cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Difference of means test with censored data

For the two-sample problem with censored data, a difference of means test is formulated. We use simulation to compare this test to the popular log-rank test under various distributions. It is seen to perfom better than the logrank test for some nonproportional hazard alternatives, while performing roughly equivalent for some proportional hazard alternatives where the log–rank test is known to be asymptotic most powerful.
The scattering of classical waves from inhomogeneous media

By extending Kato's theory of two Hilbert space scattering, we are able to formulate both optical and accoustical scattering from inhomogeneous media as strictly elliptic problems. We use this formulation to present simple proofs of the existence and completeness of scattering states.
Rapid fungicidal action of tioconazole and miconazole

Recent studies in our laboratory clearly showed that 4 • 10 -5 M tioconazole or miconazole (i.e. 15-16/xg/ml) caused rapid 2to 3-log reductions in colony forming units (CFU)/ml when added to early logarithmic phase yeast cultures of Candida albicans or Candida parapsilosis growing at 37 ~ with aeration (1, 2). In a more recent report concerned with effects of antifungal azoles on the ATP content of C albicans, Odds, Cheesman & Abbott (3) incidentally mentioned that they were unable to demonstrate the lethal action observed in our experiments. More specifically, it was stated that: 'in our hands neither miconazole nor tioconazole caused the rapid diminution of viable counts described by Beggs, even with exponential-phase yeast cells (E C. Odds & A. B. Abbott, unpublished results)'. Here I wish to provide the most probable explanation of this apparent discrepancy. In our azole drug studies we routinely use a pH 7.0 liquid medium containing yeast nitrogen base, Lasparagine, and glucose (1). After dissolving these three major components in deionized water, the broth is adjusted from pH 5.3 to pH 7.0 with 2 N NaOH and filter sterilized. Cultures are incubated at 37 ~ with shaking at 150 rpm. Details of the unpublished viability studies mentioned by Odds et al. (3) were not given, but in the methods section they stated: 'Yeast-form cells were grown in a broth containing Mycological peptone (Oxoid), 10 g 1-1 and glucose, 40 g 1.2 shaken at 160 rpm and 37~ in air'. The pH of this mycological peptone medium was not stated, but in company literature prepared in England and obtained from Oxoid U.S.A. Inc. (Columbia, Maryland) a dilute solution of the peptone is reported to be at pH 5.4. Details of the viable count time-kill type of experiment presented in Fig. 1 were outlined in our earlier report (1). Data graphically summarized in Fig. 1 clearly show that the fungicidal action of tioconazole against C albicans that occurred in pH 7.0 medium did not occur when the same medium was used at pH 5.5. We recently have made similar observations with miconazole and have confirmed the findings with another strain of C albicans (i.e. ATCC 26790). Thus, the rapid fungicidal action of tioconazole, miconazole, and probably certain other azoles appears to be a highly pH-dependent phenomenon that does not occur under even moderately acidic conditions.
Integrated Structure/Control/Aerodynamic Synthesis of Actively Controlled Composite Wings

A new multidisciplinary optimization capability for integrated synthesis of actively controlled composite wings is reviewed. It is shown that the nonlinear programming/approximation concepts approach to design optimization, combined with appropriate simplified analysis techniques for the different disciplines, make multidisciplinary wing synthesis both feasible and practical for the conceptual and preliminary design stages. The composite wing of a remotely piloted vehicle is used for numerical experimentation. Synthesis studies with design variables and constraints that span the disciplines of structures, control, and aerodynamics are presented. These studies provide new insight into the complex nature of multidisciplinary interactions in wing design. [A], { [AD} D/(APPRX) {P} {P} {qc} {qc} Nomenclature aeroservoelastic system state space matrix and input vector in standard form aerodynamic matrix used for the calculation of induced drag control system design variables (coefficients in the transfer function of a control law) induced drag induced drag approximation number of terms in the thickness polynomial for t(x, y) number of terms in the Ritz polynomial series for elastic deformation w(x, y) number of terms in the polynomial series for jig shape structural generalized stiffness matrix aeroelastic (structural and aerodynamic) generalized stiffness matrix generalized static loads generalized loads in maneuver (including inertial, jig shape, and control surface contributions) static generalized displacements generalized displacements in maneuver (including control surface rotation needed) approximate generalized displacements in maneuver
A few remarks concerning several refined theories of anisotropic composite laminated plates

An analysis and comparison of several shear deformable bending theories of composite laminated anisotropic plates currently encountered in the field literature are given in this paper. Although apparently different, it is shown in a unitary way, that these theories constitute in fact only different formulations of a single theory, generically designated to as the moderately thick plate theory. Their connection with the first order transverse shear deformation theory is also emphasized and some conclusions concerning its shortcomings and field applicability are presented.
Citrullinated myelin basic protein induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats through a diverse T cell repertoire.

