cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in undergraduate economics degrees, 2001–2020

Undergraduate economics degrees awarded by U.S. colleges and universities were stagnant from 2010 (2009–10) through 2013, increased almost 14 percent from 2013 through 2015, and have subsequently s...
A controlled study of early fluid administration on survival of low birth weight infants.

A controlled study was done to evaluate the effects of early administration of fluids versus 24 to 72 hours starvation on the survival at 14 days of 90 premature infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. Mortality was 30% in the 30 infants who were given intravenous fluids as compared to 50% in those who were given nasogastric fluids or those who were starved. A reduction in mortality was noted in the group of infants between 765 and 1,250 gm who received parenteral fluids early (mean, 6 hours; range, 2 to 15 hours). The early administration of fluids via a nasogastric tube did not influence mortality. Since limitations to those lower-weight groups had not been included in the protocol, a further controlled study is indicated. There was no significant difference in the 72-hour weight loss, the biochemical determinations, the morbidity, or the autopsy findings of the three groups studied.
Classical Propositional Decidability via Nuprl Proof Extraction

This paper highlights a methodology of Nuprl proof that results in efficient programs that are more readable than those produced by other established methods for extracting programs from proofs. We describe a formal constructive proof of the decidability of a sequent calculus for classical propositional logic. The proof is implemented in the Nuprl system and the resulting proof object yields a “correct-by-construction≓ program for deciding propositional sequents. If the sequent is valid, the program reports that fact; otherwise, the program returns a counter-example in the form of a falsifying assignment. We employ Kleene's strong three-valued logic to give more informative counter-examples, it is also shown how this semantics agrees with the standard two-valued presentation.
Studies in sickle cell anemia. XIX. Priapism as a complication in children.

Summary Priapism is a rare complication of sicklecell anemia in children. Its presence in a Negro subject should lead the clinician to consider sickle cell disease as a possible etiological factor. The condition represents a therapeutic challenge. Treatment is symptomatic and generally unsatisfactory; however, needle aspirations of the corpora cavernosa appear to yield the most satisfactory results. Inasmuch as this complication is usually associated with a thrombotic type of crisis in which the hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte count show insignificant changes from their usual values in these patients, blood transfusions are of questionable value.
Classification of Conic Sections

We can use matrix multiplication to keep track of the action of a transformation A on a pair of vectors \( \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_1}}\\ {{y_1}} \end{array}} \right)\;{\rm{and}}\;\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_2}}\\ {{y_2}} \end{array}} \right){\rm{.}} \) Let m(A) be the matrix of A, and consider the matrix \( \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_1}}\\ {{y_1}} \end{array}\;\;\;\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_2}}\\ {{y_2}} \end{array}} \right) \) whose columns are \( \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_1}}\\ {{y_1}} \end{array}} \right)\;{\rm{and}}\;\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_2}}\\ {{y_2}} \end{array}} \right){\rm{.}} \) If we set \( \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{x'}_1}}\\ {{{y'}_1}} \end{array}} \right)\;{\rm{ = }}\;A\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_1}}\\ {{y_1}} \end{array}} \right)\;{\rm{and}}\;\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{x'}_2}}\\ {{{y'}_2}} \end{array}} \right)\;{\rm{ = }}\;A\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_2}}\\ {{y_2}} \end{array}} \right), \) then, as we shall prove, $$ m(A)\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_1}}\\ {{y_1}} \end{array}\;\;\;\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_2}}\\ {{x_1}} \end{array}} \right)\;{\rm{ = }}\;\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{x'}_1}}\\ {{{y'}_1}} \end{array}\;\;\;\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{x'}_2}}\\ {{{y'}_2}} \end{array}} \right)$$ (1) .
Cash-Flow or Discount-Rate Risk? Evidence from the Cross Section of Present Values

Realized returns comprise (ex-ante) expected returns plus (ex-post) innovations, and consequently both expected returns and returns innovations can be broken down into components reflecting fluctuations in cash flow (CF) and discount rate (DR). I use a present-value model to identify the CF and DR risk factors which are latent from the time series and cross sections of price-dividend ratios. This setup accommodates models where CF risk dominates, like Bansal and Yaron (2004), and models where DR risk dominates, like Campbell and Cochrane (1999). I estimate the model on portfolios, which capture several of the most common cross-sectional anomalies, and decompose the expected and unexpected returns into CF and DR components along both time-series and cross-sectional dimensions. I find that (1) the DR risk is more likely to explain the variations of expected returns, (2) the CF risk drives the variations of unexpected returns, and (3) together they account for over 80% of the cross-sectional variance of the average stock returns.
Parton κT and large-pT production of direct photons and π0 mesons

