cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing culture-bound syndromes

Abstract Ethnopsychiatry comprises a large field of literature written from diverse perspectives, disciplines and orientations. Its status as an interdisciplinary activity presents formidable obstacles to researchers interested in comparative problems and the development of generalizations. These difficulties can be demonstrated by even a cursory examination of the material written on what has come to be called ‘culture-bound syndromes’. In spite of the considerable body of specific studies written about these ‘ethnic psychoses’, as Devereux termed them, debates continue to swirl over how to define them, whether they are manifestations of psychopathology, and, by implication, the degreee to which the categories of Western psychiatric nosology are readily transferable to other cultural and historical settings. This paper does not attempt to play the role of broker between universalists and particularists. If anything I favor the particularist position with respect to the impossibility of directly applying diagnostic categories across cultural boundaries. On the other hand I would not deny that there are universal processes which take their form through complex interaction with particular cultural, historical and social settings. The goal of showing how general forms can only be realized in particular settings is a vital one for anthropology, and the literature on culture-bound syndromes illustrates the problems involved. The problems can be severe, but no more so than those facing any observer of an exotic cultural setting. Because I perceive parallels between problems of translation in social and anthropology in general and the issues that have emerged in discussion of culture-bound syndromes. I seek to return to basic issues in this essay to examine some aspects of culture-bound syndromes that should be examined before assertions about pathology are made.
MISR instrument development and test status

MISR will provide global data sets from Earth orbit using nine discrete cameras, each viewing at unique view directions. The design of this instrument is complete and has been refined following assembly and testing of an engineering model. The engineering model has been invaluable in identifying correctable design flaws, in resolving subsystem interface issues early in the program, and in providing the science team with as-built performance data to be used in the algorithm development. MISR will fly with an on-board calibrator consisting of Spectralon diffuse panels and photodiode detector standards. Both the use of Spectralon and flight detector standards have been developed by the MISR team. Currently the engineering team is assembling and testing the flight cameras, and the data teams are preparing for the post-launch geometric and radiometric calibration of the instrument, as well as developing algorithms to provide the science products. With a 3.3 Mb orbital average data rate, and global coverage each nine days, processing will be automated and standardized. Deliverables include calibrated, registered data sets, as well as aerosol/land surface, and cloud parameters.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection of multiple faults in two-dimensional ILAs

We provide test sets proportional to the sum of the two dimensions of the array for a large class of cells, which allow us to test rows (or columns) of cells of the array independently. Constant length test sets for array multipliers have been found under the single faulty cell model if the array is modified, and otherwise test sets are proportional to the number of cells. We can verify the full adder array of a combinational n/spl times/m multiplier in O(n+m) tests under the Multiple Faulty Cell (MFC) model. The entire multiplier, including the AND gates which generate the summands, can be verified after applying the same modifications which make the multiplier C-testable under the single faulty cell model.
The Semicolon Sign: Dopamine Transporter Imaging Artifact from Head Tilt

Dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging is a valuable tool to aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson disease and other Parkinsonian syndromes. DAT imaging is special among clinical nuclear medicine scans in that the already small caudate and putamen are presented in multiple thin axial cuts. Because the imaged basal ganglia are small, slight differences in head tilt may result in a significant artifact that we have termed the semicolon sign. The semicolon sign occurs when forward head tilt creates select images that show the caudate nuclei separate from the putamen. This gives the false impression that DAT activity in the putamen is decreased or absent. To avoid falsely attributing this artifact to loss of putaminal activity, it is imperative that the interpreting physician first recognize the artifact and then mentally integrate all provided images to identify normal activity in the putamen on subsequent levels. Furthermore, quantitative software packages for automated DAT scan interpretation are now available. If images demonstrating the semicolon sign are used for automated interpretation, loss of activity in the putamen may be falsely calculated, thereby contributing to erroneous results. Quality control measures are essential to ensure that technologists correctly position each patient's head to minimize head tilt artifact on DAT scan images. A protocol to obtain optimal head positioning is presented.
Biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant ectoine, but not glycine betaine, is critical for survival of osmotically stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells.

