cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future Grid Business Model Innovation: Distributed Energy Resources Services Platform for Renewable Energy Integration

This paper proposes a Distributed Energy Resources Services Platform as an electric grid Business Model Innovation Framework (BMIF) for coordination of distributed energy resources and renewable energy integration. The platform is based on a decentralized and layered architecture and is centered on the concept of electricity prosumers -- economically motivated agents (residential, commercial, industrial) -- that can produce, store or consume energy. The platform consists of six layers, including: the physical layer, local control layer, cyber layer, system control layer (economic dispatch and real-time control), market transactive layer and business layer. The main objective of the platform is to provide a framework for the coordination of several spatially distributed and heterogeneous subsystems containing energy resources at different time scales and horizons in order to conduct economic emissions dispatch and reserve scheduling to integrate higher amounts of renewable energy, while dynamically maintaining and adapting to user level of service requirements and system level constraints. Using the structure provided by the platform, the benefits of flexible distributed energy resources for different scenarios of renewable energy integration are quantified. The results show that using the platform for coordination of flexible energy, offers the opportunity to integrate higher amounts of renewable energy, reduce carbon emissions and operational costs.
Finite Distribution of Nuclear M1 and E2 Moments in Muonic 115In, 133Cs, and 141Pr

The distribution of nuclear M1 and E2 moments in the nuclei 1151n, 1 33Cs, and 141Pr have been investigated by observing the hfs of their muonic X-rays spectra. As pointed out by Johnson and Sorenson (1), the nuclear magnetism arising from the orbital motions is concentrated closer to the center of the nucleus, while the spin magnetism is more highly localized at the positions of the individual nucleons and tends to be more uniform. Our results are listed in Table I. The reductions of the values of Al(Is1/2) from their point-dipole values for all three nuclei studied are apparent.
Magnetotransport in Dirac metals: chiral magnetic effect and quantum oscillations

Dirac metals are characterized by the linear dispersion of fermionic quasiparticles, with the Dirac point hidden inside a Fermi surface. We study the magnetotransport in these materials using chiral kinetic theory to describe within the same framework both the negative magnetoresistance caused by the chiral magnetic effect and quantum oscillations in the magnetoresistance due to the existence of the Fermi surface. We discuss the relevance of obtained results to recent measurements on ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{3}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$.
C/EBPα and the Vitamin D Receptor Cooperate in the Regulation of Cathelicidin in Lung Epithelial Cells

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been reported to have an important role in the regulation of innate immunity. We earlier reported that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin is induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in normal human bronchial epithelial cells with a resultant increase in antimicrobial activity against airway pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate that C/EBP alpha (C/EBPα) is a potent enhancer of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene transcription in human lung epithelial cells. In addition we found that C/EBPα functionally cooperates with VDR in the regulation of CAMP transcription. A C/EBP binding site was identified at -627/-619 within the CAMP promoter, adjacent to the vitamin D response element (VDRE; -615/-600). Mutation of this site markedly attenuated the transcriptional response to C/EBPα as well as to 1,25(OH)2D3, further indicating cooperation between these two factors in the regulation of CAMP. ChIP analysis using 1,25(OH)2D3 treated human lung epithelial cells showed C/EBPα and VDR binding to the CAMP promoter. C/EBPα has previously been reported to cooperate with Brahma (Brm), an ATPase that is component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. We found that dominant negative Brm significantly inhibited C/EBPα as well as 1,25(OH)2D3 mediated induction of CAMP transcription, suggesting the functional involvement of Brm. These findings define novel mechanisms involving C/EBPα, SWI/SNF, and 1,25(OH)2D3 in the regulation of CAMP in lung epithelial cells. These mechanisms of enhanced activation of the CAMP gene in lung epithelial cells suggest potential candidates for the development of modulators of innate immune responses for adjunct therapy in the treatment of airway infections.
Trajectories of BMI from early childhood through early adolescence: SES and psychosocial predictors

Objectives. This study examined the ways in which body mass index (BMI) percentile – an identified risk factor for overweight and cardiovascular disease in adulthood – develops from birth through early adolescence. In addition, we examined whether psychosocial factors, such as parenting style and maternal depression, mediated the link between socio-economic status (SES) and BMI growth. Design. Data were obtained from phases 1–3 of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) – a longitudinal study that followed children from 10 communities in the United States from birth to age 11. Methods. We applied growth mixture models to identify distinct subtypes of BMI development. Within these models, we performed between- and within-class mediation analyses to examine whether SES predicted class membership or differences in development within each class via maternal depression and parenting styles. Results. Results identified three prototypic trajectories of BMI percentile growth, elevated, steady increase, and stable. We found evidence for both between- and within-class mediation, suggesting multiple pathways by which SES can affect BMI development. Conclusions. These findings add to the research that suggests that being in a family with a low SES is associated with falling into patterns of development characterized by early and lasting increases in BMI relative to one's peers, and that this association is partly accounted for by maternal depression and parenting styles. Statement of Contribution What is already known? Past research has found evidence that patterns of childhood overweight are impacted by socioeconomic status through psychosocial factors like parenting and depression. This evidence is often limited to individual points in time where neglectful, permissive, and authoritarian parenting and higher levels of maternal depression are associated with higher levels of overweight status among children from infancy to adolescence. However, little research has linked together whether the children who receive non-authoritative parenting and are overweight in infancy are the same children who are overweight in adolescence. What does this study add? • Evidence for 3 different prototypes of BMI percentile growth over the course of childhood approaching adolescence. • Adds complexity re the influence of parenting styles as an influence on patterns of weight gain. • Buttresses existing research as to early and lasting effects of SES on patterns of BMI.
SHOOT MORPHOLOGY IN THE CLAYTONIA SIBIRICA COMPLEX (PORTULACACEAE)

