cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of pollution controls on the productivity of coal-fired power plants

Abstract This paper contains estimates of the effect of sulphur dioxide emission restrictions on the efficiency of generating electricity from coal. Measures of generation efficiency of coal-fired power plants built since 1970 are derived using a best-practice frontier methodology. The efficiency scores are then used to evaluate the effects of regulations using plant operations data from 1984. This analysis reveals that environmental regulations have altered the productivity of producing electricity from coal. The effect of plant size on operational efficiency differs in plants with flue gas desulphurization systems (FGD scrubbers) as compared to those plants with no pollution controls. We also show the impacts of further decreasing the surphur output levels of plants on operational efficiency.
Evaluation of Zirconium and Hafnium Complexes that Contain the Electron-Withdrawing Diamido/Donor Ligand [(2,6-Cl2C6H3NCH2CH2)2NCH3)]2- for the Polymerization of 1-Hexene

The triamine (2,6-Cl2C6H3NHCH2CH2)2NMe (H2[ArClN2NMe]) can be prepared through the Pd-catalyzed coupling between 2-bromo-1,3-dichlorobenzene and (H2NCH2CH2)2NH to give (2,6-Cl2C6H3NHCH2CH2)2NH, followed by methylation of the central nitrogen with MeI. Zirconium and hafnium complexes that were prepared include [ArClN2NMe]M(NMe2)2 (M = Hf or Zr), [ArClN2NMe]MCl2, [ArClN2NMe]MMe2, [ArClN2NMe]HfCl(i-Bu), [ArClN2NMe]HfMe(i-Bu), and [ArClN2NMe]Hf(i-Bu)2. An X-ray crystal structure shows [ArClN2NMe]Hf(i-Bu)2 to be a square pyramid in which one of the isobutyl groups occupies the apical position. Activation of dimethyl species with {Ph3C}{B(C6F5)4}, B(C6F5)3, or {PhNMe2H}{B(C6F5)4} yielded {[ArClN2NMe]MMe}+ cations paired with {B(C6F5)4}- or {MeB(C6F5)3}- anions; these species are active for the polymerization of 1-hexene. Activation of [ArClN2NMe]Hf(i-Bu)2 with {Ph3C}{B(C6F5)4} or B(C6F5)3 produced {[ArClN2NMe]Hf(i-Bu)}{B(C6F5)4} and {[ArClN2NMe]Hf(i-Bu)}{HB(C6F5)3}, which are also active for the polymerization ...
Role of guided acoustic wave properties in single-mode optical fibre design

Several guided acoustic modes are identified to be responsible for the stimulated backward Brillouin scattering (SBBS) in single-mode optical fibres (SMFs). The dependence of SBBS gain spectra on acoustic properties of SMF is discussed.
Sources of social support and conflict in hospitalized depressed women

The purpose of this study was to (a) describe the number and types of social relationships of 39 women hospitalized for unipolar depression and (b) examine differences in the provision of social support and level of conflict among these types of relationships. Paired t tests were used to compare support and conflict from six types of relationships. The number and range of relationships reported were comparable to those of nondepressed women. Unexpectedly, women reported low amounts of conflict. Spouse/partners, household, and close relationships were perceived as sources of the most support. However, spouse/partner and household members also provided the most conflict, while close relationships provided the least. These close relationships play a pivotal role in the provision of social support. Furthermore, close female relationships appear to provide the benefits of support without the cost of conflict.
Partial purification and characterization of an initiation factor from rat liver which promotes the binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA to 40-S ribosomal subunits

Abstract A factor which promotes the binding of Phe-tRNA to 40-S ribosomal subunits has been isolated from rat liver cytosol and considerably purified by DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The molecular weight of the factor was estimated to be about 93 000 by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Binding of Phe-tRNA to 40-S ribosomal subunits, catalyzed by the purified factor, required polyuridylic acid but not GTP; the latter in contrast to previous results with a crude preparation. Factor dependent binding to puromycin-stripped ribosomes (‘80 S’) was less than half that to an equimolar quantity of 40-S subunits and the addition of 60-S subunits caused a partial inhibition of the binding to 40-S subunits. The factor also directed the binding of fMet-tRNA and N -acetyl-Phe-tRNA to 40-S subunits. It is suggested that the factor may be the same as the recently described reticulocyte initiation factor M1.
Concealment of neonatal cerebral infarction on MRI by normal brain water.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive in detecting cerebral infarction in adults, both in the acute and chronic stages. Cytotoxic and vasogenic edema produce an increase in the water content of acutely ischemic brain, resulting in good tissue contrast from adjacent normal brain on spin density, T1 and T2 weighted MR images. Gliosis and other chronic brain changes are well seen in later stages. We recently encountered a case of remote cerebral infarction in an infant, however, which was not evident on the initial MR examination at 7 weeks of age but which was clearly seen on a follow-up scan at 9½ months. Our contention is that the infarct was masked by the known increased water content of the neonatal brain, which results in lengthened spin density and relaxation times; edema and gliosis may thus be obscured. This age-related concealment of ischemic brain changes on MR has not to our knowledge been reported, and we present this case as a caveat in the detection of cerebral infarction in neonates.
Reflections on academic administration

