cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel mode-selective gyrotron with a PBG resonator

Summary form only given. We report the design and experimental demonstration of a gyrotron oscillator using a photonic band gap (PBG) structure to eliminate mode competition in a highly overmoded resonator. The PBG cavity supports a TE(0,3) -like mode at 140 GHz and is designed to have no competing modes over at least a frequency range of 35 % about the design mode. The PBG resonator is formed by removing a few rods from a triangular lattice of metal rods to create a defect mode. The lattice parameters are chosen to have a band gap around the operating frequency which, results in the confinement of only the higher order design mode, while the other competing modes pass freely through the transparent lattice. Experimental operation of a 68 kV, 5 A gyrotron oscillator with the PBG resonator demonstrated 25 kW of peak output power in microsecond pulsed operation in the design mode. No other modes were observed over the full predicted operating range about the design mode. The present experiment is modeled on a previous experiment at MIT on a 140 GHz conventional cavity gyrotron oscillator operating in the TE(0,3) mode. The reduced mode competition observed in the present experiments represents a clear and dramatic improvement over earlier results with a conventional cavity. To our knowledge, the present results are the first use of a PBG cavity in an active microwave device. In the future, the advantages of the PBG structure demonstrated here could be extended to other vacuum electron devices, including the gyrotron amplifier and slow wave devices such as klystrons and traveling wave tubes.
Response of Beam to Stochastic Boundary Excitation

A closed-form solution is presented for the covariance kernel of the transient response of a damped Bernoulli-Euler beam with arbitrary boundary conditions to correlated stochastic excitation applied at the boundaries. The analytical results are applied to the case where the autocorrelation function of the excitation resembles that of a wide class of input functions including earthquake excitations. The mean-square transient response at arbitrary locations along the beam is evaluated, and the effects of various system parameters are determined. It is shown that depending on the beam characteristics, the spectral width of the input, and the delay time involved in the wave propagation between supports, the mean-square response of the beam can be dramatically influenced.
Gravitational bar Torques in the Spiral/S0 Divide

The properties of bars in S0 galaxies and early-type spirals is only beginning to be explored. This paper discusses some preliminary results on maximum relative gravitational bar torques and relative Fourier intensity amplitudes in SB0 and SB0/a galaxies and how these compare with similar quantities estimated for spirals.
The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness

The publication of this book is an event in the making. All over the world scientists, psychologists, and philosophers are waiting to read Antonio Damasio's new theory of the nature of consciousness and the construction of the self. A renowned and revered scientist and clinician, Damasio has spent decades following amnesiacs down hospital corridors, waiting for comatose patients to awaken, and devising ingenious research using PET scans to piece together the great puzzle of consciousness. In his bestselling Descartes' Error, Damasio revealed the critical importance of emotion in the making of reason. Building on this foundation, he now shows how consciousness is created. Consciousness is the feeling of what happens-our mind noticing the body's reaction to the world and responding to that experience. Without our bodies there can be no consciousness, which is at heart a mechanism for survival that engages body, emotion, and mind in the glorious spiral of human life. A hymn to the possibilities of human existence, a magnificent work of ingenious science, a gorgeously written book, The Feeling of What Happens is already being hailed as a classic.
Benefits of Stimulus Congruency for Multisensory Facilitation of Visual Learning

National Science Foundation; University of California Los Angeles (Academic Senate grant, Career Development grant); Naval Research Laboratory
Modeling Considerations of Electromagnetic Penetration into Small Apertures

A study is made of numerical techniques used to simulate electromagnetic penetration through small apertures in cavities. The theory of these processes is reviewed and applied to a rectangular box model system. Agreement between theory and calculations are good for the modal amplitudes (usually within a factor of two) as long as the aperture is not too large to avoid re-emerging electromagnetic fields and care is taken to assure local symmetry in the electromagnetic structure of the aperture.
Reflections of Black Women Faculty in South African Universities

The qualitative study on which this article is based, examines the experiences of Black, junior-rank female faculty in South Africa universities. The data demonstrate that, while gender discrimination is a global phenomenon that affects many women in the professoriate and while gender inequities are common across all racial groups in South Africa, the experiences of Black women faculty highlight the overlap of race and gender and the multiple ways in which these women scholars continue to be marginalized.
Economic and welfare impacts of commercializing a herbicide-tolerant, biotech wheat

Abstract A transgenic variety of spring wheat was proposed for deregulation in North America in 2002. (More recently, the developer shelved this plan.) In this paper, a quantitative model is used to analyze the possible economic impact of commercializing a crop for which there may be sizable consumer resistance. At issue is whether, and under what conditions, the economic benefits from biotech wheat could be outweighed by economic costs. The analysis also addresses the distribution of costs and benefits among stakeholders: producers, consumers, and US taxpayers. Specific attention is given to the impacts on consumers in non-biotech and biotech market segments, and those in the United States and foreign countries. Under base-case assumptions, the analysis suggests that commercialization of biotech wheat could lead to a small net loss of total economic welfare. Results depend critically on several model parameters: the rate of biotech adoption; unit cost savings for biotech producers; the share of the non-biotech market segment; and extra costs associated with a ‘dual marketing system’ for wheat.
Critical evaluation of the Lotgering degree of orientation texture indicator

