cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automation situation awareness display for a flight envelope protection system

This paper presents an interface system display that is conceived to improve pilot situation awareness with respect to a flight envelope protection system, developed for a midsized transport aircra...
Indirect voltage control of a stand-alone inverter

This paper discusses the control of the output voltage of a stand-alone single-phase inverter by directly controlling the output filter capacitor current. Compared to the conventional voltage control scheme, the proposed control approach has the potential of achieving higher bandwidth and hence improved total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage. The proposed method depends on the value of the output filter capacitance. A method to estimate the output filter capacitor based on a rms control loop is also presented. Simulation and experimental results presented validate the proposed scheme.
A stochastic all-digital weak physically unclonable function for analog/mixed-signal applications

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are a promising security technique which utilize the random process variation in silicon fabrication in order to create unique identifiers and other security features that are impossible to recreate exactly. This paper builds upon and evaluates a weak PUF which employs dynamic latched comparators and their random input offset voltages to create a chip-specific identifier. The proposed PUF can be used in analog/mixed-signal (AMS) chips due to the analog characteristics of the comparators employed. Because comparators are a fundamental block in AMS applications, the proposed PUF can reuse comparators in an AMS chip to generate unique identifiers with minimal hardware overhead. Additionally, the comparators tested in this work can be created with digital components, making this PUF suitable for use in digital chips as well. The proposed PUF is fabricated using a 0.13 μm CMOS process. Measurements show that the PUF achieves a normalized intra-Hamming Distance (HD) of less than 0.15% and 0.96% across 0°C–80°C and 0.8V–1.4 V, respectively. The normalized inter-HD is 48.5% for a 64-bit PUF output key. The power consumption of the PUF is 1.5 nJ/bit with a throughput of 4Mb/s.
New understandings of cultural diversity and the implications for early childhood policy, pedagogy, and practice

ABSTRACTTheoretical and empirical research is challenging long-held assumptions about how culture shapes children’s thinking, emotions, and actions. No longer is ‘culture’ thought to be a family-ba...
AirVIEW: Unsupervised transmitter detection for next generation spectrum sensing

The current paradigm of exclusive spectrum assignment and allocation is creating artificial spectrum scarcity that has a dramatic impact on network performance and user experience. Thus, governments, industry and academia have endeavored to create novel spectrum management mechanisms that allow multi-tiered access. A key component of such an approach is deep understanding of spectrum utilization in time, frequency and space. To address this challenge, we propose AirVIEW, a one-pass, unsupervised spectrum characterization approach for rapid transmitter detection with high tolerance to noise. AirVIEW autonomously learns its parameters and employs wavelet decomposition in order to amplify and reliably detect transmissions at a given time instant. We show that AirVIEW can robustly identify transmitters even when their power is only 5dBm above the noise floor. Furthermore, we demonstrate Air VIEW'S ability to inform next-generation Dynamic Spectrum Access by characterizing essential transmitter properties in wide-band spectrum measurements from 50MHz to 4.4GHz.
Multiple signaling systems target a core set of transition metal homeostasis genes using similar binding motifs

Bacterial response to metals can require complex regulation. We report an overlapping regulation for copper and zinc resistance genes in the denitrifying bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2, by three two-component regulatory proteins CopR1, CopR2 and CzcR. We conducted genome-wide evaluations to identify gene targets of two paralogous regulators, CopR1 and CopR2, annotated for copper signaling, and compared the results with the gene targets for CzcR, implicated in zinc signaling. We discovered that the CopRs and CzcR have largely common targets, and crossregulate a core set of P. stutzeri copper and zinc responsive genes. We established that this crossregulation is enabled by a conserved binding motif in the upstream regulatory regions of the target genes. The crossregulation is physiologically relevant as these regulators synergistically and antagonistically target multicopper oxidases, metal efflux and sequestration systems. CopR1 and CopR2 upregulate two cop operons encoding copper tolerance genes, while all three regulators downregulate a putative copper chaperone, Psest_1595. CzcR also upregulated the oprD gene and the CzcIABC Zn2+ efflux system, while CopR1 and CopR2 downregulated these genes. Our study suggests that crossregulation of copper and zinc homeostasis can be advantageous, and in P. stutzeri this is enabled by shared binding motifs for multiple response regulators.
Midcrustal Deformation in the Central Andes Constrained by Radial Anisotropy

Author(s): Lynner, Colton; Beck, Susan L; Zandt, George; Porritt, Robert W; Lin, Fan-Chi; Eilon, Zachary C
Metaphysical Explanation by Constraint

It is often thought that metaphysical grounding underwrites a distinctive sort of metaphysical explanation. However, it would be a mistake to think that all metaphysical explanations are underwritten by metaphysical grounding. In service of this claim, I offer a novel kind of metaphysical explanation called metaphysical explanation by constraint, examples of which have been neglected in the literature. I argue that metaphysical explanations by constraint are not well understood as grounding explanations.
Carrier-Mediated Transport of Baclofen Across Monolayers of Bovine Brain Endothelial Cells in Primary Culture

