cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Kidney Transplant on VA-ECMO While Recovering from Post-Heart-Transplant Graft Failure

Although no consensus exists on whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is an indication for solid-organ transplantation other than heart and lung, this practice continues to be limited. We present a case of a 55-year-old man who was placed on venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) during orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) because of acute graft failure. Twenty-four hours later, the patient underwent deceased-donor renal transplantation (DDRT) while on VA-ECMO and had no complications. On post-DDRT day 2 (post-OHT day 3), the patient was successfully decannulated from VA-ECMO and ultimately discharged home. This case highlights the potential successful use of ECMO support during solid-organ transplantation other than heart and lung and the importance of trained providers and tailored anticoagulation. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of perioperative ECMO use during kidney transplantation after recent heart transplantation.
Aspects of protein phosphatase regulation

65 Introduction 66 Experimental Procedures 68 Results 72 Discussion 95 Contributions of authors 99 Literature Cited 100
A Climatologist’s Personal Perspective on Applied Geography

Climatology, part of geography, is the study of atmospheric conditions in relation to the earth’s surface. Climate is a component of the earth-atmosphere system with all its constituent natural, human-influenced, and artificial ecosystems.
Discussion of the Papers by Bransford and Johnson and Clark, Carpenter, and Just: Language and Cognition

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the papers by Bransford and Johnson and Clark, Carpenter, and Just on language and cognition. Clark, Carpenter, and Just (CC&J) assumed that an important function of language is to communicate perceptual experience. The key working assumption is that in the structure of English, the way in which alternative interpretations of perceptual experience are encoded can be found. While the locus of the structure of English is not specified, this assumption entails an intuitive examination of the presuppositions of English with reference to perceptual events. The constraints imposed by the latter and how they are realized in the coding system follow a linguistic analysis, rather than vice versa. If it is the constraints of one perceiving objects and relations in Euclidian space that determine the semantic interpretation or coding, then examining the linguistic coding rather than the perceptual one would seem to put the cart before the horse.
Traumatic renal artery occlusion: a review of the literature

To better define what constitutes appropriate treatment for traumatic renal artery occlusion, we analyzed our experience along with 147 other case reports from the literature. We recently reported our 15-year experience with 12 patients (13 injuries) who presented to our trauma centers with renal artery occlusion secondary to blunt trauma. This experience prompted a review of the literature. From this review, we identified an additional 19 cases of bilateral and 128 cases of unilateral renal artery occlusion that met our inclusion criteria. Of the 20 patients with bilateral renal artery occlusion, surgical revascularization was attempted in 16 and successful in 9 (56%). Of the 139 patients with unilateral renal artery occlusion, surgical revascularization was attempted in 34 and successful in 9 (26%). Evidence of decreased renal function was noted in 67% of those who had a successful revascularization for unilateral injury at a mean 1.8-year follow-up, whereas 12% experienced hypertension at a mean 3.1-year follow-up. Hypertension developed in 34 (32%) of the 105 patients who did not have revascularization attempted and was present by a mean 97 days postinjury. Surgical revascularization for unilateral renal artery occlusion seldom results in a successful outcome. Revascularization is indicated in patients with bilateral renal artery occlusion and in those with injury to a solitary kidney. Patients who are observed must be followed closely for development of hypertension.
Androgen Receptor Interacting Proteins: Co-Activators And Co-Repressors

Androgens play critical roles in male sexual differentiation, pubertal sexual maturation, the maintenance of spermatogenesis, and male gonadotropin regulation (Keller et al., 1996; McLachlan et al., 1996; Roy et al., 1999; Sheckter et al., 1989). The androgen receptor (AR), a 110-kDa ligand-inducible transcription factor, mediates androgen signaling by binding to androgen response elements (ARE) within the promoters of target genes (Chang et al., 1988a; Chang et al., 1988b; Lubahn et al., 1988; Tilley et al., 1989; Trapman et al., 1988). Mutations of AR that alter its ability to bind androgens, or alter its transcriptional activity after ligand binding, may result in male infertility, or complete or partial androgen insensitivity (De Bellis et al., 1994; Gottlieb et al, 2001; Mowszowicz et al., 1993; Quigley et al., 1995; Tyagi et al., 1998). Somatic AR mutations have also been identified in some prostate tumors (Bentel and Tilley, 1996).
Structural, Magnetic, and Charge-Transport Properties of Stacked Metal Chelate Complexes

Intense effort devoted to the synthesis and physical characterization of crystals containing stacked, planar, transition-metal chelate complexes has yielded many materials of widely divergent properties. Some are primarily of structural interest. Others have unusual magnetic properties; for example, the first well-documented instance of a spin Peierls transition (a solid state analogue of the Jahn-Teller effect) was observed in such a material.1 Yet others exhibit high or unusual electrical conductivities, and the greatest effort is currently being expended toward the understanding and control of charge-transport properties in molecular crystals. Here compounds prepared from metallomacrocycles are of particular interest and challenge. For example, with phthalocyaninatonickel iodide, Ni(pc)I,† a high, metallike conductivity along the stacking axis is achieved,2,3 whereas bis(diphenylglyoximato)nickel iodide, Ni(dpg)I,4 has the same structural motif but exhibits much lower conductivity. To understand and control such divergent physical properties in related solid state structures has engendered considerable research, particularly since the possibility exists of tailor-making compounds with specific transport properties through well-defined chemical modifications.
Measuring depression in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.

