cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Style Effects on OCR Errors in the MEDLINE Database

The National Library of Medicine has developed a system for the automatic extraction of data from scanned journal articles to populate the MEDLINE database. Although the 5-engine OCR system used in this process exhibits good performance overall, it does make errors in character recognition that must be corrected in order for the process to achieve the requisite accuracy. The correction process works by feeding words that have characters with less than 100% confidence (as determined automatically by the OCR engine) to a human operator who then must manually verify the word or correct the error. The majority of these errors are contained in the affiliation information zone where the characters are in italics or small fonts. Therefore only affiliation information data is used in this research. This paper examines the correlation between OCR errors and various character attributes in the MEDLINE database, such as font size, italics, bold, etc. and OCR confidence levels. The motivation for this research is that if a correlation between the character style and types of errors exists it should be possible to use this information to improve operator productivity by increasing the probability that the correct word option is presented to the human editor. We have determined that this correlation exists, in particular for the case of characters with diacritics.
Computation of Diffusion Function Measures in $q$ -Space Using Magnetic Resonance Hybrid Diffusion Imaging

The distribution of water diffusion in biological tissues may be estimated by a 3-D Fourier transform (FT) of diffusion-weighted measurements in q-space. In this study, methods for estimating diffusion spectrum measures (the zero-displacement probability, the mean-squared displacement, and the orientation distribution function) directly from the q-space signals are described. These methods were evaluated using both computer simulations and hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI) measurements on a human brain. The HYDI method obtains diffusion-weighted measurements on concentric spheres in q-space. Monte Carlo computer simulations were performed to investigate effects of noise, q-space truncation, and sampling interval on the measures. This new direct computation approach reduces HYDI data processing time and image artifacts arising from 3-D FT and regridding interpolation. In addition, it is less sensitive to the noise and q-space truncation effects than conventional approach. Although this study focused on data using the HYDI scheme, this computation approach may be applied to other diffusion sampling schemes including Cartesian diffusion spectrum imaging.
Maternal Factors Related to Parenting Young Children with Congenital Heart Disease

The purpose of this study was to compare the early child-rearing practices between mothers of young children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and mothers of healthy children. In addition, maternal stress, parental developmental expectations, and the early behavioral and emotional development of their children were explored. Maccoby's (1992) socialization theory emphasizing the reciprocal nature of mother-child interactions provided the framework for this study. Findings from quantitative self-report measures and videotaped parent-child interactions showed a remarkable similarity between mothers of children with CHD and mothers of healthy children. In contrast, qualitative data revealed important differences with mothers of CHD children reporting high levels of vigilance with their children. The important role of promoting the principle of normalization among mothers of children with CHD and ensuring a sufficient support system is discussed.
Monkeypox Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques Induces Massive Expansion of Natural Killer Cells but Suppresses Natural Killer Cell Functions

Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in innate immunity and in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infection. However, the response of NK cells to monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is not well characterized. In this intravenous challenge study of MPXV infection in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), we analyzed blood and lymph node NK cell changes in absolute cell numbers, cell proliferation, chemokine receptor expression, and cellular functions. Our results showed that the absolute number of total NK cells in the blood increased in response to MPXV infection at a magnitude of 23-fold, manifested by increases in CD56+, CD16+, CD16-CD56- double negative, and CD16+CD56+ double positive NK cell subsets. Similarly, the frequency and NK cell numbers in the lymph nodes also largely increased with the total NK cell number increasing 46.1-fold. NK cells both in the blood and lymph nodes massively proliferated in response to MPXV infection as measured by Ki67 expression. Chemokine receptor analysis revealed reduced expression of CXCR3, CCR7, and CCR6 on NK cells at early time points (days 2 and 4 after virus inoculation), followed by an increased expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 at later time points (days 7-8) of infection. In addition, MPXV infection impaired NK cell degranulation and ablated secretion of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Our data suggest a dynamic model by which NK cells respond to MPXV infection of rhesus macaques. Upon virus infection, NK cells proliferated robustly, resulting in massive increases in NK cell numbers. However, the migrating capacity of NK cells to tissues at early time points might be reduced, and the functions of cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion were largely compromised. Collectively, the data may explain, at least partially, the pathogenesis of MPXV infection in rhesus macaques.
Delay of Active Antimicrobial Therapy and Mortality among Patients with Bacteremia: Impact of Severe Neutropenia

Increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance has prompted physicians to choose broad-spectrum antimicrobials in order to reduce the likelihood of inactive empirical therapy. However, for bacteremic patients already receiving supportive care, it is unclear whether delay of active antimicrobial therapy significantly impacts patient outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with monomicrobial bloodstream infections at a large urban hospital in the United States from 2001 to 2006. We assessed the impact of delay of active antimicrobial therapy on mortality by using multivariable logistic regression modeling with and without propensity score methodology. We evaluated 1,523 episodes of monomicrobial bacterial bloodstream infections at our institution. Nine hundred eighty-three bacteremic episodes (64.5%) were treated with an active antimicrobial agent within 24 h of the index blood culture; the remaining 540 episodes (35.5%) were considered to have delay of active antimicrobial therapy. In adjusted analysis, among patients in the non-intensive-care-unit setting with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 500 cells/microl) or had ANCs of 100 to 500 cells/microl, delay was not associated with increased mortality. While the delay of active antimicrobial therapy was not significantly associated with higher mortality for most patients in this cohort, patients with severe neutropenia appeared to be vulnerable.
Hydrodynamic modelling study of a fish exclusion system for a river diversion

River diversions are often equipped with some device to exclude fish, such as fish screens. Flow pattern changes due to fish screen systems were investigated using a three-dimensional numerical model solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. A porous media obstacle, which is commonly used for ground water flow modelling, was employed to model a fish screen. Fish screens require a velocity component perpendicular to the screen (approach velocity), allowing for water diversion. Meanwhile, it is imperative that this velocity not result in pinning fish to the screen but allowing for fish to be guided to a different location. Thus the ratio of sweeping velocity to approach velocity (VR) is an important criterion in fish screen design. 20:1 VR and 10:1 VR models were tested under high and low flow rates in this study. Screen head loss coefficients for various wire Reynolds numbers were compared with laboratory model measurements to verify the mathematical results. Two different screen types were simulated: perforated plate and wedged wire. Altering global porosity and local permeability of a porous obstacle results in flow direction changes that effectively simulate different screen materials in the numerical model. Model simulations of head loss coefficients and velocity ratios showed good agreement with the laboratory model measurements. The wedged wire allows for more control of the velocity ratio along the screen system than the perforated plate. Baffles installed behind each fish screen bay promote uniform flow distribution along the screen. The porous media obstacle assumption is shown to effectively simulate the hydraulics of various configurations of fish screens at river diversion channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High spatial and temporal resolution sampling of Martian gas abundances from CRISM spectra

[1] The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft has been collecting spectra in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range for over 5 years (approximately 3 Martian years). Observations consist of image cubes, with two main selections of spectral sampling (74 and 545 spectral channels) and two main selections of spatial sampling (approximately 20 and 200 m/pixel). Retrievals of gas abundances, specifically CO2, H2O, and CO, are performed from spectra collected in all observation modes. The retrievals are efficiently performed using a look-up table, where the strength of gas absorption features are precalculated for an N-dimensional discrete grid of known input parameters (season, location, environment, viewing geometry, etc.) and the one unknown parameter to be retrieved (gas abundance). A reverse interpolation in the look-up table is used to match the observed strength of the gas absorption to the gas abundance. This algorithm is extremely fast compared to traditional radiative transfer computations that seek to recursively fit calculated results to an observed spectral feature, and can therefore be applied on a pixel-by-pixel basis to the tens of thousands of Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars images, to examine cross-scene structure as well as to produce climatological averages.
Understanding Circuits: Learning Problem Solving Using Circuit Analysis

Abstract This book/lecture is intended for a college freshman level class in problem solving, where the particular problems deal with electrical and electronic circuits. It can also be used in a junior/senior level class in high school to teach circuit analysis. The basic problem-solving paradigm used in this book is that of resolution of a problem into its component parts. The reader learns how to take circuits of varying levels of complexity using this paradigm. The problem-solving exercises also familiarize the reader with a number of different circuit components including resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers and their use in practical circuits. The reader should come away with both an understanding of how to approach complex problems and a “feel” for electrical and electronic circuits.
Evaluation of costs of ordering policies in large machine repair problems

This article examines a version of the machine repair problem where failures may be irreparable. Since the number of machines in the system keeps decreasing, we impose a fixed state-dependent ordering policy of the type often encountered in inventory models. Although the system is Markovian, the number of states becomes very large. The emphasis of the article, therefore, is on deriving computationally tractable formulas for the steady-state probabilities, the long-run average cost per unit time, and the vector of expected discounted costs. When the state space is so large that exact computations may be infeasible, we propose approximations which are relatively quick and simple to compute and which yield very accurate results for the test problems examined.
New model that describes adsorption of laterally interacting gas mixtures on random heterogeneous surfaces. 1. Parametric study and correlation with binary data

Analytic expressions for the adsorption of a binary gas mixture that laterally interacts on a random heterogeneous surface are developed. The lateral interactions are of the Bragg−Williams type, an...
Asian American Ethnic Options: How Cambodian Students Negotiate Ethnic Identities in a U.S. Urban School

