cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Simulation of the Electrification and Lightning of Hurricane Rita during the Period of Rapid Intensification

Abstract In this paper, a high-resolution simulation establishing relationships between lightning and eyewall convection during the rapid intensification phase of Rita will be highlighted. The simulation is an attempt to relate simulated lightning activity within strong convective events (CEs) found within the eyewall and general storm properties for a case from which high-fidelity lightning observations are available. Specifically, the analysis focuses on two electrically active eyewall CEs that had properties similar to events observed by the Los Alamos Sferic Array. The numerically simulated CEs were characterized by updraft speeds exceeding 10 m s−1, a relatively more frequent flash rate confined in a layer between 10 and 14 km, and a propagation speed that was about 10 m s−1 less than of the local azimuthal flow in the eyewall. Within an hour of the first CE, the simulated minimum surface pressure dropped by approximately 5 mb. Concurrent with the pulse of vertical motions was a large uptake in light...
Reaching glycaemic targets while minimizing hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease characterized by both insulin resistance and β-cell failure, resulting in a decline in insulin secretion and increased blood glucose levels. By the time T2DM is clinically diagnosed, only 50% of normal β-cell function remains, leading to altered control of fasting and/or postprandial glucose. The aim of this review is to summarize the options for introduction of basal insulin, in particular insulin glargine, and the advantages and disadvantages of using insulin glargine vs. alternative insulins or vs. oral agents. Overall, the studies included in this review show that insulin glargine is associated with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia vs. both neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin and premixed insulin formulations, alongside clinically important improvements in glycaemic control. Furthermore, insulin glargine is associated with greater improvements in glycaemic control vs. intensification of oral therapy. Thus, insulin glargine should be a preferred option when starting insulin therapy for people with T2DM.
Giant Sarcoid Tumor of the Iris and Ciliary Body

Purpose: To report the occurrence of a giant iridociliary sarcoid tumor. Methods: The patient was evaluated by medical history, ophthalmoscopic examination (including photography and ultrasonography) as well as systemic, hematologic, and radiographic examinations. Tumor biopsies allowed for cytopathologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The 39-year-old black male was found to have a right iris and ciliary body tumor. Ultrasonography revealed a 10×12-mm base, 5.6-mm height, low internal reflectivity, and vitreous debris. Radiographic imaging revealed mediastinal and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. A purified protein derivative (PPD) and a hematologic survey were negative. Pathology evaluations of the surgical specimens revealed features of non-caseating granulomata consistent with sarcoidosis. A combination of topical and systemic steroid therapy was locally curative. Conclusions: We describe a giant iridociliary sarcoid tumor in a patient with no lacrimal gland enlargement, c...
Diel Periodicity of Drift of Larval Fishes in Tributaries of Lake Ontario

ABSTRACT Diel patterns of downstream drift were examined during mid-June in three tributaries of Lake Ontario. Larval fishes were collected in drift nets that were set in each stream for 72 consecutive hours and emptied at 4-h intervals. Fantail darter (Ethostoma flabellare) and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atractulus) were the two most abundant native stream fishes and were two of the three species collected in the ichthyoplankton drift. Fantail darter larvae comprised 100%, 98.9%, and 70.2% of the ichthyoplankton in the three streams. Most larval fishes (96%) drifted at night with peak catches occurring at 2400h in Orwell Brook and Trout Brook and 0400h in Little Sandy Creek. Based on stream temperatures, peak spawning and larval drift of blacknose dace probably occurred later in the season.
Neuroreceptor mechanisms in insect gustation: a pharmacological approach

Abstract Taste chemoreception is essential for animals to select suitable foods. Gustatory sensilla concentrated on mouthparts, other external appendages, or the food canal are responsible for transduction of chemical stimuli into nerve signals that trigger behavioral acceptance or rejection of a potential nutrient source. Insects have primary taste neurons containing both a dendrite and a direct axonal connection to the central nervous system, whereas receptor cells and afferent neurons are separated by a synapse in vertebrates. Taste receptor proteins have not been successfully purified or cloned from any animal to date. Our recent work with western corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, implicates a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glycine receptor in the perception of phago-stimulants and -deterrents. GABA stimulates feeding in herbivorous members of four orders of insects. The merits of this ligand-gated receptor model for chemoreception of ‘sweet’, ‘bitter’ and other taste classes will be contrasted with those proposed from vertebrate studies. Possibly one receptor gene family allows for insect perception of both food cues and potentially toxic non-host or environmental chemicals prior to their action at critical internal sites. Studies of taste receptors offer advantages over other insect neuroreceptors by their external location which simplifies ligand pharmacodynamics and allows coupled use of behavioral and electrophysiological methods to directly link receptor pharmacology with function.
ToF-SIMS imaging and depth profiling of HeLa cells treated with bromodeoxyuridine

