cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron scattering study of the structure and dynamics of butane adsorbed on graphite

Abstract Inelastic and elastic neutron scattering have been used to study the dynamics and structure of monolayer films of butane (CH3(CH2)2CH3) adsorbed on a graphitized carbon powder at 77 K. In addition to the intramolecular torsional modes found in the bulk solid, the inelastic spectra of the films contain new excitations associated with coupling of the molecular motion to the substrate. Model calculations are described which show the monolayer excitation spectrum to be sensitive to the orientation of the adsorbed butane molecule and the location and strength of the bonds to the substrate. For butane we infer that the molecule is adsorbed with the plane of the carbon skeleton parallel to the graphite layers. We have also used elastic neutron diffraction to investigate the possibility of long-range order in the butane films. Although we have not found Bragg peaks indicative of an ordered two-dimensional structure in a 1.5 layer film at 81 K, a large modulation of the graphite 002 Bragg reflection is observed. The experimental approach discussed here would seem to be applicable to the study of the dynamics, molecular orientation, and bonding of other hydrogenous adsorbates as a function of film thickness and temperature. Measurements are presently being extended to propane (CH3CH2CH3) and ethane (CH3CH3) adsorbed on graphite.
Regional variation in CCR5-Δ32 gene distribution among women from the US HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS)

Regional variation in CCR5-Δ32 gene distribution among women from the US HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS)
The increased risk of skin cancer is persistent after discontinuation of psoralen+ultraviolet A: a cohort study.

Psoralen+ultraviolet A-treated psoriasis patients are at increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer. To assess the persistence of cancer risk among patients who have discontinued psoralen+ultraviolet A and the risk of a first tumor with the passage of time, we prospectively studied the incidence in a cohort of 1,380 psoriasis patients treated with psoralen+ultraviolet A. We observed a total of 27,840 person-years of which 59.4% were considered years without psoralen+ultraviolet. No significant decrease in risk was noted during the first 15 years after psoralen+ultraviolet A was discontinued. Subsequently, the risk of squamous cell carcinoma was reduced (incidence rate ratio=0.79; 95%CI=0.62, 1.01 on treatment vs >15 years off). After 25 years, about 7% of patients with ≤200 psoralen+ultraviolet A treatments and more than half of the patients with ≥400 treatments develop at least one squamous cell carcinoma. After 25 years, almost one third of the patients exposed to ≥200 treatments developed at least one basal cell carcinoma. In conclusion, substantial exposure to psoralen+ultraviolet A dramatically increases the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer and prior exposure to psoralen+ultraviolet A remains an important issue in the management of patients because the cancer risk associated with psoralen+ultraviolet A is persistent.
Adaptive Subband Filtering of Narrowband Interference

In many communications systems, spread spectrum techniques are used to spread the original message data over a large bandwidth in order to improve system performance in the presence of narrowband interference. The extent to which such interference can be tolerated depends on the system's processing gain and may be augmented using adaptive filtering techniques. In order to mitigate narrowband interference, spread spectrum receivers can incorporate filtering techniques that suppress interference and make bit decisions on the remaining signal energy. In this paper, block transforms and multirate filterbanks based on hierarchical subband trees are used to transform the received data signal to the transform domain wherein adaptive filtering is performed. Pre- and post-correlation transform domain least-mean-squared (LMS) algorithms are employed on a block-by-block basis to suppress the narrowband interference while simultaneously minimizing the mean-squared error between the received signal and the original data message. Convergence and misadjustment noise are evaluated as functions of the underlying subband transform and various system parameters. Subsequent performance analysis of these algorithms is presented in terms of the overall system bit-error-rate. Analytical and simulation results obtained in the presence of single-tone interference sources are presented. Although not considered, the analytical expressions discussed herein can be easily extended to handle other narrowband sources such as multitone jammers and narrowband Gaussian interference.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strength of Human Pulleys

Summary The length, breaking strength, and tensile strength of each of the annular fibroosseous pulleys of digital flexor sheath in ten fresh human cadaver specimens were measured. The first annular pulley and the fourth annular pulley were found to be the strongest, while the second annular pulley was the weakest. The design of artificial pulleys should reproduce the strength of the first annular and fourth annular pulleys. Suggested minimum requirements for the breaking strength of artificial implant pulleys may be made based on these studies.
Citric Acid Cycle in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrobaculum islandicum Grown Autotrophically, Heterotrophically, and Mixotrophically with Acetate

