cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of an Inclined Surface on Flat Surface Postural Control

An epidemiological study conducted by the NTOF surveillance system of the National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH), analyzed 15 years of data (1980–1994) to identify work settings in which fatal falls were likely to occur, and the risk factors that contributed to those falls. Eight thousand one hundred and two (8,102) workers were reported to have died as a result of falls from elevations during the 15-year period. The construction industry accounted for 4,044 of those deaths, or roughly 50% of all fatal falls from elevations. Within the construction industry sub-group (NAICS 23611), the NTOF identified general contracting and roofing as the work setting with the highest risk factors for a fall from elevation, with 205 and 147 falls respectively. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect that locomotion on an inclined surface has on flat surface postural stability. All subjects who volunteered as participants (n=20; males,) were tested under two walking conditions: flat surface and incline...
A model for studying human articular cartilage integration in vitro

One of the major obstacles hindering cartilage repair is the integration of the reparative cartilage with the recipient cartilage. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro model that can be conveniently applied to simulate and improve the integration of tissue engineered cartilage with native articular cartilage. This model, a cartilage integration construct, consists of a cartilage explant and isolated chondrocytes. The explant was anchored to agarose gel on a culture plate as agarose gelation at 4 degrees C to seal the gap between the bottom of the explant and culture plate surface. Isolated chondrocytes were added and confined in the defect created in the center of the explant. After 4 weeks of culture, neocartilage containing proteoglycans and type II collagen was formed. Minimal integration occurred between the neocartilage and the cartilage explant, resembling the failure of cartilage integration manifested in experimental and clinical cartilage repair. In this model, agarose gel anchors the explant onto culture plate by altering temperatures and effectively prevents "leakage" of the isolated chondrocytes from the defect of the explant. This model provides a convenient simulation of the cartilage integration process in vitro and has applications in studies of cartilage integration and cartilage tissue engineering.
Age-related differences in pulmonary inflammatory responses to JP-8 jet fuel aerosol inhalation.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that JP-8 jet fuel aerosol inhalation induced lung injury and dysfunction. To further examine JP-8 jet fuel-induced inflammatory mechanisms, a total of 40 male C57BL/6 mice (young, 3.5 months; adult, 12 months; half in each age group) were randomly assigned to the exposure or control groups. Mice were nose-only exposed to room air or atmospheres of 1000 mg/m3 JP-8 jet fuel for 1 h/day for 7 days. Lung injury was assessed by pulmonary mechanics, respiratory permeability, lavaged cell profile, and chemical mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The young and adult mice exposed to JP-8 jet fuel had similar values with regards to increased lung dynamic compliance, lung permeability, BALF cell count, and decreased PGE2. However, there were several different responses between the young-versus-adult mice with respect to BALF cell differential, TNF-α, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels after exposure to JP-8 jet fuel. These data suggest that JP-8 jet fuel may have different i...
Performance characteristics of a multiple-sample, cesium-sputter, negative ion source

Abstract A multiple-sample, cesium-sputter, negative-ion source which permits sample changes without disruption of on-line tandem electrostatic accelerator operations is described. The source is equipped with provisions for remotely selecting and moving into the beam position any one of 60 samples by means of stepping motors equipped with absolute shaft encoders. A spherical-sector cesium ionizer is used to produce the cesium beam for sputtering the sample material. The source is equipped with a three-element electrode system which has been designed to increase the perveance for cesium ion beam generation and to improve negative ion beam extraction from the source. Details of the mechanical design features and optics of the three-element electrode system are presented. Data pertinent to source operation and the dependence of negative ion yields on certain source operational parameters are also given.
Determination of the Surface Segregation Ratio of P in Si

We have determined the surface segregation ratio for P in Si in the temperature interval 380 degC to 650 degC. Using P from the sublimation of GaP, the values determined are approximately a factor of 10 less than those previously reported using evaporation from a P-doped Si source. Even at the lowest growth temperature, the deposited P is electrically active, so these results are applicable to device fabrication processes
Systemic administration of kainic acid differentially regulates the levels of prodynorphin and proenkephalin mRNA and peptides in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract The effects of systemic kainic acid (KA) administration on hippocampal levels of prodynorphin and proenkephalin mRNA, as well as opioid peptides derived from these precursors, were evaluated. A single subcutaneous injection of KA induced a range of seizure states, from mild wet dog shakes to generalized motor seizures. Northern blot analysis of hippocampal mRNA revealed an increase in both prodynorphin and proenkephalin mRNA levels which corresponded to the intensity of the convulsions. Conversely, hippocampal levels of immunoreactive dynorphin A(1–8) and [Met]5-enkephalin were decreased as a function of seizure frequency and intensity. The time course of KA-induced alterations in prodynorphin and proenkephalin mRNA and peptide levels was also investigated. Hippocampal prodynorphin mRNA levels rose at a dramatic rate. At 3 h following KA administration, mRNA levels were maximally elevated approximately 13-fold. The levels decreased over a 48 h period, eventually reaching control values. In contrast, proenkephalin mRNA levels increased more slowly. At 24 h, a maximal 24-fold increase was observed. At 72 h after injection, proenkephalin mRNA levels were still slightly elevated. In the same experiment, immunoreactive enkephalin peptide levels, although somewhat decreased at 3–12 h, began to increase between 12 and 24 h after injection, and were still rising at 72 h. In marked contrast, immunoreactive dynorphin peptide levels ranged from 40% to 80% of control values at all times tested. These data suggest that KA administration has a profound differential effect on the synthesis of prodynorphin and proenkephalin mRNA and on the release of opioid peptides derived from these precursors in the hippocampus.
RNA localization: visualization in real-time