Abstract Predictions of perturbative QCD (pQCD) for the inclusive production of direct photons and mesons at high p T have been tested using new high-statistics measurements from Fermilab experiment E706. Inclusive π 0 and direct-γ cross sections in the kinematic range 3.5 p T c with central rapidities have been measured for 530 and 800 GeV/ c proton beams and a 515 GeV/ c π − beam incident on a Be target. Current Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) pQCD calculations fail to describe the data for usual choices of scales. Other aspects of the data indicate the presence of a substantial initial state parton transverse momentum ( κ T ) in the hard scattering. Incorporating a kinematic model of κ T effects improves the agreement between the calculations and the observed cross sections. Gluon distributions are extracted from Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS), Drell-Yan (DY), and our direct photon data using fitting procedures similar to those used by the CTEQ collaboration; calculations using these new parton distribution fits yield jet cross sections consistent with CDF and DO measurements.
Forkhead box class O transcription factors in liver function and disease

The forkhead box transcription factor class O (FOXO) family represents a group of transcription factors that is required for a number of stress-related transcriptional programs including antioxidant response, gluconeogenesis, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and autophagy. The liver utilizes several FOXO-dependent pathways to adapt to its routine cycles of feeding and fasting and to respond to the stresses induced by disease. FOXO1 is a direct transcriptional regulator of gluconeogenesis, reciprocally regulated by insulin, and has profound effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. FOXO3 is required for antioxidant responses and autophagy and is altered in hepatitis C infection and fatty liver. Emerging evidence suggests dysregulation of FOXO3 in some hepatocellular carcinomas. FOXOs are notable for the extensive number of functionally significant posttranslational modifications that they undergo. Recent advances in our understanding how FOXOs are regulated are providing a more detailed picture of how specific combinations of posttranslational modifications alter both nuclear translocation as well as transcriptional specificity under different conditions. This review summarizes emerging knowledge of FOXO function in the liver, FOXO changes in liver disease, and the posttranslational modifications responsible for these effects.
Transfer function development in design for six sigma framework - Part I

Transfer functions, one of core components in Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), provide the needed relationships between design, process and materials parameters and the CTQs (Critical-to-Quality characteristics) in the product and process development cycle. Transfer function provides direct method for understanding and representing an over all product and process function. Transfer function also provides a strategy for customer voice cascade, function decomposition, physical modeling and concept generation. The concept of transfer function is not new. However, the development of transfer function is not trivial and is a creative and challenging task. In part I of this paper, we will discuss how to develop a transfer function in the DFSS framework. In part II of this paper, we devote our efforts in the discussion of selecting the best transfer function for design evaluation and optimization.
The Housing of the Future

Demographic forces already under way and accelerating through the rest of this century will tend to weaken housing demand, though at a moderate degree. That prognosis, based on the analysis of previous chapters, raises a crucial question. Can one foresee countervailing forces that will offset or reduce the negative influence of demographic conditions?
Anterior Spinal Cord Infarction following Bronchial Artery Embolization.

Embolization of an anterior spinal artery is a rare complication that can occur during bronchial artery embolization, typically performed for massive hemoptysis. Embolization of this important blood supply to the anterior spinal cord can result in infarction and paralysis. Every interventional radiologist should have an intimate knowledge of bronchial artery anatomy and must make every effort to delineate spinal artery feeders during the procedure.
Effects of self-administered cocaine in adolescent and adult male rats on orbitofrontal cortex-related neurocognitive functioning

Rationale Deficits in amygdala-related stimulus-reward learning are produced following 18 drug-free days of cocaine self-administration or its passive delivery in rats exposed during adulthood. No deficits in stimulus-reward learning are produced by cocaine exposure initiated during adolescence.
A vitamin E-deficient diet affects nerve regeneration in rats

Degenerative changes in the neuromuscular system have been found in animals and humans with vitamin E (E) deficiency. This morphologic study examined the effect of dietary E on the regeneration of peripheral nerves in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After feeding an E-sufficient diet (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 50 mg/kg diet) for 6 d, 24 rats were randomly and equally assigned to one of three groups: control (CTRL) fed an E-sufficient diet for 43 d without surgery, normal (NE) fed an E-sufficient diet, or low (LE) fed an E-deficient diet (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 0 mg/kg diet). After 22 d of feeding, NE and LE had surgical compression of the right sciatic nerve and continued eating for 15 d. On day 43, the right triceps surae muscles and a segment of the right sciatic nerve were removed, then all rats were euthanized. The nerve and muscles were processed for morphologic analyses. Presurgery and postsurgery LE ate less food (P < 0.048 and P < 0.001, respectively), which resulted in a lower body weight gain (P < 0.0002). LE had irregularly shaped and less myelinated axons than NE (P < 0.0001) and CTRL (P < 0.0001). The LE plantaris muscle had less type II fibers when compared with NE (P < 0.007) and CTRL (P < 0.03). The results suggest that an E-deficient diet affects food intake, impairs nerve regeneration, and decreases type II fibers, whereas an E-sufficient diet contributes to normal axon regeneration.
Web Accessibility for the Blind: Corporate Social Responsibility or Litigation Avoidance?

