cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introducing the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey 2016

This paper introduces the 2016 wave of the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS). It is an essential reference for users of this innovative and valuable dataset, which adds to the growing series of labor market panel surveys (LMPSs) produced by the Economic Research Forum (ERF). The 2016 wave is a follow-up on the initial 2010 wave. There has been substantial turmoil in the region since 2010, including the onset of the Syrian conflict and the influx of refugees into Jordan. The 2016 wave over-sampled areas with a high proportion of non-Jordanians to be able to represent and examine this important population. The paper describes this sampling strategy, attrition from 2010 to 2016, and weighting that corrects for attrition and accounts for the sampling strategy. We compare key demographic measures and labor market statistics with other sources of data on Jordan to demonstrate the sample's representativeness. The data provide an important opportunity for a detailed analysis of Jordan's changing labor market and society.
Isolation of Mutated Genes from Transgene Insertion Sites

After microinjection of fertilized eggs, the choice of the chromosomal site of transgene insertion appears to be random. Most insertions sites are located in the regions between genes, and do not influence gene expression. However, roughly 15% of transgenic insertion sites are located within an endogenous mouse gene and result in loss of gene expression and phenotypic abnormalities. These fortuitous insertions can be extremely useful for isolation of the mutated gene. The transgene is used as a molecular marker for the disrupted gene, providing a direct route from mutant phenotypic to the underlying genetic defect. By comparison with positional cloning approaches, gene isolation from a transgene insertion site eliminates the need for high resolution genetic crosses, facilitates evaluation of positional candidate genes, and restricts gene identification efforts to a region containing only 1 or 2 genes rather than 10 to 20. Several interesting genes have already been isolated by this method, including the mutant genes fused (Perry et al. 1995), pygmy (Zhou et al. 1995), microopthalmia (Hodgkinson et al. 1993; Hughes et al. 1993), limb deformity (Woychik et al. 1990), reeler (D’Arcangelo et al. 1995), dystonia (Brown et al. 1995), and motor endplate disease (Burgess et al. 1995).
Clinical Experience With Sternotomy Versus Subcostal Approach for Exchange of HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device

Background The safety and efficacy of exchanging the HeartMate II (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) through a less invasive subcostal approach remains unclear. Methods We reviewed the records of 17 patients who underwent exchange of their HeartMate II device at our institution since 2007. We divided the cohort into devices exchanged through a subcostal (SC) approach versus a median sternotomy (MS) approach and obtained data pertaining to the short- and long-term outcomes. Results Nine patients had pump exchange through an MS approach versus 8 patients who underwent an SC approach. The mean duration of support with the first pump was 540 ± 450 days. The reason for exchange was electromechanical failure (7 patients), thrombosis (8 patients), and infection (2 patients). There were no 30-day perioperative deaths with either approach. Compared with sternotomy, patients who underwent an SC approach had significantly shorter operative times (131 vs 222 minutes; p = 0.001) and lower reoperation rates for bleeding (0 vs 44.4%; P = 0.05) and required fewer transfused blood products (packed red cells, 3.5 units vs 7.1 units; p p = 0.01; and platelets, 292 mL versus 762 mL; p p p Conclusions Exchange of the HeartMate II pump can be accomplished with low morbidity and mortality and good long-term outcomes through a less invasive SC approach.
Perceptions of patient provider agreements

Objectives Use of patient provider agreements (PPAs) is increasing, yet there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of PPAs to prevent prescription opioid misuse and diversion, and few guidelines for providers. We conducted eight focus groups to understand patient and prescriber perceptions of PPAs. Methods We recruited 40 patients who had been asked to sign a PPA and 40 prescribers who had administered at least one PPA. We developed topic guides for the two groups based on prior literature. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Two investigators independently performed the content analysis of the transcripts and reached consensus on recurring themes. Key findings PPA use varied according to physician specialty. General practitioners used PPAs the least but reported increasing pressure from liability insurers to use them. Many patients reported signing a PPA in the emergency room of a hospital. Prescribers and patients reported a lack of understanding among patients concerning the purpose and content of the PPA. Prescribers questioned the legal status of the PPA, while patients believed that the PPA was a legal document intended to protect prescribers. Patients and prescribers valued PPA content items differently, although both groups agreed that signing a PPA would not prevent opioid misuse. Conclusions We identified several themes concerning the administration, content, effectiveness and utility of PPAs that highlight areas of research to improve PPAs. We also describe trends requiring further investigation. Understanding content of importance to patients will facilitate the development of a patient-centred PPA.
Outcomes of Iatrogenic Genitourinary Injuries During Colorectal Surgery

