cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergence of statistical scaling in floods on channel networks from complex runoff dynamics

Abstract The physical processes governing floods in river basins are highly variable in space and time. Spatial variability produces a very large number of values of the parameters governing production of runoff from hills and its transport through channels. Most of these parameters cannot be measured, and the number of different values that they can take increases with spatial scale. By contrast the aggregated behavior of peak flows exhibits statistical scale invariance at successively larger spatial scales. Statistical scaling is an emergent property of a complex physical system, which is not built into the physical equations. The slopes and the intercepts of log–log linear relationships describing scale invariance are called ‘scaling parameters’, which can be estimated empirically. Scaling theory provides a new mathematical framework for interpreting empirical scaling parameters in terms of numerical and analytical solutions of physical equations and thereby testing different hypotheses. We illustrate this central idea using three flood-scaling parameters that have been estimated from two experimental basins in the United States, Walnut Gulch, AZ, and Goodwin Creek, MS. Scaling theory unifies spatial scaling flood statistics with physical processes, which has been a long-standing, fundamental open hydrology problem. The scaling framework provides the scientific foundations for solving the global problem of prediction of floods from ungauged and poorly gauged basins.
Allogeneic (homograft) reconstruction of the mandible.

Reconstruction of the tumor-ablated patient remains one of the most challenging problems for the head-and-neck surgeon. Various methods have been described, including alloplastic reconstruction, free vascularized flaps, osteo-myocutaneous flaps, and allogeneic reconstruction with particulate marrow grafts. Sixteen patients who have undergone homograft mandibular replacement at the Yale New Haven Hospital are described. Eighty-one percent of these grafts were successful in restoring form and function to a high degree of patient satisfaction. Eleven of the sixteen patients had radiation therapy after initial tumor surgery; 91% of these grafts were successful.
The ATM Forum: wireless ATM working group meeting in Berlin (April, 20 -- 23, 1997)

In the February meeting in Los Angeles, the WATM working group was embroiled in a rather unproductive debate on the signaling mechanisms for handover at the network edge, i.e., between the mobile terminal and the edge switch. The debate was in determining the role of radio layer signaling in accomplishing handover of ATM connections. Some participants actually suggested eliminating any ATM layer signaling related to handover at the UNI, based on rather poorly conceived notions of efficiency. These arguments essentially blocked progress in consolidating the partially developed ATM handover signaling model in the baseline specifications. Thus, little progress was made in the February meeting in advancing the Release 1.0 specifications.
Unique operative approach for dealing with a tortuous external iliac artery during abdominal aortic aneurysm endografting

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms offers many benefits over open repair. However, there are many characteristics that can exclude patients from undergoing this minimally invasive procedure, such as iliac arterial pathology. The present report describes the case of an 85-year-old patient with an aneurysm in which the right external iliac artery presented a challenge for vascular access due to its severe tortuosity and hairpin turn. Access for endovascular repair was achieved via an end-to-end anastomosis of the external iliac artery through a transverse inguinal incision. This represents a new option for achieving endograft placement when confronted with vascular tortuosity.
Rural/urban differences in self-rated health: examining the roles of county size and metropolitan adjacency.

Abstract This research explored the roles of ‘rurality’ – nonmetropolitan county population size and adjacency to metropolitan areas – on self-rated health among a nationally representative sample of US adults. Using seven years of pooled individual level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and county-level data from the County Characteristics survey, we found that residents of remote rural counties have the greatest odds of reporting bad health and that the significant differences in self-rated health between metropolitan residents and residents of rural areas can be entirely explained by rural structural disadvantage, including higher rates of unemployment and population loss and lower levels of educational attainment.
Calculation of average radiation fluxes on satellites

