cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutual Selection and Membership in Open-Ended Classes: Variant-to-Base and Base-to-Variant Testing

Two open-ended classes were formed when students were exposed to a forced choice primary generalization test, conducted in a matching-to-sample context. The classes were at opposite ends of a fill-based continuum. The endpoints of the continuum were called base stimuli and the intermediate stimuli were called variants. Class members were identified with tests conducted in the traditional variant-to-base format and a new base-to-variant format. The ranges of variants that functioned as members of the same nominal class differed with test format. In addition, the direction of that difference reversed for the classes at each end of the continuum. Followup tests showed that adjacent variants in a class were discriminable from each other. Thus, forced choice primary generalization tests induced classes of similar but discriminable stimuli. The fact that the same nominal class has two different widths raises a fundamental question about the definition of class membership. That issue is discussed along with recommendations for answering the question.
ROAD STANDARDS AND TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE

The cost of constructing and maintaining transportation systems concerns foresters, public and private. In 1982, the USDA Forest Service budget for roads was $567 million. In 1985, the figure amounted to $613 million. A 1981 Forest Service directive called attention to problems arising because "roads are often built at too high a standard, which creates more land disturbance and cost than is required to provide adequate, safe transportation." However, before design standards and construction costs can be lowered, the relationship between traffic performance and geometric design needs scrutiny. Reduced design standards could jeopardize traffic safety.
Evaluating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α mRNA expression in a pelagic fish, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, as a biomarker for hypoxia exposure

Hypoxia [dissolved oxygen (DO) 1 sd normoxic mean), exposure amplification (≥2 hours), reduction rate (ca. 24 hours), and some evidence of a lethal hypoxic limit (ca. 2 mg L(-1), ≥4 hours). We then used these findings to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns of hif-1α for Pacific herring in a seasonally hypoxia estuary, Hood Canal, Washington, USA. Although expression did not parallel the local hypoxic conditions in the estuary, herring from the more severe hypoxic year (2013) had a higher probability of having elevated mRNA levels. These patterns indicate that hepatic hif-1α levels may not be directly indicative of local DO levels for pelagic marine fish, but rather provide insight into hypoxia exposure over broader scales.
Distributed dynamic density coverage for human-swarm interactions

This paper presents two approaches to externally influence a team of robots by means of time-varying density functions. These density functions represent rough references for where the robots should be located. Recently developed continuous-time algorithms move the robots so as to provide optimal coverage of a given the time-varying density functions. This makes it possible for a human operator to abstract away the number of robots and focus on the general behavior of the team of robots as a whole. Using a distributed approximation to this algorithm whereby the robots only need to access information from adjacent robots allows these algorithms to scale well with the number of robots. Simulations and robotic experiments show that the desired behaviors are achieved.
Real-time ECG algorithms for ambulatory patient monitoring.

Brigham & Women’s Hospital is designing a wireless monitoring system for patients in the waiting area of the Emergency Department. A real–time ECG algorithm is required to monitor and alert changes in patients that have not yet been admitted to the Emergency Room. For this purpose, three simple algorithms are compared in terms of processing time, beat detection accuracy and heart rate (HR) estimation. Varying amounts of noise were added to records from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database [1] to mimic expected waiting room conditions. Some recommendations regarding selection of an algorithm and further processing of HR series are presented.
Cross-correlation properties of a DS-CDMA communication network using MFSK modulation

The author examines the correlation parameters of interest in a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) communication network using M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) modulation. It is shown that the key multi-user interference parameters can be written in terms of cross-correlation functions with respect to a sinusoidal weighting function. The presence of these weighting functions is found to increase the peak cross-correlation of commonly used spreading sequences by a significant amount. One example shows an increase in the peak cross-correlation of 40%. >
Precise calibration for optical amplifier noise figure measurement using the RIN subtraction method

Calibration with a relative-intensity noise (RIN) standard significantly improves the RIN subtraction method for measuring the noise figure of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The typical standard uncertainty in our measurement is /spl les/0.15 dB.
A high efficiency switch-mode sine wave oscillator-power amplifier

A type of oscillator/power amplifier circuit with the advantages of high efficiency and simplicity over commonly used circuits is presented. The circuit load is an LC loop connected serially, instead of in parallel, with the output so that no step-up transformer is needed. Because the LC loop serves as both the load and the oscillation resonance component, the circuit oscillates at the resonance frequency of the LC loop. The circuit works in switch mode and changes its state when the output current crosses zero; this yields high efficiency. After introducing the circuit principles and calculations, some problems which will arise at high frequency and the ways to solve them are discussed. An experimental implementation of the circuit as well as suggestions for the usage of this type the circuit are also given. >
Reflectivity and conductivity of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7

