cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habeas Data: Comparative Constitutional Interventions from Latin America Against Neoliberal States of Insecurity and Surveillance

To cultivate the next twenty years of LatCrit theory, praxis, and community, the afterword looks back to LatCrit’s Critical Global Classroom (2003-04) (CGC), an ABA-accredited summer study-abroad program. The CGC invited U.S. law students to study comparative constitutionalism, law and society, and truth and reconciliation movements while sojourning Chile, Argentina, and South Africa under the question: “Shall the recent history of the Global South become the imminent fate of the Global North?” While enrolled in the 2004 CGC, the author learned about the extraordinary constitutional writ of habeas data, which various Latin American countries adopted as they reconstituted their democracies from the wreckage of the fascist military dictatorships that terrorized their peoples in the second half of the twentieth century.Habeas data enables individuals to petition their government, and certain private entities, to learn what information has been kept on them and for what purposes, as well as to challenge, rectify, and even delete such information. With the recent revelations of the National Security Agency’s massive electronic surveillance of people throughout and beyond the United States, learning about habeas data could constitute a vital intervention for the discourse of U.S.-based legal scholars writing in English, as well as for the community of critical socio-legal scholars who affiliate with LatCrit. To both constituencies, the afterword urges attending carefully to the terrible histories that birthed habeas data, while being cognizant of their continuities with today’s “neoliberal states of insecurity and surveillance,” in order to fashion a strategic alliance capable of grounding habeas data rights within the United States Constitution.
Comparison of convergent beam electron diffraction and geometric phase analysis for strain measurement in a strained silicon device

Summary Convergent beam electron diffraction and geometric phase analysis were used to measure strain in the gate channel of a p-type strained silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor. These measurements were made on exactly the same transmission electron microscopy specimen allowing for direct comparison of the relative advantages of each technique. The trends in the strain values show good agreement in both the [] and [001] directions, but the absolute strain values are offset from each other. This difference in the absolute strain measured using the two techniques is attributed to the way the reference strain is defined for each.
CHRONIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA WITH AUTOAGGLUTINATION AND HYPERGLOBULINEMIA; REPORT OF A FATAL CASE

Excerpt The presence of any intravascular mechanism that destroys red cells in excess of bone marrow compensation results in an anemia of the hemolytic type. Any classification of the hemolytic ane...
Eye-voice span (EVS) within active and passive sentences.

Intra-sentence contingency effects on the processing of sentences were examined by means of a technique which involved using the Eye-Voice Span (EVS) as a unit of decoding in oral reading. Target s...
Fractional Factorial Designs

If only a fraction of all the treatment combinations of a full factorial design are selected to be run, the resulting design is called a fractional factorial design. By carefully deciding which fraction of the treatment combinations to run, it is possible to construct fractional factorial designs with good properties. We examine these designs in detail for designs in which each factor is studied at two levels. We show how to construct these designs and how to find their properties. We discuss some uses of these designs as well as their advantages and disadvantages. An example is given of a design and its analysis. Extensions are considered to other situations, including three-level designs, blocked designs, and split-plot designs. Keywords: fractional factorial design; confounding; aliasing; defining contrast; resolution; aberration; geometric design; orthogonal design; split-plot design; symmetric design; mixed-level design; supersaturated design; Lenth's method
Bicluster Sampled Coherence Metric (BSCM) provides an accurate environmental context for phenotype predictions

Biclustering is a popular method for identifying under which experimental conditions biological signatures are co-expressed. However, the general biclustering problem is NP-hard, offering room to focus algorithms on specific biological tasks. We hypothesize that conditional co-regulation of genes is a key factor in determining cell phenotype and that accurately segregating conditions in biclusters will improve such predictions. Thus, we developed a bicluster sampled coherence metric (BSCM) for determining which conditions and signals should be included in a bicluster. Our BSCM calculates condition and cluster size specific p-values, and we incorporated these into the popular integrated biclustering algorithm cMonkey. We demonstrate that incorporation of our new algorithm significantly improves bicluster co-regulation scores (p-value = 0.009) and GO annotation scores (p-value = 0.004). Additionally, we used a bicluster based signal to predict whether a given experimental condition will result in yeast peroxisome induction. Using the new algorithm, the classifier accuracy improves from 41.9% to 76.1% correct. We demonstrate that the proposed BSCM helps determine which signals ought to be co-clustered, resulting in more accurately assigned bicluster membership. Furthermore, we show that BSCM can be extended to more accurately detect under which experimental conditions the genes are co-clustered. Features derived from this more accurate analysis of conditional regulation results in a dramatic improvement in the ability to predict a cellular phenotype in yeast. The latest cMonkey is available for download at https://github.com/baliga-lab/cmonkey2 . The experimental data and source code featured in this paper is available http://AitchisonLab.com/BSCM . BSCM has been incorporated in the official cMonkey release.
τ-d overlap function and the τ charge form factor

