cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic Respiratory Disease and Cognitive Impairment in Older Mexican Adults

Background: Cognitive impairment has emerged as an important concern in clinical practice in aging population. Several comorbid factors contribute to etiopathogenesis; one disease of interest is chronic respiratory disease. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the association of chronic respiratory disease with risk of cognitive impairment in older Mexicans. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from 2782 Mexicans, aged ≥60 years, enrolled in waves I (2001) and III (2012) of the Mexican Health and Aging Study, a prospective cohort of nationally representative sample of older Mexicans. Participants' self-reported responses were used to categorize them into having respiratory disease or not. Study outcome included participants categorized into “cognitively impaired” or “cognitively normal” groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship. Results: Overall, 16% of cohort participants reported cognitively impaired at Wave III. Compared with older Mexicans without chronic respiratory disease diagnosis, those diagnosed were not significantly associated with risk of cognitive impairment [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58–1.58]. Conclusion: Chronic respiratory disease is not significantly associated with risk of cognitive impairment in older Mexican adults.
Application of Advanced Bioinformatics to Understand and Predict Burnout Among Surgical Trainees.

Objective Physician burnout, including surgical trainees, is multidimensional. Input variables used to predict burnout include grit, exhaustion, and financial stress. Each instrument has intrinsic limitations of scope and strength. We hypothesize that bioinformatics methods borrowed from oncogenetics may allow meta-analysis of existing predictive tools to improve identification of subpopulations at highest risk of burnout. Design A composite survey was created using widely accepted instruments: demographic factors, burnout using the Single-Item Maslach Burnout Inventory Emotional Exhaustion Measure, grit using the Duckworth Grit Scale, occupational fatigue using the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion/Recovery Scale, financial well-being, perceptions of physician leadership, and attitudes towards robotic surgery. Surveys were analyzed using k-means analysis and supervised/unsupervised clustering. Setting Yale General Surgery Residency. Participants Survey participants consisted of Yale General Surgery residents. Of 70 residents, 53 responded (75.7%). Males comprised 57.1% and each postgraduate year had majority representation, 68.8% to 100%. Results Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed heterogeneous resident answer patterns and suggested clusters of responders. To define groups of dissimilar responders, we performed k-means clustering, testing 15 iterations with 50 attempts. The analysis revealed 3 discrete clusters of responders with differential risk for burnout (p = 0.021). The highest risk group demonstrated the lowest grit score, low interest in innovation and leadership, higher financial stress, and concordantly, the highest rates of anxiety, dread, and self-reported burnout. (p = 0.0004; 0.0014; 0.1217; 0.0625; 0.021; 0.0011; 0.0224) Conclusions The limited scope of common tools aiming to predict burnout constrains their utility. The machine-learning technique of cluster analysis organizes compound data to describe complex outcomes such as oncologic risks. We apply this analysis technique to create a composite predictor of burnout among surgical residents. Our method determines subgroups of residents sharing unique traits predictive of burnout. Residencies can use this tool to allocate resources to best support resident well-being.
A History of West Central Africa to 1850

Based on substantial new research from primary sources and archives, this accessible interpretative history of West Central Africa from earliest times to 1852 gives comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the region. With equal focus given to both internal histories or inter-state interactions and external dynamics and relationships, this study represents an original approach to regional histories which goes beyond the existing scholarship on the area. By contextualising and expanding its range, to include treatment of the Portuguese colony of Angola, John K. Thornton provides new understandings of significant events, people, and inter-regional interactions which aid the grounding of the history of West Central Africa within a broader context. A valuable resource to students and scholars of African history.
Timing of response onset and offset in macaque V4: stimulus and task dependence.

Onset and offset timing of neuronal responses can provide information about visual environment and neuron’s role in visual processing and its anatomical connectivity. In the first comprehensive exa...
Interdisciplinary Treatment Team Training in Geriatric Psychiatry

This paper describes the adaptation and implementation of an interdisciplinary treatment team training model to the training of geriatric psychiatrists. The Program for Organizing Interdisciplinary Self-Education (POISE) was designed as a durable, cost-effective approach to teaching interdisciplinary treatment team members methods of self-education, which serve as ongoing tools for planning treatment for patients. POISE is being applied to the New York State/Columbia University Geriatric Psychiatry Fellowship Program, a collaborative program of the New York Office of Mental Health, Columbia University Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, and Willard Psychiatric Center, a traditional mental hospital in upper New York State.
Speech Pathology Utilization and Stroboscopy Before and After Adult Medialization Laryngoplasty

Summary Objectives Evaluation of trends and utilization of speech-language-pathology (SLP) services, including stroboscopy, before and after medialization laryngoplasty (ML) over 11 years. Methods Retrospective national US database study conducted using OptumLabs Data Warehouse. Study cohort included patients (age ≥18 years) who underwent ML between January 2007 and December 2016. Primary outcomes were rates of SLP visits in the 12 months before and 12 months after ML. Linear regression analysis was performed assessing for trends utilization across years. Secondary outcomes were predictors of utilization After-ML using multivariable logistic regression. Results 1114 patients met criteria. Services, including stroboscopy, were utilized by 774 (69%) Before-ML and 697 (63%) After-ML. SLP services, excluding stroboscopy, were utilized by 512 (46%) Before-ML and 478 (43%) After-ML. Vocal cord paralysis was the most common diagnosis, 945 (84.8%) patients. Other service billed were stroboscopy, [Before-ML 676 (60.7%); After-ML 567 (50.9%)], voice evaluation [Before-ML 431(38.7%); After-ML 366 (32.9%)], voice therapy [Before-ML 309 (27.7%); After-ML 339 (30.4%)], laryngeal function studies, [Before-ML 175 (15.7%); After-ML 164 (14.7%)], swallow evaluations [Before-ML 150 (13.5%); After-ML 90 (8.1%)], and swallow therapy [Before-ML 53 (4.8%); After-ML 47 (4.2%)]. SLP utilization Before-ML predicted SLP utilization After-ML [Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval): 9.31 (6.78, 12.77)]. Nearly half (49%) of visits occurred in the 6 months around ML. Of those who had voice therapy, the majority (73.7%) had a total of 1 to 5 sessions. Conclusion Based on this retrospective US national database study, SLP services and stroboscopy are a complementary component of assessment and treatment of patients who undergo ML with the majority of services occurring in the 3 months before and after ML. Future work would benefit from outcome data.
Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal

Review of: Authorized Agents: Publication and Diplomacy in the Era of Indian Removal, by Frank Kelderman.
Development and psychometric evaluation of an empirically-derived daily checklist of weight control: Consumption-reduction strategies and health-focused strategies in college students.

Many college women report engaging in weight control strategies, yet little is known about which strategies are used and how often. The current study’s goal was to evaluate the factor structure of ...
Gravitational waves from a black hole orbiting in a wormhole geometry

Current ground-based gravitational wave detectors are tuned to observe compact object mergers from stellar mass black holes and neutron stars; $\ensuremath{\sim}50$ such events have been published to date. More exotic compact objects may exist, collisions of which would also generate copious gravitational waves. We model a stellar mass black hole inspiral into a stable, nonspinning, traversable wormhole, and find a characteristic waveform---an antichirp and/or burst---as the black hole outspirals into our region of the Universe. This is a characteristic signature which can be useful in wormhole searches in gravitational wave data or used to constrain wormhole geometries.
Cumulative free replacement warranty with phase type lifetime distributions

Abstract This paper analyzes the stochastic process generated by unit failures, and the corresponding cash flows, for products with cumulative warranties where the seller offers warranty on the total useful life of a batch of units rather than the lifetimes of individual units. Relative to individual warranties, cumulative warranties reduce administrative cost to seller as well as buyer, and are expected to lead to lower selling price due to reduced cost of warranty to the seller. For products with phase type lifetime distributions, matrix-analytic methodology is used to develop algorithms to compute economic measures such as cost of warranty. Results indicate that savings in cost of warranty due to a cumulative warranty relative to individual warranties, increase with increasing product lifetime variability, and that the marginal savings in cost of warranty decrease with increasing batch size. Economic measures are proposed to establish the amounts of discounts that the seller may be willing to offer, or the buyer expects, in order to change from individual warranties to a cumulative warranty.
Phänomen der Sexualdelinquenz

Im Folgenden werden zunachst einige relevante Begrifflichkeiten, die haufig innerhalb des Themenbereiches der Sexualdelinquenz zur Sprache gebracht werden, erlautert. Im Anschluss wird auf die rechtlichen Grundlagen eingegangen. Auf Basis dieser juristischen Definition von sexueller Devianz, die die Grundlage der vorgelegten Arbeit bildet, werden Haufigkeiten und Merkmale der Opfer berichtet. Abschliesend werden atiologische Konzepte verschiedener theoretischer Stromungen uberblicksartig dargelegt.
Development of T Lymphocytes

The goal of this chapter is to introduce readers to the cellular and molecular basis of T-cell differentiation. We have divided T-cell development into three major stages (early T-lineage development, β or γδ selection, positive and negative selection). These correlate with specific subsets of thymocytes (ETP-DN3, DN3-DP, DP-SP thymocytes), specific locations within the thymus (cortex, subcapsular zone, cortex and medulla), T-cell receptor rearrangement events (no functional rearrangements, β or γδ rearrangements, α rearrangements), and lineage fate decisions (T-lineage commitment, αβ vs. γδ, CD4 vs. CD8). Models for each developmental decision and the molecular players are presented.
Sorptive preservation of labile organic matter in marine sediments

ORGANIC matter preserved in marine sediments provides a molecular record of marine biological processes1, accounts for approximately 20% of all carbon burial2 and plays a key role in balancing the long-term flux of oxygen to the atmosphere3. Only recently has it been appreciated that more than 90% of the organic matter preserved in most marine sediments is intimately associated with mineral surfaces4. Little is known, however, of the effect that sorption to mineral surfaces might have in controlling either the lability or quantity of organic matter in the marine sedimentary record. The preserved organic material could be either intrinsically stable, or stabilized through interactions with mineral matrices. We show here that sorption of organic matter to mineral surfaces in marine sediments stabilizes the component molecules, slowing remineralization rates by up to five orders of magnitude. Sorptive protection can therefore account for the enigmatic preservation of intrinsically labile molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars in marine deposits5,6 and links the preservation of organic carbon in marine sediments to the deposition of mineral surfaces.
Quantification of Local Convectional Cooling During Cardiac Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is an effective, minimally invasive treatment method in clinical use for treatment of different cardiac arrhythmia. Studies have shown that lesion dimensions strongly depend on blood flow mediated convective cooling at the ablation site. We present a simple method to quantify convective cooling. A brief pulse of RF energy (10 W for 5 s) is applied, and catheter tip temperature is measured during and after energy application. Two parameters are extracted: 1) maximum tip temperature increase, and 2) slope of temperature decay 8 degree C above initial temperature. We tested whether these parameters can quantify convective cooling in ex vivo experiments. A RF catheter was inserted into a tissue phantom placed in a saline bath. Flow at different rates of 0, 1, 2 and 3 L/min was injected towards the catheter, and the parameters were extracted. Both parameters correlated with flow rate. Slope of temperature decay showed linear dependence on flow rate, maximum temperature increase showed exponential dependence. The parameters are potentially useful in quantifying convective cooling before ablation to predict lesion dimensions.
Black Church Leaders’ Attitudes About Mental Health Services: Role of Racial Discrimination

Black church leaders are often first responders to mental health issues in the Black community, yet few researchers have examined their attitudes about seeking outside mental health services. In order to fill this gap, we surveyed 112 church leaders in a northeastern urban Baptist Black mega-church (22 associate pastors, 34 deacons, and 56 congregation care givers) using The National Survey of American Life. Findings suggest church leaders more often relied on the church community and alternative health services, leaders who attended church more often tended to report not receiving any outside mental health treatment, the closer church leaders felt to all Black people, the less satisfied they were with help received from formal mental health services, and leaders who experienced more racial discrimination tended to report worse overall mental and physical health. Clinical providers and Black churches should develop collaborative partnerships to better meet the needs of this community.
Data Staging on Untrusted Surrogates

We show how untrusted computers can be used to facilitate secure mobile data access. We discuss a novel architecture, data staging, that improves the performance of distributed file systems running on small, storage-limited pervasive computing devices. Data staging opportunis-tically prefetches files and caches them on nearby surrogate machines. Surrogates are untrusted and unmanaged: we use end-to-end encryption and secure hashes to provide privacy and authenticity of data and have designed our system so that surrogates are as reliable and easy to manage as possible. Our results show that data staging reduces average file operation latency for interactive applications running on the Compaq iPAQ hand-held by up to 54%.
The Cool Knife: Imagery of Gender, Sexuality, and Moral Education inKaguru Initiation Ritual

The Cool Knife: Imagery of Gender, Sexuality, and Moral Education inKaguru Initiation Ritual. T. O. Beidelman. Washington, DO. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. 312 pp.
A Systems Approach to Hospital Planning and Design

The overriding factor for the successful development of a systems approach to hospital planning and design is an integrated conceptual framework. Thus it is essential that included as the main feature is a statement of principles for research, planning, design, and construction of the hospitals. Within the context of this framework, some of these principles are intuitively obvious to experienced designers, but others are not so obvious until they have been systematically dissected and delineated from the complex process.
The Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension by Race/Ethnicity in a Nationally Representative Sample

The association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension by race/ethnicity has not been well characterized in a national sample. Adult participants in the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were reviewed by self-report of sleep apnea diagnosis, snorting, gasping or stopping breathing during sleep, and snoring to derive whether OSA was probable (pOSA). Multivariable logistic regression determined whether pOSA predicted hypertension in the overall cohort, and by body mass index (BMI) group and ethno-racial strata. pOSA predicted hypertension in several groups: (1) Within BMI strata, there was a significant association among overweight individuals [odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.62); (2) In race/ethnicity subgroups, the association was significant among Hispanic/Latinos (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.13-2.53) and whites (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.07-1.84); (3) In models stratified by both race/ethnicity and BMI, pOSA predicted hypertension among overweight black/African Americans (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 1.86-12.03), overweight whites (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.06-2.57), and obese Hispanic/Latino participants (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.16-3.49). A simple, self-report tool for OSA was strongly associated with hypertension, and may serve as a potential future opportunity for OSA diagnosis.
Pairs of Convex Bodies with Centrally Symmetric Intersections of Translates

For a pair of convex bodies $K$ and $K’$ in $E^d$, the $d$-dimensional intersections $K \cap (x + K’),$ $x \in E^d,$ are centrally symmetric if and only if $K$ and $K’$ are represented as direct sums $K = R \oplus P$ and $K’ = R’ \oplus P’$ such that: (i) $R$ is a compact convex set of some dimension $m$, $0 \le m \le d,$ and $R’ = z - R$ for a suitable vector $z \in E^d$, (ii) $P$ and $P’$ are isothetic parallelotopes, both of dimension $d-m$.
Blood-brain barrier transport of valproic acid.

Valproic acid distribution in brain is less than that of other anticonvulsants such as phenytoin or phenobarbital. Possible mechanisms for this decreased distribution space in brain include (a) increased plasma protein binding of valproate relative to the other anticonvulsants and (b) asymmetric blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of valproate such that the brain-to-blood flux exceeds the blood-to-brain flux. These mechanisms are investigated in the present studies using the intracarotid injection technique in rats and rabbits. In the rat, the brain uptake index (BUI) of [14C]valproate relative to [3H]water is 51 +/- 6%, indicating the blood-to-brain transport of water is twofold greater than that of valproate. However, the BUI of [14C]valproate relative to [3H]water decreased with time after carotid injection during a 4-min washout period, which indicates that brain-to-blood transport of valproate is greater than that of water. This suggests that the permeability of the BBB to valproate is polarized, with antiluminal permeability being much greater than luminal permeability. In rabbits, the BUI of [14C]valproate is 47 +/- 7% in newborns and 17 +/- 6% in adult animals. However, the high drug extraction in newborns may be attributed to decreased cerebral blood flow in the neonate as the BBB permeability-surface area (PS) products are unchanged (e.g., PS = 0.13 and 0.11 ml min-1 X g-1 in the newborn and adult rabbit, respectively). With regard to plasma protein binding effects on valproate transport, brain valproate uptake was also measured in the presence of human, lamb, pig, rat, horse, goat, hamster, dog, and mouse sera. Higher brain uptakes were observed when the unbound fraction of drug increased. However, our data indicate that a fraction of the valproic acid entering the capillaries bound to plasma proteins had the capacity to equilibrate with brain because of enhanced drug dissociation from albumin in the brain microcirculation. Since plasma protein-bound valproate is available for uptake by brain, the major factor underlying the diminished distribution of the drug in brain appears to be the asymmetric transport properties of the BBB to valproic acid.
Evaluation of teratocyte functions: an overview.

Teratocytes, derived from extra-embryonic tissues of parasitic Braconidae, Trichogrammatidae, and Scelionidae, play several important roles in the parasitoid-host interaction. It is clear from the literature that the specific role (s) vary among species. Only recently have the biochemical and endocrinological roles of these cells been considered. This overview examines the recent literature on teratocytes and stresses the importance of in vitro procedures to elucidate the functional roles (trophic, immunosuppression, secretory) of teratocytes in the parasitoid-host relationship.
SCIENCE, PROPERTY, AND KINSHIP IN REPATRIATION DEBATES

A striking feature of debates concerning the disposition of Native American human remains is their invocation of the conventional domains of science, property, and kinship. Strong political claims about repatriation tend to assert the primacy of one domain over the others. Yet in contemporary North American social contexts, these domains have heterarchical relations in which no single perspective dominates, rather than hierarchical relations organized by a fixed ranking system. Resolving disputes in heterarchical systems requires negotiation across domains rather than privileging one domain. This comment examines how the relationships between these domains influence debates on repatriation. It also sheds light on how Americans make political claims.
Enumeration of resonance structures

Abstract Simple MO techniques are described that can be used to count resonance structures for unsaturated hydrocarbons, ions, and radicals. Alternant or non-alternant unsaturated species can be treated accurately and rapidly. The relationship of the structure count to the calculated values of highest filled and lowest vacant HMO energy levels is discussed. A qualitative relationship of the structure count with reactivity and stability if exemplified with several cases. A known correspondence of resonance theory and perturbational MO theory, previously limited to benzenoid and acyclic systems, is expanded to include all pi molecular systems.
Simulations and experimental demonstration of coupling molecular and macroscopic level modalities with a robotic manipulator

Established and emerging molecular and cellular modalities, such as optical imaging and spectroscopy, offer new opportunities for assessing tissue pathophysiology in situ. A challenge with such applications is their limited tissue penetration and low sensitivity that can be addressed with trans-needle or trans-catheter access. In this work, we describe the use of an actuated manipulator to physically manipulate such sensors to scan an area of interest generating 1-D scans while registering them to a guiding modality. Simulations were performed for a miniature RF coil to determine the voxel size, and experimental studies were conducted using a miniature RF coil manipulated by the MR-compatible device. The experimental results on phantom studies show that potential diagnostic information can be collected by using this methodology. This system was pursued to address a critical limitation of emerging molecular and near-cellular modalities; the limited tissue penetration.
WANDERING CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND FIBROBLASTS IN CULTURES FROM HUMAN LYMPH NODES

Wandering cells migrate from cultures of human lymph nodes after 2 or 3 hours incubation; they are actively ameboid and phagocytic. Endothelial cells appear in the plasma clot after 24 to 48 hours incubation. They are relatively inactive and less phagocytic. Fibroblasts are seen after 48 hours incubation. They are inactive and not phagocytic. The probable origin of wandering cells from endothelial cells is discussed.
Potentiometric Measurements in Aqueous, Non-Aqueous, and Biological Media Using a Lead Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode

Abstract A solid-membrane lead electrode was evaluated for performance in aqueous, non-aqueous and biological media. A differential measuring technique was used to eliminate the aqueous/non-aqueous liquid junction.
Digital computer analysis of the vectorcardiogram of the newborn infant. Quantitative and comparative measurement of three orthogonal lead systems.

Data derived from digital computer analysis of three corrected lead recordings for each of 13 term, normal newborn infants obtained on the first day of life are reported. The Frank, Schmitt SVEC-III, and McFee axial systems recorded the time sequence of ventricular depolarization force orientation in an almost identical manner. The following electrocardiographic measurements are reported for each of the three lead systems: heart rate, P-R interval, QRS and S-T intervals, planar and spatial mean P vectors, successive planar mean instantaneous QRS vectors, maximum QRS spatial vector, maximal rightward and leftward QRS spatial vectors, mean and maximum planar and spatial T vectors, and planar and spatial ventricular gradients. In general, vector quantities during this period of life are of lesser magnitude and more variable in orientation than for older infants and children. Although newborn infant ventricular depolarization forces for the majority are directed anteriorly, to the right, and inferiorly, poste...
Measurements of ATP levels of intact Azotobacter vinelandii under different conditions.

1. 1. The ATP level of intact cells of Azotobacter vinelandii grown on a nitrogen-free, minimal salts medium with mannitol as carbon source has been examined using the luciferin-luciferase method. Harvested, washed and starved cells had aerobic ATP levels similar to cells taken directly from the culture medium. 2. 2. The aerobic ATP level was always high and about the same with endogenous substrates or with added substrates giving a 10-fold variation of respiratory rates. On anaerobiosis, the ATP level fell to about 1/4 of the aerobic level. 3. 3. Under anaerobic conditions the rate of utilization of ATP was 0.4–0.6 and 1.6–2.3 nmoles/min per mg dry wt. at 12° with endogenous substrate and with added β-hydroxybutyrate or lactate, respectively. The rate of formation on addition of O2 to anaerobic cells in the presence of β-hydroxybutyrate was 12 nmoles/min per mg dry wt. When the latter was compared with the rate of O2 uptake with the same samples, P:O ratios of 2 were obtained (corrected for the rates of utilization). 4. 4. The aerobic ATP level was low in early log phase cells, then increased during growth to a maximum of 4.8–6.2 nmoles/mg dry wt. at the end of log phase growth. 5. 5. Aeration of anaerobic cells gave maximal ATP levels within about 30 sec at 12°, but linear O2 uptake continued for several minutes, until exhaustion of the O2 in the suspending medium. 6. 6. Oxidative phosphorylation in intact cells of Azotobacter vinelandii is an efficient process, but phosphorylation does not appear to be tightly coupled to O2 uptake.
Processing-microstructure-resulting materials properties of LIGA Ni

Electroplated nickel is the main material used in LIGA technique for fabricating MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) components. This paper presents the recent results regarding LIGA Ni material property enhancement at Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices at Louisiana State University. The methodology of this study is based on the fundamental materials science paradigm that processing and manufacturing determine the microstructure of materials, which results in specific properties, and governs the performance of the structures that are made from these materials. This paper will focus on results in three aspects of our current research efforts, which are: (1) manipulating the plating parameters to tailor deposited Ni microstructures for different grain size distributions that are in the range of tens nanometer in diameters; (2) analyzing the mechanical properties, such as nano-hardness, micro-hardness, and wearing property as the function of LIGA Ni metallurgical microstructures; (3) estimating the corrosion properties of nanocrystalline LIGA Ni.
An exploratory study of attitudes toward tourism on American Indian reservations

Tourism development is widely considered a means by which the economies of American Indian reservations (AIRs) can be strengthened. Understanding attitudes toward tourism on AIRs is important to effectively plan for such development. This study contributed to the advancement of such an understanding, drawing upon data from intercept surveys of attendees at American Indian wacipis (pow-wows) in South Dakota, USA. It found that American Indian respondents were generally less sanguine about tourism on AIRs than non-American Indian respondents, that American Indian respondents generally supported tourism on AIRs but such support was by no means universal, that attitudes toward tourism on AIRs were only weakly related to demographic characteristics, that inter-tribal differences in such attitudes existed even among ethnically related Siouan tribes, and that American Indian respondents could be meaningfully disaggregated according to their attitude composites.
Switching Behavior of Surface Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Devices with Chevron Layer Structure

Abstract The switching behavior in the C1-uniform (C1U), C1- twisted C1T) and C2-uniform (C2U) states, which were observed in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) devices with the chevron layer structure, were investigated. The voltage dependence of the extinction angle was investigated in the C1U and C2U states and was discussed in terms of the switching model of these states. The boat-shape disclination loops were observed in the C1U, C1T and C2U states, suggesting that they were attributed to the molecular switching at the chevron interface. In addition, this paper describes a gray scale with smooth voltage-transmission characteristic, which were induced by the voltage dependence of the extinction angle.
Residual effects of manure and compost applications on corn production and soil properties

Residual effects of manure or compost application on crop production and soil properties can last for several years. This study was conducted to evaluate residual effects of annual or biennial applications of N- and P-based composted and noncomposted beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure, chemical fertilizer, and no-treatment check on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil properties. Manure and compost were applied from 1992 to 1995, and the residual effects were determined from 1997 to 1999. Residual effects of N- and P-based manure and compost applications on corn grain yield and N uptake lasted for at least one growing season while the effects on soil properties were longer lasting. Soil P can contribute to crop P uptake for >4 yr after N-based manure or compost application had ceased. The residual effects of manure and compost applications significantly increased soil electrical conductivity and pH levels and plant-available P and NO 3 -N concentrations. Four years after the last application, P leaching to a soil depth of 45 to 60 cm was observed with N-based manure or compost application. No residual effects of manure and compost applications on soil NH 4 -N were observed. Averaged across years, soil total C concentrations or quantities were not different among the treatments, indicating that total C was not a sensitive indicator. Residual effects of N- or P-based manure or compost application increased crop production for one year and influenced soil properties for several years.
Complete chemical conversion of [(NO)m(CH3OH)n]+ to NO+(CH3ONO)x (x=1–12): experiment and theory

Abstract We have observed the complete conversion of clusters containing NO and CH3OH to methyl nitrite (CH3ONO) ionic clusters, via 248 nm multiphoton ionization. The mass spectrum exhibits a characteristic pattern such that there are cluster ions containing solely CH3ONO of the type (NO)+(CH3ONO)x (x=1–12). Expected cluster ions such as (CH3OH)mH+ (for m>3) or (NO)n+ (for n>3) are not observed. The present work reports the first experimental observation showing the complete chemical conversion of reagent molecules within the environment of a cluster ion. A discussion, supported by calculations, of possible reaction mechanisms responsible for the facile generation of the methyl nitrite cluster species is also presented.
Liquid-vapor partitioning of HCl(aq) to 350°C

Partitioning of HCl(aq) between liquid and vapor phases was measured from 50–350°C at 50°C intervals by sampling the liquid and vapor phases in corrosion-resistant autoclaves. Values of the overall partitioning constant K were calculated from the observed compositions of the two phases using published activity coefficients for HCl(aq) in the liquid phase, assuming that the neutral HC1 molecule is the only solute species present in the vapor phase, and assigning a unit fugacity coefficient for vaporphase HC1. Partitioning is a strong function of temperature, with K increasing more than six orders of magnitude over the temperature range of this work. Measured values of K, including results available in the literature to 110°C, are well represented by a simple function of temperature T in Kelvin and solvent density ρ in g · cm−3: logK = −13.4944 − 934.466/T − 11.0029 logρ + 5.4847 logT. The present measurements give directly the composition of the vapor phase over HCl(aq); partitioning of HC1 to the vapor phase over NaCl(aq) brines has been estimated through the use of approximate activity coefficients for HCl(aq) in the mixed brines.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SEX TYPE OF AN OCCUPATION

The sex type of an occupation has been frequently investigated. Two major methods, actual rates of participation in the labor market and subjective estimates, have been used to determine the sex type of an occupation. The present study demonstrated that these two methods of estimating sex type may lead to different results.
Hemopexin Synthesis in Vitro by Human Fetal Tissues

Extract: Serum concentrations of hemopexin, transferrin, and albumin were measured for 12 fetuses between 14 and 36 weeks of gestational age. Hemopexin levels ranged from 7 to 64 μg/ml, transferrin levels ranged from 280 to 928 μg/ml, and albumin levels ranged from 13 to 59 mg/ml. In general, the serum concentrations of these three proteins increased with advancing gestation. Placenta, thymus, and colon did not incorporate 14C-labeled amino acids into hemopexin, transferrin, or albumin. By contrast, radioimmune precipitates for five culture supernatants of liver indicated significant synthesis of albumin and hemopexin. [14C]Albumin accounted for 22–73% and [14C]hemopexin 1.1–4.2% of the total 14C-labeled proteins. In each instance, the [14C]transferrin was below 1% of the total 14 C-labeled proteins. Speculation: These data show considerable synthesis of albumin and hemopexin, but not transferrin, by the liver during fetal life. That hemopexin levels are lower in fetal than adult sera may reflect an increased requirement for heme disposal. Possibly, the increased turnover of hemopexin is related to the shortened lifespan of fetal in comparison with adult erythrocytes.
He- Photodetachment: Effects of the 1s2p2p'4Pe Resonance

He- exists in a metastable state, (1s2s2p)4Po, lying 19.74 eV above He(l 1S), with substate lifetimes of 10-500 ?s. Following a preliminary survey of the photodetachment cross section over a range of energies, we have concentrated on a large shape resonance associated with the first excited state of He-, 1s2p2p' 4pe which recent calculations have found to lie just above He(23P). The resonance has a profound effect on the overall photodetachment spectrum.
Block theory techniques used in arch dam foundation stability analysis

Abstract Geotechnical engineers at the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation use Block Theory , Goodman, Shi 1985, computer programs to aid in analyzing the stability of arch dam foundations. The three-dimensional geometry of foundation blocks in combination with the uplift pressures and dam loads control the resultant force orientation relative to the sliding plane orientations and hence control the analysis results. These foundation block plane orientations combined with their friction angles define the foundation block limit equilibrium. Foundation maps including geologic and topographic features, construction photographs, drill logs, and joint surveys are used to locate and orient joints in the rock mass. The block theory programs are used to calculate most of the quantities needed to visualize, characterize, and quantify the abutment stability. The programs can quickly determine the uplift forces, failure mode, and static safety factors for specific external loads and shear strength parameters. The programs provide realistic geometries helpful in designing drainage and reinforcement systems. The mathematical basis and graphical output of the programs makes them very reliable and provides inherent checks on the results. The effectiveness and practicality of these programs is illustrated in the Bartlett Dam foundation stability analysis and in a second hypothetical example.
Halomethyl-metal compounds VI. Phenyl(dihalomethyl)mercury compounds: Their preparation and some cleavage reactions

Abstract Phenyl(dibromomethyl)mercury, phenyl(bromochloromethyl)mercury, phenyl(dichloromethyl)mercury, phenyl(bromoiodomethyl)mercury, phenyl(chloroiodomethyl)mercury and phenyl(diiodomethyl)mercury have been prepared by the reaction of phenylmercuric chloride with the appropriate dihalomethane and potassium tert-butoxide in toluene solution. Phenyl(chloroiodomethyl)mercury, is more readily accessible by the reaction of phenyl(bromochloromethyl)mercury with one molar equivalent of sodium iodide in methanol/benzene medium. The action of an excess of sodium iodide on C 6 H 5 HgCHX 2 . (X = Cl or Br) resulted in formation oi phenyl(diiodomethyl)mercury. Methanolic hydrogen bromide and bromine in carbon tetrachloride cleave first a phenyl group from phenyl(dihalomethyl)mercurials, giving CHX 2 HgBr compounds, but an excess of these reagents causes complete cleavage of organic groups from mercury. The IR and NMR spectra of these mercurials are presented and their significant feature are discussed.
Electrofocusing on flat pH gradients: Systematic pH gradient modification leading to improved protein separation

A pH gradient providing maximal separation between pH 4.7 and 4.9 was generated by systematic variation of carrier constituent mixtures, and/or selection of anolyte/catholyte. In the optimized pH gradient, separation on gel electrofocusing between proteins with pI's between 4.7 and 4.9 was shown to be superior to that achieved on relatively steep pH gradients. This was the case in the separation of either human growth hormone isohormones D and E, or of bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin.
Design and Implementation of a Low Cost, Hierarchical and Modular Avionics Architecture for the DragonFly UAVs ⁄

We present the design and implementation of the safety critical avionics for the Stanford DragonFly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The software architecture of the avionics is based on the Server-Client architecture of QNX Neutrino, the real-time operating system used. Our architecture is hierarchical and modular: it isolates user-defined applications from underlying low-level system services for implementing inter-process communication, data-acquisition, and associated hardware management. Also, we employ a new run-time scheduling algorithm to maximize the execution of tasks within a given deadline. The integrated hardware architecture is based on standard PC/104 and RS232 technology, making it possible to use Commercial O-The-Shelf (COTS) components and provide an ecient means of communication between components. We have developed this architecture in parallel (and in conjunction) with Boeing’s Open Control Platform (OCP) architecture, which is a new software infrastructure based on real-time CORBA technology, and we use the OCP to implement ground station functionalities. We present the design principles and choices, the resulting avionics architecture, and the implementation in a robust and compact avionics package. We then present initial results of the avionics in car tests, and discuss the results.
Ka-band propagation characteristics of microstrip lines on GaAs substrates at cryogenic temperatures

Effective permitivity and loss characteristics of gold microstrip lines on GaAs substrates were obtained by characterizing GaAs linear resonators at cryogenic temperatures (300 to 20 K) from 30-40 GHz. A slight decrease in effective permittivity and a significant reduction in loss were observed with lower temperatures.
DFak56 is a novel Drosophila melanogaster focal adhesion kinase.

Abstract The mammalian focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases have been implicated in controlling a multitude of cellular responses to the engagement of cell surface integrins and G protein-coupled receptors. We describe here aDrosophila melanogaster FAK homologue, DFak56, which maps to band 56D on the right arm of the second chromosome. Full-length DFak56 cDNA encodes a phosphoprotein of 140 kDa, which shares strong sequence similarity not only with mammalian p125FAKbut also with the more recently described mammalian Pyk2 (also known as CAKβ, RAFTK, FAK2, and CADTK) FAK family member. DFak56 has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and is phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo. As is the case for FAK, tyrosine phosphorylation of DFak56 is increased upon plating Drosophila embryo cells on extracellular matrix proteins. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that DFak56 is ubiquitously expressed with particularly high levels within the developing central nervous system. We utilized the UAS-GAL4 expression system to express DFak56 and analyze its function in vivo. Overexpression of DFak56 in the wing imaginal disc results in wing blistering in adults, a phenotype also observed with both position-specific integrin loss of function and position-specific integrin overexpression. Our results imply a role for DFak56 in adhesion-dependent signaling pathways in vivo during D. melanogasterdevelopment.
The role of pediatric surgery in general surgical education.

Abstract Seventy-four practicing surgeons were surveyed regarding pediatric surgery in their surgical education and practice. Most care for the common surgical diseases of childhood; ten (13.5%) had done major noncardiac neonatal procedure in the preceding year. Sixty-one (82%) considered pediatric surgery to be a valuable component of general surgical education.
Drug Testing In Public Agencies: Public Policy Issues And Managerial Responses

This article discusses public policy issues involved in workplace drug testing and gives ananalysis of the responses of public agency personnel directors to these issues. The article isbased on a 1987 survey of 300 federal, state and local agency personnel directors throughoutthe United States.
Precise energy determinations of γ-rays from 66Ga

Abstract A simple and precise technique for energy calibration of Ge(Li) γ-ray spectrometers has been developed. The technique, which is particularly useful in studies of decay schemes, was used in measuring the energies of the γ-rays present in the decay of 9.5 h 66 Ga. The high-energy lines were measured to a precision of 0.25 keV which is a significant improvement over previous measurements in which the uncertainties are 0.9–1.5 keV. The accuracy is demonstrated in a measurement of equal energy intervals of 2 m 0 c 2 as a function of γ-ray energy. The standard deviation of the eight measured 2 m 0 c 2 intervals was only 0.08 keV. The largest deviation from the mean was about 0.1 keV or less than 0.1 channel. The four high-energy γ-rays are particularly useful as calibration lines. Their energies in keV are 4086.18±0.25, 4295.61±0.25, 4461.59±0.25 and 4806.58±0.25.
Ecology of Nectomys squamipes, the neotropical Water rat, in central Brazil: home range, habitat selection, reproduction and behaviour

Relatively few studies have examined the ecology of small mammals of South American tropical forests. The ecology of the neotropical Water rat, Nectomys squamipes, was investigated in gallery forest in central Brazil during a 14-month mark-recapture study. A total of 11 male and 10 female Water rats were captured; minimum number of animals known alive per month varied from one to four per hectare. Home range size for individuals captured eight or more times was 0.3–1.6 ha. Water rats were captured almost exclusively near the stream or in other inundated portions of the forest. Distance to water, soil moisture, number of tree ferns, number of trees, exposed tree-root cover, and litter cover on the ground were among the variables important in defining microhabitat of N. squamipes. At least some males were in breeding condition (testes scrotal) during all months; females were in breeding condition (vagina perforate) most of the year, but pregnancies were noted only in August, October and November. Captive Water rats consumed plant matter, insects (Blattidae, Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae), tadpoles and small fish. Aquatic prey items were located by searching movements of the forepaws. Water rats demonstrated agility in both climbing and swimming. Physiological dependence of N. squamipes on water is suggested by capture sites and observations of drinking in captive animals.
The development of object-permanence: Some studies of existence constancy

Object permanence or existence constancy was one of the phenomena which greatly exercised the philosophical fathers of experimental psychology. The topic has been little studied since. Michotte has described the psychophysics of existence constancy, while Piaget has studied its development. Michotte’s work was restricted to adults while Piaget’s notably lacked careful psychophysical control. The aim of the present study was to bridge the gap between the two, to study the psychophysics of existence constancy in infants. Results showed that there is remarkably little difference between infant and adult as far as psychophysical control is concerned. The major difference seems to be a rate of processing difference. However, changes in processing rate will not account for the development of the concept of object permanence. What seems to be learned is a rule which can override perceptual constancy and nonconstancy in some situations.