cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking in Urban, Multicultural Classrooms: Four Teachers' Perspectives

This study attempts to identify qualitative differences in how four teachers in an urban, multicultural high school think about classroom events based on their differing conceptions of multicultural education. Research methods are described including the coding scheme developed to analyze and compare the teachers. Results indicate that, with respect to attributions and principles of practice, these teachers do differ and that their thinking about multicultural education is a factor that contributes to this difference. Findings hint that, to the degree that a teacher's conception of multicultural education becomes more sophisticated, the number and kind of attributions increase, which results in more complex thinking.
Biochemical and morphological changes accompanying light organ development in the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica

Abstract The larval light organs of the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica , regress and are replaced by the adult lantern during metamorphosis. Larval and adult light organs are present and capable of periodic light emission during the latter stages of pupation and the early adult. The whole pupa emits a continuous, low level, glow throughout pupation. During pupation levels of luciferase and luciferin, the enzyme and substrate required in the light reaction, were found to remain constant in the posterior half of the pupa and to show an initial increase followed by a decrease in the anterior half. Levels of luciferase and luciferin in anterior halves were not affected by ablation of the larval light organs. The ratio of luciferase to luciferin concentrations changed from less than 1, in larval and pupal stages, to greater than 1, in the adult. Changes in the concentration and the localization of luciferase and luciferin were correlated with observed light organ development.
Political instrumentality perceptions and desires for union representation

This paper examines the concept of union instrumentality in light of theoretical literature and contemporary trends in union political activity. A broad concept of union instrumentality, including a place for the concept of union political instrumentality (e.g., union influence on general elections or legislation), is suggested. The practical importance and applicability of the political instrumentality concept is demonstrated in empirical models of nonunion worker voting intent in union representation elections. As predicted, workers perceiving higher levels of union political instrumentality are significantly more likely than others to indicate a pro-union voting intent. Given the importance of political versus economic activity as a defining characteristic of labor movements and given recent increases in political activity by U.S. unions, these results have significant implications for the way we think about U.S. unions and for future union organizing and political activities.
Aufbau Approach to Multimetallic Ensembles Based on Tetrathiooxalate: [Cp*4Rh4(C2S4)2]2+, [Cp*3Rh2Ru(C2S4)]+, and [Cp*6Rh6(C2S4)2]4+

Experiments aimed at the characterization of new coordination modes for tetrathiooxalate (TTO) are described. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements on Cp*2Rh2(C2S4) (1) revealed an irreversible oxi...
Modulation of yeast F-actin structure by a mutation in the nucleotide-binding cleft

Although the actin sequence is very highly conserved across evolution, tissue-specific expression of different isoforms in high eukaryotes suggests that different isoforms carry out different functions. However, little information exists about either the differences in filaments made from different actins or the effects on filament structure caused by the various mutations in actin that have been introduced to gain insight into actin function. Using electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction, we have studied the differences in the filaments made by yeast and rabbit skeletal muscle actin, two proteins with 88% homologous sequences, and we have assessed the changes in filament structure caused by the introduction of the S14A mutation into yeast actin. Elimination of the S14 hydroxyl group, assumed to bind to the gamma-phosphate of actin-bound ATP, results in a 40 to 60-fold decrease in actin's affinity for ATP. We show that yeast actin displays less extensive contacts between the two long-pitch helical strands than does muscle actin, and displays the large cooperativity within filaments previously observed for muscle actin. Finally, we demonstrate that the S14A mutation narrows the cleft between the two lobes of the actin subunit and strengthens the inter-strand connections in F-actin.
DOWN-REGULATION OF G-PROTEIN-MEDIATED CA2+ SENSITIZATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

Abstract Prolonged treatment with guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP gamma S; 5-16 h, 50 microM) of smooth muscle permeabilized with Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin down-regulated (abolished) the acute Ca2+ sensitization of force by GTP gamma S, AIF-4, phenylephrine, and endothelin, but not the response to phorbol dibutyrate or a phosphatase inhibitor, tautomycin. Down-regulation also abolished the GTP gamma S-induced increase in myosin light chain phosphorylation at constant [Ca2+] and was associated with extensive translocation of p21rhoA to the particulate fraction, prevented its immunoprecipitation, and inhibited its ADP ribosylation without affecting the immunodetectable content of G-proteins (p21rhoA, p21ras, G alpha q/11, G alpha i3, and G beta) or protein kinase C (types alpha, beta 1, beta 2, delta, epsilon, eta, theta, and zeta). We conclude that the loss of GTP gamma S- and agonist-induced Ca2+ sensitization through prolonged treatment with GTP gamma S is not due to a decrease in the total content of either trimeric (G alpha q/11, G alpha i3, and G beta) or monomeric (p21rhoA and p21ras) G-protein or protein kinase C but may be related to a structural change of p21rhoA and/or to down-regulation of its (yet to be identified) effector.
VOID INITIATION IN DUCTILE FRACTURE

