cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-term characterization of building integrated photovoltaic panels

Building integrated photovoltaics, the integration of photovoltaic cells into one or more exterior building surfaces, represents a small but growing part of today’s $2 billion dollar photovoltaic industry. A barrier to the widespread use of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is the lack of validated predictive simulation tools needed to make informed economic decisions. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has undertaken a multi-year project to compare the measured performance of BIPV panels to the predictions of photovoltaic simulation tools. The existing simulation models require input parameters that characterize the electrical performance of BIPV panels subjected to various meteorological conditions. This paper describes the experimental apparatus and test procedures used to capture the required parameters. Results are presented for custom fabricated mono-crystalline, polycrystalline, and silicon film BIPV panels and a commercially available triple junction amorphous silicon panel.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry: a protocol for preparing and applying NIMS surfaces for high-sensitivity mass analysis

Nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) is a new surface-based MS technique that uses a nanostructured surface to trap liquid ('initiator') compounds. Analyte materials adsorbed onto this 'clathrate' surface are subsequently released by laser irradiation for mass analysis. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of NIMS surfaces capable of producing low background and high-sensitivity mass spectrometric measurement using the initiator compound BisF17. Examples of analytes that adsorb to this surface are small molecules, drugs, lipids, carbohydrates and peptides. Typically, NIMS is used to analyze samples ranging from simple analytical standards and proteolytic digests to more complex samples such as tissues, cells and biofluids. Critical experimental considerations of NIMS are described. Specifically, NIMS sensitivity is examined as a function of pre-etch cleaning treatment, etching current density, etching time, initiator composition, sample concentration, sample deposition method and laser fluence. Typically, NIMS surface preparation can be completed in less than 2 h. Subsequent sample preparation requires 1-5 min, depending on sample deposition method. Mass spectrometric data acquisition typically takes 1-30 s per sample.
Absence of bile acid malabsorption as a late effect of pelvic irradiation

The pathophysiology of chronic radiation-induced diarrhea was evaluated in 28 patients who had undergone pelvic irradiation for gynecologic neoplasms 2 to 7 years previously. Twenty-seven patients undergoing radiotherapy with techniques that did not require abdominal or pelvic irradiation served as controls. The glycine conjugates of cholic acid (GC) were measured in serum by radioimmunoassay. Fasting and 2 hr. pp GC levels for the pelvic irradiated patients were 11.0 +/- 11.1 (mean +/- SD) and 24.8 +/- 17.3 micrograms/dl. Fasting and 2 hr. pp GC levels for controls were 12.6 +/- 7.4 and 28.0 +/- 14.7. There were no significant differences in the post-prandial increases in serum GC between pelvic irradiated patients and controls (p = .23, Type II error probability = .13). There was also no significant difference in the 2 hr. pp and fasting GC ratio (p = .39). There was significant difference between the stool frequency (p less than .01) and the prevalence of diarrhea (p less than .02) between pelvic irradiated patients and controls. The data suggest that bile acid malabsorption due to ileal dysfunction is not an inevitable late complication of pelvic irradiation and is not the major determinant in the pathophysiology of chronic radiation-induced diarrhea.
Control of information flow through the influence of mechanical and chemical signals during agonistic encounters by the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus

Animals use sensory information when making decisions regarding social status. In particular, crayfish use chemical and possibly mechanical signals to communicate past social history and status. These signals originate in the urine that is actively released during agonistic encounters. We examined the transfer of social information via chemical and mechanical signals by using (1) neutrally buoyant particles, along with a projected light sheet to visualize flow generation, (2) a fluorescent dye to observe urine release and (3) a unique combination of the two techniques to quantify the roles of urine and current generation during agonistic bouts. Both dominant and subordinate crayfish generated currents and appeared to use them to send and sample signals, but dominant crayfish generated more frequent currents than subordinates. Alterations in currents and behaviours suggest that currents are used to transfer social information. Dominant animals released urine during an encounter more frequently than subordinates, and usually did so while engaged with an opponent. In addition, when urine was released, it was transported within these self-generated currents. However, urine was not released every time a current was generated, making urine release relatively rare compared to current generation. A correlation of urine releases with current generation and agonistic behaviours appears to be an indicator for eventual dominant–subordinate relationships. Dominant crayfish showed agonistic behaviours more often when releasing urine. Consequently, chemical signalling influenced a fight opponent's behaviour.
A framework for classifying and comparing architecture description languages