On September 5, 2006, a legal precedent was set for web accessibility. Federal judge Marilyn Patel sustained discrimination claims by the National Federation for the Blind against Target Corporation. She established that retailers must make their websites accessible to the blind under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Past research has indicated that eCommerce retailers have largely ignored W3C guidelines for making their sites accessible. This study examines web accessibility motivation under the lens of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). A model is developed linking accessibility behavior to a retailer's propensity to engage in CSR activities, the types of products and services sold, complexity of visual web content, and perceived threat of litigation resulting from an inaccessible site. Based on the model recommendations are suggested for future research. Thirty-two websites of the largest online retailers with a physical presence were analyzed using IBM's aDesigner accessibility tool for the three years before and one year since the commencement of the Target litigation. Results suggest that accessibility of sites has showed significant improvement since the Target case began.
The “open lung” compromise

How best to select positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains among the most actively debated questions critical care practice. Controversy stems partially fromimprecision of disease diagnosis, confusion about which objective to prioritize, and uncertainty regarding safe limits for airway pressure. Perhaps the root cause such indecisiveness, however, involves the mechanical heterogeneity of the acutely diseased lung coupled with the need to set only one PEEP value. In fact, when lung protection is the issue, PEEP selection is always a trade of between improving recruitment and increasing tissue stress. The article by Di Rocco and colleagues in the issue [1] offers novel experimental data that address how that compromise is best struck.
Invitation to Research: Invitation to Learn

This article analyzes the process of acquiring informed consent from parents of economically disadvantaged children 7 to 12 years of age at a Boys & Girls Club in a Midwest city. The article addresses the following question: What are the obstacles in mainstream research to including children’s voluntary participation in research that intends to benefit their lives? The lessons gained from requesting an invitation into the lives of poor children through informed-consent processes inform future social work research methods.
Hotine’s conjecture in differential geodesy

In this paper we present a critical examination of a conjecture ofMartin Hotine on the possibility of employing the geopotential function of the Earth’s gravitational field as a member of a triply orthogonal system of surfaces. If such a conjecture were valid, it would provide a natural triply orthogonal system of coordinates which would be of significance in mathematical geodesy. It is shown that Hotine’s arguments are inadequate to prove his conjecture, and finally that his conjecture is false.
Kinetic studies of acetyl coenzyme A activated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; reverse effects with a fatty acid

Abstract 1. 1.|Phosphoenol α-ketobutyrate was discovered to be a highly effective inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate (orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31) (PEP) carboxylase of Escherichia coli for the acetyl coenzyme A activated reaction. Inhibition was overcome by high PEP concentration. 2. 2.|Activation by fructose 1,6-diphosphate was found at least additive to that produced by laurate or acetyl coenzyme A. The effect of laurate, in contrast, was found dependent on acetyl coenzyme A concentration, being reversed from activation to inhibition as acetyl coenzyme A concentration was increased. 3. 3.|Ca 2+ inhibited PEP carboxylase action, the acetyl coenzyme A activated reaction being inhibited to a greater degree. High Mg 2+ concentration overcame the inhibition. Lineweaver-Burk plots suggested that acetyl coenzyme A and Mg 2+ comprise a K activation system.
Quasi-one-dimensional electron states in a split-gate GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure

Abstract Self-consistent solutions for quasi-one-dimensional electron states in a narrow inversion layer channel at a GaAs/AlGaAs heterointerface have been obtained for a structure with a split gate. A simple model for fixed charge at the exposed surface in the gate opening has been used in the calculation. Energy levels for lateral motion are separated by ∼1–5 meV for the example considered, with a 0.4 μm gate opening.
Traumatic Brain Injury in the Immature Mouse Brain: Characterization of Regional Vulnerability

We characterized the regional and temporal patterns of neuronal injury and axonal degeneration after controlled cortical impact of moderate severity in mice at postnatal day 21. Animals were euthanized at 1, 3, or 7 days after injury or sham operation. The brains were removed and prepared for immunolocalization of neurons and microglia/macrophages or subjected to Fluoro-Jade and silver stains, indicators of irreversible neuronal cell injury and axonal degeneration. There was significant neuronal loss in both the ipsi- and the contralateral cortices, ipsilateral hippocampus, and ipsilateral thalamus by 7 days post injury compared to sham-operated animals. Activated microglia/macrophages were most prominent in regions of neuronal loss including the ipsilateral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Neuronal injury, as evidenced by Fluoro-Jade labeling, was not apparent in sham-operated animals. In injured animals, labeling was identified in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus at 1 and 3 days post injury. Silver- and Fluoro-Jade-labeled degenerating axons were observed in the ipsilateral subcortical white matter by 1 day post injury, in the ipsilateral external capsule, caudate putamen, and contralateral subcortical white matter by 3 days post injury, and in the internal capsule, pyramidal tracts, and cerebellar peduncles by 7 days post injury. Our findings demonstrate that controlled cortical impact in the developing brain generates neuronal loss in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral cortex, a temporally distinct pattern of subcortical neuronal injury/death, and widespread white matter damage. These observations serve as an important baseline for studying human brain injury and optimizing therapies for the brain-injured child.
Establishing statistical design criteria for water quality monitoring systems: review and synthesis

