cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘Otter-Man’ Empires: The Pacific Fur Trade, Incorporation & the Zone of Ignorance

I argue that international politics – and globalization in particular – must be understood by tracing their historical development. Many of the present phenomena of ‘globalization’ have their roots in the expansion of the European state system. Consequently, I undertake a structured, comparative case study analysis of the Northwest coast of America and examine how it was absorbed into the expanding European-centered state system. I trace the process of incorporation, and develop a refined model of incorporation, including the development of a ‘zone of ignorance’ beyond the ‘known’ world which serves as an enabling mechanism for actors promoting incorporating behavior (i.e., exploration, colonization, conquest). In addition to textual analysis, I also use historically contemporary maps to ‘operationalize’ the stages of systemic expansion. This allows cross-temporal comparison of event-contexts with regard to the incorporation process, without having to ‘anchor’ the timeframe across cases; one can focus on process rather than era. I argue that significant socio-cultural, political, and economic change occurs upon contact between civilizations, and that these early changes have been largely overlooked in current international relations and ‘modern’ globalization literature. Quite simply, the rules of the game and the agenda for negotiations are solidified rather early, well before most scholars examine the processes associated with globalization.The case study (as part of a structured case-study methodology) illustrates that information, myth and misinformation act as mechanisms for systemic expansion. First, this is facilitated precisely because there is a “zone of ignorance” where possibilities exist for desires to be realized, independent of objective reality; if one thinks there are cities of gold, then that may be enough to undertake the wildest of ventures. Second, high-risk high-return behavior drives early contact. This early contact is often undertaken by actors far from the organizing influence of ‘states’, and allows otherwise ‘irrational’ action to proceed. Third, significant state-building occurs prior to incorporation. In fact, states or simulacra thereof often arise precisely because of the incentive-shift, or systemic disturbance, associated with initial contact. Fourth, relative systemic status is a continuously mediated process. Actors in external arenas being incorporated generally have more negotiating leverage early, which declines over time. Finally, traditional views of international systems need revision; a refined world-systems approach offers a more elegant and nuanced means of doing so.
Low noise metamorphic HEMT devices and amplifiers on GaAs substrates

Excellent noise (0.41 dB minimum noise figure with 11.5 dB associated gain at 18 GHz) and linearity (third order intercept point of 37.6 dBm at 42.5 mW DC power giving a linearity figure of merit (LFOM) of 137) have been obtained for InAlAs-InGaAs metamorphic HEMTs on a GaAs substrate. These devices have been used to design and fabricate microwave and millimeter wave amplifiers. Amplifier results are presented.
Familial congenital bilateral vocal fold paralysis: a novel gene translocation.

Abstract Objectives True vocal fold (TVF) paralysis is a common cause of neonatal stridor and airway obstruction, though bilateral TVF paralysis is seen less frequently. Rare cases of familial congenital TVF paralysis have been described with implied genetic origin, but few genetic abnormalities have been discovered to date. The purpose of this study is to describe a novel chromosomal translocation responsible for congenital bilateral TVF immobility. Methods The charts of three patients were retrospectively reviewed: a 35 year-old woman and her two children. The mother had bilateral TVF paralysis at birth requiring tracheotomy. Her oldest child had a similar presentation at birth and also required tracheotomy, while the younger child had laryngomalacia without TVF paralysis. Standard karyotype analysis was done using samples from all three patients and the parents of the mother, to assess whether a chromosomal abnormality was responsible. Results Karyotype analysis revealed the same balanced translocation between chromosomes 5 and 14, t(5;14) (p15.3, q11.2) in the mother and her two daughters. No other genetic abnormalities were identified. Neither maternal grandparent had the translocation, which appeared to be a spontaneous mutation in the mother with autosomal dominant inheritance and variable penetrance. Conclusions A novel chromosomal translocation was identified that appears to be responsible for familial congenital bilateral TVF paralysis. While there are other reports of genetic abnormalities responsible for this condition, we believe this is the first describing this particular translocation.
Instruction Format Based Selective Execution for Register Port Complexity Reduction in High-Performance Processors

