cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PCM/forced convection conjugate transient analysis of energy storage systems with annular and countercurrent flows

Latent heat energy storage systems with both annular and countercurrent flows are modeled numerically. The change of phase of the phase-change material (PCM) and the transient forced convective heat transfer for the transfer fluid are solved simultaneously as a conjugate problem. A parametric study and a system optimization are conducted. It is found that the energy storage system with the countercurrent flow is an efficient way to absorb heat energy in a short period for pulsed power load space applications.
A note on generalized functional linear model and its application

Motivated by a biomarker study for colorectal neoplasia, we consider generalized functional linear models where the functional predictors are measured with errors at discrete design points. Assuming that the true functional predictor and the slope function are smooth, we investigate a two-step estimating procedure where both the true functional predictor and the slope function are estimated through spline smoothing. The operating characteristics of the proposed method are derived; the usefulness of the proposed method is illustrated by a simulation study as well as data analysis for the motivating colorectal neoplasia study.
Moisture and Sensory Evaluation of Turkeys Cooked Breast Up or Down

Abstract GOERTZ et al. (1960) reported inconclusive results regarding whether cooking turkey breast up or breast down was more desirable. Scores for flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and press fluid yields were all similar for turkeys cooked one hour breast down, and then breast up the remainder of the cooking period. Lowe (1955) reported no significant differences in flavor, juiciness, or tenderness for turkeys roasted only breast down or breast up the entire period. However, the shear values, press fluid yields, and palatability scores favored breast down roasting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty turkey hens averaging 5.43 kg. (11.9 lbs.) were used to determine the most favorable cooking position to achieve maximum moisture and juiciness in breast meat. Three methods of indicating moisture content in turkey meat was compared, and a triangular taste test was also employed to determine whether slight moisture differences between cooking methods could be detected. Ten cooking periods were used…
The impact of who you know and where you live on opinions about aids and health care

We hypothesized that public attitudes towards AIDS and the safety of health care in the era of HIV would be more positive for people who knew someone with AIDS. We believed, moreover, that living in areas with high AIDS prevalence would result in more favorable attitudes. To test these hypotheses, we conducted telephone interviews with a random sample of 2000 U.S. adults (response rate = 75%) in summer 1988. Overall 19.5% of respondents said that they knew someone with AIDS or the AIDS virus. Thirteen percent of people who lived in low prevalences areas reported knowing someone with AIDS, compared with 27% of those in areas of high prevalence. Of the total sample, 38% reported knowing someone they believed was at risk. People who knew someone with AIDS were less likely to say they would change physicians or dentists if their provider was HIV infected or was known to be treating people who were infected. Knowing someone with AIDS was also associated with greater tolerance for those with AIDS to continue to work if they were able and with lower perception of risk of transmission in health care settings. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that personal contact was related to more positive attitudes. Counter to our hypothesis, living in a high prevalence area had no independent effect on attitudes. This surprising finding suggests that, after controlling for personal contact with someone with AIDS, where one lives does not influence attitudes. Because bringing people with AIDS into contact with others may have positive outcomes, we suggest implementation of interventions using this strategy.
Cancer stem cells, microRNAs, and therapeutic strategies including natural products

Embryonic stem cells divide continuously and differentiate into organs through the expression of specific transcription factors at specific time periods. Differentiated adult stem cells on the other hand remain in quiescent state and divide by receiving cues from the environment (extracellular matrix or niche), as in the case of wound healing from tissue injury or inflammation. Similarly, it is believed that cancer stem cells (CSCs), forming a smaller fraction of the tumor bulk, also remain in a quiescent state. These cells are capable of initiating and propagating neoplastic growth upon receiving environmental cues, such as overexpression of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Candidate CSCs express distinct biomarkers that can be utilized for their identification and isolation. This review focuses on the known and candidate cancer stem cell markers identified in various solid tumors and the promising future of disease management and therapy targeted at these markers. The review also provides details on the differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), and the miRNA- and natural product-based therapies that could be applied for the treatment of cancer stem cells.
On Sample Size Calculation for Comparing Survival Curves Under General Hypothesis Testing

The log-rank test is commonly used to test the equivalence of two survival distributions under right censoring. Jung et al. (2005) proposed a modified log-rank test for noninferiority trials and its corresponding sample size calculation. In this article, we extend the use of the modified log-rank test for clinical trials with various types of nonconventional study objectives and propose its sample size calculation under general null and alternative hypotheses. The proposed formula is so flexible that we can specify any survival distributions and accrual pattern. The proposed methods are illustrated with designing real clinical trials. Through simulations, the modified log-rank test and the derived formula for sample size calculation are shown to have satisfactory small sample performance.
Symbiotic Behavior among Fishes from Temperate Ocean Waters.

