to understand its regulatory role in xenobiotic clearance in liver and intestine via induction of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. PXR, however, is widely expressed and has functional implications in other normal and malignant tissues, including breast, prostate, ovary, endometrium and bone. The differential expression of PXR and its target genes in cancer tissues has been suggested to determine the prognosis of chemotherapeutic outcome. In addition, the emerging evidence points to the implications of PXR in regulating apoptotic and antiapoptotic as well as growth factor signaling that promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made in understanding the role of PXR in cancer, discuss the future directions to further understand the mechanistic role of PXR in cancer, and conclude with the need to identify novel selective PXR modulators.
Anomalous Hall effect in Gd-doped La2/3Ca1/3MnO3

Ceramic samples of (La{sub 1-x}Gd{sub x}){sub 2/3}Ca{sub 1/3}MnO{sub 3} were prepared and used as targets to grow films onto LaAlO{sub 3} substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Electrical resistance and thermopower, measured vs temperature and applied magnetic fields indicate transport dominated by positive small polarons in the high temperature paramagnetic state. The Hall effect was measured in 0.5 {mu}m thick films of composition x=0 and x=0.25. No evidence for extraordinary hall effect was found in the paramagnetic regime. Instead, the magnitude of the Hall coefficient decreases exponentially with temperature. This behavior and its anomalous negative sign are interpreted to result from face-diagonal hopping of small polarons in the Mn sublattice.
Health Promotion in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors: Mobilizing Compliance in a Multifaceted Risk Profile

With rising cure rates of childhood cancer, nurse practitioners have an increased chance of encountering a large survivor cohort in practice. A variety of late effects programs exist; however, funding is limited for these programs and is not accessible for all patients. Primary providers may increasingly act as a medical home for childhood cancer survivors (CCS). Understanding the inherent risks of cytotoxic treatment and the progressive consequences of late effects is vital to limit morbidity and mortality. Adolescent and young adult survivors (AYA) are particularly apt to make health behavior decisions that create risks for comorbidities. Developmentally appropriate experimentation with drug, alcohol, or tobacco use and increased ultraviolet ray exposure intensifies the risk for secondary malignancies and novel diseases. The paucity of evidence-based surveillance guidelines and survivor-specific health promotion programs cumulatively widen the gap in noncompliance and misinformation. This article overviews the risk profile of CCS. It explores health practices, as well as emerging health promotion techniques, within the AYA survivor population and the role nurse practitioners have in enhancing health maintenance.
Mothering: Thinking is part of the job description: Application of cognitive views to understanding maladaptive parenting and doing intervention and prevention work

Irving Sigel's work, particularly his two volumes and numerous papers on parental beliefs, has left a strong mark on theoretical developmental work, applied research, and clinical research and practice. This article focuses on the impact that a cognitive perspective on parenting has had on our understanding of maladaptive parenting and practice. Cognitive views provide a unique approach for developing theory, conducting science, and formulating and carrying out interventions and policy in parenting. The use of cognitive science paradigms has enhanced our understanding of crucial mechanisms in parental responses, as well as helped us to guard against decontextualizing the maternal role from the larger picture of adult females' lives. This article presents examples of cognitive constructs that have been linked to parenting and to child risk. Ways in which a cognitive approach has enhanced parenting intervention and prevention efforts are also described. Finally, future directions for work in these areas are outlined.
Nitrogen fertilization rate affects feeding, larval performance, and oviposition preference of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on cotton

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most critical chemical elements for plant and animal growth, exerting a variety of bottom-up effects. Development and oviposition of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were studied in relation to varying N fertilization levels (42, 112, 196, and 280 p.p.m.) in cotton [ Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)]. Low N fertilization of cotton plants led to reduced plant biomass and a lower percentage of N in leaf blades and in leaf petioles. Development of S. exigua larvae fed with plants with reduced N applications (42 and 112 p.p.m.) was prolonged relative to treatments receiving higher N fertilization. Almost all larvae reared on artificial diets underwent only five instars before pupation. However, most larvae reared on cotton plants, irrespective of N levels, experienced a supernumerary sixth larval instar. Furthermore, significantly more larvae reared on lower N cotton plants underwent supernumerary development compared to larvae reared on higher N cotton plants. Life-time feeding damage per larva ranged from 55 to 65 cm 2 , depending on the nutritional quality of the food plant, although the differences were not statistically significant. Larvae distinguished between cotton plants with various nutritional qualities and fed preferentially on higher N plants. Female moth oviposition choice was also affected by host plant nutritional quality: cotton plants with higher N levels were preferentially chosen by S. exigua females for oviposition. The mechanisms of these effects are unclear, but they can have important implications for population dynamics and pest status of beet armyworms in the field.
Non-homologous isofunctional enzymes: A systematic analysis of alternative solutions in enzyme evolution

