cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
9 Breast and cervical cancer mortality in the mississippi delta region

Abstract PURPOSE: Historically, residents of the Mississippi Delta Region have suffered from high unemployment and poverty, deficits in education, and inadequate access to health care. These factors may lead to deficits in cancer screening for women, higher incidence rates of late stage disease and higher death rates. This study assessed breast and cervical cancer mortality in the Mississippi Delta Region for 1979 through 1998. METHODS: Annual death rates for 1979 through 1998 and average annual rates for 1994-1998 were calculated for the Mississippi Delta Region (235 counties in 8 states) from information reported on death certificates. Rates were age-adjusted to the 1970 U.S. standard population. Rates for all of the Delta Region and state specific rates for the Delta region were compared to rates for the remainder of the U.S. or the states, respectively. Trends were examined with joinpoint regression techniques overall and by age and race over 1979-1998. Average annual death rates were also compared by rurality and a socioeconomic indicator of the county of residence. RESULTS: Overall breast cancer mortality was lower among white Mississippi Delta women than among other U.S. white women throughout the study period but, after rates decreased among both groups in the 1990s, the difference has narrowed. Breast cancer death rates among black women initially increased at a higher rate in the Delta region and rates remained similar in the Delta and other U.S. regions in recent years. Breast cancer death rates did not differ by economic status between regions. Cervical cancer death rates declined more rapidly in the remainder of the U.S. than the Delta region. Among white women, suburban and rural women in the Delta region had higher cervical cancer death rates than their counterparts in the other U.S. Among black women, residents of economically nondistressed or urban Delta counties had higher death rates than their counterparts in the other U.S. Death rates varied by geographic areas within states; Delta rates were elevated in 2 states for breast cancer and 6 states for cervical cancer compared to rates for the remainder of the states. CONCLUSION: The results provide information to guide prevention and control activities for reducing premature mortality from these diseases.
Use of a membrane reactor to improve selectivity to intermediate products in consecutive catalytic reactions

Abstract Through modeling it has been shown that a concentric-tube catalytic membrane reactor can be used to increase the selectivity for the intermediate products of a consecutive reaction scheme. The reactants are fed to the tube-side of the reactor where the catalyst is also located. The wall of the tube is permeable, allowing the intermediate products to pass through to the annular space instead of undergoing further reaction. The annular space is swept by an inert gas flow and contains no catalyst. Both permselective and non-permselective membranes have been considered in both co-current and counter-current flow regimes. In contrast to most catalytic membrane reactor applications where reactions are reversible and thermodynamically limited, in the present study the reactions considered are irreversible and are under kinetic control.
PicoCube: a 1 cm3 sensor node powered by harvested energy

The PicoCube is a 1 cm3 sensor node using harvested energy as its source of power. Operating at an average of only 6 uW for a tire-pressure application, the PicoCube represents a modular and integrated approach to the design of nodes for wireless sensor networks. It combines advanced ultra-low power circuit techniques with system-level power management. A simple packaging approach allows the modules comprising the node to fit into 1 cm3 in a reliable fashion.
A mixed P1–DP0 diffusion theory for planar geometry

Abstract A variational analysis is used to derive a mixed P 1 –DP 0 (P 1 spherical harmonics–double P 0 spherical harmonics) angular approximation to the time-independent monoenergetic neutron transport equation in one-dimensional planar geometry. This mixed angular approximation contains a space-dependent weight factor α ( x ) that controls the local angular approximation used at a spatial point x : α ( x ) = 1 yields the standard P 1 (diffusion) approximation, α ( x ) = 0 gives the standard DP 0 approximation, and 0 α ( x ) 1 –DP 0 angular approximation. The diffusion equation obtained differs from the standard P 1 diffusion equation only in the definition of the diffusion coefficient. Standard Marshak incident angular flux boundary conditions are also obtained via the variational analysis. We examine the use of this mixed angular approximation coupled with the standard P 1 approximation to more accurately treat material interfaces and vacuum boundaries. We propose a simple but effective functional form for the weight factor α ( x ) that removes the need for the user to specify the value. Numerical results from several test problems are presented to demonstrate that significant improvements in accuracy can be obtained using this method with essentially no computational penalty.
Afferent vagal modulation of brain stem somatic reflex activity

The influence of cervical vagal afferent activity upon somatic reflexes was examined in immobilized, encephale isole cats. Antagonistic brain stem somatic reflexes, the masseteric (jaw closing) and the digastric (jaw opening), were induced in conjunction with stimulation of the cut central end of the cervical vagus nerve. Single pulse or pulse train vagal stimulation led to three sequential periods of masseteric reflex modulation: (a) facilitation, (b) depression, and (c) facilitation. Under a similar experimental paradigm the digastric reflex was first facilitated and then depressed. Repetitive vagal stimulation induced tonic facilitation of the masseteric reflex and tonic depression of the digastric reflex. These results were discussed in relation to the effects exerted by vagal afferents upon the central nervous system and behavior, and the functional significance of visceral information received by the brain.
The silent ductus: its precursors and its aftermath

Prophylactic closure of the patent ductus arteriosus has been recommended as a means of decreasing the morbidity of the very low birth weight neonate. This study was undertaken in order to determine potential risk factors involved in the development of the silent ductus, its impact upon both the early cardiorespiratory symptomatology and the subsequent morbidity of the premature neonate, and finally the potential benefit to be derived from prophylatic closure in this presymptomatic stage. Infants with birth weights of 1000 g or less were studied on days 2–3 of life echocardiographically, clinically, and with determination of plasma dilator prostaglandin levels. On entry to the study, those infants with early evidence of silent left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunting were randomized to receive either prophylactic indomethacin or placebo therapy. Those infants with no evidence of ductal shunting were not treated at all. Infants with silent PDAs had elevated levels of the dilator prostaglandin metabolite 6-keto PGF1α on admission, although they had no echocardiographic abnormalities. No other risk factors for PDA development could be identified. Silent PDA infants had an increased incidence of subsequent symptomatic PDAs, and overall morbidity and mortality when compared with those with no evidence of PDA (silent or symptomatic). Prophylactic ductal closure decreased the incidence of subsequent PDA development, but had no effect on overall morbidity and/or mortality.
Rat epididymal α-d-mannosidase: Purification, carbohydrate composition, substrate specificity, and antibody production☆

Abstract Two α- d -mannosidases have previously been identified in rat epididymis. This communication reports the purification and characterization of the “acid” α- d -mannosidase. The enzyme was purified over 1000-fold to near homogeneity by acetone and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by ion-exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 220,000 by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native enzyme under two conditions of buffer and pH showed a single band when stained for protein while electrophoresis under denaturing conditions resulted in bands of apparent Mr 60,000 and 31,000. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing about 5.6% hexose. In addition to mannose (3.1%) and glucosamine (2.0%), the enzyme also contained small amounts of glucose, fucose, and galactose. Chemical analysis indicated the absence of sialic acid. The substrate specificity of the purified enzyme was investigated using linear and branched mannose-containing oligosaccharides. The enzyme cleaved linear oligosaccharides [Man(α1–2)Man(α1–2)Man(α1–3) Man(β1–4)GlcNAc and Man(α1–2)Man(α1–3)Man(β1–4)GlcNAc] very efficiently. However, little or no activity was observed toward high mannose oligosaccharides (Man9GlcNAc through Man5GlcNAc) or the branched trimannosyl derivative Man3GlcNAc. This specificity is very similar to that observed with rat kidney lysosomal α- d -mannosidase. Additional evidence that the epididymal enzyme is essentially a lysosomal α- d -mannosidase is the fact that polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified epididymal enzyme cross-reacted with lysosomal α- d -mannosidase from several rat tissues and with acidic α- d -mannosidase of a human cell line, results suggesting that the antibody will be useful in studying the biosynthesis and turnover of lysosomal α- d -mannosidases in at least two species.
Recurring episodes of spreading depression are spontaneously elicited by an intracerebral hemorrhage in the swine

Intracranial bleeding damages the surrounding tissue in a complex fashion that involves contamination by blood-borne products and loss of ionic homeostasis. We used electrophysiological techniques to examine the functional changes in the developing intracerebral bleed and in surrounding regions using an in vivo swine model. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was induced by collagenase injection into the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Somatic evoked potential (SEP) elicited by electrical stimulation of the contralateral snout as well as changes in DC-coupled potential were monitored in the SI from the time of collagenase injection in order to measure the effects of ICH. The SEP decreased in amplitude within minutes of the intracerebral injection. Its short-latency component was abolished within the first hour after collagenase injection without any sign of recovery for the duration of the experiment. As the SEP started decreasing in amplitude, we observed spontaneous, recurring episodes of cortical spreading depression (SD) as early as 20 min post-injection. The timing of SDs in SI is consistent with our interpretation that SDs were initially generated at multiple sites adjacent to the lesion core and propagated into the surrounding area. With time, SD became less frequent near the injection site, shifting to more distant electrodes in the surrounding area. Our results indicate that ICH leads to the reduction in SEP amplitude and induces spontaneous episodes of SD. Loss of ionic homeostasis is most likely the physiological basis for the SEP change and for the induction of SD. Recurring SD spontaneously generated in experimental ICH needs further study in humans with ICH.
Development of calcium action potentials in mouse hippocampal cell cultures

Abstract Action potentials (APs) mediated by calcium ions have been recorded intracellularly from neurons in cell cultures prepared from fetal mouse hippocampus and examined between 18 h and 46 days in culture. These APs occurred in media containing sodium ions (4–14 mM), calcium ions (5–8 mM), and tetrodotoxin (1 μg/ml), were enhanced by tetraethylammonium ions (5–20 mM), and were blocked by cobalt ions (10 mM). In cultures prepared from 18-day fetuses, the incidence of neurons with calcium AP activity was 46% (n = 35) from 18 h to 2 days. For the next 6 weeks in culture the incidence was between 83 and 89%. The lower incidence of calcium APs is due to temporary loss of calcium AP capability immediately following culture preparation, rather than a lack of development of this property by fetal day 18, because cultures of neurons chronologically equivalent to fetal ages 16–18 days have a high incidence of calcium APs (91%, n = 22). Sodium-dependent APs can be demonstrated in cells which have calcium APs by perfusion techniques. These dual AP mechanisms persist within the same cell throughout the time span of the cultures in this study. Special features of calcium APs in cultured hippocampal neurons included the following: (1) calcium APs were optimally generated when the membrane potential was depolarized to −40 mV except with tetraethylammonium ions in the medium. Under this condition, optimal activity occurred between −60 and −70 mV; (2) AP morphology suggested the presence of multiple generator sites and the distribution of calcium channels over both soma and processes; (3) hyperpolarizing afterpotentials were well developed in some, but not all cells with calcium APs; (4) up to 25% of the cells in selected cultures exhibited rhythmic pacemaker activity with a frequency which increased linearly from about 1 to 7 Hz with increasing steady current injection; (5) manganese ions did not effectively block calcium APs in cultured hippocampal neurons and, in fact, appeared to support AP activity. Marked hyperpolarizing afterpotentials followed some manganese APs.
Stimulation of uptake of calcium-45 in the adrenal gland by acetylcholine.

RECENTLY, Douglas and Rubin1 have suggested that acetylcholine, the physiological transmitter of sympathetic nerve effects at the adrenal medulla, evokes catecholamine secretion by causing calcium ions to penetrate the medullary cells. Our experiments with calcium-45 have now provided further evidence consonant with this idea.
'Eudaemonic eye': 'personal imaging' and wearable computing as result of deconstructing HCI; towards greater creativity and self-determination

The apparatus for 'personal imaging' consists of a combination of the author's 'existential computer' invention (hardware portion also referred to as the "wearable computer") with an electronic camera as the primary input device. Personal imaging, a conceptual framework around this simple apparatus, is first presented as a new research area, and then applications to the visual arts, and to personal documentary, are presented.
Wikipedia and undergraduate research trajectories

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to analyze undergraduate students’ use of Wikipedia bibliographies. The study has implications for Wikipedia as a “discovery tool” of library collections, library instructional practices and understanding the complex ecology of students’ research processes. Design/methodology/approach – Thirty undergraduate students were recruited from introductory English writing classes. A controlled survey was conducted in Qualtrics®, including the following sections: pre and post test of students’ understanding of authority/quality of sources; tasks analyzing participants’ choices for further research after reading a Wikipedia article; and students’ determination of the authority/quality of sources in Wikipedia reference pages, using an adapted version of the Turnitin® Source Educational Evaluation Rubric. Findings – The investigator found that students were unlikely to follow references they found in bibliographies of Wikipedia pages, unless instructed to do so. This was expres...
Pattern of urinary proteins in experimental diabetes

Proteinuria develops rapidly after the induction of experimental diabetes and is the major abnormality of renal function in chronically diabetic rats [1–9]. Proteinuria can be prevented or reversed by metabolically effective pancreatic islet transplantation or insulin treatment [3–6, 9]. Albumin is the protein moiety whose renal excretion has been studied most extensively in diabetic rats [3, 4, 6, 7]. Increases in albumin excretion of small magnitude have been found in both acutely and chronically diabetic rats during poor metabolic control [3, 6, 7], although this has not been a universal observation [4, 8]. Regardless of the absolute level of albuminuria, it appears that albumin comprises a relatively low proportion (5 to 20%) of total urinary protein in diabetic rats [4, 7, 8]. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pattern of proteins appearing in the urine of acutely diabetic rats by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and to evaluate how that pattern changes in response to short-term effective insulin therapy. The patterns of urinary proteins in acutely and chronically diabetic rats were compared. In addition, the relative contribution of albumin to total protein excretion was assessed.
Split-Cache: A holistic caching framework for improved network performance in wireless ad hoc networks

Wireless ad hoc networks (WAHNs) consist of autonomous nodes cooperating with each other to transmit/receive data over multiple-hops in the network. Caching is a useful mechanism to leverage this cooperation. Nodes with cached content can satisfy requests from other nodes, thus helping reduce network traffic and energy consumption, and improve latency. With the proliferation of wireless devices on the Internet and the proposal of a future Internet with emphasis on in-network caching, improvements in caching can significantly improve network response while reducing network load. In this paper, we present a holistic caching framework, Split-Cache, which enables a network node to account for the frequency of requests of data items and their presence in the network, and to leverage a split-cache (one part caches popular items and the other caches less popular items) to make caching and cache-eviction decisions. We performed exhaustive simulations to compare Split-Cache with the state-of-the-art: Split-Cache improved the cache request resolution time on an average by 30% (and as high as 72%), and required 15% less average traffic for resolving requests-large savings when considering large number of requests.
Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (tropical splenomegaly syndrome)

Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (HMS), formerly known as tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS), was recognized some 20 years ago as an entity distinct from the splenic enlargement resulting directly from malarial parasitaemia. Its basis appears to be a disturbance in the T-lymphocyte control of the humoral response to recurrent malaria, possibly linked to particular HLA Class II antigens. Gross overproduction of IgM antibodies leads to the formation of high molecular weight immune complexes, persistent gross splenomegaly recurrent episodes of profound anaemia and increased susceptibility to infections. Those with gross disease experience a high mortality, which constitutes a major public health problem in communities where the syndrome affects a majority of adults.
Symptomatic Hypoglycemia Complicating Pregnancy Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

Symptomatic hypoglycemia is a known consequence of gastric bypass surgery, which is being performed with increased frequency in reproductive-aged women. A 36-year old woman presented at 24 weeks' gestation, 39 months following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), with new onset symptomatic hypoglycemia. Lightheadedness and syncope coinciding with postprandial glucose levels of 34-57 mg/dL responded to dietary modifications. Following RYGBP physiologic changes of pregnancy may precipitate clinically significant hypoglycemia in the previously asymptomatic patient.
GLAUCOSPHAERA VACUOLATA, ITS ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY1,2

SUMMARY Glaucosphaera vacuolata was recently rediscovered, and isolated by Dr. Richard Starr of Indiana University Physiological and ultrastructural studies have been conducted on this cyanome and are reported for the first time. Glaucosphaera has been found to have low rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and Hill activity. Unusual features noted include the presence of R-phycocyanin as the major accessory pigment, phycobilisomes, and eyeshot-like structures in the cyanelles.
Inversion of photometric He + (30.4 nm) intensities to obtain He + distributions

Radiation at He+ at 30.4 nm, which is emitted close to the Earth, comes from three distinct regions; the ionosphere, the plasmasphere and the polar cap. Published observational data on He+ 30.4 nm have shown that the intensities from polar regions are relatively smaller than the other regions. Polar emissions are believed to be due to resonant scattering of ion outflow in sunlight. A 1982 rocket flight from Poker Flat, Alaska has shown that line-of-sight 30.4 nm emission rates are relatively strong in the direction of the pole. Since the roll of the rocket afforded many different observing directions, we have used the variety of viewing geometries to extract ionospheric source densities from the photometric intensity data. We have assumed that the He+ densities vary with distance along dipole field lines according to a particular functional form, and then we proceeded to extract the source densities by a matrix inversion method. The results give density variations over a range of latitudes including samples from each of the regions mentioned above. The method obtains good fits of the observed profiles of intensity versus observation angle.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photodynamic effects of rose bengal or riboflavin on carrier-mediated transport systems in rat lens.

The lens is subject to oxidative damage by photosensitizers, and light. Riboflavin or rose bengal photosensitzed damage to carrier mediated transport systems was studied in cultured rat lenses. Photo-oxidation reduced accumulation of 86Rb, [3H]choline, and [3H]α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in the lens water. The earliest effect was decreased choline accumulation. This was followed by decreased uptake of AIB and 86Rb, and finally by increased 86Rb leakout and loss of clarity. Damage to lens transport by riboflavin or rose bengal was dependent upon light, and air. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not block the photo-oxidation by either photosensitizer, indicating that the, superoxide, free radical was not directly responsible for the lens damage. Catalase blocked the effects of riboflavin but not of rose bengal. In contrast, ascorbate blocked the effects of rose bengal but only partially blocked the effects of riboflavin. Therefore it appears that riboflavin acts through a hydrogen peroxide intermediate whereas rose bengal acts through some other intermediate, possibly singlet oxygen.
[3h]Dexamethasone binding by rat liver microsomes: effects of age, sex, and adrenal status.

Microsomal preparations isolated from normal rat liver exhibit a high level of specific [3H]dexamethasonebinding activity. Binding proceeds rapidly and under standardized assay conditions is essentially complete within 30 min at 22–23 C, with nonspecific binding (i.e. binding not displaceable by excess nonradioactive steroid) constituting only a small fraction of the total. Scatchard analysis of radioactive dexamethasone binding indicates a single class of binding sites with a Kd of 2.0 ± 0.1 × 1O-7 M and a binding capacity in the range of 5 pmol/ mg protein for microsomes from male rats in the 200- to 250-g weight range. Binding capacity is greater in male than in female rats and rises strikingly with advancing age, whereas binding affinity remains invariant. Binding, moreover, is shown to be strongly dependent upon the presence of intact adrenal secretion, in that adrenalectomy results in at least an 80% fall in specific dexamethasone binding, while replacement with exogenous glucocorticoid restores the...
In vitro activity of 15-azasterol (A25822B) against chalkbrood pathogen Ascosphaera apis in the honey bee

The antifungal agent 15-azasterol A25822B was examined for effects on the growth and development of Ascosphaera apis. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of azasterol against A. apis was 1 μm. Growth and development of A. apis was completely controlled at this concentration. At a concentration of 0.01 μm growth of A. apis was retarded and although sporocysts were formed developing spores were not be able to reach maturation. A major effect of azasterol at this low concentration was the accumulation of lipid in the hyphae, sporocysts and immature spores. In addition it caused a conformational change in mitochondria and damage to the spore membrane structure. On the basis of these results, further investigations of azasterol for the treatment of chalkbrood disease in the honey bee are warranted.
Synthesis of a New Class of Solvent-Sensitive Fluorescent Labels.

Single biomolecules can be detected with the aid of new labels that absorb visible light and fluoresce by intramolecular charge transfer. The intensity of the fluorescence is highly dependent upon the environment of the fluorophore, and decreases greatly with increasing polarity.
Jahn-Teller effect in the augmented Hubbard model

We investigate the effects induced by the interplay of microscopic degrees of freedom. In many cases, one has to consider spin and orbital degeneracy to explain complex structures of magnetic and orbital order. Frequently, attention is focused on electronic correlations. We study how the interaction of electrons with lattice degrees of freedom modifies the pure electronic case. Because of orbital degeneracy we have to deal with the Jahn-Teller effect. In particular, the E Jahn-Teller effect allows a perturbative approach. Assuming that the excitation energies dominate the hopping rate, we derive an effective model and analyze the interaction-induced symmetry breaking. The additional orbital degree of freedom results in a spin-orbital model and phonons are taken into account as modified coupling parameters. A quantum mechanical treatment of phonons results in an exponentially quenched orbital exchange coupling. Furthermore, by considering electronic symmetry one obtains symmetry breaking in the orbital sector. This was also found when Hund’s rule coupling was taken into account, but in this case higher symmetry can be restored by proper choice of parameters, which is not the case for Jahn-Teller coupling. Surprisingly, adiabatic treatment shows neither exponential damping nor nonrestorable symmetry breaking in the orbital sector.
Religion and Trends in Euthanasia Attitudes among U.S. Adults, 1977–2004

Though many studies address the role of religion in predicting social attitudes over time, none has examined this relationship specifically for euthanasia. Using a large, nationally representative data source, this study seeks to address this void. Our findings indicate that considerable differences exist among religious denominations regarding the legalization of euthanasia. Specifically, we note a liberalizing trend for all included denominations. We also demonstrate substantial differences in the rates of liberalization, particularly in comparison to conservative Protestants. We conclude with an assessment of our findings relative to previous studies on religion and public opinion.
The ductile-to-brittle transition and ductile failure envelopes of orthotropic ice under biaxial compression

Abstract Experiments were performed on orthotropic columnar fresh-water ice of ≈ 6mm column diamter proportionally loaded across the columns under biaxial compression at −10°C under various combinations of strain rate and stress ratio, R = σ22/σ11. The ductile-to-brittle transition strain rate increased from about 8 × 10−5 s−1 under no confinement to about 3 × 10−4s−1 under intermediate confinement ( R ⋍ 0.3 ), and then decreased to about 5 × 10−5s−1 under full confinement (R = 1). The ductile failure envelopes are semi-elliptical in shape and conform fairly well to those created with the use of Hill's [9] criterion for the yielding of plastically orthotropic materials. The transition strain rate is rationalized in terms of the effects of the confining stress on the ductile and the brittle failure stresses, and is modelled in terms of the suppression of creep deformation at the tips of wing cracks.
Plasma prostaglandin E concentrations from birth through childhood.

The prostaglandins are synthesized in a variety of tissues and participate in an extensive number of physiologic processes. As prostaglandin concentrations have not been reported in infants and children, we measured PGE levels from birth through childhood. PGE levels in cord blood were significantly higher than those in adults. By 48 to 72 hours of age, however, they had fallen to levels that were significantly lower than those in adults. Although PGE concentrations increased with age, they remained significantly lower than did adult levels. These low levels may be related to some of the functional peculiarities of the immature kidney.
Headache syndromes suggested by factor analysis of symptom variables in a headache prone population

THE STUDY of headache, one of the most universal and anciently described of human afllictions, has been plagued by problems of defining homogeneous patient groups. The Ad Hoc Committee of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness in 1962, recognizing this problem, summarized the consensus at that time by naming several entities of symptom patterns of recurrent headache not due to specific local causes: classic migraine, common migraine, cluster headache, hemiplegic and ophthalmoplegic migraine, lower-half headache, muscle contraction headache, and combined headache (vascular and muscle contraction) [l]. Although the common features of migraine are well known, as are those of ‘tension headache’, all who deal with headache patients, however, are aware of the uncertainty of how commonly each specific headache characteristic occurs in association with another. Segments of ‘migraine’ and ‘tension’ headache syndromes, for example, seem to be more commonly mingled in the pattern of headache of the individual patient than the pure symptom complex. Attempts to find a single defining criterion for migraine have been productive of disagreement. The extent and importance of the difficulty encountered by clinicians in identifying identical or even closely similar populations among headache patients can scarcely be overemphasized. Gowers stressed the ‘paroxysmal’ nature (episodic nature) of the headaches, mentioned the frequent occurrence of nausea, visual disturbance and unilaterality of headache [2]. Wolff stressed the response to ergotamine, the autonomic dysfunction features, the presence of scalp blood vessel dilatation and of scalp tenderness, and the psychogenic aspects of precipitation of attacks [3]. Ostfeld recognized the problems in diagnosis created by ‘patients’ expectations and skills in communicating and the doctor’s biases’. To isolate a homogeneous patient population he defined migraine as those patients whose headache responded rapidly and well to intramuscular ergotamine and not placebo [4]. Lance et al, however, in one of the largest recent series, uses as criteria for migraine ‘recurrent severe headache with
To See the World or Stay at Home: Applying an Integrated Student Choice Model to Explore the Gender Gap in the Intent to Study Abroad.

Although interest in study abroad has grown consistently in recent decades, study abroad professionals and higher education scholars have been unable to explain or rectify the long-standing gender gap in study abroad participation. This study applies an integrated model of the student-choice construct to explore differences between male and female intent to study abroad. Results indicate that, not only can various forms of social and cultural capital predict student decisions about curricular opportunities during college such as study abroad, but gender plays a substantial role in altering the ways in which those forms of capital shape student decisions differently. These findings present a range of implications for researchers interested in better understanding the decision making process of college students as well as study abroad professionals and national policymakers intent on narrowing the gender gap in study abroad participation.
Wind Fields over the Great Lakes Measured by the SeaWinds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT Satellite

This paper demonstrates the utility of satellite scatterometer measurements for wind retrieval over the Great Lakes on a daily basis. We use data acquired by the SeaWinds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite launched in June 1999 to derive wind speeds and directions over the lakes at a resolution of 12.5 km, which is two times finer than the QSCAT standard ocean wind product at a resolution of 25 km. To evaluate QSCAT performance for high-resolution measurements of lake wind vectors, we compare QSCAT results with Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System (GLCFS) nowcast wind fields and with standard QSCAT measurements of ocean wind vectors. Although the satellite results over the Great Lakes are obtained with an ocean model function, QSCAT and GLCFS wind fields compare well together for low to moderate wind conditions (4–32 knots). For wind speed, the analysis shows a correlation coefficient of 0.71, a bias of 2.6 knots in mean wind speed difference (nowcast wind is lower) with a root-mean-square (rms) deviation of 3.8 knots. For wind direction, the correlation coefficient is 0.94 with a very small value of 1.3° in mean wind direction bias and an rms deviation of 38° for all wind conditions. When excluding the low wind range of 4–12 knots, the rms deviation in wind direction reduces to 22°. Considering QSCAT requirements designed for ocean wind measurements and actual evaluations of QSCAT performance over ocean, results for high-resolution lake wind vectors indicate that QSCAT performs well over the Great Lakes. Moreover, we show that wind fields derived from satellite scatterometer data before, during, and after a large storm in October 1999, with winds stronger than 50 knots, can monitor the storm development over large scales. The satellite results for storm monitoring are consistent with GLCFS nowcast winds and lake buoy measurements. A geophysical model function can be developed specifically for the Great Lakes using long-term data from satellite scatterometers, to derive more accurate wind fields for operational applications as well as scientific studies.
Distributed Fault-Tolerance for Event Detection Using Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a general fault-tolerant event detection scheme that allows nodes to detect erroneous local decisions by leveraging the local decisions reported by their neighbors. This detection scheme can handle cases where nodes have different accuracy levels. The derived fault-tolerant estimator is proven to be optimal under the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion. An equivalent weighted voting scheme is also derived. Further, two new error models are derived to take into account the neighbor distance and the geographical distributions of the two decision quorums. These models are particularly suitable for detection applications where the event under consideration is highly localized. The fault-tolerant estimator is simulated using a network of 1,024 nodes deployed randomly in a square region and assigned random probabilities of failure. Several estimation schemes that allow nodes to learn their error rates continuously are developed. These error rates are used in the distributed estimation schemes to assign appropriate weights to the nodes in the voting scheme.
An Itinerary-Diagram-based Approach for Mobile Agent Application Development

We propose an approach to design mobile agent applications for content-based multimedia information retrieval or electronic commerce on the Internet. The specific mobile agents of interest are called adlets, which are mobile agents carrying the metadata of various kinds of multimedia documents. Adlets autonomously travel from site to site on the Internet, advertising its contents and interacting with other adlets to gather information or to perform an electronic commerce task. Protocols are used to specify the behavior of such adlets. To design mobile agent applications, itinerary diagrams are developed to specify the protocols at the abstract level. Guidelines and templates are then provided to construct adlet types from the itinerary diagrams. The final output – the adlet types – are formal specifications called Multiple State Machines (MSMs). This approach therefore utilizes intuitively meaningful visual diagrams to produce rigorous formal specifications to expedite mobile agent application development.
Donald MacKay's final lectures—The Gifford lectures

Abstract Delivered only months before his death, the Gifford Lectures allowed Donald MacKay to clarify and to emphasize his views on many important issues. MacKay stressed the primacy of personal experience and the differences between persons, brains, and machines. These positions are reviewed here, as are some of the reasons why MacKay may remain relatively unknown among American psychologists, philosophers, and neuroscientists.
Technical details and programming guide for a general two-way positive matrix factorization algorithm

In the past decade a factor analysis model named positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been increasingly used in analysis of environmental data. The PMF computing program is commercially available from its developer, but the technical details of the algorithm and program codes remain unpublished so far. For better documentation and facilitation of its application we present the technical details of a general two-way PMF algorithm and provide a detailed guide for its programming. We explicitly explain the iterative procedure and construction of matrices and vectors used in the PMF algorithm and illustrate their implementations with ready-to-use Matlab codes. We also give our experiences and suggestions on various aspects of PMF programming, such as reducing memory need, improving computational efficiency and adjusting model parameters. The contents presented in this paper are helpful for one who would like to create his/her own PMF computing codes and thus be able to tailor the model for specific tasks or purposes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photorefractive behavior of strontium barium niobate doped with trivalent rare-earths

Summary form only given. Of trivalent rare-earth dopants only Ce/sup 3+/ has been directly implicated in the photo-refractive effect in SBN (Sr/sub x/Ba/sub (1+x)/Nb/sub 2/O/sub 6/). This is expected because Ce/sup 3+/ is the most easily photoionized trivalent rare-earth. We have investigated the spectroscopy and photorefractive response of SBN doped with Ce/sup 3+/, Pr/sup 3+/ and Nd/sup 3+/. Ce/sup 3+/ shows a broad absorption extending from the band edge at about 3.2 eV (380 nm) to around 600 nm. This is assigned to a combination of 4f-5d and charge transfer absorption. In contrast, the spectrum of Pr/sup 3+/ and Nd/sup 3+/ consists of a number of sharp f-f absorption lines, together with a weak background, which may be due to other impurities or defects. In addition these ions have metastable excited state, with lifetimes of about 100 /spl mu/s.
Development of Sociolinguistic Skills in Spanish: Sample Activities.

One of the major concerns of forvign language teaching is the development of students' sociolinguistic skills in the language they are learning that is teaching students what, when whee how and to whom to say something so that their language is not only gmmmatically adequate but sociocultumlly appropriate This paper provides sample activities in Spanish that teachers can use to help students develop these skills. The activities, which include exercises in Listening Comprehension and Oral Production, can be used at the Intermediate and Advanced levels of proficiency They have been developed to highlight native speakers' linguistic choices in different situations and focus on their use of deference markers. It is important in well-rounded proficiency-based instruction to provide a knowledge of and opportunities to use appropriate deference markers, where appropriate is defined in terms of native speakers' authentic discourse. While this article presents a substantial proportion of the deference markers, it does not exhaust all the possibilities. Further study of deference markers used by native Spanish speakers would prove most useful.
FRACTURE FACES OF ZONULAE OCCLUDENTES FROM "TIGHT" AND "LEAKY" EPITHELIA

Epithelia vary with respect to transepithelial permeability. In those that are considered "leaky", a large fraction of the passive transepithelial flux appears to follow the paracellular route, passing across the zonulae occludentes and moving down the intercellular clefts. In "tight" epithelia, the resistance of the paracellular pathway to passive flux is greatly increased. To see whether differences in the morphology of the zonula occludens could contribute to this variability in leakiness among epithelia, replicas of zonulae occludentes in freeze-fractured material from a variety of tight and leaky epithelia were examined. The junctions appear as a branching and anastomosing network of strands or grooves on the A and B membrane fracture faces, respectively. It was found that the zonula occludens from a "very leaky" epithelium, the proximal convoluted tubule of the mouse kidney, is extremely shallow in the apical-basal direction, consisting in most places of only one junctional strand. In contrast, the "very tight" frog urinary bladder exhibits a zonula occludens that is relatively deep (>0.5 µm) in the apical-basal direction, and consists of five or more interconnected junctional strands interposed between luminal and lateral membrane surfaces. Epithelia of intermediate permeabilities exhibited junctions with intermediate or variable morphology. Toad urinary bladder, mouse stomach, jejunum, and distal tubule, rabbit gallbladder, and Necturus kidney and gallbladder were also examined, and the morphological data from these epithelia were compared to physiological data from the literature.
Commons Sense: Common Property Rights, Efficiency, and Institutional Change

Common property rights were widespread in English agriculture for at least 600 years. Since privatizing common fields allegedly produced huge profits in the eighteenth century, common land owners seemingly squandered 15 percent of potential income for generations. Ingenious explanations have been produced for this market failure. This article argues for a simple, brutal resolution. Common fields survived because enclosure was generally unprofitable before 1750, when changing relative prices made private property rights marginally more efficient. Then people responded quickly to modest profits. The rich gains from enclosure existed only in the imaginings of wild-eyed eighteenth century agrarian reformers. In the preindustrial era in countries across a wide swath of northern Europe much of the land was held not as exclusive private property but in some form ofjoint ownership, where for at least part of the year the land was under communal control. This system is variously called the common field or open field system. In England common land was of many different types: arable and meadow which was private for part of the year, pasture which was common all year (but where access was limited), and "waste" land to which all members of the village community had free access. In England common land was often referred to as "open" land and private land as "enclosed" land because generally individual plots of common land were unfenced and scattered in small parcels in large open fields, whereas private land was fenced. But there were forms of fenced and hence physically enclosed common lands such as "lammas land," "michaelmas land," "half-year land," and stinted communal pastures. And there were also occasionally lands that although purely private or "several" were physically open. In this article I will adhere to the convention that common land is any land that has communal property rights attached to it, fenced or not. Because the termina
Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients

Summary Background The importance of spirituality in coping with a terminal illness is becoming increasingly recognised. We aimed to assess the relation between spiritual well-being, depression, and end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. Methods 160 patients in a palliative care hospital with a life expectancy of less than 3 months were interviewed with a series of standardised instruments, including the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—spiritual well-being scale, the Hamilton depression rating scale, the Beck hopelessness scale, and the schedule of attitudes toward hastened death. Suicidal ideation was based on responses to the Hamilton depression rating scale. Findings Significant correlations were seen between spiritual well-being and desire for hastened death ( r =−0·51), hopelessness ( r =−0·68), and suicidal ideation ( r =−0·41). Results of multiple regression analyses showed that spiritual well-being was the strongest predictor of each outcome variable and provided a unique significant contribution beyond that of depression and relevant covariates. Additionally, depression was highly correlated with desire for hastened death in participants low in spiritual well-being ( r =0·40, p r =0·20, p=0·06). Interpretation Spiritual well-being offers some protection against end-of-life despair in those for whom death is imminent. Our findings have important implications for palliative care practice. Controlled research assessing the effect of spirituality-based interventions is needed to establish what methods can help engender a sense of peace and meaning.
Simulating semiconductor manufacturing systems: successes, failures, and deep questions

Over the past several years, engineers at Intel Corporation have used modeling and simulation techniques to solve various high volume manufacturing problems. Our current goal is to use a persistent model over the entire life cycle of a factory to promote integration and continuous improvement of all of the components of the manufacturing system. The uses of this model are detailed as well as our progress towards realization of this goal. A summary of problems that we have encountered along the way is included as both a warning to those who have a similar goal and as a work list for vendors of simulation packages. Two disturbing questions about the basis of manufacturing simulation are asked that should be of concern to practicing simulation engineers as well as university researchers.
A Control System for the Fermilab Master-Slave Servo Manipulator

A control system for the Fermilab Master-Slave servo manipulator has been developed. This new system offers a significant improvement in operational performance over the extant servo design with additional emphasis on simplicity of operation and maintainability. The servo manipulator is force-reflecting in each of the seven independent bilateral motions. Master force multipliciation is automatically increased as the slave force is increased to its fifty pound capacity. The design incorporates triac control of the low inertia two-phase servomotors and makes extensive use of digital circuits in the servo loops. The manipulator is utilized in servicing radioactive beam-line targeting equipment.
Laser-induced explosion of gold nanoparticles: potential role for nanophotothermolysis of cancer.

Aims: This article explores the laser-induced explosion of absorbing nanoparticles in selective nanophotothermolysis of cancer. Methods: This is realized through fast overheating of a strongly absorbing target during the time of a short laser pulse when the influence of heat diffusion is minimal. Results: On the basis of simple energy balance, it is found that the threshold laser fluence for thermal explosion of different gold nanoparticles is in the range of 25–40 mJ/cm2. Conclusion: Explosion of nanoparticles may be accompanied by optical plasma, generation of shock waves with supersonic expansion and particle fragmentation with fragments of high kinetic energy, all of which can contribute to the killing of cancer cells.