Abstract An Eckart-form parameterization of the τ-d overlap function is shown to give excellent fits to the τ charge form factor and radius. The function is constrained to have the correct asymptotic behavior and succesfully reproduces the diffraction dip at 11.6 fm −2 .
A K-energy characterization of extremal Kahler metrics

We show that for any polarized compact Kaihler manifold, the extremal Kaihler metrics that represent the given cohomology class can be characterized as critical points of a suitably defined K-energy functional. Let (M, J, Q) be a polarized Kaihler manifold of complex dimension n. Thus, (M, J) is a complex manifold of Kaihler type, and Q is a cohomology class in H1'l that can be represented by the Kahler form of a Kaihler metric. One may hope to find a canonical metric that represents Q by studying critical points of a suitable Riemannian functional. Since the set Q+ of Kahler metrics of fixed Kahler class Q is parametriced by (an open set of) functions, Calabi [2, 3] proposed the functional Q+ RIl
A monoclonal antibody identifies a protective C-protein alpha-antigen epitope in group B streptococci.

Abstract Group B streptococci (GBS) are the leading causes of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in the United States, with a high rate of fatality and serious morbidity despite appropriate therapy. The C-protein antigens of GBS appear to be important in immunity to experimental infection, yet these antigens remain incompletely characterized with respect to their number, structure, and function. None of these proteins has yet been purified to homogeneity. We have developed a novel method for extraction of surface proteins from the A909 (Ia/c) strain of GBS by using mutanolysin. Antibodies raised in rabbits against these partially purified proteins conferred passive protection to lethal GBS infection in mice challenged with a GBS strain expressing C proteins with a heterologous capsule type. In addition, mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced and identified by reactivity with the mutanolysin-extracted proteins. One of these monoclonal antibodies (4G8) identifies an epitope on the alpha-antigen of the GBS C proteins (identified by protease susceptibility and mouse protection). On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, this epitope appears as a series of regularly spaced bands ranging in apparent molecular mass from 160,000 to 30,000 Da. The monoclonal antibody 4G8 induces opsonic killing of GBS and protects mice from lethal challenge with GBS. Thus, the 4G8 monoclonal antibody identifies a fully protective epitope on the C-protein alpha-antigen of GBS.
A Bayesian Approach in Differential Equation Dynamic Models Incorporating Clinical Factors and Covariates.

A virologic marker, the number of HIV RNA copies or viral load, is currently used to evaluate antiretroviral (ARV) therapies in AIDS clinical trials. This marker can be used to assess the antiviral potency of therapies, but may be easily affected by clinical factors such as drug exposures and drug resistance as well as baseline characteristics during the long-term treatment evaluation process. HIV dynamic studies have significantly contributed to the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and ARV treatment strategies. Viral dynamic models can be formulated through differential equations, but there has been only limited development of statistical methodologies for estimating such models or assessing their agreement with observed data. This paper develops mechanism-based nonlinear differential equation models for characterizing long-term viral dynamics with ARV therapy. In this model we not only incorporate clinical factors (drug exposures, and susceptibility), but also baseline covariate (baseline viral load, C...
Endogenous neuropeptide Y mediates vasoconstriction during endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (1–36), NPY, is a sympathetic vasoconstrictor whose activities in blood vessels is determined by the presence of vasoconstrictive Yl receptors and the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), which converts NPY to non-vasoconstrictive peptides. While the role of the NPY system has been established during cold water stress, its role in hypotensive conditions has not; yet, exogenous NPY improves hemodynamics and survival in rats with endotoxic shock. We used a new selective non-peptidergic Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP-3226, to determine the role of the endogenous NPY/Yl system in endotoxic shock (induced by i.v. injection of 10 mg/kg of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 0127:B8, LPS) and hemorrhagic shock (bleeding of 15 ml/kg over 1.5 min). Conscious rats received a bolus of BIBP-3226 or the vehicle 5 min before endotoxin challenge or induction of hemorrhage, followed by continuous infusion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 5 min after LPS administration dropped in the control group by 15%, compared to 36% in the BIBP-3226-treated group ( p p
Ultrastructure of Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma

A 63-year-old white male presented with a nine-month history of a nontender ulcerated lesion on his ear. Light microscopy demonstrated a moderately well circumscribed lesion in the dermis which abutted upon epidermis. There was no evidence of continuity between the tumor and overlying epithelium. The tumor was very cellular with an admixture of cells - spindle, polyhedral and bizarre giant cells. Mitotic figures were abundant and frequently abnormal. We interpreted this lesion to have the clinical and pathologic features of an atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). Ultrastructure, however, showed abundant tonofilaments and desmosomes indicative of an epithelial origin and therefore most consistent with a spindle cell squamous carcinoma (SCSC). It is urged that, when possible, electron microscopy be performed on problematic cases diagnosed either as an AFX or spindle cell squamous carcinoma since it is the most valid basis on which a correct diagnosis can be made.
Tracheal Replacement With a Silicone-Stented, Fresh Aortic Allograft in Sheep

Background. Tracheal tissue regeneration after allogeneic aortic transplants in sheep has been reported. We sought to confirm these findings and elucidate the mechanism of this transformation. Methods. Ten male sheep underwent cervical tracheal replacement with fresh, descending thoracic aortic allografts, 8 cm long, from female sheep, without postoperative immunosuppressive therapy. A 10-cm silicone stent was placed to prevent airway collapse. Graft evaluations with flexible bronchoscopy and computed tomography were conducted between 2 weeks and 1 year after surgery. Results. There were no procedural deaths, but 6 animals died or required euthanasia between 12 days and 3 months postoperatively owing to severe tracheitis, cervical lymphadenitis, pneumonia, graft necrosis, stent migration, or airway obstruction after stent removal. The 4 remaining sheep were euthanized as planned at 6 to 12 months after surgery. Harvested tracheas revealed no evidence of graft incorporation into the surrounding tissue, and there was no histologic evidence of any neocartilage within or around the graft at any point. Bronchoscopy revealed marked graft necrosis in the 4 animals surviving to planned euthanasia. In all sheep, computed tomography imaging revealed that the graft was replaced by connective tissue without any signs of cartilage regeneration. Image analysis also indicated profound shortening of the grafted area up to 87.5% at 1 year after implantation, secondary to axial shift of the native trachea. Conclusions. Fresh aortic allografts appear to be unsuitable for primary tracheal replacement. However, the observed graft shortening may allow for two-staged, end-to-end reconstruction of large tracheal defects with temporary grafting techniques.
Hydrogen generation in a Pd membrane fuel processor: Productivity effects during methanol steam reforming

Abstract Performance analyses are carried out for the palladium membrane fuel processor for catalytic generation of high purity hydrogen. The reactor model includes detailed particle-scale multi-component diffusion, multiple reversible reactions, flow, and membrane transport. Using methanol steam reforming on Cu / ZnO / Al 2 O 3 catalyst as the test reaction, a systematic examination of the effects of operating and reactor design parameters on key performance metrics is presented. Single particle simulations reveal a complex interplay between nonisobaric transport and the reversible reactions (methanol reforming and decomposition, and water–gas shift), which impact overall reactor performance. An analysis of characteristic times helps to identify four different productivity controlling regimes: (i) permeation control, encountered with thick membranes and/or insufficient membrane area; (ii) catalyst pore diffusion control encountered with diffusion of reacting species in larger particles; (iii) reaction control, encountered when intrinsic catalytic rates are too low because of inadequate activity or catalyst loading; and (iv) feed control, encountered when the limiting reactant feed rate is inadequate. The simulations reveal that a maximum in the hydrogen productivity occurs at an intermediate space velocity, while the hydrogen utilization is a decreasing function of space velocity, implying a trade-off between productivity and hydrogen utilization. The locus of productivity maxima itself exhibits a maximum at an intermediate membrane surface to volume ratio, the specific value of which is dependent on the particle size, membrane thickness and reaction conditions. At moderate temperature and total pressure ( 260 ∘ C , 10 bar), particles smaller than 2 mm diameter, Pd membranes with thickness less than 10 μ m , and membrane surface to volume ratio exceeding 500 m 2 / m 3 are needed to achieve viable productivity ( > 50 mol H 2 / m 3 s ) . A comparison between the packed-bed membrane reactor and conventional packed-bed reactor indicates a modest improvement in the conversion and productivity due to in situ hydrogen removal.
Comparison of a method for measuring (n, xγ) cross sections using a pulsed Van De Graaff accelerator with a method using an electron linac

Abstract Operating results for a system to measure (n, xγ) cross sections for En between 4 and 11 MeV using a pulsed Van de Graaff are presented.
Development of Structure-Property Relationships in Disordered Zirconia Thin Films for High Energy Density Mim Capacitors

Amorphous zirconium oxide thin films were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering. The dielectric films were characterized by impedance spectroscopy with temperature. The effect of annealing on capacitor performance was studied. Annealing gold electroded thin films at 250°C greatly reduced the losses with little changes in crystallinity. Space charge relaxation started to appear at 190°C. The activation energy for the relaxation was 0.84 eV with a very low relaxation frequency at room temperature (0.23μHz). Electrode effects dominated at very low frequencies at all temperatures. AC conductivity followed the universality behavior for the AC charge transport showing that the films are highly disordered. No DC conductivity regime was observed indicating that DC conductivity is very low. DC conductivity of the films was of the order of 10 −13 S/m, which is lesser than the comparable thickness high quality gate oxides.
Low-power ferroelectric random access memory embedded in 180nm analog friendly CMOS technology

An embedded 448kb 2T-2C FRAM, integrated into a 180nm analog process flow, has been developed and qualified for more than 10years data retention at 125°C. Key electrical characteristics of the memory include wide signal margins with no outlier bits, high endurance write/read cycling (>>1015 cycles), stable retention (>>10yrs at 125°C), and extremely low bit error rate following 260°C Pb-free solder board-attach reflow. Results suggest that the technology can find wide use in applications ranging from consumer electronics to automotive where highly reliable embedded memory and analog components are required.
Writing for Publication: You Can Do It!

All rehabilitation nurses in all types of roles and settings, including students, have the potential to be authors. Practical advice on the 10 steps for developing a publishable manuscript is offered in this article. Helpful hints are provided for each step. Nurse authors will need to plan time for each of these steps and understand the work involved before beginning the journey toward publication.
Feasibility of brief smoking cessation intervention in community pharmacies.

Cigarette smoking, the leading known cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, is a contributory factor in the deaths of more than 400,000 adults annually.1 Tobacco cessation is associated with immediate and long-term health benefits.2 The U.S. Public Health Service published clinical guidelines in 2000 recommending that all health care providers offer tobacco cessation counseling to patients, noting that even brief interventions are effective.3 Community pharmacists are easily accessible and have brief, regular contacts with patients. Pharmacists believe tobacco cessation counseling is important, yet fewer than 30% always or frequently ask patients about tobacco use. Lack of time, inadequate training, and inability to identify smokers are among the barriers that deter pharmacists from discussing this topic with patients.4–6 Clinic and hospital-based pharmacists have been somewhat effective in helping patients with tobacco cessation.7–13 While evidence is limited, community pharmacy personnel may be effective in decreasing smoking cessation rates, given adequate training, motivation, support, and demand.14 However, no reported study has examined the implementation of brief counseling interventions in community pharmacies.
A GEOMETRIC MODEL FOR THE DUFFING OSCILLATOR

A geometric model for the Duffing oscillator is constructed by analyzing the unstable periodic orbits underlying the chaotic attractors present at particular parameter values. A template is constructed from observations of the motion of the chaotic attractor in a Poincare section as the section is swept for one full period. The periodic orbits underlying the chaotic attractor are found and their linking numbers are computed. These are compared with the linking numbers from the template and the symbolic dynamics of the orbits are identified. This comparison is used to validate the template identification and label the orbits by their symbolic dynamics.
Best Routing Policy Problem in Stochastic Time-Dependent Networks:

The best routing policy problem in stochastic and time-dependent networks is the subject of this study. This problem can be viewed as a counterpart of the shortest-path problem in deterministic networks. A stochastic time-dependent network is one in which the link travel times are random variables with time-dependent distributions. A routing policy is a decision rule that specifies what node to take next at each decision node on the basis of the realized link travel times and the current time. The framework of the problem is reviewed, on which basis one of the variants of the problem that are pertinent to the traffic context is studied. An exact algorithm to this variant is given, and its complexity is analyzed. Since the running time of the exact algorithm is generally exponential in the number of arcs, the importance of finding good approximations to the exact algorithm is pointed out. Several approximations are presented, and their effectiveness against the exact algorithm is studied both theoretically and computationally.
Taking Cognitive-Behavior Therapy to School: A School-Based Mental Health Approach

This paper offers an overview using cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) within a school system. In addition to providing services to individual students, this article provides an overview of implementing CBT into a system of school-wide mental health services. Interventions are discussed at three levels—universal school-wide interventions, target interventions with at-risk students, and intensive interventions with students in need. Examples of specific programs or intervention are given for each level.
A critical assessment of algorithms and challenges in the development of a closed-loop artificial pancreas.

The development of an artificial pancreas is placed in the context of the history of the field of feedback control systems, beginning with the water clock of ancient Greece, and including a discussion of current efforts in the control of complex systems. The first generation of artificial pancreas devices included two manipulated variables (insulin and glucose infusion) and nonlinear functions of the error (difference between desired and measured glucose concentration) to minimize hyperglycemia while avoiding hypoglycemia. Dynamic lags between insulin infusion and glucose measurement were relatively small for these intravenous-based systems. Advances in continuous glucose sensing, fast-acting insulin analogs, and a mature insulin pump market bring us close to commercial realization of a closed-loop artificial pancreas. Model predictive control is discussed in-depth as an approach that is well suited for a closed-loop artificial pancreas. A major challenge that remains is handling an unknown glucose distur...
The dissociation energies of the H2, HD, and D2 molecules

Abstract The far ultraviolet absorption edges of H2, HD, and D2 have been studied under high resolution and the different limits corresponding to absorption from different lower state rotational levels have been observed. The sharpness of the limits for low, as compared to those for high J values, shows that the upper electronic state (which in all probability is the C 1 Π u state) has no potential maximum which might have falsified the values of the dissociation limit. From the precisely measured edges new values for the dissociation energies of H2, HD, and D2 have been determined which are D 0 0 ( H 2 ) = 36113.0 ± 0.3 cm −1 , D 0 0 ( HD ) = 36399 ·9 ± 1 ·0 cm −1 , D 0 0 ( D 2 ) = 36743.6 ± 0.5 cm −1 . If B′ 1 Σ u rather than C 1 Π u is the upper state of the continuum these values would have to be raised by 0.6 cm−1. The zero-point energies of the three molecules have been determined from the most recent data in the literature including the correction term Y00 due to the finer interaction of vibration and rotation. The addition of these zero-point energies to the D 0 0 gives independent De values for the three molecules. A slight difference between De(H2) and De(D2) has been found which is ascribed to an electronic isotope effect caused by a difference in the effect of nuclear motion in the molecule from that in the separated atoms. The magnitude of the effect is in agreement with predictions by Van Vleck. After correction for this effect one obtains the dissociation energy for infinite mass D e ( ∞ H 2 ) = 38287.0 ± 0.8 cm − , a value that agrees extremely well with Kolos and Roothaan's recent theoretical value.
A 13C NMR investigation of a dimer mono-anion of α-methylstyrene

Abstract A two-unit model of the active centre in the anionic polymerization of α-methylstyrene has been prepared by the reaction of equimolar amount of cumyl lithium (or potassium) and α-methylstyrene. 13 C NMR investigations show, as with the one-unit models previously studied, that extensive delocalization of charge occurs. No evidence could be found for the presence of an asymmetric centre at the α-carbon even at temperatures as low as −70°. It is concluded that the counter-ion rapidly exchanges position in these compounds.
Evidence of transpression along the Clipperton Transform: Implications for processes of plate boundary reorganization

Abstract High-resolution bathymetry data of the Clipperton Fracture Zone and focal mechanisms of recent earthquakes along the active transform provide evidence for recent and ongoing transpression along the Clipperton Transform. Structural and morphological features observed in the bathymetry data include: normal and strike-slip faults oriented obliquely to the strike of the transform; curved trends of abyssal hills produced by simple shear of the lithosphere bordering the transform fault; abyssal hills offset by obliquely trending strike-slip faults on lithosphere bordering the transform; and lithospheric flexure and associated volcanism near the active transform. All of these features can be explained by a transpression scenario in which a counter-clockwise change in spreading direction of ∼ 5° began about 0.4–0.5 Ma and subjected the right-stepping Clipperton Transform to compression. A comparison of the median ridge volume to calculated estimates of the convergent volume predicted by the transpression scenario indicates that the median ridge is likely to be a product of the brittle deformation associated with transpression. The convergent volume estimates suggest that larger spreading direction changes (∼ 5°) do not occur instantaneously. Instead, spreading direction changes begin slowly and accelerate to the new spreading direction once compression across the transform has ceased. Many of the structures observed along the Clipperton Transform are very similar to features observed along other known convergent transforms, such as the San Andreas Fault in California, and may have important implications for understanding continental transforms. The transpression scenario also indicates that transforms are very important in constraining the rate and character of global plate motion changes.
'Pandora's box' of incidental findings in brain imaging research

Procedures for handling incidental findings in brain imaging research vary widely. Through considering the principles that govern how incidental findings should be dealt with, the author highlights concepts and strategies to help guide researchers and practitioners through the choices they must make.
Building a better hormone therapy?: How understanding the rapid effects of sex steroid hormones could lead to new therapeutics for age-related memory decline

A wealth of data collected in recent decades has demonstrated that ovarian sex-steroid hormones, particularly 17β-estradiol (E2), are important trophic factors that regulate the function of cognitive regions of the brain such as the hippocampus. The loss of hormone cycling at menopause is associated with cognitive decline and dementia in women, and the onset of memory decline in animal models. However, hormone therapy is not currently recommended to prevent or treat cognitive decline, in part because of its detrimental side effects. In this article, it is proposed that investigations of the rapid effects of E2 on hippocampal function be used to further the design of new drugs that mimic the beneficial effects of E2 on memory without the side effects of current therapies. A conceptual model is presented for elucidating the molecular and biochemical mechanisms through which sex-steroid hormones modulate memory, and a specific hypothesis is proposed to account for the rapid memory-enhancing effects of E2. Empirical support for this hypothesis is discussed as a means of stimulating the consideration of new directions for the development of hormone-based therapies to preserve memory function in menopausal women.
Organizational Tonypandy: Lessons from a Quarter Century of the Groupthink Phenomenon

We adopt the role of devil's advocate, arguing that the quarter-century experience with groupthink represents an unfortunate episode in the history of group problem solving research. In view of the facts that there has been remarkably little empirical support for the groupthink phenomenon, that the phenomenon rests on arguable assumptions, that published critiques of groupthink have generally been ignored by groupthink researchers, and that groupthink is presented as fact in journal articles and textbooks, we see continued advocacy of groupthink as a form of organizational Tonypandy, in which knowledgeable individuals fail to speak out against widely accepted but erroneous beliefs. We explore the nature and causes of this Tonypandy and encourage researchers to cast off the artificial determinism and constraints of the groupthink model and instead seek to inform the general group decision making literature. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Linking horizontal and vertical transports of biomass fire emissions to the Tropical Atlantic Ozone Paradox during the Northern Hemisphere winter season: 1999

[1] The horizontal and vertical transport of biomass fire emissions in West Africa for January 1999, are examined using all available data including wind, fire, aerosol, precipitation, lightning and outgoing longwave radiation. Ozonesonde data from the Aerosols99 Trans-Atlantic cruise are also included with rain and wind analyses. The results here support earlier studies that ozone and ozone precursors associated with biomass burning are confined to the lower troposphere primarily due to the lack of deep convection over land areas. Ozone and its precursors are horizontally transported equatorward or toward the west by winds in the 1000–700 hPa layers. However, rising adiabatic motions associated with the diurnal evolution of the West African planetary boundary layer can transport ozone and its precursors vertically into the free troposphere above the marine boundary layer. Moreover, lightning from South America, Central Africa and mesoscale convective systems in the Gulf of Guinea can lead to elevated ozone mixing ratios in the middle and upper troposphere of the tropical south Atlantic. The results presented here shed light of the proposed ozone paradox during Northern Hemisphere winter.
Integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) into Sport Business Practice and Research

Currently, applications of spatial analyses have been fairly absent from the research into the sport industry. Sport is inherently geographic in nature so the inclusion of spatial analyses and the spatial analysis software into sport research could prove useful for sport organisations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of spatial analyses utilising Geographic Information Systems (GIS) within the sport industry. Within this paper, we define GIS and demonstrate its applicability within a variety of sport business contexts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The cesarean catastrophe.

The cesarean rate has reached an all-time high at 29.1% of all births in the United States. In this column, the risks inherent in cesareans are discussed within the context of the current climate of “intervention-intensive” labor and birth, forced cesareans, the precipitate decrease in vaginal births after cesarean, and the alarming increase in primary cesarean, including “patient-choice” cesareans. Strategies to increase women's confidence and to promote, protect, and support normal birth are discussed as ways to decrease the cesarean rate.
4690 Can response to stent placement help to select patients for operative management in chronic pancreatitis

Introduction: Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and severe abdominal pain are often managed by operation or stent placement. However, the outcome of surgery is not always predictable. It has been suggested that patients who respond favorably to stent therapy may have satisfactory outcomes after surgery. Aim: In this prospective study, we sought to determine whether response to endoscopic pancreatic duct (PD) stent placement can predict outcome after surgery and thus help to select patients for operative management, and determine what other factors may predict clinical outcome. Methods: Patients referred with CP and pain underwent ERCP, sphincterotomy and PD stent placement. Outcome was considered good if pain relief was complete or allowed =50% decrease in pain medication and no hospitalizations. Patients with good response after 3 months of stent therapy who opted for surgery and those with poor response to stent therapy underwent operation. Baseline clinical data, outcome of surgery and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 56 patients (age 37-67, 36M, 20F) underwent ERCP. PD stent placement was successful in 39 patients. Four patients had mild pancreatitis. 32 patients had a good response to stent therapy. 20 of these patients had endoscopic therapy alone. The remaining 12 patients with good response opted for surgery (“good” group). All 7 patients with poor response to stenting underwent surgery (“poor” group). Response to surgery and follow-up are shown in the table below. There were no major surgical complications. Only 2 of 8 patients with alcoholic CP and narcotic use were able to stop narcotics completely after surgery. Conclusions: Response to short term endoscopic pancreatic duct therapy does not appear to predict outcome after surgery in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pain. Patients with multiple PD calculi who respond to stent therapy may do well after surgery, while those with alcoholic pancreatitis and narcotic use do not.
Duration Pattern Recognition in Normal Subjects and Patients with Cerebral and Cochlear Lesions

Three groups of subjects were tested on a duration pattern recognition task. The groups included normal subjects, subjects with cochlear hearing loss, and subjects with lesions involving but not limited to the auditory areas of the cerebrum. Results indicated no significant difference in pattern recognition between the normal subjects and subjects with cochlear hearing loss. However, the subjects with cerebral lesions performed significantly more poorly than either the normal subjects or those with cochlear hearing loss. In comparing pattern recognition performance for the ears ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesioned hemispheres no differences were noted. Rather, when a central lesion was present, both ears generally yielded abnormal scores.
Stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism: Differences in potencies of recombinant human interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β on two cell types

Abstract Recombinant human interleukin-1 (rIL-1) α and β, which have 26% homology in their amino acid sequence, stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism by squirrel monkey smooth muscle cells and rat liver cells; their relative effectiveness, however, varied with the two cells. Recombinant IL-1α was 3 times more effective than rIL-1β at stimulating arachidonic acid metabolism by the primate smooth muscle cells. Recombinant IL_1α was 3 time less effective than rIL-1β when measured by their capacity to synergistically stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism of rat liver cells in the presence of palytoxin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). The rIL-1α and rIL-1β also stimulated the release of radiolabelled arachidonic acid from the smooth muscle cells prelabelled with [3H]arachidonic acid. The two recombinant IL-1s have different heat stabilities, again when measured by their capacity to stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism; IL-1α was more heat stable than IL-1β.
Comparison of Intelligence Tests: Responses of Gifted Pupils to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th edn), the British Ability Scales, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised

The relationship among the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the British Ability Scales (BAS), and the StanfordBinet Intelligence Test (4th edn) (S-B, 4th) was investigated...
A ‘semantics’ of visual design: the care and feeding of studio projects within a communication-theory context

Abstract This paper has three parts. In the first part I describe a communication-theory context for the visual designer and educator. I try to conceive of and position a number of major concerns, notably the literature one reads, the graduate schools one recommends to students, and lectures and projects that one develops for a classroom or studio. In a second part I report at a moderate level of detail on the genesis and development of four projects from the conceptual context proffered in part I. Prospects are endorsed in a concluding section.
Understanding bladder cancer death: tumor biology versus physician practice.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, the extent to which death from bladder cancer is attributable to tumor biology or physician practice patterns is unknown. For this reason, the relative importance of broadening indications for aggressive therapy has unclear implications. METHODS: Patients whose deaths were caused directly by bladder cancer were identified using institutional (n = 126 patients) and administrative (n = 6326 patients) data sources. By using implicit review (clinical data, 2001-2005) and explicit algorithms (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER]-Medicare, 1992-2002), the authors estimated the proportion of potentially avoidable deaths from bladder cancer. RESULTS: After an implicit review of clinical data, 40 of 126 deaths (31.7%) were classified as potentially avoidable. Compared with those patients who were deemed unsalvageable, these patients generally presented with nonmuscle-invasive disease (80% vs 25.6%; P < .001), received multiple courses of intravesical therapy (32.5% vs 1.2%; P < .001), and had a more protracted course from diagnosis to aggressive treatment (median, 23 months vs 2 months; P < .001). An explicit review of claims data indicated that between 31.6% and 46.8% of the 6326 bladder cancer deaths identified in the SEER-Medicare data potentially were avoidable, depending on the survivorship threshold chosen. Patients whose deaths potentially were avoidable more commonly presented with nonmuscle-invasive disease (66.7% vs 24.7%; P < .0001) and lower grade disease (35.1% vs 15.1%; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The greatest inroads into reducing death from bladder cancer likely hinge on earlier detection or improvement of systemic therapies. However, changing physician practice may translate into nontrivial reductions in bladder cancer mortality. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Shear-thinning of polydisperse suspensions

The effects of the polydispersivity of the particle phase on the rheology of suspensions are studied with falling-ball rheometry. The model suspensions consist of large, neutrally buoyant spheres in a viscous Newtonian suspending fluid. The experiments determine the average velocity of the settling particle along the centreline or axis of the containing cylinders. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the dispersivity of the particulate phase on the relative viscosity of the suspensions. In dilute and moderately concentrated suspensions, there is no statistically significant difference in the relative viscosity, ?r, between the model suspensions of spheres of uniform sizes and suspensions of spheres with polydisperse sizes for all settling sphere sizes examined. As increases to 0.5, suspensions made up of particles with very narrow size distributions have viscosities that are essentially shear-rate independent. As the standard deviation of the particle distribution normalized by the average particle size increases from 0.01 to 0.2, we find that ?r exhibits significant shear thinning with a power-law exponent, n, decreasing to 0.50 from the roughly Newtonian behaviour (n = 1). Over the range of our data, ?r increased as the degree of polydispersivity increased.
Laryngeal view and temperature measurements while using the perilaryngeal airway (Cobra-PLUS™) in children.

Summary Introduction The Cobra-PLUS™ perilaryngeal airway (CP) is a modification of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway. It has a distal curve for easier placement and a thermistor on the pharyngeal cuff. We assessed the orientation of the larynx to the CP and compared temperatures measured using CP to temporal arterial (TA) and infrared tympanic (T) thermometers. Methodology American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1 and 2 children 0–18 years old undergoing general anesthesia using CP were grouped into different weight cohorts. A fiberoptic scope was inserted through the CP, and laryngeal views were recorded and graded off line. Temperatures were measured from the CP, TA, and T at 15-min intervals for four readings or until the end of surgery. The CP was removed, while the patient was deeply anesthetized. Results Eighty subjects were analyzed. 87.5% (cohort range 75–95%) had an unobstructed view of the larynx. No serious adverse effects noted. Three hundred and sixteen temperature data points were recorded for each measured site. CP temperatures were consistently lower than TA and T with a bias of 0.9 and 0.6°C, respectively. Using temperatures measured at time 0 and 15 min, CP was associated with a larger intraclass correlation coefficient and smaller repeatability coefficient when compared to TA or T (ICC 0.65, 0.46. 0.44 and RC 0.78, 1, 1.36, respectively), indicating it had a better measure and remeasure reliability. Conclusion The CP has a better orientation to the larynx compared with its previous version. It may be used to reliably trend intraoperative temperatures.
Alterations in Serum Levels of Lipids and Lipoproteins with Indinavir Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Patients