The mechanism of transport of baclofen, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied using an in vitro model. The model consisted of a monolayer of bovine brain endothelial cells grown in primary culture on a porous regenerated cellulose membrane. The transport of baclofen across the monolayer expressed time and concentration dependency and was saturable. Transport data were corrected for diffusion and fitted to the Michaelis-Menten Vmax model: Km = 58.5 microM, Vmax = 0.23 nmol/min. The results validate the use of the in vitro BBB model as described and support the hypothesis that baclofen penetrates the BBB by means of a carrier-mediated transport system.
Linguistic Perspectives on Register

Language users change their written and spoken language according to the situational characteristics and communicative purpose of production—that is, according to the register being produced. Resea...
Linear Operators in a Hilbert Space

The idea of a linear operator or transformation in a Hilbert space ℌ (or a Banach space) is a direct generalization of the idea of a linear transformation in a finite-dimensional space. One point, however, needs emphasis (mainly because it is sometimes ignored, especially in books on quantum mechanics), namely, an operator A cannot be regarded as fully specified until its domain of definition (i.e., the set of those x in ℌ for which Ax is meaningful) has been specified; operators with different domains of definition have to be regarded as different operators. It is customary to require the domain of definition to be a linear set (manifold) in ℌ, for the obvious reason that if A is linear and Ax is defined in a set S, then Ay can be uniquely defined, by linearity, when y is any finite linear combination of elements of S. However, further extensions are not generally unique, except in special circumstances.
Advection-Dispersion with Adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian Finite Elements

Advection-dispersion is generally solved numerically with methods that treat the problem from one of three perspectives. These are described as the Eulerian reference, the Lagrangian reference or a combination of the two that will be referred to as Eulerian-Lagrangian. Methods that use the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach incorporate the computational power of the Lagrangian treatment of advection with the simplicity of the fixed Eulerian grid. A modified version of a relatively new adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian finite element method is presented for the simulation of advection-dispersion. In the vicinity of steep concentration fronts, moving particles are used to define the concentration field. A modified method of characteristics called single-step reverse particle tracking is used away from steep concentration fronts. An adaptive technique is used to insert and delete moving particles as needed during the simulation. Dispersion is simulated by a finite element formulation that involves only symmetric and diagonal matrices. Based on preliminary tests on problems with analytical solutions, the method seems capable of simulating the entire range of Peclet numbers with Courant numbers well in excess of 1.
A self-cleaning piezoelectric PVDF membrane system for filtration of kaolin suspension

Abstract Exploring innovative membrane material is an important approach to mitigate membrane fouling. This study investigated a self-cleaning polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric membrane system which can vibrate at controlled frequencies, amplitudes and waveforms to mitigate membrane fouling. Among different PVDF films, the one of the highest content of β-phase PVDF was selected because of the greatest piezoelectric coefficient. The film was pin punched to 0.14 ± 0.02 mm holes for filtration purpose. The characteristic peaks of vibration velocity and amplitude were identified by measurements of a Scanning Laser-Doppler vibrometer with tiered driving voltages. The piezoelectric membrane was tested in a dead-end filtration system fed with 0.5 g L−1 kaolin suspension of 907.7 nm Z-average diameter at a constant filtration pressure of 34.5 kPa. The results indicate vibration velocity is more important than amplitude to choose the vibration frequency in order to optimize membrane fouling control. The piezoelectric membrane with continued vibration driven by 24 V (peak-to-peak) and sine wave at the frequency of 1601 Hz (the peak of vibration velocity) yielded 87 ± 3% higher permeate flux than control test, compared to 30 ± 3% increase at the frequency of 664 Hz (the peak of vibration amplitude). However, the antifouling effect was not apparent with intermittent vibration, possibly due to interrupted processes of cleaning and fouling prevention. The mechanistic explanation of cleaning suggests lift force brought by hydraulic shearing is more important than inertial lift force of vibration.
Receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone–related protein

Abstract This chapter describes the molecular biology of the parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR1), specifically at the level of ligand binding and signal activation mechanisms. It begins with the basic protein architecture of the PTHR1, viewed particularly in the light of the X-ray crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures that have emerged for several related class B G-protein-coupled receptors. The evolutionary history of the PTHR1 and its ligands is then outlined, from ancient origins in early chordates through the gene rearrangement events that led to the diversified receptor subtypes seen in various vertebrate lineages, as well the possibility for other receptors for C-terminal portions of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone–related protein. Focus then turns to specific mechanisms of binding and activation at the PTHR1, and how new developing concepts of ligand-dependent conformational selectivity, temporal bias, and endosomal signaling are suggesting unique opportunities for new therapeutic ligand development. Disease-causing mutations in the PTHR1 are then discussed in terms of their impact on basic mechanisms, and finally presented are the recent advances in small-molecule ligand discovery for the PTHR1. In all, the chapter aims to sharpen awareness of progress made in defining how the PTHR1 functions and how it might be better targeted for the treatment of bone and mineral metabolism diseases.
The Critical Need for Help-Seeking Controls in Clinical High-Risk Research.