Objective To describe, categorize, and determine the outcomes of repairs of genitourinary (GU) injuries that occur during colorectal surgery. Presently, little is known regarding these injuries or the long-term outcomes of their repair. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing colorectal surgery between 2003 and 2013 who experienced iatrogenic GU injuries requiring surgical repair. GU repair failures were defined as development of urine leak, urinary fistula, or anastomotic stricture requiring secondary GU intervention. Possible risk factors associated with repair failures were examined and included age, American Society of Anesthesiology score, comorbidities, type of colorectal surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Results Of 42,570 colorectal surgeries performed, 75 GU injuries were identified (0.18%). Mean age was 57.5 years (range, 22-91), and median follow-up was 19.5 months (range, 1-128). Fifty-nine (59/75, 79%) patients required a single GU repair whereas 16 of 75 (21%) patients experienced repair failure requiring additional GU intervention. The most common GU injuries were cystotomy (26/75, 35%), incomplete ureteral transection (22/75, 29%), complete proximal and distal ureteral injuries (13/75, 17%; 11/75, 15%), urethral injury (2/75, 3%), and injury to a pre-existing ileal conduit (1/75, 1). Twenty-seven patients (36%) had prior radiation and 35 patients (47%) had prior chemotherapy. Preoperative radiation and chemotherapy were both associated with failure of the GU repair ( P = .003; P = .013). Delayed repair of the GU injury was also associated with repair failure ( P = .001). Conclusion Iatrogenic GU injuries during colorectal surgery are rare, affecting only 0.18% of colorectal procedures. Preoperative external beam radiation therapy/chemotherapy and delayed GU repair are associated with worse outcomes of repairs of these injuries.
Outcomes of multiple myxoma resections with carney complex

Introduction: Carney Complex is a rare multiple endocrine neoplasia with cardiac myxomas being the most common cause of death among affected patients. One must consider how many heart surgeries a patient may acquire before the treatment itself becomes a significant risk factor. The use of an intra-aortic filter during cardiac surgeries is recommended, and heart transplantation treatment for Carney Complex patients is proposed. Presentation of case: A 24-year-old female presented with lightheadedness and was found to have a cardiac myxoma on the left atrium. The patient underwent myxoma resections on four separate occasions. The patient underwent a fifth cardiac myxoma resection. However, three days post-operatively, the patient experienced right-sided hemiplegia and imaging showed 99% left carotid artery occlusion. The patient was deemed unqualified for neurosurgical intervention and the patient died 5 days post-operatively. Discussion: Cardiac surgery can become detrimental with multiple surgical resections. With increased number of cardiac surgeries and increased risk for morbidities postoperatively, Carney Complex patients should have an intra-aortic filter to lower the risk of stroke. Conclusions: Intra-aortic filter usage is recommended during surgical resection of cardiac tumors to capture emboli before they travel into the systemic circulation. Heart transplant may prove beneficial to Carney complex cases, however neither the optimal number of cardiac operations nor the timing of heart transplantation in the disease are documented in literature, limiting evidence for solid therapeutic guidelines.
Ironic Encounters: Posthumanitarian Storytelling in Slum Tourist Media

We argue that slum tourist media exemplify a distinct and growing narrative genre about posthumanitarian travel: ironic encounters. In ironic encounters, Global North tourists construct a humanitarian Self through their firsthand engagement with suffering in the Global South. In these stories, tourists present their travels as essential for coveted experiential knowledge while depicting locals as the true beneficiaries of the tourists' self-discovery. We examine 3 high-profile texts produced by visitors of Kibera, a densely populated low-income community in Nairobi, Kenya: the BBC special Famous, Rich and in the Slums, the book Megaslumming, and a White House slideshow about Jill Biden's tour of Kibera. Emblematic of ironic encounters, these texts ultimately justify slum tourism as a humanitarian act.
What Are They Like? Non-Expert Definitions of Stereotypes and Their Implications for Stereotype Maintenance

The current study explores non-expert definitions of stereotypes to better understand whether these present a consistent view of stereotypes. Nine meta-themes emerged from the thematic analysis conducted: accuracy, behavior, cognition, content, function, rationalization, stereotyper, target, and valence. A natural split in the relative frequency with which these meta-themes were coded demonstrates consistency in participants' view of stereotypes as cognitive, neutral, and functional. Definitions are similar to scholarly definitions and are informative about why stereotypes are maintained despite a societal prescription to avoid them. Results suggest that views about accuracy may play a role in this process. Participants who view stereotypes as accurate, appropriate, and valuable ways to understand target groups may use stereotypes despite the prescription of avoidance and may, thus, maintain stereotypes.
Monte Carlo simulation of electromagnetic cascades in black hole magnetosphere