Software architectures shift developers' focus from lines-of-code to coarser-grained architectural elements and their interconnection structure. Architecture description languages (ADLs) have been proposed as modeling notations to support architecture-based development. There is, however, little consensus in the research community on what is an ADL, what aspects of an architecture should be modeled in an ADL, and which ADL is best suited for a particular problem. Furthermore, the distinction is rarely made between ADLs on one hand and formal specification, module interconnection, simulation, and programming languages on the other. This paper attempts to provide an answer to these questions. It motivates and presents a definition and a classification framework for ADLs. The utility of the definition is demonstrated by using it to differentiate ADLs from other modeling notations. The framework is used to classify and compare several existing ADLs.
p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis

Abstract The tumor-suppressor protein p53 appears to function at the G1 phase of the cell cycle as a checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Mutations in the p53 gene lead to an increased rate of genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The E2F-1 transcription factor is a protein partner of the retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product, RB. E2F-1 appears to function as a positive regulator or signal for entry into S phase. To explore possible interactions of p53 and E2F-1 in the cell cycle, a human E2F-1 expression plasmid was introduced into a murine cell line containing a temperature-sensitive p53 allele which produces a p53 protein in the wild-type conformation at 32 degrees C and the mutant form at 37.5 degrees C. Coexpression of the wild-type p53 protein and E2F-1 in these cells resulted in a rapid loss of cell viability through a process of apoptosis. Thus, the cell cycle utilizes an interacting or communicative pathway between RB-E2F-1 and p53.
Transnational activities of immigrant-owned firms and their performances in the USA

Using microdata from the U.S. Survey of Business Owners 2007, this study examines transnational activities of immigrant-owned businesses in three aspects: Whether they export, outsource jobs, and have overseas establishments. Results show that immigrant-owned firms have significantly higher tendency to be involved in transnational economic activities when compared to non-immigrant-owned firms. Immigrant firms without transnational activities have significantly fewer employees, smaller annual total sales, and smaller total payrolls than non-immigrant firms. However, immigrant-owned firms with transnational activities fare significantly better than non-immigrant-owned firms without transnational activities. These findings speak directly to the long-debated issues concerning different motivations and performance outcomes of immigrant business ownership.
Changes in uranium speciation through a depth sequence of contaminated Hanford sediments

The disposal of basic sodium aluminate and acidic U(VI)−Cu(II) wastes in the now-dry North and South 300 A Process Ponds at the Hanford site resulted in a groundwater plume of U(VI). To gain insight into the geochemical processes that occurred during waste disposal and those affecting the current and future fate and transport of this uranium plume, the solid-phase speciation of uranium in a depth sequence of sediments from the base of the North Process Pond through the vadose zone to groundwater was investigated using standard chemical and mineralogical analyses, electron and X-ray microprobe measurements, and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Near-surface sediments contained uranium coprecipitated with calcite, which formed due to overneutralization of the waste ponds with base (NaOH). At intermediate depths in the vadose zone, metatorbernite [Cu(UO2PO4)2·8H2O] precipitated, likely during pond operations. Uranium occurred predominantly sorbed onto phyllosilicates in the deeper vadose zone and...
Synergistic Effects of Metabolically Related Amino Acids on the Growth of a Multicellular Plant II. Studies of 14C-Amino Acid Incorporation

The synergistic inhibition of the growth of Marchantia polymorpha gemmalings by lysine and threonine and its prevention by methionine has been investigated utilizing (14)C-labeled amino acids. Experiments involving the uptake of (14)C-lysine or (14)C-threonine in the presence or absence of methionine indicated that the synergistic growth effects were not a result of altered amino acid uptake. These data, as well as direct chemical analysis, indicated that growth inhibition was correlated with an inhibition of protein synthesis. Experiments utilizing (14)C-aspartic acid revealed that the presence of lysine and threonine resulted in increased (14)CO(2) production and an accumulation of soluble (14)C-aspartic acid and labeled ninhydrin-positive compounds. These metabolic alterations were prevented when methionine was also included in the growth media. A model depicting a sequence of events which involve the interaction of regulatory mechanisms is suggested to account for the effects of specific amino acids on plant growth.
Mastermind in SIGART

Three articles about Mastermind (MM) have appeared in the SIGART Newsletter in the past 2 years. Each paper presents a different strategy for MM but only one gives a non-anecdotal assessment of performance. None of the papers seriously address the issue of what would be an optimal strategy of MM.
A note on the average-case behavior of a simple differencing method for partitioning

Given n positive values x"1, x"2,..., x"n, we wish to partition them into two subsets such that the difference between the sums of the subsets is minimized. Karp and Karmarkar have shown that a fairly complicated linear-time differencing algorithm achieves, for a broad class of probability distributions, a difference of O(n^-^a^l^o^gn), for some @a > 0, with probability approaching 1 as n -> ~. Their work left open the question of how two simple and more natural implementations of the algorithm behaved. In this paper, under the assumption that the input values are uniformly distributed, we show that one of these algorithms is not nearly so effective, confirming empirical observations of Karp.
Performance of laser fluorescence devices and visual examination for the detection of occlusal caries in permanent molars

