cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FASTOP: A Flutter and Strength optimization Program for Lifting-Surface Structures

A new computer program entitled FASTOP is described, and results obtained from its application to the structural sizing of three lifting-surface structures for combined strength and flutter-speed requirements are presented. Two detailed finite-element models of metallic structures (having between 600 and 900 elements) and a preliminary-design representation of an advanced-composite wing are considered. Near-minimum-weight designs are achieved in only six combined strength and flutter resizing cycles for the two metallic structures, one of which includes mass-balance design variables. For the composite wing, FASTOP is used to resize the individual ply thicknesses of a strength-based design for increased flutter speed; the same excellent convergence characteristics are demonstrated.
Building a scaleable geo-spatial DBMS: technology, implementation, and evaluation

This paper presents a number of new techniques for parallelizing geo-spatial database systems and discusses their implementation in the Paradise object-relational database system. The effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated using a variety of complex geo-spatial queries over a 120 GB global geo-spatial data set.
Evidence for Task-Dependent Categorization in Infancy

Abstract Two experiments compared infants' attention to the categorical distinction between people and animals in object-examining and sequential-touching tasks. In Experiment 1, 10- and 13-month-old infants distinguished between animals and people in an object-examining task. In this task, infants are familiarized with individual exemplars from one category, and then their response to exemplars from another category is measured. In Experiment 2, 13- and 16-month-old infants, but not 10-month-old infants, attended to the same distinction in a sequential-touching task. In this task, infants are presented with several exemplars from two categories simultaneously, and the order in which they touch those objects is assessed. Evaluation of infants' touching behavior in Experiment 2 also revealed developmental changes in how they approached this task. The combined results of these two experiments confirm the general trend reported in the literature and begin to provide insight into developmental changes that contribute to infants' ability to apply their categorization skills in different task contexts.
Advanced Proteomic Analyses Yield a Deep Catalog of Ubiquitylation Targets in Arabidopsis

The posttranslational addition of ubiquitin (Ub) profoundly controls the half-life, interactions, and/or trafficking of numerous intracellular proteins. Using stringent two-step affinity methods to purify Ub-protein conjugates followed by high-sensitivity mass spectrometry, we identified almost 950 ubiquitylation substrates in whole Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The list includes key factors regulating a wide range of biological processes, including metabolism, cellular transport, signal transduction, transcription, RNA biology, translation, and proteolysis. The ubiquitylation state of more than half of the targets increased after treating seedlings with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-Leu-al), strongly suggesting that Ub addition commits many to degradation by the 26S proteasome. Ub-attachment sites were resolved for a number of targets, including six of the seven Lys residues on Ub itself with a Lys-48>Lys-63>Lys-11>>>Lys-33/Lys-29/Lys-6 preference. However, little sequence consensus was detected among conjugation sites, indicating that the local environment has little influence on global ubiquitylation. Intriguingly, the level of Lys-11–linked Ub polymers increased substantially upon MG132 treatment, revealing that they might be important signals for proteasomal breakdown. Taken together, this proteomic analysis illustrates the breadth of plant processes affected by ubiquitylation and provides a deep data set of individual targets from which to explore the roles of Ub in various physiological and developmental pathways.
Petri FYI-an intelligent user-extensible system specification tool

A description is given of Petri FYI, a systems specification tool based on the Petri-net model of computation, and suitable for design of concurrent systems. It allows the user to specify, manipulate and reason about systems as would an expert developer, using episodic and program-slice models. Petri FYI was implemented using PROLOG, which allowed rapid prototyping with predicate calculus as an executable specification language. System specification tools based on a declarative language inherit the advantages of the declarative language: ease of adaptive maintenance, user extensibility, and automatic generation of solutions to new problems without explicit programming by the user. >
Identification of transplanted retinal pigment epithelium with a novel chromosomal marker

Purpose. To demonstrate the ability of a novel chromosomal marker to identify retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after xenotransplantation, and determine the short-term correlation between pigment and this nuclear marker. Methods. Primary pigmented RPE harvested from third trimester fetal pigs were transplanted as microaggregates into the subretinal space of 3 albino rabbits. We then used an in situ probe for a repetitive segment of the porcine chromosome to identify the transplanted RPE. Results. Pigmented cells were visible in the subretinal space 2 weeks after transplantation. Approximately 70% of pigment-containing cells were also labeled with the porcine chromosomal marker. Labeled cells were predominantly flatter in morphology and close to Bruch’s membrane whereas unlabeled cells were rounder and further from Bruch’s membrane. The outer nuclear layer thickness was normal above the pigmented monolayer but was decreased over areas containing multiple layers of pigmented cells. Conclusions. Fetal porcine...
Rhizome: A Feature Modeling and Generation Platform

