cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody Response and Protection After Receipt of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Children are at increased risk of influenza-related complications. Public health agencies recommend 2 doses of influenza vaccine for children 6 months through 8 years of age receiving the vaccine for the first time. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review studies comparing vaccine effectiveness (VE) and immunogenicity after 1 or 2 doses of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children. DATA SOURCES: Data sources included Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies published in a peer reviewed journal up to April 2, 2019, with available abstracts, written in English, and with children aged 6 months through 8 years. DATA EXTRACTION: VE among fully and partially vaccinated children was compared with that of unvaccinated children. We extracted geometric mean titers of serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies against influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B-lineage vaccine antigens after 1 and 2 IIV doses. Outcomes were evaluated by age, timing of doses, vaccine composition, and prevaccination titers. RESULTS: A total of 10 VE and 16 immunogenicity studies were included. VE was higher for fully vaccinated groups than partially vaccinated groups, especially for children aged 6–23 months. Our findings show increased HAI titers after 2 doses, compared with 1. Older children and groups with prevaccination antibodies have robust HAI titers after 1 dose. Similar vaccine strains across doses, not the timing of doses, positively affects immune response. LIMITATIONS: Few studies focused on older children. Researchers typically administered one-half the standard dose of IIV. HAI antibodies are an imperfect correlate of protection. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support policies recommending 2 IIV doses in children to provide optimal protection against influenza.
Additional distal femoral resection increases mid-flexion coronal laxity in posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty with flexion contracture : a computational study

Aims Surgeons commonly resect additional distal femur during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to correct a flexion contracture, which leads to femoral joint line elevation. There is a paucity ...
Genomic Sequencing and Insight into Clinical Heterogeneity and Prognostic Pathway Genes in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Background An understanding of signaling pathways has not been fully incorporated into prognostication and therapeutic options. We evaluated the hypothesis that information about cancer-related signaling pathways can improve prognostic stratification and explain some of the clinical heterogeneity in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Study Design We analyzed prognostic relevance of signaling pathways in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLM) from 2004–2017, and clinical actionability of gene alterations in 7 signaling pathways: p53, Wnt, RTK-RAS, PI3K, TGFβ, Notch, and cell cycle. To assess the wide applicability, the results were validated in an external retrospective cohort including patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. Results Of 579 patients, the numbers of patients with pathway alterations were as follows: p53, n = 420 (72.5%); Wnt, 340 (58.7%); RTK-RAS, 333 (57.5%); PI3K, 110 (19.0%); TGFβ, 65 (11.2%); Notch, 41 (7.1%); and cell cycle, 15 (2.6%). More than 80% of alterations in each pathway occurred in a single predominant gene TP53, APC, KRAS, PIK3CA, FBXW7, and RB1 in p53, Wnt, RTK-RAS, PI3K, Notch, and cell cycle pathways, respectively. Alterations of 4 pathways (p53, RTK-RAS, TGFβ, and Notch) and corresponding predominant genes (TP53, RAS/BRAF, SMAD4, and FBXW7) were significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS), and alterations of Wnt pathway (APC) were associated with better OS in the median follow-up duration of 3.8 years. Similarly, in the external cohort, alterations of p53 (TP53) and RTK-RAS (RAS/BRAF) were significantly associated with worse OS, whereas alteration of Wnt (APC) was associated with better OS in the median follow-up duration of 2.6 years. Conclusions Genomic sequencing provides insights into clinical heterogeneity and permits finer prognostic stratification in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress via clustering of inner nuclear membrane proteins

SUMMARY One of the major cellular mechanisms to ensure protein homeostasis is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. This pathway is typically triggered by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. Here we describe activation of ER stress via protein aggregation in the cell nucleus. We find in the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) activation of ER stress due to the aggregation of the diseases-causing progerin protein at the nuclear envelope. The presence of nucleoplasmic protein aggregates is sensed and signaled to the ER lumen via immobilization and clustering of the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN2, leading to activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). These results identify a nuclear trigger of ER stress and they provide insight into the molecular disease mechanisms of HGPS.
Manufacturing Failure: Race, Revitalization and the Takeover of Detroit Public Schools

