cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultralow thermal conductivity in all-inorganic halide perovskites

Controlling the flow of thermal energy is crucial to numerous applications ranging from microelectronic devices to energy storage and energy conversion devices. Here, we report ultralow lattice thermal conductivities of solution-synthesized, single-crystalline all-inorganic halide perovskite nanowires composed of CsPbI3 (0.45 ± 0.05 W·m-1·K-1), CsPbBr3 (0.42 ± 0.04 W·m-1·K-1), and CsSnI3 (0.38 ± 0.04 W·m-1·K-1). We attribute this ultralow thermal conductivity to the cluster rattling mechanism, wherein strong optical-acoustic phonon scatterings are driven by a mixture of 0D/1D/2D collective motions. Remarkably, CsSnI3 possesses a rare combination of ultralow thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity (282 S·cm-1), and high hole mobility (394 cm2·V-1·s-1). The unique thermal transport properties in all-inorganic halide perovskites hold promise for diverse applications such as phononic and thermoelectric devices. Furthermore, the insights obtained from this work suggest an opportunity to discover low thermal conductivity materials among unexplored inorganic crystals beyond caged and layered structures.
Efficient identification and utilization of spectrum opportunities in cognitive radio networks

There has been an exponential increase in spectrum demands due to new emerging wireless services and applications, making it harder to find unallocated spectrum bands for future usage. This potential resource scarcity is rooted at inefficient utilization of spectrum under static spectrum allocation. Therefore, a new concept of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been proposed to opportunistically utilize the legacy spectrum bands by cognitive radio (CR) users. Cognitive radio is a key technology for alleviating this inefficient spectrum utilization, since it can help discover spectrum opportunities (or whitespaces) in which legacy spectrum users do not temporarily use their assigned spectrum bands. In a DSA network, it is crucial to efficiently identify and utilize the whitespaces. We address this issue by considering spectrum sensing and resource allocation. Spectrum sensing is to discover spectrum opportunities and to protect the legacy users (or incumbents) against harmful interference from the CR users. In particular, sensing is an interaction between PHY and MAC layers where in the PHY-layer signal detection is performed, and in the MAC-layer spectrum sensing is scheduled and spectrum sensors are coordinated for collaborative sensing. Specifically, we propose an efficient MAC-layer sensing scheduling algorithm that discovers spectrum opportunities as much as possible for better quality-of-service (QoS), and as fast as possible for seamless service provisioning. In addition, we propose an optimal in-band spectrum sensing algorithm to protect incumbents by achieving the detectability requirements set by regulators (e.g., FCC) while incurring minimal sensing overhead. For better utilization of discovered spectrum opportunities, we pay our attention to resource allocation in the secondary spectrum market where legacy license holders temporarily lease their own spectrum to secondary wireless service providers (WSPs) for opportunistic spectrum access by CR users. In this setting, we investigate how a secondary WSP can maximize its profit by optimally controlling the admission and eviction of its customers (i.e., CR users). In addition, we also focus on the price and quality competition between co-located WSPs where they contend for enticing customers by providing more competitive service fee while leasing the channels with best matching quality.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy and endosomal microautophagy: Jointed by a chaperone

A variety of mechanisms deliver cytosolic materials to the lysosomal compartment for degradation through autophagy. Here, we focus on two autophagic pathways, the chaperone-mediated autophagy and the endosomal microautophagy that rely on the cytosolic chaperone hsc70 for substrate targeting. Although hsc70 participates in the triage of proteins for degradation by different proteolytic systems, the common characteristic shared by these two forms of autophagy is that hsc70 binds directly to a specific five-amino acid motif in the cargo protein for its autophagic targeting. We summarize the current understanding of the molecular machineries behind each of these types of autophagy.
Understanding masked depression: A Clinical scenario

Background: Masked depression is often misdiagnosed due to the predominance of somatic symptoms and is further complicated by lack of awareness among doctors. Aim: The present survey was conducted to gather the views of psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists regarding presentation and management aspects of masked depression. This may help in unmasking this condition and facilitate early identification and appropriate management of patients presenting with this condition. Materials and Methods: This questionnaire-based survey was conducted as an interview through computer-aided telephonic interview among 300 doctors (150 psychiatrists and 150 nonpsychiatrists) across India. Results: Both psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists reported a high prevalence of somatic symptoms among patients with masked depression. Nonpsychiatrists (44%) more often than psychiatrists (20%) noted chronic pain in the majority of patients with masked depression. Psychiatrists (31%) more often than nonpsychiatrists (9%) noted lack of concentration in the majority of patients with masked depression. Sexual dysfunction among young patients and noncompliance to therapy for chronic illness were considered as potential predictors of masked depression. There was a general agreement among psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists that medical liaising is beneficial for the management of patients with masked depression. Conclusion: Both psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists agree that somatic symptoms are commonly encountered in patients with masked depression. However, these somatic symptoms are often interpreted as physical illness rather than as an entity of depression which creates an unmet need in terms of managing masked depression, especially by nonpsychiatrists.
Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma cutaneous collision tumor