Research suggests that Cambodian students often endure conflicting ethnic stereotypes from larger society and their school and communities. We examine the ways in which Cambodian youth negotiated their ethnic identities in response to these stereotypes and argue that Cambodian students adopted, rejected, and affirmed certain ethnic identities in relation to perceived advantages associated with different labels across varying school contexts. [Asian American identity, Cambodian/Khmer students, ethnic stereotypes, model minority]
Microstructure Control of In-Situ-Toughened α-SiAlON Ceramics

Single-phase α-SiAlON with elongated grains is obtained from α-Si 3 N 4 powder for a broad range of compositions of practical interest. Following the concept of nucleation and growth, two-step firing is used for microstructure control. This method takes advantage of the slow transformation reaction from α-Si 3 N 4 to α-SiAlON at low temperature when the composition is near the α-SiAlON phase boundary and, hence, is marginally stable. For more-stable compositions, the seeding of α-SiAlON crystals is more effective, because it allows elongated grains to grow onto the seed crystals. The fracture toughness is strongly correlated with the microstructure and is enhanced greatly in the optimized materials.
Genetic dissection of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging behavior

We demonstrate the effects of a new quantitative trait locus (QTL), designated pln3, that was mapped in a backcross population derived from strains of bees selected for the amount of pollen they store in combs. We independently confirmed pln3 by demonstrating its effects on individual foraging behavior, as we did previously for QTLs pln1 and pln2 (Hunt et al. 1995). QTL pln2 is very robust in its effects on foraging behavior. In this study, pln2 was again shown to affect individual foraging behavior of workers derived from a hybrid backcross of the selected strains. In addition, pln2 was shown to affect the amount of pollen stored in combs of colonies derived from a wide cross of European and Africanized honeybees. This is noteworthy because it demonstrates that we can map QTLs for behavior in interstrain crosses derived from selective breeding and study their effects in unselected, natural populations. The results we present also demonstrate the repeatability of finding QTLs with measurable effects, even after outcrossing selected strains, suggesting that there is a relatively small subset of QTLs with major effects segregating in the population from which we selected our founding breeding populations. The different QTLs, pln1, pln2, and pln3, appear to have different effects, revealing the complex genetic architecture of honeybee foraging behavior.
Exit Options and the Effectiveness of Regional Economic Organizations

Regional economic organizations (REOs) proliferate in the developed and developing world. However, there is wide variation in both their institutional structure and the degree to which they achieve their goals. This article presents a theoretical framework and empirical evidence to explain the variance in the institutional design and effectiveness of these agreements. It argues that the conditions that produce effective and broad agreements are not a function of design, but rather of exogenous factors. If countries within the REO have fewer options for world trade beyond the REO, they will develop strong institutions and make substantial use of them. This study presents a new cross-regional dataset, compiled from expert surveys, to test these arguments. It shows that expert evaluations of how well a REO functions - including its ability to meet its own goals and the ambition of those goals—hinge less on that agreement's legalization and more on the trade opportunities that REO members faced when the institution was formed.
A relation between amino acid hydrophobicity and rate of uptake in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Fumarate and ferricyanide increased the rate of amino acid uptake in anoxic cells of E. coli suspended in a glycerol medium. The stimulation correlated with the hydrophobicity of 16 amino acids transported by several carrier systems. Fumarate and ferricyanide increased membrane energization as measured by changes in transmembrane pH and electrical potential, or by quenching of fluorescence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate. The results suggest that a common, rate determining step among the amino acid transport systems is the transfer of the substrate from an aqueous to an apolar environment.
Massless Fields with Integer Spin

The Fierz-Pauli Lagrangian for massive particles with arbitrary integral spin $s$, first obtained by Hagen and Singh, is examined in the limit of vanishing mass. Unexpectedly, a considerable simplification occurs. The potential $h$ is a symmetric tensor of rank $s$; the "trace" ${h}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, obtained by contraction of a pair of indices against the flat-space metric, does not vanish but the trace ${h}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ of ${h}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ does. The wave equation admits a gauge group, and this implies conditions on the source. The divergence of the source need not vanish, only the traceless projection of the divergence must be zero; this is a major departure from the usual assumption and may bear on the question of the existence of a physically interesting source for fields with spin \ensuremath{\ge}3. This weaker condition on the source is sufficient to guarantee that only $\mathrm{helicities}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}s$ are transmitted between sources. A generalized Gupta program is proposed, that is, a search for a scheme for generating a theory of interacting, massless particles, consistent to all orders in the coupling constant.
Use of Rayleigh imaging and ray tracing to correct for beam-steering effects in turbulent flames

