cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dental health aides in Alaska: A qualitative assessment to improve paediatric oral health in remote rural villages.

OBJECTIVE Isolated villages in Alaska face disparities in oral health and access to care. Dental health aides such as the primary dental health aide (PDHA) and the dental health therapist (DHAT) fill a critical role for providing dental care in Alaska. Our objective was to describe strengths and barriers to paediatric dental care for children living in remote Alaska villages from the perspectives of the community and the health care system. METHODS This qualitative study collected data through semi-structured key informant interviews with community members (n = 19) and healthcare workers (n = 19) and focus groups with patients (n = 31 adolescents and 16 caregivers of children under 12 years) living in or providing health care to 3 remote villages in Alaska. Using an inductively developed codebook and a narrative approach, 3 researchers independently read and thematically analysed the transcripts. RESULTS Two themes emerged: (i) PDHAs and DHATs are perceived as sustainable and strongly positioned to meet the unique dental needs of the rural communities; (ii) PDHAs and DHATs face barriers that limit their effectiveness, and their distinct roles require clarification and administrative support. CONCLUSIONS Dental health aides, both PDHAs and DHATs, are well accepted in Alaska villages. An innate understanding of cultural norms and continuity of care are key elements driving village satisfaction. The potential exists administratively to strengthen the model with the implementation of clinical and office-system strategies to increase efficiency of the dental team. Culturally adapted implementation strategies will be critical to the successful expansion of new workforce models that are addressing health disparities.
Academic Difficulties Found Within the Normal Family

Children and adolescents in “normal” families may experience academic difficulties. In fact, various aspects of family life and family structure may contribute to such academic performance problems. This article explores the methods that might be used to determine whether family life and family structure are contributing to the child’s academic problems. Variations in family life and structure and how they might be related to academic difficulties are also discussed. Finally, general recommendations are made related to intervention. The reader is cautioned not to overinterpret the role and impact of family life and structure on academic difficulties in children and adolescents.
Energy Based Control of a Class of Underactuated Mechanical Systems

Abstract In this paper we discuss some design methods for the control of a class of underactuated mechanical systems. This class of systems includes gymnastic robots, such as the Acrobot, as well the classical cart-pole system. The systems considered here are nonminimum phase which greatly complicates the control design issues. Our design techniques combine nonlinear partial feedback linearization with Lyapunov methods based on saturation functions, switching and energy shaping.
A Charge-Separated State that Lives for Almost a Second at a Conductive Metal Oxide Interface.

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are widely used commercially available materials for opto-electronic applications, yet they have received very little attention for dye-sensitization applications. Now, mesoporous thin films of conductive indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) nanocrystallites are shown to support long-lived charge separation with first-order recombination kinetics (k=1.5 s-1 ). A layer-by-layer technique was utilized to spatially arrange redox and/or chromophoric molecular components on ITO. Spectroelectrochemical measurements demonstrated that upon light absorption, each component provided a free-energy gradient to direct electron transfer at the conductive oxide interface. The long-lived nature of the photogenerated charge separated states provide favorable conditions for photocatalytic solar fuel production. Furthermore, the first-order recombination kinetics are most ideal for the fundamental understanding of interfacial charge separation dynamics.
Behavioral syndrome persists over metamorphosis in a pond-breeding amphibian

In recent years, behavioral ecology has shifted from assuming animal behavior is infinitely plastic and situation specific to recognizing that behavior can be limited in its plasticity and correlated across different ecological situations. At the center of this new framework are behavioral syndromes or consistent individual differences in behavioral tendencies. Over the past decade, numerous studies have identified the evolutionary mechanisms and ecological implications of behavioral syndromes. However, the persistence of behavioral syndromes over ontogeny remains an open question. Species with complex life cycles present an interesting system in which to test the persistence of behavioral syndromes, because such life histories are thought to evolve when correlations between life stages are costly. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that behavioral tendencies of species with complex life histories are consistent within a life stage (before or after metamorphosis) but not between life stages. We experimentally assayed the activity, boldness, and exploration of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) before and after metamorphosis. We found most behaviors to be at least moderately repeatable. Additionally, there was support for a behavioral syndrome within the larval stage as well as between larval behaviors and juvenile boldness. Our results reject the adaptive decoupling hypothesis and instead suggest that behavioral syndromes in species with complex life cycles can be maintained over metamorphosis. A central prediction of behavioral syndromes is that individual behavioral consistency should be maintained over the life of an organism. However, in species with complex life cycles, evolution is thought to act independently on each stage, leading to the prediction that behavioral syndromes should not persist over metamorphosis. We tested for behavioral correlations over metamorphosis by assaying salamander activity, boldness, and exploration in larval and juvenile salamanders. We found support for behavioral syndromes within and between life stages. These findings contradict the predictions of complex life cycle evolution and instead suggest that behavioral syndromes may span metamorphosis. However, because support for the persistence of syndromes over metamorphosis varies between taxa, we caution researchers against extrapolating inferences from the larval stage to the juvenile stage.
The Research of Overall Effect Evaluation Index System of New Energy Combined Power Project

