cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction time and EEG activation in normal and schizophrenic subjects

Abstract 1. 1. Normal and schizophrenic subjects of similar age and I.Q. were compared on a series of reaction time tasks. 2. 2. EEG from scalp electrodes was monitored during the testing and served to determine when stimuli were presented to the subject. 3. 3. Although the groups did not differ in speed of reaction when alpha activity was present, the normal subjects improved when alpha was blocked by an alerting stimulus while the schizophrenics failed to improve or even performed more slowly. 4. 4. The relationship between behavioral and electrographic measures of arousal, and the possible significance of the findings were discussed.
Products of irreducible matrices

Abstract In this paper we characterize the subsemigroup of B n ( B n is the multiplicative semigroup of n × n Boolean matrices) generated by all the irreducible matrices, and hence give a necessary and sufficient condition for a Boolean matrix A to be a product of irreducible Boolean matrices. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for an n × n nonnegative matrix to be a product of nonnegative irreducible matrices.
A WEIGHT-DRIVEN KYMOGRAPH.

(1) Herein has been described a stand for supporting the drum, a device for starting and stopping the drum and a circuit-breaker for a weight-driven kymograph. (2) This device has proved satisfacto...
To get ahead, get a theory

A comprehensive theory is needed to provide a research heuristic, unite the fragmented practices, and explain the complex relationships underlying the gifted/creative child's developing intelligence. Criteria are suggested to judge the value of existing efforts, weed out theories from program applications and give direction in furthering theory development within four broad categories: nature of the gifted child, education and identification, framework of the theory, and criteria for the theory. Such criteria offer a basis for comparing, extending, modifying, or combining theories. A symposium on theory development is suggested as a strand for a major conference on the gifted.
Digit ratios (2D:4D), postnatal testosterone and eye contact in toddlers.

Abstract Previous research has shown an association between eye contact and prenatal testosterone measured in amniocenteses samples. The purpose of this study was to test the association between eye contact and prenatal androgen action measured via second to fourth digit ratios (2D:4D ratios), and to explore the relationship between eye contact and postnatal testosterone levels. Participants included 72 children, between the ages of 18 and 24 months, and their parents. Salivary testosterone levels were obtained when children were 3-months old. At 18-months, 2D:4D ratios were measured and parent–child dyads participated in an 8-min play session that was recorded and later coded for duration and frequency of eye contact. Results indicated that larger 2D:4D ratios (indicative of lower androgen levels) significantly predicted longer duration and more frequency of eye contact, while postnatal testosterone levels were unrelated to eye contact. These novel findings suggest prenatal androgens may influence the emergence of social development.
Structure and Uses of USDA Food Composition Databases

Abstract Food composition databases are a basic tool to assess dietary status of a population and are therefore critical for nutrition policy development. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service develops and disseminates widely used food composition databases. The two largest are the Standard Reference (SR) and Survey databases. These two databases have a similar number of foods (6000–7000) but different structures and uses. This paper describes these two databases from the user's perspective. The SR database includes foods used in the United States for which up-to-date nutrient data are available. Foods are listed unprepared (raw) and by the most common preparation methods. The Survey database, used with national surveys of food intake, describes foods in consumer terms. The SR database lists approximately 77 food components, but may not have values for components in all foods. The Survey database lists fewer components (about 50) but has values for these components for every food on the database. Many food composition databases are derived from the SR and Survey databases. They form the backbone for databases on popular software programs and in printed references and are used around the world in creating databases to characterize local food intake.
Measurable welfare change with optimal commodity taxation

Abstract This paper extends the recent work of Julian Le Grand on the measurability of welfare changes in the presence of second-best taxation to the case of optimal commodity taxes and shows that the effects of public sector activities in the presence of such taxes may be accurately measured by use of observable market data.
Neurotoxicity induced by the D-1 agonist SKF 38393 following microinjection into rat brain

Microinjection of the D-1 agonist R-SKF 38393 into rat striatum resulted in extensive neurotoxic damage as revealed by the presence of large lesions upon histological analysis. These lesions were observed following a single injection of the drug into the ventrolateral striatum (30 micrograms/0.5 microliters) or nucleus accumbens (3.0 or 30 micrograms/0.5 microliters). This neurotoxic damage was also observed following microinjection of the inactive isomer S-SKF 38393. The mechanisms underlying these effects are presently unknown. The use of this compound for intracerebral microinjection studies should be re-evaluated. In view of the usefulness of central microinjections in studying the role of D-1 and D-2 receptors in behavior, it is suggested that alternative D-1 agonists, or ways of minimizing the toxicity of SKF 38393, should be considered.
A tentative model of the 26-month oscillation in tropical latitudes

