cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure-toxicity relationships of selected naphthalene derivatives II. Principal components analysis

Currently the best method of quantitatively predicting biological activity is by regression analysis. Regression analysis assumes that biological activity is a function of physiochemical properties and chemical structure. There is, however, a problem associated with this methodoloy. The problem arises from the fact that substituent constants (SC) are often intercorrelated (i.e. nonorthogonal). Since the SC/sub i/ are not orthogonal, the order in which they enter the regression model is critically important. This problem becomes increasingly complex with the addition of independent variables. An alternative to this statistical quagmire is Principal Components Analysis (PCA). In PCA, the original variables are redefined by new variables (i.e. the principal components) which are linear combinations of the original variables. It is the purpose of this investigation to examine the interrelationship between seven substituent constants using PCA, and to attempt to predict toxicity of a series of napthalene derivates to the growth of tetrahymena.
Enhancing substance abuse treatment evaluations: Examining mediators and moderators of treatment effects

This article considers ways in which the basic, comparative approach to evaluating treatment for substance abuse is sometimes enhanced. The general strategy has been to make treatment evaluation projects explanatory by embedding them in a theoretical framework. Using either a theory of the treatment process or of patient-treatment matching guide, the typical approaches for enhancing comparative treatment evaluations are to identify either mediators or moderators of treatment effects. In addition to addressing the basic question of "Does the treatment work or not work?" one can also ask in more explanatory evaluations: "How or why does the treatment work or not work?" and/or "For whom do treatments work or not work?" Variations of these questions that can be addressed in treatment process and patient-treatment interaction effect analyses are discussed. Particular attention is given to explaining (identifying mediators of) patient-treatment interaction effects. Some advantages of making treatment evaluations more explanatory are discussed.
The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora in soilof the Bodega marine reserve: distribution and dependenceon nematode-parasitized moth larvae

Abstract Of the 13 nematode-trapping fungi previously detected at the Bodega Marine Reserve (BMR, Sonoma County, CA, USA), Arthrobotrys oligospora is by far the most abundant. Why A. oligospora is so abundant is unclear, but the answer may involve bush lupines ( Lupinus arboreus ), ghost moth larvae ( Hepialus californicus ), and insect-parasitic nematodes ( Heterorhabditis marelatus ). Previous research documented a dramatic increase of A. oligospora in BMR soil with the addition of an H. marelatus -parasitized moth larva. The current study tested two predictions based on the hypothesis that the H. marelatus -parasitized ghost moth larva is a unique and important resource for A. oligospora at BMR. First, because ghost moth larvae are concentrated in soil under bush lupines, we predicted that A. oligospora numbers would be greater under lupines than away from lupines. Second, we predicted that A. oligospora would be enhanced more by moth larvae containing living H. marelatus than by moth larvae containing dead H. marelatus or no H. marelatus or by nematodes alone. The first prediction was supported by data from a field study ( A. oligospora population density was greater beneath lupines than in grasses 2 m away), but the difference was small. The second prediction was not supported by data from a laboratory experiment (dead moth larvae caused dramatic increases in A. oligospora numbers whether or not the dead moth larvae contained living nematodes). While H. marelatus are clearly unnecessary for the large increase in A. oligospora numbers, the importance of nematodes in general remains unclear because addition of dead moth larvae always resulted in large increases in bacterivorous nematodes and because addition of nematodes alone enhanced A. oligospora in one trial but not in two others.
Fracture of Porcelain-veneered Structures in Fatigue

Porcelain-veneered crowns are widely used in modern dentistry, and their fracture remains problematic, especially in all-ceramic systems. We hypothesized that substructure properties have a significant effect on the longevity of porcelain-veneered crowns. Flat porcelain/metal or porcelain/ceramic structures were cemented to dentin-like composite, and a mouth-motion cyclic load of 200 N was delivered by means of a tungsten carbide spherical indenter (r = 3.18 mm), emulating occlusal loading on crowns supported by dentin. Findings indicated that porcelain on a low-hardness gold-infiltrated alloy was vulnerable to both occlusal surface contact damage and porcelain lower surface radial fracture, while porcelain on a higher-hardness palladium-silver alloy fractured chiefly from occlusal surface damage. The advantage of a high-modulus metal substructure was less pronounced. Fracture in the porcelain/zirconia system was limited to surface damage in the veneer layer, similar to that in the porcelain/palladium-silver system. Bulk fracture, observed in veneered alumina layers, was not found for zirconia.
β-Secretase as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease

β-Secretase (memapsin 2, BACE1) is an attractive target for the development of inhibitor drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Not only does this protease function at the first step in the pathway leading to the production of amyloid-β (Aβ), its gene deletion produces only mild phenotypes. In addition, β-secretase is an aspartic protease whose mechanism and inhibition are well known. The development of β-secretase inhibitors, actively pursued over the last seven years, has been slow, due to the difficulty in combining the required properties in a single inhibitor molecule. Steady progress in this field, however, has brought about inhibitors that contain many targeted characteristics. In this review, we describe the strategy of structure-based inhibitor evolution in the development of β-secretase inhibitor drug. The current status of the field offers grounds for some optimism, in that β-secretase inhibitors have been shown to reduce brain Aβ and to rescue the cognitive decline in transgenic AD mice, and an orally available β-secretase inhibitor drug candidate is in clinical trial. With this knowledge base, it seems reasonable to expect that more drug candidates will be tested in human, and then successful disease-modifying drugs may ultimately emerge from this target.
Hierarchical relationships between borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Objective: Comorbidity among personality disorders is widely considered problematic. The validity of one proposed solution, diagnostic hierarchies, was investigated in the current study with respect to borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders. Method: One approach used discriminant functions, derived from multiple psycho-social domains, that were used to classify comorbid individuals from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder study (CLPS) to explore the possibility of hierarchical precedence of one personality disorder over another. A second approach examined the incremental increase in R2-value in predicting functioning and personality provided by each diagnosis over each other diagnosis. Results: Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder was consistently subordinate to other diagnoses, whereas other indications of hierarchical relationships were domain-specific. Conclusion: Results indicate minimal support for an over-arching hierarchical pattern among studied personality disorders, and suggest the inclusion of all relevant diagnoses in clinical practice.
Photochemical reactions carried out within a silica gel matrix

Abstract Silica gel—water systems were constructed and photochemical reactions were studied in these systems via pulse laser methods. Three photoactive probe species, ruthenium tris(bipyridine) (Ru(bpy)2+3), uranylion (UO2+2) and pyrene butyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, were studied with various anions, cations and neutral quenchers. In the gels the cationic probes Ru(bpy)2+3 and UO2+2 show properties similar to those in porous colloidal silica and unlike those in bulk water. The subsequent reactions of all bound probes with added quenchers are explained in terms of electrostatic interactions of the gel network and the added quenchers.
Optimal control of classical molecular dynamics: A perturbation formulation and the existence of multiple solutions

This paper considers the prospect for there being multiple solutions to the control of classically modelled molecular dynamical systems. The research presented here follows up on a parallel study based on quantum mechanics. For polyatomic molecules it is generally expected that a classical mechanical model will be adequate and necessary as a means for designing optical fields for molecular control. The prospect for multiple control field solutions existing in this domain is important to establish in terms of ultimate laboratory realization of molecular control. A general formulation of the multiplicity problem is considered and the existence of a denumerably infinite number of solutions for the control field amplitude is shown to be the case under certain mild limitations on the physical variables.
Interregional neural synchrony has similar dynamics during spontaneous and stimulus-driven states

Assessing the correspondence between spontaneous and stimulus-driven neural activity can reveal intrinsic properties of the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that many large-scale functional networks have a similar spatial structure during spontaneous and stimulus-driven states. However, it is unknown whether the temporal dynamics of network activity are also similar across these states. Here we demonstrate that, in the human brain, interhemispheric coupling of somatosensory regions is preferentially synchronized in the high beta frequency band (~20–30 Hz) in response to somatosensory stimulation and interhemispheric coupling of auditory cortices is preferentially synchronized in the alpha frequency band (~7–12 Hz) in response to auditory stimulation. Critically, these stimulus-driven synchronization frequencies were also selective to these interregional interactions during spontaneous activity. This similarity between stimulus-driven and spontaneous states suggests that frequency-specific oscillatory dynamics are intrinsic to the interactions between the nodes of these brain networks.
How Wealth Happened in Neolithic Central Europe

This paper advances the proposition that three key technological and logistical systems matured during the fourth and third millennia BC in Late Neolithic/Copper Age Europe: transportation infrastructure, durable goods made of metals, and capital investment in oxen used for traction. As risk rather than uncertainty became the dominant condition under which decisions were made, the convergence of these factors permitted individuals and households to accumulate genuine wealth.
On Ordered Sets with Isomorphic Marked Maximal Cards

We prove a necessary condition for two nonisomorphic ordered sets to have two isomorphic marked maximal cards. This condition is used to prove that ordered sets of width 3 with 2 maximal elements are reconstructible and that ordered sets of width 3 are reconstructible if we can reconstruct the marked maximal deck.
Amplifier placement in transparent DWDM ring networks

In high speed DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) networks, meeting the targeted physical-layer performance is largely dependent on the total number and the placement of the optical amplifiers. An efficient design not only cuts down the network cost by minimizing the required number of amplifiers, but also effectively reduces the undesirable fiber nonlinearities and the end-to-end OSNR (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio) degradation on the propagating channels. By capturing major transmission impairments, such as fiber attenuation, nonlinear effects, amplifier and receiver noises, this paper proposes an algorithm for a given static lightpath scenario to find the most efficient solution of the amplifier placement that satisfies the performance constraints. We then adapt this algorithm to the dynamic traffic case. Numerical results show that our algorithm outperforms uniform placement schemes in controlling the nonlinear effects and providing targeted BER performance using the minimum number of amplifiers.
Phosphors for X-ray detectors in computed tomography

