cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the outcome of contingency contracting for drug abuse

Contingency contracting was used in an attempt to reduce the illicit drug use of 21 methadone maintenance outpatients. Eleven subjects (compliers) showed a significant reduction in illicit drug use whereas 10 subjects (violators) showed no significant change. Subject variables differentiating the two groups were examined. The variables were divided into three categories: personality (MMPI scale scores); demographic (age, education, race, marital status, and employment status); and treatment history (methadone dosage level, years of narcotic addiction, attempts at detoxification, duration of current methadone treatment, total duration of methadone treatment, frequency of drug use during baseline, and types of drugs during baseline). Treatment history variables were most useful for differentiating the two groups.
INSTITUTIONAL AND DEPARTMENTAL SATISFACTION OF WOMEN FACULTY

Using the exploratory data analysis method of median polishing, this study examined the institutional and departmental satisfaction of women who relatively recently entered the academic profession. Results indicated that women's satisfaction with both department and institution differed by institutional type (Carnegie classifications) and discipline type (pure versus applied). Women in applied fields in Research II and Doctoral-Granting II institutions were much less satisfied with both their departments and their institutions than would be expected given their institutional and discipline types. Similarly, the institutional satisfaction of those women at Research I institutions and the departmental satisfaction of women in pure fields at Doctoral-Granting I's was lower than would be expected. Higher levels of departmental satisfaction were shown by women in pure fields at Liberal Arts I institutions.
The production of no-carrier-added radiopharmaceuticals with special reference to radionuclide impurities

Charged-particle accelerators are being utilized extensively for the production of several neutron-deficient radionuclides for use in the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic nuclear-medicine applications. The diversity of techniques being employed results in radionuclide preparations having significantly different radionuclidic composition. The choice of nuclear reaction, the knowledge of excitation functions, the proper timing and use of radiochemical methods, are all factors which will to some extent determine the quality of a radionuclide preparation. The different factors governing the production and quality of medical radionuclides will be discussed, with particular attention to the formation of radionuclidic impurities, and their effects in nuclear medicine practice.
Expression of c-jun and c-fos in Apoptotic Cells After DNA Damage

Apoptosis was induced in HeLa cells by exposure to 50 microM N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for various time intervals (up to 120 min). Apoptotic death was confirmed by the microscopic observation of cell blebbing, cell granulation, and cell aggregation. Cells also showed loss of phospholipid symmetry as judged by immunofluorescent microscopy with fluorescently labeled phosphatidyl serine-specific annexin V. In addition, staining of cells with ethidium bromide showed the presence of genomic DNA apoptotic bodies. The protein expression levels of c-jun and c-fos increased in DNA-damaged HeLa cells after MNNG treatment in a time-dependent fashion. Although the levels of c-fos increased rapidly during the first 30 min and remained high for 2 hr, the increase in c-jun expression was more gradual and slower (60-120 min) after MNNG treatment. These results are consistent with the conclusion that c-fos is important in the initial stages (commitment phase) of apoptosis and c-jun is involved in the late stages (execution phase) of apoptosis induced with alkylating agents.
Investigation of interfacial delamination of a copper-epoxy interface under monotonic and cyclic loading: modeling and evaluation

Interfacial delamination is of important concern for multilayered microelectronic packages, as it is one of the most common failures observed after reliability test. Most of the work, available in open literature, focus on delamination propagation under monotonic loading rather than delamination propagation under cyclic loading. Interfacial fracture mechanics based methodologies have been proven to be efficient in handling interfacial delamination problem under monotonic loading. In this paper, the principles of interfacial mechanics have been applied in the analysis of interfacial fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue test has been conducted in studying onset of delamination and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) of an interfacial crack along a copper-epoxy interface. Models developed in this study have also been applied in the evaluation of multilayered integrated substrate test vehicles.
Stability and Localization of Rapid Shear in Fluid-Saturated Fault Gouge: 2. Localized Zone Width and Strength Evolution

Field and laboratory observations indicate that at seismic slip rates most shearing is confined to a very narrow zone, just a few tens to hundreds of microns wide, and sometimes as small as a few microns. Rice et al. (2014) analyzed the stability of uniform shear in a fluid-saturated gouge material. They considered two distinct mechanisms to limit localization to a finite thickness zone, rate-strengthening friction, and dilatancy. In this paper we use numerical simulations to extend beyond the linearized perturbation context in Rice et al. (2014), and study the behavior after the loss of stability. Neglecting dilatancy we find that straining localizes to a width that is almost independent of the gouge layer width, suggesting that the localized zone width is set by the physical properties of the gouge material. Choosing parameters thought to be representative of a crustal depth of 7 km, this predicts that deformation should be confined to a zone between 4 and 44 μm wide. Next, considering dilatancy alone we again find a localized zone thickness that is independent of gouge layer thickness. For dilatancy alone we predict localized zone thicknesses between 1 and 2 μm wide for a depth of 7 km. Finally, we study the impact of localization on the shear strength and temperature evolution of the gouge material. Strain rate localization focuses frictional heating into a narrower zone, leading to a much faster temperature rise than that predicted when localization is not accounted for. Since the dynamic weakening mechanism considered here is thermally driven, this leads to accelerated dynamic weakening.
Document Analysis Support for the Manual Auditing of Elections