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of a laser fluorescence tool DIAGNOdent (KaVo, Biberach, Germany) and two light-emitting diode fluorescence tools—Spectra Caries Detection Aid (AIR TECHNIQUES, Melville, NY), and SOPROLIFE light-induced fluorescence evaluator in daylight and blue flores- cence mode (SOPRO, ACTEON Group, La Ciotat, France)—in comparison to the caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS-II) in detection of caries lesions. In 100 subjects (age 23.4 � 10.6years), 433 posterior permanent unrestored teeth were examined. On the occlusal surfaces, up to 1066 data points for each assessment method were available for statistical evaluation, including 1034 ICDAS scores (intra-examiner kappa ¼ 0.884). For the SOPROLIFE tool, a new caries-scoring system was developed. Per assessment tool each average score for one given ICDAS code was significantly different from the one for another ICDAS code. Normalized data linear regression revealed that both SOPROLIFE assessment tools allowed for best caries score discrimination followed by DIAGNOdent and Spectra Caries Detection Aid. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve calculations showed the same grading sequence when cutoff point ICDAS codes 0-1-2 were grouped together. Sensitivity and specificity values at the same cutoff were calculated (DIAGNOdent 87/66, Spectra Caries Detection Aid 93/37, SOPROLIFE 93/63, SOPROLIFE blue fluorescence 95/55.) © 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
Pseudomembranous Colitis in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may require frequent courses of antibiotics and repeated hospital admissions. Although children with CF have high carriage rate for C.difficile, they rarely develop colitis. Pseudomembranous colitis is more common in adult post lung transplant CF patients. Although rare, paseudomembranous colitis should be considered in CF patients presenting with abdominal symptoms even in the absence of diarrhoea.
Time-resolved measurement of acoustic pulses generated by MeV protons stopping in aluminum

A wide-band capacitive detector has been constructed to make time-resolved measurements of acoustic pulses generated in aluminum and in other solids by ns pulses of MeV protons. The near-field signal observed traveling in the beam direction is a measure of the initial pressure distribution along the path of the stopping protons. The measured amplitudes and shapes of such signals are consistent with the thermoelastic model of sound generation. From the signal rise time (l2 ns), it can be concluded that the conversion into heat of the energy loss of a slowing proton is localized within a radius of several micrometers. For the data presented, the fraction of beam-pulse energy absorbed from acoustic radiation by the detector is about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}14}$. Acoustic signals which generate ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ eV of electrical energy in the detector (\ensuremath{\sim}4 \ensuremath{\mu}V into 50 \ensuremath{\Omega} for 5 ns) are easily discernible after signal averaging. Acoustic signals were used to probe the formation of microbubbles in hydrogen-implanted aluminum. From bubble growths inferred from acoustic measurements, the diffusivity of hydrogen in aluminum is estimated at a temperature where the diffusivity is 8 orders of magnitude smaller than in previous measurements.
ARE PEDIATRIC PATIENTS MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MAJOR RENAL INJURY FROM BLUNT TRAUMA? A COMPARATIVE STUDY

AbstractPurpose: We determine whether pediatric are more susceptible to major renal injury than adults.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 34 consecutive children 2 to 17 years old (mean age 10) and 35 consecutive adults 19 to 59 years old (mean age 32) with blunt renal trauma who presented to our 2 level I trauma centers between 1990 and 1996. Patients with incomplete charts were excluded from study. According to the organ injury scaling committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal injuries were graded based on computerized tomography results or laparotomy findings (4 adults) with major injuries classified as grade IV or V. Vascular injuries were excluded from study. Injury severity scores were calculated using the abbreviated injury scale.Results: Injury severity scores ranged from 4 to 75 (mean 16) in the pediatric and 5 to 50 (mean 22) in the adult populations (p <0.01). Overall 16 of the 34 children (47%) and 8 of the 35 adults (23%) sust...
Laboratory Studies of Variations in Feeding Behaviors Among Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) of Different Gender and Reproductive States

Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a key pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the western United States that injures floral buds (squares) and developing fruit (bolls). Levels of Lygus-induced damage to cotton can vary by Lygus ages or gender, and these variations complicate interpretation of studies designed to elucidate Lygus and cotton interactions. Variations in observed injury may reflect different behaviors among Lygus gender or ages. We compared times allocated to feeding and trivial movement between male and female adult L. hesperus of different reproductive states: prereproductive, reproductive and mated, and reproductive and unmated. Prereproductive adults exhibited less trivial movement and spent more time stylet-probing compared with reproductive unmated and mated adults. Mated females stylet-probed more times than other classes of adults, whereas mated and unmated reproductive females exhibited more test probes (≤10 s duration) than prereproductive females. Reproductive females probed the anther region of squares less than prereproductive females. Instead, reproductive females tended to stylet-probe squares below the bracts, which is also where they oviposited. Each oviposition event was preceded by a short duration stylet-probe at the oviposition location. Unmated reproductive males exhibited more test probes but fewer ingestion probes (>1 min) compared with prereproductive and mated males. These results indicate a pattern in which prereproductive adults are less active and feed more compared with reproductive adults, but behaviors vary among reproductive adults of different gender and mating states. We propose that differences in behaviors exhibited among adult L. hesperus are related to the different requirements imposed by mate seeking, mate attraction, and oviposition.
HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE INVERTED SPECTRUM

It is possible for a person and their environment to be physically identical each day and yet the representational content of their beliefs about color are inverted. Each day they utter the same words, ‘Wow! The colors of everything have switched again today.’ In uttering these words, they express a different proposition each day. This supports the view held by Reichenbach and Carnap that when it comes to representations of colored objects, relations of similarity and difference are fundamental. There are no such things as colors like ‘redness’ and ‘greenness’ apart from the particular things we call red and green.
The Model United Nations revisited

For over 50 years, students have organized, conducted, and participated in a simulation of international organizations. This sophisticated simulation of current international affairs, called the Model United Nations (Model UN), is facing unexpected challenges and new opportunities. The challenges before the Model UN program include closing the "reality gap" between the Model UN and its real-world counterpart and finding ways to increase the involvement of the academic and education professional communities. The opportunities for the Model UN program include an increasing global reach to countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe and the infinite possibilities for enhancing the learning experience of the Model UN through application of telecommunications and other information technologies.
Turbulent entrainment at an inversion

Three separate conditions controlling the structure of the inversion are discussed. The rate of change of boundary layer temperature and the vertical gradient of potential temperature in the overlying air set the maximum limit to possible rise rates. In transient conditions, the rise of the inversion layer is sometimes dominated by turbulent transport and erosion, however this cannot continue indefinitely. The horizontal advection above the inversion can also change the relative temperature increase at the inversion, and so may partly determine inversion history.
A Geotechnical Investigation of Rock-Like Material Lining Joints in Shale Bedrock

A small number of sites in Pennsylvanian-age shale bedrock in Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania contain joints lined with rock-like material, similar in appearance to infilling material. Three unstable slopes, one each at Belle Valley, Ohio, East Steubenville, West Virginia, and Hopewell, Pennsylvania, were selected to investigate engineering properties of the lining material and the adjacent shale bedrock, as well as the role of lining material in contributing to slope instability. A detailed line survey was conducted at each site to determine the orientation and continuity of all joints intercepted by the line, and to examine the nature of the material lining the joints. The principal joint sets from each site were analyzed using stereographic projection techniques to determine potential modes of failure. The engineering properties determined for the lining material and the adjacent bedrock included Atterberg limits, grain-size distribution, slake durability, unconfined compressive strength, and shear strength parameters. The lining material was also examined in thin sections and by X-ray diffraction. This study shows that the rock-like material lining the joints consists of original shale bedrock altered by precipitation of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), pyrolusite (MnO 2 ), and goethite (FeOOH) from groundwater flowing through the joints. The lining material is stronger and more durable than the adjacent shale bedrock. The friction angle between the lining material and shale bedrock is higher at the Belle Valley site and lower at the East Steubenville and Hopewell sites. Wedge failures are the dominant mode of failure at all three sites.
Taxonomic ambiguities in category variations needed to support machine conceptualization

This is a theoretical expositional exploration into the underlying needs of concept formation. The main purpose is to identify and discuss the differing forms of categorization in the context of possible machine learning and representation of those concepts. Conceptualization is the process of developing the abstractions that are needed to support reasoning. The formation of the machine equivalent of human concepts is critical to the development of a general, machine based reasoning capacity. An aid in understanding conceptual categorization is prototype theory. It helps to identify the building block tools that are used to construct categories and taxonomies. When developing taxonomic structures, framing conflicts can occur in terms of how things should be clustered together, what should be the relative hierarchal levels, and what should be subordinate to what.
Influences of fluid property variation on the boundary layers of a stretching surface

In this work, the influences of temperature-dependent fluid properties on the boundary layers over a continuously stretching surface with constant temperature are investigated. Based on the boundary layer assumptions, the coupled similarity equations are obtained for special situations, in which the fluid density and heat capacity are assumed without dependence on the temperature. Those similarity equations are solved numerically. The influences of property variation on wall stresses and heat fluxes are discussed. It is found that the property variation can influence the distributions of both fluid velocity and temperature across the boundary layers. For the thermal boundary layer, using mean properties evaluated at the average temperature of wall and ambient fluid can give good results for the temperature distribution. However, for the momentum boundary layer, the difference of velocity distributions can be large.
A Revolutionary Technology for an Evolutionary Cause

