cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicolor 3D Super-resolution Imaging by Quantum Dot Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

We demonstrate multicolor three-dimensional super-resolution imaging with quantum dots (QSTORM). By combining quantum dot asynchronous spectral blueing with stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and adaptive optics, we achieve three-dimensional imaging with 24 nm lateral and 37 nm axial resolution. By pairing two short-pass filters with two appropriate quantum dots, we are able to image single blueing quantum dots on two channels simultaneously, enabling multicolor imaging with high photon counts.
Epidemiological analysis on mumps,Anyang city,2005-2013

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Anyang city,so as to provide scientific basic for its control and prevention. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of mumps from National Notifiable Disease Reporting System from 2005 to 2013,then statistical analysis was carried out with Excel2003 and spss13.0software. Results A total of 12 493 mumps cases were reported in Anyang city during 2005-2013,the annual incidence rate was 26.03/105,The incidence rate of each year was 24.69/105,22.67/105,27.34/105,37.91/105,15.03/105,19.59/105,35.81//105,27.27/105,and 24.44/105.The peaks were in 2008 and 2011,the incidence rate was 37.91/105(2 030/5 355 013)and 35.81/105(1 855/5 180 326)(P 0.01);Most of the cases were 3-14 years children,Mumps cases were 10 909(87.32%);In late spring and early summer and winter with 5 726 and 736respectively,the peak incidence was significant;the sex ratio was 1.67∶1,the incidence in males was higher than that in females(P 0.01).Students,preschool children,scattered children,are high-risk groups,with 11 651 cases,accounting for 93.26%.of the total cases(12 493). Conclusion Mumps has become a problem of public health,which affects the health of children and the teaching order in the school.Mumps control and prevention should be carried out in school,preschool institutions,and other key places.
Recent advances in the use of low molecular weight heparins as prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis.

Low molecular weight heparins are providing a new prophylactic option for preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing joint replacement surgery. Fragmentation of heparin in laboratory studies revealed differences in coagulation and bleeding factors. This unexpected finding led to clinical trials, starting in 1985 in Europe and the United States. By late 1993, more than 10 000 patients had been admitted to clinical trials of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) for prevention of DVT. Results of these trials indicated that LMWHs were more effective than unfractionated heparins or warfarin in preventing DVT with no significant increase in bleeding noted
Pivotal Response Treatment

This chapter will discuss Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) for intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). PRT is based on the theory of learned helplessness, where individuals have difficulty learning that there is a response-reinforcer contingency. We speculate this is why individuals with ASD often display low motivation to communicate and engage with others, respond to environmental stimuli, or learn new skills and behaviors. PRT was developed to specifically emphasize response-reinforcer contingencies in order to improve motivation, which has been shown to produce widespread and generalized gains in many untargeted areas. This chapter presents instructions for implementing the motivational PRT procedures of child choice, reinforcing attempts, direct and natural reinforcers, interspersing maintenance and acquisition tasks, and incorporating task variation. In addition to the pivotal area of motivation, research suggests that there are other critical areas that when taught can also result in broad improvements. The chapter also discusses the additional pivotal areas of initiations, self-management, and response to multiple cues. Empirical support and research for both the PRT package and each component of the intervention is included. Lastly, future research and implications for families and practitioners are discussed.
Thermal neutron detectors based on hexagonal boron nitride epilayers

Solid-state neutron detectors with high performances are urgently sought after for the detection of fissile materials. Until now, direct-conversion neutron detectors based on semiconductors with a measureable efficiency have not been realized. We have successfully synthesized hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN) epilayers with varying thicknesses (0.3 μm – 50 μm) by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire substrates. In this paper, we present the detailed characterization of thermal neutron detectors fabricated from h-BN epilayers with a thickness up to 5 m to obtain insights into the h -BN epilayer thickness dependence of the device performance. The results revealed that the charge collection efficiency is almost independent of the h -BN epilayer thickness. By minimizing h -BN material removal by dry etching, it was shown that detectors incorporating an isotopically 10 B-enriched h -BN epilayer of 2.7 μm in thickness exhibited an overall detection efficiency for thermal neutrons of 4% and a charge collection efficiency as high as 83%. By doing away altogether with dry etching, we have successfully realized a simple vertical 43 μm thick h - 10 BN detector which delivers a detection efficiency of 51.4% for thermal neutrons, which is the highest reported efficiency for any semiconductor-based neutron detector The h -BN detectors possess all the advantages of semiconductor devices including low cost, high efficiency and sensitivity, wafer-scale processing, compact size, light weight, and ability to integrate with other functional devices.
Biofilm forming Salmonella strains exhibit enhanced thermal resistance in wheat flour

