cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-Based Scaffolding Strategy

This chapter covers variations in scaffolding strategies along the following characteristics—scaffolding function (e.g., strategic and conceptual), context specificity (i.e., generic or context-specific), customization (e.g., fading and fading/adding), and customization schedule (e.g., self-selected and performance-based). These variations and the theoretical basis for these are explained. Then, results from the meta-analysis are shared, which indicate that there are no differences in cognitive outcomes according to scaffolding function, context specificity, and customization. These results are then discussed.
A Supervised Learning Model for High-Dimensional and Large-Scale Data

We introduce a new supervised learning model using a discriminative regression approach. This new model estimates a regression vector to represent the similarity between a test example and training examples while seamlessly integrating the class information in the similarity estimation. This distinguishes our model from usual regression models and locally linear embedding approaches, rendering our method suitable for supervised learning problems in high-dimensional settings. Our model is easily extensible to account for nonlinear relationship and applicable to general data, including both high- and low-dimensional data. The objective function of the model is convex, for which two optimization algorithms are provided. These two optimization approaches induce two scalable solvers that are of mathematically provable, linear time complexity. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method on various kinds of data. For example, our method shows comparable performance on low-dimensional data and superior performance on high-dimensional data to several widely used classifiers; also, the linear solvers obtain promising performance on large-scale classification.
H 2 S and homocysteine control a novel feedback regulation of cystathionine beta synthase and cystathionine gamma lyase in cardiomyocytes

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a cardioprotective gas, is endogenously produced from homocysteine by cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) and cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE) enzymes. However, effect of H2S or homocysteine on CBS and CSE expression, and cross-talk between CBS and CSE are unclear. We hypothesize that homocysteine and H2S regulate CBS and CSE expressions in a dose dependent manner in cardiomyocytes, and CBS deficiency induces cardiac CSE expression. To test the hypothesis, we treated murine atrial HL1 cardiomyocytes with increasing doses of homocysteine or Na2S/GYY4137, a H2S donor, and measured the levels of CBS and CSE. We found that homocysteine upregulates CSE but downregulates CBS whereas Na2S/GYY4137 downregulates CSE but upregulates CBS in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the Na2S-treatment downregulates specificity protein-1 (SP1), an inducer for CSE, and upregulates miR-133a that targets SP1 and inhibits cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. Conversely, in the homocysteine-treated cardiomyocytes, CBS and miR-133a were downregulated and hypertrophy was induced. In vivo studies using CBS+/−, a model for hyperhomocysteinemia, and sibling CBS+/+ control mice revealed that deficiency of CBS upregulates cardiac CSE, plausibly by inducing SP1. In conclusion, we revealed a novel mechanism for H2S-mediated regulation of homocysteine metabolism in cardiomyocytes, and a negative feedback regulation between CBS and CSE in the heart.
Leaf-Litter Breakdown

Abstract Terrestrial leaves are a major energy source for forested stream ecosystems around the world. Leaves entering streams as litterfall undergo a series of physical and chemical transformations mediated by internal chemistry and the interaction of microbes and invertebrates resulting in the conversion (breakdown) of whole leaves to smaller particles. The particles are then distributed downstream by the current and are available for consumption by a variety of organisms comprising stream food webs. This chapter describes methods for measuring leaf-litter breakdown rates, the respiration of microbial communities that colonize leaf litter, and for assessing how different intrinsic and extrinsic factors control the rate of leaf-litter processing in streams. Leaf-litter breakdown is a fundamental ecosystem level process that integrates physical, chemical, and biological properties and therefore is a useful measure of the functional integrity of streams.
Spillovers from Voice and Exit

My use of voice or exit can have spillover effects on you. I argue that voice behaves in important respects like a positional good. Positional goods have value only relative to the goods that others possess. Acquiring positional goods imposes negative externalities on others who lose status. Voice grants a form of influence that is relative rather than absolute, and can give rise to a winner-take-all distribution of influence. The more effective your voice, the less effective mine. Exit, by contrast, has properties in common with a network good. A network good is valuable to the extent that other individuals possess the same good. Possession of the good thus generates positive externalities. Exit operates like a network good, generating direct and indirect spillovers that create benefits even for those who do not possess the capacity to exit.
CBC/Chemistries II

Preeclampsia and related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are the most common medical disorders of pregnancy, affecting 6–8% of pregnant women in the United States. The incidence of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is even higher in the developing countries, making it one of the major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Preeclampsia should be diagnosed early during pregnancy by appropriate laboratory work-up to prevent its progression into eclampsia (causing convulsions) and a life-threatening medical condition like HELLP and/or DIC. Thrombocytopenia is present in 15–30% of women with preeclampsia, and it is the most common hematologic abnormality. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published their revised guideline in 2013 which highlights the importance of proteinuria in preeclampsia and how to diagnose preeclampsia even in the absence of proteinuria.
Simulations I: Methodology