Abstract An increased proportion of citrullinated MBP (MBP-C8) occurs in the brains of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this study, MBP-C8 from guinea pig (GP) brains was isolated and found encephalitogenic in Lewis rats upon immunization. An encephalitogenic T cell line selected with MBP-C8 preferentially reacted with MBP-C8 over unmodified MBP. This T cell line responded weakly to the dominant encephalitogenic epitope, GP-MBP peptide 70–88, and did not display restricted TCR β -chain usage (such as V β 8.2). The distinctive features of MBP-C8 were also demonstrated by its ability to reinduce active EAE in 70% of rats which had recovered from unmodified MBP induced EAE. These findings raise the possibility that citrullinated MBP may elicit a different pathogenic T cell repertoire for the recurrent phases of inflammatory demyelination.
The effect of inorganic salts on tricalcium silicate hydration

Abstract Hydration of C3S in salt solutions having ions in common with its hydration products was investigated by calorimetry and aqueous phase analyses. Soluble calcium salts, which depress hydroxyl ion concentrations in solution by promoting Ca(OH)2 precipitation, were observed to accelerate hydration. Acceleration did not occur prior to Ca(OH)2 precipitation. A saturated CaSO4 solution, which delayed Ca(OH)2 precipitation, was initially retarding but subsequently accelerated hydration as the hydroxyl ion concentration in solution decreased. Of the solutions investigated, a 0.2M CaCl2 solution was the most effective in depressing the hydroxyl ion concentration and caused the greatest acceleration.
Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior of Cu-Sn frangible bullets

Abstract The microstructure and mechanical behavior of commercially available, frangible bullets were evaluated. The projectiles were manufactured by compressing blended powders of copper and tin to shape followed by a low temperature heat treatment. The microstructure consisted of minor phase clusters (Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and un-reacted Sn) heterogeneously distributed throughout a copper matrix. Approximately 5% porosity was encased within these clusters. Morphological development of the Cu–Sn intermetallic compounds was discussed with respect to observations in solder literature. A tight statistical dispersion in Rockwell hardness measurements indicated that the non-uniform microstructure of the bullets did not affect the overall mechanical behavior of the individual projectile. This information will be used in finite element models developed to predict the impact performance of frangible bullets with soft body armor.
Conditional Probability Can Be Defined for All Pairs of Sets of Reals

It is an old result of Banach’s that there is a translation-invariant, finitely additive extension of lebesgue measure to all sets of reals. Recently, a nonstandard proof of this fact was given in [I]. However, there doesn’t seem to be a corresponding result for the problem in two variables, namely, the existence of a conditional probability p(A, B) for all pairs A, B of reals, B # @ [4]. In fact, consider the usual definition of &l, B) = X(A n B)/X(B), w h ere X is lebesgue measure. In trying to extend this to all A, B we not only face the problem that A, B may not be measurable, but also that h(B) may be 0. Nonetheless, one feels that p(B, B) ought to be I in all cases and that p(A, B) has a perfectly evident intuitive value in many other cases where A(B) may be 0 or B may be nonmeasurable. (See Section 3). The result below shows this intuition to be correct. The proof of the main lemma and some other preliminary results is via nonstandard analysis.
The union response to employer-initiated drug testing programs

The testing of employees for drugs has become a major workplace issue in the late 1980s. By all accounts, many firms have implemented, or at least considered, some sort of drug screening program. While various experts have debated the importance and necessity of initiating such programs, there has been only limited investigation of the differences between union and nonunion workplaces in how such programs are initiated and administered. This article investigates some questions related to those differences. The first part examines the differences between union and nonunion workplaces and their implementation of drug screening programs. We present differences derived primarily from the fact that nonunion employers are constrained only by constitutional and statutory law in their introduction and implementation of drug screening programs. Unionized employers, on the other hand, are constrained by collective bargaining and the grievance resolution process. The second part of the article examines union responses to employer-initiated drug testing programs. The third part examines arbitration decisions on drug testing provisions in unionized workplaces. We outline the major areas in which arbitrators have rendered decisions, including definitions of behavior that could trigger reasonable suspicion testing and whether the employer has the right to unilaterally institute or expand drug testing programs.
Effect of temperature on the function of a proton pump.

