cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. III. Safflower oil

Safflower oil was fractionated in a 200-tube countercurrent distribution apparatus, and the oil was also fractionated after interesterification with C14-labelled palmitic acid. The glyceride composition of the interesterified oil was similar to that of the natural oil. The glycerides were separated on the basis of both unsaturation and chain length of the constituent fatty acids, and the palmitoglycerides had only slightly higher partition coefficients than the oleoglycerides. The amounts of trilinolein, oleodilinolein, and palmitodilinolein found were similar to those calculated for a random distribution. Distribution of a mixture of safflower oil and olive oil showed that no mixing or randomization of triglycerides occurred during countercurrent distribution. It is concluded that fatty acids in safflower triglycerides are distributed in an essentially random pattern.
On sparse matrix reordering for parallel factorization

To minimize the amount of computation and storage for parallel sparse factorization, sparse matrices have to be reordered prior to factorization. We show that none of the popular ordering heuristics proposed before, namely, mulitple minimum degree and nested dissection, perform consistently well over a range of matrices arising in diverse application domains. Spectral partitioning has been previously proposed as a means of generating small vertex separators for nested dissection of sparse matrices, so that the resulting ordering is amenable to efficient distributed parallel factorization with good load balance and low inter-processor communication. We show that nested dissection using spectral partitioning performs well for matrices arising from finite-element discretizations, but results in excessive fill compared to the minimum degree ordering for unstructured matrices such as power matrices and those arising from circuit simulation. The relative effectiveness of these two ordering schemes for parallel factorization is shown to vary widely for matrices arising from different application domains. We present an ordering strategy that performs consistently well for all matrix types. Its ordering is comparable or better than either minimum degree or nested dissection for all matrices evaluated. Performance results on the Intel iPSC/860 are reported.
An algorithm for ideal multigrid convergence for the steady Euler equations

Abstract A fast multigrid solver for the steady incompressible Euler equations is presented. Unlike time-marching schemes this approach uses relaxation of the steady equations. Application of this method results in a discretization that correctly distinguishes between the advection and elliptic parts of the operator, allowing efficient smoothers to be constructed. Solvers for both unstructured triangular grids and structured quadrilateral grids have been written. Flows in two-dimensional channels and over airfoils have been computed. Using Gauss–Seidel relaxation with the grid vertices ordered in the flow direction, ideal multigrid convergence rates of nearly one order-of-magnitude residual reduction per multigrid cycle are achieved, independent of the grid spacing. This approach also may be applied to the compressible Euler equations and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations.
Ribosomal RNA synthesis in pre- and postgastrula embryos of Xenopus laevis.

Abstract The synthesis of ribosomal RNA in pre- and postgastrula embryos of Xenopus laevis was examined using 3 H-CH 3 -methionine. No incorporation of label into ribosomal RNA is seen in pregastrula stages be it whole cell or ribosome extracts. These data support the observation that during early embryogenesis of Xenopus the synthesis of ribosomal RNA is under regulation.
The use of discharge lamps as directly modulated atom reservoirs for selective line modulation in atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract A simple method is described for selectively modulating the atomic or ionic resonance lines emitted by an excitation source. A modified discharge lamp with a cylindrical hollow cathode is used to generate a modulated atom cloud. The emission from the excitation source is then imaged through the modulated atom cloud within the cylindrical cathode lamp, to yield a selectively modulated signal. The ability of the system to reduce spectral interferences in inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry is assessed and discussed.
Non-urgent pediatric emergency department utilization - A case review

Parents who repetitively use the emergency department (ED) for non-urgent care create potential risk for their children. This phenomenon is influenced by inconvenient primary care office hours, insurance issues, and guaranteed same day services in the ED. Essentially, parents are using the ED as a primary care office, rather than a place for the care of urgent illness. This is a serious health concern as children do not receive continuity of care nor do they receive a focus on preventative healthcare when their primary place of obtaining care is solely in the ED. This case study presents an example of inappropriate, repeated ED use and offers potential solutions that enhance parental, ED provider, and primary care provider (PCP) accountability; enhancing the ability to provide appropriate care to a vulnerable population.
Embedding of attitude determination in n-dimensional spaces

The problem of attitude determination in n-dimensional spaces is addressed. The proper parameters are found, and it is shown that not all three-dimensional methods have useful extensions to higher dimensions. It is demonstrated that Rodriguez parameters are conveniently extendable to other dimensions. An algorithm for using these parameters in the general n-dimensional case is developed and tested with a four-dimensional example. The correct mathematical description of angular velocities is addressed, showing that angular velocity in n dimensions cannot be represented by a vector but rather by a tensor of the second rank. Only in three dimensions can the angular velocity be described by a vector.
Clean Cotton: A Research Tool1