Recent developments have resulted in dramatic changes in the way elections are conducted, both in the United States and around the world. Well-publicized flaws in the security of electronic voting systems have led to a push for the use of verifiable paper records in the election process. In this paper, we describe the application of document analysis techniques to facilitate the manual auditing of elections,both to assure the reliability of the final outcome as well as to help reconcile the differences that may arise between repeated scans of the same ballot. We show how techniques developed for document duplicate detection can be applied to this problem, and present experimental results that demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. Related issues concerning machine support for the auditing of elections are also discussed.
Conference-Style Learning: A Method for Fostering Critical Thinking with Heart.

Conference teaching fosters critical thinking, which we define as the ability to evaluate inferential networks and research designs, the confidence to listen to one's own intuitions about what matt...
The Treatment of Fracture-Dislocation of the Hip by Total Hip Arthroplasty

Five patients with chronic and subacute unreduced fracture-dislocation of the hip were treated successfully by total hip arthroplasty. The regimen developed was as follows: The first stage, in general, consisted of removal of the head of the femur and reduction and internal fixation of the acetabular fragments. Surgery to the sciatic nerve, if necessary, was done at this time. This was followed by total hip arthroplasty in five to eight weeks as a second stage. If severe fracture of the acetabulum occurred with dislocation of the hip, and the hip could be reduced, total hip arthroplasty could be done in one stage, either soon after the injury or at a later time. Such a procedure restores almost normal function to a hip that otherwise may remain painful and stiff because of traumatic arthritis and disturbed anatomical relationships of the acetabulum to the femoral head, and may save the patient much time and suffering.
Eclogites and Eclogites: Their Differences and Similarities

Eclogites are divisible into three groups based on mode of occurrence: Group A, inclusions in kimberlites, basalts, or layers in ultramafic rocks; Group B, bands or lenses within migmatite gneissic terrains; Group C, bands or lenses within alpine-type metamorphic rocks. The compositions range from olivine basalt for Group A to tholeiitic basalts for Group C. New analytical data on six eclogites from glaucophane schist terrains in California and New Caledonia now permit comparisons among the three eclogite types. The pyrope content of the garnets is distinctive for each group as follows: Group A, greater than 55 per cent py; Group B, 30–55 per cent py; Group C, less than 30 percent py. Pyroxenes coexisting with these garnets also reflect a compositional change related to their occurrence. The jadeite content progressively increases from Group A through Group B, whereas the diopside content decreases. A comparison of eclogites from different geologic occurrences but with similar bulk compositions demonstrates variation in Ca-Mg partition between coexisting garnet and pyroxene. The Ca/Mg ratio increases in garnet and decreases in pyroxene from Group A through Group B eclogites. This obvious difference in the Ca-Mg partition between coexisting garnet-pyroxene in eclogites of the same bulk composition indicates a broad range of pressure-temperature conditions obtained during crystallization. Experimental synthesis of eclogite-like material at high pressures and temperatures demonstrates that some eclogites may form in the earth's mantle, but naturally occurring Group C eclogites have coexisting garnet-pyroxene with distinct Ca/Mg ratios when compared to Group A or B eclogites of similar bulk composition. This difference in the Ca/Mg ratio must reflect the pressure-temperature conditions characterizing the glaucophane schist facies. The formation of eclogites within different metamorphic facies is strong evidence of the divergent pressure-temperature conditions that allow basalts to recrystalhze into garnet-pryoxene rocks. In view of the rather compelling field evidence, it would seem advisable to discontinue the concept of an eclogite metamorphic facies.
Academic Careers in Cardiovascular Medicine

With aging of the US population and continued success in prolonging survival of patients with cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease will increase exponentially in the next several decades.1 The anticipated supply of cardiovascular specialists will be insufficient to meet the demands of this increasing disease burden. A shortage already exists of cardiologists as a whole, and this shortage has translated to an even greater undersupply of academic cardiovascular specialists as fewer and fewer physicians who enter the field pursue academic positions. Prolonged training periods, expanding debt burdens, increasing discrepancies between salaries in academic and private practice positions, and a perceived lack of funding for research continue to push cardiologists into the private sector. The cardiovascular clinician-scientist is an endangered species. So the question arises: How do we combat these real and perceived threats and increase the number of young cardiologists choosing careers in academic cardiovascular medicine? The purpose of this series of articles in Circulation is to provide trainees and new faculty with a practical guide to launching a successful research career in cardiovascular medicine across the spectrum of cardiovascular specialties and across the strata of scientific investigation. The primer will provide advice for choosing a mentor; selecting a research project; identifying funding opportunities; selecting a research career pathway among the many opportunities in basic, clinical, epidemiologic, outcomes, and translational research; writing a grant; publishing a paper; finding a job; and making the transition from fellow to faculty. In addition, issues on ethics in cardiovascular research and specific considerations for international trainees are included. Our aim is to provide new investigators with many of the tools they will need to make informed choices about entering academic cardiovascular medicine and to make the initial career stages as successful as possible. Cardiovascular medicine is a specialty defined by research …
Compositional Convection Trumps Silicate Liquid Immisciblity in Layered Intrusions: a Discussion of ‘Liquid immiscibility and the evolution of basaltic magma’ by Veksler et al., Journal of Petrology 48, 2187–2210

I NTRODUCTION The argument byVeksler et al. (2007a) is that silicate liquid immiscibility began in the Skaergaard intrusion near the Magnetiteþ event in the upper LZc. However, the experimental design of their study is flawed by their choice of bulk compositions unlike those of the rocks and liquids of the real intrusion, a lack of mineral^melt equilibrium and a failure of most compositions to achieve unmixing where they supposedly should. Beyond that, they have not shown that megascopic layers of immiscible liquids can grow on any time scale from the emulsions achieved in the laboratory. Because of these shortcomings alone, the conclusions of the study are not supported by the evidence. Of more serious concern, the two-liquid hypothesis cannot account for the presence of cumulus plagioclase in the rocks if a dense, Fe-rich liquid layer of the proposed composition existed, and it cannot compete with the reality of strong compositional convection of light solute rejected from mafic cumulates, the streaming of which would overcome any tendency to generate conjugate liquids on a megascopic scale. These are radical statements, intended as counterhypotheses, potentially falsifiable, but here considered viable and worthy of further clarification. What this discussion is not about is the subliquidus unmixing of Skaergaard liquids, among crystals, in the laboratory and in the intrusion, as will be discussed. The work of Veksler et al. (2007a) is an admirable account of both failed and successful attempts to achieve liquid immiscibility under a variety of experimental conditions including centrifugation. The main problems arise in the choice of excessively quartz-normative and otherwise strange bulk compositions, the unnoticed failure to achieve mineral^melt equilibrium, and the lack of attention to relevant petrological phase equilibria.We may well begin with the last.
The evaluation of pulmonary involvement pattern in high resolution computerized tomography of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Iran from 2010-2011

RA is a chronic systemic disease Pulmonary involvement is the most frequent manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. The goal of this study was to assess pulmonary involvement pattern in patients with RA by HRCT Scan in Bandar-abbas. Methods: In this prospective study fifty patients with RA referred to rheumatology clinic in Bandar abbas were evaluated. Data were obtained included: age, sex, duration of disease, methotroxate usage, smoking, pulmonary chronic disease, clinical symptoms of pulmonary involvement and patient self assessment. After clinical and laboratory investigations, HRCT were performed. Results: Mean age of 49.3 years. Three patients with respiratory symptoms and 47 patients without pulmonary complaint. The most frequent pulmonary involvement in HRCT findings sub pleural fibrosis (26%) and followed by air trapping and mosaic pattern (20%), pleural thickening (14%), honey combing (10%), pulmonary nodules (8%), pribronchial thickening (8%), ground glass pattern (8%). Bronchiectasis (8%), Alveolar (2%) and reticular pattern (2%). There was no statistically significant relationship between lung involvement pattern and, rheumatoid factor positivity, Anti ccp and methotroxate usage but correlation between HRCT findings and age, duration of the disease, disease activity (DAS 28) and respiratory symptoms was significant (P Conclusion: The results of our study indicate HRCT was useful for evaluation of pulmonary involvement in patients with RA although these patients had no respiratory symptoms. Larger and prospective studies are needed to assess of lung involvement pattern in HRCT in asymptomatic RA patients.
Mayo Acute Stroke Trial for Enhancing Recovery (MASTER) protocol.

Background Stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability in adulthood. Ischemic stroke often results in physical, emotional, and cognitive impairment. There is no definitively proven pharmacologic technique to accelerate recovery from stroke. The short-term goal of this study is to develop donepezil hydrochloride as pharmacotherapy for enhancing stroke recovery. Design The Mayo Acute Stroke Trial for Enhancing Recovery (MASTER) is a prospective, stratified 2-stage trial of donepezil for acute ischemic stroke. Suitable patients must receive treatment within 24 hours of developing symptoms. A total of 30 to 40 patients will be enrolled. Trial Procedures Participants will receive up to 10 mg of donepezil daily for 90 days. Patients will be assessed at less than 24 hours (pretreatment), 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, and 6 months off-drug poststroke. Assessments will include examinations of neurologic, cognitive, functional, and psychological status. The primary outcome will be excellent neurologic recovery, defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 0 or 1 at 90 days after stroke. Secondary outcome measures are the proportion of patients with favorable outcomes defined as follows: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 0 or 1 at 6 months; modified Rankin scale score of 0 or 1 at 90 days and 6 months; modified Rankin scale score less than 3 at 90 days and 6 months; and Mini-Mental State Examination score greater than 24 at 90 days and 6 months. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00805792.
Applications of electron nanodiffraction

Diffraction patterns from regions 1 nm or less in diameter may be recorded in scanning transmission electron microscopy instruments, and have been applied to the investigation of the structures of various nanoparticles, including catalysts, ferrihydrite and ferritins. Applications to nanotubes and related materials and near-amorphous thin films are reported. The coherence of the incident beams may be exploited in studies of crystals and their defects. Several schemes are outlined whereby the information from sequences of nanodiffraction patterns may be combined to provide ultra-high resolution in electron microscope imaging.
Microinjected centromere [corrected] kinetochore antibodies interfere with chromosome movement in meiotic and mitotic mouse oocytes.

Kinetochores may perform several functions at mitosis and meiosis including: (a) directing anaphase chromosome separation, (b) regulating prometaphase alignment of the chromosomes at the spindle equator (congression), and/or (c) capturing and stabilizing microtubules. To explore these functions in vivo, autoimmune sera against the centromere/kinetochore complex are microinjected into mouse oocytes during specific phases of first or second meiosis, or first mitosis. Serum E.K. crossreacts with an 80-kD protein in mouse cells and detects the centromere/kinetochore complex in permeabilized cells or when microinjected into living oocytes. Chromosome separation at anaphase is not blocked when these antibodies are microinjected into unfertilized oocytes naturally arrested at second meiotic metaphase, into eggs at first mitotic metaphase, or into immature oocytes at first meiotic metaphase. Microtubule capture and spindle reformation occur normally in microinjected unfertilized oocytes recovering from cold or microtubule disrupting drugs; the chromosomes segregate correctly after parthenogenetic activation. Prometaphase congression is dramatically influenced when antikinetochore/centromere antibodies are introduced during interphase or in prometaphase-stage meiotic or mitotic eggs. At metaphase, these oocytes have unaligned chromosomes scattered throughout the spindle with several remaining at the poles; anaphase is aberrant and, after division, karyomeres are found in the polar body and oocyte or daughter blastomeres. Neither nonimmune sera, diffuse scleroderma sera, nor sham microinjections affect either meiosis or mitosis. These results suggest that antikinetochore/centromere antibodies produced by CREST patients interfere with chromosome congression at prometaphase in vivo.
Embryonic expression patterns of the Hox genes of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea, Decapoda)

Higher crustaceans (class Malacostraca) represent the most species-rich and morphologically diverse group of non-insect arthropods. The superorders Eucarida and Peracarida, two large groups that separated over 350 million years ago, encompass most malacostracan diversity. Recently, the Hox genes of the peracarid woodlouse Porcellio scaber(Isopoda) were shown to be expressed in domains that coincide with morphological boundaries of body tagmata, which differ from those in insects (Abzhanov and Kaufman 1999a,b). Moreover, observed changes in Hox expression domains during ontogeny correlate with morphological remodeling, such as a transformation of the first thoracic leg into mouthpart maxillipeds, which occurs in the trunk of the embryo. Decapods have a different modification of the malacostracan bodyplan, with up to three pairs of maxillipeds and extensive fusion and cephalization of the thorax. Here we describe expression patterns of the trunk Hox genes Scr, Antp, Ubx, abd-A and cad in the eucarid crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda). We find that the crayfish expression patterns, for the most part, resemble those of the woodlouse Porcellio scaber(Isopoda), but are more modulated and complex. Nevertheless, as in Porcellio the boundaries of the Hox expression domains do correlate with morphological features and their modulations to transformations in the embryo. Thus we propose that the trunk Hox genes were likely important in the evolution of and currently play an essential role in the development of the complex decapod bodyplan.
Spacing patterns and social mating systems of echimyid rodents

Echimyid rodents are widely distributed and abundant throughout most of the Neotropics. I review the available information on spacing patterns and mating systems and develop a general framework for understanding variation among populations and species. In most studied species males have larger home ranges than do females, and overlap with either sex can range from 0% to nearly 100%. Males typically display more overlap with both other males and females than do females. Although lack of overlap has been interpreted as territoriality, most such cases have been from populations at low densities. Individuals of those same species show considerable overlap at higher densities. I suggest that individuals typically are not territorial but instead merely space themselves out when vacant space is abundant. Individuals are then facultatively monogamous because multiple mates are not available. As densities increase male home ranges overlap more simply because their home ranges are larger than those of females. Males then can acquire multiple mates, and polygyny becomes evident. At the highest densities multiple mates are available for both males and females, and promiscuity results. The mating system within a given population of many echimyids therefore depends upon density, which in turn is determined primarily by resource availability.
Methyl bromide emissions from a covered field: III. Correcting chamber flux for temperature

An experiment was conducted to investigate the environmental fate and transport of methyl bromide (MeBr) in agricultural systems. Part of this experiment involved the use of three flow-through chambers to estimate the MeBr flux through a sheet of clear polyethylene plastic covering the field. Using the chamber data, the total mass lost to the atmosphere was estimated to be 96% of the applied mass, and the results were highly variable between chambers (i.e., standard deviation of 298 kg or 35%). The air temperature inside the chamber was found to be much higher than the air temperature outside and was highly correlated with the diurnal variation in incoming solar radiation. Since the diffusion through polyethylene film was found to be strongly dependent on the temperature, a method was developed to correct the chamber flux density data for enhanced diffusion caused by increases in the temperature inside the chamber. After correcting for temperature, the estimated total MeBr emission was reduced to approximately 59% (21% standard deviation) of the applied amount, which is about 5% less than was measured using other methods. When chambers are used to measure volatilization of MeBr or other fumigants from fields covered with a sheet of polyethylene plastic, the chambers should be designed to minimize internal heating or some method should be used to correct the volatilization rate for the effects of temperature.
The adsorption of polyribonucleotides

Using a chromatographic technique, the adsorption of the polyribonucleotides s-RNA and poly-A provided with tri-n-butylammonium ions from an aqueous solution on to the surface of polymeric hydrocarbon granules has been demonstrated. The aqueous solution from which adsorption takes place is the aqueous phase which results on agitating together n-butanol (100), water (130), tri-n-butylamine (10), n-butyl ether (10), and glacial acetic acid (2.5) (parts by volume). Microporous polyethylene granules, microporous fluorinated polyethylene granules, and solid grains of polyethylene powder have been employed as adsorbents. The adsorbed polyribonucleotides could be eluted by aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, urea, or triethylammonium acetate. s-RXA with tri-n-butylammonium counterions could also be adsorbed on polymethacrylic acid in tri-n-butylammonium form and eluted therefrom with aqueous urea solutions. It is considered that the adsorption from aqueous solution of polyribonucleotides with tri-n-butylammonium counterions on polymeric hydrocarbon surfaces is mediated by hydrophobic bond formation. Van der Waals forces may also contribute to the bonding. It is suggested that studies on the adsorption of polynucleotides provided with counterions: possessing nonpolar groups at an aqueous solution-polymeric hydrocarbon interlace may permit the elaboration of experimental systems to serve as models for the evaluation of the role of hydrophobic and van der Waals bonding forces in the interaction of polynucleotides with cell membrane surfaces.
Infrared behavior of the gluon propagator and broken chiral symmetry in quantum chromodynamics

We examine the infrared behavior of the Dyson-Schwinger equation for the quark propagator in quantum chromodynamics. When chiralSU L(N F)×SU R(N F) symmetry is realized as a dynamically broken symmetry we obtain the most general infrared form of the gluon propagator:D μν(q)∼a(1/q 2)1−α+b(1/q 2)2−α, where α≤1/2. Broken chiral symmetry can occur in nonconfining theories as well, although confinement necessarily implies chiral symmetry breakdown.
Questioning the Monopoly-Supported Postal USO in Developing Countries

The monopoly-supported universal service obligation (USO) is usually defended on the grounds that the monopoly allows for cross-subsidy in letter services that in turn allows universal access to a service of great importance to all. This paper argues that letter delivery (as opposed to other services that may be provided by post offices) is not in universal demand in poor countries, that the size of the market in developing countries is such that USOs could not be met under the monopoly model, and that the monopoly carries heavy costs for sector development and consumer welfare. It proposes in the place of the postal USO a competitive approach involving universal access to a range of services that poor people have a need to access.
Applying the Health Belief Model to Young Individuals’ Beliefs and Preferences About Premarital Counseling:

Research suggests that premarital counseling programs are effective; however, these programs are underutilized. In addition, little is known about beliefs and preferences of individuals prior to engaging in a committed relationship. This study examined the beliefs and preferences of premarital counseling with a sample of 249 young adults. Beliefs were examined in the context of the four main constructs of the Health Belief Model. Therapy preferences were also examined. Results suggest that perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits were unique predictors in the intention to participate. Specific barriers included the convenience of premarital counseling, viewing premarital counseling in terms of the relationship having problems, and the effectiveness of the premarital counseling leaders. Select therapy preferences included a leader/counselor that is trustworthy, professional, and experienced. In addition, young adults preferred to have the counseling close to work or home and hav...
“Going backwards”: effects of age and muscle fatigue on postural control during posterior-directed falls in persons with Parkinson disease

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate both the relative and absolute reliability of various dual-task walking tests in people with chronic stroke. Methods: Fifty-one community-dwelling people with chronic stroke participated in this study (mean (SD) age = 62.5 (7.8) years; mean (SD) time since stroke onset = 101.6 (50.8) months). Participants were instructed to perform 3 walking tasks without a concurrent secondary task (i.e., single-task conditions):
Comparing human and macaque placental transcriptomes to disentangle preterm birth pathology from gestational age effects.

Abstract Introduction A major issue in the transcriptomic study of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) in humans is the inability to collect healthy control tissue at the same gestational age (GA) to compare with pathologic preterm tissue. Thus, gene expression differences identified after the standard comparison of sPTB and term tissues necessarily reflect differences in both sPTB pathology and GA. One potential solution is to use GA-matched controls from a closely related species to tease apart genes that are dysregulated during sPTB from genes that are expressed differently as a result of GA effects. Methods To disentangle genes whose expression levels are associated with sPTB pathology from those linked to GA, we compared RNA sequencing data from human preterm placentas, human term placentas, and rhesus macaque placentas at 80% completed gestation (serving as healthy non-human primate GA-matched controls). We first compared sPTB and term human placental transcriptomes to identify significantly differentially expressed genes. We then overlaid the results of the comparison between human sPTB and macaque placental transcriptomes to identify sPTB-specific candidates. Finally, we overlaid the results of the comparison between human term and macaque placental transcriptomes to identify GA-specific candidates. Results Examination of relative expression for all human genes with macaque orthologs identified 267 candidate genes that were significantly differentially expressed between preterm and term human placentas. 29 genes were identified as sPTB-specific candidates and 37 as GA-specific candidates. Altogether, the 267 differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched for a variety of developmental, metabolic, reproductive, immune, and inflammatory functions. Although there were no notable differences between the functions of the 29 sPTB-specific and 37 GA-specific candidate genes, many of these candidates have been previously shown to be dysregulated in diverse pregnancy-associated pathologies. Discussion By comparing human sPTB and term transcriptomes with GA-matched control transcriptomes from a closely related species, this study disentangled the confounding effects of sPTB pathology and GA, leading to the identification of 29 promising sPTB-specific candidate genes and 37 genes potentially related to GA effects. The apparent similarity in functions of the sPTB and GA candidates may suggest that the effects of sPTB and GA do not correspond to biologically distinct processes. Alternatively, it may reflect the poor state of knowledge of the transcriptional landscape underlying placental development and disease.
The potential of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the diagnosis and management of patients with brain tumors

Proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive method that can monitor the metabolic changes in most brain diseases. This technique is now available on current 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance units and does not require sophisticated software or time-consuming post-processing techniq
Measurements from normal umbilical cord blood of four lysosomal enzymatic activities: α- L -iduronidase (Hurler), galactocerebrosidase (globoid cell leukodystrophy), arylsulfatase A (metachromatic leukodystrophy), arylsulfatase B (Maroteaux-Lamy)

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has received increasing attention as a source of unrelated hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. Lysosomal diseases have been effectively treated and normal enzymatic activity has occurred subsequent to engraftment using UCB. The use of donor cells with normal amounts of enzyme, rather than those from carriers whose level may be 50% or less, is an obvious goal. The frequency of such heterozygotes varies from 1:10 to 1:140 or lower depending upon the disease at issue. We assayed the levels of lysosomal enzymes in normal UCB in random samples as well as those used for transplantation. We measured the following enzymatic activities: α-l-iduronidase (Hurler), galactocerebrosidase (globoid cell leuko- dystrophy) and arylsulfatase A (metachromatic leukodystrophy). For the latter, levels of activity in UCB are comparable to those found in adult blood. In the case of arylsulfatase B (Maroteaux-Lamy) a level lower than adult level was found. An informed choice by the transplanting physician based on the activity of the relevant enzyme in the UCB donor will provide a better opportunity for an improved prognosis for more complete correction of the recipient's primary disease. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 541–544.
Role of Confinement on Carrier Transport in Ge–SixGe1–x Core–Shell Nanowires

We examine the impact of shell content and the associated hole confinement on carrier transport in Ge–SixGe1–x core–shell nanowires (NWs). Using NWs with different SixGe1–x shell compositions (x = 0.5 and 0.7), we fabricate NW field-effect transistors (FETs) with highly doped source/drain and examine their characteristics dependence on shell content. The results demonstrate a 2-fold higher mobility at room temperature, and a 3-fold higher mobility at 77K in the NW FETs with higher (x = 0.7) Si shell content by comparison to those with lower (x = 0.5) Si shell content. Moreover, the carrier mobility shows a stronger temperature dependence in Ge–SixGe1–x core–shell NWs with high Si content, indicating a reduced charge impurity scattering. The results establish that carrier confinement plays a key role in realizing high mobility core–shell NW FETs.
Abstract 463: Differential cellular localization of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and enhanced expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in melanoma progression.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy with a relatively high metastatic rate, responsible for almost 60% of lethal skin tumors. Although many human cancers such as melanoma express tumor antigens recognized by T cells, host immune responses often fail to control tumor growth for mostly unexplained reasons. Escaping immune destruction is one of the tenets of tumorigenesis; there have been several studies suggesting an important role of PD-1/PD-L1 (B7-H1) interactions in inhibiting the effector functions of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte in tumor. Ghebeh et al., reported that doxorubicin treatment caused decrease in cytosolic B7-H1 and increased nuclear translocalization in breast carcinoma (Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(4):R48). It is unknown whether differential cellular expression of PD-L1 contributes to the pathogenesis of melanoma. To address the role of PD-L1 and its receptor PD-1 in different stages of malignant melanoma, we have performed semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 and PD-1 in benign nevi (n=59), primary melanomas without metastasis (n=22) or with metastasis (n=17), and melanoma metastases (n=32 cases). Benign nevi had significantly higher levels of nuclear PD-L1 immunopositivity (p=0.004) and low levels of PD-1 protein expression (p=0.002). With progression from benign nevi to primary melanoma there was an increase in cytoplasmic positivity for PD-L1 (p=0.03). Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between the percentage of positive cells (p=0.0007) and intensity (p=0.0009) for PD-1 in primary melanomas. Although there was no significant difference in PD-1 levels in between primaries with or without metastasis, a trend was observed for PD-L1 expression: primaries with metastasis having a larger number of tumor cells with cytosolic localization than primaries without metastasis (p=0.07). Interestingly, primary melanomas without metastasis showed significantly larger number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) cells having intense immunoreactivity for PD-L1 protein than did metastatic melanomas (p=0.03). In conclusion, differential cellular localization of PD-L1 protein and high levels of PD-1 protein correlates with disease progression and high-risk histologic features in melanoma and might partially explain the resistance of melanoma cells against the immune system. Citation Format: Nitin Chakravarti, Roland Bassett, Wen-Jen Hwu, Doina Ivan, Jonathan L. Curry, Victor G. Prieto. Differential cellular localization of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and enhanced expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in melanoma progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 463. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-463
Identification of W20O58 Phase In CVD Tungsten Films

Thin films of tungsten grown in a CVD reactor by the reduction of hydrogen and silane consisted of a two phase microstructures; a matrix phase of bcc tungsten, and a second phase of W20O58. The second phase is uniformly distributed in the film and does not afeoct 5athe electrical resistivity of hydrogenreduced films (8 μohm-cm). However, dissolved oxygen in the silane-reduced film contributes to the observed higher electrical resistivity (13 μohm-cm) along with smaller grain size. The larger amount of oxide in the hydrogen-reduced film correlates with its slower growth rate when compared to the silane-reduced film which contained a smaller amount of oxide phase.
Verifying information flow properties of firmware using symbolic execution

Verifying security requirements of the firmware in contemporary system-on-chip (SoC) designs is a critical challenge. There are two main difficulties in addressing this problem. Security properties like confidentiality and integrity cannot be specified with commonly-used property specification schemes like assertion-based verification/linear temporal logic (LTL). Second, firmware interacts closely with other hardware and firmware which may be untrusted/malicious and their behavior has to be correctly modelled for the verification to be sound and complete. In this paper, we propose an approach to verify firmware security properties using symbolic execution. We introduce a property specification language for information flow properties of firmware which intuitively captures the requirements of confidentiality and integrity. We also propose an algorithm based on symbolic execution to verify these properties. Evaluation on a commercial SoC design uncovered a complex security bug missed by simulation-based testing.
Analysis and calculation of wrong electric quantity with electronic energy meter losing voltage

This paper introduces the methods for electric energy measurement at low voltage side of 220kV substation,analyzes the principle of two new electronic three-phase and three-wire electric energy meters,and analyzes the active power of electronic energy meters with losing voltage in different measurement principles,including analysis of active power formula and phase diagram.The results show that,under the same outside voltage loss,the electricity of two electronic energy meters with different principles is different,thus error energy calculation coefficient is different.Since running meters take different principles,error energy should be analyzed according to the principle of meter and wire connection mode,calculated by energy balance test during the fault period.
Occupational Hazards Pre-Evaluation of Expanding Construction Project of a Chemical Logistics Warehouse

[Objective]To identify and analyze the potential occupational hazards in the warehouse expanding construction project, to evaluate the hazard level, to determine the type of occupational hazard, to evaluate the feasibility of construction from the perspective of occupational disease prevention, and provide necessary protection measures and recommendations of the occupational hazards for the design of this construction project.[Methods] Analogy, check-list method, experience-based estimating were applied in the project evaluation.[Results]The mixing, loading and storing processes of the construction, might generate lots of occupational hazards, including toluene, dimethylbenzene, trimethylbenzene, isopropanol, butyl alcohol, propanol, methyl methacrylate, butyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetic ether, nitro-cotton, n-hexane, n-heptane, carbinol, ethanol, ethyl propionate, diisobutyl ketone, glycol ether, isoamyl acetate, 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate, isophorone, noise, power frequency electric fields. This project belonged to construction project with serious occupational hazards.[Conclusion]The potential occupational hazards in this project can be controlled; therefore, the project is feasible from the perspective of occupational health.
Research of the Construction of the Space System of Modern Comprehensive Medical Guide

Create a more humane medical environment is the dream of many designers.Medical building is no longer separated from the main trends of architecture type of architecture.In today's increasingly pay attention to"comfort"of the times,how to create effective health care space,to give hospitals more"human",improve the hospital's image,are construction of China's integrated health care trends and necessary requirement.
The effect of breeding facility and sexual stimulation on plasma cortisol in boars.

Nine boars were used to evaluate effects of breeding facility design and sexual activity on plasma cortisol concentrations. In one breeding facility (conventional), boars were housed individu- ally in small pens, and female pigs were mated in those boar pens. In another breeding facility (Detec- tion-Mating Area (DMA) system), boars were housed individually in stalls, and female pigs were mated in a specific mating pen adjacent to the front of stalls where boars were housed. After 51 d of housing treatment, a catheter was surgically implanted in the cephalic vein for collection of blood samples. Daytime profiles (hourly collections from 0900 to 1700) of cortisol did not differ among boars in the two treatment groups. Cortisol was greater ( P < .01) in the morning than in the afternoon. Administration of ACTH increased ( P < .001) plasma cortisol in boars, but breeding facility did not affect the ACTH-induced changes in cortisol concentrations. There was a treatment × time interaction ( P < .02) for cortisol after sexual stimulation, and the magnitude and duration of increase in cortisol were greater ( P < .05) in the DMA treatment group. Cortisol was greater ( P < .001) after than before mating for both treatment groups. An acute increase in plasma cortisol concen- tration in boars seems to be a normal biological response to sexual activity. However, magnitude and duration of the increase in cortisol may be influenced by breeding facility design and mating procedure. There is no evidence, based on physiological data, that housing boars in stalls in the DMA system has any adverse effects on their welfare.
Behavioral responsivity in preterm infants.

The findings of two studies are presented that document group differences in behavioral responsivity between subgroups of preterm and full-term infants. These differences are a function of prematurity as well as the presence and degree of perinatal complications. Because marked individual differences are observed within preterm groups, stimulation should be geared to the individual’s level of responsivity.
Preparedness for Death: How Caregivers of Elders With Dementia Define and Perceive its Value

Purpose The purpose of this study is to ascertain how bereaved caregivers of a family member who died from a dementia-related diagnosis (a) define preparedness and (b) perceive its value. Design and methods Purposive criterion sampling was employed to identify 30 bereaved caregivers of family members aged 65 and older who died with a dementia-related diagnosis. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted over a 12-month period, and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Only one third (n = 10) of caregivers interviewed were prepared for the death, and the majority who were prepared were enrolled in hospice. Five primary themes revealed ways that caregivers define various domains of preparedness: (i) accepting reality; (ii) knowing death is near; (iii) getting your "house in order"; (iv) saying "what you need to say"; and (v) giving "permission" to die. The majority (87%) believed that it is important for caregivers to be prepared, and the value of preparedness was exemplified in five domains reflecting the benefits of being prepared. Implications The results support further attention to the development and testing of interventions to address the unmet needs of caregivers of family members with dementia to help prepare them for the death in a variety of contexts.
Asynchronous Packetized Model Predictive Control

This chapter studies an asynchronous packet-based predictive schemer for single-loop control systems. The main goal is reducing the performance degradation caused by data dropouts in networked systems. To this end, the method proposes the use of a model predictive controller and a buffer at the actuator side. Packets are transmitted through the network only when they contain innovative information with respect to those packets transmitted before.
The Clinical Evaluation of the Patient Who Requires Urodynamics

Although an effective tool for the clinician, urodynamic studies require an appropriate clinical evaluation of the patient prior to initiation. A comprehensive history and physical, basic laboratory studies, and at times other ancillary procedures and radiologic imaging are required to guide the urodynamic procedure. With proper workup, the most appropriate urodynamic studies can be selected and safely utilized to best deliver patient care. This chapter outlines the important portions of the patient workup before proceeding with urodynamics, discusses current recommendations and guidelines, and also describes pertinent patient education and preparation for the studies.