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum islandicum uses the citric acid cycle in the oxidative and reductive directions for heterotrophic and autotrophic growth, respectively, but the control of carbon flow is poorly understood. P. islandicum was grown at 95 degrees C autotrophically, heterotrophically, and mixotrophically with acetate, H2, and small amounts of yeast extract and with thiosulfate as the terminal electron acceptor. The autotrophic growth rates and maximum concentrations of cells were significantly lower than those in other media. The growth rates on H2 and 0.001% yeast extract with and without 0.05% acetate were the same, but the maximum concentration of cells was fourfold higher with acetate. There was no growth with acetate if 0.001% yeast extract was not present, and addition of H2 to acetate-containing medium greatly increased the growth rates and maximum concentrations of cells. P. islandicum cultures assimilated 14C-labeled acetate in the presence of H2 and yeast extract with an efficiency of 55%. The activities of 11 of 19 enzymes involved in the central metabolism of P. islandicum were regulated under the three different growth conditions. Pyruvate synthase and acetate:coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (ADP-forming) activities were detected only in heterotrophically grown cultures. Citrate synthase activity decreased in autotrophic and acetate-containing cultures compared to the activity in heterotrophic cultures. Acetylated citrate lyase, acetate:CoA ligase (AMP forming), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities increased in autotrophic and acetate-containing cultures. Citrate lyase activity was higher than ATP citrate synthase activity in autotrophic cultures. These data suggest that citrate lyase and AMP-forming acetate:CoA ligase, but not ATP citrate synthase, work opposite citrate synthase to control the direction of carbon flow in the citric acid cycle.
A procedure to select working fluids for Solar Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs)

Abstract The selection of working fluid and working conditions of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has a great effect on the system operation, and its energy efficiency and impact on the environment. The main purpose of this study is to develop a procedure to compare capabilities of working fluids when they are employed in solar Rankine cycles with similar working conditions. The Refprop 8.0 database with 117 organic fluids has been considered as the reference in this study. A procedure to compare ORC working fluids based on their molecular components, temperature–entropy diagram and fluid effects on the thermal efficiency, net power generated, vapor expansion ratio, and exergy efficiency of the Rankine cycle has been proposed. Fluids with the best cycle performance have been recognized in two different temperature levels within two different categories of fluids: refrigerants and non-refrigerants. Based on categories of solar collectors, 11 fluids have been suggested to be employed in solar ORCs that use low or medium temperature solar collectors. Collector efficiency improvement and use of the regenerative ORC instead of the basic cycle reduce irreversibility of a solar ORC. Calculation results show that for selected fluids, the theoretical limits for irreversibility reduction and exergy efficiency enhancement through collector efficiency improvement are 35% and 5% respectively, when the collector efficiency increases from 70% to 100%. The effect of regeneration on the exergy efficiency of the cycle is fluid dependent while the effect of collector efficiency improvement on the exergy efficiency of the cycle is nearly independent of fluid type. At the two temperature levels studied, higher molecular complexity results in more effective regenerative cycles except for Cyclohydrocarbons.
Predictors of decline in MMSE scores among older Mexican Americans

Background The purpose of this analysis was to examine the association of sociodemographic variables and health-related conditions with 5-year declines in cognitive function among Mexican American elderly persons. Methods The cognitive function of 1759 participants was assessed by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in 1993/1994 and again in 1998/1999. Cognitive decline was defined by two sets of criteria: (1) a drop to 17 or below on the MMSE at follow-up, and (2) a decline of at least three points, the mean change in MMSE scores among respondents who obtained scores at or above the 5th percentile distribution at baseline. Results Cognitive decline was significantly associated with sociodemographic variables including age, education, marital status, and household composition. In addition, respondents with reported vision impairment, stroke, and diabetes were at increased risk for cognitive decline after controlling for multiple potential confounders. Conclusion Although age and education have been reported as the more salient predictors of cognitive deterioration, other sociodemographic and several medical conditions including stroke and diabetes should be considered as part of cognitive aging studies among Mexican American elders.
Is your sustainability strategy sustainable? Creating a culture of sustainability

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to present a multidisciplinary model that can be used as both a road map for practicing managers to create a sustainability focused culture within their own organizations, and as a guide for future research into the relationship between organizational culture and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – A narrative synthesis approach is used to integrate extant empirical and practitioner literature spanning various disciplines to build a comprehensive model, including key propositions, to assist both practitioners and researchers alike. Case examples illustrating each component of the model in practice and implications for future research based on the key tenets of the model are also provided. Findings – Building an organizational infrastructure that fosters a culture of sustainability results in positive employee- and organizational-level sustainability performance. Research limitations/implications – The model presented is an important advancement in the sus...
Visual and verbal short-term memory deficits in childhood leukemia survivors after intrathecal chemotherapy

Assessed survivors of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with intrathecal chemotherapy, using the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), compared to controls without cancer, matched as closely as possible in age, SES, and gender. Mild, but consistent, deficits were found in both visual-spatial and verbal single-trial memory tasks. In multitrial learning, only visual-spatial tasks resulted in deficient scores, while verbal learning was within the normal range. IQ results indicated scores 10-20 points lower in the ALL group. Memory results are related to deficits in strategic planning and attentional distractiveness. The WRAML may be a useful clinical tool to evaluate differential memory deficits in children with ALL.
Time-dependent strength degradation of a siliconized silicon carbide determined by dynamic fatigue