Preferred orientation in textured ceramics is often assessed by comparing the relative intensities of x-ray diffraction reflections to those of a randomly oriented ceramic using the Lotgering degree of orientation (f). However, this paper provides evidence that indiscriminate assessments of f can be misleading. Using measured intensities of a modestly textured tape cast bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15) ceramic, calculated f values vary from 7.4 to 73.2% depending on the reflections included in the calculation. The texture is also quantified by calculating the orientation distribution function (ODF) using measured pole figures. A model is then presented that demonstrates f is nonlinear with the multiple of preferred (00l)-orientations, the standard unit of the 00l pole figure.
Triple Modular Redundancy with Standby (TMRSB) Supporting Dynamic Resource Reconfiguration

A fault tolerance model called triple modular redundancy with standby (TMRSB) is developed which combines the two popular fault tolerance techniques of triple modular redundancy (TMR) and standby (SB) fault tolerance. In TMRSB systems, each module of a TMR arrangement has access to several independent standby configurations. When a fault is detected in a module's active configuration, the physical resources within that module are re-mapped to restore the desired fault-free functionality by reconfiguring the resource pool to one of the standby configurations. A mathematic model for TMRSB systems is developed for field programmable gate array (FPGA) logic devices. Simulation of the model was also performed using the BlockSim reliability software tool which takes into account the reconfiguration time overheads and an imperfect switching mechanism. With component time-to-failure following an exponential distribution throughout long mission duration, the range of operation over which TMRSB is superior to a standby system and a TMR system is shown.
Long-term symbolic learning

What are the characteristics of long-term learning? We investigated the characteristics of long-term, symbolic learning using the Soar and ACT-R cognitive architectures running cognitive models of two simple tasks. Long sequences of problems were run collecting data to answer fundamental questions about long-term, symbolic learning. We examined whether symbolic learning continues indefinitely, how the learned knowledge is used, and whether computational performance degrades over the long term. We report three findings. First, in both systems, symbolic learning eventually stopped. Second, learned knowledge was used differently in different stages but the resulting production knowledge was used uniformly. Finally, both Soar and ACT-R do eventually suffer from degraded computational performance with long-term continuous learning. We also discuss ACT-R implementation and theoretic causes of ACT-R's computational performance problems and settings that appear to avoid the performance problems in ACT-R.
Towards an ontological representation of resistance: The case of MRSA

This paper addresses a family of issues surrounding the biological phenomenon of resistance and its representation in realist ontologies. The treatments of resistance terms in various existing ontologies are examined and found to be either overly narrow, internally inconsistent, or otherwise problematic. We propose a more coherent characterization of resistance in terms of what we shall call blocking dispositions, which are collections of mutually coordinated dispositions which are of such a sort that they cannot undergo simultaneous realization within a single bearer. A definition of 'protective resistance' is proposed for use in the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) and we show how this definition can be used to characterize the antibiotic resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The ontological relations between entities in our MRSA case study are used alongside a series of logical inference rules to illustrate logical reasoning about resistance. A description logic representation of blocking dispositions is also provided. We demonstrate that our characterization of resistance is sufficiently general to cover two other cases of resistance in the infectious disease domain involving HIV and malaria.
Intrinsic potency of synthetically prepared brevetoxin cysteine metabolites BTX-B2 and desoxyBTX-B2.

Abstract In mammals and shellfish, brevetoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are rapidly metabolized to cysteine conjugates. These metabolites identified by mass spectrometry are produced in abundance in mammals and are potentially major bioactive products for intoxication. They are also abundant metabolites in shellfish where they are, in contrast to mammals, retained for prolonged periods, posing a potential threat to shellfish consumers. In this work, we analyze the intrinsic potency of the semi-synthetic cysteine brevetoxin sulfoxide (BTX-B2) and the cysteine brevetoxin (desoxyBTX-B2), each confirmed for purity by LC–MS and NMR techniques, on receptor site 5 of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. We show that both brevetoxin conjugates compete with the tritiated reduced parent brevetoxin ([3H]PbTx-3) in rat brain membrane preparations and in HEK cells expressing skeletal muscle or cardiac VGSC, albeit, with 8–16-fold lower affinity than the PbTx-3. On neuroblastoma cell assays we show a 3-fold reduction in cytotoxic potency for BTX-B2 relative to PbTx-3, and an 8-fold reduction for desoxyBTX-B2. In conclusion, the major transformation product of brevetoxin observed in diverse species through cysteine adduction and oxidation leads to metabolites with reduced potency on brain, skeletal muscle and heart cells.
Ciudadanía, «gobierno» de la subjetividad y políticas sociales

