cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Excitations in Solids Pertinent to Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions

Various aspects of the dynamics of time-dependent localized potentials and interactions in solids and at surfaces, as they might relate to the fundamental processes involved in desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET) are explored.
Proof Without Words: How Did Archimedes Sum Squares in the Sand?

(2001). Proof Without Words: How Did Archimedes Sum Squares in the Sand? Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 314-315.
The serologic problem of symphilis, even today.

It is interesting to note that the early laboratory physicians no more trusted clinicians to make a diagnosis of syphilis than do laboratory physicians today. Just as Wassermann, Neisser, Brack, Weinberg, Noguchi, and all other laboratory workers strove at the turn of the century to de­ velop a laboratory test for the diagnosis of syphilis, so also Kolmer, Kahn, Kline, Hinton, and all that noble group of clinical pathologists, more than a decade later, strove to perfect complement-fixation and ftocculation tests which have been the back­ bone of the practice of syphilologists. Even today, however, clinical pathologists are still uncertain as 'to the validity of these tests and the diagnoses based upon them, and a new generation of laboratory men, of whom Nelson, Harris, Portnay, D'Alessandro, and Dardanoni are prominent examples, are as busy as ever exploring the twisting paths that may some day lead to a test so specific and so sensitive that even clinical pathologists will be willing no longer to worry about their contemporary cli­ nicians—not to mention their patients. The interesting and curious part of all this puzzling array of tests is the almost blind faith with which the clinician accepts the new procedures as, one by one or two by two, medical literature "grinds out" the descriptive reports. The late Dr. J. Earle Moore, who so frequently pled for the uni­ versal use of standard serologic "tests for syphilis and who seemed to consider them competent and authoritative, actually took to the pages of the Saturday Evening Post*
Multicentric basal-cell carcinoma of vermilion mucosa and skin of lower lip

Abstract An unusual case of multicentric superficial basal-cell carcinoma of the contiguous vermilion area and skin of the lower lip has been presented. The most likely origin of the neoplasm is from the pluripotential epithelial cells of the vermilion mucosa and the epidermis.
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe

This essay is one of a series destined to appear in a Foundation Press book, Administrative Law Stories, now set for publication in the fall of 2005. The decision in Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe represents a transition from political to judicial controls over decisions broadly affecting a wide range of community interests. Unmistakable and dramatic as it is, that transition is not universally applauded. But the transition was striking and quick. The late sixties and early seventies saw an explosion of new national legislation on social and environmental issues, that often provided explicitly or implicitly for citizen remedies. In many respects, Overton Park marked the turn. It was an example, as well, of the success of highly motivated recent law school graduates in contributing to major developments in national law. If for that reason alone, it is a fitting subject for a collection of essays intended to give students a more concrete sense of their subject. Stories are uniquely the product of a narrator's vision. For a case, like this one, that has appeared to different participants in remarkably different ways, what seems appropriate is to attempt to see how the course of events leading to decision in Overton Park might have appeared through a number of eyes. Of course, the reader has only one narrator; but he has attempted to people the pages of the essay and evoke their varying perspectives as faithfully as his research and capacity for empathetic understanding permit. Much of what follows draws on an earlier essay, Revisiting Overton Park, which appeared in the pages of the UCLA Law Review in 1992 and on the sensitive story-setting "reply" contributed by Prof. Lucie White. The release of the papers of Justices Blackmun, Brennan and Marshall for public view, and the availability of transcripts of oral argument in the United States Supreme Court library and litigation files in the possession of CPOP Attorney John Vardaman, have permitted supplementing the 1992 account.
Alloy phase stability

The calculation of phase diagrams from first principles constitutes a critical test of accuracy of both quantum and statistical mechanical models. The slightest variation of calculated energies can result in drastic changes in the topology of phase diagrams: the location of phase boundaries and even the nature of the phases in mutual equilibrium is determined by the common tangent construction so that small alterations in the shape or relative positions of free energy curves can cause common tangents to connect completely different sets of phases, structures, and concentrations. In other words, phase diagrams result from ''non-local minimization:'' all possible free energy curves of all possible phases must be considered, at all concentrations, and compared to one another. Only ''prototype'' systems were considered. The tight binding CPA was used as basic quantum mechanical framework, and the CVM was used for the statistical mechanical calculations.
Is Candida stellatoidea disappearing from the vaginal mucosa