For the current, the evaluation index system of energy projects is only for a single project or a single aspect, which for new energy combined power project is lack. According to the features of the new energy combined power project, the integrated overall effect evaluation index system is studied. The integrated overall effect evaluation index system is established by four areas as demonstration effect, operating effect, economic benefit and environmental impact. Choose a actual operating data of a new energy combined power project as a numerical example. Actual examples show that the proposed index system can be more fully grasp the impact elements of the new energy combined power project and guide its development in the future.
Tailoring the electron-phonon interaction with metallic plasmonic structures

Abstract The interaction between electrons and phonons governs the intrinsic electrical resistance in semiconductors. We show that large reductions in the strength of the interaction between electrons and phonons in polar semiconductors can be achieved by exploiting strong ‘off-resonance’ screening from two-dimensional plasmonic arrays embedded in a nearby insulating layer. By judicious design of the plasmonic layers, remarkably large enhancements of the carrier mobilities are predicted. Examples for GaN-, MoS2-, and GaAs-based structures are given. Experimental verification of these predicted behaviors could lead to significant improvements in the performance of next-generation electronic devices.
Nitric Oxide Regulates Triclosan-Induced Redox Disequilibrium by Enhancing Glutathione Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are known as emerging plant stressors. Previous studies mainly focused on uptake and metabolism of PPCPs, while plant tolerance and detoxification...
Acute Subjective and Behavioral Effects of Microdoses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Human Volunteers.

Abstract Background Numerous anecdotal reports suggest that repeated use of very low doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), known as “microdosing,” improves mood and cognitive function. These effects are consistent both with the known actions of LSD on serotonin receptors, and with limited evidence that higher doses of LSD (100-200 μg) positively bias emotion processing. Yet, the effects of such sub-threshold doses of LSD have not been tested in a controlled laboratory setting. As a first step, we examined the effects of single very low doses of LSD (0 - 26μg) on mood and behavior in healthy volunteers under double-blind conditions. Methods Healthy young adults (N=20) attended four laboratory sessions during which they received placebo, 6.5μg, 13μg, or 26μg LSD in randomized order at one-week intervals. During expected peak drug effect, they completed mood questionnaires and behavioral tasks assessing emotion processing and cognition. Cardiovascular measures and body temperature were also assessed. Results LSD produced dose-related subjective effects across the three doses (6.5μg, 13μg, or 26μg). At the highest dose the drug also increased ratings of “vigor” and slightly decreased positivity ratings of images with positive emotional content. Other mood measures, cognition, and physiological measures were unaffected. Conclusions Single “microdoses” of LSD produced orderly dose-related subjective effects in healthy volunteers. These findings indicate that a threshold dose of 13μg of LSD might be used safely in an investigation of repeated administrations. It remains to be determined whether the drug improves mood or cognition in individuals with symptoms of depression.
The first use of a rotating mechanical dilator sheath for S-ICD coil extraction.

Over the last decade, subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation has gained significant momentum for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. This device has been implanted in more than 19,000 patients worldwide.1 Given their ability to deliver defibrillation while leaving the heart and vasculature untouched, S-ICDs have emerged as an appealing alternative to conventional transvenous ICDs. Supporting the notion that transvenous leads are the “Achilles heel” of traditional ICDs, a recent meta-analysis2 demonstrated a significantly lower rate of lead-related complications in patients implanted with S-ICDs compared to transvenous ICDs. However, acute and chronic complications still do occur with S-ICDs, sometimes requiring device extraction. There is an increasing necessity to establish safe and effective methods for device extraction in the event of untoward complications. Currently, data describing the challenges encountered during S-ICD extraction are scarce. Of the various components, extraction of the subcutaneous coil can be particularly difficult. The TightRail (Spectranetics Corp, Colorado Springs, CO) rotating mechanical dilator has emerged as a novel tool for the extraction of transvenous ICD and pacemaker leads in the past 5 years, with early reports revealing encouraging results.3, 4 The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of a mechanical dilator sheath for extraction of an S-ICD coil. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature reporting the safety and efficacy of TightRail for successful extraction of a chronically implanted S-ICD coil.
Engaging with Complexities and Imaging Possibilities Across the Boundaries of STEM