ABSTRACT The Claytonia sibirica complex, including C. sibirica and C. palustris, exhibits considerable morphological variation that encompasses ecological diversity over a wide geographic range. Shoots are basically rhizomatous in the complex and least specialized in C. sibirica var. sibirica. Claytonia sibirica var. bulbillifera, a serpentine endemic of southern Oregon and northern California, forms succulent, storage scale leaves distal to its foliage leaves each growing season. These scale leaves, which consist primarily of leaf base, are generally lacking in other members of the sibirica complex and give the shoot systems of C. sibirica var. bulbillifera a bulb morphology. Claytonia palustris, like C. sibirica var. sibirica, forms an apically swollen rhizome, but differs in its habit by forming renewal shoots, born in the axils of the basal leaves, at the ends of plagiotropic, single long internodes.
Analysis of π charge distribution in substituted anthraquinones to assess affinity for the QB binding site.

In the accompanying paper (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1990) 1020, 163-168), we have determined the degree of competition between substituted 9,10-anthraquinones for the QB binding niche through measurements of the additivity of quinone-quenching effects on chlorophyll fluorescence. Quinones inhibit QB function by competitively displacing QB through hydrogen-bond formation with the QB binding protein. The sign of the net pi-charge density on atoms adjacent to the carbonyl moieties is believed to determine the particular hydrogen-bond(s) that result(s). In this study we report CNDO molecular orbital calculations of pi electronic charge distribution in substituted 9,10-anthraquinones to explore the relationship of inhibitor activity and competition to sign of net pi-charge density. We find that the substitution patterns of 9,10-anthraquinones alter the signs of the net pi-charge densities on the carbon atoms adjacent to the carbonyl moieties and thus determine the binding properties of the anthraquinones in the QB niche. While most experimentally studied 9,10-anthraquinones use both carbonyl oxygens to hydrogen bond to the histidine-215 and serine-264 regions of the D-1 QB binding protein, some quinones appear to hydrogen-bond to only one site. Thus, 9,10-anthraquinones constitute a class of QB inhibitors that function as either members of the histidine or serine family of QB inhibitors or as simultaneous representatives of both inhibitor groups.
A Dual-Frequency Ultralow-Power Efficient 0.5-g Rectenna

The second annual Student Wireless Energy Harvesting (WEH) Design Competition was held during the 2013 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT_S) International Microwave Symposium (IMS2013) in Seattle, Washington, United States. This year, the competition parameters were modified from those of last year [1], and a new figure of merit (FoM) was established. The overall goal of the competition was to demonstrate low-mass hardware that can efficiently receive and rectify extremely low-incident power densities at two frequencies, with a fixed dc load. As the radio-frequency (RF) environment gets more saturated with spurious power, designs from this competition will become a feasible way to energize ultralow-powered or low-duty-cycle hard-to-reach sensors. Concepts such as Internet-of-Things, in which small ubiquitous devices and sensors will log data and send it to the cloud, could benefit from wireless energy harvesters. These sensors will not have convenient ways to stay powered unless power harvesting circuits are used for the sensor hardware.
The Ownership of English in Japanese Secondary Schools

Sociolinguistic studies of English in various parts of the world suggest the increasing role of so-called nonnative speakers in defining the forms and functions of the English language. Their role is crucial especially in English as an international language (EIL) contexts, where the interactions do not necessarily involve native speakers of English. This view, however, does not seem to be as widespread among the users of EIL in the expanding circle as it is among scholars. A qualitative case study of Japanese secondary school students suggests that, although they perceive English as an international language in a sense that it is being used internationally, they do not believe it belongs internationally. The author questions the appropriateness of this view vis-a-vis the current status and function of EIL and suggests ways to raise awareness of English varieties and better prepare students for the use of English as an international language.
Two modes of ligand binding in maltose-binding protein of Escherichia coli. Functional significance in active transport.