Since 1999, the right to self-govern has been severely restricted in the nation’s largest Black public-school district. Only controlled by the local, democratically elected school board for five years during that period, Detroit Public Schools (DPS) and its leadership has been portrayed by the media, business leaders, and educational philanthropists as a “failure” and in need of “educational reform.” This paper asks the following questions: How did the education reform movement affect Detroit’s public-school system from 1999-2017? What has education reform meant to parents/guardians who had children enrolled in DPS during the period of emergency management, from 2009-2017? Using discourse analysis and in-depth interviews with Detroit residents, this paper examines Michigan’s takeover of DPS, which resulted in the removal of the city’s elected school officials. The paper consists of four main arguments. First, it demonstrates how white elites discursively represent(ed) Detroit’s public-school system as “failed” and mobilized an ostensibly benign rhetoric of “education reform” to enable the creation of educational markets in the city. Second, this paper describes how the project of urban education reform is deeply intertwined with the corporate-driven “revitalization” of Detroit and the rise of political and economic inequality in the metropolitan region. Third, I illustrate the ways the neoliberal education reform movement represents a direct assault on the autonomy of Black urban governance and citizenship. And finally, I show how emerging forms of local resistance by Black community members are challenging the marketization of public education in the largest chocolate city of the United States. While dominant research on neoliberalism, globalization, and urban development centers class as the significant driver of spatial, political, and economic change, this paper draws on the fields of urban studies, Black politics, and education studies, and demonstrates how racial oppression remains a cornerstone of local and global processes of urban restructuring within the “new” Detroit. By interrogating the connections between urban “revitalization”/dispossession and the politics of educational reform, this project reveals capitalism’s continued dependence on both economic exploitation and racial oppression, while capturing the struggles of Detroit’s residents to maintain and reimagine Black self-determination.
Association of a geriatric emergency department program with healthcare outcomes among veterans.

BACKGROUND We aim to describe the outcomes of Geriatric Emergency Room Innovations for Veterans (GERI-VET), the first comprehensive Veterans Affairs Geriatric ED program. METHODS In this prospective observational cohort study at an urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center ED, participants included Veterans aged 65 years and older treated in the ED from January 7, 2017 to February 29, 2020. Veterans with an Identification of Seniors At Risk (ISAR) score >2 were considered eligible for GERI-VET, receiving geriatric screens and care coordination in addition to standard ED treatment. The control group included GERI-VET eligible Veterans who did not receive GERI-VET care. Propensity score matching was used to compare outcomes in the GERI-VET group (N = 725) and a matched control group (n = 725). Key measures included ED resource utilization, outpatient referrals, ED admission, and 30-day admission. RESULTS In the ED, the GERI-VET group received more consults to pharmacy (315 [43.4%] vs. 195 [26.9%], p < 0.001) and social work (399 [55.0%] vs. 132 [18.2%], p < 0.001). The GERI-VET group had higher referral rates to Geriatrics (64 [17.7%] vs. 18 [5.8%], p < 0.001) and Home Based Primary Care (110 [30.4%] vs. 24 [7.8%], p < 0.001). Key outcome measures included lower rates of ED admission (363 [50.1%] vs. 417 [n = 57.5%], p = 0.003) and 30-day hospital admission (412 [56.8%] vs. 464 [64.0%], p = 0.004) without increasing ED length of stay (5.4 ± 2.2 vs. 5.4 ± 2.6 h, p = 0.85) or 72-h ED revisits (23 [3.2%] vs. 16 [2.2%], p = 0.25) in the GERI-VET group. CONCLUSIONS A program designed to screen for geriatric syndromes and coordinate care among at-risk older Veterans was associated with increased multidisciplinary resource utilization and reduced ED and 30-day admissions without increasing ED length of stay or re-visitation.
A Pugheaded Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) from the Northcentral Gulf of Mexico

Apugheaded cobia (Rachycentron canadum) captured in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico represents the fist record of pugheadedness in cobia. The specimen, a 4-year-old gravid female, exhibited considerable distortion of the premaxillary and maxillary bones, with the length of the snout 46% shorter than that of a normal cobiaof the same length. The anomaly had no apparent effect on feeding, since the stomach contained a substantial amount of food, and the fish was the same length expected of a normal 4-year-old cobia.
Strong coupling phenomena and polariton lasers

Polariton lasers emit coherent light from a degenerate and coherent Bose condensate of exciton-polaritons by spontaneous radiative recombination. The steady state and modulation characteristics of GaAs-and GaN-based polariton lasers will be discussed.
Performance of Novel Composites and Sandwich Structures Under Blast Loading

The current chapter focuses on the experimental observations of the resistance of different composite material systems to air blast loadings. These material systems include traditional two dimensional (2D) woven laminated composites, layered composites and sandwich composite materials. A controlled blast loading of pre-defined pressure magnitude and rise time were obtained using a shock tube apparatus. Rectangular plate elements of the desired material system were subjected to such a controlled blast loading and the effect of the blast loading on these elements were studied using optical and residual strength measurements. A high speed imaging technique was utilized to study the damage modes and mechanisms in real time. It was observed that layering of a conventional composite material with a soft visco-elastic polymer provided better blast resistance and sandwiching the polymer greatly enhanced its survivability under extreme air blast conditions. Aside from layering the conventional composite material with a soft visco-elastic polymer, it was observed that layering or grading the core can successfully mitigate the impact damage and thus improve the overall blast resistance as well. In addition to these, three dimensional (3D) woven skin and core reinforcements were introduced in the conventional sandwich composites and their effects on the blast resistance were studied experimentally. It was observed that these reinforcements also enhance the blast resistance of conventional sandwich composites by changing the mechanism of failure initiation and propagation in these sandwich structures. The energies during the blast loading process were estimated to illustrate the energy absorption and energy redistribution properties of the composite panels. The effect of pre-existing impact damage on the failure mechanisms in sandwich structures was also studied.
A Nonlinear Digital Control Solution for a DC/DC Power Converter

