cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflexões históricas ao redor do livro Epidemiologia & Saúde: Fundamentos, Métodos, Aplicações

, que tem sete partes, 63 secoes e 98 colaboradores, e diferente de todos os manuais de epidemiologia disponiveis em qualquer um dos idiomas que eu posso ler.Brevemente, as sete partes do livro cobrem:(1) Historia (em geral e no Brasil) e filosofia (epis-temologia, conceito de risco);(2) Metodologia (medidas de ocorrencia de even-tos de saude e principais desenhos de estudos);(3) Analise de dados epidemiologicos (modelos de regressao, abordagens multiniveis, estruturais e complexas, e metanalises);(4) Aplicacoes por niveis de determinacao (mole-cular, genetico, clinico, ambiental, social e “etno-epidemiologico”);(5) Epocas de vida (infância, adolescencia, enve-lhecimento);(6) Problemas de saude especificos (doencas in-fecciosas, respiratorias e cardiovasculares, cân-cer, violencia e adicao, saude mental, bucal, ocu-pacional, nutricional, reprodutiva e sexual);(7) Aplicacao da epidemiologia a saude publica, politica e economia de saude, e acaba com um “
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at High Pressure

The field of magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high pressure is discussed with the main emphasis on nuclear magnetic resonance. The lectures include the following main sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Experimental high pressure techniques in NMR; 3. Applications of NMR at high pressure; 4. Pure nuclear quadrupole resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy at high pressure.
Adaptive image feature prediction and control for visual tracking with a moving camera

An adaptive method for visually tracking a known moving object with a single mobile camera is described. The objective is to predict the location of features of the object on the image plane based on past observations and past control inputs and then to determine an optimal control input which will move the camera so that the image features align with their desired positions. A resolved motion rate control structure is used to control the relative position and orientation between the camera and the object. A geometric model of the camera is used to determine the linear differential transformation from image features to camera position and orientation. To adjust for modeling errors and system nonlinearities, a self-tuning adaptive controller is used to update the transformation and compute the optimal control. Computer simulation results confirm that adaptive self-tuning control can be applied to a visual tracking problem. >
"A Thin Line Between Love and Hate?" Black Men as Victims and Perpetrators of Dating Violence

ABSTRACT Black men are a resilient, diverse group of individuals. However, due to their economic and socially marginalized status, they are at increased risk for intimate partner violence. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and discuss (a) Black men as victims of psychological, sexual, and physical dating violence; (b) Black men as perpetrators of the aforementioned forms of violence; (c) risk factors that make Black men vulnerable to dating violence, including socioeconomic status, exposure to family violence during childhood, and exposure to community violence; (d) limitations of the current research and future research directions; and (e) suggestions for prevention programs and culturally sensitive intervention programs that address sexism, challenge oppressive images, and encourage help-seeking and social support.
A Descriptive Comparison Of Two Sources Of Occupational Fraud Data

The propose of this study was to determine if the data contained in the Internal Auditor "Roundtable" and "Fraud Finding" columns are consistent with data reported in the ACFE's Report to the Nation. Cases of fraud reported in the Internal Auditor columns were analyzed, summarized, and compared to the data contained in the Report to the Nation. The results show significant similarities between the two data sources. This study attempts to determine if the submissions to the Internal Auditor columns are consistent with the results of the ACFE's Report to the Nation. Cases of fraud reported in the Internal Auditor columns were analyzed, summarized, and compared to the data contained in the Report to the Nation. If the Internal Auditor data is consistent with the ACFE data, the columns can provide a valid historical perspective in the fight against fraud. The balance of this paper discusses characteristics of the two data sources, the method of capturing and analyzing the data, and the results of the comparison. The Two Sources of Data on Occupational Fraud Some of the most comprehensive and ongoing research into occupational fraud is conducted by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. Another potential source of information is the Internal Auditor's "Roundtable" and "Fraud Findings" columns. Characteristics of each source of information are discussed below.
Geography of American rap: rap diffusion and rap centers

The goal of this paper was to contribute to the interdisciplinary research that linked place and music by conducting a brief geography of rap. Rap music grew from the isolated Bronx in the 1970s and became a mainstay in popular culture today. Hip hop music was noted for its strong sense of place, as rap credibility (what ‘hood do you represented), identities (e.g. Flo Rida), and local slang (e.g. sippin’ sizzurp in Houston) were often geographically-based. This research described the various spatial meanings of rap, mapped the diffusion of hip hop music, and identified rap centers. Cartographic analysis was based on the hometowns of 1124 rappers and the release dates of their debut albums from 1979 to 2015. The diffusion of rap followed the hierarchical diffusion pattern by leapfrogging from one major urban area to another.
Vibration of Structures Having Changing Boundaries