Abstract One of the most attractive applications of phosphors is their use as X-ray conversion detectors in X-ray computed tomography (CT), the dominating method of medical radiology. The principle of CT is described and the resulting requirements for potential phosphors are derived. The properties of conventional single crystal phosphors are reviewed. Finally, the recent developments of a new class of phosphors based on ceramics of rare earth compounds are discussed.
Phosphoinositide Signaling: From Affinity Probes to Pharmaceutical Targets

Abstract Lipid signaling by phosphoinositides (PIP n s) involves an array of proteins with lipid recognition, kinase, phosphatase, and phospholipase functions. Understanding PIP n pathway signaling requires identification and characterization of PIP n -interacting proteins. Moreover, spatiotemporal localization and physiological function of PIP n -protein complexes must be elucidated in cellular and organismal contexts. For protein discovery to functional elucidation, reporter-linked phosphoinositides or tethered PIP n s have been essential. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) signaling pathway has recently emerged as an important source of potential "druggable" therapeutic targets in human pathophysiology in both academic and pharmaceutical environments. This review summarizes the chemistry of PIP n affinity probes and their use in identifying macromolecular targets. The process of target validation will be described, i.e., the use of tethered PIP n s in determining PIP n selectivity in vitro and in establishing the function of PIP n -protein complexes in living cells.
Comet flyby sample return

The results of a joint JPL/CSFC feasability study of a low-cost comet sample return flyby mission are presented. It is shown that the mission could be undertaken using current earth orbiter spacecraft technology in conjunction with pathfinder or beacon spacrcraft. Detailed scenarios of missions to the comets Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova (HMP), comet Kopff, and comet Giacobini-Zinner (GZ) are given, and some crossectional diagrams of the spacecraft designs are provided.
Ribosome assembly in HeLa cells: labeling pattern of ribosomal proteins by two-dimensional resolution.

Abstract A high resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the proteins from HeLa cell large ribosomal subunits and their nucleolar precursor particles is described. There are 40 major spots in the mature particles and about 65 in the precursors. Proteins in the precursor particles include 30 spots which are similar to those in mature large subunits, and at least 33 major spots which are restricted to the precursor stage. Labeling patterns of ribosomes showed a limited number of proteins associated with mature large subunits that incorporate radioactive amino acids more rapidly, indicating those proteins that are recycled in the cytoplasm. Among the proteins associated with pre-ribosomal particles, those that are similar to the proteins of mature ribosomes labeled more rapidly than the precursor-specific nucleolar proteins. The latter are apparently reutilized for ribosome assembly in the nucleolus. Thus, in addition to resolution of the proteins only transiently associated with precursor particles, results indicate the differences in their labeling properties, consistent with their behaviour during ribosome assembly in HeLa cells.
Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT): A Novel Glycan-Relative Quantification Strategy

The Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT) strategy for the sample preparation, data analysis, and relative quantification of N-linked glycans is presented. Glycans are derivatized with either natural (L) or stable-isotope labeled (H) hydrazide reagents and analyzed using reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled online to a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. A simple glycan ladder, maltodextrin, is first used to demonstrate the relative quantification strategy in samples with negligible analytical and biological variability. It is shown that after a molecular weight correction attributable to isotopic overlap and a post-acquisition normalization of the data to account for any systematic bias, a plot of the experimental H:L ratio versus the calculated H:L ratio exhibits a correlation of unity for maltodextrin samples mixed in different ratios. We also demonstrate that the INLIGHT approach can quantify species over four orders of magnitude in ion abundance. The INLIGHT strategy is further demonstrated in pooled human plasma, where it is shown that the post-acquisition normalization is more effective than using a single spiked-in internal standard. Finally, changes in glycosylation are able to be detected in complex biological matrices, when spiked with a glycoprotein. The ability to spike in a glycoprotein and detect change at the glycan level validates both the sample preparation and data analysis strategy, making INLIGHT an invaluable relative quantification strategy for the field of glycomics.
Radiation Dose Reduction in Neuroendovascular Procedures

The ability to expand and innovate on current practices, such as genetic subtyping of gliomas, personalized medicine, and stem cell research, may be impacted. On one hand, greater global access to genetic knowledge could help to disseminate neurosurgical expertise across nations. On the other hand, would these innovations continue to enjoy intellectual property protection, and if not, how would that affect progress on Parkinson disease or knowledge of central nervous system tumor biology?
Using a Group Workshop to Encourage Collaborative Learning in an Undergraduate Counseling Course