The development of pair-photon cascades initiated by high-energy electrons above a spinning supermassive black hole (BH) threaded by magnetic fields is simulated numerically. The calculations use the magnetic field strength, the rotation period of the BH, the energy and the density of the background photons as parameters and follow the synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation emitted by the primary electron, the conversion of this radiation to e + e - pairs in the background photons and the radiation by the pairs over several generations. A Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the γ-ray and pair spectra for cascades in different parts of the magnetosphere. Based on a three-dimensional picture, the modelling of electron and photon trajectories in the vicinity of the BH takes into account the effects of general relativity and the radiation reaction on particle motion. This work is motivated by the recent discovery of very-high-energy processes close to the supermassive BH in active galaxies.
Kinematic analysis and workspace determination of a 6 dof ckcm robot end-effector

Abstract This paper presents the analysis of a 6 DOF robot end-effector built to study telerobotic assembly of NASA hardwares in space. Since the end-effector is required to perform high precision motion in a limited workspace, closed-kinematic chain mechanism is chosen for its design. A closed-form solution is obtained for the inverse kinematic problem and an iterative procedure employing Newton-Raphson method is proposed to solve the forward kinematic problem. A study of the end-effector workspace results in a general procedure for the workspace determination based on the link constraints. Computer simulation results are presented.
Approximate information discriminant analysis: A computationally simple heteroscedastic feature extraction technique

In this article we develop a novel linear dimensionality reduction technique for classification. The technique utilizes the first two statistical moments of data and retains the computational simplicity, characteristic of second-order techniques, such as linear discriminant analysis. Formally, the technique maximizes a criterion that belongs to the class of probability dependence measures, and is naturally defined for multiple classes. The criterion is based on an approximation of an information-theoretic measure and is capable of handling heteroscedastic data. The performance of our method, along with similar feature extraction approaches, is demonstrated based on experimental results with real-world datasets. Our method compares favorably to similar second-order linear dimensionality techniques.
Development of a pultruded FRP composite material ROPS for farm tractors

The goal of this research was to explore the feasibility of fabricating a fixed-structure ROPS (rollover protective structure) for farm tractors from an FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic) composite material. Evaluating the strength of proposed joint designs for the base and the upper corners of the FRP ROPS was the focus of this study. Three factors were investigated: base fixture strength for connecting the ROPS to the tractor, upper corner fastening strength, and FRP failure mechanisms under static loading. Results indicate the need for a well-bolted mounting connection. Also, the failure modes at bolted upper corners of an FRP ROPS were related to where bolt holes are located. Additionally, long cantilever beams similar to the vertical members of a ROPS absorbed energy well without significant lengthwise fiber failure. Failures observed were only at the base, rather than in the localized matrix failure that occurs at the loading point of shorter beams. When the full ROPS was loaded to failure, it exhibited three shear breakthroughs of matrix material at bolt holes before reaching its ultimate load strength at 53,370 N (12,000 lbf). An ultimate performance comparison to be evaluated is whether an FRP ROPS has equal or better impact energy absorption performance than a steel ROPS and whether it deflects no further than a steel ROPS element with an acceptable amount of deformation. Damage tolerance that takes into account changes in strength of an FRP ROPS due to tools and other objects striking it must be considered. With appropriate impact characteristics factored into a design, the value of FRP composites for ROPS is expected to reside in longevity and lower manufacturing costs.
AutoCyte Interactive Screening System. Experience at a university hospital cytology laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the AutoCyte Interactive Screening System (AutoCyte-Screen) as a prescreener for the cytologic detection of cervicovaginal abnormalities. STUDY DESIGN: Eight hundred fifty-six AutoCyte Preparation System from cervicovaginal samples were evaluated by AutoCyte-Screen. AutoCyte-Screen displayed 120 cell images and 6 low-power images for review by the cytotechnologist. The cytotechnologist classified the case as WNL, abnormal or unsatisfactory. AutoCyte-Screen then revealed its classification as either unsatisfactory, WNL, abnormal or undecided. These classifications were combined to form an interactive result that was compared to the diagnosis from previous manual review. RESULTS: Interactive results were as follows: 251 (29.3%) abnormal, 581 (67.9%) WNL and 24 (2.8%) unsatisfactory. The abnormal interactive result contained 15 ASCUS/AGUS and 25 SILs; the WNL interactive result contained 5 ASCUS/AGUS and 2 SILs. No ASCUS/AGUS or SILs were in the unsatisfactory interactive category. The false negative proportion was 10.5% for the interactive diagnostic method vs. 15.7% for manual review for LSIL. CONCLUSION: The interactive use of AutoCyte-Screen can effectively select those cases which are most likely to contain an epithelial abnormality and could therefore be used as a triage system to select cases for manual review. A case with an interactive result of unsatisfactory and abnormal should receive full manual review, while those classified as WNL may require a less extensive review for quality assurance purposes. This resultant decrease in the manual screening load could increase laboratory efficiency.
Parallelism in interactive operations in finite-element simulation

