cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trap-State Distributions and Carrier Transport in Pure and Mixed-Phase TiO2 : Influence of Contacting Solvent and Interphasial Electron Transfer

We report the room-temperature photoluminescence spectra of nanocrystalline TiO2 in the anatase and rutile phases and in mixed-phase samples obtained commercially (Degussa P25) and by thermal treatment of nanocrystalline anatase. The photoluminescence spectrum of anatase spans a broad range of visible wavelengths, while the much more intense rutile emission is found in the near-infrared. Photoluminescence spectra as a function of contacting fluid provide insight into the microscopic nature of the luminescence, the basis for its breadth, and the influence of solvent on inter- and intraparticle electron transfer. Anatase photoluminescence results from at least two spatially isolated trap-state distributions, one of which is absent or quenched in P25 and in the presence of hole scavengers. TiO2 nanocrystalline films containing a small amount of rutile show solvent-dependent relative intensities of the anatase and rutile photoluminescence that reveal carrier transport between the two phases. Photoluminescence...
Construing stigmatized identities: a golden section study.

Objectives. In order to examine whether persons belonging to stigmatized groups are evaluated more negatively than others, this study employed the golden section hypothesis, which predicts that people organize their evaluations in a ratio of roughly 62% positive to 38% negative. Method. Surveys were administered to 154 participants, with 143 surveys analysed. Participants rated nine different identities (business person, politician, lawyer, police officer, college professor, criminal, mental patient, homeless person, and self) along 12 different bipolar dimensions (generous–stingy, pleasant–unpleasant, true–false, fair–unfair, active–passive, energetic–lethargic, sharp–dull, excitable–calm, strong–weak, bold–timid, hard–soft, and rugged–delicate). These dimensions had well-established positive and negative poles. Results. Non-stigmatized identities were evaluated slightly more positively than the golden section hypothesis predicts, while stigmatized identities were rated in a ‘reverse’ golden section pattern. A criminal identity was rated more negatively than the golden section hypothesis predicts and the self more positively. Follow-up analyses suggested that the percentages of positive adjectives assigned to the self and non-stigmatized others were consistent with a model that expands upon the golden section hypothesis. Conclusion. Stigmatized identities are rated using a reverse golden section ratio. This has implications for understanding how people construe stigmatized people. While the golden section hypothesis did not hold for non-stigmatized identities, this may be because the data are better explained by a more refined model that is slightly different from the golden section.
PGY-1 surgery preparatory course design: identification of key curricular components.

Background The importance of preparing senior medical students (SMS) for surgical internship is clear, and initiatives to standardize such curricula are of national interest. Less clear, however, are the specific subject areas most important for inclusion in such courses. In this study, we aimed to identify key curricular components in the development of a PGY-1 Surgery Preparatory Course. Methods A month-long PGY-1 preparatory course was offered to SMS entering surgical residencies, consisting of 55 sessions providing instruction in 3 main areas: 19 Ward Management Tasks (WMT), 12 Operative and Technical Skills (OTS), and 4 Professionalism Skillsets (PS). To determine curricular topics most valued and needed by students, data were reviewed from precourse and postcourse surveys, knowledge tests, and performance examinations. Pretest/posttest scores were compared using t-tests, α = 0.05. Results In all, 22 SMS enrolled in the course. Prior to course participation, students placed greatest importance on WMT (4.35 ± 0.05) over OTS (4.09 ± 0.06) and PS (3.90 ± 0.15), p Conclusions SMS participating in a PGY-1 Surgery Preparatory Course identified WMT as more important than OTS and PS. Further, they demonstrated the lowest precourse confidence in this area and found that course participation most dramatically improved their perceived ability to execute these types of tasks. As efforts continue to formalize the transition from medical school to surgical residency, these findings will be instrumental in developing standardized curricula.
Formation of cartilage tissue in vitro

Articular cartilage is notoriously defective in its capacity for self-repair, making joints particularly sensitive to degenerative processes. However, methods are now available for the preparation of large numbers of differentiated chondrocytes from a small biopsy sample from any patient. The cells are amplified by proliferation as fibroblast-like cells that will re-express the cartilage phenotype when placed in suspension or gel culture. The chondrocytes can be collected from gel cultures after agarase treatment and reconstituted into cartilage tissue in pellet cultures. In addition, these chondrocytes can be suspended in an appropriate delivery vehicle and implanted into defect sites with a high reparative success rate in an animal model. Appropriate procedures can now be tested in appropriate patient populations.
STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY, BY FUNCTIONAL INDUSTRY GROUP

