cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-monitoring enhances Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with schizophrenia: performance is improved by simply asking patients to verbalize their sorting strategy.

Patients with schizophrenia have Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) deficits, which are commonly interpreted as reflecting frontal cortex-based executive dysfunction. One means of assessing the refractoriness of frontal-executive impairment is to utilize a training or modification strategy to improve WCST performance. In this study, 73 patients with schizophrenia were assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 received the standard WCST instructions for 64 cards (Condition 1). For the second 64-card deck, the patients were asked to verbalize the reason that they placed the card where they did after each sort (Condition 2). Group 2 received this modified instruction 1st (Condition 1) and then the standard instructions for the second deck (Condition 2). A group of normal comparison participants was also tested using standard instructions alone. Group 2 committed significantly fewer perseverative responses than did Group 1. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between Group 2 (Condition 1) and the normal participants. Group 1's performance improved when patients were exposed to the modified instructions (Condition 2). Additionally, poor premorbid factors and disorganized symptoms were associated with decreased benefit from the modified instructions across both groups. Cumulatively, these data suggest that a simple instruction may enhance executive function and impact WCST performance in patients with schizophrenia. ( JINS , 2001, 7 , 344–352.)
The role of inertia in transport properties of suspensions

Abstract The role of inertia in the nonuniform motion of solids through liquids and its effect on the resistance to translatory or rotatory motion has been known for a long time, but the possible effect on solution properties has been considered only recently. Inertia plays a particularly important role when the velocity changes rapidly: Brownian motion. It is responsible for a slow decay in random force and velocity correlation functions. This decay has t − 3 2 character in the case of translation but t − 5 5 character in rotatory motion. Interestingly this is true also when the rotor is a rigid dumbbell; the hydro-dynamic interaction of the two dumbbell ends completely eliminates the ω 1 2 term in the expansion of the Fourier transform of the resistance factor in terms of frequency, ω. The contribution of suspended particles to the viscosity has been considered for linearly elastic dumbbells, and it was found that the relative effect of inertia is quite considerable in solvents of low viscosity, but this may be largely due to the fact that hydrodynamic interaction was neglected. The theory for rigid dumbbells is considered in some detail, but it will be left to a later publication to give a definitive answer as regards the effect of inertia.
Secondary mirror subassembly in the 2.4 m NASA optical telescope

The secondary mirror is a circular disc provided with a shoulder. Three clamps located 120 deg apart support the mirror shoulder. On one side of the mirror shoulder, a coated graphite-epoxy ring connects the three clamps. Three axial flexures with a low radial compliance extend out from a support platform constructed of coated graphite-epoxy box structs and invar corners, and provide a nominal in-plane zero coefficient of thermal expansion. In each invar corner piece, a ball joint provides a connection to a expansion. In each invar corner piece, a ball joint provides a connection to a six-degree-of-freedom adjustment system that can move the secondary mirror with a high degree of precision in defocus, decenter, and tilt. Thermal controls that maintain structural-element temperature variations within specified limits insure that the assembly exceeds stability and figure control requirements on the secondary mirror.
Clostridium perfringens CELLS AND PHOSPHOLIPASE C ACTIVITY AT CONSTANT AND LINEARLY RISING TEMPERATURES

Growth and phospholipase C production by Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 were evaluated in autoclaved ground beef at four constant temperatures and at three rising temperature rates representative of long time low temperature (LTLT) food processing. The total activity of phospholipase C per unit volume, determined by the hemolysin indicator (HI) method, correlated directly to the CFU/g measured on Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine agar during constant temperature growth and under rising temperature conditions that result in growth and inactivation. Inactivation kinetics of C. perfringens and phospholipase C were compared at temperatures encountered during exposure to rising temperatures. Inactivation kinetics of C. perfringens ATCC 13124 and phospholipase C produced by strain ATCC 13124 in autoclaved ground beef are essentially identical. The HI method appears applicable for estimating viable C. perfringens in LTLT processed products.
Forcing axioms and the continuum hypothesis. Part II: transcending ω1-sequences of real numbers

The purpose of this article is to prove that the forcing axiom for completely proper forcings is inconsistent with the continuum hypothesis. This answers a longstanding problem of Shelah.
Some Observations about Recruiting Bright Students for Teacher Preparation.

