cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Timescales of Response of a Simple Climate Model

Abstract A detailed analysis is made of various analytic solutions to a 0D climate model coupled to an upwelling diffusion ocean model. In particular, the responses to impulse, step-function, exponential, and linear forcings are addressed. The coupled climate–ocean model is characterized by two timescales: a relatively fast timescale, τc, associated with the damping of an ocean temperature anomaly by thermal radiation down to the depth of the thermocline, and a slow timescale, τu, representing the time required for upwelling to balance vertical diffusion in an uncoupled ocean model. A small parameter, e = τc/τu, is introduced, and it is shown from the analytic solutions that the decay of transients in the complex system is governed by a third timescale resulting from a combination of the first two timescales and written as eτc; that is, it is much faster than either of the more obvious timescales. The parameter e evidently indicates the ratio of the depth of heating anomaly penetration to the depth of the...
A case study of green tree frog population size estimation by repeated capture–mark–recapture method with individual tagging: a parametric bootstrap method vs Jolly–Seber method

This paper deals with estimation of a green tree frog population in an urban setting using repeated capture–mark–recapture (CMR) method over several weeks with an individual tagging system which gives rise to a complicated generalization of the hypergeometric distribution. Based on the maximum likelihood estimation, a parametric bootstrap approach is adopted to obtain interval estimates of the weekly population size which is the main objective of our work. The method is computation-based; and programming intensive to implement the algorithm for re-sampling. This method can be applied to estimate the population size of any species based on repeated CMR method at multiple time points. Further, it has been pointed out that the well-known Jolly–Seber method, which is based on some strong assumptions, produces either unrealistic estimates, or may have situations where its assumptions are not valid for our observed data set.
Fungal communities at the edge: Ecological lessons from high alpine fungi

Abstract One of the least studied ecosystems on Earth is the plant-free zone found between the alpine tundra zone and the zone of permanent ice and snow. This unique ecosystem-type occurs in all of the major mountain ranges on Earth and is especially widespread in the Andes and Himalayas. Here we describe recent molecular-phylogenetic studies of the fungi that inhabit these apparently barren soils. Sites that receive significant amounts of snowfall (in the Himalayas, Rocky and Andes ranges) are dominated by unique clades of zoosporic fungi (especially the Spizellomycetales), which likely use the saturated soil conditions during snow melt to complete their life cycles and then remain dormant for most of the year during periods of extreme cold and dryness. In more extreme sites that have very sporadic and shallow snow packs, such as the upper slopes of Llullaillaco Volcano (el. 6 741 m above sea level) on the Chilean-Argentinian border, fungal communities show very little diversity and are dominated by clades of yeasts related to the Antarctic endolithic yeasts in the Filobasidiales group. The other major group found on Llullaillaco form a clade most closely affiliated with the Dothideomycetes. Overall, our phylogenetic approach and spatially explicit sampling scheme allow us to formulate new hypotheses about the ecological functioning of fungi that inhabit critically endangered high elevation ecosystems.
Density of states of localized phonons in a pinned Wigner crystal.

Using the method of optimal fluctuation, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the phonon density of states in the low-frequency limit \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. If the pinning potential is not too strong, both the density of states g(\ensuremath{\omega}) and the ac conductivity at zero temperature \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) are found to be proportional to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{4}$. This power law is valid in both one- and two-dimensional crystal and does not change in the presence of magnetic field.
Thicker Than Blood: Conserved Mechanisms in Drosophila and Vertebrate Hematopoiesis

Blood development in Drosophila melanogaster shares several interesting features with hematopoiesis in vertebrates, including spatiotemporal regulation as well as the use of similar transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways. In this review, we describe what is known about hematopoietic development in Drosophila and the various cell types generated and their functions. Additionally, the molecular genetic mechanisms of hematopoietic cell fate determination and commitment within Drosophila blood cell lineages are discussed and compared to vertebrate mechanisms.
‘Pure’ Song: ‘Du bist wie eine Blume’ and the Heine Juggernaut

Anyone who ventures into the vastness of German song territory encounters a juggernaut almost immediately. Over and over again, the supplier of the words is identified as Heinrich Heine - a very great poet, to be sure, but other great poets did not leave the same mammoth imprint on the history of song as this man. Gunter Metzner's catalogue, Heine in der Musik (Heine in Music), consumes twelve oversize volumes, and both Peter Shea and I have found settings that are not cited in this Herculean source. Those who peruse Ernst Challier's Grosser Lieder-Katalog (Great Song Catalogue) of 1884 discover that nineteenth-century composers frequently chose Heine for their op. 1 entree onto the scene, as if setting Heine to music was a rite of passage, a guarantee that attention would be paid.
Nuclear power plants for ship propulsion

Two prototype submarine atomic power plants are being developed: the Submarine Thermal Reactor and the Submarine Intermediate Reactor. Their fundamentals are discussed as are those of a gas-cooled reactor power plant.
Computational Analysis of Thermal Performance and Entropy Generation of Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels

High heat loads of mechanical, chemical, and biomedical microsystems require heat exchangers which are very small, robust, and efficient. Nanofluids are dilute suspensions of nanoparticles in liquids, which may exhibit remarkable heat transfer characteristics, especially for heat removal in micro-devices. Minimization of entropy generation is potentially a design tool to determine best heat exchanger device geometry and operation.Focusing on microchannel heat sink applications, the thermal performance of pure fluid flow as well as different nanofluids (i.e., Al2O3+water and ZnO+EG) with different volume fractions are discussed. The local and volumetric entropy rates caused by frictional and thermal effects are illustrated for different coolants, geometries and operational parameters. The Feng-Kleinstreuer (F-K) thermal conductivity model, which consists of a base-fluid static part, kbf, and a new “micro-mixing” part, kmm, i.e., knf = kbf + kmm, was adopted in the thermal performance study of nanofluid flow in microchannels. In addition, two effective nanofluid viscosity models have been analyzed and are compared in the current study.In summary, the friction factor, pressure gradient, pumping power, local heat transfer coefficient, thermal resistance and entropy generation are evaluated for different nanofluids. The experimentally validated computational study provides new physical insight and criteria for design applications towards effective micro-system cooling.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
197 Modeling the maturation pathway of the HIV-1 5’-UTR RNA dimer

HIV-1 genomic RNA is packaged as a dimer into the virions. The initial metastable RNA dimer is believed to be formed by virtue of “kissing interactions” between two copies of the palindromic apical loops of stem-loop SL1 of the 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR) of the genomic RNA. Viral nucleocapsid protein NCp7 promotes maturation of the RNA dimer into more stable form, which involves extended or linear form of SL1 dimer (reviewed in Paillart et al., 2004; Moore & Hu, 2009; Lu et al., 2011). In vitro experiments have shown that this conversion occurs at stoichiometric amounts of NCp7 without breaking interactions between the two copies of the SL1 apical loops (Mujeeb et al., 2007). We have proposed a hypothetical pathway and calculated models of the intermediate structures for the SL1 stem-loop dimer maturation that does not require simultaneous dissociation of all base pairs in SL1 stems; this pathway involves formation of an RNA analog of the Holliday junction intermediate between the two stems of the SL...
The use of tritiated uridine as a marker in studies of fungal life cycles

Abstract Tritiated uridine was incorporated into the cytoplasm of vegetative hyphae and of the plectenchyma layer of Elytroderma deformans hysterothecia growing within the needles of Ponderosa pine. Label readily entered hyphae in the resin canals, mesophyll, phloem, xylem and transfusion cells of the pine needle. Attempts to introduce tritiated thymidine in a similar fashion gave inconclusive results. The utilization of H 3 uridine should provide new information on the location of hyphae within host tissue and help elucidate host parasite relationships.
Design of H∞ output feedback controllers for the AMD benchmark problem

This paper outlines a general approach for the design of H∞ dynamic output feedback controllers and applies this method to designing controllers for the Active Mass Driver (AMD) benchmark problem. The example controllers designed for this problem use acceleration output feedback of the structure coupled with the additional actuator sensors and ground motion sensor. Some of the key choices made by a control designer using this method are discussed and evaluated with example controllers. Several sets of controllers are developed to evaluate the sensitivity of controller effectiveness to the choice of regulator response quantities, the choice of feedback quantities, and the choice of when to apply model reduction. Results show that for this design approach the best controller effectiveness is achieved by choosing to regulate the structural accelerations and displacements with the controller acceleration and command signal. In addition, the sensitivity of the dynamic controllers to the removal of available sensors is investigated, showing that the performance of the dynamic controllers for the nominal AMD model are insensitive to which sensors are available. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the defect structure of wustite using electrical conductivity and thermoelectric measurements

Abstract Electrical conductivity measurements have been made on undoped, on chromium- and on titanium-doped wustite in the temperature range of 650–1060°C. The theoretical pressure dependence of the conductivity of undoped wustite as a function of oxygen pressure derived from the law of mass action is obeyed within the center of the phase field at 1060°C. It is not obeyed near either phase boundary. The oxygen pressure dependence changes from 1 6 at 1060°C to 1 3·6 at 850°C. Thermoelectric measurements indicate n-type behavior of undoped wustite containing high concentrations of oxygen at temperatures above about 950°C. Doping with chromium and with titanium lowers the conductivity in accord with the mass action law.
DISINFLATION WITHOUT RECESSION: ADAPTIVE GUIDEPOSTS AND MONETARY POLICY

InflationsbekAmpfung ohne Rezession. — In dieser Arbeit wird das Theorem begrundet, da\ ein einziger Pfad der Kontrollvariablen fur die Gesamtnachfrage — hier der Geldversorgung — existiert, auf dem die Verminderung der Inflation auf das erwunschte Niveau vorgenommen werden kann, ohne da\ die BeschAftigung auch nur zeitweise von der »naturlichen Rate« abweicht — und das trotz gestaffelter und deshalb sich uberlappender Lohnabschlusse ohne Indexbindung mit fester Laufzeit. Der Beweis ist abhAngig von dem Postulat perfekter Voraussicht in bezug auf die Entwicklung des durchschnittlichen Lohnsatzes und der Geldversorgung. In der Praxis wurde der Erfolg eines solchen Programms zur InflationsbekAmpfung die Einrichtung von Lohn-Leitlinien erfordern, die die Erwartungsbildung erleichtern.
Antineoplastic agents. 600. From the South Pacific Ocean to the silstatins.

