cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MOLECULAR CLONING, SPLICE VARIANTS, EXPRESSION, AND PURIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C-DELTA 4

Complementary DNAs encoding a previously unidentified phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme were cloned from a rat brain cDNA library by the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on sequences common to three known δ;-type PLC isozymes. The encoded polypeptide contains 772 amino acids (calculated molecular mass, 88,966 daltons) and is similar in primary structure to δ;-type PLC isozymes, with overall sequence identities of 45% to PLC-δ;1, 72% to PLC-δ;2, and 47% to PLC-δ;3. Thus, the new PLC isozyme was named PLC-δ;4. Recombinant PLC-δ;4 was purified from extracts of HeLa cells that had been infected with vaccinia virus containing the corresponding cDNA. The purified protein exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The specific activity of PLC-δ;4 and its dependence on Ca2+ were similar to those of PLC-δ;1. The distribution of PLC-δ;4 in 16 different rat tissues was studied by immunoblot analysis with PLC-δ;4-specific antibodies of fractions obtained after an enzyme-enrichment procedure. The 90-kDa immunoreactive protein was detected unambiguously in only eight tissues and was present at concentrations that were low compared to those of other major PLC isozymes. A 93-kDa immunoreactive protein was also prominent in testis but was not detected in the other seven positive tissues. The 93-kDa enzyme appears to be derived from a splice variant of the mRNA that encodes the 90-kDa PLC-δ;4 and contains an additional 32 amino acids between the X and Y catalytic domains. Splice variants have not previously been detected for δ;-type PLC isozymes.
Slow second‐order reactions in a deflected buoyant jet

An integral method including the entrainment hypothesis of Hoult, Fay and Forney (1969) is used to predict the concentration of product formed in a buoyant jet in a crossflow. The analysis is restricted to a slow, irreversible, second-order reaction with premixed reactants. Reliable laboratory data are presented for the oxidation of nitric oxide by the reaction 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 with excess O2 and these results are correlated with the theory. Additional measurements are recorded to provide information on the magnitude of the turbulent parameters necessary for proper closure of the rate expressions.
The energy requirements of a chemical reaction

Abstract Using two simple models for the variation of reactive cross section as a function of translational and vibrational energy we have calculated the cross section averaged over vibrational energy as measured in molecular beam experiments and the rate constant for a specific vibrational energy as measured in laser experiments.
Width of riparian buffer and structure of adjacent plantations influence occupancy of conservation priority birds

Conservation of biodiversity on forest landscapes dominated by plantations has become an increasingly important topic, and opportunities to maintain or enhance biodiversity within these forests need to be recognized and applied. Riparian buffers of mature forest retained along streams in managed forest landscapes offer an opportunity to enhance biodiversity across these landscapes. However, influence of buffer width and structure of adjacent plantations on habitat use by birds is not well understood. We modeled probability of occupancy, while accounting for variable detection probabilities, for 16 bird species of regional conservation importance in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, USA. We examined occurrence of breeding birds in streamside management zone (SMZ) buffers embedded in three structural classes of pine plantation: young open-canopy, closed-canopy, and older thinned plantations. Our occupancy models included a positive association with SMZ width for nine bird species associated with mature forests. Models for three early successional species (prairie warbler [Dendroica discolor], white-eyed vireo [Vireo griseus], and northern bobwhite [Colinus virginianus]) included a negative association with SMZ width. Occupancy models for Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), summer tanager (Piranga rubra), pine warbler (Dendroica pinus), prairie warbler, and northern bobwhite also included structural condition of adjacent plantations, but most species did not appear affected by condition of surrounding plantations. We found diverse responses among species to width of retained SMZs and structure of adjacent plantations; some species apparently benefitted from SMZs >100 m wide, while others benefitted from narrow buffers. Furthermore, most species traditionally associated with mature forests were common in narrow SMZs, regardless of width. Thus, optimal width of SMZs relative to avian conservation depends on the species of greatest conservation interest.
Presence of otitis media with effusion and its risk factors affect serum cytokine profile in children

Summary Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a condition that has significant impact on the quality of life of children. Although the etiology is multi-factorial, certain risk factors such as an allergic predisposition, daycare, and cigarette smoke exposure contribute to its pathogenesis. Objective (1) To determine whether there is a tendency for children with chronic or recurrent OME (cases) to have higher serum levels of the T-helper 2 cell (Th-2) allergenic-type cytokines, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-5, or the T-helper 1(Th-1) infectious-type cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), compared to children without a history of recurrent OME (controls) and (2) to determine any possible correlations between the cytokine levels and risk factors associated with OME. Methods We analyzed serum levels of these four cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of 19 cases and 17 controls. Results Cases, independent of age, had increased levels of serum IL-5 compared to controls ( p = 0.014). While a significant difference in serum IL-4 levels did not exist between cases and controls, children exposed to cigarette smoke had significantly higher levels of serum IL-4 ( p = 0.003). While serum levels of IFN-γ were statistically significantly higher in cases than controls with univariate analysis ( p = 0.011), when controlling for age and smoke exposure with multivariate analyses, the difference did not reach significance ( p = 0.086). Conclusion These results suggest that patients with chronic or recurrent OME and those exposed to cigarette smoke mount a Th-2 allergic-like response, as demonstrated by their serum cytokines.
Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2005 to Robin Brett

