cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco policy and tobacco use: differences across tobacco types, gender and age

Using state-level data for 1997, this paper studies the effectiveness of tobacco policies at reducing tobacco use across different population groups in the USA. The effectiveness of tax (price)-based and non-price tobacco policies are examined on tobacco prevalence (including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco) across gender and age. Besides shedding light on the efficacy of sub-national tobacco policies, the results also examine the extent of spillovers of policy actions across tobacco types. Significant differences in tobacco use are found across gender, age, policies, and between smoking and smokeless tobacco. Policy implications are discussed.
Combinational arithmetic systems for the approximation of functions

The concepts of arithmetic building blocks (ABB) and combinational arithmetic (CA) nets as well as their applications have been previously reported in References 3, 4, and 5. The unique ABB, resulting from the efforts of minimizing the set of building blocks in Reference 3, is designed at the arithmetic level, employing the redundant signed-digit number system, and is to be implemented as one package by LSI techniques. The ABB performs arithmetic operations on individual digits of radix r > 2 and its main transfer functions are: the sum (symbol +) and product (symbol) of two digits, the multiple sum of m digits (m ≤ r + 1), (symbol ≠), and the reconversion to a non-redundant form (symbol RS).
Moduli stabilization and the holographic RG for AdS and dS

We relate moduli stabilization (V ′ = 0) in the bulk of AdS D or dS D to basic properties of the Wilsonian effective action in the holographic dual theory on dSD−1: the single-trace terms in the action have vanishing beta functions, and higher-trace couplings are determined purely from lower-trace ones. In the de Sitter case, this encodes the maximal symmetry of the bulk spacetime in a quantity which is accessible within an observer patch. Along the way, we clarify the role of counterterms, constraints, and operator redundancy in the Wilsonian holographic RG prescription, reproducing the expected behavior of the trace of the stress-energy tensor in the dual for both AdSD and dSD . We further show that metastability of the gravity-side potential energy corresponds to a nonperturbatively small imaginary contribution to the Wilsonian action of pure de Sitter, a result consistent with the need for additional degrees of freedom in the holographic description of its ultimate decay.
Photodiodes With Monolithically Integrated Wilkinson Power Combiner

We report the output power and linearity characteristics of two InP/InGaAs partially-depleted-absorber photodiodes monolithically integrated with a Wilkinson power combiner. Compared to a single photodiode an increase of 3 dB in output power is achieved and improved intermodulation distortion, as denoted by the figure of merit, OIP3, is observed in the frequency range up to 20 GHz. We also show that discrete photodiodes with single-stub tuning have improved OIP3 over a frequency range of a few GHz at the expense of reduced output power compared to those without tuning circuits. A model which provides good fits to the frequency dependence of the enhanced OIP3 is developed.
Response error in a transformation model with an application to earnings-equation estimation*

Summary This paper considers estimation of a transformation model in which the transformed dependent variable is subject to classical measurement error. We consider cases in which the transformation function is known and unspecified. In special cases (e.g. log and square-root transformations), least-squares or non-linear least-squares estimators are applicable. A flexible approximation approach (based on Taylor expansion) is proposed for a parametrized transformation function (like the Box-Cox model), and a semi-parametric approach (combining a semi-parametric linear-index estimator and non-parametric regression) is proposed for the case of an unspecified transformation function. The methods are applied to the estimation of earnings equations, using wage data from the Current Population Survey (CPS).
Bertotti-Robinson and Melvin spacetimes

Similarities between the Melvin and Bertotti?Robinson spacetimes are discussed and a uniqueness conjecture is formulated.
Transport in two dimensional electronic micro-emulsions

In two dimensional electron systems with Coulomb or dipolar interactions, a direct transition, whether first or second order, from a liquid to a crystalline state is forbidden. As a result, between these phases there must be other (micro-emulsion) phases which can be viewed as a meso-scale mixture of the liquid and crystalline phases. We investigate the transport properties of these new electronic phases and present arguments that they are responsible for the various transport anomalies that have been seen in experiments on the strongly correlated 2DEG in high mobility semiconductor devices with low electron densities.
Linear α-chain states in nuclei

We present results for the energies of the linear α-chain states in several light nuclei, 12C,16O, 20Ne and 24Mg, using the Skyrme Hartree-Fock method. We discuss mainly the SKM* results but other interactions are also considered for comparison.
Inelastic Current−Voltage Characteristics of Atomic and Molecular Junctions

