cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision analysis to define the optimal management of athletes with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to use decision analysis to evaluate the impact of varying uncertainties on the outcomes of patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery. Methods Two separate decision analysis models were created: one for anomalous left coronary artery (ALCA) and one for anomalous right coronary artery (ARCA). Three strategies were compared: observation, exercise restriction, and surgery. Probabilities and health utilities were estimated on the basis of existing literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Surgery was the optimal management strategy for patients Conclusions The optimal management in anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery depends on multiple factors, including individual patient characteristics. Decision analysis provides a tool to understand how these characteristics affect the outcomes with each management strategy and thus may aid in the decision making process for a particular patient.
Nonlinear Birth-Death-Migration Models

Consider generalizing the single-population models with nonlinear kinetics given in Chapters 6 and 7 to the multiple population case. Chapters 13 and 14 consider two general models, very different from one another, to illustrate the application of the methodology introduced in Chapter 9 to various multi-population models with nonlinear rates.
Steep Cliff Arguments

In recent philosophical debates a number of arguments have been used which have so much in common that it is useful to study them as having a similar structure. Many arguments – Searle's Chinese Room, for example – make use of thought experiments in which we are told a story or given a narrative context such that we feel we are in comfortable surroundings. A new notion is then introduced which clashes with our ordinary habits and associations. As a result, we do not bother to investigate seriously the new notion any further. I call such an arrangement, which is perhaps a variation of the fallacy of presumption, a Steep Cliff argument. One remedy for the misdirection of a Steep Cliff argument is to tell a counterstory from the point of view of the rejected notion.
Riparian Processes and Interactions

Abstract The streamside (riparian) environment adjacent to the open channel is the principal interface between the land and stream and controls the flux of materials and energy between the two systems. We present methods for assessing riparian processes and their impact on streams at the scales of reaches and segments, through measurement of the attenuation by shading of solar radiation reaching the stream; the input, transfer, and processing of coarse organic matter; the transfer of dissolved organic matter and nutrients to the stream; and the fluxes of energy and nutrients involving reciprocal interactions. This information is used to determine pathways within, into, and out of the riparius; discriminate between allochthonous and autochthonous pathways in stream food webs at specific sites; determine the effect of alterations, such as deforestation and agricultural practices, on riparian–stream processes; and compare riparian zone processes in different ecoregions.
The effect of emerald ash borer-caused tree mortality on the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle and their combined effects on tree and shrub seedlings

Invasive insects and plants are major threats to the health and viability of North American forests. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (EAB) may cause extensive changes to forest composition due to rapid ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality. Invasive shrubs like Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) may benefit from EAB and have negative effects on woody seedlings. We predict that ash mortality has positive effects on seedling abundance, recruitment, and survival, but that these effects are influenced by L. maackii basal area and/or cover. We sampled 16 sites, representing a chronosequence of ash mortality throughout western Ohio. We tested whether L. maackii growth and fecundity varied in relation to ash decline. We also investigated effects of ash decline, stand basal area (BA), L. maackii BA and percent cover on woody seedling abundance, recruitment, and survival using linear mixed models evaluated with Akaike’s Information Criterion. These same responses were also investigated for four seedling groups: L. maackii, invasive plants (excluding L. maackii), shade tolerant natives, and shade intolerant natives. We found a significant positive relationship between ash decline and L. maackii BA growth. Lower seedling species richness corresponded with greater L. maackii BA and better ash condition. Greater L. maackii BA was also associated with lower seedling abundance and recruitment, as well as abundance and recruitment of shade-tolerant species, and recruitment of shade-intolerant species. Sites with poorer ash condition and greater L. maackii BA had more L. maackii seedlings. These findings indicate that the negative effects of L. maackii are more important to future forest composition than ash decline; however ash decline increases L. maackii growth, hence exacerbating the effects of this invasive shrub.
Preoperative Prealbumin Level as a Predictor of Outcomes in Patients Who Underwent Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Malnutrition has been associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients who undergo cardiac surgery. However, many measurements of malnutrition have been inadequate prognostic markers. In this study, we sought to determine whether low preoperative serum prealbumin level was associated with morbidity and mortality in patients who underwent continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation. From November 2003 to March 2016, 526 patients with chronic heart failure underwent implantation of a CF-LVAD (HeartMate II, n = 403; HeartWare HVAD, n = 123). Our cohort comprised the 317 CF-LVAD recipients whose records included the preoperative serum prealbumin level. These patients were divided into 2 groups: those with a normal preoperative serum prealbumin level (>17 g/dL) and those with hypoprealbuminemia (≤17 g/dL). These groups were then compared with regard to preoperative demographics, incidence of postoperative complications, long-term survival rate, and cause of death. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with a low preoperative prealbumin level had significantly decreased survival rates at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months (p
A truly Arctic city: an introduction to the special issue on the city of Norilsk, Russia