Central to current debates about improving teacher quality is the identification, recruitment, selection, and retention of individuals who have the potential to be successful teacher candidates. Recent reform agendas have suggested that the preparation and retention of high quality teachers for our nation's schools is an essential prerequisite for improving public education. However, as Schlechty and Vance (1983) noted in their study of the teaching force, teacher education does not attract recruits from among the academically able. They note "that teaching is unattractive to the more academically able and disproportionately attractive to the less able creates a significant public relations problem for the teaching occupation and probably serves to discourage potentially competent teachers from pursuing careers in teaching" (Schlechty & Vance, 1983, p. 6). One result of this plea to improve the quality of teacher candidates has been increased efforts on many college campuses to attract more academically able students into teacher education programs. Although it is generally accepted that academic ability alone is not a sufficient predictor of success in teacher preparation, most would agree that it is necessary and even desirable for students to be academically proficient
Transfection of C6 glioma cells with glia maturation factor upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor: trophic effects and protection against ethanol toxicity in cerebellar granule cells

Glial cells play active roles in neuronal survival, as well as neuroprotection against toxic insult. Recent studies suggest that the brain protein glia maturation factor (GMF) is involved in intracellular signaling in glia. This study investigated whether or not GMF plays a role in the survival-promoting and neuroprotective functions of glia. C6 glioma cells were transfected in vitro with GMF utilizing an adenovirus vector. The transfected cells overexpressed GMF intracellularly, but did not secrete the protein. The conditioned medium (CM) was obtained from the GMF-transfected cells (CM-GMF) and tested on primary neuronal cultures, consisting of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). The CGC cultures were utilized because these cultures have a background level of cell death, and the survival-promoting, i.e. neurotrophic effect, of the CM could be tested. In addition, since CGC cultures are ethanol-sensitive (ethanol enhances neuronal death), the neuroprotective effect of the CM against ethanol-induced cell death was tested also. We demonstrated that the CM-GMF had an enhanced neurotrophic effect as well as an increased neuroprotective effect against ethanol-induced cell death compared to control CM obtained from untransfected C6 cells (CM-Mock) or CM obtained from cells transfected with an unrelated gene (CM-LacZ). Because neurotrophins have trophic and protective effects, we investigated whether GMF-transfection upregulated the expression of neurotrophins in C6 cells. RT-PCR verified that GMF-transfected C6 cells had increased mRNA levels for BDNF and NGF. Immunoblotting corroborated the RT-PCR results and indicated that CM-GMF contained greater concentrations of BDNF and NGF protein compared to CM-Mock and CM-LacZ. A soluble TrkB-IgG fusion protein, which selectively binds BDNF and prevents its binding to the neuronal TrkB receptor, eliminated the neurotrophic effect of CM-GMF; whereas anti-NGF antibody was ineffective in preventing this effect, suggesting that the neurotrophic effect was due to BDNF. On the other hand, both the TrkB-IgG fusion protein and anti-NGF reduced neuroprotection, suggesting that BDNF and NGF both contribute to the neuroprotective effect of CM-GMF. In conclusion, GMF upregulates the expression of BDNF and NGF in C6 cells, and these factors exert neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions on primary neurons.
Markov traces on universal Jones algebras and subfactors of finite index.

We construct one parameter families of inclusions of nonhyperfinite type II1 factorsN s ⊂M s , with trivial relative commutant (N s )′∩M s =ℂ and with the Jones' index [M s ∶N s ]=s ranging over the sets∈{4 cos2π/n|n≧4}∪[4, ∞), by using Markov traces on certain universal algebras associated to a given algebra and to the Jones' sequence of projections. This solves the problem of finding all possible values of indices of subfactors with trivial relative commutant in arbitrary type II1 factors, by showing that any numbers>4 can occur.
Survivable network virtualization for single facility node failure: A network flow perspective

Abstract Network virtualization facilitates the technology advancement via decoupling the traditional Internet Service Providers (ISPs) into the infrastructure provider (InP) and the service provider (SP). Revolutionary technologies hence can be easily employed by the SP and transparently mapped to the physical network managed by the InP after resolving the network embedding problem. In this work, we target on importing resilience to the virtualization context by solving the survivable network embedding (SNE) problem. We view the SNE problem from a multi-commodity network flow perspective, and present an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model for both splittable and non-splittable flow to achieve joint optimal allocation for the working and backup resources. For large-scale problems, we propose two efficient heuristic algorithms for the case with splittable and non-splittable flow, respectively. Our performance evaluation shows that the splittable mapping outperforms the non-splittable mapping in terms of the consumed resources, while the latter bears the advantage of consistent QoS guarantee.
Maximum and Average Flash Temperatures in Sliding Contacts

The surface temperature rise for a semi-infinite body due to different moving heat sources is analyzed for the entire range of Peclet number using a Green's function method. Analytical and approximate solutions of maximum and average surface temperatures are obtained for the cases of square uniform, circular uniform, and parabolic heat sources. Considering the heat partition between the two contacting bodies, solutions of interface flash temperature are presented for the general sliding contact case as well as for the case of sliding contact between two moving asperities
Analysis of mixtures of glycols by ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract Procedures and results of the anion-exchange separation of diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, the meso and the dl isomers of 2,3-butylene glycol, and glycerol are reported. This separation allows the determination of each of the six compounds present in the mixture by oxidation with dichromate.
Theory of giant saturation magnetization in α''-Fe16N2: role of partial localization in ferromagnetism of 3d transition metals