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophile present in marine and estuarine environments, ecosystems characterized by fluctuations in salinity and temperature. One strategy to thrive in such environments is the synthesis and/or uptake of compatible solutes. The V. parahaemolyticus genome contains biosynthesis systems for both ectoine and glycine betaine, which are known to act as compatible solutes in other species. We showed that V. parahaemolyticus had a 6% NaCl tolerance when grown in M9 minimal medium with 0.4% glucose (M9G) with a >5-h lag phase. By using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-NMR) analysis, we determined that cells synthesized ectoine and glutamate in a NaCl-dependent manner. The most effective compatible solutes as measured by a reduction in lag-phase growth in M9G with 6% NaCl (M9G 6% NaCl) were in the order glycine betaine > choline > proline = glutamate > ectoine. However, V. parahaemolyticus could use glutamate or proline as the sole carbon source, but not ectoine or glycine betaine, which suggests that these are bona fide compatible solutes. Expression analysis showed that the ectA and betA genes were more highly expressed in log-phase cells, and expression of both genes was induced by NaCl up-shock. Under all conditions examined, the ectA gene was more highly expressed than the betA gene. Analysis of in-frame deletions in betA and ectB and in a double mutant showed that the ectB mutant was defective for growth, and this defect was rescued by the addition of glycine betaine, proline, ectoine, and glutamate, indicating that these compounds are compatible solutes for this species. The presence of both synthesis systems was the predominant distribution pattern among members of the Vibrionaceae family, suggesting this is the ancestral state.
Molecular basis for impaired collateral artery growth in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: insight from microarray analysis

Analysis of global gene expression in mesenteric control and collateral arteries was used to investigate potential molecules, pathways, and mechanisms responsible for impaired collateral growth in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR). A fundamental difference was observed in overall gene expression pattern in SHR versus Wistar Kyoto (WKY) collaterals; only 6% of genes altered in collaterals were similar between rat strains. IngenuityPathway Analysis (IPA) identified major differences between WKY and SHR in net- works and biological functions related to cell growth and proliferation and gene expression. In SHR control arteries, several mechano-sensitive and redox-dependent transcription regulators were downregulated including JUN (5.29, P = 0.02), EGR1 (4.19, P = 0.01), and NFKB1 (1.959, P = 0.04). Predicted binding sites for NFKB and AP-1 were present in genes altered in WKY but not SHR collaterals. Immunostaining showed increased NFKB nuclear translocation in collateral arteries of WKY and apocynin-treated SHR, but not in untreated SHR. siRNA for the p65 subunit suppressed collateral growth in WKY, confirming a functional role of NFkB. Canonical pathways identified by IPA in WKY but not SHR included nitric oxide and renin- angiotensin system signaling. The angiotensin type 1 receptor (AGTR1) exhibited upregulation in WKY collaterals, but downregulation in SHR; phar- macological blockade of AGTR1 with losartan prevented collateral luminal expansion in WKY. Together, these results suggest that collateral growth impairment results from an abnormality in a fundamental regulatory mecha- nism that occurs at a level between signal transduction and gene transcription and implicate redox-dependent modulation of mechano-sensitive transcription factors such as NFKB as a potential mechanism.
Energy and environmental nanotechnology in conductive paper and textiles

Paper and textiles have been used ubiquitously in our everyday lives, such as books and newspapers for propagating information, clothing and packaging. In this perspective, we will summarize our recent efforts in exploring these old materials for emerging energy and environmental applications. The motivations and challenges of using paper and textiles for device applications will be discussed. Various types of energy and environmental devices have been demonstrated including supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, microbial fuel cells and water filters. Due to their unique morphologies, paper and textile-based devices not only can be fabricated with simple processing, but also show outstanding device performance. Being renewable and earth-abundant materials, paper and textiles could play significant roles in addressing future energy and environmental challenges.
Women of the Storm Advocacy and Organizing in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Drawing from interviews with advocates that addressed disaster recovery issues after Hurricane Katrina, the authors highlight three groups of women—domestic violence/sexual assault workers, advocates of federal postdisaster policy, and members of public housing resident councils. Women's efforts to mobilize networks and resist unfair policies, particularly in the context of a disaster, are discussed.
Parametric Erosion Investigation: Propellant Adiabatic Flame Temperature

The influence of quasi-independent parameters and their potential influence on erosion in guns have been investigated. Specifically, the effects of flame temperature and the effect of assuming that the Lewis number (ratio of mass-to-heat transport to the surface), Le = 1, has been examined. The adiabatic flame temperature for a propellant was reduced by the addition of a diluent from a high temperature of 3843 K (similar to that of M9) down to 3004 K, which is near the value for M30A1 propellant. Mass fractions of critical species at the surface with and without the assumption of Le = 1 are presented, demonstrating that certain species preferentially reach the surface providing varied conditions for the surface reactions. The results for gun tube bore surface regression qualitatively agree with previous studies and with current experimental data.
The Minim of Sepphoris Reconsidered

Talmudic literature applies the term min to persons who espoused various forms of heresy, including denial of the world to come or resurrection, Gnostic views, or belief in “two powers in heaven.” In addition, the tannaim designated unacceptable halakhic and liturgical practices, which they believed revealed heretical beliefs, as derekh ha-minut, “sectarianism.” Finally, some allusions to mini/minim in the Babylonian Talmud can be shown to refer to Gentiles.
Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna Performance on a Curved Surface