Vesicles with proton translocating activity were reconstituted with bacterial rhodopsin lipoprotein and synthetic phospholipids. Reconstitution with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine yielded vesicles which catalyzed light-driven proton uptake which was sensitive to nigericin, gramicidin or an uncoupler when tested at temperatures above 20°C. At temperatures below 5°C, the extent of proton uptake was actually greater than at 20°C, but there was little effect of either nigericin or uncouplers even when these compounds had been added at 20°C. Gramicidin inhibited at all assay temperatures provided it was added at 20°C. With dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine similar results were obtained except that nigericin lost its effectiveness at higher temperatures. On illumination tetraphenylboron was taken up by the reconstituted vesicles. We propose that an electrogenic proton translocation takes place by a channel mechanism.
Structure and optical properties of Zr1−xSixN thin films on sapphire

Abstract A series of zirconium silicon nitride (Zr 1− x Si x N) thin films were grown on r-plane sapphire substrates using reactive RF magnetron co-sputtering of Zr and Si targets in a N 2 /Ar plasma. X-ray diffraction pole figure analysis, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical microscopy, and optical absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the film stoichiometries and structures after growth at 200 °C and post-deposition annealing up to 1000 °C in ultra-high vacuum. The atomically clean r-plane sapphire substrates induce high quality (100) heteroepitaxy of ZrN films rather than the (111) orientation observed on steel and silicon substrates, but the addition of Si yields amorphous films at the 200 °C growth temperature. After the annealing treatment, films with Si content x x > 0.15, the films are amorphous and remain so even after ultra-high vacuum annealing at 1000 °C. XPS spectra indicate that the bonding changes from covalent to more ionic in character as Si―N bonds form instead of Zr―N bonds. X-ray reflectivity, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy data reveal that after post-deposition annealing the 100 nm thick films have an average roughness x = 0.15 corresponding to where the film becomes amorphous rather than being polycrystalline. At this stoichiometry, evidence was found for regions of film delamination and hillock formation, which is presumably driven by strain at the interface between the film and sapphire substrate. UV–visible absorption spectra also were found to depend on the film stoichiometry. For the amorphous Si-rich films ( x > 0.15), the optical band gap increases with Si content, whereas for Zr-rich films ( x
Axiomatizing a category of categories

Elementary axioms describe a category of categories. Theorems of category theory follow, including some on adjunctions and triples. A new result is that associativity of composition in categories follows from Cartesian closedness of the category of categories. The axioms plus an axiom of infinity are consistent iff the axioms for a well-pointed topos with separation axiom and natural numbers are. The theory is not finitely axiomatizable. Each axiom is independent of the others. Further independence and definability results are proved. Relations between categories and sets, the latter defined as discrete categories, are described, and applications to foundations are discussed. ?0. Introduction. The following elementary axioms produce the major theorems of general category theory, with adjunctions, tripleability and the central theorems of topos theory as test cases. The axioms plus an axiom of infinity are equiconsistent with the axioms for a well-pointed topos with natural number object plus the axiom of separation. The axioms are independent of one another, and several theorems are shown independent of other theorems plus all but one of the axioms. We show which categories can be proved to exist by these axioms plus one further assumption. All are finite. It follows that the categories with all finite products which can be proved to exist are equivalent to lattices, and no nontrivial topos can be proved to exist. It is consistent with the axioms for the coequalizer of the two functors from 1 to 2 to be any cyclic group or the group of integers. This paper is heavily indebted to Lawvere [6], but that pioneering work had technical flaws. Blanc and Donnadieu [2] rectified the flaws by relying completely on sets in the form of discrete categories. Their axioms make categories and functors definable in terms of discrete categories, and all the work is actually done with discretes. The present axioms seem not to imply that every category A has a maximal discrete subcategory (i.e. a set of all objects of A), and we prove that they do not imply every internally defined set of arrows and objects equipped with a category structure corresponds to an actual category. One or both of these nontheorems may be important to future efforts to describe a category of categories with an actual category of all the categories in it. There cannot be an actual category of all categories if sets form a topos, every category has a set of objects, and every set of objects and arrows with a category structure corresponds to a category. Received December 6, 1989; revised November 15, 1990. ? 1991, Association for Symbolic Logic 0022-4812/91/5604-0007/$02.80
Salivary Receptors for the Proline-rich Protein-binding and Lectin-like Adhesins of Oral Actinomyces and Streptococci

Colonization of the tooth surface by actinomyces and viridans group streptococci involves the attachment of these bacteria to adsorbed salivary components of the acquired enamel pellicle. The hypothesis that this attachment depends on specific adhesins has now been assessed from the binding of bacteria with well-defined adhesive properties to blots of SDS-PAGE-separated parotid and submandibular-sublingual (SM-SL) saliva. Streptococcus sanguis and type 2 fimbriated Actinomyces naeslundii, which bound terminal sialic acid and Galbeta1-3GalNAc, respectively, recognized only a few SM-SL salivary components, primarily MG2. In contrast, type 1 fimbriated A. naeslundii and S. gordonii, which bound purified proline-rich proteins (PRPs), recognized several other components from both SM-SL and parotid saliva. Significantly, bacteria that lacked PRP-binding and the lectin-like activities detected by binding to MG2 failed to bind any immobilized salivary component. These findings suggest the involvement of specific adhesins in bacterial recognition of many adsorbed salivary proteins and glycoproteins.
Experiences of school psychology interns in psychology internship centers