Malignant tumors composed of both epithelial and melanocytic populations are exceedingly rare. Because the etiology of these malignant tumors is not yet defined, several authors have argued for the continued cataloging of these lesions. We present a 67-year-old man with a suspicious-appearing lesion on the right forearm; initial biopsy was consistent with a pigmented basal cell carcinoma. On re-excision, a collision of malignant melanoma and basal cell was identified.
Multiple bloodstream infections in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients: A case series.

Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with poor outcomes following stem cell transplantation (SCT). We describe the demographics, treatment, complications, and outcome of 23 pediatric SCT recipients who developed three or more BSIs in the first year after SCT at our center from 2011 through 2016. The majority underwent allogeneic SCT (n = 22/23;96%), mainly from an unrelated donor (n = 19/22,86%); developed grade 2-4 graft versus host disease (GVHD; n = 14/23, 61%), all steroid refractory; and were diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 21/23, 91%). One-year overall survival was 56% (n = 13/23). We observed a high rate of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy and steroid-refractory acute GVHD in patients with three or more BSIs.
P122 To EDTA or not to EDTA – That should not be the question

Aim To systematically assess the effectiveness of EDTA in unmasking clinically relevant HLA alloantibodies Methods Serum samples from transplant (txp) patients collected for clinical testing were pre-treated with various concentrations of EDTA for 15 min at room temperature and then tested with Luminex-based solid phase assays using HLA mixed beads (HMB) and Single antigen beads (SAB) for the presence and identification, respectively, of HLA alloantibodies. Results Utility of pretreating sera with heat inactivation, dithiothreitol and/or EDTA to overcome prozone-like inhibition (PZLI) has been demonstrated. However, lack of details vis-a-vis time and concentration used, prompted us to systematically assess the effectiveness of EDTA in unmasking presence of clinically relevant HLA alloantibodies in serum samples with PZLI. Titration analysis using EDTA concentrations ranging from 0–50 mM indicated that 1.25 mM EDTA was ineffective, while 2.5 mM EDTA was moderately effective, in removing PZLI. EDTA concentration =/>5 mM was effective in removing PZLI in all serum samples. Therefore, we selected 5 mM EDTA for all subsequent studies. We observed that 5 mM EDTA did not give rise to high background and/or false positives, i.e., no unmasking of “new” specificities in serum samples with cPRA = 0% or in serum samples that demonstrated presence of limited HLA alloantibody specificities with MFI Conclusions The PZLI phenomenon observed due to presence of activated complement components in sera, challenges the ability of HLA labs to accurately identify HLA alloantibodies. Our study underscores the utility of treating serum with EDTA in identifying pre-formed and de novo DSAs that would be deleterious to the allograft in txp recipients.
Students Reflect on the Intersection of Sex, Gender, and Genocide from a Social-Psychological Perspective

Insights from social psychology students’ experiences in the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) /Kupferberg Holocaust Center (KHC) Colloquium Series, “Gender, Mass Violence, and Genocide,” are shared. In addition to attending at least one event during the fall 2015 semester, students completed a reflection identifying ways gender and violence intersect during genocide and drawing on specific historical examples given during the series. Students focused on how gender was reflected in language used by genocidal regimes and in the specific forms of violence that were waged against victims. Students integrated theory with details from the series to develop a fresh perspective in genocide analysis. This chapter highlights students’ impressions of their learning, as well as reflections on the ways in which engagement with the series enriched the course experience for the participants and instructor.
Rescaling the Longitudinal Assessment of Engineering Self-Efficacy V3.0 for Undergraduate Engineering Students:

Since its development in 2006, the Longitudinal Assessment of Engineering Self-Efficacy (LAESE) V3.0 instrument with six constructs indicated by 31 items has been a popular tool used in engineering...
Effects of the Timing of Sex-Steroid Exposure in Adolescence on Adult Health Outcomes.