Both fast-fracture strength and strength as a function of stressing rate at room temperature, 1100°, and 1400°C were measured for a siliconized SiC. The fast-fracture strength increased slightly from 386 MPa at room temperature to 424 MPa at 1100°C and then dropped to 308 MPa at 1400°C. The Weibull moduli at room temperature and 1100°C were 10.8 and 7.8, respectively, whereas, at 1400°C, the Weibull modulus was 2.8. The very low Weibull modulus at 1400°C was due to the existence of two exclusive flaw populations with very different characteristic strengths. The data were reanalyzed using two exclusive flaw populations. The ceramic showed no slow crack growth (SCG), as measured by dynamic fatigue at 1100°C, but, at 1400°C, an SCG parameter, n, of 15.5 was measured. Fractography showed SCG zones consisting of cracks grown out from silicon-rich areas. Time-to-failure predictions at given levels of failure probabilities were performed.
Morphological and Behavioral Changes in the Pathogenesis of a Novel Mouse Model of Communicating Hydrocephalus

The Ro1 model of hydrocephalus represents an excellent model for studying the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus due to its complete penetrance and inducibility, enabling the investigation of the earliest cellular and histological changes in hydrocephalus prior to overt pathology. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to characterize the histopathological events of hydrocephalus in this model. Additionally, a broad battery of behavioral tests was used to investigate behavioral changes in the Ro1 model of hydrocephalus. The earliest histological changes observed in this model were ventriculomegaly and disorganization of the ependymal lining of the aqueduct of Sylvius, which occurred concomitantly. Ventriculomegaly led to thinning of the ependyma, which was associated with periventricular edema and areas of the ventricular wall void of cilia and microvilli. Ependymal denudation was subsequent to severe ventriculomegaly, suggesting that it is an effect, rather than a cause, of hydrocephalus in the Ro1 model. Additionally, there was no closure of the aqueduct of Sylvius or any blockages within the ventricular system, even with severe ventriculomegaly, suggesting that the Ro1 model represents a model of communicating hydrocephalus. Interestingly, even with severe ventriculomegaly, there were no behavioral changes, suggesting that the brain is able to compensate for the structural changes that occur in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus if the disorder progresses at a sufficiently slow rate.
Chemical Biological Sensors Based on Advances in Conducting Electroactive Polymers

Advances in conducting electroactive polymers (CEPs) have driven the design of novel chemical and biochemical sensors. The redox properties of CEPs have been intensely studied for more than two decades with emphasis on their synthesis and characterization. Little attention has been paid to the importance of mechanism in sensor designs. However, in order to design robust and stable sensors, it is important to understand how the polymer structure, morphology, adhesion properties and microenvironment affect sensor performance. This work describes how chemical and biological sensors have been designed, fabricated, characterized and tested based on the fundamental understanding in CEPs. The use of photopolymerized conducting polymers in sensor designs is described. Four focus areas are presented in which the electronic properties of CEPs have enabled the design of novel sensors for organics, nucleic acids, biological molecules, vapors and metal ions.
Sleep Duration and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Black and White Adolescents

Self-reported short sleep duration is linked to higher blood pressure and incident hypertension in adults. Few studies have examined sleep and blood pressure in younger samples. We evaluated the associations between actigraphy-assessed time spent asleep and ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents. Participants were 246 black and white adolescents (mean age: 15.7 years) who were free from cardiovascular or kidney disease and were not taking sleep, cardiovascular, or psychiatric medications. Sleep duration and efficiency were assessed with in-home wrist actigraphy and sleep diaries across 1 week; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was used to obtain 24-hour, sleep, and wake blood pressure, as well as sleep:wake blood pressure ratios across 2 full days and nights. Results showed that shorter actigraphy-assessed sleep across 1 week was related to higher 48-hour blood pressure and higher nighttime blood pressure. Shorter sleep was also related to a higher systolic blood pressure sleep:wake ratio. These results were independent of age, race, sex, and body mass index. Follow-up analyses by race revealed that associations between sleep duration and blood pressure were largely present in white, but not black, adolescents. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the cardiovascular consequences of short sleep may begin as early as adolescence.
Measurement and modeling of intense ion beam target heating

Intense ion beam heating of targets has been assessed as a function of the orientation of the target with respect to the beam. A Monte Carlo code has been used to determine the relative energy deposited per unit mass in targets normal to and at 45/spl deg/ to the beam axis. Assumptions about the distribution of ion trajectories used in the calculations are checked by comparison with thermal images of targets exposed to the beam. Peak energy deposition per unit mass is found to be comparable for both target orientations.
Fairness via source throttling: a configurable and high-performance fairness substrate for multi-core memory systems

