cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of B specific restriction and modification of DNA on linkage relationships in f1 bacteriophage: I. Studies on the mechanism of B restriction in vivo☆

Abstract We have examined the effect of B specific restriction and modification of DNA on bacteriophage f1 recombination, using a procedure which enabled us to isolate the products of individual recombination events. We have analyzed the results of a series of recombination experiments, each consisting of a cross between two gene II amber mutants, carried out both under conditions in which neither parent was restricted, and under conditions in which one parent was restricted while the other was protected from restriction because of B specific modification of its genome. At least half of the recombination events under both restricting and non-restricting conditions generated one parent and one recombinant. By considering the ratio of recombinant types emerging with each parent, linkage relationships between selected and unselected markers were established. These linkage relationships remained the same under restricting and non-restricting conditions, except that under restricting conditions, neither the sensitive parent nor the class of recombinants normally associated with that parent was found. We interpret this result as evidence that restriction cleavage does not occur at the sites governing sensitivity to B restriction, and perhaps is random.
Subcriticality of two uranyl nitrate flat cylindrical tanks spaced in air by 252Cf-source-driven noise analysis

The subcritical neutron multiplication factors k for two parallel, axially separated, flat cylindrical tanks separated up to 57.91cm in air and containing enriched uranyl (93.1 wt% [sup 235]U) nitrate solution (71.6-cm-i.d. tanks, 8.91-cm solution thickness, 1.555 g/cm[sup 3] solution density, and 404g U/l uranium density) were measured by the [sup 252]Cf-source-driven noise analysis method with measured k values varying from 0.99 to 0.80. These measurements were performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Critical Experiments Facility in 1989 and were part of the program of Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company (WINCO) to benchmark calculations for the design of the new storage system at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Initial subcriticality measurements by the source-jerk method at LANL had indicated that at a calculated neutron multiplication factor k = 0.95, the measured k was 0.975. This discrepancy was of concern to WINCO because the new storage facility was being designed with a k limit of 0.95, and thus, half of the criticality safety margin of the storage design was equal to the discrepancy between early measurements and calculations. The [sup 252]Cf-source-driven noise analysis measurements confirmed the validity of the calculational methods. In addition to providing the neutron multiplication factor from point-kinetics interpretationmore » of the data, these measurements also provided the auto-power and cross-power spectral densities as a function of frequency, which can be calculated directly with recently developed Monte Carlo methods and thus could also be used to validate calculational methods and cross-section sets.« less
Climate Prediction: The Limits of Ocean Models

We identify three major areas of ignorance that limit predictability in current ocean general circulation models (GCMs). One is the very crude representation of subgrid-scale mixing processes parameterized with coefficients whose values and variations in space and time are poorly known. A second problem derives from the fact that ocean models generally contain multiple equilibria and bifurcations, but there is no agreement on how far the current climate is from such a bifurcation. A third problem arises from the fact that ocean circulations are highly nonlinear, but only weakly dissipative and therefore potentially chaotic. The few studies that have dealt with this kind of behavior have not answered fundamental questions, such as: what are the major sources of error growth in model projections, and how large is the chaotic behavior relative to realistic changes in climate forcings. Advances in computers will help alleviate some of these problems; for example, by making it more practical to explore to what extent the evolution of the oceans is chaotic. Be that as it may, models will continue to rely on parameterizations of key small-scale processes such as diapycnal mixing for some time to come. To make more immediate progress here requires the development of physically based prognostic parameterizations and coupling the mixing to its energy sources. Another possibly fruitful area of investigation is the use of paleoclimate data on changes in ocean circulation to constrain more tightly the stability characteristics of ocean circulation.
When Analysis Fails: Heuristic Mechanism Design via Self-correcting Procedures

Computational mechanism design (CMD) seeks to understand how to design game forms that induce desirable outcomes in multi-agent systems despite private information, self-interest and limited computational resources. CMD finds application in many settings, in the public sector for wireless spectrum and airport landing rights, to Internet advertising, to expressive sourcing in the supply chain, to allocating computational resources. In meeting the demands for CMD in these rich domains, we often need to bridge from the theory of economic mechanism design to the practice of deployable, computational mechanisms. A compelling example of this need arises in dynamic combinatorial environments, where classic analytic approaches fail and heuristic, computational approaches are required. In this talk I outline the direction of self-correcting mechanisms, which dynamically modify decisions via "output ironing" to ensure truthfulness and provide a fully computational approach to mechanism design. For an application, I suggest heuristic mechanisms for dynamic auctions in which bids arrive over time and supply may also be uncertain.
Challenges in recruiting parents to participate in child welfare research: implications for study design and research practice

