cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoids for Vocal Fold Disease: A Survey of Otolaryngologists

Summary Objective/Hypothesis Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of laryngeal disorders despite the absence of clear guidelines regarding their use. We sought to assess clinical practice patterns regarding GC use for various vocal fold diseases and to ascertain factors underlying the selection of particular GCs for different vocal fold pathology. Study Design Prospective, survey. Methods A web-based 20-question survey querying clinical indications for GC use and other factors influencing decision making in GC administration was distributed to 5280 otolaryngologists via e-mail using a commercially available database. Results The overall response rate for the survey was 4% (212/5280). Of the respondents, 99% reported GCs to be valuable in their practice. Previous experience/results , familiarity , and use in practice (68%, 54%, and 37%, respectively) were the most commonly cited reasons for choosing a particular GC; pharmacokinetic profile and academic literature were infrequently cited reasons. Fifty-four percent of respondents were more likely to prescribe GCs for vocal performers compared with other patients. Additionally, most respondents stated that the potential for side effects only occasionally prevented GC utilization. Conclusions GC prescription practices vary greatly among otolaryngologists. Drug choice appears to be driven primarily by clinician preference and personal experience rather than by specific pharmacologic or physiologic rationale. These findings likely reflect the current lack of well-constructed studies in the laryngology literature to guide GC selection and administration for benign disorders of the larynx and highlight an important potential area for future studies.
Portfolio assessment as a strategy for self‐direction in learning

Portfolio assessment strategies hold great promise for promoting self-directed learning in formal classrooms. Art education provides examples for using portfolios; some implementation strategies are described.
Dynamic intraesophageal imaging of the heart with ultrasound

Real-time images of the heart from within the esophagus are produced by a new intraesophageal ultrasonic sector scanner. Sixty images per second are displayed on a gray scale CRT in real-time and recorded on standard videotape for review. By interactive positioning of the esophageal probe, heart ventricles, atria, and valves can be visualized and their dynamics can be studied. The esophageal probe comprises four 5 MHz PZT-5 piezoelements of 6.35 mm diameter mounted on a shaft that rotates at 900 rpm. The piezoelements are pulsed at a 5 kHz rate and the echoes are processed electronically.
Significant perioperative morbidity accompanies contemporary infrainguinal bypass surgery: an NSQIP report.

Objectives A variety of clinical and anatomic factors influence the choice between infrainguinal bypass surgery (BPG) and percutaneous endovascular procedures (PTA) to treat lower extremity vascular disease. The decision, in part, is dependant on periprocedural morbidity. The goal of this study was to document the contemporary morbidity and mortality of infrainguinal BPG, utilizing the previously validated National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Methods Data from the private sector NSQIP, a prospectively validated systematic-sample database, using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for all infrainguinal BPG performed between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006, were analyzed. Study endpoints included 30-day death and NSQIP-defined major complications, including graft failure, differentiated between systemic vs operative-site related complications. Potentially associated clinical variables were assessed by univariate methods to create the multivariate models of factors associated with study endpoints. Results There were 2404 infrainguinal BPG (infrapopliteal distal anastomosis 42%, prosthetic 29%) performed in the study interval with patient variables: age 67 ± 12, male 66%, diabetes 44%, limb salvage indications 48%. The 30-day composite mortality/major morbidity was 19.5%. The overall mortality was 2.7% and correlated with ( P value, odds ratio [OR]): patient age ( 80 was identified as the most powerful high-risk composite for death (13.3-fold) and major complications (2.2-fold). Conclusion Infrainguinal BPG is accompanied by significant major morbidity and mortality in contemporary practice. These results reinforce the precept that stringent indications for BPG should be maintained, when considering the method of lower extremity revascularization.
Poster 18: The Effects of Assistive Devices on Gait Measures in Huntington's Disease

Introduction Falls are frequent in individuals with Huntington's disease (HD), due to gait and balance impairments. Falls often occur when turning, or when maneuvering in tight spaces and around obstacles when walking. Methods This study examined the effect of 8 different ambulatory assistive devices (ADs, e.g., canes, walkers) on spatiotemporal gait measures as measured with GaitRite in 21 individuals with HD. Subjects also walked in a figure-of-eight around two chairs placed four feet apart. Results During gait without an AD, we found high variability in gait parameters (stride time percent coefficient of variation [%CV] = 12.92, swing time %CV = 7.80, and double support time %CV = 24.61). Preliminary results indicate that a four-wheeled walker (4ww) induced more normal gait parameters (e.g., higher mean velocity and step length and lower support base, percent of gait cycle in double stance, and step variability) compared to a standard walker (Sw) and cane; more pronounced gait deficits occurred with a Sw. During figure-of-eight maneuvers, subjects moved significantly faster (p Conclusions Individuals with HD may have difficulty using Sws and canes because the task complexity and demands on balance are greater than with the 4ww. Wheeled walkers produce more efficient gait patterns than no assistive device, canes, or Sws in individuals with HD and may be the best assistive device for fall prevention in individuals with HD. This study also demonstrated that utilizing walking in a figure-of-eight around obstacles is a sensitive test of dynamic balance function.
Five Years of Mental Health Research in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2009–2013