In the preceding two papers (Hall, J. A., Gehring, K., and Nikaido, H. (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272, 17605–17609; Hall, J. A., Thorgeirson, T. E., Liu, J., Shin, Y.-E., and Nikaido, H. (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272, 17610–17614), we showed that ligands that bind to theEscherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) without producing the closure of its two lobes are not transported into the cytoplasm. Here, we examine various combinations of ligands, MBPs, and membrane-associated transporters, by utilizing reconstituted proteoliposomes, right side-out membrane vesicles, and intact cells. Closed forms of wild type MBP, complexed with maltose or maltodextrins, interacted with wild type transporter complex to stimulate the hydrolysis of ATP by MalK ATPase located on the other side of the membrane, as shown earlier for the maltose-MBP complex (Davidson, A. L., Shuman, H. A., and Nikaido, H. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 2360–2364). In contrast, open forms of liganded MBPs, such as the complex containing wild type MBP and reduced, oxidized, or cyclic maltodextrins or the complex containing the mutant MBP MalE254 and unmodified maltodextrins, did not stimulate ATP hydrolysis, suggesting that the proper interaction between the ligand-MBP complex and the external surface of the transporter requires the former to be in the closed conformation. However, when a mutant transporter containing MalG511 was used, the already significant basal level of ATP hydrolysis was further stimulated not only by ligand MBPs in the closed form but also by those in the open form (except that containing β-cyclodextrin), data suggesting that the mutant transporter does not always require the closed MBP complex presumably because of its exceptionally strong affinity to MBP, described earlier (Dean, D. A., Hor, L.-I., Shuman, H. A., and Nikaido, H. (1992)Mol. Microbiol. 6, 2033–2040). Furthermore, this mutant transporter was able to transport reduced maltodextrin, and cells expressing the transporter were able to grow by using reduced maltodextrin, if the periplasmic concentrations of MBP were kept low so as not to inhibit the transport process.
A Cahn–Hilliard-type theory for species diffusion coupled with large elastic–plastic deformations

Abstract We develop a unified framework of balance laws and thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations which couple Cahn–Hilliard-type species diffusion with large elastic–plastic deformations of a body, and account for the swelling and phase segregation caused by the diffusing species. A potential, technologically important, area of application of the theory is in the chemo-mechanical analysis of the evolution of large stresses which develop because of the volume changes associated with the diffusion of lithium ions in the active electrode particles of lithium-ion batteries during charge–discharge cycles.
Cooperative Learning in Computer-Based Instruction

High equipment and materials costs, limited access to computers for instruction in many schools, and the success of cooperative learning strategies in traditional classroom instruction have prompted researchers to examine the potential of cooperative computer-based instruction (CBI). In this article, recent research on cooperative CBI is reviewed and findings related to achievement, patterns of study, social interchange, motivation, and gender are discussed. In addition, guidelines on the implementation of cooperative CBI that have been gleaned from the literature are presented.
Fabrication of New Magnet Pole Shields for the 80 keV Neutral Beam Lines for DIII-D

In September 2003, a water leak emanating from a magnet pole shield in one of the 80 keV neutral beam lines halted DIII-D physics experiments. Investigation showed that impingement of the diverted charged particle beam on the copper shield plate initiated melting and a through-wall crack that propagated through a brazed stainless steel cooling line. A subsequent survey of all pole shields in the 4 neutral beam lines found that similar damage was present in 9 of the other 15 shields but to a lesser extent. The decision was made to arrest the crack propagation in damaged shields and to begin fabrication of new pole shields, which will be installed during the long torus opening of 2005-2006. A summary is presented of the physical damage that was found in the shields and the assessments that were conducted to determine the cause of the damage. The custom tooling that was developed and then utilized inside the beam lines to arrest crack propagation in the shields is also presented. Modifications to the design of the shields were made to minimize stress concentrations and were implemented in the new pole shields. A novel technique was devised to fabricate the serpentine cooling tubes that are brazed into matching grooves in the shields. This presentation includes descriptions of the shield design modifications and the procedures that were employed to successfully complete the fabrication of the new pole shields
Isolation and Characterization of Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxing Compounds from Grape Seeds

Previous work has shown that red wines, grape juices, and other grape products cause endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) of blood vessels in vitro by increasing nitric oxide production. In this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of some of the compounds responsible for EDR activity. Concord grape seeds were extracted with methanol and the compounds were separated by Toyopearl TSK HW-40S chromatography. Resulting fractions (primarily phenolic acids, catechins, and proanthocyanidins) were further separated semipreparatively by reversed-phase HPLC, and peaks were collected and bioassayed for EDR activity using the rat aorta preparation. EDR-active compounds were subsequently characterized by HPLC retention times and electrospray−ion-trap mass spectrometry. The compounds exhibiting the most EDR activity were proanthocyanidin trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and polymers and their gallates, as well as a dimer gallate (EC50 values in the range of 0.6−2.5 μg catechin equivalents/mL). These com...
Relaxation spectra of gramicidin dimerization in a lipid bilayer membrane.

