cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Justice in The Oresteia

Classicist Robert Fagles’s translation of The Oresteia includes an introductory essay in which he articulates an Hegelian reading of Aeschylus’s trilogy. While provocative, Fagles’s application of Hegel’s dialectic to the three plays that comprise The Oresteia, is nonetheless problematic. Fagles’s two Hegelian-inspired arguments fail to comport with Hegel’s theory of the Dialectic. Robert Fagles touches on, but fails to develop, a possible connection between The Oresteia and the theories of Friedrich Nietzsche. The events of The Oresteia correspond more closely to Nietzsche’s political philosophy than Hegel’s. Friedrich Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals provides readers of The Oresteia with a more informative notion of the nature of Aeschylus’s representation of Greek social progress.
Three-year follow-up after port-access mitral valve surgery.

INTRODUCTION After the promising early results with Port-Access mitral valve (MV) surgery, the mid-term results were evaluated. METHODS Among 31 patients receiving this surgery, there were two subgroups (A and B). The 14 patients in group A (7 men, 7 women, 64.0 +/- 12.8 years, LVEF 0.62 +/- 0.118) received the procedure exactly as proposed by Heartport. The 17 patients in group B (6 men, 11 women, 63.0 +/- 11.48 years, LVEF 0.61 +/- 0.117) received a modified technique for a less complex procedure. The underlying diseases were MV insufficiency (n = 14), MV stenosis (n = 9), and combined MV disease (n = 8). One female patient had a partial atrial ventricular canal. RESULTS Perioperative mortality was 3.2%. Survival at 39.0 +/- 6.3 months (median +/- SEM) was 93.5%. Two patients required intraoperative inotropic and mechanical support (intra-aortic balloon pump [IABP]). One of these two patients died on postoperative day 3 due to low cardiac output syndrome. All ther patients survived the procedure. Twenty-four patients underwent MV replacement, 7 patients received MV repair, and 1 patient received, in addition, ASD repair. In group B, operative time, ICU stay, and hospitalization was shorter. CONCLUSIONS Good early results after Port-Access MV surgery were confirmed by equal mid-term results. The patients are satisfied with the surgical and the cosmetic results, however, Port-Access MV surgery still has to prove superior outcome compared to conventional MV surgery. In selected cases a true reduction of the surgical trauma is possible.
Ion irradiated polystyrene: transport and hardness Measurements

Thin films of polystyrene (PS) were modified using oxygen (0+) and helium (He+) ions and analyzed via diffusion and hardness measurements. One micron thick films were modified with 400 keV 0+ and He+ ions. The fluence was varied from 1.7 to 34.0 x 1013 ions/cm2 for both incident ions. Following irradiation, some samples were covered with a probe layer of deuterated PS, and annealed at 170°C. Using forward recoil spectrometry, the diffusion of d-PS and the PS hydrogen loss were measured as a function of incident ion species and dose. For all modified samples, d-PS diffusion was significantly retarded compared to the unmodified case. Atomic force microscopy measurements on the as-cast and irradiated PS samples suggest that the relative hardness of the 0+ modified PS was greater than that of the as-cast PS. The force-displacement curves of the modified PS displayed no hysteresis whereas the as-cast PS had a large hysteresis due to tip penetration and tip-polymer adhesion. These results indicate that ion irradiation decreases transport in PS and increases PS hardness.
Tuning hydrated nanoceria surfaces: experimental/theoretical investigations of ion exchange and implications in organic and inorganic interactions.

Long-term stability and surface properties of colloidal nanoparticles have significance in many applications. Here, surface charge modified hydrated cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs, also known as nanoceria) are synthesized, and their dynamic ion exchange interactions with the surrounding medium are investigated in detail. Time-dependent zeta (ζ) potential (ZP) variations of CNPs are demonstrated as a useful characteristic for optimizing their surface properties. The surface charge reversal of CNPs observed with respect to time, concentration, temperature, and doping is correlated to the surface modification of CNPs in aqueous solution and the ion exchange reaction between the surface protons (H+) and the neighboring hydroxyls ions (OH−). Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have demonstrated that the adsorption of H+ ions on the CNP surface is kinetically more favorable while the adsorption of OH− ions on CNPs is thermodynamically more favorable. The importance of selecting CNPs with ap...
Abstract PR13: Interleukin-4 receptor α chain regulates the growth of primary and metastatic mammary tumors

