cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical modification of diamond surfaces

Photochemical and thermal surface modifications of diamonds powders and (100), (110), and (111) oriented single crystals were achieved. Clean, hydrogen-terminated diamond was chlorinated by heating in Cl{sub 2}(g) or by UV irradiation in Cl{sub 2}(g). The surface chlorine titer was shown to correlate with the dangling bond density on the single-crystal faces. Aminated diamond was produced by irradiating the chlorinated diamond in NH{sub 3}(g). Surface nitrogen loading correlated with the dangling bond density. The structural features of the amine-terminated surface led to a decrease in the vibrational frequencies of the surface amine groups. 11 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.
As originally published in 1992:: Updated in 1998 by

Anterior mediastinal tracheostomy (AMT) facilitates resection of stomal recurrences after laryngectomy for carcinoma and tumors involving the cervicothoracic trachea and esophagus. Erosion of the innominate artery has been reported as a frequent major complication of AMT, and routine prophylactic division of the innominate artery with AMT has even been advised. Forty-four patients underwent AMT, 10 as an isolated procedure (for stomal recurrence, laryngeal carcinoma, or benign stenosis after laryngectomy) and 34 with concomitant cervical exenteration (laryngopharyngoesophagectomy) for laryngeal, thyroid, or cervicothoracic esophageal malignancies. Transposition of the remaining tracheal stump beneath and to the right of the innominate artery to eliminate tension on the vessel was carried out in 14 patients (32%). Postoperatively, anastomotic leaks complicated nine of 31 pharyngogastric anastomoses. Iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism occurred in 10 patients. All six hospital deaths (14%) occurred in patients undergoing AMT with cervical exenteration, not isolated AMT. There was only one instance of innominate artery erosion. Survival was related to the pathology for which AMT was performed. Anterior mediastinal tracheostomy is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of select patients with malignancies of the cervicothoracic trachea and esophagus, and with attention to operative detail, innominate artery erosion should rarely, if ever, complicate the operation. Prophylactic division of the innominate artery with AMT is unnecessary.
Who's Who in G-PMP: Bernard Schwartz

Presents a biography of Bernard Schwartz, General Chairman 1967 Electronic Components Conference.
Mass transport and mixing by modulated traveling waves

Particle transport and mixing in modulated traveling waves in a binary-fluid mixture heated from below is studied numerically. The fluid divides into three regions separated by Kolmogorov-Arnol'd-Moser curves: a core region where particles are carried along with the wave (trapped), an outer region where particles are left behind by the wave (untrapped), and a separatrix layer between the two where particles chaotically alternate between being trapped and untrapped. The probability distributions for the lengths of individual trapped and untrapped events are sharply peaked at small times, have a power-law decay, and exhibit similar complex structure. The core and outer regions are responsible for long-range transport with no diffusion. The chaotic separatrix layer gives rise to long-range transport with enhanced mixing and anomalous diffusion, where, for long times 〈${x}^{2}$(t)〉-〈x(t)${〉}^{2}$\ensuremath{\sim}${t}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, 1l\ensuremath{\nu}l2.
Organization of oligodendroglial membrane sheets: II. Galactocerebroside:antibody interactions signal changes in cytoskeleton and myelin basic protein.

Antibodies to galactocerebroside (GalC) cause patching of this surface glycolipid over internal domains of myelin basic protein (MBP), which are demarcated by a network of microtubules. The patching occurs whether or not second antibody is present, but the process is accelerated by the presence of second antibody. GalC patching results in disruption of microtubules in the lacy networks in oligodendroglial membrane sheets and in the eventual fusion of MBP domains, similar to the effects of colchicine (Dyer and Benjamins, 1989). Antibodies to GalC also disrupt F-actin in the lacy networks. Since colchicine does not alter the distribution of F-actin, anti-GalC is causing F-actin redistribution by a mechanism other than microtubule depolymerization. Extended exposure to anti-GalC results in coalescence of surface GalC patches concomitant with fusion of internal MBP domains. When anti-GalC is applied to induce GalC patching in cells previously treated with cytoskeletal inhibitors, patching is altered. After colchicine treatment, GalC surface staining is granular; i.e., patching is totally disorganized. Following cytochalasin B treatment, most membrane sheets display a few very large patches rather than the normal multiple, small patches. These GalC surface patterns are similar to the MBP distributions following the respective drug treatments (Dyer and Benjamins, 1989). Thus, the pattern of GalC distribution in the presence of antibody always reflects the organization of the underlying MBP domains; in turn, the organization of the MBP domains is determined by the lacy networks of microtubules in the oligodendroglial membrane sheets.
Automated high-resolution gas chromatographic system for recording and evaluation of metabolic profiles