We report first-principles calculations of the inelastic current−voltage (I−V) characteristics of a gold point contact and a molecular junction in the nonresonant regime. Discontinuities in the I−V curves appear in correspondence to the normal modes of the structures. Due to the quasi-one-dimensional nature of these systems, specific modes with large longitudinal components dominate the inelastic I−V curves. In the case of the gold point contact, our results are in good agreement with recent experimental data. For the molecular junction, we find that the inelastic I−V curves are quite sensitive to the structure of the contact between the molecule and the electrodes, thus providing a powerful tool to extract the bonding geometry in molecular wires.
Golf green visualization

Nonrealistic rendering techniques that enhance viewer perception of golf green topography and how that topography affects putting are discussed. Conventional computer graphics and numerical analysis techniques are combined with application-specific modeling and analysis algorithms to enhance a viewer's understanding of the golf green and model golf ball trajectories and putting difficulty. The coding of the system in LYMB and implementation of the system in broadcasts of two golf tournaments are described. >
Quantifying evolvability in small biological networks

The authors introduce a quantitative measure of the capacity of a small biological network to evolve. The measure is applied to a stochastic description of the experimental setup of Guet et al. (Science 2002, 296, pp. 1466), treating chemical inducers as functional inputs to biochemical networks and the expression of a reporter gene as the functional output. The authors take an information-theoretic approach, allowing the system to set parameters that optimise signal processing ability, thus enumerating each network's highest-fidelity functions. All networks studied are highly evolvable by the measure, meaning that change in function has little dependence on change in parameters. Moreover, each network's functions are connected by paths in the parameter space along which information is not significantly lowered, meaning a network may continuously change its functionality without completely losing it along the way. This property further underscores the evolvability of the networks.
Throughput optimal routing in overlay networks

Maximum throughput requires path diversity enabled by bifurcating traffic at different network nodes. In this work, we consider a network where traffic bifurcation is allowed only at a subset of nodes called routers, while the rest nodes (called forwarders) cannot bifurcate traffic and hence only forward packets on specified paths. This implements an overlay network of routers where each overlay link corresponds to a path in the physical network. We study dynamic routing implemented at the overlay. We develop a queue-based policy, which is shown to be maximally stable (throughput optimal) for a restricted class of network scenarios where overlay links do not correspond to overlapping physical paths. Simulation results show that our policy yields better delay over dynamic policies that allow bifurcation at all nodes, such as the backpressure policy. Additionally, we provide a heuristic extension of our proposed overlay routing scheme for the unrestricted class of networks.
Electrochemical noise analysis (ENA) for active and passive systems in chloride media

Electrochemical noise data (ECN) have been collected for several active systems (mild steel/NaCl, brass/NaCl, Al 6061/NaCl and Al 2024/NaCl) and a passive system (SS 316L/Ringer’s solution). The ECN data have been analyzed in the time and frequency domains. Parameters such as the noise resistance Rn and the skewness and kurtosis of potential and current fluctuations have been determined from the analysis in the time domain. It has been concluded that the localization index (LI) is not related to a particular corrosion mechanism. Comparisons of spectral noise impedance spectra obtained from power spectral density (PSD) plots with traditional impedance spectra have been made. Good agreement has been observed for all systems after trend removal. Comparisons have also been made between Rn and the polarization resistance Rp obtained from analysis of the impedance spectra. It has been observed that Rn generally is a function of the bandwidth f of the ECNM. For the passive system SS316L/Ringer’s solution Rn was much smaller than Rp. The relationship between potential and current fluctuations has been evaluated. For the two Al alloys random fluctuations occurred, while for mild steel a systematic trend of potential versus current was observed. After trend removal only random fluctuations remained for this system. It is possible to make corrections of the experimental values of standard deviations of the potential (V) and current (I) fluctuations as well as Rn assuming linear drift of the potential and current fluctuations. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
THE CLOSED-POINT ZARISKI TOPOLOGY FOR IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATIONS

In previous work, the second author introduced a topology, for spaces of irreducible representations, that reduces to the classical Zariski topology over commutative rings but provides a proper refinement in various noncommutative settings. In this paper, a concise and elementary description of this refined Zariski topology is presented, under certain hypotheses, for the space of simple left modules over a ring R. Namely, if R is left noetherian (or satisfies the ascending chain condition for semiprimitive ideals), and if R is either a countable dimensional algebra (over a field) or a ring whose (Gabriel-Rentschler) Krull dimension is a countable ordinal, then each closed set of the refined Zariski topology is the union of a finite set with a Zariski closed set. The approach requires certain auxiliary results guaranteeing embeddings of factor rings into direct products of simple modules. Analysis of these embeddings mimics earlier work of the first author and Zimmermann-Huisgen on products of torsion modules.
Molecular homogeneity of the deoxyribonucleic acid of phage T2

