cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of arachidonic acid metabolism on cell proliferation and apoptosis

Research over the past three decades has revealed that arachidonic acid (AA) and oxygen-containing derivatives of AA, termed eicosanoids, play pivotal roles in controlling key cellular events that lead to acute and chronic inflammation (for review, see [1]). While it has been suggested for more than 50 years that diets high in certain fatty acids stimulate tumor development in animals, only within the last five years has there been strong mechanistic evidence that links AA metabolism to cell proliferation and apoptosis. Interest in this link began to intensify in the early 1990s as a result of several key observations; (1) Epidemiological studies in humans demonstrated that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a reduction in colon cancer deaths [2–5]. (2) Animal studies revealed that NSAIDs attenuate in vivo growth in colon, mammary, esophageal, lung and oral cancers [6–14]. (3) There is increased production of eicosanoids (in particular, prostaglandins) as well as a marked upregulation of certain isoforms of cyclooxygenase in transformed cells and tumors [6, 15–21]. Collectively, these observations emphasized the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which AA metabolism influences cellular events such as mitogenesis and apoptosis. This chapter will review in vitro and in vivo studies that have examined the relationship between AA metabolism and cell proliferation with a special emphasis on apoptosis. While the bulk of the data collected to date on this topic has focused on AA metabolism and cell proliferation in cellular models of cancer, similar relationships are now being observed in cell proliferation and survival during inflammation. It is important to point out that most of the major molecular events that link AA metabolism and cell proliferation currently are poorly understood and many events remain to be elucidated. Moreover, there are several circumstances where AA or its metabolites appear to have one effect on a particular cell type and another (often the opposite effect) in other cell types. Further progress in this area will depend, in large part, on our capacity to resolve these ambiguous links and controversial findings.
Thiol Specific and Mitochondria Selective Fluorogenic Benzofurazan Sulfide for Live Cell Nonprotein Thiol Imaging and Quantification in Mitochondria

Cellular thiols are divided into two major categories: nonprotein thiols (NPSH) and protein thiols (PSH). Thiols are unevenly distributed inside the cell and compartmentalized in subcellular structures. Most of our knowledge on functions/dysfunctions of cellular/subcellular thiols is based on the quantification of cellular/subcellular thiols through homogenization of cellular/subcellular structures followed by a thiol quantification method. We would like to report a thiol-specific mitochondria-selective fluorogenic benzofurazan sulfide {7,7′-thiobis(N-rhodamine-benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-sulfonamide) (TBROS)} that can effectively image and quantify live cell NPSH in mitochondria through fluorescence intensity. Limited methods are available for imaging thiols in mitochondria in live cells especially in a quantitative manner. The thiol specificity of TBROS was demonstrated by its ability to react with thiols and inability to react with biologically relevant nucleophilic functional groups other than thiols....
Exploration of Factors Perceived to Influence Development of Diagnostic Reasoning in Athletic Trainers and Athletic Training Students.

Context: Diagnostic reasoning is acknowledged as a vital skill for medical practice, but research regarding this core aspect of medical cognition as it pertains to athletic training contexts is scarce. To compare athletic training–specific clinical reasoning skills with those of other health care practitioners, educators need to better understand how athletic trainers (ATs) think, what helps them think better, and what may hinder their thinking skills as related to diagnostic reasoning challenges in the clinical context. Objective: To conduct a preliminary investigation into ATs' and undergraduate athletic training students' perceptions about their diagnostic reasoning processes. Secondarily, to identify and compare activities or practices that may influence individual diagnostic reasoning abilities. Design: Qualitative research. Setting: Online interviews. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-three participants (11 ATs, 12 senior-level athletic training students) were convenience sampled from a pool of...
AGAINST MOVEMENT: COMMENTS ON LIDDELL'S ARTICLE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the difference between the approaches of Perlmutter and Liddell. While Liddell's representations are fairly directly relatable to what one observes in the signing stream, this is not always the case for Perlmutter's. For example, syllabic and moraic structures are not directly visible, and many movements are regarded by Perlmutter as transitional and not to be awarded formal representation. At least in spoken phonology, it seems clear that the form of phonological representations must often be determined through reasoning and cannot be read directly off the phonetic signal. It is easy for the analyst to observe a movement in the signing stream, give it a name, and incorporate this name into formal representations as a dynamic primitive. An approach that sees the movement as a mere transition between two targets often lacks initial plausibility, because it is more abstract and removed from the phonetic data. But in many cases, the more abstract approach has turned out to be better motivated when the data are examined more closely.
Collective Memory and Collective Memories