DESDE EL ADVENIMIENTO DE la democracia formal en Chile, el tema de la participacion de la sociedad civil en la esfera publica se ha constituido en uno de los principales desafios de la implementacion y renovacion de las politicas sociales. En los primeros anos de la transicion, el problema tomaba forma desde un discurso que hacia evidente que los procesos de modernizacion autoritarios desplegados durante los anos 70 y 80 por el regimen militar, carecian del principio basico de legitimacion ciudadana, y que por lo tanto, uno de los principales objetivos que debian proponerse los gobiernos democraticos era, junto con mejorar los precarios estandares de inversion social heredados del
Effect of the colony-stimulating factor-1 null mutation, osteopetrotic (csfm(op)), on the distribution of macrophages in the male mouse reproductive tract.

Macrophages are found throughout the male reproductive tract and its accessory glands. Mice homozygous for a null mutation (csfm oP ) in the gene for the mononuclear phagocytic growth factor colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) have a significantly lower density of macrophages, defined by the mononuclear phagocytic antigen F4/80, in the testis, cauda and caput epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens. These data indicate that CSF-1 is the major growth factor regulating the occurrence of macrophages in male reproductive tissues. The residual macrophages were correctly located in the tissue except in the caput epididymis, where they failed to take up positions adjacent to the tubular epithelium. Restoration of circulating CSF-1 concentrations in csfm op /csfm op males totally restored F4/80 + cell density in the testis and caput and cauda epididymis and partially restored their density in the vas deferens and seminal vesicles but failed to affect density in the prostate. This failure to correct all populations with circulating CSF-1 suggests the requirement for local synthesis of CSF-1 at appropriate developmental stages and/or its expression in a cell surface-associated form. The absence of macrophages in the testis and epididymis of csfm op /csfm op mice correlates with dysfunction in these tissues, suggesting that macrophages play important nonimmunological roles in these tissues.
Neural models of reaching

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Office of Naval Research (N00014-92-J-1309, N00014-95-1-0409, N00014-95-1-0657)
Immunohistochemical localization of acetaminophen in target tissues of the CD-1 mouse: correspondence of covalent binding with toxicity.

Abstract Immunohistochemical Localization of Acetaminophen in Target Tissues of the CD-1 Mouse: Correspondence of Covalent Binding with Toxicity. Emeigh Hart, S. G., Cartun, R. W., Wyand, D. S., Khairallah, E. A., and Cohen, S. D. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 24, 260-274. Administration of hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen (APAP) to mice results in necrosis, not only of liver cells but of renal proximal tubules and bronchiolar and olfactory epithelium. In the liver, covalent binding is localized to the centrilobular hepatocytes which later undergo necrosis. This study was undertaken to compare the cellular distribution of bound APAP in all four major target tissues with that of cytochrome P4502E1 (a P450 isoenzyme commonly associated with APAP bioactivation), with emphasis on the cell types which later undergo necrosis. Tissues were collected from mice at selected times after APAP administration (600 mg/kg, po) and fixed by microwave irradiation for immunohistochemistry, or in formalin for histopathological study. Immunohistochemical localization of bound APAP was performed on 5 μm paraffin sections using an affinity-purified anti-APAP antibody. Similar tissues from naive mice were used for immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P4502E1 (using a polyclonal sheep anti-P4502E1 antibody). Positive staining with both the anti-APAP and the anti-P4502E1 antibodies was similar in distribution, being present in the cell types which become damaged by APAP in all four target tissues. These results demonstrate that covalent binding and subsequent necrosis are localized in common with cytochrome P4502E1, suggesting that, as in the liver, toxicity in extrahepatic targets is also related to the ability of these tissues to activate APAP in situ.
A new list compaction method

List compaction, or so-called ‘cdr-coding’, can greatly reduce the storage needs of list processing languages. However, existing methods do not perform well when several lists are being constructed simultaneously from the same heap, since the non-contiguous nature of the cells being allocated eliminates the opportunity for compaction. This situation arises not only in true parallel systems sharing a common memory, and sequential systems supporting multiple processes, but also quite often in purely sequential systems, where it is not uncommon to build several different lists simultaneously within a single loop. In this paper, a new list compaction method is presented that performs well during both sequential and ‘parallel’ list generation. The method is essentially a generalization of cdr-coding, in which lists are represented explicitly as linked vectors rather than implicitly as compacted memory. In addition, an encoding scheme is used that is as simple or simpler than all known encodings, and destructive operations are supported with no greater overhead than existing schemes. Performance figures in a simulated environment suggest that the strategy consistently performs better than conventional cdr-coding, with essentially the same complexity.
Immunoglobulin Deficient Mice Generated by Gene Targeting as Models for Studying the Immune Response