Abstract In the development of psychology internship centers, we must not overlook what is happening to interns from different specialty backgrounds. This article describes centers that accept school psychology students, and examines the nature of the experiences that such students receive as interns. The author suggests implications for school psychology and the broader development of the internship in professional psychology.
Yongmin Kim: Setting the Pace for Bioengineers

Early in his career, Yongmin Kim adopted an interdisciplinary approach to research that a more ego-driven researcher would have shied away from. He teamed with statisticians, electrical engineers, medical doctors, computer scientists, and industry executives to produce a steady stream of around 450 publications and a slew of innovations to medical imaging equipment that he has often had the pleasure of seeing put to use in hospitals in as short as two years. But Kim did not sit back and bask in his accomplishments. The moment he reached a goal, he set his sights on the next one. Having helped build the University of Washington's Bioengineering Department, where he led students and faculty for 29 years, the IEEE Fellow and former Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS) president resigned his tenured faculty position and set out to meet another challenge: serving as president of South Korea's Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH).
Real-time auto white balancing for digital cameras using discrete wavelet transform-based scoring

In digital cameras, the process of making white colors to appear as white under different illuminants is referred to as auto white balancing. This paper presents an auto white balancing algorithm, named discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based scoring, which is computationally much more efficient than the original auto white balancing scoring algorithm. Its computational efficiency is thus utilized to achieve a real-time implementation on an actual digital camera platform. The platform consists of the Texas Instruments TMS320DM320 programmable processor which is specifically designed for the digital camera market. The real-time implementation results indicate the effectiveness of this algorithm in identifying a scene illuminant as compared to the widely used gray-world auto white balancing algorithm.
Refined error analysis in second-order /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulation with constant inputs

Although the technique of sigma-delta (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/) modulation is well established in practice for performing high-resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, theoretical analysis of the error between the input signal and the reconstructed signal has remained partial. For modulators of order higher than 1, the only rigorous error analysis currently available that matches practical and numerical simulation results is only applicable to a very special configuration, namely, the standard and ideal k-bit k-loop /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator. Moreover, the error measure involves averaging over time as well as possibly over the input value. At the second order, it is known in practice that the mean-squared error decays with the oversampling ratio /spl lambda/ at the rate O(/spl lambda//sup -5/). In this paper, we introduce two new fundamental results in the case of constant input signals. We first establish a framework of analysis that is applicable to all second-order modulators provided that the built-in quantizer has uniformly spaced output levels, and that the noise transfer function has its two zeros at the zero frequency. In particular, this includes the one-bit case, a rigorous and deterministic analysis of which is still not available. This generalization has been possible thanks to the discovery of the mathematical tiling property of the state variables of such modulators. The second aspect of our contribution is to perform an instantaneous error analysis that avoids infinite time averaging. Until now, only an O(/spl lambda//sup -4/) type error bound was known to hold in this setting. Under our generalized framework, we provide two types of squared-error estimates; one that is statistically averaged over the input and another that is valid for almost every input (in the sense of Lebesgue measure). In both cases, we improve the error bound to O(/spl lambda//sup -4.5/), up to a logarithmic factor, for a general class of modulators including some specific ones that are covered in this paper in detail. In the particular case of the standard and ideal two-bit double-loop configuration, our methods provide a (previously unavailable) instantaneous error bound of O(/spl lambda//sup -5/), again up to a logarithmic factor.
Portfolio stock adjustment and the real exchange rate: The Dollar-Mark (DM) and Mark-Sterling

Abstract The advent of “freely floating” exchange rates in the 1970's coincided with the emergence of what is known as “monetary” or “asset” models of exchange rate behavior where exchange ratesmove to equilibrate demand for stocks of monies. The fundamental monetary model assumes purchasing power parity holds in the long-run, and therefore exchange rates are determined by the same factors that determine relative prices, to wit, money stocks, real incomes, and nominal interest rates. Though early proponents of the monetary view clearly emphasized its long-run nature, empirical testing has by and large neglected this caveat. Thus a model developed for long-run equilibrium exchange rates has instead been tested many times over on short-run equilibrium rates. The latter require a distinct model of their own. This paper develops a short-run equilibrium exchange rate model based on deviations of the short-run exchange rate from its long-run equilibrium. The model differs in that all variables are cast in real terms. It also differs in that the monetary and current account exchange rate versions are shown to be subsets of the more general wealth/portfolio framework used here. The present model considers, in addition to stocks of monies, stocks of foreign assets, and stocks of domestic wealth.
Integrating Creativity Into Supervision Using Bernard's Discrimination Model