Abstract A fully automated high-resolution gas chromatographic system is described that incorporates repetitive sampling of volatile biological samples onto a glass capilary column, and a simultaneous flame ionization and nitrogen-sensitive detection prior to data acquisition and computer handling. Reliable headspace sampling procedure and reproducible column characteristics that are essential to automation have been studied. The application of this system to the reproducible chromatographic recording of human urinary volatile constituents is shown.
Use of extramural ambulatory care curricula in postgraduate medical training

Introduction Extramural curricula developed for the purpose of sharing with other institutions have been designed to improve education on important topics in ambulatory care. We sought to assess the usage rates of these curricula among paediatric, internal medicine, and combined medicine-paediatrics residency programmes in the United States.
Increased initial levels of chromosome damage and heterogeneous chromosome repair in ataxia telangiectasia heterozygote cells

Abstract Individuals heterozygous for ataxia telangiectasia (AT) appear clinically normal but have a 2–3-fold overall excess risk of cancer. Various approaches have been used to identify AT heterozygotes, however the results are ambiguous. We recently reported that AT homozygotes exhibit more initial chromosome damage after irradiation than normal cells despite identical levels of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) as well as a reduced fast repair component at both the DNA and chromosome levels. To determine whether AT heterozygotes exhibit the AT or normal cellular phenotype, we compared four AT heterozygote lymphoblastoid cell lines with normal control and AT homozygote lymphoblastoid cells with regard to cell survival, initial levels of damage, and repair at the DNA and chromosome levels after γ-irradiation in G1, S, and G2 phase (estimated by neutral DNA filter elution and premature chromosome condensation). There was no significant difference in survival, induction and repair of DNA DSBs, or chromosome repair between AT heterozygote and normal cells. In contrast, all four AT heterozygote cell lines showed increased levels of chromosome damage; G1 phase cells showed intermediate levels and G2 phase cells showed levels equivalent to the AT homozygote phenotype. These results suggest that premature chromosome condensation may be useful for detecting AT heterozygotes.
A Model of Foreign Policy Substitutability: Selecting the Right Tools for the Job(s)

The authors present a model of substitutability that seeks to generalize beyond the restricted conditions and special case of realism. The derivations from the model lead to several hypotheses. Fir...
DESMOPRESSIN RESISTANT ENURESIS: PATHOGENETIC AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS

Purpose:: We tested the role of the bladder in the pathogenesis of desmopressin resistant enuresis by evaluating the influence of urine production on the timing of the enuretic event and the response to anticholinergic medication.Materials and Methods:: We gave 33 children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis resistant to the standard 0.4 mg. oral dose of desmopressin 0.4 and 0.8 mg. desmopressin and placebo tablets for 5 nights each in a double-blind crossover fashion. The time of enuresis or nocturia was documented. All 9 children who had at least 1 dry treatment period during the randomized portion of the study then received open label treatment with 0.8 mg. desmopressin. Nonresponders to this regimen and the remainder of the children were offered anticholinergic treatment.Results:: Average time between bedtime and voiding was 5.0, 5.6 and 5.0 hours during the nights with placebo, and 0.4 and 0.8 mg. desmopressin, respectively (p = 0.12). Of the 9 children subsequently treated with 0.8 mg. desmopres...
3H-estradiol distribution in female, androgenized female, and male rats at 100 and 200 days of age.

Tissue distribution of radioactivity was studied 48 h after gonadectomy and 1 h after iv injection of 3H-estradiol (1 μg⁄kg body wt) in 100- and 200-day-old normal female rats, female rats androgenized with 30, 100 or 1250 μg testosterone propionate (TP) at 5 days of age, and male rats. Receptor-mediated uptake of estradiol, as shown by diethylstilbestrol (DES) competition, was highest in preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (POA-AH) and median eminence-basal hypothalamus (ME-BH), but also occurred in dorsal hypothalamus, prehypothalamic area, amygdala and septum in all groups. At 100 days of age there were no differences in brain radioactivity levels between females and androgenized females or males. At 200 days of age radioactivity levels in POA-AH and ME-BH tended to be lower in androgenized female and male rats than in normal females. Also, radioactivity levels in the amygdala were lower in the 1250 μg TP-treated females than in normal females. When expressed per unit fresh weight, uptake in the anteri...
Substrate diffusion and uptake within spherical bacterial flocs.