Rhizome is an end-to-end feature modeling and code generation platform that includes a feature modeling language (FeatureML), a template language (MarkerML) and a template-based code generator. A software designer creates feature models using FeatureML by selecting and defining design choices. These design choices can be automatically associated with code templates and interpreted as parameter values for code generation. The code generator then replaces markers embedded in the code templates with dynamically generated code blocks to produce source code.
Light paired with serotonin in vivo produces both short- and long-term enhancement of generator potentials of identified B-photoreceptors in Hermissenda

An in vivo conditioning procedure consisting of light paired with the direct application of 5-HT to the exposed but otherwise intact nervous system of Hermissenda produces a long-term modification of phototactic behavior. The long-term change in phototactic behavior produced by in vivo conditioning is dependent upon pairing light with 5-HT. In this paper, we investigate neural correlates of in vivo conditioning detected in 2 different identified photoreceptors. We found that in vivo conditioning produces a short-term and long-term enhancement of light-evoked generator potentials recorded from medial and lateral B- photoreceptors. We show that short-term enhancement is not dependent upon pairing light with 5-HT, is observed in both lateral and medial B- photoreceptors, and is expressed by a larger peak and plateau phase of light-evoked generator potentials. In contrast to short-term enhancement, we found that long-term enhancement is dependent upon pairing light with 5-HT, is detected in only lateral B-photoreceptors, and is expressed by a larger steady-state plateau phase of light-evoked generator potentials. We also present evidence that the direct action of 5-HT interacting with light- and/or voltage-dependent processes is sufficient to mimic the effects of in vivo conditioning on long-term enhancement. These results suggest that long-term enhancement may contribute to modified phototactic behavior in Hermissenda produced by 1-trial in vivo conditioning.
Management of Entrapped Temporal Horn by Temporal Horn to Prepontine Cistern Shunting

Background Entrapped temporal horn syndrome secondary to obstructive neoplastic lesions is most frequently treated by surgical excision of the offending lesion. Here we describe an alternate approach involving temporal horn to prepontine cistern shunting followed by radiosurgery of the offending lesion. Methods A 41-year-old woman with a history of meningiomatosis presented with progressive, incapacitating headache. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed growth of a right trigone meningioma, causing entrapment of the right temporal horn. A ventricular catheter was placed using frame-based stereotaxy and image fusion computed tomography/MRI to connect the entrapped lateral ventricle to the prepontine cistern. The patient reported complete resolution of her symptoms after the procedure. Results Postoperative MRI revealed decompression of the temporal horn. The trigonal meningioma was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. The patient remained asymptomatic at the 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Trapped temporal horn syndrome secondary to obstructive neoplastic lesions can be treated by internal shunting followed by radiosurgery.
Directed colloidal self-assembly in toggled magnetic fields

Suspensions of paramagnetic colloids are driven to phase separate and self-assemble by a toggled magnetic field. Initially, all suspensions form network structures that span the sample cell. When the magnetic field is toggled, this network structure coarsens diffusively for a time that scales exponentially with frequency. Beyond this break through time, suspensions cease diffusive coarsening and undergo an apparent instability. The magnetic field drives suspensions to condense into dispersed, domains of body-centered tetragonal crystals. Within these domains the crystalline order depends on the pulse frequency. Because the scaling of the break through time with respect to frequency is exponential, the steady state limit corresponding to an infinite pulse frequency is kinetically arrested and the equilibrium state is unreachable. These experiments show that there is an out-of-equilibrium pathway that can be used to escape a kinetically arrested state as well as a diverging time scale for phase separation as the critical frequency for condensation is approached. Rather than fine tuning the strength of the interactions among particles, a simple annealing scheme – toggling of the magnetic field – is used to create a broad envelope for assembly of ordered particle structures.
A New Method for Estimating the Risk Ration in Studies Using Case-Partental Control Design

The authors describe a new simple noniterative, yet efficient method to estimate the risk ratio in studies using case-parental control design. The new method is compared with two other noniterative methods, Khoury's method and Flanders and Khoury's method, and with a maximum likelihood-based method of Schaid and Sommer. The authors found that the variance of the new estimation method is usually smaller than that of Khoury's method or Flanders and Khoury's method and that it is slightly larger than that of the maximum likelihood-based method of Schaid and Sommer. Despite the slightly large variance of the new estimator compared with that of the maximum likelihood-based method, the simplicity of the new estimator and its variance makes the new method appealing. When genotypic information for only one parent is available, the authors also describe a method to estimate the risk ratio without assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or random mating. A simple formula for the variance of the estimator is given.
The role of root distribution for climate simulation over land

A comprehensive global root database is used to derive vertical root distribution and rooting depth for various vegetation categories in one of the most widely-used land models; i.e., the Biosphere—Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). Using a variety of observational datasets, observed root distribution is found to significantly improves the offline simulation of surface water and energy balance. Global climate modeling further demonstrates that observed root distribution primarily affects latent heat flux and soil wetness over tropical and midlatitude land, respectively.
How Many ENSO Flavors Can We Distinguish

