cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology at the crossroads.

The specialty of pathology is at a complex crossroads. Like other medical specialties, it is undergoing a healthy process of introspection, examining where it has been and attempting to decide where it should be going? We who practise it must now choose the right direction or else we will not be in the mainstream of medicine by the year 2000. What is then the right direction for routine pathology, research pathology and teaching pathology? This article does not pretend to provide any patent solutions, but puts forward some personal views and some colleagues' views that I share. In the following I use the word pathology to cover morbid anatomy, histopathology, cytology and experimental pathology, and not in the sense it is used in the United Kingdom where it also includes medical microbiology, hematology, chemical pathology, immunology, and forensic pathology3.
Conjugal transfer of lactose-fermenting ability from Streptococcus lactis C2 to Leuconostoc cremoris CAF7 yields Leuconostoc that ferment lactose and produce diacetyl

Conjugation between lactose-fermenting (Lac+)Streptococcus lactis C2 and Lac−Leuconostoc cremoris CAF7 was performed. The frequency of Lac+ transfer was 1.5 · 10−2 per donor cell. Lac+Leuconostoc transconjugants could ferment lactose significantly faster than wild-type cells. When grown in litmus milk fortified with 0.2% yeast extract, Lac+ transconjugants reached pH 4.68 within 24 h at 30°C and produced diacetyl. The identity of the transconjugants asLeuconostoc derivatives was confirmed by their resistance to phage c2 and to vancomycin (>500 μg/ml), and by growth on selective medium containing azide. Plasmid profiles of 10 transconjugants showed two unique patterns. A novel enlarged plasmid was found. Southern blot hybridization revealed some homology with the 30 Md Lac+ plasmid of donor, recipient and the transconjugants, as well as with some of the remaining plasmids of the donor.
Composite Skyrme model

We propose a composite SU(2)×SU(2) Skyrme model which contains the original Skyrme model as a special case. We find that in one special case, the predicted pion decay constant is 185 MeV which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 186 MeV. Moreover, some other predicted static properties also agree well with the experiment, while a disagreement persists for the magnetic properties.
The imager replacing the pathologist in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease

Advances in imaging technology, specifically cross-sectional imaging techniques (ultrasonography, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), are dynamic and rapid. They have dramatically changed the management of hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. Although imaging is not identical to the traditional gold standard of a tissue diagnosis, it often obviates its need and provides a much better insight into clinically relevant pathology compared with a biopsy. However, this requires a thorough insight into the clinical and pathologic aspects of the disease, knowledge of limitations of imaging techniques, and insight in management implications. The clear identification of characteristic disease findings on imaging, such as a cirrhotic configuration of the liver or gallstones that match clinical findings, are most helpful. Imaging and tissue investigation often have a complementary role in patient management. Their yield is highest if they are part of a critical integration of clinical findings by a multidisciplinary team. The latter should help as much in identifying specific opportunities for treatment as preventing futile and potential harmful interventions. The contribution of imagers and pathologists to the management of patients will continue to be redefined in the new century. Noninvasive and virtual imaging will develop further. A specific and challenging role for the pathologists and clinical imagers in close cooperation with many other disciplines will be to identify sensitive molecular targets that can be used to provide noninvasive images that not only accurately provide a diagnosis, but also resolution of disease and response to specific therapy. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:57-66, 2001.
Methodology for selecting hole sizes for consequence studies

Abstract Predicting release rates is the first step, and a crucial step, in consequence analysis. When the release is from an isolated volume of vessel and/or piping, the release rate decreases with time. There is often debate about what equivalent hole sizes should be used for a consequence study, and usually a range of hole sizes (3–4 values) is examined. This paper shows the effect of hole size on the ultimate impact of hydrocarbon releases for several scenarios and the methodology to select them. The impact depends on the intensity and exposure time. The intensity for a fire is the thermal radiation level, and that for an unignited release is the gas concentration. As the release rate decreases with time, so does the intensity. Probit functions describe the probability of a given impact based on the time-varying intensity. For a number of example scenarios, the predictions show that the worst-case hole size is an intermediate hole size, i.e., the impact goes through a maximum with increasing hole size. For smaller holes, the event is small enough that its impact is low even though the duration is long. For larger holes, the initial event is large but decreases so rapidly that the impact is low. For the intermediate hole, the event is large enough, and the duration long enough, to cause the greatest impact. This consequence study was made evaluating hole sizes with diameters between 5 and 400 mm in a fixed volume upstream process vessel. Worst case scenario consequence predictions for fire damages, effects on people and toxic releases were determined to be somewhat different for different hole sizes. However, hole sizes in the 30 mm–90 mm range seems to have the highest impact in dry gas service.
Nanoscale phase separation effects near and 2.67, and rigidity transitions in chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Nanoscale phase separation effects are of general interest in glass science. Such structural effects produce usually pronounced changes in glass physical properties which can mask the more subtle elastic effects related to rigidity transitions. The glass-transition temperature, Tg, is an intrinsic measure of network connectivity. It can be expected to increase or decrease as a network polymerizes or nanoscale phase separates. Compositional trends in Tg(x) in binary AsxSe1–x and GeySe1–y glasses show thresholds near the stoichiometric compositions, x = 2/5 or a mean coordination number r =2.4 , y = 1/3 or r =2.67 . These Tg trends in conjunction with spectroscopic (Raman, Mossbauer) evidence of broken chemical order suggest that the stoichiometric glasses As2Se3 and GeSe2 consist of a Se-rich majority phase that is separate from a compensating Ge- or As-rich minority phase, i.e., they are nanoscale phase separated. On the other hand, ternary Gex(As or P)xSe1–2x glasses containing equal proportions of the group IV and V elements reveal compositional trends in Tg(x) that increase monotonically with x; they appear to polymerize increasingly over a wide 2 r =2.40 . Previous claims of a rigidity transition near r =2.67 can be traced to nanoscale phase separation effects.
Bounds on the moment of inertia of nonrotating neutron stars

