cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration and validation of a physically distributed hydrological model, MIKE SHE, to predict streamflow at high frequency in a flashy mountainous Hawaii stream

Summary Hawaii streams are short and steep, often producing dangerous flash floods as a result of rainfall events that can be short but intense. The streamflow can change by a factor of 60 in only 15 min. Using streamflow data collected at 15-min intervals, the physically distributed modeling system, MIKE SHE, is applied to the Manoa–Palolo stream system on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, to study the watershed response to storm events. Because of the unavailability of detailed spatially distributed data, a single-valued hydraulic conductivity for the saturated zone is used as the representative of the entire watershed. It is shown that a well-calibrated MIKE SHE with the single-valued hydraulic conductivity is able to produce consistent results with correlation coefficients greater than 0.7. The rainfall distribution along the watershed is the driving factor for the estimation of streamflow. The reciprocal of Manning’s roughness coefficient (M) for the watershed and the hydraulic conductivities (vertical and horizontal) of the saturated zone had the most pronounced effects in determining the shape of flood peaks. The peak streamflow is reduced by nearly 1 m3/s for an M value that was changed from 60 to 10. For the upper part of the watershed, which is located in the rainiest and steepest mountainous area, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity value of the saturated zone is insensitive, while the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity values of the saturated zone are sensitive to predict streamflow for the entire watershed. Drainage depth, an average position of phreatic surface above which the water table in one grid starts to drain to the nearest grid or stream, is less sensitive, while drainage time constant, the time required to discharge the drainage water to the nearest grid or stream, is more sensitive for the estimation of base flow. Because calibration for a large basin at small time steps (e.g., every 15 min) takes a long time to complete a year of simulation, splitting the entire watershed into subwatersheds during calibration was useful in examining the effects of key parameters on streamflow estimation before calibrating the parameters for the entire watershed.
Protective immunity with an E1 multivalent epitope DNA vaccine against cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) infection in an HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model

Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)/rabbit model is widely used to study pathogenesis of papillomavirus infections and malignant tumor progression. Recently, we established HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit lines and demonstrated efficacy for the testing of immunogenicity of a well-known A2-resticted epitope (HPV16E7/82-90) [Hu J, Peng X, Schell TD, Budgeon LR, Cladel NM, Christensen ND. An HLA-A2.1-transgenic rabbit model to study immunity to papillomavirus infection. J Immunol 2006;177(11):8037-45]. In the present study, we screened five HLA-A2.1 restricted epitopes from CRPVE1 (selected using online MHCI epitope prediction software) and constructed a multivalent epitope DNA vaccine (CRPVE1ep1-5). CRPVE1ep1-5 and a control DNA vaccine (Ub3) were then delivered intracutaneously onto normal and HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits, respectively, by a helium-driven gene-gun delivery system. One, two or three immunizations were given to different groups of animals from both New Zealand White outbred and EIII/JC inbred genetic background. Two and three immunizations with CRPVE1ep1-5 DNA vaccine provided complete protection against viral DNA infection of HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits from both genetic backgrounds but not in the control-vaccinated groups. One immunization, however, failed to protect HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits against viral DNA infection. This study further demonstrated that the HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits can be used to test the immunogenicity of HLA-A2.1 restricted epitopes identified by MHCI epitope predication software.
Course selection and performance of very high ability students: Is there a gender gap?

Recent attention has focused on the decreasing levels of scholastic achievement of American youth, particularly in areas of mathematics and science, and concern raised about the readiness of these ...
Undergraduate research as a capstone requirement

If a mathematics department has a capstone course, how does undergraduate research figure into that capstone requirement? What challenges are involved when instituting undergraduate research as part of the capstone experience? These were the central questions for discussion in the undergraduate research as a capstone requirement breakout session at the 2012 Trends in Undergraduate Research in the Mathematical Sciences conference. In short, there is not one design that will satisfy the needs and goals of every mathematics program, but a department seeking to implement undergraduate research as a capstone requirement may benefit from the experiences of other departments. This article discusses the common objectives of a capstone in mathematical sciences and presents several successful models that incorporate undergraduate research in a capstone experience. The challenges and questions associated with each model are also discussed.
Pandora's box: Women guards in men's prisons

Abstract The assignment of women guards to security positions in men's prisons in the United States is increasingly a correctional reality. This article considers the problems these women face in entering a previously all-male, “front-line” occupation. The discussion focuses on (1) how well female officers meet the security demands of security work, (2) the nature of, and basis for, difficulties in relating to male co-workers, and (3) occupational socialization and advancement. Drawing on available empirical and anecdotal data on women officers in male prisons and on the more general prison guard literature, the intent is to present what is known about these women officers. A research agenda is offered to guide inquiry into the problems of the sexual integration of correctional institutions.
Exploration of self-produced vacuum ultraviolet radiation from dielectric surface flashover at atmospheric pressure

