cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Perfluorobutanesulfinamide and Its Application to the Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids.

A high yielding and practical two-step synthesis of enantiomerically pure perfluorobutanesulfinamide from Senanayake’s 2-aminoindanol-derived sulfinyl transfer reagent was developed and carried out on a multigram scale. Straightforward condensation of this sulfinamide with ethyl glyoxylate provided the N-perfluorobutanesulfinyl imino ester. The utility of this activated N-sulfinyl imino ester was demonstrated for reactions that gave either no product or very low yields with the corresponding less electrophilic N-tert-butanesulfinyl derivative. Specifically, the Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H bond addition of aromatic compounds to the N-perfluorobutanesulfinyl imino ester provided arylglycines with very high diastereoselectivities for a range of directing groups including pyrrolidine amide, azo, sulfoximine, 1-pyrazole, and 1,2,3-triazole functionalities. Thermal asymmetric aza-Diels–Alder reactions also proceeded in good yields and with high selectivity, including for the substituted dienes (E)-1,3-pentadiene and ...
Wealth Inequality and the Losses from Financial Frictions

Does wealth inequality exacerbate or alleviate the degree of misallocation in an economy where financial markets are imperfect? To address this question, I exploit the idea that inequality should have a different effect across sectors. Using a difference-in-difference strategy, I show that sectors that are more in need of external finance are relatively smaller in countries with higher income inequality. To rationalize this fact, I build a model in which sectors differ in their fixed cost requirement, agents face collateral constraints, and production is subject to decreasing returns. The model features key elements from the literature on financial frictions and economic development. I calibrate the model to match standard moments of the US economy. The calibrated model is consistent with the documented facts on inequality and cross-sector outcomes. At the calibrated parameters, wealth inequality exacerbates the effect of financial frictions on the economy. Quantitatively, an increase in wealth inequality that is consistent with an increase in income inequality of 15 points in Gini generates losses of 46 percent of per capita income.
CD229 is expressed on the surface of plasma cells carrying an aberrant phenotype and chemotherapy-resistant precursor cells in Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell (PC) malignancy, which despite significant therapeutic advances, is still considered incurable. This is due to the persistence of chemotherapy-resistant minim...
Global Existence and Asymptotic Behavior of Affine Motion of 3D Ideal Fluids Surrounded by Vacuum

The 3D compressible and incompressible Euler equations with a physical vacuum free boundary condition and affine initial conditions reduce to a globally solvable Hamiltonian system of ordinary differential equations for the deformation gradient in \({{\rm GL}^+(3, \mathbb{R})}\). The evolution of the fluid domain is described by a family of ellipsoids whose diameter grows at a rate proportional to time. Upon rescaling to a fixed diameter, the asymptotic limit of the fluid ellipsoid is determined by a positive semi-definite quadratic form of rank r = 1, 2, or 3, corresponding to the asymptotic degeneration of the ellipsoid along 3−r of its principal axes. In the compressible case, the asymptotic limit has rank r = 3, and asymptotic completeness holds, when the adiabatic index \({\gamma}\) satisfies \({4/3 < \gamma < 2}\). The number of possible degeneracies, 3−r, increases with the value of the adiabatic index \({\gamma}\). In the incompressible case, affine motion reduces to geodesic flow in \({{\rm SL}(3, \mathbb{R})}\) with the Euclidean metric. For incompressible affine swirling flow, there is a structural instability. Generically, when the vorticity is nonzero, the domains degenerate along only one axis, but the physical vacuum boundary condition fails over a finite time interval. The rescaled fluid domains of irrotational motion can collapse along two axes.
Can health systems heal themselves

It all seemed to make perfect sense at the time. Combine healthcare providers at all levels of care into a single organization. Strategically place the providers at dispersed locations throughout a region. Make the primary care component as accessible to patients as possible. The result should produce major strides in coordination of care, guarantee strong bargaining leverage with health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other payers, and allow everyone to prosper under managed care. This was the vision behind many of the integrated healthcare delivery systems formed in the mid- and late 1990s. The payers had already consolidated into large organizations, often dominating regional markets, so why should the providers not do so as well? Integrated systems could provide them with strength in numbers and at the same time coordinate care to the benefit of patients, review quality and utilization internally to the benefit of physicians, and squeeze out inefficiencies to the benefit of everyone.
Metabolic and molecular regulation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostate cancer.

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the role of n-3 and n-9 fatty acids in crucial processes involved in prostate cancer cell growth through a large-scale proteomic analysis. Experimental design We used a label-free protein quantification method to profile global protein expression of fish oil and oleic acid treated PCa cells and validated a panel of differentially expressed proteins by either Western blot or multiple reaction monitoring. Bioinformatic analysis was also performed to uncover the pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism. Results Fish oil, not oleic acid, suppresses prostate cancer cell viability. Assessment of fatty acid synthesis pathway activity also shows that oleic acid is a more potent inhibitor than fish oil on de novo fatty acid synthesis. Although fatty acid synthase activity decreases with fish oil treatment, the inhibition of its activity occurs over time while reduction in viability occurs within 24 h. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the pathways altered by these fatty acid treatments. Conclusions and clinical relevance This study suggests that suppression of cell viability by fish oil is independent of fatty acid synthase and fish oil regulates prostate cancer cells through activation of other pathways depending upon length of exposure to fish oil.
Effects of Muscle Activation on Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Impacts

Human occupant responses in motor vehicle collisions are commonly predicted and evaluated using computational models and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). However, these are validated using post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) studies, which do not include the effects of muscle activation. Studies have shown that tensed muscles can change occupant kinematics and subsequently the kinetics during an automotive collision [1,2,3]. Consequently, the resulting injury patterns can be altered based on muscle activation. Continued development and validation of the aforementioned research tools necessitates further analysis of the effects of muscle activation on an occupant’s biomechanical response in car crashes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of muscle tension on the occupant kinematics and kinetics in low-speed frontal sled tests.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Migration Into the Peritoneal Cavity: A Case Report.

Introduction: Intrathecal baclofen pumps are valuable treatment options for those with cerebral palsy. Although subfascial baclofen pump placement is generally preferred over a subcutaneous pump placement due to lower infection rates, rare complications can occur with the subfascial approach such as pump migration. Case Presentation: The authors here describe a case of baclofen pump migration into the peritoneal cavity of a 26-year-old male patient with cerebral palsy, shunted hydrocephalus, and epilepsy. Because the patient’s pump could not be palpated on exam and hence refilled, imaging was undertaken, but did not reveal clear evidence of pump migration. Surgery afterward confirmed that the pump had migrated into the peritoneal cavity through a fascial defect. Baclofen pump had to be replaced instead subcutaneously as well as the patient later had to be readmitted for 2 ventriculoperitoneal shunt revisions due to progression of his hydrocephalus. Conclusions: Intraperitoneal migration of a subfascially placed baclofen pump is a rare, yet serious complication, which has been reported only once in the literature. We advise neurosurgeons to have a low level of threshold in confirming the location of a baclofen pump with imaging and surgical exploration if necessary in order to avoid detrimental outcomes such as bowel perforation.
Coexistence of High-Tc Ferromagnetism and n-Type Electrical Conductivity in FeBi2Se4

The discovery of n-type ferromagnetic semiconductors (n-FMSs) exhibiting high electrical conductivity and Curie temperature (Tc) above 300 K would dramatically improve semiconductor spintronics and pave the way for the fabrication of spin-based semiconducting devices. However, the realization of high-Tc n-FMSs and p-FMSs in conventional high-symmetry semiconductors has proven extremely difficult due to the strongly coupled and interacting magnetic and semiconducting sublattices. Here we show that decoupling the two functional sublattices in the low-symmetry semiconductor FeBi2Se4 enables unprecedented coexistence of high n-type electrical conduction and ferromagnetism with Tc ≈ 450 K. The structure of FeBi2Se4 consists of well-ordered magnetic sublattices built of [FenSe4n+2]∞ single-chain edge-sharing octahedra, coherently embedded within the three-dimensional Bi-rich semiconducting framework. Magnetotransport data reveal a negative magnetoresistance, indicating spin-polarization of itinerant conducting ...
Modeling and Analysis of Proximal Tibial Growth Plate Fractures in Adolescents

Today, children and adolescents are participating heavily in organized athletics year-round. Each year, approximately one third of these children will experience a serious injury requiring a doctor’s or hospital visit. Physeal, or growth plate fractures, are one such type of overuse injury commonly seen in adolescents. At the knee joint, injuries in adolescents occur most often in the proximal region of the tibia as opposed to the middle or distal thirds of the tibia, or in the soft tissues of the joint, as seen in adults. While the exact reasons for this difference have not been directly and definitively quantified, several hypotheses have been suggested. They include differences in movement strategies, changes in limb inertial and material properties, and the timing of these changes in relation to one another. This work aims to compare the changes in and interaction of inertial properties of the lower leg and forces transmitted through the patellar tendon, along with tibiofemoral contact before, during, and after puberty. Forces were first determined using Kane’s method of dynamics in conjunction with an isometric knee extension study yielding separate adult and youth data. These results were then extended to a finite element analysis to load tibial models and investigate changes in stress and strain at the proximal tibia.© 2009 ASME
In Situ Characterization of CuFe2O4 and Cu/Fe3O4 Water-Gas Shift Catalysts

Mixtures of copper and iron oxides are used as industrial catalysts for the water−gas shift (WGS, CO + H2O → H2 + CO2). In-situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure, and atomic pair distribution function analysis were used to study the reduction of CuFe2O4 with CO and the behavior of CuFe2O4 and Cu/Fe2O3 catalysts under WGS reaction conditions. Metal↔oxygen↔metal interactions enhance the stability of Cu2+ and Fe3+ in the CuFe2O4 lattice, and the mixed-metal oxide is much more difficult to reduce than CuO or Fe2O3. Furthermore, after heating mixtures of CuFe2O4/CuO in the presence of CO or CO/H2O, the cations of CuO migrate into octahedral sites of the CuFe2O4 lattice at temperatures (200−250 °C) in which CuO is not stable. Above 250 °C, copper leaves the oxide, the occupancy of the octahedral sites in CuFe2O4 decreases, and diffraction lines for metallic Cu appear. From 350 to 450 °C, there is a massive reduction of CuFe2O4 with the formation of metallic Cu and Fe3O4. At this p...
Advanced diode laser absorption sensor for in-situ combustion measurements of CO2, H2O, and gas temperature

A diode-laser sensor system based on absorption spectroscopy techniques has been developed to measure CO 2 , H 2 O, and temperature nonintrusively in high-temperature combustion environments. An external-cavity diode laser operating near 2.0 μm was used to scan over selected CO 2 [(12°1)–(00°0) band] and H 2 O transitions [(011)–(000), (021)–(010) bands] near 1.996 and 1.992 μm for measurements of CO 2 and H 2 O concentration and gas temperature. Gas temperature was determined from the ratio of integrated line intensities. Species concentration was determined from the integrated line intensity and the measured temperature. The system was applied to measure temperature and species concentrations in the combustion region of a premixed C 2 H 4 -air flat-flame burner operating at fuel-lean conditions. The laser-based temperature measurements were in agreement with values determined using a (type S) thermocouple to within 3%. In addition, the measured CO 2 and H 2 O concentrations agreed to within 6% and 3%, respectively, with calculated equilibrium values at measured temperatures. The minimum CO 2 detectivity was 200 ppm (for =0.51, 1470 K, a l-m path length, 200-Hz detection bandwidth). These results represent the first in situ combustion measurements of CO 2 concentration using room-temperature near-IR diode lasers. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the utility of diode-laser absorption sensors, operating near 2.0 μm, as attractive diagnostic tools for in situ combustion measurements of temperature and the concentrations of CO 2 and H 2 O.
Japan's reshaping of American labor law

This pioneering comparative study of Japanese and American labor law reveals a labor-relations system superficially resembling our own but shaped by an entirely different culture, and with a marked impact on Japan's economic success. Among Gould's findings are that the Japanese have adopted American labor law so as to create a relationship between labor and management that is lasting, harmonious, and productive; their system for dealing with job security and unfair labor practices is less confrontational than ours, their law more neutral - and it is easier in Japan for companies to share strategic information with their employees. Gould makes a number of recommendations for change in US labor law while noting that Japan also has problems and its mechanisms for dealing with conflict share many snags with their American counterparts.
Molecular Configuration in Bulk Polymers

Experimental results on the following topics are examined and discussed from the point of view of their bearing on the molecular configurations and intermolecular correlations in amorphous polymers: (i) the effect of dilution on the force of retraction f in stretched elastomers; (ii) the effect of dilution on the force-temperature coefficient, and the correspondence of — [∂ln( f/T ) /∂T ] v,L to d ln r 2 o /d T found for the linear polymer in dilute solution; (iii) comparison of experimental cyclization constants K x for siloxanes, both in absence and in presence of an inert diluent, with values calculated from dimensions ( r 2 o ) for the linear polymer; (iv) thermodynamic activities of solutions in the Henry's law range; (v) meagre results currently available from direct determination of dimensions of polymer chains in the bulk polymer; (vi) depolarized light scattering and the effect thereon of dilution with an isotropic diluent; and (vii) strain birefringence and the effects of dilution on the stress-optical coefficient. Optical anisotropies from (vi) and (vii) and their dependence on concentration indicate local intermolecular correlations, which, however, appear to be not much greater than for simple liquids. None of the experiments (i) to (iv) gives any intimation of an effect of dilution that could be ascribed to dispersal of an ordered arrangement of chains. Results from (ii) and (iii) demonstrate that the same chain configurational parameters found in dilute solutions hold quantitatively in the bulk polymer. Evidence is thus compelling that chain configurations in the bulk amorphous polymer differ inappreciably from the configurations in a dilute solution, apart from effects of excluded volume in the latter environment.
Making Medical Decisions for Patients without Surrogates

People who are decisionally incapacitated but haven't provided advance directives and have no health care surrogates are often powerless and marginalized. Yet medical decision making for these patients often lacks minimally sufficient safeguards and protections.
Scattering of Light from Quasi-homogeneous Sources by Quasi-homogeneous Media

The field generated by scattering of light from a quasi-homogeneous source on a quasi-homogeneous, random medium is investigated. Two new reciprocity relations (sometimes called `uncertainty relations') for the far field are derived.
A Matrix Decomposition Method for Optimal Normal Basis Multiplication

We introduce a matrix decomposition method and prove that multiplication in GF $(2^k)$ with a Type 1 optimal normal basis for can be performed using $k^2-1$ XOR gates irrespective of the choice of the irreducible polynomial generating the field. The previous results achieved this bound only with special irreducible polynomials. Furthermore, the decomposition method performs the multiplication operation using $1.5k(k-1)$ XOR gates for Type 2a and 2b optimal normal bases, which matches previous bounds.
Tunably Rugged Landscapes With Known Maximum and Minimum

We propose NM landscapes as a new class of tunably rugged benchmark problems. NM landscapes are well defined on alphabets of any arity, including both discrete and real-valued alphabets, include epistasis in a natural and transparent manner, are proven to have known value and location of the global maximum and, with some additional constraints, are proven to also have a known global minimum. Empirical studies are used to illustrate that, when coefficients are selected from a recommended distribution, the ruggedness of NM landscapes is smoothly tunable and correlates with several measures of search difficulty. We discuss why these properties make NM landscapes preferable to both NK landscapes and Walsh polynomials as benchmark landscape models with tunable epistasis.
Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy of hydrogen 1S-2S

We have observed the $1S\ensuremath{-}2S$ transition in atomic hydrogen and deuterium by Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy, using a frequency-doubled pulsed dye laser at 2430 \AA{}. Simultaneous recording of the absorption spectrum of the Balmer-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ line at 4860 \AA{}, using the fundamental dye-laser output, allowed us to precisely compare the energy intervals $1S\ensuremath{-}2S$ and $2S$, $P\ensuremath{-}4S$, $P$, $D$ and to determine the Lamb shift of the $1S$ ground state to be 8.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3 GHz (D) and 8.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8 GHz (H).
Pricing and Hedging the Smile with SABR: Evidence from the Interest Rate Caps Market

This is the first comprehensive study of the SABR (stochastic alpha-beta-rho) model (Hagan, Kumar, Lesniewski, & Woodward, 2002) on the pricing and hedging of interest rate caps. I implement several versions of the SABR interest rate model and analyze their respective pricing and hedging performance using two years of daily data with seven different strikes and ten different tenors on each trading day. In-sample and out-of-sample tests show that the fully stochastic version of the SABR model exhibits excellent pricing accuracy and, more importantly, captures the dynamics of the volatility smile over time very well. This is further demonstrated through examining delta-hedging performance based on the SABR model. My hedging result indicates that the SABR model produces accurate hedge ratios that outperform those implied by the Black model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 32:773-791, 2012
Influence of metal-MoS2 interface on MoS2 transistor performance: comparison of Ag and Ti contacts.

In this work, we compare the electrical characteristics of MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) with Ag source/drain contacts with those with Ti and demonstrate that the metal–MoS2 interface is crucial to the device performance. MoS2 FETs with Ag contacts show more than 60 times higher ON-state current than those with Ti contacts. In order to better understand the mechanism of the better performance with Ag contacts, 5 nm Au/5 nm Ag (contact layer) or 5 nm Au/5 nm Ti film was deposited onto MoS2 monolayers and few layers, and the topography of metal films was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The surface morphology shows that, while there exist pinholes in Au/Ti film on MoS2, Au/Ag forms a smoother and denser film. Raman spectroscopy was carried out to investigate the metal–MoS2 interface. The Raman spectra from MoS2 covered with Au/Ag or Au/Ti film reveal that Ag or Ti is in direct contact with MoS2. Our findings show that the smoother and denser Au/Ag contacts...
The Growth of One-Dimensional Shock Waves in Elastic Nonconductors

Abstract In this paper we study the propagation of shock waves in elastic materials that do not conduct heat. We derive a differential equation relating the strain and strain gradient behind the wave when the region ahead is unstrained and at constant entropy. Using this equation we are able to give conditions under which the wave will grow or decay at a given time. Generally, the results are qualitatively the same as in the purely mechanical theory.
Measuring the Use of Motorcycle Helmets: Observational Survey of Motorcyclists in Florida

According to NHTSA, a universal motorcycle helmet law is the most efficient way to prevent serious injuries to motorcyclists in traffic crashes. However, more than half of all U.S. states do not have a universal helmet law or a law that covers any specific segment of the population; as a result, the average rate of helmet use in the United States is 42% to 59%. Given these circumstances, the investigation and promotion of voluntary helmet use have become of primary interest for many states, motorcycle safety advocates, and NHTSA. To measure the use of helmets effectively and efficiently, it is important to understand how information on helmet use is collected and to identify preferred collection methods. This study discussed the advantages and disadvantages of three common data collection methods for motorcycle helmet use in the United States, including recent technical advances, and presented methodology and findings from an observational survey conducted in 2014.
Quondam Commitments: An Examination of Commitments Employees No Longer Have

This article introduces the concept of quondam commitments—commitments employees used to, but no longer have. A review of the literature reveals that this prevalent phenomenon has been overlooked a...
Reduction in Overt and Silent Stroke Recurrence Rate Following Cerebral Revascularization Surgery in Children with Sickle Cell Disease and Severe Cerebral Vasculopathy.

Background Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and moyamoya may benefit from indirect cerebral revascularization surgery in addition to chronic blood transfusion therapy for infarct prevention. We sought to compare overt and silent infarct recurrence rates in children with SCD undergoing revascularization. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of all children with SCD and moyamoya treated at two children's hospitals. Clinical events and imaging studies were reviewed. Results Twenty-seven children with SCD and confirmed moyamoya receiving chronic transfusion therapy were identified, of whom 12 underwent indirect cerebral revascularization. Two subjects had postoperative transient ischemic attacks and another had a subarachnoid blood collection, none of which caused permanent consequences. Two subjects had surgical wound infections. Among these 12 children, the rate of overt and silent infarct recurrence decreased from 13.4 infarcts/100 patient-years before revascularization to 0 infarcts/100 patient-years after revascularization (P = 0.0057); the postrevascularization infarct recurrence rate was also significantly lower than the overall infarct recurrence of 8.87 infarcts/100 patient-years in 15 children without cerebral revascularization (P = 0.025). Conclusions The rate of overt and silent infarct recurrence was significantly lower following indirect cerebral revascularization. A prospective study of cerebral revascularization in children with SCD is needed.
Recent progress in the synthesis of regio-isomerically pure bis-adducts of empty and endohedral fullerenes

Bis-functionalized fullerenes have resulted in very effective acceptors in organic photovoltaic solar cells. Here we present a short overview of specific and recently reported pure bis-adduct regioisomers of C60 using short tethers, a few recent examples of bis-adducts of C70 and finally examples of bis-adducts of endohedral cluster fullerenes. We also discuss the unexpected reactivity differences of empty fullerenes (C60 and C70) compared with those of trimetallic nitride cluster endohedral fullerenes (M3N@Ih-C80, M = Sc, Lu) towards tethered-bis-addition reactions. Finally, we describe the remarkable endohedral-cluster regiochemical control of multiple additions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health information needs and seeking behaviors among Korean mothers of young children in the United States

Previous studies have noted mothers' roles as active health information seekers, health managers, and caregivers for their family members. However, little is known about health information needs and seeking behaviors among Korean mothers of young children living in the United States. Using paper-based surveys, this study found that vaccination, child dental health, parenting, nutrition and diets, and physical exercise were ranked as the five most important topics by the Korean mothers of young children aged 0 to 10 years old in this sample. Furthermore, this study revealed that mothers of boys evaluated the importance of the following two topics significantly higher than those of girls: circumcision (t=3.16, p < .01) and breastfeeding (t=2.47, p < .05). Also, age of child was an important factor influencing mothers' information needs in three health topics: child dental health (F=5.292, p < .01), physical exercise (F=7.107, p < .01), and child skin care (F=5.640, p < .01). Implications for developing health information services are discussed.
Symmetries constrain dynamics in a family of balanced neural networks

We examine a family of random firing-rate neural networks in which we enforce the neurobiological constraint of Dale’s Law—each neuron makes either excitatory or inhibitory connections onto its post-synaptic targets. We find that this constrained system may be described as a perturbation from a system with nontrivial symmetries. We analyze the symmetric system using the tools of equivariant bifurcation theory and demonstrate that the symmetry-implied structures remain evident in the perturbed system. In comparison, spectral characteristics of the network coupling matrix are relatively uninformative about the behavior of the constrained system.
Carbon Onions: Synthesis and Electrochemical Applications

Onion-like carbon (OLC) structures have been synthesized in many ways and large scale production is under study nowadays. The annealing method can satisfy the need for large scale production, though the ideal spherical shape is unachievable, and the temperature attainable in this method is not sufficient for treating the entire particle. The arc-discharge method provides an alternate pathway toward large scale synthesis. Due to its structure and electrochemical properties, carbon onions can be used as materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) and can be used to store energy across a much wider temperature range, which gives these materials advantages over conventional EDLCs. This and other aspects of carbon onions are discussed in this article.
Losing control of the Internet: Using the data plane to attack the control plane

In this work, we introduce the Coordinated Cross Plane Session Termination, or CXPST, attack, a distributed denial of service attack that attacks the control plane of the Internet. CXPST extends previous work that demonstrates a vulnerability in routers that allows an adversary to disconnect a pair of routers using only data plane traffic. By carefully choosing BGP sessions to terminate, CXPST generates a surge of BGP updates that are seen by nearly all core routers on the Internet. This surge of updates surpasses the computational capacity of affected routers, crippling their ability to make routing decisions
MECHANISMS OF ISOIMMUNIZATION. I. THE TRANSPLACENTAL PASSAGE OF FETAL ERYTHROCYTES IN HOMOSPECIFIC PREGNANCIES.

A critical evaluation and discussion of certain technical aspects of the acid elution method and the immunofluorescent technic for the demonstration of fetal erythrocytes in maternal blood is presented. With appropriate precautions a close agreement between the two methods was obtained. Using one or both methods as applicable, base line data concerning transplacental passage were obtained in 622 unselected women, compatible with their offspring in the ABO system and not sensitized against the Rh factor. The intermittent entry of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal blood in small quantities was found to be a physiologic event. Postpartum, fetal erythrocytes were demonstrated in 50 per cent of the mothers. In approximately 10 per cent of the series, large fetal losses estimated to range from 0.5 to 40 ml. were observed. Massive transplacental hemorrhage was detected in nearly 1 per cent of the cases by examination of the maternal blood and usually but not always by overt anemia in the fetus. It was found to be the cause of stillbirth in one case. The evidence suggested that fetal bleeds usually began well before the onset of labor. Though labor itself under pathologic circumstances may be associated with transplacental hemorrhage, under ordinary conditions it was found to be of little or no significance with regard to the entry of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal circulation. Survival of fetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation after delivery was generally found to correspond to the expected life span of red corpuscles. Apparent shortening of survival observed in several instances was probably due to the occurrence of the original spill some time before delivery. In two instances persistence of fetal erythrocytes well beyond the normal life span was observed. Both cases involved massive transplacental hemorrhage and fetal anemia with marked erythroblastemia, and mother and child were compatible to an exceptional degree with respect to blood group factors. The findings suggested the successful transplant of replicable erythroid precursor cells from fetus to mother with prolonged maternal tolerance, an interpretation supported by the results of skin homografts from offspring to mother in one case. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Logical error rate in the Pauli twirling approximation.

The performance of error correction protocols are necessary for understanding the operation of potential quantum computers, but this requires physical error models that can be simulated efficiently with classical computers. The Gottesmann-Knill theorem guarantees a class of such error models. Of these, one of the simplest is the Pauli twirling approximation (PTA), which is obtained by twirling an arbitrary completely positive error channel over the Pauli basis, resulting in a Pauli channel. In this work, we test the PTA’s accuracy at predicting the logical error rate by simulating the 5-qubit code using a 9-qubit circuit with realistic decoherence and unitary gate errors. We find evidence for good agreement with exact simulation, with the PTA overestimating the logical error rate by a factor of 2 to 3. Our results suggest that the PTA is a reliable predictor of the logical error rate, at least for low-distance codes.
Litigation Dilemmas: Lessons from the Marcos Human Rights Class Action

How do activist plaintiffs experience the process of human rights litigation under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS)? Answering this question is key to understanding the impact on transnational legal mobilization of Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., in which the US Supreme Court sharply limited the scope of the ATS. Yet sociolegal scholars know remarkably little about the experiences of ATS litigants, before or after Kiobel. This article describes how activist litigants in a landmark ATS class action against former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos faced a series of strategic dilemmas, and how disagreements over how to resolve those dilemmas played into divisions between activists and organizations on the Philippine left. The article develops an analytical framework focused on litigation dilemmas to explain how and why activists who pursue ATS litigation as an opportunity for legal mobilization may also encounter strategic dilemmas that contribute to dissension within a social movement.
Sudden Cardiac Death in Children and Adolescents.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in children and adolescents is not a common event but when it does occur it is horribly devastating. It is important to explore strategies to prevent sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) by optimizing our screening and detection methods. Furthermore, it is important to prevent SCD if an SCA does occur. Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) can most likely be achieved by a strategy that involves early recognition of cardiac arrest followed by early intervention. Screening is not likely to identify all children and adolescents who are at risk for SCA. This is true because a subset of children and adolescents who have SCA have no antecedent symptoms and have a noncontributory family history. On the other hand, warning signs and symptoms prior to SCA may include syncope, especially associated with exercise, chest pain, or palpitations/arrhythmias. Although it is true that the majority of children and adolescents with these signs and symptoms do not have an underlying life-threatening cardiac condition, a small subset may have symptoms that indicate an ensuing SCA event. Which of these symptoms are important and a strategy for investigation of these signs and symptoms is important for the generalist taking care of children and adolescents to understand. In this issue of Pediatric Annals, we discuss these issues and highlight the importance of gathering a complete patient history, family history, and physical examination to uncover a potentially life-threatening cardiac event. Although additional screening with a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is a potential screening strategy, we will not cover its nuances in this issue. It is
Planning in Compagnie Française des Pétroles (CFP)

In 1983 CFP was the twenty-first largest industrial corporation in the world and the largest French industrial corporation; it was the seventh largest industrial corporation outside the USA. Sales were $18.4 bn and net income $102 m.1
The James Webb Space Telescope: Mission overview and status

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the scientific successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. It is a cryogenic infrared space observatory with a 25 m2 aperture (6 m class) telescope that will achieve diffraction limited angular resolution at a wavelength of 2 µm. The science instrument payload includes four passively cooled near-infrared instruments providing broad- and narrow-band imagery, coronography, as well as multi-object and integral-field spectroscopy over the 0.6 < λ < 5.0 µm spectrum. An actively cooled mid-infrared instrument provides broad-band imagery, coronography, and integral-field spectroscopy over the 5.0 < λ < 29 µm spectrum. The JWST is being developed by NASA, in partnership with the European and Canadian Space Agencies, as a general user facility with science observations proposed by the international astronomical community in a manner similar to the Hubble Space Telescope. Technology development and mission design are complete. Construction, integration and verification testing is underway in all areas of the program. The JWST is on schedule for launch during 2021.
When does restricting your opponent's freedom hurt you?

Abstract I examine the payoff consequences for a player when she removes a subset of her opponent's actions before playing a two-player complete information normal form game. When she faces a constraint on the maximal number of actions she can remove, she can be strictly better off by not removing any actions. I present such an example. I also establish sufficient conditions under which removing opponent's actions cannot hurt. As a corollary, I also characterize a necessary condition for a player's optimal Nash Equilibrium in games with generic payoffs when her opponent has strictly more actions than she does.
Ferritin: Versatile Host, Nanoreactor, and Delivery Agent

The ferritin family of proteins can be thought of as natural, nano-sized containers. Their native function is to oxidize and store iron as a hydrated ferric oxide mineral, which can be removed to give apoferritin. The hollow interior (D=5–8 nm) provides an excellent template for inorganic nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. In addition to preparing new cores in situ, apoferritins can be disassembled and reassembled around a NP of interest. Ferritin encapsulation increases NP biocompatibility and allows site-specific functionalization. We and others have prepared many NP-filled ferritins, as well as ferritins loaded with small molecules of interest. Uniquely, apoferritin serves as a model for a general anesthetic-protein binding site, which has led to the discovery of the first fluorescent general anesthetic and improved understanding of anesthetic mechanisms. Finally, ferritin conjugates have exciting applications for targeted delivery, which we have explored in the vascular endothelium.
The Effects of a Female Role Model on Academic Performance and Persistence of Women in STEM Courses

Women are more likely to leave science, technology, engineering, and mathematics compared to men, in part because they lack similar role models such as peers, teaching assistants, and instructors. ...
Can negligible cooperation increase network reliability

In network cooperation strategies, nodes work together with the aim of increasing transmission rates or reliability. This paper demonstrates that enabling cooperation between the transmitters of a two-user multiple access channel via a cooperation facilitator that has access to both messages, always results in a network whose maximal- and average-error sum-capacities are the same—even when the information shared with the encoders is negligible. Thus, for a multiple access channel whose maximal- and average-error sum-capacities differ, the maximal-error sum-capacity is not continuous with respect to the output edge capacities of the facilitator. This shows that for some networks, sharing even a negligible number of bits per channel use with the encoders can yield a non-negligible benefit.
LIPOSOMAL BUPIVACAINE AND PERI-ARTICULAR INJECTION ARE NOT SUPERIOR TO SINGLE-SHOT INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION FOR PAIN CONTROL IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Liposomal bupivacaine has been shown to be effective in managing post-operative pain in hallux valgus and hemorrhoid surgery. However, non-industry-supported and well-powered randomized studies evaluating its efficacy in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) are lacking. Our hypothesis was that liposomal bupivacaine would not decrease post-operative visual analog pain scores (VAS) or narcotic consumption in the acute post-operative period. Methodology Two hundred seven consecutive patients were enrolled into a single-blinded prospective randomized study. We included patients undergoing unilateral TKA by five fellowship-trained surgeons with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis. Patients were excluded for any other diagnosis necessitating TKA, allergy to the medications, or pre-operative opiate use. Participants received standardized pain management, anesthesia, and physical therapy. Patients were randomized intra-operatively to one of three groups: an intra-articular (IA) injection of bupivacaine and morphine at the conclusion of the procedure, a peri-articular (PA) injection of a bupivacaine and morphine, or a PA injection of liposomal bupivacaine. Post-operative pain VAS and mean morphine equivalents (MME) consumed were recorded and compared utilizing analysis of variance (ANOVA). A power analysis demonstrated that 159 patients were needed for 80% power to detect a 25% difference in VAS or MME. Results Patients in each study group had a mean VAS score of 3.95 (SD 2.1), 3.97 (SD 1.9). and 3.86 (SD 1.8) (p=0.94), respectively. MME consumed per day in each group was 100.7 (SD 48.4), 100.1 (SD 42.2), and 98.9 (SD 41.6) (p=0.97). Conclusion Liposomal bupivacaine does not alter mean pain scores or post-operative narcotic consumption in patients undergoing unilateral TKA. Further, no difference was noted in comparing patients who received a single IA injection versus a PA injection. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study to evaluate post-operative pain control between identical IA and PA injections in patients undergoing unilateral TKA.
PERI-PROSTHETIC FEMORAL FX'S: WHAT TO DO, WHAT TO DO

Peri-prosthetic fractures of the femur around a THA remain challenging injuries to treat. The Vancouver Classification helps to guide decision making, and is based on fracture location, implant fixation status, and remaining bone quality. It is critical to determine fixation status of the implant, even if surgical dislocation is necessary. Type A fractures involve the trochanters, and are usually due to osteolysis. Revision of the bearing surface and bone grafting of the lesions can be effective. Type B1 fractures occur around a well fixed stem, typically at the stem tip. Internal fixation with laterally based locked cable plates is effective. Optimising proximal fixation is important, typically with locked screws and cables. Allograft struts are probably unnecessary with modern angle stable plates. Type B2 and B3 fractures are treated with revision, either with a fully coated cylindrical or a modular fluted tapered titanium stem. Distal fixation should be optimised, while preserving vascularity to proximal bony fragments. The « internal scaffold » technique has been described with excellent results. Rarely, a proximal femoral replacement is necessary. Careful attention to detail and clear knowledge of stem fixation status is necessary for a good outcome.
Using Goals to Motivate College Students: Theory and Evidence from Field Experiments

Will college students who set goals work harder and perform better? We report two field experiments that involved four thousand college students. One experiment asked treated students to set goals ...
Dynamic Load Altering Attacks Against Power System Stability: Attack Models and Protection Schemes

Dynamic load altering attacks (D-LAAs) are introduced as a new class of cyber-physical attacks against smart grid demand response programs. The fundamental characteristics of D-LAAs are explained. Accordingly, D-LAAs are classified in terms of open-loop versus closed-loop attacks, single-point versus multi-point attacks, the type of feedback, and the type of attack controller. A specific closed-loop D-LAA against power system stability is formulated and analyzed, where the attacker controls the changes in the victim load based on a feedback from the power system frequency. A protection system is designed against D-LAAs by formulating and solving a non-convex pole-placement optimization problem. Uncertainty with respect to attack sensor location is addressed. Case studies are presented to assess system vulnerabilities, impacts of single-point and multi-point attacks, and optimal load protection in an IEEE 39 bus test system.
A cup product lemma for continuous plurisubharmonic functions

A version of Gromov’s cup product lemma in which one factor is the (1, 0)-part of the differential of a continuous plurisubharmonic function is obtained. As an application, it is shown that a connected noncompact complete Kahler manifold that has exactly one end and admits a continuous plurisubharmonic function that is strictly plurisubharmonic along some germ of a 2-dimensional complex analytic set at some point has the Bochner–Hartogs property; that is, the first compactly supported cohomology with values in the structure sheaf vanishes.
Fast Video Classification via Adaptive Cascading of Deep Models

Recent advances have enabled oracle classifiers that can classify across many classes and input distributions with high accuracy without retraining. However, these classifiers are relatively heavyweight, so that applying them to classify video is costly. We show that day-to-day video exhibits highly skewed class distributions over the short term, and that these distributions can be classified by much simpler models. We formulate the problem of detecting the short-term skews online and exploiting models based on it as a new sequential decision making problem dubbed the Online Bandit Problem, and present a new algorithm to solve it. When applied to recognizing faces in TV shows and movies, we realize end-to-end classification speedups of 2.4-7.8x/2.6-11.2x (on GPU/CPU) relative to a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network, at competitive accuracy.
Almost-polynomial ratio ETH-hardness of approximating densest k-subgraph

In the Densest k-Subgraph (DkS) problem, given an undirected graph G and an integer k, the goal is to find a subgraph of G on k vertices that contains maximum number of edges. Even though Bhaskara et al.'s state-of-the-art algorithm for the problem achieves only O(n1/4 + ϵ) approximation ratio, previous attempts at proving hardness of approximation, including those under average case assumptions, fail to achieve a polynomial ratio; the best ratios ruled out under any worst case assumption and any average case assumption are only any constant (Raghavendra and Steurer) and 2O(log2/3 n) (Alon et al.) respectively. In this work, we show, assuming the exponential time hypothesis (ETH), that there is no polynomial-time algorithm that approximates Densest k-Subgraph to within n1/(loglogn)c factor of the optimum, where c > 0 is a universal constant independent of n. In addition, our result has perfect completeness, meaning that we prove that it is ETH-hard to even distinguish between the case in which G contains a k-clique and the case in which every induced k-subgraph of G has density at most 1/n-1/(loglogn)c in polynomial time. Moreover, if we make a stronger assumption that there is some constant Iµ > 0 such that no subexponential-time algorithm can distinguish between a satisfiable 3SAT formula and one which is only (1 - e)-satisfiable (also known as Gap-ETH), then the ratio above can be improved to nf(n) for any function f whose limit is zero as n goes to infinity (i.e. f ϵ o(1)).
Unrolled Generative Adversarial Networks

We introduce a method to stabilize Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) by defining the generator objective with respect to an unrolled optimization of the discriminator. This allows training to be adjusted between using the optimal discriminator in the generator's objective, which is ideal but infeasible in practice, and using the current value of the discriminator, which is often unstable and leads to poor solutions. We show how this technique solves the common problem of mode collapse, stabilizes training of GANs with complex recurrent generators, and increases diversity and coverage of the data distribution by the generator.