cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN SONORAN DESERT DROSOPHILA.

of enzyme polymorphisms in relation to environmental variability. Amer. Natur. 108:1-19. 1976. A comment on the role of environmental variation in maintaining polymorphisms in natural populations. Evolution 30:188-189. CHAISSON, R. E., L. A. SERUNIAN, AND T. J. M. SCHOPF. 1976. Allozyme variation between two marshes and possible heterozygote superiority within a marsh in the bivalve Modiolus demissus. Biol. Bull. 151:404. FRANKEL, D. H., AND M. E. SOULE. 1981. Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. FRELINGER, J. A. 1972. The maintenance of transferrin polymorphism in pigeons. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69:326-329. GILLESPIE, J. H., AND C. H. LANGLEY. 1974. A general model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations. Genetics 76:837-848. MILKMAN, R. 1978. Selection differentials and selection coefficients. Genetics 88:391-403. MITTON, J. B., AND M. C. GRANT. 1980. Observations on the ecology and evolution of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, in the Colorado Front Range. Amer. J. Bot. 67:202-209. REDFIELD, J. A. 1974. Genetics and selection at the Ng locus in blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). Heredity 33:69-78. SAMOLLOW, P. B. 1978. Dynamics of enzyme polymorphism in a natural population of the Boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard: evidence of natural selection via differential mortality in early life history stages. Ph.D. thesis. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 1980. Selective mortality and reproduction in a natural population of Bufo boreas. Evolution 34:18-39. SASSAMAN, C. 1978. Dynamics of a lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism in the wood louse Porcellio scaber Latr.: evidence for partial assortative mating and heterosis in natural populations. Genetics 88:591-609. SINGH, S. M., AND E. ZOUROS. 1978. Genetic variation associated with growth rate in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Evolution 32:342-353. SNEDECOR, G. W., AND W. G. COCHRAN. 1980. Statistical Methods, 7th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. SOKAL, R. R., AND F. J. SONLEITNER. 1968. The ecology of selection in hybrid populations of Tribolium castaneum. Ecol. Monogr. 38:345-379. SOULE, M. E. 1980. Thresholds for survival: maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential, p. 151-169. In M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox (eds.), Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland. WATT, W. B. 1977. Adaptation at specific loci. I. Natural selection on phosphoglucose isomerase of Colias butterflies: biochemical and population aspects. Genetics 87:177-194. WILLS, C. 1978. Rank-order selection is capable of maintaining all genetic polymorphisms. Genetics 89:403-417. 1981. Genetic Variability. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. ZOUROS, E., S. M. SINGH, AND H. E. MILES. 1980. Growth rate in oysters: an overdominant phenotype and its possible explanations. Evolution 34:856-867.
Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on dopamine and dopamine metabolites in the rat striatum☆

Abstract Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), a precursor for the naturally occurring central nervous system depressant, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), administered in anesthetic doses, produces an increase in rat corpus striatum dopamine levels without affecting norepinephrine or serotonin levels. The rise and fall of the dopamine levels coincide with the changes of brain GHB levels and the behavioral effects of the drug. The specific activity of striatal dopamine was found to be greater in rats injected with 3 H-tyrosine shortly before or shortly after GBL, as compared with controls, which were not treated with GBL. The specific activity of cortical norepinephrine in GBL-treated rats was not significantly different from that observed in untreated controls. No significant difference was observed in blood or striatal tyrosine specific activity of GBL-treated rats. Levels of dopamine metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, also increased in the corpus stratium after GBL, but the increase did not occur until after brain levels of GHB began to fall. These results suggest that the drug either increases dopamine synthesis and or blocks the release of dopamine from a rapidly turning over functional compartment within the neurons, or both. Perhaps as a result of the ability of GHB to block the release of dopamine, this drug also interferes with the metabolism of dopamine for a certain period of time after administration.
SOA compliance: Will IT sabotage your efforts?

Your IT department's actions are crucial to meeting the new demands of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA). But IT people often don't recognize their critical role in implementing financial controls, warn the authors. To make matters worse, you may have additional problems: incorrect or missing systems documentation, not including IT in SOA discussions, and IT attitudes or knowledge gaps that hinder your SOA compliance. So how can you overcome these worrying difficulties? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What price coherence

Coherence theories of knowledge and justification come in many varieties, but what unites them all is the view that a more coherent set of beliefs is epistemically preferable to a less coherent set of beliefs. We will not question that central claim. What we wish to point out is that coherence, per se, is not truth conducive; that is, we will argue that by increasing the coherence of a set of beliefs, the new, more coherent set of beliefs is often less likely to be true than the original, less coherent set. This is an important result, if one of the desiderata of a theory of epistemic justification is to reveal the connection between justification and truth. Bonjour says:
Acrylic resin display casts.