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), a cytokine produced mainly by immune cells, may promote the growth of epithelial tumors by mediating increased proliferation and survival. The IL-4 Receptor (IL-4R) is overexpressed in human and murine epithelial mammary cancers, and may be a promising target for anti-tumor therapy. Here, we show that loss of IL-4Rα, a component of the IL-4 receptor, in two murine mammary tumor cell lines (R221A and 4T1), reduces tumor cell survival and outgrowth ability, and results in attenuated growth at primary and metastatic sites. RNA interference was used to knock down the expression of IL-4Rα in both cell lines. In support of our hypothesis, reduced IL-4Rα expression in R221A cells nearly abolished tumor take after orthotopic mammary injection in vivo, decreased the median latency of 4T1 primary tumors, and resulted in a significant reduction in tumor size at endpoint. In addition, reduced IL-4Rα expression in both cell lines resulted in a decrease [>2.4 fold] in lung and [>2 fold] liver metastatic tumor burden following experimental metastasis assays in vivo. The decrease in metastatic ability of IL-4Rα knockdown cells was attributed to 1) reduced tumor cell survival as determined by seeding ability (number of tumors) and an increase in apoptosis by caspase-3 positivity, and 2) a reduction in proliferation as determined by outgrowth ability (tumor size) and a decrease in Ki67 positivity. In addition, an overall increase in immune infiltrates (macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes) within IL-4Rα knockdown tumors was observed, indicating that enhanced clearance of knock down tumor cells could also contribute to the reduction in knock down tumor size visualized at endpoint. Finally, it was determined by western blot analysis that IL-4 ligand stimulates the phosphorylation of AKT (s373) and ERK in R221a and 4T1 cells in vitro. Immunohistochemical analysis of R221a and 4T1 lung metastases showed significantly reduced levels of pAKT (s472) and pERK in IL-4Rα knock down tumors compared to control tumors, implicating a possible role for AKT and ERK in mediating pro-tumor effects IL-4Rα signaling. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the IL-4 receptor promotes the growth of mammary cancer cells at primary and metastatic sites, possibly through activated AKT and ERK signaling, and suggests that available drugs targeting IL4-Rα signaling may have potential for treating primary breast cancers and limiting metastatic disease. This abstract is also presented as poster C51. Citation Format: Katherine T. Venmar, Daniel Hwang, Ashley Dozier, Kathy Carter, Sareena Gillani, Barbara Fingleton. Interleukin-4 receptor α chain regulates the growth of primary and metastatic mammary tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PR13.
Observations of aerosol optical depth during the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE)

Solar radiation measurements were made with a multiwavelength airborne tracking sunphotometer during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE). Data from June 6, and October 11, 1987 are analyzed. Atmospheric optical properties were derived from the data, including total optical depth, aerosol optical depth, aerosol size distribution, aerosol phase function, and aerosol single scattering albedo. The aerosol optical depths for June 6 exhibited a spectral dependence that peaked at short wavelengths, whereas those for October 11 decreased monotonically with wavelength and closely followed an Angstrom wavelength dependence. Also, a unimodal aerosol size distribution was found for the June 6 data, while the October 11 data exhibited a power law size distribution. It is suggested that these differences indicate the need for simultaneous sunphotometer measurements and remotely sensed data.
In Vitro Rearing of the Endoparasitic Wasp, Trichogramma pretiosum

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, an obligate endoparasitic wasp of lepidopteran eggs, is the first insect egg parasite reared from egg to adult in vitro . It was reared on a medium devoid of host egg derivatives. Development In Vitro was slower, but percentage pupation and emergence was equal to that in host eggs. Oviposition and development was obtained in artificial eggs.
Critical slowing down mechanism and reentrant dipole glass phenomena in ( 1 − x )BaTiO 3 ‐ x BiScO 3 ( 0 . 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 0 . 4 ): The high energy density dielectrics

The dielectric and ferroelectric switching properties of high temperature\penalty1000-\hskip0pthigh energy density (1\ensuremath{-}$x$)BaTiO${}_{3}$-$x$BiScO${}_{3}$ ($0.1\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.4$) dielectrics were investigated over a broad temperature range. It was found that these ceramics possess dipole glass features such as critical slowing down of the dielectric relaxation, polarization hysteresis aging, rejuvenation, and holelike memory below the dipole glass transition temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{DG}}$). The dielectric relaxation behavior is consistent with a three-dimensional Ising model with critical slowing exponents $(z\ensuremath{\upsilon})=10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ and composition-dependent glass transition temperatures. At lower temperatures, (1\ensuremath{-}$x$)BaTiO${}_{3}$-$x$BiScO${}_{3}$ ceramics transform into a reentrant dipole glass state owing to the breakup of local polar ordering. A phase diagram is developed marking the paraelectric, ferroelectric, and dipole glass regimes as a function of composition with the reentrant features.
Wind Energy Electrical Power Generation Industry Life Cycle - Impact of Modern Materials Systems on Economic Viability