This paper describes recent experiments to study selfproduced vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission from pulsed atmospheric plasma structures. While it has been classically believed that photo-ionization plays a significant role on plasma generation during fast timescales (i.e. streamers), the exact role of VUV radiation (energy greater than 7 eV) has only recently been explored and is currently an area of interest for the development of high power devices in the aerospace community. Since VUV emission is heavily absorbed by molecular oxygen and most optical materials, the direct observation of VUV radiation produced by atmospheric pressure plasmas is challenging. Experiments at Texas Tech University were performed with multiple vacuum monochromators, custom designed VUV transparent optical instruments, VUV sensitive intensified CCD and photomultiplier time-resolved diagnostics, and nanosecondtimescale electrical probes of the plasma. Previous studies were limited due to the non-linearity of the focusing optics used for VUV transmission, and thus the current experiment was designed to minimize chromatic abberation of recorded emission in the VUV regime of interest (115 – 135 nm). Quantitative observation of VUV emission from surface flashover in air revealed that the majority of emission is due to radiation from atomic oxygen and nitrogen in the wavelength range 130 – 135 nm, which has been confirmed by spectral calculation for an estimated Boltzmann temperature of 10 eV. High resolution spectral measurements in the range 115 – 130 nm also led to observation of various impurities along the surface, which were only observable due to the upgraded focusing system. Finally, time resolved measurements showed that the earliest VUV emission occurs during the streamer phase, where the recorded signal-to-noise ratio of the observed emission has been significantly increased due to more efficient optical diagnostics.
Fluctuations in a late devonian-early Mississippian phytoplankton flora of Ohio, U.S.A

Abstract Fossil diversity and abundance fluctuations of Late Devonian (Famennian)—Early Mississippian (Tournaisian) phytoplankton assemblages were determined in a stratigraphic sequence of samples in Barberton test core 3, from northeast Ohio. Both diversity and abundance were relatively high during deposition of the lower Chagrin Shale (Upper Devonian) and both decreased during deposition of the upper Chagrin Shale. The overlying Cleveland Shale (Upper Devonian) is characterized by sharply increased abundance with a corresponding (although less marked) increase in diversity; in contrast, both abundance and diversity were at relatively low levels during deposition of the Lower Mississippian Bedford Shale, the uppermost unit of the sequence. These trends agree with the phytoplankton periodicity model presented by Tappan, which indicates large-scale extinction at the end of the Devonian. Many of the acritarch and prasinophycean algal taxa have restricted stratigraphic occurrences within the section studied, making them useful for local and perhaps worldwide correlation. The stratigraphically restricted taxa provide a basis for the proposal of five biostratigraphic zones within the Upper Famennian (Upper Devonian) and a portion of the Lower Mississippian. In ascending order occur: the Gorgonisphaeridium ohioense Assemblage Zone, the Acriora petala Assemblage Zone, the Muraticavea enteichia Range Zone, the Cymatiosphaera labyrinthica Range Zone, and the Navifusa drosera Assemblage Zone.
Optimal Levels of Fertilization Under Risk: The Potential for Corn and Wheat Fertilization Under Alternative Price Policies in Argentina

Because economic return from fertilization is stochastic, a precise assessment of the risk in fertilizer investment is critical, especially in less-developed countries. Using corn and wheat fertilizer response data from the Argentine Pampa, production conditions under which use of fertilizer would be economical are determined. Government protection of an obsolete fertilizer industry, high fertilizer prices, and inadequate tax breaks for users retard development of modern fertilizer technology. Despite current prices, fertilization would be possible on a majority of Argentine farms. Lack of use is attributed to the unavailability to farmers of technical and economic information. Social gains from alternative fertilizer price policies are calculate.
Kinetics of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Reactions at the Externally Polarized Water/o-Nitrophenyl Octyl Ether Interface

The heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) reactions between dimethylferrocenium (DiMFc+) or ferrocenium (Fc+) produced in situ in o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and hexacyanoferrite [Fe(CN)64−] in aqueous phase have been investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The potential difference across the water/NPOE (W/NPOE) interface was controlled externally to maintain a certain driving force for the ET reactions. The standard kinetic rate constants (k120) for the above bimolecular ET reactions were measured to be 0.075 and 0.050 cm s−1 M−1 when DiMFc and Fc were employed as the respective organic reactants. The transfer coefficients (α) were calculated to be 1.09 and 1.62, respectively. Those abnormal values of α were analyzed and ascribed to the Frumkin effect (or diffuse layer effect) at both sides of the interfaces. Some of the previous reports are summarized and also analyzed based on the Frumkin effect. The possible effect of ion transfer on the ET process is discussed in detail.
Saturation Effects in the Magnetic Resonance of Paramagnetic Impurities in Metals

