cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensation seeking and hormones in men and women: exploring the link.

Risky behaviors (e.g., binge drinking, drunk driving, risky sex) are increasing among U.S. college students, and the personality trait of sensation seeking provides a potential link between such norm-breaking behaviors and biological processes. We examined the relationship between sensation-seeking behaviors and two hormones, testosterone and cortisol, in male and female college students. Hormone levels were hypothesized to contribute to the variability of individual scores on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale. As expected, males scored higher on the scale than females, but the data failed to support the generally accepted positive relationship between testosterone and sensation seeking for either sex. Instead, our results support the existence of a significant inverse relationship between cortisol and sensation seeking in men, but not in women, even after adjustment for testosterone levels and age. Our study contributes to the current literature by (a) supporting the association between risky behavior and a hormone other than testosterone, (b) being the first to examine the association between cortisol and sensation seeking in women, and (c) identifying a possible effect of gender on the association between hormones and sensation-seeking behaviors. Gendered social norms and expectations are likely to be partly responsible for this effect. Theory-guided interdisciplinary research is needed to improve understanding of the biological influences on human behavior, and special attention must be paid to social context, women's perceptions of their expected behavior, and gendered socialization regarding norm-breaking or risky behaviors, which may obscure biological links to female behavior.
Electrochemically grown single-nanowire sensors

We report a fabrication technique that is potentially capable of producing arrays of individually addressable nanowire sensors with controlled dimensions, positions, alignments, and chemical compositions. The concept has been demonstrated with electrodeposition of palladium wires with 75 nm to 350 nm widths. We have also fabricated single and double conducting polymer nanowires (polyaniline and polypyrrole) with 100nm and 200nm widths using electrochemical direct growth. Using single Pd nanowires, we have also demonstrated hydrogen sensing. It is envisioned that these are the first steps towards nanowire sensor arrays capable of simultaneously detecting multiple chemical species.
Is Deltoid and Lateral Ligament Reconstruction Necessary in Varus and Valgus Ankle Osteoarthritis, and How Should These Procedures be Performed?

Varus and valgus ankle deformities represent a challenge to the foot and ankle surgeons. The presence of degenerative changes of the tibiotalar joint articular surfaces introduces an additional layer of complexity. Reconstruction of such deformities requires a customized approach to each patient. Surgical intervention often requires joint-sparing realignment, arthroplasty, and/or arthrodesis, depending on the severity of deformity and the joint surface integrity. The ligamentous stability of the ankle plays an essential role in the preservation and optimization of function. This article reviews the role of deltoid and lateral ligament reconstruction in the treatment of varus and valgus ankle osteoarthritis.
Scientific reserves in state forest

Abstract This paper describes: (a) the statutory and policy basis for the involvement of the New Zealand Forest Service in reserve management as a component of balanced management of State forest land; (b) the role of a scientific advisory panel in discharging this responsibility, and the evolution by this group of guidelines for the definition of reserves, the concept of ecological districts, and guidelines for the management of reserves; (c) the process of planning for reserves in State forests; and (d) the progress made so far.
The development of fertilized human ova to the blastocyst stage in KSOMAA medium: is a two-step protocol necessary?

Current protocols for the culture of human zygotes to blastocysts use two-step sequential media systems. The efficacy of a one-step system involving potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM(AA)) has been investigated. In study 1, development of zygotes from days 1 to 3 in KSOM(AA) was compared with that for medium P-1. In study 2, embryos were cultured from days 1 to 3 in P-1 followed by culture from days 3 to 5 either in KSOM(AA) or medium CCM. In study 3, the ability of KSOM(AA) to support development of embryos from days 1 to 5, without medium renewal, was compared with the sequential media system P-1-->CCM. The cell numbers and fragmentation scores of day 3 embryos were distributed similarly following culture in KSOM(AA) or P-1. Significantly more KSOM(AA) embryos exhibited cytoplasmic pitting. Blastocyst formation rates were not significantly different whether embryos were cultured in the P-1-->KSOM(AA) or the P-1-->CCM systems, or when cultured from days 1 to 5 in KSOM(AA) without medium renewal or in P-1-->CCM. Five babies have been born from nine blastocysts transferred after extended culture in KSOM(AA). A one-step protocol involving KSOM(AA) can be used successfully to culture human zygotes to the blastocyst stage.
Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010.