In popular imagination, the Arctic is frequently perceived as a vast, desolate, and undeveloped region with predominantly indigenous population and isolated clusters of resource extraction and mili...
A Logic Programming View of Authorization in Distributed Systems

An approach to authorization that is based on attributes of the resource requester provides flexibility and scalability that is essential in the context of large distributed systems. Logic programming provides an elegant, expressive, and well-understood framework in which to work with attribute-based authorization policy. We summarize one specific attribute-based authorization framework built on logic programming: RT, a family of Role-based Trust-management languages. RT’s logic programming foundation has facilitated the conception and specification of several extensions that greatly enhance its expressivity with respect to important security concepts such as parameterized roles, thresholds, and separation of duties. After examining language design issues, we consider the problem of assessing authorization policies with respect to vulnerability of resource owners to a variety of security risks due to delegations to other principals, risks such as undesired authorizations and unavailability of critical resources. We summarize analysis techniques for assessing such vulnerabilities.
Kinetic Resistance, Regrowth Resistance, and Multidrug Resistance in the Treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

When kinetic resistance to treatment is considered, the focus is almost invariably on the relationship between the proliferative rate of the leukemia cells and “classical” drug resistance (the inability of cytotoxic therapy to kill leukemia cells) [1]. While there is a general relationship between the response to remission induction therapy of AML and cell proliferative rates (Table 1) [2], the concept that the higher the proliferative rate the greater the sensitivity of leukemia cells to cytotoxic agents has proven to be simplistic.
State-space models of mental processes from fMRI

In addition to functional localization and integration, the problem of determining whether the data encode some information about the mental state of the subject, and if so, how this information is represented has become an important research agenda in functional neuroimaging. Multivariate classifiers, commonly used for brain state decoding, are restricted to simple experimental paradigms with a fixed number of alternatives and are limited in their representation of the temporal dimension of the task. Moreover, they learn a mapping from the data to experimental conditions and therefore do not explain the intrinsic patterns in the data. In this paper, we present a data-driven approach to building a spatio-temporal representation of mental processes using a state-space formalism, without reference to experimental conditions. Efficient Monte Carlo algorithms for estimating the parameters of the model along with a method for model-size selection are developed. The advantages of such a model in determining the mental-state of the subject over pattern classifiers are demonstrated using an fMRI study of mental arithmetic.
Photolytic Labeling and Its Applications in Protein Drug Discovery and Development.

In this mini-review, the major types of photolytic labeling reagents are presented together with their reaction mechanisms. The applications of photolytic labeling in protein drug discovery and development are then discussed; these have expanded from studies of protein-protein interactions in vivo to protein-matrix interactions in lyophilized solids. The mini-review concludes with recommendations for further development of the approach, which include the need for new and more chemically diverse photo-reactive reagents and better understanding of the mechanisms of photolytic labeling reactions in various media.
A Survey on Power Management Techniques for Oversubscription of Multi-Tenant Data Centers

Power management for data centers has been extensively studied in the past 10 years. Most research has focused on owner-operated data centers with less focus on Multi-Tenant Data Centers (MTDC) or colocation data centers. In an MTDC, an operator owns the building and leases out space, power, and cooling to tenants to install their own IT equipment. MTDC’s present new challenges for data center power management due to an inherent lack of coordination between the operator and tenants. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive survey of existing MTDC power management techniques for demand response programs, sustainability, and/or power hierarchy oversubscription. Power oversubscription is of particular interest, as it can maximize resource utilization, increase operator profit, and reduce tenant costs. We create a taxonomy to classify and compare key works. Our taxonomy and review differ from existing works in that our emphasis is on safe power oversubscription, which has been neglected in previous surveys. We propose future research for prediction and control of power overload events in an oversubscribed MTDC.
Enriching MRI mean flow data of inclined jets in crossflow with Large Eddy Simulations

Abstract Measurement techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Velocimety (MRV) and Magnetic Resonance Concentration (MRC) are useful for obtaining 3D time-averaged flow quantities in complex turbulent flows, but cannot measure turbulent correlations or near-wall data. In this work, we use highly resolved Large Eddy Simulations (LES) to complement the experiments and bypass those limitations. Coupling LES and magnetic resonance experimental techniques is especially advantageous in complex non-homogeneous flows because the 3D data allow for extensive validation, creating confidence that the simulation results portray a physically realistic flow. As such we can treat the simulation as data, which “enrich” the original MRI mean flow results. This approach is demonstrated using a cylindrical and inclined jet in crossflow with three distinct velocity ratios, r = 1 , r = 1.5 , and r = 2 . The numerical mesh is highly refined in order for the subgrid scale models to have negligible contribution, and a systematic, iterative procedure is described to set inlet conditions. The validation of the mean flow data shows excellent agreement between simulation and experiments, which creates confidence that the LES data can be used to enrich the experiments with near-wall results and turbulent statistics. We also discuss some mean flow features and how they vary with velocity ratio, including wall concentration, the counter rotating vortex pair, and the in-hole velocity.
Refining social-information processing theory: Predicting maternal and paternal parent-child aggression risk longitudinally.