AbstractBackground/Objective: Depression has been studied extensively among people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, basic questions persist regarding the reliability and validity of depression measurement in the context of SCI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the state of knowledge of depression measurement in persons with SCI.Methods: English-language peer-reviewed citations from MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 1980 to present. Two reviewers screened 377 abstracts on SCI and depression topics to identify 144 containing classifiable psychometric data. All 144 were reviewed by 6 reviewers. Twenty-four studies reporting psychometric data on 7 depression measures in SCI samples were identified, including 7 validity studies.Results: Reliability data were limited to internal consistency and were consistently good to excellent across 19 studies. Validity data were limited to concurrent validity, construct validity, and/or clinical utility in 10 stu...
Current Therapeutic Approaches in Leukodystrophies: A Review

Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous class of genetic diseases affecting the white matter in the central nervous system with a broad range of clinical manifestations and a frequently progressive course. An interest in precision medicine has emerged over the last several decades, and biomedical research in leukodystrophies has made exciting advances along this front through therapeutic target discovery and novel disease model systems. In this review, we discuss current and emerging therapeutic approaches in leukodystrophies, including gene therapy, antisense oligonucleotide therapy, CRISPR/CAS-based gene editing, and cell and stem cell based therapies.
Genetic and Phytochemical Characterization of Lettuce Flavonoid Biosynthesis Mutants

We previously developed red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars with high flavonoid and phenolic acid content and demonstrated their anti-diabetic effect. Here we report on developing three fertile and true-breeding lettuce lines enriched with flavonoids with reported beneficial health effects. These lines were identified in a segregating population of EMS-mutagenized red lettuce and characterized biochemically and genetically. Change in red coloration was used as a visual indicator of a mutation in a flavonoid pathway gene, leading to accumulation of flavonoid precursors of red anthocyanins. Pink-green kaempferol overproducing kfoA and kfoB mutants accumulated kaempferol to 0.6–1% of their dry weight, higher than in any vegetable reported. The yellow-green naringenin chalcone overproducing mutant (nco) accumulated naringenin chalcone, not previously reported in lettuce, to 1% dry weight, a level only observed in tomato peel. Kfo plants carried a mutation in the FLAVONOID-3′ HYDROXYLASE (F3′H) gene, nco in CHALCONE ISOMERASE (CHI). This work demonstrates how non-GMO approaches can transform a common crop plant into a functional food with possible health benefits.
Widely tunable persistent micelle templates via homopolymer swelling

The combination of precision control with wide tunability remains a challenge for the fabrication of porous nanomaterials suitable for studies of nanostructure-behavior relationships. Polymer micelle templates broadly enable porous materials, however micelle equilibration hampers independent pore and wall size control. Persistent micelle templates (PMT) have emerged as a kinetic controlled platform that uniquely decouples the control of pore and wall dimensions. Here, chain exchange is inhibited to preserve a constant template dimension (pore size) despite the shifting equilibrium while materials are added between micelles. Early PMT demonstrations were synthesis intensive with limited 1-1.3× pore size tuning for a given polymer. Here we demonstrate PMT swelling with homopolymer enables 1-3.2× (13.3-41.9 nm) pore size variation while maintaining a monomodal distribution with up to 250 wt% homopolymer, considerably higher than the ∼90 wt% limit found for equilibrating micelles. These swollen PMTs enabled nanomaterial series with constant pore size and precision varied wall-thickness. Kinetic size control here is unexpected since the homopolymer undergoes dynamic exchange between micelles. The solvent selection influenced the time window before homopolymer phase separation, highlighting the importance of considering homopolymer-solvent interactions. This is the first PMT demonstration with wide variation of both the pore and wall dimensions using a single block polymer. Lastly this approach was extended to a 72 kg mol-1 block polymer to enable a wide 50-290 nm range of tunable macropores. Here the use of just two different block polymers and one homopolymer enabled wide ranging pore sizes spanning from 13.3-290 nm (1-22×).
Air Ambulances With Sky-High Charges.