In this paper, we reclassify U.S. input-output data along functional lines by analyzing the use of products represented in the detailed coefficients of the 1967 interindustry study. Our new categories comprise 11 producing “industries,” services (nonproduction), energy (nonproduction), marketing, distribution, other general, crude materials, semi-finished materials, energy production, service production, and machinery replacement, furnishing products to 80 consuming industries. This functional input-output system is then used to analyze postwar structural change in the American economy. Distinct shifts in the uses of different types of inputs are indicated and the implications of these results are discussed.
VINEGAROON (ARACHNIDA: THELYPHONIDA: THELYPHONIDAE) TRACKWAY PRODUCTION AND MORPHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDIA AND MOISTURE CONTROL ON TRACKWAY MORPHOLOGY AND A PROPOSAL FOR A NOVEL SYSTEM OF INTERPRETING ARTHROPOD TRACE FOSSILS

ABSTRACT Neoichnological experiments with vinegaroons (Arachnida: Thelyphonida: Thelyphonidae) were conducted to describe the trackway patterns, evaluate the preservation quality and potential of its trackways in different sediment textures and moisture conditions, and compare them to trackways found in the fossil record. Trackways were produced in nine experimentally controlled variations of sediment size (fine-, medium-, or coarse-grained sand) and moisture added to the sediment surface (0 mL, 5 mL, or 10 mL). Trackways were photographed and video recorded during trackway production, and cast in plaster. Individual tracks were oblong to linear, with the first and third foot on each side producing a track parallel to the direction of motion, and the second foot producing a track perpendicular to the direction of motion. Video evidence indicates that track associations form a triangular pattern with the track of the second foot furthest from the midline of the trackway, rather than a linear pattern as des...
Systemic insecticides for cattle grub control.

Four animal systemic insecticides: ronnel; Co-Ral® (O-(3- chloro-4-methylumbelliferone) O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate), also known as Bayer 21/199; Dowco 109 (phosphoramidothioic acid, methyl- O -(4- tert -butyl-2-chlorophenyl) O -methyl ester); and dimethoate, also known as Am. Cyanamid 12880, were investigated for cattle grub control in Kansas during 1957-58. Results showed that November treatment of cattle from the Southern United States with Co-Ral and dimethoate greatly reduced the number of grubs in the backs of the animals but failed to rid the animals of migrating grubs. Dowco 109 as a spray gave a fair reduction of both the encysted and the migratory grubs, as did also the Dowco 109 used as a bolus and as a feed additive in December. September treatments of native cattle with Dowco 109 and Co-Ral sprays gave no appreciable control whereas the Dowco 109 as a bolus gave excellent control. Dowco 109, used as a feed additive on native cattle, gave very favorable results. Ronnel, used as a bolus on native cattle at monthly intervals from June through November, excluding October, greatly reduced the grubs in all treatments except August. A low-level feeding of ronnel for 79 days had no apparent effect upon grub control. No toxic symptoms were noted in any of the cattle treated.
Manifesting Destiny: a land education analysis of settler colonialism in Jamestown, Virginia, USA

Globally, colonization has been and continues to be enacted in the take-over of Indigenous land and the subsequent conversion of agriculture from diverse food and useful crops to large-scale monoculture and c ash crops. This article uses a land education analysis to map the rise of the ideology and practices of Manifest Destiny in Virginia. Manifest Destiny is the culmination (and continuation) of material and discursive relations that serve as a cover story for the formation (and maintenance) of the settler colonial triad of settlers, Indigenous peoples, and slaves. The article theorizes the settler colonial triad, an important construct of land education that provides a lens through which to investigate political-economic and epistemological links between agriculture, settler colonialism, and environment.
El exilio y su impacto en la reformulación de perspectivas identitarias, políticas e institucionales

Exile is an institutionalized mechanism of political exclusion, which has been used throughout Latin America. This article aims to analyze its impact on the reformulation of political and institutional perspectives. It is abroad that citizens forced out of a national territory redefine political commitments and rephrase collective visions, with an impact on the countries of origin. Based on historical and more recent cases of forced displacement, this work stresses the contribution of political exiles to the redefinition of the collective horizons of the Latin American societies.
Applying the integrative model of behavioral prediction and attitude functions in the context of social media use while viewing mediated sports

Based on the integrative model of behavioral prediction and attitude functions, the present investigation examines the motivations and factors that predict one's intentions to use social media while viewing mediated sports. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the utilitarian functions, the social identity function, the self-esteem maintenance function, and self-efficacy positively predicted attitudes toward social media use while viewing mediated sports. Controlling for other possible behaviors, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy predicted intentions to use social media. Results demonstrated that the integrative model, coupled with attitude functions, can explain a large amount of variance in one's attitudes and media choice tendency.
1,2-Diacyl-Phosphatidylcholine Flip-Flop Measured Directly by Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