Context Variation in pubertal timing is associated with a wide range of adult risks and outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations are causal, and it is largely unknown whether these associations can be modified by treatment. Evidence acquisition We conducted PubMed searches to identify Mendelian randomization (MR) studies on the influence of pubertal timing on adult health and studies on sex-steroid treatment of the following conditions associated with reduced reproductive endocrine function in adolescence: constitutional delay, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Evidence synthesis Results of MR studies suggest that earlier pubertal timing increases body mass index; increases risk for breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate cancers; elevates fasting glucose levels and blood pressure; impairs lung capacity and increases risk for asthma; leads to earlier sexual intercourse and first birth; decreases time spent in education; and increases depressive symptoms in adolescence. Later pubertal timing appears to lower bone mineral density (BMD). Although studies of constitutional delay have not shown that sex-steroid treatment alters adult height or BMD, studies of girls with Turner syndrome and boys with Klinefelter syndrome suggest that earlier initiation of sex-steroid treatment improves physical and neurocognitive outcomes. Conclusions Despite having some limitations, MR studies suggest that pubertal timing causally influences many adult conditions and disease risks. Studies of Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome suggest that earlier sex-steroid exposure may have short- and long-term benefits. The mechanisms underlying these findings and the effects of trends and treatments affecting pubertal timing remain to be determined.
Adverse Childhood Experiences of Urban and Rural Preschool Children in Poverty.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have long-term health consequences. Young children in the southern part of the United States (US) are at greater risk than children in other parts of the US. This study assessed preschool children ACEs using a family-friendly tool, the Family Map (FMI), and compared children living in rural/urban areas while examining the potential moderation of race. The FMI–ACE score was examined as a total and two sub-scores. We found that race did not moderate the FMI–ACE score but that Black children (Cohen’s d = 0.52) and children in urban and large rural areas were at highest risk (Cohen’s d = 0.38). However, the subscale FMI–ACEs parenting risk was moderated by race such as that Black children were less at risk in rural areas than urban (Cohen’s d = 0.62). For FMI–ACEs environmental risk, race moderated risk such that Black children were most at risk in large rural areas but less so in small rural areas (Cohen’s d = 0.21). Hispanic children were most at risk in small rural areas and least in large rural environments. Findings from this study suggest that targeting the most at-risk children for interventions should consider the context including race and location.
m 6 A mRNA Methylation Regulates Human β-Cell Biology in Physiological States and in Type 2 Diabetes

The regulation of islet cell biology is critical for glucose homeostasis1.N6 -methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal messenger RNA (mRNA) modification in mammals2. Here we report that the m6A landscape segregates human type 2 diabetes (T2D) islets from controls significantly better than the transcriptome and that m6A is vital for β-cell biology. m6A-sequencing in human T2D islets reveals several hypomethylated transcripts involved in cell-cycle progression, insulin secretion, and the Insulin/IGF1-AKT-PDX1 pathway. Depletion of m6A levels in EndoC-βH1 induces cell-cycle arrest and impairs insulin secretion by decreasing AKT phosphorylation and PDX1 protein levels. β-cell specific Mettl14 knock-out mice, which display reduced m6A levels, mimic the islet phenotype in human T2D with early diabetes onset and mortality due to decreased β-cell proliferation and insulin degranulation. Our data underscore the significance of RNA methylation in regulating human β-cell biology, and provide a rationale for potential therapeutic targeting of m6A modulators to preserve β-cell survival and function in diabetes.
A flipped classroom in graduate medical education.