Charges for air ambulance services were 4.1–9.5 times higher than what Medicare paid for the same services in 2016. The median charge ratios (the charge divided by the Medicare rate) for the servic...
Exploring the relative impact of R&D and operational efficiency on performance: A sequential regression-neural network approach

Abstract This study explores the potential strategic determinants of firm performance, with an emphasis on R&D investment and operational efficiency in leading U.S. manufacturing firms. In particular, it investigates R&D as a driver of technological innovation, and operational efficiency and as an indicator of the best-practice operations, for their impact relative to Tobin's Q and Market value. The study jointly uses ordinary least square multiple regression (OLSMR) and backpropagation neural network (BPNN), not only to measure the statistical significance of factors, but also to explore new insights into their relative importance, and to determine the differential impact of each factor following the varying performance levels. A major finding is that proactive R&D investments and operational excellence are the most impactful factors on both metrics of performance as compared to other conventional factors used in this study. Another encouraging finding is that both R&D intensity and operational efficiency are even more influential in the above-average performers and yield higher returns in market valuation. Through a combined OLSMR-BPNN approach, this study presents insightful findings on this intriguing subject and highlights prospective research opportunities.
Temperature-Independent Kinetic Isotope Effects as Evidence for a Marcus-like Model of Hydride Tunneling in Phosphite Dehydrogenase.

Phosphite dehydrogenase catalyzes the transfer of a hydride from phosphite to NAD+, producing phosphate and NADH. We have evaluated the role of hydride tunneling in a thermostable variant of this enzyme (17X-PTDH) by measuring the temperature dependence of the primary 2H kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) between 5 and 45 °C. Pre-steady-state kinetic measurements were used to demonstrate that the hydride transfer is rate-determining across this temperature range and that the observed KIEs are equal to the intrinsic isotope effect on the chemical step. The KIEs on the pre-exponential factor (AH/AD) and the activation energy (ΔEa) were 1.6 ± 0.1 and 0.21 ± 0.05 kcal/mol, respectively, suggesting that 17X-PTDH facilitates extensive tunneling of both isotopes via a Marcus-like model. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to evaluate the role of an active site threonine (Thr104) found on the back face of the nicotinamide in promoting the close packing of the substrates. In mutants with reduced steric bulk at this pos...
Phenological patterns in the desert spring ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum Barneby (Fabaceae)

Herbaceous perennial species may exhibit winter or summer dormancy, or they may be spring ephemerals with dormancy extending from summer through winter. Herbaceous perennials, and spring ephemerals in particular, are most common in strongly seasonal but relatively mesic temperate environments. Warm deserts are typically dominated by shrubs and annuals that are better adapted to withstand or avoid severe summer heat. Astragalus holmgreniorum Barneby (Fabaceae) is a perennial spring ephemeral that has a restricted distribution at the northeastern edge of the Mojave Desert. We explored factors that regulate its phenological development in an observational study at 2 sites over 2 growing seasons. We examined consequences of weather variation in terms of phenological patterns and their effect on survival, growth, and reproductive output. Both seedling emergence and reinitiation of shoot growth occurred in early spring, with timing varying by site and year. Flowering peaked in early April each year regardless of weather variation. Plants ceased aboveground activity as daily maximum temperatures exceeded 30 °C in May. Between-year variation in winter-spring precipitation timing had significant effects on growth, survival, and reproductive output in 2 years with similar above-average total precipitation. Early-season precipitation favored high seedling emergence, whereas midseason precipitation favored increased growth and flowering of adult plants, high fruit set, and high seedling survival, and late-season precipitation favored high seed set. Our study showed that variation in precipitation timing can have major impacts on plant success in a desert environment, even in years with similar above-average total precipitation.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Eucalyptus microtheca LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI

Eucalyptus trees are evergreen, fast growing and widely cultivated in Iraq. Its leaves, buds, capsules and even seeds contain several compounds that have antimicrobilal activity. Fresh leaves were collected and let dry in shade at room temperature then alcoholic and aqueous stock ‎solution (200mg/ml) of leaves extract was prepared in 10% DMSO from which ‎different concentrations were done. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method using FLU, KCA, MCL, ECN and ITC antibiotics. Leaves extracts were also examined for its antifungal activity then the MIC and MFC were determined using microdilution method. KCA, ECN and MCL were the most effective antifungal drugs on most isolates. Only two isolates were resistant to all antibiotics and one isolate showed sensitivity to all antibiotics under study. The methanolic and ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus leaves extract showed the highest inhibitory influence on fungal growth in comparison with the aqueous extract. Furthermore, Alcoholic extracts showed MIC at 50mg/ml and MFC at 100mg/ml. The aqueous extract of Eucalyptus had no inhibitory effect on the growth of all Aspergillus isolates. The results of the present research showed the potential antifungal activity of the Eucalyptus microtheca leaves extract against the aflatoxigenic A. niger and A. flavus, which is an indication of the fungicidal value of the plant extract. This research suggests that the plant extract may possess some compounds with antifungal properties against fungi and it can be used as safe and economic alternative against aflatoxigenic fungal food and feed contamination.
A torus model for optical flow

