cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African Feminists and Feminisms

Selon l'A., l'ouvrage de Donald R. Wehrs : African Feminist Fiction and Indigenous Values (2001), constitue une tentative stimulante de poser des questions sur les presupposes philosophiques et culturels de la critique litteraire occidentale qui s'impose comme norme universelle d'evaluation des productions litteraires. Cependant, dans sa tentative de caracteriser une forme specifiquement africaine du feminisme - et de litterature feministe -, Wehrs ne parvient pas a demontrer de facon convaincante la specificite des conceptualisations autochtones. Le caractere confus de son analyse de la fiction feministe africaine provient plus particulierement de son utilisation du postmodernisme. Son approche se situe dans le genre, en vogue, mais anachronique des oppositions binaires, notamment entre l'Afrique et l'Occident, et il en vient a occlure le caractere unique des concepts et valeurs autochtones. De ce fait, Wehrs ne reussit pas a mettre en lumiere les points communs de l'oppression feminine universelle et un concept hybride du feminisme, incorporant l'Afrique, l'Occident, et d'autres perspectives culturelles.
Conversion of porphobilinogen to porphyrins by normal rat liver homogenate.

Summary1. Crystalline porphobilinogen (PBG) incubated with rat liver homogenate has been shown to be converted to at least 11 different porphyrins, the majority of which is copro- and protoporphyrin, with a smaller proportion of uroporphyrin. The total amount at 22 hours incubation in each of 3 experiments was slightly in excess of 50% of the PBG added. 2. At least half of the porphyrin in the 3 and 9-hour incubated samples were present in a non-fluorescing form. These porphyrin precursors were readily converted to porphyrin by addition of iodine or exposure to ultra-violet light. 3. The major part of the porphyrins isolated was isomer type III. The proportion of type I isomer increased with continued incubation. 4. The supernatant suspension obtained by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes was essentially as active as the whole homogenate, in the conversion of PBG to porphyrin.
Rule Scheduling Methods for No-wait Flowshop Scheduling

To solve the no-wait flowshop scheduling problem to minimize total tardiness with rule scheduling methods, it is necessary to compute every job's complete time. The computation method is proposed. The performance of SPT, LPT, SWPT, EDD, WDD and WPD is tested through computer simulation. The test result shows that SPT is the best one and SWPT is the worst one in these rule scheduling methods.
Responses of Structures to SDoF vs MDoF Vibration Testing.

The vibration excitation mechanisms for structures in service are typically multi-directional. However, during product testing conducted in a lab setting the standard practice is to replicate these environments with three orthogonal single axis vibration tests. Recent advances in technology have made it possible to perform multi-axis simulations in the laboratory. Simultaneous multi-axis excitation can result in different stress states, rates of damage accumulation, and peak accelerations and strains than those resulting from sequential single axis testing. Accordingly, a series of experiments were run on a plate structure to investigate and quantify these differences. The experiments included single and multiple axis tests with different excitation amplitudes. The single axis tests were performed on both uniaxial and multiaxial shaker systems. The control levels, response energy, modal behavior, and peak accelerations were compared for each test condition. The data illustrates the differences between the structural response for single and multi-axis tests and enables an objective comparison between testing conducted on single and multiple axis shaker systems.
Blood: Vital but Potentially Dangerous

This chapter describes the role of blood in the transmission of viruses and recounts early efforts to ensure the safety of the US blood supply. A person of average weight has approximately 5 quarts of blood containing more than 20 trillion individual cells. The discovery of blood groups by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 enabled the safe transfusion of blood, and transfusion therapy came into widespread use after World War II. However, it was soon recognized that donor blood could transmit infectious agents, and this was more likely to occur if the person giving the blood was motivated by a monetary reward. The frequency of transfusion-transmitted disease has been greatly reduced since 1985, when the Red Cross, other blood collectors, and the Food and Drug Administration began to rigorously screen donors and extensively test the donated blood. The chapter concludes by describing several recent advances that have further improved transfusion safety.
Other Nonparametric Tests for the Biological Sciences

The purpose of this lesson is to highlight a few other nonparametric tests that may be of interest to those who work in the biological sciences. These additional nonparametric tests range in complexity and use. The Binomial Test can be fairly simple in structure and application. Other nonparametric tests, such as Binomial Logistic Regression, can become quite complex both in the way data are organized and in the way results are interpreted. This lesson ends with the reminder that nonparamteric tests are by no means less desirable than tests associated with parametric analyses. Quite the opposite, nonparametric tests have a valuable role in the use, analysis, and interpretation of real-world data—data that do not always meet the conditions needed for parametric analyses but data that still have value.
CE: Diabetes and puberty: a glycemic challenge.

