cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Somatization Disorders in Children and Adolescents

1. Tomas Jose Silber, MD* 2. Maryland Pao, MD† 1. *Professor, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Director, Adolescent Medicine Fellowship Program, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 2. †Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health; Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the various manifestations of somatization disorders in children and adolescents. 2. Delineate the association of psychosomatic disorders with stress, parental anxiety, or pressure for a child to perform. 3. Distinguish between primary and secondary gain. 4. Explain why school attendance should be assessed with every recurrent complaint. 5. Explain why pediatricians should establish a partnership with patients and their parents when addressing their symptoms. 6. Develop a cost-effective investigation of suspected somatoform disorders and an approach to insurance companies regarding reimbursement of services. The diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents who have somatization disorders constitute a challenge for pediatricians: On one hand, they raise the specter of “missing something”; on the other, any “false step” in explaining the condition risks alienating both the patient and the family. Many clinicians rise to the challenge, but many more are baffled by the onslaught of symptoms, become annoyed by the time consumed in caring for patients who are “not really sick,” or feel frustrated by the never-ending recurrent complaints. To make matters worse, these disorders have been scantly researched; neither meta-analysis nor evidence-based medicine has contributed significantly to the field. Paradoxically, although somatoform disorders in children have been defined as psychiatric disorders, psychiatrists seldom see these patients except for the most extreme, unusual, and bizarre cases. Most children and adolescents who have functional symptoms are seen by primary care physicians. This review, therefore, focuses on understanding and assessing somatization as well as developing strategies for the day-to-day management of these conditions. Somatization has been defined as the occurrence of one or more physical complaints for which appropriate medical evaluation reveals no explanatory physical pathology or pathophysiologic mechanism. Somatization also can coincide with a physical illness. Somatization is deemed to exist in conjunction with a physical illness whenever …
Voyager 2 Radio Science Observations of the Uranian System: Atmosphere, Rings, and Satellites

The results of preliminary analyses of radio occultation data obtained by Voyager 2 as it passed Uranus are described. The occultations took place between 2-7 deg S latitude and yielded atmospheric temperature profiles between pressure levels of 10-900 mbar, an altitude range of 100 km. The mole fractions of hydrogen and helium in the tropopause were estimated, in conjunction with IR data, to about 0.85 and 0.10-0.20, respectively. Radio signal intensity data indicated the presence of a cloud deck of CH4 ice at a pressure level of 1300 mbar and a temperature of 81 K, implying a CH4 mole fraction of 0.02 at very low altitudes. The ionosphere extended upward, in two levels, to more than 10,000 km altitude. The ring system was different than the one around Saturn and possessed cylindrical substructures. The radio data also permitted mass density estimates for the five major moons, i.e., about 1.40 gr/cu cm, a value which rules out cometary origins.
On approximately simultaneously diagonalizable matrices

Abstract A collection A1, A2, …, Ak of n × n matrices over the complex numbers C has the ASD property if the matrices can be perturbed by an arbitrarily small amount so that they become simultaneously diagonalizable. Such a collection must perforce be commuting. We show by a direct matrix proof that the ASD property holds for three commuting matrices when one of them is 2-regular (dimension of eigenspaces is at most 2). Corollaries include results of Gerstenhaber and Neubauer–Sethuraman on bounds for the dimension of the algebra generated by A1, A2, …, Ak. Even when the ASD property fails, our techniques can produce a good bound on the dimension of this subalgebra. For example, we establish dim C [ A 1 , … , A k ] ⩽ 5 n / 4 for commuting matrices A1, …, Ak when one of them is 2-regular. This bound is sharp. One offshoot of our work is the introduction of a new canonical form, the H-form, for matrices over an algebraically closed field. The H-form of a matrix is a sparse “Jordan like” upper triangular matrix which allows us to assume that any commuting matrices are also upper triangular. (The Jordan form itself does not accommodate this.)
Impact of a pre-clinical clinical skills curriculum on student performance in third-year clerkships

BACKGROUND Research on the outcomes of pre-clinical curricula for clinical skills development is needed to assess their influence on medical student performance in clerkships.
The effects of incremental submaximal exercise on circulating leukocytes in physically active and sedentary males and females