This study addresses past, current and future development of the wind electrical power industry, that began prior to 1890 in Cleveland, Ohio and Askov, Denmark. Overcoming technological, business, societal and political hurdles required approximately 120 years of exploration to establish wind electricity generation as a radical innovation entering the acceleration stage of the industrial technology life cycle. Materials and integrated materials systems featuring mechanical, structural, fluid dynamic, electrical, electronic, and telecommunications functionality developed and introduced over that period have contributed uniquely to current commercial viability of wind turbine electrical power generation. Further growth and maturation is expected to continue to ≈ 2100, corresponding to a life cycle of ≅ 210 years. This finding has profound implications for radical innovation theory and practice, since historical analysis attributes a 50-60 year life cycle for 5 industrial revolutions, and emerging theory anticipates acceleration of radical innovation, as discussed in companion papers in this conference. Rapid growth in installed capacity of large scale wind turbines (>1MW) now positions wind electrical power generation in the Acceleration Stage, characterized by market competition between dominant wind turbine designs and societal acceptance by wind energy communities of practice in Europe, North America and Asia. Technical cost model based learning curve projections of Cost of Electricity (COE) suggest that by 2020 COE from wind will be competitive, without tax incentives, with electricity from conventional fossil and nuclear fuel sources. Capture by wind energy of up to 20% of the world electricity market appears likely by the end of the 21st Century.
Accelerations induced by body motions during snow skiing

Abstract Work done by the snow skier during pumping and rocking the center of mass can result in significant accelerations. Pumping and rocking strategies maximizing the velocity of a particle over undulating snow surfaces have been investigated in this paper. The prescribed motions included translation of the particle mass radially from a point contact with the snow surface and rocking of the point contact forward and backward in the vertical plane. The mechanics of the induced velocity variations and the expected magnitude of the velocity variation were of primary interest. The equations of motion were integrated numerically to determine skier-ski model velocity. Positive and negative variations in velocity from 10% to 100% were predicted with pumping strategies over distances of 10–15 m.
Non-Depleting Induction Immunosuppression Is Associated with Less Clinically Significant Acute Cellular Rejection in Pediatric Heart Transplantation Recipients

Purpose Induction immunosuppression is purported to decrease the risk of acute cellular rejection (ACR) early post-transplant. Thus, we performed a retrospective, sequential cohort study to compare the impact of no induction to non-depleting induction immunosuppression (daclizumab or basiliximab) on rejection, infections, and survival in pediatric heart transplant recipients (HTR). Methods and Materials HTRs less than 18 years of age at time of transplant who received no induction (n=24), daclizumab (n=27), or basiliximab (n=12) were identified. Cohorts were sequential in time (table). Time to rejection and survival were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups with notable exceptions (table). Importantly, the no-induction cohort predominantly received cyclosporine-based (92%) immunosuppression; while the induction cohort received tacrolimus-based (97%) immunosuppression (p Conclusions These findings suggest an association between non-depleting induction immunosuppression and less clinically significant ACR in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Differences in baseline characteristics Characteristic No Induction Daclizumab Basiliximab P Time period 1983-2001 2001-2009 2009-2011 - Recipient age in years, mean 5.1 9 7.3 0.07 White race, % 87.5 40.7 58.3 0.01 Female donor into Male recipient, % 50 36 0 0.02 Black donor into White recipient, % 55 0 33 0.007 Donor age in years, mean 27.3 11 7.1 0.01
Multiphase high pressure equilibria in ternary aqueous systems

Abstract Experimental phase equilibrium measurements for the ternary system carbon dioxide - n-butanol - water are presented at 313 and 333 K and pressures from 2 to 15 MPa. The system exhibits extensive three-phase equilibrium regions. Equilibrium between four fluid phases was observed at 313 K and 8.25 MPa total pressure. A new density-dependent mixing rule with a cubic equation of state is proposed for modelling the experimental results. The model reproduces quantitatively many features of the experimentally observed behavior.
Excitation cross section of some of the states of neon II, argon II, and krypton II by high-energy electrons

Summary form only, as given. The sudden perturbation method II has been used to calculate the excitation cross section of some of the states of neon 11, argon 11, and krypton I1 by high-energy electrons.
Three-dimensional lookup tables for Henschke applicator cervix treatment by HDR 192IR remote afterloading

Abstract Purpose: We have generated three-dimensional (3D) lookup tables for dosimetric analysis and optimization of high-dose rate (HDR) gynecological treatments using the Henschke applicator. The new dosimetry data have been compared with two-dimensional (2D) data currently in use. The 3D dosimetry tables have been implemented in an existing cervix treatment-planning system and have been evaluated through analysis of clinical cases. Methods and Materials: A general Monte Carlo N-Particles (MCNP) transport code was used to compute absorbed dose distributions around the intrauterine tandem and tungsten-shielded ovoid separately. The dosimetry data are represented in the x–y coordinate system for the intrauterine tandem table. The 3D table for the ovoid contains a radial dose function and an anisotropy function, as formulated in the spherical coordinate system. Absorbed dose at a spatial point is calculated by applying bilinear interpolation for the anisotropy function and linear interpolation for the radial dose function. The geometry factor for a finite line source is used. 3D dose calculations and optimization were performed for 20 treatments of 10 patients. The absorbed dose to critical structures, bladder and rectum, was compared by applying both the 2D table currently in use and the new tables. Results: The new 2D table for the intrauterine tandem yields doses different by less than 10% from those with the current table. The 3D table for the shielded ovoids shows as large as a factor of 4 reduction of dose behind the shield compared with the present 2D table. This shielding effect leads to 21.6 ± 9.3% and 20.0 ± 6.6% dose reduction at rectum and bladder, respectively, for actual treatments. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates a need for patient-specific 3D dosimetry to permit more accurate dosimetric evaluation of HDR cervix treatments using shielded applicators. We have also shown that a Monte Carlo simulation code enabled us to derive the lookup tables necessary for 3D planning.
Sedimenting sphere in a variable-gap Hele-Shaw cell