Abstract The kinetics of formation and dissociation of gramicidin dimers in a lipid bilayer membrane have been studied by pressure-jump and electric field-jump methods. The traditional AC-coupled pressure-jump apparatus has been modified so that a known DC-voltage drop is maintained across a Teflon cell divided by a septum with a hole for membrane formation. From the response of the amplified output voltage after the pressure release, information about the kinetics of channel (dimer) formation is obtained. In addition, using the same apparatus, electric field-jump measurements were performed on the gramicidin / membrane system. In asolectin / 7-dehydrocholesterol (5:1) membranes at 25 ± 0.1°C, the best fit to the pressure-jump data gives a dimer dissociation rate constant of 0.5 ± 0.3 s −1 . The standard volume change for dimerization determined from the amplitude of the pressure-jump experiments is −66 ± 35 cm 3 / mol. Rate data determined by the electric field-jump method are consistent with the pressure-jump values; results obtained with either technique are compatible with other determinations of the kinetics of dimerization on gramicidin / membrane systems.
Metallobleomycin-mediated cleavage of DNA not involving a threading-intercalation mechanism.

The DNA cleavage properties of metallobleomycins conjugated to three solid supports were investigated using plasmid DNA, relaxed covalently closed circular DNA, and linear duplex DNA as substrates. Cleavage of pBR322 and pSP64 plasmid DNAs by Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2) was observed with efficiencies not dissimilar to that obtained using free Fe(II).BLM A(5). Similar results were observed following Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2)-mediated cleavage of a relaxed plasmid, a substrate that lacks ends or negative supercoiling capable of facilitating strand separation. BLMs covalently tethered to solid supports, including Fe(II).BLM A(5)-Sepharose 4B, Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(6), and Fe(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2), cleaved a 5'-(32)P end labeled linear DNA duplex with a sequence selectivity identical to that of free Fe(II).BLM A(5); cleavage predominated at 5'-G(82)T(83)-3' and 5'-G(84)T(85)-3'. To verify that these results could also be obtained using other metallobleomycins, supercoiled plasmid DNA and a linear DNA duplex were employed as substrates for Co(III).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2). Free green Co(III).BLM A(5) was only about 2-fold more efficient than green Co(III).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2) in effecting DNA cleavage. A similar result was obtained using Cu(II).BLM A(5)-CPG-C(2) + dithiothreitol. In addition, the conjugated Co.BLM A(5) and Cu.BLM A(5) cleaved the linear duplex DNA with a sequence selectivity identical to that of the respective free metalloBLMs. Interestingly, when supercoiled plasmid DNA was used as a substrate, conjugated Fe.BLM A(5) and Co.BLM A(5) were both found to produce Form III DNA in addition to Form II DNA. The formation of Form III DNA by conjugated Fe.BLM A(5) was assessed quantitatively. When corrected for differences in the intrinsic efficiencies of DNA cleavage by conjugated vs free BLMs, conjugated Fe.BLM A(5) was found to produce Form III DNA to about the same extent as the respective free Fe.BLM A(5), arguing that this conjugated BLM can also effect double-strand cleavage of DNA. Although previous evidence supporting DNA intercalation by some metallobleomycins is convincing, the present evidence indicates that threading intercalation is not a requirement for DNA cleavage by Fe(II).BLM A(5), Co(III).BLM A(5), or Cu(I).BLM A(5).
Stressful events and life satisfaction among elderly men and women

The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationships among stressful events, domain-specific assessments of life satisfaction, and global evaluations of life satisfaction. This research was guided by two competing theoretical formulations. According to bottom-up theory, older adults first assess feelings of satisfaction within specific life domains that are based in part on the experiences (i.e., stressors) they encounter in these areas. The domain-specific views are subsequently synthesized to form an overall sense of satisfaction with life as a whole. In contrast, the top-down theory suggests that a person's ongoing sense of satisfaction with life as a whole predisposes him or her to assess satisfaction with specific domains in ways that are congruent with his or her initial sense of global life satisfaction. Analysis of data provided by older participants in a nationwide survey tends to support the bottom-up perspective.
Studies on tumor promoters. 10. Synthesis of the abc ring system of the tiglianes and daphnanes by a zirconium-mediated intramolecular enyne carbocyclization

Abstract A novel synthetic route to the ABC ring system of the daphnanes and tiglianes based on intramolecular enyne carbocyclization is described that provides access to a new family of diterpene tumor promoter analogs.
Electoral Reform and the Evolution of Informal Norms in Japan

Politicians and parties may devise informal norms of behavior to help assure their political survival following the adoption of a new electoral system. This article focuses on the development and consequences of ““Costa Rica”” arrangements——an alternation strategy used in Japan9s new electoral system for the lower house.
Pancreatectomy in the eel: osmoregulation effects.