I f, as many communication scholars have confessed, studying the Internet culture and online activities is like shooting a moving target, then observing China’s cybersphere is much like shooting thousands of moving targets on a high-speed bullet train. Following this metaphor, Yang’s recent book The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online hits multiple targets spot on, and with an astounding bang. In tackling the often-mentioned yet rarely fully explored subject of online activism in China, Yang formulates a straightforward model—the multidimensional dynamics of online activism—and sails with ease and authority through a series of dichotomous paradigms, such as continuity and rupture, tradition and innovation, control and resistance, style and content, business and politics, and central government and general masses. He defines online activism rather broadly as “any form of Internet-based collective action that promotes, contests, or resists change” (p. 3). Primarily derived from and largely driven by five competing forces of state power, culture, market, civil society, and transnationalism, China’s online activism, according to Yang, is “a response to the grievances, injustices, and anxieties caused by the structural transformation of Chinese society” (p. 7). In other words, citizen activism is both the catalyst and the outcome of China’s historical transformation. It is the symptom of a disease, on the one hand, and it is also the prescription to cure it, on the other.
Parietal and prefrontal neurons driven to distraction.

The ability to filter out distracting sensory information is crucial to adaptive behavior. A primate study finds that prefrontal cortex is more important than parietal cortex in that function.
Quantifying Error Distributions in Crowding

When multiple objects are in close proximity, observers have difficulty identifying them individually. Two classes of theories aim to account for this crowding phenomenon: spatial pooling and spatial substitution. Variations of these accounts predict different patterns of errors in crowded displays. Here we aim to characterize the kinds of errors that people make during crowding by comparing a number of error models across three experiments in which we manipulate flanker spacing, display eccentricity, and precueing duration. We find that both spatial intrusions and individual letter confusions play a considerable role in errors. Moreover, we find no evidence that a naive pooling model that predicts errors based on a nonadditive combination of target and flankers explains errors better than an independent intrusion model (indeed, in our data, an independent intrusion model is slightly, but significantly, better). Finally, we find that manipulating trial difficulty in any way (spacing, eccentricity, or precueing) produces homogenous changes in error distributions. Together, these results provide quantitative baselines for predictive models of crowding errors, suggest that pooling and spatial substitution models are difficult to tease apart, and imply that manipulations of crowding all influence a common mechanism that impacts subject performance.
Performance of Degrading Reinforced Concrete Frame Systems Under the Tohoku and Christchurch Earthquake Sequences

Field investigations after the recent Tohoku and Christchurch earthquakes reported failure of structural systems due to multiple earthquakes. In most failure cases the reported damage was mainly due to dramatic loss of stiffness and strength of structural elements as a result of material deterioration due to repeated earthquake loading. This study aims to investigate the degrading behavior of reinforced concrete frame systems subjected to Tohoku and Christchurch earthquake sequences. Numerical models of RC frames that incorporate damage features are established and inelastic response history analyses are conducted. The results presented in this study indicate that multiple earthquake effects are significant.
Miniaturizing microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent an emerging technology for electricity generation from renewable biomass. Given the demand for a better understanding of the bio/inorganic interface that plays a key role in MFC energy production, small-scale MFCs are receiving considerable attention owing to their intrinsic advantages in both fundamental studies and applications as high-throughput platforms. Here, we present a brief review centered on the development of miniature MFCs at the milliliter to microliter scale. The principles, design motifs and experimental demonstrations of representative miniature MFC devices and systems are introduced, followed by a discussion of the key challenges and opportunities for realizing the exciting potentials of miniaturized MFCs.
Transmission line fields

Calculated and measured transmission line electrostatic and electromagnetic fields are presented. The 30 line rotating E and B vectors are presented as vector loci and the phasor space potentials are presented as mappings. Lateral profiles of ground level electrostatic and electromagnetic fields are calculated and compared to measured values.
Distributed Gaussian Valence Bond Surface Derived from Ab Initio Calculations

The experimental and computational results for the tautomerization reaction of 2-pyridone are reviewed. G3, G4, CBS-APNO, and W1 model chemistries are used to generate state-of-the-art reaction energetics for the tautomerization reaction with and without catalytic water molecules in both the gas and aqueous phases. Reactive, electronic potential energy surface surfaces for use in molecular dynamics simulations were generated for these reactions following a recently improved empirical valence bond formulation. The form of molecular mechanics potentials needed for a satisfactory fit is also discussed.
Movement conservatism and the attack on ethnic studies

