cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability Demonstration of Reflow Qualified 22nm STT -MRAM for Embedded Memory Applications

In this paper, we thoroughly demonstrate the reliability of reflow qualified embedded S TT - MRAM integrated on 22nm technology. We show that STT-MRAM is capable of 1E5 endurance cycles across temperature (-40, 25 and 125°C) with extremely low fail bit rates (mean 0.04 ppm for −40°C) and can pass 1M cycle endurance using an enhanced process. Bit error rates (BERs) post three cycles of solder reflow at 260°C are below 1 ppm for both parallel (P) and anti-parallel (AP) storage states. Due to the associated high energy barrier for flipping states, chips can meet a very high retention lifetime spec (>200°C at 10yrs, BER 1 ppm) with a large margin. The balance of retention performance between the two states can be adjusted in an optimized process. In addition, we investigate the impact of magnetic field applied at tilted angles and report standby magnetic field immunity can reach 600 Oe at 125°C for 10 years for fields tilted 60 degrees from parallel to the die surface. Magnetic shields are demonstrated to sustain data exposed to perpendicular fields up to 3.5k Oe at 25°C for 100 hours.
Development and Assessment of a Prenatal Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Educational Survey: Implementation and Impact in a Metropolitan University-Based Clinic

Purpose Congenital CMV infection can result in serious sequelae in the newborn. The goal of this study was to assess pregnant women's knowledge and understanding of CMV infection during pregnancy and develop an educational tool about CMV infection to be utilized during prenatal care. Materials and methods This is a prospective intervention study that assessed pregnant women's knowledge before and after receiving an educational handout about CMV infection in pregnancy and the perceived value of this education. Pre- and post-education questionnaires were utilized to assess knowledge. The pre-education questionnaire and CMV educational handout were given at the same clinic visit. The educational handout was given after the pre-education questionnaire had been completed. The post-education questionnaire was given at the next scheduled prenatal clinic appointment and included questions regarding the level of satisfaction with the education and the perceived value of the information. Pregnant women less than 34 weeks of gestation were eligible. Results A total of 263 women were enrolled, 263 completed the pre-CMV educational questionnaire and 215 women completed both questionnaires. Some women only partially completed the questionnaires and those partial responses have been included. Prior to education, 33% (85/261) of participants had heard of CMV. This increased to 75% (160/214) after education. Participants scored each of the recommended hygiene practices between 1 and 5 (5 is the most acceptable) and each recommended hygiene practice received an average score between 3.8 and 5. 74% (134/180) of participants reported increasing their hygienic practices after education. 96% (180/188) of participants indicated they were satisifed to have received the education. 98% (187/190) thought more women should receive this education during prenatal care. Conclusion Pregnant women viewed education about CMV favorably and increased the frequency of recommended hygiene practices. Introducing an educational handout to routine prenatal care may be beneficial in increasing awareness of CMV infection in pregnancy.
Arm location of Lophopyrum elongatum genes affecting K+/Na+ selectivity under salt stress

Accumulation of potassium ions (K+) in expanding or most recently expanded leaves and exclusion of sodium ions (Na+) from them (K+/Na+ selectivity) have been shown to be associated with salt stress tolerance in wheat and Lophopyrum elongatum, a highly salt stress tolerant relative of wheat. This physiological trait is expressed in an amphiploid from the cross of wheat (cv. Chinese Spring) × L. elongatum and the chromosomes controlling it have been identified in field studies employing Chinese Spring disomic substitution lines with individual L. elongatum chromosomes. In this paper the arm location of these genes was investigated by assessing K+/Na+ selectivity in lines harboring individual chromosomes and chromosome arms of L. elongatum. Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome arms 1ES, 7ES, and 7EL, were shown to enhance K+/Na+ selectivity in wheat.
Detection of Human Inborn Errors of Metabolism by Examination of Urinary Metabolites

An increasing number of recessively inherited human diseases are being explained in terms of a missing or defective enzyme. The resulting aberration of metabolism is reflected, in many cases, in an altered composition of metabolites in the urine and other body fluids. Progress in this field is dependent on making the initial association between a familial disease and an aberration of body chemistry. The development of comprehensive analytic systems for the detection of abnormal quantities or kinds of metabolites in biologic fluids obtained from patients with inherited diseases should greatly facilitate this process. Biochemical characterization, at an enzyme level, then becomes possible and is essential for improved diagnosis and rational approaches to treatment of the disease.
Silver Bullets and Quick Fixes

