cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sense and Nonsense About Water

Water is present in all of its three phases in our natural world. It carves the landscapes on our planet, it is the solvent for biological activity, and it is central in humankind’s physical and intellectual existence. We summarize how water’s properties as a liquid and as a solvent are a consequence of the molecule being a strong dipole subject to Brownian motion. Short-lived hydrogen bridges between neighboring water molecules set up a flexible tetrahedral network. Convoluted pseudoscientific theories have been formulated about water. Many of these theories involve elaborate forms of higher organization and quantum physics. Some such theories have been used as a basis for scams and quackeries. We discuss of few of these excesses.
Unfolding of RNA via Translocation Through a Nanopore

Abstract RNA unfolding and refolding are important biological phenomena, which occur during the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. During these processes, RNA is found in single stranded, secondary and tertiary structures, including secondary conformations like hairpins and pseudoknots. Understanding the diverse conformations of RNA and how these influence the dynamics of unfolding and refolding is crucial to gain insight to fundamental biological processes. In this work, we employ coarse-grained Langevin dynamics simulations of a simple model of different RNA hairpins passing through a geometric nanopore to find the influence of structural changes on the translocation dynamics. The threshold voltage of unfolding depends on the length of the hairpin attached to the tail. The lag time to unfold is longer for smaller applied voltages and for the architectures containing a longer hairpin attached to the tail. Chain translocation dynamics for different architectures are largely collapsed by the threshold. A distinct signature for the base unfolding time was observed for the bases around the unpaired bases in all the RNA hairpin models. These results can motivate future technologies or experiments that use translocation to predict secondary structures of polynucleotides.
Tolerance of Pima and Upland cotton to trifloxysulfuron (Envoke) herbicide under field conditions

Trifloxysulfuron (Envoke) is an acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide and can be used to control many broadleaf weeds and nutsedges in cotton production. However, there is a lack of information on genotypic variation in response to the herbicide. In this field study, 60 Pima (Gossypium barbadense L.) lines, 122 Upland (G. hirsutum L.) lines, and 9 Upland × Pima segregating populations were divided into five tests (18A, 18B, 18G, 18RB, and 18HQ) to evaluate trifloxysulfuron tolerance at the 7-true leaf stage (42 days after planting) under the same field conditions in 2018. Across the five tests, Pima cotton genotypes tested in this study did not show any visual crop injury based on percentage of plants with chlorosis at 6 days after treatment (DAT), indicating consistent and high levels of trifloxysulfuron tolerance. However, the response to trifloxysulfuron within Upland cotton is highly variable. While Upland cotton is overall more sensitive to trifloxysulfuron with crop injury up to 80% than Pima cotton, 19 lines had injury below 5% including one line with no visual injury, and 19 lines had injury between 5% and 10%. In test 18HQ with 15 transgenic Upland cultivars and 17 non-transgenic Upland lines, the analysis of variance detected a significant genotypic difference. The broad-sense heritability estimates for trifloxysulfuron tolerance based on crop injury at 6 DAT was 0.555, suggesting that trifloxysulfuron tolerance in Upland cotton is moderately heritable. This study represents the first report that Pima cotton and many Upland cotton lines are highly tolerant to trifloxysulfuron with no or little crop injury.
Colorimetric plasmon resonance microfluidics on nanohole array sensors

Abstract We present the label-free colorimetric visualization in microfluidics using plasmon resonance on a large-area and over a wide field-of-view (>100 mm2) nanohole array device called nanoLycurgus Cup Array (nanoLCA). We demonstrate the spectral detection and colorimetric sensing of static solutions of different concentrations of glycerol–water confined in parallel microfluidic channels integrated with nanoLCA. Taking advantage of the large sensor area and the colorimetric sensing capability of nanoLCA, we visualize in real-time the modulation of two immiscible solutions (water and oil), generated with integrated flow-focus microfluidics, in a label-free manner. Finite Element Method (FEM) based simulation tool (COMSOL) was used to verify the droplet formation in the microfluidics. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation was used to identify the resonance modes of the plasmonic sensor. Finally, we demonstrate the real-time monitoring of streptavidin–biotin biomolecular interaction with the plasmonic biosensor.
Studies on the Mechanism of Fatty Acid Synthesis XIX. PREPARATION AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PALMITYL THIOESTERASE

Abstract Palmityl thioesterase of Escherichia coli has been purified 260-fold. Its molecular weight is estimated at 22,000 by sedimentation velocity. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of long chain fatty acyl thioesters of acyl carrier protein or coenzyme A to form free fatty acid and the respective thiol. The enzyme is readily inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Palmityl thioesterase was found to exhibit specificity for fatty acyl thioesters of chain length greater than C10 and palmityl, palmitoleyl, and cis-vaccenyl thioesters are the preferred substrates. The enzyme was shown to be capable of mediating the synthesis of free fatty acids by preparations of the E. coli fatty acid-synthesizing system. Palmityl thioesterase activity is also present in highly purified preparations of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. The pigeon liver thioesterase was shown to be specific for fatty acyl-coenzyme A thioesters of C16 and C18 chain length.
Recent advances in retrodirective system technology