Cores in a chip-multiprocessor (CMP) system share multiple hardware resources in the memory subsystem. If resource sharing is unfair, some applications can be delayed significantly while others are unfairly prioritized. Previous research proposed separate fairness mechanisms in each individual resource. Such resource-based fairness mechanisms implemented independently in each resource can make contradictory decisions, leading to low fairness and loss of performance. Therefore, a coordinated mechanism that provides fairness in the entire shared memory system is desirable. This paper proposes a new approach that provides fairness in the entire shared memory system, thereby eliminating the need for and complexity of developing fairness mechanisms for each individual resource. Our technique, Fairness via Source Throttling (FST), estimates the unfairness in the entire shared memory system. If the estimated unfairness is above a threshold set by system software, FST throttles down cores causing unfairness by limiting the number of requests they can inject into the system and the frequency at which they do. As such, our source-based fairness control ensures fairness decisions are made in tandem in the entire memory system. FST also enforces thread priorities/weights, and enables system software to enforce different fairness objectives and fairness-performance tradeoffs in the memory system. Our evaluations show that FST provides the best system fairness and performance compared to four systems with no fairness control and with state-of-the-art fairness mechanisms implemented in both shared caches and memory controllers.
Synthesis of nitrogen‐15 labelled uracil and its 1‐deuteromethyl 3‐deuteromethyl, and 1,3‐dideuteromethyl derivatives (1)

A procedure is described for synthesizing uracil-1,3-15N2 in 77% yield by the condensation of urea-15N2 with propiolic acid. The uracil-1,3-15N2 was employed subsequently in a random alkylation with dimethyl sulfate-d6 to give 1-methyl-d3-uracil-1,3-15N2, 3-methyl-d3-uracil-1,3-15N2, and 1,3-dimethyl-d6-uracil-1,3-15N2. Purification of the products resulting from both these reactions was achieved on an ion exchange column. The 15N and 1H NMR spectra obtained are consistent with these structures.
Transient Thermal Effects of Radiant Energy in Translucent Materials

When a solid or stationary fluid is translucent, energy can be transferred internally by radiation in addition to heat conduction. Since radiant propagation is very rapid, it can provide energy within a material more quickly than diffusion by heat conduction. Radiation emitted in a hot material can also be distributed rapidly in the interior. The result is that transient temperature responses including radiation can be significantly different from those by conduction alone. This is important for evaluating the thermal performance of translucent materials that are at elevated temperatures, are in high temperature surroundings, or are subjected to large incident radiation. Detailed transient solutions are necessary to examine heat transfer for forming and tempering of glass windows, evaluating ceramic components and thermal protection coatings, studying highly backscattering heat shields for atmospheric reentry, porous ceramic insulation systems, ignition and flame spread for translucent plastics, removal of ice layers, and other scientific and engineering applications involving heating and forming of optical materials. Radiation effects have been studied less for transients than for steady state because of the additional mathematical and computational complexities, but an appreciable literature has gradually developed. This paper will review the applications, types of conditions, and geometries that have been studied. Results from the literature are used to illustrate typical radiation effects on transient temperatures, and comparisons are made of transient measurements with numerical solutions.
Spatial presence and perceived reality as predictors of motion-based video game enjoyment

This study investigated the impact of new motion-based video game control systems on spatial presence, perceived reality, and enjoyment of video games. In two experiments, university students played video games on either new motion-based (Sony's Move, Microsoft's Kinect, and Nintendo's Wii), or standard video game systems (PS3 and XBOX 360 with gamepads). The results indicate that, in the context of golf, racing, and boxing games, the higher technological interactivity of motion-based systems (particularly Kinect) increases feelings of spatial presence, perceived reality, and enjoyment. Perceived reality predicted spatial presence; and spatial presence, in turn, was a significant predictor of enjoyment. Moving toward a more natural user interface (NUI) between the player and the game world can create a more immersive, realistic, and fun experience for the player. A new model for enjoyment of motion-based video games is proposed.
Statistical methods for the estimation of process variation effects on circuit operation

In this paper, a technology computer-aided design (TCAD) driven method for accurate prediction of the performance spread of integrated circuits due to process variations is presented. The methodology starts with the development of the nominal process recipe and process simulators are calibrated to an existing process to obtain nominal device characteristics. After determining nominal process parameters, their variations are introduced followed by screening experiments to determine the relative effects of given process variations on the input-output delay and the average power dissipation in a circuit. Response surface models (RSMs) are then generated based on critical process factors identified. Process parameter optimization is performed using these RSM models to tune the mean circuit performance and to improve the yield. This methodology is demonstrated on a 33-stage ring oscillator manufactured with a CMOS design flow. The proposed methodology maps the process domain to design space, and plays a key role in design for manufacturability (DFM) to quantify direct impact of the process variations on circuits.
Temporizing with Time Wars Karl Mannheim and Problems of Historical Time