Symbiotic cleaning among Atlantic coastal fishes has been observed under laboratory conditions. The cleaning phenomenon may be commonplace in the natural environment along the Atlantic seaboard. The black sea bass, Centropristes striatus (Linn.), parasitized by the copepod, Lernaeenicus radiatus (Le Sueur), was cleaned by a topminnow, Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn.). The behavior was recorded by cinematography and analyzed
Angularly resolved light scattering probes stress- induced changes in mitochondrial morphology

We report the ability to probe mitochondrial morphology with angularly resolved light scattering measurements of whole cells. Early apoptotic changes in mitochondrial morphology following photodynamic therapy induced oxidative stress have been detected and modeled. Scattering measurements and models have been confirmed with electron microscopy and scattering measurements from isolated mitochondria.
Estimating the Costs of Protection: A General Equilibrium Approach

I. Introduction, 209.—II. A Walrasian model of trade and protection, 210.—III. An application of the model: The costs of protection in Colombia, 214.—IV. Conclusions, 222.—Appendix, 223.
A Partition-Based Approach for Identifying Failing Scan Cells in Scan-BIST with Applications to System-on-Chip Fault Diagnosis

We present a new partition-based fault diagnosis technique for identifying failing scan cells in a scan-BIST environment. This approach relies on a two-step scan chain partitioning scheme. In the first step, an interval-based partitioning scheme is used to generate a small number of partitions, where each element of a partition consists of a set of scan cells. In the second step, additional partitions are created using an earlier-proposed random-selection partitioning method. Two-step partitioning leads to higher diagnostic resolution than a scheme that relies only on random-selection partitioning, with only a small amount of additional hardware. The proposed scheme is especially suitable for a system-on-chip (SOC) composed of multiple embedded cores, where test access is provided by means of a TestRail that is threaded through the internal scan chains of the embedded cores. We present experimental results for the six largest ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits and for two SOCs crafted from some of the ISCAS-89 circuits.
PAD4 mediated histone hypercitrullination induces heterochromatin decondensation and chromatin unfolding to form neutrophil extracellular trap-like structures

NETosis, the process wherein neutrophils release highly decondensed chromatin called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), has gained much attention as an alternative means of killing bacteria. In vivo, NETs are induced by bacteria and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have reported that peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an enzyme that converts Arg or monomethyl-Arg to citrulline in histones, is essential for NET formation. The areas of extensive chromatin decondensation along the NETs were rich in histone citrullination. Here, upon investigating the effect of global citrullination in cultured cells, we discovered that PAD4 overexpression in osteosarcoma U2OS cells induces extensive chromatin decondensation independent of apoptosis. The highly decondensed chromatin is released to the extracellular space and stained strongly by a histone citrulline-specific antibody. The structure of the decondensed chromatin is reminiscent of NETs but is unique in that it occurs without stimulation of cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines and bacteria. Furthermore, histone citrullination during chromatin decondensation can dissociate heterochromatin protein 1 beta (HP1β) thereby offering a new molecular mechanism for understanding how citrullination regulates chromatin function. Taken together, our study suggests that PAD4-mediated citrullination induces chromatin decondensation, implicating its essential role in NET formation under physiological conditions in neutrophils.
A new data acquisition design for breast cancer detection system

Modern mammography screening for breast cancer detection adopted computed tomography techniques and multi-dimensional (i.e. 3D or 4D) Tomosynthesis to improve cancer detection rate. These new trends demand novel SoC designs that can accommodate the increasing volume of raw data from multi-dimensional (i.e. 3D or 4D) Tomosynthesis with comparable X-ray dose. The current paper introduces two core technologies: Adaptive Digital Estimator (ADE) and Self-detecting sensory array based on Compressive Sensing (CS) concept and inter-reset sampling techniques. First of its kind, the new designs can simultaneously achieve high speed data acquisition and reduce data amount by an average of 40%.
Line-of-sight constrained exploration for reactive multiagent robotic teams

This paper reports on an investigation into how a team of robotic agents can self-organize for the exploration of a building, subject to the constraint of maintaining line-of-sight communications. Three different behavioral strategies (anchored wander, quadrant-biased anchored wander, and informed exploration) have been developed and tested in simulation. The results are demonstrated within the context of the MissionLab multiagent mission specification system on two different scenarios.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms are Associated with the Frequency and Severity of Delinquency Among Detained Boys

Trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms increasingly are recognized as risk factors for involvement with the juvenile justice system, and detained youth evidence higher rates of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to their nondetained peers. Using a sample of 83 detained boys aged 12 to 17, we tested the hypothesis that degree of PTSD symptomatology would be positively associated with arrest frequency and delinquency severity. Results indicated that 95% of participants had experienced trauma, and 20% met criteria for Full or Partial PTSD. As predicted, severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with degree of delinquency, and this effect remained present for the past year delinquency variables after controlling for the total number of traumas reported.
Pharmacist Staffing, Technology Use, and Implementation of Medication Safety Practices in Rural Hospitals