Overview: As children with diabetes enter adolescence, the physical and psychological changes of puberty add to the challenges of disease management. This often leads to increased stress for both parent and child and to poor overall glucose control with potential short- and long-term complications. During this period of transition, nurses play a central role in teaching patients and their families about the effects of puberty on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, and in discussing how the emotional and behavioral changes associated with this challenging time can affect diabetes management.
Compressed-Liquid Densities of Three “Reference” Turbine Fuels

Compressed-liquid densities of three aviation fuels have been measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter. These fuels were chosen through a deliberative, collaborative process to replace a previous “reference” fuel (Jet A 4658) and represent a larger range of operability than that individual fuel provided. Density measurements were made from 270 to 470 K, and 0.5 to 45 MPa and have an overall combined uncertainty of 0.81 kg·m–3. The data from each of the three fuels have been correlated with a modified Tait equation, and the parameters are reported. The densities of the fuels reported herein are compared with previously reported densities of Jet A 4658 and correlations for JP-5 and JP-8.
Synchrotron X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Salts in Natural Sea Ice

We describe the use of synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to examine the microstructural location of specific elements, primarily salts, in sea ice. This work was part of an investigation of the location of bromine in the sea ice-snowpack-blowing snow system, where it plays a part in the heterogeneous chemistry that contributes to tropospheric ozone depletion episodes. We analyzed samples at beamline 13-ID-E of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Using an 18 keV incident energy beam, we produced elemental maps of salts for sea ice samples from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The distribution of salts in sea ice depends on ice type. In our columnar ice samples, Br was located in parallel lines spaced roughly 0.5 mm apart, corresponding to the spacing of lamellae in the skeletal region during initial ice growth. The maps revealed concentrations of Br in linear features in samples from all but the topmost and bottommost depths. For those samples, the maps revealed rounded features. Calibration of the Br elemental maps showed bulk concentrations to be 5 − 10 g/m3, with concentrations ten times larger in the linear features. Through comparison with horizontal thin sections, we could verify that these linear features were brine sheets or layers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Investigating surface morphology and cracking during lithiation of Al anodes

This paper examines morphology and crack formation in Al anodes during lithiation. The morphological evolution during the lithiation of Al foils was studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized to evaluate the structural changes, and the uniaxial tensile test was employed to study the mechanical properties of lithiated Al. It was observed that the lithiation of Al consisted of nucleation and growth of LiAl nodules on the surface and their columnar growth in the thickness direction. Cracks were observed to initiate near the nodule peak and at the boundary between nodules. The effect of charge rate on the crystallite size and surface nodule size of LiAl is discussed. It was found that the stiffness and fracture strength of LiAl were lower than those of pristine Al.
Does the media matter to suicide?: Examining the social dynamics surrounding media reporting on suicide in a suicide-prone community.

Abstract Despite the widespread acknowledgement by public health organizations that media reporting matters to suicide, this link has been much debated and the mechanisms undergirding it poorly understood. With this study, I combine a media analysis with ethnographic data collected during 2014–2016 (N = 91) to examine the social dynamics surrounding media reporting on suicide in a community (that I call Poplar Grove, USA) with an enduring adolescent suicide problem. I illustrate how the media crafted a particular story about why youth die by suicide that emphasized academic pressure over other plausible causes. In so doing, the media may have broadened ideas about when suicide is seen as an option. However, I also provide evidence that cautions against attributing too much causal power to the media. The media coverage in Poplar Grove reflected conditions that were already present in the community; it was already a high-pressure place for youth to live with widespread mental health stigma. These factors likely shaped media reporting, while also contributing independently to the suicide problem. Finally, I found that the suicide deaths that received media coverage were those that triggered significant cognitive dissonance and thus were much discussed among youth, independent of the media reporting. This generated ample opportunities for peer role modeling of suicide. Thus, while the media may have helped solidify a certain view of suicide in the community, it was not the only social force contributing to suicide in Poplar Grove. While the findings from this study do not negate the importance of responsible reporting on suicide, they do contextualize the role of the media in suicide and suggest that researchers must take a broader view of how suicide suggestion operates in the media and in social contexts.
The Development of Academic Identity in Community Schools

This article explores the development of academic identity in community schools. It highlights examples of program and services in different school districts in the United States. It also describes different components of effective community schools and how the community is integrated in the life of the school. It uses a case study approach of John Spry Community School in Chicago. Community schools provide on-going learning for all members of the school community. They provide an alignment of systems that foster a productive, collaborative and culturally responsive culture with high academic growth for all learners. All educational stakeholders including parents and community members accept and follow-up with shared accountability standards. This article substantiates effective practices which promote the full participation of the school community in programs and activities.
Depressive symptoms among older caregivers raising children impacted by HIV/AIDS in the Omusati Region of Namibia