Chromatographic analysis by means of a column of basic protein is used to measure the breakage of T2 DNA by stirring. Broken molecules elute from the column at lower salt concentrations than do the original molecules. At a critical low speed of stirring, one can produce single breaks near the centers of the molecules, as shown by the all-or-none character of the initial change in chromatographic behavior, and by the survival of unbroken molecules according to an exponential function of time of stirring. In an analogous way, one can produce fragments resulting from three breaks per molecule, and in general stirring for a long time at a given speed produces a moderately homogeneous collection of fragments whose mean size is smaller, the higher the speed of stirring. The sensitivity of the DNA to breakage by stirring is strongly dependent on the concentration of DNA, being greater the lower the concentration. This self-protective action is greatly reduced when the DNA is broken by stirring. By chromatographic refractionation of the fragments produced by initial breaks, it can be shown that the fragments are not identical in chromatographic properties, presumably because of a continuous distribution of lengths centered about the mean half-length. Unbroken DNA, on the contrary, is homogeneous in chromatographic properties, therefore presumably homogeneous in molecular length. We conclude that DNA can be extracted from T2 by phenol without manipulative breakage, and that it exists in the phage particle in the form of one or more molecules of identical length.
Statistical mechanics approach to some problems in conformal geometry

Abstract A weak law of large numbers is established for a sequence of systems of N classical point particles with logarithmic pair potential in R n , or S n , n∈ N , which are distributed according to the configurational microcanonical measure δ(E−H), or rather some regularization thereof, where H is the configurational Hamiltonian and E the configurational energy. When N→∞ with non-extensive energy scaling E=N2e, the particle positions become i.i.d. according to a self-consistent Boltzmann distribution, respectively a superposition of such distributions. The self-consistency condition in n dimensions is some nonlinear elliptic PDE of order n (pseudo-PDE if n is odd) with an exponential nonlinearity. When n=2, this PDE is known in statistical mechanics as Poisson–Boltzmann equation, with applications to point vortices, 2D Coulomb and magnetized plasmas and gravitational systems. It is then also known in conformal differential geometry, where it is the central equation in Nirenberg's problem of prescribed Gaussian curvature. For constant Gauss curvature it becomes Liouville's equation, which also appears in two-dimensional so-called quantum Liouville gravity. The PDE for n=4 is Paneitz’ equation, and while it is not known in statistical mechanics, it originated from a study of the conformal invariance of Maxwell's electromagnetism and has made its appearance in some recent model of four-dimensional quantum gravity. In differential geometry, the Paneitz equation and its higher order n generalizations have applications in the conformal geometry of n-manifolds, but no physical applications yet for general n. Interestingly, though, all the Paneitz equations have an interpretation in terms of statistical mechanics.
Fracture Behavior of Open Cell Ceramics

Cellular ceramics constitute a class of materials where the properties may be optimized against the weight. These materials may be potentially useful in both structural and non-structural applications. In order to broaden the utilization of the currently- available materials, the mechanical properties must be improved. The objective of this paper is to review several recent studies on the strength and toughness of open cell brittle materials. The work was aimed at understanding the mechanisms involved in the failure of these materials and the relationship between the properties and the microstructure.
On the Virial Theorem for Interstellar Medium

An attempt has been made to derive a version of the virial integral that would describe average properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) at the scale ~1 kpc. The role of the dark matter is accounted for only via its effect on the global gravitational potential. It is suggested to eliminate the (large) contribution of stellar matter by introducing "exclusion zones" surrounding stars. Such an approach leads to the appearance of several types of additional surface integrals in the general expression. Their contribution depends on the rate of energy and matter exchange between the stars and ISM. If this exchange is weak, one can obtain a desired virial integral for the ISM. However, the presence of intermittent large-scale energetic events significantly constrains the applicability of the virial theorem. If valid, the derived virial integral for the ISM is dominated by cold molecular/atomic clouds, with only a minor contribution from the global magnetic field and low-density warm part. The main message of our study is that one has to be very cautious in applying the virial theorem to the ISM at large scales (of the order of thickness of the spiral arm).
Recent Improvements to a Hybrid Method for Rotors in Forward Flight

Ahybrid Navier ‐Stokes/full potential solver has been developed for the efe cient prediction of three-dimensional unsteady viscous e ow phenomena that occur over helicopter rotors in forward e ight. The method combines a Navier‐Stokes analysis near the blade, modeling the viscous e ow and near wake with a potential e ow analysis in the far e eld, modeling inviscid isentropic e ow. A grid motion module has been developed to account for the blade motion and elastic deformations. Free and prescribed wake models have been developed to account for the tip vortex effects once the vortex leaves the viscous e ow region and enters the potential e ow region. Sample results are presented for a two-bladed AH-1G rotor in descent and for a UH-60A rotor in high-speed forward e ight. Comparisons with experiments, e ight test data, and other numerical simulations are given.
A real-time interval logic and its decision procedure