We have measured the trajectory and visualized the wake of a single sphere falling in a fluid confined between two closely spaced glass plates (a Hele-Shaw cell). The position of a sedimenting sphere was measured to better than 0.001 d , where d is the sphere diameter, for Reynolds numbers (based on the terminal velocity) between 20 and 330, for gaps between the plates ranging from 1.014 d to 1.4 d . For gaps in the range 1.01 d –1.05 d , the behaviour of the sedimenting sphere is found to be qualitatively similar to that of an unconfined cylinder in a uniform flow, but our sedimenting sphere begins to oscillate and shed von Karman vortices for Re >200, which is far greater than the Re = 49 for the onset of vortex shedding behind cylinders in an open flow. When the gap is increased to 1.10 d –1.40 d , the vortices behind the sphere are different – they are qualitatively similar to those behind a sphere sedimenting in the absence of confining walls. Our precision measurements of the velocity of a sedimenting sphere and the amplitude and frequency of the oscillations provide a benchmark for numerical simulations of the sedimentation of particles in fluids.
Sexual development altered by non-steroidal oestrogens.

STUDIES in our laboratory have been concerned with the mechanism by which various types of oestrogens influence the hypothalamo–hypophyseal–gonadal interrelationship1. This letter deals with the comparative action of several non-steroidal, oestrogen-related substances on the sexual development of female rats after treatment at 5 days old.
[11C]enzastaurin, the first design and radiosynthesis of a new potential PET agent for imaging of protein kinase C.

Abstract Enzastaurin (LY317615) is a potent and selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with an IC 50 value of ∼6 nM. [ 11 C]Enzastaurin (3-(1-[ 11 C]methyl-1 H -indol-3-yl)-4-[1-[1-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-1 H -indol-3-yl]-1 H -pyrrole-2,5-dione), a new potential PET agent for imaging of PKC, was first designed and synthesized in 20–25% decay corrected radiochemical yield and 370–555 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB). The synthetic strategy was to prepare a carbon-11-labeled maleic anhydride intermediate followed by the conversion to maleimide.
Dealing with Hurt: An Assessment of Dispositional Style and Ethnicity in Coping Strategies

This study explored differences in coping styles based on the type of hurt experienced. Participants included 398 students (291 female and 87 male), who completed a computerized assessment of dispositional hurt, coping styles, and depression. The interrelationships amongst the two hurt typologies (introjective and retaliatory), 12 coping styles, and depression then were analyzed. Results showed that people with an introjective hurt disposition were more likely to use emotional support and instrumental support than those with a retaliatory hurt disposition, who were more likely to engage in planning and humor. Moreover, ethnic differences for two coping styles emerged; specifically, African Americans were more likely to use religion, whereas Caucasians were more likely to use substances as primary coping mechanisms.
[3H]7-OH-DPAT is capable of labeling dopamine D2 as well as D3 receptors

The binding of [3H](+)-7-hydroxy-2-(N,N-di-n-propylamino)tetralin ([3H]7-OH-DPAT) to dopamine D2 and D3 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated and compared with [3H]methylspiperone. [3H]7-OH-DPAT labeled the D3 receptor in the CHO cells in a guanine nucleotide-insensitive fashion and exhibited a Kd of about 0.5 nM. In the presence of MgCl2. [3H]7-OH-DPAT was also found to label the D2 receptor in CHO cells with high affinity (3.6 nM). The binding of [3H]7-OH-DPAT to the D2 receptor was sensitive to guanine nucleotides suggesting occupancy of a high affinity G protein-coupled state of the receptor. These results suggest that caution should be exercised when using [3H]7-OH-DPAT to label the dopamine D3 receptor in brain tissues.
Fixed-effect variable selection in linear mixed models using R2 statistics

In the linear mixed model (LMM), several R^2 statistics have been proposed for assessing the goodness-of-fit of fixed effects. However, the performance of these statistics has not been fully demonstrated either analytically or through simulations. We report results of simulations to asses the ability of these statistics to select the most parsimonious model. R^2 statistics from a full model were compared to other models in which fixed-effect covariates were removed. The full model was also compared to an overfitted model that included additional covariates not linked to the outcome. All models compared involved the same random effects. In this paper, we show that R^2 statistics that involve the residuals are unable to adequately discriminate between the correct model and one from which important fixed-effect covariates are omitted if the computation of the predicted values for the residuals included the random effects (referred to as conditional R^2 statistics). However, if the random effects are excluded from the computation of the predicted values that lead to the residuals, these R^2 statistics (referred to as marginal R^2 statistics) are able to select the most parsimonious model. Other R^2 statistics that have been proposed by Xu [2003. Measuring explained variation in linear mixed effects models. Statist. Med. 22(22), 3527-3541] performed poorly in that there was little variation in the value of these statistics from a full model to a reduced model.
First Report of Colletotrichum coccodes Causing Leaf and Neck Anthracnose on Onions (Allium cepa) in Michigan and the United States.