Fracture surfaces of 304 stainless steel were examined with a scanning electron microscope and inter void and inter particle spacings were measured. A significant relationship between inter void spacings and fracture stress was found. It was concluded that voids preceding ductile fracture could be initiated without the presence of secured phase particles in pure metals and 'clean' alloys. (Author)
WISDOM, MODERATION, AND ELENCHUS IN PLATO'S APOLOGY

: This article contends that Socratic wisdom (sophia) in Plato's Apology should be understood in relation to moderation (sophrosune), not knowledge (episteme). This stance is exemplified in an interpretation of Socrates' disavowal of knowledge. The god calls Socrates wise. Socrates holds both that he is wise in nothing great or small and that the god does not lie. These apparently inconsistent claims are resolved in an interpretation of elenchus. This interpretion says that Socrates is wise insofar as he does not believe himself to know what he does not know. Whether one knows is demonstrated through elenchus, which moderates between knowledge claims. Thus, elenchus is productive of a kind of wisdom even if it does not produce knowledge. This claim, if true, forms a suitable basis for Socrates' defense of himself. That it does so serves as further evidence for the interpretation of sophia as sophrosune.
Ru(II) thioether complexes with dangling pyridine ligands

Abstract Through two different methods, new Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes were prepared in an attempt to replicate previously reported heptacoordinate Ru(II) syntheses. The tetradentate thioethers, 1,8-bis(2′-pyridyl)-3,7-dithianonane (Pdto), 1,9-bis(2′-pyridyl)-3,7-dithianonane (Pdtn), and 1,10-bis(2′-pyridyl)-3,8-dithiadecane (Pdtd), were used to form dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [{Ru(L1)}2(μ-Cl)2]2+ via reaction with RuCl3·xH2O. Upon reaction of the dinuclear complexes with the triimine ligand 2,6-bis(N′-methyl-benzimidazolyl)pyridine (Me2Bzimpy), facile symmetrical bridge cleavage occurs, producing mononuclear complexes of the form [Ru(L1)(L2)]2+, where L1 is one of the three tetradentate thioether ligands and L2 is the tridentate triimine. A second method of producing the mononuclear [Ru(L1)(L2)]2+ complexes involves the reaction of Ru(L2)Cl3 with L1 under ethanolic conditions. In such mononuclear complexes, one of the pyridine arms of the tetradentate thioether is forced to be uncoordinated, due to the firmly hexacoordinate nature of Ru(II). A similar experiment was conducted using the pentadentate thioether 1,11-bis(2′-pyridyl)-3,6-9-dithianonane (Pttu) and the diimine Phen, forming the stable hexacoordinate [Ru(Pttu)(Phen)]2+ complex. The mononuclear complexes exhibit single-electron Ru(II) → Ru(III) oxidative response, in the range of +825 to +845 mV versus APE, involving the removal from an electron from the t2g orbital set.
Mechanically milled coal and magnesium composites for hydrogen storage

Abstract Anthracite–magnesium composites were prepared via reactive ball milling in cyclohexene, leading to up to ∼0.6% hydrogen evolution at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 1273 K. Hydrogen evolution, measured with temperature programmed desorption coupled with mass spectroscopy (TPD–MS), is attributed to dehydrogenation of cyclohexene within the mill. The similarity of the TPD–MS to other reports for carbon-based samples is discussed. No metal hydrides were detected in XRD of the as-milled materials. The hydrogen evolution occurred at lower temperatures (up to 150 K less) than that expected for magnesium or added metals. The intensity and temperature of only one TPD–MS peak (occurring at 780–840 K) was dependent upon Mg addition. Subsequent hydrogen uptake studies after extended degassing of the milled material suggested the hydrogen uptake was reversible and the structures were not fully saturated by milling, with a rapid uptake of 0.3–0.54% at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Covariance and the hierarchy of frame bundles

This is an essay on the general concept of covariance, and its connection with the structure of the nested set of higher frame bundles over a differentiable manifold. Examples of covariant geometric objects include not only linear tensor fields, densities and forms, but affinity fields, sectors and sector forms, higher order frame fields, etc., often having nonlinear transformation rules and Lie derivatives. The intrinsic, or invariant, sets of forms that arise on frame bundles satisfy the graded Cartan-Maurer structure equations of an infinite lie algebra. Reduction of these gives invariant structure equations for Lie pseudogroups, and forG-structures of various orders. Some new results are introduced for prolongation of structure equations, and for treatment of Riemannian geometry with higher-order moving frames. The use of invariant form equations for nonlinear field physics is implicitly advocated.
The LDL receptor gene family: (un)expected signal transducers in the brain.

Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines Boulevard plasma cholesterol levels and the removal of LDL fromDallas, Texas 75390 the circulation is generally well known. Humans andrabbits that are homozygous for naturally occurring re-ceptor-inactivatingmutationsandmiceinwhichtheLDL
Relative enantiomer binding and reaction rates with propanediol dehydrase.

In the dioldehydrase reaction, L(+) propanediol reacts at a faster rate than the D(−)-isomer in competitive reactions, but when the diols are run independently the rate of the D(−)-isomer is 2.3 times greater than that of the L(+)-isomer. It is assumed that this reversal is due to a difference in the Michaelis-Menten constants. A ratio of KmD(−)/KmL(+) = 3.2 ± 0.3 at 25° is calculated from a series of competitive reactions. It is concluded that the binding site is such that while both isomers are accomodated readily, the D(−)-isomer is hindered to some degree in its approach to the binding site. However, once the enzyme-substrate complex is formed, the D(−)-isomer is in a more favorable configuration for further reaction.
Kenaf Forage Yield and Quality under Varying Water Availability

A broadleaf forage crop grown in rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) would diversify dryland crop rotations in the central Great Plains. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) provides good quality livestock forage, but yield and quality have not been evaluated under varying water availability conditions. This study determined kenaf soil water extraction, plant height, regrowth following cutting, dry matter (DM) yield, and forage quality responses to varying water availability. Kenaf was planted on a Weld silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolls) under a line-source gradient irrigation system. Water conditions ranged from rainfed to full evapotranspiration replacement. Kenaf was harvested in early August and then again in October. Dry matter yield increased linearly with increases in available water and water use, with about 2000 kg ha -1 DM yield produced with 274-mm water use increasing to 6000 kg ha -1 with 507-mm water use. Crude protein (163 to 279 g kg -1 ) decreased with increasing water use. Neutral detergent fiber (229 to 478 g kg -1 ) and acid detergent fiber (168 to 314 g kg -1 ) increased with increasing water use. Total digestible nutrients (656 to 840 g kg -1 ) and relative feed value (range 130 to 308) decreased with increasing water use. For a given amount of water use, kenaf DM yield was lower than corn (Zea mays L.) silage, but kenaf crude protein production was higher than corn silage (73-215%). Kenaf appears to be a high quality livestock forage that has potential as both an irrigated or dryland crop in the central Great Plains.
Stratum corneum cytokines, structural proteins, and transepidermal water loss: effect of hand hygiene

BACKGROUND/AIMS There are few reports on the cytokine response to high frequency hand hygiene among health care workers (HCWs) in an occupational setting. We have observed significant skin barrier compromise consistent with chronic irritant contact dermatitis in HCWs. We hypothesized that repetitive hand hygiene would activate the epidermal inflammatory cascade and lead to changes in structural proteins and cytokines. METHODS Keratin 6, keratin 1, 10, 11, involucrin, IL1alpha, TNFalpha, IL8, IL1RA, and IL10 were analyzed from the SC using bead-based arrays. Knuckle and dorsum samples were evaluated for HCWs (n=23) before and after repetitive hand hygiene and compared with those of age-matched non-wet workers (n=23) without hand skin irritation. Erythema, dryness, and barrier integrity were measured. RESULTS Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was higher for HCWs but unchanged with exposure. IL1alpha and TNFalpha were highest in control volar forearm. IL1alpha, TNFalpha, and IL8 were significantly lower in HCWs than controls despite higher erythema, dryness, and TEWL. Decreases in keratin 1, 10, 11, increases in keratin 6, and reduction in IL1alpha, TNFalpha, and IL8 were seen after hand hygiene. CONCLUSION This preliminary study showed significantly lower SC biomarker levels in HCW compared with controls and regional differences between the hand and forearm. Exposure to repetitive hand hygiene results in substantial chronic skin irritation without time for barrier recovery between work periods. The impact on SC structural proteins and cytokines has many commonalities with chronic inflammation, although mechanistic questions remain.
Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses

The pineal hormone melatonin regulates seasonal reproductive function and modulates circadian rhythms in mammals. We now report the cloning and characterization of a high affinity receptor for melatonin from the sheep and human. The receptor cDNAs encode proteins that are members of a newly discovered group within the G protein-coupled receptor family. Expression of the sheep and human receptors in COS-7 cells results in high affinity 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding and pharmacological characteristics similar to endogenous high affinity receptors. Functional studies of NIH 3T3 cells stably expressing the sheep receptor show that the mammalian melatonin receptor is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. In situ hybridization studies of melatonin receptor mRNA in several mammals reveal hybridization signals in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis and hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. The cloned high affinity receptor likely mediates the reproductive and circadian actions of melatonin in mammals.
A High-Speed Unified Hardware Architecture for AES and the SHA-3 Candidate Grøstl