The study of depressive symptoms among caregivers raising HIV/AIDS-orphans is emerging as an important area of research. However, it has not been explored at length in generational and cultural contexts. In this study, the authors explore the role of financial strain, raising a HIV-infected and/or impacted child, and caregiver knowledge on the depressive symptoms of 89-older caregivers raising HIV/AIDS-orphans in Namibia, Africa. In this study, we found elevated levels of depressive symptoms among this population. Using hierarchical regression, a significant positive association between financial strain and depressive symptoms was found. A significant negative association between caring for an HIV-infected orphan and depression was shown. Our work suggests the need for economic assistance programs and psychosocial interventions for older caregivers.
Safety of CT-Guided Bone Marrow Biopsy in Thrombocytopenic Patients: A Retrospective Review

Abstract Purpose To test the hypothesis that computed tomography (CT)-guided bone marrow biopsy in patients with a platelet count between 20,000/uL and 50,000/uL is safe and that preprocedure platelet transfusion is unnecessary. Materials and Methods This single-center retrospective study included bone marrow biopsies performed between May 2009 and May 2016. The study population included 981 patients—age range, 15–93 years; average age, 57 years; 505 (51.5%) men; and 476 (48.5%) women. One hundred eighty-seven biopsies were performed in patients with a platelet count of 20,000–50,000/μL; 33 were performed in patients with a platelet count of Results There were no SIR class C or above postprocedure bleeding-related complications, including interventions or transfusions. For patients with a platelet count of Conclusions CT-guided bone marrow biopsy is safe in thrombocytopenic patients, with a hemorrhagic complication rate below 1.6% for patients with a platelet count of 20,000–50,000/μL. Routine preprocedure platelet transfusion may not be necessary for patients with a platelet count of 20,000–50,000/μL.
Effects of In-Vehicle Messaging on Mental Workload During Driving through Work Zones

Driving through work zones is especially risky. This study investigates a potential strategy for warning drivers of important events during work zone driving using in-vehicle smartphone messages. Participants used a driving simulator to drive through two different work zones. Work zone events were communicated either by roadside signage, through audio messages or through audio-visual messages on a smartphone placed either on the dashboard or the passenger seat of the vehicle. Subjective measures of mental workload and usability, along with event recall, were recorded for each drive. The overall pattern of results suggests reduced mental workload and better usability for in-vehicle smartphone messages. In-vehicle message systems may be a promising approach for improving driver safety in the work zone.
Family life before and during incarceration

ABSTRACTIt is widely recognized that a father’s incarceration strains a family, but too little is known about preincarceration family life, how families divided by incarceration navigate the imprisonment, and what they expect for postrelease family life. We analyze data from 1,482 incarcerated men and their partners to examine the assets and challenges that families brought with them into the incarceration experience; their considerable efforts to maintain family life during an incarceration in the face of physical separation and other obstacles; and the areas of convergence and divergence in their expectations for family life after the male partner’s release.
Commentary: Further Thoughts About Assimilative Integration

The models for assimilative integration presented in this issue are considered. It is concluded that some grounding theories may be too structured, or one's interpretation of them too rigid, stifling psychotherapeutic flexibility and creativity by excluding potentially useful interventions. Alternatively, models may be too unstructured, or one's interpretation of them too loose, leading to treatment forms lacking specificity, direction, and coherence. As noted originally by Messer, assimilative integration operates most beneficially when practitioners address the limitations of their therapeutic models, or tap their models' progressive implications in ways that respect the fundamentals of their shared clinical theories. Practiced in this balanced way, assimilative integration can offer a useful, flexible way of navigating a creative yet disciplined psychotherapeutic course between unbridled technical eclecticism and technical and theoretical rigidity. The author also examines and extends some of the integrative ideas put forth in this issue, from a “two-person” or “intersubjective” perspective based on a “relational” psychodynamic treatment model.
Modeling the effects on time-into-utterance on word probabilities

Most language models treat speech as simply sequences of words, ignoring the fact that words are also events in time. This paper reports an initial exploration of how word probabilities vary with time-into-utterance, and proposes a method for using this information to improve a language model. This is done by computing the ratio of the probability of the word at a specific time to its overall unigram probability, and using this ratio to adjust the n-gram probability. On casual dialogs from Switchboard this method gave a modest reduction in perplexity.
Economics of Robotic Surgery: Does It Make Sense and for Whom?

