cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of atoms in atomic gravitational-wave detectors

A theoretical framework is developed to unify the mechanisms of atomic gravitational-wave detectors implemented as atomic clocks or as atom interferometers. Major enhancements to the sensitivity of the detectors using confined atoms are proposed thanks to the unified understanding.
Early interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress symptoms in survivors of critical illness: protocol for a systematic review.

Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is being increasingly reported among survivors of critical illness and injury. Previous work has demonstrated that PTSD reduces patient quality of life and ability to return to work, as well as increases healthcare costs. As such, identifying interventions aimed at preventing the development of critical illness-related PTSD could have an important public health impact. The objective of this systematic review is to collate the world’s literature on early interventions aimed at preventing PTSD among survivors of critical illness. Methods and analysis We will perform a qualitative systematic review of human clinical trials of interventions aimed at preventing or reducing critical illness-related PTSD symptoms. We will methodically search CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL. We will also search websites containing details on clinical trials registration (National Library of Medicine’s ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), as well as screen reference lists of the articles we select for inclusion to identify additional studies for potential inclusion. Two authors will independently review all search results. After identification and inclusion of articles, we will use a standardised form for data extraction. We will use tables to describe the study type, populations, interventions tested and timing of interventions, outcome measures and effects of interventions on outcome measures compared with control groups. This review will be completed between 1 August 2017 and 31 August 2017. Ethics and dissemination The proposed systematic review will not collect individual patient level data and does not require ethical approval. Results of this study will contribute to the understanding of critical illness-related PTSD and help prompt future research aimed at further developing interventions to prevent PTSD symptoms in survivors of critical illness. PROSPERO registration number This systematic review is registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number CRD42017069672).
Measured Ionospheric Delay Corrections for Code-based GPS Time Transfer

In Global Positioning System (GPS) time transfer measurements, all of the delays in receiving GPS timing signals, including the ionospheric delay in the signal path and the internal delay of a GPS ...
Blurred fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm analysis and performance evaluation

A conventional automatic fingerprint matching process uses similarity score to quantify similarity between fingerprint images to be matched, and the similarity score can be determined with a minutiae extraction algorithm (MEA) which extracts minutiae from fingerprint images. The performance of MEA relies on the quality of fingerprint images. In case of blurred fingerprint images, it becomes difficult to obtain a reliable similarity score. As the result, an image enhancement algorithm should be incorporated with MEA when the fingerprint image is blurred. In this study, Volterra filter is proposed to enhance blurred fingerprints and compared against different enhancement algorithms. Experimental results show that Volterra filter outperforms other techniques such as Laplacian, Wiener, and Gabor filters for enhancing blurred images and its calculation complexity is moderate among techniques considered in this study.
Intracranial Procedures in the Lateral Position

The lateral position in cranial neurosurgery is commonly used to access pathology involving the middle and posterior fossa. Neurosurgical approaches that may require lateral positioning of the patient are numerous and include the middle fossa, retrosigmoid, posterior transpetrosal, and far lateral approach. In addition, it can be useful in operations involving the supratentorial region, such as the occipital transtentorial approach. Proper patient positioning involves multidisciplinary input with the goal of optimizing the surgical approach while minimizing additional morbidity. Several well-recognized adverse outcomes associated with the lateral position include peripheral neuropathies and pressure ulcers. Other documented complications include postoperative visual loss (POVL) and acute postoperative sialadenitis.
Exploring a SOT-MRAM Based In-Memory Computing for Data Processing

In this paper, we propose a Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) array design that can simultaneously work as non-volatile memory and implement a reconfigurable in-memory logic operation without add-on logic circuits. The computed output can be simply read out like a typical MRAM bit-cell through the modified peripheral circuit. Such intrinsic in-memory computation can be used to process data locally and transfer the “cooked” data to the primary processing unit (i.e., CPU or GPU) for complex computations with high precision requirement. It greatly reduces the power-hungry and long-distance data communication, and further leads to extreme parallel computation within memory. In this work, we further propose an in-memory edge extraction algorithm as a case study to demonstrate the efficiency of the in-memory pre-processing methodology. The simulation results show that our edge extraction method reduces data communication as much as 8x for grayscale image, thus greatly reducing system energy consumption. Meanwhile, the F-measure result shows only $\sim$ 10 percent degradation compared to conventional edge detection operator, such as Prewitt, Sobel, and Roberts. Moreover, the edges extracted from the memory show comparable good quality with Canny edges in the context of edge-based motion detection and cross-modality object recognition.
Decision Errors in the Cockpit

This paper describes an effort to understand the nature of decision tasks in the cockpit, their underlying cognitive requirements, the types of errors associated with each, and how crews can best b...
Implementation and On-Orbit Testing Results of a Space Communications Cognitive Engine

