cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Stochastic Simulator of a Blood Product Donation Environment with Demand Spikes and Supply Shocks

The availability of an adequate blood supply is a critical public health need. An influenza epidemic or another crisis affecting population mobility could create a critical donor shortage, which could profoundly impact blood availability. We developed a simulation model for the blood supply environment in the United States to assess the likely impact on blood availability of factors such as an epidemic. We developed a simulator of a multi-state model with transitions among states. Weekly numbers of blood units donated and needed were generated by negative binomial stochastic processes. The simulator allows exploration of the blood system under certain conditions of supply and demand rates, and can be used for planning purposes to prepare for sudden changes in the public's health. The simulator incorporates three donor groups (first-time, sporadic, and regular), immigration and emigration, deferral period, and adjustment factors for recruitment. We illustrate possible uses of the simulator by specifying input values for an -week flu epidemic, resulting in a moderate supply shock and demand spike (for example, from postponed elective surgeries), and different recruitment strategies. The input values are based in part on data from a regional blood center of the American Red Cross during –. Our results from these scenarios suggest that the key to alleviating deficit effects of a system shock may be appropriate timing and duration of recruitment efforts, in turn depending critically on anticipating shocks and rapidly implementing recruitment efforts.
Cyclophosphamide and other new agents for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia

Abstract Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) has a poor prognosis in the absence of treatment. Current accepted therapeutic strategies include allogeneic stem-cell transplantation and immunosuppression, both resulting in long-term survival in the majority of patients. Although human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling stem-cell transplantation is highly effective, the 25% probability of finding a suitable sibling donor within a family renders this approach available to only a minority of patients. Transplantation using HLA-matched, unrelated donors carries a high risk of treatment failure along with considerable toxicity. While combined immunosuppression with both antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine A (CSA) produces hematologic improvement in most patients, relapse is common. Late evolution of aplastic anemia to other serious hematologic disorders, including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), myelodysplasia, and acute leukemia, is also a significant problem following treatment with ATG/CSA. Recently, results of immunosuppression in SAA with another potent immunosuppressive agent, Cyclophosphamide, were reported in a small number of patients. The overall response rate was similar to that seen with ATG/CSA, but relapse and late clonal disease were not observed during a long period of follow-up. A larger randomized trial comparing sustained hematologic response rates to either conventional immunosuppression with ATG/CSA or high-dose cyclophosphamide and CSA is now underway; secondary end points include response duration, event-free survival, and overall survival. Additionally, a number of protocols designed to test the efficacy of alternative immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents are being developed.
Antioxidant and antiatherogenic effects of pomegranate.

Pomegranate, or Punica granatum , has been used for many years as a food and medicinal agent in Asia and South America.[1][1] In the United States, it is typically made into a juice, or the seeds are consumed as a food. One pomegranate fruit contains about 40% of an adult’s recommended daily
Sequence‐specific purification of DNA oligomers in hydrophobic interaction chromatography using peptide nucleic acid amphiphiles: Extended dynamic range

We present improvements on a previously reported method (Vernille JP, Schneider JW. 2004. Biotechnol Prog 20(6):1776–1782) to purify DNA oligomers by attachment of peptide nucleic acid amphiphiles (PNAA) to particular sequences on the oligomers, followed by their separation from unbound oligomers using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Use of alkyl-modified HIC media (butyl and octyl sepharose) over phenyl-modified media (phenyl sepharose) reduced the elution time of unbound DNA while not affecting the elution time of the PNAA/DNA complex. Modifying the alkane tail length for PNAA from C12 to C18 increased slightly the retention of PNAA/DNA duplexes. By combining these two refinements, we show that sequence-specific purifications of DNA oligomers 60 bases in length or more can be achieved with high resolution, even when the PNAA alkane is attached to the center of the target strand. The insensitivity of the PNAA/DNA duplex binding to choice of HIC media appears to be due to a surface-induced aggregation phenomenon that does not occur in the case of untagged DNA. We also report on the use of batch HIC as an adequate predictor of elution profiles in linear gradient HIC, and its potential to considerably reduce purification times by applying step gradients. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 367–376. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resolution of inflammation by retrograde chemotaxis of neutrophils in transgenic zebrafish

Neutrophil chemotaxis to sites of inflammation is a critical process during normal immune responses to tissue injury and infection and pathological immune responses leading to chronic inflammation. Although progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that promote neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissue, the mechanisms that regulate the resolution phase of the inflammatory response have remained relatively elusive. To define the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation in vivo, we have developed a novel transgenic zebrafish in which the neutrophils express GFP under control of the myeloperoxidase promoter (zMPO:GFP). Tissue injury induces a robust, inflammatory response, which is characterized by the rapid chemotaxis of neutrophils to the wound site. In vivo time-lapse imaging shows that neutrophils subsequently display directed retrograde chemotaxis back toward the vasculature. These findings implicate retrograde chemotaxis as a novel mechanism that regulates the resolution phase of the inflammatory response. The zMPO:GFP zebrafish provides unique insight into the mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated inflammation and thereby offers opportunities to identify new regulators of the inflammatory response in vivo.
Brain Activation Related to Combinations of Gaze Position, Visual Input, and Goal-Directed Hand Movements

