cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The spark that ignites: Mere exposure to rivals increases Machiavellianism and unethical behavior

Abstract Rivalry is prevalent across many competitive environments and differs in important ways from non-rival competition. Here, we draw upon research on relational schemas and automatic goals to explore whether mere exposure to or recall of a rival can be sufficient to increase individuals' Machiavellianism and unethical behavior, even in contexts where their rivals are not present. Across four experiments, we found that activation of the rivalry relational schema led to increased Machiavellianism (Experiments 1 and 2), false inflation of performance (Experiment 3), and deception of an online counterpart for self-gain (Experiment 4). In Experiment 4 we also observed an interaction between rivalry and moral identity such that when the rivalry relational schema was activated, moral identity no longer safeguarded against unethical behavior. This finding suggests that a rivalry mindset crowds out moral identity as a guide to behavior. Overall, the current research depicts rivalry as an important relationship that activates a unique mindset and has a more widespread influence on behavior than prior research has suggested.
New Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Diagnosis and Therapeutics for Breast Cancer: An Assessment of Active-Targeting Inorganic Nanoplatforms.

Breast cancer is a major cause of suffering and mortality among women. Limitations in the current diagnostic methods and treatment approaches have led to new strategies to positively impact the survival rates and quality of life of breast cancer patients. Nanotechnology offers a real possibility of mitigating breast cancer mortality by early-stage cancer detection and more precise diagnosis as well as more effective treatments with minimal side effects. The current nanoplatforms approved for breast cancer therapeutics are based on passive tumor targeting using organic nanoparticles and have not provided the expected significant improvements in the clinic. In this review, we present the emerging approaches in breast cancer nanomedicine based on active targeting using versatile inorganic nanoplatforms with biomedical relevance, such as gold, silica, and iron oxide nanoparticles, as well as their efficacy in breast cancer imaging, drug and gene delivery, thermal therapy, combinational therapy, and theranosti...
Predictors of summertime heat index levels in New York City apartments.

Background During heat waves, fatal overexposure to heat most often occurs at home. It is not known how factors such as building size, floor level, and different types of air conditioning (AC) contribute to excess indoor heat. Methods We monitored indoor temperature and humidity in 36 apartments in New York City during summers 2014 and 2015, and used these values to calculate the indoor heat index (HI). We investigated the role of AC type and building-level factors on indoor HI using multilevel regression models. Results 34 of 36 homes had AC. Central and ductless AC types were associated with the coolest indoor conditions; homes with window and portable AC were significantly warmer. Apartments on the top floor of a building were significantly hotter during heat advisory periods than other apartments regardless of the presence of AC. High indoor HI levels persisted in some homes for approximately one day following the end of the two heat advisory periods. Conclusions We provide concrete evidence of higher heat levels in top floor apartments and in homes with certain types of AC. High heat levels that persist indoors after outdoor heat has subsided may present an underappreciated public health risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A boundary-integral method for two-phase displacement in Hele-Shaw cells

We develop a time-dependent numerical algorithm, using a boundary-integral approach, to investigate fingering in Hele-Shaw cells. Starting from a sinusoidal variation in the initial interface, stable fingers quickly form for a wide range of the dimensionless surface-tension parameter. For very low values of the parameter, the incipient finger bifurcates. The stable fingers are clearly the same as those obtained by McLean & Saffman (1981) using a steady-state algorithm. These steady-state solutions were found to be linearly unstable. We resolve this apparent discrepancy regarding stability by tracing the fate of small disturbances placed on and about the finger tip. We show that some small disturbances do, indeed, grow initially; however, they reach a maximum amplitude and decay as they convect backward from the tip of the finger to regions where stabilizing surface tension is the major physical force. Relatively large imposed disturbances, on the other hand, cause a finger to bifurcate; the critical disturbance amplitude decreases as the surface tension is reduced,
Oxidation of terminal diols using an oxoammonium salt: a systematic study

A systematic study of the oxidation of a range of terminal diols is reported, employing the oxoammonium salt 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate (4-NHAc-TEMPO+ BF4−) as the oxidant. For substrates bearing a hydrocarbon chain of seven carbon atoms or more, the sole product is the dialdehyde. A series of post-oxidation reactions have been performed showing that the product mixture resulting from the oxidation step can be taken on directly to a subsequent transformation. For diols containing four to six carbon atoms, the lactone product is the major product upon oxidation. In the case of 1,2-ethanediol and 1,3-propanediol, when using a 1 : 0.5 stoichiometric ratio of substrate to oxidant, the corresponding monoaldehyde is formed which reacts rapidly with further diol to yield the acetal product. This is of particular synthetic value given both the difficulty of their preparation using other approaches and also their potential application in further reaction chemistry.
Jonathan Virginia, Inc