Retrodirective arrays have the unique ability to respond to an interrogator without any prior knowledge of the incoming signal's direction. This self-phasing process is achieved in a completely analog manner, making these arrays good for high-speed target tracking applications. In recent years, much work has focused on the integration of various communication and sensing functions as well as additional circuit enhancements which would help to advance the range of applications for retro directive arrays. This paper presents some of the recent advances in retro directive array system technology.
Sialic acid content of erythrocytes in normal individuals and patients with certain hematologic disorders

The sialic acid content of erythrocytes from healthy individuals of different blood types and of patients with known hematological disorders has been determined. The sialic acid was completely released enzymatically with sialidase and quantitated by the thiobarbituric acid method. The sialic acid content of erythrocytes was constant irrespective of ABO blood type, or anticoagulant used; viz, 0.85-0.92 mumoles/ml of packed erythrocytes or 46-53 X 10(6) sialyl residues per cell. Deviations from these normal values were obtained with erythrocytes from patients with a variety of hematological disorders. Patients with the following disorders have significantly (P less than 0.01) lower sialic acid values compared to erythrocytes from healthy individuals (given in the order of decreasing sialic acid content): sickle cell anemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, leukemia, and Hodgkin disease.
Critical regions for the sweetness of brazzein.

Brazzein is a small, heat-stable, intensely sweet protein consisting of 54 amino acid residues. Based on the wild-type brazzein, 25 brazzein mutants have been produced to identify critical regions important for sweetness. To assess their sweetness, psychophysical experiments were carried out with 14 human subjects. First, the results suggest that residues 29–33 and 39–43, plus residue 36 between these stretches, as well as the C-terminus are involved in the sweetness of brazzein. Second, charge plays an important role in the interaction between brazzein and the sweet taste receptor.
Rubrics: Design and Use in Science Teacher Education.

(1999). Rubrics: Design and Use in Science Teacher Education. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 107-121.
Isolation and characterization of a newly identified impurity in methamphetamine synthesized via reductive amination of 1‐phenyl‐2‐propanone (P2P) made from phenylacetic acid/lead (II) acetate

A trace processing impurity found in certain methamphetamine exhibits was isolated and identified as trans-N-methyl-4-methyl-5-phenyl-4-penten-2-amine hydrochloride (1). It was determined that this impurity was produced via reductive amination of trans-4-methyl-5-phenyl-4-penten-2-one (4), which was one of a cluster of related ketones generated during the synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) from phenylacetic acid and lead (II) acetate. This two-step sequence resulted in methamphetamine containing elevated levels of 1. In contrast, methamphetamine produced from P2P made by other methods produced insignificant (ultra-trace or undetectable) amounts of 1. These results confirm that 1 is a synthetic marker compound for the phenylacetic acid and lead (II) acetate method. Analytical data for 1 and 4, and a postulated mechanism for the production of 4, are presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An X-ray survey of a complete sample of 3CR radio galaxies

Abstract Imaging x-ray observations of a complete sample of 3CR radio galaxies led to the detection of 26 of them with (0.5–3.0 keV) Lx ∼10 41 -10 45 erg s −1 . A statistical analysis of the sample, in conjunction with radio and optical data reveals that nuclear activity is likely to be responsible for most of the x-ray emission. Moreover we find that the 3CR emission line galaxies are similar to both Seyfert galaxies and quasars with double radio morphology in their x-ray properties, strongly reinforcing an unified picture of active nuclei. The properties of double radio sources and flat spectrum quasars however differ. The non-emission line galaxies (like 3C264) are also likely to contain a nuclear x-ray source.
Successful treatment of canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency by foamy virus vectors

Recent successes in treating genetic immunodeficiencies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of stem cell gene therapy. However, the use of gammaretroviral vectors in these trials led to insertional activation of nearby oncogenes and leukemias in some study subjects, prompting studies of modified or alternative vector systems. Here we describe the use of foamy virus vectors to treat canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD). Four of five dogs with CLAD that received nonmyeloablative conditioning and infusion of autologous, CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells transduced by a foamy virus vector expressing canine CD18 had complete reversal of the CLAD phenotype, which was sustained more than 2 years after infusion. In vitro assays showed correction of the lymphocyte proliferation and neutrophil adhesion defects that characterize CLAD. There were no genotoxic complications, and integration site analysis showed polyclonality of transduced cells and a decreased risk of integration near oncogenes as compared to gammaretroviral vectors. These results represent the first successful use of a foamy virus vector to treat a genetic disease, to our knowledge, and suggest that foamy virus vectors will be effective in treating human hematopoietic diseases.
Generalized orthogonal contrast tests for homogeneity of ordered means

