cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala blocks acquisition of cocaine-stimulus association in a model of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.

Recent evidence has demonstrated a critical role for the basolateral amygdala complex in the reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking behavior produced by drug-paired cues. In the current study, we utilized a model of the acquisition and expression of cocaine-stimulus associative pairing in order to study the role of cholinergic input to the basolateral amygdala in mediating conditioned-cued reinstatement. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained daily to self-administer i.v. cocaine on a fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, scopolamine, was directly infused into the basolateral amygdala prior to: a) classically conditioned pairing of a tone+light stimulus with cocaine infusions (acquisition), or b) testing of conditioned-cued reinstatement following a period of withdrawal from cocaine and extinction of cocaine-paired lever responding. Infusion of scopolamine just prior to the classical conditioning trial produced a dose-dependent disruption of cocaine-seeking behavior maintained by cocaine-paired cues during the reinstatement test. In contrast, infusion of scopolamine prior to the reinstatement test had no effect on conditioned-cued reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. These results indicate a crucial role for cholinergic innervation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the basolateral amygdala during the formation, but not the expression, of stimulus-reward associations that mediate cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior.
Challenge-driven attention: interacting frontal and brainstem systems.

The world is an unpredictable place, presenting challenges that fl uctuate from moment to moment. However, the neural systems for responding to such challenges are far from fully understood. Using fMRI, we studied an audiovisual task in which the trials' diffi culty and onset times varied unpredictably. Two regions were found to increase their activation for challenging trials, with their activities strongly correlated: right frontal cortex and the brainstem. The frontal area matched regions found in previous human studies of cognitive control, and activated in a graded manner with increasing task diffi culty. The brainstem responded only to the most diffi cult trials, showing a phasic activity pattern paralleling locus coeruleus recordings in monkeys. These results reveal a bridge between animal and human studies, and suggest interacting roles for the brainstem and right frontal cortex: the brainstem may signal that an attentional challenge is occurring, while right frontal cortex allocates cognitive resources in response.
A PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS

ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS OF PROBABULITY THEORY ARE APPLIED TO INTRODUCE A FREMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA. THE PROBLEM OF DRAWING STATISTICAL INFERENCES WITHIN THIS FRAMEWORK IS DISCUSSED, AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING SUCH INFERENCES ARE REVIEWED. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE PROBLEMS INCURRED IN ANALYZING REAL DATA WITH THIS TECHNIQUE IS PRESENTED. /HSL/
The Chinese Revolution in Russian Perspective

SPECIALISTS on Chinese communism are in the habit of brushing responsibility for strange or abhorrent phenomena off onto Soviet Russia. This may be largely justified; communism is clearly a foreign import in China, whatever the reasons for its success or the extent of its adaptation. But to an observer whose understanding of communism is based primarily on the study of Soviet Russia, the history of Chinese communism—now a full decade of national rule, following nearly thirty years of evolution—presents a number of peculiarities. Comparison with Russia suggests several lines of interpretation which may shed light on the past and present status of communism in China and the Far East.
Public mosquito abatement

Abstract One can say very little about the relative merits of temporary versus permanent salt marsh mosquito control from the Carlson and DeBord study (J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 3, 142–153 (1976)). Their conclusion that temporary control is more cost effective than permanent control is suspect because of their interpretation and use of the data which entered their analyses and because of their interpretation of analytical results.
Effects of charged cluster mutations on the function of herpes simplex virus type 1 UL34 protein.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a DNA virus that acquires an envelope by budding into the inner nuclear membrane of an infected cell. Recombinant HSV-1 lacking the U L 34 gene cannot undergo this event. U L 34 and U L 31, another viral protein, colocalize in an infected cell and are necessary and sufficient to target both proteins to the inner nuclear envelope. In order to define and characterize sequences of U L 34 that are necessary for primary envelopment to occur, a library of 19 U L 34 charged cluster mutants and a truncation mutant lacking the putative transmembrane domain (ΔTM) were generated. Mutants in this library were analyzed in a complementation assay for their ability to function in the production of infectious virus. Seven of the mutants failed to complement a U L 34-null virus. The remainder of the mutants complemented at or near wild-type U L 34 levels. Failure of a mutant protein to function might be the result of incorrect subcellular localization. To address this possibility, confocal microscopy was used to determine the localization of the U L 34 protein in charged cluster mutants and ΔTM. In transfection-infection experiments, all of the functional U L 34 mutants and four of the six noncomplementing mutants localized to the inner nuclear envelope in a manner indistinguishable from that of wild-type U L 34. All of the noncomplementing U L 34 mutants mediated proper localization of U L 31. Charged clusters critical for U L 34 function are dispersed throughout the protein sequence and do not correlate well with highly conserved regions of the protein. These data suggest that U L 34 has at least one function in addition to mediating proper localization of U L 31 in infected cells and provide further support for the role of U L 34 in mediating proper localization of U L 31 in infected cells.
CXCR4 expression in CD34+ cells and unit predominance after double umbilical cord blood transplantation