RNA localization during development is required for proper sorting of developmental determinants. Direct visualization of endogenous transcribed RNA is now possible and should provide new insights into how this process occurs.
Values for timed limb coordination tests in a sample of healthy older adults

Background: timed limb coordination tests are reliable measures of motor performance but many lack published reference values. Objective: to determine mean values for timed tests in an older cohort, examining associations with anthropometric characteristics, handedness, gender and age. Design: cross-sectional. Setting: community. Subjects: sixty-nine healthy adults divided into three groups: 60–69, 70–79 and 80+ years. Methods: height, weight and time to complete five repetitions of finger-to-nose, pronation–supination, mass grasp, opposition and heel-on-shin were recorded. Performances were statistically compared with anthropometric characteristics, handedness and across age groups and gender. Results: for all tests, height negatively correlated with speed (r=�0.26 to �0.41). Weight negatively correlated with performance of two tests (r=�0.25 to �0.35). When covariates were controlled, men performed heel-on-shin faster than women. The youngest group completed upper extremity tests faster than the oldest. Adults in their 70 s completed fingerto-nose and pronation–supination faster than persons aged 80+ years. Conclusions: we report mean values for five clinical tests of timed limb coordination that may aid in identifying mild deficits in otherwise healthy older adults.
Evaluation of two rapid antigen assays, BioStar Strep A OIA and Pacific Biotech CARDS O.S., and culture for detection of group A streptococci in throat swabs.

Two rapid methods, BioStar Strep A OIA (OIA; BioStar, Inc., Boulder, Colo.), an optical immunoassay, and CARDS O.S. (O.S.; Pacific Biotech, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), a color immunochromographic assay, and two culture methods, one with 5% sheep blood agar (SBA) and one with Todd-Hewitt broth (TH; Remel, Lenexa, Kans.), were evaluated for use in the detection of Streptococcus pyogenes from pharnygeal swabs. Seven hundred forty-six double swabs (Culturette II) were processed, with OIA and SBA culture performed on one swab and O.S. and SBA culture performed on the other swab. The pledget from the Culturette II was incubated overnight in TH and was subcultured onto SBA for an additional 48 h in ambient air. All beta-hemolytic streptococci from culture were tested by a direct fluorescent-antibody test (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.). Specimens with discordant fluorescent-antibody test and rapid test results were also tested by using the Streptex latex agglutination reagent (Murex Diagnostics Limited, Dartford, England). The results obtained by all testing methods were compared with a combined test result ("gold standard"), which was defined as any positive culture detected by the SBA or TH culture methods and confirmed by Streptex latex agglutination or, in the case of negative results by both culture methods, a concomitant positive result by OIA and O.S. antigen testing. Sensitivity and specificity results for each of the methods were as follows, respectively: OIA, 81.0 and 97.5%; O.S., 74.4 and 99.0%; SBA culture, 92.3 and 98.3%; and TH culture, 86.4 and 100%. Both OIA and O.S. are suitable screening methods for detecting S. pyogenes directly from throat swabs but are of insufficient sensitivity to eliminate the need for backup cultures for specimens with negative OIA and O.S. results.
A mathematical comment on the formulae for the aggregation index and the shape index

Ina recent paper [Landscape Ecol. 15: 591–601 (2000)] He et al. describedanaggregation index AI i to measure pixelaggregation within a single class i. We show that thecommonly used shape index SI i is related to theproposed aggregation metric as SI i =Φ(A i) +AI i(1 −Φ(A i)), withΦ(A i) dependent on class areaA i only. Moreover, it is shown that thenormalized shape index, SI i *,equals (1 − AI i). We conclude thatAI i does not provide any information notprovided by SI i, orSI i *.
Vitamin Concentration and Function of Leukocytes from Dairy Calves Supplemented with Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and β-Carotene In Vitro