Abstract We propose a torus model for high-contrast patches of optical flow. Our model is derived from a database of ground-truth optical flow from the computer-generated video Sintel, collected by Butler et al. in A naturalistic open source movie for optical flow evaluation. Using persistent homology and zigzag persistence, popular tools from the field of computational topology, we show that the high-contrast 3 × 3 patches from this video are well-modeled by a torus, a nonlinear 2-dimensional manifold. Furthermore, we show that the optical flow torus model is naturally equipped with the structure of a fiber bundle, related to the statistics of range image patches.
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer: Overview of Its Clinical Significance and Novel Perspectives

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a key biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC), with crucial diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive implications. Testing for mismatch repair deficiency (MMR-D)/MSI is recommended during screening for Lynch syndrome, an autosomal-dominant hereditary disease that is characterized by germline mutations in the MMR genes and associated with an increased risk for several types of cancer. Additionally, MSI-high (MSI-H) status is associated with a better prognosis in early-stage CRC and a lack of benefit from adjuvant treatment with 5-fluorouracil in stage II disease. More recently, MSI has emerged as a predictor of sensitivity to immunotherapy-based treatments. The groundbreaking success of checkpoint inhibitors in MMR-D metastatic CRC has opened a new therapeutic scenario for patients with these tumors. MSI-H CRC, in both the sporadic and hereditary settings, is characterized by distinctive molecular and clinicopathologic features and represents a unique subset of CRC that is the object of growing interest and fervent research efforts. This article, an overview of the expanding role of MSI in CRC, covers its clinical significance, the available data on molecular profiling, novel perspectives on MSI testing, biomarkers in MSI-H CRC, immunotherapy resistance, and novel immunotherapy strategies.
The Routledge handbook of the global sixties: between protest and nation building: edited by Chen Jian, Martin Klimke, Masha Kirasirova, Mary Nolan, Marilyn Young, and Joanna Waley-Cohen, New York, Routledge, 2018, xxii + 616 pp., US$245 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-13-855732-1

A friend of mine long battled a serious illness, rallying her community for support. One day she informed us, “I’m now healed. That you for your kindness, but you can stop helping me get well.” Her...
Force control during submaximal isometric contractions is associated with walking performance in persons with multiple sclerosis

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience progressive declines in movement capabilities, especially walking performance. The purpose of our study was to compare the amount of variance in walking performance that could be explained by the functional capabilities of lower leg muscles in persons with MS and a sex- and age-matched control group. Participants performed two walking tests (6-min walk and 25-ft walk), strength tests for the plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles, and steady submaximal (10% and 20% maximum) isometric contractions. High-density electromyography (EMG) was recorded during the steady contractions, and the signals were decomposed to identify the discharge times of concurrently active motor units. There were significant differences between the two groups in the force fluctuations during the steady contractions (force steadiness), the strength of the plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles, and the discharge characteristics during the steady contractions. Performance on the two walking tests by the MS group was moderately associated with force steadiness of the plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles; worse force steadiness was associated with poorer walking performance. In contrast, the performance of the control group was associated with muscle strength (25-ft test) and force steadiness of the dorsiflexors and variance in common input of motor units to the plantar flexors (6-min test). These findings indicate that a reduction in the ability to maintain a steady force during submaximal isometric contractions is moderately associated with walking performance of persons with MS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The variance in walking endurance and walking speed was associated with force control of the lower leg muscles during submaximal isometric contractions in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). In contrast, the fast walking speed of a sex- and age-matched control group was associated with the strength of lower leg muscles. These findings indicate that moderate declines in the walking performance of persons with MS are more associated with impairments in force control rather than decreases in muscle strength.
Comparing Virtual Reality Interfaces for the Teleoperation of Robots

Whether exploring a defunct nuclear reactor, defusing a bomb, delivering medicine to quarantined patients, repairing the International Space Station from the outside, or providing dexterous manipulation for those with motor impairments, robots have the ability to be in places where humans cannot go, can augment the capabilities of humans, and improve quality of life and work. Since even the most advanced robots have difficulty completing tasks that require grasping and manipulation, human teleoperation is often a practical alternative for these types of tasks. By importing the dexterity, expertise, and wealth of background knowledge of a human operator, robots can leverage the skills of their human teammates without requiring humans to be physically present. However, existing robot teleoperation interfaces often rely on 2D methods to view and interact with the 3D world, which is cumbersome for human operators. Virtual reality interfaces may be suitable for resolving problems with traditional teleoperation interfaces (e.g., perspective adjustment, action specification). The goal of this research was to investigate the efficacy of using two different Virtual Reality interfaces—positional control, similar to waypoint navigation, and trajectory control, similar to click and drag—for remotely controlling a Baxter robot to complete a variety of dexterous manipulation tasks. The results of this study will help us to develop control interfaces that allow for more intuitive robot manipulation and ultimately, better distal collaborations between humans and robots.
"There's a problem, now what's the solution?": suggestions for technologies to support the menopausal transition from individuals experiencing menopause and healthcare practitioners.