Although research with hard-to-reach populations is necessary to deepen the social work knowledge base and improve services to these groups, recruiting members of hard-to-reach populations for research projects is often a challenging process. Frequently, non-probability sampling is used to obtain participants. However, the difficulties and limitations associated with this process in quantitative research are rarely discussed in depth in the literature. Sampling issues can significantly impact a research project, delaying it, extending it or even causing the premature termination of a project. Challenges to recruitment can limit the type of research that is completed, impact the knowledge base or introduce threats to validity through sampling bias. Using a preliminary quantitative study on parental engagement with child protective services as an illustration for the discussion, the challenges of non-probability sampling with a hard-to-reach population and the implications for research practice are explored and discussed. Implications for future research practice are considered.
A NURBS‐based interface‐enriched generalized finite element method for problems with complex discontinuous gradient fields

Summary A non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS)-based interface-enriched generalized finite element method is introduced to solve problems with complex discontinuous gradient fields observed in the structural and thermal analysis of the heterogeneous materials. The presented method utilizes generalized degrees of freedom and enrichment functions based on NURBS to capture the solution with non-conforming meshes. A consistent method for the generation and application of the NURBS-based enrichment functions is introduced. These enrichment functions offer various advantages including simplicity of the integration, possibility of different modes of local solution refinement, and ease of implementation. In addition, we show that these functions well capture weak discontinuities associated with highly curved material interfaces. The convergence, accuracy, and stability of the method in the solution of two-dimensional elasto-static problems are compared with the standard finite element scheme, showing improved accuracy. Finally, the performance of the method for solving problems with complex internal geometry is highlighted through a numerical example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical real-time scheduling of a semiconductor fabrication facility

A hierarchical framework for manufacturing system scheduling and planning and its experimental implementation in a semiconductor research laboratory are described. Its purpose is to aid the development of algorithms for real-time decision-making in a manufacturing enterprise in which such disruptive events as machine failures, material absences, expedited items, engineering changes, fluctuations of demand, and setups play a role. The hierarchy is divided into a set of levels that correspond to events that occur at very different frequencies. At each level, decisions are made in a way that satisfies the capacity constraints that are appropriate to that level and that meet objectives determined at higher levels. These decisions are either actions, such as the loading of a part of the initiation of a setup, or objectives to be issued to lower levels. The integration of the scheduler with the systemwide database, the structure of the scheduler as determined by the time constants and process flows in the system, and the use of the scheduler are described. >
Commitment, flexibility and market outcomes☆

Abstract An n-firm oligopoly model, parametrized by the degree of flexibility of the technology and where firms choose the optimal scale of production (capacity) first and then a competitive stage follows, is presented. It is shown that in (Nash) equilibrium as one moves from non-flexible to flexible technologies the resulting price ranges from the Cournot price to the Bertrand price. Furthermore, if the slope of short run marginal cost is bounded, the order of magnitude of the margin of price over long run unit cost is 1/n2 and the speed of convergence to the efficient outcome as the number of firms grows is, in a finer sense, faster the more flexible is the technology.
Evaluation study of a transcultural discovery learning model

This qualitative, descriptive study explored the extent to which students' discovery learning centered around cultural understanding and sensitivity occurs in a clinical rotation involving migrant health care. Thirteen nursing students enrolled in this community health clinical rotation were the study sample. Demographically, they were similar to other baccalaureate students in the school of nursing. Characteristics that set them apart were their levels of maturity, motivation, and independence, and their ability to cope with stress and ambiguity. Student journal entries were used to explore changes in cultural understanding and sensitivity over the course of an intensive six-week clinical experience. The method of inquiry was qualitative descriptive. Discovery learning from the perspective of the students was analyzed using domain analysis scheme. Themes that emerged from analysis of the data were personal and professional growth, specialized nursing practice roles with ethnic minorities, and health care system needs and issues for culturally sensitive care. Our findings contribute to faculty understanding of the degree to which student nurses make a transformation in terms of cultural understanding and sensitivity, and the process by which increased cultural understanding and sensitivity result in application of theoretical transcultural concepts.
Study of variation in human upper body parameters and motion for use in robotics based simulation