Laser Rayleigh imaging has been applied in a number of flow and flame studies to measure concentration or temperature distributions. Rayleigh cross sections are dependent on the index of refraction of the scattering medium. The same index of refraction changes that provide contrast in Rayleigh images can also deflect the illuminating laser sheet. By applying a ray-tracing algorithm to the detected image, it is possible to correct for some of these beam-steering effects and thereby improve the accuracy of the measured field. Additionally, the quantification of the degree of beam steering through the flow provides information on the degradation of spatial resolution in the measurement. Application of the technique in a well-studied laboratory flame is presented, along with analysis of the effects of image noise and spatial resolution on the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Surface micro-machined polysilicon probes for neurophysiology

This study explores the feasibility of using surface-micromachining technology for fabricating micro-probes that can be chronically implanted in the brain. The micro-probes were 3 mm long and 50 /spl mu/m/spl times/ 2 /spl mu/m in cross-section. The probes successfully penetrated the brains only when the dura was removed. Chronic implantation of the microprobe for up to 2 weeks produced only minor gliosis.
Genome size in Anthurium evaluated in the context of karyotypes and phenotypes.

Background and aims Anthurium is an important horticultural crop from the family Araceae, order Alismatales, a lineage considered to have diverged from other monocots prior to the cereals. Genome size and its distribution in Anthurium were investigated to gain a basic understanding of genome organization in this large genus and to forge a firm foundation for advancement of molecular approaches for the study of Anthurium. Currently, genome size estimates have been reported for only two Anthurium samples. Methodology Bulk nuclear DNA content estimates were obtained by flow cell cytometry using leaf tissue collected from Anthurium species of different subgeneric groups and from commercial cultivars. The most current and well-supported topology of subgeneric, sectional relationships was applied to present genome size estimates in the context of reported chromosome counts, karyotypes, putative phylogenetic relationships, observed phenotypes and pedigree. Principal results Genome size estimates based on bulk nuclear DNA content for 77 accessions representing 34 species and 9 cultivars were obtained, including initial estimates for 33 Anthurium species, and both the smallest (Anthurium obtusum; Tetraspermium) and largest (Anthurium roseospadix; Calomystrium) Anthurium genome sizes reported to date. Genome size did not distinguish any subgeneric section, but ranged 5-fold (4.42 – 20.83 pg/2 C) despite consistent 2N ¼ 30 chromosome counts. Intraspecies genome size variation .20 % is reported for Anthurium ravenii, A. watermaliense and A. gracile. Conclusions Genome size estimates for Anthurium species spanning 13 recognized subgeneric sections indicate that genome size does not generally correlate with chromosome count or phylogenetic relationships. Mechanisms of genome expansion and contraction, including amplification and reduction of repetitive elements, polyploidy, chromosome reorganization/loss, may be involved in genome evolution in Anthurium as in other species. The new information on Anthurium genome sizes provides a platform for molecular studies supporting further research on genome evolution as well as cultivar development.
Greater glycogen utilization during β1- than β2-adrenergic receptor stimulation in the isolated perfused rat heart

Differences in energy metabolism during β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) stimulation have been shown to translate to differences in the elicited functional responses. It has been suggested that ...
Interleukin-2-induced hepatic injury involves temporal patterns of cell adhesion in the microcirculation

The treatment of metastatic cancer with interleukin-2 (IL-2) is limited by systemic toxicities, including hepatic dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine the cellular mechanisms of IL-2-induced hepatic injury. Intravital microscopy was used for the direct observation of the murine hepatic microcirculation after 2 h, 2 days, and 4 days of IL-2 treatment. At each interval, leukocyte- and platelet-endothelial adherence were observed and quantitated. Simultaneously, sinusoidal perfusion, serum levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and edema were measured as indexes of hepatic toxicity. IL-2 increased neutrophil adhesion acutely in association with decreased sinusoidal perfusion. Leukocyte adhesion subsided at 2 days, but platelet-endothelial interactions were enhanced and 40% of mice receiving IL-2 had microvascular thrombi. These effects occurred in conjunction with decreased sinusoidal perfusion and the development of hepatic edema. After 4 days of IL-2, maximal hepatic edema, hypoperfusion, and increased serum levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase were associated with increased lymphocyte adhesion and microvascular thrombosis. These data suggest coordinated, temporal roles of leukocytes and platelets in the generation of IL-2-induced hepatic injury.
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Sphere to Rod Transition in Surfactant Micelles