Microstrip antennas are popular due to their ease of construction and minimal dimensions; especially in terms of thickness. These antennas typically are resonant structures and hence having a relatively small operational bandwidth. An alternative microstrip structure that maintains the advantage of a thin structure at the expense of a larger lateral dimension is a terminated microstrip line. The fundamental microstrip mode does not radiate well; however, the first higher-order mode does. Such antennas are generally referred to as leaky wave antennas. One issue with using these antennas is that the driving point impedance is dispersive; hence, fixed port impedance terminations limit the operational bandwidth of the antenna. In addition, the fraction of supplied power delivered to the terminating port is not radiated; hence the efficiency of the antenna is not optimal. In this paper, the effect of curvature on radiation properties of a leaky-wave antenna is investigated through computational modeling and experiment.
Distributed construction of random expander networks

A novel distributed algorithm for constructing random overlay networks that are composed of d Hamilton cycles is presented. The protocol is completely decentralized as no globally-known server is required. The constructed topologies are expanders with O(log/sub d/ n) diameter with high probability. Our construction is highly scalable because both the processing and the space requirements at each node grow logarithmically with the network size. A new node can join the network in O(log/sub d/ n) time with O(d log/sub d/ n) messages. A node can leave in O(1) time with O(d) messages. The protocol is robust against an offline adversary selecting the sequence of the join and leave operations. We also discuss a layered construction of the random expander networks in which any node can be located in O(log n) time. The random expander networks have applications in community discovery, distributed lookup service, and dynamic connectivity.
Integrating digital libraries and electronic publishing in the DART project

The Digital Anthropology Resources for Teaching (DART) project integrates the content acquisition and cataloging initiatives of a federated digital repository with the development of scholarly publications and the creation of digital tools to facilitate classroom teaching. The project's technical architecture and unique publishing model create a teaching context where students move easily between primary and secondary source material and between authored environments and independent research, and raise specific issues with regard to metadata, object referral, rights, and exporting content. The model also addresses the loss of provenance and catalog information for digital objects embedded in "born-digital" publications. The DART project presents a practical methodology to combine repository and publication that is both exportable and discipline-neutral.
Dynamic Virulence: Real-Time Assessment of Intracellular Pathogenesis Links Cryptococcus neoformans Phenotype with Clinical Outcome

ABSTRACT While a myriad of studies have examined host factors that predispose persons to infection with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, comparatively little has been done to examine how virulence factor differences among cryptococcal isolates may impact outcome. In the recent report by Alanio et al. (A. Alanio, M. Desnos-Ollivier, and F. Dromer, mBio 2:e00158-11, 2011), novel flow cytometry-based techniques were employed to demonstrate an association between the phenotype of C. neoformans-macrophage interactions, as measured by phagocytosis and intracellular replication, and patient outcomes, as determined by positive cultures on therapy and survival. These experiments establish that the prognosis of patients with cryptococcosis is influenced by the phenotypic properties of the infecting fungal isolate.
Routing virtual circuits with timing requirements in virtual path based ATM networks

Real-time communication with performance guarantees is expected to become an important feature of future computer networks. Given an ATM network topology, its virtual path (VP) layout, and its traffic demands, we consider in this paper the problem of selecting for each virtual circuit (VC) with timing requirements a route (i.e., a sequence of VPs) along which sufficient resources are available to meet the user-specified end-to-end delay requirements. Our objective is to (i) provide the timing guarantee for the VC, while not jeopardizing the QoS guarantees to other existing VCs. We adopt the real-time channel model to characterize the traffic characteristics and the timing requirements of a VC. We then propose a distributed VC routing scheme based on the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm to identify an "appropriate" route through the network. By "appropriate", we mean that the route traverses a minimum number of VPs among all possible routes that have sufficient resources over to fulfill the end-to-end timing requirement of the VC. To ensure that there are sufficient bandwidths over all the VPs along the selected route, we incorporate in our proposed scheme a priority assignment method to calculate the minimum worst-case traversal time which messages of a VC will experience on a VP along which the VC is routed. We also comment on the performance of, and the message overhead incurred in the proposed scheme.
Generation of synthetic infrared remote-sensing scenes of wildland fire

We describe a method for generating synthetic infrared remote-sensing scenes of wildland fire. These synthetic scenes are an important step in data assimilation, which is defined as the process of incorporating new data into an executing model. In our case, this is a fire propagation model. The scenes are built using the surface output of fire position from a fire propagation code and prior knowledge of fire physics and behavior to estimate the shape of the flame. The scene radiance is then estimated by employing a physics-based ray-tracing model called DIRSIG to render the radiation that would reach a sensor on an airborne platform. Values of the Fire Radiated Energy calculated from the synthetic radiance scene compare well with previously published values, providing validation of the method.
Frequency regulation of a microgrid using solar power

