cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3934: Analysis of PKC-ζ protein and mRNA levels in normal and malignant breast tissue

It is estimated that in 2015 breast cancer will be the second leading cause of cancer death in women. For this purpose, biochemical markers for breast cancer have been investigated, to assist in early detection and more accurate diagnoses. In breast cancer tissue, the atypical isozyme of protein kinase C zeta, PKC-ζ, has been a topic in research; It has been shown that an overexpression of this protein may be indicative of developing carcinogenesis and contributes to proliferation through the NF kappa B pathway, which is a stress-regulated switch for cell survival. In this investigation, the expression of PKC-ζ was analyzed in normal and malignant female human breast tissue samples by Western blot, immunoprecipitation and PCR. In the preliminary results, the malignant breast tissue samples illustrated a significant expression of PKC ζ when compared to the expression of PKC-ζ in normal breast tissue samples. The same tissues were also processed for total RNA isolation which was followed by cDNA synthesis and Real Time PCR. The level of PKC-ζ mRNA was tested and no overexpression was observed in either malignant or normal breast tissue samples. While protein studies may suggest that PKC-ζ could be considered a biomarker for breast cancer, the same cannot be said about mRNA levels. The overexpression of PKC-ζ protein level and the normal PKC-ζ mRNA level are indicators of possible miRNA activity that may regulate translation in malignant tissues but not the normal. Citation Format: Christopher Apostolatos, Tracess Smalley, Mildred A. Duncan. Analysis of PKC-ζ protein and mRNA levels in normal and malignant breast tissue. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3934.
Non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)

Non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is a new term replacing what was previously known as non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). These tumors show benign/indolent clinical behavior when compared with invasive FVPTC, which led to their reclassification as a "non-malignant" neoplasm. NIFTP shares essentially similar cytomorphologic features as FVPTC, and can only be definitively diagnosed on surgical excision specimens. This article provides an update on morphologic characteristics of NIFTP, along with pertinent molecular studies and management algorithms.
Assessment of Classical Impulsive Models of Dissociation in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium

In strong shock waves in rarefied gases, chemical processes such as dissociation and exchange reactions occur in conditions of thermodynamic nonequilibrium, and the rate coefficients are functions ...
Fast volumetric x-ray coherent scattering tomography using a low-brilliance table-top source (Conference Presentation)

Conventional computed tomography (CT) only reconstructs the attenuation map within a sample. X-ray coherent scattering computed tomography (CSCT), which probes the angular-dependent scattering profiles of a 3D object, achieves high-contrast and specificity among materials or tissues with similar attenuation cross-section. Due to the weak coherent scattering cross-section, CSCT using a pencil-beam either requires a brilliant source, such as synchrotron, or tens of hours in image acquisition using a traditional X-ray tube. Fan-beam CSCT using table-top source has been proposed to parallelize the acquisition of each projection, but the use of collimators on the detector plane limits the collection efficiency. Moreover, conventional CSCT systems cannot further parallelize the image acquisition among layers by switching to cone-beam illumination, because the scattering signal from different layers will overlap on the detector. Here we propose a fast, high-efficiency multiplexing scheme using structured cone-beam illumination to image a 3D sample. Our system improves the source utilization compared to pencil-beam CSCT, yet does not require detector collimator to localize and resolve the scattering profile of each point. We have reconstructed the coherent scattering profile within a volumetric object, and demonstrated the material classification of the 3D sample. Compared to previous systems, our method reduces the imaging time by one order of magnitude. We believe our multiplexed CSCT scheme could become the next generation X-ray coherent scattering tomography system.
Transformational Service and Action Learning: The Sustainability of Civic Engagement

The purpose of this article is to introduce the Foundation Resource Outline (FRO), based on the literatures of transformational service and action learning, as a tool that helps practitioners and a...
Ignore What You Learned in Class

It was late in the year and I was trying to balance getting students ready for the Regents with getting my students to learn and approach physics like a scientist. I was not satisfied with how well I was doing either, but I never stopped trying. All year I tried to get students to make sense of what they were doing and not just plow through equations and terminology. I wanted to teach them that this kind of sense making of the material could even improve their grade on the Regents. I went through examples of how connecting motion questions to what they already knew about how things moved was helpful. I made explicit how relating force problems to what they saw happen in the real world was a great way to get started. I showed them how making reasonable estimates of temperature in calorimetry calculations was an easy way to check your work.
Local flaws in permeation reducing barrier layers