Surfactant molecules self-assemble in aqueous solutions to form various micellar structures such as spheres, rods, or lamellae. Although phase transitions in surfactant solutions have been studied experimentally, their molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. In this work, we show that molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the coarse-grained (CG) MARTINI force field and explicit CG solvent, validated against atomistic MD studies, can accurately represent micellar assemblies of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The effect of salt on micellar structures is studied for aromatic anionic salts, e.g., sodium salicylate, and simple inorganic salts, e.g., sodium chloride. Above a threshold concentration, sodium salicylate induces a sphere to rod transition in the micelle. CG MD simulations are shown to capture the dynamics of this shape transition and support a mechanism based on the reduction in the micelle–water interfacial tension induced by the adsorption of the amphiphilic salicylate ion...
Boron-Containing Fibers for Neutron-Absorbing Fabrics

[Abstract] The feasibility of incorporating neutron absorbing elements into polymer fibers for fabric construction was studied. It was found that enriched 10 B4C can be successfully compounded, extruded and drawn into filled polypropylene fibers. Fibers composed of 20%wt. of boron carbide with the antioxidant additive BHT were woven into a fabric for neutron exposure testing. Tensile data shows that the use of BHT in the processing of polypropylene fibers decreases the degradation and increases the tensile strength. The presence of boron carbide in the polymer slightly decreases both the tensile strength and modulus while increasing the elongation. The dispersion and adhesion of the boron carbide filler particles in the polymer was verified by SEM and optical microscopy. The presence of enriched boron carbide at 20%wt. in 0.8mm (two layers) of fabric decreased the fluence of neutrons by 42%. The neutron shielding ability of a filled fiber woven into a fabric has been verified. A high shielding efficacy can be achieved in thin materials with the use of isotopically enriched elements.
Incrementally Building Community and User Engagement in the UC San Diego Library

Author(s): Goodson, Kymberly | Abstract: The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Library’s inaugural Learning Spaces (LSP) Program was formally established on July 1, 2013 through a library-wide reorganization process spanning 2012-2014. As a new program whose offerings remain in development, 2013-2014 presented the opportunity organizationally to initiate new library services and amenities and to adopt a new path based on the program’s initial strategic objectives.n This chapter details several of the ways in which the program began during its first year to accomplish its goals of engaging library users, building a sense of community and patron ownership within the library’s learning spaces, establishing a culture of assessment among program staff, and developing library spaces where students feel welcomed and supported in their academic life.n Activities detailed in the chapter are provided as examples for other libraries working toward similar outcomes.n Additionally, a limited literature review of library engagement and community building in libraries is presented, along with research support for many of the Learning Spaces Program’s new initiatives.
Molecular Analysis of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecule Recognition by the T Cell Receptor Alpha-Beta (α-β) Heterodimer

We have examined the molecular basis of MHC-restricted antigen recognition and alloreactivity by the T cell receptor (TCR) α-β heterodimer in murine T cell clones specific for the peptide antigen pigeon cytochrome c. The T cell proliferative response to this antigen has been extensively characterized with regard to the fine specificity of both antigen and MHC molecule recognition. All T cell clones derived from B10.A strain mice share specificity for an antigenic determinant on the COOH-terminal peptide in association’ with the self E α k :E β k Ia molecule. However, distinct clonotypes can be identified based upon differences in the fine specificity of both antigen and MHC recognition, or concomitant alloreactivity. Structure-function analysis of TCR gene expression was performed by cDNA cloning and sequencing of productively rearranged α and β TCR genes from T cell clones representative of each clonotype, and by Southern blot analysis of a series of T cell clones of defined specificity using V segment probes derived from the cDNA clones.
An Empirical Study on the Impacts of Ownership Structure and the Equity Agency Cost——Based on the Data of Listed Companies in 2011 from the GEM Board

Equity structure is the basis of corporate governance,the core problem of corporate governance is how to reduce agency cost,but due to special historical reasons,the existing disadvantages of equity division system in China has seriously affect on the corporate governance.According to agency theory,agency cost of equity can be divided into the first kind agent cost caused by conflicts of interest between shareholders and management and the second agent cost caused by conflicts of interest between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders.So this article is based on the perspective of after equity division reform,and takes data of listed companies in 2011 from the GEM board as samples.By adopting the combination of theory and empirical analysis method to analyze the relationship between equity structure and equity agency costs,the results shows that equity concentration can reduce the first agent cost and the second agency cost.To a certain degree,equity balance can reduce the second agency cost,but will improve the first agent cost.Debt would also help reduce the first agent cost.But holdings of managers and institutional investors does not have the effect of reducing agency cost.
The Behavior of the Currency Deposit Ratio in India, 1870-1982