In the past 5 years, the number of research articles on occupational therapy in mental health published in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy has steadily declined. This article identifies the strengths and limitations of this body of research and provides directions for practitioners and researchers to enhance the profession's role as a valued mental health service provider.
THE use of soil Hg to delineate zones of upwelling in low-to-moderate temperature geothermal systems

A soil mercury survey was conducted near the town of Calistoga, California to identify and delineate a buried fault system that is thought to control the upwelling of low-to-moderate temperature geothermal fluids in the upper Napa Valley. Soil samples were collected at 100 m intervals along traverses that crossed hot springs and existing geothermal well sites. Strong mercury anomalies occur along a broadly-defined zone and in close proximity to surface thermal activity including active hot springs and silica sinter formations. In contrast, background mercury concentrations are present in locations with little or no indication of subsurface thermal activity, such as along the margins of the valley or near groundwater wells producing non-thermal water. Analysis of smoothed Hg values reveals a N65W-trending lineament of high Hg concentrations. These results suggest that soil mercury surveys can be a useful and cost-effective method for the identification and mapping of structures controlling subsurface fluid flow in low-to-moderate temperature geothermal systems.
Oncogenically activated or ligand-stimulated neu kinase stimulates neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells

Retroviral vectors pDOL/NeuN and pDOL/NeuT were used to express normal and transforming rat neu cDNAs in PC12 cells. DOL/ NeuT-infected cells exhibited a high frequency of spontaneous neurite outgrowth while DOL/NeuN-infected cells showed neurite outgrowth in the presence of heregulin, a putative ligand for the neu receptor tyrosine kinase. In both cases, neurite outgrowth was preceded by phosphorylation of p185neu and several other cellular proteins. Thus the neu tyrosine kinase can elicit morphological and biochemical changes resembling, but distinct from, those stimulated by NGF, and heregulin stimulates neu to elicit these effects in PC12 cells.
Synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-phenyl-1-13C-ethene-1-13C (trans-stilbene) and derivatives

For mass spectrometric studies 1-phenyl-2-phenyl-1-13C-ethene-1-13C (trans-stilbene) was synthesized from acetic-1-13C acid and acetic-2-13C acid via methylcyclohexene-1-13C and -α-13C and toluene-1-13C and -α-13C. No scrambling of the label was observed during the aromatization step. The labeled stilbene was converted into 1-phenyl-2-phenyl-1-13C-ethane-1-13C (bibenzyl), 2-phenyl-3-phenyl-1-13C-oxirane-2-13C (trans-stilbene oxide), meso-1,2-dibromo-1-phenyl-2-phenyl-1-13C-ethane-1-13C and 1-phenyl-2-phenyl-1-13C-ethyne-1-13C (tolan).
It's not "a black thing": Understanding the burden of acting white and other dilemmas of high achievement

For two decades the acting white hypothesis—the premise that black students are driven toward low school performance because of racialized peer pressure—has served as an explanation for the black-w...
The use of bioerodible polymers and daunorubicin in glaucoma filtration surgery

Abstract Purpose: Glaucoma filtering surgery usually fails from postoperative fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and subsequent sclerostomy or bleb scarring. Daunorubicin inhibits fibroblast proliferation in vivo and in vitro. The authors studied the effect of a sustained subconjunctival release of daunorubicin by way of a bioerodible polymer on the success of glaucoma filtration surgery in a rabbit model. Methods: Daunorubicin was incorporated into the copolymer by compression molding. The resultant implant measured 3.0 mm in diameter, 1.0 mm in thickness, and 8.0 mg in weight. A posterior lip sclerectomy was performed in both eyes of 23 rabbits by the same surgeon. One eye was randomized to receive the disc with daunorubicin, whereas the fellow eye received a blank disk as a control. The appropriate polymer disk then was placed on the scleral surface immediately posterior to the sclerostomy site and the conjunctiva was closed. Intraocular pressures and slit-lamp biomicroscopy were recorded preoperatively, then every other day after surgery for 31 days. Intraocular pressure, bleb survival, and complications were evaluated. Results: The decrease in intraocular pressure from baseline was significantly greater in the daunorubicin eyes than in the control eyes during postoperative days 5 through 25. Bleb survival was significantly longer in the daunorubicin eyes than in the control eyes (bleb failure in 91% of control eyes versus 22% of treatment eyes by day 13). There were no statistically significant differences between the daunorubicin-treated and control eyes regarding corneal clouding, lens clarity, cataract formation, or conjunctival injection. However, conjunctival erosions occurred in four daunorubicin-treated eyes. Histopathologic examination was performed 2 weeks after surgery on the eyes of three randomly selected rabbits. Conclusion: Daunorubicin in a bioerodible delivery system may potentially be a useful adjunct to glaucoma filtering surgery and requires further evaluation.
Immunofluorescence of Hassall's Corpuscles with Pemphigus Serum. Confirmation of their Squamous Epithelial Nature