Objective To update national population-level pregnancy-related mortality estimates and examine characteristics and causes of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States during 2006-2010. Methods We used data from the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System and calculated pregnancy-related mortality ratios by year and age group for four race-ethnicity groups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other. We examined causes of pregnancy-related deaths by pregnancy outcome during 2006-2010 and compared causes of pregnancy-related deaths since 1987. Results The 2006-2010 pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 16.0 deaths per 100,000 live births (20,959,533 total live births). Specific race-ethnicity pregnancy-related mortality ratios were 12.0, 38.9, 11.7, and 14.2 deaths per 100,000 live births for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other race women, respectively. Pregnancy-related mortality ratios increased with maternal age for all women and within all age groups, non-Hispanic black women had the highest risk of dying from pregnancy complications. Over time, the contribution to pregnancy-related deaths of hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, embolism, and anesthesia complications continued to decline, whereas the contribution of cardiovascular conditions and infection increased. Seven of 10 categories of causes of death each contributed from 9.4% to 14.6% of all 2006-2010 pregnancy-related deaths; cardiovascular conditions ranked first. Conclusion Relative to previous years, during 2006-2010, the U.S. pregnancy-related mortality ratio increased as did the contribution of cardiovascular conditions and infection to pregnancy-related mortality. Although the identification of pregnancy-related deaths may be improving in the United States, the increasing contribution of chronic diseases to pregnancy-related mortality suggests a change in risk profile of the birthing population. Level of evidence II.
Driving errors of learner teens: Frequency, nature and their association with practice

BACKGROUND: Despite demonstrating basic vehicle operations skills sufficient to pass a state licensing test, novice teen drivers demonstrate several deficits in tactical driving skills during the first several months of independent driving. Improving our knowledge of the types of errors made by teen permit holders early in the learning process would assist in the development of novel approaches to driver training and resources for parent supervision. METHODS: The purpose of the current analysis was to describe driving performance errors made by teens during the permit period, and to determine if there were differences in the frequency and type of errors made by teens: (1) in comparison to licensed, safe, and experienced adult drivers; (2) by teen and parent-supervisor characteristics; and (3) by teen-reported quantity of practice driving. Data for this analysis were combined from two studies: (1) the control group of teens in a randomized clinical trial evaluating an intervention to improve parent-supervised practice driving (n=89 parent-teen dyads) and (2) a sample of 37 adult drivers (mean age 44.2 years), recruited and screened as an experienced and competent reference standard in a validation study of an on-road driving assessment for teens (tODA). Three measures of performance: drive termination (i.e., the assessment was discontinued for safety reasons), safety-relevant critical errors, and vehicle operation errors were evaluated at the approximate mid-point (12 weeks) and end (24 weeks) of the learner phase. Differences in driver performance were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and Pearson's Chi-square test for categorical variables. RESULTS: 10.4% of teens had their early assessment terminated for safety reasons and 15.4% had their late assessment terminated, compared to no adults. These teens reported substantially fewer behind the wheel practice hours compared with teens that did not have their assessments terminated: tODAearly (9.0 vs. 20.0, pCONCLUSION: In comparison to a group of experienced adult drivers, a substantially higher proportion of learner teens committed safety-relevant critical driving errors at both time points of assessment. These findings, as well as the associations between practice quantity and the driving performance outcomes studied suggest that further research is needed to better understand how teens might effectively learn skills necessary for safe independent driving while they are still under supervised conditions. Language: en
In situ Raman spectroscopy during the partial oxidation of methane to formaldehyde over supported vanadium oxide catalysts

Vanadia was found to be well dispersed and present as a two-dimensional overlayer when supported on SiO{sub 2}, TiO{sub 2}, SnO{sub 2}, TiO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2}, 3 wt% TiO{sub 3}/SiO{sub 2}, and 3 wt% SnO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2}. Partial oxidation of methane by oxygen formed formaldehyde most selectively over the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} catalyst, but catalytic performance strongly dependent on vanadia coverage and autocatalytic behavior was observed. At very low conversions, the formaldehyde activity increased linearly with vanadia coverage, indicating that isolated V{sub 5}, species were responsible for the active sites. No significant structural changes were revealed by in situ Raman spectroscopy for the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} catalyst, which indicated that the fully oxidized surface sites were related to the high formaldehyde selectivity. This selectivity exhibited a maximum at 1 wt% V{sub 2}O{sub 5} content, and the lower selectivities at higher loadings appeared to be due to the increasing Lewis acidity of the catalysts. Space-time yields of 0.1-1.4 kg CH{sub 2}O/kg cat/hr and selectivities of 2-78% are reported herein for the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} catalysts. Deep oxidation products, CO and CO{sub 2}, were principally produced over the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/TiO{sub 2} and V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SnO{sub 2} catalysts. For themore » first time, in situ Raman analysis clearly showed that for these latter catalysts the surface vanadium(V) oxide species were partially reduced under the steady-state reaction conditions. The performance of the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/TiO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} catalyst was similar to that of the V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/TiO{sub 2} catalyst, consistent with the earlier observation that vanadia was largely bound to the titania overlayer. It appears that formaldehyde selectivity decreased with increasing catalyst reducibility, but no direct correlation of catalyst activity with reducibility was observed. 36 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Phase transitions in vacuum arcs in the context of liquid metal arc sources

Arc sources using liquid cathode material could enable very high rate deposition of metal and metal compounds of cathode materials of low melting point. Of special interest are cathodes of zinc, cadmium, tin, and indium as they can be used to deposit high quality transparent conducting oxide films. Phase transitions are briefly reviewed using phase diagrams and vapor pressure curves, and preliminary experiments are reported using a crucible designed to hold the solid or liquid cathode material. Liquid zinc showed evidence of boiling, and liquid tin emitted less and smaller macroparticles than the same source using solid tin.
Counseling readiness and changes in perception of spouse during intensive group therapy.