Abstract Background Clarifying the pathways leading parents to engage in parent-child aggression (PCA) would benefit child abuse prevention efforts during the perinatal period. Objective The present investigation empirically tested whether a social information processing (SIP) model could predict PCA risk from factors assessed in new mothers and fathers. Participants and Setting This study recruited a diverse sample of 201 primiparous mothers in the last trimester of their pregnancy along with 151 fathers. Methods Using a prospective longitudinal study, the hypothesized SIP model was refined statistically using SIP factors measured prenatally to predict PCA risk when their children were 18 months. This refined model was then validated with SIP factors assessed when infants were 6 months to predict PCA risk when toddlers were 18 months. Results In general, findings indicated poor empathy related to greater overreactivity and more negative child behavior attributions. Moreover, approval of PCA use, negative child attributions, less knowledge of non-physical discipline alternatives, and higher child compliance expectations predicted subsequent PCA risk. The proposed SIP model for mothers demonstrated considerable stability. Although SIP processes predicted paternal risk, several SIP relations changed over time for fathers. Conclusions Findings suggest comprehensive theoretical models like SIP theory can guide the specific processes to target for prevention and clarify how processes may be interconnected. SIP processes appear relevant and relatively stable targets for prevention and early intervention, particularly for mothers. SIP processes were applicable for fathers although the model was less consistent, suggesting work in examining paternal PCA risk remains an important research direction.
A Tale of Too Many Agendas: The Recreation of a Teaching Licensure Program:

This case study is useful for leadership for change or leadership theory in education and other disciplines. It describes the process of including multiple stakeholders in a major revision of a lar...
Elliptic integrals, theta functions and elliptic functions

General remarks. Any integral of the type ∫ R \(\left( {z,{Z^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \right)\) is a rational function of x and y and Z is a polynomial of the third or fourth degree in z with real coefficients and no repeated factors is called an elliptic integral.
The Marketing Mix and Hygienic Barbershop Use: A Formative Study:

Background:Previous public health research has demonstrated that barbershop services in Sub-Saharan Africa involve close-shaving styles that may irritate the skin or cause injuries particularly amo...
The sonic turn in music: From music to sound: the emergence of sound in 20th- and 21st-century music, by Makis Solomos, London and New York, Routledge, 2019, 294 pp., $136.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780367192136

Towards the beginning of his compelling book From Music to Sound: The Emergence of Sound in 20th- and 21st-Century Music, Makis Solomos quotes composer Edgar Varese on the status of avant-garde mus...
Outcomes of bypass and endovascular interventions for advanced femoropopliteal disease in patients with premature peripheral artery disease

Abstract Objective Patients with premature peripheral artery disease (PAD), defined as age ≤50 years at presentation, have had poor outcomes with open and endovascular lower extremity revascularization. It is unclear whether either strategy is associated with better outcomes because comparative studies have been limited to case series in this patient population. The aim of the present study was to compare the outcomes of patients with premature PAD who had undergone bypass or endovascular revascularization for advanced femoropopliteal disease. Our hypothesis was that open bypass would provide superior long-term outcomes compared with endovascular intervention for patients with premature advanced femoropopliteal PAD. Methods All the patients with premature PAD who had undergone isolated femoropopliteal lower extremity revascularization and included in the Vascular Quality Initiative infrainguinal bypass and peripheral vascular intervention files were reviewed from 2003 through 2019. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed between patients who had undergone femoropopliteal bypass and endovascular interventions for isolated femoropopliteal Trans-Atlantic Classification System C or D lesions. The 1-year outcomes, including reintervention, patency, major amputation, and mortality, were analyzed. Results Of the 2538 included patients, 902 had undergone isolated femoropopliteal endovascular intervention and 1636 had undergone femoropopliteal bypass. The endovascular intervention group were more likely to have diabetes (68.9% vs 54.0%; P Conclusions For patients with premature PAD and advanced femoropopliteal disease, bypass surgery decreased the reintervention rate at 1 year but was associated with increased perioperative morbidity and hospital length of stay compared with endovascular therapy. No differences were found in major amputation or mortality between the two strategies.
Radio Frequency Interference Detection in Microwave Radiometry Using Density Based Spatial Clustering