This case is appropriate for teaching in business management and strategy courses. At issue in this case is how to institutionalize a business beyond what the entrepreneur has started. This founder built a very profitable business and is responsible for all its critical business functions. After more than 20 years will he be able to build a management team? Can he scale his business to the next level? Excerpt UVA-ENT-0135 October 21, 2009 Jonathan Virginia, Inc. Jonathan Virginia, Inc. (JVI), a premier designer and manufacturer of luxury packaging, used fine woods, metals, fabrics, and papers from around the world. Based in Charlottesville, Virginia, this global company sourced materials worldwide, manufactured with partners in China, and sold products to global companies that distributed chocolate, watches, spirits, humidors, cigars, coffee and teas, and coins for collectors to the U.S. and British mints. JVI was founded by Jon Fink, who at the age of 17 in his hometown of Roanoke, Virginia, had met an elderly fine-guitar maker who taught Fink his craft. Fink learned that being an experienced artisan required patience, time, and a love for the materials. Fink enrolled in the University of Virginia, where he majored in religion, but in his spare time, he continued to learn how to make fine guitars. After graduating in 1978, Fink was accepted as a provisional artisan at the McGuffey Art Center in Charlottesville where he built, sold, and repaired guitars. Fink viewed this opportunity to share space with 40 different artisans and to learn to work with such different materials as woods, textiles, metals, and photography as his graduate education. It was here that he developed further his perceptual strengths and his passion for detail. . . .
Chapter 9 – Affect During Instructional Video Game Learning: Story’s Potential Role

Games have been linked to provoking a wide variety of emotional reactions, from fear (Therrien, 2009) to joy (Malone, 1981). While some of the authors in this volume have reported on the variety of emotional interactions that games can provide, such as mirroring of emotions (Humphries & McDonald, 2011), this chapter will examine how the presence of a component of a computer game, namely the story, may have had an impact on the link between emotions and learning. Specifically, this chapter focuses on the component of “story” in a game, and how the inclusion of a story may have both an emotional and subsequent learning impact. To explain this relationship, this chapter is separated into three sections. First, there is a discussion on the previous literature surrounding the potential links between story, emotions, learning, and games. Second, this chapter leverages this literature to introduce a study, which will investigate the potential role that story has in games, learning, and student emotions. Finally, the chapter will discuss the unexpected results from this study, further analyzing the potential links between emotions and learning, and grounding this analysis with the research literature.
WiFi White Spaces for Opportunistic LTE-U

In the coexistence problem of LTE-U and WiFi in unlicensed spectrum, interference can result in serious degradation in the performance of the two networks, especially WiFi. Conventionally, LTE is designed as the exclusive operator of the spectrum, whereas WiFi nodes contend in a distributed fashion based on CSMA-CA to access the spectrum. Consequently, WiFi network performance will be pushed to the limit as a result of backing-off for continuous LTE-U transmissions. To mitigate WiFi bandwidth starvation, in this paper we introduce opportunistic utilization of white spaces in the WiFi channel for LTE-U transmissions. Recognizing the dynamic and bursty nature of WiFi traffic, we develop an analytical framework based on Markov modulated batch Poisson processes (MMBPP) to stochastically model the temporal behavior and the idle gaps, or white spaces, in the unlicensed bands. Closed-form expressions are derived and approximations are provided to characterize the duration and the frequency of occurrence of WiFi white spaces. Noticing the considerable availability of idle resources, we discuss the possibilities of exploiting these white spaces for LTE-U transmissions without disturbing and delaying WiFi traffic. Next, under our MMBPP framework, we propose an opportunistic coexistence mechanism which enables the LTE-U base station to dynamically schedule transmissions by estimating the duration of WiFi white spaces, so as to maximize its utilization while limiting the disturbance introduced to the WiFi system. The latency experienced by the coexisting WiFi network is reduced to 90% of the case with ABS, while LTE-U utilization remains comparable.
Holy piracy: Kopimism, the sacralisation of information, and the legitimating power of religion

Kopimism is a new religious movement predicated on, and revolving around, the assertion and belief that information is inherently sacred and needs to be copied and shared. Adherents to this Swedish...
Advance Care Planning in a Geriatric Primary Care Clinic: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Purpose:Advance care planning (ACP) is theorized to benefit both the patient and their family when end of life is near as well as earlier in the course of serious illness. However, ACP remains unde...
Outcomes of Conversion Total Hip Arthroplasty From Free Vascularized Fibular Grafting