Abstract Early death of pancreatectomized eels ( Anguilla rostrata LeSueur) in seawater, but good survival of various control groups in seawater, and of pancreatectomized eels in fresh water show an osmoregulatory role of the islet organ. The death appears connected with an inability to correct serum hyperosmolality and muscle dehydration which both are normal, transitory events immediately following the transfer of eels to seawater.
High-fidelity entangled-photon link for quantum key distribution testbed

We report on the construction of polarization-entangled photon sources for quantum key distribution (QKD) testbed using nonlinear optical process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) pumped by a 266-nm and 351-nm continuous wave (cw) and a 415-nm femtosecond-pulsed laser sources. The efficient coupling of down-converted photons at 702 nm and 830 nm into optical single-mode fiber has enabled us to increase the rate of entangled-photon pairs available for transmission over communication channels with a high degree of polarization entanglement. The detection and characterization of the entangled-photon-state properties has been performed using commercially available Silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD) as well as using a novel photon-number-resolving cryogenic photodetector, which has been developed by our colleagues at the Boulder Division of NIST and brought to BU for tests with elements of the future DARPA Quantum Network.
Characteristics and Cost of Treatment of Acute Rejection within 1 Year after Pediatric Heart Transplant: A Multi-Institutional Study

Purpose To characterize and trend in-hospital therapy, outcomes and cost of children admitted with acute rejection within 1y after heart transplantation (TX) over the last 10 y. Methods and Materials Retrospective study of PHIS database(national database with inpatient data from 43 not-for-profit, tertiary-care pediatric hospitals in the USA) from 2002-2010. Inclusion criteria: ICD-9 code for heart TX, and readmission with a code for acute rejection within 1y of heart TX. Results 478 patients (57% male) were readmitted for acute rejection a median of 51d (IQR 12-162d) after TX. Median age was 7y (IQR 1.6-13.5y) 69% were Caucasian. Median length of stay was 4d (IQR 3-9d) and overall mortality was 5%. 31% were admitted to the intensive-care unit and 16% were mechanically ventilated. ECMO was used in 4% and 0.6% received a VAD. Patients received: calcineurin inhibitors (98%), corticosteroids (93%), mycophenolate (70%), azathioprine (21%), immune globulins (21%), monoclonal antibodies (10%), cytomegalovirus immune globulin (8%), and methotrexate (0.6%). Time to readmit went from 29.5 d (13-136) in 2002 to 121d (28-258) in 2012 (p figure1 ] Conclusions The cost of treatment and in-hospital mortality of acute humoral or cellular rejection in children has increased over time. Time to readmission has increased, potentially signifying changes in early management.
The mass spectra and ionization potentials of the neutral fragments produced during the electron bombardment of aromatic compounds

A mass spectrometer equipped with a dual ionization chamber ion source has been used to characterize directly the neutral species produced in the dissociative ionization of gases by electron impact. Neutral fragment mass spectra have been obtained for the electron ionization and fragmentation of benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, mesitylene and isotopically labeled toluene. The neutral fragment mass spectra correlate well with the structures of the molecules. The abundant species in the neutral fragment mass spectra also correlate reasonably well with the abundant complementary positive ions of the normal mass spectra. Ionization potentials have been determined for the abundant neutral species produced. Where comparisons with values reported elsewhere are possible, the agreement is usually within ±0.2 eV or less.
A note on the hodge star operator

Abstract The usual proof that the Hodge star operator on the Grassmann algebra is independent of the orthonormal basis used to define it requires a decomposition of the operator into a product of three maps, each of which is independent of the basis. The present note contains a very short proof of the result which depends on simple properties of the multiplication and induced inner product in the Grassmann algebra.
Electromyographic and neuromuscular variables in unstable postpolio subjects, stable postpolio subjects, and control subjects

Abstract Objective: To compare strength and endurance variables obtained in the quadriceps muscles of postpolio and control subjects over a 7-year interval with macro and single fiber electromyography (EMG) variables. Design: A controlled inception cohort study. Setting: Neuromuscular research laboratory of a university hospital. Subjects: A cohort of 23 postpolio and 14 control subjects. All postpolio subjects had a history, physical examination, and EMG consistent with previous poliomyelitis, and had greater than antigravity strength in the quadriceps muscle tested. Unstable postpolio subjects acknowledged new quadriceps weakness over the 7-year period of the study ( n = 11), and stable postpolio subjects denied new weakness of the quadriceps over the same period ( n = 12). Main Outcome Measures: All subjects had tests of neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscles at the onset of this study and yearly over a 7-year period. EMG variables were determined on a separate day after the seventh year of neuromuscular measurements. Neuromuscular variables measured were isometric knee extension peak torque, isometric endurance (time to inability to maintain knee extensor contraction at 40% of maximal torque), tension time index (TTI) (product of isometric endurance time and 40% of maximal torque), and recovery of torque at 10 minutes after the endurance test. EMG variables were macro EMG and single fiber EMG (jitter, fiber density, and percent blocking). Results and Conclusions: Unstable postpolio subjects did not lose strength more rapidly than stable postpolio subjects or control subjects. Unstable postpolio subjects were significantly weaker, had decreased TTI, larger macro EMG amplitude, greater jitter, blocking, and fiber density in comparison with stable postpolio subjects (all p p p > .05) with neuromuscular or EMG variables in control, stable, or unstable postpolio subjects.
Fine-structure measurements in high- L n=17 and 20 Rydberg states of barium