Karl Mannheim's orientations to time can be plotted between subjectivist and objectivist extremes. The latter corresponds to social engineering, while the former offers the context in which Mannheim uses Hobbes's primaeval war to imagine the chaotic struggle over time that he hopes to escape. Mannheim's distinctive achievement is 'dynamic sociology', an experimental approach marked by the recognition not only of historicity in social phe- nomena and concepts but also of the opportunities thereby provided for clarifying meaning on terms congruent with the experiences of contemporary humankind. Mannheim's initial statement of 'dynamic sociology' is refined by his better-known studies of generations, ideologies, and utopias, which specify his awareness of co-existent multiple time worlds. Coordination is left to ad hoc mediation. This does not answer Mannheim's deepest fears and wishes, but he has the discipline to settle for less. KEY WORDS • generationshistoricismideologyutopia
Baryon form factors at high momentum transfer and generalized parton distributions

Nucleon form factors at high momentum transfer t are treated in the framework of generalized parton distributions (GPD's). The possibility of obtaining information about parton high transverse momentum components by application of GPD's to form factors is discussed. This is illustrated by applying an ad hoc 2-body parton wave function to elastic nucleon form factors ${F}_{1}$ and ${F}_{2},$ the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{N}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ transition magnetic form factor ${G}_{M}^{*},$ and the wide angle Compton scattering form factor ${R}_{1}.$
Visualizing gridded datasets with large number of missing values (case study)

Much of the research in scientific visualization has focused on complete sets of gridded data. This paper presents our experience dealing with gridded data sets with large number of missing or invalid data, and some of our experiments in addressing the shortcomings of standard off-the-shelf visualization algorithms. In particular, we discuss the options in modifying known algorithms to adjust to the specifics of sparse datasets, and provide a new technique to smooth out the side-effects of the operations. We apply our findings to data acquired from NEXRAD (NEXt generation RADars) weather radars, which usually have no more than 3 to 4 percent of all possible cell points filled.
The Political Economy of 'quasi-statehood' and the demise of 19th century African politics

This article challenges two prevailing views of the failure by African polities to attain sovereign statehood in the late 19th century by providing evidence from two case studies showing that many African polities were not 'quasi-states,' lacking the empirical political and economic capacity to join the international community of sovereign states. Nor were they unable to sustain or promote international commerce. Instead, when heightened international economic competition threatened the profits of European traders, European interests pressed for pro-expansionist policies and for conditions deemed necessary for the success of European commerce.
Nanosecond, kilovolt pulse generators

Nanosecond pulse generators, which provide kilovolt pulses, are required for applications such as pulsed lasers, electro-optical devices, electron heating of plasmas, and bioelectrics. Switches used to generate such short pulses include high-pressure spark gaps, photoconductive switches and semiconductor opening switches. Most of the pulse generators based on these switch technologies are designed for high voltage, high power applications. We have explored two concepts that of a MOSFET triggered, microspark Marx-Bank and a combined microspark-semiconductor switch system as a means to generate simple, inexpensive nanosecond pulse generators. The compact pulse generators allow us to generate electrical pulses of less than 10 ns duration, with amplitudes of several kV. The Mini Marx Bank has been shown to provide 6 kV pulses of 6 ns duration into a 10 M/spl Omega/ load and 2 kV into a 50 /spl Omega/ load. The second switch system, which utilizes a microspark switch and a commercially available diode to shorten the pulse, has provided 2.6 kV pulses of 2 ns duration into a 50 /spl Omega/ load. The low cost of the generator components, and the compact size make these devices easy to built and convenient to use in nanosecond pulsed power experiments.
Comparison of nonwoven fiberglass and stainless steel microfiber media in aerosol coalescence filtration

Abstract Coalescing filters are used to remove fine drops from aerosols and emulsions. Fibrous nonwoven filter media are commonly used to coalesce small drops into larger drops for easier removal. The coalescing performance of a medium is dependent upon several parameters including permeability, porosity, and wettability. In many coalescing filters, glass fibers are used. In this work, we measure the properties of steel fiber media to see how these properties compare to glass fibers in coalescence performance. Steel fiber media have several differences in material properties from glass fiber media that may prove advantageous in performance and filter design. Steel fiber media are more ductile than glass fibers making them more suitable for vibrating environments and easier to machine with reduction of fiber shedding. The steel fiber media are elastic and can be compressed to change media properties such as permeability and porosity. The steel fibers have different wetting properties than glass and may give better coalescing performance for some liquids and they can be applied at higher operating temperatures than glass fibers. Nonwoven stainless steel and glass fiber media with fiber diameters of 2 and 6 μm were used. Permeabilities were measured using a Frazier Permeability Tester, porosities were measured using a custom made pycnometer, and wetting properties were measured with a modified Washburn test. The media performances were evaluated in a coalescence test apparatus. The overall performances of the steel fiber and glass fiber media are compared using a filtration index. 2 μm glass and 6 μm stainless steel fiber media had separation efficiencies of about 85%. Due to the higher permeability of 6 μm stainless steel media, its filtration index was significantly higher.
Release of aged contaminants from weathered sediments: Effects of sorbate speciation on scaling of reactive transport