In this paper, the problem of detecting radio frequency interference (RFI) in microwave radiometry is addressed. Due to the significant increase in the RFI in natural emissions, an accurate detection method is crucial to retrieve the actual passive sensing measurements. To address this problem, we have proposed a density-based clustering approach that considers both RFI-free and RFI-contaminated radiometer measurements are from different distributions. Further, we have automated the proposed algorithm such that the parameters required for this approach can be extracted from any given data. The evaluation results on simulated data demonstrate improvement over existing RFI detection techniques even in low interference to noise ratio (INR) and low duty cycle (DC) RFI cases.
Race-Specific, U.S. State-Specific COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Adjusted for Age (preprint)

We provide the first age-standardized race/ethnicity-specific, state-specific vaccination rates for the United States, encompassing all states reporting race/ethnicity-specific vaccinations. The data reflect vaccinations through mid-October 2021. We use indirect age standardization to compare racial/ethnic state vaccination rates to national age-specific vaccination patterns. Results show that white and Black state median vaccination rates are, respectively, 89% and 76% of what would be predicted based on age;Hispanic and Native rates are almost identical to what would be predicted;and Asian-American/Pacific Islander rates are 110% of what would be predicted. We also find that racial/ethnic group vaccination rates are associated with state politics, as proxied by 2020 Trump vote share: for each percentage point increase in 2020 Trump vote share, vaccination rates decline by 1.08 percent of what would be predicted based on age. This decline is sharpest for Native American populations, although Native vaccinations are reported for relatively few states.
MCNP6 moving objects part I: Theory

Abstract Various radiation transport simulations pertaining to active and passive interrogation, medical physics, space applications, and other disciplines involve the motion of objects. In some instances radiation is emitted from within an object, while in other cases radiation is incident on an object. In our latest innovation for MCNP6, we introduce the capability to perform self-contained radiation-transport simulations involving moving objects. Object motion is treated using rigid-body kinematics as characterized by rectilinear translation, curvilinear translation, and curvilinear rotation along motion segments. Individual motion segments can be linked together to create complicated paths. Simulations can accommodate the simultaneous motion of up to 1000 moving objects. The moving-objects feature is designed for source-mode (“SDEF”) simulations, and includes the capacity to model moving sources comprised of prompt particles as well as delayed neutrons and gammas. The motion of objects and sources can be simulated by constant velocity, acceleration or deceleration, or simple relocation. In addition, the MCNP6 plot utility has been upgraded to permit animated plots of geometry as it evolves in time. The moving-objects feature may be executed in either serial mode or parallel mode using MPI. In this article we delineate the formulations and code modifications required in MCNP6 to implement the new moving-objects capability. In the companion article we illustrate the capability using several simulations. The moving-objects innovation will bring enhanced realism to simulations that exhibit motion.
The Microscopic Description of Superfluidity

In these lectures I shall discuss the microscopic view of the phenomenon of superfluidity. My aims will be twofold: first, to show how macroscopic superfluid concepts, such as the superfluid velocity and the normal mass density, can be defined microscopically; and second, to show the deep unity underlying the descriptions of the superfluidity of low temperature He4 and the superfluidity of electrons in superconductors.
An analysis of six original Latin jazz compositions and arrangements

OF THE THESIS AN ANALYSIS OF SIX ORIGINAL LATIN JAZZ COMPOSITIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS by Ruben Caban Florida International University, 2011 Miami, Florida Professor Gary Campbell, Major Professor The purpose of this thesis is to examine the cross-cultural fusion of jazz harmony and Afro Caribbean rhythms. These six compositions were chosen for the composers Master's recital to demonstrate how his writing technique was influenced by his cultural and musical experience during his years of study and performance in the United States and abroad. The instrumentation was chosen to exemplify the fusion of the traditional percussive sounds of Latin music with jazz harmony, melody and improvisation. It is important to note that even though one of the compositions, E.T., is not written in a Latin style, it was nonetheless the product of a Puerto Rican composer, and it exemplifies his influences as a cross-cultural composer and soloist. Scores of the six musical works are provided in an Appendix, and a live recording of the recital is included.
Studies in cystic fibrosis: determination of sweat electrolytes in situ with direct reading electrodes.

