cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methotrexate-poly(lysine) as a selective agent for mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in endocytosis.

Methotrexate (MTX) covalently linked to poly(L-lysine) [poly(Lys)] enters cells by endocytosis, is degraded in lysosomes and, upon liberation of small molecular methotrexate, is cytocidal to Chinese hamster cells in culture. This drug conjugate was used to select mutants resistant to MTX-poly(Lys), which were examined for defects in endocytosis. Two mutants resistant to MYX-poly(Lys) and sensitive to free MTX, MPL 3–4 and MPL 2–5, internalized the conjugate in normal fashion, but had a decreased ability to degrade it to small molecular drug. The magnitude of this defect in the two mutants correlated with their level of resistance. In addition, both mutants were cross resistant to diphtheria toxin and modeccin and hypersensitive to ricin. While MPL 3–4 internalized MTX-poly(Lys) and inulin normally, it showed decreased endocytosis via the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and decreased uptake of 125I-alpha-2 macroglobulin. Acidification of subcellular fractions was measured using the partitioning of acridine orange. In MPL 3–4, the ATP-driven acidification of the endosome-containing cell fractions was slightly decreased (80% of controls), while acidification of the heavy lysosome-containing fraction was normal. Complementation analysis using hybrids of MPL 3–4 × MPL 2–5 indicated that the mutations occurred at the same gene, but were expressed with different severity. This genotype is identical to that of the End 2 mutants described by Roff et al. (1986). Thus, surprisingly, mutants with identical genotypes were isolated independently by totally different selection procedures.
Limb ischemia during femoral cannulation for cardiopulmonary support.

Objectives Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support (ECMO/CPS) are potentially life-saving techniques for patients with cardiopulmonary collapse. Complications include lower extremity ischemia from femoral artery cannulation. We examined the outcomes of patients placed on ECMO/CPS, including the rate of limb ischemia. Methods All instances of ECMO/CPS over a 3-year period (2006-2009) at a single university hospital were examined retrospectively for cannulation strategy, perfusion strategy, mortality, and limb ischemia. Potential predictors of limb ischemia with femoral artery cannulation were age, gender, body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), and arterial cannula size. Results Fifty-eight patients were placed on ECMO/CPS. Of these, 43 patients (74%) had femoral arterial cannulation. In 10 patients, the superficial femoral artery (SFA) was cannulated prophylactically (without antecedent limb ischemia) and perfused in the antegrade direction from a branch of the ECMO/CPS circuit. In 7 of the remaining 33 patients (21%), limb ischemia developed requiring decannulation with fasciotomy (n = 4) or additional cannulation of the SFA with branching of the ECMO/CPS circuit (n = 3). One patient with ipsilateral leg ischemia required eventual amputation. Patients with limb ischemia were significantly younger than those who did not develop limb ischemia (P = .001). BSA, BMI, and cannula size did not predict limb ischemia. Overall 30-day mortality following the initiation of ECMO/CPS was 79%. There was no correlation between limb ischemia and mortality. Conclusions Younger patients may be at increased risk for lower extremity arterial insufficiency with femoral cannulation for ECMO/CPS. Prophylactic or expectant SFA cannulation are reasonable approaches.
Update on the Management of Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by focal, asymmetric, transmural inflammation of any part of the luminal gastrointestinal tract of uncertain etiology and an unpredictable course. The available treatment options include aminosalicylates, budesonide and systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, immunomodulators,methotrexate and anti-TNF agents. This review discusses recent developments in the treatment of CD and provides a comprehensive update on management of patients with CD based on the data from randomized controlled trials. Pique
Processes of Internal and International Migration from Chitwan, Nepal

In this study, we examine which factors predict internal and international migration from Chitwan, a flat valley located in the south-central region of Nepal, seeking to measure the effect of theoretically specified variables such as human capital, social capital, physical capital, and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions while controlling for demographic variables. We use data from the Chitwan Valley Family Study to estimate a series of discrete time event history models of first and repeat migration to three competing destinations: other locations within Chitwan, other districts within Nepal, and places outside of Nepal. Results support hypotheses derived from neoclassical economics, the theory of new economics of migration, social capital theory, and cumulative causation theory. Our results underscore the need for a synthetic theoretical model that incorporates factors operating at the individual, household, and community levels. The use of multiple explanatory models yields a clearer picture of the forces driving internal and international migration from rural districts in developing nations such as Nepal.
Fear, victimization, and stress among urban public school teachers.