Abstract Upper and lower bounds are placed on the moments of inertia of relativistic, spherical, perfect fluid neutron stars assuming that the pressure p and density ϱ are positive and that ( dp dϱ ) is positive. Bounds are obtained (a) for the moment of inertia of a star with given mass and radius, (b) for the moment of inertia of neutron stars for which the equation of state is known below a given density ϱ0, and (c) for the mass-moment of inertia relation for stars whose equation of state is known below a given density ϱ0. The bounds are optimum ones in the sense that there always exists a configuration consistent with the assumptions having a moment of inertia equal to that of the bound. The implications of the results for the maximum mass of slowly rotating neutron stars are discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Vapor Bubble Nucleation in 2D Lennard-Jones Fluid Along Nanometer-Sized Cavities

Heterogeneous vapor bubble nucleation was numerically simulated on surfaces containing nanometer-sized rectangular cavities of various sizes (ranging from 2.72–9.36 nm width & 4.09–8.34 nm depth). Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations at constant wall temperature were carried out for the two-dimensional (2D) Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid which was in thermal contact with LJ solid wall. Nucleation was induced by expanding the system volume to a metastable state while keeping the temperature of the solid wall constant. When the aspect ratio (depth-to-width) of the cavity was large (∼3-to-1), the nucleation rate was increased nearly three-fold compared to the flat surface for relatively large wettability; however, the nucleation rate was nearly the same for lower wettability surfaces. Nucleation was generally favored within the cavities due to the stabilization of the cavity side-walls. The value of cutoff radius, wall temperature, and solid-liquid wettability was varied to determine their effect on nucleation rate. The 2D model was validated by comparing thermodynamic averages of pressure and potential energy to predicted values from a 2D LJ equation of state.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Developmental segregation in the afferent projections to mammalian auditory hair cells

Abstract The mammalian ear contains two types of auditory receptors, inner and outer hair cells, that lie in close proximity to each other within the sensory epithelium of the cochlea. In adult mammals, these two classes of auditory hair cells are innervated by separate populations of afferent neurons that differ strikingly in their cellular morphology and their pattern of arborization within the cochlea. At present, it is unclear when or how these distinctive patterns of cochlear innervation emerge and become segregated during development. In the present study, an in vitro horseradish peroxidase labeling method was used to examine the formation of individual auditory neuron arbors at the same location within the apex of the developing gerbil cochlea. At birth, most cochlear neurons displayed peripheral arbors that embraced both inner and outer hair cell receptors. During the next 6 days, however, the arbors of individual cochlear afferents become confined to either the inner or outer hair cell zone, and thus there is a complete segregation of afferent innervation. This neural segregation occurs principally through the withdrawal of inappropriate connections to the outer hair cell system and is completed well before hearing commences.
Coalitional Realignment and the Adoption of Non-Contributory Social Insurance Programs in Latin America

What explains the recent rise in non-contributory social insurance programs in Latin America? Since the 1990s, Latin American countries have enacted significant social policy reforms that have supplemented contributory insurance policies with new or expanded non-contributory programs, financed by general tax revenues. We present a political explanation for this phenomenon, arguing that the process of deindustrialization, and especially the increased labour insecurity that it entails, has changed the mix of social insurance policies favored by different individuals in the income and employment distributions. A long-term increase in economic insecurity has increased the relative demand for tax-financed, rather than contribution-financed, social insurance. Elected officials, especially those in the recent ‘rise of the Left’ in Latin America, have proven eager to meet these demands. We find strong evidence for this argument using both cross-national data on non-contributory pension policy adoption and individual-level data on policy preferences.
Aggregation Behaviour of Solvent Modifiers for the Extraction of Cesium from Caustic Media