This article offers a critical examination of the role that conservative corporate philanthropy played in initiating the assault against the Ethnic Studies discipline during the Academic Culture Wars of the 1980s and 1990s. This research focuses on the development of movement conservatism as an emerging political force that brought together conservative political philosophy with corporate money support with the aim of undermining and dismantling any curricula and discourse which challenged ‘American culture and values.’ Although unsuccessful in eliminating Ethnic Studies programs, the merger between conservative politics and corporate philanthropy was legitimized resulting in a new form of conservative action and activism.
Eating disorder not otherwise specified in adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the frequency, type, and clinical severity of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in adolescents seeking treatment through an outpatient eating disorders service. Method: Two hundred eighty-one consecutive referrals to an eating disorders program were assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and self-report measures of depression and self-esteem. Results: The majority of adolescents presented with EDNOS (59.1%; n = 166) relative to anorexia nervosa (AN; 20.3%; n = 57) and bulimia nervosa (BN; 20.6%; n = 58). Most EDNOS youths could be described as subthreshold AN (SAN; 27.7%; n = 46), subthreshold BN (SBN; 19.9%; n = 33), EDNOS purging (27.7%; n = 46), or EDNOS bingeing (6.0%; n = 10); yet 31 (18.7%) could not be categorized as such (EDNOS "other"). Overall differences in eating disorder pathology, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem emerged between the EDNOS types, wherein adolescents with EDNOS bulimic variants (SBN, EDNOS purging, and EDNOS bingeing) had more pathology than youths with SAN or EDNOS "other." There were no differences in these variables between AN and SAN; in contrast, compared with BN, youths with EDNOS bulimic variants reported lower EDE scores and higher self-esteem, although there were no between-group differences in depression. Conclusions: As in adults with eating disorders, EDNOS predominates and is heterogeneous with regard to eating disorder pathology and associated features in an adolescent clinical sample. Lack of differences between AN and SAN suggests that the strict criteria for AN could be relaxed; differences between BN and EDNOS bulimic variants do not support their combination.
Major-element chemistry of plutonic rock suites from compressional and extensional plate boundaries

Chemical criteria have been developed to distinguish plutonic rock suites from compressional and extensional plate margins by comparing type examples of Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic suites generated at these plate boundaries. Compressional plutonic rock suites are characterized by intermediate unimodal frequency distributions of differentiation index and normative plagioclase, calc/alkali indexes in the range of 60–64, and distinctive patterns on AFM diagrams. Extensional plutonic rock suites are characterized by bimodal distribution of differentiation index and normative plagioclase, calc/alkali indexes in the range of 50–56 and the presence of peralkaline rocks. These criteria are useful in determining tectonic settings of plutonic rock suites of unknown environment. No single criterion should be used to distinguish tectonic setting. The distinguishing chemical features of compressional plutonic rock suites may directly be related to melting and dehydration of the subducted ocean crust. Other processes that may be important are: lowering of the solidus of the overlying peridotitic mantle wedge resulting in partial melting; fractionation of both primary melts; extensive reaction of these melts with the continental crust. The characteristics of extensional plutonic rock suites may directly be related to melting of anhydrous peridotitic mantle; small amounts of melting of continental crust and a lack of mixing of the two magmas. Basic rocks from extensional suites may be generated by smaller amounts of melting at greater depths than those from compressional suites resulting in some with alkaline affinities.
The interaction of propidium diiodide with self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphates.

Abstract The interactions of a quinacrine derivative, methylated at both the aromatic and aliphatic nitrogens, and propidium diiodide with the dinucleoside monophosphates CpG, GpC, UpA and ApU have been investigated using 13C-NMR (for the quinacrine derivative prepared with [13C]methyl substituents and 1H-NMR and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The quinacrine derivative displayed negligible interaction with the dinucleosides at concentrations up to 5 · 10−4 M. Propidium did form complexes with dinucleosides even at concentrations as low as 10−4 M. Propidium displayed a pyrimidine-purine binding preference and gave especially large changes in ultraviolet-visible and 1H-NMR spectra in the presence of CpG. This suggests that propidium forms an intercalated complex with a Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded CpG dimer. At higher concentrations UpA and GpC gave similar spectral changes indicating that they could also form significant amounts of an intercalated complex with propidium under appropriate conditions. The changes caused by ApU were small under all conditions and were more similar to the effects caused by mononucleotides. These results indicate that, at least for phenanthridines, cationic side chains do not greatly inhibit complex formation with dinucleoside monophosphates, and suggest that the weak interaction of the quinacrine derivative with dinucleosides is due to weaker interactions of the acridine ring system with nucleoside bases relative to the phenanthridine ring system.
Percutaneous Pinning of Fifth Carpal–Metacarpal Fracture–Dislocations: An Alternative Pin Trajectory