ABSTRACT: Context: Medication safety is clearly an important quality issue for rural hospitals. However, rural hospitals face special challenges implementing medication safety practices in terms of their staffing and financial and technical resources. Purpose: This study assessed the capacity of small rural hospitals to implement medication safety practices, with particular focus on pharmacist staffing and the availability of technology. Methods: A telephone survey of a national random sample of small rural hospitals was conducted from March to May 2005 (N = 387 hospitals, 94.6% response rate). Survey respondents included pharmacists (89%) and directors of nursing (11%). Multivariate analyses examined the relationships between hospital organizational and financial variables and (1) the amount of pharmacist staffing; (2) use of pharmacy computers for medication safety activities; and (3) implementation of medication safety practices. Findings: Many small rural hospitals have limited hours of on-site pharmacist coverage. Almost one quarter of hospitals either do not have a pharmacy computer or are not using it for clinical purposes. Half of the hospitals have implemented 4 key medication safety practices. Level of pharmacist staffing, use of technology, and implementation of medication safety practices are significantly related to hospital financial status and accreditation. Conclusions: Implementation of protocols related to medication use and key medication safety practices are areas where small rural hospitals could improve. The study results support a continuation of Medicare cost-based reimbursement policies to help ensure financial stability and support quality and patient safety activities in small rural hospitals.
A generalized analysis of crosstalk in optical filter based WDMA networks

Results on the crosstalk degradation effect in wavelength-division multiaccess (WDMA) networks with Fabry-Perot (FP) and Mach-Zehnder (MZ) filters and its dependence on the number of users M, the finesse F (for FP filters), the channel spacing Delta f, and the user data rate 1/T are summarized. The system consists of M synchronous, equi-spaced channels in a system bandwidth determined by the period of the optical filter. The crosstalk degradation is characterized in terms of the optical filter output energy and its dependence on the data pattern of the M-1 interfering users. >
Estimating cortical potentials from scalp EEGs in a realistically shaped inhomogeneous head model by means of the boundary element method

Cortical potentials are estimated from scalp potentials using a realistically shaped inhomogeneous head model, by means of the boundary clement method (BEM). A new adaptive algorithm has been developed to achieve high accuracy to link directly the cortical potentials to the scalp potentials in a realistically shaped inhomogeneous head model including the thin low-conductivity skull layer. Computer simulations using a concentric three spheres head model have tested this approach. The present study demonstrates that the cortical potentials can be directly estimated from the scalp potentials using the BEM in a realistically shaped inhomogeneous head model.
High-strength fire- and heat-resistant imide resins containing cyclotriphosphazene and hexafluoroisopropylidene groups

High-strength fire- and heat-resistant polymers were obtained by the thermally induced melt-polymerization of maleimido-phenoxy cyclotriphosphazenes linked by hexafluoroisopropyliden-ediphthalimide groups. These polymers show good thermal stability and high char yields: 78–80% at 800°C in nitrogen and 60–68% in air at 700°C. Graphite-fabric laminates did not burn in pure oxygen, even at 300°C (LOI = 100%), and were tested for shear, flexural, and tensile strengths. Two monomers were synthesized by reacting tris(4-aminophenoxy)-tris(phenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene with maleic anhydride and hexafluoroisopropylidenediphthalic anhydride. The triamine was synthesized by a stepwise reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with phenol and 4-nitrophenol to give tris(4-nitrophenoxy)-tris(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene and reducing the nitro groups. The structures of cyclic phosphazene-trimeric precursors and the polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 31P-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The curing behaviors of polymer precursors were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses.
Preliminary investigative studies with PDT in dermatologic and plastic surgery

PDT has been shown to be of value in inoperable basal and squamous skin cancers and in cutaneous metastases. Azone, a new investigative vehicle for HpD, is of value more for intralesional injections than for topical applications in tumors, except perhaps for superficial mucous membrane lesions. The more flexible gold head vapor is of definite value in the PDT program. For test models for PDT studies in dermatology and plastic surgery with HpD and other fluorochromes, single thickened resistant plaques of psoriasis and the common baso squamous acanthoma (seborrheic warty growth) have been used. In all these studies, adequate controls are necessary.
Progressive hypertension in a patient with "incidental" renal artery stenosis.

