cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of low actuation voltage RF MEMS switch

Low-loss microwave microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) shunt switches are reported that utilize highly compliant serpentine spring folded suspensions together with large area capacitive actuators to achieve low actuation voltages while maintaining sufficient off-state isolation. The RF MEMS switches were fabricated via a surface micromachining process using P12545 polyimide as the sacrificial layer. The switch structure was composed of electroplated nickel and the serpentine folded suspensions had a varying number of meanders from 1 to 5. DC measurements indicate actuation voltages as low as 9 V with an on-to-off capacitance ratio of 48. Power handling measurement results showed no "self-biasing" or failure of the MEMS switches for power levels up to 6.6 W. RF measurements demonstrate an isolation of -26 dB at 40 GHz.
From a Global View to Focused Examination: Understanding Cellular Function of Lipid Kinase VPS34-Beclin 1 Complex in Autophagy

Phosphoinositide 3 kinase Class III (PIK3C3) or VPS34-Beclin 1 complex plays a key role in the autophagy–lysosome pathway. Previous identification of numerous binding partners for VPS34-Beclin 1 suggested a complex scheme of the autophagy control mechanism. Recent large-scale screening of autophagy network and signaling pathways in mammalian cells not only confirms the previous binding partners, but also reveals additional interactors and intricate connections of VPS34-Beclin 1 complex to other functional groups of autophagy, yielding a wealth of information that will direct future detailed study of the central control mechanism of autophagy mediated by VPS34-Beclin 1 and other regulators.
A Ramble through the Cell: How Can We Clear Such a Complicated Trail?.

The arrangement of course information in a logical sequence for molecular life science (MLS) courses remains a matter of some controversy, even within a single subdiscipline such as biochemistry. This is due to the explosion of knowledge, the latest bioinformatic revelations, and the observation that new discoveries sometimes reveal specific connections between previously disparate topics. However, the general outlines of biomedical information are in place, at least the knowledge that should be conveyed to undergraduates taking cell and molecular biology and biochemistry. Despite the increasing amount and complexity of the information to be presented, integration and unification are possible because the molecular reactions and interactions that underlie all life processes are coming into view: they are common to all cellular structural rearrangements, nucleic acid functions, and biochemical reactions, whether of plant or animal origin. Also, it is no longer possible to draw clear boundaries between cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology that would not violate the fundamental unity of our understanding. Therefore, an arrangement of content is proposed for a two-semester course that aims to present a unified portrait of upper-division undergraduate MLS.
Experimental demonstration of variable optical hexadecimal coding/decoding of 10-Gbaud/s 16-QAM using FWM in HNLFs

We propose and demonstrate optical hexadecimal coding/decoding of 16-QAM using degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in highly nonlinear fibers (HNLFs). Constellation manipulation for variable coding/decoding of a 10-Gbaud/s 16-QAM signal is implemented with an OSNR penalty of <1.1 dB with CW pump and <1.2 dB with phase-modulated pump Key.
Macrophage-Inflammatory Protein-3α Mediates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation and ERK1/2 MAPK Signaling in Caco-2 Colonic Epithelial Cells via Metalloproteinase-Dependent Release of Amphiregulin

Previously, we reported that normal colonocytes produce the memory CD4(+) T cell-directed chemokine MIP-3alpha, and that epithelial MIP-3alpha levels are elevated in inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, the unique receptor for MIP-3alpha, CCR6, is expressed by a variety of cell types including colonocytes, suggesting that MIP-3alpha may regulate additional biological activities in the intestine. The aim of this study was to determine whether MIP-3alpha can induce intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and to examine the signaling mechanisms that mediate this response. We show that nonstimulated Caco-2 and HT-29 colonic epithelial cells express CCR6, and that stimulation of Caco-2 cells by MIP-3alpha can dose dependently increase cell proliferation as well as activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERK1/2 MAPK. MIP-3alpha-mediated ERK1/2 activation in Caco-2 cells appeared to require metalloproteinase-dependent release of the endogenous EGFR ligand amphiregulin and transactivation of the EGFR. Moreover, blockade of amphiregulin bioactivity using a neutralizing polyclonal Ab significantly reduced MIP-3alpha-mediated, but not EGF-mediated Caco-2 cell proliferation. Taken together, our findings indicate that MIP-3alpha can regulate mitogenic signaling in colonic epithelial cells and thus may serve an important homeostatic function in the intestine by regulating tissue turnover and maintenance of the epithelium, in addition to its role in regulating leukocyte recruitment.
Hematopoiesis Controlled by Distinct TIF1γ and Smad4 Branches of the TGFβ Pathway