Small-scale studies in 1978 suggested that human FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) reactions and card-room dust levels were distinctly lower when clean cotton was processed through a model car...
Human Origins: The Fossil Record

3rd ed. By Clark Spencer Larsen, Robert H. Matter, and Daniel L. Gebo. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 1998. 225 pp. ISBN 1-57766-002-1. $18.95 (paper).
Optical excitations in quantum dots for quantum information processing

Optically driven semiconductor quantum dots have many features similar to simpler atomic systems but with the potential for much easier development of large scale architectures for novel ideas in quantum optoelectronics. Of current interest is their potential for application to quantum information science. Here, we show the ability to perform arbitrary qubit rotation and conditional quantum logic operations in a single dot as well as showing the ability now to optically manipulate and control the electronic spin of a single electron.
Determination of Electrostatic Parameters for a Polarizable Force Field Based on the Classical Drude Oscillator

A procedure to determine the electrostatic parameters has been developed for a polarizable empirical force field based on the classical Drude oscillator model. Atomic charges and polarizabilities for a given molecule of interest were derived from restrained fitting to quantum-mechanical electrostatic potentials (ESP) calculated at the B3LYP/ cc-pVDZ or B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ levels on grid points located on concentric Connolly surfaces. The determination of the atomic polarizabilities requires a series of perturbed ESP maps, each one representing the electronic response of the molecule in the presence of a background charge placed on Connolly surfaces primarily along chemical bonds and lone pairs. Reference values for the partial atomic charges were taken from the CHARMM27 additive all-atom force field, and those for the polarizabilities were based on adjusted Miller's ahp atomic polarizability values. The fitted values of atomic polarizabilities were scaled to reflect the reduced polarization expected for the...
Reading Orientalism and the Crisis of Epistemology in the Novels of Lawrence Durrell

In his article, "Reading Orientalism and the Crisis of Epistemology in the Novels of Lawrence Durrell," James Gifford argues that Edward Said's Orientalism has had a far reaching impact on the study of literature as well as in Comparative Literature, especially in works which depict the "Eastern Other." However, a question arises in those texts which have completed the philosophical motion from existentialism to epistemological skepticism such as the novels of Lawrence Durrell. For example, in The Avignon Quintet a provisional and even counterfactual form of knowledge becomes central and obvious to the reader. Subsequently, knowledge of the Other becomes deflated, and a poor means of defining. The Other -all that is not the Self -becomes universalized as the text reveals that (mis)perceptions of the Other are more of a reflection of the Self than they are a truthful depiction of any absolute reality. Acknowledgment of the artifice of art leads to a surrendering of the artist's power to communicate any body of knowledge. In Monsieur, Durrell's forceful realization of the fiction of his work, and constant dissolution of any knowledge it may be communicating is a potential confounding of the knowledge/power relationship in the East/West or Other/Self dialectic. As these theoretical elements serve an important role in Comparative Literature, a further redefining of them in general would be of value to their use in more specific circumstances. James Gifford, "Reading Orientalism and the Crisis of Epistemology in the Novels of Lawrence Durrell" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 1.2 (1999):
An experimental investigation of sound radiation from a duct with a circumferentially varying liner

The radiation of sound from an asymmetrically lined duct is experimentally studied for various hard-walled standing mode sources. Measurements were made of the directivity of the radiated field and amplitude reflection coefficients in the hard-walled source section. These measurements are compared with baseline hardwall and uniformly lined duct data. The dependence of these characteristics on mode number and angular location of the source is investigated. A comparison between previous theoretical calculations and the experimentally measured results is made and in general good agreement is obtained. For the several cases presented an asymmetry in the liner impedance distribution was found to produce related asymmetries in the radiated acoustic field.
Optimization of multicomponent aqueous suspensions of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) nanoparticles and carbon black for lithium-ion battery cathodes.

Addition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) to aqueous LiFePO4 nanoparticle suspensions improves stability and reduces agglomerate size, which is beneficial to lithium-ion battery cathode manufacturing. This research examines the effect of both PEI concentration and molecular weight (MW) on dispersing LiFePO4 and Super P C45 in multicomponent aqueous suspensions. It is demonstrated that the optimal conditions for obtaining stable suspensions with minimal agglomerate size are 1.5 wt% PEI with MW = 2000 g mol−1 and 5.0 wt% PEI with MW = 10,000 g mol−1 for LiFePO4 and Super P C45, respectively. The mixing sequence also affects rheological properties of these suspensions. It is found that dispersing the LiFePO4 and Super P C45 separately yielded suspensions with superior properties (Newtonian rheological behavior, smaller agglomerate size, improved settling, etc.). In particular, dispersing the LiFePO4 prior to the Super P C45 when making the final multicomponent suspension is found to be beneficial, which was evidenced by higher half-cell discharge capacity.
Cellular Mechanisms of Tissue Fibrosis. 3. Novel mechanisms of kidney fibrosis

