cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influencia de la presentación de los resultados de los ensayos clínicos en la intención de prescribir: relativizando el riesgo relativo

Objective. To determine if the methods of reporting results of clinical trials affects the physician views on prescribing. Design. Analysis of responses, from a convenience sample of primary care physicians, of one teaching exercise on prescribing intention which showed 5 different methods of reporting results: relative risk reduction (RRR), absolute risk reduction, the percent of event free patients, the number needed to treat (NNT) and RRR and mortality. Setting. Curses of clinical management in Valencia and Barcelona. Results. The willingness to prescribe was significantly influenced by the way in which data were presented, being major when they were showed as RRR and minor when mortality was added. Conclusions. The method of reporting trial results has an important influence on the prescribing intention. The reporting of clinical trial results, and their abstracts or citations, should be include the NNT and negative results, for avoiding a subjective bias of treatment effect magnification.
Upstream DNA sequences determine different autoregulatory responses of the adenovirus types 5 and 3 E1A promoters.

Abstract Adenovirus types 5 and 3 (Ad5 and Ad3), two human adenovirus serotypes of evolutionarily divergent subgroups, show very different levels of E1A gene expression early after infection of permissive cells. Since adenovirus E1A gene expression is known to be transcriptionally autoregulated, we have investigated the difference between Ad3 and Ad5 by monitoring transient expression of a reporter gene under transcriptional control of the E1A promoter of Ad5 or Ad3. There was only a modest difference between the basal levels of transcription driven by these two E1A promoters. This difference was amplified from 10 to 100 times by the different net responses of the E1A promoters to concomitantly expressed E1A genes. Each promoter had a characteristic net response to positive and negative regulation by E1A gene products. The Ad5 E1A promoter was more strongly repressed, whereas the Ad3 E1A promoter was more strongly activated by E1A gene products. Experiments with a chimeric Ad5/3 E1A promoter indicated that these different autoregulatory responses are determined by DNA sequences which are more than 50 base pairs upstream from the E1A transcriptional start site. A plausible target DNA sequence for positive and negative autoregulation by E1A gene products is discussed.
Atmospheric O2/N2 changes, 1993–2002: Implications for the partitioning of fossil fuel CO2 sequestration

Improvements made to an established mass spectrometric method for measuring changes in atmospheric O 2 /N 2 are described. With the improvements in sample handling and analysis, sample throughput and analytical precision have both increased. Aliquots from duplicate flasks are repeatedly measured over a period of 2 weeks, with an overall standard error in each flask of 3-4 per meg, corresponding to 0.6-0.8 ppm O 2 in air. Records of changes in O 2 /N 2 from six global sampling stations (Barrow, American Samoa, Cape Grim, Amsterdam Island, Macquarie Island, and Syowa Station) are presented. Combined with measurements of CO 2 from the same sample flasks, land and ocean carbon uptake were calculated from the three sampling stations with the longest records (Barrow, Samoa, and Cape Grim). From 1994-2002, We find the average CO 2 uptake by the ocean and the land biosphere was 1.7 ± 0.5 and 1.0 ± 0.6 GtC yr -1 respectively; these numbers include a correction of 0.3 Gt C yr -1 due to secular outgassing of ocean O 2 . Interannual variability calculated from these data shows a strong land carbon source associated with the 1997-1998 El Nifio event, supporting many previous studies indicating that high atmospheric growth rates observed during most El Nino events reflect diminished land uptake. Calculations of interannual variability in land and ocean uptake are probably confounded by non-zero annual air sea fluxes of O 2 . The origin of these fluxes is not yet understood.
Protein kinase activity in hepatitis B virus

Abstract Protein kinase activity was found in hepatitis B virions (Dane particles) purified from the plasma of hepatitis B virus-infected patients, in virion cores, and in hepatitis B core antigen particles purified from hepatitis B virus-infected hepatic tissue and was not found in purified hepatitis B surface antigen particle preparations free of Dane particles. Only a fraction of the major polypeptide (apparent size, 19,700 daltons) in Dane particle cores and hepatitis B core antigen particles from infected liver appeared to be phosphorylated, and phosphorylation changed the electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to that expected for a polypeptide of 20,600 daltons. Five minor polypeptides with apparent sizes between 38,000 and 63,000 daltons were phosphorylated in Dane particles and Dane particle core preparations but were not detected in hepatitis B core antigen particles from infected liver. None of these had electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to those of known hepatitis B surface antigen polypeptides. Prolonged storage of purified hepatitis B core antigen particles or incubation with human immunoglobulin G preparations containing antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen with or without antibody to the hepatitis B e antigen resulted in the conversion of the polypeptide with an apparent size of 20,600 daltons to ones with apparent sizes of 14,700 and approximately 6,000 daltons, suggesting proteolytic cleavage of the 20,600-dalton polypeptide under these conditions.
Stability of flumazenil with selected drugs in 5% dextrose injection