Objective To elicit novel ideas for informatics solutions to support individuals through the menopausal transition. (Note: We use "individuals experiencing menopause" and "experiences" rather than "symptoms" when possible to counter typical framing of menopause as a cisgender women's medical problem.). Methods A participatory design study was conducted 2015-2017 in the Western US. Two sessions were held with individuals experiencing menopause recruited from the general public; and 3 sessions with healthcare practitioners (HCPs) including nurses, physicians, and complementary and integrative health (CIH) practitioners were held. Participants designed technologies addressing informational needs and burdensome experiences. HCPs reflected on designs from participants experiencing menopause. Directed content analysis was used to analyze transcripts. Results Eight individuals experiencing menopause (n = 4 each session) and 18 HCPs (n = 10 CIH, n = 3 nurses, n = 5 physicians) participated. All participants provided ideas for solution purpose, hardware, software, features and functions, and data types. Individuals experiencing menopause designed technologies to help understand and prevent burdensome menopause experiences. HCPs designed technologies for tracking and facilitating communication. Compared to nurses and physicians, CIH practitioners suggested designs reframing menopause as a positive experience and accounted for the complex lives of individuals experiencing menopause, including stigma; these ideas corresponded to comments made by participants experiencing menopause. Participants from both populations were concerned about data confidentiality and technology accessibility. Conclusions Participant generated design ideas included novel ideas and incorporated existing technologies. This study can inform the development of new technologies or repurposing of existing technologies to support individuals through the menopausal transition.
The impact of asthma on in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 patients.

Objective The impact of asthma as a possible risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of asthma on adverse clinical outcomes in a COVID-19 hospitalized cohort. Methods Retrospective, propensity-matched observational study of consecutive COVID-19-positive patients between February 24, 2020, and November 3, 2020 at a single health care system. Results In the initial population of 1925 patients, 4.4% presented with asthma. Propensity score matching reduced the total sample to n = 1045: 88 (8.4%) with asthma and n = 957 without asthma. A total of 164 (15.7%) patients died during the hospitalization, including 7 (8.0%) in the asthma group and 157 (16.4%), p = .037, in the non-asthmatic cohort. There was no difference between these groups in need for mechanical ventilation, length of stay on a ventilator, or hospital length of stay.Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that asthma was an independent predictor of lower mortality, while older age, BMI > 30 kg/m2, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and admission National Early Warning Score (NEWS) were significantly associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death. There were no significant differences between asthmatic and non-asthmatic cohorts with respect to need for mechanical ventilation, length of mechanical ventilation, serum markers of severe COVID-19 disease, or overall length of hospital stay. Conclusion We conclude that asthma in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is associated with a lower risk of mortality and no increase in disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Starvation Ketosis and the Kidney

Background The remarkable ability of the body to adapt to long-term starvation has been critical for survival of primitive man. An appreciation of these processes can provide the clinician better insight into many clinical conditions characterized by ketoacidosis. Summary The body adapts to long-term fasting by conserving nitrogen, as the brain increasingly utilizes keto acids, sparing the need for glucose. This shift in fuel utilization decreases the need for mobilization of amino acids from the muscle for purposes of gluconeogenesis. Loss of urinary nitrogen is initially in the form of urea when hepatic gluconeogenesis is dominant and later as ammonia reflecting increased glutamine uptake by the kidney. The carbon skeleton of glutamine is utilized for glucose production and regeneration of consumed HCO3-. The replacement of urea with NH4+ provides the osmoles needed for urine flow and waste product excretion. Over time, the urinary loss of nitrogen is minimized as kidney uptake of filtered ketone bodies becomes more complete. Adjustments in urine Na+ serve to minimize kidney K+ wasting and, along with changes in urine pH, minimize the likelihood of uric acid precipitation. There is a sexual dimorphism in response to starvation. Key Message: Ketoacidosis is a major feature of common clinical conditions to include diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, salicylate intoxication, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy, and calorie sufficient but carbohydrate-restricted diets. Familiarity with the pathophysiology and metabolic consequences of ketogenesis is critical, given the potential for the clinician to encounter one of these conditions.
Impact of stronger intellectual property rights regime on innovation: Evidence from de alio versus de novo Indian bio-pharmaceutical firms

