cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE STRUCTURE OF MID-OCEAN RIDGES

Recent research results on the structure of midocean ridges are reviewed. The new view of ridge-axis crustal structure obtained from high-resolution seismology is reviewed, emphasizing the variation of that structure with spreading rate and along-axis at a given spreading rate. Recent results on upper mantle structure beneath ridges are examined, including variations with seafloor age, indications from anisotropy for directions of mantle flow, and long-wavelength along-axis variations in structure and their implications for lateral heterogeneity in mantle temperature and composition.
SENSE Performance of RF Coil Array at Ultra-High Fields

The geometrical noise amplification factor (g-factor) of an eight-channel receive-only coil array was studied for brain imaging at various field strengths. At 1.5, 3.0 and 7.0 Tesla, both experimental and simulation results were obtained and compared for verification purposes. Numerical simulations were further performed at 11.7, 14.0 and 21.0 Tesla. It was found that the most significant parallel imaging performance gain was achieved at an acceleration rate 4 and when the field strength is above 3.0 Tesla. However, the performance of parallel imaging plateaus above 11.7 Tesla plateaus due to highly correlated coil profiles.
Geometrical force balance in glaciology

[1] The analytical force balance traditionally used in glaciology relates gravitational forcing to ice surface slope for sheet flow and to ice basal buoyancy for shelf flow. It is unable to represent stream flow as a transition from sheet flow to shelf flow by having gravitational forcing gradually passing from being driven by surface slope to being driven by basal buoyancy downslope along the length of an ice steam. This is a serious defect, because ice streams discharge up to 90% of ice from ice sheets into the sea. The defect is overcome by using a geometrical force balance that includes basal buoyancy, represented by the ratio of basal water pressure to ice overburden pressure, as a source of gravitational forcing. When combined with the mass balance, the geometrical force balance provides a holistic approach to ice flow in which resistance to gravitational flow must be summed upstream from the calving front of an ice shelf. This is not done in the analytical force balance, and it provides the ice-thinning rate required by gravitational collapse of ice sheets as interior ice is downdrawn by ice streams.
Monitoring Pre-Combustion Event Markers by Heating Electrical Wires

Simultaneous measurements were made for particle releases and off-gassing products produced by heating electrical wires. The wire samples in these experiments were heated to selected temperatures in a heating chamber and responses to vapor releases were recorded by the JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) and an Industrial Scientific ITX gas-monitor; particles released were detected by a TSI P-Trak particle counter. The temperature range considered for the experiment is room temperature (24-26°C) to 500 °C. The results were analyzed by overlapping responses from the ENose, ITX gas sensors and P-Trak, to understand the events (particle release/off-gassing) and sequence of events as a function of temperature and to determine qualitatively whether ENose may be used to detect pre-combustion event markers.
Competitive, quantitative PCR analysis of Haemobartonella felis in the blood of experimentally infected cats

The DNA from the organism, Haemobartonella felis, was extracted from the leukocyte-poor peripheral blood of four experimentally infected cats. Since these organisms are currently unculturable, a competitive, quantitative PCR method developed by Zachar et al. [Nucleic Acid Res. 21 (1993) 2017–2018] was used to estimate the numbers of H. felis organisms in the blood of these cats. This estimation was based on the assumption that there is only one copy of the 16S rRNA gene in the genome of H. felis. It was also based on the efficiency of the DNA extraction, lysing efficiency, as well as the difference in amplification rates between a cloned version of the 16S rRNA gene and genomic DNA from the organism. The number of organisms in the peripheral blood of the cats at peak bacteremia was estimated to be between 3.0·105 and 1.1·108 per microliter of blood. Using this method, the sensitivity of the PCR was determined by estimating the lowest limits of detection. It was determined that as few as 52 organisms were detectable by PCR.
Significance of Circulating Troponins in Heart Failure: If These Walls Could Talk

Biomarkers serve 2 potential roles: They provide insight into the pathophysiology of disease, and they aid clinical decision making by clarifying diagnosis, prognosis, or response to therapy. Fulfillment of one role does not ensure fulfillment of the other. For instance, some biomarkers associated with disease progression turn out to provide little incremental clinical value. Thus, studies like the one by Latini and colleagues1 in this issue of Circulation are valuable because they couple investigation of a biologically interesting association, in this case the link between circulating troponins and heart failure (HF), with a rigorous assessment of clinical utility. The following commentary focuses on 2 questions raised by the study by Latini et al. First, what is the pathophysiological significance of circulating troponins in HF? Second, should we be measuring cardiac troponins in chronic HF patients? Article p 1242 The troponins comprise 3 proteins (troponin T, I, and C) that regulate actin and myosin interactions during muscle contraction. Troponins T and I have distinct isoforms that exist in skeletal and cardiac muscle; newer-generation assays permit the detection of the isoforms unique to cardiac tissue. The release of these proteins into the bloodstream from cardiomyocyte necrosis accounts for their utility as biomarkers of acute coronary syndromes. In the past decade, it has been recognized that elevated concentrations of cardiac troponins also are detectable in patients with HF in the absence of unstable coronary syndromes. In 1997, Missov and colleagues2 used a highly sensitive research assay to demonstrate elevated concentrations of troponin I in 35 patients with advanced HF. Subsequent reports extended these observations to troponin T.3–5 For instance, in a Japanese study, troponin T was detectable by a second-generation assay (detection limit, 0.02 ng/mL) in 30 of 58 patients (52%) with chronic HF compared with 4% of healthy control …
Analyzing the role of culture in shaping American childhood: A twentieth-century case

