cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural circuit mechanisms for steering control in walking Drosophila

Abstract Navigation can be directed toward distant targets represented within the brain’s spatial maps; alternatively, navigation can be directed toward objects in the local environment. Here we identify neurons in the Drosophila brain that integrate these two types of navigation drives. These neurons send axonal projections to the ventral nerve cord, and their activity predicts and influences steering during walking. Meanwhile, their dendrites integrate steering signals from the compass in the brain’s spatial memory center, as well as stimulus-directed steering signals from multimodal sensory pathways that bypass the compass. Using a computational model, we show how the specific connectivity of this network can generate steering behavior directed toward internal (remembered) goals, and we show how environmental cues can dynamically alter the balance of stimulus- and memory-directed steering. Our results suggest a framework where motor dynamics emerge from the integration of parallel feedback loops that drive steering toward internal versus external goals.
Assessing Interdisciplinary Trainees’ Objective and Self-Reported Knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Confidence in Providing Services

The importance of accurate identification and high-quality intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is indisputable. Clinicians from multiple professions need adequate knowledge of ASD to make appropriate referrals to specialists, conduct thorough evaluations, and provide effective interventions. ASD knowledge development for many professionals may start at the pre-service training level. An interdisciplinary sample consisting of trainees from Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) programs and University Centers for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDDs) across the country (N = 155) was evaluated on their objectively measured ASD knowledge using the ASKSP-R. Self-reported knowledge of ASD and self-reported confidence in providing services to individuals who have ASD was evaluated using a 0–100 scale. Results from an ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in objectively measured knowledge across disciplines, F(7, 146) = 4.68, p < .001. Specifically, trainees in psychology had significantly higher levels of objectively measured ASD knowledge than trainees in physical/occupational therapy, social work, and non-clinical disciplines. Pre-service and professional development experiences predicted trainees’ objectively measured ASD knowledge, self-reported ASD knowledge, and self-reported confidence. Implications and recommendations regarding interdisciplinary training to improve outcomes for individuals with ASD are discussed.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder that is commonly encountered by primary care providers and gastroenterologists. IBS is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms in the majority of patients, without the need for extensive laboratory, radiographic, or endoscopic testing, after the exclusion of organic diseases. IBS is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habit: constipation, diarrhea, mixed, or un-subtyped. Patients with IBS are often frustrated with their symptoms, and reassurance is critical in the management of patients. Initial treatment strategies should focus on lifestyle modification including diet and exercise; however, some patients will need pharmacological treatment to target symptom relief, be it regulating bowel movements or addressing abdominal cramping and spasms.
Michigan Local Government Preparations and Concerns Regarding the 2020 U.S. Census

This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders regarding the upcoming 2020 U.S. Census, including their confidence in the potential accuracy of the count both locally and at the state level, assessments of groups within their jurisdiction that may be difficult to count, and any local actions currently being taken to boost census participation among residents. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2019 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS), with a comparison to the Spring 2010 wave of the MPPS.
On-Device Personalization of Automatic Speech Recognition Models for Disordered Speech.

While current state-of-the-art Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems achieve high accuracy on typical speech, they suffer from significant performance degradation on disordered speech and other atypical speech patterns. Personalization of ASR models, a commonly applied solution to this problem, is usually performed in a server-based training environment posing problems around data privacy, delayed model-update times, and communication cost for copying data and models between mobile device and server infrastructure. In this paper, we present an approach to on-device based ASR personalization with very small amounts of speaker-specific data. We test our approach on a diverse set of 100 speakers with disordered speech and find median relative word error rate improvement of 71% with only 50 short utterances required per speaker. When tested on a voice-controlled home automation platform, on-device personalized models show a median task success rate of 81%, compared to only 40% of the unadapted models.
Competition and coexistence in a rare Northeastern Pacific multispecies seagrass bed

Abstract Seagrass meadows with more than two species co-occurring at a small scale are unusual in temperate regions, and such multispecies seagrass beds are undocumented in the Northeastern Pacific. Seagrasses in multispecies beds may coexist through trait differentiation in body size, life history types and phenology, especially when competitive exclusion is interrupted by environmental variability. Here, we survey and manipulate a multispecies seagrass meadow in Willapa Bay, Washington (USA), containing Zostera marina, Zostera japonica and Ruppia maritima; our 13-month survey is the first formal documentation of multispecies seagrass bed occurrence in the Northeastern Pacific. Z. japonica, a non-native species, reached an end-of-summer biomass that was an order of magnitude greater than either native seagrass. To test competition, we experimentally removed Z. japonica and found competition occurred disproportionately on the smaller R maritima relative to larger Z. marina. R. maritima germinated later and senesced earlier than the two Zostera species, and the removal of Z. japonica positively affected R. maritima biomass, supporting previous studies that R. maritima is an opportunistic species. In addition to species-specific phenology and body size, all species presented annual life histories and thus began each annual cycle under high resource availability, such as light, space and nutrients, which may contribute to coexistence.
Interpreting intermediate convolutional layers in unsupervised acoustic word classification.