The parallelizing of interactive operations that are part of the finite-element simulation of electromagnetic fields is examined. The total solution time in finite-element analysis is the time assigned to (1) preprocessing, (2) assembling and solving the matrix equation, and (3) postprocessing the solution. In the analysis the tasks of pre- and postprocessing are interactive, with the user sitting at a terminal and specifying various parameters. Two computer routines are identified as the most frequently used in an interactive setting: one identifies a triangle pointed out by a user, and the other identifies a node pointed out by a user. Procedures for parallelizing them are given. A way of parallelizing the plotting of equipotentials and drawing the device, which are frequently required in interactive use, is also presented. It is shown that this method may have more to offer in reducing the nuisance of waiting for certain computer responses compared with the more commonly adopted approach of parallelizing the solver section of a finite-element program. >
Short-term storage and long-term storage in free recall

Two experiments on free recall were conducted in order to examine the hypothesis of two storage mechanisms in memory and the hypothesis of a single interference mechanism. The main finding in Experiment I was that, in accord with the two-storage model, presentation rate, stimulus material (words vs. trigrams), and frequency affected recall from long-term storage (LTS) but not from short-term storage (STS) while delay affected recall from STS but not LTS. In Experiment II, the shape of the serial position effect over successive lists was examined. Little evidence of any systematic proactive inhibition effect could be found. The results are considered favorable to a two-storage model.
Effects of rate of signal rise and decay on reaction time to the onset and offset of acoustic stimuli

This study assessed the effects of variations in signal rise-decay time on response latencies to the onset and cessation of a 1,000-Hz tone. Onset and offset reactions were combined factorially with five rates of signal rise-decay (0.5, 5, 25, 100, and 250 msec) to produce a total of 10 experimental conditions. Offset RTs were significantly longer than onset RTs when the rise-decay time of the tone was 250 msec. Disparities in speed of reaction to tone onset and cessation were negligible at the remaining rates of signal rise-decay.
Adolescent exposure to methylphenidate alters the activity of rat midbrain dopamine neurons.

Abstract Background Methylphenidate is commonly used to treat children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A health concern is its long-term effects with respect to later stimulant exposure. We reported that repeated exposure to a low dose of methylphenidate during adolescence increases self-administration of a low, typically nonreinforcing dose of cocaine in adult rats. We also showed that enhanced vulnerability to cocaine is associated with elevated impulse and bursting activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in drug-naive adult rats and might constitute a substrate critically associated with abuse liability. Thus we sought to determine whether repeated exposure to low-dose methylphenidate in adolescence alters dopamine neuronal excitability in adulthood. Methods After 3-day and 2-week withdrawal from repeated low-dose adolescent exposure to methylphenidate, we used extracellular single-unit recording in chloral hydrate–anesthetized rats to determine basal firing and bursting activity of midbrain dopamine neurons and dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity to the D2-class direct receptor agonist quinpirole. Results Dopamine neuronal impulse activity was increased after 3 days and decreased after 2 weeks' withdrawal from methylphenidate given in adolescence. No difference between groups was evident with respect to autoreceptor sensitivity to quinpirole. Conclusions Adolescent exposure to methylphenidate induces neuronal changes associated with increased addiction liability in rats.
THE PURPLE MEMBRANE PROTON PUMP: A MECHANISTIC PROPOSAL FOR THE SOURCE OF THE SECOND PROTON*

— A mechanistic proposal is presented to account for the observation that two protons are pumped for each turnover in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. One of the protons pumped presumably arises from the deprotonation of the Schiff base as suggested by others. Photoexcitation of retinal is known to result in substantial positive charge development in the six membered ring of the chromophore. It is suggested that the other proton pumped comes from a proteinic Bronsted acid group located close to the cyclohexenyl ring of the bound chromophore. Calculations indicate that the acidity of such a suitably placed Bronsted acid can be increased 3 to 5.5 pK units by virtue of a purely electrostatic effect if 0.2 units of additional positive charge develops atC–5 of the chromophore in its excited state. Two other observations: (a) the bathochromic shift and (b) the deuterium isotope effect in the formation of the first intermediate (bR568hv K610) are also shown to be consistent with this mechanistic proposal.
PIC calculations of multiphase flow

The Particle-in-Cell method for the numerical solution of problems in fluid dynamics has been extended to the study of shock and rarefaction flows in a multiphase mixture. To test the numerical procedure, we have examined the propagation of sound signals through a mixture in which the theoretical speed is appreciably less than that of either material separately, with results that validate the calculational technique.
The performance of event study approaches using daily commodity futures returns