B cell deficient animals obtained by various strategies of gene targeting were used to study the B cell development and examine the role of different immune compartments in the immune response to microbes. Study of muMT, JHD, lambda 5T and JHT models of B cell deficiency, was essential in order to understand the role of pre-B cell receptor in B cell development, allelic exclusion and variable gene rearrangement regulation. In the immune response to influenza virus, a protective role of T cells in a total absence of B cell compartment, was revealed by studying the JHD -/- model. Further, it was established that a T cell compartment is sufficient to mediate the recovery from influenza infection. Examination of immune response in muMT and JHD models of definitive B cell deficiency to various blood stage Plasmodia species, showed that whereas B cells are not required for recovery from infection with P. chabaudi adami, P. vinckei petteri and P. chabaudi chabaudi (CB), B cell compartment is important in the later stages of infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi (AS). Studies carried out in muMT model suggested a possible role for T gamma delta subpopulation in the immune response to blood stage malaria parasite. B cell deficiency models are valuable for understanding the normal and pathological immune response. Studies carried out in muMT model indicated that T cell responses are not significantly affected in the absence of B cells. These data can neither rule out a role for B cells in T cell priming, nor in triggering an effective T cell help for humoral response. Study of double homozygous mice deficient for B cells and FAS or IL-2 gene, pinpointed the role of B cells in pathogenesis of lupus-like nephritis and vasculitis from lpr mouse and in hemolytic anemia from IL-2 -/- mouse model, respectively.
Cultures in Contact Zones

Using a Bakhtinian perspective, this article explores the difference between what the author calls capital-C and small-c culture. He suggests that the School of the Dialogue of Cultures is a contact zone where the unpacking of Culture should be done with consideration of the individual cultures students bring with them into classrooms.
Comparisons of learning procedures: Effects of constant and random presentations

Abstract The retention interval hypothesis (Izawa 1972) was formulated on the basis of retention interval distributions given in random order to account for inconsistent performance differences between anticipation and study-test procedures, which have been regarded as a puzzle for nearly two decades. Under the anticipation procedure a presentation of the stimulus term of a paired-associate (a test event) is immediately followed by a presentation of both stimulus and response terms of the pair (a study event), whereas under the study-test procedure, study and test events are given on separate cycles. The retention interval hypothesis was specifically tested in a situation without any random distributions of the retention intervals i.e., under a constant item presentation order from cycle to cycle, in addition to random presentation orders, in a paired-associate learning experiment, using 80 college students. As predicted by the theory, significantly superior performances were obtained for the study-test method vis-a-vis the anticipation method also under a constant item presentation order. The constant presentation-order- arrangements significantly outperformed the random ones. Directions for further theoretical elaborations are suggested.
α2- and α2-vasular adrenoceptors in the dog

Abstract Prazosin inhibited contractions o isolated-electrically stimulated dog pulmonary artery preincubated with (−)-7- 3 H-norepinephrine, but had no effect on 3 H-overflow, whereas yohimbine enhanced both responses. In pithed dogs the cumulative doses of yohimbine required for 50% inhibition of the pressor effects of clonidine, phenylephrine and norepinephrine were 23, 188 and 35 μg/kg i.v., and those for prazosin were 9, 15 and 5 μg/kg i.v., respectively. The agonists could be ranked in pairs depending on the extent to which the antagonists discriminated membranes of the pair: clonidine-phenylephrine > phenylephrine-norepinephrine>clonidine-norepinephrine. The results suggest that pressor effects in dogs are mediated by both α 1 - and α 2 -vascular (i.e. postsynaptic) adrenoceptors.
Molecular marker-facilitated studies in an elite maize population: I. Linkage analysis and determination of QTL for morphological traits.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and one morphological marker were used to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological and physiological traits evaluated on 150 F2∶3 maize (Zea mays L.) lines derived from the cross of elite U.S. Corn Belt inbreds Mo17 and H99. F2∶3 lines were grown in a replicated experiment and evaluated for plant and ear heights and flowering traits. QTL were identified for each trait, and genetic effects were determined. Estimated gene action for the flowering traits was predominantly overdominance. Both parents contributed toward increased values for anthesis and silk emergence. QTL for increased plant and ear heights were usually contributed by the taller parent, Mo17. Estimated gene action for these traits was mainly partial to overdominance. QTL for plant height were located in the vicinity of loci defined by alleles with qualitative effects on plant height.
MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING IN JAPAN, THE U.S., AND HONG KONG*

