cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Development and U. S. Government Policy: Recommendations for Using Market Forces to Achieve Optimum National Goals

. Public policy in the United States toward the energy sector consists of a variety of special legislation. some supportive and some punitive, which tends to work at cross purposes. Thus, some tax policies encourage energy production and promote energy conservatton. Simultaneously, many regulatory activities discourage energy production and promote consumption, as do selective taxes. A more effective policy for the sector's development would be the simultaneous elimination of both the special benefits given to various segments of the industry and the many obstacles that have been placed in its path. Specific recommendations to carry out this approach include repealing the windfall profits tax. eliminating the regulatory functions of the Department of Energy, cutting out the tax breaks for specialized energy projects, reducing obstacles which impede new energy projects, and removing the expenditure subsidies for highly specific energy activities that Congress has chosen to support.
Vibrational properties of actinide (U, Np, Pu, Am) hexafluoride molecules

Abstract Accumulated spectroscopic data of actinide hexafluoride molecules are summarized, including vibrational frequencies, intensities, and anharmonicities. Patterns common to UF 6 , NpF 6 and PuF 6 are noted. Trends in frequencies and intensities are evident on comparison of values for UF 6 , NpF 6 and PuF 6 . Vibrational frequencies, intensities, and force constants are predicted for AmF 6 .
Optimization of Fusion Pellet Launch Velocity in an Electrothermal Mass Accelerator

Electrothermal mass accelerators, based on capillary discharges, that form a plasma propelling force from the ablation of a low-z liner material are candidates for fuelling magnetic fusion reactors. As lithium is considered a fusion fuel and not an impurity, lithium hydride and lithium deuteride can serve as good ablating liners for plasma formation in an electrothermal plasma source to propel fusion pellets. A comprehensive study of solid lithium hydride and deuteride as liner materials to generate a plasma to propel cryogenic fuel pellets is presented here. This study was conducted using the ETFLOW capillary discharge code. Relationships between propellants, source and barrel geometry, pellet volume and aspect ratio, and pellet velocity are determined for pellets ranging in volume from 5 to 100 mm3.
Photorefractive effects in Mn-doped YAlO 3

Mn-doped YAlO3 crystals were investigated for photorefractive properties under 488-nm and 632.8-nm illumination. Dependences of the kinetics and efficiency of holographic recording on the light grating period were obtained.
Characterization of high mobility group protein binding to cisplatin-damaged DNA

Abstract cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin, CDDP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent. While many tumors are highly responsive to CDDP, certain tumors are resistant to this drug, limiting its efficacy. The anti-tumor activity of CDDP is believed to result from its coordination bonding to chromosomal DNA. Alterations in tumor cell sensitivity to CDDP may result from the presence or absence of protein(s) which specifically recognize CDDP-damaged DNA. We have developed a damaged-DNA affinity precipitation assay that allows the direct identification of cellular proteins that bind to CDDP-damaged DNA. Using this procedure, we have identified several proteins which specifically bind to CDDP-damaged DNA. Two of these proteins have been identified as high mobility group proteins (HMG) 1 and 2 In the current report, we have characterized the binding of these proteins to CDDP-DNA. The calculated Kd of binding to CDDP-damaged DNA was 3.27 × 10−10 for HMG1 and 1.87 × 10−10 for HMG2. Using highly specific chemical modifying reagents, we have determined that Cys residues play an important role in protein binding. We also observed that HMG2 will bind to DNA modified with carboplatin and iproplatin although to a lesser extent than to DNA damaged with CDDP. Thus, our results indicate that HMG 2 binds with high affinity to DNA modified with therapeutically active platinum compounds. In addition, our findings suggest that thiol groups play an essential role in the binding of HMG1 and HMG2 to CDDP-DNA.
Other‐Worldliness in Kierkegaard’s Works of Love

From early on, certain religions have been criticized for promoting an orientation of other-worldliness which implies and supports neglect of (or even contempt for) this-worldly needs. Marx voiced the modern criticism of ‘the other-world’: ‘The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly a struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion.’ Thirty years later another angry critic of religion, Nietzsche, deplored the ‘concept of the “beyond,” the “true world” invented in order to devaluate the only world there is – in order to retain no goal, no reason, no task for our earthly reality!’ and insisted that ‘If one shifts the centre of gravity of life out into the “Beyond” . . . one has deprived life as such of its centre of gravity.’ Soren Kierkegaard’s various accounts of religiousness, with their emphases on inwardness and subjectivity, have seemed to some a paradigm example of such an irresponsible deflection of attention from, and devaluation of, this world. Two early twentieth-century interpretations of Kierkegaard’s thought focused decisive attention on this criticism and significantly contoured the subsequent reception of his thought. Martin Buber, in 1936, offered perhaps the most well-known criticism of Kierkegaard’s understanding of the relation to God as other-worldly or ‘acosmic.’ Addressing Kierkegaard’s preoccupation with the ‘individual’ or ‘single one’ (culminating his Point of View), Buber’s version of the charge of acosmic otherworldliness emphasized an either/or between God and creation: for Kierkegaard, the exclusivity of the relation to God (the chosen one)
The imaging manifestations of lung cancer