Traditional management of unstable fourth and fifth carpal–metacarpal (CMC) fracture–dislocations (fx–dislocs) of the hand includes closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) versus open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Traditional trajectory of pin placement is toward the base of the hook of the hamate. Our case series of CMC fx–dislocs treated with this trajectory led to the development of ulnar deep motor branch symptoms (sxs). We attempt to propose an alternative trajectory that could lower the chance of iatrogenic injury. Five fresh frozen cadaveric specimens underwent percutaneous pinning of the fifth CMC joint using fluoroscopic guidance. Each cadaver was dissected, and the proximity of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve was measured in relation to a pin that penetrated the volar cortex. Our results confirm the close proximity of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve to the volar cortex of the hamate and demonstrate the potential for iatrogenic injury during CRPP of the fifth CMC fx–dislocs, especially with penetration of the volar cortex. By demonstrating the close proximity of the deep motor branch to the volar cortex of the hamate in cadavers, we highlight the potential for iatrogenic injury with CRPP of CMC fx–dislocs as seen in our case series. We recommend a more midaxial starting point on the proximal metacarpal with a trajectory aimed at the midbody of the hamate to prevent penetration of the hamate volar cortex and limit the chances of iatrogenic injury.
Propagation-medium limitations on phase-compensated atmospheric imaging*

There has long been interest in reducing or circumventing the limitations imposed by atmospheric turbulence on optical imaging systems. Recent studies have shown that irradiance or speckle interferometry, or real-time atmospheric compensation, may be used to regain diffraction-limited performance. In this paper, the relationship between real-time phase compensation and the optimum channel-matched filter compensator is developed, with emphasis on the fundamental limits imposed by the propagation medium. In particular, the effects of uncompensated amplitude fluctuations and finite isoplanatic diameter are evaluated. It is shown that the former does not usually present any limitation on imaging performance, whereas the latter may severely limit the field of view over which diffraction-limited imaging can be realized. Results are presented for both coherently and incoherently illuminated objects.
Effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids on the cardiac sodium channels in isolated rat ventricular myocytes

1. Whole-cell Na+ currents (holding potential, -80 mV; test potential, -30 mV) in rat myocytes were inhibited by 8, 9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (8,9-EET) in a dose-dependent manner with 22+/-4% inhibition at 0.5 microM, 48+/-5% at 1 microM, and 73+/-5% at 5 microM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 10, P<0.05 for each dose vs. control). Similar results were obtained with 5,6-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EETs, while 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) was 3-fold less potent and arachidonic acid was 10- to 20-fold less potent. 2. 8,9-EET produced a dose-dependent, hyperpolarized shift in the steady-state membrane potential at half-maximum inactivation (V ), without changing the slope factor. 8,9-EET had no effect on the steady-state activation of Na+ currents. 3. Inhibition of Na+ currents by 8,9-EET was use dependent, and channel recovery was slowed. The effects of 8,9-EET were greater at depolarized potentials. 4. Single channel recordings showed 8,9-EET did not change the conductance or the number of active Na+ channels, but markedly decreased the probability of Na+ channel opening. These results were associated with a decrease in the channel open time and an increase in the channel closed times. 5. Incubation of cultured cardiac myocytes with 1 microM [3H]8,9-EET showed that 25% of the radioactivity was taken up by the cells over a 2 h period, and most of the uptake was incorporated into phospholipids, principally phosphatidylcholine. Analysis of the medium after a 2 h incubation indicated that 86% of the radioactivity remained as [3H]8,9-EET while 13% was converted into [3H]8,9-DHET. After a 30 min incubation, 1-2% of the [3H]8,9-EET uptake by cells remained as unesterified EET. 6. These results demonstrate that cardiac cells have a high capacity to take up and metabolize 8,9-EET. 8,9-EET is a potent use- and voltage-dependent inhibitor of the cardiac Na+ channels through modulation of the channel gating behaviour.
Creatinine hydrolase and creatine amidinohydrolase: II. Partial purification and properties

