cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced and orthogonal MINACE filter sets: initial detection results

Abstract Advanced versions of MINACE (minimum noise and correlation plane energy) filters are appliedto detection. Detection involves locating all objects in multiple classes in an image independent ofthe object class, distortions and contrast differences, i.e. we do not attempt to recognize the object class. This is the first step in scene analysis. A number of false alarms are expected per scene and will be reduced in subsequent levels of the full processor. The advanced MINACE filter concepts weuse involve : including a constant background In the training images, training on intermediate contrastratio objects, use of a new background clutter model and use of orthogonal filter sets. 1 Introduction All prior distortion-invariant filter work has typically only considered the recognition of one class of object.In some cases, discrimination between two object classes was required. In most of the cases, the filter is false-class trained with objects of the second class, i.e. the filter output is required to be zero for
Process monitoring with residual gas analyzers (RGAs): limiting factors

Abstract Many vacuum processes are limited by low-level impurities introduced with process gases or generated within the process chamber. Specific impurities are often monitored using residual gas analyzers (RGAs) or partial pressure analyzers (PPAs), most commonly, mass spectrometers of the quadrupole type. Unfortunately, the performance of these instruments can be affected significantly by a number of instrument and vacuum environment variables, so that the sensitivities of even “calibrated” instruments can differ significantly from expected values. These variables include ion source parameters, total pressure and prior exposure to active gases. The magnitude of the deviations in sensitivity varies for different instruments, but can reach orders of magnitude in extreme cases. This paper reviews the important factors affecting instrument performance, illustrates the magnitude of the effects for different instruments, recommends instrument test procedures, and suggests operating parameters and procedures that can minimize these effects.
Voice says it all in the Navy

The commercial potential for voice technology innovations currently being developed by the U.S. Navy is immense.
Utility of a neurobehavioral screening battery for differentiating the effects of two pyrethroids, permethrin and cypermethrin

The ability of a neurobehavioral screening battery to differentiate the effects of two pyrethroids, permethrin and cypermethrin, was assessed in this experiment. Although the structures of these pesticides differ only in the alpha-cyano group, the behavioral syndromes associated with the Type I and II pyrethroids are quite different. The tests included a functional observational battery which is a series of subjective and quantitative measures of neurological function and behavior, and an automated measure of motor activity. Our results verified previous reports in the literature describing these different syndromes, i.e., aggressive sparring behavior, fine to whole-body tremor, hyperthermia, and decreased motor activity for the Type I pyrethroid permethrin, and pawing, burrowing, salivation, whole body tremor to choreoathetosis, hypothermia, and lowered motor activity for the Type II pyrethroid cypermethrin. In addition, we report that permethrin produced decreased grip strengths, increased resistance to capture, increased reactivity to a click stimulus, and induced head and forelimb shaking and agitated behaviors, whereas cypermethrin produced pronounced neuromuscular weakness and equilibrium changes, retropulsion, lateral head movements, alterations in responses to various stimuli, and increased urination. Although there were similarities in some effects (e.g., decreased motor activity), the pesticides differed sufficiently in their overall behavioral profiles, and severity and time course of effects, to discriminate these two compounds. Thus, this type of screening approach is sensitive enough to differentiate these pyrethroids for hazard identification purposes.
Abstract 4954: Hematogenous metastasis of ovarian cancer: Re-thinking mode of spread

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Most patients with ovarian cancer have widely metastatic disease within the abdominal cavity at primary diagnosis; historically, this was thought to occur via intraperitoneal “seeding”. Here, we report unexpected findings related to hematogenous ovarian cancer metastasis with a strong tropism for the omentum. Methods: We established a novel parabiosis model where the skin of female mice was fused surgically from the shoulder to the hip joint. Two weeks later, the “host” parabiont mice were injected with tumor cells into ovary. Once the host mice became moribund, the parabionts were separated, and the host mice were euthanized. Tumor development and patterns of metastasis were analyzed in the host mice. A series of additional in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to decipher the underlying mechanisms. Results: The parabiosis models demonstrated that tumor cells injected into the ovary of each “host” mouse metastasized to the corresponding “guest” mouse, predominantly to the omentum. Using high-throughput transcriptome analysis and phospho-proteome arrays, we demonstrated that ErbB3, an EGFR family receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) was highly expressed in the ovarian cancer cells that hematogenously metastasized to the omentum (SKOV3-OM3) compared to parental cells. The ErbB3-NRG1 axis activated Src/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which in turn induced loss of polarity and increased invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Depletion of murine NRG1 using target specific siRNAs almost completely abolished omental metastasis. In contrast, overexpression of ErbB3 resulted in enhanced tumor formation and omental metastatic spread, which confirms the role of ErbB3 in hematogenous omental metastasis. Additional studies with a function-blocking antibody specific to ErbB3 led to substantial reduction in hematogenous metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Conclusions: Collectively, our results provide the first evidence that ovarian cancer cells are capable of hematogenous metastasis, but with strong tropism for the omentum. These findings not only provide a new understanding of ovarian cancer metastasis, but also identify novel therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Sunila Pradeep, Seung Wook Kim, Sherry Wu, Nishimuara Masato, Takahito Miyake, Choi Hyun-Jin, Rajesha Rupaimoole, Jinsong Liu, Isahai Fidler, Gabriel Lopez, Anil Sood. Hematogenous metastasis of ovarian cancer: Re-thinking mode of spread. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4954. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4954
A proposed interpretation of EPR linewidth in diluted magnetic semiconductors

Abstract The EPR lineshape in Cd1−xMnxTe, Cd1−xMnxSe and Cd1−xMnxS is analyzed within the context of the exchange-narrowing picture. We find that the EPR linewidth cannot be attributed to the dipolar interaction alone, and argue that the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction offers a promising solution to the problem.
Influence of pH and temperature on hemolysis by adult Schistosoma mansoni membranes.

Membrane fractions from homogenized adult Schistosoma mansoni are known to lyse host red blood cells (RBC's), Which serve as an important nutrient source for the parasite, In order to learn more about the homolytic process, we investigated the effects of pH and temperature on the steps involved in the hemolytic process. For maximum schistosome induced hemolysis to occur the worm lytic agent must be in the contact with RBCs in a low pH (pH 5.1), high temperature (37°C) environment for a short time (30 min), after which hemolysis occurs at both pH 7.5 and 5.1 At pH 7.5 the hemolytic process is relatively temperature independent and highly concentration dependent. Dose-response experiments suggest that a multi-hit process of hemolysis is probably involved. Temperature and dextran experiments suggest that a pore is formed in the RBC membrane at pH 7.5 At pH 5.1 hemolysis is temperature dependent and not very concentration dependent. Dose-response data suggest that a single-hit process of hemolysis is utilized at low pH. The hemolytic process at pH 7.5, the pH of the host blood, and pH 5.1, the approximate pH of the worm gut, appears to be very different. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
AID and Igh switch region-Myc chromosomal translocations

Chromosomal translocations involving Ig heavy chain switch regions and an oncogene, like Myc, represent early initiating events in the development of many B cell malignancies. These translocations are widely believed to result from aberrant class switch recombination (CSR). Recent reports have produced conflicting models for the role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in this process. Here, we discuss possible roles of AID, CSR, and somatic hypermutation in generating chromosomal translocations and in tumor progression.
An Optimization Model to Determine Data Center Locations for the Army Enterprise

The Army within the Continental U.S. (CONUS) consists of many installations having a diverse range of user populations and computing hardware/software. Currently, most installations process their own common-user information technology services. As part of a move towards net-centric operations, the Army is looking to consolidate servers and applications at a few data centers known as Area Processing Centers (APCs). The benefits will include improved Warfighters' operational efficiency, reduced Total Cost of Ownership, and enhanced information security posture of the Army enterprise. To move forward, the Army must determine the optimal number and locations of its APCs as well as optimal dual-homing arrangements for all installations. Due to lack of reliable prediction of the impact to the backbone capacity and application latency, we try to solve a surrogate problem based on notions of equity in demand load and distance traveled between clients and servers. The suggested location and homing solutions may not be optimal in terms of future capacity usage and user experience, but the approach provides a quick and practical method to make location recommendations. An optimization model was developed to recommend APC locations and installation homing arrangements such that the total demand-weighted distance traveled is minimized and the load on any APC can be as small as possible. This paper presents an integer programming model for the problem and demonstrates how to use the model in a practical, iterative process to make facility location and demand homing decisions for any general setting.
Environmental Factors in Tiny Tim's Near-Fatal Illness

Physicians, Dickens scholars, and historians have tried to diagnose the condition that affected Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol. Leading entities include tuberculosis (TB), rickets, malnutrition, cerebral palsy, spinal dysraphism, and renal tubular acidosis. This article posits that an examination of the environment of London of 1820 to 1843 (when the novella was written) can provide important clues as to his condition. The blackened skies from burning coal, the crowding of people in tenements, the limited diet of the underclass, and the filth of London resulted in a haven for infectious diseases and rickets in children. Sixty percent of children in London had rickets, and nearly 50% had signs of TB. Tiny Tim likely had a combination of both diseases. After Ebenezer Scrooge's transformation, Scrooge could have ensured an improved diet, sunshine exposure, and possibly cod liver oil for Tiny Tim, which could have led to a "cure." Dickens was familiar with both rickets and TB and wrote about cod liver oil as a possible cure for rickets and scrofula. Improved vitamin D status can result in enhanced macrophage synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which increases the synthesis of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37). This component of the innate immune system has strong killing properties for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The combination of rickets and TB represent a crippling condition that could be reversed by improved vitamin D status.
Using CERES Data to Evaluate the Infrared Flux Derived From Diffusivity Approximation

Based on the diffusivity approximation theory, the infrared flux at the top of atmosphere (TOA) can be obtained by multiplying a factor of pi on the infrared radiance that was measured at a viewing zenith angle (VZA) of 53deg. This letter applies the diffusivity approximation on radiance measurements of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) to derive TOA infrared fluxes and compares these fluxes with the state-of-the-art CERES outgoing radiative fluxes. We find that the mean difference between the two kinds of instantaneous flux that were estimated at the window channel is ~ 1 Wmiddotm-2, with a root-mean-square error of ~ 1.7 Wmiddotm-2. This result shows that radiance measurement at a fixed VZA of 53 deg is a simple and effective method in the remote sensing of the infrared flux for satellite missions that monitor some specific climate processes and require longwave/window TOA fluxes, such as the Broad Band Radiometer instrument on EarthCARE; however, this approach may involve errors from an inhomogeneous scene or non-Lambertian emission of the surface. A careful design of the VZA and scan mode, such as a conical scan at 53deg, would produce much more convenient infrared flux measurements for the Earth-atmosphere system than other designs.
Maladaptive behaviors of children with autism: parent support, stress, and coping.

Background: The estimated prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one in 88. Autism Spectrum Disorders are nearly five times more common among boys than girls. Children with autism may develop a variety of socially unacceptable maladaptive behaviors beyond the defining symptoms of the spectrum disorder. Aims: It is necessary to conduct research to examine maladaptive behaviors of children with autism, family supports, parental stress, and parental coping. Methods: Data used were collected during an earlier descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study. Using the Double ABCX Model of family behavior as the framework, this study evaluated parents’ views of the adaptive behaviors of their children diagnosed with autism using the networks of support for their family, parental stress, and parental coping patterns.Results: Results indicate an association between increased Internalizing maladaptive behaviors and increased parental stress (r = .547, p = .000).Conclusions: The findings of this study su...
Pragmatic rationality and rules

I propose to explore to what extent one can provide a grounding within a theory of individual,rational, instrumental choice for a commitment to being guided by the rules that define a practice. The approach I shall take — already signaled by the use of the term “instrumental” — is Humean, rather than Kantian, in spirit. That is, my concern is to determine to what extent a commitment to such rules can he defended by appeal to what is perhaps the least problematic sense of rationality — that which is effectively instrumental with respect to the objectives that one has deliberatively adopted.
Use of motor nerve conduction testing and vibration sensitivity testing as screening tools for carpal tunnel syndrome in industry

Abstract Increased attention to carpal tunnel syndrome in industry has resulted in the development of several proposed screening tests. This investigation evaluated the use of two portable devices for measuring motor nerve conduction time and tactile sensitivity to 120 Hz vibration in a field setting. Forty-seven control participants, 63 manufacturing plant workers with and without symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, and 22 patients with physician-diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome were tested with the NervePace electroneurometer and the Vibraton II vibration threshold measurement device. Nerve conduction time differed significantly between the controls, the asymptomatic workers, and the participants with carpal tunnel syndrome or symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. The vibration threshold was higher in the carpal tunnel syndrome group than in the other groups; however, further examination of the data revealed no differences in threshold unless nerve conduction time exceeded the control mean by at least three standard deviations. The false-negative rates associated with the tests limit their usefulness in screening for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Macrophage‐dependent induction of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system and its role in intracellular survival

Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) encodes a putative type III secretion system necessary for systemic infection in animals. We have investigated the transcriptional organization and regulation of SPI-2 by creating gfp fusions throughout the entire gene cluster. These gfp fusions demonstrated that SPI-2 genes encoding structural, regulatory and previously uncharacterized putative secreted proteins are preferentially expressed in the intracellular environment of the host macrophage. Furthermore, the transcription of these genes within host cells was dependent on the two-component regulatory system SsrA/SsrB and an acidic phagosomal environment. Most SPI-2 mutants failed to replicate to the same level as wild-type strains in murine macrophages and human epithelial cells. In orally infected mice, SPI-2 mutants colonized the Peyer's patches but did not progress to the mesenteric lymph nodes. We conclude that SPI-2 genes are specifically expressed upon entry into mammalian cells and are required for intracellular growth in host cells in vivo and in vitro.
Ventures and Start-up Companies

Athens and Sparta were city states. Hamburg and Bremen were German city states and are to this day independent Lande in the Federal Republic of Germany. The Greek word “polis” (plural poleis) means city or city state. A technopolis is a modern form for city state based on high technology — a city of high tech corporations. The first technopolis was Silicon Valley. Others are Route 128 (drawing on the expertise of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Research Triangle in North Carolina (formed by Duke University, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University at Raleigh), Sophia Antipolis at the French Riviera, Tsukuba City in Japan, and the Shenzhen Special Enterprise Zone in the People’s Republic of China. A number of other technopoleis are now emerging in the United States and in other parts of the world.
Self-focussed optical structures in a nematic liquid crystal

Abstract In recent experiments investigating the nonlinear interaction between light and nematic liquid crystals, Braun et al. (1993) observed complex optical beam structures that were generated by the strong self-focussing of laser light. For a simplified partial differential equation (PDE) model which captures the essential coupling between optical refraction and nematic deformation, we demonstrate two of the experimentally observed features — undulation and filamentation . For the mathematical analysis, we develop a novel asymptotic representation for this strongly coupled nonlinear system which exploits the natural separation of scales at which these optical structures are created by the self-focussing process. This approach uses geometrical optics, paraxial optics, and scale-separation to identify tractable outer and inner problems. The outer problem describes the undulation of the beam, and is given by a free-boundary problem for the distortion of the nematic crystal. The inner problem describes the filamentation of the beam, and is given by a nonlocal-nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation ofr evolution of the light wave. For the outer problem, we demonstrate analytically the existence of small amplitude undulations of the beam. Large amplitude undulations are studied numerically. For the inner problem, waveguide modes are constructed. Simulations of the nonlocal NLS show that the interaction of these modes generates filamentary beam structures. Thus the PDE model, when reduced asymptotically into two decoupled systems at two distinct spatial scales, produces a theoretical corroboration of the unusual nonlinear optical behavior of undulation, as well as a nonlinear mechanism for filamentation.
Multicomponent Spectroscopic Assay for Hemoglobin and Ferrihemoglobin Species in Methemoglobin Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning

Monitoring the concentrations of various hemoglobin and ferrihemoglobin species and their cyanide complexes is important in the study of the efficacy of methemoglobin-forming agents for the treatment of cyanide toxicity. In this study, the visible absorption spectra of three hemoglobin intermediates were experimentally determined and compared with computer-generated spectra. The data supported the assumption that the molar absorptivities of the intermediates are equivalent to the combined absorptivities of the component subunits. A multicomponent Fourier transform (FT)-aided full spectrum quantitation system (FSQ) to simultaneously measure hemoglobin (Hb), hemimethemoglobin (hemiMetHb), and the cyanide complex dicyanohemimethemoglobin (dicyhemiMetHb) was also evaluated. It was found that FSQ had satisfactory accuracy and precision to quantitate hemiMetHb and dicyhemiMetHb at concentrations from 2 to 20% of the total Hb, a range commonly encountered in the treatment of cyanide poisoning using methemoglobin-forming agents. The simplicity and rapid throughput of the method make it suitable for clinical evaluation studies and form the basis for the design of a portable instrument for field analysis of these species.
I Know More Than I Can Say: A Taxonomy for Using Expressive Ways of Knowing to Foster Transformative Learning

On the basis of an empirical analysis of 11 case studies and interviews with seven adult educators, this article offers a conceptual map for understanding how expressive ways of knowing function in fostering whole-person learning and transformative change. This conceptual map is formulated as a taxonomy with two primary categories. The first category, creating the learning environment, explores how expressive ways of knowing can be used to create psychological readiness for whole-person learning and an empathic field for learning-within-relationship. The second category, fostering the learning, explores how expressive ways of knowing can be used to evoke the experience learners seek to know more about, bring emotion into consciousness, and codify learning experiences for future access. In addition to the taxonomy, the findings also include educators' insights about the importance of developing their own readiness to encounter students as whole persons.
Are we putting the cart ahead of the horse: who determines the standard of care for the management of patients in the emergency department?

present an excellent summation of the 2002 American Collegeof Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)guidelines for the initial management of patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. However, it isconcerning that clinicians (and unfortunately lawyers) mayequate some of the ‘‘class I’’ therapy recommendations for the‘‘emergency department (ED) management’’ of acute coronarysyndrome patients presented in this article with an established‘‘standard of care’’ that is evidence based, which is not the case.To put the ACC/AHA summary document in perspective, itis necessary to brieﬂy review the methodology used ingenerating its recommendations. In the past, managementrecommendations were often developed that were basedprimarily on expert opinion and generally accepted as gospeleven when there was no, or limited, supporting evidence. Thelimitations of this approach have been recognized by thescientiﬁc community as potentially perpetuating not onlymisinformation but at times even dangerous actions. Examplesof the pitfalls implicit to consensus recommendations aboundand include the use of calcium in the management of ventricularﬁbrillation, digoxin in acute decompensated heart failure,theophylline in acute asthma, military antishock trousers inhypotensive trauma patients, and hyperventilation in themanagement of severe traumatic brain injury. These are alltreatments once supported by the experts and that have sincebeen shown to either be of no beneﬁt or dangerous. Withrecognition of the potential dangers inherent to consensusrecommendations, evidence-based methodology requires thatstrong recommendations be based on the presence of strongevidence (ie, well-designed research that speciﬁcally addressesthe question being asked). In other words, in therapeutics, thehighest-level recommendations (levels ‘‘A,’’ ‘‘I,’’ ‘‘standard’’)require supporting evidence from randomized double-blindplacebo-controlled studies with little or no bias. Consequently,there are few ‘‘level I,’’ ‘‘level A,’’ or ‘‘standard’’recommendations in evidence-based literature. Most guidelinemethodologies do not allow opinion to drive a high-levelrecommendation no matter how strong a consensus exists withthe experts; without evidence, nothing higher than the lowestlevel (level ‘‘III,’’ ‘‘C,’’ or ‘‘option’’) recommendation can bemade.
Strong material benefits and no longevity costs of multiple mating in an extremely polyandrous leaf beetle, Chrysochus cobaltinus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

It is well established that females of many species exhibit polyandry. Although such behavior often increases female fitness by augmenting fecundity or enhancing the genetic diversity and vigor of their offspring, it often reduces female longevity. It has been argued that trade-offs between these costs and benefits should limit the degree to which females remate. However, the existence of highly polyandrous species suggests substantial polyandry benefits and/or minimal costs in some systems. Females of the leaf beetle, Chrysochus cobaltinus, are extremely polyandrous, providing an opportunity to examine the factors influencing the evolution of such behaviors. We compared the fecundity and longevity of singly mated females, females that mated multiple times with the same male, and females that mated multiple times with different males. Compared with females in the single mating treatment, females in both multiple mating treatments exhibited a significant reduction in latency to oviposition and, due to an increase in daily egg production, significant increases in lifetime fecundity. This difference diminished as the time since last mating increased. There were no differences in fecundity between the 2 multiple mating treatments, indicating that mate identity does not influence the material benefits of multiple mating. Surprisingly, female longevity did not differ among treatments. The pronounced fecundity benefits that females gain from multiple mating, coupled with a lack of longevity costs, apparently explains the extreme polyandry in this species. In addition, the existence of material fitness benefits via conspecific matings raises the intriguing possibility that in a C. cobaltinus--Chrysochus auratus hybrid zone, heterospecific matings may confer similar benefits to Chrysochus females. Copyright 2006.
A CMOS fully balanced second-generation current conveyor

The design and implementation of a high performance CMOS fully balanced second-generation current conveyor (FBCCII) is presented. The proposed circuit is essential to extend the use of the CCII based circuits to integrated circuits (ICs) applications. The circuit is developed by applying the current sensing technique to a fully balanced version of a differential difference amplifier (DDA). A low power class AB circuit realization is implemented in a 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and its different characteristics are measured. Design examples of realizing fully balanced variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) and a bandpass filter based on the proposed FBCCII are given. Experimental results of the proposed circuits are included.
Selfish misbehavior in scheduling algorithms of wireless networks

We consider the problem of selfish misbehavior in scheduling algorithms of wireless networks. All wireless scheduling algorithms are designed under the assumption that network users will follow the algorithm specifications. In this paper, we study two scheduling algorithms in which a selfish user might misbehave in order to achieve better performance. In the first case, we consider a network that implements cross-layered rate control mechanism to determine arrival rate of users as well as link schedules. We explain a scenario in which a selfish user obtains extra throughput by misleading the scheduling component of the network. We find an equivalent optimization framework that captures misbehavior pattern of the selfish user. We present a solution to prevent such a greedy behavior by imposing a cost term on the utility function of the users. In the second part of the work, we consider the family of random access scheduling algorithms in which users of the wireless network wait for randomly chosen back-off intervals before accessing the medium. A selfish user might wait for smaller back-off in order to obtain an unfair advantage. We present a comparison method to detect such a greedy misbehavior.
Right ventricular aneurysm: Clinical and laboratory features

A 45-year-old woman presented with dyspnea on exertion, two episodes of ventricular tachycardia, a prominent left parasternal impulse, and an unusual cardiac silhouette on chest roentgenogram. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization demonstrated the presence of a large right ventricular aneurysm. The clinical and laboratory features of the right ventricular aneurysm are discussed.
Receptor-Tyrosine-Kinase-Targeted Therapies for Head and Neck Cancer

Molecular therapeutics for treating epidermal growth factor receptor-(EGFR-) expressing cancers are a specific method for treating cancers compared to general cell loss with standard cytotoxic therapeutics. However, the finding that resistance to such therapy is common in clinical trials now dampens the initial enthusiasm over this targeted treatment. Yet an improved molecular understanding of other receptor tyrosine kinases known to be active in cancer has revealed a rich network of cross-talk between receptor pathways with a key finding of common downstream signaling pathways. Such cross talk may represent a key mechanism for resistance to EGFR-directed therapy. Here we review the interplay between EGFR and Met and the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) tyrosine kinases, as well as their contribution to anti-EGFR therapeutic resistance in the context of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, a tumor known to be primarily driven by EGFR-related oncogenic signals.
Racist Incident–Based Trauma:

Racist incidents are potentially traumatizing forms of victimization that may lead to increased psychiatric and psychophysiological symptoms in targets. The magnitude of the problem of racist incidents in the United States is difficult to estimate; however, data from several sources permit the inference that the prevalence of racist incidents, particularly among people of color, is high. This article (a) distinguishes traumatic stress from nontraumatic stress and (b) draws parallels between experiences of racist incidents and experiences that are acknowledged to be traumatic, such as rape or domestic violence. Conceptualizing the symptoms of some survivors of racist incidents as trauma responses may help inform treatment when these individuals are clients in psychotherapy.
Corporate Governance: Shareholder Rights And Firm Performance

In the 21 st century, greater attention is being paid to the issue of shareholder rights and corporate governance in U.S. corporations by regulators, shareholders and the general public. A previous paper by the authors finds that the level of shareholder rights generally has not increased and may have declined amongst the S&P 500 companies, despite the recent legislative and regulatory reforms. Evidence suggests that instead firms are searching for an optimum level of shareholder rights that balances the risks and rewards of greater shareholder rights. This study investigates the financial performance of firms with greater shareholder rights (GSR) and contrasts it with that of firms with lower shareholder rights (LSR). This paper finds that GSR firms may perform better on some financial criteria, in absolute terms, but when adjusted for volatility, LSR firms may perform better, contrary to the conventional wisdom.
Role of caveolin-1 in the regulation of pulmonary endothelial permeability.

Abstract Endothelial permeability measurements of intact vascular beds and monolayer cultures are used to describe transport of small molecules (ions, water, and nutrients), macromolecules and plasma protein across the vascular endothelia. Disruption of the endothelial barrier leads to vascular hyper-permeability and protein-rich edema which is a key hallmark of inflammation. Transport of the most abundant plasma protein, albumin, occurs by means of transcellular and paracellular pathways. In healthy, noninflamed vessels, endothelial cell-cell contacts significantly restrict the paracellular permeability of albumin, whereas its transcellular transport from the blood to the abluminal perivascular interstitium occurs via caveolae. Thus, caveolae-mediated transport is a primary determinant of the basal endothelial permeability properties. Increased paracellular permeability induced during inflammation is thought to be due to the opening of interendothelial cell-cell junctions and disruption of endothelial cell-matrix contacts within the vasculature. We recently demonstrated that caveolae-mediated transendothelial transport (transcytosis) of macromolecules through the microvascular endothelial barrier is also an important mechanism responsible for inflammation-evoked pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability and protein-rich edema formation. Moreover, caveolin-1, a structural and scaffolding protein required for caveolae formation and transcellular transport, also plays an important role in oxidant-induced paracellular hyperpermeability. This review highlights the methods used to assess transcellular and paracellular permeability properties of the intact mouse lung and cultured endothelial cell monolayers.
Kinetics of force generation and phosphate release in skinned rabbit soleus muscle fibers.

The kinetics of the force generating and Pi release steps of the actomyosin-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) cycle have been compared in Ca(2+)-activated skinned fibers of rabbit soleus (slow twitc...
Evaluation of myocardial contractility indices in acute experimental mitral regurgitation.

A new method of producing acute reversible mitral regurgitation in the anesthetized, open-chested dog is described. Using this model, the effect of varying amounts of acute mitral regurgitation upon left ventricular peak dp/dt, peak Vce, and Vmax were determined. For small amounts of mitral regurgitation of a degree which causes mild hemodynamic derangement, no significant effects on contractility indices were noted. With more severe degrees of mitral regurgitation, significant falls in all indices were noted. For a given mitral defect, varying the level of ventricular contractility had a minimal influence on the effect of acute mitral regurgitation on the three contractility indices. While all indices of contractility were influenced to a comparable degree by acute mitral regurgitation, peak dp/dt was more sensitive to changes in inotropic state.The rapid development of surgical techniques for valve replacement and myocardial revascularization during the last decade has allowed a group of patients with m...
Counterexamples to a Weakened Version of the Two-Variable Second Derivative Test

(1997). Counterexamples to a Weakened Version of the Two-Variable Second Derivative Test. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 383-385.
Fragmented Risk: An Introduction

Fragmented risk is a theme that runs throughout many of the issues and controversies in insurance law, but one that has received insufficient attention.Insurance reflects a tension between bundling and fragmenting risk. One of the great virtues of many modern insurance policies is that they bundle related risks. A homeowners’ policy covers many risks of loss or liability related to owning a home, a CGL policy covers many of the business activities that may result in liability, and, in another context, a health insurance policy contains broad coverage, especially following the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. At least some of the limitations or exclusions logically involve large, relatively obvious categories of loss, such as liability arising from the sue of a motor vehicle under a homeowners’ policy and expected or intended losses in the ordinary course of business under the CGL policy.Policyholders benefit from bundling risk because coverage is easier to purchase and more predictable, in that there are fewer gaps in coverage and those gaps that remain are more easily understood. Insurers benefit because they insure a large number of policyholders with related but not identical risk profiles so they benefit from the law of large numbers and because policies covering more risks generate more premium dollars. At the same time, insurance policies fragment risk through exclusions, narrow definitions, and other limitations. Insurers fragment policies to exclude coverage for correlated risks where potential losses are high, to reduce premium costs to respond to market conditions, and to reduce potential liability for new and unanticipated risks.Fragmented risk was the topic of a conference sponsored by the Rutgers Center for Risk and Responsibility on March 1, 2013. This article is an introduction to the symposium issue of the Rutgers Journal of Law and Public Policy that published many of the papers from the conference.
Effect of Healing Time on New Bone Formation After Tooth Extraction and Ridge Preservation With Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Clinicians and patients continually search for procedures to decrease time from tooth extraction to restoration. Evidence to date is limited concerning timing of ridge preservation healing and reentry for implant placement. The first objective of this study is to histologically evaluate new bone formation 8 to 10 weeks versus 18 to 20 weeks after extraction of non-molar teeth and ridge preservation using demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA). The second objective is to compare dimensional changes including ridge width and height at the two healing time points.Methods: Forty-four patients had tooth extraction and ridge preservation with DFDBA that was obtained from a single donor. Clinical measurements were made to evaluate ridge height and width. Patients were randomly allocated to short-term (8 to 10 weeks) and long-term (18 to 20 weeks) healing groups. Sites were reentered at the appropriate healing time, core biopsy was obtained, and a dental implant was placed. The same ridge d...
Rapid inactivation of alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-antitrypsin) by elastase.

Abstract When purified α 1 - protease inhibitor, of Pi MM phenotype, was reacted with a 1.3 fold molar excess of elastase at 37°C, 47% of the inhibitor was immediately inactivated while the remaining 53% formed an electrophoretically separable complex with the enzyme. Zone, followed by antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis of time-course mixtures (0 to 30 min at 37°C) showed that the α 1 - protease inhibitor-elastase complex is further degraded to inactivated α 1 - protease inhibitor and that the degradation follows first order kinetics ( k = 2.1 · 10 −3 s −1 ). α 1 - Protease inhibitor in the presence of 1.3 fold molar excess of elastase is 99% inactivated in 30 min at 37°C. The inactivation reaction was not followed by the release of equivalent amounts of active enzyme i.e. only a 4.0% increase in active enzyme was apparent after 30 min at 37°C. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the above α 1 - protease inhibitor-elastase mixtures gave 49 000 and 78 000, respectively, for the molecular weights of inactivated α 1 - protease inhibitor and the α 1 - protease inhibitor-elastase complex. Two other proteins intermediate between the α 1 - protease inhibitor-elastase complex and inactivated α 1 - protease inhibitor possessed molecular weights of 74 000 and 65 000. The reaction also produced a 2200 dalton peptide fragment.
Characterization of Interstrand DNA–DNA Cross-Links Using the α-Hemolysin Protein Nanopore

Nanopore-based sensors have been studied extensively as potential tools for DNA sequencing, characterization of epigenetic modifications such as 5-methylcytosine, and detection of microRNA biomarkers. In the studies described here, the α-hemolysin protein nanopore embedded in a lipid bilayer was used for the detection and characterization of interstrand cross-links in duplex DNA. Interstrand cross-links are important lesions in medicinal chemistry and toxicology because they prevent the strand separation that is required for read-out of genetic information from DNA in cells. In addition, interstrand cross-links are used for the stabilization of duplex DNA in structural biology and materials science. Cross-linked DNA fragments produced unmistakable current signatures in the nanopore experiment. Some cross-linked substrates gave irreversible current blocks of >10 min, while others produced long current blocks (10-100 s) before the double-stranded DNA cross-link translocated through the α-hemolysin channel in a voltage-driven manner. The duration of the current block for the different cross-linked substrates examined here may be dictated by the stability of the duplex region left in the vestibule of the nanopore following partial unzipping of the cross-linked DNA. Construction of calibration curves measuring the frequency of cross-link blocking events (1/τon) as a function of cross-link concentration enabled quantitative determination of the amounts of cross-linked DNA present in samples. The unique current signatures generated by cross-linked DNA in the α-HL nanopore may enable the detection and characterization of DNA cross-links that are important in toxicology, medicine, and materials science.
Adjuvants for Pandemic Influenza Vaccines

The use of adjuvants is being explored as a means of improving vaccine immunogenicity. This is particularly important for the development of vaccines against potential pandemic influenza virus strains. Adjuvants act by prolonging the exposure time of antigen to the immune system, enhancing the delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting cells, or providing immunostimulatory signals that potentiate the immune response. Aluminum salts are the only licensed adjuvant in the United States, but the combination of these salts with inactivated influenza A/H5N1 antigens has had little effect on seroresponses. Several oil-in-water adjuvants, including MF59 and AS03, have significantly enhanced immune responses in healthy adult vaccine recipients to inactivated influenza A/H5N1. Additional studies are needed in vulnerable populations (younger and elderly persons, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients) to confirm the safety and enhanced immunogenicity of these promising formulations. A number of other adjuvants are under investigation to evaluate their ability to improve the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines targeting influenza A/H5N1.
Trump and Sanders on the Couch: Neoliberal Populism on the Left and the Right

This chapter argues that if we want to fully understand the political popularity of people like Donald Trump, we should return to Freud’s theory of the group formation and his notion of emotional identification. As a form of group hypnosis, Right-wing populism relies on followers suspending their critical faculties as they access parts of their unconscious id, and psychoanalysis helps us to understand how these unconscious processes function in political movements.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Enhances C-MYC Translation IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CELLS: ROLE of IL-6-INDUCED EFFECTS On the C-MYC RNA-Binding PROTEIN, HNRNPA1.

Abstract 3839 Poster Board III-775 Our previous work (Cancer Research 68:10215, 2008) demonstrated that IL-6 enhanced c-myc protein expression in MM cells and function of the RNA-binding protein, hnRNPA1 (A1), was required. This occurred by way of enhanced cap-independent translation mediated via the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 59UTR of the myc RNA. IRES-dependent translation is the fail safe mechanism for protein expression when cap-dependent translation is suppressed by mTOR inhibition (with curtailed RNA cap-ribosome binding) and is especially important when an mRNA leader is relatively long and highly structured, such that scanning ribosomes are unlikely to efficiently initiate translation. The IRES directly recruits the ribosome to within close proximity to the start codon, bypassing the need for cap binding and ribosome scanning. HNRNPA1 (A1) is a documented IRES trans-acting factor (ITAF) for the myc IRES, facilitating translation but how its effects are enhanced by IL-6 is unknown. HNRNPA1 is a shuttling protein which binds the myc RNA in the nucleus and transports it to the cytoplasm. Initial experiments demonstrated that IL-6 stimulation of ANBL-6 and OCI-My5 MM cell lines, as well as several primary MM specimens, significantly increased the cytoplasmic localization of A1. To test if this enhanced cytoplasmic localization was critical, we stably expressed a dominant negative (DN) A1 gene that is incapable of nuclear-to-cytoplasmic shuttling and which also prevents endogenous hnRNPA1 shuttling. The DN also prevented A1-mediated transport of the shuttling protein, FUS. Expression of the DN in ANBL-6 cells prevented IL-6-induced effects on myc expression and on ANBL-6 cell growth. We also tested if IL-6 treatment affected A1 binding to the myc RNA by immunoprecipitating A1 and performing real time PCR on the immunoprecipitate for myc RNA levels. A significant increase in A1-myc RNA binding was confirmed. Mass spectroscopy demonstrated that IL-6 induced phosphorylation of A1 in its RNA-binding domain, which possibly mediated the enhanced binding. These results demonstrate that, by enhanced binding of the myc ITAF, hnRNPA1, to the myc IRES, and by enhanced transport of the complex to the translationally active cytoplasmic subcellular site, IL-6 may stimulate c-myc translation and subsequent MM cell growth. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Martensitic Transformation in the Iron-Nickel System

The martensite-start temperature (Ms) on cooling and the austenite-start temperature (As) on heating in the iron-nickel system have been determined between 9.5 and 33.2 atomic pet nickel. By considering the α and ψ phases to be regular solid solutions, it is shown that To, the temperature at which δFα→ψ = 0, lies approximately halfway between Ms and As. This relationship has been corroborated by a study of the effect of plastic deformation on Ms and As.