Mr. President, members of the society, and guests: It is my pleasure to present Robin Brett for the Distinguished Public Service Medal of our Mineralogical Society of America. There is a remarkably close match between his lifetime of Public Service efforts, and a section in the "Description of the Award" that species: "extraordinary service to national or international science societies." This nomination is inspired by Robin's repeated and continuing excursions into national and international science with public ramifications, including NASA, NSF, AGU, IUGG, GSA, IGC, IUGS, USGS, and ICSU, where he has served us all in vigorous style. I should add that while pursuing a career with the USGS and NASA, Robin has produced a publication list that also establishes his credentials as a distinguished mineralogist and geochemist.
Cysteine 96 of Ntcp is responsible for NO-mediated inhibition of taurocholate uptake

The Na(+) taurocholate (TC) cotransporting polypeptide Ntcp/NTCP mediates TC uptake across the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits TC uptake through S-nitrosylation of a cysteine residue. Our current aim was to determine which of the eight cysteine residues of Ntcp is responsible for NO-mediated S-nitrosylation and inhibition of TC uptake. Thus, we tested the effect of NO on TC uptake in HuH-7 cells transiently transfected with cysteine-to-alanine mutant Ntcp constructs. Of the eight mutants tested, only C44A Ntcp displayed decreased total and plasma membrane (PM) levels that were also reflected in decreased TC uptake. C266A Ntcp showed a decrease in TC uptake that was not explained by a decrease in total expression or PM localization, indicating that C266 is required for optimal uptake. We speculated that NO would target C266 since a previous report had shown the thiol reactive compound [2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl] methanethiosulfonate bromide (MTSET) inhibits TC uptake by wild-type NTCP but not by C266A NTCP. We confirmed that MTSET targets C266 of Ntcp, but, surprisingly, we found that C266 was not responsible for NO-mediated inhibition of TC uptake. Instead, we found that C96 was targeted by NO since C96A Ntcp was insensitive to NO-mediated inhibition of TC uptake. We also found that wild-type but not C96A Ntcp is S-nitrosylated by NO, suggesting that C96 is important in regulating Ntcp function in response to elevated levels of NO.
Die Verwendung von Advertising Retrieval Cues in der Werbung

Unter dem Stichwort „Integrierte Kommunikation“ wird haufig diskutiert, dass in verschiedenen Medien, die Werbung fur ein und dasselbe Werbeobjekt, z.B. fur eine Marke, transportieren, gleiche oder zumindest ahnliche Werbeelemente enthalten sein sollen (Bruhn 1995, S. 40; Esch 1997). Dabei handelt es sich um bestimmte Grafiken (z.B. Werbefiguren wie der „Haribo Goldbar“, der in TV-Spots und auf dem Produktetikett auftritt) und Slogans (z.B. Aussagen wie „Die zarteste Versuchung, seit es Schokolade gibt“ von Milka im Internet, in Printanzeigen etc.). Diese Werbekonstanten werden in der Werbewirkungsforschung auch als Advertising retrieval cues (im Folgenden kurz: ARC) bezeichnet, wenn es ihre Verwendung ermoglicht, dass sich Rezipienten an fruher bereits gesehene Werbung fur dieses Werbeobjekt erinnern. In diesem Beitrag wird zuerst erlautert, welche Theorien zur Wirkung von ARC in der Literatur formuliert werden. Daraus werden Hypothesen abgeleitet. Sodann wird der Stand der empirischen Forschung zu dieser Thematik dargestellt. Wir beschreiben acht Experimente anderer Autoren und fassen ihre Erkenntnisse zusammen. Weiterhin erganzen wir diese Forschungsrichtung um die Befunde aus vier neuen Experimenten, um die Hypothesen zu prufen. Abschliesend leiten wir aus dem Stand der bisherigen Forschung und den Ergebnissen der neuen Experimente Folgerungen fur die Werbepraxis und die weitere Forschung ab.
Screening of gene expression profiles in gastric epithelial cells induced by Helicobacter pylori using microarray analysis