Data from two national samples, one of Americans and one of Lithuanians, are generally consistent with the hypothesis that people tend to remember as important those national and world events that they lived through during their own youth, roughly the ages 13 to 25. The American data indicate that in describing such events, people tend to give them autobiographical terms. However, an investigation during the war in the Persian Gulf shows only a weak relation between the ages at which respondents lived through World War II versus the Vietnam War and their preference for one or the other as an analogy for the war with Iraq; this is consistent with the assumption that semantic memories are less closely tied to the life course than are autobiographical memories.
Pathology Analysis of the Placenta

Chapter Summary Placental abnormalities (with or without additional lesions in the embryo) are a frequent cause of gestational mortality. Thus, a properly designed pathology analysis to investigate a novel embryolethal phenotype must include an appropriate placental assessment. Evaluation of mouse placental lesions requires a thorough understanding of normal macroscopic (gross) and microscopic features of organ anatomy; differences in placental morphology among various mouse strains; and the common patterns of tissue, cellular, and molecular damage that can negatively impact placental function. A useful analytical strategy for mouse placenta is to grossly examine unfixed organs at necropsy for obvious changes in consistency, color, shape, or size, after which representative samples of placenta are processed to permit a histopathological evaluation. Any changes are described in easily discerned placental subregions: chorioallantoic plate, labyrinth, spongiotrophoblast, giant cell trophoblast, and decidua. Structural lesions may be correlated with molecular expression data to define the pathogenesis of the placental defect. The key to successfully performing a placental pathology examination is to conduct the analysis in a systematic manner across all studies so that the pathologist gains an accurate understanding of normal placental morphology, as well as the primary fashions in which placental structures may become so distorted that embryonic death becomes the preferred outcome.
Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake by bioelectrical impedance analysis in overweight adolescents.

AIM Maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), the gold standard for measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness, is frequently difficult to assess in overweight individuals due to physical limitations. Reactance and resistance measures obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) have been suggested as easily obtainable predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness, but the accuracy with which ht(2)/Z can predict VO(2max) has not previously been examined in overweight adolescents. METHODS The impedance index was used as a predictor of VO(2max) in 87 overweight girls and 47 overweight boys ages 12 to 17 with mean BMI of 38.6 + or - 7.3 and 42.5 + or - 8.2 in girls and boys respectively. The Bland Altman procedure assessed agreement between predicted and actual VO(2max). RESULTS Predicted VO(2max) was significantly correlated with measured VO(2max) (r(2)=0.48, P<0.0001). Using the Bland Altman procedure, there was significant magnitude bias (r(2)=0.10; P<0.002). The limits of agreement for predicted relative to actual VO(2max) were -589 to 574 mL O(2)/min. CONCLUSIONS The impedance index was highly correlated with VO(2max) in overweight adolescents. However, using BIA data to predict maximal oxygen uptake over-predicted VO(2max) at low levels of oxygen consumption and under-predicted VO(2max) at high levels of oxygen consumption. This magnitude bias, along with the large limits of agreement of BIA-derived predicted VO(2max), limit its usefulness in the clinical setting for overweight adolescents.
Future integrated mobility-energy systems: A modeling perspective

Abstract After over a century of petroleum dominance, the transportation sector is on the verge of radical transformations driven by rapid technology advancement of alternative fuels, automation, information technologies that create new mobility options and business models, and policies at all levels of government. While the technologies and fuels that will move people and goods in the future remain uncertain, the future transportation system will be more integrated with smart buildings, the electric grid, renewables, and information ecosystems, allowing for great opportunities to exploit these interconnections. Modeling tools for analyzing integrated mobility-energy systems require a deep understanding of these interconnections, of the infrastructure required to support alternative fuel vehicles, and a more nuanced understanding of transportation energy needs across multiple segments and spatiotemporal scales. In this paper, we assess the landscape of existing tools used to represent and model future mobility systems and their interactions with other energy systems. We conclude that (a) out-of-sample extrapolation of emerging trends and future anticipated developments is more important than ever due to the plethora of factors driving disruptive change in mobility systems; (b) understanding adoption opportunities for alternative fuel light-duty vehicles requires modeling intra-household decisions affecting travel demand and mode choice; (c) mobility and energy systems need to be modeled as an integrated continuum, breaking the traditional approach in which dynamic energy supply models use relatively simple transportation demand and vice-versa; and (d) increased spatiotemporal fidelity and scalability are required to dynamically couple transportation/mobility and energy supply models and capitalize on these unprecedented interconnection opportunities.
The D2-family receptor agonist bromocriptine but, not nicotine, reverses NMDA receptor antagonist-induced working memory deficits in the radial arm maze in mice.