Humans reach to and acquire objects by transforming visual targets into action commands. How the brain integrates goals specified in a visual framework to signals into a suitable framework for an action plan requires clarification whether visual input, per se, interacts with gaze position to formulate action plans. To further evaluate brain control of visual--motor integration, we assessed brain activation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Humans performed goal-directed movements toward visible or remembered targets while fixating gaze left or right from center. We dissociated movement planning from performance using a delayed-response task and manipulated target visibility by its availability throughout the delay or blanking it 500 ms after onset. We found strong effects of gaze orientation on brain activation during planning and interactive effects of target visibility and gaze orientation on movement-related activation during performance in parietal and premotor cortices (PM), cerebellum, and basal ganglia, with more activation for rightward gaze at a visible target and no gaze modulation for movements directed toward remembered targets. These results demonstrate effects of gaze position on PM and movement-related processes and provide new information how visual signals interact with gaze position in transforming visual inputs into motor goals.
SRAM parametric failure analysis

With aggressive technology scaling, SRAM design has been seriously challenged by the difficulties in analyzing rare failure events. In this paper we propose to create statistical performance models with accuracy sufficient to facilitate probability extraction for SRAM parametric failures. A piecewise modeling technique is first proposed to capture the performance metrics over the large variation space. A controlled sampling scheme and a nested Monte Carlo analysis method are then applied for the failure probability extraction at cell-level and array-level respectively. Our 65nm SRAM example demonstrates that by combining the piecewise model and the fast probability extraction methods, we have significantly accelerated the SRAM failure analysis.
Ergodic Secrecy Rate for Multiple-Antenna Wiretap Channels With Rician Fading

A Gaussian multiple-antenna wiretap channel model is considered, where there exists a transmitter equipped with multiple antennas, a legitimate receiver equipped with a single antenna, and an eavesdropper equipped with multiple antennas. We study the problem of finding the optimal input covariance that maximizes the ergodic secrecy rate subject to a power constraint, assuming that full information on the legitimate channel is available to the transmitter, but only statistical information on the eavesdropper channel is known. More specifically, we investigate the case of MIMO Rician fading for the eavesdropper channel. We show that the optimal input covariance has rank one, which allows us to reduce the original optimization problem to a smooth one variable optimization problem. We propose a Newton-type method for a local maximizer, and Piyavskii's algorithm for the global maximizer. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the proposed algorithms.
Highly efficient kinetic resolution of 2-cyclohexenyl acetate in Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation

Abstract A new phosphine ligand has been synthesized and employed in the Pd-catalyzed alkylation of 2-cyclohexenyl esters. A very efficient resolution of 2-cyclohexenyl acetate was observed during alkylation. In addition, the reactivity and enantioselectivity showed a strong dependence on the acetate salt with the BSA/MOAc (M=alkali metal) base system during alkyation of cyclohexenyl carbonate.
Turbulent source flow between parallel stationary and co-rotating disks

The research summarized in this paper is an experimental study of the velocity and turbulence fields in the gap between two parallel co-rotating or stationary disks with a source in the centre. Detailed hot-wire measurements over a wide range of source strengths and disk speeds are presented; the average velocity components are correlated in terms of dimensionless quantities; and the radial pressure distribution is analysed. Also, transition phenomena and conditions under which similarity in the velocity profiles can be expected are discussed.
Automated retinofugal visual pathway reconstruction with multi-shell HARDI and FOD-based analysis

Diffusion MRI tractography provides a non-invasive modality to examine the human retinofugal projection, which consists of the optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) and the optic radiations. However, the pathway has several anatomic features that make it particularly challenging to study with tractography, including its location near blood vessels and bone-air interface at the base of the cerebrum, crossing fibers at the chiasm, somewhat-tortuous course around the temporal horn via Meyer's Loop, and multiple closely neighboring fiber bundles. To date, these unique complexities of the visual pathway have impeded the development of a robust and automated reconstruction method using tractography. To overcome these challenges, we develop a novel, fully automated system to reconstruct the retinofugal visual pathway from high-resolution diffusion imaging data. Using multi-shell, high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data, we reconstruct precise fiber orientation distributions (FODs) with high order spherical harmonics (SPHARM) to resolve fiber crossings, which allows the tractography algorithm to successfully navigate the complicated anatomy surrounding the retinofugal pathway. We also develop automated algorithms for the identification of ROIs used for fiber bundle reconstruction. In particular, we develop a novel approach to extract the LGN region of interest (ROI) based on intrinsic shape analysis of a fiber bundle computed from a seed region at the optic chiasm to a target at the primary visual cortex. By combining automatically identified ROIs and FOD-based tractography, we obtain a fully automated system to compute the main components of the retinofugal pathway, including the optic tract and the optic radiation. We apply our method to the multi-shell HARDI data of 215 subjects from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Through comparisons with post-mortem dissection measurements, we demonstrate the retinotopic organization of the optic radiation including a successful reconstruction of Meyer's loop. Then, using the reconstructed optic radiation bundle from the HCP cohort, we construct a probabilistic atlas and demonstrate its consistency with a post-mortem atlas. Finally, we generate a shape-based representation of the optic radiation for morphometry analysis.
Trading and Returns under Periodic Market Closures