The emphasis on STEM education in public debates and policies often centers on arguments for improving academic proficiency and workforce readiness. Going beyond such instrumentalist calls, the chapters in this edited collection present critical perspectives on design and epistemology in STEM education research and practice by highlighting the inherent ambiguities, tensions, and challenges. This essay explores several common threads woven throughout the book, which include the complexities and opportunities associated with research, teaching, studying, and designing STEM learning environments, as well as the productive possibilities, from which learning scientists and the educational community can (re)imagine and (re)configure the emerging field of STEM education.
Taming the Turmoil Within: New Insights on the Containment of Transposable Elements

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic parasites that can exponentially increase their genomic abundance through self-propagation. Classic theoretical papers highlighted the importance of two potentially escalating forces that oppose TE spread: regulated transposition and purifying selection. Here, we review new insights into mechanisms of TE regulation and purifying selection, which reveal the remarkable foresight of these theoretical models. We further highlight emergent connections between transcriptional control enacted by small RNAs and the contribution of TE insertions to structural mutation and host-gene regulation. Finally, we call for increased comparative analysis of TE dynamics and fitness effects, as well as host control mechanisms, to reveal how interconnected forces shape the differential prevalence and distribution of TEs across the tree of life.
Revisiting attribute framing: The impact of number roundedness on framing

Abstract We compare the impact of round and non-round numbers used in a communication message on consumers’ evaluations and judgments towards the associated target entity. We find that the use of non-round numbers, in contrast to round numbers, in a message frame results in increased attention to numerical values, which further leads to a comparison of the associated measures with ideal reference points. This leads to an increased framing effect in the non-round numbers condition compared to the round numbers condition. Interestingly, this also negatively affects consumers’ overall evaluations of the target entity. We demonstrate that such a decreased positivity in attitudes when using non-round numbers is more pronounced in negatively expressed frames. We explain this using an ‘attention shift-comparison’ process. Additionally, using multiple methodologies, we provide elaborated support for the attention-association based reasoning for framing effects in general and thus add to the literature on processes underlying framing effects. This extends the original valence-shift based account originally proposed by Levin and Gaeth (1988) and provides an avenue for future research on attention-association based framing effects.
Cardiovascular Disease in Women and in Pregnancy

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality among women. Increasingly, sex differences are being recognized with respect to both traditional and sex-specific risk factors, pathophysiology of disease, clinical presentation, therapeutic approaches, and utilization of guideline-directed therapies. In addition, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Several unique considerations are required when treating women with cardiovascular disease both pre-conception and during pregnancy. Further, cardiovascular complications of pregnancy—including development of gestational hypertensive diseases—increase a woman’s risk of future cardiovascular disease and are important risk factors to consider in the care and risk stratification of women.
Goal relevance and desirability of virtuous behavior in satisfying affiliative and pathogen avoidance needs

Abstract Recent findings suggest that behavioral repertoires frequently conceptualized as virtuous possess a fundamental nature that implicates virtues as highly desirable in facilitating group living through factors of caring, self-control, and inquisitiveness. Although much of this desirability has previously demonstrated in mating domains, it could be possible their benefits extend to affiliative and pathogen-avoidant domains. Two studies (N = 285) sought to determine the potential costs and benefits of associating with virtuous individuals (Study 1) and how these affordances could shape subsequent interpersonal preferences (Study 2). In Study 1, participants inferred a caring behavioral repertoire as particularly effective at facilitating affiliative, whereas inquisitiveness was perceived as particularly threatening to pathogen-avoidant goals. Study 2 provides evidence dispositionally heightened affiliative interests heightened preferences for caring, but pathogen-avoidant motives did not influence preferences. I frame results from an evolutionary perspective and synthesize it with recent findings demonstrating how virtue shapes effective group living.
Evaluation of risk-stratification using gene expression assays in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

576Background: Among patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer, several prospective studies investigated various gene expressio...
Connect the Dots: In Situ 4-D Seismic Monitoring of CO₂ Storage With Spatio-Temporal CNNs

4-D seismic imaging has been widely used in CO₂ sequestration projects to monitor the fluid flow in the volumetric subsurface region that is not sampled by wells. Ideally, real-time monitoring and near-future forecasting would provide site operators with great insights to understand the dynamics of the subsurface reservoir and assess any potential risks. However, due to obstacles such as high deployment cost, availability of acquisition equipment, exclusion zones around surface structures, only very sparse seismic imaging data can be obtained during monitoring. That leads to an unavoidable and growing knowledge gap over time. The operator needs to understand the fluid flow throughout the project lifetime and the seismic data are only available at a limited number of times. This is insufficient for understanding reservoir behavior. To overcome those challenges, we have developed spatio-temporal neural-network-based models that can produce high-fidelity interpolated or extrapolated images effectively and efficiently. Specifically, our models are built on an autoencoder, and incorporate the long short-term memory (LSTM) structure with a new loss function regularized by optical flow. We validate the performance of our models using real 4-D post-stack seismic imaging data acquired at the Sleipner CO₂ sequestration field. We employ two different strategies in evaluating our models. Numerically, we compare our models with different baseline approaches using classic pixel-based metrics. We also conduct a blind survey and collect a total of 20 responses from domain experts to evaluate the quality of data generated by our models. Via both numerical and expert evaluation, we conclude that our models can produce high-quality 2-D/3-D seismic imaging data at a reasonable cost, offering the possibility of real-time monitoring or even near-future forecasting of the CO₂ storage reservoir.
Achieving sustainability in supply chain operations in the interplay between circular economy and Industry 4.0

Circular economy (CE) is an emerging industrial paradigm in manufacturing supply chains (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2012; Urbinati, Chiaroni, and Chiesa 2017). CE, in manufacturing supply chains, emphasises a circular approach to energy and materials for providing economic, environmental and social benefits of ‘triple bottom line’ (Geissdoerfer et al. 2017). CE reconciles the outlook for a nation's economic growth with the environmental and social benefits, while, at an enterprise level, it aims to create superior value (Henley 2013). CE addresses some of the issues relating to ecological degradation and resource scarcity in the business context (Vladimirova 2017). Supply chain managers can improve resource efficiency and profitability of manufacturing facilitates through effective CE mechanisms and minimise the negative impacts of production operations.
Stability of Small Biclusters of Transition Metals with Semi-Conductors

The characterization of the stability, structure and nature of bonding of small biclusters between transition metals and semiconductors is of considerable current interest.1–3
Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

It is quite appropriate that lasers should be utilized for atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Both share similar times of origin and development. During the 1960s, the laser was developed as a light source and AFS as a spectrometric technique. In 1971, with the advent of commercially available tunable dye lasers, laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) had its beginning as an analytical method (1, 2). Researchers had been looking for a high-intensity excitation source, and tunable dye lasers were found to provide high spectral irradiance at atomic transitions. LEAFS has been develped to be the method of choice for single-element trace analysis where low detection limits and large linear dynamic ranges are desired, and where spectral interferences arising from concomitant sample species need to be eliminated for accurate results. LEAFS features also make it a strong candidate as a sequential multielement analysis technique. LEAFS can make important contributions in the areas of forensic, clinical—biological, and environmental analysis, as well as in areas such as combustion diagnostics. A considerable amount of applications research is expected within the next few years.
The Reinvention of Self and World, on Aleksandar Dundjerovic's The Cinema of Robert Lepage: The Poetics of Memory

Aleksandar Dundjerovic _The Cinema of Robert Lepage: The Poetics of Memory_ London and New York: Wallflower Press, 2003 ISBN 1-903364-33-7 181 pp.
A model architecture for concurrent process engineering

Abstract To apply concurrent engineering methodology in plant design, operation and business process integration, this paper first presents a generic business process model and identifies a set of requirements, and then extends a multi-dimensional object-oriented model (MDOOM) which contains three dimensional views - business process, physical and behavior, and three model types - data, activity and performer. Thereafter, the focus is directed to data modeling. A business and engineering data analysis is conducted which results in identification of a number of detailed data management requirements. Finally, a three-layer model implementation architecture is suggested that allows managing models as metadata, and integrating models by having a set of common elementary model libraries. Under this architecture, a set of model and data services are identified and used to configure a prototype modeling environment.
Controlling electrical side effects of cardiac stimulus pulses due to high impedance electrodes

A method of measuring the extracellular voltage field in working cardiac tissue with high impedance sensors immediately after a superthreshold stimulation pulse has been developed. Previously, the stimulus pulse charged the input circuitry of the front-end amplifier with an amplitude much greater than the biological signal desired. To address this problem a blanking period was introduced which disables the amplifiers for the duration of the superthreshold stimulus pulse. As a result of this process, electrical activity can be measured almost immediately after the superthreshold stimulus pulse without distortion. >
Strategies and Tactics in NGO-Government Relations: Insights from Slum Housing in Mumbai

Relationships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies have been variously described in the nonprofit literature as cooperative, complementary, adversarial, confrontational, or even co-optive. But how do NGO–government relationships emerge in practice, and is it possible for NGOs to manage multiple strategies of interaction at once? This article examines the experience of three leading NGOs in Mumbai, India, involved in slum and squatter housing. We investigate how they began relating with government agencies during their formative years and the factors that shaped their interactions. We find that NGOs with similar goals end up using very different strategies and tactics to advance their housing agendas. More significant, we observe that NGOs are likely to employ multiple strategies and tactics in their interactions with government. Finally, we find that an analysis of strategies and tactics can be a helpful vehicle for clarifying an organization's theory of change.
The Genetics of a Viviparous Top-Minnow Platypoecilus; the Inheritance of Two Kinds of Melanophores.