ABSTRACT Clinical supervision is an important aspect of counselor education. Much of traditional supervision is conducted from a logical standpoint; however, some supervisees may be better served when supervisors integrate both logic and creativity. This article presents the integration of creative activities into supervision using Bernard's Discrimination Model as a framework to address both the logical and intuitive components of supervision.
Simulation of transient electromagnetic fields on a finite-element mesh

This paper presents a full-wave 3D electromagnetic transient simulation method which uses an unstructured finite-element mesh. The mesh elements have a range of sizes and orientations such that, rather than forming a regular grid, they conform to the geometry of the model, respecting all its details. This paper will discuss the method and present some examples of applications.
Diagnosis of ischemic heart disease with adenosine echocardiography

To assess the feasibility, safety and diagnostic accuracy of adenosine infusion combined with echocardiography, 73 patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease underwent echocardiography at baseline and during a maximal intravenous adenosine infusion of 140 micrograms/kg per min. Compared with baseline values, adenosine caused an increase in heart rate, a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a slight but significant increase in rate-pressure product. The echocardiographic images were digitized and randomly assigned in a quad-screen format for nonbiased interpretation. An ischemic response, defined as a new or worsening wall motion abnormality, developed in 25 patients; a fixed wall motion abnormality was present in 27 and no abnormality in 21. All patients underwent coronary angiography. The sensitivity of adenosine echocardiography for greater than or equal to 75% coronary artery diameter stenosis was 85% (46 of 54), with a specificity of 92% in patients with normal coronary arteries. In the 35 patients with a normal baseline electrocardiogram the sensitivity was 60%; 9 (82%) of 11 patients with multivessel disease were correctly identified. The sensitivity for adenosine electrocardiography (greater than or equal to 1-mm ST depression) was 35% with a specificity of 100%. Side effects were transient and mild; aminophylline was used in two patients. Thus, ischemic changes can be induced in patients with coronary artery disease with intravenous adenosine that, combined with echocardiography, is sensitive for the assessment of ischemic heart disease, particularly in patients with multivessel disease.
Onset of motion and dynamic reordering of a vortex lattice.

Time resolved transport measurements on a driven vortex lattice in an undoped $2H\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ crystal show that the response to a current pulse is governed by healing of defects as the lattice evolves from a stationary to a moving steady state and that the response time reflects the degree of order in the initial vortex state. We find that stationary field cooled vortex lattices become more ordered with decreasing temperature and identify a temperature below which a qualitative change in the response signals the disappearance of topological defects.
Comparing BP and ART II neural network classifiers for facility location

Abstract This paper compares the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) as classifiers in the facility location domain. The ART II (Adaptive Resonance Theory) and BP (Back Propagation) paradigms are used as exemplars of ANNs developed using supervised and unsupervised learning. Their performances are compared with that obtained using a linear multi-attribute utility model (MAUM) to classify the 48 states in the continental U.S.A. based on location profiles developed from government publications. In this paper, the models are used to classify the U.S. states based on their suitability for accommodating new manufacturing facilities. For this data set, the BP ANN model displayed robust performance and showed better convergence with the MAUM.
Mechanochemical mechanism for peptidyl free radical generation by amyloid fibrils

Abstract β-Amyloid peptides (Aβ) form the core of Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques, and are implicated in AD neurotoxicity. Aβ and some derivatives generate free radicals upon fibrilogenesis. A mechanism for free radical generation is proposed, based upon fibril cross β-sheet structure: (1) During fibrilogenesis there is a small probability of mispacking of Aβ monomers, resulting in abnormal fibril packing. (2) Continued fibrilogenesis traps a packing defect within the β-sheet. Surrounding β-sheet resists distortion, and the abnormally packed polypeptide(s) is strained. (3) Thermal processes cause homolytic bond scission and radical production from strained polypeptide through mechanically activated thermal decomposition. (4) Reaction with oxygen produces peroxy radicals, prevents unproductive radical recombination, and promotes observed cross-linking, production of reactive oxygen species and peptide fragmentation. Adiabatic mapping suggested significant strain would be generated by β-sheet misalignment. The mechanism relates the common structure of fibrils to radical production, and may be relevant to cytotoxicity in prion and other amyloidoses. © 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
Practical computer-assisted dosing for aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Abstract In principle, computer-assisted individualization of antibiotic dosing offers the prospect of better patient outcomes through improved dosing precision. In practice, however, the expertise in pharmacokinetics required to operate these programs has precluded their use by most physicians and pharmacists. We developed a computer program for individualization of dosing of aminoglycoside antibiotics under conditions in which access to experts in pharmacokinetics is impractical. The program is accurate, yet it requires less effort for data collection than previous drug dosing programs did. The program generates advice on a broad spectrum of topics, including dose adjustment, interpretation of measured drug concentrations in blood, and recommendations for monitoring drug concentrations. We tested its performance by prospectively comparing it with a clinical pharmacokinetic consultation service in a series of 78 consecutive patients. There were no differences in accuracy or bias in the prediction of drug concentrations. The rate of agreement between the program's dosing recommendations and those of the consultation service was 67 percent. This rate of agreement is typical of interexpert variation. In a stratified set of 24 of the 41 instances with significant disagreement regarding the recommended dose, experts ranked the program's recommendations as highly as those of the consultation service (95% confidence interval for difference in rank, -0.30 less than chi less than 0.47). The results suggest that expert systems can be coupled with pharmacokinetic dosing programs to deliver high-quality clinical recommendations for administration of antimicrobial agents.
Observation of integer and fractional giant Shapiro steps in arrays of SNS Josephson junctions