To study the effects of exercise on circulating leukocytes and leukocyte subsets, physically active (n = 32) and sedentary (n = 32) male and female subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise or control condition. Exercise involved a continuous incremental protocol consisting of cycling for three periods of 6 min at power outputs corresponding to 55%, 70% and 85% maximal oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ . Blood samples were drawn from a venous catheter at baseline, and at 6 min, 12 min, and 18 min after beginning the exercise and 2 h following completion of exercise. Resting- and exercise-induced alterations in total leukocytes were independent of gender and subject fitness level. Relative to baseline, each increment in workload resulted in a rapid increase in the number of circulating leukocytes. Increases in neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes accounted for the exercise-induced leukocytosis. With regard to lymphocytes, exercise resulted in a significant increase in the number of T cells (CD3+), T helper cells (CD4+), T suppresser (CD8+) and natural killer (NK) cells (CD3−/CD16+/CD56+). The largest percentage increase occurred in the NK cell population. The CD4+: CD8+ ratio decreased (P < 0.001) throughout exercise due to a larger increase in the number of CD8+ cells relative to CD4+ cells. An exercise-induced neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, and eosinophelia was observed 2 h into recovery. Exercise resulted in significant increases in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. There was no indication of a hypothalamic-pituitarty-adrenal response during exercise. The results indicate that the rapid, albeit transient, alteration in the number of circulating leukocytes during and following an acute progressive incremental exercise test are independent of gender and fitness.
GaInSn usage in the research laboratory

GaInSn, a eutectic alloy, has been successfully used in the Magneto-Thermofluid Research Laboratory at the University of California-Los Angeles and at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory for the past six years. This paper describes the handling and safety of GaInSn based on the experience gained in these institutions, augmented by observations from other researchers in the liquid metal experimental community. GaInSn is an alloy with benign properties and shows considerable potential in liquid metal experimental research and cooling applications.
On minimax feature selection and Bhattacharyya coefficients

This paper presents some preliminary results on minimax feature extraction and selection using the Bhattacharyya coefficient as the selection criterion. It is assumed that the only knowledge of the two classes of pattern vectors is the mean vectors and the covariance matrices, and the minimax approach is attractive for this case because it is relatively insensitive to the variation of the true distributions. The maximization of the Bhattacharyya coefficient is discussed briefly.
Behavior of illuminated n-type gallium arsenide and p-type silicon rotating disk electrodes in non-aqueous solutions

Abstract The behavior of n-GaAs rotating disk electrodes in CH3CN/0.1 M [n-Bu4N]ClO4 containing 1–5 m M [Fe(η5-C5H5)2] has been examined as a function of rotation velocity, ω, and light intensity. For electrode potentials positive of ca. 0.0 V vs. SCE and at sufficiently high light intensity the observed photoanodic current, iobsv, is directly proportional to ω1/2, but depending on potential, the slope is less than expected for an oxidation process limited only by mass transport and the intercept is non-zero. The value of iobsv is the sum of decomposition current, id, and desired current corresponding to ferrocene oxidation, iet, giving rise to a non-zero intercept and less than expected slopes for plots of iobsv vs. ω1/2. For a small potential regime iobsv=iet (id=0) and is limited only by the mass transport of [Fe(η5-C5H5)2] to the surface. For more positive potentials id becomes significant and iobsv increases. Even when td is significant it has been established that iet is still limited only by the mass transport of [Fe(η5-C5H5)2] to the electrode. At a fixed potential where id≠0 we find that id can be linearly suppressed with increasing ω1/2 when iet is limited only by mass transport.
Rescue and Restoration: Experimental Translocation ofAmorpha herbaceaWalter var.crenulata(Rybd.) Isley into a Novel Urban Habitat

Though translocations of rare populations should be considered only as the last resort for species’ conservation, when habitat destruction is imminent, it may be the only means to preserve a species. With over half the known, wild federally endangered Crenulate leadplant (Amorpha herbacea var. crenulata), Fabaceae, growing on unprotected land slated for development, preserving this unprotected population was critical. We rescued whole plants, cuttings, and seeds for an experimental translocation. Into a restored pine rockland, once dominated by the invasive exotic tree Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), we transplanted plants from different sources and of different sizes. Plants used were rescued from an unprotected site, seedlings, and 1-, 2-, and 7-year-old plants from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden’s ex situ collection, creating a novel population in a new habitat. We also evaluated which propagule type and source had the best survival, growth, and reproduction. After 40 months, overall transplant survival was 71%. Large whole plants, rescued and nursery grown, had the best survival rates (86 and 78%), whereas cuttings had 67% survival and seedlings had only 26% survival. The restored site, once nearly a monoculture of S. terebinthifolius, is now dominated by 104 native plant species, including 17 naturally recruited state listed, plus the one translocated federally endangered plant species. In addition, one federally threatened snake species was observed on the site. These studies demonstrate that botanic garden collections not only play a vital role in the conservation of species’ genetic diversity but also can be used as source material for habitat restoration.
Radar TopoMapper concept for planetary exploration