Abstract Important lessons in policy implementation are available to welfare reformers who closely examine the case of the child welfare sys tem. Similarities exist between the Personal Responsibility and Work Op portunity Act of 1996 and the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980. While substantively the two pieces are very different, current wel fare reform efforts are likely to repeat mistakes made by those implement ing child welfare system reforms in the 1980s and 1990s. Four factors threaten the success of reforms: The vagueness of language; the search for one single solution for all families; insistence on defining the complexity of family problems in extremely narrow terms; and the excessive bureaucrati- zation of service delivery. Policymakers are cautioned to look toward re cent innovations in child welfare for guidance instead of inadvertently repeating missteps.
Space-time-multipath coding using digital phase sweeping

We propose novel space-time multipath (STM) coded multi-antenna transmissions over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. We develop STM coded systems that guarantee the maximum possible space-multipath diversity without rate loss for any number of transmit-antennae, and with large coding gains within the class of linearly coded systems. By incorporating subchannel grouping, we also enable desirable tradeoffs between performance and complexity. The merits of our design are confirmed by corroborating simulations, and comparisons with existing approaches.
Crystallization of membrane proteins in Cubo

Abstract Our understaning of lipidic cubic phases for the crystallization of membrane proteins has advanced greatly since the inception of the concept in 1996, and the method is becoming well accepted. Several protocols that allow the efficient screening of crystallization conditions and handling of crystals are presented. State-of-the art micro techniques allow a large number of crystallization conditions to be tested using very small amounts of protein, and diffraction quality crystals can be grown in larger volumes in glass vials. In cubo crystallization conditions differ from those employed for detergent-solubilized proteins. Variations comprise the type of lipid matrix, detergent, protein, salt, temperature, hydration, pH, and pressure. Commercially available screening kits may be applied in order to define lead conditions. Once obtained, crystals may be removed from the surrounding cubic phase mechanically, by enzymatic hydrolysis, or by detergent solubilization. We anticipate this set of protocols to be applied successfully to larger, less stable, and noncolored membrane proteins in order to obtain well-diffracting crystals of membrane proteins that have so far evaded crystallization in the detergent-solubilized state.
Estimation of Salt and Fresh Water Transports in the Bay of Bengal

Abstract : The importance of Indian Ocean circulation dynamics to regional and global weather is increasingly recognized due to improved ocean observations in the last few decades. Observational and modeling efforts are directed towards understanding the impact of intraseasonal variability and interannual variability on monsoon variability. A key component to better understanding these interactions is understanding salt transport within a dynamic freshwater flux environment. Freshwater influx leads to intense salinity stratification in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and helps to maintain a warmer surface temperature. The specific objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to estimate the inter-basin exchange of salt in the tropical Indian Ocean and to delineate pathways of high/low salinity water masses, and (2) to study the role of salinity on barrier layer dynamics in the Bay of Bengal. We used the global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) with a horizontal resolution of 1/12 degrees and 32 hybrid layers in the vertical. The hybrid coordinate system is isopycnal in the open, stratified ocean, but smoothly reverts to a terrain-following coordinate in shallow coastal regions, and to a pressure coordinate in the mixed layer and/or unstratified seas. This is an advantage because no single coordinate system is optimal everywhere. A fine resolution global model is needed for this work because of the global nature of the problem we plan to study, and because recent research has shown the importance of high horizontal resolution for the accurate representation of many key features of the Indian Ocean, features which can and do impact ocean salinity. The model is configured on a Mercator grid from 78 degrees S to 47 degrees N, with a bipolar grid used north of 47 degrees N. Daily global HYCOM simulations were used to estimate salt and fresh water transports in the Indian Ocean.
Reporting From the Snooping Trenches: Changes in Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Behavior Tracking in Digital Games

There is an undeniable growing trend among players towards unconditional acceptance of behavior tracking in digital gamesThis trend has muted one of the two interlocutors necessary for a transcendent Hegelian dialectic that finds a viable synthesis between a corporate thesis that attempts to gather more and more data aimed at maximizing profit, and an antithesis that seeks individual players’ interests and resists privacy-infringing practices.Both as researchers and as professionals utilizing behavioral tracking, we believe it is essential to establish a dialectic relation with the users that we monitor and collaborate with. An ethical synthesis can be found only through a negotiation of interests and methods between polarized corporate and personal desires.
Apathy: Who Cares? A Concept Analysis

Apathy has been identified as an independent clinical syndrome. As prevalent and problematic as it is in the field of neuropsychiatry, there is no fully accepted definition of apathy. In this study, a concept analysis utilizing Rodgers' evolutionary approach was performed. CINAHL Plus with Full Text was searched, and altogether 36 publications were identified for the concept analysis. Our study shows that psychometric scales may have resulted in an inappropriate diagnosis of depression instead of apathy. As a whole, the literature showed that apathy was defined in comparison to depression as well as altered motivation, emotionality, activity, interest, and initiative. We discuss the advances in the development of apathy as an evolutionary concept. Consistent with Rodgers' evolutionary method, these findings are not an endpoint.
Agricultural Policy Reform and Its Impact on Farm Households Income Inequality

In the United States the 1996 agricultural policy reform ushered in market-oriented farm policies and also gave farmers a seven-year lump-sum payment that was not tied to production. Some scholars argue that farm program payments have changed the distribution of income among farm households. Our study uses a national farmlevel survey for 1996-2001 to investigate a) the distribution of income among farm households, b) the sources that contribute to income inequality, and c) the role of farm program payments in equalizing income. Results show a high but declining income inequality between 1996 and 2001. Among the income components that contributed the most to income inequality was an income component labeled Income from farming and all other sources. Findings further show that marginal increases in both off-farm labor income and farm program payments reduce income inequality. The impact of various income components on overall reduction in income inequality therefore depends on a household’s participation in off-farm work and government farm programs.
Multilayer interference filters for the far-infrared and submillimeter regions

The theoretical and experimental aspects of an alternative approach to the construction of interference filters for wavelengths greater than 80 microm are described. The filters consist of a number of thin plastic sheets with films of a high refractive index deposited onto one or both sides of each sheet. These are then heat bonded to form a self-supporting optical multilayer filter. Experimental results are presented for a number of filters produced in this way. Reflectances of the order of 90% have been measured for wavelengths as high as ~200 microm. By successive reflections from two or more such multilayers it is possible to produce efficient, narrow-bandpass filters with blocking over extended spectral regions. The possibility of the construction of other devices, including even narrower bandpass filters and wideband beam splitters, is also discussed.
Variations in the hypotarsus morphology of birds and their evolutionary significance

Crown group (neornithine birds) exhibit a great variation in the morphology of the hypotarsus, a structure on the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, which guides the tendons of the flexor muscles of the toes. Hypotarsus morphology is of significance for the identification of fossil taxa, and several extant groups show characteristic patterns that are of phylogenetic interest. So far, however, the diversity of hypotarsus morphologies has been little studied, and there are no comprehensive studies across all neornithine birds. In particular, the identities of the involved canals and sulci remain elusive, and some confusion exists about their correct homologies. In this study, hypotarsus morphologies are for the first time surveyed among all extant birds, and basic patterns are characterized. Instances are identified, in which particular hypotarsus morphologies are correlated with certain locomotion types, inferences are made about possible ancestral morphologies, and some patterns of phylogenetic interest are discussed.
The Breeding Period of Echinus miliaris

THE breeding period of the sea-urchin, Echinus miliaris, is very interesting from many points of view; and especially as this animal readily yields ripe eggs and sperm with which to carry out artificial fertilisation in inland laboratories for the observation of fertilisation, segmentation and gastrulation stages in the living state. The records made at this laboratory down to 1919 showed that E. miliaris has been found to breed from about February-March to August. In 1920 I arrived at the conclusion that certain marine animals, such as the oyster, breed continuously so long as the sea-temperature remains above a definite temperature, providing the general biological conditions are otherwise normal. On this view, and if the type of breeding in E. miliaris were the same as that of the oyster, the breeding period of this sea-urchin should be found to extend to about November-December, on the average.
Clinical prediction in group psychotherapy

Prior research in individual therapy has provided evidence that therapists are poor predictors of client outcome and often misjudge clients' perceptions of the therapeutic relationship. The focus of the current research was to conduct a similar predictive study in a group setting. Group therapists were recruited from a university counseling center and a state psychiatric hospital; 64 group members and 10 group leaders participated in the study. We tested therapist accuracy in predicting client outcome and perceived quality of therapeutic relationship. Results suggested that therapists underestimate the number of clients who deteriorate during therapy and were unable to accurately predict client perceptions of the group relationship, replicating findings from larger samples in the individual literature. Results suggest that using outcome and process measures as feedback tools may be also useful for clinicians leading groups.
A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis, United States

This study developed an analytical procedure based upon a spectral unmixing model for characterizing and quantifying urban landscape changes in Indianapolis, Indiana, the United States, and for examining the environmental impact of such changes on land surface temperatures (LST). Three dates of Landsat TM/ETM+ images, acquired in 1991, 1995, and 2000, respectively, were utilized to document the historical morphological changes in impervious surface and vegetation coverage and to analyze the relationship between these changes and those occurred in LST. Three fraction endmembers, i.e., impervious surface, green vegetation, and shade, were derived with an unconstrained least-squares solution. A hybrid classification procedure, which combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms, was developed to classify the fraction images into land use and land cover classes. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the changing relationships of LST with impervious surface and vegetation coverage. Results indicate that multi-temporal fraction images were effective for quantifying the dynamics of urban morphology and for deriving a reliable measurement of environmental variables such as vegetation abundance and impervious surface coverage. Urbanization created an evolved inverse relationship between impervious and vegetation coverage, and brought about new LST patterns because of LST's correlations with both impervious and vegetation coverage. Further researches should be directed to refine spectral mixture modeling by stratification, and by the use of multiple endmembers and hyperspectral imagery.
Characterization and modeling of defects generated in pseudoelastically deformed NiTi microcrystals