AbstractIt is now widely recognized that El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurs in more than one form, with the canonical eastern Pacific (EP) and more recently recognized central Pacific (CP) ENSO types receiving the most focus. Given that these various ENSO “flavors” may contribute to climate variability and long-term trends in unique ways, and that ENSO variability is not limited to these two types, this study presents a framework that treats ENSO as a continuum but determines a finite maximum number of statistically distinguishable representative ENSO patterns. A neural network–based cluster analysis called self-organizing map (SOM) analysis paired with a statistical distinguishability test determines nine unique patterns that characterize the September–February tropical Pacific SST anomaly fields for the period from 1950 through 2011. These nine patterns represent the flavors of ENSO, which include EP, CP, and mixed ENSO patterns. Over the 1950–2011 period, the most significant trends reflect cha...
Programs for Undergraduate Women in Science and Engineering Issues, Problems, and Solutions

We analyze programs for undergraduate women in science and engineering as strategic research sites in the study of disparities between women and men in scientific fields within higher education. Based on responses to a survey of the directors of the universe of these programs in the United States, the findings reveal key patterns in the programs’ (1) definitions of the issues of women in science and engineering, (2) their solutions to address the issues, (3) their goals and perceived success with goals, and (4) their organizational characteristics and relationship to the larger institutional environments. The findings—which are conceptually grounded in the distinction between structural/institutional and individual issues facing women in science—have implications for understanding gender, science, and higher education, and for initiatives undertaken to improve the condition of women in scientific fields. The findings may also inform strategic efforts to reduce gender disparity in other organizational cont...
Thanks for Asking, but Let’s Talk About Something Else: Reactions to Topic-Avoidance Messages That Feature Different Interaction Goals

When people engage in explicit topic avoidance, they risk offending or hurting others. Using a goals theoretical framework, we examined how goal-relevant message features influenced participants’ reactions to hypothetical topic-avoidance messages. Participants in this experiment (N = 536) responded to messages that friends might use to deflect a question about a stressful situation. Five types of messages reflected conventionally relevant interaction goals. Results indicated that message features influenced reactions (e.g., judgments of competence, and emotional and verbal responses) and that messages were generally perceived as more competent if they featured secondary relational and identity goals while simultaneously expressing the desire to avoid the subject. Certain secondary goals (e.g., expressing appreciation for the friend’s concern) were especially well received compared with others.
Chain saw injuries.

S ince World War II the portable power saw, or chain saw, has been used intensively by loggers, pulpwood workers, and sawmillers. Because of inflation, the back-to-nature movement, and the energy crisis, the use of the chain saw by amateurs has increased. Over the past 10 years the chain saw has become,a frequently used household tool.’ Lack of knowledge about the proper use of these powerful tools and carelessness by amateurs and professionals alike account for the majority of injuries. The increase in the number of chain saw injuries seen in the emergency department demands that the health care team become knowledgeable regarding the mechanism, treatment, and prevention of this devastating injury.
Cloning and Expression of the 44-Kilodalton Major Outer Membrane Protein Gene of the Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent and Application of the Recombinant Protein to Serodiagnosis

A 44-kDa major outer membrane protein of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent is an immunodominant antigen in human infection. A gene encoding this protein was cloned and sequenced. Southern blot results revealed the existence of multigenes homologous to the P44 gene in the genome of the HGE agent. The recombinant 44-kDa protein (rP44) was expressed by using expression vector pET30a. The reactivity of the affinity-purified rP44 was evaluated by Western immunoblot analysis and dot blot immunoassay. Western immunoblot analysis showed that mouse anti-rP44 serum reacted with 44- to 42-kDa proteins in six different HGE agent strains tested except strain 2, in which three proteins of 42, 40, and 38 kDa were recognized. Eleven HGE patient serum samples, a horse anti-HGE serum, and a horse anti-Ehrlichia equi serum recognized the rP44 protein. This suggests that rP44 is an HGE-E. equi group-specific antigen. Neither human anti-Ehrlichia chaffeensis serum nor rabbit anti-Borrelia burgdorferi serum reacted with rP44. Sera from two patients coinfected with the HGE agent and B. burgdorferi reacted positively with rP44 and the HGE agent. Sera from 20 HGE patients with indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:2,560 gave distinct positive reactions in a dot immunoblot assay. There was a positive correlation between the color densities of the dot reactions and the IFA titers when greater than 50 ng of recombinant antigen per dot was used. The use of the affinity-purified rP44 protein as antigen would provide a more specific, consistent, and simpler serodiagnosis for HGE than the use of whole infected cells or purified HGE agents.
RefSeq and LocusLink: NCBI gene-centered resources.