Real-Time Future Interval Logic is a temporal logic in which formulae have a natural graphical representation, resembling timing diagrams. It is a dense real-time logic that is based on two simple temporal primitives:interval modalities for the purely qualitative part andduration predicates for the quantitative part. This paper describes the logic and gives a decision procedure for satisfiability by reduction to the emptiness problem for Timed Buchi Automata. This decision procedure forms the core of an automated proof-checker for the logic. The logic does not admit instantaneous states, and is invariant under real-time stuttering, properties that facilitate proof methods based on abstraction and refinement. The logic appears to be as strong as one can hope for without sacrificing elementary decidability. Two natural extensions of the logic, along lines suggested in the literature, lead to either non-elementariness or undecidability.
Ova and out: Using twins to estimate the educational returns to attending a selective college

Abstract Research has shown that attending a relatively selective four-year college over a less selective alternative is positively related to bachelor's degree completion. This paper revisits that question with a novel dataset of over 11,000 sets of twins in the United States and information on colleges to which they apply, enroll, and potentially graduate. I show that a student's probability of bachelor's degree completion within four years increases by 5 percentage points by choosing an institution with a median SAT score 100 points higher than the alternative. Moreover, the estimated magnitude of impact is insensitive to several methodologies, including OLS, twin fixed effects, and controlling for the application portfolio. This suggests that in certain contexts, sources of bias perceived as barriers to obtaining causal estimates of the returns to college selectivity, such as unobserved family characteristics and student aspiration, may be of little concern.
Characterizing the epidemiology of perioperative transfusion-associated circulatory overload

Background:Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is a leading cause of transfusion-related fatalities, but its incidence and associated patient and transfusion characteristics are poorly understood. To inform surgical transfusion practice and to begin mitigating perioperative TACO, the
Probing the non-mevalonate pathway to phytol in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. UTEX 2470 using deuterium-labeled glucose

Abstract The biosynthesis of phytol in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. UTEX 2470 was examined using 1- 2 H-D-glucose, 2- 2 H-D-glucose, 2,3,4,6,6- 2 H 5 -D-glucose, and 1,2,3,4,5,6,6- 2 H 7 -D-glucose. Analysis of deuterium NMR spectra indicated that deuterium from the glucose precursors labels C1, C4, and C5 of the IPP units of phytol, while no labeling is observed at C2 of the IPP derived units.
Sparse hypergraphs and pebble game algorithms

A hypergraph G=(V,E) is (k,@?)-sparse if no subset V^'@?V spans more than k|V^'|[email protected]? hyperedges. We characterize (k,@?)-sparse hypergraphs in terms of graph theoretic, matroidal and algorithmic properties. We extend several well-known theorems of Haas, Lovasz, Nash-Williams, Tutte, and White and Whiteley, linking arboricity of graphs to certain counts on the number of edges. We also address the problem of finding lower-dimensional representations of sparse hypergraphs, and identify a critical behavior in terms of the sparsity parameters k and @?. Our constructions extend the pebble games of Lee and Streinu [A. Lee, I. Streinu, Pebble game algorithms and sparse graphs, Discrete Math. 308 (8) (2008) 1425-1437] from graphs to hypergraphs.
Galactic Chemical Abundances at z > 3. I. First Results from the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager

We present the first results from an ongoing survey to discover and measure the metallicity of z > 3 damped Lyα systems with the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager (ESI) on the Keck II telescope. Our motivation arises from a recent study on damped Lyα systems suggesting only mild evolution in the cosmic metallicity from z ~ 2 to 4. The Echellette Spectrograph and Imager, which provides two complementary spectroscopic modes, is the ideal instrument for a z > 3 damped Lyα survey. We describe our observing strategy and report on the discovery and analysis of five new z > 3 damped Lyα systems acquired in a single night of observing. These observations further support the principal conclusions of the previous study: (1) the cosmic metallicity in neutral gas inferred from the damped Lyα systems does not evolve significantly from z ~ 2 to 4; (2) the unweighted metallicity exhibits a statistically significant decrease with increasing redshift; and (3) not a single damped Lyα system has a metallicity below [Fe/H] = -3. We discuss the implications of these results and comment on recent theoretical studies that attempt to explain the observations.
Isolation and purification of proteoglycans