The NIST competition for developing the new cryptographic hash standard SHA-3 is currently in the third round. One of the five remaining candidates, Grostl, is inspired by the Advanced Encryption Standard. This unique feature can be exploited in a large variety of practical applications. In order to have a better picture of the Grostl-AES computational efficiency (high-level scheduling, internal pipelining, resource sharing, etc.), we designed a high-speed coprocessor for Grostl-based HMAC and AES in the counter mode. This coprocessor offers high-speed computations of both authentication and encryption with relatively small penalty in terms of area and speed when compared to the authentication (original Grostl circuitry) functionality only. From our perspective, the main advantage of Grostl over other finalists is the fact that its hardware hardware architecture naturally accommodates AES at the cost of a small area overhead.
Understanding and Dealing With Bullying in Schools

Abstract One of the most difficult problems that educators face today is dealing with bullying. This pervasive issue occurs in classrooms, lunch rooms, unsupervised areas, on playgrounds, and through electronic media. Based on the principles of protecting the child and establishing a safe environment for all students, this paper investigates the causes and consequences of bullying, and provides information on essentials needed by schools and teachers for effectively dealing with bullying in schools.
Binding of radioactive α-difluoromethylorithine to rat liver ornithine decarboxylase

Inactivation of rat liver ornithine decarboxylase by incubation with [5-14C]-α-difluoromethylornithine resulted in the covalent binding of radio-activity to the enzyme. The extent of binding correlated with the degree of inactivation and with the amount of enzyme present. The labeled protein eluted as a single peak which coincided exactly with the active enzyme when chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and ran as a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate at a position corresponding to a M.W. of about 55,000. The stoichiometric binding of [5-14C]-α-difluoromethylornithine therefore provides a convenient method for quantitating ornithine decarboxylase protein and for determining the purity of preparations of the enzyme. Assuming that 1 molecule of the drug is needed to inactivate each sub-unit, it was calculated that after stimulation with thioacetamide ornithine decarboxylase represents about 0.00014% of the liver soluble protein.
Scientific Workflow, Provenance, and Data Modeling Challenges and Approaches

Semantic modeling approaches (e.g., conceptual models, controlled vocabularies, and ontologies) are increasingly being adopted to help address a number of challenges in scientific data management. While semantic information has played a considerable role within bioinformatics, semantic technologies can similarly benefit a wide range of scientific disciplines. Here we focus on three main areas where modeling and semantics are playing an increasingly important role: scientific workflows, scientific data provenance, and observational data management. Applications of these areas span a number of disciplines and provide both challenges and new opportunities for conceptual modeling research and development. We provide a brief overview of each area, discuss the role that modeling plays within each, and present current research opportunities.
Electron spectrometry of open-shell atoms

Abstract Following a brief general comparison of open-shell atoms with closed-shell atoms as probed with the aid of electron spectrometry, highlights are presented from the first wide-ranging studies of the prototype open-shell atoms chlorine and oxygen. The experimental approach, autoionization processes in Cl, population of fine-structure states in Cl, photoionization in the K shell of O, and deexcitation processes of K shell excited and ionized oxygen are discussed.
Solitary-functional Play and Solitary-pretend Play: Another Look at the Construct of Solitary-active Behavior Using Playground Observations

Although the construct of solitary-active behavior calls for the aggregation of solitary-functional play and solitary-pretend play, there is little empirical support for combining them into one construct. Furthermore, little work has been done in early childhood to examine these behaviors on the playground. The purpose of this study was to observe children's behavior on the playground to explore whether solitary-functional and solitary-pretend behaviors are related to one another and to other indices of social adjustment/maladjustment. Examining a sample of 361 preschoolers, results revealed that (1) solitary-functional and solitary-pretend play were not related, (2) solitary-functional play was associated with solitary-passive and reticent behaviors, as well as less social play, co-operative rough and tumble play, sociable/friendliness, assertiveness, and lower peer acceptance, and (3) solitary-pretend play was linked to lower peer acceptance and more social maladjustment, including venting, reactive aggression (but not proactive aggression), active exclusion, victimization, and being distractible.
Improvements to the Dynamic Range of Velocity Measurements Using DPIV