The response of simple mechanical structures to harmonic oscillation is studied. The boundary conditions are similar to those occuring in contact problems, and they cause the oscillations to occur about a shortened length of the structure. A method analogous to that of Crozier and Hunter is used to treat the changing boundary conditions, and a first approximation that gives the magnitude of the changing boundary region is obtained.
Autonomic Innervation, Atrial Electrogram Morphology, and Atrial Fibrillation⁎

Several lines of evidence suggest that autonomic innervation plays a role in the generation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Ganglionated plexi (GPs) that modulate autonomic innervation have been identified over both atria, particularly the pulmonary vein (PV) antral regions. Stimulation of GPs results
Economic Analysis of Granular-Bed Filtration

There is a tradeoff relationship between the capital cost of the filters and the operating costs associated with backwashing. In general, as the size and, thus, the cost of the filter is reduced, the frequency and the costs associated with backwashing increase. The results obtained suggest that high rate filtration is economically justifiable for all practical filtration rates when the filter loading is within conventional limits. Higher loadings, such as may be encountered in direct filtration systems, may increase the backwash frequency to a point that an economic limit is set on the filtration rate. This limit may not be too much greater than the range of values used in conventional practice. Declining rate filtration appears to have inherent characteristics that make it, in general, more economical than the constant-rate approach. In comparing dual and mixed-media beds if the effluent quality is acceptable in both cases; whether or not the more expensive alternative is justified economically is determined by both the absolute and relative magnitudes of the filter-run lengths.
Abstract 701: Differential Expression of Epicardial Fat MiRNA Targets in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background and Objectives: Adipose dysfunction is a major player in cardiometabolic diseases. Epicardial fat (EF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary-artery disease (CAD). EF factors have a paracrine and endocrine effect on heart and vasculature. We earlier showed differences in EF-derived biomarkers in patients with and without CAD. The objective of this study was to assess EF miRNA and its target mRNA expression profiles in patients with and without CAD. Methods: EF was obtained from men and women undergoing coronary-artery-bypass-graft or valve-type surgery (IRB approved study). Total RNA and miRNA were isolated from EF. Whole RNA sequencing (Next-generation sequencing) and whole-genome miRNA array of the EF from all patients was performed. Results: 31 miRNAs were differentially expressed (24 up and 7 down-regulated) in EF from CAD compared to non-CAD patients. Cross-referencing the target mRNAs of these miRNAs using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and RNA-seq data, identified genes that played a role in CAD: GRIN1, DUSP4 (ion transport); APOB, LDLR (lipoprotein homeostasis); TUBB1 (platelet function); and FOXO3 (vascular homeostasis). Conclusion: Our results identified miRNA-mRNA pairs differentially expressed in EF that play a role in CAD. Our future research will focus on validating the functional importance of these miRNA-mRNA pairs in relevance to epicardial fat-vascular cross talk
Treating War-Related Moral Injury and Loss with Adaptive Disclosure: A Case Study

Existing evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while effective for many fear-based traumas, do not sufficiently target the unique phenomenology of psychological wounds stemming from combat, specifically, moral injury and traumatic loss. The experience of moral injury and loss cause deeply complex challenges across multiple domains—behavioral, biological, cognitive, social, and spiritual—in ways that are significantly different from danger-based harms. Adaptive disclosure, a new psychotherapy, was specifically designed to address this gap in treatment and help service members and veterans begin the process of healing from combat stress and trauma. This chapter presents the conceptual foundation and change agents for adaptive disclosure along with the case of a new veteran whose principal harm was moral injury complicated by loss. The patient in this case made modest gains in PTSD symptom severity alongside authentic cognitive and behavioral signs of increased agency, proactivity, hopefulness, and vitality that were clear departures from moral injury, suggesting the utility of this treatment approach in addressing the psychological wounds of war.
The Rehabilitation of Adam Smith for Catholic Social Teaching

Catholic Social Teaching (CST) takes a rather cautious view toward the value of the ideas of Adam Smith, due to his emphasis on negative political and economic liberty. Detractors of Smith within CST point to what they consider to be deficiencies within his works: an impoverished moral anthropology, a lack of concern for the common good, and markets untethered to human needs. Defenders of Smith within CST tend to emphasize the material benefits that derive from Smithian institutions, such as economic growth, improvements in standards of living, and the new opportunities that arise from cultures focused on innovation. This paper argues that Smith’s ideas have real value for CST. However, this value primarily lies in his moral psychology. While not denying the dangers of business activity for our moral lives, Smith also helps us to understand the possibility of the moral corruption of those who wield political power, thus providing an indirect defense of political and economic liberty that coheres with important Christian ethical notions found in CST. This is the case even though CST does not consistently recognize concerns surrounding the dangers of wielding political power—and thus Smith’s arguments offer real challenges to CST as well. This paper further suggests that these basic insights are relevant regardless of one’s favored institutional arrangements.
Sterilization of the boll weevil: vacuum fumigation with hempa combined with feeding busulfan-treated diet.