Fresh thymus tissue from 31 infants and from three adults was examined by indirect immunofluorescenc-e using antisera from active cases of pemphigus vulgaris. This sera contained specific antibodies for squamous epithelial intercellular substance. Fluorescent staining was seen in Hassall's corpuscles in all cases. This finding is immunological support confirming the morphologic, ultrastructural and histochemical evidence that these bodies are squamous epithelial in nature.
A new approach to real‐time training of dynamic neural networks

A fast, efficient and new way of real-time training of dynamic neural networks is presented in this paper. The proposed method would be suitable for training neural networks for real-time input-out...
The 1985 Presidential address.

Three years ago, in my first presidential address, I presented thoughts relevant to several major issues facing physical therapists and our Association. This evening, three years later, I wish to revisit several of the themes, which we examined then, not to be reminiscent, but to set the stage for a look to the future—a future beset with unknowns, challenges, and yet unlimited opportunities. As I did then, let me again express my sincere gratitude to you for affording me the opportunity to have served as your President, for these have been exciting times, and the experiences and friendships that have accrued will always be treasured. For the moment, let's turn back the clock to 1982. Let's open several windows of our immediate past to examine several elements of our individual and collective search for excellence.…
Oscillatory neurocomputing with ring attractors: a network architecture for mapping locations in space onto patterns of neural synchrony

Theories of neural coding seek to explain how states of the world are mapped onto states of the brain. Here, we compare how an animal's location in space can be encoded by two different kinds of brain states: population vectors stored by patterns of neural firing rates, versus synchronization vectors stored by patterns of synchrony among neural oscillators. It has previously been shown that a population code stored by spatially tuned ‘grid cells’ can exhibit desirable properties such as high storage capacity and strong fault tolerance; here it is shown that similar properties are attainable with a synchronization code stored by rhythmically bursting ‘theta cells’ that lack spatial tuning. Simulations of a ring attractor network composed from theta cells suggest how a synchronization code might be implemented using fewer neurons and synapses than a population code with similar storage capacity. It is conjectured that reciprocal connections between grid and theta cells might control phase noise to correct two kinds of errors that can arise in the code: path integration and teleportation errors. Based upon these analyses, it is proposed that a primary function of spatially tuned neurons might be to couple the phases of neural oscillators in a manner that allows them to encode spatial locations as patterns of neural synchrony.
Decimal multiplication via carry-save addition

Decimal multiplication is important in many commercial applications including financial analysis, banking, tax calculation, currency conversion, insurance, and accounting. We present two novel designs for fixed-point decimal multiplication that utilize decimal carry-save addition to reduce the critical path delay. First, a multiplier that stores a reduced number of multiplicand multiples and uses decimal carry-save addition in the iterative portion of the design is presented. Then, a second multiplier design is proposed with several notable improvements including fast generation of multiplicand multiples that do not need to be stored, the use of decimal (4:2) compressors, and a simplified decimal carry-propagate addition to produce the final product. When multiplying two n-digit operands to produce a 2n-digit product, the improved multiplier design has a worst-case latency of n+4 cycles and an initiation interval of n+1 cycles. Three data-dependent optimizations, which help reduce the multipliers' average latency, are also described. The multipliers presented can be extended to support decimal floating-point multiplication.
Which of the 100,000 structures in the protein data bank are reliable?

There are at present over 100,000 protein structures in the Protein Data Bank. Suppose you are particularly interested in a certain entry. How can you determine its quality?
Protein Synthesis Inhibition Blocks the Induction of Mossy Fiber Long-Term Potentiation In Vivo

Protein synthesis inhibitors block the maintenance of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) both in vivo and in vitro. Protein synthesis inhibitors block mossy fiber(MF) LTP maintenance in vitro, but little is known about the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on either induction or maintenance in MF-LTP in vivo. Here we study the role of protein synthesis in the induction of long-term potentiation at the mossy fiber-CA3 hippocampal synapse in vivo in anesthetized rats. The protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin was administered at different doses (0.04, 10, or 40 nmol) into area CA3 15 min before delivering high-frequency stimulation (two times at 100 Hz, 1 sec). Anisomycin blocked MF-LTP induction in a dose-dependent manner; both 40 and 10 nmol blocked MF-LTP induction, but a lower dose of 0.04 nmol was without effect. The inhibitory effect of anisomycin on protein synthesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of [(35)S]methionine into the newly synthesized proteins. Percentages of protein synthesis inhibition were determined by comparing [(35)S] incorporation of anisomycin-treated samples with vehicle controls. Doses of 0.04, 10, or 40 nmol of anisomycin produced 21, 82, or 83% inhibition of [(35)S]methionine incorporation, respectively. The effect of anisomycin was verified using a single dose of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (40 nmol). Cycloheximide also blocked MF-LTP induction. These results suggest that protein synthesis plays an important role in the induction of mossy fiber long-term potentiation in vivo.
Correlation of stress-induced leakage current in thin oxides with trap generation inside the oxides