This paper describes a system which is capable of frequency and voltage regulation during load changes on an islanded microgrid. The scaled microgrid model used in this paper consists of a synchronous generator, a solar panel with a single phase inverter, and a varying resistive load. The PV panel is connected to a boost converter which tracks a fraction of the solar panel's maximum power point. This allows for some reserve power, which is used to maintain a constant grid frequency during an increase in load. During an increase in load, the boost converter tracks closer to the PV panel's maximum power point, to output more power. This increase in power output helps to keep the frequency of the microgrid at the desired value. An experimental system has been built and tested using a DC motor connected to a synchronous generator to supply power to the scaled microgrid. A PV panel was used to maintain the frequency on the scaled microgrid as described above.
NMR study of the reconstitution of the β-sheet of thioredoxin by fragment complementation

The study of complementary protein fragments is thought to be generally useful to identify early folding intermediates. A prerequisite for these studies is the reconstitution of the native-like structure by fragment complementation. Structural analysis of the complementation of the domain-sized proteolytic fragments of E. coli thioredoxin, using a combination of H-exchange and 2D NMR experiments as a fingerprint technique, provide evidence for the extensive reconstitution of a native β-sheet, with local conformational adjustments near the cleavage site. Remarkably, the antiparallel β-strand between the fragments shows a native-like protection of the amide protons to solvent exchange. Our results indicate that these fragments can be useful to study the early events in the still little understood formation of β-sheets. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxygen Consumption of Normal and Atherosclerotic Intima

This investigation has been a comparison of the intimal metabolism of the aorta in normal and atherosclerotic rabbits, and at various aortic locations. The thinnest possible layer of tissue was separated from the inner surface of the aorta. This layer proved to be intima with a small and fairly constant amount of media (smooth muscle). The intima from the animals rendered atherosclerotic by cholesterol-feeding showed a much higher rate of oxygen consumption than the controls when succinate was used as a substrate. Moreover, the most atherosclerotic area (the aortic arch) showed a higher oxygen consumption than the less atherosclerotic areas (the thoracic and abdominal areas). This acceleration of oxygen consumption is presumably due to either an increased energy requirement (for either accelerated synthesis or catabolism) or an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
Greater glucocorticoid receptor activation in hippocampus of aged rats sensitizes microglia

Healthy aging individuals are more likely to suffer profound memory impairments following an immune challenge than are younger adults. These challenges produce a brain inflammatory response that is exaggerated with age. Sensitized microglia found in the normal aging brain are responsible for this amplified response, which in turn interferes with processes involved in memory formation. Here, we examine factors that may lead aging to sensitize microglia. Aged rats exhibited higher corticosterone levels in the hippocampus, but not in plasma, throughout the daytime (diurnal inactive phase). These elevated hippocampal corticosterone levels were associated with increased hippocampal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 protein expression, the enzyme that catalyzes glucocorticoid formation and greater hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. Intracisternal administration of mifepristone, a GR antagonist, effectively reduced immune-activated proinflammatory responses, specifically from hippocampal microglia and prevented Escherichia coli-induced memory impairments in aged rats. Voluntary exercise as a therapeutic intervention significantly reduced total hippocampal GR expression. These data strongly suggest that increased GR activation in the aged hippocampus plays a critical role in sensitizing microglia.
Understanding compassion fatigue: keys for the caring veterinary healthcare team.

Have you ever wondered, “Do I care too much?” Do you leave the hospital or clinic exhausted and carrying the burden of the daily office stresses coupled with a tiring sense of emotional connection to your patients, your clients, and staff? Veterinary medicine has been well recognized as one of
Blue-phase liquid crystal droplets

Blue phases of liquid crystals represent unique ordered states of matter in which arrays of defects are organized into striking patterns. Most studies of blue phases to date have focused on bulk properties. In this work, we present a systematic study of blue phases confined into spherical droplets. It is found that, in addition to the so-called blue phases I and II, several new morphologies arise under confinement, with a complexity that increases with the chirality of the medium and with a nature that can be altered by surface anchoring. Through a combination of simulations and experiments, it is also found that one can control the wavelength at which blue-phase droplets absorb light by manipulating either their size or the strength of the anchoring, thereby providing a liquid-state analog of nanoparticles, where dimensions are used to control absorbance or emission. The results presented in this work also suggest that there are conditions where confinement increases the range of stability of blue phases, thereby providing intriguing prospects for applications.
Dentists' preparedness for responding to bioterrorism: A survey of Hawaii dentists.