: Regulatory water quality management has placed fairly extensive information expectations on routine, fixed-station monitoring without a corresponding emphasis being placed on the need to design monitoring systems to meet these expectations. To correct the situation there is increasing interest in developing more quantitative monitoring system design procedures which incorporate the statistical nature of sampling. In examining the development of such quantitative criteria, this paper describes the roles of statistics in a systematic approach to monitoring - initial design and routine reporting of results - and reviews the use of statistics in each. The paper emphasizes the need to tie the two together, via statistical design criteria, in order for the identified information expectations to be met in a statistically sound manner. However, the use of statistics in water quality monitoring is noted as currently being as much an art as it is a science.
Biomimetic Antigenic Nanoparticles Elicit Controlled Protective Immune Response to Influenza

Here we present a biomimetic strategy toward nanoparticle design for controlled immune response through encapsulation of conserved internal influenza proteins on the interior of virus-like particles (VLPs) to direct CD8+ cytotoxic T cell protection. Programmed encapsulation and sequestration of the conserved nucleoprotein (NP) from influenza on the interior of a VLP, derived from the bacteriophage P22, results in a vaccine that provides multistrain protection against 100 times lethal doses of influenza in an NP specific CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. VLP assembly and encapsulation of the immunogenic NP cargo protein is the result of a genetically programmed self-assembly making this strategy amendable to the quick production of vaccines to rapidly emerging pathogens. Addition of adjuvants or targeting molecules were not required for eliciting the protective response.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a proline transporter from Manduca sexta

Abstract We report the molecular cloning of a L -proline transporter, MasPROT cDNA and its splice variants MasPROT.16 and MasPROT.2 from the central nervous system of Manduca sexta. Sequence analysis revealed that MasPROT belongs to a family of high affinity Na+/Cl− dependent neurotransmitter transporters. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of 556 aa having an estimated molecular mass of 58.9 kDa is predicted to have 12 putative transmembrane domains (TMD) and a characteristic large extracellular loop between TMD3 and TMD4. Sequence comparison to other members of the family indicates that it falls into the glycine–proline transporter subfamily. Transiently expressed MasPROT cDNA in Xenopus oocytes exclusively transported proline. Northern analysis shows that it is expressed predominantly in central nervous system, however, low levels are present in midgut, hindgut and Malpighian tubules. Two mRNA transcripts of sizes 3.6 and 8 Kb were found in all tissues except hindgut, where only a smaller transcript exists. RT–PCR and Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of MasPROT transcripts in flight muscles but not in leg muscles. Our preliminary data suggests that this transporter is an insect homologue of mammalian proline transporters. MasPROT.16 is a short splice variant encoding for 174 amino acids and shares 138 amino acids from the N terminus of MasPROT. MasPROT.2 is a long splice variant that contains six introns that coincide precisely with the previously mapped exon/intron boundaries of the members of this superfamily.
The central intellective factor

The proof of the existence of “g” is more than a methodological problem and concerns the very core of psychological theory. The principles of noegenesis should be identified experimentally before a final opinion can be rendered about “g.” Many general factors isolated in different studies are not necessarily “g.” In the present study a second-order unrotated general factor has been identified by using Thurstone's method. It seems possible to identify this factor with “g.” In the first order, factors that seem to represent the first and second principles of noegenesis have been found. The existence of synthetic and analytic activities and their interplay in intellectual performances is indicated. The relation of likeness is of great interest in explaining cognitive abilities and is isolated both as a first and second order factor. For the final identification of factors the search should be conducted beyond the elementary listing of tests. The dynamic aspects underlying factors are more meaningful than their simple description. The second order gives indications that allow for a better interpretation of fundamental psychological activities.
Tearing energies for in-situ reinforced poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks

Abstract Tetraethoxysilane was used to end-link functionally-terminated poly(dimethyl-siloxane) chains, and then to serve as the source of reinforcing silica particles upon its hydrolysis and condensation within the elastomeric networks. These in-situ filled elastomers were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and tearing energy measurements. The electron micrographs showed the presence of well-dispersed, unagglomerated silica particles with average diameters rather narrowly distributed over the range 150–250 A. These reinforcing particles were found to improve the thermal properties of the networks. Specifically, the larger the amount of filler thus incorporated, the higher the onset degradation temperature, and the larger the weight residue at 800°C. Effects were also found with regard to the tearing measurements, with the filled materials showing unstable tearing (stick-slip tearing), particularly at higher tearing rates. In contrast, the unfilled materials showed steady tearing. The tearing energies of the filled materials were significantly larger than those of the unfilled material. A marked increase in the tear strength occurred upon increasing the silica content up to 10 wt.%, followed by smaller improvements with additional increases in silica content.
Thermal processing for continued scaling of semiconductor devices