Abstract Background Conversion total hip arthroplasties (THAs) from prior free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) are infrequently reported in the literature. We characterized the perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing conversion THA and compared them with those of a matched cohort of patients undergoing primary THA for osteonecrosis of the femoral head and neck (ONFHN). Methods The institutional database was queried for patients with FVFG requiring conversion to THA. This cohort was then matched 1:1 for age, gender, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score for patients with ONFHN undergoing primary THA. Medical records were reviewed for intraoperative and postoperative complications, which were then compared between conversion and primary THA patient cohorts. Results Two hundred eighty-eight THA patients were included for analysis (144 patients with FVFG matched to 144 patients with ONFHN and no prior FVFG). Patients with prior FVFG who underwent THA had significantly greater operative time and blood loss (P Conclusion Although there are numerous treatment strategies for patients with ONFHN, many patients will ultimately require THA. Patients undergoing conversion after FVFG are more likely to have complications including increased blood loss, hematoma formation, and intraoperative fractures. Consequently, surgeons should concentrate on preoperative optimization and prepare for specific technical challenges.
OED. ‘Anglo-Saxonist, n.’: professional scholar or anonymous person

In this essay, I examine the figure of the ‘Anglo-Saxonist’. Although this overtly racialized term describes a person whose affinities point towards white nationalism, that scholars continue to cal...
Missing Links: the Role of Primates in Understanding the Human Microbiome

The gut microbiome can influence host energy balances and metabolic programming. While this information is valuable in a disease context, it also has important implications for understanding host energetics from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Here I argue that gut microbial influences on host life history-the timing of events that make up an organism's life-are an overlooked but robust area of study given that variation in life history is linked directly to host energetic budgets and allocation patterns. Additionally, while cultural influences on life history complicate the exploration of these links in humans, nonhuman primates represent an alternative system in which more robust associations can be made. By integrating human and nonhuman primate microbiome research within the context of life history theory, we will be able to more effectively pinpoint microbial contributions to host phenotypes. This information will improve our understanding of host-microbe interactions in health and disease and will transform the fields of ecology and evolution more generally.
The use of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), C-phycocyanin, and phenolic compounds extracted from Spirulina sp. LEB 18 in latex paint formulations

Abstract Commercial paints are produced using components that can be harmful to the environment. In light of this, our study aimed to reduce these drawbacks by investigating water-based paints in which the latex resin (polyvinyl acetate [PVA]) was replaced with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) extracted from Spirulina sp. LEB 18. In addition, C-phycocyanin and phenolic compounds, both also extracted from this microalga, were added to the paints for coloration and antimicrobial properties, respectively. Characterization analyses indicate that paint with 9.2% PHB and 6.1% limonene performs better in the following aspects: density (1.47 g cm −3 ), solids (41.5%) and pigment contents (38.4%), hiding power (94.2%), abrasion resistance (123 cycles), adhesion (5–15% area removed), drying time (90 min), reflectance (90%), and emissivity (0.80). Moreover, the biocolorant C-phycocyanin, besides conferring color, also provides better coverage by the paints. At a concentration of 0.8%, the phenolic compounds are the most effective among the biocides tested. Overall, we found that it is possible to develop a product similar to commercial ones using natural substances extracted from microalgae, which have not yet been used in formulations of paint. Thus, this study contributes to a sustainable alternative for paint formulation.
Helping the Public Make Health Risk Decisions

Making risky decisions is difficult, both for reasons of which we are aware and for those of which we are unaware (Fischhoff, 1988). Many decisions are fairly routine. It is rare to see someone transfixed, unable to decide whether to cross the street, put on a seat belt, or add some table salt. Through trial and error, we have figured out the right way to act and thereby avoid making these decisions deliberatively. When we develop these rules of behavior for ourselves, they become habits; when society provides them, they become traditions. Life becomes difficult with decisions such as those that risk analysts must make, where one must think the decision out from the beginning and get it right the first time, either because the action has irreversible consequences or because the feedback that life provides is so poor that there are no clear indicators to prompt mid-course corrections. How to respond to possible leaks from a local landfill, to the storage of World War II nerve gas in one’s county, to the health effects of shellfish or olive oil or of a spouse’s smoking—these are all tough decisions.
Abstract WP252: Secular Trends for Etiologies of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults

Introduction: Because acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in young adults is not rare, understanding trends in etiology may help decisions about evaluation and secondary stroke prevention. This study descr...
Quantitative unique continuation for Schrödinger operators