It is shown that the average flux of charged particles on a satellite in a circular orbit in the radiation belt can be calculated by a method that is highly efficient in that no part of the calculation is repeated unnecessarily. The method is used to construct tables of the average daily omnidirectional fluxes of electrons and protons for orbital altitudes from 200 to 8800 km and orbital inclinations from 0° to 90°, based on the 1963 flux grid of Mcllwairi. It is shown that the average fluxes for elliptical orbits can easily be synthesized by hand calculation using these tables, and that the average is accurate for times longer than an apsidal precession period. The results are compared with calculations by other methods and with experiment. I. Introduction HPHE designer of a satellite needs to know the time-inteJ- grated fluxes of charged particles which the vehicle will encounter in the radiation belt. He generally obtains them from a flux map or grid by devising a computer program that simply adds up the flux contributions at suitable increments along the trajectory. This procedure would be quite satisfactory except that, for missions of long duration, it is very costly, largely because the integration method inefficiently repeats some of the most time-consuming operations many times over. The repetitions occur when the satellite visits essentially the same region of space more than once, and for long missions this is the rule. It is shown below that in the usual case where the history of the accumulation of flux is of no interest the calculation can be organized so as to eliminate this repetition entirely. In Sec. II this calculational method is described and its physical basis is discussed. In Sec. Ill the conditions for the application of the method are derived. Section IV contains tables of daily average fluxes, calculated by this method for circular orbits having altitudes below 8800 km, together with a prescription for using the tables to obtain average fluxes for elliptical orbits. In Sec. V a few comparisons with results of experiment and of other calculational methods are presented. Some mathematical details are relegated to two appendices. II. Reorganization of the Calculation Let us suppose that the space that surrounds the earth and contains the radiation belts is divided into cells of width A/ in longitude, AX in latitude, and AZ in altitude. The dimensions of the cells are to be chosen small enough so that, for practical purposes, the charged particle fluxes can be considered constant within a cell. A satellite moving on an orbit in this region would pass from cell to cell, and in the course of a long mission would visit the same cells many times. The very simple idea behind the method described here is to organize the calculation of integrated fluxes so that the costly operations of transformatio n to geomagnetic (B,L) coordinates1 and flux look-up are done only once for each cell. Time-averaged fluxes (equivalent to time-integrat ed fluxes) are found by summing the product of the flux in each cell with the fraction of time spent there: (F) = ZabcFabeWabc (1)
Enhancement of annual weed populations in alfalfa after stubble defoliation by variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Three studies were conducted to investigate effect of stubble defoliation by variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner), on establishment and dry-matter production of annual weeds in alfalfa. Weeds in 1982 were mostly foxtail grasses, Setaria spp., but weeds in 1983 were a mixture of grass and broadleaved species. Weed density, biomass, and percentage by weight at harvest increased linearly with increasingly severe stubble defoliation. Stubble defoliation also increased weed density, biomass, and percentage composition at carry-over harvest. Weed emergence was unaffected by severity of stubble defoliation. Consequently, differences in weed density at harvest were caused primarily by differential rates of weed mortality between defoliated (≤72.3%) and nondefoliated (94.2%) treatments. Alfalfa dry-matter production was not suppressed by presence of weeds during treated and carry-over cutting. Instead, weeds added to alfalfa by filling in gaps in the stand rather than by replacing alfalfa biomass. Competition by weeds, however, could be expected to reduce long-term stand vigor and to hasten alfalfa stand decline.
Growth and mutation of phage T1 on ultraviolet irradiated host cells.

Abstract The capacity of Escherichia coli B/r to yield phages T1 and T3 is more ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive than is the capacity to yield phage T2. The capacity to yield phage from UV-irradiated T1 or T3 is about ten times as UV-sensitive as the capacity for unirradiated phage. The capacity of UV-irradiated host cells for UV-irradiated T2 is the same as for normal T2. Ultraviolet-irradiated T1 is reactivated on UV-irradiated host cells. When unirradiated T1 is grown on UV-irradiated cells, the frequency of plaquemorphology mutants is the same as the spontaneous frequency. When UV-irradiated T1 is grown on UV-irradiated cells, there is about a sevenfold increase in mutant plaque frequency over the spontaneous frequency. Thirty phenotypically distinct plaque-morphology mutants of T1 have been found.
Ethnicity as a factor in reproductive health care utilization among males attending family planning clinics.

Health care utilization of reproductive health care services among males is an emerging issue. This study examined ethnicity as a factor in reproductive health care utilization among 1,606 African American and Hispanic young males attending family planning clinics. Seventy percent were African American and 30% were Hispanic. Across groups, the most received service was treatment for a sexually transmitted infection (STI). African American males were more likely than Hispanic males to have health insurance, report a prior visit to a family planning/STI clinic, and have a history of an STI. Hispanic males had higher rates of employment. The most common source of referral for family planning services for both groups was either a current girlfriend or female friend. Hispanic males were more likely to use family as a referral source than African American males. Differences were also noted in regard to interest in health topics with African American males most interested in STI prevention and getting a job and ...
Neuron-specific alternative RNA processing in transgenic mice expressing a metallothionein-calcitonin fusion gene

Alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin/CGRP gene generates transcripts encoding predominantly calcitonin in thyroid C cells or CGRP in the nervous system. To examine the RNA processing choice of this gene in a wide variety of tissues, we created transgenic mice expressing the rat calcitonin/CGRP transcript from the mouse metallothionein-I promoter. Most cells that do not express the endogenous calcitonin/CGRP gene have the capability to make a clear splicing choice for calcitonin or CGRP transcript. In the majority of tissues studied, 90%-97% of the transgene mRNA encodes calcitonin. In contrast, both calcitonin and CGRP mRNAs were detected in the transgenic mice brains. Immunohistochemical and in situ RNA hybridization analyses show that CGRP transcripts are selectively expressed in a wide variety of neurons, while calcitonin is expressed predominantly in nonneuronal structures. Splicing choice operates independently of calcitonin/CGRP gene transcription. The data suggest that a specific regulatory machinery is required for the processing of CGRP transcripts and is restricted primarily to neurons.
Tissue repair of the epidermis and dermis.