A model of the three-dimensional wind and temperature fields in the 26-month oscillation is presented, based in part on empirical data concerning the temperature behaviour and its relationship to the zonal wind behaviour and in part on theoretical deductions from the thermodynamic energy and continuity equations. The empirical data show that equatorward of 16° latitude highest temperatures precede the west wind maximum by intervals varying from 4–5 months at the 20 mb level to 0–1 months at the 80 mb level. Near the Equator the amplitude of the temperature oscillation is approximately 2°C and varies little with height in the foregoing altitude range. In the subtropics the phase of the temperature cycle is nearly opposite to that at the Equator, lowest temperatures preceding the maximum (relative) westerlies. the amplitude at these latitudes increases from a fraction of a degree at 80 mb to about 1°C at 20 mb. the features of the temperature and zonal wind behaviours are shown to be consistent with the thermal wind relationship. The theoretical results indicate that the vertical velocity has a maximum amplitude of about 0·01 cm sec−1 at the Equator and that the phase of the vertical velocity oscillation reverses near 15° latitude. Maximum subsidence precedes highest temperatures by about one month. Meridional velocities are strongest near 15° latitude where they reach values of 1–2 cm sec−1. Maximum northerly winds follow maximum subsidence by about one-quarter cycle. The observed quasi-biennial oscillation of total ozone amount is shown to be qualitatively consistent with the model, and near the Equator, to be in quantitative agreement with the theoretical results. It is speculated that the 26-month oscillation possesses two superposed modes: a tropical mode characterized by a vertically-propagating wave and a hemispheric mode consisting of a Pole to Equator standing wave. Finally, it is proposed that the oscillation has its origin in a subharmonic response to the annual heating cycle.
Time-interval analysis of beta decay

Abstract A time-interval method of beta-decay half-life analysis is described. The method is expected to produce results that are highly accurate (for the given number of events analyzed), regardless of the event rate, nature of the detection-system dead time, and/or extent of the dead time. This was verified by applying the method in a systematic way to an array of simulated data sets characterized by typical as well as extreme combinations of simulation parameters. The results of the analysis are presented and discussed.
Calcium and oxidative stress: from cell signaling to cell death

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can be used as a messengers in normal cell functions. However, at oxidative stress levels they can disrupt normal physiological pathways and cause cell death. Such a switch is largely mediated through Ca(2+) signaling. Oxidative stress causes Ca(2+) influx into the cytoplasm from the extracellular environment and from the endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) through the cell membrane and the ER/SR channels, respectively. Rising Ca(2+) concentration in the cytoplasm causes Ca(2+) influx into mitochondria and nuclei. In mitochondria Ca(2+) accelerates and disrupts normal metabolism leading to cell death. In nuclei Ca(2+) modulates gene transcription and nucleases that control cell apoptosis. Both in nuclei and cytoplasm Ca(2+) can regulate phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins and can modulate signal transduction pathways as a result. Since oxidative stress is associated with many diseases and the aging process, understanding how oxidants alter Ca(2+) signaling can help to understand process of aging and disease, and may lead to new strategies for their prevention.
Infrared spectra and density functional theory calculations of coinage metal disulfide molecules and complexes

Sulfur diatomic molecules were reacted with laser ablated Cu, Ag, and Au atoms in excess argon and condensed at 7 K. Several reaction products were identified for each metal from matrix infrared spectra through sulfur-34 isotopic shifts, spectra of sulfur isotopic mixtures, and frequencies calculated by density functional theory. The linear centrosymmetric 63CuS2, 65CuS2, and AuS2 metal disulfide molecules were observed at 508.7, 504.8, and 455.9 cm−1, respectively. The bent CuSS, AgSS, and AuSS isomers were identified from 608.6, 580.7, and 601.1 cm−1 S–S stretching fundamentals, respectively. These group 11 metals also formed cyclic tetrasulfur molecules, MS4, in contrast to group 10 metal atoms, which formed side-bonded disulfur complexes M(S2)2.
The spatially continuous determination of groundwater flow to surface water bodies : application to the connecting channels between Lakes Huron and Erie

Abstract The hydrogeophysical method to define the hydraulic properties of the sediments beneath a surface water body described by Taylor and Cherkauer is applied to a specific field site. Collection of electrical resistivity and seismic data long over 200 km of survey lines in the channels connecting Lakes Huron and Erie has allowed definition of the thickness, general composition and hydraulic properties of the sediment column. The geophysics provided a measurement of electrical longitudinal conductance of the sediment column at 40-m intervals along the survey line (> 5000 complete electrical soundings). This parameter has been empirically related to the hydraulic leakance (ratio of the hydraulic conductivity to the thickness of the unconsolidated materials) of the sediment column at discrete calibration points where seepage meters were installed. Groundwater discharges calculated using the geophysically derived hydraulic properties compare very favorably with those calculated directly from the seepage measurements and others calculated independently from analysis of stream gaging records. Convergence of three methods on a single answer is taken to indicate the validity of that answer and to confirm the reliability of the hydrogeophysical approach. The hydrogeophysical approach offers the advantage of higher resolution of lateral variations in hydraulic properties and relatively low monetary and time expenditures when compared with a drilling program. However, it cannot be utilized without calibration to direct hydraulic measurements; it is best run in conjunction with seepage meters and drilling or existing wells. Perhaps its greatest usefulness lies in its ability to rapidly and accurately define locations of high potential for interaction between surface water and groundwater.
Do many of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia constitute a distinct clinical syndrome? Current evidence using the BEHAVE-AD

The Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) was specifically designed to assess behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) that would be remediable to both psychologic and pharmacologic intervention. Furthermore, the BEHAVE-AD was designed to assess categories of symptoms that would respond in a cohesive (syndrome) manner in dementia patients, independently of effects of interventions on cognition and functioning. Current data indicate that the BEHAVE-AD does indeed assess a cohesive, cognition- and function independent syndrome in AD and in related dementias that is responsive to psychologic and appropriate pharmacologic intervention. Evidence is also increasing for differential responsiveness of this BPSD syndrome to select pharmacologic agents compared with nonspecific psychologic (placebo) intervention. This article reviews the evidence for this BPSD syndrome in dementia patients, as assessed with the BEHAVE-AD.
Overcoming barriers to teaching medical housestaff about psychiatric aspects of medical practice.

Objective This article describes a training program in psychiatric aspects of medical practice. It is aimed at medical residents. Methods Six fundamental elements have been identified that contribute to the effectiveness of this program. 1) It directly confronts resistance to such training. 2) Practical skills are emphasized. 3) Learning is active. 4) Attention to group process during training is used. 5) Integration by on-site location of the psychiatrist and co-teaching with medical faculty is essential. 6) Teaching efforts are integrated with clinical service. Results All 112 medical housestaff participate in the program with a generally enthusiastic response. Conclusions Successful educational programs for primary care residents require teaching collaboration between psychiatric and medical faculty and impart specific clinical skills while addressing perceived burdens of time and emotional reactions.
Antecedents of Substance Use among Mexican American School-Age Children:

This article describes a study designed to examine the association of demographic, psychological, and environmental characteristics of a sample of low socioeconomic status, Mexican American students in elementary and middle school and their reported use of nine substances.Students in grades four, five, and six (N = 2295; males 52% and females 48%) located in a metropolitan school district in South Texas were surveyed in order to ascertain information pertaining to the initiation and/or ongoing use of substances. Regression analyses were employed to determine the relative contribution of variables measured to lifetime use of both minor and major substances. Results indicate that a specific combination of variables were predictive of both minor and major substance use for the subjects surveyed. Implications for future research and substance intervention are included.
An Assessment of Emotional Reactivity to Frustration of Goal Pursuit in Euthymic Bipolar I Disorder

Affective disturbance is a central feature of bipolar disorder. Many investigators have hypothesized that euthymic people with bipolar disorder might display elevated emotional reactivity, but laboratory studies of emotional reactivity have had mixed results. Drawing on theories of bipolar disorder that emphasize dysregulation of goal pursuit, we hypothesized that people with bipolar disorder might be emotionally hyperreactive to frustration of goal pursuit. Forty-seven euthymic participants with bipolar disorder and 43 control participants played a computer game for a monetary reward. To induce frustration, we programmed the game to respond inconsistently to user input during two periods. The frustration induction was successful as measured by self-report, physiological responding, and facial behavior, but contrary to the hypothesis of emotional hyperreactivity in bipolar disorder, the bipolar and control groups were equally reactive to frustration. Future studies will benefit from more specific hypothes...
An extended variational method applied to poiseuille flow: Temperature dependent viscosity

Abstract The recent work of I. Prigogine and P. Glansdorff has shown that a variational method can be applied to problems which cannot be described by self-adjoint differential equations. As an example of the use of this extended variational principle, the problem of slow viscous incompressible flow through a tube is considered. The wall of the tube is maintained at a uniform temperature, and the thermal conductivity of the fluid is assumed to be constant. The steady state temperature and velocity distributions are determined over the tube radius for the particular case where the fluid viscosity is linearly dependent upon the temperature. Comparisons between the results obtained through numerical integration of the exact equations and those obtained using the variational approach are favorable over a range of the viscosity-temperature coefficient.
Quantitative diffuse optical tomography using a mobile phone camera and automatic 3D photo stitching

We show proof-of-concept for using an ultra-portable mobile-phone-based imaging system for quantitative 3D diffuse optical tomography. Phantom images were successfully recovered using a photo-stitched 3D model and near-infrared images, both acquired from a mobile-phone camera.
Patterns of human cytomegalovirus infection in term placentas: a preliminary analysis