Abstract Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS) is used to measure the intrinsic rate of lipid flip-flop for 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and 1,2-distearoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) in planar-supported lipid bilayers (PSs). Asymmetric PSLBs were prepared using the Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir-Schaefer method by placing a perdeuterated lipid analog in one leaflet of the PSLB. SFVS was used to directly measure the asymmetric distribution of the native lipid within the membrane by measuring the decay in the CH 3 v s intensity at 2875cm −1 with time and as a function of temperature. An average activation energy of 220kJ/mol for the translocation of DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC was determined. A decrease in alkyl chain length resulted in a substantial increase in the rate of flip-flop manifested as an increase in the Arrhenius preexponential factor. The effect of lipid labeling was investigated by measuring the exchange of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine- n , n -Dimethyl- n -(2′,2′,6′,6′-tetramethyl-4′-piperidyl) (TEMPO-DPPC). The rate of TEMPO-DPPC flip-flop was an order-of-magnitude slower compared to DPPC. An activation energy of 79kJ/mol was measured which is comparable to that previously measured by electron spin resonance. The results of this study illustrate how SFVS can be used to directly measure lipid flip-flop without the need for a fluorescent or spin-labeled lipid probe, which can significantly alter the rate of lipid translocation.
A test of the construct validity of the elemental psychopathy assessment scores in a community sample of adults.

The Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA) is a relatively new self-report measure of the basic traits associated with psychopathy. Using community participants (N = 104) oversampled for the presence of psychopathic traits, we examined the convergent and criterion validity of the EPA total and factor scores (i.e., Antagonism, Emotional Stability, Disinhibition, and Narcissism) in relation to self- and informant reports of psychopathy and the general personality dimensions of the HEXACO (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience; Ashton & Lee, 2009), as well as self-reported scores on narcissism, Machiavellianism, and externalizing behaviors (EBs) such as antisocial behavior and aggression. The EPA total and factor scores manifested substantial positive correlations with self- and informant-reported psychopathy scores and dimensions from the HEXACO, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and EBs. The patterns of these relations became clearer and more differentiated when examined via regression analyses such that the EPA factors manifested differential relations with various aspects of psychopathy (e.g., EPA Antagonism was the only unique correlate of psychopathy traits related to callousness and manipulation). Overall, the EPA is a promising assessment tool given the breadth of its coverage, the flexibility with which it can be used (total score; 4-factor scores; 18 subscale scores), and its ties to a popular model of basic personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
On the Computer Formulations of the Wheel/Rail Contact Problem

In this investigation, four nonlinear dynamic formulations that can be used in the analysis of the wheel/rail contact are presented, compared and their performance is evaluated. Two of these formulations employ nonlinear algebraic kinematic constraint equations to describe the contact between the wheel and the rail (constraint approach), while in the other two formulations the contact force is modeled using a compliant force element (elastic approach). The goal of the four formulations is to provide accurate nonlinear modeling of the contact between the wheel and the rail, which is crucial to the success of any computational algorithm used in the dynamic analysis of railroad vehicle systems. In the formulations based on the elastic approach, the wheel has six degrees of freedom with respect to the rail, and the normal contact forces are defined as function of the penetration using Hertz’s contact theory or using assumed stiffness and damping coefficients. The first elastic method is based on a search for the contact locations using discrete nodal points. As previously presented in the literature, this method can lead to impulsive forces due to the abrupt change in the location of the contact point from one time step to the next. This difficulty is avoided in the second elastic approach in which the contact points are determined by solving a set of algebraic equations. In the formulations based on the constraint approach, on the other hand, the case of a non-conformal contact is assumed, and nonlinear kinematic contact constraint equations are used to impose the contact conditions at the position, velocity and acceleration levels. This approach leads to a model, in which the wheel has five degrees of freedom with respect to the rail. In the constraint approach, the wheel penetration and lift are not permitted, and the normal contact forces are calculated using the technique of Lagrange multipliers and the augmented form of the system dynamic equations. Two equivalent constraint formulations that employ two different solution procedures are discussed in this investigation. The first method leads to a larger system of equations by augmenting all the contact constraint equations to the dynamic equations of motion, while in the second method an embedding procedure is used to obtain a reduced system of equations from which the surface parameter accelerations are systematically eliminated. Numerical results are presented in order to examine the performance of various methods discussed in this study.
Towards dynamic thermal performance benchmarks for naturally ventilated buildings in a hot-dry climate

Abstract This article focuses on evolving dynamic thermal performance benchmarks for naturally ventilated buildings located in hot-dry climates of India. The study presents a framework which translates the steady-state performance metrics prescribed by the national building code to dynamic metrics. By means of collating the adaptive comfort boundaries and the thermal inertia requirements for this climate, a dynamic performance limit has been developed. Similarly, by means of replacing the constant base temperature used in the existing thermal performance index for opaque walls with the variable adaptive-comfort based thermo-neutral temperature, a dynamic index has been presented. A review of these indices using data obtained from real-time field measurements has been provided. Influence of wall density, absorptivity, glazing type, ventilation strategy and orientation on thermal discomfort has been discussed through parametric studies. The steady state wall – U value requirement prescribed by the national code has been reviewed through factorial analysis. The interactive effects of wall – U value, fenestration area, insolation and orientation has been analyzed. Optimal fenestration sizes have been derived for different boundary conditions.
Biogenesis of chemotactic molecules by the arachidonate lipoxygenase system of platelets