This paper studies how market closures affect investors' trading policies and the resulting return-generating process. It shows that closures generate rich patterns of time variation in trading and returns, including those consistent with empirical findings: (1) U-shaped patterns in the mean and volatility of returns over trading periods, (2) higher trading activity around the close and open, (3) more volatile open-to-open returns than close-to-close returns, (4) higher returns over trading periods than over nontrading periods, (5) more volatile returns over trading periods than over nontrading periods. It also shows that closures can make prices more informative about future payoffs. WE MODEL A COMPETITIVE STOCK MARKET with periodic closures in which investors trade for both allocational and informational reasons. We use the model to study how market closures intrinsically affect investors' trading behavior and the return-generating process. The purpose of this analysis is to increase our understanding of the time variation in security trading and returns that are associated with regular market closures, such as the intraday and intraweek patterns in stock returns, volatility, and trading volume. We consider a stock market in which the exogenous information flow is homogeneous over time and the market closes periodically. When the market is open, investors trade the stock either to rebalance their overall portfolio of assets, which also includes other illiquid assets, or to speculate on future stock payoffs using their private information. In particular, investors adjust their asset portfolio by trading the stock in order to hedge the risk of illiquid assets. We refer to these trades as hedging trades and those motivated by private information as speculative trades. When the market is closed, " Hong is from the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Wang is from the Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and NBER. The authors thank Jennifer Huang for programming assistance and an anonymous referee for many valuable suggestions. They also thank Glenn Ellison, John Heaton, Craig Holden, Andrew Lo, Steve Slezak, Jeremy Stein, Rene Stulz (the editor), the NBER Asset Pricing Lunch Group, and par
Competitive photodissociation channels in jet-cooled HNCO: Thermochemistry and near-threshold predissociation

The photoinitiated unimolecular decomposition of jet‐cooled HNCO has been studied following S1(1A″)←S0(1A′) excitation near the thresholds of the spin‐allowed dissociation channels: (1) H(2S)+NCO(X2Π) and (2) NH(a1Δ)+CO(X1Σ+), which are separated by 4470 cm−1. Photofragment yield spectra of NCO(X2Π) and NH (a1Δ) were obtained in selected regions in the 260–220 nm photolysis range. The NCO(X2Π)yield rises abruptly at 38 380 cm−1 and the spectrum exhibits structures as narrow as 0.8 cm−1 near the threshold. The linewidths increase only slowly with photolysis energy. The jet‐cooled absorption spectrum near the channel (1) threshold [D0(H+NCO)] was obtained using two‐photon excitation via the S1 state, terminating in a fluorescent product. The absorption spectrum is similar to the NCO yield spectrum, and its intensity does not diminish noticeably above D0(H+NCO), indicating that dissociation near threshold is slow. The NCO product near threshold is cold, as is typical of a barrierless reaction. NH (a1Δ) produ...
EVALUATING THE STABILITY OF OUTDOOR RECREATION PARTICIPATION MODELS

Application of forecasting models reveals that parameter estimates vary substantially among regions reflecting spatial variation in consumer preferences and behavior. We present a simulation methodology to evaluate the stability in performance of recreation participation models between different regions. The sample data consisted of 632 household interviews obtained via random digit dialing techniques as part of Oklahoma's 1980 statewide survey of outdoor recreation demand. Three variables, the age of the head of the household, the number of household members, and distance to the facility were consistently accurate predictors of participation; the performance of other variables depended directly upon unknown attributes of the specific region.
The Effects of a Self-Esteem Boost and Mortality Salience on Responses to Boost Relevant and Irrelevant Worldview Threats:

Previous research found that raising self-esteem attenuates mortality salience effects on reactions to cultural worldview threats. The present study assessed whether raising self-esteem attenuates such effects when a target specifically threatened the dimension on which the boost was predicated. Participants (a) received positive personality feedback emphasizing likelihood of success either in their major or a different domain or neutral feedback, (b) contemplated their mortality or a control topic, and (c) evaluated targets threatening beliefs about the United States and the participant’s major. Replicating earlier findings, after mortality salience, neutral feedback participants derogated the anti-U.S. target, whereas positive feedback participants did not. However, if the feedback mentioned participants’ major, mortality salience led to derogation of the anti-major target, even if the feedback was positive. These findings indicate that when a target threatens a dimension on which a self-esteem boost is...
The fracture toughness of an Imperial Roman mortar