Abstract The biofilm lifestyle of bacteria confers a remarkably increased tolerance to antimicrobial interventions and environmental stresses, however little is known about influence of biofilms on thermal resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. This study was aimed to assess the correlation between the ability of biofilm formation of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) strains and their capacity to survive desiccation and thermal treatment in wheat flour as a model for low-moisture food. The production of the biofilm in S. Enteritidis strains was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using calcoflour fluorescence, congo-red binding, pellicle formation and microtiter-plate test. Subsequently, three biofilm-forming and four non-forming S. Enteritidis strains were selected. Survival after desiccation was evaluated by population counts before and after equilibration for 4–5 days at 45% RH. Thermal resistance (D80 °C, 0.45 aw) of S. Enteritidis in wheat flour was evaluated by fitting the thermal inactivation kinetic data with the first order kinetics model. The biofilm forming ability was not associated with resistance to desiccation. However, thermal resistance (D80 °C, 0.45 aw) and pre-formed biofilm amount (OD492 nm) showed a linear correlation (Spearmen correlation ρ = 0.8, p
Amplitude Shifting for Sidelobes Cancellation Pulse Compression

Pulse compression has been used to improve radar resolution. Many techniques are involved in pulse compression and they fall under frequency modulation and phase modulation. All of the techniques that have been implemented so far suffer from the sidelobe phenomena including Barker code, which uses a phase modulation technique. Mismatch filter is used to minimize sidelobes. Using mismatch filter increases hardware complexity, area, cost and power consumption and also degrades the performance. Not only that, sidelobe reduction takes place at the expense of Signal to noise ratio loss. Amplitude shifting technique is proposed to cancel the sidelobes of Barker code completely without any loss in signal to noise ratio and with much less hardware complexity, area and cost. Elimination of mismatch filter reduces the power consumption and improves the performance.
Bio-orthogonal “click-and-release” donation of caged carbonyl sulfide (COS) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biomolecule with high therapeutic potential. Here we leverage the inverse-electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) click reaction between a thiocarbamate-functionalized trans-cyclooctene and a tetrazine to deliver carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is quickly converted to H2S by the uniquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), thus providing a new strategy for bio-orthogonal COS/H2S donation.
Diabetes mellitus and long-term mortality of ovarian cancer patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies.

Summary Ovarian cancer (OC) is the sixth most common cancer among women, and its prognosis is not favorable. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is hypothesized to be associated with a higher mortality in ovarian cancer patients, but evidence is inconsistent. Thus, we aim to investigate if DM is associated with the long-term all-cause and long-term cancer-specific mortality in ovarian cancer patients by synthesizing available epidemiologic evidences. We used 4 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus) to search for eligible articles. Title/abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by reviewers independently. In meta-analysis, studies reporting risk ratio (RR) or hazard ratio that investigated the association between DM and mortality of OC patients were synthesized by a random-effect model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed by certain stratification or restrictive rules. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger test. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by the I-squared value and a chi-squared test for the Cochrane Q statistic. Twelve cohort studies involving 14 outcome measures were included. In overall meta-analysis, the synthesized RR for all-cause mortality was 1.44 (95% CI 1.16-1.79) without substantial statistical heterogeneity (PCochrane = .145, I2 = 34.1%); the synthesized RR for cancer-specific mortality was 1.44 (95% CI 1.08-1.93) with substantial heterogeneity (PCochrane < .001, I2 = 90.1%). No publication bias was observed. Our results suggest DM is associated with a higher all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in ovarian cancer patients. Future studies should be done to examine the association between type 1 DM and ovarian cancer mortality.
Production of 75–150 µm and <75 µm of cerium dioxide microspheres in high yield and throughput using the internal gelation process

Hundreds of grams of calcined cerium dioxide (CeO2) microspheres were produced using the internal gelation process with a focus on 75–150 µm and <75 µm diameter sizes. To achieve these small sizes, a modified internal gelation system was employed, which utilized a two-fluid nozzle, two static mixers for turbulent flow, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as the medium for gel formation at 333–338 K. This effort generated over 400 g of 75–150 µm and 300 g of <75 µm CeO2 microspheres. The typical product yields for the 75–150 µm and <75 µm microspheres that were collected and processed were 72 and 99%, respectively, with a typical throughput of 66–73 g of CeO2 microspheres per test, which could generate a maximum of 78.6 g of CeO2. The higher yield of very small cerium spheres led to challenges and modifications, which are discussed in detail. As expected, when the <75 µm microspheres were targeted, losses to the system increased significantly.
Rank Tests at Jump Events

We propose a test for the rank of a cross-section of processes at a set of jump events. The jump events are either specific known times or are random and associated with jumps of some process. The ...
Introduction: Photo Methods, the Image, and Validity