Abstract We examine the impact of a stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) regime through the adoption of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on innovation by Indian firms in the bio-pharmaceutical industry. We find that differences in the IPR regime at the time a firm was founded led to subsequent differences in firms’ propensity to innovate and their nature of innovations. Building on institutional change theory, we argue that firms created under the pre-TRIPS regime, which we refer to as de alio firms, have a lower propensity to innovate and have a focus on process innovations. De novo firms, which are firms created under TRIPS, have a greater propensity to innovate and have a focus on product innovations. Further, we study how international technology alliances have helped Indian bio-pharmaceutical firms to overcome their limitations arising due to institutional imprints and to improve their innovation capabilities. Data on 164 Indian bio-pharmaceutical firms from 1995 to 2018 is used to empirically test our hypotheses.
Chapter 48 NADPH-Diaphorase-containing neurons and cytochrome oxidase activity following striatal quinolinic acid lesions and fetal striatal transplants

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the long-term effects of quinolinic acid (QA) lesions and fetal striatal transplants on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry and metabolic activity to further investigate whether the sparing of NADPH-diaphorase occurs in the QA-lesioned striatum and if fetal grafts contain these neurons. The fetal striatal transplants are metabolically active and contain NADPH-diaphorase neurons. NADPH-diaphorase is a selective histochemical marker for striatal neurons containing both somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. The presence of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the graft demonstrates, at least in terms of this neuronal population, that the graft is similar to normal striatum for as long as eight months after transplantation. The intense cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining of the graft, even when completely implanted within a functionally lesioned area, demonstrates that these grafts survive and are functionally active over extended periods. The CO staining reveals a much clearer picture of the graft and represents primarily neuronal activity.
Abstract P118: County-Level Disparities in the Availability of Farmers Markets in the United States: An Ecological Study

Introduction: Farmers markets (FM) have been hypothesized to be a potential community-level obesity prevention strategy for populations at risk for chronic diseases because they provide a mechanism for communities to purchase healthy locally grown produce. This study aimed to identify county-level factors associated with FM availability in an effort to determine if disparities in availability exist in the US. Hypothesis: Increased FM availability will be associated with higher median household income, lower % minority residents, lower % obese residents and a higher number of grocery stores and recreation centers per 100,000 residents. Methods: An ecological study was conducted using 2009 data from the USDA Food Environment Atlas on 3,135 US counties. Crude and multivariable adjusted logistic regression models where used to determine associations between having at least one FM available and county-level variables such as % African American (AA) residents, % Hispanic residents, median household income, % WIC participants, % adults obese, % adults with diabetes, per capita grocery stores, per capita supercenters and per capita recreation centers. All analyses were stratified by metro county status and adjusted to address data clustering at the state-level. Results: There were 1,088 and 2,047 counties labeled metro and non-metro respectively. Metro Results : Median household income (p = 0.002) and per capita recreation centers (p < 0.0001) were positively associated with FM availability while % WIC residents (p = 0.008), per capita grocery stores (p = 0.02) and % adults with diabetes (p < 0.0001) showed a negative association. Non-Metro Results: Median household income (p < 0.0001), per capita recreation centers (p < 0.0001) and per capita supercenters (p < 0.0001) were positively associated with FM availability while % WIC residents (p = 0.02), per capita grocery stores (p < 0.0001) and % adults with diabetes (p < 0.03) showed a negative association. The % AA residents appeared to be negatively associated with FM availability but did not achieve statistical significance. County obesity prevalence was not associated with FM availability in both metro and non-metro counties. Conclusion: Results showed that counties with more recreation centers and a higher median household income have increased FM availability while counties with more WIC participants and residents with diabetes have less availability. More information on the association between FM access, diet and obesity in at risk populations should be collected at the individual level.
DNA curtains for high-throughput single-molecule optical imaging.

Abstract Single-molecule approaches provide a valuable tool in the arsenal of the modern biologist, and new discoveries continue to be made possible through the use of these state-of-the-art technologies. However, it can be inherently difficult to obtain statistically relevant data from experimental approaches specifically designed to probe individual reactions. This problem is compounded with more complex biochemical reactions, heterogeneous systems, and/or reactions requiring the use of long DNA substrates. Here we give an overview of a technology developed in our laboratory, which relies upon simple micro- or nanofabricated structures in combination with “bio-friendly” lipid bilayers, to align thousands of long DNA molecules into defined patterns on the surface of a microfluidic sample chamber. We call these “DNA curtains,” and we have developed several different versions varying in complexity and DNA substrate configuration, which are designed to meet different experimental needs. This novel approach to single-molecule imaging provides a powerful experimental platform that offers the potential for concurrent observation of hundreds or even thousands of protein–DNA interactions in real time.
Dynamic Autoepistemic Logic

We present in this paper a new logic, called dynamic autoepistemic logic (DAL), to catch the dynamic nature of the reasoner's introspection in autoepistemic logic. We show that (1) multiple levels of exceptions can be naturally represented, and (2) unintended expansions commonly occurring in autoepistemic logic can be removed. We impose polynomial-time checkable restrictions on programs, which guarantees a well-defined semantics. Finally, we discuss extensions to explicitly defined hierarchies of programs.
HEMODYNAMIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK EMBRYO HEART.