Page 254, lines 21 an d 22, for "Everman" read "Evermann." Page 270, line 8, for "heterozyous" read "heterozygous." Page 277, footnote, line 1, for "Ishimara" read "Ishiwara." Page 278, Literature Cited, for "Everman" read "Evermann." Page 279, Literature Cited, for "Sach" read "Sachs." Page
Adenylated Dinucleotide Binding to the Adenosine 5′,5′′′-P1,P4-Tetraphosphate Mouse Heart Receptor

Abstract We have demonstrated specific adenosine 5′,5‴ -P 1 ,P 4 -tetraphosphate (Ap 4 A) receptors at heart cell surfaces (1-3). Optimal Ap 4 A binding requires receptor activation (2, 4). Other investigators have demonstrated that Ap 5 A and Ap 6 A act as vasopressors (5). We now compare the binding of Ap 4 A, Ap 5 A and Ap 6 A on heart membranes to determine if all three ligands bind to the same receptor and their relative avidities. Anti-Ap 4 A receptor antibodies inhibit the binding of all three ligands. SDS-PAGE analysis of Ap 4 A, Ap 5 A and Ap 6 A cross-linked to membranes reveals that all three are attached to a 30 kDa peptide. The specific activity for binding to unactivated membranes is similar for all three ligands. However, after receptor activation there is a 3.4× increase in Ap 4 A binding and a 32.5× decrease in the KD; values remain unchanged for Ap 5 A and Ap 6 A. These data indicate that Ap 4 A, Ap 5 A and Ap 6 A bind to the same receptor on cardiac membranes but receptor activation enhances only Ap 4 A binding.
Continuous wave venous Doppler examination for pretreatment diagnosis of varicose and telangiectatic veins

BACKGROUND Doppler examination of varicosities is an essential part of accurate venous diagnosis prior to treatment. Doppler examination is the most fundamental of diagnostic techniques and must be familiar to all dermatologic surgeons treating the venous system of the leg. Those physicians presently concentrating primarily on telangiectasia will find their ability to judge when treatment will be effective greatly enhanced by Doppler-assisted diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To describe the indications, basic principles, and a detailed, logical, rapid protocol for venous continuous wave Doppler examination. CONCLUSION Continuous wave Doppler examination is a rapid, precise method to determine sources of reverse physiologic flow (reflux) prior to treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins. Doppler-assisted mapping of physiologic abnormalities of the venous system should be the second step following physical examination.
A perennialist perspective on religion and conflict

Whereas Huntington and other like-minded scholars argue that a clash of civilisations is inevitable, this essay presents the opposite view that religion itself is not at the root of conflicts. The authors describe the theological foundations for the Christian understanding of Christ and the Muslim understanding of jihād, and examine how both these traditions have been misunderstood and misinterpreted in order to justify violence.
The Clean Development Mechanism’s Low-hanging Fruit Problem: When Might it Arise, and How Might it be Solved?

It is widely recognized that industrialized countries’ commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce their greenhouse-gas emissions will be far less costly to achieve if they can be met at least in part through investment in cheap abatement options available in developing countries, as is permitted under the Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism. Developing-country NGOs and others involved in the policy debate on the CDM have frequently raised concerns, however, about the so-called “low-hanging fruit” problem. The standard characterization of this problem is that if developing countries allow their cheap abatement options to be used now, they may find themselves worse off in future when they take on emissions-reduction commitments of their own, because only expensive abatement options will remain. We show that under plausible CDM-market imperfections a low-hanging fruit problem may indeed arise, but that the standard characterization of the problem is incorrect. We also present a potential solution, based on mandating a “virtual” option clause in CDM-investment contracts.
Causes, magnitude, and effects of temperature fluctuations (flickering) of catalytic wires and gauzes

An experimental study has confirmed a theoretical prediction that, when an exothermic mass transfer limited chemical reaction occurs on a single catalytic wire for which the parameter a [Equation (11)] is large, temperature fluctuations (flickering) of large amplitude must be induced by concentration fluctuations. A simplified model is presented for predicting the magnitude of flickering in industrial convertors for which the parameter a is usually large. The model should be useful in estimating the influence of improved mixing of the reactants on the reduction in precious metal loss from the gauze.
Multiple Roles and Interactions of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in Development of the Respiratory System