Instructional methods that encourage interactive learning and applied clinical reasoning are increasingly favored over classic lecture-based methods. The “flipped classroom” is one such model that has gained popularity throughout health professions education, referring to an instructional model in which classroom and self-study time are reversed.1 Students prepare for class by reading and/or watching pre-recorded content, and class time is then devoted to applying new knowledge through interactive activities such as problem solving and discussion.1 Proposed benefits of this model include improved self-directed learning skills, more efficient student-teacher interactions, and increased learner engagement and retention.1 The flipped classroom approach for health professions students is well established, and its use in medical subspecialty training (graduate medical education - GME) is also increasing.2 However, concerns have been raised about implementing the flipped classroom in GME.3 To date, only several small studies have reported implementing flipped classroom curricula in the GME context, with inconclusive data on knowledge acquisition and retention and little data regarding feasibility.4-7 Further, the impact of learning in the flipped classroom model on trainees’ clinical practice has not been studied and no prior studies have examined the use of the flipped classroom in internal medicine residency teaching sessions. We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a flipped classroom strategy in teaching outpatient diabetes management to internal medicine trainees, specifically focusing on pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
Different Types of Work–Family Balance, Social Support, and Job Satisfaction: A Latent Class Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to test a typology of work–family balance and explore its effect on job satisfaction, as well as to test whether different sources of social support moderate this effect. The paper uses quantitative data on professionals and managers from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce Survey (N = 1120). Latent Class Analysis (LCA) results suggest a three-class model: Beneficial, Moderate Beneficial, and Moderate Active. The Beneficial group has high work-to-family enrichment and family-to-work enrichment, but low work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. The Moderate Beneficial group has moderate work-to-family enrichment and family-to-work enrichment, but low work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. Lastly, the Moderate Active group has moderate levels of work-to-family enrichment, family-to-work enrichment, work-to-family conflict, and family-to-work conflict. The Beneficial group did not differ from the Moderate Beneficial group in terms of job satisfaction, whereas the Moderate Active group showed lower job satisfaction than both the Beneficial and the Moderate Beneficial groups. Finally, the lower job satisfaction among the Moderate Active group is weakened when there is colleague, supervisor, and organizational support. The implications of these findings for the organization of the workplace are further discussed in the paper.
Reframing the refugee crisis: from rescue to interconnection

In this paper I argue that we should not frame the debate over whether or not we have duties to help refugees in terms of duties of rescue. This way of framing the issue, where Western states are d...
Investigation of CEP290 genotype-phenotype correlations in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa, infertility, end-stage renal disease, and a novel mutation.

Background: Mutations in CEP290 cause autosomal recessive conditions with a wide range of severity and the lack of strong genotype-phenotype data makes it difficult to provide accurate prognostic d...
Evaluation of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Burn Survivors Undergoing Reconstructive Surgery in the Rehabilitative Period.

BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life is decreased in burn survivors, with scars implicated as a cause. The authors aim to characterize the use of reconstructive surgery following hospitalization and determine whether patient-reported outcomes change over time. The authors hypothesized improvement in health-related quality of life following reconstructive surgery. METHODS Adult burn survivors undergoing reconstructive surgery within 24 months after injury were extracted from a prospective, longitudinal database from 5 U.S. burn centers (Burn Model System). Surgery was classified by problem as follows: scar, contracture, and open wound. The authors evaluated predictors of surgery using logistic regression. Short Form-12/Veterans RAND 12 health survey outcomes at 6, 12, and 24 months were compared at follow-up intervals and matched with nonoperated participants using propensity score matching. RESULTS Three hundred seventy-two of 1359 participants (27.4 percent) underwent one or more reconstructive operation within 24 months of injury. Factors that increased the likelihood of surgery included number of operations during index hospitalization (p < 0.001), hand (p = 0.001) and perineal involvement (p = 0.042), and range-of-motion limitation at discharge (p < 0.001). Compared to the physical component scores of peers who were not operated on, physical component scores increased for participants undergoing scar operations; however, these gains were only significant for those undergoing surgery more than 6 months after injury (p < 0.05). Matched physical component scores showed nonsignificant differences following contracture operations. Mental component scores were unchanged or lower following scar and contracture surgery. CONCLUSIONS Participants requiring more operations during index admission were more likely to undergo reconstructive surgery. There were improvements in Short Form-12/Veterans RAND 12 scores for those undergoing scar operations more than 6 months after injury, although contracture operations were not associated with significant differences in Short Form-12/Veterans RAND 12 scores.
The Patient's Voice: Adherence, Symptoms, and Distress Related to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy After Breast Cancer.

While adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) for early-stage, hormone-sensitive breast cancer confers a 40–50% reduction in recurrence risk, adherence to AET is suboptimal, and no efficacious interventions exist to improve adherence. A qualitative study was conducted to understand patient experiences on AET, motivators and barriers to adherence, side effects, and distress, with the goal of developing a patient-centered, evidence-based intervention. From November 2017 to November 2018, female patients with early-stage, hormone receptor–positive breast cancer taking AET were recruited. Patients with low and high medication adherence of varying ages, levels of distress, and years taking AET were purposefully enrolled. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio recorded, and transcribed. Study staff created a thematic framework, and three independent researchers coded interviews using NVivo 11, achieving high inter-coder agreement (Kappa = .96). Thirty interviews were conducted with patients who were, on average, 55.13 years old (SD = 12.37) and had been taking AET for a mean of 1.76 years (SD = 0.75). The sample was stratified by adherence level (low = 20; high = 10). Recurrent themes related to adherence included a commitment to AET to prevent recurrence despite distressing side effects, lack of strategies to cope with symptoms and distress, and desire for emotional support from others taking AET. Patients were highly accepting of a proposed psychosocial intervention to manage AET. Patients are committed to taking AET to prevent breast cancer recurrence, but need and desire psychosocial support and skills training. Themes from this study are modifiable targets for a psychosocial, evidence-based intervention to promote adherence, coping with side effects, and distress management.
Hybrid placement and subsequent successful hybrid repositioning of unbuttoned Amplatzer Septal Occluder through mini- anterior-thoracotomy in a premature infant

