cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalogs, Inventories and Propaedias

Charles Sanders Peirce’s distinction between types and tokens is drawn. A brief account is given of the relevant parts of the works of Plato and Aristotle leading to a presentation of the Ontological Square, of higher order properties or ‘metaproperties’, and of basic Aristotelian classification. Francis Bacon’s suggestions on Trees of Knowledge are contrasted with Aristotelian classification, and this leads to a discussion of the organization of encyclopaedias, in particular the conflict between alphabetical and thematic organization. The label ‘propaedia’ is adopted from its original use with Mortimer Adler and the 15th edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica and it is used to denote topic-linked Directed Acyclic Graphs. These are a generalization of Trees of Knowledge, and they are a suitable structure to underpin topic tagging or annotation.
Cancer survivorship, financial wellbeing and food insecurity in the U.S.

10075Background: Cancer is associated with increased out-of-pocket spending for medical care and limitations in the ability to work, frequently lasting many years after diagnosis. Few studies have ...
Predictors of glycemic management among patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify correlates of glycemic control among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND Approximately 28.8 million adults have type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States with $245 billion spent on disability and lost productivity. The importance of self-management activities in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment is well recognised. Extant studies have explored self-management activities of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with mixed findings. Continued attention is warranted to identify predictors of glycemic control. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS A convenience sample, aged 18 and 75 years with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was recruited and enrolled from three southern California community-based organisations between June-December 2016. Perceived self-efficacy, diabetes knowledge, self-management activities, select demographics, chronic conditions and HbA1C levels were assessed. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were use to identify correlates of glycemic control. The STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies was used to develop this study. RESULTS The total number of participants included in analyses was 100. Sixty-nine per cent had HbA1C ≥7%; average number of years with type 2 diabetes mellitus was 8.6 (SD = 6.52); 57% were female; and 54% had a high school or greater education. The multiple regression model significantly predicted 20% of the variance in HbA1C levels, F(6, 93) = 4.91, p < 0.001, adj. R2 = 0.192. Level of education, β = 0.36, p = 0.001, and years with type 2 diabetes mellitus, β = 0.28, p = 0.004, significantly contributed to the model. CONCLUSIONS Lower level of education and longer duration with diabetes were associated with poor glycemic control. Study outcomes support interventions are needed to target the ongoing educational needs of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses are encouraged to increase their awareness of the impact of level of education and diabetes duration when providing individualised care to individual's with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2,3,5,6-Tetra­fluoro-1,4-di­iodo­benzene–di­methyl sulfoxide (1/1)

Tetra­fluoro­di­iodo­benzene and di­methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) crystallize in a 1/1 complex, C6F4I2·C2H6OS, in space group Pbca. Infinite ⋯C6I⋯O⋯IC6I⋯ chains are held together by strong I⋯O contacts. The DMSO mol­ecules, which lie on mirror planes, are disordered, giving rise to two I⋯O contacts of 2.898 (9) and 2.803 (10) A, both with approximately linear C—I⋯O arrangements. The C6F4I2 mol­ecules lie on inversion centers.
Using E-Journal Subscription Inventories to Improve Internal Documentation and Patron Access

ABSTRACTLibrarians have been struggling to maintain accurate information in their library catalogs since electronic resources became the preferred format. Adelphi University Libraries’ (AUL) techni...
More Than 25 Years of Pancreas Graft Survival After Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation: Experience From the World's Largest Series of Long-term Survivors.

Background The first simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant was performed in 1966. Early procedures were associated with significant morbidity and mortality and were performed in very low numbers in select patients. Methods This study includes all recipients of an SPK at the University of Wisconsin-Madison between 1986 and 1993, who were actively followed and had a functional pancreas allograft for >25 years as of October 31, 2018. Results A total of 291 SPK were performed during the study period; of these, 39 patients still had a functional graft at last follow up and 9 (18.8%) pancreas grafts were lost due to patient death or graft failure after >25 years. At last follow up, all 39 patients with functional pancreas graft had at least one comorbidity, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or coronary artery disease. Twenty-seven required enteric conversion; 11 patients experienced renal allograft failure (10 underwent a repeat kidney transplant); and 6 required amputation of part of the lower extremity. In the Cox regression analysis, bladder drained pancreas was associated with lower probability of prolonged pancreas graft survival (hazard ratio: 0.52; confidence interval: 0.32-0.85; P = 0.01). Conclusions With careful and detailed follow-up and attention to complications, some recipients of pancreas grafts have outstanding outcomes. As the number of pancreas recipients with prolonged graft survival may be rising, healthcare providers should be aware of the management of complications associated with this unique group of patients.
Disrupting the Narrative of Transgenerational Psychic Trauma: Discussion of “Tyler in the Labyrinth: A Young Child’s Journey from Chaos to Coherence”