Despite rapidly growing knowledge of the clinical high-risk (CHR) state for psychosis, the vast majority of case-control studies have relied on healthy volunteers as a reference point for drawing i...
Eleanor Emmons Maccoby (1917–2018).

This article memorializes Eleanor Emmons Maccoby (1917-2018). Maccoby was a world-renowned scholar of child development, sex differences, and socialization. She tackled the complex question of how children develop with methodological precision and scientific rigor. Her commitment to improving the lives of children underscored not only her research but also her extensive national and international service. Her landmark 1974 book with Carol Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences, revolutionized how we understand "male" and "female." She was a trailblazer for women in academia and an inspiration to those who knew her. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Separation of Rat Epidermis and Dermis with Thermolysin to Detect Site-Specific Inflammatory mRNA and Protein

Easy-to-use and inexpensive techniques are needed to determine the site-specific production of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophins during skin injury, inflammation, and/or sensitization. The goal of this study is to describe an epidermal-dermal separation protocol using thermolysin, a proteinase that is active at 4 °C. To illustrate this procedure, Sprague Dawley rats are anesthetized, and right hind paws are injected with carrageenan. Six and twelve hours after injection, rats with inflammation and naive rats are euthanized, and a piece of hind paw, glabrous skin is placed in cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. The epidermis is then separated at the basement membrane from the dermis by thermolysin in PBS with calcium chloride. Next, the dermis is secured by microdissection forceps, and the epidermis is gently teased away. Toluidine blue staining of tissue sections show that the epidermis is separated cleanly from the dermis at the basement membrane. All keratinocyte cell layers remain intact, and the epidermal rete ridges along with indentations from dermal papillae are clearly observed. Qualitative and real-time RT-PCR is used to determine nerve growth factor and interleukin-6 expression levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry are finally performed to detect amounts of nerve growth factor. This report illustrates that cold thermolysin digestion is an effective method to separate epidermis from dermis for evaluation of mRNA and protein alterations during inflammation.
Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

This study describes findings of novel coronavirus testing on pooled nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from patients who had negative results by routine respiratory virus testing to see if pooling samples could increase testing throughput and efficiency and facilitate early detection of community COVID-19 transmission.
Physical Function in Kidney Transplantation: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Low physical function (PF) is common among individuals with end-stage kidney disease. In this review, we explore data on the impacts of PF on access to kidney transplantation (KT) and KT outcomes. We also discuss the latest interventions to improve PF in pre- and post-KT settings. Many US KT programs measure PF or related constructs when assessing KT candidacy. Although carefully selected KT candidates with low PF can benefit from KT with respect to survival and quality of life, low PF decreases the likelihood of being listed for KT and increases the risk of adverse post-KT outcomes. Recent trials suggest that exercise is a promising strategy to improve PF among KT candidates and recipients. Low PF is a potentially modifiable risk factor for adverse pre- and post-KT outcomes. Research is needed to determine the ideal PF metric for use in KT evaluations and interventions to improve PF.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: principles of the technique and future trends

This text is intended as an introductory reading covering the principles of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), its main applications, and the most promising future trends of the technique. It could be considered as the basis of three or four lectures (6–8 h) in a university course of analytical chemistry/applied spectroscopy.
Spectral hypersurfaces for operator pairs and Hadamard matrices of F type

We prove that if for a pair of $$n\times n$$ matrices A and B, with A being normal, the projective joint spectrum of A, B, $$\mathrm{AB}$$ and the identity is given by $$\begin{aligned} \sigma (A,B,\mathrm{AB},I)=\{[x,y,z,t]\in {\mathbb {C}}{\mathbb P}^3:x^n+y^n+(-1)^{n-1}z^n-t^n=0 \}, \end{aligned}$$ then this pair is unitary equivalent to a one associated with a complex Hadamard matrix of order n. If $$n=3,4$$ , or 5, where there is a complete description of Hadamard matrices, we list those that generate a pair with the above mentioned spectrum. If $$\begin{aligned}&\sigma (A,B,\mathrm{AB},\mathrm{BA},I) =\{[x,y,z_1,z_2,t]\in {\mathbb {C}}\mathbb { P}^4: \\&x^n+y^n+(-1)^{n-1}(e^{2\pi i/n}z_1+z_2)^n-t^n=0\}, \end{aligned}$$ this Hadamard matrix is exactly the Fourier matrix $$F_n$$ . If for an operator pair A, B acting on a Hilbert space, such hypersurfaces appear as components of the projective joint spectrum of the corresponding tuples, then under some mild conditions the pair has a common invariant subspace of dimension n, and the restriction of A, B to this subspace is generated by a Hadamard matrix of F type.
Bio-Inspired Polymer Thin Films with Non-Close-Packed Nanopillars for Enhanced Bactericidal and Antireflective Properties

The perpetual health and safety concerns caused by bacterial adhesion on surfaces demand the development of next-generation antibacterial materials. Inspired by bactericidal surfaces on cicada wing...
The transformation of labor force dualism in South Korea’s Shipyards, 1974 to the present