Summary Data from the National Institute of Education's Safe School Studi' Report suggested that teachers in American urban public schools are emotionally and physically victimized and that the result is heightened level of stress associated with teaching. This study, which is part of larger, longitudinal project, explores the linkages between reported experiences of victimization by 291 urban public school teachers and task-specific stressors in the performance of the teaching role. The level of reported stress and nature and degree of victimization differ by the grade level taught and the race of the teacher. Generally, minority teachers (black and brown) are less likely to report being stressed or victimized than are white teachers, while elementary school teachers report their work to be most stressful. There is no evidence of a specific causal ordering between fear of victimization and teacher stress. Rather, each may feed upon and facilitate the other.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy following cholecystectomy: A poorly recognized cause of acute reversible left ventricular dysfunction

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a distinct form of reversible ventricular dysfunction that usually affects elderly women. The clinical presentation includes a wide range of symptoms, and recovery is usually complete. We report a case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with cholecystectomy.
Effects of nitrosoureas on human DNA polymerase activities from acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia cells

In vitro DNA synthesis by isolated cytoplasmic DNA polymerases of human leukemic cells was found to be inhibited by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methyl-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea. 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate and cyclohexyl isocyanate, the decomposition products of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, respectively, are as effective as their parent nitrosoureas in inhibiting the enzyme activity. Preincubation studies indicated that these compounds inhibit DNA synthesis primarily by altering the enzyme DNA polymerases without significantly affecting the DNA template activities.
Temporal task footprinting: identifying routine tasks by their temporal patterns

This paper introduces a new representation for describing routine tasks, called temporal task footprints. Routines are characterized by their temporal regularity or rhythm. Temporal pattern analysis (T-patterns) can be used to isolate frequent recurrent patterns in routine tasks that appear repeatedly in the same temporal configuration. Using tf-idf statistics, each task can then be defined in terms of its temporal task footprint, a ranked list of temporal patterns along with their typical frequencies. Experimental evaluations using data of 29 days observing and logging 10 subjects showed that temporal task footprints of application windows, email and document usage outperform decision tree and SVMs in recognizing the subjects' tasks.
PCB toxicity to phytoplankton: effects of dose and density-dependent recovery responses.

Susceptibility of phytoplankton to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) toxicity was examined through the relationships between the dose which the cell receives, and the number of cells receiving the dose. It is suggested that toxicity must be viewed at both cellular and population levels.
Being Sensitive to Uncertainty

Predictive modeling's effectiveness is hindered by inherent uncertainties in the input parameters. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis quantify these uncertainties and identify the relationships between input and output variations, leading to the construction of a more accurate model. This survey introduces the application, implementation, and underlying principles of sensitivity and uncertainty quantification
Nonlinear Volterra equations on a Hilbert space

Abstract We consider equations of the form, u(t) = − ∝0t A(t − τ)g(u(τ)) dτ + ϑ(t) (I) on a Hubert space H . A(t) is a family of bounded, linear operators on H while g is a transformation on D g ⊂ H which can be nonlinear and unbounded. We give conditions on A and g which yield stability and asymptotic stability of solutions of (I). It is shown, in particular, that linear combinations with positive coefficients of the operators eMt and −eMtsin Mt where M is a bounded, negative self-adjoint operator on H satisfy these conditions. This is shown to yield stability results for differential equations of the form, Q ( d dt ) u = − P ( d dt ) g(u(t)) + χ(t) , on H .
An improved index function for (D)FCM predictors

The most promising value predictors to date are the finite context method predictor and a recent improvement thereof, the differential finite context method predictor. Both predictors comprise two levels and the index into the second level is a function of the content of the first level. This index function is crucial for good performance. However, our research shows that the currently used select-fold-shift-xor function performs poorly on range-limited sequences of values. For example, it does not predict the results of byte loads well. The problem with the current function is that it often cannot reach the predictor's entire second-level table. We propose an improved index function that does not suffer from this shortcoming. On the 15 SPECcpu2000 C programs, our new index function improves the average load-value predictability by about 1% to 5% without increase in predictor size. On byte loads, the improvement is over 6% for 4096-entry predictors.
MO‐D‐342‐01: Breakthroughs in Ultrasound Imaging