Si~mmasy.-This study attempted to relate scores on the counseling readiness scale of the Adjective Checklist to changes in perception of spouse during intensive group psychotherapy. The counseling readiness score was found to be unrelated to changes in the number of favorable adjectives used by S to describe the spouse or used by the spouse to describe S. A significant relationship was found between the counseling readiness score and changes in the number of unfavorable adjectives used to describe the spouse and used by the spouse to describe S. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Inhibition of particulate phosphatidate phosphohydrolase by an analogue of its substrate

Abstract 1. 1. A non-hydrolyzable synthetic phosphatidic acid analogue, 2-hexadecoxy-3-octadecoxypropylphosphonic acid, shows considerable activity as an inhibitor of pig kidney phosphatidate phosphohydrolase ( l -α-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.4). Under specified conditions it can reduce the rate of hydrolysis of egg-lecithin phosphatidate by 96% in equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentrations. Maximal inhibition requires a period of preincubation of the analogue with enzyme; most of this effect occurs within the first few minutes and reaches an almost constant maximal inhibition at 30 min. 2. 2. Kinetic data of the inhibition are difficult to interpret definitively, but reactivation studies indicate an appreciable degree of irreversibility in the action of the inhibitor. 3. 3. Comparison with other potential inhibitory compounds suggests that 2-hexadecoxy-3-octadecoxypropylphosphonate does not exert its effect by surface activity but that its structure is at least partially specific for the inhibition. 4. 4. The inhibition depends in part on the degree of dispersion of the analogue. The hydrolysis of saturated phosphatidic acids is also inhibited by the analogue under conditions similar to the inhibition of enzymic hydrolysis of egg phosphatidic acid. Bacterial growth studies suggest that 2-hexadecoxy-3-octadecoxypropylphosphonate is not a general enzyme inhibitor.
IN AND OUT OF HARM'S WAY: VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION AND THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF FICTIVE STREET FAMILIES*

Homeless youth establish a variety of relationships with people they meet on the street. These associations generate different levels of the intangible resources of trust, commitment, and reciprocity that contribute to a person's social capital. We argue that the relationships homeless youth describe as “street families” resemble the fictive kin common among people who have limited resources, and that these relationships are a greater source of social capital than are other associations. Social capital may improve access to many valued outcomes, including protections. Regression analyses of violent victimization support our argument, demonstrating that fictive street families keep youth out of harm's way more than do other street associations.
Changes of acoustic nerve and cochlear nucleus evoked potentials due to repetitive stimulation

Abstract Evoked potential recording were studied in the acoustic nerve and cochlear nucleus of adult decerebrate cats as a function of the tone duration (1–1500 msec) and the tone repetition rate (0.5/sec–200/sec). Response decrements due to repetitive tonal stimulation were primarily a function of the inter-tone interval. At inter-tone intervals longer than 100 msec, no response decrements were observed in the acoustic nerve or the cochlear nucleus. With shorter inter-tone intervals, reversible response decrements of identical magnitudes occured in both the acoustic nerve and the cochlear nucleus evoked potentials. The mechanism of response decrement may be due to depression at the hair cell-acoustic nerve junction.
Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Since the development and approval of Ipilimumab, the first immune checkpoint inhibitor licensed for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, clinicians have gained a better understanding of the mode of action, management of toxicities, and assessment of response to this class of drugs. Several antibodies are now in development, aimed at blocking novel immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1 and it's corresponding ligand PD-L1. This article summarizes the mechanism of action, preclinical development, and subsequent clinical studies of immune checkpoint antibodies in melanoma.
Biological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Plants XIII: Preliminary Estimation of Analgesic Activity of Rhazinilam, a Novel Alkaloid Isolated from Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco Leaves

A novel alkaloid, rhazinilam, from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco leaves exhibited mild analgesic activity in mice.
Estimation of the heteroscedastic noise in large data arrays