Summary Wounds of the skin heal in a predictable fashion and at a fairly constant rate if impediments to healing can be avoided. For the skin wound of the hand, the therapist and surgeon face paradoxic demands to balance optimal immobilization for would healing with optimal motion or function. As long as the wound remains stable, therapy can begin very early in the postoperative period without interruption of the wound-healing process.
Association between war and cervical cancer among Vietnamese women.

Decades ago, cervical cancer was the leading form of cancer among women in both North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Currently, cervical cancer rates are considerably lower in the northern region of the country. We performed a case-control study to measure factors associated with the development of cervical cancer among Vietnamese women. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with 202 women in southern Vietnam and 97 women in northern Vietnam. Case subjects were women hospitalized with cervical cancer. Control subjects were women hospitalized with extrauterine neoplasms. Data were analyzed using logistic regression, and odds ratios for the development of invasive cervical cancer were measured. The development of invasive cervical cancer was significantly associated with military service by husbands during the Second Indochinese War and with parity status. Odds ratio for the development of cervical cancer among southern Vietnamese women whose husbands had served in the armed forces was 2.6 (95% CI = 1.2–5.5). Odds ratio for the development of cervical cancer among northern women whose husbands had served in the armed forces was 3.9 (95% CI = 1.5–10.4) if their husbands had been stationed in South Vietnam during the war years. Northern women whose husbands had served in the military experienced no significant increase in cervical cancer risk if their husbands had been stationed in North Vietnam during the war years. Geographic and temporal variation in cervical cancer rates among Vietnamese women was associated with the movement of soldiers. These findings may be useful for cervical cancer prevention efforts in Vietnam and in other countries. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acquired posterior urethral diverticulum following surgery for anorectal malformations.

Abstract Purpose Despite significant advances in the surgical management of anorectal malformations (ARMs), many children still experience significant debilities from potentially avoidable complications. One complication, the posterior urethral diverticulum, may have untoward consequences if not recognized and treated. Methods A retrospective cohort review was undertaken of male patients who presented to us with persistent problems after being operated on elsewhere for ARM. Twenty-nine patients presented with a urethral diverticulum. Their charts were reviewed for the type of malformation, prior repair, presentation, treatment, and postoperative follow-up. Results Twenty-nine patients were identified that fit the criteria for this study. To date, 28 patients have been managed with reoperation. Urinary complaints were the most common presenting symptoms. All patients were repaired using a posterior sagittal approach. Pathology of the diverticulum in one patient revealed a well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma. Conclusion The incidence of acquired posterior urethral diverticulum has decreased with the popularization of the posterior sagittal incision. There is a theoretical concern that the incidence may increase with the use of laparoscopy for the treatment of ARMs especially those where the fistula is below the peritoneal reflection. Once detected, the diverticulum should be excised.
Particle generation mechanisms in vacuum processing tools

It is estimated that by the year 1995, as much as ninety percent of the contamination in IC manufacturing will be caused by equipment and processes. Contamination can be in the form of particles, defects, scratches, stains, and so on. All are major concerns for yielding ULSI devices. In order to eliminate process/equipment-induced particles, particle formation/generation must be understood before appropriate action can be taken to meet the contamination-free requirements of the future. A variety of vacuum processing tools were studied, including CVD, PECVD, and plasma etch systems with heat lamps, RF, and remote microwave energy sources. A particle collection and characterization methodology was adopted to analyze the particles generated from the vacuum processing tools. By using SEM and EDS to analyze particles collected from equipment chamber walls, both the particle morphology and composition were discerned. The elemental analyses indicate that the composition of particles varied a great deal depending on the chemical nature of the process, chamber material/process compatibility, and energy source.
Screening for Cytomegalovirus during Pregnancy

The epidemiology and pathogenesis of CMV infections among pregnant women have been intensely studied over the last three decades. This paper highlights recent developments that make either universal or limited serologic screening for CMV during pregnancy potentially attractive. The developments include an understanding of the pathogenesis of CMV infections, a knowledge of high-risk women, the availability of accurate methods for the serologic diagnosis of a primary CMV infection using either single or serial blood samples, accurate methods for the diagnosis of fetal infection via amniotic fluid, sensitive fetal and placental indicators for neonatal outcomes, and the availability of potentially effective interventions.
Politics and Interests in the Republic of Science

The institutions of science arecomposed of communities with conflicting andoverlapping interests. In the United States,the internal governance of science resemblesthe structure of republican government,particularly in its fragmentation,representation, and extension. This articlecalls upon Michael Polanyi's metaphor of a`Republic of Science' in the context ofAmerican history and political theory, toexamine the ways in which these interests arerepresented. Using the metaphor obliges us toask about rules of citizenship in the`Republic', and to determine whether those whopay for science should also be represented inits institutions.
Hard dense loops in a cold non-Abelian plasma.