An evaluation is made of newly developed specific-ion electrodes for determining sodium and chloride on the skin surface following the stimulation of the sweat glands by pilocarpine iontophoresis. This procedure offers a rapid (5 to 6 minutes), convenient, and safe means for large-scale cystic fibrosis screening programs for screening infants and children. Caution is urged in the evaluation of the reading since a failure to sweat may result in a misleading value.
A Scientific Kokopelli

My Life in Science . Sydney Brenner, Errol C. Friedberg, and Eleanor Lawrence, Eds. BioMed Central, London, 2001. 197 pp. Paper, $21, £14.99. ISBN 0-9540278-0-9. This enjoyable, informative, and accessible account of the life and research of one of the most influential biologists of the 20th century was prepared from a video-taped autobiography that Brenner told to Lewis Wolpert.
Acquired stuttering: Descriptive data and treatment outcome.

Abstract Acquired stuttering, as opposed to the more common developmental stuttering, usually has a sudden onset following some form of cerebral insult (i.e., head trauma CVA, etc.). Previous reports have generally been anecdotal or with a relatively small number of subjects. This study obtained biographical, dysfluency characteristics, etiology, treatment type, and therapy outcome information on 81 acquired stutterers throughout the United States. Data suggest that acquired stutterers respond well to mainstream therapeutic procedures.
Water and solute binding by proteins: II. Denaturants

Abstract Using a simple theory of solvent and solute binding by proteins previously published, the binding of water, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride by egg albumin has been estimated. Above concentrations of about 5 m of both denaturants, it is calculated that 1 mole of egg albumin binds 32 to 33 moles of urea or of guanidine hydrochloride. Both urea and guanidine hydrochloride act as dehydrating agents for egg albumin. In concentrated guanidine hydrochloride solutions, a mole of egg albumin binds about 40 moles of water, whereas in the presence of urea it is calculated that a mole of egg albumin binds about 90 moles of water.
Spatial Price Equilibrium Models with Discriminatory Ad Valorem Tariffs: Formulation and Comparative Computation Using Variational Inequalities

Ad valorem tariffs are a trade policy instrument used by nearly all nations to restrict imports of a wide variety of commodities. Recent emphasis on tariffication as a means of trade liberalization underscores the importance of appropriately incorporating discriminatory ad valorem tariffs (tariffs imposed by the importing country that vary according to the exporting country) into spatial economic models. Both the recently-approved North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations specify tariffication as a mechanism to lower trade barriers.
Matching data fragments with imperfect identifiers from disparate sources

The Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC-II) Database includes waveforms and derived parameters from bedside monitors, clinical data from an ICU information system, and data from other hospital laboratories and archives, for thousands of patients. These data come from devices under separate domains that often do not retain detailed information regarding relationships between parameters. We developed software for matching data fragments with incomplete and sometimes incorrect identifiers. We found that names, medical record numbers, waveform times and durations, and ICU admission and discharge records were most helpful when available; however, physiological data can also be used in some circumstances. Rule-based normalization and text edit-distance metrics are used in addition to a visual verification tool for patients whose records cannot be assembled automatically. Thus, a majority of the available waveform recordings are matched to patients in the clinical database.
Time Is Right to Revise the Texas Insanity Defense: An Essay

In light of three Texas cases involving Andrea Yates, Deanna Laney, and Dena Schlosser, this essay discusses the Texas insanity defense and its application. It sets forth a brief history of the Texas insanity defense, discusses some legislative fine-tuning accomplished in 2005, and proposes and analyzes several alternative options that would, if enacted, modernize the Texas insanity defense so that it could better comport with modern medical science and become a useful tool in the Texas criminal justice system. In addition, a more modern or appropriate test for insanity would provide meaningful guidance to prosecutors in ascertaining whether to pursue a prosecution in a particular case or, instead, be more amenable to agreeing to an insanity finding.
Finite-Temperature Micromagnetics of Hysteresis for Misaligned Single Iron Nanopillars

We present micromagnetic results for the hysteresis of a single magnetic nanopillar that is misaligned with respect to the applied magnetic field. We provide results for both a one-dimensional stack of magnetic rotors and of full micromagnetic simulations. The results are compared with the Stoner-Wohlfarth model.
Large Scale Frequent Pattern Mining Using MPI One-Sided Model

In this paper, we propose a work-stealing runtime -- Library for Work Stealing LibWS -- using MPI one-sided model for designing scalable FP-Growth -- de facto frequent pattern mining algorithm -- on large scale systems. LibWS provides locality efficient and highly scalable work-stealing techniques for load balancing on a variety of data distributions. We also propose a novel communication algorithm for FP-growth data exchange phase, which reduces the communication complexity from state-of-the-art a#x0398;(p) to a#x0398;(f + p/f), for p processes and f frequent attributed-ids. FP-Growth is implemented using LibWS and evaluated on several work distributions and support counts. An experimental evaluation of the FP-Growth on LibWS using 4096 processes on an InfiniBand Cluster demonstrates excellent efficiency for several work distributions (91% efficiency for Power-law and 93% for Poisson). The proposed distributed FP-Tree merging algorithm provides 38x communication speedup on 4096 cores.
Cost-effectiveness of strategies for testing current hepatitis C virus infection.