In July of 2010, dry, oval lesions, each with a salmon-colored center and bleached overall appearance, were observed on the leaves and neck of onions plants growing in production fields of Newaygo, Ottawa, Kent, and Ionia counties, Michigan. Acervuli and setae that are characteristic of Colletotrichum spp. were observed with a dissecting microscope, and elliptical conidia (8 to 23 × 3 to 12 μm) with attenuated ends were observed with a compound microscope. Symptomatic tissues were excised and cultured onto potato dextrose agar amended with 30 and 100 ppm of rifampicin and ampicillin, respectively. The cultures produced pale salmon-colored sporulation after growing for 5 days at 22 ± 2°C and black microsclerotia after 2 weeks. Six isolates were confirmed as C. coccodes based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and a 1-kb intron of the glutamine synthase gene (GS) (2). Sequences were submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ682644 and JQ682645 for ITS and GS, res...
PLANT MICROTECHNIQUE: SOME PRINCIPLES AND NEW METHODS

Some easily seen structural features of living plant cells are destroyed or badly distorted by most of the common fixatives and embedding media used in plant histology. In stained sections of plant tissues fixed in FAA (formalin-acetic acid-alcohol mixtures) and embedded in paraffin wax, for example, mitochondria and fine transvacuolar strands of cytoplasm are usually not visible. Many structural features such as these can be preserved, however, with suitable fixatives and embedding media. Fixation in non-coagulant fixatives (e.g., osmium tetroxide, acrolein, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde) and the use of plastics as embedding media is recommended. A method of fixation in acrolein and embedding in glycol methacrylate polymer is described in detail. In a wide range of plant specimens prepared in this way, stained sections 1-3 microns thick showed excellent preservation of tissue and cell structures. 39 references, 11 figures.
Influence of debinding rate, solid loading and binder formulation on the green microstructure and sintering behaviour of ceramic injection mouldings

Zirconia powders with submicrometer particle size are consolidated using injection moulding technique. The green microstructure evolution and sintering behaviour of the moulded compacts after binder removal is characterized. Factors involving solid content, binder formulation, and debinding rate are considered to have a significant effect on the green microstructure of the mouldings and subsequent sintering behaviour, which have been verified under current investigation. Powder-binder suspensions with high solid content favours to develop homogeneous green compact microstructure with dense particle packing. This enables the sintering of the green compacts to be achieved at lower temperatures.
The crop circle evolves

A growing underground art movement combines mathematics, technology, stalks and whimsy. Richard Taylor looks forward to a bumper batch of intricate crop patterns this summer.
Atomic resolution imaging of electrode surfaces in solutions containing reversible redox species

Procedures are described for insulating metal scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tips with either glass or polymer coatings. In solutions containing 0.10 M of a reversible redox couple, Fe(CN)−3/−46, the faradaic limiting current to polymer coated tips was 200–500 pA and that for glass coated tips was <10 pA. For polymer insulated tips, steady‐state currents of 10–100 pA were observed at tip‐sample displacements less than 0.3 μm. The suppression of faradaic current achieved by these coating procedures enabled the collection of the first atomic resolution STM images of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite electrodes in contact with redox‐active electrolytes. Preliminary data for the in situ electrochemical characterization of these tips are also discussed.
Rheological Study of Algae Slurries for Minimizing Pumping Power

This paper reports the rheological properties of algae slurries as a function of cell concentration. From both energy and economic perspectives, the algae slurry for producing biofuels should have rheological attributes that minimizes the pumping power requirements while delivering the maximum amount of biomass from the cultivation fields to the biorefinery. To achieve this, an accurate knowledge of the rheological properties of algae slurries as a function of cell concentration is necessary. This study measures the rheological properties of eight different concentrations of Nannochloris sp. in ASP-m nutrient media ranging from 0.5 to 80 kg dry biomass/m3 . Strain controlled dynamic frequency sweep tests, transient step rate tests, and steady rate sweep tests were performed with an ARES-TA Rheometer using a double wall couette cup and bob attachment. Shear rates ranged from 5–270 s−1 . The results show that the concentrations of 10 kg/m3 and below behaved as Newtonian fluids with a dynamic viscosity of 1.1×10−3 Pa-s while the concentrations of 20 kg/m3 and above behaved as shear thinning non-Newtonian fluids. Finally, an energy analysis was performed where a non-dimensional bioenergy transport efficiency was defined as the ratio of the energy content of transported algae biomass to the required pumping power. The results show that an optimal biomass concentration minimizing pumping requirements occurs at the highest dry biomass concentration.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Interpretation of the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene using a power law nucleation rate function

