cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniform Asymptotic Description of Gaussian Pulse Propagation of Arbitrary Initial Pulse Width in a Linear, Causally Dispersive Medium

Modern asymptotic techniques1–4 have recently been utilized5–9 in order to obtain an approximate analytic evaluation of the classical, exact integral representation of the propagated field due to an input ultrashort, Gaussian-modulated harmonic wave in the mature dispersion region of a single resonance Lorentz medium. A straightforward consideration of the behavior of the classical complex phase function appearing in this integral representation showed7,9 that these asymptotic techniques cannot be applied when the space-time parameter θ′ is less than unity. In order to circumvent this difficulty, the input ultrashort Gaussian envelope must be chosen to be centered around a time that is sufficiently larger than the initial pulse width. It was also shown7–9 that the classical, analytic, nonuniform asymptotic approach to this problem, which was presented in References 5 and 6, is only qualitatively accurate in its description of the dynamical evolution of the propagated field as a result of the use of approximate analytic expressions for the saddle point locations and the derivatives of the classical complex phase function at them10. Although these approximate analytic expressions are adequate for instantaneous rise/fall-time input pulses, they are not of sufficient accuracy for input pulses with an exponentially-varying spectrum and consequently need to be improved using numerical techniques. However, even this improved classical asymptotic approach with numerically determined saddle point locations breaks down for two narrow θ′-ranges when two of the conditions of Olver’s theorem1,2, upon which this approach is based, are violated. In order to overcome this difficulty, the appropriate uniform asymptotic techniques3–4 have subsequently been employed. The accuracy of the classical asymptotic description of ultrashort Gaussian pulse propagation was completely verified7–9 through a comparison with the corresponding results of two different numerical experiments: the first is based upon Hosono’s algorithm11–12 for the numerical inversion of Fourier-Laplace transform-type integrals, while the second is a numerical implementation of the asymptotic method of steepest descents2,13,14.
Application of As-built Data in Building Retrofit Decision Making Process☆

Abstract With the growing needs of improving building sustainability, an increasing number of existing buildings need renovation to meet the expectation of the stakeholders. In the pre-design phase, it is very critical to have the best decision made to satisfy both the project budget and the performance standard. For a new buildings, a whole building energy simulation analysis is very helpful for this decision making process because it can provide the stakeholders the evaluation results of all alternative solutions. However, for existing buildings, the as-built data required for the building energy modeling process is not always available, and its manual collection process is time-consuming and error prone. This paper first reviews the state-of-the-art methods of automated data collection, and then introduces the automatic as-built BIM model creation process through a case study. This study also successfully demonstrated the interoperability between the created as-built model and a typical energy simulation tool. At last, a discussion is made about the limitations and challenges of the current state of practice to enlighten the future direction.
CME Article: Perceptions of Acupuncture and Acupressure by Anesthesia Providers: A Quantitative Descriptive Study

Abstract Background: Randomized controlled trials show that acupuncture and acupressure support anesthesia management by decreasing anxiety, opioid requirements, and treating post-operative nausea and vomiting. Acupuncture and acupressure have demonstrated clinical usefulness but have not yet diffused into mainstream anesthesia practice. To determine why, this study assessed U.S. anesthesia provider's perceptions of acupuncture and acupressure. Methods: After institutional review board approval, 96 anesthesiology departments stratified by geographic region (Northeast, South, West, and Midwest) and institution type (university medical centers, community hospitals, children's hospitals, and veterans affairs hospitals) were selected for participation in an anonymous, pretested, online survey. The target sample was 1728 providers, of whom 292 (54% anesthesiologists, 44% certified registered nurse anesthetists, 2% anesthesiologist assistants) responded, yielding an overall 17% response rate. Results: Spearman ...
Quantitative Measurement of Direct Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Microalgae Cultivation

Although numerous lifecycle assessments (LCA) of microalgae-based biofuels have suggested net reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, limited experimental data exist on direct emissions from microalgae cultivation systems. For example, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that has been detected from microalgae cultivation. However, little quantitative experimental data exist on direct N2O emissions from microalgae cultivation, which has inhibited LCA performed to date. In this study, microalgae species Nannochloropsis salina was cultivated with diurnal light–dark cycling using a nitrate nitrogen source. Gaseous N2O emissions were quantitatively measured using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Under a nitrogen headspace (photobioreactor simulation), the reactors exhibited elevated N2O emissions during dark periods, and reduced N2O emissions during light periods. Under air headspace conditions (open pond simulation), N2O emissions were negligible during both light and dark periods. Results ...
‘Putting a face on a community’: Genre, identity, and institutional regulation in the telling (and retelling) of oral coming-out narratives

