cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reflection on Transitional Justice in Guatemala 15 Years After the Peace Agreements

This chapter is a reflection of what the wartime prosecutions in Guatemala have achieved in the past fifteen years since the signing of the peace agreements. Through their participation in emblematic wartime cases in Guatemala, victims have infused the justice system with accountability to make it harder for individual prosecutors or judges to dismiss the cases; they have brought resources that have resulted in better investigations, better trials and better evidence and even more protection for the brave prosecutors and judges and they have creatively pushed the boundaries of law to advance criminal law and procedural doctrines in accordance with international legal developments. However, these heroic efforts in important individual cases have yielded few lasting reforms in the judicial system of Guatemala. It is time for Guatemala to acknowledge that it has asked too much from the victims and to consider alternative models for addressing the persistent and endemic problems of transitional justice in the country.
The ultimate sensitivity of radiation detectors.

An upper limit is obtained for the sensitivity of any radiation detector which satisfies Lambert’s law and whose effective area is independent of the wave-length of the radiation. Expressions for the minimum detectable power are given by Eqs. (3.8) and (5.4).The treatment given is based on thermodynamics, and makes no use of statistical mechanics. In the special case in which the fluctuations in the output of the detector are due entirely to fluctuations in the radiation, the results obtained agree with those obtained from a statistical mechanical treatment of the fluctuations in the radiation.The treatment of the first five sections is confined to detectors, called “temperature detectors”, which operate by means of the change in their temperature brought about by the radiation. Such detectors include the thermocouple, the bolometer, and the radiometer. In Sections VI and VIII it is shown that the results hold for any detector satisfying the conditions in the first paragraph, provided that the emissivities are interpreted as quantum efficiencies. Section VII indicates that if the condition regarding Lambert’s law is given up, then there exists no lower limit on the minimum detectable power. Section IX is devoted to numerical examples and a comparison with the reported sensitivities of bolometers.
Hydroxyl-decorated graphene systems as candidates for organic metal-free ferroelectrics, multiferroics, and high-performance proton battery cathode materials

Using a first-principles method we show that graphene based materials, functionalized with hydroxyl groups, constitute a class of multifunctional, lightweight, and nontoxic organic materials with functional properties such as ferroelectricity, multiferroicity, and can be used as proton battery cathode materials. For example, the polarizations of semihydroxylized graphane and graphone, as well as fully hydroxylized graphane, are much higher than any organic ferroelectric materials known to date. Further, hydroxylized graphene nanoribbons with proton vacancies at the end can have much larger dipole moments. They may also be applied as high-capacity cathode materials with a specific capacity that is six times larger than lead-acid batteries and five times that of lithium-ion batteries.
Antagonism of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the action of growth hormone on the osseous system of hypophysectomized rats.

A REPORT HAS already been made on the inhibiting effect of pure adrenocorticotropic hormone on the body weight increment of normal rapidly growing, young male rats (Evans, Simpson and Li, 1943). The effects on bone growth in these animals have also been described: retardation of both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis was involved. (See preceding paper). Furthermore, the antagonistic action of ACTH on the body growth of hypophysectomized rats injected with growth hormone has recently been reported by Marx, Simpson, Li and Evans (1943). The increments in body weight and in the width of the epiphyseal cartilages which are usually induced by growth hormone were inhibited completely, or almost completely, by simultaneous administration of ACTH. Histological analysis has been made of the proximal ends of the tibias of all animals, a total of 108 rats, but a single typical series is described here.
On a mixed boundary value problem in elasticity

Abstract Stresses and displacements are found in the plane of a small circular stress-free crack which lies at the interface between a thick elastic incompressible layer and a rigid foundation. The layer is assumed to be rigidly bonded to the foundation, except in the interior of the circular crack, and the top face of the layer is deformed by a known pressure loading. Solution of the elastic field equations by Hankel transforms leads to four coupled integral equations which, by means of a general technique due to Noble, are reduced to two coupled Fredholm equations. These are solved by a perturbation technique for the case where the layer's thickness is much greater than the crack radius.
Reactive dyes as vital indicators of bone growth.