Abstract A technique for the construction of acrylic resin casts from plaster casts has been presented. The resultant casts are not exact duplicates because of the shrinkage of the wax and acrylic resin, but the appearance is the same. All of the steps can be performed by auxiliary personnel in their spare time or as a training project. The uses of these casts are limited only by the imagination of the dentist.
"Repair" of plasma membrane injury and DNA single strand breaks in -irradiated Escherichia coli B-r and B S .

Abstract Treatment of Escherichia coli spheroplasts with a series of hypotonic saline solutions produces cell lysis and by plotting the percent of remaining spheroplasts against osmolality a typical sigmoid curve is obtained. From this curve the 50 % level of osmotic lysis, a convenient measure of plasma membrane fragility, can be derived. When E. coli B r or Bs-1 are irradiated with γ-rays (18–54 krad) prior to being placed in the hypotonic environment, there is a marked increase in spheroplast fragility. Reincubation of irradiated B r cells results in less fragile spheroplasts. Irradiated E. coli Bs−1 act in a similar fashion with the spheroplasts becoming more fragile. However, in contrast to E. coli B r , reincubation of E. coli Bs-1 cells does not result in a decrease in spheroplast fragility. The “repair” of membrane damage after reincubation of E. coli B r cells is prevented by the presence of either quinicrine, acriflavin or chloramphenicol or the absence of glucose in the media during reincubation. E. coli B r cells which separate into three zones on linear Renografin gradients (45–70 %) after being irradiated and reincubated, show differential rates of osmotic fragility for the various zones. In addition, after irradiated E. coli B r cells have been reincubated for 40 min, the percent of cells in each zone varied with dose. The third zone contained 4 % of the total cell population after 18 krad and had over 20 % after 54 krad. Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis of single-strand DNA from control, irradiated and irradiated-reincubated E. coli B r cells, as well as irradiated-reincubated cells separated on Renografin gradients was performed. The data were plotted in two ways: normalized to 104 counts and on the basis of counts per 107 cells. Renografin Zones 1 and 2, after 18 krad and 40 min reincubation, had a pattern similar in shape to the control. In contrast, cells from Zone 3 showed little similarity to the normal DNA profile, even when plotted on a percent basis. After the reincubation of cells exposed to 54 krad, none of the cell zones, regardless of how the data were plotted, yielded normal-appearing alkaline sucrose gradient profiles. It is possible that only little rejoining of radiation-caused single strand breaks takes place during reincubation, but that degradation of DNA strands broken by irradiation occurs and when plotted on a percent of recovered radioactivity basis an overestimate of repair is obtained. An alternative hypothesis to the occurrence of any major amount of single strand breaks in irradiated reincubated E, coli B r is presented and discussed.
An unusual fetal complication of traumatic uterine rupture

Rupture of the gravid uterus is reported in less than one percent of women involved in motor vehicle accidents. A 22-year-old nulliparous woman at 22 weeks gestation was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Evaluation revealed a uterine rupture with complete expulsion of placenta and decapitated fetus. Prompt surgical intervention and control of hemorrhage allowed preservation of fertility.
Multiple Ipsilateral Renal Tumors Discovered At Planned Nephron Sparing Surgery: Importance of Tumor Histology and Risk of Metachronous Recurrence

ABSTRACTPurpose: Unrecognized sporadic multifocality at planned nephron sparing surgery (NSS) presents a surgical dilemma. We report a single institution experience with patients presenting with multiple ipsilateral renal tumors, of which at least 1 was renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We determined the outcome for patients treated with NSS or radical nephrectomy (RN).Materials and Methods: A total of 118 patients underwent surgery between 1970 and 2000 for sporadic multiple ipsilateral renal tumors, of which at least 1 was RCC. The patients were treated with RN (102) and NSS (16). Clinical features recorded included age at surgery, sex, history of smoking, a preexisting solitary kidney and symptomatic disease at presentation. Pathological features included histological subtype, nuclear grade, tumor stage (2003 TNM) and tumor size. Cancer specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results: A greater proportion of patients treated with NSS had a solitary kidney compared with patients treated ...
Model transformation by demonstration

A common approach toward model transformation is to write transformation rules in specialized languages. However, their usage may present challenges to those who are unfamiliar with a specific model transformation language or a particular metamodel definition. The research described in this paper makes a contribution toward simplifying the creation of model transformations by recording and analyzing the operational behavior exhibited by an end-user.
Inhibition of Kit Expression in P815 Mouse Mastocytoma Cells by a Hammerhead Ribozyme