Public and scholarly discourse has established the ‘coming-out story’ as a culturally significant narrative genre for gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer-identifying (LGBTQ) individuals. Yet what happens when this genre is disciplined and managed for institutional ends? This study examines the process of how several LGBTQ individuals learn to narrate their coming-out experiences through trainings for a university's LGBTQ-themed speaker panels. Data include ethnographic observations and audio recordings related to training activities such as practice tellings and peer feedback sessions. Analysis focuses on the discursive practices through which training participants manage a pair of narrative dilemmas that stem from an institutional variation of the coming-out genre. This article contributes to literature on narrative and genre by demonstrating how a regulated form of personal narrative is learned and enforced to achieve the larger ideological aims of an institution. It also contributes to knowledge about identity as a fluid concept. (Coming-out story, genre, narrative, identity, ideology, performance, LGBTQ)*
Some sufficient conditions for the global convergence of a class of non-quasi-Newton methods

In this paper, some sufficient conditions for the global convergence of a class of non-quasi-Newton methods with the Goldstein line searching on the uniform convex object function are presented, and proved.
Moral Metaphor: Research on Morality from Metaphorical Perspective

The way we talk about complex and abstract ideas is suffused with metaphor,and the research on morality from the perspective of metaphor becomes a new approach.The domestic and foreign researches on moral metaphor are reviewed in this paper so as to reveal their status and future development.The major research paradigms of moral metaphor are introduced,including paradigms of semantic analysis,IAT,the Stroop,semantic priming,and situation shift.The research themes are summarized,including the theories of moral metaphor,the dimensions of moral metaphorical representation as well as the impacts of metaphors on moral judgments.On the basis that the problems were pointed out,a prospect for future researches was made,including the extension of breadth and depth of moral metaphor research,the Chinese cultural study of moral metaphor,and the significance of moral metaphor research on the moral education.
Understanding Metal Culture in the Ancient China by Studying Words in the Category of Jin(金) in the Dictionary"Shuo Wen Jie Zi"

China in the Shang and Zhou dynasties as metal smelting technology continues to evolve,the metal objects are also the gradual popularization of social life.After the Eastern Han Dynasty scholars Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi,a book recording the period of the Shang and Chou Han people's daily life with the metal on most of the text,through a detailed explanation of these words can give us a certain culture in ancient China metal degree of understanding.
Epidemic Trend of AIDS and Its Prevention and Control Strategy in Chengde City

[Objective]To analyze the epidemic trend of AIDS, and provide scientific evidence for AIDS prevention and control in Chengde city. [Methods] The epidemic trend of AIDS was analyzed through serological and Epidemiological investigation so as to put forward prevention and control measures. [Results]By the end of 2007, 45 cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in Chengde city. Most of them are youth and middle-aged, 69% of them are from 20 to 39 year old, with the youngest of 19 and the oldest of 68; male is more than female, the ratio was 2.75∶1; 54% of the route of transmission is the blood, and 46%of it is the sex with a Substantially increase. In 2007 the newly discovered cases were all for sexual transmission. [Conclusion] The HIV/AIDS epidemic has drastically increased at a higher speed recently in Chengde city .It is very important to enhance health education, monitoring, behavior intervention and surveillance programs to prevent HIV/AIDS spreading from high risk people to the general population, in order to decrease the hazard of HIV/AIDS to society.
Optimal and Robust Mechanism Design with Interdependent Values

We study interdependent value settings and extend several results from the well-studied independent private values model to these settings. For revenue-optimal mechanism design, we give conditions under which Myerson's virtual value-based mechanism remains optimal with interdependent values. One of these conditions is robustness of the truthfulness and individual rationality guarantees, in the sense that they are required to hold ex-post. We then consider an even more robust class of mechanisms called “prior independent” (“detail free”), and show that, by simply using one of the bidders to set a reserve price, it is possible to extract near-optimal revenue in an interdependent values setting. This shows that a considerable level of robustness is achievable for interdependent values in single-parameter environments.
Inelastic electron scattering from 18O at backward angles.