Some conceptual frameworks guide the work of university administrators, informing effective hiring, planning, and budgeting.
A Finite Element Solution for the Anisotropic Biphasic Theory of Tissue-Equivalent Mechanics: The Effect of Contact Guidance on Isometric Cell Traction Measurement

We present a method for solving the governing equations from our anisotropic biphasic theory of tissue-equivalent mechanics (Barocas and Tranquillo, 1997) for axisymmetric problems. A mixed finite element method is used for discretization of the spatial derivatives, and the DASPK subroutine (Brown et al., 1994) is used to solve the resulting differential-algebraic equation system. The preconditioned GMRES algorithm, using a preconditioner based on an extension of Dembo's (1994) adaptation of the Uzawa algorithm for viscous flows, provides an efficient and scaleable solution method, with the finite element method discretization being first-order accurate in space. In the cylindrical isometric cell traction assay, the chosen test problem, a cylindrical tissue equivalent is adherent at either end to fixed circular platens. As the cells exert traction on the collagen fibrils, the force required to maintain constant sample length, or load, is measured. However, radial compaction occurs during the course of the assay, so that the cell and network concentrations increase and collagen fibrils become aligned along the axis of the cylinder, leading to cell alignment along the axis. Our simulations predict that cell contact guidance leads to an increase in the load measured in the assay, but this effect is diminished by the tendency of contact guidance to inhibit radial compaction of the sample, which in turn reduces concentrations and hence the measured load.
Liminality and Symbiosis in Popular American Protestantism

OPULAR religion" has a peculiar elusiveness about it. One is often tempted to approach the study of religion through the contributions of the founders, the elite, the leaders, and the religious geniuses of a tradition. With supplemental investigations into the origins, growth, and history of religious groups and the responses of the leaders and groups to the significant cultural and social issues and events of the times, it could be supposed that the most important features of a religion have been taken into account. In part, such an assumption only reflects the nature of the historical method, attentive as it must be to the unique and outstanding persons, doctrines, and institutions of a tradition. In any case, popular American Protestantism has seemed to elude even the best historians of American religions. In a review of Sidney Ahlstrom's massive and synthetic A Religious History of the American People, Martin Marty comments:
A political sociology of socionatures: Revisionist manoeuvres in environmental sociology

Abstract Grow or die/treadmill of production (GOD/TOP) discourses have played a valuable role in insisting that the antagonism between capitalist political economy and ecology should be a central concern of environmental sociology. However, this article raises questions as to the extent to which emphatic versions of this argument are sufficiently subtle for grasping what is at stake in the current environmental debate. In neo-liberal times, ‘Nature’ may well be made and remade as a commodity as ever before. However, a range of developments from the sociology of environmental science to the rise of non-equilibrium ecology, critical political ecology to the desire to develop post-naturalistic agential and cultural materialisms in human geography and science and technology studies all point to considerable complexities in unravelling winners and losers in this process. Engagement with the uneven spread, revisions, reversals and pathologies of ecological modernisation introduces further points of uncertainty ...
Harnessing the bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition for pretargeted PET imaging.

Due to their exquisite affinity and specificity, antibodies have become extremely promising vectors for the delivery of radioisotopes to cancer cells for PET imaging. However, the necessity of labeling antibodies with radionuclides with long physical half-lives often results in high background radiation dose rates to non-target tissues. In order to circumvent this issue, we have employed a pretargeted PET imaging strategy based on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. The methodology decouples the antibody from the radioactivity and thus exploits the positive characteristics of antibodies, while eschewing their pharmacokinetic drawbacks. The system is composed of four steps: (1) the injection of a mAb-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) conjugate; (2) a localization time period during which the antibody accumulates in the tumor and clears from the blood; (3) the injection of the radiolabeled tetrazine; and (4) the in vivo click ligation of the components followed by the clearance of excess radioligand. In the example presented in the work at hand, a 64Cu-NOTA-labeled tetrazine radioligand and a trans-cyclooctene-conjugated humanized antibody (huA33) were successfully used to delineate SW1222 colorectal cancer tumors with high tumor-to-background contrast. Further, the pretargeting methodology produces high quality images at only a fraction of the radiation dose to non-target tissue created by radioimmunoconjugates directly labeled with 64Cu or 89Zr. Ultimately, the modularity of this protocol is one of its greatest assets, as the trans-cyclooctene moiety can be appended to any non-internalizing antibody, and the tetrazine can be attached to a wide variety of radioisotopes.
Assessing the Success of an Industrial Cluster

Industrial clusters have received considerable attention as a regional development strategy. While their efficacy has been debated by academics, clusters have become popular among practitioners. Despite clusters' acceptance, there have been few attempts to measure their success or their impact on constituent firms. This paper outlines and discusses the metrics developed to evaluate the success of the northwest Ohio greenhouse cluster. The cluster was launched in 2004 to help the industry become more competitive though collaborative problem solving. In identifying success metrics, the authors were cognizant of the fact that they had to reflect the cluster's objectives and goals. Thus metrics that measured the impact of branding and marketing efforts, reducing energy costs, and increasing collaboration among cluster stakeholders were developed. The work reported in this paper is only the beginning phases of a longer-term, on-going effort to track the progress and success of the northwest Ohio greenhouse cluster.
Estimating turbulent-boundary-layer wall-pressure spectra from CFD RANS solutions

Abstract A stochastic model for the space–time turbulent boundary-layer wall-pressure spectrum is developed that uses statistical data from Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solutions as input. The model integrates the source terms for the surface-pressure covariance across the boundary layer for user-specified space and time separations to form a discrete surface-pressure correlation function, the Fourier transform of which yields the surface-pressure wavenumber-frequency spectrum. By integrating RANS data into the model, it is able to respond to local geometry and flow conditions. Validation cases show that predicted surface-pressure power spectra respond appropriately to favorable, zero, and adverse pressure gradients. By operating as a post-processor of CFD RANS analyses, the model is a predictive tool that can be used in flow and flow-induced noise analyses. Because contemporary RANS models are able to predict flow statistics well for configurations of practical interest, this approach to modeling the turbulent boundary-layer forcing function is expected to generalize well to new flow configurations without requiring flow-specific tuning.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Removal from Home as a Primary, Secondary, or Disclaimed Trauma in Maltreated Adolescents

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among maltreated youth but it remains unclear as to whether removal from home is as traumatizing as the maltreatment. This study examined 250 maltreated adolescents aged 11–17 years who were grouped on the basis of whether they (1) endorsed removal from home as their primary traumatic event, (2) endorsed removal from home as a secondary traumatic event, but not their primary traumatic event, or (3) did not endorse removal from home as traumatic. PTSD diagnoses as well as symptoms of PTSD, dissociation, depression, posttraumatic cognitions, and anger expression were measured. Adolescents who endorsed removal from home as their primary traumatic event reported significantly lower levels of PTSD and related symptoms than adolescents in the other groups. The findings are discussed within the context of transactions surrounding removal from home and support previous work that PTSD is a critical concern regarding many maltreated youth.
Classical electrodynamical derivation of the radiation damping force.

A covariant expression for the instantaneous radiation damping force acting on an accelerated charged particle is derived within the frame of classical electrodynamics. The radiation pressure of the wave emitted by the charge is averaged on a sphere of radius $R$ to obtain the net force due to the photon momentum recoil, and the limit is taken when $R$ tends to zero, assuming no internal structure of the particle. The relativistic Doppler effects break the symmetry of the instantaneous rest frame dipole radiation pattern, and the Abraham-Becker damping force is obtained.
Bias in Police Lineups and its Reduction by an Alternative Construction Procedure

The present research examined whether eyewitness identification lineups produced by law enforcement personnel are biased or suggestive. Experienced police officers were asked to construct two six-face photographic lineups, first using their usual (traditional) method, and second using an alternative method. The primary basis of the traditional method is that foils are selected based on their similarity to the target. The alternative method includes foils that are not only similar to the target but also similar to other foil faces in the lineup. Both types of lineups were shown to subjects who had not seen the faces before (mock witnesses) and were asked to guess the respective targets. The results showed that mock witnesses selected the targets significantly more often than expected by chance (1/6 probability) when embedded in the traditional lineups, thus demonstrating that these lineups were suggestive. Mock witnesses did not select alternative-method targets more often than expected by chance. These re...
Discussion of “Some factors affecting rates of sedimentation in the Columbia River basin”

Hydrologists are generally aware of the number and complexity of the variables that are encountered in all aspects of hydrology, and the great difficulty of analyzing these factors quantitatively because of inadequacy of basic data. Because of limitations in funds, time, or scientific manpower, it is likely that the basic data will generally be less than the hydrologist's hopes. In this predicament, many students have sought methods whereby it might be possible to determine the approximate effects of various factors, on the basis of meager available information. The authors, by using statistical methods of analysis, have pointed out one way that may well be rewarding in studies of other aspects of hydrology where little basic information is available.
NEONATAL MORTALITY AND MORBIDITIES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS: A SEVEN-YEAR TREND ANALYSIS OF THE NEONATAL RESEARCH NETWORK DATA. † 1392

NEONATAL MORTALITY AND MORBIDITIES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS: A SEVEN-YEAR TREND ANALYSIS OF THE NEONATAL RESEARCH NETWORK DATA. † 1392
Liquid Crystal Physics at the Millennium

Abstract Liquid crystal science can look back on a century of impressive fundamental and technological accomplishment. The next millennium greets us not only with a new set of scientific challenges but also with the need to define ourselves in the broader scientific arena. This talk will look at some of the research areas where we are likely to see future growth.
Mindblind Philosophy of History

Historical explanation after Hempel came to be discussed in terms of a contrast between nomic explanations and rationalizations, and later between cause and narrative. This period can be taken as an historical parenthesis, in which the notion of cause narrowed and the notion of historical understanding as empathic dropped out. In the present philosophical landscape there are different models of cause available, especially in the causal modeling literature, and a revived appreciation, through the philosophy of mind and in light of such discoveries as mirror neurons, of empathy. The newer causal modeling literature foregrounds the problem of confounding or overdetermination, but solves it in ways inimical to historical explanation. Empathy, however, represents an alternative solution, available to the historian, in which causal relevance can be assessed and established in terms of its role in the reenacted experience of the historical subject. This suggests the idea that the art of history is using historical evidence to show what people might have thought and felt under past circumstances, in ways that engage our capacities to mind-read – capacities established by cognitive science.
Observations on the Experimental Use of Gonadotropic Extracts in the Human Female12

RECENT REVIEWS have focused attention on the fact that the available gonadotropic preparations have provided little therapeutic aid. Chorionic gonadotropins are of questionable value in the human female. Although equine gonadotropin resembles the anterior-pituitary lobe in its action, its role in man is still debatable. Chorionic gonadotropins can produce follicle growth and ovulation in laboratory animals but the human being is not responsive to its action. Extracts of the anterior-pituitary lobe provide the greatest possibility for the future. Pituitary gonadotropins have been used in the laboratory for many years. Implants and crude extracts of the anterior lobe have replaced the action of the pituitary in hypophysectomized animals. These impure preparations could not be used in the human. It is only recently that methods of purification have progressed to the point where pituitary extracts could be administered to women without serious hazards. Casida and his co-workers have studied the action of pitu...
Experimental effective shape control of a powered transfemoral prosthesis

This paper presents the design and experimental implementation of a novel feedback control strategy that regulates effective shape on a powered transfemoral prosthesis. The human effective shape is the effective geometry to which the biological leg conforms - through movement of ground reaction forces and leg joints - during the stance period of gait. Able-bodied humans regulate effective shapes to be invariant across conditions such as heel height, walking speed, and body weight, so this measure has proven to be a very useful tool for the alignment and design of passive prostheses. However, leg joints must be actively controlled to assume different effective shapes that are unique to tasks such as standing, walking, and stair climbing. Using our previous simulation studies as a starting point, we model and control the effective shape as a virtual kinematic constraint on the powered Vanderbilt prosthetic leg with a custom instrumented foot. An able-bodied subject used a by-pass adapter to walk on the controlled leg over ground and over a treadmill. These preliminary experiments demonstrate, for the first time, that effective shape (or virtual constraints in general) can be used to control a powered prosthetic leg.
Non-trivial links and plats with trivial Gassner matrices

Let Bn denote the Artin braid group on ‘n-strings[ and PBn its normal subgroup consisting of all the pure braids [Bi, Mo]. These groups have been considerably scrutinized by both topologists and algebraists [BL]. One question whose answer has so far eluded us is whether or not the Gassner representation G: PBn → Mn × n(λ), into the group of n-by-n matrices over , is faithful (see Section 1) [Bi; ·3] [Ga]. Recently the less discriminating Burau representation B: PBn → Mn × n(Z[t±1] ) was shown to have a non-trivial kernel for each n ≥ 6 [M, LP] but these techniques have not yet yielded an element of kernel(G). This paper is a partial step in that direction.
p97-containing complexes in proliferation control and cancer: emerging culprits or guilt by association?

p97 (also called VCP in metazoans and CDC48 in yeast) is a highly conserved, abundant, and essential type II AAA ATPase that functions in numerous ubiquitin signaling–dependent processes. p97/Cd48 activities require a growing number of adaptor or accessory proteins that promote interactions with ubiquitinated proteins. p97 has human disease relevance as it is mutated in familial cases of inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD). There is also increasing evidence suggesting that p97 and/or some of its adaptors play a role in cancer. This review will summarize our existing knowledge of the biochemical, molecular, and cellular activities of p97-containing complexes, with an ending focus on their potential role in malignancy.
Simultaneous occurrence of non‐Hodgkinapos;s lymphoma and acute myelomonocytic leukemia

The simultaneous occurrence of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NLPD) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) was confirmed by the histologic examination of lymph node section, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. This association in the absence of previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy has not been previously documented. There have been six previous case reports of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphocytic lymphoma who, during treatment with alkylating agents or radiotherapy, developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These methods of therapy may have had a leukemogenic role in such patients. The possible relationship between these two diseases is discussed.
Soil Microbiology, Ecology, and Biochemistry

reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher While technically “Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry” (E. A. Paul, editor) is considered a third edition of its predecessor “Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry” (by E.A. Paul and F.E. Clark), as the change in title would suggest, this new version is nearly a complete overhaul of those that have come previously. Additionally, while the past two versions of this book were authored entirely by Paul and Clark, this edition is a contributed work, and each chapter is authored by some of the most respected names in the fi eld that reads like a “Who’s Who” list of modern soil ecology. As such, it seems a fi tting tribute to the great infl uence that Professor Paul and his students have had on these wide ranging fi elds of study. The book begins with a thoughtful and wide ranging chapter on the history of these fi elds written by Prof. Paul, and ends with a chapter by Prof. Joshua Schimel on the future prospects for the 21st century and beyond. The 16 chapters in between, cover the basic physical and chemical aspects of the soil habitat (Chapter 2); more general considerations about the different types of soil bacteria, achaea, fungi, and fauna and methods for their study (Chapters 3–7); the important ecology, interactions, and community characteristics of these soil organisms (Chapters 8–11); the interactive effects the organisms and environment have on the biochemistry of nitrogen, carbon, organic matter, as well other inorganic ions and metals is soils (Chapters 12– 16); and the implications of these studies for agricultural and land management aspects of soils (Chapter 17). As contributed volumes go most of the chapters are fairly coherently integrated, but also fairly independent units and stand well on their own. While chapter quality seems to vary somewhat between authors, taken as a whole this book does a good job covering the breadth of the diverse topics presented. We are unaware of any other books intended for classroom use that have attempted such a broad synthesis. While most of the chapters are fairly well referenced, they should not be considered as comprehensive reviews of their respective subjects. Rather the material is (and according to the authors, is intended to be) much more of an introduction to the respective fi elds of study, their basic principals, and practices. While this still provides plenty of material for the advanced undergraduate or graduate-level survey courses, it may frustrate those professionals that would like a more thorough review of each fi eld. It is easy to envision that this book could serve well either as the primary or as a supplementary text for a variety of courses covering a range of topics within soil biology and biochemistry. This edition of the book also is stated by the publishers (Elsevier) to provide a “website with fi gures for classroom presentation,” however, at the time of this review; such a website was still unavailable. BOOK REVIEW
Avoidance conditioning in two species of platy (Xiphophorus maculatus and Xiphophorus variatus)

Two species of platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus, blue platyfish, and Xiphophorus variatus, marigold platyfish) were given avoidance conditioning trials in an aquatic shuttlebox. While all blue platyfish reached a criterion of avoidance learning, only one marigold platyfish reached criterion learning. Results are discussed in terms of species-specific defense reactions (SSDRs).
A Strong Transfer Function Links Thin-Section Data to Reservoir Physics

Petrographic thin sections carry considerable precise quantitative information concerning physical properties including permability, log response and acoustic phenomena. This information is not carried by conventional petrographic procedures such as point-counting or simple linear measurements made with a graduated ocular. Instead, multispectral image analysis techniques are required. Critical parameters of such a system include: 1) selection of correct magnification; 2) selection of proper spectral bands; 3) construction of a high precision digital filter able to precisely define grain and pore boundaries at the upper surface of the section; 4) an algorithm to express in useful fashion the complex geometries of grain and pore as well as correctly identify minerals and mineral phases; and 5) software to analyze such data. Output data is copious -- for example, over 300 variables describe estimation of such properties as permeability and identification of pore characteristics associated with enhanced or reduced permeability.
Product Evaluation of Three Competing Document Production Devices

Three competing document production devices were evaluated in terms of ease of learning and ease of use. Forty temporary office workers were hired to learn each device and then perform 16 identical exercises on each machine. After each exercise, the subjects were to rate the features assessed in that exercise along several seven-point rating scales anchored on either “Easy to Do” - “Hard to Do” or “Easy to Remember” - “Hard to Remember.” After completing these exercises on each of the devices, the subjects were then asked to perform six additional exercises on the machines and to compare and rank them.Data consisted of subjective ratings from the exercises, the times required to complete each of the exercises, and the subjective rankings of the machines. Analyses of variance of the subjective ratings identified 78 out of 160 factors by which to distinguish the devices. These subjective factors were supported by an analysis of variance of the time data. Nonparametric analysis of variance of the subjective ...
RSR13, an allosteric effector of haemoglobin, and carbogen radiosensitize FSAII and SCCVII tumours in C3H mice.

Pre-clinical evaluation has demonstrated that 2-[4-(((3,5-dimethylanilino)carbonyl)methyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid (RSR13) acts as an allosteric effector of haemoglobin (Hb). RSR13 binding to Hb results in decreased haemoglobin–oxygen (Hb–O2) affinity, improved tumour oxygenation, and enhanced radiation-induced cell killing in several experimental tumour systems. In the present work, ex vivo clonogenic survival analyses are applied in two murine tumour systems to characterize the relationship between the magnitude of decrease in Hb–O2 affinity and radiosensitization, the influence of inspired pO2 upon this effect, and the efficacy of combining RSR13 and radiation during a course of repeated radiation exposures. For FSaII tumours in C3H mice breathing air, 100 mg kg−1 RSR13 administered intraperitoneally produced an enhancement ratio (ER) of 1.3, but there was marked desensitization at a RSR13 dose of 300 mg kg−1 (ER 0.6). The most likely reason for the increased radioresistance was insufficient oxygen loading of Hb in the pulmonary circulation due to reduced haemoglobin–oxygen affinity because carbogen breathing combined with 300 mg kg−1 RSR13 reversed the effect and produced an ER of 1.8. In SCCVII tumours in C3H mice irradiated with eight fractions of 2.5 Gy over 4 days, the surviving fraction was reduced to 58–67% of control values when RSR13 was combined with radiation on days 1 and 2, days 3 and 4, or days 1–4. These results confirm that combining RSR13 and irradiation within a fractionated course of clinically relevant low-dose exposures provides significant radiosensitization. Additional preclinical experimentation is needed to define better the optimum dose-scheduling conditions for clinical applications. 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
Electrochemistry of the Cu_A domain of Thermus thermophilus cytochrome ba _3

The electrochemistry of a water-soluble fragment from the CuA domain of Thermus thermophilus cytochrome ba3 has been investigated. At 25 °C, CuA exhibits a reversible reduction at a pyridine-4-aldehydesemicarbazone-modified gold electrode (0.1 M Tris, pH 8) with E° = 0.24 V vs NHE. Thermodynamic parameters for the [Cu(Cys)2Cu]+/0 electrode reaction were determined by variable-temperature electrochemistry (ΔS°rc = –5.4(12) eu, ΔS° = –21.0(12) eu, ΔH° = –11.9(4) kcal/mol;ΔG° = –5.6 (11) kcal/mol). The relatively small reaction entropy is consistent with a low reorganization energy for [Cu(Cys)2Cu]+/0 electron transfer. An irreversible oxidation of [Cu(Cys)2Cu]+ at 1 V vs NHE confirms that the CuII:CuII state of CuA is significantly destabilized relative to the CuII state of analogous blue-copper proteins.
A strategy for coupling municipal wastewater treatment using the Sequencing Batch Reactor with effluent nutrient recovery through aquaculture

Recovering inorganic nutrients from treated municipal wastewaters prior to discharge, can not only minimize deterioration of receiving water quality, but can also be used to culture fish. Recovery can be achieved by integrating an ecological component, aquaculture, into the treatment scheme. Because of its operating flexibility, a Sequencing Batch Reactor was used to provide biological treatment of a municipal wastewater for oxidation of organic matter, removal of suspended solids, and nitrification. Performance of the reactor9s 12-hour cycle for CBOD 5 , TSS, and NH 3 -N removals was 98%, 90%, and 89%, respectively. To recover inorganic nutrients, effluents were used to fertilize growth of desirable algal groups in an aquaculture component. Desirable algal groups are those which are preferred food sources for those zooplankton considered preferred prey for fish. Desirable algal response is influenced by the ratio of inorganic nutrients put into the system. An SBR9s operational strategy was developed to produce effluents with acceptable N:P ratios ranging from 16 to 23. Though wide variation of this ratio resulted from this fertilization in the aquaculture tanks, the resulting algal response throughout the culture period was dominance of edible algal greens.
A modified torsional kolsky bar for investigating dynamic friction

This paper introduces an experiment to investigate dry sliding resistance of frictional interfaces at normal pressures up to 100 MPa, slip speeds up to 10 m/s and slip distances of approximately 10 mm. This new apparatus involves a novel modification of the conventional torsional Kolsky bar apparatus, employed extensively in the past for investigating high strain rate behavior of engineering materials. The new experimental configuration represents a significant improvement over conventional tribology experiments because it uses elastic torsional waves with a superimposed static compressive force to control the interfacial traction. Moreover, the apparatus allows critical frictional parameters such as the interfacial sliding resistance, slip speeds and slip without the use of transducers at the frictional interface. The usefulness of the device is demonstrated by presenting results of high-speed friction on 6061-T6 Al/1018 steel and Carpenter Hampden tool steel/7075-T6 Al tribo pairs.
The good society and the good soul: Plato's Republic on leadership

This article assesses the relevance of Plato's Republic for discussions of leadership in contemporary democratic societies. Specifically, Plato's theory of the good life challenges contemporary consumer culture and the definition of the good life as desire satisfaction; his critique of democracy raises difficult questions about the ways democracies train and choose leaders; and his account of the ideal regime illustrates the importance and difficulty of taming endemic conflicts between private interests and the public good. At the same time, Plato offers an account of leadership as benefiting the entire community that remains morally attractive. Plato thus cannot be easily dismissed by advocates of democratic modes of organizing leadership; on the contrary, a close reading of The Republic reveals some of the enduring challenges facing democratic societies.
Post-Chernobyl Nuclear Reactions in the USA

This paper contains an assessment of the impact of the Chernobyl disaster on US civilian and military nuclear programs. Specific attention is devoted to the major policy changes sought by federal nuclear regulatory agencies, the US Congress, state and local governments hosting nuclear installations, and the nuclear industry in the twelve-month period following the April 1986 accident in the Soviet Ukraine.
The USA PATRIOT Act: new adventures in American extraterritoriality