Blood neutrophils and pulmonary alveolar macrophages, isolated from calves at 3 and 6 wk of age, were cultured in medium without added vitamins or supplemented with 100 micrograms/dl of vitamin A, 1000 micrograms/dl of vitamin E, 100 micrograms/dl of vitamin A plus 1000 micrograms/dl of vitamin E, or .25 micrograms/dl of beta-carotene plus 1000 micrograms/dl of vitamin E. Macrophage bactericidal activity improved with supplementation of vitamins A plus E compared with supplementation of beta-carotene plus E or vitamin E at wk 3. Neutrophil bactericidal activity decreased with all vitamin E treatments at wk 3 and with vitamins E or A plus E at wk 6. Neutrophil phagocytosis improved at wk 3 with supplementations of vitamins A, E, and A plus E. The chemotactic index improved with beta-carotene and vitamin E compared with vitamin E alone at wk 3 and at wk 6 with vitamin E compared with vitamin A and control treatments. Retinol content of neutrophils varied at wk 3, but, by wk 6, cells supplemented with vitamins A, E, or A plus E had greater retinol concentrations than control cells. Neutrophil alpha-tocopherol concentrations at wk 3 increased from those of controls with supplementation of vitamin E or beta-carotene and vitamin E, but, at wk 6, vitamin E-supplemented cells were different only from vitamin A-supplemented cells. These data suggest that optimal plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E exist for leukocyte function.
Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and lyme disease risk by deer exclusion

The effect of deer exclosures upon the numbers of immature Ixodes scapularis Say, the vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States, was examined at five sites in Westchester County, NY. Study areas ranged in size from 6 to 101 ha where deer had been excluded for a period of 25 yr by > 2.4-m-high fencing that surrounded each site. A total area of 40,506 m2 was drag-sampled during the study to measure tick abundance. Nymphal densities (ticks per 1,000 m2) averaged 4.6 (range, 1.3-9.6) inside exclosures and 27.7 (range, 7.3-79.4) outside. Larval densities averaged 36.7 (range, 1.2-132.1) inside exclosures and 354.4 (range, 7.5-914.5) outside. Comparisons between exclosure sites and outside areas immediately adjacent to the exclosure fence, where deer had unrestricted access, revealed that exclosures had 83% fewer host-seeking nymphs and 90% fewer host-seeking larvae. Tick numbers inside exclosures did not always decline with increasing distance from the fence. There was no significant difference in the rate of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner infection for host-seeking ticks collected inside (20%, n = 50) exclosures compared with ticks collected outside (26%, n = 50) exclosures. Deer fencing may provide a means of significantly reducing the abundance of I. scapularis and the risk of Lyme disease in relatively large areas without the need to reduce or eliminate the deer population.
Teaching Excellence for All Our Students

Education has the power to change the world. We wrote this article in the spirit of the hope embodied by the election of President Obama and the critical need for improved teaching to benefit all the nation's students. This article offers a synthesis of the characteristics of excellent teaching for the diverse student population. This article offers a definition of accomplished teaching and explores the need for teacher accountability for student achievement and empowerment, belief in teaching excellence and the potential of each student, the use of a theory of learning and intelligence, content expertise and the ability to connect to students' lived experiences, and a particular pedagogical expertise that uses effort to build confidence and learning success. The article concludes by offering concrete strategies to realize these principles. The need to invest in shared learning about accomplished teaching and our diverse student population, the need to empower students and families and the need to communi...
Accurate and comprehensive sequencing of personal genomes

As whole-genome sequencing becomes commoditized and we begin to sequence and analyze personal genomes for clinical and diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to understand what constitutes a complete sequencing experiment for determining genotypes and detecting single-nucleotide variants. Here, we show that the current recommendation of ∼30× coverage is not adequate to produce genotype calls across a large fraction of the genome with acceptably low error rates. Our results are based on analyses of a clinical sample sequenced on two related Illumina platforms, GAII(x) and HiSeq 2000, to a very high depth (126×). We used these data to establish genotype-calling filters that dramatically increase accuracy. We also empirically determined how the callable portion of the genome varies as a function of the amount of sequence data used. These results help provide a "sequencing guide" for future whole-genome sequencing decisions and metrics by which coverage statistics should be reported.
Phased implementation of electronic health records through an office of clinical transformation.