Abstract Fluorinated alcohols are being used as diluent modifiers for the selective extraction of cesium from caustic media by calixarene‐crown ethers. Previous work has established the equilibria taking place in solution during cesium extraction and the stoichiometry of the complexes formed in the organic phase, but the aggregation behaviour of the modifiers remains to be precisely understood. Therefore, vapour pressure osmometry experiments were carried out to gain further insight. The aggregation state of a variety of fluorinated and non‐fluorinated alkylphenoxy alcohols and 1‐decanol in n‐heptane, was determined at 25°C. These alcohols were found to form aggregates containing between three and five (most frequently four) molecules. Introduction of these independently investigated aggregation equilibria for the solvent modifiers in the data modeling improved the ability of our extraction model to correctly predict metal distribution ratios.
Global residues for sparse polynomial systems

Abstract We consider families of sparse Laurent polynomials f 1 , … , f n with a finite set of common zeros Z f in the torus T n = ( C − { 0 } ) n . The global residue assigns to every Laurent polynomial g the sum of its Grothendieck residues over Z f . We present a new symbolic algorithm for computing the global residue as a rational function of the coefficients of the f i when the Newton polytopes of the f i are full-dimensional. Our results have consequences in sparse polynomial interpolation and lattice point enumeration in Minkowski sums of polytopes.
Covariant confinement model for the calculation of the properties of scalar mesons

We continue our studies of a relativistic quark model that features chiral symmetry, covariance, and confinement. In this work we apply our model to the study of scalar-isoscalar mesons. Several of the parameters of the model have been determined in our earlier work, so that only two new parameters are needed for our analysis. We find a good fit to the spectrum of the ${f}_{0}$ mesons, if we add a glueball with energy of about 1700 MeV. In this model we are rather close to ``ideal mixing,'' with the ${f}_{0}(980)$ having the largest $s\overline{s}$ mixture of 10%. The ${f}_{0}(1370)$ is the nodeless $s\overline{s}$ state, while the ${f}_{0}(1500)$ is a $n\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}=(u\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{}+d\overline{d})/\sqrt{2}$ state with a single node. [The presence of that node accounts for the small width of the ${f}_{0}(1500).]$ The next state is a $n\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ state with two nodes at 1843 MeV. Thus, we identify the ${f}_{0}(1770)$ as the state with the largest glueball component. It was found that the vacuum polarization functions that describe coupling to the two-meson and other continuum meson channels play an important role in achieving a good fit to the experimentally determined spectrum. In this work we use a Gaussian regulator in all our calculations of meson decay amplitudes. In the first part of our study we multiply the Gaussian regulator by a ${P}^{2}$-dependent factor that was chosen so as to modify the threshold behavior of our polarization functions. With that factor in place, we can study the spectrum of ${f}_{0}$ states without introducing the imaginary parts of the polarization functions that describe decay to the two-meson continuum. When we do introduce the imaginary parts, we use the vacuum polarization functions with unmodified threshold behavior. The use of the ${P}^{2}$-dependent factor helps to clarify the nature of the ${f}_{0}(400--1200),$ which is seen, in part, to have its origin as a rather complex threshold effect associated with the rapid increase of the amplitudes for decay to the \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi} and $K\overline{K}$ channels. [For a full understanding of the ${f}_{0}(400--1200)$ one needs to also consider the role of t-channel \ensuremath{\rho} exchange.] The model used in this work is based upon weak quarkonium-glueball coupling. However, the four-pion decay of the ${f}_{0}(1370)$ and the ${f}_{0}(1500)$ suggests that these states may be strongly mixed with the glueball, which may have a large four-pion decay width. It is also possible that mixing of these states with the ${f}_{0}(980)$ may be important for understanding the four-pion decay widths. We provide a short discussion of quarkonium-glueball mixing in a schematic model. There is not enough information presently available to treat that problem in an unambiguous manner.
An ATP analog-sensitive version of the tomato cell death suppressor protein kinase Adi3 for use in substrate identification

Adi3 is a protein kinase from tomato that functions as a cell death suppressor and its substrates are not well defined. As a step toward identifying Adi3 substrates we developed an ATP analog-sensitive version of Adi3 in which the ATP-binding pocket is mutated to allow use of bulky ATP analogs. Met385 was identified as the "gatekeeper" residue and the M385G mutation allows for the use of two bulky ATP analogs. Adi3(M385G) can also specifically utilize N(6)-benzyl-ATP to phosphorylate a known substrate and provides a tool for identifying Adi3 substrates.
Maternal play behaviors, child negativity, and preterm or low birthweight toddlers' visual-spatial outcomes: testing a differential susceptibility hypothesis.