Tissue homeostasis in mammals relies on powerful cytostatic and differentiation signals delivered by the cytokine TGFbeta and relayed within the cell via the activation of Smad transcription factors. Formation of transcription regulatory complexes by the association of Smad4 with receptor-phosphorylated Smads 2 and 3 is a central event in the canonical TGFbeta pathway. Here we provide evidence for a branching of this pathway. The ubiquitious nuclear protein Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1gamma (TIF1gamma) selectively binds receptor-phosphorylated Smad2/3 in competition with Smad4. Rapid and robust binding of TIF1gamma to Smad2/3 occurs in hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and epithelial cell types in response to TGFbeta. In human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, where TGFbeta inhibits proliferation and stimulates erythroid differentiation, TIF1gamma mediates the differentiation response while Smad4 mediates the antiproliferative response with Smad2/3 participating in both responses. Thus, Smad2/3-TIF1gamma and Smad2/3-Smad4 function as complementary effector arms in the control of hematopoietic cell fate by the TGFbeta/Smad pathway.
Nucleotide phosphatase in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. I. Localization.

The demonstration of nucleotide phosphatase activity in mature S. purpuratus eggs is reproducible with the methods used. A Mg + + sensitive activity is demonstrated with ATP as substrate. This activity is present throughout the medulloplasm and only occasionally in the cortex. The activity is lost from eggs stored for more than five days after fixation. In whole mounts of mature eggs, the activity in the medulloplasm suggests many possible subcellular localizations. Localization of the activity to subcellular structures in the medulloplasm was accomplished by density-gradient centrifugation of the mature eggs. By this method nucleotide phosphatase activity was present in the fractions containing yolk granules and endoplasmic reticulum and was not associated with the lipid droplets, nuclei, Golgi complexes, atypical tubular endoplasmic reticulum, heavy bodies, annulate lamellae, or mitochondria.
Matrimonio y migración en la frontera: patrones de nupcialidad en Texas, 1850-1910

La frontera entre Estados Unidos y Mexico nos permite es tudiar muchos elementos que se combinan en el desarrollo demografico.1 Lo que sucedia cerca de la frontera no solo reflejaba los asuntos demograficos que nos interesan en par ticular, sino tambien un patron subyacente conformado por las corrientes migratorias de individuos que poblaban la re gion. Por definition, quienes emigraban hacia la frontera no pertenecian a comunidades autoctonas establecidas. Lleva ban consigo patrones desiguales en cuanto a genero y estado civil, origen etnico y ocupacion. La historia demografica de la frontera es pues el relato de la construction de una nueva poblacion a partir de estos elementos diversos y de la adapta tion de los nuevos habitantes a la situacion social, economica y cultural diferente que encontraron y luego reconstruyeron. Texas es un sitio tan bueno como cualquier otro para des cribir las consecuencias demograficas de la migration y la frontera. El estado es manifiestamente heterogeneo. Lo mas importante para nuestros propositos es su diversidad etnica. Aunque Texas fue colonizado por europeos y mexicanos des
Classical hydrodynamic model of optical second-harmonic generation studied within the semiclassical infinite-barrier approximation

A theoretical investigation of optical second-harmonic generation from a flat metal surface within the framework of the semiclassical infinite-barrier model with the electrons assumed to be specularly reflected at the metal–vacuum boundary is presented. The metal is assumed to be excited by a single plane wave at the cyclic frequency ω incident from vacuum upon the metal surface. The investigation is carried out with the hydrodynamic model, which is quite appealing because all quantities can be calculated analytically and presented in an explicit form. A new explicit expression of the energy-reflection coefficient of second-harmonic light is achieved, and it is demonstrated that it is in agreement with the well-known parameterization scheme, in which the second-harmonic energy-reflection coefficient is expressed in terms of a surface contribution, described by frequency-dependent parameters a ≡ a(ω) and b ≡ b(ω), and a bulk contribution, described by the parameter d ≡ d(ω).
Evidence-Based Practice and School Nursing.

School nurses need to demonstrate that their practice is based on the best evidence available, which is usually data obtained from research. Evidence-based practice involves combining the best evidence available with nursing expertise and patient and family preferences to determine optimum care. Evidence-based practice guidelines are developed by carefully reviewing the available evidence on a topic and synthesizing this information into recommendations for practice. This article defines evidence-based practice and best evidence, describes the development of evidence-based practice guidelines, discusses factors that affect the use of research and evidence-based practice guidelines in school nursing, and reviews current sources of evidence-based practice guidelines for school nurses. Strategies that school nurses can use to incorporate evidence into their practice are discussed. One recommendation is that school nurses partner with nurse leaders and nurse researchers to develop evidence-based practice guidelines relevant to school nurse practice.
Effects of post-flame fuel injection on the destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons

The effects of post-flame fuel injection on the destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons has been studied in a combustion flow reactor. All three fuels studied (CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , and CO) enhance the destruction of CH 3 Cl. CO is the only effective post-flame fuel for the destruction of C 2 H 5 Cl, and none of the fuels improve the destruction of 1,1,1-C 2 H 3 Cl 3 . These results are explained by considering the destruction mechanisms: unimolecular reactions are not influenced by fuel addition, and bimolecular reactions involving radicals can be enhanced or inhibited, depending on the nature of both the fuel and CHC
An operational land imager for the landsat data continuity mission