BLOOD platelets contain two aggregation-activated enzyme systems that oxygenate arachidonic acid. One system is a cyclo-oxygenase that converts arachidonic acid into the biologically active endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), a precursor of classical prostaglandins E2 (PGE2 and Fa2α (PGF2α), as well as several non-prostanoate hydroxy fatty acids1. The second aggregation-activated platelet enzyme is a lipoxygenase that transforms arachidonic acid into 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE)2. Although HETE is produced in significant quantities by aggregated platelets, no biological function for this compound has been reported. We now have evidence that HETE is a potent mediator of neutrophil chemotaxis.
Colors of disaster: The psychology of the “Black Sun”☆

There is very little literature of the healing effects of art therapy with victims of natural disaster. This remains a serious problem considering the lasting effects experienced by children who go through earthquakes, hurricanes, plane crashes and other disasters. In this paper we attempt to explore this issue in depth with focus on color choice and, in particular, the phenomenon of the black sun in these children's drawings.
Sport and Human Values

This is the publisher's official version, which the author has permission to share. It is also available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1983.1604_4.x
ENGINEERS TRAINING IN AUTOMATION OF FLOTATION PROCESSES

Abstract The wide plant control integration of mining, mineral and metal processes poses many challenges. Testing process monitoring, diagnosis and control strategies for flotation processes is expensive, and usually requires either complex pilot plant facilities or to deal with the hard constraints posed by experimentation in real plants. One critical aspect to take advantage of the present technological developments is the training of engineers to understand and master when and how some technique may be appropriate to solve a particular problem and to identify the challenges implicitly underlying in its implementation. In this sense the use of hybrid laboratories is presented, where fully instrumented pilot plants are operated under PLC and DCS coupled on-line with phenomenological models, to recreate an environment as close as possible to industry.
True bridgeless PFC - stages with advanced current measuring circuit

Compared with conventional CCM PFC converters, bridgeless PFC converters can achieve higher efficiency because of reduced conduction losses. However, since boost inductor lies in ac side, there are some difficulties in the control of such a circuit. Inductor current measuring and input voltage sensing are two main issues. Usually, current measuring techniques in bridgeless PFC are either very expensive or with losses or complicated. Besides this also the input voltage sensing is more complicated than in a conventional PFC converter. In this paper, a digital controlled bridgeless PFC converter is presented. A new cost-effective current measuring method is proposed, which is simple, lossless and realized only with a few components. Power losses and circuit complexity are reduced because of this. The new control scheme that does not require input voltage sensing is realized with an 8-bit microcontroller. As a result, the system has a simple structure and a good performance. The paper closes with experimental results, which show the performance of the new system.
Effects of electrical and chemical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus on responses to renal nerve stimulation.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) inhibits some somatic and visceral input at the spinal level. This study was designed to examine the effects of electrical and chemical stimulation of NRM on neuronal responses to afferent renal nerve (ARN) stimulation. In chloralose-anesthetized rats, electrical stimulation of ARN elicited predominantly excitatory responses in spinal gray neurons. In 10 neurons studied, electrical stimulation of the NRM elicited an inhibition of spontaneous activity of 8 neurons and inhibited evoked responses to ARN stimulation in 6 neurons. Microinjection of glutamate (5–10 nmol in 0.5–1 μl) into the NRM elicited an inhibition of spontaneous activity in 9 neurons, a facilitation in 6 neurons and no response in 8 neurons receiving ARN input. Responses evoked by ARN stimulation were inhibited in 12 neurons, facilitated in 4 neurons and not affected in 8 neurons. We conclude that renal input can be modulated at the spinal level by activation of the NRM and adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the inhibition of spinal gray neuronal responses elicited by stimulation of the NRM appears to be due, at least in part, to activation of fibers of passage since non-selective electrical stimulation is more efficacious than selective chemical stimulation of neuronal soma and dendrites.
ETCHING OF THE SI(001) SURFACE WITH MOLECULAR OXYGEN

We have used low-energy electron microscopy to study the etching of large terraces on Si(001) with molecular oxygen. By imaging the etching process in situ, and comparing the results to detailed kinetic models, we determine and quantify the dominant mechanisms by which oxygen attacks the surface. We find that the etch rate follows an Arrhenius form with an activation energy of $2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\mathrm{eV}$, significantly lower than estimates reported in modulated beam investigations.
Modelling sublimation of carbon dioxide

We report results in our efforts to model sublimation of carbon dioxide and the associated kinetics order and parameter estimation issues in our model.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF TEXTURED COTTONSEED FLOUR BLENDS

Native and denatured (steam heated) glandless and deglanded cottonseed flours fortified with Na2SO3, NaH2PO2, or rice flour were texturized. The products were embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned, stained and examined with the light microscope. Two morphological characteristics of cottonseed extrudates were found to influence their rheological properties: the uniformity of the protein matrix and the distribution of insoluble carbohydrates within that matrix. In general, the more uniform the protein matrix, the greater the stress; the more evenly dispersed the insoluble carbohydrates, the greater the resilience. Differences in the texture of extrudates based on the additives used to fortify the cottonseed flours could be explained by the light microscopy technique used in this study.
Moderate resolution thermal mapping of Mars: the channel terrain around the Chryse basin.