Social simulation is the fourth major area of Computational Social Science (CSS). Social simulations are used in CSS as artificial worlds for conducting virtual experiments, analyzing scenarios, and exploring alternative pasts and futures. In a sense, social simulations are spatiotemporal machines used by CSS researchers to explore the social universe in unique ways that are not accessible through other scientific instruments. This chapter introduces the reader to the methodology of social simulations. This is done in terms of a general “life cycle” framework that begins with research questions and develops through stages of modeling, implementation, verification, validation, analysis, and communication. This process is cyclical, not linear, although the exposition of the process is necessarily sequential. In practice, feedback from consecutive stages of simulation model development is used to improve previous and subsequent stages. What matters most is maintaining quality control throughout the process in order to be able to analyze a model that can be trusted. Complex social simulations are a breed apart, comprised relatively large teams consisting of multidisciplinary specialists, multi-institutional arrangements, and multiyear duration. The chapter also presents several major types of simulations, including variable-oriented models and object-oriented models, which are examined in detail in the next two chapters.
Literature after Euclid: The Geometric Imagination in the Long Scottish Enlightenment / James Hogg and British Romanticism: A Kaleidoscopic Art / Disputed Titles: Ireland, Scotland, and the Novel of Inheritance, 1798–1832

The three monographs reviewed below—one on literature and the mathematical imagination, one on literature and optical material culture, and one on literature and the legal and social hereditary pri...
Minimum-Time Optimal Control Problems

In Chap. 8 we derived a weaker version of Pontryagin’s minimum principle using the dynamic programming procedure. A rigorous proof of the general statement of the principle is tedious. Even in the minimum-time optimal control problem where the cost functional is simply (t1 — t0), an easy proof of the principle is not available without using functional analysis. In this chapter we will study the minimum-time optimal control problem for a continuous-time linear system in some detail and derive the minimum principle for this setting. In order to give a rigorous and yet somewhat elegant treatment, it is necessary to use some terminology and results from measure theory and functional analysis. Our original intention of presenting an elementary treatment of the subject matter is maintained if the reader is willing to accept two existence results (namely: Lemma 9.1 and the last portion of the proof of Theorem 9.2), consider “measurable functions” as “piecewise continuous functions”, regard the “almost everywhere” notion as the weaker notion “everywhere with an exception of a finite number of points”, and assume a set E with positive measure to be a nonempty interval.
The Individuality of Antibodies

The synthesis of an antibody in response to the administration of an antigen is an adaptive phenomenon capable of exacting, yet wide ranging, specificity. For over fifty years it has been known that antibodies are globular proteins of varying size, the majority of which are associated with the gamma fraction of the serum proteins. The term immunoglobulin is of more recent origin and serves to emphasize the basic unit of structure and function underlying the varied forms of reactivity and seemingly endless variety of antibodies.
A Tilted-Axes Tool for Introductory Mechanics and Mathematics Courses

An important but challenging problem-solving technique in introductory mechanics is that of using “tilted axes.” For inclined plane and centripetal motion problems, using axes that are aligned relative to the ramp direction or the radial direction (rather than the horizontal and vertical) yields equations that are conceptually more straightforward and algebraically more tractable. Of necessity, textbooks tend to present this as a static choice of alternate axes, while experts often think of this as a continuous rotation. Simply printing orthogonal axes onto transparency film produces an inexpensive student handout that bridges this gap in an effective way for those students who have difficulty with the standard textbook presentation.
Microglia undergo metabolic adaptation during heme detoxification

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke that results in significant mortality, and survivors typically suffer from lasting neurological deficits. Despite the severity of ICH and its complications, there are currently no therapies specifically targeted to reduce oxidation-induced damage after ICH. After ICH, damaged erythrocytes release heme into the surrounding environment, where it promotes oxidative damage and inflammation. Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are responsible for clearing the heme released after ICH. It has been shown that knockdown of heme clearance enzymes, including Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), in microglia worsens outcome in models of ICH, but the role of metabolic adaptation in microglial heme clearance remains unexplored. Since improving the rate of heme clearance through metabolic manipulation might prove a potential avenue for ICH therapy, we sought to fully understand the interplay between metabolism and heme clearance in heme-exposed microglia. Here we show that heme rapidly alters the metabolic profile of BV2 murine microglia, increasing glycolytic rate at low doses (1-10μM) and decreasing oxygen consumption at higher doses (50μM) using extracellular flux analysis. We also show that subsequent treatment with Ferrostatin-1, an antioxidant shown to prevent iron-dependent cell death (“ferroptosis”), rescues the heme-induced decrease in oxygen consumption. Heme also upregulates expression of both Hmox1 and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) genes, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd) and 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Pgd), in a dose-dependent manner by Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTqPCR). We show that intracellular accumulation of heme in microglia is also dose-dependent and occurs rapidly after heme exposure. Additionally, pharmacologic inhibition of fatty acid and glutamine flux into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle decreased the rate of heme loading and degradation. Together, these data suggest that metabolic manipulation of microglia is a potential avenue to improve heme clearance and prevent oxidative damage after ICH.
Analysis and Interpretation of Google Trends Data on Public Interest in Cosmetic Body Procedures.