Similar to the paradigm change of the 1980's, when ultrasound labs shifted from large, manual scanners to cart‐based, real‐time scanners, we now see a move in the industry towards small, portable ultrasound units (PUU) having sophisticated imaging capabilities. Unlike their predecessors, however, the cart‐based scan consoles are likely to continue to play an important role in medical imaging, with PUU's significantly expanding the tasks carried out by this modality. This presentation highlights these anticipated changes. Ultrasound machines continue to use sequential, line‐by‐line echo acquisition and traditional array beam forming. This limits frame rates because of the sound propagation speed in tissue, a significant problem as 2D arrays producing 3D data sets are developed. One manufacturer has developed a “zone” transmission method with synthetic aperture processing of element data. This improves frame rate and offers new capabilities, such as adaptive mean sound speed corrections. Operator controls, even on very basic machines, are numerous and encompass many echo acquisition and signal processing functions. Although application specific presets simplify the task of precise adjustment of these controls, there is a growing trend to develop machines that do away with traditional operator adjustments and automatically set important functions, such as overall gain, TGC, and transmit focus. Echo amplitude information continues to serve as the primary data presented to users in non‐Doppler operating modes. This now is being supplemented by elasticityimaging, where tissue stiffness images are formed and displayed, and may soon be extended further by displays of tissueproperties that are not evident in conventional B‐mode, such as scatter sizes and attenuation. Much development activity is taking place in PUU's, with varying capabilities and intended uses. Full featured portable machines allow sonographers to access patients not easily scanned with larger cart based machines. Inexpensive, special purpose PUU's are being directed to new users, such as emergency room physicians, and anesthesiologists. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand how current ultrasound machines operate and appreciate limitations of these devices. 2. Understand tradeoffs when choosing high end vs. portable ultrasound machines. 3. Understand sources of new information from ultrasoundscanners.
Adaptive residual useful life estimation of a structural hotspot

In conventional approaches to life prognosis, damage tolerance and fatigue life predictions are obtained based on assumed structural flaws, regardless of whether they actually occur in service. Con...
A taxonomy for multimedia service composition

The realization of multimedia systems still heavily relies on building monolithic systems that need to be reengineered for every change in the application and little of which can be reused in subsequent developments even for similar applications. Hence, building complex large scale multimedia systems is still a difficult and challenging problem. Service-based architectures, like researched in the Web community, form a possible solution to this problem: The service-based paradigm decomposes complex tasks into smaller independent entities (e.g. Web services), and then supports a flexible service composition in a variety of ways. However, due to the characteristics of multimedia applications and rich semantic structure of multimedia data and workflows, a direct application of Web-based research results is still difficult. The reason is that Web service frameworks cannot yet cope with the complexity of multimedia applications and their metadata. In this paper, we describe a basic taxonomy for the composition of services to support complex multimedia workflows. We will investigate in detail the necessary steps and methodology for multimedia service compositions and apply our taxonomy to different service composition instances. We will illustrate all composition instances within our taxonomy with case studies and point to possible techniques for the composition problem.
Phenomenalism and the Causal Theory of Perception: A Combined Theory

We have seen that neither the classical causal theory of perception nor ontological phenomenalism provides an adequate epistemology of perception. The classical causal theory implies a causal analysis of perceiving and a realist metaphysic that cannot be denied without doing violence to both the concept of perceiving and common-sense, but it fails on epistemological grounds. Ontological phenomenalism is very attractive from a purely epistemological point of view, but fails because it is incompatible with a causal analysis of perceiving and implies other metaphysical absurdities as well. Analytical phenomenalism is an attempt to secure the epistemological advantages of ontological phenomenalism without incurring its metaphysical paradoxes. Whether analytical phenomenalism succeeds in providing an adequate epistemology of perception, then, depends (as I said in the previous chapter) on two questions. First, is analytical phenomenalism compatible with the causal analysis of perceiving and the realist metaphysic implied by the causal theory; i. e. can one consistently be both a phenomenalist and a (causal) realist? Second, does analytical phenomenalism provide an adequate account of the justification of perceptual beliefs concerning physical things? In this chapter, I shall argue that affirmative answers may be given to both of these questions. Sections 1–3 will be concerned primarily with the first question, and Sections 4–6 primarily with the second.
Differential top-quark pair production measurements

The large number of top quarks produced at the CERN Large Hadron Collider makes it possible to measure the top-quark pair production cross-section differentially with respect to different observables. Differential measurements are important for pre- cision tests and comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical calculations. Top-quark pair production in particular is also an important process to study because it is a large background for many analyses. In this paper, several top-quark pair production differential measurements, performed with the ATLAS detector, are described including measurements of the kinematics of the top-quark pair system, of the jet multiplicity, and of the jet activity accompanying the top-quark pair system.
Genetic disorders of neuromuscular ion channels.