Understanding how deep convolutional neural networks classify data has been subject to extensive research. This paper proposes a technique to visualize and interpret intermediate layers of unsupervised deep convolutional neural networks by averaging over individual feature maps in each convolutional layer and inferring underlying distributions of words with non-linear regression techniques. A GAN-based architecture (ciwGAN arXiv:2006.02951) that includes three convolutional networks (a Generator, a Discriminator, and a classifier) was trained on unlabeled sliced lexical items from TIMIT. The training results in a deep convolutional network that learns to classify words into discrete classes only from the requirement of the Generator to output informative data. The classifier network has no access to the training data -- only to the generated data -- which means lexical learning needs to emerge in a fully unsupervised manner. We propose a technique to visualize individual convolutional layers in the classifier that yields highly informative time-series data for each convolutional layer and apply it to unobserved test data. Using non-linear regression, we infer underlying distributions for each word which allows us to analyze both absolute values and shapes of individual words at different convolutional layers as well as perform hypothesis testing on their acoustic properties. The technique also allows us to tests individual phone contrasts and how they are represented at each layer.
Crises, Politics, Psychology—An Introduction

The Covid-19 pandemic has not been the first crisis with global effects, nor will it be the last. It is also not the only crisis of global proportions that humankind currently wrestles with. The behavioral sciences and psychology are involved in these crises with a proliferation of modes of thought, discourses, and concepts that have contributed to the general framework providing the grounds for these crises in the first place. Now, more than ever, it seems clear that we need new epistemologies, new ontologies that allow us to politicize psychology and take a decolonial stance.
In re Edna MF: case law confusion in surrogate decision making.

I review the recent case of Edna Folz, a 73 year-old woman who was suffering through the end stages of very advanced Alzheimer's dementia when her case was adjudicated by the Wisconsin Supreme Court. I consider this case as an example of how courts are increasingly misinterpreting the ethical and legal decision-making standards known as “substituted judgment” and “best interests” and thereby threatening individuals' treatment decision-making rights as developed by other courts over the past two decades and creating serious roadblocks to health-care providers' ability to render appropriate patient care. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held that Edna's legal guardian could not authorize withdrawal of Edna's treatment, ruling that as a matter of law, if an incompetent person is not in a persistent vegetative state, it is not in his or her best interests for life-sustaining treatment to be withdrawn unless (s)he has executed an advance directive or other statement clearly indicating his or her desires.
Perception of self‐competence among Asian Indian preschoolers living in the USA and India

Past research has indicated that it is imperative to promote a feeling of positive self‐competence at a younger age. Forty‐eight preschoolers (living in the USA = 26; living in India = 22) between the ages of three and five years participated in the study. The children attended preschools in either the USA or India. The children’s perception of self‐competence was measured using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (Harter & Pike, 1984). The scale has four subscales: Cognitive Competence, Physical Competence, Peer Acceptance, and Maternal Acceptance, each composed of six items. A one‐way (2: country of domicile) ANOVA was conducted on each of the self‐competence subscale scores. Results showed significant differences in the perception of self‐competence depending on whether the Asian Indian preschoolers were living in the USA or in India: Cognitive Competence F(1,46) = 9.59, p < .003; Peer Acceptance F(1,46) = 10.33, p < .002; and Physical Competence F(1,46)...
Retaining Women in Collegiate Aviation by Implementing Learning Style Considerations

Women are clearly underrepresented in aviation. Research must be accomplished to determine which factors influence women, once they have indicated a serious interest in an aviation career, to stay in collegiate aviation programs or to leave. Addressing the issue of women’s retention in aviation is one way to help address the growing commercial pilot shortage, while moving toward gender equity in this critical, national industry. Projected shortages in the commercial pilot population, coupled with the low representation of women in career pilot positions, suggest that aviation education and training institutions should re-examine the structure and organization of the aviation knowledge transfer process. Classroom enhancements could improve education methods to make them more efficient from the perspectives of increased knowledge retention, improved application to broader subjects, and reduced loss to attrition of viable pilot candidates to enter the commercial pilot workforce. This study examines how aviation education can best serve the aviation student’s learning style needs. The study looks at learning style theory, from the viewpoint of the wide diversity of aviation learners who are dominantly visual, auditory, or hands-on, tactile, or kinesthetic learners, and how women’s learning styles are pivotal to their success and retention in collegiate aviation. By exploring how people learn best, and then providing those learners with the tools to maximize their dominant learning styles, the next generation of pilots, both women and men, should be better prepared to enter the aviation industry and help reduce the projected commercial pilot shortages.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Epidemiology