This paper reviews the variations in human upper body motion of subjects completing activities of daily living. This study was completed to serve as a reference to evaluate the quality of simulated of human motion. In this paper we define the variation in motion as the variation in subjects' parameters (link lengths), joint angles, and hand positions, for a given task. All of these variations are related by forward kinematic equations. Motion data from eight healthy right hand dominant adults performing three activities of daily living (brushing hair, drinking from a cup, and opening a door) were collected using an eight camera Vicon motion analysis system. Subject parameters were calculated using relative positions of functional joint center locations between segments. Joint angles were calculated by Euler angle rotations between body segments. Hand position was defined as the origin of the hand frame relative to the pelvis frame. The variance of recorded human motion was analyzed based on the standard deviations of subject parameters, joint angles, and hand positions. Variances in joint angles were found to be similar in magnitude to root mean squared error of kinematics based motion simulation. To evaluate the relative variance, the forward kinematic solutions of the trials were found after removing subject parameter variance and reducing joint angle variance. The variance in the forward kinematic solution was then compared to the recorded hand position variance. Reductions in subject parameter and joint angle variance produced a proportionally much smaller reduction in the calculated hand position variance. Using the average instead of individual subject parameters had only a small impact on hand position variance. Modifying joint angles to reduce variance had a greater impact on the calculated hand position variance than using average subject parameters, but was still a relatively small change. Future work will focus on using these results to create formalized procedures for quantifying the human likeness of artificial human motions, to serve as a basis for performance comparison between different methods.
Thermodynamic and ballistic aspects of ion mixing

Abstract Ballistic and thermal spike contributions to ion mixing are discussed using the results of recent marker experiments which determine the dominant moving species in ion mixing of several metallic bilayer systems. A greater flux of atoms from the high cohesive energy side to the low cohesive energy side is the result of the thermal spike contribution to ion mixing. A greater flux from the top layer to the bottom layer in ion mixing of bilayers consisting of elements of similar and high cohesive energy values is the result of the ballistic contribution to ion mixing. The relative importance of ballistic and thermal spike contributions is influenced by the magnitude of cohesive energy. A model based on a fractal geometry approach to spike formation is used to understand the competition between ballistic and thermal spike contributions to ion mixing.
Edgeworth expansions for statistics which are functions of lattice and non-lattice variables

Abstract Let G be a distribution function on R k+1 such that the (k + 1)th marginal is lattice. Let Zn denote the sampe mean of n independent observations from G. For s ⩾ 3, the s-term Edgeworth expansions are obtained for a wide class of statistics which are smooth functions of Zn. The result is then applied to a statistic similar to the Student's t-statistic, where the scaling factor, the sample standard deviation is replaced by the more robust mean absolute deviation.
Native and heterologous neuropeptides are cardioactive in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Nine neuropeptides isolated from Drosophila melanogaster and five neuropeptides, previously isolated from the CNS of Limulus with antisera to FMRFamide-related peptides, were tested for their effects on the myogenic heart of Drosophila melanogaster. Of the native peptides, TDVDHVFLRF-NH2 (Dromyosuppressin), DPKQDFMRFamide, and PDNFMRFamide significantly slowed the heart. Of the Limulus peptides, DEGHKMLYFamide (LP1) increased heart rate significantly, GHSLLHFamide (LP2) and PDHHMMYFamide (LP3) decreased the heart's rate, while DHGNMLYFamide (LP4) and GGRSPSLRLRFamide (LP5) had no effect at the concentrations we employed. Dromyosuppressin, DPKQDFMRFamide, and PDNFMRFamide from Drosophila, and LP2 and LP3 from Limulus, which belong to a novel group of peptides structurally unrelated to FMRFamide, are among only a very few substances from within the general group of neuropeptides and neurohormones known to slow the heart of Drosophila, and as such offer an important tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of the pacemaker.
Non‐native plants reduce abundance, richness, and host specialization in lepidopteran communities

The impact of non-native plant invasions on ecosystems has been controversial because obvious local effects have not yet led to the global extinction of any native plant species on continents and large islands. We suggest that extinction is not the appropriate measure of impact on ecosystem function and present evidence that non-native plant invasions or the replacement of native plants with non-native ornamentals results in significant bottom-up reductions of energy available for local food webs. Using replicated common gardens we compared Lepidoptera species richness and abundance on native plants, non-native congeners of those natives, and non-native species with no close relatives in the study area. Non-native plants supported significantly fewer caterpillars of significantly fewer specialist and generalist species even when the non-natives were close relatives of native host plants. However, the effect size was smaller in the latter category indicating phylogenetic similarity to local natives may pos...
A Review of Theory and Research on the Assumptions of Miller'S Response Competition (Conflict) Models: Response Gradients.