Abstract Objective We examined the joint roles of child negative emotionality and parenting in the visual–spatial development of toddlers born preterm or with low birthweights (PTLBW). Method Neonatal risk data were collected at hospital discharge, observer- and parent-rated child negative emotionality was assessed at 9-months postterm, and mother-initiated task changes and flexibility during play were observed during a dyadic play interaction at 16-months postterm. Abbreviated IQ scores, and verbal/nonverbal and visual–spatial processing data were collected at 24-months postterm. Results Hierarchical regression analyses did not support our hypothesis that the visual–spatial processing of PTLBW toddlers with higher negative emotionality would be differentially susceptible to parenting behaviors during play. Instead, observer-rated distress and a negativity composite score were associated with less optimal visual–spatial processing when mothers were more flexible during the 16-month play interaction. Mother-initiated task changes did not interact with any of the negative emotionality variables to predict any of the 24-month neurocognitive outcomes, nor did maternal flexibility interact with mother-rated difficult temperament to predict the visual–spatial processing outcomes.
Injuries of the gastrointestinal tract from blunt trauma in children: a 12-year experience at a designated pediatric trauma center.

INTRODUCTION: Nonoperative management of solid organ injury from blunt trauma in children has focused concern on potential delays in diagnosis of hollow viscus injury with resultant increases in morbidity, mortality, and cost. This study of a large pediatric trauma database will review the issues of difficulty and/or delay in diagnosis as it relates specifically to definitive treatment and outcome. METHODS: We surveyed 11,592 consecutive admissions to a designated pediatric trauma center from 1985 to 1997 to identify children with documented injury of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from blunt trauma. The records were extensively analyzed specifically in regard to mechanism of injury, type and site of injury, time to diagnosis, operative treatment, complications, and final outcome. RESULTS: The 79 children identified, 4 months to 17 years old, included 27 females and 52 males. Mechanism of injury included 15 restrained and 7 unrestrained passengers, 15 pedestrians, 15 child abuse victims, 10 bike handlebar intrusions, 8 discrete blows to the abdomen, 4 bike versus auto, 3 falls, and 2 crush injuries. There were 51 perforations, 6 avulsions, and 22 lesser injuries including contusions. Injury of the small bowel was most common, 44 cases, followed by the duodenum, 18 cases, colon, 17 cases, and stomach, 6 cases. In 45 children, diagnosis was made quickly by a combination of obvious clinical findings, plain x-ray and/or initial computed tomographic findings mandating urgent operative intervention. Diagnosis was delayed beyond 4 hours in 34 children, beyond 24 hours in 17 children and was made by persistent clinical suspicion, aided by delayed computed tomographic findings of bowel wall edema or unexplained fluid. The six deaths were caused by severe head injury. Complications included two delayed abscesses and two cases of intestinal obstruction. All 73 survivors left the hospital with normal bowel function. CONCLUSIONS: Injury to the GI tract from blunt trauma in children is uncommon.
Lactation Alters Neuropeptide-Y and Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Rat*

To identify possible factors associated with lactation that may be involved in the suppression of GnRH neuronal function, we have examined whether lactation induces changes in arcuate nucleus neuronal function, focusing on changes in neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and POMC neuronal activity. Animals were studied during diestrous day 1 of the estrous cycle or during day 10 postpartum. Lactating animals had their litters adjusted to eight pups on day 2 postpartum. Brain tissue was removed to measure NPY peptide content in the median eminence (ME) or the ME-arcuate nucleus (ME-ARC) and to quantify NPY or POMC mRNA bv in situ hvbridization. usine V-labeled antisense riboprobes. The NPY peptide content was s&ificantly increased in the ME (1.8-fold) and ME-ARC (1.5-fold) during lactation compared to those on diestrus. The NPY mRNA content throughout the ARC did not differ between diestrous and lactating animals. However, if specific subdivisions of the ARC were examined, a significant increase (1.8-fold) in NPY mRNA in the ARC-C reeion of the ARC (at the plane of the’dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus) was observed during lactation. Dorsal to the ARC in this same plane, there was also an induction of NPY expression in cells lateral to the dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus. The increases in NPY mRNA in the ARC-C region of the arcuate nucleus persisted for at least 24 h after removal of the suckling stimulus. The other subdivisions of the ARC did not show any differences in NPY mRNA between diestrus and lactation. The POMC mRNA content was decreased by 20-30% during lactation compared with that on diestrus. The effects of lactation to decrease POMC mRNA content were not snecific to anv subdivision of the ARC, but were observed throughout-the entire AI&Z. Given that lactation is an estrogen-deficient state, the increase in NPY neuronal activity, as indicated by increased gene expression in the caudal portion of the ARC and increased content in the ME, could play an inhibitory role in the regulation of GnRH secretion. However, the decrease in POMC neuronal activity, as suggested by the decrease in gene expression throughout the ARC, would not appear to be involved in the suppression of GnRH neuronal activity. These changes in ARC neuronal function could be related to hormonal changes or metabolic signals regulating food intake during lactation.
Chiral Pair Monolayer Adsorption of Iodine-Substituted Octadecanol Molecules on Graphite