Evidence suggests that when carefully implemented, health information technologies (HIT) have a positive impact on behavior, as well as operational, process, and clinical outcomes. Recent economic stimulus initiatives have prompted unprecedented federal investment in HIT. Despite strong interest from the healthcare delivery community to achieve 'meaningful use' of HIT within a relatively short time frame, few best-practice implementation methodologies have been described. Herein we outline HIT implementation strategies at an academic health center with an office of clinical transformation. Seven percent of the medical center's information technology budget was dedicated to the Office of Clinical Transformation, and successful conversion of 1491 physicians to electronic-based documentation was accomplished. This paper outlines the process re-design, end-user adoption, and practice transformation strategies that resulted in a 99.7% adoption rate within 6emonths of the introduction of digital documentation.
Listening from Silence: Inner Composure and Engagement

The Indian-America philosopher Sri Chinmoy Ghose has distinguished between outer silence, inner silence, and innermost silence. In this paper I explore these distinctions and their educational relevance. My main conclusions are that (a) a deep inner silence, undistracted by questions or other thoughts, is at the root of one paradigm kind of good listening in education, and (b) what Chinmoy refers to as “innermost silence” is the moral virtue of receptivity to others that sustains inner silence, even under challenging conditions, a virtue of importance in teaching and in learning from others.
Dietary sodium bicarbonate for high-producing Holstein cows over complete lactations.

Abstract Several concentrates with sodium bicarbonate (experimental) were compared with the same concentrates without sodium bicarbonate (control) throughout two lactations. During first lactation, two control concentrates were used in sequence in one comparison and three in another. Toward the end of first lactation, sodium bicarbonate was increased from 1.5 to 2.5% in concentrates, and that concentration was continued throughout the second lactation. During second lactation high-moisture corn with soybean meal was one concentrate; the other included half high-moisture barley and half dry corn and soybean meal. Fifty-two and 60 lactations of cows fed control and experimental rations contributed feed intake and production data. Ninety-four and 95 lactations of cows fed control or experimental rations contributed 305-day, mature-equivalent production data over three lactations. Inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in these rations had little effect on feed consumption, milk production, fat content of milk, efficiency of milk production, or change of body weight. The kind of concentrate did not alter the effect of sodium bicarbonate. Cows consuming control rations produced 8898 kg milk with 312 kg fat (305-day mature equivalent). Cows using bicarbonate produced 8972 kg milk with 312 kg fat.
Angiotensin II-induced growth effects in vascular smooth muscle in cell culture and in the aortic tunica media in organ culture.

Several different studies have investigated the growth effects of angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. However, smooth muscle cells change their phenotype when placed in culture. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of angiotensin II on 3 H-thymidine and 3 H-proline incorporation in vascular smooth muscle cells in culture and in the tunica media of blood vessels perfused at normal physiological pressures in organ culture, thus avoiding the phenotypic changes observed in cell culture. The perfusion system consisted of a peristaltic pump and a closed circuit of plastic tubing connected to a culture media bottle where thoracic rat aortae were placed. Angiotensin II induced an increase in 3 H-thymidine and 3 H-proline incorporation in both culture systems. The results suggest that angiotensin II may play a role in mediating cell growth in vascular smooth muscle cells in their ‘contractile’ as well as in their ‘synthetic’ phenotype.
Soliciting Individual Change in an Interpersonal Setting: The Case of Racially or Sexually Offensive Language:

As the battleground against racism and sexism moves from change in legal and regulatory systems to change in interpersonal and cultural habits, a greater understanding of the interactions among those who challenge patterns of behavior they consider offensive and those who defend that behavior should be particularly useful. This article reports the results of a heuristic qualitative analysis of two dialogues in which some discussants sought to persuade others to cease their usage of language that the former considered racially or sexually offensive. The discussions occurred on a computer-based hotline devoted to exploring cross-cultural issues. The investigation sought to determine what were the interpersonal dynamics in the persuasion effort, and how might the persuasion efforts have been more effective. An analysis was conducted of the two dialogues based on persuasion theory and its variants—psychological reactance, cognitive dissonance, impression management, and minority influence theories-and supplem...
Monitoring software requirements using instrumented code

Ideally, software is derived from requirements whose properties have been established as good. However, it is difficult to define and analyze requirements. Moreover derivation of software from requirements is error prone. Finally, the installation and use of compiled software can introduce errors. Thus, it can be difficult to provide assurances about the state of a software's execution. We present a framework to monitor the requirements of software as it executes. The framework is general, and allows for automated support. The current implementation uses a combination of assertion and model checking to inform the monitor. We focus on two issues: (1) the expression of "suspect requirements", and (2) the transparency of the software and its environment to the monitor. We illustrate these issues with the widely known problems of the Dining Philosophers and the CCITT X.509 authentication. Each are represented as Java programs which are then instrumented and monitored.
Doomed lovers: mechanisms of isolation and incompatibility in plants.