Although the two have distinct origins, photography and ethnography are linked in history and practice. The technology and application of photography as documenter and driver of society has created a convergence of culture and image not possible in former ages, and Yet in social science, the image has been slow to gain acceptance as a tool for data collection and dissemination. This introduction describes the origins and mechanisms of this powerful union and explains how the use of images in ethnographic work enhances validity. The chapters herein are testaments to the power of using images in ethnographic research as more than a mere mechanism for deeper data collection, but also as an empowering experience for participants.
Unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition of acoustic emission signals during early hydration of Portland cement paste

Abstract Several studies have been conducted to investigate early age Portland cement hydration using acoustic emission technique, with different mechanisms attributed by different authors. In the proof-of-concept research presented in this paper, acoustic emission (AE) was employed to explore relationships between recorded signals associated with elastic stress waves and potential mechanisms associated with cement hydration. Ordinary Portland cement paste samples having water/cement ratio of 0.3 and 0.5 were monitored during the first 72 h of curing using broadband AE sensors. The acoustic emission signals were analyzed using unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition algorithms to address limitations of acoustic emission parameter analysis. Wavelet analysis was utilized as a complementary method, which can be considered as a map for identification of patterns in the signal set. Unsupervised methods are useful when there is no history or background data concerning the pattern of a phenomenon such as the hydration process.
Surface Alteration of a Melilitite-Clan Carbonatite and the Potential for Remote Carbonatite Detection

Abstract The varied lithologic facies and mineralogy resulting from emplacement of syngenetic alkaline, ultramafic and carbonatite (AUC) intrusions are made more diverse by variable weathering and alteration. Ultramafic-carbonatite intrusive complexes are a source for many valuable minerals including diamonds and rare earth element minerals. The intrusive bodies are often difficult to detect in the field due to their paucity, weathering, vegetation, and, in some instances, similarity to country rock, especially in the case of carbonatites among sedimentary carbonates. Remote spectroscopic detection is used extensively for geologic mapping yet has not been applied to differentiating sedimentary and igneous carbonate weathering profiles. Here we document the alteration mineralogy of a newly authenticated melilitite-clan carbonatite occurrence in the Avon Volcanic District in southeast Missouri, USA. The presence of lizardite, vermiculite, phlogopite, and andradite in the weathered crust of calcic and dolomitic carbonatites differentiate them from sedimentary dolomites. We apply field and laboratory spectral measurements to determine the feasibility of humid region AUC remote sensing and classification. Automated humid region detection and classification of carbonatites among sedimentary carbonates is shown to be possible using ratios of absorption features in the 2000–2400 nm range as well as features centered near 680, 900, and 1100 nm due transition metal charge transfer and crystal field splitting in garnet, sheet-silicates, and spinel.
Modern Human Biological Adaptations to High-Altitude Environments in the Andean Archaeological Record

High-altitude regions are characterized by cold climates, limited nutrition, and reduced barometric pressure of atmospheric oxygen creating challenges for organisms that live there. Living human populations indigenous to high altitudes in the Andes exhibit a number of biological responses to high-altitude environmental stressors. Delayed growth, short adult stature, and small body weights are developmental responses to undernutrition at high altitudes. Enlarged chests and lung volumes are the result of both developmental acclimatization and long-term genetic adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Living highland Andeans also adapt to cold stress via small limb proportions in a pattern predicted by Allen’s rule. The longevity of human settlement in the Andes suggests that biological adaptations to high altitudes also should characterize highland Andeans in the ancient past. I synthesize previous work (Weinstein 2005, 2007) that compares body size and proportions and thoracic morphology in human skeletons (N = 347) from highland and lowland archaeological sites in the Andes to identify high-altitude adaptations in Andean prehistory. Variation in intralimb proportions in these skeletons suggest that cold stress was not uniformly experienced throughout the highlands. Highland individuals have smaller body sizes than lowlanders, a difference attributed to poorer quality diets in the highlands. Some of the highlanders have thoracic skeletal morphology indicative of enlarged chests and lungs, features that may have developed in response to high-altitude hypoxia. Dietary practices, ambient temperatures, hypoxic stress, and gene flow differentially affected the biology of ancient highland Andeans and demonstrate that specific biological responses to high altitudes are dependent on population history at high altitudes and the severity of the environmental conditions. Future investigations of biological responses to high altitudes in ancient populations of the Tibetan Plateau and highland Ethiopia will shed further light on the development and evolution of human biological variation at high altitude.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Gestational Diabetes: A Pilot Study of the Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.

Study Objectives:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pregnancy is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This propensity toward heightened insulin resistance in OSA patients has not been...
Abstract 16926: Phenotypically Heterogeneous Podoplanin-expressing Populations are Associated With Lymphatic Vessel Growth and Fibrogenic Responses in the Acutely and Chronically Infarcted Myocardium

Introduction: The cardiac lymphatic system is crucial for the control of intra-myocardial pressure and prevention of edema, lipid metabolism, and balanced regulation of tissue inflammation. Cardiac...
Development of Hospitalization Resource Intensity Scores for Kids (H-RISK) and Comparison across Pediatric Populations.

