cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Infections

Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors for the lysis of both neoplastic and virus-infected cells. Lectin-like receptors on human NK cells, such as NKR-PIA and CD94, bind to target cell carbohydrate ligands and initiate the lytic process. In addition, P58 and P70 bind to major histocompatibility class I antigens on targets and mediate negative signals. Models using NK cell-deficient mice have proven useful in elaborating the role of NK cells in the immune defence against multiple viral agents. In addition, studies in humans have suggested a vital role of NK cells in the host defence against human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, hepatitis B and C and other viruses. Several genetic disorders, chronic illnesses and infections have been associated with decreased NK function.
Molecular Probes of Physical and Chemical Properties of Sol-Gel Films

Two molecular probes, pyranine (8-hydroxy 1,3,6-trisulfonated pyrene) and cytochrome c, are used to probe two different aspects of sol-gel SiO2 films. Pyranine is used as an in-situ fluorescence probe to monitor the chemical evolution during sol-gel thin film deposition of silica by the dip coating process. The sensitivity of pyranine luminescence to protonation/deprotonation effects is used to quantify changes in the water/alcohol ratio in real time as the substrate is withdrawn from the sol reservoir. Correlation of the luminescence results with the interference pattern of the depositing film allows the solvent composition to be mapped as a function of film thickness. Cytochrome c is used as a probe of the rotational mobility of a large molecule in the pores of sol-gel SiO2 films. A.C. dipolar relaxation measurements show that the biomolecule remains mobile but experiences a ten-fold increase in local microviscosity.
Youth, generation conflict, and political struggle in twentieth‐century Italy

(1999). Youth, generation conflict, and political struggle in twentieth‐century Italy. The European Legacy: Vol. 4, Postmodern Fascism, pp. 72-88.
Calcium channels: Structure, function, and classification

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels have been extensively characterized in terms of their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties [McDonald et al. (1994): Physiol Rev 74:365–507; Spedding and Paoletti (1992): Pharmacol Rev 44:363–376; Tsien and Tsien (1990): Annu Rev Cell Biol 6:715–760]. These studies indicate that there are numerous types of Ca2+ channels, termed L, N, P/Q, R, and T [Zhang et al. (1993): Neuropharmacology 32:1075–1088]. Biochemical and molecular biological studies have established that Ca2+ channels are multi-subunit complexes composed of an ion-conducting subunit, α1 (see Fig. 1), and smaller accessory subunits (α2, β, and sometimes γ and a 95 kDa protein). To date (May, 1994), genes for six α1, four β, one α2, and one γ have been cloned. Expression studies with cloned α1 have demonstrated that this subunit can determine the voltage and pharmacological sensitivity of the channel. This should allow us to classify the cloned α1s in terms of their type. Unfortunately life is not that simple. We will review how the accessory subunits are capable of modifying the pharmacological and biophysical characteristics of the channel. Despite these complications, 5 of the 6 α1s can be classified as follows: (1) three α1s (α1s, α1c, and α1D) belong to the L-type (dihydropyridine-sensitive), (2) α1B is an N-type (ω-conotoxin-GVIA-sensitive), and (3) α1A is a P (ω-aga-IVA-sensitive, also called Q [see Zhang et al. (1993): Neuro-pharmacology 32:1075–1088], herein referred to as P/Q). The sixth α1, α1E, does not display any distinctive pharmacology, thus it has been called an R-type (resistant). The molecular biology of Ca2+ channels has its origins in the biochemical characterization of the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor. This receptor/channel complex was purified, sequenced, cloned, and expressed. Cloning of these cDNAs provided the probes to discover the molecular diversity of Ca2+ channels. We will review the cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression of α1 subunits following a historical path, then review the accessory subunits. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural studies of tropomyosin by cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray diffraction

A comparison has been made between cryoelectron microscope images and the x-ray structure of one projection of the Bailey tropomyosin crystal. The computed transforms of the electron micrographs extend to a resolution of approximately 18 A compared with the reflections from x-ray crystallography which extend to 15 A. After correction of the images for lattice distortions and the contrast transfer function, the structure factors were constrained to the plane group (pmg) symmetry of this projection. Amplitude and phase data for five images were compared with the corresponding view from the three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data (Phillips, G.N., Jr., J.P. Fillers, and C. Cohen. 1986. J. Mol. Biol. 192: 111–131). The average R factor between the electron microscopy and x-ray amplitudes was 15%, with an amplitude-weighted mean phase difference of 4.8 degrees. The density maps derived from cryoelectron microscopy contain structural features similar to those from x-ray diffraction: these include the width and run of the filaments and their woven appearance at the crossover regions. Preliminary images obtained from frozen-hydrated tropomyosin/troponin cocrystals suggest that this approach may provide structural details not readily obtainable from x-ray diffraction studies.
Kinetics of the Oxidation of Reduced Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase by Peroxymonocarbonate