Increases in pre-tunneling leakage currents in thin oxides after the oxides are subjected to high voltage stresses are correlated with the number of traps generated inside of the oxides by the high-voltage stresses. The densities of the traps are calculated using the tunneling front model and analyzing the transient currents that flowed through the oxide after removal of the stress voltage pulses. It is found that the trap distributions are relatively uniform throughout the small portion of the oxide sampled by the transient currents. The trap densities increase as the cube root of the fluence of electrons that passes through the oxide during the stress, independent of the stress polarity. The voltage dependence of the low-level pretunneling current is dependent on the sequence in which the stress voltage polarities and the low-level current measurement polarities are applied. The portion of the low-level pre-tunneling current that is not dependent on the polarity sequence is best fitted by a voltage dependence consistent with Schottky emission. >
Shallow flow past a cylinder: transition phenomena at low Reynolds number

The unstable structure of the near wake of a vertical cylinder, in a fully developed laminar free-surface layer, is characterized in relation to the unsteadiness of the horseshoe (necklace) vortex system about the upstream surface of the cylinder. A cinema technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry allows space-time imaging of the critical regions of the flow and thereby wholefield representations of patterns of the flow structure, in conjunction with spectra and cross-spectra at a large number of points over the flow domain. The unsteadiness of the near wake was examined over a range of wake stability parameter S=c f D/h u , in which c f is the bed friction coefficient, D is the cylinder diameter, and h u is water depth; this range of S was selected such that the classical Karman mode of vortex formation remained completely suppressed. Within this range, increase of the Reynolds number, based on depth h u , of the shallow layer and D of the cylinder, yielded the onset and development of an instability mode that takes the form of a varicose, as opposed to a sinuous, pattern of vortices. It is related to the unsteadiness of the horseshoe (necklace) vortex system on the upstream side of the cylinder
Diagnosis and Differentiation of the Order Primates

We contrast our approach to a phylogenetic diagnosis of the order Primates, and its various supraspecific taxa, with definitional proce- dures. The order, which we divide into the semiorders Paromomyiformes and Euprimates, is clearly diagnosable on the basis of well-corroborated informa- tion from the fossil record. Lists of derived features which we hypothesize to have been fixed in the first representative species of the Primates, Eupri- mates, Strepsirhini, Haplorhini, and Anthropoidea, are presented. Our clas- sification of the order includes both holophyletic and paraphyletic groups, depending on the nature of the available evidence. We discuss in detail the problematic evidence of the basicranium in Paleo- gene primates and present new evidence for the resolution of previously controversial interpretations. We renew and expand our emphasis on postcra- nial analysis of fossil and living primates to show the importance of under- standing their evolutionary morphology and subsequent to this their use for understanding taxon phylogeny. We reject the much advocated %ladograms first, phylogeny next, and scenario third" approach which maintains that biologically founded character analysis, i.e., functional-adaptive analysis and paleontology, is irrelevant to genealogy hypotheses. Unlike the cladistic rules of operations demand, we advocate and use a priori weighting of characters. We discuss the evidence for the various proposed relationships of the earli- est euprimates, the Adapidae and Omomyidae, and show that linking the former with living Strepsirhini and the latter with living Haplorhini does not depend on the assumption of the presence of soft-anatomical characters in the fossils. On the contrary, it is the sharing of derived hard anatomical features of the fossil taxa with the living groups which makes their possession of either strepsirhine or haplorhine "soft" attributes probable. We discuss the relative merits of the use of the grade concept (with its widely recognized implication of polyphyly) in attempts to group primates and maintain that there exists no evidence for either an "archaic primate" or a prosimian or an anthropoid grade. All the characters in the literature attributed to these are inherited from the first representatives of either the semiorder Paromomyiformes or the semiorder Euprimates or the semisubor- der Anthropoidea. Consequently, we find neither descriptive nor didactic merit in gradal arrangements, the goals of which can be much better served by a phylogenetic (not cladistic) classification.
Arrangements of the secondary source on the performance of active noise control systems

Three active noise control (ANC) systems, which incorporates different arrangements of the secondary loudspeaker, have been examined experimentally, based on the analysis of the characteristics of sound wave propagation in a duct. Measured transfer functions of the plant and the error paths show good agreement with the theoretically derived transfer functions in the acoustic modal frequencies of the systems. Real-time experiments showed a more effective noise attenuation with a tree-shaped configuration than with the traditional T-shaped ANC system. The symmetric arrangement of two secondary speakers in the tree-shaped system helps in compensating the node observed at 200 Hz in the error path. This compensation can also be achieved by using an equalizer. >
Evidence of an annual rhythm in a small proportion of Siberian hamsters exposed to chronic short days.