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry 2D images and molecular depth profiles of human HeLa cells treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were acquired in the dual beam mode (Bi(3) (+) analysis beam, C(60) (+) etching beam). Several preparation protocols were investigated and were compared to a simple wash-and-dry method. The feasibility of using C(60) to clean the samples prior to imaging with Bi was also investigated quantitatively by calibrating full depth profiles of the cells using atomic force microscopy. BrdU was used as a marker for the cell nucleus, facilitating identification and localization of sub-cellular features during depth profiling. Results show that C(60) can be used to remove the surface contamination and to access different layers within the cells for 2D imaging. For a 1 nA, 10 keV C(60) (+) beam incident at 45° and rastered over a 500 × 500 μm(2) area, ~1 nm of biological material was sputtered every second. Our results show that HeLa cells were completely removed after etching with 1.3×10(15) C(60) (+) ions per cm(2), giving an average etching rate of 3.9 nm for every 10(13) C(60) per cm(2) at 10 keV and 45° incidence.
Mouse surviving solely on human erythropoietin receptor (EpoR): model of human EpoR-linked disease.

Mouse models of human diseases have contributed immensely to our understanding of the function of genes and their mutations and to the disease phenotype. In some cases, the compatibility of human and mouse signal transduction interactions allows replacement of the mouse genes with their human
Structural features of the HMG chromosomal proteins and their genes.

I Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute and 2 National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (U.S.A.) (Received 30 March 1990) Key words: Chromosomal protein; Chromatin structure; Gene structure; DNA-protein interaction; High mobility group protein
Discrimination and Interference in the Recall of Melodic Stimuli

Two studies were designed to investigate the nature of forgetting in regard to melodic stimuli; specifically, the degree to which 400 college-age subjects were able to discriminate identical melodies when extremely similar melodies were interpolated between test and recall melodies. Additionally, an attempt was made to investigate differences that might be attributed to either modal (major-minor) or meter (simple-compound) presentations. In each experiment, nonmusic majors were given a 16 trial stimulus presentation consisting of nine 10-sec. melodies per trial. In each trial, the initial test melody was presented followed by 8 additional melodies. After each of the melody presentations, subjects indicated whether that particular melody was identical to or different from, the first test melody. All 144 melodies for the 16 trials were extremely similar in that they represented 4 alterations of 4 similar original melodies. The original melodies were based on a descending diatonic scale with modal and meter ...
Effect of bethanechol on gastric functions in primary anorexia nervosa.

We have shown previously that patients with primary anorexia nervosa (PAN) have decreased gastric emptying and acid output. The present studies were designed to explore the possibility that bethanechol, a parasympathomimetic agent, would acutely restore normal gastric function in those patients. We use a dye dilution technique to determine acid output and fractional emptying rate in 5 patients with PAN and 11 healthy controls during a basal period and following bethanechol (0.06 mg/kg, subcutaneously). Although bethanechol caused fractional emptying and acid output to increase threefold in PAN (P<0.05), it failed to produce stimulation of gastric emptying and acid output to levels similar to those achieved in controls. Therefore, gastric emptying and acid output were less in PAN than in controls, both basally and after bethanechol. Since bethanechol failed to completely restore acute gastric function, the defect of emptying and acid output in PAN does not appear to be caused by a deficiency of parasympathetic neurotransmitter but, instead, could reflect undetermined inhibitory influences or impaired function of the muscular and glandular cells. Following weight gain, fractional emptying rate and acid output were still slightly less in PAN patients than in controls, but the difference was statistically significant only for basal acid output.
A transformation of education inspired by knowledge management

The ongoing massive expansion of online education raises questions on the future of education: In what form will it survive? In our paper, prognoses on the development are outlined. They point to the following directions: 1. The volume of online learning will grow in both formal and informal education. 2. The importance of life-long learning will increase substantially. 3. The current educational system will have to react to it. Its reaction will follow two ways: The university education will in general become shorter - its substantial part will be executed over the Internet. The elementary education will pay more attention to “learning to learn” than to memorizing procedures and facts. 4. These transformations will be uneasy ones and may meet an opposition among educators and parents. The paper exemplifies a way of getting prepared to the change.
Fatty acid responses in an enteroendocrine cell line: chemosensory cues for dietary fat.