Simulations are conducted to assess the inferential accuracy of statistical event study approaches using daily futures returns. Methods examined include constant mean return models and several regression models—OLS, GARCH(1,1), and a GARCH(1,1) model having an error term with a Student's t distribution. The simulations address four of the most commonly analyzed agricultural futures commodities—corn, soybeans, live cattle, and hogs. In terms of the size of the test statistics, constant mean return models with short normal periods perform poorly, leading to unacceptably high rejection rates of the null hypothesis. Test statistics from constant mean return models with longer normal periods, OLS, and GARCH specifications provide rejection rates largely consistent with those of a unit normal distribution. Test statistics from all models are powerful enough to detect abnormal performance levels below those that would trigger limit locks. At small levels of abnormal performance the GARCH(1,1) model with a t distribution was consistently the most powerful model. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:533–555, 2004
Analysis of Light Rail Access to Airports for the Effective Ground Transportation

This paper discusses the attractiveness the cost-effectiveness of the light rail service connecting the airport and the main destinations in a city compared with other modes of ground transportation. A mathematical model is developed and the optimal frequency of light rail service is decided based on the minimization of the total cost including waiting time cost of travelers at the airport and operating cost of the light rail. Sensitivity analysis is made to show the effect of such parameters as passenger flow, unit time cost, unit operating time cost and etc. on the optimal frequency of the light rail service to provide the convenient, cost-effectiveness, and advanced accessible ground transportation service at the airport.
Managing Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins

Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) δ-endotoxins provide an alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling many species of pest insects. Recent biotechnological developments offer the promise of even greater use of B.t. toxins in genetically transformed pest-resistant crops. However, the discovery that insects can adapt to these toxins raises concerns about the long-term usefulness of B.t. toxins. Several methods for managing the development of resistance to B.t. toxins have been suggested, but none of these approaches offer clear advantages in all situations.
Outcomes in Dieulafoy’s Lesion: A 10-Year Clinical Review

Background Dieulafoy’s lesion (DL) is a rare, but serious cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, most frequently treated with endoscopic therapy. We examined 10 years of data to assess clinical outcomes in DL.
On the Kinematics of Finite-Deformation Plasticity

A theory of finite deformation plasticity is developed which involves a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient through the assumption that there exists a stress-free configuration which can be used to separate the elastic and plastic components of the response. By using the polar decomposition on the usual indeterminate elastic and plastic deformation tensors, two uniquely defined stress-free configurations can be identified. The structure of this theory is compared with that of a spatial theory involving the polar decomposition of the total deformation gradient. It is shown that for the special case of linear response between the stress and the elastic strain, the two theories are indistinguishable in terms of their stress responses.
Comparative survival of uncemented acetabular components following primary total hip arthroplasty

Background: Since their initial introduction in the early 1980s, uncemented acetabular components have become the preferred implant type for the majority of hip arthroplasties performed in the United States. The purpose of the present study was to compare differences in the survival of uncemented acetabular components following primary total hip arthroplasty. Methods: The study population included 7989 patients who had undergone 9584 primary total hip arthroplasties with twenty different types of uncemented acetabular components at the Mayo Clinic from January 1984 to December 2004. The overall rate of survival as well as the rate of survival free of revision for specific reasons (aseptic loosening, wear, osteolysis) were compared among the different components using age and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: The risk of acetabular cup revision was significantly higher for beaded and hydroxyapatite-coated designs as compared with titanium wire mesh designs. Cross-linked polyethylene performed better than conventional polyethylene, but this finding did not reach significance. Elevated liners were associated with a significantly higher risk of cup revision due to aseptic loosening. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the long-term survival of different types of uncemented acetabular components following total hip arthroplasty. The increased risk of revisions in the second decade after the initial total hip arthroplasty is a concern and is largely due to a steady increase in revisions because of polyethylene wear, osteolysis, and component loosening more than ten years after the time of the index arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Complete analysis of tRNA-modified nucleosides by high-performance liquid chromatography: The 29 modified nucleosides of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli tRNA

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to quantify the major and modified nucleoside composition of total, unfractionated transfer RNA. The method is rapid and sensitive and offers a high degree of chromatographic resolution suitable for quantifying both stable and unstable modified nucleosides. It is nondestructive and allows the recovery of nucleosides for further characterization. We apply the method in the analysis of the 29 modified nucleosides in tRNA from Salmonella typhimurium (and Escherichia coli) and show it to be useful in examining changes in the modified nucleoside content of tRNA. Such changes may be important in regulation.
General education at Jefferson community college: Acountability and integrity

In implementing the general education program at Jefferson Community College in Louisville, Kentucky, the faculty confronted the difficulties of ensuring the teaching of competencies across the curnculum, assessing the effects of general education, and maintaining a balance between integrity to the ideals of general education and account ability for specific requirements.
Molecular analysis of F8 in Lebanese haemophilia A patients: novel mutations and phenotype–genotype correlation