Abstract We investigate the quantitative unique continuation properties of solutions to second order elliptic equations with singular lower order terms. The main theorem presents a quantification of the strong unique continuation property for Δ + V . That is, for any non-trivial u that solves Δ u + V u = 0 in some open, connected subset of R n , we estimate the vanishing order of solutions in terms of the L t -norm of V. Our results apply to all t > n 2 and n ≥ 3 . With these maximal order of vanishing estimates, we employ a scaling argument to produce quantitative unique continuation at infinity estimates for global solutions to Δ u + V u = 0 . To handle V ∈ L t for every t ∈ ( n 2 , ∞ ] , we prove a novel L p − L q Carleman estimate by interpolating a known L p − L 2 estimate with a new endpoint Carleman estimate. This new Carleman estimate may also be used to establish improved order of vanishing estimates for equations with a first order term, those of the form Δ u + W ⋅ ∇ u + V u = 0 .
Clinical Hypnosis in Children

As with adults, pain in children is a multidimensional experience which varies significantly depending on previous experience with pain; personality, expectations, and cognitive maturation. Recent investigations reveal that pain in children correlates directly with more than just the degree of actual tissue damage (Goodman and McGrath 1991). Consequently, interventions that treat only the initial cause of the pain will not be completely successful. It is essential to address both psychological and physiological aspects when developing a pain management course for children.
Tear Down Those Walls: the Future of Graduate Education in Child and Family Advocacy

The future of graduate education in child welfare requires specialized advanced degrees that are defined by interprofessional training and education. Disrupting the current silos in graduate education will result in a workforce able to integrate knowledge across disciplines with the ultimate goals of ending child abuse and neglect and improving outcomes for families. Although there are numerous challenges to implementing interprofessional education (IPE) in this context, research and existing programs highlight the potential for comprehensive reform of current practice and education. The authors describe a university-community partnership model for a master’s degree program in child and family advocacy that exemplifies the opportunities and value of IPE. In so doing, they articulate an approach for addressing historical barriers from academia and professional disciplines to disrupt traditional structures and move towards a twenty-first century model of workforce development that best serves the needs of vulnerable, high-risk families.
Radiotracking refines the role of food supplementation on overwinter survival of the Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis):

Resource availability, particularly food, can limit the size of bird populations during the nonbreeding season. Resident and short-distance migrant birds, wintering in colder environments, should s...
The Value of Citizenship and Service to the Nation

Noncitizens in the United States have been receiving citizenship for military service in every war and almost every significant military operation since before the country was founded. Currently, many noncitizens fight for the United States and in return receive faster access to naturalization and citizenship. Nevertheless, politicians and pundits across the political spectrum tend to avoid mentioning this policy altogether. To explore the possible mass bases of this elite silence, we provide the first look at whether contemporary Americans support jus meritum (citizenship based on service) or not. Using experiments, we also examine whether opinions differ if the immigrants initially entered the country with documents or not, and whether the type of service (military or other) affects public support for these long-running policies.
EARLY–MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN SEASCAPE-SCALE AGGREGATION PATTERN OF SPONGE-RICH REEFS ACROSS THE LAURENTIA PALEOCONTINENT

During the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician interval the predominant non-microbial reef builders were sponges or sponge-like metazoans. The lithological and faunal composition of Cambro-Ordovician sponge-dominated reefs have previously been analyzed and reviewed. Here we take the relationship between reef aggregation pattern at reef to seascape scale into account, and look for changes during the Early–Middle Ordovician interval, in which metazoans became dominant reef builders. In a comparison of sponge-rich reefs from eight sites of the Laurentia paleocontinent three different seascape level reef growth patterns can be distinguished: (1) mosaic mode of reef growth, where reefs form a complex spatial mosaic dependent on hard substrate; (2) episodic mode, where patch reefs grew exclusively in distinct unconformity bounded horizons within non-reefal lithological units that have a much larger thickness; and (3) belt-and-bank mode, where reefs and reef complexes grew vertically and laterally as dispersed patches largely independent from truncation surfaces. The distinct modes of growth likely represent specific reef forming paleocommunities, because they differ in content and abundance of skeletal metazoan framebuilders, bioturbation intensity of non-skeletal reef sediment matrix, and in association of reef growth with underlying hard substrate. We suggest, based on a review of Laurentian reef occurrences, that the mosaic mode dominated in Early Ordovician strata and that the dominance shifted toward the belt and bank mode from Middle Ordovician strata onward.
Control Barriers in Bayesian Learning of System Dynamics.