Several procedures have been proposed for testing equality of ordered means. The best-known of these is the likelihood-ratio test introduced by Bartholomew, which possesses generally superior power characteristics to those of its competitors. Difficulties in implementing this test have led to the development of alternative approaches, such as tests based on single and multiple contrasts. Some recent approaches have utilized approximations to the polyhedral cone defining the restricted parameter space, including those of Akkerboom (circular cone) and Mudholkar & McDermott (orthant). This article proposes a class of tests based on an improved orthant approximation to the polyhedral cone. These tests may be viewed as generalizations of the orthogonal contrast test proposed by Mukerjee, Robertson & Wright. Studies of the power functions of several competing tests indicate that the generalized orthogonal contrast tests are effective alternatives to the likelihood-ratio test, especially when the latter is difficult to implement. Plusieurs procedures ont ete proposees pour tester l'egalite de moyennes ordonnees. La plus connue a ete popularisee par Bartholomew; elle s'appuie sur le rapport des vraisemblances et est generalement plus puissante que les autres. Les difficultes d'implantation qu'elle pose ont cependant stimule le developpement d'autres tests, dont ceux fondes sur des contrastes. Recemment, on a aussi cherche a approximer le cěne polyedrique definissant l'espace parametrique contraint, soit par un cene circulaire (Akkerboom), soit par un orthant (Mudholkar & McDermott). L'auteur propose ici une meilleure approximation de type orthant du cǒne polyedrique. Les tests qui en decoulent peuvent ětre vus comme des generalisations du test de Mukerjee, Robertson & Wright base sur des contrastes orthogonaux. Une etude de Monte-Carlo comparant la puissance de differents tests montre que la solution proposee offre des avantages par rapport au test du rapport des vraisemblances, particulierement lorsque ce dernier est difficile a mettre en œuvre.
Radio fade‐outs associated with bright chromospheric eruptions

The radio fade-out effect reported by Dellinger and Jouaust can be studied from the echo-disappearance observed on the ionospheric traces during such disturbances. Twenty months of continuous data from the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, and five months of data from the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, both of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, are analyzed. The data presented are in more quantitative form than heretofore available. The results are in general agreement with the points made by Dellinger in his discussion of this effect, except as concerns the periodicity of the effect. Fade-outs occur only in the sunlit hemisphere, with the most intense effect within about 30° of the sub-solar point. The correlation between monthly numbers of fade-outs and sunspots is +0.53±0.1 for the data from Huancayo. The evidence presented appears to support Dellinger's hypothesis of the origin of these effects in the bright chromospheric eruptions associated with sunspot-areas, and many coincidences have been established. There is a strong tendency for fade-outs to be grouped; when one appears it is often followed by a series of fade-outs which occur around the Earth in the sunlit hemisphere. The commencement of a fade-out is essentially coincident at all stations within the probable limit of time-determination. The fade-out is short—more than 60 per cent of fade-outs are less than 15 minutes long. The data are not yet sufficient to establish any recurrence or quasi-recurrence tendency. The effect appears to be an absorption of the radio signal below 110 km. Taking into account the published evidence of the Bureau, and Best, Ratcliffe and Wilkes, on long waves, it is seen that the lower limit of the effect must extend down to about 60 km. Therefore it may be supposed that the absorption occurs in the region of high colllsional frequency between 60 and 100 km because of the increase of ionization in this region arising from absorption of ultra-violet radiation from bright chromospheric eruptions. The higher ionospheric regions are apparently unaffected, indicating no appreciable absorption of the radiation, causing the fade-out, in these regions.
Applications of In Situ Mossbauer Effect Spectroscopy to the Study of Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces.

Abstract Mossbauer effect spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool in the in situ examination and analysis of the physico-chemical properties of active nuclei containing species either adsorbed at solid-liquid interfaces or present in layers on electrode surfaces. Applications are given for in situ Mossbauer in emission and transmission modes as well as an illustration of the newly developed in situ electron conversion Mossbauer spectroscopy. Several aspects of the experimental technique are discussed and the literature in the area is reviewed.
The fornix in patients with seizures caused by unilateral hippocampal sclerosis: detection of unilateral volume loss on MR images.