A digital Nonlinear Proportional-Integral-Derivative (NPID) control algorithm was proposed to control a 1-kW, PWM, DC/DC, switching power converter. The NPID methodology is introduced and a practical hardware control solution is obtained. The design of the controller was completed using Matlab (trademark) Simulink, while the hardware-in-the-loop testing was performed using both the dSPACE (trademark) rapid prototyping system, and a stand-alone Texas Instruments (trademark) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)-based system. The final Nonlinear digital control algorithm was implemented and tested using the ED408043-1 Westinghouse DC-DC switching power converter. The NPID test results are discussed and compared to the results of a standard Proportional-Integral (PI) controller.
Cercomacra and related antbirds (Aves, Formicariidae) as army ant followers

Antbirds of the genera Myrmeciza (including Sipia and Myrmoborus), Gymnocichla, and Sclateria hop near or on the ground in fairly dense vegetation, "pounding" their tails downward. Where dense understory vegetation is widespread and ants move in it for long distances, certain of these antbirds become regular ant followers: M. immaculata and M. fortis in cluttered moist foothill forest from Costa Rica to upper Amazonia; Gymnocichla nudiceps in moist cluttered second growth of Central America to Colombia. Where the forest understory is more open, Myrmeciza species follow ants mainly in cluttered patches: M. exsul in lowland forest west of the Andes, M. myotherina east of the Andes. Myrmeciza or relatives that specialize on water-edge or very dense zones rarely follow ants.
Root Inputs Influence Soil Water Holding Capacity and Differentially Influence the Growth of Native versus Exotic Annual Species in an Arid Ecosystem

Invasion by exotic annual species is increasingly impacting Southern California arid lands, altering ecosystem processes and plant community composition. With climate change, the Southwestern United States is expected to experience increasingly variable rainfall. Larger rainfall events could facilitate invasion by exotic species that can capitalize on high resource conditions. Exotic annual species also have dense shallow root systems that could create positive feedbacks to further invasion by increasing soil organic matter and water holding capacity. Alternatively, fine root inputs could create negative feedbacks to exotic plant growth if they stimulate microbial nutrient immobilization. The dual influences of rainfall regime and fine root inputs on species performance were evaluated in an experiment where native and exotic species were grown individually and in combination under varying watering regimes (large infrequent or small frequent pulses, holding total rainfall constant) and root additions (with or without sterilized exotic roots). Mean soil moisture increased with larger infrequent watering events, and also with root addition. Plant growth (both native and exotic) increased with larger watering events, but declined with root addition. Exotic species growth declined more than native species growth with root additions. Mechanistically, root addition lowered inorganic nitrogen (N) availability, and microbial N immobilization increased with soil moisture content. Together these results show that increased fine root production promotes negative feedbacks to growth of exotic species via microbial N immobilization, especially under conditions of high soil moisture. Further, our results suggest that organic carbon additions are a potentially effective strategy for suppressing growth of problematic desert invaders.
Modelling of nanophase materials

Abstract Nanophase or nanocrystalline materials are polycrystals in which the grain size ranges typically from a few nanometers to a few tens of nanometers. Under these conditions the volume occupied by the grain boundary region may represent 50% or more of the total material volume. The unique properties of the grain boundary then have a significant influence on the bulk behaviour of the material. A computer model has been developed which treats separately the crystalline and grain boundary regions. By utilizing measured data for nanophase palladium, the model has been used to determine the effective elastic properties of the grain boundary region for that material. The model demonstrates that the Young's modulus varies with grain size in a nonlinear fashion that is not adequately represented by existing theoretical models. With the aid of a model of this type, it is then a relatively simple matter to investigate features such as sensitivity to changes in the grain aspect ratio and the result of adding further phases to form more complex nanocomposite materials.
Multiple classes of environmental chemicals are associated with liver disease: NHANES 2003–2004

Biomonitoring studies show that humans carry a body burden of multiple classes of contaminants which are not often studied together. Many of these chemicals may be hepatotoxic. We used the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to evaluate the relationship between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and 37 environmental contaminants, comprising heavy metals, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin-like compounds, using a novel method. Linear regression models were constructed for each chemical separately, then as a class, using quartiles to represent exposure and adjusting for age, sex, race, income, and BMI. We then used an optimization approach to compile a weighted sum of the quartile scores, both within and across chemical classes. Using the optimization approach to construct weighted quartile scores, the dioxin like PCB, the non-dioxin like PCB and metal class-level scores were significantly associated with elevated ALT. A significant interaction was detected between the class-level score for metals, and the score for non-dioxin-like PCBs. When including all chemicals in one model, 3 chemicals accounted for 78% of the weight (mercury, PCB 180, 3,3',4,4',5-PNCB) with the remaining 22% associated with 4 chemicals (a dioxin and 3 PCBs). Validation with a holdout dataset indicated that the weighted quartile sum estimator efficiently identifies reproducible significant associations.
Two Outbreaks of Sternal Wound Infections Due to Organisms of the Mycobacterium fortuitum Complex