[1 1 0]-Oriented micropillars of 50.7 at.% NiTi were compressed to stress-induce a single martensite plate. Scanning transmission electron microscopy identified two distinct slip systems in the prior transformation zone with dislocation loops of alternating Burgers vectors and a doubly periodic dislocation substructure. Micromechanics-based modeling predicts these systems to be dominant for a specific martensite plate type and correlates these observations with the alternating stress state near twinned martensite plates. This combined experiment–modeling approach provides new mechanistic insight into defect generation during pseudoelastic cycling.
Time-resolved observation of ballistic acceleration of electrons in GaAs quantum wells

The authors have studied high-field parallel transport of photoinjected carriers in GaAs quantum wells using femtosecond optical spectroscopy. They have directly observed the transient nonequilibrium distribution functions that occur during the field-induced acceleration of the electrons. At a high field (16 kV cm-1), a nonthermal high-energy tail in the distribution function is apparent during the first 150 fs, which is due to electrons ballistically accelerated from the band edge. At later times, the authors observe the relaxation of the applied electric field due both to radiation from the accelerating carriers and from the build-up of space charge as the electron and hole gases separate.
Modeling radiative transfer and photosynthesis in three-dimensional vegetation canopies

Abstract A methodology for simulating the three-dimensional radiation regime in laterally heterogeneous vegetation canopies is presented. The method is based on the radiative transfer equation which is a formal statement of radiative energy balance in the configuration space. The transfer equation can be parameterized with models of the leaf area density function, the probability density of leaf normal orientation and the leaf scattering phase function. The transfer equation is numerically solved by the discrete ordinates method — by discretizing the angular variable into a finite number of directions and by introducing finite difference schemes for the spatial derivatives. The method was validated with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) collected in a poplar stand. A formalism for coupling the predictions of the radiation model with the leaf photosynthetic response function is also presented. The utility of the coupled radiation/photosynthesis model is shown through an investigation of the optimal tree density problem for a given set of canopy architecture data.
Escape conditioning followed by extinction with and without the aversive training stimulus

Abstract Rats received 2 hr of operant wheel-turning training to escape either a weak shock or a loud white noise, followed by 1 hr of extinction with either ( a ) continuous shock (or noise) or ( b ) no stimulus. Significantly more extinction responses occurred with the aversive stimulus present than with it absent. Control S s “trained” with noncontingent stimulus changes showed no such effect in “extinction.” Shock-trained and noise-trained S s did not differ significantly in acquisition or extinction. The results parallel those of studies in which deprived S s are trained with appetitive reinforcement, then extinguished with or without deprivation and without reinforcement.
Carbon nanostructure–aSi:H photovoltaic cells with high open-circuit voltage fabricated without dopants

Recently discovered production techniques allow the synthesis of carbon nanostructured films with large surface areas. The abundance of carbon and the unique properties of these nanostructures, including high transparency and excellent electrical conductivity, make these materials very interesting for photovoltaic applications, in particular in combination with amorphous silicon. We examine the properties of thin carbon nanotube films (buckypaper) and graphene in junctions with undoped amorphous silicon thin films. The observed open-circuit voltages, 390 mV for the carbon nanotube film and 150 mV for graphene, suggest that solar cells with high efficiency can be produced without expensive processing steps like doping, multilayer film deposition in high vacuum, or transparent conducting oxide deposition. The buckypaper cells are stable in ambient conditions for many weeks, at least.
Controversies about HRT--lessons from monkey models

Lessons from monkey models contribute significantly to a better understanding of the controversies in reconciling the differences in postmenopausal hormone treatment outcomes between observational and randomized trial data. Monkey studies brought attention to premenopausal estrogen deficiency with resulting premature coronary artery atherosclerosis. Recently, those monkey studies were confirmed for premenopausal women in the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. Monkey studies have provided convincing evidence for the primary prevention of coronary artery atherosclerosis when estrogens are administered soon after the development of estrogen deficiency. Equally convincing are the data from monkey studies indicating the total loss of these estrogens beneficial effects if treatment is delayed for a period equal to six postmenopausal years for women. An attempt has been made using the monkey model to identify the hormone treatment regimen most effective in preventing the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. By a substantial margin, the most effective approach is that of using estrogen containing oral contraceptive during the perimenopausal transition, followed directly by hormone replacement therapy postmenopausally. Because of similarities between human and nonhuman breast, monkeys have had a major role in clarifying controversies surrounding the breast cancer risk of estrogen only versus estrogen plus progestin therapies. The results of monkey studies suggest little or no effects of estrogen only treatment; whereas, estrogen+progestin clearly increases breast cancer risk.
Methods Used to Evaluate the Hawkmoth (Manduca Sexta) as a Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle

Examining a biological flapping-flight mechanism as a mechanical system provides valuable insight related to the development and construction of Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles (FWMAVs). Insects provide excellent candidates for this reverse-engineering, and one species in particular, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, stands out as an exceptional model. Engineers with FWMAV aspirations can benefit greatly from knowledge of M.sexta's advanced yet deceptively simple flight mechanism. Avenues for investigating this mechanism include finite element modeling, nanoindentation for material properties, and mechanical power output calculations or measurement. This paper presents these concepts and reviews existing literature to provide a platform for ongoing FWMAV research and design.
The Judicial Treatment of Noneconomic Compensatory Damages in the 19th Century

Do high verdicts for tort cases containing noneconomic damages have historical precedent? We present the results of our empirical inquiry into the treatment of noneconomic compensatory damages by the courts from 1800–1900. Using 1,175 tort cases from this era, we show that, notwithstanding constant reiteration of jury discretion over damages, courts tightly controlled awards. In fact, no case prior to 1900 permitted a noneconomic compensatory damages award exceeding $450,000 in current dollars. Logistic regression results reveal that an increase in total monetary damages is positively and significantly related to the probability of reversal when noneconomic damages were claimed, and that comparability review decreases the probability of reversal.
Mesoscale polycrystal calculations of damage in spallation in metals

The goal of this project is to produce a damage model forspallation in metals informed by the polycrystalline grain structure at themesoscale. Earlier damage mod- els addressed the continuum macroscale in whichthese effects were averaged out. In this work we focus on cross sectionsfrom recovered samples examined with EBSD (elec- tron backscattereddiffraction), which reveal crystal grain orientations and voids. We seek tounderstand the loading histories of specific sample regions by meshing upthe crystal grain structure of these regions and simulating the stress,strain, and damage histories in our hydrocode, FLAG. The stresses and strainhistories are the fundamental drivers of damage and must be calculated. Thecalculated final damage structures are compared with those from therecovered samples to validate the simulations.
Investigation of segmented bleed modeling in supersonic turbulent boundary layer

Computational analysis of bleed in supersonic flow was conducted for bleed through normal and slanted-hole rows using the WIND-US Navier-Stokes solver. The results are compared for two sets of simulations. In the first, the three dimensional flow was resolved throughout a solution domain that extends inside the bleed holes and include the plenum in addition to the external supersonic flow. In the second, the empirical porous bleed model available in WIND-US was applied in a segmented fashion over the bleed hole opening area in the bleed surface. Results are presented for computed three-dimensional flow field within the holes and downstream of the bleed zone for 90 0 and 20 0 bleed-hole rows. The effect of bleed on the external flow is demonstrated in the distorted static pressure and axial velocity contours, and in the secondary velocities (normal to free-stream) contours at different axial locations downstream of the bleed zone. The superimposed secondary streamlines on the secondary velocity contours indicate the formation of two pairs of counterrotating vortices behind each bleed hole. The differences between the fully resolved and segmented bleed modeling results for the secondary velocity magnitude and vortex location were large in the case of normal bleed but small in the case of slanted bleed. The predicted three-dimensional flow fields were different for normal and slanted bleed both within the holes and downstream of the bleed zone. Higher secondary flow velocities were predicted in the case of slanted bleed along with higher Qsonic. The computed sonic flow coefficients Qsonic for two free-stream Reynolds numbers at choked flow conditions are compared to available experimental data for six rows of staggered bleed holes. The segmented bleed modeling under-predicted the sonic flow coefficient, Qsonic, in the case of normal bleed, but over-predicted it in the case of slanted bleed.
Three-band model of high-T c superconductivity

We reduce the three-band model of planar ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ to a single-band of composite fermions. We obtain hopping parameters ${t}_{\mathrm{eff}}{(R}_{\mathrm{ij}}),$ repulsive potentials ${U}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and ${V(R}_{\mathrm{ij}}),$ and the superexchange interactions ${J(R}_{\mathrm{ij}})$ necessary for both antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. The ratios of these quantities are determined by a unique parameter $x\ensuremath{\approx}{3.9t}_{\mathrm{pd}}{/U}_{\mathrm{dd}}.$ Pairing symmetry crosses over from ``extended s'' to ``d'' as function of carrier concentration. We show why only the latter survives near the antiferromagnetic point.
A Simplified Algorithm for Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Lesions

Neuroimaging is indispensable for evaluation of Myelopathy not only for localization but also for etiologic determination. MRI is the preferred examination for further characterization of the majority of these conditions. These include traumatic, inflammatory, infections, compressive and neoplastic conditions. This article provides an overview of a variety of pathologies that afflict the spinal cord in an easy to understand format. Their respective imaging manifestations on MRI and differential diagnoses are focused in this review. Early diagnosis and treatment of Myelopathy is critical in preventing or arresting neurological morbidity.
Effect of herbicide antidotes on glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity of sorghum shoots

Abstract The effects of the herbicide antidotes CGA-92194 (α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-imino]benzeneacetonitrile), flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate], dichlormid (2,2-dichloro- N,N -di-2-propenylacetamide), and naphthalic anhydride (1 H ,3 H -naphtho(1,8- cd )-pyran-1,3-dione) on nonprotein thiol content, glutathione content, and glutathione S -transferase (GST) activity in etiolated sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench) shoots were examined. CGA-92194 and naphthalic anhydride had no effect on nonprotein thiol or reduced glutathione (GSH) content of sorghum shoots. In contrast, dichlormid and flurazole increased nonprotein thiol content of sorghum shoots by 24 and 48%, respectively. These increases were largely attributable to an increase in GSH. The antidotes increased GST activity less than twofold when using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) as a substrate. In contrast, when using metolachlor [2-chloro- N -(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)- N -(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] as a substrate, the increase in GST activity in response to antidote treatment was much greater: flurazole (30-fold), CGA-92194 (20-fold), naphthalic anhydride (17-fold), dichlormid (5-fold). The degree of protection from metolachlor injury conferred by a particular antidote was strongly correlated ( R 2 = 0.95) with its ability to enhance GST activity, as evaluated with metolachlor as substrate. A comparison of GST activity in untreated and CGA-92194-treated seedlings, over a range of metolachlor concentrations (0.5–500 μ M ), indicated that the relative enhancement of enzyme activity by CGA-92194 was greater at lower metolachlor concentrations. The rate of nonenzymatic conjugation of metolachlor and GSH in vitro was much less (on a gram fresh weight equivalent basis) than the enzymatic rate. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the above antidotes protect sorghum by enhancing GST activity which results in accelerated detoxification of metolachlor via GSH conjugation.
The Physical Environment as a Determinant of the Health Status of Older Populations

Although the physical environment as a co-determinant of health could be approached in many ways, we chose to focus on an understudied area: how the immediate living environment can act as a persuasive force affecting physical activity level in older people, with physical activity in turn affecting health status. To explore this topic, the methods and findings of a literature search are described, the theoretical underpinnings of our thesis are presented, and an example is given of how a planned environment, which upon first glance seems supportive, may have unexpected and negative consequences on the activity level, and ultimately the health status, of the residents. Theory related to changes with aging in homeostatic capacity and reserve capacity of organ systems as well as Lawton's environmental press-competence model are applied to environmental characteristics (e.g., staircases) of continuing care retirement communities. We argue that physically challenging aspects of the environment, such as stairs, should be included in the design of living spaces for the elderly with the goal of encouraging greater daily physical activity and improved health status.
New syntheses of methoxypoly(oxyethylene) vinyl ether and its oligo analog

A new method to synthesize vinyl ethers of methoxyoligooxyethylene, I, and methoxypoly(oxyethylene), II, is described. In this work, these derivatives were prepared by reacting the alkoxide of ethylene glycol vinyl ether with the tosylate (or mesylate) of oligo-/or methoxypoly(oxyethylene) in tetrahydrofuran.
Renormalization of Electron Mass by 2D Coulomb Interactions in a Laterally‐Microstructured Silicon Inversion Layer

The effect is considered of high-momentum plasmons on electrons in a 2D EG. It is found that the high-momentum, low-velocity plasmons can form electron-plasmon pairs. Renormalizing the mass due to Coulomb interactions of these paired electrons, it is possible to explain very accurately the large mass shift measured in far-infrared transmission experiments. Der Einflus von Hochimpuls-Plasmonen auf Elektronen in einem 2D-EG wird untersucht. Es wird gefunden, das Hochimpuls-Plasmonen mit niedriger Geschwindigkeit Elektronen-Plasmonenpaare bilden konnen. Durch Renormierung der M a w infolge von Coulombwechselwirkungen dieser gepaarten Elektronen kann die grose Massenverschiebung, die bei Transmissionsexperimenten im fernen Infrarot gemessen wird, sehr genau erklart werden.
Pharmacological profiles of β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) and β-chlornaltrexamine (β-CNA) on the mouse vas deferens preparation

The profiles of action of beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) and beta-chlornaltrexamine (beta-CNA) have been assessed in the mouse vas deferens preparation. beta-FNA, but not beta-CNA, demonstrated a reversible agonist action that appeared to be mediated via kappa-receptor interaction. beta-CNA produced an irreversible antagonism of mu-, kappa- and delta-mediated agonist actions, whereas beta-FNA irreversibly antagonized mu-mediated agonist effects only. This selective action of beta-FNA could also be seen following administration in vivo. beta-CNA and particularly beta-FNA should prove valuable in the elucidation of multiple opioid receptors.
Influence of griseofulvin upon acute gouty arthritis.

Antiphlogistic properties of griseofulvin, a fungistatic antibiotic, were demonstrated in patients with acute gouty arthritis. By use of moderate-to-high dosages, complete remissions appeared in 14 patients and partial remissions in 2 within 24 to 48 hours. Side effects of the drug were negligible. Le proprietates antiphlogistic del antibiotic fungistatic griseofulvina esseva demonstrate in patientes con acute arthritis guttose. Le administration de doses moderate o elevate esseva sequite, intra 24 a 48 horas, de remissiones complete in decequatro patientes e de remissiones partial in duo. Le adverse eff ectos secundari del esseva negligibile.
Flexible CZTS solar cells on flexible Corning ® Willow ® Glass substrates

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin film solar cells were successfully fabricated on Corning® Willow® Glass substrates coated with a Molybdenum (Mo) back contact. The CZTS thin films were deposited by using magnetron sputtering followed by annealing in sulfur vapor for 30 minutes. The best conversion efficiency achieved of the flexible CZTS solar cell was 3.08%, with an active area of 0.45cm2. The conversion efficiency was reduced by 20% when the cell was bent to a 50mm radius. The degradation is caused by higher series resistance, which can be due to the degradation of the TCO layer and the damage in the CZTS/Mo interface.
Atrial septal defect (secundum) associated with mitral regurgitation.

Abstract Mitral regurgitation was found in 6 percent (46 patients) of all patients with a secundum atrial septal defect who were operated on during a 13 year period at the Mayo Clinic. The presence of two separate systolic murmurs, expiratory splitting of the second heart sound and evidence of overactivity of both the right and the left ventricles were the most reliable clues to the diagnosis. Nineteen of 39 patients (49 percent) had increased pulmonary arterial pressure, but only 3 patients had obstructive pulmonary vascular disease. Electrocardlographic findings rarely helped differentiate the patient who had a secundum atrial septal defect and associated mitral regurgitation from the one who had an isolated septal defect. The causes for the mitral regurgitation varied. Six patients had rheumatic valvulitis, 8 had redundant mitral valve tissue with prolapsing leaflets, 9 patients had two or more causes, and in 18, no cause for the regurgitation could be found.
Comparative petrology of silicates in the Udei Station (IAB) and Miles (IIE) iron meteorites: Implications for the origin of silicate-bearing irons

Abstract The textures and mineral chemistries of silicate inclusions in the Udei Station (IAB) and Miles (fractionated IIE) iron meteorites were studied using optical and electron microscopy, SEM, EMPA, and LA-ICP-MS techniques to better understand the origin of silicate-bearing irons. Inclusions in Udei Station include near-chondritic, basaltic/gabbroic, feldspathic orthopyroxenitic, and harzburgitic lithologies. In Miles, most inclusions can be described as feldspathic pyroxenite or pyroxene-enriched basalt/gabbro. The trace-element compositions of both orthopyroxene and plagioclase grains are similar in different lithologies from Udei Station; whereas in different inclusions from Miles, the compositions of orthopyroxene grains are similar, while those of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and especially Cl-apatite are variable. Orthopyroxene in Miles tends to be enriched in REE compared to that in Udei Station, but the reverse is true for plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The data can be explained by models involving partial melting of chondritic protoliths, silicate melt migration, and redox reactions between silicate and metal components to form phosphate. The extent of heating, melt migration, and phosphate formation were all greater in Miles. Silicates in Miles were formed from liquids produced by ∼30% partial melting of a chondritic precursor brought to a peak temperature of ∼1250 °C. This silicate melt crystallized in two stages. During Stage 1, crystallizing minerals (orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, chromite, and olivine) were largely in equilibrium with an intercumulus melt that was evolving by igneous fractionation during slow cooling, with a residence time of ∼20 ka at ∼1150 °C. During Stage 2, following probable re-melting of feldspathic materials, and after the silicate “mush” was mixed with molten metal, plagioclase and phosphate fractionally crystallized together during more rapid cooling down to the solidus. In Udei Station, despite a lower peak temperature ( We suggest that a model involving major collisional disruption and mixing of partly molten, endogenically heated planetesimals can best explain the data for IAB and fractionated IIE silicate-bearing irons. The extent of endogenic heating was different (less for the IABs), and the amount of parent body disruption was different (scrambling with collisional unroofing for the IAB/IIICD/winonaite body, more complete destruction for the fractionated IIE body), but both bodies were partly molten and incompletely differentiated at the time of impact. We suggest that the post-impact secondary body for IAB/IIICD/winonaite meteorites was mineralogically zoned with Ni-poor metal in the center, and that the secondary body for fractionated IIE meteorites was a relatively small melt-rich body that had separated from olivine during collisional break-up.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Association with Functional Status in Newly Admitted Male Veteran Nursing Home Residents

Objectives: To provide the first report on prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in newly admitted nursing home (NH) residents and associations with functional disabilities and chronic diseases. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Nursing home (NH). Participants: Male veterans newly admitted to a NH for rehabilitation, skilled-nursing care, intermediate care, or respite care between January 2011 and June 2012. Measurements: Total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured on admission. Vitamin D supplement users and those without 25(OH)D measurement within 7 days of admission were excluded, leaving an analytical sample of 104 residents. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D less than 20 ng/mL. Data were collected on age, ethnicity, season, body mass index (BMI), functional disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) (mobility, bathing, dressing, toileting, continence, and feeding), and prevalent chronic diseases. Results: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 49.0%. In multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, and BMI, vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with number of ADL disabilities (odds ratio (OR) = 1.4 for each 1-point increase in ADL disability score, P = .03) and prevalent diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.0, P = .03). In regression models using each ADL disability as a separate variable, only disability in feeding (OR = 4.7, P = .05) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.9, P = .04) remained significant. Conclusion: Almost half the individuals entering the NH and not taking vitamin D supplements had vitamin D deficiency. Greater number of ADL disabilities, disability in feeding, and prevalent diabetes mellitus were independently associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Technical Screening Guides for the Enhanced Recovery of Oil

The technical screening guides which are used to select enhanced oil recovery methods are described. The background and logic behind the various criteria are covered, and a brief description of each method is included. Economics are discussed, but the emphasis is on the technical guidelines. A distinction is made between the oil properties and reservoir characteristics required for each process. Generally, steamflooding is applicable for viscous oils in relatively shallow formations. At the other extreme, CO/sub 2/, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon miscible flooding work best with very light oils at depths great enough for miscibility to be achieved. Both steamflooding and in-situ combustion require reservoirs of fairly high permeability. Chemical flooding processes (polymer, alkaline or surfactant) are applicable for low-to-medium viscosity oils where depth is not a major consideration. However, at great depths, the higher temperature may present problems in the degradation or consumption of some of the chemicals. Current values of the technical screening guides for the more common enhanced recovery procedures are given in tabular and graphical form. By the use of a simple graphical technique, it is shown that there is a complete spectrum of enhanced oil recovery methods available for all oils, ranging from the very lightestmore » to the heaviest oil or tar sand.« less
Spectral-domain moment-method analysis of coplanar microstrip parasitic subarrays

Basic characteristics of several configurations of coplanar microstrip parasitic subarrays consisting of one fed patch and two or more parasitic patches were investigated by means of a spectral-domain full-wave analysis and the moment method analysis. Results are presented for radiating- and nonradiating edge-coupled three-element linear subarrays and for a five-patch cross. A comparison of the theoretical input impedance results obtained by the analysis of a three-element linear array showed a reasonable agreement between computed and measured R and X values.
“Say Just One Word at First”: The Emergence of Reliable Speech in a Student Labeled with Autism

This article presents a qualitative, interpretivist research study that documents the emergence, in the context of typed expression, of increasingly useful and reliable speech for a young person la...
Changes in either cytosolic or nucleoplasmic inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels can control nuclear Ca2+ concentration.

Abstract The free nucleoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]n) may regulate many nuclear events, such as gene transcription. Since the nucleus may possess the enzymes necessary to generate the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), and because the nuclear envelope may enclose an Ins(1,4,5)P3-releasable Ca2+ store, we tested the hypothesis that nuclear and/or cytosolic levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 can control [Ca2+]n. To assay [Ca2+]n, we measured the fluorescence of the Ca2+ indicator fluo 3 in the nucleus of Xenopus oocytes by confocal microscopy. When we injected Ins(1,4,5)P3 into the cytosol, [Ca2+]n increased. This increase in [Ca2+]n still occurred when heparin was present in the nucleus, but was abolished when heparin was present in the cytosol, indicating that cytosolic Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels could control [Ca2+]n. When we injected Ins(1,4,5)P3 directly into the nucleus, [Ca2+]n increased, even when heparin was present in the cytosol, indicating that Ins(1,4,5)P3 could control [Ca2+]n from within the nucleus. These results provide functional evidence for Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors facing the nucleoplasm and raise the possibility that a phosphoinositide cycle situated at the nuclear membranes can control Ca2+-dependent nuclear functions.