Classical transport theory is used to study the response of a non-Abelian plasma at zero temperature and high chemical potential to weak color electromagnetic fields. In this article the parallelism between the transport phenomena occurring in a non-Abelian plasma at high temperature and high density is stressed. In particular, it is shown that at high densities it is also possible to relate the transport equations to the zero-curvature condition of a Chern-Simons theory in three dimensions, even when quarks are not considered ultrarelativistic. The induced color current in the cold plasma can be expressed as an average over angles, which represent the directions of the velocity vectors of quarks having Fermi energy. From this color current it is possible to compute $n$-point gluonic amplitudes, with arbitrary $n$. It is argued that these amplitudes are the same as the ones computed in the high chemical potential limit of QCD, which are then called hard dense loops. The agreement between the two different formalisms is checked by computing the polarization tensor of QED due to finite density effects in the high density limit.
Observations on Capitalism and Government–Society Relations: A Retrospective on Schumpeter’s Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1950). 431 pp.
IRAS studies of the orientation of acetone molecules in monolayer and multilayer films on Au(1 1 1) surfaces

Abstract We have investigated the interaction of acetone with a Au(1 1 1) surface by use of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). We find that acetone reversibly adsorbs on Au(1 1 1), with thermal desorption peaks at 160, 137 and 132 K corresponding to acetone desorption from the monolayer, second layer and multilayer, respectively. IRAS data is used to establish that chemisorbed acetone molecules bind to the Au(1 1 1) surface through the oxygen atom in a η 1 -(O) configuration with the molecular plane tilted with respect to the surface plane to give C 1 symmetry at submonolayer and monolayer coverage. In multilayer films, acetone molecules adopt a highly ordered orientation with the molecular plane perpendicular to the metal surface and the CO bond nearly parallel to the surface plane to give C s symmetry.
A role for the orphan steroid receptor Nur77 in apoptosis accompanying antigen-induced negative selection

The transcription factor Nur77, an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is highly expressed during T cell receptor-signaled apoptosis, suggesting a possible role for Nur77 in negative selection. We examined this by generating two sets of transgenic mice. In one set of mice, a dominant-negative Nur77 mutant is constitutively expressed and the other in which wild-type Nur77 protein is constitutively expressed in developing thymocytes. We report that inhibition of endogenous Nur77 by the dominant-negative mutant perturbed T cell development and inhibited antigen-induced negative selection in F5T cell receptor transgenic mice. Constitutive expression of wild-type Nur77 protein induced apoptosis in developing thymocytes, resulting in a decreased number of thymocytes and mature T cells. Together, these data support a role for Nur77 in the downstream signaling events in antigen-induced negative selection.
Cytopathic Mechanisms of HIV-1

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been intensely investigated since its discovery in 1983 as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With relatively few proteins made by the virus, it is able to accomplish many tasks, with each protein serving multiple functions. The Envelope glycoprotein, composed of the two noncovalently linked subunits, SU (surface glycoprotein) and TM (transmembrane glycoprotein) is largely responsible for host cell recognition and entry respectively. While the roles of the N-terminal residues of TM is well established as a fusion pore and anchor for Env into cell membranes, the role of the C-terminus of the protein is not well understood and is fiercely debated. This review gathers information on TM in an attempt to shed some light on the functional regions of this protein.
Two Grades of Internalism (Pass and Fail)

Internalism about mental content holds that microphysical duplicates must be mental duplicates full-stop. Anyone particle-for-particle indiscernible from someone who believes that Aristotle was wise, for instance, must share that same belief. Externalism instead contends that many perfectly ordinary propositional attitudes can be had only in certain sorts of physical, sociolinguistic, or historical context. To have a belief about Aristotle, for instance, a person must have been causally impacted in the right way by Aristotle himself (e.g., by hearing about him, or reading some of his works). An interesting third view, which I call ‘weak’ internalism, is a mix of what are arguably the most plausible aspects of the two extreme views. On the one hand, the weak internalist rejects the externalist’s idea that certain propositional attitudes can be had only in certain sorts of physical, socio-linguistic, or historical context; but on the other hand, she rejects the internalist’s claim that microphysical duplicates must be mental duplicates. One of the most vocal opponents of externalism, John Searle, defends a paradigm case of weak internalism. In this paper I explain his view and why it might seem like the ideal compromise: in particular, it captures intuitions underlying both sides of the debate. I then argue, however, that Searle’s view is untenable; and my objection shows the untenability of weak internalism in general. Despite the attractiveness of a compromise view, we must choose between internalism and externalism full-stop.
Fast fault-tolerant parallel communication and on-line maintenance for hypercubes using information dispersal