Scaling of semiconductor devices over past decades has been made possible by continuous innovations in materials engineering as well as device integration and geometries. Thermal processing has been an enabler for manufacturing advanced devices, both as a unit process and in concert with other key technologies like ion implantation, epitaxy, and film deposition. This paper reviews the evolution of annealing technology with a special consideration to thermodynamics, kinetics and integration thermal budgets. Equipment and process innovations to meet ever-changing material and device fabrication requirements are presented.
Thermal ignition of titanium based pyrotechnics

Abstract The thermal ignition of titanium-based pyrotechnics was shown to be controlled by titanium oxides, which encapsulate the metal particles. As the titanium powder was heated, the oxide coating dissolved into the bulk metal to generate a reactive surface. The surface was reoxidized immediately by oxygen gas from the surrounding atmosphere but with insufficient heat generation for sustained combustion. Ignition was kinetically determined by the rate of dissolution of the oxide coating versus the rate of reoxidation.
Plasmonic endoscope: guiding, magnifying, and focusing of infrared radiation on a nanoscale

It has recently been shown 1 that tapered arrays of thin metallic wires can guide and manipulate electromagnetic fields on the sub-wavelength spatial scale. Our computations demonstrate that two types of nanoscale imaging applications using terahertz and mid-infrared waves are enabled: image magnification, where the tapered wire array acts as a multi-pixel endoscope by capturing an electromagnetic field profile created by deeply subwavelength objects at the endoscope's tip and magnifying it for observation, and radiation focusing, where the image of a large mask at the endoscope's base is projected onto a much smaller image at the tip. The most important result of this work is the demonstration of a new computational technique that enables extracting TE, TM and TEM modes from a full 3-D electromagnetic simulation. Through extraction of the TEM electric field from the total electric field we show that the physical mechanism of the image propagation along the guiding structure is indeed the TEM modes of the multiconductor array.
Arthroscopic repair for posterior shoulder instability.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes of a consistent arthroscopic stabilization technique for recurrent posterior instability. Methods Thirty-four consecutive shoulders with symptomatic recurrent posterior instability were treated with arthroscopic repair and evaluated at a mean follow-up of 36 months (range, 12 to 67 months). Two patients were excluded because of prior surgery, leaving 32 for further analysis. The mean age was 21.4 years (range, 15 to 33 years). There were 26 male and 6 female patients, and in 59% the dominant shoulder was affected. A known traumatic injury had occurred in 25 (78%), but only 2 (6%) had a documented dislocation. Arthroscopic repair was performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position through an anterosuperior 12-o'clock viewing portal. Suture anchor repairs were performed in 30 cases and plication to the intact labrum in 4. A sling and derotation wedge were used for 4 weeks, followed by progressive active range of motion, with weight lifting at 3 months and return to contact sports at 6 months. Of the 34 cases, 22 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and had complete preoperative and postoperative shoulder outcome scores. Results Significant improvement ( P = .001) from preoperatively to final follow-up was seen for American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores, from 68 to 93; Simple Shoulder Test scores, from 9.3 to 11.6; and visual analog scale scores, from 3.5 to 0.8. All patients returned to their previous level of athletic activity. Two patients reported postoperative instability; none required reoperation. There were no other postoperative complications. Conclusions This study represents a consecutive series of patients with recurrent posterior instability who underwent arthroscopic posterior stabilization. In this population arthroscopic posterior labral repair and capsular plication provided significant clinical improvement and low rates of recurrent instability and revision surgery. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Cytochemical studies of protein transport in the nervous system.

The transport of materials within the nervous system has received much attention in recent years. Considerable information has accumulated concerning such subjects as the exchange of substances between the circulation and nervous tissue, the passage down axons of molecules and organelles originating in perikarya and the release and fate of neurotransmitters and neurosecretory agents at synapses and other neuron endings (see, for example, Wolstenholme & Porter 1968; Barondes 1969). Many investigations are underway on modulations of transport during nerve growth and regeneration and in tissue responding to injury or to other experimental alterations. However, numerous gaps remain. Of central importance to future analysis of intraneuronal transport will be the determination of details of the routes and mechanisms by which various components synthesized in the perikaryon become distributed throughout the cell. It is becoming increasingly clear that different components move along axons at quite different rates (see, for example, McEwen & Grafstein 1968). This heterogeneity may reflect the existence of a variety of intraaxonal transport pathways. Important clues derive from such work as the studies on microtubules reported by D. S. Smith in the present proceedings but much remains to be learned about possible compartmentalization of movement within axons. Similarly, the organization of perikarya must be further investigated. Neurons possess abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, many free ribosomes, a well-developed Golgi apparatus and other features consonant with their intensive metabolic activity. Remarkably little is known, however, about most of the molecules synthesized within perikarya and about the division of labour among the organelles of the perikaryal cytoplasm.
PET: a biological imaging technique.