Adaptation to local conditions likely plays an important role in plant diversity and speciation. A fuller understanding of the role of adaptation in speciation requires connecting particular molecular events with selection occurring at individual, population, or community levels. Here I discuss five areas in which we understand the molecular basis of adaptation and isolation sufficiently to begin examining patterns. These examples highlight the importance of understanding both biotic and abiotic factors and the potential overlap between them, and demonstrate that understanding molecular mechanisms aids in interpreting pleiotropy and constraint. For example, mutations affecting anthocyanin production can affect both pollinator visitation and parasite attack, while edaphic adaptation can alter parasite susceptibility and reproductive timing. Adaptation is also implicated in postzygotic incompatibility: Potentially adaptive cytoplasmic divergence can lead to sterility or inviability; hybrid sterility genes m...
Rehearsal in Spatial Working Memory: Evidence From Neuroimaging:

A variety of biological evidence has identified a frontal-parietal circuit underlying spatial working memory for visual stimuli. But the question remains, how do these neural regions accomplish the goal of maintaining location information on-line? We tested the hypothesis that the active rehearsal of spatial information in working memory is accomplished by means of focal shifts of spatial selective attention to memorized locations. Spatial selective attention has been shown to cause changes in the early visual processing of stimuli that appear in attended locations. Thus, the hypothesis of attention-based rehearsal predicts similar modulations of visual processing at memorized locations. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe posterior visual activations during the performance of a spatial working memory task. In line with the hypothesis, spatial rehearsal led to enhanced activation in the early visual areas contralateral to the memorized locations.
Kinetic equivalence of stable-isotope-labeled and unlabeled phenytoin

Stable isotope labeling (SIL) of a drug results in a higher molecular weight than that of the unlabeled drug. SIL tracer doses can be quantitated separately from unlabeled drug by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) without exposing the patient to radiation. The higher molecular weight of SIL drug could cause a higher energy of activation for (and slowing of) metabolic reactions (“isotope effect”). To evaluate possible isotope effect, three dogs and three men were infused with a mixture containing equal amounts of SIL (2-13C-1,3-15N2) and unlabeled phenytoin (PHT). Plasma and urine were collected at regular intervals. Concentrations of SIL and unlabeled PHT and HPPH (the major metabolite of PHT) were determined by GC-MS. Within each subject there was no trend for concentrations of SIL PHT or HPPH to be higher or lower than concentrations of their unlabeled analogs (p > 0.20 to 0.90). There was no difference in the distribution and elimination half-lifes (t½s), volume of distribution, volume of central compartment, or clearance of the two forms of PHT. Thus, no isotope effect was found. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 511–515; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.71
Absence of Pair Binding in the U = Hubbard Model

We consider the standard Hubbard model in the U = ~ hmit. We show that, for any finite lattice with all positive hopping matrix elements, t,j > 0, the ground state energy of the system containing two particles in excess of half filling plus the energy of the system at half filling is never lower than twice the energy of the system with a single extra particle. Similar results are obtained for 'holes' when the lattice is bipartite. As a byproduct, we obtain a simple alternative proof of Tasaki's generalization of the Nagaoka theorem for non-bipartite lattices (but without the uniqueness clause).
The dorsal root ganglia in adrenomyeloneuropathy: Neuronal atrophy and abnormal mitochondria

Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), a disease of spinal cord, brain, adrenal, and testis, mostly affects men with spastic paraparesis or ataxia beginning in their second or third decade. The spinal cord displays bilateral, usually symmetrical, long tract degeneration particularly of the gracile tract in a "dying-back" pattern. The available data strongly indicate that the fundamental lesion in AMN is an axonopathy or neuronopathy. We compared lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from 3 AMN patients to 6 age-matched controls histologically, morphometrically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. There was no apparent neuronal loss, necrosis or apoptosis, nor obvious atrophy; nodules of Nageotte were sparse in both groups. The morphometric studies, however, did reveal neuronal atrophy with a decrease in the number of large neurons and a corresponding increase in neurons less than 2,000 microm2, especially in the 1,500-1,999 microm2 range. No consistent immunohistochemical differences were observed, and no specific cell type appeared to be lost. Many mitochondria in the AMN neurons demonstrated lipidic inclusions; this raises the possibility that, in addition to the well-known peroxisomal defect, impaired mitochondrial function may lead to a failure of ATP-dependent axoplasmic transport in AMN spinal tracts with consequent "dying-back" axonal degeneration. The observation that the DRG parent neurons of the degenerate gracile tracts in AMN undergo atrophy and do not display appreciable evidence of cell death, even at autopsy, provides a wide window of opportunity for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat or prevent this myeloneuropathy.
Size effects on the electronic structure of ErSb nanoparticles embedded in the GaSb(001) surface

The dependence of the electronic structure of ErSb nanoparticles embedded in GaSb(001) surfaces on particle size is investigated by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. By varying growth conditions, the planar dimensions and surface termination of ErSb nanoparticles can be controlled. As the deposition temperature is raised, ErSb nanoparticles become increasingly elongated along the $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{-}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions due to anisotropic surface diffusion. The local density of states is measured by tunneling point spectroscopy. ErSb nanoparticles were found to be semimetallic with no discernible band gap, despite predictions from finite potential quantum confinement calculations that suggest the smallest particles should become semiconducting.
The No-Touch Approach for Operative Treatment of Pilon Fractures to Minimize Soft Tissue Complications