This article examines the historical evolution of labor force dualism at Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI). The proportion of precarious workers at HHI reveals a U-shaped curve over time, with its nad...
Introductory Concepts For Abstract Mathematics

LOGICAL AND PROOF Logical and Propositional Calculus Tautologies and Validity Quantifiers and Predicates Techniques of Derivation and Rules of Inference Informal Proof and Theorem-Proving Techniques On Theorem proving and Writing Proofs Mathematical Induction SETS Sets and Set Operations Union, Intersection, and Complement Generalized Union and Intersection FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Cartesian Products Relations Partitions Functions Composition of Functions Image and Preimage Functions ALGEBRAIC AND ORDER PROPERTIES OF NUMBER SYSTEMS Binary Operations The Systems of Whole and Natural Numbers The System Z of Integers The System Q of Rational Numbers Other Aspects of Order The Real Number System TRANSFINITE CARDINAL NUMBERS Finite and Infinite Sets Denumerable and Countable Sets Uncountable Sets Transfinite Cardinal Numbers AXIOM OF CHOICE AND ORDINAL NUMBERS Partially Ordered Sets Least Upper Bound and Greatest Lower Bound Axiom of Choice Well Ordered Sets READING LIST HINTS AND SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
Synthesis and Characterization of 8-O-Carboxymethylpyranine (CM-Pyranine) as a Bright, Violet-Emitting, Fluid-Phase Fluorescent Marker in Cell Biology.

To avoid spectral interference with common fluorophores in multicolor fluorescence microscopy, a fluid-phase tracer with excitation and emission in the violet end of the visible spectrum is desirable. CM-pyranine is easily synthesized and purified. Its excitation and emission maxima at 401.5 nm and 428.5 nm, respectively, are well suited for excitation by 405-nm diode lasers now commonly available on laser-scanning microscopes. High fluorescence quantum efficiency (Q = 0.96) and strong light absorption (e405 > 25,000 M-1cm-1) together make CM-pyranine the brightest violet aqueous tracer. The fluorescence spectrum of CM-pyranine is invariant above pH 4, which makes it a good fluid-phase marker in all cellular compartments. CM-pyranine is very photostable, is retained for long periods by cells, does not self-quench, and has negligible excimer emission. The sum of its properties make CM-pyranine an ideal fluorescent tracer. The use of CM-pyranine as a fluid-phase marker is demonstrated by multicolor confocal microscopy of cells that are also labeled with lipid and nuclear markers that have green and red fluorescence emission, respectively.
2‐Trimethylsilylmethyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ol

[81302-80-9] C7H16OSi (MW 144.32) InChI = 1S/C7H16OSi/c1-7(5-8)6-9(2,3)4/h8H,1,5-6H2,2-4H3 InChIKey = BWNLJXBYSUHUET-UHFFFAOYSA-N (derivatives function as trimethylenemethane (TMM) precursors and undergo cyclopentannulation reactions; methylenecyclopentanes; 2-acetoxymethyl-3-trimethylsilylpropene;2 [3 + 2] annulation;3 three-carbon condensative expansion;4 cyclocontraction–spiroannulation5) Alternate Names: 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-trimethylsilylpropene; 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propenyltrimethylsilane; (hydroxymethyl)allyl trimethylsilane; 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)allyl alcohol. Physical Data: bp 54–56 °C/2 mmHg; nD20 1.454; d 0.861 g cm−3; fp 71 °C. Solubility: insol water; sol all organic liquids. Form Supplied in: liquid, 90% pure; remainder of the mixture (approx. 10%) is 3-trimethylsilyl-2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol or 3-trimethylsilylmethyl-2-propen-1-ol. Preparative Method: prepared in four steps from methallyl alcohol. The synthesis begins with the metalation with n-Butyllithium 1 (2 equiv) producing the dianion which is bis-silylated by trapping with Chlorotrimethylsilane 1,2 to generate the allylsilane. The TMS ether is subsequently removed by hydrolysis (eq 1). The primary allylic alcohol serves as a precursor to more functionalized reagents. (1) Useful derivatives of the alcohol are the primary allylic chloride, mesylate, and acetate. These are easily prepared in a short number of steps as shown (eq 2) or by functionalization of the primary allylic alcohol. (2) Purification: by distillation under reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: flammable liquid; irritant; store at 0–4 °C.
On list-coloring extendable outerplanar graphs

We investigate a variation on Thomassen's 2- and 3-extendability of precoloring extensions for list-coloring graphs. For an outerplanar graph G with i , j ≤ 2, we say that G is { i , j }-extendable if for every pair of nonadjacent vertices x and y , whenever x is assigned an i -list, y is assigned a j -list, and all other vertices have a 3-list, G is list-colorable. We characterize the {1, 1}- and the {1, 2}-extendable outerplanar graphs and prove that every outerplanar graph is {2, 2}-extendable.
Postthoracotomy Pain Management

In modern medicine, postoperative analgesia is consid ered an integral part of the anesthetic management. Thoracotomy has been reported to be among the most intense clinical postoperative pain experiences. If pain is poorly controlled in the postoperative period, respira tory excursions, movements, and coughing may result in muscle splinting, atelectasis and postoperative pulmo nary dysfunction. This article focuses on the various analgesic modalities that are available for altering the flow of nociceptive information from the periphery to cortex: (1) the transduction of nociceptive information at the peripheral receptor (local anesthetics, nonsteroi dal anti-inflammatory drugs); (2) the transmission of nociceptive information along the afferent sensory neu ral pathways (intercostal, intrapleural, or epidural local anesthetics); and finally, (3) the modulation of nocicep tive input at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (lumbar or thoracic epidural and intrathecal opi oids) or the brain (syste...
Synthesis of mitochondrial RNA in hamster-mouse hybrid cells.