Abstract The vaulted concrete monuments of ancient Rome have an unreinforced concrete core of Pozzolanic mortar and decimeter-sized coarse aggregate. An assessment of the mechanical and fracture properties of a reproduced Trajanic-era (c. 100ad) mortar is the subject of the present work. Description of a newly developed arc-shaped three-point bending test, devised to optimize eventual testing of Trajanic-era concrete specimens with an unusual drill core geometry, is supplemented with details of the reproduced material composition and inverse data reduction procedures. Three ages of mortar are tested, with results suggesting a relatively long curing process that increases mechanical and fracture properties. The mortar cured longest (180 days) is found to have a Young’s modulus of 3.4 GPa, uniaxial tensile strength of 0.5 MPa, and mode-I tensile fracture energy of 55 J/m2. These measurements describe a relatively ductile cementitious material with respect to modern concretes.
Long-Term Fluences of Solar Energetic Particles from H to Fe

Data from ACE and GOES have been used to measure Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) fluence spectra for H, He, O, and Fe, over the period from October 1997 to December 2005. The measurements were made by four instruments on ACE and the EPS sensor on three GOES satellites and extend in energy from ∼0.1 MeV/nuc to ∼100 MeV/nuc. Fluence spectra for each species were fit by conventional forms and used to investigate how the intensities, composition, and spectral shapes vary from year to year.
Deficiency in Expression of the Signaling Protein Sin/Efs Leads to T-Lymphocyte Activation and Mucosal Inflammation

Our studies have concentrated on elucidating the role of the signaling protein Sin in T-lymphocyte function. We have previously shown that Sin overexpression inhibits T-lymphocyte development and activation. Here we show that Sin-deficient mice exhibit exaggerated immune responses characterized by enhanced cytokine secretion and T-cell-dependent antibody production. Excessive T-cell responses in young mice correlate with spontaneous development of inflammatory lesions in different organs of aged Sin(-/-) mice, particularly the small intestine. The intestinal inflammation is characterized by T- and B-cell infiltrates in the lamina propria, which correlate with crypt enlargement and marked villus expansion and/or damage. Similar to the human intestinal inflammatory disorder Crohn's disease (CD), and in contrast to most mouse models of mucosal inflammation, inflammatory lesions in the gastrointestinal tract of Sin(-/-) mice are restricted to the small bowel. Taken together, these results suggest that Sin regulates immune system and T-lymphocyte function and that immune system dysfunction in the absence of Sin may underlie the pathogenesis of tissue-specific inflammation and enteropathies such as CD.
PLASMA LEVEL OF CORTEXOLONE AS A FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEXOLONE PRODUCTION RATE.

With isotopic techniques and single compartment analysis the level of Cortexolone in human plasma was studied as a function of the adrenal Cortexolone production rate. These data were then compared to similar data in which the plasma cortisol level was studied as a function of adrenal cortisol production. It was found that a given level of plasma Cortexolone represents a much greater rate of adrenal steroid production than does an equivalent level of plasma cortisol. This difference may be ascribed in part to a greater cortisol affinity of the plasma binding protein transcortin. From the presented data, a plasma level of Cortexolone may be compared to a plasma level of cortisol in terms of their respective adrenal steroid production rates. If the same adrenal production rate of Cortexolone or of cortisol represents equivalent ACTH stimulation, a plasma level of cortisol and Cortexolone may then be compared in terms of pituitary ACTH release.
Carbon doped InP/GaAsSb HBTs via MOCVD

Heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) need heavily doped p-type regions. However, at high concentrations (>10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/), most p-type dopants diffuse into other regions of the device, ruining performance and preventing stable, reliable operation. The discovery that carbon as a p-type dopant does not significantly diffuse has lead to reliable operation of GaAs-based HBTs. For the first time, carbon-doped double heterojunction InP/GaAsSb/InP HBTs have been fabricated (emitter area of approximately 70/spl times/70 /spl mu/m/sup 2/). The base doping was P=4/spl times/10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/. Base thickness was varied from 350 /spl Aring/ to 1500 /spl Aring/, giving sheet resistances of 850 to 200 /spl Omega//sq. The devices had DC current gains ranging from 5 to 45 that scaled sheet resistance. While these gains are low, they are comparable to the best InP/GaInAs HBTs fabricated, where the gain is limited due to Auger recombination in highly doped bases. BV/sub ceo/ is on the order of 6 volts. The typical turn-on voltage for both emitter-base and base-collector junctions is approximately 0.4 V, even with the emitter-base junction grown nominally abrupt: i.e., no undoped setbacks or intentionally graded layers were used for these structures. The authors report on the growth, fabrication, and properties of the MOCVD-grown carbon-doped InP/GaAsSb HBTs.
Political Theology Revisited: Carl Schmitt's Postwar Reassessment