Like in vivo autoradiography, PET provides a means to image and measure rates of biological processes throughout the distributed and interrelated systems of the entire living brain. In addition, both techniques can track and image the functional interactions of the brain with other systems throughout the entire body. Technological advances are yielding higher image spatial resolution and “Electronic generators” for automated synthesis of positron labeled compounds. The expanding number of labeled compounds (>500) is providing a growing number of biological assays (i.e., substrate metabolism, pre and post synaptic processes, enzyme activity, interaction of medical and illicit drugs with biological systems of the brain, immune system, membrane processes). Studies of normal cerebral function focus on mapping evoked responses of various components of motor, visual, somatosensory, memory and cognitive functions. Cerebral development, neuronal plasticity, and compensatory reorganization to lesions or surgery are active areas of investigation. Various types of assays have been used to identify specific biological alterations, map progression and determine therapeutic responses in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and drug abuse.
Analysis of oxygen-18 in carbon dioxide by thermal neutron activation

Abstract A study was made of the thermal neutron activation analysis of O18 in samples of carbon dioxide. The technique involved the precise measurement of small quantities of gaseous carbon dioxide and their transfer into polyethylene containers, followed by the conversion of the carbon dioxide to solid ammonium carbamate by the addition of an excess of ammonia gas. After the ammonium carbanate was irradiated, it was flushed from the container with water, and the induced O19-activity was measured. The minimum amount of O18 which could be analyzed in carbon dioxide by this technique was estimated to be 0.5 μm.
Structural Displacement of Phosphites, Phosphates, and Pentaoxyphosphoranes to Higher Coordinate Geometries by Sulfur and Oxygen Donor Action1

New phosphites, O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OC6F5) (1), S[Me2C6H2O]2P(OC6F5) (3), and H2C[(t-Bu)2C6H2O]2P(OC6F5) (6), a phosphate, S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(O)(OC6F5) (4), and pentaoxyphosphoranes O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OC6F5)(O2C6Cl4) (2) and S[Me2C6H2O]2P(OC6F5)3 (5), all containing pentafluorophenoxy ligands, have been prepared and characterized by NMR and X-ray studies. Starting with either PCl3 for the phosphites or POCl3 for the phosphate, reactions with diols formed cyclic chlorophosphites or a chlorophosphate, respectively, in situ, followed by condensation with pentafluorophenol to give the products. An oxidative addition reaction of 1 with a quinone produced 2 while 5 was prepared from P(OC6F5)3 formed in situ, followed by oxidative addition with a diol. Other than 6, all contained sulfonyl (1 and 2) or sulfur (3−5) donor groups which coordinated with phosphorus to give pseudo trigonal bipyramidal (1 and 3), trigonal bipyramidal (4), and octahedral (2 and 5) geometries. In the presence of OC6F5 ligands, the sul...
A radical proposal for the pathogenesis of scleroderma

Because the etiology and pathogenesis of scleroderma are largely speculative, effective therapy is not available for this debilitating condition and its variants. This article reviews current concepts in the etiology and pathogenesis of scleroderma and suggests a unifying hypothesis involving the generation of free radicals. The role of specific free radical scavengers should be tested both in vitro and in clinical trials of patients with scleroderma.
ERβ- and Prostaglandin E2-Regulated Pathways Integrate Cell Proliferation via Ras-like and Estrogen-Regulated Growth Inhibitor in Endometriosis

In endometriosis, stromal and epithelial cells from the endometrium form extrauterine lesions and persist in response to estrogen (E2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Stromal cells produce excessive quantities of estrogen and PGE2 in a feed-forward manner. However, it is unknown how estrogen stimulates cell proliferation and survival for the establishment and persistence of disease. Previous studies suggest that estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) is strikingly overexpressed in endometriotic stromal cells. Thus, we integrated genome-wide ERβ binding data from previously published studies in breast cells and gene expression profiles in human endometriosis and endometrial tissues (total sample number = 81) and identified Ras-like, estrogen-regulated, growth inhibitor (RERG) as an ERβ target. Estradiol potently induced RERG mRNA and protein levels in primary endometriotic stromal cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated E2-induced enrichment of ERβ at the RERG promoter region. PGE2 via protein kinase A phosphorylated RERG and enhanced the nuclear translocation of RERG. RERG induced the proliferation of primary endometriotic cells. Overall, we demonstrated that E2/ERβ and PGE2 integrate at RERG, leading to increased endometriotic cell proliferation and represents a novel candidate for therapeutic intervention.
Hydrothermal cooling of midocean ridge axes: Do measured and modeled heat fluxes agree?