This article summarizes a collaborative learning project for an upper level undergraduate counseling course. Groups of students designed and presented a workshop on a therapeutic intervention for a...
A MEMS Based Optical Moire Approach for in Situ Cardiac Myocyte Force Probing

This paper presents, for the first time, a MEMS based optical moire technique for cardiac myocyte cellular force in situ probing. This platform can be used to generate flexible moire pattern that reflects the deformation of substrate consisting of micro polymer pillar matrix, which indicated the displacement and force distribution of the corresponding isolated cardiac myocyte. The magnification effect of optical moire made a high sensitivity measurement far beyond the capability of conventional measurement approaches, especially when the dimension of micro pillars becomes smaller and smaller and a higher sensitive in situ sensing method is desired.
Electron-microscopic observations on sound human dentine.

Abstract Sound dentine from fully developed permanent teeth was studied with the electron microscope. Observations on undecalcified sections confirmed the occurrence of a well defined pericanalicular hypermineralized zone. Intercanalicular areas were less densely mineralized and also exhibited a lack of uniformity in the density of mineral deposition. Individual collagenous fibrils spanning the dentine-predentine border exhibited a calcification front at the border. Decalcified sections of dentine stained with phosphotungstic acid revealed a feltwork of collagenous fibrils in the matrix of dentine. Collagenous fibrils of relatively large width (600–700 A diameter) characterized the intercanalicular matrix. The modified matrix of the pericanalicular zone contained smaller collagenous fibrils (250–500 A diameter). Predentine contained collagenous fibrils intermediate in width (400–500 A diameter). The lumina of dentinal canals appeared to be lined by a membranous structure. It could not be ascertained whether the membranous structure represented a condensation of the collagenous matrix or the plasma membrane of the odontoblastic process. Stained sections also occasionally revealed the occurrence of collagenous fibrils within the lumen of dentinal canals. Homogenized preparations of dentine showed that the apatite crystallites are closely associated with the collagenous fibrils, with the long axis of both structures arranged parallel. Calcified fibrils showed a banded appearance with a light and dark segment making up a periodic unit of about 640–700 A in length. The crystallites of dentine were found to be plate-like structures. In mature dentine these were considerably larger than those of the predentine-dentine border area.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN IV. EFFECT OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY ON THE NEUTRAL SALT-EXTRACTIBLE COLLAGEN OF SKIN

The skin of severely scorbutic guinea pigs which were losing weight contained no detectible neutral salt-extractible collagen. Conditions of growth (weight gain) which actively induced the formation of neutral salt-extractible collagen in the skin of normal guinea pigs failed to do so in the animal with ascorbic acid deficiency. No excess of non-collagenous proline was found in neutral salt extracts of scorbutic skin as compared with normal. Fractionation of these extracts failed to reveal the presence of significant amounts of a soluble component containing unusual proportions of glycine and proline relative to hydroxyproline. It is concluded that deficiency of ascorbic acid either interferes with the synthesis of new collagen in intact skin or causes its destruction and removal as rapidly as it is produced.
Discursive Hierarchies and the Construction of Crisis in the News: A Case Study

An extensive analysis of US news coverage of the French Socialist Party victories in regular elections in 1981 shows how US news media constructed a discourse of crisis. A hierarchy of discourses is identified, as are the mechanisms of nomination and exclusion, paradox and appropriation through which the discourse of crisis became dominant. Specifically, the crises for the French people and for the American government are created through a continued appropriation of the voice of the voters, who are never allowed to speak for themselves, and the construction of the French Left as inherently paradoxical. The paradoxes of depoliticized politics and non-ideological votes for the Socialists functioned to explain away the contradictions between an appropriated discourse of the people and their actions.
Central region-of-interest analysis of lumbar spine densitometry demonstrates lower bone mass in older rhesus monkeys

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) spuriously elevates spine bone mineral density (BMD) as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This study documents spinal OA prevalence in adult female rhesus monkeys, and evaluates a custom central region-of-interest (CROI) analysis technique designed to minimize OA effects on BMD measurement. Lumbar spine radiographs were obtained on 71 animals, age 10–37 years. OA degree was blindly scored as none, minimal, or moderate/severe. Moderate/severe OA was not observed before age 19, but was present in 66% of older animals. Subsequently, lumbar spine (L2–4) BMD was determined by standard DXA analysis and manual placement of 0.92 cm 2 CROIs in two groups of female rhesus monkeys. One group (eight control, eight postovariectomy, ages 10–19 years) was assessed longitudinally, the second (n = 90, ages 10–37) cross-sectionally. Measured bone loss following ovariectomy (8.1% standard analysis, 11.5% CROI) was comparable with both techniques. By contrast, CROI demonstrated lower bone mass with age ( p p = 0.06) was observed with standard analysis. When World Health Organization criteria were applied, 42% of animals ≥age 19 years were classified as osteopenic/osteoporotic by standard analysis compared with 67% by CROI. All “normal” animals reclassified as osteopenic/osteoporotic by CROI had OA. In conclusion, female rhesus monkeys often develop spinal OA with advancing age. CROI analysis demonstrated lower bone density in older monkeys and was as sensitive to estrogen-depletion bone loss as standard methodology. This suggests that alternative analysis techniques, such as CROI, may be more appropriate to evaluate bone density in nonhuman primates, and potentially in people.
Iterative Power Allocation Algorithms for Amplify/Estimate/Compress-and-Forward Multi-Band Relay Channels