The essay examines the pronounced theological turn of the late Carl Schmitt, especially in his Politische Theologie II (1970). He aim is to understand what Schmitt meant by a “Catholic intensification” in the relationship between theology and political theory. The essay gives equal attention to Schmitt’s polemic against the theologian Peterson, who denied the possibility of political theology, and the dialogue with the philosopher Hans Blumenberg, who had severely criticized Schmitt’s conception of secularization. The essay shows that in both instances the opposition merely encouraged Schmitt to sharpen and clarify his own theological position, which includes heretical Gnostic elements.
Density modulated multilayer silicon thin films as li-ion battery anodes

In this work, we demonstrate a new density modulated multilayered silicon thin film anode approach that can provide a robust high capacity electrode for Li-ion batteries. These films have the ability to tolerate large volume changes due to their controlled microstructure. Silicon films with alternating layers of high/low material density were deposited using a DC sputtering system. Density of the individual layers was controlled by simply changing the working gas pressure during sputtering. Samples of Si films having thicknesses of 460 nm with different number of high/low density layers have been deposited on Cu current collectors. The electrochemical performance of the multilayered anode material was evaluated using a galvanostatic battery testing system at C/10 rate. After reaching a stabilized phase the battery cell showed a high coulombic efficiency of 96% to 99% and reversible specific capacity of 666 mAh g-1 (after 100 cycles). Low-density layers are believed to be acting as compliant sheets during volume expansion making the films more durable compared to conventional Si film anodes. The results indicate that density modulated multilayer Si thin films can be used to improve the mechanical properties of Li-ion battery anodes leading to high reversible capacity values even after high number of cycles.
Nomenclatural issues with Paranicothoe Carton, 1970 and Pseudonicothoe Avdeev & Avdeev, 1978 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Nicothoidae), with comments on the female isopod type specimen of Paranicothoe cladocera Carton, 1970

Abstract Historical confusion about the dates of publication by Carton in 1970 of two papers in which the genus Paranicothoe was discussed has led to the incorrect perception that the type species of the genus is Paranicothoe cladocera Carton, 1970b. This species was a nomen nudum in the publication where the genus was first made available, so the type species must be the only available species name in Carton (1970a), which is Nicothoe procircularis Carton, 1967. Recognition of this change in the type species for the genus means that Pseudonicothoe Avdeev & Avdeev, 1978 is a junior synonym of Paranicothoe, and a new genus, proposed herein, is needed to accommodate Paranicothoe cladocera. The female type specimen of Paranicothoe cladocera, which is actually an isopod, is referred to Cabirops orbionei Bourdon, 1972.
Optimal Transactivation by Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 Requires the UR1 and ATH1 Domains

Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is essential for Epstein-Barr virus to immortalize naive B cells. EBNA1 transactivates viral promoters for genes that are necessary for immortalization when it is bound to a cluster of 20 cognate binding sites, termed the family of repeats. A region of EBNA1 from amino acids (aa) 40 to 89, termed linking region 1 (LR1), has been identified previously as being sufficient for transactivation. LR1 contains two domains that are conserved in the EBNA1 orthologs of other gamma herpesviruses. The first of these, termed unique region 1 (UR1), corresponds to aa 65 to 89 of EBNA1. UR1 is necessary for transactivation and contains a conserved recognition site for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), corresponding to serine 78 of EBNA1. We have pharmacologically modulated PKA activity to determine if PKA controls EBNA1's ability to transactivate. Our results indicate that PKA activators and inhibitors do not affect transactivation by EBNA1. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis demonstrates that transactivation is not influenced by the phosphorylation status of serine 78 in the UR1 domain. The second conserved domain within LR1 is a glycine-arginine repeat, corresponding to aa 40 to 54 of EBNA1. This domain, termed ATH1, functions as an AT-hook, a DNA-binding motif found in architectural transcription factors such as HMGA1a. We demonstrate that deletion of the ATH1 domain decreases EBNA1 transactivation ability, which is consistent with a transcriptional role for ATH1. Furthermore, transactivation is restored when ATH1 is replaced by equivalent AT-hook motifs from HMGA1a. Our data strongly indicate a role for AT-hooks in EBNA1's ability to transactivate, a function necessary for EBV to immortalize naive B-cells.
The role of the surface fine-grained laminae in low-gradient streams: A model approach