Blood flow patterns have been outlined in the chick embryo heart. The initial flow pattern adapts to the heart form but soon vascular forces affect cardiogenesis. Spiralling of the blood streams in the sinus venosus appears to lead to an expansion of this chamber. The atrial septum forms between parallel streams and evidence is presented that blood flow contributes to septation. Interatrial flow develops with a fusion of the inflow streams bringing the entire systemic venous return into the right atrium when the left atrium receives a small pulmonary return; the difference in pressures is believed to lead to perforation of the septal wall. The ventricular septum also forms between parallel bloodstreams. Inhibition of the left ventricular outflow, brought about by the application of trypan blue to the embryos, was associated with the production of ventricular septal defects. Higher pressures in the left ventricles, brought about by increased vascular resistance to these chambers, led to the defects as evidenced by left to right flow through the defects. An interpretation of the origin of this common congenital anomaly is thus offered.
A forward scattering model for foliage camouflaged complex targets

Detection and identification of hard targets inside vegetation canopies are among the challenging problems in remote sensing. The two challenging problems are (1) computation of the field propagation through and scattering from foliage; (2) characterization of the scattering from the target illuminated by the attenuated incident field and scattered field from foliage. An accurate hybrid method is proposed to characterize the effects of scatterings from forest components and their near field interactions with the hard target. Electromagnetic (EM) scattering from vegetation canopies can be simplified in terms of problems of scattering from individual dielectric cylinders and thin dielectric disks, modeling branches and leaves, arranged in a semi-deterministic fashion. The coherent summation of all the scattering contributions is considered in order to accurately compute the total field at a given point with in the forest canopy. The total field is composed of the mean field and scattered field and the mean field is derived, using Foldy's approximation. The total field is used as the excitation to illuminate the hard target which may have complex geometry and material properties. In order to have some level of accuracy and computational efficiency, physical optics (PO) approximation, is proposed as a solution for the problem of scattering from electrically large objects. It is shown that reciprocity theorem can be effectively applied to derive the back scattered field from the induced PO currents on the target. By this, the interactions of target and foliage on both illumination and scattering are taken in to account. The challenging step in this process is to determine lit and shadowed points on the target, considering the very complex geometry of the target and very large number of the scatterers around the target, which act as a source of illumination for the target. A powerful technique is proposed to accurately and effectively calculate the induced current on the target including the effects of shadowing. This model has been applied to a simple geometry' of PEC box and the reciprocity theorem is used to estimate the back scattered field from the object.
Some morphological types of bacteriophages in bovine rumen contents.

Abstract Six morphological types of bacteriophage were found in bovine rumen contents. Minimal total phage count was 5 × 107 per ml of rumen fluid.
Diurnal variation in nutrients and chimpanzee foraging behavior.

Primate feeding behavior varies over long (e.g., weekly, seasonally, yearly) and short (e.g., hourly) scales of time due to changes in resource availability and the nutritional composition of foods. While the factors that affect long-term changes in feeding behavior have received considerable attention, few data exist regarding what drives variability in feeding behavior over the course of a single day. To address this problem, we investigated diurnal variation in chimpanzee feeding on the leaves of two species of saplings, Pterygota mildbraedii and Celtis africana, at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Specifically, we related short-term changes in chimpanzee feeding behavior on these leaves to diurnal variation in their nutritional composition. Results showed that chimpanzees fed on the leaves of both saplings more in the evening than they did in the morning. The nutritional quality of leaves also improved over the course of the day. Concentrations of cellulose and lignin were lower and total nonstructural carbohydrates (including sugars and starch) were higher in the evening for P. mildbraedii, and sugars were higher in the evening for C. africana. These data suggest that chimpanzees consume these resources when their quality is highest, and consequently, may track the nutrient composition of their foods over very short periods that span only a few hours. In the future, foods collected for analyses must control for time of sampling to ensure biologically meaningful assays of nutrient composition. Am. J. Primatol. 75:342-349, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic properties of para-substituted thiophenols and disulfides from 13C NMR spectroscopy and ab initio calculations: relations to the Hammett parameters and atomic charges