Moderate resolution (about 30 km) thermal inertia estimates have been made for several regions in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Examples of these maps are presented for the region 0-45 deg N, 0-90 deg W. In the region adjoining the Chryse basin there are two major channels, Kasei Vallis and Ares Vallis, whose floor materials have higher thermal inertia than the surrounding upland regions. Moreover, there are numerous craters in the region which have high inertia-low albedo features on the crater floor.
A Low-Cost System for Measuring Horizontal Winds from Single-Engine Aircraft

AbstractThe implementation and accuracy of a low-rate (~1 Hz) horizontal wind measurement system is described for a fixed-wing aircraft without modification to the airframe. The system is based on a global positioning system (GPS) compass that provides aircraft heading and a ground-referenced velocity, which, when subtracted from the standard true airspeed, provides estimates of the horizontal wind velocity. A series of tests was performed flying “L”-shaped patterns above the boundary layer, where the winds were assumed to be horizontally homogeneous over the area bounded by the flight (approximately 25 km2). Four headings were flown at each altitude at a constant airspeed. Scaling corrections for both heading and airspeed were found by minimizing the variance in the 1-s wind measurements; an upper limit to the error was then computed by calculating the variance of the corrected wind measurements on each of the four headings. A typical uncertainty found in this manner tends to be less than 0.2 m s−1. The ...
Free Probability on Hecke Algebras

In this paper, we establish a free-probabilistic model on the Hecke algebras induced by \(p\)-adic number fields. It provides a new bridge between operator algebra theory and number theory. Based on number-theoretic and algebraic results from Hecke algebra theory, we consider operator-theoretic structures and properties via our free-probabilistic model.
A process perspective on strategic decision making

Posits that a process perspective on strategic decision making is more likely to yield a successful outcome. Conceives the strategic decision‐making process as a composite of the concept of strategic gap and the managerial decision‐making process. Presents six examples of real‐world strategic decision in support of a process approach to the making and implementing of such decisions. The evidence in support of a process perspective on strategic decision making suggests a need for further research and exposition of this critically important subject.
Sequentially extracted metals in Adirondack lake sediment cores

Metal deposition patterns have been examined in sediment cores from three lakes in the Adirondack region of New York (USA). Sequential chemical extraction of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn has yielded information on their chemical nature and potential mechanisms involved in their deposition. Results indicate historical changes in watershed chemistry may have influenced metal chemistry in these lakes. Detailed descriptions of the chemical forms of metals in sediments is not possible due to the fact that extraction methods are only operational. However, in two systems known to have been acidified in recent time by acidic deposition (Big Moose L. & Deep L.), concentrations of labile Al (in C1−C4 fraction) increase after 1940–1950, corresponding with lake acidification as inferred from diatom assemblages. Temporal trends in the inputs of Pb in the C1−C4 fraction are also consistent with known historical changes in atmospheric Pb inputs to the region. Chemical stratigraphies of Fe and Mn are most likely dominated by internal biogeochemical cycling within sediments.
Integration of logic and heuristic knowledge in MINLP optimization for process synthesis

Abstract This paper proposes a quantitative framework for the integration of logic and heuristic knowledge that is expressible in prepositional logic form in MINLP optimization models for process synthesis. The objective is to use this type of qualitative knowledge to expedite the search, but without compromising optimality of the solution. The basic idea relies on converting logic relations among units in a superstructure and heuristic design rules into a set of linear inequalities. Having obtained such a model, strategies are proposed for its integration within mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) techniques at the levels of model formulation, and algorithmic search for the Generalized Benders Decomposition and Outer Approximation methods. Basic properties of the formulation are given, as well as a systematic method for adjusting weights for violation of heuristics. The application of the proposed method is illustrated with several process synthesis problems to show that improved computational efficiency and robustness can be achieved.
Prospects of active cooling with integrated super-lattice based thin-film thermoelectric devices for mitigating hotspot challenges in microprocessors

Super-lattice thin-film thermoelectric coolers (TEC) are emerging as a promising technology for hot spot mitigation in microprocessors. This paper studies the prospect of on-demand cooling with advanced TECs integrated at the back of the heat spreader inside a package (integrated TEC). The thermal compact models of the chip and package with integrated TECs are developed and used for steady-state and transient temperature analysis. The control principles for TEC assisted transient cooling are presented and their impact on reducing thermal violations in microprocessors and TEC energy dissipations are discussed.
Gadolinium-labeled dendrimers as biometric nanoprobes to detect vascular permeability