The compatibility and stability of flumazenil mixed with aminophylline, dobutamine hydrochloride, dopamine hydrochloride, cimetidine hydrochloride, famotidine, ranitidine hydrochloride, heparin sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride, or procainamide hydrochloride were studied. Flumazenil (1.0 mg) was mixed with each of the other drugs in polyvinyl chloride minibags containing 50 mL of 5% dextrose injection to achieve concentrations commonly used when the drugs are administered by continuous i.v. infusion. All admixtures were analyzed for color change, pH, and particulate matter. Flumazenil concentrations were measured by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay at baseline and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after mixing. No detectable changes in color, pH, or particulate matter were observed. In the presence of each drug except dopamine hydrochloride, at least 95% of initial flumazenil concentration was present 24 hours after mixing. Flumazenil in the presence of dopamine hydrochloride was stable for 12 hours. Flumazenil was visually compatible and chemically stable when admixed with 5% dextrose injection and selected drugs.
Generativity and flourishing

The psychological construct of ‘generativity’ was introduced by Erik Erikson in Childhood and Society in 1950. This rich and complex notion encompasses the constellation of desires, concerns and commitments that motivate individuals and societies to pass on legacies to future generations. ‘Flourishing,’ which means, very roughly, living life well, is another rich and complex notion, interpretations of which are found in ancient philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics. In this article I relate interpretations of these two concepts by arguing that certain forms of generativity can be considered an Aristotelian-type virtue, and that the virtue of generativity is necessary, but not sufficient, for flourishing in the Aristotelian sense. In other words, one can be generative without flourishing. The reverse, however, does not seem true: it is hard to see how one can fully flourish without being generative.
Internet Investment Advice: Investing with a Rock of Salt

To investigate the origin and quality of investment advice on the Internet, I collected and categorized the stock recommendations (buy, sell, and neutral) distributed on major newsgroups (online discussion groups) for April 1999 and February 2001 and examined the return characteristics of the recommended stocks. I found, first, that Internet stock recommendations are overwhelmingly positive, with a ratio of buy advice to sell advice greater than 7:1. Moreover, most advisors on the Internet follow a momentum strategy: They recommend stocks after the stocks have experienced sharp price increases. In addition, the stock market does not appear to react to these recommendations. I found the two-day cumulative abnormal returns to be mostly insignificant, regardless of the recommendation characteristics. The longer-horizon returns are not significantly above the market's corresponding performance. In summary, I found no evidence that any new information is exchanged in these forums; the recommendations have no i...
VLSI circuit synthesis using a parallel genetic algorithm

A parallel implementation of a genetic algorithm used to evolve simple analog VLSI circuits is described. The parallel computer system consisted of twenty distributed SPARC workstations whose computational activity is controlled by the parallel environment coordination language Linda. Work-in-progress on using the parallel GA to realize optimized circuits and to discover new types of equivalent-function circuits is presented. The use of biologically inspired development rules to limit the scope of circuits generated by recombination operators to circuits that have an increased chance of surviving is briefly discussed. >
Pseudopotential theory of divacancy migration in Al and Cu

Abstract A simple model for the migration energy of divacancies has been formulated in terms of pseudopotential theory. Calculations based on this work are in good experimental agreement for the metals Al and Cu.
Biexciton excitation profile for a semiconductor with intermediately bound excitons

Abstract A method is presented for calculating the biexciton excitation profile for a semiconductor at low temperatures. The model consists of two levels (the valence and conduction bands) for cubium, with periodic boundary conditions. The exciton which is discussed is intermediate between the Frenkel and Wannier type excitons. Using a formalism which is similar to Gorkov's theory of superconductivity, it is shown that excitons may interact to form charge transfer bound states.
Surface Areas of the Cerebral Cortex of Mammals Determined by Stereological Methods

The surface areas of the cerebral cortex excluding archipallium of 20 human, 11 cetacean, 6 carnivore, and 5 marsupial brains were determined by stereological methods. There exist rather strict relationships between volume, length of superficially exposed gyri, and cortical surface area.
Piston Ring-Cylinder Bore Friction Modeling in Mixed Lubrication Regime: Part I—Analytical Results

An axi-symmetric, hydrodynamic, mixed lubrication model has been developed using the averaged Reynolds equation and asperity contact approach in order to simulate frictional performance of piston ring and cylinder liner contact. The friction force between piston ring and cylinder bore is predicted considering rupture location, surface flow factors, surface roughness and metal-to-metal contact loading. A fully flooded inlet boundary condition and Reynolds boundary conditions for cavitation outlet zone are assumed. Reynolds boundary conditions have been modified for non-cavitation zones. The pressure distribution along the ring thickness and the lubricant film thickness are determined for each crank angle degree. Predicted friction force is presented for the first compression ring of a typical diesel engine as a function of crank angle position.
Batch crystallization of a photochemical: Modeling, control, and filtration