Abstract Hypofunction of the NMDA receptor (NMDAr) may underlie cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions including working memory (WM) impairments. Given that these deficits link closely to functional outcome, treatments remediating such deficits require identification. NMDAr hypofunction can be modeled via treatment with the antagonist MK-801. Hence, the present study determined whether cholinergic or dopaminergic agonists attenuate MK-801-induced WM deficits in mice. WM was assessed in male C57BL/6 mice trained on an automated 12-arm radial arm maze (RAM) paradigm, wherein rewards were delivered after the first but, not after subsequent entries into WM arms (8/12) and never delivered for entries into reference memory (RM) arms (4/12). Mice were then treated with MK-801 (vehicle or 0.3 mg/kg) and nicotine (vehicle, 0.03 or 0.30 mg/kg) in a cross-over design. After a 2-week washout, mice were then retested with MK-801 and the dopamine D2-family receptor agonist bromocriptine (vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg). In both experiments, MK-801 reduced WM span and increased RM and WM error rates. Nicotine did not attenuate these deficits. In contrast, a bromocriptine/MK-801 interaction was observed on WM error rate, where bromocriptine attenuated MK-801 induced deficits without affecting MK-801-induced RM errors. Additionally, bromocriptine produced the main effect of slowing latency to collect rewards. Hence, while NMDAr hypofunction-induced deficits in WM was unaffected by nicotine, it was remediated by treatment with the dopamine D2-family agonist bromocriptine. Future studies should determine whether selective activation of dopamine D2, D3, or D4 receptors remediate this NMDAr hypofunction-induced WM deficit.
Reasoning About Luck: Probability and Its Uses in Physics

This book introduces the reader to statistical reasoning and its use in physics. It is based on a course taught to non-science majors at Cornell, and differs from other treatments by its wide-ranging use of quantitative methods, which are built up in a constructive way and assume only that the reader can add, subtract, multiply and divide with confidence. The author begins with a self-contained introduction to the everyday uses of probability, including the quantitative assessment of statistical information. Following a chapter on useful mathematical concepts, he develops the basic ideas of mechanical motion, the molecular theory of gases, entropy as a measure of molecular agitation, limitations on the conversion of heat to work, the physics of the direction of time, chaos, and the role of probability in quantum mechanics. To aid self-instruction, there are solved problems at the end of each chapter.
Financial Liberalisations in Latin America in the 1990s: A Reassessment

This paper studies the experience of Latin-America [LATAM] with financial liberalization in the 1990s. The rush towards financial liberalizations in the early 1990s was associated with expectations that external financing would alleviate the scarcity of saving in LATAM, thereby increasing investment and growth. Yet, the data and several case studies suggest that the gains from external financing are overrated. The bottleneck inhibiting economic growth is less the scarcity of saving, and more the scarcity of good governance. A possible interpretation for these findings is that in countries where private savings and investments were taxed in an arbitrary and unpredictable way, the credibility of a new regime could not be assumed or imposed. Instead, credibility must be acquired as an outcome of a learning process. Consequently, increasing the saving and investment rates tends to be a time consuming process. This also suggests that greater political instability and polarization would induce consumers to be more cautious in increasing their saving and investment rates following a reform. Hence, reaching a sustained take-off in Latin-America is a harder task to accomplish than in Asia.
Cardiotoxicity Surveillance and Risk of Heart Failure During HER2 Targeted Therapy

Abstract Background Guidelines recommend left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessments every 3 months for cardiotoxicity monitoring during human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) ta...
The Implantable Defibrillator: A Historical Overview and its Use in Secondary and Primary Prevention

The battle against sudden cardiac death (SCD) raged sporadically, but the big guns—the antiarrhythmic drugs often did not work; moreover, they produced side effects and sometimes turned out to be pro-arrhythmic resulting in death. Then, a rather unknown physician–researcher with a humble background, Dr. Michel Mirowski, appeared on the scene. In this chapter, the author describes the saga of Dr. Mirowski as he conceptualized the idea of the internal defibrillator (ICD) and its development together with Dr. Morton Mower in the basement of the Sinai Hospital in Baltimore, despite strong opposition to the idea in the cardiovascular medical community in the USA. Subsequently, the author describes the development of the transvenous ICD and the subcutaneous ICD system as well as the results of secondary and primary prevention trials of ICDs.
The Relationship between Spirituality and the Developing Brain: A Framework for Pediatric Oncology

Purpose: The rate of incidence of childhood cancer has increased by 0.6% per year since 1975 with an estimated 10,590 children between the ages of 0 and 14 years to be diagnosed in 2018 (Siegel, Miller, & Jemal, 2018). Amidst diagnoses and treatment plans, spiritualty is often overlooked among this population; however, assessing spirituality at diagnosis and during care can impact quality of life (Kamper, Van Cleave, & Savedra, 2010). When considering spirituality in pediatric oncology patients, a neurobiological model provides a more comprehensive perspective of these children and …
DISTURBANCE DUE TO A SATELLITE IN A PLASMA MEDIUM AND ITS EFFECT ON RADAR RETURN