ABSTRACT Background The authors conducted a survey of dentists in Hawaii to assess their knowledge of, perceived readiness for and willingness to respond to bioterrorist (BT) events. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design to access a random sample (n = 240) of all licensed dentists residing in the state of Hawaii (N = 1,016), the authors mailed study participants an anonymous survey up to three times during June and July 2004. Knowledge-based questions were taken from accredited Internet-based free continuing medical education offerings. Results Of 234 deliverable surveys, 133 were returned (response rate of 56.8 percent). Only 2.3 percent of respondents reported having received prior BT preparedness training. A total of 14.5 percent felt able to identify and recognize a BT event, and 9.2 percent indicated they were able to respond effectively to a BT attack. A total of 73.8 percent expressed willingness to provide assistance to the state in the event of a BT attack. Dentists scored a mean of 62 percent correct (5.6 of nine questions) on the objective knowledge–based questions. Conclusions A low prevalence of prior training coupled with a high degree of willingness to provide assistance indicates the need for additional BT preparedness training. This should be provided as continuing education offerings to practicing dentists and incorporated into the dental school curriculum. Clinical Implications Dentists have the basic knowledge and experience to perform a number of key roles in a BT event; however, additional training must be provided to develop BT preparedness competencies.
Chemoembolization, Infusion, and Embolization

Over the past two decades, the role of the interventional radiologist has shifted from diagnosis to therapy in the management of patients with cancer. While direct percutaneous therapeutic options have gained interest in the past several years, the transcatheter approach continues to play a significant role in the management of these challenging patients. These techniques have traditionally included intraarterial infusion, embolization, and chemoembolization. The delivery of therapeutic agents via the arterial system requires selective vascular catheterization, which is accomplished by tailoring the catheter configuration to the vascular anatomy. With improvements in catheter technology, coaxial microcatheter systems that range from 2- to 3-F (French) in outer diameter can be delivered through 4- to 5-F standard angiographic catheters and sheaths to facilitate the technical challenges posed by small vessel catheterization. An additional advantage of these microcatheter systems is the potential reduction of arterial injuries (dissection and perforation) that can occur with larger catheters. While transarterial infusion and embolization are most commonly employed in the treatment of hepatic malignancies, they are also helpful preoperative means of reducing tumor burden and intraoperative blood loss at other sites. Nonhepatic embolizations have also been utilized for the control of hemorrhage and pain palliation for those patients who are not candidates for surgical resection. More recently, preoperative selective partial portal vein embolization has been utilized to stimulate hypertrophy of the future hepatic remnant, allowing a more aggressive surgical approach. Iatrogenic and treatment-related hemorrhage can also be effectively controlled with embolization. The intraarterial management of patients with malignancy requires close collaboration between the interventional radiologist, surgeon, medical oncologist (chemotherapist), and radiotherapist for the maximum potential benefit from these minimally invasive therapeutic options.
Effect of elevated CO2 on chlorpyriphos degradation and soil microbial activities in tropical rice soil

Impact of elevated CO2 on chlorpyriphos degradation, microbial biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities in rice soil was investigated. Rice (variety Naveen, Indica type) was grown under four conditions, namely, chambered control, elevated CO2 (550 ppm), elevated CO2 (700 ppm) in open-top chambers and open field. Chlorpyriphos was sprayed at 500 g a.i. ha(-1) at maximum tillering stage. Chlorpyriphos degraded rapidly from rice soils, and 88.4% of initially applied chlorpyriphos was lost from the rice soil maintained under elevated CO2 (700 ppm) by day 5 of spray, whereas the loss was 80.7% from open field rice soil. Half-life values of chlorpyriphos under different conditions ranged from 2.4 to 1.7 days with minimum half-life recorded with two elevated CO2 treatments. Increased CO2 concentration led to increase in temperature (1.2 to 1.8 °C) that played a critical role in chlorpyriphos persistence. Microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymatic activities specifically, dehydrogenase, fluorescien diacetate hydrolase, urease, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase responded positively to elevated CO2 concentrations. Generally, the enzyme activities were highly correlated with each other. Irrespective of the level of CO2, short-term negative influence of chlorpyriphos was observed on soil enzymes till day 7 of spray. Knowledge obtained from this study highlights that the elevated CO2 may negatively influence persistence of pesticide but will have positive effects on soil enzyme activities.
X-Ray Diffraction Determination of Interface Roughness in GaAs/AlXGa1−XAs Multilayers

X-ray diffraction has been used to quantify the interface roughness of GaAs/Al x Ga 1-x As multilayers. X-ray measurements, both θ-2θ and rocking-curve analyses, quantitatively determine the correlated and random components of the interface roughness as well as the correlation length of the roughness along the interface. The multilayer structures of GaAs/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As and GaAs/AlAs differ substantially in the amplitude and correlation length of the interface roughness. The change in interfacial roughness is compared to that determined from low temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements, the conventional measure of interface uniformity.
SPINAL ORIGIN OF NASAL VASOCONSTRICTOR INNERVATION IN THE DOG.