Chronic kidney disease, defined as loss of kidney function for more than three months, is characterized pathologically by glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, peritubular capillary rarefaction, and inflammation. Recent studies have identified a previously poorly appreciated, yet extensive population of mesenchymal cells, called either pericytes when attached to peritubular capillaries or resident fibroblasts when embedded in matrix, as the progenitors of scar-forming cells known as myofibroblasts. In response to sustained kidney injury, pericytes detach from the vasculature and differentiate into myofibroblasts, a process not only causing fibrosis, but also directly contributing to capillary rarefaction and inflammation. The interrelationship of these three detrimental processes makes myofibroblasts and their pericyte progenitors an attractive target in chronic kidney disease. In this review, we describe current understanding of the mechanisms of pericyte-to-myofibroblast differentiation during chronic kidney disease, draw parallels with disease processes in the glomerulus, and highlight promising new therapeutic strategies that target pericytes or myofibroblasts. In addition, we describe the critical paracrine roles of epithelial, endothelial, and innate immune cells in the fibrogenic process.
Sensitivity and specificity of time-domain versus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema

Purpose: The purpose was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of measurements of central macular thickness (CMT) in diabetic macular edema using stratus time-domain and cirrus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). Materials and Methods: A total of 36 eyes from 19 patients with clinically significant diabetic macular edema (DME) were included. All participants underwent automated scanning patterns using cirrus HD-OCT and stratus OCT examinations on the same day. The sensitivity/specificity of retinal thickness measurements was calculated from published normative data. Agreement was calculated using Bland--Altman method. The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and areas under the ROC were plotted. Results: The mean difference between the cirrus HD-OCT and stratus OCT in the central foveal zone was 49.89 μm. Bland--Altman analysis confirmed that the retinal thickness measurements had poor agreement in patients with DME. The areas under the ROC for retinal thickness measurements were 0.88 using cirrus HD-OCT and 0.94 with stratus. Conclusions: In patients with DME, the cirrus HD-OCT gives a higher reading than stratus OCT with poor agreement between the devices in most regions within the nine subfield zones. The sensitivity and specificity of the stratus OCT was comparable to the cirrus.
The prescutum in Hymenoptera

SYNOPSIS Evidence is presented to show that the prescutum is no more than a topographical subdivision of the scutum in the Hymenoptera.
Effects of Different Grades of Animal Fats on the Performance of Chicks

Abstract RECENT studies on the effects of adding animal fat to broiler rations (Siedler and Schweigert, 1953) have indicated that animal fat added to the diet at levels as high as 8% can be effectively utilized by the chick. Other studies by Yacowitz (1953), Sunde (1954) and Ney (1954) have also shown that fat added to broiler rations at levels up to 5% improved the performances of the chicks. Since our previous studies were conducted with only one grade of animal fat (choice white grease, a high grade of pork fat), further tests were conducted with various grades of animal fat selected primarily on the basis of free fatty acid content. These fats were fed to chicks at 3 and 6% levels in the ration for a 9 and 10 week period. An additional group was fed 3 % free fatty acids prepared from choice white grease. The so called inedible …
New methods of family planning: Implications for intimate behavior

Developing new technology in contraception and family planning methods invites the question as to whether it is possible that these methods might facilitate or enhance sexual pleasure of couples. Advances in vaginal rings, microbicides and spermicides, female condoms, male condoms, and emergency contraception are reviewed from the perspective of behavioral implications. Further, preliminary data from assessments of PERSONA acceptability are presented to demonstrate that family planning methods can impact intimate behavior.
Localizing Multiple Events Using Times of Arrival: a Parallelized, Hierarchical Approach to the Association Problem

A fundamental problem in localizing multiple events based on Times of Arrival (ToAs) at a number of sensors is that of associating ToAs with events. We consider this problem in the context of acoustic sensors monitoring events that are closely spaced in time. Due to the relatively low speed of propagation of sound, the order in which the events arrive at a sensor need not be the same as the order in which they occur, potentially creating fundamental ambiguities. We first explore such ambiguities in an idealized setting with two events and noiseless observations, showing that it is possible to localize both events with nine or more sensors (as long as degenerate sensor placement is avoided), but that we can construct examples with six sensors for which unambiguous space-time localization is not possible. We then show that these potential ambiguities are not a bottleneck in typical practical settings, proposing and evaluating an algorithm that successfully localizes multiple events using noisy observations. The algorithm employs parallelism and hierarchical processing to avoid the excessive complexity of naively trying all possible associations of events with ToAs. We use discretization of hypothesized event times to enable us to efficiently generate a set of candidate event locations, which contain noisy versions of true events as well as phantom events. We refine these estimates iteratively, discarding “obvious” phantoms, and then solve a linear programming formulation for matching true events to ToAs, while identifying outliers and misses. Simulation results indicate excellent performance that is comparable to a genie-based algorithm which is given the correct association between ToAs and events.
Negotiating the Limits of Religious Pluralism in Post‐Soviet Russia: The Anticult Movement in the Russian Orthodox Church, 1990–2004