Topographic information is key to interpreting the geology and geophysics of planetary bodies such as the icy Galilean satellites. Traditionally elevation information has been derived from stereo-photogrammetry, but the last couple of decades have offered new techniques, including radar interferometry, photoclinometry (shape from shading) and laser altimetry. Combining synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology with interferometry (InSAR) enables high resolution imaging with elevation information at each image point. With two appropriately spaced antennas on a spacecraft, single-pass imaging radar interferometry can provide wide swath topographic data, independent of solar illumination, as was recently demonstrated on Earth by the Shuttle Topographic Radar Mission (SRTM; www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm). We will present the science requirements, measurement principle, a straw-man’s design, and the predicted performance of a “compact SRTM” which could be flown on NASA missions such as the proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO). In this paper we discuss challenges, including the calibration strategy and critical technology elements such as the high power RF-amplifier. We expect that the performance, both in terms of elevation accuracy and mapping rate would suffice to 1) determine topography on local and regional scales; 2) search for active geological change on the time scale of JIMO’s orbit around, e.g., Europa (30-60 days); and 3) determine the global tidal amplitude at Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede, which would constitute direct proof of the existence of oceans in all three icy moons.
An exercise in deriving a protocol conversion

This paper demonstrates formal techniques useful in solving and reasoning about protocol conversion problems. A simple example problem is solved and the resulting conversion system is shown to have certain desired properties, using the projection paradigm. The example problem is representative of some real-world problems in that the protocols involved are similar in function, and even in structure, but have fundamental differences that render them incompatible in the absence of an active translation entity (protocol converter). The use of mappings, as well as images and inverse images of properties, in comparing semantics of protocols is discussed and illustrated.
Electro-optical characterization of nanoGUMBOS

Molecular electronics, where nanoscale organic species are utilized as active electronic components, offers a promising approach towards ultimate miniaturization and integration of hybrid electronic materials (HEMs) with traditional silicon based complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) technology. Toward this end, fundamental research studies to understand the electronic and optical properties of these molecules are of paramount importance. In this work, conductive probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) and Raman spectroscopy have been performed on ionic liquid based unique organic nanoparticles derived from a Group of Uniform Materials Based on Organic Salts (GUMBOS). Aptly named as nanoGUMBOS, the material investigated in this report is Rhodamine6G tetraphenylborate ([R6G][TPB]) as has been synthesized by a room temperature facile metathesis reaction between Rhodamine 6G chloride (R6GCl) and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) followed by an ultrasonication-assisted, additive-free, re-precipitation reaction. To the best of our knowledge, the results reported herein are first-time evidence of electrical performance exhibited by [R6G][TPB] nanoGUMBOS. In conjunction with the supportive results of Raman spectra, the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics obtained are indicative of the potential incorporation of this unique compound in hybrid electronics with respect to potential applications in optoelectronics and chemical sensing.
Classification of remote sensing data by multistage self-organizing maps with rejection schemes

A new classification method for remote sensing data is proposed. The proposed classifier consists of several stage neural networks (SNN) and rejection schemes. Rejection schemes are used to decide whether the input vector is hard to classify. By adopting rejection schemes, it is possible to detect the hard input vectors and reduce the possibility of misclassification, for example, due to input vectors which are linearly non-separable or close to boundaries between classes. Such input vectors are rejected by rejection schemes in each SNN and fed into the next SNN. Simultaneously, the input vectors accepted by rejection schemes are classified in each SNN. The self-organizing map (SOM) is used for learning of weight vectors. Experiments are done using the proposed method with two remote sensing data sets, and results are compared to those of other methods.
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)bis(2,6-dimethylphenylamino)zirconium

[117939] C26H30N2Zr (MW 461.76) InChI = 1S/2C8H10N.2C5H5.Zr/c2*1-6-4-3-5-7(2)8(6)9;2*1-2-4-5-3-1;/h2*3-5,9H,1-2H3;2*1-5H;/q2*-1;;;+2 InChIKey = PQJXXRAMPCIXSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (hydroamination catalyst, precursor to the reactive imido intermediate Cp2ZrNAr) Alternate Name: bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amide. Solubility: insol n-hexane and ether; sol toluene and THF. Preparative Methods: Cp2Zr(NHAr)2 1 can be prepared by heating Cp2ZrMe2 with 2,6-dimethylaniline or by addition of Cp2ZrCl2 to a solution containing 2 equiv LiNHAr (eq 1).1 (1) Purification: recrystallization from toluene layered with n-hexane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Cp2Zr(NHAr)2 is water sensitive and should be handled and stored under a nitrogen atmosphere in a dry box or using standard Schlenk techniques. Solvents should be free of traces of air and moisture. Zirconium is believed to be of low toxicity; 2,6-dimethylaniline is toxic. Use in a fume hood.
Excretion of Aflatoxin by Frogs After Implantation with Aspergillus flavus