Because some of the axons of the fornix originate in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, we hypothesize that neuronal loss within the hippocampus may result in wallerian degeneration and subsequent atrophy of the ipsilateral fornix. Using high-resolution MR imaging, we evaluated the size of the fornix in patients who had lateralizing partial complex temporal lobe seizures after unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. The expectation is that unilateral forniceal atrophy will provide an additional, objective imaging criterion for determining the side of seizure involvement.We retrospectively reviewed preoperative MR images of 13 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who subsequently had unilateral hippocampal sclerosis proved surgically. The images were obtained with specially designed bilateral phased-array coils that permitted high-resolution (512 x 512, 16-cm field of view) T2-weighted fast spin-echo imaging of oblique coronal sections. The width of each rostral crus of the fornix was measured by three neur...
Cholesterol crystallization from a dilute bile salt-rich model bile

Abstract In earlier work we showed that cholesterol monohydrate crystallization from model and native biles can involve filamentous cholesterol crystals, and other metastable intermediates which are covered by a layer of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) molecules [Konikoff et al., J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 1155]. The aim of the present study was to isolate the initial filamentous cholesterol crystals by density gradient centrifugation and microfiltration and to sequentially monitor their transformations into equilibrium plates within the mother liquor composed of a dilute (1.2 g/dl) bile salt-rich model bile (cholesterol/egg yolk lecithin/sodium taurocholate, 1.7/0.8/97.5 mol%). When assayed by dual radiolabeling at 37°C, total precipitated cholesterol in bile increased from zero at 2–4 h of incubation to 43% at 24 h, reaching a stable value by 48 h when 36% of total cholesterol had crystallized. Isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation at 20°C separated early filamentous crystals from plate-like crystals and revealed densities compatible with anhydrous cholesterol (1.029 g/ml) and cholesterol monohydrate (1.048 g/ml), respectively. Rapid (1 h) density gradient centrifugation carried-out in time-lapse sequence disclosed that cholesterol crystallization involved initially low-density (1.01-1.03 g/ml) filamentous crystals, which reached a maximal concentration at 24 h and disappeared gradually by 156 h of incubation. Concomitantly, the concentrations of high-density (1.04-1.06 g/ml) plate-like cholesterol crystals increased reciprocally throughout the crystallization process suggesting a precursor-product relationship. Rates of crystal filament formation and transitions to thermodynamically stable plates accelerated curvilinearly with increases in temperature from 4 to 60°C, but the crystallization process per se remained unchanged. We conclude that metastable intermediate crystals during cholesterol precipitation from bile may involve either low-density anhydrous crystals or a new cholesterol polymorph that transforms slowly at physiologic temperature (37°C) into classic plate-like cholesterol monohydrate crystals. Clearly, cholesterol crystallization in model bile is more complex and heterogenous than hitherto believed and monitoring metastable intermediate forms, habits and possibly polymorphs should provide a better framework for studying the physical chemistry of nucleation and crystal growth in native bile as well as promoters and inhibitors of these processes.
The role of atovaquone tablets in treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

At the start of the AIDS epidemic, the only agents licensed for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and pentamidine. Both are effective against PCP, but their use has been compromised by adverse reactions that necessitate discontinuing therapy in < or = 54% of patients. As a result of the limitations in the use of these therapies, research efforts have been directed toward the development of effective agents with an improved safety profile. Of these agents, one of the best studied is atovaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone that has been licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of mild to moderate PCP in patients intolerant to TMP-SMX. Clinical studies have shown that atovaquone is associated with overall therapeutic success rates equivalent to those of intravenous pentamidine and TMP-SMX, although its therapeutic efficacy rates are somewhat lower. However, atovaquone is associated with fewer treatment-limiting side effects than the other drugs. The literature concerning the efficacy and safety of atovaquone for the treatment of PCP will be reviewed.
A MULTIVARIATE PROBIT ANALYSIS OF ADVERTISING AWARENESS ON MILK USE

SUMMARY In this study an attempt was made to determine and evaluate the factors affecting an individuaľs probability of milk use in terms of a multivariate probit model. Cross-sectional survey data obtained through telephone interviews of individuals in three New York State Markets were used in the analysis. Various economic, demographic and socio-economic variables were hypothesized as being influential in determining an individual's likelihood of using fluid milk. Accordingly, the respondent's age was found to be highly influential in determining probability of milk use. Specifically, milk use probabilities were found to decrease as the age of the respondent increased. Moreover, the probability of milk use was found to be significantly greater for male respondents than for females. Also, if an individual was a consumer of beer or coffee, his probability of milk use was significantly reduced. Milk use probabilities were also reduced if the respondent was a consumer of soft drinks; however, they increased if he was a consumer of fruit juices or drinks. The level of household income was not found to be significant in affecting the respondent's probability of milk use. In general, if an individual could recognize the milk promotion theme and identify it with milk, his likelihood of milk use was greater than for his peer who was unaware of the promotion theme.
It just really clicked: participant-perceived outcomes of community nutrition education programs.