We obtain the a-b plane infrared conductivity of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ from temperature-dependent reflectivity spectra of crystals and films with ${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\simeq}92 K. The normal state is characterized by a free-carrier band with an enhanced low-frequency mass and a frequency-dependent scattering rate, which indicate coupling to an excitation spectrum with a characteristic frequency scale of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}700 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and coupling strength of \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\simeq}2 to 3.
Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: imaging features, current treatment options, and clinical outcomes

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is considered to be quite rare, but the frequency is increasing given the increasing number of cesarean sections being performed, along with increased detection due to widespread use of early endovaginal sonography. The normal sonographic and magnetic resonance findings of this phenomenon will be discussed, including the appearance of complications associated with abnormal placentation, such as the placenta accreta spectrum. Cases of CSEP at our institution will be illustrated, along with clinical presentations and treatment outcomes. The study included women who were diagnosed with a CSEP in the first trimester, which was confirmed by ultrasound. The clinical presentations, imaging findings, and treatment outcomes of these pregnancies were recorded. In our series, treatment ranged from no intervention with fetal demise on short-term follow-up ultrasound to viable near-term deliveries requiring cesarean section, urgent blood products, and emergent surgery. The majority of our cases 75 % (15 of 20) underwent successful early first trimester termination by a combination of systemic methotrexate administration, ultrasound-guided injection of embryocidal agents, and/or surgery. Early imaging recognition and diagnosis of CSEP is critically important to minimize maternal complications, maintain treatment options, and potentially preserve future fertility.
Comparison of Maximal Lingual Pressure Generation During Isometric Gross and Fine Sensorimotor Tasks in Healthy Adults

Abstract Objectives To (1) compare 2 distinct isometric lingual press tasks, fine sensorimotor versus gross sensorimotor, at multiple sensor locations in relation to age and sex; and (2) provide a normative data set using a lingual-strengthening device. Design Cohort study. Setting University. Participants Healthy men and women (N=71; age range, 21–82y) recruited from the community. Interventions Participants were stratified by age and sex and divided into 3 age groups. Participants completed, in random order, 2 isometric tasks: (1) fine sensorimotor: tongue press maximally and discreetly against each of 5 sensors; and (2) gross sensorimotor: tongue press maximally against all 5 sensors simultaneously. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome was maximum isometric pressure in hectopascals (hPa). Secondary outcomes were time to reach peak pressure (s) and pressure gradient (hPa/s). Results Maximum pressures were significantly lower in those of older age for both fine and gross sensorimotor lingual tasks ( P P =.0012) resulted in the fine sensorimotor task generating higher pressures at the front sensor for all age groups. However, the gross sensorimotor task generated faster maximum pressures at all sensor locations for all age groups. For both sensorimotor tasks, subjects of older age as a whole generated less steep pressure gradients ( P Conclusions Age-related decline in tongue strength is greater at the anterior and posterior tongue. Results indicate a simpler gross sensorimotor task may be more beneficial for targeting timing as a biomechanical parameter during therapy, and the fine sensorimotor task may be more beneficial for targeting strength.
Acts without Agents: The Language of Torture in J. M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians

This article draws from J. M. Coetzee’s linguistic work on the passive sentence to analyze his representation of torture in the novel Waiting for the Barbarians. It argues that Coetzee’s complex use of the short passive (also known as the “agentless sentence”) counters the transparent connection between truth and language by creating critical gaps in the narrative that disrupt the process of interpretation. Given how “truth” is perceived as having a certain “tone” by the torturer Colonel Joll in the novel, the question of how truth is represented in language becomes critical to undermining the logic of torture Joll explicates. Throughout the novel, Coetzee exploits the ambiguity created by the short passive to not only illustrate the grammatical fictions that undergird our assumptions while reading the text, but also to challenge the linguistic certainties of “truth” to which the torture chamber owes its existence.
Preeclampsia is Characterized by Fetal NK Cell Activation and a Reduction in Regulatory T Cells.

Problem Preeclampsia affects 3–17% of pregnancies worldwide and has serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus. As maternal–fetal immune tolerance is bidirectional, fetal immunopathology may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of pregnancy disorders. Nevertheless, the impact of preeclampsia on the fetal immune system is unclear. Method of study In this case–control study, we examined the phenotype of innate and adaptive immune cells from the cord blood of 3rd trimester babies born to healthy mothers and compared them to cord blood from 3rd trimester babies born to mothers with symptomatic preeclampsia. Results The ratio of CD56hi CD16− non-activated/regulatory NK cells to CD56lo CD16+ activated/effector NK cells as well as the proportion of CD4+ T cells was significantly decreased in the cord blood of babies born to preeclamptic mothers. The percentage of FoxP3+ Treg, especially the FoxP3lo populations (resting Treg and cytokine Treg), were significantly reduced. Importantly, this reduction in FoxP3+ Treg affected the ratio of CD8+ effector T cells per FoxP3+ Treg in the cord blood of babies born to preeclamptic mothers. Conclusion These observations indicate that there are significant fetal immune system derangements during preeclampsia.
Dibromo[5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐methoxyphenyl)porphyrinato‐κ4N]platinum(IV) chloroform acetonitrile solvate