One of the concerns in designing a plastic fuel tank is to make the surface of the container such that it reduces the permeation of fuel. In order to improve the barrier properties of the surface, the inner surface is coated with appropriate thin barrier layer. This is often done by blow molding process. The process has local flaws: many small patches do not get covered by the thin barrier material. These “holes” have been observed by Mark Nulman and modelled by Giuseppe Rossi [1], both from Ford Motor Company. On March 5, 1993 Rossi described the model, and presented results in case of circular holes. He also posed the problem of studying the effect of general shaped “holes” and general distribution of “holes” in the inner surface of the container on the imperbeability of the surface of the container.
Surgical Management of Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction in Infancy and Childhood

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruetion is an uncommon cause of repeated obstruction in children of undetermined etiology, often leading to repeated laparotomies and early death. TPN combined with venting gastrostomy provides sufficient calories for growth and minimizes the need for Operations and/or hospitalizations. Seventeen children managed with these techniques experienced a sixfold decrease in the number of hospitalizations, and more than a tenfold decrease in the number of laparotomies for obstruction compared to the period before routine use of TPN and gastrostomies. Oral feedings are encouraged whenever possible.
Matrix Weyl Functions and Non-Abelian Coxeter-Toda Lattices

We introduce a family of non-Abelian nonlinear lattices that generalize Coxeter-Toda lattices in GL n and show that matrix Weyl functions can be used to encode the Hamiltonian structure of these lattices, to establish their complete integrability and to explicitly solve them via the matrix generalization of the inverse moment problem.
Exposure of man to mercury: a review. II. Contamination of food and analytical methods

Man is exposed to mercury through every facet of his life, however, for the average citizen the most probable source of toxic levels of mercury would be his food supply. Although most foods contain less than 0.02 ppm mercury, considerable variation occurs depending on the type of food, production techniques, and location. Mercury is concentrated at higher trophic levels of food chains, particularily in aquatic food chains in which concentration factor of hundreds and thousands have been observed. The concentration of mercury in some large fish has been found to exceed the 0.5 ppm tolerance limit of the FDA and the 1.0 ppm limit of the Swedish government. Fifty-seven grams of fish containing 0.5 ppm mercury in the methyl form could be consumed daily without exceeding the joint FAO/WHO recommended weekly tolerable intake of 0.2 mg. In the US, Sweden, and Japan the per capita daily fish consumptions are 18, 56, and 88 g, respectively. Determination of mercury concentrations generally involves colorimetric, atomic absorption or emission spectrometry, neutron activation, or gas chromatography techniques. The sample preparations are often time consuming, subject to numerous sources of error, and complicated by the low concentrations of mercury. Differentiation of mercury compounds usually necessitatesmore » selective extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis. 256 references, 5 tables.« less
Spectroscopy of Surface-State p-Doped CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots

Transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies have been used to provide direct spectroscopic evidence for the recently reported phenomenon of thermal “surface charging” in II–VI quantum dots (QDs). In these studies, zincblende CdSe cores are synthesized by standard methods, and a thin CdS shell deposited by the decomposition of Cd(DDTC)2, resulting in core/shell QDs with chalcogenide-rich surfaces. Following ligand exchange with oleylamine, these QDs have empty low-lying surface states that can be thermally populated from the valence band. At room temperature, the surface charging equilibrium results in some fraction of the particles having a hole in the valence band, i.e., the surface acceptor states make the particle p-type. Photoexcitation of the surface charged state results in what is essentially a positive trion, which can undergo a fast Auger recombination. Both PL and TA (bleach recovery) kinetics of the CdSe/CdS QDs show a 70 ps decay component, which is assign...
The Wealth Effects of Fairness Opinions in Takeovers

This paper explores the wealth effects associated with a bidder's decision to solicit a fairness opinion in a takeover transaction. Using a hand‐collected sample with bidders’ filing proxy statements, this paper finds that the use of fairness opinions does not negatively affect bidder shareholders’ wealth, a finding that contradicts prior studies’ findings. In addition, I find a positive wealth effect associated with bidder use of fairness opinions in the post‐Rule 2290 period. Collectively, these results are consistent with a fairness opinion being used by bidder management as a means to facilitate transactions rather than a mechanism to entrench management.
Eustachian Tube Balloon Dilation: Emerging Practice Patterns for a Novel Procedure.