Haemophilia A (HA) is an X-linked recessive hereditary bleeding disorder affecting one in 5000 men, resulting from mutations in the F8 gene. Our objective was to identify the spectrum of mutations of the F8 gene in Lebanese patients, and to perform genotype/phenotype correlations. A group of 79 HA patients from 55 unrelated families was studied. Patients were screened for intron 22 and intron 1 inversion using PCR. In the absence of mutations in both introns, a dHPLC screening followed by a DNA sequencing of all coding regions was performed. When patients presented novel mutations, 150 control chromosomes were tested to exclude common polymorphisms. Large deletions were confirmed by MLPA technique. The mRNA was specifically studied whenever a splice site mutation was detected. In addition, studies of the putative biochemical function and FVIII 3D structures were conducted. Thirty-four mutations were identified in this study of which 21 were novel: 11 missense, two nonsense, two splice sites, five small deletions and one large deletion. Inhibitor found in three over 75 patients correlated with large deletion, intron 22 inversion, and nonsense mutations. We were able to identify all causative mutations in those HA patients. This knowledge represents a huge step for genetic counselling.
Differential influence of a monotypic and diverse native aquatic plant bed on a macroinvertebrate assemblage; an experimental implication of exotic plant induced habitat

Aquatic plants mediate ecological processes in aquatic habitats, specifically predator–prey (bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque)-macroinvertebrate) interactions. Macroinvertebrate colonization is directly and indirectly influenced by substrate heterogeneity, interstitial space, and surface complexity. Exotic invasive plant species, such as Hydrilla verticillata L.F. Royle, may alter the available structure in aquatic habitat by creating a shift to a homogeneous habitat, thus affecting the macroinvertebrate community. Since macroinvertebrates provide a food base for young phytophilic fishes, changes in their density and abundance may alter food webs. We investigated the hypothesis that macroinvertebrate community structure is influenced by differences in habitat heterogeneity by measuring difference between a heterogeneous native aquatic plant bed, homogenous hydrilla plant bed, and habitat with no plants. Studies were conducted in the field (pond) and the experimental treatments were: (1) no plants, (2) monotypic bed of hydrilla, and (3) diverse native plants. Aquatic plants, regardless of species, supported greater macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass. Macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass in a hydrilla-dominated habitat did not differ significantly from a diverse plant habitat, except for richness in October. Indicator taxa did differ significantly between respective treatments, suggesting a change in species composition. However, no significant effect of fish predation on macroinvertebrate populations and/or community structure was documented. The data suggest that a shift from a natural mosaic of vegetated habitat to a highly complex monotypic habitat (e.g., exotic hydrilla) may reduce spatial heterogeneity important to structuring a macroinvertebrate assemblage.
Inflammatory Cytokines in the Tears of Patients with Ocular Rosacea

Abstract Objective: The purpose of the study is to compare tear fluid concentrations of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in ocular rosacea with those in control subjects and to examine the relation between tear functions, such as production and clearance rate, and the concentrations of cytokines in tear fluid. Participants and Intervention: Fourteen patients with severe meibomian gland disease, facial rosacea, and symptoms of ocular irritation were examined for ocular surface disease, tear production, and tear clearance rate (TCR). Twelve control subjects, frequency-matched for age, and 15 ideal normal subjects with no ocular symptoms and normal tear function were assessed using the same parameters. Minimally stimulated tear samples (20 µl) were drawn from each subject and analyzed using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IL-1α, TNF-α, and EGF. Results: Tear IL-1α concentration was significantly higher in patients with rosacea than in age-matched ( P = 0.003) and ideal control subjects ( P P = 0.048) and ideal control subjects ( P = 0.002). Schirmer I scores were statistically lower in patients with rosacea than in-ideal control subjects ( P = 0.013), but not age-matched control subjects. Interleukin-1α was correlated inversely with LN(TCR) ( r = −0.58, P r = −0.39, P = 0.012). Conclusions: Concentrations of IL-1α are present in normal tears but are elevated in ocular rosacea, whereas TNF-α is not present in either case. The reduced tear turnover, LN(TCR), its inverse correlation with IL-1α, and the absence of TNF-α in the tears of these patients suggest that the increased concentration of IL-1α observed may be largely because of clearance failure of cytokine normally produced at the ocular surface.
Experimental electron energy distributions for Townsend discharges in argon gas

In this work the electron energy distribution functions and the anisotropic drift term of the velocity distribution functions in non-self-sustaining (Townsend) discharges in argon were determined by direct measurement for a range of $\frac{E}{N}$ (electric field strength per gas-atom concentration) from 70 to 407 townsends (Td) (1 Td=${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$). Some structure in the form of the distribution functions is observed, but the prediction of Heylen and Lewis for argon is not fully supported. The experimental method employed is to energy analyze electrons effusing from apertures in the anode of a discharge cell with a spherical retarding electric field. The experimental energy distributions were used along with cross-section data from the literature to compute the electron mobilities, diffusion constants, mean energies, and Townsend's first-ionization coefficients. Combination of the data with results from kinetic theory permitted evaluation of the anisotropic part of the velocity-distribution function.
Novel Use of an Osmotic Self-inflating Tissue Expander for Hypospadias Revision Surgery