Summary This is a review of published theory and research on the assumptions that underlie Miller's conflict models. Operational distinctions are made between single-goal and multiple-goal conditions and, within the latter, the spatial, temporal, and stimulus dimensions. Major operational divergences in research outcomes are single- vs. multiple-goal conditions and strength-of-pull vs. other measures. Support for Miller's postulate system is equivocal, with considerable support available for several alternate postulates. A preferred interpretation is that response gradients can assume any degree of steepness or generality as a function of several manipulation and selection conditions. One manipulation variable, time before testing, produces flatter gradients which simulate unpracticed time-course effects. A major unfinished research area deals with the summation hypothesis or, more generally, specification of principles of combination for response gradients.
The clinical investigator as target

Misconduct in scientific research has been given increasing attention during the past two decades. Whether charges of misconduct, misconduct itself, or public concern about it have been on the rise is unclear, but actions taken by professional and medical organizations, universities, and government evidence a reaction to the increased attention. The purpose here is not to review specific instances of alleged fraud or other research misconduct; rather, the goals are to acquaint clinical investigators with the extent to which they are in an exposed (and precarious) position and to suggest how to improve their position. The word target in the title is used deliberately. When the United States Attorney (the federal district prosecutor) names a person as a target of an investigation, it means the U.S. Attorney’s Office has received allegations of criminal conduct, has decided to present the case to a grand jury to secure an indictment, and has already sent or will send to the target a letter offering that person the opportunity to go before the grand jury. If the target accepts, he or she will be asked questions under oath without counsel present. Counsel may remain outside the grand jury room and the individual may consult counsel with respect to taking the Fifth Amendment and making other difficult decisions. Although research misconduct proceedings in a university or other institution are not criminal in nature, the objective here is to suggest that once the charges have surfaced the investigator may indeed feel like the target of a criminal investigation. Much of what follows is based on matters that came to light as the result of activities of a congressional subcommittee and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) that led to charges of scientific misconduct in connection with the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) being brought against University of Pittsburgh faculty members. Three faculty members are now under investigation by the federal Office of Research Integrity (ORI) because of the alleged misconduct.
Efficacy and Side Effects of Flurazepam and a Combination of Amobarbital and Secobarbital in Insomniac Patients

Flurazepam, 30 mg, was not more effective in inducing sleep than placebo. Barbiturates (100 mg amobarbital plus 100 mg secobarbital) were more effective in inducing and maintaining sleep than flurazepam or placebo. Contrary to work conducted in the sleep laboratory, the barbiturate hypnotics were still effective on the 14th night. Insomniacs performed poorly on psychomotor tests, but as a group they did not show statistically significant psychomotor impairment after the use of the hypnotics.
R&D Toward an Energy Recovery Linac at Synchrotron Light Source

Synchrotron radiation (SR) sources have produced extraordinary advances in fields such as biology, chemistry, materials science, physics, and even in art and history. Storage-ring sources are continually being improved but have inherent limitations from the equilibrium emittances arising from many passes of the electron bunch around the ring. As we described in an earlier SRN article [1], an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) source of X-rays can overcome many of these limitations to produce X-rays of high coherence and short pulse length, which can be focused down to a 1–10 nm round beam size.
Causes of a high physiological dead space in critically ill patients.

Since around 1950, physiological dead space – the difference between arterial and mixed expired pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) divided by the arterial pCO2 – has been a useful clinical parameter of pulmonary gas exchange. In the previous issue of Critical Care, Niklason and colleagues remind us that physiological dead space, while easily measured, consolidates potentially very complex physiological derangements into a single number. The authors show how shunts raise arterial pCO2, thereby increasing dead space, and how changes in other variables such as cardiac output and acid/base state further modify it. A solid understanding of respiratory physiology is required to properly interpret physiological dead space in the critically ill.
Kinetics and Motional Dynamics of Spin-Labeled Yeast Iso-1-cytochrome c: 1. Stopped-Flow Electron Paramagnetic Resonance as a Probe for Protein Folding/Unfolding of the C-Terminal Helix Spin-Labeled at Cysteine 102†

The kinetics of chemically induced folding and unfolding processes in spin-labeled yeast iso-1-cytochrome c were measured by stopped-flow electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Stopped-flow EPR, based on a new dielectric resonator structure [Sienkiewicz, A., Qu, K., & Scholes, C. P. (1994) Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 68−74], gives a new temporal component to probing nanosecond molecular tumbling motions that are modulated by macromolecular processes requiring time resolution of milliseconds to seconds. The stopped-flow EPR technique presented in this work is a kinetic technique that has not been previously used with such a time resolution on spin-labeled systems, and it has the potential for application to numerous spin-labeled sites in this and other proteins. The cysteine-specific spin-label, methanethiosulfonate spin-label (MTSSL), was attached to yeast iso-1-cytochrome c at the single naturally occurring cysteine102, and the emphasis for this work was on this disulfide-attached spin-labeled prototype. This...
Stereotyping Against Your Will: The Role of Inhibitory Ability in Stereotyping and Prejudice among the Elderly