Two outbreaks of postoperative wound infections due to organisms of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex (Mycobacterium chelonei and M. fortuitum) occurred among patients who underwent open-heart surgery. In one hospital, 19 of 80 patients who underwent cardiac surgery within a 10-week period developed sternal infection with M. chelonei. In the second hospital, four of nine patients who underwent cardiac surgery within a two-week period developed sternal incisional infection with M. fortuitum. Although epidemiologic investigations uncovered factors that were significantly associated with the development of infection, the source of the infections could not be determined. The results of numerous cultures were negative, but because the investigations were conducted at least two months after many of the patients had had surgery, the materials in use at the time of the surgery were not available for culture. These results emphasize that physicians should be aware that rapidly growing mycobacteria may produce postoperative wound infections.
Coordinated reactivation of distributed memory traces in primate neocortex.

Conversion of new memories into a lasting form may involve the gradual refinement and linking together of neural representations stored widely throughout neocortex. This consolidation process may require coordinated reactivation of distributed components of memory traces while the cortex is "offline," i.e., not engaged in processing external stimuli. Simultaneous neural ensemble recordings from four sites in the macaque neocortex revealed such coordinated reactivation. In motor, somatosensory, and parietal cortex (but not prefrontal cortex), the behaviorally induced correlation structure and temporal patterning of neural ensembles within and between regions were preserved, confirming a major tenet of the trace-reactivation theory of memory consolidation.
High-power and high-linearity traveling wave electroabsorption modulator

Design for high efficiency, high power traveling wave electroabsorption modulator using Intra-Step-Barrier Quantum Well (IQW) and Peripheral Coupled waveguide (PCW) designs are presented. Both of these designs have separately yielded EAMs with high optical power handling and low Vp properties, in an analog fiber link configuration. The IQW EAM has low Vp (~0.73 V) and high power handling (100 mW). The lumped element IQW EAM has achieved a link gain of -16 dB, a multi-octave SFDR of 110 dB-Hz2/3 and a single-octave SFDR of 121dB-Hz4/5 at the 1543 nm wavelength. The PCW MQW EAM with lumped element configuration can achieve a low link low, a high multi-octave SFDR at the same wavelength. The traveling wave properties of these EAMs are under investigation.
An experimental depuration plant: Operation and evaluation

The operation of a prototype (24-bushel capacity) depuration plant for the bacteriological cleansing of oysters was evaluated under prevailing Gulf Coast environmental conditions. Results indicated that with proper plant location and basic engineering design of the system, commercial depuration of shellfish is a feasible method for purifying oysters harvested from restricted waters. Eight trials were conducted over a 15-month period to cover seasonal changes. The depuration tank design permitted three pallets, each holding 16 baskets of one-half bushel capacity, to be stacked in the tank. A fecal coliform MPN of 130 or less/100 g for depurated oysters was established as the maximum level of acceptability for a 72 hour period of depuration. Physical parameters of the sea water which were measured included salinity, temperature, turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Determinations of the percent wet/dry weight and percent glycogen of depurated oyster meats revealed no adverse effect on quality.
Identification of a cell surface component of Swiss 3T3 cells associated with an inhibition of cell division

Polyclonal IgG, prepared to a purified bovine cell surface sialoglycopeptide (SGP) inhibitor of cell division, was used to identify an antigenically related molecule on the surface of Swiss 3T3 cells. SDS-PAGE and Western analyses showed that the anti-SGP antibody was monospecific and primarily recognized a 66-kDA protein of 3T3 cell membranes. Treatment of intact 3T3 cells or 3T3 cell membranes with either broad and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes suggested that the antigenic material most likely existed as an integral membrane molecule, or associated as a multimeric complex, and was not anchored at the cell surface by a phospholipid. The addition of anti-SGP IgG to 3T3 cell monolayer cultures was shown to promote cell division, suggesting a regulatory function for the membrane-associated molecule.
Touring the landscapes: partially folded proteins examined by hydrogen exchange

Recent studies on Escherichia coli ribonuclease H and several other proteins reveal a specific region in each protein that remains structured in partially folded conformations. These regions play a dominant role in determining the fold and stability of the protein.
Does biology underlie the oldest profession? Prostitution and sex disparities in john behavior.