The effect of diffuse resistance on the rate of substrate uptake (Monod model kinetics) by bacteria enmeshed in a spherical floc is considered. An effectiveness factor, the ratio of the actual floc uptake rate to that which would obtain in the absence of diffusive resistance is defined and shown to be a universal function of a dimensionless floc radius and substrate concentration. Results are presented that enable the determination of the effectiveness factor for most practical situations, assuming the absence of external mass transfer resistance. Results are also given that allow the proper interpretation of experimental findings if an external mass transfer resistance must be taken into account.
ISO-9000-3 guideline for software quality

As trade barriers in Europe and North America come down, the lack of common guidelines for software development becomes a formidable obstacle. ISO-9000 standards are internationally recognized and accepted. ISO-9000-3 in the series applies guidelines to the software industry. As purchasers of software, corporate IS departments need to understand these standards and their possible impact on the quality of software.
The effects of sunshields on red light running behavior of cyclists and electric bike riders

Bicycles held an important position in transportation of China and other developing countries. As accidents rate involving electronic and regular bicycles is increasing, the severity of the bicycle safety problem should be paid more attention to. The current research explored the effect of sunshields (a kind of affordable traffic facility built on stop line of non-motor vehicle lanes (According to National Standard in China, e-bikes share the non-motor vehicle lane with regular bikes.) which was undertaken to avoid riders suffering from sunlight and high temperature) on diminishing red light running behavior of cyclists and e-bike riders. An observational study of 2477 riders was conducted to record and analyze their crossing behaviors at two sites across the city of Hangzhou, China. Results from logistic regression and analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of sunshield on reducing red light infringement rate both on sunny and cloudy days, while this effect of sunshield was larger on sunny days than on cloudy days based on further analysis. The effect of intersection type in logistic regression showed that riders were 1.376 times more likely to run through a red light upon approaching the intersection without sunshields compared to with sunshields in general. The results of MANCOVA further confirmed that rates of running behaviors against red lights were significantly lower at the intersections with a sunshield than at intersections without sunshields when other factors including traffic flow were statistically controlled. To sum up, it is concluded that sunshields installed at intersections can reduce the likelihood of red light infringement of cyclists and e-bike riders on both sunny and cloudy days. For those areas or countries with a torrid climate, sunshield might be a recommended facility which offers an affordable way to improve the safety of cyclists and e-bike riders at intersections. Limitations of the current sunshield design and current study are also discussed.
Spontaneous Ca2+ spikes and waves in embryonic neurons: signaling systems for differentiation

Many excitable cells are specialized to promote Ca2+ influx at early stages of development. This article focuses on spontaneous fluctuations of intracellular Ca2+ that are observed during this period. Removal of Ca2+ or suppression of influx alters subsequent differentiation. Thus these signals appear to regulate aspects of early maturation.
Adolescent crash rates and school start times in two central Virginia counties, 2009-2011: a follow-up study to a southeastern Virginia study, 2007-2008.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Early high school start times (EHSST) may lead to sleep loss in adolescents, thus resulting in higher crash rates. (Vorona et al., 2011). In this study, we examined two other adjacent Virginia counties for the two years subsequent to the above-mentioned study. We again hypothesized that teens from jurisdictions with EHSST (versus later) experience higher crash rates. METHODS: Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles supplied de-identified aggregate data on weekday crashes and time-of-day for 16-18 year old (teen) and adult drivers for school years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 in Henrico and Chesterfield Counties. Teen crash rates for counties with early versus later school start-times were compared using two-sample Z-tests and these compared to adult crash rates using pair-wise tests. RESULTS: Henrico teens manifested a statistically higher crash rate of 48.8/1000 licensed drivers versus Chesterfield's 37.9/1000 (p = 0.04) for 2009-2010. For 2010-2011, HC 16-17 year old teens demonstrated a statistically significant higher crash rate (53.2/1000 versus 42.0/1000), while for 16-18 teens a similar trend was found, albeit nonsignificant (p = 0.09). Crash peaks occurred 1 hour earlier in the morning and 2 hours earlier in the afternoon in Chesterfield, consistent with commute times. Post hoc analyses found significantly more run-off road crashes to the right (potentially sleep-related) in Chesterfield teens. Adult crash rates and traffic congestion did not differ between counties. CONCLUSIONS: Higher teen crash rates occurred in jurisdictions with EHSST, as in our prior study. This study contributes to and extends existing data on preventable teen crashes and high school start times. Language: en
An in vivo13C NMR study on the effect of dietary sugar on pyruvate cycling during glucogenesis from (2-13C)pyruvate in Manduca sexta L.