Kinetic evidence is reported for the role of the peroxymonocarbonate, HOOCO(2)(-), as an oxidant for reduced Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-Cu(I) (SOD1) during the peroxidase activity of the enzyme. The formation of this reactive oxygen species results from the equilibrium between hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate. Recently, peroxymonocarbonate has been proposed to be a key substrate for reduced SOD1 and has been shown to oxidize SOD1-Cu(I) to SOD1-Cu(II) much faster than H(2)O(2). We have reinvestigated the kinetics of the reaction between SOD1-Cu(I) and HOOCO(2)(-) by using conventional stopped-flow spectrophotometry and obtained a second-order rate constant of k=1600±100M(-1)s(-1) for SOD1-Cu(I) oxidation by HOOCO(2)(-). Our results demonstrate that peroxymonocarbonate oxidizes SOD1-Cu(I) to SOD1-Cu(II) and is in turn reduced to the carbonate anion radical. It is proposed that the dissociation of His61 from the active site Cu(I) in SOD-Cu(I) contributes to this chemistry by facilitating the binding of larger anions, such as peroxymonocarbonate.
A Note on the Asymptotic Covariance in Fama‐MacBeth Regression

IN THEOREM 2 (page 44, Appendix B) of "The conditional CAPM and the crosssection of expected returns," which appeared in the March 1996 issue of The Journal of Finance (pages 3-53), we derive the sampling distribution of the parameters estimated using the cross-sectional regression approach. Unfortunately, there is an error in that derivation. We correct the error -in this note. In our derivations we assume that the residual from the regression of an asset return on one factor (say, factor yi) is orthogonal to the factor yj as well as to any other factor (say, factor Yk with k # j). In particular, using the notations in the paper, we assume that
Single-isocenter frameless intensity-modulated stereotactic radiosurgery for simultaneous treatment of multiple brain metastases: clinical experience.

Purpose To describe our clinical experience using a unique single-isocenter technique for frameless intensity-modulated stereotactic radiosurgery (IM-SRS) to treat multiple brain metastases. Methods and Materials Twenty-six patients with a median of 5 metastases (range, 2–13) underwent optically guided frameless IM-SRS using a single, centrally located isocenter. Median prescription dose was 18 Gy (range, 14–25). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical examination occurred every 2–4 months. Results Median follow-up for all patients was 3.3 months (range, 0.2–21.3), with 20 of 26 patients (77%) followed up until their death. For the remaining 6 patients alive at the time of analysis, median follow-up was 14.6 months (range, 9.3–18.0). Total treatment time ranged from 9.0 to 38.9 minutes (median, 21.0). Actuarial 6- and 12-month overall survivals were 50% (95% confidence interval [C.I.], 31–70%) and 38% (95% C.I., 19–56%), respectively. Actuarial 6- and 12-month local control (LC) rates were 97% (95% C.I., 93–100%) and 83% (95% C.I., 71–96%), respectively. Tumors ≤1.5 cm had a better 6-month LC than those >1.5 cm (98% vs. 90%, p = 0.008). New intracranial metastatic disease occurring outside of the treatment volume was observed in 7 patients. Grade ≥3 toxicity occurred in 2 patients (8%). Conclusion Frameless IM-SRS using a single-isocenter approach for treating multiple intracranial metastases can produce clinical outcomes that compare favorably with those of conventional SRS in a much shorter treatment time (
Geoelectrical measurement and modeling of biogeochemical breakthrough behavior during microbial activity

[1] We recorded bulk electrical conductivity (σb) along a soil column during microbially-mediated selenite oxyanion reduction. Effluent fluid electrical conductivity and early time σb were modeled according to classic advective-dispersive transport of the nutrient medium. However, σb along the column exhibited strongly bimodal breakthrough which cannot be explained by changes in the electrical conductivity of the pore fluid. We model the anomalous breakthrough by adding a conduction path in parallel with the fluid phase, with a time dependence described by a microbial population-dynamics model. We incorporate a delay time to show that breakthrough curves along the column satisfy the same growth model parameters and offer a possible explanation based on biomass-limited growth that is delayed with distance from influent of the nutrient medium. Although the mechanism causing conductivity enhancement in the presence of biomass is uncertain, our results strongly suggest that biogeochemical breakthrough curves have been captured in geoelectrical datasets.
Editorial: How to Write Effective Reviews for the Journal of Pediatric Psychology

The quality of editorial reviews is critical to the success of any scholarly journal, and the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP) is no exception. Reviewers generously volunteer their time and intellectual energy to provide critiques of manuscripts that serve the critical function of enhancing the quality of science that is published in JPP (Drotar, 2008a). Under tight timelines and in the context of multiple responsibilities, reviewers are asked to assume the difficult task of reviewing manuscripts that are often complex and detailed. Based on my experience over the past 2 years as editor of JPP, previous experience as managing editor, and feedback from JPP’s associate editors, here are some suggestions to enhance the utility and quality of your reviews. Reviewers should also consult the JPP website (www.jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org) for specific guidelines concerning reviews as well as other relevant published sources (Drotar, 2000; Goldbeck-Wood, 1998; Hyman, 1995).
A 24-GHz CMOS front-end