IN human-mouse hybrid cells only mouse cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA (cyt-rRNA)1,2 and mitochondrial DNA3,4 has been found. In hamster-mouse hybrids both parental species of cyt-rRNA5,6 and ribosomal proteins7 are synthesized. I have studied the synthesis of mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (mit-rRNAs) in hybrid cells together with some 4S RNA species, the major homodisperse, well-established products of the mammalian mitochondrial genome8. The series of hamster-mouse mononucleate hybrid clones studied here, derived from Syrian hamster kidney cells (T6a) and mouse fibroblasts (3T3-4E), has already been described9. Montenecourt et al.10 have shown that both the heavy and light species of mit-rRNA of hamster cells can be separated from their mouse counterparts by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Determining Overwater Precipitation from Overland Data: the Methodological Controversy Analyzed☆

Abstract Accurate determination of overwater precipitation from shoreline data in large lakes is critical to operational hydrology. Overtake precipitation has been recorded by standard precipitation gages located on islands and man-made structures on various occasions over the last 50 years. Those readings are then related to shoreline readings by lake/land ratios. In the absence of overwater data, the ratios are applied to shoreline data to obtain overwater precipitation estimates. Recent studies indicate that the lake-land differences observed by such techniques are smaller than probable gage catch errors and that the differences are not statistically significant. Alternative methods for measuring or estimating overwater precipitation are recommended to determine whether or now new, operationally useful lake/land ratios can be provided. Initial costs of some of these programs, such as radar observations, would be high, but they might be discontinued after sufficient confidence in the accuracy of new ratios was gained. It is, of course, possible that any set of ratios might vary from lake to lake necessitating individual programs for each lake. It is also possible that varying regional precipitation patterns over time would necessitate recalculation of the ratios. Either of these situations might indicate that solution to the lake-land precipitation problem is not economically feasible.
Computational design of self-assembling register-specific collagen heterotrimers

The contribution of pairwise amino-acid interactions to the stability of collagen triple helices has remained elusive. Progress in this area is critical for the prediction of triple helical stability from sequences and the preparation of mimetic materials based on this fold. Here we report a sequence-based scoring function for triple helices that takes into account the stability conferred to collagen by axial lysine-aspartate salt bridges. This function is used to predict the stability of a specific register formed from three distinct peptide sequences and that of all alternative compositions and registers. In the context of a genetic algorithm we use it to select sequences likely to self-assemble with high stability and to the exclusion of the other 26 possible combinations. We validate our methodology by synthesis and structural characterization of the designed peptides, which self-assemble into a highly stable ABC triple helix with control over both composition and register.
A Multiyear Surveillance for Aedes albopictus with Biogents Sentinel Trap Counts for Males and Species Composition of Other Mosquito Species

Abstract The Biogents Sentinel (BGS) trap is a very effective tool to monitor adult populations of Aedes albopictus. We utilized BGS traps during an intensive 5-year surveillance as part of an “Area-wide Management Program for the Asian Tiger Mosquito.” During this period, >52,000 mosquitoes were collected, comprising a total of 24 species. The most abundant species was Ae. albopictus (54.4%) followed by Culex spp. (8.7%), which primarily comprised Culex pipiens pipiens (6.5%) and Cx. restuans (0.9%). We also collected >15,000 male specimens of Ae. albopictus (28.7%) and >3,400 males of Culex spp. (6.8%). Other species captured through our surveillance only comprised 1.7% of the total. Although BGS traps are becoming the gold standard instrument for Ae. albopictus surveillance, they can also be used to collect other important mosquito species, which can enhance existing vector surveillance programs.
Numerical Hartree-Fock study on the Rydberg-like excitations of He−2

Abstract Two new metastable states, 4 Φ g and 4 I g , of the He − 2 anion are characterized using the numerical Hartree-Fock method. It is determined that such metastable quartet states are formed when the He + 2 core attracts two electrons, which are placed into bonding orbitals, whose angular momentum quantum number differs by one.
AUTHORS' RESPONSES: The Picture Is Getting Clearer, But Is the Scope Too Limited? Three Overlooked Questions in the Psychology of Religion

In this article I suggest that at least three crucial questions have been largely overlooked in recent research on the psychology of religion: First, is the field currently placing too much emphasis on the effects of religion on physical and mental health? Second, could negative emotions associated with religion lead to adaptive outcomes in some situations? Finally, should we begin to devote greater attention to specific religious beliefs or doctrines? Attention to issues such as these may help to increase the impact of research on the psychology of religion.
Some Factors Tending to Limit the Utility of the Social Scientist in Military Systems Analysis