A nucleation rate function is proposed for use in analyzing the overall crystallization kinetics of polymers. This function allows for the possibility that the nucleation rate varies substantially during the crystallization. This feature is particularly useful in analyzing nonisothermal crystallization, but it can be used to analyze isothermal crystallization as well. The nucleation rate function was used in the derivation of a modified transformation kinetics equation of the Avrami type. The modified Avrami equation was found to be suitable for kinetics analysis for the data obtained from nonisothermal crystallization at rapid cooling rates. Kinetics parameters used to describe nonisothermal crystallization under rapid cooling rates are presented and discussed. These include crystallization induction time, plateau (crystallization) temperature, crystallization half-time, crystallization rate constant, Avrami index, and newly defined quantities called nucleation index, geometric index, and nucleation rate constant. The procedure used to obtain the nucleation rate constant and nucleation index for the nucleation rate function is described and illustrated by application to the analysis of the crystallization kinetics of polypropylene. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1077–1093, 1997
Fc receptor-mediated, antibody-dependent enhancement of bacteriophage lambda-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells

Lambda phage vectors mediate gene transfer in cultured mammalian cells and in live mice, and in vivo phage-mediated gene expression is increased when mice are pre-immunized with bacteriophage lambda. We now show that, like eukaryotic viruses, bacteriophage vectors are subject to Fc receptor-mediated, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection in mammalian cells. Antibody-dependent enhancement of phage gene transfer required FcgammaRI, but not its associated gamma-chain, and was not supported by other FcgammaR family members (FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIB, and FcgammaRIII). Studies using chlorpromazine and latrunculin A revealed an important role for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (chlorpromazine) and actin filaments (latrunculin A) in antibody-enhanced phage gene transfer. This was confirmed by experiments using inhibitors of endosomal acidification (bafilomycin A1, monensin) and by immunocytochemical colocalization of internalized phage particles with early endosome-associated protein-1 (EAA1). In contrast, microtubule-targeting agents (nocodazole, taxol) increased the efficiency of antibody-enhanced phage gene transfer. These results reveal an unexpected antibody-dependent, FcgammaRI-mediated enhancement of phage transduction in mammalian cells, and suggest new approaches to improve bacteriophage-mediated gene transfer.
Health Reform: What Next?

The political rhetoric of the 2012 election suggested that Americans are deeply split over how to deliver and pay for health care. In fact, however, the election may have cleared the way for substantial reforms in health care delivery that will gradually enable the United States to finance effective health care for almost everyone at a sustainable cost. The election affirmed for the first time that almost everyone in the United States will have health insurance coverage and put to rest the idea that voters will tolerate radical change in the complex patchwork of health care financing that has evolved in the United States. The tasks remaining are improving the quality of health care delivered by increasing care coordination and reducing the growth of costs by moving away from fee-for-service delivery toward rewarding quality and value. These challenges are daunting but less ideologically fraught than health coverage expansion.
A Seminar/Case-Based Approach to Teaching Removable Partial Dentures to Predoctoral Students

This article describes a seminar/case-based, instructional model designed to simulate removable partial denture (RPD) problem-solving and decision-making processes encountered in third-year clinic in dental school and in dental general practice. Groups of approximately 20 second-year students (in the 3-year program) meet in a series of six 1-hour seminars during the first days of the course. Following the seminars, students complete an exercise on mouth preparation and multiple clasp and major connector designs on prototype casts. This is followed by survey-design exercises on casts of dentitions representing six variations of RPD requirements. Instructors assist students during the practice phase of each class. Each 2-hour practice session is followed by a 1-hour practical examination. The last day of the course is devoted to a comprehensive final practical examination on both maxillary and mandibular casts, incorporating any of the design features previously studied.
Increasing spatial resolution and comparison of MR imaging sequences for the inner ear

The size and location of the cochlea and cochlear nerve are needed to assess the feasibility of cochlea implantation, provide information for surgical planning, and aid in construction of cochlear models. Models of implant stimulation incorporating anatomical and physiological information are likely to provide a better understanding of the biophysics of information transferred with cochlear implants and aid in electrode design and arrangement on cochlear implants. Until recently MR did not provide the necessary image resolution and suffered from long acquisition times. The purpose of this study was to optimize both Fast Spin Echo (FSE) and Steady State Free Precession (FIESTA) imaging scan parameters for the inner ear and comparatively examine both for improved image quality and increased spatial resolution. Image quality was determined by two primary measurements, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and image sharpness. Optimized parameters for FSE were 120ms, 3000ms, 64, and 32.25kHz for the TE, TR, echo train length, and bandwidth, respectively. FIESTA parameters were optimized to 2.7, 5.5ms, 70 degree(s), and 62.5kHz, for TE, TR, flip angle, and bandwidth, respectively. While both had the same in-plane spatial resolution, 0.625mm, FIESTA data shows higher SNR per acquisition time and better edge sharpness.
An improved plasma clot technique for initiating mammalian fibroblast cultures