Abstract A 4-month-old premature infant with moderate secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and pulmonary hypertension (on inhaled nitric oxide and sildenafil) underwent successful closure of the ASD via a hybrid per-atrial approach through a surgical right anterior mini-thoracotomy. Two days later the 8 mm Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) was noted to be malpositioned with the right atrial disc partly in the left atrium. The malpositioned device was approached via the same surgical right anterior mini-thoracotomy and a hybrid approach. An 8 fr sheath was introduced per-atrially. A 10 mm Amplatz Gooseneck Snare was positioned over the microscrew and snared. The right atrial disc was partially recaptured, and the device successfully redeployed across the atrial septum. This is the first report of successful hybrid retrieval and repositioning of malpositioned ASD occluder in a premature infant. Early detection of malposition when the occluder was still partially attached to the septum enabled us to attempt hybrid snare retrieval through mini-thoracotomy. It could be considered as a good alternative given limited exposure to fluoroscopy and avoiding CPB.
Abuse, Toxicology and the Resurgence of Propylhexedrine: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Propylhexedrine, the active ingredient in over-the-counter nasal decongestants, carries significant abuse potential for users seeking psychostimulant effects. Historically, propylhexedrine was perceived to have a good safety profile resulting in endorsement of it replacing the highly abused amphetamine sulfate as the active ingredient in nasal decongestants in 1949. While much of the published literature concerning its psychoactive potential comes from the 1970s and 1980s, we have encountered several recent cases of toxidrome secondary to its abuse. Awareness of the hazards associated with this pharmaceutical should be of interest to physicians of all specialties who are likely to encounter such cases, as well and legislators interested in exerting regulatory control. Here we review all existing literature concerning this pharmaceutical compound.
West Nile virus in California, 2003-2018: A persistent threat

The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California's WNV disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.
GenNav: Visualizing Gene Ontology as a Graph

Most browsers available for visualizing and navigating the Gene OntologyTM display its polyhierarchical structure as a list of indented concepts. Figure 1 partially shows, for example, how the AmiGO browser visualizes the concept extrinsic plasma membrane protein. As a result, although all the information needed to transform this representation into a graph structure is present, we argue that the cognitive effort required to do this transformation is probably unnecessary.
Evolving Algebras and Mathematical Models of Language

Mathematical models are important not only because they enable an observer to make testable predicitions about some phenomenon, but also because they are the tools with which the theoretician organizes observations and decides what to study.
Iodine metabolism in young chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Walbaum): I. Thyroidal impairment with the use of 131I

Abstract Six monthly or six weekly injections of 100 μc 131 I (as carrier-free iodide) (total dose 600 μc/fish) produced a profound impairment of thyroid function in yearling chinook salmon. Thyroid region 127 I contents, radioiodine turnover studies, and modifications in iodinated metabolite contents, were the principal functional parameters examined. Histological examinations revealed that thyroid follicle destruction was not accompanied by an arrest of thyroxine synthesis. Preliminary microscopic and biochemical evidence also indicates that thyroid epithelial cell integrity is not a condition essential for thyroxine biosynthesis. At least 9 months after the disappearance of thyroid follicles detectable levels of thyroxine were produced. This amount appeared sufficient to maintain growth at a rate indistinguishable from that of controls. None of the peripheral changes described for young 131 I-treated rainbow trout were observed in young chinook salmon in spite of highly significant decreases in thyroid region 127 I. It was concluded that 131 I destruction of functional thyroid elements is more difficult to achieve in the yearling chinook salmon than in the rainbow trout of the same age.
The Northwestern Law Approach to Strategic Planning