CXCR4 expression in CD34+ cells and unit predominance after double umbilical cord blood transplantation
The Effect of Drainage Tube Size on Adequacy of Percutaneous Abscess Drainage

Fifty-one patients with documented abdominal abscess cavities were treated by percutaneous abscess and fluid drainage (PAFD). Drainage catheters made of various materials in sizes ranging from 5 through 18 French (Fr) were retrospectively studied and prospectively assigned to patients. No significant difference in the success or failure of PAFD as a function of these factors was found once an 8.3 Fr catheter with 0.045-inch diameter sideholes was reached; catheters larger than this were not associated with improved patient outcome. Failues of PAFD occurred primarily with the presence of phlegmonouscollections and cavities with fistulous connection to bowel.
TU-B-201B-01: Radiation Dose Reduction in Medical X-Ray CT Using Equally-Sloped Tomography

Purpose: An exact Fourier‐based iterative reconstruction technique termed Equally‐Sloped Tomography (EST) has recently been developed to allow a reduction of radiation dose while maintaining image quality. Here we optimize this technique by incorporating a Gradient Descent algorithm with mathematical regularization constraints, including the Non‐Local Means Total Variation model. Using this technique, we conducted a series of comparative experiments to quantify the image quality, and explore radiation dose reduction in CT through reduction of X‐ray flux. Method and Materials: A standard quality control phantom containing multiple contrastvisibility and resolution inserts was imaged using a Siemens Somatom Sensation 64 scanner. The X‐ray flux was systematically lowered from 583mAs to 39mAs. All scans were performed under axial mode with constant tube current. Comparison reconstructions were produced by Filtered‐Back Projection (FBP) with a standard uncropped ramp filter. The resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were measured and compared as a function of flux. Results: Compared to the FBP reconstruction of 500mAs, the optimized EST reconstruction of 50mAs has comparable SNRs and CNRs. The low‐contrast regions of the phantom exhibit similar visibility. In addition, no resolution degradation is observed in the low‐dose EST reconstruction.Conclusion: As radiation dose is linearly proportional to the X‐ray flux, our results indicate that the optimized EST technique may potentially reduce the CT dose up to 90%, while producing comparable image resolution, quality and contrast as the full‐dose FBP reconstruction. The reasons that EST allows for significant reduction of the CT dose are because (i) an exact Fourier‐based iterative algorithm is used in the reconstruction where both physical and mathematical constraints can be naturally incorporated, (ii) the algorithm is guided towards a lowest‐possible noisy state, which is also strictly consistent with the measured data. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by UC Discovery / TomoSoft Technologies Grant #ITL07‐10166.
An Analysis of Non-Qualified Tax-Deferred Annuities

For a range of projected bond and stocks returns and a range of investment horizons, this study compares projected after-tax retirement incomes from average-cost and low-cost non-qualified annuities and, respectively, a low-cost index fund and an average-cost mutual fund. It concludes that the average-cost annuity almost always provides less income than an index fund. For investment horizons shorter than twenty years, the annuity usually provides less income than an average-cost mutual fund. In short, the average annuity9s costs exceed its benefits.
Relationship between preferential interaction of a protein in an aqueous mixed solvent and its solubility

The present paper is devoted to the derivation of a relation between the preferential solvation of a protein in a binary aqueous solution and its solubility. The preferential binding parameter, which is a measure of the preferential solvation (or preferential hydration) is expressed in terms of the derivative of the protein activity coefficient with respect to the water mole fraction, the partial molar volume of protein at infinite dilution and some characteristics of the protein-free mixed solvent. This expression is used as the starting point in the derivation of a relationship between the preferential binding parameter and the solubility of a protein in a binary aqueous solution. The obtained expression is used in two different ways: (1) to produce a simple criterion for the salting-in or salting-out by various cosolvents on the protein solubility in water, (2) to derive equations which predict the solubility of a protein in a binary aqueous solution in terms of the preferential binding parameter. The solubilities of lysozyme in aqueous sodium chloride solutions (pH=4.5 and 7.0), in aqueous sodium acetate (pH=8.3) and in aqueous magnesium chloride (pH=4.1) solutions are predicted in terms of the preferential binding parameter without any adjustable parameter. The results are compared with experiment, and for aqueous sodium chloride mixtures the agreement is excellent, for aqueous sodium acetate and magnesium chloride mixtures the agreement is only satisfactory.
Prospective trial of electroanatomically guided, irrigated catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease

Background Ablation success rates reported for atrial tachycardia (AT) patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is lower than the rates reported for other varieties of supraventricular tachycardia. Retrospective studies suggest these rates might be increased by the use of irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether irrigated RF ablation increases ablation success rates in patients with CHD and AT. Methods Patients were studied in a prospective, randomized, nonblinded manner. The operator was limited to use of randomized therapy (standard or irrigated ablation) for the first 6 minutes of RF application to each targeted arrhythmia. Lesion characteristics were recorded, and acute ablation success was ascertained. Structured clinical follow-up was performed over a 6-month period. Results Forty-seven ATs were targeted in 26 patients; 72% of these ATs were ablated. Within the 6-minute randomization period, no difference in success rates of standard and irrigated catheters was noted. However, crossover from standard to irrigated ablation more likely was successful than vice versa (irrigated: 8 successes/8 attempts vs standard: 1 sucess/4 attempts, P = .018), and overall success was greater using irrigated catheters (66% vs 33%, P = .019). Mean delivered power was slightly higher in irrigated lesions (32.5W vs 30.2W, P = .025), and mean temperature was much lower (33.5°C vs 59.3°C, P Conclusions Ablation of ATs in patients with CHD results in symptomatic improvement over short-term follow-up. Irrigated ablation may result in higher acute success rates in these patients.
Imitation learning of information-processing☆

Abstract Modified twenty-questions problems were solved by 72 S s in a study of the influence of an adult model on the information-processing strategy used by children of various grade levels. The independent variables were: ( a ) information-processing of model (hypothesis-scanning, constraint-seeking, or control), ( b ) sex of model, ( c ) school grade (three, five, or seven), ( d ) sex of S . Major results were: ( a ) fewer questions to solution with the constraint-seeking model than the hypothesis-testing model or control, which did not differ; ( b ) both a smaller percentage of constraint questions and fewer items per question with the hypothesis-scanning model; ( c ) shorter time to solution for S s who had observed a model than for control S s; ( d ) a lower percentage of constraints for third graders, as well as fewer items per question for third and fifth graders; ( e ) shorter time to solution for fifth graders than third graders, with no difference between fifth and seventh graders and seventh and third graders; ( f ) no effects for model sex or S sex.
Detection of SF4 in Sparked SF6

By the appropriate selection of the electron energy used in a quadruple mass spectrometer, the sensitivity for detection of sulfur tetrafluoride (SF/sub 4/) in sulfur hexafluoride was improved by 4 orders of magnitude. From a cleaned and preconditioned source, ca 1/3 of the available energy was utilized in SF/sub 4/ formation with a rate of production of 3 x 10/sup 13/ molecules/spark. 2 figures, 1 table.
Fire-assay collection of gold and silver by copper.

Gold and silver are very effectively collected in copper after fire-assay fusion at 1200 degrees . The resultant copper button is dissolved in perchloric acid and the parting solution is diluted with an equal volume of water. Both gold and silver are precipitated in the copper perchlorate medium by reduction with formic acid or hydroquinone. The two noble metals are collected, dissolved in acids, and determined by atomic-absorption spectrometry. The proposed procedure is simple, relatively rapid, and has been successfully applied to ores, concentrates, furnace products, and copper alloys. Recoveries compare favourably with those obtained by the classical lead cupellation method.
Morphological studies on the adrenergic innervation of white adipose tissue

White adipose tissue was obtained from the mesentery, epididymis, omentum and subcutis of rats which were fed, fasted or fasted and then refed. Tissue samples were prepared using the glyoxylic acid method to detect adrenergic nerves by fluorescence histochemistry. Other tissue samples were fixed with an aldehyde solution containing sodium molybdate which is specific for catecholamine granules in nerve terminals. Thin and serial thick sections (0.25-0.5 micron) were viewed with a conventional electron microscope and with the high voltage electron microscope. With fluorescence microscopy it was found that most of the blood vessels except veins and venules were richly innervated. The most extensive branching of nerves down to the capillary level was found in the mesentery and epididymal fat of fasted-refed rats. Relatively few adipocytes appeared to be innervated. With electron microscopy, nerve terminals were found distributed with most blood vessels including capillaries, and with some adipocytes. Only 2-3% of all dipocytes were innervated by adrenergic nerves. It is suggested that in the adipose tissue sites studied the major adrenergic innervation is mainly for the supply of blood vessels.
A possible four-mode operation of neurons and chains of fibroblasts; transmission mechanism for an early warning alert system

Abstract It is seen that axons of nerve and muscle cells and possibly interconnected chains of inactive cells can carry very low-amplitude, high-frequency signals at high speed, thus providing a transmission mechanism for a hypothetical early warning alert system without resorting to wireless explanations, which appear to be suggested in some current responsible literature. The early warning alert mode would be one of four modes that nerve and muscle axons are known to operate in, depending on the amplitude and frequency range of loading. The difference in transmission mechanisms in each mode is analyzed here as characterized principally by differences in the form of line inductance. Slow subthreshold processes seem to show virtually no inductance properties and they appear to spread by a diffusion mechanism; action potentials provide a line inductance (balanced by other line parameters) of the form L/(πa2) and give a propagation rate proportional to the square root of the radius, whereas our hypothetical very low- amplitude and high-frequency mode provides a pure inductance of the form L/(2πa, giving an extremely fast rate of propagation independent of the radius. Several simple physical analogues are found to occur where different levels of loadings give very different behavior. The properties of a rod of heat-conducting combustible materials are discussed in this connection.
Analysis of interlaminar stresses in viscoelastic composites