Abstract This contribution presents a model approach to simulate the erosion, entrainment, deposition, and burial of the surface fine-grained laminae (SFGL) in low-gradient streams. We hypothesized that SFGL transport acts as a geomorphic control of the erosion and transport of sediment sources in a bedrock-controlled, low-gradient stream with fluvial deposits located in central Kentucky, USA. Results indicate that the SFGL development and temporary storage on the streambed surface plays a key role in maintaining an equilibrium streambed. The SFGL provides an easily erodible sediment source that satisfies the transport capacity of the stream during low to moderate flow events and thus protects deeper streambed sediment and streambank sediments from erosion. Modeling results showed that the simulation period was characterized by low to moderate hydrologic events which flush the SFGL from the stream and high flow events which deposit fine sediments into the SFGL. During the former, transported sediments were dominated by sediments of SFGL origin, i.e., 89% of sediments. During the latter, 33% of sediment input to the stream is deposited to the SFGL, which shows its importance as a temporary sink. Our model results support a novel concept that the ephemeral SFGL layers can satisfy sediment transport capacity of flow at low to moderate flows and thus protect other sources from erosion. While perhaps the bedrock, low-gradient stream studied provides an end-member to SFGL control, future research might investigate the importance of SFGL control in other stream systems.
The fractal nature of French tense/aspect acquisition

This article builds upon previous studies that contrast the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (LAH) and the Discourse Hypothesis (DH) in order to establish principles of tenseaspect morphology acquisition. Whereas the LAH predicts that (beginning) language learners use verbal morphology to mark situation types (cf. Vendler 1967), the DH maintains that learners use verbal morphology to mark discursive features. I argue that both hypotheses lack sufficient theoretical/empirical evidence to rule out the possibility that verbal morphology is also sensitive to temporal deixis, especially given the widely-attested usage of the present tense in L2 past-time narratives. Therefore, the current study seeks to replicate Salaberry (2011) without controlling for tense. Twenty-eight learners of French as a second language judged the acceptability of various verbal inflections in a cloze narrative task and then engaged in a retrospective protocol. The results were submitted to a repeated measures ANOVA, which revealed a significant interaction among morphology, lexical aspect and discursive environment that are not envisioned by either the LAH or the DH. Moreover, the systematic (and not random or ‘default’) use of the present tense lends support to a fractal model of French morphology acquisition in which learners ‘soft assemble’ their (inter)language with the resources at hand.
Evolution of the Inflow Boundary Layer of Hurricane Gilbert (1988)

Abstract On 12 September 1988 the two NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted an experiment in and around an intense, outer rainband located 175 km southeast of the center of Hurricane Gilbert. Radial-height cross sections along a constant azimuth reveal a rapid and an exceptionally large increase of the equivalent potential temperature θe of the inflow but in a region radially outward from the rainband. Kinematic analyses that incorporate both in situ and pseudo-dual-Doppler data illustrate that the inflow is only 2 km deep and strongly divergent prior to reaching the convective core of the band. The Doppler-derived wind fields, which compare favorably with the in situ wind fields, demonstrate that there is a radially outward or return flow directly above the inflow. Soundings show that this return flow is unusually moist despite being dominated by mesoscale descent, which contrasts the dry conditions found under the anvil of virtually all tropical mesoscale convective systems. A one-dimensional general structure ...
1-MCP Releasing complex for open-field application

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a gas at room temperature which makes it difficult to handle and limits its application to use in closed environments. Open field application of 1-MCP can be a solution to protect crops from environmental stresses like drought or water logging. Our previous studies showed that Boronized-MCP is stable at ambient conditions and can gradually release 1-MCP when in contact with water. In this study the new complexes, suitable for being used directly in open crop fields have been generated and analyzed and also the effectiveness of the previously reported complexes in an open environment has been investigated. This new generation of boron complexes releases 1-MCP in a controlled way upon water contact without emitting any other volatile substances and thus expands their field of application.
Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure Mental Health Literacy

The heightened attention to the role of consumer health literacy and knowledge is reflected in the specific objectives of Healthy People 2010, as well as in the recently implemented reform of the Florida Medicaid (i.e. public insurance) program, which marks the introduction of a more consumer-oriented model to this particular group of health care consumers. Despite these and similar initiatives, the mechanisms by which more-informed and -active healthcare consumers might improve health outcomes, or drive better access to and quality of service, are only beginning to be understood. Moreover, as in other areas of health, an understanding, as well as suitable measures, of mental health literacy lag those found for physical health. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between mental health literacy and service utilization among a group of Medicaid beneficiaries, using a newly developed measure of mental health literacy that encompasses its various domains of knowledge, behavior, and beliefs.
Civic Republicanism and Liberal Learning

This paper traces out the checkered relationship between civic republicanism and the liberal arts tradition. While the notion of liberal learning was born out of classical republican practices and ideals, I argue that republicanism since Machiavelli has largely been disaffected from the liberal arts because of an underlying antipathy to leisure, wealth and privilege. Today’s civic republicans – particularly those who call for the re-establishment of education-for-citizenship as a major priority of U.S. colleges and universities – should reconsider the causes of this disaffection and seek ways to overcome it, so as to effectively integrate civic education with the broader ideal of liberal learning.
Realities of Religio-Legalism: Religious Courts and Women's Rights in Canada, The United Kingdom, and the United States