Abstract Pyruvate cycling from (2- 13 C)pyruvate was detected in vivo in intact 5th instar Manduca sexta larvae by application of NMR spectroscopy. Cycling was evident from the enrichment of C3 in alanine following transamination of recycled pyruvate in larvae maintained on casein-based diets with or without sucrose. This metabolism is assumed to principally occur in the fat body. Analysis of 13 C enriched metabolites released into the hemolymph indicated that isotopic dilution of recycled pyruvate was sufficiently great that further metabolism of the recycled metabolite did not occur to any significant extent under these dietary conditions. The C3/C2 13 C-enrichment ratio of alanine, therefore, accurately reflected the relative degree of pyruvate cycling and indicated that the rate of cycling was approximately three-fold lower in larvae maintained on diets lacking sucrose. Moreover, based on the distribution of 13 C in trehalose, these larvae displayed significantly greater rates of gluconeogenesis. Enrichment of C1, C2, C5 and C6 were principally due to carboxylation of the isotopically substituted substrate catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and, therefore, reflected net carbohydrate synthesis. Trehalose C3 and C4 enrichments were principally due to pyruvate dehydrogenase-catalyzed decarboxylation and reflected incorporation of label following metabolism through the TCA cycle. Pentose cycling following glucogenesis significantly affected the 13 C distribution in trehalose in insects on both diets, and the relative intensity of trehalose C6 was, therefore, used for comparing the rates of gluconeogenesis and pyruvate cycling. Based on the 13 C enrichment of trehalose C6 relative to C3 of alanine the mean rate of pyruvate cycling relative to the rate of gluconeogenesis was approximately 60% in larvae on the diet lacking sucrose, while the rate of pyruvate cycling in larvae maintained on the diet supplemented with sucrose was greater than the gluconeogenic flux. The results were consistent with the conclusion that pyruvate kinase likely plays an important role in regulating gluconeogenesis in M. sexta larvae.
ON MODELING COMPLEX COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR IN MYXOBACTERIA

This paper reviews recent progress in modeling collective behaviors in myxobacteria using lattice gas cellular automata approach (LGCA). Myxobacteria are social bacteria that swarm, glide on surfaces and feed cooperatively. When starved, tens of thousands of cells change their movement pattern from outward spreading to inward concentration; they form aggregates that become fruiting bodies. Cells inside fruiting bodies differentiate into round, nonmotile, environmentally resistant spores. Traditionally, cell aggregation has been considered to imply chemotaxis, a long-range cell interaction. However, myxobacteria aggregation is the consequence of direct cell-contact interactions, not chemotaxis. In this paper, we review biological LGCA models based on local cell–cell contact signaling that have reproduced the rippling, streaming, aggregating and sporulation stages of the fruiting body formation in myxobacteria.
The Recovery Process Utilizing Erikson’s Stages of Human Development

Of current interest to the field are clinical frameworks that foster recovery. The authors offer a psycho-developmental model that parallels Erik Erikson’s theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric recovery involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. Understanding recovery in this context allows the client and the practitioner of psychiatric rehabilitation to design and implement a coherent treatment strategy.
Prototype Magneto-Optical Disk Drive

A Matsushita Technics SL-P10 compact disc player has been successfully converted into a prototype magneto-optical disk drive. The project demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic read and write using low cost, currently available components. Specific modifications to the compact disc player optics and electronics include: (1) the optical pickup, (2) the tracking servo, (3) the signal amplifier, (4) the continuous linear velocity rough servo, (5) the laser driver, and (6) the addition of a bias field electromagnet. The prototype still retains the ability to read from a compact disc. Music (encoded in the compact disc digital audio format) has been recorded and played back. Quantitative measurements of the system are presented, including spectrum analyzer traces of noise levels and data from recording single frequencies. An optical computer disk drive (CD ROM) and a compact disc digital audioplayer share similar optical pickup sections and thus the modifications described in this paper can be utilized for both the audio and the computer data applications. The prototype may be used as a test apparatus for optimizing media performance and conducting media lifetime tests.
Sharing the solution: the need for generic artificial intelligence decision support development tools in battle management

Abstract The Navy conducted a multi-laboratory study to investigate ways in which machine-based technology can provide intelligent decision support to Navy battle management. A key result from this study is that a need exists to develop generic AI decision support development tools for battle management. This paper describes the major requirement areas identified in the study for building such tools.
Avicenna's View on Cancer from his Canon

Avicenna's views on cancer are presented from his Medical Canon. A literal translation from Arabic has been undertaken by the author. The clinical diagnosis, the prognosis as well as the therapeutic measures according to Avicenna are interesting to know and compare with our views one thousand years later.
The Language of Loss: Modeling a Transformative Narrative of Grief

This article is a fictional narrative that is based on the true experience of the author’s undergraduate fieldwork at a senior retirement community. Through its silences and suffering, the language of loss speaks through Jacob, a grieving widower, as the author compiles her field notes to make sense of his pain. The imagined lens of a patient–counselor dynamic serves an important role in being mindful of the collision between the theoretical and the interpersonal. By interweaving psychological theories and counseling experience, the creative narrative is grounded in the transformative dialectic between patient and counselor as they both navigate the space between grief and recovery. Ultimately, a relational-cultural approach begins to heal all who share the experience of this loss.PERSPECTIVES is a special feature included in this issue of the Journal of Creativity in Mental Health that provides mental health professionals with an opportunity to discuss their positions on a variety of creativity-related t...
Factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes among treatment-seeking African American light smokers

Background Smoking menthol cigarettes is more prevalent among African Americans (AA) compared to Whites. Menthol has been found to be inversely related to smoking cessation among AA, yet little is known about the factors associated with menthol smoking among AA light smokers. This study examines baseline demographic, psychological, and smoking factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes among AA light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day).
Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of irreversible human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. 3. Structure-activity studies of ketomethylene-containing peptidomimetics.

The structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of various ketomethylene-containing human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease (3CP) inhibitors are described. These compounds are comprised of a peptidomimetic binding determinant and an ethyl propenoate Michael acceptor moiety which forms an irreversible covalent adduct with the active site cysteine residue of the 3C enzyme. The ketomethylene-containing inhibitors typically display slightly reduced 3CP inhibition activity relative to the corresponding peptide-derived molecules, but they also exhibit significantly improved antiviral properties. Optimization of the ketomethylene-containing compounds is shown to provide several highly active 3C protease inhibitors which function as potent antirhinoviral agents (EC90 = <1 μM) against multiple virus serotypes in cell culture.
Determining an optimal membership function based on community consensus in a fuzzy database system

A fuzzy set is one in which membership in a category is not boolean. Rather items have a degree of membership. Fuzzy databases expand on this idea by storing fuzzy data and allowing it to be retrieved based on its degree of membership. Determining the degree of membership in a category that best satisfies the largest number of users is difficult. A training phase is conducted in which a community that is representative of the final users is asked a series of questions about the category to which an element belongs. This input is then used to construct the membership function. However, the best way to construct the membership function is elusive. This paper evaluates different methods of constructing the membership function based on community opinions. It was determined that all of the methods produced similar results, however the Direct Rating and Weighted Average Methods arrive at their final value sooner and maintain that value for a longer period of time. More research is needed using a larger training community and a verification phase to distinguish between these two methods.
Radial keratotomy: Factors in medicolegal claims

Twelve medicolegal claims based on radial keratotomies are evaluated. Although surgical technique or complications of the operation were the bases of a few claims, most related to inadequate informed consent and/or poor selection of patients. Using these twelve cases as examples, the author offers advice to avoid pitfalls in both preoperative decision making and surgical procedure.
The Challenge of Eliminating Cervical Cancer in the United States: A Story of Politics, Prudishness, and Prevention

Exciting strides in reducing the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer have been made over the last century in the United States. The issues surrounding the implementation of the human papillomavirus vaccine are remarkably similar to the issues involved in the gradual adoption of the Pap test and initiation of cervical cancer screening beginning nearly a century ago. The following review of the reduction of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality demonstrates the importance of the interplay between basic science, clinical medicine, social mores, and public policy.
Simultaneous multiwavelength switching for parallel information processing

Parallel transmission and processing of high-speed data may be accomplished by using multiple wavelength channels. To process this type of wavelength division multiplexed information, it is necessary to be able to switch the multiple wavelengths, simultaneously. In this paper we demonstrate multiwavelength switching with a single switch, utilizing a nonlinear optical loop mirror with a semiconductor optical amplifier. Switching is shown for 14 wavelength channels across a 14-nm bandwidth for data rates up to 2.5 GHz. Switching contrasts of 10 dB are shown with control energy as low as 1.6 pJ.
Nonlinear pricing and type-dependent network effects

Abstract Network effects can reduce consumption levels across customers when a monopolist chooses optimal nonlinear pricing. The direction and extent of these distortions depend on the relative rates of variation in marginal intrinsic value and marginal network value with customer type.
Fast learning neural networks using transform domain LMS structure

Transform domain adaptive filtering, which uses orthogonal transforms to partially uncorrelate the colored input, thus reducing the eigenvalue spread, is extended to the nonlinear domain and used as the basis of a learning algorithm for neural networks. Computer simulations show that this neural structure learns much faster than least-mean-square-based structure. >
BINDING OF AGGREGATED γ-GLOBULIN TO ACTIVATED T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE GUINEA PIG

Heat-aggregated guinea pig γ-globulin was shown to bind to the surface membrane of a subclass of guinea pig T lymphocytes. Cells of this subpopulation were identified as T lymphocytes because these cells did not stain for surface Ig (a B-cell marker) but did form spontaneous E-rosettes with rabbit erythrocytes (a T-cell marker). A strikingly high proportion of such aggregate-binding (Agg+), E-rosette-forming (E-rosette+), but surface Ig-negative (Ig-) cells were found in an inflammatory exudate. Thus purified peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PELs) are known to consist of over 90% T cells, and 59% of these cells bound aggregates. 10% of these Agg+ Ig- E-rosette+ cells were found in draining lymph node cell populations and none in thymus cell populations. The high frequency amongst PELs suggested that these Aggregate+ Ig- E-rosette+ cells might be activated T cells as these are known to occur in high proportion in PEL populations. Confirmatory evidence for this postulate was provided by the striking increase (from 10% to 46%) of Ig- E-rosette+ cells that bound aggregates when lymph node cells were activated by antigen stimulation in vitro.
Acting in the Public Interest? Another Look at Research on Nonprofit Governance

This article begins to fill gaps that currently exist between research on the governance of nonprofit organizations and research on public governance and focuses on how nonprofit governance research can benefit from insights in the public governance literature. As boundaries between nonprofit governance and public governance are increasingly fluid, our theoretical understanding as well as our empirical work on governance must expand to encompass these new relationships. The article summarizes the extant empirical literature on nonprofit governance and compares this research to emerging work on public governance. Drawing on this literature, the article specifically calls for research on nonprofit governance that (a) gives greater attention to the links between organizational governance and the public interest, (b) incorporates a broader view of governance as a process engaging multiple actors and taking place at multiple levels, and (c) links governance to accountability for results.
The Invisible Visage of Hegemonic Politics

Rising China and Asian Democratization: Socialization to “Global Culture” in the Political Transformation of Thailand, China, and Taiwan. By Daniel C. Lynch Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. 320 pp., $60.00 (ISBN: 0-8047-5394-6). Rising China and Asian Democratization , by Daniel Lynch, begins with an old debate. Should the United States engage China or contain it? Today, however, it has been generally accepted, by both Democrats and Republicans in the United States, that containing a rising China is no longer a viable policy option. For Lynch, then, the central question of the book is not how to contain China, but how to change it—via democratization. Of course, this question is not new either. What is new is the fact that Lynch expands our perspective on the means through which democracy in China might be promoted. Previously, the democratization of China was to be achieved either directly, through such means as political pressure, or indirectly, through such means as trade. Lynch, however, suggests that it can be done through a more subtle process of socializing China into what he calls the global “liberal-rational democratic culture.” This aspect of Rising China reflects Lynch the policy advocate. Indeed, the book ends with what amounts to a political manifesto: “For the liberal-rational global culture to prevail … concerned agents must act” (p. 215). Meanwhile, Lynch the social scientist also provides an in-depth analysis of the likelihood that China can be democratized through a process of socialization. After comparing three cases (Thailand, China, and Taiwan), to which he devotes two chapters each, Lynch concludes that, unlike Thailand and Taiwan, where democratization has been successful, he is not optimistic about China. The reason, he says, is that China aspires to become “the center” of global politics. To achieve this goal, China needs to reject democracy as a model because the adoption of democracy is emblematic of the acceptance of a US-centered world order. For Lynch, this inevitable rejection of democracy …
Gradient domain layer separation under independent motion

Multi-exposure X-ray imaging can see through objects and separate different material into transparent layers. However, layer motion makes the separation task under-determined. Instead of aligning the non-rigid motion, we address the layer separation problem in gradient domain and propose an energy optimization framework to regularize it by explicitly enforcing independence constraint. It is shown that gradient domain allows more accurate and robust independence analysis between non-stationary signal using mutual information (MI) and hence achieves better separation. Furthermore, gradient fields contain sufficient information for full reconstruction of separated layers by solving the Poisson Equation. For efficient regularization of the gradient separation, energy terms based on the Taylor expansion of MI is further derived. Evaluation on both synthesized and real datasets proves the effectiveness of our algorithm and its robustness to complex tissue motion.
In vivo degradation of silicones

29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is applied to study the degradation of polysiloxanes (silicones) in vivo. Our results with animal models show that silicone migrates from the implant to the liver (29Si resonance at -20 ppm) and new silicon containing compounds form after the silicones are introduced into the rats. The new 29Si resonances in the chemical shift range of -40 to -85 ppm are related to hydrolyzed silicone, those at -90 to -115 ppm are indicative of the presence of silica (SiO2), and the peaks observed at -120 to -150 are related to high coordinated silicon complexes. These resonances are not present in the 29Si spectra of the silicones before implantation. Our findings demonstrate that silicones are not metabolically inert.
Plant-plant interactions vary with different mycorrhizal fungus species.

Because different species of mycorrhizal fungi have different effects on the growth of particular plant species, variation in mycorrhizal fungus species composition could cause changes in the strength of plant-plant interactions. Results are presented from a growth chamber experiment that compared the strength of interactions among seedlings of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) when the pines were colonized by two different groups of ectomycorrhizal. fungi in the genus Rhizopogon. Plant density effects differed between the two groups of mycorrhizal fungi: plant growth was low regardless of density when plants were colonized with pine-specific Rhizopogon species, while plant growth declined with plant density when plants were colonized by Rhizopogon species having a broader host range. This result parallels results from previous studies showing that plant interactions are more antagonistic with mycorrhizal fungi than without, implying that plant responsiveness to beneficial mycorrhizal fungi declines with increasing plant density. If such effects are prevalent in plant communities, then variation in mycorrhizal fungus community composition is predicted to have a density-dependent effect on plants.
Data Management in the Cloud: Challenges and Opportunities