Background: H. pylori infection is a major risk factor in gastric cancer development. The availability of cDNA microarrays creates the unprecedented opportunity to examine simultaneously dynamic changes of multiple pathways affected by H. pylori infection. Aim: In this study we examined broad patterns of gene expression induced by H. pylori in the gastric cancer cell line 1739-CRL AGS cells in culture using the U95A microarray. Methods: H. pylori were cocultured with AGS cells for 4, 12, 24 and 48 h. Total RNA was extracted and after labelling was used for detection of genes represented in the human U95A microarray set. Data analyses were performed using GeneChip and CLUSFAVOR software. Results: Nearly 6000 genes present in the array were expressed by AGS cells. We report approximately 200 genes that showed the most marked changes. Our studies confirm the up-regulation of c-jun, jun-B, c-fos and cyclin D1 by H. pylori. We report for the first time the induction of the serine threonine kinase pim-1 and ATF3 by H. pylori infection of AGS cells. Conclusions: In this microarray analysis of gene expression induced by H. pylori in gastric epithelial cells, we identified a large number of unsuspected genes affected by H. pylori. Further, we show that unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis can provide useful insight into the possible contribution of genes in specific pathways, based on their profile of expression.
The diffusion process of methane through a silicalite single crystal membrane

The diffusion process of methane in a silicalite single-crystal membrane has been investigated using the Dual Control Volume-Grand Canonical Molecular Dynamics method. Simulations of full-membrane transport and the three individual contributions that comprise the overall process (entrance to the pores, intra-crystalline diffusion, and exit from the pores) show that the contribution of surface resistance to the overall transport resistance in zeolite membranes is larger and longer range than one might expect. A model is proposed on the basis of the additivity of these contributions. From the individual simulations of exit and entrance zones, it is shown that the adsorption and desorption resistances approach an asymptote with increasing crystal thickness. However, the asymptotic trend has not been observed in full membrane simulations within the thickness limit of this work, possibly because of the coupling between the entrance and exit effects. Since the surface resistance is limited to less than 1 μm and...
Verifying Huppert's Conjecture for 2 G 2 (q 2 )

Let G be a finite group and cd(G) be the set of irreducible character degrees of G. Bertram Huppert conjectured that if H is a finite nonabelian simple group such that cd(G) = cd(H), then G ≅ H×A, where A is an abelian group. In this paper, we verify the conjecture for the twisted Ree groups 2G2(q2) for q2 = 32m + 1, m ≥ 1. The argument involves verifying five steps outlined by Huppert in his arguments establishing his conjecture for many of the nonabelian simple groups.
Religion in families, 1999 2009: A relational spirituality framework.

This review examines the role of religion, for better and worse, in marital and parent-child relationships according to peer reviewed studies from 1999-2009. A conceptual framework labeled "relational spirituality" is used to: (a) organize the breadth of findings into the three stages of the formation, maintenance, and transformation of family relationships, and (b) illustrate three in-depth sets of mechanisms to delve into unique ways religion may shape family bonds. Topics include union formation, fertility, spousal roles, marital satisfaction and conflict, divorce, domestic violence, infidelity, pregnancy, parenting children, parenting adolescents, and coping with family distress. Conclusions emphasize moving beyond markers of general religiousness and identifying specific spiritual beliefs and practices that could prevent or intensify problems in traditional and nontraditional families.
Fetal mesencephalic grafts influence the dopamine release in the non-lesioned striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats: a behavioral and in vivo voltammetric study.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of intraventricular fetal mesencephalic grafts on the non-lesioned nigro-striatal system of rats with unilateral lesions of dopaminergic neurones in the medial forebrain bundle and to analyze the involvement of the non-lesioned side in functional recovery due to grafts in this model. Grafts placed to the lesioned striatum produced a continuous decrease of apomorphine (APO, 0.25 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)) and amphetamine (AMPH, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced rotations over 7 months after grafting. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in anaesthetized and pargyline (75 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreated rats we found that 8 months after grafting in the lesioned striatum AMPH (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a higher increase of the dopamine (DA) signal (i.e., it became measurable), whereas in the non-lesioned striatum the same treatment produced a smaller increase of the DA signal, both compared to that in sham-grafted controls. After grafting onto the non-lesioned striatum, only a slight decrease of APO-induced rotations was observed, whereas AMPH-induced rotations were increased. In these animals AMPH did not produce a measurable DA signal in the lesioned striatum. The DA signal in the non-lesioned striatum was slightly higher than that of non-grafted controls. These results show clearly that unilateral fetal mesencephalic grafts producing behavioural recovery in the unilateral 6-OHDA model of the rat produce changes at dopaminergic mechanisms in the non-lesioned striatum.
Europium(III)-triflate interactions in water and aqueous methanol studied by UV–vis and luminescence

Abstract The use of perchlorates as non-complexing rare-earth ligands has been common. However, the possibility of perchlorate explosions in the presence of organic materials led many workers to substitute lanthanide triflates (lanthanides bound to the anion of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) as the source of rare-earths for studies with other ligands. Using UV–visible and fluorescence emission measurements in water and 50% aqueous methanol, we have shown that triflate does not form complexes with 0.200 M Eu(III) in the absence and presence of perchlorate.
Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers

Purpose/objectives To explore the relationships between adult cancer survivor and caregiver social support, self-efficacy for physical activity (SEPA), physical activity (PA) behavior, and quality of life (QOL); and to understand cancer survivors' and their caregivers' perceptions of social support in PA participation. Design Quasi-experimental. Setting Five community-based exercise sites located in East Texas. Sample 101 adult cancer survivors and caregivers. Methods Participants completed questionnaires, the 8-Foot Up-and-Go test, and open-ended questions. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and frequencies, Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Main research variables Social support, SEPA, PA, and QOL. Findings Physical QOL was significantly higher in caregivers than cancer survivors. Spearman's rho identified a negative relationship between physical QOL and PA in cancer survivors; and a significant relationship between PA and PA participation in caregivers with social support from friend. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data regarding the perception of social support: companionship, motivation, and health promotion. Conclusions Caregivers have higher QOL despite being the major social support provider to cancer survivors. Social support is essential to PA participation. Implications for nursing Interventions to increase PA in adult cancer survivors may consider encouraging their caregivers to actively participate. Knowledge translation Caregivers play an important role in the PA of cancer survivors. Perceived social support in the form of companionship and motivation may increase PA in cancer survivors and caregivers. Therefore, nurses may consider educating cancer survivors and caregivers on the importance of adopting and maintaining PA throughout the cancer care continuum.
Intrinsic Heterogeneity in Expectation Formation

We introduce the concept of Misspecification Equilibrium to dynamic macroeconomics. Agents choose between a list of misspecified econometric models and base their selection on relative forecast performance. A Misspecification Equilibrium is a stochastic process in which agents forecast optimally given their choices, with forecast model parameters and predictor proportions endogenously determined. Under appropriate conditions, the Misspecification Equilibrium will exhibit Intrinsic Heterogeneity, in which all predictors are used at all times, even in the neoclassical limit in which only the most successful predictors are used. This equilibrium is attainable under least-squares learning and dynamic predictor selection based on average profits.
Conventional CD4+ T cells regulate IL-22-producing intestinal innate lymphoid cells

The innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine cooperate to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and to regulate the composition of the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems that contribute to this homeostasis. We find that CD4+ T cells regulate the number and function of barrier-protective innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), as well as production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Reg3γ and Reg3β. RAG1-/- mice lacking T and B cells had elevated ILC numbers, interleukin-22 (IL-22) production, and AMP expression, which were corrected by replacement of CD4+ T cells. Major histocompatibility class II-/- (MHCII-/-) mice lacking CD4+ T cells also had increased ILCs, IL-22, and AMPs, suggesting that negative regulation by CD4+ T cells occurs at steady state. We utilized transfers and genetically modified mice to show that reduction of IL-22 is mediated by conventional CD4+ T cells and is T-cell receptor dependent. The IL-22-AMP axis responds to commensal bacteria; however, neither the bacterial repertoire nor the gross localization of commensal bacteria differed between MHCII+/- and MHCII-/- littermates. These data define a novel ability of CD4+ T cells to regulate intestinal IL-22-producing ILCs and AMPs.
A new method for measuring spin lattice relaxation times in paramagnetic compounds

Abstract The method is based on the Mossbauer effect technique. It yields equivalent information to that obtained by a.c. susceptibility measurements. Its microscopic nature is its main advantage.
Creativity and the Five-Factor Model

Abstract This study examined the relations among the five-factor model of personality, creative ability, and creative accomplishments. Seventy-five subjects completed measures of verbal creative ability and openness to experience and listed their creative accomplishments. Openness to experience and extraversion were positively correlated with creative ability, controlling for measures of academic ability. Agreeableness was negatively correlated with creative accomplishments. Both verbal creativity and openness had significant positive correlations with creative accomplishments. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that these relations were qualified by significant creative ability by openness and creative ability by conscientiousness interactions. At high levels of openness, creative ability shared a positive linear relation with accomplishments. Individuals high in creative ability but low on openness to experience reported relatively few creative accomplishments. In contrast, conscientiousness was related to heightened accomplishments by individuals low in creative talent. Results are interpreted as illustrating the interplay of abilities and traits in promoting creative behavior.
Mineral flux of surface enamel and root surfaces in acidified gelatin gels.

Gels of crude gelatin were dialyzed to eliminate fluoride, and then acidified with 75 mM lactic and 25 mM acetic acid at pH 4.2 and interfaced with enamel and root surfaces in gel-surface ratio of 0.2 ml/0.15 cm2. Enamel and root surface to gel mineral flux was reduced by initial inclusion of 0.5 and 1.0 mM fluoride with 2.5 mM calcium and 1.5 mM phosphate in gels at pH 4.2. Inclusion of 0.25 mM fluoride in the gels without added mineral ions had no effect in the first 22-day interface. The 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM fluoride remarkably increased remineralization in a second 12-day interface. This indicated that the first fluoride exposure initiated formation of fluorapalites in the enamel which required a lower degree of gel saturation for enhanced remineralization in the second acid exposure. Fluoride had the same effect, but greater effectiveness on enamel than root-surface remineralization. Gels of crude gelatin may contain sufficient mineral ions to alter remineralization-demineralization of enamel and root surface.
Relationship between Abundance of Largemouth Bass and Submerged Vegetation in Texas Reservoirs

Abstract Survey data from 30 Texas reservoirs, collected between 1976 and 1978 as part of the Dingell-Johnson Reservoir Management Project, were analyzed to determine which factors affected largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) standing crops and their recruitment to harvestable size. A highly significant, positive relationship (P < 0.01) was found between percent submerged vegetation (up to 20%) and both the standing crop of largemouth bass and numbers being recruited to harvestable size. The relationship seemed to be linear within the range of values observed. Any reduction in submerged vegetation below 20% of the total lake coverage resulted in a decrease in recruitment and standing crop of largemouth bass. Conversely, to increase standing crop and recruitment of largemouth bass more than 10 in long in reservoirs having little or no cover, a program to increase submerged vegetation either through introductions or water-level manipulation should be implemented.
Athletic injuries of the pelvis, hip and thigh

T o be discussed herein are the more common injuries in the region of the peIvis, hip and thigh. Of a11 sports footbaI1 is most productive of athIetic injuries, simiIar injuries occur in wrestIing, Iacrosse, track, basketbalI and basebaI1, but much Iess frequentIy. In achieving a diagnosis, at Ieast an immediate working diagnosis, the history of the injury is of prime importance. The important facts are: the mechanism of the occurrence, the initia1 site of pain, when it was first noted, its severity and the incapacity imposed, the development and spread of the pain, the character of immediate and Iater sweIIing and disabiIity. A history of previous simiIar injuries should be sought. Physical examination of the injured part must be complete. Inspection at rest and under gentIe use, if possibIe, folIowed by paIpation is performed. Then, if the injury permits, one puts the part under gentIe stress by maneuvers designed to test the various structures. Adequate indicated x-ray examination, not fhroroscopy, permits one to be co&dent that all possible means of initia1 investigation have been exhausted. Roentgenograms are a means only of confirming or denying a tentative diagnosis. The initia1 diagnosis may require revision days or even weeks later. New developments and manifestations, response to treatment, and residual disabiIity wiIl indicate this. In the great majority of instances it is wise, initially, to “over-investigate and under-treat.” Early treatment, tempered by the diagnosis, for most injuries consists of rest, compression and the appIication of cold. These limit further damage, confine the effects of the damage, relieve pain, and diminish the initiaI response of the body to the injury. One must constantIy remember that “pain means strain” and that strain, stress and irritation of an injury aggravate it and interfere with healing. This will serve as a guide in the treatment and indicate when to return the injured part to full use. The appIication of cold is of benefit during the first twenty-four hours. Occasionally it is used longer. When the initia1 reaction to-injury begins to subside, gentIe comfortable heat is substituted. Again, too intense or proIonged heat wiI1 cause discomfort and shouId be moderated. Rest and compression are continued. Rest does not mean absoiute immobility. It is reIative. It may incIude the entire body, the Iimb or the part. It may consist of various devices or simply modified use. Again, pain is the most reliable guide. In Iike manner, compression and other modalities of treatment can be adjudged probabIy beneficia1 if one considers a similar principle, “If it does good, it is good.” To these aII-inclusive and basic principles are added specific measures as indicated by the injury.
The particle-particle correlation technique with a broad range magnetic spectrograph and its applications

Abstract A new technique for measuring particle correlations with a broad range magnetic spectrograph is discussed. This method offers experimental opportunities to investigate various subjects in nuclear physics under unique conditions.
Flow control: new challenges for a new Renaissance

Abstract As traditional scientific disciplines individually grow towards their maturity, many new opportunities for significant advances lie at their intersection. For example, remarkable developments in control theory in the last few decades have considerably expanded the selection of available tools which may be applied to regulate physical and electrical systems. These techniques hold great promise for several applications in fluid mechanics, including the delay of transition and the regulation of turbulence. Such applications of control theory require a very balanced perspective, in which one considers the relevant flow physics when designing the control algorithms and, conversely, takes into account the requirements and limitations of control algorithms when designing both reduced-order flow models and the fluid–mechanical systems to be controlled themselves. Such a balanced perspective is elusive, however, as both the research establishment in general and universities in particular are accustomed only to the dissemination and teaching of component technologies in isolated fields. To advance, we must not toss substantial new interdisciplinary questions over the fence for fear of them being “outside our area”; rather, we must break down these very fences that limit us, and attack these challenging new questions with a Renaissance approach. In this spirit, this paper surveys a few recent attempts at bridging the gaps between the several scientific disciplines comprising the field of flow control, in an attempt to clarify the author's perspective on how recent advances in these constituent disciplines fit together in a manner that opens up significant new research opportunities.
Heterospin organic molecules: nitrene–radical linkages

Abstract The cryogenic, matrix-isolated ESR and electronic spectroscopy of a set of quartet state organic phenylnitreno-radicals are described, using nitronylnitroxide, benzo-nitronylnitroxide, and verdazyl radical spin sites, and both meta and para connectivities. Delocalization of the nitrene unit in the para-linked series is not extensive, judging by the computational results. The ESR spectral results show that zero-field splitting is affected much more by the connectivity in the systems (para versus meta) than by structural variations within the nitreno-radical theme.
Scene shape estimation from multiple partly cloudy days

Cloud shadows provide geometric constraints on the shape of an outdoor scene.Video from several partly cloudy days is sufficient to estimate scene geometry.We estimate metric world-point locations for pixels in a calibrated camera.We estimate metric world-point locations for pixels in a calibrated camera network.We can estimate relative 2D world-point locations without any camera calibration. Clouds are a cue for estimating weak correspondences in outdoor cameras. These correspondences encode the uncertain spatio-temporal relationships between pixels both within individual cameras and across networks of cameras. Using this generalized notion of correspondence, we present methods for estimating the geometry of an outdoor scene from: (1) a single calibrated camera, (2) a network of calibrated cameras, and (3) a collection of arbitrary, uncalibrated cameras. Our methods do not require camera motion nor overlapping fields of view, and use simple geometric constraints based on appearance changes caused by cloud shadows. We define these geometric constraints, describe new algorithms for estimating shape given videos from multiple partly cloud days, and evaluate these algorithms on real and synthetic scenes.
3D shape from silhouette points in registered 2D images using conjugate gradient method

We describe a simple and robust algorithm for estimating 3D shape given a number of silhouette points obtained from two or more viewpoints and a parametric model of the shape. Our algorithm minimizes (in the least squares sense) the distances from the lines obtained by unprojecting the silhouette points to 3D to their closest silhouette points on the 3D shape. The solution is found using an iterative approach. In each iteration, we locally approximate the least squares problem with a degree-4 polynomial function. The approximate problem is solved using a nonlinear conjugate gradient solver that takes advantage of its structure to perform exact and global line searches. We tested our algorithm by applying it to reconstruct patient-specific femur shapes from simulated biplanar X-ray images.
Modification of Au/TiO2 Nanosystems by SiO2 Monolayers: Toward the Control of the Catalyst Activity and Stability

The activity and stability of Au/TiO2 catalysts depend on several different factors such as the anchoring strength of the Au particles at the TiO2 surface, the particle sintering, and the surface m...
Adaptive self-quantization of wavelet subtrees: a wavelet-based theory of fractal image compression

Fractal image compression was one of the earliest compression schemes to take advantage of image redundancy in scale. The theory of iterated function systems motivates a broad class of fractal schemes but does not give much guidance for implementation. Fractal compression schemes do not fit into the standard transform coder paradigm and have proven difficult to analyze. We introduce a wavelet-based framework for analyzing fractal block coders which simplifies these schemes considerably. Using this framework we find that fractal block coders are Haar wavelet subtree quantization schemes, and we thereby place fractal schemes in the context of conventional transform coders. We show that the central mechanism of fractal schemes is an extrapolation of fine-scale Haar wavelet coefficients from coarse-scale coefficients. We use this insight to derive a wavelet-based analog of fractal compression, the self-quantization of subtrees (SQS) scheme. We obtain a simple SQS decoder convergence proof and a fast SQS decoding algorithm which simplify and generalize existing fractal compression results. We describe an adaptive SQS compression scheme which outperforms the best fractal schemes in the literature by roughly 1 dB in PSNR across a broad range of compression ratios and which has performance comparable to some of the best conventional wavelet subtree quantization schemes.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hollow Cathode With Low Work Function Electride Insert

Hollow cathodes are critical devices in the successful operation of electric propulsion thrusters. Cathodes featuring C12A7:electride as an ultra-low work function thermionic emitter are hypothesized to have faster start-up times and lower operating temperatures than conventional hollow cathodes. C12A7:electride is a crystalline ceramic in which electrons clathrated in sub-nanometer sized cages act as a conductive medium. Due to its unique atomic structure and large size, C12A7:electride has a predicted work function of 0.6 eV. As a result, C12A7:electride is an attractive option for a thermionic emission material in a hollow cathode. Calculations predict equivalent levels of current emission as LaB6 or CeB6 , but at much lower temperature. C12A7:electride is stable at temperatures below its re-crystallization temperature (∼1000 °C) and is not consumed during operation. C12A7:electride has been fabricated at CSU using a simplified, one-step approach that results in a more conductive material than previously reported. The material has been integrated into a novel hollow cathode design that takes advantage of its unique properties to decrease start-up time and power consumption. Our paper will discuss preliminary results obtained with several cathode configurations. In addition, results from the experimental determination of basic material properties such as conductivity and work function will be presented. Strategies to further enhance electron emission through surface modifications will also be discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Systematic distortion of memory‐based data of communication behavior

This study examines the systematic distortion of memory‐based data of competence related communication behaviors over time. Pre‐existing beliefs of conversational behavior were correlated with concurrent and retrospective reports of conversation behavior at four time conditions—twenty minutes, one day, two days, and one week. The behaviors examined were behaviors determined by Pavitt and Haight to be part of a prototypical communicator's repertoire. Subjects were fairly accurate in their recollections with distortion occurring at only one time condition. This suggests that recollections may be accurate under some conditions. Suggestions are made for further investigation of the conditions under which recollections will or will not be accurate.
Topological chiral bags in a baryonic environment

Abstract We study the density behavior of topological chiral bags in a baryonic environment. Using a lattice and a Wigner-Seitz approach we are able to obtain information about the reliability of both schemes by comparing with experimental data. Having shown reasonable results for nuclear matter we apply both types of calculations to investigate the phase transition between nuclear matter and quark matter.
Hormonal mechanisms in acute glucose counterregulation: The relative roles of glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol

Abstract The roles of glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone in acute glucose counterregulation in man were examined by studying the relationship between compensatory changes in glucose production and utilization and increases in the circulating concentrations of these hormones after insulin administration. Restoration of normoglycemia following insulin-induced hypoglycemia was due primarily to a compensatory increase in glucose production; from the known actions of the hormones studied, the time required for the onset of their action, and the time at which increases in their circulating concentrations were observed, only glucagon and the catecholamines could have participated in this compensatory change. Nevertheless, growth hormone and cortisol as well as the catecholamines could have contributed to restoration of normoglycemia in a subsidiary manner by accelerating the return of glucose utilization to basal rates. These potential roles for glucagon, catecholamines, growth hormone, and cortisol were examined by studying the effects of pharmacologically- or surgically-induced conditions in which increases in the circulating levels of these hormones (or the consequences thereof) were not possible following insulin-induced hypoglycemia: isolated glucagon deficiency (infusion of somatostatin plus growth hormone) blunted the compensatory increase in glucose production and impaired restoration of normoglycemia. Neither isolated growth hormone deficiency (infusion of somatostatin plus glucagon), adrenergic blockade (infusion of phentolamine and propranolol), nor adrenalectomy influenced compensatory changes in glucose turnover or affected restoration of normoglycemia. Superimposition of growth hormone deficiency upon glucagon deficiency (infusion of somatostatin without hormone replacement) did not exacerbate the effect of isolated glucagon deficiency. However, glucagon deficiency in the presence of either adrenalectomy or adrenergic blockade caused further impairment in restoration of normoglycemia compared to that observed with isolated glucagon deficiency. The results of these studies thus indicate that the major acute glucose counterregulatory hormones in man are glucagon and catecholamines. During recovery of plasma glucose from insulin-induced hypoglycemia, increases in plasma glucagon, but not in plasma cortisol and growth hormone, are essential for normal glucose counterregulation. Adrenergic mechanisms, specifically adrenomedullary epinephrine, become critical to recovery from hypoglycemia when glucagon secretion is impaired.
Effect on Experimental Esophageal Injury

Gastroesophageal reflux occurs in everyone and in the large majority it remains a benign event, producing neither symptoms nor signs of disease. The reason for this is the presence of a three-tiered esophageal defense that is poised to: (1) minimize the frequency of reflux events (antireflux barriers such as the lower esophageal sphincter), (2) minimize the duration of contact between esophageal epithelium and noxious elements in the refluxate (luminal clearance mechanisms), and (3) minimize the impact and damage to the tissue during the time of contact with the noxious elements in the refluxate (Fig. 1).
To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order

Preface1A Political Autobiography32Wilson and the Age of Socialist Inquiry153Searching for a New Diplomacy314The Political Origins of Progressive and Conservative Internationalism485The Turning Point706Raising a New Flag: The League and the Coalition of 1916857"All the Texts of the Rights of Man": Manifestoes for Peace and War1058"If the War Is Too Strong": The Travail of Progressive Internationalism and the Fourteen Points1239Waiting for Wilson: The Wages of Delay and Repression14810"The War Thus Comes to an End"16711The Stern Covenanter19412"A Practical Document and a Humane Document"21013"The Thing Reaches the Depths of Tragedy"22714Wilson's Fate246Epilogue, Echoes from Pueblo271Abbreviations277Notes279Bibliography341Index359
Age-specific social dominance affects habitat use by breeding American redstarts ( Setophaga ruticilla ): a removal experiment