Background Several online resources such as Google Trends (GT) enable plastic surgeons to track search volume trends for cosmetic procedures. Understanding these data may allow surgeons to better anticipate patients' interests and meet their needs. Objectives The authors sought to evaluate the correlation between GT search volumes and annual surgery volumes. Methods Search terms were generated using the "related queries" feature of GT. Data were obtained for the terms breast augmentation, buttock augmentation, buttock implants, buttock lift, calf augmentation, liposuction, lower body lift, thighplasty, abdominoplasty, and brachioplasty from January 2004 to November 2017. Annual volumes for respective procedures were obtained from statistics reports of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) from 2006 to 2017 and American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) from 2004 to 2017. Correlations were evaluated applying univariate linear regression of GT data to both ASPS and ASAPS data. Results Geographical and temporal variations in search volume were detected during the study. Search volume trends that correlated significantly with both ASPS and ASAPS surgery volume trends were: "butt implants surgery" (ASPS: R2 = 0.366, P = 0.049; ASAPS: R2 = 0.380, P = 0.019); "liposuction" (ASPS: R2 = 0.690, P = 0.002; ASAPS: R2 = 0.578, P = 0.002); and "liposuction surgery" (ASPS: R2 = 0.672, P = 0.002; ASAPS: R2 = 0.476, P = 0.006). Several search terms demonstrated no significant relationships, negative correlations, or were significant with only one database. Conclusions This study characterizes GT as a convenient and informative data set for plastic surgeons to analyze patient interest in cosmetic body-sculpting procedures. GT represents a useful instrument for tailoring marketing strategies and addressing the needs of our patient population.
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis and Acute Suppurative Pancreatitis in the Cat

Medical records and histologic sections of 40 cats with acute pancreatitis were reviewed. Two distinct groups of cats with pancreatitis were established by histologic analysis of tissue. Group 1 (32 cats) had acute pancreatic necrosis (APN). Group 2 (8 cats) had suppurative pancreatitis. Ages of affected cats ranged from 3 weeks to 16 years. The majority consisted of indoor cats of the Domestic Short-Haired breed but Siamese cats were over-represented relative to the general population (P < 0.05). Twenty-two percent of cats were obese and 57% were underweight. Thirty-eight percent of cats had acute disease. In the other cats, two stages in the progression of the disease were evident: (1) anorexia, weight loss, and lethargy, followed by (2) acute deterioration, development of shock, and a moribund state, despite fluid therapy. The most common clinical signs were severe lethargy (100%), reduced appetite (97%), dehydration (92%), and hypothermia (68%). The initial hemogram occasionally showed a neutrophilia (30%) and anemia (26%) but packed cell volume (PCV) decreased markedly to the extent that 55% of cats were anemic terminally. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased activities of ALT (68%) and ALP (50%), and increased concentrations of bilirubin (64%) and cholesterol (64%). Cats with APN were hyperglycemic (64%), glycosuric (60%) and ketonuric (20%), whereas cats with suppurative pancreatitis tended to be hypoglycemic (75%). Renal failure and electrolyte abnormalities were mild or infrequent except for hypokalemia (56%). This study characterizes a severe necrotizing pancreatitis in the cat similar to that reported in other species, and a histologically distinct suppurative pancreatitis.
Privilege as a Blind Spot to Understanding Struggle

In this chapter, I analyze privilege as the defining context for my experience as a struggling student. As a critical higher education scholar, I had a good understanding of educational inequality prior to my experience as a struggling student. Being a student, however, gave me deeper insight into how privilege mitigates academic struggle. I came to understand the largely invisible ways phenomena like slack, the time wealth that allows some students the time and space to slow down and concentrate, account for discrepancies in students’ capacity to overcome academic challenges. I identify how privilege manifested in my educational journey prior to and including my experience in the TEFL program as well as the autoethnographic process that allowed me to discover this finding.
Ion-induced nanopatterning of silicon: Toward a predictive model