PAMAM dendrimer-based biometric nanoprobes G4-1B4M-Gd, G6-1B4M-Gd and G8-1B4M-Gd were used to detect vascular permeability in SCCVII mice tumors. Based on the whole body clearance curve, G8-1B4M-Gd emerged as the ideal candidate for vascular permeability imaging studies due to its stable signal enhancement in the tumor over time. A 2D MR image of a SCCVII tumor showed vessel enhancement without obvious diffuse enhancement.
The Biochemical Kinetics Underlying Actin Movement Generated by One and Many Skeletal Muscle Myosin Molecules

To better understand how skeletal muscle myosin molecules move actin filaments, we determine the motion-generating biochemistry of a single myosin molecule and study how it scales with the motion-generating biochemistry of an ensemble of myosin molecules. First, by measuring the effects of various ligands (ATP, ADP, and P(i)) on event lifetimes, tau(on), in a laser trap, we determine the biochemical kinetics underlying the stepwise movement of an actin filament generated by a single myosin molecule. Next, by measuring the effects of these same ligands on actin velocities, V, in an in vitro motility assay, we determine the biochemistry underlying the continuous movement of an actin filament generated by an ensemble of myosin molecules. The observed effects of P(i) on single molecule mechanochemistry indicate that motion generation by a single myosin molecule is closely associated with actin-induced P(i) dissociation. We obtain additional evidence for this relationship by measuring changes in single molecule mechanochemistry caused by a smooth muscle HMM mutation that results in a reduced P(i)-release rate. In contrast, we observe that motion generation by an ensemble of myosin molecules is limited by ATP-induced actin dissociation (i.e., V varies as 1/tau(on)) at low [ATP], but deviates from this relationship at high [ATP]. The single-molecule data uniquely provide a direct measure of the fundamental mechanochemistry of the actomyosin ATPase reaction under a minimal load and serve as a clear basis for a model of ensemble motility in which actin-attached myosin molecules impose a load.
Age and Gender Correlates of Pulling in Pediatric Trichotillomania

Abstract Objective Our goals were to examine clinical characteristics and age and gender correlates in pediatric trichotillomania. Method A total of 62 children (8–17 years of age) were recruited for a pediatric trichotillomania treatment trial and characterized using structured rating scales of symptoms of hairpulling and common comorbid conditions. We analyzed the association between qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pulling, comorbidities, and age and gender. We also examined the type of treatments these children previously received in the community. Results We found lower rates of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders than have been reported in adult trichotillomania samples. Focused hairpulling significantly increased with age, whereas automatic pulling remained constant. Older children with hairpulling experienced more frequent urges and a decreased ability to refrain from pulling. Female participants reported greater distress and impairment associated with hairpulling, even though the severity of pulling did not differ from that of male participants. Conclusion These results confirm several findings from the Children and Adolescent Trichotillomania Impact Project (CA-TIP). Our cross-sectional findings suggest there may be a developmental progress of symptoms in trichotillomania. Children appeared to develop more focused pulling, to become more aware of their urges, and to experience more frequent urges to pull, as they get older. Although these are important findings, they need to be confirmed in prospective longitudinal studies.
In situ localization of mRNA for the interferon, ovine trophoblast protein-1, during early embryonic development of the sheep.

The embryonic interferon, ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1), is considered to be the major protein signal by which the developing ovine conceptus communicates its presence to the mother in order to provide extension of luteal progesterone secretion critical for the establishment of pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to examine the distribution of mRNA for oTP-1 in developing ovine embryos by using in situ hybridization. A total of 11 ovine embryos were collected on days 11, 13, 15, 17, and 23 of gestation (n = 1, 2, 3, 3, and 2, respectively) and were subjected to either immediate paraformaldehyde fixation or culture for 24 h followed by fixation. Fixed embryos were embedded in paraffin and oTP-1 mRNA levels determined by in situ hybridization with a 35S-labeled cDNA probe specific for the 3′-untranslated region of the oTP-1 mRNA. Controls included parallel hybridizations with a 35S-labeled γ-actin cDNA to detect actin mRNA (positive control) and with 35S-labeled plasmid cDNA (negative co...
Integrating Window Amplifier

A pulse - measuring technique, in which pulses are measured on the basis of area rather than amplitude, is employed in the design of a pulse window amplifier. This pulse-area-integration technique is used primarily to improve linearity, reduce resolution degradation resulting from risetime jitter, and simplify amplifier drive requirements.
Computer generated numerical ranges and some resulting theorems

The numerical rangeW(A), of an arbitrary n-square matrix A is the union of the numerical ranges of all 2-square real compressions of A. As a result, a simple graphics program is written that accurately exhibits W(A) for real A, and suggests several conjectures relating the geometry of W(A) to algebraic properties of A. Some of these conjectures are analyzed in the final sections of the paper.
SU-C-BRCD-01: Spatial Variation of Dosimetric Leaf Gap and the Impact in Dose Delivery