Purification of a protein typically involves development of a quantitative assay to track protein integrity (e.g. enzyme activity) during subsequent isolation steps. The generalized procedure involves choosing the source of the protein, defining extraction conditions, developing bulk purification methods followed by refined, more selective methods. The purification of proteoglycans is often complicated by a) limited source quantities, b) necessity of chaotropic solvents for efficient extraction, c) their large molecular size and d) lack of defined functions to enable purity (i.e. activity, conformation) to be assessed. Because the usual goal of proteoglycan purification is physical characterization (intact molecular weight, core protein and glycosaminoglycan class and size), the problems of a suitable assay and/or native conformation are avoided. The ‘assay’ for tracking proteoglycan isolation typically utilizes uronic acid content or radiolabel incorporation as a marker. Once extracted from their cellular/extracellular environment, proteoglycans can be isolated by density gradient centrifugation and/or column chromatography techniques. Recent advances in the composition of chromatographic supports have enabled the application of ion-exchange, gel permeation, hydrophobic interaction and affinity chromatography resins using efficient high-pressure liquid chromatography to proteoglycan purification.
Optimum Design of Radial Drilling Machine Structure to Satisfy Static Rigidity and Natural Frequency Requirements

A computational capability is developed for the optimum design of radial drilling machine structure to satisfy static rigidity and natural frequency requirements using finite element idealization. The radial drilling machine structure is idealized with frame elements and is analyzed by using different combinations of cross sectional shapes for the radial arm and the column. From the results obtained, the best combination of cross sectional shapes is suggested for the structure. With this combination of cross sectional shapes, mathematical programming techniques are used to find the minimum weight design of the radial drilling machine structure. A sensitivity analysis is conducted about the optimum point to find the effects of changes in design variables on the structural weight and the response quantities.
Adaptive control for a class of Hamiltonian systems

Abstract This paper presents an adaptive scheme for the motion control of an important class of Hamiltonian systems. The controller does not require knowledge of either the structure or the parameter values of the system dynamic model, is very simple and computationally efficient, and is shown to be globally stable. Furthermore, the control strategy is very general and is implementable for either position regulation or trajectory tracking with a wide variety of systems. Computer simulation results are given for an industrial robot, a biomechanical system and a satellite. These results demonstrate that accurate and robust motion control can be achieved by using the proposed scheme.
A simple modification to improve the finite sample properties of Ng and Perron's unit root tests

Abstract The tests introduced by Ng and Perron [Ng, S., Perron, P., 20011. “Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power,” Econometrica 69, 1519–1554] have the drawback that for non-local alternatives the power can be very small. The aim of this note is to point out an easy solution to this power reversal problem, which in addition leads to tests having an exact size even closer, in most cases, to nominal size. It involves using OLS instead of GLS detrended data when constructing the modified information criterion.
Banking on Gambling: Banks and Lottery-Linked Deposit Accounts

Deposit accounts that provide an interest return determined by a lottery have proved to be popular around the world. From the point of view of a bank, these products are especially successful among relatively low-income customers, or in markets in which many people are outside the banking system. Below, we describe numerous examples of such accounts, and analyze their economics.
Are There Unstable Planetary Systems around White Dwarfs

The presence of planets around solar-type stars suggests that many white dwarfs should have relic planetary systems. While planets closer than ~5 AU will most likely not survive the post-main-sequence lifetime of their parent star, any planet with semimajor axis greater than 5 AU will survive, and its semimajor axis will increase as the central star loses mass. Since the stability of adjacent orbits to mutual planet-planet perturbations depends on the ratio of the planet mass to the central star's mass, some planets in previously stable orbits around a star undergoing mass loss will become unstable. We show that when mass loss is slow, systems of two planets that are marginally stable can become unstable to close encounters, while for three planets the timescale for close approaches decreases significantly with increasing mass ratio. These processes could explain the presence of anomalous IR excesses around white dwarfs that cannot be explained by close companions, such as G29-38, and may also be an important factor in explaining the existence of DAZ white dwarfs. The onset of instability through changing mass ratios will also be a significant effect for planetary embryos gaining mass in protoplanetary disks.
A NEW CALCULATION OF Ne IX LINE DIAGNOSTICS

We describe the effect that new atomic calculations, including fully-relativistic R-matrix calculations of collisional excitation rates and level-specific dielectronic and radiative recombination rates, have on line ratios from the astrophysically significant ion Ne IX. The new excitation rates systematically change some predicted Ne IX line ratios by 25% at temperatures at or below the temperature of maximum emissivity (4 × 10 6 K), while the new recombination rates lead to systematic changes at higher temperatures. The new line ratios are shown to agree with observations of Capella and � 2 CrB significantly better than older line ratios, showing that 25-30% accuracy in atomic rates is inadequate for high-resolution X-ray observations from existing spectrometers. Subject headings: atomic data, line: formation, X-rays: stars
Jet Noise and Shear Flow Instability Seen From an Experimenter’s Viewpoint