This study considers a biosocial explanation of why johns, the purchasers of commercial sex exchanges, are almost exclusively male. Trivers's theory of parental investment and sexual selection predicts that differential parental investment by biological sex will lead to divergent sex-based reproductive instincts. The sex bearing the larger parental investment will tend to be choosier, whereas the sex bearing the lesser investment will tend to be relatively indiscriminate and competitive for access to sexual resources. We hypothesized that men are more likely than women to offer objects of value in exchange for access to sexual resources. Using self-reports of sex-purchasing from Add Health data (N = 14,544), we found that maleness was a robust predictor of john behavior even after controlling for well-known criminogenic risk factors.
Role of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signaling in Anticancer Properties of Indole Compounds

Indole compounds, obtained from cruciferous vegetables, are known to possess potent anticancer properties. Studies with indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its dimeric product, 3,3’ diindolylmethane (DIM), have indicated the efficacy of these compounds against a number of human cancers, which is related to their ability to interfere with and modulate multiple cellular signaling pathways. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway plays an important role in the control of cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Emerging evidence points to an effective inhibition of NF-κB signaling by I3C and DIM. This seems to be central to most of the observed anticancer properties of these compounds. Here, we summarize our current understanding of regulation of NF-κB signaling by I3C and DIM and the resulting biological effects. Breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers are relatively better characterized in terms of modulation of NF-κB signaling by indoles, and it is our intent that this review incites similar studies in other human cancer models as well.
Self-consistent field theory of dilated atomic hamiltonians: Some remarks

Abstract The bi-variational SCF scheme for dilated closed shell atomic hamiltonians is studied and discussed. Applications to the Be atom are presented.
The oxyluminescence of polymers. A review

Abstract A review of the oxyluminescence of polymers is presented here. When polymers are heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere, they exhibit a low-level light emission called oxyluminescence (OL). This new phenomenon has been used to study the oxidative degradation of polymers as well as to evaluate stabilizer concentration and behavior. This review consists of the following: (a), OL intensity and spectral distribution; (b), mechanism of the OL process; (c), kinetics of OL; (d), OL in polymer stabilizer studies; (e), instrumentation; and (f), polymers studied by OL.
The Importance of Children's Literature in a Global Society

The authors review numerous books that promote social justice and global awareness. The work of author-illustrator Yangsook Choi is highlighted.
Branching Out: German-Jewish Immigration to the United States, 1820-1914

Vividly tells the story of the migration of many thousands of German Jews--mostly poor, enterprising young people--to the US during the nineteenth century. Avraham Barkai draws on rare letters, diaries, memoirs, newspapers, journals, and other firsthand accounts as he chronicles the immigrants' experiences in towns and cities across the country, in the goldfields of California, on Indian reservations, on the battlefields of the Civil War, weaving their experiences into an account of the formative role they played in establishing the institutional framework of the American Jewish community. He also shows the significant impact on them as their influential networks were dramatically challenged at the turn of the century by the mass migration of Jews from Eastern Europe.
Threat Assessment and Law Enforcement Practice

During the past 2 decades, the problem of targeted violence has attracted attention from policymakers, law enforcement authorities, and members of the general public. Concerns over targeted violence have grown in the aftermath of high-profile violent events and the perceived institutional failures that are thought to have contributed to those events. These events and others have become the backdrops for public policies, legislation, and law enforcement programs to prevent targeted violence. The ability to meet such challenges has required a departure from traditional law enforcement practices, as well as the adoption of new paradigms, the deployment of additional resources, and the cultivation of new skill sets among police personnel. This article examines the threat assessment model and its application to specific problems facing local law enforcement agencies. The article focuses on 3 main questions: What is the threat assessment model? How might the model be applied to specific types of targeted violen...
NCOM: network coding based overlay multicast in wireless networks

The capacities of wireless networks are increasingly challenged by the traffic stresses generated by data-intensive applications. Multicast is a bandwidth-efficient solution to simultaneously disseminate data to multiple receivers. In this paper, we present NCOM, a network coding based overlay multicast design, that integrates network coding (NC), opportunistic routing (OR), and cross-layer link scheduling to achieve high efficiency and reliability in multi-hop wireless multicast. In NCOM, the source and receivers are connected by an overlay Steiner tree optimized for the minimum OR distance between nodes. With NC, coded packets are opportunistically transmitted along overlay links. The transmissions of adjacent nodes in the overlay multicast are coordinated by a novel multicast acknowledgement scheme and cross-layer MAC scheduling. We implement NCOM in OPNET by customizing the IEEE 802.11b modules. Through OPNET simulations, we demonstrate that NCOM can achieve a higher throughput and lower source transmission redundancy than the existing NC and OR based wireless multicast designs. NCOM can be easily deployed for efficient and reliable multicast in multi-hop wireless networks.
An efficient formulation of the flow refueling location model for alternative-fuel stations