The optimal conditions for growing A. ureafaciens for producing maximum amounts of creatinine hydrolase and creatine amidinohydrolase relative to total protein are described. This required a medium in which either creatinine or creatine was the sole source of carbon. The specific activity of a crude, cell-free sonicate of creatinine hydrolase was increased 110- to 140-fold by a series of purification steps including heat treatment which inactivated creatine amidinohydrolase, precipitation of nucleic acids with streptomycin, ammonium sulfate precipitation of inert proteins, Sephadex Gel-200 filtration and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The most highly purified preparation of creatinine hydrolase still contained a number of inert proteins as demonstrated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis but was completely devoid of creatine amidinohydrolase activity. The pH optimum of creatinine hydrolase was 8.3 and the Km was 0.125 M. The molecular weight of creatinine hydrolase as determined by filtration on a Sephadex Gel-200 column was approximately 240,000 and appeared to be composed of eight subunits. The molecular weight of creatine amidinohydrolase was in the vicinity of 100,000. The inhibitory effects of heavy metals and sulfhydryl compounds on the activities of the enzymes were studied.
Mutagenic potential of adenine N6 adducts of monoepoxide and diolepoxide derivatives of butadiene

To determine the biological effects of specific DNA adducts resulting from the interaction of 1,3-butadiene metabolites with DNA, deoxyoligonucleotides have been synthesized with four different adducts at the N(6) position of adenine, centrally located within the human N-ras codon 61. The adducts are those arising from adduction by either the R or S stereoisomer of the monoepoxide (BDO) or the (R,R) or (S,S) isomer of the diolepoxide (BDE). The diolepoxide can arise from partial hydrolysis of the diepoxide (BDO(2)) or from epoxidation of hydrolyzed monoepoxide. These adducted oligonucleotides were used in in vivo and in vitro assays designed both to determine their mutagenic potency and to examine specific interactions with Escherichia coli polymerases. Each adducted oligonucleotide was ligated into a single-stranded vector M13mp7L2 that was subsequently used to transfect E. coli. The resulting mutagenic spectrum for these modified DNAs was stereoisomer specific. Both monoepoxide lesions were nonmutagenic, but the mutagenic spectra for the modified DNAs containing BDE adducts were stereoisomer specific. The mutations generated by adducts of the R,R enantiomer of the diolepoxide were exclusively A --> G, whereas adducts of the S,S enantiomer of the diolepoxide yielded exclusively A --> C mutations. None of the four modifications resulted in significant blocks to in vivo phage replication, as evidenced by no decrease in plaque-forming ability. Consistent with these data, when each of three purified E. coli polymerases was used to replicate DNAs containing these adducted deoxyoligonucleotides, the individual polymerases appeared to be virtually unaffected, such that all lesions were readily bypassed. Whereas previous animal model studies identified the mutagenic spectrum related to butadiene exposure, these studies begin to establish the specific lesions responsible for mutagenesis. This is the first report of stereoselectivity related to butadiene-induced mutagenesis.
Data reduction in the mixed-sensitivity H/sup infinity / design problem

The mixed-sensitivity H/sup infinity / design problem is discussed in the two-block case. The state-space approach is used to investigate the internal structure of this design problem, which inherits many pole-zero cancellations. The complete state-space solution is provided. Efficient mathematical software can then be implemented. >
Implementation of a Microprocessor-Based Tactile Hearing Prosthesis

A microprocessor-based tactile vocoder is described that offers important advantages over its analog counterpart. Digital implementation provides more flexibility and precision. The system simulates, in real-time, the characteristics of a 16-channel tactile vocoder developed at Queen's University in Kingston, Ont., Canada and is intended for use with a linear array of 16 miniature vibrators. Design considerations of the circuit logic, program structure, and algorithms used to implement the vocoder and the performance characteristics such as the dynamic range and noise of the various algorithms are discussed. The overall system has a noise level less than ?60 dB re the maximum input and the bandwidth is 7.5 kHz. The system will first be used in the laboratory and in the classroom with two microphones and two tactile displays. Future plans call for the design to be adapted to lower power devices, when they become available, to achieve a single-display, wearable version that can be evaluated under natural conditions of acoustic signal and noise.
Mechanisms for low-frequency oscillations in GaAs FET's

Low-frequency oscillations in GaAs MESFET's were observed under back-gating conditions. The FET oscillations are directly related to oscillations in leakage currents in the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The occurrence of these oscillations in the substrate is strongly dependent upon GaAs material. It is proposed that oscillating substrate leakage currents modulate the FET current in two ways; first, by modulating the active channel-substrate junction and second, by inducing periodic voltage fluctuations on the gate via gate pad contacts on the semi-insulating substrate. The latter mechanism is dominant and dependent upon gate bias and gate impedance.
Seismology: Tectonic strain in plate interiors? (Reply)

The independent analyses of GAMA (global positioning system (GPS) array in mid-America) data by Calais .1 demonstrate the difficulties in determining patterns of rational deformation within otherwise rigid plates. We are a long way from incorporating this type of information into seismic-hazard analysis, and we agree that longer time spans and improved spatial coverage with geodetic-quality data are required in order to gather the observations necessary to start modelling and understanding this enigmatic region.