Antimicrobial resistance advances as epidemics of emerged resistance genes variably linked within a variety of genetic elements that spread through interconnecting bacterial populations of antimicrobial-exposed people, animals and places. Keywords: antimicrobial; resistance; selection; bacterial populations; plasmids
Strongly anisotropic waveguide as a nonmagnetic left-handed system

We develop an approach to build a material with negative refraction index that can be implemented for optical and infrared frequencies. In contrast to conventional designs that require simultaneously negative dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability and rely on a resonance to achieve a nonzero magnetic response, our material is intrinsically nonmagnetic and makes use of an anisotropic dielectric constant to provide a lefthanded behavior in waveguide geometry. We demonstrate that the proposed material can support surface (polariton) waves, and show the connection between the polaritons and the enhancement of evanescent fields, also known as superlensing.
Disparities in late stage diagnosis, treatment, and breast cancer-related death by race, age, and rural residence among women in Georgia.

The objectives of this study were to examine the outcomes of late stage breast cancer diagnosis, receiving first course treatment, and breast cancer-related death by race, age, and rural/urban residence in Georgia. The authors used cross-sectional and follow-up data (1992–2007) for Atlanta and Rural Georgia cancer registries that are part of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (N = 23,500 incident breast cancer cases in non-Hispanic whites or non-Hispanic African Americans). Multilevel modeling and Cox proportional hazard models revealed that compared to whites, African American women had significantly increased odds of late stage diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, p = 0.0001) and unknown tumor stage (OR = 1.27, p = 0.0001), decreased odds of receiving radiation (OR = 0.93, p = 0.041) or surgery (OR = 0.50, p = 0.0001), and increased risk of death following breast cancer diagnosis (hazard rate ratio [HR] = 1.50, p = 0.0001). Increased age was significantly a...
An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Multilayer Insulation Systems from Room Temperature to 77-k

The total heat transfer from approximately to 77 K was experimentally studied for a series of different arrangements of multilayer insulation (MLI) on black painted and aluminum taped copper surfaces. The heat flux as a function of the number of MLI layers and of the overall vacuum level was measured. The flux to a painted surface was 24.7 W/m2 with no MLI and 0.64 W/m2 with 30 layers, both at a vacuum of 1.5 × 10−5 torr. The corresponding values to a taped surface were 4.8 W/m2 and 0.52 W/m2. At 1.5 × 10−5 torr, the use of aluminum tape permits one to use approximately one-half as many layers for the same heat flux. The heat flux was measured for six insulation systems from 1.5 x 10−5 torr to ∿ 1 × 10−3 torr. The temperature distribution through the MLI was measured as a function of vacuum level. It was deduced that the apparent thermal conductivity increases with the distance from the cold surface. The effect of cracks in a paint-MLI system was studied by cutting 6-mm wide cracks through a 90-layer blanket. The heat load increased by more than three times the value calculated from the exposed area only.
Positive leadership yields performance and profitability

Purpose – Traditional management techniques and change management interventions are deficit‐based. That is, they often focus on “fixing” what is wrong in our organizations by solving problems. Maintaining a committed and motivated workforce, open to learning, growth and positive change, is difficult, however, when the daily focus is on what's not working.Design/methodology/approach – Growing evidence suggests that positive leadership and a strengths‐based approach to long‐term organizational change have a greater impact on performance and profitability.Findings – Positive leaders develop such traits as optimism, self‐confidence, compassion, emotional intelligence, loyalty, and trustworthiness. Moreover, they promote a strengths‐based organizational culture that emphasizes possibilities rather than problems.Practical implications – We need to develop leaders who can identify the organization's “root causes of success”, and build on those strengths for future performance.Originality/value – The article will...
Ethnic and racial differences in serum vitamin A levels of children aged 4–11 years

Interpretation of differences in serum vitamin A levels observed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children may be complicated by confounding environmental factors. Data from the Mexican-American portion of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to explore these differences in 4-11-y-old Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks and whites before and after accounting for vitamin-mineral supplement use and poverty status. Initial differences in mean serum vitamin A levels and prevalences less than 20 micrograms/dL (0.70 mumol/L) or less than 25 micrograms/dL (0.87 mumol/L) among the three ethnic or racial groups were reduced or eliminated after accounting for the two descriptive variables. These results support the hypothesis that differences in serum vitamin A levels between Mexican-American and non-Hispanic children in the United States are due more to environmental factors than to ethnicity.
Postoperative Rehabilitation After Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Combined Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction-Posterior Lateral Corner Surgery