An experiment examined the hypothesis that elderly people rely on stereotypes more, and are more prejudiced, than younger people because of deficits in the ability to inhibit information. Consistent with predictions, elderly people relied on stereotypes even when instructed not to, whereas young people did not. Elderly people also were more prejudiced than young people, and these differences in stereotyping and prejudice were mediated by age differences in inhibitory ability. Because elderly people reported a stronger desire than young people to control their prejudiced reactions, these results suggest that inhibitory failure can cause people to become more prejudiced than they want to be.
Generic and Brand-Name l-Thyroxine Are Not Bioequivalent for Children With Severe Congenital Hypothyroidism

Context: In the United States, generic substitution of levothyroxine (l-T4) by pharmacists is permitted if the formulations are deemed to be bioequivalent by the Federal Drug Administration, but there is widespread concern that the pharmacokinetic standard used is too insensitive. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence of a brand-name l-T4 (Synthroid) and an AB-rated generic formulation (Sandoz, Princeton, NJ) in children with severe hypothyroidism. Design: This was a prospective randomized crossover study in which patients received 8 weeks of one l-T4 formulation followed by 8 weeks of the other. Setting: The setting was an academic medical center. Patients: Of 31 children with an initial serum TSH concentration >100 mU/L, 20 had congenital hypothyroidism (CH), and 11 had autoimmune thyroiditis. Main Outcome Measures: The primary endpoint was the serum TSH concentration. Secondary endpoints were the free T4 and total T3 concentrations. Results: The serum TSH concentration was significantly lo...
MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPES AND URBAN AREAS

This article presents a 4D modelling approach that employs multi-temporal and historical aerial images to derive spatio-temporal information for scenes and landscapes. Such imagery represent a unique data source, which combined with photo interpretation and reality-based 3D reconstruction techniques, can offer a more complete modelling procedure because it adds the fourth dimension of time to 3D geometrical representation and thus, allows urban planners, historians, and others to identify, describe, and analyse changes in individual scenes and buildings as well as across landscapes. Particularly important to this approach are historical aerial photos, which provide data about the past that can be collected, processed, and then integrated as a database. The proposed methodology employs both historical (1945) and more recent (1973 and 2000s) aerial images from the Trentino region in North-eastern Italy in order to create a multi-temporal database of information to assist researchers in many disciplines such as topographic mapping, geology, geography, architecture, and archaeology as they work to reconstruct building phases and to understand landscape transformations (Fig. 1).
Mode of larval development in some deep-sea gastropods indicated by oxygen-18 values of their carbonate shells

Many prosobranch gastropods in the deep sea have been presumed to have planktotrophic development based on their larval shell morphologies. However, evidence for the pattern of dispersal in the water column for the planktotrophic larvae is scant and controversial. In this paper we analyze stable oxygen isotope composition of larval and adult shells for five planktotrophic and four lecithotrophic deep-sea prosobranchs. Larval and adult shells of the lecithotrophic species have the same δ18O composition, reflecting larval development in an egg capsule on the bottom with little or no dispersal. The planktotrophic species show significant differences in δ18O between larval and adult shells, indicating that larvae migrate vertically to warmer surface waters. Adult-larval differences in two planktotrophic species from several deep-sea basins in the North, Equatorial, and South Atlantic suggest that ontogenic vertical migration is a species-wide phenomenon. Results establish that planktotrophic larvae of some deep-sea prosobranch species undergo development and dispersal in surface waters, and confirm that larval shell morphology correlates with mode of development.
Indoor radon hazard: a geographical assessment and case study

Abstract Radon inside homes poses a significant public health threat. A geographical assessment of the hazard using indoor radon data from 489 homes in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA showed statistical associations between radon, house characteristics and environmental conditions. A geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with non-parametric statistical analyses is used to assess risk factors. Soil and geological characteristics are strongly associated with indoor radon concentrations. Age of housing exhibits a strong inverse association with elevated radon levels which remains significant regardless of location; however, many newer houses are located in areas of high radon potential. Construction features common in newer homes, such as blockwall foundations and French and perimeter drains, are associated with higher radon levels. The spatial perspective taken, enhanced by GIS technology, contributes to the ability to record, observe and assess the complex relationships that create an indoor radon hazard.
Some Theoretical Considerations on the Combustion and Disruption of Free Slurry Droplets

Abstract The combustion and disruption or free slurry droplets are studied theoretically to elucidate a mechanism for the overall disruptive burning process. The disruptive burning process consists of three stages; a d2-law stage, a shell formation stage, and a disruption stage. It is proposed that the agglomeration of particles near the droplet surface due to capillary forces causes the shell formation and that the pyrolysis of additives due to the temperature rise in the outer surface of the shell produces an impermeable shell immediately and eventually disruption activity. A simple mathematical model is formulated to predict the shell formation and disruption time, and the fragmented shell thickness. The model simulation results for the disruptive burning of boron/JP-IO slurry droplets show good agreements with Takahashi er al. (1988a, b)'s experimental results. The disruption time increases with increasing initial slurry droplet diameter or increasing initial boron loading. The thickness of the fragme...
AIDS Stigma and Sexual Prejudice