The disturbance due to a conducting spherical satellite passing through a plasma medium is considered. The density distributions of both the positive ions and the electrons surrounding the satellite are obtained. The potential of the satellite is determined. The radar return from the disturbed region is evaluated. The theoretical results are compared with observational data.
Multiparametric radiomics methods for breast cancer tissue characterization using radiological imaging

Multiparametric radiological imaging is vital for detection, characterization, and diagnosis of many different diseases. Radiomics provide quantitative metrics from radiological imaging that may infer potential biological meaning of the underlying tissue. However, current methods are limited to regions of interest extracted from a single imaging parameter or modality, which limits the amount of information available within the data. This limitation can directly affect the integration and applicable scope of radiomics into different clinical settings, since single image radiomics are not capable of capturing the true underlying tissue characteristics in the multiparametric radiological imaging space. To that end, we developed a multiparametric imaging radiomic (mpRad) framework for extraction of first and second order radiomic features from multiparametric radiological datasets. We developed five different radiomic techniques that extract different aspects of the inter-voxel and inter-parametric relationships within the high-dimensional multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging breast datasets. Our patient cohort consisted of 138 breast patients, where, 97 patients had malignant lesions and 41 patients had benign lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and areas under the curve (AUC) analysis were performed to assess diagnostic performance of the mpRad parameters. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The mpRad features successfully classified malignant from benign breast lesions with excellent sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 80.5%, respectively, with Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC) of 0.87 (0.81–0.93). mpRad provided a 9–28% increase in AUC metrics over single radiomic parameters. We have introduced the mpRad framework that extends radiomic analysis from single images to multiparametric datasets for better characterization of the underlying tissue biology.
Efficient nonlinear manifold reduced order model.

Traditional linear subspace reduced order models (LS-ROMs) are able to accelerate physical simulations, in which the intrinsic solution space falls into a subspace with a small dimension, i.e., the solution space has a small Kolmogorov n-width. However, for physical phenomena not of this type, such as advection-dominated flow phenomena, a low-dimensional linear subspace poorly approximates the solution. To address cases such as these, we have developed an efficient nonlinear manifold ROM (NM-ROM), which can better approximate high-fidelity model solutions with a smaller latent space dimension than the LS-ROMs. Our method takes advantage of the existing numerical methods that are used to solve the corresponding full order models (FOMs). The efficiency is achieved by developing a hyper-reduction technique in the context of the NM-ROM. Numerical results show that neural networks can learn a more efficient latent space representation on advection-dominated data from 2D Burgers' equations with a high Reynolds number. A speed-up of up to 11.7 for 2D Burgers' equations is achieved with an appropriate treatment of the nonlinear terms through a hyper-reduction technique.
A review of the behavioral effects of response force: Perspectives on measurement and functions

Abstract Response force is a fundamental dimension of behavior. Yet, little is known about its functional significance for learning. The present review examines the behavioral effects of force across several domains. Along the way, advantages of different measurement strategies that have been used to study force are evaluated. The behavioral functions of force are also considered in light of two commonly expressed notions about behavior. First, the Law of Least Effort predicts that animals and humans will act in ways that minimize the costs of behaving. Second, it is widely held that work requirements and effortful responding are aversive. A review of the literature, especially regarding behavioral adaptations to force, is consistent with the Law of Least Effort on many points. Empirical data are less clear on the aversive properties of force requirements. For much of the literature, there is little in coherent findings. Many disagreements and inconsistencies pertain to measurement strategies that fail to record the full range of response variants. Consistent support for aversive functions of force requirements have been obtained only when studied as a negative reinforcer.
Research on Network Security Active Defense System Oriented to Electric Power Monitoring System

The safety control and production management of the electric power system are highly dependent on network communication between all levels. The security problems of the network always threaten the stable operation of the power grid. Combined with the analysis of the network security demands of the electric power monitoring system, an active defense system framework design is proposed, and a complete set of defense methods is given from the aspects of the host, the security and the network equipment. The system adopts multi-layer architecture and functional modular design. It integrates modules such as data collection, threat analysis and identification, active defense, active defense strategy library, and public service. The structure of each functional module is independent of each other, which facilitates independent deployment or unit testing.
Epilogue: The Epistemic and the Rational