Cognitive algorithms for communications systems have been presented in literature, but very few have been integrated into a fielded system, especially space communications systems. In this paper, we describe the implementation of a multi-objective reinforcement-learning algorithm using deep artificial neural networks acting as a radio-resource-allocation controller. The developed software core is generic in nature and can be ported readily to another application. The cognitive engine algorithm implementation was characterized through a series of tests using both a ground-based system and a space-based system. The ground system comprised of engineering-model software-defined radios, commercial modems, and RF equipment emulating the targeted space-to-ground channel. The on-orbit communication system, including a space-based, remotely controlled transmitter, resides on the International Space Station and operates with a ground-based receiver at NASA Glenn Research Center. Through a series of on-orbit tests, the cognitive engine was tested in a highly dynamic channel and its performance is discussed and analyzed.
The Effect of Revenue Diversification on Output Creation in Nonprofit Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective

Nonprofits continue to be faced with financial challenges to fulfill their missions. Both the academic literature and nonprofit practitioners have explored revenue diversification and concentration strategies to meet these challenges. While these two strategies are essentially antagonistic, both have received support as being viable strategies to create better outcomes for the organization. This article examines whether revenue diversification or concentration strategies lead to greater mission outputs in a nonprofit context. Using resource dependence theory as a guiding framework, two opposing hypotheses are tested to gain more insight into the diversification versus concentration dilemma. A unique dataset is built and utilized to estimate a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model to assess the correlation between revenue diversification and mission outputs. Results indicate that revenue diversification (and not concentration) is associated with an increase in organizational outputs.
Use of Prescription Opioids and Initiation of Fatal 2-Vehicle Crashes.

Importance The prevalence of prescription opioids detected in fatally injured drivers has increased markedly in the past 2 decades in the United States. It is unclear whether driver use of prescription opioids plays a role in fatal crash causation. Objective To assess the association between driver use of prescription opioids and the risk of being culpable of crash initiation in fatal 2-vehicle crashes. Design, Setting, and Participants This pair-matched study was based on data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for drivers involved in fatal 2-vehicle crashes on US public roads between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2016. Data analysis was conducted from December 8, 2017, to December 7, 2018. Exposures Testing positive for prescription opioids compared with testing negative, and blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) based on toxicological testing results. Main Outcomes and Measures Culpability of crash initiation and adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs. Results A total of 36 642 drivers involved in 18 321 fatal 2-vehicle crashes were included. The most common driving error leading to fatal 2-vehicle crashes was failure to keep in lane (7535 [41%]). Drivers culpable of initiating the crashes were more likely than their nonculpable counterparts to test positive for prescription opioids (918 [5.0%] vs 549 [3.0%];P Conclusions and Relevance Driver use of prescription opioids was associated with initiation of 2-vehicle crashes, independent of alcohol use. Clinicians should take into consideration the adverse effect of opioid analgesics on driving safety while prescribing these medications and counseling patients.
Securing PKES against Relay Attacks using Coordinate Tracing and Multi-Factor Authentication

In most produced modern vehicles, Passive Keyless Entry and Start System (PKES), a newer form of an entry access system, is becoming more and more popular. The PKES system allows the consumer to enter within a certain range and have the vehicle’s doors unlock automatically without pressing any buttons on the key. This technology increases the overall convenience to the consumer; however, it is vulnerable to attacks known as relay and amplified relay attacks. A relay attack consists of placing a device near the vehicle and a device near the key to relay the signal between the key and the vehicle. On the other hand, an amplified relay attack uses only a singular amplifier to increase the range of the vehicle sensors to reach the key. By exploiting these two different vulnerabilities within the PKES system, an attacker can gain unauthorized access to the vehicle, leading to damage or even stolen property. To minimize both vulnerabilities, we propose a coordinate tracing system with an additional Bluetooth communication channel. The coordinate tracing system, or PKES Forcefield, traces the authorized key’s longitude and latitude in real time using two proposed algorithms, known as the Key Bearing algorithm and the Longitude and Latitude Key (LLK) algorithm. To further add security, a Bluetooth communication channel will be implemented. With an additional channel established, a second frequency can be traced within a secondary PKES Forcefield. The LLK Algorithm computes both locations of frequencies and analyzes the results to form a pattern. Furthermore, the PKES Forcefield movement-tracing allows a vehicle to understand when an attacker attempts to transmit an unauthenticated signal and blocks any signal from being amplified over a fixed range.
Impact of mTOR hyperactive neurons on the morphology and physiology of adjacent neurons: Do PTEN KO cells make bad neighbors?

Hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is associated with epilepsy, autism and brain growth abnormalities in humans. mTOR hyperactivation often results from developmental somatic mutations, producing genetic lesions and associated dysfunction in relatively restricted populations of neurons. Disrupted brain regions, such as those observed in focal cortical dysplasia, can contain a mix of normal and mutant cells. Mutant cells exhibit robust anatomical and physiological changes. Less clear, however, is whether adjacent, initially normal cells are affected by the presence of abnormal cells. To explore this question, we used a conditional, inducible mouse model approach to delete the mTOR negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) from 30% of hippocampal dentate granule cells. We then examined the morphology of PTEN-expressing granule cells located in the same dentate gyri as the knockout (KO) cells. Despite the development of spontaneous seizures in higher KO animals, and disease worsening with increasing age, the morphology and physiology of PTEN-expressing cells was only modestly affected. PTEN-expressing cells had smaller somas than cells from control animals, but other parameters were largely unchanged. These findings contrast with the behavior of PTEN KO cells, which show increasing dendritic extent with greater KO cell load. Together, the findings indicate that genetically normal neurons can exhibit relatively stable morphology and intrinsic physiology in the presence of nearby pathological neurons and systemic disease.
Rheological survey of carbon fiber-reinforced high-temperature thermoplastics for big area additive manufacturing tooling applications:

Carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced thermoplastic composites have been widely used in different structural applications due to their superior thermal and mechanical properties. The big area additive manuf...
The Planning Tax: The Case Against Regional Growth-Management Planning

Regional growth-management planning makes housing unaffordable and contributes to a business-unfriendly environment that slows economic growth. The high housing prices caused by growth-management planning were an essential element of the housing bubble that has recently shaken our economy: for the most part, this bubble was limited to urban regions with growth-management planning. In 2006, the price of a median home in the 10 states that have passed laws requiring local governments to do growth-management planning was five times the median family income in those states. At that price, a median family devoting 31 percent of its income (the maximum allowed for FHA-insured loans) to a mortgage at 6 percent, with a 10 percent down payment, could not pay off the mortgage on a median home in less than 59 years. In contrast, a median home in the 22 states that have no growth-management laws or institutions cost only 2.7 times the median family income. This meant a family could pay off a home in just 12.5 years. Growth-management tools such as urban-growth boundaries, adequate-public-facilities ordinances, and growth limits all drive up the cost of housing by artificially restricting the amount of land available or the number of permits granted for home construction. On average, homebuyers in 2006 had to pay $130,000 more for every home sold in states with mandatory growth-management planning than they would have had to pay if home price-to-income ratios were less than 3. This is, in effect, a planning tax that increases the costs of retail, commercial, and industrial developments as well as housing. The key to keeping housing affordable is the presence of large amounts of relatively unregulated vacant land that can be developed for housing and other purposes. The availability of such low-cost land encourages cities to keep housing affordable within their boundaries. But when state or other planning institutions allow cities to gain control over the rate of development of rural areas, they lose this incentive, and housing quickly becomes unaffordable. States with growth-management laws should repeal them, and other states should avoid passing them.
A prevalence study of iron deficiency and its risk factors of 7 months to 3 years old infants in Children Health Care Department of Guangdong Province Women and Children's Hospital

Objective To investigate the prevalence rate,distribution characteristics and risk factors of iron deficiency (ID) of infants in Children Health Care Department of Guangdong Province Women and Children' s Hospital,and to provide reference for prevention strategies and measures of infants' ID for Guangzhou City.Methods Selected infants 6 months to 3 years old in Guangdong Province Women and Children' s Hospital for health care.By means of inspecting infants' Hemoglobin and serum Feritin,we investigated the prevalence rate and ID-related factors.We analyzed results by descriptive epidemiology and non-conditional logistic regression model.Results Multi-factor analysis showed that ID risk factors of 7 months to 1 year-old group included irrational supplementary food,no adding vitamin A,eczema in early stage of infant,temporary live,mother's anemia in later period of pregnance; ID risk factors of 1 to 2 years-old group included using cup over 2 years-old,dining difficulty,eating fruits and vegetables occasionally; ID risk factors of 2 to 3 years-old group included no interest in food,stomach illness in someone who lives together;ID risk factors of 1 to 3 years-old group included age,using cup over 2 years old,dining difficulty,no interest in food,temporary live.Conclusions According to the prevalence study,we can get these measures for ID:developing health education,strengthening nutrition of pregnant women,sensible arrangement of babies'feed,maintaining a balanced diet of children,diagnosis and treatment ID of children in time,application of iron fortified food in ID high-risk crowd. Key words: Infant; Iron deficiency; Cross-sectional study; Risk factor
Can Donor Ligands Make Pd(OAc) 2 a Stronger Oxidant? Access to Elusive Palladium(II) Reduction Potentials and Effects of Ancillary Ligands via Palladium(II)/Hydroquinone Redox Equilibria

Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions represent an important class of methods for selective modification and functionalization of organic molecules. This field has benefitted greatly from the discovery of ancillary ligands that expand the scope, reactivity, and selectivity in these reactions; however, ancillary ligands also commonly poison these reactions. The different influences of ligands in these reactions remain poorly understood. For example, over the 60-year history of this field, the PdII/0 redox potentials for catalytically relevant Pd complexes have never been determined. Here, we report the unexpected discovery of (L)PdII(OAc)2-mediated oxidation of hydroquinones, the microscopic reverse of quinone-mediated oxidation of Pd0 commonly employed in PdII-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Analysis of redox equilibria arising from the reaction of (L)Pd(OAc)2 and hydroquinones (L = bathocuproine, 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one), generating reduced (L)Pd species and benzoquinones, provides the basis for determination of (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potentials. Experimental results are complemented by density functional theory calculations to show how a series of nitrogen-based ligands modulate the (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potential, thereby tuning the ability of PdII to serve as an effective oxidant of organic molecules in catalytic reactions.
The Labor of Maintaining and Scaling Free and Open-Source Software Projects

Free and/or open-source software (or F/OSS) projects now play a major and dominant role in society, constituting critical digital infrastructure relied upon by companies, academics, non-profits, activists, and more. As F/OSS has become larger and more established, we investigate the labor of maintaining and sustaining those projects at various scales. We report findings from an interview-based study with contributors and maintainers working in a wide range of F/OSS projects. Maintainers of F/OSS projects do not just maintain software code in a more traditional software engineering understanding of the term: fixing bugs, patching security vulnerabilities, and updating dependencies. F/OSS maintainers also perform complex and often-invisible interpersonal and organizational work to keep their projects operating as active communities of users and contributors. We particularly focus on how this labor of maintaining and sustaining changes as projects and their software grow and scale across many dimensions. In understanding F/OSS to be as much about maintaining a communal project as it is maintaining software code, we discuss broadly applicable considerations for peer production communities and other socio-technical systems more broadly.
On the relative importance of the different initial conditions that seed the electrothermal instability

Electrothermal instability is responsible for degrading numerous applications of pulsed-power technology, yet the initial conditions from which it grows are not well understood. For the first time, metal surfaces have been tracked from characterization to self-emission. This reveals no clear correlation between non-uniform thermal emissions and surface metallurgical defects or crystallographic grains, while correlations are observed with surface topography for 5N metal but not 6061 metal. For 5N metal, surfaces with average roughness as small as 5nm still admit thermal perturbations with δT/T>0.1.
Drosophila Imaginal Discs as a Model of Epithelial Wound Repair and Regeneration

Significance: The Drosophila larval imaginal discs, which form the adult fly during metamorphosis, are an established model system for the study of epithelial tissue damage. The disc proper is a simple columnar epithelium, but it contains complex patterning and cell-fate specification, and is genetically tractable. These features enable unbiased genetic screens to identify genes involved in all aspects of the wound response, from sensing damage to wound closure, initiation of regeneration, and re-establishment of proper cell fates. Identification of the genes that facilitate epithelial wound closure and regeneration will enable development of more sophisticated wound treatments for clinical use. Recent Advances: Imaginal disc epithelia can be damaged in many different ways, including fragmentation, induction of cell death, and irradiation. Recent work has demonstrated that the tissue's response to damage varies depending on how the wound was induced. Here, we summarize the different responses activated in these epithelial tissues after the different types of damage. Critical Issues: These studies highlight that not all wounds elicit the same response from the surrounding tissue. A complete understanding of the various wound-healing mechanisms in Drosophila will be a first step in understanding how to manage damaged human tissues and optimize healing in different clinical contexts. Future Directions: Further work is necessary to understand the similarities and differences among an epithelial tissue's responses to different insults. Ongoing studies will identify the genes and pathways employed by injured imaginal discs. Thus, work in this genetically tractable system complements work in more conventional wound-healing models.
Status of Curriculum Practice--are you a consumer or designer?.

(1978). Status of Curriculum Practice: Are You a Consumer or Designer? Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 27-28.
Generation of Demand Feedback in Intelligent Tutors for Programming

In this paper, we will examine how a model-based tutor can automatically generate demand feedback. We will propose a two-stage feedback generation algorithm that maintains the principle of modularity characteristic of model-based representation, while automatically generating detailed demand feedback. We will evaluate model-based programming tutors to demonstrate that the feedback generated using this algorithm is coherent and effective at improving learning.
The formatting of alphanumeric displays: a review and analysis