We review recent progress toward the development of predictive models of ion-induced pattern formation on room-temperature silicon, with a particular emphasis on efforts to eliminate fit parameters in the linear regime by means of experimental measurements or atomistic simulations. Analytical approaches considered include “mechanistic” models of the impact-induced collision cascade, the Crater Function Framework, and continuum treatments of ion-induced stress and viscous flow. Parameter evaluation methods include molecular dynamics and binary collision approximation simulations, as well as wafer curvature measurements and grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering. Mathematical detail is provided in the context of key results from pattern formation theory, which are also briefly summarized.
Performance Analysis of Square-Shaped and Star-Shaped Hierarchically Modulated Signals Generated Using All-Optical Techniques

Millimeter-wave communications will play an important role in realizing the high-data rates of future 5G systems. In order to prioritize the data for different users, hierarchical modulation offers simultaneous transmission of multiple independent signals over a single electrical carrier. All-optical transmission and generation of millimeter-wave signals is a suitable solution to cope with the large number of base stations and high data rates required for future high frequency 5G networks. In this work, we have implemented an all-optical technique for the transmission and subsequent generation of hierarchically modulated millimeter-wave signals. We have compared the performance of square-shaped and star-shaped hierarchically modulated signals in terms of Bit-error-rate and power margin. It was observed that optical single sideband modulation is a suitable technique to overcome high frequency related impairments in optical fibers. Also, the high priority layer of a hierarchically modulated signal performs better than the low priority layer. Furthermore, star-shaped signal performs better than the square-shaped hierarchically modulated signal.
Adaptive Control for a Class of Multi-Input Multi-Output Plants With Arbitrary Relative Degree

In this paper, a new adaptive output-feedback controller for a class of multi-input multi-output linear plant models with relative degree three or higher is developed. The adaptive controller includes a baseline design based on observers and parameter adaptation based on a modified closed-loop reference model. The overall design guarantees stability and tracking performance in the presence of large parametric uncertainties that are common in aircraft models with actuator dynamics. The requisite controller has a computational complexity that is an order of magnitude lower than that of a classical model reference adaptive controller. The proposed adaptive controller is evaluated using a model of a very flexible aircraft with second-order actuator dynamics and parametric uncertainties, and demonstrates stable command tracking behavior in scenarios that cause the failure of an linear quadratic regulator controller and an adaptive controller with a first-order actuator model.
Oral saline consumption and pressor responses to acute physical stress.

Sodium induced volume loading may alter pressor responses to physical stress, an early symptom of cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE Study 1: Determine the time point where total blood volume and serum sodium were elevated following saline consumption. Study 2: Examine the BP response to isometric handgrip (HG) and the cold pressor test (CPT) following saline consumption. METHODS Study 1: Eight participants drank 423 mL of normal saline (sodium 154 mmol/L) and had blood draws every 30 min for 3 h. Study 2: Sixteen participants underwent two randomized data collection visits; a control and experimental visit 90 min following saline consumption. Participants underwent 2 min of isometric HG, post exercise ischemia (PEI), and CPT. RESULTS Study 1: Total blood volume (3.8 ± 3.0 Δ%) and serum sodium (3.5 ± 3.6 Δ%) were elevated (P 0.05). MAP recovery from the CPT was slower following saline consumption (1 min recovery: EXP; 15.7 ± 7.9 ΔmmHg, CON; 12.3 ± 8.9 ΔmmHg, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Data showed no difference in cardiovascular responses during HG or the CPT between conditions. BP recovery was delayed by saline consumption following the CPT.
Bioelectrochemical engineering analysis of formate-mediated microbial electrosynthesis

Abstract Mediated microbial electrosynthesis (MES) represents a promising strategy for the capture and conversion of CO2 into carbon-based products. We describe the development and application of a comprehensive multiphysics model to analyze a formate-mediated MES reactor. The model shows that this system can achieve a biomass productivity of ∼1.7 g L-1 hr-1 but is limited by a competitive trade-off between O2 gas/liquid mass transfer and CO2 transport to the cathode. Synthetic metabolic strategies are evaluated for formatotrophic growth, which can enable an energy efficiency of ∼21%, a 30% improvement over the Calvin cycle. However, carbon utilization efficiency is only ∼10% in the best cases due to a futile CO2 cycle, so gas recycle will be necessary for greater efficiency. Finally, separating electrochemical and microbial processes into separate reactors enables a higher biomass productivity of ∼2.4 g L-1 hr-1. The mediated MES model and analysis presented here can guide process design for conversion of CO2 into renewable chemical feedstocks.
An IoT-enabled paper sensor platform for real-time analysis of isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests.