Model identification and control were studied for the seeded batch crystallization of an organic, industrial photochemical. The growth and nucleation kinetics are described by empirical power-law expressions in relative supersaturation, and an additional model describing crystal shape dynamics is proposed. The parameters in the kinetic models are estimated from on-line measurements of solute concentration and transmittance. Parameter uncertainty is assessed, and optimal experimental design techniques are used to construct experiments to diminish uncertainty. Given the identified model, optimal open-loop temperature schedules are designed to improve the filtration of final-time slurries. The profiles minimize the mass of nucleated crystal relative to seed crystal mass, subject to supersaturation and yield constraints. Filtration improvements are verified using constant pressure filtration tests to determine the flow resistance of the filter cake. The best control experiment gives a cake resistance 25% lower than the best identification experiment.
NetODESSA: Dynamic Policy Enforcement in Cloud Networks

The networking environments found in cloud computing systems are highly complex and dynamic. Consequently, they have strained current policy management and enforcement systems that are based on writing explicit rules about individual hosts. In response, we propose NetODESSA, an inference-based system for network configuration and dynamic policy enforcement. NetODESSA permits the construction of flexible and resilient dynamic networks by allowing network administrators to write general policies about classes of hosts that are combined with runtime information to form network-level actions. Moreover, NetODESSA will infer refinements to the policy from network and host-level data, ensuring that the network remains secure. We have created an initial design for the system and implemented a basic prototype, demonstrating the practicality of this scheme.
Substitute care entry: The relationship between race or ethnicity and levels of county organization

Abstract Objective Past studies demonstrate a relationship between race and the likelihood of children entering state custody subsequent to a maltreatment investigation. Research also shows that community structural characteristics such as poverty and residential mobility are correlated with entry rates. The combined effect, however, of race and community characteristics on substitute care entry is unclear. We analyzed 3 years of Illinois child welfare administrative and county-level structural data to assess the combined effect of child characteristics and level of community organization on substitute care entry. Methods Based on county indicators of crime, socioeconomic status, residential mobility, and child care burden, a latent profile analysis classified Illinois counties into three levels of social organization (high, moderate, and low). To test the relationship between community and child level predictors of substitute care entry, a dichotomous variable representing substitute care entry was regressed onto county level and individual covariates (child age, race or ethnicity, gender, and allegation). To test the combined relationship of community and individual level characteristics, interactions between county level of organization and race were explored. Results Like previous studies, results showed that individual factors of race, age, and allegation were associated with the decision to place children in substitute care. Also consistent with past research, they revealed a general trend in which decreasing levels of social organization were associated with relatively higher odds of entry to care. The magnitude of this effect at each level of social organization, however, varied by race, with African American children in disorganized communities experiencing the greatest risk of removal. Conclusions These findings suggest that efforts to understand the decision to place a child in substitute care may need to be community specific. In particular the level of community organization may influence the response of the system to maltreatment investigations. In communities with different characteristics and across racial groups, child welfare systems may need to examine decision making processes regarding children's removal from parental care.
Extending Pronunciation Lexicons via Non-phonemic Respellings

This paper describes work in progress towards using non-phonemic respellings as an additional source of information besides spelling in the process of extending pronunciation lexicons for speech recognition and text-to-speech systems. Preliminary experimental data indicates that the approach is likely to be successful. The major benefit of the approach is that it makes extending pronunciation lexicons accessible to average users.
FAVORABLE PROGNOSIS FOR CHILDREN WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA TREATED WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY

FAVORABLE PROGNOSIS FOR CHILDREN WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA TREATED WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in a system with a nested Fermi surface

The nesting of the Fermi surfaces of an electron pocket and a hole pocket separated by a wave vector Q interacting via a repulsive potential gives rise to itinerant antiferromagnetism. The order can gradually be suppressed by mismatching the nesting and a quantum critical point is obtained as T N →0. The renormalization group flow is studied by eliminating the fast degrees of freedom close to the ultraviolet cutoff, leading to a strong coupling fixed point. In the paramagnetic phase the system follows a Fermi liquid picture with a renormalized temperature dependent effective mass. The specific heat y coefficient and the uniform magnetic field susceptibility increase on a logarithmic scale when the temperature is lowered. The effective mass diverges at the critical point, signaling the breakdown of the Fermi liquid. The system is also unstable to singlet and triplet superconducting fluctuations. A strong magnetic field changes the nesting condition favoring one of the spin components, so that phases with spin- and charge-density waves and a ferromagnetic component can coexist. The results are discussed in the context of the non-Fermi-liquid behavior observed in some heavy fermion compounds.
LOW-TEMPERATURE VOLUME EXPANSION OF LiH: LiT.

