cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Persistent Black-White Gap in and Weakening Link between Expecting to Move and Actually Moving:

This paper leverages four decades of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to document Black-White gaps in the translation of mobility expectations into actual mobility, track t...
Flexible and Stretchable Biobatteries: Monolithic Integration of Membrane-Free Microbial Fuel Cells in a Single Textile Layer

The fabrication and performance of a flexible and stretchable microbial fuel cell (MFC) monolithically integrated into a single sheet of textile substrate are reported. The single-layer textile MFC uses Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) as a biocatalyst to produce a maximum power of 6.4 µW cm−2 and current density of 52 µA cm−2, which are substantially higher than previous textile-MFCs and are similar to other flexible paper-based MFCs. The textile MFC demonstrates a stable performance with repeated stretching and twisting cycles. The membrane-less single-chamber configuration drastically simplifies the fabrication and improves the performance of the MFC. A conductive and hydrophilic anode in a 3D fabric microchamber maximizes bacterial electricity generation from a liquid environment and a silver oxide/silver solid-state cathode reduces cathodic overpotential for fast catalytic reaction. A simple batch fabrication approach simultaneously constructs 35 individual devices, which will revolutionize the mass production of textile MFCs. This stretchable and twistable power device printed directly onto a single textile substrate can establish a standardized platform for textile-based biobatteries and will be potentially integrated into wearable electronics in the future.
Frequency domain transformer model for electromagnetic transient analysis of networks

In this paper a frequency domain three-phase transformer model is implemented using a nodal approach. Easiness and effectiveness of the model are demonstrated by its inclusion in a simplified distribution network. Moreover, angular displacement inherent to different connections of windings is taken into account which proves its versatility. Transient overvoltages caused by switching are computed using the model and the time domain response is obtained using the Numerical Laplace Transform (NLT). Results are assessed by comparisons with EMTP-RV.
Electrically activated nanofluidic diodes

We propose a high throughput electrically activated reconfigurable nanofluidic diode structure where the application of a gate voltage can regulate the behavior of the nanofluidic diode. The proposed device is easy to fabricate and offers control over the forward and reverse bias of the nanofluidic diode. 10 nm of Cr is sputter deposited on a free standing anodic aluminum oxide membrane with a pore diameter of 40 nm and a thickness of 50 μm. The surface charge density and polarity at the surface of chromium can be manipulated by the gate voltage applied at the Cr side. Our results show that our device acts as a nanofluidic diode and can be used for controllable molecular separation, chemical sensing and biosensing.
Genomic classifications of renal cell carcinoma: a critical step towards the future application of personalized kidney cancer care with pan‐omics precision

Over the past 20 years, classifications of kidney cancer have undergone major revisions based on morphological refinements and molecular characterizations. The 2016 WHO classification of renal tumors recognizes more than ten different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes. Furthermore, the marked inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of RCC is now well appreciated. Nevertheless, contemporary multi-omics studies of RCC, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, not only highlight apparent diversity but also showcase and underline commonality. Here, we wish to provide an integrated perspective concerning the future 'functional' classification of renal cancer by bridging gaps among morphology, biology, multi-omics, and therapeutics. This review focuses on recent progress and elaborates the potential value of contemporary pan-omics approaches with a special emphasis on cancer genomics unveiled through next-generation sequencing technology, and how an integrated multi-omics approach might impact precision-based personalized kidney cancer care in the near future. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prostaglandin Oligomers: Potential Agents for the Protection Against The Effects of Oxygen Deprivation

Prostaglandin derived oligomers are mixtures derived from the prostaglandin B1 (PGB1) family having the general formula (PGB1)n. In recent years, these materials have been derived exclusively from 15-dehydro-prosta-glandin B1 (15-dehydro-PGB1, 1a) and its derivatives. A number of unique in vitro and in vivo properties have been reported for these mixtures which appear to indicate an ability to prevent or restore damage at the cellular level resulting from oxygen deprivation. These properties suggest a potential application as a pharmaceutical agent or agents for protection against the harmful effects of stress, such as hypoxia and shock. The general lack of structural characterization of the initial mixtures has resulted in a serious block to the further development of these materials. Recently, structurally-defined dimer and trimer components, derived from a structurally modified 15-dehydro-PGB1 under mild reaction conditions, have been prepared. These structurally less complicated dimers and trimers retain the unique in vitro activities exhibited by the complex and structurally-undefined mixtures originally reported.
Hardware Security Challenges

This chapter discusses the problem of malicious hardware, or gateware, on FPGAs. Categories of malicious hardware, the problem of foundry trust, and attacks facilitated by malicious inclusions are presented. This chapter also explains the problem of covert channels on FPGAs, with a formal definition of a covert channel in general and a description of the specific case of covert channels on FPGAs. Methods for detecting and mitigating these covert channels are also described.
Effect of 12 wk of resistant starch supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial

Author(s): Peterson, Courtney M; Beyl, Robbie A; Marlatt, Kara L; Martin, Corby K; Aryana, Kayanush J; Marco, Maria L; Martin, Roy J; Keenan, Michael J; Ravussin, Eric | Abstract: BackgroundType 2 resistant starch (RS2) has been shown to improve glycemic control and some cardiovascular endpoints in rodent and human studies.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to perform one of the first randomized clinical trials in adults with prediabetes and one of the longest trials to test whether RS2 can improve cardiometabolic health.Design68 overweight [body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2] adults aged 35-75 y with prediabetes were randomized to consume 45 g/d of high-amylose maize (RS2) or an isocaloric amount of the rapidly digestible starch amylopectin (control) for 12 wk. At baseline and postintervention, ectopic fat depots (visceral adipose tissue, intrahepatic lipids, and intramyocellular lipids) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy, energy metabolism by respiratory chamber, and carbohydrate metabolism by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), an intravenous glucose tolerance test, and a meal tolerance test. Cardiovascular risk factors-serum lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α)-were also measured. The primary endpoints were insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, ectopic fat, and markers of inflammation. Data were primarily analyzed as treatment effects via a linear mixed model both with and without the addition of covariates.ResultsRelative to the control group, RS2 lowered HbA1c by a clinically insignificant 0.1 ± 0.2% (Δ = -1 ± 2 mmol/mol; P = 0.05) but did not affect insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, the disposition index, or glucose or insulin areas under the curve relative to baseline (P ≥ 0.23). RS2 decreased heart rate by 5 ± 9 beats/min (P = 0.02) and TNF-α concentrations by 2.1 ± 2.7 pg/mL (P = 0.004), relative to the control group. Ectopic fat, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and all other cardiovascular risk factors were unaffected (P ≥ 0.06).Conclusions12 wk of supplementation with resistant starch reduced the inflammatory marker TNF-α and heart rate, but it did not significantly improve glycemic control and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, in adults with prediabetes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01708694.
Relating AdS$_6$ solutions in type IIB supergravity

In this note we show that the IIB supergravity solutions of the form AdS$_6\times M_4$ found by Apruzzi et al. are related to the local solutions found by D'Hoker et al. We also discuss how the global regular solutions found by D'Hoker et al. are mapped to the parameterization of Apruzzi et al.
RRN3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an essential RNA polymerase I transcription factor which interacts with the polymerase independently of DNA template.

Abstract RRN3 is one of the RRN genes specifically required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have cloned the gene, determined the nucleotide sequence, and found that it is an essential gene which encodes a protein of calculated molecular weight of 72 369. Extracts prepared from rrn3 mutants were defective in in vitro transcription of rDNA templates. We used extracts from a strain containing an epitope-tagged Rrn3 protein to purify a factor that could complement the mutant extracts. Using immunoaffinity purification combined with Mono Q chromatography, we obtained an essentially pure preparation of Rrn3p which complements the mutant extracts. By carrying out template commitment experiments, we found that Rrn3p is not part of the pre-initiation complex that is stable through multiple rounds of transcription. We also found that pre-incubation of Rrn3p with purified Pol I leads to stimulation of transcription upon subsequent mixing with DNA template and other transcription reaction components. Single-round transcription experiments using the detergent Sarkosyl showed that this stimulation is due to increased efficiency of formation of a Sarkosyl-resistant pre-initiation complex. Thus, Rrn3p appears to interact directly with Pol I, apparently stimulating Pol I recruitment to the promoter, and is distinct from two other Pol I-specific transcription factors, the Rrn6/7 complex and the Rrn5/9/10 complex (UAF), characterized previously.
Strategies for conserving plants through (re) introduction

Gardeners know how hard it is to keep a plant alive and thriving in a world where everything seems to like killing plants. Restoration ecologists know the difficulties associated with restoring and maintaining diversity into degraded sites. Biogeographers understand the challenges associated with predicting how changing climates will impact the future distributions of species. Putting these together, and we see the challenge facing plant conservation in the twentyfirst century. Increasing the resiliency of biodiversity by augmenting populations of rare plants with new populations planted in anticipation of changing climates is a logical process for conservation. Yet this is management strategy is characterized by limited success. Our empirical legacy of re-establishing plant populations is not strong. Our scientific justification for choosing relocation sites is plagued with high structural uncertainty. Our capacity to predict the impacts of selecting a subset of genotypes for relocation leaves is low. This poor prognosis for translocation is perhaps the best argument for maintaining strong in situ conservation within historic distributions combined with strong ex situ programs as a backstop. Understanding that the challenge of maintaining plant diversity through the twenty-first century will only become more difficult through time, the driving question is can we do better? If we are to succeed, we must do better, because failure in this endeavor will be coupled with extinction in the wild. The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) does not often engage in the production of books, but when it does, it does so in a thoughtful, provocative and productive manner. In 2012, the CPC, along with the Society for Restoration Ecology, once again teamed up with Island Press to produce this edited volume on plant reintroductions, with an emphasis on changing climates. On three previous occasions, the CPC has sponsored an edited volume that became the definitive text for plant conservation issues of that time (Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants; Falk DA, Holsinger KE (eds) (1991); Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants; Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds), (1996); Ex Situ Conservation, Guerrant EO, Jr, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) (2004)). Each of these landmark books is notable for a common feature: a detailed, prescriptive appendix that defining best management practice approaches to the topic on hand. This feature has been carried forward to Plant Reintroductions in a Changing Climate for one of the most useful components of the book for both practitioners and scientists. These best practice guidelines provide critical information for the researcher who wants to contribute to practice. The Appendix provides a detailed list of how one would go about a conservation translocation that considers future climate, linking the decisions and the scientific uncertainties to guide the researcher toward actionable science. If scientists M. W. Schwartz (&) John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: mwschwartz@ucdavis.edu
Proposal of high-risk adenoma detection rate as an impactful, complementary quality indicator of colonoscopy

Adenoma detection rate (ADR), a validated quality indicator (QI) of colonoscopy, does not take into account risk stratification of adenomas. Low-risk adenomas are not associated with a significantly increased risk of future colorectal cancer (CRC). On the other hand, high-risk adenomas (HRA) are associated with up to six fold higher risk of future CRC. Therefore, HRA detection rate (HR-ADR) as a QI in addition to ADR may further enhance the efficacy of screening colonoscopy. Our aim was to calculate ADR and HR-ADR in a large cohort of average risk screening colonoscopy patients and propose HR-ADR which correlates with current threshold ADR. This is a retrospective chart review of all colonoscopies performed in patients aged ≥ 50 years at our institution between 2012 and 2014. Average risk patients who had complete colonoscopy with good, excellent and adequate bowel preparation were included. Overall and gender-specific ADR and HR-ADR were calculated. HR-ADR was defined as proportion of colonoscopies with HRA. Among 4158 colonoscopies included, ADR was 26.4 ± 10.9% overall, 32.7 ± 14.5% in men, and 22.1 ± 12.6% in women. HR-ADR was 8.0 ± 5.7% overall, 10.2 ± 8.6% in men, and 6.1 ± 6% in women. There was only moderate correlation between ADR and HR-ADR [r = 0.57 (0.40–0.70)]. HR-ADR corresponding with minimum threshold ADR of 30% in men and 20% in women were calculated to be 7% in men and 4% in women. HR-ADR correlates only moderately with ADR. Based on the current threshold ADRs, we propose a benchmark HR-ADR of 7% in men and 4% in women as complementary QI to ADR.
Other Esophageal Motility Disorders: Role for Laparoscopic or Endoscopic Myotomy

The best-defined primary esophageal motor disorder (PEMD) is achalasia. However, symptoms such as dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain can be caused by other esophageal motility disorders such as diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), nutcracker esophagus (NE), and the hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter (HTN-LES). Albeit they have a much lower prevalence than achalasia, they need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with these symptoms. Unfortunately, while there is a reasonable consensus on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of achalasia, this has not occurred for these other disorders.
Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: A Forgotten Entity in Older Patients.

Introduction Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (NA) characteristically affects adolescent men. Although benign, these tumors can cause local destruction and surgical resection is warranted. Objective We present a case of a 62-year-old man with nasal congestion and epistaxis, found to be a right NA on pathology. We also present a review of the available NA staging systems. Findings In this case of NA, imaging revealed an aggressive, hypervascular mass in the nasal cavity with involvement of the middle cranial fossa and cavernous sinus. The patient underwent complete endoscopic surgical resection following vascular embolization. Conclusions Although it is rare, NA should not be disregarded in the elderly population.
Metabolic Alterations in the Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 2 Mutant Disrupt Peroxisomal Pathways in Seedlings

Mobilization of seed storage compounds, such as starch and oil, is required to provide energy and metabolic building blocks during seedling development. Over 50% of fatty acids in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed oil have a cis-double bond on an even-numbered carbon. Degradation of these substrates requires peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation plus additional enzyme activities. Such auxiliary enzymes, including the enoyl-CoA hydratase ECH2, convert (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediates to the core β-oxidation substrate (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA. ECH2 was suggested to function in the peroxisomal conversion of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to indole-3-acetic acid, because ech2 seedlings have altered IBA responses. The underlying mechanism connecting ECH2 activity and IBA metabolism is unclear. Here, we show that ech2 seedlings have reduced root length, smaller cotyledons, and arrested pavement cell expansion. At the cellular level, reduced oil body mobilization and enlarged peroxisomes suggest compromised β-oxidation. ech2 seedlings accumulate 3-hydroxyoctenoate (C8:1-OH) and 3-hydroxyoctanoate (C8:0-OH), putative hydrolysis products of catabolic intermediates for α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, respectively. Wild-type seedlings treated with 3-hydroxyoctanoate have ech2-like growth defects and altered IBA responses. ech2 phenotypes are not rescued by Suc or auxin application. However, ech2 phenotypes are suppressed in combination with the core β-oxidation mutants mfp2 or ped1, and ech2 mfp2 seedlings accumulate less C8:1-OH and C8:0-OH than ech2 seedlings. These results indicate that ech2 phenotypes require efficient core β-oxidation. Our findings suggest that low ECH2 activity causes metabolic alterations through a toxic effect of the accumulating intermediates. These effects manifest in altered lipid metabolism and IBA responses leading to disrupted seedling development.
Special Issue: Perspectives on Immigrant, Refugee, and Border Youth

The positive development of immigrant, refugee, and border youth is a significant issue among youth development researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. As evidenced by the papers in this issue, the field has made great strides in research and programmatic approaches and has begun to identify specific developmental pathways. This special issue is intended to ignite a spark in future research and programming, encouraging the field of youth development to further develop interdisciplinary perspectives that include not only a focus on immigrant, refugee, and border youth, but also include their voices.
Mechanism and Risk Factors for Death in Adults With Tetralogy of Fallot.

One of the goals of lifelong care in adults with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is early identification and treatment of patients at high risk for adverse events. Clinical risk stratification tools are critical for achieving this goal. We reviewed the Mayo Adult Congenital Heart Disease database and identified 465 TOF patients (age 37 ± 14 years, men 223 [48%]) seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1990 and 2017. The aim was to determine the risk factors for death and/or heart transplant through a comprehensive analysis of 8 groups of variables (demographics, co-morbidities, medications, heart rhythm, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac catheterization, and cardiopulmonary exercise test data) using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. The end point of death and/or transplant occurred in 57 (12%) patients during a follow-up of 13.6 ± 8.2 years, yielding an event rate of 0.9% per year. Independent risk factors were age >42 years, atrial fibrillation, ≥moderate QRS fragmentation, left ventricular ejection fraction 16 mm Hg, and left ventricle end-diastolic pressure >16 mm Hg. There is nearly a twofold increase in the risk of death and/or transplant per unit increase in number of risk factors (hazard ratio 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.62 to 2.27, p <0.001). In conclusion, the current study provides risk stratification indices based on a comprehensive risk model of all clinical variables in an unselected TOF population. Further studies are required to determine whether interventions targeted at modifying these risk factors will alter the annual event rate.
The evolution of cranial form in mid-Pleistocene Homo : research article

Interactions of the brain and cranium in archaic populations remain poorly understood. Hominin fossils from Middle Pleistocene localities in Africa and Europe have been allocated to one or more species distinct from Homo erectus, the Neanderthals and modern humans, based on the assumption that characters of the vault and face are developmentally independent. However, it is possible that increased frontal width, parietal lengthening, midvault expansion and occipital rounding all reflect encephalisation occurring within the H. erectus lineage. If specimens from Broken Hill and Elandsfontein (in southern Africa) and Sima de los Huesos and Petralona (in Europe) differ from H. erectus only in brain volume, then it will be difficult to distinguish and diagnose Homo rhodesiensis or Homo heidelbergensis adequately. In this study, correlation analysis showed that the brain fails to influence vault breadth within either H. erectus or the mid-Pleistocene sample. Instead, the (large) cranial base has a major effect on width. Variation in brain volume is not associated with frontal flattening. In H. erectus and in individuals such as Bodo and Petralona, the massive face seems to override the brain as a determinant of frontal curvature. Small H. erectus crania have rounded occipitals, whilst larger individuals show greater flexion. Later hominins do not follow this trend, and encephalisation cannot explain the occipital rounding that is present. Few of the vault characters considered diagnostic for the mid-Pleistocene fossils can be attributed to increasing brain volume. The situation is complex, as of course the brain must influence some traits indirectly. The cranial base is also an instrument of change. Discriminant analysis identified basicranial breadth as critical to distinguishing individuals such as Broken Hill, Sima de los Huesos and Petralona from H. erectus.
After the Panama Papers: A Private Law Critique of Shell Companies

Current measures against the abuse of shell companies are public-law centered: they involve the creation of new stores of information for regulators, in the form of corporate registers of beneficial ownership and international exchange of account information. These regulatory measures do not, however, shed light on the private law foundations that also underpin the success of shell companies as institutions of capitalism. This article attempts to identify and critically assess some of these private law foundations. It argues that a central explanation is the move towards formalist deference to the law of jurisdictions of incorporation versus the laws of where activities are conducted. This evolution results from combined factors at once contingent and unrelated: the geographical spread of the English common law system (including the “incorporation theory” of corporate recognition also applied in the US as the “internal affairs” doctrine), the demise of the German-French alternative “real seat” theory through “accidental” jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, the rise in legal jurisprudence of contractarian theories of the firm, the rise of post-communist emerging market economies (e.g. China and Russia) for whom corporate existence is traditionally a function of state fiat, and the appearance of a global market for incorporation services that is dependent on preservation of the “incorporation theory” model. The paper suggests that in addition to regulatory initiatives certain private law avenues should be expanded for the curbing of abuse, even within existing paradigms. This would involve reducing deference to the incorporation law in international corporate veil-piercing and for the determination of director liability, and compiling international best standards of substantive corporate law that could serve as soft law benchmarks, similar to current FATF/OECD initiatives on tax evasion and money laundering.
Models with Special Features

Chapters 4 through 6 considered small noise large deviations of stochastic recursive equations, small noise moderate deviations for processes of the same type, and large deviations for the empirical measure of a Markov chain. These chapters thus consider models that are both standard and fairly general for each setting. In this chapter we consider discrete time models that are somewhat less standard, with the aim being to show how the weak convergence methodology can be adapted.
Effects of anion channel blockers on hyposmotically induced amino acid release from the in vivo rat cerebral cortex.

A cortical cup model with continuous perfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (containing 134 mM NaCl) was used to investigate the effects of anion channel blockers on the hyposmotically-induced release of amino acids from the in vivo rat cerebral cortex. The hyposmotic stimulus (25 mM NaCl) evoked a release of taurine, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, phosphoethanolamine and GABA. Topically applied anion channel blockers 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (1 mM); 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (2 mM); 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (350 μM); niflumic acid (500 μM); tamoxifen (20 μM) and arachidonic acid (0.5 μM) all significantly reduced the hyposmotically-induced release of taurine. The releases of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, phosphoethanolamine and GABA were variably susceptible to inhibition by these compounds. These results demonstrate that osmoregulatory processes in cortical cells, in vivo, involve amino acids, with taurine playing a dominant role. The efflux of taurine and, to a lesser extent, the other amino acids may be mediated by anion channels.
Sentinel-Lymph-Node Multicenter Trials.

Well executed multicenter clinical trials often provide significant evidence and support for, or against, foundational aspects of clinical procedures perceived to improve clinical management of a medical condition. In this review, discussed are reports of multicenter clinical trials designed to investigate sentinel lymph node biopsy procedures in seven types of cancer: breast, melanoma, head and neck, gastric, colon, uterine, and vulvar—with focus on the most recent reports of the hypotheses, objectives, parameters, data, results, implications, and impacts of the included trials. Such trials generally enroll more subjects, in shorter time periods, than do single-center studies. Such studies generally also have greater diversities among investigator practitioners and investigative environments than do single-center studies. The greater number of subjects provides more power to statistical analyses performed in such studies. The more rapid accrual usually results in data being more consistently acquired. The diversities of practitioners and environments may produce results that are more conservative than might be obtained from more “focused” studies; however, diversities in a study often identify implicitly results that are more robust—that is results applicable by more practitioners and applicable in more environments.
Combiners for Functional Encryption, Unconditionally

Functional encryption (FE) combiners allow one to combine many candidates for a functional encryption scheme, possibly based on different computational assumptions, into another functional encryption candidate with the guarantee that the resulting candidate is secure as long as at least one of the original candidates is secure. The fundamental question in this area is whether FE combiners exist. There have been a series of works Ananth et al. (CRYPTO ’16), Ananth-Jain-Sahai (EUROCRYPT ’17), Ananth et al. (TCC ’19) on constructing FE combiners from various assumptions.
Chapter 3 – VARIATIONAL METHODS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of variational methods in the study of the energy methods of solid mechanics. The Galerkin method can be shown to produce element matrix integral definitions that would be identical to those obtained from a variational form, if one exists. Most nonlinear problems do not have a variational form, yet the Galerkin method and other weighted residual methods can still be used. There are several reasons for using variational methods. One is that if the variational integral form is known, one does not have to derive the corresponding differential equation. Also, most of the important variational statements for problems in engineering and physics have been known for over 200 years. Another important feature of variational methods is that often dual principles exist that allow one to establish both an upper bound estimate and a lower bound estimate for an approximate solution. These can be very helpful in establishing accurate error estimates for adaptive solutions.
Pediatricians as Child Health Advocates: The Role of Advocacy Education:

In this article, we discuss the role of formal advocacy education with high-effort advocacy activities among pediatricians. We discuss the historical role of advocacy in the field of pediatrics and...
Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Poor Control of Hypertension Among Young American Adults: Race-Stratified Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract Objective To evaluate the race-stratified trends for prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in young American adults aged 18 to 44 years. Patients and Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005–2016 for adults aged 18 to 44 years was used to calculate age-adjusted (using 2005, 2010, and 2015 US Census population proportions) weighted trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American participants as per the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. Trends were estimated by logistic regression models including demographic, socioeconomic, health care access, and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons as covariates. Results Among 15,171 young American adults, stable trends for the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension was seen in all racial groups (Plinear trend>.05 for all). The prevalence from 2013 to 2016 was highest in non-Hispanic blacks (30.7%; 95% CI, 27.3 to 34.0%), followed by non-Hispanic whites (21.9%; 95% CI, 19.6 to 24.1%), and Mexican Americans (21.9%; 95% CI, 18.6 to 25.1%). The awareness was stable at ∼43.2% in non-Hispanic blacks, ∼34.8% in non-Hispanic whites, and ∼28.4% in Mexican Americans from 2005 to 2008 through 2013 to 2016. The stable treatment rates at nearly 34.4%, 23.7%, and 20.6%, were seen in non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican-Americans, respectively. The optimal control of hypertension was seen in 14.5% (95% CI, 12.1 to 17.0%) non-Hispanic blacks, 12.2% (95% CI, 10.3 to 14.0%) non-Hispanic whites, and 10.3% (95% CI, 7.1 to 13.5%) Mexican Americans from 2013 to 2016. Conclusion Nearly one in every three non-Hispanic young black and one in every five young Mexican American and non-Hispanic white adults have hypertension. Our race-stratified analyses highlight the categorical need to improve the abysmal control of hypertension which is approximately 1 in 10 young adults.
Prevalence and Screening of Intimate Partner Violence and Association with Neonatal Low Birth Weight

In an effort to understand the relationship between intimate partner physical and psychological violence (IPV) victimization during pregnancy and low birth weight (LBW), we analyzed screening and prevalence of IPV among women with LBW and covariates associated with IPV and LBW. A sample of women with a live birth between April 2014 and May 2016 was drawn randomly from a state registry of birth certificates over sampling for LBW births. Utilizing SAS 9.4, weighted prevalence chi-square and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Among 3393 women with singleton births, higher prevalence of a LBW outcome was observed among women <19-years-old (17.94%, 95% CI 12.11, 23.77), Black (11.39%; 95% CI 8.86, 13.93) and Hispanic (14.04%; 95% CI 11.89, 16.18), less than a high school education (13.68%; 95% CI 10.78, 16.58), and women who smoked (13.39%; 95% CI 10.61, 16.18). Only 40.54% of the study population were screened. After adjusting for age, education, race, substance use, insurance coverage, and first-trimester care, the exposure of IPV was not significantly associated with LBW (aOR = 1.26; 95% CI 0.74, 2.14; p = 0.40). Among women with LBW births, more were screened for IPV than were not screened (11.18% vs. 9.00%, 95% CI 9.46, 12.91; p = 0.038). Among women with LBW outcomes, more experienced IPV than did not. When controlling for risk factors, the association between IPV and LBW was not significant indicating other variables may mediate this relationship. Screening for IPV remains lower than recommended by accredited medical associations.
1D Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Elliptic Equations

In Ch. 8 we saw that the CG method can be applied in a relatively straightforward manner to solve elliptic equations. All that was required was to know how to compute first derivatives. A judicious use of Green’s first identity then permits a simple discretization of the Laplacian operator. We learn in this chapter that DG cannot use the same representation of the Laplacian operator. Rather, we need to revisit first order derivatives and construct an auxiliary variable and extend this approach to approximate the Laplacian operator (using the so-called flux formulation) or we can use the original Laplacian operator (using the so-called primal formulation) but with the addition of penalty terms to stabilize the numerical solution.
How to build regulatory networks from single-cell gene expression data

Over a dozen methods have been developed to infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from single-cell RNA-seq data. An experimentalist seeking to analyze a new dataset faces a daunting task in selecting an appropriate inference method since there are no widely accepted ground-truth datasets for assessing algorithm accuracy and the criteria for evaluation and comparison of methods are varied. We have developed BEELINE, a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art algorithms for inferring GRNs from single-cell transcriptomic data [1]. BEELINE incorporates 12 diverse algorithms for GRN inference. It provides an easy-to-use and uniform interface to each method in the form of a Docker image. BEELINE implements several measures for estimating and comparing the accuracy, stability, and efficiency of these algorithms. Thus, BEELINE facilitates reproducible, rigorous, and extensible evaluations of GRN inference methods. We selected (a) synthetic networks with predictable cellular trajectories, (b) literature-curated Boolean models, and (c) diverse transcriptional regulatory and functional interaction networks to serve as the ground truth for evaluating the accuracy of GRN inference algorithms. We developed a strategy to simulate single-cell gene expression data from the first two types of networks. We used multiple experimental single-cell RNA-seq datasets in conjunction with the third type of network. Our evaluations suggest that the area under the precision-recall curve and early precision of these algorithms are moderate. Techniques that do not require pseudotime-ordered cells are generally more accurate. Based on these results, we present recommendations to end users of GRN inference methods. Finally, we discuss the potential of supervised algorithms for GRN inference.
Non-contrast power Doppler imaging with multidimensional clutter filtering for assessment of trans-arterial chemoembolization for hepatic malignancy

Immediate postoperative assessment of trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using gold standard modalities, MRI and CT, is unreliable due to confounding interactions with lipiodol and post-embolization inflammatory changes. We previously demonstrated that recent advancements in power Doppler ultrasound processing enables changes in slow blood flow to be detected immediately following TACE. Recently, we have developed a filtering method that employs a higherorder singular value decomposition (HOSVD) applied to aperture data to mitigate thermal noise and acoustic clutter. Here, we investigate HOSVD as a tool to improve non-contrast ultrasound evaluation of TACE. Preliminary feasibility is demonstrated in a small pilot study. Treatment-induced changes in perfusion are visualized most readily using the HOSVD filter in comparison to conventional filtering methods. The HOSVD filter produced the greatest change in contrast between pre-TACE and post-TACE power Doppler images.
Stenting for Pancreatic Walled-Off Necrosis (WON)

Despite several recent technical advancements, the management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON) remains a challenge. The optimal approach has not yet been identified. However, in the last few decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the management of pancreatic WON. Endoscopic drainage is currently the treatment of choice for symptomatic WON. Endoscopic drainage provides high-precision drainage with few adverse events. To optimize effective outcomes, a multidisciplinary team approach is needed.
Cues, quantification, and agreement in language comprehension

We investigated factors that affect the comprehension of subject–verb agreement in English, using quantification as a window into the relationship between morphosyntactic processes in language production and comprehension. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read sentences with grammatical and ungrammatical verbs, in which the plurality of the subject noun phrase was either doubly marked (via overt plural quantification and morphological marking on the noun) or singly marked (via only plural morphology on the noun). Both acceptability judgments and the ERP data showed heightened sensitivity to agreement violations when quantification provided an additional cue to the grammatical number of the subject noun phrase, over and above plural morphology. This is consistent with models of grammatical comprehension that emphasize feature prediction in tandem with cue-based memory retrieval. Our results additionally contrast with those of prior studies that showed no effects of plural quantification on agreement in language production. These findings therefore highlight some nontrivial divergences in the cues and mechanisms supporting morphosyntactic processing in language production and comprehension.
Sharing rivers for peace, development, and security - Analysis of the recommendations of the World Commission on Dams

Water is a finite resource, and with the considerable upsurge in population, urbanization, and industrialization, it is also becoming an increasingly scarce resource. Many countries in the world rely on river waters, and many of those rivers are shared by two or more countries. Dams on those rivers have been a major source of tensions, disputes, and, in some cases, even conflict between riparian countries because dams could result in massive diversion ofriver flows. Those developments have, inter alia, highlighted the relevance and importance of the principles of international water law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Water-courses. The World Commission on Dams has also underscored the importance of, and elaborated on, those principles with regard to dams on shared rivers. This article discusses and analyzes the recommendations of the Commission in this area, and compares them with the principles of international water law as enunciated in the United Nations Convention.
The mechanics of devaluations and the output response in a DSGE model : how relevant is the balance sheet effect?

The relative importance of different mechanisms through which devaluations affect output are analyzed using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for a small open economy with imperfect competition and nominal rigidities. Devaluations are defined as an increase in the central bank's nominal exchange rate target, which induces a decrease in the nominal interest rate. Three main mechanisms through which devaluations affect output are considered: The traditional expansionary expenditure-switching effect, the balance sheet effect which allows the possibility of contractionary effects when firms' debt are dollar-denominated, and a monetary channel associated with an interest rule that targets the nominal exchange rate. The model is calibrated and simulated under alternative scenarios of exchange rate regimes and shocks. Devaluations are found to be expansionary despite the contractionary balance sheet effect. In response to adverse external shocks the economy's output response improves with a devaluation the less flexible the exchange rate regime is.
Ion boundary layer on a flat plate.

Magnetized, Partially Ionized Gas Under Nonequilibrium Conditions," Ph.D. thesis, 1969, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England. 3 Riedmiiller, W., "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Influence of Boundary Conditions on the Development of lonization Instability," Eleventh Symposium on Engineering Aspects of MHD, Pasadena, Calif., 1970. 4 Lengyel, L. L., "Numerical Simulation of the lonization Instability with Allowance for Dissipative Processes," Eleventh Symposium on Engineering Aspects of MHD, Pasadena, Calif., 1970. 5 Brederlow, G., Feneberg, W., and Hodgson, R., "The NonEquilibrium Conductivity in an Argon-Potassium Plasma in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields," SM 74/88,1966, Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation, Salzburg, Austria. 6 Kruger, C. H. and Mitchner, M., "Kinetic Theory of TwoTemperature Plasmas," The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 10, No. 9, Sept. 1967, pp. 1953-1961. 7 Lutz, M. A., "Radiation and Its Effects on the Nonequilibrium Properties of a Seeded Plasma," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 8, Aug. 1967, pp. 1416-1423. 8 Gilpin, R. R., "Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Electrothermal Instability in a Nonequilibrium Plasma," Ph.D. thesis, 1968, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 9 Brederlow, G. and Hodgson, R. T., "Electrical Conductivity in Seeded Noble Gas Plasma in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 1277-1284. 10 Kruger, C. H., Mitchner, M., and Daybelge, U., "Transport Properties of MHD Generator Plasmas," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 9, Sept. 1968, pp. 1712-1723. 11 Bender, D. J., Mitchner, M., and Kruger, C. H., "Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium in an Argon, Nitrogen, Alkali-Seed Plasma," Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation, Munich, 1971. 12 Mitchner, M., "A Computer Program for the Calculation of Electron Transport Coefficients," SU-IPR Rept. 280, 1969, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 13 Glushkov, I. W., Karpukhin, V. T., and Nedospasov, A. B., "Current Distributions in an ExH Discharge with Sectionalized Electrodes for Nonequilibrium Conductivity of the Plasma," Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Vol. 7, No. 2, March-April 1969, pp. 223-232. 14 Malikov, M. M., "Experimental Study of Nonequilibrium Plasma," Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Vol. 8, No. 2, March-April 1970, pp. 260-265. 15 Velikhov, E. P., Dykhne, A. M., and Ya Shipuk, L, "lonization Instability of a Plasma with Hot Electrons," Seventh Symposium on lonization Phenomena in Gases, Belgrade, 1965. 16 Zampaglione, V., "Effective Conductivity of MHD Plasma in a Turbulent State," SM-107/200, 1968, Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation, Warsaw. 17 Yoshikawa, S. and Rose, D. J., "Anomalous Diffusion of a Plasma Across a Magnetic Field," The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 5, No. 3, March 1962, pp. 334-340. 18 Solbes, A., "Quasi-Linear Plane Wave Study of Electrothermal Instabilities," Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation SM-107/26, Warsaw, 1968.
Task-level control of the lateral leg spring model of cockroach locomotion

The Lateral Leg Spring model (LLS) was developed by Schmitt and Holmes to model the horizontal-plane dynamics of a running cockroach. The model captures several salient features of real insect locomotion, and demonstrates that horizontal plane locomotion can be passively stabilized by a well-tuned mechanical system, thus requiring minimal neural reflexes. We propose two enhancements to the LLS model. First, we derive the dynamical equations for a more flexible placement of the center of pressure (COP), which enables the model to capture the phase relationship between the body orientation and center-of-mass (COM) heading in a simpler manner than previously possible. Second, we propose a reduced LLS "plant model" and biologically inspired control law that enables the model to follow along a virtual wall, much like antenna-based wall following in cockroaches.
Acceptance and Preference Testing

Consumer sensory evaluation is usually performed towards the end of the product development or reformulation cycle. At this time, the alternative product prototypes have usually been narrowed down to a manageable subset through the use of analytical sensory tests. Frequently, the sensory testing is followed by additional testing done through market research. The big difference between consumer sensory and marketing research testing is that the sensory test is generally conducted with coded, not branded, products, while market research is most frequently done with branded products (van Trijp and Schifferstein, 1995). Also, in consumer sensory analysis the investigator is interested in whether the consumer likes the product, prefers it over another product, or finds the product acceptable based on its sensory characteristics. The consumer sensory specialist often has no interest in purchase intent, effect of branding, and/or cost factors. Thus, a product will not necessarily be financially successful just because it had high hedonic scores (was well liked) or because it was preferred over another product. Success in the marketplace is also affected by price, market image, packaging, niche, etc. However, a product that does not score well in a consumer acceptance test will probably fail despite great marketing.
dl‐4,4′,6,6′‐Tetrachlorodiphenic Acid

dl-4,4′,6,6′-Tetrachlorodiphenic acid intermediate: 3,5-dichloro-2-aminobenzoic acid product: dl-4,4′,6,6′-Tetrachlorodiphenic acid. Keywords: diazotization, replacement of diazonium group (loss of N2), miscellaneous; halogenation, chlorination; cuprous sulfate in aq. ammonia, preparation of