A total of 681 vaginal isolates of germ tube-positive or germ tube-untested white, yeastlike fungi obtained from patients in various cities of the United States were tested for the presence of Candida stellatoidea (type I). Only 1 of the 681 isolates was identified as C. stellatoidea.
Pairwise electrostatic interactions between α-neurotoxins and γ, δ, and ε subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

alpha-Neurotoxins bind with high affinity to alpha-gamma and alpha-delta subunit interfaces of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Since this high affinity complex likely involves a van der Waals surface area of approximately 1200 A(2) and 25-35 residues on the receptor surface, analysis of side chains should delineate major interactions and the orientation of bound alpha-neurotoxin. Three distinct regions on the gamma subunit, defined by Trp(55), Leu(119), Asp(174), and Glu(176), contribute to alpha-toxin affinity. Of six charge reversal mutations on the three loops of Naja mossambica mossambica alpha-toxin, Lys(27) --> Glu, Arg(33) --> Glu, and Arg(36) --> Glu in loop II reduce binding energy substantially, while mutations in loops I and III have little effect. Paired residues were analyzed by thermodynamic mutant cycles to delineate electrostatic linkages between the six alpha-toxin charge reversal mutations and three key residues on the gamma subunit. Large coupling energies were found between Arg(33) at the tip of loop II and gammaLeu(119) (-5.7 kcal/mol) and between Lys(27) and gammaGlu(176) (-5.9 kcal/mol). gammaTrp(55) couples strongly to both Arg(33) and Lys(27), whereas gammaAsp(174) couples minimally to charged alpha-toxin residues. Arg(36), despite strong energetic contributions, does not partner with any gamma subunit residues, perhaps indicating its proximity to the alpha subunit. By analyzing cationic, neutral and anionic residues in the mutant cycles, interactions at gamma176 and gamma119 can be distinguished from those at gamma55.
Smoking and Lung Cancer: An Overview

This position paper summarizes the overwhelming evidence that tobacco smoking is the cause of 30 to 40% of deaths from cancer. The focus is on lung cancer because of the sheer magnitude of this disease in males and the likelihood of a similar epidemic in females. There are two categories of evidence that indicate smoking to be the major cause of human lung cancer. Without exception, epidemiological studies have demonstrated a consistent association between smoking and lung cancer in men and now suggest a similar association in women. Chemical analyses of cigarette smoke reveal a multitude of known mutagens and carcinogens. Moreover, these chemicals are absorbed, are metabolized, and cause demonstrable genetic changes in smokers. Two consequences of smoking are evaluated. The results of treatment of lung cancer are not encouraging; despite vigorous therapy, the 5-year survival rate remains less than 10%. The social and economic costs of lung cancer and the smoking habit impinge on the productiveness of our society.
Ceramide Triggers Meiotic Cell Cycle Progression in Xenopus Oocytes. A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF PROGESTERONE-INDUCED MATURATION

The role of sphingomyelin-derived second messengers in progesterone-induced reinitiation of the meiotic cell cycle of Xenopus laevis oocytes was investigated. A brief treatment of defolliculated oocytes with sphingomyelinase (Staphylococcus aureus) was sufficient to induce maturation as measured by H1 kinase activity and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Pretreatment with cycloheximide inhibited sphingomyelinase-induced GVBD demonstrating a requirement for protein synthesis. Microinjection of ceramide or sphingosine, potential products of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, were capable of inducing GVBD in the absence of hormone. Metabolic labeling studies suggested the conversion of sphingosine to ceramide was necessary for sphingosine-induced GVBD. Additionally, fumonisin b1, an inhibitor of sphingosine N-acyltransferase, blocked sphingosine-induced GVBD demonstrating that ceramide is the more proximal biologically active metabolite. Treatment of oocytes with progesterone, the physiological inducer of oocyte maturation, resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the mass of ceramide and decrease in the mass of sphingomyelin through activation of a Mg(2+)-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase. These observations suggest that the generation of ceramide from sphingomyelin is part of the signal transduction pathway activated in response to progesterone and that the increase in ceramide is likely to be functionally important in resumption of the meiotic cell cycle.
Reactive effects of diary self-assessment in chronic pain patients

Several studies of experimental and acute clinical pain have indicated reactive effects of self-assessment on pain intensity and tolerance. A recent study of chronic pain patients (vonBaeyer 1994), however, failed to show these effects. The present investigation sought to determine whether reactive effects can be produced in chronic pain patients by an intensive self-assessment protocol. Using the methodology of ecological momentary assessment (EMA; Stone and Shiffman 1994), thirty-five chronic rheumatoid arthritis patients completed diaries of pain and mood seven times a day for 1 wk. Eighteen patients were included in the final sample because they responded to at least half of the number of hourly prompts for each of the 7 days. Using repeated measures analysis of the daily means, no significant effects of time were found for any measures. Reactive effects that result in an average change in pain levels over time, therefore, do not appear to be produced by intensive self-assessment in a naturalistic context. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive and behavioral theories of pain reactivity.
Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of a Two-Species Biofilm Formed by Microorganisms Causing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in an In Vitro Urinary Catheter Model