Similarity laws for jet noise, model line emitter, near field pressure covariances and spectra, phase coherence of near pressure fields, and nonlinear coupling in turbulence
The entrepreneur: A capable executive and more

Abstract In the United States, entrepreneurs have been cussed and discussed, glorified and vilified, declared to be social misfits and bastions of the private enterprise system. Early in the life cycle of an entrepreneur, he or she may have been classified as being “unable to relate to family or peers,” later as “unwilling and unable to submit to or work with authority” to “jungle fighter” to “robber barron” to “philanthropist.” ¶A common but incorrect assumption is that if one cannot adjust to the corporate environment, he or she should pursue an entrepreneurial career. Whether or not one can adjust does not preclude the necessity for the development of the skills and techniques required of a competent executive. The authors hypothesize that an entrepreneur must be a capable executive, and in addition, must possess a number of psychological characteristics to a greater or lesser degree than their corporate counterparts. This does not imply that all entrepreneurs are alike any more than all managers or executives are alike. Nor that the presence of a higher or lower level of a psychological trait or characteristic is itself sufficient for success. There are a number of sociological, psychological, demographic, and economic factors that appear to impact on the decision to enter entrepreneurial occupations. Although neither the absolute level of the impact of a psychological trait nor the interrelationship of the combined factors on the final decision-making process are known, research has indicated that significant differences in the intensity level of psychological traits or characteristics exist between entrepreneurs and managers or executives. This article discusses those traits that entrepreneurs exhibit at significantly different levels than do their corporate counterparts; how these factors may influence the decision to enter entrepreneurial occupations: and how these same traits have the propensity, if ignored, to have a negative influence on both the entrepreneur's organization and personal life-style. Entrepreneurs tend to be 1) tolerant of ambiguous situations, 2) prefer autonomy (autonomy may be described as self-reliance, dominance, and independence), 3) resist conformity, 4) be interpersonally aloof yet socially adroit, 5) enjoy risk-taking, 6) adapt readily to change, and 7) have a low need for support. These factors can lead to serious problems in delegation and communication, two factors of paramount importance to a growing concern. They may also cause intense stress or loneliness for the entrepreneur. Fortunately, the traits of willingness to accept change and ability to adapt to it will help the entrepreneur to accept and respond to problems that arise due to poor delegation or communication. Coping methods and a tolerance of ambiguity will assist the entrepreneur in dealing with stress and loneliness. The main problem is to alert the entrepreneur to the potentiality of these problems—which is what this article attempts to do.
Synchrotron radiation production and trapping of highly charged ions

Abstract Wiggler-enhanced synchrotron radiation will soon be available at dedicated facilities such as the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Two recent proposals to study highly-charged ions produced by successive photoionization with broad-band synchrotron radiation are based on the design parameters of the NSLS X-ray ring. Previous calculations indicated that in a suitable Kingdon trap, concentrations of 5 × 107 Ar18+ ions per cm can be attained in a few seconds trapping time and that in a Penning trap 5 × 103 Ar17+ ions could be stored at near thermal energies (300 K) to study, for example, charge transfer collision processes for cold, highly-charged ions. Here the previous work is reviewed and the earlier calculations are extended. The addition of an axial magnetic field to a Kingdon trap is shown to improve expected PHOBIS performance.
On the Kauffman skein modules

Let k be a subring of the field of rational functions in α, s which contains α ±1 ,s ±1 . Let M be a compact oriented 3-manifold, and let K(M) denote the Kauffman skein module of M over k. Then K(M) is the k-module freely generated by isotopy classes of framed links in M modulo the Kauffman skein relations. In the case of , the field of rational functions in α, s, we give a basis for the Kauffman skein module of the solid torus and a basis for the relative Kauffman skein module of the solid torus with two points on the boundary. We then show that K(S 1 × S 2 is freely generated by the empty link, i.e., .
Hamiltonian structure of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe with torsion

We study aR2 model of gravity with torsion in a closed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. The model is cast in Hamiltonian form subtracting from the original Lagrangian the total time derivative offKfR, wherefK is proportional to the trace of the extrinsic curvature tensor, andfR is obtained differentiating the Lagrangian with respect to the highest derivative. Torsion is found to lead to a primary constraint linear in the momenta and a secondary constraint quadratic in the momenta, and the full field equations are finally worked out in detail. Problems to be studied for further research are the solution of these equations and the quantization of the model. One could then try to study a new class of quantum-cosmological models with torsion.
Spatial and temporal distribution of solar radiation beneath forest canopies