We observe giant Shapiro steps in the I-V curves of NxM arrays of SNS Josephson junctions; these steps occur at N times the single junction voltage. Both integer and fractional giant steps are observed as a function of temperature, external magnetic field, and rf current. The fractional steps occur at multiples of 1/q times the giant Shapiro step voltage and are seen at well defined values of the applied field, p/q flux quantum per placquette. We also observe a fractional step at 1/2 integer voltages, even in zero applied field. These fractional steps decrease in size if random site disorder is introduced to the array.
Pulmonary lesions associated with busulfan therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

The pulmonary findings in 40 patients treated with busulfan were compared with those in 41 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who were treated with other agents or were untreated. Cellular atypia characteristic of busulfan effect was found in 4 patients but only one of these had pulmonary fibrosis and associated respiratory distress (the “busulfan lung syndrome”). Dysplasia of the bronchial epithelium was present in half of the busulfan-treated group but in only 15% of the control group. Other pulmonary changes were seen with equal frequency in both groups. In order to compare the relative susceptibility of the lung to busulfan, the pancreas from each case was examined for evidence of cellular atypia. Seventy-three per cent of the pancreases from busulfan-treated patients were distinguishable on the basis of acinar cell nuclear alterations.
Icons from the end of days: Visual hagiography among Layennes of Senegal

Remarkable street paintings in a neighborhood of Dakar, Senegal, depict half the countenance of an African holy man named Seydina Issa and half that of Jesus Christ, the images joined by an interface of golden blessing. Another street painting based upon a photograph of Seydina Issa depicts him with studio lights reflecting from his forehead in the form of a brilliant cross. The man is a saint (wali Allah, ‘Companion of God’) of Senegal's smallest local Sufi order, the Layennes, who live by fishing from Dakar's ocean shores. Issa's father, Seydina Limamou, was revealed in 1883 to be the Mahdi or Great Guide of the End of Days come to lead the righteous, and Issa (‘Jesus’ in Arabic) would complete his apocalyptic mission. While the great majority of Senegalese are Muslims, a small but socially prominent minority are Roman Catholics. The image of Christ in the joined paintings is derived from Adolf Hyla's ever-more-popular depiction of the Sacred Heart of Jesus based upon Saint Mary Faustina's holy visions ...
Objective image quality measure derived from digital image power spectra

An objective image quality measure based on the digital image power spectrum of normally acquired arbitrary scenes is developed. This image quality measure, which does not require imaging either designed targets or a constant scene, utilizes the previously known invariance property for the power spectra of arbitrary scenes. The measure incorporates a representation of the human visual system, a novel approach to account for directional differences in perspective (scale) for obliquely acquired scenes, and a filter developed to account for imaging system noise as specifically evidenced in the image power spectra. The primary application is to assess the quality of digital images relevant to the image task of detection, recognition, and identification of man-made objects from softcopy displayed versions of visible spectral region digital aerial images. Experimental verification is presented demonstrating very good correlation (r=0.9) of this objective quality measure with visual quality assessments.
Applications of Flexible Bronchoscopy in Infants with Congenital Vocal Cord Paralysis: A 12-Year Experience

Background Congenital vocal cord paralysis (VCP) is a common cause of congenital stridor. Before the widespread application of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) by pediatricians, congenital stridor in infants was usually attributed to laryngomalacia. Prompt recognition and careful follow-up is crucial for the management of congenital VCP. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of newborn infants with congenital VCP diagnosed by FB over a 12-year period. Results During the 12-year period, FB was performed on a total of 356 infants. Fifteen (4%) infants were diagnosed with congenital VCP. There were eight males and seven females and the mean age at diagnosis was 76.6 days. Stridor with respiratory distress was the most prominent presenting symptom. The majority (93%, 14/15) demonstrated bilateral VCP, while one patient (7%) had unilateral VCP. Seven of the 15 (46%) patients had idiopathic VCP, while eight (54%) had VCP associated with neuromuscular disorders. Tracheotomy was necessary in four patients (26%). None of them underwent further surgical interventions. Spontaneous recovery occurred in 10 patients (71%), and of these, 90% (9/10) were treated without tracheotomy. Conclusion In order to allow prompt diagnosis of congenital VCP, FB should be performed in every newborn infant with stridor. Patients with congenital VCP should undergo additional imaging studies to detect any associated neurological abnormalities and intrathoracic comorbidities. The majority of patients can be managed conservatively and monitored carefully using serial FB. Corrective surgery should be reserved for those with a lack of resolution at prolonged follow-up, and those with significant comorbidities.
A Polynomial-Based Linear Mapping Strategy for Feedforward Compensation of Hysteresis in Piezoelectric Actuators

A set of memory-based properties is employed in this paper for modeling multiple-path hysteresis response of piezoelectric actuators. These properties, namely, targeting turning points, curve alignment, and wiping-out effect, are applied in a linear mapping strategy to develop a mathematical framework for modeling the hysteresis phenomenon. More specifically, the locations of turning points are detected and recorded for the prediction of future hysteresis trajectory. An internal trajectory is assumed to follow a multiple-segmented path via a continuous connection of several curves passing through every two consequent turning points. These curves adopt their shapes via a linear mapping strategy from the reference hysteresis curves with polynomial configurations. Experimental implementation of the proposed method demonstrates slight improvement over the widely used Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis operator. However, to maintain the level of precision during the operation, a sufficient number of memory units must be included to record the turning points. Otherwise, in the event of memory saturation, two memory-allocation modes, namely, "open" and "closed" strategies, can be implemented. It is shown that the closed memory-allocation strategy demonstrates better performance by keeping the most important target points. The proposed modeling framework is adopted in an inverse model-based control scheme for feedforward compensation of hysteresis nonlinearity. The controller is experimentally implemented on a three-dimensional nanopositioning stage for surface topography tracking, a problem typically encountered in scanning probe microscopy applications.
Soldier-Level Communications Environment (SLICE)/Soldier Radio Waveform (SEW)

Future Combat Systems (FCS) and Future Force Warrior (FFW) will rely on unattended, tactical sensors to detect and identify enemy targets to avoid enemy fires and enable precise networked fire to survive on the future battlefield with less armor protection. Successful implementation of these sensor fields requires a communications network infrastructure to disseminate sensor data and provide relevant and accurate situational awareness information to the tactical common operating picture. Networked Sensors for the Future Force (NSFF) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) Communications is realizing this capability with advanced communications technologies developed under the Soldier Level Integrated Communications Environment (SLICE) Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) project. These technologies include robust, self-organizing/healing networking protocols, energy management techniques, and secure, jam resistant radio equipment for a significantly enhanced communications capability that will transition to the J...
Stability of Real C*-Algebras

We will give a characterization of stable real -algebras analogous to the one given for complex -algebras by Hjelmborg and Rordam. Using this result, we will prove that any real -algebra satisfying the corona factorization property is stable if and only if its complexification is stable. Real -algebras satisfying the corona factorization property include -algebras and purely infinite C*-algebras. We will also provide an example of a simple unstable C*-algebra, the complexification of which is stable.
Development and application of image processing, data processing, database, and data query tools to study post-infarction cardiac remodeling in man

In the latter 1970s, largely due to the development of echocardiography and the ready availability of invasive contrast ventriculography, clinicians noted that distinct and serial changes occurred in the heart after infarction where cardiac enlargement could progress long after completion of scarring in the infarct region. Similar changes have also been observed in the non-infarcted or non-ischemic myocardial regions commencing within days of infarction. This process, which involves both viable and infarcted heart muscle, has been termed `post- infarction cardiac remodeling.' A major obstacle to further comprehension of post-infarction cardiac remodeling in man has been related to limitations in applications of conventional cardiac imaging methods and conventional cardiac image processing. Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) has emerged recently as an alternative means to image the heart and has been extensively validated for studies of ventricular volumes, function, muscle mass, shape, characterization of regional mechanics, and affords 3-D image registration. A research investigation was designed which involved a total of 55 patients entered prospectively following an index myocardial infarction. Each was imaged using EBCT at hospital discharge, six-weeks, six-months and one-year after the event.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Role of Infection and Anti-Infection Treatment in Regenerative Therapy.

Infection associated with regenerative therapy is becoming an increasingly important consideration as the frequency and numbers of regenerative procedures increase. Specific recommendations for antimicrobial treatment associated with membranes, grafts, and implants are presented in the context of establishing general principles of infection management. J Periodontol 1993; 64:1166–1170.
Photochemistry of methylated rhodopsins.