Widespread beliefs about the nature and functions of children change over time, and affect actual treatment of children within and without the family. Significant changes in beliefs about children developed in the United States from the 1920s onward, with emphasis both on emotional value and on weakness or vulnerability. Increased consumption of expert advice played a key role in this shift, along with cultural translation of new issues concerning child labor and schooling. Key changes occurred in all industrial societies, but American culture generated some distinctive features that continue to show up in the anxieties many parents harbor about children and their effort to intervene on their children's behalf.
Testicular cancer in association with developmental renal anomalies and hypospadias

Abstract Objectives To characterize the clinical, pathologic and genetic aspects of patients with a previously undescribed phenotype of testicular germ cell tumors associated with renal hypoplasia or agenesis and urethral hypospadias. Methods Review of clinical and pathologic findings and genetic analysis of constitutional and tumor DNA for mutations of the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1). Results Clinical findings suggest that this phenotype is distinct from other syndromes associated with renal anomalies and that the associated testicular tumors are histologically and clinically similar to those that occur sporadically. No karyotypic abnormalities, loss of heterozygosity, or mutations in the zinc finger domains (exons 7–10) of WT1 were observed in 5 patients with this phenotype. Conclusions The phenotype of testicular germ cell tumor, developmental renal anomalies and urethral hypospadias constitutes a discrete syndrome caused by a gene distinct from WT1.
Chloro‐2‐propen‐1‐yl‐silane

[17865-20-2] C9H15SiCl (MW 186.76) InChI = 1S/C9H15ClSi/c1-4-7-11(10,8-5-2)9-6-3/h4-6H,1-3,7-9H2 InChIKey = LMQNPINUXNVGGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (dendrimer capping agent) Alternate Names: triallylchlorosilane, triallylsilyl chloride. Physical Data: bp 97–98° C (30 mmHg); d 0.9197 g cm−3, 1.4779. Solubility: sol organics (benzene, Et2O, CHCl3, DCM, THF, DMF). Form Supplied in: colorless liquid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC, HPLC. Preparative Methods: allylation of tetrachlorosilane viaGrignard addition of allylmagnesium chloride,1 treatment of triallylsilane with anhydrous CuCl2 under basic conditions in acetonitrile,2 or via allylation of tetrachlorosilane with allylsamarium bromide.3 Purification: fractional distillation under reduced pressure, bp 97–98°C @ 30 mmHg. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic; use only in fume hood; reagent can be absorbed through skin; always wear gloves when handling this reagent.
Comparing techniques for the semi-autonomous formation of expert teams

Selecting and scheduling human experts can be a highly complex task, given various constraints (such as on what expertise is needed and when) and preferences (such as which expertise an expert most prefers to exercise). A system of multiple computational agents can thus greatly help users form and schedule expert teams. This paper compares two alternative implementations of such agents, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. In particular, we describe a new formulation of the team formation and scheduling problem as a Hybrid Scheduling Problem (HSP), empirically demonstrate the promise of this formulation, and highlight how the application of HSP to this problem has led us to identify important modifications to mechanisms that improve HSP solving. Finally, we summarize how the HSP formulation can support a high degree of human-agent collaboration during the process of forming and scheduling expert teams.
Rapid coevolution of the nematode sex-determining genes fem-3 and tra-2.

Abstract Unlike many features of metazoan development, sex determination is not widely conserved among phyla [1–3]. However, the recent demonstration [4] that one gene family controls sexual development in Drosophila , C . elegans , and vertebrates suggests that sex determination mechanisms may have evolved from a common pathway that has diverged radically since the Cambrian. Sex determination gene sequences often evolve quickly (e.g., [5, 6, 7]), but it is not known how this relates to higher-order pathways or what selective or neutral forces are driving it. In such a rapidly evolving developmental pathway, the fate of functionally linked genes is of particular interest. To investigate a pair of such genes, we cloned orthologs of the key C . elegans male-promoting gene fem-3 from two sister species, C . briggsae and C . remanei . We employed RNA interference to show that in all three species, the male-promoting function of fem-3 and its epistatic relationship with its female-promoting upstream repressor, tra-2, are conserved. Consistent with this, the FEM-3 protein interacts with TRA-2 in each species, but in a strictly species-specific manner. Because FEM-3 is the most divergent protein yet described in Caenorhabditis and the FEM-3 binding domain of TRA-2 is itself hypervariable [8, 9], a key protein-protein interaction is rapidly evolving in concert. Extrapolation of this result to larger phylogenetic scales helps explain the dissimilarity of the sex determination systems across phyla.
The Internal Infinite: Deleuze, Subjectivity, and Moral Agency in Ecclesiastes*

