cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners: The Knights of Labor Revisited

The rise and fall of the Knights of Labor organization (1869Ð1917) has frequently been portrayed as a crucial event in the history of "American exceptionalism." The KnightsO collapse heralded the rise of more conservative unions (such as the American Federation of Labor), which largely eschewed the cause of major sociopolitical reform, focusing instead on minor wage disputes and workshop improvements. The impact of external competition from fraternal lodges and trade unions on the Knights' ability to retain members is often overlooked. Both quantitative and qualitative evidence support the conclusion that a profusion of voluntary associations during "the golden age of fraternity" had the unintended consequence of undermining American workers' ability to organize and maintain a vital constituency mobilized for decisive political action.
Dorsal-ventral differences in the midbrain distribution of single neurons with head movement-correlated and locomotion-correlated firing in the golden hamster.

Abstract Movement-correlated firing was studied in 111 midbrain neurons recorded in freely behaving hamsters. For 42% of these cells, most of wich lay in the deeper laminae of the superior colliculus, firing occurred principally or exclusively in association with head movements. In 38% of the neurons, most of which were in subtectal regions, activity was greatest during locomotion, but also occurred in correlation with other types of movement.
Ground State of Excitonic Molecules by the Green's-Function Monte Carlo Method

The ground-state energy of excitonic molecules is evaluated as a function of the ratio of electron and hole masses, sigma, with use of the Green's-function Monte Carlo method. For all sigma, the Green's-function Monte Carlo energies are significantly lower than the variational estimates and in favorable agreement with experiments. In excitonic rydbergs, the binding energy of the positronium molecule (sigma = 1) is predicted to be -0.06 and for sigma<<1, the Green's-function Monte Carlo energies agree with the ''exact'' limiting behavior, E = -2.346+0.764sigma.
A brief tutorial on the fast field program (FFP) as applied to sound propagation in the air

Abstract The Fast Field Program (FFP), a computational technique originally developed for predicting acoustic wave propagation in the sea, has proved useful for calculating sound propagation in the air above the ground. The procedure involves the Hankel transformation of the Helmholtz equation in circular cylindrical co-ordinates, and the integration of the resulting ordinary differential equation by analogy with electrical transmission lines. Variation of the sound speed in the vertical co-ordinate is represented by horizontal stratification of the air into discrete layers, each with a different sound speed homogeneous and isotropic within the layer. The heights of source and detection points can be arbitrarily assigned, as can the ground impedance. It is assumed that there is no azimuthal variation of sound pressure and that there is no range dependence of ground impedance or atmospheric parameters. The computation yields the sound pressure, at a given detector height, for a continuous range of source to detector radii. This tutorial paper gives a detailed account of the theory of the FFP, describes the current implementation in terms of discrete variables, and references the original sources of the technique.
Fracture Mechanics in Pavement Engineering: The Specimen-Size Effect

Application of fracture mechanics concepts developed in various branches of engineering to the pavement problem can address current limitations, thereby advancing considerably existing pavement design procedures. The state of the art in fracture mechanics applications to pavement engineering is summarized, and an in-depth discussion of one of the major concerns in such applications, the specimen-size effect, is provided. It is concluded that the fictitious crack model proposed by Hillerborg appears most promising for computerized application to pavements. The similitude concepts developed by Bache will be very useful in such efforts. Both the desirability and the scarcity of suitable candidates to replace Miner's cumulative linear fatigue hypothesis in conventional pavement design are confirmed. Fracture mechanics is shown to be a very promising engineering discipline from which innovations could be transplanted to pavement activities. Nonetheless, it is pointed out that rather slow progress characterizes fracture mechanics developments in general. Pavement engineers clearly need to remain abreast of and involved in fracture mechanics activities.
Tunable electro-optic modulators for laser radar applications - Experimental results

A tunable electro-optic single sideband modulator having a configuration consisting of a CdTe crystal surrounded by a ferrite placed inside a microwave waveguide can be used as a laser local oscillator to track the target translational Doppler frequency in a CO2 laser radar return. Results on measurements to determine the phase velocity matched bandwidth for the above composite modulator configuration are reported.
One-cycle control of switching converters

A new large-signal nonlinear control technique is proposed to control the duty-ratio d of a switch such that in each cycle the average value of a switched variable of the switching converter is exactly equal to or proportional to the control reference in the steady-state or in a transient. One-cycle control rejects power source perturbations in one switching cycle; the average value of the switched variable follows the dynamic reference in one switching cycle; and the controller corrects switching errors in one switching cycle. There is no steady-state error nor dynamic error between the control reference and the average value of the switched variable. Experiments with a constant frequency buck converter have demonstrated the robustness of the control method and verified the theoretical predictions. This new control method is very general and applicable to all types of pulse-width-modulated, resonant-based, or soft-switched switching converters for either voltage or current control in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode. Furthermore, it can be used to control any physical variable or abstract signal that is in the form of a switched variable or can be converted to the form of a switched variable. >
Simple Expressions for Determining Radar Detection Thresholds