Abstract Paper-based sensors can be exploited to develop low-cost, disposable, and rapid assays for the detection of a large variety of analytes. We report a paper-based sensor system for a point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid amplification test that can quantitatively detect multiple genes from different pathogens. The POC system combines a paper sensor chip and a portable instrument, which is built on an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The paper-based sensor provides the functions of reagent storage, sample transportation, and nucleic acid amplification. The IoT instrument uses an Arduino microcontroller to control temperature, collect fluorescence images, and store the data in cloud storage via a WiFi network. A compact fluorescence reader was designed to measure fluorescence images of the amplicons during a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction in real-time. The real-time detection capability enables the quantitative analysis of target genes. The results show that the paper-based sensor cam distinguish multiple genes of the genomic DNA extracted from Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni, with the concentration as low as 2 × 103 copies/μL. The affordable instrument, in conjunction with the disposable paper sensor chip, would have a great potential for POC detections of pathogens.
Comparison of Two Different Criteria for Specific Antibody Deficiency in Patients With Chronic and Recurrent Rhinosinusitis

BackgroundSpecific antibody deficiency (SAD) is highly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and is defined by inadequate post-vaccination percentage of protective (≥1.3 ug/mL) pneumococcal ...
Relationship Between Physiological Fatigue and Muscular Fatigue Assessed Utilizing Surface Electromyography Wearable Technology

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between upper leg muscle fatigue and physiological fatigue during a maximal exercise test. Methods: A total of 13, trained athletes participated and were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Throughout the test, oxygen uptake respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate (HR) were recorded simultaneously with surface electromyography (sEMG) electrodes utilizing wearable sEMG compression short technology. Results: During the maximal exercise test, there were significant positive relationships between Muscle Load and all physiological measures (p < 0.001 for all) and significant negative relationships between sEMG frequency and Muscle Load and all physiological measures of fatigue (p < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: Using sEMG wearable compression short technology may be a useful way to measure and monitor muscle strain and fatigue, primarily outside of a laboratory setting.
Altered gravity effects on mothers and offspring: the importance of maternal behavior

In this paper, I review and discuss recent studies of pregnant, parturient and lactating rat mothers and neonates exposed to hypo- and hypergravity. These studies are revealing new insights into how deviations form Earth-normal gravity may affect fundamental reproductive and ontogenetic processes in mammals. By way of background, I will first briefly summarize the spaceflights that have carried mammalian mothers and their offspring into space.
Drinking water as a source of environmental DNA for the detection of terrestrial wildlife species

Use of environmental DNA for wildlife species detection is a field of research that has seen rapid growth in recent years, however, the majority of research to date has been focused on aquatic species. Here, we propose and test a novel source for the detection of terrestrial species with environmental DNA: drinking water from watering holes and wildlife water developments. We hypothesized that when terrestrial animals drink from a water source, DNA from saliva and buccal cells is shed and can be isolated for species identification. We tested this hypothesis in a pilot study by filtering drinking water supplied to coyotes (Canis latrans) at a captive coyote research facility. DNA was successfully extracted from filters, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, and sequenced, and sequences were positively identified as belonging to coyotes. We believe this environmental DNA based approach holds great promise for the detection of terrestrial species of conservation concern.
An Interpersonal and Intercultural Embrace

SUMMARY Using Ono's (1997) “letter” format to share one's multiplicity of “voices,” I discuss the negotiation of interpersonal and intercultural factors of a gay, transcontinental, HIV serodiscordant relational connection with my late partner and a multicultural relational connection with my current partner. In this letter, I work to open paths of inquiry and understanding of our connections by intersecting relational “differences” (e.g., ethnicity, nations of birth, social class, HIV status, and religion/spirituality) with relational “similarities” (e.g., attraction and love, age status, shared gay identity, shared languages, and educational privilege). Finally, I address our learned and practiced skills for sustaining relational healthiness.
Measurement of parity-violating asymmetry in electron-deuteron inelastic scattering

The parity-violating asymmetries between a longitudinally polarized electron beam and an unpolarized deuterium target have been measured recently. The measurement covered two kinematic points in the deep-inelastic scattering region and five in the nucleon resonance region. We provide here details of the experimental setup, data analysis, and results on all asymmetry measurements including parity-violating electron asymmetries and those of inclusive pion production and beam-normal asymmetries. The parity-violating deep-inelastic asymmetries were used to extract the electron-quark weak effective couplings, and the resonance asymmetries provided the first evidence for quark-hadron duality in electroweak observables. These electron asymmetries and their interpretation were published earlier, but are presented here in more detail.
Epidemiology of Toxin-Producing Fungi and Ochratoxin a Occurrence in Grape