This article presents national survey data to assess the extent to which AIDS-related stigma remains linked to public attitudes toward homosexuality in the United States. Most heterosexuals continue to associate AIDS primarily with homosexuality or bisexuality, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice (antigay attitudes). Although all people who contract AIDS sexually are assigned blame for their infection, such blame is greater for a gay or bisexual man than for a heterosexual man or woman. A sizable minority of the public equates all male-male sexual behavior with AIDS, even sex between two HIV-negative men. A substantial portion also expresses discomfort about touching an article of clothing or drinking from a sterilized glass used by a person with AIDS (PWA). These misconceptions and discomfort are correlated with sexual prejudice. It is argued that the link between AIDS attitudes and sexual prejudice impedes HIV prevention efforts and threatens civil rights.
High speed-high efficiency separation of the transplutonium elements by extraction chromatography☆

Abstract The separation of various tripositive transplutonium elements by high efficiency extraction chromatographic columns using di(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphoric acid (HDEHP) as the stationary phase was analyzed in terms of the resolution function. Resolution, R s , for Bk(III)-Cf(III) system was studied as a function of column length and particle size of inert support. R s vs v curves at different temperatures were calculated for Cm(III)/Am(III), Cf(III)/Bk(III), Fm(III)/Es(III) and Md(III)/Fm(III). The data was used to select conditions for high speed seperations of Cm and Cf, Bk and Cf, Bk, Es and Fm, and Es, Fm and Md using high efficiency HDEHP columns. Very high resolution HDEHP columns containing over one thousand plates were also studied. The reproducibility and stability of HDEHP-Celite columns were studied as a function of particle size, liquid loading, temperature and flow velocity.
health care Disparities and Diabetes care: Practical considerations for Primary care Providers

Disparities in diabetes care are prevalent in the United States. This article provides an overview of these disparities and discusses both potential causes and efforts to address them to date. The authors focus the discussion on aspects relevant to the patient-provider dyad and provide practical considerations for the primary care provider's role in helping to diminish and eliminate disparities in diabetes care.
A “career” work ethic versus just a job

Purpose – To provide current information on managers' expectations of their employees, toward structuring future research on amount of time and energy devoted to work.Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data, acquired through focus groups and interviews, provide a sample of the perceptions of 57 managers in the mid‐Atlantic region of the USA regarding employees' work ethic.Findings – The results are presented as descriptive information of interest in formulating future research. The traditional work ethic (hard work, responsibility, diligence) still dominates managers' expectations, and they believe many employees have lost the willingness to work now for later returns (that was a key component of the early Protestant work ethic in the USA). Many of the concerns these managers expressed parallel predictions by writers in social and economic history – for example, influence of early social development, emphasis on everything “instant”, and the pressure through technology to work anywhere/anytime. Som...
DFT and QTAIM Study of Intramolecular and Intermolecular Fe–H δ− ···H δ+ –O Dihydrogen Bonds

The geometric structures of three recently discovered iron complexes with one intramolecular and two intermolecular Fe–Hδ−···Hδ+–O dihydrogen bonds are optimized using the density functional theory. Then the topology of electron densities and charge distributions in optimized structures were analyzed using Bader’s quantum theory of atoms in molecules method. The Hδ−···Hδ+ distances in three optimized structures are 1.415, 1.549 and 1.608 A, respectively, much shorter than the H···H distances of 1.7–2.2 A in most M–H···H–X dihydrogen bonds discovered so far. The corresponding electron densities at the bond critical points between those Hδ−···Hδ+ pairs are 0.047, 0.031, and 0.029, respectively. Such short Hδ−···Hδ+ distances and high electron density between Hδ− and Hδ+ indicate that the Fe–Hδ−···Hδ+–O bonds have unusually strong interactions between hydridic Feδ+–Hδ− hydrogen and protonic Oδ−–Hδ+ hydrogen. Selected molecular orbitals that show the H···H interactions are also analyzed. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis indicates that the intramolecular Fe–Hδ−···Hδ+–O dihydrogen bonds with a Hδ−···Hδ+ distance of 1.415 A is much stronger than those two intermolecular dihydrogen bonds.
Game theory for heterogeneous flow control

A general framework is developed for networks with flows that use all available congestion signals to regulate their rates. It is conceptually a generalization of the existing network utility maximization (NUM) theory for homogeneous congestion control. Instead of a convex optimization characterization in NUM, a game with multiple convex optimizations is formulated to characterize equilibria in such a network. Examples are provided to motivate the needs of this general theory. We also provide some basic properties of the game and point out some possible future directions along this line.
IMIPENEM PHARMACOKINETICS IN CHILDREN