Abstract The viscoelastic response of laminated composites under the influence of mechanical and hygrothermal loads is studied analytically. A finite element formulation is developed for the thermo-viscoelastic solution of free edge stresses in composite laminates. Numerical results are obtained to verify the present finite element approach and to demonstrate the viscoelastic effect in graphite epoxy composites. In addition, the effect of laminate orientations and environmental conditions on the interlaminar stress distributions and histories is presented.
Natural Bond Orbital Analysis of Internal Rotation Barriers and Related Phenomena

The origin of barriers to internal rotation in ethane-like molecules has been investigated with ab initio molecular orbital theory and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The “hyperconjugative” (vicinal σ → σ*, n → σ*) nature of these interactions, as previously suggested on the basis of semiempirical INDO studies, is confirmed at higher 4–31G, 6–31G* levels of theory. Wave functions lacking such hyperconjugative interactions, but satisfying the Pauli principle, are shown to generally exhibit unphysical barrier behavior (i.e., wrong sign), contrary to the implication of the “Pauli-repulsions” model of Sovers et al. Each trans vicinal σ → σ* interaction is found to contribute about 0.7 kcal/mol to stabilization of the staggered conformer. Geminal interactions and Rydberg orbital contributions are found to be relatively unimportant. The consistency of NBO analysis is exhibited for the methyl series CH3-X (X = CH3, NH2, OH, F) and the family of fluoromethanes, to demonstrate the essential continuity that relates internal rotation barrier forces to static and kinetic anomeric effects, gauche effects, anionic hyperconjugation, bond strengthening in polyhalogenated methanes, (e, 2e) spectroscopic evidence of lone pair delocalization, and other stereoelectronic phenomena.
A high-performance MEMS capacitive strain sensing system

This paper describes the design of a functional strain sensing module with large dynamic range (80 dB), DC to 10 kHz response, high resolution, and mini size for industrial applications, such as the rolling-element bearings research. The design of the MEMS capacitive strain sensor employs mechanical amplifications of package design and buckle beams as well as the linear differential comb capacitor. The sensor is interfaced with a low noise charge amplifier, mixer, and filter circuits to provide an analog output that demonstrated a resolution of 0.09 microstrains with a maximum range of ±1000 microstrains. The sensor and the electronic circuits, including a temperature sensor, can be integrated on a chip, and packaged as a small functional unit. Additional electronics were integrated with the interface circuit on the chip that provide A/D conversion, radio frequency power supply, and digital signal telemetry to a near-by control unit. Preliminary test results are compared with the design simulation.
Advanced signal processing method for ground penetrating radar feature detection and enhancement

This paper focuses on new signal processing algorithms customized for an air coupled Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system targeting highway pavements and bridge deck inspections. The GPR hardware consists of a high-voltage pulse generator, a high speed 8 GSps real time data acquisition unit, and a customized field-programmable gate array (FPGA) control element. In comparison to most existing GPR system with low survey speeds, this system can survey at normal highway speed (60 mph) with a high horizontal resolution of up to 10 scans per centimeter. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of subsurface media, the GPR signal processing is important but challenging. In this GPR system, an adaptive GPR signal processing algorithm using Curvelet Transform, 2D high pass filtering and exponential scaling is proposed to alleviate noise and clutter while the subsurface features are preserved and enhanced. First, Curvelet Transform is used to remove the environmental and systematic noises while maintain the range resolution of the B-Scan image. Then, mathematical models for cylinder-shaped object and clutter are built. A two-dimension (2D) filter based on these models removes clutter and enhances the hyperbola feature in a B-Scan image. Finally, an exponential scaling method is applied to compensate the signal attenuation in subsurface materials and to improve the desired signal feature. For performance test and validation, rebar detection experiments and subsurface feature inspection in laboratory and field configurations are performed.
Spatial and temporal interactions of sympatric mountain lions in Arizona