Siberian hamsters are photoperiodic seasonally breeding rodents. To date, there has been no evidence that Siberian hamsters exhibit an annual rhythm in reproductive, thermoregulatory, molt, or body mass changes. However, given that the termination of their winter cycle is under endogenous control, the authors thought it possible that under particular conditions, other aspects of their seasonal cycle may be endogenously mediated. Consequently, the authors monitored the reproductive condition, body mass, and molt of hamsters chroni- cally exposed to short days (LD 9:15) for up to 2 years. All animals were taken from previous experiments and had exhibited gonadal regression, followed by refractoriness to shorts days and spontaneous gonadal growth, as well as a com- plete cycle of body mass and molt changes. Although some hamsters died during the study, the authors continued to monitor some animals for up to 106 weeks of short-day exposure. Of the 57 animals monitored, 4 (7.02%) exhibited a second cycle of reproductive regression and recrudescence. Furthermore, the timing of the second regression was similar in the 4 animals, occurring about 1 year after the initial short-day exposure (50.5 ± 1.71 weeks). However, the timing of the second bout of recrudescence was more variable, occurring at about week 80 (79.5 ± 8.01 weeks). Hamsters exhibited regressed gonads for about 7 months (29.0 ± 8.02 weeks). Although the body mass of the 4 hamsters declined at the time of the second cycle of gonadal regression, it never recovered. No hamster exhibited a second molt cycle. These observations indicate that a small percent- age of Siberian hamsters chronically exposed to short days can exhibit an annual cycle of reproduction.
The GlycoFilter: A Simple and Comprehensive Sample Preparation Platform for Proteomics, N-Glycomics and Glycosylation Site Assignment

Current strategies to study N-glycoproteins in complex samples are often discrete, focusing on either N-glycans or N-glycosites enriched by sugar-based techniques. In this study we report a simple and rapid sample preparation platform, the GlycoFilter, which allows a comprehensive characterization of N-glycans, N-glycosites, and proteins in a single workflow. Both PNGase F catalyzed de-N-glycosylation and trypsin digestions are accelerated by microwave irradiation and performed sequentially in a single spin filter. Both N-glycans and peptides (including de-N-glycosylated peptides) are separately collected by filtration. The condition to effectively collect complex and heterogeneous N-glycans was established on model glycoproteins, bovine ribonuclease B, bovine fetuin, and human serum IgG. With this platform, the N-glycome, N-glycoproteome and proteome of human urine and plasma were characterized. Overall, a total of 865 and 295 N-glycosites were identified from three pairs of urine and plasma samples, respectively. Many sites were defined unambiguously as partially occupied by the detection of their nonsugar-modified peptides (128 from urine and 61 from plasma), demonstrating that partial occupancy of N-glycosylation occurs frequently. Given the likely high prevalence and variability of partial occupancy, glycoprotein quantification based exclusively on deglycosylated peptides may lead to inaccurate quantification.
Undetectable Plasma Creatinine in a Paralyzed Patient Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1. What are this patient’s most striking laboratory findings? 2. How do you explain these findings? 3. What is the most common method of measurement of serum/plasma creatinine concentration? 4. What are common interferents in this method? 5. How would you determine whether or not a patient’s serum/plasma contains an interfering substance(s) in the method used most commonly to quantify creatinine concentration? 6. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s extremely low and undetectable creatinine levels? 7. What difficulties are presented to the clinician in assessing this patient’s renal function? 8. What other test(s) might have proved helpful in this assessment?
Cohesive zone modeling of mode I tearing in thin soft materials

Abstract The use of modeling and simulation is growing rapidly in applications such as surgery simulations, injury mechanics and tissue engineering. The aim of this study is to model and simulate tissue tearing and the resulting failure for use in such applications. In particular, our goal is to characterize the mechanics of mode I tearing in thin soft materials. We use the cohesive zone modeling approach to characterize the propagation of tears in a processed meat product (PMP). The bulk response of the PMP is modeled with a hyperelastic material model and the interface with a cohesive zone model. A multistep parameter estimation approach is developed to determine the bulk and the cohesive model parameters from uniaxial extension and tearing experiments. Results show that the proposed approach is able to capture both material and geometrical nonlinearities inherent to such problems, and accurately model the overall force–displacement response of thin soft materials during tearing at slow rates.
Biochemistry and physiology of eicosanoid precursors in cell membranes