Crystals of LiH: LiT undergo self-damage due to the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay of tritium. The low-temperature volume expansion associated with this damage has been investigated theoretically. Twenty-four defects relevant to the damage process have been studied. The results indicate that one of the various species of interstitial lithium is most likely responsible for the expansion, since these defects cause sufficiently large volume expansion to explain the experimental data. The calculations indicate that the ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}^{+}$ molecular ion is the favored interstitial species. In addition to the volume expansion, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}^{+}$ can account for the observed NMR and ESR signals and it may well be the nucleus for subsequent lithium precipitation.
Time-resolved IR spectral photography

Abstract The non-linear optics basis and experimental realization of time-resolved IR spectral photography (TRISP), a new technique of nanosecond time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy, are described. TRISP has been applied to the study of transients. It was used to study the time evolution of the rotational temperature of HCI during CO2-laser-induced explosions of HN3–HCI mixtures. In a recent experiment tert-butyl radicals were formed by ruby laser photolysis of (CH3)3CNO. TRISP was used to obtain the gas phase IR spectrum of the radicals in the 3 μm region. By following the decay of this transient IR absorption, the rate coefficients for the combination and disproportionation reactions between tert-butyl radicals were deduced.
Modification of serotonin metabolism in rat brain after acute or chronic administration of morphine.

Abstract The steady state concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was elevated in rat brain for at least 4 hr after administration of a single dose of morphine sulfate (30 mg/kg, s.c.), and for more than 40 hr after subcutaneous implantation of pellets of morphine alkaloid. The concentration of 5-HIAA returned to normal 3 days after pellet implantation at a rate that paralleled the development of tolerance to the analgesic and other overt actions of morphine. Morphine did not modify the steady state concentration of serotonin under any of the treatment conditions. The turnover of brain serotonin was increased significantly during the 90-min period following a single injection of morphine sulfate (30 mg/kg, s.c.), as indicated by an increased rate of accumulation of 5-HIAA after blockade of efflux of 5-HIAA by probenecid in morphinetreated animals. As judged either by the rate of accumulation of 5-HIAA after administration of probenecid, or by the rate of accumulation of serotonin after treatment with pargyline, an increase in turnover of serotonin was evident in brains of tolerant rats 72 hr after pellet implantation. The rate of efflux of 5-HIAA from the brain was the same in control and morphine-tolerant rats. These results indicate that changes in brain serotonin metabolism are associated with both the acute effects of morphine and with morphine tolerance.
The spacing of lists in free recall

Spaced presentations of 12- and 15-word lists were better recalled when no task or an easy task, rather than a demanding task, intervened between the presentations, contrary to the results of Bjork and Allen (1970) . When no task intervened between spaced presentations, recall was better than when presentations were massed (Experiment I). These results are important because (a) they indicate a lack of generality of Bjork and Allen's findings, often considered crucial to general understanding of spacing effects; (b) they indicate a need for (at least) a two-factor theory of the spacing effect; and (c) they are the first evidence for a spacing effect when lists are considered as the unit of repetition.
Simple double-beam absorption detection systems for capillary electrophoresis based on diode lasers and light-emitting diodes

Abstract Simple double-beam absorption detection systems for capillary electrophoresis (CE) based on diode lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are developed. Using digital normalization, the intensity fluctuations are greatly reduced and a relative standard deviation of the background noise of 10−5 to 10−6 can be achieved. The detection performance is thus improved over those of commercial CE systems. For the diode-laser-based system, the gain in detectability results from both a reduction in intensity fluctuations and a better optical coupling of the laser beam with the small capillary tube, maximizing the effective optical path length. The improvement in the LED-based system is largely due to the excellent stability of the LED augmented by double-beam cancellation of the baseline fluctuations. Indirect absorption detection for cationic and anionic species are also demonstrated, extending the applicability of the system.
In vivo magnetic nanoparticle cytometer for stem cells in small animals

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder that causes the malfunction and death of neurons in the substantia nigra and afflicts hundreds of thousands of Americans. There is no known cure for PD. However, stem cell transplant therapy holds promise for reversing the effects of PD. Preclinically, the mouse model of stem cell therapy for PD is used to assess stem cell viability and analyze neuron regeneration in the substantia nigra. However, tracking stem cell viability in these experiments remains difficult at best because conventional imaging methods may inaccurately quantify stem cell number in vivo due to penetration depth or other effects. Here, we propose a new magnetic nanoparticle cytometer for small animals to quantify cells implanted in vivo labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. This cytometer, which uses MPI principles, is well-suited for determining stem cell viability as it provides linear signals for accurate quantification of cell number in vivo without suffering from depth or tissue attenuation or relying on ionizing radiation or radioactive materials with short half-lives.
Two-color photodetachment of a model one-dimensional ion.