Abstract Background Primary maternal CMV infection is the major risk factor for symptomatic congenital infection as maternal immunity reduces the risk of transmission to the fetus. Analysis of first trimester placentas showed that virus replicates in the uterus and is transmitted to the placenta causing focal infection. Objectives and study design We examined 78 term placentas from uncomplicated deliveries for the presence of CMV DNA and evaluated evidence of infection by means of immunohistological and serological analysis. Results PCR analysis of villus biopsy samples and decidua showed that CMV DNA was present in 62% of tissues. Seven placentas with neutralizing titers were further examined by immunohistology for expression of viral proteins. In placentas with high levels of CMV DNA, fetal blood vessels in the villus core contained neutrophils with viral replication proteins, and macrophages/dendritic cells with glycoprotein B (gB). Cord blood samples from 1 of 11 placentas contained CMV DNA, an indication of replication in the fetal compartment. In placentas with low levels of viral DNA, macrophage/dendritic cells in the villus core contained CMV gB. This pattern was comparable to that seen in early gestation placentas from women with strong neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions The results show CMV replication proteins in focal areas of the placenta, implying virus transmission to the fetal circulation. These preliminary results suggest that the incidence of asymptomatic congenital CMV infection might be higher than currently estimated.
Validating a Rate-Based Measure of Early Grammatical AbilitiesUnique Syntactic Types

This paper introduces an alternative measure of grammatical development, unique syntactic types (UST), for use with young children with intervention goals focusing on the emergence of word combinat...
Tolerogenic forms of auto-antigens and cytokines in the induction of resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction by homogenized myelin (MSCH) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and pertussigen (P) in SJL mice was seen 1 week after intravenous injection of PLP 139-151 coupled to spleen cells (PLP-ECDI-SP). Although this resistance could be transferred by spleen cells enriched for CD8+ T cells and thus had a component of immunoregulatory T cells, it was primarily due to anergy, as it was reversible by four daily injections of interleukin (II)-2 starting 3 days after the PLP-ECDI-SP. Earlier treatment with IL-2 did not reverse the tolerance. In view of the known higher sensitivity to anergy induction of Th1 than of Th2 cells, a change in the cytokine balance in the response to MSCH+CFA after anergy induction might be responsible for the resistance to EAE induction. The effect of treatment with cytokines alone on induction of EAE was therefore also determined. Short-term (1-2 weeks) daily pretreatment with IL-2 (4000 U) or TGF-beta 2 (1 micrograms) somewhat decreased the susceptibility to subsequent EAE induction, but IL-4 (5 ng), IL-10 (5 micrograms) or IL-12 (50-200 ng) had no effect under those conditions, even if low doses of PLP were injected simultaneously. Daily injections of IL-4 over an 8-week period prior to immunization, however, significantly lowered the incidence of EAE. Simultaneous injections of IFN-gamma (2000 U/day) completely abolished this effect of IL-4. The effect of these cytokines administered immediately after the immunization with MSCH + CFA + P was also examined. As shown earlier, TGF-beta 2 (100-1000 ng/day) caused a marked protection when it was given intraperitoneally on days 5-9 after injection of MSCH + CFA. IL-4 (5 ng/day), in contrast, was very protective when administered on days 0-4 and less so when given on days 5-9 or even on days 0-12. IL-10 (1 microgram/day) was not protective under these conditions and IL-12 (50 ng/day) significantly increased the severity and mortality of EAE when given on days 0-4 after MSCH + CFA.
Dynamically formed black hole+millisecond pulsar binaries in globular clusters

The discovery of a binary comprising a black hole (BH) and a millisecond pulsar (MSP) would yield insights into stellar evolution and facilitate exquisitely sensitive tests of general relativity. Globular clusters (GCs) are known to harbour large MSP populations and recent studies suggest that GCs may also retain a substantial population of stellar mass BHs. We modelled the formation of BH+MSP binaries in GCs through exchange interactions between binary and single stars. We found that in dense, massive clusters most of the dynamically formed BH+MSP binaries will have orbital periods of 2–10 d, regardless of the mass of the BH, the number of BHs retained by the cluster, and the nature of the GC's binary population. The size of the BH+MSP population is sensitive to several uncertain parameters, including the BH mass function, the BH retention fraction, and the binary fraction in GCs. Based on our models, we estimate that there are 0.6 ± 0.2 dynamically formed BH+MSP binaries in the Milky Way GC system, and place an upper limit on the size of this population of ∼10. Interestingly, we find that BH+MSP binaries will be rare even if GCs retain large BH populations.
UV/spray chamber for generation of volatile photo-induced products having enhanced sample introduction efficiency