Six strategies for identifying hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia, involving testing for HCV antibody (HCVAb) followed by a nucleic acid test (NAT) for HCV RNA when the antibody test is positive, are compared. Decision analysis was used to determine mean relative cost per person tested and outcomes of HCV viremia detection. Parameters included proportions of test population with HCVAb and viremia plus specificity, sensitivity, and cost of individual tests. For testing a population with an HCVAb seroprevalence of 3.25%, all strategies when adopting quantitative NAT vary little in cost (range, $29.50-$30.70) and are highly viremia specific (≥0.9997). Four of the strategies using venipuncture blood for HCVAb testing (whether laboratory conducted or employing a rapid, point-of-care assay) and for NAT (whether done by reflex or using separately drawn blood) achieve the highest viremia sensitivities (range, 0.9950-0.9954). Point-of-care HCVAb testing in fingerstick blood followed by NAT in venipuncture blood yields relatively lower viremia sensitivity (0.9301). The strategy that requires returning for NAT is even less viremia sensitive (<0.9000) because of follow-up loss. Strategies adopting qualitative rather than quantitative NAT are slightly cheaper (range, $28.90-$29.99), similarly viremia specific (≥0.9997), but less viremia sensitive (≤0.9456). Viremia sensitivity and specificity remain the same regardless of the proportion of HCVAb-seropositive persons in the cohort being tested. Conclusions: Strategies involving HCVAb testing in venipuncture blood, whether laboratory conducted or using a point-of-care assay, when followed by quantitative NAT done reflexively or in separately drawn blood, are comparably economical and suitably viremia sensitive. Less cost-effective is point-of-care HCVAb testing in fingerstick blood followed by NAT in venipuncture blood. Least cost-effective is the strategy requiring the tested person to return for NAT. (Hepatology 2015;62:1396–1404)
Expression and plasticity of glutamate receptors in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON) produce and release the hormones vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) in response to a variety of stimuli to regulate body water and salt, parturition and lactation. Hormone release is influenced by the pattern of neuronal firing of these MNCs, which, in turn, is governed by intrinsic conductances and synaptic inputs, including those mediated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. Functional and molecular evidence has confirmed the expression of AMPA-, NMDA-, and metabotropic-type glutamate receptors in the SON, that together may orchestrate the effects of glutamatergic transmission on neuroendocrine function. However, the specific roles of the different subtypes of glutamate receptors is not yet clear. As with other central neurons, the subunit composition of glutamate receptors on MNCs will likely determine their properties and may potentially help define the differential properties of VP- and OT-producing MNCs. Possible functions of glutamate receptors on SON MNCs include altering excitatory synaptic transmission of osmotic information, neuronal firing, hormone production and release, and calcium signaling. Of interest are the anatomical, molecular, and functional changes at glutamatergic synapses in the SON that occur in response to pertinent physiological stimuli or development. These types of plasticity may include changes in glutamatergic synaptic density, glutamate receptor levels, or glutamate receptor subunit expression, all of which can affect the efficiency of synaptic transmission.
Paired Keyboards as a Tool for Internet Exploration of Third Grade Students

This study focuses on the use of paired keyboards attached to a single microcomputer as a means to facilitate internet exploration. A classroom teacher with nineteen years experience and an educator worked with an intact third grade class of twenty-nine public school students. Children worked in pairs, with one child considered as the knowledgeable other who, through interaction with a partner, might extend the partner's Zone of Proximal Development. This type of learning environment allowed for selective intervention among groups which facilitated and accelerated internet exploration and made the experience a much more successful and rewarding one. Interviews along with ongoing weekly observations were employed to examine this scaffolding approach while the students were on-line. The use of paired keyboards become, in a Vygotskian sense, a tool in children's learning. Review of the process indicated that this approach enabled students who were unfamiliar with either computers or the internet to be succes...
Der Harem in Familienblättern des 19. Jahrhunderts: Koloniale Phantasien und Nationale Identität