Abstract Accurate estimates of near-axis hydrothermal cooling are keys to understanding many geological, chemical, and biological processes at midocean ridges. At present, however, field observations ( H , heat flux/vent field) are few and imprecise, and model results ( H m , heat flux/km of axis) vary widely depending on assumptions about crustal formation, crustal composition, and the cooling efficiency and spatial and temporal extent of hydrothermal circulation. In this paper I compare all published vent-field-scale measurements of H to a range of published H m for slow (≤ 40 mm/yr) and fast (> 40 mm/yr) ridges to assess the present state of knowledge about the magnitude of near-axis hydrothermal cooling. H has been evaluated 28 times, either by point measurements using inventories of individual sources (362 ± 552 MW, n = 12 measurements), or by integrated measurements using water column observations (876 ± 1011 MW, n = 16). Comparable estimates of mean vent field “expected H ” at any spreading rate can be derived by merging H m from various models with the predicted global inventory of active vent sites. These estimates range from ∼ 1–1.5 GW/field and are approximately constant for all spreading rates. This range agrees with the best-constrained results of H from slow-ridge vent fields (1669 ± 1354 MW) but is considerably higher than those from fast ridges (245 ± 170 MW). Inferences about the spatial and temporal variability of H can be gained by defining the parameter L = H / H m , equivalent to the axis length needed to continuously power a hydrothermal field. The resultant large L values (13–333 km for slow ridges, 1–32 km for fast) demand punctuated cooling, where for short periods H > H m . The percentage of time that a given vent field might be active can be speculatively estimated by dividing L by the length of axis the field cools. Examples of this percentage range from a low of ∼ 50% for some fast-ridge fields.
Real-time measurement of fluorescence spectra from single airborne biological particles

Improved real-time methods for characterizing airborne biological particles are needed. Here we review our efforts in developing techniques for measuring the laser-induced fluorescence (total and spectrally dispersed) of individual airborne particles, and describe our present system, which can measure fluorescence spectra of single micrometer-sized bioaerosol particles with good signal-to-noise ratios. We demonstrate the capability of this system by showing measured spectra of a variety of airborne particles generated in the laboratory from road dust, ammonium sulfate, Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria prepared under various conditions, allergens, cigarette smoke, and chicken-house dust. These spectra illustrate the capability of the system to distinguish between some biological and nonbiological aerosols, and among several types of laboratory-generated biological aerosols. We suggest improvements needed to make our system field portable. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 221–239, 1999
Conductive films of tetrathiafulvalene dicarboxylate cation radicals and poly(vinyl alcohol) formed by casting

Abstract Aqueous solutions of dipotassium tetrathiafulvalene dicarboxylate ( 1 ), potassium ferricyanide and poly(vinyl alcohol) were used to cast air-stable, flexible and electrically conductive films. Casting at 80–95 °C formed a network of microcrystals oriented in the film plane. Spectroscopic studies showed that these crystals contain π-stacks of the cation radical 1 + . No evidence for mixed valence stacks was found. A film containing 5 wt.% of 1 + in PVA had a four-point conductivity σ = 10 −2 S cm −1 in the film plane. The structural anisotropy led to a lower conductivity (10 −4 S cm −1 ) across the plane of the film.
Bubble Column Reactors for Wastewater Treatment. 1. Theory and Modeling of Continuous Countercurrent Solvent Sublation

Solvent sublation is a nonfoaming wastewater treatment process that combines the benefits of bubble fractionation and liquid−liquid extraction in a way that does not require mixers, settlers, or subsequent downstream treatment. A review of past work on small lab-scale batch columns revealed that removal efficiencies of nonvolatile and volatile organic compounds are generally higher than those observed in bubble fractionation, air stripping, and conventional liquid−liquid extraction. In this work, the first of a three-part series, the transport mechanisms in a three-phase continuous, countercurrent sublation process are presented. Two mathematical models, namely, the series CSTR model (SCM) and the two-phase axial dispersion model (ADM2), are developed. It is shown that these two models are equivalent and can be used interchangeably with the aid of a simple expression. Nondimensional correlations, based upon simulated data obtained from the SCM, are generated to predict the steady-state fractional removal,...
An Integrated Land-Use-Transportation Model for the San Francisco Region: 2. Empirical Estimation and Results

In this paper the empirical estimation of the POLIS model in the San Francisco Region is discussed. Data from 1975 and 1980 were used for the calibration. A three-step calibration algorithm was developed to estimate the travel parameters and the exponent of the agglomeration functions. A simulation of the calibrated model for the period 1975–1980 produced an employment and housing units allocation similar to the one observed.
Mephedrone: Public health risk, mechanisms of action, and behavioral effects

The recent shortage of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) has led to an increased demand for alternative amphetamine-like drugs such as the synthetic cathinone, 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Despite the re-classification of mephedrone as a Class B restricted substance by the United Kingdom and restrictive legislation by the United States, international policy regarding mephedrone control is still developing and interest in synthetic amphetamine-like drugs could drive the development of future mephedrone analogues. Currently, there is little literature investigating the mechanism of action and long-term effects of mephedrone. As such, we reviewed the current understanding of amphetamines, cathinones, and cocaine emphasizing the potentially translational aspects to mephedrone, as well as contrasting with the work that has been done specifically on mephedrone in order to present the current state of understanding of mephedrone in terms of its risks, mechanisms, and behavioral effects. Emerging research suggests that while there are structural and behavioral similarities of mephedrone with amphetamine-like compounds, it appears that serotonergic signaling may mediate more of mephedrone's effects unlike the more dopaminergic dependent effects observed in traditional amphetamine-like compounds. As new designer drugs are produced, current and continuing research on mephedrone and other synthetic cathinones should help inform policymakers' decisions regarding the regulation of novel ‘legal highs.'
Polygraphic recordings in a case of Reye's syndrome.