With the no-touch technique, there is no retraction of the soft tissues, with the exception of the initial placement of the K-wires. The use of the no-touch technique can result in a low complication rate.
Outdiffusion of Magnesium from Mg + implanted GaAs

Magnesium implanted at high doses (1×1014cm−2 for a 120keV implant energy) into GaAs diffuses out of the crystal upon annealing. The outdiffusion is reduced, but not eliminated, when rapid thermal annealing is employed rather than furnace annealing. We have investigated various mechanisms that may explain this large outdiffusion. The high vapor pressure of the magnesium is not responsible for the outdiffusion since beryllium, which has a low vapor pressure, also outdiffuses. The presence of oxygen in the anneal ambient mostly leads to significant GaAs surface etching. The etching is more pronounced in the case of shallow energy and high dose implants, which suggests some oxygen- magnesium interaction mechanism. A high level of damage at the GaAs surface in the case of shallow magnesium implantation at high dose may also favor rapid outdiffusion of interstitial magnesium.
India: The Road to Inclusive Growth

In 2010, India faced the challenge of achieving the twin goals of double digit GDP growth and inclusive development. Would the Congress party, which won a strong electoral mandate in 2009, be able to achieve these goals in a context of rising internal conflict, fiscal constraints, regional instability and a global economic slowdown?Learning Objective: Introduce students to policy constraints in achieving growth with inclusive development, familiarize students with recent developments in India's economic and business environment, and discuss appropriate policies to achieve double digit growth.
miR-301a expression: A prognostic marker for prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose The diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (CaP) continues to be challenging, as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) appears to be overly sensitive and biopsy is the only reliable method for confirmation. Hence, the goal of the study is to identify a biomarker that could distinguish malignant cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) during the early diagnosis of the disease. Materials and methods A total of 75 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) with matching controls, 4 paired metastatic tumors, 6 fresh tumor tissues and BPH (13 cases) with their clinical diagnosis were selected for this study. Prostate cancer cell lines and normal prostate epithelial cell lines were obtained from ATCC and subjected to phenotypic analysis. Results We observed significant differential expression of miR-301a in CaP samples in comparison to BPH and adjacent benign samples. The overexpression of miR-301a activates the invasion/migration of CaP cells. In contrast, silencing miR-301a expression inhibited the colony-forming ability, adhesion, invasion and migration of CaP cells. Similarly, the overexpression of miR-301a increased cell motility in normal RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells. Our results suggest that miR-301a is differentially expressed between BPH and CaP specimens and that the expression of miR-301a correlates with biochemical recurrence and/or metastasis in CaP patients. Conclusions The expression of miR-301a could be a potential marker for metastasis in CaP patients. Detecting miR-301a expression during diagnosis will avoid wait and watch timelines, thus preventing morbidity.
Bone, nerve, and tendon injuries of the hand in children.

Hand injuries in children involving bones, tendons, and nerves can be expected to progress more quickly and completely than similar injuries in adults. It is important for the physician managing these injuries to be knowledgeable of the principles of hand surgery, particularly as they apply to the growing hand. This discussion reviews the problems resulting from injury to these tissues in the hands of children and indicates the results which might be expected if proper management is carried out.
Unlocking the Origin of Superior Performance of a Si–Ge Core–Shell Nanowire Quantum Dot Field Effect Transistor

The sustained advancement in semiconducting core–shell nanowire technology has unlocked a tantalizing route for making next generation field effect transistor (FET). Understanding how to control carrier mobility of these nanowire channels by applying a gate field is the key to developing a high performance FET. Herein, we have identified the switching mechanism responsible for the superior performance of a Si–Ge core–shell nanowire quantum dot FET over its homogeneous Si counterpart. A quantum transport approach is used to investigate the gate-field modulated switching behavior in electronic current for ultranarrow Si and Si–Ge core–shell nanowire quantum dot FETs. Our calculations reveal that for the ON state, the gate-field induced transverse localization of the wave function restricts the carrier transport to the outer (shell) layer with the pz orbitals providing the pathway for tunneling of electrons in the channels. The higher ON state current in the Si–Ge core–shell nanowire FET is attributed to the...
A novel, integrated forensic microdevice on a rotation-driven platform: Buccal swab to STR product in less than 2 h.