The saturation of the magnetic resonance of paramagnetic impurities in metallic hosts is investigated. The ear- lier work of N. Bloembergen is extended to metallic films of finite thickness. The absorption line shape and its derivative with respect to the static applied field are calculated. Comparison is made with the corresponding results for an insulating host, and suggestions are given as to the way in which saturation effects might be identified.
Context Specificity of Excitation and Inhibition in Ambiguous Stimuli

Abstract Two experiments examined the susceptibility of excitation and inhibition to contextual change when the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ambiguous using an appetitive conditioning paradigm. In Experiment 1, excitation to a CS was lost with a context switch when inhibition had been learned to the CS in a prior feature-negative (FN) discrimination. Control groups that had received either more or less excitatory conditioning in the absence of inhibitory pretraining showed no loss. In Experiment 2 inhibition was lost with a context switch in a group that had received excitatory and then inhibitory conditioning with the CS. No loss was observed in a group that had not received excitatory pretraining. The results suggest that contexts are especially likely to control performance to ambiguous CSs when they can modulate the second of two learned associations. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for occasion setting and modern conditioning theory.
Influence of Certain Language and Communication Environments in Early Childhood on the Development of Language in Deaf Individuals

Four groups of deaf subjects between the ages of 10-0 and 18-11 years were tested, employing the Test of Syntactic Ability, and the language subtests of the Stanford Achievement Test, in a study of...
β-Blockers and Hypertension

While there is general agreement on the natural history, pathology, and pathophysiology of hypertension, there continues to be controversy over the selection of specific antihypertensive agents. All antihypertensive agents will, by definition, lower blood pressure, and factors beyond side effects and other difficulties associated with therapy form the basis of selecting specific agents. One of these factors is the effect of a given drug on core organ function. Propranolol was the first beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent introduced for the treatment of hypertension. Initiation of therapy with propranolol may result in a decline in blood pressure more at the expense of cardiac function due to a concomitant rise in total peripheral resistance. Furthermore, propranolol may result in a decline in both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF). In contrast, cardioselective beta-blockers or those with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity may not adversely affect renal function. It had been predicted that nadolol, a noncardioselective beta-blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, should result in decreased renal function. In contrast, observations demonstrated a preservation or improvement in both RBF and GFR, suggesting the presence of an alternative effective mechanism. Recent additions to the beta-adrenolytic group of antihypertensive agents include drugs with concurrent beta-blockade and vasodilation. This vasodilatation may be achieved through agonist properties resulting in lesser increases in vasomotor tone and smaller, if any, decreases in cardiac output. Alternatively, vasodilation may be achieved by concomitant alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, such as with labetalol. This agent preserves GFR and RBF during therapy of hypertension, in patients with normal as well as diminished renal function and hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wetland plant seedlings as indicators of near-coastal sediment quality: interspecific variation

The toxicities of whole sediments collected from an urbanized Florida bayou-estuary were determined for the epibenthic mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, and the infaunal amphipod, Ampelisca abdita. In addition, the phytotoxicities of the same sediments were evaluated using rooted macrophytes, Scirpus robustus Pursh and Spartina alterniflora Loisel. The results of the 24 bioassays conducted for 7-28 days, were compared for interspecific differences. Toxicity to the benthic invertebrate species was predicted to be likely in all cases, based on comparison to effects-based sediment quality assessment guidelines. However, acute toxicity was uncommon and occurred at only one of the six sampling stations. In contrast, several sediments were either significantly phytostimulatory or phytoinhibitory (P < 0.05) relative to a reference estuarine sediment. The results show the importance of considering interspecific variation and phytoassessment in contaminated sediment evaluations. Phytoassessment, the focus of this research, provided useful information that would have been missing if only the animal test species were used. For this reason, the phytotoxicity data base needs to be increased to better evaluate the relevance of most current contaminated sediment evaluations for coastal areas and also to determine the realism of proposed numerical sediment quality assessment guidelines and criteria.
Institutional Investors and Executive Compensation Redux: A Comment on "Do Concentrated Institutional Investors Really Reduce Executive Compensation Whilst Raising Incentives"

Institutional Investors and Executive Compensation Redux: A Comment on "Do Concentrated Institutional Investors Really Reduce Executive Compensation Whilst Raising Incentives"
The role of lipid peroxidation during chronic and acute exposure to ethanol as determined by pentane expiration in the rat