This paper reports the first 24-GHz CMOS front-end in a 0.18-/spl mu/m process. It consists of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer and downconverts an RF input at 24 GHz to an IF of 5 GHz. It has a power gain of 27.5 dB and an overall noise figure of 7.7 dB with an input return loss, S/sub 11/ of -21 dB consuming 20 mA from a 1.5-V supply. The LNA achieves a power gain of 15 dB and a noise figure of 6 dB on 16 mA of dc current. The LNA's input stage utilizes a common-gate with resistive feedthrough topology. The performance analysis of this topology predicts the experimental results with good accuracy.
Spin-exchange optical pumping of He 3 with Rb-K mixtures and pure K

We have studied the efficiency of spin-exchange optical pumping SEOP in cells that contain either pure rubidium, mixtures of rubidium and potassium, or pure potassium. Optical pumping was performed with spectrally narrowed diode array lasers operating at either the wavelength of the Rb 5s1/2-5p1/2 transition 795 nm or the K 4s1/2-4p1/2 transition 770 nm. Calculations of the expected efficiency are shown for practical conditions and compared to measurements. We have measured the vapor density ratio in Rb-K mixture cells using absorption of white light. Our focus is on the conditions that are relevant for neutron spin filters, but the results are relevant to all applications of SEOP. We find that both Rb-K and pure K cells yield improvements in the spin-exchange efficiency, and each approach has its own advantages. Overall, the best results for high polarizing rate with high polarization were obtained with mixture cells with K-Rb vapor density ratios between 2 and 6.
Non-Novel Issues of Letter of Credit Law: An Essay

Should a common law court confronted with a dispute arising out of a commercial transaction with which it is unfamiliar, fashion novel rules of commercial law when tried and true rules can resolve the controversy? Surely, judicial efficiency and a policy of fulfilling the reasonable expectations of the commercial parties dictate a negative answer to that question.
On mentoring and being mentored.

There is increasing concern in the medical research community about the paucity of clinically trained scientists entering the field and what this might mean for the future generation of medical knowledge (Roberts et al., 2012; Gottesman, 2013). While not unique to psychiatry (Formenti et al., 2015), this challenge is more pronounced in our field. To avail of the incredible opportunities for meaningful advances presented by the revolution in molecular neuroscience and range of investigative technologies, training the next generation of translational neuroscientists is particularly important (Jensen and Amara, 2014; Tandon et al., 2015; Torous et al., 2015). Mentoring is a critical element in the development of clinician-scientists and their success in academic medicine (Ramanan et al., 2006; Ogunyemi et al., 2010). In previous issues of this journal, we have reviewed aspects of how to be a good teacher and supervisor (Keshavan, 2014a,b). In this paper, we will address the art and science behind mentorship. There is evidence that academic career choice, faculty productivity (e.g., more grants and publications), promotion and retention are all facilitated by effective mentorship (Sambunjak et al., 2006; Lowenstein et al., 2007; Stamm and Buddeberg-Fischer, 2011). An understanding of mentoring issues is therefore important both for early career psychiatrists and trainees who are looking for mentors and for senior faculty who may be seeking to enhance their mentoring skills.
Intelligent Multimedia Computer Systems: Emerging Information Resources in the Network Environment

A multimedia computer system is one that can create, import, integrate, store, retrieve, edit, and delete two or more types of media materials in digital form, such as audio, image, full‐motion video, and text information. This paper surveys four possible types of multimedia computer systems: hypermedia, multimedia database, multimedia message, and virtual reality systems. The primary focus is on advanced multimedia systems development projects and theoretical efforts that suggest long‐term trends in this increasingly important area.
Linking the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to ecosystem services: an application to the US Gulf of Mexico