What I am about to discuss should not be construed as pessimistic or negative since I have considerable hope for the future of the social sciences as a resource in military systems analysis. However, it has been my experience, and that of other social scientists, that there are certain difficulties which, when they arise, tend to limit our present value as a military resource. These difficulties seem more often to arise when the subject of evaluation is behavioral or institutional stress, though they are not the exclusive characteristics of a particular work problem. To the extent that an appreciation of these difficulties can provide conditions which encourage the reduction of their significance or prevalence, to that extent we will increase our utility in this field of research and application. This is a slightly revised version of an address delivered at the panel on Problems and Prospects for Military Sociology at the American Sociological Society, September 9, 1956. These comments do not necessarily reflect the views of any organizations with which the writer has been affiliated.
Suppressed responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasinghormone in girls with unsustained isosexual precocity

Eleven girls, ages 10/12 to 76/12 years, were evaluated because of early and rapid breast development. Initial clinical presentations and serum gonadotropin or estradiol determinations did not differentiate patient types. However, patients could be divided into two groups based on their responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Group A consisted of seven girls with suppressed or prepubertal-type responses, and Group B consisted of four girls with pubertal or adult-type responses. Subsequent evaluation revealed that Group A patients had intermittent or unsustained isosexual precocity, whereas Group B patients had idiopathic precocious puberty. During initial evaluation, increased serum or urinary estrogen values were noted in ten of ten patients who were studied. The greatest serum E 2 values (162 and 117 pg/ml) were noted in two Group A patients; three months and two years later, those patients had normal prepubertal responses to GnRH and serum E 2 values of
Extracellular calcium increases CXCR4 expression on bone marrow-derived cells and enhances pro-angiogenesis therapy

Cell surface receptors play major roles in the mobilization and homing of progenitor cells from the bone marrow to peripheral tissues. CXCR4 is an important receptor that regulates homing of leucocytes and endothelial progenitors in response to the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Ionic calcium is also known to regulate chemotaxis of selective bone marrow cells (BMCs) through the calcium-sensing receptor, CaR. Here we show that calcium regulates CXCR4 expression and BMC responses to SDF-1. CaCl2 treatment of BMC induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in both the transcription and cell surface expression of CXCR4. BMC subpopulations expressing VEGFR2+, CD34+ and cKit+/Sca-1+ were especially sensitive to calcium. The effects were blocked by calcium influx inhibitors, anti-CaR antibody and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, but not by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Calcium treatment also enhanced SDF-1-mediated CXCR4 internalization. These changes were reflected in significantly improved chemotaxis by SDF-1, which was abolished by AMD3100 and by antibody against CXCR4. Calcium pre-treatment improved homing of CD34+ BMCs to ischemic muscle in vivo, and enhanced revascularization in ischemic mouse hindlimbs. Our results identify calcium as a positive regulator of CXCR4 expression that promotes stem cell mobilization, homing and therapy.
Perspective on improving passive human intestinal absorption

ABSTRACT: Methods such as pH adjustment, cosolvency, complexation, and micellization are routinely used to increase the concentration of dissolved drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen over that of a saturated solution. However, these solubilizing agents also reduce the membrane–water distribution coefficient so that the membrane transport rate is not changed. Also, dilution of a formulation upon administration results in: (1) a pH change toward that of the GI fluid, (2) an exponential decrease in cosolvency, and (3) disassociation of complexes and the disintegration of micelles. As a result, these solubilizing agents cannot be expected to produce any increase in membrane transport-limited drug absorption over that of a suspension of unformulated drug. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:3047–3050, 2012
Image quality of figured multilayered optics

The reflectivity and resolution of a multilayer structure is strongly affected by the roughness at the interfaces between two successive layers and by the amount that the constituent materials will diffuse into one another at the interfaces. Performance is also affected by the variations in individual layer thicknesses and by inhomogeneities in the materials. These deviations from the ideal multilayer will also affect the quality of the image from a figured multilayer optical element. The theory used to model the effects of non-ideal multilayers on the image quality of figured optics will be discussed. The relationship between image quality and multilayer structure quality will be illustrated with several examples.
Ultrastructure of murine trisomy 1 optic cup.

The optic cups of two gestational day 11 trisomy (ts) 1 mouse embryos and a normal littermate control were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). One trisomic embryo had a small lens with a lens stalk; the other was aphakic. The resolution available with TEM allowed detailed evaluation of cell organelles, spatial relationships, and the intra- and extracellular structural environment of the optic cup in normal and abnormal mouse embryos. Differences between the normal littermate and the trisomic optic cups, as well as between the two ts 1 structures, included the following: (1) melanin granules in the retinal layer and intraretinal space as well as in the pigment layer, (2) neither pseudostratified nor cuboidal neuroepithelium in trisomic optic cups, (3) increasing cell lysis with severity of eye defect, (4) fusion between retinal and pigment layer cells and cells from the pigment layer and head mesoderm. This investigation not only confirmed some of the abnormal morphology found in light microscopic studies of ts 1 at this gestational age but also identified other anomalies in the ts 1 eye that may play a part in the dysgenesis of this organ. The roles of larger than normal intercellular lacunae, disorganized microtubules, and the connections between different cell types in the ts 1 optic cup require further investigation.
Quantifying damage at multiple loading rates to Kevlar KM2 fibers due to weaving, finishing, and pre-twist