This paper surveys the literature on alphanumeric display formatting, focusing primarily on computer-generated displays. Two general areas are included: guidelines addressing display design and empirical studies of displays. Four characteristics of display formats are described: overall density, local density, grouping, and layout complexity. Objective measurement techniques for these characteristics are proposed and are applied to two different display formats. The results suggest that these measures could provide the basis for objectively evaluating a display without collecting performance data.
The Magnetic Field Structure in the Active Solar Corona

The structure of the magnetic field of the active solar corona is discussed with reference to optical and radio observations of the solar atmosphere. Eclipse observations provide evidence of fine scale structures in the solar atmosphere that appear to relate to the coronal magnetic field. The coronal magnetic field used for comparison is that field calculated from potential theory: the influence of solar activity upon the potential theory field is discussed with reference to observations of the Faraday rotation of a microwave signal from Pioneer 6 as it was occulted by the solar atmosphere. Evidence has been found suggesting the existence of expanding magnetic bottles located at 10 R ⊙ above flaring active regions. The dynamics of these events is discussed. It is further suggested that these magnetic bottles are an important component in the solar corona.
Discovery of New Bright Peculiar Stars of the Northern Sky

I am now engaged in an objective-prism program directed toward the discovery of new peculiar and interesting stars in most of the northern sky. The plates utilized are 20-min. blue exposures taken with the Warner & Swasey Observatory’s Burrell Schmidt telescope, now located on Kitt Peak. The dispersion of the spectra is 108 A/mm at Hγ, the limiting magnitude about mpg =10.5, and the plate quality generally excellent. This paper discusses the history and status of the project and gives examples of the variety of objects being found.
Effects of Personality on Social Network Disclosure: Do Emotionally Intelligent Individuals Post Inappropriate Content?

The prevalence of individuals using social networking sites to stay connected has increased considerably in only a few years and the information posted is now being used by organizations for employee selection. The purpose of the current study was to investigating how differences on the Big Five Personality traits, honesty-integrity, and emotional intelligence influence whether individuals post inappropriate social network content. Participants were 506 college students from a large metropolitan state university in the Southeastern United States. Results suggest individuals scoring high on emotional intelligence and honesty/integrity disclosed less inappropriate social network content. Emotional intelligence was not, however, predictive of inappropriate disclosure above and beyond the Big Five Personality traits. Honest and emotionally intelligent individuals seem to understand the negative implications of disclosing inappropriate social network content. Future research should examine how social network information is being used in employee selection and the predictive validity of this method.
Measurement of rate processes of free radicals in homogeneous and micellar solutions by cidnp

Abstract CIDNP is used to study rate processes of free radicals in both homogeneous and micellar solution. An estimate of the lifetime of the phenyl-acetyl radical at ambient temperature (τ_co⩾10−7 sec) produced during photolysis of dibenzyl ketone is made based on quantitative CIDNP measurements and computer simulations. Observation of CIDNP in micellar solution is shown to be consistent with an isotropic medium which restricts diffusion on a short time scale, allowing for an increased tendency toward cage reaction. In the case of t-butyl/pivaloyl radical pairs, escape of the radical fragments from the micelle is shown to be competitive with decarbonylation of the pivaloyl radical Likewise, CIDNP is consistent with product yield results which show the enhanced tendency of triplet born benzyl radical pairs to undergo cage reaction when they are sequestered in a micelle.
Testicular involution following optic enucleation: The Leydig cell

The testes of Syrian hamsters underwent pronounced involution within six weeks after blinding. The seminiferous tubules were devoid of all stages of spermatid development and mature spermatozoa were absent from the tubule lumina. The diameter of of the Leydig cells was 25% less than that of controls. Examination with the electron microscope revealed thick bundles of collagen fibrils interspersed between Leydig cells and surrounding Leydig cells in the blinded hamsters. The Leydig cell nuclei were shrunken and highly infolded. Lipid droplets that were often seen in normal Leydig cells were absent in the involuting Leydig cells. The size of the Golgi complex and the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were reduced. Results of the present experiment confirm that inactivity of the Leydig cells is the reason for the decline in serum testosterone levels in blinded hamsters.
Prevalence and patient characteristics associated with CIN 3 in adolescents.

Objective We sought to identify patient characteristics associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 in adolescents. Study Design A cross-sectional cohort study was done using a colposcopic database. Data collected included demographic and clinical information as well as cytologic and histologic results. Variables associated with CIN 3 in the univariable analysis ( P ≤ .10) were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. Results Of 614 adolescents evaluated, 48 (8%; 95% confidence interval, 6–10%) had CIN 3. No cancers were detected. In the univariable analysis, parity, ≥4 lifetime male sexual partners, and a history of sexually transmitted infections were associated with an increased risk of CIN 3. In the final model, only ≥4 sexual partners (compared to Conclusion CIN 3 was infrequently encountered in adolescents, and those with multiple sexual partners were at increased risk for CIN 3.
Bilateral cervical carotid and intracranial vasospasm causing cerebral ischemia in a migrainous patient: a case of "diplegic migraine".