Having argued that an intuitionist foundationalist approach to epistemic empirical justification provides the best solution to the notorious epistemic regress problem, I want now to ask how epistemic justification is related to rationality in general. Many philosophers have assumed that an account of epistemic justification provides, by itself, an account of rational belief. Such an assumption, as we shall see, is correct in one sense, but seriously incorrect in another sense. One major problem with such an assumption is that rational agents sometimes find themselves in a predicament where the fulfillment of a morally rational obligation, for instance, requires that they believe a proposition that is unlikely to be true, and thus epistemically unjustified, on their total evidence. In such a predicament, typically, one rational obligation — a morally rational obligation — conflicts with another rational obligation — an epistemically rational obligation. We then have a case of rational dilemma. In this epilogue I aim to characterize three types of rational obligation that sometimes come into conflict, to specify the nature of conflict found in rational dilemmas, and to propose a straightforward resolution of such dilemmas — a resolution in terms of “all-things-considered” rationality.
To Eagle Pond

Three years after we married?we lived in Ann Arbor, where I taught at the University of Michigan?Jane Kenyon and I decided to spend a year at my old family farm in New Hampshire. I had spent my childhood summers there, and it was my place of all places. It was the poetry house, domain of old farmers who told stories and spoke pieces memorized when they were young, and it had been antithetical to the Connecticut suburbs where I spent the school year. Summers at the farm, with my mother's parents, I fed the chickens and hayed with my grandfather. Jane knew how I felt about the house, where I had thrived under the love of the old people in a countryside largely abandoned to cellar holes, squared out by stone walls that lacked animals to fence in. Years before Jane and I met, I wrote a book about those summers.
Influence of Plio-Pleistocene basin hydrology on the Turkana hominin enamel carbonate δ18O values

Stable oxygen isotopes of hominin enamel carbonate (δ(18)OEC) provide a window into aspects of past drinking behavior and diet, body size, breastfeeding and weaning, mobility, and paleoclimate. It is tempting to compare all hominins across time and space in order to gauge species-level adaptations to changing environments and niche separation between those living sympatrically. Basinal, sub-basinal, and micro-environmental differences, however, may exert an influence on variation in enamel carbonate isotopic values that must be reconciled before hominin species across Africa can be meaningfully compared. Plio-Pleistocene Turkana hominin δ(18)OEC values show a considerable spread, potentially revealing many intrinsic and extrinsic contributing factors operating on different scales. In this study, I examine Turkana hominin δ(18)OEC values relative to identity (taxon, tooth type and number, body size of taxon), dietary (δ(13)C value, Turkana coeval and modern mammalian δ(18)OEC values), and contextual (time, depositional environment) information of each specimen and collection locality and discuss various potential influences. Turkana hominin δ(18)OEC values may primarily reflect differences in imbibed water sources (lake vs. river) as a function of evolving basin hydrology.
The effect of user view characteristics on database design performance of novices

Database design is a complex task for end users and novice designers. User views are an excellent input source for database design. This research investigates the effect of certain characteristics of user views on designer performance in the logical database design task. The study examines the extent to which performance of nonexpert designers engaged in normalizing user views and eliminating derived relationships can be predicted by examining the structure of user views. Two constructs that capture the complexity of a user view are defined - degree of nesting and derivation span. User views which varied on these parameters were included in a case. Subjects, who were enrolled in a database class and had learned the view decomposition approach, were asked to conduct logical database design of the case. Each view was graded using a predefined scheme. For each subject, there was a set of scores obtained for each user view. A multiple regression analysis using scores as the dependent variable indicated that both independent variables - degree of nesting and derivation span - significantly explained designer performance in normalizing the user views. Further, subjects had considerable difficulty in detecting derived relationships. The findings suggest that the degree of nesting and derivation distance cause complexity in database design tasks and lower designer performance.
Developing A Web-based User Interface for Semantic Information Retrieval

While there are now a number of languages and frameworks that enable computer-based systems to search stored data semantically, the optimal design for effective user interfaces for such systems is still uncle ar. Such interfaces should mask unnecessary query detail from users, yet still allow them to build queries of arbitrary complexity without significant restrictions. We developed a user interface supporting s emantic query generation for Semanticorganizer, a tool used by scient ists and engineers at NASA to construct networks of knowledge and dat a. Through this interface users can select node types, node attribute s and node links to build ad-hoc semantic queries for searching the S emanticOrganizer network.
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection

HIV-1 is a member of the lentivirus family of human retroviruses. As such, it shares several biologic and molecular properties with a number of related agents affecting nonhuman primates, goats, sheep, and horses. In addition to HIV-1, a related human pathogen, HIV-2, has also been identified. This agent has also been associated with AIDS in humans, but most current information suggests that HIV-2 is less pathogenic than HIV-1. These agents are enveloped viruses that carry their genetic information in the form of two identical strands of RNA that must be reverse transcribed to DNA following infection of mammalian cells. This process is the basis for the nomenclature of the retrovirus family. Following reverse transcription, the double-stranded DNA product may remain within the cytoplasm, or it may be transported to the nucleus where it integrates within the genome of the host cell and establishes lifelong infection of that cell and its progeny. Although the complement of regulatory genes varies somewhat from one retrovirus to another, these agents share the property of having a complex set of genes that regulate viral expression within the host cell, and that are clearly integral components of the pathogenesis of retroviral infection. Clinical manifestations of infection, likewise, are host and virus dependent, and include both direct manifestations of the viral infection and indirect effects mediated through effects of the viruses on specific organ systems. In the case of HIV-1, the major target organs are the immune and central nervous systems. In addition, in late stages of the disease process an increasing array of metabolic disturbances are encountered that contribute to the wasting syndrome frequently observed in advanced HIV-1 infection. This chapter will focus primarily on clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection that are directly attributable to HIV-1 infection.
Using multiple secondary fusion products to evaluate fuel ρR, electron temperature, and mix in deuterium-filled implosions at the NIF