At the first Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Workshop (2010), ecosystem services were linked to the Gulf of Mexico habitat types as defined in the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS), recently endorsed as the first US standard for classifying coastal and marine ecosystems. Participants identified and classified the Gulf habitat types based on CMECS, linked ecosystem services to habitat types, and prioritized services using expert opinion. Only three categories of ecosystem services were considered: regulating, provisioning, and cultural. However, supporting services, such as biological interactions, were considered as part of reclassified services. Highly ranked services were distributed across all the three service categories for each Gulf habitat, except for mangroves and dune/beach (only regulating and cultural services). Predictably, the majority of the habitat types were linked to the service of food. The importance of this exercise lies in the utility of the results for r...
Distribution of natriuretic peptide precursor mRNAs in the rat brain.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) represent members of a recently discovered neuropeptide family involved in central regulation of endocrine and autonomic functions. The present study employed an in situ hybridization approach to provide the first detailed comparative mapping of ANP, BNP, and CNP mRNAs in brain. Results indicate that ANP mRNA is highly expressed in anterior olfactory nuclei, limbic cortices, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, hippocampal subfield CA1, cortical amygdaloid nuclei, medial habenula, anteroventral periventricular and arcuate nuclei, periventricular stratum, zona incerta, mammillary nuclei, inferior olive, nucleus ambiguus, and pontine paragigantocellular nuclei. CNP mRNA is expressed at highest levels in olfactory nuclei, limbic cortices, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, hippocampal subfields CA1–3, anteroventral periventricular and arcuate nuclei, and numerous brainstem regions (including the pontine, lateral reticular, solitary tract, prepositus hypoglossal, and spinal trigeminal nuclei). Positive labeling for BNP mRNA was not observed in brain. The presence of both ANP and CNP mRNA in the same regions of distinct nuclei (e.g., the anteroventral periventricular and arcuate nuclei) suggests the potential for coexpression. Overall, the present data are consistent with a prominent role for both ANP and CNP in neuroendocrine regulation and central cardiovascular integration. The extensive localization of ANP and/or CNP mRNA in olfactory nuclei, limbic cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and diencephalic limbic relays further indicate a putative role for ANP and CNP as neuromodulators of olfactory/limbic information processing. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metalloporphyrin-mediated radical cycloadditions of p-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline

Abstract Tetrahydroquinolines are formed via metalloporphyrin-catalyzed radical cycloadditions of olefins (2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and norbornene) and p -cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline; their synthesis, characterization and a mechanistic rationale of their formation are presented.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in the Classroom: Ameliorating Stress in Graduate Students

In this article we discuss the importance of anticipating and addressing the emotional difficulties students experience in graduate-level courses on trauma and violence. Herman's (1997) model for treating survivors of trauma serves as a framework for recommendations for ameliorating secondary traumatic stress in the classroom; we draw on a variety of sources to suggest self-care strategies that students can use outside of the classroom. We also address the importance of self-care for instructors of classes on trauma and violence.
Notes on the Internal Structure of Wrightsman's Measure of Trustworthiness:

The 14-item Trustworthiness subscale of Wrightsman's Philosophies of Human Nature Scale was interspersed in a larger questionnaire completed by 187 undergraduates The dimensionality of this measure was examined by cluster and factor analyses. The results of cluster analyses based on males, females, and the total sample were similar, and subsequently factor analysis was performed on the total sample. Two 4-item dimensions, designated “Global Morality” and “Specific Acts of Honesty,” were identified by both the cluster and factor analyses of the total sample. Significant sex-differences in mean and/or standard deviation were found for the two dimensions but not for the total score. The Wrightsman measure was reducible to an 8-item short form consisting of the four marker items for each dimension. Implications for the development of an adequate measure of trust are discussed.
Backazimuth estimation reliability using surface wave polarization

[1] Backazimuth estimates derived from surface wave polarization can be used to test association of an observed surface wave with a seismic event. However, commonly used techniques for estimating the backazimuth are subject to a number of errors and are often inaccurate. We evaluate the performance of a new algorithm for determining Rayleigh wave propagation direction from the cross-correlation of the horizontal and Hilbert transformed vertical seismograms. This proves to be more accurate and much less error-prone than current automatic processing procedures, and the cross-correlation value provides a good measure of the reliability of the backazimuth estimate. Consequently, the new algorithm will permit more reliable event association at a lower magnitude threshold.
Intratubular spermatic granulomas of the canine efferent ductules

Spermatic granulomas are inflammatory lesions that occur in the efferent ductule and epididymis of humans, goats, rats, and bulls. Three clinically normal dogs from a control group had histologic lesions of the initial segment of the caput epididymis consisting of intratubular spermatic granulomas. The granulomas were located within the efferent ductules, and the inflammatory response consisted primarily of aggregates of spermiophagic macrophages in the ductules. Sperm stasis of the affected ductules was evident by the dilation and accumulation of large numbers of spermatozoa in adjacent cross-sections of efferent ductules. Blind-ending efferent ductules were demonstrated by serially sectioning the initial segment of the epididymis. The intratubular granulomas did not completely occlude the outflow tract because spermatozoa were present in the cauda epididymis. While spermatic granulomas can be induced by trauma, infection, or toxins, spontaneous granulomas due to blind-ending ductules should be considere...
USER Friendly Cloning Coupled with Chitin-Based Natural Transformation Enables Rapid Mutagenesis of Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterial contaminant of shellfish and causes highly lethal sepsis and destructive wound infections. A definitive identification of virulence factors using the molecular version of Koch's postulates has been hindered because of difficulties in performing molecular genetic analysis of this opportunistic pathogen. For example, conjugation is required to introduce plasmid DNA, and allelic exchange suicide vectors that rely on sucrose sensitivity for counterselection are not efficient. We therefore incorporated USER friendly cloning techniques into pCVD442-based allelic exchange suicide vectors and other expression vectors to enable the rapid and efficient capture of PCR amplicons. Upstream and downstream DNA sequences flanking genes targeted for deletion were cloned together in a single step. Based on results from Vibrio cholerae, we determined that V. vulnificus becomes naturally transformable with linear DNA during growth on chitin in the form of crab shells. By combining USER friendly cloning and chitin-based transformation, we rapidly and efficiently produced targeted deletions in V. vulnificus, bypassing the need for two-step, suicide vector-mediated allelic exchange. These methods were used to examine the roles of two flagellin loci (flaCDE and flaFBA), the motAB genes, and the cheY-3 gene in motility and to create deletions of rtxC, rtxA1, and fadR. Additionally, chitin-based transformation was useful in moving antibiotic resistance-labeled mutations between V. vulnificus strains by simply coculturing the strains on crab shells. The methods and genetic tools that we developed should be of general use to those performing molecular genetic analysis and manipulation of other gram-negative bacteria.
Double-Cycling Strategies for Container Ships and Their Effect on Ship Loading and Unloading Operations