The accurate measurement of velocity fields containing large dynamic ranges is important because many problems of interest feature regions of both very high and low velocity. Examples include mixing tanks, jets injected into quiescent chambers, and stagnation regions behind bodies in high speed flow. However, accurate calculation of the velocity is currently limited to displacements greater than the total error of the scheme used (typically in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 pixels) and less than one-quarter of the window size. To counteract this difficulty, two new methods for improving the dynamic range of DPIV calculations have been developed. The first can be used with any double-pulsed time-resolved DPIV system where closely spaced frame pairs are captured at kilohertz rates. Displacement measurements can be made both within each frame pair (resolving high velocity regions), and between successive pairs (resolving low velocity regions). The two displacement fields are then reconciled, resulting in a single flow field measurement. The second method uses multiple laser pulses per camera exposure. Four laser pulses are required per measurement (two per camera frame), however, unlike the first method, kilohertz repetitions rates are not required. By carefully selecting the intervals between pulses, it is possible to associate the each cross-correlation peak with the correct delay time, and thereby simultaneously obtain velocity measurements over a much wider dynamic range. These two methods have been applied to synthetic and experimental data and their performance has been characterized through error analysis. Results indicate that both methods can increase the dynamic range by one to two orders of magnitude as compared to traditional techniques, while retaining similar total error and spatial resolution characteristics.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Some fluid modeling studies of flow and dispersion over two-dimensional low hills

Abstract The results of wind tunnel experiments on flow and dispersion over two-dimensional low and ‘gentle’ hills of different shapes and aspect ratios are discussed. The hill-induced influences on velocity and concentration fields are studied as functions of the hills‘ aspect ratio (the ratio of the half-length to the height of the hill). The speed-up of flow on the hilltop is shown to have an inverse relationship with the aspect ratio ‘a’, as predicted by several theories. However, this does not increase indefinitely as a → 0, but has a maximum value at some optimum aspect ratio greater than unity. The velocity variances and Reynolds stress increase rapidly in the near wake region in the lee of the hills. In the far wake region, beyond about five hill heights, the hill-induced perturbations in mean velocity, Reynolds stress and variances of velocity decay in inverse proportion to the distance behind the hill. Dispersion from elevated sources located on the top of ‘gentle’ hills is not significantly affected by the hills. For low-level sources on the top of steeper hills, where flow separation may occur, the ground level concentrations are reduced (by as much as a factor of 3). On the other hand, the ground level concentrations from sources on the lee side of the hills are considerably enhanced (by as much as a factor of 15) near the source, but slightly reduced far downwind. The influence of‘gentle’ hills bears an inverse relationship with the hills' aspect ratio. For steep hills, however, the hill influence is intimately related to the dimensions of the cavity region.
Ultrarapid opioid detoxification: effects on cardiopulmonary physiology, stress hormones and clinical outcomes

This study explored the acute and long-term consequences of ultrarapid opioid detoxification (URD) in individuals with opioid dependence. In an open case series, seven patients underwent URD and subsequent treatment with daily naltrexone. Structured interviews, integrated rehabilitation and hair sampling were employed in the 12-week course of longitudinal follow-up. Cardiac and pulmonary physiology did not change significantly during the anesthesia phase of URD, but plasma ACTH and cortisol levels increased 15- and 13-fold, respectively. Marked withdrawal and tachypnea in all patients and respiratory distress in one patient occurred during the acute post-anesthesia phase. Withdrawal scores were significantly elevated for 3 weeks compared with baseline in the face of minimal self-reported craving for opioids. Anxiety, depression and vegetative symptoms improved gradually. Four patients remained abstinent of opioid use, two reported a brief period of opioid intake and one relapsed into daily opioid consumption. Given its effect on breathing and stress hormones, this procedure should be conducted by experienced anesthesiologists. The fact that URD and subsequent naltrexone treatment appears to cause a dissociation effect in the usual relationship between withdrawal and craving has implications for behavioral pharmacology. Further research is needed on the efficacy, safety, mechanisms and neurobiological sequelae of the procedure.
The Best Test of Ph.D. Student Success—Response

Newquist suggests that students' publications are important predictors of post-degree research effectiveness, due in part to the importance of collaboration in innovative research. We agree that publication record is important and helpful, but the collaborative aspects of writing render publications
Stratification and the formation of expectations in highly differentiated educational systems

Abstract Highly differentiated educational systems constitute a common organizational form of schooling in which youth are sorted into secondary schools that stress either vocational or academic training and between which movement is rare. With standardized data from five countries, we illuminate two important stratification processes in these systems: (1) social origins strongly influence students’ placement into different types of schools with high SES students most likely to attend academically oriented schools that provide a direct pathway to the university. (2) The types of schools students attend largely determine their educational and occupational expectations and impart a strong dose of realism in these expectations. Thus, the institutional arrangements of highly differentiated educational systems perpetuate socioeconomic inequalities quite early in the life course, well before students complete their education and enter the labor force.
Lithium residue in milk from doses used to condition taste aversions and effects on nursing calves