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) released a request for proposals (RFP) on January 09, 2007 for an Operational Land Imager (OLI). The RFP specified the OLI as the principal sensor for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), the successor mission to Landsat 7. The RFP provides requirements for OLI performance, special calibration tests, and mission assurance without specifying a particular technical design. The performance specifications derive from the heritage and societal benefits of data from the previous Landsat satellites, the high standards set by the performance of the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus, direction from the Executive Office of the President, cognizance of current technology, and an eye to the future of land remote sensing beyond the LDCM. The specification includes nine spectral bands (four visible, one near infrared, three shortwave infrared, and one panchromatic band), spatial resolution of 30 m with the exception of a 15 m panchromatic resolution, stringent radiometric performance and absolute calibration, and accurate image geolocation with precise band-to-band and multitemporal image-to-image registration. Proposals were due on February 23, 2007 with selection and contract award anticipated by June 2007. The RFP requires delivery of a well-characterized instrument for spacecraft integration within 39 months of contract award. This schedule leads to a target LDCM launch date of July, 2011.
Effects of Zooplankton Spatial Variation on Growth of Larval Striped Bass: An Experimental Approach

Abstract We quantified growth and mortality rates of larval striped bass Morone saxatilis in laboratory experiments simulating variability of prey abundance and composition along the riverine to lentic gradient in Lake Marion, South Carolina. Larvae were reared from 4 to14 d posthatch in three treatments: (1) low-prey, which simulated average prey abundance and composition in riverine and transitional habitats; (2) medium-prey, which simulated average abundance and composition in lentic habitats; and (3) high-prey, which simulated peak (patch) abundance and composition in lentic habitats. Larvae did not grow (weight-specific growth, G = −0.80 to −0.062/d; −0.02 to −0.01 mm/d) in the low-prey treatment but grew in the medium- and high-prey treatments (G = −0.035 to 0.105/d; 0.02–0.17 mm/d). Additionally, mortality also varied significantly among prey treatments. Larvae in the medium- and high-prey treatments experienced minimal mortality (Z = 0.041–0.085/d), whereas mortality was greater in the low-prey tr...
Trends in Arthroscopic Procedures Performed During Orthopaedic Residency: An Analysis of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Case Log Data

Purpose To analyze orthopaedic resident case log data to report temporal trends in performing arthroscopic procedures and to assess variability in arthroscopic case volume among residents. Methods Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education orthopaedic surgery resident case logs were reviewed from 2007 to 2013. The mean number of wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, and ankle arthroscopic procedures performed by graduating residents was analyzed. The median number of arthroscopic procedures reported by the 70th and 30th percentiles of graduating residents (by arthroscopic case volume) was also recorded. Temporal trends were assessed using a linear regression model. Results From 2007 to 2013, there were significant increases in the mean number of wrist (5.8 to 6.3; P = .038), elbow (2.5 to 3.2; P P P = .011), and ankle (5.8 to 7.4; P v 2; P v 1; P v 70.6; P v 128.7; P v 2.9; P Conclusions Our findings indicate that arthroscopic caseload is increasing among orthopaedic residents. However, resident experience performing arthroscopic procedures is substantially disparate. Although the educational implications of this disparity are not well understood, our findings may aid in efforts to optimize arthroscopic training during orthopaedic residency.
In situ measurement of lithiation-induced stress in silicon nanoparticles using micro-Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Stress is a long standing challenge for the applications of silicon (Si) anodes in lithium (Li) ion batteries. Nanostructured Si are important materials to address mechanical stress issues in batteries although their stress was only calculated and no experimental data are available. Using in situ Raman microscopy to monitor the shift of the first-order Raman peak of Si, we were able to measure for the first time the lithiation-induced stress in Si nanoparticles. The shift of Raman peak of Si under hydrostatic stress was calibrated via an in situ high pressure Raman experiment. We observed a tensile-to-compressive transition of the stress in Si core of nanoparticles during lithiation. At the beginning of lithiation, the reduction of the surface native oxide on the Si particle results in a tensile stress of approximately 0.2 GPa in Si. During the formation of amorphous LixSi in the outer layer of the nanoparticles, an increasing compressive stress up to 0.3 GPa is built up in the Si core. This stress evolution explains the cracks that developed in the amorphous LixSi layer during lithiation of the Si nanoparticles, and is also consistent with modeling results. These results improve our understanding of lithiation-induced stress in nanostructured Si anodes, and provide valuable information for their computational study and rational engineering.
Entladestrommethode — Ein Prüfverfahren für kunststoffisolierte Mittelspannungskabel