An approach has been developed to estimate the uncertainties in experimental data that follows a heteroscedastic model. The method presented is based on a hypothesis that the size of data is sufficiently large such that the data values over a limited domain have approximately homoscedastic variance. The implementation of the procedure has two steps. The first step is to estimate an approximate error for each data element. The second step is to estimate the standard deviation for the data points using the errors estimated for the neighboring data. The related mathematical theory is presented, and several simulated data examples are used to illustrate this approach.
Seedling Recruitment and Sapling Retention Following Thinning, Chipping, and Prescribed Fire in Mixed Sierra Nevada Conifer

Thinning implemented with a cut-to-length harvesting system coupled with on-site slash mastication and redistribution and followed by prescribed underburning were evaluated for their impacts on seedling and sapling demography in an uneven-aged, eastern Sierran mixed conifer stand. Species composition consisted of California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.), incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens Torr.), and red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murr.), but the former was preponderant in both the overstory and regeneration. The mechanized treatments facilitated the establishment of white and red fir and incense-cedar seedlings more so than those of Jeffrey and sugar pine, but sapling losses incurred from their implementation were severe and largely of white fir. Prescription fire promoted the establishment of Jeffrey pine seedlings, and to a lesser degree those of white fir, over incense-cedar and red fir, while it ...
Etiology and impact of cytomegalovirus disease on solid organ transplant recipients.

Purpose. The characteristics, etiology, natural history, and direct and indirect effects of CMV disease in solid organ transplant recipients are described. Summary. CMV is a common herpesvirus that may be present in the donor or recipient of a solid organ transplant. Even though it is rarely pathogenic in healthy patients, transplant recipients are at risk for CMV viremia and symptomatic disease due to their immune-suppressed status. In addition to symptoms directly attributed to active disease, CMV can have a variety of indirect effects. Indirect effects may include additional infectious complications, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, allograft rejection, allograft loss, or death. The three most prevalent risk factors for CMV infection are CMV seronegativity in a recipient of an organ from a CMV-seropositive donor, the type of organ transplanted, and the degree of immune suppression. CMV prophylaxis is effective at preventing disease, but may result in a delayed onset where CMV disease occurs once the prophylaxis is stopped. Conclusion. Knowledge of risk factors for CMV infection and disease, the natural history in transplant recipients, and its direct and indirect effects will help clinicians make appropriate decisions regarding the use of preventive strategies.
Possible determination of spin-orbit coupling in a heavy-fermion liquid by longitudinal sound velocity in the presence of a magnetic field

This paper considers heavy-fermion systems which behave as Fermi liquids. We suggest that we can determine the presence of (pseudo)spin-orbit coupling by investigating the dependence of longitudinal sound velocity on H^. This qualitative dependence will not result from other effects, such as crystal anisotropy and cyclotron motion (provided that the sample is dirty). The difference in the anisotropy of the sound velocity for frequencies below and above the inverse lifetime for spin-nonconserving process serves as the signature of the effect considered.
Can a Pressure Standard be Based on Capacitance Measurements

We consider the feasibility of basing a pressure standard on measurements of the dielectric constant ϵ and the thermodynamic temperature T of helium near 0 °C. The pressure p of the helium would be calculated from fundamental constants, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. At present, the relative standard uncertainty of the pressure ur(p) would exceed 20 × 10-6, the relative uncertainty of the value of the molar polarizability of helium Aϵ calculated ab initio. If the relativistic corrections to Aϵ were calculated as accurately as the classical value is now known, a capacitance-based pressure standard might attain ur(p) < 6 × 10-6 for pressures near 1 MPa, a result of considerable interest for pressure metrology. One obtains p by eliminating the density from the virial expansions for p and ϵ - 1. If ϵ - 1 were measured with a very stable, 0.5 pF toroidal cross capacitor, the small capacitance and the small values of ϵ - 1 would require state-of-the-art capacitance measurements to achieve a useful pressure standard.
INVESTIGATION OF A CRACKED THICK ALUMINUM PANEL REPAIRED WITH A BONDED COMPOSITE PATCH

Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to characterize the post-repair fatigue crack growth behavior in 6.350 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum panels repaired with the asymmetrically bonded full width boron/epoxy composite patch. Three patch lengths and two patch-to-panel stiffness ratios were examined. Repairs were found to provide at least a four to five times improvement in the fatigue life over the unrepaired baseline (cracked) specimens. The effects of various parameters of the patch repair on fatigue crack growth rate behavior, thermally induced curvature due to the one-sided bonded repair of the thick panel, debond characteristics and fatigue life were characterized. Also, these characteristics of a repaired thick panel (6.35 mm) were compared with those of the repaired thin panel (3.175 mm).
Roots of mappings from manifolds