Certain reactive dyes of the procion M and remazol group were effective for vital staining of growing bones. These compounds appear to form covalent bonds with the protein matrices and are preserved in situ after decalcification. Dye concentrations in sera of animals receiving one injection were followed. There was a precipitous drop in optical density in the first 24 hours; the remainder of the dye was largely cleared from the serum in 11–21 days. Dye concentrations and staining of bone were correlated. The width of the stained bone appeared to be related to rate of growth and disappearance of dye from the blood. On electrophoresis, the dyes moved with the albumin fraction. Dialysis and electrophoresis experiments favored the conclusion that they form covalent bonds with the protein. Growth of the rabbit mandible at 5–13 weeks, was studied by microscopy in decalcified sections. Using multicolored dyes, the sites of growth were marked in known sequence and sites of resorption were identified by interruption of stained zones. Principles of growth and remodelling advanced by Enlow were confirmed and the growth pattern of the rabbit mandible was elucidated.
A Geometric Interpretation of an Infinite Product for the Lemniscate Constant

is known as the lemniscate constant. Here B(x, y) and V(z) are the beta and gamma functions, respectively, whose definitions we recall in the next section. The lemniscate constant gets its name from the fact that the arclength of the lemniscate with polar equation r2 = cos(2#) is given by 2L, just as the arclength of the unit circle is given by 2tt. In our work, the lemniscate constant will arise in the guise of an area. We will see that the area enclosed by the curve C4 defined by x4 + y4 ? 1 is La/2, and this will allow us to give a geometric meaning to the product formula (2). For more details on the remarkable lemniscate constant, we refer the reader to [11, pp. 420-423]. Equation (1) is classical. It was discovered in 1593 by Fran?ois Vi?te. It was the first exact analytic expression ever discovered for tt and constitutes the first known use of an infinite product in mathematics. Vi?te discovered the formula by considering the areas of regular 2"-gons inscribed in a unit circle. For Vi?te's original paper, in Latin or translated into English, see [5]. For a discussion of Vi?te's product and its place in the history of mathematics and tt see [4, pp. 92-96]. Equation (2) appeared in [17] as a consequence of a general method for constructing similar infinite product formulas. We will show that the similarity between equations (1) and (2) goes beyond mere typographical appearances. We will see that (2) is related to the curve C4 in much the same way that Vi?te's product is related to the circle.
Structural constraints on the display of foreign peptides on filamentous bacteriophages

Strategies for the construction of vehicles for phage display are evaluated here on the basis of structural studies of filamentous bacteriophages. Potential sites for the insertion of foreign peptides into the major coat protein, gp8, of M13 are identified. Currently, the insertion of peptides into gp8 has two basic limitations: all insertion sites that have been used successfully are located within 5 amino acids (aa) of the N terminus, and in virions containing only mutant coat proteins, insertions larger than about 6 aa have not been successfully incorporated. The possible reasons for these limitations are discussed in terms of the structures of gp8 and the minor structural proteins, gp7 and gp9. Potential strategies for overcoming these limitations are outlined. Reasons for the successful incorporation of larger inserts into hybrid phage containing both native and mutant coat proteins are also discussed. The structures of gp6, gp7, and gp9 are described, and it is concluded that insertion sites in these minor proteins are unlikely to have substantial advantages over those currently being used in gp3. The structure of the coat protein of another filamentous phage, Pseudomonas phage Pf1, is also described. Its structure provides a number of clues for the successful design of phage display insertion sites. Because it contains a 7-aa surface loop in the major coat protein, the Pf1 coat protein may have significant advantages over gp8 of M13 as a vehicle for phage display.
Simplified GLC Assay for Lidocaine in Plasma

A simple, rapid GLC method for the determination of lidocaine in plasma is described. After addition of mepivacaine as an internal standard, the plasma sample is deproteinated and centrifuged. The supernate is alkalinized, and the lidocaine and internal standard are extracted into a microvolume of carbon disulfide. By using GLC with a flame-ionization detector, linear concentration-response curves were obtained in the 1–6-μg/ml range. The method can easily determine plasma concentrations at the 250-ng/ml level when a 1-ml plasma sample is analyzed.
Does Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Protection Induce More Bilateral Trade? Evidence from China’s Imports

Summary Most of the previous studies on the trade effects of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection have been from the perspective of major industrialized nations. However, much of the current debate on the effects of IPR protection involves large developing countries. This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the impact of stronger IPR laws in China on its bilateral trade flows. We estimate the effects of IPR protection on China’s imports at the aggregate and detailed product categories for both developed and developing countries. The empirical results suggest that increased IPR protection stimulates China’s imports, particularly for knowledge-intensive products.
Suggested notation conventions for rotational seismology

Abstract We note substantial inconsistency among authors discussing rotational motions observed with inertial seismic sensors (and much more so in the broader topic of rotational phenomena). Working from physics and other precedents, we propose standard terminology and a preferred reference frame for inertial sensors (Fig. 1) that may be consistently used in discussions of both finite and infinitesimal observed rotational and translational motions in seismology and earthquake engineering. The scope of this article is limited to observations because there are significant differences in the analysis of finite and infinitesimal rotations, though such discussions should remain compatible with those presented here where possible. We recommend the general use of the notation conventions presented in this tutorial, and we recommend that any deviations or alternatives be explicitly defined.
On Some Damped Oscillatory Integrands