We investigate the optimum transmit power allocation problem for the multi-band relay (MBR) channel. MBR is defined by a source node, a relay node, and a destination node communicating over multiple orthogonal bands. We focus on three relay transmission schemes: amplify-and-forward (AF), estimate-and-forward (EF), and compress-and-forward (CF) and study the optimum transmit source and relay power allocations to maximize the instantaneous achievable rate. We formulate iterative algorithms to find the power allocation for each scheme. It is shown that CF is always better than EF and AF. We observe that when the source-to-relay links are better than the source-to-destination links, EF and AF perform equally well. When the source-to-relay links are worse than source-to-destination links, AF performs better than EF.
Do Glucose and Lipids Exert Independent Effects on Atherosclerotic Lesion Initiation or Progression to Advanced Plaques

It is becoming increasingly clear that suboptimal blood glucose control results in adverse effects on large blood vessels, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, manifested as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is accelerated by both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia generally occurs in the absence of elevated blood lipid levels, whereas type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. In this review article, we discuss hyperglycemia versus hyperlipidemia as culprits in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, with emphasis on studies in mouse models and isolated vascular cells. Recent studies on LDL receptor-deficient mice that are hyperglycemic, but exhibit no marked dyslipidemia compared with nondiabetic controls, show that diabetes in the absence of diabetes-induced hyperlipidemia is associated with an accelerated formation of atherosclerotic lesions, similar to what is seen in fat-fed nondiabetic mice. These effects of diabetes are masked in severely dyslipidemic mice, suggesting that the effects of glucose and lipids on lesion initiation might be mediated by similar mechanisms. Recent evidence from isolated endothelial cells demonstrates that glucose and lipids can induce endothelial dysfunction through similar intracellular mechanisms. Analogous effects of glucose and lipids are also seen in macrophages. Furthermore, glucose exerts many of its cellular effects through lipid mediators. We propose that diabetes without associated dyslipidemia accelerates atherosclerosis by mechanisms that can also be activated by hyperlipidemia.
Internationalization of innovation systems: A survey of the literature ☆

While there is a large literature on the internationalization of economic activity (including R&D) at the corporate level, there are not many studies of the degree of internationalization of innovation systems. The few studies that exist show that national innovation systems are becoming internationalized, even if the institutions that support them remain country-specific. To the extent that the far more numerous studies of internationalization of corporate R&D discuss innovation systems at all, they point to the continued importance of national institutions to support innovative activity, even though that activity is itself becoming increasingly internationalized. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Fibronectin-binding Domain of Transglutaminase (∗)

Guinea pig liver transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) displays a Ca2+-independent binding (Ka= 107M−1) to the same gelatin-binding domain of human plasma fibronectin that is known to form a very tight complex with the human red cell enzyme. The fibronectin-combining site of the liver transglutaminase was investigated by testing fragments obtained from the parent protein by controlled digestion with endoproteinase Lys-C. Overlay assays, probed with anti-fibronectin antibody, revealed that the fibronectin binding ability of the transglutaminase was encoded in a linear sequence in its 28-kDa N-terminal domain. Removal of the first 7 residues by further digestion of the purified 28-kDa material with endoproteinase Glu-C generated a 27-kDa fragment that, however, showed no binding activity. Thus, residues 1-7 in the liver enzyme seem to be of particular importance for influencing its ability to bind to fibronectin.
Toxicity from Metals, Old Menaces and New Threats

Metals make up the bulk of the periodic table and range from the very light (e.g., beryllium) to the very heavy (e.g., the actinides). Metals are important constituents of life, drive economic activity and industry, but can also be a hazard to human health. The metals can be roughly divided into three groups. The first being those metals, such as iron and zinc, that are essential to human life and have a wide therapeutic dose range. The second group of metals, such as lead, mercury, and uranium, has no known biological role and are toxic even at low doses. The third group of metals, such as selenium and manganese, has a role in maintaining human health but has a very narrow dose range that, when exceeded, produces toxic effects. [...]
Induction of the CXC Chemokine Interferon-γ–Inducible Protein 10 Regulates the Reparative Response Following Myocardial Infarction