High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to examine the adsorbate structures formed when a racemic mixture of (9R,10R)-9,10-diiodooctadecan-1-ol and (9S,10S)-9,10-diiodooctadecan-1-ol is adsorbed at the basal plane of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. The herringbone structure characteristic of the adsorption of long-chain molecules on graphite is observed. Close examination of the micrographs indicates a unique structure in which the chiral molecules adsorb in pairs, with one enantiomer filling half of the unit cell, and the other enantiomer filling the other half. Instead of forming separate chiral domains, as is sometimes observed when a racemic mixture adsorbs on an achiral surface, chiral pairs are formed and the pairs form an ordered monolayer, exposing opposite faces of the same molecule. An achiral racemic mixture is observed to form a chiral structure on an achiral surface in the regions of the surface examined here.
Dominant interactions in the conformation of isotactic polypropylene: 1. Intrachain energy

Abstract A calculation is presented of the intrachain component of the conformational energy of isotactic polypropylene. Multiple minima are found for the energy as a function of the three torsional angles, with a strong dependence noted on the rotation of the methyl group. A comparison is made between the energies of ordered and disordered chain conformations constructed to produce the experimentally observed 3 1 helix.
Lack of pituitary involvement in the cold-induced hyperglycemia of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.

Glukose-Steigerung im Serum vonFundulus heteroclitus nach Akklimatisation an −1,5°C wird nicht durch die Hypophyse verursacht. Hingegen ist die Hypophyse notwendig, um die Serumglukose bei 20°C bei normaler Konzentration zu halten. Hypophysektomie bei 20°C hat eine Abnahme der Serumglukose zur Folge.
Transient Elastic Impact Response of Slender Graphite Rods

Graphite rods are manufactured by extruding the mixture of calcined petroleum coke and coal tar pitch into the desired shape and baking the cooled specimens at about 800°C. Cracking can occur in rods during the manufacturing process. It is useful to be able to detect the presence of such cracks in the rods prior to their being machined and put into use as electrodes or cathodes or thermal insulator. In an effort to develop a nondestructive testing approach to evaluation of the rods, transient elastic impact was determined for slender rods. Theory for solid, slender rods provided an important starting point for this work. Subsequently, numerical models were developed and simulation was used to determine the response of rods containing cracks. Experiments on graphite rods with and without cracks were conducted and the internal condition determined from the recorded signals. The rods were then cut lengthwise to reveal the internal condition and verify the predicted results. In all cases the knowledge gained from simulation allowed for the presence of cracks to be detected.
Fast, Automatic Ocular Pressure Measurement Based on an Exact Theory

Several tonometers are described which are simultaneously faster more accurate and more gentle than previous forms. They are easier to use and more convenient to read, and do not generally require anesthesia since their indication is recorded a fraction of a second after they contact the eye. Their principle is such that they can be used while covered with a sterilizable rubber film, thus minimizing risk of infection and clogging of the instrument. New systems of tonography are also described. The factors which allow readings by a component insensitive to variations in corneal curvature, bending forces, tissue tension and surface tension of tears suggest other biological applications such as blood pressure monitoring through intact vessels. A discussion of a number of electronic motion and pressure transducers is included.
Overview and Status of the ATLAS Pixel Detector

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider will use a Pixel Detector as the innermost part of its tracking detector. The Pixel detector is designed to operate with a 40 MHz bunch crossing frequency, a high particle flux density and an unprecedented extreme radiation environment. The Pixel detector will consist of 1744 modules, arranged in three layers in the barrel part and three disks at each of the two forward regions. The total active area will cover about 1.7 m2 with over 80 million pixel cells. An overview of the project is given and the construction experience illustrated.
Network Topology Design for UAV Swarming with Wind Gusts

The cornerstone of effective topology design for networked systems is the appreciation of the interplay between system performance and network structure. In this chapter, we examine the problem of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarming in the presence of wind gusts. Firstly, we model an altitude consensus-based leader–follower model exposed to gust disturbances. We then proceed to examine system-theoretic and topological features that promote network disturbance rejection. Specifically the open loop \(\mathcal{H}_{2}\) norm of the system is selected as a performance metric. Its topological features are highlighted via a realization of the open loop \(\mathcal{H}_{2}\) norm in terms of the effective resistance of the corresponding electrical network. We subsequently utilize mixed-integer semidefinite programming (MISDP) to generate the optimal unweighed network to minimize this metric. This is then followed by exploiting the open loop \(\mathcal{H}_{2}\) norm related topological features to design a network rewiring protocol to maximize this metric. Finally, these topology design tools are applied to wind gust rejection in disturbed swarming scenarios, demonstrating the viability of topology-assisted design for improved performance.
Solid-Phase Welding of Metals under High Vacuum

Environmental parameters effect on solid phase welding of metals under high vacuum with reference to functioning of spacecraft
Proteins of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes.