Assume that is a proper map of a connected -manifold into a Hausdorff, connected, locally path-connected, and semilocally simply connected space , and has a neighborhood homeomorphic to Euclidean -space. The proper Nielsen number of at and the absolute degree of at are defined in this setting. The proper Nielsen number is shown to a lower bound on the number of roots at among all maps properly homotopic to , and the absolute degree is shown to be a lower bound among maps properly homotopic to and transverse to . When , these bounds are shown to be sharp. An example of a map meeting these conditions is given in which, in contrast to what is true when is a manifold, Nielsen root classes of the map have different multiplicities and essentialities, and the root Reidemeister number is strictly greater than the Nielsen root number, even when the latter is nonzero.
Capillary LC−MS2 at the Attomole Level for Monitoring and Discovering Endogenous Peptides in Microdialysis Samples Collected in Vivo

Fused-silica capillary LC columns (25-μm i.d.) with 3-μm-i.d. integrated electrospray emitters interfaced to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer were evaluated for high-sensitivity LC−MS2. Column preparation involved constructing frits by in situ photopolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, preparing the electrospray emitter by pulling the column outlet to a fine tip with a CO2 laser puller, and slurry-packing the column with 5-μm reversed-phase particles. Large-volume injections were facilitated by an automated two-pump system that allowed high-flow rates for sample loading and low-flow rates for elution. Small electrospray emitters, low elution flow rates, and optimization of gradient steepness allowed a detection limit of 4 amol, corresponding to 2 pM for 1.8 μL injected on-column, for a mixture of peptides dissolved in artificial cerebral spinal fluid. The system was coupled on-line to microdialysis sampling and was used to monitor and discover endogenous ne...
Absence of measles proviral DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus

MEASLES VIRUS usually causes an acute self-limiting infection in humans and a productive cytolytic infection in susceptible tissue culture cells. However, measles-like virus has been isolated from the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a chronic progressive neurological disorder of children1. Also, persistent measles infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases of unknown aetiology, including multiple sclerosis2 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)3. Manipulation of the conditions of infection can result in persistently infected tissue culture cells, which have been proposed as a model system for studying the molecular mechanisms responsible for cytolytic virus persistence in man4–6. There is experimental evidence for at least four mechanisms leading to the induction of persistent measles infections: the production of defective virus particles which interfere with the replication of complete virus7, the generation of mutant virus strains with the capacity for non-cytolytic replication8, and infection of certain cell types (for example, neurones) restricted in their capacity to support all steps in virus replication9. Zhdanov et al.10–13 have proposed that measles virus persists in cells by a mechanism similar to that shown for retroviruses, that is, the synthesis of a DNA copy of the viral genome and the insertion of the proviral DNA into the host cell chromosome. This would be a novel mode of replication, as the replication of measles virus in cytolytic infections involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate. Using tritium-labelled viral RNA probes in molecular hybridisation assays, Zhdanov et al. have demonstrated the presence of measles virus-related DNA in chick embryo cells11 and human lymphoid cells13 persistently infected with measles virus. Further, they detected measles virus-related DNA in leukocytes, lymph nodes, kidney and urine cell sediment from five SLE patients12. Negative results were obtained using cells from appropriate control tissues. The obligative reverse transcriptase was found in the persistently infected cell lines and SLE tissues, and concomitant retrovirus infection was proposed as a prerequisite for persistent measles infection. Thus, these studies not only provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of measles virus persistence but suggest aetiological relationships for a fatal disease of unknown cause. However, we report here that, using a more sensitive nucleic acid hybridisation assay, we were unable to confirm the presence of measles virus-related DNA in either persistently infected cells or cells from patients with SLE.
Antisera to frog immunoglobulins cross-react with a periodate-sensitive cell surface determinant.

WHILE investigating surface immunoglobulin (Ig) on frog (Rana catesbeiana) lymphocytes by immunofluorescence, we observed, unexpectedly, that several rabbit antisera to frog Ig stained frog thymocytes and all blood cells, including lymphocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes1. Absorption with frog erythrocytes abolished the staining of thymocytes and granulocytes, indicating that similar antigenic determinants are present on these cell types. Some peripheral lymphocytes were still stained by the absorbed antiserum, but others were unstained. Evidently, after removal of the cross-reactive antibodies, two lymphocyte populations, possibly homologous to mammalian and avian B and T lymphocytes, can be identified on the basis of surface Ig. Antibodies that react with all blood cells were detected in five of eight antisera to frog high molecular weight (HMW) Ig, but not in six antisera to the anti-genically distinct low molecular weight (LMW) Ig. (Rana catesbeiana have three distinct Ig isotypes: an HMW Ig, which seems similar to mammalian IgM, and two highly cross-reactive LMW Igs, which have an uncertain relationship to mammalian Ig classes2,3.) The presence of these cross-reactive antibodies in antisera to HMW Ig may lead to the mistaken identification of Ig on cell surfaces. Absorption of such an antiserum with purified frog HMW Ig and with a non-Ig component of frog plasma, but not with frog LMW Ig, also abolished the staining of thymocytes and granulocytes. The presence of similar determinants on the surfaces of several cell types and on at least two plasma components raised the possibility that a carbohydrate structure might be involved. Experiments supporting this possibility are reported here.
Reverse Screw Element(s) and Feed Composition Effects during Twin‐Screw Extrusion of Rice Flour and Fish Muscle Blends

