cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconciling functions and evolution of isoprene emission in higher plants

'Summary' 578 I. 'Introduction' 578 II. 'Isoprene emission has clear biological and ecological patterns' 579 III. 'Reconciling ecological patterns of isoprene emission with possible evolutionary and functional threads' 580 'Acknowledgements' 581 References 581 Summary Compilation and analysis of existing inventories reveal that isoprene is emitted by c. 20% of the perennial vegetation of tropical and temperate regions of the world. Isoprene emitters are found across different plant families without any clear phylogenetic thread. However, by critically appraising information in inventories, several ecological patterns of isoprene emission can be highlighted, including absence of emission from C4 and annual plants, and widespread emission from perennial and deciduous plants of temperate environments. Based on this analysis, and on available information on biochemistry, ecology and functional roles of isoprene, it is suggested that isoprene may not have evolved to help plants face heavy or prolonged stresses, but rather assists C3 plants to run efficient photosynthesis and to overcome transient and mild stresses, especially during periods of active plant growth in warm seasons. When the stress status persists, or when evergreen leaves cope with multiple and repeated stresses, isoprene biosynthesis is replaced by the synthesis of less volatile secondary compounds, in part produced by the same biochemical pathway, thus indicating causal determinism in the evolution of isoprene-emitting plants in response to the environment.
On the allometry of biomass partitioning and light harvesting for plants with leafless stems.

Abstract Prior explicit allometric models are extended to predict the scaling relationship between the ability of plants with leafless stems to harvest sunlight H and total standing plant biomass M T (which equals the sum of standing stem and root biomass, M S and M R ). Provided that H scales in a directly proportional manner (isometrically) with respect to either stem surface area (i.e. H∝SA S ) or total stem biomass (i.e. H ∝ M S ), the allometric model presented here predicts that SA S ∝M T 3/4 or M S ∝M T 3/4 , respectively. These alternative predictions are tested empirically using data for standing stem and root biomass gathered for the large columnar cactus species Pachycereus pringlei . Statistical comparisons between observed and predicted scaling relationships indicate that SA S ∝ M T 3/4 , whereas M S ∝ M T 3/4 is mathematically inconsistent with the observation that stem biomass scales nearly isometrically with respect to root biomass. The contention that the H of leafless stems scales isometrically with respect to stem surface area is thus reasonable both theoretically and empirically.
Microcomputer controlled system for the spectroscopy of highly ionized atoms

Abstract We have constructed a dedicated microprocessor system to control the operation of an ultraviolet monochromator for spectroscopic research in the atomic physics of highly ionized atoms. The microprocessor controls all functions related to the positioning of the monochromator wavelength as well as the collection and real-time display of the data. It also transmits the data to the central lab computer for detailed analysis and archival storage. The development goal was to provide a computer capable of easy upgrades while also maintaining a high degree of user friendliness. A Multibus board with a Motorola MC68000 was chosen for the Central Processing Unit because of the computing capacity of the microprocessor. The Multibus format was selected because of the large number of vendors that manufacture other compatible components.
Sol−Gel-Based, Planar Waveguide Sensor for Gaseous Iodine

A novel sensor for gaseous iodine has been developed using a combination of sol−gel processing and planar integrated optical waveguiding technologies. The sensing principle is based on the detection of a charge transfer complex formed between iodine and phenyl groups that have been incorporated into a porous, methylated glass film. The glass film was prepared from siloxane precursors by the sol−gel method. Sensors were fabricated by coating the film over a single-mode planar waveguide. Light was coupled into and out of the laminate structure using integral grating couplers, and formation of the charge transfer complex was monitored as attenuated total reflection of the guided wave. The sensor exhibits a linear response to I2 in the range of 100 ppb to 15 ppm with response and recovery times less than 15 s. The response is selective to 4 ppm iodine in the presence of 10 ppm chlorine and is stable for at least 3 months.
Identification of AML1-ETO modulators by chemical genomics.