A combined spray chamber/UV photolysis unit is described which is shown to substantially enhance sample introduction efficiency for several elements in the presence of 1–5% concentrations of formic, acetic and propionic acids. Enhancement factors of 2–40-fold were achieved for Ag, As, Se, Sb, Hg, I, Bi, Pb and Sn when the aerosol field within the cyclonic chamber produced during conventional concentric nebulizer sample introduction was illuminated by an axially placed 6 W mercury pen lamp. UV photolysis of the organic acids likely initiates radical reactions, generating volatile analyte species.
Selective Use of Indocyanine Green Angiography for Occult Choroidal Neovascularization

Purpose Indocyanine green angiography is useful in situations where fluorescein angiography shows occult choroidal neovascularization or pigment epithelial detachment. We sought to determine how often the selective application of indocyanine green angiography results in useful information for eyes with occult choroidal neovascularization. Methods We reviewed 153 consecutive indocyanine green angiograms and identified 77 in which corresponding fluorescein angiograms showed occult choroidal neovascularization or pigment epithelial detachment. We examined the indocyanine green angiograms to detect areas of hyperfluorescence and to classify the margins of hyperfluorescence as well demarcated or poorly demarcated. Results Of 77 eyes, 42 (55%) eyes had occult choroidal neovascularization by fluorescein angiography, seven (9%) eyes had both classic and occult choroidal neovascularization by fluorescein angiography, and 28 (36%) eyes had pigment epithelial detachments. Of 42 eyes with occult choroidal neovascularization by fluorescein angiography, 21 (50%) had well-demarcated margins, 13 (31%) had poorly demarcated margins, and eight (19%) had no detectable hyperfluorescence by indocyanine green angiography. Of seven eyes with both classic and occult choroidal neovascularization by fluorescein angiography, two had both poorly demarcated and well-demarcated borders, two had only poorly demarcated borders, and three had well-demarcated borders by indocyanine green. The indocyanine green angiogram showed 23 (82%) of 28 pigment epithelial detachments to have well-demarcated borders of hyperfluorescence; 13 (57%) of 23 were treated. Conclusion Indocyanine green angiography adds clinically useful information to fluorescein angiography by demonstrating well-demarcated areas of hyperfluorescence in 50% of eyes selected because of diagnosis of occult choroidal neovascularization and in 82% of eyes selected because of pigment epithelial detachment.
Prosodic features of bad news and good news in conversation

Recent work suggests the importance of integrating prosodic research with research on the sequential organization of ordinary conversation. This paper examines how interactants use prosody as a resource in the joint accomplishment of delivered news as good or bad. Analysis of approximately 100 naturally occurring conversational news deliveries reveals that both good and bad news are presented and received with characteristic prosodic features that are consistent with expression of joy and sorrow, respectively, as described in the existing literature on prosody. These prosodic features are systematically deployed in each of the four turns of the prototypical news delivery sequence. Proposals and ratifications of the valence of a delivery are often made prosodically in the initial turns of the prototypical four-turn news delivery, while lexical assessments of news are often made later. When prosody is used to propose the valence of an item of news, subsequent lexical assessments tend to be alignments with these earlier ascriptions of valence, rather than independent appraisals of the news. (Bad news, good news, conversation analysis, prosody, sequencing).* Conversational news deliveries are rarely neutral; instead, they are usually accomplished as valenced, as being either good news or bad news. By displaying an evaluative stance toward the news, participants orient to information in terms not only of its status as news, but also of its perceived affective significance for the individuals involved. As shown by Maynard 1997, valence is not determined by some intrinsic goodness or badness of the news but rather is achieved by the interactants. Ascribing valence to an item of news may be done lexically ,a s in pre-announcement forecasts, e.g. I have some bad newsfor you, or more frequently, in post-announcement assessments, e.g. Oh that’s terrible (Terasaki 1976, Maynard 1996a). However, valence may also be ascribed usingprosody; the term is used loosely here to cover aspects of talk such as pitch, intonation, loudness, and speech rate, as well as more properly paralinguistic features such as voice quality. Prosodic phenomena are employed as devices that propose a particular affective orientation to the news. In this paper, we explicate methodic aspects of the use of
A comparison of the three-factor eating questionnaire and the restraint scale and consideration of lowe’s three-factor model

This study compared the Restraint Scale (RS) and the Cognitive Restraint Scale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-CR) in their ability to predict negative-affect eating (disinhibition of restraint) in the laboratory. It was hypothesized that the RS would be a better predictor of disinhibited eating in the laboratory. Subjects (104 college women) were classified as either high or low on both scales, resulting in four separate groups. Subjects were then randomly assigned to either negative or neutral mood manipulations resulting in a 2 x 2 x 2 (RS x TFEQ-CR x Mood) design. A taste-test paradigm was utilized in which grams of crackers consumed following the mood manipulation was the dependent measure. No significant differences in laboratory food consumption were found between groups. Evidence was provided, however, suggesting that there are important differences between the two scales. The current study did offer some support for Lowe's (1993) three-factor model of dieting behavior, which differentiates between individuals who are currently dieting and those who have a history of frequent dieting and overeating.
Preattentive processes guide visual search: Evidence from patients with unilateral visual neglect