Although there has been a good deal of prior research on differences between Asian (i.e., Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea) and American business practices, few studies have dealt with comparisons of approaches to decision making in the various cultures. This paper addresses how levels of openness, conflicting advice, centralized control, and disagreement across different countries may affect decision making. It may be that the “common wisdom” which suggests Japanese decision making exclusively involves cooperation ignores the existence of conflict in Japanese decisions. In fact, Japanese decision makers may be more open, resolve conflict prior to reaching consensus, and exert less centralized control than decision makers in the U.S. and Hong Kong. This could help explain their abilities to make effective business decisions in Japan.
Effect of bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)(14–27) and bombesin/GRP receptor antagonist RC-3095 on growth of nitrosamine-induced pancreatic cancers in hamsters

Female Syrian golden hamsters with N-nitroso-bis (2-oxopropyl) amine (BOP)-induced pancreatic cancers were treated for 2 months with bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist D-Tpi6,Leu13 psi(CH2NH)Leu14 bombesin(6-14) (RC-3095). Bombesin and GRP(14-27) were also administered alone and in combination with the antagonist RC-3095. RC-3095 exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on growth of pancreatic cancers. The number of animals with pancreatic cancers was significantly lower in the group treated with 60 micrograms/day of RC-3095 and the weight of tumorous pancreata was reduced. Administration of bombesin or GRP alone did not stimulate the growth of pancreatic tumors and, in fact, had a slightly suppressive effect on cancers which was significant only in Experiment I. Bombesin and GRP (14-27) given together with RC-3095 did not nullify the inhibitory effect of the antagonist on pancreatic cancer growth. Actually, a greater inhibition of pancreatic tumors was observed after administration of RC-3095 together with bombesin or GRP, than with RC-3095 alone. The mechanism of action of bombesin, GRP, and bombesin antagonists on pancreatic cancers appears to be complex. The inhibitory effect of bombesin antagonists on pancreatic cancer growth was accompanied by a decrease in the binding capacity of EGF receptors in tumor membranes. Administration of bombesin also caused a down-regulation of EGF receptors and the greatest decrease in binding capacity of EGF receptors was observed after treatment with RC-3095 in combination with GRP. Inhibition of pancreatic cancer can thus be tentatively explained by some common pathways in the action of bombesin, GRP and their antagonists, that could be mediated by interference with EGF-receptor mechanisms.
Would this paper exist if I hadn’t written it?

This paper wants to know whether it would exist, or could exist, in worlds in which I didn't write it. Before we can answer this question, we first of all have to inquire as to what, exactly, this paper is. After exploring two forms of Platonism (pure and impure), and a theory that defines literary works in terms of events, I shall argue that the term ‘this paper’ is actually infected with ambiguity. Does this paper need me? It depends upon what you mean by ‘this paper’. I lay out the options for what you might mean, and answer the question for each of the options.
Biomass-coal co-combustion: opportunity for affordable renewable energy

Abstract This investigation explores the reasons for and technical challenges associated with co-combustion of biomass and coal in boilers designed for coal (mainly pulverized coal) combustion. Biomass-coal co-combustion represents a near-term, low-risk, low-cost, sustainable, renewable energy option that promises reduction in net CO2 emissions, reduction in SOx and often NOx emissions, and several societal benefits. Technical issues associated with cofiring include fuel supply, handling and storage challenges, potential increases in corrosion, decreases in overall efficiency, ash deposition issues, pollutant emissions, carbon burnout, impacts on ash marketing, impacts on SCR performance, and overall economics. Each of these issues has been investigated and this presentation summarizes the state-of-the-art in each area, both in the US and abroad. The focus is on fireside issues. While each of the issues can be significant, the conclusion is that biomass residues represent possibly the best (cheapest and lowest risk) renewable energy option for many power producers.
Analysis and Prediction of Interference Factors and Their Impact on the Future

This paper is based on the theme that although there have been, admittedly, many instances of spectrum crowding, and many specific examples can be cited, no one knows just how crowded the available spectrum is. This is because quantitative measures of the use of this important natural resource are not established. The factors contributing to spectrum crowding are outlined briefly and suggestions for the development of methods for determining their importance are made.
Ineffectiveness of the SUPPORT intervention: review of explanations.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments — SUPPORT — was to improve the care of seriously ill patients by improving decision-making for patients with life-threatening illnesses. Several theories have been proposed to explain why the SUPPORT intervention was unsuccessful at improving outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To review and discuss explanations offered by others regarding why the SUPPORT intervention failed to have a discernible impact on its prespecified outcome measures. DESIGN: A descriptive review of published articles and book chapters, with synthesis of data-based and conceptual insights. METHODS: The Medline, Bioethicsline, and Ethx databases were searched for citations to SUPPORT articles between 1994 and the end of 1998. This search was supplemented by other published materials that had come to the authors' attention. RESULTS: The critiques and explanations regarding the reasons the SUPPORT intervention did not improve outcomes were catalogued and organized into 11 major categories, the first 10 of which are explored in the present study: (1) the inception cohort was biased against an effect of the intervention, (2) the intervention was not implemented as designed, (3) the intervention failed because nurses were too readily ignored, (4) the intervention was too polite, (5) the intervention presented information ineffectively, (6) the intervention did not focus on primary care physicians, (7) the intervention falsely dichotomized do not resuscitate (DNR) decisions, (8) the intervention needed more years on site or an earlier start with each patient, (9) the intervention required more appropriate outcome measures, (10) the intervention was irrelevant because usual care is not seriously flawed, (11) the conceptual model behind SUPPORT was fundamentally flawed in aiming to improve individual, patient-level decision-making as the way to improve seriously ill, hospitalized patients' experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Although some of the critiques were found to raise important concerns, we conclude in each case that the explanation offered is inadequate to explain the failure of the intervention. We urge further reflection on the fundamental assumptions that informed the design of that intervention and refer the reader to a more comprehensive treatment of that issue in the companion paper in this volume.
All-optical switching using the quantum Zeno effect and two-photon absorption