The Flow-Refueling Location Model (FRLM) locates a given number of refueling stations on a network to maximize the traffic flow among origin–destination pairs that can be refueled given the driving range of alternative-fuel vehicles. Traditionally, the FRLM has been formulated using a two-stage approach: the first stage generates combinations of locations capable of serving the round trip on each route, and then a mixed-integer programming approach is used to locate p facilities to maximize the flow refueled given the feasible combinations created in the first stage. Unfortunately, generating these combinations can be computationally burdensome and heuristics may be necessary to solve large-scale networks. This article presents a radically different mixed-binary-integer programming formulation that does not require pre-generation of feasible station combinations. Using several networks of different sizes, it is shown that the proposed model solves the FRLM to optimality as fast as or faster than currently...
Antibodies bound to nitrocellulose in acidic buffers retain biological activity

This report compares the binding of proteins to nitrocellulose membranes in acidic buffers (pH 2 and 3) with binding in neutral buffer (pH 7). Initially, similar amounts of antibodies and other proteins bound to the nitrocellulose membrane in both acidic and neutral buffers. However, the susceptibility of individual proteins to displacement (stripping) from the membrane by the milk blocking agent depended on the pH of the buffer used to bind the proteins to the membrane. Most proteins that bound to nitrocellulose in acidic buffers were relatively resistant to milk-stripping compared to proteins bound in pH 7 buffer. Acid-binding of proteins to nitrocellulose also decreased the amount of protein that was stripped from the nitrocellulose membrane when Tween 20 was included in the washing buffer. After correcting for the amount of antibody remaining on the membrane after the milk block, it was found that acid-bound antibodies were unchanged in biological activity when compared with the same antibodies bound at neutral pH. These results suggest that acid-binding of proteins could increase the sensitivity of nitrocellulose membrane assays that use milk and/or Tween 20.
The synthesis and structures of tantalum complexes that contain a triamido or a diamidoamine ligand

Abstract Addition of (Me3SiNHCH2CH2)2NH (H3[N3(TMS)]) or (Me3SiNH-o-C6H4)2NH (H3[ArN3(TMS)]) to a solution of TaMe5 yields [N3(TMS)]TaMe2 or [ArN3(TMS)]TaMe2, respectively. An X-ray study of [ArN3(TMS)]TaMe2 showed it to have an approximate trigonal bipyramidal structure in which the two methyl groups are in equatorial positions and the triamido ligand is approximately planar. Addition of (C6F5NHCH2CH2)2NH (H3[N3(C6F5)]) to TaMe5 yields first [(C6F5NCH2CH2)2NH]TaMe3, which then decomposes to [(C6F5NCH2CH2)2N]TaMe2. An X-ray study of [(C6F5NCH2CH2)2N]TaMe2 shows it to be approximately a trigonal bipyramid, but the C6F5 rings are oriented so that they lie approximately in the TaN3 plane and two ortho fluorines interact weakly with the metal. Trimethylaluminum attacks the central nitrogen atom in [N3(TMS)]TaMe2 to give [(Me3SiNCH2CH2)2NAlMe3]TaMe2, an X-ray study of which shows it to be a trigonal bipyramidal species similar to the first two structures, except that the C-Ta-C bond angle is approximately 30° smaller (106.6(12)°). Addition of B(C6F5)3 to [(C6F5NCH2CH2)2NH]TaMe3 yields {[(C6F5NCH2CH2)2NH]TaMe2}+ {B(C6F5)3Me}−, the structure of which most closely resembles that of [(Me3SiNCH2CH2)2NAlMe3]TaMe2 in that the C-Ta-C angle is 102.0(6)°. The C6F5 rings in {[(C6F5NCH2CH2)2NH]TaMe2}+ are turned roughly perpendicular to the TaN3 plane, i.e. ortho fluorines do not interact with the metal in this molecule.
NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF THIOL ESTERS VIA A SULFUR TRANSFER AGENT-POTASSIUM ALKYL OR BENZYL DITHIOCARBONATES

Abstract The reaction of certain acid chlorides with potassium alkyl or benzyl dithiocarbonates afforded a novel synthesis of thiol esters.
Elementary descent recursion and proof theory

Abstract We define a class of functions, the descent recursive functions, relative to an arbitrary elementary recursive system of ordinal notations. By means of these functions, we provide a general technique for measuring the proof-theoretic strength of a variety of systems of first-order arithmetic. We characterize the provable well-orderings and provably recursive functions of these systems, and derive various conservation and equiconsistency results.
Justice at a Price: Regulation and Alienation in the Global Economy