Background In the Medicare population, measures of relative severity of illness (SOI) for hospitalized patents have been used in prospective payment models. Similar measures for pediatric populations have not been fully developed. Objective To develop hospitalization resource intensity scores for kids (H-RISK) using pediatric relative weights (RWs) for SOI and to compare hospital types on case-mix index (CMI). Design/methods Using the 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), we developed RWs for each All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group (APR-DRG) and SOI level. RW corresponded to the ratio of the adjusted mean cost for discharges in an APR-DRG SOI combination over adjusted mean cost of all discharges in the dataset. RWs were applied to every discharge from 3,117 hospitals in the database with at least 20 discharges. RWs were then averaged at the hospital level to provide each hospital's CMI. CMIs were compared by hospital type using Kruskal- Wallis tests. Results The overall adjusted mean cost of weighted discharges in Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project KID 2012 was $6,135 per discharge. Solid organ and bone marrow transplantations represented 4 of the 10 highest procedural RWs (range: 35.5 to 91.7). Neonatal APRDRG SOIs accounted for 8 of the 10 highest medical RWs (range: 19.0 to 32.5). Free-standing children's hospitals yielded the highest median (interquartile range [IQR]) CMI (2.7 [2.2-3.1]), followed by urban teaching hospitals (1.8 [1.3-2.6]), urban nonteaching hospitals (1.1 [0.9-1.5]), and rural hospitals (0.8 [0.7-0.9]; P Conclusions H-RISK for populations of pediatric admissions are sensitive to detection of substantial differences in SOI by hospital type.
Human Vitamin D Receptor Mutations: Identification of Molecular Defects in Hypocalcemic Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

Our laboratories have been interested in the mechanism by which steroid receptors in general, and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(0H)2D) receptor specifically, interact with sequences in the target cell genome and regulate the transcription of specific gene products. Elucidation of these structure-function relationships of the l,25-(OH)2D3 receptor macromolecule have been hampered primarily because of its extremely low intracellular concentration (0.001%), even in primary target tissues such as intestine. This concentration is less than onetenth the cellular concentration of other steroid receptor molecules. Nonetheless, Pike and Haussler succeeded in purifying the chicken intestinal vitamin D receptor (1) and raised monoclonal antibodies which were reactive to both the chicken and mammalian isoforms (2). The monoclonals were used to recover vitamin D receptor (VDR) complementary DNA (cDNA) from a chicken intestine expression library (3). Subsequently, the chicken clones were used as probes to screen several human cDNA libraries and isolate the mammalian full length cDNA encoding the VDR (4). The nucleotide sequence of the 4605 base pair human cDNA was shown to include 1281 bp of open reading frame, 115 bp of noncoding leader sequence, and 3209 bp of 3′- noncoding sequence. The cloned sequence was subsequently transfected into COS-1 receptor negative monkey kidney cells and a single VDR species was produced that was indistinguishable from the native receptor (4).
Cognitive schemas in web-based learning environments: effects of instant messaging interruptions on undergraduates

Web-based learning environments contain expository texts full of domain knowledge that has to be read and synthesized by the students. While the students are reading and trying to comprehend the information, they are frequently interrupted by synchronous communication tools like instant messaging. This paper presents research on comprehension of expository texts in on-line environments when interrupted frequently by instant messages and chat rooms. Results show a lack of organization in memory and missing important parts of texts when undergraduate students are frequently interrupted during reading.
Toxic Agents: Drug Overdose, Poisons, Contrast Media

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of diuretics in the management of life-threatening poisonings, drug overdoses, and radiocontrast agent-induced disease. These problems occur relatively frequently and continue to be major challenges for clinicians. Radiocontrast-induced acute renal failure may occur in a hospital setting, especially in an age of more aggressive interventional radiological techniques. The chapter examines the specific role of diuretics in the therapy of medical conditions caused by these toxic agents. The first line of treatment of poisons and drug overdoses taken by mouth is an attempt to prevent absorption of these agents from the gastrointestinal tract. Once intestinal absorption has occurred, detoxification, blockade of toxic effects, and elimination by metabolism or excretion, can be considered as a second line of defense. Thus, an absorbed toxic agent in the blood will traverse the kidney very frequently. Substances can be removed from plasma by two mechanisms: filtration and secretion. The filtration of a drug depends on the rate of glomerular filtration, the degree of plasma protein binding, and its size and filterability. The proximal tubule has the capacity to actively secrete a large number of drugs. In general, these secreted drugs are either organic anions (thiazides, loop diuretics, most penicillins, and cephalosporins) or organic cations (amiloride, triamterene, cimetidine, and trimethoprim). The relatively nonspecific nature of the secretory pathways permits these mechanisms to play a major role in the excretion of a variety of hydrophilic drugs, poisons, and chemicals.
Medieval mississippians: the Cahokian world: edited by Timothy R. Pauketat and Susan M. Alt, Santa Fe, New Mexico, School for Advanced Research Press, 2015, xvi + 133 pp., timeline, maps, illustrations, color plates, suggested readings, index, $60.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-938645-31-0, $25.00 (paper), ISBN 978-1-938645-32-7