Objectives:To review the role of eustachian tube balloon dilation (ETBD) in the setting of chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) and ascertain how ETBD is currently being used in practice today...
Stakeholder Prioritizing in the Midst of an Economic Crisis: A Multi-Firm, Multi-Sector Study

The purpose of this study is to identify the patterns of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, in adverse economic circumstances, so as to understand the importance ascribed by the companies to each of their stakeholders. Prior research on stakeholder salience has looked into various issues related to the relative attention given to corporate stakeholders by management, however, none has examined what this relationship looks like following a prolonged economic crisis. We investigate the activities of CSR in Greece, examining how companies spend their CSR resources in a depressed economy, studying the respective activity patterns of the companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). Content analysis is used, thoroughly examining all public data available on the internet from 175 companies. The study includes data reported in 2014, collected at the end of 2015. Our results demonstrate that, the most popular CSR activities related to the human resources and the least practiced were the society and environment related ones. The findings show concern for the employees of the companies and their morale, superseding the interest for the other stakeholder categories in spite of the crisis and the soaring unemployment rate. Moreover, a significant divergence emerged between the CSR programs of the various industries. This indicates that for reasons unbeknownst to us, companies are placing less emphasis on consumers, environment and the society and tend to cater to the needs of their internal constituents.
Comparing Classes of Finite Structures

We compare classes of structures using the notion of a computable embedding, which is a partial order on the classes of structures. Our attention is mainly, but not exclusively, focused on classes of finite structures. Also, a number of problems are formulated.
Contracts of Inattention

The standard paradigm of contracting assumes that parties will revise subsequent contracts if a court interpretation of a clause does not reflect their intent. This assumption, however, often does not match behavior –- particularly in boilerplate contracts. We examine the aftermath of an (in)famous 2016 case, Wilmington Savings Fund v. Cash America, to unpack possible reasons for this mismatch between theory and practice. We find evidence of a phenomenon in contracts that involve sophisticated parties who are nevertheless not represented by their own lawyers. In these contracts, which we call contracts of inattention, a gap between lawyers’ understanding of a provision and the understanding of market participants is prone to emerge. The potential for such gaps has implications for how courts should interpret contracts of inattention and for how market participants will react to court rulings.
Compression with multi-ECC: enhanced error resiliency for magnetic memories

Emerging non-volatile magnetic memories such as the spin-torque-transfer random access memories (STT-RAMs) provide superior density and energy benefits compared to conventional DRAM or Flash based memories. However, these technologies often suffer from reliability issues and thus strong conventional reliability schemes are required. These schemes have large overhead for storage which, in turn, can potentially eclipse the density and energy benefits these technologies promise. Moreover, the read and write operations in STT-RAMs show asymmetric behaviour i.e., bit-flip probability of 1→0 is significantly higher than 0→1. However, conventional Error Correcting Codes (ECCs) treat both 0 and 1 flips similarly and thus result in unbalanced reliability of these two types of errors. In this work, we propose a new ECC protection scheme for STT-RAM based main memories, compression with multi-ECC (CME). First we try to compress every cache line to reduce its size. Based on the amount of compression possible, we use the saved additional bits to increase the protection from the baseline Single Error Correcting, Double Error Detecting (SECDED) code to stronger ECC schemes, if possible. Compression itself reduces the hamming weight of the cache lines, thus reducing the probability of 1→0 bit-flips. Opportunistically using stronger ECC schemes further helps tolerate multiple bit-flips in a cache line. Our results show that for STT-RAM based main memories, CME can reduce the block failure probability by up to 240x (average 7x) over using a (72,64) SECDED scheme for each cache line word. The latency and area overheads of CME is minimal with average performance degradation of less than 1.4%.
Critical state finite element models of contractional fault-related folding: Part 1. Structural analysis

Abstract Fourteen Lagrangian finite element models with a critical state mechanics constitutive model illustrate some of the primary controls on the formation of fault propagation, fault bend, and diffuse folds. The models demonstrate how variable mechanical stratigraphy, initial fault dip and inter-layer detachments affect the way faults propagate and thus exert a significant control on resultant fold layer geometry. For example, models of uniform sandstone properties exhibit efficient strain localization and clear patterns of fault tip propagation. Uniform shale properties tend to inhibit fault propagation due to distributed plastic deformation. Models with mixed inter-layered sandstone and shale deform in a disharmonic manner, resembling lobate–cuspate arrangements that are common to many folds observed in outcrop. Detachments accommodate shortening by bed-parallel slip, resulting in fault-bend fold kinematics and poorly expressed fault propagation across layers. Structural analysis of the numerical model results reveals that contractional deformation is a composite of lateral compaction, pure shear shortening, fault propagation along narrowly localized zones of reverse shear, and flexure of layers. The relative proportions of these shortening components vary in time and with mechanical properties (shale vs. sandstone). Depth-to-detachment calculations performed on selected numerical models suggest that reasonably accurate predictions can be made for detachment fold-thrust belts and toe-of-slope contractional systems. However, our study suggests that applications to mid-crustal level detachments within the basement beneath a sedimentary cover may be inaccurate.
Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: A Brief Review