The recent advances in the development of antibody and other drug conjugates for targeted cancer treatment have further increased the need for powerful cancer cell growth inhibitors. Toward that objective we have extended our earlier discovery of the remarkable anticancer bacillistatins 1 and 2 from Bacillus silvestris to SAR and other structural modifications such as availability of a free hydroxy group for antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) and other prodrug linkage. That direction has resulted in seven structural modifications designated silstatins 1–8 (7a, 8a, 8b, 14a, 15a, 15b, 18a, and 18b), where the exceptional cancer cell growth inhibition of some of them are in the range GI50 10–3–10–4 μM/mL. Silstatin 7 (18a) was converted to a glucuronic conjugate (28) that displayed an impressive reduction in toxicity during transport.
Phenomenology and the clark experience

Abstract The author argues that his research and teaching interests are very much a legacy from Clark University, especially because of events there during the years 1970–72. The essay first identifies four factors—place, time, people, and atmosphere—which seem to have shaped developments in environment-behavior research during that time at Clark and considers how those developments touched the author personally. Second, the author reviews his present research interests in terms of three themes: fostering careful looking and seeing; examining environmental experience; and establishing a phenomenology of place and place-making. He argues that each of these themes is in part a product of his Clark experience during the early 1970s.
Immunotherapy for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma by a Replication-Defective Adenovirus Transducing Murine Interleukin-2

We have evaluated the feasibility of gene transduction using replication-defective adenovirus vector as a novel therapy for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a thyroid C cell neoplasm. Replication-defective adenoviruses were constructed to express murine interleukin-2 (mIL-2) gene and Escherichia coliβ -galactosidase (β-gal; lacZ) gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (AdCMVmIL2, AdCMVβ-gal) by homologous recombination. The efficiency of transduction was evaluated using AdCMVβ-gal at different conditions. The gene transduction efficiency was dependent on multiplicity of infection, duration of exposure to the virus, and viral concentration. The expression of functional mIL-2 in transduced tumor cells was verified both in vitro and in vivo. Two cell lines (rat MTC and mMTC) secreted large amounts of functional mIL-2 after transduction, as tested in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) L-2 cells. When AdCMVmIL2-infected mMTC cells were injected sc into their host animals, tumors develop...
Viscosity of gas mixtures at normal pressures: Binary polar‐nonpolar systems

An interaction model is presented for the prediction of viscosities at normal pressures of gas mixtures containing a polar and a nonpolar constituent. This model is based on the principle of corresponding states and requires TR, the viscosity parameter ξ = T/M1/2P for each component, and the value of zc for the polar component. Viscosity measurements available in the literature for several binary systems have been used to establish interaction coefficients which have been correlated to obtain relationships capable of predicting them. This method has been applied to 14 systems for temperatures ranging from 288° to 523°K. to produce an average deviation of 2.64% for 356 experimental values.
Morphogenetic effect of the herbicide cinch on Arabidopsis thaliana root development

Cinch is a morphogenetically active herbicide that inhibits primary root growth and induces abnormal ``nodule-like'' lateral roots on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Using 200 nm Cinch, the early stages of lateral root formation occurred along the apical half of the root axis; but once emerged, they were inhibited from further growth. Second-order lateral roots formed at the base of stunted first-order lateral roots after 5 days of Cinch treatment. Results from Cinch experiments suggested that pericycle cells are determined in the meristem to be potential sites of lateral root formation, and the developmental transition point between emerged lateral roots and subsequent growth is inhibited. Results using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid suggest that Cinch is not a chemical analog of auxin.
Understanding Relations Among Early Family Environment, Cortisol Response, and Child Aggression via a Prevention Experiment

This study examined relations among family environment, cortisol response, and behavior in the context of a randomized controlled trial with 92 children (M = 48 months) at risk for antisocial behavior. Previously, researchers reported an intervention effect on cortisol response in anticipation of a social challenge. The current study examined whether changes in cortisol response were related to later child aggression. Among lower warmth families, the intervention effect on aggression was largely mediated by the intervention effect on cortisol response. Although the intervention also resulted in significant benefits on child engaging behavior, cortisol response did not mediate this effect. These findings demonstrate meaningful associations between cortisol response and aggression among children at familial risk for antisocial behavior.
Turbulent structure of high‐density suspensions formed under waves

We performed a series of laboratory experiments on the interactions between turbulent wave boundary layers and a predominantly silt-sized sediment bed. Under a wide range of wave conditions similar to those observed on storm-dominated midshelf environments we produced quasi-steady high-density benthic suspensions. These suspensions were turbulent, while containing large near-bed concentrations of suspended sediment (17–80 g/L), and were separated from the upper water column by a lutocline. Detailed measurements of the vertical structure of velocity, turbulence, and sediment concentration revealed that the wave boundary layer, while typically >1 cm thick in sediment-free conditions, was reduced substantially in size, often to <3 mm, with the addition of suspendible sediment. This likely resulted from sediment-induced stratification that limited vertical mixing of momentum. Despite boundary layer reduction the flows were able to support high-density suspensions as thick as 8 cm because turbulent energy was transported upward from this thin but highly energetic near-bed region. Standard formulations of the Richardson number for shear flows are not applicable to our experiments since the suspensions were supported from transported rather than locally produced turbulence.
‘What could I say?’ A critical discourse analysis of the construction of race in children’s literature

This article analyzes the construction of Whiteness in children’s literature that intentionally brings Whiteness to the surface. We wondered: do the authors re‐center Whiteness in their attempts to racialize White people? What literary strategies and linguistic techniques do the authors call on to present Whiteness and, subsequently, Blackness? Using a combination of critical analyses including intertextual and hermeneutical analyses as well as critical discourse analysis, we foreground the reconstructive and deconstructive aspects of White people talking about race. Our empirical analysis also relied on transactional theories of reading informed by cultural criticism and Whiteness studies. We focus on four themes that cut across the books in our findings: White talk, colorblind theories of race, historicizing racism, and the privileging effect. We demonstrate the ways in which the talk in texts between White characters sometimes recenters Whiteness and other times disrupts Whiteness as the center. We dis...
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Largemouth Bass Virus

The use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) to test for largemouth bass virus (LMBV) was evaluated during a challenge experiment in which largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were immersed in the type strain of LMBV. The real-time PCR and cell culture methods were both used to measure LMBV present in the inoculum. Additional samples tested by QPCR included gill, gonad, kidney, liver, mucus, spleen, and swim bladder. A plasmid clone containing a 248-base pair (bp) fragment of the major capsid protein gene (MCP*) was serially diluted and used as a standard to quantify the number of LMBV DNA copies present in the samples tested. A 62-bp fragment of DNA located in MCP* was amplified in the real-time PCR assay. This work has demonstrated the value of the QPCR assay in LMBV surveys.
Steady-State and Frequency Response of a Thin-Film Heat Flux Gauge

Anewand simplerdesign ofthin-e lm heate ux gaugehasbeendeveloped forusein high-heat-e ux environments. Heat e ux gauges of the same design were fabricated on three different substrates and tested. The heat e ux gauge comprises a thermopile and a thermocouple junction, which measures the surface temperature. The thermopile has 40 pairs of S-type thermocouples and is covered by two thermal resistance layers. Calibration and testing of thesegaugesweree rst carriedoutin an arc-lamp calibrationfacility.Sensitivityofthegaugewasdiscussed in terms of the relative conductivity and surface temperature. The heat e ux calculated from the gauge output was in good agreement with the precalibrated standard sensor. The steady-state and the transient response characteristics of the heat e ux gauge were also investigated using a carbon dioxide pulse laser as a heat source. The dynamic frequency response was evaluated in terms of the nondimensional amplitude ratio with respect to the frequency spectrum of a chopped laser beam. The frequency response of the gauge was determined to be about 3 kHz. The temperature proe les in the thin-e lm heat e ux gauge were obtained numerically in steady-state conditions using FLUENT and compared with the experimental results. Nomenclature d = thickness of thermal resistance layer, m Es = thermopile voltage output, mV K = thermal conductivity, W/m C K = relative conductivity, W/m C N = number of thermocouple pairs in the thermopile Q = heat e ux, W/m 2 S T = absolute thermoelectric power at temperature T, mV/ C T = temperature, C t = time, s = absorptivity d = thickness difference in thermal resistance layers between 1 and 2 Subscripts 1, 2 = thermal resistance layers 1 and 2, respectively
Deterrence and Arrest Ratios

In the limited research on the origins of sanction threat perceptions, researchers have focused on either the effects of actively engaging in crime or the effects of formal sanctioning but rarely on both (i.e., the arrest ratio or the number of arrests relative to the number of crimes committed). This article extends this line of research by using a sample of Colorado inmates and measures arrest ratios and sanction perceptions for eight different crime types. Analyses reveal that the offenders report both significant experiential and arrest ratio effects. Theoretical and policy implications, limitations, and directions for future research are outlined.
An Externally Dispersed Interferometer Prototype for Sensitive Radial Velocimetry: Theory and Demonstration on Sunlight

A theory of operation of a wideband interferometric Doppler spectroscopy technique, called externally dispersed interferometry (EDI), is presented. The first EDI prototype was tested on sunlight and detected the 12 m s 1 amplitude lunar signature in Earth's motion. The hybrid instrument is an undispersed Michelson interferometer having a fixed delay of about 1 cm, in series with an external spectrograph of about 20,000 resolution. The Michelson provides the Doppler shift discrimination, while the external spectrograph boosts net white-light fringe visibility by reducing cross talk from adjacent continuum channels. A moireeffect between the sinusoidal interferometer transmission and the input spectrum heterodynes high spectral details to broad moire ´ patterns, which carry the Doppler information in its phase. These broad patterns survive the blurring of the spectrograph, which can have several times lower resolution than grating-only spectrographs typically used now for the Doppler planet search. This enables the net instrument to be dramatically smaller in size (∼1 m) and cost. The EDI behavior is compared and contrasted to the conventional grating-only technique.
Green chemistry and technology

The complexity of the organic carbon form found in biomass presents challenges to the chemist or technologist seeking to convert the biomass into useful chemicals. Cellulose formed from the polymerization of glucose and hemicellulose (a copolymer of glucose and xylose) are the primary constituents of biomass derived from plants. Lignin is integral to the structural stability of plants and is a highly cross-linked copolymer of substituted phenols. By separating the plant carbon source materials many beneficial chemical transformations can be undertaken to form items of commerce. The C6 and C5 sugars composing cellulose and hemicellulose are susceptible to biochemical and chemical transformations that lead to desired product formation. The conversion of glucose derived from corn starch to lactic acid by fermentation is conducted at commercial scale. The product is used to form polylactic acid polymers having highly desirable material properties and applications. Vegetable oils and animal fats offer another means to gain access to valuable chemicals such as glycerol. Terpenes while a small component of plant biomass offer synthetic routes to other valuable chemicals. This review of 91 pages and 1,476 references should be a convenient reference to anyone interested in plant biomass chemical conversions.
Radiation Stability of Cations in Ionic Liquids. 5. Task-Specific Ionic Liquids Consisting of Biocompatible Cations and the Puzzle of Radiation Hypersensitivity

In 1953, an accidental discovery by Melvin Calvin and co-workers provided the first example of a solid (the α-polymorph of choline chloride) showing hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation: under certain conditions, the radiolytic yield of decomposition approached 5 × 104 per 100 eV (which is 4 orders of magnitude greater than usual values), suggesting an uncommonly efficient radiation-induced chain reaction. Twenty years later, the still-accepted mechanism for this rare condition was suggested by Martyn Symons, but no validation for this mechanism has been supplied. Meanwhile, ionic liquids and deep eutectic mixtures that are based on choline, betainium, and other derivitized natural amino compounds are presently finding an increasing number of applications as diluents in nuclear separations, where the constituent ions are exposed to ionizing radiation that is emitted by decaying radionuclides. Thus, the systems that are compositionally similar to radiation hypersensitive solids are being considered for u...
Potential pitfalls in the frozen section evaluation of parenchymal margins in nephron-sparing surgery.

With advances in radiographic imaging, there has been an increase in the incidental detection of small renal cell carcinomas, with a resultant increase in partial nephrectomies for these tumors. Partial nephrectomy often necessitates assessment of renal parenchymal margins by frozen section. To determine the most common problematic “lesions” encountered on renal parenchymal margins, we evaluated all diagnostically challenging frozen sections that had been referred to a genitourinary pathologist. Frozen sections with detached atypical cells and crushed tubules were the most common lesions that presented diagnostic uncertainty. We found that normal constituents of renal parenchyma, namely tubules and glomeruli, can be mistaken for neoplasia. Neoplastic tubules of low-grade renal cell carcinomas may be misinterpreted as thickly cut, crushed benign tubules, and the significance of tubulopapillary “adenomas” in frozen sections is unclear. The present report highlights diagnostic difficulties that pathologists may encounter on frozen sections of renal parenchymal margins. Renal cell carcinomas account for the majority of primary epithelial neoplasms of the kidney and 2% to 3% of all malignant neoplasms. 1-3 Approximately 12,000 patients die of the disease each year. 2,3 Radical nephrectomy is the standard treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma, especially for patients with large tumors and a normal contralateral kidney. Partial nephrectomy (nephron-sparing surgery) traditionally has been used for patients in whom radical nephrectomy would substantially compromise renal function, including those with bilateral synchronous tumors, a solitary functioning kidney, and/or significant comorbid diseases that affect renal function. 4-10 With advances in radiologic imaging, particularly ultrasound and computed tomography, there has been an increase in the incidental detection of small, low-stage tumors. At the same time, interest has grown for the use of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with small, localized, sporadic tumors who have a normal contralateral kidney. 5,6,8-15
The olfactory nerve has a role in the body temperature and brain cytokine responses to influenza virus