The importance of the behavior of the currency deposit ratio stems from two complementary views of the central role of this ratio in the determination of overall economic activity. The first, ascribed to Fisher, views the behavior of the currency deposit ratio as fundamental in explaining business cycles.' A second approach, which can be construed as fleshing out the Fisherian hypothesis, imparts to the currency deposit ratio a key role in the determination of the magnitude of the money multiplier and its subsequent impact on the conduct and efficacy of monetary policy.2 The main proponents of this view are Tobin, Cagan, and Brunner and Meltzer.3 An additional source of importance for the currency deposit ratio is its frequent use in empirical studies as a proxy for the degree of financial development.4 Despite the importance of the currency deposit ratio, the few studies "that do exist are basically of a verbal and ex post speculative nature."5 This criticism is especially valid in the context of developing countries. Accordingly, this article is an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of this ratio. Specifically, the determinants of the currency deposit ratio in a developing country, India, for the period 1870 to 1982 will be estimated. The basic methodology employed permits the identification of both the secular determinants of the ratio together with the shorter-term fluctuations in this ratio, which are caused by exogenous shocks that are mainly economic, political, and institutional in nature.6 Over the period of analysis, India has been subjected to a variety of different types of shocks, whose duration and severity have been dissimilar. In order to infer accurately the reaction of the public to these events, three separate models are utilized. The first model relates the currency
Online Methods for Evaluating the Safety of Reclaimed Water

The Santa Ana River (SAR) is the primary source of groundwater recharge for the Orange County Groundwater Basin. Approximately 85% of the baseflow in the SAR comes from wastewater treatment facilities operated by three dischargers. Treated effluent or surface water impacted by wastewater discharge contains a range of chemicals. Suitable toxicological information exists for only a small percentage of these chemicals, and toxicological data for individual compounds are not adequate for predicting risk posed by a mixture of compounds (most of which are unknown). The National Research Council recommended that biomonitoring systems be specifically developed for application to water problems employing on-line, flow-through bioassays as a means of more easily judging public health impacts. To implement such a system, fish were employed in an investigative mode to evaluate the water quality of shallow ground water originating from the SAR and allow a better evaluation of risk due to the consumption of recycled water. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397632 (Print) ISBN: 9781780403878 (eBook)
The effect of neutropenia on myeloid growth and the stem cell in an in vivo culture system.

An in vivo diffusion chamber (DC) culture technique was used to evaluate the role of circulating humoral factors in the control of myelopoiesis. Normal mouse bone marrow cell suspensions sealed in DC’s were implanted intraperitoneally into mice or rats rendered neutropenic by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, and the growth of cells in the DC’s was evaluated at intervals thereafter. When marrow was cultured in hosts with graded neutropenia, a dose-related augmentation of myelopoiesis was demonstrated. The growth of macrophages and of pluripotent stem cells, measured by the spleen colony-forming technique, was also enhanced by culture in neutropenic hosts. These data provide further evidence that the rate of myelopoiesis is influenced by a circulating humoral factor. They further suggest that a humoral or hormonal factor is important in control of the pluripotent stem cell population.
Data-driven surface traversability analysis for Mars 2020 landing site selection

The objective of this paper is three-fold: 1) to describe the engineering challenges in the surface mobility of the Mars 2020 Rover mission that are considered in the landing site selection processs, 2) to introduce new automated traversability analysis capabilities, and 3) to present the preliminary analysis results for top candidate landing sites. The analysis capabilities presented in this paper include automated terrain classification, automated rock detection, digital elevation model (DEM) generation, and multi-ROI (region of interest) route planning. These analysis capabilities enable to fully utilize the vast volume of high-resolution orbiter imagery, quantitatively evaluate surface mobility requirements for each candidate site, and reject subjectivity in the comparison between sites in terms of engineering considerations. The analysis results supported the discussion in the Second Landing Site Workshop held in August 2015, which resulted in selecting eight candidate sites that will be considered in the third workshop.
High performance Si and SiGe-base p-n-p transistors

Heterojunction p-n-p transistors with SiGe bases have been fabricated. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was used to deposit both Si and SiGe bases, and the emitter was formed by low-temperature epitaxy. The base thickness of the SiGe-base transistor, as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, is less than 70 nm. The current gain of the SiGe-base device is 20 at room temperature and increases with decreasing temperature. Preliminary high-frequency measurements of small-geometry transistors have established a cutoff frequency of 10 GHz for the Si-base and above 12 GHz for the SiGe-base transistors. These are believed to be the fastest bipolar p-n-p transistors fabricated in silicon technology. >
“To Operate” Versus “Not to Operate” in Low-Resource Settings: Example of Aneurysm Surgery in Rural Iran and Impact of Mastery of Neurosurgical Anatomy

Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has a global incidence of 9/100,000. In low-resource settings, where neurosurgical capacity is diminished through fewer human and technological resources, neurosurgeons may not be prepared to operate on aneurysm cases in emergent situations. We report a patient presented with aneurysmal SAH in rural Iran, creating the dilemma of the will for the neurosurgeon. We discuss the impact of the knowledge of neurosurgical anatomy on the resolution of this dilemma. Case Description A 30-year-old female presented with aneurysmal SAH to a remote medical facility in rural Iran. A safe and fast referral to a nearby vascular neurosurgery center was not available. A contrasted computed tomography (the only available imaging modality) revealed a carotid bifurcation aneurysm. The situation was explained to the patient and family, and they decided to proceed with surgery. With the minimum technical radiological and surgical equipment available, the surgeon managed to successfully treat the patient, aided by his mastery of the neurosurgical anatomy. The patient was discharged without any complication. Conclusions We highlight the importance of mastery of neurosurgical anatomy, which was critical in achieving a favorable patient outcome. The necessity of developing low-cost platforms to enhance neurosurgical anatomy learning in neurosurgical residency programs of low-resource regions and countries is discussed.
Assigned Seating with First Row Preference: An Inclusive Teaching Strategy that Builds Classroom Community

College students use a variety of sorting mechanisms to determine where to sit on the first day of class. These criteria are typically based on where their friends are sitting, the quality of their...
Healthcare utilization and costs in ARDS survivors: a 1-year longitudinal national US multicenter study

To evaluate (1) post-discharge healthcare utilization and estimated costs in ARDS survivors, and (2) the association between patient and intensive care-related variables, and 6-month patient status, with subsequent hospitalization and costs. Longitudinal cohort study enrolling from four ARDSNet trials in 44 US hospitals. Healthcare utilization was collected via structured interviews at 6 and 12 months post-ARDS, and hospital costs estimated via the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Adjusted odds ratios for hospitalization and adjusted relative medians for hospital costs were calculated using marginal two-part regression models. Of 859 consenting survivors, 839 (98%) reported healthcare utilization, with 52% female and a mean age of 49 years old. Over 12 months, 339 (40%) patients reported at least one post-discharge hospitalization, with median estimated hospital costs of US$18,756 (interquartile range $7852–46,174; 90th percentile $101,500). Of 16 patient baseline and ICU variables evaluated, only cardiovascular comorbidity and length of stay were associated with hospitalization, and sepsis was associated with hospital costs. At 6-month assessment, better patient-reported physical activity and quality of life status were associated with fewer hospitalizations and lower hospital costs during subsequent follow-up, and worse psychiatric symptoms were associated with increased hospitalizations. This multicenter longitudinal study found that 40% of ARDS survivors reported at least one post-discharge hospitalization during 12-month follow-up. Few patient- or ICU-related variables were associated with hospitalization; however, physical, psychiatric, and quality of life measures at 6-month follow-up were associated with subsequent hospitalization. Interventions to reduce post-ARDS morbidity may be important to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare utilization.
Is less more? Comparing chemotherapy alone to chemotherapy and radiation for high risk, grade II glioma—An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base.

2031Background: Grade II glioma patients with subtotal resection (STR) or age ≥ 40 are considered high risk. RTOG 9802 demonstrated that for these high-risk patients, chemotherapy and radiation the...
The Global Convergence of Global Settlements

This article was written for a symposium celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the modern class action. It argues that a global trend in mass litigation is emerging. Spurred by “victim-centered” justice movements in criminal and administrative law, the United States increasingly relies on public actors — state attorneys general, federal prosecutors, agencies, and legislative compensation funds — to compensate large groups of people in ways that mirror class actions. And increasingly, the same is true outside the United States. Even as the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany and Argentina adopt more expansive class action and collective redress procedures, they also have expanded the authority of prosecutors, agencies, consumer associations and other non-governmental organizations to bring "representative actions" and other mass proceedings. This new “convergence” of public approaches to mass litigation presents new challenges for judges. Government settlements share many of the same problems as large private cases — struggling to coordinate actions across different jurisdictions, ensure adequate participation, overcome conflicts of interest with different stakeholders, and distribute funds fairly. And despite the variety of judicial approaches and systems around the world, judges are often charged with reviewing the fairness of settlements brokered by different state and individual actors, each with different state, institutional or personal interests in a final resolution. After highlighting judicial responses to the problems presented in large public and private disputes, this article recommends that countries that rely on government actors to commence class action-like litigation adopt reforms to assist judges charged with reviewing those settlements. Such reforms may include: (1) joint hearings across jurisdictions, (2) coordinated notice procedures between government and private actors, and (3) limited judicial review to force government and private actors to justify difficult trade-offs in a mass settlement.
An Autonomous Intelligent Music Teacher