Abstract Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the principal emetic used to condition food aversions in livestock. The objective of this study was to determine if lithium (Li) is excreted in milk in sufficient quantities to avert nursing calves to their mothers milk. In trial 1, three lactating cows were gavaged with LiCl at 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg BW. Milk production and lithium concentration in blood serum and milk was measured periodically for 96 h. Milk production declined 20% the first day following dosing, but increased to pretreatment levels by 96 h. Lithium in blood and milk peaked at 10 h after dosing, then declined to pretreatment levels by 96 h. Peak blood serum levels for the 200 mg LiCl/kg dose was 19.3 ppm, compared to 13.8 and 11.5 ppm for the 150 and 100 mg/kg dose respectively. Peak Li level in milk was 4 ppm for the 200 mg/kg dose. Total Li excreted in milk during the first 24 h was 16.8 mg at this dose. The calculated minimum Li required to create an aversion in a 100 kg calf was 1400 mg. Calves' behavioral response to Li in their mothers' milk was observed in trial 2. Milk intake declined 10% following dosing their mothers with 200 mg/kg LiCl, presumably because of the reduction in milk production, as we observed in trial 1. However, there was no difference in nursing time before or after dosing their mothers. Lithium in calves' blood serum was negligible. There was no observable adverse effect of the low Li levels in the cows milk, suggesting there is no threat of averting calves to their mothers milk when using LiCl to avert the cows to poisonous plants.
Rotational dynamics and electronic energy partitioning in the electron-stimulated desorption of NO from Pt(111)

Using laser resonance ionization, we have examined the rotational dynamics of neutral NO molecules desorbed by electron impact from a cold (80 K) Pt(111) surface. Previously [A. R. Burns, E. B. Stechel, and D. R. Jennison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 250 (1987)], we observed ‘‘hot’’ rotational temperatures in the range 481–642 K for the ν=0, 1, 2, and 3 vibrational levels. We now present more detailed data which do not reveal shifts or broadening in the rotationally selected NO velocity distributions as a function of rotational level J in the range J=2.5–29.5. The rotationally independent velocity distributions, peaked at 0.05 eV, as well as the rotational temperature can be understood within the framework of ‘‘electronically stimulated adsorbate rotation’’ (Burns et al., above). The model also predicts complete rotational alignment in a plane normal to the surface. In the laboratory, no alignment is observed, but this is most likely due to the presence of stray magnetic fields. We will also discuss our measurements which show an equal partitioning between the two lowest NO electronic states (2Π1/2 and 2Π3/2), and a preference for the π level which is perpendicular (antisymmetric) to the plane of rotation.Using laser resonance ionization, we have examined the rotational dynamics of neutral NO molecules desorbed by electron impact from a cold (80 K) Pt(111) surface. Previously [A. R. Burns, E. B. Stechel, and D. R. Jennison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 250 (1987)], we observed ‘‘hot’’ rotational temperatures in the range 481–642 K for the ν=0, 1, 2, and 3 vibrational levels. We now present more detailed data which do not reveal shifts or broadening in the rotationally selected NO velocity distributions as a function of rotational level J in the range J=2.5–29.5. The rotationally independent velocity distributions, peaked at 0.05 eV, as well as the rotational temperature can be understood within the framework of ‘‘electronically stimulated adsorbate rotation’’ (Burns et al., above). The model also predicts complete rotational alignment in a plane normal to the surface. In the laboratory, no alignment is observed, but this is most likely due to the presence of stray magnetic fields. We will also discuss our measurem...
Ga on Si(112): growth and energetics of thermal desorption

Abstract The growth of Ga overlayers on Si(112) has been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. The feasibility of the (112) surface as a template for the growth of Ga quantum well wires is also explored. For substrate temperatures between room temperature and 450°C we observe the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode in which islands form on top of one to two overlayers. Above 450°C a well-ordered overlayer structure yielding a (6 × 1) LEED pattern is observed. Once this overlayer structure is formed there is little or no change in the AES signal or LEED patterns with increasing deposition. Thermal desorption measurements from this overlayer coverage reveal a much higher desorption energy than from either the Ga islands or from Ga on Si(111) and Si(001) substrates. These results suggest that the Ga atoms are strongly bound in chains along the step edges of the facet surface.
Picosecond response of photoexcited GaAs in a uniform electric field by Monte Carlo dynamics

The transient electrical response of GaAs photoexcited by a subpicosecond pulse, in the presence of a uniform biasing electric field, has been studied with use of a Monte Carlo calculation. Noninteracting electron transport is considered, using the three-valley model for the conduction band. Scattering from acoustic, optical, and intervalley phonons is included. The valence-band dispersion relations and valence- to conduction-band momentum matrix elements needed to treat the optical absorption were obtained from a full-zone k\ensuremath{\cdot}p calculation. The optical absorption has been given a realistic treatment by including an effective energy linewidth resulting from the combination of the Fourier transform of the driving pulse, electron-phonon scattering, and the effect of the applied electric field. The average electron velocity is found to overshoot its steady-state value only if the electric field is larger than a critical value which increases with the photon energy. For example, these calculations indicate that at 5.0 kV/cm overshoot occurs for a photon energy of 1.5 eV but not for 1.7 eV. Velocity overshoot is seen to occur when the steady-state average electron energy (for the given applied field) is larger than the average electron energy of the initial photoexcited distribution. The regime of applied field and photon energy necessary for overshoot is mapped out.
Subunit structure of chromatin is the same in plants and animals

