cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of FGF2 and VEGF on the structural vessels,perfused vessels and intensity of hypoxia in esophageal carcinoma

Objective To determine the effects of FGF2 and VEGF on density of structural and perfused vessels and to investigate the mechanism of angiogenesis in esophageal carcinoma(EC) . Methods Three cell lines were used in the experiment, TE-1 was esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, SEG-1 and BIC-1 were Barrett s associated adenocarcinoma. FGF2 and VEGF mRNA were determined by multiple-probe RNA protection assay and quantified by densitoraetry; structural vessels, perfused vessels and intensity of hypoxia were detected by immunohistochemical staining (CD31) and immunofluorescence (DIOC7,EF5). Results (1)Different concentration of FGF2 (lOng,100ng) didn't affect the proliferation and growth of three EC cell lines in vitro. (2)The basal levels of FGF2 and VEGF mRNA were 4.9, 57.57 in TE-1 ; 49, 53.62 in SEG-1 ; no FGF2 mRNA were observed in BIC-1 ,its VEGF mRNA was 17.04. (3) In three nude mice model, the density of structural vessels (CD31) and perfused vessels (DIOC7) in VEGF-treated group is significantly higher than that in control group (P 0.05) . The density of structural vessels (CD31) and perfused vessels (DIOC7) in FGF2-trealed group significantly increased only in SEG-1 (P0.05) .(4)In TE-1 and BIC-1 model, intensity of EF5/Cy3 staining was significantly decreased in VEGF group. In SEG-1 model,no significant difference was found between control and VEGF group, there were no significant difference in FGF2 group comparing with control group in all three models. Conclusion (1)FGF2 didn't affect the proliferation and growth of esophageal carcinoma cell lines in vitro.(2)FGF2 expression were quite different in different histological types, even in same histological types of esophageal carcinoma. (3)The effecl of FGF2 on tumor angiogenesis may be closely related with its endogenous FGF2 mRNA level. (4) In SEG-1 model, FGF2 increased tumor growth mainly by promoting angiogenesis. However, FGF2 didn' t affect both proliferation of tumor cell and angiogenesis in TE-1 and BIC-1 model, which imply FGF2 wasn't the key angiogenic regulator in these two cell lines.(5) VEGF can significantly increase structural vessels and perfused vessels, decrease hypoxia in tumor tissue. VEGF is a key factor to regulate angiogenesis in EC.(6)To detect the structural vessels perfused vessels and intensity of hypoxia in the same area within tumor tissue is a good method to evaluate vascular density and function.
Screening Materials for Photosensitization Eye Effects

The ocular tissues are particularly susceptible to phototoxic damage inasmuch as the eye not only allows the transmittance of possibly injurious wavelengths to deeper layers but, through its optical properties, it actually focuses the radiation onto the retina. Thus, the transmittance and absorption characteristics of the various ocular layers must be taken into account whenever photosensitization of any one eye tissue is being studied. If one also wishes to investigate the possible role of exogenous products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives or cosmetics it is necessary to consider whether or not there is a systemic distribution of the compound and the degree to which the compound will cross the blood aqueous and/or blood retinal barriers.
Abstaining and bulemic anorexics. Two sides of the same coin.

The underlying emotional problems of abstaining and bulemic anorexics are similar and require a psychodynamic approach to resolve the conflicts that are masked by dysfunctional eating behaviors. The crucial role of the family physician in identifying the problem and providing referrals and continued support is explored.
The Experience of Experience: An Exogenetic Program for Social Competence

The cowbird exemplifies constrained and flexible genetic programs for the development of species-typical communicative behaviors. How such programs operate to effect the ontogeny of species and mate identification is the concern of the present chapter. We use our research on auditory communication in cowbirds to illustrate the necessity for broadening existing ontogenetic concepts and developing new ones aimed at explaining outcomes, rather than origins, of behavior. Among the concepts explored are those of heredity, environment, and experience. We argue that cowbirds, like many animals, inherit not only genes, but also species-typical companions and habitats. It is this latter form of exogenetic inheritance in the form of species-typical alliances that affords the opportunity to achieve species-typical competence.
Monte-Carlo evaluation of a highly efficient photon detector for tomotherapy

The aim of improving technology in radiotherapy is to close the loop of planning, delivery, and verification. Currently, the most common way to obtain information about the treatment is to image the patient’s treatment volume on portal images. However, more accurate delivery techniques spur the need for improved patient imaging. In consequence, active research is going on in the optimization of current detector technologies combined with the modification of delivery systems. Dual-beam systems [1] and tomotherapy [2] are two approaches to achieve this goal.
Phosphorylation of calponin in airway smooth muscle