SYNOPSIS A patient with a 15-year history of migraine exhibited the rapid onset of bilateral cerebral ischemia associated with bilateral cervical carotid and intracranial focal arterial narrowing (vasospasm). The neurological signs and symptoms and angiographic findings resolved spontaneously within a few days. Among the rarely documented cases of vasospasm in migrainous subjects, this illustrates the bilaterality of ischemic symptoms and the unusual involvement of both extracranial carotid arteries.
Practical applications of time-averaged restrained molecular dynamics to ligand-receptor systems: FK506 bound to the Q50R,A95H,K98I triple mutant of FKBP-13.

The ability of time-averaged restrained molecular dynamics (TARMD) to escape local low-energy conformations and explore conformational space is compared with conventional simulated-annealing methods. Practical suggestions are offered for performing TARMD calculations with ligand-receptor systems, and are illustrated for the complex of the immunosuppressant FK506 bound to Q50R,A95H,K98I triple mutant FKBP-13. The structure of 13C-labeled FK506 bound to triple-mutant FKBP-13 was determined using a set of 87 NOE distance restraints derived from HSQC-NOESY experiments. TARMD was found to be superior to conventional simulated-annealing methods, and produced structures that were conformationally similar to FK506 bound to wild-type FKBP-12. The individual and combined effects of varying the NOE restraint force constant, using an explicit model for the protein binding pocket, and starting the calculations from different ligand conformations were explored in detail.
Cathepsin B and L in nephron segments of rats with puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis

Cathepsin B and L in nephron segments of rats with puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. The intralysosomal proteinases, cathepsins B and L, were measured in microdissected segments of rat nephrons following a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). Z-Phenylalanyl-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin served as substrate. Enzyme activities, proteinuria, creatinine clearance and renal morphology were determined at specific time intervals following induction of PAN nephrosis. During the first three days following PAN injection, enzyme activities in S 2 and S 3 segments, protein excretion, creatinine clearance and appearance of the renal parenchyma resembled control animals. The enzyme activity in S 1 segments was slightly decreased, but returned to control levels at day six after injection. Days four through eight post-PAN injection were characterized by a dramatic increase in protein excretion and an increase in cathepsin B and L activity in S 2 and S 3 segments of the proximal tubule. During days 9 through 15 enzyme activity decreased significantly in S 2 segments despite continued proteinuria. Overt necrosis and cell injury were seen in the proximal tubule and probably account for the decrease in proteolytic activity. After day 15 following PAN injection, the level of proteinuria decreased, restoration of cathepsin activities occurred and a histopathologic picture of healing was present. The data suggest a positive relationship exists between stimulation of cathepsin B and L activity in S 2 and S 3 segments of the proximal tubule and increased protein filtration in PAN nephrosis. The increased enzyme activity reflects enhancement of the proteolytic capacity of the lysosomal system that is necessary for increased protein catabolism.
Practical implications of gene-expression-based assays for breast oncologists

Gene-expression profiling has led to the development of signatures designed to predict survival and treatment response in patients with breast cancer. In this Review, Prat et al. discuss the clinical utility of gene-expression-based assays and compare them with the performance of breast cancer biomarkers that are currently used as standard of care.
Geometry and generality in Frege's philosophy of arithmetic

This paper develops some respects in which the philosophy of mathematics can fruitfully be informed by mathematical practice, through examining Frege'sGrundlagen in its historical setting. The first sections of the paper are devoted to elaborating some aspects of nineteenth century mathematics which informed Frege's early work. (These events are of considerable philosophical significance even apart from the connection with Frege.) In the middle sections, some minor themes ofGrundlagen are developed: the relationship Frege envisions between arithmetic and geometry and the way in which the study of reasoning is to illuminate this. In the final section, it is argued that the sorts of issues Frege attempted to address concerning the character of mathematical reasoning are still in need of a satisfying answer.
Ampicillin/Sulbactam Compared with Cefazolin or Cefoxitin for the Treatment of Skin and Skin Structure Infections

