cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connective tissue changes in the larynx and their effects on voice

Many characteristics of the aging voice have been described in the literature. These features include pitch changes (1-3), irregularities in vocal fold vibration (4), glottal incompetency as reflected in air loss and breathiness (5), and voice production changes associated with laryngeal tension, pitch breaks, roughness, hoarseness, and harshness (5-7). The evidence thus far obtained indicates that both male and female voices age; however, changes are most evident in the male (2,3). Although the precise reasons for the aging of voice are far from being well understood, they undoubtedly relate to the manner and extent that tissues change within the larynx. Data from acoustic, physiologic, and perceptual studies suggest that the nature of these intrinsic changes are complex and probably multifactorial. During the past 30 years there has been a modest amount of research on the biological aspects of aging of the voice; however, activity has increased significantly in the last 15 years. Most work has dealt with various aspects of changes in the connective tissues of the larynx including cartilages (8-12), ligaments (10,11,13,14), articular surfaces (15,16), and the lamina propria of the vocal folds (10,11,14). Unlike the long established research on aging of connective tissue in the body, for which there is a vast literature (17), relatively little is known about the aging of connective tissue in the larynx. Such information would be valuable in explaining some of the mechanisms of aging and the resultant physical and mechanical changes that occur as a result of the aging process. This paper reviews research on age-related con-
Workshops in caring: a first module.

Abstract Workshops in Caring were designed to expose attitudes, biases, and concerns of a nursing home staff toward aging, illness, and death. This paper touches on techniques and materials (more literary and humanistic than clinical) for encouraging participants to focus on and share their feelings. What inhibits or facilitates a caring relationship between elderly, often terminally ill, residents and staff members was the prime focus of both sessions: “Will You Stilt Need Me, Will You Still Feed Me?” and “Who Owns One's Life?”
Extrasolar planets: Fluorescent methane spotted.

The atmospheric properties of distant worlds are becoming increasingly clear. The latest observations reveal fluorescent emission from methane in the upper atmosphere of a Jupiter-like extrasolar planet.
Selection and evaluation of projects to conserve ecosystem services

Climate and land use changes are reducing ecosystem services. Ecosystem managers can alleviate such adverse impacts by being more efficient in allocating limited budgets to projects designed to conserve ecosystem services, and ensuring that implemented projects are effective in stemming losses in ecosystem services. A conceptual framework is developed that managers can use for this purpose. The framework consists of two elements: (1) an a priori optimization model for selecting projects that minimize present value loss in ecosystem services subject to a budget constraint; and (2) an a posteriori model for determining the extent to which implemented projects have decreased ecosystem losses. An optimization model is formulated for three cases, which assume the ecosystem manager: (1) knows for sure how project expenditures influence losses in ecosystem services (certainty case); (2) does not know for sure how project expenditures influence losses in ecosystem services, but is able to specify the probabilities of service losses for different projects (risk case); and (3) is uncertain how project expenditures influence losses in ecosystem services (uncertainty case). Efficient selection of projects is evaluated for two areas of an ecosystem in mathematical and graphical terms using a continuous negative exponential relationship between present value losses and project expenditures for the certainty case, and for five expenditure classes in the risk and uncertainty cases. Two versions of the certainty case are evaluated, weak sustainability and strong sustainability. Weak sustainability allows gains in one ecosystem service to compensate for losses in another ecosystem service; strong sustainability does not. The risk case requires the manager to specify the conditional probabilities for present value losses given project expenditures, and utilizes expected costs and expected budget amounts in the budget constraint. It is solved by allocating the budget among projects so as to equalize the expected marginal present value losses in ecosystem services across projects. The uncertainty case requires the manager to specify ecosystem sustainability states and the present value losses in ecosystem services for combinations of states and projects. It is solved by selecting projects that minimize the maximum present value loss in ecosystem services subject to the budget constraint. The a posteriori evaluation method uses Bayesian statistical inference to test hypotheses about the extent to which implemented projects reduce losses in ecosystem services. It requires specifying ecosystem states that describe conditions for ecosystem services, and decides which hypothesis is true based on posterior probabilities of ecosystem states.
Photochemical Generation of Catalytically Active Shape Selective Rhodium Nanocubes

A photochemical method has been exploited for the fast synthesis of shape selective rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of 2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene (2,7-DHN) as a new reducing agent under UV-photoirradiation for 6 h. The growth of particles with different shapes (spherical, flower like, and cubical) was directed by the surfactant-to-metal ion molar ratio and the concentration of 2,7-DHN. The particles’sizes and shapes were successfully tuned by varying the molar ratios of the reactants. The particles are stable for more than three months in ambient conditions. The synthesized CTAB-Rh NPs exhibit excellent catalytic activity toward the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds by NaBH4 in an aqueous solution. The Rh NPs promoted the electron transfer between the BH4− and nitro compounds, which were reduced to their corresponding amino derivatives. The process presented here can be extended to the synthesis of other nanomaterials with desired sizes and shapes and may find wide application in organ...
Ethanol Teratogenesis in Selectively Bred Long‐Sleep and Short‐Sleep Mice: A Comparison to Inbred C57BL/6J Mice