In the title compound, [PtBr2(C48H36N4O4)]·0.896CHCl3·0.569CH3CN, the centrosymmetric metal complex is octahedral, with the porphyrin ring essentially planar and the Br atoms occupying axial positions. The two independent methoxy­phenyl substituents are tilted at angles of 89.0 and 67.0° with respect to the porphyrin plane. The Pt—N distances are 2.035 (4) and 2.036 (4) A and the Pt—Br distance is 2.4666 (6) A. Chloro­form and aceto­nitrile solvent mol­ecules, exhibiting substantial disorder, occupy positions between the porphyrin mol­ecules. This is the first crystal and molecular structure of a PtIV–porphyrin complex to be reported.
“Who, What, Where, and Why”

The North Carolina Serials Conference was very fortunate to have secured Rachel Frick for its keynote speaker for 2013. The conference was a homecoming for Frick, who is a graduate of the University of North Carolina MSLS program and is currently the Director of the Digital Library Federation Program for the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), a think tank and research organization located in Washington, D.C. The Digital Library Federation (DLF) has been in existence since 1995, its target audiences being digital library practitioners and other interested parties who are on the front-lines of teaching and learning in this specialty. In her address entitled “Who, What, Where, Why, and How,” Frick discussed some of the major initiatives and issues currently occurring within and around librarianship, exploring the effect that these large scale initiatives can, and should, have at the local level. She can be reached at her Twitter feed, @rlfrick.
Fetal central nervous system injury in third trimester stillbirth: A clinicopathologic study of 63 cases

ABSTRACT We report the neuropathologic findings and clinicopathologic associations in 63 3rd trimester singleton stillborn fetuses. All were ≥28 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) with complete autopsies, including placental examination. Fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities, major congenital anomalies, and intrapartum demise were excluded. The cases were divided into those with abruption (n = 12) and those with unexplained fetal demise (n = 51). The latter group was then subdivided by gestational age with 3 subgroups (preterm 28 to <32 weeks EGA (n = 16), preterm 32 to <37 weeks EGA (n = 13), and term 37–41 weeks EGA (n = 22). Each group was further subdivided as appropriate-for-gestational age/large-for-gestational age (AGA/LGA) or small-for-gestational age (SGA). Placental lesions were also evaluated and correlated with brain lesions. Established or recent injury involving gray or white matter was seen in 88% of the fetuses with unexplained demise versus 42% with abruption (P = 0.001). ...
Dynamics and significance of coagulase-negative staphylococcal intramammary infections.

Cows (n = 139) were sampled within 17 d postpartum and monthly thereafter to examine dynamics of mammary infections and relationships between infection status, milk yield, SCC, NAGase activity, and chloride concentration. Forty-eight and 67% of cows and 19.5 and 30.5% of quarters were infected at first test and lactation end, respectively, with 51% of all infections present at first test. Coagulase-negative staphylococci accounted for 67 and 65% of first test and total infections with 85% persisting to lactation end. Animals with coagulase-negative staphylococci infections had significantly elevated quarter SCC and NAGase activity and a decrease of 821 kg mature equivalent lactation milk production compared with uninfected animals. Clinical cases with no bacterial isolation or major pathogen infections were associated with significant elevations in bucket and quarter milk SCC, NAGase activity, chloride concentration in quarters, and a decrease of 1153 kg mature equivalent lactation milk production as compared with uninfected animals. Correlations between milk production and in SCC and ln NAGase and between ln SCC and ln NAGase were -.15, -.25, and .55 (-.23, -.28, and .41 for first lactation only).
Saturation of Nonthermal Hard X-Ray Emission in Solar Flares

We consider a number of flares spanning a range of magnitudes over two decades in GOES soft X-ray luminosity and demonstrate an observational confirmation of the saturation of the nonthermal hard X-ray photon flux in large solar flares. Using the unprecedented spectral and spatial resolution of the RHESSI telescope, we find that the integrated photon flux above 20 keV asymptotically approaches a limiting value with increasing flare intensity, suggesting a saturation of the nonthermal photon production for high electron-beam fluxes in flares. This result is strengthened by considering each of the large flares as an aggregation of multiple fiducial energy release events identified using the high spatial resolution of RHESSI. We argue that the saturation of the photon production sets in as a result of the transition from Coulomb collisions to return current ohmic dissipation dominating the energy losses as the flare magnitudes increase.
From classroom to CCU.

