cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive feedback linearizing control of proper orthogonal decomposition nonlinear flow models

This paper treats the question of feedback linearizing control of two-dimensional incompressible, unsteady wake flow. For definiteness, flow past a circular cylinder is considered, but the design approach presented here is applicable to other flow control problems. Two finite-dimensional lower order models based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of dimension N with N actuators are considered. Models I and II are obtained using control function and penalty function methods, respectively. Control action can be achieved by a combination of suction, injection, and synthetic jets. For the design of controllers, it is assumed that the system matrices of the POD models are unknown. Nonlinear adaptive control systems for the two models are derived. For model I, nontrivial zero-error dynamics exists, which play a key role in the stability of the closed-loop system. But for model II, global adaptive trajectory control is achieved. In the closed-loop system, the mode amplitudes asymptotically follow the reference trajectories. Simulation results for a 4-mode POD model obtained using the penalty function method are presented. These results show that in the closed-loop system, unsteadiness in the mode amplitudes can be suppressed in spite of large uncertainties in the flow model.
Sex allocation in functionally hermaphroditic plants: A review and critique

A number of theoretical and methodological problems plague studies of sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants. Most models assume that consumable resources limit reproduction, yet one or both sexes may be mate-limited. Most models also assume that resource limitation causes trade-offs between the allocations to male and female functions, but the sexes may be limited by different critical resources, or their resource needs may not overlap in time. Problems arise in deciding which plant parts are reproductive, when to harvest them, how to apportion them to male and female roles, and what are the appropriate measures of their cost. When energy directly limits reproduction, or other needs can be translated into energetic costs, the great variation in composition of reproductive parts makes construction costs or respiration a more potentially accurate measure of investment than energy content or especially biomass. Some simple predictions from theoretical models include a 1:1 allocation ratio to male and female function in outcrossing hermaphrodites, a female-biassed ratio in proportion to the level of selfing, and lower average allocations to male function in animal-pollinated than in windpollinated plants. These predictions have not received much support from existing studies, thus emphasizing the need for better measures of allocation as well as better accounting of the many other possible factors that may determine individual (and population) allocation ratios.
Chemical-electrochemical method for the determination of the positions of coupling in the dimeric one-electron reduction products of ring-substitued 1-alkylpyridinium ions

Abstract A previously described procedure for the determination of the positions of coupling in the dimeric one-electron reduction products of 1-alkylpyridinium ions has been extended to the examination of the coupling positions in the dimeric species resulting from one-electron reduction of ring-substituted 1-alkylpyridinium ions.
Comparison of sucrose, lactose, maltose and glucose in the causation of experimental oral diseases.

Abstract Complete replacement of sucrose in the periodontal syndrome-producing diet by glucose or by confectioner's sugar or one-half replacement by lactose did not have any significant effect on the prevalence and severity of the periodontal syndrome in the rice rat. Replacement of sucrose by maltose caused a significant reduction in the periodontal syndrome; replacement by whole wheat flour or white flour resulted in still greater reductions in the syndrome. Three experiments with different combinations of strains of rats and diets were used to compare the caries-producing ability of sugars. Complete replacement of sucrose by glucose in diet 2700 did not have any effect on incidence of dental caries in rats of the mutant albino strain but did cause moderate reductions in rats of the Harvard caries-susceptible strain. Complete replacement of confectioner's sugar by glucose in diet 2000 caused highly significant reductions in initiation and severity of carious lesions, both in the occlusal sulci and on the smooth surfaces. However, replacement of granulated sugar, sucrose, for confectioner's sugar also caused significant reductions in both types of lesions. Maltose supported as rapid development of carious lesions as sucrose in all three experiments, but a lower rate of lesions on the smooth surfaces in one out of two experiments. Lactose replacement for half of the sucrose in one experiment led to a lower incidence of carious lesions in the sulci and on the smooth surfaces in one experiment but not in a second experiment. Studies on mixed cultures from rats fed diets containing sucrose, glucose or maltose in one experiment led to the observation that maltose and sucrose seemed to promote somewhat greater synthesis of extracellular material than glucose. Some dextran has been synthesized from each of the carbohydrates. Comparison studies with plaque samples from five humans and oral swabbings from five hamsters led to the observation that extra-cellular slime was synthesized from sucrose alone.
Interaction of a Cyclic, Bivalent Smac Mimetic with the X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein.

We have designed and synthesized a cyclic, bivalent Smac mimetic (compound 3) and characterized its interaction with the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Compound 3 binds to XIAP containing both BIR2 and BIR3 domains with a biphasic dose−response curve representing two binding sites with IC50 values of 0.5 and 406 nM, respectively. Compound 3 binds to XIAPs containing the BIR3-only and BIR2-only domain with Ki values of 4 nM and 4.4 μM, respectively. Gel filtration experiments using wild-type and mutated XIAPs showed that 3 forms a 1:2 stoichiometric complex with XIAP containing the BIR3-only domain. However, it forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with XIAP containing both BIR2 and BIR3 domains, and both BIR domains are involved in the binding. Compound 3 efficiently antagonizes inhibition of XIAP in a cell-free functional assay and is >200 times more potent than its corresponding monovalent compound 2. Determination of the crystal structure of 3 in complex with the XIAP BIR3 domain confirms...
Prayers for Assistance As Unsporting Behavior

(2003). Prayers for Assistance As Unsporting Behavior. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 17-25.
Effects of Emetic and Cathartic Agents on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Treatment of Toxic Ingestion

Emetic drugs and saline cathartics produce direct or reflex changes in gastrointestinal motility. The changes in gastrointestinal smooth muscle function may be important in the rapid oral or rectal expulsion of gastrointestinal contents, effects which serve as a basis for emetic and cathartic drug use in the treatment of toxic ingestion. Because of difficulties in recording gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractile activity from the intact, unanesthetized animal or man, relatively few studies have attempted to characterize the changes in gastrointestinal motility preceding vomiting. Limited results from past studies and the results of more recent studies employing improved technology suggest that pharmacological activation of the emetic reflex is accompanied by characteristic movements of the stomach and small intestine. The gastric response consists of initial muscle relaxation and an expansion of gastric volume. The intestine responds with a contraction, which begins in the distal ileum and migrates orad over the entire small intestine immediately before active retching. The changes in gastric and intestinal motility may be initiated by structures in the central nervous system and may be an important component of the emetic reflex. This article urges more active research to characterize the gastrointestinal emetic response and to investigate more generally the therapeutic value of emesis in the treatment of toxic ingestion. Emphasis should be placed on the clinically important emetic drugs apomorphine and syrup of ipecac. Studies comparing the efficiency of removal of gastrointestinal contents, resultant blood levels of orally administered drugs with and without emesis, differences in the gastrointestinal emetic response between agents and the pharmacology of the gastrointestinal emetic response should be performed. Studies should also be conducted to determine the pharmacology of the emetic sensory receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and the intraluminal physical-chemical or gastrointestinal physiological factors influencing gastrointestinal emetic sensory receptor activation. The results would demonstrate the value of emesis in various poison cases and help establish criteria for use and selection of emetic drugs. No less experimental attention should be devoted to the cathartic drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Efficiency v. Collusion: Evidence Cast in Cement

Through the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. portland cement industry experienced a significant increase in average plant size and market concentration. A simultaneous equation model is developed to examine the effects of plant size and concentration on costs, prices and margins in that industry. The results indicate the presence of significant scale economies, but also show that prices and margins are increasing in concentration. Further analysis shows that almost one third of the cost savings associated with larger plants are passed on to producers through higher margins resulting from concomitant increases in concentration, rather than to consumers as lower prices.
CAD/CAM-guided implant surgery and fabrication of an immediately loaded prosthesis for a partially edentulous patient

The treatment planning, placement, and restoration of dental implants for the partially edentulous patient can be challenging. Anatomical limitations can make implant location difficult to determine. The use of CT scans and surgical planning software to produce a CAD/CAM surgical template, as well as the use of a flapless surgical technique, can make implant placement more predictable, safer, and easier for patients. The article describes a computer-guided surgical technique for the partially edentulous patient, with a restoration fabricated prior to implant placement, for immediate loading.
Synthetic lethality of rpn11-1 rpn10Δ is linked to altered proteasome assembly and activity.

An rpn11-1 temperature-sensitive mutant shows defect in proteolysis, mitochondrial function and proteasome assembly. The Rpn11 protein is a proteasome subunit that deubiquitinates proteolytic substrates. Multiubiquitinated proteins interact with proteasome receptors, such as Rpn10, which intriguingly is also required for promoting proteasome stability. We report here that Rpn10 binds Rpn11, and genetic studies revealed synthetic lethality of an rpn11-1 rpn10Δ double mutant. The carboxy-terminus of Rpn11 is critical for function, as deletion of 7 C-terminal residues prevented suppression of rpn11-1 rpn10Δ. Native gel electrophoresis showed increased levels of the proteasome 20S catalytic particle in rpn11-1 rpn10Δ, and altered assembly. The inviability of rpn11-1 rpn10Δ was suppressed by rpn10uim, a mutant that can bind the proteasome, but not multiubiquitin chains. rpn10uim reduced the levels of free 20S, and increased formation of intact proteasomes. In contrast, rpn10vwa, which binds multiubiquitin chains but not the proteasome, failed to suppress rpn11-1 rpn10Δ. Moreover, high levels of multiubiquitinated proteins were bound to rpn10vwa, but were not delivered to the proteasome. Based on these findings, we propose that the lethality of rpn11-1 rpn10Δ results primarily from altered proteasome integrity. It is conceivable that Rpn10/Rpn11 interaction couples proteasome assembly to substrate binding.
Association of cytochromes P450 with their reductases: opposite sign of the electrostatic interactions in P450BM-3 as compared with the microsomal 2B4 system.

The role of electrostatic interactions in the association of P450s with their nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate- (NADPH) dependent flavoprotein reductases was studied by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The fluorescent probe 7-(ethylamino)-3-(4‘-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin maleimide (coumarylphenylmaleimide, CPM) was introduced into the flavoprotein molecule at a 1:1 molar ratio. The interaction of P450 2B4 and NADPH−P450 reductase (CPR) from rabbit liver microsomes was compared with that of the isolated heme domain (BMP) and the flavoprotein domain (BMR) of P450BM-3. The cross-pairs of the components were also studied. Increasing ionic strength (0.05−0.5 M) was shown to result in the dissociation of the CPR−P450 2B4 complex with the dissociation constant increasing from 0.01 to 0.09 μM. This behavior is consistent with the assumption that charge pairing between CPR and P450 2B4 is involved in their association. In contrast, the electrostatic component of the interaction of the par...
Experimental Investigation of Performance of a Residential Air Conditioning System with an Evaporatively Cooled Condenser

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the use of indirect evaporative cooling process to increase the performance of an air-to-air vapor compression refrigeration system. The condenser of an existing 2.5 ton (8.8 kW) air conditioning system at the University of Florida`s Energy Park in Gainesville was retrofitted with a media pad type evaporative cooler a water source, and a pump. The system performance was monitored without and with the evaporative cooler on the condenser. The data show that electric energy savings of 20 percent can be achieved by using an evaporatively cooled air condenser. The energy savings can pay for the cost associated with retrofitting the condenser in as little as two years.
Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Recognition of a Two-Edged Sword?

Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation that provide marked protection from ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).1,2⇓ Abciximab, the prototypic GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, has been studied in >8000 patients undergoing elective or high-risk PCI.2,3,4⇓⇓ In these patients, it produces a consistent 35% to 56% reduction in ischemic end points at 30 days, with a significant 22% reduction in the risk of death, as shown in a combined analysis of long-term (3-year minimum) follow-up of the Evaluation of 7E3 for the Prevention of Ischemic Complications (EPIC), Evaluation in PTCA to Improve Long-term Outcome with abciximab GP IIb/IIIa blockade (EPILOG), and Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting (EPISTENT) trials.5 Similar results, albeit of a smaller magnitude, have been seen with the small-molecule antagonists tirofiban and eptifibatide, with a 16% to 35% reduction in ischemic events in patients undergoing PCI.1,6⇓ Attempts to expand the therapeutic indication of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists to other conditions associated with platelet-mediated thrombosis, however, have been less fruitful than expected. Instead of reducing major ischemic events, long-term oral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy7 has uniformly increased the fatality rate. Furthermore, the overall efficacy of a number of the intravenous antagonists in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS), or in combination with thrombolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI), has been less than anticipated.8 Of particular concern is the fact that there has been a paradoxical increase in adverse events in 2 of the trials of intravenous therapy in ACS.9,10⇓ Platelets are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ACS, yet the high levels of platelet inhibition attainable with GP IIb/IIIa antagonists have failed to dramatically improve clinical outcomes outside of PCI. In this article, we discuss these …
Apotheosis and death of the author: Goethe in Italica

The image of Goethe as the harmonious, classical author, though discredited, nevertheless continues to be a reference point for attempts to understand the business of writing. Carme Riera's novel Joc de miralls (1989) uses specifically Bettina von Brentano's portrait of Goethe as a foil for developing the contrasting story of two rival authors, set in our days and in a volatile Latin American country called Italica. Cast as a quest for the author, the novel explores identity, deception, and the need for masks when writing; it focusses on the choices between political responsibility, public recognition, and the self-interested desire to write; and it plays out the varieties of reader responses between distance, attachment, and identification. The alternately diverging and converging careers of the two Italican writers sketch possible conditions, rewards and dangers of authorship — as opposed to Goethe's supposedly aloof practice and success — in an age of political demands that also proclaims the death of the author.
Sclerotinia Blight Development in Peanut Vines Injured by Tractor Tires1

Abstract Peanut plants injured by tractor tires during the application of pesticides were infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum more frequently than similar uninjured plants. Percentage of infection...
Actual and Perceived Sex and Generational Differences in Interpersonal Style: Structural and Quantitative Issues.

This study investigated the validity of using the Interpersonal Checklist in self-ratings by older individuals and under across generation instructional sets by college students. Effects of sex of target and sex of rater were also investigated. Qualitative evaluation of correlation matrices indicated construct validity for the instrument for self-report instructions among the aged but that the matrices obtained under across generation instructions differed from the expected model. The implication for the heteroperception methodology is that dimensional or trait comparisons should be interpreted with caution. The quantitative results indicated significant generational differences and significant misperceptions of older adults by students. These findings suggest a hypothesis of interpersonal conflict between the generations with interpersonal dominance as a possible central issue.
Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Poultry Offal Meal Quality

Abstract In two experiments, 720 broiler strain cockerels were used to determine the effect of pressure and temperature on poultry offal meal (P.O.M.) quality. Poultry offal meals were subjected to 20, 28 and 35 pounds per square inch gauge (p.s.i.g.) steam pressure for Maximum chick weight, feed efficiency and lysine availability were obtained by processing P.O.M. at either 20 p.s.i.g. steam pressure for
About CD4pos CD25pos regulatory cells.

Abstract Autoreactive cells that escape from thymic negative selection are either anergized or counter-regulated in the peripheral lymphoid organs by regulatory T (Treg) cells. Most investigated Treg cells are CD4 pos cells expressing the α chain of the IL-2 receptor (CD25). Absence of this particular population leads to the development of a wide range of autoimmune disorders, suggesting a critical role for CD4 pos CD25 pos cells in the maintenance of normal immune homeostasis. Numerous studies have aimed at unraveling the mechanisms of regulation, focusing mainly on naturally occurring Treg cells (generated in naive animals) and regulation of CD4 pos autoreactive cells. In contrast, generation following antigenic priming of CD4 pos CD25 pos Treg cells with non-self (viral) antigen specificity and regulation of virus-activated CD4 pos and CD8 pos cells remain to be investigated. In this review, we describe the data collected over the past few years of intense focus on CD4 pos CD25 pos Treg cells and present our approach to investigate the generation of antigen-specific Treg cells during the course of an anti-viral immune response.
A remark on almost periodic transition operators

Results of Rosenblatt on almost periodic transition operators are extended to the reducible case.
New Targets for Antithrombotic Drugs

The normal hemostatic process is initiated by disruption in the vascular continuity and exposure of the subendothelial components. Platelets adhere to subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor via glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. This initial interaction per se and the release of platelet agonists transduce signals that lead to the rise in intracellular Ca2+. The rise in Ca 2+ induces shape change, Prostaglandin synthesis, release of granular contents and conformational changes in platelet Gp IIb-IIIa. Gp IIb-IIIa in activated platelets becomes competent to bind fibrinogen and other adhesive proteins and mediates platelet cohesion (primary hemostatic plug). Furthermore, the activated platelet surface provides an efficient catalytic surface for the coagulation reactions, ultimately resulting in the formation of fibrin (secondary hemostasis). Normally the hemostatic process plays a delicate balance between keeping the blood in the fluid state to maintain flow and rapidly forming an occluding plug following vessel injury. Thrombosis occurs because of alteration in this delicate balance. Consequences of thrombosis are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Arterial thrombosis occurs in the setting of previous vessel wall injury mostly because of atherosclerosis, while venous thrombosis occurs in areas of stasis.
Iron and zinc compounds in the muscle meats of beef, lamb, pork and chicken

Beef, lamb, pork and chicken leg muscles were extracted with distilled water and the soluble iron and zinc compounds separated by gel filtration and dialysis. Iron was distributed between five main components: an insoluble fraction, ferritin, haemoglobin, myoglobin and a low molecular weight fraction. In beef and lamb, myoglobin was the predominant iron compound but in pork and chicken, most of the iron was associated with the insoluble fraction. Whereas more than 70% of beef iron was associated with the haemoproteins, haemoglobin and myoglobin, less than 30% of chicken iron was in this form. Even so, in all meats most of the soluble iron was associated with the haemoproteins. Zinc was present mainly in the insoluble fraction. The soluble zinc was distributed between five main components. Over 70% of soluble zinc was associated with two components having molecular weights of 65 000 and 35 000. The nature and availability of zinc and iron in the various meat fractions is discussed.
A STATISTISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION DATA

Summary The lymphocytes from 107 maternal-foetal pairs were examined for their in vitro responsiveness, as determined by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine following stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), candida, varicella, mumps, streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) and tetanus toxiod. The data were collected and analysed in two sequential groups (forty-seven and sixty) in order to determine whether the results were reproducible. The variable chosen for analysis was the difference (d) between the square roots of the isotope incorporation in the stimulated and control cultures because it gave the most symmetrical distribution of the data. The experimental error in the determination of maternal lymphocyte stimulation was 1.4-8.6% and of the and of the foetal lymphocytes, 1.0-16.6% depending upon the antigen or mitogen and its concentration. The data in the two sets of patients were statistically the same in forty-eight of the fifty-six analyses (fourteen antigen or mitogen concentrations in autologous and AB plasma for maternal and foetal lymphocytes). The statistical limits of the distribution of responses for stimulation or suppression were set by an analysis of variance taking two standard deviations from the mean as the limits. When these limits were translated into stimulation indices, they varied for each antigen or mitogen and for different concentrations of the same antigen. Thus, a detailed statistical analysis of a large volume of lymphocyte transformation data indicates that the technique is reproducible and offers a reliable method for determining when significant differences from control values are present.
Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.

Abstract Inflows of metal-rich, acidic water that drain from mine dumps and tailings piles in the Leadville, Colorado, area enter the non-acidic water in the upper Arkansas River. Hydrous iron oxides precipitate as colloids and move downstream in suspension, particularly downstream from California Gulch, which has been the major source of metal loads. The colloids influence the concentrations of metals dissolved in the water and the concentrations in bed sediments. To determine the role of colloids, samples of water, colloids, and fine-grained bed sediment were obtained at stream-gaging sites on the upper Arkansas River and at the mouths of major tributaries over a 250-km reach. Dissolved and colloidal metal concentrations in the water column were operationally defined using tangential-flow filtration through 0.001-pm membranes to separate the water and the colloids. Surface-extractable and total bed sediment metal concentrations were obtained on the
On the polarization of resonantly scattered emission lines – I. Emission and absorption coefficients in an anisotropic radiation field

Source functions and absorptions coefficients for polarized radiation in a given ansiotropic radiation field are calculated for a variety of permitted electric dipole transitions in the L-S coupling limit. Collisional, radiative and magnetic mixing of the ground sublevels are all considered. The polarization of the self-consistent, emergent radiation field is computed, using an anisotropic escape probability formalism to treat the radiative transfer. It is found that the radiative mixing can enhance the polarization for transitions with large angular momentum, and degrees of polarization less than or approximately 10 per cent are obtained for transitions with small angular momentum.
Endosomal TLR signaling is required for anti-nucleic acid and rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in lupus

Abstract Using the Unc93b1 3d mutation that selectively abolishes nucleic acid-binding Toll-like receptor (TLR) (TLR3, -7, -9) signaling, we show these endosomal TLRs are required for optimal production of IgG autoAbs, IgM rheumatoid factor, and other clinical parameters of disease in 2 lupus strains, B6-Faslpr and BXSB. Strikingly, treatment with lipid A, an autoAb-inducing TLR4 agonist, could not overcome this requirement. The 3d mutation slightly reduced complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-mediated antigen presentation, but did not affect T-independent type 1 or alum-mediated T-dependent humoral responses or TLR-independent IFN production induced by cytoplasmic nucleic acids. These findings suggest that nucleic acid-sensing TLRs might act as an Achilles' heel in susceptible individuals by providing a critical pathway by which relative tolerance for nucleic acid-containing antigens is breached and systemic autoimmunity ensues. Importantly, this helps provide an explanation for the high frequency of anti-nucleic acid Abs in lupus-like systemic autoimmunity.
Physiologic arousal and predictions of anxiety by people who stutter

Abstract Speech/language pathologists have used self-report questionnaires to determine the relative anxiety which clients who stutter experience during different speaking situations. These questionnaires are used to develop a hierarchy of stressful speaking situations as perceived by the client. The hierarchy is then used by the clinician to order therapy activities in the desensitization of the client to stuttering. However, little is known about the extent to which a client's perception of his own speech-related anxiety correlates to his physiological arousal in specific speaking situations. Accordingly, 24 people who stutter were administered a questionnaire to elicit predictions of their speech-related anxiety for 20 hypothetical speaking situations. Participants rated their predictive anxiety on a seven-point scale. Participants were then asked to engage in an enactment of four of the situations described in the questionnaire and their skin conduction responses were measured as an index of physiological arousal. No correlation was found between the participants' predictions of anxiety on the questionnaire and the participants' skin conduction responses during the different speaking situations. Educational objectives: (1)Increase understanding of the relationship between anxiety and the prediction of anxiety. (2)Increase understanding of the relationship between speech and physiologic arousal in men who stutter.
Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty: Incidence of Instability and Noise

Background Alternative bearing materials in THA have been developed to reduce the incidence of osteolysis. Alumina-on-alumina bearings exhibit extremely low wear rates in vitro, but concerns exist regarding component impingement with the potential for dislocation and the occurrence of noise.
Fracture process zone modeling of monolithic Al2O3

Abstract The crack tip displacement fields obtained from moire interferometry were used interactively to drive a finite element (FE) model of double cantilever beam (DCB), alumina specimens subjected to stable crack growth. Through this inverse analysis, the crack-closure stress (CCS) distribution which provided the best fit between the measured and computed crack-opening displacement (COD) along the fracture-process zones (FPZ) trailing the crack tip of two alumina microstructures were determined. The dissipated energy, which was obtained from this FE analysis, at the FPZ was found to be the major energy sink in the larger as well as the smaller grain-size alumina.
Analytic Representation of Upper Atmosphere Densities Based on Jacchia's Static Diffusion Models

Modification of mathematical method of Jacchia for satellite drag density of upper atmosphere
Revascularization Following the Lateral Sliding Flap Procedure

Two young adult rhesus monkeys, with an average weight of 12 pounds were used. Anesthesia with Nembutal 30 mg/kg of body weight was given to perform the surgeries. Artificial defects were created by raising a flap and removing about 5 X 7 mm of the buccal alveolar plate and suturing the flaps exposing the alveolar crest. These defects were left untreated for 2 months. Then, mucogingival lateral sliding flaps were performed to cover the recessions. Postoperative periods of 1, 9, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days were obtained when the animals were killed. A combined solution of Pelikan carbon black and 10% buffered formalin was perfused through the exposed and cannulated external carotid arteries to evaluate revascularization. After killing, blocks, including the operated teeth and the surrounding tissues, were fixed in 10% formalin and then partially decalcified in EDTA. Two blocks per time interval were obtained. One of the blocks was processed for regular histology, and sectioned bucco-lingually. In these sections it was found that the new attachment to the root was mediated by a combination of connective tissue attachment and a long junctional epithelium. The other blocks were cut cross-sectionally at about 1-mm thickness. Sections were selected from three different areas: (a) at the most coronal part of the laterally displaced flap, (b) at the middle of the localized defect and (c) at the bottom of the defect. They were cleared following the Spalteholtz method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The disconnect between phase II and phase III trials of drugs for heart failure

Hospitalization for heart failure (HF) is a clinical entity associated with high postdischarge morbidity and mortality, yet few therapies are available to improve outcomes in patients with this condition. In the past decade, large phase III studies of HF treatments have failed to demonstrate drug efficacy, safety, or both, despite encouraging results from preceding phase II trials. This Review is focused on this disconnect between the results of phase II and phase III trials of drugs for HF and discusses findings from five drug-development programs (for levosimendan, tezosentan, tolvaptan, rolofylline, and nesiritide) to shed light on common themes in clinical trials conducted in patients hospitalized for HF. In particular, the importance of selecting the 'right' patient population, drug, and clinical end points to optimize the trial design is discussed. Areas that require further investigation are highlighted and we suggest possible directions that will help to guide future clinical trials in these patients. Large, expensive phase III trials should not be initiated without adequate phase II evidence or on the basis of overly optimistic interpretation of phase II data. Additionally, drug development programs should be targeted not only to change short-term symptoms, but also to improve the postdischarge event rate.
A performance-oriented energy efficient file system

Current general-purpose file systems emphasize the consistency of standard file system semantics and performance issues rather than energy-efficiency. In this paper we present a novel energy efficient file system called EEFS to effectively both reduce energy consumption and improve performance by separately managing those small-sized files with a good group access locality. To keep compatibility, EEFS consists of two working modules: a normal Unix-like File System (UFS) and a group-structured file system (GFS) that are transparent to user applications. EEFS contributes a new grouping policy that can construct files groups with group access locality and be used to migrate files between UFS and GFS. Comprehensive trace-driven simulation experiments show that EEFS achieves a great energy savings by up to 50% compared to that of the general-purpose UNIX file system, and simultaneously delivers a better file I/O performance by up to 21%.
New class of cw high-power diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPALs) (Plenary Paper)

The new class of diode-pumped alkali vapor lasers (DPALs) offers high efficiency cw laser radiation at near-infrared wavelengths: cesium 895 nm, rubidium 795 nm, and potassium 770 nm. The working physical principles of DPALs will be presented. Initial 795 nm Rb and 895 nm Cs laser experiments performed using a titanium sapphire laser as a surrogate pump source demonstrated DPAL slope power conversion efficiencies in the 50-70% range, in excellent agreement with device models utilizing only literature spectroscopic and kinetic data. Using these benchmarked models for Rb and Cs, optimized DPALs with optical-optical efficiencies >60%, and electrical efficiencies of 25-30% are projected. DPAL device architectures for near-diffraction-limited power scaling into the high kilowatt power regime from a single aperture will be described. DPAL wavelengths of operation offer ideal matches to silicon and gallium arsenide based photovoltaic power conversion cells for efficient power beaming.
SU‐GG‐J‐124: Management of Image‐Guidance Dose in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: Recent studies demonstrate that imaging procedures in radiotherapy for patient setup may add significantly to the doses to the normal tissues of the radiotherapy patient, especially using MV and kV cone‐beam CT(CBCT). These imaging procedures add the dose to an already high level of therapeuticradiation to organs. Accounting for image‐guidancedose is becoming increasingly important for radiationoncologists with regards to the total dose limit for normal tissues. This study is to accurately model and quantitate the additional dose from image‐guidance procedures, especially kV CBCT, as part of radiotherapydose in the patient treatment planning. Method and Materials: Unlike megavoltage photon beam in which the dose calculations mainly depend on the electron density of the media, the dose calculations of kilovoltage x‐ray depend on atomic number of the medium due to the photo‐electric effect. Therefore, kV x‐ray dose calculation is not available in current radiotherapytreatment planning systems. The Monte Carlo code BEAMnrc was used to generate kV CBCT beams and DOSXYZnrc was used to calculate dose to the patient using volumetric CBCTimages. The dose‐volume‐histograms (DVHs) for organs were evaluated. Results: For a representative head‐and‐neck cancer patient treated with 33 fractions of IMRT, if the kV‐CBCT procedure was used in each treatment fraction, the accumulative imagingdose can total 230 cGy to 95% of the eye volume, a minimum of 132 cGy to 90% of the soft tissues within the imaged volume, and 528 cGy to 90% of the cervical vertebral volume. Conclusion: The DVH analyses show significant doses to radiosensitive organs from repeated CBCT procedures. Hence, the management of imagingdose during radiotherapy is important to reduce the risk of complications. Total therapeuticdose limits in the treatment planning process may need to include the additional x‐ray dose to radiosensitive organs from image‐guidance procedures.
Does paravertebral blockade facilitate immediate extubation after totally endoscopic robotic mitral valve repair surgery

OBJECTIVE Immediate extubation of select patients in the operating room after cardiac surgery has been shown to be safe and may result in improved hemodynamics and decreased cost perioperatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of paravertebral blockade (PVB) to general anesthesia facilitates extubation in the operating room in patients undergoing totally endoscopic robotic mitral valve repair (TERMR). METHODS A review of 65 consecutive patients who underwent TERMR between January 2012 and June 2013 at a single institution was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups, one group that received PVB and general anesthesia and a second group that received general anesthesia alone. The data analyzed included quantities of anesthetic administered during surgery and the location of extubation after surgery. RESULTS A total of 34 patients received PVB and general anesthesia, whereas 31 received general anesthesia alone. The two groups had similar demographic and surgical data. Patients in the PVB and general anesthesia group were more likely to be extubated in the operating room (67.6%, n = 23 vs 41.9%, n = 13, P = 0.048) and required less intraoperative fentanyl (3.41 μg/kg vs 4.90 μg/kg, P = 0.006). There were no adverse perioperative events in either group related to PVB or extubation. CONCLUSIONS The addition of PVB to general anesthesia for perioperative pain control facilitated extubation in the operating room in patients undergoing TERMR. Paravertebral blockade allowed for lower intraoperative fentanyl dosing, which may account for the increased incidence of immediate extubation. A detailed prospective study is warranted.
On the Pro-Social Security Rhetoric

Abstract We propose to reframe Social Security to offer a coherent anti-privatization rhetoric that has not been fully provided in the contemporary literature. The dissatisfaction that motivated this study centers on the observation that the prevalent anti-privatization rhetoric exposes the drawbacks of Private Retirement Accounts (PRAs), but this rhetoric itself doesn't satisfactorily explain why the current Social Security system is more desirable. In reframing Social Security, we will follow a two-stage strategy. First, we will articulate the desirability of Social Security grounded in the function it serves in a way PRAs are not suited for serving: being a social income insurance scheme whose provision inherently favors the least fortunate in a Rawlsian fashion. Second, we will concentrate how Social Security provides this non-market choice by drawing on the unique resources not entirely available to the market.
The Influence of Gender on New Technology Adoption and Use–Mobile Commerce

ABSTRACT This study empirically investigated the impact of gender differences on the adoption and use of a new technology-mobile commerce (m-Commerce) using 372 respondents enrolled in a business college in the Northeast United States. The adoption rate of m-Commerce for both male and female respondents was similar at about 30%. Respondents' perceptions of price, ease of use, and usefulness of m-Commerce services rather than gender were significant in distinguishing between adopters and nonadopters of m-Commerce services. Males and females adopted a similar staged pattern in their use of m-Commerce services with entertainment services demonstrating the highest adoption rate, followed by communication services, information services, and transaction services. Within service categories, male and female respondents used the same number of m-Commerce services in the entertainment category. Male respondents used more communication, information, and transaction services than females suggesting that males move th...
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Collisionally Interacting He and H Atoms

On the basis of recent state-of-the-art ab initio calculations of the interatomic potential and dipole surface of interacting helium (He) and hydrogen (H) atoms, we calculate the collision-induced absorption spectra in the infrared of the He-H pair, using a rigorous quantum mechanical formalism. Furthermore, we present a simple analytical model which is capable of reproducing these calculated spectra with precision, for frequencies from 50 to roughly 10,000 cm-1 and temperatures from 1500 to 10,000 K. For a given temperature and frequency, the ratio of the absorption coefficient and the product of the H and He densities may be evaluated in seconds, even on small computers (e.g., PCs), provided this ratio exceeds a certain (very small) lower numerical limit.
Mesoscale Variations of the Atmospheric Snow Line over the Northern Sierra Nevada: Multiyear Statistics, Case Study, and Mechanisms

AbstractObservations from several mountain ranges reveal that the height of the transition from snowfall to rainfall, the snow line, can intersect the terrain at an elevation hundreds of meters below its elevation in the free air upwind. This mesoscale lowering of the snow line affects both the accumulation of mountain snowpack and the generation of storm runoff. A unique multiyear view of this behavior based on data from profiling radars in the northern Sierra Nevada deployed as part of NOAA’s Hydrometeorology Testbed is presented. Data from 3 yr of storms show that the mesoscale lowering of the snow line is a feature common to nearly all major storms, with an average snow line drop of 170 m.The mesoscale behavior of the snow line is investigated in detail for a major storm over the northern Sierra Nevada. Comparisons of observations from sondes and profiling radars with high-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) show that WRF is capable of reproducing the observed...
A content analysis of ten introduction to programming textbooks

A content analysis was conducted on ten introduction to programming textbooks to determine if there were any significant differences in their content. The results of the analysis indicated that the content of the older textbooks, pre 1983, was not significantly different from the more recent texts, post 1985.
Violence and other stressful life events as triggers of depression and anxiety: what psychosocial resources protect African American mothers?.

Understanding the risk and protective factors related to maternal mental health problems is important for improving the well-being of mothers and children, particularly in African American populations which may be at greater risk for maternal depression and resulting child behavior problems. This study explored whether three psychosocial resources—emotional resilience, social support, and ethnic identity—serve as protective factors in the face of specific stressful events that may trigger African American mothers’ depression and anxiety symptoms. Standard self-report measures of depression, anxiety, negative life events, community violence, abuse, emotional resilience, social support, and ethnic identity were administered to African American mothers (N = 209) of 2–18 month-old children. Linear regression models revealed main effects of negative life events and abuse on increased depression and anxiety symptoms, while emotional resilience and social support predicted decreased symptoms. There was also a significant interaction revealing a protective-reactive effect of ethnic identity on the associations of witnessed community violence with depression and anxiety symptoms. It is important for primary care providers to screen African American mothers for negative life events and abuse to identify those at increased risk for maternal depression and anxiety symptoms. Treatment programs should target emotional resilience, enhanced social support, and stronger ethnic group affiliation, which may be most effective at preventing mental health problems among mothers exposed to relative lower levels of community violence.
Texture statistics predict human performance on a range of scene-perception tasks

p(respond "animal") (mongrels) Central Peripheral Go/no-go task: images were flashed for 20 ms at fixation or 11o eccentricity; subjects responded if the image contained a target object (animals in Exp. 1, vehicles in Exp. 2). Mongrel task: “mongrel” images were synthesized at fixation or 11o eccentricity; subjects classified mongrels as target or non-target (free viewing, no time limit). People are good at scene perception tasks (eg, “is there an animal?”), even when scenes are shown peripherally and attention is limited [1] Why are scene tasks easy, when similar tasks with “simple” stimuli are hard?
Supercooling of liquid hydrogen

We describe experiments that we have performed with droplets of supercooled liquid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in the temperature range down to 10.6 K. We have measured the nucleation rate for the production of the solid phase. Using this result, we discuss the prospects for the experimental production of superfluid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$.
Facile electronic communication between bimetallic termini bridged by elemental carbon chains

Rich electrochemistry and strong electronic couplings across the carbon bridges are revealed for compounds composed of two tetra(μ-N,N′-2-anilinopyridinate)diruthenium(II ,III) termini bridged by either butadiynediyl (1) or ethynediyl (2) ligands.
MOLECULAR SIMULATION STUDY OF THE SURFACE BARRIER EFFECT. DILUTE GAS LIMIT

The mass transfer resistance associated with penetrating the mouth of a very small pore is evaluated using classical molecular dynamics simulation techniques. The effects of temperature, pore size, and thermal motion of the adsorbent atoms are studied for a slit pore mouth model. Adsorption followed by surface diffusion to the pore mouth makes a significant contribution to the mass transfer when the temperature is low or, equivalently, when the adsorptive potential is strong. Thermal vibrations of the adsorbent atoms have little effect on the adsorption/surface diffusion mechanisms but cause fluctuations in the effective pore mouth area which can significantly affect transport rates. Perhaps the most important observation is that when the pore size approaches the kinetic diameter of the gas molecules, changes of a few percent in the pore size cause order-of-magnitude changes in the resistance. Therefore, it is possible that the surface barrier effect observed in zeolites and carbon molecular sieves is governed by highly localized (single atomic layer) structural details. 19 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.