Thousands of genes have been painstakingly identified and characterized a few genes at a time. Many thousands more are being predicted by large scale cDNA and genomic sequencing projects, with levels of evidence ranging from supporting mRNA sequence and comparative genomics to computing ab initio models. This, coupled with the burgeoning scientific literature, makes it critical to have a comprehensive directory for genes and reference sequences for key genomes. The NCBI provides two resources, LocusLink and RefSeq, to meet these needs. LocusLink organizes information around genes to generate a central hub for accessing gene-specific information for fruit fly, human, mouse, rat and zebrafish. RefSeq provides reference sequence standards for genomes, transcripts and proteins; human, mouse and rat mRNA RefSeqs, and their corresponding proteins, are discussed here. Together, RefSeq and LocusLink provide a non-redundant view of genes and other loci to support research on genes and gene families, variation, gene expression and genome annotation. Additional information about LocusLink and RefSeq is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink/.
Wilt Chamberlain Redux

According to Eric Mack, the Wilt Chamberlain Argument makes two distinct points against all patterned and end-state theories of justice. First, the pattern theorist cannot explain how innocuous actions can give rise to an injustice. Second, the enforcement of a pattern theory requires constant redistribution of holdings, and that prevents people from forming legitimate expectations about their future holdings. This paper responds to both of these points. Mack’s first point denies or disregards the relevance of harmful consequences to the justice or injustice of a distribution. The second point is based on a requirement that is either too demanding to be plausible, or too permissive to undermine pattern theories. The failure of Mack’s arguments illustrates the difficulty of resolving substantive political debates with a priori arguments alone. When faced with objections, the only possible defense of the Wilt Chamberlain argument resorts to empirical claims, which stand in need of empirical evidence.
Daily exercise attenuates the sympathetic nerve response to exercise by enhancing cardiac afferents

"Central command" may initiate the sympathoexcitatory responses at the onset of exercise by shifting the operating point of the arterial baroreflex toward higher pressures. Daily exercise (DE) attenuates the sympathoexcitatory responses to submaximal exercise. This DE-induced adaptation may be due, in part, to an enhanced inhibitory influence of cardiac afferents. This is suggested because cardiac afferents exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the arterial baroreflex which is enhanced by DE. Therefore, the influence of cardiac afferents on the regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during exercise was examined in a group of sedentary and age-matched DE rabbits. The rabbits were instrumented with a Silastic catheter inserted into the pericardial sac, electrodes around the renal sympathetic nerves, and catheters in the femoral artery and vein. In the sedentary rabbits, treadmill exercise (12 m/min, 20% grade) significantly increased mean arterial pressure (delta 18 +/- 3 mmHg), heart rate (delta 36 +/- 3 beats/min), and RSNA (delta 295 +/- 23%). More importantly, cardiac afferent blockade (2% intrapericardial procainamide) did not significantly alter the RSNA response to exercise in the sedentary rabbits. DE did not alter the mean arterial pressure (delta 15 +/- 1 mmHg) or heart rate (delta 55 +/- 8 beats/min) response to exercise; however, RSNA (delta 252 +/- 9%) was significantly reduced. In contrast to the sedentary rabbits, cardiac afferent blockade in the DE rabbits significantly increased the RSNA response to exercise (delta 417 +/- 30%). These results suggest that DE attenuates the RSNA response to dynamic exercise due, in part, to an enhanced inhibitory influence of cardiac afferents.
Genetic modification of stem cells for improved therapy of the infarcted myocardium.

The conventional treatment modalities for ischemic heart disease only provide symptomatic relief to the patient without repairing and regenerating the damaged myocardium. Stem cell transplantation has emerged as a promising alternative therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases. Stem cells possess the potential of differentiation to adopt morphofunctional cardiac and vasculogenic phenotypes to repopulate the scar tissue and restore regional blood flow in the ischemic myocardium. These beneficial therapeutic effects make stem cell transplantation the method of choice for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. The efficacy of stem cell transplantation may be augmented by genetic manipulation of the cells prior to transplantation. Not only will insertion of therapeutic transgene(s) into the stem cells support the survival and differentiation of cells in the unfavorable microenvironment of the ischemic myocardium, but also the genetically manipulated stem cells will serve as a source of the transgene ...
Stall/Spin Flight Test Techniques with COTS Model Aircraft and Flight Data Systems

This paper presents methodologies and techniques for stall/spin flight testing using commercially off-the-shelf model aircraft and flight data systems. Flight test procedures allowing systematic and efficient testing are outlined, as well as piloting techniques to obtain quality spin flight data. Two spin flight test campaigns with different testbeds are described, including the aircraft, flight data system and ground station setups. Flight test data for the two testbeds are presented and the incipient, developed and recovery characteristics are analyzed. The spin data is consistent across spin maneuvers for a given aircraft, and also similar between aircrafts of different scale, showing the accuracy of the flight test methodology and instrumentation.
Use of a clear matrix to minimize finishing of a posterior resin composite.

Abstract This article describes the use of a clear matrix to duplicate the original occlusal anatomy before placing a posterior resin composite. The technique minimizes finishing procedures after the resin composite is placed.
The bacterial endotoxin test for monitoring pyrogen of netilmicin sulfate injection

Objective: To extablish a bacterial endotoxin method for monitoring pyrogen of Netilmicin Sulfate Injection . Methods: Baclerial endotoxin test method of the chinese pharmacopoeia was used. Results: The test showed that the agglutination with amebocyte lysate was not disturbed by using dilution, sensitivity was 0. 25 Eu/ml. Conclusions: Bacterial endoloxin test can be used in place of rabbit method for pyrogen monitoring of netilmicin sulfate injection.
Hotspot thermal management via thin-film evaporation

The emerging three-dimensional vertical chip stacking architecture is expected to reduce form factor and improve performance by providing energy efficient chip design. However, increased power density and non-uniform heat generation in stacked dies offset its advantages and pose a significant thermal management challenge by creating hotspots where heat loads in excess of 1 kW/cm2 are generated from sub-millimeter areas. Furthermore, the localized heating in hotspots creates high junction temperature which can degrade the performance, reliability, and life time of electronic chips. Such ultra-high heat fluxes are challenging to remove using state-of-the-art single-phase cooling technology. Consequently, chip-level phase-change based hotspot thermal management is increasingly becoming pivotal for cooling next-generation of microelectronic devices and power amplifiers. This work experimentally characterizes capillary-limited thin-film evaporation from well-defined silicon micropillar wicks to demonstrate its potential as a thermal solution for ultra-high heat fluxes. We used contact photolithography and deep-reactive-ion-etching to create a 1×1 cm2 microstructured area. The microstructured area was surrounded by a water reservoir. Various sized thin-film heaters which were created using electron-beam evaporation and acetone lift-off were integrated on the backside of the test sample. Hotspots were emulated by locally heating a 640×620 µm2 area while background heating was emulated by heating the entire 1×1 cm2 microstructured area. The background and hotspot heaters were calibrated prior to experiment to measure temperature. All experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber which was maintained near saturated condition, i.e., saturation temperature and corresponding pressure. The working fluid, degassed de-ionized water, was transported from the surrounding water reservoir to the microstructured area passively via capillary-wicking. We dissipated ≈5.8 kW/cm2 from a 620×640 µm2 footprint when the hotspot temperature was ≈260 °C. Most importantly, when the surface dried out at ≈5.8 kW/cm2, the background temperature as well as the local temperatures 3 mm away from the hotspot were less than 50 °C. Increasing the heat flux beyond ≈5.8 kW/cm2 resulted in the formation of a dry island at the center of the hotspot which grew radially outwards. Dryout and thermal runaway occurred when viscous losses exceed the capillary pressure. Furthermore, the maximum dryout heat flux from a single hotspot decreased from ≈5.8 kW/cm2 to ≈2.9 kW/cm2 when the hotspot was assisted by a 20 W/cm2 background heating. Lastly, the dryout heat flux decreased from ≈5.8 kW/cm2 to ≈2.9 kW/cm2 per heater when three spatially distributed hotspots were created concurrently. Unlike the dryout heat flux, the total heating power increased by assisting hotspot with background heating as well as by creating spatially distributed concurrent hotspots over the microstructured area.
Functionalized stellate macroporous silica nanospheres for CO 2 mitigation

Carbon capture represents an integral part of the CO2 mitigation efforts, and involves the demonstration of effective and inexpensive CO2 capture technologies. We report the first demonstration of an amine-functionalized stellate macroporous silica as a platform for effective CO2 absorption, with potential application in current fossil-fuel burning plants. The work demonstrates that the facile impregnation of the silica platform with tetraethylenepentamine results in a high-performing sorbent for carbon dioxide. The CO2 absorption data exceed the performance of other reported silica–amine matrices for carbon capture, showing an amount of over 4 mmol CO2/g sorbent at low temperature, simulating the flue gas temperature. The platform is robust, showing recyclability and >85 % mass conservation of sorbent upon nine cycles. In addition, the stellate MSNs show high CO2 selectivity at room temperature, indicating that the presence of nitrogen in flue gas will not impair the CO2 absorption performance. The results could lead to a simple and inexpensive new technology for CO2 mitigation.
Implementation of an artificial pancreas system on a mobile device

In this work, an artificial pancreas (AP) system, implemented on a mobile device is described. The proposed AP platform integrates hardware (insulin pump, glucose monitor, various sensors for vital signs and physical activities) and software (closed-loop control algorithm, sensor fusion, data storage and remote server access) components via smartphone that is running a dedicated Operating System designed for AP systems. Interfacing with this OS and custom application development steps are presented. Closed loop operation is demonstrated with case studies.
Plasmonic pressure in profile-modulated and rough surfaces

The electromagnetic momentum loss approach is applied to predict the plasmon drag effect in profile-modulated gold films at different amplitudes of surface modulations. Direct proportionality of energy and momentum transfer in interactions of plasmons and free electrons in metal is proven to be valid for surfaces with relatively low height modulation amplitudes. An equivalent circuit model is discussed, which can provide qualitative description of the plasmon-induced electrical effects in modulated surfaces and surfaces with random roughness.
A Review of Numerical Modeling Research on Small Scale Convection in the Atmosphere

This paper will review briefly what has been done and what is going on in the field of numerical experiments on small-scale convection.
Evaluation of the Total Eyes-off-Road Time Glance Criterion in the NHTSA Visual-Manual Guidelines:

NHTSA issued a 12-s total eyes-off-road time (TEORT) glance criterion for its visual-manual guidelines simulator test. This criterion relied on NHTSA’s analysis of manual radio-tuning data from its simulator study using a 2010 Toyota Prius premium radio and its test-track study of five 2005 to 2010 vehicles using various radio-tuning control types. However, this 12-s criterion was biased falsely downward. First, NHTSA oversampled the youngest participants (with the shortest TEORT scores) in the simulator study and oversampled the newest radios (with the shortest TEORT scores) in the test track study. Second, NHTSA incorrectly assumed that track and simulator metrics had a one-to-one correspondence, but the track TEORT was substantially shorter than the simulator TEORT for a matched Prius task with matched older participant ages. Third, NHTSA set its criterion at exactly the 85th percentile of the TEORT data rather than its upper confidence limit; hence, traditional radio-tuning tasks would fail repeated t...
Leveraging NVLINK and asynchronous data transfer to scale beyond the memory capacity of GPUs

In this paper we demonstrate the utility of fast GPU to CPU interconnects to weak scale on hierarchical nodes without being limited to problem sizes that fit only in the GPU memory capacity. We show the speedup possible for a new regime of algorithms which traditionally have not benefited from being ported to GPUs because of an insufficient amount of computational work relative to bytes of data that must be transferred (offload intensity). This new capability is demonstrated with an example of our hierarchical GPU port of UMT, the 51K line CORAL benchmark application for Lawrence Livermore National Lab's radiation transport code. By overlapping data transfers and using the NVLINK connection between IBM POWER 8 CPUs and NVIDIA P100 GPUs, we demonstrate a speedup that continues even when scaling the problem size well beyond the memory capacity of the GPUs. Scaling to large local domains per MPI process is a necessary step to solving very large problems, and in the case of UMT, large local domains improve the convergence as the number of MPI ranks are weak scaled.
Roman Republic and the 'New Man'

Scholars have preserved volumes upon volumes of ancient manuscripts that depict Rome’s illustrious past. In fact, there is so much literature concerning early Roman History that even the most tenacious student might be intimidated with the difficulty of sorting everything out. In order to avoid such frustrations, the study of Rome or any other historical investigation might be more accurately understood by directing one’s focus towards a single theme. Thus, this essay will demonstrate through the lives of Cato, Marius, and Cicero, the affects and difficulties that their status as New Men (Novi Homines) had on their social and political behavior. In addition, without deviating from the thesis, this analysis will also illuminate the very struggles central to the fall of the Roman Republic.
Decolonial {R}evolution: Petrocracy and Geological Modernity from Detroit to Palestine and Back

This article explores what Grace Lee Boggs called {r}evolution—the horizontal construction of autonomous power from below by multiple subjects—in the context of anthropogenic climate change. This is a decolonial uprising from Haiti to Detroit against petrocracy, or the mutually reinforcing rule of fossil fuels and monotheism. I pursue a decolonial reading of the Holocene/Anthropocene geological epochs through an anarchaeological, visual, and discourse analysis of the excavations at Tell-es-Sultan, asserted to be the site of the biblical Jericho, to reconsider the “human.” The article interacts present-day, on-site conditions at the Palestinian refugee camp ‘Ein-as-Sultan with Kathleen Kenyon’s famous excavations (1952–1958), her discoveries and the museology associated with them, and the geopolitical and religious claims made for the site. I conclude by analyzing how “Detroit” is becoming the floating name for the non-continuous spaces of the displaced world, where displacement, drought, and counterinsurgency intermingle to deadly effect.
Considerations for Farm Animal Proteomic Experiments: An Introductory View Gel-Based Versus Non-gel-Based Approaches

Preparing for a proteomic experiment will require a number of important decisions. Because of the complexity of most samples, one of the first important decisions is how to separate proteins prior to analysis by the mass spectrometer. There are two basic approaches; the first approach is gel-based electrophoresis that typically separate proteins based on molecular weight and/or isoelectric point. The second approach is non-gel-based or liquid chromatography that typically separates peptides based on hydrophobicity. We discuss some of the pros and cons of each separation method to allow the proper alignment of research objectives and scientific methodologies.
Historical Meanings of Irish-American Drinking

Irish-Americans have for a long time had one of the highest rates of alcoholism of any ethnic group in the United States, a country that itself has had an extremely high rate of alcoholism (See Appendix). The story of Irish-American drinking begins in Ireland, but does not end there as some have thought. Robert Bales (1944, 1962), for instance, in an otherwise erudite work thought that Irish attitudes toward drinking should be similar to those of Irish-Americans. That is one reason why he doubted statistics that indicated a higher rate of alcoholism among Irish-Americans than among the Irish in Ireland (Bales, 1944, p. 34). In my earlier work (Stivers, 1976), I addressed the statistical discrepancy between the two groups and attempted to show that the cultural attitudes toward drinking were dissimilar and moreover that the structural context of these attitudes were distinct.
A Brief History of Electron Microdiffraction

The history of convergent-beam electron microdiffraction is a fascinating blend of elegantly derived results from the basic physics of electron scattering theory, together with their application to subtle problems in understanding real crystalline solids. The following is a very brief review of some of the main historical developments in convergent-beam electron diffraction, with apologies to those whose work may have been overlooked. Literature references are given elsewhere in the relevant section of this book.
The Ethics of Using Government to Subvert Competition: The Case of the Antidumping Laws

This paper examines the question of whether it is ethical for company officials to use the force of government to reduce or eliminate foreign competition, using the antidumping laws as a case study. Antidumping laws are ostensibly aimed at preventing foreign producers from dumping their products on the domestic market at abnormally low prices. Foreign companies run afoul of the antidumping laws if they either sell products on a domestic market for less than the cost of production or for a price that is lower than that charged in the home market. Since the creation of the World Trade Organization, more than 130 countries will likely adopt antidumping laws as part of their trade policy. At the recently failed trade talks in Seattle, one item every country but the United States wanted to place on the agenda was a re-examination of the antidumping laws. The stated purpose of the antidumping laws is to prevent unfair trade and to punish foreign producers for predatory pricing. The practical effect, however, is to prevent foreign producers from selling their products in a domestic market, even when pricing has not been abnormally low or predatory. The way the antidumping laws are structured, domestic producers can enlist the help of government to prevent foreign competition even when there has been no dumping. This paper begins with a brief examination of the antidumping laws, then examines several ethical questions related to the antidumping laws. The main question to be addressed is whether, and under what circumstances, it is ethical for domestic producers to ask government to launch an antidumping investigation against a foreign competitor. Related questions examined include: (1) Whether it is ethical to ask the government to launch an antidumping investigation even when the domestic company making the request knows that dumping has not occurred; (2) Whether it is ethical to ask for an antidumping investigation in cases where dumping (according to the definition of dumping) has occurred, where the effect is to help the domestic producers at the expense of the general public. The paper will examine these questions by applying both utilitarian and nonutilitarian approaches.
Access to medicaid providers: availability of mental health services for children and adolescents in child welfare in Louisiana

The purpose of the study was to determine the level of access that youths in child welfare have to mental health providers in a single state. Mystery shoppers called every provider publicly adverti...
Creating a tribal approach for innovation in organizations

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe how innovative organizations work beyond traditional overlays of rules, hierarchy, and process. This cultural context is best described as tribal and can be framed as seven key instincts: ambition, emergent structure, roles and responsibilities, trust, navigation, resolve, and sacrifice. This tribal approach provides a useful framework for organizations seeking to improve their predisposition for discovering extraordinary ideas.
Applying a Computer-Assisted Tool for Semantic Analysis of Writing: Uses for STEM and ELL †

In addition to human, close reading of student text with rubrics for assessment, educators use nonhuman, distant computer-assisted tools to help quantitatively measure otherwise qualitative keywords to prevent bias in grading and help read beyond the sentence for underlying cognitions. We apply the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software tool to analyze different forms of student writing used in STEM education and research to assess writing of native English speakers and non-native English Language Learners (ELLs), including international students. Available in several languages, LIWC measures four summary variables, Analytical Thinking, Clout, Authentic, and Emotional Tone, to provide outputs as raw word counts, as percentages of words used relative to the text compared with a dictionary of words in categories and sub-dictionaries, and as scores correlating these words algorithmically based on a dictionary of terms associated with underlying meanings. This tool can help measure student personal reflective writing for underlying psychosocial indicators or the cognitive and analytical process in other science writing. By selecting key variables, or creating a personal dictionary, LIWC can be used to analyze scientific writing to detect progressive development of student analytical writing from early draft to final version for different informal and formal writing styles. We share methods, examples, and the potential for using LIWC measures of cognitive processes for different measures of student writing in science courses.
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 3 . 12-Methylbenzo[h][1]benzothieno[2,3-c][1,6]naphthyridine†

The synthesis of the 12-methyl derivative of a novel heterocyclic ring system, namely benzo[h][1]benzothieno[2,3- c][1,6]naphthyridine (8) was prepared by photocyclization of 3-chloro-N- (2'-methyl-4'-quinolyl)benzo-[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide (5) to 12- methylbenzo[h][1]benzothieno[2,3-c][1,6]naphthyridin-6(5H)-one (6). Chlorination of 6 afforded 6-chloro-12-methylbenzo[h][1]benzothieno[2,3- c][1,6]naphthyridine (7) which upon dechlorination provided the novel title compound 8
Alcohol potentiates a pheromone signal in flies

For decades, numerous researchers have documented the presence of the fruit fly or Drosophila melanogaster on alcohol-containing food sources. Although fruit flies are a common laboratory model organism of choice, there is relatively little understood about the ethological relationship between flies and ethanol. In this study, we find that when male flies inhabit ethanol-containing food substrates they become more aggressive. We identify a possible mechanism for this behavior. The odor of ethanol potentiates the activity of sensory neurons in response to an aggression-promoting pheromone. Finally, we observed that the odor of ethanol also promotes attraction to a food-related citrus odor. Understanding how flies interact with the complex natural environment they inhabit can provide valuable insight into how different natural stimuli are integrated to promote fundamental behaviors.
Social Hedonic Editing: People Prefer to Experience Events at the Same Time as Others:

Previous research testing the hedonic editing hypothesis examined preferences for the timing of events that happen to the self—asking, for example, whether people prefer to experience two positive ...
Neural mechanisms of acute stress and trait anxiety in adolescents

Abstract Adolescence is a critical period of heightened stress sensitivity and elevated vulnerability for developing mental illness, suggesting a possible association between stress exposure and the etiology of psychiatric disorders. In adults, aberrant neurobiological responses to acute stress relate to anxiety symptoms, yet less is known about the neural stress response in adolescents and how it relates to biological and psychological variables. Here we characterize the neurobiology of stress response in adolescents using multiple modalities, including neuroimaging, subjective stress ratings, heart rate, and cortisol data. We evaluated stress response in adolescents using the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), an acute psychosocial stressor commonly administered in adult functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies but not previously utilized with this population. FMRI data were acquired from 101 adolescents (44 female; 9–16 years) exhibiting varied trait anxiety severity. The MIST elicited decreased high-frequency heart rate variability and increased heart rate, subjective stress and cortisol. Whole-brain analyses comparing fMRI activity during experimental versus control MIST conditions revealed stress-related activation in regions including the anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and deactivations in the hippocampus, ventral striatum, and putamen. Region of Interest analyses found that during acute stress (a) hippocampal deactivation corresponded to heightened cortisol release, (b) trait anxiety was associated with increased hippocampal and ventral striatum activation and decreased putamen activity, and (c) males exhibited greater putamen deactivation than females. These results provide novel evidence that the MIST is an effective stressor for adolescents. Associations between the neural acute stress response, other biological factors, and trait anxiety highlight the importance of these neurobiological mechanisms in understanding anxiety disorders.
Charge trap phenomena on EPROM device-methodology to identify the cause of the problem in IC manufacturing process to improve the electrical test yield

Charge trapping is an ESD phenomenon that affects the electrical performance of EPROM devices. Factors related to materials, machines, humans and environment and their critical components have been characterized and analyzed to determine the effects and identify the root cause.
Medium of Complex Structure

A movement of a particle in a medium of complex structure is described by the displacement of the mass center of the particle and by additional internal degrees of freedom: microrotations and microdeformations. In this chapter starting from simple models, we develop a general theory of media of complex structure. Essential attention is paid to new physical effects, approximate models and a transition to the classical local models.
The role of melatonin and light in the human circadian system.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the role of melatonin and light in the human circadian system. Unique to melatonin is that its production can be acutely suppressed by exposure to light during the night. Consequently, it was concluded that humans, unlike other primates, lacked the neural pathways that mediated light input to the human circadian pacemaker. These pathways have been well defined in animals and are delineated in the chapter. Humans may have seasonal rhythms that respond to the change in natural day length—indoor light in the winter evenings does not lengthen the photoperiod. Similarly, turning on room lights briefly in the middle of the night should not have much effect on the circadian rhythms. The second implication was that one could substitute bright artificial light for sunlight to experimentally, or perhaps therapeutically, manipulate biological rhythms in humans. Studies showed that melatonin could potentially shift some circadian rhythms, particularly the rhythm of sleepiness.