ALTHOUGH plants and animals diverged from each other nearly 109 yr ago, the histone composition of their chromosomes is remarkably similar1; in particular, the arginine-rich histones III and IV of peas and cows differ by only four and two amino acids, respectively2,3. Such extreme evolutionary conservation of a protein sequence argues that histones are crucial to chromosome structure and/or function, and further suggests considerable similarity, at the molecular level, between the chromosomes of plants and animals. We present evidence here for such a similarity.
Issues in risk assessment of compost from municipal solid waste: occupational health and safety, public health, and environmental concerns

Abstract Risks posed by composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) depend on the assessment approach used. Occupational risks at present are not overtly serious— only nausea, eye irritation, etc. are reported from inhalation, the chief exposure pathway—but details are lacking on outcomes of pathogenic, chemical and physical threats, including potential secondary problems with organisms developed in compost, their endotoxins, and metabolic products such as aflatoxin. Potential risk pathways of public exposure to MSW compost are dominated by children's lead ingestion, but “dioxins” and other persistent organic carcinogens are also of dietary concern. Risks to the “most exposed individual” (MET) may differ substantially from those based on the Alternative Pollutant Limit (APL) approach. Neither deals adequately with uncertainty or multiple pathway/chemical threats to public and environmental health. Additional issues include (a) incremental vs. total risk, (b) required nutrient intake vs. proscribed toxicant exposure (for the same element) and (c) long-term matters of “no net degradation,” and composting in recycling.
Sperm Maturation in Rabbit Epididymis

IN mammals, spermatozoa mature while passing through the epididymis. Whether or not the factors governing the maturation process are intrinsic to the spermatozoa1 or whether they reside in the epididymal secretions2 is not known. In the rabbit, there are virtually no fertile spermatozoa in the caput or proximal corpus epididymidis, and fertilizing ability is suddenly acquired when the spermatozoa pass through the distal region of the corpus epididymidis3–6. This, and the fact that, in the rabbit, the normal time which spermatozoa spend in each epididymal segment is known7, makes this species especially suitable for investigating sperm maturation.
The Regulation of Energy Balance by the Central Nervous System

Obesity is the result of a sustained mismatch in which caloric intake exceeds caloric expenditure. In fact, despite what the growing obesity epidemic might argue, under most circumstances the energy balance equation is regulated with tremendous precision over time. Such profound accuracy implies that body weight, or more precisely body adipose mass, is a biologically regulated variable, and that evolution has selected for mechanisms by which caloric intake can be matched to caloric expenditure. Although obesity is increasingly common, it is even more common in those suffering from serious psychiatric disorders [1]. Although many of the drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders can produce weight gain, it would appear that the relationship between obesity and mental health problems exists independent of medication. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that mood and binge-eating disorders coexist with obesity in a significant minority of individuals [2,3]. The comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with obesity suggests the existence of common biological underpinnings that may influence the regulation of normal cognition and mood, on the one hand, and the central nervous system (CNS) circuits that regulate energy balance on the other. Thus the purpose of this article is to review a handful of the neurochemical systems implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Where possible, the authors speculate about how some of these neurochemical systems have been linked to psychiatric disorders.
Procaine compared with lidocaine for incidence of transient neurologic symptoms.

Background and Objectives Transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) have been reported to occur after 16% to 40% of ambulatory lidocaine spinal anesthetics. Patient discomfort and the possibility of underlying lidocaine neurotoxicity have prompted a search for alternative local anesthetic agents. We compared the incidence of TNS with procaine or lidocaine spinal anesthesia in a 2:1 dose ratio. Methods Seventy outpatients undergoing knee arthroscopy were blindly randomized to receive either 100 mg hyperbaric procaine or 50 mg hyperbaric lidocaine. An interview by a blinded investigator established the presence or absence of TNS, defined as pain in the buttocks or lower extremities beginning within 24 hours of surgery. Onset of sensory and motor block, patient discomfort, supplemental anesthetics, and side effects were recorded by the unblinded managing anesthesia team. Anesthetic adequacy was determined from these data by a single blinded investigator. Hospital discharge time was recorded from the patient record. Groups were compared using appropriate statistics with a P Results TNS occurred in 6% of procaine patients versus 31% of lidocaine patients (P = .007). Sensory block with procaine and lidocaine was similar, while motor block was decreased with procaine (P Conclusions The incidence of TNS was substantially lower with procaine than with lidocaine. However, procaine resulted in a lower overall quality of anesthesia and a prolonged average discharge time. If the shortfalls of procaine as studied can be overcome, it may provide a suitable alternative to lidocaine for outpatient spinal anesthesia to minimize the risk of TNS.
Dexamethasone reduces vascular density and plasminogen activator activity in 9L rat brain tumors.