Somatic rearrangements of transcription factors are common abnormalities in the acute leukemias. With rare exception, however, the resultant protein products have remained largely intractable as pharmacologic targets. One example is AML1-ETO, the most common translocation reported in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify AML1-ETO modulators, we screened a small molecule library using a chemical genomic approach. Gene expression signatures were used as surrogates for the expression versus loss of the translocation in AML1-ETO–expressing cells. The top classes of compounds that scored in this screen were corticosteroids and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. In addition to modulating the AML1-ETO signature, both classes induced evidence of differentiation, dramatically inhibited cell viability, and ultimately induced apoptosis via on-target activity. Furthermore, AML1-ETO–expressing cell lines were exquisitely sensitive to the effects of corticosteroids on cellular viability compared with nonexpressers. The corticosteroids diminished AML1-ETO protein in AML cells in a proteasome- and glucocorticoid receptor–dependent manner. Moreover, these molecule classes demonstrated synergy in combination with standard AML chemotherapy agents and activity in an orthotopic model of AML1-ETO–positive AML. This work suggests a role for DHFR inhibitors and corticosteroids in treating patients with AML1-ETO–positive disease.
Cytochrome b-558 alpha-subunit cloning and expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the NADPH oxidase participates in the generation of superoxide anion in non-phagocytic cells. Here we report the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the cytochrome b-558 α-subunit of the NADPH oxidase in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The coding region of the cDNA was 93% homologous to mouse and 81% to human in nucleotide sequence and 96% homologous to mouse and 89% to human in the deduced amino acid sequence. Our results provide a tool with which to explore the mechanism of superoxide anion generation in rat VSMCs and other non-phagocytic cells.
Superoxide dismutase partially restores impaired dilatation of the basilar artery during diabetes mellitus

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that administration of superoxide dismutase restores nitric oxide synthase-mediated dilatation of the basilar artery during diabetes mellitus. We measured the diameter of the basilar artery in vivo in nondiabetic and diabetic rats (streptozotocin; 50-60 mg/kg i.p.) in response to nitric oxide synthase-dependent agonists (acetylcholine and bradykinin) and a nitric oxide synthase-independent agonist (nitroglycerin) before and during application of superoxide dismutase. Topical application of acetylcholine (1.0 and 10 microM) and bradykinin (1.0 and 10 microM) produced dose-related dilatation of the basilar artery in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. However, the magnitude of vasodilation produced by acetylcholine and bradykinin was significantly less in diabetic rats. Topical application of nitroglycerin (0.1 and 1.0 microM) produced similar dose-related dilatation of the basilar artery in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Treatment with superoxide dismutase (150 U/ml) did not alter baseline diameter of the basilar artery in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. However, topical application of superoxide dismutase partially restored nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilatation of the basilar artery in diabetic rats towards that observed in nondiabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase did not alter dilatation of the basilar artery in nondiabetic rats. These findings suggest that impaired nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilatation of the basilar artery during diabetes mellitus may be related, in part, to enhanced release of oxygen-derived free radicals.
Actions of Daiichi DQ-2511 on electrical and synaptic behavior of enteric neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine.

Intracellular recording of electrical and synaptic behavior of neurons in the enteric nervous system of guinea-pig small intestine was used to evaluate actions of DQ-2511 (3-[[[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl]methyl]amino-N-methylbenzamide). DQ-2511 is a new drug with gastrointestinal prokinetic action. DQ-2511 was most effective in the nanomolar range. The drug depolarized some of the neurons and this was accompanied by increased input resistance and augmented excitability. DQ-2511 in nanomolar concentrations increased the amplitude of fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials at nicotinic synapses. Slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, produced by release of norepinephrine from sympathetic postganglionic fibers, were suppressed by DQ-2511. This appeared to reflect presynaptic suppression of release of norepinephrine because postsynaptic responses to exogenously applied norepinephrine were unaffected. The results suggest that the prokinetic action of DQ-2511 on gastrointestinal transit might emerge from actions that augment excitatory synaptic transmission in the microcircuits of the enteric nervous system while suppressing inhibitory sympathetic neurotransmission.
Trauma system development in low- and middle-income countries: a review.

Abstract Background Trauma systems in resource-rich countries have decreased mortality for trauma patients through centralizing resources and standardizing treatment. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have increased the demand for formalized emergency medical services and trauma services (EMS and TS) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This systematic review examines initiatives to develop EMS and TS systems in LMICs to inform the development of comprehensive prehospital care systems in resource-poor settings. Materials and methods EMS and TS system development publications were identified using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Articles addressing subspecialty skill sets, public policy, or physicians were excluded. Two independent reviewers assessed titles, abstracts, and full texts in a hierarchical manner. Results A total of 12 publications met inclusion criteria, and 10 unique LMIC EMS and TS programs were identified. Common initiatives included the integration of existing EMS and TS services and provision of standardized training and formalized certification processes for prehospital care providers, as well as the construction of a conceptual framework for system development through the public health model. Conclusions There is no single model of EMS and TS systems, and successful programs are heterogeneous across regions. Successful EMS and TS systems share common characteristics. A predevelopment needs assessment is critical in identifying existing EMS and TS resources as a foundation for further development. Implementation requires coordination of preexisting resources with cost-effective initiatives that involve local stakeholders. High-impact priority areas are identified to focus improvements. Financial stresses and mismatching of resources in LMICs are common and are more commonly encountered when implementing a high-income model EMS and TS in an LMIC. Preimplementation and postimplementation evaluations can determine the efficacy of initiatives to strengthen EMS and TS systems.
Learning the Right Lesson from Watergate: The Special Prosecutor and the Independent Counsel