Throughout Second Temple Judaism many understood human subjectivity as finite, but this finitude was conceptualized in different ways. For most, humans are finite because they are limited or excluded from an ideal fullness that lies beyond them. In contrast, for Qohelet human subjects are limited because God has hard-wired a non-finite condition within them. Human being is split, barred from any sense of fulfillment and kept open to a perpetual process of becoming something different. Moreover, as Qohelet repeatedly notes in his refrain that everything is ‭לבה‬, this essential alienation is shared throughout the material and social worlds. For Qohelet, this condition is also creative. It enables subjects to experience affects and forge social solidarities that are not determined by their material conditions and social relations. Ecclesiastes conjures moral agents out of this shared alienation by making their affective attachments to the world and to others an ethical concern. Far from trite endorsements o...
Weather Radar Network Design

The Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) is investigating the use of dense networks of short-range radars for weather sensing. A first test-bed of this new paradigm is currently deployed in southwest Oklahoma. The potential benefits of closely deployed, overlapping, short-range weather radars are easy to see intuitively amounting to a greater ability to measure at lower beam heights (mitigating the effects of the Earth curvature), an increased spatial and temporal resolution in the measurements, and the capability of optimally and adaptively tasking the individual radars according to the meteorological scene. In this paper formulations for radar network design are provided, with various parameters such as number of radars with overlapping coverage, network coverage area, number of radars in a network, and number of elemental cells in a network, and applied to the design of a radar network based on system specifications such as detection sensitivity, beam size, minimum beam height, and overlapping coverage.
Tunable dual-wavelength all-PM fiber ring laser

A multisegment all-PM fiber ring laser is constructed to demonstrate a tunable dual-wavelength laser source with continuous tuning in absolute wavelength and discrete tuning in wavelength spacing. The tuning method is based on birefringence filtering properties of a segmented all-PM fiber ring resonator. Using this method, we show a discrete wavelength spacing of dual-wavelength output from 0.9 to 2.5 nm, and continuous wavelength tuning over a few nanometers. The demonstrated dual-wavelength laser can be easily modified to tune over a greater wavelength spacing and absolute wavelength range.
PPCM: Combing Multiple Classifiers to Improve Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction

Determining protein-protein interaction (PPI) in biological systems is of considerable importance, and prediction of PPI has become a popular research area. Although different classifiers have been developed for PPI prediction, no single classifier seems to be able to predict PPI with high confidence. We postulated that by combining individual classifiers the accuracy of PPI prediction could be improved. We developed a method called protein-protein interaction prediction classifiers merger (PPCM), and this method combines output from two PPI prediction tools, GO2PPI and Phyloprof, using Random Forests algorithm. The performance of PPCM was tested by area under the curve (AUC) using an assembled Gold Standard database that contains both positive and negative PPI pairs. Our AUC test showed that PPCM significantly improved the PPI prediction accuracy over the corresponding individual classifiers. We found that additional classifiers incorporated into PPCM could lead to further improvement in the PPI prediction accuracy. Furthermore, cross species PPCM could achieve competitive and even better prediction accuracy compared to the single species PPCM. This study established a robust pipeline for PPI prediction by integrating multiple classifiers using Random Forests algorithm. This pipeline will be useful for predicting PPI in nonmodel species.
When Can One Test an Explanation? Compare and Contras Benford’s Law and the Fuzzy CLT

Testing a proposed explanation of a statistical phenomenon is conceptually difficult. This class segment is intended to spotlight the issues. This article has supplementary material online.
The Use of Dyadic Alliances in Informal Organization: An Ethnographic Study

Ethnographic methodology was used to analyze a bureaucratic organization. The informal system of dyadic alliances that was found are analyzed in terms of an adaptive response to problems of ineffective management and interpersonal tensions. The organization and management implications of this "informal" system are discussed.
Hypercube-based local lightwave networks

The authors propose a ring topology, connected by an optical fiber medium, to implement the routing functions supported by the hypercube topology. They implement the hypercube topology on a local lightwave network using wavelength-division multiplexing of optical fibers. A simple static routing scheme is used which allows for concurrent interprocess communications. The proposed network provides the necessary bandwidth to perform distributed and parallel computing over local area networks. The hypercube-based local lightwave network implemented on a multichannel ring topology is shown to require fewer channels than similar size ShuffleNet networks. The network architecture and routing scheme are presented. Possible applications are discussed. >
Solitary plexiform neurofibroma of the forehead: A rare and unusual presentation