Rationale: Interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10/CXCL10, an angiostatic and antifibrotic chemokine with an important role in T-cell trafficking, is markedly induced in myocardial infarcts, and may...
A new energy-aware approach for packets flow signature

In this research paper, we aim at proposing a new energy-aware approach in order to authenticate packet flows in systems with limited energy. Reduction of power consumption is obtained by dynamically merging data packets and using lower message digests as a function of the system energy. This approach allows increasing the lifetime of battery-operated devices and avoids packets loss while maintaining an acceptable security level. Simulation results are presented in order to show energy savings.
Rapid Stimulation of EAAC1‐Mediated Na+‐Dependent l‐Glutamate Transport Activity in C6 Glioma Cells by Phorbol Ester

C6 glioma cells were used as a model system to study the regulation of EAAC1-mediated Na + -dependent L-[ 3 H]glutamate transport. Although a 30-min preincubation with forskolin had no effect on transport activity, preincubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ( PMA) increased transport activity two- to threefold. PMA caused a time-dependent and concentration-dependent increase in EAAC1-mediated L-[ 3 H]glutamate transport activity. A 2-min preincubation with PMA was sufficient to cause more than a twofold increase in transport activity and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide had no effect on the increase. These data suggest that this increase is independent of protein synthesis. The EC 50 value of PMA for stimulation of transport activity was 80 nM. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that the increase in transport activity was due to a 2.5-fold increase in V max with no change in K m . PMA also increased the transport of the nonmetabolizable analogue, D-[ 3 H]aspartate to the same extent. In parallel assays, PMA did not, however, increase Na + -dependent glycine transport activity in C6 glioma. The inactive phorbol ester 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, did not stimulate L-[ 3 H]glutamate transport activity, and the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine blocked the stimulation caused by PMA. Okadaic acid and cyclosporin A, which are phosphatase inhibitors, had no effect on the stimulation of transport activity caused by PMA. The Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 did not act synergistically to increase PMA stimulation. In previous studies, PMA caused a rapid increase in amiloride-sensitive Na + /H + transport activity in C6 glioma. In the present study, pre- and coincubation with amiloride had no effect on the stimulation of transport activity caused by PMA. These studies suggest that activation of protein kinase C causes a rapid increase in EAAC1-mediated transport activity. This rapid increase in Na + -dependent L-[ 3 H]glutamate transport activity may provide a novel mechanism for protection against acute insults to the CNS.
Managing Tipping Point Dynamics in Complex Construction Projects

Complex construction projects are vulnerable to tipping points. Tipping points are conditions that, when crossed, cause system behaviors to radically change performance. Previous research identified tipping point dynamics as capable of explaining the failure of some nuclear power plant construction projects. These dynamics can also threaten the success of other large, complex construction projects. The current work uses a dynamic project model to test policies for managing tipping point dynamics. The Limerick Unit 2 nuclear power plant project is used to test model usefulness. Sensitivity analysis reveals the rework fraction, strength of subsystem interdependence, and sensitivity of the project to schedule pressure as potential high-leverage points for policy design. The model is used to test policies for managing tipping points that were used to complete the Limerick Unit 2 nuclear power plant after a tipping point threatened project completion. Implications for construction project design and management and research opportunities are discussed.
Relationships Among Prenatal Depression, Plasma Cortisol, and Inflammatory Cytokines

A secondary pilot study was carried out as part of a larger parent study of thyroid function in pregnancy and postpartum. All women in the parent study (N = 631) had blood samples, demographic data, and measures of perceived stress and dysphoric moods collected between 16 and 26 weeks' gestation. The current study was completed with a subset of 105 pregnant women to examine the relationships among perceived stress, depression, plasma cortisol, and cytokines during the second trimester of pregnancy. Stress was measured using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale and dysphoric moods using the Profile of Mood States Depression/Dejection Scale. Cytokines were measured by a 12-plex analysis on a Luminex-200, and cortisol was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on stored plasma samples. Stress and depression scores were highly correlated, and depressive symptoms were inversely correlated with 3 of the 12 cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-7. Cortisol was inversely correlated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13). These data support the new conceptualizations of normal pregnancy as an inflammatory state that is carefully regulated, as both excessive and inadequate inflammation are potentially hazardous to the health of the pregnancy and fetus.
Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation

We have developed a simple approach for large-scale transgenesis in Xenopus laevis embryos and have used this method to identify in vivo requirements for FGF signaling during gastrulation. Plasmids are introduced into decondensed sperm nuclei in vitro using restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). Transplantation of these nuclei into unfertilized eggs yields hundreds of normal, diploid embryos per day which develop to advanced stages and express integrated plasmids nonmosaically. Transgenic expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor (XFD) after the mid-blastula stage uncouples mesoderm induction, which is normal, from maintenance of mesodermal markers, which is lost during gastrulation. By contrast, embryos expressing XFD contain well-patterned nervous systems despite a putative role for FGF in neural induction.
A Photographic Study of Flow Boiling Stability on a Plain Surface With Tapered Manifold