In this discussion, I reflect on Stephanie Pass’s paper (this issue) about her therapy with Tyler and his grandmother, a journey that entailed disentangling multiple harrowing narratives of psychic...
Intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and fractional flow reserve use in acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fractional flow reserve (FFR) during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). OBJECTIVES To assess the temporal trends of IVUS, OCT, and FFR use in AMI. METHODS A retrospective cohort study from the National Inpatient Sample (2004-2014) was designed to include AMI admissions that received coronary angiography. Administrative codes were used to identify percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), IVUS, OCT, and FFR. Outcomes included temporal trends, inhospital mortality and resource utilization stratified by IVUS, OCT, or FFR use. RESULTS In 4,419,973 AMI admissions, IVUS, OCT, and FFR were used in 2.6%, 0.1%, and 0.6%, respectively. There was a 22-fold, 118-fold, and 33-fold adjusted increase in IVUS, OCT, and FFR use, respectively, in 2014 compared to the first year of use. Non-ST-elevation AMI presentation, male sex, private insurance coverage, admission to a large urban hospital, and absence of cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock were associated with higher IVUS, OCT, or FFR use. PCI was performed in 83.2% of the IVUS, OCT, or FFR cohort compared to 64.2% of the control group (p < .001). The cohort with IVUS/OCT/FFR use had lower inhospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.53 [95% confidence interval 0.50-0.56]), more frequent discharges to home (83.7% vs. 76.8%), shorter hospital stays (4.3 ± 4.4 vs. 5.0 ± 5.5 days) and higher hospitalization costs ($90,683 ± 74,093 vs. $74,671 ± 75,841). CONCLUSIONS In AMI, the use of IVUS, OCT, and FFR has increased during 2004-2014. Significant patient and hospital-level disparities exist in the use of these technologies.
Lipids: chemical tools for their synthesis, modification, and analysis

Lipids remain one of the most enigmatic classes of biological molecules. Whereas lipids are well known to form basic units of membrane structure and energy storage, deciphering the exact roles and biological interactions of distinct lipid species has proven elusive. How these building blocks are synthesized, trafficked, and stored are also questions that require closer inspection. This tutorial review covers recent advances on the preparation, derivatization, and analysis of lipids. In particular, we describe several chemical approaches that form part of a powerful toolbox for controlling and characterizing lipid structure. We believe these tools will be helpful in numerous applications, including the study of lipid–protein interactions and the development of novel drug delivery systems.
Fault classification, fault growth and displacement

Abstract In this chapter, we consider the evolution of faults from their initial stages of formation to large faults and fault populations. In essence, initiation can occur by the formation and linkage of minor oblique structures such as Riedel shears and tension gashes or, if available, by reactivation of preexisting structures such as joints and dikes. As faults grow, they tend to interact and link up to form much longer and taller structures, and this is the most important mechanism of fault growth at all scales. Faults that link up most efficiently develop into the largest faults in a fault population, while many early minor faults become inactive and end up as small structures. However, small faults also form at more mature stages of fault evolution, and those faults typically show a wider range of orientations due to local geometric complications and stress perturbations. Hence, making predictions about small-scale faults from larger faults is difficult, but can be approached through geomechanical modelling. Finally, some implications of fault structures and displacement on fluid flow are discussed.
Production of hydrolysates from unmilled AFEX-pretreated switchgrass and comparative fermentation with Zymomonas mobilis

Abstract The biological route for producing biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass involves many steps, including biomass harvesting and processing, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and other downstream processes. Milling to reduce biomass fragment size is a common processing step, which aids subsequent biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis. However, milling also adds additional time and cost. We report here the production of 7% glucan loading hydrolysates using milled and unmilled Ammonia-Fiber Expansion (AFEX)-pretreated switchgrass (7% ASGH). No significant differences in fermentation performance by Zymomonas mobilis were observed between milled and unmilled switchgrass hydrolysates. We also produced a higher 10.5% glucan loading ASGH (10.5% ASGH) using unmilled pretreated switchgrass, and found that xylose fermentation by Z. mobilis was greatly inhibited in the 10.5% ASGH. The chemical compositions of hydrolysates from unmilled and milled switchgrass were analyzed and compared.
An Anatomical Evaluation of the Trapezium and Its Relationship to Basilar Joint Osteophytic Change.