Human cancers have been shown to harbor stem cell-like cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells are thought to be endowed with indefinite self-renewal ability and believed to be involved in tumor initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Prostate cancers (PCa) have also been shown to contain CSCs. Here we briefly review the literature reports of CSCs in various tumor systems. We then summarize studies of prostate CSCs (PCSCs) in human cancers and mouse models and discuss their respective limitations. We further discuss the current controversies with respect to identifying the cell of origin for PCa. Elucidating the unique characteristics of PCSCs will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the emergence of castration-resistant disease and may provide new opportunities for developing therapeutics that target the recurrent PCa.
International Medical Graduates (IMGs) and the Types of IMGs

International medical graduates (IMGs) are students or graduates of medical schools outside of the USA or Canada. IMGs can be further categorized into US IMGs (US citizens or permanent residents) or non-US IMGs (not US citizens or permanent residents). This classification has implications for immigration and visa requirements. IMGs are a diverse group that represents an important part of the US physician workforce, making up roughly a quarter of practicing physicians who are particularly responsible for filling critical gaps in fields with physician shortages and in areas of the USA that are medically underserved. Generally, in order to practice in the USA, IMGs must pass US medical licensing exams, receive certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG), and complete an accredited graduate medical education program in the USA or Canada.
Computer-aided process planning in immersive environments: A critical review

Abstract Immersive visualization technologies have been the subject of a significant amount of research in the engineering and manufacturing communities. As a result, various tools have been developed to support a wide range of processes throughout the lifecycle of a product, such as design, review, process planning, manufacturing, inspection, training, maintenance, and remote assistance. However, the impact of these technologies on process planning activities has received comparatively less attention. In this paper, we examine current advances in immersive visualization technologies in the field of Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) and identify current challenges, future directions, and research gaps. CAPP is studied through the lens of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) to propose a series of design guidelines for the development of VR-based immersive CAPP technology. The primary conclusion of the review is that although immersive visualization technologies can improve various process planning scenarios, such as decision-making and real-time response support, verification, training, and automatic generation of process plans, many challenges such as data interoperability, unidirectional 3D data flows, and operation accuracy from technology, process, and organization aspects remain to be addressed.
Organizational support systems for employee assistance programs: A role for industrial/organizational psychologists

ABSTRACT As broad-based employee assistance programs (EAPs) gain popularity, they are also coming under greater scrutiny by organizations. Employee assistance programs have their roots in organizational alcohol programs, for which a set of standards in terms of staffing, operation and evaluation had gradually developed over the years. However, such standards for EAPs are not as well developed. With greater environmental pressure for organizations to streamline and meet the demands of changing work environment and workforce, it is argued that the field of industrial/organizational psychology can add much to the field of EAPs in terms of helping EAPs meet organizational needs most effectively and efficiently. This paper presents some current trends facing organizations and addresses the issues of how industrial/organizational psychologists can help organizations meet these new challenges by develop organizational components which serve as support systems for EAPs.
The Finances of Egg Donation

Egg donation has always been a relatively expensive form of assisted reproduction. This is partly due to the obvious fact that in most cases, the donor receives financial compensation for the performance of her service, as well as the extra costs associated with screening the donor prior to her acceptance into the program. However, the discrepancies presently seen in cost between conventional IVF and donor egg IVF were not always so great. For instance, in 1990 patients were typically spending approximately $5,000–7,000 with medications for a cycle of in vitro fertilization, whereas egg donation averaged around $9,000–10,000. In 2012, including the cost of drugs, IVF in most American centers costs around $10,000, whereas a donor egg cycle commonly runs $25,000 or more per attempt.
Serotonin: Vital affects and psychotherapy

Including biological measures such as the serotonin function to the outcome variables of psychotherapy opens novel perspectives, which may enable better integration of diagnostic and neurobiological aspects with psychotherapy research. However, the problems of epistemology, ontology and the conceptual differences pertaining to such interdisciplinary efforts have to be adequately considered in order to avoid confusion between the different explanatory models used in neurobiological and clinical psychotherapy research. A number of studies have already shown that psychotherapy can be connected with significant changes in the function of brain networks. Recently, preliminary evidence has been gained that also changes in the synaptic transmission in serotonin pathways may take place during the psychotherapy of patients with depression. Although these findings have to be repeated and confirmed in future research with larger patient samples, it seems likely that in selected individuals, especially in those with ...
CLINICAL PRACTICE. ENDOMETRIOSIS

A healthy 25-year-old woman presents with worsening dysmenorrhea, pain of recent onset in the left lower quadrant, and dyspareunia. She has regular menstrual cycles, and her last menstrual period was 3 weeks before presentation. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?
Effects of Deposition Conditions onTexture in Copper ThinFilms on Si (111)