Spatial and temporal interactions among individual members of populations can have direct applications to habitat management of mountain lions (Puma concolor). Our objectives were to evaluate home range overlap and spatial/temporal use of overlap zones (OZ) of mountain lions in Arizona. We incorporated spatial data with genetic analyses to assess relatedness between mountain lions with overlapping home ranges. We recorded the space use patterns of 29 radio-collared mountain lions in Arizona from August 2005 to August 2008. We genotyped 28 mountain lions and estimated the degree of relatedness among individuals. For 26 pairs of temporally overlapping mountain lions, 18 overlapped spatially and temporally and eight had corresponding genetic information. Home range overlap ranged from 1.18% to 46.38% ( $$ \overline x = {\text{24}}.{\text{43}} $$ , SE = 2.96). Male–male pairs were located within 1 km of each other on average, 0.04% of the time, whereas male–female pairs on average were 3.0%. Two male–male pairs exhibited symmetrical spatial avoidance and two symmetrical spatial attractions to the OZ. We observed simultaneous temporal attraction in three male–male pairs and four male–female pairs. Individuals from Tucson were slightly related to one another within the population (n = 13, mean R = 0.0373 ± 0.0151) whereas lions from Payson (n = 6, mean R = −0.0079 ± 0.0356) and Prescott (n = 9, mean R = −0.0242 ± 0.0452) were not as related. Overall, males were less related to other males (n = 20, mean R = −0.0495 ± 0.0161) than females were related to other females (n = 8, mean R = 0.0015 ± 0.0839). Genetic distance was positively correlated with geographic distance (r 2 = 0.22, P = 0.001). Spatial requirements and interactions influence social behavior and can play a role in determining population density.
The 0–1 knapsack problem with multiple choice constraints☆

Abstract In this paper we consider the 0–1 knapsack problem with multiple choice constraints appended. Such a problem may arise in a capital budgeting context where only one project may be selected from a particular group of projects. Thus the problem is to choose one project from each group such that the budgetary constraint is satisfied and the maximum return is realized. We formulate two branch and bound algorithms which use two different relaxations as the primary bounding relaxations. In addition, theoretical results are given for a simple reduction in the number of variables in the problem.
Joint Pattern Recognition/Data Compression Concept For Erts Multispectral Imaging

This paper describes a new technique which jointly applies clustering and source encoding concepts to obtain data compression. The cluster compression technique basically uses clustering to extract features from the measurement data set which are used to describe characteristics of the entire data set. In addition, the features may be used to approximate each individual measurement vector by forming a sequence of scalar numbers which define each measurement vector in terms of the cluster features. This sequence, called the feature map, is then efficiently represented by using source encoding concepts. A description of a practical cluster compression algorithm is given and experimental results are presented to show trade-offs and characteristics of various implementations. Examples are provided which demonstrate the application of cluster compression to multispectral image data of the Earth Resources Technology Satellite.
Alcohol and molecular regulation of protein glycosylation and function.

Abstract Chronic alcohol exposure leads to the appearance of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), a N- glycosylated protein and sialic acid-deficient apolipoprotein E (apoE), an O -glycosylated protein. We show that chronic ethanol treatment destabilizes sialyltransferase (ST) mRNA resulting in a concomitant decreased steady-state level of ST mRNA. As a result, alcohol markedly decreases the hepatic synthetic rate of ST. This leads to impaired sialylation of transferrin and apoE. Consequently, apoE content in plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is decreased. ApoE plays a significant role in the delivery of HDL cholesterol to the liver via apo B/E receptor, a process called reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Desialylation of apoE results in its decreased association with HDL. Thus, the dissociation constant of HDL for binding to sialo-apoE is 90 ± 35 nM, whereas that for desialo-apoE is 1010 ± 250 nM. More importantly, the uptake of labeled cholesterol by human HepG2 cells is decreased by 30–40% from reconstituted HDL particles (rHDL)-containing desialo-apoE compared to rHDL with sialo-apoE. We conclude that chronic alcohol exposure down-regulates the expression of sialyltransferase genes resulting in impaired sialylation of apoE. This leads to its decreased binding to plasma HDL and thereby, impairs the RCT function of HDL.
Gold and rare-earth elements in sediments from the East Pacific Rise

Abstract The distribution of rare-earth elements and gold have been measured in surface sediments of cores collected along a traverse across the East Pacific Rise at approximately 39° S latitude. The shale-normalized rare earth pattern of crestal sediments supports a seawater source. In samples from the flanks of the rise, concentrations of individual rare earths increase with an increase in Al 2 O 3 , suggesting that the contribution by lithogenic material becomes significant, in addition to the seawater contribution. The concentration of gold in flank sediments also suggests a lithogenic origin. In crestal sediments, however, unlike the rare earths, its concentration increases over its concentration in flank sediments. It is concluded that similar to iron, which also exhibits a maximum in crestal sediments, a fraction of the gold in these sediments has a volcanogenic source.
SALIENCE AND ASSIGNMENT OF BLAME TO VICTIMS