While German Romantics typically depicted the Orient as the exotic other, contrasting it with an oppressive Germany, family magazines around the time of the formation of the German Empire attempt to invalidate this image as being a projection of the imagination. Invoking the discourse of literary realism, they represent the Orient, the city and the harem in particular, as fascinating only from a distance. By adopting a narrative perspective from inside the cities and harems, the ‘truth’ of Oriental ‘reality’ is unveiled as prosaic and unattractive. The articles thus not only evoke colonialist stereotypes and fantasies of a role for Germany as coloniser, but also articulate by contrast to Oriental reality a project in which Germany could be unified as a nation. On the one hand, the Orient is evoked to educate future generations of German colonisers who are supposed to realise Germany’s assumed responsibility as a colonial power superior to other European nations. On the other hand, the articles appropriate the Orient in the veiled process of the cultural construction of a German national identity and thus serve as a logical extension of a nationalist realism ala Freytag, aiming at the ‘Verburgerlichung’ and domestication of its reading public.
On behavior-based detection of malware on Android platform

Because of exponential growth in smart mobile devices, malware attacks on smart mobile devices have been growing and pose serious threats to mobile device users. To address this issue, we develop a malware detection system, which uses a behavior-based detection approach to deal with the detection of a large number of unknown malware. To accurately detect malware, we examine system calls to capture the runtime behavior of software, which interacts with an operating system and adopt machine learning approaches such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naive Bayes learning schemes to learn the dynamic behavior of software execution. Using real-world malware and benign samples, we conduct experiments on Android devices and evaluate the effectiveness of our developed system in terms of learning algorithms, the size of training set, the length of n-grams, and the overhead in training and detection processes. Our experimental data demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed detection system to detect malware.
Integumental tyrosinase activity in reptiles

Bei Reptilien ist die Tyrosinaseaktivitat am hochsten in der Ruckenhaut. Mit Ausnahme der Schlangenhaut wird sie nach Ultrazentrifugation im Sediment gefunden. Der Einbau der Carboxylgruppe des Tyrosins in Melanin verlauft ahnlich wie bei andern Vertebraten. In der Haut finden sich vermutlich Tyrosinase-Inhibitoren.
Fluorescence energy transfer monitored competitive equilibria of nucleic acids: applications in thermodynamics and screening

Precise thermodynamic characterization of nucleic acid complex stability is required to understand a variety of biologically significant events as well as to exploit the specific recognition capabilities of nucleic acids in biotechnology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The development of a database of nucleic acid thermodynamics with sufficient precision to foster further developments in these areas requires new and improved measurement techniques. The combination of a competitive equilibrium titration with fluorescence energy transfer based detection provides a method for precise measurement of differences in free energy values for nucleic acid duplexes that far exceeds in precision those accessible via conventional methods. The method can be applied to detect and to characterize any deviation in a nucleic acid that alters duplex stability. Such deviations include, but are not limited to, mismatches; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP); chemically modified nucleotide bases, sugars or phosphates; and conformational anomalies or folding motifs, such as, loops or hairpins.
Remote Sensing of Off-Site Downstream Effects of Erosion in Freshwater Lakes and Reservoirs

ABSTRACT Off-site damage from soil erosion in freshwater lakes and reservoirs is an environmental concern worldwide. Suspended sediments are the most visible indicators of off-site damage and a major factor affecting water quality and biological activity in water bodies. A technique is needed to monitor the landscape and locate water bodies with significant suspended sediment concentrations. This paper describes a technique using remote sensing data from environmental satellites to estimate suspended sediment concentrations in lakes and reservoirs. Comparisons of water bodies on multiple Landsat scenes indicate reflectance from surface water is related to suspended sediment concentrations. Using satellite remote sensing, large segments of the landscape could be monitored quickly and efficiently to locate water bodies with significant suspended sediment concentrations. Conservation practices to reduce soil erosion and thus off-site damage from suspended sediments could be planned for the watersheds of wate...
Nocardiosis in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, transplant recipients, and large, geographically defined populations.

To quantify the risk of nocardiosis in various populations, I systematically reviewed articles published between 1966 and 2004. The incidence of nocardiosis in 3 large, geographically defined populations ranged from 0.35 to 0.4 cases per 10 5 persons · year. In contrast, the incidence of nocardiosis among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1 study was 53 nocardiosis cases per 10 5 persons · year, approximately 140 times greater than that in the geographically defined populations. The frequency of nocardiosis cases in 4 populations of HIV-infected people averaged 608 cases per 10 5 persons. The incidence of nocardiosis in bone marrow-transplant recipients at 1 hospital was 128 cases per 10 5 persons · year, an incidence approximately 340 times greater than that in the geographically defined populations and in the same range as in HIV-infected people. The frequency of nocardiosis in 21 series of cases in recipients of a variety of transplanted organs averaged 1122 cases per 10 5 persons. These estimated incidence rates are imprecise because they were not collected through prospective surveillance systems, but the estimates for the 3 groups were internally consistent and provide useful information for clinicians.
90 nm device validation of the use of a single-wafer, high-current implanter for high tilt halo implants