A space-efficient Information Dispersal Algorithm (IDA) is applied to fault-tolerant parallel communication in the hypercube. LetN denote the size of the network. Our routing scheme runs in 2·logN+1 time using constant size buffers (if the routing information is not counted). Its probability of successful routing is at least 1−N−2.419·logN+1.5, proving Rabin's conjecture. The scheme runswithin the said time bound without queueing delay, and it toleratesO(N) random link failures with high probability.
Critical care nurses' intent to stay in their positions.

The purpose of this study was to build upon earlier research into the relationships among locus of control, organizational unit structure, job satisfaction, and registered nurses' intentions to remain in their positions. The data were collected by a questionnaire from 214 registered nurses from adult critical care units within 12 hospitals in two Midwestern cities. The best predictor of intent to stay was satisfaction with work activities (R = .43, p less than or equal to .05). Satisfaction with job remuneration, lower level of nursing education, and less intent to continue work toward a advanced degree or to do work-related educational activities also contributed to intent to stay on the job (R = .52, p less than or equal to .05).
Writing well: lowering the barriers to success

It is not enough to be a good scientist. One needs to be a good communicator. When publications are clear and a pleasure to read, they will advance both the field and the authors' reputation.
Are the new rules relating to disclosures of derivative financial instruments workable

Accounting for derivatives has created uncertainties for preparers, auditors, regulators, and users of financial statements alike. The complexity and variety of instruments as well as hedging and risk management techniques make derivatives reporting a difficult subject. Developing consistent accounting rules in this area is made even more challenging since derivatives are used in conjunction with assets and liabilities that, under the current accounting system, may be carried at historical cost, fair value, or some hybrid of fair value and historical cost. Further, derivatives are used in connection with portfolios of items as well as with economic assets and exposures that may not be recorded in financial statements under the current model.
A xenograft mouse model coupled with in-depth plasma proteome analysis facilitates identification of novel serum biomarkers for human ovarian cancer.

Proteomics discovery of novel cancer serum biomarkers is hindered by the great complexity of serum, patient-to-patient variability, and triggering by the tumor of an acute-phase inflammatory reaction. This host response alters many serum protein levels in cancer patients, but these changes have low specificity as they can be triggered by diverse causes. We addressed these hurdles by utilizing a xenograft mouse model coupled with an in-depth 4-D protein profiling method to identify human proteins in the mouse serum. This strategy ensures that identified putative biomarkers are shed by the tumor, and detection of low-abundance proteins shed by the tumor is enhanced because the mouse blood volume is more than a thousand times smaller than that of a human. Using TOV-112D ovarian tumors, more than 200 human proteins were identified in the mouse serum, including novel candidate biomarkers and proteins previously reported to be elevated in either ovarian tumors or the blood of ovarian cancer patients. Subsequent...
Moral Luck: A Partial Map

Luck varies from person to person, for two reasons. First, for something to occur as a matter of luck is for it to occur beyond the control of someone, and what is beyond one person's control may not be beyond another's. Second, luck may be either good or bad (or neutral — but in that case it is not very interesting), and what is good luck for one person may be bad luck for another.
Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

Anemia is a frequent extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that is commonly overlooked, despite its significant impact on quality of life. Characteristic symptoms include chronic fatigue, headache, and subtle impairment of cognitive function, although some less common symptoms include dyspnea, dizziness, pica, angular stomatitis, shortened attention span, and esophageal webs. Several types of anemia are associated with IBD, but iron deficiency anemia (IDA) accounts for the majority of cases and others include anemia of chronic disease, anemia associated with vitamin deficiency (vitamin B12 and folate), autoimmune anemia, and anemia caused by medication used to treat IBD. The diagnosis of IDA relies on laboratory blood tests. Therefore, these tests should be obtained on a regular basis because characteristic symptoms may be absent or not readily recognized by patients and their clinicians. Complete blood count may suffice; however, iron studies and serum vitamin levels may be necessary to differentiate between specific types of anemia. During the diagnostic process, it is important to consider coexistence of different types of anemia, especially if no response to therapy is noted. The therapy for anemia is directed towards treatment of the underlying inflammatory process and supplemental therapy, depending on the type of deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia is treated with iron preparations, first orally, and if unresponsive or if associated with untoward adverse events leading to decrease in adherence with the therapeutic regimen, with intravenous preparations. Intramuscular therapy has been abandoned due to high rate of complications. Intravenous therapy may be administered as a multiple-dose regimen (intravenous iron sucrose and gluconate) or as a single intravenous dose (iron dextran), which is associated with a higher risk of allergic infusion reactions and requires obligatory test dose administration. Treatment with erythropoietin is reserved for a select subgroup of patients with anemia of chronic disease. With appropriate treatment, the majority of patients with IBD will have significant improvement or resolution of anemia, which can lead to a better quality of life. However, a high index of suspicion should be maintained in order to identify the precise cause of anemia and to prescribe the appropriate therapy.
Regulation of Amino Acid Transport in Kidney Cortex of Newborn Rats