The Saturday Night Massacre, in which Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox was dismissed on orders of President Richard Nixon, provided the impetus for the creation of the independent counsel as part of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978.1 The gravity of the situation was reflected in the resignations on principle of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus, both of whom refused direct orders to fire Special Prosecutor Cox.2 Supporters of the independent counsel law contended that we needed to avoid another opportunity for the executive branch to squelch sensitive criminal investigations.3
Tetracycline and Calcium Kinetics Are Comparable for Estimating Bone Resorption in Rats

3H-tetracycline (3H-TC) is thought to be superior to calcium (Ca) isotopic tracers for estimating bone resorption rates due to the less redeposition upon release in animal models. However, these 2 tracers have not been compared directly using complete kinetic studies with sampling of blood, urine, feces, and bone. Our goal was to compare the 2 isotopes for evaluating bone turnover. We firstly developed a model for 3H-TC kinetics in 4-mo-old female rats (n = 3) by measuring the tracer in serum, urine, and feces over 4 d. Then, 9-mo-old ovariectomized (OVX) rats (n = 6) were given both 45Ca and 3H-TC subcutaneously. Urine was collected in 24-h pools and assayed for both tracers. Rats were killed 7 and 46 d after the dose and whole skeleton was harvested. We calculated bone resorption rates by modeling the 45Ca and 3H-TC data in urine and bone. 3H-TC kinetics revealed that, like Ca, there are 2 exchangeable compartments between serum and bone. An additional pool was required to account for bone mass of Ca. Bone resorption rates determined from urinary 45Ca and 3H-TC did not differ significantly. The tracers 45Ca and 3H-TC can be used interchangeably to determine bone resorption rates in OVX rats. Thus, both labels can be used to screen dietary and other interventions for beneficial effects on bone.
RF characterization of an inflatable parabolic torus reflector antenna for space-borne applications

Space-borne satellite applications provide a vast array of services extending from global connectivity to Earth observation systems. The soil moisture radiation mission is a proposed space-borne passive microwave system complementary to the existing Earth observing system operating at low microwave frequencies and requiring an antenna with multibeam, high-beam efficiency, and dual polarization capabilities. To achieve both the large reflector size and the multibeam pattern at the operational frequencies an innovative multibeam reflector antenna design was needed. The advances in inflatable antenna technology has been proposed to overcome the launch vehicle size and weight restrictions. This paper describes a novel offset parabolic torus reflector antenna design that produces the desired multibeam pattern and is compatible with the inflatable antenna technology. Using the system requirements of this mission as an example, the design process for an inflatable parabolic torus reflector antenna is outlined, the development of suitable distortion models is given, and representative RF characteristics are presented. These RF characteristics include far-field patterns, beam contour patterns, beam efficiency, and other key performance parameters. The development of an advanced analytical modeling/numerical tool in support of the design effort is also detailed.
Differentiation of Giardia duodenalis from other Giardia spp. by using polymerase chain reaction and gene probes.

Abstract Giardia spp. are waterborne organisms that are the most commonly identified pathogenic intestinal protozoans in the United States. Current detection techniques for Giardia species in water include microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques. Species of the genus Giardia are classified on the basis of taxonomic criteria, such as cell morphology, and on host specificity. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction- and gene probe-based detection system specific for Giardia spp., which can discriminate between the relevant species of the G. duodenalis type pathogenic to humans and other Giardia species that are not human pathogens. This method can detect a single Giardia cyst and is therefore sensitive enough for environmental monitoring.
New Age, New Learners, New Skills: What Skills Do Agribusiness Graduates Need to Succeed in the Knowledge Economy?

In a rapidly changing economic environment, graduate skills required evolve in their relative importance. This raises the question: what set of skills do today’s agribusiness graduates need to be successful in the tomorrow’s economy? The goal of this study is to examine the emerging paradigm of skills perceived as essential in the knowledge economy by using a choice experiment. Results of the study point out towards a shift in the needs for skills of agribusiness graduates, with skills such as creativity and critical thinking becoming quite important in the labor market. These results have direct implications for agribusiness programs and managers in the food and fiber industry.
Thermoregulation and risk of surgical site infection

Surgical site infections (SSIs) occur in approximately 2%-5% of patients undergoing surgery in the acute care setting in the United States. These infections result in increased length of stay, higher risk of death, and increased cost of care compared with that in uninfected surgical patients. Given the inclusion of maintenance of perioperative normothermia for all major surgeries as a means of lowering the risk of infection in the Surgical Care Improvement Project 2009, we prepared a summary of the literature to determine the strength and quantity of the evidence underlying the performance measure. Although the data are generally supportive of perioperative normothermia as a means of reducing the risk of SSIs, a more rigorous approach using standard SSI definitions as well as standardized temperature measurements (and timing thereof) will further delineate the role played by temperature regulation in SSI development.
M&A today: Great challenges, but great opportunities