Der vermehrte Einsatz von Kunststoffkabeln in der Energietechnik verlangt die Entwicklung neuer Verfahren fur die Kabelpruftechnik. Dabei geht die Entwicklung weg von Spannungsprufverfahren, die nur eine Ja-Nein-Aussage (Prufung bestanden bzw. Prufung nicht bestanden) zulassen, hin zu diagnostischen Mesverfahren. Am Institut fur Hochspannungstechnik mit Versuchsanstalt (IVH) der Technischen Universitat Graz wird ein neues Mesverfahren der dielektrischen Diagnostik, die Entladestrommethode, entwickelt. Dieses Verfahren dient zur Beurteilung des Isolationszustands von kunststoffisolierten Mittelspannungskabeln und wird in einem Langzeitversuch getestet.
Ceramic Attributes and Accokeek Creek Chronology: An Analysis of Sherds from the Falcon's Landing (18PR131) and the Accotink Meander (44FX1908) Sites

Stephenson (1963) defined Accokeek Creek ware based on his analysis of ceramics from undated contexts at the Accokeek Creek site in Maryland. Subsequently, excavations at stratified sites in the Po...
EMEDS: A System to Determine Ejection Layout for Rapid-Tooled Injection Molds

One of the main issues in injection molding is the amount of time required to design and fabricate a mold once a part representation has been created. Rapid tooling methods, the usage of rapid prototyping methods to fabricate molds, have been developed to speed up mold fabrication, but mold design time remains a bottleneck. The design of ejection mechanisms for rapid tools is investigated in this paper. By eliminating elements from a mold that are specific to the molded part, mold design time can be reduced. For instance, the use of a standardized ejector plate with an array of pre-drilled holes significantly reduces part specific elements from the ejector mechanism. The EMEDS system, Ejection Mechanism Design Synthesis, was developed to facilitate the rapid design and incorporation of ejection into rapid tools with standardized ejector plates. Problem formulations and solution algorithms will be presented for the two main elements of EMEDS, the Pin Composer and Pin Locator. In support of EMEDS, an analytical model of ejection force was developed and will be presented here. Application of the EMEDS system to an example illustrates the design of an ejection mechanism for an industrial part.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
When Firms Restructure: Understanding Work-Life Outcomes

Analyses of work-life balance typically do not address the role of organizational structure but generally focus on individual worker attributes and a company's work-life policies. This paper focuses on the interrelationship among structural changes in industries and firms, managerial strategy, and jobs. This chapter appears in Work and Life Integration in Organizations and is based on our broader research on internal labor market changes over the past decade and the implications for the quality of jobs as a consequence of corporate restructuring in four industries. We find that although employer-driven restructuring is the predominant factor shaping job structure, and that changes in flexibility are usually collateral consequences rather than goals of restructuring, worker needs for job flexibility to accommodate work-life balance exert pressure on managers to structure jobs around those needs. The paper details those changes in jobs and career paths that affect the opportunities for work-life balance.
The Effects of Mobile Tree Islands on Soil Phosphorus Concentrations and Distribution in an Alpine Tundra Ecosystem on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, U.S.A.

Niwot Ridge is populated by moving patches of trees that form islands of woody vegetation in a habitat dominated by graminoids. This study determined the amounts and distribution of soil phosphorus (P) in relation to tree islands. As tree islands retreat to leeward, we hypothesize that the colonized soils would become both depleted in organic P (Po) and would possess more geochemically bound P than in the adjacent tundra. A modified Hedley sequential fractionation indicated that the individual soil P fractions, along with the sums of these fractions, did not differ significantly between tundra, windward, and leeward sites. Overall, soil P appears to be distributed in almost equal portions between geochemical and biological forms. The lack of significant change of soil P concentrations and distribution in response to tree island passage on Niwot Ridge is likely due to the lack of recent glaciation as well as a long history of infrequent perturbances.
Superoxide production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A cytochemical approach.

Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes triggers a burst of oxidative metabolism resulting in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide production, and these active oxygen species function in the killing of microorganisms. A new cytochemical technique, based on a manganese dependent diaminobenzidine oxidation, has been developed to detect superoxide in these cells. It has been shown that superoxide generation is associated with the plasma membrane in cells activated by particulate (zymosan) and nonparticulate (phorbol myristate acetate) stimuli. This membraned activity is maintained during invagination such that reduced oxygen is generated within the endocytic vacuoles. Reaction product is absent from unstimulated cells; additionally, formation of precipitate is blocked by omission of Mn++, low temperature, glutaraldehyde prefixation, and the presence of superoxide dismutase in the incubation medium.
Research progress of characteristics and adverse reaction of drug therapy in different development stages of epileptic children

Epilepsy is one of the most common disease of nervous system in children,and drug treatment is still the first choice at present.The treatment of children epilepsy is different from adults for there is a special consideration of epileptic therapy in different development stages of children. Infancy stage: the choice of antiepileptic drugs should consider the safety for their immature internal organs. Preschool and school- age stages: the selection of antiepileptic drug should fully consider the effects on cognitive function for it' s the key period of development of learning,cognition,and social psychology. Pre- adolescence and adolescence stages: the drug therapy should consider its long- term effects on the growth of children. Therefore,the treatment of epilepsy in children needs to focus on drug efficacy and adverse reactions in different development stages in order to provide some helps for clinic by reviewing the research advance and searching the proof of evidence- based medicine.
EFFECT OF DIFFUSE DEGREE IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INVERSE POLE FIGURE ON TEXTURES OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