Abstract Angiogenesis, a process dependent upon perivascular proteolysis, is required for solid tumor growth and is inhibited by certain steroids including glucocorticoids. We examined the relationship between tumor growth and vessel density in experimental rat brain 9L glial tumors following chronic treatment with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Tumor growth was inhibitedv by intraperitoneal administration of 3 mg/kg/day dexamethasone. Maximal cross-sectional areas of post-implantation day 9 tumors were 4.6 ± 1.0 mm2 in dexamethasone-treated animals and 17.0 ± 3.4 mm2 in controls (P
Precipitation Nutrient Inputs in Semiarid Environments

Seasonal and spatial variations in precipitation nutrient inputs were suggested by differences in storm type and air mass origin into southeastern Arizona. Wet precipitation NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, and K inputs were collected at seven sites to determine seasonal and spatial variations in nutrient inputs. Total nutrient inputs and concentrations in summer precipitation were significantly greater than in winter precipitation. Higher summer total inputs and concentrations were attributed to storm type and air mass origin rather than precipitation amount, as summer precipitation accounted for 56% of the precipitation and 79, 69, 66, and 73% of the NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, and K, respectively. Spatial variability in nutrient inputs was limited to specific nutrients, seasons, and sites and attributed to precipitation variability and localized sources. Generally, the air masses and storm types that produced seasonal differences in nutrient inputs and concentrations affected all sites uniformly.
Resource booms and economic development: the time series dynamics for 17 oil-rich countries

This article examines the time series properties of oil prices and economic development for 17 oil-rich developing countries. Cointegration and error-correction estimation results indicate that in the majority of cases oil booms are followed by increases in both GDP per capita and investment.
Effect of Dexamethasone on Prolactin and TSH Responses to TRH and Metoclopramide in Man

We studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 h, for 5 days on the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced release of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in 9 normal men and on the metoclopramideinduced release of PRL in 7 normal men. Dexamethasone suppressed the baseline serum levels of PRL, TSH and T3. The administration of dexamethasone blunted the PRL and TSH response to TRH; the blunted TSH response resulted in a decreased T3 and T4 response to TRH after dexamethasone. Following dexamethasone administration, the PRL response to metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist which acts at the hypothalamicpituitary level to stimulate PRL secretion, was blunted in 7 normal men. The data suggest that short-term administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids suppress the secretion of PRL and TSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary gland.
Mechanisms of morphology development and water motion in proton exchange membranes

Two critical parameters of nanophase morphology and water motion are discussed in the design of proton exchange membranes (PEMs). While much has been learned about the function of proton exchange membranes by studying poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) and sulfonated aromatic polymers, new generations of electrolytes for aqueous applications are being developed that push the limits of ion conductivity and small molecule transport rates in water-absorbing polymers. The utility of employing block copolymers has been demonstrated to concentrate and affect long-range connectivity of ionic domains, but the details of how ions arrange in these systems are still to be explored. Examples of block copolymer proton exchange membranes and their usefulness in understanding membrane function will be reviewed. Additionally, water motion in PEMs is critical to achieving sufficient proton conductivity. The relationship between water motion and conductivity can be used to design new materials with insight of the water-polymer interactions in the system.
On coloring graphs to maximize the proportion of multicolored k-edges

Abstract The following results and some generalizations are obtained. Consider all colorings of the n vertices of a k -graph G into l colors. Then, if k is sufficiently large ( k≥k 0 ( r, l )), at least a proportion r of the k -edges of G will contain vertices colored in every color for any r
The school librarian as a technology integration leader: enablers and barriers to leadership enactment

This poster presents preliminary findings of in-progress research investigating current practice to identify what is enabling some school librarians to thrive as technology integration leaders and what is hindering others in order to guide school librarians in successfully enacting this role. The highly technological environment of 21st century schools has significantly redefined the role of the school librarian by presenting the opportunity to assume leadership roles through technology integration. The school librarian must evolve as a leader in order to address the needs of today's learners and ensure that they are equipped with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed, but the lack of research in this area has left school librarians ill prepared for the enactment of this role. This research, based on a distributed leadership theoretical foundation, seeks to identify and categorize the enablers and barriers experienced by school librarians in enacting a leadership role in technology integration.
Reactions of glycals with xenon fluoride: an improved synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluorosaccharides

Abstract The 1,2-double bond in acetylated glycals has been fluorinated with XeF 2 in the presence of BF 3 to give 1,2-deoxy-1,2-difluorosaccharides. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed. This method represents an improvement in the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluorosaccharides.