cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PubMed Enhancements: Fulfilling the Promise of a Great Product

There have been many recent changes to PubMed to enhance its usefulness. Those changes include: LinkOut Libraries (local holding field), PubMed Central (full-text articles archived by the National Library of Medicine), and LinkOut (access to full-text articles right from the PubMed citation). Medical librarians should be aware of how these features work to best assist their clients. These new features offer the possibility of true desktop access for library patrons. Not only will patrons appreciate these new features, but their use in libraries will literally change what we do, who does it, and how it is done.
Transportation Energy Pathways LDRD.

This report presents a system dynamics based model of the supply-demand interactions between the USlight-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet, its fuels, and the corresponding primary energy sources through the year2050. An important capability of our model is the ability to conduct parametric analyses. Others have reliedupon scenario-based analysis, where one discrete set of values is assigned to the input variables and used togenerate one possible realization of the future. While these scenarios can be illustrative of dominant trendsand tradeoffs under certain circumstances, changes in input values or assumptions can have a significantimpact on results, especially when output metrics are associated with projections far into the future. Thistype of uncertainty can be addressed by using a parametric study to examine a range of values for the inputvariables, offering a richer source of data to an analyst.The parametric analysis featured here focuses on a trade space exploration, with emphasis on factors thatinfluence the adoption rates of electric vehicles (EVs), the reduction of GHG emissions, and the reduction ofpetroleum consumption within the US LDV fleet. The underlying model emphasizes competition between13 different types of powertrains, including conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs), conventional hybrids(HEVs), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles(BEVs).We find that many factors contribute to the adoption rates of EVs. These include the pace of technologicaldevelopment for the electric powertrain, battery performance, as well as the efficiency improvements inconventional vehicles. Policy initiatives can also have a dramatic impact on the degree of EV adoption. Theconsumer effective payback period, in particular, can significantly increase the market penetration rates ifextended towards the vehicle lifetime.Widespread EV adoption can have noticeable impact on petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas(GHG) emission by the LDV fleet. However, EVs alone cannot drive compliance with the most aggressiveGHG emission reduction targets, even as the current electricity source mix shifts away from coal and towardsnatural gas. Since ICEs will comprise the majority of the LDV fleet for up to forty years, conventional vehicleefficiency improvements have the greatest potential for reductions in LDV GHG emissions over this time.These findings seem robust even if global oil prices rise to two to three times current projections. Thus,investment in improving the internal combustion engine might be the cheapest, lowest risk avenue towardsmeeting ambitious GHG emission and petroleum consumption reduction targets out to 2050.3 AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank Dr. Andrew Lutz, Dr. Benjamin Wu, Prof. Joan Ogden and Dr. ChristopherYang for their suggestions over the course of this project. This work was funded by the Laboratory DirectedResearch and Development program at Sandia National Laboratories.4
Effect of Sodium Monofluoroacetate on Multiplication of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus.

SummaryThe reduplication of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in mouse brain is delayed in mice previously treated with sodium monofluoroacetate. This chemical seems to prolong the survival time of the infected animals, although it does not otherwise alter the course of infection. In high concentration, the chemical has no direct effect in vitro on the infectivity of the virus, nor does it show an in vivo effect on the susceptibility of the host to the infection with this virus.
EFFECTS OF UNREINFORCED CONDITIONAL SELECTION TRAINING, MULTIPLE NEGATIVE COMPARISON TRAINING, AND FEEDBACK ON EQUIVALENCE CLASS FORMATION

Eighty-eight college students learned a series of unlinked conditional discriminations designed to induce a repertoire of unreinforced conditional selection of comparison stimuli. The 80 subjects who completed this pretraining then learned the new conditional relations AB, BC, and CD in each of two stimulus sets. The A, B, and C stimuli were novel nonsense syllables. The D stimulus was a “short” line in one class and a “long” line in the other class. Half the subjects received response contingent feedback during baseline training trials; within this group, subjects were exposed to either 1, 2, 4, or 8 negative comparisons while the baseline relations were being presented. The other half did not receive response contingent feedback; within this group subjects were exposed to either 1, 2, 4, or 8 negative comparisons during the training of the baseline relations. On any given training trial, however, only two comparisons were presented. For subjects who received feedback during training, an increase in the number of negative comparisons used in training led to an increase in the number of subjects who formed classes. When feedback was used during training, the percentage of subjects who formed classes increased from 80 to 100% as the number of negative comparisons increased from 1 to 8. When feedback was not used during training, the percentage of subjects who formed classes decreased from 60 to 40% as the number of negative comparisons increased from 1 to 8. Thus, feedback influenced the likelihood of class formation and interacted with the number of negative comparisons used in training.
The Utah PET lesion detection database

Task-based assessment of image quality is a challenging but necessary step in evaluating advancements in PET instrumentation, algorithms, and processing. We have been developing methods of evaluating observer performance for detecting and localizing focal warm lesions using experimentally-acquired whole-body phantom data designed to mimic oncologic FDG PET imaging. This work describes a new resource of experimental phantom data that is being developed to facilitate lesion detection studies for the evaluation of PET reconstruction algorithms and related developments. A new large custom-designed thorax phantom has been constructed to complement our existing medium thorax phantom, providing two whole-body setups for lesion detection experiments. The new phantom is ~50% larger and has a removable spine/rib-cage attenuating structure that is held in place with low water resistance open cell foam. Several series of experiments have been acquired, with more ongoing, including both 2D and fully-3D acquisitions on tomographs from multiple vendors, various phantom configurations and lesion distributions. All raw data, normalizations, and calibrations are collected and offloaded to the database, enabling subsequent retrospective offline reconstruction with research software for various applications. The offloaded data are further processed to identify the true lesion locations in preparation for use with both human observers and numerical studies using the channelized non-prewhitened observer. These data have been used to study the impact of improved statistical algorithms, point spread function modeling, and time-of-flight measurements upon focal lesion detection performance, and studies on the effects of accelerated block-iterative algorithms and advanced regularization techniques are currently ongoing. Interested researchers are encouraged to contact the author regarding potential collaboration and application of database experiments to their projects.
Depression and Anxiety Assessment

Generally speaking, psychological assessment may include many measures of human behavior, including a clinical interview with the patient, behavioral observations, data from the medical record, information from family members or loved ones, and data from norm-referenced tests. More specifically, depression and anxiety assessment refers to an evaluation process that uses a combination of standardized and non-standardized measures to identify the presence, severity, and impact of symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Estimating Behind-the-meter Solar Generation with Existing Measurement Infrastructure: Poster Abstract

Real-time PV generation information is crucial for distribution system operations, in particular for switching operations, state-estimation, and management of the voltage at the point of provision. However, most behind-the-meter solar installations are not monitored. Typically, the only information available to the distribution system operator is the installed capacity. Our main purpose in this study is to estimate behind-the-meter PV generation using data from smart meters.
Robust environment perception for the Audi Autonomous Driving Cup

One of the biggest challenges towards fully automated driving is achieving robustness. Autonomous vehicles will have to fully recognize their environment even in harsh weather conditions. Additionally, they have to be able to detect sensor and algorithm failures and react properly to keep the vehicle in a safe state.
Rational Choice Theory: A Forum for Exchange of Ideas between the Hard and Social Sciences in Predictive Behavioral Modeling

The rational choice model of human behavior provides general assumptions that underlie most of the predictive behavioral modeling done in the social sciences. Surprisingly, despite its origins in the work of eminent mathematicians and computer scientists and its current prominence in the social sciences, there has been relatively little interest among hard scientists in incorporating rational choice assumptions into their agent-based analysis of behavior. It is argued here that doing so will introduce greater theoretical generality into agent-based models, and will also provide hard scientists an opportunity to contribute solutions to known weaknesses in the conventional version of rational choice. This in turn will invigorate the dialogue between social scientists and hard scientists studying social phenomena.
Cicada: Dependably Fast Multi-Core In-Memory Transactions

Multi-core in-memory databases promise high-speed online transaction processing. However, the performance of individual designs suffers when the workload characteristics miss their small sweet spot of a desired contention level, read-write ratio, record size, processing rate, and so forth. Cicada is a single-node multi-core in-memory transactional database with serializability. To provide high performance under diverse workloads, Cicada reduces overhead and contention at several levels of the system by leveraging optimistic and multi-version concurrency control schemes and multiple loosely synchronized clocks while mitigating their drawbacks. On the TPC-C and YCSB benchmarks, Cicada outperforms Silo, TicToc, FOEDUS, MOCC, two-phase locking, Hekaton, and ERMIA in most scenarios, achieving up to 3X higher throughput than the next fastest design. It handles up to 2.07 M TPC-C transactions per second and 56.5 M YCSB transactions per second, and scans up to 356 M records per second on a single 28-core machine.
Cell Transplantation Therapy for Glaucoma

Glaucoma, a major cause of blindness, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells and degeneration of optic nerve. Like other parts of the central nervous system, retinal ganglion cells do not regenerate. Current therapies may prevent or delay further damage, but cannot restore vision. Cell transplantation therapies hold great promise for slowing disease progression and restoring vision in glaucoma. Here, we summarize the current status of cell transplantation in glaucoma therapy. Accumulating evidence shows that transplanted cells can secrete and release neuroprotective factors to prevent or stop disease progression, and donor cells may replace lost cells and restore function. We further discuss the translational progress of cell transplantation for different cell types and the prospects of harnessing the endogenous regenerative potential of the eye. This discussion provides insights to achieve the goal of restoring vision in glaucoma using cell therapy.
A Content Analysis of Research on Masculinity Ideologies Using All Forms of the Male Role Norms Inventory (mrni)

Since its development in the late 1980s, the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI) and related forms have been used in 91 studies to examine masculinity ideologies through male role norms in the United States and other countries with over 30,000 participants. The study of male role norms and masculinity ideologies has remained a prominent area of study in the psychology of men and masculinities since at least 1995. Since the last formal review of the MRNI in 2007, 2 new forms of the MRNI have been developed, including short form and adolescent versions, and various forms of the measure have been used in at least 70 additional studies. After describing the development and psychometric properties of the MRNI, this article reports the results of a content analysis of all studies on male role norms using the MRNI in all forms, describing sample demographics, methodologies, topics, and findings. Results of the present study show the MRNI has been used to investigate men’s psychological, physical, and sexual health, romantic relationships, quality of friendships, and vocational decisions. The MRNI has also been utilized in examining negative attitudes toward People of Color and sexual minority and gender nonconforming men. This content analysis also highlights understudied areas such as body image, sports, religiousness/spirituality, and fatherhood. Finally, it calls for more representative samples in terms of ethnic, racial, sexual orientation, and gender diversity. Implications for clinical applications of previous findings are discussed and recommendations for further investigating male role norms and masculinity ideologies research are presented.
Introduction: Baron de Vastey in Haitian (Revolutionary) Context

This introduction demonstrates how Vastey’s usage of deconstructive reversals and vindicationism to attack the philosophical foundations of slavery, colonialism, and racism continues a tradition of pamphleteering evident in French Saint-Domingue on the eve of the Revolution. The author argues that it is important to recognize the characteristics of writing by people of color from French Saint-Domingue written and published before formal Haitian independence because these early Haitian texts—produced largely by free people of color in revolutionary Saint-Domingue—contributed to the later development of Haitian anti-slavery writing by official members of the Haitian state like Baron de Vastey.
Hydrogen Bonding and Donor—Acceptor Interactions

Ab initio calculations have played an important role in the development of the theory of the hydrogen bond. First, the calculations have been able to predict properties of hydrogen-bonded complexes prior to experimental observation. Second, the ab initio calculations have been the standard against which semiempirical MO calculations and model theories could be evaluated. Finally, these calculations have provided an important framework for understanding the chemical properties of the hydrogen bond, and its relation to other donor-acceptor interactions and to covalent bonds.
Resident Autonomy in the Operating Room: How Faculty Assess Real-time Entrustability.

Objective This study aimed to identify the empirical processes and evidence that expert surgical teachers use to determine whether to take over certain steps or entrust the resident with autonomy to proceed during an operation. Background Assessing real-time entrustability is inherent in attending surgeons' determinations of residents' intraoperative autonomy in the operating room. To promote residents' autonomy, it is necessary to understand how attending surgeons evaluate residents' performance and support opportunities for independent practice based on the assessment of their entrustability. Methods We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with 43 expert surgical teachers from 21 institutions across 4 regions of the United States, using purposeful and snowball sampling. Participants represented a range of program types, program size, and clinical expertise. We applied the Framework Method of content analysis to iteratively analyze interview transcripts and identify emergent themes. Results We identified a 3-phase process used by most expert surgical teachers in determining whether to take over intraoperatively or entrust the resident to proceed, including 1) monitoring performance and "red flags," 2) assessing entrustability, and 3) granting autonomy. Factors associated with individual surgeons (eg, level of comfort, experience, leadership role) and the context (eg, patient safety, case, and time) influenced expert surgical teachers' determinations of entrustability and residents' final autonomy. Conclusion Expert surgical teachers' 3-phase process of decisions on take-over provides a potential framework that may help surgeons identify appropriate opportunities to develop residents' progressive autonomy by engaging the resident in the determination of entrustability before deciding to take over.
Prevalence and Predictors of Preoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Asymptomatic Patients Undergoing Major Oncologic Surgery

Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of in-hospital mortality for cancer patients; however, the prevalence of preoperative VTE remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with preoperative VTE in asymptomatic patients undergoing major oncologic surgery. Retrospective analysis of 346 patients identified from our prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing abdominopelvic oncologic surgery from 2009 to 2016. The prevalence of preoperative VTE found on screening venous duplex scan was 10.1%. Patients with a history of prior VTE were more likely to have a preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) versus those with no prior VTE (42.9% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.01). Relative risk for prior VTE was 8.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.7–14.3]. Older age was also associated with preoperative VTE. Regression modeling determined that patients were 1.24-fold as likely to have a preoperative DVT for every 5-year increase in age (relative risk 1.24, 95% CI 1.09–1.42). Patients with preoperative DVT were more likely to have been diagnosed with sepsis 1 month prior to surgery (8.6% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.04). There were no postoperative pulmonary emboli. The overall postoperative complication rate was higher in those with a preoperative DVT (25.7% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.071). Asymptomatic patients undergoing major oncologic surgery have a 10.1% prevalence of preoperative DVT. Increasing age, recent diagnosis of sepsis, and a history of prior VTE are significantly associated with preoperative DVTs. This suggests high-risk oncologic patients may benefit from screening lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound prior to Surgery.
Diabetes-Attributable Nursing Home Costs for Each U.S. State

OBJECTIVE To estimate the diabetes-attributable nursing home costs for each state. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a diabetes-attributable fraction (AF) approach to estimate nursing home costs attributable to diabetes (in 2013 $) in aggregate and per person with diabetes in each state. We calculated the AFs as the difference in diabetes prevalence between nursing homes and the community. We used the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid’s 2013–2015 Minimum Data Set to estimate the prevalence of diabetes in nursing homes and to adjust for the intensity of care among people with diabetes in nursing homes. Community prevalence was estimated using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). State nursing home expenditures were from the 2013 State Health Expenditure Accounts. RESULTS The fraction of total nursing home expenditures attributable to diabetes ranged from 12.3% (Illinois) to 22.5% (Washington, DC; median AF of 15.6%, New Jersey). The median AF was highest in the 19–64 years age-group and lowest in the 85 years or older age-group. Nationally, diabetes-attributable nursing home costs were $18.6 billion. State-level diabetes-attributable costs ranged from $21 million in Alaska to $2.0 billion in California. Diabetes-attributable nursing home costs per person ranged from $374 in New Mexico to $1,610 in Washington, DC (median of $799 in Maine). CONCLUSIONS Our estimates provide state policymakers with an improved understanding of the economic burden of diabetes in each state’s nursing homes. These estimates could serve as critical inputs for planning and evaluating diabetes prevention and management interventions that can keep people healthier and living longer in their communities.
Protein phosphatase 2A stimulates activation of TFEB and TFE3 transcription factors in response to oxidative stress

Adaptations and responses to stress conditions are fundamental processes that all cells must accomplish to maintain or restore cellular homeostasis. Cells have a plethora of response pathways to mitigate the effect of different environmental stressors. The transcriptional regulators transcription factor EB (TFEB) and transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) play a key role in the control of these stress pathways. Therefore, understanding their regulation under different stress conditions is of great interest. Here, using a range of human and murine cells, we show that TFEB and TFE3 are activated upon induction of acute oxidative stress by sodium arsenite via an mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-independent process. We found that the mechanism of arsenite-stimulated TFEB and TFE3 activation instead involves protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-mediated dephosphorylation at Ser-211 and Ser-321, respectively. Depletion of either the catalytic (PPP2CA+B) or regulatory (PPP2R2A/B55α) subunits of PP2A, as well as PP2A inactivation with the specific inhibitor okadaic acid, abolished TFEB and TFE3 activation in response to sodium arsenite. Conversely, PP2A activation by ceramide or the sphingosine-like compound FTY720 was sufficient to induce TFE3 nuclear translocation. MS analysis revealed that PP2A dephosphorylates TFEB at several residues, including Ser-109, Ser-114, Ser-122, and Ser-211, thus facilitating TFEB activation. Overall, this work identifies a critical mechanism that activates TFEB and TFE3 without turning off mTORC1 activity. We propose that this mechanism may enable some cell types such as immune or cancer cells that require simultaneous TFEB/TFE3 and mTORC1 signaling to survive and achieve robust cell growth in stressful environments.
Dividend-Growth Stocks

Inflation is the enemy of most households. It is insidious and hugely underestimated by the CPI. Regardless, the CPI, a composite number of retail prices, is the official measure of inflation. In 1970, the CPI was 38.8. In 1980, it climbed to 82.4; in 1990 it was 130.7 and in 2000 it rose to 172.2. This means that in 30 years prices more than quadrupled; in fact, in 2000 the CPI was 4.4381 times higher than it was in 1970.
High-Resolution Patch-Clamp Techniques

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that catalyze the diffusion of ions across cell membranes. For example, a single ion channel may pass 20 pA of current, which is equivalent to a flow of ~108 ions/s. Conformational changes in the channel can turn this flow on and off, thereby producing pulses of current. The patch clamp is a technique that can easily resolve these current pulses, making it the most sensitive assay known for the study of protein conformational changes. With traditional macroscopic techniques the kinetic and permeation properties of ion channels are inferred from measurements of the amplitude and time course of currents arising from ensembles of many thousands of channels. With the patch clamp the transition rates between various conformational states of a channel and the current amplitude of each state can be measured directly for individual channels.
Associations Between Maternal Exposure to Child Abuse, Preterm Birth, and Very Preterm Birth in Young, Nulliparous Women.

Objectives Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. One goal of Healthy People 2020 is to understand the role of preconception lifecourse exposures in relation to pregnancy outcomes, including PTB. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal exposure to multiple forms of childhood abuse and PTB and very preterm birth (vPTB), utilizing a national, population-based sample. MethodsThis study utilized retrospective self-reported maternal exposure to parent/adult caregiver perpetrated emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; non-parental/adult caregiver perpetrated sexual abuse; and history of PTB and vPTB in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The cross-sectional analytic study population consisted of first deliveries to 4181 nulliparous women (mean age at time of delivery = 21.7 years). Results With one exception, we did not observe associations between experiences of child abuse and the likelihood of PTB or vPTB. Only sexual abuse, accompanied by physical force and perpetrated by a non-parent/adult caregiver, was associated with an increased odds of vPTB (aOR = 1.94 (95% CI 1.10, 3.44)), particularly in women for whom abuse began after age 9 (aOR = 2.32 (95% CI 1.25, 4.28)).Conclusions for Practice The relationship between maternal exposure to child abuse and PTB may be limited to specific abuse and PTB subtypes, namely non-parent/caregiver perpetrated sexual abuse by force and vPTB. Future studies should also examine possible effect modifiers, such as maternal age and resilience, which may have the potential to inform interventions that can mitigate effects of maternal early life adversity.
Diets of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta

Author(s): Weinersmith, Kelly L.; Colombano, Denise D.; Bibian, Andrew J.; Young, Matthew J.; Sih, Andew; Conrad, J. Louise | Abstract: Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) were introduced into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) over 100 years ago. In the last 2 decades, the abundance of centrarchids (including Largemouth Bass) in the littoral zone has increased, while some native fish and fish that were previously abundant in the pelagic zone have declined. Largemouth Bass are now one of the most abundant piscivores in the Delta. Understanding the ecology of this top predator — including a comprehensive understanding of what prey are important in Largemouth Bass diets — is important to understanding how this species may affect the Delta fish community. To address this need, we conducted electrofishing surveys of Largemouth Bass at 33 sites every 2 months from 2008 to 2010, measuring fish fork lengths and collecting stomachs contents at each site. We characterized diets using Percent Index of Relative Importance for 3,004 Largemouth Bass, with samples that spanned all seasons. Amphipods dominated the diets of Largemouth Bass ≤175 mm FL year-round, with dipterans, odonates, and copepods and cladocerans representing other important diet items. Non-native red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were the most important prey for Largemouth Bass g175 mm FL. Non-native centrarchids (including Largemouth Bass) and amphipods were important prey items as well. Prickly Sculpin (Cottus asper) were the most frequently consumed native fish. Other native fish and pelagic fish species rarely occurred in Largemouth Bass diets, and we discuss trends in how the frequency of co-occurrence of these fishes with Largemouth Bass in the electrofishing surveys was associated with their frequency in Largemouth Bass diets. The Largemouth Bass in the Delta appear to be sustained largely on a diet of other non-natives that reside in the littoral zone.
In Situ Transcriptome Accessibility Sequencing (INSTA-seq)

Subcellular RNA localization regulates spatially polarized cellular processes, but unbiased investigation of its control in vivo remains challenging. Current hybridization-based methods cannot differentiate small regulatory variants, while in situ sequencing is limited by short reads. We solved these problems using a bidirectional sequencing chemistry to efficiently image transcript-specific barcode in situ, which are then extracted and assembled into longer reads using NGS. In the Drosophila retina, genes regulating eye development and cytoskeletal organization were enriched compared to methods using extracted RNA. We therefore named our method In Situ Transcriptome Accessibility sequencing (INSTA-seq). Sequencing reads terminated near 3’ UTR cis-motifs (e.g. Zip48C, stau), revealing RNA-protein interactions. Additionally, Act5C polyadenylation isoforms retaining zipcode motifs were selectively localized to the optical stalk, consistent with their biology. Our platform provides a powerful way to visualize any RNA variants or protein interactions in situ to study their regulation in animal development.
Broadband inversion in the seabed characterization experiment with a moving source

Sequential filtering and linearization for inversion of geometry and sediment parameter estimation in an oceanic environment can be achieved by employing particle filtering and linearization for a single source location. The inversion is here performed with linear frequency modulated signals received at vertically separated phones during the Seabed Characterization Experiment for a source moving towards and away from the receiving array. Short-range measurements allow the identification of some multipath arrivals, whereas others present us with a challenge. The filter, in combination with a simple cross-correlation, acts as a high-resolution estimator, allowing the extraction of four probability densities for arrival times. Arrival times are extracted for each source location. At every location, inversion is performed using the arrival time densities and both linearization and an exhaustive search relating unknown parameters to multiple paths. The results are validated by taking into consideration estimates at neighboring sites. We extract sediment sound speed and thickness assuming both a sound speed gradient and a sediment isovelocity profile and compare the results. [Work supported by ONR.]
Search and Bidding Costs

This paper studies consumer search behavior in markets where sellers must incur fixed costs to win a contract. We show that consumers face a commitment problem if their search intensities are not observed by sellers. Welfare is maximized when consumers can precommit to a limited number of searches, but in the absence of the ability to commit, consumers search more than the optimum. A decline in search costs can exacerbate the commitment problem and leave consumers potentially worse off.
Dynamic phase retrieval using adaptive neural networks to enable real-time coherent imaging

Image sharpening is a state-of-the-art phase-retrieval estimation algorithm used in coherent imaging that has demonstrated strong performance under various imaging conditions. However, computational overhead makes these iterative algorithms difficult to enable in real-time and dynamic applications such as high-energy laser and target-tracking systems. Recently, time-invariant, minimum-variance prediction filters have been shown to improve the convergence speed of image-sharpening algorithms during phase retrieval. The research presented here proposes a neural network with on-line adaptive learning to predict a priori wavefront errors for temporally correlated dynamic coherently imaged measurements. The method bootstraps the a priori prediction computed from past samples and updates with the phase-retrieval image-sharpening estimate at the current time step. Testing performed using wave-optics simulations demonstrates that this procedure improves the estimation of dynamic phase retrieval compared to conventional image sharpening, without being bound to a time-invariant constraint. Results also show the capacity for this approach to operate on a cycle that periodically circumvents the process of iterative conjugate-gradient phase retrieval in real-time, achieving order-of-magnitude gains in computational performance compared to current image-sharpening methods.
Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due: A Comment on the Theoretical Foundation and Historical Origin of the Tort Remedy for Invasion of Privacy

In 1890 Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis published The Right to Privacy, which is considered by many to be the most influential law review article in the history of American tort law. Years later, in another famous and influential law review article, William Prosser attempted to complete the work of Warren and Brandeis. His proposal for a new understanding of the right to privacy, however, contradicted Warren and Brandeis’ understanding of it and, in fact, altered the character of the concept. Nevertheless, it was later adopted in the Restatement of the Law Second. Thus the traditional view of the origin of the concept of a privacy tort is that it was created by Warren and Brandeis and refined by Prosser. Although partially correct, this explanation tells only a small part of a more complex and interesting story. A more careful reading of the story shows that the article by Warren and Brandeis has been given more credit than it deserves and that Prosser’s attempt to organize the notion of a privacy torts into a small number of categories was, at best, counterproductive. The real origin of the concept of privacy as an interest that deserves protection in tort law was the common law of torts itself, best exemplified by a decision of the Michigan Supreme Court published nine years before Warren and Brandeis’ article. The right to privacy was not born in a law review article. It was born the day an uninvited stranger happened to be present when a woman was having a baby at home. It is important to give credit where credit is due; not to Prosser, not to Warren & Brandeis but to Chief Justice Marston who, in DeMay v. Roberts, was the real precursor to what we now refer to as the right to privacy.
Impacts of neonicotinoid seed treatments on the wild bee community in agricultural field margins

Wild bees support global agroecosystems via pollination of agricultural crops and maintaining diverse plant communities. However, with an increased reliance on pesticides to enhance crop production, wild bee communities may inadvertently be affected through exposure to chemical residues. Laboratory and semi-field studies have demonstrated lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on limited genera (e.g., Apis, Bombus, Megachile), yet full field studies evaluating impacts to wild bee communities remain limited. Here, we conducted a two-year field study to assess whether neonicotinoid seed treatment and presence in environmental media (e.g., soil, flowers) influenced bee nest and diet guild abundance and richness. In 2017 and 2018, we planted 23 Missouri agricultural fields to soybeans (Glycine max) using one of three seed treatments: untreated (no insecticide), treated (imidacloprid), or previously-treated (untreated, but neonicotinoid use prior to 2017). During both years, wild bees were collected in study field margins monthly (May to September) in tandem with soil and flowers from fields and field margins that were analyzed for neonicotinoid residues. Insecticide presence in soils and flowers varied over the study with neonicotinoids infrequently detected in both years within margin flowers (0%), soybean flowers (<1%), margin soils (<8%), and field soils (~39%). Wild bee abundance and species richness were not significantly different among field treatments. In contrast, neonicotinoid presence in field soils was associated with significantly lower richness (ground- and aboveground-nesting, diet generalists) of wild bee guilds. Our findings support that soil remains an underexplored route of exposure and long-term persistence of neonicotinoids in field soils may lead to reduced diversity in regional bee communities. Future reduction or elimination of neonicotinoid seed treatment use on areas managed for wildlife may facilitate conservation goals to sustain viable, diverse wild bee populations.
Reverse Engineering the Soli Radar API for Military Applications

Hand-held and through-wall radar systems have been widely adopted for first responder safety and military applications. Current technology necessitates solutions that are expensive and bulky. Exploiting current consumer products with radar technology could achieve effects similar to what current technology provides. The example investigated is the Google Soli radar, designed for fine gesture detection to facilitate human-computer interaction. This feature is included on the Pixel 4 smartphone. Google has not publicly released the radar's application programming interface (API), making the Soli radar and its methods generally inaccessible to developers. Access to an API or a way to access information from the Soli hardware is a necessary first step in exploiting the radar for first responder and military applications. We used established reverse engineering methods to locate the packages and classes that receive information from the radar before passing it to consumer application packages within the Pixel 4. Through reverse engineering and dynamic hooking, we extracted information from the methods of the hardware abstraction layer package. The results showed it is possible to capture the Soli radar output via dynamic hooking and demonstrated its performance in detecting motion through walls.
Moral Injury in Christian Organizations: Sacred Moral Injury

Sexual abuse of children by ministry personnel in Christian organizations has been reported by the media as the result of individual psychopathology of these personnel, as systemic failure, or a combination of both. Could it be the result of moral injury? Since the basic failure in Christian organizations in which sexual abuse occurs is a “betrayal of sacred trust,” it is more accurate to identify such abuse as “sacred moral injury.” This chapter differentiates it from the moral injury often described in military personnel, as well as from moral distress, spiritual distress, and spiritual injury. It offers a definition and model of sacred moral injury and delineates its key components. Then, it describes the individual and systemic dynamics that foster this form of injury, illustrates a multifaceted approach for interventions, and describes the role of mental health professionals in the recovery process.
The Impact of Stigma on Transgender Identity Development and Mental Health

The existence of transgender and gender-nonconforming people has been documented throughout history and across cultures. In the twentieth century, transgender expression became medicalized and sex reassignment became available, initially enforcing a binary understanding of sex/gender as either male or female, man or woman, and masculine or feminine. The goal was to adjust and live either as a man or as a woman, evading the social stigma attached to gender nonconformity. However, it quickly became clear that stigma was pervasive and continued, even for those who fully transitioned to living as a member of the other sex. Transsexual and transgender individuals found support among each other, affirmed their specific identity and experience, and advocated for their rights. Since the 1990s, the paradigm shifted toward (re)discovery of a spectrum of gender diversity. Transgender is now an identity, no longer a disorder, and identifying as such is for many an important part of their coming-out process to affirm their differentness, find belonging in a community of peers, challenge stigma, and advocate for inclusion, respect, and acceptance. Research has established the association between discrimination and psychological distress, with family support, identity pride, and particularly peer support serving as protective factors. What is needed is a greater understanding of the mechanism of stigma, both for the minority population and for the sociocultural context in which stigma is produced and perpetuated, to inform policies promoting transgender rights and resilience.
Biosynthesis, Secretion and Biological Action of the Female Sex Hormones

The ovary contains several compartments that are characterized by different patterns of biosynthesis. The epithelial cells of the follicle synthesize predominantly estradiol and estrone, luteinized granulosa cells progesterone, stroma and interstitium androstenedione and testosterone. The respective secretion rates of these hormones are, depending on the stage of the cycle: 30—200 µ/24 h for estradiol, 0.6–20 mg/24 h for progesterone, and 0.2–1 mg/24 h for androstenedione. The mentioned steroids are not only secreted but they are also produced from precursors in the liver and other tissues. Hence the major part of the plasma estrone in men and postmenopausal women originates from peripheral conversion of androstenedione secreted from the adrenal cortex. In men estradiol is additionally produced from testosterone secreted from the Lydig cells.
An Algebraic Decoding Algorithm for Convolutional Codes

The class of convolutional codes generalizes the class of linear block codes in a natural way. The construction of convolutional codes which have a large free distance and which come with an efficient decoding algorithm is a major task. Contrary to the situation of linear block codes there exists only very few algebraic construction of convolutional codes.
CATHODE-RAY-EXCITED EMISSION SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF TRACE RARE EARTHS. PART III. DETERMINATION OF TERBIUM.