A new model is proposed for the ferromagnetism associated with partially localized electron states in the Fe16N2 system that explains its giant saturation magnetization. It is demonstrated that an unusual correlation effect is introduced within the Fe–N octahedral cluster region and the effective on-site 3d–3d Coulomb interaction increases due to a substantial 3d electron charge density difference between the cluster and its surroundings, which leads to a partially localized electron configuration with a long-range ferromagnetic order. The first-principles calculation based on the LDA+U method shows that giant saturation magnetization can be achieved at sufficiently large Hubbard U values. The feature of the coexistence of the localized and itinerant electron states plays a key role in the formation of giant saturation magnetization.
Representations of Race and Gender in Mainstream Media Coverage of the 2008 Democratic Primary

This paper presents a critical examination of the representations and code words for race and gender used in coverage of the Democratic primary between January 2008 and June 9, 2008. This analysis included all coverage in the New York Times and two cable television news channels (CNN, MSNBC). With an election pitting a black man against a white woman, media has been forced to go behind the colorblind curtain that typically ignores all but the most obvious references to race. Evidence illustrates how the mainstream media, in creating a story that resonates with commonsense understandings of race, gender and power, reworks representations of the candidates in a way that does not challenge white, masculine hegemony.
Large N matrix mechanics and constrained classical systems

Abstract In the sector of energy eigenstates which transform according to the trivial or adjoint representations, large N matrix mechanics becomes the type of constrained classical system recently studied by other authors. The “large N classical solutions” are therefore interpreted as transition matrix elements among these energy levels, and an e iωt typw “ansatz” is thus derived.
Molecular character of influenza A/H1N1 2009: Implications for spread and control.

The world is experiencing a pandemic of influenza that emerged in March 2009, due to a novel strain designated influenza A/H1N1 2009. This strain is closest in molecular sequence to swine influenza viruses, but differs from all previously known influenza by a minimum of 6.1%, and from prior “seasonal” H1N1 by 27.2%, giving it great potential for widespread human infection. While spread into India was delayed for two months by an aggressive interdiction program, since 1 August 2009 most cases in India have been indigenous. H1N1 2009 has differentially struck younger patients who are naive susceptibles to its antigenic subtype, while sparing those >60 who have crossreactive antibody from prior experience with influenza decades ago and the 1977 “swine flu” vaccine distributed in the United States. It also appears to more severely affect pregnant women. It emanated from a single source in central Mexico, but its precise geographical and circumstantial origins, from either Eurasia or the Americas, remain uncertain. While currently a mild pandemic by the standard of past pandemics, the seriousness of H1N1 2009 especially among children should not be underestimated. There is potential for the virus, which continues to adapt to humans, to change over time into a more severe etiologic agent by any of several foreseeable mutations. Mass acceptance of the novel H1N1 2009 vaccine worldwide will be essential to its control. Having spread globally in a few months, affecting millions of people, it is likely to remain circulating in the human population for a decade or more.
Molecular Genetic Markers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Genetics play an increasingly important role in the risk stratification and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Traditionally, AML classification and risk stratification relied on cytogenetic studies; however, molecular detection of gene mutations is playing an increasingly important role in classification, risk stratification, and management of AML. Molecular testing does not take the place of cytogenetic testing results, but plays a complementary role to help refine prognosis, especially within specific AML subgroups. With the exception of acute promyelocytic leukemia, AML therapy is not targeted but the intensity of therapy is driven by the prognostic subgroup. Many prognostic scoring systems classify patients into favorable, poor, or intermediate prognostic subgroups based on clinical and genetic features. Current standard of care combines cytogenetic results with targeted testing for mutations in FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, and KIT to determine the prognostic subgroup. Other gene mutations have also been demonstrated to predict prognosis and may play a role in future risk stratification, although some of these have not been confirmed in multiple studies or established as standard of care. This paper will review the contribution of cytogenetic results to prognosis in AML and then will focus on molecular mutations that have a prognostic or possible therapeutic impact.
Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei populations to prothioconazole and thiabendazole

Abstract Ascochyta rabiei causes Ascochyta blight, a yield-limiting disease of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) world-wide. In 2007, fungal populations of A. rabiei resistant to the QoI group of fungicides were detected in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Assays were conducted to determine fungal sensitivity for two alternative fungicidal modes of action. A total of 78 isolates of A. rabiei collected between 1983 and 2007 were screened to determine baseline sensitivity to the demethylation-inhibiting foliar fungicide, prothioconazole, and 100 isolates collected between 1987 and 2007 were screened for sensitivity to the methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide, thiabendazole. Isolates were tested using an in vitro mycelial growth assay to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of fungal growth was inhibited (EC 50 ) for each isolate–fungicide combination. Baseline EC 50 values of prothioconazole ranged from 0.0526 to 0.2958 μg/ml, with a mean of 0.1783 μg/ml. Isolates of A. rabiei collected from 2007 to 2009 from North Dakota chickpea fields exposed to prothioconazole, were screened for prothioconazole sensitivity using the same assay. Mean EC 50 values for these isolates were 0.3544 μg/ml, 0.3746 μg/ml, and 0.7820 μg/ml, respectively. These values represent an approximate 2.0 (2007–2008) and 4.4-fold (2009) decrease in sensitivity from the baseline mean. EC 50 values of thiabendazole ranged from 1.192 to 3.819 μg/ml, with a mean of 2.459 μg/ml. No significant decrease in fungicide sensitivity was observed for thiabendazole. To date, no loss of Ascochyta blight control has been observed with the use of either prothioconazole or thiabendazole.
The role of DNA methylation in virus replication: Inhibition of frog virus 3 replication by 5-azacytidine