Su?nmasy.-The effects of salience (conspicuousness) of victim and simntion, perspective of respondent, and sex of subject on attributions of responsibility for a robbery were examined utilizing 78 mde and 107 female undergraduates. Greater blame was attributed to the victim and the victim's behavior when the salience of the victim was high than when it was low. High salience of the situation decreased attributions of responsibility to the viccirn's behavior. Subjects attributed relatively greater blnrne to the victim when responding in terms of others' rather than their own attributions. Irnplications regarding measures of attribution and effects of newspaper accounts of crimes were discussed. A number of studies have now shown that attributions to a particular cause may be facilitated merely by increasing the salience or conspicuousness of that particular "cause." In an ongoing interaction, for example, participants who are salient because they have central positions in the observer's visual field or because they are novel are seen as more responsible for the course of the interaction (Storms, 1973; Taylor 8: Fiske, 1975, 1978). Moreover, Eisen and McArchur (1979) demonstrated that more extreme evaluations of a scimulus person result from increases in visual salience. Similarly, increases in physical salience, e.g., sitting in a spotlight-brightness; rocking in a chair-motion; wearing a patterned shirt-novelty (McArthur 8: Post, 1977; McArthur & Solomon, 1978), increase the likelihood that observers will hold that person "responsible" for any behaviors observed. These studies have indicated a powerful truth behind the cliche that "seeing is believing;" it appears thac 7nerely sceing is sufficient for believing. In perceivers' search for a sufficient cause (Heider, 1958), salient factors often meet the criterion of sufficiency. In everyday interaction, of course, atrributions based merely on salience can be corrected over time; we do not always observe others from the same visual angle, and others lose their novelty as they engage in new interactions, move out of the "limelight," or change shirts. Less correctable and hence more pernicious effects of salience may occur when we read abouc rather than observe directly a particular behavior, for example, in newspaper reports of important events or crimes. The atrributions we make for the reported went or crime may be skewed toward those factors which ate salient in the report and to the excent thac we do not read other accounts or follow-up reports, these initial attributions will endure. Even an "accurate" newspaper report may lead to biased attributions, and most frequently the bias is toward the victim
Chordal geometry determines the shape and extent of systolic anterior mitral motion: In vitro studies☆☆☆

In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the mitral valve moves anteriorly and assumes a unique shape, with mitral-septal contact centrally and preserved valve orifice area laterally. This shape is not clearly predicted by the Venturi mechanism, which stresses flow above the valve as opposed to changes intrinsic to the valve. On the other hand, it has been suggested that displacement of the papillary muscles anteriorly and toward one another, as observed in this disease, can promote anterior mitral valve motion and produce this unusual shape. The purpose of this in vitro study was to test the hypotheses that anterior motion of a membrane in a flow field can be generated by altering the distribution or effectiveness of chordal tension tethering the membrane, and that the shape achieved by this membrane depends on the geometry of chordal tension. Accordingly, a horizontal leaflet mounted in a flow chamber was attached by chords at its distal end to a series of upstream screws. Chordal tension could be varied by turning the screws or redirected by shifting the screws anteriorly. Anterior leaflet motion having the same unusual configuration seen in patients was reproduced by decreasing central chordal restraint while tension on the leaflet edges was maintained. Directing chordal tension anteriorly caused greater degrees of anterior motion at earlier stages in the release of chordal restraint; increased flow rate had a similar but less marked effect. These studies suggest that primary geometric alterations in the papillary-mitral apparatus can play an important role in determining the presence and geometry of systolic anterior mitral motion. The nature of these alterations suggests a role for anterior and inward papillary muscle displacement in promoting such motion. The geometric factors embodied in this model can explain many observed features of this motion not adequately explained by the Venturi effect, such as early systolic onset and the importance of a distal residual leaflet. Finally, flow visualization studies emphasize the importance in this process of drag forces caused by interposing the leaflet into the flow stream, and of geometric factors that enhance such forces.
Legal issues impacting women's access to care in the United States—the malpractice insurance crisis

Professional liability insurance costs have increased rapidly in the last 10 years in the United States, while availability of companies offering professional liability insurance has decreased. The result is that ob-gyn physicians are changing their practice patterns. Many are no longer performing difficult or complex surgical procedures while others have stopped caring for obstetrical patients. Some physicians are retiring early or moving to other localities where there are less liability concerns. These changes all impact on the availability of health care for women. In addition, these problems have become a concern of medical students, and this is reducing the numbers considering a career in ob-gyn. Even where ob-gyns are available, hospitals and insurance carriers are limiting their ability to practice the wide range of procedures for which they were trained. Although legislative efforts to correct the problems are proposed, very few have been enacted. The end result is that women's health care has been threatened and will continue to face shortages and restrictions.
Do client characteristics predict case management activity

This paper addresses the need for more research on case management processes by exploring a central tenet of case management: that the amount of support provided by a case manager should be a consequence of an individual client's characteristics. Subjects are 142 children and adolescents who received case management while using mental health services at the Fort Bragg Demonstration Project, a continuum of care that eliminated commonly identified impediments to case management. Multivariate regression is used to explore associations between the variations among these clients in the amount of case management received and personal characteristics such as severity of problems. Results show client characteristics are primarily not associated with the amount of case management services. The system factors of level and duration of care were moderately associated with amount of case management provided. Implications f or case management research and policy are discussed.
A second-order factor analysis of reasoning abilities

This article reports a second-order factor analysis of the 13 interpretable first-order factors of Adkins and Lyerly based on 66 variables for 200 Army men. The approach to simple structure for 6 second-order factors was unusually good. Loadings of the original 66 variables on the second-order factors were also obtained. Five of the factors are tentatively interpreted as Precision in Formation and Use of Verbal Concepts, General Verbal Fluency, Visualizing Spatial Constancy During Movement, Speed in Analysis, and Flexibility in Analysis.
Effect of iron deficiency on the stimulation of natural killer cells by macrophage-produced interferon

Abstract Spleen natural killer (NK) cell activity and protein synthesis are decreased in iron-deficient rats. Since the protein, interferon (IFN), activates NK cells, production of IFN by macrophages may be low in iron-deficient rats causing impaired NK cell activity. Weanling male rats (n=9/group) were fed ad libitum 5 or 37 mg iron/kg diet for eight weeks. Pair-fed rats (n=6) were fed control diet as consumed by iron-deficient rats. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were lower in iron-deficient rats than in other rats. Spleen NK cell activity was measured by Cr-51 release from labeled Yac-1 cells after NK cells were activated by macrophage-produced IFN. Macrophage were stimulated in vitro with poly inosinic:cytidilic acid to produce IFN. NK cell cytotoxicity after incubation with macrophage-produced IFN was decreased in iron-deficient rats (13.4±1.5%) compared to control rats (19.0±1.9%), while increased NK activity was found in pair-fed rats (25.5±1.9%) compared to control and irondeficient rats. IFN production or ability to stimulate NK cells was decreased by iron deficiency, but syngeneic B cells compensated for the decreased activity. IFN plays a role in decreasing NK cell activity during iron deficiency. Other cellular cellular mechanisms contributing to the impairment remain unknown.
Soviet Society, Public Attitudes, and the Perils of Gorbachev's Reforms: The Social Context of the End of the USSR

Soviet society underwent profound changes during the seven-and-a-half decades of Soviet rule. By the late 1970s and 1980s, adverse economic and demographic trends had led to widespread public cynicism, especially among younger people. Mikhail Gorbachev was aware of the discontent within Soviet society when he came to office in 1985, and he pursued a reform program that was intended to remedy the country's ills and rejuvenate the society. In the end he failed. Although Soviet society did not “revolt” en masse against Gorbachev's reforms and the hardships that ensued, the crucial thing by 1991 was that the society as a whole no longer had much of a stake in the survival of the USSR—a stake that might have induced people to mobilize in favor of preserving a union.
Cholesterol oxidation by rat liver preparations: Effect of age

On a constate que les vieux rats synthetisent moins de cholesterine et qu'ils excretent moins de steroides acides que les jeunes. Nous avons compare l'activite de deux systemes d'enzymes hepatiques chez les jeunes et les vieux rats. Ces systemes sont la preparation microsomale qui comprend l'activite de la cholesterine 7α-hydroxylase, et la preparation mitochondrique qui parvient a oxyder [26-14C] de cholesterine a14CO2. Les deux systemes qui entrent en jeu dans la synthese des acides de la bile sont significativement plus actifs dans le foie des jeunes rats.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC AND EXPERIENTIAL INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR.

shown to be a dead issue but it still flares up from time to time with the usual sterile results. The search for a biologically valid dichotomy of behavioral acquisition persists. Apparently there is a strong feeling that behavior must, in some way, be either experience-dependent or experience-independent. Much of the difficulty stems from what is meant by experience. If a behavior could be shown to occur in its normal
Prefrontal cortex gating of auditory transmission in humans

Middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (MAEPs) were recorded in controls and patients with focal lesions in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Unilateral prefrontal lesions increased the amplitude of the Pa component of the MAEP beginning at 25-35 ms poststimulus. The data suggest that prefrontal cortex exerts early inhibitory modulation of input to primary auditory cortex in humans.
ESTRATEGIAS DE CORTESÍA VERBAL EN INTERACCIONES ARGUMENTATIVAS OCURRIDAS EN CONTEXTO ESCOLAR

Oral argumentation supposes different domains, like strategies of courtesy, that make the interactive relationships easier (attenuating imposition and promoting agreement). This is why we pretend to detect the argumentation stages in the interaction and the courtesy strategies that regulate a guided situation and a spontaneous one. Also, we present key concepts about argumentation study, stages and courtesy strategies that, following Cros (2003), must be used in an oral discussion in the classroom. Ultimately, we can say that students present general problems as concessions and use cooperation strategies in both situations, they develop an extended arguing stage, planning thesis and arguments, utilizing courtesy strategies that minimize the threatening acts and avoid coercing the interlocutor. Finally, just in guided interaction we find the closing stage that finishes the initial disagreement.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June, 1999

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 218 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1999. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of [Dziewonski, A.M., Woodward, R.L., 1992. Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale. In: Emert, H., Harjes, H.-P. (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging, Plenum, 19, 785–797]. A model of anelastic attenuation of [Durek, J.J., Ekstrom, G., 1996. A radial model of anelasticity consistent with long-period surface wave attenuation, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86, 144–158.] is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Surgical management of peritoneal dialysis catheters in children: five-year experience with 1,800 patient-month follow-up

Abstract Currently at our institution more than 90% of the children with end-stage renal disease are managed with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in preference to hemodialysis until a successful transplant is accomplished. Recent refinements in CAPD catheters and dialysis techniques have greatly added to the many medical, psychological, and economic advantages of CAPD compared with chronic hemodialysis. Ninety-three patients Pseudomonas, Serratia , and fungal infections and often resulted in catheter removal and loss of the peritoneal dialysis membrane. Catheter survival for the double-cuff Tenckhoff was significantly better ( P .005) than the single-cuff or Lifecath. Based on this experience we have found that using specific operative techniques for CAPD catheter placement and early surgical management for severe peritonitis reduces the incidence of complications and modality failure.
Single-Port Laparoscopic and Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Abstract Background Partial nephrectomy (PN) for small renal masses provides effective oncologic outcomes. Single-port laparoscopic (SPL) and robotic surgeries are evolving approaches to advance minimally invasive surgery. Objective To determine the feasibility of laparoscopic and robotic single-port PN. Design, setting, and participants Since 2007, evaluation of patients undergoing SPL and single-port robotic (SPR) PN at a primary referral center was performed. Patients with small, solitary, exophytic-enhancing renal masses were selected. Patients with a solitary kidney, endophytic or hilar tumors, and previous abdominal and/or kidney surgery were excluded. Perioperative and pathologic data were entered prospectively into an institutional review board (IRB)–approved database. Interventions Tumor location determined either an open Hasson transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach. A single multichannel port or Triport provided intra-abdominal access. The Harmonic Scalpel was used for tumor excision under normal renal perfusion. The da Vinci surgical robot was used for SPR cases. Measurements Patient demographics, perioperative, hematologic, and pathologic data as well as pain assessment using the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAPS) were assessed. Results and limitations A total of seven patients underwent single-port PN (SPL=5, SPR=2). One patient with a right anterior upper-pole mass required conversion from SPL to standard laparoscopy following tumor excision because of intraoperative bleeding. Pathology revealed six lesions compatible with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and one benign cyst. One negative frozen section came back focally positive on final histopathology. All other surgical margins were negative. A mean difference of 3.0±2.0g/dl in hemoglobin was noted in all patients. Minimal pain was noted at discharge following both laparoscopic and robotic single-port surgery (VAPS=1.7±1.2 vs 1±0.5/10). Conclusions SPL and SPR PN is feasible for select exophytic tumors. Robotics may improve surgical capabilities during single-port surgery.
1,4-Phosphaboratabenzene: A Heteroaromatic π-Ligand Containing Boron and Phosphorus

The reaction of 1,4-dihydro-4-(diisopropylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1,4-phosphaborin (6) with Mn2(CO)10 affords 7, the Mn(CO)3 complex of 4-(diisopropylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phosphaboratabenzene. Reaction of 6 with Li followed by [Cp*RuCl]4 gives the ruthenium(II) complex 8. Crystal structures of 6−8 have been determined.
A simple differential game.

Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions are employed to deduce optimal strategies for a simple differential game with state equationd 2 x/dt 2=au+v,a = Const, |u|≤1, |v|≤1, fixed transfer time, and terminal miss distance as payoff.
Organizational dimensions of marketing-research ethics

Abstract The purpose of this article is to develop key linkages among ethical constructs that are related to organizational and interorganizational relationships among participants engaged in the marketing-research process. The authors propose that within the organization, referent others and opportunity to engage in unethical behavior influence ethical decision making in marketing research. Also proposed is that there is limited interaction between organizations on ethical decision making within the marketing-research process. The article delineates key issues in marketing-research ethics that should help guide future research on the topic.
Processing Factors Affecting Pheasant Meat Quality

Abstract IT HAS been estimated that at least 50 million pheasants are processed yearly for food consumption in the United States (McCluney, 1967). Pheasant consumption could increase significantly because a diverse and generally affluent society contains many persons with gourmet tastes for rich, flavorful meats like that of pheasants. Restaurants, airlines, delicatessens, and local supermarkets are potential outlets for quality processed and packaged pheasants, and American consumers desire ever new, different, and varied foods. Limited information is available on processing factors that affect pheasant meat quality. The influence of scalding and aging temperatures on the quality of pheasant meat were evaluated in this study. Dodge and Stadelman (1959) reported that chickens aged in 0°C. water were significantly tenderer than those aged in 22°C. water. Klose et al. (1961), Shannon et al. (1957) and van den Berg et al. (1964) reported tenderizing poultry by aging to be complete in 20–24 hours…