Sensitivity to alcohol may influence the severity of ethanol teratogenesis. To examine this hypothesis, the teratogenic effects of ethanol were compared in Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice, selectively bred for differences in ethanol-induced narcosis. Inbred C57BL/6J (B6) mice were included to confirm previously reported teratogenic effects using our own treatment regimen and standard assessment technique. Intragastric administration of ethanol (5.8 g/kg) on Days 9 and 10 of pregnancy resulted in growth retardation and an increase in prenatal mortality in LS litters but not in SS litters. Therefore, alcohol sensitivity plays a role in the severity of prenatal alcohol effects. B6 mice showed more ethanol teratogenicity than either LS or SS mice, even though maternal blood ethanol levels were similar across genotypes. This result suggests genetic variations other than alcohol sensitivity also influence ethanol teratogenesis.
Ab initio calculation of extended x-ray-absorption fine structure in Br 2

A quantitative theory of extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) in diatomic molecules is presented and tested by ab initio calculations in ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$. The theory, based on a refinement of conventional EXAFS theory, takes into account (1) an energy-dependent exchange-correlation potential, (2) multielectron excitations, and (3) a single-scattering, spherical-wave expansion. Inelastic processes are included assuming that core-hole excitations and losses in propagation are uncorrelated. We find that a Dirac-Hara exchange potential gives better overall agreement of the EXAFS phase than does the Hedin-Lundqvist potential. The amplitude discrepancy between experiment and single-particle theory can be corrected by adding core-hole lifetime effects, experimental resolution, and multielectron excitations.
Atomic Beam Resonance Experiments with Stored Beams

The atomic-beam separated, oscillatory-field resonance technique has been used to study the hyperfine frequency of cesium which is perturbed by collisions with storage box walls. With a wall coating of long straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons, resonances are observed after as many as 200 wall collisions. A theory of the effect of wall collisions on the hyperfine frequency which is in qualitative agreement with experimental results is described. The shape of the resonance curve is analyzed by a detailed consideration of the statistical nature of the wall collision.
An Ethnographic Inquiry of Cooperative Learning Implementation.

Abstract Qualitative research methods were employed to explore variations in teacher implementation of a research-based model of cooperative learning. Participants included five middle school math and science teachers who were trained in the Johnson, D.W. and Johnson, R.T. [Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1983). The socialization and achievement crisis: Are cooperative learning experiences the answer? Applied Social Psychology, 4, 199-124.] model of cooperative learning. Implementation was examined via interview and observation. Principles from cognitive psychology defined constructs for study, which included teacher concepts, plans, and enactment of cooperative learning in the classroom. Study design included features characteristic of ethnographic inquiry: prolonged engagement, purposeful sampling, persistent observation, multiple source data collection, and recursive interpretation. Triangulation of data sources revealed that relationships between concepts, plans and enactment were mediated by teaching style, teaching context, and degree of teaching expertise. Findings suggest that when attempting to implement cooperative learning lessons, teacher may benefit from attention to teacher and student roles, curricular requirements, instructional time, and classroom management skills. Findings further demonstrate the important contributions of qualitative research to the cooperative learning literature.
On the Use of Consistent Approximations for the Optimal Design of Beams

This paper presents a discretization strategy, based on the concept of consistent approximations, for certain optimal beam design problems, where the beam is modeled using Euler--Bernoulli beam theory. It is shown that any accumulation point of the sequence of the stationary points of the family of resulting approximating problems is a stationary point of the original, infinite-dimensional problem. The construction of approximating problems requires the development of a relaxation of constraints to ensure existence of solutions. The numerical solution of the approximating problems, by means of nonlinear programming algorithms that are not scale invariant, must be preceded by a change of variables to guard against deterioration of performance. The use of such approximating problems, in conjunction with a diagonalization strategy, is illustrated by a numerical example.
Thermoelectric Materials with Potential High Power Factors for Electricity Generation

The thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of materials limits the performance of a thermoelectric power generator. To date, the main gains from the worldwide effort in either engineered bulk materials or low-dimensional systems have been mostly based on the strategies of reducing the thermal conductivity. We explore several bulk thermoelectric materials that have respectable mecha- nical strength and chemical stability at elevated temperatures for potential power generation. Our strategy is to first explore the avenue of significantly increasing the power factor (PF), then the avenue of lowering thermal conductivity, perhaps by nanocompositing. We examine the layered cobaltates with sharp resonant peaks in the electronic density of states near the Fermi energy level due to strong electron correlation. We suggest that electron correlation may be used as a new tuning parameter to significantly increase the PF. We also report that a substantial increase (over 30%) in PF can be achieved in filled skutterudites (such as p-type CeFe4Sb12) through nonequilibrium synthesis by rapid conversion of the amorphous materials made by the melt spinning to single-phase crystalline materials under pressure. This process, in conjunction with the rattling to lower the lattice thermal conductivity, could further enhance the ZT values of the filled skutterudites.
Double window acceptance sampling

We introduce the concept of a sequential double window procedure and compare the resulting acceptance test with both a fixed sample size method as well as with the Wald sequential probability ratio test. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004
Predictors of survival among hemodialysis patients: Effect of perceived family support.

The authors examined the role of perceived family support and symptoms of depression as predictors of survival in a sample of 78 in-center hemodialysis patients. Cox regression analysis revealed significant effects for family support (p < .005), blood urea nitrogen (p < .01), and age (p < .005). The effect for depression was not significant. The Cox model indicated that a 1-point increase on the family support measure was associated with a 13% reduction in the hazard rate (i.e., mortality). Estimated 5-year mortality rates among low family support patients were approximately 3 times higher than estimated mortality for high support patients. Differences in patient adherence to the dietary and medication regimens failed to explain the significant effect of family support.
Investigation of waveguide effects in intra-vehicular environments

Supporting intra-vehicular sensing using wireless communication is beneficial for eliminating wires and saving costs. The traditional approach is using transmit and receive antennas radiating into the car's open space. Radiated signals are exposed to strong fading due to shadowing and the dynamic nature of the wireless channel. Preliminary experimental observations of the feasibility of propagating a signal over the surface of the car lead to the motivation of the present work. Simulations using CST microwave studio is used to determine the level of wave propagation through a layer of paint and compared to experimental results. A study has been performed for analyzing the surface wave hypothesis at different frequencies.
Control method for active filters

A novel control method for power active filters is presented, which makes it possible to control the individual harmonics of the supply current with a closed loop without any mains voltage sensors. This method makes it possible to reduce the rating of active filters, and as a result, to reduce the cost of them, compared to the conventional control methods.
Synchronous Activity of Inhibitory Networks in Neocortex Requires Electrical Synapses Containing Connexin36

Inhibitory interneurons often generate synchronous activity as an emergent property of their interconnections. To determine the role of electrical synapses in such activity, we constructed mice expressing histochemical reporters in place of the gap junction protein Cx36. Localization of the reporter with somatostatin and parvalbumin suggested that Cx36 was expressed largely by interneurons. Electrical synapses were common among cortical interneurons in controls but were nearly absent in knockouts. A metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist excited LTS interneurons, generating rhythmic inhibitory potentials in surrounding neurons of both wild-type and knockout animals. However, the synchrony of these rhythms was weaker and more spatially restricted in the knockout. We conclude that electrical synapses containing Cx36 are critical for the generation of widespread, synchronous inhibitory activity.
Pituitary adenomas: is Gamma Knife ® radiosurgery safe?

Gamma Knife® radiosurgery is widely used to treat patients with pituitary adenoma. Although this procedure has a high success rate, it is also associated with potential complications, including visual dysfunction. This Viewpoint considers whether the benefits of Gamma Knife® surgery outweigh the risks.
Approximating tail probabilities of noncentral distributions

Abstract Gray and Wang's (1991) general method for approximating tail probabilities is applied to the cases of the noncentral χ 2 , F and t distributions. The validity of such applications is established. The resulting approximations are easy to compute. Numerical results show the great accuracy of the approximations for all the three most commonly used noncentral distributions.
MEASUREMENT ERROR IN CALLS‐FOR‐SERVICE AS AN INDICATOR OF CRIME*

Several recent studies have used records of calls-for-service (CFS) to police 911 centers to measure crime at the address, neighborhood, and city level. This article examines the limitations of this “new” indicator of crime. After pointing out several types of error in dispatch records, we use data from an observational study of policing in 60 neighborhoods to examine empirically how these errors might bias CFS-based crime counts and discuss the consequences of such bias. We conclude with suggestions for future research on the validity of CFS as an indicator of crime.
Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma upregulates markers associated with high-grade serous carcinomas including Rsf-1 (HBXAP), cyclin E and fatty acid synthase