Abstract The bovine mitochondrial system is being developed as a model system for studies on mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes. Information is emerging on the structural organization and RNA binding properties of proteins in these mitochondrial ribosomes. Unexpectedly, these ribosomes appear to interact directly with GTP, via a high affinity binding site on the small subunit. Despite major differences in their RNA content and physical properties, mammalian mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes contain about the same number of proteins. The proteins in each kind of ribosome have a similar size distribution, and both sets are entirely coded by nuclear genes, raising the possibility that these different ribosomes may contain the same set of proteins. Comparison of bovine mitochondrial and cytoplasmic r-proteins by co-electrophoresis in two-dimensional gels that most of the cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins are more basic than the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, and that none are co-migratory with mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, suggesting that the proteins in the two ribosomes are different. To exclude the possibility that the electrophoretic differences result only from post-translational modification of otherwise identical proteins, antibodies against several proteins from the large subunit of bovine mitochondrial ribosomes were tested against cytoplasmic ribosomes by solid phase radioimmunoassay and against cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins on Western blots. The lack of cross-reaction of these antibodies with cytoplasmic r-proteins suggests that mitochondrial ribosomal proteins have different primary structures and thus are most likely encoded by a separate set of nuclear genes.
Effects of selective dopamine depletion in medial prefrontal cortex on basal and evoked extracellular dopamine in neostriatum

Abstract In this study, we demonstrate that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) can be used to produce a lesion of dopamine (DA) terminals in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) while sparing the noradrenergic innervation in this region. Furthermore, we determined the impact of these lesions on both extracellular DA in neostriatum, using in vivo microdialysis, and locomotor activity. Our results demonstrate that, whereas higher doses of 6-OHDA (≥4 μg) depleted both DA and norepinephrine (NE) in mPFC, 1 μg 6-OHDA produced a depletion of DA (−79%) without significantly affecting NE content (−13%). Selective depletion of DA content in mPFC did not alter basal levels of to increase extracellular DA in neostriatum determined in 14 days after the lesion. The lesion also did not alter the ability of acute tail pressure (30 min) to increase extracellular DA in neostriatum or to stimulate locomotor activity. Depletion of DA in mPFC did not alter the ability of d -amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to increase extracellular DA in neostriatum. In contrast, the maximum amphetamine-induced increase in locomotor activity was attenuated in lesioned rats as compared with control rats (670 and 280 locomotor counts/15 min, respectively). These data suggest that in the intact system, DA terminals in mPFC do not regulate extracellular DA in neostriatum. In addition, these data confirm that DA terminals in mPFC can influence stimulant-induced locomotion.
Applications of Virtualization to Digital Forensics Education

Educators in digital forensics struggle with the desire to provide their students with realistic learning environments while protecting production systems from undesirable and potentially illegal interference. This paper describes methods in which virtualization technology can be used to create realistic learning environments for digital forensics that reduce cost and space requirements while saving students and instructors time. Host-based, network-based, and server-based approaches to virtualization are presented and analyzed. The issues associated with developing an image library for digital forensics are presented as well as the direction of future developments in the field including a vision for sharing virtual environments across institutions. At the recent Colloquium for Information Systems Security (CISSE 2009) approximately 60 attendees participated in virtualization bootcamps and working lunches, and the overwhelming level of interest in the group was determining how to deploy virtualization to provide high quality information assurance, computer security, and digital forensics lab exercises at their institutions.
Transient Constrictive Pericarditis: Diagnosis by Two-Dimensional Doppler Echocardiography

Patients with constrictive pericarditis usually require pericardiectomy to relieve their symptoms. In some patients, however, constrictive pericarditis may resolve spontaneously or with medical treatment. Four patients with transient constrictive pericarditis are described in this report. Although the cause of pericarditis differed, all patients had a small to large amount of pericardial effusion, followed by symptoms, signs, and Doppler features typical of constrictive pericarditis. Symptomatic improvement occurred after treatment with some combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. The resolution of the symptoms paralleled the normalization of characteristic respiratory changes in Doppler flow velocities. The condition of our patients most likely was related to a transient inflammation (or thickening) of the pericardium due to viral, bacterial, or immunologically mediated pericarditis. Resolution of the thickened pericardium was documented by magnetic resonance imaging in one patient. Awareness of the possible transient nature of constrictive pericarditis in a subgroup of patients with constriction has important clinical implications when pericardiectomy is considered. The resolution of constrictive pericarditis can be documented by serial Doppler echocardiographic examination.
Influence Of Various Detector Configurations On Serial Scan FLIR Imagery