As the width of the processor grows, complexity of a register file (RF) with multiple ports grows more than linearly and leads to larger register access time and higher power consumption. Analysis of characteristics of the Spec2000 benchmark programs when run in an 8-wide processor reveals that only two or less two-source instructions (that require both source registers) are executed in a cycle for a significant portion of total execution time (more than 98% time for Spec2000 integer and 93% time for Spec2000 floating-point). Thus the analysis observes that the register port bandwidth is highly underutilized for a significant portion of time in general purpose computing. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to significantly reduce the number of register ports with a very minor modification in the select logic to issue only a limited number of two-source instructions. This is achieved with no significant impact on processors performance. The novelty of the technique is that it is easy to implement and succeeds in reducing the access time, power, and area of the register file, without shifting burden, in terms of these factors, to any other logic on the chip. With this technique in an 8-wide processor, as compared to a conventional 128-entry RF with 16 read ports, for Spec2000 integer programs a register file can be designed with 11 or 10 read ports as these configurations result in instructions per cycle (IPC) degradation of only 0.929% and 3.38%, respectively. This significantly low degradation in IPC is achieved while reducing the register access time by 9% and 12%, respectively, and reducing power by 35% and 50%, respectively. For Spec2000 floating-point programs, a register file can be designed with 12 read ports (1.16% IPC loss, 8% less access time, and 28% less power) or with 11 read ports (3.5% IPC loss, 9% less access time, and 35%less power). The paper analyzes the performance of all the possible flavors of the proposed technique for register file in both 4- wide and 8-wide processors, and presents a choice of the performance and register port complexity combination to the designer.
Fully integrated PLL based clock generator for implantable biomedical applications

The design and verification of an ultra low power phase-locked loop (PLL) with application to implantable biomedical systems is presented. A systematic PLL design methodology is introduced, where the first step is a high level characterization of the system in MATLAB. The second step involves a transistor level implementation in Cadence using 0.35µm CMOS technology. The proposed low power and low area PLL consists of a phase-frequency detector, charge pump, second-order low pass filter, and a ring oscillator based voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The final design is fully integrated and has a power consumption of approximately 492µW. The operating frequency of the PLL is 6.78MHz, which is the lowest frequency designated for the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The phase margin and the bandwidth of the PLL are, respectively, 61.9° and 2.96 Mhz.
Single-molecule kinetics reveal microscopic mechanism by which High-Mobility Group B proteins alter DNA flexibility

Eukaryotic High-Mobility Group B (HMGB) proteins alter DNA elasticity while facilitating transcription, replication and DNA repair. We developed a new single-molecule method to probe non-specific DNA interactions for two HMGB homologs: the human HMGB2 box A domain and yeast Nhp6Ap, along with chimeric mutants replacing neutral N-terminal residues of the HMGB2 protein with cationic sequences from Nhp6Ap. Surprisingly, HMGB proteins constrain DNA winding, and this torsional constraint is released over short timescales. These measurements reveal the microscopic dissociation rates of HMGB from DNA. Separate microscopic and macroscopic (or local and non-local) unbinding rates have been previously proposed, but never independently observed. Microscopic dissociation rates for the chimeric mutants (� 10s � 1 ) are higher than those observed for wild-type proteins (� 0.1–1.0s � 1 ), reflecting their reduced ability to bend DNA through short-range interactions, despite their increased DNA-binding affinity. Therefore, transient local HMGB–DNA contacts dominate the DNA-bending mechanism used by these important architectural proteins to increase DNA flexibility.
Wide variation in content of inpatient do-not-resuscitate order forms used at National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers in the United States

Goals of work Determining resuscitation status (RS) for inpatients with advanced cancer is emotionally charged and often conflictual. Available data suggest that clinicians have inconsistent practices when establishing and documenting do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders. Lack of standardization may contribute to ineffective and unclear discussions regarding RS. To inform revisions of DNR order forms used at one comprehensive cancer center, we surveyed National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers (NCICCs) to determine if a standardized approach to documenting inpatient DNR orders exists.
Public Health Implications of Recommendations to Individualize Glycemic Targets in Adults With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To estimate how many U.S. adults with diabetes would be eligible for individualized A1C targets based on 1 ) the 2012 American Diabetes Association (ADA) guideline and 2 ) a published approach for individualized target ranges. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied adults with diabetes ≥20 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 ( n = 757). We assigned A1C targets based on duration, age, diabetes-related complications, and comorbid conditions according to 1 ) the ADA guideline and 2 ) a strategy by Ismail-Beigi focused on setting target ranges. We estimated the number and proportion of adults with each A1C target and compared individualized targets to measured levels. RESULTS Using ADA guideline recommendations, 31% (95% CI 27–34%) of the U.S. adult diabetes population would have recommended A1C targets of CONCLUSIONS Using individualized glycemic targets, about half of U.S. adults with diabetes would have recommended A1C targets of ≥7.0% but one-third would still be considered inadequately controlled. Diabetes research and performance measurement goals will need to be revised in order to encourage the individualization of glycemic targets.
Mixed Valence Compounds

The concept of mixed valence has referred to compounds in which a given element exists for an appropriate time in what can be described as more that one formal oxidation number. Clearly it is a formalism that has limited meaning when electron delocalization occurs on a timescale at or near the frequency of vibrations. The formalism that historically has been valuable, the Robin and Day classification, classifies such substances into three types depending upon an ability of experiment to identify well defined oxidation states. When electron transfer occurs readily between these mixed valence species, the concept of mixed valence may lose its meaning. These types of compounds are of considerable interest today since the nature of the bonding connecting the components influences significantly the electronic properties of the material. Understanding these factors is needed to help us develop and understand organic and ionic high-Tc superconductors. Keywords: valence; delocalized; superconductivity; optical electron; vibronic
Focusing Teaching on Students: Examining Student Perceptions of Learning Strategies.