Preattentive processes such as perceptual grouping are thought to be important in the initial guidance of visual attention and may also operate in unilateral neglect by contributing to the definition of a task-appropriate reference frame. We explored this question with a visual search task in which patients with unilateral visual neglect (5 with right-, 2 with left-hemisphere damage) searched a diamond-shaped matrix for a conjunction target that shared one feature with each of two distractor elements. Additional grouping stimuli appeared as flanks either on the left, right, or both sides of the central matrix, and significantly changed performance in the search task. As expected, when flanks appeared only on the ipsilesional side a decrement in search performance was observed, but the further addition of contralesional flanks actually reduced the decrement and returned performance to near baseline levels. These data suggest that flanking stimuli on the neglected contralesional side of visual space can influence the reference frame by grouping with task-relevant stimuli, and that this preattentive influence can be preserved in patients with unilateral visual neglect.
Region-specific stability of dendritic extent in normal human aging and regression in Alzheimer's disease. I. CA1 of hippocampus

Pyramidal neurons in two subdivisions of CA1 (CA1c and CA1a + b) of hippocampus from human brains obtained at autopsy were studied in Golgi Cox-stained tissue. Seventeen cases were a part of a normal aging series, ranging in age from 43 to 95 years; and 5 cases had Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dendritic extent of apical and basal trees was found to be stable in normal aging. In AD there was a significant loss of total dendritic length and/or average segment length for the apical and basal trees of both subdivisions of CA1. This finding is consistent with the findings of severe pathology in CA1 reported by others. The reductions in overall dendritic extent in CA1a + b in AD could be attributed largely to alterations in the lengths of the terminal segments. Apical and basal trees of CA1c were more severely affected by AD than those of CA1a + b and showed more widespread reductions in numbers of segments as well as lengths of segments.
Inviting instability: Transposable elements, double-strand breaks, and the maintenance of genome integrity

The ubiquity of mobile elements in mammalian genomes poses considerable challenges for the maintenance of genome integrity. The predisposition of mobile elements towards participation in genomic rearrangements is largely a consequence of their interspersed homologous nature. As tracts of nonallelic sequence homology, they have the potential to interact in a disruptive manner during both meiotic recombination and DNA repair processes, resulting in genomic alterations ranging from deletions and duplications to large-scale chromosomal rearrangements. Although the deleterious effects of transposable element (TE) insertion events have been extensively documented, it is arguably through post-insertion genomic instability that they pose the greatest hazard to their host genomes. Despite the periodic generation of important evolutionary innovations, genomic alterations involving TE sequences are far more frequently neutral or deleterious in nature. The potentially negative consequences of this instability are perhaps best illustrated by the >25 human genetic diseases that are attributable to TE-mediated rearrangements. Some of these rearrangements, such as those involving the MLL locus in leukemia and the LDL receptor in familial hypercholesterolemia, represent recurrent mutations that have independently arisen multiple times in human populations. While TE-instability has been a potent force in shaping eukaryotic genomes and a significant source of genetic disease, much concerning the mechanisms governing the frequency and variety of these events remains to be clarified. Here we survey the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying mobile element-based genetic instability in mammals. Compared to simpler eukaryotic systems, mammalian cells appear to have several modifications to their DNA-repair ensemble that allow them to better cope with the large amount of interspersed homology that has been generated by TEs. In addition to the disruptive potential of nonallelic sequence homology, we also consider recent evidence suggesting that the endonuclease products of TEs may also play a key role in instigating mammalian genomic instability.
Micro-packed Columns for Gas Chromatography

As long ago as 1956, Dr. A. J. P. Martin pointed out1 that operation of thermal conductivity detectors at reduced pressures should enable them to measure samples at the µg-level and he states that columns would be correspondingly smaller in diameter, perhaps 0.2 mm.
Coherent motion and stereopsis in dynamic visual noise

Abstract Dynamic visual noise that is binocularly viewed with one eye shaded by a neutral density filter is perceived as having coherent lateral motion and stereoscopic depth. Typically, the incoherent stimulus is transformed into a pair of oppositely drifting sheets, one apparently recessed, the other protruded with respect to the plane of the display. Experimental results which characterize the spatial and temporal properties of this effect are presented. We explain this phenomenon as a global processing version of an apparent motion Pulfrich effect.
Effect of anchorage dependency on growth rate and monoclonal antibody production of hybridoma cells

Hybridoma cells (S3H5/γ2bA2) are found to grow either in suspension or as attached to the surface of cell culture T flask. Cell growth rates and monoclonal antibody (MAB) production rates of both suspended and attached cells were examined. Although the percentage of viable cells was higher for the attached cells, cells growing in suspension showed almost the same charateristics as cells attached to the flasks with respect to cell growth and MAB production rate. Cell attachment increased with increasing serum concentrations up to 5% and remained essentially constant at cell densities of about 2·105/cm2.
Simultaneous Pc 1 observations by the synchronous satellite ATS-1 and ground stations - Implications concerning IPDP generation mechanisms