Fluorescent entities with the chromatographic properties of the two major aflatoxins were excreted by frogs that had implants of mycelial mats of Aspergillus flavus. The amount excreted by control animals bearing autoclaved implants was less than 5096 of that excreted by frogs bearing viable implants. The ratios of aflatoxin B to G in the excretions of frogs bearing viable mats underwent pronounced shifts that did not occur in the ratios of excretions from the control groups. The injection of glucose uniformly labelled with 14C into frogs bearing implanted viable mycelia permitted the recovery of radioactive aflatoxin from the urine and feces. The identity of the excreted material was established in confirmatory tests. These findings suggest that A. flavus retains the ability to produce aflatoxin during simulated aspergillosis in frogs.
Statistical evidence of hairpin vortex packets in wall turbulence

The structure of velocity in the outer region of turbulent channel flow (y+ [gsim ] 100) is examined statistically to determine the average flow field associated with spanwise vortical motions. Particle image velocimetry measurements of the streamwise and wall-normal velocity components are correlated with a vortex marker (swirling strength) in the streamwise–wall-normal plane, and linear stochastic estimation is used to estimate the conditional average of the two-dimensional velocity field associated with a swirling motion. The mean structure consists of a series of swirling motions located along a line inclined at 12°–13° from the wall. The pattern is consistent with the observations of outer-layer wall turbulence in which groups of hairpin vortices occur aligned in the streamwise direction. While the observational evidence for the aforementioned model was based upon both experimental and computational visualization of instantaneous structures, the present results show that, on average, the instantaneous structures occur with sufficient frequency, strength, and order to leave an imprint on the statistics of the flow as well. Results at Reτ = 547 and 1734 are presented.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Feasibility of a Singularity-Induced Micro-Electroporation System

Electroporation, the permeabilization of the cell membrane lipid bilayer due to a pulsed electric field, has important implications in the biotechnology, medicine, and food industries. Traditional macro and micro-electroporation devices have facing electrodes, and require significant potential differences to induce electroporation. The goal of this theoretical study is to investigate the feasibility of singularity-induced micro-electroporation; an electroporation configuration aimed at minimizing the potential differences required to induce electroporation by separating adjacent electrodes with a nanometer-scale insulator. In particular, this study aims to understand the effect of (1) insulator thickness and (2) electrode kinetics on electric field distributions in the singularity-induced micro-electroporation configuration. A non-dimensional primary current distribution model of the micro-electroporation channel shows that while increasing insulator thickness results in smaller electric field magnitudes, electroporation can still be performed with insulators thick enough to be made with microfabrication techniques. Furthermore, a secondary current distribution model of the singularity-induced micro-electroporation configuration with inert platinum electrodes and water electrolyte indicates that electrode kinetics do not inhibit charge transfer to the extent that prohibitively large potential differences are required to perform electroporation. These results indicate that singularity-induced micro-electroporation could be used to develop an electroporation system that consumes minimal power, making it suitable for remote applications such as the sterilization of water and other liquids.
Development of geniculocortical axon arbors in a primate.

The main objective of the present study was to describe the postnatal development of magnocellular and parvocellular LGN axons within the primate striate cortex. For this purpose, we bulk labeled axons in neonatal prosimians (galagos) in vivo or in vitro at regular intervals from birth (PO) to 12 weeks after birth by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into white matter anterior to the striate cortex. Filled axons within layer IV were reconstructed, quantitatively analyzed, and compared to a population of adult axons described previously (Florence & Casagrande, 1987). Our results show that although axons are morphologically immature at birth, they are restricted to the upper (IV alpha) and lower (IV beta) tiers of layer IV of the striate cortex as in adults. In adults, we referred to the presumed magnocellular LGN axons terminating in IV alpha as type I and the presumed parvocellular axons terminating in IV beta as type II. We used the same convention for developing axons. From birth to 3 weeks postnatal, type I and II axon classes are more variable in appearance than adult counterparts, and are not morphologically class distinct. As axons mature, parent axon shafts increase in caliber, arbors become smaller and more radial, and other immature features (e.g. spikes, protrusions, growth cones) are less evident. Both arbor classes mature slowly and some still exhibit immature features (e.g. growth cones) as late as 12 weeks postnatally. Although arbors do not show class-distinctive features until late in development, each class does show some unique maturational trends. Type I arbors are only slightly larger than adult counterparts at birth, whereas type II arbors are dramatically larger. Type I arbors increase in branch complexity with age, whereas type II arbors simply show a shift in complexity toward the center of the arbor with decreasing size over time. These growth trends suggest that magnocellular and parvocellular pathways to cortex could be differentially vulnerable to the manipulation of postnatal visual experience.
Afterword: relevance and realities of anthropological critique of epidemiology.