The management of injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the posterior lateral corner (PLC) of the knee, although relatively rare, presents a challenge to both orthopedic surgeons and rehabilitation specialists. Injuries to the PCL can occur in isolation or in combination with a PLC injury. Surgical intervention is often warranted with the goal of surgery to have a stable, well-aligned knee and to restore the preinjury kinematics of the knee joint. Principles guiding rehabilitation should be followed following a PCL reconstruction or a combined PCL-PLC surgery. Advancement through the rehabilitative course should be based on meeting set criteria while adhering to set time frames to allow sufficient healing. Therapeutic interventions, when introduced to the rehabilitation program, have sound evidence to support their inclusion. A functional progression is followed throughout the rehabilitative course. Criteria via objective and qualitative measures are used and should be met before allowing an athlete or patient to return to sport or normal activities of daily living. Compliance by a patient throughout the course of rehabilitation is vital in achieving a successful outcome.
Constitutive and Induced Trehalose Transport Mechanisms in Spores of the Fungus Myrothecium verrucaria

Trehalose is absorbed by two distinct systems-one constitutive, the other induced by turanose and to a lesser extent by nigerose but not by trehalose. The constitutive system is apparently mediated by a surface trehalase; the induced system has the characteristics of a permease. The specificity of the induced system is apparently limited to the alpha glucosyl-glucose or glucosyl-fructose linkage, because absorption of kojibiose, nigerose, maltose, isomaltose, turanose, sucrose, and melezitose, in addition to that of trehalose, was increased. Absorption of beta-linked or of galactose-containing disaccharides was not increased. The constitutive and induced trehalose-absorbing systems differ in their activity, specificity, lability to acid treatment, effects of substrate concentration, and pH optima. Both systems require oxygen, and no marked differential effects of inhibitors were observed. The activity of the induced system is proportional to log turanose concentration (from about 1 to 300 mug/ml), and is an approximate linear function of time of exposure (from about 1 to 50 min). Accumulation of trehalose occurred against a concentration gradient in both systems but particularly in the induced. No leakage was observed. The activity of the induced system declined slowly upon removal of the inducer. Accumulated trehalose is metabolized after activation by azide as are the endogenous trehalose reserves. The accumulated trehalose appears to enter the endogenous trehalose pool found in these spores, although some data suggest it may be more accessible. Respiratory data indicate that absorbed trehalose is available for metabolism while in transit from the external membrane to the internal pool.
The role of carbon nanotube structure in purification and hydrogen adsorption

Structural properties of carbon nanotubes were studied by using samples from various manufacturers synthesized by different processes. A two-stage purification method was applied to all samples. Relationships between synthesis techniques and carbon nanotube structure are discussed. The role of carbon nanotube structural features such as degree of crystallinity, tube diameter, tube wall structure, and bundling behavior in purification and hydrogen adsorption were investigated by a combination of transmission electron microscopy and magnetic resonance techniques. It is suggested that MWNTs with low crystallinity and SWNTs with large diameters and open tube ends yielded the highest hydrogen uptake capacities. Both MWNTs and SWNTs show low hydrogen storage capacities (less than 1 wt%) at hydrogen pressures up to 1480 kPa.
Grading Written Projects: What Approaches Do Students Find Most Helpful?

Conscientious marketing faculty spend extensive hours grading student essays and projects. As instructors work on grading papers, they may wonder how effective their comments are. The author explored how students in a marketing principles class reported their use of various grading methods. Students generally preferred rubrics with ratings and accompanying comments and indicated that they used comments to understand their grades and also to improve their writing. Students appreciated feedback on what they did well on projects and how they could have improved.
Structure and function of phosphatidylglycerol-deficient lung surfactant.

The structure and properties of phosphatidylglycerol-deficient lung surfactant were examined using the myoinositol-treated rat as an experimental model. Hyperinositolemia was produced in pregnant rats (and their fetuses) by the administration of myoinositol throughout the final 5 days of gestation. Weight gain by pregnant rats during this period was reduced significantly as a result of myoinositol treatment. On day 21 of gestation, the number of type II cells in sections of lungs from fetuses of myoinositol-treated rats was not significantly different from that of fetuses of saline-treated rats. The profile area occupied by lamellar bodies, however, was significantly decreased in type II cells of fetuses from myoinositol-treated rats. There also was an apparent decrease in the size of lamellar bodies in the lungs of hyperinositolemic fetuses, but this was not accompanied by alterations in the structure of the tubular myelin form of surfactant present in fetal alveoli. Nonpregnant adult rats treated with myoinositol exhibited no gross respiratory impairment, and the recovery of total phospholipid in their alveolar lavage fluid was indistinguishable from that of saline-treated rats. In contrast, the phosphatidylglycerol content of the lavage fluid was decreased and the phosphatidylinositol content was increased as a result of myoinositol treatment. Furthermore, the molar ratio of palmitate to stearate esterified in phosphatidylglycerol was decreased (from 6.2 to 1.4) after myoinositol treatment. The palmitate/stearate ratio for phosphatidylinositol, however, tended to increase after myoinositol treatment. Pressure-volume relationships for freshly excised lungs of myoinositol-treated rats were not significantly different from those for lungs of saline-treated rats. Similarly, the surface-active properties of phosphatidylglycerol-deficient surfactant, measured in vitro by use of a surface balance, were not different from those of normal surfactant. These data indicate that phosphatidylglycerol-deficient surfactant has normal surface activity, and that the apparent requirement for phosphatidyglycerol for normal respiration in the neonate is likely not related directly to surface activity.
gp120, a human immunodeficiency virus-1 coat protein, augments excitotoxic hippocampal injury in perinatal rats.

