cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser-Pumped Room-Temperature 1.50-µm Tm3+:YLiF4 Continuous-Wave Cascade Laser

Continuous wave laser emission at 1.50μm from the 3H4→3F4 transition in Tm3+:YLiF4 at room temperature is reported. This transition is normally self-terminating owing to the long lifetime of the 3F4 state. Here the 3F4 state is partially quenched through transfer of energy to the 5I7 state of HO3+ codopant ions. Quenching of the 3F4 state is enhanced by simultaneously operating the Ho3+ 5I7➝5I8 laser transition.
Adaptation of a microdilution procedure to the Limulus lysate assay for endotoxin.

Abstract Endpoint determinations of endotoxin by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay have been facilitated by use of a microdilution procedure.
Agent-Based Distance Vector Routing

Mobile Agents are being proposed for an increasing variety of applications. Distance Vector Routing (DVR) is an example of one application that can benefit from an agent-based approach. DVR algorithms, such as RIP, have been shown to cause considerable network resource overhead due to the large number of messages generated at each host/router throughout the route update process. Many of these messages are wasteful since they do not contribute to the route discovery process. However, in an agent-based solution, the number of messages is bounded by the number of agents in the system. In this paper, we present an agent-based solution to DVR. In addition, we will describe agent migration strategies that improve the performance of the route discovery process, namely Random Walk and Structured Walk.
Brine, Impurities, and Membrane Chlor-Alkali Cell Performance

For over 10 years Nafion* research has studied the effects of impurities on the performance of membrane chlor-alkali cells. The aim of this chapter is to summarize what we have learned about impurities: what impurities affect membranes, how impurities degrade performance, and approaches to dealing with impurities.
People Skills: Building Analytics Decision Models That Managers Use-A Change Management Perspective

This is another in a series of articles about some of the most effective models, methods, and processes of organization development OD, also known as change management, a discipline that offers much to professionals intent on solving real-world problems. Because it is based on a systemic view of organizations, OD includes the whole universe of fuzzy people issues that increasingly determine the success or failure of efforts to implement otherwise flawless technical solutions. This article examines the increasingly important issue of how to develop prescriptive analytical models, particularly decision support models, that managers will use; suggests that classic operations research and management science model-building principles developed by John Little in the 1960s and 1970s are still applicable today; and examines why they work, based on fundamental principles of OD/change management developed by Kurt Lewin.
Topological properties of Abelian and non-Abelian quantum Hall states classified using patterns of zeros

It has been shown that different Abelian and non-Abelian fractional quantum Hall states can be characterized by patterns of zeros described by sequences of integers ${{S}_{a}}$. In this paper, we will show how to use the data ${{S}_{a}}$ to calculate various topological properties of the corresponding fraction quantum Hall state, such as the number of possible quasiparticle types and their quantum numbers, as well as the actions of the quasiparticle tunneling and modular transformations on the degenerate ground states on torus.
Spontaneous regression of hepatic metastases from gastric carcinoma.

A patient with gastric carcinoma had hepatic metastases proven by biopsy. He survived for 12 years in the absence of therapy, at which time laparotomy revealed a total regression of the tumor tissue in his liver. Through this phenomenon is extremely rare, the “spontaneous” regression of hepatic metastases from gastric carcinoma can occur.
The host range of Polymyxa betae in Britain

The host range of Polymyxa betae on common arable weed species in Britain was determined by growing plants in naturally infested soil and examining their root systems for the presence of resting spores (cystosori). Of the 24 species tested, only Atriplex patula and Chenopodium album of the Chenopodiaceae, and Silene alba of the Caryophyllaceae, were found to be heavily infected. S. alba is a newly recorded host species for Polymyxa. The host specificity of isolates of P. betae from Beta vulgaris, C. album and A. patula was investigated by observing which of 11 test plants could be infected by the isolates obtained from this soil, Three main biotypes of P. betae appeared to be distinguishable: one which was able to infect all chenopodiaceous species; one which had a narrower host range; and one which was able to infect S. alba. The role of weed species in the epidemiology of rhizomania is discussed.
SenseMaker: an information-exploration interface supporting the contextual evolution of a user's interests

We describe the design and implementation of SenseMaker, an interface for information exploration across heterogeneous sources. We also discuss lessons learned from a pilot study of the system. Our focus throughout is on how SenseMaker supports the context-driven evolution of a user's interests. SenseMaker makes it easier for the user to: (1) examine the current context, and (2) progress from one context to the next. SenseMaker works by approximating the current context as the current collection of accumulated information references. Users examine their current context by experimenting iteratively with different organizing dimensions and levels of granularity for the current collec tion's display. They progress from one context to another by building upon, taking away from, or replacing the current collection. They can also return to previous contexts and continue exploring from there.
Production Operations Contribute to the Grammatical Morpheme Limitations of Children with Specific Language Impairment