Frog virus 3 (FV3) DNA is the most highly methylated DNA of any known DNA virus; about 20% of the cytosine residues in FV3 DNA are methylated (D. Willis and A. Granoff, 1980, Virology 107, 250-257). To understand the role of DNA methylation in virus replication, we have examined the effect of 5-azacytidine, a drug that inhibits DNA methylation. 5-Azacytidine (10 microM) reduced the production of infectious FV3 by 100-fold or more and inhibited methylation of viral DNA by about 80%. Inhibition of DNA methylation did not affect viral gene expression since there was no detectable inhibition of virus-specific RNA or protein synthesis in 5-azacytidine-treated cells. In contrast, the size of the replicating DNA measured under completely denaturing conditions, was much smaller than that found during infection in the absence of drug. These results suggest that the undermethylated DNA was susceptible to endodeoxyribonuclease(s). Additionally, electron microscopic examination of FV3-infected, 5-azacytidine-treated cells revealed that preformed capsids remained empty or were only partially filled with viral DNA. Based on these data, it is suggested that methylation of DNA protects it from endonucleolytic cleavage and that the integrity of genomic DNA is required for its proper packaging into virions.
A Randomized Intervention of Reminder Letter for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Series Completion

Abstract Purpose Completion rate for the three-dose series of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has generally been low. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a reminder letter intervention on HPV vaccine three-dose series completion. Methods Female members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California Health Plan who received at least one dose, but not more than two doses, of the HPV vaccine by February 13, 2013, and who were between ages 9 and 26 years at the time of first HPV vaccination were included. Eighty percent of these females were randomized to receive the reminder letter, and 20% were randomized to receive standard of care (control). The reminder letters were mailed quarterly to those who had not completed the series. The proportion of series completion at the end of the 12-month evaluation period was compared using chi-square test. Results A total of 9,760 females were included in the intervention group and 2,445 in the control group. HPV vaccine series completion was 56.4% in the intervention group and 46.6% in the control groups ( p Conclusions Reminder letters scheduled quarterly were effective to enhance HPV vaccine series completion among those who initiated the vaccine. However, a large gap in series completion remained despite the intervention. Future studies should address other barriers to series completion, including those at the providers and the health care system level.
Echocardiographic systolic time intervals in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus

Thirty-six premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome and clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were studied by M-mode echocardiography before and after closure of the ductus. Before closure the ratio of left ventricular preejection period to left ventricular ejection time (LPEP/LVET) was .26±.03 (mean±SD). After closure of the ductus, LPEP/LVET was .38±.04 (mean±SD), significantly different from the value before closure but not significantly different from the value found in 21 control infants; also, a ratio < .30 was always associated with a clinically significant shunt. The combination of systolic time interval measurement with standard M-mode measurement of the left side of the heart enhanced echocardiographic detection of PDA in our series. Serial evaluation of systolic time interval measurements may provide a further index of left-to-right shunt through a PDA and be a valuable adjunct to the clinical management of these patients.
Orthodontic adhesives and bond strengthtesting

A bracket bond failure is a frustrating occurrence in orthodontic practice. Because the location of the bond failure may indicate the probable cause, it is important to understand the significance of "bond strength" in a clinical application. Bonding in orthodontics can be studied using controlled clinical models or in vitro using simulated clinical models or more fundamental, isolated substrate models, in which bonding of an adhesive to tooth structure or a bracket is studied independently. With numerous adhesives and orthodontic band and bracket materials available as well as other orthodontic substrates besides enamel, such as esthetic ceramic restorations, in vitro models play an important role in characterizing the bonding potential of new systems. This article reviews bonding of orthodontic brackets and bands using various orthodontic adhesives to dental substrates from the perspective of bond strength and its measurement.
Dos delirios y dos destinos: María Zambrano y Friedrich Nietzsche

Partiendo de la teoria literaria y Ecce homo, de Nietzsche, este articulo estudia la representacion del «yo» autobiografico en Delirio y destino, de Zambrano. Se presta particular atencion al concepto narratologico de autor, asi como a la multiplicidad del «yo» y el delirio.
Evaluation of Age, Gender, Strain, and Diet on the Cooked Yield and Shear Values of Broiler Breast Fillets