Consider these issues when hiring new nurses into positions usually reserved for seasoned staff.
Microwatt Radioisotope Energy Converters

After a brief survey of proposed radioisotope conversion systems this paper presents in detail two systems particularly suited for microwatt power sources. First, a 10-9 ampere Kr85 s current cell capable of tens of kilovolts now in limited production is presented, followed by a discussion of other possible future s current cells. Second, some theoretical considerations of a Pm147 silicon electronvoltaic converter with an output in the range of 100 ?A/cm2 at a few tenths of a volt are discussed. Some applications adapted to each system are also presented.
Nerve regeneration through holey silicone tubes

Recent studies focus on regeneration where nerve stumps are placed in a silicone tube. Since the tube is impermeable, the fluid and cells that collect from the stumps bath the axons. This is presumably beneficial. Making the tube permeable by making holes in its walls should change the patterns of regeneration. If this is done, the major cytologic change is an increase in the fascicular perineurium. There are more individual fascicles, more cells line each fascicle and the lining cells are coated by more prominent external laminae than after similar regeneration in a regular silicone tube or in the normal untransected nerve. For axonal numbers, there are more myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the gap and more unmyelinated axons in the distal stump than after regeneration in a regular silicone tube. The numbers in the holey tube regenerate are statistically different from normal but they are closer to normal than after similar regeneration in a regular silicone tube. There are significantly fewer myelinated and unmyelinated axons than in the normal sural nerve after regeneration through a holey tube, but there are more than after regeneration through a regular tube. The numbers of axons in the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius muscle are not significantly different from normal or from the other regeneration paradigms. These data allow the suggestion that regeneration through a silicone tube with macroscopic holes in its walls may be superior in certain respects to regeneration through a regular impermeable silicone tube.
Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on Gel Chromatographic Pattern of Cottage Cheese Whey

Abstract The effect of γ-irradiation on cottage cheese whey proteins was studied by gel chromatographic analysis. There was an increase in the casein peak with a corresponding decrease in the α -lactalbumin peak and, to a lesser extent, the β-lactogobulin peak. Irradiation may have caused intramolecular interactions of α-lactalbumin molecules or interaction between casein and α-lactalbumin, resulting in formation of an association/aggregation, which then was eluted along with casein. Effect on β -lactoglobulin was less marked.
Role of microglia in neurotrauma

Microglia are the primary mediators of the immune defense system of the CNS and are integral to the subsequent inflammatory response. The role of microglia in the injured CNS is under scrutiny, as research has begun to fully explore how postinjury inflammation contributes to secondary damage and recovery of function. Whether microglia are good or bad is under debate, with strong support for a dual role or differential activation of microglia. Microglia release a number of factors that modulate secondary injury and recovery after injury, including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, growth factors, and Superoxide species. Here we review experimental work on the complex and varied responses of microglia in terms of both detrimental and beneficial effects. Addressed in addition are the effects of microglial activation in two examples of CNS injury: spinal cord and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation is integral to the response of CNS tissue to injury. In that light, future research is needed to focus on clarifying the signals and mechanisms by which microglia can be guided to promote optimal functional recovery.
Impact of Pseudolignin versus Dilute Acid-Pretreated Lignin on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose

To evaluate the inhibition effects of pseudolignin to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in comparison to lignin, enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin (EMAL) was isolated from poplar after an 8 min pretreatment at 170 °C using 0.5% H2SO4. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 13C NMR characterization revealed that the poplar lignin was partially degraded during the pretreatment and did not contain detectable amounts of pseudolignin. Holocellulose was treated with varying amounts of pseudolignin and/or EMAL dissolved in p-dioxane and then dried. The treated and control holocellulose was then treated to a standard cellulase treatment, and the results from enzymatic hydrolysis of these samples showed that the dilute acid-pretreated lignin inhibited hydrolysis in the initial stage but had a negligible impact on the overall cellulose-to-glucose conversion yield. In contrast, pseudolignin significantly reduced the overall enzymatic conversion yield of cellulose to glucose. This study suggests that pseudolignin form...
Performance Comparison of Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometers

Scanning electrical mobility spectrometers (SEMS) are commonly used for near real-time ultrafine particle size distribution measurements. Analysis of SEMS measurements to calculate particle size distributions requires detailed understanding of instrument characteristics and operation. Varying instrument designs are used in the different commercial SEMS systems, and data analysis with these instruments requires accurate knowledge of their relative performance. In this study, an experimental approach to evaluate and reconcile differences between different SEMS instruments is established. This approach is used to characterize the relative performance of two SEMS systems—TSI's SMPS 3936-L22 and MSP's WPS XP1000—for particle sizes in the range of 20 to 300 nm. In these tests, the instruments were operated under a low flowrate condition with aerosol and sheath air flows of 0.3 and 3 LPM, respectively. Measurements show that the particle sizing characteristics of the instruments are very consistent with each oth...
Surface relaxation and induced stress accompanying the adsorption of H upon Be(0001)