Discrete states in $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ up to 25 MeV of excitation were studied by inelastic electron scattering. The measurements were performed at the Bates Linear Accelrator Center at 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and at momentum transfers ranging from about 1.2 to 2.5 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. A number of the states discussed here have not been observed previously. Form-factor measuremetns are presented for eight ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ candidates and for two ${6}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ candidates. The strongest ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state has T=2 and was observed at 22.40 MeV. Good T=2 ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ candidates were found at 18.68 and 20.36 MeV, and good T=1 ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ candidates were found at 8.52 and 12.99 MeV; the strongest ${6}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ candidate was found at 14.17 MeV. Form-factor measurements are also presented for several ${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ candidates. The M2 form factor for the lowest ${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state at 5.53 MeV is similar in shape to that for the lowest ${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, but is weaker in strength. Finally, form-factor measurements are presented for several high-lying normal-parity states, including strong excitations at 9.36, 9.71, 11.67, and 17.02 MeV.
Economics of College Sports: A Topical Reading List

In this reading list, journal articles and chapters from collected works of my acquaintance are organized under a set of college sports topic headings. Rather than the usual “economics” topics (demand, supply, market structure, labor, business and government), the aim is to inform a more general audience. There is no claim to exhaustive coverage and no detailed review of any topic that would guide future research. Instead, it is hoped that the list is helpful to those wishing to simply delve into economics offerings under topic headings that match a reader’s interest.
The Immortal Vampire of Stratford-upon-Avon

On December 11, 1876, Bram Stoker met Henry Irving for the first time after seeing him in Hamlet, which Stoker had ‘reviewed favorably’ (Stoker, 2008, p. 8). Stoker subsequently became Irving’s manager in 1878. The novel for which Stoker would become famous, Dracula, is suffused not only with Irving (indeed, the character of Dracula is based in part on him), but also with Irving’s Shakespeare. Stoker’s entire literary output before his meeting with Irving consisted of a four-part serialized hort story called ‘Jack Hammon’s Vote’ and a civil service policy manual entitled The Duties of Clerks in Petty Sessions in Ireland (Nuzum, 2007, p. 128). After meeting Irving, Stoker became prolific, and Shakespeare (Irving’s Shakespeare, that is) echoed through Stoker’s work.
Graphene and Derivatives

As mentioned in the previous two chapters, the increased use of nanomaterials in biomedicine has also created keen interest in exploring their interactions with tissues, cells, and biomolecules [1]. A detailed understanding of how nanomaterials interact with biomolecules at the molecular level is essential to the safe usage of nanoparticle-based biomedical technologies [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Recently, the interactions between proteins, nucleic acids (such as DNA), and cell membranes with nanomaterials (particularly, graphitic nanomaterials) have been studied extensively using experiments and simulations, and they have been shown to affect both the structure and function of biological systems, resulting in serious cytotoxicity and biosafety concerns.
Explosion Testing of a Polycarbonate Safe Haven Wall

The MINER Act of 2006 was enacted by MSHA following the major mining accidents and required every underground coal mine to install refuge areas to help prevent future fatalities of trapped miners in the event of a disaster where the miners cannot escape. A polycarbonate safe haven wall for use in underground coal mines as component of a complete system was designed and modeled using finite element modeling in ANSYS Explicit Dynamics to withstand the MSHA required 15 psi (103.4 kPa) blast loading spanning 200 milliseconds. The successful design was constructed at a uniform height in both half-width scale and quarter-width scale in the University of Kentucky Explosives Research Team’s (UKERT) explosives driven shock tube for verification of the models. The constructed polycarbonate walls were tested multiple times to determine the walls resistance to pressures generated by an explosion. The results for each test were analyzed and averaged to create one pressure versus time waveform which was then imported into ANSYS Explicit Dynamics and modeled to compare results
Quantifiers in Modern Hebrew

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Modern Hebrew this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Modern Hebrew, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.
A Study of Tritium in Municipal Solid Waste Leachate and Gas

It has become increasingly clear in the last few years that the vast majority of municipal solid waste landfills produce leachate that contains elevated levels of tritium. The authors recently cond...
Immunobiology of the Macrophage

For years relegated to a position of second-class citizenship as a lowly scavenger devoid of the sophisticated recognition and control mechanisms of lymphocytes, the macrophage has now come into its own. The publication of this volume on the immunology of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) represents the acquisition of a long-deserved position of status among the cellular elite. We now appreciate that in immune reactions the macrophage takes advantage of its ability to interact with antigens nonspecifically, but then imposes profound restrictions upon future specific antigen-dependent reactions. Not only does the macrophage play a key role in initiating an immune reaction, but subsequent modulation of the host response is affected by macrophages. Additionally, macrophages form a major bulwark of host defense mechanisms through their ability to affect inflammation, directly kill microbes, and augment cytolytic lymphocytes. The protean manifestations of macrophage functions in the immune responses are considered in this volume. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the macrophage role in immunity. Detailed and exhaustive treatments of specific topics will be found in the other chapters of this volume. The major areas touched upon here are general characteristics of the monocyte-macrophage systems, lymphocyte interactions, macrophage killing, secretion, ontogeny, and human disorders of the macrophages.
Influence of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on drug-induced narcosis and hypothermia in rabbits.

