cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The origins of vision: Effects of reflection, models, and analysis

Although vision is known to be a critical component of outstanding leadership, little is known about how people create viable visions. Drawing from a model of vision formation proposed by Mumford and Strange [Mumford, M. D., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Vision and mental models: The case of charismatic and ideological leadership. In B. J. Avolio & F. J. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead (pp. 109–142). Oxford, England: Elsevier], 212 undergraduates were asked to form a vision for an experimental secondary school where they would be the new principal. In addition to a plan for implementation of their vision, participants were asked to write a speech describing their vision for the school that was to be given to relevant constituencies. The conditions of performance were varied to manipulate the quality of the models available, reflection on past experience in secondary schools, and analysis of key goals and key causes. It was found that the availability of viable models and an analysis of key causes, and key goals, coupled with reflection, led to the generation of evocative visions and somewhat better plans. The implications of these findings for understanding vision formation and leader development are discussed.
Fault-tolerant adaptive and shortest routing in 2-D extended meshes using faulty-block-information

In this paper, I first discuss the adaptive minimal routing algorithm in 2D extended meshes without faulty blocks. Then, a sufficient condition for the existence of a minimal path from the source to the destination is presented. After that, I propose the shortest fault-tolerant routing algorithm with one faulty block, with the guidance of faulty block information, and I extend the algorithm with one faulty block to one with multiple faulty blocks. This is the first attempt to address routing algorithms on an extended mesh.
Here's Lookin’ at You Kid! Implementation of Individual Fetal Monitoring Strip Review Education

Childbearing Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Obstetric nurses are consistently provided with formal education on fetal monitoring. This didactic education ensures there is a foundation for excellence in the care that they give to the patient at the bedside. However, nurses may not be speaking the same language when they are interpreting, intervening, and communicating live fetal monitoring strips on their nursing units. It became clear that a process for evaluating individual nurses' practice was needed. This type of education also allows for real time remediation and education regarding fetal monitor strips by the clinical nurse specialist and the clinical education specialist. Proposed Change To implement a process for evaluating and providing education regarding live interpretation, knowledge of necessary interventions, and appropriate communication of fetal monitor strips with individual nurses in a one‐to‐one setting. This process will help to ensure that there is consistency related to fetal monitoring by nursing staff. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The clinical nurse specialist and clinical education specialist developed a process for evaluating and providing education regarding fetal monitor strips with individual nurses. Nurses were privately asked 10 questions regarding their interpretation of live fetal monitor strips. They were then asked to provide an explanation of how they would intervene and communicate information about the strip. This process was repeated for three live tracings during their one‐to‐one education. The nurses were given follow‐up remediation and education for any incorrect responses during the January 2012 and March 2012 sessions. Twenty‐five nurses were blindly chosen and were scored with a Likert scale of 0 to 4 based on the number of correct responses during their one‐to‐one sessions in January 2012 and March 2012. The nurses were then retested in September 2012 without remediation or educational tools. The average score of the 25 nurses in January 2012 was 1.68/4. The average score in March 2012 of the same 25 nurses was 2.4/4. The average score in September 2012 was 3.65/4. The increase in average scores demonstrated a positive relationship between the one‐to‐one strip reviews and the nurses' ability to consistently interpret the fetal monitor strips. Implications for Nursing Practice This process for evaluating and providing education for live fetal monitor strip interpretation to individual nurses can be implemented in any nursing care facility. It is essential that nurses not only complete formal education courses in fetal monitoring, but that they also are assessed regarding their knowledge and ability to intervene and communicate in live situations.
Involvement of SSRP1 in Latent Replication of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (also named human herpesvirus 8) is a γ-herpesvirus that undergoes both lytic and latent infection. During latent infection, two viral elements are required: latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which functions as an origin binding protein, and the latent origin, which resides within the terminal repeats (TRs) of the viral genome. Previously, we identified two cis-elements within the TRs which are required for latent DNA replication: two LANA binding sites (LBS1 and LBS2 [LBS1/2]) and a GC-rich replication element (RE) upstream of LBS1/2. To further characterize the RE, we constructed a 71-bp minimal replicon (MR) and performed a detailed mutational analysis. Our data indicate that the first 8 nucleotides within the RE are critical for replication. Moreover, both the position and the distance between the RE and LBS1/2 can affect origin replication activity, suggesting that the RE may function as a loading pad for cellular proteins involved in replication. Using biotinylated DNA fragments of wild-type or mutant MRs as probes, we identified 30 proteins that preferentially bind to the origin. Among these proteins, structure-specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1), a subunit of the FACT complex, and telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) formed complexes with LANA at the MR region. Furthermore, the small interfering RNA-based knockdown of SSRP1, but not the dominant-negative-based knockdown of TRF2, significantly decreased the efficiency of LANA-dependent DNA replication. These results indicate that SSRP1 is a novel cellular protein involved in LANA-dependent DNA replication.
Physical activity and maintaining physical function in older adults