Purpose: To evaluate the variation of dosimetric leaf‐gap (DLG) along the travel path of each MLC leaf pairs. Furthermore, dosimetric implication of this variation is studied for several dynamic MLC fields. Methods: During dose calculation, the treatment planning systems (TPS) retracts the MLC leaf positions by half of the DLG value (measured at CA) for all leaf positions in a Dynamic MLC plan to accurately model the rounded leaf ends. The 6 MV DLG values were measured, for all leaf pairs, in increment of 0.5 cm at Dmax, in the direction of leaf motion. The measurements were performed on three Varian Linacs, employing the Millennium 120‐leaf MLCs. Measurements were performed using both the Sun Nuclear MapCheck device and the PTW pinpoint ion chamber. Measurements with an ion chamber were also performed with varying leaf gaps to determine % change in dose with leaf gap discrepancy. Results: The measured DLGs for all leaf pairs were very similar along the in‐plane direction; varying maximally only by 0.3 mm. But in the in the leaf travel direction, the DLG increases gradually from CA to 6.0 cm off‐axis, reaching to a maximum variation of 1.6 mm for a particular leaf pair. Varying gap measurements indicate that DLG deviation of about 1 mm can cause a dose difference of about 5.0 % for a fluence with 1.5 cm leaf width sweeps and significantly increases to about 12.5 % difference for 0.5 cm sweeps. Conclusions: The spatial variation in DLG is caused by the variation in beam spectrum as well as MLC motion across the field. Fields with dynamic MLC centered on the CAX would not be affected since DLG does not vary as much; but any field residing significantly off‐axis with narrow sweeping leafs can exhibit significant dose differences due to large DLG differences.
Fatty acid ethyl esters disrupt neonatal alveolar macrophage mitochondria and derange cellular functioning.

Despite advances in understanding chronic alcohol's detrimental effects on numerous cell types within the lung (Joshi and Guidot, 2007), including the developing alveolar macrophages (AM) (Gauthier et al., 2005, 2009, 2010; Ping et al., 2007), understanding the precise mechanisms by which alcohol exposure alters the function of the AM demands further investigation. One of the most reliable direct biological markers of prenatal exposure to alcohol in the newborn is elevated fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), formed via esterification of alcohol with endogenous free fatty acids. FAEEs are nonoxidative byproducts of alcohol metabolism and can be a biomarker of both acute and chronic alcohol abuse in adults (Kulaga et al., 2006; Laposata and Lange, 1986). For the alcohol-exposed newborn, FAEEs in meconium of term infants has been described as 1 potential biomarker of in utero exposure (Bearer et al., 1992, 2005; Best and Laposata, 2003; Chan et al., 2004a,b; Gareri et al., 2009; Ostrea et al., 2006) and can predict adverse neurological outcome in the exposed newborn (Peterson et al., 2008). Multiple studies have suggested that FAEEs and their metabolites directly contribute to the underlying mechanisms of alcohol-induced mitochondrial (MT) damage in organs such as the liver and heart (Beckemeier and Bora, 1998; Clugston et al., 2011; Gyamfi et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2011). Despite the documented presence of FAEEs in the meconium and multiple developing organs of the alcohol-exposed newborn (Bearer et al., 1992), the direct biological effects of these byproducts on the observed alcohol-induced AM dysfunction in the neonatal lung are undefined. We hypothesized that in utero ethanol exposure would increase FAEEs in the neonatal guinea pig lung and that direct exposure to ethanol-induced FAEEs would contribute to MT injury and cellular dysfunction in neonatal AM via oxidant injury.
Potentiation in young infants: The origin of the prior knowledge effect?

In two experiments with 6-month-old infants, we found that prior learning of an operant task (remembered for 2 weeks) mediated new learning of a modeling event (remembered for only 1 day) and increased its recall. Infants first learned to associate lever pressing with moving a toy train housed in a large box. One or 2 weeks later, three target actions were modeled on a hand puppet while the train box (a retrieval cue) was in view. Merely retrieving the train memory strengthened it, and simultaneously pairing its retrieved memory with the modeled actions potentiated their learning and recall. When paired 1 week later, deferred imitation increased from 1 day to 4 weeks; when paired 2 weeks later, it increased from 1 day to 6 weeks. The striking parallels between potentiated learning in infants and the prior knowledge effect in adults suggests that the prior knowledge effect originates in early infancy.
The troposphere-stratosphere radiation field at twilight: A spherical model

Abstract Time-dependent calculations of trace constituent distributions require as input the dissociating radiation field as a function of altitude and solar zenith angle. An isotropic, spherical, multiple scattering model of the radiation field has been developed to determine the radiation field at twilight. Comparison of the spherical model with a plane parallel model at twilight shows that: (1) for solar zenith angles less than 92°, plane parallel solutions for the source function are suitable if the initial deposition of solar energy is calculated for a spherical atmosphere; (2) for solar zenith angles greater than 92°, the plane parallel radiation field can be several orders of magnitude smaller than that calculated with the spherical model; (3) at altitudes above 40 km and at all solar zenith angles, the spherical model predicts 10–20% less radiation than the radiation field calculated with the plane parallel model. Calculations of the rate of photodissociation of NO2 in the troposphere and stratosphere show that the spherical model yields significantly higher values at solar zenith angles greater than 92°.
Immunological release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung.