This study examined undergraduate and graduate students’ perceptions of the impact of in-class learning activities, out-of-class learning activities, and instructional materials on their learning. Using survey methodology, students anonymously assessed their perceptions of in-class activities, out-of-class activities, and instructional materials as most impactful, helpful, and enjoyable to their learning. Undergraduate college students found Jeopardy games, PowerPoint slides, and checking for understanding/review questions to be most helpful, while 50% often perceived Jeopardy games, Poll Everywhere, videos, and PowerPoint slides as enjoyable active learning strategies. Graduate students perceived small groups, out-of-class writing assignments, and Lino as most helpful to their learning. Additionally, an analysis of student comments about why these strategies were impactful, helpful, and enjoyable revealed 4 themes: fun, learning collaboratively, challenging but helpful, and variety in how students learn....
Theoretical design for a plasmon-polariton photonic crystal

We explored a plasmon-polariton photonic crystal designed to have bandgap around 115-135 THz. With a cavity defect our structure strongly squeezes light, and with a Purcellpsilas constant of 4.9times105 is suitable for single molecular detection.
Disease management in the American market

In developed nations, the care of people with chronic disease consumes a large portion of the total expenditure on health. Yet chronic disease is often poorly treated and inadequately prevented. Disease management was introduced in the 1990s as an attempt to improve the quality and reduce the cost of caring for people with chronic disease. The peculiar configuration of disease management programmes in the United States may provide lessons for countries seeking solutions to the problem of caring for patients with chronic disease. #### Summary points The goal of disease management programmes is to improve the quality and reduce the cost of caring for patients with chronic disease Many disease management programmes in the United States are run by commercial firms that sell their programmes to employers, health maintenance organisations, and hospitals Some disease management programmes cut costs and improve outcomes, however the data are not conclusive for the disease management movement in general Commercial disease management programmes may take needed money away from actual caregiving in order to enhance companies' profits Disease management should be performed within healthcare institutions and be integrated with primary care rather than being outsourced to specialised commercial entities This article is based on a Medline search using the term “disease management,” review of websites run by companies engaged in running disease management programmes, and 20 interviews with experts and company executives who work in disease management. Over the past quarter century, the United States has searched for ways to control the growth of healthcare costs. Rather than rely on governmental regulation, the United States has chosen to use the private marketplace as an instrument of cost cutting. In the 1980s, the vehicle chosen by large employers and the federal and state governments to control costs was the health maintenance organisation.1 Many entrepreneurs interested in making profits …
Adult glyburide ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers, 1998—2005:

Limited information exists on potentially adverse adult glyburide ingestions reported to poison control centers. Using adult glyburide ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers during 1998—2005, the proportion of cases involving serious outcomes was determined for selected variables and evaluated for statistical significance by calculating the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 126 cases identified, 49 (39%) involved serious outcomes. Serious outcomes were significantly more likely to occur with a maximum dose > 24 mg (RR 4.74, 95% CI 1.74—14.90) or >4 tablets (RR 3.27, CI 1.57—7.31), where the circumstances of the exposures involved self-harm or malicious intent (RR 2.44, CI 1.33—4.46), or the patient was already at or en route to a health care facility when the poison control center was contacted (RR 12.89, CI 4.00—66.12) or referred to a health care facility by the poison control center (RR 12.21, CI 3.53—65.01). The severity of the outcome associated with adult glyburide in...
Further modification of time-longitude lag-correlation diagrams: application to three-dimensional wave propagation

The time-longitude lag-correlation analysis of Fraedrich and Lutz is modified to include a second spatial dimension, thereby allowing coherent wave structure to be traced in time in the zonal-height or zonal-meridional planes. This technique is applied to daily hemispheric geopotential height data over 1000-1 mb for Northern and Southern Hemisphere winters. These analyses reveal vertical propagation of Rossby wavetrains from the troposphere into the stratosphere in midlatitudes; the correlation patterns suggest a downstream vertical splitting of the wave trains, with short horizontal scales confined to the troposphere. Zonal-meridional time-lag correlations of time-filtered data reveal the familiar teleconnection and stormtrack patterns seen in previous studies; similarities and differences between hemispheres are discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1988.tb00346.x
Toward a White Discourse on White Racism

Few would disagree that racism continues to be a serious social problem. More problematic for many White academics is the judgment that the academy itself is racist. In this essay I argue that the judgment that the academy is racist is frequently misunderstood by us White academicians because our socially learned investment in individualism eclipses our awareness of our racial positionality. I conclude with suggestions on how we White academicians could, with less divisiveness, begin to address White racism within the academy.
Demonstrating Optical Activity Using an iPad

Optical activity using an iPad as a source of polarized light is demonstrated. A sample crystal or solution can be placed on the iPad running a white screen app. The sample is viewed through a polarized filter that can be rotated. This setup can be used in the laboratory or with a document camera to easily project in a large lecture hall.
If You're Angry, Turn the Music on: Music Can Mitigate Anger Effects on Driving Performance

Research has focused on music's negative effects on a driver's attention, whereas little research has addressed the possibility of using music to reduce emotional effects on driving. In the present study, we investigate how music can mitigate the degenerated driving performance associated with angry driving. To this end, fifty-three drivers participated in a simulated driving study either with or without induced anger. Three groups of participants with induced anger drove in a simulator while listening to happy or sad instrumental pieces, or without music. In the control group, anger was not induced and they did not listen to music during driving. The results show that participants who listened to either happy or sad music had significantly fewer driving errors than those who did not listen to music. However, no significant differences were found between happy and sad music conditions. Results are discussed with an affect regulation model and future research.
Correlation matrices and the construction of successful network recodings

Previous work performed by the authors demonstrated the importance of the amount of synaptic connectivity and output firing thresholds, and the relative unimportance of an activity based weight modification rule, in the construction of neural networks which perform successful recodings. The authors attempt to construct near optimal recoding networks incorporating and building upon the results of previous work. In one series of simulations, they generalize the previous results on optimal network connectivity levels. In a second series of simulations, they illustrate the desirability of a mechanism that allows individual setting of the afferent connection weights and postsynaptic neuron firing threshold. Additionally, the success of an approximation technique in the determination of optimal synaptic weights and firing thresholds is demonstrated. >
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASS IN THE ANNEALING ZONE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE

It is shown by measurements on samples of glasses having a varied degree of heat treatment that the electrical conductivity of glasses undergoes a stabilization process at constant temperature and that this rate of stabilization is a function of the viscosity of the glass. The resistance of the stabilized glass varies linearly with 1/T, where T is the absolute temperature, and no change in the slope of this curve is observed. In other words, there is no transformation point observable when all measurements are made on stabilized glass.
Middle Eastern Women and the Invisible Economy

These essays examine the struggles and hardships of women in the Middle East, their vital economic activities and their perception of Islam. They also look at the female-centred informal economy and its importance in the lives of Middle Eastern women.
Catalysts for Collective Violence

Acts of collective violence, such as riots and rebellions, have immediate and devastating physical and economic consequences. Consider, for instance, the riots that occurred in Miami in May, 1980. One 3-day spree of violence and bloodletting left 15 dead and almost 400 injured. Initial estimates of property damage were $100 million, most of it resulting from the spread of fires caused by arson.
The neurogenic genes egghead and brainiac define a novel signaling pathway essential for epithelial morphogenesis during Drosophila oogenesis.

Notch (N) and other neurogenic genes have been implicated in two fundamental processes, lateral specification of cell fates, and epithelial development. Previous studies have suggested that the neurogenic gene brainiac (brn) is specifically required for epithelial development (Goode, S., Morgan, M., Liang, Y-P. and Mahowald, A. P. (1996). Dev. Biol. 178, 35–50). In this report we show that egghead (egh), a gene with phenotypes identical to brn, encodes for a novel, putative secreted or transmembrane protein. We describe the role of egh and brn germline function in the morphogenesis of the follicular epithelium from the time it is born through the time that it migrates towards the oocyte late in oogenesis. By comparing the function of germline egh and brn to N during oogenesis, we have obtained direct evidence for the involvement of Notch in maintenance of the follicle cell epithelium, and the specificity of brn and egh in epithelial development during oogenesis. The most striking phenotype observed for all three genes is a loss of apical-basal polarity and accumulation of follicular epithelial cells in multiple layers around the oocyte. The spatiotemporal onset of this adenoma-like phenotype correlates with the differential accumulation of egh transcripts in the oocyte at stage 4 of oogenesis. In contrast to N, we find that brn and egh are essential for the organization, but not specification, of stalk and polar cells. The expression patterns and functional requirements of brn, egh, and N lead us to propose that these genes mediate follicular morphogenesis by regulating germline-follicle cell adhesion. This proposal offers explanations for (1) the involvement of egh and brn in N-mediated epithelial development, but not lateral specification, (2) why brn and egh embryonic neurogenic phenotypes are not as severe as N phenotypes, and (3) how egh and brn influence Egfr-mediated processes. The correlation between the differential expression of egh in the oocyte and the differential requirement for brn, egh, and N in maintaining the follicular epithelium around the oocyte, suggests that Egghead is a critical component of a differential oocyte-follicle cell adhesive system.
Secret Shopping as User Experience Assessment Tool

Secret shopping is a form of unobtrusive evaluation that can be accomplished with minimal effort, but still produce rich results. With as few as 11 shoppers, the author was able to identify trends in user satisfaction with services provided across two entry-level desks at Illinois Wesleyan University's The Ames Library. The focus of this secret shopping program was on user experiences rather than whether correct answers were given by student employees working at the desks. Overall, users were satisfied or very satisfied with their experiences, though user feedback identified one desk as providing consistently better service.
Cyclic Voltammetric Study of Cobalt Poly-4-t-butylpyridine Ligand Complexes on Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Electrolyte Dependence and Mechanistic Considerations

Polypyridyl complexes of Co(II/III) have been gaining prominence as potential replacements for I–/I3– as mediators in dye sensitized solar cells. In that regard, homoleptic pseudo-octahedral complexes of 4,4′-di-t-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine, [Co(DTB)3]2+/3+, and 4,4′,4″-tri-t-butyl-2,2′:6,2″-terpyridine, [Co(TTT)2]2+/3+, have been of particular interest. These complexes show extreme electrode surface and electrolyte dependent electrochemical behavior. Below, we report on the cyclic voltammetric behavior of these two complexes at glassy carbon electrodes in two different electrolytes. The electrochemical data suggests that the Co(II/III) electron transfer is significantly nonadiabatic, especially for [Co(DTB)3]2+/3+ in LiClO4 electrolyte.
Paleoecology of hardground encrusting and commensal crinoids, Middle Ordovician, Tennessee

Aspects of functional morphology are examined and lifestyles proposed for seven exceptionally well-preserved crinoids from the Middle Ordovician Lebanon Limestone, Middle Tennessee. Potential ranges of motion are based on plate shapes, articular surfaces of attachment, and feeding structures. This diverse group of crinoids includes disparid inadunates (Columbicrinus crassus and Tryssocrinus endotomitus), a hybocrinid (Hybocrinus bilateralis), reteocrinids (Reteocrinus polki and R. variabilicaulis), and rhodocrinitid camerates (Archaeocrinus snyderi and Gustabilicrinus plektanikaulos). Using attachment structures as the basis, these crinoids can be divided into two groups: encrusters and commensals. Encrusters are the most diverse and include all taxa except the rhodocrinitids. They have a small discoidal holdfast and xenomorphic column. Proxistele-mesisteles were holomeric or pentameric. Flexure potential of this region of the column in disparids was increased by wider ligament gaps at nodal-internodal articulations; in other taxa flexure was enhanced by increasing the frequency of columnals. Short dististeles are polymeric or a plate mosaic. This region functioned as a resilient buffer between the mesistele and holdfast. Columns as a whole had moderate flexure potential. Feeding-structure design was varied, although all but Hybocrinus bilateralis had pinnulate or nonpinnulate parabolic filtration fans. Hybocrinus bilateralis had atomous arms arrayed in a bilaterally symmetrical pattern; the symmetry plane was oriented parallel to prevailing currents. Commensals in the Lebanon are the rhodocrinitids. Their attachment structures are characterized by a long distally tapering column terminating in a coil. Densely pinnulate arms formed a well-developed parabolic filtration fan.Encrusters were limited to hardgrounds or skeletal substrata. Commensals were more opportunistic, utilizing a variety of substrates, and they were widespread in Lebanon subenvironments including those with both soft and hard seafloors. Lebanon hardground assemblages are characterized by high diversity, particularly among crinoids and bryozoans. They are strikingly tiered according to elevation above the seafloor (and probably additionally by feeding limitations). This assemblage was the result of longterm coevolution in association with hardgrounds.Ontogenetic development of the column of encrusting crinoids indicates that the evolution of holomeric columnals occurred through a simpler sequence than previously proposed and need not have included gradual alignment of offset pentameres as intermediate steps. Columnals evolved from a poorly organized plate mosaic through a polymeric stage.
A Quantitative Crystallization Study of Thin Amorphous Fe80B20 Films Via Empirical Modeling of Exafs Data

Thin amorphous films (t{approx}200{angstrom}) of Fe{sub 80}B{sub 20} were annealed at temperatures ranging from 473K--823K and studied using extended X-ray absorption fine structure to investigate the evolution of local structure and the Fe atoms during crystallization. Modeling of the local environment around Fe using empirical standards was employed to determined the relative fraction of the crystalline phases present in annealed samples. Results illustrate the sensitivity of EXAFS in detecting the onset of crystallization in thin amorphous films and its ability to quantitatively measure the relative fraction of crystalline phases present in partially crystallized thin film samples.
Bedarfsgerechte Mehrfachzündung für kritische Entflammungsbedingungen

Bei Ottomotoren stellen strahlgefuhrte Brennverfahren durch die kurzen Zeitabstande zwischen Einspritzung und Zundung und die stark veranderlichen Gemischkonzentrationen im Zundkerzenbereich erheblich hohere Anforderungen an das Zundsystem. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine robuste, stromgesteuerte Mehrfachzundung von Delphi vor und zeigt die Anwendung bei einem geschichteten Brennverfahren.
Material processing of chemically modified graphene: some challenges and solutions.

Graphene-based sheets show promise for a variety of potential applications, and researchers in many scientific disciplines are interested in these materials. Although researchers have developed many ways of generating single atomic layer carbon sheets, chemical exfoliation of graphite powders to graphene oxide (GO) sheets followed by deoxygenation to form chemically modified graphene (CMG) offers a promising route for bulk scale production. The materials processing, which we broadly define as the physical and chemical means to tailor a material’s chemical and microstructures, enables us to control the properties in bulk CMG materials. For example, by processing CMG sheets in different solvents, we can make thin films, blend CMG sheets with other materials, and modify them by chemical reactions. Materials processing methods also allow us to control the interactions between CMG sheets for the assembly of large scale two- or three-dimensional structures with desirable microstructures.This Account highlights ...
A Cumberland Preform: Implications for Paleoindian Lithic Technology

Use of isolated striking platforms in biface manufacture—one hallmark of Paleoindian technology—appears in Clovis (11,500-10,900 B.P.) and Folsom (10,900-10,200 B.P.) fluting and in Agate Basin (10,500-10,200 B.P.) preform lateral thinning. We document a new observation: Cumberland or Southeastern Clovis (10,800-10,500 B.P.) artisans used isolated striking platforms for both. We also note that Cumberland points exhibit Folsomtype fluting and Agate Basin stiletto shape (i.e., an elongate blade thick in proportion to narrow width). From these observations, we speculate on technological, cultural, and chronological implications for Clovis, Folsom, Cumberland, and Agate Basin.
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infection

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli(STEC) has been recognized as an emerging food-borne pathogen that causes bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS), especially in developed countries. As the specific therapy for STEC infection has not been developed, currently available medical therapy is inadequate to prevent life-threatening complications. Here are described the possibilities and problems of using and developing therapies such as antibiotics, Synsorb-Pk and humanized anti-Stx monoclonal antibody therapy. In conclusion, the prevention of primary infection is thought to be the best way to prevent the life-threatening complications caused by STEC, and second way is identification as early as possible.
Population Structure, Genetic Diversity and Molecular Marker-Trait Association Analysis for High Temperature Stress Tolerance in Rice.

Rice exhibits enormous genetic diversity, population structure and molecular marker-traits associated with abiotic stress tolerance to high temperature stress. A set of breeding lines and landraces representing 240 germplasm lines were studied. Based on spikelet fertility percent under high temperature, tolerant genotypes were broadly classified into four classes. Genetic diversity indicated a moderate level of genetic base of the population for the trait studied. Wright’s F statistic estimates showed a deviation of Hardy-Weinberg expectation in the population. The analysis of molecular variance revealed 25 percent variation between population, 61 percent among individuals and 14 percent within individuals in the set. The STRUCTURE analysis categorized the entire population into three sub-populations and suggested that most of the landraces in each sub-population had a common primary ancestor with few admix individuals. The composition of materials in the panel showed the presence of many QTLs representing the entire genome for the expression of tolerance. The strongly associated marker RM547 tagged with spikelet fertility under stress and the markers like RM228, RM205, RM247, RM242, INDEL3 and RM314 indirectly controlling the high temperature stress tolerance were detected through both mixed linear model and general linear model TASSEL analysis. These markers can be deployed as a resource for marker-assisted breeding program of high temperature stress tolerance.
The intersection of cancer and aging: implications for physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness effects on cognition

Increasing 5-year survival rates of 69% in all cancer sites have led to over 15.5 million cancer survivors currently living in the United States [1]. Over 60% of cancer survivors are aged 65 years ...
Demystifying HDL Cholesterol-A "Human Knockout" to the Rescue?

The substantial cost associated with failure of a therapeutic approach in a large outcomes-based clinical trial, as has occurred recently for multiple compounds targeting HDL cholesterol metabolism, has led to intense interest in improved target selection. Careful study of humans who carry mutations that inactivate a putative drug target leverages naturally occurring genetic variation to study the impact of lifelong deficiency of a specific protein. As such, human genetics research can provide an opportunity to confirm the physiologic relevance of a target in humans before large-scale investments in drug development. Naturally occurring human DNA sequence variation can provide the foundation for important insights into disease biology and novel therapeutic strategies. Within the field of lipid metabolism, the rapid clinical development of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors to reduce LDL cholesterol provides proof-of-concept for the potential of this approach. Following the initial 2003 discovery of a gain-of-function mutation in the gene PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)3 associated with significantly increased LDL cholesterol, a 2005 report noted that about 2% of black individuals harbor an inactivating (premature stop) mutation in the PCSK9 gene. Carriers of this mutation benefitted from lifelong lower LDL cholesterol concentrations and inborn protection from coronary disease without detectable toxicity (1). Further, the identification of healthy individuals with 2 inactivating mutations, effectively “human knockouts” for PCSK9, further increased optimism that the protein could be targeted without off-target effects. These observations provided additional support for the hypothesis that pharmacologic inhibition of PCSK9 might similarly lower LDL cholesterol and decrease vascular risk. Translational research studies demonstrated that PCSK9 plays a previously unrecognized role in preventing hepatic uptake of LDL cholesterol by accelerating the catabolism of LDL receptors. These findings led to a pharmaceutical arms race to develop PCSK9 inhibitors using monoclonal antibody or RNA interference approaches. …
The gains of greater granularity: the presence and persistence of problem properties in urban neighborhoods

This study applies the growing emphasis on micro-places to the analysis of addresses, assessing the presence and persistence of “problem properties” with elevated levels of crime and disorder. It evaluates what insights this additional detail offers beyond the analysis of neighborhoods and street segments. We used over 2,000,000 geocoded emergency and non-emergency requests received by the City of Boston’s 911 and 311 systems from 2011–2013 to calculate six indices of violent crime, physical disorder, and social disorder for all addresses (n = 123,265). We linked addresses to their street segment (n = 13,767) and census tract (n = 178), creating a three-level hierarchy that enabled a series of multilevel Poisson hierarchical models. Less than 1% of addresses generated 25% of reports of crime and disorder. Across indices, 95–99% of variance was at the address level, though there was significant clustering at the street segment and neighborhood levels. Models with lag predictors found that levels of crime and disorder persisted across years for all outcomes at all three geographic levels, with stronger effects at higher geographic levels. Distinctively, ~15% of addresses generated crime or disorder in one year and not in the other. The analysis suggests new opportunities for both the criminology of place and the management of public safety in considering addresses in conjunction with higher-order geographies. We explore directions for empirical work including the further experimentation with and evaluation of law enforcement policies targeting problem properties.
The Phenotypic Expression of Homozygous and Compound Heterozygous Factor V R506Q (Factor V Leiden, FVL) and Factor II A20210G: Ten Years Experience At a Referral Center

Abstract 5252 Heterozygous Factor V Leiden, the most common inherited thrombotic disorder with an estimated incidence of about 5% in Caucasian population, poses a moderate risk of first venous thromboembolic (VTE) event. The homozygous and compound heterozygous states are comparatively rare but are thought to be associated with high risk of recurrent VTE. This report describes ten years experience with homozygous and compound heterozygous FVL and Factor II A20210G at a major referral center in central Pennsylvania, USA. Between January 2000 and December 2010, 31 homozygous F VL patients, 2 homozygous FII A20210G, 10 compound heterozygous FVL and F II A20210G and 6 compound heterozygous F VL and protein C (PC), protein S (PS) or antithrombin (AT) deficiency were encountered. The reasons for referral were personal or family history of VTE or a first degree relative diagnosed with any of these conditions. Among these patients, 5 homozygous F VL, 1 compound heterozygous F VL and F II A20210G, and 1 compound heterozygous factor VL and PC deficiency remained free of VTE at age 17–64 years, even though they were exposed to prothrombotic conditions, e.g., surgery, hormones or pregnancy. Two compound heterozygous F VL and PS deficient patients suffered ischemic strokes, one at age 3 ½ years and the other at age 45 years, but no VTE. The other patients suffered lower extremity deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism or visceral thrombosis. Most had recurrent events. Our experience highlights the serious thrombotic risks associated with homozygous and compound heterozygous F VL and F II A20210G status but also indicates that some patients remain thrombosis free despite exposure to additional prothrombotic conditions. However, because of referral bias this series of patients may not truly reflect the overall occurrence of VTE in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous inherited thrombophilia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Prostacyclin synthase promoter regulation and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension.

2005;128;612S-613S Chest Carlyne D. Cool and Mark B. Taubman R. James White, Irfan I. Galaria, Jennifer Harvey, Burns C. Blaxall, * of Human Disease Characterized by Neointimal Lesions Typical of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Tissue Factor Is Induced in a Rodent Model http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/128/6_suppl/612S.2.full.html services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and ISSN:0012-3692 ) http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( written permission of the copyright holder. this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed without the prior Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of Copyright2005by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. is the official journal of the American College of Chest Chest
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in Cases Where Juries Are Waived

RIAL by jury is a somewhat complicated process. Two judicial agencies divide the field between them, one dealing with issues of fact and the other with matters of law. But the two proceedings are mutually dependent. The court is required to determine what issues of fact are present in the case and to convey that information to the jury, whereupon it becomes the exclusive duty of the jury to decide those issues. The court is also required to determine what principles of law should control the case, but it is not essential that the jury be informed regarding them unless the jury is to apply the law to the facts. This is a proper but not a necessary jury function, for under our traditional conception of the judicial process either the jury or the court may be permitted to perform it. If the application is to be made by the jury the court must inform it as to what those principles are, while if the court is to make the application the jury must inform the court what facts are to be deemed established. In either event, therefore, one agency must communicate its conclusions to the other.
DKA-induced Brugada phenocopy mimicking STEMI.

Case presentation A 47-year-old Caucasian woman with type 1 diabetes presented with epigastric pain and vomiting. She had not been adherent with her diet and insulin therapy for the past 3 weeks. She never had a personal or family history of arrhythmia-related symptoms, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF) or premature sudden cardiac death (SCD). Examination revealed dry mucosa, tachycardia and epigastric tenderness to palpation. Her ECG showed ST elevations (V1–V3) with associated T wave inversions (figure 1A). A baseline ECG 1 year ago had no abnormalities. Serial troponin I and T were negative, but Creatinine Kinase MB (CKMB) was elevated. Her biochemistry test showed sodium of 118 mM, potassium of 6.7 mM, bicarbonate of 4 mM, anion gap of 40, glucose of 985 mM and beta hydroxyl-butyrate of >45.0 mg/dL. Cardiac catheterisation revealed normal anatomy with all vessels widely patent; left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was 1 mm Hg. With treatment, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) resolved after 8 hours and repeat ECG showed all changes had resolved (figure 1B). She was monitored on telemetry without any VT/VF episodes. Serial ECGs were done with resolution of changes. She had no positive studies for inducible VT. The rest of her admission was uneventful. Question Which of the following is the best next step in managing this patient? Quinidine therapy. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement. SCN5A gene mutation testing. Observation without therapy.
Gerald D. Schmidt from the perspective of a graduate student.

when I took my second parasitology class at Oregon State University (OSU). The book that our instructor chose to use was, of course, the first edition of Schmidt and Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology. This introductory text to parasitology was far easier to read and comprehend than other popular books on the subject that were available at the time (1977). I knew this because I had purchased all of the parasitology books that were available on the bookshelves at the book-
Leader-Led Jihad in Pakistan: Lashkar-E-Taiba and the 2008 Mumbai Attack

This chapter examines leader-led Islamist militancy (a.k.a. “jihad”) in Pakistan. While it is often believed that Pakistan’s utilization of militants dates to the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan, in fact Pakistan began doing so in the founding months of the state. Therefore, Pakistan’s militant groups have been active in and from Pakistan for decades and represent a long-standing facet of national power, whose deployment has been increasingly enabled by Pakistan’s nuclear umbrella. A comprehensive assessment of “leader-led” jihad in Pakistan is beyond the modest length of this present effort. The empirics of the Pakistan comprise a case of state-led jihad as a form of leader-led jihad. Most of the jihadi leaders and groups in Pakistan are themselves - to varying degrees - led, mobilized or supported by the Pakistani state. Ostensibly, the “leadership” lending strategic guidance and direction to Pakistan’s militant groups is Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI), and the Pakistan Army. These agencies may be more important than any given individual leader, who serves at the behest of these agencies, because these agencies provide important resources for arming, recruiting, training and ultimately conducting operations. This chapter will focus upon one of the most lethal and effective militant group operating from Pakistan: the Lashkar-e-Taiba or LeT. (LeT regrouped under the name of Jamaat-ul-Dawa when LeT was banned in 2002. For this reason, after 2002, I use the terms JuD and LeT interchangeably). Because LeT differs substantially from other groups operating in Pakistan, this chapter first briefly lays out the key features of the contemporary militant landscape in Pakistan. Next, this chapter provides key details about the organization and leadership. Third and most important, this chapter provides an account of what is perhaps LeT’s most audacious attack to date: the November 26, 2008 coordinated attack on numerous targets throughout Mumbai, which lasted some 60 hours and killed 172 people while receiving full media coverage on Indian and international media. The chapter concludes with a discussion the policy implications that emerge from this analysis.