This paper focuses on learning a model of system dynamics online while satisfying safety constraints. Our objective is to avoid offline system identification or hand-specified models and allow a system to safely and autonomously estimate and adapt its own model during operation. Given streaming observations of the system state, we use Bayesian learning to obtain a distribution over the system dynamics. Specifically, we propose a new matrix variate Gaussian process (MVGP) regression approach with an efficient covariance factorization to learn the drift and input gain terms of a nonlinear control-affine system. The MVGP distribution is then used to optimize the system behavior and ensure safety with high probability, by specifying control Lyapunov function (CLF) and control barrier function (CBF) chance constraints. We show that a safe control policy can be synthesized for systems with arbitrary relative degree and probabilistic CLF-CBF constraints by solving a second order cone program (SOCP). Finally, we extend our design to a self-triggering formulation, adaptively determining the time at which a new control input needs to be applied in order to guarantee safety.
Reduced-Order Parameterized Short-Circuit Current Model of Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators

The short-circuit response of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) is not adequately represented in many conventional protection studies. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of IIDG behavior during grid faults and proposes a more accurate reduced-order parameterized short-circuit current (RPSC) model of inverters. Typical inverter components are thoroughly investigated to identify those that play dominant roles during faults. The paper shows that the current limiter is the dominant factor for the steady-state fault-current of inverter; while the inverter filter along with the severity of the voltage disturbance largely determine the initial transient spike of inverter fault current. The proposed model is low-order and can be used in large scale simulations. The parameters of the proposed RPSC model can be extracted from laboratory experiments without requiring proprietary manufacturer information. The proposed fault-current model is analogous to the well-known synchronous machine model that segregates the inverter fault current into subtransient, transient, and steady-state fault currents. Experimental and simulation tests are presented to validate the model.
Computer vision-based dimension measurement system for olive identification

Olive tree is an important portion of the human history of Mediterranean nations. On the other hand, local varieties are important for each producer regions and even countries. So, olive cultivars are important for agricultural production for these people. The traditional pomological identifiers of the olive trees based on fruits and leaves, also morphometric analysis of size, additionally shape elliptic analysis of endocarp. Because of this reason, in this study, for the ‘Picual’ olive cultivar identification, a fast and easy method was presented. For this aim, ‘Picual’ olive leaf, fruit, and stone dimension measurement values obtained from real-time video images. ‘Picual’ olive fruit, stone, leaf samples evaluated by using real-time computer vision measurements. Regression analysis was applied to the data which was obtained from real-time video and caliper measurements. According to the regression coefficient results, the regression between caliper length measurement (OLLM) and computer vision video length measurement (OLLCV) found as 98.9%, also the regression between caliper width measurement (OLWM) and computer vision video width measurement (OLWCV) found as 97.9% at ‘Picual’ leaves, additionally, the regression between caliper length measurement (OFLM) and computer vision video length measurement (OFLCV) found as 98.5% the regression between caliper width measurement (OFWM) and computer vision video width measurement (OFWCV) found as 98.1 % at ‘Picual’ fruits, at last, the regression between caliper length measurement (OSLM) and computer vision video length measurement (OSLCV) found as 86.2%, the regression between caliper width measurement (OSWM) and computer vision video width measurement (OSWCV) found as 75.3% at ‘Picual’ stones.
Anesthesia for GI endoscopy in the era of COVID-19

As a result of COVID-19, the last few weeks have necessitated a reevaluation of the sedation paradigm for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures. Routine screening and some surveillance procedures have taken a backseat and likely to remain so until a vaccine or effective treatment becomes available. Anesthesia providers and endoscopists are required to adapt to this new reality rapidly. The general aim of sedation remains the same-patient comfort, reduced hypoxia, prevention of aspiration along with rapid recovery, and discharge. The present review focuses on necessary modification to reduce the risk of virus contagion for both patients (from health-care providers) and vice versa. A preprocedure evaluation and consenting should be modified and provided remotely. Unsedated GI endoscopy, sedation with minimal respiratory depression, and modification of general anesthesia are explored. Challenges with supplemental oxygen administration and monitoring are addressed. Guidelines for appropriate use of personal protective equipment are discussed. Measures for limiting aerosolization are deliberated.
Primary Care Clinicians’ Perspectives on Clinical Decision Support to Enhance Outcomes of Online Obesity Treatment in Primary Care: a Qualitative Formative Evaluation