Nutrient-induced stimulation of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the small intestine leads to release of the hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin that contribute to satiety. Our research has been focusing on the mechanisms that underlie the ability of fat to stimulate enteroendocrine cells during food intake. Recently, using RT-PCR we identified a rich array of potential fatty acid (FA)-activated proteins in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1 including FA-sensitive potassium channels and several FA-activated G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) including the long-chain FA-activated receptors GPR40 and GPR120 and the short chain FA-activated receptors, GPR41 and GPR43. To explore functional responses to FAs in STC-1 cells, we have undertaken a series of experiments using Ca2+ imaging with the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator, fura-2. Long chain unsaturated FAs elicit concentration-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+ in STC-1 cells. Using pharmacological approaches to explore the route for FA-induced Ca2+ changes, our data are consistent with the interpretation that Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and not release from intracellular stores is the major source of Ca2+ change. In addition, removal of extracellular Na+ also reduces the magnitude of the FA response suggesting that Ca2+-activated cation channels may contribute to the depolarization that occurs in the FA transduction pathway. We will present a model based upon available data linking GPCRs, cation channels, potassium channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the chemosensory responses of EECs to FAs. Supported by NIH-DK-59611 and International Flavors & Fragrances (TAG).
On Precipitation Mechanisms and their Artificial Modification

Abstract Natural precipitation processes are re-examined on the basis of accumulated knowledge of the microphysical aspects and field observations, with particular attention to the implications for cloud seeding. It appears that the active lifetime of a convective cell is much the same as the time required to grow precipitation particles and, therefore, that artificial nucleants should be inserted during the inception of the cell. The accretion process appears to be dominant in convective precipitation and there is evidence that the effectiveness of the sweeping action could be enhanced irr many cases by adding more precipitation particles. The dominant precipitation mechanism in the stratiform systems characteristic of extratropical cyclones is the ice crystal process. It is proposed that the uniformly high precipitation efficiencies of such systems, in the face of the great variability of the concentration of natural ice nuclei, result from the exponential increase in active ice nuclei with decreasing t...
Successful treatment of sexual masochism and transvestic fetishism associated with depression with fluoxetine hydrochloride

Two patients with paraphilias (one each with sexual masochism and transvestic fetishism) and depression were successfully treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride in a dose of '40 mg/d. Depression 1:50–52 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two-terminal proton conducting devices with synaptic behavior and memory

With the recent physical demonstration of memristive-based devices low-power two terminal devices with memory and learning functions have advanced electronics and neuromorphic computing. To this end, typically slow moving ions are coupled with fast moving electrons. Ionic motion affords memory, with electronic current as the output signal. Here, we introduce fully ionic two-terminal devices in which protons provide both memory and output signal. These devices exhibit synaptic-like reversible short-term depression, memory, and can be turned “ON” and “OFF” with as little as 30 fJ of energy per bit if appropriately miniaturized.
Preference for high carbohydrate over various high fat diets by diabetic rats

Streptozotocin-diabetic male rats were hyperphagic relative to nondiabetic controls when offered only high carbohydrate (CHO) laboratory chow. Diabetics and controls ate about the same amount of high fat diets made from 67% w/w chow and 33% either coconut oil (saturated) or safflower oil (unsaturated). However, when offered a simultaneous choice of high fat diets and chow, nondiabetics and low dose (35 mg/kg) streptozotocin-diabetics showed a preference for the high fat diet: in contrast the high dose (65 mg/kg) streptozotocin diabetics developed a preference for chow. When pairs of isocaloric synthetic diets were offered, diabetics again preferred low fat/high CHO to high fat/low CHO diets, but the actual intake of fat was not constant across different diet pairs. Nondiabetics also selected away from the high fat diets in these synthetic diet pairs, even when saccharin was added to the high fat diet in an attempt to equate its sweetness with that of the paired low fat-high CHO diet. Plasma ketone levels of diabetics during obligatory high fat diet consumption were negatively correlated with their subsequent preference for the fat diet over simultaneously-offered chow. These data show that strong dietary preferences do not develop for fat in diabetics and suggest that high fat diets do not have net beneficial postingestional effects in these rats.
Which patients benefit from carotid stenting? What recent trials show

So far, angioplasty with stenting of the carotid arteries does not seem to offer any clear advantage over traditional carotid endarterectomy for patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic stenosis. This paper reviews recent and ongoing studies of carotid revascularization, with conclusions on how these treatments should be used, based on what we know now.
BAFF-R promotes cell proliferation and survival through interaction with IKKβ and NF-κB/c-Rel in the nucleus of normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells

BLyS and its major receptor BAFF-R have been shown to be critical for development and homeostasis of normal B lymphocytes, and for cell growth and survival of neoplastic B lymphocytes, but the biologic mechanisms of this ligand/receptor-derived intracellular signaling pathway(s) have not been completely defined. We have discovered that the BAFF-R protein was present in the cell nucleus, in addition to its integral presence in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, in both normal and neoplastic B cells. BAFF-R interacted with histone H3 and IKKβ in the cell nucleus, enhancing histone H3 phosphorylation through IKKβ. Nuclear BAFF-R was also associated with NF-κB/c-Rel and bound to NF-κB targeted promoters including BLyS, CD154, Bcl-xL, IL-8, and Bfl-1/A1, promoting the transcription of these genes. These observations suggested that in addition to activating NF-κB pathways in the plasma membrane, BAFF-R also promotes normal B-cell and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL-B) survival and proliferation by functioning as a transcriptional regulator through a chromatin remodeling mechanism(s) and NF-κB association. Our studies provide an expanded conceptual view of the BAFF-R signaling, which should contribute a better understanding of the physiologic mechanisms involved in normal B-cell survival and growth, as well as in the pathophysiology of aggressive B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
Laboratory study of the effect of oxalic acid on the cloud condensation nuclei activity of mineral dust aerosol

