cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pedagogical Understanding of the Self-Determination Theory in Physical Education

Learner motivation is considered an important premise for learning achievement. One of the theories used to explain learner motivation in physical education is the Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Different from others, SDT acknowledges the controlling nature of institutionalized education and builds its application around externally imposed regulatory mechanisms to enhance learner motivation. In this article, we review research findings on SDT in physical education and reason for the use of externally regulated motivation approaches as a primary strategy in physical education. We frame our arguments in the constructivist learning theories and argue that using external regulation mechanisms to maximize learner motivation is not inconsistent with the constructivist learning theories. Our pedagogical understanding about satisfying the basic human needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy leads us to believe that the priority should be placed on competence development with relatedness as a pedagogical ...
Validity of a simpler definition of major depressive disorder.

Background: In previous reports from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project, we developed a briefer definition of major depressive disorder (MDD), and found high levels of agreement between the simplified and DSM-IV definitions of MDD. The goal of the present study was to examine the validity of the simpler definition of MDD. We hypothesized that compared to patients with adjustment disorder, patients with MDD would be more severely depressed, have poorer psychosocial functioning, have greater suicidal ideation at the time of the intake evaluation, and have an increased morbid risk for depression in their first-degree family members. Methods: We compared 1,486 patients who met the symptom criteria for current MDD according to either DSM-IV or the simpler definition to 145 patients with a current diagnosis of adjustment disorder with depressed mood or depressed and anxious mood. Results: The patients with MDD were more severely depressed, more likely to have missed time from work due to psychiatric reasons, reported higher levels of suicidal ideation, and had a significantly higher morbid risk for depression in their first-degree family members. Both definitions of MDD were valid. Conclusions: The simpler definition of MDD was as valid as the DSM-IV definition. This new definition offers two advantages over the DSM-IV definition—it is briefer and therefore more likely to be recalled and applied in clinical practice, and it is free of somatic symptoms thereby making it easier to apply with medically ill patients. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence-based practice: A matrix for predicting phonological generalization

This paper describes a matrix for clinical use in the selection of phonological treatment targets to induce generalization, and in the identification of probe sounds to monitor during the course of intervention. The matrix appeals to a set of factors that have been shown to promote phonological generalization in the research literature, including the nature of error patterns, implicational universals, developmental norms, and stimulability. A case study of a child with a phonological disorder is presented to illustrate how the matrix may be utilized in evidence-based practice. The matrix serves as a demonstration of how the translation of research to practice may be accomplished.
The photoelectron spectra of some gaseous thallium(I) oxyanion salts

Abstract The HeI photoelectron spectra of the gaseous forms of TlBO 2 , TlNO 3 , Tl 2 SO 4 , and TlReO 4 have been obtained using a cylindrical mirror electron spectrometer equipped with an internally-located, resistance-heated sample oven. The spectral peaks due to Tl 6 s electrons and those due to the oxyanions have been assigned molecular-orbital origins by use of MO calculations, comparisons with X-ray photoelectron and X-ray emission data, electron diffraction experiments, and mass spectrometric information.
Acute Effects of Oxygen Treatment Upon Information Processing In Hypoxemic COPD Patients

The present study investigated the effects of oxygen therapy upon human information processing for hypoxemic COPD patients. Each of ten patients was admitted to a general clinical research center for a two-day period. In a randomly counter-balanced factorial design, patients breathed either room air or enriched oxygen for either six hours or 20 minutes prior to testing. The tests evaluated speed of information processing, ability to detect correct sequence of tones, and serial memory. In addition, patients were evaluated on critical flicker fusion and story recall. The results suggested that acute oxygen therapy does not reverse information processing deficits observed in hypoxemic COPD patients.
Synaptic computation underlying probabilistic inference

We propose that synapses may be the workhorse of the neuronal computations that underlie probabilistic reasoning. We built a neural circuit model for probabilistic inference in which information provided by different sensory cues must be integrated and the predictive powers of individual cues about an outcome are deduced through experience. We found that bounded synapses naturally compute, through reward-dependent plasticity, the posterior probability that a choice alternative is correct given that a cue is presented. Furthermore, a decision circuit endowed with such synapses makes choices on the basis of the summed log posterior odds and performs near-optimal cue combination. The model was validated by reproducing salient observations of, and provides insights into, a monkey experiment using a categorization task. Our model thus suggests a biophysical instantiation of the Bayesian decision rule, while predicting important deviations from it similar to the 'base-rate neglect' observed in human studies when alternatives have unequal prior probabilities.
Discordant renal histopathologic findings and Complement profiles in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III

Abstract Patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type III and a low serum C3 concentration tend to have evidence for a nephritic factor of the terminal complement pathway (Nft). Complement profiles were studied in three patients with MPGN type III and low serum C3 concentrations. Serum C3 concentrations were 52, 21, and 14 mg/dL (normal range, 83 to 177 mg/dL). Serum C1q, C2, C4, properdin, and C5 concentrations were normal in all patients, whereas two had a slight decrease of C7 or C8. This pattern of complement activation resembles that seen with MPGN type II in which a nephritic factor activates the amplification loop (NFa). We conclude that in patients with MPGN type III the previously reported profile/presence of Nft is not always found, at least in the chronic stage of the disease, despite a low C3 value.
Strong New Emission Bands in Alkali-Noble-Gas Systems

Strong new visible emission bands are observed when mixtures of Cs of Rb with noble gases are excited with blue lines of an argon-ion laser. The bands in Cs are believed to be due to transitions between $7s\ensuremath{\sigma}$ bound excited states and dissociating $6s\ensuremath{\sigma}$ ground states of alkali-noble-gas molecules, and they may have potential for excimer laser systems.
Transition in congenital heart disease: it takes a village

The world of congenital heart disease (CHD) is evolving at a rapid pace. Patients are not only surviving longer but many are surviving healthier and are anticipated to live long and productive lives into adulthood. With the tremendous advances in cardiology and cardiac surgery, the field is no longer just about ‘blue babies’ and struggling to survive past an operation, but rather about how to move successfully into and through adulthood. Current estimates suggest that adult survivors with CHD now outnumber children with CHD in the USA. The faces of patients with CHD are changing and guidance and practices must change with it. Transition is defined as “movement, passage, or change from one position, state, stage, subject, concept, etc., to another” (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/transition). For congenital heart patients and providers, the process of transitioning patients to adulthood and adult-oriented care involves many facets of both medical and psychosocial care. Transition in CHD does not necessarily mean a change in physician, but rather a change in the approach to medical care by the patient and the provider and the knowledge and skills to adapt to these changes. The process often requires a shift from paediatric family-centred care to adult patient-centred care and patients learning new strategies for managing health, coping with medical decision making and facing morbidity and possibly early mortality. The process also involves educational and vocational transition to appropriately prepare for a productive adulthood. Most children will accomplish a transition to adulthood and achieve independence at some point in their lives. For children with chronic medical conditions, this is equally, if not more, important because poor transitions and gaps in care have been associated with late medical concerns.1–3 Consequences from poor transitions or gaps in care that can affect patients and the medical system include increased morbidity, emotional stress and …
Extra-glomerular lesions associated with deposition of circulating antigen-antibody complexes in kidneys of rabbits with chronic serum sickness.

Abstract Chronic serum sickness was produced in rabbits by intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin. Rabbits making a hyperactive antibody response to multiple injections each day of high doses of bovine serum albumin developed glomerulonephritis and extra-glomerular lesions characterized by accumulation of inflammatory cells in the interstitium, in Bowman's capsule, in the walls of peritubular capillaries and by tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Granular deposits of bovine serum albumin, rabbit IgG, IgM and C3 were seen by immunofluorescence microscopy in these structures, corresponding to electron-opaque deposits observed by electron microscopy. The deposits presumably contained antigen-antibody complexes. Extra-glomerular renal changes were not reported in previous studies of experimental serum sickness in rabbits. Therefore it is likely that the different system of immunization used in these experiments may produce formation of larger amount of immune complexes and/or longer persistence of critical levels of complexes in the circulation than in rabbits receiving daily a single injection of bovine serum albumin. The lesions described in this paper are comparable to those observed in the kidneys of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis.
The Adult Asthmatic

Asthma in the adult patient is a complex clinical syndrome. Multiple patient phenotypes and subphenotypes exist that contribute to disease heterogeneity. Whether adult asthma begins in utero, develops in childhood, or manifests for the first time in adulthood is not completely understood, nor are the mechanisms fully delineated. In this chapter, we update definitions that apply to this group, emphasize epidemiologic factors and pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, therapeutic options, and controversies regarding drug safety. Finally, we provide a brief discussion of biomarker technologies and novel therapies with the potential to impact adult-onset asthma outcomes.
Magnetic Shape Anisotropy in Chemically Synthesized Chains of Nickel Nanoparticles

We present the magnetization reversal dynamics in one-dimensional chains of single domain nickel nanoparticles of about 50 nm diameters. Experimental results show that the magnetization reversal is mainly governed by the overall shape of the chains and typical easy-axis and hard-axis like magnetic hysteresis loops are observed when magnetic field is applied parallel and perpendicular to the length of the chains. Micromagnetic simulations on a single nickel chain composed of 20 nickel nanoparticles show reasonable qualitative agreement with the experimental results. In this case the magnetization reversal starts from the edges of the chain and progresses towards the center. However, simulations with three parallel nickel chains show that the reversal mechanism is modified into complicated pattern formation and appearance of local flux closure due to the magnetostatic interactions between the chains. A better qualitative agreement with the experimental results is obtained for this case.
Pseudo-occlusion and/or pseudo-stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid artery.

This report summarizes our recent experience with two patients who presented with symptoms ipsilateral to a severe carotid stenosis at the bifurcation, with one having a severe stenosis at the siphon and the other an occlusion of the internal carotid artery in its intracranial portion. These lesions were documented on preoperative angiography. In both instances, persistence of symptoms, despite maximai medical therapy, led us to proceed with carotid endarterectomy. In both cases, intraoperative angiography confirmed a normal intracranial internal carotid artery, contrary to what had been seen on preoperative angiography. Carotid endarterectomy was performed, with resolution of clinical symptoms in both cases. This experience suggests that the appearance of the intracranial portion of the carotid artery can be significantly affected by the presence of a proximal lesion at the bifurcation. Stenosis and/or occlusion of the intracranial portion of the carotid artery may appear on preoperative angiography secondary to flow alterations as a result of the more proximal lesion. This, in part, may explain why many patients with combined extracranial and intracranial arterial disease improve after carotid endarterectomy and suggests that, in the presence of a severe extracranial lesion, further evaluation be undertaken to exclude the possibility of pseudo-stenosis or pseudo-occlusion of the intracranial carotid artery.
Stable Replication of Papillomavirus Genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Papillomaviruses normally replicate in stratified squamous epithelial tissues of their mammalian hosts, in which the viral genome is found as a nuclear plasmid. Two viral proteins, E1, a helicase, and E2, a transcriptional activator and plasmid maintenance factor, are known to contribute to the episomal replication of the viral genome. Recently, our laboratory discovered that papillomaviruses can also replicate in an E1-independent manner in mammalian cells (K. Kim and P. F. Lambert, Virology, in press; K. Kim and P. F. Lambert, submitted for publication). In this study, we describe experiments investigating the capacity of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) genome to replicate in yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). The full-length HPV16 genome, when linked in cis to a selectable yeast marker gene, either TRP1 or URA3 , could replicate stably as an episome in yeast. The replication of papillomavirus genomes in yeast is not limited to HPV16. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 and HPV6b, -11, -16, -18, and -31 were all capable of replicating in short-term assays over a period of 20 cell doublings. The long-term persistence of viral episomes did not require any one viral gene, as mutant genomes defective in single genes also replicated episomally. These results indicate that the viral episome can replicate in the absence of the E1 DNA helicase. Similarly, E2 was also not required for replication in yeast, and E2 mutant viral genomes were stably maintained in the absence of selection, indicating the existence of an E2-independent mechanism for plasmid maintenance. The episomal replication of papillomavirus genomes in yeast provides a genetically manipulatable system in which to investigate cellular factors required for episomal replication and may provide a novel means for generating infectious papillomavirus.
Limiting cheaters in mutualism: evidence from hybridization between mutualist and cheater yucca moths

Mutualisms are balanced antagonistic interactions where both species gain a net benefit. Because mutualisms generate resources, they can be exploited by individuals that reap the benefits of the interaction without paying any cost. The presence of such ‘cheaters’ may have important consequences, yet we are only beginning to understand how cheaters evolve from mutualists and how their evolution may be curtailed within mutualistic lineages. The yucca–yucca moth pollination mutualism is an excellent model in this context as there have been two origins of cheating from within the yucca moth lineage. We used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers to examine genetic structure in a moth population where a cheater species is parapatric with a resident pollinator. The results revealed extensive hybridization between pollinators and cheaters. Hybrids were genetically intermediate to parental populations, even though all individuals in this population had a pollinator phenotype. The results suggest that mutualisms can be stable in the face of introgression of cheater genes and that the ability of cheaters to invade a given mutualism may be more limited than previously appreciated.
Mass Instability in Isolated Recombinant FixL Heme Domains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Several recombinant Bradyrhizobium japonicumFixL heme domains (BjFixLH) have been characterized and their temporal mass stabilities assessed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The intact heme domains all bound heme and gave normal UV-visible spectra, indicating that they were correctly assembled. Proteins produced at Washington State University included a parent 131-amino acid "full- length heme domain" (FLHD) of primary sequence T140-Q270 (BjFixLH140-270), a histidine-tagged analogue containing an N-terminal extension, and five different terminus-truncated variants. The smallest of these was a 106-amino acid "core PAS heme domain" with primary sequence T 151-L256. All variants except for the smallest exhibited significant mass instability, assessed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, that was apparent within 1-16 days standing in a sterile environment at room temperature. Two full-length heme domains expressed independently in geographically remote laboratories (Northern Illinois University and JILA, University of Colorado) also exhibited this mass instability. A mass loss of as much as 25% of the starting mass has been observed, which could explain the "missing" terminal amino acids in published crystal structures. This work documents the phenomenon and its persistence despite (i) sample sterilization, (ii) protease inhibitors, (iii) primary sequence variations, (iv) the presence or absence of ferriheme ligands, and (v) the presence or absence of O2.
ENERGY COMSUMPTION IN STEAM BLANCHERS1

The energy consumption of several steam blanchers was monitored to identify design characteristics which are most energy conserving. Hydrostatically sealing the units to prevent escape of steam was shown to be significant in reducing energy usage. Results are compared with estimates of energy efficiency found in the literature and are shown to be in agreement.
Size Does Matter in Computer Collaboration: Heterogeneous Platform Effects on Human-Human Interaction

Because today's workforce is highly mobile, small wireless devices are being used to support mobile work collaboration. However, do computer platform differences affect such collaborations? This question is investigated through a controlled experiment that examines collaborative problem solving on different combinations of small and large computers. Experiment participants in the study work together on solving 2- and 3-dimensional variations of the popular Tetris™ game. Gender is used as a moderating variable to ascertain if prior observed effects on groups of males would be found among females. The findings indicate that platform differences affect communication and social behavior among both groups. Unexpectedly, collaboration amongst partners using small handhelds was the most cooperative and friendly because of the difficulty of solving the problem with the small device.
Molecular recognition of sulfotyrosine and phosphotyrosine by the Src homology 2 domain

We study molecular recognition of two closely resembling posttranslational modification products, phosphotyrosine (pTyr) and sulfotyrosine (sTyr). The differences in charge, size, and binding geometry of pTyr and sTyr are the main recognition elements. Protein engineering can be applied to alter the specificity and strength of the recognition.
Complex pattern visual evoked potentials in controls and multiple sclerosis patients

Nontraditional circular checkerboard patterns were used in addition to the standard checkerboard to record visual evoked potentials. Peak analysis was used to determine latency and amplitude values for peaks of the triphasic response (N1, P1, and N2). Although P1s remained fairly constant across patterns, definite trends were seen for the N1 and N2 peaks. These changes had significant effects on the time interval of the triphasic response. Common findings for the MS patients including P1 latency prolongation, decreased peak amplitudes, and, in general, deviations from all of the above-mentioned control trends. The findings suggest that the circular checkerboard pattern is a more effective stimulus than the standard checkerboard and that the N2 peak may be of more diagnostic value than suggested by previous reports. >
Nanotube photovoltaic configuration for enhancement of carrier generation and collection

We report on the growth of geometric feature tuned semiconductor nanotubes on a transparent substrate through the application of an anodic aluminum oxide membrane-assisted method. Three-dimensional nanotube solar cells are developed in which semiconductor absorbers are not only used to fill the inner core of the nanotubes, but also to replace the membrane and to fill the intertube space between the nanotubes. The nanotube solar cells generate and separate carriers in three dimensions, namely, inside the cores of the nanotubes, in the intertube space between the nanotubes along the radial direction, and above the nanotubes along the axial direction. In preliminary experiments conducted to demonstrate the potential of this approach, nanotube CdS-CdTe solar cells were fabricated. CdS nanotubes with an inner diameter, wall thickness and intertube spacing of 35, 20, and 35 nm, respectively, were grown; the porosity and CdS nanotube density were 36.5% and 2.26 × 1010 nanotubes/cm2, respectively. These features of CdS nanotubes enable more efficient carrier collection because of the reduced recombination, especially in those cases in which the minority carrier lifetime is short, thus resulting in a diffusion length of less than 100 nm. Nanotube CdS-CdTe solar cells exhibit a wide and strong spectral response and quantum efficiency, indicating enhanced light absorption and carrier generation and collection. Without the benefit of an antireflection coating, the cells exhibited a wide and strong spectral response of quantum efficiency, and a short current density of 25.5 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 750 mV, and a power conversion efficiency of 10.7% under 1-sun illumination. The materials and electro-optical characterizations indicated well-defined junction and interface behavior in these 3D nanotube solar cell configurations.
Assessment of Vancomycin Dosing and Subsequent Serum Concentrations in Pediatric Patients

BackgroundBecause of concerns regarding increasing microbial resistance to vancomycin, adult treatment guidelines recommend higher trough concentrations based on the type of infectious process. Although these recommendations are not specific to pediatrics, the principles can be extrapolated. Desired higher trough serum concentrations will require escalated dosages of vancomycin in children.Objective:To evaluate current dosing regimens and subsequent trough serum concentrations of vancomycin in children, compare these to reference recommended dosages and guidelines, and predict a dosing equation to achieve desired serum concentrations.Methods:Pharmacokinetic parameters of children in a community teaching hospital who were prescribed vancomycin from January 2005 to May 2010 were evaluated in this retrospective chart review. Vancomycin dosing and subsequent serum concentrations were analyzed. Therapeutic serum concentrations were evaluated and compared to vancomycin prescribing and monitoring guidelines by y...
Fiber-coupled AOTF spectrometers

Acousto-optic (AO) technology is used to design compact, vibration-insensitive spectrometers with fairly high sensitivity and resolution. The design of such AO spectrometers (AOS's) is based on the phenomenon of an anisotropic Bragg diffraction in a birefringent crystal, i.e., quartz, lithium niobate, tellurium dioxide (TeO 2 ), etc. The fundamental building block of an AOS is an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) cell used with a sensitive detector. There are two types of AOTF cells - (i) collinear where the incident and diffracted optical beams and the acoustic beam all propagate in the same direction and (ii) noncollinear where all these beams do not travel in the same direction - based on the design of the cell. We have developed a number of AOS's to cover wavelengths from the ultraviolet (UV) to the mid wave infrared (MWIR). Spectrometers using a collinear AOTF cell fabricated in a single crystal of quartz operate in the spectral range from 255 to 430 nm and from 400 to 800 nm and those fabricated in a single crystal of TeO 2 with a noncollinear design operate from 1100 to 2700 nm and from 2000 to 4500 nm. We have developed special accessories to couple optical fiber(s) to such spectrometers for efficient light collection. In our laboratory, we are using these AOS's to measure emission, absorption, fluorescence, and Raman spectra. The development of these AOS's is discussed and compact portable fiber-coupled spectrometers based on quartz AOTF operating in the 255 to 800 nm spectral region are described and sample results are presented. Such spectrometers should be useful for medical diagnostics applications.
Evolution and Circumscription of the True Cypresses (Cupressaceae: Cupressus).

Abstract Recent phylogenetic investigations of Cupressoideae have found evidence to suggest that Cupressus is not monophyletic. This study tested the division of Cupressus into an Old World clade and a New World clade with complete sampling of the 28 extant species. Data from anatomy, biochemistry, micromorphology, reproductive development, reproductive morphology, and vegetative morphology were combined with molecular sequence data (matK, NEEDLY intron 2, nrITS, rbcL, and trnL) to produce the most complete hypothesis of evolutionary relationships within Cupressoideae to date. Callitropsis, Cupressus, and Juniperus formed a well–supported monophyletic group (100%). Within this clade, the only demonstrably monophyletic genus was Juniperus (100%). Monophyly of the 12 Old World species of Cupressus was well supported (100%). Old World species of Cupressus were sister to Juniperus (99%). Callitropsis and the 16 New World species of Cupressus were resolved as the sister group to the Old World Cupressus plus Ju...
The effect of Chinese import competition on Mexican local labor markets

This paper contributes to the literature of the effect of globalization on labor markets in developing economies by analyzing the Mexican case. I exploit variation across Mexican regions in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization in order to estimate the effect Chinese competition had on local Mexican labor markets. Also, by taking advantage of the Mexican exports’ high dependence on the U.S. market, I estimate the effect that China-caused trade diversion had on Mexican labor markets. I find that the increase in competition decreased the employment share in manufacturing for the average Mexican local labor market. This effect was found to be larger for regions with high exposure to Chinese competition in the U.S. market, showing that there was a significant, negative indirect effect from China's trade growth. I also find that workers’ mobility across local labor markets increased due to this negative shock. Wages remained largely unaffected.
Theoretical Methods for Calculating Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Superlattices

A variety of theoretical models have been used to calculate the electronic properties of semiconductor superlattices. The methods vary in their ease of implementation, number of empirical parameters, and ability to incorporate physical effects. There is no “best” method; the choice of model is made on the basis of the desired property under investigation, such as subband energy levels, energy band dispersion and effective mass, strain effects, or optical spectra. The strength and limitations of the Kronig-Penney, envelope function, and tight-binding models will be reviewed, including one-, two-, and multi-band versions. The relationship of superlattice to bulk band structure, and the issue of dispersion in the growth and in-plane directions will be illustrated with the examples of the CaAs-GaAlAs and HgTe-CdTe superlattices.
Mechanical Properties of the Rat Brain: Effect of Age and Anatomical Region

Of the 1.5 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) every year, about 250,000 require hospitalization and result in 50,000 deaths[1]. Outcome after TBI is strongly dependent on age[2, 3]. Because there is no pharmacological treatment for the head injured patient, prevention of TBI is paramount. By gaining an in depth understanding of injury biomechanics, it may be possible to design more effective protection either in the form of helmets or automotive safety systems. To this end, finite element models are frequently employed to understand the induced brain deformation due to injurious loading scenarios[4].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
SONET: the synchronous optical interface

For the past three years, there has been activity to define a standard optical interface in the ECSA T1X1 committee that could be used to connect equipment from different suppliers optically. The first set of specifications for this interface, commonly referred to as SONET (synchronous optical network), has been published as ANSI standards. In addition, CCITT has finalized the recommendation for SONET and it will be included in this study period’s set of recommendations. The standard will have a major impact on the next generation network equipment. Much information exists about this standard but it is sometimes hard to obtain or interpret. This tutorial explains what the specification is, how it is used and what effect it will have on the network of the future.
Particle Nucleation in Dissipative Systems

Dissipative regimes may induce athermal processes in addition to the thermally activated single atom addition or subtraction events considered by classical nucleation theory. Displacement cascades or impinging energetic ions could destroy sub-critical precipitates. Similarly, either displacement cascades or energetic knock-on atoms could remove single atoms or groups of atoms from subcritical clusters. Cluster injection is also possible, as in vapor deposition of clusters or in the cores of displacement cascades providing void nuclei.
Orthopedic Problems of the Adolescent

Adolescence, defined as “the period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age of majority,” has its social and medical hazards. Among the latter are orthopedic problems—legs of unequal length, slipped capital femoral epiphyses, Osgood-Schlatter disease, bad posture, and scoliosis.
Dual Jobholders Less Likely to Have Health Insurance Coverage than Single Jobholders

Aesthetic judgments are “dangerous undertakings” for courts, but they are unavoidable in copyright law. In theory, copyright does not distinguish between works on the basis of aesthetic values or merit (or lack thereof), and courts often go to great lengths to try to avoid artistic judgments. In practice, however, implicit aesthetic criteria are deeply embedded throughout copyright case law. The questions “What is art?” and “How should it be interpreted?” are inextricably linked to the questions “What does copyright protect?,” “Who is an author?,” “What is misappropriation?,” and many other issues essential to copyright. Although courts rarely (if ever) explicitly adhere to aesthetic principles in their decisions, the judicial logic used in copyright cases closely mirrors three major aesthetic theories: Formalism, Intentionalism, and Reader-Response. EBRI tabulations of the 1990 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) indicate that 88.4 percent of employed individuals aged 18-64 had some form of health insurance in January 1991. Over 85 percent reported private insurance coverage, and 4.4 percent had health insurance coverage from a public source. Nearly 12 percent of all workers reported not having any health insurance coverage in January 1991. Of the 98.8 million jobholders, in January 1991, 7.1 million (7.2 percent) held more than one job. These dual jobholders can be classified into two categories: part-time dual jobholders, who work part-time at two jobs, and moonlighters, who work full-time on their primary job and part-time on their secondary job. Closer analysis of part-time and full-time single jobholders, part-time dual jobholders, and moonlighters reveals that there are significant differences in the health insurance coverage among these groups.
Simultaneous Determination of 4 Kinds of Acrylic Esters in The Air of Workplace by Gas Chromatography

[Objective]To establish a method for determination of Methyl acrylate,Ethyl acrylate,Methyl methacrylate,Butyl acrylate in workplace air by Gas Chromatography(GC).[Methods]Samples in workplace air were collected by active charcoal tube,then desorbed in solution with carbon disulfide,isolated by an HP-FFAP capillary column,and detected by hydrogenflame ionizationdetector,finally analyzed by GC standard curve method.[Results]The 4 kinds of acrylate esters were separated well with good linear relationship and reproducibility.The limit of detection was 0.16~0.27 μg/ml.The concentration of acrylate esters in air was 0.11~0.18 mg/m3 based on sample volume of 1.5 L.[Conclusion]The method is accurate,sensitive and suitable to measure a variety of acrylate esters in the air of workplace.
Practical Approaches to Growth Retardation

Although relatively few short children have endocrine disorders, it is important to identify them since appropriate treatment is often available. In others, impaired growth may provide the first clue to the presence of a correctable systemic disease. The majority, however, will prove on investigation to be small normals, and in many cases their potential for growth is much greater than anticipated.
Effects of Physical Properties on Erosional and Yield Strengths of Fine-Grained Sediments

AbstractDue to interparticle forces between clay particles in fine-grained sediments, erodibility and transport mechanisms for fine sediments are different from those for coarse sediments, and the capability to predict the erosion resistance of fine sediments is still in question. In this study, sediment specimens with different kaolinite contents were prepared by mixing ground silica and Georgia kaolin with tap water. Geotechnical tests were carried out to obtain the sediment physical properties. The erosional and yield strengths of the specimens were determined through hydraulic flume experiments and rheometer tests, respectively. Relationships among the erosional and yield strengths and the sediment physical properties were developed. In dimensionless form, erosional and yield strengths of fine sediments are predicted by sediment properties including clay-size fraction and water content. In addition, a relationship is obtained to predict Shields’ parameter as a function of the corresponding dimensionle...
Analysis of Financial Statements

This chapter discusses the analysis of financial statements. To determine the financial status of a business, there are two reports, or financial statements, that are made at the end of an accounting period: (1) the balance sheet and (2) the income statement. The balance sheet shows the financial status of a business as of a given date, while the income statement shows the financial activity of a business through sales and expenses over a period of time. The assets are classified as current or long-lived. Current assets are cash, those assets that can be turned into cash within one year, or those assets that can be used within one year. The long-lived assets are those whose life extends beyond one year. The liabilities are classified as current or long term. The current liabilities are those that can be paid in full within one year. The long-term liabilities are those that cannot be paid in full within one year. There are three types of analysis that can be used for the study of a balance sheet: (1) vertical analysis, (2) horizontal analysis, and (3) ratio analysis.
Statistical Methods for Cohort Studies of CKD: Survival Analysis in the Setting of Competing Risks

Survival analysis is commonly used to evaluate factors associated with time to an event of interest (e.g., ESRD, cardiovascular disease, and mortality) among CKD populations. Time to the event of interest is typically observed only for some participants. Other participants have their event time censored because of the end of the study, death, withdrawal from the study, or some other competing event. Classic survival analysis methods, such as Cox proportional hazards regression, rely on the assumption that any censoring is independent of the event of interest. However, in most clinical settings, such as in CKD populations, this assumption is unlikely to be true. For example, participants whose follow-up time is censored because of health-related death likely would have had a shorter time to ESRD, had they not died. These types of competing events that cause dependent censoring are referred to as competing risks. Here, we first describe common circumstances in clinical renal research where competing risks operate and then review statistical approaches for dealing with competing risks. We compare two of the most popular analytical methods used in settings of competing risks: cause-specific hazards models and the Fine and Gray approach (subdistribution hazards models). We also discuss practical recommendations for analysis and interpretation of survival data that incorporate competing risks. To demonstrate each of the analytical tools, we use a study of fibroblast growth factor 23 and risks of mortality and ESRD in participants with CKD from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study.
Modeling copper precipitation hardening and embrittlement in a dilute Fe-0.3at.%Cu alloy under neutron irradiation

Abstract Neutron irradiation in light water reactors can induce precipitation of nanometer sized Cu clusters in reactor pressure vessel steels. The Cu precipitates impede dislocation gliding, leading to an increase in yield strength (hardening) and an upward shift of ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (embrittlement). In this work, cluster dynamics modeling is used to model the entire Cu precipitation process (nucleation, growth, and coarsening) in a Fe-0.3at.%Cu alloy under neutron irradiation at 300°C based on the homogenous nucleation mechanism. The evolution of the Cu cluster number density and mean radius predicted by the modeling agrees well with experimental data reported in literature for the same alloy under the same irradiation conditions. The predicted precipitation kinetics is used as input for a dispersed barrier hardening model to correlate the microstructural evolution with the radiation hardening and embrittlement in this alloy. The predicted radiation hardening agrees well with the mechanical test results in the literature. Limitations of the model and areas for future improvement are also discussed in this work.
The Role of the Heart in Hypertension

The heart has usually been regarded only as a sufferer in hypertension, one of the few organs whose dysfunction was directly related to the elevated arterial pressure. The definition of hypertension as a quantitative rather than a qualitative deviation from the norm [1] fitted well with that concept; cardiac hypertrophy and eventual failure was viewed as a direct function of the level of arterial pressure. This traditional view has been questioned from time to time, more on an intuitive basis than on firm factual evidence [2]. It is only recently, however, that the spectrum of cardiac involvement in hypertension has been demonstrated to be much broader than the hypertrophy and failure of a pump submitted to an excessive load.
An Examination of High-Achieving First-Generation College Students from Low-Income Backgrounds.

Experiences of 10 high-achieving first-generation college students from low-income backgrounds were the focus of this qualitative research study. Family adversity and difficult personal experiences during adolescence were major themes; however, students benefitted from emotionally supportive K-12 educators and academic rigor in high school. Sustained family pride helped to keep them focused on reaching their goals, as well as intellectual engagement at the university, and influential mentors. The 10 participants developed a strong sense of purpose at the university and graduated well prepared for careers and graduate school. Implications of the findings are presented along with suggestions for designing effective university experiences for talented first-generation students.
Commentary on Sant Chapter: 30 Years on!

2017 is the 30th anniversary of the First NIH-NIDDK Conference on Interstitial Cystitis that was held in at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, USA in August 1987. It is thus an appropriate and opportune time to review progress made over the last three decades in the understanding of this still enigmatic disease and to highlight progress in understanding the disease pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Efficient mouse genome engineering by CRISPR-EZ technology

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has transformed mouse genome editing with unprecedented precision, efficiency, and ease; however, the current practice of microinjecting CRISPR reagents into pronuclear-stage embryos remains rate-limiting. We thus developed CRISPR ribonucleoprotein (RNP) electroporation of zygotes (CRISPR-EZ), an electroporation-based technology that outperforms pronuclear and cytoplasmic microinjection in efficiency, simplicity, cost, and throughput. In C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mouse strains, CRISPR-EZ achieves 100% delivery of Cas9/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) RNPs, facilitating indel mutations (insertions or deletions), exon deletions, point mutations, and small insertions. In a side-by-side comparison in the high-throughput KnockOut Mouse Project (KOMP) pipeline, CRISPR-EZ consistently outperformed microinjection. Here, we provide an optimized protocol covering sgRNA synthesis, embryo collection, RNP electroporation, mouse generation, and genotyping strategies. Using CRISPR-EZ, a graduate-level researcher with basic embryo-manipulation skills can obtain genetically modified mice in 6 weeks. Altogether, CRISPR-EZ is a simple, economic, efficient, and high-throughput technology that is potentially applicable to other mammalian species.
The 5-Item Modified Frailty Index Is Predictive of 30-Day Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Kyphoplasty Vertebral Augmentation.

Background Vertebral compression fractures are the most common spine injury seen in elderly patients. Vertebral augmentation is considered a safe and effective treatment. The ability to predict outcomes based on comorbidities is lacking. The modified frailty index has been used to predict complications after orthopedic and surgical procedures. We hypothesized that despite a low rate of adverse outcomes, postoperative complications after kyphoplasty would be greater in patients who are frail. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for patients who underwent kyphoplasty between 2006 and 2015. Complication data including 30-day complications, life-threatening complications, reoperation and readmission rate, and length of stay data was recorded, and 5-item modified frailty index (5i-mFI) scores were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were then conducted to analyze frailty as a predictor of postoperative complications after kyphoplasty. Results In total, 2465 patients were identified (mean age = 73.98). As 5i-mFI increased from 0 to ≥2, the rate of overall complications increased nearly 3-fold from 3.7% to 10.4% (P Conclusions The 5i-mFI is a straightforward assessment tool that correlates with outcomes after kyphoplasty. It can be used to help clinicians predict adverse events and facilitate informed discussions with their patients.
LITTLE HELPERS, COMPANIONS, AND ANCESTORS: MINIATURE FIGURES IN THE MAYA LOWLAND REGION DURING THE LATE PRECLASSIC AND CLASSIC PERIODS (AD 15–800)

This report discusses miniature anthropomorphic figures found in ritualized contexts across the Lowland Maya region, dating to AD 15–800. Crafted with minimal detail to indicate humanlike features, anthropomorphic miniatures have been found in offerings placed alongside the dead, within temples and ballcourts, and beneath stone monuments. Their form, often with arms over the chest, is similar to bundled bodies and may reference those that reside in other worlds. This paper considers, through their form, archaeological contexts, and ethnographic comparisons, these anthropomorphic miniatures as active agents in their roles as ritual helpers, small companions, and materialized ancestors.
Hitsville: Writing a Hit Song

Making a living from composing music has never been easy. F. M. Scherer [125] has painstakingly made estimates of the income of the classical composers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Mozart was not wealthy and wrote a voluminous amount of music. Scherer found, for the evidence available for 23 composers, that the top two accounted for 44 % of the wealth of all of the composers in the group. Franz Schubert and Mozart died in debt. In fact, when compared with other art forms like painting or sculpture, composers earned far less. In the early 1700s, under the influence of the Lutheran religion, musicians attained a higher status and influence in Germany than elsewhere in the world at the time ([40], p. 133). By the late eighteenth century, they were able to attain a steady income from compositions and performances ([40], p. 138). Most well-known composers of the period distributed their work through sheet music which provided a considerable portion of their total income ([40], p. 140).
Adam Smith on Money, Mercantilism and the System of Natural Liberty

Adam Smith’s theory of money played a key role in his development of one of the conclusions for which he is most famous today: the superiority of the system of natural liberty to mercantilism. This essay examines the part played by money in this argument, and specifically Smith’s theory of money’s origins and evolution and its relevance to his theory of natural liberty. The essay goes on to show how his position contributes to his critique of mercantilism and other proto-monetary policies as illustrative of his wider objection to interventionism, in conjunction with his understanding of the ‘science of the legislator’ in promoting the realisation of the system of natural liberty.
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in mantle cell lymphoma.

e18610Background: While race and socioeconomic factors are associated with outcome in many malignancies, few studies have examined the impact of race and socioeconomic status on patients with mantl...