Recent data suggest that gp120, a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) coat glycoprotein that is secreted by HIV-infected cells, is neurotoxic, and that this toxicity is mediated, at least in part, by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type excitatory amino acid receptors. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we examined the neurotoxicity of gp120 injected intrahippocampally, alone or co-injected with the selective excitatory amino acid agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate, in seven-day-old rats. Severity of injury in the lesioned hippocampus was assessed five days later, using three outcome measures: histopathology, hippocampal atrophy (derived from regional cross-sectional area measurements) and loss of [3H]glutamate receptor binding (based on in vitro autoradiography assays). To confirm that any observed effects were attributable to gp120 bioactivity, each group of experiments included controls that received equal amounts of heat-treated gp120. Gp120 (200 ng) elicited minimal focal pyramidal cell loss immediately adjacent to the injection track; there was no hippocampal atrophy or loss of [3H]glutamate binding. Co-injection of 50 ng gp120 with N-methyl-D-aspartate (5 nmol, threshold excitotoxic dose) increased the severity of hippocampal injury; hippocampal atrophy was greater in animals that received injections of 5 nmol N-methyl-D-aspartate in combination with 50 ng gp120 than in those that received either N-methyl-D-aspartate alone (5 nmol) or 5 nmol N-methyl-D-aspartate+50 ng heat-treated gp120 (mean+/-S.E.M. percentage reduction in injected hippocampal volume vs contralateral: N-methyl-D-aspartate, -19+/-3; N-methyl-D-aspartate+gp120, -26.8+/-2.1; N-methyl-D-aspartate+heat-treated gp120, -14.0+/-2.2; P<0.001, ANOVA). Treatment with the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist 3-((RS)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (20mg/kg) markedly reduced the severity of injury elicited by the combination of gp120 with N-methyl-D-aspartate. These data support the hypothesis that locally secreted gp120 could exert neurotoxic effects, mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation, in vivo in the immature brain.
Foraging specialization by the opportunistic largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

The opportunistic foraging nature of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is thought to preclude it from specialization when prey resources are in abundance. Here, we describe largemouth bass foraging specialization on Chaoborus spp. Chaoborus spp. specialization was unexpected because largemouth bass is a diurnal littoral visual predator, whereas Chaoborus spp. occupy the surface waters of the pelagic zone at night and are energetically unfavorable. Largemouth bass foraging in the pelagic zone, determined by core body temperature, had significantly (p < 0.001) more Chaoborus spp. per gut (249.3) than littoral foragers (68.4). Individual largemouth bass diet consistency over time was greater than the diet consistency of random pairings, indicating that pelagically oriented largemouth bass specialize in Chaoborus spp. predation. This unusual individual foraging behavior is likely caused by heavy intraspecific competition, which leads some fish to acquire new prey search images due to prey resource limit...
Evidence on preferences and subjective beliefs of risk takers: The case of smokers

Abstract One reason that cigarette consumption is highly regulated is because of the paternalistic view that smokers would not make rational choices even if fully informed about the risks. A deficiency of this view is that in the presence of preference heterogeneity regulating smoking may lead to smokers finding ways to circumvent the regulations. Though there is widespread recognition that preference heterogeneity may exist there is very little documentation of it. In this study, we provide empirical evidence on the relationship between smoking status, and time and risk preference, valuation of health, and subjective beliefs about future macroeconomic events, using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study. We find that smokers are more impatient than nonsmokers and are more pessimistic about future macroeconomic events, which may reinforce their present orientation. Smokers are also more risk tolerant. This suggests that smokers may more willingly bear risk, and trade off current utility against future costs of smoking. However, they do not value being in excellent health differently from others. Our results also suggest that being more present-oriented and risk tolerant is not caused by smoking, but represents innate characteristics. An implication of our results for product regulation is that restricting access to cigarettes is likely to be circumvented by smokers through other means. In particular, our results are consistent with the finding that smokers in states with higher taxes smoke longer cigarettes that are also higher in nicotine and tar content.
Responsiveness and everyday life