A large number of para-substituted benzene thiols and the corresponding disulfides were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopies. Geometries of all sixteen thiols and fourteen disulfide compounds were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, while the electronic structure and the 13C isotropic shifts were calculated by ab initio Hartree-Fock method coupled with the Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital (GIAO) algorithm and a 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The calculated 13C NMR isotropic shifts exhibit admirable agreement (δ rmsd ∼4.6 ppm) with the experimental data. The chemical shift of para-substituted carbon showed a linear correlation with Hammett constants (σp and σp+). Using this methodology the σp+ constants for the dendritic ligands have been estimated to be 0.25 and 0.24 for 2(n) and 2(o), respectively. In addition, the NBO charges on the sulfur atoms shows a latent response with the σp+ parameter. The atomic charge on the thiophenolato sulfur is invariant with the electron withdrawing ability of the substituents, however, the charge increases with increasing electron-withdrawing power.
Structural and magnetic phase diagram of the two-electron-doped ( Ca 1 − x Ce x ) MnO 3 system: Effects of competition among charge, orbital, and spin ordering

The crystallographic and magnetic phase diagram of the two-electron-doped system $({\mathrm{Ca}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}^{2+}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{x}^{4+}){\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ with $0l~xl~0.167$ has been determined using neutron powder diffraction, synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction, small angle scattering, and ac susceptibility. In general, the phase diagram is similar to those for other chemically substituted ${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$ systems as viewed as a function of the Mn charge state. Thus, when viewed as a function of the Ce concentration $x$ the phase diagram is compressed by a factor of 2. Particular differences, such as a broad compositional region $(0.1l~xl~0.167)$ at room temperature in which the crystallographic structure is monoclinic, originate from the small size of the ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{4+}$ ion. Two-phase behavior is observed over a large compositional region $(0.1l~xl~0.167)$ at low temperature. The experimental data argue against chemical inhomogeneity or strain arising from grain/domain interaction stresses as explanations for the phase separation. Thus, the extended region of phase coexistence is postulated to originate from the subtle competition among charge, orbital, and spin ordering that may be initiated by $A$-site cation disorder effect and is then stabilized by an energy barrier between different magnetic ordering that develops in the two phases.
Inverse and Optimal Control for Desired Outputs.

This paper considers the design of control feedforward histories to obtain desired outputs, using inverse and optimal control methods. Some advantages and disadvantages of both methods are presented. The slow roll maneuver of an aircraft is used as an example. A nonlinear inverse solution for this example was given previously; for apparently reasonable specified outputs, namely a roll angle history and a straight flight path, the control inputs and the aircraft sideslip are infeasible and the maneuver is not coordinated (large sideforce). Using optimal control, the mean square control inputs are minimized with only the final roll angle specified. The result is a well-coordinated maneuver with small sideslip, reasonable control amplitudes, and small deviations from the straight flight path.
Wind erosion of heated surface layer

Abstract Wind is shown to deepen significantly the heated surface layer of cooling water discharged from power plants.
A Review of Lightning Protection and Grounding Practices

Guides are presented to facilitate proper economic lightning protection of industrial power system component arrangements. Basic concepts of the traveling wave nature of lightning are included to enhance understanding of protective practices as they have developed and emphasize the need for careful adherence to approved practices in critical areas. The grounding treatment is very brief, being limited to the most salient considerations of equipment grounding in relation to the overall lightning protective system and the ground fault protective system. The paper is referenced throughout to current industry standards, application guides, and codes.
Natural convection between heated vertical plates in a horizontal magnetic field

The effect of viscous dissipation and applied magnetic field is investigated for the case of the fully developed natural convection of a fluid between two heated walls. When electrical and viscous dissipation is negligible, short-circuited Hartmann flow results. The deviation of the velocity and temperature profiles from those existing in Hartmann flow are presented for various Hartmann numbers when dissipation is not neglected. It is shown that increasing the applied magnetic field rapidly decreases the influence of both viscous and joulean dissipation on the velocity and temperature profiles. (auth)
Towards a better understanding of space-time causality: Kolmogorov complexity and causality as a matter of degree

Space-time causality is one of the fundamental notions of modern physics; however, it is difficult to define in observational physical terms. Intuitively, the fact that a space-time event e = (t; x) can causally influence an event e' = (t', x') means that what we do in the vicinity of e changes what we observe at e'. If we had two copies of the Universe, we could perform some action at e in one copy but not in another copy; if we then observe the difference at e', this would be an indication of causality. However, we only observe one Universe, in which we either perform the action or we do not. At first glance, it may seem that in this case, there is no meaningful way to provide an operational definition of causality. In this paper, we show that such a definition is possible if we use the notions of algorithmic randomness and Kolmogorov complexity. The resulting definition leads to a somewhat unexpected consequence: that space-time causality is a matter of degree.