The immunologic release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from human lung tissue can be enhanced by stimulation with either alpha adrenergic agents (phenylephrine or norepinephrine in the presence of propranolol) or cholinergic agents (acetylcholine or Carbachol). The finding that atropine prevents cholinergic but not comparable alpha adrenergic enhancement is consistent with the view that cholinergic and alpha adrenergic agonists interact with separate receptor sites on the target cells involved in the immunologic release of chemical mediators. The consistent qualitative relationship between the antigen-induced release of mediators and the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) as measured by the isolation of 14C-labeled cyclic AMP after incorporation of adenine-14C into the tissues or by the cyclic AMP binding protein assay suggests that changes in the level of this cyclic nucleotide mediate adrenergic modulation of the release of histamine and SRS-A. The addition of 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) produces an enhancement of the immunologic release of mediators while dibutyryl cyclic AMP is inhibitory. As cholinergic-induced enhancement was not associated with a measurable change in the levels of cyclic AMP, the possibility is suggested that cyclic GMP may be the intracellular mediator of cholinergic-induced enhancement of the immunologic release of histamine and SRS-A.
Early versus late fluid resuscitation: lack of effect in porcine hemorrhagic shock.

The benefit of IV fluid therapy in the prehospital management of hemorrhagic shock is unproven. We used a reproducible, lightly anesthetized model of porcine continuous hemorrhage to evaluate the usefulness of prehospital IV fluid therapy. Incorporated into the model were time delays associated with ambulance request and dispatch, patient evaluation and treatment, and transport to the hospital in the average urban prehospital care system. Treatment occurred concurrently with hemorrhage. Twenty-eight immature swine (15 to 20 kg) were bled at a rate of 1.25 mL/kg/min. Animals in the prehospital IV group (n = 14) received fluid resuscitation at 1 mL/kg/min beginning 20 minutes after initiation of hemorrhage; those in the in-hospital IV group (n = 14) received fluid at a rate of 3 mL/kg/min beginning 35 minutes after hemorrhage. Both groups received blood and saline at 3 mL/kg/min 45 minutes after hemorrhage began, and both groups had hemorrhage controlled 25 minutes after simulated hospital arrival. Survival was 57% in both groups, and there were no statistically significant differences seen in measured hemodynamic or biochemical parameters. We conclude that early administration of IV normal saline has no effect on hemodynamics or survival in this porcine hemorrhagic shock model simulating an urban prehospital care system.
Paclitaxel added to the cisplatin/etoposide regimen in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer -- the use of complete response rate as the primary endpoint in phase II trials.

Abstract Obtaining a complete response (CR) is the most powerful predictor of survival in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Improvements in long-term survival in extensive-stage SCLC can be made if the proportion of complete responders to induction therapy can be increased. We performed a phase II trial of the feasibility of adding paclitaxel to standard cisplatin/etoposide (EP regimen) in extensive-stage SCLC. The primary endpoint for this trial is the proportion of patients (pts) obtaining a CR rather than overall response. The null hypothesis for this trial consists of the absence of a CR rate >20%. Paclitaxel was given at doses of 135 (3 pts) or 170 mg/m 2 i.v. over 3 h on day 1. Cisplatin 60 mg/m 2 was given on day 1. On days 1–3 etoposide 80 mg/m 2 per day i.v. was given. G-CSF was used from days 5 to 14 of each cycle. Cycles were repeated q21 days. A two-stage design was used for patient accrual, based on the occurrence of complete responses. Initially, 16 patients were to be accrued. If more than three complete responses were to occur, a further 20 patients would be accrued to the study (Simon's optimal two stage design). Sixteen patients were enrolled. Two patients had a CR (13%) and nine patients had a partial response (56%) for an overall response rate of 69%. The trial was suspended due to the low CR rate. Review of the literature for paclitaxel based front-line treatment combined with EP therapy, in extensive stage SCLC, consistently shows a CR rate 20% in the phase II setting. In conclusion, consideration should be given to the use of CR rate as a phase II endpoint to determine if a particular regimen should be compared to the standard in a phase III setting for extensive-stage SCLC. A two-stage phase II design based on a minimum required completed responses for further patient accrual is recommended.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of resonance frequencies in a microwave heated fluidized bed reactor

Fluidized bed reactors have great potential for use in high-purity silicon chemical vapor deposition with microwaves as the energy source. The mode tuning characteristics of a fluidized bed reactor were investigated. The lower-order TE and TM mode resonance frequencies were computed and measured as a function of dielectric height for two different samples. The theoretical results were obtained using the transverse resonance method. Good agreement between measured and computed resonance frequencies was obtained. The TE mode resonance frequencies for the lossless alumina sample show a stairstep fall as a function of the dielectric sample height. The TM modes follow a more smoothly decreasing behavior. The results for the lossy silicon sample exhibited a rising stairstep behavior. >