Fungi responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) production have been studied especially on cereals, where Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus are to be considered the main producers. Until 1998, these fungi were also believed to be responsible for the production of the toxin in grape, but OTA-producing A. carbonarius and A. niger were identified in dried vine fruits in 1999. Further studies pointed out that mycoflora potentially responsible for the presence of OTA in grapes are present in the field. Aspergilli are dominant to Penicillia, and among these Aspergilli section Nigri. A. carbonarius probably plays an important role because of the high percentage of positive strains and the amount of OTA produced. Aspergilli section Nigri are present on grape bunches early in the season and their frequency increases during later growth stages. At early veraison and ripening, the incidence of colonised berries is more related to the year than to the growth stage, but not to visible symptoms, since it is normal to isolate fungi from intact berries. Differences in ochratoxin content of berries have been detected between years, when the same vineyards, managed in the same way, showed high levels (1999) or the absence (2000) of the toxin. The results suggest that meteorological differences between years and grape-growing areas are responsible for differences in OTA levels, but the data are at present insufficient to draw firm conclusions.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP) Suite

First page of article Keywords: transmission control protocol (TCP) / internet protocol (IP) suite; asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
Not all attachment relationships develop alike: Normative cross-sectional age trajectories in attachment to romantic partners, best friends, and parents

Abstract Previous research has found that age is negatively correlated with general-romantic attachment anxiety and positively correlated with general-romantic attachment avoidance. The present study examined cross-sectional age trajectories in global attachment, as well as relationship-specific attachment with romantic partners, best friends, mothers, and fathers. Across all specific relationships, older individuals reported higher attachment avoidance. In contrast, attachment anxiety with romantic partners and friends was negatively associated with age, whereas attachment anxiety with parents normatively increased as a function of age. These findings underscore the importance of examining the normative age trajectories of attachment across both global and specific levels of abstraction.
Transport of biotin in basolateral membrane vesicles of rat liver.

We examined biotin transport across the basolateral membrane (BLM) of rat liver using BLM vesicles (BLMV) technique. The purity and suitability for transport studies of liver BLMV were demonstrated by morphological (electron microscopy), enzymatic, and functional criteria. Orientation of liver BLMV was determined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy and by [3H]ouabain binding methodology and was found to be 65.3-69.7% in the right-side-out orientation. Uptake of biotin by liver BLMV was found by osmolarity and temperature studies to be mostly the result of transport of the substrate into an active intravesicular space with little binding to membrane surfaces. Transport of biotin was found to be Na+ gradient dependent with a distinct "over-shoot" phenomenon. Initial rate of transport of biotin as a function of concentration was found to include a saturable component in the presence of a Na+ gradient (out greater than in) but was linear and lower in the presence of a K+ gradient (no Na+). Kinetic parameters of the saturable Na+ gradient-dependent transport process were 0.39 microM and 1,807 fmol.mg protein-1.20 s-1 for the apparent Km and Vmax, respectively. In the presence, but not the absence, of a Na+ gradient (out greater than in), the addition of structural analogues to the incubation medium caused significant inhibition in the transport of 0.079 microM [3H]biotin. Induction, with the use of valinomycin and an inwardly directed K+ gradient, of a relatively positive intravesicular space caused significant inhibition in the initial rate of biotin transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implications of Food Insecurity on Global Health Policy and Nursing Practice

Purpose: The purpose is to discuss the concept of food insecurity (FI) and its impact on current global health policy and nursing practice. Organizing Construct: Food insecurity. Methods: Literature review. Findings: FI means a nonsustainable food system that interferes with optimal self-reliance and social justice. Individuals experiencing FI lack nutritionally adequate and safe foods in their diet. Resources play a significant role in FI by affecting whether or not people obtain culturally, socially acceptable food through regular marketplace sources as opposed to severe coping strategies, such as emergency food sources, scavenging, and stealing. Persons who are living in poverty, female heads of household, single parents, people living with many siblings, landless people, migrants, immigrants, and those living in certain geographical regions constitute populations at risk and most vulnerable to FI. Conclusions: FI influences economics through annual losses of gross domestic product due to reduced human productivity. FI affects individuals and households and is largely an unobservable condition, making data collection and analysis challenging. Policy and research have focused on macronutrient sufficiency and deprivation, making it difficult to draw attention and research dollars to FI. Clinical Relevance: Persons experiencing FI exhibit clinical signs such as less healthy diets, poor health status, poor diabetes and chronic disease management, and impaired cognitive function. Nurses can recognize the physical, psychosocial, and personal consequences that those with FI face and manage daily.
THE ROLE OF TRANSLESION DNA POLYMERASE(S) IN THE SURVIVAL OF ESCHERICHIA COLI EXPOSED TO UVA LIGHT IN THE PRESENCE OF PSORALEN AND ANGELICIN