In deuterium-filled inertial confinement fusion implosions, the secondary fusion processes D(3He,p)4He and D(T,n)4He occur, as the primary fusion products 3He and T react in flight with thermal deuterons. In implosions with moderate fuel areal density (∼5–100 mg/cm2), the secondary D-3He reaction saturates, while the D-T reaction does not, and the combined information from these secondary products is used to constrain both the areal density and either the plasma electron temperature or changes in the composition due to mix of shell material into the fuel. The underlying theory of this technique is developed and applied to three classes of implosions on the National Ignition Facility: direct-drive exploding pushers, indirect-drive 1-shock and 2-shock implosions, and polar direct-drive implosions. In the 1- and 2-shock implosions, the electron temperature is inferred to be 0.65 times and 0.33 times the burn-averaged ion temperature, respectively. The inferred mixed mass in the polar direct-drive implosions ...
Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projections

This paper aims to provide conceptual justifications for the inclusion of culture and cultural factors in psychiatric diagnosis, and logistic suggestions as to the content and use of this approach. A discussion of the scope and limitations of current diagnostic practice, criticisms from different quarters, and the role and relevance of culture in the diagnostic encounter, precede the examination of advantages and disadvantages of the approach. The cultural content of psychiatric diagnosis should include the main, well-recognized cultural variables, adequate family data, explanatory models, and strengths and weaknesses of every individual patient. The practical aspects include the acceptance of "cultural discordances" as a component of an updated definition of mental disorder, and the use of a refurbished cultural formulation. Clinical "telescoping" strategies to obtain relevant cultural data during the diagnostic interview, and areas of future research (including field trials on the cultural formulation and on "culture bound syndromes"), are outlined.
Predictive models for microbial inactivation and texture degradation in surimi seafood during thermal processing

: Models for Staphylococcus aureus inactivation and texture degradation during thermal processing of surimi seafood were developed based on the modified thermal-death-time (TDT) concept. Validation studies showed good fit between experimental and predicted values. The models allow input of processing parameters, resulting in a surface response that determines microbial inactivation and texture degradation. D-values for microbial inactivation were determined between 55 and 95 °C. The z-value, however, was not linear. Therefore, a polynomial equation was used to calculate D-values at intermediate temperatures. Texture degradation between 55 and 95 °C followed a power function. Therefore, power “n” was used as the degradation rate for modeling purposes. Polynomial equation was used to calculate “n” at intermediate temperatures.
A Commentary on: Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Global and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry

This discussion is intended both as a commentary on Keller et al.’s most useful contribution and as a commentary on the field of knowledge that they have done so much to develop. It is further intended to represent the perspectives of two tropical ecologists on work that has been initiated and developed primarily by atmospheric scientists.
Mental illness in deployed soldiers.

Is more likely as traumatic exposures increase, and this is often related to length of deployment More than 29 armed conflicts involving 25 countries are now occurring around the globe.1 For people in the United Kingdom and United States the situation in Iraq and Afghanistan is a constant reminder of the cost of war. The price that soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines, and their families pay is always considerable. In this week's BMJ , Rona and colleagues assess the effect of the frequency and duration of deployment on the mental health of 5547 randomly chosen military personnel with experience in deployment.2 They found that people who were deployed for more than 12 months in the past three years were more likely to have mental health problems (odds ratio for post-traumatic stress disorder 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.32), although exposure to combat partly accounted for these associations. Post-traumatic stress disorder was more likely when a mismatch occurred between the expected and actual lengths of deployment. The study could help identify those at high risk of long term disability and guide policy.3 Deployment is a strange term. Few people would suggest that deployment …
Temporal and Vertical Distribution of Crab Larvae in a Tidal Pass