Excessive action of omega-6 eicosanoids formed from the body’s omega-6 essential fats occurs in many health disorders, and it can be diminished with dietary omega-3 fats. The current abundance of omega-6 (n-6) eicosanoidmediated disorders (e.g. thrombotic heart attack and stroke, cardiac arrhythmia, atherogenesis, arthritis, asthma, osteoporosis, tumour metastases, etc.) accompanies n-6 acid intakes that are more than ten times than the adequate level of 0·5% of energy. The n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are maintained in tissue phospholipids in a competitive, hyperbolic relationship to the dietary abundance of their 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) precursors. In contrast, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 acids are maintained in tissue triacylglycerols in a linear proportion to their dietary abundance expressed as percentage of daily caloric energy. The near absence of 20:3n-9 acid in plasma phospholipids in the U.S.A. population reflects very high intakes of polyunsaturated fats that compete with oleate for conversion to tissue HUFAs. The ethnic food combinations for Greenland, Japanese, Mediterranean, and American populations give proportions of omega-6 isomers in the body long-chain acids near 30%, 50% 60% and 80%, respectively. It is of interest that these values mimic clinical outcomes associated with cardiovascular mortalities ranging from 20 to 50 to 90 to 200 per 100 000, respectively. Therapeutic treatment to cut excessive omega-6 eicosanoid signalling has involved billions of dollars being spent to develop and market new pharmaceutical agents while a preventive nutrition approach to cut excessive omega-6 eicosanoid signalling has yet to be applied systematically in dietetics, clinical nutrition and public health. Voluntary choices of food combinations can produce proportions of omega-6 HUFAs and of omega-3 plus omega-6 HUFAs in the total body ranging from 30% to 90%, respectively. Adverse eects of excessive omega-6 eicosanoid signalling can be lowered by two interdependent dietary changes: first, reduce the daily intake of foods overly rich in the precursors of 20:4n-6 acid; and second, simultaneously increase the omega-3 PUFAs in the diet to competitively inhibit the conversion of LA into tissue omega-6 HUFAs. An inter active computer software application has been developed to combine the complex biomedical information on competitive interactions among essential fats and eicosanoids, and to interpret and display the finding in terms of multiple daily food choices understandable by the general public.
Coronary artery disease in an 18 year old girl with pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Successful surgical therapy

An 18 year old girl with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a 7 year history of angina pectoris and evidence of an old anteroseptal myocardial infarction was found on coronary angiography to have three vessel coronary artery disease. A triple coronary artery-saphenous vein bypass graft was performed, and she has been asymptomatic for 1 year. Histologic examination of a segment of the right coronary artery revealed changes consistent with the vascular lesion of pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
Measuring Sponsorship Materiality

This paper presents an empirical survey assessing how consumers interpret trademarks when they are used as indications of product sponsorship rather than product origin. The question of whether and when confusion over product sponsorship should be actionable is one of the most vexing in trademark law. Mark owners often claim that the use of their marks in movies and on merchandise will lead consumers to believe that their companies have approved these other products, and that therefore they must be able to control these uses lest consumers be misled. But overzealous enforcement of sponsorship rights can chill valuable speech and unnecessarily prevent competition in merchandising domains. In an effort to rein in overreach by trademark owners, several prominent scholars have proposed adding a materiality requirement to the sponsorship confusion analysis. They want to require mark owners to show not only that consumers assume a particular product is sponsored by the mark owner, but also that this assumption materially affects consumer behavior. The data show that requiring materiality would alter the treatment of several classes of products, but would not have nearly as broad an effect as many would have expected: sponsorship confusion is material to about half of consumers. The implications of these findings for other proposed limiting doctrines are discussed.
Phase-Space Differential Equations for Modes

We discuss how to transform linear partial differential equations into phase space equations. We give a number of examples and argue that phase space equations are more revealing than the original equations. Recently, phase space methods have been applied to the standard mode solution of differential equations and using this method new approximations have been derived that are better than the stationary phase approximation. The approximation methods apply to dispersion relations that exhibit propagation and attenuation. In this paper we derive the phase space differential equations that the approximations satisfy and also derive an exact phase space differential equation for a mode. By comparing the two we show that the approximations neglect higher-order derivatives in the phase space distribution.
Una aproximación a la escritura del "Rabinal Achí"

El proposito de este estudio es proporcionar una aproximacion semiologica a uno de los monumentos del teatro precolombino, el Rabinal Achi.* Aunque el texto se estudiara en su traduccion al espafiol, el enfasis en cuestiones de mdole semiologica permite que no se pierdan sus caracteres basicos en una traduccion adecuada, ya que cuestiones estilfsticas o esteticas no pueden dejar de menoscabarse al ser vertido el texto a otro idioma, este enfoque validara el valor critico de esta aproximacion.2 El Rabinal Achf (en adelante aureviado como RA) sera abordado en terminos de su escritura dramatica. Es decir, nos referiremos a su textualidad y a la relacion entre sus constituyentes en base a una propuesta metateoria dramatica que se desprende de los mismos hechos de su textualidad y que, a su vez, conforma la base de su inscripcion como texto. Es indudable que este nivel metatextual se da en un piano abstractor es lo que el lector-critico percibe como la fuerza motriz del texto como texto, la "ficcion" analftica que se propone como forma de abordar la compleja textualidad de una obra literaria. En consecuencia, este trabajo enfocara ciertos fenomenos textuales (a veces sera lo que suele llamarse caracteristicas formales o estilisticas o retoricas). Pero se insistira, no en el valor estetico de estos fenomenos
A lateral thoracotomy approach for thoracic duct cannulation and lymphatic fluid collection in a feline model