Loading ships as they are unloaded (double cycling) can improve the efficiency of a quay crane and container port. This paper describes the double-cycling problem, and presents solution algorithms and simple formulae to determine reductions in the number of operations and operating time using the technique. We focus on reducing the number of operations necessary to turn around a row of a ship. The problem is first formulated as a scheduling problem, which can be solved optimally. A simple lower bound for all strategies is then developed. We also present a greedy algorithm that yields a simple and tight upper bound. The gap between the upper and lower bounds is so small that the formula for either bound is an accurate predictor of crane performance. The analysis is then extended to double cycling when ships have deck hatches. Results are presented for many simulated vessels, and compared to empirical data from a real-world trial. The research demonstrates that double cycling can create significant efficiency gains in crane productivity, typically reducing the number of cycles by about 20% and the operational time by about 10% when double cycling only below deck.
APOL1 nephropathy risk variants are associated with altered high-density lipoprotein profiles in African Americans

Background Two independent coding variants in the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1), G1 and G2, strongly associate with nephropathy in African Americans; associations with cardiovascular disease are more controversial. Although APOL1 binds plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), data on APOL1 risk variant associations with HDL subfractions are sparse. Methods Two APOL1 G1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the G2 insertion/deletion polymorphism were genotyped in 2010 Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study participants with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based lipoprotein subfraction measurements. Linear regression was used to model associations between numbers of APOL1 G1/G2 risk variants and HDL subfractions, adjusting for demographic, clinical and ancestral covariates. Results Female sex and higher percentage of African ancestry were positively associated with the number of APOL1 G1/G2 risk alleles. In the unadjusted analysis, mean (standard error) small HDL concentrations (μmol/L) for participants with zero, one and two G1/G2 risk alleles were 19.0 (0.2), 19.7 (0.2) and 19.9 (0.4), respectively (P = 0.02). Adjustment for age, sex, diabetes and African ancestry did not change the results but strengthened the statistical significance (P = 0.004). No significant differences in large or medium HDL, very low-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein particle concentrations were observed by APOL1 genotype. Conclusions Greater numbers of APOL1 G1/G2 risk alleles were associated with higher small HDL particle concentrations in African Americans. These results may suggest novel areas of investigation to uncover reasons for the association between APOL1 risk variants with adverse outcomes in African Americans.
Small hop-diameter sparse spanners for doubling metrics

Given a metric M = (V, d), a graph G = (V, E) is a t-spanner for M if every pair of nodes in V has a "short" path (i.e., of length at most t times their actual distance) between them in the spanner. Furthermore, this spanner has a hop diameter bounded by D if every such short path also uses at most D edges. We consider the problem of constructing sparse (1 + e)-spanners with small hop diameter for metrics of low doubling dimension.In this paper, we show that given any metric with constant doubling dimension k, and any 0
Fourier rebinning applied to multi-planar circular-orbit cone-beam SPECT

We study the application of Fourier rebinning methods to dual-planar cone-beam SPECT. Dual-planar cone-beam SPECT involves the use of a matched pair of cone-beam collimators on a dual-camera SPECT system. Each collimator has its focus in a different axial plane. While dual-planar data is best reconstructed with fully 3D iterative methods, these methods are slow and have prompted a search for faster reconstruction techniques. Fourier rebinning was developed to estimate equivalent parallel projections from 3D PET data, but it simply expresses a relationship between oblique projections taken in planes not perpendicular to the axis of rotation and direct projections taken in those that are. We find that it is possible to put dual-planar cone-beam data in this context as well. The rebinned data can then be reconstructed using either filtered backprojection (FBP) or parallel iterative algorithms such as OSEM. We compare the Feldkamp algorithm and fully 3D OSEM reconstruction with Fourier-rebinned reconstructions on realistically-simulated Tl-201 HMPAO brain SPECT data. We find that the Fourier-rebinned reconstructions exhibit much less image noise and lower variance in region-of-interest estimates than Feldkamp. Also, Fourier-rebinning followed by OSEM with nonuniform attenuation correction exhibits less bias in ROI estimates than Feldkamp with Chang attenuation correction. The Fourier-rebinned ROI estimates exhibit only slightly higher bias and variance than fully 3D OSEM, and require considerably less processing time. We conclude that Fourier rebinning is a practical and potentially useful approach to reconstructing data from dual-planar circular-orbit cone-beam systems.
Morphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of in-situ Kaposi's sarcoma