Vacuum fumigation of Anthonomus grandis Boheman with hempa at 0.05–0.1 mm Hg at 21–23°C followed by a 4-day feeding period on diet containing 0.1% busulfan consistently sterilized both sexes. Pheromone production in males was not reduced, and 3-wk mortality was less than 40%. Young unfed weevils were very susceptible to hempa as well as to the lethal effects of high vacuum, but feeding for at least 1 h on 5% sucrose reduced the vacuum-induced mortality without affecting sterility. Chemical analysis of weevils soon after treatment showed residues of 498±355 μg of hempa/weevil. Prompt rinsing with water removed most of the hempa from the weevils and greatly reduced the sterility caused by the hempa treatment.
Layered and Functionally Graded Nanocomposite Thin Films with Unique Mechanical Properties

A novel electrochemical deposition method for manufacturing functionally graded, oxide-dispersion strengthened metal matrix nanocomposites will be presented. Using a rotating disk electrode and depositing from an electrolyte containing a suspension of oxide nanoparticles, metal-ceramic nanocomposites have been produced. This method leads to precise control over the volume fraction of the oxide in the nanocomposite and allows for the manufacturing of compositionally uniform, periodically layered, or functionally graded structures. In the higher order structures the composition variation can be finely tuned with nanometer resolution, and the characteristic microstructural length scale (e.g., individual layer thickness) can range from microns up to millimeters. Using indentation methods, the nanocomposites are shown to display enhanced and tunable mechanical properties.
South American Squash and Gourd Bees of the Genus Peponapis (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The squash and gourd bees of the genus Peponapis are represented in South America by 3 species which apparently are and presumably always have been dependent upon the pollen and nectar of Cucurbita (squashes, gourds, and pumpkins). This relationship and the present distribution of these bees in South America favor the hypothesis that prior to the advent of aboriginal man in the New World and his development of domestic species of Cucurbita there were at least 2 species of Cucurbita indigenous to South America. The apparent disappearance of the indigenous Cucurbita there suggests a close relationship to domestic Cucurbita and further suggests that some species of Cucurbita currently considered to be feral species (e.g., C. andreana ) are perhaps ancestral to 1 or more of the 5 cultivated species of Cucurbita . These studies of the squash and gourd bees indicate that the development of domestic Cucurbita involves 2 centers of origin in South America and 3 in North America. A key, new records of occurrence, plant relationships, synonymical bibliographies, and redescriptions are provided for these bees. Changes in generic assignment and synonymy are Peponapis citrullina (n. comb., Tetralonia (Xenoglossa) peponis Friese, n. syn.), P. fervens (Melissodes catamarcensis Bertoni and Schrottky, n. syn.), P. melonis (n. comb.), and the generic assignment of P. gyrosa is questioned. Lectotypes are selected and designated for the nominal forms proposed by Friese as listed here.
Guidance performance benchmarking for autonomous rotorcraft

Berenice Mettler∗ Zhaodan Kong Chad Goerzen Matthew Whalley Interactive Guidance and Control Lab San Jose State University Aeroflightdynamics Directorate (AMRDEC) Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Research Foundation U.S. Army Research, Development University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN Ames Research Center Engineering Command Moffett Field, CA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA
Integrated approach for prediction of fretting crack nucleation in riveted lap joints

Fretting is a major cause of crack formation in aircraft structures like lap joints and dove tail joints. A tightly integrated mechanics-based method to relate betting crack nucleation to the various parameters that intluence it is presented. A tite element model of a rivet and the skin around it was analyzed to provide the stress state under various loads. The model incorporated residual stresses from riveting, plasticity and contact between the various surfaces. A multiaxial fatigue model was used to translate the results into a prediction of life to crack nucleation. Excellent comparisons with a set of controlled lap joint experiments provide the validation of this approach. Effects of the tite width of the experimental specimen were found to be small. The complexity of fretting crack nucleation prediction in a riveted aircraft structure can be attributed to the necessity of analyzing the manufacturing process conditions, the operating conditions and the fatigue properties of the material under consideration. This requires a thorough understanding of these fields as well as then relationships. The problem of fretting at the rivet/skin interface in aircraft riveted structures is one such example. Fretting is a contact phenomenon occurring at interfaces of nominally clamped bodies and is one of the causes for the initiation of multi-site damage.r Indeed the teardown inspections of aging aircraft have confirmed *Research Assistant, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA Student Member. tProfessor and Head, AIAA Associate Fellow ‘Copyright 01999 by the Americaa Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. fretting as a prime cause of crack nucleation at the rivet/skin interface.2 Fretting has long known to be a persistent cause of crack nucleation. The contact stresses at the interface are the primary contributors to the damaging effect of fretting. While some attempts at qualitative study of lap joints have been made, very little has been done to isolate the factors that influence the crack nucleation.3-6 Prior work by the authors indicate that the clamping produced during riveting might be a crucial factor.7 Also, the residual stresses generated during the riveting process, an aspect to which little detail has been paid in the past, is an important aspect of betting crack nucleation. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the approach taken by the authors. The first step is the modeling of the riveting process using a Snite element approach. The end configuration of this model provides the i&mework to create a 2dimensional model of the plate and rivet with the correct initial strains and stresses. The loads are then applied to this model cyclically. The results of the 2-dimensional model are ported to a program that uses a multiaxial fatigue criterion to determine the location and the life to nucleate a crack. Controlled fatigue experiments of lap joints with rivets installed through force-controlled riveting provide the necessary experimental database to evaluate the predictions.
Localization of the extracellular Ca2+/polyvalent cation-sensing protein in rat kidney

We previously identified transcripts encoding a G protein-coupled, extracellular calcium/polyvalent cation-sensing receptor, RaKCaR, in rat kidney (D. Riccardi, J. Park, W.-S. Lee, G. Gamba, E. M. ...
Biological X-Ray Microscopy with a Compact Laser System

We describe progress being made in an x-ray imaging technology that provides high-resolution single frame x-ray images of in-vitro specimens captured in a time sufficiently short that radiation damage mechanisms to the structure are not recorded. Several different biology and medical research groups find this type of microscopy particularly well-suited to the detailed analysis of sub-cellular features, and to the study of live organisms subjected to various forms of external stimuli. This technology utilizes bright x-ray sources produced by compact pulse laser systems. The incorporation of advanced x-ray optical and electron-optical systems will lead to the development of a compact, real-time x-ray microscope, having a broad range of applications.
Research on EMC and Acoustic Compatibility Technology of Comprehensive Survey

The wide application of electronics and electrical equipment makes the electromagnetic environment of the ship more and more complicated,especially the comprehensive survey vessel with variety of acoustic equipment installed in.EMC design must be introduced to ensure the highest efficiency compatible than at the beginning of the design and construction.Taking a comprehensive survey vessel as the background,the paper analyzes the main interference sources,coupling path and the corresponding treatment measures.
The value of prolactin dynamics as a predictor of ovulation with bromocriptine in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Six euprolaetinemie polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients were subjected to a 24-hour study with serum sampling every 30minutes and a perphenazine stimulation test. The serum prolactin (PRL) levels were compared with those of five healthy normoprolactinemic women whose cases were evaluated in a similar fashion. In addition to evaluating the PRL secretory pattern and lactotroph response, the PCOS individuals were given dopamine agonist therapy in a graduated dosage schedule, increasing each month, over a 3-month interval. The PCOS patients exhibited parallel but lower PRL levels than the control subjects during the late evening and early morning hours ( P P
Special Considerations in the Technique of Laparoscopic Ureterolithotomy

AbstractLaparoscopic ureterolithotomy was performed in 2 men, accompanied in 1 by unroofing of a complex renal cyst. This new technique is indicated as an alternative to open lithotomy when more conventional minimally invasive measures have failed and in patients in whom laparoscopy is being performed for another indication. Modifications in technique are necessary depending on the location of the stone. Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy should not be performed unless a guide wire or catheter can be placed past the stone preoperatively. The technique is described in detail.
NMR as a tool to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of membrane proteins.

This Perspective provides an overview of recent progress, successes, challenges and future opportunities in the application of solution NMR and solid-state NMR methods to study the structure, dynamics and function of membrane proteins.
Childhood asthma: update.

Definition and Pathophysiology Asthma is a reversible airways disease characterized by both smooth muscle hyperreactivity and airway inflammation. During the 1970s and early 1980s the focus was on smooth muscle constriction, and it was believed that better bronchodilators would greatly diminish our difficulties in controlling this condition. This, unfortunately, was not the case. The emphasis of therapy today has turned to airway inflammation. Lung biopsies from patients who have asthma show destruction of respiratory epithelium, basement membrane thickening, and inflammatory cellular infiltrate. Among the infiltrating cells are eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils that are called to the site of inflammation by the chemotactic products released by activated mast cells. Upon their arrival, these cells release their own products of inflammation, which amplify this immunologic response. A variety of neuropeptides also play a role, some serving to stabilize and others to destabilize the airway. One result of this airway inflammation is airways reactivity, also known as bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A common example of this scenario is the child who has allergic asthma and encounters a problematic allergen. This child has immunoglobulin E (IgE) to this allergen bound to mast cells in his or her airway. Upon exposure to the allergen, the binding of IgE and antigen triggers mast cell mediator release within minutes.
Should Race Matter?: Unusual Answers to the Usual Questions

1. Thinking in black and white 2. Repairing the slave reparations debate 3. Advancing the slave reparations debate 4. One cheer for affirmative action 5. Two cheers for affirmative action 6. Why I used to hate hate speech restrictions 7. Why I still hate hate speech restrictions 8. How to stop worrying and learn to love hate crime laws 9. How to keep on loving hate crime laws 10. Is racial profiling irrational? 11. Is racial profiling immoral?
The London Mission: The First Year

Relations between the American Ambassador in London, Lewis Douglas, and the Chief of the ECA Mission, Thomas K. Finletter, were close and cordial. This was partly due to Douglas’s intimate involvement in the enactment of the Marshall Plan legislation and partly because, as we have seen, Hoffman had taken care to appoint a Mission Chief who was personally congenial to Douglas. As was the case in other embassies, the new Mission Chief ranked second in the Embassy hierarchy to the Ambassador himself, and in London Douglas ensured that Finletter and most of his staff were given accommodation within the Embassy building in Grosvenor Square, at the expense of other officers of the Embassy. This had considerable advantages for the new Mission: it could more readily share in the Embassy’s other facilities, such as cyphering and duty-free supplies.
Voices of Modernity: The critical foundations of national epic and the rhetoric of authenticity: Hugh Blair and the Ossian controversy

Is it not strange that, at a time when we have lost our Princes, our Parliaments, our independent Government, even the Presence of our chief Nobility, are unhappy, in our Accent & Pronunciation, speak a very corrupt Dialect of the Tongue which we make use of; is it not strange, I say, that in these Circumstances, we shou'd really be the People most distinguish'd for Literature in Europe? David Hume Introduction Hume's paradoxical query, posed in 1757 and often quoted in histories of eighteenth-century Scotland, expresses well the deep ambivalence of mid-eighteenth-century Scottish intellectuals towards their political condition, their language, and their literature. While Hume's own writings contributed in no small measure to Scotland's – and especially Edinburgh's – literary and philosophical reputation as “a hotbed of genius,” he was also closely involved in the production, publication, and promotion of a series of literary works that followed soon after he penned the above observations and that did indeed mark Scotland as the nation “most distinguish'd for Literature in Europe.” Between 1760 and 1763, James Macpherson offered to an increasingly receptive public three volumes of translations from the Gaelic poetry of Ossian, a third-century Celtic bard: Fragments of Ancient Poetry (1760), Fingal (1762), and Temora (1763); these three works were collected in two volumes in 1765, under the title The Works of Ossian, The Son of Fingal, Translated from the Galic Language by James Macpherson (1765).
When Do States Say Uncle? Network Dependence and Sanction Compliance

ABSTRACTIn this article we address the long-debated question of when and why states comply with sanctions. While the literature remains indeterminate as to whether the key mechanisms driving sanction compliance are tied to interstate relations, intrastate constraints, or a dynamic combination of the two, our theoretical framework and methodological approach provide a novel perspective that incorporates insights drawn from network theory to explain the time until countries comply. Specifically, we argue that reciprocity, a concept with deep roots in both network theory and international relations, has largely been overlooked in the study of sanction compliance. Though often ignored, this concept captures an essential aspect of how cooperation is fostered in the international system and allows us to better analyze the strategic environment underlying sanctioning behavior. Given the theoretical importance of reciprocity in understanding interstate relations, we provide an approach that integrates estimations...
Perioperative complications of conduit urinary diversion with concomitant cystectomy for benign indications: A population-based analysis.

AIMS Beyond single-institution case series, limited data are available to describe risks of performing a concurrent cystectomy at the time of urinary diversion for benign end-stage lower urinary tract dysfunction. Using a population-representative sample, this study aimed to analyze factors associated with perioperative complications in patients undergoing urinary diversion with or without cystectomy. METHODS A representative sample of patients undergoing urinary diversion for benign indications was identified from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2011. Perioperative complications of urinary diversion with and without concomitant cystectomy were identified and coded using the International Classification of Diseases, version 9. Multivariate logistic regression models identified hospital and patient-level characteristics associated with complications of concomitant cystectomy with urinary diversion. RESULTS There were 15,717 records for urinary diversion identified, of which 31.8% demonstrated perioperative complications: urinary diversion with concurrent cystectomy (35.0%) and urinary diversion without concomitant cystectomy (30.6%). Comparing the two groups, a concomitant cystectomy at the time of urinary diversion was significantly associated with a complication (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.03-1.48). Comorbid conditions of obesity, pulmonary circulation disease, drug abuse, weight loss, and electrolyte disorders were positively associated with a complication, while private insurance and southern geographic region were negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS A concomitant cystectomy with urinary diversion for refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction elevates risk in this population-representative sample, particularly in those with certain comorbid conditions. This analysis provides critical information for preoperative patient counseling.
Exploring perspectives of well-being in Latina/o migrant workers