This book is an engaging and readable introduction to the archaeology of Cahokia and the Mississippian world. Pauketat and Alt (Chapter 1) refer to Cahokian Mississippians as “medieval” because the...
Validity and reliability of a Wi-Fi smart scale to estimate body composition

With patients depending on ‘at-home’ devices to measure or monitor body composition changes to determine health- risks, there is the need for critical evaluation of these instruments. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity (i.e., accuracy) and reliability (i.e., consistency) of body fat percentage (BF%) estimates using the consumer Fitbit Aria™ foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) Wi-Fi smart scale. Forty-three healthy volunteers [male (n = 22), female (n = 21); mean ± SD, age: 27.9 ± 5.6y; BMI: 23.7 ± 3.3 kg/m2] underwent measures of residual lung volume, hydration status, and BF% via the Aria™ smart scale [‘Regular’ (AR) and ‘Lean’ (AL) modes] vs. [hydrostatic weighing (HW)] on three separate days. Aria™ validity was assessed using Bland-Altman plots identifying mean biases and limits of agreement [mean difference (Aria–HW) ± 1.96SD] and between-day and -week reliability using two-way mixed, average measures absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Standard error of estimate (SEE) could not exceed ±3.5% for acceptable non-research agreement between methods. There were no significant differences between HW compared with AR for all participants (−0.3 ± 9.7%), females (1.1 ± 11.3%), and males (−1.6 ± 7.1%). AL also agreed with HW for females (−1.9 ± 8.6%), but significantly underestimated BF% for all participants and males when analyzed separately (p ≤ 0.05). However, in each measure of validity the SEE fell outside ±3.5%, suggesting BF% measurements from HW and this smart scale cannot be used interchangeably. While not accurate for all individuals, the Aria™ Wi-Fi smart scale is a reliable device to measure BF% over time. Health care professionals may consider recommending this technology to empower patients who want to monitor their body composition at home.
Modeling mechanical behaviors of plant stems undergoing microstructural changes

Abstract This study presents a constitutive material model for describing nonlinear and hysteretic responses of plant tissues subjected to mechanical loadings. The nonlinear and hysteretic response is associated with the viscoelastic nature of the constituents and microstructural changes of plant tissues during loadings. In order to incorporate the effect of microstructural changes on the macroscopic response of plant tissue, we assume that as the tissue is deformed, an additional micromechanism arises affecting the mechanical response of the tissues. The plant tissue is assumed to consist of two networks, the initial network which is associated with an original reference configuration and the new network that is formed during the deformation. The newly formed network has a new natural configuration. The responses obtained from the proposed model are compared with available experimental data of plant tissues. The model is easily extended to incorporate responses of different tissues, i.e., outer strengthening skin and inner soft core, in determining the overall nonlinear behaviors of the plant stems, which are composite materials. Thus, we can examine the contributions of different constituents in the plant tissues on their macroscopic mechanical responses.
Producing global China: The Great Wall and Hollywood’s cultivation of the PRC’s global vision

China’s economic might in the film industry has transformed representation in Hollywood. This paper examines how the expanded role of the Chinese market, both in terms of audience size and financin...
New commutation method based on state machine for three-phase HF ac link inverter with passive loads

For three-phase high frequency (HF) ac link inverter with passive loads, a new commutation method based on state machine is proposed and analyzed. Previously, commutation techniques based on state machine and without dead time for a single-phase HF ac link inverter was developed and studied. However, a single-phase ac link inverter has intrinsic double frequency ripple so the applications of it are limited. However, commutation methods for three phase HF ac link inverter are much less studied. In this paper, the state machine that is developed for the single-phase HF ac link inverter is implemented for each phase. Then, a new state machine for three phase HF ac link inverter with twelve states is proposed and implemented. The two state machines are simulated and implemented in Matlab/Simulink at various load conditions and switching frequencies and the THDs of the output currents are compared. The results show that implementing the newly developed state machine with twelve states removes the distortions in the output currents that implementing the state machine for single phase three times has. The simulation results show that in most of the simulation cases, THDs of the output currents are lower when the newly developed state machine for a three phase HF ac link inverter is implemented. The reasons why there are differences between the two methods and how the load inductance, the load resistance and the switching frequency make changes are deeply investigated.
Primary Pulmonary Chondrosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Chondrosarcomas are tumors consisting of osseous or cartilaginous stroma. They are not an uncommon pathology; however, primary pulmonary chondrosarcomas arising in lung parenchyma are extremely rare, with few cases published in literature. Herein, we present a case with biopsy-proven primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma after exclusion of primary origin elsewhere. In the case presented in this report, we demonstrate the clinical presentations, pulmonary function tests, and the radiological findings of this rare tumor in a young male patient. Further, we present a brief review of existing literature for patients with similar pathology.
Chapter 8 – GABAergic Interneurons of the Striatum