Abstract Measurements of direct and diffuse solar radiation were made at fifteen randomly distributed locations beneath a pine canopy and a hardwood canopy. A model that identifies four components of the solar radiation appearing beneath tree canopies is used to analyse the data. Direct beam radiation appearing below the canopy was found to follow an exponential-extinction law in the pine forest and a constant-ratio law in the hardwood forest. The large number of randomly distributed radiometers permitted precise estimates of the number of instruments needed to sample the radiation for different averaging periods. Under the pine canopy, 412 radiometers would be needed to estimate the instantaneous radiation with a standard error of the mean of 10 mly/min. For a full-day average, the number is 10. Beneath the hardwood canopy, the number needed for an instantaneous average is 18, while only one is needed for a full-day average.
Source mergers and bubble growth during reionization

The recently introduced models of reionization bubbles based on extended Press–Schechter theory (by Furlanetto, Hernquist & Zaldarriaga) are generalized to include mergers of ionization sources. Sources with a recent major merger are taken to have enhanced photon production due to star formation, and accretion on to a central black hole if a black hole is present. This produces a scatter in the number of ionized photons corresponding to a halo of a given mass and a change in photon production over time for any given halo mass. By extending previous methods, photon production histories, bubble distributions and ionization histories are computed for several different parameter and recombination assumptions. The resulting distributions interpolate between previously calculated limiting cases.
Evaluation of chemotherapy response in patients with advanced head and neck cancer using [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

Background [F-18]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) can measure the metabolic activity of tissues; FDG-PET may be able to predict response to chemotherapy by identifying changes in tumor metabolism. Measurement of response to treatment may help improve survival in the management of advanced head and neck cancer. We evaluated this particular use of FDG-PET in patients participating in a neoadjuvant organ-preservation protocol using taxol and carboplatin and compared pathologic response after chemotherapy with changes in tumor metabolism measured by FDG-PET. Methods Serial FDG-PET studies (n = 56) were performed in patients (n = 28) with stage III/IV head and neck cancer participating in a neoadjuvant organ-preservation protocol. The FDG-PET studies were performed before and after chemotherapy. All patients had tissue biopsies before and after chemotherapy. Patients were classified as pathologic complete response (PCR) or residual disease (RD) based on tissue biopsies. Visual analysis of PET scans was performed to identify patients with complete response by PET, and these findings were compared with pathology results. Metabolic changes were also evaluated using standardized uptake ratios (SUR) of FDG. Results The sensitivity and specificity of PET for residual cancer after therapy was 90% (19/21) and 83% (5/6), respectively. Two patients had initially negative biopsies and positive PET studies for persistent disease. Pathology review and rebiospy led to confirmation of the PET results in these cases, giving a sensitivity of 90% for initial tissue biopsy. Conclusions In this preliminary analysis, FDG-PET was accurate in classifying response to chemotherapy in most patients. Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET may identify residual viable tumor when it is otherwise undetectable. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 666–674, 1997.
Crosstalk analysis of an extended reach hybrid tree-ring PON architecture

Passive optical network (PON) is the leading technology being used for delivering last-mile connectivity without any active components in the distribution network. In this paper, we focus on an un-amplified hybrid tree-ring PON architecture that carries the benefits of both the tree and the ring architectures. Through simulation, we demonstrate the optical performance of the system and focus on the physical layer performance impact of interchannel and intrachannel crosstalk due to non-ideal WDM multiplexers/demultiplexers and optical switches in the system.
Spinel fibers from carboxylate precursor

Abstract A spinel precursor was synthesized from a 1:2 stoichiometric mixture of Al(O2CH)3·3H2O and Mg(O2CCH3)2·4H2O dissolved in H2O with stabilizing additives. The precursor, as well as individual compounds were characterized using TGA, DTA, DRIFTS and XRD techniques to establish decomposition profiles. During pyrolysis, Mg(O2CCH3)2·4H2O decomposes first to an amorphous oxide contaminated with minor amounts of carbonate. At 300°C, rock salt (MgO) crystallizes. The spinel precursor behaves like a separate compound and decomposes directly to crystalline spinel at ≈600°C without any evidence of phase separation. The spinel precursor is easily extruded or hand drawn to form well-defined green fibers. Extruded green fibers (20 μm dia.) were pyrolyzed at 300°C/2 h/air to remove carboxylate ligands, and then heated at 15°C/min to 1500°C/2 h/air to sinter. The mechanical strength of these fibers was evaluated using a bending test method. The final fibers are ≈10 μm in dia., with 1·2±0·4 μm grain size and offer an average bend strength of 1·0±0·4 GPa. ©
Asperity Interactions In EHD Contacts