Online behavioral treatment for obesity produces clinically meaningful weight losses among many primary care patients. However, some patients experience poor outcomes (i.e., failure to enroll post-referral, poor weight loss, or premature disengagement). This study sought to understand primary care clinicians’ perceived utility of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) that would alert clinicians to patients’ risk for poor outcome and guide clinician-delivered rescue interventions to reduce risk. Qualitative formative evaluation was conducted in the context of an ongoing pragmatic clinical trial implementing online obesity treatment in primary care. Interviews were conducted with 14 nurse care managers (NCMs) overseeing patients’ online obesity treatment. Interviews inquired about the potential utility of CDSS in primary care, desired alert frequency/format, and priorities for alert types (non-enrollment, poor weight loss, and/or early disengagement). We used matrix analysis to generate common themes across interviews. Nearly all NCMs viewed CDSS as potentially helpful in clinical practice. Alerts for patients at risk for disengagement were of highest priority, though all alert types were generally viewed as desirable. Regarding frequency and delivery mode of patient alerts, NCMs wanted to balance the need for prompt patient intervention with minimizing clinician burden. Concerns about CDSS emerged, including insufficient time to respond promptly and adequately to alerts and the need to involve other support staff for patients requiring ongoing rescue intervention. NCMs view CDSS for online obesity treatment as potentially feasible and clinically useful. For optimal implementation in primary care, CDSS must minimize clinician burden and facilitate collaborative care.
Acculturation, Communication Competence, and Family Functioning in Mexican–American Mother–Daughter Dyads

Little is known of how intergenerational acculturation discrepancy relates to communication skills differences that may influence relationship quality among parents and adult children. Mexican–American mother–daughter dyads (n = 59) were studied using the Actor Partner Interdependence Model to examine dyadic associations of acculturation and communication competence with family functioning and mediation analysis to determine the indirect effect of acculturation discrepancy on family functioning through communication competence differences. Communication competence of mothers exerted significant actor and partner effects on daughter-perceived cohesion and closeness. Higher acculturation discrepancy predicted greater communication competence difference which in turn was associated with lower cohesion and closeness. There was a significant indirect effect of acculturation discrepancy on daughter-perceived cohesion through communication competence difference. Communication competence of mothers impacts their own as well as their daughters’ perceptions of dyad cohesion and closeness. Intergenerational discrepant acculturation contributes to discordant communication skills that impair family functioning, which has implications for psychological well-being.
Public Policy Under Article V (2) (B) of the New York Convention: Is There a Transnational Standard?

The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is one of the key instruments in international arbitration. It applies to the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the territory of a State other than the one in which recognition and enforcement is sought. The Convention unified methods of deciding whether to recognize and enforce a foreign arbitral award. Article V (1) of the Convention contains the grounds on which a party can resist recognition and enforcement and Article V (2) contains grounds on which the competent authority in a State can sua sponte refuse recognition and enforcement. This paper focuses on Article (V) (2) (b) of the Convention, under which recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may be refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is sought finds that “the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that country”. Article V is addressed to the States in which recognition and enforcement is sought and the language in Article V (2) (b) indicates an intention to provide ultimate control to that State to decide whether it will admit a foreign arbitral award into its legal order and use its executive powers to give effect to the award. However, over the years, there has been a debate about the notion of public policy in Article V (2) (b). It has been suggested that States must defer to a ‘transnational’ or ‘supranational’ notion of public policy under Article V (2) (b). In this paper, I examine whether State parties to the Convention have an obligation to defer to a transnational standard of public policy. I also address the question of whether States should defer to a transnational standard in the absence of an obligation to do so under the Convention and in answering this question, I contest the existence and possibility of a wholly transnational conception of public policy.
Fire reintroduction increased longleaf pine (Pinus palustris L.) recruitment and shifted pine demographics in a long-unburned xeric sandhill assemblage

Abstract Adaptive management methods are best for ensuring management goals are met when implementing prescribed fire to areas of fire exclusion. Prior to intense logging and subsequent fire suppression efforts of the early 1900s, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woodlands dominated the southeastern United States. As a pyrogenic forest type, natural wildfires occur with a 2–15 year fire return interval. Remaining longleaf forests are predominantly second-growth, with current vegetation structure reflecting decades of fire exclusion resulting from continued suppression efforts. Research in longleaf savannas has demonstrated that hardwood encroachment, reduced floristic diversity, and reduced longleaf yearling establishment occurs in the absence of fire. However, few studies have examined the potential role of prescribed fire management in moderating longleaf pine regeneration in second-growth xeric sandhill assemblages. Over a seven year period of fire reintroduction, we examined the effects of prescribed fire on longleaf pine demographics and structure in a forest that experienced a significant reduction in fire frequency during the 20th century. We observed no difference in overstory composition or hardwood density between burned and adjacent unburned areas. Understory woody stem density (DBH
Seasonal patterns in post-dispersal seed predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in three cropping systems

Summary 1 Post-dispersal seed predation is an important source of mortality for arable weed populations that can potentially contribute to ecologically based management strategies. The extent to which cropping practices influence rates of seed predation is not well established. 2 Removal of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi seeds by predators was measured in 2-year (maize/soyabean), 3-year (maize/soyabean/triticale + red clover) and 4-year (maize/soyabean/triticale + lucerne/lucerne) crop rotations in Iowa, USA, during 27 48-h sampling periods conducted during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons. 3 Predation of S. faberi seeds was equal (eight sampling periods) or greater (19 sampling periods) than predation of A. theophrasti seeds, but the influence of crops on seasonal predation patterns was generally similar for the two weeds. 4 Seasonal patterns in seed predation were crop-specific and complementary. In maize and soyabean, seed predation was low in spring, high in summer and low in autumn. In triticale–legume intercrops, seed predation was high in spring, low in summer and moderate in autumn. In lucerne, seed predation fluctuated from high to low, matching the periodic harvest and regrowth cycle of the crop. 5 Measurements of crop canopy light interception taken in 2004 were positively correlated with rates of seed removal for both A. theophrasti (r = 0·54, P < 0·001) and S. faberi (r = 0·25, P < 0·001), suggesting that vegetative cover promotes weed seed predation. 6 Synthesis and applications. The results indicate that crop vegetation can be managed to promote weed seed predation. Diversified farming systems that include a range of phenologically dissimilar crop species are likely to provide the greatest opportunities for weed seed destruction by predators.
The Economics in a Business History

The initial problems in writing the history of a business are similar to those encountered in writing the history of anything else: obtaining free access to all the existing records; determining whether these records are adequate to warrant the writing of a history; and then deciding what one wants to know from the records.
What we talk about when we talk about bronies

Bronies, adult men who are avid fans of the girls' cartoon My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, have become a popular culture curiosity in recent years. Rather than concentrate on an ethnographic-style parsing of bronies from within the community, I take as my focus the attention paid to the brony phenomenon by those outside of it. Attempts to describe, explain, justify, and denigrate bronies have been the subject of considerable outside coverage, including newspaper articles and magazine features, feature-length documentary films, and comment sections and invective-laced blog posts. The language used to describe bronies, even if meant to be sympathetic and ultimately positive, nevertheless reveals a pervasive discomfort with men who embrace a position of nonnormative masculinity and sexuality, as well as a tendency to pathologize fandom broadly and bronies in particular. I argue that outsider coverage acknowledges and largely dismisses assumptions about bronies' potential threat as sexual predators and social misfits but falls short of affirming the genuine pleasures offered by a sparkly cartoon about ponies intended for little girls. Children's programming is highly gendered, and not taken up in the cultural conversation surrounding the brony phenomenon is the gap My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fills in the socialization and modeling of masculinity for its most enthusiastic fans.
“The old woman's wish”: widows by the family fire?: Widows' old age provisions in rural England, 1500–1700

This article considers the extent of changes between 1500 and 1700 in the provisions for widows in the wills from two villages in the east of England (Cratfield and Poslingford in Suffolk). Will-makers were by no means a homogeneous group but had more in common with each other than they did with the poor. The stage in life reached by both the testator and his widow helped determine the type of old-age provision received and the degree of involvement with the estate. The existence of young children proved to be not as an important factor in the decision-making process as either age or social status. Some widows received land from husbands who had been yeomen; other received goods. Older testators favored annuities and similar arrangements, while younger testators (under 60) preferred a division of property between the widow and at least one son. When there were minor children, the widow was more likely to be awarded all or part of the landed estate. Over time, greater reliance upon cash and credit created ...
Copper(II) Sulfate–Pyridine

(CuSO4·5H2O) [7758-99-8] H10CuO4S (MW 249.68) InChI = 1S/Cu.H2O4S.5H2O/c;1-5(2,3)4;;;;;/h;(H2,1,2,3,4);5*1H2/q+2;;;;;;/p-2 InChIKey = JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L (py) [110-86-1] C5H5N (MW 79.10) InChI = 1S/C5H5N/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-5H InChIKey = JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (hydration of aryl-substituted oxiranes;1 oxidation of hydroxy ketones2) Physical Data: see Copper(II) Sulfate and Pyridine.
Changes in Commitment to Physical Activity among 8-to-11-Year-Old Girls Participating in a Curriculum-Based Running Program

Abstract Background: Despite findings that support physical activity (PA) as an effective means of improving health and quality of life, PA levels among girls tend to decline with age. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess changes pertaining to PA commitment following a curriculum-based running program designed for 3rd-to-5th-grade girls. Methods: Participants (n=196) were given paper-and-pencil surveys containing an adaptation of the "Feelings about Physical Activity Scale" in addition to items related to demographics, PA behaviors, and curriculum content. Results: Paired-sample t-tests revealed statistically significant differences in overall commitment to PA (p=.006) and attitudes regarding PA (p=.001) from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Results also suggest increases in value of PA. Discussion: The study's findings have important implications for those public health education professionals who develop PA programs for female children and adolescents. Prior to initiating programs to p...
Gauge invariance and confinement in a generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model.