Abstract A series of self-consistent field, molecular orbital cluster calculations has been conducted to ascertain some of the substrate relaxation that would accompany the adsorption of a hydrogen atom by the (0001) surface of beryllium. The total HF energies of clusters of either seven, ten, or fifteen Be atoms, both with and without the adsorbed hydrogen atom, have been determined as functions of the basal plane lattice parameter of the clusters. Comparison of the locations of the minima of these energy functions shows that the adsorbed H atom has the effect of drawing surface Be atoms in with great force towards the perpendicular from the H atom to the surface. There is some indication that this pinching is stronger in the case of a hydrogen atom adsorbed at a bridging site, although the effect is still pronounced for a hydrogen atom adsorbed directly above a beryllium atom. From the predicted relaxation one might infer the possibility of large stresses arising in the surface layer of beryllium (or other metal) when it is exposed to hydrogen. A simple model calculation shows that, in the absence of plastic flow or other deformation, these stresses roughly equal the yield stress of Be metal when the adsorbed H constitutes a few percent of a monolayer. The implications of such stresses in hydrogen damage phenomena are discussed, and various experiments recalled which corroborate the arguments presented.
Structural aspects of thrombin specificity.

Abstract Computer-assisted comparisons were made of the X-ray coordinates of all homologous atoms in the serine protease derivatives tosyl chymotrypsin Aα, tosyl elastase, and diisopropylphosphoryl trypsin. The results provided further quantitative support for the belief that sequence homology in proteins results in close similarity of conformation. On this basis, inferences were drawn about the three-dimensional structure of the serine protease thrombin, for which atomic coordinates have not yet been determined experimentally. Further, it was concluded that the unique specificity of thrombin, i.e., its selective cleavage of certain ArgGly bonds in fibrinogen, is unlikely to be due to the insertions in the amino acid sequence of thrombin or to differences in sequence in the region of the active site and binding pocket. It is possible, however, that the elongated A chain appended to thrombin may be a source of this specificity.
Structural strain mapping using a wavelength/time division addressed fiber Bragg grating array

We describe a multiplexed nine element Bragg grating array used for strain mapping over a plate which is subjected to deflection forces. The system comprises two sub arrays of gratings which are sequentially addressed, and read via a single interrogation system into a PC. Real time strain distributions of the plate are determined and displayed.
Intrathecal sufentanil (5 vs. 10 μg) for labor analgesia: Efficacy and side effects☆

Background and Objectives Despite growing popularity, there are few studies examining the relative efficacy of different doses of intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia. This prospective, randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy and side effects of 5 and 10 μg intrathecal sufentanil. Methods Sixty-three healthy, laboring, term parturients ≤5 cm cervical dilation participated in this study. In a randomized, double-blind fashion, patients received 5 or 10 μg intrathecal sufentanil as part of a combined spinal epidural technique. Patients rated pain, itching, nausea, and sedation on verbal analog scales before and every 10 minutes after drug injection. We also recorded maternal blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation before and every 10 minutes after drug injection. Before and 30 and 60 minutes after drug injection, we measured maternal end-tidal CO2. Results Both doses of sufentanil provided adequate analgesia. Although 10 μg sufentanil produced slightly more profound analgesia, the duration of pain relief did not differ between the two groups. Both drug doses were associated with significant increases in itching and end-tidal CO2. The 10-μg dose was associated with more sedation and a greater decrease in SaO2. Conclusions Both 5 and 10 μg intrathecal sufentanil provided adequate labor analgesia. Both doses were associated with measurable spinal (itching) and supraspinal (sedation, respiratory depression) side effects.
Linkage by Generically Gorenstein, Cohen–Macaulay Ideals☆

Abstract In this paper, we study linkage by a wider class of ideals than the complete intersections. We are most interested in how the Cohen–Macaulay property behaves along this more general notion of linkage. In particular, if idealsAandBare linked by a generically Gorenstein Cohen–Macaulay idealI, and ifAis a Cohen–Macaulay ideal, we give a criterion forBto be a Cohen–Macaulay ideal. WhenR/Bis not Cohen–Macaulay, we can give in many cases an easy description of the non–Cohen–Macaulay locus ofR/B, and also a criterion forR/Bto have almost maximal depth.
Reversible alterations in the mitotic cycle of chick embryo cells in various states of growth regulation.