The volatility in today's financial markets creates great challenges. But it also creates great opportunities for mergers and acquisitions (M&As). In uncertain times, there is a need to play it safe. But for some, it is also the ideal time to seize opportunities to make great deals. As companies find distinctive strategies to navigate in these turbulent times, many continue to use a twofold strategy: cut costs and stimulate growth through diversification, which includes MAAs. So despite the recession, it looks like global M&A activity increased in 2010 and 2011. The authors take a close look at global M&A activity in 2010 and the first half of 2011 (the latest period for which they have solid data). They also examine US M&A activity with regard to private equity. And they discuss key best practices to successfully manage M&A integration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The initial segment strategy: A heuristic for route selection

People often choose one route when traveling from point A to point B and a different route when traveling from point B to point A. To explain these route asymmetries, we propose that people rely on a heuristic (the initial segment strategy, or ISS) during route planning. This heuristic involves basing decisions disproportionately on the straightness of the initial segments of the routes. Asymmetries arise because the characteristics that favor selection of a particular route in one direction will usually differ from those that favor selection when traveling in the opposite direction. Results from five experiments supported these claims. In the first three experiments, we found that subjects' decisions were asymmetric and involved a preference for initially straight routes. In Experiment 4, we confirmed that the ISS is a heuristic by demonstrating that people rely on it more when under time pressure. However, people can choose the optimal route when instructed to do so. In Experiment 5, we generalized the findings by having subjects select routes on maps of college campuses. Taken together, the results indicate that the ISS can account for asymmetries in route choices on both real and artificial maps.
Efficient statistical approach to estimate power considering uncertain properties of primary inputs

Power dissipation in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits is heavily dependent on the signal properties of the primary inputs. Due to uncertainties in specification of such properties, the average power should be specified between a maximum and a minimum possible value. Due to the complex nature of the problem, it is practically impossible to use traditional power estimation techniques to determine such bounds. In this paper, we present a novel approach to accurately estimate the maximum and minimum bounds for average power using a technique which calculates the sensitivities of average power dissipation to uncertainties in specification of primary inputs. The sensitivities are calculated using a novel statistical technique and can be obtained as a by-product of average power estimation using Monte Carlo-based approaches. The signal properties are specified in terms of signal probability (probability of a signal being logic ONE) and signal activity (probability of signal switching). Results show that the maximum and minimum average power dissipation can vary widely if the primary input probabilities and activities are not specified accurately.
Dynamic bandwidth management and adaptive applications for a variable bandwidth wireless environment

This article describes an approach for providing dynamic quality of service (QoS) support in a variable bandwidth network, which may include wireless links and mobile nodes. The dynamic QoS approach centers on the notion of providing QoS support at some point within a range requested by applications. To utilize dynamic QoS, applications must be capable of adapting to the level of QoS provided by the network, which may vary during the course of a connection. To demonstrate and evaluate the dynamic QoS concept, we have implemented a new protocol called dynamic resource reservation protocol (dRSVP) and a new QoS application program interface (API). The paper describes this new protocol and API and also discusses our experience with adaptive streaming video and audio applications that work with the new protocol in a testbed network, including wireless local area network connectivity and wireless link connectivity emulated over the wired Ethernet. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of the dynamic RSVP protocol are provided.
Studies on the substrate specificity and inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis with methyl branched isomers of eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid.

Seven radioactive methyl branched isomers of eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid, in which a methyl branch was located at carbon 2, 5, 10, 13, 17, 18, or 19, were used as substrates to study their enzymatic conversion into homologues of prostaglandin E1 by microsomes from bovine vesicular glands. The products of this reaction were partially characterized. When the methyl branch was moved towards position 13, the site of stereospecific hydrogen removal by prostaglandin synthetase, the rate of prostaglandin formation declined rapidly. When a methyl branch was at positions 10, 13, 17, 18, or 19, the rates of prostaglandin formation were less than 25% of that from eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid. However, when a methyl branch was at positions 2 or 5, these isomers were converted to prostaglandins at least 50% as rapidly as eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic was converted to prostaglandins. The apparent Km and Vmax values for eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid were respectively 224 μM and 4.62 nmoles/min/mg protein. Kinetic data suggest that the enzyme converted eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid to prostaglandins 3.6 times faster than the 5-methyl branched isomer, although the enzyme bound the branched isomer twice as firmly as eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid. The concentration-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin formation from eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid by the 13-methyl branched isomer was also demonstrated.
Effects of cocaine and the cocaine analog CFT on glutamatergic neurons.