Normal development of the respiratory system is essential for survival and is regulated by multiple genes and signaling pathways. Both Tbx4 and Tbx5 are expressed throughout the mesenchyme of the developing lung and trachea; and, although multiple genes are known to be required in the epithelium, only Fgfs have been well studied in the mesenchyme. In this study, we investigated the roles of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in lung and trachea development using conditional mutant alleles and two different Cre recombinase transgenic lines. Loss of Tbx5 leads to a unilateral loss of lung bud specification and absence of tracheal specification in organ culture. Mutants deficient in Tbx4 and Tbx5 show severely reduced lung branching at mid-gestation. Concordant with this defect, the expression of mesenchymal markers Wnt2 and Fgf10, as well as Fgf10 target genes Bmp4 and Spry2, in the epithelium is downregulated. Lung branching undergoes arrest ex vivo when Tbx4 and Tbx5 are both completely lacking. Lung-specific Tbx4 heterozygous;Tbx5 conditional null mice die soon after birth due to respiratory distress. These pups have small lungs and show severe disruptions in tracheal/bronchial cartilage rings. Sox9, a master regulator of cartilage formation, is expressed in the trachea; but mesenchymal cells fail to condense and consequently do not develop cartilage normally at birth. Tbx4;Tbx5 double heterozygous mutants show decreased lung branching and fewer tracheal cartilage rings, suggesting a genetic interaction. Finally, we show that Tbx4 and Tbx5 interact with Fgf10 during the process of lung growth and branching but not during tracheal/bronchial cartilage development.
Heat and mass transfer in hygroscopic capillary extruded products

This work presents an analysis of heat and mass transfer of extruded corn meal. Isotherm, thermal conductivity, drying and center temperature data were experimentally obtained for the cylindrically extruded product. Modeling of the drying process was made by incorporating the mechanistic and irreversible thermodynamics approaches for determining heat and mass transfer in capillary-porous media. The proposed model shows that both liquid and vapor fluxes can be expressed in terms of the same driving-forces, namely, temperature and equilibrium moisture content gradients. A search technique allowed for the evaluation of both liquid and vapor conductivities.
Relation between efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation and site of origin of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia

Abstract The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients without structural heart disease are reported. Particular attention was focused on the relation between efficacy and the site of origin of the VT. Eighteen consecutive patients (5 women and 13 men; mean age 41 ± 13 years) with idiopathic VT underwent catheter ablation using radiofrequency energy. Sites for radiofrequency energy delivery were selected on the basis of pace mapping. A follow-up electrophysiologic test was performed 1 to 3 months after the ablation procedure. Twenty VTs were induced. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was successful in eliminating all 10 VTs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract, and 5 of 10 from other sites in the left or right ventricle. There were no complications. The duration of ablation sessions was shorter, the frequency of identifying a site resulting in an identical pace map was higher, and the efficacy of catheter ablation was greater for VTs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract than for those from other locations. The results of this study demonstrate that radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic VT is safe and effective. The efficacy of the procedure is dependent on the site of origin of the VT, with the efficacy being greater for VTs originating from the outflow tract of the right ventricle than for those from other locations.
Engineered Corporate Culture on a Cruise Ship

Abstract Drawing from an 11-week participant observation aboard a cruise ship, I use the concept of “engineered corporate culture” as described by Ezzy to illustrate how crew culture is engineered for normative control. In particular, I focus on how a convergent role structure (based on race, occupation, and status) is used in the segregation of eating areas into the officer's, staff, and general crew messes, reflecting three classes of crew. I show that such segregation allows management to control crew subjectivity, leading to normative control.
Impurity pinning of charge-density waves and spin-density waves

We reexamine the threshold electric field of the charge-density wave (CDW) within the Fukuyama-Lee-Rice model, where the temperature dependence of the effective Hamiltonian for the phase \ensuremath{\varphi} of the CDW is explicitly included. Our theory describes very well the temperature dependence of the threshold field in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ when the effects of the thermal fluctations of \ensuremath{\varphi} are included. An extension of the model for the spin-density wave predicts that the threshold electric field in the spin-density wave does not exhibit a divergence at T=${T}_{c}$ but is almost constant for T\ensuremath{\le}0.5${T}_{c}$ and slightly increases (\ensuremath{\sim}33%) near T=${T}_{c}$.
Diffusion of benzocaine in poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) membranes: Effects of vehicle ethanol concentration and membrane vinyl acetate content

Abstract The effect of vehicle ethanol concentration and membrane vinyl acetate (VA) content on the diffusion properties of poly (ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA) membranes was studied. The maximum flux of a model drug, benzocaine, through EVA membranes increases with increasing ethanol concentration and membrane VA content. The flux enhancement is attributed to the increases of both benzocaine membrane solubility and diffusivity. For any given ethanol concentration, increasing membrane VA content increases both solubility and diffusivity of benzocaine due to the amorphous nature of VA, which contributes to higher polymer chain mobility. For the membrane with a given VA content, increasing ethanol concentration results in the increased diffusivity due to membrane swelling by ethanol. The effect of ethanol concentration on benzocaine membrane solubility appears to be much less than the effect on the diffusivity. The relationship between diffusivity and membrane swelling is in excellent agreement with the general free volume theory.
Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: update on treatment options.

The management of nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP) continues to be debatable because of the lack of clinical trials and controversy regarding its aetiology. The controversy regarding aetiology stems, in part, from studies that utilised sputum cultures for the diagnosis of NHAP without assessing the quality of the samples. These studies found a high proportion of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli in cultures as well as Staphylococcus aureus. However, in studies that have assessed the reliability of sputum samples, Gram-negative bacilli and S. aureus were isolated infrequently and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolated most commonly. Since Gram-negative aerobic bacilli and S. aureus frequently cause hospital-acquired pneumonia, some authors have considered NHAP to be a variant of this group. Many other studies, however, have considered NHAP as part of the community-acquired pneumonia category. Depending on which categorisation is used for NHAP, the treatment recommendations have varied.
Quantification of model error via an interval model with nonparametric error bound

The quantification of model uncertainty is becoming increasingly important as robust control is an important tool for control system design and analysis. This paper presents an algorithm that effectively characterizes the model uncertainty in terms of parametric and nonparametric uncertainties. The algorithm utilizes the frequency domain model error which is estimated from the spectra of output error and input data. The parametric uncertainty is represented as an interval transfer function while the nonparametric uncertainty is bounded by a designed error bound transfer function. Both discrete and continuous systems are discussed in this paper. The algorithm is applied to the Mini-Mast example, and the detail analysis is given.
Saving in Primitive Economies

Rogers, M. J. 1936 Yuman Pottery Makers. San Diego Museum Papers 2. (w) Roth, K. 1935 Pottery Making in Fiji. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 65: 217-234. (x) Rye, Owen S. 1976 Keeping Your Temper Under Control: Materials and the Manufacture of Papuan Pottery. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology of Oceania 11:106-137. 1981 Pottery Technology. Taraxacum Manuals in Archaeology, Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Taraxacum. Smith, Marion F., Jr. 1980 Archaeological Ceramics as Vessels: Relating Morphology to Utilitarian Function. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia. 1981 Vessel and Sherd Morphology as Indicators of Cultural Use. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Diego. n.d. Toward an Economic Interpretation of Ceramics: Relating Vessel Size and Shape to Use. Manuscript submitted for publication in Measurement and Explanation of Ceramic Variation: Some Current Ex-
Location, location, location: genetic regulation of neural sex differences.

Sex differences in many behaviors such as cognition, mood, and motor skills are well-documented in animals and humans and are regulated by many neural circuits. Sexual dimorphisms within cell populations in these circuits play critical roles in the production of these behavioral dichotomies. Here we focus on three proteins that have well described sexual dimorphisms; calbindin-D28k, a calcium binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme involved in dopamine synthesis and vasopressin, a neuropeptide with central and peripheral sites of action. We describe the sex differences in subpopulations of these proteins, with particular emphasis on laboratory mice. Our thrust is to examine genetic bases of sex differences and how the use of genetically modified models has advanced our understanding of this topic. Regional sex differences in the expression of these three proteins are driven by sex chromosome complement, steroid receptors or in some instances both. While studies of sex differences attributable to sex chromosome genes are still few in number it is exciting to note that this variable factors into expression differences for all three of these proteins. Different genetic mechanisms, which elaborate sex differences, may be employed stochastically in different cell populations. Alternately, general patterns involving the timing of differentiation of the sex differences, relative to the “critical period” in hormonal differences between males and female neonates may emerge. In conclusion, future directions in this area should include examination of the importance of location, timing, steroidal receptor/sex chromosome gene synergy and epigenetics in molding neural sex differences.
Solid state 13C n.m.r. detection of molecular mixing in polymer blends that exhibit multiple eutectic phase transformations

Abstract Blends of poly(ethylene oxide) with various isomers and derivatives of dihydroxybenzene generate rich macroscopic phase behaviour characterized by solid-solid-liquid (eutectic) transformations. These phase transitions, which occur above ambient temperature, are measured directly by d.s.c., and a thermal analysis summary is contained in the temperature-composition projections. The work described here focuses on site-specific interactions at the molecular level that are responsible for this unique phase behaviour. Solid state n.m.r. spectroscopy is useful as a diagnostic probe of strong interactions and crystal structure modifications. The isotropic 13C chemical shift detects phase coexistence at temperatures well below the eutectic and liquidus transitions where the d.s.c. thermograms are featureless. I.r.-detectable hydrogen bonds between the ether oxygen of poly(ethylene oxide) and the hydroxyl protons in either hydroquinone, 2-methylresorcinol or 5-methylresorcinol distort electron density within the π-orbitals of the aromatic ring. Consequently, the aromatic carbon n.m.r. signals of the resorcinol-like small molecules are sensitive to hydrogen bonding and the formation of molecular complexes. Multiple signals are observed for chemically equivalent carbon sites in the small molecules when phase coexistence is favoured. Crystal structure considerations and molecular packing within the unit cell also generate 13C chemical shift multiplicities, illustrated here for undiluted hydroquinone. The correlation between phase behaviour and 13C n.m.r. diagnostics provides a phenomenological interpretation of the spectroscopic results, particularly for trieutectic blends of poly(ethylene oxide) with 2-methylresorcinol. The combination of n.m.r. and thermal analysis allows high-temperature d.s.c.-measured phase boundaries to be extrapolated to lower temperatures dictated by the n.m.r. experiment.
Enumerating all simple paths in a graph

Warshail's Theorem is used to obtain a matrix power algorithm for enumerating all simple paths in a graph. The algorithm uses O(N^{3}) matrix operations, compared to O(N^{4}) operations for previous algorithms.
Comparing the effects of physical practice and mental imagery rehearsal on learning basic surgical skills by medical students

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the effects of varying the amount of physical practice and mental imagery rehearsal on learning basic surgical procedures. Study design Using a sample of 65 second-year medical students, 3 randomized groups received either: (1) 3 sessions of physical practice on suturing a pig's foot; (2) 2 sessions of physical practice and 1 session of mental imagery rehearsal; or (3) 1 session of physical practice and 2 sessions of imagery rehearsal. All participants then performed a surgery on a live rabbit in the operating theater of a veterinary college under approved conditions. Analysis of variance was applied to pre- and post-treatment ratings of surgical performance. Results Physical practice followed by mental imagery rehearsal was statistically equal to additional physical practice. Conclusion Initial physical practice followed by mental imagery rehearsal may be a cost-effective method of training medical students in learning basic surgical skills.
What is the minimum level of donor chimerism necessary to sustain transfusion independence in thalassaemia

What is the minimum level of donor chimerism necessary to sustain transfusion independence in thalassaemia?
At last: Serious consideration

For a long time, several natural phenomena have been considered unproblematically selection processes in the same sense of “selection.” In our target article we dealt with three of these phenomena: gene-based selection in biological evolution, the reaction of the immune system to antigens, and operant learning. We characterize selection in terms of three processes (variation, replication, and environmental interaction) resulting in the evolution of lineages via differential replication. Our commentators were largely supportive with respect to variation and environmental interaction but critical with respect to replication, in particular its appeal to information. With some reservations, our commentators think that our general analysis of selection may fit gene-based selection in biological evolution and the reaction of the immune system but not operant learning. If nothing else, this article shows that the notion of selection is not as straightforward as it may seem.
Electrical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Metal/Monolayer/Si Devices

A simple technique for vibrational spectroscopy of metal/monolayer/silicon structures is applied to study the interaction of Au, Al, and Ti with alkane monolayers, either assembled onto thin oxides or directly attached to Si. The results are correlated with current−voltage and capacitance−voltage measurements. Alkane films on oxides are found to be robust with respect to the deposition of Au and Al and are partially consumed during the deposition of Ti. In contrast, alkoxy films directly attached to H-terminated Si via an ether linkage are displaced by all three metals. The vibrational data are positively correlated with the electrical data to establish an improved understanding of the interactions at the buried metal/monolayer interface. The results demonstrate extreme sensitivity of the monolayer/metal reactivity to the nature of the film/substrate bonding.
All-Inside Meniscal Repair

All-inside meniscal repair has gained widespread popularity over recent years. The devices and techniques have rapidly evolved, resulting in increased ease of use and reduced surgical times and risk to the neurovascular structures. Despite these advances, inside-out suture repairs remain the current gold standard, with proven long-term results. All-inside techniques must continue to be compared to inside-out meniscal repair.
Assembly of mammalian voltage-gated potassium channels: Evidence for an important role of the first transmembrane segment

Three different experimental approaches were used to establish that the first transmembrane segment (S1) is important for K+ channel assembly. First, hydrodynamic analyses of in vitro translated Kv1.1 N-terminal domain containing the S1 segment coassembles to form homotetrameric complexes, whereas deletion of the S1 segment abolishes coassembly. Second, coimmunoprecipitation experiments of cotranslated Kv1.1 and Kv1.5 truncated polypeptides show that the S1 segment is essential for coimmunoprecipitation. Third, dominant negative experiments in Xenopus oocytes confirm that over-expression of either the S1 segment or the N-terminal domain is sufficient for abolishing the expression of functional Kv1.1 and Kv1.5 K+ channels. These data indicate that S1 segment plays an important role in the coassembly of homo- and heterotetrameric K+ channels.