Mouse-adapted human influenza virus is detectable in the olfactory bulbs of mice within hours after intranasal challenge and is associated with enhanced local cytokine mRNA and protein levels. To determine whether signals from the olfactory nerve influence the unfolding of the acute phase response (APR), we surgically transected the olfactory nerve in mice prior to influenza infection. We then compared the responses of olfactory-nerve-transected (ONT) mice to those recorded in sham-operated control mice using measurements of body temperature, food intake, body weight, locomotor activity and immunohistochemistry for cytokines and the viral antigen, H1N1. ONT did not change baseline body temperature (Tb); however, the onset of virus-induced hypothermia was delayed for about 13 h in the ONT mice. Locomotor activity, food intake and body weights of the two groups were similar. At 15 h post-challenge fewer viral antigen-immunoreactive (IR) cells were observed in the olfactory bulb (OB) of ONT mice compared to sham controls. The number of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)- and interleukin 1β (IL1β)-IR cells in ONT mice was also reduced in the OB and other interconnected regions in the brain compared to sham controls. These results suggest that the olfactory nerve pathway is important for the initial pathogenesis of the influenza-induced APR.
Minitrack Introduction: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Minitrack

The Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) minitrack provides a forum for HCI researchers to exchange a broad and comprehensive range of issues related to the design, development, and assessment of human-computer interaction. Papers selected for the HCI minitrack draw on a broad range of research methodologies including developmental, conceptualization, theorization, and experimentation to name a few. Given the fast pace of change within the HCI arena (e.g., new applications, new types of users, new types of devices, and so on), it is our hope that the papers presented in this minitrack will prove interesting and relevant to both the academic and practitioner communities.
Subjects and the θ-criterion

In conclusion, I have proposed that subject is a role relevant to an extension of the θ-criterion, and that there are two structural positions to which it can potentially be assigned — NP of S (or NP), and object ofby. I have suggested that while some difficulties remain, certain properties of nominals and of passive sentences follow directly — in the former case, the incompatibility of a subject genitive with aby-NP; in the latter, the general inability of an implicit agent to serve as a controller. Whether the residual difficulties can be overcome and whether these proposals will prove to be consistent with a wider range of phenomena are questions for future research.
Esters of α-sulfomaleic anhydride as powerful electrophiles for polyolefin functionalization

New electrophilic derivatives of maleic anhydride were synthesized to test their reactivity in ene reactions with the terminal double bond of hydrocarbon polymers. The methyl ester and new ethyl ester of sulfomaleic anhydride (SMA) were reacted with 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pentene 3, which is a model compound for the end group of the hydrocarbon polymers. The SMA esters were more oleophilic than SMA itself, but many side reactions occurred. Higher alkyl esters of SMA could not be synthesized. Two silyl esters of SMA, trimethylsilyl and t-butyldiphenylsilyl, were also synthesized and reacted with 3; ene reactions proceeded well in bulk, but the ene adducts decomposed upon heating. The powerful dienophilic character of these SMA esters was demonstrated by a series of [4 + 2] cycloadditions.
Spectrophotometric determination of chromium with xylenol orange and methylthymol blue.

Abstract A new simple and sensitive method for determining traces of chromium is described. Xylenol Orange and chromium(III) form a red complex at pH 3 on heating in boiling water for 20 min. The molar absorptivity is 19.0 × 103. No catalytic action of the bicarbonate ion, carbon dioxide, or chromium(II) generated by metallic zinc was observed. Methylthymol Blue is a less sensitive reagent for chromium, the molar absorptivity being 11.5 × 103.
High-fidelity simulation capability for virtual testing of seismic and acoustic sensors

This paper describes development and application of a high-fidelity, seismic/acoustic simulation capability for battlefield sensors. The purpose is to provide simulated sensor data so realistic that they cannot be distinguished by experts from actual field data. This emerging capability provides rapid, low-cost trade studies of unattended ground sensor network configurations, data processing and fusion strategies, and signatures emitted by prototype vehicles. There are three essential components to the modeling: (1) detailed mechanical signature models for vehicles and walkers, (2) high-resolution characterization of the subsurface and atmospheric environments, and (3) state-of-the-art seismic/acoustic models for propagating moving-vehicle signatures through realistic, complex environments. With regard to the first of these components, dynamic models of wheeled and tracked vehicles have been developed to generate ground force inputs to seismic propagation models. Vehicle models range from simple, 2D representations to highly detailed, 3D representations of entire linked-track suspension systems. Similarly detailed models of acoustic emissions from vehicle engines are under development. The propagation calculations for both the seismics and acoustics are based on finite-difference, time-domain (FDTD) methodologies capable of handling complex environmental features such as heterogeneous geologies, urban structures, surface vegetation, and dynamic atmospheric turbulence. Any number of dynamic sources and virtual sensors may be incorporated into the FDTD model. The computational demands of 3D FDTD simulation over tactical distances require massively parallel computers. Several example calculations of seismic/acoustic wave propagation through complex atmospheric and terrain environments are shown.
Antigenic relatedness of primate procollagens as determined by a competitive radioimmunoassay