A modified plasma clot technique is described, which has been used with a high degree of success in initiating fibroblast cultures from tissues of human, cat, and dog origin. The technique offered real advantages in terms of production of healthy rapidly growing cultures, although human skin biopsies proved to take significantly longer to explant than cat or dog biopsies. There was no difference in explant time when cat biopsies were of skin or connective tissue origin. The skin from a series of insulin dependent (juvenile onset) diabetics explanted as rapidly as a series of normal biopsies.
Development of Solidarist Economics in the US

Schumpeter explained how capitalism has changed in such essential ways that it is evolving into a new kind of economic system. It is not entirely clear, however, what the nature of this new system will be. It will probably be centralist socialism, says Schumpeter, because the observable tendencies point in that direction, as does the logic of the historical situation. Yet, it could be guild socialism dominated by unions. He did not know and we do not know. It is even possible that the new social reorganisation could be one that is not socialist at all.
Managing Financial CrisesThe Experience in East Asia

The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 was one of the most dramatic economic events of recent times, which raised many questions regarding the appropriate policy response to financial crises. This paper reviews the experience of this crisis, focusing on the overall strategy of crisis management and the way that strategy was implemented, including with regard to official and private financing, structural reforms, and monetary and fiscal policies.
Optimal deployment of wireless small cell base stations with security considerations

In this paper, we investigate the problem of placing small cell base stations (SCBSs) in adversarial heterogeneous wireless networks. We consider a continuum of wireless users facing potential eavesdropping and jamming attacks. For each such attack, we first propose a suitable utility function for the wireless users. Then, we propose a novel optimal placement algorithm for finding the optimal locations of the SCBSs given the underlying security considerations. In eavesdropping scenarios, we consider the prospective eavesdroppers to be spread over a given region. The SCBSs are then placed in such a way to minimize the eavesdroppers' effect without having any information about their exact locations. In jamming scenarios, we consider a cost constrained jammer to be present in the network. The SCBSs are then placed in order to minimize the effect of the jammer's signal on the quality of the user's transmission. We simulate the developed algorithm for both types of attacks and for various network configurations. Simulation results show that the proposed solution approach yields significant improvements in the spatial SINR of all users when compared with conventional placement techniques.
Reductive hydroxyethylation of the α-amino groups of amidated hemoglobin S

Val-6(β) of hemoglobin S forms the primary site of intertetrameric interaction in the polymerization of deoxy hemoglobin S. However, a number of other intermolecular interactions contribute significantly to the polymerization process as well as to the stability of the polymerized gel. The strong stabilizing influence of Val-6(β) in the polymerization process is reflected in the fact that although a number of mutations at any one of the intermolecular contact regions (or perturbation of these contact regions by chemical modification) result in some increase in the solubility of deoxy hemoglobin S, none of these mutations and/or chemical modifications completely neutralize the polymerizing influence of Val-6(β), i.e., restores the solubility to that of hemoglobin A. Additivity and/or synergy of the solubilizing influence of two or more chemical modification reactions each of which independently increases the solubility may be considered as a possible strategy to restore the solubility of deoxy hemoglobin S to that of hemoglobin A. In the present study, the cumulative solubilizing influence of amidation of Glu-43(β) and hydroxyethylation of α-amino groups of hemoglobin S has been investigated by preparing hemoglobin S with double modification. Modification of Glu-43(β) by amidation with glycine ethyl ester did not influence the reactivity of the α-amino groups of hemoglobin S toward reductive hydroxyethylation, thus permitting the preparation of hemoglobin S with the two modifications. The reductive hydroxyethylation increased the oxygen affinity of amidated hemoglobin S to nearly the same degree as it does on modification of unmodified hemoglobin. In addition, hemoglobin S with double modification has a Hill coefficient that is the same as that of unmodified hemoglobin S, suggesting that the overall quaternary interaction of hemoglobin S with a double modification is nearly the same as the unmodified protein. However, the reductive hydroxyethylation of the amidated hemoglobin S increased the solubility of the protein further. The solubility of hemoglobin S with a double modification is nearly twice that of the unmodified protein and is close to that of 1:1 mixture of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin F. The results demonstrate the additivity of the solubilizing influence of perturbing the quinary interactions at the intermolecular contact regions of deoxy hemoglobin S.
RhoB loss prevents streptozotocin-induced diabetes and ameliorates diabetic complications in mice.

RhoB is an early-response gene whose expression is elevated by multiple cellular stresses; this gene plays an important role in cancer, macrophage motility, and apoptosis. These factors are essential for the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus and related complications. This study explores the role of RhoB in β-cell depletion and hyperglycemia-associated complications and tests whether the pleiotropic effect of statins on glycemic control is RhoB dependent. We induced β-cell depletion in RhoB+/+, RhoB+/−, and RhoB−/− mice with streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic status was assessed by glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet loss. RhoB−/− mice showed a significant reduction in the severity of STZ-induced diabetes; only 13% of the STZ-treated RhoB-null animals became hyperglycemic, as opposed to 61% of the wild-type controls. Diabetes-related complications, such as wound healing rate and onset of nephropathy, were also assessed. Hyperglycemic RhoB−/− mice had fewer signs of nephropathy and showed faster wound healing than RhoB+/+ animals. After assessing the diabetic status of mice treated simultaneously with STZ and simvastatin, we conclude that the effect of statins in improving glycemic control is RhoB independent. We propose that RhoB is a modifier of diabetes, important for the induction of β-cell loss. Suppression of RhoB expression may have potential application in the treatment of diabetes and associated complications.
Electrostatic powder coating of shredded cheese with antimycotic and anticaking agents

Abstract Shredded Cheddar and Mozzarella cheeses were powder coated electrostatically and non-electrostatically with a mixture of natamycin and powdered cellulose, using a tumble drum or belt conveyer. Natamycin content and shelf life of the cheese samples were determined. Dustiness during the coating process was measured in both laboratory and commercial settings. Electrostatic coating by the drum method resulted in an increase in natamycin transfer efficiency over non-electrostatic coating and over liquid coating. The shelf life of the cheese coated electrostatically in the drum was significantly longer than that of non-electrostatically coated and of liquid coated cheese. The drum method of coating was more effective than the belt method both electrostatically and non-electrostatically. Electrostatic coating decreased dustiness significantly over non-electrostatic coating. Using electrostatics for coating shredded cheese will reduce waste and worker exposure to dust inhalation.
Reconstructing graphs from cut-set sizes

Abstract Consider an embedded graph G whose n vertices are points in general position in the plane and whose edges are all straight line segments between pairs of vertices. A cut-set probe returns the number of edges intersected by a specified line. We show that all such graphs are completely reconstructible with (n2) cut-set probes and that (n2) probes are necessary. For a generalized cut-set probe, which can determine the size of any cut-set of a graph, we prove THgr; (n2/log n) bounds for reconstruction.
Stress and Strain Partitioning of Ferrite and Martensite during Deformation

The direct measurement of the stress or strain partitioning during deformation in the materials, consisting of two phases with the same crystallographic structure and different microstructures, is still difficult so far. This is due to the fact that no effective characterization tool is available with the ability to distinguish the local strain and stress at microscale level. In this article, we studied the micromechanical behavior of ferrite/martensite dual-phase (DP) alloys using the in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) technique. We established a new method to separate the stress and strain in the ferrite and martensite during loading. Although the ferrite and martensite exhibit the same crystal structure with similar lattice parameters, the dependence of (200) lattice strains on the applied stress is obviously different for each phase. A visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model, which can simulate the micromechanical behavior of two-phase materials, was used to construct the respective constitutive laws for both phases from the experimental lattice strains and to fit the macro-stress-strain curve. The material parameters for each phase extracted from our experiments and simulations could be used for designing other DP alloys and optimizing some complex industrial processes.
Lack of Left Ventricular Dysfunction Associated with Sustained Exposure to Hyperlipidemia Following Lung Transplantation

Objectives Hyperlipidemia due to standard immunosuppressive agents occurs commonly following solid organ transplantation. A decision to treat hyperlipidemias would be based on the assumption that such disorders lead to accelerated atherogenesis and ultimately to cardiac dysfunction. We therefore sought to examine whether hyperlipidemias following lung transplantation were associated with a decline in left ventricular (LV) function. Study design We retrospectively reviewed serial echocardiograms, radionucleotide angiograms (RNAs), and serum lipid levels following lung transplantation. Results of cardiac studies were defined as abnormal if a decline in LV grade occurred from the best result at any time postoperatively to the most recent study. Patients A total of 184 patients with transplants between November 1983 and June 1995 were reviewed. Eighty patients were excluded owing to incomplete data. One patient was excluded because of severe perioperative myocardial dysfunction. Results Approximately 80% of patients had elevated cholesterol levels and 60% had elevated low-density lipoprotein levels. Triglyceride levels were raised in 34% of patients while only 4% had an abnormal serum high-density lipoprotein level. More than 80% of patients had no evidence of LV abnormalities in either RNA or echocardiographic studies (group 1). One patient had a change in echocardiographic LV function but no change in grade of RNA (group 2). Twenty patients had a decline in grade based on RNA but no change in the echocardiogram (group 3). There were no patients with changes in both RNA and echocardiogram (group 4). All changes in LV function were from grade I to II. The mean period of follow-up exceeded 30 months for patients in groups 1 to 3. Follow-up data at 3, 4, and 5 years were available on 47, 23, and 12 patients, respectively. There were no differences between the proportions of subjects with normal and abnormal serum lipid levels in each group. Conclusions In the initial 5 years after lung transplantation, dyslipidemias affect the majority of patients but are not associated with evidence of deteriorating LV function.
Uniqueness in the linear theory of a mixture of two elastic solids

Abstract We prove a dynamic uniqueness theorem for a mixture of two linear anisotropic elastic solids, subject to comparatively mild restrictions. The solids are allowed to move relative to each other and the mixture possesses internal friction because of this relative motion. The temperature is assumed to remain constant throughout.