Hanford sediments impacted by hyperalkaline high level radioactive waste have undergone incongruent silicate mineral weathering concurrent with contaminant uptake. In this project, we studied the impact of background pore water (BPW) on strontium, cesium and iodine desorption and transport in Hanford sediments that were experimentally weathered by contact with simulated hyperalkaline tank waste leachate (STWL) solutions. Using those lab-weathered Hanford sediments (HS) and model precipitates formed during nucleation from homogeneous STWL solutions (HN), we (i) provided thorough characterization of reaction products over a matrix of field-relevant gradients in contaminant concentration, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and reaction time; (ii) improved molecular-scale understanding of how sorbate speciation controls contaminant desorption from weathered sediments upon removal of caustic sources; and (iii) developed a mechanistic, predictive model of meso- to field-scale contaminant reactive transport under these conditions. In this final report, we provide detailed descriptions of our results from this three-year study, completed in 2012 following a one-year no cost extension.
Structure versus thermal stability: The periodic structure of atomic layer deposition-grown al-incorporated HfO2 films and its effects on amorphous stabilization

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used to grow Al-incorporated HfO2 to study the relationship between the film composition variations in the growth direction and thermal stability of the amorphous p...
Inhibitory Effects of Hadacidin on KB Cell Cultures.

SummaryThe cytotoxicity of hadacidin in KB cell cultures was found to be potentiated by phenethylbiguanide as has been observed previously with known inhibitors of glycolysis. Glucose utilization and lactic acid production were inhibited in proportion to the cytotoxicity. The effects of hadacidin were antagonized by pyruvate, α-ketobutyrate, oxalacetate, and L-aspartate, but not by asparagine or pyrimidines. A variety of other metabolites, notably those in the Krebs tricarboxylic cycle, possessed some activity. Alpha-ketobutyrate and aspartate were additive in their capacity to overcome the cytotoxicity of hadacidin. Adenine at low concentrations effectively antagonized the cytotoxicity of hadacidin while adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine were ineffective.The data support interference with purine metabolism as a mechanism for cytotoxicity of hadacidin in tissue culture. In addition, interference with energy metabolism appears likely.
Benchmark Database for Ylidic Bond Dissociation Energies and Its Use for Assessments of Electronic Structure Methods.

We report a database of 18 ylidic bond dissociation energies obtained by using highly accurate quantum mechanical methods, and we use it to test approximate electronic structure methods. The new benchmark database is called YBDE18 and is used to test a large number of electronic structure methods, including eight wave function methods and 98 density functional exchange-correlation functionals. Among them, we include some very recent density functionals, including the SOGGA11 GGA functional, the SOGGA11-X hybrid GGA functional, the M11-L local meta-GGA functional, and the M11 range-separated hybrid meta-GGA functional. We also consider other functionals of these classes plus a local spin density approximation, global-hybrid meta-GGAs, range-separated hybrid GGAs, doubly hybrid GGAs, and doubly hybrid meta-GGAs. We found M05-2X-D3, MPWB1K-D3, M05-2X, LC-BLYP, PBE0-D3, and MC3MPWB to be the best DFT methods for this database. Although they do not place in the top four overall, our new-generation functionals ...
Haem ligands of the ferricytochrome c of Ustilago sphaerogena.

The mammalian-type cytochrome c of the basidiomycete Ustilago sphaerogena contains in a single polypeptide chain of 107 residues, two histidine residues located at positions 18 and 33, and one methionine residue situated at position 80 (Bitar et al. , 1972). The reaction of Ustilago ferricytochrome c with bromoacetate at neutral pH resulted in the modification of histidine-33, but not of histidine-18 or of the invariant methionine residue. The activities of Ustilago cytochrome c with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and with NADH–cytochrome c reductase were unaltered by the modification. The equilibrium constants for the formation of low-spin complexes of the ferrihaem octapeptide of horse cytochrome c (residues 14–21, including the haem bound covalently to cysteines 14 and 17) with imidazole, N 2 -acetylhistidine and monocarboxymethyl derivatives of N 2 -acetylhistidine were determined spectrophotometrically. Alkylation of the imidazole side-chain group of N 2 -acetylhistidine resulted in a marked decrease in its ability to form low-spin ferrihaem complexes. These results indicate that in Ustilago ferricytochrome c in solution histidine-33 is not involved in the central co-ordination complex. Since side-chain groups of residues other than histidine and methionine do not appear to be involved in the central complexes of other mammalian-type cytochromes c (Hettinger & Harbury, 1964, 1965; Myer & Harbury, 1965) it is likely that in Ustilago ferricytochrome c in solution at neutral pH, the side-chain groups of histidine-18 and methionine-80 are involved in the central co-ordination complex. The latter is stable over the pH range 2.6–8.4.
Créolization and the new cosmopolitanism: examining twenty-first-century student identities and literacy practices for transcultural understanding