The Honeywell MiniFLIR, a serial scan TV-compatible system, can be equipped with single or double rows of discrete detectors or with nondelineated bars of detectors. In this paper various configurations and electronic enhancements are described and their related FLIR performance demonstrated through recorded video imagery.
Effects of particle drift on diffusion-limited aggregation

With the use of Monte Carlo methods, the effects of particle drift on diffusion-limited aggregation have been investigated. If particle-drift effects are dominant, the particles follow essentially linear trajectories (Hausdorff dimensionality ${D}_{t}=1.0$) and the resulting clusters have uniform structure on all but the shortest length scales (${D}_{c}=d=2$ for clusters grown on a two-dimensional lattice). If the effects of drift are small, the particles follow Brownian trajectories (${D}_{t}=2.0$,) and the clusters have a Hausdorff dimensionality given by ${D}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{5d}{6}$ (for small $d$). For intermediate cases, the clusters have a structure similar to clusters grown with the use of the Witten-Sander model of diffusion-limited aggregation on short length scales (${D}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{5d}{6}$) but are uniform on longer length scales (${D}_{c}=d$). All of the simulations reported in this paper have been carried out using two-dimensional square lattices. However, similar results have been obtained with closely related non-lattice models, and we expect that similar results will also be obtained in higher dimensions. A crossover from a fractal structure on short length scales to a uniform structure ($D=d$) on longer length scales should also be observed for the deposition of particles on fibers and surfaces.
Experimental Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Primates

• The rabbit serves as the only existing experimental model for ocular toxoplasmosis. This model has many deficiencies. Our technique for the production of acute toxoplasmic retinitis in monkeys is described herein. This primate model should be more representative than the rabbit model of human ocular toxoplasmosis.
Absorption and Emission Line-Shape Functions for Driven Atoms

The effect of a driving or pump field on the emission and absorption line-shape functions for an atom is discussed. The pump field is assumed to oscillate at a frequency near the resonance frequency for transitions between a single pair of atomic states, and transitions between one of these states and any other state of the atom are analyzed. The pump field is treated classically, and atomic relaxation is treated in general terms. The emission and absorption line-shape function (the latter is defined as the rate of absorption of energy from a weak signal field, applied in addition to the pump field, as a function of the signal-field frequency) are found by evaluating the relevant two-time atomic correlation functions in the Markoff approximation. In the limit of high pump-field intensity, both the absorption and the emission spectra are doubly peaked at frequencies which differ from the usual resonance frequency by $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2} \ensuremath{\Omega}$, where $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is the frequency of the pump-field-induced oscillations in the populations of the two strongly coupled states. The absorption and the emission spectra are represented by essentially the same function in the limit of high pump-field intensity, as they are also in the limit of vanishing pump-field intensity. For intermediate pump-field intensities, however, the two functions are quite different in form, and no simple proportionality exists between them.
The 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal in computer and cognitive science presented to John McCarthy (Stanford California). John McCarthy's multiple contributions to the foundations of artificial intelligence and computer science

Since the mid-1950s, John McCarthy has made seminal contributions to a remarkably diverse range of important areas in computer science. In this report, we examine several of these contributions: As one of the fathers of artificial intelligence, he originated the logic-based paradigm of artificial intelligence (AI) research, arguably both the most productive approach to AI problems to date and the most promising for the future. He invented the time shared use of computer systems for the interactive development of software, a technique that allowed a single computer of large capacity to appear to a large number of simultaneous users as if that machine were theirs alone. He invented the LISP programming language, creating a program language design for the first time that was based on mathematical foundations rather than a partial abstraction away from the underlying computer hardware. The practical impact of his work has been enormous. Functional programming languages, of which LISP was the first, remain widely used, and the programming language constructs he invented remain the basis of modern programming control structures. The notion of time sharing, which he invented, remains a principle paradigm for the use of large computers even today. McCarthy's use of logic was among the primary intellectual sources of logic programming and automated theorem proving, and of many of their important applications.
Christian missionary views of Islam in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Abstract Protestant Christian mission to Muslims began in earnest in the nineteenth century with the rise of the evangelical movement. In this, the ‘great century’ of missionary outreach, theologians generally denied the hope of salvation to anyone outside of the Christian faith. Missionary treatises dealing with Islam were written mainly for the purposes of helping foster the work of conversion, of proving the superiority of Christianity in comparison with Islam, and of criticizing the Oriental churches. A few were forerunners of the more tolerant attitude that would characterize much of the more recent missionary reflection on Islam. The twentieth century has seen a change from early predictions of the imminent demise of Islam to a generally greater appreciation for Islam and even for the role of the Prophet Muhammad, although the main theme of evangelical literature is still hope for the ultimate conversion of all Muslims to Christianity. Recent missionary literature on Islam has exhibited a clear tens...
The effects of freshman orientation and locus of control on adjustment to college: a follow-up study