Fine-structure intervals in $n=17$ and 20 barium Rydberg levels with $6\ensuremath{\le}L\ensuremath{\le}11$ have been measured precisely with the resonant excitation Stark ionization spectroscopy microwave technique. The measured intervals were analyzed using the long-range polarization model, including allowance for the large nonadiabatic effects of the ${\text{Ba}}^{+}$ $5d$ level and the contributions of higher-order terms. The analysis determined improved values in atomic units of both dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities of ${\text{Ba}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=123.88(5)$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}=4420(250)$.
Project selection for student participation in humanitarian FOSS

Student involvement in Free and Open Source Software projects provides rich potential for learning. However, the selection of such projects for use within a class can present difficulties due to the large number of available projects, and the wide range of size, complexity, domains, and communities in those projects. This workshop will provide guidance and hands-on experience in selecting a project based on a known methodology for project selection.
Chemokines — Chemotactic Cytokines That Mediate Inflammation

The attraction of leukocytes to tissues is essential for inflammation and the host response to infection. The process is controlled by chemokines, which are chemotactic cytokines. This review introduces the burgeoning family of cytokines, with special emphasis on their role in the pathophysiology of disease and their potential as targets for therapy. Structure and Function of Chemokines Over 40 chemokines have been identified to date, most of them in the past few years. The relations among chemokines were not initially appreciated, which led to an idiosyncratic nomenclature consisting of many acronyms. When initially identified, these proteins had no known biologic . . .
Nuclear Disintegrations as Detected with Electron-Sensitive Emulsions Exposed in the Stratosphere

The nature of high energy nuclear interactions produced in photographic emulsions was investigated in the stratosphere. Examples are given, which were selected to show the principal modes of interactions, which lead to the emission of groups of particles with ionization energy losses corresponding to the minimum value for singly charged particles. For cases in which more than two particles of minimum ionization were emitted, the incident particle was found to be charged in nearly every case. The angular distribution of emitted minimum ionization tracks was measured as a function of the angle with the direction of the incident track. The zenith angle distribution of incident particles producing groups of minimum ionization tracks is given for two different altitudes in the stratosphere.
Laser−Micropipet Combination for Single-Cell Analysis

Due to its potential for exquisite mass detection limits and resolving power, capillary electrophoresis is used for biochemical measurements on single cells; however, accurate measurements of many physiological parameters require sampling strategies that are considerably faster than those presently available. We have developed a laser-based technique to lyse single, adherent, mammalian cells on millisecond time scales. The cellular contents are then introduced into a capillary where electrophoretic separation and detection are performed. Improved temporal resolution of biological measurements results from the extremely rapid lysis made possible by this method. Additionally, the cell is not perturbed by mechanical or electrical stresses prior to sampling. Such disturbances can alter cellular physiology, resulting in inaccurate measurements. The fast cell lysis, the absence of cellular stresses prior to lysis, and the application to adherent mammalian cells are significant refinements to CE-based measurements on single cells. With this laser-micropipet combination, it will be possible to measure the intracellular concentration of molecules that change on subsecond to second time scales, for example, substrates of many cellular enzymes.
Stability of traveling waves for a conserved field

Abstract The stability of traveling waves is investigated for a model describing the post threshold behavior beyond oscillatory instabilities for a class of systems with a conserved order parameter. Oscillatory instabilities and their post threshold behavior in systems with unconserved order parameters have been a central topic of nonlinear science during the recent decade. The most famous equation in this context is the Ginzburg-Landau equation with complex coefficients. Here I discuss a straight forward generalization of this Ginzburg-Landau equation which covers also spinodal decomposition and the crossover to an oscillatory instability for a globally conserved order parameter. Especially, the modification of the border to spatiotemporal chaos is considered, which is described by the so-called Benjamin-Feir resonance.
Osteoporosis and Skeletal Fractures