Gives the background to the Act, whose Title III was meant in part to deal with financial secrecy jurisdictions. Reviews the antagonism of American courts towards financial secrecy when it interferes with domestic disclosure of documents, mentioning the Aerospatiale, Westinghouse and other legal cases. Discusses the extraterritorial provisions of the PATRIOT Act: indirect regulation through domestic institutions, and direct regulation of foreign financial institutions through the extension of American money laundering regulations. Points out that the first major application of the Act was in fact against tax evasion rather than terrorist finance, and concerned VISA International; the Attorney General’s intention was to use VISA credit cards to identify American tax evaders who have stashed money in financial secrecy jurisdictions, and this may sever the links between these jurisdictions and the US banking and financial system. Sets the Act in the context of previous American attempts to legislate outside US jurisdiction, such as the Helms‐Burton Act. Concludes that the new legislation may ultimately hurt long term American interests, both business and diplomatic, all for the sake of impeding tax evasion.
Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of benzoyl chloride and derivatives using extended forms of the Grunwald–Winstein equation

Available specific rates of solvolysis at 25 °C of benzoyl chloride and four para-substituted derivatives for which both NT and YCl values are tabulated were analyzed using the extended (two-term) Grunwald–Winstein equation. The ionization pathway with appreciable nucleophilic solvation of the incipient carbocation observed for the p-methoxy derivative is accompanied by increasingly important regions of dominant operation of an addition–elimination pathway as the Hammett σ value for the substituent increases. Accordingly, for the p-nitro derivative only the 97% HFIP data point deviates from the addition–elimination correlation. Correlations of the specific rates of solvolysis of 2,6-dimethylbenzoyl chloride are improved by incorporation of a term governed by the aromatic ring parameter (I). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myocardial and Body Metabolism in Fatal Cardiogenic Shock after Valvular Replacement

Cellular energy substrates and metabolites, electrolytes, oxygenation, and acid-base balance, in arterial and coronary sinus blood of seven adult patients who died after valvular replacements, were studied and compared with these measurements from five patients having aortic replacement who survived. Six of the patients were in New York Heart Association class IV. All but one died within 24 hr of acute circulatory failure, with excessive bleeding being a contributing factor. Plasma potassium and osmolality remained higher in the first postoperative hours in nonsurvivors. Ketone bodies, growth hormone, and lactate levels rose precipitously as shock became severe. Increased arterial blood osmolality and potassium, plus a still-rising lactate concentration, were evident 2 hr after operation in patients who died in the next 24 hr. Low cardiac output, hyperosmolality, and the degree of lactic acidosis were the only early changes predicting the fatal outcome.
roots of assimilation: generational status differentials in ethnic minority children's school readiness

This study examines the relationship between children's generational status and their cognitive and social school readiness, paying particular attention to racial/ethnic and national origin differences. This relationship is examined using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998—99 (ECLS-K). Results indicate that, while children of foreign-born mothers tend to have lower levels of school readiness than children of native-born mothers, this disparity is largely due to differences in family context characteristics. After controlling for an array of family background variables, non-Hispanic black, Asian, Mexican, Puerto Rican and other Hispanic children of foreign-born mothers are found to have similar levels of academic school readiness to co-ethnic children of American-born mothers. Analyses also indicate that a substantial portion of the school readiness gaps between minority children of foreign-born mothers and non-Hispanic white children of American-born mothers can b...
Differential detection of phospholipid fluidity, order, and spacing by fluorescence spectroscopy of bis-pyrene, prodan, nystatin, and merocyanine 540.

The properties of liquid-ordered, solid-ordered, and liquid-disordered phases were investigated by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy in liposomes composed of mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (0-40 mol %) as a function of temperature (24-51C). The fluorescent probes used (bis-pyrene, nystatin, prodan, and merocyanine) were chosen because they differ in the location they occupy in the membrane and in the types of properties they sense. Comparison of phase diagrams with contour plots of the fluorescence data suggested that bis-pyrene is sensitive primarily to lipid order. In contrast, nystatin fluorescence intensity responded to changes in lipid fluidity. The shape of the prodan emission spectrum detected both liquid-solid and order-disorder transitions in the phase diagram. Merocyanine's behavior was more complex. First, it was more sensitive than any of the other probes to the membrane pretransition that occurs in the absence of cholesterol. Second, regardless of whether emission intensity, anisotropy, or spectral shape was observed, the probe appeared to distin- guish two types of liquid-ordered phases, one with tightly packed lipids and one in which the apparent spacing among lipids was increased. The prodan data supported these results by displaying modest versions of these two observations. Together, the results identify eight regions within the phase diagram of distinguishable combinations of these physical properties. As an example of how this combined analysis can be applied to biological membranes, human erythrocytes were treated similarly. Temperature variation at constant cholesterol content revealed three of the eight combinations identified in our analysis of liposomes.
Structural Characterization of the Primary O-antigenic Polysaccharide of the Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841 Lipopolysaccharide and Identification of a New 3-Acetimidoylamino-3-deoxyhexuronic Acid Glycosyl Component A UNIQUE O-METHYLATED GLYCAN OF UNIFORM SIZE, CONTAINING 6-DEOXY-3-O-METHYL-D-TALOSE, N-ACETYLQUINOVOSAMINE, AND RHIZOAMINURONIC ACID (3-ACETIMIDOYLAMINO-3-DEOXY-D-GLUCO-HEXURONIC ACID)