This work describes the development of a novel microdevice for forensic DNA processing of reference swabs. This microdevice incorporates an enzyme-based assay for DNA preparation, which allows for faster processing times and reduced sample handling. Infrared-mediated PCR (IR-PCR) is used for STR amplification using a custom reaction mixture, allowing for amplification of STR loci in 45 min while circumventing the limitations of traditional block thermocyclers. Uniquely positioned valves coupled with a simple rotational platform are used to exert fluidic control, eliminating the need for bulky external equipment. All microdevices were fabricated using laser ablation and thermal bonding of PMMA layers. Using this microdevice, the enzyme-mediated DNA liberation module produced DNA yields similar to or higher than those produced using the traditional (tube-based) protocol. Initial microdevice IR-PCR experiments to test the amplification module and reaction (using Phusion Flash/SpeedSTAR) generated near-full profiles that suffered from interlocus peak imbalance and poor adenylation (significant -A). However, subsequent attempts using KAPA 2G and Pfu Ultra polymerases generated full STR profiles with improved interlocus balance and the expected adenylated product. A fully integrated run designed to test microfluidic control successfully generated CE-ready STR amplicons in less than 2 h (<1 h of hands-on time). Using this approach, high-quality STR profiles were developed that were consistent with those produced using conventional DNA purification and STR amplification methods. This method is a smaller, more elegant solution than current microdevice methods and offers a cheaper, hands-free, closed-system alternative to traditional forensic methods.
Nanoscale topography, semiconductor polarity and surface functionalization: additive and cooperative effects on PC12 cell behavior

This work compares the behavior of PC12 cells on planar and patterned III-nitride materials with nanostructured topographies. Three different materials' compositions containing N-polar and Ga-polar areas are studied: Al0.8Ga0.2N, Al0.7Ga0.3N, and GaN. Surface microscopy and spectroscopy, along with biological assays are used to understand the connection between nanoscopic features, polarity and surface functionalization. All materials are modified using a solution based approach to change their surface composition. The results demonstrate that altering the surface hydrophobicity can be used to generate additive effects with respect to protein adsorption in addition to the cooperative effects observed with respect to planes' polarity and topography. The work also details differences in the release of metal ions from clean and functionalized nanostructured III-polar and N-polar semiconductors in cell culture media, and their relationship to changes in cell response through quantification of cell viability and the production of reactive oxygen species. Our results demonstrate that nanoscale topography can be linked to additional parameters at the cell-semiconductor interface in order to understand and modulate PC12 cell behavior.
The Imprint of Local Labor Markets on Entrepreneurial Performance

We examine the effects of local labor markets on the long-term earnings trajectory of entrepreneurs. Using the 1979-2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a multi-stage str...
CSU East Bay Hack Day: A University hackathon to combat malaria and zika with drones

This paper introduces the CSU East Bay Hack Day event — a hackathon with a theme of drones and disease. This was a 1-day event that introduced California State University (CSU) East Bay students of all skill levels to the problem of combatting mosquito borne illness with land-based and flying drones. Questionnaires were conducted prior to the event, and after it ended, in order to gauge its effectiveness as a teaching tool. This study found that students had an overall increase in interest in science and engineering after participating in the event. It also found that students felt their knowledge increased significantly by participating in East Bay Hack Day. Finally, of all the students surveyed, all but one student stated that they would participate again in a hackathon if given the chance.
Crimes Against Science, Scientists, and Health Professionals

Crimes against science include attacks triggered by ethnicity, religious beliefs, research results, or normal professional behaviors. Persecutions come from governments, institutions, organizations, and individuals. Science continues to be a target because it is: (1) both important, and a powerful force of change; (2) not well understood by the public; (3) portrayed unfavorably; and (4) not well defended by scientists. Science and scientists are defended by organizations, and by individuals who risk their own security. Academic freedom is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the public good, but such freedom has responsibilities that must be recognized. The future is clouded by national instabilities, the intrusion of politics into science, litigation and legislation, and the actions of extremists. As a result, scientists, and other professionals have educational obligations.
2017 Midwest Sociological Society Presidential Address: Trump’s Election, Women’s Marches, and the Enduring Quest for Gender Equity in Politics

ABSTRACTWomen are vastly underrepresented in U.S. elected offices. The United States lags behind most countries in women’s representation—a primary reason being their scarcity as candidates. Past r...
Impact of Scribes on Medical Student Education: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study

Background and objectives Medical scribes are an increasingly popular strategy for reducing clerical burden, but little is known about their effect on medical student education. We aimed to evaluate the impact of scribes on medical students' self-reported learning experience. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods pilot study. Participants were medical students (third and fourth years) on a family medicine clerkship who worked with an attending physician who practiced with a scribe. Students did not work directly with scribes. Scribes charted for attending physicians during encounters that did not involve a student. Outcomes were three 7-point Likert scale questions about teaching quality and an open-ended written reflection. Qualitative data was analyzed using a constant comparative method and grounded theory approach. Results A total of 16 medical students returned at least one questionnaire, yielding 28 completed surveys. Students reported high satisfaction with their learning experience and time spent face-to-face with their attending, and found scribes nondisruptive to their learning. Major themes of the open-ended reflections included more time for teaching and feedback, physicians who were less stressed and more attentive, appreciation for a culture of teamwork, and scribes serving as an electronic health records (EHR) resource. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effect of scribes on medical student education from the students' perspective. Our findings suggest that scribes may allow for greater teaching focus, contribute to a teamwork culture, and serve as an EHR resource. Scribes appear to benefit medical students' learning experience. Larger and more rigorous studies are needed.
Another Perspective on Tasks in School Social Work