Older Americans, the most rapidly growing age group, are the least physically active1 and generate the highest healthcare expenditures.2 For example, older persons who were functionally dependent accounted for 46% of the healthcare expenditures, but only made up 20% of the older adult population.3 Additionally, they spent $5000 more per year than people who remained independent. Physical activity (PA) may play an important role in maintaining health and physical function while reducing the healthcare burden.4 Recommendations for PA began in 1975 with the American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. While little space was devoted to PA in older adults, likely due to the limited amount of research, today a wealth of literature is available touting its benefits. Throughout the past two decades many obstacles to adopting PA, a safe and effective modality for improving physical capacity in older adults, have been overcome. Many questions still remain; the one which we attempt to address in this brief review is whether PA can maintain physical function in older adults. Physical activity has a myriad of effects that stem from physiological adaptations that may transfer to improvements in clinical outcomes such as reducing the risk of falls.5 The purpose of this article is to briefly review the current literature regarding whether PA can help maintain physical function in older adults and offer some suggestions for clinicians wanting to improve physical function with PA. As illustrated in fig 1, individuals who begin a regular PA programme early in life and maintain this over the years will likely have high physical performance throughout the lifespan, although a decline in physical function is inevitable. Potentially more clinically relevant is whether a PA programme can set a person on a different trajectory over time (see …
Teacher Preparation for Inclusive and Critical (Special) Education

The author’s preservice program prepares both single and dual certification master’s students to teach in inclusive classrooms. This article provides an overview of the context in which, and for which, the program was designed, a description of the program, including what the author means by inclusive education and critical special education, explanations of key pedagogical and assessment practices that she leans on to meet her goals, and concludes with an account of how the program came to be developed.
Numerical calculation of the terahertz field-induced changes in the optical absorption in quantum wells

In the presence of a strong terahertz field, the optical (i.e., valence-to-conduction band) transitions in semiconductors occur between states which are altered by the terahertz field. This alteration has a direct impact on the optical absorption. We describe a numerical technique for calculating the optical absorption in this case by solving the Schrodinger equation for the electron-hole envelope function in real space. This technique correctly accounts for the Coulomb interaction between optically created electron-hole pairs and nonperturbative terahertz-field induced alteration of the states. We applied this technique to investigate the optical absorption of quantum wells of finite width in which terahertz/optical mixing can be significant and which cannot be treated analytically.
Enhancing the research experience through peer-reviewed literature.

Dear Editors, Your article “Clinical research 101: Why should you care?” [1] was very interesting and I applaud the journal, which in its infancy is addressing issues such as importance of clinical research. As you correctly mention, the emergency department (ED) is a clinical laboratory, and clinical research apart from answering some of the most pertinent questions has the additional value of being immediately relevant to patient care. As a research director of a very busy pediatric ED with an active fellowship in pediatric emergency medicine, I am constantly struggling to convey the message that research is not an entity which gets conducted solely in laboratories or demands extensive knowledge of statistics to my colleagues. Research is a very important step in improving patient care by applying what is known to the patient immediately in front of you. Research provides the foundation for evidence-based medicine and the tools for evidence-based practice. I would also add that research can vary in its quality and comprehensiveness. Practitioners of emergency medicine must be discerning enough to critically appraise research as there are many instances of “published” studies that either lack the appropriate methodology, adequate sample size, or rigorous analysis. Additionally, research is constantly evolving and what is considered as gospel may be eventually refuted with a well-conducted study. Use of steroids in bronchiolitis is an example. A well-conducted double-blinded randomized controlled trial (n = 70) performed at one ED comparing a single dose of oral dexamethasone with a placebo in children with moderate to severe bronchiolitis showed a substantial reduction in hospitalization along with clinical improvement. This study was powered to detect a difference in a clinical score not rates of hospitalization [2]. Yet, using these efficacy data, many practitioners changed their practice and started using oral dexamethasone in the management of bronchiolitis. A subsequent larger, multicenter study (effectiveness study) showed no effect of a single dose of oral dexamethasone when the study was powered to detect a 12% difference in admission rates (n = 600). This second study clearly showed that there was no difference in hospitalization rates [3]. The challenge now is to disseminate these findings—translating research into practice (TRIP). In conclusion, I think it is important for journals such as yours to enhance the research experience by (a) publishing articles on research methodology, (b) being more discerning as to which articles get accepted, and (c) broadening the scope of emergency research by publishing articles on research ethics in varied settings, i.e., international emergency medicine.
Generation and detection of terahertz radiation by infrared ultrashort pulses

We present a terahertz generation and detection system with an infrared optical parametric amplifier as the light source, a poled electro-optic polymer film as the emitter, and a 1-mm-thick ZnTe as the sensor.
Confined space ventilation by shipyard welders: observed use and effectiveness.

Shipbuilding involves intensive welding activities within enclosed and confined spaces, and although ventilation is commonly used in the industry, its use and effectiveness has not been adequately docu mented. Workers engaged in welding in enclosed or confined spaces in two shipyards were observed for their use of ventilation and monitored for their exposure to particulate matter. The type of ventilation in use, its placement and face velocity, the movement of air within the space, and other ventilation-related parameters were recorded, along with task characteristics such as the type of welding, the welder’s position, and the configuration of the space. Mechanical ventilation was present in about two-thirds of the 65 welding scenarios observed, with exhaust ventilation used predominantly in one shipyard and supply blowers predominantly in the other. Welders were observed working in apparent dead-spaces within the room in 53% of the cases, even where ventilation was in use. Respiratory protection was common in the two shipyards, observed in use in 77 and 100% of the cases. Welding method, the proximity of the welder’s head to the fume, and air mixing were found to be significantly associated with the welder’s exposure, while other characteristics of dilution ventilation did not produce appreciable differences in exposure level. These parameters associated with exposure reduction can be assessed subjectively and are thus good candidates for training on effective ventilation use during hot work in confined spaces. Ventilation used in confined space welding is often inadequate for controlling exposure to welding fume.
4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse.

The designer stimulant 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) is among the most popular of the derivatives of the naturally occurring psychostimulant cathinone. Mephedrone has been readily available for legal purchase both online and in some stores and has been promoted by aggressive Web-based marketing. Its abuse in many countries, including the United States, is a serious public health concern. Owing largely to its recent emergence, there are no formal pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic studies of mephedrone. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of this agent in a rat model. Results revealed that, similar to methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, and methcathinone, repeated mephedrone injections (4× 10 or 25 mg/kg s.c. per injection, 2-h intervals, administered in a pattern used frequently to mimic psychostimulant “binge” treatment) cause a rapid decrease in striatal dopamine (DA) and hippocampal serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) transporter function. Mephedrone also inhibited both synaptosomal DA and 5HT uptake. Like methylenedioxymethamphetamine, but unlike methamphetamine or methcathinone, repeated mephedrone administrations also caused persistent serotonergic, but not dopaminergic, deficits. However, mephedrone caused DA release from a striatal suspension approaching that of methamphetamine and was self-administered by rodents. A method was developed to assess mephedrone concentrations in rat brain and plasma, and mephedrone levels were determined 1 h after a binge treatment. These data demonstrate that mephedrone has a unique pharmacological profile with both abuse liability and neurotoxic potential.
Integrating Information Technology into Accounting Research and Practice

SYNOPSIS: As information and communication technologies (IT) become more deeply ingrained and inextricably woven into the fabric of organizations, more perplexing research and practice questions emerge. This commentary applies an organizing information systems research framework to accounting. The framework explicitly recognizes that complexities of the accounting value chain define relevant practice issues for research. We demonstrate application of the framework with examples that integrate different accounting disciplines and different research methodologies. Using a select number of prior research studies, we emphasize how design science, archival, and behavioral research paradigms work together to advance theory and inform practice. We also demonstrate how the framework directs future research for both well-established and emerging practice issues. JEL Classifications: M15; M41.
Selecting the best system in steady-state simulations using batch means

Suppose that we want to compare k different systems, where /spl mu//sub i/ denotes the steady state mean performance of system i. Our goal is to use simulation to pick the "best" system (i.e., the one with the largest or smallest steady state mean). To do this, we present some two stage procedures based on the method of batch means. Our procedures also construct multiple comparisons with the best (MCB) confidence intervals for /spl mu//sub i/-max/sub j/spl ne/i//spl mu//sub j/, i=1,...,k. Under the assumption of an indifference zone of (absolute or relative) width /spl delta/, we can show that asymptotically (as /spl delta//spl rarr/0 with the size of the batches proportional to 1//spl delta//sup 2/), the joint probability of correctly selecting the best system and of the MCB confidence intervals simultaneously containing /spl mu//sub i/-max/sub j/spl ne/i//spl mu//sub j/, i=1,...,k, is at least 1-/spl alpha/, where /spl alpha/ is prespecified by the user.
Self‐report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients

Depression is prevalent among chronic pain patients, yet little is known about the ability of various self-report measures to detect this disorder in this population. This study investigated the relationship of several self-report depression scales (Beck Depression Inventory-standard and short forms, MMPI Depression, Depression subtle, and Depression obvious scales, and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale) to clinician DSM-III diagnoses of major depressive disorder in 40 chronic pain patients. Thirty percent of the Ss met criteria for major depression. Sensitivity and specificity values obtained for each scale are presented. The standard and short forms of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale showed good sensitivity and specificity and were comparable in detecting major depression in this sample.
Validation of the Revised Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT2)

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of the revised Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT2). The original test was updated to reflect current diabetes care and education guidelines. The test has 2 components: a 14-item general test and a 9-item insulin use subscale.MethodsTwo samples were used to evaluate the DKT2. The first came from an online survey company (Qualtrics, LCC) (n = 101) and the second from University of Michigan’s (UofM) Diabetes Registry (n = 89). Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was used to calculate reliability. To examine validity, comparisons by type of diabetes, insulin use and oral medication use, and educational level were completed. Correlations between diabetes duration and both the general test and insulin subscale were calculated for the UofM sample.ResultsThe two samples differed demographically. While the reliabilities between the samples were disparate, when combined, the coefficient alphas demonstrated reliability for both the general test (.77) an...
Interest in Babies Negatively Predicts Testosterone Responses to Sexual Visual Stimuli Among Heterosexual Young Men

Men’s testosterone may be an important physiological mechanism mediating motivational and behavioral aspects of the mating/parenting trade-off not only over time but also in terms of stable differences between mating-oriented and parenting-oriented individuals. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that self-reported interest in babies is inversely related to testosterone reactivity to cues of short-term mating among heterosexual young men. Among 100 participants, interest in babies was related to a slow life-history strategy, as assessed by the Mini-K questionnaire, and negatively related to testosterone responses to an erotic video. Interest in babies was not associated with baseline testosterone levels or with testosterone reactivity to nonsexual social stimuli. These results provide the first evidence that differential testosterone reactivity to sexual stimuli may be an important aspect of individual differences in life-history strategies among human males.
Additive Manufacturing Technology: Potential Implications for U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness

This article explores the development and application of additive manufacturing as well as initiatives in the United States and other countries to advance it. It also examines the technology's effect on firm and industry production activities, as well as the potential implications for U.S. manufacturing competitiveness focused in three industries. It concludes that the most significant factors affecting the potential of additive manufacturing to contribute to U.S. competitiveness are developing standards, improving the selection and affordability of materials, and increasing the accuracy and reliability of equipment and processes.
From Association to Organization: The OAHin the Bad Old Days

I WANT to carry you back to two earlier eras in the development of the Organization of American Historians: first to a look at the Mississippi Valley Historical Association a half-century ago, second to a more leisurely examination of its agonies a quarter-century later as it suffered the birth pangs that eventually produced our present society. I have exercised the prerogative of the aging by bolstering my faulty memory with some of the documents of that day, particularly the files of correspondence that I accumulated during the 1950s. The first part of my story is based more on reading than reminiscence. When the annual convention met at Louisville in the spring of 1924 I had just been expelled from the University of Michigan as "highly objectionable and morally reprehensible" -the result, I may add, of a journalistic caper. That expulsion was not without significance as far as my own association with history is concerned. Eventually Wisconsin admitted me"as a matter of comity and amity," the official telegram read-and with no campus activities to distract me I fell under the spell of two superb teachers: Carl Russell Fish and Frederic Logan Paxson. From that time I was doomed, and before long was attending meetings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. That was not an unalloyed pleasure, for those meetings of the 1920s and 1930s would have tested the endurance of a professional martyr. The Association was a tiny body in those days, with 317 members, assets of $2,000 in Liberty Bonds, and $186.25 in cash; members were drawn almost entirely from the Mississippi Valley for outlanders from either coast were openly discouraged or only reluctantly accepted.
Redox properties of Tanaka's water oxidation catalyst: redox noninnocent ligands dominate the electronic structure and reactivity.