A 63-year-old man was referred for progressive hypertension and previously identified, incidental renal artery stenosis. Three years earlier, he underwent a 4-vessel coronary artery bypass (CABG). A year later, recurrent chest symptoms led to repeat coronary angiography, which identified patent bypass grafts except for one vein-graft occlusion. No coronary interventional procedures were undertaken. During catheter withdrawal, an aortogram revealed bilateral renal artery stenosis estimated to be “greater than 70% luminal stenosis.” Serum creatinine was 1.3 mg/dL. Blood pressure was 120/70 mm Hg. Medications consisted of daily administration of atenolol 50 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, and aspirin 81 mg. There was no other history of atherosclerotic events, including stroke or peripheral vascular disease. No renal interventional procedures were undertaken. Three months before the present referral, this man developed exertional chest discomfort after walking 6 blocks and several brief episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. These events terminated after adenosine administration during emergency room visits. Blood pressures were between 180 and 200/90 mm Hg, for which amlodipine was added to the patient’s regimen. Thallium stress testing demonstrated a small apical area of ischemia. He was offered radio-frequency ablation therapy for nodal re-entry tachycardia. Hypertension consultation was obtained. The patient described recent awareness of head discomfort, particularly during the morning hours. Home blood pressure readings ranged between 155/90 and 170/95 mm Hg, whereas readings had been in the 125/70 mm Hg range before. He had discontinued smoking 5 years earlier. Office blood pressures now were 205/108 mm Hg. Arteriovenous nicking was present. No bruits were detected over the carotids or abdomen. A small amount of edema was present. An echocardiogram demonstrated normal resting left ventricular systolic function with evidence for ischemia in the mid-anterior septal region at peak stress. Pre-exercise arterial pressures were 152/104 mm Hg, which rose to 200/96 during exercise. Serum creatinine was …
Chronic pain--moving from symptom control to mechanism-based treatment.

Multiple mechanisms contribute to the development of chronic pain, which may also exhibit plasticity, when repeated stimuli produce changes in both the structure and function of the nervous system1...
Agreeing How? Implications for Theories of Agreement and Locality

In Lubukusu and Lusaamia, the wh-expression ‘how’ agrees in φ-features with the subject of its clause. We show that agreement on ‘how’ is not always identical to subject agreement on the verb: the two diverge in certain locative inversion and subject extraction environments. On the basis of these facts, we argue that ‘how’ is a vP adjunct with downward-probing uφ independent of the uφ that underlies subject agreement. We also explore locality paradoxes that arise in connection with agreeing ‘how’ in locative inversion constructions. These present challenges to the traditional notion of equidistance from a probe as an explanation for inversion, show that operators may have ‘‘active’’ φ-features even while they are Ā-opaque, and offer insight into the mechanisms making locative inversion possible.
Neuregulin-1β Is Associated With Disease Severity and Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure

Background— Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a paracrine factor released by microvascular endothelial cells that has cardioprotective effects in animal models of heart failure. However, circulating NRG-1 has not been studied in human heart disease. We used a novel immunoassay to test whether circulating NRG-1β is associated with disease severity and clinical outcomes in chronic heart failure. Methods and Results— Serum NRG-1β was quantified in 899 outpatients in the Penn Heart Failure Study, a referral cohort representing a broad spectrum of systolic heart failure. Circulating NRG-1β was significantly elevated in patients with worse disease severity (median, 6.2 ng/mL for New York Heart Association class IV versus 4.4 ng/mL for class I; P=0.002). In adjusted models, NRG-1β was independently associated with an increased risk of death or cardiac transplantation over a median follow-up of 2.4 years (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.39; P=0.03 comparing fourth versus first NRG-1β quartil...
Luminescence of colloidal CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles: high sensitivity to solvent phase transitions

We investigate nanosecond photoluminescence processes in colloidal core/shell CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles dissolved in water and found strong sensitivity of luminescence to the solvent state. Several pronounced changes have been observed in the narrow temperature interval near the water melting point. First of all, the luminescence intensity substantially (approximately 50%) increases near the transition. In a large temperature scale, the energy peak of the photoluminescence decreases with temperature due to temperature dependence of the energy gap. Near the melting point, the peak shows N-type dependence with the maximal changes of approximately 30 meV. The line width increases with temperature and also shows N-type dependence near the melting point. The observed effects are associated with the reconstruction of ligands near the ice/water phase transition.
Pneumococcal Vaccine Response in Cirrhosis and Liver Transplantation