Abstract Dicarboxylic acids, which make up a significant portion of the atmospheric organic aerosol, are emitted directly through biomass burning as well as produced through the oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Oxalic acid, the most abundant of the dicarboxylic acids, has been shown by recent field studies to be present in mineral dust aerosol particles. The presence of these internally mixed organic compounds can alter the water absorption and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) abilities of mineral particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. The University of Iowa’s Multi-Analysis Aerosol Reactor System (MAARS) was used to measure the CCN activity of internally mixed particles that were generated from a mixture of either calcite or polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) in an aqueous solution of oxalic acid. Although PSL is not a mineral dust component, it is used here as a non-reactive, insoluble particle. CCN measurements indicate that the internally mixed oxalate/calcite particles showed nearly identical CCN activity compared to the original calcite particles whereas oxalic acid/PSL internally mixed particles showed much greater CCN activity compared to PSL particles alone. This difference is due to the reaction of calcite with oxalic acid, which produces a relatively insoluble calcium oxalate coating on the particle surface and not a soluble coating as it does on the PSL particle. Our results suggest that atmospheric processing of mineral dust aerosol through heterogeneous processes will likely depend on the mineralogy and the specific chemistry involved. Increase in the CCN activity by incorporation of oxalic acid are only expected for unreactive insoluble dust particles that form a soluble coating.
Hormones and the lung. III. Thyroid hormone uptake kinetics of perinatal rat lung.

Thyroid hormones have been implicated in the development of the lung and the regulation of the pulmonary surfactant system. This study was designed to determine the uptake of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) in rat lung in relation to known stages of lung development. Tissue to plasma ratios of T4 and T3 were determined in late fetal, neonatal, and adult rat lung and, for comparison, in kidney and liver by measurement of the distribution of radiolabeled hormones. Lung T3 tissue to plasma ratios (corrected for extracellular space) rise abruptly on the 1st day after birth, peak by the 2nd day, fall to reach a nadir on the 5th day, and again rise to achieve adult levels after the 14th day which are significantly lower than those achieved on the second postnatal day. Liver and kidney T3 binding ratios also follow a biphasic course, the 1st peak occurring on the 2nd postnatal day and a 2nd much higher peak achieved in the adult. Lung T4 tissue to plasma ratios at birth are much lower thanT3 ratios, reach a peak on...
Isolation and Amino-acid Sequence of β-LPH from Sheep Pituitary Glands

SEVERAL adenohypophyseal hormones have been demonstrated to possess in vitro lipotropic activity; these include growth, adrenocorticotropic, thyrotropic, α-melanocyte-stimulating and β-melanocyte-stimulating hormones. Recently, Rudman, Astwood and their colleagues reported the preparation of Fraction H, peptides I and II, and showed these preparations to be lipotropic agents1,2. In the course of investigating a simplified procedure for the isolation of ACTH from sheep pituitary glands, we have obtained a lipotropic peptide3 which is chemically distinct from ACTH and other known adenohypophyseal hormones. In this communication, we wish to describe the isolation of another lipotropic peptide (designated as β-LPH) from sheep pituitaries. The complete amino-acid sequence of β-LPH will also be presented here.
ℌKierkegaardian faith: ‘the condition’ and the responseℍ

In "Kierkegaard on Belief, Faith, and Explanation," David Wisdo criticizes accounts which reify the Kierkegaardian metaphor of a "leap" of faith.1 He rejects, for example, the kind of account offered by Louis P. Pojman, in The Logic of Subjectivity, maintaining that "a philosophical account, such as Pojman's, which suggests that Kierkegaard wants to explain the acquisition of faith by appealing to the will is fundamentally misguided."2 This rejection of such self-described "volitionalist" accounts is ultimately based on the claim that Kierkegaard (or more precisely, Climacus) would reject "any philosophical explanation which purports to explain the acquisition of faith."3 That is, one cannot appeal to a "decision" in explaining the "wonder" which is faith because one cannot appeal to any human activity faith is a "wonder" and a "miracle" which as such is not susceptible to "explanation." Wisdo's attempt to argue against any "explanation" of faith, however, indirectly raises important questions about the relation in the Climacus works between the "condition" and the "happy passion" of faith, and consequently, of the character of that faith, and thus, I suggest, reveals the need for a redescription and re-evaluation of the much-debated "volitionalist" vs. "nonvolitionalist" (or "anti-volitionalist") interpretations of faith in the Climacus works. The reconsideration to which Wisdo's essay prompts us will thus have implications which reach farther than the particular dispute in which he himself engages. At the very least it will lead to greater precision in determining differences between alternative interpretations of faith (i.e., alternative accounts of the relation between the 'condition,' 'faith,' and the realization of the truth). More importantly, I suggest that this reconsideration will show that, even if a volitionalist account (in which the role of the will is seen as a "decision") is untrue to Climacus's presentation of Christian faith, Wisdo's critique of such accounts issues in
Positron emission tomographic imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose is efficacious in evaluating malignant pulmonary disease