After incubation at 37 degrees C the subsequent uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, cycloleucine, glycine, and L-proline by newborn (as compared to adult) rat kidney cortex slices is enhanced. The effect is abolished by the presence of cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and high concentrations of the above-mentioned amino acids in the medium during the 37 degrees C incubation prior to measurement of uptake. The data suggest that there is an adaptive control mechanism which is expressed on incubation at 37 degrees C and which can regulate amino acid transport in newborn rat kidney cortex.
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in children

Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation is increasingly used in children both in acute and in chronic setting. Clinical data supporting safety, efficacy and limitations in children are growing. Technical problems related to the ventilators performance and interfaces selection have not been fully resolved, especially for younger children. Non-invasive ventilation can be applied at home. Its use at home requires appropriate diagnostic procedures, accurate titration of the ventilators, cooperative and educated families and careful, well-organized follow-up programs.
The energy harvesting multiple access channel with energy storage losses

This work considers a Gaussian multiple access channel with two energy harvesting transmitters with lossy energy storage. The power allocation policy maximizing the average weighted sum rate given the energy harvesting profiles is found. In particular, it is shown that the optimal policy has a double-threshold structure on each of the transmit powers, while the two transmit powers interact through the multivariate achievable rate function which determines the thresholds. For the special case of sum rate maximization in a Gaussian MAC channel, it is shown that the thresholds apply to the sum power, and the optimal policy consists of three thresholds, rather than four, which enables the user with a more efficient battery to be given priority in energy storage.
Familial cancer syndromes and clusters.

Familial aggregation has been reported for virtually every form of cancer in humans. In general, close relatives of a cancer patient appear to have a twofold to threefold increase in risk for that tumor. Among cancer families, however, the level of excess risk is heterogeneous and ranges up to 1000-fold. Familial clusters of cancer are often due to inherited susceptibility, but environmental influences and chance association also must be considered. The effect of chance is large, due to the 50% lifetime risk of developing cancer that is present in the general U.S. population. Thus, a family history of cancer is the rule rather than the exception, and special studies are needed to distinguish predisposition from chance. An inherited susceptibility to cancer often becomes apparent through the occurrence of the same neoplasm among multiple blood relatives. These neoplasms tend to occur at earlier ages than usual, to appear bilaterally in paired organs, and to develop in multiple primary foci within the predisposed organ. Hereditary cancers can also develop as multiple primary tumors in organs that share the same embryological origins, as in the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes. In addition, neoplasia occurs as a feature of diverse inherited diseases, such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, which predispose to tumors of the peripheral nerves and brain. Recent advances in molecular biology have greatly enhanced the importance of studying cancer families. Newly developed molecular probes have been applied to map the loci of several human cancer genes. The studies have also revealed a new class of human oncogenes, the tumor suppressor genes. These genes normally function by suppressing the tumor phenotype. When inactivated or deleted in germinal cells, they can be transmitted to subsequent generations and predispose to cancer among carriers in the family. At the molecular level, these carriers have inherited a structural abnormality in one allele of a recessive oncogene, and loss of the second allele at the locus results in tumor development. The first tumor suppressor that has been isolated is the retinoblastoma gene on chromosome 13q14. Studies indicate that this gene is involved in the development of many more human cancers than had been appreciated previously on the basis of clinical observations. Presently, the identification of cancer families can be applied to genetic counseling, the in-utero diagnosis of carriers, and early disease detection. In familial cancers that are triggered by environmental carcinogens, patient education regarding the avoidance of harmful exposures can help prevent or delay the onset of neoplasia.
Micromechanical modeling of superplastic deformation

Abstract There is a definite need to model the deformation mechanisms in superplasticity as none of the existing models accurately describe its mechanical and microstructural features. In this paper, a micromechanical model of superplastic deformation is developed from the constituent grain level to the level of the polycrystalline bulk material in an explicit manner. This model considers accommodation mechanisms based on diffusional flow and dislocation movement and relates their strain rate to the macroscopic superplastic strain rate by way of parameters determined from experimental data. It computes the strain fields of individual grains depending on their crystallographic orientation and the micromechanical deformation mechanisms. The resulting stress redistribution among the grains is accounted for by the self-consistent relation. The model is applied to statically recrystallized 7475 aluminum alloy and dynamically recrystallizing 2090-OE16 aluminum—lithium alloy and the influence of temperature and grain size on the flow stress vs strain rate behavior are successfully predicted.
Eye position and visual attention influence perceived auditory direction.