Migrant workers enter the United States to meet the agricultural labor needs of the US, seeking a better life and an escape from poverty. However, little is known about the factors that influence well-being in this population as they transition to a new society. The purpose of this study was to describe Latina/o migrant workers’ perceptions regarding the individual, communal, and contextual factors that influence their well-being. A community-based qualitative approach was taken to describe perceptions of well-being in the Latina/o migrant worker population. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 12 South Florida Latina/o migrant workers using a semi-structured interview guided by the Developmental Systems Theory and Prilleltensky’s conceptualization of well-being. Conventional content analysis identified five themes: children as a point of connection, a mosaic of informal support, navigating a multi-stressed life context, awareness of lack of agency, and toward the promotion of well-b...
Geographic variation and within-individual correlations of physiological stress markers in a widespread reptile, the common garter snake ( Thamnophis sirtalis )

Characterizing the baseline and stress-induced hormonal, metabolite, and immune profiles of wild animals is important to assess the impacts of variable environments, including human-induced landscape changes, on organismal health. Additionally, the extent to which these profiles are coordinated across physiological systems within individuals remains an important question in understanding how stressors can differentially affect aspects of an individual's physiology. Here, we present data from wild populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) on both baseline and stress-induced biomarkers: plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentration, plasma glucose concentration, and whole blood heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Using a standardized restraint protocol with individuals from populations in disparate portions of this species' range – the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and the plains of Iowa – we collected blood plasma samples at nine time points over three days. Both CORT and glucose response curves differed between georegions, with Iowa snakes attaining higher glucose concentration and maintaining elevated CORT and glucose levels for a longer duration. Additionally, both the total amount and proportional increases of CORT and glucose were lower in larger and therefore older snakes, suggesting ontogenetic shifts in stress perception or response. Within-individual correlation among the three physiological indicators was significant at the time of capture, absent after 3 h in captivity, and partially restored after 3 days in captivity, demonstrating the effect of stress on the relationships among these physiological systems. Together, these results provide further evidence for the great physiological flexibility of ectothermic tetrapods in maintaining homeostasis across a range of factors.
A Decade of Change and the Emergence of Digital Media: Analysis of Trade Press Coverage of the Advertising Industry, 2005–2014

ABSTRACTThis study uses Harold Innis's concepts of space- and time-biased media to examine digital media for 10 years beginning in 2005. Both syndicated spending data and industry trade press were used to assess trends and changes. After the recession of 2008, spending for online media surpassed spending on print for the first time. Digital was the dominant medium covered in most years of trade articles; however, the coverage of the rise (and fall) of media types was not as linear as was the actual change in spending. Additional analysis showed that trade press coverage focused mostly on the advertising agency business and that digital media were more central to core topics than were other media types. Concepts of time and space (Innis 1951, 2007) were also explored as overarching themes within the sample. Implications for theory, practice, and pedagogy are discussed.
A Critical Review of the Rationale Approach to the Microfoundation of Post-Keynesian Theory

While modeling macroeconomic interactions, post-Keynesians propose rationales to verbally motivate the choice of behavioral equations. This informal approach to microfoundation results in inconsistencies and fuzzy arguments. The rationales for different behavioral rules are mutually inconsistent, require strong and nontransparent assumptions, or refer to highly endogenous variables that are not part of the model. The postulated behavioral rules are invariant to endogenous changes in the microenvironment, whereas the rationales imply that they adjust endogenously. The prevailing assumption of purely backward-looking expectations is neither theoretically nor empirically satisfying. The article concludes that revisiting the issue of microfoundation within the post-Keynesian framework may be a rewarding line of research. Furthermore, post-Keynesians should be open to various microfoundations as long as models feature the core of post-Keynesian theory—the principle of effective demand.
PEGylated, Water-Soluble, Stable Aminyl Radical

We report the synthesis and kinetic study of PEGylated, water-soluble aminyl radical 2. The radical possesses four mPEG-3 groups replacing four methyl groups in the tert-butyl groups at the 3- and 6-positions of 1,3,6,8-tetra-tert-butyl carbazyl (TTBC). This structure is designed to mitigate the rapid decomposition of the radical via intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT) that was observed in its constitutional isomer 1-H with four mPEG-3 groups in the vicinity of the nitrogen-centered radical (1- and 8-positions of TTBC). In dry, degassed acetone at 295 K, the radical 2 has a half-life, τ1/2 = 49 h (ΔH‡ = 17.9 ± 0.8 kcal mol-1), which is 3 orders of magnitude longer than that for 1-H, which decays via 1,5-HAT (τ1/2 = 48 s, ΔH‡ = 10.0 ± 0.3 kcal mol-1). Aminyl radical 2 aggregates at ambient conditions in water and has a half-life, τ1/2 = 2 h.
Acceptability and feasibility of a community based participatory research project comparing cytology and urine HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia

Non-invasive, self-collected sampling methods for HPV DNA detection in women, which are reliable, efficient, and acceptable have the potential to address barriers to cervical cancer screening in underserved communities, including low-middle income countries (LMIC) such as the island nation of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Urine-based HPV testing has not been rigorously evaluated in clinical trials. A pilot community-based participatory randomized control research project evaluated use of urine HPV testing as a more culturally- and human resource appropriate method of cervical cancer screening in Yap State, FSM. Women participated in a cervical screening intervention using pap vs. urine test (N=217). This manuscript described attitudes about screening feasibility and preferences. Stakeholders and women participants were interviewed (N=23), and a survey also evaluated women's screening preferences (N=217). Qualitative content thematic analysis with multiple coders identified themes from interviews on acceptability and feasibility of screening tests. Women research participants were comfortable with the urine test (95%), despite limitations in some to provide samples. While 82.0% indicated that they felt comfortable with Pap smear, they also preferred a clinician (42%) to do the Pap smear, explaining that they preferred having a trained worker instead of themselves to do tests. Women want to be screened but accessibility remains a challenge. Education and training of professionals and community members alike will improve clinical skills, research capacity, knowledge of screening tests and behaviors including prioritizing HPV screening and testing.
What Does a Definition of Death Do

In his article, “Defining Death: Beyond Biology,” John Lizza argues in favor of a civil definition of death, according to which the potential for consciousness and social interaction marks us as the “kind of being that we are.” In this commentary, I critically discuss this approach to the bioethical debate on the definition of death. I question whether Lizza’s account is based on a full recognition of the “practical, moral, religious, philosophical, and cultural considerations” at play in this debate. I further propose that a truly ethical debate on definitions of death ought to concentrate on how different definitions of death are used in diverse contexts – what definitions of death do – and focus less on who has the right definition of death for all situations.
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Military Families: Visible But Legally Marginalized

LGB military families will be increasingly visible now that Don’t Ask/Don’t Tell has been repealed, and the military has stated that these servicemembers and their families are to be treated equally. Achieving equality in policy, practice, and attitudes will, however, take time and effort. Current Federal laws (e.g., the Defense of Marriage Act) prevent LGB servicemembers from being treated equally. Also, it is likely that anti-LGB attitudes held by some servicemembers did not simply end when DADT was repealed. Further, the military stance of neutrality is problematic given the need for LGB-affirming resources. These barriers to equal service are important to remedy because their existence may inhibit the strength of LGB military families, and the willingness of LGB adults to continue as enlisting as members of the U.S. armed forces.
The Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe grisea

Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr (Barr 1977; Yaegashi and Udagawa 1978) is a filamentous, heterothallic Ascomycotina that collectively causes disease on many species of the grass (Poaceae) family. M. grisea is the teleomorph corresponding to the previously distinct anamorphs Pyricularia oryzae, infecting rice (Oryza sativa), and P. grisea, infecting other grasses. However, P. oryzae and P. grisea have now been synonymized, with the earlier name, P. grisea, having priority (Rossman et al. 1990), because strains with diverse host specificities are interfertile and morphologically indistinguishable. Although the collective host range of M. grisea is broad, individual strains infect a limited number of grass species (Ou 1985; Borromeo et al. 1993; Urashima et al. 1993). A comprehensive description of the economically important rice blast disease has recently been published (Zeigler et al. 1994).
Transcutaneous bilirubin estimation in extremely low birth weight infants receiving phototherapy: a prospective observational study.

Measurement of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) is a quick, reliable and painless method to guide management of hyperbilirubinemia. Studies in term and late preterm infants have found that TcB measurements from covered areas (TcB-C) during phototherapy (PHT) co-relate well with serum bilirubin levels. Limited data exists in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. In this prospective observational study, an opaque patch was placed on the back of an ELBW infant prior to initiation of PHT. TcB-C and TcB-E (TcB from exposed area) levels were measured at birth and at 24-h intervals for 5 days. Total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels were also measured within 30 min of obtaining TcB levels. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for data analysis. A mixed effect model was used to adjust for repeated measurements over time. The p value < 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 19 infants were enrolled in the study, with a mean gestational age of 26 ± 2 weeks and mean weight 827 ± 127 g. The difference between TcB-C and TSB was 2.68 ± 2.41 mg/dl (mean ± SD, p < 0.001). In contrast, the difference between TcB-E and TSB was − 0.51 ± 1.74 mg/dl (p = 0.02). TcB-C consistently overestimates TSB, while TcB-E consistently underestimates TSB. During PHT exposure, TcB-C does not correlate with TSB values in ELBW infants. TcB-C levels cannot be used as a surrogate for TSB measurement in ELBW infants.
Physics About 1870 and the “Decline” of French Physics