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that striatal gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABAergic) interneurons participate in a powerful feed forward inhibitory circuit that is likely the primary mechanism by which the spike timing of the striatal output neurons is controlled. The chapter considers the parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV+) fast spiking interneuron as the striatal fast spiking interneuron, there are clues from various studies in striatum of rodents and primates, both older and more recent, that there may well be more than a single type of striatal FS interneuron, and perhaps even more than one type of PV+ striatal fast spiking interneuron. It also discusses that a BAC transgenic mouse that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) selectively in neurons with the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter has recently allowed the description of four electrophysiologically distinct subtypes of striatal EGFP-TH+ interneurons, three of which display electrophysiological characteristics that are completely unlike those of any previously described striatal neuron. The chapter concludes that the striatum enjoys a much richer diversity of GABAergic interneurons than was once thought. As new molecular, anatomical and physiological techniques continue to become available, particularly more strains of transgenic mice that selectively label neurons that express calretinin and other peptides, receptors and neuroactive agents expressed by striatal neurons with fluorescent markers such as EGFP, it is almost certain that the number of functionally different striatal GABAergic interneurons will continue to grow.
The Effect of English Learner Reclassification on Student Achievement and Noncognitive Outcomes

English learners’ (ELs) day-to-day experiences in school change when reclassified as fully English proficient. Prior research, however, is mixed on how reclassification influences outcomes. Many st...
Earnings Volatility and Derivative Restatements

A number of companies recently restated their financial statements to correct for misapplication of the accounting standard for derivative accounting, SFAS No. 133. The FASB's initial proposal for this standard was met with opposition from the business community, who argued that it would increase earnings volatility. Using a sample of non-financial companies that restated their financial statements to correct for derivative accounting, we examine whether the misapplication of the standard - and therefore the restatement - was motivated by companies' desire to avoid earnings volatility. Using an ex-ante measure of earnings smoothing (i.e. the degree of earnings smoothing prior to the restatement years), we find companies that were more likely to be "earnings smoothers" were more likely to misapply SFAS 133.
YOU AREN’T AS CLOSE TO MY FAMILY AS YOU THINK: DISCORDANT PERCEPTIONS ABOUT IN-LAWS AND RISK OF DIVORCE

In-law relationships can act as sources of both support and stress for couples. Independent of the nature of the actual relationships with in-laws, it may be that couple similarity in perceptions o...
Dysphagia in Lung Transplant Recipients: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Health-Related Outcomes

Purpose Although lung transplantation (LT) remains the definitive therapy for end-stage respiratory disease, limited long-term survival rates highlight the need for improved post-transplant care. Given the high risk for postoperative dysphagia, we aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and associated outcomes of dysphagia in postoperative LT patients. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive adult patients undergoing LT and postoperative videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing (VFSS) at our institution between 11/2017 and 6/2020 was conducted. Relevant outcomes were extracted from electronic medical records (EPIC) and entered into a central database (REDCap). VFSS notes were examined and Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores extracted. Descriptives, t-tests, one-way ANOVA's, chi-squares and odds ratios were derived in SPSS. Results 205 LT recipients met inclusion criteria and were included. Mean age was 58.63 years and 50.7% were male. Postoperatively, 18% demonstrated safe swallowing (n=37), 39% demonstrated laryngeal penetration (n=79), and 43% demonstrated tracheal aspiration (n=89). Aspiration response profiles included: 50% no cough response (n=41), 31.7% ejection of aspirate material (n=26), and 18.3% ineffective cough response (n=15). Postoperative aspiration in LT patients was associated with: 1) peri-transplant venous-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR: 2.0, X2 =3.7, p=.05); 2) cardiopulmonary bypass (n=40; OR: 2.3, X2=5.7, p=.02); 3) ≥ 3 intubations (OR: 7.5, X2 =5.2, p=.02); 4) tracheostomy (OR: 4.8, X2 =8.3, p=.004); and 4) longer intubation duration (70 vs. 44 hours, p=.002). LT patients who aspirated waited an average of 240 hours longer to resume a regular diet (p=0.004) and demonstrated a 2.4 and 2.0 higher odds of pneumonia and discharge to a acute rehab, respectively. One-year mortality rate was 2.9% (n=6), with 100% of deaths classified as unsafe swallowers. Conclusion Dysphagia was highly prevalent and associated with inferior patient outcomes. The observation that ∼70% of aspirators could not clear tracheal aspirate may explain, in part, the increased odds for development of pneumonia. Mortality data suggest that presence of dysphagia may impact survival and should be further examined in ongoing prospective studies.
Trauma Systems Theory: Accountability for Recurrent Systemic Harm