The chemical compounds 8-methoxy-psoralen and angelicin are two types of furocoumarins that intercalate into DNA and form mono-adducts when exposed to UVA light. However, 8-methoxy-psoralen, is also capable of forming a DNA interstrand cross-link in addition to mono-adducts. These lesions change the structure of DNA and block the DNA polymerase during replication, leading to lethality, mutagenesis, or rearrangements if not repaired. The repair of monoadducts is known to be carried out by nucleotide excision repair. However, how interstrand DNA crosslinks are repaired is less clear. The repair of crosslinks has been proposed to involve a number of pathways, which include: homologous recombination, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and translesion synthesis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a bacterial strain lacking all three translesion DNA polymerases is hypersensitive to these photosensitizing chemicals, and whether it is specifically hypersensitive to DNA interstrand crosslinks. Wild type, polB-dinB-umuDC (lacking the three polymerases), and uvrA mutants were each treated with either 8-methoxy-psoralen or angelicin and irradiated with UVA light to determine their relative survivals. I found that the mutant lacking all three DNA polymerases was more sensitive to 8-methoxy-psoralen than angelicin when compared to the wild type cells; yet, the overall sensitivity of the mutant was far less than that of the uvrA mutant. These observations suggest that translesion synthesis plays a role in the repair of
Aneuploidy: Tolerating Tolerance

Individuals, and cells, vary in their ability to tolerate aneuploidy, an unbalanced chromosome complement. Tolerance mechanisms can be karyotype-specific or general. General tolerance mechanisms may allow cells to benefit from the phenotypic plasticity conferred by access to multiple aneuploid states.
Relatedness of structures of a major immunogen in Trichomonas vaginalis isolates.

Abstract Solubilization of live Trichomonas vaginalis organisms with detergent caused the release of cysteine proteinases in the detergent extract which were inhibitable with N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone. The detergent extracts of all isolates tested possessed similar cysteine proteinase activities. These parasite proteinases rapidly degraded a prominent immunogen whose surface disposition undergoes phenotypic variation in some isolates. The relatedness of the forms of this immunogen among all isolates tested was confirmed by identical immunoblot patterns of autolysed immunogen, and data suggest the presence of repeating units or at least equidistant sites for proteinase cleavage within the immunogen molecule.
Nekton community response to a large-scale Mississippi River discharge: Examining spatial and temporal response to river management

Freshwater flow is generally held to be one of the most influential factors affecting community structure and production in estuaries. In coastal Louisiana, the Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion (CFD) is managed to control freshwater discharge from the Mississippi River into Breton Sound basin. Operational since 1991, CFD has undergone several changes in management strategy including pulsed spring flooding, which was introduced in 2001. We used a 20-yr time series of fisheries-independent data to investigate how variation in freshwater inflow (i.e., pre- and post-CFD, and pre and post spring pulsing management) influences the downstream nekton community (abundance, diversity, and assemblage). Analyses of long-term data demonstrated that while there were effects from the CFD, they largely involved subtle changes in community structure. Spatially, effects were largely limited to the sites immediately downstream of the diversion and extended only occasionally to more down-estuary sites. Temporally, effects were 1) immediate (detected during spring diversion events) or 2) delayed (detected several months post-diversion). Analysis of river management found that pulsed spring-time inflow resulted in more significant changes in nekton assemblages, likely due to higher discharge rates that 1) increased marsh flooding, thus increasing marsh habitat accessibility for small resident marsh species, and 2) reduced salinity, possibly causing displacement of marine pelagic species down estuary.
Beginning Music Teacher Induction and Mentor Policies: A Cross-State Perspective

(2002). Beginning Music Teacher Induction and Mentor Policies: A Cross-State Perspective. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 9-17.
Towards an understanding of the tradeoffs in adversary models of smart grid privacy protocols

Maintaining privacy while still providing the advanced functionality of the smart grid is a very important topic in the power and energy communities. Recently proposed protocols attempt to solve the associated problems in such a way that privacy is maintained. These protocols are typically proven secure under one of two adversary models: the honest-but-curious model or the malicious model. The honest-but-curious model is the weaker of the two in that adversaries are assumed to be honest in carrying out the protocol without deviation but use any information gathered during the process to violate another party's privacy. This model is often justified in the literature by assuming that devices are tamper resistant. It turns out that each of these models has its benefits and disadvantages. Add in the assumption of anti-tamper protections, and the story becomes even more complicated. In this work, we initiate a look at the tradeoffs of the two models (along with the anti-tamper assumption) by comparing one privacy preserving data-aggregation protocol from each model found in the published literature. We examine the computation and communication complexities of each protocol and study how these affect the scalability of the protocols. We also comment on anti-tamper protections and their associated computational costs.
Production of Plaques in Monolayer Tissue Cultures by Single Particles of an Animal Virus

Research on the growth characteristics and genetic properties of animal viruses has stood greatly in need of improved quantitative techniques, such as those used in the related field of bacteriophage studies.
Automatic segmentation of left and right cerebral hemispheres from MRI brain volumes using the graph cuts algorithm.