Religio-legalism – the enforcement of religious law by specifically-religious courts that are tolerated or endorsed by civil government – has long operated against women’s interests in liberty and equality. In the 21st century, religious tribunals – Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, and Muslim – operate throughout the world. Almost all are male-dominated, patriarchal, and sex-discriminatory. Harms to women produced by Muslim or sharia courts have come into focus in recent years, but present realities of religio-legalism operating through Christian and Jewish – as well as Muslim – religious courts in Western nations have been under-examined. This essay documents controversies concerning sharia-courts that have arisen in Canada and in the United Kingdom during the past decade and also looks at concurrent developments relating to sharia and to other-than-Muslim religious courts in the US.Religious courts – Christian, Jewish, and Muslim – have in common that they assert original or exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters. In calls for “official recognition” of sharia courts, proponents have advanced a religious-equality argument, claiming that denial of that status to Muslim tribunals would violate the governmental obligation to avoid discrimination among religions. At the same time, sharia-related controversy has raised sharply the question about the implications for women’s liberty and equality rights that are produced by governmental accommodations of the religious-equality and religious-liberty interests asserted by all religious entities enjoying governmental recognition. While recognizing the legitimacy and weight of the complaint against inequitable treatment of religions, we argue here that whenever governmental action to “resolve” sharia-related conflict adopts the avoidance of discrimination among religions as its single goal and therefore expands its “official recognition” to include additional religious courts, it will have the effect of enlarging religions’ power and at the same time exacerbating harms to women. Referencing feminist writings that have documented the global spread of religious fundamentalisms from the 1990s to the present and that have exposed capitulations of liberalism to those fundamentalisms, we call for reconceptualization of the law-religion-women nexus. We urge recognition that governmental goals of equitable treatment of religions and protection of women’s rights will together be served not by expansions of governmental engagements with religion, but by retrenchment from religio-legalism. Thus, we urge, in policy and in law, clear prioritization of the protection of women’s rights and concurrent retreat from the formal recognition of all religious courts and of civil-law enforcement of the orders of any such bodies.
A screening-testing approach for detecting gene-environment interactions using sequential penalized and unpenalized multiple logistic regression.

Gene-environment (G×E) interactions are biologically important for a wide range of environmental exposures and clinical outcomes. Because of the large number of potential interactions in genomewide association data, the standard approach fits one model per G×E interaction with multiple hypothesis correction (MHC) used to control the type I error rate. Although sometimes effective, using one model per candidate G×E interaction test has two important limitations: low power due to MHC and omitted variable bias. To avoid the coefficient estimation bias associated with independent models, researchers have used penalized regression methods to jointly test all main effects and interactions in a single regression model. Although penalized regression supports joint analysis of all interactions, can be used with hierarchical constraints, and offers excellent predictive performance, it cannot assess the statistical significance of G×E interactions or compute meaningful estimates of effect size. To address the challenge of low power, researchers have separately explored screening-testing, or two-stage, methods in which the set of potential G×E interactions is first filtered and then tested for interactions with MHC only applied to the tests actually performed in the second stage. Although two-stage methods are statistically valid and effective at improving power, they still test multiple separate models and so are impacted by MHC and biased coefficient estimation. To remedy the challenges of both poor power and omitted variable bias encountered with traditional G×E interaction detection methods, we propose a novel approach that combines elements of screening-testing and hierarchical penalized regression. Specifically, our proposed method uses, in the first stage, an elastic net-penalized multiple logistic regression model to jointly estimate either the marginal association filter statistic or the gene-environment correlation filter statistic for all candidate genetic markers. In the second stage, a single multiple logistic regression model is used to jointly assess marginal terms and G×E interactions for all genetic markers that pass the first stage filter. A single likelihood-ratio test is used to determine whether any of the interactions are statistically significant. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method relative to alternative G×E detection methods on a bladder cancer data set.
Design and synthesis of norendoxifen analogues with dual aromatase inhibitory and estrogen receptor modulatory activities.

Both selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of breast cancer. Compounds with both aromatase inhibitory and estrogen receptor modulatory activities could have special advantages for treatment of breast cancer. Our previous efforts led to the discovery of norendoxifen as the first compound with dual aromatase inhibitory and estrogen receptor binding activities. To optimize its efficacy and aromatase selectivity versus other cytochrome P450 enzymes, a series of structurally related norendoxifen analogues were designed and synthesized. The most potent compound, 4′-hydroxynorendoxifen (10), displayed elevated inhibitory potency against aromatase and enhanced affinity for estrogen receptors when compared to norendoxifen. The selectivity of 10 for aromatase versus other cytochrome P450 enzymes was also superior to norendoxifen. 4′-Hydroxynorendoxifen is therefore an interesting lead for further development to obtain new anticancer agents of potential val...
Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Mood disorders are chronic, often debilitating illnesses that affect people of all ages. In children and adolescents, these disorders can be particularly difficult to address, as presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are often complicated and outcomes are uncertain. There are many proposed etiologies for the development of these disorders, including biological and psychosocial factors. Although research on treatment of depression in children and in adolescents lags behind that in adults, some evidence has emerged to support the use of validated treatments for mood disorders in youth. Research is needed to better understand the developmental etiology and mechanisms in pediatric mood disorders, which will guide advancement in pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment for children and adolescents suffering from mood disorders.
CD18-dependent leukocyte adherence and vascular injury in pig cerebral circulation after ischemia