The threshold value required to obtain a specified false-alarm probability, when postdetection integration follows a square-law or an envelope detector, is frequently needed in theoretical and practical studies of radar signal processor performance. The determination of such threshold values requires a substantial numerical computational effort. In this correspondence, simple expressions are presented with which these thresholds can be determined with excellent accuracy using only a scientific calculator.
Risk of Human Ovarian Cancer Is Related to Dietary Intake of Selected Nutrients, Phytochemicals and Food Groups

Intakes of specific nutrients and food groups have been shown previously to be related to ovarian cancer risk, but no studies, to our knowledge, have emphasized the effect of phytochemical intakes on this cancer. We conducted a case-control study of diet and ovarian cancer in western New York involving 124 primary, histologically confirmed ovarian cancer cases and 696 population-based controls, frequency matched to cases on age and county of residence. Diet was assessed with a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. Nutrient and phytochemical intakes were calculated from published food composition data. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI for risk of ovarian cancer with each nutrient, phytochemical and food group were estimated with unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, total months menstruating, difficulty becoming pregnant, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status and energy intake. Compared with women in the lowest quintile of intake, reduced risks were observed for women in the highest quintile of intake of dietary fiber (OR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.20-0.94), total carotenoids (OR 0.33, 95% CI, 0.16-0.68), stigmasterol (OR 0.42, 95% CI, 0.20-0.87), total lignans (OR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.21-0.85), vegetables (OR 0.47, 95% CI, 0.23-0.97) and poultry (OR 0.45, 95% CI, 0.22-0.92). These results support a protective effect on ovarian cancer of phytoestrogen intakes, and our results support the hypothesis that a plant-based diet may be important in reducing risks of hormone-related neoplasms.
Biochemical and Morphological Changes Associated with Long Bone Abnormalities in Silicon Deficiency

The purpose of this paper was to investigate long bone changes in silicon deficiency more extensively and under a new set of conditions. Long bone abnormalities have been produced in silicon-deficient chicks fed a casein-based rather than amino acid-based diet and under an entirely new set of conditions. As demonstrated previously feeding amino acid diets, the long bones of cockerels fed a silicon-supplemented basal diet and sacrificed at 4 weeks had a significantly greater amount of articular cartilage and water content as compared with the silicon-deficient group. Biochemical analyses of tibia for bone mineral, non-collagenous protein, hexosamine and collagen demonstrated that tibia from supplemented chicks had a significantly greater percentage and total amount of hexosamine and greater percentage of collagen than deficient chicks, the difference being greater for hexosamines than collagen. Tibia from silicon-deficient chicks also showed marked lesions, profound changes being demonstrated in epiphyseal cartilage, especially striking in the proliferative zone. The disturbed epiphyseal cartilage sequences resulted in defective endochondral bone growth indicating that silicon is involved in the metabolic chain of events required for the normal growth of bone.
Patient satisfaction with TeleHomeCare

Home health care is facing many challenges as it attempts to provide high quality care for a growing population within a limited budget. We used telemedicine in home care to show that low-cost, standards-based videoconferencing and Internet access can provide home care without compromising outcome, quality of care and patient satisfaction. This study showed that fewer patients were discharged to a hospital or a nursing home when they had received telehome care. In addition, study patients using home monitoring equipment were more satisfied with the health care they received.
Power, Uncertainty, Self-Transcendence, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors:

The purpose of the study was to examine the relations among power, uncertainty, self-transcendence, and quality of life in breast cancer survivors from the perspective of Rogers' science of unitary human beings. A correlational, cross-sectional study with purposive sampling (n = 104) was conducted. The results included statistically significant correlations, explained variance, and mediating relations among the pattern manifestations. The researcher concluded that there are complex and synergistic relations among the cluster of field pattern manifestations that contribute to quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Rehabilitation Following Lumbar Diskectomy

This excerpt was created in the absence of an abstract . highlights the findings and application of Cochrane reviews and other evidence pertinent to the practice of physical therapy. The Cochrane Library is a respected source of reliable evidence related to health care. Cochrane systematic reviews explore the evidence for and against the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions—medications, surgery, education, nutrition, exercise—and the evidence for and against the use of diagnostic tests for specific conditions. Cochrane reviews are designed to facilitate the decisions of clinicians, patients, and others in health care by providing a careful review and interpretation of research studies published in the scientific literature.1 Each article in this PTJ series summarizes a Cochrane review or other scientific evidence on a single topic and presents clinical scenarios based on real patients or programs to illustrate how the results of the review can be used to directly inform clinical decisions. This article focuses on the case of a 33-year-old man who was seen for physical therapy 6 weeks after lumbar microdiskectomy. Can an active rehabilitation program increase function and decrease pain?
Estimation of population structure in coastal Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii] using allozyme and microsatellite markers.