The singular and joint effects of eccentric visual fixation and peripheral visual attention upon the perceived auditory median plane (PAMP) of the head were examined in four subjects. They position...
Gendered impacts of fertilizer subsidy removal programs in Malawi and Cameroon

Abstract Since the early 1980s, development experts and donor agencies have agreed on the importance of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) aimed at ‘getting prices right’. Adoption of reforms were made preconditions for new loans or grants in many sub-Saharan African countries. In both Malawi and Cameroon, one such required reform was government's eliminating fertilizer subsidies to the small farm sector, previously used to increase the profitability of intensive agriculture while keeping food prices artificially low. The aim of this paper is to review fertilizer subsidy removal programs for their impact on farmers, who in sub-Saharan Africa are women. In theory, SAP programs should benefit women producers, because much emphasis is placed on renewing agricultural production and aligning farmgate prices with world prices. But in practice, will they benefit? Are SAPs gender-neutral and affect men and women equally, or merely gender-blind?
Symptom outcomes in endoscopic sinus surgery: a systematic review of measurement methods.

Objective: To determine the type and prevalence of measurement methods used to analyze symptom outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Data Sources: Data were derived from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane databases, Google Scholar, and manual searches. Study Selection: All English-language studies consisting of more than 10 adult patients from January 1980 to December 2006 reporting ESS symptom outcome results were reviewed. Studies of radical surgery and studies involving patients with significant comorbidities were excluded. Results: The ESS symptom outcome results of 29,333 patients were reported in 204 studies. Symptom outcome was determined by survey instruments in 47 (23.0%) studies and individual symptom scoring in 63 (31%) studies. Of 18 validated instruments used, almost two thirds of studies that reported results by survey measures used the following three instruments: Chronic Sinusitis Survey (12 studies), Sinonasal Outcome Test-20 (11 studies), and Medical Outcomes study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (10 studies). The percentages of studies that reported specific results of the 1997 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RSTF) chronic rhinosinusitis symptom criteria varied as follows: facial pain/pressure, 35%; facial congestion/fullness, 10%; nasal obstruction/blockage, 42%; nasal discharge/purulence/discolored postnasal discharge, 47%; hyposmia/anosmia, 35%; fever, 2%; halitosis, 4%; fatigue, 11%; dental pain, 3%; cough, 10%; and ear pain/pressure/fullness, 6%. Conclusions: ESS symptom outcome is assessed inconsistently by numerous measures. Individual report- ing of all RSTF chronic rhinosinusitis symptom criteria, as recommended by the RSTF and by subsequent consensus conferences, is rarely noted. Many RSTF symptom criteria are seldom studied.
Control and dignity in professional, manual and service-sector employment

This study investigates implications of complex control combinations applied in manual, service and professional occupations for expressive, behavioral and emotional aspects of workplace dignity. Qualitative comparative analyses of 154 content-coded workplace ethnographies suggest that professionals encounter persuasive ‘bundles’ of control that enhance expressive and behavioral manifestations of dignity as well as pride. However, these benefits come at the expense of high levels of stress associated with internal drives and externally driven normative orientations and behaviors. Workers in manual and service occupations confront a broader array of approaches, including coercive control combinations that erode pride and effort by dehumanizing workers and inviting abuse. Furthermore, the benefits of persuasive control combinations in these settings are mitigated by supplementary constraints, which promote maintenance of a protective distance from employers that may also help to limit stress. The paper conc...
Flying Smartphones: Automated Flight Enabled by Consumer Electronics