We discuss the quark-antiquark loop diagrams of an extended version of the Nambu{endash}Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model that includes a description of confinement. We show how the constraints of gauge invariance affect the calculations of such diagrams, if the {ital q{bar q}} system has the quantum numbers of the rho or omega mesons. In the NJL model without confinement, gauge invariance may be maintained by using a regularization scheme that respects that symmetry. Alternatively, gauge-invariance constraints may be imposed by introducing a substraction procedure when evaluating the {ital q{bar q}} loop integrals (vacuum polarization diagrams). We discuss the merits of such subtraction procedures in the presence of a confining interaction. We also provide a calculation of the vacuum polarization diagrams of the NJL model that includes the effects of confinement and also satisfies the constraints imposed by gauge invariance. Our analysis provides some justification for the subtraction procedure used in several studies of the NJL model. We also show, in a rather clear fashion, how confinement serves to change the analytic properties of the polarization tensors, so that the tensor for the theory with confinement has only a physical cut structure in the region of interest. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physicalmore » Society.}« less
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Cavopulmonary Anastomosis

n many cases of tricuspid atresia characterized by decreased pulmonary blood flow, correction has been achieved by anastomosis of the I side of the superior vena cava to the distal divided end of the right pulmonary artery [l] (the Glenn procedure). This technique has been less successful with newborn infants, however, and it has been assumed that the relative failure in such cases is due to an associated elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance [4]. T o gain more specific evidence concerning the role of pulmonary vascular resistance in neonatal cases, this operation was carried out under experimental conditions in a series of young puppies. The results, which are detailed in this report, indicate that high pulmonary vascular resistance before the operation is not a primary factor in the outcome.
A reaction-diffusion mechanism influences cell lineage progression as a basis for formation, regeneration, and stability of intestinal crypts

Colon crypts, a single sheet of epithelia cells, consist of a periodic pattern of stem cells, transit-amplifying cells, and terminally differentiated cells that constantly renew and turnover. Experimental evidence suggests that Wnt signaling promotes and regulates stem cell division, differentiation, and possible cell migrations while intestinal BMP signaling inhibits stem cell self-renewal and repression in crypt formation. As more molecular details on Wnt and BMP in crypts are being discovered, little is still known about how complex interactions among Wnt, BMP, and different types of cells, and surrounding environments may lead to de novo formation of multiple crypts or how such interactions affect regeneration and stability of crypts. We present a mathematical model that contains Wnt and BMP, a cell lineage, and their feedback regulations to study formation, regeneration, and stability of multiple crypts. The computational explorations and linear stability analysis of the model suggest a reaction–diffusion mechanism, which exhibits a short-range activation of Wnt plus a long-range inhibition with modulation of BMP signals in a growing tissue of cell lineage, can account for spontaneous formation of multiple crypts with the spatial and temporal pattern observed in experiments. Through this mechanism, the model can recapitulate some distinctive and important experimental findings such as crypt regeneration and crypt multiplication. BMP is important in maintaining stability of crypts and loss of BMP usually leads to crypt multiplication with a fingering pattern. The study provides a mechanism for de novo formation of multiple intestinal crypts and demonstrates a synergetic role of Wnt and BMP in regeneration and stability of intestinal crypts. The proposed model presents a robust framework for studying spatial and temporal dynamics of cell lineages in growing tissues driven by multiple signaling molecules.
Effect of Coadsorbed Species and Temperature on Competitive Reaction Channels for Nascent Radicals: c-C3H7CH2SH on Mo(110)−(6 × 1)-O

The reaction of cyclopropylmethanethiol on oxygen-modified Mo(110) is studied as a means of probing for radical species and their residence times on surfaces. A thiolate species and a surface hydroxyl group, OHa, form upon adsorption of cyclopropylmethanethiol on O-covered Mo(110). Near 200 K, homolytic cleavage of the thiolate C−S bond occurs, yielding the methylcyclopropyl radical. The radical abstracts hydrogen from OHa and desorbs without rearrangement as methylcyclopropane. Between 300 and 350 K, trapping of the ring-closed radical by surface oxygen via C−O bond formation competes efficiently because of an increasing number of free oxygen sites, resulting in a surface covered with methylcyclopropoxide species. Reactions of the cyclic alkoxide are similar to those observed for the O analogue hydroxymethylcyclopropane; it undergoes C−O bond scission, rearranges to the butenyl radical, and forms linear alkoxide and alkyl species between 350 and 430 K. However, the sulfur deposited by C−S bond cleavage (...