Abstract Understanding Kevlar's mechanical response at strain rates relevant to impact events is essential for the development of numerical simulations of impact events. The strength and orientation of the individual filaments may become compromised as a result of crimping, weaving, or finishing processes required to weave the Kevlar yarn into the fabric used for protective equipment. To elucidate and quantify any damage to the fibers as a result of the weaving or post treatment finishing process, single fibers were extracted from the warp and weft directions of plain woven, hydrophobically treated Kevlar cloth. The strength of these fibers was measured over a wide range of strain rates and compared with fibers extracted from an unwoven yarn. The tensile response was also measured from single fibers subjected to varying levels of shear strain. The tensile strength of the fibers was evaluated at 0.001 s−1, 1 s−1, and approximately 1000 s−1 using a Bose Electroforce test setup and a Hopkinson tension bar modified for fiber experiments. A wide range of gage lengths was investigated to find the effect of defect distribution on the tensile strength of the woven fibers. The results show that fibers taken from the weft direction of the woven fabric decreased in strength 3%–8% compared with the unwoven fiber. The warp fibers were a minimum of 20% weaker than unwoven and weft fibers at all loading rates. Twisted fibers retained 93% of untwisted tensile strength up to a shear strain of about 0.10–0.15. Measured Young's modulus as a function of strain rate and tensile strength as a function of gage length in relation to defect distribution are also presented in this paper.
Assessment of minority-alloy component segregation (e.g. Mn, Al) in back end of line copper trench structures using Kelvin probe technique

Alloy seedlayers for Cu BEOL interconnects have become common at technology groundrules of 45 nm and below, due to reliability requirements. The key requirement of the minority alloy component (e.g., Al or Mn, also referred to as the “dopant”) is that it segregates to the Cu / dielectric cap layer interface in order to promote adhesion between the Cu in the line and the dielectric capping layer. The segregation beneath the dielectric cap has a complex dependence on many process parameters and needs to be monitored across the wafer. In this paper, we present a contactless, in-line, fast and reliable Kelvin probe technique for the sub-surface detection of alloy segregation in Cu interconnects for sub-22 nm technologies.
CALCIUM- AND LIPID-DEPENDENT PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE HUMAN OVARY

The cytosol of human ovarian tissues was observed to promote protein phosphorylation in the combined presence of Ca2+,1,2-diolein, and phosphatidylserine. Ca2+alone or lipid alone did not produce full activation of this protein kinase(s). The addition of human erythrocyte calmodulin to the assay mixture, in the presence or absence of Ca2+, had no effect on protein kinase activity. Phosphorylation of cytosol proteins ranging in mol wt from 10,000 to 200,000 was selectively increased by Ca2+ plus lipid. This protein kinase activity may play a crucial role in the intracellular transmission of the action of hormones affecting cellular Ca2+ flux and/or phospholipid metabolism.
Effect of mass disorder on the lattice thermal conductivity of MgO periclase under pressure

Thermal conductivity of mantle materials controlling the heat balance and thermal evolution of the Earth remains poorly constrained as the available experimental and theoretical techniques are limited in probing minerals under the relevant conditions. We report measurements of thermal conductivity of MgO at high pressure up to 60 GPa and 300 K via diamond anvil cells using the time-domain thermoreflectance technique. These measurements are complemented by model calculations which take into account the effect of temperature and mass disorder of materials within the Earth. Our model calculations agree with the experimental pressure dependencies at 300 and 2000 K for MgO. Furthermore, they predict substantially smaller pressure dependence for mass disordered materials as the mechanism of scattering changes. The calculated thermal conductivity at the core-mantle boundary is smaller than the majority of previous predictions resulting in an estimated total heat flux of 10.4 TW, which is consistent with modern geomodeling estimates.
An analytic solution for groundwater uptake by phreatophytes spanning spatial scales from plant to field to regional

Phreatophytes are important to the overall hydrologic water budget, providing pathways from the uptake of groundwater with its nutrients and chemicals to subsequent discharge to the root zone through hydraulic lift and to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. An analytic mathematical model is developed to model groundwater uptake by individual plants and fields of plant communities and the regional hydrology of communities of fields. This model incorporates new plant functions developed through aid of Wirtinger calculus. Existing methodology for area-sinks is extended to fields of phreatophytes, and Bell polynomials are employed to extend existing numerical methods to calculate regional coefficients for area-sinks. This model is used to develop capture zones for individual phreatophytes and it is shown that the functional form of groundwater uptake impacts capture zone topology, with groundwater being extracted from greater depths when root water uptake is focused about a taproot. While individual plants siphon groundwater from near the phreatic surface, it is shown that communities of phreatophytes may tap groundwater from greater depths and lateral extent as capture zones pass beneath those of upgradient phreatophytes. Thus, biogeochemical pathways moving chemical inputs from aquifer to ecosystems are influenced by both the distribution of groundwater root uptake and the proximity of neighboring phreatophytes. This provides a computational platform to guide hypothesis testing and field instrumentation and interpretation of their data and to understand the function of phreatophytes in water and nutrient uptake across plant to regional scales.
Activity coefficients in sulphuric acid and sulphuric-acid-sodium-sulphate mixtures