The increasing prevalence of β-lactamase production by pathogens associated with cellulitis and soft-tissue infections have made the efficacy of standard treatment regimens suspect and demonstrate the need for a reappraisal of optimal medical management for these infections. In an open randomised, prospective study, the efficacy and toxicity of intravenous ampicillin/sulbactam was compared with cefazolin for the treatment of cellulitis and with cefoxitin for the treatment of soft-tissue infections. Ampicillin/sulbactam was given to 24 patients, cefoxitin to 16 and cefazolin to 12 patients. Analysis of clinical and bacteriological responses showed no significant differences between groups despite the fact that by in vitro testing 82 (98%) of isolates from soft-tissue infections were susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam but only 68 (81%) were susceptible to cefoxitin (p < 0.001). The addition of sulbactam to ampicillin significantly enhanced its in vitro activity against β-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria. All adverse reactions were subclinical, demonstrable only by mild laboratory abnormalities. Overall, ampicillin/sulbactam appears to be of comparable clinical efficacy in the treatment of polymicrobial soft-tissue infections with cefoxitin, or in the treatment of cellulitis with cefazolin. Additionally, when Enterococcus faecalis and S. aureus are recovered from a single culture, ampicillin/sulbactam, as opposed to cefoxitin monotherapy, would remain effective. Therefore, ampicillin/sulbactam will often be a less expensive therapeutic alternative.
Clinical Reasoning: A unique case of acute onset, progressive left hemiparesis

A 15-year-old, right-handed Hispanic boy with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was transferred for acute onset of stroke-like symptoms. Appoximately 6.5 hours prior to arrival, the patient was in his normal state of health. At that time, he developed abrupt onset of headache and left arm tingling described as “ants crawling on my arm.” He described associated dysarthria, dysphagia, and progression of symptoms over the first hour to include left lower extremity paresthesias. By the time of neurologic consultation, he reported some subjective improvement in left leg sensory deficits but was weak throughout his left hemibody. Past medical history was notable for B-cell ALL diagnosed 3 months earlier, for which the patient had undergone induction chemotherapy with vincristine, daunorubicin, pegylated asparaginase, and intrathecal methotrexate (IT-MTX) and cytarabine. He achieved remission and was being treated with consolidation chemotherapy consisting of systemic cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, vincristine, pegylated asparaginase, and IT-MTX. His most recent lumbar puncture with IT-MTX was 10 days prior to presentation, at which time CSF analysis had shown white blood cells 2/mm3, red blood cells 2/mm3, and unremarkable cytology (a few normal-appearing lymphocytes). Family history was negative for stroke. The patient …
Real Rates, Expected Inflation, and Inflation Risk Premia

This paper studies the term structure of real rates, expected inflation, and inflation risk premia. The analysis is based on new estimates of the real term structure derived from the prices of index-linked and nominal debt in the U.K. I find strong evidence to reject both the Fisher Hypothesis and versions of the Expectations Hypothesis for real rates. The estimates also imply the presence of time-varying inflation risk premia throughout the term structure. IN MAY OF 1996 the U.S. Treasury announced that it would begin issuing index-linked (IL) bonds. Although economists have long argued for this policy innovation on theoretical grounds, to date little research exists quantifying the associated costs and benefits.' This paper begins this task by examining the U.K. market for IL debt. Although IL bonds have been issued by a number of governments, this market probably offers the best "laboratory" for studying issues relevant to the issuance of IL debt; in the United States. IL debt in the U.K. constitutes a significant proportioin of marketable government debt, and daily turnover is by far the largest in the world.2 The size and liquidity of the U.K. market has not gone u:nnoticed by researchers interested in the behavior of real interest rates. Arak and Kreichner (1985), Woodard (1988, 1990), Deacon and Derry (1994a), Brown and Schafer (1995), Barr and Campbell (1995) and Gilbert (1996) have all proposed methods for calculating real rates in the U.K. from the secondary market prices of IL debt. In related research, Kandel, Ofer, a-nd Sarig (1996) present a method for calculating real rates from Israeli IL bonds. This paper describes a new two-step methodology that extends and improves on these
Career development: Implications for providers of career services in higher education

Only recently have theorists and practitioners begun to consider and investigate the applications of developmental psychology to the delivery of career services. While there are several conceptual approaches to understanding the process of career development in general, the focus of this paper will be limited to the under-standing of career development in a college age population. In addition, the practical implications generated by this conceptual understanding will be discussed especially as they relate to the delivery of career services in higher education.
Ring avulsion injuries: a biomechanical study

The biomechanics of ring avulsion injuries was studied in a cadaveric simulation model. Custom-fitted metal rings attached to a rigid frame were placed over the proximal phalanx of fresh or thawed fresh-frozen specimens. Ring avulsion injuries in 44 fingers were produced with a standardized force applied to the proximal ulna. The progress of injury was evaluated with simultaneous high-speed cinematography and continuous force measurements. The injured digits were x-rayed and categorized according to Urbaniak's classification. Continuous force measurements produced similar curves for all classes of injuries. The average maximum force resulting in class I injuries was 80 N. The average maximum force producing amputation in class III injuries was 154 N, a force much lower than expected. Force measurements for class II injuries were nearly identical to those of class III. This surprisingly minimal force resulting in digit amputation was explained by high-speed cinematography, which showed that the rings tilt on the digits concentrating disruption forces as a result of ring angulation on the finger. Incomplete amputations were due to loss of ring purchase by skin flap eversion. Finally, comparison of high-speed cinematography with force curves suggests that skin rupture rather than skeletal or tendon disruption accounted for the maximum force during ring avulsion injury.
Contractile activity of bile canaliculi: Contraction or collapse?