Abstract Plexiform neurofibromas are benign tumors of the peripheral nerves and are usually considered pathognomonic of neurofibromatosis type 1. We discuss the case of a child who presented with a forehead mass. Pathologic examination revealed a plexiform neurofibroma of the supraorbital nerve. No other signs or symptoms of neurofibromatosis were identified. Although rare, plexiform neurofibromas may rarely occur as solitary lesions not associated with the neurofibromatosis spectrum. It can be seen in unusual anatomic location such as the supraorbital or forehead region and should be considered in the diagnosis of soft tissue facial tumors.
Comparative Susceptibility of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adults to Selected Insecticides in Kansas

Susceptibility of adult populations of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, to several insecticides was evaluated in seven Kansas counties, including Dickinson, Ford, Finney, Pottawatomie, Republic, Riley, and Stevens, between 1996 and 2002. All populations surveyed were highly susceptible to methyl parathion with the largest difference in susceptibility of only three-fold based on 16 complete bioassays for the populations from six counties over a 5-yr period. Noticeable decreases in carbaryl susceptibility were found in populations collected from Republic County between 1997 and 2001 when the cucurbitacin-carbaryl-based bait SLAM was widely used as an areawide management approach for adult corn rootworm control. However, the lowered carbaryl susceptibility returned to previous levels 1 yr after the use of SLAM was halted in the managed (treated) cornfields. This change implies possible dispersal of insects into the relatively small managed area from surrounding untreated cornfields and/or some fitness cost associated with carbaryl resistance within the population. Relative susceptibility of western corn rootworm adults also was evaluated for seven commonly used insecticides, including bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fipronil, malathion, and methyl parathion. They were tested with corn rootworm adults collected from a single cornfield. Methyl parathion and bifenthrin were highly toxic to corn rootworm adults, and cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and malathion were only slightly less toxic. Although fipronil was highly toxic to adult rootworms, its activity was much slower than that of other insecticides. Thus, bifenthrin and methyl parathion were among the most effective in killing corn rootworm adults.
Echoing Sentiments: Art and Melancholy in the Work of Pleshette DeArmitt

During those first few days, those first few weeks, truth be told, still today, something in me has wanted simply to echo the sentiments of others. That’s because I myself didn’t know exactly what to say and, truth be told, I still don’t know today. But it’s also because others, including and especially some of the people here today, beginning with my co-panelists and, perhaps especially, early on, Leigh Johnson, knew at the time just what had to be said and so expressed so well the sentiments that we all—that I at least—just wanted to echo. Just to echo, that’s what I wanted to do, because by echoing the sentiments of others I would be able to protect myself just a bit longer, I thought, though also, I self-justified, by echoing others I would be able to give back in some way to Pleshette herself, who showed us in her work that Echo does not simply repeat but initiates even when it looks or sounds as if she is not, Echo who gives back even when it sounds as if she has nothing to give, Echo who not only has her own Narcissus but her own narcissism—which Pleshette would have been the first to tell us is not only not a bad thing but a necessary one, and perhaps just what is needed for a new thinking of empathy, of mourning, and, perhaps, as I will try to say, of the ephemeral.
Measuring and Generating Single Photons in Microwave Resonators

We implement a cavity quantum electrodynamics system with an electrical circuit by coupling a superconducting qubit to a transmission-line resonator. We detect the quantization of microwaves in the resonator and generate single photons on demand.
La protección de datos personales en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional de Chile

Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CL X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This paper systematize and critically analyzes the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Chile on the protection of personal data. To fulfill that purpose, order chronologically its cases in two stages: the first, in which assumes no constitutional significance of the protection of personal data and, second, in which it does. The analysis starts with a brief reference to the foundation that gives genuinely constitutional relevance to this topic. To the author, it will be in two points: in its demand from the perspective of fundamental rights and, moreover, as a necessity for the limitation of the state power. The first stage is characterized by a jurisprudential development of typical problems on the protection of personal data, without making a separate analysis of the constitutional guarantee of privacy protection. The second, meanwhile, will be characterized by distinctly analyze the problematic of the protection of personal data privacy protection, in the context of his constitutional basis. Finally, it summarize conclusions derived from analysis. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
The Effect Of Intensive Keramba On The Presence Of Parasite Organisms In Rivers Of Lingsar Area

