cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silica glass structure generation for ab initio calculations using small samples of amorphous silica

Multiple small samples of amorphous silica have been generated and optimized using classical dynamics and the van Beest-Kramer-van Santen (BKS) empirical potential function. The samples were subsequently optimized and annealed using density functional theory (DFT) with both the local density and the generalized gradient approximations. A thorough analysis of the local and medium-range structure of the optimized samples obtained from the different methods was carried out. The structural characteristics obtained for the average of small systems each containing ca. 100 ions are compared for each of the different methods, and to the BKS simulation of a larger system. The differences found between the DFT and BKS simulations and the effects of volume relaxation on the structures are discussed. Fixed-volume samples are compared to neutron scattering data, with good agreement to $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, the length limit of the sample sizes used here. It is shown that by creating multiple small samples, it is possible to achieve a good statistical sampling of structural features consistent with larger simulated glass systems. This study also shows that multiple small samples are necessary to capture the structural distribution of silica glass, and therefore to study more complex processes in glass, such as reactions.
Measurement of Contact Angles in the Presence of Mass Transfer

Low distillation and absorption efficiencies in gas/liquid contacting equipment have been attributed to liquid film breakdown and underwetting. A study of a model simulating these conditions has resulted in observations of contact angles when mass transfer is occurring.
State-of-the-art tools for next-generation underwater optical imaging systems

The detection and identification of underwater threats in coastal areas is of interest to the Navy. Conventional optical imaging systems are limited to scenarios where the number of attenuation lengths between the system and the object are less than 4. With a desire to operate at extended ranges and threats becoming smaller and better camouflaged, new approaches are needed. In response to these challenges, new transmitters and receivers are being developed to support the next-generation of underwater optical imaging systems. One of these systems is based on the modulated pulse concept where a pulsed laser source is encoded with a radar signal, and a range-gated, high-speed optical receiver recovers the radar modulation envelope. Subsequent processing of the radar signal provides a way to discriminate against multiply scattered light and to enhance image contrast and resolution. The challenge is developing transmitter and receiver hardware that meets the requirements of the modulated pulse technique. We report recent progress that has been made in developing modulated pulse transmitter and receiver hardware. A working prototype was demonstrated and tested in a controlled laboratory environment. The results of these initial experiments are presented.
Synthesis and reactions of 1,10-phenanthroline-2(1H)-thione: a facile synthesis of 2,2′-thiobis-1,10-phenanthroline

Treatment of 2-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline with NaSH hydrate in DMF, Na2S nonahydrate in DMF or thiourea in refluxing ethanol readily afforded 1,10-phenanthroline-2(1H)-thione. This thione undergoes reaction with 1,2-dibromoethane to yield a thiazole bromide salt. Upon heating the thione in diphenyl ether with 2-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline, the hydrochloride salt of 2,2′-thiobis-1,10-phenanthroline precipitated and could be converted into the corresponding free base on treatment with aqueous base. Heteroaryl substituted sulfides could be prepared by treatment of 2-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline with pyridine-2-thione or pyrimidine-1-thione with potassium carbonate in DMF.
Visceral perception, anhedonia, and emotion

Few investigators have attempted to examine empirically the relationship between perception of autonomic arousal and emotional state. According to Jamesian theory, individuals who are more aware of their visceral activity should demonstrate greater affective response to emotion-laden stimuli than individuals who are not viscerally perceptive. Therefore, certain groups of 'unemotional' subjects, such as anhedonics, may report fewer or less intense emotional experiences due to an attenuation or lack of autonomic feedback. Results from studies by Katkin (Psychophysiology, 22, (1985) 125-137) suggest that there is a relationship between induced sympathetic arousal, the perception of that arousal, and the self-report of emotional experience. The present study sought to expand upon these findings by comparing visceral perception (i.e. heartbeat detection) performance and a multi-component assessment of emotion in normal and anhedonic subjects. No correlation was found between anhedonia and visceral perception; however, anhedonics were significantly different from normals across several measures of heart rate, self-report, and facial expressions in response to emotion-eliciting slides, with anhedonics consistently showing emotional hypo-responsiveness. Additionally, subjects who were able to perceive their own heartbeats were found to be more facially expressive than poor perceivers.
Structural studies of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex Purification and biochemical characterization

Abstract Substantial purification of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex is achieved by agarose chromatography of the high salt precipitated replication complex. The viral RNA isolated in the agarose-purified fraction is predominantly derived from in vivo replicating structures. Purified poliovirus RNA polymerase activity is associated with an endogenous RNA template that resembles poliovirus replicative intermediate RNA.
Group B Streptococcal Infections

Group B streptococcal infection is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and is responsible for significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Group B streptococcus is also the causative agent in 50,000 maternal infections per year. Approximately 30% of women have asymptomatic group B streptococcal colonization at some time during pregnancy, but the neonatal attack rate is only about 2 per 1,000 deliveries. Maternal and neonatal risk factors contribute to the rates of vertical transmission and symptomatic neonatal disease. Options that have been investigated for prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease include identification of at-risk pregnancies as well as antenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal treatment. The intrapartum treatment of women at risk for vertical transmission of group B streptococcus to their neonates unequivocally has been shown to decrease the rate of neonatal colonization. Practitioners should implement one of two strategies that incorporate intrapartum prophylaxis for prevention of perinatal group B disease.
A customer-based model for developing job performance criteria

Abstract This article draws upon the work of Fiske (1951) to propose a customerbased model of criterion development. The main thesis of the article is that criteria occupy a special status with respect to performance and that this is often ignored in traditional models of criterion development. A method to disaggregate customer preferences (values) and performance on job functions is described that may be of practical use to personnel/human resource management (PHRM) professionals and of heuristic value to the resolution of the criterion problem.
Theoretical studies for the formation of γ-valero-lactone from levulinic acid and formic acid by homogeneous catalysis

Abstract The γ-valero-lactone (GVL), a potential ‘green’ candidate for the production of liquid alkanes for transportation fuels, can be obtained by the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, a primary decomposition product of hexoses. On the search for the application of a bifunctional catalyst, we have identified that the versatile Shvo catalyst can be used to transfer the hydrogen required for the reduction of levulinic acid to GVL through a 2-hydroxy-pentanoic acid (2HP) intermediate. Density functional studies (DFT) have been employed here to compute the energetics for the conversion of levulinic acid to GVL. Additionally, we have investigated the potential application of an iron-based congener to replace the conventional Shvo catalyst due to its natural abundance and cost effectiveness.
THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN POPULATION DENSITY ON MALE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS IN A COLONIAL ASCIDIAN

Abstract Past investigations of the effect of variation in population density on fertilization processes under field conditions have focused entirely on the consequences for female fertilization success (the proportion of eggs fertilized). In contrast, we explored the effects of population size and density on male fertilization success (proportion of embryos fathered or eggs fertilized by individual males) via an in situ density manipulation that utilized allozyme markers to assay paternity after fertilization had occurred. Male-phase ascidian colonies in high density experimental populations experienced competition for fertilizations, which reduced the ability of a focal male to fertilize eggs brooded by individual female colonies. However, the concomitant increase in the number of females with eggs available to be fertilized offset this decline. Consequently, the overall, population-wide fertilization success of focal males did not vary between density treatments. Although population density did not affect the quantitative fertilization success of male colonies, an increase in the genetic diversity of offspring may nevertheless confer a fitness advantage to both males and females that reproduce in higher density populations.
Peer Influence on Marijuana Use in Different Types of Friendships

Abstract Purpose Although several social network studies have demonstrated peer influence effects on adolescent substance use, findings for marijuana use have been equivocal. This study examines whether structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use over time. Methods Using 1-year longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this article examines whether three structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use: whether the friendship is reciprocated, the popularity of the nominated friend, and the popularity/status difference between the nominated friend and the adolescent. The sample consists of students in grade 10/11 at wave I, who were in grade 11/12 at wave II, from two large schools with complete grade-based friendship network data (N = 1,612). Results In one school, friends' influence on marijuana use was more likely to occur within mutual, reciprocated friendships compared with nonreciprocated relationships. In the other school, friends' influence was stronger when the friends were relatively popular within the school setting or much more popular than the adolescents themselves. Conclusions Friends' influence on youth marijuana use may play out in different ways, depending on the school context. In one school, influence occurred predominantly within reciprocated relationships that are likely characterized by closeness and trust, whereas in the other school adopting friends' drug use behaviors appeared to be a strategy to attain social status. Further research is needed to better understand the conditions under which structural features of friendships moderate friends' influence on adolescent marijuana use.
Estimates of GCR radiation exposures on Mars for female crews in hemispherical habitats

Radiation exposure estimates for female crew members within simple hemispherical habitats constructed of aluminum on the surface of Mars are made for a representative radiation environment consisting of the current galactic cosmic ray environment. Females, because of their generally smaller physical stature, have less body self-shielding and are expected to receive larger doses than males for the same incident environments. In this work we use the HZETRN radiation transport code, originally developed at NASA Langley Research Center, and the Computerized Anatomical Female human geometry model to carry out the study. Comparisons of the predicted organ exposures with current NASA Permissible Exposure Limits are presented. 1 2
Key issues concerning fungistatic versus fungicidal drugs

Are there any fungicidal drugs available today? A critical issue in answering this question is that of definition. The simplest, most stringent definitions identify fungistatic drugs as those that inhibit growth, whereas fungicidal drugs kill fungal pathogens. The immunocompetent host is usually far better equipped to eliminate fungal pathogens than the immunosuppressed host. Therefore, it would be especially desirable to have a truly fungicidal drug, one that absolutely kills all fungi, as a treatment option for the immunosuppressed patient. The critical question would be whether a fungicidal drug can be delivered to the target site in a concentration high enough for a sufficient time to reduce the intralesional fungal counts to zero. By this simple definition, there are no fungicidal drugs available tody. However, an accepted alternative definition is that often used by the bacteriologist: Fungicidal drugs are those that lead to a reduction of 99.9% of the initial inocula. Although this less restrictive in vitro standard is more easily met, it has serious limitations. Whether the 99.9% kill should be an acceptable standard remains uncertain. As an alternative, the minimum inhibitory concentration, though indicating static activity, has served well; perhaps it should be the only information reported for fungal susceptibility testing.
Non scolae sed vitae discimus: Toward overcoming the encapsulation of school learning

Abstract The separation of school learning from experience and cognition outside the school is illustrated with the help of a study of students' misconceptions of the phases of the moon. Three new approaches to overcome the encapsulation of school learning are discussed: Davydov's theory of ascending from the abstract to the concrete in learning and instruction, Lave and Wenger's theory of legitimate peripheral participation, and finally Engestrom's theory of learning by expanding. Davydov's theory suggests that the encapsulation may be overcome by teaching students theoretical and dialectical thinking, embodied in “kernel concepts” of the given curricular subject, seen as powerful cognitive tools that transcend the boundaries of school learning. Lave and Wenger's theory suggests that the encapsulation may be overcome by engaging students in genuine communities of practice either outside school or transplanted into the school. Finally, the theory of expansive learning suggests that the object of school learning should be radically widened, to include the context of criticism, the context of discovery, and the context of application of the given contents. The institutional boundaries of school will be transcended by creating networks of learning from below.
Pascal and the invention of probability theory

(1960). Pascal and the Invention of Probability Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 409-419.
Crystalline cohomology and GL(2, ℚ)

This paper applies recent advances in crystalline cohomology to the classical case of open elliptic modular curves. In so doing control is gained over the action of inertia in the Galois representations attached to modular forms. Our aim is to study the modular Galois representations attached to automorphic forms modp of weightk≥2. We generalize to higher weightk several results which were previously accessible only in the case of weight 2 where jacobian varieties can be invoked. Additionally we reconsider Gross’s theorem on companion forms in a crystalline context.
Techniques in balloon X-ray astronomy

Since the first balloon observation of the Crab Nebula balloon data have provided much information on the positions, spectra, time variability and pulsed nature of localized sources, and on the spectrum and isotropy of diffuse galactic and universal components. Measurements are limited to energies above about 20 keV by atmospheric attenuation at 2 to 3 g/sq cm depth and to below several hundred keV by detector sensitivity. Detectors usually consist of large-area Na I or Cs I scintillation counters with anticoincidence collimators for rejection of charged particles and scattered X-rays. Proportional counters are occasionally used at lower energies and solid-state detectors are used where extreme energy resolution is important. The instruments require a pointing capability on the order of 1.0 to 0.1 deg, depending on the collimator aperture. Digital data is either recorded on board or telemetered using a PCM technique.
The “Rhetorical Condition” as Mediator in the Response of African Americans to Perceptions of Terrorism: Condoleezza Rice as Symbol

Although the ethnicity of government policymakers is not a consideration in their ability to make effective decisions, ethnicity is not barren of influence in how one views life and the schemas that one forms. Both in her role as National Security Advisor and as U.S. Secretary of State during the George W. Bush presidency, Condoleezza Rice played a central role in shaping American foreign and global policy and responses to external terrorism and violence toward Americans and others. Her rhetoric on terrorism and violence uses several modes of argument which revealed her rhetorical and psychological schemas. This article explores the value, strengths, and limits of the modes of argument that Rice uses and it shows how what may be perceived as a reading of the dialectic in Rice may also be viewed as a textual and subtextual performance of a reading of Rice regarding the psychology of the rhetorical situation and the rhetorical condition.
Keratan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycan in the cerebral cortex of the brain and its variation with age

Abstract A keratan sulfate-like substance was found in the cerebral cortex proteoglycans of rats. This substance tripled during the rapid growth phase from 1 to 3 monts of age and then decreased steadily to a negligible quantity in the senescent rat, aged 25 months. In contrast, the uronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans remained constant during the life span studied. The marked decrease observed in the proportion of keratan sulfate-like moiety to the other glycosaminoglycans in the cerebral cortex of the senescent rat (aged 25 months) compared with the young adult rat (aged 3 months) may explain the reduced extracellular volume observed by others in the senescent brain.
Inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli by oxidized polyamines and acrolein.

Abstract Enzymatically oxidized spermine and spermidine, which had been purified by SE-Sephadex chromatography, produced inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli when incubated with the cells at low concentrations (0.25–1.0 mM). Full inhibition did not develop until approx. 12 min after addition of the oxidized polyamine. Preincubation of either of these compounds in the culture medium prior to addition of cells considerably reduced the time required for total inhibition. This result suggested that a secondary product(s) was partially, or perhaps fully, responsible for the observed inhibition. Previous work showed that oxidized polyamines are unstable because of two processes: β-elimination of acrolein, and condensation to larger oligoamines. The rate of this latter condensation process was second order or higher in oxidized polyamine concentration. Thus, the extent of condensation product formation was markedly dependent on the concentration of oxidized polyamines during preincubation. The development of inhibitory potency on preincubation, however, did not show the concentration dependence expected of a multimolecular reaction. It would therefore appear that formation of condensation products from dioxidized spermine cannot be responsible for the preincubation effect. However, this study revealed that very low levels (0.01–0.02 mM) of the other product of oxidized polyamine decomposition, acrolein, inhibited nucleic acid and protein synthesis in E. coli . In addition, a combination of acrolein at the level measured after preincubation, and oxidized polyamines produced inhibition similar to that found upon preincubation of oxidized polyamines alone. It is concluded that the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis by oxidized polyamines cannot be attributed to a direct effect of oxidized polyamines by themselves. The acrolein formed from decomposition of these compounds can, directly or indirectly, account for a major portion of this inhibition.
THE FUNCTIONS OF SELF-MUTILATION

While pathological self-mutilating behavior has been clinically examined for over 65 years, and much of the literature hypothesizes some function for the behavior, there has been little attempt to integrate or differentiate between different functional ideas. This review uses six functional models extracted from the literature to organize a discussion of the multiple functions of self-mutilation, acknowledging the overdetermined nature of the behavior and attempting to understand how self-mutilation can serve multiple functions simultaneously. Contextual information about the definition, prevalence, phenomenology, patient characteristics, associated diagnoses, and associated symptoms of self-mutilation is first presented. Six functional models are then presented: the environmental model, the antisuicide model, the sexual model, the affect regulation model, the dissociation model, and the boundaries model. Support for these models in the empirical and theoretical literature is presented and treatment implications are explored.
Bulk quantum computation with nuclear magnetic resonance: theory and experiment

We show that quantum computation is possible with mixed states instead of pure states as inputs. This is performed by embedding within the mixed state a subspace that transforms like a pure state and that can be identified by labelling it based on logical (spin), temporal, or spatial degrees of freedom. This permits quantum computation to be realized with bulk ensembles far from the ground state. Experimental results are presented for quantum gates and circuits implemented with liquid nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and verified by quantum state tomography.
Prostaglandin F2α Induces Distinct Physiological Responses in Porcine Corpora Lutea after Acquisition of Luteolytic Capacity

Abstract This study examines differences in intracellular responses to cloprostenol, a prostaglandin (PG)F2α analog, in porcine corpora lutea (CL) before (Day 9 of estrous cycle) and after (Day 17 of pseudopregnancy) acquisition of luteolytic capacity. Pigs on Day 9 or Day 17 were treated with saline or 500 μg cloprostenol, and CL were collected 10 h (experiment I) or 0.5 h (experiment III) after treatment. Some CL were cut into small pieces and cultured to measure progesterone and PGF2α secretion. In experiment I, progesterone remained high and PGF2α low in luteal incubations from either Day 9 or Day 17 saline-treated pigs. Cloprostenol increased PGF2α production 465% and decreased progesterone production 87% only from Day 17 luteal tissue. Cloprostenol induced prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS)-2 mRNA (0.5 h) and protein (10 h) in both groups. In cell culture, cloprostenol or phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD) (protein kinase C activator), induced PGHS-2 mRNA in luteal cells from both groups. However, acute...
Reckless behavior in adolescence: A developmental perspective

Abstract A developmental theory of reckless behavior among adolescents is presented, in which sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism are especially prominent factors. Findings from studies of automobile driving, sex without contraception, illegal drug use, and minor criminal activity are presented in evidence of this. The influence of peers is then discussed and reinterpreted in the light of sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism. Socialization influences are considered in interaction with sensation seeking and adolescent egocentrism, and the terms narrow and broad socialization are introduced. Factors that may be responsible for the decline of reckless behavior with age are discussed.
Software Input Space Modeling with Constraints among Parameters

This paper considers the task of software test case generation from a large space of values of input parameters. The purpose of the paper is to create a model of software input space with constraints among parameters to serve as a basis of testing. We suggest a procedure to create a directed graph model, where paths through the graph represent all valid (and only valid) input combinations. The procedure accommodates an arbitrary set of dependencies among parameters. It starts from a simple linear graph and sequentially modifies this graph for each dependency between parameters. Modifications include subgraph splitting and elimination of dead nodes and edges. A complete example of a system with six input parameters and five dependencies among them is presented to illustrate the application of the procedure. Applicability of the approach for different types of parameters and dependencies is addressed.
Measurement of an electron's electric dipole moment using Cs atoms trapped in optical lattices

We propose to measure the electron's permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) using cesium atoms trapped in a sparsely populated, trichromatic, far blue-detuned three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice. In the proposed configuration, the atoms can be strongly localized near the nodes of the light field and isolated from each other, leading to a strong suppression of the detrimental effects of atom-atom and atom-field interactions. Three linearly polarized standing waves with different frequencies create an effectively linearly polarized 3D optical lattice and lead to a strong reduction of the tensor light shift, which remains a potential source of systematic error. Other systematics concerning external field instability and gradients and higher-order polarizabilities are discussed. Furthermore, auxiliary atoms can be loaded into the same lattices as effective ``comagnetometers'' to monitor various systematic effects, including magnetic-field fluctuations and imperfect electric-field reversal. We estimate that a sensitivity 100 times higher than the current upper bound for the electron's EDM of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}e\mathrm{cm}$ can be achieved with the proposed technique.
Food access, brood size and filial cannibalism in the fantail darter, Etheostoma flabellare

We compared the occurrence of filial cannibalism in fed and starved male fantail darters (Etheostoma flabellare). All males in the experiment consumed eggs, and 56% ate all of their eggs. A male's initial body condition did not explain the number of eggs that he ate. Neither did non-fed males eat more eggs than fed males. Fed males were able to maintain better body condition during the experiment, but the change in body condition also depended on the number of eggs eaten. Thus, males who ate more eggs were able to maintain better body condition.The most important determinant of whether or not a male ate all of his eggs was his initial egg number. Males with small egg masses ate all of their eggs whereas males with large egg masses were only partial cannibals. There was, however, no difference in the total number of eggs eaten by total and partial cannibals. We conclude that eggs are only partially eaten for energetic reasons. We also suggest that small egg masses are completely consumed because the costs of caring for a small egg mass may exceed the expected reproductive benefits of a small egg mass.
Simple, effective MA and ARMA techniques

An approach to MA estimation is proposed which uses a high-order AR estimate as an intermediate step. Although the AR estimate cannot directly represent deep spectral valleys, it is shown that much information is still contained in the AR coefficient sequence and can be extracted. Two methods of ARMA estimation are developed utilizing the MA technique. One estimates the poles by a previously known method and then estimates the zeros from the residual. The other first estimates the zeros, and then the poles from residual. The second method can also be used to extract the signal component of a high-order AR model after singular-value decomposition. Examples are given showing the techniques to be quite effective.
Degradation pathways for monoethanolamine in a CO2 capture facility

One of the highest priorities in carbon sequestration science is the development of techniques for CO2 separation and capture, because it is expected to account for the majority of the total cost (∼75%). The most common currently used method of CO2 separation is reversible chemical absorption using monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. In the current study, solvent degradation from this technique was studied using degraded MEA samples from the IMC Chemicals Facility in Trona, California. A major pathway to solvent degradation that had not been previously observed in laboratory experiments has been identified. This pathway, which is initiated by oxidation of the solvent, is a much more significant source of solvent degradation than the previously identified carbamate dimerization mechanism.
Comparative Phylogenetic Histories of Two Louse Genera Found on Catharus Thrushes and Other Birds

The louse genera Brueelia (Ischnocera) and Myrsidea (Amblycera) are broadly codistributed on songbirds (Passeriformes), but differ in a variety of life history characteristics. We used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to assess levels of genetic divergence and reconstruct phylogenies of these 2 genera, focusing especially on Catharus thrushes in North America. We then qualitatively compared the phylogenies and levels of divergence within these 2 genera of codistributed parasites. Neither Brueelia nor Myrsidea appears to cospeciate with Catharus thrushes or passerine birds in general. The Myrsidea phylogeny exhibits significant levels of biogeographic structure, whereas the Brueelia phylogeny does not. Myrsidea and Brueelia also differ in their levels of intra-generic genetic divergence, with Myrsidea showing higher levels of genetic divergence and host specificity than Brueelia. Our genetic data support traditional morphology-based taxonomy in several instances in which the same species of Brueelia has been reported on multiple host taxa, e.g., all migrant Catharus spp. carry B. antiqua, with little haplotype divergence. Myrsidea found on each Catharus sp. are in general genetically distinct, except for M. incerta, which parasitizes both Catharus ustulatus and Catharus minimus. The strong biogeographic signal in the Myrsidea phylogeny and higher relative levels of host specificity of Myrsidea spp. suggest that infrequent host-switching, followed by speciation, is shaping the evolutionary history of this group. In contrast, the relatively lower host specificity of Brueelia spp. suggests that host-switching, combined with more frequent ongoing dispersal, has been more important in the evolutionary history of Brueelia.
The anthracycline-trastuzumab interaction: a lesson in not jumping to confusion.

A group of oncologists and cardiologists met in Maui, Hawaii in July 1998 for a consensus conference to discuss the treatment of breast cancer with trastuzumab [1]. Trastuzumab had proven to be highly effective in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer, a form of the disease that heretofore had the reputation for being resistant to conventional therapy and which carried a poor prognosis. In that respect, trastuzumab was considered a ‘breakthrough’ agent. Unfortunately, early reports found an unexpected incidence of both symptomatic (19%) and total (27%) cardiac events that included asymptomatic declines in ejection fraction [2].
Codes with sparse graphs: transform analysis and constructions

Generalized transform methods are employed to analyze and construct some families of quasi-cyclic codes with constraint graphs that have a low density of edges while maintaining good connectivity. Such codes are of interest for iterative decoding algorithms.
On Green’s function for a bimaterial elastic half-plane

The problem of a point force acting in a composite, two-dimensional, isotropic elastic half-plane is considered. An exact solution is obtained, using Mellin transforms and the Melan solution for a point force in a homogeneous half-plane.
Establishment of Ethanol as a Reinforcer for Rhesus Monkeys Via the Oral Route: Initial Results

Ethanol functions as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys when it is self-administered intravenously (Deneau, Yanagita and Seevers, 1969; Winger and Woods, 1973; Woods, Ikomi and Winger, 1971) or intragastricly (Yanagita and Takahashi, 1973). However, it has been reported that ethanol is not drunk by rhesus monkeys in either large quantities or at high concentrations except under special circumstances. For example, if rhesus monkeys are totally restricted to a liquid diet containing ethanol, physiological dependence develops (Pieper and Skeen, 1972). In three of four rhesus monkeys the chronic intraventricular infusion of ethanol resulted in abrupt and intermittent increases in ethanol intake (Myers, Veale and Yaksh, 1972), but such increases were not found in another study (Koz and Mendelson, 1967). Following a six-day interruption in the monkeys’ continuous access to ethanol, reintroduction of access to ethanol resulted in a pronounced but transient increase in intake (Sinclair, 1971).
Granular Superconductors and Josephson Junction Arrays

In these lectures we focus on those properties of granular superconductors which pertain to a regime of microscopic conditions such that they behave as assemblies of coupled Josephson junctions. Essentially, this should be a good picture if the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length of the bulk metal comprising the superconducting grains is of order of the grain size, while the Josephson coupling energy between grains (whether in SIS or SNS composites) is small compared to the BCS condensation energy of the individual grains. These conditions, and the fact that they lead to strongly type II superconductivity are spelled out in Section 2. In Section 3, the consequences of the resulting classical XY model behavior for the thermodynamic properties of 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional (3D and 2D) granular superconductors are summarized. The consequences of randomness of the intergrain coupling are not dealt with, apart from a brief discussion of the probable absence of localization effects in 2D systems.
Impact of Multidisciplinary Team Training and High Fidelity Simulation in Critical Patient Scenarios

We have evaluated the recent literature regarding the use of high fidelity simulation and multidisciplinary team training to emphasize the fundamental concepts of leadership, teamwork, and communication during critical patient events. Evidence exists to support the creation of multidisciplinary training programs that utilize high fidelity simulation and focus on cardiocerebral resuscitation. We believe that multidisciplinary simulation training, when combined with a continuous quality improvement (CQI) initiative, can address inadequate and reduced trainee exposure to critical events and may lead to improved patient outcomes.
Volumetric segmentation of ADC maps and utility of standard deviation as measure of tumor heterogeneity in soft tissue tumors.

Abstract Purpose Determine interobserver concordance of semiautomated three-dimensional volumetric and two-dimensional manual measurements of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in soft tissue masses (STMs) and explore standard deviation (SD) as a measure of tumor ADC heterogeneity. Results Concordance correlation coefficients for mean ADC increased with more extensive sampling. Agreement on the SD of tumor ADC values was better for large regions of interest and multislice methods. Correlation between mean and SD ADC was low, suggesting that these parameters are relatively independent. Conclusion Mean ADC of STMs can be determined by volumetric quantification with high interobserver agreement. STM heterogeneity merits further investigation as a potential imaging biomarker that complements other functional magnetic resonance imaging parameters.
Faunal interchange and Miocene terrestrial vertebrates of southern Asia

Problems of stratigraphic completeness and poor temporal resolution make analysis of faunal change in terrestrial sequences difficult. The fluvial Neogene Siwalik formations of India and Pakistan are an exception. They contain a long vertebrate record and have good chronostrati- graphic control, making it possible to assess the influence of biotic interchange on Siwalik fossil communities. In Pakistan, the interval between 18 and 7 Ma has been most intensively studied and changes in diversity and relative abundance of ruminant artiodactyls and muroid rodents are documented with temporal resolution of 200,000 years. Within this interval, diversity varies con- siderably, including an abrupt rise in species number between 15 and 13 Ma, followed by a decline in ruminant diversity after 12 Ma and a decline in muroid diversity in two steps at 13 and 10 Ma. Significant changes in relative abundance of taxa include an increase in bovids between 16.5 and 15 Ma, a decrease in tragulids after 9 Ma, and a very abrupt increase in murids at 12 Ma. Megacri- cetodontine rodents also decrease significantly at 12 Ma, and smaller declines -re recorded among myocricetodontine and copemyine rodents after 16 Ma. An increase of dendromurine rodents at 15.5 Ma is also observed. There is also a trend of progressive size increase among giraffoids and bovids throughout the sequence. We have also investigated relationships between biotic interchange and diversity, body size, and relative abundance, concluding that (1) the rapid increase in ruminant and muroid diversity was largely due to immigration, whereas in situ speciation had only a secondary role; (2) during intervals of increasing diversity, resident lineages did not have higher than average rates of in situ speciation; (3) during intervals with rising diversity, greater extinction did not accompany increased immi- gration; (4) during intervals with falling diversity, there may have been greater extinction in recently invading lineages; and (5) change in diversity was independent of changes in relative abundance and body size.
Das Grundstörungsmodell am Beispiel der Psychoanalyse

Bei dem Beitrag der Psychoanalyse zum Verstandnis des Wahns handelt es sich keineswegs um eine in sich geschlossene, homogene Theorie, sondern vielmehr um verschiedene Gedanken, die den Status von Hypothesen, Metaphern oder Analogien haben, sich auf verschiedene Aspekte des Wahns beziehen und teilweise zueinander nur in lockerem Zusammenhang stehen.1 Da Freuds Auserungen zum Wahnproblem uber dessen gesamte Sehaffensperiode verteilt sind, ziehen die unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstufen der psychoanalytischen “Lehre” (vor allem der “Modelle” des “psychischen Apparates”) zudem notwendigerweise unterschiedliche Wahnauffassungen nach sich. Gemeinsam ist all diesen Gedanken, das sie die Genese des Wahns und nicht sein “Wesen” zum Inhalt haben, obwohl gerade dieser Umstand gelegentlich ubersehen wird.
Numerical modeling of non-woven fiber mats: Their effective mechanical and electrical properties

Numerical simulations on non-woven fibrous, porous structures were performed to determine material design space for energy storage device (battery and ultra-capacitor) separators. Material simulations were performed initially with a commercial program called GeoDict using its demo version. Later, in-house computational tools were developed and employed. The numerical routines were created to model mechanical and electrical properties of porous structures. The tools were built as a pre-processor for a commercial finite element package. Effective properties were estimated in the post-processing phase using the current and stress distributions. No multi-physics assumptions were considered to couple electrical and mechanical fields at this stage. The numerical results between two numerical platforms, GeoDict and in-house tools. Regions of interest in porosity for battery separators are discussed.
Abstract W P399: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Subjects

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected individuals are at high risk for ischemic stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method of measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) may help assess the stroke risk in asymptomatic HIV subjects. Objectives: To evaluate MR measured CBF and OEF in treatment naive asymptomatic HIV+ subjects and HIV- controls. Methods: Treatment naive asymptomatic HIV+ subjects and age-gender-race matched HIV- controls were assessed for CBF using a pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) approach and Oxygen Extraction Fraction (OEF) using MRI T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences. All images were acquired using a Siemens 3T MR scanner (Treo, Siemens Medical Systems Inc). Quantitative CBF and OEF measurements were made in the whole-brain, gray matter and white matter and compared between the groups using unpaired t-test. Results: A total of 65 subjects of who, 35 treatment naive HIV+ subjects (Mean age ± SD=30±7,89% male, 31% white, 49% black and 20% others) and 30 age-gender-race matched HIV- controls (Mean age± SD= 31±8,93% male, 37% white, 53% black and 10% others) consented to the protocol. HIV+ subjects compared to HIV- controls had significantly higher whole brain CBF (58.0 ± 13.8 ml/100g/min vs. 51.3 ± 9.0 ml/100g/min; p=0.03) and gray matter CBF (72.9 ± 16.2 ml/100g/min vs. 63.9 ± 9.9 ml/100g/min; p=0.01). However, values for whole brain OEF (0.4 ± 0.04) and gray matter OEF (0.4 ± 0.05) were similar for both groups. White matter CBF in HIV+ subjects (41.5 ± 13.1 ml/100g/min) compared to HIV- controls (37.2 ± 9.2 ml/100g/min) was not significantly higher (p=0.16) while white matter OEF (0.4 ± 0.04 HIV+ subjects vs. 0.4 ± 0.03 HIV-controls) showed no changes. Conclusions: The observed increase of whole brain CBF in treatment naive HIV + subjects compared to HIV- matched controls, without corresponding changes in the OEF appears to be driven by a pronounced significant change in the gray matter compared with the white matter. These changes in CBF without corresponding changes in OEF suggest increase in metabolic activity, and may explain the higher stroke risk in asymptomatic HIV subjects.
Promoting Tobacco Cessation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

The tobacco epidemic is increasingly concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (WHO, 2008 ). These countries often have very limited resources and infrastructure to confront this epidemic. Public knowledge of tobacco health harms may be quite limited and, unfortunately, this is often true for health professionals as well (Nichter, 2006 ). Clinical practice guidelines have identified effective tobacco cessation interventions (Clinical Practice Guideline, 2008 ), but these have been focused primarily upon high-income countries. Approaches that have been successful in high-income countries may not be directly applicable in low-resource settings. Thus, for example, medications may not be readily accessible and infrastructure to support quit line programs may be minimal or non-existent.
RECALL OF REINFORCEMENT AND CONATIVE ACTIVITY IN VERBAL CONDITIONING.

Ss in a verbal conditioning experiment were afterwards required to indicate their motivation to receive reinforcement and to make quantitative estimates of their trying for reinforcement and of E's giving reinforcement. These interview responses were fairly closely postdictive of mean actual performance gains. The pattern of results is consistent with a cognitive interpretation of verbal conditioning.
Differential innate immune cell signatures and effects regulated by toll-like receptor 4 during murine lung tumor promotion

Tumor promotion is an early and critical stage during lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). We previously demonstrated that Tlr4 mutant mice were more susceptible to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced pulmonary inflammation and tumor promotion in comparison to Tlr4-sufficient mice. Our study objective was to elucidate the underlying differences in Tlr4 mutant mice in innate immune cell populations, their functional responses, and the influence of these cellular differences on ADC progenitor (type II) cells following BHT-treatment. BALB (Tlr4-sufficient) and C.C3-Tlr4(Lps-d)/J (BALB(Lpsd); Tlr4 mutant) mice were treated with BHT (promoter) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and flow cytometry processing on the lungs. ELISAs, Club cell enrichment, macrophage function, and RNA isolation were also performed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) co-cultured with a type II cell line were used for wound healing assays. Innate immune cells significantly increased in whole lung in BHT-treated BALB(Lpsd) mice compared to BALB mice. BHT-treated BALB(Lpsd) mice demonstrated enhanced macrophage functionality, increased epithelial wound closure via BMDMs, and increased Club cell number in BALB(Lpsd) mice, all compared to BALB BHT-treated mice. Cytokine/chemokine (Kc, Mcp1) and growth factor (Igf1) levels also significantly differed among the strains and within macrophages, gene expression, and cell surface markers collectively demonstrated a more plastic phenotype in BALB(Lpsd) mice. Therefore, these correlative studies suggest that distinct innate immune cell populations are associated with the differences observed in the Tlr4-mutant model. Future studies will investigate the macrophage origins and the utility of the pathways identified herein as indicators of immune system deficiencies and lung tumorigenesis.
Weight Change Pattern and Survival Outcome of Women with Endometrial Cancer

The aim of this study was to determine the association between weight change patterns and survival outcomes of women with endometrial cancer. This retrospective study examined surgically-staged endometrial cancer cases with available weight information between 1999 and 2013 (n = 665). Proportional body mass index (delta-BMI) change at 6 months, 1 and 2 years after hysterectomy was compared with baseline BMI and correlated to patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment type, and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Mean BMI was 35.6, and 69 % of cases were obese. At 6 months, 1 and 2 years after surgery, 39.1, 51.6, and 57.0 % of the study population, respectively, gained weight compared with pre-treatment baseline. In univariate analysis, 6-month delta-BMI change was significantly associated with DFS and OS, demonstrating bidirectional effects (both p 0.05). Our results demonstrated that endometrial cancer patients continued to gain weight after hysterectomy, and post-treatment weight change had bidirectional effects on survival outcome.