Imaging plays an integral role in diagnosing, staging, and following patients with lung cancer. Many lung neoplasms are detected on chest radiographs, but the majority of patients have advanced stage disease at the time of presentation. There is a wide spectrum of radiologic manifestations of lung cancer, and recognition of these findings is essential for patient management. As we continue to understand more about tumor biology, new imaging techniques likely will emerge. Nevertheless, the chest radiograph and CT remain important tools in establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer.
Evaluation of a High School HIV Education Program 1775

Since 1993, we have conducted an AIDS education program in local high schools. Two trained volunteer 1st and 2nd year medical students and an HIV infected speaker go into high school classrooms and speak to groups of 20-30 students. The medical students present a lecture covering factual information about HIV/AIDS and then the HIV infected individual discusses living with HIV infection. Each year, the program has addressed between 2,000 and 3,000 high school students. In order to determine program effectiveness, we administered standardized pre and post-test questionnaires to 327 high school students who participated in the program between December 1995 and January 1996. The questionnaire consisted of 31 questions selected to determine knowledge and attitudes about HIV. A total of 258 of 327 (79%) students completed the pre and post-test correctly and were included in the evaluation. The students tested were in 10th (23%), 11th (45%) and 12th (31%) grades, 51% were female and 82% were white. For the entire group, 42% answered all knowledge questions correctly on both the pre and post-test and 50% answered all attitude questions with a tolerant response on both pre and post-test. Although not statistically significant, 10th grade students had the lowest knowledge scores on the pretest (32% with all correct) and showed an improvement on the post-test (48% with all correct), whereas the 12th grade students had better scores on the pre-test compared to the post-test (47% vs 37% with all correct, respectively). Females scored significantly better than males on the knowledge questions and were more tolerant. Students who answered all questions with a tolerant response were more likely to answer all factual questions correctly compared to students with any not tolerant responses (50% vs 31%, respectively, p<.05). HIV education programs need ongoing evaluation to determine if they are having the desired impact on the students. We found that overall, the students knowledge base was good even before the teaching session and only in the youngest age group were we able to demonstrate a difference in the students knowledge after the program. (Funded by CNY Children's Health Fund)
Intraindividual Variability in Development of Accuracy of Motor Performance

Age trends in children's ball-rolling accuracy were investigated with a concentration on intraindividual variability. The subjects were boys and girls (n =20 each) who were randomly selected from each of seven groupings representing ages 5 to 11 yr. Significant reduction in mean constant error occurred with increasing age for both sexes, and the boys performance was superior to that of the girls' across ages. The concept of modification of performance toward less variability was supported by significant reduction of mean intraindividual variance with age; however, the sex difference in mean intraindividual variance (greater consistency in boys' performance) was not constant over age. The results are discussed in relation to speculated cultural influences, and consideration is given to the importance of examining intraindividual variance in studies of age trends in motor performance.
Parallel Synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite Films from Clear Organic-Free Solutions.

Twenty-one zeolite films were grown on a 2.5 cm alumina disk using a multiwell reactor (see picture). This parallel synthesis from clear organic-free solutions offers an interesting approach to the preparation of catalytic libraries. The morphologies of the films produced were found to be similar to those synthesized under conventional conditions but their X-ray diffraction patterns indicated a lower degree of orientation of crystallites.
Radionuclide transport through perforations in nuclear waste containers

Previous analytical models for the steady-state radionuclide release rate through perforations in nuclear waste containers into the surrounding medium are based on a zero wall thickness assumption. In this paper we investigate the effect of the wall thickness on the mass transfer rate through isolated cylindrical holes. We solve the steady-state diffusion equation for the concentration field and derive a model based on the analytical solution. By direct comparison, we show that the zero wall thickness model overpredicts the mass transfer rate by about 1300 percent for a circular hole with 1-cm radius and a wall thickness of 10 cm. As expected, the zero-thickness model becomes even less accurate as the hole radius decreases; it predicts a greater release rate from a large number of small holes than the mass transfer rate from an uncontained waste form cylinder. In contrast, the results predicted by our model remain bounded for isolated holes and never exceed the mass transfer from an uncontained waste form. 6 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.
Autoradiographic and electron microscopic studies of marrow in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia

A 12 year old Caucasian girl with congenital anemia and episodic jaundice was studied. Hemolysis was not present as evidenced by a normal Cr51 red cell survival time. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (Heimpel) was diagnosed after finding a positive acidified serum test of the circulating red cells and marked erythroid hyperplasia with erythroblastic multinuclearity in a bone marrow aspirate. A bone marrow specimen was labeled with H3T in vitro and autoradiographs prepared. Electron microscopy was also done on the same specimen. The percent of uninucleated normoblasts labeling with H3T indicated normal DNA synthesis. However, only 2% of the binucleated and none of the multinucleated polychromatophilic normoblasts labeled with H3T, indicating decreased DNA synthesis in these forms. By electron microscopy, excessive membrane structures forming invaginations or cisternae and encompassing the circumference of the cell in varying degrees were seen in the majority of the normoblasts. The nuclear membrane appeared normal. Despite the abnormality, nuclear extrusion was noted in these cells. Small cisternae were also found at the periphery of the cell in about 1–2% of the mature erythrocytes. These findings are suggestive that the cells with more severe structural abnormalities and/or decreased DNA synthesis are destroyed intramedullary and the circulating red cells are derived from a less abnormal portion of precursors.
Planning flood control projects in urban areas

Planning and design of flood control projects invariably involves a consideration of sociological, economic, political and ecological factors in order to derive maximum benefits from the project. In urbanizing areas, this is often a rule rather than an exception where a project tends to have a variety of interrelated impacts on the environment. This paper presents the details of the planning efforts by the City of Louisville in Kentucky to implement a major flood control project with an overall goal to evaluate and rectify serious environmental problems brought upon by rapid urbanization in the area. This project was carried out by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville, District, to provide flood mitigation measures in the Beargrass Creek basin, which incorporates a major portion of the City of Louisville. The procedures and considerations used in the formulation, evaluation and the final selection of suitable flood control measures as devloped by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, are critically examined.
LXIV. The attraction of ellipsoids considered geometrically

(1854). LXIV. The attraction of ellipsoids considered geometrically. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 7, No. 47, pp. 401-407.
Gentrification of the City. Neil Smith and Peter Williams, editors

(1988). Gentrification of the City. Neil Smith and Peter Williams, editors. Urban Geography: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 442-444.
X-ray and radio emission in the nuclei of radio galaxies and thedisk-jet connection

It appears that relativistic jets are produced by accreting black holes. We might therefore expect that events observed in jets, such as the appearance of bright radio knots moving at apparent superluminal speeds, originate as disturbances in the central engine. This is observed in a number of compact X-ray binary systems in our Galaxy, manifested as changes in the X-ray emission state followed by superluminal ejections. The author and collaborators have detected somewhat similar events in the radio galaxies 3C 120 (type Fanaroff-Riley I) and 3C 111 (FR II). The data both confirm the disk-jet connection in accreting supermassive black holes and provide constraints on the structure of the jet between the central engine and the millimeter-wave core. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combined optical and electrical stimulation of neural tissue in vivo

Low-intensity, pulsed infrared light provides a novel nerve stimulation modality that avoids the limita- tions of traditional electrical methods such as necessity of contact, presence of a stimulation artifact, and relatively poor spatial precision. Infrared neural stimulation INS is, however, limited by a 2:1 ratio of threshold radiant expo- sures for damage to that for stimulation. We have shown that this ratio is increased to nearly 6:1 by combining the infrared pulse with a subthreshold electrical stimulus. Our results indicate a nonlinear relationship between the sub- threshold depolarizing electrical stimulus and additional optical energy required to reach stimulation threshold. The change in optical threshold decreases linearly as the delay between the electrical and optical pulses is in- creased. We have shown that the high spatial precision of INS is maintained for this combined stimulation modality. Results of this study will facilitate the development of ap- plications for infrared neural stimulation, as well as target the efforts to uncover the mechanism by which infrared
The sense of smell: contributions of orthonasal and retronasal perception applied to metallic flavor of drinking water.

The human senses are important assessment tools that assist the water industry with effective water quality and water security monitoring. Flavor perception is the combination of taste and odor; odor perception is a combination of orthonasal and retronasal perception. Orthonasal perception is associated with "the sniff" and describes the entry of odor molecules though the nostrils to the nasal cavity followed by interaction with odor receptor neurons. Retronasal perception describes the mechanism in which odor molecules present in the mouth are transported to the back of the nasopharynx and then to the odor receptor neurons. Although both pathways bring the odor molecules to the olfactory epithelium where they are perceived and processed by the brain, the retronasal route is more important for humans in terms of detecting ingested odors. For copper (II), the metallic flavour is a combination of a weak bitter taste and a strong metallic odor that is produced as a biochemical reaction in the mouth. Copper (II) in the presence of oxygen causes lipid oxidation of arachidonic, linoleic, and oleic acids in the mouth. A more thorough understanding of the sense of smell will greatly aid the water industry in its quest to produce a palatable product.
Emergent long-range synchronization of oscillating ecological populations without external forcing described by Ising universality

Understanding the synchronization of oscillations across space is fundamentally important to many scientific disciplines. In ecology, long-range synchronization of oscillations in spatial populations may elevate extinction risk and signal an impending catastrophe. The prevailing assumption is that synchronization on distances longer than the dispersal scale can only be due to environmental correlation (the Moran effect). In contrast, we show how long-range synchronization can emerge over distances much longer than the length scales of either dispersal or environmental correlation. In particular, we demonstrate that the transition from incoherence to long-range synchronization of two-cycle oscillations in noisy spatial population models is described by the Ising universality class of statistical physics. This result shows, in contrast to all previous work, how the Ising critical transition can emerge directly from the dynamics of ecological populations.
The role of prostaglandins and endothelium-derived relaxation factor in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen utilization in the piglet: operationalizing the concept of an essential circulation.

The brain is considered an "essential" organ, defined as one whose blood supply is preferentially maintained vis-a-vis other less-essential circulations during periods of reduced systemic cardiac output (CO). We asked whether the actions of either prostaglandins or endothelium-derived relaxation factor might underlie the essential qualities of the cerebral circulation; that is, would the absence of one or the other impair the ability of the brain to preferentially redirect systemic blood flow during a period of reduced systemic CO. We compared hemodynamics in the cerebral and systemic circulations in 33 anesthetized piglets under three conditions that reduced systemic CO equivalently: endothelium-derived relaxation factor inhibition with the substituted L-arginine analog N-nitro-L-arginine (NNLA; 25 mg/kg), prostaglandin inhibition with indomethacin (INDO; 5 mg/kg), and inflation of a left atrial balloon (LAB) catheter. NNLA, INDO, and LAB each reduced CO to an equivalent value (approximately 30% from baseline). NNLA and INDO, but not LAB elevated systemic blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was preserved after NNLA and LAB but fell after INDO (-35%). Despite the equivalent reduction in CO noted during the three experimental protocols, the proportion of systemic blood flow directed toward the brain (CBF/CO) rose significantly during LAB and NNLA (+30%) but fell significantly during INDO (-12%). Similarly, relative cerebral vascular resistance (CVR/SVR) fell significantly during LAB and NNLA but rose during INDO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hydrophobic substitution mutations in the S4 sequence alter voltage-dependent gating in Shaker K+ channels.

Abstract Voltage-activated Na + Ca 2+ , and K + channels contain a common motif, the S4 sequence, characterized by a basic residue at every third position interspersed mainly with hydrophobic residues. The S4 sequence is proposed to function as the voltage sensor and to move in response to membrane depolarization, triggering conformational changes that open the channel. This hypothesis has been tested in previous studies which revealed that mutations of the S4 basic residues often shift the curve of voltage dependence of activation along the voltage axis. We find that comparable or larger shifts are caused by conservative substitutions of hydrophobic residues in the S4 sequence of the Shaker K + channel. We suggest that the S4 structure plays an essential role in determining the relative stabilities of the closed and open states of the channel.
Ionic polysaccharides. V. Conformational studies of hyaluronic acid, cellulose, and laminaran

Hindered rotation was studied for the disaccharides composed of basic β-glucopyranose units A (linked at O1 and O4) and B (linked at O1 and O2) in Cl conformation. The van der Waals' interactions were calculated for the Lennard-.Jones, Buckingham, and Kitay-gorodsky interatomic potential functions, including a study of the effect of minimization of the first two functions for each atomic pair k, m (a) at the sum rkm* of the usual crystal atomic radii rk* + rm* and (b) at rkm* + 0.2 A. Values of the ratio of unperturbed to free-rotation root-mean-square end-to-end distance σ, were calculated for chains composed of the unsolvated disaccharide repeating units: AA (cellulose), AB and BA (hyaluronic acid), and BB (laminaran). For cellulose and hyaluronic acid, σ increases markedly with both assumed atomic radii rk* and θ, the supplement of theglycosidebond angle. Energy contributions from dipole–dipole and side-chain interactions cause relatively small dimensional changes for hyaluronic acid: for cellulosic polymers bulky side groups attached near the glycoside carbon atom may increase or decrease unperturbed dimensions, depending on the potential function chosen. Inclusion of bond torsional potentials increases σ for cellulose and hyaluronic acid and decreases σ for laminaran. Hydrogen-bonding ellects normally increase calculated σ values for unsolvaled polymers. The predicted influence of temperature on σ is small. The large decrease in σ with increasing temperature which appear to occur experimentally for cellulosic polymers are prc.-umably due to conformational effects of solvation.
High prevalence of insomnia in an outpatient population with HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence, characteristics, and clinical recognition of insomnia in HIV-seropositive outpatients. DESIGN Systematic sample of patients attending an outpatient HIV/AIDS clinic at an urban teaching hospital. METHODS Patients were recruited for standard interviews including Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE); Trail Making Test A and B, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Abstraction of medical records was used to assess clinician identification of insomnia. RESULTS 115 of 127 (91%) patients who were approached agreed to be interviewed for the study. Of these, 79 (69%) were male, 36 (31%) female; 38 (33%) black, 64 (56%) white, 12 (10%) Hispanic, 1 (1%) native American; 45 (39%) were injection drug users. Eighty-four (73%) respondents were classified as having a sleep disturbance according to the PSQI. Patients with cognitive impairment had a higher prevalence of insomnia (100% versus 70%; p = .034). A trend was shown for drug-using patients to report a higher prevalence of insomnia than nondrug users (86% versus 69%; p < .07). Using multivariate analysis, cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4) as defined by the neuropsychiatric test battery and depression (OR = 1.2) were the best predictors of insomnia (p < .05). Only 28 (33%) patients with insomnia had any documentation of sleep disturbance in their clinical medical records. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia is widespread and underdiagnosed in HIV-seropositive ambulatory patients. Insomnia is especially prevalent among those with cognitive impairment. These findings suggest the importance for clinicians to inquire specifically about sleep disorders in HIV-seropositive patients. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may improve the quality of life in patients living with HIV.
Intercanopy community structure across a heterogeneous landscape in a western juniper‐encroached ecosystem

Questions: How does landscape position influence biotic and abiotic attributes of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) encroached ecosystems? How does intercanopy plant community structure respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature based on juniper cover and topographic position? Location: Steens Mountain, southeast Oregon, USA. Objectives: Competition with western juniper modifies plant community composition, alters soil hydrology, and reduces plant productivity. Research is needed to understand these influences across heterogeneous landscapes. This study characterizes the relationship between juniper encroachment and soil water, soil temperature, topographic position, and intercanopy plant community structure. Methods: Using a completely randomized block design, plant density and cover, percent bare ground, percent soil moisture, soil temperature, heat accumulation, and elevation were sampled in 10 m2 plots representing low (<1%), moderate (∼14%), and high (∼27%) juniper cover at four aspects. The relationship and difference between vegetation patterns and environmental variables were analyzed using AOV, NMS, and MRPP (α=0.1). Indicator species analysis tested for shifts in dominant species along ecological gradients. Results: Soil moisture remained higher in low juniper cover sites than moderate and high juniper cover sites. North-facing sites had highest soil moisture at 5 cm depth with low and moderate juniper cover levels. With increasing soil temperature from May to June, soil moisture declined by 19.7% at 5 cm depth. Achnatherum lemmonii and Pseudoreogneria spicata occurred in closed juniper stands while Achnatherum occidentale and Leymus cinereus were common when encroachment was limited. Application: This approach can be used to predict ecosystem response to western juniper encroachment across heterogeneous landscapes.
Decoupling tremor and volitional force control factors in analyses of motor task performance

A frequency domain filtering protocol is described for separating force contributions from tremor and fine motor control when both factors are present during performance of a goal-oriented task. This method partitions the frequency domain after Fourier transformation of time series data. Amplitudes within a range are divided by or substituted with analogous values from a defined task function to obtain representations of the contribution of a particular factor or that remaining in the absence of the factor. Filtered data can then be used for independent characterization of each factor with respect to frequency power spectra or time series properties.
Cholangiocyte expression of α2β1-integrin confers susceptibility to rotavirus-induced experimental biliary atresia

Inoculation of BALB/c mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) in the newborn period results in biliary epithelial cell (cholangiocyte) infection and the murine model of biliary atresia. Rotavirus infectio...
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy : Potential opportunities/potential pitfalls for drug therapy of optic nerve degenerative disorders

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited form of bilateral optic atrophy in which the primary etiologic event is a mutation in the mitochondrial genome. The primary mitochondrial mutation is necessary—but not sufficient—for manifestation of the optic neuropathy, and secondary genetic and/or epigenetic risk factors are also involved. There is broad agreement that mutations at mtDNA nucleotides 3460, 11778, and 14484 are primary LHON mutations and that they account for 95% of the classic LHON cases in Caucasians of northern European descent. It appears that these three primary LHON mutations are associated with respiratory-chain dysfunction, but the derangement may be relatively subtle and/or vary among different tissues. The optic neuropathy involves a loss of central vision due to degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve axons that subserve central vision. The specific pattern of neurodegeneration in LHON may arise from a mitochondrial “chokepoint” in the region of the optic nerve that spans the nerve head and lamina cribosa. It is hypothesized that in the acute phase, a respiratory-chain dysfunction “crisis” leads to axoplasmic stasis and swelling, initially in the chokepoint, thereby blocking ganglion cell function and causing loss of vision. In some LHON patients, this loss of function is reversible in a subset of ganglion cells and a substantial recovery of vision occurs. However, in other patients, a cell death pathway (probably apoptotic) is activated, with subsequent extensive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cell layer and optic nerve with an irreversible loss of vision. The complex etiology of LHON may allow therapeutic intervention at any one of several steps, but there are also potential pitfalls. Drug Dev. Res. 46:34–43, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hyperbolic almost periodic solutions and toroidal limit sets.

We consider an almost periodic solution φ(t) of an autonomous differential equation x′ = f(x). Let k denote the topological dimension of the hull H(φ). By considering the linearized equation x′ = A(t)x alone [where A(t) is the Jacobian matrix of f evaluated along φ(t)], one can derive a sufficient condition in order that φ(t) be quasi-periodic and that the hull H(φ) be diffeomorphic to a k-dimensional torus Tk. The proof is based upon an extension of the center manifold theorem to nonautonomous nonperiodic differential systems.
Changes in spatial and temporal patterns of development in Iran

Abstract This study examines changes in spatial patterns of development focusing on regional inequalities at three different scales of analysis, i.e., provincial, township, and inter-urban, between 1966 and 1976 in Iran. In order to evaluate degrees of spatial disparity and their changes through time and space, variables of employment in manufacturing, government employment, literacy, population with a university degree, and housing units with electricity were used. The results indicate that there was some reduction in the levels of disparities recorded within urban and rural areas from 1966 to 1976. However, when urban and rural areas are compared, the spatial gap between them increased. The spatial gap of development between these two sectors in some cases almost tripled during this period.
Preliminary experience with a new chemotherapy regimen for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We treated 11 consecutive adult patients who presented with acute lymphoblastic leukemia to the University of Chicago with a novel, intensified chemotherapy regimen to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of this program. Following a 5-drug induction therapy (course A), patients received sequential courses (B and C) of high-dose antimetabolite therapies, in part to replace cranial irradiation for CNS prophylaxis. All patients achieved a complete remission. The regimen was designed with a goal of administering all post-remission therapy in the outpatient setting. With the exception of the initial induction course (A), 31/38 total patient courses were administered in the outpatient clinic. As expected, the induction and consolidation courses (A and B) of this regimen were associated with grade 4 hematologic toxicity and significant but manageable infectious toxicity. Another novel aspect of the regimen included a combined intravenous and oral dosing schedule designed to sustain methotrexate levels × 1.0 μM...
Electrophoretic separation of all components of the double-stranded RNA of wound tumor virus.

Abstract The use of a new buffer solution for electrophoresis of the dsRNA of wound tumor virus permitted the electrophoretic separation and identification of all 12 ds RNA components of WTV RNA. The molecular weight of the genome was estimated to be 15.06 × 10 6 daltons. All 10 components of reovirus type 2 could be separated by use of the same solution. The electrophoretic patterns for the first 7 components of wound tumor virus and rice dwarf virus are very similar.
A Framework for the Pedagogy of Accounting Ethics

Faculty tasked with revising the accounting curriculum to incorporate an ethics component may benefit from the experiences reported in the literature. We construct and describe a framework for the pedagogy of accounting ethics based upon extant literature. Our purpose is to present the cumulative contributions to the literature in a fashion that is helpful to educators considering the inclusion or modification of ethics instruction in the accounting curriculum. The framework also serves as a way to motivate additional contributions to the literature with the goal of continuous refinements.
Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor targets dNTP metabolism to regulate DNA replication

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, RB, is a negative regulator of the cell cycle that is inactivated in the majority of human tumors. Cell cycle inhibition elicited by RB has been attributed to the attenuation of CDK2 activity. Although ectopic cyclins partially overcome RB-mediated S-phase arrest at the replication fork, DNA replication remains inhibited and cells fail to progress to G2 phase. These data suggest that RB regulates an additional execution point in S phase. We observed that constitutively active RB attenuates the expression of specific dNTP synthetic enzymes: dihydrofolate reductase, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunits R1/R2, and thymidylate synthase (TS). Activation of endogenous RB and related proteins by p16ink4a yielded similar effects on enzyme expression. Conversely, targeted disruption of RB resulted in increased metabolic protein levels (dihydrofolate reductase, TS, RNR-R2) and conferred resistance to the effect of TS or RNR inhibitors that diminish available dNTPs. Analysis of dNTP pools during RB-mediated cell cycle arrest revealed significant depletion, concurrent with the loss of TS and RNR protein. Importantly, the effect of active RB on cell cycle position and available dNTPs was comparable to that observed with specific antimetabolites. Together, these results show that RB-mediated transcriptional repression attenuates available dNTP pools to control S-phase progression. Thus, RB employs both canonical cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin regulation and metabolic regulation as a means to limit proliferation, underscoring its potency in tumor suppression.
Breath-group intelligibility in dysarthria: characteristics and underlying correlates.

Purpose: This study was designed to determine whether within-speaker fluctuations in speech intelligibility occurred among speakers with dysarthria who produced a reading passage, and, if they did, whether selected linguistic and acoustic variables predicted the variations in speech intelligibility. Method: Participants with dysarthria included a total of 10 persons with Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; a control group of 10 neurologically normal speakers was also studied. Each participant read a passage that was subsequently separated into consecutive breath groups for estimates of individual breath group intelligibility. Sixty listeners participated in 2 perceptual experiments, generating intelligibility scores across speakers and for each breath group produced by speakers with dysarthria. Results: Individual participants with dysarthria had fluctuations in intelligibility across breath groups. Breath groups of participants with dysarthria had fewer average words and reduced interq...
An Adaptive Dynamic Programming Algorithm for a Stochastic Multiproduct Batch Dispatch Problem

We address the problem of dispatching a vehicle with different product classes. There is a common dispatch cost, but holding costs that vary by product class. The problem exhibits multidimensional state, outcome and action spaces, and as a result is computationally intractable using either discrete dynamic programming methods, or even as a deterministic integer program. We prove a key structural property for the decision function, and exploit this property in the development of continuous value function approximations that form the basis of an approximate dispatch rule. Comparisons on single product-class problems, where optimal solutions are available, demonstrate solutions that are within a few percent of optimal. The algorithm is then applied to a problem with 100 product classes, and comparisons against a carefully tuned myopic heuristic demonstrate significant improvements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 742–769, 2003.
Quality of life issues in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.

Essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera are both chronic progressive myeloproliferative disorders of insidious onset. If the excessive production of red cells and/or platelets is controlled, patients with these disorders may have prolonged survival. However, the clinical course of these patients can be complicated by a variety of events, including thrombotic episodes, bleeding episodes, arthropathies, pruritus, weakness, weight loss, neurologic impairment, erythromelalgia, fever, abdominal pain, and the life-threatening consequences of progression to myelofibrosis and/or acute leukemia. Effective control of hematopoiesis by phlebotomy or a variety of therapeutic agents has resulted in a reduction or elimination of many of these clinical events, but has not altered the evolution to myelofibrosis or acute leukemia. Use of each of these therapeutic strategies is also associated with a range of adverse events. Monitoring overall survival or a reduction in the frequency of clinical events has previously served as a means of assessing the results of these therapeutic interventions. Quality-of-life instruments have not been applied in a systematic fashion to the evaluation of outcomes in patients with these chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Quality-of-life assessments evaluate not only the state of well-being of a patient that results from an assessment of the individual's ability to perform everyday activities, which are reflective of physical, psychological, and social well-being, but also patient satisfaction with the control of disease and/or treatment-related symptoms. Quality-of-life instruments have been used to assess the clinical course of patients suffering from a variety of disorders, ranging from cancer to renal failure to chronic fatigue syndrome. Information about quality-of-life outcomes can contribute to the evaluation of variations in dose and timing of administration of therapeutic agents. It is possible that the side effects of a particular therapy may outweigh the disease regression achieved with a particular therapy. In the future, quality-of-life instruments may prove useful in prospectively evaluating therapeutic end points in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.
Immunologic targeting of the cancer stem cell

Growing evidence has suggested that lack of eradication of the malignant stem cell forms the basis for cancer relapse and progression. In this regard, the clinical experiences of treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a prototypical stem cell disease, have been instructive, and are illustrative of the challenges facing the treatment of cancer when using potent cytoreductive agents that incompletely eradicate minimal residual disease. On the other hand, several decades of clinical and laboratory experience have demonstrated the curative potential of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for CML and other hematologic malignancies. As reviewed in this chapter, these studies have clearly demonstrated the curative potential of immune-based recognition of tumor cells, including the malignant progenitor cell population. These data set the stage for newer approaches that focus on immune targeting of antigens that are present on the cancer stem cell. Rational immune targeting of the tumor-initiating population critically depends on (1) identifying the unique surface markers of these cells so that they may be isolated, and on (2) defining antigens that are uniquely or preferentially expressed within the malignant cells with stem-cell like functions compared to normal cells. While debate continues as to the exact nature and defining characteristics of the cell population that is capable of propagating tumor, and hence the critical tumor cell sub-population that is required for immune targeting, several promising approaches for cancer immunotherapy are under investigation. Ultimately, combination therapy that includes both pharmacologic cytoreductive agents together with immunologic targeting of malignant stem cell populations may provide an effective curative approach with acceptable toxicity for the treatment of malignant diseases.
Mechanical Characterization of a Hybrid Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are renowned for their superior in-plane mechanical properties. However, they lack sufficient out-of-plane performance. Integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into structures of CFRPs can enhance their poor out-of-plane properties. The present work investigates the effect of adding CNTs, grown on carbon fibers via a relatively low temperature growth technique, on the on and off-axis tensile properties as well as on transverse high velocity impact (∼100 m.s−1) energy absorption of the corresponding CFRPs. Two sets of composite samples based on carbon fabrics with surface grown CNTs and reference fabrics were fabricated and mechanically characterized via tension and impact tests. The on-axis and off-axis tests confirmed improvements in the strength and stiffness of the hybrid samples over the reference ones. A gas gun equipped with a high-speed camera was utilized to evaluate the impact energy absorption of the composite systems subjected to transverse spherical projectiles. Due to the integration of CNTs, intermediate improvements in the tensile properties of the CFRP were achieved. However, the CFRPs’ impact energy absorption was improved significantly.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Dopamine inhibits melatonin release in the mammalian retina: in vitro evidence.

Abstract A circadian oscillator located within the retina controls melatonin synthesis in the retina of mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates retinal melatonin and dopamine appear to act as mutually inhibitory paracrine signals for night and day, respectively; while in mammals this mutually inhibitory capability has now been fully demonstrated. In this study using a flow-through culture apparatus we investigated melatonin release from cultured retinas of golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) in the presence of dopamine or dopaminergic agonists and antagonists. Neural retinas were cultured with medium 199 for 24 h in a flow-through apparatus at the temperature 33°C. During the subjective night the culturing medium was supplemented with dopamine, dopamine receptor antagonists or agonists. At the concentration of 0.1 μM dopamine did not inhibit melatonin release, while at higher dopamine concentration (1 to 1000 μM) melatonin release was inhibited in a dose-dependant manner. These effects appeared to be mediated by a D2/D4 receptor, because D2 and D4 receptor agonists (100 μM), but not D1/D5 receptor agonists (100 μM), inhibited melatonin release. Furthermore, D2/D4 selective receptor antagonists (100 μM) in conjunction with 100 μM dopamine blocked melatonin suppression, whereas a D1/D5 selective receptors antagonist was completely ineffective. Taken together, these results directly demonstrate for the first time that in the retina of mammals dopamine may suppress melatonin, and that suppression is mediated by D2D4 dopaminergic receptors.
Multibilayer structure of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine dihydrate as determined by energy minimization

Complete energy minimization was carried out on the multibilayer crystal structure of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine dihydrate (DMPC.2H2O), starting from the X-ray structure determination reported by Pearson and Pascher (1979) Nature 281, 499-501. The asymmetric unit contains two nonidentical DMPC molecules and four water molecules. Minimization removed the acyl chain disorder present in the X-ray structure and caused the carbon planes of the acyl chains to become mutually parallel. Two energy-minimized structures (structures I and II) were found which mainly differed in the hydrogen-bonding arrangement of the waters of hydration. In structure I as in the X-ray structure, one of the water molecules forms a hydrogen-bonded bridge between successive bilayers; but in structure II, all hydrogen bonds are satisfied on the same bilayer. Structure II corresponds to the global energy minimum and is also a suitable structure for single bilayers. The lattice constants and cell volume of the minimized structures are close to the experimental values. The electrostatic force between DMPC bilayers is attractive. The mean hydration energy of the water is -14.2 kcal/mol, which is 2.5 kcal/mol lower than the binding energy of ice.
Effect of preinterventional arterial remodeling on intimal hyperplasia after implantation of a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent: angiographic and IVUS study.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preinterventional arterial remodeling on in-stent intimal hyperplasia (IH) after the implantation of a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent. Methods The study population consisted of 55 patients (61 lesions) with a de novo lesion treated with a paclitaxel-eluting stent. The lesions were divided into two groups, positive or intermediate (PR/IR), and negative remodeling (NR) groups, according to the preinterventional arterial remodeling. Angiographic and IVUS examinations were performed preintervention, postintervention and at 9 months of follow-up. Results The remodeling index (RI) was 1.19±0.16 in the PR/IR group and 0.81±0.10 in the NR group. At follow-up, the late loss was significantly larger in the PR/IR group than in the IR group. (0.65±0.58 mm vs. 0.29±0.5 mm, p =0.017). The external elastic membrane cross-sectional area (CSA) (18.68±5.39 vs. 12.87±3.72 mm 2 , p =0.000), plaque CSA (16.99±4.04 vs. 10.34±3.45 Mm 2 , p =0.000) and plaque index (85.84±5.02 vs. 81.80±7.26%, p =0.048) during the preintervention period and IH volume during the follow-up were significantly larger in the PR/IR group than in the NR group (17.98±16.7 mm 3 vs. 4.59±12.4 mm 3 ; p p =0.002). A significant positive correlation was found between the preinterventional RI and follow-up IH CSA ( r =0.406, p =0.001). Conclusions The preinterventional arterial remodeling influenced the development of the IH after the implantation of the polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent which had a greater effect on reducing the IH accumulation in the lesions with preinterventional negative remodeling characteristics.