Cloud computing has emerged as a successful paradigm of service-oriented computing and has revolutionized the way computing infrastructure is used. This success has seen a proliferation in the number of applications that are being deployed in various cloud platforms. There has also been an increase in the scale of the data generated as well as consumed by such applications. Scalable database management systems form a critical part of the cloud infrastructure. The attempt to address the challenges posed by the management of big data has led to a plethora of systems. This book aims to clarify some of the important concepts in the design space of scalable data management in cloud computing infrastructures. Some of the questions that this book aims to answer are: the appropriate systems for a specific set of application requirements, the research challenges in data management for the cloud, and what is novel in the cloud for database researchers? We also aim to address one basic question: whether cloud computing poses new challenges in scalable data management or it is just a reincarnation of old problems? We provide a comprehensive background study of state-of-the-art systems for scalable data management and analysis. We also identify important aspects in the design of different systems and the applicability and scope of these systems. A thorough understanding of current solutions and a precise characterization of the design space are essential for clearing the "cloudy skies of data management" and ensuring the success of DBMSs in the cloud, thus emulating the success enjoyed by relational databases in traditional enterprise settings. Table of Contents: Introduction / Distributed Data Management / Cloud Data Management: Early Trends / Transactions on Co-located Data / Transactions on Distributed Data / Multi-tenant Database Systems / Concluding Remarks
THE SECRET SIX AND JOHN BROWN'S RAID ON HARPERS FERRY: TWO LETTERS

Abstract The Secret Six, the Northern men who supported Brown's assault on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, were committed to shielding themselves. After the Civil War, however, their agent, Franklin Sanborn, in advocating for a “true account” of the event in letters reprinted here, identified its main, and some supporting, actors.
HEGEMONS, EMPIRES, AND THEIR ELITES

I compare ancient with modern empires and show why hegemony beyond the military realm is possible only in the modern capitalist world. I examine Germany, Spain and France, which failed to achieve hegemony, along with the three successive hegemons: the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States. I identify the elites that were created and strengthened by their home polity’s empire or hegemony, and enumerate the factors that allowed some colonial elites to achieve high levels of autonomy. Colonial elite autonomy or high levels of elite unity in the metropole prevented or undermined hegemony.
Adult-onset sensitization to casein after occupational exposure to aerosolized Tryptone powder.

Occupational allergic diseases are generally underreported, in part because of the worker’s reluctance to complain and the lack of an index of suspicion by the clinician. A wide array of causative substances have been implicated in occupational asthma and rhinitis.1,2 Among the plethora of articles in the literature, there was a recent report that described occupational sensitivity to a common laxative, psyllium, in an adult.3 Here we report a case of milk protein sensitivity that started in adult life from laboratory exposure by the inhaled route.
Quantified symmetry for entorhinal spatial maps

General navigation requires a spatial map that is not anchored to one environment. The firing fields of the ''grid cells'' found in the rat dorsolateral medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) could be such a map. dMEC firing fields are also thought to be modeled well by a regular triangular grid (a grid with equilateral triangles as units). We use computational means to analyze and validate the regularity of the firing fields both quantitatively (using summary statistics for geometric and photometric regularity) and qualitatively (using symmetry group analysis). Upon quantifying the regularity of real dMEC firing fields, we find that there are two types of grid cells. We show rigorously that both are nearest to triangular grids using symmetry analysis. However, type III grid cells are far from regular, both in firing rate (highly non-uniform) and grid geometry. Type III grid cells are also more numerous. We investigate the implications of this for the role of grid cells in path integration.
Biochemical Characterization of Carcinogen-induced Mammary Hyperplastic Alveolar Nodule and Tumor in the Rat

Biochemical parameters characterizing growth, functional activity, and hormone dependence were compared in the normal mammary gland, the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN), and the mammary tumor in the rat. The rate of DNA synthesis in HAN was significantly lower than the rates in either the normal mammary gland cells or the mammary tumor cells cultured in medium containing identical hormone supplement for the same duration of time. The rate of casein synthesis in the explants of pregnant rat mammary gland and HAN was greatly stimulated when cultured in medium containing insulin, cortisol, and prolactin. The mammary tumor, however, failed to produce an increase in casein synthesis under the same experimental conditions. The specific estradiol-binding proteins were either absent or present in very low concentrations in HAN. In contrast, mammary tumor cytosol contained high concentrations of specific estrogen-binding proteins. The normal mammary gland, in spite of its low cellularity, had twice as many estradiol-binding macromolecules as did HAN. Altogether, these results show that HAN cell populations differ from normal mammary gland and mammary tumor cells by their nonresponsiveness to hormonal stimulation for growth and by their lack of specific receptors for estradiol. They retain, however, the functional capacity to synthesize casein, a biochemical property that the mammary tumor does not possess.
Verifiable private equality test: enabling unbiased 2-party reconciliation on ordered sets in the malicious model