Using P815 cells, we designed and tested an antisense hammerhead ribozyme for its ability to mediate cleavage of mouse c-kit mRNA at the transmembrane-encoding region. The ribozyme demonstrated in vitro cis cleavage of extraneous 5' sequence in the ribozyme construct as well as trans cleavage of a target c-kit mRNA sequence. The in vitro cleavage was effective at 37 degrees C. A subpopulation of P815 cells transfected with the pCDNA1 plasmid-containing the anti-c-kit ribozyme demonstrated inhibited Kit expression as indicated by flow cytometry, but the inhibition could not be maintained over time. The anti-c-kit ribozyme was put under the control of a tetracycline-inducible two-plasmid system of expression. Incomplete inhibition of Kit expression was observed when transcription of the ribozyme was allowed by the absence of tetracycline, but not when tetracycline was present. Finally, complete inhibition of Kit expression was observed when pCDNA1-ribozyme-transfected cells were analyzed immediately after enrichment by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein, followed by cell sorting. The results suggest that anti-c-kit ribozymes might be useful for inhibiting Kit expression in hyperplastic mast cells, if delivery of ribozymes can be optimized.
Perturbation techniques for multi-performer or multi-agent interactive musical interfaces

This paper explores the use of perturbation in designing multi-performer or multi-agent interactive musical interfaces. A problem with the multi-performer approach is how to cohesively organize the independent data inputs into useable control information for synthesis engines. Perturbation has proven useful for navigating multi-agent NIMEs. The author's Windtree is discussed as an example multi-performer instrument in which perturbation is used for multichannel ecological modeling. The Windtree uses a physical system turbulence model controlled in real time by four performers.
Analytical Specificity of Commercially Available Methods for Serum Phenytoin Determination

Phenytoin concentrations in serum obtained from uremic patients and patients with normal renal function were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPI), rate nephelometric inhibition immunoassay (RNII), and homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and compared to corresponding values determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In serum specimens from patients with normal renal function, phenytoin concentrations measured by FPI, RNII, and EIA averaged within 12% of the corresponding concentrations determined by HPLC. Phenytoin concentrations in uremic serum were 20% (FPI), 60%0 (EIA), and 83%0 (RNII) higher than corresponding values determined by HPLC. Accumulation of phenytoin metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease was associated with artifactually elevated measured serum concentrations of phenytoin. FPI was the most specific of the three commercial methods evaluated. fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPI), rate nephelometric inhibition immunoassay (RNII), and EIA were in good agreement with corresponding values measured by HPLC in serum obtained from patients with normal renal function, but were 20 to 80% higher than corresponding concentrations measured by HPLC in serum specimens obtained from uremic patients; 2) metabolite concentrations in serum obtained from uremic patients were 20 to 40 times higher than unchanged phenytoin concentrations; and 3) an "apparent" error in the measurement of phenytoin serum concentrations was related to the accumulation of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin glucuronide (HPPH glucuronide) relative to unchanged phenytoin in uremic serum. The apparent differences in the analytical specificities of FPI, RNII, and EIA techniques may be clinically important because the central nervous system manifestations of uremia in end-stage renal disease are purported to be similar to the neurologic symptoms associated with phenytoin toxicity (12). Moreover, epileptic patients with renal impairment respond to phenytoin therapy or even occasionally exhibit phenytoin toxicity at corresponding total serum phenytoin concentrations that are subtherapeutic in other patients (13-15).
Measurement of the fundamental vibration–rotation spectrum of CIO

The ClO fundamental absorption band near 850/cm is observed, with a tunable PbSnTe diode laser used as a source of monochromatic radiation. The chlorine monoxide concentration in the absorption tube was measured indirectly via a UV transmission technique. Frequencies and assignments for the ClO lines, and band centers and rotational constants for the ClO fundamental vibration, are tabulated. Diatomic vibration-rotation transitions within and between electronic substates are discussed. The tunable diode laser is valuable for studying the hyperfine structure. The IR spectroscopic technique is developed in order to monitor chlorine monoxide concentration in the stratosphere, since the short-lived ClO is a crucial intermediate participant in reactions involving destruction of stratospheric ozone.
Avoiding the use of negative inductances and resistances in modeling three-winding transformers for computer simulations

Negative values of equivalent leakage inductance and winding resistance are often encountered when modeling three-winding transformers in power system simulations. These negative valued parameters can sometimes cause problems in arriving at a steady-state solution, and can result in unstable time-domain simulations. A modified equivalent circuit based on an autotransformer is proposed for three-winding transformer modeling. This model requires only positive values of inductances and resistances and thus leads to stable numerical solutions. Such a model can be derived for most practical situations. The superiority of the proposed model is demonstrated by means of an EMTP/ATP simulation of a test case involving a single-phase three-winding transformer.
pH-enhanced cytopathic effects of Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin.

Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) is a large clostridial toxin (LCT) that glucosylates Ras, Rac, and Ral. TcsL differs from other LCTs because it modifies Ras, which does not cycle from cytosol to membrane. By using a suite of inhibitors, steps in cell entry by TcsL were dissected, and entry appears to be dependent on endosomal acidification. However, in contrast to TcdB, TcsL was substantially slower in its time course of entry. TcsL cytopathic effects (CPE) were blocked by bafilomycin A1 and neutralized by antiserum up to 2 h following treatment of cells with the toxin. The slow time course of intoxication and relatively high cytopathic dose were alleviated by exposing TcsL to acid pH, resulting in a time course similar to that of TcdB. The optimal pH range for activation was 4.0 to 5.0, which increased the rate of intoxication over 5-fold, lowered the minimal intoxicating dose by over 100-fold, and allowed complete substrate modification within 2 h, as shown by differential glucosylation. Fluorescence analysis of TcsL with 2-(p-toluidinyl) naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid as a probe suggested the acid pH stimulated a hydrophobic transition in the protein, a likely prelude to membrane insertion. Finally, acid entry by TcsL caused TcdB-like morphological changes in CHO cells, which suggestings that acid activation may impact substrate recognition profiles for TcsL.
Modeling genre ecologies

The genre ecology framework is an analytical framework for studying how people use multiple artifacts - such as documentation, interfaces, and annotations - to mediate their work activities. Unlike other analytical frameworks, the genre ecology framework has been developed particularly for technical communication research, particularly in its emphasis on interpretation, contingency, and stability. Although this framework shows much promise, it is more of a heuristic than a formal modeling tool; it helps researchers to pull together impressions, similar to contextual design's work models, but it has not been implemented as formally as distributed cognition's functional systems.In this paper, I move toward a formal modeling of genre ecologies. First, I describe the preliminary results of an observational study of seven workers in two different functional teams of a medium-sized telecommunications company (a subset of a larger, 89-worker study). I use these preliminary results to develop a model of the genres used by these two teams, how those genres interconnect to co-mediate the workers' activities, and the breakdowns that the workers encounter as genres travel across the boundaries of the two teams. I conclude by (a) describing how formal models of genre ecologies can help in planning and designing computer documentation and (b) discussing how these models can be further developed.
Poly(fluorene-co-thiophene)-based ionic transition-metal complex polymers for solar energy harvesting and storage applications

This paper describes the synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties of two poly(fluorene-co-thiophene)-based polymers featuring pendant Ru(II) polypyridyl-based ionic transition metal complexes. These systems combine long-lived excited states of the Ru(II) chromophores and the large optical cross-sections of the conjugated backbones, potentially allowing for polymer-assisted solar radiation-harvesting and storage functions via ultrafast energy and charge transfer processes. Modified azide–alkyne “click” cycloaddition chemistry conditions are demonstrated as an effective approach to obtain quantitatively functionalized conjugated polymer–ionic transition metal complex assemblies. Introduction of variable fractions of electron-rich thiophene units into these architectures induces a bathochromic shift in the polyfluorene absorption maxima, while simultaneously stabilizing the oxidized states of the conjugated scaffolds, as determined by electrochemical and in situ spectroelectrochemical experiments. The hybrid assemblies exhibit ultrafast energy flow (700 fs to 4.8 ps) and photoinduced charge-separation (1.8–2.0 ps) between the conjugated backbone and the Ru(II) moieties. Notably, the chemical composition of the main-chain repeat unit determines the dominant pathway for decay of the conjugated backbone excited states with the fraction of electron transfer increasing from 25% to 75% upon incorporation of an additional thiophene heterocycle.
IS THE BENUSSI EFFECT A KINETIC DEPTH EFFECT

Rapid, successive presentations of an eccentric circle pattern and its mirror-image elicited apparent depth and, as has been previously demonstrated for the Benussi effect, there was an increase in apparent depth with an increase in circle eccentricity. Taken together, these data were interpreted as contravening Wallach, Adams, and Weisz's account of the Benussi effect as an instance of the kinetic depth effect.
Health insurance status is associated with periodontal disease progression among Gullah African‐Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objectives: Assess periodontal disease progression among Gullah African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to health insurance coverage. Methods: From an ongoing clinical trial among T2DM Gullah, we extracted a cohort that was previously enrolled in a cross-sectional study (N = 93). Comparing prior exam to trial initiation, total tooth sites/person with periodontal disease progression events [evaluated separately: 2+ mm of clinical attachment loss (CAL), 2+ mm increased periodontal probing depths (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) emergence] were evaluated according to health insurance coverage using regression techniques appropriate for data with different counts of potential events per subject (varying tooth sites available). We used negative binomial regression techniques to account for overdispersion and fit multivariable models that also included baseline glycemic control (poor: glycated hemoglobin ≥7 percent, well: glycated hemoglobin <7 percent), history of established periodontitis, age, gender, body mass index, annual income, and oral hygiene behaviors. Final models included health insurance status, other significant predictors, and any observed confounders. Results: Privately insured were most prevalent (41.94 percent), followed by uninsured (23.66 percent), Medicare (19.35 percent), and Medicaid (15.05 percent). Those with poor glycemic control (65.59 percent) were more prevalent than well-controlled (34.41 percent). CAL events ranged from 0 to 58.8 percent tooth sites/person (11.83 ± 12.44 percent), while PPD events ranged from 0 to 44.2 percent (8.66 ± 10.97 percent) and BOP events ranged from 0 to 95.8 percent (23.65 ± 17.21 percent). Rates of CAL events were increased among those who were uninsured [rate ratio (RR) = 1.75, P = 0.02], Medicare-insured (RR = 1.90, P = 0.03), and Medicaid-insured (RR = 1.89, P = 0.06). Conclusions: Increased access to health care, including dental services, may achieve reduction in chronic periodontal disease progression (as determined by CAL) for this study population. These results are very timely given the March 2010 passing of the US healthcare reform bills.
Speech and Democracy in Russia: Responses to Political Texts in Three Russian Cities