Imipenem (Im) (thienamycin, MKO787/MKO791), a new β-lactam antibiotic, has outstanding potency against gram positive, gram negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Selected pharmacokinetic and safety parameters were studied in children in anticipation of clinical therapeutic trials. A single dose (10 or 25 mg/kg) of Im was given intravenously to eight children aged 2-12 years hospitalized and receiving conventional intravenous antibiotics for suspected or proven infection. Plasma samples were obtained at 1 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the completion of the Im infusion. Random urine samples were also obtained. Im concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Interpretation of the data was based on a one compartment open model. Selected parameters (means ± S.D.) are as follows: No adverse clinical or laboratory effects were noted. Based on these data and Im's in vitro activity, a dose of 25 mg/kg, intravenously every 4-6 hours, would likely be safe and provide therapeutic serum and urine concentrations in clinical trials in pediatric patients.
Time-quantified fetal movement detection with two-transducer data fusion.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to develop an automated ultrasound-based fetal movement detection system to batter define fetal movements. Study design: One hundred one patients had fetal movements recorded over a 20-minute period. Results of movement detection by a single-transducer system (Russell 1) and a two-transducer fusion system (Russell 2) were compared with those of Hewitt-Packard (HP-M-1350-A), maternal perception, and expert ultrasonography review. Results: A total of 86,592 seconds of videotape was scored for fetal movement, Russell 2 had a second-per-second sensitivity of 57.21% compared with Russell 1 at 40.95%, the HP-M-1350-A at 31.44%, and maternal perception at 30.80%. Russell 2 detected 67.57% of discrete movements compared with 57.52%, 41.98%, and 37.92%, respectively, in other systems. Conclusion: Russell 2 represents a significant improvement over existing systems in detection of fetal movement on a second-per-second basis.
An empirical typology of subjects within stage of change

Abstract The transtheoretical model of behavior change postulates five distinct, welldefined stages of change: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance. Each stage has been regarded as reflecting a motivational posture and treated as if it is homogenous with respect to membership. This paper reports the results of four cluster analytic studies, one within each of the first four stages of change. The cluster analysis was based on three constructs of the model. Four distinct subtypes were found within Contemplation, Preparation, and Action, and three subtypes were found within Precontemplation. External validation for the clusters was provided using the 10 Processes of Change and 8 behavioral measures as dependent measures. At least one subtype corresponded to the existing stage definition but the other subtypes suggested alternative intervention strategies.
Tracking Capital Homicide Cases in Jefferson County, KY 2000–2010

In 1998, Kentucky’s adopted the Racial Justice Act (RJA). The key sponsor of the law, Kentucky Senator Gerald Neal asserted that it was not a result of whether you were for or against the death penalty but “whether the death penalty should be subject to the same standards of nondiscrimination as any other institution in our state.” However, one noted negative effect of the RJA is that prosecutors have adopted policies to seek the death penalty in every eligible case, rather than making this decision on a case-by-case basis. This study examines the outcome of such policies in Jefferson County, Kentucky from 2000 to 2010.
A Member - Virtual Team Fit Theory: Group Conscientiousness Effects on Performance

Virtual teams have become common in many business settings. Thus, it is important to examine factors that affect their performance. Although much research has been done to this end, the influence of virtual team personality composition on team performance has rarely been studied. In this study, we seek to bridge this gap by theoretically developing and empirically testing a model that captures these effects. Data collected from 61 virtual teams suggest that the elevation (median) level of team conscientiousness improves team performance, while higher within-team diversity (standard deviation) in conscientiousness lowers performance. Furthermore, the elevation level of team conscientiousness moderates the negative effect of within-team conscientiousness diversity on team performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Transmitral Flow Velocity–Contour Variation After Premature Ventricular Contractions: A Novel Test of the Load-Independent Index of Diastolic Filling

The new echocardiography-based, load-independent index of diastolic filling (LIIDF) M was assessed using load-/shape-varying E-waves after premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Twenty-six PVCs in 15 subjects from a preexisting simultaneous echocardiography-catheterization database were selected. Perturbed load-state beats, defined as the first two post-PVC E-waves, and steady-state E-waves, were subjected to conventional and model-based analysis. M, a dimensionless index, defined by the slope of the peak driving-force vs. peak (filling-opposing) resistive-force regression, was determined from steady-state E-waves alone, and from load-perturbed E-waves combined with a matched number of subsequent beats. Despite high degrees of E-wave shape variation, M derived from load-varying, perturbed beats and M derived from steady-state beats alone were indistinguishable. Because the peak driving-force vs. peak resistive-force relation determining M remains highly linear in the extended E-wave shape and load variation regime observed, we conclude that M is a robust LIIDF.
Vector power factor of 3-phase circuits

THE VECTOR power factor is a quantity which has been officially defined in the Standards of the American Standards Association1 and is the basis for many power rates which include lower power factor penalties. The effect of the unbalance in a polyphase load on this quantity can be analyzed by the method of symmetrical components.
Connective tissue amine oxidase. II. Purification and partial characterization of lysyl oxidase from chick aorta.