[Ru2(OH)2(3,6-tBu2Q)2(btpyan)]2+ (tBu2Q, 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone; btpyan, 1,8-bis(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridyl)anthracene) is one of a handful of structurally well-defined homogeneous catalyst...
The Engorgement of Swarming Worker Honeybees

SummaryThe weight and sugar concentration of the food load in the honey stomach of worker honeybees were measured. The food load of workers in swarms 4 hours after issuing weighed 4 times as much as that of workers in colonies not preparing to swarm. All workers in a swarm were not equally engorged, and different engorgement did not appear to be responsible for colony segregation at the time of swarm issuance. Worker engorgement occurred gradually during the 10 days prior to swarm issuance. Its measurement may therefore serve as method of swarm prediction.
Combined input shaping and feedback control for double-pendulum systems

Abstract A control system combining input shaping and feedback is developed for double-pendulum systems subjected to external disturbances. The proposed control method achieves fast point-to-point response similar to open-loop input-shaping control. It also minimizes transient deflections during the motion of the system, and disturbance-induced residual swing using the feedback control. Effects of parameter variations such as the mass ratio of the double pendulum, the suspension length ratio, and the move distance were studied via numerical simulation. The most important results were also verified with experiments on a small-scale crane. The controller effectively suppresses the disturbances and is robust to modelling uncertainties and task variations.
"Recommended For You": A First Look at Content Recommendation Networks

One advertising format that has grown significantly in recent years are known as Content Recommendation Networks (CRNs). CRNs are responsible for the widgets full of links that appear under headlines like "Recommended For You" and "Things You Might Like". Although CRNs have become quite popular with publishers, users complain about the low-quality of content promoted by CRNs, while regulators in the US and Europe have faulted CRNs for failing to label sponsored links as advertisements. In this study, we present a first look at five of the largest CRNs, including their footprint on the web, how their recommendations are labeled, and who their advertisers are. Our findings reveal that CRNs still fail to prominently disclose the paid nature of their sponsored content. This suggests that additional intervention is necessary to promote accepted best-practices in the nascent CRN marketplace, and ultimately protect online users.
When a child comes out in the latter-days: an exploratory case study of Mormon parents

Under the modern gay rights movement, cultural and societal values regarding sexuality, marriage, and family have rapidly evolved while the fundamental doctrine of monogamous, heterosexual marriage...
Increasing atmospheric humidity and CO2 concentration alleviate forest mortality risk

Climate-induced forest mortality is being increasingly observed throughout the globe. Alarmingly, it is expected to exacerbate under climate change due to shifting precipitation patterns and rising air temperature. However, the impact of concomitant changes in atmospheric humidity and CO2 concentration through their influence on stomatal kinetics remains a subject of debate and inquiry. By using a dynamic soil–plant–atmosphere model, mortality risks associated with hydraulic failure and stomatal closure for 13 temperate and tropical forest biomes across the globe are analyzed. The mortality risk is evaluated in response to both individual and combined changes in precipitation amounts and their seasonal distribution, mean air temperature, specific humidity, and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Model results show that the risk is predicted to significantly increase due to changes in precipitation and air temperature regime for the period 2050–2069. However, this increase may largely get alleviated by concurrent increases in atmospheric specific humidity and CO2 concentration. The increase in mortality risk is expected to be higher for needleleaf forests than for broadleaf forests, as a result of disparity in hydraulic traits. These findings will facilitate decisions about intervention and management of different forest types under changing climate.
Cervical Spine History and Physical

The importance of history and physical examination of the cervical spine in increasing successful treatment outcomes in pain management cannot be overstated. A cervical spine history should be systematic and comprehensive, which may reveal “red flags.” Physical examination involves inspection, palpation, range of motion, neurologic examination, special tests, and examination of related areas. A comprehensive cervical H&P that indentifies anatomic and physiologic pain generation is a valuable diagnostic tool that can lead to better treatment outcomes.
Therapeutic effects of simvastatin combined with kallistatin treatment for pediatric burn patients with sepsis

The aim of the present study was to examine the combined efficacy of simvastatin and kallistatin treatment for pediatric burn sepsis. A total of 72 pediatric patients with burn sepsis were recruited and randomly divided into 3 groups, receiving simvastatin (40 mg/day), kallistatin (20 mg/day) or combined treatment. ELISA, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and flow cytometry were used to analyze the therapeutic effects of simvastatin and kallistatin. The results revealed that combined treatment in pediatric burn sepsis patients decreased the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin (IL)-1β serum levels, whereas it increased IL-10 and human leukocyte antigen-D related levels. In addition, administration of combined simvastatin and kallistatin decreased the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels in the patients. It was also demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 4 expression on the surface of monocytes was markedly decreased, while suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression was increased in the combined treatment group as compared with the kallistatin or simvastatin treatment alone. Combined treatment also promoted human endothelial cell (HEC) growth compared with the single treatment groups and inhibited the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) levels, HMGB1-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and inflammatory gene expression levels in these cells. The study further demonstrated that combined treatment significantly decreased HEC apoptosis through the upregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and P53 expression levels, as well as downregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 levels. In conclusion, these observations indicated that combined treatment with simvastatin and kallistatin inhibited HEC apoptosis, which may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pediatric burn sepsis patients.
Effects of Including Information about Hidden Hearing Loss in an Adopt-A-Band Program on College Band Members' Attitudes toward Healthy Hearing Behaviors.

Young musicians may be at risk for developing cochlear synaptopathy (CS), or hidden hearing loss (HHL), that could lead to permanent music-induced hearing loss (MIHL). Patients with CS often complain of tinnitus and/or difficulty understanding speech in noisy situations, even though traditional audiometric testing indicates normal hearing. The aim of this article was to determine the effects of including information about HHL on an Adopt-A-Band program involving college band members' concern about and self-efficacy toward the prevention of MIHL. We conducted a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Forty-eight band members participated in this study. Band members were randomly assigned to two Adopt-A-Band presentations, one with and one without information on HHL. Including information about HHL had no effect on these band members' concerns about and self-efficacy toward the prevention of MIHL. However, the Adopt-A-Band program resulted in significantly increased concern for MIHL by 39.5% (p
A Comprehensive Solution for Research-Oriented Cloud Computing

Cutting edge research today requires researchers to perform computationally intensive calculations and/or create models and simulations using large sums of data in order to reach research-backed conclusions. As datasets, models, and calculations increase in size and scope they present a computational and analytical challenge to the researcher. Advances in cloud computing and the emergence of big data analytic tools are ideal to aid the researcher in tackling this challenge. Although researchers have been using cloud-based software services to propel their research, many institutions have not considered harnessing the Infrastructure as a Service model. The reluctance to adopt Infrastructure as a Service in academia can be attributed to many researchers lacking the high degree of technical experience needed to design, procure, and manage custom cloud-based infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive solution consisting of a fully independent cloud automation framework and a modular data analytics platform which will allow researchers to create and utilize domain specific cloud solutions irrespective of their technical knowledge, reducing the overall effort and time required to complete research.
Entrepreneurship and the Process of Development: A Framework for Applied Expeditionary Economics in Pakistan

Kauffman Foundation Research Series: Expeditionary Economics / February 2012, 5th in the Series
Now do voters notice review screen anomalies? a look at voting system usability

Everett (2007) showed that about two thirds of voters do not notice when the review screen on an electronic voting machine does not agree with the selections they intended. However, the instructions given to voters in those experiments did not emphasize the need for veriBication and the design of the review screen did little to aid voters in detecting anomalies. This research follows up that work, but this time with improved instructions and with a re-designed review screen that makes certain conditions, particularly undervotes, more visually salient. This did increase the detection rate, but only up to 50%. Our Bindings also extend Everett's research; in general, people tend to prefer electronic voting machines over other technologies such as punch cards, lever machines, and even paper ballots. This was again true, but only for voters who failed to notice any anomaly. In addition, voters took longer to vote with the DRE than with older technologies, but with no concomitant decrease in error rate. We also show that the relationship between true error rates and the oft-used residual vote rate is not straightforward.
On the influence of initial conditions and facility effects on rapid compression machine data

Abstract The influence of rapid compression machine (RCM) facility-effects on ignition delay time is investigated using multi-zone model simulations that consider the role of crevice volume and compression time. Four virtual machines are defined, each with a unique combination of crevice volume (∼5 to 7 mL) and compression time (25–50 ms). These machines are used to simulate autoignition of four fuels (iso-octane, n-heptane, PRF50, and ethanol) from low to high temperatures at equivalence ratios of ϕ = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and compressed pressures of pc = 10, 20 and 40 bar. This range of simulation conditions provides a diverse array of autoignition responses, including single-stage and two-stage autoignition. Furthermore, the simulation conditions are obtained for each machine by using various combinations of compression ratio, initial temperature, and argon:nitrogen fraction in the diluent gas. The results show that for a given machine, the test method used to obtain the compressed condition can strongly influence the ignition delay time, particularly under two-stage ignition conditions. The disparity between the test methods grows with the duration of the second stage of ignition, thus the test method dependence is most pronounced for iso-octane (i.e., PRF100). Comparison of the virtual machines shows that increased crevice volume (at roughly constant surface-area-to-volume ratio) leads to enhanced heat loss and therefore longer ignition delay times. For short ignition delay times (
Restoration of depressed antibody responses of leukemic splenocytes treated with LPS-induced factors.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from gram negative bacteria are known to enhace antibody responses to a variety of antigens, including serum proteins and xenogeneic erythrocytes, both in vivo and in vitro (1,10,11). Recent studies in this laboratory have shown that such endotoxins may influence the immune response of splenocytes from Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infected mice which showed markedly impaired immune competence (2,3). The mechanism of action of LPS in enhancing antibody formation by leukemic splenocytes, as well as normal splenocytes, is still unclear. It is not known whether the LPS affects immunity by directly interacting with lymphocytes or by inducing intermediate immunoregulatory or immunostimulatory factors. In the present study attempts were made to determine whether pretreatment of mice with LPS causes the release of factors into the serum which could mediate the adjuvant effect on the in vitro antibody response of normal or leukemia virus immunosuppressed cell cultures.
Income inequality and racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortality in the US.

Abstract In this ecological study, we examined the associations between state-level income inequality and pregnancy-related mortality among non-Hispanic (NH) black and NH white populations across the US. We estimated total population and race-specific 5-year pregnancy-related mortality ratios in each state based on national death and live birth records from 2011 to 2015. We obtained data on Gini coefficients for income inequality and population-level characteristics from the US Census American Community Survey. Poisson regression with robust standard errors estimated pregnancy-related mortality rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with a one unit increase in income inequality overall and separately within black and white populations. Adjusted linear regression models estimated the associations between income inequality and magnitude of the absolute and relative racial inequity in pregnancy-related mortality within states. Across all states, increasing contemporaneous income inequality was associated with a 15% and 5-year lagged inequality with 14% increase in pregnancy-related mortality among black women (aRR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05; 1.25 and aRR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04; 1.24, respectively) after controlling for states’ racial compositions and socio-economic conditions. In addition, both lagged and contemporaneous income inequality were associated with larger absolute and relative racial inequities in pregnancy-related mortality. These findings highlight the role of contextual factors in contributing to pregnancy-related mortality among black women and the persistent racial inequity in maternal death in the US.
The Density of Nonprofit Organizations: Beyond Community Diversity and Resource Availability

This paper examines the determinants of the density of nonprofits registered in the USA by using alternative measures of government services and community conditions to test government failure theory and interdependence theory. Specifically, we examined the relationship between governments and nonprofits in the fields of art, health, and human services, with an emphasis on the level of the provision of public services, the heterogeneous demands of populations, and for-profit service providers. We found that the size of government, measured as government wage and fiscal decentralization, was negatively associated with the density of nonprofits, while government fragmentation was positively related to the density of nonprofits. The heterogeneity of community populations tended to increase nonprofit density. Taken together, therefore, our results offer more support for the government failure theory than the interdependence theory. Also, our findings that for-profit service organizations were positively related to the density of nonprofits call for researchers to pay attention to nonprofit partners and competitors in future studies.
Rural Households' Allocation of Remittance Income in Agriculture in Nepal

This paper examines the uses of remittances in various household activities by remittance-receiving households in rural Nepal. Specifically, this paper focuses on the allocation of (a) remittances in agriculture and other dimensions of household activities, and (b) whether there is any association between the amount of remittances received and the amount allocated by households to agriculture and other dimensions. This study utilizes the detailed household level data (n=139 remittance-receiving households) collected from the Chitwan Valley in 2014, a rural migrant-sending setting of southern Nepal that collected remittances received by households and remittance used in various household activities with monthly precision in the past 12 months. Using the multilevel multivariate OLS regression, the results showed that of the total amount of remittances used, farming (e.g. purchase of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides) received only about 3.1 percent. In contrast, a large proportion of remittance was used in buying fixed assets such as land, houses, and jewelry (27.1%), followed by food and vegetables (15.3%), savings and business investment (12.3%), loan payment (11.0%), education, (11.2%), and health (4.1%). Adjusted results from multivariate analysis (multilevel OLS) showed that the amount of remittances received by households was not significantly associated with its use in farming. However, the amount of remittances received was positively associated with the amount used in buying fixed assets, media (electronic) items, clothing, covering cultural expenses, paying utilities, and repaying debt. Implications from the findings are presented.
Fighting with the Fourth Estate: A Theoretical Framework of Organization-Media Rivalry for Narrative Control Following a Transgression

In this article, I develop a theoretical framework to explain rivalry for narrative control between members of the media and transgressing organizations. I do so by integrating and advancing key in...
Calculating multipactor susceptibility chart using a semi-analytic approach with improved accuracy

We propose a semi-analytic approach to investigate the multipactor in parallel plate structures with improved accuracy. The effects of emission velocity and transit time of electrons are studied and their corresponding susceptibility charts are calculated. As a result, the proposed model covers more dynamics of multipactor. In calculating the susceptibility chart, we propose a decision-making process taking into account impact velocity, required voltage, and trajectory of electrons. Therefore, we obtain a more accurate susceptibility chart that excludes non-physical scenarios. Our investigation reveals a different mechanism of multipactor, where the transit time of an electron across the gap can be either shorter or longer than the conventional half-cycle of the RF signal. The extent of this deviation depends on the maximum emission velocity of the secondaries. With this deviation, we demonstrate that the multipactor evolves over broader practical situations occurring not necessarily within a half-cycle of the RF signal. Finally, we study the higher-order multipactor resonances and also calculate their susceptibility charts. We demonstrate an overlap between the susceptibility charts of different orders depending on the emission velocity of primary electrons. The discussions herein provide an insight into the underlying dynamics of the multipactor, which can be used for practical multipactor suppression methods.
Effects of Sensory Distraction and Salience Priming on Emotion Identification in Autism: an fMRI Study

Author(s): Patterson, Genevieve; Cummings, Kaitlin K; Jung, Jiwon; Okada, Nana J; Tottenham, Nim; Bookheimer, Susan Y; Dapretto, Mirella; Green, Shulamite A | Abstract: BackgroundSocial interaction often occurs in noisy environments with many extraneous sensory stimuli. This is especially relevant for youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who commonly experience sensory over-responsivity (SOR) in addition to social challenges. However, the relationship between SOR and social difficulties is still poorly understood and thus rarely addressed in interventions. This study investigated the effect of auditory sensory distracters on neural processing of emotion identification in youth with ASD and the effects of increasing attention to social cues by priming participants with their own emotional faces.MethodsWhile undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 30 youth with ASD and 24 typically developing (TD) age-matched controls (ages 8-17 years) identified faces as happy or angry with and without simultaneously hearing aversive environmental noises. Halfway through the task, participants also viewed videos of their own emotional faces. The relationship between parent-rated auditory SOR and brain responses during the task was also examined.ResultsDespite showing comparable behavioral performance on the task, ASD and TD youth demonstrated distinct patterns of neural activity. Compared to TD, ASD youth showed greater increases in amygdala, insula, and primary sensory regions when identifying emotions with noises compared to no sounds. After viewing videos of their own emotion faces, ASD youth showed greater increases in medial prefrontal cortex activation compared to TD youth. Within ASD youth, lower SOR was associated with reduced increased activity in subcortical regions after the prime and greater increased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex after the prime, particularly in trials with noises.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the sensory environment plays an important role in how ASD youth process social information. Additionally, we demonstrated that increasing attention to relevant social cues helps ASD youth engage frontal regions involved in higher-order social cognition, a mechanism that could be targeted in interventions. Importantly, the effect of the intervention may depend on individual differences in SOR, supporting the importance of pre-screening youth for sensory challenges prior to social interventions.
Applications of multifidelity reduced order modeling to single and multiphysics nonlinear structural problems

Abstract The present investigation focuses on the response of uncertain structures that are excited well beyond their linear regime so that significant nonlinear geometric effects take place. Such situations may occur due to the application of large mechanical loads but also, and especially, when the structure is part of a multiphysics problem, e.g., coupled to aerodynamics and/or heating. It is demonstrated here that the computational burden associated with the prediction of the statistics of the response can be dramatically reduced by combining nonlinear reduced order modeling and multifidelity Monte Carlo (MFMC) simulation. The MFMC approach combines the simulations of several different models of different fidelity to accurately estimates the desired statistics. This approach is well suited to reduced order models where different fidelities are easily obtained with different number of basis functions. Three such nonlinear applications are considered the first of which is a purely structural problem. The second one is a multiphysics problem, a panel undergoing a simulated high speed trajectory with aerodynamic-structural-thermal coupling. The third application is also multiphysics and focuses on the limit cycle oscillation behavior of a wing past flutter due to structural nonlinearity. In all of these applications, the MFMC performed very well leading to accurate predictions of the statistics of the response at a reduced/much reduced computational cost.