It was with great delight that I accepted the invitation by the University of Cambridge’s Centre for Research in the Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (CRASSH) to participate and contribute in a thematic analysis of events and epidemic crises, and exploring the dialectics of events and process. This engagement organized by Christos Lynteris brought together anthropologists and historians examining the relationship between event and process, with applied public health and social scientists in an interdisciplinary discussion on the role of subjects in such crises, and the importance of social perceptions of epidemic outbreaks in the process of preventing and containing them.
Helix packing in proteins: Prediction and energetic analysis of dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric GCN4 coiled coil structures

A simulated annealing method for atomic resolution structure prediction of alpha-helical coiled coil proteins is described which draws upon knowledge of the oligomerization state, the helix directionality, and the properties of heptad repeat sequences. Unknown structural parameters, such as the coiled coil twist angle and the side chain conformations, are heavily sampled while allowing for flexibility in the helix backbone geometry. Structures of the wild-type GCN4 dimer [O'Shea et al., Science 254:539-544, 1991] and a mutant tetramer [Harbury et al., Science 292:1401-1407, 1993] have been generated and compared with the X-ray crystal structures. The wild-type dimer model has a root mean square coordinate deviation from the crystal structure of 0.73 A for nonhydrogen atoms in the dimerization interface. Structures of a mutant dimer and a mutant trimer have been predicted. Packing energetics were analyzed for core leucine and isoleucine side chains in dimeric and tetrameric coiled coils. Strong packing preferences were found in the dimers but not in the tetramers. Thus, packing in the dimer may be responsible for the switch from a two-stranded to a four-stranded coiled coil caused by the GCN4 leucine zipper mutations.
Europe and the People Without History

Eric R. Wolf Europe and the People Without History 1982 Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Assessment of reproducibility--automated and digital caliper ECG measurement in the Framingham Heart Study.

Abstract Background Digitized electrocardiography permits the rapid, automated quantification of electrocardiograms (ECGs) for analysis. Community- and population-based studies have increasingly integrated such data. Assessing the reproducibility of automated ECG measures with manual measures is a critical step in preparation for using automated measures for research purposes. We recently established an ECG repository of digitally recorded ECGs for the Framingham Heart Study and we sought to assess the reproducibility of automated and manual measures. Methods We selected 185 digitally recorded ECGs from routine visits of Framingham Heart Study participants spanning from 1986 to 2012. We selected the following ECG measures for their relevance to clinical and epidemiologic research: P wave duration, P wave amplitude, and PR interval in lead II; QRS duration and R wave amplitude in lead V6; and QT interval in lead V5. We obtained automated values for each waveform, and used a digital caliper for manual measurements. Digital caliper measurements were repeated in a subset (n = 81) of the samples for intrarater assessment. Results We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for the interrater and intrarater assessments. P wave duration had the lowest interrater ICC (r = 0.46) and lowest intrarater ICC (r = 0.57). R wave amplitude had the highest interrater and intrarater ICC (r = 0.98) indicating excellent reproducibility. The remaining measures had interrater and intrarater ICCs of r ≥ 0.81. Conclusions The interrater reproducibility findings for P wave amplitude, PR interval, QT interval, QRS duration, and R wave amplitude were excellent. In contrast, the reproducibility of P wave duration was more modest. These findings indicate high reproducibility of most automated and manual ECG measurements.
Reproductive energetics in free-living female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

Mammalian females generally carry the bulk of reproductive costs. They gestate for relatively long periods of time and provide the majority of parental care for dependent offspring. For this reason, many studies have examined how females deal with the energetic costs of reproduction. Here, we examine the influence of reproductive state on activity budgets, diet quality, and sociality in free-living female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. After controlling for dominance rank, we found that pregnant and lactating females consumed higher quality foods than nonpregnant, nonlactating females. However, pregnant females also traveled less. This result did not reflect differences in sociality, as the pregnant female group sizes included in our analyses were comparable to those in other reproductive categories. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
The Elizabeth Wisner Social Welfare Research Center for Families and Children at Tulane University.

The Elizabeth Wisner Social Welfare Center for Families and Children is a community-based research center within the School of Social Work at the Tulane University. The Wisner Center primarily supports research projects that examine the causes and consequences of intimate partner violence, promote the development of new frameworks for understanding family violence, and utilize findings from research to inform interventions directed at reducing violence in families and communities. This article describes the history, structure, and funding resources of the Wisner Center and offers an overview of affiliated research projects and publications. Finally, this article illustrates the vital role of the Wisner Center in promoting the research agendas of junior faculty competing for funding within the Tulane University’s decentralized management center model.
A comparative study of human and rat hippocampal low-frequency oscillations during spatial navigation.