Evolutionarily unrelated proteins that catalyze the same biochemical reactions are often referred to as analogous - as opposed to homologous - enzymes. The existence of numerous alternative, non-homologous enzyme isoforms presents an interesting evolutionary problem; it also complicates genome-based reconstruction of the metabolic pathways in a variety of organisms. In 1998, a systematic search for analogous enzymes resulted in the identification of 105 Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers that included two or more proteins without detectable sequence similarity to each other, including 34 EC nodes where proteins were known (or predicted) to have distinct structural folds, indicating independent evolutionary origins. In the past 12 years, many putative non-homologous isofunctional enzymes were identified in newly sequenced genomes. In addition, efforts in structural genomics resulted in a vastly improved structural coverage of proteomes, providing for definitive assessment of (non)homologous relationships between proteins. We report the results of a comprehensive search for non-homologous isofunctional enzymes (NISE) that yielded 185 EC nodes with two or more experimentally characterized - or predicted - structurally unrelated proteins. Of these NISE sets, only 74 were from the original 1998 list. Structural assignments of the NISE show over-representation of proteins with the TIM barrel fold and the nucleotide-binding Rossmann fold. From the functional perspective, the set of NISE is enriched in hydrolases, particularly carbohydrate hydrolases, and in enzymes involved in defense against oxidative stress. These results indicate that at least some of the non-homologous isofunctional enzymes were recruited relatively recently from enzyme families that are active against related substrates and are sufficiently flexible to accommodate changes in substrate specificity. This article was reviewed by Andrei Osterman, Keith F. Tipton (nominated by Martijn Huynen) and Igor B. Zhulin. For the full reviews, go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Broadband MIMO-OFDM channel estimation via near-maximum likelihood Time Of Arrival estimation

This paper contains a new frequency-domain multi-stream channel estimation technique for communication systems such as MIMO-OFDM. The estimator works by first determining the Time Of Arrivals (TOAs) of each data stream using a near Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach and then solving for the corresponding gains. In addition, this paper presents a training sequence that enables other TOA estimators such as ESPRIT to determine multiple data stream's TOAs. The performance of various channel estimators is compared through simulations and experimental data and the results show that the new TOA estimator has the best overall performance.
Anthropogenic Copper Inventories and Mercury Profiles from Lake Superior: Evidence for Mining Impacts

During the past 150 years, the mining industry discharged more than a billion tons of tailings along Lake Superior shorelines and constructed numerous smelters in the watershed. Given the vast size of Lake Superior, were sediment profiles at locations far offshore impacted by nearshore activi- ties? Did copper and associated precious metal mining modify regional fluxes for copper and mercury? Samples from thirty sediment cores document that background concentrations of copper are high (mean 60.9 ± 7.0 µg/g), due to the proximity of natural ore sources. Anthropogenic inventories uncorrected for focusing also are high, ranging from 20 to 780 µg/cm 2 (mean 187 ± 54 µg/cm 2 ). Focusing factor correc- tions decrease the mean estimate and reduce variance (144 ± 24 µg/cm 2 ). Several approaches to estimat- ing inputs suggest that only 6 to 10% of historic copper deposition originated directly from atmospheric sources, emphasizing terrestrial sources. Moreover, coastal sediment cores often show synchronous early increases in copper and mercury with buried maxima. Around the Keweenaw Peninsula, twenty-two cores trace high copper and mercury inventories back to mill and smelting sources. Direct assays of ores from thirteen mine sites confirm a natural amalgam source of mercury in the stamp mill discharges. Core records from inland lakes (Michigamme Project) also reveal patterns of copper and mercury inputs from a variety of mining sources: historic tailing inputs, amalgam assay releases, and atmospheric smelter plumes.
Conspecific Reaction to Playback of Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Vocalizations

Recent studies have revealed that in some ground squirrel species alarm calling behavior is most prevalent among individuals with nearby genetic relatives. A playback experiment was conducted to determine if the predator-elicited vocalization of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, is capable of evoking escape or watchful behavior in conspecifics. The responses of juveniles and adults to playback of three of their vocalizations, the trill, the peep, and the squeal, and to silent control trials, were observed. The results are discussed in terms of the proposed function of the alarm calling behavior of the species. Zusammenfassung Junge und erwachsene Streifenziesel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) reagierten auf arteigene Alarmrufe signifikant haufiger mit Mannchen machen und Laufen zum Baueingang als auf in sozialen Beziehungen benutzte Laute, und sie unterbrachen laufende Aktivitaten haufiger. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Hypothese uberein, das der durch Rauber ausgeloste Ruf als Warnung wirkt.
Effect of two- and three-zone phase masks on the axial and transverse intensity distribution under high numerical aperture focusing

Vector diffraction theory was applied to study computationally the effect of two and three-zone annular multi-phase plates (AMPs) on the three-dimensional point-spread-function (PSF). The two- and four-dimensional solutions spaces associated with a two- and three-zone AMP, respectively, were discretized and the PSF was calculated using the Wolf diffraction integrals for each unique combination of zone radius and relative phase. Conditions are identified in which a three-zone AMP generates an intensity distribution that is super-resolved by 19% in the axial direction with minimal change in the transverse distribution and sufficiently small axial side-lobes that this intensity pattern could be used for advanced photolithographic techniques, such as multi-photon three-dimensional microfabrication.
The Association of Clinical Variables and Filter Design with Carotid Artery Stenting Thirty-day Outcome

Objective Patient and device selection are important for the success of carotid artery stenting (CAS). We hypothesize that distal protection filter (DPF) design characteristics that minimize blood flow resistance and maximize capture efficiency are associated with the absence of transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke and neurologic-related death after 30 days.
Low Hemoglobin A1c—Good Diabetic Control?

Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) was measured for a 60-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hepatitis C (Hb A1c, 3.6%; reference interval, 4.3%–6.1%; Fig. 1). Her diabetes has been well controlled with metformin and low-dose glargine insulin, with Hb A1c values of 6.0%–7.1% and random glucose measurements of 115–235 mg/dL (6.4–13.0 mmol/L) [random glucose reference interval, <200 mg/dL …
The Fracture Behavior of CTBN Modified Epoxy

Abstract Rubber toughened epoxy resins are widely used as adhesives, as a matrix for glass and carbon fiber composites for rocket cases and sporting goods, and as a potting agent in the electronics industry. A common rubber added is CTBN, a carboxyl terminated copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile. In this study we have measured toughness (K1C and G1C ) using the E399 ASTM standard for a compact tension (CT) specimen, with special attention to the variability of the measured K1C and G1C with the method of starter crack formation and the time delay between starter crack formation and toughness measurement. We also investigated the toughness of the toughened epoxy after initiation, for a growing crack, by using the short rod (SR) method and when possible in a CT specimen by using a simple marking technique. The CT toughness of unmodified epoxy measured using a liquid nitrogen initiator crack technique is the same as that of earlier work, but we found that the KIC and G1C toughness increases when there is...
Dome degradation pattern of the ERBE wide-field-of-view shortwave radiometer

The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite carried a nonscanning radiometer package for the measurement of the solar radiative flux which is reflected by the Earth and the outgoing longwave radiation from the Earth. These fluxes are measured by wide field-of-view radiometers, which are active cavity radiometers (ACRs) having apertures which are open to radiation from the Earth from one limb to the other. The reflected shortwave radiative flux is measured by an ACR which has a quartz dome over the aperture to cut out the OLR component. The instrument has operated for over 15 years, producing an unbroken data record of Earth radiation budget form one instrument. However, the during this time the dome degraded due to diret solar radiation during sun rise and sunset at the spacecraft. The degradation is taken into account by rotating the instrument every 2 weeks so as to view the Sun, which serves as a calibration target. However, the solar dosage varies over the surface of the dome, so that its degradation is not uniform. Moreover, the spacecraft operates so as to always have one side to the Sun, so that one side of the dome gets more exposure than the other. The question then arises as to what is the pattern of solar dosage and the resulting non-uniform degradation on the measurements? This paper computes the pattern of solar exposure of the dome.
Phytoplankton communities in navigation pool no. 7 of the Upper Mississippi River

A study of the phytoplankton community dynamics in Navigation Pool No. 7 of the Upper Mississippi River was conducted from May through October, 1982. The objectives of this study were to estimate total standing crops, determine the taxonomic composition and examine the seasonal succession of the phytoplankton community. Four sampling sites were established: two in Lake Onalaska, a large backwater lake on the Wisconsin side of the main channel; one in the main channel near Dakota, Minnesota; and one in the main channel just upstream from Lock and Dam No. 7. The phytoplankton communities at all sampling sites were dominated by diatoms except during July and August when a bloom of blue-green algae was observed. The dominant diatoms from May through mid-July were Melosira italica, Stephanodiscus niagarae, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Stephanodiscus astrea, and Synedra ulna. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa were the most prevalent blue-green algae during the mid-summer bloom. The diatoms Melosira italica and Melosira granulata were dominant in September and October. Lesser amounts of green algae, cryptomonads and euglenoids were also observed at various times of the sampling period. Total standing crops based on cell volume were usually greatest at the Lock and Dam No. 7 site. The maximum standing crop (10.4 mm3 1−1) was observed at the Lock and Dam No. 7 site on 4 September; the minimum standing crop (0.4 mm3 1−1) was observed at the eastern Lake Onalaska site on the same date. Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica remained at high levels throughout the study period and did not appear to limit phytoplankton standing crops.
Three-stage designs for monitoring clinical trials

Optimal three-stage designs with equal sample sizes at each stage are presented and compared to fixed sample designs, fully sequential designs, designs restricted to use the fixed sample critical value at the final stage, and to modifications of other group sequential designs previously proposed in the literature. Typically, the greatest savings realized with interim analyses are obtained by the first interim look. More than 50% of the savings possible with a fully sequential design can be realized with a simple two-stage design. Three-stage designs can realize as much as 75% of the possible savings. Without much loss in efficiency, the designs can be modified so that the critical value at the final stage equals the usual fixed sample value while maintaining the overall level of significance, alleviating some potential confusion should a final stage be necessary. Some common group sequential designs, modified to allow early acceptance of the null hypothesis, are shown to be nearly optimal in some settings...