The application of intensive keramba in rivers could affect the presence of parasite organisms throughout the river downstream. The aims of this research are to find out the diversity of parasite species and the effect of intensive aquaculture method developed by the community on the presence of various parasitic organisms, particularly in the downstream area. A total of 65 Tilapia fish samples (O. niloticus) that was collected from 3 areas ( 15 samples from upstream, 25 samples in keramba and 25 samples from downstream areas) have been examined in the laboratory of Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, University of Mataram. Methods employed to identify parasites that infected fish samples are native method and flotation method. This research has identified 7 species of parasites which were divided into 2 groups: ectoparasites ( Trichodina sp., Amylodinium sp., Oogonium sp., Dactylogirus sp., Trematode) and endoparasites ( Entamoeba sp. dan Camallanus sp.). Diversity index calculation indicated that parasite organisms in upstream area were lower in number than that in the downstream and intensive karamba area (H’= (0,825; 1,596 dan 1.324 respectively). These data has showed there was a difference in species diversity and evenness index of parasite organisms in the upstream, downstream and intensive keramba area. In conclusion, there was significant influence of the application of intensive keramba on the appearance of various parasite organisms that could affect the sustainability of fish aquaculture.
Contextualizing Presidential Power in Mid-17th Century England

John Yoo began his argument that the only congressional control over the President's commander in chief authority is a refusal to appropriate funds by looking at the 18th century. In his book Against Throne and Altar: Machiavelli and Political Theory under the English Republic Paul Rahe argues that the English republican thinking of the mid 17th century left its classical roots behind. And Steven Pincus sees 1688 as the first modern revolution diminishing the relevance of the constitutional debates of the Caroline and Cromwellian periods. My claim is that Yoo and Pincus start their studies too late; and Rahe in a sense starts his too early. As a result they exaggerate the role of the executive, and understate the role of the legislature, and "the people.
Incidence and Epidemiology of Heart Failure

Epidemiologic data from the Framingham Study provide insights into the population burden of heart failure (CHF), its prognosis and modifiable risk factors that promote it. In the general population CHF is chiefly the end stage of hypertensive, coronary and valvular cardiovascular disease. It is a major and growing problem in most affluent countries because of aging populations of increased size, and the prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapy. Once clinically manifest, CHF, despite recent innovations in therapy, carries an unacceptably high mortality rate. In the Framingham Study, median survival is only 1.7 y for men and 3.2 y for women, with only 25% of men and 38% of women surviving 5 y. This is a mortality rate 4-8 times that of the general population of the same age. This poor outlook is observed for all etiologies of CHF and sudden death is a prominent feature of the mortality. Based on population attributable risks, hypertension has the greatest impact, accounting for 39% of CHF events in men and 59% in women. Despite its much lower prevalence in the population (3-10%) myocardial infarction also has a high attributable risk in men (34%) and women (13%). Valvular heart disease only accounted for 7-8% of CHF. Hypertension increased the age and risk factor adjusted hazard of CHF 2-fold in men and 3-fold in women, with a greater impact of the systolic than diastolic blood pressure. Diabetes increased CHF risk 2-8 fold with risk ratios twice as large in women as men. About 19% of CHF cases have diabetes. It accounted for 6-12% of the CHF in the Framingham Study cohort. Dyslipidemia characterized by a high total/HDL cholesterol ratio, but not the total cholesterol alone was a risk factor for CHF. An enlarged heart on X-Ray, ECG-LVH, a reduced vital capacity and rapid heart rate usually signified deteriorating cardiac function. CHF risk associated with ECG-LVH was independent of X-Ray cardiomegaly but risk was further augmented when both coexist. Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy signifies a high risk of CHF proportional to the degree of increase in left ventricular mass without a critical value that delineates compensatory from pathological hypertrophy. Risk of CHF in persons predisposed by hypertension, diabetes or cardiac conditions varies over a 10-fold range depending on the aforementioned modifiable risk factors and indicators of deteriorating left ventricular function. Using multivariate risk formulations it is possible to identify 20% of the population from which 70% of the CHF will evolve. Those in the upper quintile of multivariate risk are good candidates for echocardiographic testing to delineate those needing aggressive preventive measures to delay the onset of CHF. Therapy of CHF must begin with treatment of presymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to reverse the dysfunctional maladaptive changes.
Isolation and identification of metabolites of 14C‐labeled estradiol in cattle

A total of six steers and six heifers received three daily injections containing either 200 μCi (1 mg) of [4‐ 14 C]estradiol‐17s or 312 μCi (2.16 mg) of [4‐ 14 C] estradiol‐17s 3‐benzoate. Major metabolites of the administered estradiol‐17s and estradiol‐17s 3‐benzoate were identified in muscle, fat, liver, and kidney samples obtained 3 hr after the final Injection. Estradiol benzoate was nondetectable in the tissues analyzed, suggesting rapid hydrolysis of the benzoate ester. Consequently, the relative proportions of the various metabolites were similar for both the injected estrogens. Estradiol‐17β and estrone, which together accounted for 80–90% of the total extracted radioactivity, appear to be the major metabolites in both muscle and fats. In contrast, the major metabolites present in liver and kidney appear in the conjugate fraction. Most of the conjugated metabolites were glucuronates, which represent 85–95% of the total recovered conjugate radioactivity.
Comparative study of lipids in whole carcasses of Arctic and non-Arctic fish.