Results are presented for an experimental study designed to examine the properties of Pc 1 activity observed simultaneously at ATS 1 and two Canadian ground stations. The Pc 1 activity is found to follow substorm expansion phase onsets and to occur most frequently at dusk. Dynamic spectra waves at both ground stations are that of IPDP (Intervals of Pulsations Diminishing by Period) type Pc 1. A previously proposed mechanism to explain IPDP generation, which required a rapid increase in the equatorial magnetic field to produce IPDP, is inconsistent with the dynamic spectra and magnetic field observations. Either purely azimuthal or a combination of azimuthal and radial inward drift of energetic resonant protons is an equally plausible mechanism to explain IPDP generation.
Overview of Eye tracking Datasets

Datasets of images or videos annotated with eye tracking data constitute important ground truth for studies on saliency models, which have applications in quality assessment and other areas. Over two dozen such databases are now available in the public domain; they are presented in this paper.
Student difficulties measuring distances in terms of wavelength: Lack of basic skills or failure to transfer?

In a previous paper that focused on the transmission of periodic waves at the boundary between two media, we documented difficulties with the basic concepts of wavelength, frequency, and propagation speed, and with the relationship $v=f\ensuremath{\lambda}$. In this paper, we report on student attempts to apply this relationship in problems involving two-source and thin-film interference. In both cases, interference arises from differences in the path lengths traveled by two waves. We found that some students (up to 40% on certain questions) had difficulty with a task that is fundamental to understanding these phenomena: expressing a physical distance, such as the separation between two sources, in terms of the wavelength of a periodic wave. We administered a series of questions to try to identify factors that influence student performance. We concluded that most incorrect responses stemmed from erroneous judgment about the type of reasoning required, not an inability to do said reasoning. A number of students do not seem to treat the spacing of moving wave fronts as analogous to immutable measurement tools (e.g., rulers).
Behaviour and development of Elasmosoma sp. (Neoneurinae: Braconidae: Hymenoptera), an endoparasite of Formica ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)

The behaviour and development of Elasmosoma sp., near pergandei Ashm. (Neoneurinae: Braconidae: Hymenoptera), a parasite of the ant, Formica obscuriventris clivia Creighton, was studied in a coastal sand dune habitat in central Oregon over a 2-year period. Female wasps oviposited into the abdomen of major worker ants after alighting briefly on the host. Embryonic development of the wasp occurred inside the serosal membrane or trophamnion of the egg in the abdomen of the ant host. First instar wasp larvae possessed a large head capsule with falcate mandibles, 11 ventral body lobes, an elongate tail and a dorsally located anus. Second instar larvae were unspecialized and lacked the large head capsule, elongate tail and paired ventral body lobes. Third instar larvae were hymenopteriform with a distinct head capsule. Cocoon formation and adult emergence is described. Observations on the percentage parasitism and altered behaviour of parasitized ants are presented. The association between neoneurine wasps and ants is a well-balanced system that has been in existence for at least 40 million years.
Inhibitory effect of deoxyhemoglobin A2 on the rate of deoxyhemoglobin S polymerization.

Abstract From a consideration of the primary sequence of hemoglobin A 2 and the reported 5 a molecular contacts between deoxyhemoglobin S molecules in a crystal, it is predicted that hemoglobin A 2 might act as an inhibitor of the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S in a manner similar to hemoglobin. F. This has been tested experimentally by measuring the rate of change of the transverse water proton relaxation times ( T 2 ) in equimolar mixtures of hemoglobin S and one of the non-gelling hemoglobins A, F or A 2 . Hemoglobins A 2 and F have far more pronounced inhibitory effects on the rate of polymerization than does hemoglobin A. These molecules contain several amino acid differences from hemoglobin A beta chains which are located in the 5 A molecular crystal contacts and these altered crystal contacts result in a much stronger inhibition of the rate of polymerization. Since hemoglobin A 2 is a normal hemoglobin found in small amounts in all adult red cells, increased delta chain synthesis may have potential importance in therapy for sickle cell disease.
Political participation in the Soviet Union

(1976). Political participation in the Soviet Union. Soviet Studies: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the substratum adhesion sites of human neuroblastoma cells: modulation of affinity binding to fibronectin.