This study describes a lateral thoracotomy approach for thoracic duct cannulation and lymphatic fluid collection in a feline model. The thoracic duct was cannulated via a left lateral intercostal thoracotomy in 12 cats. Lymphatic fluid was collected for up to 16 days and analyzed on days 3, 9 and 16. The volume collected and duration of cannula patency were recorded. Contrast imaging of the thoracic duct was performed if fluid ceased to flow or at the end of the 16-day study period. In two cats, the cannula became dislodged within 24 h. For the remaining 10 cats, mean daily volume collected was 43.7 mL (median 41.0, range 2.3 to 152.4 mL), and mean duration of cannula patency was 8.2 days (median 6.5, range 3 to 16 days). Contrast imaging revealed that the cannula was patent in three cats, obstructed in two cats, and the thoracic duct had ruptured or had extravasation of contrast outside the duct in five cats. Cytological examination of lymphatic fluid from the three time points revealed normal appearing small lymphocytes (97%) and few (3%) non-degenerate neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and plasma cells. Based on the results of this study, lateral thoracotomy approach for thoracic duct cannulation is a feasible technique for collecting lymphatic fluid in cats. This technique may have application as a model for short-term evaluation of thoracic fluid in cats; however, cannula patency was unpredictable and should be considered when utilizing this technique.
Climate Commitments: Assessing the Options

The paper examines the range of options for the post-2012 period for commitments to mitigate climate change. It (1) addresses the function and importance of mitigation commitments, (2) identifies the range of options with respect to three variables (what types of commitments, when, and by whom?), (3) proposes criteria for assessing these options, and (4) evaluates some of the leading proposals. The paper is one of six "think pieces" prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change on core issues in developing an effective international response to global climate change.
Cancer Chemotherapy-Induced Tubular Nephrotoxicity Evaluated by Immunochemical Determination of Urinary Adenosine Deaminase Binding Protein

The authors evaluated measurements of adenosine deaminase binding protein (ADB), a proximal renal tubular cell antigen, for detection of drug-induced tubular nephrotoxicity. Concentrations of ADB were determined immunochemically in serial urine specimens from 12 children who were receiving chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. There was no indication of increased ADB excretion after administration of two nonnephrotoxic drugs, etoposide and doxorubicin, but in patients given the recognized nephrotoxins, cisplatin and methotrexate, or an investigational drug, ifosfamide, urinary concentrations of ADB increased greater than fivefold relative to baseline values. Increased ADB concentrations preceded cisplatin- or ifosfamide-induced elevations of serum creatinine. Results of the ADB assay correlated well with those obtained by enzymatic assays for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase (r = 0.76 and 0.53; n = 142, P less than 0.001) and marginally with total proteinuria (r = 0.21; P less than 0.02). Hence, serial ADB measurements may be useful in screening investigational drugs for acute subclinical nephrotoxicity.
The urinary myeloma cast. Frequency of detection and clinical correlations in 30 patients with multiple myeloma.

The authors examined urine specimens from 30 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) to determine the usefulness of cytodiagnostic urinalysis in evaluating such patients. Nine patients had clinical evidence of renal failure. In six of these nine patients (67%), or 20% of all patients, the urine sediment contained unique “MM-casts.” These were characterized by a waxy to granular matrix surrounded by reactive, syncitial, giant cells with occasional renal cells embedded in the cast matrix. These casts were not observed in urine specimens from patients with normal renal function. Renal biopsy in two patients with MM-casts confirmed that cytologic diagnosis of “MM-kidney.” The patient groups with or without MM-casts were comparable with respect to age, sex, and clinical stage of disease. In contrast, those with MM-casts were more likely to have clinical evidence of renal disease (100% vs . 13%), Bence Jones proteinuria (100% vs . 35%), hypercalcemia (50% vs . 8%), and hyperuricemia (50% vs . 4%). The two groups could not be distinguished reliably by urine physicochemical determinations. However, there were marked differences in the frequency of microscopic abnormalities. All patients with MM-cast formation excreted other pathologic casts as well and had evidence of tubular injury, while five of six had evidence of ischemic necrosis. This compared with 17%, 13%, and 21%, respectively, of those without MM-casts. Thus, cytodiagnostic urinalysis is of value in distinguishing MM-kidney from the numerous other causes of renal failure in patients with MM.
The Short-Cut Problem

(1948). The Short-Cut Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 147-150.
Electric field distribution calculation and grading ring design of insulators string for 1 000 kV UHVAC lines

For UHVAC transmission lines, the field distribution of insulator strings is extremely non-uniform, which will affect the operation safety of insulators and lines. It has important significance to improve the electric field distribution through well grading ring design. The electric field distribution of suspension insulator strings for 1 000 kV UHVAC lines was calculated by means of FEM method. The tower and the conductor were also taken into account. Different design dimensions and position of grading rings corresponding to suspension I string was calculated. The optimization of grading ring indicates that the grading effect is preferable when pipe diameter equals to 120 mm, the distance of ring plane to string center equals to 500 mm and the ring screens 3 insulators. The calculation results of insulator string added ring indicate that the electric field distributions of various insulator strings of suspension types are clearly improved and the maximal withstand voltage of single insulator is less than 4.7 percent.
Nanometer-Scale III-V MOSFETs