Summary1. Whole Arctic sticklebacks and ordinary guppies were analyzed for fatty acids, cholesterol and lipid phosphorus.2. It was found that diet does not have an appreciable effect on the lipids in the guppies.3. Cholesterol and fatty acid are higher in the guppies than in the Arctic fish. On the other hand phospholipid is essentially the same in all the fish examined.4. There is more phospholipid in relation to cholesterol in the Arctic sticklebacks than in the guppies, a fact which may be interpreted as indicating a higher level of fat turnover in the former than in the latter.5. The ratio of cholesterol/lipid phosphorus is lower in the stickleback than in the guppy, indicating a lower water content in the tissues of the former. This may be correlated with the reported ability of the stickleback to resist freezing injuries.
Intellectual history and language

Primum scribere, deinde philosophari. Friedrich NietzscheThe Enlightenment was the planting ground for the “history of ideas”, both literally and substantively. The phrase itself passed from the wo...
97 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED IN RELATION TO THE BIPOLAR SPECTRUM

Background The purpose of this study is to determine clinical characteristics of patients who are diagnosed “Bipolar Not Otherwise Specified” (BP NOS) and are considered part of the bipolar spectrum. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder in the general population may be as high as 6% when the full spectrum of bipolar disorders is accounted for. Our hypothesis was that patients with BP NOS would be more similar to other bipolar patients than Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients regarding age of onset, history of suicidal behavior and family history of bipolar disorder. Study Design and Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review to extract and analyze data on family history, course and clinical characteristics of 340 Bipolar I (BP I), Bipolar II (BP II), Bipolar Not Otherwise Specified (BP NOS) or Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients who were then grouped by diagnosis for analysis. Nominal variables were compared between groups using chi-squared tests and ANOVA was used to compare means between groups for continuous variables. Significant F values were followed by independent-samples t-tests. Results Patients with BP I, BP II and BP NOS were all found to have a significantly earlier mean age onset of depression than MDD Single, MDD Recurrent and MDD with treatment induced hypomania patients. A significantly higher incidence of bipolar illness in a first degree relative was found for all of the BP groups (27-32%) when compared to MDD Single (11%) and MDD Recurrent (11%) groups. Only BP I had a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts (42%) compared to BP NOS (17%) and MDD Recurrent (16%). Conclusions Our data supports the assertions of others that early age of onset and positive family history of bipolar illness are associated not only with Bipolar I and II but ‘softer9 forms of bipolar illness which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV classifies as BP NOS and current literature refers to as a category of ‘bipolar spectrum disorder9 albeit with varying proposed definitions and diagnostic criteria. Suicide attempt history may be more useful in identifying severity of illness than distinguishing the bipolar spectrum from depressive disorders. Further research is needed to clearly define the boundaries of the bipolar spectrum and whether or not depressed patients with treatment induced hypomania belong in the bipolar spectrum category.
Social Inquiry and the Pursuit of Reality Cora Diamond and the Problem of Criticizing from “Outside”

Although social scientists have been devoted to discovering specific realities of social life, many theorists devoted to critical judgment have turned to philosophy in search of universal grounds of truth and reality. They have, however, worried about the problem of relativism. Although Wittgenstein has often been characterized as a relativist, Cora Diamond, inspired by G. E. M Anscombe, argues that his work, despite internal tensions, provides rational grounds for external criticism of social practices. Her argument and her critique of the work of Peter Winch and Ilham Dilman are, however, neither adequately supported by Wittgenstein’s texts nor sufficiently developed on their own terms.
Spontaneous Heterotopic Pregnancy: Dual Case Report and Review of Literature

Introduction. Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare complication usually seen in populations at risk for ectopic pregnancy or those undergoing fertility treatments. It is a potentially dangerous condition occurring in only 1 in 30,000 spontaneous pregnancies. With the advent of Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) and ovulation induction, the overall incidence of heterotopic pregnancy has risen to approximately 1 in 3,900 pregnancies. Other risk factors include a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal damage, pelvic surgery, uterine Mullerian abnormalities, and prior tubal surgery. Heterotopic pregnancy is a potentially fatal condition, rarely occurring in natural conception cycles. Most commonly, heterotopic pregnancy is diagnosed at the time of rupture when surgical management is required. Case. This paper represents two cases of heterotopic pregnancies as well as a literature review. Conclusion. Heterotopic pregnancy should be suspected in patients with an adnexal mass, even in the absence of risk factors. Clinicians must be alert to the fact that confirming an intrauterine pregnancy clinically or by ultrasound does not exclude the coexistence of an ectopic pregnancy. A high index of suspicion in women is needed for early and timely diagnosis, and management with laparotomy or laparoscopy can result in a favorable and successful obstetrical outcome.
Racing to the top: descent ideologies and why Ladinos never meant to be mestizos in colonial Guatemala