Chick embryo cells which have been kept overnight at pH 6.8 in the absence of serum multiply very slowly. Only a small fraction of cells is in the S period at any given time, and the rate of uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is very low. Upon raising the pH to 7.4 and adding serum (“turn-on”) the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose increases immediately; the rate of DNA synthesis increases after a lag of about 4 hours, and represents an increase in the fraction of cells synthesizing DNA. The uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is rapidly returned to its original low rate at any time by again lowering the pH and removing serum (“turn-off”). The synthesis of DNA in the culture remains constant or continues to rise at a markedly reduced rate following the same treatment. Lowering pH or removing serum independently of each other is less efficient at inhibiting the increase in DNA synthesis than the combined treatment but each accomplishes a similar result. Cultures which have been “turnedoff” during the early stages of the rapid increase in DNA synthesis, resume their prior rate of increase immediately if “turned-on” again within 2.5 hours. If the cultures have been “turned-off” for 5.5 hours before restoring the “turn-on,” there is a 2 hour delay before they resume an increased rate of DNA synthesis. The results indicate that chick embryo cells do not become committed to the initiation of DNA synthesis until shortly before, or at the time of the onset of the S period. Up to 96% of the cells in post-confluent cultures growing in conventional medium become labeled upon continuous, prolonged exposure to 3H-thymidine. Seventy-eight percent of the cells in serum-deprived cultures growing at a very low rate become labeled. These and other considerations suggest that the inhibition of cell multiplication by high population density or serum deprivation is caused by a lengthening of the time cells remain in the prereplicative G1 period rather than by shifting cells into a qualitatively distinct G0 period. There may, however, be a period common to all cells regardless of growth rate, in which cells are not progressing toward the S period. The length of this variable period would then determine the growth rate of a population of cells.
Understanding the relationship between self-esteem and self-clarity: The role of desired self-esteem

Abstract In this research, we examined a novel predictor of clarity in one's self-conceptions: discrepancies between actual and desired levels of self-esteem. Because people tend to desire high self-esteem, such discrepancies are generally larger among individuals low in self-esteem. Among college students (Study 1) and in a more diverse sample (Study 2), we found that the relationship between actual self-esteem and self-clarity was stronger among participants who had high levels of desired self-esteem. Further supporting the causal role of actual-desired self-esteem discrepancies in predicting self-clarity, Study 3 found that a manipulation designed to make high self-esteem seem less desirable reduced the relationship between self-esteem and clarity. These results demonstrate the importance of considering not only people's actual levels of self-esteem, but also their desired levels. Implications for the possible origins and consequences of self-clarity are discussed.
Consequences of daily administered parathyroid hormone on myeloma growth, bone disease, and molecular profiling of whole myelomatous bone

Background Induction of osteolytic bone lesions in multiple myeloma is caused by an uncoupling of osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Current management of myeloma bone disease is limited to the use of antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested the effects of daily administered parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone disease and myeloma growth, and we investigated molecular mechanisms by analyzing gene expression profiles of unique myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells engrafted in SCID-rab and SCID-hu mouse models. PTH resulted in increased bone mineral density of myelomatous bones and reduced tumor burden, which reflected the dependence of primary myeloma cells on the bone marrow microenvironment. Treatment with PTH also increased bone mineral density of uninvolved murine bones in myelomatous hosts and bone mineral density of implanted human bones in nonmyelomatous hosts. In myelomatous bone, PTH markedly increased the number of osteoblasts and bone-formation parameters, and the number of osteoclasts was unaffected or moderately reduced. Pretreatment with PTH before injecting myeloma cells increased bone mineral density of the implanted bone and delayed tumor progression. Human global gene expression profiling of myelomatous bones from SCID-hu mice treated with PTH or saline revealed activation of multiple distinct pathways involved in bone formation and coupling; involvement of Wnt signaling was prominent. Treatment with PTH also downregulated markers typically expressed by osteoclasts and myeloma cells, and altered expression of genes that control oxidative stress and inflammation. PTH receptors were not expressed by myeloma cells, and PTH had no effect on myeloma cell growth in vitro. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that PTH-induced bone formation in myelomatous bones is mediated by activation of multiple signaling pathways involved in osteoblastogenesis and attenuated bone resorption and myeloma growth; mechanisms involve increased osteoblast production of anti-myeloma factors and minimized myeloma induction of inflammatory conditions.
Nutritional influence on the growth and reproduction in two species of acridids (Orthoptera: Insecta)