Calponin is an actin-binding protein known to be a substrate in vitro for several protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. We tested the hypothesis that calponin is phosphorylated in vivo using canine tracheal smooth muscle strips metabolically labeled with 32Pi. Calponin was gel purified from muscles stimulated with 1 microM carbachol. Phosphorylation increased to 2.0 times the basal level of 178 +/- 26 counts per minute (cpm)/microgram calponin within 30 s to 350 +/- 64 cpm/micrograms. Two-dimensional nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis resolved four charge isoforms of calponin in unstimulated muscle. Stimulation with carbachol induced an additional more acidic isoform. Phosphorylation of calponin in vitro with protein kinase C (PKC) also induced formation of additional acidic isoforms. The functional effect of phosphorylation was demonstrated using an in vitro motility assay in which unphosphorylated calponin (2 microM) caused a profound inhibition of actin sliding. Calponin phosphorylated by PKC did not inhibit actin sliding. The results show that phosphorylation of calponin occurs in intact tracheal smooth muscle and that phosphorylation of calponin in vitro alleviates the inhibitory effect of calponin on actomyosin function.
Toward semantic retrieval of pictures and video

Existing techniques for content-based retrieval of pictures and video are based either on physical characteristics of the data like color and texture, or on a representation of the objects and actions depicted by the data. But the fact that there are many equivalent representations of a given picture or video clip poses a significant problem for object-based techniques in matching users' queries to the represented collection. This paper proposes a possible solution to this problem through the use of semantic knowledge from multiple large-scale sources. Several rules are presented to illustrate the proper incorporation of semantic relations into the process of matching queries to object-based representations of pictures and video.
Staging of Skin Tumors: A Mirror of Their Biologic Behavior

Staging is a form of shorthand that groups tumors of similar extent and prognosis. Because of the need to link extent to prognosis, the rules for staging of a particular tumor can be viewed as a brief description of the common major steps in the biologic progression ofthat tumor. This chapter discusses the staging criteria for common skin tumors and thereby provides some insight into the different ways different skin tumors tend to progress. Despite the common title“skin tumors,” diffferent cells of origin impart characteristic biologic behaviors to each type of skin tumor. To ensure that staging of these tumors accurately predicts their outcome, diffferent criteria are appropriate for each of the types. This chapter presents the staging system for each type of tumor and relates it briefly to that tumor’s behavior.
A Breathing-Based Meditation Intervention for Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Following Inadequate Response to Antidepressants: A Randomized Pilot Study.

Objective: To evaluate feasibility, efficacy, and tolerability of Sudarshan Kriya yoga (SKY) as an adjunctive intervention in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with inadequate response to antidepressant treatment. Methods: Patients with MDD (defined by DSM-IV-TR) who were depressed despite ≥ 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment were randomized to SKY or a waitlist control (delayed yoga) arm for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was change in 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) total score from baseline to 2 months. The key secondary efficacy end points were change in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) total scores. Analyses of the intent-to-treat (ITT) and completer sample were performed. The study was conducted at the University of Pennsylvania between October 2014 and December 2015. Results: In the ITT sample (n = 25), the SKY arm (n = 13) showed a greater improvement in HDRS-17 total score compared to waitlist control (n = 12) (-9.77 vs 0.50, P = .0032). SKY also showed greater reduction in BDI total score versus waitlist control (-17.23 vs -1.75, P = .0101). Mean changes in BAI total score from baseline were significantly greater for SKY than waitlist (ITT mean difference: -5.19; 95% CI, -0.93 to -9.34; P = .0097; completer mean difference: -6.23; 95% CI, -1.39 to -11.07; P = .0005). No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Results of this randomized, waitlist-controlled pilot study suggest the feasibility and promise of an adjunctive SKY-based intervention for patients with MDD who have not responded to antidepressants. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02616549.
The power of imaginary users: designated communities in the OAIS reference model

This paper explores the Designated Community term within the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model. Information practitioners, particularly those who work with varied populations and popular materials such as public- or state-sponsored libraries and museums, complain that this term is counter to their professional, ethical, and legal mandates to serve many types of user. Using interview data from digital preservation practitioners and scholars as well as interview data from OAIS authors, the author examines the meaning and history behind this term and what it prescribes for professional digital preservation practice. This work juxtaposes contentions of digital preservation practitioners with explanations provided by the authors of OAIS about the Designated Community term. The findings in this paper support the author's contention that alternative digital preservation models and metrics are necessary within cultural heritage institutions, like libraries and museums, to meet the professional standards of practice in those areas and to ensure the inclusion of broad populations within the user bases of digital repositories.
What If? The Exploration of an Idea

A crucial question here is what, exactly, the conditional in the naive truth/set comprehension principles is. In 'Logic of Paradox', I outlined two options. One is to take it to be the material conditional of the extensional paraconsistent logic LP. Call this "Strategy 1". LP is a relatively weak logic, however. In particular, the material conditional does not detach. The other strategy is to take it to be some detachable conditional. Call this "Strategy 2". The aim of the present essay is to investigate Stragey 1. It is not to advocate it. The work is simply an extended exploration of the strategy, its strengths, its weaknesses, and the various dierent ways in which it may be implemented. In the first part of the paper I will set up the appropriate background details. In the second, I will look at the strategy as it applies to the semantic paradoxes. In the third I will look at how it applies to the set-theoretic paradoxes.
Use of an Electrostatic Spraying System or the Sprayed Lethality in Container Method To Deliver Antimicrobial Agents onto the Surface of Beef Subprimals To Control Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli

The efficacy of an electrostatic spraying system (ESS) and/or the sprayed lethality in container (SLIC) method to deliver antimicrobial agents onto the surface of beef subprimals to reduce levels of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was evaluated. Beef subprimals were surface inoculated (lean side; ca. 5.8 log CFU per subprimal) with 2 mL of an eight-strain cocktail comprising single strains of rifampin-resistant (100 μg/mL) STEC (O26:H11, O45:H2, O103:H2, O104:H4, O111:H-, O121:H19, O145:NM, and O157:H7). Next, inoculated subprimals were surface treated with lauric arginate (LAE; 1%), peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 0.025%), or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC; 0.4%) by passing each subprimal, with the inoculated lean side facing upward, through an ESS cabinet or via SLIC. Subprimals were then vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C. One set of subprimals was sampled after an additional 2 h, 3 days, or 7 days of refrigerated storage, whereas another set was retreated via SLIC after 3 days of storage with a different one of the three antimicrobial agents (e.g., a subprimal treated with LAE on day 0 was then treated with PAA or CPE on day 3). Retreated subprimals were sampled after 2 h or 4 days of additional storage at 4°C. A single initial application of LAE, PAA, or CPC via ESS or SLIC resulted in STEC reductions of ca. 0.3 to 1.3 log CFU per subprimal after 7 days of storage. However, when subprimals were initially treated with LAE, PAA, or CPC via ESS or SLIC and then separately retreated with a different one of these antimicrobial agents via SLIC on day 3, additional STEC reductions of 0.4 to 1.0 log CFU per subprimal were observed after an additional 4 days of storage. Application of LAE, PAA, or CPC, either alone or in combination, via ESS or SLIC is effective for reducing low levels (ca. 0.3 to 1.6 log CFU) of STEC that may be naturally present on the surface of beef subprimals.
Decoding the architecture and origins of mechanisms for developmental polyphenism.

Developmental polyphenism affords a single genotype multiple solutions to match an organism to its environment. Because polyphenism is the extreme example of how development deviates from a linear genetic blueprint, it demands a genetic explanation for how environmental cues shunt development to hypothetically alternative modules. We highlight several recent advances that have begun to illuminate genetic mechanisms for polyphenism and how this recurring developmental novelty may arise. An emerging genetic knowledge of polyphenism is providing precise targets for testing hypotheses of how switch mechanisms are built — out of olfactory, nutrient-sensing, hormone-reception, and developmental and genetic buffering systems — to accommodate plasticity. Moreover, classic and new model systems are testing the genetic basis of polyphenism's proposed causal roles in evolutionary change.
Implications of Pubertal Timing for Romantic Relationship Quality Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Young Adults

Abstract Purpose Relative to on-time or late-maturing peers, girls who begin puberty early typically begin romantic and sexual experiences earlier; however, advanced pubertal status does not necessarily coincide with commensurate interpersonal skills necessary for healthy romantic relationships. Research is limited on the long-term implications of early puberty for relationship quality, and virtually nothing is known about the social implications of early timing for sexual minority females. Methods Using linear regression, we examine longitudinal associations between two measures of girls' pubertal timing (self-perceived timing and menarcheal age) and romantic relationship quality in young adulthood, stratified by sexual orientation, among 5,568 females in waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We also examine whether identified associations are mediated by parent-adolescent relationship quality. Results Among sexual minorities, early self-perceived pubertal timing was associated with lower adult romantic relationship quality compared with on-time maturers (β = −2.32; standard error = 1.44; p = .05); this association was mediated by parent-adolescent relationship quality. Among heterosexuals, girls experiencing menarche before age 12 (early maturers) reported lower adult relationship quality compared to on-time maturers (β = −.43; standard error = .22; p = .03); parent-adolescent relationship quality did not mediate this association. Conclusions Early maturation is associated with lower romantic relationship quality in young adulthood. However, evidence of the association varies by measure of pubertal timing, and the processes by which pubertal timing is linked to later relationship quality may be different for sexual minority and heterosexual females. Potential explanations and public health implications are discussed.
Keeping the ocean warm

More than 20 GW of power are necessary to balance the heat emitted by Enceladus and avoid the freezing of its internal ocean. A very porous core undergoing tidal heating can generate the required power to maintain a liquid ocean and drive hydrothermal activity.
Identification of PP1–Gadd34 substrates involved in the unfolded protein response using K-BIPS, a method for phosphatase substrate identification

Phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification in cell signaling, which is regulated by the equilibrium activities of kinases and phosphatases. The biological significance of many phosphorylation events remains poorly characterized due to the scarcity of tools to discover phosphatases substrates. In prior work, we established kinase-catalyzed biotinylation where kinases accept the γ-modified ATP analog, ATP-biotin, to label phosphoproteins. Here, we developed a novel method to study substrates of phosphatases using kinase-catalyzed biotinylation termed K-BIPS (Kinase-catalyzed Biotinylation to Identify Phosphatase Substrates). In a proof-of-concept experiment, K-BIPS was initially used to explore the substrates of phosphatases inhibited by okadaic acid. Many known phosphatase substrates were observed, confirming K-BIPS as a valid phosphatase substrate identification tool. Then, as a further application, K-BIPS was used to discover the substrates of the PP1-Gadd34 phosphatase complex in the context of unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition to the known substrate eIF2α, K-BIPS revealed several novel substrates, suggesting a more prominent role for the PP1-Gadd34 complex in UPR than previously appreciated. Overall, the two studies establish K-BIPS as a powerful tool to discover the cellular substrates of phosphatases.
The Cognitive Foundations of Mobility

The primary thesis that I hope to develop in this chapter is that what humans are able to do in space depends heavily on what they remember about it. Humans are continually, but selectively, storing in memory the experience that they accrue in the course of living. This memorial representation of experience is in a sense an internal model of the world in which they live. However, because memory is selective in character (11), the model is not a facsimile. The model is characterized by the economy of a schematic representation, and exhibits a preference for the information that humans need to interact with their world, just as a map exhibits a preference for the information that travellers need for wayfinding. This schematic representation preserves both the spatial extention of relevant things and the temporal extention of relevant events.
Ferritin in Serum: Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload in Infants and Children

Ferritin in serum was quantitated by radioimmunoassay to determine the usefulness of this assay in reflecting iron stores during normal development and in the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron overload in infants and children. In the adult, serum ferritin has been reported to correspond to the magnitude of iron stores throughout a wide range. In 573 normal infants and children, we found the concentration of serum ferritin to parallel known changes in iron stores during development. The median serum ferritin concentration was 101 ng/ml at birth, rose to 356 ng/ml at 1 mo of age, and then fell rapidly to a median value near 30 ng/ml (95% confidence limits: 7-142 ng/ml) between 6 mo and 15 yr of age. In the adult, median concentrations diverged according to sex, 39 ng/ml in the female and 140 ng/ml in the male. In 13 children with iron-deficiency anemia, the serum ferritin concentration was 9 ng/ml or less. Overlap with the normal population was small, and no conditions were found to give "false" low values. In children with β-thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia, median values were elevated to 850 and 160 ng/ml, respectively. Possibly misleading, elevated values were obtained in some patients with acute infection and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The serum ferritin assay promises to be a useful tool in the evaluation of iron status, particularly in children.
All Together Now: The Family of Marks Doctrine in the Era of Apple, Inc.

While a significant doctrine within common law trademark, the family of marks doctrine has not been utilized by as many dominant corporations within the fifty years since its creation as one might expect. This may be because the doctrine and its analysis remains rather opaque with little substantive legal research devoted to its history and framework and with a pastiche of case law that, on first blush, fails to signal a clear, uniform approach among the circuits. The doctrine itself, however, has been a deft tool in the hands of certain corporations who have used it to protect the prized goodwill created in their respective corporate trademarks. McDonald’s Corp. successfully used the doctrine to ward off use of the “Mc” prefix in a number of commercial scenarios, including those involving the sale of food products or restaurants and those that did not. The doctrine appeared uniquely crafted to serve such high profile corporations, whose corporate trademark transcended markets and product lines. Fast-forward twenty years from the era of the Big Mac to the era of the iPhone. The value of the protection of the family mark remains relevant whether the product is a hamburger or highly complex electronic equipment. Its value is in the protection of the trademark providence of the brand. This is especially reflected in the virtually unlimited creative opportunities Apple, Inc. (Apple) promises as seen from its innovations in several consumer electronics marketsthe mp3 player, the cellular phone, the lap-top and personal computers, and online licensing of music copyrights. In this Article, I seek to clarify the proper analysis framing issues involving the family of marks doctrine by tracing its history up to the seminal case of McDonald’s Corp. v. McBagel’s, Inc., in which McDonald’s right to use the “Mc” mark was respected against a nascent yet oblique competitor. I finally contend that, after clarifying the analysis, the doctrine will be useful to Apple, as it was to McDonald’s, to further command the direction of its brand by eliminating competing uses that directly or indirectly seek to usurp Apple’s goodwill. * Copyright © 2014 Austin Berger. This Article would not have been possible without the guidance and support of Professor Ted Sichelman. I would also especially like to thank my parents, Eric and Velva Berger, for their enduring love. 214 Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property [Vol. 13
Hot Spot Cooling and Harvesting CPU Waste Heat Using Thermoelectric Modules

The increasing integration of high performance processors and dense circuits in current computing devices has produced high heat flux in localized areas (hot spots) that limits their performance and reliability. To control the hot spots on a CPU, many researchers have focused on active cooling methods such as thermoelectric coolers (TECs) to avoid thermal emergencies. This paper presents the optimized thermoelectric modules on top of the CPU combined with a conventional air-cooling device to reduce the hot spot temperature and at the same time harvest waste heat energy generated by the CPU. To control the temperature of the hot spots, we attach small-sized TECs to the CPU and use thermoelectric generators (TEGs) placed on the rest of the CPU to convert waste heat energy into electricity. This study investigates design alternatives with an analytical model considering the non-uniform temperature distribution based on two-node thermal networks. The results indicate that we are able to attain more energy from the TEGs than energy consumption for running the TECs. In other words, we can allow the harvested heat energy to be reused to power other components and reduce hot spots simultaneously. Overall, the idea of simultaneous hot spot cooling and waste heat harvesting using thermoelectric modules on a CPU is a promising method to control the problem of heat generation and to reduce energy consumption in a computing device.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Communicating about Spiritual Issues with Cancer Patients

Many patients have expressed the importance of spirituality in their life and the wish that clinicians would discuss this topic with them and have it integrated into their health care. Clinicians also have noted the importance of spirituality, but have struggled with ways to address spiritual issues in a medical setting. Barriers to effective communication include: lack of knowledge, physician time, and fear of causing a negative reaction in patients. Understanding these barriers and developing an open-ended systematic approach is one key to starting the spiritual dialogue with patients. These dialogues are best conducted in some framework or spiritual care model. The current spiritual care models are derived from Engel’s biopsychosocial model that places an emphasis on understanding and appreciating the patients’ unique story but with the addition of a spiritual domain. Care models that are multidisciplinary can take advantage of each care team member’s strength and provide a more opportune setting to appreciate the patient story from multiple perspectives.
Analysis and Commissioning of SCR Denitration Control System in Coal-Fired Power Plant

T88 denitration system of a power plant is equipped with a set of urea pyrolysis and its corresponding process equipment. The process of the denitration system and its control logic is detailed introduced in this paper. According to the characteristics of hysteresis of the denitration system, three control strategies were formulated during the commissioning process. Finally, combined with the actual situation, the large spray gun automatic and the small guns manual were determined to make the control effect reach the optimum. Through modifying the control logic and adjusting the control logic parameters of the three loops, the concentration of nitrogen and oxygen compounds at the outlet of SCR(selective catalytic reduction) could be maintained around the set value, which meets the requirements of the ultra-low emission.
Changing disparities in teen birth rates and repeat birth rates in Georgia: implications for teen pregnancy prevention

Abstract Objective To understand teen birth trends in Georgia by racial and geographic factors. Study design We analyzed overall birth and repeat teen birth rates by race, urban/rural status and adequacy of obstetric care from 2008 to 2016 using vital records from all Georgia counties. Results Overall birth rates among teens analyzed decreased dramatically in Georgia, from 45.63 births per 1000 teens in 2008–2010 to 26.28 per 1000 teens in 2014–2016. Repeat birth rates followed a similar decline, from 9.40 to 4.53 repeat births per 1000 teens over the same time period. These rates decreased in all subgroups of teens but to varying degrees. The difference in birth and repeat birth rates between black and white teens decreased fourfold during this time period, whereas the declines in these rates for teens living in rural versus urban counties and with inadequate versus adequate obstetric care were less pronounced. Conclusion While remarkable reductions in teen birth and repeat birth rates have occurred since 2008, these declines have not been equally experienced by all groups of teens. Implications Our analysis suggests that persistent disparities in teen birth and repeat birth rates exist, particularly in areas with limited or threatened access to reproductive health care. Applying targeted teen pregnancy prevention initiatives to these areas could help ensure equitable health and social outcomes for teens.
Putting Followers First: The Role of Servant Leadership in Cases of Urban, Public School Principals

In this article, we apply the theory of servant leadership to qualitative data of 18 urban, K-12 public school principals noted as instructional leaders. We found that servant leadership, enacted t...
The Importance of Habitual 24-Hour IOP Measurement

For this presentation, the habitual intraocular pressure (IOP) is defined as sitting IOP during the day and supine IOP during the night. We will discuss IOP with a period not shorter or longer than 24 h. Since most of our IOP data are obtained using a pneumatonometer that is not considered clinical gold standard, the emphasis will be on the IOP pattern along the day and night instead of the absolute IOP levels.
Development of 20 TaqMan assays differentiating the endangered shortnose and Lost River suckers

Accurate species identification is vital to conservation and management of species at risk. Species identification is challenging when taxa express similar phenotypic characters and form hybrids, for example the endangered shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) and Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus). Here, we developed 20 Taqman assays that differentiate these species (19 nuclear DNA and one mitochondrial DNA). Assays were evaluated in 160 young-of-the-year identified to species using meristic counts. Alleles were not fixed between species, but species were highly differentiated (F ST = 0.753, P < 0.001). The assays developed herein will be a valuable tool for resource managers.
A Study of the Adjustment of Ethical Recogntion and Ethical Decision-Making of Managers-to-be Across the Taiwan Strait Before and After Receiving a Business Ethics Education

This study conducted an empirical survey of 126 Business Ethics students in business and management departments within two universities across the Taiwan Strait to evaluate the impact on these managers-to-be of receiving an education in Business Ethics. The results show that, after receiving that Business Ethics education, students in both universities demonstrated significant improvements in the ethical weighting of their individual values, their recognition of ethical issues and their performance as ethical decision-makers. However, in respect of ethical decision-making, the behavior of these students is still sub-optimal, indicating a need for further improvements in the ethical education of managers-to-be across the Taiwan Strait.
Direct measurements of VEGF-VEGFR2 binding affinities reveal the coupling between ligand binding and receptor dimerization.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) controls angiogenesis and is critically important for normal human development and cancer progression. A recent finding that VEGFR2 can dimerize in the absence of ligand raises the question whether VEGF binds to either VEGFR2 monomers or dimers or to both. Although VEGF–VEGFR2 effective binding constants have been measured, these prior measurements have not discriminated between the association state of the receptor. Because ligand binding is coupled to receptor dimerization, this coupling lends complexity to a seemingly straightforward problem. Here, we unravel this complexity by applying a rigorous thermodynamics approach and performing binding measurements over a broad range of receptor and ligand concentrations. By applying a global fitting procedure to a large data set, we reveal a 45-fold difference between VEGF binding affinities for monomeric and dimeric forms of VEGFR2.
Analysis of Subtelomeric REXTAL Assemblies Using QUAST

Genomic regions of high segmental duplication content and/or structural variation have led to gaps and misassemblies in the human reference sequence, and are refractory to assembly from whole-genome short-read datasets. Human subtelomere regions are highly enriched in both segmental duplication content and structural variations, and as a consequence are both impossible to assemble accurately and highly variable from individual to individual. Recently, we developed a pipeline for improved region-specific assembly called Regional Extension of Assemblies Using Linked-Reads (REXTAL). In this study, we evaluate REXTAL and genome-wide assembly (Supernova) approaches on 10X Genomics linked-reads data sets partitioned and barcoded using the Gel Bead in Emulsion (GEM) microfluidic method. Our results describe the accuracy and relative performance of these two approaches using the reference-based assessment module of QUAST. We show that REXTAL dramatically outperforms the Supernova whole genome assembler in subtelomeric segmental duplication regions, and results in highly accurate assemblies. Nearly all of the REXTAL “misassemblies” identified using default QUAST parameters simply pinpoint locations of tandem repeat arrays in the reference sequence where the repeat array length differs from that in the cognate REXTAL assembly by $>$ > 1000 bp.
Responses of fish exposed to a C9--11 linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactant in stream mesocosms

Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) responses to a nonionic linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) surfactant were examined in 10-day laboratory and 30-day outdoor stream mesocosm experiments. Larval fathead minnow survival was determined in a 10-day laboratory study with nominal concentrations of 0, 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 13.0 and 25.0 mg LAE l−1. Bluegill sunfish survival and growth and fathead minnow survival, reproduction and behaviour were evaluated in replicated stream mesocosms with mean measured concentrations of 0, 0.73, 2.04, 4.35, 5.7 and 11.24 mg LAE l−1. The 10-day laboratory No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for larval fathead minnow survival was 1.0 mg l−1. The 30-day stream NOEC for bluegill sunfish survival and growth was 5.7 mg l−1. In the stream mesocosms, NOECs for adult fathead minnow survival, reproduction and behaviour were 2.04 mg l−1, 0.73 mg l−1 and 0.73 mg l−1, respectively. Surviving fathead minnows that had ceased reproduction following exposure to LAE in the streams re-established normal reproduction during a post- treatment observation period in the laboratory. Laboratory studies in conjunction with the stream mesocosm study yielded complementary results which provided a detailed assessment of threshold responses of fish to LAE
Pneumatosis intestinalis and pneumoperitoneum secondary to Sapovirus colitis

Abstract Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) with pneumoperitoneum are radiographic findings that may be associated with severe bowel compromise. Asymptomatic patients with benign pneumoperitoneum are well described and can typically be observed. Among symptomatic patients, these findings are more concerning and often mandate operative intervention. The common etiologies of PI with pneumoperitoneum in children can typically be determined by history, physical and imaging findings. Viral enteritis and colitis is an infrequent cause. Sapovirus is in the family Caliciviridae. It is similar to norovirus, a more common pathogen in acute gastroenteritis, but typically presents with less severe symptoms. Here, we describe the presentation of an 11 year old, immune competent boy with severe abdominal pain, PI and pneumoperitoneum. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed viable bowel without the need for resection or diversion. Stool pathogen panel revealed Sapovirus infection. He made a complete recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first description of PI with pneumoperitoneum caused by Sapovirus infection.
Tuberculosis Progression Does Not Necessarily Equate with a Failure of Immune Control

Despite the obvious impact of tuberculosis on global health, there is currently no effective vaccine and there is increasing resistance against established front-line drug regiments. Our current understanding of disease progression in tuberculosis is shaped by data collected from the failure of immune control. We feel that this represents a biased approach, which constrains our capacity to understand both disease control and progression. In this opinion piece, we re-examine these questions in the context of recently published data from fluorescent bacterial reporter strains and the analysis of the different macrophage lineages present at sites of infection. We believe that this analysis provides alternative models for disease progression, which are not addressed through current vaccine or immune-therapeutic strategies.
CT and MR imaging surveillance of stage 1 renal cell carcinoma after microwave ablation

To describe the CT and MR imaging findings after microwave ablation of clinical stage 1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This single-center retrospective study was performed under a waiver of informed consent. 49 patients (38 M/11F, mean age 66 ± 9.0) with 52 cT1a RCC and 19 patients (10M/9F, mean age 67 ± 9.7) with 19 cT1b RCC were treated with percutaneous microwave ablation between January 2012 and June 2014. The size and volume of the RCC and ablation zone were measured and the kidney, ablation zones and retroperitoneum were assessed at immediate post-procedure CT and surveillance CT and MRI. Median imaging follow-up was 18 months (IQR 12–28). Ablation zones were heterogeneously hyperintense on T1W and hypointense on T2W MRI and hyperdense at CT. Thin peripheral, but no internal enhancement after contrast administration signified successful ablation zones. Ablation zones decreased in size, but did not resolve during surveillance. Immediate post-procedure subcapsular gas and hematoma (5/71, 7%) resolved prior to first follow-up. Focal, enhancing soft tissue within the ablation zone, invariably along the renal margin, signified local recurrence. Local recurrence rates were higher for T1b (2/19, 11%) compared to T1a (1/52, 2%). Urinomas (4/71, 6%) decreased in size and resolved during surveillance. Retroperitoneal fat necrosis (6/71, 9%), with opposed-phase loss of T1W MRI signal, was confirmed at histology after percutaneous biopsy. CT and MR imaging features after microwave ablation of renal cell carcinoma are predictable and reliably demonstrate treatment success, early and delayed complications, and local recurrences that can guide patient management.
Concentrating Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Using Foam Separation.

Large volumes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated wastewaters, such as municipal solid waste landfill leachates, pose a challenge for PFAS treatment technologies in practice ...
Body fatness and mTOR pathway activation of breast cancer in the Women's Circle of Health Study.

Energy imbalance has an important role in breast cancer prognosis. Hyperactive mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is associated with breast tumor growth, but the extent to which body fatness is associated with mTOR pathway activities in breast cancer is unclear. We performed immunostaining for mTOR, phosphorylated (p)-mTOR, p-AKT, and p-p70S6K in tumor tissue from 590 women (464 African Americans/Blacks and 126 Whites) with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer in the Women's Circle of Health Study. Anthropometric measures were taken by study staff, and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Linear regressions were used to estimate percent differences in protein expression between categories of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, fat mass, fat mass index, and percent body fat. We observed that BMI ≥ 35.0 vs. <25 kg/m2 was associated with 108.3% (95% CI = 16.9%-270.9%) and 101.8% (95% CI = 17.0%-248.8%) higher expression in p-mTOR and normalized p-mTOR, i.e., p-mTOR/mTOR, respectively. Quartiles 4 vs. 1 of waist/hip ratio was associated with 41.8% (95% CI = 5.81%-89.9%) higher mTOR expression. Similar associations were observed for the body fat measurements, particularly in patients with estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) tumors, but not in those with ER+ tumors, although the differences in associations were not significant. This tumor-based study found positive associations between body fatness and mTOR pathway activation, evident by a p-mTOR expression, in breast cancer. Our findings suggest that mTOR inhibition can be a treatment strategy to prevent the recurrence of these tumors in obese individuals.
Introgressive and horizontal acquisition of Wolbachia by hybridizing Drosophila yakuba-clade hosts and horizontal transfer of phage loci between distantly related Wolbachia

ABSTRACT Maternally transmitted Wolbachia infect about half of insect species, yet the predominant mode(s) of Wolbachia acquisition remains uncertain. Species-specific associations could be old, with Wolbachia and hosts co-diversifying (i.e., cladogenic acquisition), or relatively young and acquired by horizontal transfer or introgression. The three Drosophila yakuba-clade species ((D. santomea, D. yakuba), D. teissieri) diverged about three million years ago and currently hybridize on Bioko and Sao Tome, west African islands. Each species is polymorphic for very similar Wolbachia that cause weak cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)–reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia are closely related to wMel, globally polymorphic in D. melanogaster. We use draft Wolbachia and mitochondria genomes to demonstrate that D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia and mitochondrial phylogenies tend to follow host nuclear phylogenies; however, roughly half of D. santomea individuals, sampled both inside and outside of the Sao Tome hybrid zone, have introgressed D. yakuba mitochondria. Both mitochondria and Wolbachia possess more recent common ancestors than the bulk of the host nuclear genomes, precluding cladogenic Wolbachia acquisition. A single discordance between mitochondrial and Wolbachia phylogenies indicates rare horizontal or paternal transmission across close relatives. General concordance of Wolbachia and mitochondrial phylogenies suggest that horizontal transmission is rare, but statistical tests are complicated by varying relative rates of molecular divergence. WO prophage loci associated with CI in wMel are disrupted in the D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia, but these A-group Wolbachia contain a second set of CI loci, horizontally transferred from distantly related B-group Wolbachia via transposable elements.
Finding the Sweet Spot for Breast Cancer Detection.

Dual detection of enzymatic activities enables discrimination of benign, malignant, and normal breast tissue in human patient samples.
Student Quantifications as Meanings for Quantified Variables in Complex Mathematical Statements

Abstract This study investigates undergraduate students’ meanings for quantified variables in mathematical statements involving multiple quantifiers. Clinical interviews with nine undergraduate students were conducted to explore students’ meanings for quantified variables. More specifically, students were asked to interpret and evaluate the Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT) and three other statements with similar logical structure to the IVT. In this paper, we provide our definitions for a quantified variable and student quantification as theoretical constructs from a constructivist viewpoint. Using these theoretical constructs, we interpret our main results, five categories of students’ meanings for quantified variables, which emerged from our qualitative analysis. We also discuss how our findings of students’ various meanings for quantified variables contribute to literature on theories of meaning and address issues in curriculum and instruction.
Metastatic Cecal Adenocarcinoma presenting as acute appendicitis

Abstract This case report details the findings of metastatic colon cancer in an older male patient who initially presented with signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis. The patient underwent routine CT (Computed Tomography) imaging for diagnostic evaluation of appendicitis. Subsequently, the patient was found to have findings consistent with acute appendicitis secondary to obstruction from a cecal mass with evidence of hepatic and pulmonary metastases. This case report demonstrates the radiological findings of acute appendicitis secondary to metastatic colorectal disease and highlights the importance of considering underlying malignancy in cases of appendicitis occurring in older individuals.
The Lack of Robustness of a Statistic Based on the Neyman–Pearson Lemma to Violations of Its Underlying Assumptions:

Drasgow, Levine, and Zickar (1996) suggested a statistic based on the Neyman–Pearson lemma (NPL; e.g., Lehmann & Romano, 2005, p. 60) for detecting preknowledge on a known set of items. The statist...
A Remeasurement of the Molecular Weights of T-Even Bacteriophage Substructural Proteins

Abstract T-even bacteriophage substructural proteins were studied by using discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that tail fibers are composed of two major proteins of 155,000 and 120,000 daltons molecular weight and four minor proteins of 51,000, 38,000, 27,000, and 23,000 daltons. Tail tubes were composed of one predominant protein of 18,500 daltons and one minor protein of 35,000 daltons molecular weight. Tubular polyheads obtained from a T4D amber mutant and by treatment of T4B-infected cells with L-canavanine were also examined, and no significant differences were noted in the molecular weight of the P23 protein.
Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent – By David A. Clary

For almost one hundred fifty years, the Mexican War was obscured by the shadow of the more far reaching Civil War that broke out only thirteen years later. In recent years, it has emerged from that...
Low oxygen inhibits but complex high-glucose medium facilitates in vitro maturation of squirrel monkey oocyte-granulosa cell complexes

Purpose:The objectives of these in vitro maturation studies in primate cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were to evaluate the effect of a reduced-oxygen environment and to compare medium with a high-glucose concentration to medium with pyruvate but no glucose.
Uncertainty Representation and Reasoning in Complex Systems

The rapid expansion of corporate computer networks, the rise of the World Wide Web (WWW), and exploding computational power are some of the most visible innovations shaping our increasingly knowledge-based society. The growing demand for interconnectivity and interoperability gives rise to systems of ever-greater complexity. These include systems of systems, whose subsystems are systems in their own right, often geographically distributed and exhibiting ownership and/or managerial independence. Along with the increasing complexity of systems comes a growing demand for systems that act intelligently and adaptively in response to their environments. There is a need for systems that can process incomplete, uncertain and ambiguous information, and can learn and adapt to environments that require interoperating with other intelligent, adaptive complex systems.
Computer graphics for simulation problem-solving

Interactive computer graphics was used while simulating a computer system. The graphics capabilities were extremely valuable for sifting through the large volume of simulation output in order to discover anomalous behavior characteristics. Hard copy options were available, and they were used extensively.