Abstract Objective To understand participant-perceived outcomes of community nutrition education programs by low income adults. Design A grounded theory approach using qualitative interviews. Setting Rural and urban communities in New York State and Pennsylvania. Participants 18 current and past participants in nutrition education programs for low income adults. Phenomena of Interest Participants’ perceived outcomes of community nutrition education programs. Analysis Qualitative analysis derived from the constant comparative method. Results Participants described program experiences in three linked thematic areas: (1) a range of motives for program enrollment; (2) current roles, challenges and resources as program contexts; and (3) participant-perceived outcomes experienced throughout the program that were linked to their motives for enrolling. Short- and medium-term outcomes, especially social outcomes, were important to participants; positive experiences were linked to later behavior change by participants, even among those who did not initially report change. Conclusions and Implications Participant-perceived outcomes and program satisfaction were linked to enrollment motives and modified by whether participants’ current worlds provided resources to put learning into practice. Participant inputs such as enrollment motives and resources should be included in planning models, assessed at multiple points, matched to expected program outcomes, and used to guide teaching.
Proposal for a loophole-free Bell inequality experiment

The nonlocality inherent in quantum mechanics has been tested experimentally, but the nonlocal interpretation of all the relevant experiments can be challenged. All past tests of Bell's inequalities have required supplementary assumptions, without which the experimental results satisfy the inequalities, in agreement with the notion of local realism. There are basically three loopholes that need to be closed; neither the cascade sources nor the parametric down-conversion sources of correlation photons used to date are capable of closing all of them, even if the detectors used had been 100% efficient. We propose a two-crystal down-conversion source, relying on type-II collinear phase matching, which should permit a violation of Bell's inequalities without the need for supplementary assumptions. As the source can produce a true singletlike state, it is also relevant for quantum cryptographic applications.
Determination of neutral sugars in glycoproteins by gas—liquid chromatography

Abstract A procedure is described for the quantitative hydrolysis, derivatization, and analysis by gas—liquid chromatography of the neutral monosaccharides in glyco-proteins. The new liquid phase combination employed gives resolution of eleven alditol acetates and shows a low level of baseline drift during temperature programming. Application of the analysis to a number of different glycoproteins is given.
Effects of early methylphenidate exposure on morphine- and sucrose-reinforced behaviors in adult rats: relationship to dopamine D2 receptors.

Abstract Methylphenidate is commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in school-aged children, and there is an increasing trend to prescribe methylphenidate to younger preschool-aged children. While the efficacy of methylphenidate is not in question, there is evidence that early methylphenidate treatment may have long-term effects on later drug responsiveness. The goal of this study was to determine whether early exposure to methylphenidate would alter morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and sucrose-reinforced lever-pressing in young adult rats. We also assessed whether early methylphenidate exposure would impact dopamine D2 binding sites. Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with methylphenidate (0, 2, or 5 mg/kg) once a day from PD 11–PD 20. On PD 60, morphine-induced CPP or sucrose-reinforced lever-pressing was assessed. A 10-day CPP procedure was used, which included 1 preconditioning day, 8 conditioning days, and 1 test day. After CPP testing, D2 receptor binding was determined in striatal and accumbal tissue samples. In the sucrose experiment, rats were trained to lever-press on a progressive ratio schedule for one sucrose pellet. Results showed that early exposure to methylphenidate (5 mg/kg) increased the magnitude of morphine-induced CPP. Exposure to methylphenidate did not alter the number of D2 binding sites, however, there were positive correlations between the number of D2 binding sites and the strength of the CPP. In the sucrose-reinforced lever-press experiment, rats exposed to methylphenidate (2 and 5 mg/kg) had higher break points than saline controls. These results suggest that early exposure to methylphenidate alters reward system functioning, thereby making these systems more sensitive to appetitive stimuli.
Normalization of glucose post-transplantation of pig pancreatic anlagen into non-immunosuppressed diabetic rats depends on obtaining anlagen prior to embryonic day 35.

Abstract Embryonic day (E) 28 (E28) pig pancreatic anlagen (PPA) transplanted into the omentum of non-immunosuppresed steptozotocin-diabetic Lewis rats normalize levels of circulating glucose within 2–4 weeks. Following transplantation formerly diabetic rats have porcine insulin, but no rat insulin detectable in circulation. At 3 weeks post-E28 PPA transplantation, bits of insulin-positive tissue are observed amidst host omental fat, but by 6 weeks only individual alpha and beta cells remain. In contrast, E35 PPA transplantation does not normalize glucose and 6 weeks post-implantation of E35 PPA transplanted tissue is rejected. In contrast to E28 PPA, no trace of implanted renal tissue is detectable post implantation of E28 pig renal anlagen (PRA) in non-immunosuppressed non-diabetic rats or in streptozocin-diabetic rats previously transplanted with E28 PPA. In the latter, normoglycemia is maintained post-PRA transplantation. We conclude that normalization of glucose levels following transplantation of PPA into non-immunosuppresed Lewis rats depends on obtaining the anlagen before E35 and that prior successful engraftment of E28 PPA as reflected by normalization of glucose, does not permit successful engraftment of E28 PRA.
Self-assembly of zinc hydroxide/dodecyl sulfate nanolayers into complex three-dimensional nanostructures by laser ablation in liquid