The strategic planning process, in its truest sense, is a relatively new and foreign concept in academia. The arrival of a new president or dean may result in the creation of a “strategic plan” that sets forth that individual’s viewpoint and plan. Other academic institutions may engage in the process in order to satisfy accrediting bodies. Some may develop a strategic plan for the sole purpose of fund-raising. Some may avoid the process entirely because of its potential to divide faculty and/or alumni. At Northwestern Law, we chose to embrace the concept of strategic planning. We developed a process that some have characterized as “business-like.” As someone who believes that academia can learn a great deal from business, I am not uncomfortable with this view. Indeed, today’s major university, with its research facilities, hospitals and athletic teams is not so far from its corporate counterpart. Today’s university president, with responsibilities in a variety of areas, is not altogether different from the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. The dean, in turn, must lead his or her area within that university. For such planning to be meaningful, it must be based on a realistic assessment of the institution’s market and a prediction where that market is headed. Like any well-run business, we had to have a sense of what our market seeks. Related to that is the important commitment to identifying both our comparative strengths and weaknesses. Those include internal ones (for example, areas of faculty research strength or weakness, coverage of curricular areas) and external ones (access to a strong business and legal community, university strengths and shortcomings, and other potential academic and educational partners). A good strategic plan must identify significant areas in the market in which the institution has good reason to believe that it has comparative advantages over its competitors.Finally, the plan must make choices, sometimes tough ones, about where the institution must focus its inevitably limited resources, both human and financial. No law school can be all things to all people. Those choices begin to bite when they suggest that one segment of the faculty or of the alumni body may not see its own projects on the front burner of the plan. Tough as those choices are, a plan that does not make them may be unobjectionable to everyone, but will not be a plan worth pursuing.
Residence time distributions in mills

Abstract The determination of mean residence time is a powerful method for studying the hold-up in a cement mill, and hence whether the mill is operating in the required steel to clinker ratio. To determine the mean residence time accurately it is necessary to correct for the recycle of tracer, and a method of correction is given. Analysis of experimental residence time distributions from two large mills, (one with a circulation ratio of 9.4 the other with a circulation ratio of 1.5) indicates that the results agree with the one dimensional diffusion/mixing model, with a controlling parameter D/uL equal to about 0.07. In the first case the velocity of flow was about 6.5 ft/min and D was 16 ft/min; in the second, 5.7 ft/min and 14 ft2/min.
A chronic focal epilepsy with mossy fiber sprouting follows recurrent seizures induced by intrahippocampal tetanus toxin injection in infant rats

Studies were conducted to characterize a chronic epileptic condition that follows recurrent seizures induced by intrahippocampal tetanus toxin injection in infancy. Wistar rat pups received a single injection of tetanus toxin in the right CA3 region on postnatal day 10. Animals were monitored for epileptiform activity by video electroencephalographic or visual observation during the following three to five days. Repeat evaluation six months later demonstrated interictal discharges in 79% (11 of 14) and electrographic seizures in 42% (six of 14) of adult rats with tetanus toxin-induced seizures in infancy. Five of the animals had interictal activity which occurred focally in either the left (n = 2) or right (n = 3) hippocampus. One animal had focal interictal activity independently in these regions and in the left and right cortical regions. The remaining five animals had interictal activity in the hippocampus and synchronously in the ipsilateral cortex or the contralateral hippocampus. Electrographic seizures were focal (nine of 14) or bilateral (five of 14) in onset. The behaviors that accompanied these seizures were quite variable. Clonic face and forelimb movements were observed in some animals. However, a significant portion of rats had electrographic seizures with no associated behavioral change. Timm staining was performed on hippocampal sections from experimental and control animals. There was a significantly greater Timm score (aberrant Timm granules) in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in tetanus toxin-treated rats than in control rats. Our findings suggest that intrahippocampal tetanus toxin injection in infant rats results in a chronic focal epilepsy that persists for at least six months and is associated with aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. The model described here contributes significantly to the evidence for chronic effects of recurrent seizures in early life, and provides a model for investigation of the molecular and cellular events that contribute to the development of chronic epilepsy.
Individual genetic and genomic variation: a new opportunity for personalized nursing interventions

AIMS A discussion of the potential for improving nursing interventions through tailoring in consideration of patients' individual genetic/genomic variation. BACKGROUND Nurses have not yet maximized use of genetic/genomic information in planning and delivering nursing care outside of the context of monogenetic disease. Approaches from personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics have not yet been applied to development or delivery of nursing interventions. There are potentially many nursing interventions that would be more effective if they were individually tailored to the patient's genetic/genomic profile. DESIGN Discussion paper. DATA SOURCES Published literature from 2008-2014 (one legacy paper from 1994 is also cited); Wellcome Trust and Genome.gov websites. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING There is a need for development of genetic/genomic research that directly addresses questions vital to nursing science, including biological plausibility studies. Research is also needed to inform the design and delivery of nursing interventions for common complex diseases tailored to consider genetic/genomic variability. Predicting responses to nursing interventions based on genetic/genomic variability may increase the probability that the first intervention employed will lead to optimal outcomes for each patient. CONCLUSION Integrating genetic/genomic variability, from biological plausibility research through intervention research into evidence-based practice, has the potential to move nursing forward.
EVIDENCE THAT GREATER DISCLOSURE LOWERS THE COST OF EQUITY CAPITAL