Abstract Poultry processors are concerned that small changes made in the procedures used to grow broilers will affect the quality of the meat, such as the texture. This survey attempted to determine how much the texture was affected by small changes in the diet fed to the bird, the strain of the bird, the age of the bird when it is processed, and the gender of the bird. The cooked fillets were tested for texture using two different devices. No effects on texture were detected due to the diets, strains, or gender used in this study. All meat samples regardless of age, gender, diet, strain, or texture-assessing device would be considered tender. This data indicates that minor changes in diet, strain, and age that could happen in industry would have minimal effects on the ultimate meat quality of the fillets.
What Are the 5-year Survivorship Outcomes of Compressive Endoprosthetic Osseointegration Fixation of the Femur?

Background Aseptic complications such as stress shielding leading to bone loss are major problems associated with revision of cemented and uncemented long-stem tumor endoprostheses. Endoprosthetic reconstruction using compressive osseointegration fixation is a relatively new limb salvage technology designed to enhance osseointegration, prevent stress shielding, and provide fixation for short end-segments.
Evaluation of Dental Pulp Sensibility Tests in a Clinical Setting

Introduction The goal of this project was to evaluate the performance of dental pulp sensibility testing with Endo Ice (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and an electric pulp tester (EPT) and to determine the effect of several variables on the reliability of these tests. Methods Data were collected from 656 patients seen in the University of Iowa College of Dentistry Endodontic graduate clinic. The results of pulpal sensibility tests, along with the tooth number, age, sex, number of restored surfaces, presence or absence of clinical or radiographic caries, and reported recent use of analgesic medications, were recorded. The presence of vital tissue within the pulp chamber was used to verify the diagnosis. Results The Endo Ice results showed accuracy, 0.904; sensitivity, 0.916; specificity, 0.896; positive predictive value, 0.862; and negative predictive value, 0.937. The EPT results showed accuracy, 0.75; sensitivity, 0.84; specificity, 0.74; positive predictive value, 0.58; and negative predictive value, 0.90. Patients aged 21-50 years exhibited a more accurate response to cold testing (P = .0043). Vital teeth with caries responded more accurately to cold testing (P = .0077). There was no statistically significant difference noted with any other variable examined. Conclusion Pulpal sensibility testing with Endo Ice and EPT are accurate and reliable methods of determining pulpal vitality. Patients aged 21-50 exhibited a more accurate response to cold. Sex, tooth type, number of restored surfaces, presence of caries, and recent analgesic use did not significantly alter the results of pulpal sensibility testing in this study.
Measuring quality of patient information documents with an expanded EQIP scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an expanded version of the ensuring quality information for patients (EQIP) scale to measure quality of patient information documents. METHODS: We added 16 new items to the 20-item EQIP scale. The 36 items addressed document content, structure, and identification data. The new tool was used to rate the quality of 73 leaflets describing medical care procedures, used at a university hospital. Assessment rules were clarified on 25 documents; the remaining 48 leaflets were independently rated by two assessors. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was very good (mean item-specific kappa statistic on 48 documents=0.84). The intraclass correlation coefficient for the global score was 0.95. The mean global conformity score on all items was 44 (range: 21-76, S.D.=10). Most documents stated the purpose of the medical intervention (74% fully adequate), described qualitative risks (64%), used a respectful tone (80%), provided clear information (64%) in a logical order (73%). Fewer quantified risks (7%), were balanced (33%), used everyday language (22%), provided contact details (28%), identified authors (25%) and funding sources (4%). None gave evidence-based references nor clearly mentioned patient participation. CONCLUSIONS: The expanded EQIP scale was reliable, and proved useful for analysis of patient information documents. Documents partially met international standards for quality patient information. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Document producers' efforts should focus on respecting guidelines and including patients.
A concise and general methodology for the complete asymmetric synthesis of the orthogonally protected 2-amino-1,3,4-butanetriols (ABTs)

A complete asymmetric synthesis of the orthogonally protected 2-amino-1,3,4-butanetriols I (ABTs: versatile four carbon chiral synthons) was accomplished via the regioselective asymmetric aminohydroxylation (AA) reaction and oxazoline chemistry in four to six steps from the starting olefin 1. The syn-vicinal amino alcohol functionality of I was installed by the regioselective AA reaction of the achiral olefin 1 in a single step, and the anti-vicinal amino alcohol functionality of I was derived from the syn-amino alcohol 2 by inverting the C2 hydroxy group stereochemistry through the formation and hydrolysis of the oxazoline 7. Thus, the present strategy represents the most efficient and general asymmetric synthesis of ABTs so far.
Gibberellic-acid-induced synthesis and release of cell-wall-degrading endoxylanase by isolated aleurone layers of barley.

When aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are incubated with gibberellic acid (GA3) xylose and arabinose—both as free sugars and bound to larger molecules—are released into the medium. Release begins 10–12h after the start of incubation and continues for at least 60h. At the same time there is a GA3-induced breakdown of the cell wall resulting in a loss of 2/3 of the cell-wall pentose during 60h of incubation. GA3 causes the appearance in the medium of an enzyme (or enzymes) which hydrolyze larchwood xylan and aleurone-layer arabinoxylan. Release of the enzyme(s) into the medium begins 28–32h after the start of incubation. Enzyme activity does not accumulate to any large extent in the tissue prior to release into the medium, and is present in very low levels only in the absence of GA3. Xylanase activity is associated with a protein (or proteins) with a molecular weight of 29,000. The hydrolysis of the xylans is largely caused by endoxylanase activity, indicating the importance of endoglycosidases in the GA3-induced breakdown of the aleurone cell wall.
Transcriptional Origin of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus MicroRNAs

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 11 distinct microRNAs, all of which are found clustered within the major latency-associated region of the KSHV genome in the same transcriptional orientation. Because the KSHV microRNAs are all expressed in latently infected cells and are largely unaffected by induction of lytic replication, it appeared probable that they would be processed out of KSHV transcripts that are derived from a latent promoter(s) present in this region. Here, we define three latent transcripts, derived from two distinct KSHV latent promoters, that function as both KSHV primary microRNA precursors and as kaposin pre-mRNAs. These activities require the readthrough of a leaky viral polyadenylation signal located at nucleotide 122070 in the KSHV genome. In contrast, recognition of this polyadenylation signal gives rise to previously identified mRNAs that encode the KSHV open reading frames (ORFs) 71, 72 and 73 proteins as well as a novel unspliced KSHV mRNA that encodes only ORF72 and ORF71. Thus, transcripts initiating at the two latent promoters present in the KSHV latency-associated region can undergo two entirely distinct fates, i.e., processing to give a kaposin mRNA and viral microRNAs on the one hand or expression as KSHV ORF71, ORF72, or ORF73 mRNAs on the other, depending on whether the viral polyadenylation site located at position 122070 is ignored or recognized, respectively.
High-repetition rate measurements of temperature and thermal dissipation in a non-premixed turbulent jet flame

Abstract High-repetition rate laser Rayleigh scattering is used to study the temperature fluctuations, power spectra, gradients, and thermal dissipation rate characteristics of a non-premixed turbulent jet flame at a Reynolds number of 15,200. The radial temperature gradient is measured by a two-point technique, whereas the axial gradient is measured from the temperature time-series combined with Taylor’s hypothesis. The temperature power spectra along the jet centerline exhibit only a small inertial subrange, probably because of the low local Reynolds number ( Re δ ≈ 2000), although a larger inertial subrange is present in the spectra at off-centerline locations. Scaling the frequency by the estimated Batchelor frequency improves the collapse of the dissipation region of the spectra, but this collapse is not as good as is obtained in non-reacting jets. Probability density functions of the thermal dissipation are shown to deviate from lognormal in the low-dissipation portion of the distribution when only one component of the gradient is used. In contrast, nearly log-normal distributions are obtained along the centerline when both axial and radial components are included, even for locations where the axial gradient is not resolved. The thermal dissipation PDFs measured off the centerline deviate from log-normal owing to large-scale intermittency. At one-half the visible flame length, the radial profile of the mean thermal dissipation exhibits a peak off the centerline, whereas farther downstream the peak dissipation occurs on the centerline. The mean thermal dissipation on centerline is observed to increase linearly with downstream distance, reach a peak at the location of maximum mean centerline temperature, and then decrease for farther downstream locations. Many of these observed trends are not consistent with equivalent non-reacting turbulent jet measurements, and thus indicate the importance of understanding how heat release modifies the turbulence structure of jet flames.
Non-coding RNAs as direct and indirect modulators of epigenetic regulation.

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an increasingly well-understood concept that explains much of the contribution of an organism’s environment and experience to its biology. However, discussion persists as to which mechanisms can be classified as epigenetic. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel pathways, including the important role of non-protein coding RNA transcripts in epigenetic gene regulation. We know that the majority of human and other mammalian transcripts are not translated but that many of these are nonetheless functional. These non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can be short (< 200 nt) or long (< 200 nt) and are further classified by genomic origin and mechanism of action. We discuss examples of ncRNAs that interact with histone modifying complexes or DNA methyltransferases to regulate gene expression, others that are targets of these epigenetic mechanisms, and propose a model in which such transcripts feed back into an epigenetic regulatory network.
Cyclic-strain-induced endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules and their roles in monocyte-endothelial interaction.