BackgroundTo perform a comprehensive osteologic investigation into trapezium anatomy and investigate the relationship between anatomical factors and osteophyte formation, focusing on sex-specific d...
A Survey on Spatial and Spatiotemporal Prediction Methods.

With the advancement of GPS and remote sensing technologies, large amounts of geospatial and spatiotemporal data are being collected from various domains, driving the need for effective and efficient prediction methods. Given spatial data samples with explanatory features and targeted responses (categorical or continuous) at a set of locations, the problem aims to learn a model that can predict the response variable based on explanatory features. The problem is important with broad applications in earth science, urban informatics, geosocial media analytics and public health, but is challenging due to the unique characteristics of spatiotemporal data, including spatial and temporal autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity, temporal non-stationarity, limited ground truth, and multiple scales and resolutions. This paper provides a systematic review on principles and methods in spatial and spatiotemporal prediction. We provide a taxonomy of methods categorized by the key challenge they address. For each method, we introduce its underlying assumption, theoretical foundation, and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Our goal is to help interdisciplinary domain scientists choose techniques to solve their problems, and more importantly, to help data mining researchers to understand the main principles and methods in spatial and spatiotemporal prediction and identify future research opportunities.
Pneumatosis intestinalis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: When not doing anything is good enough.

Abstract Background/Purpose Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) has been reported in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCT) since 1980s and at present there is no uniform consensus of the significance and management of this condition. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 990 consecutive pediatric HSCT recipients and examined data for clinical PI presentation, management and outcomes Results PI was identified in 53 patients (5.4%), mainly allogeneic HSCT recipients receiving systemic steroids. Abdominal X-ray was the main diagnostic modality. Forty-seven patients (89%) were evaluated because of clinical concerns and others were identified as incidental findings. Pneumoperitoneum was reported in 15 patients (28%). None of these patients had signs of acute abdomen. The majority of patients (43/53, 81%) had no targeted clinical intervention for PI and resolved PI in a median of 15 days (IQR 3–61). Surgery consult was only requested for 7/53 (13%) patients, three of whom had evidence of pneumoperitoneum. None of these patients required any surgical interventions. Conclusions Pneumatosis intestinalis commonly occurs in HSCT recipient receiving steroids, but unlike with NEC, PI rarely poses clinical risk after transplant. The majority of HSCT recipients with PI require only close monitoring without interventions. Surgical evaluation should be based on clinical symptoms and not PI presence alone.
Patterns of introgression vary within an avian hybrid zone.

Exploring hybrid zone dynamics at different spatial scales allows for better understanding of local factors that influence hybrid zone structure. In this study, we tested hypotheses about drivers of introgression at two spatial scales within the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta) and Nelson’s Sparrow (A. nelsoni) hybrid zone. Specifically, we evaluated the influence of neutral demographic processes (relative species abundance), natural selection (exogenous environmental factors and genetic incompatibilities), and sexual selection (assortative mating) in this mosaic hybrid zone. By intensively sampling adults (n = 218) and chicks (n = 326) at two geographically proximate locations in the center of the hybrid zone, we determined patterns of introgression on a fine scale across sites of differing habitat. We made broadscale comparisons of patterns from the center with those of prior studies in the southern edge of the hybrid zone. A panel of fixed SNPs (135) identified from ddRAD sequencing was used to calculate a hybrid index and determine genotypic composition/admixture level of the populations. Another panel of polymorphic SNPs (589) was used to assign paternity and reconstruct mating pairs to test for sexual selection. On a broad-scale, patterns of introgression were not explained by random mating within marshes. We found high rates of back-crossing and similarly low rates of recent-generation (F1/F2) hybrids in the center and south of the zone. Offspring genotypic proportions did not meet those expected from random mating within the parental genotypic distribution. Additionally, we observed half as many F1/F2 hybrid female adults than nestlings, while respective male groups showed no difference, in support of Haldane’s Rule. The observed proportion of interspecific mating was lower than expected when accounting for mate availability, indicating assortative mating was limiting widespread hybridization. On a fine spatial scale, we found variation in the relative influence of neutral and selective forces between inland and coastal habitats, with the smaller, inland marsh influenced primarily by neutral demographic processes, and the expansive, coastal marsh experiencing higher selective pressures in the form of natural (exogenous and endogenous) and sexual selection. Multiple drivers of introgression, including neutral and selective pressures (exogenous, endogenous, and sexual selection), are structuring this hybrid zone, and their relative influence is site and context-dependent.
Don’t You Want My Help? Volunteer Involvement and Management in Local Government

The global COVID-19 health pandemic has put extraordinary pressure on already fiscally strapped local governments. As local jurisdictions search for strategies to meet rising service expectations w...
Resident Level Involvement Affects Operative Time and Surgical Complications in Lower Extremity Fracture Care.

Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of resident participation on operative time and surgical complications in isolated lower extremity fracture care. Setting Patients who were treated at teaching hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Participants A total of 2,488 patients who underwent surgical fixation of isolated hip fractures, femoral or tibial shaft fractures, and ankle fractures. Design Patients were stratified by surgical procedure and post-graduate year (PGY) of the resident involved. Total operative time and surgical complications were analyzed with respect to resident participation and seniority. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for potential confounders including case complexity, wound class, and patient comorbidity burden. Results As PGY level increased, operative time increased for each procedure. The odds for a deep surgical site infection decreased as resident seniority increased, but the odds for wound dehiscence increased as resident seniority increased. We found no difference in the incidences of superficial infections or return to the OR with respect to PGY level. Academic quarter within the academic year did not correlate with any of the surgical complications. Furthermore, when cases performed with residents were compared to those performed without residents, there was no increased risk of superficial infections, deep infections, or return to the OR. Conclusions This nationally representative dataset demonstrates that operative times for lower extremity orthopedic trauma increased as resident seniority increased. Additionally, senior resident participation was associated with increased wound dehiscence, whereas junior resident participation was associated with an increased risk of deep surgical site infections. However, there was no associated “July effect” for residents at any level of training and there was no increased risk for surgical site infections or return to the OR in cases involving resident participation.
Understanding Just Sustainabilities from Within: A Case Study of a Shared-Use Commercial Kitchen in Connecticut

Written by the co-founder and former board president of a non-profit shared-use commercial kitchen, Understanding Just Sustainabilities from Within presents an intersectional analysis of CLiCK (Commercially Licensed Co-operative Kitchen), in order to explore what just sustainabilities can look and feel like from within and without. Through a unique combination of autoethnography, participant observation, surveys, and secondary research, this book offers insights into CLiCK’s micro and macro successes, failures, and unknowns in relation to its attempt to put the concept of just sustainabilities into daily practice, and praxis. Developing its practical analyses from a theoretical basis, this book does not focus on definitive answers, recognizing instead that the closest we can get to understanding just sustainabilities in praxis is through long-term collective struggle and ultimately love. Researchers and educators who are interested in linking theory with practice, especially in relation to just sustainabilities and intersectionality, will appreciate the theoretical grounding, making it desirable for multiple social science classes. Additionally, those involved with the social justice, food justice, and just sustainabilities movements will benefit from the book’s insights into best practices to address issues of social inequalities on the micro level, while also offering the benefits of a macro intersectional analysis.
Bistability in the polarity circuit of yeast

Cells polarize their growth or movement in many different physiological contexts. A key driver of polarity is the Rho GTPase Cdc42, which when activated becomes clustered or concentrated at polar sites. Multiple models for polarity establishment have been proposed. All of them rely on positive feedback to reinforce regions of high Cdc42 activity. Positive feedback can lead to bistability, a scenario in which cells can exist in either a polarized or unpolarized state under identical external conditions. Determining if the signaling circuit that drives Cdc42 polarity is bistable would provide important information about the mechanism that underlies polarity establishment and insights into the design features required for proper cellular function. We studied polarity establishment during the mating response of yeast. Using microfluidics to precisely control the temporal profile of mating pheromone and live-cell imaging to monitor the polarity process in single living cells, we found that the polarity circuit of yeast shows hysteresis, a characteristic feature of bistable systems. Our analysis also revealed that cells exposed to high pheromone concentrations rapidly lose polarity following a precipitous removal of pheromone. We used a reaction-diffusion model for polarity establishment to demonstrate that delayed negative regulation is sufficient to explain our experimental results. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
Simulation-based assessment of care for infant cardiogenic shock in the emergency department.

Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of infant deaths associated with birth defects. Neonates with undiagnosed CHD often present to general emergency departments (GEDs) for initial resuscitation that are less prepared than paediatric centres, resulting in disparities in the quality of care. Neonates with undiagnosed CHD represent a challenge; thus, it is necessary for GEDs to be prepared for this population. Aim To evaluate the process of resuscitative care provided to a neonate in cardiogenic shock due to CHD in the GEDs in a simulated setting and to describe the impact of teams and GED variables on the process of care. Methods This is a prospective simulation-based assessment of the process of care provided to a neonate with coarctation of the aorta in cardiogenic shock. Simulation sessions were conducted at participating GEDs utilizing each GED's interdisciplinary team and resources. The primary outcome was adherence to best practice, as measured by a 15-item overall composite adherence score (CAS). In addition, we stratified the overall CAS into CHD-critical items and the general resuscitation items CAS. The secondary outcome was the impact of the team's and GED's characteristics on the scores. Findings This study enrolled 32 teams from 12 GEDs. Among 161 participants, 103 (63.97%) were registered nurses, 33 (20.50%) were physicians, 17 (10.56%) were respiratory therapists, and 8 (4.97%) were other medical professionals. The overall median CAS was 84, with the CHD-critical items having a median CAS of 34.5. The most underperformed tasks are checking pulses on the upper and lower extremities (44%), obtaining blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities (25%), and administering prostaglandin E1 (22%). Conclusions Using in situ simulation in a set of GEDs, we revealed gaps in the resuscitation care of neonates with CHD in cardiogenic shock. Relevance to clinical practice These findings highlight the importance of targeted improvement programs for high-stakes illnesses in GED.
The Rights of Refugees under International Law: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)