After 50 years of Moore’s Law, Si CMOS, the mainstream logic technology, is on a course of diminishing returns. The use of new semiconductor channel materials with improved transport properties over Si offer the potential for device scaling to nanometer dimensions and continued progress. Among new channel materials, III-V compound semiconductors are particularly promising. InGaAs is currently the most attractive candidate for future III-V based n-type MOSFETs while InGaSb is of great interest for p-channel MOSFETs. At the point of most likely deployment, devices based on these semiconductors will have a highly three-dimensional architecture. This paper reviews recent progress toward the development of nanoscale III-V MOSFETs based on InGaAs and InGaSb with emphasis on scalable technologies and device architectures and relevant physics. Progress in recent times has been brisk but much work remains to be done before III-V CMOS can become a reality.
LISTENER PERCEPTIONS OF OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER ADULT SPEECH: IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS AND FAMILIES

This investigation compared college students watching slides of either an older or a younger adult reading a prerecorded reminiscence passage. Although both the younger and the older speaker read the identical passage in the same amount of time, students listening to the older adult significantly underestimated the number of words used, rated their interest levels significantly lower, and correctly answered fewer questions about the content of the passage. Implications of the findings for professionals who work with older adults and their families are discussed.
An End-to-End Model of Plant Pheromone Channel for Long Range Molecular Communication

A new track in molecular communication is using pheromones which can scale up the range of diffusion-based communication from $\mu $ meters to meters and enable new applications requiring long range. Pheromone communication is the emission of molecules in the air which trigger behavioral or physiological responses in receiving organisms. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new end-to-end model which incorporates pheromone behavior with communication theory for plants. The proposed model includes both the transmission and reception processes as well as the propagation channel. The transmission process is the emission of pheromones from the leaves of plants. The dispersion of pheromones by the flow of wind constitutes the propagation process. The reception process is the sensing of pheromones by the pheromone receptors of plants. The major difference of pheromone communication from other molecular communication techniques is the dispersion channel acting under the laws of turbulent diffusion. In this paper, the pheromone channel is modeled as a Gaussian puff, i.e., a cloud of pheromone released instantaneously from the source whose dispersion follows a Gaussian distribution. Numerical results on the performance of the overall end-to-end pheromone channel in terms of normalized gain and delay are provided.
SNP Arrays Facilitate Genotyping of Non-Synonymous SNP in MDS To Identify Disease Susceptibility Loci.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal premalignant disease of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by cytopenias and predilection to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While various exogenous factors (exemplified by chemotherapy-related MDS) constitute known risks for the development of MDS, it is possible that despite long latency, complex genetic traits contribute to MDS susceptibility. Such heritable factors include genes involving DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, carcinogen catabolism and immune surveillance. Previously, disease association studies were mainly empiric and relied on rational selection of a very limited number of polymorphisms. Recent advances of SNP-array (SNP-A) technology allow for screening of a large number of SNPs. While some SNP-A utilize haplotype tags, custom arrays may specifically target known non-synonymous SNPs. We hypothesized that application of SNP-A genotyping may facilitate identification of potentially pathogenic SNPs. Such a screening approach is a hypothesis forming tool and our study is the first application of this technique to MDS. We have used the 13.9K non-synonymous Genotyping BeadChip (Illumina); DNA from 151 MDS patients (low risk: N=79, advanced: N=51, CMML1/2: N=21) and 99 controls (120 historical controls). In total, ∼2.4 mil genotypes were obtained. Genotype calls were computed and analyzed with Exemplar software. In the initial training Bonferroni correction was not applied. Instead as a hypothesis-forming approach we have ranked all SNPs according to their p value (automated analysis of multiplexed statistical evidence) and case/control ratio. We focused our search on the 100 highest ranking SNPs with a control frequency 5% of cases. For example, the AA (rs3219484) variant of MUTYH, a gene involved in oxidative DNA repair was found in 19% of MDS vs. 2.6% of controls (p=9×10 −8 ). To limit the impact of heterogeneity, subgroups of MDS were also analyzed separately. Among many interesting SNPs found, the AG genotype of (rs8192297) ANPEP was associated with RARS (35% vs. 15% in controls; p=.007). Similarly, the GA form of rs3730947 in DNA repair gene LIG1 was found in 11% of RARS patients (p=.00045), though it was absent in other MDS subtypes and controls. Similar, “enrichment” was observed in patients with CMML1/2, showing e.g., heterozygosity of WDR35 (rs1060742), ALPK2 (rs3809975) at the frequency of 45% and 30% (13% and 4% of controls; p=.0006, p=.0001). In sum, our study constitutes the first application of SNP-A genotyping to study susceptibility loci in MDS.