Theories ascribing democracy to inclusive contestation imply that the speech of authoritarian rulers will differ from the speech of electoral politicians. Authoritarian rulers will use an official language that insulates them from populations under their control. This official language insults subject populations by implying that the vernacular in which they formulate their thoughts is inadequate for the discussion of political ideas. Electoral politicians, praising the competence of citizens to decide political questions, take care to frame their ideas in ordinary language, as otherwise the politicians would contradict their message that bearers of ordinary language are politically competent. If rulers implicitly insult and politicians flatter, citizens should respond with disaffiliation to rulers' language and affiliation to the language of politicians, at least of those politicians whom the citizens favour. This hypothesis is tested using an experimental paradigm in three Russian cities at the end of 1993. The prediction that Russians will affiliate to the texts of some electoral politicians contrasts with the claim that Russians evaluate political ideas mainly by contemplating change in their standard of living, since Russia represents an unusual case in which authoritarian speech is associated with greater affluence, while electoral speech is associated with increasing impoverishment for most people.
Reaching Underserved Patrons by Utilizing Community Partnerships

Regardless of the size of a library or the outreach budget, it can be challenging to get the right message to the right patrons at the right time. It becomes even more difficult when working with a small staff, tight budget and a dispersed audience. One way to increase the impact of outreach efforts is to build partnerships with community members who already have strong relationships with the patron group with which libraries would like to have a stronger connection. This article will explore ways to identify potential partners; identify their training needs; design training for a new audience; and promote your library as part of the training curriculum. Real life examples from the Center for Disability Information and Referral (CeDIR) will be used to help illustrate practical applications of the concepts discussed.
Stresses around extremely large or interacting multiple holes in orthotropic composites

The efficiency and reliability of determining stresses in the neighborhood of large or interacting multiple holes is demonstrated by using hybrid FEM elements. This is significant because the anisotropic behavior of composites can result in large stress concentrations at geometric discontinuities. Accurate stress evaluations under such situations have not been readily available if the geometric discontinuities are large or if there are multiple discontinuities having interacting stress fields. In addition to the degree of orthotropy, results show that with multiple holes, stress severity is influenced by relative hole size and spacing.
The ASHRAE design manual for smoke control

For many years smoke has been recognized as a major killer in fire situations. In response to this problem, the concept of controlling smoke movement in building fires has developed. The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers and the U.S. Veterans Administration have sponsored a design manual for smoke control systems. This paper provides an overview of this manual with emphasis on the principles of smoke control, stairwell pressurization, zone smoke control, computer analysis, and acceptance testing.
An approach to locality-conscious load balancing and transparent memory hierarchy management with a global-address-space parallel programming model

The development of efficient parallel out-of-core applications is often tedious, because of the need to explicitly manage the movement of data between files and data structures of the parallel program. Several large-scale applications require multiple passes of processing over data too large to fit in memory, where significant concurrency exists within each pass. This paper describes a global-address-space framework for the convenient specification and efficient execution of parallel out-of-core applications operating on block-sparse data. The programming model provides a global view of block-sparse matrices and a mechanism for the expression of parallel tasks that operate on block-sparse data. The tasks are automatically partitioned into phases that operate on memory-resident data, and mapped onto processors to optimize load balance and data locality. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the utility of the approach.
The Role of State Leadership in the Incidence of International Governance