Abstract An amine oxidase, lysyl oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of peptidyl lysine has been isolated from immature chicken aortas. Although insoluble in salt buffers, the enzyme was extracted from the tissue with 4 M urea. A combination of DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography was used to purify the enzyme to a level 2400 times the concentration found in the tissue. The enzyme catalyzed the formation of tritiated water from [6- 3 H]lysine-labeled proteins produced by embryonic aortas grown in organ culture. Soluble protein in the culture medium as well as protein in the insoluble tissue served as substrate(s). Saturation kinetics were observed with both sources of substrate. The enzyme activity was inhibited by β-aminopropionitrile, dithiothreitol and reagents that react with carbonyl groups. Sodium dodecylsulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme revealed two major protein bands which had estimated molecular weights of 59 000 and 61 000. At this stage of purity the enzyme contained 0.14% copper. Mild acid treatment resulted in the loss of enzyme activity and dialysis of the partially inactivated enzyme against copper restored full activity. It is concluded that aortic lysyl oxidase is a copper metalloenzyme.
Neural network and Bayesian network fusion models to fuse electronic nose and surface acoustic wave sensor data for apple defect detection

Abstract The Cyranose 320 electronic nose (Enose) and zNose™ are two instruments used to detect volatile profiles. In this research, feature level and decision level multisensor data fusion models, combined with covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMAES), were developed to fuse the Enose and zNose data to improve detection and classification performance for damaged apples compared with using the individual instruments alone. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for feature extraction and probabilistic neural networks (PNN) were developed as the classifier. Three feature-based fusion schemes were compared. Dynamic selective fusion achieved an average 1.8% and a best 0% classification error rate in a total of 30 independent runs. The static selective fusion approach resulted in a 6.1% classification error rate, which was not as good as using individual sensors (4.2% for the Enose and 2.6% for the zNose) if only selected features were applied. Simply adding the Enose and zNose features without selection (non-selective fusion) worsened the classification performance with a 32.5% classification error rate. This indicated that the feature selection using the CMAES is an indispensable process in multisensor data fusion, especially if multiple sources of sensors contain much irrelevant or redundant information. At the decision level, Bayesian network fusion achieved better performance than two individual sensors, with 11% error rate versus 13% error rate for the Enose and 20% error rate for the zNose. It is shown that both the feature level fusion with the CMAES optimization algorithms and decision level fusion using a Bayesian network as a classifier improved system classification performance. This methodology can also be applied to other sensor fusion applications.
Magnetic field in the primitive solar nebula

Carbonaceous chondrites have apparently been magnetized in their early history in magnetic fields with intensities of 0.1 to 10 G, but the origin of the magnetizing field has remained obscured. It is suggested that the magnetic field recorded in the remanence of carbonaceous chondrites may have been produced by a self-excited hydromagnetic dynamo in the gaseous preplanetary nebula from which the solar system is thought to have formed. Recently computed models for the evolution of the preplanetary nebula, consisting of turbulent and differentially rotating gaseous disks with characteristic radial scales of several AU, are used to demonstrate the feasibility of this hypothesis. The maximum field intensity that might be realized by the dynamo production process is estimated to be as high as 1 to 10 G, taking into account two dynamical mechanisms that limit the strength of the field (the Coriolis force and ambipolar diffusion).
A mass spectrometric method for probing surface structure

Abstract Coincidence counting mass spectrometry (CCMS) has been used to study the negative and positive cluster ion formation from two inorganic compounds, NaBF 4 and αZrP. Coincidence spectra are obtained from conventional mass spectra by collecting only those desorption events that include an ion of interest. Direct comparison of the cluster ion compositions to the stoichiometry and structure of the original solid were made. Negative ions reflect the original solid composition and structure while the positive cluster ions do not. Also, new evidence supports an intact emission for negative cluster ions and a recombination mechanism for positive cluster ions. Changing the crystallinity of the solid affects the negative spectrum, with larger cluster ions observed in the more crystalline samples. No difference is observed with the positive clusters, consistent with a gas phase formation process. In the negative ion mode CCMS can be an effective tool for studying the composition and the nanoscale order of a solid surface.