The texture of copper films deposited on bare Si (111) is studied using a partially ionized beam deposition technique. A change in deposition parameters (percent ions and substrate bias) radically alters the texture from epitaxial to fiber. Under conditions indicative of deposition by evaporation, a sharp texture typified by a Cu {531} ‖ Si (111) relationship is observed. At measurable ion energy levels, the film texture becomes Cu (111). A narrowly defined set of conditions promotes epitaxy which breaks down into a fiber texture for conditions of successively higher ion energy. The role of internal (boundary) energy and interfacial (substrate/film and film/ambient) energy are discussed.
Mesh integration based on co-measurements

An algorithm for the integration of meshes derived from range data is presented. All of the triangles from either mesh which have sampled the same surface patch of the object are identified as co-measurements and only the most confidently acquired one is kept. Co-measurement identification is based on the position and orientation of the range scanner when each triangle was sampled. Once the redundant triangles have been removed what remains is a patchwork of unconnected non-intersecting meshes which cover the sampled areas of the object. Neighborhood relationships established between the edge points of each patch are used to seam them together. The final mesh is guaranteed to be plausible in the sense that each triangle represents a surface which could have been scanned given the positions and orientations of the range scanner and 2-manifold with the exception that a vertex may be incident to two triangles that are connected only through that vertex. The algorithm performs equally well in areas of low and high curvature.
When Nurses Become the “Second” Victim

PURPOSE: Well-intentioned, conscientious nurses make medication errors. The subsequent feelings of guilt, remorse, and loss of personal and professional self-esteem these nurses experience are well documented. In this paper, we analyze the concept of "second victim" within the context of medication administration errors. We also examine factors that contribute to nurses becoming second victims after making an error. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Implications for nurses and nursing practice include nurses being given a greater degree of authority in designing the nursing work environment. Implications for nurses and nursing practice are presented. CONCLUSION: Further study is needed to more fully understand this phenomenon and to discover appropriate support mechanisms and interventions to minimize the harm to nurses. Language: en
U.S. Attitudes toward International Criminal Courts and Tribunals

This chapter aims to provide a description of U.S. policy on the subject of international criminal courts and tribunals, both at present and historically, and how that policy has been, and continues to be, developed. It is not intended to provide a critique of that policy. The merits of policy positions are examined only insofar as they shed light on the origins of or motivations underlying those positions. As an initial matter, it is essential to formulate a definition of the term “international criminal court” as it is used in this study. The characterization of a court as “international” may be influenced by a range of factors. To comprehend the full range of U.S. policy positions, it is important to include not only those characteristics that jurists would consider relevant but also those that are relevant for policy makers, whether legally relevant or not (and whether reasonable or not).
Effect of applied potential and surface dissolution on the creep behavior of copper

Abstract The effects are studied of both anodic and cathodic polarization on accelerated creep rates of oxide-free copper wires immersed in an acetate buffer solution at 25°C. The influence of previous creep, grain size, wire diameter, current density, and nature of the anion are evaluated. The data do not support a surface debris layer of high dislocation density, but rather the generation of vacancies by the metal dissolution process during anodic polarization, and the corresponding reduction of surface energy by cathodic polarization. The Rebinder effect is confirmed in absence of a surface oxide film.
Erratum to On three-dimensional singular stress/residual stress fields at the front of a crack/anticrack in an orthotropic/orthorhombic plate under anti-plane shear loading [Compos Struct 92 (2010) 1977-84]

The author regrets that errors occurred in the final printed version of the above article. The author would like to apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused to the publisher of this article and readers of the journal. The corrected text and amended Eqs. (19b), (22a), (22b), (32a), (32b), (33), (34c), (39a), (39b), and (40) are reprinted below. In addition, Eqs. (23(a,b)) are inserted above Eq. (23) of the original article, which is now renumbered as Eq. (23c). Page 1981. Eq. (19b)
Perceptual-motor constraints on sound-to-meaning correspondence in language

The proposal that language has evolved to conform to general cognitive and learning constraints inherent in the human brain calls for specification of these mechanisms. We propose that just as cognition appears to be grounded in cross-modal perceptual-motor capabilities, so too must language. Evidence for perceptual-motor grounding comes from non-arbitrary sound-to-meaning correspondences and their role in word learning.
Perturbation of the Coulomb potential by a contact interaction

Abstract It is shown that the addition of a constant interaction of the form (1/ a 3 ) δ ( r − a ) does not shift the ground state energy level for the Coulomb potential in the limit as a approaches zero.
Origins of the renal innervation in the primate, Macaca fascicularis.