The effect of corporate disclosure on the cost of equity capital is a matter of considerable interest and importance to both corporations and the investment community. However, the relationship between disclosure level and cost of capital is not well established and has proved difficult for researchers to quantify. As described in this article, the author's 1997 study (published in The Accounting Review) was the first to measure and detect a direct relationship between disclosure and cost of capital. After examining the annual reports of 122 manufacturing companies, the author concluded that companies providing more extensive disclosure had a lower (forward-looking) cost of equity capital (measured using Value Line forecasts with an EBO valuation formula that derives from the dividend discount model). For companies with extensive analyst coverage, differences in disclosure do not appear to affect cost of capital. But for companies with small analyst followings, differences in disclosure do appear to matter. Among this group of companies, the firms judged to have the highest level of disclosure had a cost of equity capital that was nine-percentage points lower than otherwise similar firms with a minimal level of disclosure. Closer analysis of some of the specific disclosure practices also suggests that, for small firms with limited analyst coverage, there are benefits to providing more forward-looking information, such as forecasts of sales, profits, and capital expenditures, and enhanced disclosure of key non-financial statistics, such as order backlogs, market share, and growth in units sold. In closing, the article also discusses an interesting new study (by Lang and Lundholm) that suggests there is an important distinction between effective corporate disclosure and “hyping the stock.” The findings of this study show that while higher levels of disclosures are associated with higher stock prices, sudden increases in the frequency of disclosure are viewed with skepticism.
Recent Trends in Cesarean Delivery Rates in California

: To determine the effect in California of the 1980 Consensus Development Task Force recommendations to lower cesarean delivery rates, we analyzed California vital statistics for 1978 through 1982. There was no evidence of either a decline or a leveling off of cesarean delivery rates in California as a whole. In university-affiliated teaching hospitals cesarean rates were lower in 1982, but not as low as in 1981. A change in the attitudes of doctors now being trained may have a noticeable effect within 5 years as they assume full practices in the community.
Imaging characteristics of a high resolution cone beam collimator

Single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) using cone-beam geometry requires accurately built collimators and an appropriate reconstruction algorithm. The authors have investigated the imaging characteristics of a cast, high-resolution, cone-beam collimator and have compared its measured sensitivity and resolution with analytically predicted values. Using a filtered back-projection algorithm, they have measured point-spread functions at several locations within the field of view. Measurements have been made both with the collimator surface parallel to the axis-of-rotation (AOR) and with the surface tilted at an angle of 20 degrees with respect to the AOR. Although the SPECT point-spread response is not completely shift-invariant, high-quality cone-beam images of a brain phantom have been obtained. The measured performance of the collimator agrees well with analytically derived results. >
Effects of a uniaxial compression on remanent magnetizations of igneous rocks

Characteristics of remanent magnetization of an igneous rock under a uniaxial compression are divided into those of the soft component and those of the hard component. The soft component of remanent magnetization irreversibly decreases with an increase of compression (σ) regardless whether the axis of σ is parallel or parpendicular to the direction of magnetization. The hard component changes reversibly with σ: the magnetic intensity of hard component increases with σ when the axis of σ is perpendicular to the magnetization, whereas it decreases with σ when the axis of σ is parallel to the magnetization.
Nodes, networks, and MUMs: preserving diversity at all scales

The present focus of practical conservation efforts is limited in scope. This narrowness results in an inability to evaluate and manage phenomena that operate at large spatiotemporal scales. Whereas real ecological phenomena function in a space-time mosaic across a full hierarchy of biological entities and processes, current conservation strategies address a limited spectrum of this complexity. Conservation typically is static (time-limited), concentrates on the habitat content rather than the landscape context of protected areas, evaluates relatively homogeneous communities instead of heterogeneous landscapes, and directs attention to particular species populations and/or the aggregate statistic of species diversity. Insufficient attention has been given to broad ecological patterns and processes and to the conservation of species in natural relative abundance patterns (native diversity). The authors present a conceptual scheme that evaluates not only habitat content within protected areas, but also the landscape context in which each preserve exists. Nodes of concentrated ecological value exist in each landscape at all levels in the biological hierarchy. Integration of these high-quality nodes into a functional network is possible through the establishment of a system of interconnected multiple-use modules (MUMs). The MUM network protects and buffers important ecological entities and phenomena, while encouraging movement of individuals, species, nutrients, energy, and even habitat patches across space and time. An example is presented for the southeastern USA (south Georgia-north Florida), that uses riparian and coastal corridors to interconnect existing protected areas. This scheme will facilitate reintroduction and preservation of wide-ranging species such as the Florida panther, and help reconcile species-level and ecosystem-level conservation approaches.
Chemical and electronic properties of Pd/SnO2(110) model gas sensors