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly subjected to hemodynamic forces that may regulate monocyte-endothelial interaction in vivo. To examine the effects of cyclic strain on endothelial expression of monocyte adhesion molecules, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) ECs were exposed to physiologically relevant levels of cyclic strain. When ECs were under 25% maximal strain at 30 cycles/min for 24 h, the expression of E-selectin significantly (p 82%. This cyclic-strain-induced monocyte adhesion was substantially inhibited (83.5%) by anti-E-selectin antibody. ICAM-1 expression also significantly increased, by 62%, when ECs were under 25% maximal strain at 30 cycles/min for 3 h whereas VCAM-1 expression by ECs under strain (for 0.5, 3, and 24 h) did not change compared to static ECs. When ECs were treated with anti-ICAM-1 antibody and monocytes with anti-VLA-4 antibody, an increase in monocyte adhesion to ECs under cyclic strain was reduced significantly. These results demonstrate that cyclic strain can induce EC expression of monocyte adhesion molecules E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in a time-dependent manner and thus can mediate monocyte adhesion.
Synthesis of the contingent negative variation brain potential from noncontingent stimulus and motor elements

Slow shifts in brain potential (commonly called the contingent negative variation), obtained during a warned reaction-time task with a foreperiod of 1 second, were compared with waveforms synthesized by the addition of separately obtained potentials associated with individual (nonpaired) sensory stimuli and self-initiated motor movements. The synthesized waveforms match closely the actual contingent negative variation, suggesting that it is constituted largely of separate, noncontingent elements related to sensory and motor processes.
1318 A PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION FOR SUBARACHNOID HEMOR RHAGE (SAH)

One-Hundred and four neonates with SAH diagnosed by CT scan within 7 days of life were graded into 3 groups on the basis of theri CT exam: Grade 1 (mild)- visualization of the falx without brain edema; Grade 2 (mod)- visible pooling of blood below the tentorium in the post fossa; Grade 3 (severe)- diffuse blood in subarachnoid spaces of the brain convexities. The following clinical characteristics were noted: Severe (grade 3) SAH was more likely in the smaller more pre-term neonates. Grade 3 SAH was more frequently preceded by fetal distress (abnormal fetal heart rate tracings) and required emergency c-section. Earlier onset of symptoms directly correlated with increasing severity of hemorrhage. Finally, seizures, a prominent symptom in all neonates with SAH was not correlated with increasing severity.
The μ−invariant of Seifert fibered homology spheres and the Dirac operator

We derive a formula for the \({\bar\mu}\)-invariant of a Seifert fibered homology sphere in terms of the η-invariant of its Dirac operator. As a consequence, we obtain a vanishing result for the index of certain Dirac operators on plumbed 4-manifolds bounding such spheres.
Photoluminescence and vibrational spectroscopic studies on weathered uranium oxides

Spectroscopic studies were performed both on uranium oxides as baseline and on uranium oxides artificially weathered under known laboratory conditions in air, varying humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and exposure to UV light. Spectroscopic techniques included photoluminescence and diffuse reflectance FTIR. Photoluminescence measurements were made using a Spex Fluorolog-3TM spectrofluorometer with phosphorimeter. FTIR measurements were made using a Bomem MB157 FTIR spectrophotometer with DTGS detector and approximately 450 cm-1 cut-off and a Graseby SelectorTM diffuse reflectance accessory with special cells and diamond dust as diluent and internal standard. Weathered-related reactions involving the uranium oxides that have been studied include oxidation and the formation of hydroxides and carbonates. Data are discussed with respect to both the reactions of the uranium oxides in the study and in context of reaction chemistry and mechanisms that have been previously documented. The results will be discussed in the context of environmental monitoring.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
T Cell Receptor Germline Gene Segments and HLA Haplotypes Control the Length of the CDR3 of Human T Cell Receptor β Chains

Abstract The third complementarity determining region (CDR3) is the most variable part of αβ T cell receptors (TCR) and represents the putative antigen contacting site. To identify parameters determining the structural diversity of the CDR3 region, the CDR3 length distributions of 66 BV–J combinations in peripheral CD4+T cells (6 BV and 11 BJ gene segments) of 12 unrelated individuals were analyzed. The median CDR3 length ranged from 8 to 12.5 amino acids and was partially determined by the usage of the BV and BJ gene segment. Beyond the influence of germline-encoded TCR gene segments, donors expressed an individual pattern of preferred CDR3 size classes. To identify mechanisms determining this individual pattern, 17 first-degree relatives from five families were studied. CDR3 length profiles were shared by some but not all relatives. Sharing of CDR3 length profiles correlated with the inheritance of both HLA-DR haplotypes. These data suggest that the length of the TCR β chain is selected and that restrictions on the diversity of the CDR3 length are imposed by germline-encoded TCR gene segments as well as by major histocompatibility complex-dependent mechanisms.
Indolent primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: Experience using systemic rituximab