Rhythmic oscillations within the 3-12 Hz theta frequency band manifest in the rodent hippocampus during a variety of behaviors and are particularly well characterized during spatial navigation. In contrast, previous studies of rhythmic hippocampal activity in primates under comparable behavioral conditions suggest it may be less apparent and possibly less prevalent, or even absent, compared to the rodent. We compared the relative presence of low frequency oscillations in rats and humans during spatial navigation by employing an oscillation detection algorithm (“P-episode” or “BOSC”) to better characterize their presence in microelectrode local field potential (LFP) recordings. This method quantifies the proportion of time the LFP exceeds both a power and cycle duration threshold at each frequency, characterizing the presence of 1) oscillatory activity compared to background noise, 2) the peak frequency of oscillatory activity, and 3) the duration of oscillatory activity. Results demonstrate that both humans and rodents have hippocampal rhythmic fluctuations lasting, on average, 2.75 and 4.3 cycles, respectively. Analyses further suggest that human hippocampal rhythmicity is centered around ~3Hz while that of rats is centered around ~8Hz. These results establish that low frequency rhythms relevant to spatial navigation are present in both the rodent and human hippocampus, albeit with different properties under the behavioral conditions tested.
Managing grid messaging middleware

Management in distributed systems has gained much importance in recent years. With the increasing complexity of applications, there is a need for effective management of components of the application. As application components span different administrative domains, differing security policies restrict access to these components. The problem gets more complicated in a dynamic environment where application components and the environment is in a constant state of flux, so that failure is the norm. In this paper we explore the issues related to management in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. We propose a scalable, fault-tolerant and Web services - compliant management architecture that addresses these issues of management and also illustrate the functioning of our framework with respect to the NaradaBrokering messaging middleware.
A Multi-Ability Approach to the Integrated Classroom:

A Multi-Ability classroom is a set of recommendatio ns for permanent changes in the task and evaluation structure of classroorils. These changes are calculated to increase active, engaged, learning behavior of low status students and to provide detailed enriched feedback to the student on how he or she is doing on many different specific tasks. These changes are designed to modify expectations of competence held by classmates for each other and by the student for him/herself. Instead of a set of consistent expectations for competence for a student based on how "smart" or "dumb" he or she is, we introduce multiple intellectual abilities on which each child develops mixed expectations. This classroom model requires the changing of the perception and conception of human ability from unidimensional to multi-dimensional. Active steps must be taken to prevent reading achievement from being used as the index of where each child stands on what is commonly thought to be a single dimension of human intelligence. Unless strong steps are taken, what happens in many classrooms is that a child's ability in reading is used as an index to organize expectations for how competent he or she will be at a wide range of classroom tasks. This is, of course, encouraged by making reading a prerequisite for success at almost every classroom task. However, even if we set a task, such as small group discussion or a game task not requiring reading, we have collected consistent evidence that those children who are perceived to be better readers will be more active and influential than those who are perceived to be weaker readers (Rosenholtz, 1980; Stulac, 1975). This is a kind of self-fulfilli ng prophecy whereby those who are better readers expect to be better at a wide range of intellectual tasks; and those who are weaker readers expect to do poorly at a wide range of tasks. These dif
IMMUNOASSAY FOR VIABLE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS IN TURBID ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water have been implicated in outbreaks of diarrheal disease. Current methods for monitoring environmental exposures to C. parvum only account for total number of oocysts without regard for the viability of the parasite. Measurement of oocyst viability, as indicated by an oocyst's ability to excyst, is useful because over time oocysts lose the ability to excyst and become noninfective. Thus, correlating the number of viable oocysts in drinking water with incidence and risk for disease should be more reliable than using the total number of oocysts. We have developed a quantitative assay capable of detecting low numbers of excystable, sporozoite-releasing C. parvum oocysts in turbid water samples. Monoclonal (CP7) and polyclonal antibodies have been developed against a sporozoite antigen released only during excystation or when the oocyst is mechanically disrupted. CP7 is specific for C. parvum and does not react with C. baileyi, C.muris, C. serpentis, Giardia spp., Eimeria spp., or E. nieschulzi. In this assay, oocysts in the test sample are first excysted and then centrifuged. The soluble sporozoite antigen is captured by CP7 attached to a magnetic bead. The captured antigen is then detected by ruthenium-labeled polyclonal antibodies via electrochemiluminescence. The CP7 viability assay can detect as few as 50 viable oocysts in a 1-ml assay sample with a turbidity as high as 200 Nephelometric turbidity units. This sensitive, turbidity-tolerant assay for oocyst viability may permit a better assessment of the disease risk associated with the presence of environmental oocysts.
A potential role for the myeloid lineage in leptin-regulated bone metabolism.