Theoretical physics did not come into existence as a subfield of physics until the 1860s. By 1870 physicists had accepted mathematics as the natural language of physics and put into place their own ways of training and using the diverse languages of mathematics. Physicists such as John Tyndall were anachronisms within the profession. While he performed quantitative experiments, he was not obsessed with accuracy, even though trained within the German academic system. He also did not deduce algebraic relationships from his results that were by that time expected of physicists.1 Tyndall’s statements about the structure and functioning of nature were qualitative and in the vernacular. And his audiences consisted of the general public, as well as his colleagues within the profession. His career harkened back to the era before the formalized, academic and professional structure of the discipline which he entered in the 1860s. Physicists had withdrawn into a profession of peers that largely addressed each other. The general public was not privy to the research process as they had been in the first half of the nineteenth century. The mathematics now necessary to penetrate the theories of physicists meant that only the most general of ideas and sketchiest of plans of their understanding of nature were available to the vast majority of the general public.
Three Levels of Problems in Cross-Cultural Explorations of Bioethics: A Methodological Approach

It is believed that cross-cultural explorations of ethics in general and bioethics in particular are important in disclosing apparently different moral standards and moral practices among distinct cultures. On the other hand, cross-cultural comparisons of morality are often made by ethicists in order to demonstrate the universal validity of certain basic (or core) moral standards in every culture, no matter how divergent cultures appear to be. In this regard, cross-cultural examinations of bioethics are an extension of standard Western bioethics, “the family of secular approaches rooted in the theories and principles of analytical moral philosophy that are dominant in the English-speaking world” (McKenny, 1996, p. 74). One representative and very influential standard Western bioethical theory claims itself to be a common-morality theory which “takes its basic premises directly from the morality shared in common by the members of a society — that is, unphilosophical common sense and tradition” (Beauchamp and Childress, 1994, p. 100). Accordingly, many believe that most fundamental secular moral premises and principles thus obtained from a common sense of Western morality apply universally in the West. They are supposed to be basic secular moral beliefs shared by everyone in spite of diverse religious, ideological, or other commitments. In this regard, standard Western bioethics is considered to have successfully transcended the diversity of moral communities which marks pluralist Western society.
Obstetric Care of the Woman with Diabetes

Diabetes increases the risk of complications during pregnancy. Starting in the preconception period and continuing throughout pregnancy and postpartum, heightened surveillance is necessary in order to achieve a healthy outcome for both mother and neonate. This chapter will outline the complications that may arise during pregnancies complicated by diabetes and suggest a management scheme for the gravid woman with diabetes.
Shame on trust in distributed systems

Approaches for building secure, distributed systems have fundamental limitations that prevent the construction of dynamic, Internet-scale systems. In this paper, we propose a concept of a shared reference monitor or Shamon that we believe will provide a basis for overcoming these limitations. First, distributed systems lack a principled basis for trust in the trusted computing bases of member machines. In most distributed systems, a trusted computing base is assumed. However, the fear of compromise due to misconfiguration or vulnerable software limits the cases where this assumption can be applied in practice. Where such trust is not assumed, current solutions are not scalable to large systems [7, 20]. Second, current systems do not ensure the enforcement of the flexible, distributed system security goals. Mandatory access control (MAC) policies aim to describe enforceable security goals, but flexible MAC solutions, such as SELinux, do not even provide a scalable solution for a single machine (due to the complexity of UNIX systems), much less a distributed system. A significant change in approach is necessary to develop a principled trusted computing base that enforces system security goals and scales to large distributed systems.
Sustainable intensification of high-diversity biomass production for optimal biofuel benefits

The potential benefits of biofuels depend on the environmental impacts of biomass production. High-diversity mixtures of grassland species grown on abandoned agricultural lands have been proposed as enhancing climate mitigation potential, but can have low yields. Intensification might increase productivity, but might also cause negative environmental impacts. Here, we show that, compared with more intensive treatments, moderate intensification of high-diversity grasslands had as great or greater biomass yields, soil carbon stores and root mass, and had negligible effects on grassland stability, diversity and nitrate leaching. In particular, compared with untreated plots, the moderate treatment of irrigation and addition of 70 kgN ha−1 yr−1 resulted in 89% more yield, 61% more root carbon, 187% more soil carbon storage and, if biomass were used for bioenergy, twice the greenhouse gas reductions. Irrigation and 140 kgN ha−1 yr−1 had 32% lower greenhouse gas benefits, 10 times greater nitrate leaching and 121% greater loss of plant diversity than the moderate treatment. These results suggest that optimizing multiple environmental benefits requires sustainable intensification practices appropriate for the soils, climate and plant species of a region. Biofuels, produced from grass, algae and other organisms alive today, supplement fuels produced through geological processes. This study finds that moderate intensification of prairie perennial plants can optimize benefits of the resultant biofuels, including soil carbon, greenhouse gas benefits and fuel production.