This paper considers the rapid demographic shifts in contemporary American society as they manifest themselves in today’s classrooms in the United States. An effort to articulate these twenty-first-century student identities is highlighted in data from an ethnographic case study examining the literacy practices of one student of Filipino and American heritage. Creolization theory is used to further discuss and provide context to local meaning-making occurring against global and colonial designs. This paper contributes a much needed paradigm shift in education aimed at articulating student reality, providing theoretical frameworks for further discussion, and outlining the capacity for an active engagement with cosmopolitanism.
FLUORESCENT LABELING FOR OBSERVATION OF BASIDIOSPORES OF CRONARTIUM RIBICOLA ON WHITE PINE NEEDLES

ABSTRACT In work directed toward the study of variability in virulence of basidiospores of the white pine blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fischer ex Rabh., spores were labeled with a fluorescent brightener and observed on white pine needles with a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescent brightener was sprayed directly onto telia and was transferred to the basidiospores which were formed upon germination of the teliospores. The brilliant blue fluorescence of treated spores allowed easy observation and precise differentiation from host tissues, both on whole needles and microtome sections. The brightener had no discernable effect on either type or amount of spore germination. Spores germinated to produce either one or more thin germ tubes, one or more thick and irregular germ tubes, or a secondary basidiospore. All three types of germination could be seen among spores grouped closely together on a needle, along with ungerminated spores. Germ tubes of many spores grew out into the air. Others grew closely appressed to the needle cuticle and followed the minute contours of its surface. Literally hundreds of germ tubes were seen to have grown on the needle surface but with no attempt at penetration. Probable direct penetration of the epidermis was observed in at least two sections, but indications were that only a few spores out of many have the ability to penetrate a pine needle. The technique would seem to have wide application in studies of infection and resistance.
Source Spectra of the First Four Source Physics Experiments (SPE) Explosions from the Frequency‐Domain Moment Tensor Inversion

Abstract I used seismic waveforms recorded within 2 km from the epicenter of the first four Source Physics Experiments (SPE) explosions to invert for the moment tensor spectra of these explosions. I employed a 1D Earth model for Green’s function calculations. The model was developed from P ‐ and Rg ‐wave travel times and amplitudes. I selected data for the inversion based on the criterion that they had consistent travel times and amplitude behavior as those predicted by the 1D model. Because of limited azimuthal coverage of the sources and the mostly vertical‐component‐only nature of the dataset, only long‐period, volumetric components of the moment tensor spectra were well constrained. The source spectra, particularly their long‐period levels and corner frequencies, could not be fit by traditional explosion source models. To achieve a better fit, I used a model with parameters derived from regressing observed values against source yield and depth. These values were calculated from measured source moments and corner frequencies. Although the number of data points used in the regression is small, the approach suggests a potential way to develop a source model for chemical explosions when more data with wider coverage of yield, depth of burial, and material property are collected.
Effect of two-dimensional parity symmetry breaking in Aharonov-Bohm interference phenomena

ABSTRACTThe quantum-mechanical dephasing effect of a two-dimensional parity symmetry breaking is demonstrated in a solid-state quantum-coherent mesoscopic ring interferometer. The interferometer, fabricated on an InGaAs/InAlAs heterostructure, shows Aharonov-Bohm oscillations under magnetic fields at low temperatures. Under asymmetric bias voltage on side-gates, a weakening of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations is observed. The weakening corresponds to an effective dephasing under two-dimensional parity symmetry breaking by the applied electric field, and is interpreted as a counterpart to the weakening observed under time-reversal symmetry breaking by a magnetic field.
Abstract 2972: Genomic classification of cutaneous melanoma