Background: The spectrum of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has been expanded to include pre-KS lesions. Case Presentation: We report, for the first time, a case providing direct histological evidence of the development of early (in-situ) KS from mediastinal lymphatic vessels in the setting of chronic lymphedema in an HIV-positive patient. Spindle-shaped and endothelial cells in these early KSappearing lesions were immunoreactive for HHV8, D2-40 and CD34. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HHV8-infected spindle-shaped cells associated with lymphangiogenesis that evolve into KS lesions, acquire from the outset an aberrant mixed vascular and lymphatic endothelial cell phenotype.
Realising the broadband future

The convergence of fixed and mobile networks into a seamless broadband communications infrastructure remains a tantalising dream. The author describes how the dream might be transformed into a ubiquitous reality. Delivering this environment will require success in standardisation activity and the ability to share a vision world-wide. It will require the development of low-cost radio devices which can be ubiquitously deployed in communication devices, in turn dependent on the production of successful standards. It will require a robust competitive environment where competitors are also collaborators on important standardisation issues. Fundamental technical breakthroughs will not be needed, perhaps being limited to the development of mesh topologies, dense cellular architectures, advanced short-range devices and enhanced IP networks.
Individual differences in attachment are associated with usage and perceived intimacy of different communication media

Effective communication is vital to the health and functioning of romantic relationships. Technology use is becoming more pervasive, making it more important than ever to understand which forms of media enhance communication in close relationships. People differ in which communication methods they prefer, and it is important to understand how people perceive and use various media. Our study uses an attachment theory framework to explore how people perceive the intimacy of different media and their preferred methods of communication with romantic partners. We collected online survey data from partnered individuals regarding their romantic attachment orientation, perceptions of the intimacy of various media (face-to-face, phone call, text message, email), and preferred use of those media for communicating with romantic partners. People with a more avoidant attachment orientation (i.e., who prefer self-reliance over interdependence) were less likely to prefer communication methods that are generally perceived as more close and immediate (e.g., face-to-face); however, our findings suggest that avoidant individuals prefer not to use these methods because they perceive them to be less intimate and less likely to resolve interpersonal conflicts. Our findings suggest that certain forms of communication may be more beneficial for avoidant individuals and their romantic relationships. Attachment orientation might influence types of communication between partners.Avoidant people were less likely to prefer methods perceived as more immediate.Avoidant people see face-to-face as less close and less likely to resolve conflict.Certain communication may be better for avoidant people and their relationships.
Chronic ethanol consumption by mice results in activated splenic T cells

Previous studies have shown that T cells from human alcoholics overexpress activation or memory markers such as human leukocyte antigen-DR, CD45RO, CD57, and CD11b and may have reduced levels of CD62L. In those studies, we demonstrated that the increased CD57(+) T cell population rapidly produces interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha, independent of a second signal requirement, consistent with an increased effector T cell population. In contrast to the length of alcohol abuse by human alcoholics, most work with mice has involved 2-week ethanol exposures or less, which result in decreased IFN-gamma responses. In the present work, we have evaluated C57Bl/6 or BALB/c mice, which were administered 20% w/v ethanol in water for 3-13 weeks. In these mice, rapid cytoplasmic IFN-gamma expression by T cells after stimulation through the T cell receptor was significantly increased versus normals. Studies of surface-activation markers showed that T cells from chronically ethanol-fed mice had reduced CD62L expression and an increased percentage of CD44(hi) T cells. The CD44(hi) subset was largely second signal-independent for secreted IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 production at early times after stimulation. The enriched T cells of chronic ethanol mice secreted more IFN-gamma and IL-4 than controls and equivalent IL-2 at early times after stimulation (6-24 h). The overall results support the concept that in humans and mice, chronic alcohol exposure of sufficient duration results in T cell activation or sensitization in vivo and an increased percentage of the effector/memory subset.
Blood bank quality control. I. Whole blood parameters.

A statistical analysis of 250 donor units of whole blood for net weight, hematocrit, specific gravity, erythrocyte volume and weight, plasma acid-citrate-dextrose volume and weight, leukocyte count (per cu. mm.), and absolute leukocyte content (per unit) was undertaken. Using net weight and hematocrit of the donor unit, formulas are derived for all of the above. Tables and graphs that provide each parameter for an individual donor unit when the net weight, hematocrit, and leukocyte count are known are included.
An Aza-Diels–Alder Route to Polyquinolines