The influence of location and spacing of reverse screw element(s) on specific mechanical energy input and product attributes during twin-screw extrusion of rice flour and pink salmon blends was investigated. Incorporation of reverse screw element(s) increased specific mechanical energy, expansion ratio and water solubility index; but decreased bulk density and Warner-Bratzler shear stress. Opposite trend was observed with increasing fish content except for shear stress, which was little affected either for rice flour or its blends with 30% fish solids in the expansion ratio range 5 to 10. Linear relationships were found between shear stress and bulk density and between solubility index and specific mechanical energy.
Farmers’ Beliefs and Risks of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle

This research examined farmers’ beliefs and possible association with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. A survey of farmers in Midwest, U.S. with TB Positive herds, a Matching Control sample from TB positive areas, and farmers from areas that were TB Free was conducted. Data from 31 respondents yielded insights about the beliefs of farmers concerning how Bovine TB was transmitted and how the disease can be prevented. Comparison of the three groups suggests some important differences. Evidence suggests that farmers’ beliefs are important factors to consider with regard to control of the transmission of Bovine TB. While beliefs alone do not translate into behaviors, the findings suggest possibilities for preventive solutions that are specific to characteristics of a particular human ecosystem.
Cardiac actin interactions with doxorubicin in vitro.

Abstract Purified bovine cardiac G-actin was interacted with doxorubin (Adriamycin, ADR), in absence of potassium or magnesium to study ADR's effects on actin polymerization. Actin with ADR (10 −6 M ) was incubated with polylysine-coated polystyrene beads and filaments formed were visualized by negative staining electron microscopy (NSEM). ADR-induced actin polymerization was assessed biochemically by ultracentrifugation and analysis of protein content of the supernatant solution. Kinetic assays of turbidity of actin were performed which showed that ADR induced formation of stubby actin polymers which bound to the beads and differed ultrastructurally from the longer actin filaments induced by KCl + MgCl 2 . Actin content in the supernatant solution decreased after centrifugation (0.8 mg/ml in G-actin to 0.45 mg/ml in actin incubated with 10 −4 M ADR). ADR (10 −4 M ) caused increased turbidity of actin of similar magnitude to that induced by actin + KCl + MgCl 2 . Data support the hypothesis that ADR induces polymerization of cardiac actin in vitro but this polymerization has characteristics which are different from actin polymerization induced by salts.
Increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in healthy controls. Three effector cell populations from the peripheral blood were studied which included a mixed mononuclear population, a monocyte-depleted fraction, and a monocyte-enriched fraction. The monocyte-enriched fraction from patients with RA mediated a significantly increased degree of cytotoxicity. Enhanced cytotoxicity was more evident at low effector : target ratios. There was no significant difference in ADCC activity between patient cells and control cells when either the mixed mononuclear population or monocyte-depleted population was studied as effectors. The enhanced effector function of the peripheral blood monocyte in this system may be further indication that mononuclear phagocytes are "activated" in patients with RA.
Democratic science teaching: A role for the history of science

For John Dewey, democracy meant the opportunity and the ability to participate in the continuing conversation of the community. To participate effectively, education must free the intelligence to creatively reconstruct the community. Dewey traced logic back to its etymological roots in dialogue. The history of science is the history of a conversation of an international community. To participate in it effectively, students must free their intelligence. Logically, this is best done by creative and disciplined democratic classroom dialogue instead of the monologue common to so many schools. We recommend a dialogical model of science teaching.
A motivational approach to basic computer science

This paper is a report and discussion of a basic course in computer science offered at Brigham Young University for the last several years. A motivational approach is taken in the course -- beginning at a very low level and developing the basic problems that arose historically. Students are requested to solve several of these problems as programming assignments including an assembler and a simple operating system nucleus. Simulated machines are used, and the students are introduced to several machines, as a means of broadening their knowledge of machine organization.
In vivo modification of a maize engineered minichromosome