We describe the successful use of an osmotic self-inflating tissue expander for complex pediatric hypospadias repair. A 5-year-old boy, who had undergone previous hypospadias repair and subsequent fistula repair, presented with significant rotation of the penile shaft, with extensive scar tissue but insufficient native penile shaft skin for redo surgery. A 15 × 6 mm Osmed self-inflating cylindrical expander was used to allow excision of scar tissue and cover with expanded native skin. An excellent cosmetic and functional outcome was achieved at clinic review, 18 months postoperatively. The use of self-inflating tissue expanders offers a novel technique to achieve adequate native skin in the management of complex pediatric hypospadias.
Orbit effects of the end field multipoles in superconducting magnets

Abstract Two possible effects due to the end field multipoles in superconducting magnets are pointed out. One effect is the sagitta-end-multipole effect in dipoles. A result of this is that the v-shift due to an end multipole is not cancelled by an equal and opposite correction multipole distributed over the central part of the dipole, which complicates the correction of the end multipole effects. A second effect is the aperture-higher-multipole effect. The presence of higher end field multipoles for which there are no correction coils may be reduce the good field aperture. These two effects are illustrated by computing them for the case of the ISABELLE accelerator.
Leaders' Perspectives on Rural Tourism: Case Studies in Pennsylvania

For more than a decade, rural areas throughout the United States have experienced decline andsuffered difficult economic times. In response, many small and rural community economic developmentagencies have turned to rural tourism as a potential solution. This paper addresses responsesfrom local leaders to tourism and tourism development activities in four nonmetropolitan countiesin southern Pennsylvania. In each, perceptions of economic impacts, social change, local initiationand participation, and threats to rurality by a variety of tourism activities were examined using casestudy methodology. Findings suggest both positive and negative economic and social impacts wereanticipated, and that local support was essential to successful tourism development. Furthermore,the impacts and community change anticipated from tourism development were found to potentiallythreaten levels of rurality and the success of projects in these four counties.
System reliability based on diffusion models for fatigue crack growth

Diffusion processes are commonly used to describe the dynamics of complex systems arising in a wide range of application fields. In this paper we propose, on the basis of diffusion processes, two models concerned with the stochastic behavior of fatigue cracks in a system. They are then used to get the distribution of the failure time, the first time the crack size of at least one of the cracks exceeds a given value. Several properties of our proposed models are presented, and the unknown parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. From these an estimate of failure time distribution is obtained. In this part, contrary to common practice, we do not assume availability of failure data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
Scaffold stiffness affects the contractile function of three-dimensional engineered cardiac constructs.

We investigated the effects of the initial stiffness of a three-dimensional elastomer scaffold—highly porous poly(glycerol sebacate)—on functional assembly of cardiomyocytes cultured with perfusion for 8 days. The polymer elasticity varied with the extent of polymer cross-links, resulting in three different stiffness groups, with compressive modulus of 2.35 ± 0.03 (low), 5.28 ± 0.36 (medium), and 5.99 ± 0.40 (high) kPa. Laminin coating improved the efficiency of cell seeding (from 59 ± 15 to 90 ± 21%), resulting in markedly increased final cell density, construct contractility, and matrix deposition, likely because of enhanced cell interaction and spreading on scaffold surfaces. Compact tissue was formed in the low and medium stiffness groups, but not in the high stiffness group. In particular, the low stiffness group exhibited the greatest contraction amplitude in response to electric field pacing, and had the highest compressive modulus at the end of culture. A mathematical model was developed to establish a correlation between the contractile amplitude and the cell distribution within the scaffold. Taken together, our findings suggest that the contractile function of engineered cardiac constructs positively correlates with low compressive stiffness of the scaffold. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplant using T cell depleted allografts followed by post-transplant GM-CSF in high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (alloBMT) remains the only curative treatment for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), but its application has been limited by the older age range of patients with this disease. T cell depletion decreases transplant-related toxicity related to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but does not improve overall survival because of increased risk for relapse and graft failure. Myeloid growth factors have been used to speed engraftment following alloBMT, but data suggest that they may also have anti-tumor properties. We treated 43 patients (median age 56) with MDS/AML with high-risk features using a myeloablative T cell depleted alloBMT followed by prolonged systemic GM-CSF. The current event-free survival at 1 and 3 years was 47% and 34%, respectively with a median follow-up of 22.8 months in surviving patients. The toxicities compared favorably with those seen using reduced intensity conditioning regimens and included grade III/IV GVHD (10%), graft failure (9%), and cumulative treatment-related mortality (28%). The cumulative incidence of relapse remained high at 38%; however, 3/10 patients receiving donor lymphocyte infusions achieved durable complete remissions. These results suggest that it is possible to maintain treatment intensity while minimizing toxicity in older, high-risk MDS patients.
Study on methods for measuring laser energy of large-aperture beam