Abstract Objective: Positron emission tomography (PET), when used with the intravenously administered radiopharmaceutical F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), has the potential to help in the evaluation of patients with lung cancer because the radiopharmaceutical is concentrated by metabolically active cells. We conducted a retrospective study of PET-FDG in 96 patients evaluated at our institution over the past 2 years for suspected primary pulmonary neoplasms. PET-FDG results were compared with the findings of computed tomographic scans on the same patients. All patients underwent surgical exploration with or without resection of the malignant tumors. Sites of potential malignancy were subjected to biopsy and/or excision, with subsequent pathologic evaluation. Results: A total of 96 patients with suspected or proven primary pulmonary malignant disease were evaluated. Sixty-six patients had histologically confirmed malignant tumors, and 30 had benign masses histologically. PET-FDG had an accuracy of detecting malignancy in pulmonary lesions of 92% (sensitivity 97%; specificity 89%). A total of 111 surgically sampled sites were from lymph nodes. PET-FDG was accurate in predicting the malignancy of nodes in 91% of instances, whereas computed tomography was correct in 64%. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy of PET in detecting metastatic lymphadenopathy in mediastinal lymph nodes were 98%, 94%, and 95%, respectively. PET-FDG also changed the M stage in 8 (12%) patients (6 with and 2 without metastases). The 6 malignant (positive) lesions were correctly identified by PET-FDG, and the 2 without tumor were accurately predicted as benign (negative). Conclusion: These initial results suggest that PET-FDG is highly accurate in identifying and staging lung cancer. PET-FDG also appears to be more accurate in detecting metastatic mediastinal lymphadenopathy than computed tomographic scan. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:719-27)
A learned preference effect in the mouse using potassium deficiency as the induced need state

The reported study demonstrated the so-called learned preference effect using an unstudied need state, potassium deficiency, in Mus musculus. On a conditioning trial, potassium-deficient and nondeficient mice were offered various fluids sufficient or deficient in potassium. Subsequent preference tests pitting conditioning fluids against a sucrose solution indicated that all groups increased their preference for sucrose, except the deficient mice receiving oral replacement. These animals demonstrated a reliable increase in preference for the conditioning solution containing vinegar and potassium.
Dissipative effects on the mean square displacement of an oscillator

The localization of an oscillator in a dissipative environment may be characterized by its mean square displacement. In the case of a general heat bath, we write down an expression for this quantity as an integral involving the imaginary part of the generalized susceptibility. This integral is evaluated explicitly in the case of both Ohmic and blackbody radiation heat baths, leading us to the conclusion that localization is enhanced by an increase of dissipation or oscillator frequency (binding) and by a decrease in temperature.
Increased error-related brain activity in generalized anxiety disorder

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection approximately 50 ms following an erroneous response, and is thought to reflect activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a region of the medial prefrontal cortex implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of affective disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Pathological worry, the hallmark of GAD, has been linked to increased error-related brain activity, although no studies to date have examined the ERN among a clinical GAD sample. The present study measured electrocortical indices of error monitoring in a well-characterized, medication-free GAD sample. Brain activity was recorded in 17 GAD and 24 control subjects. The GAD group was characterized by a larger ERN and an increased difference between error and correct trials; a larger ERN was associated with increased self-reported anxiety and depression symptoms. Individuals with GAD have exaggerated early neural responses to errors, consistent with fMRI work implicating ACC abnormalities in GAD.
Reducing cost and tolerating defects in page-based intelligent memory

Active Pages is a page-based model of intelligent memory specifically designed to support virtualized hardware resources. Previous work has shown substantial performance benefits from off loading data-intensive tasks to a memory system that implements Active Pages. With a simple VLIW processor embedded near each page on DRAM, Active Page memory systems achieve up to 1000X speedups over conventional memory systems. In this study, we examine Active Page memories that share, or multiplex, embedded VLIW processors across multiple physical Active Pages. We explore the trade-off between individual page-processor performance and page-level multiplexing. We find that hardware costs of computational logic can be reduced from 31% of DRAM chip area to 12%, through multiplexing, without significant loss in performance. Furthermore, manufacturing defects that disable up to 50% of the page processors can be tolerated through efficient resource allocation and associative multiplexing.
Automatic indexing and content-based retrieval of captioned images