Polyquinolines have been studied since the early 1970s due to their favorable chemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. However, surprisingly few synthetic strategies have been developed for the preparation of these polymers. Herein, we demonstrate the application of the aza-Diels–Alder (Povarov) reaction for the synthesis of soluble polyquinolines from a bifunctional monomer. Our approach furnishes polyquinolines with a unique architecture and connectivity in only two synthetic steps from inexpensive, commercially available reagents. The reported strategy may therefore represent a welcome addition to the polymer chemist’s toolkit by providing ready access to a diverse library of polyquinoline-type materials.
A Conceptual Methodology for Selecting the Preferred System of Systems

This paper presents a conceptual methodology for selecting existing systems to form candidate systems of systems (SoS) and selecting the preferred candidate SoS to provide a new capability. This methodology begins with SoS acquisition and mission requirements and selects the preferred SoS in six steps. Decision factors used for this purpose are selected based on their importance in providing and sustaining the required SoS capability. A new index of priority is introduced and utilized in this methodology to compare candidate systems, in terms of their assigned mission priority, with respect to the SoS mission priority, as well as their contribution to the SoS mission.
Determination of azodicarbonamide in flour and its preparation by RP-HPLC

Objective:To establish a method for determining the content of azodicarbonamide in flour and its preparation by RP-HPLC.Methods:Chromatagraphy was conducted on a Hypersil-C18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) at 30℃ and 275 nm.The mobile phase was 100% water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.Results:The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.01～1.0 mg/ml(r=0.9999).The average recovery was 96.6% and RSD 2.0%(n=6).Conclusion:The method is simple and accurate.It can provide a method for quality assessment of ADA in flour and its preparation.
Research on asynchronous blocking technology of transformer differential protection based on network sampling

This paper presents asynchronous blocking mechanism of transformer differential protection based on network sampling. The purpose is to improve the network adaptability of the transformer differential protection based on the background of smart substation of network sampling. It introduces the network sampling and its synchronism mode, as well as the reasons of asynchronous state. It studies the operation characteristic of steady-state differential transformers in the asynchronous situation from different manufacturers. Then the deviation angle of operation of transformer differential protection can be achieved according to the load change and different start values. Then the sampling asynchronous frames causing the mal-operation of differential protection are analyzed and solutions are presented. The transformer differential protection which uses the asynchronous blocking mechanism has been put into practice in the smart substation projects and it achieved good results in avoiding the protection mal-operation caused by asynchronous performance.
Reproducibility (precision) in alternate site testing. A clinician's perspective.

PROBLEM CONSIDERED: Reproducibility is only one dimension of test quality to be considered when evaluating the utility of a test or deciding to perform a test at or near the point of care. METHODS: Personal experience and review of the literature. RESULTS: Hemoglobin A1c and bedside glucose measurements are cited as examples in which a clinician may weigh the importance of precision differently. These examples are used to point out how precision should be considered in evaluating alternate site testing methodology. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of analytic precision to the clinician, and whether precision can be compromised for improvement of another dimension of test quality, depends on the context in which the result of the test is to be used. In addition to the purpose of the test, the level of precision required also depends on the patient population, the particular application of the test, and how the clinician interprets the test. Clinically relevant goals for test accuracy must be individualized for each test and application. Precision may be sacrificed for lower cost, increased availability, or faster turnaround time. Collaboration between laboratorians and clinicians is essential for optimal utilization of laboratory services.
Exchange of oxygen between solvent H2O and the CO2 produced in Cypridina bioluminescence

Abstract Bioluminescent oxidation of Cypridina luciferin yields CO 2 besides oxyluciferin and light. The exchange of oxygen between the CO 2 and H 2 O of the solvent becomes significant when less than approximately 1 μmol of luciferin is reacted in 4 ml of buffer solution, and the exchanged oxygen in CO 2 markedly increases by decreasing the amount of luciferin. Such an exchange is to be expected in any such system which produces CO 2 in aqueous solution, and must be taken into account in interpreting the results of experiments.
ThMn 12 -type structure and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in ZrFe 10 Si 2 and Zr 1−x Ce x Fe 10 Si 2 alloys

Abstract Arc-melted (Zr1−xCex)1.1Fe10Si2 alloys were found to crystallize into a pure or nearly pure ThMn12 structure for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6. At room temperature, the alloys exhibit ferromagnetism with an uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Metastable ZrFe10Si2 compound possesses room-temperature saturation magnetization of at least 11 kG and Curie temperature of 325 °C; both properties slightly decrease when Ce is being substituted for Zr. The anisotropy field, on the other hand, increases with the Ce from 16.9 to 24 kOe at x = 0.6. These intrinsic magnetic characteristics as well as the absence of expensive rare-earths and Co make the compounds interesting for development of low-cost permanent magnets. At 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, the ThMn12 structure was found to co-exist with the Th2Ni17-type structure, whereas the equilibrium Th2Zn17-type structure was observed only at x = 1. Prepared under similar conditions Hf1.1Fe10Si2 alloy does not crystallize into the ThMn12-type structure.
A Critical Role for the Type I Interferon Receptor in Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes in Rats

The pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes, characterized by immune-mediated damage of insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets, may involve viral infection. Essential components of the innate immune antiviral response, including type I interferon (IFN) and IFN receptor–mediated signaling pathways, are candidates for determining susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes. Numerous aspects of human type 1 diabetes pathogenesis are recapitulated in the LEW.1WR1 rat model. Diabetes can be induced in LEW.1WR1 weanling rats challenged with virus or with the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). We hypothesized that disrupting the cognate type I IFN receptor (type I IFN α/β receptor [IFNAR]) to interrupt IFN signaling would prevent or delay the development of virus-induced diabetes. We generated IFNAR1 subunit–deficient LEW.1WR1 rats using CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–associated protein 9) genome editing and confirmed functional disruption of the Ifnar1 gene. IFNAR1 deficiency significantly delayed the onset and frequency of diabetes and greatly reduced the intensity of insulitis after poly I:C treatment. The occurrence of Kilham rat virus–induced diabetes was also diminished in IFNAR1-deficient animals. These findings firmly establish that alterations in innate immunity influence the course of autoimmune diabetes and support the use of targeted strategies to limit or prevent the development of type 1 diabetes.
Both M1 and M3 receptors regulate exocrine secretion by mucous acini

We investigated the role of M1 and M3 receptors in regulating exocrine secretion from acini isolated from rat sublingual glands. In secretion experiments, we derived affinity values (KB) from Schild regression analysis for the antagonists pirenzepine (61.0 nM) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP; 1.06 nM). The KB for 4-DAMP is similar to its affinity value [equilibrium dissociation constant from competition studies (Ki); 1.81 nM] determined from radioligand competition experiments. In contrast, the KB for pirenzepine is between its high-affinity (17.6 nM) and low-affinity (404 nM) Ki values. In separate secretion experiments, we found that the M1 receptor antagonist, M1-toxin, induces a rightward shift in the concentration-response curve to muscarinic agonist and inhibits maximal secretion by 40%. The inhibitory effect of M1-toxin appears specific for M1 receptor blockade, since the toxin abolishes acinar high-affinity pirenzepine-binding sites and does not inhibit secretion induced by nonmuscarinic agents. Additional pharmacological studies indicate muscarinic receptors do not function through putative neural elements within isolated acini. Our combined results are consistent with both M1 and M3 receptors directly regulating mucous acinar exocrine secretion and indicate M3 receptors alone are insufficient to induce a maximal muscarinic response.
Unsolved Problems: Our Brave New World

Unsolved ethical problems and dilemmas can be sorted into several areas: genetic science and engineering, fertility, euthanasia, life extension, terrorism, privacy, virtual worlds, artificial intelligence, and complex systems. The driving factors include the benefits to patients and others, technological advances, and the increasing complexity of societies. Fears of terrorist acts, loss of autonomy, and loss of privacy complicate the future. Simple solutions to the dilemmas are not possible. Some basic ethical issues include privacy and individual freedoms, equitability and justice, public safety and security, and the consent of those affected.
Glucocorticoid receptor selectively mediates stress-induced suppression of innate immunity in the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus.

Stress-induced inhibition of innate immune activity is widespread in free-ranging birds, but the mechanisms that are responsible for this inhibition are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that an increase in plasma corticosterone (CORT), the primary avian glucocorticoid, is necessary for the inhibition of natural antibody- and complement-mediated as well as bactericidal activities to occur during stress. Here we investigated the role of glucocorticoid receptors in stress-induced inhibition of natural antibody- and complement-mediated activities and bactericidal activity within non-genomic (<10 min) and genomic (<120 min) time frames in male House Sparrows, Passer domesticus. Treatment with the selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486) attenuated stress-induced suppression of natural antibody-mediated activity within 10 min and 120 min of experimental stress. By contrast, this treatment did not influence stress-induced suppression of complement-mediated or bactericidal activity. These results suggest that stress-induced elevated plasma CORT inhibits natural antibody-mediated activity, but not complement-mediated or bactericidal activity, by activating glucocorticoid receptors, and that both non-genomic and genomic mechanisms underlie this activation. Additional research is needed to identify the receptors that regulate inhibitory effects of elevated plasma CORT on complement-mediated and bactericidal activity.
Effects of chronic in vivo replacement of choline with a false cholinergic precursor.

It is generally agreed that degeneration of cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the neocortex and hippocampus is an early and uniform feature of Alzheimer’s disease (Whitehouse et al., 1982; Coyle et al., 1983; Sims et al., 1983), although other transmitter systems may also be affected (Davies and Terry, 1981; Rossor, 1982). The basis for the selective vulnerability of certain cholinergic neurons is not clear, but it may result from a competition for free choline between biochemical pathways leading to the synthesis of phospholipids and acetylcholine (Wurtman et al., 1985; Jenden, 1986). This competition can only occur in cholinergic cells, and could be precipitated by a variety of inherited nutritional and environmental factors. It is likely to be age-related and might lead to a failure of synaptic transmission, of mechanisms for membrane renewal or both.