We describe here the landscape of genomic alterations in cutaneous melanomas through DNA, RNA, and protein-based analysis of 333 resected primary and/or metastatic melanomas from 331 patients. We establish a framework for genomic classification based on the pattern of the most prevalent significantly mutated genes into one of four subtypes: mutant BRAF, RAS, NF1, and Triple-WT (wild-type). Integrative analysis reveals enrichment of mutations in KIT, focal amplifications and complex structural rearrangements as a feature of the Triple-WT subtype. We find no significant outcome correlation with genomic classification, but samples assigned to a transcriptomic subclass enriched for immune gene expression are significantly associated with improved patient survival. That favorable prognosis of the ‘immune’ transcriptomic subclass is associated with high LCK protein expression, a T-cell marker, and presence of lymphocyte infiltrate on pathology review. This clinicopathological and multi-dimensional analysis suggests prognosis of melanoma patients with nodal metastases is influenced by immunobiology of the tumor stroma, offering insights to further personalize therapeutic decision-making. Citation Format: Ian R. Watson, Chang-Jiun Wu, Lihua Zou, Jeffrey E. Gershenwald, Lynda Chin, on behalf of the Melanoma Analysis Working Group and The Cancer Genome Analysis Research Network. Genomic classification of cutaneous melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2972. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2972
ISOLATION OF SALMONELLA FROM CARCASSES OF STEAM-AND WATER-SCALDED POULTRY

This study was made to compare the effectiveness of two methods of scalding in reducing Salmonella surface contamination on carcasses of broilers processed under commercial conditions. The number of chickens contaminated with Salmonella approximately doubled between scalding and defeathering and between defeathering and chilling. More than two times as many positive samples were found on water-scalded birds as on steam-scalded birds. Of 348 carcasses sampled from each method of scalding, 27 water-scalded carcasses and 12 steam-scalded carcasses were contaminated with Salmonella. Seven serotypes were found on water-scalded poultry, only three were found on Steam-scalded poultry. In this study, steam scalding was more effective (although not statistically significant) than conventional hot water scalding in reducing the number of chicken carcasses contaminated with Salmonella. Salmonella surface contamination present after scalding may be a source of subsequent contamination of other carcasses during proces...
NON-INVASIVE QUANTIFICATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT WITH PHASE VELOCITY MAPPING IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Background: The use of the Fick principle and the thermodilution (TD) method via right heart catheterization (RHC) has remained the most reliable means of cardiac output (CO) measurement. Using CMR, phase velocity mapping (PVM) is a non-invasive, rapid, highly reproducible technique to measure CO.
Inverse scattering transform for the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation with nonzero boundary conditions

In 2013, a new nonlocal symmetry reduction of the well-known AKNS (an integrable system of partial differential equations, introduced by and named after Mark J. Ablowitz, David J. Kaup, and Alan C. Newell et al. (1974)) scattering problem was found. It was shown to give rise to a new nonlocal PT symmetric and integrable Hamiltonian nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. Subsequently, the inverse scattering transform was constructed for the case of rapidly decaying initial data and a family of spatially localized, time periodic one-soliton solutions was found. In this paper, the inverse scattering transform for the nonlocal NLS equation with nonzero boundary conditions at infinity is presented in four different cases when the data at infinity have constant amplitudes. The direct and inverse scattering problems are analyzed. Specifically, the direct problem is formulated, the analytic properties of the eigenfunctions and scattering data and their symmetries are obtained. The inverse scattering problem, which...
The Paradoxical Relationship Between Donor Distance and Survival After Heart Transplantation.

Background Concerns over prolonged allograft ischemia have limited the widespread adoption of long-distance organ procurement in heart transplantation (HT). We sought to assess whether donor distance from the center of transplantation independently affects mortality. Methods We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database for adults undergoing isolated HT from 2005 to 2012. Risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for the primary outcomes of 30-day and 1-year mortality, and the independent impact of donor distance from transplantation center at the time of procurement was assessed. Results We included 14,588 heart transplant recipients. The mean distance from location of the donor heart to transplantation center was 184.4 ± 214.6 miles; 1,214 HTs (8.3%) occurred at the same location as the donor heart. Ischemic times were inversely related to the distance from the site of donor procurement to recipient transplantation. After risk adjustment, longer donor distances (in miles) were associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality at both 30 days (hazard ratio [HR] 0.9993, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9988 to 0.9998, p p = 0.015). Risk-adjusted hazards for mortality were significantly reduced in recipients receiving hearts from more than 25 miles away. The hazard reduction was greatest in recipients receiving donor hearts from more than 500 miles away (1-year HR 0.64, p p Conclusions Longer distances between donor location and center of heart transplantation are associated with a reduced hazard for survival at 30 days and 1 year, despite greater ischemic times. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the protective factors surrounding long-distance heart donation.
Response to the electric brain

ABSTRACTTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is swiftly entering the consumer marketplace. Do-it-yourself and direct-to-consumer uses are on the rise. Smith argues that the neuroscience community has an ethical imperative to watch over the consuming public at a time when the risks and benefits of tDCS technology are still uncertain. The real impetus for change will more likely come from agency regulation of consumer tDCS devices.