Cirrhosis is a major risk factor for severe pneumococcal infection, and patients evaluated for liver transplantation routinely receive pneumococcal vaccine. This study followed serologic antibody levels of 45 adults evaluated for transplantation and 13 age-matched control subjects. All received 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPS). Serum anti-PPS levels and antibodies specific for capsular types 3 and 23 were measured by ELISA before and 1 and 6 months after vaccination. Antibody levels for the 25 patients who received transplants also were measured immediately before and 3 months after transplantation. Control subjects had higher IgG responses to the whole vaccine, whereas patients appeared to produce more IgM and IgA. IgA, and possibly IgM levels, also declined faster in patients than in control subjects. All anti-PPS levels were at or below prevaccination baselines by 3 months after transplantation. These data suggest that vaccination with PPS may not be effective for patients during and after liver transplantation.
A general analysis of the slow wave propagation along a superconducting stripline

The authors present a rigorous electromagnetic model for a multilayer stripline from which complex modal propagation constants are calculated. This model is used to demonstrate slow wave propagation along thin superconducting stripline structures, a result of a large fraction of the magnetic energy being stored in the superconducting film as the kinetic motion of paired electrons (kinetic inductance). The functional dependence of the propagation constant/phase velocity on the width of the center strip and the effective field penetration depth of the superconductor are shown. >
Adding forward chaining and truth maintenance to Prolog

A description is given of P/sub fc/, a simple package which supplies a forward chaining facility in Prolog. P/sub fc/ is intended to be used in conjunction with ordinary Prolog programs, allowing the programmer to decide whether to encode a rule as a forward-chaining P/sub fc/ rule or a backward-chaining Prolog one. Like other programming languages, P/sub fc/ programs have a declarative interpretation as well as a clear and predictable procedural one. A truth maintenance system built into P/sub fc/ system maintains consistency and makes derivations available for applications. Finally, P/sub fc/ is designed to be relatively efficient and unobtrusive. >
A histochemical and biochemical study of phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase in smooth muscle.

Phosphorylase and UDPG-glycogen synthetase were studied in the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder, large intestine, skeletal muscle (adductors of thigh), and esophagus of the adult male and female rat. The two enzymes were investigated by histochemical and biochemical procedures. In the skeletal muscle of the thigh and esophagus, UDPG-glycogen synthetase was not as strong as phosphorylase. The latter enzyme was strong in the smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder and large intestine. The response was better in the inner circular than in the outer longitudinal layer of the large intestine. Only phosphorylase was detected in the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus and large intestine. UPDG-glycogen synthetase activity varied from a good response to a very weak one in the smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder and large intestine. In the latter organ the response was stronger in the inner circular than in the outer longitudinal layer. From the biochemical studies phosphorylase and UDPG-glycogen synthetase were determined to be present in significant amounts in the urinary bladder, large intestine, and skeletal muscle of the thigh. Since significant amounts of the enzymes are present in smooth muscle, glycogen may be synthesized from UPDG by the action of UDPG-glycogen synthetase, while phosphorylase is concerned with the breakdown of glycogen to G-1-P. However, more information on the relationship of the enzyme to glycogen concentration in smooth muscle is needed.
Acid-base effects on electrolyte transport in CA II-deficient mouse colon

To determine the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in colonic electrolyte transport, we studied Car-2 0 mice, mutants deficient in cytosolic CA II. Ion fluxes were measured under short-circuit condit...
Optimal training sequence in MIMO systems with multiple interference sources

We address the problem of optimal training sequence design for MIMO systems over frequency flat fading channels in the presence of colored interference that is composed of the thermal noise and jamming signals transmitted by multiple jammers. We employ a training based channel estimation approach. During the training period, we obtain the information of the channel parameters by using a Bayesian (MMSE) channel estimator based on the received training block. We note that the mean square error (MSE) of the channel estimator depends on the choice of the training sequence set. We design the optimal training sequence set that minimizes the MSE of the channel estimator under a total transmit power constraint. In order to obtain the advantage of the optimal training sequence design, the transmitter requires long-term statistics of the interference correlation. Hence this information needs to be estimated at the receiver and fed back to the transmitter. We develop a feedback strategy that can reduce the estimation error of the short-term channel parameters with a minimal amount of information from the receiver.
Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Decomposition of Methane

Methane decomposition on various Ni-supported catalysts has been investigated as a method for production of CO-free hydrogen for use in fuel cells. The low levels of CO formed due to the interaction of surface carbon (formed from methane decomposition) with the support have been quantitatively analyzed (part per million levels) by methanation of the CO and subsequent analysis by flame ionization detection (FID). This study highlights the dependence of the type of carbon formed and the amount of CO evolved on the nature of the support. No filamentous carbon was observed on Ni/H-ZSM-5 at elevated methane decomposition temperatures, whereas Ni/HY and Ni/SiO2 showed filamentous carbon formation over the entire temperature range studied (723 K to 873 K). While two forms of carbon (carbidic and graphitic) were observed on the Ni/SiO2 after methane decomposition at 723 K, only graphitic carbon was observed at 823 K. The rate of CO formation was observed to be highest on Ni/H-ZSM-5 and lowest on Ni/SiO2. The CO formation rates showed a common trend for all the catalysts: high initial rates followed by a lower stabilized rate. The CO formation rates were found to increase with increasing temperature. The CO content in the hydrogen stream was ca. 50 ppm and 250 ppm for Ni/SiO2 and Ni/HY, respectively, after the CO production rates stabilized. The low levels of CO coupled with the stability of the catalysts for methane decomposition make this an interesting conceptual process for hydrogen production for fuel cell applications. Regeneration studies have shown that there is no loss of activity for methane decomposition at 723 K on Ni/H-ZSM-5 over many reaction cycles. c ∞ 2001 Academic Press
Secondary gamma radiation from neutral particle beams