Characterizing population structure using neutral markers is an important first step in association genetic studies in order to avoid false associations between phenotypes and genotypes that may arise from non- selective demographic factors. Population structure was studied in a wide sample of ∼1,300 coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) trees from Washington and Oregon. This sample is being used for association mapping between cold hardiness and phenology phenotypes and single-nucleotide polymor- phisms in adaptive-trait candidate genes. All trees were genotyped for 25 allozyme and six simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using individual megagametophytes. Popu- lation structure analysis was done separately for allozyme and SSR markers, as well as for both datasets combined. The parameter of genetic differentiation (θ or FST) was standardized to take into account high within-population variation in the SSR loci and to allow comparison with allozyme loci. Genetic distance between populations was positively and significantly correlated with geographic distance, and weak but significant clinal variation was found for a few alleles. Although the STRUCTURE simulation analysis inferred the same number of popula- tions as used in this study and as based on previous analysis of quantitative adaptive trait variation, clustering among populations was not significant. In general, results indicated weak differentiation among populations for both allozyme and SSR loci (θs=0.006-0.059). The lack of pronounced population subdivision in the studied area should facilitate association mapping in this experimental population, but we recommend taking the STRUCTURE analysis and population assignments for individual trees (Q-matrix) into account in association mapping.
POPULATION GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MYZOPODA (CHIROPTERA: MYZOPODIDAE) IN MADAGASCAR

The chiropteran family Myzopodidae is endemic to Madagascar and is characterized by several unique morphologies, such as sessile adhesive discs on the thumb and sole. A new species, Myzopoda schliemanni, was recently described from western Madagascar that is morphologically distinct and geographically disjunct from the eastern species, M. aurita, the only other member of this family. Geographic variation within Myzopoda has only recently been studied at the morphological level and has never been addressed at the genetic level. We used a combination of phylogenetic, coalescent, and population genetic analyses to characterize the speciation history of Myzopoda and to clarify current and former patterns of gene flow within and between Myzopoda. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to determine whether genetic data support the morphologically distinct species M. schliemanni, to infer the distribution of the common ancestor of extant Myzopoda, to estimate effective population sizes (Ne) and levels of migration between species, and to determine patterns of population structure within species. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of 4 well-supported clades in Myzopoda, but could not resolve relationships among those clades. Divergent haplotypes within species may result from either recent gene flow between the 2 species or more likely from incomplete lineage sorting. Multiple coalescent-based methodologies produced concordant estimates of Ne for Myzopoda, but conflicting signals for migration between the species, probably reflecting differences in the underlying models used by the methods. We found significant genetic structure within M. aurita, but no correlation with geography. This pattern may result from recent gene flow facilitated by expansion of Ravenala stands, an important day-roost tree for Myzopoda, associated with anthropogenic deforestation and the opening up of new habitat for members of this genus.
RNA Interference as a Method for Target-Site Screening in the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera

To test the efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) as a method for target-site screening in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae, genes were identified and tested for which clear RNAi phenotypes had been identified in the Coleopteran model, Tribolium castaneum. Here the cloning of the D. v. vergifera orthologs of laccase 2 (DvvLac2) and chitin synthase 2 (DvvCHS2) is reported. Injection of DvvLac2-specific double-stranded RNA resulted in prevention of post-molt cuticular tanning, while injection of DvvCHS2-specific dsRNA reduced chitin levels in midguts. Silencing of both DvvLac2 and DvvCHS2 was confirmed by RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR. As in T. castaneum, RNAi-mediated gene silencing is systemic in Diabrotica. The results indicate that RNAi-induced silencing of D. v. vergifera genes provides a powerful tool for identifying potential insecticide targets.
Effects of tetrodotoxin on chloride secretion in rabbit distal colon: tissue and cellular studies

The effects of tetrodotoxin (TTX) were examined in muscle-stripped segments of rabbit distal colon and in cells of isolated colonic crypts. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the submucosa/mucos...
Poly(amidoamine), polypropylenimine, and related dendrimers and dendrons possessing different 1 → 2 branching motifs : An overview of the divergent procedures