To understand leadership in international governance, I begin at the structural level with state actors. A simple framework that relies on state interests and material power can shed light on why powerful states take on leadership roles in some negotiations (e.g. arms control) but not in others (e.g. human rights). States attempting to cooperate to realize joint interests or solve problems often face a set of common and persistent obstacles. These obstacles, which I call ‘cooperation problems’, can make otherwise beneficial cooperation difficult to achieve. I argue that the particular combination of underlying cooperation problems present in an issue affects a powerful state's desire to take on a leadership position with respect to the incidence of international cooperation – that is, agenda setting by putting forth the first draft of an international agreement addressing the issue and remaining in control of subsequent drafts. Because, from a policy point of view, the most interesting cases are those that involve distribution problems, I focus on the following two combinations of problems: distribution with coordination and distribution without coordination. I use the examples of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the Convention Against Torture to illustrate the theoretical discussion.
A Comparative Study of Utilizing Topic Models for Information Retrieval

We explore the utility of different types of topic models for retrieval purposes. Based on prior work, we describe several ways that topic models can be integrated into the retrieval process. We evaluate the effectiveness of different types of topic models within those retrieval approaches. We show that: (1) topic models are effective for document smoothing; (2) more rigorous topic models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation provide gains over cluster-based models; (3) more elaborate topic models that capture topic dependencies provide no additional gains; (4) smoothing documents by using their similar documents is as effective as smoothing them by using topic models; (5) doing query expansion should utilize topics discovered in the top feedback documents instead of coarse-grained topics from the whole corpus; (6) generally, incorporating topics in the feedback documents for building relevance models can benefit the performance more for queries that have more relevant documents.
No Future Without (Personal) Forgiveness: Re-Examining the Role of Forgiveness in Transitional Justice

The role of forgiveness has been much discussed in the literature on transitional justice, but a basic point has been muddled: most acts of forgiveness are inherently personal and cannot be achieved by state actors alone. What I call personal forgiveness is extended by a single human victim who has been harmed by a wrongdoer. Personal forgiveness is distinguishable from three other forms of forgiveness: group forgiveness, legal forgiveness (a form of group forgiveness), and political forgiveness. In the context of transitional justice, I argue that: (1) personal forgiveness is a necessary condition for political forgiveness; (2) group forgiveness (including legal forgiveness), while not without a normative function, cannot effectuate either personal or political forgiveness, and (3) personal forgiveness requires a shared narrative framework to lead to political forgiveness. These assertions lead to two further observations. First, because the state has a normative role in its (limited) capacity to forgive on its own behalf and a practical role in its ability to spread and to transmit a shared narrative framework, the state has an important place in political forgiveness. Second, because the primary historical example of political forgiveness in transitional justice is the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission that unfolded within an explicitly Christian theological framework, it may be that the shared narrative framework need be religious or even Christian in nature.
Rebuttal from Sanjiv M. Narayan and José Jalife

Rather than disputing our position that ‘rotors have been demonstrated to drive AF’ (atrial fibrillation), Allessie & de Groot (2014) actually argue in its favour, with caveats that we will address. They now accept the unquestionable fact that a single rapid rotor can serve as a driver of AF. One small quibble with their welcome acceptance is the statement that the demonstration of rotors is limited to the sheep atria perfused with acetylcholine. Certainly, rotors have been demonstrated in AF in the absence of acetylcholine (Yamazaki et al. 2012) and have also been shown to drive AF in both paroxysmal and persistent AF (Filgueiras-Rama et al. 2012). In actual fact, rotors have been shown to maintain fibrillation in the atria and ventricles of a wide variety of species, including man (Noujaim et al. 2007). Of more concern, however, is that Allessie & de Groot (2014) overlook a fundamental tenet of scientific enquiry – experiments in which interventions to eliminate a proposed mechanism successfully eliminate the disease should rise above descriptive mapping. Several groups around the world now show that intervention at electrical rotors can eliminate AF (Narayan et al. 2012; Haissaguerre et al. 2013; Lin et al. 2013; Miller et al. 2013). We welcome debate on how to extend these results to more patients, or whether differences in rotor stability reflect technical or other factors. However, we criticize discussions that essentially neglect a plethora of evidence that AF can be sustained by localized rather than spatially diffuse mechanisms. For instance, Allessie & de Groot (2014) fail to point out that several of the studies they cite as showing ‘highly complex’ activation varying ‘from beat to beat’ actually emphasized stable high-frequency sites consistent with drivers, and reproducible vectors consistent with activation from a driver in AF (Gerstenfeld et al. 1992; Sahadevan et al. 2004). We are surprised that Allessie & de Groot (2014) still claim that we ‘represent human AF by just a single map’, and we therefore point to multiple maps and online videos of AF rotors in the CONFIRM trial (Narayan et al. 2012) and other studies. Their expectation of regular signals near a rotor core or ‘anti-phase’ signals at opposite equatorial points of a circular trajectory is a gross oversimplification of AF dynamics, in which rotors precess to produce variable electrograms (Zlochiver et al. 2008). This may explain difficulties in mapping AF by approaches designed for spatially coherent arrhythmias, including attempts to define timing sequences of complex electrograms. We accept that higher spatial resolution would be welcome, and are working to obtain this. In conclusion, rotors have been demonstrated to drive atrial fibrillation in many patients and model systems. Future studies should define how remodelling contributes to rotor maintenance and fibrillatory breakdown.
Entering treatment for alcohol abuse: a stress and coping model