A model gas sensor system, Pd/SnO2(110), has been investigated using XPS, UPS, ISS and 4-point conductivity measurements. The growth of Pd and its chemical interaction with the SnO2 surface were studied in the 0.1–10.0 monolayer equivalent (ML) regime. It was found that the Pd overlayer grows by clustering at 300 K and that the deposited Pd is primarily metallic by 3 ML. Heating Pd-covered surfaces up to 800 K causes a decrease in the XPS Pd/Sn 3d intensity ratio, possibly due to further clustering of the overlayer above room temperature. Annealing did not, however, change the local metallic nature of the deposited Pd. The gas sensing behavior of these model interfaces was investigated by measuring the sheet conductance at different hydrogen pressures. The increase in conductance for a 3 ML Pd/SnO2(110) surface was 16 times greater than that for the Pd-free surface at 10−5 Torr H2. This enhancement by Pd is duscussed in terms of a ‘spillover’ effect.
Line Broadening of Impurity States by Resonant Phonon Interactions

A simplified calculation of the absorption cross section for optical excitation of an impurity is performed. The model considered includes a two-level impurity which may interact strongly with a lattice mode capable of relaxation. The cross section exhibits a strong resonance behavior when the impurity excitation energy is close to the energy of a strongly coupled lattice mode. Maximum broadening occurs on resonance. Off-resonance broadening also occurs with generally asymmetric and energy-shifted line shapes. When the system is far from resonance, the natural line shape is obtained. A sum rule is derived which states that the energy-integrated cross section depends only on the natural linewidth. The case of donors in silicon is discussed, and the predictions of the model calculation are compared qualitatively with the experimental results. The most strongly coupled lattice mode is the TO mode of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{1}$ symmetry with a sharply defined energy corresponding to $q\ensuremath{\approx}0.5{q}_{max}$ along the $〈110〉$ directions.
Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Embryonic Stem Cells

Cancer cells have the ability to divide indefinitely and spread to different parts of the body during metastasis. Embryonic stem cells can self-renew and, through differentiation to somatic cells, provide the building blocks of the human body. Embryonic stem cells offer tremendous opportunities for regenerative medicine and serve as an excellent model system to study early human development. Many of the molecular mechanism underlying tumorigenesis in cancer and self-renewal in stem cells have been elucidated in the past decade. Here we present a systematic analysis of seven major signaling pathways implicated in both cancer and stem cells. We present on overview of the JAK/STAT, Notch, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, NF-kB, Wnt and TGF-β pathways and analyze their activation status in the context of cancer and stem cells. We focus on their role in stem cell self-renewal and development and identify key molecules, whose aberrant expression has been associated with malignant phenotypes. We conclude by presenting a map of the signaling networks involved in cancer and embryonic stem cells.
Towards an "All Speed" Unstructured Upwind Scheme

In the authors previous studies [1], a time-accurate, upwind finite volume method (ETAU scheme) for computing compressible flows on unstructured grids was proposed. The scheme is second order accurate in space and time and yields high resolution in the presence of discontinuities. The scheme features a multidimensional limiter and multidimensional numerical dissipation. These help to stabilize the numerical process and to overcome the annoying pathological behaviors of upwind schemes. In the present paper, it will be further shown that such multidimensional treatments also lead to a nearly all-speed or Mach number insensitive upwind scheme. For flows at very high Mach number, e.g., 10, local numerical instabilities or the pathological behaviors are suppressed, while for flows at very low Mach number, e.g., 0.02, computation can be directly carried out without invoking preconditioning. For flows in different Mach number regimes, i.e., low, medium, and high Mach numbers, one only needs to adjust one or two parameters in the scheme. Several examples with low and high Mach numbers are demonstrated in this paper. Thus, the ETAU scheme is applicable to a broad spectrum of flow regimes ranging from high supersonic to low subsonic, appropriate for both CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and CAA (computational aeroacoustics).