Osteoporosis affects millions of individuals worldwide, rendering them susceptible to fragility fractures of the spine, hip, and wrist and leading to significant morbidity, mortality, and economic cost. Given the substantial impact of osteoporosis on both patients and the medical community, it is imperative that physicians improve awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis in the setting of low-energy fractures. In this review, we provide information on effective means of preventing fragility fractures and introduce clinicians to issues pertinent to the patient who suffers an osteoporotic fracture. Prevention of fragility fractures centers around adequate mineral nutrition, including daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation, as well as prescription antiresorptive medications such as bisphosphonates or teriparatide therapy in severe cases, both of which have been shown to decrease future fracture risk. Balance and strength training also play important roles in the management of the osteoporotic patient, particularly following a low-energy fracture, and external hip protectors may be useful for certain patients. Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are two minimally invasive techniques that show great promise in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures, although questions regarding long-term biomechanical effects still exist. Traditionally, osteoporosis has been underdiagnosed and undertreated following a low-energy fracture in an elderly patient. Although treatment rates may be improving through public health initiatives, the majority of patients with osteoporosis remain inadequately treated. Perioperative intervention programs that focus on patient education about osteoporosis and treatment options lead to significant increases in intervention and treatment. Reducing the risk of skeletal fractures in patients susceptible to osteoporosis involves improved physician education on the risk factors and management of osteoporosis, as well as informing patients on the significance of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry testing and medical treatment so that they may serve as their own healthcare advocates in this often-undertreated disease.
Root surface-inhabiting bacteria and the expression of clubroot of radish in controlled environments

Abstract The effect of bacteria on the expression of clubroot of radish caused by the obligate parasite, Plasmodiophora brassicae, was studied. Inoculations with the bacterial strains isolated from roots of radish plants increased slightly, decreased slightly or did not change the number of root hairs colonized by P. brassicae in the root hair, i.e. primary phase of colonization. Five of six bacterial strains decreased the incidence of clubroot which was associated with a decrease in the extent of P. brassicae -colonization of the stele, i.e. secondary phase colonization. The role of root surface-inhabiting bacteria in clubroot disease development in radish under controlled environmental conditions is discussed.
A biochemist’s guide to Caenorhabditis elegans

This review is written as an introduction to those who may be contemplating a foray into the “worm world” but are not familiar with this animal or the toolbox of techniques and reagents that would be useful to get started. The goal is to provide an overview, an idea of what to consider, and where to find additional resources and necessary information. It has been slightly more than 30 years since Sydney Brenner documented the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model genetic organism [1]. Since that time more than 7,000 articles have been published investigating all aspects of this organism from its feeding and social behavior to very fine details of neurotransmission. After the sequence of the entire genome of C. elegans became available in 1998 [2], it became apparent that the similarity of genes between this microscopic nematode and that of humans is remarkable with approximately 40% of genes that are associated with human disease having homologs in the C. elegans genome [3]. This similarity validates Brenner’s choice of C. elegans as not only a model for general biological processes but also for understanding the pathogenesis of disease. If the 1990’s is considered the “decade of genome”, where the sequence of organism after organism was reported, the early 2000’s might be considered the “decade of genome mining” in which large scale efforts are aimed at understanding the function of the genomic content. In the C. elegans community, these efforts are directed at understanding of the function, regulation, interaction, and expression of the entire complement of genes in the genome (reviewed in [4]). All of this information is increasing the likelihood that C. elegans will be an attractive system for studying an ever-expanding variety of biological problems. Indeed, a number of investigators have successfully crossed over from another organism to the worm in order to study their homolog of interest in this simple model.
A Qualitative Examination of the Positive and Negative Consequences Associated With Going Tobacco-Free in Substance Abuse Treatment: The NY State Experience

Introduction: In 2008, the New York State (NYS) Offi ce of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) required all state-funded or state-certifi ed addiction treatment programs to be 100% tobacco-free. The regulation prohibits the use or pos- session of all tobacco products by patients, employees, volun- teers, and visitors. This includes exterior grounds and vehicles owned, leased, or operated by the facility. Addiction treatment centers are also required to screen patients for tobacco use and incorporate tobacco cessation into treatment programming. This study examined the perceived effectiveness of this regulation from the perspective of counselors and clinical supervisors. Methods: Qualitative data were collected from 261 counselors and 80 clinical supervisors working in 50 free-standing sub- stance abuse treatment programs throughout NYS. Questions asked about the perceived positive and negative conse- quences of the OASAS regulation approximately 1 year after its implementation. Results: The fi ndings indicate mixed reactions to the regula- tion. A wide range of positive and negative consequences were identifi ed, which were generally consistent across counselor and clinical supervisor reports. The most commonly reported posi- tive outcomes were positive behavior change (e.g., less smoking, increased intentions to quit) and increased awareness about smoking (e.g., dangers, available assistance to quit). The most commonly reported negative consequences were reinforcing addict behaviors among patients (e.g., lying, " dealing " cigarettes) and enforcement problems (e.g., diffi culty enforcing, policing for compliance). Conclusion: Findings have implications for the implementa- tion of tobacco-free regulations in substance abuse treatment programs.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ASPECTS FOR SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE: A UML-BASED APPROACH