Abstract This review presents an overview of 1 → 2 branched dendrimers and dendrons, created by a divergent procedure, from their synthesis to modern day applications. The first members of this branched class of fractal macromolecules were prepared through a cascade synthesis, which was later replaced by the iterative divergent synthetic approach. Most classes of this 1 → 2 N -, Aryl -, C -, Si -, and P -branched families are included and catalogued by their mode of connectivity. Dendritic macromolecules have had significant impact in the field of material sciences and are one of the major starting points for nanotechnology as a result of the numerous modifications that can be conducted, either on the surface or within their molecular infrastructure, thus taking advantage of their unimolecular micelle properties. These host cavities, maintained by the dendritic branches, allow for the incorporation of nanoparticles as well as metal particles, which make these attractive in catalysis and imaging studies. The solubility of these fractal constructs can be tailored depending on their surface modifications. Highly water-soluble, neutral dendrimers appended with, grown from, or acting as hosts to specific molecules give rise to a wide variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems and MRI imaging agents. The inherent supramolecular or supramacromolecular chemistry has been exploited but the design and construction of uniquely tailored macrostructures have just begun. Laser dyes, as well as electron and energy donor and acceptor functionality, have also been paired with these fractal constructs in order to probe their uses in the field of molecular electronics. With their synthetic control, seemingly limitless modifications and wide variety of potential applications, as well as their now commercial availability, these 1 → 2 branched dendrimers have become an important nanostructured tools for diverse utilitarian applications. This review mainly covers 1 → 2 branched non-chiral dendrimers prepared by a divergent process but selected chiral surfaces are considered as well as metal encapsulation and a few hyperbranched routes to related imperfect dendrimers.
Interleukin-6 inhibition for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A review of tocilizumab therapy

The dawn of the biologic era has been an exciting period for clinical research and patient care in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Targeted biologic therapies have changed the outcome of this disease and made remission a realistic outcome for many patients. Tocilizumab (TCZ, Actemra®), is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the interleukin 6 receptor and has been approved in many countries for the treatment of moderate to severe RA. There have been a number of important clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of TCZ in active rheumatoid arthritis. This review summarizes the data on efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, adverse events, and safety from some of these trials. Current trends in clinical practice will be discussed. It is difficult to place TCZ and many new medications in the algorithm of treatment at present. However, the next few years will hopefully reveal their role as we better define abnormal immune processes in individuals with RA.
Lack of Induced Systemic Resistance in Peanut to Late Leaf Spot Disease by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chemical Elicitors

ABSTRACT A disease assay was optimized for late leaf spot disease of peanut using Cercosporidium per-sonatum in the greenhouse, and this assay was used in attempts to elicit induced systemic resistance using strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and chemical elicitors. Nineteen strains of spore-forming bacilli PGPR, including strains of Paenibacillus macerans, Brevibacillus brevis, Bacillus laterosporus, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. sphaericus, B. cereus, and B. pasteurii, which previously elicited systemic disease control activity on other crops, were evaluated in greenhouse assays. Seven PGPR strains elicited significant disease reduction in a single experiment; however, none repeated significant protection achieved in the greenhouse assay, while significant protection consistently occurred with the fungicide chlorothalonil (Bravo). In other greenhouse trials, neither stem injections of C. personatum nor foliar sprays of chemicals, including salicylic acid, sodium s...
Undocumented status: implications for child development, policy, and ethical research.

Nearly 5.5 million children in the United States grow up in the shadows of undocumented status. We review the ecological domains of influence in children's and adolescents' lives and briefly consider health, cognitive, socioemotional, educational, and labor market outcomes ripe for study. We also reflect upon the ethical policy implications of this growing demographic group and consider research strategies in conducting ethical research with this population. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of tooth wear associated with methamphetamine use.

Background: Methamphetamine (MAP) abuse is a significant worldwide problem. This prospective study was conducted to determine if MAP users had distinct patterns of tooth wear. Methods: Methamphetamine users were identified and interviewed about their duration and preferred route of MAP use. Study participants were interviewed in the emergency department of a large urban university hospital serving a geographic area with a high rate of illicit MAP production and consumption. Tooth wear was documented for each study participant and scored using a previously validated index and demographic information was obtained using a questionnaire. Results: Forty-three MAP patients were interviewed. Preferred route of administration was injection (37%) followed by snorting (33%). Patients who preferentially snorted MAP had significantly higher tooth wear in the anterior maxillary teeth than patients who injected, smoked, or ingested MAP (P = 0.005). Conclusion: Patients who use MAP have distinct patterns of wear based o...
Reflections of Medical Students on Visiting Chronically Ill Older Patients in the Home