Abstract Three-dimensional zinc hydroxide/dodecyl sulfate (Zn(OH)2/DS) nanostructures self-assembled by nanolayers have been fabricated by pulsed laser ablation of bulk Zn in ethanol–water solution of sodium DS. The presence of ethanol causes defects in the hydroxyl group sites of Zn(OH)2 that partially form ZnO structures, which facilitate heterogeneous nucleation of secondary nanolayers, resulting in three-dimensional nanostructures. These results demonstrate that laser ablation in liquid can be used to fabricate complex nanostructures by controlling the nucleation and growth behavior of laser-produced species.
Imaging genetics via sparse canonical correlation analysis

The collection of brain images from populations of subjects who have been genotyped with genome-wide scans makes it feasible to search for genetic effects on the brain. Even so, multivariate methods are sorely needed that can search both images and the genome for relationships, making use of the correlation structure of both datasets. Here we investigate the use of sparse canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to home in on sets of genetic variants that explain variance in a set of images. We extend recent work on penalized matrix decomposition to account for the correlations in both datasets. Such methods show promise in imaging genetics as they exploit the natural covariance in the datasets. They also avoid an astronomically heavy statistical correction for searching the whole genome and the entire image for promising associations.
The relationship of coexisting extranidal aneurysms to intracranial hemorrhage in patients harboring brain arteriovenous malformations.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that coexisting extranidal arterial aneurysms (EAs) would be associated with an increased risk of incident intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) rupture. METHODS: To determine the presence of EAs and compare the sources and locations of ICH, we retrospectively reviewed the computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiographic studies of patients who presented between 1990 and 1999. EAs were defined as saccular luminal dilations of the parent feeding vessels that were proximally flow-related (i.e., at the circle of Willis), distally flow-related (i.e., distal to the circle of Willis), and unrelated (i.e., in circulation distant from the BAVM). RESULTS: Of 314 BAVM patients, 138 (44%) presented with ICH. In the ICH group, 22 patients (16%) had aneurysmal ICH, 100 (72%) had BAVM ICH, and 16 (12%) had ICH from an indeterminate source. There were 61 patients with 1 or more EAs (29 patients with 42 flow-related proximal aneurysms, 39 patients with 48 flow-related distal aneurysms, and 10 patients with 20 unrelated aneurysms). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that ICH patients were more likely than non-ICH patients to have a coexisting EA (35 versus 13%; odds ratio = 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-7.5; P < 0.001), but this effect was not present when only BAVM-related ICH was considered (odds ratio = 0,3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-1.0; P = 0.052). Other independent predictors of ICH included small AVM size (<3 cm), exclusively deep venous drainage, and the presence of an intranidal aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Clinical presentation with ICH was associated with EA aneurysms, but the association was due to aneurysmal rather than BAVM rupture, suggesting that EAs and the BAVM ICH risks may be considered as separate entities in futUre studies.
The effect of hydrogen on the low temperature internal friction of a niobium single crystal

Abstract The internal friction and Young's modulus of a hydrogen doped niobium single crystal were measured in the temperature range 20 to 370°K. Nucleation of niobium hydrides is indicated by the growth of an internal friction maximum. The height of the internal friction maximum is proportional to the hydrogen concentration and it shifts progressively to higher temperatures with increasing hydrogen concentration. The activation energy of the peak was found to be about 0·27 eV. From the experimental correlation between temperature and hydrogen concentration at which the peak forms it is possible to deduce the α/α+β solvus. The solvus yields a heat of solution of about 0·12 eV, in agreement with other measurements. Deuterium doped niobium did not yield significantly different results from the ones obtained with hydrogen.
Variations in Heavy Mineral Composition During Transport of Short-Headed Stream Sands: ABSTRACT

Past studies on variation in heavy minerals along large streams have shown that progressive change, or lack of it, during transport is due to abrasion, dilution, hydraulic conditions, and sorting on the basis of size, density, and shape. In the light of these studies assessment of the variation in heavy minerals was made along the short-headed Canadaway and Cattaraugus Creeks in western New York. In that area the glacial drift and moraine deposits are ready sources of heavy minerals. Major annual erosion and transportation of these materials occur during peak streamflow in March-April and deposition during decreased flow in the succeeding months. Thus, during the summer of 1968, efforts were made to collect part of the bedload deposited during the interim period of optimu and minimum streamflow. Analyses of samples of similar size distributions show that variation in heavy minerals during transit occurs along these creeks and the relation is best developed in the coarse fractions. Results show a decrease in garnet and complementary increase in hypersthene, hornblende, and tourmaline downstream. Comparison of variation in heavy minerals reveals that although overall difference in weight percent exists, the relation of these minerals and the transport direction do not differ significantly between the two creeks. Consideration of the possible causes of heavy mineral variation indicates that it is not due to dilution and abrasion. This modification may result from progressive sorting on the basis of size, density, and shape as produced by the annual current-flow fluctuations. End_of_Article - Last_Page 338------------
Infections in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