Engineered minichromosomes provide efficient platforms for stacking transgenes in crop plants. Methods for modifying these chromosomes in vivo are essential for the development of customizable systems for the removal of selection genes or other sequences and for the addition of new genes. Previous studies have demonstrated that Cre, a site-specific recombinase, could be used to modify lox sites on transgenes on maize minichromosomes; however, these studies demonstrated somatic recombination only, and modified minichromosomes could not be recovered. We describe the recovery of an engineered chromosome composed of little more than a centromere plus transgene that was derived by telomere-mediated truncation. We used the fiber fluorescence in situ hybridization technique and detected a transgene on the minichromosome inserted among stretches of CentC centromere repeats, and this insertion was large enough to suggest a tandem insertion. By crossing the minichromosome to a plant expressing Cre-recombinase, the Bar selection gene was removed, leaving behind a single loxP site. This study demonstrates that engineered chromosomes can be modified in vivo using site-specific recombinases, a demonstration essential to the development of amendable chromosome platforms in plants.
JPEG 2000: fast access to large grayscale images

JPEG 2000 image compression allows many formatting alternatives, but users frequently have insufficient knowledge or experience to direct the choice. At compression time many of these options may seem approximately equal, but during exploitation the file structure differences can have a huge impact on access speed. This is particularly true for very large images such as those regularly used in remote sensing and many defense systems. This paper examines the impacts of JPEG 2000 options such as tiling, tile-parts, precincts, and packet ordering on large single band images, particularly in relationship to random access speed.
Effect of cortisone therapy on the diurnal pattern of growth hormone secretion in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

In a 14-year-old girl with untreated virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia, growth hormone and adrenocortical steroid levels were synchronous during a 24 hour period. Therapy with intramuscular or oral cortisone failed to suppress the spontaneous release, or alter appreciably the diurnal secretory pattern of growth hormone. The similarity of the growth hormone curves on three different days several weeks apart suggests persistence of the diurnal pattern of hormonal secretions in this particular patient.
The beta 1 tubulin R307H single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with treatment failures in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

Predictive biomarkers are needed in ITP. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in beta 1 tubulin are potential candidates, as beta 1 tubulin is integral for platelet production and function, and SNPs in beta 1 tubulin have been associated with distinct phenotypes in platelets. We investigated the most prevalent beta 1 tubulin SNP (R307H) as a biomarker in patients with ITP via a retrospective chart review. Allelic frequencies between a group of 191 ITP patients and a healthy control group showed no difference, suggesting no direct etiologic role for the SNP in ITP. However, over similar periods of follow-up, both heterozygote and homozygote minor allele ITP patients were treated with significantly more treatment modalities and had significantly higher risk of failure to immune-modulatory therapies (RR=1.5, 95%CI=1.1–2.1;p=0.01); with rituximab, in particular, ITP patients with the SNP experienced a 58% failure rate (RR=1.6, 95%CI=1.03–2.5; p=0.04). Analysis of the absolute immature platelet fraction (A-IPF) as a marker of platelet production showed that SNP patients had significantly higher median A-IPFs compared to non-SNP patients when complete responses were achieved using immune modulatory therapies. The data suggest that the beta 1 tubulin R307H SNP has potential for use as a biomarker in ITP and may affect platelet turnover.
Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid Simulation Facility Design

Fuel cell hybrid power systems have potential for the highest electrical power generation efficiency. Fuel cell gas turbine hybrid systems are currently under development as the first step in commercializing this technology. The dynamic interdependencies resulting from the integration of these two power generation technologies is not well understood. Unexpected complications can arise in the operation of an integrated system, especially during startup and transient events. Fuel cell gas turbine systems designed to operate under steady state conditions have limitations in studying the dynamics of a transient event without risk to the more fragile components of the system. A 250kW experimental fuel cell gas turbine system test facility has been designed at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), U.S. Department of Energy to examine the effects of transient events on the dynamics of these systems. The test facility will be used to evaluate control strategies for improving system response to transient events and load following. A fuel cell simulator, consisting of a natural gas burner controlled by a real time fuel cell model, will be integrated into the system in place of a real solid oxide fuel cell. The use of a fuel cell simulator in the initial phases allows for the exploration of transient events without risk of destroying an actual fuel cell. Fuel cell models and hybrid system models developed at NETL have played an important role in guiding the design of facility equipment and experimental research planning. Results of certain case studies using these models are discussed. Test scenarios were analyzed for potential thermal and mechanical impact on fuel cell, heat exchanger and gas turbine components. Temperature and pressure drop calculations were performed to determine the maximum impact on system components and design. Required turbine modifications were designed and tested for functionality. The resulting facility design will allow for examination of startup, shut down, loss of load to the fuel cell during steady state operations, loss of load to the turbine during steady state operations and load following.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Serum antitrypsin synthesis by the isolated perfused rat liver.