Abstract The origins of the renal efferent and afferent nerves in 5 cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) were studied by using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and horseradish peroxidase—wheat germ agglutinin (HRP WGA). The cut ends of the right renal nerves were soaked for 30–45 min in solutions consisting of 15% HRP and 1% HRP WGA. Three or four days later the animals were killed and the tissues examined for the presence of retrogradely labeled neurons, HRP-filled cells were observed, with rare exceptions, only in ganglia ipsilateral to the side of tracer application. Renal efferent neurons (4648–14565 cells per animal) were found in relatively equal numbers in prevertebral and paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia. Labeled prevertebral cells were distributed among the renal (52%), aorticorenal (32%) and superior mesenteric (16%) ganglia, whereas labeled paravertebral neurons were mainly located in chain ganglia T 11 –L 3 , with 94% of these located in L 1–3 .Labeled renal sensory neurons (31–543 per animal) constituted less than 5% of all labeled cells and were found in ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia T 10 –L 3 , with (80%) in T 12 and L 1 . The labeled sensory neurons ranged from 18–64 μm in diameter (X = 32.4 μ m). With the exception of a single cell in one animal, no labeled neurons were observed in the nodose ganglia. Many parallels were observed between the organization of the renal plexuses of macaques and humans, suggesting the utility of the non-human primate as an experimental model for functional studies of renal innervation in humans.
Two-year-olds' conversations with their mothers and preschool-aged siblings:

The pragmatics of sibling-infant and mother-infant conversations were compared. Sixteen children, 22 to 26 months of age, were videotaped for 15 minutes in dyadic interaction with their mothers and for 15 minutes in dyadic interaction with their preschool-aged siblings. Sibling-infant and mother-infant conversations were compared on three dimensions: quantitative characteristics, conversational style and conversational repair of potential breakdowns. Compared with mothers and infants, siblings and infants talked less and had shorter conversations. On an individual level, siblings asked fewer questions of the infants and issued more directives to them than did the mothers. Moreover, siblings failed to repair disruptions in conversations almost twice as often as mothers. The infants' conversational behaviours, however, did not differ when interacting with the siblings as opposed to the mothers. These results indicate that preschool-aged siblings are not yet adept at making the kinds of pragmatic adjustments...
High-temperature crack growth in low-cycle fatigue

Abstract The rates of low-cycle fatigue crack propagation in 1 Cr-1 Mo-0·25 V low alloy steel were determined under several types of loading at 1000 F. It was found that crack growth rates correlate well with the nominal crack tip stress. This method was also applied with good results to some published data where the fracture mechanics stress intensity factor had given only limited correlation. Several questions are thus raised regarding the relative importance of crack tip stress and crack length during crack growth in actual components.
Investigating retrospective influences on induction in rats' responding for 1% sucrose when food-pellet reinforcement is upcoming.

When rats lever press for 1% sucrose reinforcement in the first half of a 50-min session, response rates are higher when food-pellet reinforcement will be available in the second half than when 1% sucrose will be available. Results of past research have suggested that, under some conditions, this induction effect is prospective in nature (i.e., controlled by the conditions of reinforcement in the present session). However, that research did not rule out the possibility that, under other conditions, retrospective factors (i.e., the conditions of reinforcement in the previous session[s]) could contribute. In the present study, rats responded in two types of session, one in which 1% sucrose reinforcement was available in both halves of the session and one in which 1% sucrose and food-pellet reinforcement were available in the first and second halves, respectively. Which type of session was in effect unsignaled and session type alternated every session (Experiment 1), every second session (Experiment 2), or a...
Stereospecific Bromine Replacement in the Synthesis of 4(e) and 4(a)-Deuterioadamantan-2-ones

Abstract Stereospecific introduction of deuterium on the adamantane skeleton has been accomplished with LiAID(OCH3)3-CuI.
Application of switching transistors and saturable reactors in a high-performance servo

THE PURPOSE of this paper is to demonstrate that the performance of instrument servos can be improved by the exclusive use of magnetic devices and transistors to perform the functions of amplification, modulation, and demodulation. Substitution of solid-state devices for electronic amplifiers and mechanical choppers not only increases the efficiency, the reliability, and the durability of the system but also minimizes its size and weight.
DESIGNING THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN A SUPPLY CHAIN

Abstract This paper describes a framework for designing the distribution network in a supply chain. Various factors influencing the choice of distribution network are described. We then discuss different choices of distribution networks and their relative strengths and weaknesses. The paper concludes by identifying distribution networks that are best suited for a variety of customer and product characteristics.
A simulation study of container size in two-card kanban systems