SummaryThe origin of the vasoconstrictor fibers to the nasal mucosa of the dog was investigated by nasal plethysmography and anterior root stimulation. T2 stimulation, more often gave the greatest vasoconstrictor effect, T1 and T3 gave good vasoconstriction, T4 and T5 progressively less, T6 doubtful, and T7 and T8 no constriction. In exceptional instances C8 might give some constriction.
Biological and Immunological Identity of Toxoplasma of Animal and Human Origin

ConclusionsToxoplasma of animal and human origin have been shown to be identical biologically in their pathogenicity for mammals and birds, and immunologically by producing an active immunity again...
The Software Assurance of COTS Software Products

The basic principles, both the problem space and the many solutions, have long been well discussed in the literature. Taking a slightly different angle on this work, this paper focuses on the practical steps the Software Assurance (SA) community plays in addressing these principles. Within NASA, the term “software assurance” incorporates software quality, safety, reliability, verification and validation and NASA’s Independent Verification and Validation. This paper focuses on the broad software assurance approaches needed to assure Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) software, including reliability and safety analyses when and where needed. COTS software is sometimes used in place of, or in conjunction with, developed code. It can be a standalone piece of software like a Configuration Management System, perform certain embedded tasks such as management of an internal bus, be part of an add-on to an instrument such as a camera or recording device to allow remote operations, or a combination of COTS and developed code. The most complex COTS/developed systems combination is that of a developed SW System that uses a compiler, code libraries and runs on an commercial operating system. This becomes further complicated when COTS are connected to other software and other COTS, including complex electronic devices. What level of assurance is needed varies with the application and use. The question becomes, not only how can these SW COTS be assured, especially when used in safety critical applications, but how much is enough.
Introduction of the PIRATE Program for Parametric Reentry Vehicle Plasma Effects Studies

Design procedures for hypersonic flight systems have changed dramatically over the years. To this end, a new capability (PIRATE) to analyze the interaction of reentry systems with their enveloping plasma is introduced. PIRATE is a driver program to solve the coupled physics problem of motion, heating, thermal response, chemistry, inviscid flowfield, and electromagnetic wave propagation/interaction for hypersonic flight systems in an automated fashion. A total of thirteen programs are coupled and controlled from a single software procedure to iteratively solve a complex design problem. The immediate benefit of this type of analysis is to guide design work as well as to more wisely choose costly test flights in regions that may be most stressing for a design concept. Sample results of a parametric study for a standard hypersonic flight system are presented to illustrate the utility of the program. Nomenclature A, B, C = heatshield constituent subscripts; resin components A & B, reinforcement component C C, B = differential corrections curve fit coefficients for electron density profile equation E = activation energy in Arrhenius equation e= electron charge fp = plasma frequency Gp = Gibbs energy function for the products of a reaction h= enthalpy i
Angular Momentum Exchange in Scattering

Scattering, which involves highly non-paraxial trajectories, couples spin and orbital angular momentum of light. Some polarization effects can be attributed to cases in which the total angular momentum flux density is conserved.
Effects of antineoplastic and immunosuppressant drugs on deoxyribonucleic acid-polymerizing enzymes of rat thymus and spleen.

Most drugs used in cancer chemotherapy have both antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and cell division is a common mechansim of action of such drugs, but their effects on DNA polymerases and DNA synthesis in lymphoid cells have not been extensively described. Thymus and spleen are major sites of replication of lymphoid cells and play important roles in cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. We report the time course of changes in the activities per cell of DNA-dependent DNA polymerases α and β (DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7), terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (nucleoside triphosphate:DNA nucleotidylexotransferase, EC 2.7.7.31), and adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase), EC 3.5.4.4) in rat thymus and spleen following administration of vincristine, 5-fluorouracil, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, or dexamethasone. Ten hours after administration of drug, only dexamethasone treatment was associated with a significant (p
Polypeptides synthesized and released by human endometriosis differ from those of the uterine endometrium in cell and tissue explant culture