Weanling rats were fed one of 3 diets containing 0, 11 or 200 international units (IU) dl-α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet for 4 weeks. Following this period, the drinking water was replaced with an 18% solution of ethanol (v/v). An isocaloric D-glucose solution was substituted for the drinking water of a control group of rats fed the vitamin-E-deficient diet for 4 weeks. The 4 treatment groups were maintained on the diet and drinking regimen for 20 weeks. Basal levels of expired pentane were determined at weeks 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Chronic ethanol consumption did not influence basal pentane production during the 9-week treatment. Basal levels of expired pentane were affected by dietary vitamin E. Rats supplemented with vitamin E had basal pentane levels less than one-half of the level of rats fed a vitamin-E-deficient diet (p<0.001). After 14 weeks of treatment, the 2 groups of rats fed a vitamin-E-deficient diet were administered p.o. an acute dose of 6 g of ethanol/kg body wt. Pentane expired above basal levels during the following 4-hr period correlated with the amount of hepatic triglycerides determined at the conclusion of the experiment. The etiology of ethanol toxicity is a complex and multifactorial system made up to many biological variables that influence lipid peroxidation. The appropriate choices of experimental designs and methods are important in examining the role of lipid peroxidation.
Chronic Atmospheric NO 3 ) Deposition Does Not Induce NO 3 ) Use by Acer saccharum Marsh.

The ability of an ecosystem to retain anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is dependent upon plant and soil sinks for N, the strengths of which may be altered by chronic atmospheric N deposition. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), the dominant overstory tree in northern hardwood forests of the Lake States region, has a limited capacity to take up and assimilate NO 3 − . However, it is uncertain whether long-term exposure to NO 3 − deposition might induce NO 3 − uptake by this ecologically important overstory tree. Here, we investigate whether 10 years of experimental NO 3 − deposition (30 kg N ha−1 y−1) could induce NO 3 − uptake and assimilation in overstory sugar maple (approximately 90 years old), which would enable this species to function as a direct sink for atmospheric NO 3 − deposition. Kinetic parameters for NH 4 + and NO 3 − uptake in fine roots, as well as leaf and root NO 3 − reductase activity, were measured under conditions of ambient and experimental NO 3 − deposition in four sugar maple-dominated stands spanning the geographic distribution of northern hardwood forests in the Upper Lake States. Chronic NO 3 − deposition did not alter the V max or K m for NO 3 − and NH 4 + uptake nor did it influence NO 3 − reductase activity in leaves and fine roots. Moreover, the mean V max for NH 4 + uptake (5.15 μmol 15N g−1 h−1) was eight times greater than the V max for NO 3 − uptake (0.63 μmol 15N g−1 h−1), indicating a much greater physiological capacity for NH 4 + uptake in this species. Additionally, NO 3 − reductase activity was lower than most values for woody plants previously reported in the literature, further indicating a low physiological potential for NO 3 − assimilation in sugar maple. Our results demonstrate that chronic NO 3 − deposition has not induced the physiological capacity for NO 3 − uptake and assimilation by sugar maple, making this dominant species an unlikely direct sink for anthropogenic NO 3 − deposition.
Self-Consciousness in Acute and Chronic Schizophrenics

When the Self-consciousness Scale was individually administered to 30 acute and 30 chronic schizophrenics no differences between groups were observed although these scores exceeded those reported for college students.
Periodontal tissue engineering by growth factors

Polypeptide growth factors (GFs) have been shown to modulate the wound healing response in both hard and soft tissues. During the past decade, many investigators have demonstrated the anabolic effects of these wound healing molecules on the promotion of periodontal attachment structures, namely alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and tooth root cementum. The molecular cloning and large scale purification of GFs has allowed expanded in vivo studies on periodontal tissue regeneration. This review will outline specific effects of these factors at both the in vitro and in vivo level on the promotion of periodontal and peri-implant bone wound healing. This paper will conclude with a future perspective of ongoing studies in the human clinical trial arena using growth and osteoinductive factors to promote periodontal tissue regeneration and alveolar bone repair in the oral cavity.
PERITROPHIC ENVELOPE IS CANNON FODDER

![Figure][1] Topologically speaking, insects are ring donuts. The gut is therefore an important point of contact between insects and the plants they eat, and is where much of the cloak-and-dagger intrigue between plants and insects is played out. One devious plant strategy is to foment the
The Pediatric Population of Two Free-standing Emergency Clinics

We studied the pediatric patient population of two free-standing emergency clinics (FECs) through an audit of medical records for 20 days randomly selected throughout 1983. We recorded the age, sex, number of visits, patient diagnoses, laboratory work, and charges. This information was compared with earlier national studies of physician practice. Of the 1062 visits audited, 27.6 percent were by patients 21 years of age or younger. This number is comparable to the percentage of office visits made to a national sample of general and family practitioners but well below the same figure for pediatricians. The pattern of FEC visits by this age group emerged as quite different from the pattern of visits to a national sample of office-based physicians by the same age group. The most frequent diagnoses for pediatric patients visiting FECs were upper respiratory infection (31.9%) and trauma related problems (28.5%). The number of laboratory diagnostic procedures ordered in FECs was lower than similar statistics for...
“To Create a Race of Thoroughbreds”: Margaret Sanger and The Birth Control Review

(1990). “To Create a Race of Thoroughbreds”: Margaret Sanger and The Birth Control Review. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 23-45.
Non-linear non-planar resonant oscillations in fixed-free beams with support asymmetry

Abstract The order-three, integro differential, non-linear equations of motion for an inextensional beam, derived by the authors in a previous publication, are analyzed to investigate non-linear resonant coupling effects between the non-planar free oscillation modes of a fixed-free beam with asymmetric support conditions. The transition curves that separate non-linear resonant and non-resonant types of motions for the beam, and the main characteristics of the non-linear motions, are determined analytically.
A continuous spectrophotometric assay for argininosuccinate synthetase based on pyrophosphate formation.

Abstract A rapid continuous spectrophotometric method for the assay of argininosuccinate synthetase is presented in this communication. The procedure is based on the formation of pyrophosphate, a product of the argininosuccinate synthetase reaction, which is linked to NADH oxidation by a series of four coupling reactions. This assay was made possible by the isolation of a unique enzyme, pyrophosphate; fructose-6-P phosphotransferase (O'Brien, et al. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8690). The utility of this assay is demonstrated by determining levels of activity of argininosuccinate synthetase in crude extracts of rat liver, 414 ± 74 μmol/hr/g of tissue, and human liver, 135 ± 40 μmol/hr/g of tissue. The potential of this system for use in the assay of other pyrophosphate-generating reactions is discussed.
The long-term outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the Cox maze procedure.

Abstract Background A significant number of patients presenting for coronary revascularization have chronic atrial fibrillation. Although the Cox maze III procedure is the gold standard for the surgical treatment of this arrhythmia, few of these patients undergo atrial fibrillation operations at the time of their coronary bypass grafting. This study examined the long-term outcome of patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent the Cox maze procedure at our institution. Methods From 1990 to 2002, 47 patients undergoing operations for ischemic heart disease underwent a concomitant Cox maze III procedure. All patients underwent coronary bypass grafting, and 7 (15%) patients underwent coronary bypass grafting plus a mitral valve repair. Follow-up was performed by means of mail and telephone questionnaires with both the patients and their cardiologists. All patients who had any history of arrhythmia or who were taking medications had their rhythm documented by electrocardiogram. Results The mean age of these patients was 62 ± 8 years, with a marked male predominance (45 men and 2 women). Twenty-eight (60%) of the patients had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and the remainder had persistent arrhythmias. The mean duration of atrial fibrillation was 7.6 ± 6.5 years. The operative mortality in this series was 2%. Nine (19%) patients required postoperative pacemakers. At last follow-up (mean of 5.7 ± 3.3 years), 98% of patients were free of atrial fibrillation. Conclusion The Cox maze III procedure has a low operative mortality and excellent long-term efficacy in patients with ischemic heart disease. These data suggest a more widespread use of this procedure in these patients.
The curved-crystal spectrometer at the university of Michigan

Abstract A precision curved-crystal spectrometer, following the design of Seppi, Henrickson, Boehm and DuMond, has been built and put into operation. The use of a tantalum collimator and germanium crystals has greatly extended the useful range of this instrument. Results are presented concerning the relative properties of four crystals; quartz (310), quartz (112), germanium (400) and germanium ( 0 2 2 ). Measurements of the energies of the gamma-rays following the decay of Au198 and Au199 are also presented.
Ophthalmologic considerations in maxillofacial trauma

The high incidence of orbital involvement in facial injuries necessitates a thorough ophthalmologic evaluation in virtually all cases. This article will provide the oral and maxillofacial surgeon with a review of the anatomy of the eye and ocular adnexa and present a systematic method of conducting and interpreting an ophthalmologic examination.
Kinesthetic learning system for Arabic indigenous dances

"This project is a trans-­‐disciplinary and cross-­‐organizational analysis between Northwestern University in Qatar and Qatar Museum Authority into the viable and effective use of motion-­‐sensing technologies in museums and cultural spaces for dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). We will explore alternative opportunities for knowledge transfer of ICH content that manifest with playfulness in order to elicit a deeper understanding of such intangible cultural artifacts with specific focus on cultural dance. The project will examine motion-­‐sensing technologies that extend learning experiences beyond those that remain behind the computer or television screen bringing ICH content into an intelligent kinesthetic learning environment. Initial prototypes created, as a product of this work, will capture live performances for training an artificially intelligent dance instructor and playback in the form of an interactive dance based application. It will be evaluated in a supervised museum enviro...
Growth of thin processable films of poly(pyrrole) using phosphomolybdate clusters

Facile control over the chemical polymerization of pyrrole from solutions of pyrrole-phosphomolybdic acid has allowed processibility of conducting poly(pyrrole). This approach has allowed thin conducting films of poly(pyrrole) to be deposited in a single step, and in contrast to electrochemical polymerization methods, is not limited to electrically conducting substrates. For example, 40–100 nm thick poly(pyrrole) films with conducivities in the range of 15 to 30 S cm−1 have been spin coated onto insulating glass substrates. Insight into the mechanism of polymerization has been obtained with cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
The Effect of Attorney Type on Bail Decisions

The U.S. Supreme Court has indicated that defendants are entitled to effective assistance of counsel. Despite this, many research studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that defense counsel, partic...
Pólya's Theorem with zeros

Let R[X] be the real polynomial ring in n variables. Polya's Theorem says that if a homogeneous polynomial p@?R[X] is positive on the standard n-simplex @D"n, then for sufficiently large N all the coefficients of (X"1+...+X"n)^Np are positive. We give a complete characterization of forms, possibly with zeros on @D"n, for which there exists N so that all coefficients of (X"1+...+X"n)^Np have only nonnegative coefficients, along with a bound on the N needed.
Study of GaN films by pulsed laser photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract We have studied surface defect states and conduction electrons in molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown GaN films using the third and fourth harmonics of a Ti:sapphire pulsed laser to excite photoelectrons by one- and two-photon transitions. By introducing a delay between the excitation and probe pulses in two-step excitations it is possible to measure the intermediate state lifetimes. Spectra of occupied surface defect states in the gap of n-type GaN are reported. Under intense photon pumping, conduction electron spectra are observed. The relaxation time of hot carriers in the conduction band is less than 200 fs.
Unstirred-layer model for the long time-constant transient voltage response to current in epithelial tissue.

Abstract In previous work on the in vitro frog gastric mucosa it was found that step currents produced a transmucosal voltage response of about 100 seconds duration. The voltage response can be formally represented by five resistors in series, with four of the resistors shunted by dielectric capacitors. It was shown that the two resistance-capacitor subcircuits with the longest time constants demand capacitors of the order of Farads cm−2 and that this portion of the transient can be explained on the basis of mechanisms involving the polarization of e.m.f.'s. In the present paper a conceptual unstirred-layer model is presented in which the transient voltage response to step currents is comparable to the observed response in the gastric mucosa. In both the model and in the gastric mucosa the voltage response for small currents is linear and bilateral and deviates from linear bilateral behavior at higher current densities. The implication of the unstirred-layer model is discussed in relation to other models previously proposed as explanations for the long-time constant transient.
The digestive enzymes of larvae of the black fly, Prosimulium fuscum (Diptera, Simuliidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The digestive system of larvae of the black fly, Prosimulium fuscum , resembles those of other aquatic dipteran detritivores, such as mosquito and crane fly larvae. 2. 2. Midgut proteolytic activity is very high, due to the presence of high levels of alkaline proteinases. 3. 3. The only polysaccharides toward which significant enzymatic activity is evident in midgut extracts are α-1,4- and β-1,3-glucans. 4. 4. There is negligible activity toward cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, locust bean gum, pectin, chitin, Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells, and phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronate. 5. 5. The larvae are better adapted to exploit the polysaccharides of fungi and algae than those of vascular plants.
Antimicrobial Effects of Weak Acids on the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under Anaerobic Conditions†‡

Outbreaks of disease due to vegetative bacterial pathogens associated with acid foods (such as apple cider) have raised concerns about acidified vegetables and related products that have a similar pH (3.2 to 4.0). Escherichia coli O157:H7 and related strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) have been identified as the most acid resistant vegetative pathogens in these products. Previous research has shown that the lack of dissolved oxygen in many hermetically sealed acid or acidified food products can enhance survival of EHEC compared with their survival under aerobic conditions. We compared the antimicrobial effects of several food acids (acetic, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, and sorbic acids and sulfite) on a cocktail of EHEC strains under conditions representative of non-heat-processed acidified vegetables in hermetically sealed jars, holding the pH (3.2) and ionic strength (0.342) constant under anaerobic conditions. The overall antimicrobial effectiveness of weak acids used in this study was ranked, from most effective to least effective: sulfite > benzoic acid > sorbic acid > fumaric acid > L- and D-lactic acid > acetic acid > malic acid. These rankings were based on the estimated protonated concentrations required to achieve a 5-log reduction in EHEC after 24 h of incubation at 30°C. This study provides information that can be used to formulate safer acid and acidified food products and provides insights about the mode of action of weak acids against EHEC.
Integrated diagnostic/prognostic tools for small cracks in structures