Responsiveness is not merely a characteristic of a special methodology for evaluation. It is also an epistemic and moral virtue that signals a particular relation to the social world and a distinctive way of being and knowing within that world.
Run-time creation of the turbulent channel flow database by an HPC simulation using MPI-DB

We demonstrate a method based on MPI client-server implementation for storing the output of computations directly into the database. Our method automates the previously used inefficient ingestion process which required development of special tools for each simulation. In large-scale channel flow simulation experiments we were able to ingest the output data sets in real time, without delaying the simulation process. This was accomplished by building a Fortran interface to the MPI-DB software library and using it within the simulation code. The channel flow simulation data set will be exposed for analysis to researchers using the JHU Public Turbulence Database [7].
Controlling the dynamics of a single atom in lateral atom manipulation.

We studied the dynamics of a single cobalt (Co) atom during lateral manipulation on a copper (111) surface in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The Co binding site locations were revealed in a detailed image that resulted from lateral Co atom motion within the trapping potential of the scanning tip. Random telegraph noise, corresponding to the Co atom switching between hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and face-centered cubic (fcc) sites, was seen when the tip was used to try to position the Co atom over the higher energy hcp site. Varying the probe tip height modified the normal copper (111) potential landscape and allowed the residence time of the Co atom in these sites to be varied. At low tunneling voltages (less than ∼5 millielectron volts), the transfer rate between sites was independent of tunneling voltage, current, and temperature. At higher voltages, the transfer rate exhibited a strong dependence on tunneling voltage, indicative of vibrational heating by inelastic electron scattering.
Earthworm abundance and species composition in organic forage production systems of northern Colorado receiving different soil amendments

Abstract We evaluated the effects of soil amendments on earthworm communities in organic annual forage and perennial pasture systems in northern Colorado. In the annual forage study (1) an annual warm season grass teff ( Eragrostis tef ) and (2) bare fallow were main plot treatments and received one of three soil amendments: (1) composted dairy manure (CDM), (2) raw dairy manure (RDM), and (3) no amendment as control. For the perennial pasture study, CDM was topdressed onto a grass mixture consisting of orchardgrass, smooth and meadow bromegrass at rates ranging from 0 to 44.8 Mg ha −1 . At both sites, earthworm and soil samples were collected in July 2009. The earthworms identified from both systems were composed of endogeic species Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny), A. tuberculata (Eisen), and A. turgida (Eisen), the first being found only in the perennial pasture. In the annual forage study, earthworm total abundance did not differ between teff and bare fallow treatments. However, within bare fallow treatment, earthworm total abundance was significantly affected by soil amendment, with CDM averaging approximately 1.4 and 5.4 times greater earthworm total abundance than RDM and the control, respectively. Earthworm total abundance was found to be positively correlated with soil Cu ( R = 0.51, P = 0.03) and K ( R = 0.58, P = 0.01). In the perennial pasture, earthworm total abundance tended to increase with an increase in the CDM rate to 33.6 Mg ha −1 . However, no further increase was observed when the CDM rate was increased to 44.8 Mg ha −1 . At this site, earthworm total abundance was negatively correlated with EC ( R = −0.37, P = 0.02). Our results suggest that high quality (low C/N ratio) dairy manure is important for maintaining a high earthworm population. Larger CDM application rates appear to discourage earthworm populations probably due to salinity stress. Further study is necessary to elucidate the exact effects of manure quality and quantity on earthworm populations in annual forages and perennial pastures.
Global patterns of moss diversity: taxonomic and molecular inferences

Taxonomic and molecular data were utilized to test the hypothesis that moss diversity is greatest near the equator. Species richness estimates from 86 taxonomic checklists representing global moss diversity do not support the hypothesis that, in general, mosses are more species-rich in the tropics than at higher latitudes. A significant latitudinal gradient was, however, detected for North, Central, and South American samples when analyzed alone. Taxonomic estimates of biodiversity patterns were compared to molecular estimates based on standing nucleotide diversity, and on phylogenetic diversity, the latter taking into account the historical information contained in a molecular phylogenetic tree for the mosses. Molecular estimates suggest that moss diversity is highest in the Southern Hemisphere and lowest in the Northern Hemisphere, with the tropics having an intermediate level. The differences, however, are slight, and analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicate that there is virtually no generalized differentiation between major latitudinal zones. These results reflect the fact that virtually all moss lineages have representatives in all three latitudinal zones. At the nucleotide level, mosses best fit the pattern of “everything is everywhere”.
Intergenerational aspects of the development of aggression: a preliminary report.