A study of school social workers in Florida obtained a picture of their readiness to delegate responsibilities to those with lesser education
The Use of Anatomical Knowledge in Medical Imaging: An Overview of the University of Washington Structural Informatics Group

The purpose of medical imaging is to provide information about the physical organization of the body. Structural informatics is a subdiscipline of medical informatics concerned with the development of methods for representing, managing, visualizing and utilizing information about the physical organization of the body. Therefore, the tools of structural informatics should be useful for medical image management and analysis. In the University of Washington Structural Informatics Group we are attempting to develop a knowledge base of gross anatomy as one form of structural information, and to use this knowledge base to develop practical applications in clinical medicine, education and research. The applications we are currently working on include the Digital Anatomist, an information system in anatomy, and the UW Human Brain Project, an information system for brain mapping. These projects give rise to structural informatics research in the areas of image understanding, graphics, artificial intelligence, and multi-media databases. These projects and research areas are summarized, along with their relevance to medical image databases. We conclude that a knowledge base of anatomy will become an essential component, not only for medical image databases, but also for other forms of medical image analysis as well.
Expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions on quantitatively inherited traits from interspecific matings of oat (Avena sativa L. and A. sterilis L.)

87 INTRODUCTION 88 MATERIALS AND METHODS 90 Materials 90 Field Evaluation 93 Statistical Analyses 94 RESULTS 97 DISCUSSION 104 REFERENCES CITED 109 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 111 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES CITED 115 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 125
Cellular infrastructure and metabolic organization.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the suborganelle cytoplasm of animal cells. Cytoplasmic organization is much more extensive than the usual paradigm of cell structure and function. More or less spatially independent organelles are conventionally believed to be embedded in a viscous, highly concentrated, homogeneous solution commonly referred to as the cytosol which has also been considered to contain many of the enzymes of intermediary metabolism, the soluble enzymes. Cytosol was coined essentially as the 105,000 g supernatant obtained from centrifugation of homogenates. However, it soon was used to describe the volume among cytoplasmic structures in intact cells, and the majority of contemporary biologists often equate the in vitro and in vivo cytosols. Cytologists of the early 20th century recognized and usually emphasized the gel nature of cytoplasm. Much was made of sol-gel transformations in certain cellular (cytoplasmic) properties, but little connection was made during that period between the structure of cytoplasm and the metabolism that took place.
Public Infrastructure: Highways

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), a landmark act of 1991, will have a major impact on the economic and environmental health of the Great Plains states, as will other ground transportation issues of the future.
Distributed Energy Resources Takes Center Stage: A Renewed Spotlight on the Distribution Planning Process

The power system is currently undergoing a major transition, with increasing levels of renewable resources being connected to the grid and displacing conventional generation. Many of these resources are connecting not to the transmission system, as had been the convention in the past, but directly to the distribution system in the form of distributed energy resources (DERs). With the introduction of DERs, the entire distribution planning process, functions, and objectives have been put in the spotlight. The industry has put a renewed focus on the methods and tools used to plan the system and how it should evolve in the future to incorporate higher levels of DERs.
EEG-based functional connectivity to analyze motor recovery after stroke: A pilot study

Abstract In this paper, we introduce electroencephalography (EEG)- PDC based network connectivity average mean degrees (E-PDC) measure to analyze the interhemispheric interaction between the left and right motor cortices after stroke. E-PDC uses a graph and partial directed coherence (PDC) approach to quantify the directional functional connectivity between the motor cortices, which is not only altered after stroke but also is one of the important mechanisms linked with poor recovery of hand function. The brain activity between the two motor cortices is calculated via PDC and is used to form a graph. The PDC based network connectivity average mean degree of connectivity defined over this graph is defined as the E-PDC, which quantifies the directional connectivity between the two motor cortices. We preliminarily validated the novel E-PDC measure with three individuals with stroke, where one individual received a non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) intervention and the other two received sham-NIBS intervention. Unlike the two individuals who received sham-NIBS, the individual who received the NIBS intervention showed improvement in E-PDC after intervention, which strongly correlated with improvement in hand function after intervention (Fugl Meyer Upper Extremity Subscale and grip strength). This implies that the introduced E-PDC measure quantifies the interactions between the motor cortices and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanism in restoring hand function after stroke.