SummaryThe isolated perfused rat liver synthesizes antitrypsin activity in a linear fashion as long as 24 hr. The rate of synthesis may be ten times the rate necessary for physiologic levels in vivo. These data are compatible with the liver as the principal site of synthesis of serum antitryptic activity in the rat. The antitrypsin activity of the rat perfusate resembles that of normal human plasma in lability to heat (56°) and to acid (below pH 6) and in apparent molecular size (elution from Sephadex G-200).We thank Maria Luz Sevilla for expert technical assistance and Dr. Robert H. Schwartz for antitrypsin typing of the human serum.This paper is based on work partially performed under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, and partially by Grant No. 1-R01-AM110 MET and Contract No. NHLI 71-2221 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. It has been assigned Report No. UR-3490-519.
Endogenous Viral Sequences from the Cape Golden Mole (Chrysochloris asiatica) Reveal the Presence of Foamy Viruses in All Major Placental Mammal Clades

Endogenous retroviruses provide important insights into the deep history of this viral lineage. Endogenous foamy viruses are thought to be very rare and only a few cases have been identified to date. Here we report a novel endogenous foamy virus (CaEFV) within the genome of the Cape golden mole (Chrysochloris asiatica). The identification of CaEFV reveals the presence of foamy virus in the placental mammal superorder Afrotheria. Phylogenetic analyses place CaEFV basal to other foamy viruses of Eutherian origin, suggesting an ancient codivergence between foamy virus and placental mammals. These findings have implications for understanding the long-term evolution, diversity, and biology of retroviruses.
Aging Male Rhinoplasty

Americans over the age of 65 represent one of the fastest growing segments of our population. Rhinoplasty in the elderly man presents a unique set of obstacles. In addition to the typical forces of healing and scar contracture, the aging nose features the altered anatomy and physiology of aging added to an already complicated three-dimensional structure. The heavier, thicker, and more sebaceous skin of men can exacerbate the loss of support associated with aging, creating a scenario of worse functional issues in men as compared with their female counterparts. Approaching the aging nose requires an appreciation of the nuances of the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of the patient interaction. Although functional issues predominate in this population, aesthetic concerns also need to be addressed.
Morphogenetic and cytogenetic effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene onHaworthia callus in vitro

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracen (DMBA) in verschiedenen Konzentrationen anstelle von Auxin, Kinetin und Kokosmilch im Nahrmedium induziert die Bildung von Wurzeln und beblatterten Sprossen auf den Kalli vonHaworthia variegata. Dieses Ergebnis gleicht demjenigen im vollstandigen Kontrollmedium ohne DMBA, mit dem Unterschied, dass unter dem Einfluss von DMBA weniger Sprosse und eine grossere Anzahl von Wurzeln gebildet werden. Cytologische Untersuchungen an Kallus- und Wurzelzellen aus dem DMBA-Medium zeigten eine normale Konstitution des Chromosomensatzes ohne chromosomale Aberrationen.
Breastfeeding Practices Among First-Time Mothers and Across Multiple Pregnancies

To investigate maternal characteristics associated with breastfeeding initiation and success. Women enrolled in the Mothers Outcomes After Delivery study reported breastfeeding practices 5–10 years after a first delivery. Women were classified as successful breastfeeding initiators, unsuccessful initiators, or non-initiators. For the first birth, demographic and obstetrical characteristics were compared across these three breastfeeding groups. For multiparous women, agreement in breastfeeding status between births was evaluated. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify characteristics associated with non-initiation and unsuccessful breastfeeding across all births. Of 812 participants, 740 (91%) mothers tried to breastfeed their first child and 593 (73%) reported breastfeeding successfully. In a multivariate analysis, less educated women were less likely to initiate breastfeeding (odds ratio (OR) for non-initiation 1.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23, 3.14). There was a notable decrease in breastfeeding initiation with increasing birth order: compared to the first birth, the odds for non-initiation after a second delivery almost doubled (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.42, 2.35) and the odds for non-initiation after a third delivery were further increased (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.56, 3.82). Successful breastfeeding in a first pregnancy was a predictor of subsequent breastfeeding initiation and success. Specifically, women who did not attempt breastfeeding or who reported unsuccessful attempts to breastfeed at first birth were unlikely to initiate breastfeeding at later births. Cesarean delivery was not associated with breastfeeding initiation (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.68, 1.48) or success (OR 1.33; 95% CI 0.92, 1.94). Breastfeeding practices after a first birth are a significant predictor of breastfeeding in subsequent births.
The measurement of hydrophobic polypeptides in beer using the fluorochrome 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate

Abstract A method has been explored for assessing hydrophobic polypeptides in beer by measuring fluorescence developed upon interaction of the proteins with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate. The method was initially applied to three separate purified proteins (bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c and catalase) and different response patterns were observed, suggesting that a simple picture would not be obtained with a complex polypeptide mixture such as beer. Furthermore substantial interference, including a high level of background fluorescence, was caused by beer components, especially in ales. Use of the method, after reducing interference by dilution or dialysis of the beer, does not appear to confer any additional value over the direct measurement of total protein in beer using Coomassie Blue-binding methods.