Ion channels are complex proteins that span the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, where they orchestrate the electrical signals necessary for normal function of the central nervous system, peripheral nerve, and both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The role of ion channel defects in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, many of them neuromuscular, has become increasingly apparent over the last decade. Progress in molecular biology has allowed cloning and expression of genes that encode channel proteins, while comparable advances in biophysics, including patch-clamp electrophysiology and related techniques, have made the study of expressed proteins at the level of single channel molecules possible. Understanding the molecular basis of ion channel function and dysfunction will facilitate both the accurate classification of these disorders and the rational development of specific therapeutic interventions. This review encompasses clinical, genetic, and pathophysiological aspects of ion channels disorders, focusing mainly on those with neuromuscular manifestations.
The transmembrane tyrosine of μ-heavy chain is required for BCR destabilization and entry of antigen into clathrin-coated vesicles

The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) delivers antigen to the endocytic compartment and transduces signals that regulate the stability of the receptor complex. Previous studies showed that BCRmediated signal transduction dissociates m-heavy chain (mm) from Ig-a/Ig-b, facilitating the delivery of antigen to clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Herein, we demonstrate that the dissociation of Ig-a/Ig-b from mm requires tyrosine-587 of the mm transmembrane domain. Receptors expressing a mutation at tyrosine-587 (Y587F) transduced signals that were comparable to wild type, yet they failed to dissociate mm from Ig-a/Ig-b. Further, receptors harboring the Y587F mutation failed to associate with CCVs, resulting in diminished antigen in the lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1 1 ) compartment and severely impaired antigen presentation, indicating that endocytosis through CCVs is required for antigen presentation. Thus, the transmembrane tyrosine of mm mediates destabilization of the BCR complex, facilitating antigen processing by promoting the association of antigen with CCVs.
Movement of Water in Homogeneous Water-Swollen Polymers

The transport of water through a hydrophilic polymer and the molecular mobility of water in such polymers are considered in this study using systems that are as nearly homogeneous as can experimentally be achieved; these are hydrogels, which offer the added advantage that they can be prepared with widely varying water contents. Transport properties and molecular mobility can therefore be studied in dependence on the degree of hydration, that is the volume fraction of water in these gels. The homogeneity of the gels circumvents some of the difficulties in interpreting experimental results which are often encountered with polymeric systems having a superstructure.
Secretion of newly synthesized renin

The release of newly synthesized renin by dog renal cortical slices was investigated. A radioactive protein believed to be renin was secreted from cortical slices into an incubation medium containing radioactive leucine. The nature of the radioactive protein was established by dialyzing the incubation medium after the cortical slices were removed, and subsequently applying the dialysate to 15% discontinuous polyacrylamide gels. Renin activity in the gels comigrated with the labeled protein. The labeled protein, as evidenced by a peak in 3H or 14C disintegrations per min, also comigrated with renin activity in isoelectric focusing gels. The molecular weight of the labeled protein was found to be the same as renin, approximately 40,000. Cortical or medullary slices possessing little or no renin activity did not secrete the labeled protein into the incubation medium. Isoproterenol significantly increased total renin secretion from the slices, but not the secretion of newly synthesized renin. The data support...
Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations

This study examines and illuminates how the lives of Korean prostitutes in the 1970s served as the invisible underpinnings to US-Korean military policies at the highest level.
Contributions of the Prefrontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia to Set Shifting

Impairments of set shifting have been associated with damage to both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and to the basal ganglia. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether damage to the PFC was associated with shifting impairments per se or whether any switching deficits could be attributed to a reduction of working memory capacity. In contrast, shifting impairments were expected for Parkinson patients regardless of memory load, given that these patients seem to have no cognitive deficits other than when having to shift set. To vary working memory demands, a cue to the relevant dimension (letter or shape) in an odd-man-out task was presented or withheld. Pathology to prefrontal areas associated with normal aging was not linked to shifting deficits when working memory load was reduced in a comparison of older and younger adults (Experiment 1). In contrast, set-shifting abilities were still impaired for stroke patients with prefrontal damage regardless of working memory demands (Experiment 2). Parkinson patients were relatively unimpaired on this task (Experiment 2), but began to display shifting deficits when response competition was present in the display (Experiment 3).
The opinion-changing power of computer-based multimedia presentations

This study investigated the persuasive impact of information presented in formats possessing varying degrees of technological sophistication on individuals who were novices and experts in the domain of the information. Participants reviewed a presentation of a football scout’s favorable report on a potential recruit and evaluated the recruit’s projected success. The experimental design wa sa2( participant football expertise: expert vs. novice)!3 (technological sophistication of presentation: low [typed summary of statistics] vs. moderate [printed PowerPoint charts] vs. high [computer-based animated PowerPoint charts]) factorial. Based on predictions derived from Dual Process Models of persuasion, we expected that the recruit would be rated higher in the PowerPoint presentation condition but that experts would be less swayed by the difference in communication modality than would novices. We found support for these predictions. For both novice and expert participants, the greater the technological sophistication of the presentation, the more highly they rated the projected success of the football recruit. However, this effect was marked for football novices relative to football experts.
Characterizing reduced sulfur compounds emissions from a swine concentrated animal feeding operation

Reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have become a potential environmental and human health concern, as a result of changes in livestock production methods. RSC emissions were determined from a swine CAFO in North Carolina. RSC measurements were made over a period of ≈1 week from both the barn and lagoon during each of the four seasonal periods from June 2007 to April 2008. During sampling, meteorological and other environmental parameters were measured continuously. Seasonal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) barn concentrations ranged from 72 to 631 ppb. Seasonal dimethyl sulfide (DMS; CH3SCH3) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS; CH3S2CH3) concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower, ranging from 0.18 to 0.89 ppb and 0.47 to 1.02 ppb, respectively. The overall average barn emission rate was 3.3 g day−1 AU−1 (AU (animal unit) = 500 kg of live animal weight) for H2S, which was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the DMS and DMDS overall average emissions rates, determined as 0.017 g day−1 AU−1 and 0.036 g day−1 AU−1, respectively. The overall average lagoon flux was 1.33 μg m−2 min−1 for H2S, which was approximately an order of magnitude higher than the overall average DMS (0.12 μg m−2 min−1) and DMDS (0.09 μg m−2 min−1) lagoon fluxes. The overall average lagoon emission for H2S (0.038 g day−1 AU−1) was also approximately an order of magnitude higher than the overall average DMS (0.0034 g day−1 AU−1) and DMDS (0.0028 g day−1 AU−1) emissions. H2S, DMS and DMDS have offensive odors and low odor thresholds. Over all four sampling seasons, 77% of 15 min averaged H2S barn concentrations were an order of magnitude above the average odor threshold. During these sampling periods, however, DMS and DMDS concentrations did not exceed their odor thresholds. The overall average barn and lagoon emissions from this study were used to help estimate barn, lagoon and total (barn + lagoon) RSC emissions from swine CAFOs in North Carolina. Total (barn + lagoon) H2S emissions from swine CAFOs in North Carolina were estimated to be 1.22*106 kg yr−1. The barns had significantly higher H2S emissions than the lagoons, contributing ≈98% of total North Carolina H2S swine CAFO emissions. Total (barn + lagoon) emissions for DMS and DMDS were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower, with barns contributing ≈86% and ≈93% of total emissions, respectively. H2S swine CAFO emissions were estimated to contribute ≈18% of North Carolina H2S emissions.
Organizing Practices in Services: Capturing Practice-Based Knowledge for Innovation:

Service innovation depends on ambiguous designing and using knowledge. But this knowledge is embedded in ongoing practice, so capturing it requires the practices themselves to be organized somehow....
Use of the Internet for information and support: Disclosure among persons with breast and prostate cancer

The present study examined the feasibility of evaluating online communication of cancer patients using an automated content analysis program modified for application to cancer-related communication. Public messages posted to the Breast Cancer Discussion List and the Prostate Problems Mailing List were content analyzed using an augmented version of Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to evaluate communication styles within these two cancer types. Breast cancer patients were more likely to submit multiple messages to the list and made greater use of words related to emotional disclosure and cognitive processing compared with prostate cancer patients. Prostate cancer patients were less likely to seek emotional support or repeated interaction with other patients, and more of their communication focused on cancer-related information. Use of cancer-specific word libraries significantly increased word identification within these samples. Content analysis of online communication appears to be a promising method for detecting communication differences among subgroups of cancer patients.
Selling Suffering in The Courtroom and Marketplace: An Analysis of the Autobiography of Kiranjit Ahluwalia

The book jumped out at me there was a photo on the cover of three South Asian women holding hands, uplifted in a sign of victory. Having done work on forms of literary selfrepresentation by Asian women in Britain, exploring how such works can serve as a form of political and social action, I was intrigued by this book. Entitled Circle of Light: the Autobiography of Kiranjit Ahluwalia, it was being promoted in the front of a mainstream bookstore store in London. It was reviewed in The Guardian that same day, again, a mainstream, albeit Left-leaning, newspaper. The review was entitled, "Telling it like it was" (Daniels 1997).
“Sustainable Development” in Geographic Perspective

Abstract For geographers, both the seriousness of the sustainable development issue and the power of the term are challenges that are very welcome. The intellectual value and practical utility of such distinctive concepts as diversity, flow (nature-society, spatial, and temporal), scale, and visualization represent opportunities to contribute profoundly to questions of significance to both general learning and social decisionmaking. Moreover, geography's perpectives can help to address the pressing need for a stronger theoretical basis for understanding sustainable development. In the end, however, our contributions will depend on a demonstration in our roles as teachers and citizens, as well as scholars, that we recognize the importance of an ethical revolution as well as well as increased scientific understanding.
Resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose and diabetes: the Kailuan prospective study.

Background: To investigate the association between resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes and conversion from IFG to diabetes. Methods: The prospective analysis included 73 357 participants of the Kailuan cohort (57 719 men and 15 638 women). Resting heart rate was measured via electrocardiogram in 2006. Incident diabetes was defined as either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or new active use of diabetes medications during the 4-year follow-up period. IFG was defined as a FBG between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/l. A meta-analysis including seven published prospective studies focused on heart rate and diabetes risk, and our current study was then conducted using random-effects models. Results: During 4 years of follow-up, 17 463 incident IFG cases and 4 649 incident diabetes cases were identified. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for each 10 beats/min increase in heart rate were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 1.27] for incident diabetes, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.13) for incident IFG and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.17) for IFG to diabetes conversion. The risks of incident IFG and diabetes were significantly higher among participants aged < 50 years than those aged ≥ 50 years (P-interaction < 0.02 for both). A meta-analysis confirmed the positive association between resting heart rate and diabetes risk (pooled HR for the highest vs lowest heart rate quintile = 1.59, 95% CI:1.27, 2.00; n = 8). Conclusion: Faster resting heart rate is associated with higher risk of developing IFG and diabetes, suggesting that heart rate could be used to identify individuals with a higher future risk of diabetes.
Identifying the spatial pattern of wood distribution in northeastern North American streams

article i nfo The spatial distribution of instream wood influences important ecological processes but has proven challenging to describe quantitatively. We present a modified version of a previously described metric used to quantify the spatial extent and pattern of instream wood distribution, then apply this approach in evaluating the distribution of wood habitat in forested northeastern North American streams. This revised metric, a 'binned neighbor-K analysis', provides greater resolution in evaluating the presence of aggregated, periodic, or segregated wood distributions in stream ecosystems. We employed this metric in evaluating the distribution of wood within 17 streams in two regions of northeastern North America. Our results indicate that the binned neighbor-K approach more accurately represents the spatial extent at which wood accumulates in streams by identifying recurring intervals in streams within which instream wood is not present and by more accurately quantifying the spatial extent of wood aggregations and periodically repeating occurrences of accumulated wood. We also used this metric to quantify the overall extent of wood 'organization' in streams, which revealed similarities and differences in instream wood distribution patterns in the two regions evaluated. Wood distribution patterns in both study regions were generally consistent with our expectations of increased organization at an intermediate stream size (up to 10 m bankfull width), then in larger streams (N10 m) wood was less organized. These observed patterns result from landscape and ecosystem influences upon wood accumulation and movement in streams.
Developmental regulation of heat shock protein synthesis and HSP 70 RNA accumulation during postimplantation rat embryogenesis

Exposure of postimplantation rat embryos on days 9, 10, 11, and 12 of gestation to an in vitro heat shock of 43 degrees C for 30 min results in the induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in day 9 and 10 embryos, a severely attenuated response in day 11 embryos, and no detectable response in day 12 embryos. The heat shock response in day 9 embryos (presomite stage) is characterized by the synthesis of HSPs with molecular weights of 28-78 kDa. In heat shocked day 10 embryos, two additional HSPs are induced (34 and 82 kDa). In addition, two HSPs present on day 9 are absent on day 10. In day 11 heat shocked embryos, only three HSPs (31, 39, and 69 kDa) are induced, while in day 12 embryos no detectable HSPs are induced. Northern blot analysis of HSP 70 RNA levels indicates that the accumulation of this RNA, but not actin RNA, varies depending on developmental stage at the time of exposure to heat as well as the duration of the heat shock. Day 9 embryos exhibit the most pronounced accumulation of HSP 70 RNA while embryos on days 10-12 exhibit an increasingly attenuated accumulation of HSP 70 RNA, particularly after the more acute exposures (43 degrees C for 30 or 60 min). Thus, the ability to synthesize HSP 70 and to accumulate HSP 70 RNA changes dramatically as rat embryos develop from day 9 to day 12 (presomite to 31-35 somite stages).
Asian Americans in higher education and at work

What drives Asian American youth to pursue excellence in higher education so relentlessly? This volume investigates the motivations, abilities, and achievements of the so called educational "model minority" from native born, fourth generation Japanese Americans to newly arrived Southeast Asian refugees. The educational performance of Asian Americans is one of today's fastest growing minority groups enrolled in higher education programs. This unique resource integrates empirical data from national testing programs, longitudinal studies and academic and extracurricular records along with the higher educational and career aspirations reported by Asian American students. It is the definitive guide for social scientists and educators by informing them of the reliability and validity of standard admissions tests for assessing the potential of Asian Americans students and their subgroups for success in higher education and careers.
Compressive Spectral Clustering - Error Analysis