The party in question was the Jehovah's Witnesses, whose registration as a religious organization in Russia's capital stood in limbo. It was February 1999, and the trial, already going on for months, would last another two years. On one side of the courtroom sat the state prosecutor, acting at the behest of a complaint from an "anticult" organization backed by the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). On the other side, representing the Jehovah's Witnesses, personal and state-appointed attorneys defended their right to register
A crack-opening-displacement technique for crack length measurement in fatigue crack growth rate testing—development and evaluation

Abstract A crack-opening-displacement (COD) technique has been successfully employed to measure crack length in compact tension specimens for the determination of fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR). Details of the COD calibration and comparisons of COD-determined FCGR data with previously established trend lines for two high-strength steels are presented.
Subhas Chandra Bose and Japan before the pacific war

(1994). Subhas Chandra Bose and Japan before the pacific war. Japan Forum: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 221-229.
Becoming historical to oneself

Abstract A philosophically trained, lifelong learning advocate and program director traces his journey through a series of paradigms of both aging and education for mature learners. Wearing a variety of vocational hats, the author discovers that a brief history of aging consciousness reflects his own development and reveals the subtle interface between personal and public history.
Effects of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on endothelial cell growth

Abstract Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their lysosomal constituents from rabbit and human sources were examined for their influence upon the growth of endothelial cells obtained from human umbilical cords. The endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of freeze thawed extracts of whole PMN-leukocytes, freeze thawed and acid extracts of PMN-leukocyte lysosomes and lysosomal cationic proteins (LCP). Growth stimulatory as well as growth inhibitory activities were found in the lysosomal constituents of PMN-leukocytes.
Developing and validating measures for child welfare agencies to self-monitor fidelity to a child safety intervention

Abstract Building evidence of effective practice in child welfare requires practitioners and researchers to know the extent to which programs are implemented in order to understand evaluation results. Fidelity monitoring is a critical strategy for ensuring that evidence-based and promising practices are implemented as intended and can be studied in real-world contexts. This paper addresses challenges to measuring fidelity in child welfare systems and presents an approach taken with one state to define fidelity criteria and measure fidelity to a child safety intervention. Measurement challenges were addressed by using existing documents and case review mechanisms to assess fidelity, and measuring the quality of practitioner judgment using expert reviewers. Validity of fidelity criteria and fidelity review instruments was established through consensus with model developers and local purveyors. Twelve cases were reviewed by a panel of raters to assess inter-rater reliability and discrepancy between local purveyors and model developers. This participatory and capacity-building method can be replicated and used to develop and embed valid and reliable fidelity monitoring systems in public child welfare to continue to build evidence about what works in child welfare services.
A Survey of the Empirical Literature on Flexible Workhours: Character and Consequences of a Major Innovation

Programs of flexible workhours (flexi-time) have a reputation for broad and substantial effects in organizations. This article provides a summary evaluation of the empirical flexible workhours literature, focuses upon the characteristics of flexi-time programs, and details "hard" and "soft" effects of the intervention revealed by the literature. Despite limitations of available studies, both behavioral and attitudinal data encourage more flexi-time applications and suggest future research needs.
Stability and stoichiometry of bilayer phospholipid-cholesterol complexes: relationship to cellular sterol distribution and homeostasis.

Is cholesterol distributed among intracellular compartments by passive equilibration down its chemical gradient? If so, its distribution should reflect the relative cholesterol affinity of the constituent membrane phospholipids as well as their capacity for association with the sterol. We examined this issue by analyzing the reactivity to cholesterol oxidase of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) containing phospholipids and varied levels of cholesterol. The rates of cholesterol oxidation differed among the various phospholipid environments by roughly 4 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, accessibility to the enzyme increased by orders of magnitude at cholesterol thresholds that suggested cholesterol:phospholipid association ratios of 1:1, 2:3, or 1:2 (moles:moles). The accessibility of cholesterol above these thresholds was still constrained by its particular phospholipid environment. One phospholipid, 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine, exhibited no threshold. The analysis suggested values ...
Spliceosome protein (SRp) regulation of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms and glucocorticoid response in human trabecular meshwork cells.

PURPOSE. Glaucoma is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness, with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as a major causative risk factor. Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy causes morphologic and biochemical changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM), an ocular tissue involved in regulating IOP, which can lead to the development of glaucoma in susceptible individuals (steroid responders). Steroid responders comprise 40% of the general population and are at higher risk of developing glaucoma. In addition, a majority of glaucoma patients are steroid responders. Differential distribution of various isoforms of GC receptor (GR) may be responsible for this heterogeneity in the steroid response. The alternatively spliced GR isoform acts as dominant negative regulator of classical GR transcriptional activity. mRNA splicing is mediated by spliceosomes, which include serine-arginine rich proteins (SRps). The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific SRps regulate levels of these isoforms and thereby GC response in TM cells. METHODS. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the differential expression of different SRps (SRp20, 30c, and 40) in human normal and glaucomatous TM cell strains. Bioinformatics was used to find putative binding sites for SRp20 and SRp40 on exon 9 of the GR gene. A peptide modulator of splicing (bombesin) and SRp expression vectors were used to modulate SRp levels and determine their effects on GR/GR ratios as well as dexamethasone (DEX) responsiveness via GRE- luciferase reporter activity, fibronectin, and myocilin induction in TM cells. RESULTS. SRp20, SRp30c, and SRp40 regulate GR splicing and the GC response in TM cells. Modulation of SRp levels altered the GR/ ratio that correlated with DEX responsiveness. Bombesin decreased SRp20; increased SRp30c, SRp40 levels, and GR/ ratio, and suppressed DEX response in TM cells. CONCLUSIONS. Relative levels of SRp20, SRp30c, and SRp40 in TM cells control differential expression of the two alternatively spliced isoforms of the GR and thereby regulate GC responsiveness. Different levels and/or activities of these SRps may
CIT gyrotron ECRH system design

The elements of a gyrotron electron cyclotron resonant heating system for the Compact Ignition Tokamak are analyzed. A 10–30 megawatt system design at 11 Tesla is discussed. Major elements (gyrotrons, mode convertors, windows, transmission lines, launch hardware) are examined, and further R&D required for component designs are outlined. The principal cost variables (gyrotron efficiency and availability of TFTR neutral beam power supplies) are discussed briefly.
Interaction of ketosis and liver regeneration in the rat

Monoacetoacetin, the monoglyceride of acetoacetate, was investigated as a nutritional support for the regenerating liver. Following partial hepatectomy, rats were either fed an oral diet ad libitum or administered by total parenteral feeding glucose alone, monoacetoacetin-glucose mixture, or lipid emulsion-glucose for the nonprotein calories. Five rats from each treatment were killed at 6-hr intervals beginning 12 hr after partial hepatectomy and ending at 72 hr. The number of cells synthesizing DNA and the number of cells in mitosis were compared. Rats fed orally or infused with glucose alone or with lipid emulsion had similar parameters throughout. Rats infused with monoacetoacetin had approximately double the number of cells in mitosis and DNA synthesis compared to the other treatments. This stimulation by monoacetoacetin persisted 72 hr. It was concluded from the data that acetoacetate was the agent responsible for increased DNA synthesis and mitosis, but the mechanism for the stimulation was not identified.
Application of the stefan-maxwell equations to the pressure-driven membrane separation of dilute multicomponent solutions of nonelectrolytes

Abstract The Stefan-Maxwell equations are applied to the steady-state pressure-driven membrane separation of dilute multicomponent liquid solutions of nonelectrolytes. An analytical solution to the Stefan-Maxwell equations is obtained in which permeation is described using parameters with unambiguous physical interpretations. These results, which apply specifically to pressure-driven membrane separation processes, indicate that at a given total flux through the membrane, the rejection of a given solute can be expressed as the rejection of that solute from binary solution plus multicomponent corrections which are proportional to the permeate mole fractions of the other solutes in the system. The correction terms are functions of the total flux through the membrane. It is proposed that multicomponent effects arise on account of differences in the physicochemical nature of the permeants.
The relationship between anxiety and depression: A clinical comparison of generalized anxiety disorder, dysthymic disorder, panic disorder, and major depressive disorder

This study examined the relationship between the chronic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and dysthymic disorder (DD), and the more acute disorders, panic disorder (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in 110 psychiatric outpatients with diagnoses of either PD, MDD, GAD, or DD. Pure, mixed, and early-/late-onset forms of the chronic disorders were compared with each other and then with PD and MDD on clinical measures and psychiatric history. Minimal differences were found between pure GAD and mixed GAD or between pure DD and mixed DD. The chronic disorders, DD and GAD, had distinct clinical symptom profiles when compared with each other and appeared more closely related to their parent disorders than to each other. However, despite these similarities, there were significant differences between DD and MDD in contrast to the minimal differences between GAD and PD, providing less support for GAD as a valid diagnostic category separate from PD. Comparisons of early-/late-onset DD and GAD showed more severe symptoms in late-onset DD, in contrast to more severe symptoms in early-onset GAD. These varying patterns of symptom severity may warrant study for further syndromal delineation.
A conduction-cooled module for high-performance LSI devices

The advent of LSI chip technology makes possible significantly increased performance and circuit densities by means of large-scale packaging of multiple devices on a single multi-layer ceramic (MLC) substrate. Integration at the chip and module levels has resulted in circuit densities as high as 2.5×10 7 circuits per cubic meter, with the necessity of removing heat fluxes on the order of 100 kW/m 2 . This paper describes the development and implementation of a novel packaging concept which meets the stringent and highly interactive demands on cooling, reliability, and reworkability of LSI technology. These requirements resulted in an innovative packaging approach, referred to as the thermal conduction module (TCM). The TCM uses individually spring-loaded “pistons” that contact each chip with helium gas, the conducting medium for removing heat efficiently. A dismountable hermetic seal makes multiple access possible for device and substrate rework, while ensuring mechanical and environmental protection of critical components. A wide range of thermal, mechanical, and environmental experiments are described with analytical and computer models. The one-dimensional approach used in the previous paper by Chu et al. is extended to three-dimensional computer modeling. Simulations of expected chip temperature distributions in the IBM 3081 Processor Unit are discussed. Enhanced thermal performance of the advanced packaging concept for future applications is also indicated.
Simultaneous MHz Rate Flow Visualization and Wavefront Sensing for Aero-Optics

Abstract : Newly developed optical diagnostic techniques are used to examine the temporal evolution of wavefront aberrations imposed upon an optical beam as it passes through a rectangular compressible turbulent jet. A recently developed MHz rate system based on a pulse burst laser and ultra highspeed CCD camera is used for flow visualization. A newly developed two-dimensional MHz rate Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor is used to measure the wavefront distortion. The wavefront sensor consists of a HeNe laser, a micro-lens array and an ultra high-speed camera. The MHz rate flow visualization and wavefront sensing are used simultaneously to investigate the aero-optic effects of an ideally expanded, high Reynolds number, Mach 1.3 rectangular jet. Preliminary results are presented that show the potential of the technique to acquire time-resolved two-dimensional wavefront data with detailed aero-optic effects. A number of improvements to the technique that will be used in future work are also discussed.
Warning signals for eruptive events in spreading fires

Spreading fires are noisy (and potentially chaotic) systems in which transitions in dynamics are notoriously difficult to predict. As flames move through spatially heterogeneous environments, sudden shifts in temperature, wind, or topography can generate combustion instabilities, or trigger self-stabilizing feedback loops, that dramatically amplify the intensities and rates with which fires propagate. Such transitions are rarely captured by predictive models of fire behavior and, thus, complicate efforts in fire suppression. This paper describes a simple, remarkably instructive physical model for examining the eruption of small flames into intense, rapidly moving flames stabilized by feedback between wind and fire (i.e., “wind–fire coupling”—a mechanism of feedback particularly relevant to forest fires), and it presents evidence that characteristic patterns in the dynamics of spreading flames indicate when such transitions are likely to occur. In this model system, flames propagate along strips of nitrocellulose with one of two possible modes of propagation: a slow, structured mode, and a fast, unstructured mode sustained by wind–fire coupling. Experimental examination of patterns in dynamics that emerge near bifurcation points suggests that symptoms of critical slowing down (i.e., the slowed recovery of the system from perturbations as it approaches tipping points) warn of impending transitions to the unstructured mode. Findings suggest that slowing responses of spreading flames to sudden changes in environment (e.g., wind, terrain, temperature) may anticipate the onset of intense, feedback-stabilized modes of propagation (e.g., “blowup fires” in forests).
Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of Afro-Caribbean and Latino Immigrant Cancer Patients: A Comparative Analysis

This study aims to describe the depressive symptoms in a sample of African-Caribbean and Latino cancer patients and examine differences in specific symptoms between the two groups. The sample included immigrant Afro-Caribbean (n = 44) and Latino (n = 145) underserved cancer patients recruited from five hospitals in New York City. Participants completed a questionnaire comprised of measures of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), health-related quality of life (EuroQol 5D), sociodemographic, and health-related questions. Results of the comparison of mean scores and percentage of patients meeting the cutoff scores showed that Afro-Caribbean patients reported comparable depressive symptoms to the Latino patients. But, upon closer inspection of specific symptoms and other self-report variables, Latino patients reported more frequently depressed mood, having a history of a depressive disorder, and overall higher psychological distress than Afro-Caribbean patients. Different presentation of symptoms associated with depression is expressed by Afro-Caribbean and Latino cancer patients. Studies analyzing in detail the presentation of psychological responses of different cultural groups with chronic medical conditions are greatly needed.
Study of Surface Films of Amorphous and Crystalline Overbased Calcium Sulfonate by XPS and AES

We have shown that the crystalline overbased sulfonate shows superior Reichert test results over the conventional amorphous overbased materials, and a subsequent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that thicker Ca films were observed on a test specimen with tribofilms formed from crystalline overbased sulfonate compared to amorphous overbased sulfonate. From the XPS analysis of the wear scars produced in the Reichert test, it appears that amorphous overbased and crystalline overbased calcium sulfonate both form thin layers of CaCO 3 on top of a thicker layer of CaO (from CaCO 3 decomposition) on the surface of the test piece. Additionally, we examined the morphology of the Ca and S films using auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In the presence of sulfurized olefin, an additional AES analysis reveals that a layer of both S and Ca cover the surface. From the AES analysis of selected regions, the surface either possessed high S or high Ca concentrations, but not both together. The author...
Multi-antenna system design for 3GPP LTE

Standardization work is nearly complete on long term evolution (LTE) of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access and Radio Access Network which is aimed for commercial deployment in 2010. Goals for the evolved system include support for improved system capacity and coverage, high peak data rates, low latency, reduced operating costs, multi-antenna support, flexible bandwidth operations and seamless integration with existing systems. To reach these goals, a new design for the air interface including state-of-art multi-antenna technology needs to be deployed. This paper provides a look at different multi-antenna schemes for LTE downlink and uplink. The paper also discusses various Node-B antenna configurations and summarizes the performance of different multi-antenna schemes under various scenarios.
An examination of microwave heating to enhance diesel soot combustion

The effect of microwave heating on diesel soot combustion was studied through the use of a microwave heated thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). A TGA was designed around a commercial multimode microwave oven so that carbon weight loss resulting from microwave heating could be measured. The oven door was modified, allowing infrared thermography to be used to measure soot combustion temperatures. Measurements suggest that the actual temperature of the oxidizing carbon (which is in the interior of the powder bed) is hotter than the surface temperature one measures by IR thermography. Thus, the apparent reduction in soot combustion temperature with microwave heating reported in some literature may be the result of the inability to measure the interior temperature of the soot/catalyst mass.
N2′→P3′ Phosphoramidate Glycerol Nucleic Acid as a Potential Alternative Genetic System

Glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) is an interesting base-pairing system with an acyclic, three-carbon backbone. In the present study, GNA analogues with N2′→P3′ phosphoramidate linkages (npGNA) have been synthesized and their base-pairing properties examined. Thermal denaturation and circular dichroism studies show that npGNA can form stable duplexes with itself and with GNA. Furthermore, we show that npGNA can be assembled by template-directed ligation of 3′-imidazole-activated-2′-amino GNA dinucleotides. These results suggest that npGNA is a potential candidate for a self-replicating system based upon phosphoramidate linkages.
Robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with a single assistant.

Abstract Introduction As experience with robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (rLRP) grows, the importance of the role of the assistant cannot be overstated. Key elements of the operation, dependent on the assistant, have not been reported. The focus of this report was to describe the key elements, which include positioning of the patient and assistant port sites, appropriate equipment, and the assistant-dependent steps of the procedure. Technical considerations During the course of the initial 100 cases, we reviewed the patient and port site positioning and reviewed the videotapes to identify key elements of the assistant's role that facilitate rLRP. We identified three important elements pertaining to patient positioning. In contrast to standard port site recommendations, we found that dominant and nondominant handedness dictate the assistant port site locations. Finally, we identified specific steps of the procedure that require the assistant to have laparoscopic skills necessary for the console surgeon to dissect the bladder neck, seminal vesicles, rectum, and neurovascular bundles. Conclusions The assistant in rLRP is critical to the success of rLRP, especially in the learning phases. Right or left-handed dominance determines on which side the assistant should be positioned. In contrast to the console surgeon, the assistant should have intermediate to advanced laparoscopic skills.
Evaluating Display Types for AR Selection and Annotation

This paper evaluates different display devices for selection or annotation tasks in augmented reality (AR). We compare three different display types - a head mounted display and two hand held displays. The first hand held display is configured as a magic lens where the user sees the augmented space directly behind the display. The second hand held display is configured to be used at waist level (as one would commonly hold a tablet computer) but the view is still of the scene in front of the user. Making a selection or annotation in AR requires two distinct tasks by the user. First, the user must find the real (or virtual) object they want to mark. Second, the user must move a cursor to the object's location. We test and compare our three representative displays with respect to both tasks. We found that using a hand held display in the magic lens configuration was faster for cursor movement than either of the other two displays. There was no significant difference among the displays regarding the amount of time it took users to search for either physical or virtual objects.
Curvature effect on the physical boundary of metastable states in liquids

The physical boundary of metastable states, the kinetic spinodal, is introduced as a locus where the lifetime of metastable state becomes shorter than a relaxation time to local equilibrium. The theory does not contain any adjustable parameters. If the surface tension is known, the kinetic spinodal is completely determined by the equation of state only. The curvature e ect on the surface tension and nucleation barrier is considered and a general, curvature-corrected, equation for the kinetic spinodal is developed. The theory was tested against experimental data for the homogeneous nucleation limit of superheated, stretched, and supercooled water. In all cases, good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data was achieved. We 7nd that in water, the Tolman length is negative and the curvature e ect increases the surface tension and the nucleation barrier. The glass transition in supercooled water is also discussed. The high-temperature limit for glassy states is introduced as a second root of the kinetic equation in supercooled 8uids. c 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease: Realistic Possibilities for the Future

The ability to program recombinant gene expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle would represent a significant advance in our ability to treat a variety of acquired and inherited diseases of the cardiovascular system. This report summarizes recent work that demonstrates the feasibility of expressing recombinant genes in cardiac and skeletal muscle in vivo. These studies have shown that plasmid DNA injected directly into the myocardium is taken up and stably expressed in cardiac myocytes in vivo. This technique has been used to express a number of recombinant genes in the rodent heart for periods of as long as 6 months. Preliminary experiments suggest that this approach may be useful for stimulating angiogenesis in the myocardium of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathies. In a second set of experiments, we have shown that genetically modified skeletal myoblasts that secrete human growth hormone can be introduced by intramuscular injection into the skeletal muscle of normal syngeneic mice. Such injected cells fuse into multinucleated myotubes and produce stable and physiological levels of human growth hormone in the serum of the injected mice. This approach holds promise for the treatment of a number of acquired and inheritied serum protein deficiencies.
Femtosecond to nanosecond laser damage in dielectric materials

We present a consistent model supported by experimental data of damage of dielectric films by femtosecond to nanosecond pulses. Special emphasis is given to the role of defects and transient processes in the material. New imaging and diagnostic techniques are discussed to characterize the film performance.
Characterization of extremely thermostable enzymatic breakers (α‐1,6‐galactosidase and β‐1,4‐mannanase) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 for hydrolysis of guar gum

An alpha-galactosidase and a beta-mannanase produced by the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 (TN5068), separately and together, were evaluated for their ability to hydrolyze guar gum in relation to viscosity reduction of guar-based hydraulic fracturing fluids used in oil and gas well stimulation. In such applications, premature guar gum hydrolysis at lower temperatures before the fracturing process is completed is undesirable, whereas thermostability and thermoactivity are advantageous. Hyperthermophilic enzymes presumably possess both characteristics. The purified alpha-galactosidase was found to have a temperature optimum of 100-105 degrees C with a half-life of 130 minutes at 90 degrees C and 3 min at 100 degrees C, while the purified beta-mannanase was found to have a temperature optimum of 91 degrees C and a half-life of 13h at this temperature and 35 min at 100 degrees C.These represent the most thermostable versions of these enzymes yet reported. At 25 degrees C, TN5068 culture supernatants, containing the two enzyme activities, reduced viscosity of a 0.7% (wt) guar gum solution by a factor of 1.4 after a 1.5-h incubation period and by a factor of 2.4 after 5 h. This is in contrast to a viscosity reduction of 100-fold after 1.5 h and 375-fold after 5 h for a commercial preparation of these enzymes from Aspergillus niger. In contrast, at 85 degrees C, the TN5068 enzymes reduced viscosity by 30-fold after 1.5 h and 100-fold after 5 h compared to a 2.5-fold reduction after 5 h for the control. The A. niger enzymes were less effective at 85 degrees C (1.6-fold reduction after 1.5 h and a 4.2-fold reduction after 5 h), presumably due to their thermal lability at this temperature. Furthermore, it was determined that the purified beta-mannanase alone can substantially reduce viscosity of guar solutions, while the alpha-galactosidase alone had limited viscosity reduction activity. However, the alpha-galactosidase appeared to minimize residual particulate matter when used in conjunction with the beta-mannanase. This could be the result of extensive hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6 linkages between mannose and galactose units in guar, allowing more extensive hydrolysis of the mannan chain by the beta-mannanase. The use of thermostable enzymatic breakers from hyperthermophiles in hydraulic fracturing could be used to improve well stimulation and oil and gas recovery.