We report results of the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the photodetachment of a one-dimensional model ion by a weak ultraviolet laser in the presence of a strong ``infrared'' laser. If there are no shape resonances near threshold, we find that the shift in the photodetachment threshold as the intensity of the infrared laser varies is equal to the ponderomotive energy of the infrared field. This contrasts with a recent experimental study of two-color photodetachment of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
Localization of spherical nanoparticles within lamellar AB diblock copolymer melts through self-consistent field theory

Abstract Here we report the results of a three dimensional hybrid self-consistent field theoretic (HSCFT) model describing the equilibrium particle distribution of spherical nanoparticles within symmetric AB diblock copolymer melts. Holding the polymer composition and morphology fixed, we consider a comprehensive parameter space comprised of the Flory interaction parameter describing interactions between B segments and the particle surface compared to the segment–segment interaction parameter ( χ B P / χ A B ) , the particle volume fraction ( ɸ P ), and the ratio of the particle diameter to block copolymer domain spacing ( d P / d A B ) . Analysis of the free energy over this parameter space yields phase diagrams showing the conditions under which particles segregate to the intermaterial diving surface (IMDS) or the center of the domain. Interestingly, w e predict a particle concentration-dependent “reentrant” phase transition in which particles move from the domain interior, to the IMDS, and back as ɸ P increases. These results are interpreted as a subtle consequence of the competition between enthalpic polymer–particle interactions and the chain packing frustration imposed by the particulate inclusion. These results are consistent with recent experiments on block copolymer nanocomposites.
Btk function in B cell development and response

Mutations in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) result in the B cell immunodeficiencies XLA in humans and Xid in mice. Both the maintenance of peripheral B cell numbers and their response to B cell antigen receptor (BCR) crosslinking depend on Btk. Btk integrates signals from multiple cell surface receptors, including BCR and G-protein coupled receptors. These Btk dependent signals control B cell proliferation and survival by mediating Ca2+ flux, activating JNK and p38 and inducing cell cycle regulatory genes.
Automatic Calibration of Hydrologic Models With Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm and Pareto Optimization

In optimization problems with at least two conflicting objectives, a set of solutions rather than a unique one exists because of the trade-offs between these objectives. A Pareto optimal solution set is achieved when a solution cannot be improved upon without degrading at least one of its objective criteria. This study investigated the application of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) and Pareto ordering optimization in the automatic calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a process-based, semi-distributed, and continuous hydrologic model. The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), a fast and recent MOEA, and SWAT were called in FORTRAN from a parallel genetic algorithm library (PGAPACK) to determine the Pareto optimal set. A total of 139 parameter values were simultaneously and explicitly optimized in the calibration. The calibrated SWAT model simulated well the daily streamflow of the Calapooia watershed for a 3-year period. The daily Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients were 0.86 at calibration and 0.81 at validation. Automatic multi-objective calibration of a complex watershed model was successfully implemented using Pareto ordering and MOEA. Future studies include simultaneous automatic calibration of water quality and quantity parameters and the application of Pareto optimization in decision and policy-making problems related to conflicting objectives of economics and environmental quality.
Analysis of an energy proportional data center

Energy proportionality is a desirable property of an energy efficient data center that can be achieved by making servers available on demand, dynamically enabling enough computing capacity to handle the workload. However, reducing the number of running servers can impact job performance and may potentially lead to breaches in the service level agreement. We analyze the optimal (minimum) energy requirement of servers in an energy proportional data center to maintain a selected performance service level objective from the following possibilities: (i) running servers at or below a maximum utilization level; (ii) keeping the average job response time below a given limit; and (iii) limiting the probability of job response times exceeding a turnaround deadline. Performance and power measurements from a real server allow to define realistic parameters for theoretical and simulated models and to obtain realistic results.
The pathology of pulmonary sarcoidosis: update

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology, usually affecting the respiratory tract and other organs, and is characterized by the formation of nonnecrotizing epithelioid granulomas. The diagnosis depends on a combination of a typical clinicoradiological presentation, the finding of nonnecrotizing epithelioid granulomas in a tissue biopsy, and exclusion of other possible diseases, especially those of infectious etiology. The granulomas contain epithelioid cells, giant cells, CD4+ T cells in their center, and CD8 + T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes at their periphery. The granulomas are present in a lymphatic pattern around bronchovascular structures and, because of this, may show angioinvasion. The bronchial involvement produces a high diagnostic yield for transbronchial and endobronchial biopsies in this disease. Finally, small amounts of fibrinoid necrosis may occur within granulomas of sarcoidosis and do not exclude the diagnosis. Larger amounts suggest either infection or the rare disease necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis (NSG). A number of cytoplasmic structures/inclusions can be identified within the granulomas of sarcoidosis, including asteroid bodies, Schaumann's bodies, calcium oxalate crystals, and Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies; the last two of these can cause difficulties in differential diagnosis. Extra-pulmonary sarcoid can be an important factor in prognosis. Involved sites include (in decreasing frequency): skin, endocrine organs, extra-thoracic lymph nodes, neurologic sites, eyes, liver, spleen, bone marrow, cardiac, ear/nose/throat, parotid/ salivary, muscles, bones/joint, and kidney. NSG is a controversial variant of sarcoidosis consisting of granulomatous pneumonitis with sarcoid-like granulomas, variable amounts of necrosis, and granulomatous vasculitis. The lesions are most often confined to lung, and they usually appear as multiple nodules or nodular infiltrates, but occasionally as solitary or unilateral nodules ranging up to 5 cm in diameter. Nodular sarcoidosis is rare, varying from 1.6% to 4% of patients with sarcoidosis, and, as the name suggests, it shows radiographic nodules measuring 1 to 5 cm in diameter that typically consist of coalescent granulomas. Lung transplantation can be used in selected patients with fibrotic late-stage sarcoidosis. There is a high reported frequency of recurrence of disease in the pulmonary allograft, ranging from 47% to 67%, but recurrence is usually not clinically significant. Studies of the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis suggest that it is a chronic immunological response produced by a genetic susceptibility and exposure to specific environmental factors.
Silicide formation in Pd-a-Si:H Schottky barriers