Alterations in lipid metabolism have been associated with the use of protease inhibitors. Sequential lipid analyses were performed on serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected antiretroviral-naive patients who received indinavir in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) were measured at baseline and at periodic intervals. After 48 weeks of indinavir therapy, mean serum levels +/- SD rose as follows: cholesterol, from 167.2 +/- 36.0 to 206.3 +/- 32.4 mg/dL (P < .0005); triglycerides, from 110.4 +/- 47.5 to 158.4 +/- 72.5 mg/dL (P < .0101); and LDLs, from 106.6 +/- 35.1 to 136.1 +/- 31.6 mg/dL (P = .0029). There was no significant change in the serum HDL fraction. Mean serum lipoprotein (a) levels +/- SD rose from 6.5 +/- 1.4 to 9.6 +/- 2.0 mg/dL after 30 weeks (P = .0695). Potential mechanisms for the noted increases include alterations in serum lipoprotein lipase activity or changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. The clinical significance of these changes remains to be determined.
Some aspects of hypothalamic and hypophysial secretion in aging rats

Abstract The quantity as well as concentration of dopamine in the hypothalamus of the aged rat is about half that in the hypothalamus of the young rat. The reduction in hypothalamic dopamine in old rats is associated with a reduction in the hypothalamic turnover and secretion of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood. The reduced ability of aged animals to secrete dopamine may be due to: (a) a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus, (b) an inability of the dopaminergic neurons to respond adequately to stimulation, and/or (c) an increase in the rate of secretion of substances, e.g. , β-endorphin and 5-hydroxytryptamine, that inhibit dopamine secretion. In contrast to the secretion of dopamine by the hypothalamus, the secretion of prolactin by the hypophysis is greater in aged animals than in young animals. This increased secretion may be due to the reduced concentration of dopamine in portal blood and/or the loss of ability of prolactin cells in the aged hypophysis to process and respond to dopamine.
Integration and Testing of the Superconducting Magnet and Cryogenics for AMS

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is a high-resolution cosmic-ray telescope for charged-particles and photons, to be staged on the International Space Station in 2010. A central element of the spectrometer is a 0.8 T, 1 m aperture superconducting dipole magnet. The windings employ Al-stabilized NbTi/Cu conductor and are conduction-cooled in a superfluid He cryostat. The cryogenics for the magnet employs a number of novel elements, indirect cooling using a serpentine heat pipe, thermomechanical pumping for re-cooling after quench and during current charging, capillary gathering of superfluid within the storage Dewar, and a porous-plug phase separator. The magnet is designed to operate in persistent mode, with provisions for disconnect/reconnect of current leads. The magnet and cryogenics have been built and integrated. The AMS magnet system has been commissioned into operation and operating characteristics have been evaluated during tests at CERN. Results of the commissioning and testing are presented. Lessons for future space applications of superconducting magnets will be discussed.
An Online Algorithm for the Dynamic Maximal Dense Tree Problem

The Online Maximal Dense Tree problem is as follows: given a weighted directed graph and a source node, users issue online requests for connection to the source node. A request can either be accepted or rejected (the admission control decision). If the connection request is accepted, it must be connected to the source or to a node previously connected to the source (the routing decision). The objective is to maximize the total number of connections while keeping the connection density , i.e. the ratio of accepted requests to the weight of the spanning tree, sufficiently high.
Functionalization of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers with Pt Nanoparticles and Nanowires for Catalytic Applications

This paper reports a simple procedure for derivatizing the surface of anatase TiO2 nanofibers with Pt nanoparticles and then Pt nanowires. The nanofibers were prepared in the form of a nonwoven mat by electrospinning with a solution containing both poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and titanium tetraisopropoxide, followed by calcination in air at 510 degrees C. The fiber mat was then immersed in a polyol reduction bath to coat the surface of anatase fibers with Pt nanoparticles of 2-5 nm in size with controllable density of coverage. Furthermore, the coated fibers could serve as a three-dimensional scaffold upon which Pt nanowires of roughly 7 nm in diameter could be grown at a high density and with a length up to 125 nm. The fiber membranes functionalized with Pt nanoparticles and nanowires are interesting for a number of catalytic applications. It was found to show excellent catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of azo bonds in methyl red, which could be operated in a continuous mode by passing the dye solution through the membrane at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/s.