The interaction of textual and photographic information in an integrated text/image database environment is being explored. Specifically, our research group has developed an automatic indexing system for captioned pictures of people; the indexing information and other textual information is subsequently used in a content-based image retrieval system. Our approach presents an alternative to traditional face identification systems; it goes beyond a superficial combination of existing text-based and image-based approaches to information retrieval. By understanding the caption accompanying a picture, we can extract information that is useful both for retrieving the picture and for identifying the faces shown. In designing a pictorial database system, two major issues are (1) the amount and type of processing required when inserting new pictures into the database and (2) efficient retrieval schemes for query processing. Our research has focused on developing a computational model for understanding pictures based on accompanying descriptive text. Understanding a picture can be informally defined as the process of identifying relevant people and objects. Several current vision systems employ the idea of top-down control in picture understanding. We carry the notion of top-down control one step further, exploiting not only general context but also picture-specific context. >
Polyamines in type 5 adenovirus-infected cells and virions.

Abstract The incorporation of l-[14C]ornithine and [14C]putrescine into putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in type 5 adenovirus-infected KB cells was identical to that in uninfected control cells early in infection, but incorporation into putrescine stopped after 8 to 12 h and the rate of incorporation into spermidine was reduced between 12 and 20 h after infection. The amount of polyamines found associated with purified virus could neutralize a maximum of 3 to 4% of the virus DNA, but the small quantities of polyamines detected could not be distinguished from nonspecific binding of polyamines to virions. These data suggest that polyamines are probably not integral components of adenovirus particles.
Incongruous changes in heart period and heart rate variability with vagotonic atropine: implications for rehabilitation medicine.

Objective To describe the relationship between vagally mediated bradycardia and heart rate variability indices in young and older healthy individuals. Design Cross-sectional, physiologic study. Setting Outpatient cardiovascular research laboratory. Participants A total of 34 young (mean age 24 years) and 27 older (mean age 63 years) healthy adults. Methods Eight bolus injections of atropine sulfate were given intravenously to participants while in a supine position (cumulative doses from 0.4 to 7.2 μg/kg). Each dose was followed by a 3-minute data collection period in which subjects controlled their breathing frequency at a rate of 15 breaths per minute. Main Outcome Measurements Chronotropic responses were assessed from average RR interval and blood pressure was assessed by automated brachial cuff. Heart rate variability (HRV) indices were calculated to represent both time domain measures (RR interval standard deviation and root mean squared of successive differences) and frequency domain measures (respiratory sinus arrhythmia and total power). Results RR interval responses exhibited the expected curvilinear pattern to atropine administration with all subjects exhibiting a bradycardia with at least one dose and RR interval returning to baseline or decreasing in most subjects as atropine dosing progressed. RR interval was closely related to vagotonic atropine dose with an r 2 greater than 0.70 in 89% of subjects. Heart rate variability indices were not consistently correlated with the bradycardic effect of vagotonic atropine and ranged from highly positive to highly negative with almost one-fifth of correlations less than 0.5. Conclusions The relationship between HRV and vagal tone is likely complex and has a large interindividual variation.
Validation of the simulation index-revised with a mixed clinical population

Abstract The Simulation Index-Revised (SI-R) was previously developed to differentiate impaired motivation from traumatic brain injury sequelae in patients referred for neuropsychological assessment. Rather than using quantitative comparisons of performance, the SI-R evaluates qualitative errors on the WAIS-R and WMS. The present study examined the specificity of the SI-R in a clinical sample of 338 patients of mixed diagnoses. The overall level of specificity was 62% in this sample. Patient groups with diagnoses of schizophrenia, vascular dementia, and alcohol dependence had lower specificity than did the mean of the entire sample. The need for additional studies and SI-R item analyses are discussed.
The SecA Subunit of Escherichia coli Preprotein Translocase Is Exposed to the Periplasm

SecA undergoes conformational changes during translocation, inserting domains into and across the membrane or enhancing the protease resistance of these domains. We now show that some SecA bound at SecYEG is accessible from the periplasm to a membrane-impermeant probe in cells with a permeabilized outer membrane but an intact plasma membrane.
The Puritan Natural Law Theory of William Ames

This essay is an analysis of the natural law theory of one of the most important of the seventeenth-century Puritan philosophers and theologians, William Ames (1576-1633). Ames' theory of natural law has historical importance because of its contribution to the formulation of fundamental doctrines upon which modern democratic institutions were raised — such doctrines as the duties and inalienable rights of individual citizens, the social contract or government by consent of the people, and the right of resistance when a government exceeds the bounds of its authority. For although Ames spent his life in England and Holland, and although he died in the midst of his preparations to emigrate to America from Holland, his greatest impact and predominating influence were in the New World, He has justifiably been called ”the spiritual father of the New England churches,” ”the favorite theologian of early New England,” and ”the father of American theology.”
Hip Adductor Injury in Competitive Swimmers

MethodsThe authors conducted a survey of 296 competitive swimmers to assess the incidence and importance of interfering groin pain in breaststroke swimmers.ResultsBreaststroke swimmers were more li...
End-to-side neurorrhaphy.