There has been a notable lack of research activity regarding major infections in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. To an outsider, this might seem unexpected, because uremia has long been considered a state of immune hyporesponsiveness and rates of major bacterial infection, like septicemia and pneumonia, are known to be orders of magnitude more likely in dialysis populations than in the general population. This article reviews recent literature on the topic, focusing predominantly on the clinical epidemiology of major bacterial infections in dialysis patients, the links between bacterial infections and cardiovascular disease, and randomized trials of interventions designed to prevent these infections.
Mitochondrial myopathy and preeclampsia associated with pregnancy

Mitochondrial myopathy is characterized by weakness, exercise intolerance, and acidosis. Pregnancy has been reported to accelerate the disease process. This report discusses pregnancy and management of labor complicated by mitochondrial myopathy and the therapeutic dilemmas that arise when preeclampsia is diagnosed. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1990;162:146-7.)
Motives for forming research & development financing organizations

Abstract We study the decision to fund R&D through a separate financing organization (an ‘RDFO’) that takes the form of either a limited partnership or a corporation. The RDFO offers tax and financial reporting benefits. As a form of external funding, it also creates moral hazard and adverse selection problems (information costs). Using convertible debt as a comparative form of external funding, we find that debt-related (but not equity-related) financial reporting benefits affect the decision to form RDFOs, the evidence is mixed on whether taxes influence the formation decision, and the information costs of RDFOs restrict their use.
The place of research and the role of academic anaesthetists in anaesthetic departments.

Abstract The speciality of anaesthesia developed because of its fundamental contribution to health care, including the prevention of pain from surgery, respiratory, and critical care medicine, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and pain medicine. Through these contributions anaesthesia became an important component of the medical profession. To continue our position in medicine, our intellectual foundation must be maintained and augmented mainly via research. No matter what role they play, all members of an anaesthetic department must contribute to the past intellectual development of anaesthesia as a basis for outlining the future approaches in research, including basic science, applied, transitional, clinical, educational and economic research. The challenges to the anaesthetist–scientist include evaluation, funding, conflicts of interest, legal and fraud. The future of the anaesthetic profession is mainly with its intellectual resources, especially research as the basis of improved patient care, and to have a major impact on the future of medicine overall.
Project Confirm: An Outcome Evaluation of a Program for Children in the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems

When a foster care youth has been arrested, several child-serving agencies are required to communicate effectively to ensure that a responsible guardian is present to take custody. Exploratory rese...
Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin in Hodgkin's disease, lymphatic leukemia and lymphosarcoma

Lymphocyte transformation in tissue culture by PHA stimulation is a useful technique for the evaluation of the lymphocyte in disorders of the lymphatic apparatus. Impaired responsiveness to PHA in Hodgkin's disease was confirmed. Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation by Hodgkin's plasma is suggested. Normal responsiveness was found in small cell lymphocytic lymphosarcoma and other lymphosarcoma whereas marked impairment was noted in chronic lymphatic leukemia. Responsiveness was not affected by the clinical state of the patient except in Hodgkin's disease where improvement in transformation capacity is seen with amelioration of symptoms and remission.
Model-independent form factors for spin-independent neutralino–nucleon scattering from elastic electron scattering data

Theoretical calculations of neutralino–nucleon interaction rates with various nuclei are of great interest to direct dark matter searches such as CDMS, EDELWEISS, ZEPLIN and other experiments since they are used to establish upper bounds on the WIMP–proton cross section. These interaction rates and cross sections are generally computed with standard, one- or two-parameter model-dependent nuclear form factors, which may not exactly mirror the actual form factor for the particular nucleus in question. As is well known, elastic electron scattering can allow for very precise determinations of nuclear form factors and hence nuclear charge densities for spherical or near-spherical nuclei. We use charge densities derived from elastic electron scattering data to calculate model-independent, analytic form factors for various target nuclei important in dark matter searches, such as Si, Ge, S, Ca and others. We have found that for nuclear recoils in the range of 1–100 keV significant differences in cross sections and rates exist when the model-independent form factors are used: at 30 keV nuclear recoil the form factors squared differ by a factor of 1.06 for 28Si, 1.11 for 40Ca, 1.27 for 70Ge and 1.92 for 129Xe. We show the effect of different form factors on the upper limit on the WIMP–proton cross section obtained with a hypothetical 70Ge detector during a 50 kg-d effective exposure. Helm form factors with various parameter choices differ at most by 10–20% from the best (Fourier–Bessel) form factor, and can approach it to better than 1% if the parameters are chosen to mimic the actual nuclear density.
Improved crystallographic data for graphite