Consumer-grade technology seen in cameras and phones has led to the price-performance ratio falling dramatically over the last decade. We are seeing a similar trend in robots that leverage this technology. A recent development is the interest of companies such as Google, Apple, and Qualcomm in high-end communication devices equipped with such sensors as cameras and inertial measurement units (IMUs) and with significant computational capability. Google, for instance, is developing a customized phone equipped with conventional as well as depth cameras. This article explores the potential for the rapid integration of inexpensive consumer-grade electronics with the off-the-shelf robotics technology for automation in homes and offices. We describe how standard hardware platforms (robots, processors, and smartphones) can be integrated through simple software architecture to build autonomous quadrotors that can navigate and map unknown, indoor environments. We show how the quadrotor can be stabilized and controlled to achieve autonomous flight and the generation of three-dimensional (3-D) maps for exploring and mapping indoor buildings with application to smart homes, search and rescue, and architecture. This opens up the possibility for any consumer to take a commercially available robot platform and a smartphone and automate the process of creating a 3-D map of his/her home or office.
A note on Eringen’s moment balances

Abstract The present study provides a comparison of Eringen’s [Eringen, A.C. (1970). Balance laws of micromorphic mechanics. International Journal of Engineering Science, 8 , 819–828] general moment balances for micromorphic continua with Germain’s [Germain, P. (1973). The method of virtual power in continuum mechanics. Part 2: Microstructure. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 25 , 556–575] momentum balances based on virtual work principles, and with those derived in the present paper by a two-scale Fourier analysis of heterogeneous media. It has not been possible to establish a clear-cut correspondence between Eringen’s balances and either of the latter, partly because Eringen’s balances involve a mixture of surface and volume averages over microdomains. There is disagreement between the last two methods, arising from the fact that Germain’s treatment involves spatial gradients not occurring in the elementary two-scale Fourier analysis. A brief discussion is given of the possible extension of the latter to achieve agreement with the former. As a separate matter, a construction of path-moments of density fields serves to establish a source-flux duality in continuum balances, which inter alia establishes a fairly direct connection between Newton’s and Cauchy’s laws and provides an expression for stress suggested by the statistical mechanics of point-particles.
Field trips: A look at environmental effects on learning

Despite the prevalence of school field trips to informal education settings like museums, zoos, and nature centres, relatively little is known about their educational effects upon learners. Six studies on school field trip learning are reviewed. The studies suggest that children s perception of the novelty of the field trip setting will affect what they learn on a field trip. All children will learn about the setting in which the trip occurred, but only those in a moderately novel environment will learn much about the intended lesson. In settings where novelty is either extremely great or small, imposed learning will be inhibited. Educators need to be aware of the effects of settings on learning in planning their lessons. In this way they can capitalize on the location of learning, rather than be penalized by it.
Effect of a Pharmacy-Based Health Literacy Intervention and Patient Characteristics on Medication Refill Adherence in an Urban Health System

BACKGROUNDLimited health literacy is associated with poor understanding of medication instructions and may be related to medication adherence.OBJECTIVETo evaluate a 3-part intervention (automated telephone reminder calls to refill prescriptions, picture prescription card, and clear health communication training for pharmacists) intended to increase refill adherence through attention to health literacy.METHODSThree pharmacies that serve a primarily indigent, minority population served as the intervention sites, and one pharmacy served as the control site. To evaluate the impact of the 6-month intervention on medication adherence, pharmacy refill data were used to calculate the cumulative medication gap (CMG), in which values close to zero indicate better adherence. The primary measure of treatment effect was a comparison of the change in refill adherence within each group, from baseline to follow-up.RESULTSA total of 173 patients were enrolled in the intervention group and 102 patients in the control group...
Junction investigation of graphene/silicon Schottky diodes

Here we present a facile technique for the large-scale production of few-layer graphene flakes. The as-sonicated, supernatant, and sediment of the graphene product were respectively sprayed onto different types of silicon wafers. It was found that all devices exhibited current rectification properties, and the supernatant graphene devices have the best performance. Schottky junctions formed between graphene flakes and silicon n-type substrates exhibit good photovoltaic conversion efficiency while graphene/p-Si devices have poor light harvesting capability.
Demographic influences on antibiotic prescribing for pediatric acute otitis media

Objective. To understand the epidemiologic antibiotic treatment patterns and the potential impact of race and insurance status on the medical management of acute otitis media (AOM).Study Design. Cross-sectional analysis of a national database.Setting. National ambulatory care setting.Methods. Cases of isolated AOM in children ≤16.0 years were extracted from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2006-2008). The frequency and type of antibiotic prescribed were extracted. A multivariate logistic regression model incorporating age, sex, race, ethnicity, and insurance type was used to determine the influence of these demographic variables on antibiotic prescribing patterns.Results. A total of 15.8 ± 1.5 million cases of AOM were studied (mean age, 3.6 ± 0.3 years; 55.1% ± 2.9% male). Of the children, 15.0% ± 2.8% were Hispanic and 10.4% ± 3.1% were black. Medicaid/State Children’s Health Insurance Program and private insurance covered 30.6% ± 4.4% and 69.4% ± 4.4% of children, respectively. Overall, 83....