Setting container sizes is one of the first decisions that users of kanban systems must address. Yet researchers have largely assumed container sizes to be given. This paper investigates the effect of container size on average inventory and customer service levels in a two-card kanban system processing multiple part types. Container size and the number of kanbans are varied in tandem so that total in-process inventory capacity remains constant. Simulation results show that smaller containers lead to smaller average total inventories. The surprise is that smaller containers do not always lead to poorer average customer service. Smaller container sizes can lead to better average customer service when the costs of greater total setup time are offset by the benefits of more frequent material handling, that is less frequent station material starvation, and improved finished goods part mix. This occurs primarily when container size is larger than average finished-goods order size and when setup times are relati...
Comments on eigenfunction expansions of discontinuous Sturm-Liouville systems

Abstract In earlier works [4],[5] we examined the eigenfunctions of Sturm-Liouville systems of the form −y″(x) + q(x)y(x) = λy(x) on a bounded interval having eigenfunctions with jump discontinuities. An eigenfunction expansion theorem for these discontinuous Sturm-Liouville problems along with applications of the theory were presented. In this note we review earlier results and examine the possibilities for extending our results to general, single and multiple discontinuity cases.
Potential-dependent measurements of the low-frequency mode, the inelastic continuum, elastic scattering and sers from a Ag electrode

Abstract An I2 vapor absorption filter attenuated the elastically scattered light and allowed the separation of the low-frequency mode from the large inelastic continuum signal near 0 cm−1. The potential dependence of the low-frequency mode, the inelastic continuum, the SERS of adsorbates, and the elastic scattering was measured from a Ag electrode. All the inelastic scattering contributions have similar potential dependences while the elastic scattering does not.
Event-related potential analysis usingMathematica

Commercial ERP software is often inflexible and may be of little use to investigators using nontraditional forms of ERP analysis. An approach to this problem is presented usingMathematica, a high-level, symbolic mathematics and graphical programming language and environment. A description of the software and its application to ERP data are included, as are examples. Sample graphical output is also provided.
A long-acting integrase inhibitor protects female macaques from repeated high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge

Long-acting GSK1265744 (GSK744 LA) is a strand transfer inhibitor of the HIV/SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) integrase and was shown to be an effective preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agent in a low-dose intrarectal SHIV (simian-human immunodeficiency virus) rhesus macaque challenge model. We examined the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of GSK744 LA as PrEP against repeat high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge in female rhesus macaques treated with Depo-Provera (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate), which promotes viral transmission vaginally. When Depo-Provera-treated female rhesus macaques were dosed with GSK744 LA (50 mg/kg) monthly, systemic and tissue drug concentrations were lower than previously observed in male rhesus macaques. GSK744 concentrations were fivefold lower on average in cervical tissues than in rectal tissues. Eight female rhesus macaques were treated with GSK744 LA at week 0, and four female rhesus macaques served as controls. All animals received a high-dose challenge of SHIV162P3 at week 1. No infection was detected in GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques, whereas viremia was detected 1 to 2 weeks after SHIV challenge in all control animals. The GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques were given a second administration of drug at week 4 and further challenged at weeks 5 and 7. GSK744 LA treatment protected six of eight female rhesus macaques against three high-dose SHIV challenges, whereas all control animals became infected after the first challenge (P = 0.0003, log-rank test). These results support further clinical development of GSK744 LA for PrEP.
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Its Role in the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess

Aldosterone, the most important mineralocorticoid, regulates electrolyte excretion and intravascular volume mainly through its effects on renal cortical collecting ducts, where it acts to increase sodium resorption from and potassium excretion into the urine. Excess secretion of aldosterone or other mineralocorticoids, or abnormal sensitivity to mineralocorticoids, may result in hypokalemia, suppressed plasma renin activity, and hypertension. The syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) is an inherited form of hypertension in which 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD) is defective. This enzyme converts cortisol to its inactive metabolite, cortisone. Because mineralocorticoid receptors themselves have similar affinities for cortisol and aldosterone, it is hypothesized that the deficiency allows these receptors to be occupied by cortisol, which normally circulates at levels far higher than those of aldosterone. We cloned cDNA and genes encoding two isozymes of 11-HSD. The liver or 11-HSD1 isozyme has relatively low affinity for steroids, is expressed at high levels in the liver but poorly in the kidney, and is not defective in AME. The kidney or 11-HSD2 isozyme has high steroid affinity and is expressed at high levels in the kidney and placenta. Mutations in the gene for the latter isozyme have been detected in all kindreds with AME. Moreover, the in vitro enzymatic activity conferred by each mutation is strongly correlated with the ratio of cortisone to cortisol metabolites in the urine, with age of diagnosis, and with birth weight. This suggests that the biochemical and clinical phenotype of AME is largely determined by genotype.
A potential role for hypothalamomedullary POMC projections in leptin-induced suppression of food intake.

Melanocortin-3/4 receptor ligands administered to the caudal brain stem potently modulate food intake by changing meal size. The origin of the endogenous ligands is unclear, because the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) harbor populations of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons. Here we demonstrate that activation of hypothalamic POMC neurons leads to suppression of food intake and that this suppression is prevented by administration of a melanocortin-3/4 receptor antagonist to the NTS and its vicinity. Bilateral leptin injections into the rat arcuate nucleus produced long-lasting suppression of meal size and total chow intake. These effects were significantly blunted by injection of SHU-9119 into the fourth ventricle, although SHU-9119 increased meal size and food intake during the first, but not the second, 14-h observation period. Leptin effects on meal size and food intake were abolished throughout the 40-h observation period by injection of SHU-9119 into the NTS at a dose that by itself had no effect. Neuron-specific tracing from the arcuate nucleus with a Cre-inducible tract-tracing adenovirus in POMC-Cre mice showed the presence of labeled axons in the NTS. Furthermore, density of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-immunoreactive axon profiles throughout the NTS was decreased by ∼70% after complete surgical transection of connections with the forebrain in the chronic decerebrate rat model. The results further support the existence of POMC projections from the hypothalamus to the NTS and suggest that these projections have a functional role in the control of food intake.
Nuclear and atomic activation with heavy ion beams

Heavy ion activation has been studied as a method for determining hydrogen. The reactions used [e.g.1H(7Li, n)7Be] are the “inverse” of well known reactions [e.g.7Li(p, n)7Be]. Nuclear activation parameters for the ion beams of interest (7Li2+,10B2+) have been studied. The analytical feasibility is demonstrated with the determination of hydrogen in titanium at the 100 and 30 ppm levels with relative precisions of 8 to 10%. Detection limits in titanium are in the 0.1 to 0.5 ppm range. Heavy ion bombardment is also accompanied by the emission of characteristic X-rays (“atomic” activation). The parameters governing X-ray emission and background production have been investigated. Experimental K and L X-ray yields from thick targets have been measured for many elements excited by On+ beams of 0.5 to 7 MeV/amu and Kr7+ beams of 0.5 to 1 MeV/amu. The simultaneous determination of trace elements at levels of 10 to several 100 ppm in microsamples (∼10−5 g) is demonstrated on biological specimens. K and L X-ray yields and corresponding detection limits have also been measured with the7Li2+ and10B2+ beams used for the nuclear activation of hydrogen. With these beams (∼6 MeV/amu) simultaneous nuclear and atomic activation is possible, yielding an unusual multielement trace analysis capability covering hydrogen and medium and high Z elements.
High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography as a Tool for Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Igneous Textures in Three Dimensions

High-resolution X-ray computed tomography of igneous rocks provides a rapid, non-destructive means to acquire textural data and imagery in three dimensions. Tomographic images are maps of the spatial variations within a specimen of the average linear attenuation coefficient for the input X-ray spectrum, a quantity that depends strongly on mass density and also on atomic number. Visualization of these data benefits from the ability to view sections through the specimen in any location and orientation, and from the ability to extract features of particular interest and display perspective views of them in arbitrary orientation. These images can then be animated to facilitate comprehension of three-dimensional textural relationships. The numerical character of the method also makes these data sets inherently rich in the metrical information required for quantitative characterization and statistical analysis of the sizes, shapes, locations, and interrelations of textural components in igneous rocks.
On mixed insertion, symmetry, and shifted young tableaux

Abstract We introduce a generalization, mixed insertion, of Schensted insertion and develop certain remarkable relationships between mixed insertion and an operation of conversion which generalized Schutzenberger's jeu-de-taquin. Applying results about mixed insertion to symmetric tableaux, we answer several open questions relating to a shifted analog of Schensted insertion studied by Worley and Sagan in connection with the Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions Qλ(x; − 1). The questions answered include the effect on shifted insertion of taking the inverse of a permutation, the effect of reversing the ordering of the alphabet of symbols, a conjecture of Shor relating shifted and unshifted insertion, and a fuller explication of the evacuation operator.
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SMALL BOWEL OF CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

Peroral small bowel biopsies were performed on 21 children with cystic fibrosis and the tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin appeared normal to light microscopy. However, periodic acid—Schiff stains showed a thickened mucinous cover in those patients with abnormal absorption. Electron microscopic examination was normal except for a coarse fibrillar substance, probably mucus, which appeared in the biopsy specimens from patients who had steatorrhea but was absent in the one patient without steatorrhea and in normal patients. This pathologic substance may contribute to the absorptive defect seen in patients with cystic fibrosis.