In a comatose patient with Reye's syndrome, stimulation that increased the heart rate also produced changes in the intracranial pulsations and pressure, as well as in the electroencephalogram.
The Niacin Requirement of the Young Ringneck Pheasant

Abstract BRIGGS (1946), Jukes et al. (1947), and Scott (1953) found that turkeys fed a low level of niacin developed perosis or a hock disorder. Scott and Heuser (1952), and Briggs et al. (1953) observed a similar disorder in ducks and geese on a low niacin diet. Chickens fed a low level of niacin do not display symptoms nearly as extreme as those produced in turkeys or ducks, but Briggs et al. (1943) did observe that six out of nineteen chicks fed a purified diet low in niacin developed perosis. During the course of recent nutritional experiments with pheasant chicks, a high incidence of a leg disorder occurred in pheasants reared in batteries. Since little or nothing is known of the pheasant’s requirements for niacin, the following experiments were conducted. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Ringneck pheasant chicks were obtained from the Conservation Department and started in electrically heated batteries with raised wire floors… .
Laparoscopy in the Morbidly Obese Pregnant Patient Using a Modified Foley Lap-Lift Technique: Case Report

Obesity in women of reproductive age is increasing. Gynecologic laparoscopy in the morbidly obese pregnant patient presents challenges, and is not often attempted. Herein is reported a successful case using a modified Foley lap-lift technique, which improved visualization and facilitated mechanical ventilation.
Functional Assessment of Heart Failure Patients

A hallmark of heart failure (HF) is exercise intolerance, along with fatigue and shortness of breath. Functional assessments provide important clinical information. As the disease progresses, HF patients experience a downward spiral leading to a functional disability. Reduced functional abilities restrict or prevent HF patients from performing occupational tasks, which may result in loss of work and reduced quality of life. Functional assessments provide a measure of functional capacity and information on prognosis, disease severity, degree of disability, and quality of life. Direct and indirect cardiovascular and muscular functional assessments for patients with HF are provided in this review.
Cardiac Dimensions and Motion Shortly After Mitral Valve Surgery

We studied 71 adult patients echocardiographically both before and 2-16 days (mean 8 days) after mitral valve surgery to systematically evaluate the early postoperative changes in cardiac dimensions and motion. The patients were divided into 4 groups: group I with predominant mitral stenosis (MS) (26 patients), group II with predominant mitral insufficiency (MI) (12 patients), group III with MS + MI (16 patients) and group IV with combined mitral and aortic valvular disease (17 patients). After operation the left atrial dimension at endsystole decreased (mean +/- standard deviation, 56 +/- 12 mm vs 46 +/- 11 mm, p less than 0.001), but did not completely normalize in the majority of patients. The left ventricular dimension at enddiastole decreased in group II from 67 +/- 12 mm to 54 +/- 5 mm (p less than 0.01) and in group IV from 59 +/- 13 mm to 54 +/- 13 mm (p less than 0.01), but increased in group I from 43 +/- 8 mm to 46 +/- 9 mm (p less than 0.05). Mitral EF slope increased from 15 +/- 11 mm/sec to 52 +/- 20 mm/sec (p less than 0.001) after commissurotomy, and decreased from 136 +/- 61 mm/sec to 66 +/- 30 mm/sec (p less than 0.05) after annuloplasty. However, the postoperative means were subnormal in these subgroups. Paradoxical or hypokinetic septal motion occurred in 5/71 (7%) before and 50/71 (70%) after operation. We conclude that: 1) partial normalization of cardiac dimensions and subnormal mitral EF slopes shortly after mitral valve surgery suggest a residual pressure gradient across the mitral valve as well as partial irreversibility of the heart after longstanding mechanical overloading, and 2) postoperative abnormal septal motion, which may be caused by pericardiotomy, can occur after any type of open heart surgery.
Prescribing records and the First Amendment--New Hampshire's data-mining statute.

In November 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld against constitutional attack a New Hampshire statute that prohibits data miners from selling information about physicians' prescribing histories to pharmaceutical companies for use by sales representatives. Robert Post discusses the constitutionality of the statute.
Supernumerary chromosomes in Tradescantia I. Meiotic behavior of three homologous isochromosomes

The meiotic behavior of three homologous iso-supernumerary chromosomes in an individual of Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. has revealed sevealed several interesting features. There is a high frequency of pairing-partner exchange within bivalents and trivalents. The mean chiasma frequency per chromosome is relatively high (1.046) for supernumerary chromosomes and is not significantly different from that of the much larger normal (A) chromosomes. The high frequency of trivalent and bivalent configurations would seem to suggest that the isosupernumerary chromosomes are premeiotically dispositioned to allow for full random pairing among all six homologous arms.