A experimental method measuring laser energy and energy distributing of large-aperture beam is presented. The experimental equipment is established. The energy and energy distribution of beam, the beam size is Φ100mm and Φ360mm, are measured. The result show measuring error for laser energy is less than 8%. The energy distribution is basically consistent.
The Nature of the Universe Debate in 1998

A public program titled the "Nature of the Universe Debate: Cosmology Solved?" was held at the Smithsonian National Museum of National History on 1998 October 4. P. James E. Peebles and Michael S. Turner debated whether a fundamental set of cosmological parameters is emerging that provides a consistent geometric setting for the interpretation of cosmological observations. Introductory lectures were given by Owen Gingerich and Joseph Silk, and the program was moderated by Margaret J. Geller. This paper briefly summarizes the background, organization, and some events leading up to the program. The preceding papers are based on the actual lectures and arguments presented. The event was held in honor of David N. Schramm.
A. J. P. Taylor, Adolf Hitler, and the Origins of the Second World War

(2001). A. J. P. Taylor, Adolf Hitler, and the Origins of the Second World War. The International History Review: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 97-124.
Dielectric properties and tunability of Mg-doped Ba0.96Ca0.04Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 thin films on Pt/MgO fabricated by metal organic decomposition method

Mg-doped Ba0.96Ca0.04Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 (BCTZ) thin films were fabricated on Pt/MgO substrate by metallorganic decomposition (MOD) method. The structures of these films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The electrical measurements were performed on metal–ferroelectric-metal capacitors with platinum as the top and bottom electrode. The dielectric properties were improved after the capacitors were post annealed at 700 °C in oxygen atmosphere for 30 min. A high dielectric constant of 504 and a dissipation factor of less than 4% were obtained at 1 MHz. The Pt/BCTZ/Pt/MgO capacitors exhibited high tunability of 55% at an applied field of 55 kV/cm.
Longitudinal stress relaxation in the canine aorta.

On a mesure chez le chien la relaxation de la tension longitudinale en fonction de la deformation dans l'aorte, l'artere renale et l'artere mesenterique superieure. Dans les deformations equivalent a celles du vaisseau in vivo, la relaxation de la tension longitudinale est mise en relation avec les effets combines de la teneur en collagene et des muscles lisses.
Tourism organizations and land trusts: a sustainable approach to natural resource conservation?

This study explores current and potential collaboration efforts between land trusts (LTs) and tourism entities in the USA. LTs and tourism entities have convergent needs and goals regarding natural resource protection, possibly making them suitable partners. Sustainable tourism development needs natural resource protection; land trusts have proved economically viable and effective methods for protecting natural areas. While some case studies have described collaboration efforts by selected LTs and tourism entities, this mixed methods exploratory study is based upon survey data from 279 local and regional LTs operating across the USA. The study is grounded in both the Primary Environmental Care (PEC) conceptual model and Jafari's Background Tourism Elements concept, providing clarity on current and potential collaboration efforts between LTs and tourism entities. The survey showed that tourism-related characteristics, especially scenic qualities, were acceptable to land trusts, and that tourism was the mos...
Aberrant expression of nitric oxide synthase III in Alzheimer's disease: relevance to cerebral vasculopathy and neurodegeneration.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has heterogeneous pathology, in part due to the large subset of cases (AD+CVD) with superimposed vascular lesions that are sufficient in number and distribution to accelerate the clinical course of dementia. Brains with AD+CVD have lower densities of neurofibrillary tangles and Aβ-amyloid diffuse plaques, and increased numbers of cerebral vessels exhibiting p53-associated apoptosis relative to brains with uncomplicated AD. AD and AD+CVD both exhibit altered expression of the nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS-III) gene; however, in AD+CVD, reduced NOS-III expression in cerebral vessels is associated with an increased frequency of vascular lesions, vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and Aβ-amyloid plaques. In contrast, experimental and spontaneous focal acute and subacute cerebral infarcts are associated with increased NOS-III expression in perifocal neurons, glial cells, cerebrovascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and diffuse Aβ-amyloid plaque formation. This suggests that ischemic injury and oxidative stress can precipitate NOS-III-mediated cell loss and neurodegeneration. A role for aging-associated impaired mitochondrial function as a contributing factor in AD and CVD is suggested by the reduced levels of mitochondrial protein observed in AD and AD+CVD cortical neurons and vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. The aggregate findings suggest that cell loss and neurodegeneration may be mediated by somewhat distinct but overlapping mechanisms in AD and AD+CVD.