Tissue culture substratum adhesion sites from EGTA-detached Platt human neuroblastoma cells were extracted with a buffer containing octylglucoside, NaCl, guanidine hydrochloride, and a variety of protease inhibitors, an extraction which resulted in quantitative solubilization of the 35SO4=-radiolabeled proteoglycans and 3H-leucine-radiolabeled proteins. Of the sulfate-radiolabeled material, the vast majority was heparan sulfate proteoglycan (Kav = 0.15 on Sepharose C14B columns) and the remainder was chondroitin sulfate chains (no single chains of heparan sulfate were observed). This extract was then fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex columns under two different buffer elution conditions. Under DEAE-I conditions in low ionic strength acetate buffer, two major peaks of 35SO4=-radiolabeled material (A, B) and a minor peak (C) could be resolved in the NaCl gradient; however, three-fourths of the material required 4 M guanidine hydrochloride to elute it from the column (peak D). Under DEAE-II conditions in acetate buffer supplemented with 8 M urea, the vast majority of the proteoglycan material could be eluted in the NaCl gradient as peak AB. Peak D material was shown to contain aggregated proteoglycan, along with nonproteoglycan protein, which high concentrations of urea or guanidine could dissociate, but not nonionic or zwitterionic detergents. Three different affinity chromatography systems were used to further characterize these components. Approximately 60% of peak A heparan sulfate proteoglycan from DEAE-I binds to the hydrophobic matrix, octyl-Sepharose, while 80% of the proteoglycan in DEAE-I peak D binds to this hydrophobic column. A sizable fraction of peak A proteoglycan fails to bind to plasma fibronectin but does bind to platelet factor-4 affinity columns. In contrast, peak AB proteoglycan from DEAE-II columns yields a much higher proportion of molecules which do bind to fibronectin. To examine the basis for these differences in affinity binding, nonproteoglycan protein from these adhesion sites was mixed with peak AB proteoglycan prior to affinity chromatography; proteoglycan binding to fibronectin decreased markedly while binding to platelet factor-4 was unaffected. This modulating activity involves the binding of nonproteoglycan protein in adhesion site extracts to both fibronectin on the column, as well as to heparan sulfate proteoglycan itself, and it could not be mimicked by a number of known proteins in adhesion site extracts or several other proteins. These results demonstrate selectivity and specificity in this modulation and indicate that a previously unidentified protein(s) is responsible. The significance of these findings in the substratum adhesion processes of neuronal cells is discussed.
Lung transplantation in patients with connective tissue disorders and esophageal dysmotility

SUMMARY. Lung and esophageal dysfunction are common in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD). Recent reports have suggested a link between pathologic gastroesophageal reflux and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplant. Because patients with CTD have a high incidence of esophageal dysmotility and reflux, this group may be at increased risk of allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Little is known about antireflux surgery in these patients. Our aims were to describe: (i) the esophageal motility and reflux profile of patients with CTD referred for lung transplantation; and (ii) the safety and outcomes of laparoscopic fundoplication in this group. A retrospective review of 26 patients with CTD referred for lung transplantation between July 2003 and June 2007 at a single center. Esophageal studies included manometry and ambulatory 24-h pH monitoring. Twenty-three patients had esophageal manometry and ambulatory 24-h pH monitoring. Nineteen patients (83%) had pathologic distal reflux and 7 (30%) also had pathologic proximal reflux. Eighteen patients (78%) had impaired or absent peristalsis. Eleven of 26 patients underwent lung transplantation. Ten patients are alive at a median follow-up of 26 months (range 3–45) and one has bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome-1. Six patients had a laparoscopic fundoplication, 1 before transplantation and 5 after. All fundoplication patients are alive at median follow-up of 25 months (range 19–45). In conclusion, esophageal dysmotility and reflux are common in CTD patients referred for lung transplant. For this group, laparoscopic fundoplication is safe in experienced hands.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and protein activator in fetal rabbit tissues

Abstract Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity (EC 3.1.4.17) was studied in fetal and newborn rabbit brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung. Kinetic analysis of phosphodiesterase activity from homogenates of organs from the 25-day embryo suggested the presence of a high K m and a low K m activity for both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolysis. The addition of 1 μ m cyclic GMP to the assay stimulated the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP by whole homogenates of liver, brain, lung, and kidney, but not heart, at all of the ages studied. The addition of micromolar levels of calcium ion stimulated cyclic GMP hydrolysis by homogenates of fetal brain, heart, and kidney, with or without added protein activator. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was not stimulated by the addition of calcium ion in homogenates of early fetal rabbit liver and lung, but stimulation was detected in the late embryo and newborn. The presence of the heat-stable protein activator was demonstrated in brain, heart, kidney, liver, and lung tissue at all of the fetal ages studied, and in the newborn rabbit. DEAE-cellulose chromatography demonstrated the presence of three separable enzymes in brain and liver at 15 days, heart at 19 days, and lung and kidney at 25 days of gestation, with no changes in the kinetic properties of the isolated enzymes during development. These experiments suggest that all of the organs studied have the mature array of phosphodiesterases early in development, but an enzyme from liver and lung becomes sensitive to regulatory control by calcium only late in gestation.