The attempted combination of music and artificial intelligence (AI) has been viewed as the jamming together of two puzzle pieces that are not meant to fit together. It is the opinion of some musicians that music is a purely human feat, a proficiency that computers will never be able to achieve. Several members of the AI community, however, have fought this mindset with their belief that music is, in more ways than one, founded on mathematics. What computers lack in emotions, they make up for with computational capabilities.
Stacked LSTM Deep Learning Model for Traffic Prediction in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication becomes an emerging topic because of its capability to provide efficient solution which guarantees more pleasant driving environment and eliminates the possibility of traffic accidents. However, the limitation of resource in V2V communication determines that a dynamic resource allocation strategy must be implemented to provide a balanced communication resource usage. Instead of focusing on the small topology of vehicular wireless communication, we look at a bigger picture of the scenery to deal with the challenge of limitation of resource in V2V communication. In this paper, we propose a long short-term memory (LSTM) based regression model to predict 24-hour traffic counts data. The main steps of our work are as follow: First, we collect 24-hour traffic counts data online and label those data. Second, we construct a stacked LSTM model to implement regression. Third, compared with the performance of logistic regression, the efficiency of our regression model is found out. Finally, we analyze the potential resource allocation patterns according to the regression results.
A Selective Response to Saucy

The author responds to Saucy's (1987) reaction to his article, “Positive Links Among Obedience Pressure, Religiosity, and Measures of Cognitive Accomplishment.” While finding Saucy's reactions primarily interesting and helpful, the author does find one point at which he must challenge Saucy, that is, the extent to which religion fosters the appropriateness of obeying without understanding.
An aerial change detection system using multiple detector fusion and adaboost classification

Change detection in aerial imagery is challenging due to the effects of platform movements, atmospheric degradation and unpredictable photometric or thermal variations of the scene. We introduce an aerial change detection system built around multiple change detectors, each exploiting a different feature set, and fusion of their output in order to overcome the challenges. A supervised classifier screens the fused results for false detections. In particular, we have investigated three change detectors: Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Clustering-Based Anomaly Detection (CBCD), and Local Binary Similarity Pattern (LBSP). A set of change regions (blobs) are retained following fusion. Next, a set of features are extracted from each blob and fed into an AdaBoost classifier for true change acceptance test. Ours is a multithreaded system performing change detection in real time. Test results on a variety of EO and IR imagery demonstrate the efficacy our system in real-world applications.
Response of catecholaminergic neurons in the mouse hindbrain to glucoprivic stimuli is astrocyte dependent

Hindbrain catecholaminergic (CA) neurons are required for critical autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral counterregulatory responses (CRRs) to hypoglycemia. Recent studies suggest that CRR initiatio...
Separation of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by different types of surfactants using electrospun fiber membranes

Abstract The compositions of oil-in-water emulsions encountered in industrial processes or in the environment vary widely in the nature of surfactants that stabilize them. This variety creates challenges for applications of membrane separation. Electrospun fiber membranes have shown high permeability and improved robustness against fouling in emulsion separation, but the interaction between emulsions and the membrane, and the fouling mechanism, remains unclear. In this paper, electrospun polyamide membranes were challenged by model emulsions of dodecane stabilized by anionic, cationic, non-ionic and zwitterionic surfactants in both dead-end and cross-flow filtration configurations under constant pressure of 2 psi. The membrane was shown to have high oil rejection (92.7 ± 1.5%), sufficient to meet EPA's regulatory limit, when separating emulsions stabilized by anionic surfactant in cross-flow filtration, while maintaining a steady flux of 44.3 ± 2.6 LMH. Analysis of permeate flux and oil rejection revealed that the types of surfactants influenced the membrane fouling in both dead-end and cross-flow systems, but in different ways. Fouling in dead-end filtration was found to be a function of the electrostatic interactions between the oil droplets and the membrane, while fouling in cross-flow filtration was mainly determined by the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions due to the adsorption of surfactants at the interfaces. Blocking filtration models are used to corroborate these findings and illustrate the transition between modes of fouling in dead-end filtration. A de-fouling process was found when separating emulsions stabilized by cationic surfactant in dead-end filtration, which was attributed to coalescence of oil droplets at the membrane surface, based on a kinetic model and direct observation. These results indicate that not only membrane-foulant but foulant-foulant interactions can influence the membrane fouling.
The top management team literature: a bibliometric approach

Since the 1984 Academy of Management Review article 'Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers', there has been considerable interest in the role of top managers in organisational outcomes. In fact, most the TMT research since the 1980s has been empirically focused with many efforts highlighting demography, power, and board of directors' relationships. While we certainly applaud the empirical efforts, little has been done to advance the theoretical underpinnings of the TMT. And though there have been a number of comprehensive literature reviews, a quantitative bibliometric analysis has not yet been performed. The goal of this paper is to provide such an examination, and to highlight possible future avenues for TMT research.