The discovery that bile canaliculi are capable of spontaneous contractile activity has led to their use in the investigation of the physiology of the liver cell. The contraction of a bile canaliculus is dependent on the network of actin, which is found in the pericanalicular region of the hepatocyte, and agents that inhibit actin filaments interfere with canalicular contraction. Injection of calcium directly into the cytoplasm of one hepatocyte of a cell pair results in contraction of the canaliculus. To determine whether the contractile activity of adjacent bile canaliculi was coordinated, calcium was injected into one cell of a group of three hepatocytes that formed two neighboring bile canaliculi. Calcium microinjection resulted in contraction of the bile canaliculus contiguous with the microinjected cell and was followed by a contraction of the second, adjacent canaliculus. These secondary contractions occurred after an interval of approximately 45 seconds. The finding that bile canalicular contractions are coordinated with contractions occurring in a sequential fashion supports the hypothesis that within the liver lobule, transport of bile within the canalicular network results from the coordinated contractions of the canaliculi. Rat hepatocytes, when isolated and maintained in primary culture, are capable of producing forceful contractions of their bile canaliculi, with contractions occurring on a regular basis once every 5.5 minutes. To determine whether the contraction of one bile canaliculus affected the contraction of a neighboring canaliculus, cinephotomicrographic studies of pairs of contiguous canaliculi were undertaken. The activity of 10 pairs of contiguous canaliculi, and 10 pairs of noncontiguous canaliculi which served as a control group, was recorded for a period of 12.5 hours at the rate of 1 frame every 15 seconds. Using frame-by-frame analysis of this period of observation, we determined the time of contraction of each of the canaliculi in the pairs. Cross-correlations were obtained for the contraction times of each of the 10 pairs of contiguous canaliculi and 10 control pairs. A peak in activity was found, with that peak occurring five frames 75 seconds from the midline, whereas the noncontiguous controls showed no correlation in contractile activity. This finding indicates that, when one bile canaliculus contracts, a neighboring canaliculus is likely to contract after an interval of 1.25 minutes. That there is coordination of contractile activity of bile canaliculi suggests that, within the intact liver lobule, ordered motility function of the bile canaliculi may facilitate bile flow.
Growth of single crystals belonging to a family of one-dimensional oxides: commensurate and incommensurate structures

Abstract Mixtures of alkaline earth carbonates together with nickel or copper oxide and iridium, ruthenium, platinum or rhodium metal in a carbonate flux at 1050–1150°C leads to the formation of black crystals. These crystals, whose habit is either hexagonal plates or hexagonal rods, belong to a family of perovskite related phases of general composition [A]x[(A′,B)O3]. Preliminary diffraction experiments indicate that these crystals form with a composite structure, some commensurate and others incommensurate. The structures of the commensurate crystals were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while the structures of the incommensurate crystals are being investigated by powder diffraction. Several commensurate and incommensurate single crystals and their growth conditions are discussed in this paper.
Applicability of e-Work models for the automation of construction materials management systems

Manual processes of quantity take-off, bidding and quantity revision of construction materials are the cause of numerous conflicts among construction process stakeholders. This research aims at redesigning these processes in the direction of a collaborative approach using e-Commerce technology. Relevant B2B approaches need to incorporate tools that minimize estimation errors and improve design quality. Recent research on e-Work models allows the proposition of a set of applications in construction materials management systems for the exchange of design and project information among contractors, designers, fabricators and suppliers. Expected benefits include improvements conflict resolution techniques, faster procurement and reduction of lead times. This paper discusses the applicability of e-Work in the automation of construction materials management systems, using knowledge of past estimations in addition to recent observations of other projects in progress or completed.
Adolescent smoking networks: The effects of influence and selection on future smoking

Peer influence and peer selection have both been linked to the smoking behavior of adolescents. The present investigation uses social network analysis methodology to explore the simultaneous effects of both processes on adolescent smoking and smoking susceptibility over two time periods. Results suggest the effects of friendship selection in 6th grade on smoking behavior in 7th grade were primarily direct. Selecting smokers as friends in 6th grade predicted both smoking and smoking susceptibility in 7th grade, and selecting susceptibles predicted future friendship selection and peer influence. Influence processes were indirectly related to smoking. Smokers' influence in 6th grade predicts the selection of smokers as friends in 7th grade. Smokers' influence also demonstrated a protective effect when ties were not reciprocated.