Thyrotropin releasing homone (TRH) administered via the intracerebroventricular (icv) route in doses ranging between 0.1 and 100 μg decreased the duration of pentobarbital-induced narcosis in rabbits. Antagonism of narcosis occurred whether TRH was administered before or after the barbiturate. TRH doses above 10 μg produced, in addition, behavioral excitation and hyperthermia. The antagonism of phenobarbital-induced narcosis was not as profound; animals were aroused only for a short period of time, after which the narcotized state returned. However, TRH exerted a prolonged antagonism or reversal of the phenobarbital-induced hypothermia. The central nervous system depression and analgesia produced by morphine were unaffected by TRH, but hypothermia and respiratory depression were reversed. TRH may represent an arousal factor in mammalian brain.
Itô’s Formula and Stochastic Differential Equations

The probabilistic concepts reviewed in the previous chapters are applied to develop one of the most useful tools for the solution of stochastic problems, the Ito calculus.
Gender bias in clinical decision making emerges when patients with coronary heart disease symptoms also have psychological symptoms.

Abstract Background Delayed treatment may contribute to women's relatively higher morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). We tested whether disparities in treatment may be due to bias in diagnosis and treatment recommendations for women with psychological symptoms. Methods Fourth year medical students (N = 225) from 13 U.S. medical schools were randomly assigned to make clinical decisions (CHD risk judgments, diagnosis, treatment recommendations) about one of four experimental vignette patients (male or female; with symptoms of depression and anxiety or without). Vignettes were presented as text via an online survey platform. Results The female patient with psychological symptoms was perceived to be at lowest risk for CHD. Perceptions of risk partly mediated lower likelihood of recommending the female patient with psychological symptoms be seen in an emergency department, take medication, or receive nutrition or exercise advice relative to the male patient with psychological symptoms. Conclusions There was a gender bias in CHD clinical decision-making when patients had concurrent psychological symptoms.
Radiochemical isolation method for the production of 52gMn from natCr for accelerator targets.

Abstract We report a novel, precipitation-based method for the isolation of Mn from Cr targets for cyclotron production of 52gMn. The separation produces no-carrier-added 52gMn with a decay corrected radiochemical yield of 85 ± 3% and apparent molar activity for DOTA of 1.3 GBq/μmol. This method reduces stable metallic impurities in the purified 52gMn compared to previously reported chromatographic methods.
The Pathways for African American Success: Does Delivery Platform Matter in the Prevention of HIV Risk Vulnerability Among Youth?

Abstract Purpose Technology provides new possibilities for disseminating effective prevention programming to underserved families, such as those residing in rural communities. The present study is an evaluation of a technology-delivered HIV risk prevention program designed for rural African-American families, Pathways for African American Success (PAAS), to determine its promise for increasing access to evidence-based youth risk prevention programs among those in the greatest need. Methods Four hundred and twelve parent/youth dyads were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) in-person facilitator-led PAAS small group, (2) self-directed PAAS technology, or (3) a literature control with home-mailed educational materials. Results Compared with families in the literature control condition, families assigned to the PAAS technology or small group conditions demonstrated significantly stronger intervention induced parent–child protective processes (e.g., enhanced discussion quality, clearly articulated norms, and parental expectations about risk engagement) and lower youth intentions to engage in risky behaviors 6 months postintervention. Although some important nuances were noted, this study suggests that the PAAS technology–delivered modality is just as efficacious as the in-person facilitator-led, small group modality in dissuading HIV-related risk behaviors among rural African-American youths. Conclusions Implications for having a menu of service delivery models that address the diverse needs and contexts of families are discussed, including the promise of technology as an alternative modality for reaching populations often characterized as difficult to reach and to engage in family-based preventive interventions.
Evangelical Feminism in Brazil and the USA

Feminist and evangelical movements have played important roles within Brazil and the USA. They have developed differently in each setting, although there are some similarities. In both settings, there have been important racial/ethnic divisions within these movements. Further, evangelicalism and feminism have both supported and challenged one another. In Brazil, evangelicalism and feminism both gained strength as they challenged and worked against an authoritarian state. Historically, the church in both contexts has often sought to increase women’s power in society and their political voice. However, questions of gender roles within the family are a critical site of conflict in each setting. How these play out is different within each context. By studying the history of these movements, one can more clearly see variances not only within feminism and evangelicalism, but also within different emerging movements toward evangelical feminism.
Identifying Meaningful Patient Outcomes After Lower Extremity Injury, Part 2: Linking Outcomes to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Context The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a framework and common language for describing and understanding health that incorporates function and ...
Associations between dietary micronutrient intake and molecular-Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a clinical condition characterized by decreased vaginal Lactobacillus spp., is difficult to treat. We examined associations between micronutrient intake and a low-Lactobacillus vaginal microbiota as assessed by molecular methods (termed “molecular-BV”). This cross-sectional analysis utilized data collected at the baseline visit of the Hormonal Contraception Longitudinal Study, a cohort of reproductive-aged women followed over 2 years while initiating or ceasing hormonal contraception (HC). The Block Brief 2000 Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered and micronutrient intakes were ranked. Vaginal microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and clustered into community state types (CSTs) based on the types and relative abundance of bacteria detected. Associations between the lowest estimated quartile intake of nutrients and having a low-Lactobacillus CST (molecular-BV) were evaluated by logistic regression. Separate models were built for each nutrient controlling for age, body mass index, behavioral factors, HC use and total energy intake. We also conducted a literature review of existing data on associations between micronutrient intakes and BV. Samples from 104 women were included in this analysis. Their mean age was 25.8 years (SD 4.3), 29.8% were African American, 48.1% were using HC, and 25% had molecular-BV. In adjusted multivariable analyses, the lowest quartile of betaine intake was associated with an increased odds of molecular-BV (aOR 9.2, p value < 0.01, [CI 2.4–35.0]). This is the first study to assess the association between estimated micronutrient intake and molecular-BV. Lower energy-adjusted intake of betaine was associated with an increased risk of molecular-BV. Betaine might have direct effects on the vaginal microenvironment or may be mediated through the gut microbiota. Additional research is needed to determine reproducibility of this finding and whether improved intake of select micronutrients such as betaine decreases the risk of BV and its sequelae.
Roadmap of germline development and in vitro gametogenesis from pluripotent stem cells.

Background The germ cell lineage is a fundamental component of the metazoan life cycle, ensuring the perpetuation and substantial diversification of genetic information across generations. Recent advances in the understanding of mouse germ cell development have culminated in the ability to reconstitute gametogenesis in vitro, thereby enabling the biochemical and molecular analyses of germ cell specification and subsequent development in mice. Similar advances in reconstituting human germ cells in vitro would provide critical insight into the etiology of various reproductive conditions and disorders, including infertility. Objectives This review presents the mechanisms leading to germ cell development in mammals, particularly in mice and non-human primates, as well as the applicability of these animal models to human germ cell development. The induction methods performed to recapitulate germ cell development in vitro are also discussed in this review, specifically focusing on in vitro gametogenesis from pluripotent stem cells. Materials and methods This review compiles the key methods and findings of various references relevant to the above-mentioned topic. Results Murine models have provided essential mechanistic insight into the process of germ cell lineage development. However, there are several structural differences between mice and humans during early embryogenesis that hinder the extrapolation of findings made in murine models to what may occur in humans. Recent studies using human or non-human primate embryos and human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived germ cells shed light on key cellular and genetic mechanisms governing germ cell development in humans. Discussion Utilizing the knowledge obtained from studying germ cell development in different animal models, induction methods established by various laboratories now permit partial reconstitution of human gametogenesis in vitro. Conclusion In vitro gametogenesis will constitute an emergent new field in human reproductive medicine in the near future, although legal and ethical considerations must be taken into account.
Spacecraft swarm dynamics and control about asteroids

Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology to control spacecraft swarms about single asteroids. This approach enables the use of small, autonomous swarm spacecraft in conjunction with a mothership, reducing the need for the Deep Space Network and improving performance in future asteroid missions. The methodology is informed by a semi-analytical model for the spacecraft relative motion that includes relevant gravitational effects without assuming J2-dominance as well as solar radiation pressure. The dynamics model is exploited in an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to produce an osculating-to-mean relative orbital element (ROE) conversion that relies on minimum knowledge of the asteroid gravity. The resulting real-time relative mean state estimate is utilized in a new formation-keeping control algorithm. The control problem is cast in mean relative orbital elements to leverage the geometric insight of secular and long-period effects in the definition of control windows for swarm maintenance. Analytical constraints that ensure collision avoidance and enforce swarm geometry are derived and enforced in ROE space. The proposed swarm-keeping algorithms are tested and validated in high-fidelity simulations for a reference asteroid mission.
Of Guinea Pigs and Tourists: Sustainable Development, Sustainable Tourism, and “Local Food” in Cusco, Peru

Dramatic growth in the tourism industry in the Andean region of Peru has created an influx of new economic opportunities in the tourism industry. However, unplanned expansion has led to unequal acc...
Book review: Rajan Gurukkal, History and Theory of Knowledge Production: An Introductory Outline:

Rajan Gurukkal, History and Theory of Knowledge Production: An Introductory Outline. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2019, 308 pp.
Cross-Kingdom Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Cariogenic Biofilm Initiation:

Candida albicans is known to form polymicrobial biofilms with various Streptococcus spp., including mitis and mutans group streptococci. Streptococcus gordonii (mitis group) has been shown to bind avidly to C. albicans hyphae via direct cell-to-cell interaction, while the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans (mutans group) interacts with the fungal cells via extracellular glucans. However, the biophysical properties of these cross-kingdom interactions at the single-cell level during the early stage of biofilm formation remain understudied. Here, we examined the binding forces between S. mutans (or S. gordonii) and C. albicans in the presence and absence of in situ glucans on the fungal surface using single-cell atomic force microscopy and their influence on biofilm initiation and subsequent development under cariogenic conditions. The data show that S. gordonii binding force to the C. albicans surface is significantly higher than that ofS. mutans to the fungal surface (~2-fold). However, S. mutans binding forces are dramatically enhanced when the C. albicans cell surface is locally coated with extracellular glucans (~6-fold vs. uncoated C. albicans), which vastly exceeds the forces between S. gordonii andC. albicans. The enhanced binding affinity of S. mutans to glucan-coated C. albicans resulted in a larger structure during early biofilm initiation compared to S. gordonii-C. albicans biofilms. Ultimately, this resulted in S. mutans dominance composition in the 3-species biofilm model under cariogenic conditions. This study provides a novel biophysical aspect of Candida-streptococcal interaction whereby extracellular glucans may selectively favor S. mutans binding interactions with C. albicans during cariogenic biofilm development.
Patient Characteristics Associated With Readmission to 3 Neurology Services at an Urban Academic Center.

Background and Purpose:Hospital 30-day readmissions in patients with primary neurological problems are not well characterized. We sought to determine patient characteristics associated with readmis...
Barriers to Voice Therapy Attendance in a Language-Diverse Population

Objectives/hypothesis Voice therapy is an effective treatment for many voice disorders, but success depends on attendance and adherence. Many factors hinder treatment attendance, and language discordance with the provider may present an additional obstacle to attending therapy. This study evaluates factors associated with voice therapy attendance at a language-diverse, safety-net hospital. Study design Retrospective chart review. Methods Retrospective review of adult patients referred to speech language pathology for treatment of voice disorders from January, 2018 to April, 2019. Primary spoken language, interpreter collaboration, and patient demographics were obtained from medical records. Multivariate analysis compared patient factors with voice therapy attendance versus nonattendance. Results Of 422 patients, 219 (52%) attended at least one therapy session, whereas 203 (48%) did not attend (n = 120) or schedule therapy (n = 83). In multivariate analysis, only the association between public insurance and nonattendance was statistically significant (P = .016). After adjusting for interpreter use and interval between referral and first appointment, patients with private health insurance were 2.35 times more likely to attend therapy compared to those with public insurance (95% confidence interval: 1.18-4.71). Non-English language; interpreter collaboration; distance from hospital; and patient demographics, including age, gender, ethnicity, and birthplace, did not significantly correlate with attendance. Conclusions In a culturally and language-diverse cohort of dysphonic patients, individuals with public health insurance were significantly less likely to attend voice therapy. Language-discordant therapy and interpreter collaboration was not a statistically significant barrier to therapy attendance. Additional investigation is warranted to optimize allocation of voice therapy resources for those with public health insurance and for diverse speakers of all languages. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1835-1839, 2021.
Leaf-economic strategies across the Eocene-Oligocene transition correlate with dry season precipitation and paleoelevation.

PREMISE The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT; 34-33 Ma) was marked by global cooling and increased seasonality and aridity, leading to a shift in North American floras from subtropical forests to deciduous hardwood forests similar to today. This shift is well documented taxonomically and biogeographically, but its ecological nature is less known. METHODS Using the relationship between petiole cross-sectional area and leaf mass, we estimated leaf dry mass per area (LMA), a functional trait tied to plant resource investment and expenditure, at 22 western North American sites spanning the EOT to determine how the broad restructuring of vegetation during this time was reflected in leaf economics. RESULTS There was no overall shift in LMA between pre-EOT and post-EOT floras; instead, changes in LMA across sites were mostly driven by a negative correlation with dry-season precipitation and a positive correlation with paleoelevation. These patterns held for both whole sites and subsets of sites containing taxa with similar biogeographical histories (taxa that persisted in the highlands across the EOT or that migrated to the lowlands) and are consistent with most observations in extant floras. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a geological context for understanding environmentally paced changes in leaf-economic strategies, particularly linking leaf economic strategies to dry-season precipitation and paleoelevation.
Developing Expertise in 1H NMR Spectral Interpretation.

Advancements in organic chemistry depend upon chemists' ability to interpret NMR spectra, though research demonstrates that cultivating such proficiency requires years of graduate-level study. The organic chemistry community thus needs insight into how this expertise develops to expedite learning among its newest members. This study investigated undergraduate and doctoral chemistry students' understanding and information processing during the interpretation of 1H NMR spectra and complementary IR spectra. Eighteen undergraduate and seven doctoral chemistry students evaluated the outcome of a series of syntheses using spectra corresponding to the products. Eye movements were measured to identify differences in cognitive processes between undergraduate and doctoral participants, and interviews were conducted to elucidate the chemical assumptions that guided participants' reasoning. Results suggest five areas of understanding are necessary for interpreting spectra, and progress in understanding corresponds to increasing knowledge of experimental and implicit chemical variables. Undergraduate participants exhibited uninformed bidirectional processing of all information, whereas doctoral participants exhibited informed unidirectional processing of relevant information. These findings imply the community can support novices' development of expertise by cultivating relevant understanding and encouraging use of informed interpretation strategies, including preliminary evaluation of relevant variables, prediction of expected spectral features, and search for complementary data across spectra.
Changes to the playing field: A contemporary study of actual European online sports betting

Background and aims Online sports wagering is a popular and still growing gambling activity around the world. Like other types of gambling, it can lead to problems that include devastating financial, social, and health-related harms. The first analysis of actual online sports wagering activity (LaBrie et al., 2007) suggested that levels of financial and time involvement were more moderate than anticipated from earlier self-report studies. However, these findings are now more than a decade old. Methods The current study examined actual online sports wagering activity of a similar cohort of 32,262 gamblers who subscribed to a European online betting platform in February 2015 to understand how sports betting might have changed in ten years. Measures included subscriber characteristics, betting activities, and transactional activities. Results Players placed a median of 15 bets during the 8-month study period, made a median of 2.5 bets per betting day, had a median bet size of 6.1 euros, and experienced a median net loss of 25 euros. We were able to distinguish highly involved bettors in the top 2% of total wagered, net loss, and number of bets, whose behavior differed from that of the rest of the sample. Discussion and conclusions Sports wagering behavior has remained relatively stable over time despite legislative changes and an increase in popularity, with a small subset of subscribers exhibiting disproportionately high engagement, transactional activity, and in-game betting. Further investigation of individual trajectories of wagering behavior and engagement with different types of sports wagering products is merited.
Treating epilepsy in forcibly displaced persons: timely, necessary, affordable.

The burden of epilepsy among forcibly displaced persons is thought to be high, and access to treatment is limited. In June 2021, the WHO Secretariat published a draft intersectoral action plan aimed at redressing the global epilepsy treatment gap, providing a valuable opportunity to improve epilepsy treatment for forcibly displaced persons.
WFL: Microwave Applications of Thin Ferroelectric Films

We have developed a family of tunable microwave circuits, operating from X- through Ka-band, based on laser ablated BaxSr1-xTiO films on lanthanum aluminate and magnesium oxide substrates. Circuits include voltage controlled oscillators, filters, phase shifters and antennas. A review of the basic theory of operation of these devices will be presented along with measured performance. Emphasis has been on low-loss phase shifters to enable a new phased array architecture. The critical role of phase shifter loss and transient response in reflectarray antennas will be discussed. The Ferroelectric Reflectarray Critical Components Space Experiment was launched on the penultimate Space Shuttle, STS-134, in May of 2011. It included a bank of ferroelectric phase shifters with two different stoichiometries as well as ancillary electronics. The experiment package and status will be reported. In addition, unusual results of a Van der Pauw measurement involving a ferroelectric film grown on buffered high resisitivity silicon will be discussed.
A quantitative model of water radiolysis and chemical production rates near radionuclide-containing solids

Abstract We present a mathematical model that quantifies the rate of water radiolysis near radionuclide-containing solids. Our model incorporates the radioactivity of the solid along with the energies and attenuation properties for alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) radiation to calculate volume normalized dose rate profiles. In the model, these dose rate profiles are then used to calculate radiolytic hydrogen (H 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production rates as a function of distance from the solid–water interface. It expands on previous water radiolysis models by incorporating planar or cylindrical solid–water interfaces and by explicitly including γ radiation in dose rate calculations. To illustrate our model's utility, we quantify radiolytic H 2 and H 2 O 2 production rates surrounding spent nuclear fuel under different conditions (at 20 years and 1000 years of storage, as well as before and after barrier failure). These examples demonstrate the extent to which α, β and γ radiation contributes to total absorbed dose rate and radiolytic production rates. The different cases also illustrate how H 2 and H 2 O 2 yields depend on initial composition, shielding and age of the solid. In this way, the examples demonstrate the importance of including all three types of radiation in a general model of total radiolytic production rates.
Social, Financial, Emotional and Biological Effects on Fathering: Advancing the Science

In addition to the effects fathers have on their children, there are also significant social, financial, emotional, and biological effects of children upon their fathers. The scientific study of fatherhood has received insufficient attention in the research literature. We review selected NIH support for studies of fatherhood and comment on three papers that were presented as part of a special panel, “Effects of Children on Fathers,” sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research.
Ontology Database System and Triggers

An ontology database system is a basic relational database management system that models an ontology plus its instances. To reason over the transitive closure of instances in the subsumption hierarchy, an ontology database can either unfold views at query time or propagate assertions using triggers at load time. In this paper, we present a method to embed ontology knowledge into a relational database through triggers. We demonstrate that by forward computing inferences, we improve query time. We find that: first, ontology database systems scale well for small and medium sized ontologies; and second, ontology database systems are able to answer ontology-based queries deductively; We apply this method to a Glass Identification Ontology, and discuss applications in Neuroscience.
Cooperative Cleaning for distributed Autonomous robot systems using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

Cooperative Autonomous Cleaning is a simple challenge that can be implemented with the help of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) by simulating the actual thinking process of the human. The human mind organizes its thoughts in priorities and this feature could be exploited well if a priori knowledge of the system exists. This technique has been attempted here for a DARS.
Patient Characteristics That Impact Tattoo Removal Resource‐Allocation Choices: Tattoo Content, Age, and Parental Status

This study assessed characteristics that affect decisions about receipt of a tattoo-removal procedure among members of stigmatized groups. Two experiments, each with different participants, assessed how changes in characteristics of hypothetical patients described as having a tattoo that reduced employment prospects affected how participants allocated access to the procedure. Patient characteristics assessed were parental status, age, and tattoo content. Participants ranked prospective patients (all described as having an undesirable tattoo, and varied with respect to the aforementioned characteristics) on the priority for receipt of removal. Young patients with children, and with specific tattoo contents, were favored. Implications for prejudice against certain groups are noted.
Inhibitors of Collagen Biosynthesis as a Means of Controlling Scar Formation in Tendon Injury

After tendon injury, the formation of peritendinous adhesions restricts the gliding of the healed tendon. In this study, attempts have been made to reduce the amount of adhesions with four drugs. Four agents which are known to alter collagen biosynthesis were tested for their ability to inhibit scar formation in the repair of an incision in a tendon. α, α-dipyridyl, beta-aminopropionitrile, D-penicillamine and cis-hydroxyproline were all found to decrease the amount of scan formed around the flexor tendon. α, ά-dipyridyl showed significant toxic side effects. Rats treated with beta-am inopropionitnile showed moderate toxicity. D-penicillamine-treated rats showed minimum toxicity, but with the dose employed, this drug was slightly less effective than the others. Cis-hydroxyproline showed no toxic side effects in our experiments. The inhibition of collagen biosynthesis by proline analogues is a new approach to the problem of reducing scar formation. Further study is needed before considering its use in clinical situations.
Design and capabilities of an enhanced naval mine warfare simulation framework

The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City Division (NSWC PCD) designed and implemented a new tool, The Rapid Mine Simulation System Enterprise Architecture (RMSSEA), to support existing naval mine warfare simulations and to provide enhanced future mine warfare capabilities. RMSSEA sup-ports existing physics-based models of Navy assets and threats in order to provide ship susceptibility and sweep effectiveness measures. The tool expands support for modeling of future systems, including maneuverable surface and underwater unmanned systems. Additionally, RMSSEA allows for simulations of distributed sensor and mobile warhead devices. The tool incorporates improved automation and visualization, which reduces simulation setup time and supports increased focus on results analysis.