We have previously shown that the quantum Zeno effect can be used to implement quantum logic gates for quantum computing applications, where the Zeno effect was produced using a strong two-photon absorbing medium. Here we show that the Zeno effect can also be used to implement classical logic gates whose inputs and outputs are high-intensity fields (coherent states). The operation of the devices can be understood using a quasistatic analysis, and their switching times are calculated using a dynamic approach. The two-photon absorption coefficient of rubidium vapor is shown to allow operation of these devices at relatively low power levels.
Acidosis causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-12-mediated astrocyte death

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to activation of caspase-12, which in turn can lead to activation of caspase-3 and cell death. Here we report that transient acidosis induces ER stress and caspase-12-mediated cell death in mouse astrocytes. After a 3-hour incubation at pH 6.0, astrocytes exhibited delayed cell death associated with nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Cell death was reduced by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, further suggesting an active cell death program. Acidosis increased the expression of the ER chaperone protein GRP-78, indicative of ER stress. Acidosis also increased caspase-12 mRNA expression, caspase-12 protein expression, cleavage of caspase-12 to its active form, and activation of caspase-3. Each of these effects was suppressed in astrocytes pretreated with caspase-12 antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligodeoxynucleotides (PMOs). Caspase-12 antisense PMOs also reduced the cell death induced by acidosis. Immunoprecipitation studies showed dissociat...
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ERK1/2 Regulates the Class II Transactivator

The expression of major histocompatibility class II genes is necessary for proper antigen presentation and induction of an immune response. This expression is initiated by the class II transactivator, CIITA. The establishment of the active form of CIITA is controlled by a series of post-translational events, including GTP binding, ubiquitination, and dimerization. However, the role of phosphorylation is less clearly defined as are the consequences of phosphorylation on CIITA activity and the identity of the kinases involved. In this study we show that the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) interact directly with CIITA, targeting serine residues in the amino terminus of the protein, including serine 288. Inhibition of this phosphorylation by dominant-negative forms of ERK or by treatment of cells with the ERK inhibitor PD98059 resulted in the increase in CIITA-mediated gene expression from a class II promoter, enhanced the nuclear concentration of CIITA, and impaired its ability to bind to the nuclear export factor, CRM1. In contrast, inhibition of ERK1/2 activity had little effect on serine-to-alanine mutant forms of CIITA. These data suggest a model whereby ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of CIITA down-regulates CIITA activity by priming it for nuclear export, thus providing a means for cells to tightly regulate the extent of antigen presentation.
On Critical Exponents for the Heat Equation with a Mixed Nonlinear Dirichlet–Neumann Boundary Condition

Abstract In this paper we consider the heat equationut = Δuin an unbounded domain Ω ⊂ RNwith a partly Dirichlet conditionu(x, t) = 0 and a partly Neumann conditionuν = upon the boundary, wherep > 1 and ν is the exterior unit normal on the boundary. It is shown that for a sectorial domain inR2and anorthantdomain inRNthere exists an explicit critical exponentpc(Ω) > 1 such that all positive solutions blow up in finite time whenp ∈ (1, pc] while there exist positive global solutions ifp > pcand initial data are suitably small. All our blowup results include the critical case.
Teaching Latino Parents to Support the Multi-Symbol Message Productions of their Children who Require AAC

Many children who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) have difficulties shifting from the single- to multi-symbol stage of language development. Ensuring that children who use AAC receive evidence-based interventions to address this problem is critical. Furthermore, there has been little AAC treatment efficacy research to date that addresses the needs of multicultural populations, particularly those of Latino children who use AAC and their families. To address these issues, the current investigation used a mixed methodology, which included a focus group to determine if any changes needed to be made to an existing instructional program; and a single subject, multiple probe, across participants design to evaluate the effects of a caregiver instructional program on the multi-symbol utterance productions of Latino children who used AAC. Specifically, a cognitive strategy instructional approach that has been used to teach turn-taking skills to both Caucasian and African American children who use AAC was modified and used to teach caregivers how to support the production of their children's multi-symbol messages. In order to foster emergent literacy skills, caregivers implemented the strategy during book reading activities. Focus group results revealed that changes to the instructional program may be required for some Latino families. With regard to the instructional program, all caregivers successfully learned to use the instructional strategy, and all children increased their use of multi-symbol messages. Research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
One State's Self-Study of Initial Certification Programs in Science and Mathematics.