Leptin influences bone formation centrally through the hypothalamus and peripherally by acting on osteoblasts or their precursors. However, neither mechanism explains the divergent, gender-specific correlation between leptin and bone mineral density in humans. Although leptin is a potent regulator of pro-inflammatory immune responses, a potential role for leptin as an osteoimmunologic intermediate in bone metabolism has not been tested. Mice with myeloid-specific ablation of the long-form leptin receptor (ObRb) were generated using mice expressing cre-recombinase from the lysoszyme M promoter. At 12 weeks of age, the conditional knockout mice did not display any appreciable phenotype. However, at 52 weeks 2 changes were noted. First, there was a mild increase in liver inflammation. Second, a gender-specific, divergent bone phenotype was observed. Female mice displayed a consistent trend toward decreased trabecular bone parameters including reductions in bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and bone mineral content as well as a significant increase in marrow adipogenesis. Conversely, male mice lacked trabecular changes, but had statistically significant increases in cortical bone volume, thickness, and bone mineral density with equivalent total cortical volume. Since the year 2000, over 25 studies on more than 10 000 patients have sought to determine the correlation between leptin and bone mineral density. The results revealed a gender-specific correlation similar to that observed in our LysM transgenic animals. We hypothesize and show new evidence that regulation of myeloid lineage cells by leptin may facilitate their actions as an osteoimmunologic intermediate and contribute to leptin-regulated bone formation and metabolism in a gender-specific manner.
Worth Marion Tippy, 1866-1961

METHODISM, DePauw University, and the American archival profession have suffered a great loss in the death of Worth Marion Tippy, Methodist minister and retired archivist of DePauw University. Born in Lariwell, Ind., in November 1866, Dr. Tippy was educated at DePauw and Cornell Universities. He was author of many books and articles concerning Methodism, a biography of a founder of DePauw University, and two volumes of poetry. He served his church as executive secretary of the Department of Church and Social Service of the Federal Council of Churches in New York, held pulpits in Cleveland and Indianapolis and at Christ Church in New York City, and lectured at colleges and schools of theology in the service of Methodism. Retiring in 1936 at the age of 70, he went to Washington, D. C, and organized a department of social welfare for the Washington Federation of Churches. In 1941 and 1942 he served as executive secretary of the federation. In her recent annual report, Eleanore Cammack, archivist of DePauw University and Indiana Methodism, tells how this venerable theologian again emerged from retirement to make outstanding contributions to American church archives. Encountering difficulties in gathering material for articles he was writing for the DePauw Alumnus, Dr. Tippy conceived what is now the Archives of Indiana Methodism and DePauw University. To prepare for his new role as archivist he attended classes in archives administration at American University. He is remembered affectionately by the National Archives staff members with whom he was associated as an archival intern. During 1952 and 1953 he made great progress at DePauw, obtaining space and equipment and accessioning historical records. He also prepared a manual for the writing of local church histories. He joined the Society of American Archivists in 1952, was appointed a member of its Committee on Church Records, and continued as a committee member until 1956. Dr. Tippy again retired in 1957, at the age of 91. He died on October 2, 1961, at Laurel, Miss. The Society and DePauw University will long remember one who served so well.
Twenty-Five Years of Inquiry and Insight

With this issue, Cognitive Therapy and Research has just passed its 25th birthday. In the 25 years since its inception, the journal has been on the leading edge of cognitively-oriented clinical research. To commemorate this anniversary, a brief history of the journal, and of cognitive research, is presented. Some possible directions for the future of the journal are discussed, and individuals who have served the journal over the last 25 years are acknowledged.
Cytotoxicity of Vincristine to Normal and Leukemic Cells

The in vitro toxicities of vincristine to non-dividing lymphocytes from normal persons and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were measured by counts of viable lymphocytes and by the uptake of radioactive uridine. According to both methods, vincristine (0.1 to 10 (µg per ml.) produced in 18 hours a cytotoxic effect on leukemic but not on normal lymphocytes. The sensitivity of the cells was measured by D90, the estimated concentration of vincristine that killed 90% of the cells in seven days. D90’s for lymphocytes from normal persons ranged from 7 to 27 µg. per ml. (median 10). The leukemic lymphocytes were more sensitive than the normal cells, with D90’s 0.1 to 19 (µg. per ml., median 0.8. Vincristine was rapidly toxic to lymphoblasts from two acutely leukemic patients and to myeloblasts from two of eight patients. The data support the hypothesis of Boesen and Davis that the antitumor effect of vincristine is not dependent on metaphase arrest.
A Nursing Critique of Us Welfare System Reform