This letter gives the first report of a direct correlation of Schottky barrier characteristics to silicide growth on a‐Si:H. Changes in diode ideality factor (from 1.2 to 1.05) produced by annealing can now be directly attributed to growth of Pd2Si as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. Unannealed samples show long‐term changes in characteristics at room temperature due to slow silicide growth. However, Pd Schottky barriers possess ideal stable characteristics once silicide growth is complete.
Deaths from stroke in US young adults, 1989–2009

Objective: To determine what the trends in stroke mortality have been over 2 decades in young adults. Methods: In this cohort study, we analyzed death certificate data for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH] and subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH]) in adults aged 20–44 in the United States for 1989 through 2009, covering approximately 2.2 billion person-years. Poisson regression was used to calculate and compare time trend data between groups and to compare trends in young adults to those in adults over age 45. Results: Mortality from stroke in young adults declined by 35% over the study period, with reductions in all 3 stroke subtypes (ischemic stroke decreased by 15%, ICH by 47%, and SAH by 50%). Black race was a risk factor for all 3 stroke subtypes (relative risk 2.4 for ischemic stroke, 4.0 for ICH, and 2.1 for SAH), but declines in all stroke subtypes were more dramatic in black compared to white participants ( p Conclusions: Although hospitalizations for stroke in young patients have been increasing, the apparent decrease in mortality rates and in racial disparities suggests that recognition and treatment in this group may be improving.
TOUGH TENDONS : MUSSEL BYSSUS HAS COLLAGEN WITH SILK-LIKE DOMAINS

Abstract The primary structure of the α-chain of preCol-D (molecular mass = 80 kDa), a tanned collagenous protein predominating in the distal portion of the byssal threads of the musselMytilus edulis, was deduced from cDNA to encode an unprecedented natural block copolymer with three major domain types: a central collagen domain flanked by fibroin-like domains and followed by histidine-rich termini. The fibroin-like domains have sequence motifs that strongly resemble the crystalline polyalanine-rich and amorphous glycine-rich regions of spider dragline silk fibroins. The terminal regions resemble the histidine-rich domains of a variety of metal-binding proteins. The silk domains may toughen the collagen by increasing its strength and extensibility. PreCol-D expression is limited to the mussel foot, which contains a longitudinal gradient of preCol-D mRNA. This gradient increases linearly in the proximal to distal direction and reaches a maximum just before the distal depression of the foot.
Quasiparticle Hall transport of d-wave superconductors in the vortex state

We present a theory of quasiparticle Hall transport in strongly type-II superconductors within their vortex state. We establish the existence of integer quantum spin Hall effect in clean unconventional ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ superconductors in the vortex state from a general analysis of the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation. The spin Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}^{s}$ is shown to be quantized in units of \ensuremath{\Elzxh}/8\ensuremath{\pi}. This result does not rest on linearization of the BdG equations around Dirac nodes and therefore includes inter-nodal physics in its entirety. In addition, this result holds for a generic inversion-symmetric lattice of vortices as long as the magnetic field B satisfies ${H}_{c1}\ensuremath{\ll}B\ensuremath{\ll}{H}_{c2}$. We then derive the Wiedemann--Franz law for the spin and thermal Hall conductivity in the vortex state. In the limit of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}0$, the thermal Hall conductivity satisfies ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}=(4{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{/3)(k}_{B}/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{)}^{2}T{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}^{s}$. The transitions between different quantized values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}^{s}$ as well as relation to conventional superconductors are discussed.
Control of Glycolytic Flux by AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Tumor Cells Adapted to Low pH