ABSTRACTThis paper asks what mestizaje as presently conceived could have meant in colonial Latin America before modern notions of race, nation, state, or culture. It explores the term ladino in contemporary Chiapas and Guatemala that refers to people of mixed descent who identify as ‘not Indian.’ More than a substitute for mestizo, ladino represents a descent ideology that stresses parentage over race in pursuit of relative advantage within a stratified, postconquest society. This descent ideology in turn derives from the ‘republics’ of Spaniards and Indians – and African slaves – in colonial Guatemala, and post-Reconquest Iberian ideals of ‘purity of blood’ based on, not race, but legitimate birth to a Christian family going back to before the Muslim conquest of Spain. The vagaries of genealogical reckoning inherent in descent ideologies help to rationalize why from the bottom up ‘mestizo’ identities came to depend as much on behavior as appearance, and from the top down, they provoked blanket phenotypic...
3.20 – Specialization of Primate Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Face and Vocal Processing: Precursor to Communication

Communication is a multisensory process where information about face identity, emotional expressions, vocalizations, gestures, and mouth movements come together. While many brain regions are involved in this process, the frontal and temporal lobes play important roles in speech and language. Neuroimaging has helped us to localize brain regions for some communication-related functions; nonetheless, our understanding of neuronal activity, specific connections, and precise function are less clear. Thus, it is necessary to utilize animal models to directly record neural activity in these areas to better appreciate the neural basis for these communication-related functions. Macaca mulatta is a species of Old World monkey with a highly developed frontal lobe. In the past 50 years of research utilizing this model, we have learned much about the connections, neurophysiological responses, and functions of the primate prefrontal cortex. Research has shown that one region, in particular, the primate ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is the recipient of auditory and visual afferents from auditory cortical regions and extrastriate visual regions. This audiovisual recipient zone is located in Brodmann areas 12/47 and 45. In this region neurons respond to complex auditory stimuli, including vocalizations, and to faces. Furthermore, some neurons are multisensory and respond to both auditory and visual stimuli. These multisensory neurons are particularly responsive to macaque vocalizations and their accompanying dynamic facial gestures. VLPFC multisensory neurons are sensitive to the semantic congruency and the temporal synchrony of face and vocalization pairs. Furthermore, neurophysiological recordings show that neurons in this area are active while remembering face and vocalization pairs. Importantly, inactivation of VLPFC results in impaired memory for face and vocalizations. Thus, the nonhuman primate VLPFC is essential in the processing, integration, and remembering of face and vocal stimuli, processes which are critical in communication. The demonstration of a nonhuman primate region that is involved in binding and remembering communication-relevant face and vocal stimuli suggests that this region may be a precursor for the development of frontal lobe language areas in the human brain.
A Client Satisfaction Measure of Homecare Services for Older Adults

"This is a copy of an article published in the JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SERVICE RESEARCH © 2017 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD"
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase by the furanosesquiterpenoid hibiscone C

The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates cellular metabolism and is upregulated in many cancers, making it an attractive chemotherapeutic target. Wortmannin is a potent inhibitor of PI3K; however, its potential as a chemotherapeutic is limited due to its instability, lack of selectivity, and lengthy chemical synthesis. In contrast, hibiscone C, a structurally simpler and less studied member of the furanosteroid family, has been expediently prepared by total synthesis. We demonstrate that hibiscone C competitively inhibits PI3K activity in intact cells, slows proliferation, and induces cell death. Hibiscone C may therefore serve as a productive scaffold for the development of therapeutically relevant PI3K inhibitors.
The Neuroethology of Reproduction

Neuroethology is the branch of biological science that deals with the relationship between biologically adaptive behavior patterns and physiological mechanisms. To better understand these responses, neuroethological investigations are directed to uncovering the neural and hormonal mechanisms that control species-typical behavior. Often investigators in this field are not as much concerned with general motor pathways but with the specific pathways that, for example, allow prey capture by amphibia or the sensory mechanisms that allow the birds of a particular species to recognize their natural song (e.g., see H.-J. Leppelsack, this volume).
Heisenberg-Langevin versus quantum master equation

The reliability of the Born and Markov approximations is studied within the framework of quantum Brownian motion described by a mechanical oscillator coupled to a bath of oscillators in thermal equilibrium. It is found that the conditions for the validity of the Born approximation with or without the Markov approximation are more stringent than the usual condition with a weak coupling.
Manuel M. Ponce’s Piano Sonata No. 2 (1916): An Analysis Using Signature Transformations and Spelled Heptachords