This study used a stress and coping model to examine the process of entering treatment among 515 problem drinkers without prior formal treatment for alcohol abuse who were recruited at alcoholism information/referral (I&R) and detoxification centers. Over a 1-year follow-up period, 76% of the individuals in the sample entered some form of treatment, including Alcoholics Anonymous. People were more likely to enter treatment if they perceived their drinking problem as more severe, had more dependence symptoms, experienced more adverse consequences as a result of drinking, had more symptoms of depression, were more self-derogating, experienced more negative life events in the past year, and/or experienced more stressors in various life domains. Facilitative factors also related positively to treatment entry: people who had sought help from non-formal treatment sources before, who recalled being referred to treatment programs by an I&R center, and/or who received detoxification at a center that had treatment services available on-site, also were more likely to enter treatment. For people with greater resources in multiple life domains the positive effects of days intoxicated, dependence symptoms and stressors on help-seeking were intensified. Overall, the findings suggest that perceived severity of drinking problem plays a central role in the treatment entry process and mediates the effects of many other intrapersonal and environmental variables in generating an impetus or readiness to seek treatment.
Completing The Deal: Determinants of Successful Tender Offers

This study of 991 tender offers that occurred between 1985 and 1994 tests how a set of factors influenced the probability that tender offers will be successfully completed. The probability of tender offer success is increased by relatedness of the two firms, cross-border status, the existence of termination fees and pre-bid ownership of target stock. Two-tier transactions, hostile reactions, and competing bids negatively effect tender offer success. Implications for managers contemplating tender offers are discussed.
Seroprevalence and risk factors for human herpes virus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus) in African-Caribbean women in Tobago

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 1746 Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8) is endemic in Tobago men and seropositivity has been associated with prostate cancer risk, 39.9% in prostate cancer cases and 22.9% in non-cases. For endemic populations, sexual and asexual transmission have been shown as probable modes of transmitting this virus. In Tobago, mode of HHV-8 transmission is unknown and the seroprevalence in Tobago women is unknown. Our study examined HHV-8 seropositivity in Tobago women and whether certain sexual practices are associated with increased risk for acquiring this oncogenic virus. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 215 African-Caribbean Tobago women, aged 18-65, who participated in the Tobago Cervical and Oral Cancer Screening Study. Questionnaires were administered to ascertain demographic and sexual behavior information. HHV-8 seropositivity was determined by monoclonal antibody-enhanced immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Age-specific HHV-8 seropositivity rates were examined. Logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, were performed to determine the association between HHV8 seropositivity and sexual behavior. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 14.5%. Age-specific rates did not increase across agegroups. HHV-8 antibody titers ranged from 100 to 6400 (median = 400, 25-75% percentile = 200-800). Tobago women who were diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) were more likely to be HHV-8 seropositive than women who were not diagnosed with an STD (OR= 2.4, 95% C.I.= .84-6.74). Age < 17 at first sexual intercourse was significantly associated with HHV-8 seropositivity (OR=2.4, 95% C.I.= 1.06-5.41). We demonstrated a moderate rate of HHV-8 infections in Tobago women. Data suggest there is little HHV-8 transmission during the adult years. Prior to 18 years of age, the frequency of asexual and sexual transmissions remains unclear. Further studies are needed to evaluate HHV-8 infection and transmission in high-risk cancer populations.
Factors Influencing the Distribution of American White Pelicans Foraging on the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park, USA

Abstract The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a predator on Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. This two-year study examined the biotic and abiotic factors that influenced the spatial patterns and temporal trends in pelican foraging on the 25-km segment of the Yellowstone River, immediately downstream from Yellowstone Lake. During May-August, 1994 and 1995, 81% of the 1,581 pelicans counted during 62 searches were between the lake outlet and 6 km downstream. That river region may provide an efficient foraging site for pelicans because many Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout spawn there and the trout from the lake that spawn in river areas farther downstream pass through the region on both legs of their annual spawning migration. Most temporal variation (54-65%) in pelican abundance within years was explained by multiple linear regression models that had river discharge and the counts of trout or their redds (i.e., spawning “nests”...
HPV vaccine completion and dose adherence among commercially insured females aged 9 through 26 years in the US.