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) has been proposed as a precursor for many pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas. Our previous analysis of the ovarian cancer genome identified several genes with oncogenic potential that are amplified and/or overexpressed in the majority of high-grade serous carcinomas. Determining whether these genes are upregulated in STICs is important in further elucidating the relationship of STICs to high-grade serous carcinomas and is fundamental in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of high-grade serous carcinomas. In this study, 37 morphologically defined STICs were obtained from 23 patients with stage IIIC/IV high-grade serous carcinomas. Both STICs and the high-grade serous carcinomas were analyzed for expression of Rsf-1 (HBXAP), cyclin E, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and mucin-4. In addition, they were examined for expression of established markers including p53, Ki-67 and p16. We found that diffuse nuclear p53 and p16 immunoreactivity was observed in 27 (75%) of 36 and 18 (55%) of 33 STICs, respectively, whereas an elevated Ki-67 labeling index (≥10%) was detected in 29 (78%) of 37 STICs. Cyclin E nuclear staining was seen in 24 (77%) of 35 STICs, whereas normal tubal epithelial cells were all negative. Increased Rsf-1 and FASN immunoreactivity occurred in 63%, and 62% of STICs, respectively, compared with adjacent normal-appearing tubal epithelium. Interestingly, only one STIC showed increased mucin-4 immunoreactivity. Carcinomas, when compared with STICs, overexpressed p16, Rsf-1, cyclin E and FASN in a higher proportion of cases. In conclusion, STICs express several markers including Rsf-1, cyclin E and FASN in high-grade serous carcinomas. In contrast, mucin-4 immunoreactivity either did not change or was reduced in most STICs. These results suggest that overexpression of Rsf-1, cyclin E and FASN occurs early in tumor progression.
The Effectiveness of Cochlear Implants for Children With Prelingual Deafness

No longer considered an experimental procedure, cochlear implantation in young children with profound hearing loss has become almost commonplace. This paper reviews the efficacy of cochlear implantation in children with prelingual deafness. First, a brief introduction to cochlear implants is provided. Second, research regarding the effects of cochlear implantation in children with prelingual deafness on speech perception, speech production, and language development is reviewed. Finally, implications for early childhood educators are discussed.
Differentiability of solutions for the non-degenerate p-Laplacian in the Heisenberg group

We propose a direct method to control the first-order fractional difference quotients of solutions to quasilinear subelliptic equations in the Heisenberg group. In this way we implement iteration methods on fractional difference quotients to obtain weak differentiability in the T-direction and then second-order weak differentiability in the horizontal directions.
All variations on perfectly orderable graphs

An ordered graph is a graph whose vertices are positive integers. Two ordered graphs are isomorphic if the order-preserving bijection between their sets of vertices is a graph isomorphism. We identify the family of all sets S of ordered graphs with the following properties: (1) Each member of S is a P4 (defined as a chordless path with four vertices and three edges). (2) If an ordered graph Z has no induced subgraph isomorphic (as an ordered graph) to a member of S, then Z is perfect. This work is related to Berge's Strong Perfect Graph Conjecture and was motivated by Chvatal's theorem on perfectly orderable graphs.
Information, associativity, and choice requirements

Abstract The common view of cross-set consistency requirements is to hold them as either ethical or technical requirements. The line of research presented here views consistency requirements as information processing efficiency requirements on a choice process. It is shown that path independence axioms impose a hierarchy on the binary system, originally considered by Plott, that is consistent with intuitive notions of information processing efficiency. The hierarchy provides discrimination among the five principal path independence axioms. Implications for information processing in group decision-making mechanisms are noted.
A brief history of the lysigenous gland hypothesis

This paper summarizes the early history of the lysigenous gland concept, traces its evolution to recent times, and explores some possible causes of conflicting reports of lysigeny and schizogeny. Secretory cavities and ducts are generally thought to form either through the schizogenous separation of cells or through lysigeny (cell lysis). Gland lysigeny was first proposed in 1857 by Karsten, who believed that plant tissues represent solidifications of humoral fluids and that plant secretions are formed by the resorption of previously solidified cells. The lysigenous gland concept has modernized as our understanding of cytology has improved, but it was established early, from Karsten’s hypothesis, long before the influence of artifacts of specimen preparation was appreciated. Different methods of specimen preparation, including variations in the mounting media used to mount freehand sections, may have caused some of the discrepancies between the findings of lysigenists and schizogenists. Tschirch and Haberlandt promoted the schizolysigeny concept, and believed that the conflicting reports resulted from incomplete observations of a developmental process that included both schizogenous separation of cells and cell lysis to form secretory cavities and ducts. Both lysigeny and schizogeny have been reported in the recent literature, although most reports of lysigeny have been opposed by conflicting observations of schizogeny, and lysigeny may represent a false category of gland development caused by the misinterpretation of artifacts.
Implementing Parent Management Training in the Context of Poverty.

Parent management training (PMT) is a well-investigated, effective, and preferred treatment for children's externalizing behaviors and related disorders. Unfortunately, PMT is not as effective for children living in poor families, who disproportionately exhibit the behaviors that PMT is designed to correct. We suggest that PMT is less successful for poor children because (1) the same factors that explain the relation between economic hardship and children's externalizing behaviors also are related to unsuccessful PMT outcomes; and (2) PMT interventions are less acceptable to poor parents, and therefore less likely to be adopted. Clinical implications are drawn from the analysis. We thank Jill Doner Kagle and Sandra Kopels for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.
Magnetic Moment of a Massive Neutrino and Neutrino-Spin Rotation

A massive Dirac neutrino has a magnetic moment, which causes its spin to precess in a magnetic field. This reduces the effective weak cross sections for relativistic neutrinos. An estimate on the basis of phenomenological considerations as well as the standard electroweak theory indicates that massive neutrinos from supernovae and neutron stars may contain significant mixtures of negative- and positive-helicity states.
Effect of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) on transport parameters in the frog cornea epithelium.

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) is a carboxyl group modifier and it is an inhibitor of various ATPases. Present experiments, using an in vitro preparation, were designed to study whether DCCD affected the transporters of the bullfrog cornea epithelium, specifically, the Na+/K+ ATPase pump located in the basolateral membrane. For this purpose, corneas were impaled with microelectrodes and experiments were done under short-circuit current (I sc ) conditions. Addition of DCCD to a concentration of 10−4 m to the tear solution gave a marked decrease in I sc ; a marked depolarization of the intracellular potential, V o ; and a significant decrease in the apical membrane fractional resistance, fR o . There were small and variable although significant changes in the transepithelial conductance, g t . The effects may be explained by a decrease in the basolateral membrane K+ conductance, in combination with a partial inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump located in the basolateral membrane. There is also evidence for an increase in the apical membrane Cl− conductance.
New ways to demonstrate pathogenic organisms

Abstract Myriad microorganisms may infect the human integument and numerous methods are available to diagnose these infections, including direct visualization of the pathogen, evaluation of the inflammatory tissue reaction pattern in biopsies, antigen detection, culture, and serologic studies. In this chapter we will focus primarily on smear and biopsy specimens familiar to most dermatologists and dermatopathologists. We will discuss some new pathogens and new, novel, or promising techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases of the skin.
A study of MODIS and AWiFS multisensor fusion for crop classification enhancement

Accurate, robust, timely and complete remote sensing-based crop classification results are critical to the mission of the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), United States Department of Agriculture. However, due to cloud coverage and limited budget, in many cases, there are not enough quality AWiFS image data available for performing a reliable multitemporal crop classification. To solve this problem, extra image data from other sensors are sought for fusing with AWiFS images for temporal compensation while preserving the high spatial and spectral resolutions. This paper attempts to assess the crop classification accuracy enhancement with AWiFS and MODIS multisensor, multispectral and intertemporal fusion. Three different image fusion methods: principal component analysis (PCA), intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) and image band stacking (IBS) are applied to perform intertemporal image fusion between the 56m AWiFS and the 8-day composited reflectance MODIS data (Red and NIR bands only) with 250m resolution from NASA to incorporate more spectral dynamic information from MODIS images for better crop classification. To make the two-band MODIS data applicable to IHS fusion, this paper proposes a novel combined fusion process, in which the MODIS green band is replaced with the AWiFS green band to create a new multispectral image for IHS transformation. The fused image from AWiFS and MODIS images, together with the original AWiFS multispectral image, are then fed into the decision tree classifier for multitemporal crop classifications in accordance with different fusion methods and temporal combinations. The crop classification accuracies of various classification experiments are assessed with respect to different image fusion methods and different temporal combinations and compared with the reference single AWiFS classification results. The experimental results indicate that properly using the fusion of intertemporal MODIS and AWiFS data improves the crop classification accuracy in large crop area when enough fused temporal images are used.
Back Toward People: A Symposium.

Abstract The profession's current focus on technology has compromised academic librarianship's scholarly values, eroded the quality of rhetoric between librarians and patrons, and contributed to the ascendancy of information over knowledge. Librarians must renew their neglected teaching function and reaffirm those values that have traditionally defined the profession.
Immunological, morphological, and electrophysiological variation among retinal ganglion cells purified by panning

Two different monoclonal antibodies to the Thy-1 antigen, T11D7 and 2G12, were used to purify and characterize retinal ganglion cells from postnatal rat retina. Although Thy-1 has been reported to be a specific marker for ganglion cells in retina, retinal cell suspensions contained several other types of Thy-1-positive cells as well. Nevertheless, a simple two-step "panning" procedure allowed isolation of ganglion cells to nearly 100% purity. We found that postnatal ganglion cells differed in antigenic, morphological, and intrinsic electrophysiological characteristics, and that these properties were correlated with one another. Minor variations of this panning protocol should allow rapid, high yield purification to homogeneity of many other neuronal and glial cell types.
Isothermal martensite formation in an Fe20%Ni5%Mn alloy

Abstract An Fe-20%Ni-5%Mn wt % alloy transforms isothermally to lath martensite below room temperature, exhibiting C curve behavior. The lath morphology is found at all temperatures, and the number of laths increases with reaction time at each temperature. The maximum reaction rate is found at 233 K. Some morphological and crystallographic features of the lath martensite are presented.
The co-evolution of technology and entrepreneurship: lessons for development from India and Korea

While technology and entrepreneurship are independently viewed as critical factors in firm survival and competitiveness, how entrepreneurial capabilities evolve in the context of technology absorption and contribute to development is less well understood. This paper develops a conceptual framework for understanding how technology and entrepreneurship co-evolve and contribute to the emergence of new ventures and development. Two case studies of the steel industry in India and South Korea illustrate the framework and provide lessons for fostering development in emerging economies and low growth regions of industrialised countries.
Print Journals in the Electronic Library: What is Happening to Them?

Since electronic journals have become the preferred method for accessing the journal literature, the next logical step is for librarians to carefully evaluate traditional staff activities still focused on the maintenance of shrinking print journal collections. This column discusses shifting approaches to traditional serials workflow activities, including check-in, claiming, binding, and shelf storage, in light of expanded electronic access. The author conducted a brief survey of academic health sciences libraries in the South Central chapter of the Medical Library Association to determine if traditional serials duties were still being maintained and to what extent. The results of the survey are discussed with some recommendations for the future.
A park of the people: the demotion of Platt National Park, Oklahoma

Platt National Park, Oklahoma, was the smallest national park in the United States until it was combined with an adjacent, reservoir-centered recreation site in 1976 to form Chickasaw National Recreation Area. Set aside as Sulphur Springs Reservation by agreement with the Chickasaw Indians in 1902 and designated a national park in 1906, Platt is the only American national park to be demoted since World War II. The story of Platt's creation and demotion reflects the changing mission of the National Park Service (NPS), shifting images of nature and recreation among the American public, and broader social forces that frame park purposes. What started as local boosterism of hydrotherapy in cold mineral springs grew into one of America's most visited national parks by the 1920s. Despite its popularity, Platt lacked both scenic grandeur and political influence; it did not fit prevailing images of wild nature among NPS bureaucrats and the urban elite who formed the core of the environmental movement; it was too ...
Substrate-integrated octave-tunable combline bandstop filter with surface mount varactors

This paper presents an octave-tunable two-pole bandstop filter with tuning range of 0.56-1.18 GHz (2.1:1 tuning ratio). The bandstop filter is designed with two highly loaded combline resonators with surface mounted solid state varactors. Theoretical analysis and modeling along with full wave simulation is presented in agreement with measured data. The measured peak attenuation in the stopband is approximately 27 dB at 1.18 GHz and is approximately 7 dB at 0.56 GHz. However, a minimum attenuation of at least 10 dB is maintained above 0.65 GHz (1.82:1 tuning ratio).
Rapid Therapy Evaluation Using Chronic, Wide-Field Optical Imaging of Microvascular Blood Flow Dynamics

We employ speckle imaging and window chamber models to study vascular remodeling processes after light-based therapies. Our data demonstrate that the response involves substantial remodeling over a monitoring period of up to 30 days post-intervention.
The stability of two concentric non-Newtonian fluids in circular pipe flow

Abstract The flow of two concentric non-Newtonian fluids, under constant pressure gradient in a circular tube, is studied by linear stability analysis. The viscosities of the two fluids are different and their dependence on shear stress is described by the Ellis model. It is found that the steady state flow can be unstable, depending on certain combinations of the values of physical parameters, to infinitesimal axisymmetric disturbances of large wavelengths, for any Reynolds number however small. The flow is predominantly stable if the inner fluid is more viscous and predominantly unstable if the outer fluid is more viscous. Stronger dependence of viscosity on shear stress can both stabilize and destabilize the flow. Interfacial tension is also destabilizing when the Weber number is small than about 10 4 .
Health care utilization by the elderly in HMOs: comparing risk and cost contracts

Data are utilized collected from the American Association of Health Plans, a trade association representing HMOs, to study differences in utilization patterns between Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare risk and cost contracts with health plans. Utilization is measured by the number of ambulatory procedures performed, outpatient and emergency room visits, and acute and nonacute discharges. Compared to elders enrolled in risk plans, those in cost arrangements appear to exhibit higher inpatient and outpatient use. Members of for‐profit plans experienced greater outpatient visits, accreditation did not appear to influence utilization, and IPA arrangements resulted in a decrease in outpatient utilization. Financial and policy issues are discussed.
Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in North Carolina Latina immigrants.

Abstract Background Few studies have examined the correlates of physical activity for Latinas (Latino women) that provide critical information for developing culturally competent interventions. The objective of this study was to describe physical activity and the personal, social environmental, and physical environmental correlates for Latina immigrants. Methods As part of the multisite Women's Cardiovascular Health Network Project, 671 first-generation Latina immigrants, aged 20 to 50 years who were living in North Carolina, completed an in-person interview. All statistical models were adjusted for acculturation, with self-reported physical activity as the dependent variable. Results Only 37% of the Latinas reported meeting vigorous or moderate recommendations for physical activity, with 42% insufficiently active and 21% inactive. Women with more self-efficacy (confidence that they could exercise more) were less likely to meet recommendations for activity. Social environmental factors, such as knowing people who exercise or seeing people exercise in the neighborhood, were more likely among women who reported any activity or who met recommendations for activity. Physical environmental factors, such as vehicular traffic and street lighting, were not strongly associated with physical activity. Living in a community where places to exercise were available was associated with any activity. Conclusions This study underscores the importance of understanding personal characteristics and addressing factors that reflects the social and physical environment where Latinas live. Future programs aimed at increasing physical activity among Latina immigrants should consider such factors, particularly factors from the social environment.
The repopulation of the Americas in historical perspective

Migration is as old as humankind, a phenomenon that lies at the root of human dispersal across both ecological and cultural frontiers. It seems safe to assume that population growth and conflicts within and between adjacent bands were instrumental in the initial human dispersal. Then came a second wave of migration, leading to permanent settlements at places where food resources were either abundant, or could easily be concentrated. Eventually, agriculture emerged in those settlements and population increased, thus producing a new pattern of migration, as pioneers left overcrowded landscapes and sought out fertile soils. This constant process of settlement, population growth, conflicts, and migration was confined to the vast ecological and cultural frontiers of Africa and Eurasia. However, after 1492, the phenomenon of human dispersal that first started in the east African Savanna, where our ancestors evolved, eventually reached the New World where American immigration has been playing out in many forms and has left many different marks, including the destruction of Native Amerindians by European settlers as well as the many infectious diseases that they transmitted, the massive enslavements of Africans, and indentured labor, and where how cultural and other differences will be accommodated and modified remains a capital question for the 21st century. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Rhetoric of Form in Conversion Narratives.

This essay discloses how autobiographies of conversion may use the resources of narrative form to construct myths of self which testify to the sincerity and significance of their conversion experiences. It identifies two strategies of form useful for these purposes and illustrates their operation in Charles W. Colson's spiritual autobiography, Born Again. The essay concludes that the rhetoric of form in conversion narratives elucidates both narrative and autobiographical theory by illustrating how form serves the demands of genre.
Palaeolimnological evidence that lake acidification is accompanied by loss of organic matter

The hypothesis that loss of dissolved organic matter from lake water accompanies acidification1,2 has been investigated palaeolimnologically for Hovvatn (pH 4.4; TOC (total organic carbon) 3.2 p.p.m.) and Holmvatn (pH 4.7; TOC 2.2 p.p.m.) in southern Norway. Regression equations3,4 that relate sedimentary diatom remains separately to pH and TOC were applied to diatom counts from 210Pb-dated cores from the lakes. The results indicate that in pre-industrial times both lakes were acidic (pH 4.9–5.1, no bicarbonate alkalinity) and relatively humic (TOC 6–9 p.p.m.). This acidification started about 1920 at Howatn and in the 1940s at Holmvatn, and was accompanied by TOC decreases of 3–6 p.p.m. This supports the hypothesis and suggests that the acidification of such lakes transformed them from organic weak acid dominated to mineral strong acid dominated. It also implies that acidification decreased the availability of organic ligands for binding potentially toxic aluminium.
Superfluid 3He in aerogel.

We report measurements of the superfluid density and transition temperature of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ confined within 98.2% open aerogel. Both the superfluid fraction and the temperature at which the superfluid is manifested are suppressed strongly from their bulk values. The results suggest that the aerogel reduces the order parameter by a mechanism other than as a diffusely scattering surface.
The potential impact of bias in studies of residential exposure to magnetic fields and childhood leukemia

Bias can have a major impact on the results of epidemiologic studies. In investigations of the possible association between residential exposure to magnetic fields and the occurrence of childhood leukemia, many have raised questions about selection bias, including participation bias and information bias. In this review, the data on these possible sources of bias are summarized and their likely impact is evaluated. Most data suggest that if a bias exists, it is a bias towards the lack of association between exposure to magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. In addition, given the wide variety of study populations and measurement protocols, it is unlikely that a single design flaw has resulted in consistent effects across all studies and can be the sole explanation for the reported associations. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 5:S32–S47, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fiber transport and deposition in human upper tracheobronchial airways

Abstract Using a multi-level asymmetric lung bifurcation model, transport and deposition of ellipsoidal fibers in the human upper airways were analyzed. The first three generations (G0–G3) of the tracheobronchial tree were included in the study. The focus of this research is airflow simulation and fiber motion prediction in the multi-level human airway bifurcation model. The laryngeal jet at the trachea entrance was modeled as an equivalent turbulence generator, and downstream in the lower level of the bronchi a laminar flow model was used. Lagrangian simulation of ellipsoidal fiber transport and deposition was performed where the effects of coupled hydrodynamic drag and torque, shear induced lift, gravitational sedimentation, inertial impaction, turbulence diffusion were included in the analysis. The study showed that the multi-level asymmetric lung bifurcation model was flexible, easy to use, and computationally highly efficient. The particle simulation results showed that the elongated fibers were aligned with the main flow direction most of the time, but occasionally they experienced impulsive rotation along their pathway. The rotational motion was dependent on the fiber geometry and the local flow patterns. Fiber deposition pattern and deposition rate in the human upper airways were evaluated. The simulation results were compared with the experimental data. The equivalent sphere model for fiber transport and deposition was also discussed.
Growth of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants under solar radiation and UV filters

Abstract Growth of the chalcone isomerase defective tt-5 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana and its Landsberg erecta progenitor were compared under a variety of full spectrum solar radiation conditions to determine if the tt-5 mutant could serve as an adequate subject for studies of the mechanisms of damage by UV-B radiation. An experiment was conducted in the fall of 1995 under open field filter frames using cellulose diacetate and Mylar filters to transmit and exclude natural UV-B irradiation, respectively. Even though growth under these conditions was slow and erratic owing to lack of temperature control, growth suppression as indicated by rosette diameter and harvest fresh weights provided a sensitive indicator of UV-B stress. This experience led to development of temperature-controlled Teflon-covered field chambers that admit up to 88% of the total daily PAR and about 85% of ambient UV-B, omit predators, and provide a generally stable environment for quantitative plant growth studies. The chambers were designed to facilitate the addition of optical filters and/or shade cloth and to accommodate control of the gaseous environment for pollutant and climate change studies and to provide clean air for other experiments. Three additional experiments were conducted in these chambers. Measurements of rosette diameter, weights of various aboveground plant parts, and plant height were evaluated as potential methods of comparing growth sensitivities of the tt-5 mutant to UV-B radiation. The weight of the reproductive parts (flowers and siliques) as a fraction of the total (e.g. harvest index) was consistently and negatively affected by solar UV-B, as was simple plant height. However, in no case, even in the virtual absence of UV-B, was growth of tt-5 comparable to that of Ler. We conclude that the disruption of secondary metabolism in tt-5 has growth implications far beyond the lack of UV-B protection, making it unsuitable as a surrogate for high UV-B experimentation.
Cost justification of an expert system

It is pointed out that, like other projects which spend corporate dollars, an expert system must be analyzed for its economic and strategic worth to the organization. Both traditional engineering economy project analysis and multivariate holistic methods can be applicable. The fundamental strategy of the analyst is to decide upon the evaluation methodologies, gather cost and benefit data, study the project from various perspectives, and present the results and recommendations. >
17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol treatments are effective in lowering cerebral amyloid-β levels in AβPPSWE transgenic mice

Post-menopausal estrogen therapy is associated with a decreased incidence of Alzheimer disease and in vitro models have shown that 17β-estradiol is effective in lowering amyloidogenic processing. To examine the effects of estrogen withdrawal and replacement on amyloid β (Aβ) levels and amyloid β-protein precursor (AβPP) processing in vivo, Swedish mutant AβPP transgenic mice were ovariectomized or sham ovariectomized at four weeks of age and treated with placebo or 17β -o r 17α- estradiol pellets, the latter being a weak estrogen receptor agonist. Compared to sham ovariectomized mice, ovariectomy with placebo did not alter Aβ levels; however, the levels of Aβ were decreased by 27% and 38% in mice treated with 17β- and 17α- estradiol, respectively, with no change in AβPP holoprotein. Endogenous and exogenous estrogen both significantly increased the levels of sAβPPα, the secreted form of AβPP. The ratio of Aβ/sAβPPα, a measure of amyloidogenic processing, was reduced in all estrogen-containing groups. The Aβ lowering effect of 17β- and 17α-estradiol was replicated when estrogens were administered at a more physiological dose in the drinking water, or when mice were ovariectomized at three months of age. The increased efficacy of 17 α-estradiol versus 17β-estradiol may help to develop safe and effective therapeutics. Abbreviations: AβPP - amyloid β-protein precursor, Aβ - amyloid β ,s AβPPα - soluble AβPP cleaved at the α secretase site, AβPPSWE - AβPP Swedish mutant transgenic mice, holoAβ PP -A βPP holoprotein, AD - Alzheimer disease.