The annealing{001} 100 texture of the high purity aluminous foils by cross shear rolling shows that there were the pronounced change of volume percentage of {001} 100 for the different diffuse degree. In the experiment quantitative analysis of inverse pole figure used,the 99.20 % volume percentage of {001} 100 was obtained at fast side for 15°diffuse degree,however the 73.67 % volume percentage for 10°diffuse degree.
Epidemiology of acute hepatitis B in Shenzhen from 2010 to 2014

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis B in Shenzhen city, which could help to look for effective preventional measures. Methods The data of acute hepatitis B cases were analysed by the method of descriptive epidemiology. Results Totally 5 255 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in Shenzhen from 2010 to 2014. The average incidence rate of acute hepatitis B per year was 9.96/100 000, and the incidence rate decreased year by year, and the incidence ratio of male and female was 3.30:1, and the incidence concentrated in the age of 20~50. The incidence of workers(41.67%) and the unemployed(23.18%) were higher than the other occupation, and the incidence on suburb(82.65%) was higher than on downtown(17.35%). There were no obvious seasonal incidence of acute hepatitis B. Conclusions Prevention and control on hepatitis B in Shenzhen city had achieved significant effect. We should continue to do the national immunization planning work. We propose to increase the intensity of hepatitis B prevention health education, and we also propose that people who is above 20 years old without hepatitis B virus infection should be vaccinated.
Cardiovascular Health Status in Baby Boomers with Diabetes Mellitus.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the cardiovascular health status of baby boomers with diabetes mellitus (DM) in comparison to the same-age population with DM 10 years previously. METHODS The study was conducted in baby boomers with DM using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2012 compared with NHANES 1999-2002. Cardiovascular health metrics were derived from the American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7. The primary outcome was the comparison of the proportion of individuals with each characteristic, including healthy diet, healthy weight, not smoking, exercising regularly, and maintaining an optimal level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), cholesterol, and blood pressure. RESULTS Current baby boomers with DM (NHANES 2009-2012) had more obesity (70.9% vs 58.8%; P = 0.009) and a lower proportion of ideal physical activity (20.9% vs 31.7%; P = 0.01) than people of the same age 10 years ago; fewer than 1% adhere to an ideal healthy diet. Current baby boomers more often had ideal cholesterol (59.4% vs 47.2; P = 0.01) and reached an ideal HbA1C (51.0% vs 43.4%; P = 0.047). Blood pressure control, adherence to ideal diet, and smoking rates were not significantly different from 10 years ago. In logistic regression analyses controlling for likely confounders, baby boomers persisted in having more obesity and exercising less often, and reaching an ideal cholesterol level more often (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Although improving in cholesterol and HbA1C, baby boomers demonstrated worsening in several key cardiovascular health indicators, particularly obesity and physical activity.
SUPPRESSION OF TUMORIGENICITY IN AN AGGRESSIVE CERVICAL CARCINOMA INDUCED BY PROTEIN ZERO, A NERVOUS SYSTEM IGCAM

In mammals, protein zero (P0), a neural IgCAM, is expressed solely in the peripheral nervous system where it mediates self-adhesion of Schwann cell membranes as compact myelin is generated. We show that when P0 is expressed in HeLa, a cervical carcinoma cell line, cells regain adhesion-mediated growth control, including the acquisition of contact inhibition and loss of anchorage-independent growth. Additionally, P0-expressing HeLa cells lose the ability to invade an artificial matrix, which correlates with decreased secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes. Lastly, and of great interest, unlike the aggressively metastatic cell line from which they were derived, P0-HeLa cells are neither tumorigenic nor metastatic when injected into athymic nude mice. By all these criteria, P0 expression appears to efficiently suppress in the long term, the transformed state of this carcinoma cell line. N-cadherin and its intracellular partners plakoglobin, alpha- and beta-catenin were significantly upregulated in the P0-HeLa cells. It appears therefore that P0 induces epithelialization and suppression of tumorigenicity in HeLa through the activation of the cadherin/catenin signaling systems. We conclude that the forced expression of bona fide adhesion molecules, such as P0, may serve as ‘upstream’ inducers of an essentially dormant but undamaged adhesion program in carcinoma cells that ultimately triggers the re-acquisition of normal epithelial characteristics, thereby suppressing tumorigenicity. Therapeutically, it may be that intercellular adhesion, no matter how it is induced, may serve as a single master event that is able to induce reversion of the carcinomatous state.
Cellulitis: A Review