Microorganisms from a patient or their environment may colonize indwelling urinary catheters, forming biofilm communities on catheter surfaces and increasing patient morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the effect of pretreating hydrogel-coated silicone catheters with mixtures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis bacteriophages on the development of single- and two-species biofilms in a multiday continuous-flow in vitro model using artificial urine. Novel phages were purified from sewage, characterized, and screened for their abilities to reduce biofilm development by clinical isolates of their respective hosts. Our screening data showed that artificial urine medium (AUM) is a valid substitute for human urine for the purpose of evaluating uropathogen biofilm control by these bacteriophages. Defined phage cocktails targeting P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis were designed based on the biofilm inhibition screens. Hydrogel-coated catheters were pretreated with one or both cocktails and challenged with approximately 1 × 103 CFU/ml of the corresponding pathogen(s). The biofilm growth on the catheter surfaces in AUM was monitored over 72 to 96 h. Phage pretreatment reduced P. aeruginosa biofilm counts by 4 log10 CFU/cm2 (P ≤ 0.01) and P. mirabilis biofilm counts by >2 log10 CFU/cm2 (P ≤ 0.01) over 48 h. The presence of P. mirabilis was always associated with an increase in lumen pH from 7.5 to 9.5 and with eventual blockage of the reactor lines. The results of this study suggest that pretreatment of a hydrogel urinary catheter with a phage cocktail can significantly reduce mixed-species biofilm formation by clinically relevant bacteria.
Experimental densities for compressed R134a

Abstract This paper reports densities of compressed R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) determined by using a contiuously weighed pycnometer at 20 K intervals between 180 and 380 K at pressures from slightly greater than the vapour pressure to 70 MPa. The results are accurate to within ±0.1%. Saturated liquid densities derived by extrapolation from the experimental values agree with other reported values to within ±0.3%.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPID HYDROPEROXIDES GENERATED BY PHOTODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF LEUKEMIA CELLS

A new technique, high-performance liquid chromatography with reductive mode electrochemical detection on a mercury drop (HPLC-EC), has been used for analyzing lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) formation in photooxidatively stressed L1210 leukemia cells. Highly specific and sensitive for peroxides (detection limits <0.5 pmol for cholesterol hydroperoxides and <50 pmol for phospholipid hydroperoxides), this approach allows different classes of LOOH to be separated and determined in minimally damaged cells. L1210 cells in serum-containing growth medium were irradiated in the presence of merocyanine 540 (MC540), a lipophilic photosensitizing dye. Lipid extracts from cells exposed to a light fluence of 0.11 J/cm2 (which reduced clonally assessed survival by 30%) showed 12–15 well-defined peaks in HPLC-EC. None of these peaks was observed when cells were irradiated without MC540 or when dye/light-treated samples were reduced with triphenylphosphine prior to analysis. Three peaks of relatively low retention time (<12 min) were assigned to the following species by virtue of comigration with authentic standards: 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-6-ene-5-hydroperoxide (5α-OOH), 3β-hydroxycholest-4-ene-6β-hydroperoxide (6β-OOH), and 3β-hydroxycholest-5-ene-7α/7β-hydroperoxide (7α/7β-OOH). Formation of 5α-OOH and 6β-OOH (singlet oxygen adducts) was confirmed by subjecting [14C]cholesterol-labeled cells to relatively high levels of photooxidation and analyzing extracted lipids by HPLC with radiochemical detection. Material represented in a major peak at 18–22 min on HPLC-EC was isolated in relatively large amounts by semipreparative HPLC and shown to contain phospholipid hydroperoxides (predominantly phosphatidylcholine species, PCOOH) according to the following criteria: (i) decay of 18–22 min peak during Ca2+/phospholipase A2 treatment, with reciprocal appearance of fatty acid hydroperoxides; (ii) reduction of peroxide during treatment with reduced glutathione and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, but not glutathione peroxidase; and (iii) comigration with PCOOH standards in thin-layer chromatography. HPLC-EC analysis revealed quantifiable amounts ofPCOOH and ChOOH at a light fluence that clonally inactivated <10% of the cells, which allows for the possibility that photoperoxidative damage plays a causal role in cell killing.
Dye Dilution Curves and Cardiac Output in Newborn Infants

The pattern of dye dilution curves and the cardiac output was studied in 29 healthy newborn infants during the first 26 hours of life by the method of Wood and his associates. Thirty-six per cent of all infants studied had curves of normal contour which occurred mostly in infants older than 15 hours. Infants younger than 15 hours tended to have curves of abnormal shape. These were either diphasic or had the appearance of curves associated with left-to-right shunts and were probably caused by a patent ductus arteriosus. The mean cardiac output was 540 cc. per minute.
Exploring Associations between Physical Activity and Perceived and Objective Measures of the Built Environment

The built environment may be responsible for making nonmotorized transportation inconvenient, resulting in declines in physical activity. However, few studies have assessed both the perceived and objectively measured environment in association with physical activity outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe the associations between perceptions and objective measures of the built environment and their associations with leisure, walking, and transportation activity. Perception of the environment was assessed from responses to 1,270 telephone surveys conducted in Forsyth County, NC and Jackson, MS from January to July 2003. Participants were asked if high-speed cars, heavy traffic, and lack of crosswalks or sidewalks were problems in their neighborhood or barriers to physical activity. They were also asked if there are places to walk to instead of driving in their neighborhood. Speed, volume, and street connectivity were assessed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for both study areas. Locations of crashes were measured using GIS for the NC study area as well. Objective and perceived measures of the built environment were in poor agreement as calculated by kappa coefficients. Few associations were found between any of the physical activity outcomes and perception of speed, volume, or presence of sidewalks as problems in the neighborhood or as barriers to physical activity in regression analyses. Associations between perceptions of having places to walk to and presence of crosswalks differed between study sites. Several associations were found between objective measures of traffic volume, traffic speed, and crashes with leisure, walking, and transportation activity in Forsyth County, NC; however, in Jackson, MS, only traffic volume was associated with any of the physical activity outcomes. When both objective and perceived measures of the built environment were combined into the same model, we observed independent associations with physical activity; thus, we feel that evaluating both objective and perceived measures of the built environment may be necessary when examining the relationship between the built environment and physical activity.
Origin of the trachyte–quartz trachyte–peralkalic rhyolite suite of the Oligocene Paisano volcano, Trans-Pecos Texas

Volcanic rocks of the Paisano volcano include trachyte, quartz trachyte, and peralkalic rhyolite. Mafic rocks, hawaiite and mugearite, occur within units that stratigraphically underlie and overlie rocks of the volcano. Quartz trachyte, trachyte, and nephe-line trachyte occur as discordant plugs and dikes intruded into strata of the volcano. Central eruptions from dike swarms led to the formation of the shield complex of the volcano ∼ 35 m.y. ago. The central dike complex, a generalized eruptive sequence of rhyolite–quartz trachyte–trachyte within the eruptive products of the volcano, and the development of a 5-km-diameter caldera suggest the presence beneath the volcano of one or more shallow plutonic bodies in which differentiation may have occurred. Fractionation calculations, using whole-rock analyses to represent liquid compositions and electron-probe microanalyses of phenocryst minerals to represent compositions of fractionating phases, indicate plagioclase-plus-olivine control in the evolution of trachyte from mugearite, and anorthoclase control in the evolution of rhyolite from trachyte. The feldspar fractionation model is supported by strong enrichment of Rb and Zr, and strong depletion of Sr in the series, and by a striking Eu anomaly in REE plots. A compositional gap between mugearite and trachyte, analogous to the “Daly Gap” of oceanic islands, disappears when oxides of major elements are plotted versus Zr. Zr, however, cannot be used as a strict index of fractionation because Zr concentrations were buffered by the crystallization of zircon with feldspar in the crucial trachyte stage of magmatic evolution. In more advanced quartz trachyte and rhyolite stages, the melts greatly increased in peralkalinity and zircon did not crystallize. This effect produced Zr concentrations as high as 2,500 ppm in highly fractionated rhyolite. Glomeroporphyritic clusters of feldspar, zoned from andesine to calcic anorthoclase, along with augite, opaques, and, in some samples, olivine, are ubiquitous in mafic trachyte. These clusters have textures indicative of crystallization in intrusions. They suggest a genetic relationship between mugearite and trachyte where residual trachytic liquids are segregated by filter pressing from crystallizing magma of over-all mugearitic composition in subvolcanic chambers. Paisano igneous rocks closely resemble suites of volcanic rocks from Afro-Arabian central volcanoes associated with intracontinental rifting and suites from some oceanic islands. Alkalic rocks of the Paisano volcano may be related to mantle diapirism triggered by subduction processes.
WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING IDENTIFIES A TROPONIN T MUTATION HOT SPOT IN FAMILIAL DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) commonly causes heart failure and shows extensive genetic heterogeneity that may be amenable to newly developed next-generation DNA sequencing of the exome. In this study we report the successful use of exome sequencing to identify a pathogenic variant in the TNNT2 gene using segregation analysis in a large DCM family. Exome sequencing was performed on three distant relatives from a large family with a clear DCM phenotype. Missense, nonsense, and splice variants were analyzed for segregation among the three affected family members and confirmed in other relatives by direct sequencing. A c.517T C.T, Arg173Trp TNNT2 variant segregated with all affected family members and was also detected in one additional DCM family in our registry. The inclusion of segregation analysis using distant family members markedly improved the bioinformatics filtering process by removing from consideration variants that were not shared by all affected subjects. Haplotype analysis confirmed that the variant found in both DCM families was located on two distinct haplotypes, supporting the notion of independent mutational events in each family. In conclusion, an exome sequencing strategy that includes segregation analysis using distant affected relatives within a family represents a viable diagnostic strategy in a genetically heterogeneous disease like DCM.
Status of CHESS facility and research programs: 2010

Abstract CHESS is a hard X-ray synchrotron radiation national facility located at Cornell University and funded by the National Science Foundation. It is open to all scientists by peer-reviewed proposal and serves 500–1000 visitors each year. The CHESS scientific and technical staff develops forefront research tools and X-ray instrumentation and methods and supports 12 experimental stations delivering high intensity X-ray beams produced at 5.3 GeV and 250 mA. The facility consists of a mix of dedicated and flexible experimental stations that are easily configured for general X-ray diffraction (wide- and small-angle), spectroscopy, imaging applications, etc. Dedicated stations support high-pressure powder X-ray diffraction, pulsed-laser deposition for layer-by-layer growth of surfaces, and three dedicated stations for protein crystallography. Specialized resource groups at the laboratory include: an X-ray detector group; MacCHESS, an NIH-supported research resource for protein crystallography; the G-line division, which primarily organizes graduate students and Cornell faculty members around three X-ray stations; a high-pressure diamond-anvil cell support laboratory; and a monocapillary drawing facility for making microbeam X-ray optics. Research is also ongoing to upgrade CHESS to a first-ever 5 GeV, 100 mA Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) hard X-ray source. This source will provide ultra-high spectral-brightness and
Approaches to style in lithic archaeology

Abstract A key issue in lithic archaeology is how to identify the respective roles played by ethnicity and activity—that is, style and function—in the formal variation exhibited by stone tools. This paper argues that style is most profitably regarded as the ethnic idiom imparted to lithic technology in each and all of its aspects due to the culture-historical context of its manufacture and employment. Style is thus a full complement of function, and it is to be looked for wherever artisans encounter options of form and use to “choose” from in pursuing a given task. Because it equates ethnicity with functionally equivalent choice, this is labeled the isochrestic approach to style. Contrasted to this is the iconological approach, which restricts style solely to those aspects of formal variation that artisans purposefully invest with symbolic content reflecting self-conscious social groups. Pottery decoration appears to reveal such investment and therefore ceramic sociology is a feasible enterprise. However, a parallel iconological approach to stone tools is much less promising. At least as it is exemplified by the writings of Lewis Binford, lithic sociology would seem to have little substantive grounding in the relevant empirical data, to be argued within what may be an unsound theoretical frame (including the distinction between curative and expedient technologies), and in any case to resist translation into a workable analytic machinery. Not least among the reasons for this last is the fact that stone tools do not possess formal variation wherein iconologically significant investment can be objectively identified and defined. The archaeological frame of reference within which the isochrestic and iconological approaches are discussed is largely contributed by the classic Paleolithic sequence of the Perigord region of southwestern France.
Dieldrin uptake by larvae of the crab Leptodius floridanus

The rate of uptake of 14C-dieldrin by crab larvae (Leptodius floridanus) from 0.5 ppb in seawater and from 213 ppb (dry weight) in their food was measured. It was found that, if equal concentrations of dieldrin were available to the larvae in their food and in seawater, the animals would accumulate the pesticide about 8000 times as fast from the water as from the food.
“Shortest” arcs in closed planar disks vary continuously with the boundary

Abstract Given a triple (D,a,b) where D a closed topological disk in the plane with distinct points {a,b}⊂D there is not necessarily a path α of finite length connecting a to b in D. Nevertheless the notion of shortest arc extends naturally to the topological category as follows. There exists a continuous operator geo which assigns to each triple (D,a,b) a closed arc α⊂D such that α connects a and b, and moreover α has uniquely minimal finite Euclidean arclength whenever possible.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of eye lens pigments

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to study lenticular pigments that are present in the eyes of certain diurnally active animals. Using Ag hydrosols pre-aggregated with NaClO4, we have obtained SERS spectra from dilute solutions of various model pigment compounds, including kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, 3-hydroxykyn-urenine, β-carboline, bityrosine, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and oxindole. The results obtained from these model compounds show that SERS is a particularly sensitive technique for the identification of lens pigments. We also report a procedure that enables high-quality SERS data to be obtained for the yellow pigments in the lens homogenates of grey squirrels, ground squirrels, and chipmunks. The surface Raman results confirm the identity of the low-molecular-weight, water-soluble pigment in the grey squirrel lens as a derivative of 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, but reveal that lens pigmentation in ground squirrels and chipmunks involves new chromophores. The significance of this finding in relation to the metabolic/photochemical generation of lens pigments is discussed.
A scalable multi-porting solution for future wide-issue processors

Abstract Wide-issue processors issuing tens of instructions per cycle, put heavy stress on the memory system, including data caches. For wide-issue architectures, the data cache needs to be heavily multi-ported with extremely wide data-paths. This paper studies a scalable solution to achieve multi-porting with short data-paths and less hardware complexity at higher clock-rates. Our approach divides memory streams into multiple independent sub-streams with the help of a prediction mechanism before they enter the reservation stations. Partitioned memory-reference instructions are then fed into separate memory pipelines, each of which is connected to a small data-cache, called access region cache. The separation of independent memory references, in an ideal situation, facilitates the use of multiple caches with smaller number of ports and thus increases the data-bandwidth. We describe and evaluate a wide-issue processor with distinct memory pipelines, driven by a prediction mechanism. The potential performance of the proposed design is measured by comparing it with existing multi-porting solutions as well as an ideal multi-ported data cache.
AGS3 and Signal Integration by Gαs- and Gαi-coupled Receptors AGS3 BLOCKS THE SENSITIZATION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE FOLLOWING PROLONGED STIMULATION OF A Gαi-COUPLED RECEPTOR BY INFLUENCING PROCESSING OF Gαi

Abstract AGS3-LONG and AGS3-SHORT contain G-protein regulatory motifs that interact with and stabilize the GDP-bound conformation of Gαi > Gαo. AGS3 and related proteins may influence signal strength or duration as well as the adaptation of the signaling system associated with sustained stimulation. To address these issues, we determined the effect of AGS3 on the integration of stimulatory (Gαs-mediated vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor) and inhibitory (Gαi-mediated α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR)) signals to adenylyl cyclase in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AGS3-SHORT and AGS3-LONG did not alter the VIP-induced increase in cAMP or the inhibitory effect of α2-AR activation. System adaptation was addressed by determining the influence of AGS3 on the sensitization of adenylyl cyclase that occurs following prolonged activation of a Gαi-coupled receptor. Incubation of cells with the α2-AR agonist UK14304 (1 μm) for 18 h resulted in a ∼1.8-fold increase in the vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced activation of adenylyl cyclase, and this was associated with a decrease in membrane-associated Gαi3. Both effects were blocked by AGS3-SHORT. AGS3-SHORT also decreased the rate of Gαi3 decay. A mutant AGS3-SHORT incapable of binding G-protein was inactive. These data suggest that AGS3 and perhaps other G-protein regulatory motif-containing proteins increase the stability of Gαi in the membrane, which influences the adaptation of the cell to prolonged activation of Gαi-coupled receptors.
Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) tree and soil parent material effects on soil properties and intercropped sorghum grain-Zn in southern Mali, West Africa

Agroforestry parklands are an important agricultural practice in southern Mali where trees such as the Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) improve soil fertility and crop growth. However, it is not known whether Shea trees can ameliorate Zn-deficient soils or improve Zn uptake from soils of high-Zn, mafic origin. A total of 22 Shea trees preserved in traditional parklands with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were selected from two soil parent material (PM) types (mafic and non-mafic). Sorghum grain and soil samples were taken along a transect from the bole to 12 m beyond the canopy and analyzed for soil and grain parameters including diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable soil-Zn and grain-Zn concentration. Zn-deficient soils were observed with most occurring at non-mafic PM. Mean DTPA-extractable Zn concentrations ranged from 0.55-2.98 μg g−1 in mafic soils and 0.34-1.02 μg g−1 in non-mafic soils. PM influenced soil available-Zn, but not grain-Zn concentration. Both soil available-Zn and grain-Zn concentrations decreased away from trees with grain-Zn concentration not consistently decreasing across all soils. These results suggest that Shea trees grown in soils derived from mafic PM can improve soil-Zn availability, but that other growth factors are more important in determining grain-Zn content.
Standardization of anti-DNA antibody assays

Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus and represent important biomarkers for clinical and research purposes. These antibodies are part of a family of antibodies to nucleosomes and bind to conserved sites widely present on DNA. While the value of anti-DNA as a biomarker is well established, the assay for these antibodies has involved a variety of DNA sources and systems to detect DNA–anti-DNA interactions. The influence of these variations on antibody detection has complicated assay standardization. As an antigen, DNA has unique features since it is a highly charged polymer that has structural heterogeneity. This heterogeneity can affect antigenicity which can vary on the basis of DNA origin, size, conformation and mobility. In addition, as a polymer, DNA can promote patterns of antibody binding based on monogamous or bivalent interaction which require an extended polynucleotide structure. Understanding the nature of DNA as an antigen can facilitate interpretation of serological tests and underpin efforts at better standardization.
Distributed attitude synchronization for multiple rigid bodies with euler-lagrange equations of motion

In this paper, distributed attitude synchronization problems are considered for multiple rigid bodies with attitude dynamics represented by Euler-Lagrange equations of motion. Three distributed control laws for attitude synchronization are proposed and analyzed. The first control law introduces bounded functions to reduce the required control torque. The second control law applies a passivity approach to remove the requirement for relative angular velocity measurement between neighboring rigid bodies. The third control law incorporates a time-varying reference attitude, where the reference attitude is allowed to be available to only a subset of the group members. It is shown that the first two control laws guarantee distributed attitude synchronization under any undirected connected communication topology. The third control law guarantees that all rigid bodies track the time-varying reference attitude as long as a virtual node whose state is the time-varying reference attitude has a directed path to all of the rigid bodies in the group. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the three control laws.
Use of Repeated Cotinine Determinations as a Motivational and Educational Tool in Smoking Cessation Counseling for Pregnant Women

Use of Repeated Cotinine Determinations as a Motivational and Educational Tool in Smoking Cessation Counseling for Pregnant Women
Measurement of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome clinical trials

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder with symptoms that range in intensity from mild and infrequent to severe and continuous. A variety of approaches to symptom assessment are used in IBS, although there is little literature directly comparing or validating them. Determining the presence or absence of specific symptoms is the primary focus of diagnostic evaluation and categorization. In contrast, outcome assessment usually entails assessment of symptom severity. Symptom severity scales can themselves vary on a wide range of factors, including specificity (pain, discomfort, gastrointestinal problem), scaling properties (numerical, analogue, or descriptor), range (usual, highest, lowest), time frame (now, past week), response category (intensity, unpleasantness, change, relief), and use of modifying variables (frequency, impact, location). The measurement properties of similar symptom scales have been investigated more extensively in the context of somatic pain, and these studies will be reviewed in suggesting some guidelines for IBS symptom assessment in clinical trials.
Further investigation of methylation on sickle erythrocyte membranes

Abstract The methylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins has been investigated with fractionated reversible and irreversible sickle erythrocytes to better understand conflicting results obtained from two laboratories (Green and Kalra (6), Ro et al. (1). When subpopulations of intact erythrocytes obtained by two different separation methods (33% bovine serum albumin and Stractan II gradient centrifugations) were incubated with l -[methyl- 3 H] methionine at pH 7.2 and 37°C, membranes from both reversible and irreversible sickle erythrocyte populations showed about half the [ 3 H]methyl group incorporation than that observed in normal erythrocytes. In addition, this difference in the level of methylation between normal and sickle cells was maintained during the entire course of a 2-hr incubation utilizing S -adenosyl- l -[methyl- 3 H]methionine, the immediate in vivo methyl donor.
Sore throats, streptococcal infections, and prevention of rheumatic fever

Abstract Recent advances in laboratory and clinical investigation have shown the constant association of acute rheumatic fever with Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. Attempts to prevent rheumatic fever are accordingly aimed at eradication of Streptococci. This is an elusive target because there are no routine, simple clinical or laboratory indications of streptococcal infection. Patients with streptococcal infections may have sore throats but often are asymptomatic or have non-specific upper respiratory symptoms. Tests for Streptococci in the throat can be done easily but show only that the organism is present; they do not prove it is the causing infection. Antibody measurements can detect infection, but these tests are complex, cumbersome, and often require long delays to await acquisition of the sequential specimens required for demonstrating a change in titer. In preventing first attacks of rheumatic fever, physicians must find and then eradicate asymptomatic or atypical streptococcal infections as well as those that produce sore throats. Oral or parenteral penicillin, in adequate dosage , is the agent of choice for this purpose. Sulfonamides should not be employed therapeutically; erythromycin provides a feasible alternative when the use of penicillin is precluded. The major features used in deciding whether infection is present are a sore throat, and exudate, together with laboratory evidence of streptococcal infection. In preventing recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever in susceptible patients, physicians cannot rely on attempts to find and then treat streptococcal infections because the risk of missing asymptomatic infections is too great. Therefore, prevention of rheumatic recurrences requires continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis. At present, the most effective agent is a monthly injection of long-acting parenteral benzathine penicillin. The most effective oral agent to date has been sulfadiazine, 1.0 gram daily. Although it is currently recommended that all rheumatic patients maintain prophyl-axis indefinitely, rational considerations suggest that more finite durations can be planned for some patients on the basis of age, cardiac status, and length of time elapsed since the previous rheumatic attack.
Design and Fabrication of a Hybrid Body-Powered Prosthetic Hand With Voluntary Opening and Voluntary Closing Capabilities

There are currently over 500,000 people with upper extremity amputations living in the United States. Among this population—despite the introduction of advanced myoelectric technology—body-powered hand prosthetics remain the hand prosthetic of choice because they are inexpensive, durable, and are easier and cheaper to maintain than myoelectric prosthetics. Yet, body-powered prosthetics tend to have less functionality than myoelectric prosthetics because their output is often limited to a single function—voluntary opening (VO) or voluntary closing (VC). Although these functions serve the same purpose—to grasp an object—they are executed in opposite ways, catering to different body movements, hand actions, and rest positions. In reality, a human hand is more adequately modeled by a VO/VC hybrid mechanism than a standalone VO or VC mechanism. There is therefore a critical need to develop prosthetics with combined VO and VC functions in order to augment their capabilities and to more closely mimic the human hand. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and analysis of a combined, hybrid VO and VC prosthetic hand that is simplistic and electronics-free. To realize a hybrid VO and VC prosthetic hand, we designed and fabricated an easy push-pull switching mechanism for changing between VO and VC and investigated the efficacy of this switching mechanism in response to the wide range of force transmission necessitated by the VC and VO functions. The mechanical switching mechanism is activated with a force of 1 to 1.5N. The mechanism itself is constructed using a system of gears that allow for the direction of force to be changed, effectively providing the foundation for which VO and VC functions can exist in a single prosthetic. This switching mechanism could potentially be used in combination with a number of different prehensor types, catering to a wide range of users. We used a 3.5″ TRS-style prehensor for our prototype and designed the switch to apply a 21 N force while in VO mode and up to 100 N while in VC mode. In our design, VO and VC modes offer characteristics that are identical to existing VO and VC designs, with a few exceptions. These exceptions include an increase in weight, as low as 12% energy loss in VC mode and 9% loss in VO mode due to gears, more complex mechanics, larger required space, and a higher spring force in VC mode. Future design improvements will be discussed in this paper.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Synthesis of xanthine dehydrogenase in liver and pancreas of developing chicks.

Abstract A comparative study was made on the rate of synthesis of xanthine dehydrogenase and soluble proteins in the liver and pancreas of chicks during the first few days after hatching. A 9-fold increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis occurs in the pancreas during the first 7 days which parallels the striking increase in enzyme activity. Similarly, enzyme activity and the rate of enzyme synthesis increase in the liver as reported by Murison (1969) . In contrast the rate of synthesis of soluble proteins was found to be fairly constant in both tissues within the same period. This suggests that a preferential synthesis of the enzyme occurs and that it is the important factor in controlling the amount of enzyme activity present in these tissues.
Signal transduction to mitochondrial ATP synthase: Evidence that PDGF-dependent phosphorylation of the δ-subunit occurs in several cell lines, involves tyrosine, and is modulated by lysophosphatidic acid

Although signal transduction mechanisms originating from receptors on the plasma membrane and targeted to metabolic and other enzymes/proteins localized in the cytoplasm or the nucleus have been extensively studied in animal cells, few such studies have focused on the mitochondrial energy producing machinery, i.e. the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complex (F0F1). Significantly, it was shown in an earlier collaborative study that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is linked in signal transduction pathways to tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylations, regulates the phosphorylation of the mitochondrial ATP synthase delta subunit in cortical neurons (Zhang et. al., 1995. J. Neurochem. 65, 2812-2815). This is a particularly intriguing finding in light of more recent reports demonstrating that ATP synthases are nanomotors with a central rotor, one component of which is the delta subunit. In this report, evidence is provided that the PDGF-dependent phosphorylation of the ATP synthase delta subunit is not confined to neuronal cells but can be demonstrated also in studies with PDGF-treated NIH3T3 and kidney cells. Evidence is provided also that phosphorylation of the ATP synthase delta subunit may involve its single tyrosine residue, and that this phosphorylation is modulated when the cell based assay includes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid signaling molecules. Finally, results are presented of an analysis which revealed a number of potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites on three other subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) of the F1 (catalytic) moiety of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, thus making this important complex a most attractive target for future signal transduction studies.
A phase I study of sirolimus and bevacizumab in patients with advanced malignancies.

Background We performed a single institution, phase I study of sirolimus and bevacizumab, in order to determine the dose limiting toxicity (DLT) and recommended phase II doses.
Mucolipidosis IV fibroblasts synthesize normal amounts of hyaluronic acid.

Mucolipidosis IV (ML IV) (McKusick 252650) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that displays signs of both lipid and mucopolysaccharide (glycosaminoglycan) storage. It has been reported that fibroblasts from ML IV patients exhibit abnormally high synthesis of hyaluronic acid in culture. In our search for a biochemical marker that will enable positive identification of ML IV, we studied glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblast cultures from patients with this disease. ML IV and normal control fibroblasts were incubated with [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulphate. Labelled glycosaminoglycans were extracted from the cell layer and medium. Chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid were determined by analysis of disaccharides after digestion with chondroitinase ABC. Synthesis of neither of these two glycosaminoglycans differed significantly between control and ML IV fibroblasts. Synthesis of hyaluronic acid was nearly linear for 24 h, with mean calculated values of 11.7 ± 1.4 and 14.4 ± 1.6 pg/cell per 24 h in control and ML IV cultures respectively. The variability within the two groups is attributed primarily to population variability and possibly to culture density. These experiments exclude the possibility that a general metabolic defect in hyaluronic acid synthesis is responsible for the ML IV phenotype, nor can such a defect be used as a diagnostic tool for the disease.
Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents

A study of 384 18-year-old adolescents living in the community demonstrated a frequent co-occurrence of substance use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Multiple pathways appeared to lead to this comorbidity, which was associated with widespread psychological impairment that might have serious developmental consequences. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
NuclearF K-sum spaces

The s-dual of a sequence space 2 is defined to be the space 2 ~ of all sequences v for which uv = (uivi) ~ 11 for all u in 2. Other sequence spaces have been used in place of 11 in formulating such definitions. For example, the space cs and the corresponding/%dual, or the space bs with the corresponding 7-dual. The concept of a sum space was introduced and studied by Ruckle in [5] and [6]. His purpose, among others, was to generalize and study properties of spaces used in place of P, and the corresponding generalized dual. In this paper, we show that every nuclear FK-sum space on which there is a continuous norm is contained in some permutation of the space of rapidly decreasing sequences.