The results of a proton‐induced gamma‐ray emission experiment are presented. Such data can be used to simulate the effects of a neutral particle beam within the context of proposed midcourse‐phase target discrimination schemes. A summary of the calculations is presented in order to support the general conclusion that the physical limitations on such a system are prohibitive.
Does Trustworthy Social Networking Sites Draw User’s Persistency Behaviors? Examining Role of Trust in Social Networking Sites Continuance Usage

While many researchers pointed out the importance of trust on Information Systems (IS) usage, this study explored the role of trust on usage of CMC media in the context of social networking sites (SNS). Social exchange theory (SET) and the expectation confirmation model of IS continuance (ECM-IS) were employed in the research model. The research model investigated SNS users’ continuous usage behaviors under antecedents from supporting theories and the impact of trust on all those antecedents simultaneously. The empirical research findings, using a Web survey in the context of Facebook, which is the most popular SNS, revealed that users trust in SNS impacts on overall perceptions of SNS and their usage. Discussions and limitation of research is addressed.
Fulbe Names and Naming Practices: Balancing Identities

This paper explores the evolution of naming practices in FulBe societies. With the advent of Islam, FulBe societies across the African continent gradually moved away from bearing their ancestral names to adopting names of Arab origin. Although this process led to the waning of original FulBe names on one hand, on another, it gave rise to new naming practices partly based on the Arab model which in its form, specifies and preserves the origins of patronyms. However, with this perfectly adapted vehicle for transmitting historical and ethno-cultural information in hand, the FulBe still maintain other forms of traditional naming practices to represent the social ideal in the individual, as well as particular traits of their culture.
America’s Cartesian Intellectual Method

Alexis de Tocqueville wittily observed that the Americans are Cartesians who have never read a word of Descartes. My purpose here is to explore the educational dimension of Tocqueville's criticism of American Cartesianism.
Indian Education, Nationalism, and Federalism in Mexico, 1910-1921

The years of violence in the Mexican Revolution (1910-1924) have been viewed as a period of upheaval and disruption in which governments toppled, politicians were killed or banished, and the caudillo held sway. However, in such times ideas and institutions often continue to evolve in spite of revolutionary chaos. Mexican education in the second decade of the twentieth century revealed at least two important trends of a peaceful nature: the growth of socially cohesive nationalism and the triumph of the principle of federalism in public education.
Raman chemical mapping of low-content active pharmaceutical ingredient formulations. III. Statistically optimized sampling and detection of polymorphic forms in tablets on stability.

Several tablets of a formulation containing 1% w/w of the desired active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) form are spiked with minimal amounts of two different anhydrous polymorphs and an amorphous form. The amount of contaminant form was 2.5 to 10% of the total API concentration (0.025 to 0.1% w/w in the tablet), with five spiked tablets prepared. The presence of these contaminant particles are then identified using Raman microscopy/mapping. The entire surface of each of these tablets is Raman-probed through a grid based on our previous proposal (Sasic, S.; Whitlock, M. Appl. Spectrosc.2008, 62, 916) about the minimal number of spectra to acquire that would guarantee identification of the targeted component (taking into account the limit of detection). All three forms have been clearly identified in the Raman mapping spectra of prepared "calibration" tablets; particularly of note is the 2.5% spike (0.025% w/w in the tablet) of the relatively weakly scattering amorphous form. The same method is then applied to packaged tablets on stability and demonstrates that none of the previously analyzed contaminant forms is detected, hence building confidence that the desired API form does not change during stability testing.
“Dynamic Syllabi for Dummies”: Posting Class Assignments on the World Wide Web