Abstract 1. 1. A radioimmunoassay specific for the nonhelical carboxy terminal portion of human type I procollagen was used to study the antigenic relatedness of primate procollagens. 2. 2. The assay identified reactive antigen in primate sera and in the media of primate fibroblast cultures. 3. 3. The displacement curves generated in the assay indicated that human and ape type I procollagens have antigenically identical carboxy terminal determinants which are partially cross-reactive with those from Old and New World Monkeys.
A Multiscale Transient Modeling Approach for Predicting the Solidification Structure in VAR-Processed Alloy 718 Ingots

This paper describes the development and validation of a comprehensive multiscale modeling approach capable of predicting at the mesoscopic scale level the ingot solidification structure and solidification-related defects commonly occurring during the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process. The approach consists of a coupling between a fully transient macroscopic code and a mesoscopic solidification structure code. The predictions from the multiscale model, including grain morphology and size and columnar-to-equiaxed transition, were validated against experimental measurements for a 20-inch (508 mm) diameter VAR alloy 718 ingots. The validated model was then used to investigate the effects of melting rate and ingot diameter on the solidification structure of VAR processed 718 ingots.
Implicit and explicit affect toward food and weight stimuli in anorexia nervosa

We know strikingly little about the core affective processes that drive the development and maintenance of, and recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN). To partially address this knowledge gap, we measured implicit and explicit affect toward pleasant, neutral, unpleasant, food-relevant, and weight-relevant images in three groups: in patients with acute AN, individuals recovered from AN, and healthy controls with no history of AN. Compared with the other two groups, acutely ill AN participants displayed significantly greater implicit positive affect toward pleasant images and significantly greater implicit negative affect toward unpleasant, high-calorie food, and overweight body type images. Recovered participants did not differ significantly from controls on any implicit affect measure. Explicit affective patterns were similar to implicit, but explicit measures yielded much smaller effect sizes and failed to detect certain group differences. Overall, negative implicit affect toward high-calorie foods and overweight body types may represent core affective processes that are operative during acute AN.
Effect of Intravitreal Dexamethasone in Treatment of Pneumococcal Endophthalmitis in Rabbits

Purpose: To investigate whether corticosteroid therapy would decrease the inflammation and tissue damage associated with pneumococcal endophthalmitis. Methods: Albino rabbits were injected intravitreally with 1000 live organisms ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeand randomized after 24 hours to treatment with intravitreal vancomycin hydrochloride alone (n=10), combination intravitreal vancomycin and intravitreal dexamethasone (n=10), or no treatment (n=10). After 2 weeks, the eyes were examined clinically and enucleated for histopathologic examination. Results: Eyes treated with vancomycin and dexamethasone had significantly less intraocular inflammation and more preservation of retinal tissue than untreated eyes or eyes treated with vancomycin alone (P Conclusion: Intravitreal corticosteroid therapy may play an important role in minimizing the inflammation and tissue damage associated with pneumococcal endophthalmitis.
Mating Habits of the Stable Fly

A few male and female stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), moted as early as 2 days after emergence, and most had mated by 5 days. One male inseminated as many as 9 females, though the average was just over 6. Tests indicated that the female stable fly mates only once.
Oxygen diffusivity in alumina scales grown on Al-MAX phases

Abstract Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, and Cr2AlC are oxidation resistant MAX phase compounds distinguished by the formation of protective Al2O3 scales with well controlled kinetics. A modified Wagner treatment was used to calculate interfacial grain boundary diffusivity from scale growth rates and corresponding interfacial grain size, based on the pressure dependence of oxygen vacancies and diffusivity. MAX phase data from the literature yielded grain boundary diffusivity nearly coincident with that for Zr-doped FeCrAl (and many other FeCrAl alloys), suggesting similar oxidation mechanisms. The consolidated body of diffusivity data was consistent with an activation energy of 375 ± 25 kJ/mol.
Index of Quality for Large Eddy Simulations

In the light of rapidly increasing applications of large-eddy-simulations (LES) it is deemed necessary to impose some quality assessment measures for such studies. The validation of LES is difficult because of the fact that both the sub-grid scale (sgs) model contribution and numerical discretization errors are functions of the grid resolution. In this study various index of quality measures, here and after referred to as LES_IQ, are proposed and applied to some case studies. The recommended LES_IQ is based on the concept of Richardson’s extrapolation. It is postulated that in practical applications of LES numerical dissipation will always be a significant part of the overall dissipation and it must be accounted for in any assessment of the quality of LES results. It is further suggested that an LES_IQ of 75% to 85% can be considered adequate for most engineering applications that typically occur at high Reynolds numbers; LES-IQ greater than 90% can be classified as DNS.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The NASA Lewis Research Center electric propulsion program

The Lewis Research Center conducts an electric propulsion program aimed at a broad class of space missions. The program is structured in an evolutionary fashion in order to both maximize expectations for the acceptance of developed concepts and accommodate anticipated developments of critical system technologies. Recent efforts have assisted in the acceptance of low power electric rockets. Primary electric propulsion concepts are also being developed for both Solar Electric Propulsion Systems and Nuclear Electric Propulsion Systems class space missions, and the paper briefly describes the concepts under evaluation for potential Space Exploration Initiative missions.
Ion exchange properties of isolated tomato fruit cuticular membrane: Exchange capacity, nature of fixed charges and cation selectivity.