Tumor cells grow in nutrient- and oxygen-deprived microenvironments and adapt to the suboptimal growth conditions by altering their metabolic pathways. This adaptation process commonly results in a tumor phenotype that displays a high rate of aerobic glycolysis and aggressive tumor characteristics. The glucose regulatory molecule, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), is a bifunctional enzyme that is central to glycolytic flux and is downstream of the metabolic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which has been suggested to modulate glycolysis and possibly activate isoforms of PFKFB, specifically PFKFB3 expressed in tumor cells. Our results demonstrated that long-term low pH exposure induced AMPK activation, which resulted in the up-regulation of PFKFB3 and an increase in its serine residue phosphorylation. Pharmacologic activation of AMPK resulted in an increase in PFKFB3 as well as an increase in glucose consumption, whereas in contrast, inhibition of AMPK resulted in the down-regulation of PFKFB3 and decreased glycolysis. PFKFB3 overexpression in DB-1 tumor cells induced a high rate of glycolysis and inhibited oxygen consumption, confirming its role in controlling glycolytic flux. These results show that low pH is a physiological stress that can promote a glycolytic phenotype commonly associated with tumorigenesis. The implications are that the tumor microenviroment contributes to tumor growth and treatment resistance.
THE DIMETHYLENE KETENE RADICAL CATION

Molecular orbital calculations (at the Becke3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory) indicate that the distonic ion •CH2C(CH2)CO+ is planar and has C2v symmetry. Most of the positive charge resides at the carbonyl carbon while the odd spin is delocalized over the allyl group. A similar spin distribution was calculated for the allyl radical. Hence, the reactivity of •CH2C(CH2)CO+ toward spin traps may be expected to resemble that of the neutral allyl radical. This issue was examined experimentally by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Similar to other carbon-centered free radicals, the gaseous •CH2C(CH2)CO+ abstracts H• from benzeneselenol, CH3Se• from dimethyl diselenide, and I• from allyl iodide. However, some of these reactions occur at efficiencies that suggest catalysis by the charged group. Further, the reaction of •CH2C(CH2)CO+ with dimethyl disulfide was found to proceed in an unprecedented manner. In addition to the expected formation of CH3SCH2C(CH2)CO+ and CH3S• (via CH3S• ...
Optical Signal Processing in Fiber Parametric Devices

Recent advances in parametric processing in highly nonlinear fibers are reviewed. Physics of one- and two-pump parametric interactions in optical fibers is described. New applications and recent results in parametric amplification, wavelength conversion, all-optical regeneration and ultrafast sampling are discussed.
Chemical delignification of flax straw and other cellulosic materials.

THE retting of flax, which is a delignification and a degumming process brought about by microorganisms, has been used in Europe for many years in the linen industry. Retting is usually applied to the straw of a variety of flax which has been developed and grown to give long stems. Moreover, the straw is harvested before lignification has proceeded too far.
Synthesis and characterization of the new layered perovskite, Na0.10(VO)0.45LaTiO4·nH2O

Abstract Na 0.10 (VO) 0.45 LaTiO 4 · n H 2 O ( n ≅ 0.6) has been synthesized by an ion exchange reaction between the single-layered perovskite, NaLaTiO 4 , and aqueous VOSO 4 . This low temperature phase retains the structure of the parent with a slight contraction of its tetragonal unit cell. Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that the vanadyl units are disordered within the perovskite layers. Infrared spectroscopy, electron spin resonance and magnetic susceptibility are consistent with the presence of isolated vanadyl units. Susceptibility data show Curie–Weiss behavior above 140 K.
FALLEN HEROES, LIFTED HEARTS: CONSOLATION IN CONTEMPORARY PRESIDENTIAL EULOGIA

A. D. Kunkel and M. R. Dennis (2003) demonstrated that examining texts for identified components of eulogia, as drawn from the comforting and social support paradigms found in psychology and communication literatures (i.e., credibility establishment, praise for the deceased, self-disclosure of emotion, prescriptions for problem-focused coping, promotion of positive reappraisal for emotion-focused coping, and the affirmation and continuation of relationships), is critical to understanding eulogistic phenomena. Analysis of three Presidential eulogies, as informed by the components, reveals calls for unity in President Ronald Wilson Reagan's 1986 eulogy for the Challenger space shuttle crew, suggestions for action in President William Jefferson Clinton's 1995 eulogy for USS Cole sailors, and positive reappraisal within astronauts’ quotes offered by President George Walker Bush during his 2003 eulogy for the Columbia space shuttle crew.
Low temperature structure and dynamics of brucite.