As my friends at the Irvin E. Houck Computing Center at Oberlin College, where I teach, can attest, I am not a geek. I never fiddled with the "autoexec.bat" file on my old DOS computer, I do not know any hard-core programming languages, and I still have trouble remembering which combination of keys to hit when an application freezes. Without question, my three children (ages nine to thirteen) are more comfortable with computers than I am or ever will be. But that very fact has spurred my fascination with educational technology. The coming generation of students will arrive at colleges and universities with many years of experience using computers for education, communication, and entertainment. To ignore or willfully deny this historical transformation is foolhardy, I believe, if we wish to reach and teach these students effectively. Whatever personal ambivalence we may feel about computers, we need to prepare ourselves for the brave new world of bits, bytes, network protocols, and a glut of Internet resources. Fortunately, it is getting easier for klutzy folks such as me to use sophisticated technology in our teaching. Most college professors today have access to the userfriendly World Wide Web from our offices, our homes, or public computer labs on campus. Many have surfed the Web, at least occasionally, and some have developed their own Web pages. A few have become involved in "distance learning" strategies aimed at "delivering" courses electronically to students off campus. I am not among the last group. At Oberlin we are firmly committed to face-to-face, "close proximity" education. Yet within this conventional collegiate context, I have experimented with creating Web-based "dynamic syllabi" for my American history courses. The experience has been rewarding for both me and my students. Below I will briefly chronicle my efforts and offer a few suggestions (and warnings) for others interested in pursuing this approach. Having first encountered the World Wide Web in the summer of 1994 -when Mosaic was the reigning browser -I set about creating a Web site for the Oberlin College history department in January 1995. I started by enlisting the assistance
Distribution of Biopsy-Proven Presumed Primary Glomerulonephropathies in 2000-2011 Among a Racially and Ethnically Diverse US Population

Background The incidence and distribution of primary glomerulonephropathies vary throughout the world and by race and ethnicity. We sought to evaluate the distribution of primary glomerulonephropathies among a large racially and ethnically diverse population of the United States. Study Design Case series from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2011. Setting & Participants Adults (aged ≥ 18 years) of an integrated health system who underwent native kidney biopsy and had kidney biopsy findings demonstrating focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN), minimal change disease (MCD), immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), and other. Outcomes Rates and characteristics of the most common primary glomerulonephropathies overall and by race and ethnicity. Results 2,501 patients with primary glomerulonephropathy were identified, with a mean age 50.6 years, 45.7% women, 36.1% Hispanics, 31.2% non-Hispanic whites, 17.4% blacks, and 12.4% Asians. FSGS was the most common glomerulonephropathy (38.9%) across all race and ethnic groups, followed by MGN (12.7%), MCD (11.0%), IgAN (10.2%), and other (27.3%). The FSGS category had the greatest proportion of blacks, and patients with FSGS had the highest rate of poverty. IgAN was the second most common glomerulonephropathy among Asians (28.6%), whereas it was 1.2% among blacks. Patients with MGN presented with the highest proteinuria (protein excretion, 8.3g) whereas patients with FSGS had the highest creatinine levels (2.6mg/dL). Overall glomerulonephropathy rates increased annually in our 12-year observation period, driven by FSGS (2.7 cases/100,000) and IgAN (0.7 cases/100,000). MGN and MCD rates remained flat. Limitations Missing data for urine albumin and sediment, indication bias in performing kidney biopsies, and inexact classification of primary versus secondary disease. Conclusions Among a racially and ethnically diverse cohort from a single geographical area and similar environment, FSGS was the most common glomerulonephropathy, but there was variability of other glomerulonephropathies based on race and ethnicity.
Mining Wikipedia Article Clusters for Geospatial Entities and Relationships.

We present in this paper a method to extract geospatial entities and relationships from the unstructured text of the English language Wikipedia. Using a novel approach that applies SVMs trained from purely structural features of text strings, we extract candidate geospatial entities and relationships. Using a combination of further techniques, along with an external gazetteer, the candidate entities and relationships are disambiguated and the Wikipedia article pages are modified to include the semantic information provided by the extraction process. We successfully extracted location entities with an F-measure of 81%, and location relations with an F-
Laser light-scattering study of the effect of washing on sperm motility *

The effect of washing on human sperm motility was measured by means of dynamic laser light-scattering spectroscopy. Semen samples from 24 fertile donors were diluted with Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham (BWW) medium and subsequently centrifuged at one of the following forces: 235 × g , 325 × g , 400 x g , 470 × g , 500 × g , 600 × g , and 800 × g . The duration of centrifugation was 8 minutes for the first wash, 6 minutes for the second wash, and 3 minutes for the third wash. Sperm motility was evaluated in terms of the root mean square swimming speed of the spermatozoa and the mean migration rate of washed spermatozoa in estrous bovine cervical mucus (BCM). It was found that sperm motility and viability were improved when semen samples were washed at 235 × g , even after three washes. However, washing at forces of 600 × g or more reduced sperm motility and also their ability to penetrate cervical mucus in vitro. Repeated washing at forces between 300 × g and 500 × g had little deleterious effect on sperm motility.
Where Do Freestanding Emergency Departments Choose to Locate? A National Inventory and Geographic Analysis in Three States