An integrated system for diagnosis of the 'health' of a structural component subjected to high-cycle fatigue (HCF) consists of sets of embedded or emplaced sensors at various locations, extracting information related to the generation of material defects, the presence of crack-like discontinuities and their progression and changes in system dynamics that may relate to this progression. Conceptually, signals from these sensors are fed into a processing environment that can project deleterious conditions related to the onset of loss of function or propagation of cracks to critical dimensions. Since the idea is to monitor the gradual changes of component performance and various local related indices before catastrophic failure to enable the operator to respond with a maintenance hold, it is essential to couple the diagnostics with prognostic capability; this facilitates a prediction of how much time remains within the window of viable servicing or repair. In the HCF regime, the dominant fraction of total fatigue life may be spent at crack lengths of the order of 20-500 μm. The detection of longer cracks near the end of component life is critical since component failure may lead to failure of the overall structure. This necessitates the identification of (a) algorithms for identifying component 'hot spots' where failure is likely to occur, (b) development of appropriate crack growth laws for cracks of different length scales, ranging from the order of grain size to the order of component dimensions, including consideration of contacting components (fretting fatigue) and environmental effects and (c) development of algorithms for identifying the progression of component degradation on the basis of multiple-sensor inputs at different time and length scales, providing feedback to support cause for maintenance shutdown. This paper discusses each of these issues.
Type-A behavior and coronary vasospasm: A possible role of hypomagnesemia

Epidemiological evidence and animal studies have implicated dietary magnesium deficiency in ischemic heart disease. We have found that blood vessels, deficient with respect to extracellular Mg, undergo sustained increases in basal tone, and exhibit increased constriction to circulating vasoactive agents, brought about by an augmented influx of ionized Ca. Other studies in our laboratory have shown that the coronary vasculature is especially sensitive to Mg deficiency. Type A behavior is by definition a personality characterized to be in a state of more or less constant self-induced stress. Plasma free fatty acid levels are known to be increased by all types of stress. This in turn has been recently demonstrated to reduce free ionized levels of Mg in the blood. It is proposed that type A behavior is compatible with an intermittent virtual Mg deficiency which could lead to coronary vasospasm, ischemia and eventually heart tissue necrosis.
The Economic Returns of a Community College Education

The authors review the literature on the economic benefits of a college education in general and a community college education specifically and describe efforts undertaken in several states to exam...
The Role of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Management of Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is a tool employed by the neurosurgeon and neurointensivist in the management of vasospasm in the intensive care unit after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A review of the current indications, monitoring parameters, indices, and relevance of modern TCD technology is provided, as well as algorithms for the use of TCD ultrasonography in the management of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Other current uses of TCD ultrasonography are also discussed in the setting of neurocritical care.
Plasma membrane inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate-Activated channels mediate signal transduction in lobster olfactory receptor neurons

Abstract Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) selectively evokes an inward (excitatory) current in cultured lobster olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and directly activates two types of channels in cell-free patches of plasma membrane from the ORNs. The IP 3 -activated channels have kinetic properties of odor-activated channels in the ORNs and pharmacological properties of intracellular IP 3 -activated channels in other systems. An antibody directed against an intracellular, cerebellar IP 3 receptor recognizes a protein with a molecular weight similar to the mammalian receptor in the ORNs. The antibody selectively increases odor-evoked inward currents and IP 3 -activated unitary currents in the ORNs. The data provide further evidence for IP 3 as an olfactory second messenger and implicate at least one and possibly two novel plasma membrane I P, receptors in olfactory transduction.
A Transmission Electron Probe Nano Analyzer for improved high accuracy elemental analysis

We propose the development of a new instrument, a Transmission Electron Probe Nano Analyzer (TEPNA), that integrates several innovations to optimize compositional characterization with a target spatial resolution of ∼20 nm for samples in the range of tens to hundreds of nanometers in thickness on various substrates. The proposed instrument takes advantage of the lack of significant beam scattering in a thin film to essentially limit the probed volume to the incident beam diameter (Fig 1), while several novel detection schemes in tandem are proposed to enhance the signal from the reduced analytical volume (Fig 2). Wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) provides significant signal to noise and sensitivity advantages relative to energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), since the background signal is only the signal under the peak as opposed to the continuous background for EDS.1 Documented sensitivity enhancements over EDS of 100 are typically obtained, which is why microprobe techniques are used for high sensitivity analysis of bulk samples.2 This instrument combines the simplicity of design and specimen geometry of Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) with the analytical protocols used for the Analytical Electron Microscope (AEM). The new TEPNA instrument integrates several proven and emerging technologies to optimize the compositional characterization of electron transparent structures with thicknesses in the range of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers on substrates. A targeted spatial resolution of ∼20 nm and rapid data collection would provide a convenient intermediate between that currently achieved by two widely available analytical instruments: the EPMA and the AEM with EDS.
Apicoaortic Shunts for Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction

Extracardiac conduits were envisioned in 1910 (Carrel) and used clinically in the mid-l950s, yet little long-term postoperative follow-up data currently exist. In this issue of The Annals (p 609), Sweeney and associates discuss 38 patients with apicoaortic shunts created between 1975 and 19M, and analyze the follow-up results. This study, presented by one of the pioneering groups [l] in the management of LV outflow obstruction, represents the largest series we are aware of, with long-term followup of up to 10 years. Most of these patients (23/38), however, were operated on in the first 3 years of the study (1975 through 1977), when this procedure was at its peak of popularity. Following this early enthusiasm, only 2 or 3 patients underwent this operation each year, a finding that reflects changing surgical indications. Alternative techniques such as the operation of Konno and colleagues [2] and that of Rastan and associates [3] or simpler and perhaps more physiological methods of annular enlargement such as proposed by Nicks and colleagues [4] were also being developed and adopted for the treatment of LV outflow tract obstruction at this time. Presumably, these other methods of treating LV outflow tract obstruction were used by the group in Texas after 1977 when the frequency of use of the apicoaortic conduit declined. The basic physiology of apicoaortic shunts has been established experimentally and relief of transvalvular gradients has been consistently documented in clinical studies. Median sternotomy is the preferred surgical exposure if any question exists as to which procedure will be performed or if CABG to the right coronary artery is planned. If an apicoaortic conduit is unquestionably to be used, with or without left CABG, a left thoracotomy may be the preferred exposure. With selective bronchial ventilation, excellent access to the apex of the heart and the descending aorta is obtained. Venous return may be from either the pulmonary artery or by femoral cannulation. Brief ventricular fibrillation allows insertion of the conduit into the left ventricle without myocardial ischemia. Anastomosis of the graft to the descending thoracic aorta avoids dissection of the infradiaphragmatic aorta, and exposure is simple and excellent. With good relief of the outflow gradient, one expects postoperative survival and myocardial function to be limited primarily by mechanical problems. Indeed, this appears to be confirmed in the series of Sweeney and colleagues. Four operative deaths occurred. The 2 deaths from hemorrhage were presumably related to technical problems. Although not discussed as a cause of operative death, Sweeney and co-workers do not recommend performing this procedure without cardiopulmonary bypass. The other 2 operative deaths were related to cardiac failure and are not discussed in detail.
Cultural Competence in a Group Intervention Designed for Latino Patients Living with HIV/AIDS

Although the trajectory of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has changed dramatically over the past 25 years, addressing the psychosocial needs of patients living with HIV/AIDS remains vital. Ensuring the effective delivery of services demands that interventions be rooted in cultural competence and aimed at vulnerable populations. This article describes a group intervention designed for Latino patients living with HIV/AIDS in NewYork City. The intervention effectively integrates culturally competent practice with traditional social work practice with groups' skills to provide an arena for participants to explore issues commonly faced by patients living with HIV/AIDS in a cultural context. Case examples are used to describe themes that emerged during the intervention, which illustrate cultural influences on issues such as adherence, social isolation, stigma, disclosure, safer sex practices, and patient-provider communication. Cultural factors inherent to Latino culture that are known to influence a patient's health experience and the development of effective interventions are also presented. The identification and explanation of these factors is intended to help social workers and other health care professionals better understand the roots of Latino patients' beliefs and understanding of their HIV/AIDS condition as well as highlight some of the obstacles they cause.
Change in surface chemistry of the cuticle of human hair by chemical and photochemical oxidation

This is a multifaceted study on the characterization and quantification of damage to the hair fiber surface caused by photochemical and cosmetic chemical oxidative processes. Unique techniques were used, including a microfluorometric method that had been adapted to characterize and quantify the delipidation and acidification of the human hair surface during light exposure and cosmetic chemical grooming processes such as bleaching. During photochemical and chemical oxidation, breakdown of the lipid domains (also called the F-layer) of the outer b-layer occurs on the exposed scale faces and cysteic acid groups are generated on the cuticle cell surface. The newly formed acid functionalities can be tagged with the cationic fluorochrome Rhodamine B, allowing not only quantification of the level of progressive acidification but also localization of the newly formed acid functionalities. On the other hand, the negative charges generated on the hair surface by oxidation can also bind low molecular weight quaternary cationic conditioning compounds such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. This process can be considered a relipidation by adsorption. We have shown that the entire process of delipidation/acid formation and subsequent relipidation by adsorption on the scale faces can be quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Since X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis is highly sensitive and able to detect atomic species at the very surface of the hair fibers, receiving signals from an escape depth as shallow as 25 A, it appeared ideal for the characterization of treatment-induced changes in the hair surface. However, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides an average elemental composition of the hair surface including scale faces and scale edges. The microfluorometric technique, on the other hand, can distinguish progressive delipidation of the scale faces from changes occurring at the broken scale edges. This distinction was shown and characterized in detail by slow speed microfluorometric scanning of the hair surface. Chemical and photochemical oxidative processes at the hair surface result in certain collateral effects. Particularly changes in surface wettability and fiber friction are of significance to the cosmetic chemist because they affect the spreading and wicking of products in hair as well as the managability and the body of hair assemblies. Methods of characterizing these effects are discussed briefly.