The authors performed a literature review to identify cost-effectiveness research as it pertains to robotic surgery. There is increased utilization of robotic surgery in urology with limited comparative effectiveness research demonstrating superiority over conventional, less costly treatment options. Further research into identifying determinants for optimal utilization of robotics and newer technology is needed.
Interdependent Criteria in Utility Analysis

This paper examines decision problems where the evaluative criteria are interdependent. After a brief study of interaction effects in the statistical analysis of multifactor experiments, a classification of interactions is developed for multiple criteria decision problems. The classification includes artificial, ordinal, configural, and holistic interactions. Some interactions are removable by transforming the response scale or restructuring the factors, while other interactions are not removable and must be considered explicitly. The interaction effects in various nonadditive utility models are discussed, and the method of fractional hypercubes is used to interpret the structural forms of these models.
How computational thought experiments can improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of common human diseases

Susceptibility to common human diseases such as cancer is influenced by many genetic and environmental factors that work together in a complex manner. The state-of-the-art is to perform a genome-wi...
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS DELIVERY OF MITOXANTRONE FOR CANCER THERAPY

Mitoxantrone (MTO) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor which has been used to treat various forms of cancer either as a solo chemotherapy regimen or as a component in cocktail treatments. However, as with other anti-neoplastic agents, MTO has severe cardiac side effects. Therefore, a drug delivery approach holds promise to improve the safety and applicability of this chemotherapy. Here, we report the application of a plant virus-based nanotechnology derived from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a delivery vehicle for MTO towards cancer therapy. TMV is a high aspect-ratio, soft-matter nanotube with dimensions of 300 × 18 nm and a 4 nm wide channel. The surface chemistry of the interior and exterior TMV surfaces is distinct and we established charge-driven drug loading strategies to encapsulate therapeutics for drug delivery. We demonstrate effective MTO loading into TMV yielding ∼1000 MTO per TMV carrier. The treatment efficacy of MTO-loaded TMV (MTOTMV) was assessed in in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro testing confirmed that MTO maintained its efficacy when delivered by TMV in a panel of cancer cell lines. Drug delivery in vivo using a mouse model of triple negative breast cancer demonstrated the superior efficacy of TMV-delivered MTO vs. free MTO. This study demonstrates the potential of plant virus-based nanotechnology for cancer therapy and drug delivery.
Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a child with thalassemia major

Patients with thalassemia are known to have an increased risk of immune-mediated illness. This increased risk may be due to a genetic predisposition or underlying immunological abnormalities. The clinical presentation of these immune-mediated illnesses may vary in these patients as compared to those without thalassemia. We report an 8-year-old boy with thalassemia major who presented to us with fever, arthritis, and hepatosplenomegaly. He was diagnosed to have systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA) and started on treatment. Although there have been reports of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with thalassemia, there are none on SOJIA in thalassemia. The possibility of systemic-onset juvenile arthritis should be considered in a child with thalassemia presenting with fever and arthritis, and the management should be instituted accordingly.
Police Officers as Warriors or Guardians: Empirical Reality or Intriguing Rhetoric?

Policing experts have suggested that shifting from a warrior mindset – officers viewing themselves as warriors fighting crime – to a guardian mindset – officers valuing working with the public to r...
Software Engineering in the Cloud

The computing infrastructure on which engineers develop and deploy software has evolved significantly in recent years. The rapid growth of cloud computing services mean that infrastructure and platform components are becoming more decentralized (owned by others, often far away from the development or operating organization) and more elastic (with the ability to provision and de-provision them at will). Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) capabilities provide the raw resources needed to deploy software—computing, storage, and networking. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings provide important software components as commodity services—databases, identity and access management, security, analytics, various kinds of middleware, and much more. New virtualization and packaging techniques for software that can take advantage of cloud computing, such as containers, provide new opportunities for rapid and automated testing, deployment, and scaling of software systems. This enables new software delivery models, such as continuous deployment of new software to production environments and frequent, transparent A/B testing of new features. These changes are having an impact on software development environments, as well, with more development tasks and workflow steps moving to the cloud. This chapter will briefly explore these technologies and their relationships to one another, and explore their impacts on the practice of software engineering.
Discovery of a zinc-rich mineral on the surface of lunar orange pyroclastic beads

We present the first discovery of a Zn-rich mineral on the pristine surface of orange pyroclastic beads from Apollo sample 74220. This Zn-rich mineral is wide occurring, trigonal or hexagonal in shape, with a normalized composition of ~59 wt% Zn, ~26 wt% O (calculated), ~6 wt% S, ~5 wt% Na, and ~4 wt% Cl. The crystal morphology, homogeneity, and chemistry of individual grains are most consistent with gordaite, a zinc chlorohydroxosulfate mineral, showing an empirical formula of Na_(1.02)Zn_(3.98)[(SO_4)_(0.84)(OH)_(0.30)](OH)_6[Cl_(0.50)(OH)_(0.50)]·nH_2O, albeit the exact amounts of OH and H_2O are uncertain. The pristine 74220 sample used in this study was only directly exposed to air for a cumulative period of 18 days before our study. The same Zn-rich crystals, examined 12 to 15 months apart, show no visible physical and chemical changes. Thus, this zinc-rich mineral likely formed through rapid alteration (oxidation and hydration) by terrestrial air of the original vapor-deposited Zn, Cl, S, and Na-bearing solids. The composition of the zinc-rich mineral indicates that the vapor condensates consist of metallic Zn and metallic Na with either ZnS or native S, and either ZnCl_2 or NaCl. This is the first direct evidence that metallic Zn and Na are key components in the vapor condensates of lunar volcanic gas, which implies lunar volcanic gas may be under higher pressure than previously thought, and the gas composition may be different than previously inferred. Our study is also relevant to the collection, handling, curation, and sample preparation of returned samples from other planetary bodies.
A case series of pediatric patients with direct antiglobulin test negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Background The diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) can be challenging since the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) has been reported to be falsely negative in 3%-11% of cases. In children with anemia, laboratory and/or clinical evidence of hemolysis and a negative DAT, clinicians should consider further specialized testing to confirm AIHA to accurately diagnose and treat this uncommon pediatric entity. Study design and methods A retrospective chart review was undertaken at a large tertiary care academic pediatric hematology practice to describe our experience with DAT-negative AIHA. Results From January 1, 2010 through August 1, 2016, 10 children were described who had clinical and laboratory evidence of AIHA, a negative DAT, and further specialized serologic testing confirming this diagnosis. Conclusion This case series highlights the need for further serologic workup when a child's clinical presentation is highly consistent with AIHA despite a negative DAT.
Probability Distributions of Crop Yields: A Bayesian Spatial Quantile Regression Approach

Probability distributions of crop yields are important for understanding technological change, the effects of weather on crop production, and production risk. It can be difficult to model these distributions because they are time‐varying and do not follow a particular parametric form. To overcome some of the empirical challenges inherent in yield modeling, we implement a Bayesian spatial quantile regression model for the conditional distribution of yields. The statistical model is semiparametric, borrows information across space and quantile level, and models the complete quantile process. We use the model in two empirical applications where flexible modeling of the yield distribution is essential. First, we evaluate the effects of weather across quantiles and conduct a Bayesian test of the difference in the rate of technological change at opposite ends of the yield distribution. We then derive crop insurance premium rates and compare the predictive performance of the Bayesian spatial quantile regression to other existing approaches for modeling time‐varying yield distributions.
Conscription, Policy of

Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people into military service. In modern democratic states, conscription is governed by a set of rules regulating eligibility, length of service, pay, and benefits. Conscription may involve universal military service, but it need not. The terms ‘to conscript’ and ‘to draft’ have become virtually synonymous. Conscription is one of the most important policies available to states, but scholars concerned with developing a more adequate theory of the state have given relatively scant attention to military obligations and the institutions that enforce these obligations. There are five major strands to the literature that exists: the relationship between war, nation building, and state making; the relationship between conscription and citizenship; the bases for and history of objection to conscription; uses of conscription data by demographers and economic historians; and considerations of the appropriate policy for extracting men and military resources in modern states.
Brief of Amicus Curiae Interdisciplinary Research Team on Programmer Creativity Addressing Expressions and Ideas

Google v. Oracle is a case involving the meaning of a copyright in computer software. The trial determined that Google copied many thousands of lines of code that had been written by Oracle. The code that was taken defined the existence of specific computing functions, determining which of two number is the larger one, as an example. Although Google did take these definitions, its programmers re-wrote the code that was needed to perform the function. Once taken, the code was used by Google to create (and then sell) the Android system for cell phones. The first major issue in the case is understanding what owning a copyright in computer software means. All agree that a copyright only protects an “expression” and does not protect any underlying ideas. The first dispute is whether the defining code is an expression or an idea. The second issue in the case is the meaning of the “fair use” defense where copying is allowed even though the copyright exists. Here, the main question is whether allowing computer programs to be written in a way that favors easy interoperability constitutes fair use. The brief submitted by the team of researchers based at U.Mass. Dartmouth and U.Mass. Lowell and written by Professor Clifford of the U.Mass. Law School only address the first issue. It argues that the declaring code that was taken is clearly expressive based on the Team’s research findings that there is significant variation of expression shown in all computer programs, even the most basic.
Industrial Electrochemical Processes

At this point in the book, the focus shifts from examining the foundations of electrochemistry to studying practical electrochemical processes. The first process examined is chloralkali electrolysis for the production of chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. Next, molten salt electrolysis for the production of pure metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, and sodium, is presented, followed by methods for metal extraction from aqueous solutions and metal purifications.
Radiogenomics and Phenotype Presentation of Breast Cancer with a Special Focus on High-Risk Women

Breast cancer is a diverse collection of diseases with varying clinical presentations, subtypes, and treatment responses. In the past decade, gene-expression profiling has revolutionized breast cancer classifications, and the traditional classifications based on immunohistochemistry have been replaced by molecular subtype profiles. Breast cancer has four distinct molecular subtypes: luminal A; luminal B; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched; and basal-like. These subtypes are unevenly distributed among women with breast cancer and demonstrate distinct differences in tumor phenotypic presentations. In addition, each molecular subtype has shown varying risk for progression, response to treatment, and survival outcomes; and currently, subtype-based recommendations for systemic therapies for breast cancer are used in clinical practice. As medical research and therapy have entered the genomic era in which personalized approaches toward treatment are being explored, diagnostic tests need to be equally multilayered and complex to be able to identify the relevant genetic alterations that render cancers susceptible to treatment. Medical imaging has always been an integral part of disease diagnosis and treatment decisions. With significant advances in imaging techniques, image analysis, along with the development of high-throughput methods to extract and correlate multiple imaging parameters with genomic data, has heralded a new direction in medical research. Radiogenomics is a novel approach, which aims to correlate imaging characteristics (i.e., the imaging phenotype) with gene expression patterns, such as molecular subtypes, gene mutations, and other genome-related characteristics. Radiogenomics is designed to facilitate a deeper understanding of molecular tumor biology through the extraction of parameters derived from image processing and analyses of medical images that are linked to the geno- and phenotypic characteristics of the tissue. Due to the non-invasive nature of medical imaging and its ubiquitous use in clinical practice, the field of radiogenomics is rapidly evolving and initial results are encouraging. In this article, we will review the phenotypic presentation of breast cancer, briefly discuss the background and methodology of radiogenomics of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and then summarize the current role for radiogenomics, as well as its potential, with a special focus on high-risk women.
Incidence, Prevalence, and Outcomes of Pediatric Trauma in Rural Appalachia (West Virginia) From 2017 to 2019.

Background Appalachian rural pediatric trauma has its unique incidence, presentation, and distribution due to the mechanisms of injury, geographic location, access to care, and social issues. Purpose To review, analyze, and understand pediatric trauma in West Virginia during the period 2017-2019. Materials and methods After institutional review board approval, the statewide trauma database was queried and analyzed in a retrospective cohort study for all pediatric trauma ages zero to 18 from 2017-2019 in the Appalachian regions one through four in West Virginia. The following were analyzed: gender, injury mechanism, Glasgow Coma Scale Score (GCS) at admission, injury severity score (ISS), toxicology screen results, hospital length of stay, duration of ventilatory support, number of procedures performed during admission, presence of non-accidental trauma, cardiac arrest, patient discharge disposition, and mortality. Results One-thousand eighty-two (1182) patients between the ages of zero to 18 were admitted to the trauma center. An average of 37% was female and 63% male. In the 11-18 age group, 24% were female and 76% were male. Most injuries were due to blunt force (89%), followed by penetrating injuries (7.2%) and burns (1.4%). The majority had minor or moderate injuries with 95% receiving a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) >13 and 72% listed as minor on the injury severity score (ISS). Children in ages 0-2 years had the highest proportion of poor (0-8) GCS scores, high ISS (>14) scores, most hospital admission days, most days on a ventilator, highest mortality, most pre-hospital cardiac arrests, child abuse, burns, and placement with child protective services. An average of 31% of children tested, and 17% in the age group of 0-2 had a positive toxicology screen. There were 3670 procedures done in total and the most common procedure performed was an ultrasound of the abdomen. Procedures were performed in 90% of the patients. Conclusions and relevance Based on our study, the zero to two-year-old pediatric trauma patients are most vulnerable to poor outcomes and may need targeted preventative interventions. Toxicology screens may need to be more widely implemented in pediatric trauma in the Appalachian region. Rural trauma in Appalachia has endemic issues related to substance abuse, poverty, and a lower degree of social support as compared to urban areas. Although the distribution of injury may follow a national distribution, mechanism, management, and outcomes can vary.
Magnetic Field Amplification by a Nonlinear Electron Streaming Instability

Magnetic field amplification by relativistic streaming plasma instabilities is central to a wide variety of high-energy astrophysical environments as well as to laboratory scenarios associated with intense lasers and electron beams. We report on a new secondary nonlinear instability that arises for relativistic dilute electron beams after the saturation of the linear Weibel instability. This instability grows due to the transverse magnetic pressure associated with the beam current filaments, which cannot be quickly neutralized due to the inertia of background ions. We show that it can amplify the magnetic field strength and spatial scale by orders of magnitude, leading to large-scale plasma cavities with strong magnetic field and to very efficient conversion of the beam kinetic energy into magnetic energy. The instability growth rate, saturation level, and scale length are derived analytically and shown to be in good agreement with fully kinetic simulations.
Abstract P120: Feasibility Of An Asynchronous, Semi-Automated Remote Patient Monitoring Blood Pressure Management System

Introduction: While remote patient monitoring (RPM) for hypertension (HTN) continues to grow in the United States, most systems are third party, employer-directed, or do not directly lead to change...
Law as a Tool of Terror

The immigration laws and policies of the United States from January 2017 through January 2021 serve as a cautionary example of what may happen when the rule of law and the equitable administration of justice are subverted by policymakers pursuing an extreme and coercive political agenda. For four years the Trump Administration used its lawmaking powers to isolate and terrorize immigrant communities. Simply put, the Trump Administration used immigration law as a tool of terror. The same administrative structures and legal provisions that were originally created in the aftermath of 9/11 to combat terrorism and protect human rights were weaponized and turned against refugees, migrants, and naturalized U.S. citizens. The Department of Homeland Security was transformed from an organization dedicated to combatting terrorism to an organization that instead inspired terror in immigrant communities, particularly among immigrants of color. Inflammatory rhetoric, denigrating specific groups of migrants on the basis of their race, religion, and/or national origin shaped anti-immigrant legal measures, with catastrophic results. At the border and in the interior of the United States, immigration laws were reinterpreted, regulations were amended, executive decrees were issued, and terrifying rumors about potential new initiatives were perpetuated on a daily basis. In the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic and in the absence of stable and settled law, immigrant communities that were already living in extreme precarity experienced heightened and crushing uncertainty; in short, they were living in a state of constant terror. The Biden Administration is now embarking on the project of reversing these damaging initiatives, rebuilding trust in immigrant communities, and restoring the global reputation of the United States. But the harm that has been done—to individuals, to communities, and to the law itself—will likely persist for many years. The Trump Administration’s changes to U.S. immigration law and policy illustrate the inherent fragility and malleability of existing legal protections for vulnerable and marginalized immigrant communities. Policymakers, legislators, jurists, and legal scholars must therefore work together in the months and years ahead to ensure that the tragedy of last four years is never repeated, by meaningfully reforming our immigration laws and restructuring the agencies charged with their administration.
Intraoperative leak testing has no correlation with leak after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Staple line leak is a serious complication of sleeve gastrectomy. Intraoperative methylene blue and air leak tests are routinely used to evaluate for leak; however, the utility of these tests is controversial. We hypothesize that the practice of routine intraoperative leak testing is unnecessary during sleeve gastrectomy. A retrospective cohort study was designed using a prospectively collected database of seven bariatric surgeons from two institutions. All patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy from March 2012 to November 2014 were included. The performance of intraoperative leak testing and the type of test (air or methylene blue) were based on surgeon preference. Data obtained included BMI, demographics, comorbidity, presence of intraoperative leak test, result of test, and type of test. The primary outcome was leak rate between the leak test (LT) and no leak test (NLT) groups. SAS version 9.4 was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 1550 sleeve gastrectomies were included; most were laparoscopic (99.8 %), except for one converted and two open cases. Routine intraoperative leak tests were performed in 1329 (85.7 %) cases, while 221 (14.3 %) did not have LTs. Of the 1329 cases with LTs, there were no positive intraoperative results. Fifteen (1 %) patients developed leaks, with no difference in leak rate between the LT and NLT groups (1 vs. 1 %, p = 0.999). After adjusting for baseline differences between the groups with a propensity analysis, the observed lack of association between leak and intraoperative leak test remained. In this cohort, leaks presented at a mean of 17.3 days postoperatively (range 1–67 days). Two patients with staple line leaks underwent repeat intraoperative leak testing at leak presentation, and the tests remained negative. Intraoperative leak testing has no correlation with leak due to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and is not predictive of the later development of staple line leak.
Novel Processing and Performance of Aligned Discontinuous Fiber Polymer Composites

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a novel process to manufacture aligned discontinuous fiber composites using electric fields. It is demonstrated that the orientation of dielectric fibers like glass fibers (with and without polymer powder coating) can be effectively controlled using electric fields. Aligned discontinuous fiber composite (ADF) processes composites made of glass fibers and nylon-12 matrix provides significant improvements in stiffness and strength with fiber alignment. The effect of the microstructure on the performance of ADF composites has been established. Recent advances in the area of powder coating of fibers at MSU in combination with the phenomenon of aligning fibers in electric fields, has paved the way to conceptualize and develop the novel high-speed processing methodology that can manufacture aligned discontinuous fiber composites. Full realization of the stiffness to weight benefits of these composites is possible due to effective fiber alignment combined with the ability to pack and process at higher volume fraction of fibers. Absence of solvents or liquids in the ADF process improves the speed of processing many folds and makes the process environmental friendly. The fiber alignment technique of the ADF process is simple in operation and design, with the scope for retrofitting this technique in an existing composite sheet or lamination processing unit. Aligned discontinuous fiber composites are flexible and can be molded or stamped into complex parts. It is envisaged that ADF composites, with unique performance and processability capabilities, can expand the range of the applicability of discontinuous fiber thermoplastic composite materials to many areas in the automotive, infrastructure, and durable goods sectors.
Characterization of cerebroside sulfotransferase from rat brain.

Abstract Cerebroside sulfotransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to galactosylceramide to form sulfogalactosylceramide is located primarily in microsomes and possibly in myelin of 17-day-old rat brain. Subfractionation of the microsomes demonstrates the enzyme activity to be present in the lighter, smooth membrane fraction. Virtually all of the cerebroside sulfotransferase activity can be extracted with Triton X-100. The extracted enzyme demonstrates a linear response for 2 hours in the presence of exogenous substrate, galactosylceramide, and has an apparent Km of 8 x 10-5 m. Cruder preparations such as homogenate or microsomes without added substrate were linear for only about 15 min. This lack of linearity appears to be related to decreased availability of endogenous substrate. Both α-hydroxy fatty acid galactosylsphingosine and nonhydroxy fatty acid galactosylsphingosine act as sulfate acceptors. Two further galactosphingolipids, lactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine, can act as sulfate acceptors in vitro. Small amounts of lactosylceramide have been found in both normal and abnormal brain, whereas naturally occurring galactosylsphingosine has not been described. Glucosylceramide and other lipids examined were unable to act as acceptors for sulfate in this extracted system. [6-3H] Galactosylceramide was utilized as an acceptor for the sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho-[35S]sulfate. The isolated product, sulfogalactosylceramide, contained both the tritium and 35SO4 label, indicating that the exogenous galactosylceramide could be utilized as a substrate by cerebroside sulfotransferase of brain.
Trade and the Environment

This article examines the debate over the compatibility of trade and the environment. First, it discusses the range of arguments in the debate from trade being inherently beneficial to inherently harmful to the environment. Second, the entry examines the place of the environment within the GATT/WTO and various controversies surrounding the GATT/WTO and environmental protection. Finally, the article examines the role of multilateral environmental agreements in protecting the environment and their possible consequences for the international trading system.
Medical Research: What Is Wrong with this Picture?

Abstract: There is a fundamental disconnect between the perception and the reality of the rigor and validity of medical research. The basic flaws that run rampant in the design and analysis of clinical trials belie the commonly held view that clinical trials are beyond reproach by virtue of occupying the top level of evidence-based medicine. This fact has been amply demonstrated in the literature, and, for the most part, ignored by those who continue to praise the virtues of randomized evidence, without qualification. When a machine produces too many broken widgets, it becomes clear that it is the machine itself, and not just the widgets, that require attention. The machine that produces medical research is broken, and needs our collective attention. We will frame some of the problems with medical research in terms of moral hazard, unfunded mandates, conflicts of interest, and incentives. These perspectives will give rise to suggestions that, if adopted, would reduce the conflicts, and could also go on to greatly improve the integrity of medical research, which in turn would improve the overall quality of medical care.
Chapter 20 Sleep in dementia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sleep behavior in people with dementia. Different neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, vascular disease or strokes, and AD, can cause late-life dementia. Brain areas, which are known to be involved in the regulation of sleep and wake, are also vulnerable to these neurodegenerative changes common to all forms of dementia. Therefore, it is not surprising that sleep disturbances are extremely common among persons with dementia, with between 13% and 46% of patients with dementia and/or their caregivers complaining of the patients' sleep problems. The sleep disturbances, such as primary sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep disorders, can be very complex and may lead to severe insomnia or hypersomnia. Disturbances in sleep/wake circadian rhythms have also been associated with the highly disruptive behavioral symptoms commonly seen in dementia, such as agitation, morning confusion, and wandering at night. Given that research into sleep disorders in the demented elderly is relatively new, little is currently known about the etiology and the risk factors for the development sleep problems in this population.