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) usually differ from typically developing children in the degree to which they use particular grammatical morphemes, not in whether they use these morphemes. In this study, a structural priming paradigm was used to determine whether a portion of these children's inconsistent use might be attributable to processing demands during the sentence formulation and production phase. In two experiments, preschoolers with SLI made greater use of grammatical morphemes (e.g., auxiliary is) if the preceding prime employed the syntactic frame and prosodic structure required in the target (e.g., prime: “The boys are washing the car”; target: “The horse is kicking the cow”) than if it did not (e.g., prime: “The pig fell down”; target: “The mouse is eating the cheese”). Priming effects were greater in these children than in a group of younger typically developing children, consistent with the view that operations involved in sentence formulation and production place especially heavy demands on the children with SLI.
Extraction, purification, and acetylation of human renin and the production of antirenin to human renin.

Abstract Bioassay procedures employed for the quantitative determination of human renin; antirenin to human renin; angiotensin; and angiotensinase are described. All of these assays are based on the determination of the increase of the direct, mean systemic blood pressure of trained, unanesthetized dogs after intravenous injection of the test substances. Four preparations of commercially available angiotensin II (Hypertensin Ciba) were assayed and found to contain 2000–2200 dog units of angiotensin per milligram. The extraction and purification of renin were carried out on batches up to 35 kg of human kidneys. This resulted in an over-all yield of 60% and a 600-fold purification of the renin, including the complete removal of angiotensinase. The immunization of rats, rabbits, and a dog with human renin resulted in the production of antirenin to human renin with maximum titers of 7, 12, and 11 units per milliliter of serum, respectively. The acetylation of human renin induced a decrease of its enzymic (pressor) activity and an alteration of its antigenic structure, but not an impairment of its antigenicity. As a result, the immunization of a dog with acetylated human renin produced antirenin of a high titer, with cross-reactivity toward both untreated and acetylated human renin. In its chemical and immunological characteristics, human renin differs from that of other species: (a) Human renin was not acetylated under conditions found to be effective for renin of five other species; it required different conditions, such as a higher temperature and a more alkaline reaction. (b) Antirenin which had been produced with untreated human renin, or with acetylated human renin, failed to react with the renin of hog, dog, rabbit, beef, sheep, and rat. The acetylation of the renin preparation obtained after Step 8 of the new isolation procedure lowered the pressor activity to 36% and the amount of amino groups to approximately 24% of the original value.
Victims of Child Abuse and Neglect in the U.S. Army.

Abstract Objective: The two main objectives of the study were: (1) to contrast child maltreatment victim rates in U.S. Army and civilian populations; (2) to identify the demographic characteristics of Army children at increased risk for the following types of child maltreatment: major physical abuse, minor physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, and neglect. Method: This study presents a descriptive analysis of child maltreatment victims in the United States Army during the years 1992 and 1993. Data on all substantiated child maltreatment cases in the Army Family Advocacy Central Registry were obtained from the Army Medical Department's Patient Administration System and Biostatistics Activity. Rates of abuse for demographic subsets of the population were calculated and compared. Results: Major findings include the following: The overall rate of child maltreatment appears to be lower in the Army than in the general population. Rates of neglect were markedly lower in the Army population. Young children and children with lower ranking sponsors were at greatest risk for major physical abuse and neglect. Boys were neglect victims more frequently than girls. Teenage girls were the highest risk group for minor physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. At younger ages, boys had greater risk of minor physical abuse, while girls again had greater risk of sexual abuse. Conclusions: The Department of the Army sponsors an extensive program of child abuse prevention initiatives. This program may be strengthened by emphasizing prevention services to the identified high risk groups.
Observation of sub-Poissonian light in traveling-wave second-harmonic generation.

We report the generation of sub-Poissonian pulses of light by means of traveling-wave second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a type II phase-matched nonlinear crystal. On direct detection, the quantum noise on the output light, which is polarized orthogonally to the input fundamental field, is measured to be below the shot-noise limit by as much as 0.3 ± 0.2 dB (6 ± 4%). We show that the input fundamental-power dependence of the measured Fano factor, direct-detection noise as a fraction of the shot-noise limit, is in qualitative agreement with the quantum theory of SHG.
On the stereochemical control of complexation in tetrahydropyranoid podand ionophores

Abstract To test a proposal that stereochemistry can be used rationally to control the binding properties of ionophores, a new podand (3) has been prepared and studied. Unlike the previously prepared stereoisomeric podand 2 which has substitution and stereochemistry which enforces a single tetradentate binding conformation, 3 has been designed to avoid conformations in which all four oxygens can simultaneously coordinate with an ion.
An Old Pilot’s Yarn

Pilots have an old yarn that states the air speed of a plane can be found by measuring the ground speed of the plane when the air speed is directed along each cardinal (north, south, east, and west) and averaging the four values. Understanding the mechanism behind this proposition requires the application of some basic vector properties and might be a useful exercise for your students.
Construction and characterization of stainless steel/polyurea/E-glass composite joints

Abstract This work was motivated by the desire to improve the long-term durability of E-glass/Hysol 9394 epoxy/Al-6XN stainless steel joints whose fracture energy in a previous study was shown to fall from ∼950 J/m 2 (ambient) to a mere ∼88 J/m 2 after only two days of exposure to a 90%RH, 50 °C environment. This paper reports a new polyurea chemistry to bond the E-glass and steel sections with very promising results. The fracture energy under ambient condition was measured to be 1232 ± 15 J/m 2 using a double cantilever beam experiment. This value degraded by only 13% to 1070 ± 35 J/m 2 in samples that were conditioned for 30 days at 90%RH and 50 °C. The failure in all samples was cohesive, within the first ply of the E-glass composite that neighbored the polyurea interface. The intrinsic fracture energy measurements, devoid of inelastic effects, were also carried out by submerging samples in a liquid nitrogen bath. Values of 590 ± 25 J/m 2 were obtained, which can be used by the designers to set the local failure condition in design simulations of large-scale structures.
Are Scene Flights for Penetrating Trauma Justified

Objective: To evaluate the medical efficacy of helicopter scene flights for patients with noncranial penetrating injuries. Design: A retrospective review of 122 consecutive victims of noncranial penetrating injuries evacuated by helicopter from the scene of injury to a level I trauma center. There were no medical criteria for accepting or rejecting a request for a scene flight by any public safety agency or emergency medical service (EMS). Flights were dispatched if the weather permitted and if a helicopter was available. Results: The majority of patients were critically wounded. Their average Revised Trauma Score was 10.6, and 15.6% of the patients died (19 of 122), including all 11 patients who required prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Helicopter transport from the scene did not hasten trauma center arrival for any of the 122 patients. Ninety-two of the first-responder EMS units (75.4%) were advanced life support units (ALS) with crews of paramedics. The remaining 30 (24.6%) first-responder EMS units were basic life support units (BLS) with crews of emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Six of 122 patients (4.9%) required medical interventions by the medical flight crews beyond the capabilities of the ground EMS personnel. Only 3 of the 92 patients (3.3%) treated by first-responding paramedics received medical interventions by the medical flight crews beyond those authorized for paramedics (one cricothyroidotomy and two needle thoracenteses). Two of the 30 patients (6.7%) treated by first-responding EMTs received medical interventions by the medical flight crews not authorized for the EMTs. The on-scene paramedics performed endotracheal intubation on 10 patients. However, because of subsequent clinical deterioration, the medical flight crews performed endotracheal intubations on nine additional patients. In addition, two patients intubated by the first-responding paramedics required reintubation by the medical flight crews. Conclusions: Scene flights in this metropolitan area for patients who suffered noncranial penetrating injuries demonstrated that these flights were not medically efficacious. This conclusion rests on the findings that arrival at a trauma center was not hastened by scene flights and that only 4.9% of patients required prehospital care by the medical flight crew beyond the capabilities of the first-responding EMS personnel (2.5 and 6.7% for ALS and BLS responders, respectively). Based on this experience, we believe that in metropolitan areas, scene flights for victims of noncranial penetrating injuries should be restricted to critically injured patients likely to require prehospital care by the medical flight crew that is beyond the capabilities of the first responders or when the scene flight is likely to significantly hasten the arrival of the injured patient to an appropriate trauma center.
Ruling out large sneutrino vacuum expectation values

Minimal supersymmetric models can generate a large $\ensuremath{\tau}$ sneutrino vacuum expectation value (VEV). However, neutrino mass limits constrain the sneutrino VEV to be small ($〈{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}〉\ensuremath{\lesssim}10$ GeV) unless the gaugino mass is unnaturally large ($M \ensuremath{\gtrsim} 1$ TeV) or the Higgs-boson-Higgs-boson coupling is small ($|\ensuremath{\mu}|\ensuremath{\lesssim}10$ GeV). We show that the latter case is now ruled out by CERN LEP data and gluino mass limits.
THE RELATION BETWEEN OPTION MISPRICING AND VOLUME IN THE BLACK-SCHOLES OPTION MODEL

We investigate the relation between mispricing in the Black-Scholes option pricing (BSOP) model and volume in the option market. Our results indicate heavily traded call options are priced more efficiently and have lower mispricing errors than thinly traded options. However, this relation shifts significantly on days when call option trading is high. On high-volume days, the BSOP model mispricing errors are significantly larger than mispricing errors on normal-volume days. We believe large increases in volume may reflect new and changing market information, thus making pricing less efficient in the BSOP model.
Exact diagonalization studies of the lattice Anderson model on a four-site cluster

Abstract We report exact diagonalization calculations of the spectral weight functions and densities of states for the lattice Anderson model for a four-site (square) cluster. A half-filled situation is considered. The model parameters are chosen so that the system which is simulated varies from a conventional insulator to a Kondo insulator.
Spatially Modulated Gain Erbium-Doped Ti:LiNbO 3 Waveguide Laser

In this letter, we present the first 1.5-μm single frequency Fabry–Perot laser device that is free of spatial hole burning. The laser was realized using erbium-doped LiNbO3 waveguide. The optical gain of this laser is spatially distributed in such a manner to coincide with the standing wave pattern of the oscillating laser field. Thereby, the spatial hole burning was eliminated. Clean 1531-nm single-frequency operation was demonstrated.
Predictors of weight change following smoking cessation

Smoking behavior and weight change over a 5-year period were studied in 1,749 adult males of the Normative Aging Study. While men who quit smoking generally gained more weight than those in other smoking categories, 36% either lost weight or maintained the same weight after quitting. The major research focus was to predict the direction of weight change after smoking cessation. Among the characteristics most related to weight gain after quitting were heavier tar consumption, younger age, and leanness of body build. Conversely, traits related to weight loss were lighter smoking, older age, and stoutness of build.
Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health

Greater levels of socioeconomic position (SEP) are generally associated with better health. However results from previous studies vary across race/ethnicity and health outcomes. Further, the majority of previous studies do not account for the effects of life course SEP on health nor the effects of racial discrimination, which could moderate the effects of SEP on health. Using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we examined the relationship between a life course SEP measure on depressive symptoms and self-rated health. A life course SEP was constructed for each participant, using a framework that included parental education and occupation along with respondents' highest level of education and occupation. Interaction terms were created between life course SEP and racial discrimination to determine whether the association between SEP and health was moderated by experiences of racial discrimination. Analyses revealed that higher levels of life course SEP were inversely related to depressive symptoms. Greater life course SEP was positively associated with favorable self-rated health. Racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms and poorer self-rated health. Analyses indicated a significant interaction between life course SEP and racial discrimination on depressive symptoms in the full sample. This suggested that for respondents with greater levels of SEP, racial discrimination was associated with reports of more depressive symptoms. Future research efforts should be made to examine whether individuals' perceptions and experiences of racial discrimination at the interpersonal and structural levels limits their ability to acquire human capital as well as their advancement in education and occupational status.
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM: A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF TEMPORAL ORIENTATIONS*

For some time, sociologists have called for the study of the temporal characteristics of social life. Ethnomethodology and Symbolic Interactionism are two sociological theories which have begun to develop analyses of social timing. In this report, exemplary research efforts from each perspective are examined and evaluated along the temporal dimensions of the past, order, sequence, and the future. It is shown that research methods are key in elaborating or hindering the study of temporality. Specifically, Symbolic Interactionists' strategies have allowed a rich temporal orientation to be developed and specified whereas strategies employed by Ethnomethodologists have resulted in research that is confined to the immediate realm of experience and thereby have been narrow in temporal scope.
Word learning by preschoolers with SLI: effect of phonotactic probability and object familiarity

Purpose In this study, the authors investigated whether previous findings of a low phonotactic probability/unfamiliar object word-learning advantage in preschoolers could be replicated, whether this advantage would be apparent at different “stages” of word learning, and whether findings would differ for preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI) and typical development (TD). Method Participants included 114 children: 40 with SLI, 39 with TD matched for age and gender, and 35 with TD matched for expressive vocabulary and gender. Comprehension and production were assessed during word learning and at post-test for words that varied in phonotactic probability and object familiarity. Results Across groups, comprehension performance increased significantly from Day 1 to Day 2 and from Day 2 to Day 3, but there was no significant word/object type effect. Production performance increased significantly from Day 1 to Day 2, from Day 2 to Day 3, and from Day 3 to Day 4 for all groups, and there was a clear...
Efficiency of Trout Raceway Quiescent Zones in Controlling Suspended Solids

Abstract Best management practice for effluent control of trout hatchery discharges calls for separation of cleaning waste by collection in quiescent zones (QZs) at the end of each raceway. The efficiency of QZs in trapping solid waste over a range of fish densities, water velocities, and QZ areas, measured by overflow rate (OFR), were studied. Solids retention in the QZs was negligible at velocities of 2.0 and 4.4 cm/s (regardless of fish density) and at a fish density of 40 kg/m3 (regardless of velocity). Solids collection efficiency was affected more by OFR and fish density than by velocity. At OFRs of 0.5 and 1.0 cm/s, solids collection was significantly better at a fish density of 160 kg/m3 than at a density of 80 kg/m3. At a density of 80 kg/m3, solids retention was better at an OFR of 0.5 cm/s than at an OFR of 1.0 cm/s. Solids retention was not affected by OFR at a fish density of 160 kg/m3. Velocities in the range of 2.4–3.4 cm/s did not affect solids collection efficiency at either fish density....
atmospheric helium isotopic ratio