Objective To identify and compare the pattern of polypeptide synthesis and release of endometriosis with that of the normal endometrium in culture. Design Endometriosis and endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained from women presenting for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic examinations. Specimens were cultured as isolated epithelial and stromal cells and tissue explants with L-[ 35 S]methionine. De novo synthesized proteins were identified by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorography, and Western blot analysis. Results Five major deviations in protein synthesis and secretion were noted when comparing endometriotic and endometrial culture media. Endometriosis synthesized and secreted two proteins of stromal cell origin that were not produced by normal endometrium: endometriosis protein group I ( M r 40,000 to 55,000; pI 4.0 to 5.2) and endometriosis protein group II ( M r 30,000 to 32,000; pI 7.0 to 9.0). Conversely, endometriosis lacked the ability to secrete or asynchronously secreted three groups of secretory phase endometrial proteins in culture: endometrial protein group I ( M r 25,000 to 27,000; pI 4.5 to 5.5) and endometrial protein group II ( M r 68,000 to 72,000; pI 3.0 to 3.2) were endometrial epithelial cell products whereas endometrial protein group III ( M r 70,000; pI 5.7) was of endometrial stromal cell origin. Conclusions Unique characteristics in endometriosis protein synthesis and secretion as compared with the endometrium indicate biochemical dissimilarities between these tissues, which may be used to develop diagnostic markers and gain insight into the etiology and/or pathophysiology of the disease.
Dissecting NF-κB Signaling Induced by Genotoxic Agents via Genetic Complementation of NEMO-Deficient 1.3E2 Cells

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates expression of a diverse set of genes to modulate multiple biological and pathological processes. Among these, NF-κB activation in response to genotoxic agents has received considerable attention due to its role in regulating cancer cell resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. Furthermore, induction of this pathway by endogenous damage is further implicated in normal developmental processes, such as B cell development, and premature aging, among others. This pathway also serves as a signaling model in which nuclear initiated signals (DNA damage) are communicated to a cytoplasmic target (IκB kinase and NF-κB). Several of the critical molecular events of this nuclear to cytoplasmic NF-κB signaling cascade were discovered, in part, by genetic complementation analyses of the NEMO-deficient 1.3E2 mouse pre-B cell line. This chapter describes methods used to generate and analyze such reconstitution cell systems and certain caveats that are critical for proper interpretation of NEMO mutant defects.
Breaking the Iron Law of Oligarchy: Computational Institutions, Organizational Fidelity, and Distributed Social Control

More than 100 years ago, Robert Michels (1911) observed that even organizations based on the strongest democratic principles tend to devolve into oligarchy. Leaders will use their authority to serve their own interests, they will cultivate loyalty with a small clique of elites, and they will subvert the mission of the organization. This corruption from the top arises due to the seemingly inescapable concentration of organizational power, hierarchy, and asymmetries in the capacity to monitor and sanction. During the intervening century the widespread misuse of authority across diverse formal organizations has largely proven Michel correct. However, we are no longer limited by the organizational systems of the nineteenth century nor by constraints of face-to-face interaction. Partial examples of alternative organizational structures can be identified among effective contemporary firms, online communities, and large scale collaborative projects. This chapter describes the organizational challenge in terms of the principal-agent problem and identifies the set of attributes necessary for distributed social control in computational institutions. This set of attributes forms an ideal type for identifying problems inherent in extant organizations and for identifying features that can be integrated from current online systems of interaction. In conclusion, this chapter advocates for researchers and designers to propose, develop, and to implement systems that will allow organizations to break the iron law of oligarchy.
Thermomechanical factors in molybdenum field emitter operation and failure

A thermomechanical analysis of many of the basic effects which might be expected to play a role in field emitter array breakdown is given. We find that of the "intrinsic" factors considered only the large Maxwell stresses induced by the electric field might possibly lead to failure. Direct thermal effects are always insignificant. Failure modes associated with "extrinsic" phenomena such as arcing or from tip "imperfections" such as grain boundaries have not been studied and these may also be important. >
Cooling and Fermenting

After boiling, the wort is prepared for the fermentation stage by cooling it rapidly. This involves the use of a wort chiller. The liquid is then placed into a fermenter and yeasts are added. Fermentable sugars are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide in this process. Uncovering the principles behind these processes reveals a wealth of theory in thermochemistry and physics. That will be the focus of this chapter.
Deterministic Unit Commitment Models and Algorithms

This chapter introduces the basic formulations of unit commitment problems which are generally proposed to optimize the system operations by mixed integer linear programming. Meanwhile, the formulations target a series of external factors that affect electrical power generation schedules, such as ramping capacity, reserve requirement, transmission capacity, fuel constraint and emission. This chapter also introduces the solution approaches to solve the deterministic unit commitment problems, especially using Lagrangian Relaxation and Benders’ Decomposition. The SCUC cases are provided to illustrate the UC modeling and decomposition processes. All formulation notations are listed in Appendix B for reference.
Dynamic Quaternary Associations in Regulating Expression of the B. Subtilis Trp Operon