Abstract The technique of trace analysis of rare earths by cathode-ray-excited emission spectroscopy has been applied to the determination of terbium in an yttrium oxide matrix. With the 544-nm emission from terbium as the detection wavelength, and with high-resolution spectrometry, a detection limit of about 2 p.p.b. can be attained. The effect of sample firing temperature during diffusion and crystallization is treated in detail. Effects of other rare earth and first transition group interferences are discussed.
INSTRUMENTATION OF HUMAN SURROGATES FOR SIDE IMPACT

The validity of chestband under side impact loading conditions was assessed through a single 40-channel chestband and a NHTSA SID. The chestband was wrapped around the thorax section at the SID at its uppermost portion. Six tests were run at 4.5, 5.7 and 6.7 m/s impact velocities with round and flat surface impactors. These tests established the validity of using the chestband in side impact. After establishing the feasibility of the chestband, its practically in obtaining data from human cadavers with varying input conditions was determined. Five tests were done, each with a different configuration. Overall, the tests showed the robustness of the chestband.
Automated Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions (ACOMP) and Related Techniques

Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization (ACOMP) is a widely applicable platform for monitoring and potentially controlling polymerization reactions. It relies on the continuous extraction, dilution, and conditioning of a small sample stream from the reactor on which measurements by various combinations of detectors are made. By combining simultaneous data from multiple detectors, continuous monitoring of salient reaction characteristics can be made, such as kinetics, conversion of comonomers, composition drift, evolution of molecular mass and intrinsic viscosity, and detection of unusual phenomena, such as microgelation and runaway reactions. Typical detectors include light scattering, UV/visible spectrophotometry, viscometry, refractivity, and polarimetry. Recent additions to ACOMP include the ability to use multiple similar sensors to detect the onset and evolution of polymer-stimuli-responsive behavior during synthesis, for example, copolymer compositions at which a lower critical solution temperature occurs. ACOMP has been applied to free radical, controlled free radical, and condensation reactions, to micellar, emulsion, and inverse emulsion polymerization, to postpolymerization and derivitization reactions, and to batch, semibatch, and continuous reactors. While ACOMP is not inherently a chromatographic method, its continuous stream can be used in automatic conjunction with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and other separation chromatographies. A growing area for ACOMP is its integration into predictive and closed-loop reaction control.
Some Experiments with Simple Preamplifier Designs

A few likely candidates between commercially available amplifiers are investigated, in order to determine their suitability for use with present low noise CCD imagers. Tests and results are described and discussed.
Measurement Techniques and Instruments for Measurement of Dynamic Characteristics of Gear Pump

Overall dynamic analysis of gear pump performance is mandatory in industrial scenario due to various operational, design and physical parameters, for which the main impact is being caused by friction, torque, vibration assembly, surface smoothness, load and speed for which, we are adopting various techniques/methods for analyzing the friction, vibrations in axial and radial directions with respect to high accuracy and sensitivity with the help of mechanical, pneumatic and optical setup, in which the following methods are included: direct reading along with precision supports and storage capacitor. Based on the above, we obtained solutions/findings for frictional torque/force, load which comparatively experiential & theoretical and lost dynamic characteristics of precision gear assemblies. Most of the research was carried out for damping, squeeze oil film thickness and sliding velocity so the present work is centered on the above said measurement techniques for analyzing the dynamic performance of gear pump.
Arabidopsis CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE8 and CATALASE3 Function in Abscisic Acid-Mediated Signaling and H2O2 Homeostasis in Stomatal Guard Cells under Drought Stress

Drought is a major threat to plant growth and crop productivity. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs, CPKs) are believed to play important roles in plant responses to drought stress. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana CPK8 functions in abscisic acid (ABA)- and Ca2+-mediated plant responses to drought stress. The cpk8 mutant was more sensitive to drought stress than wild-type plants, while the transgenic plants overexpressing CPK8 showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress compared with wild-type plants. ABA-, H2O2-, and Ca2+-induced stomatal closing were impaired in cpk8 mutants. Arabidopsis CATALASE3 (CAT3) was identified as a CPK8-interacting protein, confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. CPK8 can phosphorylate CAT3 at Ser-261 and regulate its activity. Both cpk8 and cat3 plants showed lower catalase activity and higher accumulation of H2O2 compared with wild-type plants. The cat3 mutant displayed a similar drought stress-sensitive phenotype as cpk8 mutant. Moreover, ABA and Ca2+ inhibition of inward K+ currents were diminished in guard cells of cpk8 and cat3 mutants. Together, these results demonstrated that CPK8 functions in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation in responses to drought stress through regulation of CAT3 activity.
Maximizing Test Reliability by Stepwise Variable Deletion: A Case Study with the Finding Embedded Figures Test

A method of identifying item subsets that optimize coefficient alpha is described. To make the discussion concrete, analysis of data from an administration of the Finding Embedded Figures Test to 791 middle-school students is presented. The complementary use of iterative item deletion and bootstrap evaluation of generalizability of results should facilitate more reliable measurement and greater likelihood of accurately estimating effect sizes in substantive studies.