Rhizobium are Gram-negative bacteria that survive intracellularly, within host membrane-derived plant cell compartments called symbiosomes. Within the symbiosomes the bacteria differentiate to bacteroids, the active form that carries out nitrogen fixation. The progression from free-living bacteria to bacteroid is characterized by physiological and morphological changes at the bacterial surface, a phase shift with an altered array of cell surface glycoconjugates. Lipopolysaccharides undergo structural changes upon differentiation from the free living to the bacteroid (intracellular) form. The array of carbohydrate structures carried on lipopolysaccharides confer resistance to plant defense mechanisms and may serve as signals that trigger the plant to allow the infection to proceed. We have determined the structure of the major O-polysaccharide (OPS) isolated from free living Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841, a symbiont of Pisum sativum, using chemical methods, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy analysis. The OPS is composed of several unusual glycosyl residues, including 6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-d-talose and 2-acetamido-2deoxy-l-quinovosamine. In addition, a new glycosyl residue, 3-acetimidoylamino-3-deoxy-d-gluco-hexuronic acid was identified and characterized, a novel hexosaminuronic acid that does not have an amino group at the 2-position. The OPS is composed of three to four tetrasaccharide repeating units of -->4)-beta-dGlcp3NAmA-(1-->4)-[2-O-Ac-3-O-Me-alpha-d-6dTalp-(1-->3)]-alpha-l-Fucp-(1-->3)-alpha-l-QuipNAc-(1-->. The unique 3-amino hexuronate residue, rhizoaminuronic acid, is an attractive candidate for selective inhibition of OPS synthesis.
Effect of Additives on Polysaccharide Retention in Green Liquor Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine for Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Abstract In order to improve polysaccharide retention during pretreatment and increase enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, green liquor (GL) pretreatment was performed at: (1) higher GL sulfidity; (2) higher sulfidity with the addition of sodium polysulfide; (3) higher sulfidity with the addition of sodium borohydride; or (4) higher sulfudity with the addition of sodium tetraborate. The results indicate that green liquor pretreatment with the higher sulfidity, with the addition of polysulfide and with the addition of sodium borohydride, is effective in increasing enzymatic conversion of the pretreated pulps. The addition of sodium tetraborate, on the other hand, is not effective. These measures can be combined with oxygen delignification and/or mechanical refining to further improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Up to 80% of the polysaccharides in softwood can be converted to fermentable sugars, but only with the addition of 40 FPU enzyme dose.
Shock-wave strength properties of boron carbide and silicon carbide.

Afin d'evaluer les proprietes de resistance et l'equation dynamique des ceramiques , nous avons effectue des mesures de vitesse interferometrique a resolution temporelle. Les caracteristiques de tendance Hugoniot, ainsi que les proprietes d'ondes de rendement post- choc et echappement, indiquent des tendances manifestement differentes pour les deux cabures, en ce qui concerne la resistance dynamique et le comportement de l'ecoulement
Monocyte maturation, HIV susceptibility, and transmigration across the blood brain barrier are critical in HIV neuropathogenesis

HIV continues to be a global health crisis with more than 34 million people infected worldwide (UNAIDS: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, Geneva, World Health Organization). HIV enters the CNS within 2 weeks of infection and establishes a spectrum of HAND in a large percentage of infected individuals. These neurologic deficits greatly impact the quality of life of those infected with HIV. The establishment of HAND is largely attributed to monocyte transmigration, particularly that of a mature CD14CD16 monocyte population, which is more susceptible to HIV infection, across the BBB into the CNS parenchyma in response to chemotactic signals. To enter the CNS, junctional proteins on the monocytes must participate in homo- and heterotypic interactions with those present on BMVECs of the BBB as they transmigrate across the barrier. This transmigration is responsible for bringing virus into the brain and establishing chronic neuroinflammation. While there is baseline trafficking of monocytes into the CNS, the increased chemotactic signals present during HIV infection of the brain promote exuberant monocyte transmigration into the CNS. This review will discuss the mechanisms of monocyte differentiation/maturation, HIV infectivity, and transmigration into the CNS parenchyma that contribute to the establishment of cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals. It will focus on markers of monocyte subpopulations, how differentiation/maturation alters HIV infectivity, and the mechanisms that promote their increased transmigration across the BBB into the CNS. J. Leukoc. Biol. 91: 401–415; 2012.
Fuel cell based auxiliary power unit modeling, optimization, and control

In this paper, a control oriented nonlinear model is developed for a fuel cell based auxiliary power unit which includes a solid oxide fuel cell, an autothermal reforming, and a battery pack. Numerical steady state optimization, performed with constraints on system temperatures and fuel utilization, has been utilized to generate maps for feedforward control of the auxiliary power unit. By utilizing a virtual potential field approach, power management algorithm has been proposed for the auxiliary power unit load following while maintaining the battery's state of charge.