Recent accumulating evidence indicates that leukocytes contribute importantly to ischemic brain injury. Although large numbers of leukocytes are present in the ischemic territory of reperfused brain 24-48 h after the ischemic insult, little is known of the acute inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia, particularly regarding the time course and magnitude of leukocyte adherence to cerebrovascular endothelium and the functional consequences of such adherence. To study these issues, we developed an epifluorescence videomicroscopy system for observing and quantifying the dynamic behavior of rhodamine-labeled leukocytes in the cerebrovascular microcirculation. Anesthetized piglets equipped with closed cranial windows were used in these investigations. During the initial 2 h of reperfusion after 9 min of asphyxia (n = 6), a marked, progressive increase in adherent leukocytes was noted in cerebral postcapillary venules that was significantly greater in magnitude than that seen in nonasphyxic, time-matched controls (n = 8). A similar response was observed after complete global ischemia of 10 min duration. A significant increase in sodium fluorescein permeability was also measured at 2 h of reperfusion in asphyxic animals. Pretreating a separate asphyxic animal group (n = 7) with a monoclonal antibody to the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein complex CD11/CD18 severely attenuated both leukocyte adherence and the increase in vascular permeability. These results provide evidence that adherent leukocytes contribute to disruption of endothelial integrity during early reperfusion after global ischemic insults, the inhibition of which may reduce the vasogenic edema that occurs early during reperfusion after birth asphyxia, stroke, and cardiac arrest.
(R)-(−)-[77Br]4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine labels a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine binding site in brain membranes

(R)-(-)-[77Br]4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine [(R)-(-)-[77Br] DOB] was synthesized to a high specific activity (1875 +/- 50 Ci/mmol) and used to label membrane-associated recognition sites in rat brain. (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB displayed high affinity (KD = 0.60 +/- 0.08 nM) for a relatively low density of binding sites (Bmax = 1.2 +/- 0.08 pmol/g of tissue) in rat cortical membranes as compared with [3H]ketanserin (KD = 0.65 +/- 0.1 nM; Bmax = 6.2 +/- 0.6 pmol/g of tissue). Guanine, but not adenine, nucleotides were found to inhibit specific (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB binding. GTP (10(-4) M) did not eliminate specific (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB binding but caused a competitive inhibition of the radioligand. Drug competition studies of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and related agents indicate that both putative agonists and antagonists display nanomolar potency for these sites. A significant correlation (p less than 0.01) exists between drug potencies for (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB-labeled sites and both 5-HT2 (r = 0.64) and 5-HT1C (r = 0.68) binding sites. However, the sites do not appear to be identical. Moreover, a significant correlation exists between drug potencies for (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB-labeled sites and human hallucinogenic drug potencies (r = 0.89; p less than 0.01). We conclude that (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB labels a unique 5-HT recognition site in rat brain that does not coincide with previously described 5-HT binding site subtypes. The (R)-(-)-[77Br]DOB site does not appear to be a high affinity "state" of the 5-HT2 receptor but may label a subset of heterogeneous 5-HT2 recognition sites.
Cinema in the First Person Singular

The Boy Who Loved Films The Man Who Loved Women (1977) affirms the continuities and the autobiographical nature of Truffaut's cinema. It centers on a male protagonist whose self-definition implicitly builds upon the first actions performed by Antoine Doinel in The 400 Blows : Bertrand Morane (Charles Denner) decides to write his memoirs after looking at a drawerful of photographs of pretty conquests. Antoine had been caught looking at a picture of a pin-up girl, and his teacher isolated him in a corner where the boy scribbled on the wall, Here suffered poor Antoine Doinel Unjustly punished by Little Quiz For a pin-up that fell from heaven … Between us it'll be an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ( 400 Blows , 17) The conjunction of looking at a woman and writing a personal declaration—recording the consequences, justifying oneself, and passing on one's experience—begins with Truffaut's first feature and is developed in his sixteenth one. Bertrand takes his place as an extension of Antoine; however, the evolution and implications of this connection can be fully understood only when we realize that Antoine as well as many other characters, themes, techniques, and structures are intimate reflections of Francois Truffaut. The 400 Blows (whose French title comes from the idiom, “faire les quatre cents coups”—“to raise hell”) is a chronicle of emotions and events that the director experienced at first hand.