In 1996, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program was repealed, and the welfare system in the United States was changed. This article critiques, from a nursing perspective, US welfare system reform. It interrogates dominant ideologies about poverty, welfare, and waged labor; examines federal welfare reform legislation of the 1990s and its programmatic implementation at the state level; discusses global health and safety implications of welfare replacement initiatives; and challenges nurses to political and scholarly action.
Abbasid Panegyric: Badīʿ Poetry and the Invention of the Arab Golden Age

AbstractThis study argues that the third AH/ninth CE century panegyrists (praise poets) of the Abbasid caliphal court at Baghdad (and briefly at Samarra) were responsible for constructing the image of a Golden Age of Arab-Islamic dominion that was subsequently adopted by the poets and thinkers of the Nahḍa or ‘Arab Awakening’ of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Challenged to create a poetry that would serve as the linguistic correlative of the astounding and unprecedented might and dominion of the rulers of the Arab-Islamic state, the Abbasid Modernist Poets (al-shuʿarāʾ al-muḥdathūn) invented a powerfully and radically innovative poetic style, termed badīʿ. The panegyric odes of poets such as Abū Tammām and al-Buḥturī were canonized so as to promote a vision of an Arab-Islamic Golden Age and, further, to serve as models for the expression of Arab-Islamic hegemony and the conferral and contestation of legitimate authority. In the Nahḍa of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Neo-Classical poets ...
Resistance of Blattella germanica to five kinds of insecticides

Objective To determine the resistance of Blattella germanica to five commonly used insecticides in Haidian district and provide the evidence for rational insecticides selection.Methods The resistance was examined by the method of contacting with chemical cover.Results The resistance index of field collected strains to cypermethrin,deltamethrin,propoxur,acephate and dichlorvos were 7.03,3.20,2.90,7.57 and 13.13 respectively.Conclusion The field strain in Haidian district has no significant resistance to propoxur.However,it has developed low resistance to deltamethrin and high resistance to cypermethrin,acephate and dichlorvos.
Phase Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Nanjing Atmosphere

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the atmosphere of Nanjing were collected simultaneously through GF film and PUF.Sixteen precedence-controlled PAHs of EPA were determined using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection(GC/MS).The phase-distribution of PAHs in the atmosphere of Nanjing was investigated,and results showed that the average total particulate and gas concentrations were 20.49ng/m3 and 182.45ng/m3 respectively.PAHs with two or three aromatic rings were mainly presented in the gas phase while PAHs with more than four rings were found mainly in particle phase.
PTRF/Cavin-1 promotes efficient ribosomal RNA transcription in response to metabolic challenges.

Obesity can cause several other health conditions to develop. Type 2 diabetes is one such condition, which arises in part because fat cells become unable to store excess fats. This makes certain tissues in the body less sensitive to the hormone insulin, and so the individual is less able to adapt to changing nutrient levels. Without treatment or a change in lifestyle, this insulin resistance may develop into diabetes. However, “healthy obese” individuals also exist, who can accommodate an overabundance of fat without developing insulin resistance and diabetes. Some forms of rare genetic disorders called lipodystrophies, which result in an almost complete lack of body fat, can also lead to type 2 diabetes. This raises the question of whether lipodystrophy and obesity share some common mechanisms that cause fat cells to trigger insulin resistance. One possible player in such mechanisms is a protein called PTRF. In rare cases, individuals with lipodystrophy lack this protein, and mice that have been engineered to lack PTRF also largely lack body fat and develop insulin resistance. Fat cells can respond rapidly to changes in nutrients during feeding or fasting, and to do so, they must produce new proteins. Structures called ribosomes, which are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA, build proteins; thus when the cell needs to make new proteins, it also has to produce more ribosomes. PTRF is thought to play a role in ribosome production, but it is not clear how it does so. Liu and Pilch analyzed normal mice as well as those that lacked the PTRF protein. This revealed that in response to cycles of fasting and feeding, PTRF increases the production of ribosomal RNA in fat cells, enabling the cells to produce more proteins. By contrast, the fat cells of mice that lack PTRF have much lower levels of ribosomal RNA and proteins. Liu and Pilch then examined mouse fat cells that were grown in the laboratory. Exposing these cells to insulin caused phosphate groups to be attached to the PTRF proteins inside the cells. This modification caused PTRF to move into the cell’s nucleus, where it increased the production of ribosomal RNA. Overall, the results show that fat cells that lack PTRF are unable to produce the proteins that they need to deal with changing nutrient levels, leading to an increased likelihood of diabetes. The next steps are to investigate the mechanism by which PTRF is modified, and to see whether the mechanisms uncovered in this study also apply to humans.