The expanding number of Americans living with chronic illness necessitates educating future physicians about chronic illness care. Weill Cornell Medical College's Chronic Illness Care in the Home Setting Program (CIC-HSP), a mandatory part of the primary care clerkship, exposes medical students to persons with chronic illness via a half day of house calls with a geriatrics team. The investigators sought to qualitatively assess the effect of the CIC-HSP on medical students and recent medical graduates. Fifty-two prospective participants were approached, and 50 (96%) with varying training levels and time since completing the program were interviewed. Most respondents (63%) found that the home visits taught them important approaches to caring for the chronically ill, such as individualizing care to meet patients' individual needs and improving quality of life as a goal of care. Students remarked that the experience enhanced their empathy (18%) and sensitivity (20%) toward chronically ill patients and increased their appreciation for chronic illness care (35%). Many participants reported that patients were more empowered in the home (55%) and perceived greater rapport and warmth between the doctor and patient (57%) in the home (vs office) setting. The vast majority of recent medical graduates (84%) related that this educational exposure continued to positively influence their approach to patient care. A home visit experience with a geriatrics team can help foster medical students' understanding of the psychosocial and medical aspects of chronic illness, teach relevant approaches to patient care, and improve students' attitudes toward caring for the chronically ill.
A general framework for robust HOSVD-based indexing and retrieval with high-order tensor data

In this paper, we first present a theorem that HOSVD-based representation of high-order tensor data provides a robust framework that can be used for a unified representation of the HOSVD of all subtensors. We then propose a general algorithm for robust indexing and retrieval of multiple motion trajectories obtained from a multi-camera system. Guided by our theorem, the unitary transformation matrices of a subtensor can be very well approximated by a subset of unitary matrices corresponding to the same dimensions of the original tensor. As a result, when dealing with flexible query structure consisting of an arbitrary number of objects and cameras, instead of recalculating unitary transformation matrices of the corresponding subtensor, we can just employ a subset of the original unitary matrices. Simulation results are finally used to illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach to multiple trajectory indexing and retrieval from multi-camera systems.
Textural and Mineralogical Sorting Relationships in Krosno Formation (Oligocene) Turbidites, Polish Carpathian Mountains

ABSTRACT The vertical and lateral variability in grain-size distributions and mineralogy of sandstone turbidites in the Oligocene Krosno Formation suggests that two different relationships between grain-size sorting and mineralogical sorting result during transport by turbidity currents. In one relationship, mineralogical sorting is associated with size sorting. The two sorting processes operate simultaneously and each of the mineral constituents has its individual grain-size distribution within the rock's composite grain-size distribution. In the second relationship, mineralogical sorting is independent of size sorting. This suggests that in granulometrically homogeneous source materials, the grains are fractionated according to settling velocities determined by their density and dynamic shap factors.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces Endothelial Dysfunction in the Prediabetic Metabolic Syndrome

Inflammation is a condition that underscores many cardiovascular pathologies including endothelial dysfunction, but no link is yet established between the vascular pathology of the metabolic syndrome with a particular inflammatory cytokine. We hypothesized that impairments in coronary endothelial function in the obese condition the prediabetic metabolic syndrome is caused by TNF-alpha overexpression. To test this, we measured endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent vasodilation (sodium nitroprusside) of isolated, pressurized coronary small arteries from lean control and Zucker obese fatty (ZOF, a model of prediabetic metabolic syndrome) rats. In ZOF rats, dilation to ACh was blunted compared with lean rats, but sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation was comparable. Superoxide (O2*-) generation was elevated in vessels from ZOF rats compared with lean rats, and administration of the O2*- scavenger TEMPOL, NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), or anti-TNF-alpha restored endothelium-dependent dilation in the ZOF rats. Real-time PCR and Western blotting revealed that mRNA and protein of TNF-alpha were higher in ZOF rats than that in lean rats, whereas eNOS protein levels were reduced in the ZOF versus lean rats. Immunostaining showed that TNF-alpha in ZOF rat heart is localized in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Expression of NAD(P)H subunits p22 and p40-phox were elevated in ZOF compared with lean animals. Administration of TNF-alpha more than 3 days also induced expression of these NAD(P)H subunits and abrogated endothelium-dependent dilation. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the endothelial dysfunction occurring in the metabolic syndrome is the result of effects of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and subsequent production of O2*-.
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for Ranked Means