Background Optimal treatment of indolent primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), marginal zone lymphoma, and follicle center lymphoma, presenting as multiple lesions, has yet to be established. Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody directed against the CD20 antigen of B cells. Clinical efficacy of systemic rituximab in CBCL has yet to be established. Objective We sought to assess the efficacy of systemic rituximab in the treatment of CBCL. Methods This was a retrospective study of 15 patients with indolent CBCL treated with intravenous rituximab (375 mg/m 2 ) as a single agent. Variable maintenance regimen was used in a subset of patients. Responses were categorized as complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease. The efficacy end points included were objective response rate, time to response, time to progression, and duration of response. Results Ten patients with follicle center lymphoma and 5 with marginal zone lymphoma were included. The objective response rate was 87% (60% complete response, 27% partial response). All patients with follicle center lymphoma had a response with 80% achieving complete response. Of the patients with marginal zone lymphoma, 3 had a response, one stable disease, and one progressive disease. Median follow-up was 36 months. Median time to response, duration of response, and time to progression was 30 days, 24 months, and 24 months, respectively. Limitations The study was limited by the small sample size and retrospective design. Conclusions This study, although small, suggests that rituximab is a reasonable first-line treatment option for indolent CBCL with multiple lesions where local treatment is not effective or desirable.
Herpes Simplex Viral Hepatitis in Adults: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Herpes simplex viral (HSV) hepatitis is uncommon in adults. Two new cases are reported herein; a literature review revealed an additional 33 patients. Ages ranged from 13 to 87 years; the mean age was 32.6 years, and the median was 28 years. HSV hepatitis usually occurs as part of disseminated HSV infection and is characterized by fulminant hepatic necrosis with serum transaminase levels frequently elevated 100- to 1,000-fold. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was present in 90% of the cases. Outcome was poor; 86% of the patients died. Eighty-six percent of the patients had an underlying condition associated with impaired host defenses. Renal transplantation (26%), steroid use other than in renal transplant patients (26%), and pregnancy (23%) were the most frequent underlying conditions. Early recognition and prompt initiation of antiviral therapy may offer a chance for improved survival rates.
Plasmonic Photosensitization of a Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Converting Plasmons to Charge Carriers

A fruitful paradigm in the development of low-cost and efficient photovoltaics is to dope or otherwise photosensitize wide band gap semiconductors in order to improve their light harvesting ability for light with sub-band-gap photon energies.1–8 Here, we report significant photosensitization of TiO2 due to the direct injection by quantum tunneling of hot electrons produced in the decay of localized surface-plasmon polaritons excited in gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded in the semiconductor (TiO2). Surface plasmon decay produces electron–hole pairs in the gold.9–15 We propose that a significant fraction of these electrons tunnel into the semiconductor’s conduction band resulting in a significant electron current in the TiO2 even when the device is illuminated with light with photon energies well below the semiconductor’s band gap. Devices fabricated with (nonpercolating) multilayers of AuNPs in a TiO2 film produced over 1000-fold increase in photoconductance when illuminated at 600 nm over what TiO2 film...
`Relway': A Process Data Highway System Optimized for Accelerators

The command/control scheme for the Isabelle accelerator, specifically the process data highway are discussed. (GHT)J
THE NUCLEOLUS, A SOURCE OF RIBOSOMES.

Abstract The occurrence of ribosomes in sub-nuclear fractions has been investigated. It has °been found that ribonucleoprotein particles with a RNA/protein ratio of 0.5 may be extracted from nucleoli by sodium deoxycholate treatment. Several lines of evidence have been presented to show that this ribonucleoprotein does not come from cytoplasmic contamination. The nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles are 38, 60, and 81 S with diameters of 200, 280, and 365 Angstrom. RNA of 18 and 28 S may be extracted from the nucleolus. The dissociation and association of nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles relative to magnesium concentration resembles that of cytoplasmic ribosomes. We concude that ribosomes are present in the nucleolus.
Optimization of cell lysis and protein digestion protocols for the analysis of HeLa S3 cells by LC‐MS/MS

In order to maximize the number of proteins identified from Hela S3 cell lysate we tested various cell lysis, protein precipitation and digestion protocols. First, we compared three different lysis buffers, two mechanical cell disruption methods and two precipitation methods. Then, we tested six different in-solution digestion protocols, three different in-gel digestion protocols and ten different peptide extraction protocols. The result is a proposal for an optimized protocol to prepare the whole cell lysate samples from HeLa S3 cells.
Repeated DNA sequences in the distal long arm of the human X chromosome.

Two DNA probes from within a single large insert from a recombinant phage-DNA library that was constructed from flow-sorted chromosomes enriched for the human X chromosome were shown to hybridize with repeated X-specific and autosomal DNA sequences. The X-chromosomal repeated sequences were assigned to the distal long arm of the X chromosome by both hybrid mapping and in situ hybridization. Fine mapping places these repeats in a region of Xq28 between DX13 (DXS15, in distal Xq28) and factor VIII (F8C, in proximal Xq28). The location of the X-specific repeats makes them potentially useful for future investigations of discases mapping to the distal long arm of the X chromosome, such as the fragile X syndrome.