This article examines the normative principles that underlie efforts to regulate the global coffee market at different points in the global division of labor. I focus on three forms of regulation: local violence against coffee farmers in Honduras, fair trade consumerism, and international regulatory treaties. By comparing the local politics of Honduran coffee production to global forms of consumer activism, I bring contemporary debates about economic justice under a single analytic lens. I suggest that systematic changes in the relationship between states and nations have led alienated citizens to develop new forms of regulation outside the boundaries of the state, and that coffee frequently serves as a metaphor through which people come to terms with their place in the global economy. This metaphor ultimately rests on an alienated representation of the global system that limits the political potential of these regulatory strategies.
Characterization of bacterial isolates from a shallow aquifer suspected to be contaminated by urban wastes

Abstract The El Paso‐Juarez (Mexico) region is one of the most populated areas on the US‐Mexico border with a combined population of about 2 million people. Due to the lack of waste water treatment facilities in Juarez and in certain locations of El Paso, there are serious concerns about microbial contamination of transboundary surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater samples were obtained from nineteen domestic wells close to the border and the bacterial isolates characterized using their genotypic and phenotypic properties to determine if they were of sewage origin. None of the samples showed the presence of E. coli though other members of the Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Genetic fingerprinting of the Enterobacter sp. indicate that there is no significant genetic similarity between the isolates from within a single well or different wells to suggest a common source for the organisms. Antibiotic resistance profiles suggests that the isolates are probably not of sewage origin. The results do no...
Effects of Increased Trade and Investment on Human Development in the U.S. and Mexican Border Communities

This paper analyzes the effects of increased trade and investment on population growth and the quality of life in the U.S. and Mexican border regions. The analysis on quality of life changes is based on 1990 and 2000 U.S. and Mexican census data. Quality of life is measured by a Border Human Development Index. We find that increased trade and investment has had a major impact on population growth and migration, especially in the Mexican border communities. With respect to changes in the quality of life, there is evidence of improvement on both sides of the border, but only the gains on the Mexican side appear to be linked to trade and investment. The evidence indicates that the increased U.S.-Mexican trade and investment has affected the border communities on the Mexican side of the border more so than those on the U.S. side.
Dissolved organic carbon and chromophoric dissolved organic matter properties of rivers in the USA

[1] Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) parameters were measured over a range of discharge in 30 U.S. rivers, covering a diverse assortment of fluvial ecosystems in terms of watershed size and landscape drained. Relationships between CDOM absorption at a range of wavelengths (a254, a350, a440) and DOC in the 30 watersheds were found to correlate strongly and positively for the majority of U.S. rivers. However, four rivers (Colorado, Colombia, Rio Grande and St. Lawrence) exhibited statistically weak relationships between CDOM absorption and DOC. These four rivers are atypical, as they either drain from the Great Lakes or experience significant impoundment of water within their watersheds, and they exhibited values for dissolved organic matter (DOM) parameters indicative of autochthonous or anthropogenic sources or photochemically degraded allochthonous DOM and thus a decoupling between CDOM and DOC. CDOM quality parameters in the 30 rivers were found to be strongly correlated to DOM compositional metrics derived via XAD fractionation, highlighting the potential for examining DOM biochemical quality from CDOM measurements. This study establishes the ability to derive DOC concentration from CDOM absorption for the majority of U.S. rivers, describes characteristics of riverine systems where such an approach is not valid, and emphasizes the possibility of examining DOM composition and thus biogeochemical function via CDOM parameters. Therefore, the usefulness of CDOM measurements, both laboratory-based analyses and in situ instrumentation, for improving spatial and temporal resolution of DOC fluxes and DOM dynamics in future studies is considerable in a range of biogeochemical studies.
The demand for freight transportation: models and applications

Abstract This paper provides an overview of models of the demand for freight tranportation and applications of these models. Aggregate and disaggregate freight demand models are presented and critically evaluated with regard to conceptual coherence and estimability. These models are then discussed in the context of various freight transportation issues including the extent and nature of intermodal competition, the importance of service quality, the desirability and effects of changes in the regulatory environment, and forecasting freight flows that are carried by existing or new freight transportation modes. The paper concludes with suggestions for further work to be done in the area of freight demand.
A New Ni-Cr-Mo-Based Gadolinium Structural Alloy for Neutron Adsorption Application in Radioactive Material Packages

In order to avoid restrictive fissile loading limits in some types of US Department of Energy (DOE) spent nuclear fuel, nuclear criticality control measures are needed in standardized waste packages for long-term disposal of high-level radioactive materials in the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. This need has been addressed by development of a corrosion-resistant, neutron-absorbing structural alloy for nuclear criticality control. Applications for the alloy include internals (e.g., baskets) for storage, transportation, and disposal of radioactive material (RAM). This paper outlines results of a metallurgical development program that alloyed gadolinium into a nickel-chromium-molybdenum matrix. Gadolinium was chosen as a neutron-absorption alloying element due to its high thermal neutron absorption cross section and low solubility in the anticipated repository environment. The nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy family was chosen for its known corrosion performance, mechanical properties, and weldability. An ASTM International Material Specification has been issued for the alloy and a Code Case has been approved by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for RAM package applications. Mechanical and physical property data for the alloy are provided in this paper.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Using GIS in alumni giving and institutional advancement