This study investigates the impact of orientation attendance and locus of control on the adjustment of traditional full-time college students to college life. Subjects were 242 upperclassmen from a large southwestern university. Results indicated that students with an internal locus of control orientation scored higher on the Freshman Transition Questionnaire (FTQ), indicating more successful adjustment to college life. No statistically significant relationship was found between attendance at Freshman Orientation and adjustment to college. Possible explanations for the lack of relationship are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS : III. ANAPHYLAXIS INDUCED BY ARSPHENAMINE.

Experiments are described which show that with a given treatment guinea pigs can be sensitized to arsphenamine, so that a considerable percentage die in anaphylactic shock on intravenous administration of the substance.
Attenuation of c-Fos expression in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord by morphine or tramadol following noxious colorectal distention

We have previously reported that repetitive, noxious colorectal distention (CRD) induces c-Fos in the lumbosacral spinal cord. This study examined the effects of the analgesics morphine and tramadol on c-Fos expression resulting from noxious CRD in the rat. Pre-treatment (30 min or 1 min, i.v.) with morphine (1.25 mg/kg-5.0 mg/kg) or tramadol (1 mg/kg-20 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated c-Fos expression to CRD in all areas of the L6-S1 spinal gray matter. The highest dose of morphine was equipotent to the highest dose of tramadol. Repetitive dosing (1/4 of the greatest dose every 30 min) was as effective as a single bolus dose for both drugs. The visceromotor response to CRD was dose-dependently attenuated by tramadol and was reversed by naloxone. However, the dose of tramadol that eliminated the visceromotor response (7% of control) reduced the c-Fos expression to 47% of control. These results demonstrate that these two analgesics attenuate immediate-early gene expression and the visceromotor response to a noxious visceral stimulus and suggest that complete attenuation of c-Fos expression is not necessary for these compounds to produce analgesia to a noxious visceral stimulus.
A high-order vertex-based central ENO finite-volume scheme for three-dimensional compressible flows

Abstract High-order discretization methods offer the potential to reduce the computational cost associated with modeling compressible flows. However, it is difficult to obtain accurate high-order discretizations of conservation laws that do not produce spurious oscillations near discontinuities, especially on multi-dimensional unstructured meshes. A novel, high-order, central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume method that does not have these difficulties is proposed for tetrahedral meshes. The proposed unstructured method is vertex-based, which differs from existing cell-based CENO formulations, and uses a hybrid reconstruction procedure that switches between two different solution representations. It applies a high-order k -exact reconstruction in smooth regions and a limited linear reconstruction when discontinuities are encountered. Both reconstructions use a single, central stencil for all variables, making the application of CENO to arbitrary unstructured meshes relatively straightforward. The new approach was applied to the conservation equations governing compressible flows and assessed in terms of accuracy and computational cost. For all problems considered, which included various function reconstructions and idealized flows, CENO demonstrated excellent reliability and robustness. Up to fifth-order accuracy was achieved in smooth regions and essentially non-oscillatory solutions were obtained near discontinuities. The high-order schemes were also more computationally efficient for high-accuracy solutions, i.e., they took less wall time than the lower-order schemes to achieve a desired level of error. In one particular case, it took a factor of 24 less wall-time to obtain a given level of error with the fourth-order CENO scheme than to obtain the same error with the second-order scheme.
Implementation and evaluation of nonparametric regression procedures for sensitivity analysis of computationally demanding models

Abstract The analysis of many physical and engineering problems involves running complex computational models (simulation models, computer codes). With problems of this type, it is important to understand the relationships between the input variables (whose values are often imprecisely known) and the output. The goal of sensitivity analysis (SA) is to study this relationship and identify the most significant factors or variables affecting the results of the model. In this presentation, an improvement on existing methods for SA of complex computer models is described for use when the model is too computationally expensive for a standard Monte-Carlo analysis. In these situations, a meta-model or surrogate model can be used to estimate the necessary sensitivity index for each input. A sensitivity index is a measure of the variance in the response that is due to the uncertainty in an input. Most existing approaches to this problem either do not work well with a large number of input variables and/or they ignore the error involved in estimating a sensitivity index. Here, a new approach to sensitivity index estimation using meta-models and bootstrap confidence intervals is described that provides solutions to these drawbacks. Further, an efficient yet effective approach to incorporate this methodology into an actual SA is presented. Several simulated and real examples illustrate the utility of this approach. This framework can be extended to uncertainty analysis as well.