Flow boiling in microchannels offers many advantages such as high heat transfer coefficient, higher surface area to volume ratio, low coolant inventory, uniform temperature control and compact design. The application of these flow boiling systems has been severely limited due to early critical heat flux (CHF) and flow instability. Recently, a number of studies have focused on variable flow cross-sectional area to augment the thermal performance of microchannels. In a previous work, the open microchannel with manifold (OMM) configuration was experimentally investigated to provide high heat transfer coefficient coupled with high CHF and low pressure drop. In the current work, high speed images of plain surface using tapered manifold are obtained to gain an insight into the nucleating bubble behavior. The mechanism of bubble nucleation, growth and departure are described through high speed images. Formation of dry spots for both tapered and uniform manifold geometry is also discussed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Boron Segregation to Grain Boundaries and Improved Ductility in Pt + 30 Wt Pct Rh + 8WtPctW

Boron additions of up to 75 wt ppm have been observed to improve the room temperature strength and ductility of a Pt + 30 wt pct Rh + 8 wt pct W alloy. Alloys without boron fail intergranularly, and those with 75 wt ppm boron added fail in a mixed intergranular-transgranular mode. Auger electron spectroscopy on intergranular fracture surfaces indicated that boron segregates strongly to grain boundaries in the boron doped alloys. Transmission electron microscopy of alloys with and without boron indicated that both were free of internal precipitates. The observed improvements in strength and ductility appear to be related to boron enrichment within a few atomic distances of the grain boundary.
Corporate Control, Leverage, and Managerial Incentives

This paper is motivated by the corporate control wave and high debt of the 1980s. I model a role for high debt in corporate control events and the restructuring of firms that follows. An underlying economic factor requires a large restructuring of a firm. High leverage motivates the manager to restructure because of the risk of job loss associated with bankruptcy, and restructuring reduces the chance of bankruptcy. I derive a diverse set of implications regarding restructuring and investment after a leveraging corporate control event, and find a new kind of myopia. High debt levels encourage cash-generating restructurings. Profitable investment is discouraged because investment reduces cash useable to prevent bankruptcy, and the unobservable component of investment is not imputed into the stock price. Therefore, the probability of bankruptcy increases with unobservable investment. This incentive problem rises with the probability of default. Firms with high debt levels may therefore mimic credit constrained firms, and the theory is consistent with credit constraint evidence. The theory is testable because managerial shareholdings are predicted to be positively related to profitable investment and negatively related to wasteful investment. High leverage strongly discourages management from making wasteful investments.
Graffiti and the Critical Power of Urban Space: Gordon Matta-Clark’s Made in America and Keith Haring’s Berlin Wall Mural

Analyzing graffiti—the image, the act, and the space in which it unfolds—reveals the institutional structures that shape urban spaces, and this is particularly evident in the context of Wall-era We...
Protein Structure Determination in Complex Environments Using 2-D IR Spectroscopy

We apply isotope labelling, molecular dynamics simulations and 2-D IR spectroscopy to the membrane bound antibiotic peptide ovispirin. From the 2-D lineshapes, we ascertained the peptide secondary structure and orientation in the bilayer.
Effective purpose in transnational humanitarian healthcare providers.

OBJECTIVE To advance knowledge regarding the education and support needs of staff deployed to international settings from a US academic medical center (AMC). DESIGN A qualitative approach rooted in phenomenology called, Transcendental Method for Research with Human Subjects was used. A flexible interview guide was used to guide participants into self-reflection about the decision to participate in global healthcare, educational preparation, field experiences, and return. SETTING The study was conducted at a US AMC. PARTICIPANTS Sample size was 15 and included nurses, physicians, and therapists who had participated in disaster and/or developmental humanitarian global health deployments. Purposive sampling with a maximum variation approach was used along with snowball sampling. Sample size was determined by reaching horizonal understanding of participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The study sought to elicit and analyze responses from participants in an open-ended manner. RESULTS Analysis revealed the following seven themes: a) the yearning to relieve suffering, b) getting ready, c) making a difference, d) bad things happening to wonderful people, e) challenging and sustaining factors, f) dialectical alienation, and g) knowing what really matters. The concept of "effective purpose" emerged from interpretation of these themes. CONCLUSIONS Most participants found their experiences to be beneficial and meaningful but faced challenges in the field. Knowledge and skills varied among providers. Education and support are critical for healthcare professionals who engage in transnational healthcare. Recommendations for staff preparation are provided.
Ternary Surface Monolayers for Ultrasensitive (Zeptomole) Amperometric Detection of Nucleic Acid Hybridization without Signal Amplification