Structural refinements of time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction data for Mg(OD)2 and inelastic neutron scattering measurements for Mg(OH)2 demonstrate that the mechanism of thermal contraction ...
Commercial-scale CCS Project in Decatur, Illinois – Construction Status and Operational Plans for Demonstration

Abstract United States Department of Energy (DOE) and Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) has made substantial progress in the development and construction of the largest saline storage project in the U.S. This commercial-scale project is located at the ADM's agricultural processing and biofuels complex in Decatur, Illinois. The Office of Fossil Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory manages this project. Detailed design, installation of the CO2 compression, dehydration, and transmission system, and installation of related piping, electrical, and instrumentation was completed and commissioning of this system was initiated. The construction of a 100-MW electrical substation, which will supply power to the compressors and other equipment, is in progress. A 2206 m deep monitoring well and a 1083 m geophysical well were drilled. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a draft permit for a Class VI injection well with a capacity to inject 3000 tonnes of CO2 per day. This is expected to be the first geological sequestration project to operate with EPA's Class VI well permit in the U.S. The project is scheduled to begin CO2 injection into the Mount Simon Sandstone, a deep saline reservoir, early 2015. The project team members include Schlumberger Carbon Services, Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS)-University of Illinois, and Richland Community College (RCC). Public education and outreach for CCS is an integral part of this ICCS project and to this end, the project has established the National Sequestration Education Center (NSEC) at RCC in Decatur. NSEC is implementing a new associate degree program, first in the United States, with an emphasis on CCS. This project was recognized by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum.
Taurine Depletion in the Intact Animal Stimulatesin vitroPhosphorylation of an 44-kDa Protein Present in the Mitochondrial Fraction of the Rat Heart ☆

Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 1.5% guanidinoethanesulfonic (GES) acid in their water in order to deplete the taurine levels partially in cardiac tissue. After 6 weeks of GES treatment, in vitro phosphorylation of a approximately 44 kDa protein present in the mitochondrial fraction of the rat heart was increased by 85%. The increase in the in vitro phosphorylation of the specific approximately 44 kDa protein after GES treatment was reversed when the animals were subsequently given 1.5% taurine in their drinking water for an additional 6 weeks. Taurine (1.5%) alone for a period of 6 weeks had no effect on the phosphorylation of the approximately 44 kDa protein. These results suggest that taurine has a regulatory role in the phosphorylation of a specific protein in cardiac tissue.
FIGURES OF PROSLEPTIC SYLLOGISMS IN PRIOR ANALYTICS 2.7

In chapters 2.5–7 of the Prior Analytics Aristotle is concerned with what he calls circular proof. He gives an account of circular proofs within the framework of his syllogistic theory, and discusses how they come about in the three figures of categorical syllogisms. The results of this discussion are summarized at the end of chapter 2.7, at 59a32–41. The summary contains several statements to the effect that certain circular proofs come about in the third figure. Some of these statements are problematic because the circular proofs in question are actually not in the third figure of categorical syllogisms; in fact, these circular proofs are not categorical syllogisms at all, but what Theophrastus called prosleptic syllogisms. Hence, the statements are incorrect if they are understood to refer to the third figure of Aristotle’s categorical syllogisms. Since it seems natural to understand them in this way, Ross and others conclude that the passage at 59a32–41 is spurious and should be excised, although it is found in all MSS. 1 By contrast, this paper aims to show that the passage is not spurious. Following Pacius, I argue that the problematic statements in it refer not to the third figure of categorical syllogisms, but to the third figure of prosleptic syllogisms. On this interpretation, the statements are correct and can be regarded as genuine. Given that they are genuine, they show that Aristotle was aware of a classification of prosleptic syllogisms into three figures, even though such a classification does not occur elsewhere in his writings. Thus, the passage at 59a32–41 appears to be the earliest evidence we have of figures of prosleptic syllogisms. I begin with an overview of Aristotle’s treatment of circular proofs in Prior Analytics 2.5–7, focussing on his use of prosleptic syllogisms (§1). Readers familiar with the contents of Prior Analytics 2.5–7 may wish to skip this overview. Next we consider the problematic statements in 59a32–41 (§2). I will argue that these statements refer to the third figure of prosleptic syllogisms, and that there is no reason to doubt Aristotle’s authorship of the passage (§3).
Leveraging sociological models for prediction II: Early warning for complex contagions

There is considerable interest in developing techniques for predicting human behavior, and a promising approach to this problem is to collect phenomenon-relevant empirical data and then apply machine learning methods to these data to form predictions. This two-part paper shows that the performance of such learning algorithms often can be improved substantially by leveraging sociological models in their development and implementation. In this paper, the second of the two parts, we demonstrate that a sociologically-grounded learning algorithm outperforms a gold-standard method for the task of predicting whether nascent social diffusion events will “go viral”. Significantly, the proposed algorithm performs well even when there is only limited time series data available for analysis.
An experimental verification of nonlocal fracture criterion

Abstract By using a nonlocal field theory, Eringer et al . [6] obtained a finite solution for the stress at the tip of a sharp crack. This solution permitted the development of a nonlocal fracture criterion for crystalline materials that is given in terms of atomic distance and theoretical cohesive strength. The nonlocal fracture criterion is generalized for application to real materials by the introduction of a characteristic dimension (a measure of the size of the internal structures). Particleboard, a wood-based composite with controllable internal characteristics (particle dimensions and amount of resin), is used to substantiate the nonlocal fracture criterion.