Compressive spectral clustering combines the distance preserving measurements of compressed sensing with the power of spectral clustering. Our analysis provides rigorous bounds on how small errors in the affinity matrix can affect the spectral coordinates and clusterability. This work generalizes the current perturbation results of two-class spectral clustering to incorporate multiclass clustering using k eigenvectors. One of the most common and powerful techniques for extracting meaningful information from a data set is spectral clustering. Spectral clustering uses local information to embed the data into a space which captures the global group structure. Standard learning techniques require an appropriate transformation to higher dimension where dimensionality reduction is done before clustering. Compressed sensing provides a mathematically rigorous way to obtain optimal dimensionality reduction for exact reconstruction. Hyperspectral images and MRIs are examples of high dimensional signals where the true underlying data may only have a few degrees of freedom or be sparse in some unknown basis. We show that the meaningful organization extracted from spectral clustering is preserved under the perturbation from making compressed sensing measurements. Background
What Percentage of DOJ FCPA Losses is Acceptable

Bringing criminal charges and marshalling the full resources of law enforcement agencies against an individual is an awesome power that our government possess. Because that power alters the lives of real people and their families, sidetracks real careers, empties real bank accounts in mounting a defense, and causes often irreversible damage to real reputations, it ought to be exercised with real discipline and prudence.While it is unrealistic (and probably not desirable from a policy perspective) to expect the Justice Department to win 100 percent of its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prosecutions against individuals when put to its burden of proof, given the above referenced dynamics, it is realistic (and desirable from a policy perspective) to expect the department to win a very high percentage of its FCPA prosecution against individuals. However, several recent DOJ FCPA prosecutions against individuals have fallen short of this desirable objective, often in spectacular ways. This raises the question - what percentage of DOJ FCPA losses is acceptable?To borrow from Justice Potter Stewart's classic reasoning in Jacobellis v. Ohio, I don't know what level of DOJ FCPA losses is acceptable and the answer may be indefinable. But I know it when I see it, and the number and magnitude of DOJ's recent FCPA losses is unacceptable.
Growth Control by Transplasmalemma Redox: Evidence for A Calcium Role

We have considered the following evidence: 1. Auxin increases non-mitochondrial respiration.1 2. For carrot cells auxin increases cyanide and salicylhydroxamic acid insensitive (residual) respiration.2 3. Ferricyanide inhibits auxin induced oxygen uptake.3 4. Ferricyanide inhibits plant cell growth.4 5. Ferricyanide accepts electrons at the plasmalemma by trans-membrane electron transport.5 6. Highly purified plasma membranes have NAD(P)H ferricyanide reductase and cyanide, SHAM insensitive NAD(P)H oxidase.6,7 7. Auxin stimulates proton release and hyperpolarizes the membrane; electrons reducing oxygen do not accompany protons out of cell.8 8. Transplasmalemma ferricyanide reduction depolarizes the membrane, parallel electron and proton flow short circuits oxygen reduction.9,10 9. External ferricyanide stimulates proton release,11,13 and oxidizes internal NAD(P)H.12 10. Auxin stimulates transmembrane ferricyanide reduction at low concentration and inhibits at high.4,14 11. Calmodulin antagonists inhibit auxin growth response.15 12. Calmodulin antagonists and internal calcium chelators inhibit transplasmalemma redox. 16 13. Fusicoccin stimulated proton release is inhibited by anaerobiosis and restored by ferricyanide.13
Toll-Like Receptor 7-Targeted Therapy in Respiratory Disease

Allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis are inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract characterized by an excessive type-2 T helper cell (Th2) immune response. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a single-stranded viral RNA receptor expressed in the airway that initiates a Th1 immune response and has garnered interest as a novel therapeutic target for treatment of allergic airway diseases. In animal models, synthetic TLR7 agonists reduce airway hyperreactivity, eosinophilic inflammation, and airway remodeling while decreasing Th2-associated cytokines. Furthermore, activation of TLR7 rapidly relaxes airway smooth muscle via production of nitric oxide. Thus, TLR7 has dual bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects. Two TLR7 ligands with promising pharmacologic profiles have entered clinical trials for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Moreover, TLR7 agonists are potential antiviral therapies against respiratory viruses. TLR7 agonists enhance influenza vaccine efficacy and also reduce viral titers when given during an active airway infection. In this review, we examine the current data supporting TLR7 as a therapeutic target in allergic airway diseases.
Antioxidant enzyme response to selenium deficiency in rat myocardium.

Influences of dietary selenium (Se) deficiency, physical training and an acute bout of exercise on myocardial antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and related biochemical properties were investigated in post-weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats. An experimental group was fed a diet containing less than 0.01 mg Se/kg and had free access to distilled water (Se-D), whereas control rats were supplemented with 0.5 mg Se/l in drinking water (Se-A). Se deficiency depleted heart mitochondrial and cytosolic Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity to 24 and 3%, respectively, of those in Se-A rats. Heart mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) activity was 24% higher (p less than 0.05) in Se-D than in Se-A rats. Cytosolic (copper-zinc) SOD and catalase activities were not altered, whereas glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly decreased in Se-D (p less than 0.01). Myocardial antioxidant enzyme activities were not affected by either training or an acute exercise bout. Heart lipid peroxi...
Inter-comparison of Low-cost Sensors for Measuring the Mass Concentration of Occupational Aerosols.