We investigated the vertical and temporal distributions of portunid zoea andCallinectes megalopae in a tidal pass of the Texas coast. Zoea were equally abundant on ebb and flood tide but were more abundant during the day than at night. Megalopae were more abundant during flood tide and at night than during ebb tide or during the day. We examined the evidence for selective tidal stream transport in both life-history stages. Depth of the centers of mass of the larval distributions and the dispersions around those centers were unrelated to temperature, salinity, current velocity, and time of day. Scaling arguments suggest that the absence of pattern in the vertical distributions was not due to turbulent mixing. There was little evidence that either larval stage used these environmental characteristics as cues for changes in behaviour. However, the presence of megalopae in the water column primarily during flood tide does support the tidal transport hypothesis. Megalopae may have difficulty sensing and reacting to environmental cues in wellmixed estuaries with semidiurnal tides.
Theoretical studies on VPI-5. Origin of the hydrophilicity

Abstract The hydrophilic property of VPI-5 is investigated using cluster models by an ab initio MO method. The four cluster models of Al(ON)4 studied differ from each other in the original locations of the aluminum atom and in whether they are for the hydrate or the dehydrate. Only one model, which has an aluminum site at the center of the fused four-membered rings in the hydrated VPI-5, can adsorb a water molecule with an attractive interaction energy of over 25 kcal/mol. The other models show only repulsive interaction energies.
Thermodynamically consistent evaluation of equilibrium properties of normal-liquid 3He

Abstract The specific heat C V (T, V) together with the molar volume V (T=0.1 K, P) of normal liquid 3 He is shown to contain the complete thermodynamic information about this phase. Using the data by Greywall we thus calculate the T – P dependence of all equilibrium quantities (entropy S , specific heat at constant pressure C P , molar volume V , compressibility κ , and thermal expansion coefficient α ) in zero magnetic field. These results are guaranteed to be thermodynamically consistent. We find, for example, that the curves of α(T, P) versus T cross near T≈0.35 K over a wide temperature range, in contrast to the data presented in some of the literature.
A Comparison of Chinese Consumers’ Intentions to Purchase Luxury Fashion Brands for Self-Use and for Gifts

ABSTRACT This study examined how strongly consumers’ personal values and attitudes influence their purchase intentions about luxury fashion brands. In this study, personal values included materialism, hedonism, face saving (mianzi), and social connections (guanxi); attitudes included both consumers’ attitudes toward luxury brands and their attitudes toward gift giving; and intentions included consumers’ purchase intentions for luxury fashion brands for self-use and for gift giving. Data were collected from 201 Chinese consumers aged from 18 to 40 years. Regression analyses revealed that hedonism positively influenced intention to purchase luxury fashion brands for self-use. Additionally, two of the three dimensions of attitudes toward luxury brands exhibited positive impacts on purchase intentions for both self-use and gift giving, while consumers’ attitudes toward brand-name gifts had a positive impact on their purchasing intentions for gift giving. Mianzi and guanxi did not have a significant impact on ...
On the use of high-pressure to study the speciation, solvation, and excited state energetics of luminescent lanthanide complexes

The application of applied external pressure to solutions containing lanthanide(III) complexes has been shown to provide useful information concerning the molecular and electronic structure of the species in solution. Eu(III) complexes are of special interest since the usually sharp excitation and emission transitions may be analyzed to determine relative concentrations of the species present. In this paper we describe the types of information concerning equilibria and excited state processes that may be obtained by applying external pressure, and present results for solutions of the Ca-binding protein calmodulin in which Eu(III) ion is used as a replacement for Ca(II). It is shown that differences in the binding site volumes in calmodulin may be determined, and these are in agreement with the known crystal structure.
Intergenerational Service Learning: To Promote Active Aging, and Occupational Therapy Gerontology Practice

Americans are living longer, and the meaning of age has changed, particularly for Boomers and seniors. These demographic changes have economic and social ramifications with implications for health care, including rehabilitation services, and health science education. Service learning is an experiential learning pedagogy that integrates traditional higher education with structured active learning experiences. This article reports on one intergenerational service learning program spanning 3 years. It was designed to facilitate community dialogue on fall prevention and active aging, and to provide intergenerational educational community-based experiences in occupational therapy professional education. The program additionally sought to promote students' understanding of aging and issues related to aging in place, students' professional development and civic engagement, and to encourage students to consider pursuing a career in occupational therapy gerontology practice.
Development of Forward and Feedback Connections between Areas V1 and V2 of Human Visual Cortex