Importance Cellulitis is an infection of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, presenting with expanding erythema, warmth, tenderness, and swelling. Cellulitis is a common global health burden, with more than 650 000 admissions per year in the United States alone. Observations In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million cases annually of cellulitis account for $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs alone. The majority of cases of cellulitis are nonculturable and therefore the causative bacteria are unknown. In the 15% of cellulitis cases in which organisms are identified, most are due to β-hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus . There are no effective diagnostic modalities, and many clinical conditions appear similar. Treatment of primary and recurrent cellulitis should initially cover Streptococcus and methicillin-sensitive S aureus , with expansion for methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) in cases of cellulitis associated with specific risk factors, such as athletes, children, men who have sex with men, prisoners, military recruits, residents of long-term care facilities, those with prior MRSA exposure, and intravenous drug users. Five days of treatment is sufficient with extension if symptoms are not improved. Addressing predisposing factors can minimize risk of recurrence. Conclusions and Relevance The diagnosis of cellulitis is based primarily on history and physical examination. Treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis should be directed against Streptococcus and methicillin-sensitive S aureus . Failure to improve with appropriate first-line antibiotics should prompt consideration for resistant organisms, secondary conditions that mimic cellulitis, or underlying complicating conditions such as immunosuppression, chronic liver disease, or chronic kidney disease.
Implications for Early Intervention from a Biopsychosocial Perspective on Addiction

Problems associated with alcohol consumption among young people are reviewed from an integrated biopsychosocial model. It is argued that young people drink differently from older people, and that traditional models of addiction and treatment work better with older populations than with younger ones. Social, psychological and biological factors associated with development and remission of young people's drinking are reviewed. Suggestions for approaches to early interventions are developed.
Automated feet detection for clinical gait assessment

The paper describes a computer vision method for estimating the clinical gait metrics of walking patients in unconstrained environments. The method employs background subtraction to produce a silhouette of the subject and a randomized decision forest to detect their feet. Given the feet detections, the stride and step length, cadence, and walking speed are estimated. Validation of the system is presented through an error analysis on manually annotated videos of subjects walking in different outdoor settings. This method is significant as it provides clinical therapists and non-specialists the opportunity to record from any camera and obtain high accuracy estimates of the clinical gait metrics for subjects walking at outdoor or at-home locations.
ZnO for Solar Cell and Thermoelectric Applications

ZnO-based materials show promise in energy harvesting applications, such as piezoelectric, photovoltaic and thermoelectric. In this work, ZnO-based vertical Schottky barrier solar cells were fabricated by MOCVD de- position of ZnO thin films on ITO back ohmic contact, while Ag served as the top Schottky contact. Various rapid thermal annealing conditions were studied to modify the carrier density and crystal quality. Greater than 200 nm thick ZnO films formed polycrystalline crystal structure, and were used to demonstrate Schottky solar cells. I-V characterizations of the devices showed photovoltaic performance, but but need further development. This is the first demonstration of vertical Schottky barrier solar cell based on wide bandgap ZnO film. Thin film and bulk ZnO grown by MOCVD or melt growth were also investigated in regards to their room- temperature thermoelectric properties. The Seebeck coefficient of bulk ZnO was found to be much larger than that of thin film ZnO at room temperature due to the higher crystal quality in bulk materials. The Seebeck coefficients decrease while the carrier concentration increases due to the crystal defects caused by the charge carriers. The co-doped bulk Zn0:96Ga0:02Al0:02O showed enhanced power factors, lower thermal conductivities and promising ZT values in the whole temperature range (300-1300 K).
The state of academic neurology departments in the United States, 2016: A national survey

Over the last decade, the United States has entered an era of national health care system reform, unprecedented in its scope and velocity. The seismic changes wrought by this process continue unabated and may have widespread effects on the academic medical enterprise throughout the country. To better understand the contemporary structure and features of academic neurology departments in this environment and to create a baseline for tracking future changes, we designed and executed a survey of department chairs in neurology nationwide in the fall of 2016, with the endorsement and support of the Association of University Professors of Neurology. The online survey was distributed to 126 chairs and 97 chairs responded, for a 77% overall response rate, though not all respondents answered every question. The Association of University Professors of Neurology (AUPN) provided staff support for the creation and administration of this survey, as well as the collection and tabulation of the data. The AUPN President and Executive Council provided suggestions regarding survey content.
Movement of a Sphere on a Flat Wall in Non-Newtonian Shear Flow

For a particle on a wall or cuttings bed in a multiphase flow in confined geometries a condition for onset and lift-off is very important. In this case, a fundamental problem of hydrodynamic forces and torque acting on a particle moving near and on the wall in a viscous fluid needs to be solved.In this paper, systematical simulation of a flow was performed around a perfect rolling or sliding spherical particle near the wall. A shear flow of Newtonian and Herschel-Bulkley fluids was investigated. The simulation was conducted for Reynolds numbers up to 200 and the dimensionless positive particle velocity Vp < 1.4. The relative particle velocity was made dimensionless by dividing it by the incoming flow velocity in front of the particle. The simulation was performed using the open-source CFD package OpenFOAM. The simulation results for Newtonian fluid agree with data presented in the literature.For the particle’s low translational velocity the drag force coefficient in the non-Newtonian fluid is lower than in Newtonian fluid, but for increasing translational velocity the drag force coefficient increases.The lift force coefficient behavior is non-monotonic versus rheology parameters. Lift and drag force show a sudden drop for very small translational velocities.Our simulation shows that in the case of large Bingham numbers the particle’s lift force can be negative for steady perfect particle rolling. Thus, friction between particle and surface prevents particle’s take-off in some cases.Knowing the dependence of the lift force on Reynolds number and rheological parameters allows one to determine incipient motion and take-off conditions for a spherical particle.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Art book indexes reviewed