Abstract An automated algorithm has been developed to segment stripped (non-brain tissue excluded) T1-weighted MRI brain volumes into left and right cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum + brainstem. The algorithm, which uses the Graph Cuts technique, performs a fully automated segmentation in approximately 30 s following pre-processing. It is robust and accurate and has been tested on datasets from two scanners using different field strengths and pulse sequences. We describe the Graph Cuts algorithm and compare the results of Graph Cuts segmentations against “gold standard” manual segmentations and segmentations produced by three popular software packages used by neuroimagers: BrainVisa, CLASP, and SurfRelax.
Chaetae and mechanical function: tools no Metazoan class should be without

To address the functional contributions of capillary chaetae in the maldanid polychaete Clymenella torquata, we compared irrigation efficiency and tube structure for animals with intact and trimmed capillary chaetae. We measured pumping rates for worms before and after they were anaesthetized and subjected either to capillary trimming or mock trimming, i.e. handling without trimming. Worms with trimmed chaetae were significantly less effective at moving water through their tubes than those with intact chaetae. There were no significant differences in the ability of control worms to move water within their tubes. No significant changes in rates of peristalsis were observed among experimental or control groups. These data strongly suggest that body musculature and capillary chaetae work in concert to hold worms in position within tubes during peristaltic pumping. When chaetae are shortened, the body musculature must contract to a greater degree, increasing the functional diameter of the worm to achieve the necessary traction with the tube wall, resulting in less efficient irrigation. We also compared the inner diameters of original field tubes to tubes built by control worms or worms after capillary trimming. The inner diameters of new tubes built by worms with shortened chaetae were larger than their original tubes, while those of both control groups were not. One possible explanation is that the chaetae have a sensory role and shortened chaetae send the false message that the nascent tube walls are farther away than they are, the body contracts in compensation and the tube is widened, however this idea has not been tested.
Adsorption of square and rectangular plate-like molecules on a planar surface

Abstract A mean-field statistical thermodynamic analysis of monolayer adsorption of rigid square and rectangular plate-like molecules on a homogeneous planar surface is developed. The analysis is simplified by only considering facewise and edgewise modes of adsorption in restricted orthogonal orientations parallel to the surface. The free energy density, adsorbate population distribution and surface spreading pressure are obtained as a function of adsorbate density and compared for square plate molecules using three different sequences of adsorbate molecule placement on the surface to evaluate the configurational degeneracy. It is found that edgewise adsorbed molecules can be anisotropically ordered if the edge length of square and rectangular plate-like molecules exceeds three length units in the absence of anisotropic dispersion interactions. If intermolecular dispersion interactions are present and of sufficient strength, the spreading pressure-density isotherms can exhibit one or two van der Waals loo...
Two Approaches to Modeling Unstable Flow and Mixing of Variable Density Fluids in Porous Media

Density variation of aqueous phase fluids flowing in a porous medium, resulting from spatial and temporal variation of solute concentration, often gives rise to unstable flow, and therefore has a significant effect on solute transport. Studies on simulating unstable flow and mixing of variable density fluids in seemingly homogeneous porous media are rare. In this study, a three-dimensional (3-D) and a one-dimensional (1-D) model were developed to simulate unstable flow and mixing in a vertical, nominally 1-D system. In the 3-D model, the fluid flow and solute transport equations were solved numerically with a very fine spatial discretization. The 1-D numerical model was derived from a theoretical model to simulate the flow and mixing of fluids with variable density and viscosity at the field scale. To evaluate the models, simulated results were compared with experimental data from displacement experiments in a vertical sand column. The results show that the 1-D model provides fairly good prediction of breakthrough curves and that the 3-D model is able to qualitatively simulate breakthrough curves for highly unstable flow and mixing.
Keeping the Partial Denture in Harmony with Biologic Limitations

There are certain fundamental consider­ ations which have a positive influence upon the rendering of partial denture service. The first of these, which pre­ sumably has been fulfilled, is, “ Partial denture service should begin with the establishment of a condition of oral health, in so far as this is possible.” 1 A second basic fundamental is, “ A major objective of partial denture service should be the preservation of the remaining oral tissues.” 1 T o accomplish the latter with any de­ gree of regularity, the functional stress load must be allocated in accordance with the patient’ s ability to assume such additional stresses. In this connection, another most important influencing fac­ tor becomes apparent: “ Since the phys­ iological tissue tolerance of individuals varies greatly, the stress load induced by the partial denture should be directed toward the minimal in order not to ex­ ceed the point of individual tolerance.” 1 In designing the partial denture, it is necessary to analyze the stresses antici­ pated, to seek their causes and control, and to consider the character of the tis­ sues against which they may be directed. In 1936, at the Chicago Midwinter Meeting, De Van2 of Philadelphia urged an audience particularly interested in problems of prosthodontics to “ strive to preserve that which remains, rather than to meticulously replace that which is