A large proportion of regulatory proteins are homo-oligomeric, with multiple copies of the same polypeptide assembled into higher-order quaternary structures. In addition to a capacity for both homotropic and heterotropic allostery, homo-oligomeric structures are capable of polyvalent interactions with multiple binding partners, such that different quaternary structures can have differing or opposing functions. The factors that govern the assembly and dissociation of such regulatory supramolecular assemblies are poorly understood, yet critical to their function. We apply a combination of analytical techniques to study the interaction between TRAP and its inhibitor, Anti-TRAP. TRAP (trp RNA-binding attenuation protein) is a symmetric toroidal undecamer (11-mer) that upon being activated by tryptophan (Trp), down-regulates production of the amino acid by sequence specific binding to a single-stranded RNA that is encoded in the 5’ leader of the operon. The inhibitor Anti-TRAP (AT) adopts either toroidal trimeric, or tetrahedral dodecameric, structures in a manner that depends on concentration and pH, while it is the trimeric form of AT that binds Trp-activated TRAP to prevent RNA binding. Using NMR, sedimentation velocity (AUC), SAXS and native mass spectrometry, we have shown that anti-TRAP condenses multiple TRAP oligomers into hetero-complexes, thereby blocking TRAP's RNA-binding sites. Calorimetry, FRET, AUC and native mass spectrometry experiments provide quantitative insights into the activation, assembly, and dissociation of these regulatory complexes, which we find exhibit phase separation behavior in the absence of RNA. These findings and approach may have broad implications for other oligomeric supramolecular regulatory assemblies.
Pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound

The expanding applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound include many examinations that are new to pediatric radiologists but are well known to our adult colleagues. In this review we present an introduction and guide to some of these entities for pediatric radiologists making inroads into the world of musculoskeletal ultrasound.
Preliminary results of a longitudinal study of computer science student trends, behaviors and preferences

Each generation of students is different, molded by family traditions, high school experiences, economic factors, societal pressures and world headlines. This paper documents a research study at the Rochester Institute of Technology focusing on student trends, behaviors and preferences. This longitudinal study is examining student values, experiences, learning styles and opinions to determine if predictable parallels can be made to student grades, persistence at school, and overall retention. This paper provides some preliminary results from three years of student data, and poses some challenging questions for all Computer Science educators.
Providers' perceptions of spinal cord injury pressure ulcer guidelines.

AbstractBackground/Objective: Pressure ulcers are a serious complication for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). The Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine (CSCM) published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) that provided guidance for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment after SCI. The aim of this study was to assess providers' perceptions for each of the 32 CPG recommendations regarding their agreement with CPGs, degree of CPG implementation, and CPG implementation barriers and facilitators.Methods: This descriptive mixed-methods study included both qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (survey) data collection approaches. The sample (n = 60) included 24 physicians and 36 nurses who attended the 2004 annual national conferences of the American Paraplegia Society or American Association of Spinal Cord Injury Nurses. This sample drew from two sources: a purposive sample from a list of preregistered participants and a convenience sample of conference attendee volunteers. We analyzed quantitative da...
Hysterosalpingography in the Assessment of Congenital, Inflammatory, and Postsurgical Changes of the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes

About 15% of couples cannot conceive offspring. In the absence of proven inability to conceive (sterility) or the absence of demonstrated infertility of the male partner, women are considered infertile if they cannot conceive within 1 year despite unprotected coitus. Women who have never conceived are said to have primary infertility; those who have conceived in the past but appear no longer to be able to do so are considered to have secondary infertility. Women who conceive but who have repetitive spontaneous abortions are not considered infertile but rather to be habitual aborters, defined in various studies as women having two or three consecutive spontaneous abortions without a live birth.
Synthesis and Degradation of Lipid Bodies in the Scutella of Maize

Most seeds contain storage lipids in the form of triacylglycerols, which usually comprise 20–50% of the total seed dry weight (1, 2, 3, 4). This lipid reserve is synthesized during seed maturation, and is rapidly mobilized to provide energy and carbon skeleton for the growth of the embryo during germination. The triacylglycerols are densely packed in subcellular organelles called lipid bodies (oleosomes, spherosomes, oil bodies). The spherical lipid body is about 0.5–1 μm in diameter, and is surrounded by a “half-unit” membrane of one monolayer of phospholipids about 3 nm thickness (5). The fatty acyl moieties of the membrane phospholipids are believed to orient themselves toward the matrix so that they can form hydrophobic interaction with the internal triacylglycerols.
Proton efflux associated with melibiose permease activity in Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract Transport of thiomethyl-β-D-galactoside (TMG) via the melibiose permease system (TMG permease II) in Salmonella typhimurium is known to be a sodium-dependent co-transport system. We have shown that this co-transport of sodium and TMG is associated with extrusion of protons from the cells. The rate and extent of proton extrusion during TMG uptake were measured in wild-type cells and mutants containing internal and extended deletions in the pts locus. No differences between these various strains were noted.