Do indexes matter to reviewers of art books? Various reviewers quoted in the ‘Indexes reviewed’ column of The Indexer have argued that a good index is a valued part of an art book. For example, in her review of What makes a masterpiece, Judith Flanders (2011) noted that the index ‘turns what might otherwise have been only a gift book into something far more useful.’ Reviewers also have noted that a poor index will impede the reader’s access to information. For example, in a review of Faber and Faber: eighty years of book cover design, Jeremy Lamb (2009) called the index ‘absurd’ because it ‘makes it almost impossible to work out who are the artists responsible unless one is already familiar with their work.’ Reviewers also have made disparaging remarks about art books without indexes. For example, in a review of The dictionary of 20th century British book illustrators, Janine Barchas (1996) wrote that the absence of an index ‘makes interdisciplinary work with the Dictionary difficult, reducing the book’s value as an academic reference tool for visual and literary scholars alike.’ Similarly, in a review of Encyclopedia of architectural terms, Alan Rogers (1993) stated, ‘half the value of the book is lost’ because it lacks an index.
Estimating Willingness to Pay for E85 in the United States Using an Intercept Survey of Flex Motorists

Compliance with the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the United States will require price incentives for a substantial number of motorists with flex‐fuel vehicles to switch to high ethanol‐gasoline blends. Existing estimates of motorists’ willingness to pay for high‐ethanol blends use data from Brazil, data generated when prices greatly favored low‐ethanol blends, or stated preference data collected from mail and online surveys. We conducted an intercept survey of flex motorists as they refueled in five U.S. states. We overcome the problem caused by sample prices favoring low‐ethanol blends by augmenting revealed preference data with stated preference data. A sample‐selection problem arises because motorists with high willingness to pay seek out the relatively few stations that sell high‐ethanol blends. We use responses from two questions to inform sample selection. We find the average U.S. motorist requires a substantial discount to switch to high ethanol blends beyond the price that equates the cost per mile of driving.
Health care leadership in the public interest

Successful institutional leaders articulate a sense of organizational purpose and mission, and establish and maintain an organizational culture that fits with that purpose, while anticipating and responding to external and internal dynamics that will affect the organization's capacity to meet its role. In health care, the organizational purpose is necessarily directed to the broader community, and the dynamics that must be anticipated include not only technological and economic change, but also changes in public attitudes and expectations. In order for the institution to thrive over time, it must both be near the front of the curve of those changes while protecting and preserving excellence in its core activities. The key to effective leadership in health care organizations is effective two-way communication with internal constituencies, with the organization's communities, and with the broader public policy process. Health care leaders must take a more active role in responding to their communities' health needs and in shaping public policy toward health care.
Algebraic Statistics and Contingency Table Problems: Log-Linear Models, Likelihood Estimation, and Disclosure Limitation

Contingency tables have provided a fertile ground for the growth of algebraic statistics. In this paper we briefly outline some features of this work and point to open research problems. We focus on the problem of maximum likelihood estimation for log-linear models and a related problem of disclosure limitation to protect the confidentiality of individual responses. Risk of disclosure has often been measured either formally or informally in terms of information contained in marginal tables linked to a log-linear model and has focused on the disclosure potential of small cell counts, especially those equal to 1 or 2. One way to assess the risk is to compute bounds for cell entries given a set of released marginals. Both of these methodologies become complicated for large sparse tables. This paper revisits the problem of computing bounds for cell entries and picks up on a theme first suggested in Fienberg [21] that there is an intimate link between the ideas on bounds and the existence of maximum likelihood estimates, and shows how these ideas can be made rigorous through the underlying mathematics of the same geometric/algebraic framework. We illustrate the linkages through a series of examples. We also discuss the more complex problem of releasing marginal and conditional information. We illustrate the statistical features of the methodology on two examples and then conclude with a series of open problems.
Educational Reform: What Have Federal and State Policy Makers Done?