A recent study of the isotopic ratio of helium (3He/4He) in the terrestrial atmosphere led the individuals who made the investigation to suggest that this ratio is decreasing with time, probably due to anthropogenic release of low isotopic ratio crustal helium from oil and gas wells. The measurements made over an 11 year period from 1977 to 1988 led to the prediction that the rate of decrease was of the order of 1 × 10−9/yr. Several absolute isotopic ratio measurements made between 1969 and the present time also have been reported. These show a slight decrease in the helium isotopic ratio (much less than the 11 year data set shows). In the present paper, we report an unpublished, absolute helium isotopic ratio measurement the authors made in 1956. This value, when combined with the previously reported results, extends the time over which such measurements were made to a 32 year period and does not confirm that there is any decrease in the helium isotopic ratio in the atmosphere over this time.
Depression in assisted living is common and related to physical burden

Objective The objective of this study was to obtain a direct estimate of the prevalence of depression, its associated factors, and rates of treatment among residents of assisted living (AL) facilities in central Maryland. Method One hundred ninety-six AL residents were recruited from 22 (10 large and 12 small) randomly selected AL facilities in the city of Baltimore and seven Maryland counties. Chart review, staff and family history, comprehensive in-person resident evaluation, and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) were administered by an experienced team of geriatric psychiatry clinicians. Those scoring >7 on the CSDD, a cut point repeatedly associated with poor outcomes, were considered clinically depressed. Results Participants had an average age of 86 years, most were female and widowed, and 68% met consensus criteria for dementia. Twenty-four percent (47 of 196) of the sample was depressed. In bivariate analyses, depression was significantly related to medical comorbidity, need for activities of daily living (ADLs) assistance, more days spent in bed, and less participation in organized activities. After controlling for pertinent covariates in a regression model, only need for ADL assistance remained significantly associated with depression. Forty-three percent of those currently depressed were receiving antidepressants and were more likely to receive them if they lived in a large AL facility. Sixty percent of depressed residents had no regular source of psychiatric care. Conclusions In the first clinical study implemented by geriatric psychiatry professionals in AL, depression was found to be common, undertreated, and related to physical burden. AL is a rapidly growing segment of long-term care and represents an important setting in which to find and treat serious depression.
BRD7, a Novel PBAF-specific SWI/SNF Subunit, Is Required for Target Gene Activation and Repression in Embryonic Stem Cells

The composition of chromatin-remodeling complexes dictates how these enzymes control transcriptional programs and cellular identity. In the present study we investigated the composition of SWI/SNF complexes in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In contrast to differentiated cells, ESCs have a biased incorporation of certain paralogous SWI/SNF subunits with low levels of BRM, BAF170, and ARID1B. Upon differentiation, the expression of these subunits increases, resulting in a higher diversity of compositionally distinct SWI/SNF enzymes. We also identified BRD7 as a novel component of the Polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor (PBAF) complex in both ESCs and differentiated cells. Using short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of BRG1, we showed that SWI/SNF can function as both a repressor and an activator in pluripotent cells, regulating expression of developmental modifiers and signaling components such as Nodal, ADAMTS1, BMI-1, CRABP1, and thyroid releasing hormone. Knockdown studies of PBAF-specific BRD7 and of a signature subunit within the BAF complex, ARID1A, showed that these two subcomplexes affect SWI/SNF target genes differentially, in some cases even antagonistically. This may be due to their different biochemical properties. Finally we examined the role of SWI/SNF in regulating its target genes during differentiation. We found that SWI/SNF affects recruitment of components of the preinitiation complex in a promoter-specific manner to modulate transcription positively or negatively. Taken together, our results provide insight into the function of compositionally diverse SWI/SNF enzymes that underlie their inherent gene-specific mode of action.
Abl2/Arg Controls Dendritic Spine and Dendrite Arbor Stability via Distinct Cytoskeletal Control Pathways