Across studies in a variety of environmental settings, secure attachment relationships early in life are associated with a lower rate of abnormally aggressive patterns of behavior later in childhood. The quality of an attachment relationship can be predicted by a recently developed measure of parent
OpenDocument Format: The Standard for Office Documents

For many years, when we used a word-processing application, files were stored in a format that was fully understood only by the application we used. WordPerfect stored WordPerfect files, Microsoft Word stored Word files, and so on-and, while developers often included ad-hoc support for their competitors' formats, that was a hit-and-miss thing, vulnerable to changes in the proprietary formats. The same went for presentation slides and spreadsheets. We all have experience with the results of this, with the difficulties in exchanging files between different applications. OpenDocument format (ODF) is an XML-based open standard file format for office documents such as these. ODF is application-, platform- and vendor-neutral, and thereby facilitates broad interoperability of office documents.
The “Multiracial” Option: Social Group Identity and Changing Patterns of Racial Categorization

This article focuses on a new and growing trend in the United States: multiracial (or mixed race) identification. Multiracial self-identification forces us to consider that the norms of racial identification are shifting in which Americans perceive greater individual agency in how they choose to racially identify compared to the choices offered in the past. Given this, is the willingness to identify as multiracial a proxy for changing political attitudes about American race relations? Using a unique data set that includes multiple measures of racial identification, this article examines the individual-level determinants that predict who is willing to self-identify as multiracial and the political consequences of this identity. This research demonstrates the complexity of racial identification today as well as the need to reconsider how race is measured in public opinion surveys. Most importantly, the data demonstrate that those who self-identify as multiracial hold different racial attitudes than those wh...
Relation between regional myocardial uptake of rubidium-82 and perfusion: Absolute reduction of cation uptake in ischemia

Experiments were undertaken using /sup 82/Rb and position tomography to examine the relation between myocardial perfusion and cation uptake during acute ischemia. /sup 82/Rb was repeatedly eluted from a /sup 82/Sr-/sup 82/Rb generator. In six dogs emission tomograms were used to measure the delivered arterial and myocardial concentrations at rest and after coronary stenosis, stress and ischemia. There was a poor overall relation between regional myocardial uptake and flow measured by microspheres and a large individual variability. Extraction of /sup 82/Rb was inversely related to flow. Significant regional reduction of cation uptake was detected in the tomograms when regional flow decreased by more than 35 percent. This reduction was significantly greater when ischemia was present. A small but significantly greater when ischemia was present. A small but significant decrease (33.0 +/- 9.1 percent, mean +/- standard deviation) in the myocardial uptake of /sup 82/Rb was detected only when flow was increased by more than 120 percent in relation to a control area after administration of dypiridamole. The technique using /sup 82/Rb and tomography was applied in five volunteers and five patients with angina pectoris and coronary artery disease. Myocardial tomograms recorded at rest and after exercise in the volunteers showedmore » homogeneous uptake of cation in reproducible and repeatable scans. In contrast, the patients with coronary artery disease showed an absolute mean decrease of 36 +/- 14 percent in regional myocardial uptake of /sup 82/Rb after exercise. These abnormalities persisted in serial tomograms for more than 20 minutes after the symptoms and electrocardiographic signs of ischemia.« less
Negotiations between auditors and their clients regarding adjustments to the financial statements

Abstract While financial statements are the responsibility of management, they are ultimately a product of collaboration between management and their auditors—likely involving negotiations over proposed audit adjustments. This installment of Accounting Matters discusses the implications of prior research in psychology and social psychology regarding negotiations as applied to the context of auditor-client management negotiations. Specifically, we consider recently published research by Hatfield and colleagues regarding how these auditor-client discussions may be influenced in unexpected ways if not viewed through the lens of negotiation. This research finds that explicit consideration of negotiation characteristics (e.g., whether the unaudited financial statement data is the ‘first offer’ of client management, whether negotiations have created reciprocity pressures for the current negotiation) can influence these auditor-client discussions in predictable ways. Understanding the unconscious biases resulting from these ‘negotiation rules’ is key for auditors to effectively translate audit quality into improved financial statement quality.
Monoclonal antibodies to two different epitopes in a 30-kD CNBr peptide of the K1 and K2 keratins.