In the present work an analysis is made of several passages from Manuel M. Ponce’s Sonata No. 2 for piano (Ponce, Sonata No. 2 for Piano, 1916/1968, [1]), employing Julian Hook’s theoretical development of signature transformations and proper spelled heptachords. A signature transformation reinterprets a diatonic object in the context of a different key signature. The signature transformations form a cyclic group of order 84; indeed, the chromatic transpositions (Tn) and the diatonic transpositions (\(t_n\)) form subgroups of this cyclic group, hence contributing with yet another way of unifying diatonic and chromatic structures. After giving an introduction to the theory behind the signature transformations, we proceed to an analysis of illustrative passages of the Sonata, using units of varying size called diatonic fragments. During this analysis we realized that the classes of proper spelled heptachords, a generalization of the signature transformations, could explain the constant transition between 7-note nearly diatonic scales. These classes also have a clear mathematical structure, with a transposition operator \(\tau \) (they are also called \(\tau \)-classes), and possess some of the symmetries as well as the seven modes of the diatonic class. This analysis made us look for both intra-class transformations, similar to the ones we find in the diatonic class, and inter-class transformations that can explain the fluid movement between classes found not only in this sonata, but in other pieces that are classified as “chromatic” without more detail.
Electrocardiographic artifact potentially misleading to the wrong management.

Atrial flutter (AF) is the second most common supraventricular tachyarrhythmia following atrial fibrillation. We present an interesting case of a diagnostic challenge manifested as an electrocardiogram (ECG) recording mimicking AF in a patient with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A 72-year-old African-American female with history of PD presented to our Emergency Department with a one day history of chest pain. Her vital signs were within normal limits. Physical exam was remarkable for bilateral resting hand tremors at a frequency of 6–8 hertz and mild cogwheel rigidity in both upper extremities. Initial ECG was interpreted as AF prompting admission. After careful review of her ECG by a cardiologist, several features such as, sharply contoured upright p waves in all leads, different flutter wave morphologies in the same leads, more prominence of “pseudo-flutter” waves in the limb leads compared to the precordial leads, and return to isoelectric baseline after sharp peaked p waves, questioned the diagnosis of AF. A repeat 12 lead ECG clearly demonstrated normal sinus rhythm, and the patient remained completely asymptomatic throughout the stay. A 48-hour Holter monitoring in the clinic later confirmed consistent sinus rhythm with no evidence of any arrhythmias Tremor induced artifacts can be mistaken for arrhythmias. Correct and accurate diagnosis is critically important, in order to avoid wrong treatment and unnecessary interventions. Our case illustrates the importance of recognizing artifact related ECG changes to prevent unnecessary treatment and hospital admissions.
Peptide Nucleic Acid Probe Detection of Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genes Associated with Drug Resistance

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious public health problem. Many of the specific gene mutations that cause drug resistance in M. tuberculosis are point mutations. We are developing a PCR-peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based ELISA as a diagnostic method to recognize point mutations in genes associated with isoniazid and rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis. Specific point mutation-containing sequences and wild-type sequences of cloned mycobacterial genes were PCR-amplified, denatured, and hybridized with PNA probes bound to microplate wells. Using 15-base PNA probes, we established the hybridization temperatures (50 degrees C-55 degrees C) and other experimental conditions suitable for detecting clinically relevant point mutations in the katG and rpoB genes. Hybridization of PCR-amplified sequences that contained these point mutations with complementary mutation-specific PNAs resulted in significant increases in ELISA response compared with hybridization using wild-type-specific PNAs. Conversely, PCR-amplified wild-type sequences hybridized much more efficiently with wild-type PNAs than with the mutation-specific PNAs. Using the M. tuberculosis cloned genes and PCR-PNA-ELISA format developed here, M. tuberculosis sequences containing point mutations associated with drug resistance can be identified in less than 24 h.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene is associated with adolescents' cortisol reactivity and anxiety.

Abstract Emerging evidence points to interactions between inflammatory markers and stress reactivity in predicting mental health risk, but underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammatory signaling and Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis stress-response, and has recently been identified as a candidate biomarker for depression and anxiety risk. We examined polymorphic variations of the MIF gene in association with baseline MIF levels, HPA axis reactivity, and self-reported anxiety responses to a social stressor in 74 adolescents, ages 10–14 years. Genotyping was performed for two polymorphisms, the -794 CATT5-8 tetranucleotide repeat and the -173*G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Youth carrying the MIF-173*C and CATT7 alleles displayed attenuated cortisol reactivity when compared with non-carriers. Children with the CATT7-173*C haplotype displayed lower cortisol reactivity to the stressor compared to those without this haplotype. Additionally, the CATT5-173*C and CATT6-173*C haplotypes were associated with lower self-reported anxiety ratings across the stressor. Results extend prior work pointing to the influence of MIF signaling on neuroendocrine response to stress and suggest a potential pathophysiological pathway underlying risk for stress-related physical and mental health disorders. To our knowledge, these are the first data showing associations between the MIF gene, HPA axis reactivity, and anxiety symptoms during adolescence.