Isolated tomato fruit cuticular membrane, free of extractable materials, was titrated potentiometrically using various bases. Three dissociable groups were observed in the pH ranges 3-6 (0.2 meq g(-1)), 6-9 (0.3 meq g(-1)) and 9-12 (0.55 meq g(-1)). The first group was tentatively assigned to-COOH groups of pectic materials and protein embedded in the membrane, the second to nonesterified-COOH groups of the cutin polymer and the third to phenolic-OH groups, such as non-extractable flavenoids present in the membrane, and to a small amount of-NH 3 (+) groups of proteins. The cuticular membrane exhibited a behavior typical of highly cross-linked, high-capacity ion exchange resins of the weak-acid type. Ion exchange capacity increased with increasing pH and neutral salt concentration. At constant pH and salt concentration, the exchange capacity increased with increasing counter ion valence and decreasing crystal radius, e.g. [tris (ethylenediamine) Co](3+)≥Ca(2+)>Ba(2+)>Li(+)>Na(+)>Rb(+)>N(CH3) 4 (+) . The cutin polymer exhibited a pronounced selectivity for Ca(2+) over Na(+) which increased with increasing neutralization of fixed charges. The large trivalent [Co(en)3](3+) was preferred only at low equivalent ionic fractions in the polymer. These results are discussed in relation to the structure and function of cuticular membranes.
An Automatic Sensitivity Time Control System

A completely transistorized automatic sensitivity time control (ASTC) circuit was designed and developed to operate in conjunction with a side-looking airborne radar surveillance set. The ASTC technique is a closed loop system which automatically controls the radar receiver gain vs range function in accordance with the average signal return. The addition of ASTC substantially improved the imagery of a side-looking airborne radar recorded during low altitude flights.
We're All Ethnics: “Hyphenated” Americans, “Professional” Ethnics, and Ethnics “By Attraction”*

requirements and parental pressure, I believe we can say that our students choose to take a foreign language out of curiosity, out of ambition, out of a promise of pleasure and utility, out of a precious urge to be useful, to be of service, and, by no means least, to pursue a career and to gain a livelihood. The reasons why our students should take a foreign language--and these reasons we must supply for them--are to broaden their intellectual horizon, to appreciate and maintain, in so many cases, the cultural heritage of their forebears, and in the case of everyone to gain a deeper insight into the nature of the human predicament. If we pass in review these quite valid incentives that bring students to our classes, consider how meager, how foreshortened, how inadequate would be our answer to their expectations if the audiolingual factor, the very lifeblood of language, were to be withheld.
Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line.

Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line. Paul Gilray. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 406 pp., bibliography, index.
A flash on the moon caused by orbital debris

Abstract Sun glinting from a satellite in earth orbit is suggested as the probable cause of a reported lunar flash observed on May 23, 1985. This conflicts with the suggestion that a lunar ionization phenomenon is the source and points out concern that flashes from space debris must always be considered in the investigation of sky — flash discoveries.
Inbound Logistics: Analysing Inbound Consolidation Opportunities

Consolidation, the grouping of several small shipments into one at a designated location, can reduce total logistics cost. Total logistics cost includes consolidation, transportation and inventory costs. Identifying where cost‐saving opportunities exist is often confused by the interrelated nature of these various costs.
Neural Circuit Mechanisms for Pattern Detection and Feature Combination in Olfactory Cortex

Odors are initially encoded in the brain as a set of distinct physicochemical characteristics but are ultimately perceived as a unified sensory object--a "smell." It remains unclear how chemical features encoded by diverse odorant receptors and segregated glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) are assembled into integrated cortical representations. Combining patterned optical microstimulation of MOB with in vivo electrophysiological recordings in anterior piriform cortex (PCx), we assessed how cortical neurons decode complex activity patterns distributed across MOB glomeruli. PCx firing was insensitive to single-glomerulus photostimulation. Instead, individual cells reported higher-order combinations of coactive glomeruli resembling odor-evoked sensory maps. Intracellular recordings revealed a corresponding circuit architecture providing each cortical neuron with weak synaptic input from a distinct subpopulation of MOB glomeruli. PCx neurons thus detect specific glomerular ensembles, providing an explicit neural representation of chemical feature combinations that are the hallmark of complex odor stimuli.