In a time of decreasing institutional resources, the ability to refine and target donor campaigns is more critical than ever. This chapter demonstrates how GIS can be used to better understand where alumni are located and, further, where to focus future campaign activity.
Chromatography of pteroylglutamic acid and related compounds on ion-exchange resins

Abstract Techniques are described for analysis and purification of free and conjugated pteridines by anion-exchange chromatography. The following compounds are adsorbed on Dowex- i -chloride and eluted with very dilute HCl or with NaCl: biopterin, leucopterin, xanthopterin, PGA, leucovorin, N 10 -formyl-PGA, Aminopterin, Amethopterin, Methopterin. During chromatography in the formic acid system, appreciable amounts of PGA are formylated to N 10 -formyl-PGA.
Finger Flexor Tendon Forces Are a Complex Function of Finger Joint Motions and Fingertip Forces

In vivo tendon forces provide a view inside the musculoskeletal system revealing muscle function and potential injury etiologies. The studies presented here measured the in vivo tendon force of the flexor digitorum superficialis of the long finger during open carpal tunnel release surgery in ten adult patients. Forces were measured during passive movement of the finger, isometric pinch, and dynamic tapping of the finger. The tendon forces during passive movement of the finger were the largest with the finger fully extended. During isometric pinch, tendon force was linearly related to fingertip force, and was on average 3.3 times larger than the fingertip force. During dynamic activities, however, the relationship between tip and tendon force was nonlinear and often remained elevated when the finger was moving but with no applied force. Tendon forces were the highest with the isometric finger pinch. In conclusion, tendon force is a completed function of both fingertip load and motion of the joints that the tendons cross. A comparison of these results with others published in the literature indicated that rehabilitation processes need to incorporate a systems approach rather than rely on one specific physiologic relationship to minimize finger flexor tendon forces.
Behavioral patterns associated with oviposition in Japanese quail and chickens

Abstract The relation of time of oviposition to transient peaks in body temperature was studied in Coturnix (Japanese quail) under different photoperiods and intensities. Other diurnal patterns such as feeding, drinking and locomotor activity were measured for Coturnix and chickens and related to time of oviposition. Feeding, drinking and locomotor activity in Coturnix are closely related to the light period of the day. Increased periods of feeding and drinking occur shortly after the onset of light and during a period of 3 hours prior to darkness. A significant increase in body temperature in the Coturnix began about 1 hour prior to oviposition, with the peak being reached at time of oviposition. This phenomenon was evident even when the photoperiod was changed from continuous to intermittent light. Both peaks were displaced in time approximately 2 hours each day, i.e., a 26‐hour rhythm. There was a definite decrease in feed and water consumption in laying chickens some 3 hours pre‐oviposition, with the ...
Endoscopic hemostasis using laser photocoagulation and electrocoagulation.

Many methods are being considered for the endoscopic control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These techniques can stop experimental bleeding without adverse clinical effects in animals. Some techniques penetrate more deeply than others and therefore have a higher incidence of full-thickness wall injury, but these techniques may also be most useful for a deep-lying vessel which requires greater penetration of energy through tissue. There are many questions that will only be answered in carefully controlled clinical trials comparing new methods with standard therapy and new therapies with each other; however, each method must first be found to be effective and safe in animal studies. We hope that eventually one or more endoscopic hemostatic method will prove clinically safe and effective and improve the outcome for patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Sidney's Arcadia and the structure of king Lear

(1951). Sidney's Arcadia and the structure of king Lear. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 63-68.
Pd-catalyzed arylation of silyl enol ethers of substituted alpha-fluoroketones.

α-Fluoro-α-aryl-ketones were synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl bromides with either α-fluoroketones or their corresponding silyl enol ethers. The direct arylation with an α-fluoroketone requires a strong base, such as potassium tert-butoxide, and under these conditions the presence of a base-sensitive functional group is not compatible. However, good functional tolerance was achieved when the anionic coupling moieties were generated from the silyl enol ethers obtained by reacting α-fluoroketones with tetrabutylammonium (tripheny1silyl)difluorosilicate (TBAT) as the fluoride source under nearly neutral conditions. The aryl halides with a carbmethoxy, nitro, cyano or carbonyl group were used. The reaction with nonfluorinated silyl enol ether 1h gave a cross-coupling product in low yield.
EFFECT OF THE U.S. HIGH-ALTITUDE NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ON RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

The effects of ionzation, caused by the nuclear test explosion about 200 mi over Johnston Island on July 9, 1962, on radiowave propagation were measured in Australia. Signals of the very low-frequency transmitter located near Seattle, Wash., and signals from a transmitter located in the Panama Canal Zone were monitored. The signal strength dropped suddenly but recovered after about 15 min, to drop again at about 1900 hr, followed by a steady rise. (C.H.)