We have determined the sequence in which forward connections between visual cortical areas V1 and V2, and feedback connections between V2 and V1 develop in humans. For this purpose Dil was injected into V1 and V2 of postmortem brains of different pre- and postnatal ages. The laminar distribution of labeled fibers and cell bodies in V1 and V2 indicates that forward and feedback connections emerge shortly before birth. The development of both pathways proceeds over several postnatal months such that the laminar termination pattern of forward connections appears relatively mature before feedback connections reach their mature form. At 37 weeks of gestation both forward and feedback connections originate exclusively from deep-layer neurons, which extend axons in deep layers only. By 9 d postnatal, forward connections from V1 to V2, in addition to layers 5 and 6, also arise from neurons in layer 4B of V1. At this stage for the first time forward fibers enter layer 4 at the topographically appropriate location of V2. At 9 d postnatal most feedback fibers from V2 still occupy deep layers of V1 but many, through interstitial growth, elaborate vertical sprouts at regular intervals along the length of horizontal axons. As feedback connections mature, distal segments of horizontal axons are pruned back to branch points and fibers assume L-shaped configurations. By 7 weeks of age forward fibers from V1 enter V2 through deep and superficial layers and provide input to layers 3 and 4. At this stage feedback fibers from V2 have entered layer 4B of V1. By 4 months of age forward connections have assumed all the laminar characteristics of mature connections; that is, they arise from layers 2/3, 4B, 5, and 6 of V1, and terminate in layers 3 and 4 of V2. In sharp contrast, at 4 months of age feedback connections to V1 are still immature, showing terminations in layers 4B, 5, and 6 but no input to layer 2/3. The protracted postnatal emergence of feedback connections is similar to that of local long-range connections within layer 2/3 of V1 (Burkhalter et al., 1993). Since both of these circuits are thought to provide information about the context in which objects are seen, it is interesting to speculate that the late onset of texture segmentation in infants (Atkinson and Braddick, 1992; Sireteanu and Rieth, 1992) may be related to the postnatal maturation of specific intracortical circuits.
Rate-Limited Transport of Hydroxyatrazine in an Unsaturated Soil

Unsaturated column experiments on an intact soil core were conducted under two different soil pressure heads, -8 and -19 cm, to characterize chemical sorption and desorption for hydroxyatrazine. Breakthrough curves for 3 H 2 O were similar under the different experimental conditions. The advection-dispersion transport model described 3 H 2 O transport well with Peclet numbers of 0.17 and 0.21, respectively. The transport of hydroxyatrazine, a common degradation product of atrazine, was slightly enhanced at the -8 cm head relative to the -19 cm head (84% vs 79% mass recovery). A model that describes sorption with a single rate coefficient and desorption as a distribution of rate coefficients fits the hydroxyatrazine breakthrough curve well. The strong similarities in transport properties at different soil-water tensions suggests that water and contaminants can be transported through macroporous soils across a range of moisture conditions in the vadose zone in agricultural fields.
Optimal Control of Failure-Prone Manufacturing Systems with Constant Repair Times

This paper considers a failure-prone manufacturing system with exponentially distributed operational times and constant repair times. Under the hedging-point policy, the steady-state probability density function of the buffer level is determined. The optimality of the hedging-point policy for this problem is proven, and analytical expressions for the computation of the optimal hedging point are determined. It is also shown that the optimal hedging point for the system with constant repair times provides a lower bound for the optimal hedging point for any other independent, identically distributed (iid) repair time sequence having the same mean. Using a queueing equivalence, an expression is derived for determining the optimal hedging point for any iid repair time sequence.
Role of the STIM1 C-terminal Domain in STIM1 Clustering

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) represents a ubiquitous Ca2+ influx pathway activated by the filling state of intracellular Ca2+ stores. SOCE is mediated by coupling of STIM1, the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor, to the Orai1 channel. SOCE inactivates during meiosis, partly because of the inability of STIM1 to cluster in response to store depletion. STIM1 has several functional domains, including the Orai1 interaction domain (STIM1 Orai Activating Region (SOAR) or CRAC Activation Domain (CAD)) and STIM1 homomerization domain. When Ca2+ stores are full, these domains are inactive to prevent constitutive Ca2+ entry. Here we show, using the Xenopus oocyte as an expression system, that the C-terminal 200 residues of STIM1 are important to maintain STIM1 in an inactive state when Ca2+ stores are full, through predicted intramolecular shielding of the active STIM1 domains (SOAR/CAD and STIM1 homomerization domain). Interestingly, our data argue that the C-terminal 200 residues accomplish this through a steric hindrance mechanism because they can be substituted by GFP or mCherry while maintaining all aspects of STIM1 function. We further show that STIM1 clustering inhibition during meiosis is independent of the C-terminal 200 residues.
Oral candidiasis in the elderly

Summary Oral candidiasis is a significant infectious process in the elderly. Clinically, it is encountered by the dental practitioner in a variety of ways, including acute and chronic forms. C albicans is also an important factor in the development of angular cheilitis and median rhomboid glossitis. Numerous systemic and local conditions common to the elderly predispose this population to oral Candida infections. Frequent combinations of these multiple risk factors increase the occurrence of oral candidiasis in older adults. It is imperative that health care providers be cognizant of systemic and local predisposing factors and typical clinical signs and symptoms to provide rational treatment for oral C albicans infections.