Comparative analysis of the effect of different natural host plants on the nymphal duration, quantitative food utilization and fecundity of two species of acridids,Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius) andGesonula punctifrons Stal revealed significant differences that were attributed to the varied nutritive value of the host plants.Aiolopus thalassinus appeared to show greater preference forPanicum maximum andCyperus rotundus as againstCynadon dactylon andCoix lachryma. SimilarlyGesonula punctifrons showed greater food intake and fecundity onEichhornia crassipes andColocasia sp thanMusa paradisiaca andIpomoea sp. Various growth parameters such as consumption index, approximate digestibility, growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and digested food were also analysed for the study of the nutritional impact in addition to the biochemical profile of the host plants.
S4-P1: Wide and extreme bandgap semiconductor devices for power electronics applications

The present status of the research, development and commercialization of wide (SiC, GaN) and extreme (diamond, AlN) bandgap semiconductor devices for power electronics applications is presented. The technology obstacles and needs as well as future trend in these power devices are also discussed.
APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR PHENOMENOLOGICAL RHEOLOGICAL MODELS TO SOLID FOOD MATERIALS

Comparaison de 6 groupes de modeles quant a leur possibilite d'application aux materiaux solides. Le choix du modele a utiliser dependra en grande partie de criteres arbitraires avec pour limites d'une part la simplicite du modele et d'autre part le type de propriete physique etudiee
Platinum/iridium tips with controlled geometry for scanning tunneling microscopy

An electrochemical etching procedure using a saturated CaCl2/H2O/concentrated HCl (60%/36%/4% by volume) solution has been developed to fabricate platinum/iridium tips with controlled geometry for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These tips, which have a high aspect ratio (5°–10° cone half angle) and a small radius of curvature (∼500 A), are particularly useful for the imaging and metrology of precision‐engineered surfaces. Initial attempts to use the tips showed them to be unreliable for STM imaging. Auger electron spectroscopy indicated the presence of a carbon contamination layer. By eliminating CO2 from the etching environment, the contamination was reduced and the reliability of the resulting tips improved dramatically. The imaging versatility of these tips is demonstrated for sputter‐deposited gold on silicon, for a gold‐coated polymethylmethacrylate lithographic test pattern, and for highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.
Changes in latitude, changes in attitude: Population movements and conservative shifts in congress

Abstract Migration from the Northeast and Midwest to the West and South over the past decade has been from politically liberal to conservative areas of the United States. Similarly, migration from central cities to suburbs has been from liberal to conservative areas within states. The Constitution and Supreme Court decisions require redistricting between states (reapportionment) and within states (redistricting) every ten years. This study examines whether reapportionment and redistricting has resulted in a more conservative House of Representatives as the number of representatives from these growing conservative districts has increased. It finds no nationwide evidence to support this proposition; instead, the effects of district reorganization appear to be specific to each district and time.
TRANSITION FROM QUASI-ELASTIC TO DEEP-INELASTIC REACTIONS IN THE TI-48+PB-208 SYSTEM

Transfer reaction cross sections for the systems $^{46}$,48,50Ti${+}^{208}$Pb at ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$=243 MeV have been measured with single mass and charge resolution using a magnetic spectrograph and a gas-filled focal-plane detector. The angle and excitation energy ranges studied in this experiment covered both quasi-elastic and deep-inelastic processes. The total reaction cross sections are dominated by transfer reactions with neutron transfer being the strongest transfer mode. Wilczy\ifmmode \acute{n}\else \'{n}\fi{}ski plots for individual reaction channels have been generated showing a gradual transition from quasi-elastic reactions to deep-inelastic processes. While macroscopic models cannot explain the element distributions observed in this experiment, a simple model based on a random walk in the N-Z plane gives good agreement for the reaction strength and the measured energy spectra.
Limited Arbitrage is Necessary and Sufficient for the Non-Emptiness of the Core

A close connection is drawn between the non-emptiness of the core and limited arbitrage, a condition originally defined on the preferences and endowments of the traders of an Arrow-Debreu economy in Chichilnisky (1992, 1993b, 1994, l995a,b). This condition limits the traders' diversity, and bounds their mutually beneficial gains from trade.
Distention and Sugar Feeding Induce Autogenous Egg Development by the Asian Tiger Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mechanisms initiating autogenous egg development were studied using a selected strain of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), that required a sugar meal to develop eggs autogenously. Caloric intake and the abdominal distention produced by ingesting sucrose solutions were interrelated in their effects on autogeny. Distention of the abdomen with 2 μl of saline, with no caloric intake, induced autogenous egg maturation in 66% of the females. Abdominal distention produced by 2 μl of saline did not induce egg development if the ventral nerve cord was transected. However, eggs were produced when females ingested 200 μg of sucrose in 2 μl of water following ventral nerve cord transection. A meal containing at least 100 μg of sucrose was required for egg development if abdominal distention was <1 μl. Mating influenced autogeny in only 10% of the population. Neither distention, caloric intake nor mating affected the number of eggs that matured.
Gravitational radiation from realistic relativistic stars: Odd-parity fluid perturbations