Creating standards-based teacher education programs for mathematics and science teachers continues to be on the forefront of discussion in US colleges and universities. Yet prior to reforming teacher education programs, self-studies should be conducted to evaluate the status of such programs. This article describes how mathematics and science education specialists in Arizona examined their programs to determine avenues for reform. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed to explore five areas pertaining to initial certification programs in mathematics and science. Mission statements, the composition of initial certification programs, and curriculum, instruction, and assessment practices of faculty were examined. In addition, profiles were created pertaining to faculty, staff, and students who participate in the programs. From this self-study, it became evident that various components of initial certification programs in Arizona may not be consistent with the national reforms in mathematics, science, and teacher education. This paper provides an overview of the self-study and findings and reflects upon the process of self-study.
Integrating out astrophysical uncertainties

Underground searches for dark matter involve a complicated interplay of particle physics, nuclear physics, atomic physics, and astrophysics. We attempt to remove the uncertainties associated with astrophysics by developing the means to map the observed signal in one experiment directly into a predicted rate at another. We argue that it is possible to make experimental comparisons that are completely free of astrophysical uncertainties by focusing on integral quantities, such as $g({v}_{\mathrm{min}﻿})={\ensuremath{\int}}_{{v}_{\mathrm{min}﻿}}dvf(v)/v$ and ${\ensuremath{\int}}_{{v}_{\mathrm{thresh}}}dvvg(v)$. Direct comparisons are possible when the ${v}_{\mathrm{min}﻿}$ space probed by different experiments overlap. As examples, we consider the possible dark matter signals at CoGeNT, DAMA, and CRESST-Oxygen. We find that the expected rate from CoGeNT in the XENON10 experiment is higher than observed, unless scintillation light output is low. Moreover, we determine that S2-only analyses are constraining, unless the charge yields ${Q}_{y}l2.4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{electrons}/\mathrm{keV}$. For DAMA to be consistent with XENON10, we find for ${q}_{\mathrm{Na}}=0.3$ that the modulation rate must be extremely high ($\ensuremath{\gtrsim}70%$ for ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}=7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$), while for higher quenching factors, it makes an explicit prediction ($0.8--0.9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cpd}/\mathrm{kg}$) for the modulation to be observed at CoGeNT. Finally, we find CDMS-Si, even with a 10 keV threshold, as well as XENON10, even with low scintillation, would have seen significant rates if the excess events at CRESST arise from elastic WIMP scattering, making it very unlikely to be the explanation of this anomaly.
Identification and functional characterization of a presqualene diphosphate phosphatase.

Presqualene diphosphate (PSDP) is a bioactive lipid that rapidly remodels to presqualene monophosphate (PSMP) upon cell activation (Levy, B. D., Petasis, N. A., and Serhan, C. N. (1997) Nature 389, 985–990). Here, we have identified and characterized a phosphatase that converts PSDP to PSMP. Unlike the related polyisoprenyl phosphate farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), PSDP was not a substrate for type 2 lipid phosphate phosphohydrolases. PSDP phosphatase activity was identified in activated human neutrophil (PMN) extracts and partially purified in the presence of Nonidet P-40 with gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Peptide sequencing of a candidate phosphatase was consistent with phosphatidic acid phosphatase domain containing 2 (PPAPDC2), an uncharacterized protein that contains a lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase consensus motif. Recombinant PPAPDC2 displayed diphosphate phosphatase activity with a substrate preference for PSDP > FDP > phosphatidic acid. PPAPDC2 activity was independent of Mg2+ and optimal at pH 7.0 to 8.0. Incubation of [14C]FDP with recombinant human squalene synthase led to [14C]PSDP and [14C]squalene formation, and in the presence of PPAPDC2, [14C]PSMP was generated from [14C]PSDP. PPAPDC2 mRNA was detected in human PMN, and is widely expressed in human tissues. Together, these findings indicate that PPAPDC2 in human PMN is the first lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase identified for PSDP. Regulation of this activity of the enzyme may have important roles for PMN activation in innate immunity.
Self-reported childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are not specific to the disorder

Abstract Objective The present study examined the specificity of self-reported childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) in young adults with (1) a previous diagnosis of ADHD, (2) comorbid ADHD and psychological symptoms or diagnoses, (3) psychological diagnoses or symptoms without comorbid ADHD, and (4) controls. Method One thousand four hundred thirty-one non–treatment-seeking individuals (508 males), aged 18 to 25 years, were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (psychological controls, controls, ADHD, ADHD comorbid), based on responses to psychological, demographic, and health history questionnaires completed as part of a larger study. Responses to the WURS were analyzed at the individual item and subtest levels for their specificity to ADHD using area under the curve analyses. Results The standard WURS cutoff score of 46 was neither sensitive nor specific to ADHD, with a high rate of false positives in psychological controls. Factor analyses supported a 5-factor model (conduct problems, impulsivity problems, mood difficulties, inattention/anxiety symptoms, poor academic functioning) that accounted for 62% of the total variance; these factors were used to generate factor-based WURS subscales. Three subscales (impulsivity, poor academic functioning, and inattention/anxiety symptoms) showed potential for discriminating ADHD from controls among females. No subscales showed adequate sensitivity or specificity for discriminating ADHD from psychological controls among the males. Conclusions Results provide further evidence that retrospective self-report of childhood ADHD symptoms is not specific to ADHD and highlight concerns about the reliance on self-report of childhood ADHD symptoms for diagnostic purposes. Results suggest consideration of specific types of symptoms, and sex differences might increase diagnostic use of self-reported childhood symptoms.
Landscape complexity differentially benefits generalized fourth, over specialized third, trophic level natural enemies

The differential loss of higher trophic levels in the face of natural habitat loss can result in the disruption of important trophic interactions, such as biological control. Natural enemies of herbivorous pests in cropping systems often benefit from the presence of natural habitats in surrounding landscapes, as they provide key resources such as alternative hosts. However, any benefits from a biological control perspective may be dampened if this also enhances enemies at the fourth trophic level. Remarkably, studies of the influence of landscape structure on diversity and interactions of fourth trophic-level natural enemies are largely lacking. We carried out a large-scale sampling study to investigate the effects of landscape complexity (i.e. the proportion of non-crop habitat in the landscapes surrounding focal study areas) on the parasitoid communities of aphids in wheat and on an abundant extra-field plant, stinging nettle. Primary parasitoid communities (3rd trophic level) attacking the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, had little overlap with the communities attacking the nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum, while secondary parasitoids (4th trophic level) showed high levels of species overlap across these two aphids (25 vs 73% shared species respectively), resulting in significantly higher linkage density and lower specialization for secondary than primary parasitoid webs. In wheat, parasitoid diversity was not related to landscape complexity for either primary or secondary parasitoids. Rates of primary parasitism were generally low, while secondary parasitism rates were high (37–94%) and increased significantly with increasing landscape complexity, although this pattern was driven by a single secondary parasitoid species. Overall, our results demonstrate that extra-field habitats and landscape complexity can differentially benefit fourth, over third, trophic level natural enemies, and thereby, could dampen biological control. Our results further suggest that fourth trophic-level enemies may play an important, yet understudied, role in linking insect population dynamics across habitat types.
Controlled electron beam experiments in space and supporting laboratory experiments: a review

Abstract The injection of energetic charged-particle beams in space represents an exciting area for controlled experiments in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. Under the influence of a multitude of controlling parameters, a mono-energetic charged-particle beam might follow a well-defined singleparticle trajectory or it might undergo collective beam-plasma effects that substantially modify its energy and density distributions. In the latter case, one finds a multitude of possibilities for unstable plasma modes. If on the other hand the beam maintains single-particle characteristics, it can be a useful diagnostic tool for such applications as geomagnetic conjugate mapping and measurement of magneticfield-aligned potentials. The evolution of these concepts, along with the developing technology of spaceborne charged-particle beam accelerators, has ushered in an area of basic plasma and geoplasma physics previously not available to the scientific community. Over the past five years this activity has brought about important improvements in our fundamental understanding of beams and beam plasma processes. This progress has been brought about not by space experiments alone, but by the synergistic efforts of computational physicists, and the exchange of ideas born from laboratory simulations of space plasma processes involving energetic particle beams. It is the aim of this review paper to develop a synoptic perspective on recent accomplishments, and to summarize plans and recommendations for future experiments which will contribute to continued growth in the field.
3D object pose form clustering with multiple views

A candidate pose algorithm is described which computes object pose from an assumed correspondence between a pair of 2D image points and a pair of 3D model points. By computing many pose candidates actual object pose can usually be determined by detecting a cluster in the space of all candidates. Cluster space can receive candidate pose parameters from independent computations in different camera views. It is shown that use of of geometric constraint can be sufficient for reliable pose detection, but use of other knowledge, such as edge presence and type, can be easily added for increased efficiency.