By removing older males from their breeding territories, we tested the hypothesis that age-related dominance behavior influenced the pattern of habitat selection by breeding American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla (Aves: Parulinae). Fifteen older male redstarts removed in five experimental replicates during three breeding seasons were replaced by ten yearling and five older males; no redstart males of either age colonized the control sites during the same time periods, although two yearlings disappeared. Significantly more yearling males (67%, n=9) colonized the vacated areas than were present in the redstart population at large (26.8%, n=209). We reject the alternative hypothesis that yearling male redstarts occupy different habitats from older males because of age-related (innate) habitat preferences. Redstarts that colonized the territories made vacant by our removals (i.e., “floaters”) were a behaviorally heterogeneous group of animals. The presence of both yearling and older male floaters indicates that suitable habitat is limiting for this species and that intraspecific competitive interactions are important in habitat distribution, and potentially in population regulation.
A role for neuromorphic processors in therapeutic nervous system stimulation.

The motivations behind the development of many neuromorphic processors have been dominated by either the creation of better artificial intelligence, or novel non-von Neumann computing paradigms. A result of this impetus has been a number of low-power processors capable of simulating many different biological features of the nervous system. Power efficiency is crucial for deployed neuromorphic systems, but it also opens this technology up to other energy restricted applications. In this opinion, we suggest two such applications pertaining to therapeutic stimulation of the nervous system where closing the control loop could be assisted by advances in neuromorphic architectures: (1) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and (2) epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESS) for restoring voluntary motor functions. Though there are still questions that must be addressed before this would be feasible, but we are suggesting that the technological barriers—in both the algorithms and hardware—can be overcome with directed funding and research. Neuromorphic processor research is centered around the creation of brain-like intelligence through power-efficient circuits that borrow elements directly from biology (Mead, 1989). The applications for these projects range from brain-scale simulations (Gao et al., 2012; Benjamin et al., 2014) and in silica experimentation (Schemmel et al., 2010; Furber et al., 2012), to brain-like computing and learning (Merolla et al., 2011; Srinivasa and Cruz-Albrecht, 2012; Cruz-Albrecht et al., 2013; Rahimi Azghadi et al., 2014; Schmuker et al., 2014). These projects promise unrivaled access to large-scale models of the brain as well as insight into the unique non-von Neumann computation that biological systems appear to achieve. Regardless of the motivation, the tangible result of these efforts has been an accumulation of low-power circuits capable of emulating various elements of the nervous system. Although these are essential for embodying robotic systems and augmenting current super-computing paradigms, they also have the potential to assist in nervous system stimulation control. This application is outside the scope of the currently funded neuromorphic hardware projects, but with new insights and technological advances, it is one that will be particularly beneficial.
Promotions and product pricing: Parsimony versus Veblenesque demand

The veracity of the parsimonious law of demand has long been challenged by analyses of the “Veblen effect” and “prestige pricing”. Backward bending “demand” curves often attend discussions of conspicuous consumption. Probing the sociological and psychological intricacies of potential consumer interdependencies, scholars in economics and marketing have overlooked mundane product promotions. For a monopolistic firm, we formalize the relationship between the optimal price/quantity combination and the thoroughness of product promotions. Iterating toward the profit maximizing thoroughness of product promotion, gives rise to a backward bending price/quantity locus. Challenges to the law of demand that ignore product promotions are thereby undercut.
Banker's Trust and the Culture of Banking among the Nattukottai Chettiars of Colonial South India

The notion of ‘banker's trust’ has a paradoxical quality, like ‘burning cold’ or ‘military intelligence.’ Common sense (another paradoxical notion) tells us that bankers have no trust. Perhaps this explains the appeal of Marxist and Weberian assumptions that capitalist economies tend to destroy pre-capitalist social formations based on trust. From the classic perspective, ‘primordial’ social ties mandate relations of trust (or something like them) in kin groups and castes only so long as the members of these groups do not operate directly—as bankers do—within a capitalist economic system.
Analysis of a Small Loop Antenna With Inductive Coupling to Nearby Loops

This paper analyzes the inductive coupling that occurs when a loop antenna is near other conductive objects that form complete loops and are excited by incident low-frequency magnetic fields. The currents developed on the closed loops from the time changing magnetic fields generate their own magnetic fields that alter the voltage received by nearby open loop antennas. We will demonstrate how inductance theory can be used to model the system of loops. Using this theory, time domain circuit models are developed to find the open circuit voltage of a loop near one closed loop and for the open circuit voltage of one loop near two closed loops. We will show that the model is in good agreement with measurements that have been made in a TEM cell. One important application of this work is for electroexplosive device safety. It is necessary to ensure that if lightning strikes a facility that the electromagnetic fields generated inside do not have strong enough coupling to a detonator cable to cause initiation of explosives. We will show how the model can be used to analyze magnetic field coupling into a detonator cable attached to explosives in one typical type of work stand.