ABSTRACTLow-cost sensors are effective for measuring the mass concentration of ambient aerosols and second-hand smoke in homes, but their use at concentrations relevant to occupational settings has not been demonstrated. We measured the concentrations of four aerosols (salt, Arizona road dust, welding fume, and diesel exhaust) with three types of low-cost sensors (a DC1700 from Dylos and two commodity sensors from Sharp), an aerosol photometer, and reference instruments at concentrations up to 6500 µg/m3. Raw output was used to assess sensor precision and develop equations to compute mass concentrations. EPA and NIOSH protocols were used to assess the mass concentrations estimated with low-cost sensors compared to reference instruments. The detection efficiency of the DC1700 ranged from 0.04% at 0.1 µm to 108% at 5 µm, as expected, although misclassification of fine and coarse particles was observed. The raw output of the DC1700 had higher precision (lower coefficient of variation, CV = 7.4%) than that of...
Transmission Line Traveling Wave Fault Location Based on Signal Phase Detection

By means of analyzing the phase variation of current traveling wave during the transient process of short circuit fault occurred in transmission line, it is discovered that the phase of current traveling wave will chop due to the appearance of transient component in the current traveling wave while short circuit fault happens. According to this feature, the authors propose a new method to apply signal phase detection in fault location. The difference between the proposed method and traditional fault location lies in the difference of the ways to determine the chop point of signal. In the proposed method, the phase of signal is extracted by wavelet transform and by means of calculating the modulus maximum of the signal the chop point of signal is determined. Case simulation results show that the proposed method is feasible. With regard to the signal with slightly varying amplitude, the proposed phase detection method is better for the detection of chop point. Due to the complexity of its calculation, the proposed method is suitable for the supplement of existing fault location methods under special fault conditions such as high resistance grounding and so on.
Accurate Detection for Initial Rotor Position of Large Synchronous Motor

Initial rotor position detection is one of the key techniques for large synchronous motor frequency starting.Precise determination of the initial rotor position can realize maximum-torque starting.The real time digital simulator(RTDS) is used as the platform for investigating the converter starting control theory of large synchronous motors.Accurate initial position determination based on the adaptive magnetic flux regulator is proposed by combining the mathematical model for synchronous motor rotor position with the adaptive magnetic flux regulator model.The algorithm is verified by loop simulation experiments,6 kV/500 kW motor dynamic tests,and Panjiakou pumped storage unit starting tests.Experimental results show that the method can quickly and accurately measure the initial rotor position.
Studies on prevalence of smoking and ability in smoking control among health-care workers of four hospitals in Daxing District of Beijing

Objective To study prevalence of smoking, and knowledge, attitude, behavior, as well as ability of smoking control among health-care workers of the hospitals in Daxing District, Beijing, to provide baseline data for the establishment of no-smoking hospitals.Methods Health-care workers who smoked among two primary-care hospitals and two secondary-care hospitals in Daxing District were selected by stratified cluster and systematic sampling to be interviewed with queationnaire.Results The overall prevalence of smoking was 10.0% in the health-care workers, 34.5% for men and 0.3% for women, with statistically significance (χ2=129.4,P0.01). Six-three of 94 (67.0%) smokers once tried to quit smoking, but failed due to the reasons such as lack of perseverance (in 33.3% of them), and so on. Awareness of nicotine replacement therapy in health-care workers was 47.0%, the highest in all the knowledge of smoking control, but that of five-day smoking quitting therapy was lower (23.9%).Conclusions It is necessity to conduct health education about tobacco hazard among health-care workers and to provide training for the knowledge and methods of smoking quitting. It is an effective vector to establish no-smoking hospital actively in promotion of smoking-free environement in hospitals.
Determination of free (pH 2.2) sulfite in wines by flow injection analysis: collaborative study.

La methode est fondee sur la liberation du sulfite a pH acide et la decoloration du vert de malachite
Effective Facilitation Practices in Multi-Day Co-Curricular Leadership Development Programs

In this exploratory, qualitative study, the authors examine practices of high quality facilitators in multi-day co-curricular leadership institute programs for college students. In-depth interviews of 15 high quality lead facilitators resulted in the identification of two key practices describing how facilitators prepare for the leadership institutes and seven key practices describing what facilitators do when they facilitate. Recommendations for selection, training, and evaluation of program facilitators are presented, and areas for future research are identified.