Background Although HPV vaccination has been recommended for use in girls and young women since 2007, HPV vaccine uptake is low in the US.
Clinical Evaluation of the i-STAT Kaolin Activated Clotting Time (ACT) Test in Different Clinical Settings in a Large Academic Urban Medical Center Comparison With the Medtronic ACT Plus

Historically, it has been difficult for hospitals to change methods for activated clotting time (ACT) testing because of differences in ACT values obtained with different instruments, wide differences in target ranges used in different procedures, and the difficulty of performing crossover studies at the bedside in critical care situations. There are limited published data comparing the i-STAT (Abbott Point of Care, Princeton, NJ) kaolin ACT with the Medtronic ACT Plus (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). The i-STAT system can perform ACT testing in addition to testing of a number of critical care analytes and may offer potential advantages over other ACT analyzers. Comparison of ACT values on 121 simultaneous split-sample tests yielded an R(2) of 0.88 with i-STAT = 0.79 Medtronic + 72.0. The Pearson correlation was R = 0.94, indicating statistically significant correlation between the 2 methods. Based on this comparison, we were able to implement the i-STAT ACT throughout our institution without changing target ranges for any individual procedure.
Anti-metastatic functions of type 1 interferons: Foundation for the adjuvant therapy of cancer

The anti-tumorigenic effects that type 1 interferons (IFN1) elicited in the in vitro studies prompted consideration of IFN1 as a potent candidate for clinical treatment. Though not all patients responded to IFN1, clinical trials have shown that patients with high risk melanoma, a highly refractory solid malignancy, benefit greatly from intermediate IFN1 treatment in regards to relapse-free and distant-metastasis-free survival. The mechanisms by which IFN1 treatment at early stages of disease suppress tumor recurrence or metastatic incidence are not fully understood. Intracellular IFN1 signaling is known to affect cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Moreover, recent studies have revealed specific IFN1-regulated genes that may contribute to IFN1-mediated suppression of cancer progression and metastasis. In concert, expression of these different IFN1 stimulated genes may impede numerous mechanisms that mediate metastatic process. Though, IFN1 treatment is still utilized as part of standard care for metastatic melanoma (alone or in combination with other therapies), cancers find the ways to develop insensitivity to IFN1 treatment allowing for unconstrained disease progression. To determine how and when IFN1 treatment would be most efficacious during disease progression, we must understand how IFN1 signaling affects different metastasis steps. Here, we specifically focus on the anti-metastatic role of endogenous IFN1 and parameters that may help to use pharmaceutical IFN1 in the adjuvant treatment to prevent cancer recurrence and metastatic disease.
Chinese Creativity, with Special Focus on Solitude and Its Seekers

This chapter identifies the principles of Chinese creativity, and demonstrates how these principles are manifest in the solitude seekers who constitute the majority of creative individuals in Chinese history. My analysis focuses on the needs of self-preservation and self-creation of the artist/recluse. Central to the artist’s self-creation is the construction of an ideal mental world, which is analyzed in terms of a designer environment that nurtures as well as demands cognitive and emotional skills pertinent to solitude. Relevant poems by Si-Kong Tu (837–908) are examined to shed some light on the emotional landscape of the ideal poet/recluse.
Biological Treatment of Petroleum in Radiologically Contaminated Soil

This chapter describes ex situ bioremediation of the petroleum portion of radiologically co-contaminated soils using microorganisms isolated from a waste site and innovative bioreactor technology. Microorganisms first isolated and screened in the laboratory for bioremediation of petroleum were eventually used to treat soils in a bioreactor. The bioreactor treated soils contaminated with over 20,000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbon and reduced the levels to less than 100 mg/kg in 22 months. After treatment, the soils were permanently disposed as low-level radiological waste. The petroleum and radiologically contaminated soil (PRCS) bioreactor operated using bioventing to control the supply of oxygen (air) to the soil being treated. The system treated 3.67 tons of PCRS amended with weathered compost, ammonium nitrate, fertilizer, and water. In addition, a consortium of microbes (patent pending) isolated at the Savannah River National Laboratory from a petroleum-contaminated site was added to the PRCS system. During operation, degradation of petroleum waste was accounted for through monitoring of carbon dioxide levels in the system effluent. The project demonstrated that co-contaminated soils could be successfully treated through bioventing and bioaugmentation to remove petroleum contamination to levels below 100 mg/kg while protecting workers and the environment from radiological contamination.
Dry Gasification Oxy-combustion Power Cycle

Proposed within this work is a novel coal conversion process, dubbed the “dry gasification oxy-combustion” (DGOC) power cycle. In the unique two-stage conversion process, feed coal is partially oxi...
Comparison of Baits for Monitoring Foraging Activity of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Among different sugarcane-weed habitats, molasses was 5-fold as attractive to red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, foragers as a bait coat on index cards (7.6 by 12.7 cm) as peanut oil over short exposure periods (30 min). Peanut oil, on the other hand, was 5-fold more attractive than molasses over longer sampling periods (120 min). A differential bait response among habitats was not detected.