Trauma Systems Theory considers the trauma in systems and the limitations of the archetypal use of law and policy to address social problems through control. Why are traditional remedies and forms of accountability sometimes ineffective in altering the behavior of organizations and groups of organizations that cause harm? This article hypothesizes that some systems are triggered, meaning that they have experienced trauma and act out in destructive or self-destructive, trauma-responsive ways. Both conscious and unconscious cognitive aspects of the organizational mind are already recognized in law and policy. Trauma Systems Theory hypothesized addressing the non-cognitive, trauma-responsive aspects of systemic behavior. The goal is not to move harmful systems into a posture of victim; instead, the goal is to develop law and policy that produces lasting social change. Consideration of systemic trauma is not intended to excuse harmful behavior; instead, the goal is to find more effective ways of ending it.
Serum pancreatic enzymes and imaging in paediatric acute pancreatitis: Does lipase diagnostic superiority justify eliminating amylase testing?

Background In acute pancreatitis (AP), serum amylase, lipase and imaging help establish a diagnosis with recognised lipase superiority. Recent literature has debated serum amylase testing and proposed its elimination, but little is known about the diagnostic role of simultaneously measured serum amylase levels in patients with non-diagnostic lipase. This study examined the contribution of pancreatic enzymes and imaging and the role of simultaneously measured serum amylase in children with non-diagnostic serum lipase. Methods Retrospective medical records review of children aged <18 years with a verified discharge diagnosis of first-attack AP between January 01, 1994, and December 31, 2016. Results First-attack AP was confirmed in 127 children (median age, 12.5 years). The sensitivity was 90.4%, 54.3%, 42.2% and 36.4% for lipase, amylase, contrast-enhanced computed tomography and ultrasonography (US), respectively. Combination US and lipase identified 96.6% of AP cases. Simultaneous amylase and lipase measurements in 125 children showed that either was ≥3× the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 95.2%, while both were <3× the ULN in 4.8% of cases. Nondiagnostic lipase was seen in 12 (9.6%) children, and diagnosis was based on amylase level ≥3× the ULN in six children and imaging in the other six. Conclusions Serum amylase, serum lipase and imaging should continue for the conclusive diagnosis of AP in children. Simultaneous serum amylase measurement helped diagnose AP with non-diagnostic lipase.
Public Goods or Political Pandering: Evidence from IMF Programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe

This article uses empirical evidence from Latin American and East European International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs from 1982 to 2001 to analyze the nature and the extent of preferential lending practices by the IMF. Unlike prior work, which focused on narrow political interference from large IMF member states, the present analysis differentiates between such narrow interests and the Fund’s international systemic responsibilities, which may justify the preferential treatment of systemically important countries to prevent broader regional or global crises. The empirical results suggest that systemically based deviations from technocratic impartiality predominate in situations—such as the Latin American debt crisis—where international financial stability is under serious threat. Under such circumstances, economically important countries do receive preferential IMF treatment but only when experiencing severe crises, while narrow “private goods” considerations are largely sidelined. When systemic threats are less immediate—such as in Latin America and Eastern Europe in the 1990s—IMF favoritism reflects a more volatile and region-specific mix of private and public considerations in line with the changing interests of powerful Western nations in the developing world.
Utility Theory: Historical Perspectives

We present a short survey of the history of utility theory. Starting from the seminal idea of Daniel Bernoulli, we proceed to discuss the work of Herman Gossen and its importance for the “Marginalist revolution”. The next milestone is the advent of axiomatic approaches, starting with the work of Franz Alt, John von Neumann, and Oskar Morgenstern. Various critiques of the expected-utility model are discussed. On the conceptual side, we mention the “Subjectivist revolution” lead by Leonard Savage, and, on the empirical side, we discuss the paradoxes of Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg and their partial resolution in the work by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. Finally, we touch upon the concept of risk aversion and the place of utility theory in modern finance. Keywords: expected utility; history of utility; preference relations; prospect theory; risk aversion; subjective probability; utility maximization; utility theory
In Vivo phosphorylation of distinct domains of the 70-kilodalton neurofilament subunit involves different protein kinases

A combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches were used to characterize phosphorylation sites on the 70,000-kilodalton (kDa) subunit of neurofilaments (NF-L) and to identify the protein kinases that are likely to mediate these modifications in vivo. Neurofilament proteins in a single class of neurons, the retinal ganglion cells, were pulse-labeled in vivo by injecting mice intravitreously with [32P]orthophosphate. Radiolabeled neurofilaments were isolated after they had advanced along optic axons, and the individual subunits were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Two-dimensional alpha-chymotryptic phosphopeptide map analysis of NF-L revealed three phosphorylation sites: an intensely labeled peptide (L-1) and two less intensely labeled peptides (L-2 and L-3). The alpha-chymotryptic peptide L-1 was identified as the 11-kDa segment containing the C terminus of NF-L. The ability of these peptides to serve as substrates for specific protein kinases were examined by incubating neurofilament preparations with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of purified cAMP-dependent protein kinase or appropriate activators and/or inhibitors of endogenous cytoskeleton-associated protein kinases. The heparin-sensitive, calcium- and cyclic nucleotide-independent kinase associated with the cytoskeleton selectively phosphorylated L-1 and L-3 but had little, if any, activity toward L-2. When this kinase was inhibited with heparin, cAMP addition to the neurofilament preparation stimulated the phosphorylation of L-2, and addition of the purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase induced intense labeling of L-2. At higher labeling efficiencies, the exogenous kinase also phosphorylated L-3 and several sites at which labeling was not detected in vivo; however, L-1 was not a substrate. Calcium and calmodulin added to neurofilament preparations in the presence of heparin modestly stimulated the phosphorylation of L-1 and L-3, but not L-2, and the stimulation was reversed by trifluoperazine. The selective phosphorylation of different polypeptide domains on NF-L by second messenger-dependent and -independent kinases suggests multiple functions for phosphate groups on this protein.
Numerical methods for atmospheric general circulation models Refinements or fundamental advances

Abstract This chapter focuses on developments in numerical methods for global atmospheric models over the last decade and speculates about future developments. Numerical Weather prediction (NWP) and climate modelling applications are contrasted. Ten years ago the common wisdom was that global NWP and climate models were becoming more and more similar and would ultimately merge into a single model. Taking the two communities as a whole, it is not clear that this is the case today, although on the surface it may appear to be so. By climate we mean long-term climate simulation rather than seasonal forecasting which falls somewhere between the two application extremes. In the following we will talk in sweeping generalities without necessarily pointing out the notable exceptions which do exist.
Exercise and Food Restriction in Rats

A number of studies have shown that exercised rats live longer than sedentary freely eating controls. There is disagreement regarding whether exercise results in extension of maximal life span. However, in two studies of the effect of voluntary wheel running on longevity of male specific-pathogen-free Long-Evans rats it was found that, although the runners had a longer average survival than sedentary freely eating controls, they did not have an increase in maximal life span. This is in contrast to the effect of food restriction. Sedentary rats that were food restricted to keep their body weights in the same range as those of the runners lived longer than the runners and showed an extension of life span. When exercise, in the form of voluntary wheel running was combined with food restriction (approximately 30% below ad libitum), the runners had an increased mortality rate over the first approximately 50% of their mortality curve up to age approximately 900 d. However, in those food-restricted runners that survived past approximately 900 d survival became similar to that of food-restricted sedentary controls, with a similar increase in maximal life span. Thus, although exercise has a deleterious effect on food-restricted rats, it does not counteract the increase in maximal life span induced by food restriction.
Association of greater intravenous volume infusion with shorter hospitalization for patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis

Background and Aim There are no data specifically correlating early intravenous volume infusion (IVI) with the length of hospitalization for postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted within 24 h after ERCP to our institute with PEP. IVI during the first 24 h after ERCP was assessed. Primary outcome was severity of PEP, defined by length of hospitalization according to consensus guidelines: mild ≤ 3, moderate 4–10, and severe > 10 days. Results Of 72 eligible patients, 41 (56.9%) had mild and 31 (43.1%) moderate/severe PEP. Both groups had comparable demographics, indications, and procedural factors except patients with moderate/severe PEP were older (median age 49 vs 36 years, P = 0.05) and more likely to be discharged and readmitted within the first 24 h (41.9% vs 14.6%, P < 0.01). Patients with mild PEP received significantly greater IVI during the first 24 h (2834 mL [2046, 3570] vs 2044 mL [1227, 2875], P < 0.02) and 50% more fluid post-ERCP (2270 mL [1435, 2961] vs 1515 [950–2350], P < 0.02) compared with those with at least moderate PEP. Conclusion In patients with PEP, greater IVI during the first 24 h after ERCP is associated with reduced length of hospitalization. Lower IVI was more commonly observed in individuals who were discharged and then readmitted during the first 24 h.