End-to-side neurorrhaphy, a possible strategy for treating nerve lesions without useable proximal nerve stumps, has been experimentally and clinically investigated. In end-to-side neurorrhaphy, three main elements should be considered: 1) the induction of axonal collateral sprouting in the donor nerve; 2) the ability of the collateral axons to pierce the different conjunctival layers, including the ability the donor nerve basal laminae, to reinnervate the recipient nerve; and 3) the functional plasticity and behavioral readjustment of single motoneurons that have eventually adopted new motor units. This article reviews the following areas of research and clinical investigation: animal models, axonal collateral sprouting from end-to-side neurorrhaphy, effect of epineurotomy and perineurotomy on axon regeneration, motor reinnervation, and clinical trials.
Peer-to-peer membership management for gossip-based protocols

Gossip-based protocols for group communication have attractive scalability and reliability properties. The probabilistic gossip schemes studied so far typically assume that each group member has full knowledge of the global membership and chooses gossip targets uniformly at random. The requirement of global knowledge impairs their applicability to very large-scale groups. In this paper, we present SCAMP (Scalable Membership protocol), a novel peer-to-peer membership protocol which operates in a fully decentralized manner and provides each member with a partial view of the group membership. Our protocol is self-organizing in the sense that the size of partial views naturally converges to the value required to support a gossip algorithm reliably. This value is a function of the group size, but is achieved without any node knowing the group size. We propose additional mechanisms to achieve balanced view sizes even with highly unbalanced subscription patterns. We present the design, theoretical analysis, and a detailed evaluation of the basic protocol and its refinements. Simulation results show that the reliability guarantees provided by SCAMP are comparable to previous schemes based on global knowledge. The scale of the experiments attests to the scalability of the protocol.
Effect of Flow Configuration and Membrane Characteristics on Membrane Fouling in a Novel Multicoaxial Hollow‐Fiber Bioartificial Liver

A novel "multicoaxial hollow fiber bioreactor" has been developed consisting of four concentric tubes, the two innermost tubes are called hollow fibers. Bioartificial livers are created by culturing liver progenitors in the space between the two innermost hollow fibers and with culture media contained in the two compartments (intracapillary and extracapillary) sandwiching the cell compartment. The outermost compartment is used for gas exchange. A hydrodynamic model has recently been established to predict the optimum hydraulic permeability and bioreactor operational parameters to create the physicochemical environment found in the liver acinus. However, perfusion with serum-free hormonally-defined media and inoculation of cells introduces membrane fouling into the equation, and this parameter must be incorporated into the model. Using commercially available semipermeable hollow fibers (1 mm [0.65 microm pores] and 3 mm [0.1 microm pores] outer diameters [o.d]), the primary cause of resistance is the middle hollow fiber. Preliminary studies using bioreactors inoculated with isolated rat hepatocytes and perfused with serum-containing culture media demonstrated that the middle hollow fiber is the primary site of fouling, and this fouling ultimately causes cell mortality by blocking the transfer of nutrients. Experiments were performed to determine the best commercially available middle hollow fiber for construction of bioreactors and two 3-mm outer-diameter middle hollow fibers were compared: polypropylene and polysulfone, with 0.2 microm and 0.1 microm pore sizes, respectively. Dead-ended and cross flow configurations were compared for their effectiveness at reducing membrane fouling in the middle hollow fiber by determining the change in resistance with time. The results demonstrate that the 0.2-microm pore size polypropylene hollow fiber is the best choice for construction of the multicoaxial hollow-fiber bioreactor, and that cross flow results in two orders of magnitude lower resistance than dead-ended flow after 36 h.
The Politics of the Third Rail

This article traces the relationship between the planned space of the New York City (NYC) subway and the individuated resistance of its riders. Using Michel de Certeau’s theories about urban tactic...
The rhetorical functions of slogans: Classifications and characteristics

Slogans, as a rhetorical device, have a rich history. They have provided historians with topical outlines of the major concerns, frustrations, and hopes of society. As “social symbols” they have united, divided, and even converted. In so doing, slogans have become a direct link to social or individual action. Yet, little attention has been given to the rhetorical and persuasive nature of slogans. Today, as we prepare ourselves for another presidential campaign, posters, television, and radio ads proclaim the various slogans of the candidates. Each candidate hopes to tap a reservoir of support by striking a familiar theme, issue, or image. The purpose of this paper is to identify the functions and characteristics of slogans as they are used in movements and campaigns.
Evidence-based Assessment of Coping and Stress in Pediatric Psychology