Two anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies, Kab-2 and Kab-3, with specificities for different epitopes of type II (basic) human epidermal keratins, were produced. These antibodies had different immunofluorescent staining patterns on human fetal epidermis. Western blots and solid phase RIA showed both antibodies bound to 65- 67-kD basic keratins (K1 and K2) extracted from foreskin epidermis. Competitive binding studies with the two Kab antibodies and other anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies showed that Kab-2 and Kab-3 recognized related epitopes, distinct from the epitopes recognized by other anti-keratin antibodies AE-1, 2, and 3 Kab-2 and epitopes were epitopes were distinguished by differences in their reactivity with peptides generated by Staphlococcus aureus V8 protease digestion of the K1 keratin; the antibodies recognized both common and unique peptides. Western blots of cyanogen bromide digests of the K1 keratin showed that both Kab antibodies reacted with a 30-kD fragment of the molecule presumed to be the N-terminal CNBr peptide. We interpret these data to indicate that in tissues, portions of the N-terminal region of the K1 keratin are differentially available for reaction with these monoclonal antibodies and that morphologic differences in staining with monoclonal antibodies to the same molecule can reflect epitope specificity or epitope availability related to supramolecular organization.
Boards to combine

The National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and the Board on Mineral and Energy Resources were eliminated during the summer by a decision of the Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, which oversees both bodies, and Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences. The responsibilities of the two boards will be merged into a Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, not yet formed. Raphael Kasper, executive director of the Commission, said that the boards were dissolved for two reasons. “There's been a general trend within the Academy toward bringing together the pure and applied branches of particular sciences.” BES had dealt largely with basic Earth science research, while BMER had addressed questions related to mineral resources, land use, and public policy. The Space Science Board and the Space Applications Board, also under the jurisdiction of the Commission, were combined this fall into a single body (Eos, October 18, p. 961).
Retinal detachment and pathology following experimental embolization of choroidal and retinal circulation

By means of a micro-surgical technique, the central retinal artery of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) was embolized with spheric plastic beads (7–25 μ in diameter). Beads (4–15 μ) were also injected into choroidal capillaries through a supero-temporal vortex vein.
Enhancing the vibration reduction ability of concrete by using steel reinforcement and steel surface treatments

Abstract The vibration reduction ability of mortar, as expressed by the loss modulus under dynamic flexure (0.2–1.0 Hz), was increased by three (or more) orders of magnitude upon the embedment of steel rebars in the mortar, mainly due to the increase in the vibration damping capacity. By sandblasting the steel rebars, the loss modulus was increased by up to 91%, relative to the values obtained by using as-received rebars, due to the increase in the damping capacity. Surface treatment of the steel rebars by ozone had negligible effect on the loss modulus. The damping capacity was comparably enhanced by steel addition and silica fume addition.
Use of the coulometrically measured amount of adsorbed hydrogen to determine the active surface area of platinum for the electro-oxidation of iron(II)

Abstract The kinetics of the electron transfer reaction between iron(II) and bright platinum electrodes was studied in 2N sulfuric acid and in sulfuric acid containing azide, bromide, chloride, oxalate, thiocyanate and tetrafluoroborate ions. The chloride, bromide, and azide ions were shown to function only as blocking agents for the electron transfer reaction. An increase in the measured current on the addition of oxalate ion was attributed to the formation of an iron(III) complex which increased the rate of desorption of the oxalate from the electrode, thus cleaning the electrode. The results indicated that thiocyanate served as an electron transfer bridge, while tetrafluoroborate increased the rate, probably by ion pairing.
The Kalman Filter from the Perspective of Goldberger—Theil Estimators

Abstract This article is designed to point out the close connection between recursive estimation procedures, such as Kalman filter theory, familiar to control engineers, and linear least squares estimators and estimators that include prior information in the form of linear restrictions, such as mixed estimators and ridge estimators, familiar to statisticians. The only difference between the two points of view seems to be a difference in terminology. To demonstrate this point, it is shown how the Kalman filter equations can be derived from an existing textbook account of linear least squares theory and the notion of combining prior information in linear models, that is, the Goldberger—Theil mixed estimators' point of view. The author advocates the inclusion of these ideas early when least squares estimation concepts are being taught.
Patient-Physician Agreement on Reasons for Ambulatory General Medical Examinations

In this study, physicians correctly identified the patient's main RFV in a majority of the visits. Failures to identify the patient's main RFV occurred more frequently in female patients, in patients with multiple RFVs, and in patients with a previous comprehensive GME. Surprisingly, patient-physician agreement was not associated with patient satisfaction.
HYDROLYSIS OF CHOLINE ESTERS IN INVERTEBRATE NERVE FIBERS.

The hydrolysis of acetylcholine, dl-acetyl-s-methylcholine, butyrylcholine and triacetin by various homogenized invertebrate nerve tissues has been compared. The invertebrate species used were: lobster, spider crab and squid. The enzyme of the different invertebrate nerves shows the characteristics of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) as indicated by the substrate concentration-activity relationship. The enzyme is inhibited by physostigmine. Hydrolysis of acetylcholine and acetyl-s-methylcholine by axoplasm of the giant axon of squid is only 20% and 10% of that of the envelope.