Infrared temperature measurements, ferrographic analysis, and surface profilimetry were used to monitor asperity interactions in a sliding EHD point contact. The contact temperature and surface profile signals obtained both before and after a run-in period are compared in the frequency domain by means of a Fourier analyzer. The interaction of surface asperities is accompanied by the presence of a high frequency component in the infrared signal. It is also shown that only a relatively narrow band of wavelengths of the surface profile spectrum are relevant in the interaction process.
Approximate Dynamic Programming and Its Applications to the Design of Phase I Cancer Trials

Optimal design of a Phase I cancer trial can be formulated as a stochastic optimization problem. By making use of recent advances in approximate dynamic programming to tackle the problem, we develop an approximation of the Bayesian optimal design. The resulting design is a convex combination of a “treatment” design, such as Babb et al.’s (1998) escalation with overdose control, and a “learning” design, such as Haines et al.’s (2003) c-optimal design, thus directly addressing the treatment versus experimentation dilemma inherent in Phase I trials and providing a simple and intuitive design for clinical use. Computational details are given and the proposed design is compared to existing designs in a simulation study. The design can also be readily modified to include a first stage that cautiously escalates doses similarly to traditional nonparametric step-up/down schemes, while validating the Bayesian parametric model for the efficient model-based design in the second stage.
The use of limited dependent variable techniques in strategy research: issues and methods

Strategy researchers are increasingly turning their attention from examining the impact of strategic choices on firm performance to examining the factors that determine strategic choices at the firm level. This shift of research orientation has meant that researchers are increasingly faced with a limited dependent variable (LDV) that takes a limited number of usually discrete values, for which LDV methods such as logit or probit are required. Despite their growing popularity, there appears to be widespread problems in the use of LDV methods. This research note complements recent studies that offer general guidelines by presenting and illustrating the practical steps needed to implement the methods essential for analyzing and interpreting the results from LDV models. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical Improvements to the Lee‐More Conductivity Near the Metal‐Insulator Transition

The wide-range conductivity model of Lee and More [1] is modified to allow better agreement with recent experimental data and theories for dense plasmas in the metal-insulator transition regime. Modifications primarily include a new ionization equilibrium model, consisting of a smooth blend between single ionization Saha (with a pressure ionization correction) and the generic Thomas-Fermi ionization equilibrium, a more accurate treatment of electron-neutral collisions using a polarization potential, and an empirical modification to the minimum allowed collision time. These simple modifications to the Lee-More algorithm permit a more accurate modeling of the physics near the metal-insulator transition, while preserving the generic Lee-More results elsewhere.
Optimization for efficient structure-control systems

The efficiency of a structure-control system is a nondimensional parameter which indicates the fraction of the total control power expended usefully in controlling a finite-dimensional system. The balance of control power is wasted on the truncated dynamics serving no useful purpose towards the control objectives. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the concept of efficiency can be used to address a number of control issues encountered in the control of dynamic systems such as the spillover effects, selection of a good input configuration and obtaining reduced order control models. Reference (1) introduced the concept and presented analyses of several Linear Quadratic Regulator designs on the basis of their efficiencies. Encouraged by the results of Ref. (1), Ref. (2) introduces an efficiency modal analysis of a structure-control system which gives an internal characterization of the controller design and establishes the link between the control design and the initial disturbances to affect efficient structure-control system designs. The efficiency modal analysis leads to identification of principal controller directions (or controller modes) distinct from the structural natural modes. Thus ultimately, many issues of the structure-control system revolve around the idea of insuring compatibility of the structural modes and the controller modes with each other, the better the match the higher the efficiency. A key feature in controlling a reduced order model of a high dimensional (or infinity-dimensional distributed parameter system) structural dynamic system must be to achieve high efficiency of the control system while satisfying the control objectives and/or constraints. Formally, this can be achieved by designing the control system and structural parameters simultaneously within an optimization framework. The subject of this paper is to present such a design procedure.
Port-Compatibility and Connectability Based Assembly Design

In Computer-Aided Design, when creating the solid model of a part, the designer knows how the part will interface with other parts, however this information is not stored with the part model. For catalog parts, it would be useful to be able to embed this assembly information into the part model in order to automate the process of applying mating constraints, to reduce the assembly designer’s effort or to allow for automated exploration of alternative configurations. This research evaluates and compares different schemes for capturing the attributes of assembly interfaces and appending that information to solid models. To evaluate the various schemes, this research work introduces the concept of assembly ports, which are defined as a group of one or more low-level geometric entities that undergo mating constraints in order to join parts in a CAD assembly. The schemes studied involve (i) different combinations of ways to constitute ports and include labeling, (ii) different bases for determining port compatibility with respect to design intent, and (iii) different ways of evaluating connectability with respect to part geometry. The scheme that we conclude is best minimizes the number of ways the system will try to put parts together at the expense of effort from the solid model designer to provide more information. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1779659#