Abstract The effects of cocaine and the cocaine analog methyl-3β-(p-fluorophenyl)-1αH,5αH-tropane-2b-carboxylate (CFT) on glutamate turnover rate were studied in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, frontal cortex, and parietal-cingulate cortex of the rat, using neurotransmitter turnover rate as an estimate of the activity of the glutamatergic neurons. Both cocaine [15 or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)] and CFT (2.2 mg/kg, IP) increased glutamate turnover in the nucleus accumbens, although the time course of their actions differed. These effects on glutamate turnover appeared at times after maximal motor activation of the animals had occurred. On the other hand, neither cocaine nor CFT affected glutamate turnover in the frontal cortex, parietal-cingulate cortex, or striatum. Neither cocaine nor CFT affected the content of glutamate or glucose in any brain region studied. Thus, although cocaine and CFT affect glutamatergic neurons in the CNS, these actions are not generalized across the CNS, but are restricted to a specific brain region.
The Society of Society: The Grand Finale of Niklas Luhmann*

This paper introduces Niklas Luhmann's final work, Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft (The Society of Society). According to Luhmann, sociologists have failed to produce even a partially adequate theory of society. Epistemological obstacles and humanist concerns for rationality and justice have prevented true progress in the discipline. With his “radically antihumanist, radically antiregional, and radically constructivistic” social system theory, Luhmann intends to bring about a sociological enlightenment. Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft focuses on communication as the only genuinely social phenomenon. Social systems differentiate and evolve as they communicate in three separate dimensions: the social, temporal, and functional. The path of evolution results from a history of variation, selection, and restabilization within these dimensions. Communication, bit by bit, produces social structures that, recursively, produce future structures. Society is communication. Sociology, as the science of society, is communication about how different societal systems operate, communicate, evolve, and maintain their boundaries.
Frequency response of discrete-time robot systems--Limitations of PD controllers and improvements by lag-lead compensation

The feedback algorithm widely employed in the various current control strategies is a digital implementation of a conventional proportional plus derivative (PD) control. For dynamic control of robots, this algorithm can be shown to lead to unsatisfactory trade-offs between static accuracy, system stability, insensitivity to model structure inaccuracies and high frequency noise rejection. These trade-offs become even more serious as sampling rate decreases. To reduce these trade-offs, a more realistic discrete time system model of a robot arm and a more sophisticated feedback compensator are required. In this paper, a discrete time system model of a robot arm is derived and limitations of PD controllers are shown. They are consistent with our simulation and experimental results. Also a Lag-lead compensator is designed by a frequency-response analysis based on this model, along with the algorithm for realizing this compensator. Simulations and tests are conducted, which show encouraging results in reducing the trade-offs.
Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstructions of Great Basin geotectonics (Nevada-Utah, USA)

Palinspastic reconstructions of Phanerozoic geotectonic elements in the Great Basin (Nevada-Utah, USA) to restore the effects of Basin and Range extension, Sevier thrust telescoping, and evolution of the Cordilleran magmatic arc and forearc region to the west provide the following insights: (1) the position of the Neogene Walker Lane incipient transform system was controlled by thermal weakening of the lithosphere beneath the extinct southern segment of the ancestral Cascades arc; (2) Eocene to Miocene magmatism swept across the Great Basin from northeast to southwest, in a direction normal to the continental margin, rather than from north to south parallel to the continental margin; (3) the elevated Paleogene Nevadaplano and Sevier thrust belt between the Sierra Nevada and the Sevier foreland basin was comparable in width to the modern Altiplano and Subandean thrust belt between the Andean volcanic chain and the Brazilian foreland; (4) the late Mesozoic Sierra Nevada and Idaho batholiths formed in the roots of the Cordilleran magmatic arc as segments of a linear batholith belt that lacked curvature; (5) early to middle Mesozoic backarc basins, thrusts, and plutons were coordinated geodynamically with arc accretion and closure of a suture belt in the Sierran foothills, Klamath Mountains, and Blue Mountains of the Cordilleran arc terrane to the west; and (6) Devonian–Mississippian Roberts Mountains and Permian–Triassic Golconda thrusts and allochthons, emplaced successively from the west upon the flank of the Cambrian–Devonian miogeoclinal belt, were formed as linear features subparallel to the Wasatch hinge line marking the western edge of undeformed craton.
Metal Ions: Driving the Orderly Assembly of Polyelectrolytes at a Hydrophobic Surface

The accumulation of polyelectrolytes at the interface between water and nonpolar fluids is an important process in both environmental and biological systems. For instance, polyelectrolytes such as humic acids are highly charged molecules that play a role in the remediation of water contaminated by oil, and the adsorption of other polyelectrolytes such as proteins and DNA to cellular surfaces is essential in biological processes. The properties of these naturally occurring polyelectrolytes are highly tunable and depend strongly on the binding of metal ions commonly found in environmental and biological systems. While the metal complexation behaviors of many polyelectrolytes and biomolecules are well characterized in bulk solution, this work shows in molecular detail that the behavior of a common polyelectrolyte in the presence of metal ions can be quite different when it adsorbs to a hydrophobic–aqueous liquid interface. In these studies, vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy and interfacial tension measu...
On the Stability and Boundedness of Differential Systems

Consider the differential systemswhere A(t), g(t, y) and g(t, y) are operators acting in the real Banach space E, A(t) is an unbounded, closed, linear operator for each t in 0 ≤ t < ∞ and x0, y0 belong to the domain of definition of the operator A (t0). Let ‖x‖ denote the norm of an element x e: E and R(λ, t) the resolvent of A(t). Here and in the following the prime denotes the right-hand derivative.
The study of low frequency noise of single-walled carbon nanotube transistors

In this paper, we report a top gate SWNT-FET with reduced hysteresis in the IV characteristics and extremely low 1/f noise. We have also investigated the source of 1/f noise in these devices and attributed the low noise property to low trap charges near the carbon nanotube substrate interface. The SWNT-FET devices reported here and shown schematically in Fig. 1(a), are fabricated on high resistivity Si substrate (rhoap10 KOmega) with a 500 nm thermal SiO2. Catalyst patterns are defined by UV photolithography with a 10 mum spacing and subsequent iron deposition and lift-off. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are then synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of methane on the substrate using iron catalyst.
An analysis of the effects of windowing on selected STAP algorithms

The paper analyzes the effects of common data windows on STAP algorithms and the non-adaptive signal match processor. The windows are applied both to temporal and spatial dimensions. With the exception of factored approaches, it is shown that STAP algorithm performance decreases when windows are applied. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis of probability of detection is performed on the best windowed/nonwindowed combination from each technique evaluated. Because the covariance must be estimated, the results demonstrate that the windowed non-adaptive signal match processor can outperform partially adaptive STAP methods at normalized Doppler between 0.25 and 0.75, while partially adaptive STAP algorithms perform significantly better than the windowed signal match processor closer to the clutter normalized Doppler.
Privacy and Limited Democracy: The Moral Centrality of Persons

Of all the moral concerns regarding privacy in its various meanings, this essay selects only one: the right to be left alone by others, in particular, by government. Because moral controversies in pluralist societies tend to be interminable, and surely controversies regarding privacy are no exception, I approach the right to privacy in terms of the centrality of persons. When there are foundational disputes about which content-full moral view should govern, it is not possible to resolve such controversies without begging the question or conceding at the outset crucial moral premises. This observation is not to affirm a moral skepticism or relativism. At worst, it involves an epistemic skepticism, a skepticism about the possibility of resolving controversies by sound rational argument without begging the question or engaging in an infinite regress.
Quality of Instruments Used to Assess Competencies in Athletic Training

Context: An emphasis on knowledge and skill competency acquisition continues to gain importance in allied health professions. Accuracy and fairness in the summative assessment of competencies are e...
Finding the Bloom of the Cactus Generation: Improving the Quality of Life for Seniors by Maggie Walters

In Finding the Bloom of the Cactus Generation: Improving the Quality of Life for Seniors, author Maggie Walters uses the analogy of a cactus to explain that older adults need time, attention, and c...
Elastic neutron scattering of the "phase ordering" phase transition in Hg 3 − δ As F 6

Elastic-neutron-scattering experiments performed on the linear-chain mercury compound ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}\mathrm{As}{\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ are presented. On cooling, a progressive phase ordering between the Hg chains, randomly phased at room temperature, has been found and characterized. Short-range order gradually builds up, with transverse coherence lengths of a few lattice constants, as a result of parallel chain-chain interactions. At 120 K, the competing orthogonal chain-chain interaction leads to three-dimensional order and a phase-ordering phase transition. The three-dimensional low-temperature phase is accompanied by an incommensurate modulation of the Hg chains indicating an interaction with the host lattice.
Effect of velocity uncertainty on migrated reflectors

We study the problem of uncertainty quantification for migrated images. A traditional migrated image contains deterministic reconstructions of subsurface structures. However, the input parameters used in migration, such as reflection data and a velocity model, are inherently uncertain. This uncertainty is carried through to the migrated images. We use Bayesian analysis to quantify the uncertainty of migrated structures by constructing a joint statistical distribution of the structures in question. From this distribution we can deduce the uncertainty in absolute positions of the structures, or a relative position of one structure with respect to another. In some cases the relative position has a much smaller uncertainty than the absolute position.
State-Making in Revolutionary America: Independent Vermont as a Case Study

Vermont was created in July 1777 when representatives of approximately twenty-eight towns in the New Hampshire Grants adopted their own constitution and declared their independence of the state of New York. New York and New Hampshire had contested for jurisdiction in the area until 1764 when the British Privy Council set New York's eastern boundary at the Connecticut River. The Vermont independence movement was the culmination of a subsequent series of challenges to the Privy Council's decision on behalf of settlers and speculators holding New Hampshire titles. 1 Vermont joined the American Revolution against British tyranny, but the revolutionary states did not embrace Vermont. Because the United States Congress would not sanction the involuntary division of one of its own members, Vermont was unable to gain recognition from neighboring states or protection from the British in Canada. When Vermont became independent, it became independent of all the world and remained so until 1791 when it was finally admitted to the union. If the United States did not welcome Vermont into their ranks, neither were they willing to tolerate it as a neutral republic. The Americans were anxious to secure their northern flank from British attack; neighboring states sought to regain or extend their territorial jurisdiction; and New York speculators hoped to establish their land titles in the Grants. The impasse over Vermont statehood-which dragged through Congress for years-encouraged British overtures to the new state. The British hoped to disrupt the Revolutionary cause and gain a foothold in northern New England. The threat of invasion guaranteed that the Vermonters would give the British an attentive hearing. In the first years of the war, Vermont participated actively in the American effort, capturing Ticonderoga (May 1775) and playing an important role in
Synoptic Climatology of the Canadian High Arctic

An objective classification of daily weather maps for the Canadian High Arctic was developed with a view to identifying those synoptic situations which greatly affect ablation season temperatures and annual precipitation totals. This classification was used to catalog synoptic types for the period January, 1946 to August, 1974. 22 basic types were recognized, accounting for -96 % of days in the period. Most types have distinct seasonal maxima. Using data from Alert, Isachsen and Thule, monthly mean temperature characteristics of the types were obtained, enabling them to be ranked, warmest to coldest. Although "warm" and "cold" types were different for each station, the circulation characteristics of cold types, and of warm types, were similar. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to indicate the synoptic types which are closely related to inter-annual variations of mean monthly maximum temperatures. Generally, the maximum reduction of variance in the temperature record was achieved with a minimum number of synoptic types in the months April-August, suggesting greater "control" on temperature by a few types in spring and summer months. Ablation season climatic data were used to identify synoptic types which were "cool and wet", "warm and dry", "cool and dry" or "warm and wet". Cool, wet types have increased in frequency over the last 10-15 years whereas warm, dry types were slightly less frequent. Such changes are not sufficient to account for the deterioration in summer climate of the area in the 1960s; within-type changes are probably significant factors in this deterioration. Stratification of precipitation data by synoptic type indicates a small number of types account for most of the annual precipitation at each station, though this is really a function of type frequency. Other, less frequent, types are more efficient precipitation-bearing situations, in terms of precipitation per day of type occurrence. In many of these situations, low pressure close to the station dominates the circulation; these may be North Atlantic depressions regenerated along the Siberian coastline. Even small changes in the frequency of these systems would have important consequences for High Arctic precipitation.
The Role of Cellular Immune Responses on Chikungunya Virus Infection-Induced Arthritis

The mosquito-borne virus Chikungunya has been emerging in new parts of the world in the last decade and has resulted in many new infections and increasing the number of people at risk. Infection with Chikungunya results in Chikungunya fever and possibly the development of arthritis induced by the infection. While the responses of the immune system against Chikungunya infection are not yet fully understood, it has been observed that a CD8+ T cell response is important for viral clearance and protection. Evidence suggests that the arthritis-like symptoms are a result of inflammatory responses of the immune system in the joint tissues where the virus replicates. It is not understood why these symptoms sometimes develop into chronic arthralgia, but it is thought that this may be caused by macrophages infiltrating the joint tissue and resulting in a persistent inflammatory state. Data also implies that inflammation in the joints induces bone erions, which also contribute to arthralgias and arthritis. Since the mechanisms behind the Chikungunya infection-induced arthritis are not yet fully understood, additional efforts should be made to fully comprehend them which also may lead to valuable information on how to eradicate the virus.
Expanding the labor theory of value

This paper revisits debates over the labor theory of value in the 1970s and 1980s and proposes an expansion and revision for the neoliberal era. It draws on three empirical cases of social movements grappling with contemporary changes in the societal division of labor and argues that they can best be understood as “revaluation” projects seeking to bring recognition to aspects of the economy that are necessary for its long-term sustainability but are not “counted” as important.
Capturing a sulfenic acid with arylboronic acids and benzoxaborole.

Post-translational redox generation of cysteine-sulfenic acids (Cys-SOH) functions as an important reversible regulatory mechanism for many biological functions, such as signal transduction, balancing cellular redox states, catalysis, and gene transcription. Herein we show that arylboronic acids and cyclic benzoxaboroles can form adducts with sulfenic acids in aqueous medium and that these boron-based compounds can potentially be used to trap biologically significant sulfenic acids. As proof of principle we demonstrate that a benzoxaborole can inhibit the enzyme activity of an iron-containing nitrile hydratase, which requires a catalytic αCys114-SOH in the active site. The nature of the adduct and the effect of the boronic acid’s pKaB on the stability constant of the adduct are discussed within.
An inverse PCR for optimization of truncated HPV type 58 L1 gene suitable for its expression in pichia pastoris

Aim:To study an inverse PCR applied to optimize truncated human papilloma virus(HPV) type 58 L1 gene according to pichia yeast preferred codons. Methods: PCR primers were designed to amplify truncated targeted HPV58L1 gene,then it was cloned into the pichia pastoris secretion expression vector pPICZαC;The targeted gene was sequenced,analyzed and amplified by designing primers according to pichia pastoris preferred codons in inverse PCR.Results: Truncated HPV58L1 gene was amplified and constructed into pichia pastoris secretion expression vector pPICZαC;Truncated HPV58L1 gene was optimized based on pichia pastoris preferred codons.Conclusion:The codon optimized recombinant secretion plasmid pPICZαC—HPV58L1 were constructed.
Single Cell Analysis of Phagocytosis, Phagosome Maturation, Phagolysosomal Leakage, and Cell Death Following Exposure of Macrophages to Silica Particles

Chronic inhalation of silica in various occupational settings results in the development of silicosis, a disease characterized by lung fibrosis. Uptake of silica particles by alveolar macrophages results in cell death and this is one of the contributing factors to the development of silicosis. We have characterized the uncoated or protein-coated (non-opsonized) and Fc receptor-mediated (antibody-opsonized) routes of silica phagocytosis and toxicity. Numerous microscopy techniques and fluorescent probes are outlined in this chapter to carefully measure particle uptake, by macrophages, phagosome maturation, phagosomal reactive oxygen species generation, phagolysosomal leakage, and cell death.
On the endogenous formation of energy efficient cooperative wireless networks

In wireless networks, it is well-known that intermediate nodes can be used as cooperative relays to reduce the transmission energy required to reliably deliver a message to an intended destination. When the network is under a central authority, energy allocations and cooperative pairings can be assigned to optimize the overall energy efficiency of the network. In networks with autonomous selfish nodes, however, nodes may not be willing to expend energy to relay messages for others. This problem has been previously addressed through the development of extrinsic incentive mechanisms, e.g. virtual currency, or the insertion of altruistic nodes in the network to enforce cooperative behavior. This paper considers the problem of how selfish nodes can decide on an efficient energy allocation and endogenously form cooperative partnerships in wireless networks without extrinsic incentive mechanisms or altruistic nodes. Using tools from both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory, the three main contributions of this paper are (i) the development of Pareto-efficient cooperative energy allocations that can be agreed upon by selfish nodes, based on axiomatic bargaining techniques, (ii) the development of necessary and sufficient conditions under which “natural” cooperation is possible in systems with fading and non-fading channels without extrinsic incentive mechanisms or altruistic nodes, and (iii) the development of techniques to endogenously form cooperative partnerships without central control. Numerical results with orthogonal amplify-and-forward (OAF) cooperation are also provided to quantify the energy efficiency of a wireless network with sources selfishly allocating transmission/relaying energy and endogenously forming cooperative partnerships with respect to a network with centrally optimized energy allocations and pairing assignments.
BRICS versus G7 Countries’ Direct Investment Impact in Africa

This chapter provides evidence on the labor-productivity growth and employment impact of BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and G7 countries’ (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States) direct investment in selected African countries over the period 2001–2012. Results based on generalized method of moments estimation show that while foreign direct investment (FDI) from BRICS and G7 countries has increased labor-productivity growth and employment in Africa, BRICS relative to G7 FDI has consistently stronger effects under different model specifications. These findings suggest that the origin of investment does have differing impacts. We also find that human capital appears to complement both types of FDI.
Stress Relaxation in Epoxy Thermosets via a Ferrocene-Based Amine Curing Agent

Physical stress relaxation in rubbery, thermoset polymers is limited by cross-links, which impede segmental motion and restrict relaxation to network defects, such as chain ends. In parallel, the cure shrinkage associated with thermoset polymerizations leads to the development of internal residual stress that cannot be effectively relaxed. Recent strategies have reduced or eliminated such cure stress in thermoset polymers largely by exploiting chemical relaxation processes, wherein temporary cross-links or otherwise transient bonds are incorporated into the polymer network. Here, we explore an alternative approach, wherein physical relaxation is enhanced by the incorporation of organometallic sandwich moieties into the backbone of the polymer network. A standard epoxy resin is cured with a diamine derivative of ferrocene and compared to conventional diamine curing agents. The ferrocene-based thermoset is clearly distinguished from the conventional materials by reduced cure stress with increasing cure temp...