Abstract An overview of what is needed in educational reform at the state and national levels are examined. Seven types of globalization needed for students’ success are reviewed, with ongoing change efforts in South Africa, Australia, Brazil, China, England, and the United States being highlighted. The United States’ educational restructuring efforts at the state level and policies surrounding them are discussed. Next, examples of state and national level educational improvement projects are presented. The chapter ends by showcasing examples of organizations and schools that have made significant progress in educating students for a global 21st century.
Effects of Alfalfa Saponins on Regression of Atherosclerosis in Monkeys

The inclusion of alfalfa meal (sun-cured alfalfa hay, Medicago sativa) in the diet of cholesterol-fed cynomolgus macaques lowers cholesterolemia, normalizes the relative concentrations of plasma lipoproteins, and induces the regression of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis (Malinow et al., 1978b). It seems likely that alfalfa saponins are responsible for these beneficial effects since saponins from other sources reduce cholesterolemia in chicks (Griminger and Fisher, 1958; Newman et al., 1958; Morgan et al., 1972), pigs (Topping et al., 1980a), and rats (Oakenfull et al., 1979; Topping et al., 1980b). Research in this direction, however, has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining sufficient amounts of alfalfa saponins devoid of contaminating substances. We have prepared an extract from alfalfa hay that contains saponins identifiable by thin-layer chromatography (unpublished data) and we have enhanced its capacity to interfere with cholesterol absorption by partial acid hydrolysis (Malinow et al., 1977). Although the extract may also contain unspecified amounts of carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, pigments, and free aglycones (unpublished data) removed from alfalfa hay by the water: alcohol solvent used during its preparation, we have named the crude extract alfalfa saponins as an operational definition. These alfalfa saponins reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats (Malinow et al., 1977) and monkeys (Malinow et al., 1981; they also decrease cholesterolemia in monkeys and increase the fecal excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids (Malinow et al., 1981).
The Extra Cow of the Global North

iStock/DariuszPaIn his 1968 persistently influential work, “The Tragedy of the Commons,”1 Garrett Hardin focused his concern about the future of our society largely on overpopulation and on common-...
Revisiting the pedogenic carbonate isotopes and paleoenvironmental interpretation of Kanapoi.

Abstract Reconstructed habitats of Australopithecus anamensis at Kanapoi by Wynn (2000) yielded evidence for both wooded and grassy environments. Wynn's study was based on stable isotopic (δ13CPC, δ18OPC) analyses of a small sample of pedogenic nodules (n = 14) collected from paleosols spanning Kanapoi's stratigraphic interval. Whether this small sample size adequately characterized Kanapoi's vegetation or was the result of time averaging remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, we sampled Kanapoi paleosols at 39 locations (78 analyses) from laterally extensive units. Our data demonstrate that Kanapoi offered A. anamensis diverse habitats distributed in temporally discrete stratigraphic horizons. Habitat heterogeneity appears to have been a real aspect of Kanapoi paleoenvironments and not an artifact of Wynn's (2000) small sample size or time averaging. We suggest habitat heterogeneity was influenced by the location of Kanapoi at the confluence of fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine depositional environments. We also compared Kanapoi's δ13CPC and δ18OPC values to those of other Pliocene hominin localities in eastern Africa dated to 4.5–3.7 Ma. Kanapoi's δ18OPC values are significantly higher than most sites, potentially reflecting regional variability in water source δ18O values and/or more arid climatic conditions. Kanapoi's δ13CPC values indicate significantly more woody cover than at all other sites except those in the Turkana Basin. Kanapoi provided A. anamensis with a wide range of C3–C4 resources as the C4 biome spread across eastern Africa. [Wynn, J.G., 2000. Paleosols, stable carbon isotopes and paleoenvironmental interpretation of Kanapoi, Northern Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 411–432.]
Citizen sociolinguistics: A new method to understand fat talk.

FAT TALK AND CITIZEN SCIENCE Fat talk is a spontaneous verbal interaction in which interlocutors make self-disparaging comments about the body, usually as a request for assessment. Fat talk often reflects concerns about the self that stem from broader sociocultural factors. It is therefore an important target for sociocultural linguistics. However, real-time studies of fat talk are uncommon due to the resource and time burdens required to capture these fleeting utterances. This limits the scope of data produced using standard sociolinguistic methods. Citizen science may alleviate these burdens by producing a scale of social observation not afforded via traditional methods. Here we present a proof-of-concept for a novel methodology, citizen sociolinguistics. This research approach involves collaborations with citizen researchers to capture forms of conversational data that are typically inaccessible, including fat talk. AIMS AND OUTCOMES This study had two primary aims. Aim 1 focused on scientific output, testing a novel research strategy wherein citizen sociolinguists captured fat talk data in a diverse metropolitan region (Southwestern United States). Results confirm that citizen sociolinguistic research teams captured forms of fat talk that mirrored the scripted responses previously reported. However, they also capture unique forms of fat talk, likely due to greater diversity in sample and sampling environments. Aim 2 focused on the method itself via reflective exercises shared by the citizen sociolinguists throughout the project. In addition to confirming that the citizen sociolinguistic method produces reliable, scientifically valid data, we contend that citizen sociolinguist inclusion has broader scientific benefits which include applied scientific training, fostering sustained relationships between professional researchers and the public, and producing novel, meaningful scientific output that advances professional discourse.