Much attention has been focused on the problem of effectively designing software architecture to meet non-functional requirements (NFRs). The significant benefits of such work include detecting and removing defects earlier, which reduces development time and cost while improving the quality of the design; in turn the improved quality of the design makes it easier to maintain as the system evolves. The Formal Design Analysis Framework (FDAF) is an aspect-oriented approach proposed to support the design and analysis of multiple NFRs for distributed, concurrent, and real-time systems. In FDAF, non-functional requirements are realized and represented as reusable aspects in the repository; designs are captured in an extended version of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). FDAF supports the automated translation of extended UML designs into existing formal notations. Subsequently, the analysis of an aspect design is achieved using existing formal analysis tools, which leverages a large body of work in the research community. This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of the response time performance aspect. The algorithms for translating extended UML diagrams into Rapide, the proofs of correctness for the algorithms, and an illustration of the FDAF approach using the Domain Name System are presented.
Gender and Negotiator Competitiveness: A Meta-analysis

Although there have been numerous investigations into the relationship between gender and bargaining competitiveness over the past several decades, few conclusions have been reached. The results of 62 research reports on the relationship between gender and competitive behavior in dyadic bargaining interactions were examined by meta-analytic review. The average weighted effect size indicated that women appear to behave more cooperatively in negotiations than men, but this difference is slight. Results suggest that constraints on negotiators (imposed by abstract bargaining paradigms and restrictions on communication) lessen gender differences in negotiation behavior. Women were significantly more competitive than men when competing against an opponent who pursued a "tit-for-tat" bargaining strategy. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
The use of small molecules in somatic-cell reprogramming

Pioneering work over the past years has highlighted the remarkable ability of manipulating cell states through exogenous, mostly transcription factor-induced reprogramming. The use of small molecules and reprogramming by transcription factors share a common history starting with the early AZA and MyoD experiments in fibroblast cells. Recent work shows that a combination of small molecules can replace all of the reprogramming factors and many previous studies have demonstrated their use in enhancing efficiencies or replacing individual factors. Here we provide a brief introduction to reprogramming followed by a detailed review of the major classes of small molecules that have been used to date and what future opportunities can be expected from these.
Barbiturates and transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction

Abstract The effects of the convulsant and anticonvulsant barbiturates, 5(2-cyclohexylidine ethyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB) and phenobarbital (PHB) were studied at the frog neuromuscular junction. Spontaneous transmitter liberation was augmented by both drugs irrespective of the external Ca 2+ concentration, but CHEB was considerably more active than PHB. Miniature end plate potential amplitude was equally reduced by both drugs. The net effect of these agents on end plate potential (e.p.p.) amplitude varied depending on the external Ca 2+ concentration. In Ca 2+ -deficient Ringer's solution both drugs increased the quantal content and the e.p.p. amplitude (CHEB more than PHB). In Ringer's solution containing a normal concentration of Ca 2+ ions, both drugs depressed the evoked response and failed to alter the quantal content significantly.
Dietrich Tiedemann: Child Psychologist in the Eighteenth Century

(1976). Dietrich Tiedemann: Child Psychologist in the Eighteenth Century. The Historian: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 455-473.
Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. II. Monocyte effector activation by humoral factors.

Sera from DBA/2 mice bearing a syngeneic T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma not only induced specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by monocytes (and/or macrophages) but also armed (activated) such effector cells into specific killer cells in vitro. Removal of specific anti-tumor antibody (IgG2a subclass) by absorption with T1699 cells abolished the ADCC activity at the level of target cell coating but did not alter the level of effector-arming activity. Fractionation on Sephadex G-20 indicated more than one factor capable of inducing specific monocyte-mediated lysis of target cells in vitro, including immune complexes, free IgG2a 7S antibody (ADCC), and another factor(s) with a molecular weight very close to that of 7S immunoglobulins.
Modeling of tensile fatigue damage in resin transfer molded woven carbon fabric composites

Abstract Tension–tension fatigue tests were performed on fabric-based composites processed using resin transfer molding. The composite systems consisted of epoxy and phenolic matrices reinforced with plain weave carbon fabric. The residual strength of open-hole laminates was also investigated for various numbers of fatigue cycles. The results based on the fatigue tests and microscopic observations suggested that considerable damage growth occurred in the early stages of fatigue. In order to examine the property deterioration of the laminates due to the fatigue damage, low frequency cyclic loading tests were carried out, while modulus measurements were performed in situ. Quantitative data were obtained, displaying the reduction in modulus for each material system. Finally, a model to predict the modulus deterioration based on a combination of the crimp model and the shear-lag model was developed. Good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results supported the model, which showed the quantitative effects of transverse cracking and debonding between the yarns on the laminate modulus.
Analytical chemistry: Reactions assayed by magnets.

Does it float or sink? And to what extent? The answers to these questions can be used to follow the course of chemical reactions on solid supports, and are obtained simply by using two magnets, a salt solution and a ruler.