Abstract As CMOS device dimensions shrink, the depths of the halo regions are shrinking and the implant doses used to form these regions are increasing to minimize short-channel effects. Shallow implant depths require lower implant energies, so the beam currents and wafer throughputs on the traditionally used medium-current implanters are starting to drop and become a concern for device manufacturers. In addition, halo implants are typically performed with a high tilt angle of 20–30° and require tight angle control. All of these requirements are leading to increased interest in use of single-wafer, high-current implanters for halo implants. This paper reports the results of a study where 90 nm CMOS transistors had halo implants performed on the Applied Materials’ Quantum® X implanter. A comparison with device wafers whose halos were implanted on a medium-current implanter was also conducted. In addition, the sensitivity of the device parameters to the implant dose and angle was evaluated.
Social and symbolic boundaries in newspaper coverage of music, 1955–2005: Gender and genre in the US, France, Germany, and the Netherlands

Abstract Musical classifications involve symbolic distinctions that are often linked to social categories, including gender. This paper addresses the relationship between social and symbolic boundaries in the US, Germany, France, and the Netherlands by looking at the distribution of media attention to various music genres as well as to male and female actors in newspapers from each country between 1955 and 2005. While the increasing legitimacy of popular music, as indicated by its growing share of newspaper space, seems to signal a decline in traditional musical hierarchies, it does not appear to weaken social boundaries based on gender. Although women often receive more attention in popular music coverage than in classical music coverage, their inclusion appears to be limited to more peripheral genres. In other words, as certain popular genres climb the aesthetic hierarchy, the media attention they receive tends to become more male-dominated. Thus, as musical hierarchies shift and new genres gain legitimacy, social hierarchies based on gender remain intact over time and across the four countries.
Clinical implications of respiratory–swallowing interactions

Purpose of review Swallowing disorders impact the health and quality of millions of lives of patients across the age spectrum. The broad scope of the problem is in contrast to the volume of methods that we have to treat the problem. Investigators are testing interventions that go beyond the swallowing system and are targeting those that cross or overlap with swallowing function. This review will highlight the potential clinical implications of respiratory–swallowing cross-system interaction in health and disease.
MULTIPLE TRAVERSALS OF HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES IN A CYCLOTRON BEAM THROUGH THIN TARGETS

An experimental determination has been made of the average number of times that 340-Mev protons traverse various targets in the Berkeley 184-inch cyclotron. The numbers range from slightly above 1 for a 1-inch thick copper target to about 15 for an aluminum target 0.0015 inch thick. The results are compared with calculated values based on multiple scattering in the target and oscillations of the particles in the cyclotron. It is believed that the results can be adapted to apply to various particles of different energies in the cyclotron. Calculations are made on the energy distribution of beam particles which cause reactions in a target, and distributions are shown for several targets. The selection of targets for the production of high energy neutron beams is discussed. Histograms are presented showing the depth of radial penetration of the 340-Mev proton beam into various targets.
A novel suppressive activity: complementation between a T cell induced with first-order T-suppressor factor and an I-J-restricted antigen-nonspecific T cell.

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that the first-order T-suppressor factor (TsF 1 ) requires the presence of antigen to induce idiotype-specific Ts cells which readily suppress phenyltrimethylamino (TMA) hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses when transferred into already immune recipients. In this study we show that TsF 1 in the absence of antigen induces a splenic population which limits DTH in recipient mice only when an additional accessory lymphoid population was also cotransferred. Neither of these populations alone was sufficient to mediate suppression and depletion of T cells in either population's abrogated suppression, indicating the T-cell dependency of the complementing cell types. Moreover, suppression was seen only when TMA-TsF 1 induced and not normal spleen cell lysate-induced cells were cotransferred with the antigen-induced population, suggesting the requirement for a specific signal to induce the factor-induced population. Further experiments showed that the antigen-induced lymphoid population could be replaced by either heterologous antigen-induced or adjuvant alone-induced splenic populations, indicating the lack of specificity of this secondary population. Further analysis showed that the cell complementation between TMA-TsF 1 -induced and the nonspecific accessory lymphoid population resulted in antigen-specific and genetically restricted immune suppression. The TsF 1 -induced lymphoid population was not responsible for the genetic restriction, and furthermore, there was no restriction observed between the two complementing populations. However, matching of the nonspecific accessory cell with the recipient host at the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex was essential for immune suppression. Finally, the activity of complementing cells was found to be independent of cyclophosphamide-sensitive Ts populations of the recipient mice. The ramifications of these findings with reference to the existing suppressor pathways are discussed.