Two five-parameter singular improper integrals arising in cross-correlation problems are evaluated, and corresponding nonelementary Laplace inversion formulas are derived.
mRNA sequence diversity during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The poly A + RNA sequence complexity of stage 14 oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster was determined using hybridization kinetics. Poly A + RNA from this stage served as a template for making cDNA with AMV reverse transcriptase. RNA and its complementary DNA were then allowed to hybridize, the extent of hybridization with time serving as an estimate of complexity. The RNA complement of a stage 14 oocyte falls into three frequency classes: 22% is represented by 102 different sequences, each present an average of 1.8 × 10 7 times; 28% is represented by 2877 sequences, each present an average of 8.0 × 10 5 times; and 18% is represented by 11510 sequences, each present 1.2 × 10 5 times. Changes in the temporal diversity of the sequence complexity between the stage 14 oocyte, 3 1 2 h embryo (gastrula) and 17 1 2 h embryo (late embryogenesis) were then examined. The results indicate that 2.5% of the sequences present in the oocyte have disappeared by 3 1 2 h and 5.3% by 17 1 2 h. 7.7% of the sequences present at 3 1 2 h were not present in the oocyte while 11% of the 17 1 2 h sequences were not present at stage 14. The overall results indicate that temporal poly A + RNA diversity does occur in Drosophila , but that the majority of sequences are retained throughout early embryogenesis.
Detection methods for non-Gaussian gravitational wave stochastic backgrounds

A gravitational wave stochastic background can be produced by a collection of independent gravitational wave events. There are two classes of such backgrounds, one for which the ratio of the average time between events to the average duration of an event is small (i.e., many events are on at once), and one for which the ratio is large. In the first case the signal is continuous, sounds something like a constant $hiss,$ and has a Gaussian probability distribution. In the second case, the discontinuous or intermittent signal sounds something like popcorn popping, and is described by a non-Gaussian probability distribution. In this paper we address the issue of finding an optimal detection method for such a non-Gaussian background. As a first step, we examine the idealized situation in which the event durations are short compared to the detector sampling time, so that the time structure of the events cannot be resolved, and we assume white, Gaussian noise in two collocated, aligned detectors. For this situation we derive an appropriate version of the maximum likelihood detection statistic. We compare the performance of this statistic to that of the standard cross-correlation statistic both analytically and with Monte Carlo simulations. In general the maximum likelihood statistic performs better than the cross-correlation statistic when the stochastic background is sufficiently non-Gaussian, resulting in a gain factor in the minimum gravitational-wave energy density necessary for detection. This gain factor ranges roughly between 1 and 3, depending on the duty cycle of the background, for realistic observing times and signal strengths for both ground and space based detectors. The computational cost of the statistic, although significantly greater than that of the cross-correlation statistic, is not unreasonable. Before the statistic can be used in practice with real detector data, further work is required to generalize our analysis to accommodate separated, misaligned detectors with realistic, colored, non-Gaussian noise.
Insights for Research and Practice: What We Learn about Fraud from Other Disciplines

SYNOPSIS: We survey academic literature from non-accounting publications related to fraud and financial crimes: (1) to better understand the nature and extent of fraud acts from the perspective of...
Update on prolonged and persistent diarrhea in children.

Purpose of reviewTo highlight recent advances in our understanding of prolonged episodes of acute diarrhea and persistent diarrhea in children. The focus is on the contribution of these illnesses to the global burden of diarrhea, their impact on childhood growth and development, novel epidemiologic
Stress and deception in speech: evaluating layered voice analysis.

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate commonly used voice stress analyzers—in this case the layered voice analysis (LVA) system. The research protocol involved the use of a speech database containing materials recorded while highly controlled deception and stress levels were systematically varied. Subjects were 24 each males/females (age range 18–63 years) drawn from a diverse population. All held strong views about some issue; they were required to make intense contradictory statements while believing that they would be heard/seen by peers. The LVA system was then evaluated by means of a double blind study using two types of examiners: a pair of scientists trained and certified by the manufacturer in the proper use of the system and two highly experienced LVA instructors provided by this same firm. The results showed that the “true positive” (or hit) rates for all examiners averaged near chance (42–56%) for all conditions, types of materials (e.g., stress vs. unstressed, truth vs. deception), and examiners (scientists vs. manufacturers). Most importantly, the false positive rate was very high, ranging from 40% to 65%. Sensitivity statistics confirmed that the LVA system operated at about chance levels in the detection of truth, deception, and the presence of high and low vocal stress states.
Platelet Function During and After Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction With Reteplase, Alteplase, or Streptokinase

Background—Changes in platelet aggregation (PA) and platelet surface receptor expression induced by thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction may influence the rate of initial reperfusion and early reocclusion. Methods and Results—In the RAPID-1 (Reteplase Angiographic Phase II International Dose-finding study), RAPID-2 (Reteplase vs Alteplase Patency Investigation During myocardial infarction), INJECT (INternational Joint Efficacy Comparison of Thrombolytics), and GUSTO-3 (Global Use of Strategies To Open occluded coronary arteries) trials, 126 patients were enrolled in a single center. Patients were treated with either conventional alteplase (100 mg/180 min; n=15), accelerated alteplase (100 mg/90 min; n=21), reteplase 10+10-U double bolus (n=50), reteplase 10+5-U double bolus (n=15), reteplase 15-U single bolus (n=15), or streptokinase (1.5 MU/60 min; n=10). PA (after stimulation with ADP), P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding to glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa (determined by flow cytomet...
The Use of Frames Analysis in Evaluating Capacity‐Building in Local Coastal Programs in Louisiana*

Frames theory has been widely used to explain the dynamics of group processes and decision-making. Some researchers have applied frames theory to policy adoption and implementation. Following from this, my research applies frames analysis to a regulatory program in coastal Louisiana. The data derive from a pre-Hurricane Katrina study of the effectiveness of Louisiana's Coastal Resources Program in building coastal zone management (CZM) capacity among local decision-makers. In this paper, I examine the potential influence of three independent variables (Local Coastal Program development, type of respondent, and frequency of coastal zone management interaction) on the level of agreement with regulator frame ideology. The frames analysis shows that parishes with Local Coastal Programs (LCPs) have a significantly stronger presence of regulator framing than do parishes without LCPs. Among the three types of decision-makers (CZM administrators/staff, CZM advisory panel members and parish council or police jury) regulator frame agreement is particularly strong among advisory panel members, while agreement with regulator frames is lowest among parish council or police jury officials. Respondents reporting more CZM interaction exhibit higher levels of regulator frame agreement. OLS regression shows that the conditions of having an LCP, or being a panel member and having greater frequency of CZM interactions significantly increase the likelihood of regulator framing. These findings demonstrate the importance of the LCP process in the shaping of frames congruent with lead agency ideology.
Power-law temperature dependence of the inelastic-scattering rate in disordered superconductors

We present a theory of the quasiparticle inelastic lifetime ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{in}}$ in disordered superconducting films. We find that both the Coulomb and the electron-phonon contribution to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ are enhanced by disorder, and that for reasonably strong electron-phonon coupling the latter is dominant. In contrast to clean superconductors, the scattering rate is larger than the recombination rate at all temperatures. This leads to a power-law temperature dependence of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, in agreement with experimental observations. The theory quantitatively accounts for the magnitude, disorder dependence, and temperature dependence of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{in}}$ measured in recent experiments.
Effect of Nicotinamide and Urea on the Solubility of Riboflavin in Various Solvents

Hydrotropy is a solubilization process whereby addition of large amounts of a second solute results in an increase in the aqueous solubility of another solute. Past investigations have focused on the potential interaction of the hydrotropic agent with the solubilized solute. Conversely, this study proposes that at least some hydrotropic agents exert their solubilizing effect predominately by interacting with the solvent. To that end, the effect of two hydrotropic agents, nicotinamide and urea, on riboflavin solubility in aqueous and nonaqueous systems was examined. The term "solutropy" is introduced to describe solubilization by addition of large amounts of a second solute in any solvent. The nonaqueous solvents used included methanol, N-methylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetone. In water, methanol, and N-methylformamide, riboflavin solubility was found to increase with increasing nicotinamide concentration; however, riboflavin solubility decreased with increasing nicotinamide concentration in dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone, thus establishing the solvent-dependent nature of solutropy. An examination of solvent properties revealed that the solvent's ability to be both a proton donor and acceptor is important mechanistically, while dielectric constant and polarity are not. The same solvent-dependency was observed with urea, although urea is a poorer solutrope than nicotinamide. This study proposes that some solutropic agents act by changing the nature of the solvent, specifically by altering the solvent's ability to participate in structure formation via intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Studies on cytokinin production by Rhizobium.

Cytokinin was released into the medium by cultures of both Rhizobium japonicum and R. leguminosarum. Calculations show that the amount of cytokinin released during the logarithmic phase of growth by R. japonicum would be sufficient to initiate the cortical cell divisions necessary to form a root nodule. The substance released by R. japonicum was identified as a zeatin-like compound on the basis of paper chromatography in four solvent systems. Two solvents clearly separated the rhizobial product from N6-Δ2-isopentenyladenine and its ribonucleoside. The predominant intracellular cytokinin found in both enzymatic hydrolysates of sRNA and alkaline hydrolysates of total RNA also was similar to zeatin.
Coral mounds on the West Florida slope; unanswered questions regarding the development of deep-water banks

Late Pleistocene deep-water coral mounds of 10-15 m relief occur in a20 km linearzone parallel to the 500 m isobath along the West Florida carbonate-ramp slope. These relict mounds were constructed by the densely calcified, ahermatypic framework builder, Lophelia prolifera, and provided habitats for a host of associated invertebrates, including epizoans, epifaunal commensal organisms, nestlers and crevice dwellers, and macroendoliths. Scleractinian diversity and taxonomic composition are congruent with those of other Lophelia buildups in the NorthAtlantic, particularly buildups in the eastern Atlantic. The scleractinians also retain primaty mineralogic, isotopic, and trace-elementgeochemical signatures, indicating relatively little diagenetic alteration, despite "dead" (>40,000 years b.p.) radiocarbon ages. The small but rapidly expanding global data base on deepwater coral mounds has magnifted two key questions concerning the ecologic and environmental controls on mound nucleation, growth, and death. First, what are the principal ecologic controls on dominance within communities of deep-water framework builders? Second, why are there so many relict and so few living deep-water mounds in the modern ocean? Ecological and paleoecological investigation of these questions would elucidate much about the dynamics of deep-water mound growth.
Clinical Relevance of In Vitro Resistance of Echinocandins: a Focus on Candida parapsilosis

Invasive infections due to Candida species are a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and are associated with a high mortality rate. Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) is associated with higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of echinocandins creating controversy concerning their role in therapy for invasive disease. Despite the higher MICs observed in vitro, clinical resistance is rare and clinical success may occur with higher MICs against this species. A large number of non-comparative studies have demonstrated echinocandins efficacy against C. parapsilosis in invasive candidiasis and candidemia. In addition, pooled data from prospective studies have demonstrated in a meta-analysis that echinocandins are non-inferior to comparator anti-fungal drugs in the treatment of C. parapsilosis. Adverse events reported in the trials were similar in both echinocandin and comparator groups. Based on available data from randomized and non-randomized trials, echinocandins appear to be effective alternative agents for the treatment of invasive C. parapsilosis infections.
Dermatan sulfate released after injury is a potent promoter of fibroblast growth factor-2 function.

Abstract Proteoglycans have been shown in vitro to bind multiple components of the cellular microenvironment that function during wound healing. To study the composition and function of these molecules when derived from anin vivo source, soluble proteoglycans released into human wound fluid were characterized and evaluated for influence on fibroblast growth factor-2 activity. Immunoblot analysis of wound fluid revealed the presence of syndecan-1, syndecan-4, glypican, decorin, perlecan, and versican. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations ranged from 15 to 65 μg/ml, and treatment with chondroitinase B showed that a large proportion of the glycosaminoglycan was dermatan sulfate. The total glycosaminoglycan mixture present in wound fluid supported the ability of fibroblast growth factor-2 to signal cell proliferation. Dermatan sulfate, and not heparan sulfate, was the major contributor to this activity, and dermatan sulfate bound FGF-2 withK d = 2.48 μm. These data demonstrate that proteoglycans released during wound repair are functionally active and provide the first evidence that dermatan sulfate is a potent mediator of fibroblast growth factor-2 responsiveness.
Depletion of turions and tubers of Hydrilla verticillata in the North New River Canal, Florida.

Abstract The North New River Canal provides a waterway for fresh water from Lake Okeechobee, Florida to the metropolitan area of Fort Lauderdale, and is a major drainage system for Broward County and the surrounding area. This canal has been infested with hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) for the past three decades. A survey was conducted to estimate the number of turions, both axillary and subterranean (commonly known as tubers) of hydrilla in the North New River in relation to application of herbicides to manage this submersed aquatic weed. From October 1984 to January 1995, the numbers of turions and tubers found in cores of sediments at six sites during ten sampling periods were used to estimate their abundance in the North New River Canal. Differences in the number of propagules collected occurred due to sampling date, site, and location within the canal. Core samples collected from Site 1 in October 1984 on the north side of the canal contained a high of 918 turions m−2. In January 1989, 887 tubers m−2 were present in Site 4 on the north side of the canal. Only one axillary turion was collected in a single core during January 1991, and none after that. In January 1992, seven tubers were found in five cores and none for the remainder of the sampling periods. Herbicides, last application during 1989, was a major factor in controlling hydrilla. Once hydrilla was controlled with herbicides, no new turions or tubers were produced in the North New River Canal. Accidental escape of grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idella Val.), around 1988 or 1989 from an adjoining water management district provided additional control because hydrilla is a highly preferred food of this herbivorous fish. Grass carp feeding on sprouting turions and tubers was, in all likelihood, a major factor contributing to the depletion of hydrilla propagules within 3–4 years after removal of the parent plants with herbicides.
The notched-disk memory

The notched-disk memory appears to be a very significant development in electromechanical information storage techniques. Its possible applications are manifold, including such diversified automatic information processing activities as electronic computing, telephone switching, ticket reservations, optical recording, and business accounting.
Laying the groundwork for information literacy at a research university

Purpose – Information literacy (IL) is increasingly becoming an explicit learning outcome for college graduates, and some libraries are playing a role in planning and teaching IL instruction to students. Amidst the overall trend of shrinking budgets that libraries are experiencing, what strategies can be employed by libraries that support large universities to plan IL instruction? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Inspired by curriculum mapping, staff in the library assessment department created teaching maps which match the curriculum from seven colleges with the library’s teaching efforts. To create them, they combined information about: first, courses that librarians have instructed over the last three years with; second, required courses for majors within the colleges; and third, typical enrollment for each course. Findings – Easily accessible information was combined to create the teaching maps, which enable the library to realign efforts to maximize IL instruction...
Ocean warming could drive heavy rain bands toward the poles

In a world warmed by rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, precipitation patterns will change because of two factors: First, warmer air can hold more water, and, second, changing atmospheric circulation patterns will shift where rain falls. According to previous model research, middle- to high-latitude precipitation is expected to increase by as much as 50%. However, the reasons models predict this are hard to tease out.
The Infrared Optical Nonlinearities of Nematic Liquid Crystals and Novel Two-wave Mixing Processes

Abstract Some of the extraordinary physical and optical characteristics of nematic liquid crystals are uniquely suited for nonlinear optical studies and applications, especially in the infrared spectral regime. The results are presented of new theoretical and experimental studies of the infrared optical nonlinearities of nematic liquid crystals and novel two- and multi-wave mixing effects. These effects will find applications in nonlinear wave mixing devices.
Vectorcardiographic Data Compression via Walsh And Cosine Transforms

In this study the use of two-dimensional transforms for compressing human vectorcardiographic (VCG) data is investigated. The VCG signal is two-dimensional in nature, one dimension consisting of the spatial axes and the other consisting of the samples in time along a particular spatial axis. The discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) were used. The variance criterion was employed for selecting components to be retained. The training set was formed from 225 VCG records from three different diagnostic classes. The DCT yielded compression ratios from 3:1 to 5:1, while compression ratios of around 2:1 were obtained with the WHT.
Food Stamps, the Thrifty Food Plan, and meal preparation: the importance of the time dimension for US nutrition policy.

The Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) has a unique role in US Nutrition Policy, integrating both dietary guidance and antihunger policies. Not only are food items in the TFP market basket chosen based on the latest dietary recommendations, but the Plan serves as the basis for inflation adjustments to Food Stamp allotments. To be economical, the TFP logically assumes that most dishes are prepared from raw ingredients. This assumption likely contradicts welfare policy, which promotes increased labor force participation of low-income women. This article presents empirical evidence on meal preparation times in US households and compares this evidence to the TFP implicit assumptions about food preparation. The trade-offs between time and money inputs used in the preparation of meals are discussed using the economist’s household production approach. Implications of policy contradictions are explored, as well as related needs for research and practice.
Prediction of deterministic melting regions of two and three laser-cooled ions in a Paul trap

Through the use of detailed numerical simulations we predict the existence of a nontrivial region in the Paul trap parameter space (a, q) where stable, singly periodic orbits (crystals) do not exist. As ions are dragged into this region via an adiabatic change in control parameters, a deterministic melting transition is observed. A detailed map of this deterministic melting region is constructed for the 2 and 3 ion cases. As crystals are dragged into this region by an adiabatic change of control parameters, a melting transition will occur. This transition does not depend on external perturbations, such as laser noise or collisions with neutral atoms.
Block kriging for lognormal spatial processes

Lognormal spatial data are common in mining and soil-science applications. Modeling the underlying spatial process as normal on the log scale is sensible; point kriging allows the whole region of interest to be mapped. However, mining and precision agriculture is carried out selectively and is based on block averages of the process on the original scale. Finding spatial predictions of the blocks assuming a lognormal spatial process has a long history in geostatistics. In this article, we make the case that a particular method for block prediction, overlooked in past times of low computing power, deserves to be reconsidered. In fact, for known mean, it is optimal. We also consider the predictor based on the “law” of permanence of lognormality. Mean squared prediction errors of both are derived and compared both theoretically and via simulation; the predictor based on the permanence-of-lognormality assumption is seen to be less efficient. Our methodology is applied to block kriging of phosphorus to guide precision-agriculture treatment of soil on Broom's Barn Farm, UK.
Recognizing engagement in human-robot interaction

Based on a study of the engagement process between humans, we have developed and implemented an initial computational model for recognizing engagement between a human and a humanoid robot. Our model contains recognizers for four types of connection events involving gesture and speech: directed gaze, mutual facial gaze, conversational adjacency pairs and backchannels. To facilitate integrating and experimenting with our model in a broad range of robot architectures, we have packaged it as a node in the open-source Robot Operating System (ROS) framework. We have conducted a preliminary validation of our computational model and implementation in a simple human-robot pointing game.
Expression of slow and fast myosin heavy chains in overloaded muscles of the developing rat

The present study examines the developmental accumulation of slow myosin heavy chain in the extensor digitorum longus, soleus and plantaris muscles of rats after early post-natal imposition of mechanical overload by removal of synergistic muscles. The proportions of slow and fast myosin heavy chain were measured in each muscle by ELISA. Fibres expressing slow myosin were examined immunocytochemically using a monoclonal antibody specific for slow MHC. Between 30 and 60 days of age, MHC increases by 15% (p<0.001) in the soleus and by 27% (p<0.001) in the plantaris of normally developing, unoperated animals. The effect of overload on the soleus and plantaris is to accelerate the rate of increase in slow MHC accumulation so that levels are respectively 16 and 39% higher than controls by 30 days of age (p<0.001). By 60 days, the control soleus and plantaris attain levels of slow MHC roughly equivalent to their overloaded counterparts. In overloaded plantaris, the increase in levels of slow myosin does not occur at the expense of fast myosin expression. In the EDL there is a normal developmentally regulated decrease in slow MHC accumulation, reflected by a 40% decrease in levels of slow MHC (p<0.0001) and a 50% decrease in the number of slow fibres (p<0.001), between 30 days and 20 weeks of age. This elimination of slow myosin accumulation in the EDL is unimpeded by chronic overload. Thus, muscles react to mechanical overload in a tissue specific manner. The pattern of response is conservative and potentiates normal, long term maturational shifts in myosin heavy chain expression characteristic of each muscle.
Technical Note: Successful instrument array deployments in soft mud bottoms adjacent to the Mississippi delta☆

Abstract An anchor design for instrument arrays was developed for use in the very soft muddy sediments adjacent to the Mississippi Delta. Because of low sediment shear strengths and high sensitivities combined with large dynamic loadings due to strong currents, problems in successful deployments and recoveries were anticipated. A total of six deployments were attempted; four were sediment trap arrays and two were current meter/transmissometer arrays. All six deployments and recoveries were successful. The array design presented herein is a safe, easy and cost effective method for deploying instrument arrays in areas where soft bottoms and strong currents are a consideration.
Assessing the Potential versus the Actual Earnings of Academic Radiologists

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if annual total work relative value units (RVUs) can be used to accurately compare physician productivity and effort among a small group of similarly trained radiologists. Materials and Methods The annual procedures for nine abdominal imaging radiologists were obtained. The work RVU was assigned to each procedure and summed for each radiologist. The daily work RVU mean earnings by duty service (eg, ultrasound [US], gastrointestinal radiology) were calculated for each radiologist and for the entire group. Results Annual total work RVUs earned by the six full-time radiologists ranged widely (5,000 to >9,000). Mean work RVUs earned per day by all the radiologists for each duty service also ranged widely (74 for US vs 23 for gastrointestinal radiology). The range of mean work RVUs earned per day by the radiologists within each duty service was narrower, however, and had almost no statistical significance. The wider range of annual total work RVUs earned by the radiologists resulted primarily from unequal distribution of duty service assignments. For example, radiologists with more days spent performing gastrointestinal radiology had lower annual total RVUs compared to radiologists with more days spent performing computed tomography or US. Conclusion The RVU is an accurate measure of income production but may be an inaccurate measure of effort and individual productivity because of differences in duty assignments. In a relatively homogeneous group of radiologists/practitioners, such a comparison should be done within a duty service, or a correcting methodology should be used, because assignment to duty services rarely is equalized across physicians.
Digitally Controlled Electrophoretic Focusing

Proteins can be simultaneously separated and concentrated by applying a constant force and opposing this with a gradient in a second force. In this work, a constant hydrodynamic force is opposed by a gradient in the electric field which allows charged molecules to focus in order of their apparent electrophoretic mobilities. The electric field gradient is established and maintained using an array of electrodes whose voltages are individually monitored and adjusted by a computer-controlled circuit board. The computer-generated electric field gradient allows charged molecules to be focused without using a pH gradient. Since the proteins are not focused at their pIs, precipitates do not form, so focused concentrations in excess of 50 mg/mL are not unusual. In addition, since the field shape is dynamically controlled from the computer on a point-by-point basis, the field profile can be adjusted during a run to improve the resolution. In this paper, the column and controller are described together with experime...
Investigation of self-irradiation damage in plutonium by positronium annihilation

Abstract The angular correlation of positron annihilation radiation from the ϵ phase of plutonium metal at 535°C indicates that approximately 1% of the positrons are annihilating directly from the singlet state of positronium. Since positronium cannot form in the bulk metal, it is hypothesized that the positronium is forming in cavities in the metal which are presumably caused by self-irradiation damage. Analysis of the angular correlation yields an estimate of the average cavity size of 17 A. The cavities created in the ϵ phase are observed to persist upon cooling to the δ' and β phases. The question of whether the cavities are voids, voids stabilized by the presence of helium gas, or helium gas bubbles was not resolved.
Effects of an exercise challenge on mobilization and surface marker expression of monocyte subsets in individuals with normal vs. elevated blood pressure

High blood pressure (BP) and monocyte activation are associated with atherogenic processes. Especially, CD16 expressing monocytes are shown to be activated in many inflammatory conditions but their characteristics in hypertension is unknown. We compared CD16(++), CD16(+) and CD16(-) monocyte populations and their cellular adhesion molecule (CAM), chemokine receptor, and activation marker expression in response to a moderate 20-min treadmill exercise bout at 65-70% V O(2peak) in 44 participants with elevated (EBP) or normal BP (NBP). Blood was drawn before, immediately after, and 10min after exercise. Phenotyping of monocytes and detection of surface markers were done by flow cytometry. Monocyte subset by exercise [pre, post, 10-min post] repeated measures ANOVA and group [EBP vs. NBP] by exercise repeated measures of ANCOVA with age, BMI, and fitness as covariates were employed. Circulating numbers of all the three monocyte subsets increased after exercise (p<0.001), with the largest % increase for CD16(+)CD14(++). Percents of CD16(++)CD14(+) and CD16(+)CD14(++) increased, whereas % CD16(-)CD14(++) decreased (p<0.001). Also, pre to post exercise changes in CD62L, CD11b, CXCR2, and HLA-DR expression were different among the monocyte subsets (p's<0.001). BP status did not significantly affect monocyte subset trafficking, although post-exercise changes in CD62L and CXCR2 levels were greater in EBP individuals (p<0.05). We conclude that exercise leads to a different mobilization among monocyte subsets based on CD16 expression. Individuals with high BP showed greater responses to a physical challenge in some monocyte chemokine receptors and selectins, but its clinical implications need further examination.
RespiceFinem and theTantum Quantum: An essay review of computational stylistics for 1967–1968

The field of literary stylistics (the literary uses of language qua language) is not identical with that of literary scholarship, linguistic theory, or statistical method, nor do all these disciplines have the same purpose. When a computer-generated output from any of these fields of investigation serves as input to properly literary studies, we may speak of computer-assisted or computational stylistics, but changing the name does not alter the goal. The purpose of computational or any other kind of stylistics is, I take it, to produce a set of revealing statements about the nature of literary texts. Statistics, linguistic analysis, and documentary resources are aids to achieving this purpose, as are the computers that make their help increasingly available. Nevertheless, we find that works ancillary to the analysis of literary style continue greatly to outnumber the actual studies of style.' The year's work has yielded two very useful anthologies. Computers in Humanistic Research, edited by Edmund A. Bowles, has the overall format of the IBM-sponsored conferences on Computers and the Humanities. The first of these was held at Yale University in January 1965 with a question mark in the title. Like the conferences, the book is an introduction that is genuinely non-technical at the same time that it is sufficiently and delightfully informative. In its Language and Literature section the material is reminiscent of the Proceedings of the Literary Data Processing Conference held at Yorktown Heights in the autum of 1964, but it is pleasantly illuminating to compare the remarks of authors who appear in both collections, to reflect that several concordances, bibliographies, and the million-word corpus have been processed since the inauguration of these conferences, and to realize that the question mark can certainly be erased as far as this type of work is concerned. I shall later speak in more detail of individual essays in this anthology. Harold Borko's compilation Automated Language Processing2
Dynamic polarization tunneling : A spin filtering mechanism

We analyze spin-dependent tunneling in resonant structures using analytic solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the spinor components of the problem. These solutions predict a filtering mechanism that occurs in the time domain even for unpolarized injection. The filtering is characterized by dramatic time variations of the spin polarization of tunneling electrons. The time dependence of the transmitted spin critically relies on the interplay between split resonances and the energy at which the electrons are injected into the system. The spin filtering is produced by the tunneling time delays of different spin species introduced by the spin-orbit coupling. We derive a simple expression for the dynamic polarization, which shows excellent agreement with the exact numerical solution. The spin dynamical filter should be evident in pulsed injection and probing of charge carriers, and may allow for direct measurement of spin-orbit parameters.