Odd-parity gravitational perturbations of a spherically symmetric background are studied in the linearized Einstein theory. A variety of collapse models, based on a May-White hydrodynamic code, are investigated, simulating dust collapse and stellar core collapse typical of type-II supernova models. Numerical results are presented, showing that in this linearized problem a typical core collapse may radiate up to ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ ${\mathrm{Mc}}^{2}$ in gravitational-wave energy.
Corporate governance in the deregulated telecommunications industry: lessons from the airline industry

Abstract Deregulation of the telecommunications industry is likely to result in significant changes in the governance structures of telecommunications firms. In particular, ownership structures of telecoms are expected to become more concentrated, the level of executive compensation is expected to increase, executive pay is expected to become more sensitive to performance, and board sizes are expected to become smaller. Evidence from the airline industry shows that these governance changes occurred after this industry was deregulated in the US in 1978. Preliminary evidence on telecommunications firms indicates that similar changes are beginning to occur in the governance structures of telecom firms.
Organic geochemistry of sediments from the continental margin off southern New England, U.S.A. — Part II. Lipids☆

Organic geochemical measurements of the lipid fraction, comparing saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols and sterols, have been carried out on six sediments cores collected from the Atlantic shelf, slope and the rise areas to evaluate the cross-shelf transport of the organic carbon. The concentration of most of the organic compound classes studied is correlated with the total organic carbon, which decreases from the shelf through slope to the rise. Terrigenous carbon is recognizable even in the slope and rise sediments, but terrestrial influx decreases relative to marine generated lipids in the slope and rise organic matter. We estimate that approximately 50% of the shelf organic matter is exported to the slope. Data of sediment trap material collected at 1200 m from 1250 m water depth are discussed and compared with that of surface sediment from 1280 m water depth (slope). Fluxes for specific organic compound classes have been computed. The fluxes are of the same magnitude as for equatorial North Atlantic trap particulates at comparable water depth, studied by other investigations.
Optimal segmentation of the optic nerve head from stereo retinal images

Early detection of glaucoma is essential to minimizing the risk of visual loss. It has been shown that a good predictor of glaucoma is the cup-to-disc ratio of the optic nerve head. This paper presents a highly automated method to segment the 'rim' (disc) and 'cup' from the optic nerve head in stereo images and calculate the cup-to-disc ratio. In this approach, the optic nerve head is unwrapped in polar coordinates and represented as a graph. Utilizing a novel and efficient graph searching technique for determining globally optimal closed-paths and an intelligent cost function, the rim and the cup are segmented from the stereo images. The results offer a more intuitive quantitative analysis compared to current planimetry-based techniques because the ophthalmologist can view the segmented images along with the derived cup-to-disc ratio.
Effect of pressure-induced stress on the design of shaped-glass evacuated solar collectors

Shaped-glass evacuated solar collectors have the lower portion of the tubular glass vacuum envelope shaped and inside surface mirrored to concentrate sunlight onto an absorber tube in the vacuum. Upon evacuation, stresses are set up in the glass. The maximum surface tensile stress possible in glass, while keeping the probability of fracture small, is of the order of 7 MPa. This low maximum tensile stress places severe limitations on the amount the lower portion of the cross section of a cylindrical glass evacuated solar collector can deviate from circular to provide the concentration. Equations are developed for determining stress in the glass. Results of stress calculations leading to parameters for collector design are presented.
Essential role of the CUL4B ubiquitin ligase in extra-embryonic tissue development during mouse embryogenesis

Mutations of the CUL4B ubiquitin ligase gene are causally linked to syndromic X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). However, the pathogenic role of CUL4B mutations in neuronal and developmental defects is not understood. We have generated mice with targeted disruption of Cul4b, and observed embryonic lethality with pronounced growth inhibition and increased apoptosis in extra-embryonic tissues. Cul4b, but not its paralog Cul4a, is expressed at high levels in extra-embryonic tissues post implantation. Silencing of CUL4B expression in an extra-embryonic cell line resulted in the robust accumulation of the CUL4 substrate p21Cip1/WAF and G2/M cell cycle arrest, which could be partially rescued by silencing of p21Cip1/WAF. Epiblast-specific deletion of Cul4b prevented embryonic lethality and gave rise to viable Cul4b null mice. Therefore, while dispensable in the embryo proper, Cul4b performs an essential developmental role in the extra-embryonic tissues. Our study offers a strategy to generate viable Cul4b-deficient mice to model the potential neuronal and behavioral deficiencies of human CUL4B XLMR patients.