Abstract Suppose given k(≥2) populations π1, ···, πk such that observations from population πi have density function f(x—θi), x∈R, where the location parameter θi is unknown (1 ≤ i ≤ k). Assume Ef ≡ ∫∞ -∞ xf(x)dx < ∞. Let the population means be denoted by μ1, ···, μk and their ranked values by μ[1] ≤ ··· ≤ μ[k]. Dudewicz [1] gave upper and lower confidence intervals for μ[i](1 ≤ i ≤ k). We use these to obtain a class of two-sided intervals. For μ[k] Lal Saxena and Tong [2] previously proposed another two-sided interval. These are compared; e.g., in the case of normal populations ours has smaller length for most values of k.
Response of graft versus host disease to high doses of methyl prednisolone

Summary High dose methyl prednisolone (HDMP) was used to treat 25 episodes of graft versus host disease (GVHD) in 13 patients after bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia or acute leukaemia. All patients showed rapid improvement of GVHD following HDMP with resolution of gut and skin manifestations over several days, but liver GVHD was less responsive to treatment. The major complication of treatment was infection and four patients died from infection following HDMP. The mode of action of HDMP may be a nonspecific anti-inflammatory effect but it appears to be rapidly effective in controlling GVH reactions.
Episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease: Separating response bias from discrimination

Most studies examining episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on patients' impaired ability to remember information, leading to poor discrimination between studied and unstudied items at test. Poor discrimination, however, can also be attributable to an abnormally high rate of false alarms. One cause of a high false alarm rate is an abnormally liberal response bias; that is, responding "old" too liberally to the test items. In the present study, discrimination and response bias were evaluated when participants were given a series of progressively longer study-test lists of unrelated words. As expected, patients with AD showed overall worse discrimination and a more liberal response bias compared with older adult controls. Critically, patients with AD also showed a more liberal response bias than older adults when discrimination was matched between the groups after performance was equated by giving the older adult controls a more difficult test than the patients with AD. This result confirms that the patients' abnormally liberal response bias is not simply attributable to their poor discrimination. Correlation analyses suggest that the patients' liberal response bias is related to the degree of their episodic memory deficit, which may in turn be related to the severity of their disease. Thus, our research suggests that as AD progresses two distinct abnormalities of episodic memory develop: worse discrimination and a more liberal response bias. Possible explanations of this liberal response bias in patients with AD are discussed.
The social behavior and reputation of the attributionally complex

Abstract Attributional complexity (AC, [Fletcher, G. J. O., Danilovics, P., Fernandez, G., Peterson, D., & Reeder, G. D. (1986). Attributional complexity: An individual differences measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 875–884]) is a construct designed to describe individual differences in the motivation and preference for complex attributions for behavior. Scores on the Attributional Complexity Scale (ACS) have been found to be related to a lesser propensity to error and greater accuracy in social judgment. However, little is known concerning how people who score higher on this scale (the attributionally complex) actually behave or are viewed by others. Participants (n = 178) completed the ACS, their behavior as videotaped during a social interaction was rated by four observers, and they were described by two acquaintances along numerous personality characteristics. Behavior of individuals higher in AC was directly observed to be relatively open, positive, expressive, and socially skilled. Although AC was unrelated to academic achievement or SAT scores, those higher in AC tended to be described by peers as having social wisdom, thoughtfulness, empathy, and openness. The behaviors and personality characteristics associated with AC likely contribute to good social judgment.
Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance

Review of: "Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance," by Cheryl Janifer LaRoche
Variable effects of nicotine and anabasine on parasitized bumble bees.

Secondary metabolites in floral nectar have been shown to reduce parasite load in two common bumble bee species. Previous studies on the effects of nectar secondary metabolites on parasitized bees have focused on single compounds in isolation; however, in nature, bees are simultaneously exposed to multiple compounds. We tested for synergistic effects of two alkaloids found in the nectar of Nicotiana spp. plants, nicotine and anabasine, on parasite load and mortality in bumble bees ( Bombus impatiens ) infected with the intestinal parasite Crithidia bombi . Adult worker bees inoculated with C. bombi were fed nicotine and anabasine diet treatments in a factorial design, resulting in four nectar treatment combinations: 2 ppm nicotine, 5 ppm anabasine, 2ppm nicotine and 5 ppm anabasine together, or a control alkaloid-free solution. We conducted the experiment twice: first, with bees incubated under variable environmental conditions (‘Variable’; temperatures varied from 10-35°C); and second, under carefully controlled environmental conditions (‘Controlled’; 27°C incubator, constant darkness). In ‘Variable’, each alkaloid alone significantly decreased parasite loads, but this effect was not realized with the alkaloids in combination, suggesting an antagonistic interaction. Nicotine but not anabasine significantly increased mortality, and the two compounds had no interactive effects on mortality. In ‘Controlled’, nicotine significantly increased parasite loads, the opposite of its effect in ‘Variable’. While not significant, the relationship between anabasine and parasite loads was also positive. Interactive effects between the two alkaloids on parasite load were non-significant, but the pattern of antagonistic interaction was similar to that in the variable experiment. Neither alkaloid, nor their interaction, significantly affected mortality under controlled conditions. Our results do not indicate synergy between Nicotiana nectar alkaloids; however, they do suggest a complex interaction between secondary metabolites, parasites, and environmental variables, in which secondary metabolites can be either toxic or medicinal depending on context.
Avoiding the Curse of the “Sorcerer’s Apprentice”: How to Attract and Develop Successful Academicians

![Figure][1] In the late 18th century, Johannes Wolfgang von Goethe wrote a short poem about a sorcerer’s apprentice who takes advantage of his recently acquired magical skills to carry out some chores that he considers mundane [(1)][2]. Because the young apprentice does not appreciate
Dynamic Glass Patterns Have Little Effect on Coherent Motion Detection Thresholds

Dynamic Glass patterns (dGPs) are fields of coherently oriented dipoles that are updated rapidly (>5 Hz). Although they have no oriented motion energy, individual Glass patterns yield a weak percept of coherent motion, and in the case of dGPs, this effect is so prominent that subjects can confuse them for real coherent motion fields at short presentation durations (Krekelberg et al 2003, Nature424 674–677). It has even been suggested that dGPs processing involves some of the neural circuitry used for motion processing. The detection thresholds for fields of coherently moving dots increase significantly when they are superimposed on incoherent motion noise. Similarly, detecting coherent Glass patterns is more difficult in the presence of superimposed incoherent dipoles. Here, we asked if Glass patterns and coherent motion interfere with each other at or before the site mediating their detection. We measured detection coherence thresholds for dGPs and coherent motion stimuli alone or in the presence of inco...
Putting regeneration into regenerative medicine.

The prevalence of blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy have significantly increased in the United States over the last decade.1 In response to the higher incidence of retinal degenerative diseases, the National Eye Institute (NEI) of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recently proposed the audacious goal of regenerating neurons and neural connections in the eye and visual system.2 To date, regenerative medicine has to a large extent focused on determining how to reprogram stem cells into retinal neurons that can be used to restore vision. Recent surprising findings, however, suggest that mammals may possess limited in vivo regenerative potential. The challenge now lies in understanding why the retina in other vertebrates regenerates, while mammals lack this ability. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on endogenous mechanisms of regeneration in frogs and how these findings might provide essential information to stimulate regeneration in the human retina.
Towards multimodal modeling of physicians' diagnostic confidence and self-awareness using medical narratives

Misdiagnosis is a problem in the medical field, often related to physicians’ cognitive errors. Overconfidence is considered a major cause of such errors. Intelligent diagnostic support systems could benefit from understanding how aware physicians are of their performance when they estimate their confidence in a diagnosis (i.e. a physician’s diagnostic self-awareness). Shedding light on the cognitive processes related to such awareness could also help improve medical education. We use a multimodal dataset of medical narratives to computationally model diagnostic confidence and self-awareness based on physicians’ linguistic and eye movement behaviors. Dermatologists viewed images of cutaneous conditions, providing a description, diagnosis, and certainty level for each image case, while their speech and eye movements were recorded. We define both a generalized and a personalized approach to binning confidence levels, used in classification experiments. We also introduce truly multimodal features, which focus on combining linguistic and eye movement data into multimodal attributes. Results indicate that combinations of multiple modalities can outperform their constituent modalities in isolation for these problems.
Riverine peninsulas: An experimental approach to homing in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

White-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, were removed from a riverine peninsula to assess the effects of a river functioning as a barrier to movement. During an 8-mo period in 2001, 101 mice were live trapped and released across a river from the 14.2-ha peninsula. No small mammals were found to emigrate from the peninsula; 6 of the mice removed, however, exhibited homing behavior and immigrated across a fifth-order river and returned to or near the original site of capture. More studies at this temporal and spatial scale need to be conducted to demonstrate how natural barriers, particularly riverine peninsulas, could be utilized as experimental mesocosms in the study of small-mammal population dynamics at the landscape scale.
Robust price of anarchy bounds via LP and fenchel duality

Bounding the price of anarchy (PoA), which quantifies the degradation in the quality of outcomes in a (pure) Nash equilibrium of a game, is one of the fundamental questions in computational game theory. However, for a large class of games, a pure NE may not always exist and hence a natural question to pursue is to quantify the inefficiency for weaker notions of equilibrium such as mixed Nash equilibrium, correlated equilibrium or coarse correlated equilibrium, all of which are known to exist for finite games. Several techniques have been developed for bounding the price of anarchy, yet, only a handful of them are applicable for proving the PoA bounds for general equilibrium concepts. Most notable among such techniques is Roughgarden's elegant smoothness framework, which led to the concept of robust price of anarchy. The term refers to the inefficiency bounds applicable to general equilibrium notions such as coarse correlated equilibrium.In this paper, we develop a new framework based on LP and Fenchel duality for bounding the robust price of anarchy for a large class of games. We use our framework to give the first PoA bounds for temporal routing games on graphs and energy minimization games in machine scheduling. Most notably, we present the first coordination mechanisms with bounded PoA for temporal routing over general graphs, show a related lowerbound result, and an improved bound on the price of stability for this game. Previously, coordination mechanisms with bounded PoA were only known for restricted classes of graphs such as trees or parallel edges. Furthermore, we demonstrate the wide applicability of our framework by giving new proofs of the PoA bounds for three classical games - weighted affine congestion games, competitive facility location games and simultaneous second price auctions. Our price anarchy bounds for these games match the ones known in the literature or obtained using the smoothness framework.All our proofs use the following technique: we first show that for a wide class of games, one can formulate the underlying optimization problem as a linear (or convex) program such that the (Fenchel) dual of the relaxation encodes the equilibrium condition. Further, the dual program has a specific structure with variables for players and resources, which can be naturally interpreted as the cost incurred by the players and the congestion of the resource in an equilibrium outcome. This lets us argue that our definition of dual variables satisfy the dual constraints and using the weak duality theorem we establish the PoA bounds.
Surrogate preposterior analyses for predicting and enhancing identifiability in model calibration

In physics-based engineering modeling and uncertainty quantification, distinguishing the effects of two main sources of uncertainty — calibration parameter uncertainty and model discrepancy — is challenging. Previous research has shown that identifiability, which is quantified by the posterior covariance of the calibration parameters, can sometimes be improved by experimentally measuring multiple responses of the system that share a mutual dependence on a common set of calibration parameters. In this paper, we address the issue of how to select the most appropriate subset of responses to measure experimentally, to best enhance identifiability. We use a preposterior analysis approach that, prior to conducting physical experiments but after conducting computer simulations, can predict the degree of identifiability that will result using different subsets of responses to measure experimentally. It predicts identifiability via the preposterior covariance from a modular Bayesian Monte Carlo analysis of a multi-response spatial random process (SRP) model. Furthermore, to handle the computational challenge in preposterior analysis, we propose a surrogate preposterior analysis based on Fisher information of the calibration parameters. The proposed methods are applied to a simply supported beam example to select two out of six responses to best improve identifiability. The estimated preposterior covariance is compared to the actual posterior covariance to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.
A Miss Distance Study for Homing Missiles: Tail vs Canard Control

This paper discusses the relative merits of tail versus canard control for homing missiles. The measure of effectiveness is miss distance. The paper discusses the overall simulation used in the analysis. Each component is discussed from a modelling perspective. A simple but realistic model is created for each component. The simulation is then used to determine miss distance for deterministic engagements. The miss distance is determined for solenoidal and step acceleration target maneuvers. The results show canard control homing missiles generally have the advantage over tail control but tails are preferable for statically missiles with relatively long distances from the center of mass to the tail control compared to canard control.
Accommodating the source (and receiver) array in free-surface multiple elimination algorithm: Impact on interfering or proximal primaries and multiples

Free-surface multiple elimination (FSME) algorithm (Carvalho, 1992; Weglein et al., 1997) is modified and extended to accommodate a source (and receiver) array with a radiation pattern. That accommodation can provide added value compared to previous methods that assumed a single point source (air-gun) for the fidelity of amplitude and phase prediction of free surface multiples at all offsets. For the source-array data, if all prerequisites are provided, the new algorithm has the theoretical capability of predicting the exact phase and amplitude of multiples, and in principle removing them through a simple subtraction. Green’s theorem method can provide all its data requirements: (1) removing the reference wavefield, (2) estimation of source wavelet and radiation pattern, and (3) source and receiver deghosting. Green’s theorem method is consistent with the new FSME algorithm. They are both multidimensional and do not require any subsurface information. The new FSME algorithm is tested on a 1D acoustic model, and the results indicate that the new algorithm enhances the multiple prediction when the data and experiment are caused by an array rather than a single air-gun.