Study objective We determine the number and location of freestanding emergency departments (EDs) across the United States and determine the population characteristics of areas where freestanding EDs are located. Methods We conducted a systematic inventory of US freestanding EDs. For the 3 states with the highest number of freestanding EDs, we linked demographic, insurance, and health services data, using the 5-digit ZIP code corresponding to the freestanding ED's location. To create a comparison nonfreestanding ED group, we matched 187 freestanding EDs to 1,048 nonfreestanding ED ZIP codes on land and population within state. We compared differences in demographic, insurance, and health services factors between matched ZIP codes with and without freestanding EDs, using univariate regressions with weights. Results We identified 360 freestanding EDs located in 30 states; 54.2% of freestanding EDs were hospital satellites, 36.6% were independent, and 9.2% were not classifiable. The 3 states with the highest number of freestanding EDs accounted for 66% of all freestanding EDs: Texas (181), Ohio (34), and Colorado (24). Across all 3 states, freestanding EDs were located in ZIP codes that had higher incomes and a lower proportion of the population with Medicaid. In Texas and Ohio, freestanding EDs were located in ZIP codes with a higher proportion of the population with private insurance. In Texas, freestanding EDs were located in ZIP codes that had fewer Hispanics, had a greater number of hospital-based EDs and physician offices, and had more physician visits and medical spending per year than ZIP codes without a freestanding ED. In Ohio, freestanding EDs were located in ZIP codes with fewer hospital-based EDs. Conclusion In Texas, Ohio, and Colorado, freestanding EDs were located in areas with a better payer mix. The location of freestanding EDs in relation to other health care facilities and use and spending on health care varied between states.
A Review of the Arts and the Legal Academy: Beyond Text in Legal Education Zenon Bankowski et al., eds.

Efforts to reform legal education in the United States often tout the next great thing. In the last two decades alone, the legal academy has innovated by adding active learning in the classroom, experiential learning, technology, and new methods of assessment. Each time I read the latest report or attend a conference on how we now are supposed to change our teaching, I end up thinking, “Where have you been?” Legal writing professors in the United States are used to using their classrooms and courses as laboratories to improve legal education, long before those farther up the hierarchy have even identified needs and problems. In The Arts and the Legal Academy: Beyond Text in Legal Education, I happily encountered academics in law and other fields working on the cutting edge of legal education.
Anisoplanatic, bandwidth, and scintillation effects of atmospheric turbulence on laser propagation across long paths between an airborne laser and a flying target

Three phenomena characterizing the propagation of laser light through a turbulent atmosphere have been analyzed for the case of propagation of a laser beam from an aircraft to a flying target. These phenomena degrade the performance of an adaptive optics system intended to compensate the wavefront distortions produced by the turbulence. The first phenomenon is an anisoplanatic effect caused by using a distributed beacon source to sample the turbulence path that the laser propagates through. The second phenomenon is due to the motion of the turbulence between the time the beacon light samples it, and the time the compensated beam propagates through it. The third phenomenon is scintillation at the aim-point, including the effect of finite aperture size, and treating the focused beam geometry.
Professional Identity at Los Angeles College of Chiropractic

Objective The objective of this article is to describe chiropractic professional identity as espoused by the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic.
Effective Field Theory for Halo Nuclei

Halo nuclei are weakly bound systems that have a tightly bound core and a small number of weakly-bound valence nucleons. Halo effective field theory is the appropriate framework to describe such systems since it can use this separation of scales between the one-nucleon separation energy of the halo nucleus and the core nucleus to form the expansion parameter in a systematic low-energy expansion. We summarize recent progress in the description of weakly bound systems with halo effective field theory and focus on applications to the one-proton halo nuclei Fluorine-17 and Boron-8.
Reduction of Aircraft Gas Turbine Noise with New Synthetic Fuels and Sound Insulation Materials

The need to reduce the sound and vibration characteristics in the aerospace industry is continuously increasing because of the need to meet FAA regulations, to reduce noise pollution, and to improve customer satisfaction. To improve customer satisfaction, aircraft and engine manufacturers must work to control sound and vibration levels so that passengers do not experience discomfort during a flight. Sound and vibration characteristics of a fixed-wing aircraft with jet engines are composed of complex-frequency contents that challenge engineers in the development of quiet engine designs, aerodynamic bodies, and advanced sound- and vibration-attenuating materials. One of the noisiest parts of an aircraft, the gas turbine, was analyzed in this research. In Part 1 of this project, the use of alternative fuels in a gas turbine engine was investigated to determine whether those fuels have negative effects on sound and vibration levels. Three types of fuels were used: Jet A as the reference fuel, natural gas–deri...