A ternary surface monolayer, consisting of coassembled thiolated capture probe, mercaptohexanol and dithiothreitol, is shown to offer dramatic improvements in the signal-to-noise characteristics of electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors based on common self-assembled monolayers. Remarkably low detection limits down to 40 zmol (in 4 μL samples) as well as only 1 CFU Escherichia coli per sensor are thus obtained without any additional amplification step in connection to the commonly used horseradish peroxidase/3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine system. Such dramatic improvements in the detection limits (compared to those of common binary alkanethiol interfaces and to those of most electrochemical DNA sensing strategies without target or signal amplification) are attributed primarily to the remarkably higher resistance to nonspecific adsorption. This reflects the highly compact layer (with lower pinhole density) produced by the coupling of the cyclic- and linear-configuration “backfillers” that leads to a ...
Dehydration of Glucose to 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural and Anhydroglucose: Thermodynamic Insights

The G4 ab initio method was used in combination with the COSMO-SAC solvation model to predict the reaction free energies (ΔG) of glucose dehydration reactions in mixtures of water and dimethyl sulf...
Pyrethroid Resistance in the Tobacco Bud worm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Sterile Hybrid Strain

A sterile back cross tobacco bud worm strain (TBW-BC) of Heliothts virescens (F.) was developed before extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides. Although this strain has been maintained free of pyrethroid insecticides, most tobacco bud worm populations have been exposed to pyrethroids and have demonstrated enhanced tolerance. Our estimated LD50 (cypermethrin) for third instars was significantly lower than tobacco bud worm from Mississippi. Thus, the TBW-BC strain could be at a disadvantage if exposed to pyrethroids after release. We developed a lineage of TBW-BC strain that is resistant to cypermethrin by repeatedly back crossing TBW-BC females to resistant tobacco bud worm males and selecting for tolerance. Resistant TBW-BC strain (R-TBW-BC) (LD50,638 μg per larva) should survive field applications that would kill most wild tobacco bud worm. Back cross mortalities were consistent with polygenic inheritance, but not with monogenic inheritance. Release of RTBW-BC strain cannot change tolerance in wild tobacco bud worm, because introduced resistance alleles will be carried only by individuals that also carry the sterility trait. Resistance of sterile insects would be diluted by outcrossingto wild tobacco bud worm, but sterile insects should remain significantly more tolerant than fertile insects for at least two generations. Use of R-TBW-BC strain could reduce costs in sterile-release programs.
Sonifying Internet Security Threats

The Internet enables users to access vast resources, but it can also expose users to harmful cyber-attacks. It is imperative that users be informed about a security incident in a timely manner in order to make proper decisions. Visualization of security threats and warnings is one of the effective ways to inform users. However, visual cues are not always accessible to all users, and in particular, those with visual impairments. This late-breaking-work paper hypothesizes that the use of proper sounds in conjunction with visual cues can better represent security alerts to all users. Toward our research goal to validate this hypothesis, we first describe a methodology, referred to as sonification, to effectively design and develop auditory cyber-security threat indicators to warn users about cyber-attacks. Next, we present a case study, along with the results, of various types of usability testing conducted on a number of Internet users who are visually impaired. The presented concept can be viewed as a general framework for the creation and evaluation of human factor interactions with sounds in a cyber-space domain. The paper concludes with a discussion of future steps to enhance this work.
Serotype distribution and drug resistance of food-borne and poultry-borne Salmonella in Guangxi

Objective To understand the relationship between serotype distribution and drug resinstance of food-borne and poultry-borne in Guangxi in order to provide scientific basis for clinical treatment.Methods Samples of raw chincken in the marketplace and chicken anal swabs in the native large scale chicken farm were collected randomly.Salmonella was isolated and identified according to GB/T4789.4-2010,and drug susceptibility test was performed using the method minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC).Results Totally 13.92% of 194 chicken anal swabs were positive to Salmonella,and the dominant serotype was S.enteridis;The 22.78% of 158 raw chicken were positive to Salmonella,and the dominant serotype was S.derby.The rate of drug resistance of Salmonellas isolated from chicken anal swab and raw chicken to tetracycline,nalidixic acid,chloramphenicol,ampicillin were 74.07%(58.33%),85.18%(72.22%),80.76%(63.89%),55.56%(47.22%)respectively,and the 5multidrug resistance strains accounted for 40.74%(38.89%).Conclusions Serotypes of Salmonella from chicken anal swab and raw chicken were high resistant to drug and mutli-drug resistant.Application of antibiotics in animal feeding be limited to ensure food safety.
Adjuvant Therapy for Large Bowel Cancer: Update of Veterans Administration Surgical Oncology Group Trials

The results of eight clinical trials are reported. In two trials radiotherapy was the adjuvant modality, five used chemotherapy, and one used a combination of chemotherapy and nonspecific immunotherapy. There is evidence of a modest but definite survival benefit from both adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy.