cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy for continuously monitoring the effect of cholesterol depletion in live cells

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) based on top-down fabricated nanostructures such as nanoantennas and metasurfaces has attracted much attention in recent years. These plasmonic resonant nanostructures can enhance the IR absorption signal of nearby molecules through its nearfield enhancement and have been shown to be able to detect adsorbed monolayers of proteins and lipids through their IR absorption spectra. Here, we demonstrate the continuous monitoring of cellular responses to stimuli using metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (MEIRS). A431 cells are seeded on a gold plasmonic metasurface fabricated on CaF2 substrate. Continuous monitoring is made possible by integrating the metasurface with a flow chamber, and the IR absorption spectra of the attached cells are measured in reflectance mode under continuous perfusion of cell culture medium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the cells preferentially adhere to gold surfaces rather than CaF2 surfaces, suggesting that the IR signal measured through MEIRS is highly sensitive to the cells’ attachment and interaction with the gold metasurface. We have monitored the effect of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, a cholesterol-depleting compound, on A431 cells. Principal component analysis highlighted the complex and subtle spectral changes of the cells.
Towards Focused Plan Monitoring: A Technique and an Application to Mobile Robots

Until recently, techniques for AI plan generation relied on highly restrictive assumptions that were almost always violated in real-world environmentss consequently, robot designers adopted reactive architectures and avoided AI planning techniques. Some recent research efforts have focused on obviating such assumptions by developing techniques that enable the generation and execution of plans in dynamic, uncertain environments. In this paper, we discuss one such technique, rationale-based monitoring, originally introduced by Veloso, Pollack, and Cox (Proceedings for the Fourth International Conference on AI Planning Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, 1998, pp. 171–179) and we describe our use of it in a simple mobile robot environment. We review the original approach, describe how it can be adapted for a causal-link planner, and provide experimental results demonstrating that it can lead to improved plans without consuming excessive overhead. We also describe our use of rationale-based monitoring in a mobile robot office-assistant project currently in progress.
Productivity in the Netherlands

Although GDP growth in the Netherlands has recently been stronger than in peer countries, the main contributor has been the growth in labor. If GDP is divided by labor, productivity growth appears to have been slower than in peers. This chapter discusses both exogenous and endogenous factors behind the disappointing productivity growth in the Netherlands and derives policy implications.
Inhomogeneous Knight shift in vortex cores of superconducting FeSe

Author(s): Vinograd, I; Edwards, SP; Wang, Z; Kissikov, T; Byland, JK; Badger, JR; Taufour, V; Curro, NJ | Abstract: We report $^{77}$Se NMR data in the normal and superconducting states of a single crystal of FeSe for several different field orientations. The Knight shift is suppressed in the superconducting state for in-plane fields, but does not vanish at zero temperature. For fields oriented out of the plane, little or no reduction is observed below $T_c$. These results reflect spin-singlet pairing emerging from a nematic state with large orbital susceptibility and spin-orbit coupling. The spectra and spin-relaxation rate data reveal electronic inhomogeneity that is enhanced in the superconducting state, possibly arising from enhanced density of states in the vortex cores. Despite the spin polarization of these states, there is no evidence for antiferromagnetic fluctuations.
Structure of 3'-PO4/5'-OH RNA ligase RtcB in complex with a 5'-OH oligonucleotide.

RtcB enzymes comprise a widely distributed family of manganese- and GTP-dependent RNA repair enzymes that join 2',3'-cyclic phosphate ends to 5'-OH ends via RtcB-(histidinyl-N)-GMP, RNA 3'-phosphate, and RNA3'pp5'G intermediates. RtcB can ligate either 5'-OH RNA or 5'-OH DNA strands in vitro. The nucleic acid contacts of RtcB are uncharted. Here we report a 2.7 A crystal structure of Pyrococcus horikoshii RtcB in complex with a 6-mer 5'-OH DNA oligonucleotide HOA1pT2pG3pT4pC5pC6, which reveals enzymic contacts of Asn202 to the terminal 5'-OH nucleophile; Arg238 to the A1pT2 and T2pG3 phosphates; Arg190 and Gln194 to the T2pG3 phosphate; and an Arg190 π-cation interaction with the G3 nucleobase. The structural insights affirm functional studies of E. coli RtcB that implicated the conserved counterpart of Arg238 in engagement of the 5'-OH strand for ligation. The essential active site Cys98 that coordinates two manganese ions is oxidized to cysteine sulfonic acid in our structure, raising the prospect that RtcB activity might be sensitive to modulation during oxidative stress.
The Limits of Memory in Disavowed: Interference, Military Execution, and the Dishonored Dead:

In looking at the history of U.S. military execution during World War II, this article explores the relationship between memory and psychological interference in the browser-based game Disavowed (2...
Panopticon, Inc.: Jeremy Bentham, contract management, and (neo)liberal penality:

This essay revisits Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon, perhaps the foundational figure of the study of the prison, to recover a dimension of the project wholly omitted in Michel Foucault’s canonical read...
Benchmarking PSM identification tools for single cell proteomics

Abstract Single cell proteomics is an emerging sub-field within proteomics with the potential to revolutionize our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and interactions. Recent efforts have largely focused on technological advancements in sample preparation, chromatography and instrumentation to enable measuring proteins present in these ultra-limited samples. Although advancements in data acquisition have rapidly improved our ability to analyze single cells, the software pipelines used in data analysis were originally written for traditional bulk samples and their performance on single cell data has not been investigated. We benchmarked five popular peptide identification tools on single cell proteomics data. We found that MetaMorpheus achieved the greatest number of peptide spectrum matches at a 1% false discovery rate. Depending on the tool, we also find that post processing machine learning can improve spectrum identification results by up to ∼40%. Although rescoring leads to a greater number of peptide spectrum matches, these new results typically are generated by 3rd party tools and have no way of being utilized by the primary pipeline for quantification. Exploration of novel metrics for machine learning algorithms will continue to improve performance.
Sequences in Normed Spaces

Our mission is to study continuous functions. To discuss continuity, we must introduce the concept of limit. Our tools will be sequences, whose convergence we define in terms of distance tending to zero. Since we defined (Section 1.5) distance in terms of length in R n —and more generally, in terms of a norm in a vector space—we will cast our material in the language of norms.
Searching in the Presence of Noise

In this paper, we examine the effects of noise on both local search and genetic search. Understanding the potential effects of noise on a search space may explain why some search techniques fail and why others succeed in the presence of noise. We discuss two effects that are the result of adding noise to a search space: the annealing of peaks in the search space and the introduction of false local optima.
A novel photovoltaic power system which uses a large area concentrator mirror

A preliminary analysis has been made of a novel photovoltaic power system concept. The system is composed of a small area, dense photovoltaic array, a large area solar concentrator, and a battery system for energy storage. The feasibility of such a system is assessed for space power applications. The orbital efficiency, specific power, mass, and area of the system are calculated under various conditions and compared with those for the organic Rankine cycle solar dynamic system proposed for Space Station. Near term and advanced large area concentrator photovoltaic systems not only compare favorably to solar dynamic systems in terms of performance but offer other benefits as well.
Nature of the Inactivation of the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase from an Obligate Halophile

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) of Halobacterium cutirubrum is rapidly inactivated at low NaCl levels. From sucrose gradient analysis, it was estimated that the active ICDH has an S20,w of 5.3 and a molecular weight of 75,000. The inactivation by removal of NaCl causes an unfolding of the protein yielding a less-compact conformer with an S20,w of 2.0. This inactivation apparently causes internal sulfhydryl groups to be exposed. Over 90% of the initial activity can be restored by dialyzing the inactivated ICDH against 4 m NaCl, provided that the exposed sulfhydryl groups are protected with dithiothreitol. The ICDH is permanently inactivated when the sulfhydryl groups are oxidized or alkylated. The alkylation of the inactive ICDH was demonstrated by treatment with 14C-N-ethyl maleimide. Sucrose gradient analysis showed that 14C was bound to a protein with sedimentation properties identical to that of reversibly inactivated ICDH, i.e., an S20,w of 2.0. Much less 14C was bound when active ICDH was treated with 14C-N-ethyl maleimide. The H. cutirubrum ICDH resembles other bacterial isocitrate dehydrogenases in being susceptible to concerted feedback inhibition by oxalacetate and glyoxalate.
PATTERNS OF SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE WOMEN

OBJECTIVES : Few studies have objectively quantified sedentary behavior, particularly in special population subgroups. This study quantified the volume of and breaks from sedentary behavior in a sample of overweight and obese, primarily African American, women. DESIGN : Cross-sectional. SETTING : 18 census tracts in Columbia, South Carolina with higher than state and national poverty levels. PARTICIPANTS : 197 overweight/obese women (87% African American). Mean age 38.3 +/- 7.6 years, mean body mass index 40.6 +/- 8.8 kg/m2. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES : Using a cut point of or = 10, 30, and 60-minute bouts, and 3) patterns of sedentary behavior according to time of day and day of the week were computed. Total breaks, or interruptions, in sedentary time were also calculated. RESULTS : Participants were sedentary 64.1% of the day, engaging in 10.5 +/- 2.8 daily bouts of sedentary behavior per hour of sedentary time; each bout lasted approximately 6.4 +/- 1.7 minutes. All participants engaged in > or = 1 daily bout of sedentary behavior > or = 10 and > or = 30 minutes, and most (83%) engaged in > or = 1 bout > or = 60 minutes. Participants were slightly more sedentary during the evening (6 pm-midnight) and on weekdays. On average, participants took 90.9 +/- 16.0 breaks from sedentary behavior; each break lasted 3.3 +/- .8 minutes. CONCLUSIONS : Women engaged in more sedentary behavior than that reported in national data sets. In an effort to improve public health, efforts should not only focus on increasing physical activity, but also on decreasing time spent sedentary. ( Ethn Dis. 2013;23[3]:336–342)
Colonic glycoproteins in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Colonic glycoprotein composition was evaluated in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease using ion-exchange chromatography. Fifty-three individuals, 12 pairs and 1 single twin with ulcerative colitis and 14 pairs with Crohn's disease, were evaluated. Seven twin pairs were concordant for the presence of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, whereas twin siblings of 10 ulcerative colitis probands and 9 Crohn's disease probands were not known to have inflammatory bowel disease. Content of one chromatographically defined component of colonic mucin, designated HCM species IV, was reduced in both patients with ulcerative colitis (1040 ± 300 cpm/10,000 cpm total HCM) and their apparently healthy twins (1340 ± 540 cpm/10,000 cpm total HCM) compared with control subjects (4030 ± 1,000 cpm/10,000 cpm total HCM). Composition of mucin in Crohn's disease patients and their nonaffected twins was not significantly different than in controls. These observations suggest that altered profiles of mucin glycoprotein may be present before the onset of ulcerative colitis and may be genetically defined. Conversely, it appears that alterations in glycoproteins only are not sufficient to initiate mucosal inflammation.
Transport of fluorescent compounds into hepatocytes and the resultant zonal labeling of the hepatic acinus in the rat

Abstract The purpose of this study was to label different zones of the hepatic acinus with fluorescent compounds in order to assess the contributions of the various acinar zones to solute transport. In a separate application, this approach allowed the determination of the zonal origin of isolated hepatocytes. Livers were perfused in situ with various concentrations of: (a) a lipid-soluble substance, fluorescein diacetate; (b) two water-soluble, positively charged molecules, acridine orange and rhodamine B; and (c) a water-soluble, negatively charged substance, fluorescein isothiocyanate. Immediately after perfusion, livers were frozen and sectioned in a cryostat. The localization of the fluorescent substance within the hepatic acinus was determined qualitatively by fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively by fluorescence microphotometry. Fluorescein diacetate, perfused at concentrations up to 2 × 10 −5 M, was predominantly localized within cells closer to the terminal portal venule (acinar zone 1). In parallel experiments, the retention of fluorescein diacetate in cells of acinar zone 1 was examined during and after the isolation of hepatocytes by collagenase perfusion. The acinar zone 1 to zone 3 cell gradient of fluorescence persisted during collagenase perfusion, and fluorescence in the isolated hepatocytes was detectable by means of a fluorescence activated cell sorter. This indicated that fluorescence labeling can be used as a marker to determine the zone from which hepatocytes have been isolated. Acridine orange and rhodamine B also labeled predominantly cells of acinar zone 1 at low concentrations. With increasing concentrations of rhodamine B in the perfusate, the concentration of this substance in cells of acinar zone 3 increased, and at the same time, more cells (zones 2 and 3) were recruited for transport. Thus, progressive recruitment of hepatocytes occurred before the preceding cell had reached saturation. Fluorescein isothiocyanate provided a different model. At concentrations higher than 2 × 10 −5 M, fluorescein isothiocyanate was distributed predominantly in hepatocytes of acinar zone 3 (reverse gradient). This concentration of fluorescein isothiocynate in hepatocytes of zone 3 (against the predicted zone 1 to zone 3 concentration gradient) indicated that zonal labeling within the acinus cannot be predicted solely on the basis of concentration gradients in sinusoidal blood. The transport of fluorescent substances by hepatocytes thus provides an approach to study the interaction of incoming solutes with each zone of the liver acinus.
An adaptive job allocation method for multicomputer systems

The fragmentation problem in multicomputer systems reduces the system utilization and prohibits the systems from performing at their full capacity. In this paper, we propose a generic job allocation method for multicomputer systems based on job size reduction. We reduce the subsystem size requirement adaptively according to the availability of processors. The fragmentation problem is greatly alleviated by this approach. To ensure that the benefit of reducing fragmentation is not outweighed by the penalty of executing jobs on less number of processors, we restrict the number of times the size of a job can be reduced; hence the name restricted size reduction (RSR). Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the RSR method for hypercubes and mesh-based systems with different allocation algorithms. It is observed in both mesh and hypercube that by using the RSR method a simple algorithm can provide better performance than the more sophisticated allocation algorithms. We have also compared RSR method with the limit allocation that is based on a similar idea. Our method outperforms the limit allocation and provides better fairness to different size jobs. The performance gain, fairness, and low complexity makes the RSR method highly attractive.
Independent Association between Acute Renal Failure and Mortality following Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether there is an independent association of acute renal failure requiring dialysis with operative mortality after cardiac surgery. Patients and Methods: The 42,773 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass or valvular heart surgery at 43 Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers between 1987 and 1994 were evaluated to determine the association between acute renal failure sufficient to require dialysis and operative mortality, with and without adjustment for comorbidity and postoperative complications. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived from logistic regression analysis. Results: Acute renal failure occurred in 460 (1.1%) patients. Overall operative mortality was 63.7% in these patients, compared with 4.3% in patients without this complication. The unadjusted OR for death was 39 (95% CI 32 to 48). After adjustment for comorbid factors related to the development of acute renal failure (surgery type, baseline renal function, preoperative intraaortic balloon pump, prior heart surgery, NYHA class IV status, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary rales, left ventricular ejection fraction below 35%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systolic blood pressure, and the cross-product of systolic blood pressure and surgery type), the OR was 27 (95% CI 22 to 34). Further adjustment was made for seven postoperative complications (low cardiac output, cardiac arrest, perioperative myocardial infarction, prolonged mechanical ventilation, reoperation for bleeding or repeat cardiopulmonary bypass, stroke or coma, and mediastinitis), that were independently associated with operative mortality. The OR adjusted for comorbidity and postoperative complications associated with acute renal failure was 7.9 (95% CI 6 to 10). Conclusions: Acute renal failure was independently associated with early mortality following cardiac surgery, even after adjustment for comorbidity and postoperative complications. Interventions to prevent or improve treatment of this condition are urgently needed.
Granulocyte/macrophage origin of glomerular mesangial cells.

We previously demonstrated the ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate glomerular mesangial cells by transplanting clonal populations of cells derived from a single enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive HSC into lethally irradiated mice. To define more precisely the hematopoietic differentiation pathway through which mesangial cells are derived, we studied the relationship between mesangial cell expression and individual hematopoietic lineages by means of a transplantation strategy. In a series of clonal HSC transplantation experiments, we generated 3 mice engrafted predominantly by granulocytes and macrophages (GMs) and 4 mice engrafted with B-cells or with B-cells and T-cells. When the kidneys of these mice were analyzed, the mice exhibiting high GM lineage engraftment revealed much higher levels of EGFP-positive mesangial cells than those with predominantly lymphocyte engraftment. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the kidneys from a male recipient of an EGFP-positive female donor excluded cell fusion as the cause for the observed differentiation. These results support the notion that glomerular mesangial cells share their origin with GMs.
Prime Movers of Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis

Abstract Chemical synapses contain specialized pre- and postsynaptic structures that underlie rapid synaptic transmission and its modulation. Studies of postsynaptic organization have revealed a network of interacting proteins that enable rapid synaptic responses and their modulation. Recent genetic and electrophysiological studies on two active zone proteins—RIM and Munc13—reveal important roles in priming vesicles for Ca 2+ -triggered fusion and in mediating the regulation of this process. This work sheds new light on how presynaptic structure provides speed and plasticity to synaptic transmission.
Nationwide trends in the age adjusted prevalence of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) across various races and gender in the USA.

AbstractBackground: Advances in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have been dramatic. The goal of this study was to evaluate any decline in the age adjusted incidence of acute non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) using a large database. Method: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was utilized to calculate the age-adjusted rate for NSTEMI from 1988 to 2004 retrospectively. Specific ICD-9-CM codes for NSTEMI were used to compile the data. Patient demographic data was also analyzed from the database and adjusted for age. Results: The NIS database contained a total of 1 423 156 patients who had a diagnosis of NSTEMI from 1988 to 2004. The age-adjusted rate for all acute NSTEMI gradually increased from 1988 until 2000—26.21 per 100 000 (95% CI: 23.9–28.4) in 1988 and 92.6 per 100 000 (95% CI: 86.0–99.3, P <0.01 in 2000,). It remained unchanged from 2000 until 2004 (91.7 per 100 000 (95% CI: 85.3–98.0). This trend was similar across different race and gender. Conclusion: The ...
Pion condensation and the σ-model in liquid neutron matter

Abstract The nature of the ground state of neutron matter at neutron star densities is discussed, starting from the linear σ-model Lagrangian. It is found that there is a possibility of a new, previously unknown, type of condensation, which involves coherent, non-vanishing expectation values of the neutral meson fields of the theory, the σ and π 0 fields. The σπ 0 condensate would, like normal neutron matter, develop its own π − condensate. It is shown that the most general, translationally invariant, condensate is a combined σπ 0 and π − condensate with arbitrary, independent, wave numbers. The wave vectors of the condensates are determined by a minimization process, and are found to be non-vanishing and perpendicular. The σπ 0 condensate corresponds to a state which is very different than previously considered states of neutron matter: all neutron spins are aligned, presumably with some macroscopic domain structure. Thus, criteria for the occurence of this condensate depend on the energy difference between very different states. This means that any prediction as to whether or not the state actually occurs in nature must at the moment be regarded as uncertain. However, using available hyperneted-chain calculations of the contribution to the energies from the direct neutron-neutron forces, it is demonstrated that a σπ 0 condensate (with its accompanying π − condensate) might well occur at neutron densities above perhaps 0.5 particles/fm 3 . This paper leans heavily on the linear σ-model. However, the neutral condensate is a general consequence of chiral symmetry, and can thus also be obtained e.g. from Weinberg's Lagrangian.
Dynamic Light Scattering from a Side-Chain Liquid Crystal in a Nematic Solvent

Abstract Nematic monodomains consisting of a side-chain liquid crystal polymer dissolved in a low-molar mass nematogen, pentylcyanobiphenyl, were prepared in planar and homeotropic alignment at polymer concentrations up to 15% w/w. The elastic and viscosity constants associated with the splay, bend and twist distortions of the nematic matrix were determined by analysis of the dynamic light scattering data on these monodomains over a wide range of scattering angles. The addition of the side-chain liquid crystal polymer results in a substantial decrease in the relaxation frequencies for dynamic light scattering. These changes are due to the combined contributions of a decrease in all three elastic constants and larger increases of the three viscosities. The effect is largest for the bend distortion.
Effect of retinoids on plating efficiency, sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and mitomycin-C-induced SCE in cultured Chinese hamster cells

Abstract The effects of 5 retinoids, namely, all-trans-retinol (ROL), all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), all-trans-retinal (RAL), all-trans-retinyl acetate (RAc), and Ro. 10-9359-TMMP ethyl retinoate on plating efficiency, sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and on mitomycin-C (MMC)-induced SCE were studied in Chinese hamster V79 cells. All the retinoids caused reduction of plating efficiency in a dose-dependent manner but the degree of plating efficiency reduction varied considerably among the retinoids studied. RAL was the most potent reducer of plating efficiency and this was followed in decreasing order by ROL, RAc, RA and Ro. 10-9359. For the effect of various doses of retinoids on SCE, it was clearly demonstrated that addition of each of the 5 retinoids to exponentially growing V79 cells had no significant effect on SCE frequency as compared to the controls. Besides this, these compounds did not alter SCE frequency induced by MMC.
Wave analysis of ray chaos in underwater acoustics

The dispersion of a wave packet in an acoustic medium is considered in the paraxial wave approximation, where the effective potential, due to variation of the speed of propagation, varies both with depth and propagation distance. The analysis of the resulting parabolic equation, similar to the Schrodinger equation, clearly demonstrates the role of ray chaos in enhancing the dispersion of the initial packet. However, wave coherence effects are also seen that suppress the effects of the ray chaos in a manner analogous to the effects of quantum chaos.
Process energy systems: Control, economic, and sustainability objectives

Abstract Economic, energy, and sustainability metrics are key performance indicators for process operations. The relative importance of these metrics varies from plant to plant, and often some metrics are in conflict with each other (sustainability vs. profitability). In this paper we discuss the current plant environment and how various metrics can be aligned by focusing on energy efficiency. Power-steam systems are the major energy drivers for most plants, and we discuss possible operational changes that might improve energy efficiency, as well as the role of process control. Managing the interplay of real-time optimization and regulatory control is a challenge for the future, as well as interfacing with the implementation of smart power grids by the utility industry. Combined heat and power along with energy storage presents interesting control and optimization opportunities to maximize energy efficiency.
Nervous system of Schistosoma mansoni cercaria: organization and fine structure.

As observed by transmission electron microscopy of serially sectionedSchistosoma mansoni cercaria, the nervous system is distributed throughout the three anatomic segments of the larva-i.e., the anterior organ (oral sucker), the body (midsegment), and the tail. The central ganglion, a neuropile surrounded by cell bodies, is located in the anterior area of the body segment. It tapers anteriorly into two lobes from which a pair of anterior central nerve trunks extend longitudinally. The posterior region of the central ganglion tapers into a pair of nerve trunks (posterior central nerve trunks). Twelve peripheral nerve trunks are evenly distributed around the ganglion. Six trunks course anteriad (anterior peripheral nerve trunks) and six course posteriad (posterior peripheral nerve trunks). A pair of dorsal and ventral nerve trunks, positioned opposite each other, extend the length of the tail. All nerve trunks are unsheathed. The nervous system contains three types of vesicles. Type I vesicles average 47.66±2.57 nm in diameter, vary in electron density, and have electron-lucent peripheries. Type II vesicles have a mean diameter of 18.41±2.57 nm, are electron-lucent and are concentrated mostly in the presynaptic area of the synaptic and neuromuscular junctions. The mean diameter of Type III vesicles is 57.47±16.08 nm. They are electron-dense and are concentrated mostly in the tegumental ciliated papillac and their accompanying dendrites. Two types of synaptic junctions are present. Type1 synapse has dense material incorporated in its postsynaptic membrane, while Type2 synapse has dense material of various dimensions incorporated in its presynaptic membrane and usually in its postsynaptic membrane. Synaptic and neuromuscular junctions are similar.
Resummed QCD power corrections to nuclear shadowing

We calculate and resum a perturbative expansion of nuclear enhanced power corrections to the structure functions measured in deeply inelastic scattering of leptons on a nuclear target. Our results for the Bjorken $x$, ${Q}^{2}$ and $A$ dependence of nuclear shadowing in ${F}_{2}^{A}(x,{Q}^{2})$ and the nuclear modification to ${F}_{L}^{A}(x,{Q}^{2})$, obtained in terms of the QCD factorization approach, are consistent with the existing data. We demonstrate that the low ${Q}^{2}$ behavior of these data and the measured large longitudinal structure function point to a critical role for the power corrections when compared to other theoretical approaches.
The role of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in cardiolipin remodeling in the spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rat heart

Cardiolipin (CL) is an essential phospholipid component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In the mammalian heart, the functional form of CL is tetralinoleoyl CL [(18:2)4CL]. A decrease in (18:2)4CL content, which is believed to negatively impact mitochondrial energetics, occurs in heart failure (HF) and other mitochondrial diseases. Presumably, (18:2)4CL is generated by remodeling nascent CL in a series of deacylation-reacylation cycles; however, our overall understanding of CL remodeling is not yet complete. Herein, we present a novel cell culture method for investigating CL remodeling in myocytes isolated from Spontaneously Hypertensive HF rat hearts. Further, we use this method to examine the role of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) in CL remodeling in both HF and nonHF cardiomyocytes. Our results show that 18:2 incorporation into (18:2)4CL is: a) performed singly with respect to each fatty acyl moiety, b) attenuated in HF relative to nonHF, and c) partially sensitive to iPLA2 inhibition by bromoenol lactone. These results suggest that CL remodeling occurs in a step-wise manner, that compromised 18:2 incorporation contributes to a reduction in (18:2)4CL in the failing rat heart, and that mitochondrial iPLA2 plays a role in the remodeling of CL's acyl composition.
Learning laparoscopic colectomy during colorectal residency: what does it take and how are we doing?

The ability to perform a laparoscopic colectomy is an integral part of a young colorectal surgeon’s practice. However, the number of resections required during colorectal residency for a surgeon to be very comfortable performing a laparoscopic colectomy independently is poorly defined. Furthermore, the percentage of trainees that achieve this goal also is unknown. An electronic survey designed by the Young Surgeon’s Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) was sent to graduates completing Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) colorectal residencies after publication of the Clinical Outcomes Study Group (COST) trial (2004–2009). The data collected included the number of laparoscopic right (LR), laparoscopic left (LL), and laparoscopic hand-assisted left (HAL) colectomies performed during residency. Trainees were asked to assess whether at the completion of their fellowship they with each case were very comfortable (VC, would perform a laparoscopic colectomy independently), somewhat comfortable (SC, would require assistance from colleagues), or not comfortable (NC, would not perform a laparoscopic colectomy). Of the 176 (51%) former fellows responding to the survey, 42 (24%) reported performing fewer than 10 LRs, 108 (62%) reported 10 to 30 LRs, and 24 (14%) reported more than 30 LRs during their fellowship. With LR, 13 (7.5%) respondents were NC, 42 (21%) were SC, and 119 (68%) were VC. As reported, 58 fellows (33%) performed fewer than 10 LLs, 92 (53%) performed 10–30 LLs, and 22 (13%) performed more than 30 LLs. With LL, 12.2% were NC, 33.7% were SC, and 54.1% were VC. Most of the fellows (90%) who performed 30 or more LR, LL, or HAL colectomies were VC. On the average, each year’s graduating fellows were more comfortable with laparoscopic colectomy than those graduating in previous years (P < 0.002). Performing more than 10 LR colectomies and more than 30 LL colectomies provided the vast majority of colorectal residents with the ability to be very comfortable with these procedures as they entered practice. A concerning number of trainees (46% of LL and 24% of LR trainees) did not reach this benchmark. The new general minimal American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery (ABCRS) requirement of 50 laparoscopic resections seems appropriate but may require definition regarding the side of the procedure.
Design and characterization of an UHV compatible artificial channel cut monochromator

We present design and characterization results of a novel ultra-high-vacuum-compatible artificial channel-cut monochromator that has been installed at the undulator beamline 8-ID-I at the Advanced Photon Source. The monochromator has been designed to meet the challenging stability and optical requirements of the x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy program hosted at this beamline. In particular, the device incorporates a novel in-vacuum sine-bar drive mechanism for the combined pitch motion of the two crystals and a flexure-based high-stiffness weak-link mechanism for fine tuning the pitch and roll of the second crystal relative to the first crystal.
Effect of tetralin dissociation on coal liquefaction: Tubing bomb versus batch autoclave

Abstract The extent of coal hydroliquefaction in the presence of a good catalyst (impregnated ammonium heptamolybdate) and a hydrogen-donor solvent (tetralin) can be substantially greater in a tubing bomb than in a stirred autoclave, under nominally identical liquefaction conditions. This difference may be associated with the typically lower gas:liquid volume ratio existing under reaction conditions in a tubing bomb, relative to the ratio in an autoclave. If equilibrium is reached in the catalysed dissociation of tetralin, the extent of dissociation is less, and the hydrogen partial pressure is substantially higher, in the tubing bomb than in the autoclave. Calculations and measurements have been made for the equilibrium conditions in tetralin dissociation when coal is absent but a good catalyst (ammonium heptamolybdate dispersed on alumina) is present. For the calculation, the molar volumes and vapour pressures of tetralin and naphthalene must be known, together with the dissociation constant. Agreement was good between calculated and experimental values of dissociation in both tubing bomb and autoclave. The results permit prediction that increasing the gas:liquid volume in a tubing bomb liquefaction experiment should decrease the conversion; this effect was observed.
Helicity conservation and factorization-suppressed charmless B decays

Toward the goal of extracting the weak angle $\ensuremath{\alpha},$ the decay ${B}^{0}/{B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{a}_{0}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ was recently measured. The decay ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{a}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is not only forbidden in the factorization limit of the tree interaction, but also strongly suppressed for the penguin interaction if short-distance QCD dominates. This makes the extraction of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ very difficult from ${a}_{0}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}.$ We examine similar factorization-suppressed decays, in particular ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{b}_{1}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}.$ The prospect of obtaining $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is even less promising with ${b}_{1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}.$ To probe how well the short-distance dominance works, we emphasize the importance of testing helicity conservation in the charmless B decays with spins.
Corrections to measured sample pressures in low temperature collisional cooling experiments

Three different thermal transpiration models have been tested for a range of pressures and temperatures normally encountered in collisional cooling experiments. The calculated corrections for two of these models follow similar patterns and differ only in magnitude at a fixed sample temperature for sample pressures between 0 and 8 Torr. Corrections calculated from the third model follow a pattern similar to the other two models only at pressures above about two Torr.
Just one word: plasticity.

A new study shows that after injury of the corticospinal tract in the rat spinal cord, spontaneous recovery of function involves extensive plastic changes in the connectivity of multiple types of neurons distributed throughout the central nervous system.
A Newborn Who Has Hand and Foot Deformities

A newborn presents with bilateral hand and foot deformities (Figures 1 and 2). Figure 1. Image of bilateral feet. Figure 2. Image of bilateral hands. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories ### Presentation At birth, the infant was noted to have deformities resembling a “lobster claw” to both her feet, and each hand had only a single digit. ### Vital Signs ### Physical Examination
Empirical classification of eating disorder not otherwise specified: Support for DSM-IV changes

Using cluster analytic procedures, this study identified three subgroups of subjects who had been diagnosed as eating disorder not otherwise specified. These three subgroups were quite similar in symptom profiles to the descriptions of subthreshold anorexia nervosa, nonpurging bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder which are being considered in the new DSM-IV diagnostic scheme for eating disorders. The three atypical subgroups were contrasted with established groups of anorexia and bulimia nervosa on psychopathological variables specific to eating disorders. The subthreshold anorexia group differed from anorexia nervosa only in terms of weight status. Nonpurging bulimia differed from bulimia nervosa only in the relative absence of self-induced vomiting as a purgative habit. Subjects in the binge eating group were extremely obese and expressed considerable concern with binge eating but did not report frequent use of vomiting or intense dieting to control obesity. Binge eaters were dissatisfied with body size but were not driven to achieve thinness. These findings were interpreted as being supportive of proposed changes in diagnostic criteria for eating disorders.
Growth and properties of tungsten bronze K3Li2Nb5O15 single crystals

Abstract Tetragonal tungsten bronze K3Li2Nb5O15 (KLN) single crystals have been grown up to 8 – 10 mm diameter and 40 – 50 mm long using the Czochralski technique. Crystal growth was studied in various orientations with growth along 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 being relatively easier than along 〈001〉. Crystals grown along 〈001〉 have a square cross-section similar to other bigger unit cell bronzes such as Ba2−xSrxK1−yNayNb5O15 (BSKNN). Like BSKNN, KLN crystals show strong longitudinal effects, such as e11, k15, d15 and r51, indicating suitability for Surface Acoutic Wave (SAW), electro-optic and photorefractive applications.
Consequences of population density and size.

The classical theory about effects of high residential density is "negative," stating that high density produces negative social attitudes and undesirable behaviors. Yet empirical re search usually...
The ‘hockey stick’ and the 1990s: a statistical perspective on reconstructing hemispheric temperatures

The short instrumental record of about 100–150 yr forces us to use proxy indicators to study climate over long timescales. The climate information in these indirect data is embedded in considerable noise, and the past temperature reconstructions are therefore full of uncertainty, which blurs the understanding of the temperature evolution. To date, the characterization and quantification of uncertainty have not been a high priority in reconstruction procedures. Here we propose a new statistical methodology to explicitly account for three types of uncertainties in the reconstruction process. Via ensemble reconstruction, we directly obtain the distribution of decadal maximum as well as annual maximum. Our method is an integration of linear regression, bootstrapping and cross-validation techniques, and it (1) accounts for the effects of temporal correlation of temperature; (2) identifies the variability of the estimated statistical model and (3) adjusts the effects of potential overfitting. We apply our method to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) average temperature reconstruction. Our results indicate that the recent decadal temperature increase is rapidly overwhelming previous maxima, even with uncertainty taken into account, and the last decade is highly likely to be the warmest in the last millennium.
Understanding the Lived Experience of HIV Positive Women in Kenya: A Global Perspective

new data from a retrospective view, the theme regarding spousal involvement was renamed, now Spouse as Partner, and reconfigured, and two new themes emerged: Using Diverse Resources and Import/Need to Work. In accordance, the original categories have been adjusted, and the evolving theory has been revised based on a developmental perspective, and is now titled Families Planning Forward: Wholistically Processing a Rich Life.
Intensive glycemic control after heart transplantation is safe and effective for diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Some studies have shown increased mortality, infection, and rejection rates among diabetic (DM) compared to non-diabetic (non-DM) patients undergoing heart transplant (HT). This is a retrospective chart review of adult patients (DM, n = 26; non-DM, n = 66) undergoing HT between June 1, 2005, and July 31, 2009. Glycemic control used intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SQ) insulin protocols with a glucose target of 80-110 mg/dL. There were no significant differences between DM and non-DM patients in mean glucose levels on the IV and SQ insulin protocols. Severe hypoglycemia (glucose 40 and <60 mg/dL) occurred in 17 (19%) patients on the IV protocol and 24 (27%) on the SQ protocol. There were no significant differences between DM and non-DM patients within 30 d of surgery in all-cause mortality, treated HT rejection episodes, reoperation, prolonged ventilation, 30-d readmissions, ICU readmission, number of ICU hours, hospitalization days after HT, or infections. This study demonstrates that DM and non-DM patients can achieve excellent glycemic control post-HT with IV and SQ insulin protocols with similar surgical outcomes and low hypoglycemia rates.
Double tunneling-injection quantum dot laser: Temperature-stable, high-power, and high-speed operation

A laser exploiting tunneling-injection of both electrons and holes into quantum dots possesses the potential for temperature-stable and high-power operation and may also be a candidate for high modulation bandwidth.
MEASURING THE MEANING OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT TERMINOLOGY: A PSYCHOLINGUISTICS APPROACH

: Measuring the meaning of communication between and among producers (certified public accountants, academic accountants, and private accountants) and users (chartered financial analysts, commercial bank loan officers, and shareholders) of financial statements is the purpose of this study. Two psycholinguistic techniques, classification analysis and association analysis, were used in a field experiment to measure the intergroup and intragroup transference of denotative (objective) and connotative (subjective) meaning, respectively. The study concluded that we are somewhere in between the “worst” and the “best” on a communication continuum. The evidence indicated only one communication problem — a problem involving the transfer of connotative (subjective) meaning on an intergroup basis, that is, between producers and users.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Lentinula inferred from an expanded rDNA dataset

Phylogeny and biogeography of Lentinula, which includes cultivated shiitake mushrooms, were investigated using parsimony analyses of an expanded nuclear ribosomal DNA dataset. Lentinula occurs in the New World as well as Asia and Australasia. The Asian-Australasian Lentinula populations appear to form a clade, but species limits within this group are controversial. We refer to the entire Asian-Australasian Lentinula clade as shiitake. Thirty-seven wild-collected isolates of shiitake were examined representing Australia, Borneo, China, Japan, Korea, Nepal,. New Zealand, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Tasmania and Thailand. Five isolates of the New World species, L. boryana , were included for rooting purposes. Levels of sequence divergence between North and Central American L. boryana isolates are higher than those between the most divergent shiitake isolates. In shiitake, five independent lineages of rDNA were identified, which we call groups I-V, but relationships among these lineages are not well resolved. Group I includes populations from northeast Asia to the South Pacific. Group II includes populations from PNG, Australia and Tasmania. Group III is limited to New Zealand. Group IV is from PNG. Finally, group V is from eastern China and Nepal. The distribution of rDNA lineages suggests a complex biogeographic history. Although many areas remain unsampled, our results suggest that certain areas have particularly high levels of diversity and should be targeted for further study and conservation.
Peroxisome Proliferators Activate Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases in Immortalized Mouse Liver Cells

Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) are a class of nongenotoxic carcinogens in the rodent liver. The induction of immediate-early gene expression in immortalized mouse liver cells by the PPs Wy-14,643, monoethylhexyl phthalate, ciprofibrate ethyl ester, and clofibrate suggested that they may be activating growth-regulatory signal transduction pathways. We report that incubation of quiescent ML457 cells with Wy-14,643 resulted in the appearance of two tyrosine-phosphorylated bands of approximately 44 and 42 kDa with maximal phosphorylation at 20 min. These two proteins were identified as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) ERK1 and ERK2 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinases, or MAPKs). Stimulation of quiescent ML457 cells with monoethylhexyl phthalate, ciprofibrate ethyl ester, and clofibrate also resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2; however, the steroid PP dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, which does not induce immediate-early gene expression, did not induce phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2. Kinase activity of ERK1 and ERK2 was stimulated by the PPs, consistent with their phosphorylation. The PPs also induced phosphorylation of the upstream regulator MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK). Preincubation of quiescent cells with MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by the PPs, implicating MEK activation as a requirement for PP-induced ERK activation. In addition, pretreatment with PD98059 greatly reduced the PP-induced expression of immediate-early genes c-fos, egr-1, and to a lesser extent junB. Induction of ERK phosphorylation andjunB expression by Wy-14,643 was also seen in rat hepatocytes. These results attribute many of the effects of PPs on immediate-early gene expression to the activation of the MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway and add the PPs to the growing number of tumor promoters that modulate signaling proteins.