Objective To review selected measures of stress and coping in pediatric populations. Stress and coping are presented within a risk and resiliency framework. Methods The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) surveyed the membership to identify the most frequently used assessment instruments. Twelve measures of coping and three measures of stress were reviewed. These instruments were evaluated using the Stress and Coping workgroup's modification of the criteria developed by the SPP Assessment Task Force (SPP-ATF). Results One of the three measures of stress and five of the 12 measures of coping were Well-established measures that broaden understanding. Additionally, one of the coping measures was categorized as a Well-established measure that guides treatment. Merits of the individual measures are discussed. Conclusions Recommendations for future research are provided, including suggestions for the construction and use of measures to inform treatment research.
When Can I help? A Conceptual Framework for the Prevention of Sexual Violence Through Bystander Intervention:

The bystander intervention approach is gaining popularity as a means for engaging communities in sexual assault prevention, especially on college campuses. Many bystander programs are teaching community members how to intervene without first assisting them to identify the full range of opportunities when they can intervene. In this article, the authors review the literature on sexual violence bystander intervention and present a conceptual framework that lays out a continuum of bystander opportunities ranging from reactive situations after an assault has occurred, to situations before an assault has occurred (posing high to low risk to victims), as well as proactive situations where no risk to the victim is present. The implications of this typology are discussed in the context of program development, evaluation, and further research.
Some Problems of Definability in Recursive Function Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several problems of definability in recursive function theory. It presents several of the basic facts of elementary recursive function theory and describes several structures that have been principal objects of study in recent development of the theory. The chapter considers the notion of definability and provides a brief discussion of the open problems. The notion of recursive function is the central concept in the theory; the partial recursive functions play a fundamental technical role. They can be effectively enumerated; which means that an effective procedure exists for listing all the sets of instructions for all the partial recursive functions. The chapter describes the concepts of recursive function and partial recursive function. A few basic theorems in the elementary theory are also presented. The first theorem gives a fundamental relationship among the concepts of recursive function. The second theorem gives a technically useful characterization of recursive enumerability. The third theorem simplifies several concerns of later parts of the theory.
Apodemus flavicollis (Yellow-necked mouse)

These karyotypes are the gifts of Dr. B. Kral Brno, Czechoslovakia and come from bone marrow preparations of animals treated with Colcemid in vivo. The animals were collected in 1968 near Lednice, Southern Moravia, CSR. Measurements are provided by Kral
Electroweak chiral Lagrangian and CP-violating effects in technicolor theories.

We estimate the CP-violating WW\ensuremath{\gamma} and WWZ anomalous form factors, arising from CP-violating interactions in extended technicolor theories, and discuss their future experimental detectability. The electric dipole moment of the W boson is found to be as large as \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}21}$ e cm. We connect the CP-odd WW\ensuremath{\gamma} and WWZ couplings to the corresponding CP-violating electroweak chiral Lagrangian operators. The electric dipole moments of the neutron and the electron in technicolor theories are estimated to be as large as \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}26}$ and \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}29}$ cm, respectively. We also suggest the potential to observe large CP-violating technicolor effects in the decay t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+${\mathit{W}}^{+}$.
Teaching Robotics to Students with Mixed Interests

An innovative and flexible course in robotics was created to accommodate the interests of engineering and non-engineering students at UGA. It sought the integration of multi-threaded programming, advanced sensors interfacing (video camera and balance sensor), actuators control and wireless communications (Zigbee). It was based on the Bioloid Expert and Premium robotics systems from Robotis, Inc. Details of course design and materials, and of student projects are described herein.
Land surface phenology as an indicator of biodiversity patterns

Abstract With the rapid decline in biodiversity worldwide it is imperative to develop procedures for assessing changes in biodiversity across space. The synoptic view provided by imaging remote sensors constitutes a suitable approach for analyzing biodiversity from local to regional scales. A procedure based on the close relationship between floristic similarity and the similarity in land surface phenology was recently developed and successfully applied to assess diversity patterns using time series imagery acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS). However, as it depends on high temporal resolution remotely sensed data (e.g., MODIS), the procedure is constrained by the coarse spatial resolution characterizing these high temporal resolution data. Using an optimized technique for image fusion, we combined high temporal resolution data acquired by the MODIS sensor system with moderate spatial resolution data acquired by the Landsat TM/ETM+ sensor systems. Our results show that the MODIS/Landsat data fusion allows the characterization of land surface phenology at higher spatial resolutions, which better corresponded with information acquired within vegetation survey plots established in temperate montane forests located in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China. As such, the procedure is useful for capturing changes in biodiversity induced by disturbances operating at large spatial scales and constitutes a suitable tool for monitoring and managing biodiversity.