Abstract Equations are developed that permit the calculation of the mean ionic activity coefficients of H+, H+, SO42− (γ1′ and of H+, HSO4−(γ2′) from the measured practical activity coefficient of sulphuric acid, if α (the fraction of total sulphate as SO42−) and K2 (the second dissociation constant of sulphuric acid) are known. On the assumption that the dependence of γ1′ on the ionic strength is similar to that of the activity coefficient of sodium sulphate, the constants in the equation −log γ2′ = 0·5065 μ 1 2 /(1 + Aμ 1 2 ) + Bμ + Cμ3 have been determined to give agreement with observed isopiestic measurements. K2 was re-evaluated from emf measurements in the literature; K2 = 0·0102 is considered to be the best value. Estimates of α, γ1′, γ2′ and Q (the stoichiometric dissociation quotient for HSO4−) are given for solutions of sulphuric acid and sulphuric-acid-sodium-sulphate mixtures in the ionic strength range 0–4·0. The ionic strength dependence of γ2′ is similar to that of the activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid.
Spectrum of Large N Gauge Theory from Supergravity

Recently, Maldacena proposed that the large N limit of the N=4 supersymmetric gauge theory in four dimensions with U(N) gauge group is dual to the type IIB superstring theory on AdS_5 ×S^5. We use this proposal to study the spectrum of the large N gauge theory on R×S^3 in a low energy regime. We find that the spectrum is discrete and evenly spaced, and the number of states at each energy level is smaller than the one predicted by the naive extrapolation of the Bekenstein-Hawking formula to the low energy regime. We also show that the gauge theory describes a region of spacetime behind the horizon as well as the region in front.
Gas exchange rates of potato stands for bioregenerative life support

Abstract Plants can provide a means for removing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) while generating oxygen (O 2 ) and clean water for life support systems in space. To study this, 20 m 2 stands of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were grown in a large (113 m 3 vol.), atmospherically closed chamber. Photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 by the stands was detected about 10 DAP (days after planting), after which photosynthetic rates rose rapidly as stand ground cover and total light interception increased. Photosynthetic rates peaked ca. 50 DAP near 45 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 under 865 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF (average photosynthetic photon flux), and near 35 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 under 655 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF. Short term changes in PPF caused a linear response in stand photosynthetic rates up to 1100 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF, with a light compensation point of 185 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF. Comparisons of stand photosynthetic rates at different CO 2 concentrations showed a classic C 3 response, with saturation occurring near 1200 μmol mol −1 CO 2 and compensation near 100 μmol mol −1 CO 2 . In one study, the photoperiod was changed from 12 h light/12 h dark to continuous light at 58 DAP. This caused a decrease in net photosynthetic rates within 48 h and eventual damage (scorching) of upper canopy leaves, suggesting the abrupt change stressed the plants and/or caused feedback effects on photosynthesis. Dark period (night) respiration rates increased during early growth as standing biomass increased and peaked near 9 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ca. 50 DAP, after which rates declined gradually with age. Stand transpiration showed a rapid rise with canopy ground cover and peaked ca. 50 DAP near 8.9 L m −2 d −1 under 860 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF and near 6.3 L m −2 d −1 under 650 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF. Based on the best photosynthetic rates from these studies, approximately 25 m 2 of potato plants under continuous cultivation would be required to support the CO 2 removal and O 2 requirements for one person.
Recovery of Fertility in Male Codling Moths Treated with 38 Krad of Gamma Irradiation

Males of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) treated with 38 krad of gamma irradiation were caged individually with 0- to 24-hour-old virgin females each day for 5 days. Irradiated males recovered fertility in response to both time and number of matings.
Overcoming Lethargy in Gifted and Talented Education with Contract Activity Packages "I'm Choosing to Learn!"

In this article, the author compares the potential academic and attitudinal gains of a gifted and talented population using different instructional methods. It has been found that instruction for identified high-achieving students must be different than that of general education students. Gifted and talented students cannot maximize learning opportunities unless they are appropriately challenged and motivated to learn. When gifted learners are lethargic and disinterested in learning, better-matched instruction is needed. Using contract activity packages with a gifted and talented population will support high-end learners in the classroom. During this project, the contract activity packages method of instruction provided the children with choice, flexibility, and challenged them at a higher level than they experienced through traditional lessons.
Broadband birefringent metainterfaces

We report broadband birefringent metainterfaces comprising 2D arrays of phased optical antennas that can create light beams with arbitrary polarization states and arbitrary propagation directions over a wide spectral range (from λ=5 to 14 μm).