In this paper we introduce the novel notion called Verifiable Private Equality Test (VPET) and propose an efficient 2-party protocol for its implementation. VPET enables two parties to securely perform an arbitrary number of comparisons on a fixed collection of (key, value) pairs and thus it is more generic than existing techniques such as Private Equality Test and Private Set Intersection.In addition, we demonstrate how higher-level protocols such as Privacy-Preserving Reconciliation on Ordered Sets (PROS) can be implemented using VPET.Using simulation-based techniques, our new protocols are proven secure in the malicious model. Furthermore, we present a theoretical complexity analysis as well as a thorough experimental performance evaluation of the C++ implementation of our new VPET and PROS protocols.
Immunohistochemical Expression of mTOR in Germinal Center and Nongerminal Center Group of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Clinicopathological Study

Abstract Background The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates many major cellular processes and is implicated in an increasing number of neoplasms, including lymphoma. Patients and Methods We correlated immunohistochemical expression of mTOR with germinal center and nongerminal center phenotype, B cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) and cellular homolog of the retroviral v-myconcogene (c-myc) expression, and International Prognostic Index (IPI) score in 31 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Results Virtually all patients in our study with high mTOR scores had a germinal center phenotype. Furthermore within the germinal center subgroup, patients with high mTOR scores were associated with higher IPI scores ( P Conclusion Based on our results we propose that within the category of germinal center phenotype of DLBCL, mTOR expression might help identify a subset of patients with potentially more aggressive tumors who might benefit from use of targeted therapy using mTOR inhibitors.
Connexin50 is essential for normal postnatal lens cell proliferation.

METHODS. Wild-type, Cx50-knockout, and Cx50KI46 mice were injected with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and lenses were dissected and fixed after 1 hour or 24 hours. BrdU incorporation was visualized by immunocytochemical staining, and the mitotic index (MI) was determined between postnatal day (P)0 and P6. Levels of total ERK and phospo-ERK were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS. On P2 to P3, wild-type lenses displayed a significantly increased MI not evident in knockout lenses, and knockin lenses only partially rescued the growth deficit. Reductions in the number of mitotic cells did not reflect a decrease in the rate of cell division and temporally correlated with reduction in lens mass. Levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 were identical in wild-type and Cx50-deficient lens epithelia. CONCLUSIONS. These results demonstrate that Cx50-mediated communication is necessary to achieve peak mitosis. In addition, they suggest a novel mitogenic role for gap junctional coupling that is connexin specific and independent of MAPK signaling. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3196 ‐3202)
Effects of the Invasive Forb Centaurea maculosa on grassland Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in Montana, USA

Invasions by exotic forbs are changing large areas of North American grasslands, but their biogeochemical impacts are not well characterized. Additionally, although many invasive plants may alter biogeochemistry, an invasive species’ effects have rarely been evaluated across physically diverse sites. We sampled nine sites containing the perennial Eurasian forb Centaurea maculosa to determine if this invasive species alters soil C and N pools in native grasslands in Montana, USA. We sampled surface soil in adjacent microsites with C. maculosa and native grasses and analyzed soil C and N pools with slow to rapid turnover. None of the pools evaluated in the laboratory showed significant differences between C. maculosa and grass microsites when analyzed across all sites. Some differences were found at individual sites, but they were infrequent and inconsistent: Four sites had no differences, four had differences in one or two pools with intermediate (particulate organic matter C or N) or rapid turnover rates (potentially mineralizable N), and just one site had differences encompassing pools with rapid, intermediate, and slow (total C and N, silt-and-clay-associated N) turnover rates. Where they differed, pools were usually smaller under C. maculosa plants than under native grasses, but the opposite was found at one site. In situ N availability, estimated using ion exchange resins, was significantly lower under C. maculosa than under grasses at one of three sites sampled. Results indicate that C. maculosa may sometimes reduce soil C and N pools, including those related to N availability, but they argue against generalizing about the impacts of C. maculosa in grasslands.
High-Speed Rail Project Development Processes in the United States and China

Amid increasing global economic competition, both the United States and China are investing in high-speed rail (HSR) as a national strategy to enhance their competitiveness. China is rapidly advancing by laying down HSR tracks, while the United States is deliberating the environmental, social, and economic implications of HSR development before embarking on actual construction. With the California High-Speed Rail Project and the Beijing-Shanghai Express Railway Project as case studies, this paper juxtaposes the HSR development processes concerning investment decisions, planning, and implementation in the United States and China and draws lessons informative to strategic infrastructure investments in both countries.
How to Choose the Optimum Advertising Investment

In this paper, the author builds a step-by-step approach to the problem of investing the ‘right level’ of funds in advertising. In particular, he deals with two well-recognized problems: cases where the advertising continues to produce sales results in periods after the initial investment and accounting period; and cases where it is impossible to know which advertisement produces which customers and which sales.