— Rhodopsin, in which the active-site Schiff-base lysine has been chemically modified by monomethylation, is unable to form the deprotonated Schiff base bleaching intermediate, rnetarhodop-sin II. The photochemistry of the methylated Schiff base rhodopsin stops at the metarhodopsin I stage, which then slowly decays to all-trans retinal and opsin. Methylation of the non active-site lysines does not block the photochemical transformation but does speed up the formation and decay of the metarhodopsins.
Examining Institutional Change: Evidence from the Founding Dynamics of U.S. Health Care Interest Associations

This study examines institutional change in the founding patterns of “interest associations” in U.S. health care during an era of redefinition of this organizational field. When this domain's major...
Facilitation of tonic immobility by stimulation of the vaginal cervix in the rat

Stimulation of the vaginal cervix with a plunger from a 1 cc syringe induced tonic immobility (i.e., blocked gross movement including the righting reflex) in response to inversion combined with brief manual restraint, in otherwise insusceptible female rats. In a second experiment, estradiol benzoate administration potentiated this effect somewhat, as measured by the latency to immobilization, although the duration of immobility was not significantly affected. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between tonic immobility and lordosis, the immobile mating posture of the female rat, which is also potentiated by cervical stimulation.
In vivo visualization of cerebral microcirculation in systemic thermal injury.

We present a model used to describe the effects of systemic thermal injury in cerebral permeability with the use of an open, acute pial window technique. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and an open pial window was constructed. The area was then bathed with artificial cerebrospinal fluid with a pH adjusted to 7.4 that was heated to a constant temperature of 37°C, which was allowed to circulate into a reservoir at a rate of 2 cc/min. The fluid was infused with a gas mixture of 5% carbon dioxide and 95% nitrogen. A warming blanket was placed under the animal's ventral surface, and the animal's temperature was maintained at 37°C and monitored with a rectal thermal probe. Experimental animals were submerged to the xiphoid process in 100°C water bath for a total of 6 seconds, which produced a 70% total body surface area third degree burn. Control animals were submerged in 37°C water for 6 seconds. The animals were then injected with a constant infusion of bovine albumin coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Recordings were taken every 15 minutes for 6 hours. The vascular albumin leakage was determined from the ratio of interstitium to vascular fluorescence and expressed as a percentage. The percent albumin leakage in the control group was found to be significantly different from that in the experimental group at all periods measured. The mean increase in permeability ranged from 20% at 15 minutes to 104% at 6 hours. These changes were found to be statistically significant with the use of unpaired t test at a P value of .0001. The model presented is the first to demonstrate changes in cerebral permeability after acute severe systemic thermal injury. (J Burn Care Rehabil 2000;21:20-5)
Just a Mirage: The Search for Dispositional Effects in Organizational Research

There has been renewed interest in dispositional explanations of individual behavior in organizations. We argue that this new stream of dispositional research is flawed both conceptually and methodologically, and we suggest several theoretical and empirical improvements. We conclude by discussing the costs of a dispositional perspective for both organizations and organizational participants.
Effects of Clinical Infrared Laser on Superficial Radial Nerve Conduction

The purposes of this study were to demonstrate the effects of infrared laser radiation on the sensory nerve conduction of a specified peripheral nerve in man and determine temperature changes in the tissue surrounding the treated nerve. Twenty healthy adults were divided into three groups: control (n = 5); experimental (n = 10), infrared laser radiation at 20 sec/cm2; and experimental (n = 5), infrared laser radiation treatment at 120 sec/cm2. Antidromic sensory nerve conduction studies were performed on the superficial radial nerve of each subject's right forearm. The infrared laser radiation was applied at a fixed intensity for five 1-cm2 segments. Latency, amplitude, and temperature measurements were recorded pretest; posttest; and posttest intervals of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine the data. No significant change was noted in the distal sensory latency or amplitude of the evoked sensory potential in either experimental or control groups as a result of the applications of the infrared laser radiation treatment. This study demonstrates that infrared laser used at clinically applied intensities does not alter conduction of sensory nerves nor does it elevate the subcutaneous temperature.
A Faithful Distributed Mechanism for Sharing the Cost of Multicast Transmissions

The problem of sharing the cost of multicast transmissions was studied in the past, and two mechanisms, marginal cost (MC) and Shapley value (SH), were proposed to solve it. Although both of them are strategy proof mechanisms, the distributed protocols implementing them are susceptible to manipulation by autonomous nodes. We propose a distributed Shapley value mechanism in which the participating nodes do not have incentives to deviate from the mechanism specifications. We show that the proposed mechanism is a faithful implementation of the Shapley value mechanism. We experimentally investigate the performance of the existing and the proposed cost-sharing mechanisms by implementing and deploying them on PlanetLab. We compare the execution time of MC and SH mechanisms for the tamper-proof and autonomous node models. We also study the convergence and scalability of the mechanisms by varying the number of nodes and the number of users per node. We show that the MC mechanisms generate a smaller revenue compared to the SH mechanisms, and thus, they are not attractive to the content provider. We also show that increasing the number of users per node is beneficial for the systems implementing the SH mechanisms from both computational and economic perspectives.