Preamble The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person, Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights, Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms, Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant, Agree upon the following articles: Part I Article 1 1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law.
Clinical Application of Functional Analysis Methodology

Functional analysis (FA) methodology is a well-established standard for assessment in applied behavior analysis research. Although used less commonly in clinical (nonresearch) application, the basic components of an FA can be adapted easily in many situations to facilitate the treatment of problem behavior. This article describes practical aspects of FA methodology and suggests ways that it can be incorporated into routine clinical work.
Synergistic tumor growth inhibition by combined treatment with green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), erlotinib in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4892 EGCG is the main polyphenol extracted from green tea. It has shown anti-tumor or chemopreventive activity in several tumors including SCCHN by regulating EGFR-mediated pathways. We hypothesize that a combination of EGCG and an EGFR-TKI (erlotinib) may synergistically inhibit tumor growth of SCCHN. Five head and neck cancer cell lines (Tu212, Tu177, 886LN, SQCCY1, and 38) were used for this study. Cell growth inhibition assay showed that treatment with two drugs as single agent for 72 hrs inhibited growth of all five SCCHN cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Combination index (CI) analysis demonstrated that the combined treatment of EGCG with erlotinib for 72 hrs achieved synergistic effects (CI < 1) of cell growth inhibition on four of five cell lines except an additive effect on 886LN. We selected two representative cell lines, Tu212 and Tu177 to further investigate the underlying mechanisms using fixed concentration of EGCG (30 μM) and erlotinib (0.5 μM). Cell cycle analysis showed a significant G1 arrest after the combined treatment of the two cell lines for 24 and 48 hrs compared to either the single treatment or the control group. Annexin-V binding assay demonstrated more apoptotic cells in the combined treatment group compared to either the single agents or the control group. Immunoblotting analyses showed that the combined treatment significantly reduced the phosphorylation of EGFR and AKT. The combined treatment also induced activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP compared to either the single agents or the control group. In our in vivo study, twenty five nude mice were randomly divided into four groups. Each group was orally gavaged with the vehicle control (1% tween 80), EGCG (125 mg/kg), erlotinib (50 mg/kg) or a combination of EGCG and erlotinib at the same doses for 7 days followed by a subcutaneous injection with 2 × 106 of Tu212 cells. The animals were continuously administered the agents 5 days a week. The tumor size in each mouse was measured three times per week until all mice were sacrificed once the tumor size of any mouse reached 2cm in diameter. Our results showed that the combination treatment (443 ±120 mm3) significantly inhibited the tumor growth compared to the control (2743 ± 910 mm3), EGCG alone (1198 ± 406 mm3) or erlotinib alone (1176 ± 392 mm3), (p = 0.005). The mean time (days) to reach a tumor volume of 400 mm3 was significantly delayed in the combined treatment (34.2 ± 2.4) as compared with the control (21.2 ± 2.8), EGCG (23.7 ± 2.1), or erlotinib (23.7 ± 1.3), (p = 0.005). Taken together, both our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate significant anti-tumor activity for the combined treatment with EGCG and erlotinib. This combination provides a novel and promising chemopreventive regimen for SCCHN. (Supported by NCI UO1 101244)
Gel Diffusion Method for Determining the Titer of Duck Hepatititis Virus

Apparatus necessary for a quantitative gel diffusion and precipitation assay of duck hepatitis virus was designed and constructed.
Substance Use and Abused Women's Utilization of the Police

There is extensive research that addresses the role of police in responding to domestic violence calls. However, there has been relatively little attention to the factors that impel women to call the police during an incident of abuse. This paper investigates the role of alcohol and drugs in influencing women's utilization of the police for misdemeanor-level incidents of abuse, and is based on interview data from 419 abused women. Results indicate that women are significantly more likely to call the police when male partners use both alcohol and drugs, and when they are frequently drunk. Offender drunkenness, rather than the quantity or frequency of alcohol consumption, has a significant escalation effect on police utilization by victims of abuse.
Does Source of Capital Affect Investment and Firm Value

This paper investigates the effect of financing frictions due to source of capital, on firm investment and value. Using instrumental variables approach that controls for endogeneity arising from demand-side factors, we find that firms with access to public debt markets have 11% higher investment than firms without access. Using a structural approach, we find that firm value is 23% lower for firms without access. The estimated effect of financing frictions on firms is even bigger once the specification allows for firms to self-select the source of financing. Thus, source of capital has significant impact on firm investment and value.
Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Postoperative Morbidity in Soft Tissue Sarcomas

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NeoCT) does not increase morbidity in patients undergoing radical surgery for soft tissue sarcomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 309 patients who presented to The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center for definitive surgical management of primary soft tissue sarcomas were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred five patients who received NeoCT were compared with 204 patients who had surgery first (Surg). Patients had extremity sarcomas (71 NeoCT patients and 130 Surg patients) or retroperitoneal/visceral sarcomas (34 NeoCT and 74 Surg). RESULTS: NeoCT patients had larger tumors (median, 12 v 8 cm), more frequently had high-grade tumors (90% v 64%), and were younger (median age 47 v 55 years). The incidence of surgical complications was not different for NeoCT patients than for Surg patients, both in those with extremity sarcomas (34% v 41%) and in those with retroperitoneal/visceral sarcomas (29% v...
Doorways to Spirituality for Students: A Chaplain's View

Many college students are no longer happy with the religion of their childhood, or never had one in the first place. I know this well from more than 20 years as a university chaplain at Tufts and Stanford. I have had the good fortune of getting to know students from a wide variety of backgrounds: Protestant, Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox Christians; Jews and Muslims and Baha'is; Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs; Taoists and Confucianists; Buddhists and Shintoists; Marxists and secular humanists; agnostics and atheists. I've celebrated with them and learned from them; taught, counseled, advised, and been helped by them; sung and danced, laughed and cried, discussed and argued with them; solemnized their marriages, dedicated their children and then memorialized them after death. My experience has taught me that there are eight important doorways to the spiritual life, and often to organized religion, for college students.
Synthesis and characterization of valproic acid ester pro-drug micelles via an amphiphilic polycaprolactone block copolymer design

The attachment of Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors via covalent bonds to biocompatible and biodegradable block copolymers provides a new research direction for cancer treatment. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of valproic acid ester pro-drug micelles of amphiphilic polycaprolactone block copolymers and their potential applications in drug delivery.
Real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of black carbon in an occupied house: an examination of sources

Black carbon (BC) was measured every 5 min for two years (May 1998-May 2000) inside and immediately outside a northern Virginia house (suburban Washington, DC) occupied by two nonsmokers. Two aethalometers, which measure BC by optical transmission through a quartz fiber tape, were employed indoors and outdoors. Meteorological parameters were obtained on an hourly basis from nearby Dulles airport. Indoor activities were recorded to identify indoor sources such as combustion activities, which occurred 9% of the time during the first year and 4% of the time during the second year. At times without indoor sources, indoor/outdoor BC ratios averaged 0.53 in the first year and 0.35 in the second year. The main outdoor source of BC was the general regional background, contributing 83-84% of the total during each of the two years. Morning rush hour traffic contributed 8-9% of the total BC. An evening peak in the fall and winter, thought to include contributions from wood burning, was responsible for approximately 8% of the annual average BC concentration. The main indoor sources of BC were cooking and candle burning, contributing 16 and 31%, respectively, of the annual average indoor concentrations in the two years. Relative humidity (RH) affected the outdoor aethalometer in both years. An artifact associated with the tape advance was noted for the aethalometer, but a correction factor was developed that reduced the associated error by a factor of 2.
Disordering of CuPd by 14 MeV copper ions

Initially ordered CuPd specimens were irradiated at temperatures between 296 and 823 K with 14 MeV copper ions, to doses between 0.05 and 3 dpa. At 473 K and below, the ordered structure was completely destroyed when irradiated at a rate of ∼10−3 dpa/s to doses as low as 0.3 dpa. This disordering process was accompanied by a change in the basic crystal structure from bcc to fcc. The disordered material was heavily twinned as a result of such a transformation. Results from samples with intermediate fluences indicate that there exists a definite orientation correlation between the initally ordered and the radiation-disordered materials. Irradiation above 523 K to a dose of 3 dpa did not result in disorder. It appears that reordering, due to rapid vacancy migration, dominates over radiation disordering at temperatures above 523 K.
Differences in myocardial contrast produced with transient response imaging when using intravenous microbubbles containing gases of different molecular weight

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different microbubble gases on the amount of myocardial contrast (MC) produced from intravenously (IV) injected dextrose albuinin microbubbles when using a new imaging modality termed transient response imaging (TRI). In 6 dogs (4 closed chest, 2 open chest) the peak anterior myocardial videointensity (PMVI) and visual degree of MC were determined following IV injections of equivalent doses of perfluorocarbon exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA), sulfur hexafluoride-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (SHESDA), and room air exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (RASDA) microbubbles. TRI was performed by triggering ultrasound impulses to 1 point every one to two cardiac cycles. The PMVI produced with TRI was compared to conventional 30 Hz frame rate imaging (CI) for each gas. Visual anterior and posterior MC was evident with TRI in all six dogs using PESDA, but not in any dog with CI. Although RASDA and SHESDA did not produce MC with CI, visually evident anterior MC was seen after 7 of 8 SHESDA and 4 of 9 RASDA injections when using TRI with both gases. PESDA produced the highest peak PMVI of all three microbubbles when using TRI, while SHESDA produced a significantly higher PMVI than RASDA. We conclude that although MC can be produced with TRI using microbubble gases of lower molecular weight, the brightest and most consistent contrast is produced with fluorocarbon containing microbubbles.
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells increase tPA expression and concomitantly decrease PAI-1 expression in astrocytes through the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway after stroke (in vitro study)

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) increase tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity in astrocytes of the ischemic boundary zone, leading to increased neurite outgrowth in the brain. To probe the mechanisms that underlie MSC-mediated activation of tPA, we investigated the morphogenetic gene, sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. In vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation and coculture of astrocytes and MSCs were used to mimic an in vivo ischemic condition. Both real-time-PCR and western blot showed that MSC coculture significantly increased the Shh level and concomitantly increased tPA and decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels in astrocytes. Inhibiting the Shh signaling pathway with cyclopamine blocked the increase of tPA and the decrease of PAI-1 expression in astrocytes subjected to MSC coculture or recombinant mouse Shh (rm-Shh) treatment. Both MSCs and rm-Shh decreased the transforming growth factor-β1 level in astrocytes, and the Shh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine reversed these decreases. Both Shh-small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and Glil-siRNA downregulated Shh and Gli1 (a key mediator of the Shh transduction pathway) expression in cultured astrocytes and concomitantly decreased tPA expression and increased PAI-1 expression in these astrocytes after MSC or rm-Shh treatment. Our data indicate that MSCs increase astrocytic Shh, which subsequently increases tPA expression and decreases PAI-1 expression after ischemia.
Revision of the conifers from the Eocene Thunder Mountain flora, Idaho, U.S.A.

Abstract The Thunder Mountain paleoflora from the middle Eocene (46–45 Ma) of central Idaho represents an upland flora dominated by conifers. However, because many of the conifer species recognized at Thunder Mountain include a mixture of detached organs from different localities of different ages it is unclear which conifer taxa are present in or absent from the flora. Reexamination of the megaflora suggests Pseudotsuga and Cephalotaxus are equivocal, Thujopsis is not present, and the holotype ovulate cone of Larix leonardii does not show definitive features to justify its placement in Larix . The species Chamaecyparis edwardsii , Picea deweyensis and Abies deweyensis are based on fragmentary organs identifiable only to genus. Pinus baileyi is not closely related to P. longaeva (subgenus Strobus, subsection Balfourianae ) but is an excentromucronate hard pine with affinities to members of subgenus Pinus, cf. subsection Pinus . Revision of the Thunder Mountain conifer megafossil assemblage is a step toward clarifying the species present in the flora to provide further understanding of the diversity, evolutionary relationships and phytogeographic history of conifers during the Tertiary.
Congestive heart failure from suspected ductal closure in utero.

A newborn infant had tricuspid insufficiency, severe heart failure, and acidosis at birth which disappeared the next day. Hemodynamic studies at age 4 hours demonstrated a large cone-shaped ductus arteriosus arising from the pulmonary artery but ending blindly at its aortic end. These findings were considered to be consistent with isolated closure of the ductus arteriosus before birth.
Localization of GABAB receptors in midbrain monoamine containing neurons in the rat

Abstract The localization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B receptors in the midbrain of the rat was examined in multiple labeling studies using antibodies directed against the GABAB receptor and either tryptophan hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase. Almost all of the serotonergic and dopaminergic cell bodies in the midbrain displayed GABAB receptor-like immunoreacrtivity. Conversely, most neurons in the raphe nuclei and ventral tegmentum which exhibited intense immunoreactivity for GABAB receptors were also immunopositive for serotonergic or dopaminergic markers. These results demonstrate directly that GABAB receptors are present in monoaminergic neurons in certain regions of the midbrain.
When are two-stage and three-stage least squares estimators identical?

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the numerical equivalence of the two-stage and three-stage least squares estimators in a linear simultaneous equations model. The conditions are easy to verify in any practical application.
Some features of the maps from potential to spectral data

Some significant spectral quantities for half line impedance problems are displayed and studied as functions of the appropriate potentials. Localizations (Frechet derivatives) are obtained in terms of products of einenfunctions; a systematic development of Marcenko (M) equations is given with recovery formulas for potentials via spectral traces of transmutation kernels containing appropriate spectral data; a spectral trace deduced from calculations with Gelfand-Levitan (G-L) kernels containing suitable spectral data leads to formulas for a kind of spectral transform (IST) extending the Sine transform with products of einenfunctions in the kernels
Minimally invasive treatment of urethral strictures in men

Minimally invasive treatments of urethral strictures in men intend to durably restore normal anatomy and function with relief of urinary symptoms and avoidance of morbidity. Minimally invasive treatments for bulbar urethral strictures include bougienage and coaxial balloon dilation, endoscopic urethrotomy with a cold-knife or laser, and urethral wall stents. Adjunctive techniques including brachytherapy and the injection of steroids, mitomycin C, or captopril, have been employed to reduce the high restricture rates with minimally invasive treatments for bulbar urethral strictures. This review discusses recently published data concerning indications for these commonly performed minimally invasive procedures, along with their efficacy, durability, and potential for adverse events. Although many currently available studies report on small numbers of patients, some conclusions can be made. Ultimately, long-term, randomized, controlled prospective studies of larger numbers of men with bulbar urethral strictures are needed.
ON LEAST SQUARES FITTING NONLINEAR SUBMODELS1

Three simplifying conditions are given for obtaining least squares (LS) estimates for a nonlinear submodel of a linear model. If these are satisfied, and if the subset of nonlinear parameters may be LS fit to the corresponding LS estimates of the linear model, then one attains the desired LS estimates for the entire submodel. Two illustrative analyses employing this method are given, each involving an Eckart-Young (LS) decomposition of a matrix of linear LS estimates. In each case the factors provide an LS fit of the nonlinear submodel to the original data. The minimum error sum of squares for this fit is the error sum of squares for the corresponding linear model plus a function of the eigenvalues involved in the factorization. An Eckart-Young factorization, however, is only a special case of an LS decomposition of LS estimates. The present method is more generally applicable (under the three simplifying conditions) whenever any LS procedure may be found for fitting certain parameters of a nonlinear submodel to the corresponding LS estimates of a linear model.
Operational Sensitivities of an Integrated Scramjet Ignition/Fuel-Injection System

Results are presented of experiments conducted in a supersonic wind tunnel on an integrated fuelinjection/ignition system, consisting of an aeroramp injector and a plasma-torch igniter. The main goals of the work were to determine how the lifting effect of the aeroramp affected the plasma jet, to ascertain how the injection of fuel through the aeroramp and the power supplied to the torch ine uenced the distributions of excited species downstream of the device, and to investigate any synergistic effects from the combination. The aeroramp was observed to have a strong lifting effect on the plasma jet, especially for injector momentum-e ux ratios above 1.5. In addition, increases in the torch input power produced an exponential effect on the emission intensity of the excited-state species downstream of the plasma jet, but was not observed to ine uence the jet penetration height. The results demonstrate that the increased penetration of combustion enhancing radicals is largely a function of the e uidic mechanisms generated by the injector and, thus, aids the plasma torch in ine uencing the combustion kinetics farther into the freestream than would normally be possible.
The Electrical Shielding Layer Around Charged Clouds and its Role in Thunderstorm Electricity

Abstract The system of differential equations which governs the equilibrium charge distribution around a charged cloud located in an atmosphere with constant ionization is solved numerically for clouds with differing water content. The equations include the effects of ionic recombination, and the ionic conduction currents to cloud droplets. The results show that the electric field external to the cloud is greatly reduced by a shielding charge distribution which first develops at the clear air-cloud boundary and then slowly moves inward toward the charge center. If ions are generated locally within the cloud, they produce an inner region of charged droplets of opposite polarity to the outer screening layer. An increased electric field maximum will exist between the regions of charge. The effects of turbulence and electroconvection within boundary layers and the time-dependence of the shielding layer charging with and without turbulent transport are discussed. The role of the shielding charge in determining...