Powder diffraction pattern of SP-1 graphite has been obtained using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Unit cell dimensions were calculated using a least-squares analysis that refined to a |Δ2θ°| of no more than 0.007. A hexagonal cell was determined with a space group of P63/mmc (194), a=2.4617(2) and c=6.7106 (4) A. The Smith/Synder figure of merit is 167 based upon 11 peaks, which indicates that the quality of this data set is superior to the existing PDF card for graphite, 41-1487. It is also emphasized that the interlayer spacing of graphite should be 3.355(1) A. Using GAS and EXPGUI codes, a new set of calculated powder diffraction data based upon the interlayer spacing of 3.555 A is generated. A comparison with the current calculated card, 75-1621, has also been made.
Renal cell carcinoma with situs inversus totalis

Abstract A case of renal cell carcinoma in a patient with situs inversus totalis is reported. Only 8 cases of malignant neoplasms have been reported in situs inversus totalis, and our case represents the second case report of renal cell carcinoma in a patient with situs inversus totalis. The frequency of situs inverses totalis is between I in 8,000 and I in 20,000. Cardiac and pulmonary anomalies are common in patients with situs inversus totalis. Renal anomalies, including agenesis, dysplasia, hypoplasia, ectopia, polycystic kidney, and horseshoe kidney, have been reported. Because of the association between situs inversus and cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and vascular anomalies, management of the patient with situs inversus and urologic disease requires careful preoperative evaluation.
Isotopic characterization of three groundwater recharge sources and inferences for selected aquifers in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, USA

Summary Stable isotope (δD and δ18O) signatures of three principal groundwater recharge areas in the 21,000-km2 upper Klamath Basin are used to infer recharge sources for aquifers in the interior parts of the basin. Two of the principal recharge areas, the Cascade Range on the western and southern margin of the basin and uplands along the eastern margin, are defined by mean annual precipitation that exceeds approximately 60 cm. A third recharge area coincides with the extensive irrigation canal system in the south central part of the basin. The stable isotope signature for Cascade Range groundwater falls near the global meteoric water line (GMWL). The stable isotope signature for the groundwater of the eastern basin uplands also falls near the GMWL, but is depleted in heavy isotopes relative to the Cascade Range groundwater. The stable isotope signature for water from the irrigation canal system deviates from the GMWL in a manner indicative of fractionation by evaporation. Groundwater provenance was previously unknown for two aquifers of interest: that supplying deep (225–792 m), large-capacity irrigation wells along the Oregon–California border, and that of the geothermal system near Klamath Falls. Groundwater produced by the deep irrigation wells along the Oregon–California border appears to be a mixture of eastern-basin groundwater and water with an evaporative isotopic signature. The component with an evaporative isotopic signature appears in some places to consist of infiltrated irrigation water. Chloride data suggest that much of the component with the evaporative isotopic signature may be coming from an adjacent subbasin. After accounting for the 18O shift common in geothermal waters, isotope data suggest that the geothermal groundwater in the upper Klamath Basin may emanate from the eastern basin uplands. Findings demonstrate that stable isotope and chloride data can illuminate certain details of a regional groundwater flow system in a complex geologic setting where other hydrologic data are ambiguous.
Production of Diarrhea in the Rabbit by a Mutant of Escherichia coli (RDEC-1) That Does Not Express Adherence (AF/R1) Pili

Escherichia coli (RDEC-1) adheres to Peyer's patch and absorptive epithelium in the rabbit in the closely adhering manner characteristic of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. An adherence pilus (AF/R1) is important for adherence to Peyer's patch M cells in vivo and ileal brush borders in vitro. A nonpiliated mutant (42-2-37-8) of the RDEC-1 stram colonized the gut lumen less readily than the parent strain. The mutant adhered infrequently to Peyer's patch lymphoid follicle epithelium (22^0 vs. 84^0, P < .0001). Ileal close adherence was less frequent at 3 d, but by 9 d after inoculation had increased, approaching that of the parent RDEC-1 strain. However, adherence was focal, and fewer bacteria were present at each adherence site compared with the parent RDEC-1 strain. The result was a lower frequency of diarrhea (34^0 vs. 65^o, P = .003) and mortality (9.4^0 vs. 27^0, P = .035) with the 42-2-37-8 strain. Loss of AF/R1 pili compromised the ability of the RDEC-1 strain to adhere to Peyer's patch and absorptive epithelium and to produce diarrhea.
Liquid chromatographic assay of phenothiazine, thioxanthene and butyrophenone neuroleptics and antihistamines in blood and plasma with conventional and radial compression columns and UV and electrochemical detection

Abstract An assay strategy for determining a wide range of phenothiazine, thioxanthene and butyrophenone neuroleptics and antihistamines both alone and in combination in blood and plasma is described. The general method employs liquid chromatography with both conventional and radial compression nitrile bonded columns. Detection is by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry or by amperometry depending on the concentrations to be measured. Ultraviolet absorption is suitable down to 10 ng/ml. Below this level amperometry is preferable. The various compounds are used as internal standards for each other. The lower limit of detection is approximately 0.1 ng ml−1 with a 10-ml sample. The within-run coefficient of variation is a maximum of 7.3%.