Rho family GTPases coordinate cytoskeletal rearrangements in neurons, and mutations in their regulators are associated with mental retardation and other neurodevelopmental disorders (Billuart et al., 1998; Kutsche et al., 2000; Newey et al., 2005; Benarroch, 2007). Chromosomal microdeletions encompassing p190RhoGAP or its upstream regulator, the Abl2/Arg tyrosine kinase, have been observed in cases of mental retardation associated with developmental defects (Scarbrough et al., 1988; James et al., 1996; Takano et al., 1997; Chaabouni et al., 2006; Leal et al., 2009). Genetic knock-out of Arg in mice leads to synapse, dendritic spine, and dendrite arbor loss accompanied by behavioral deficits (Moresco et al., 2005; Sfakianos et al., 2007). To elucidate the cell-autonomous mechanisms by which Arg regulates neuronal stability, we knocked down Arg in mouse hippocampal neuronal cultures. We find that Arg knockdown significantly destabilizes dendrite arbors and reduces dendritic spine density by compromising dendritic spine stability. Inhibiting RhoA prevents dendrite arbor loss following Arg knockdown in neurons, but does not block spine loss. Interestingly, Arg-deficient neurons exhibit increased miniature EPSC amplitudes, and their remaining spines exhibit larger heads deficient in the actin stabilizing protein cortactin. Spine destabilization in Arg knockdown neurons is prevented by blocking NMDA receptor-dependent relocalization of cortactin from spines, or by forcing cortactin into spines via fusion to an actin-binding region of Arg. Thus, Arg employs distinct mechanisms to selectively regulate spine and dendrite stability: Arg dampens activity-dependent disruption of cortactin localization to stabilize spines and attenuates Rho activity to stabilize dendrite arbors.
MAKISTERONE A: A 28-CARBON INSECT ECDYSTEROID

Publisher Summary Makisterone A, 2β,3β,14α,20R,22R,25-hexahydroxy-5β-24-methylcholest-7-en-6-one, is a 28-carbon ecdysteroids that differs from all C27 moulting hormones, like ecdysone and 20-hydroxy-ecdysone, by having a methyl group at the C-24 position. Makisterone A was first isolated and characterized from the leaves of Podocarpus macrophyllus, a plant containing C27, C28, and C29 phytoecdysteroids. This chapter reviews the occurrence, distribution, and biological activity of makisterone A in insects and other arthropods. Makisterone A is the major pupal ecdysteroid at the time of peak ecdysteroid titer in honey bee. Neutral sterols are involved in the biosynthesis of makisterone A. Phytophagous bugs, whose diets contain 28- and 29-carbon sterols and cannot convert these sterols to cholesterol, apparently utilize makisterone A as their moulting hormone. Phytophagous species contain primarily 28-carbon sterols, whereas omnivorous species contain predominantly cholesterol. The chapter illustrates the structures of 20-hydroxyecdysone, makisterone A, and selected neutral sterols.
High Mobility IGZO/ITO Double-layered Transparent Composite Electrode: A Thermal Stability Study

The fabrication of a thin film optoelectronic device involves the exposure of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) to a high process temperature. Indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO4 or IGZO) is a well known TCO with high optical transparency, moderate conductivity and high mobility. However, its electrical properties deteriorate after subsequent high temperature processes in air atmosphere. On the other hand indium tin oxide (ITO) has higher conductivity than IGZO and better thermal stability. Therefore, IGZO/ITO bilayers have been deposited on glass by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature and subsequently annealed at high temperatures in order to study their thermal stability. In the present work, a-IGZO layers with a thickness ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm were deposited over a 50 nm thick ITO layer. Results are compared with those from a single IGZO layered thin film without the ITO bottom layer. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the multilayers are studied with the use of scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy and Hall measurement. An IGZO optimal thickness of 50 nm is found to improve the bilayer thermal stability at temperatures upto 400 °C keeping good opto-electrical properties. The sheet resistance for the optimized IGZO/ITO composite films is about 22 Ohm/sq, and the transmittance in the visible range is about 90%. The composite shows an excellent mobility above 40 cm2 /V-s and thus can be potentially applied as channel layer in thin film transistors (TFTs)
Expanding the notion of entrepreneurship capital in American counties: A panel data analysis of 2002-2007.

Entrepreneurship capital refers to the factors of a region that drives new businesses (Audretsch and Keilbach, 2004). This study considers industry growth and performance in manufacturing, retail and service as components of entrepreneurship capital to drive the long-term growth of new establishments. Using a panel data of 2,940 counties from 2002–2007, our results support the notion that the overall new venture activity is benefited by the industry growth and performance. Future research directions and practical implications are also discussed.
The calculation and analysis of the adiabatic temperature of solid combustion reactions

Abstract The adiabatic temperature (Tad) presents a key parameter for the understanding of Solid Combustion Synthesis (SCS) reactions. Based on a generalized treatment of the underlying formalism, a microcomputer program for the calculation and analysis of adiabatic temperatures of SCS reactions is introduced, and representative types of SCS reactions are discussed. Examples include reactions with liquid formation and liquid-solid phase equilibria as well as complex combustion systems with additional inert diluents. The program ADIBAT is fully menu driven and provides graphic presentation of the the reaction temperature vs. the heat of reaction, phase equilibria information, and graphic presentation of the Tad vs. the diluent concentration.
Synthetic corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates secretion of immunoreactive β-endorphin/β-lipotropin and ACTH by human fetal pituitaries in vitro

Abstract Synthetic ovine CRF, in an amount approximating that found in pituitary portal plasma of the rat, induced a significant increase in the secretion of both ACTH and immunoreactive β-endorphin/β-LPH (iβ-END/LPH) by human fetal hemipituitaries in an in vitro superfusion system. This finding suggests that a molecule similar to synthetic ovine CRF may be a physiologic hypothalamic releasing factor in man.
Movement-induced modulation of orientation-specific color aftereffects

The intensity of the McCollough effect is modified when, following exposure to the inducing chromatic stimuli, the achromatic test gratings are seen oscillating orthogonally to their orientations. Green aftereffect seen on stationary test gratings is enhanced by oscillations, while pink aftereffect present on the stationary gratings fades upon oscillation of the test stimulus. These opponent changes are tentatively accounted for in terms of an interaction between Fechner-Benham type induced color and processes that mediate the orientation-specific chromatic aftereffects.
Implementing relational views of programs

Configurations, versions, call graphs, and slices are all examples of views, or cross-sections, of programs. To provide a powerful mechanism for defining, retrieving, and updating these views, the OMEGA programming system uses a relational database system to manage all program information.We have built a prototype implementation of the OMEGA-database system interface. This implementation includes the design of a relational schema for a Pascal-like language, a program for taking software stored as text and translating it into the database representation, and a simple, pointing-oriented user interface. Initial performance measurements indicate that response is too slow in our current environment, but that advances in database software technology and hardware should make response fast enough in the near future.
Thinking in Words: Language as an Embodied Medium of Thought

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the idea that natural language enhances and extends our cognitive capabilities. Supporters of embodied cognition have been particularly interested in the way in which language may provide a solution to the problem of abstract concepts. Toward this end, some have emphasized the way in which language may act as form of cognitive scaffolding and others have emphasized the potential importance of language-based distributional information. This essay defends a version of the cognitive enhancement thesis that integrates and builds on both of these proposals. I argue that the embodied representations associated with language processing serve as a supplementary medium for conceptual processing. The acquisition of a natural language provides a means of extending our cognitive reach by giving us access to an internalized combinatorial symbol system that augments and supports the context-sensitive embodied representational systems that exist independently of language.
Occupational Sex-Typing and Internal Labor Market Distributions: An Assessment of Medical Specialties

While several studies have detailed the distribution of women in the labor force, these studies have generally been concerned with external rather than internal employment markets. The present study analyzes the occupation of physician internally with regard to the distribution of males and females among the various medical specialties. Data from a questionnaire presented to male and female physicians at various stages in their medical careers are analyzed to determine whether the medical specialties are viewed in stereotypical terms. Interview material from the subjects is then used to determine how these images are translated into actual contingencies which affect the distribution of individuals in the labor force. It is concluded that the future labor market may show drastic external changes but may remain internally segregated.
Understanding social motor coordination

Recently there has been much interest in social coordination of motor movements, or as it is referred to by some researchers, joint action. This paper reviews the cognitive perspective's common coding/mirror neuron theory of joint action, describes some of its limitations and then presents the behavioral dynamics perspective as an alternative way of understanding social motor coordination. In particular, behavioral dynamics' ability to explain the temporal coordination of interacting individuals is detailed. Two experiments are then described that demonstrate how dynamical processes of synchronization are apparent in the coordination underlying everyday joint actions such as martial art exercises, hand-clapping games, and conversations. The import of this evidence is that emergent dynamic patterns such as synchronization are the behavioral order that any neural substrate supporting joint action (e.g., mirror systems) would have to sustain.
Rheological Behavior of Undeveloped and Developed Wheat Dough

ABSTRACT Undeveloped wheat dough is essentially wheat flour that has become fully hydrated without being deformed. The rheological properties of this material were compared to dough (developed dough) made using the standard method involving a farinograph. Flow behavior of undeveloped and developed dough samples made from hard and soft wheat flours were tested using creep tests, frequency sweep oscillatory tests, and temperature sweep oscillatory tests. All experiments showed that the undeveloped dough requires less resistance for deformation than developed dough. The differences are due to the energy input received by the developed dough and the influence of this factor in forming the protein matrix associated with developed dough. To attain a comparable state as the dough made in the farinograph, an energy input must be applied to the undeveloped dough material. Understanding the differences between undeveloped and developed dough may lead to new products, equipment, and processes in the bakery industry.
The turnover of isotopically labelled dna in vivo in developing, adult and scrapie-affected mouse brain.

— Tracer experiments using [3H]thymidine have shown that a large proportion of the DNA synthesized in control and scrapie-affected mouse brain is metabolically unstable. Although the turnover of mitochondrial DNA contributed to the loss of radioactivity from whole brain, it has been shown that 70 per cent of the labelled nuclear DNA was removed between 1 and 21 days after injecting the isotopic precursor. Observations on developing mouse brain, where the rate of DNA synthesis is far higher than that in adult brain, also revealed the existence of metabolically unstable DNA. Similar studies on developing and adult brain using [14C]thymidine indicated that most of the radioactivity lost in vivo was not due to radiation damage to newly labelled DNA molecules. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of heat denatured and renatured DNA from adult brain showed that the rates of turnover of the poorly, moderately and highly reiterated species of nuclear DNA were similar. The results of some dissection experiments have further shown that the observed breakdown of DNA in adult brain was not specifically associated with the turnover of subependymal cells. It is suggested that a metabolically labile fraction of nuclear DNA is present in developing and adult mouse brain and that the amount of tracer incorporated into this fraction is increased in mice infected with scrapie.
An intelligent onboard signal processing payload concept

Our approach to onboard processing will enable a quicker return and improved quality of processed data from small, remote-sensing satellites. We describe an intelligent payload concept which processes RF lightning signal data onboard the spacecraft in a power-aware manner. Presently, onboard processing is severely curtailed due to the conventional management of limited resources and power-unaware payload designs. Delays of days to weeks are commonly experienced before raw data is received, processed into a human-usable format, and finally transmitted to the end-user. We enable this resource-critical technology of onboard processing through the concept of Algorithm Power Modulation (APM). APM is a decision process used to execute a specific software algorithm, from a suite of possible algorithms, to make the best use of the available power. The suite of software algorithms chosen for our application is intended to reduce the probability of false alarms through postprocessing. Each algorithm however also has a cost in energy usage. A heuristic decision tree procedure is used which selects an algorithm based on the available power, time allocated, algorithm priority, and algorithm performance. We demonstrate our approach to power-aware onboard processing through a preliminary software simulation.
Water Quality Modeling in the Upper Reaches of the Chowan River

: The Chowan River system consists of three rivers in southeast Virginia that form two confluences before flowing into Albermarle Sound in North Carolina. A computer program was written to simulate flows through the river system to determine flow rates, velocities, and depths. The output of the flow program was input into a second program that calculated the concentrations of BOD5, COD, DO, and four nitrogen parameters (organic, ammonia, nitrite-nitrate and algal-N). Measured field data were used to calibrate the model. The effect of reducing the concentration of nutrients from overland runoff on algal concentrations at the mouth of the river was studied. The program was also run to simulate the water quality of the watershed in a primitive condition, in which the watershed was assumed to consist only of forests. The results of the computer program indicate that the major changes in the water quality of the river are simulated satisfactorily. The program can be used to assess the impact of any management scheme to improve water quality.
Integral equation formulation for buoyancy-driven convection problems

An integral equation formulation for buoyancy-driven convection problems is developed and illustrated. Buoyancy-driven convection in a bounded cylindrical geometry with a free surface is studied for a range of aspect ratios and Nusselt numbers. The critical Rayleigh number, the nature of the cellular motion, and the heat transfer enhancement are computed using linear theory. Green's functions are used to convert the linear problem into linear Fredholm integral equations. Theorems are proved which establish the properties of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linear integral operator which appears in these equations.
The role of post-operative radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors of the parotid gland

Twenty-nine patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy for malignant tumors of the parotid gland were reviewed at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Most patients were treated between 5,000 and 6,500 rad. All were treated because of microscopic residual disease, extra capsular extension, or tumor close to the facial nerve. The overall results showed one in-field failure, two marginal recurrences, and eight patients failed distantly. Poor prognostic factors included high-grade, extracapsular extension, and nodal involvement. We conclude that patients with malignant tumors of the parotid should be treated with postoperative radiation therapy if any of the bad prognostic signs are present. This may enable the surgeon to spare the facial nerve and obtain local control results equal to or better than more radical surgical procedures.
Fabrication of microchannel using planar photolithography

We have developed a new method for fabrication of microchannels and microcavities using only planar lithography processes. In this approach, microchannels are formed by spin-coating resist, exposure and development. Since only photoresist is used as the material and only standard lithography processes are employed in fabrication, this method is completely compatible with electronics that may have been fabricated on the same substrate. For single level microchannels, the resist is first exposed with the sidewall patterns of the channels. This is followed by another exposure with enhanced absorption to seal the channel. Enhanced absorption is achieved by mismatching the resist and the exposure wavelength. The latent channel structure is finally revealed by development. This approach can be further extended to fabricate complex multi-level microchannel system by repeating the basic approach. In this work, we fabricated single level channel up to 1.2mm long with 4μm by 2μm cross-section and demonstrated its utility by flowing water through it. We also fabricated multi-level microchannel system with unique 3D structure using the extended approach.