cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction Watthour Meter Accuracy with Non-Sinusoidal Currents

This paper is concerned with the accuracy of registration of induction watthour meters when metering non-sinusoidal currents. Expressions are given for the meter registration errors for three cases of nonsinusoidal current wave forms: (1) full wave, phase triggered sinusoid (2) full wave, phase delayed square wave (3) full wave, battery charger wave errots in registration are found to be a function of the harmonic distortion of the impressed current and the ratio of impressed rms current to rated or class current. A generalization of this study is made, relating error to these two variables. It is suggested that a bound on the product PH?k will similarly bound registration error. PH is the per unit harmonic distortion of the current and k is the per unit rms current in the watthour meter.
Effect of interference screw depth on fixation strength in biceps tenodesis.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the biomechanical performance of the long head of the biceps tenodesis with an interference screw with respect to screw depth. Methods Twenty-one human cadaveric shoulders were randomized into 3 treatment groups (7 each): interference screw placed flush to the humeral cortex, 50% proud, or fully recessed. Bone density was determined, and subpectoral biceps tenodesis was performed with 8 × 12 mm Bio-Tenodesis screws (Arthrex, Naples, FL). Each construct was cyclically loaded from 5 to 70 N for 500 cycles at 1 Hz and then pulled to failure at 1 mm/s. Relative actuator displacement was calculated from cyclic testing. Maximum load, elongation, linear stiffness, and failure mode were recorded from pull-to-failure testing. Because of numerous failures during cyclic testing, the final load data from the fully recessed group were not statistically analyzed. The remaining groups were compared by use of a 2-tailed, Student unpaired t test and χ 2 analysis. Results There was no significant difference in displacement among groups during cyclic testing. Five specimens in the recessed group failed during cyclic testing, whereas 2 specimens and 0 specimens failed in the proud and flush groups, respectively. The maximum loads sustained were 281.6 ± 77.8 N, 184.5 ± 56.3 N, and 209.1 ± 57.0 N for the flush group, 50% proud group, and recessed group (in those specimens surviving cyclical loading), respectively. Conclusions Placement of a Bio-Tenodesis screw flush to the humeral cortex is preferred for maximum fixation strength in subpectoral biceps tenodesis. A screw placed to 50% depth may be effective in the laboratory setting, but recessed placement is more variable and requires additional fixation. The fully recessed group resulted in 5 of 7 failures during cyclical loading, with no specimens failing in the flush group. Clinical Relevance This study shows the importance of determining the optimal depth of interference screw placement during biceps tenodesis to obtain optimal biomechanical performance and reduce the risk of fixation failure.
Joining the Conversation: Twitter as a Tool for Student Political Engagement

This article describes possibilities afforded by using social media, specifically Twitter, as a way to encourage students to join political conversations across the United States and around the world. In this study, we describe a project in which students used Twitter to share commentary about the state of the 2012 presidential election. The experiences of these students illustrate both the potential strengths and limitations of using social media as a tool for political engagement.
South Cascade Glacier mass balance, 1935-2006

A simple model uses daily observations of precipitation and temperature at a nearby weather station to estimate glacier-average seasonal mass-balance components at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA, from 1935, 24 years before measurements began at the glacier. This is 13 years earlier than measurements that can be derived using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis database (begins 1 January 1948). Although the model's error in estimating winter balance and summer balance over 1959-2006 is greater than that of a model using the reanalysis database, its error in estimating net balance is comparable. The model uses an empirically determined precipita- tion ratio between the station and the glacier, and a seasonally varying temperature lapse rate de- termined from 9 years of measurements at the glacier. Temperature is used with a degree-day for- mulation to estimate ablation and to partition precipitation between rain and snow for estimating accumulation. Both processes are assumed to exist throughout the year, and model results are compared seasonally with adjusted observations of winter and summer balances. The published mass-balance series is adjusted to a constant-topography (1970) series in an attempt to remove the influence of changing topography on the glacier's response to climate. The reconstructed values prior to 1959 are also with respect to the 1970 glacier topography. Because precipitation is measured at the weather station, rather than being inferred from other meteorological variables, it enables us to distinguish more accurately between wet-day and dry-day conditions, including vertical lapse rates of temperature.
Bioherbicidal potential of a strain of Xanthomonas spp. for control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)

Abstract Several isolates of a previously unreported bacterial pathogen were discovered on common cocklebur seedlings in Chicot County, AR and Washington County, MS. Diseased plants in nature exhibited angular-shaped leaf spotting symptoms on leaf margins and central leaf areas. The isolates were cultured from diseased leaf tissue and tentatively identified as Xanthomonas spp., and their virulence on common cocklebur seedlings compared. The most virulent isolate (LVA987) was used in studies to define disease progression on cocklebur seedlings and to carry out a host range evaluation on various weeds and crop plants. High virulence was found on common cocklebur > marestail (Conyza canadensis) > giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) ≥ and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia). These results suggest this pathogen may be useful for the biological control of these important species of weeds. This is also highly relevant since all of these weeds have evolved resistance to one or more synthetic herbicides and are t...
An inositol phosphate as a calcium absorption enhancer in rats

Certain inositol phosphate breakdown compounds have been shown to chelate and increase the solubility of minerals. A rat model using femur uptake of 45Ca was tested for its ability to screen the effect of inositol phosphylate breakdown products on enhancing calcium absorption. Phytate was shown to inhibit calcium absorption in a dose-related manner. A significant enhancing effect of 1,2,3,6-tetraphosphate on calcium absorption was found at the highest level studied (P < 0.05), which suggests that this compound may be a candidate for enhancing calcium absorption.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SPECIES TRAITS: SEPARATING LEVELS OF RESPONSE AND IDENTIFYING LINKAGES TO ABUNDANCE

We test the idea that species interactions and environmental tolerances translate constrained traits to patterns of species distribution and abundance through a series of trade-offs. First, we suggest a framework to classify relationships among traits at different levels of organization. We then synthesize experiments to quantify relationships at these multiple levels for a group of 11 prairie plant species that characterize different disturbance regimes. Finally, we identify linkages among traits at these different levels and examine how these linkages relate plant traits to patterns of species composition following gap creation. Linkages were evident between all levels of response, lending credence to the idea that relationships among organismal traits can shape dynamics of species interactions and thereby translate into abundance patterns. Interestingly, the important trade-offs and translators for the set of species we examined were not always the ones predicted by conceptual models. For instance, we found evidence of trade-offs between measures of competitive and tolerance (to soil compaction) abilities, but little evidence of negative correlations between competitive abilities in different environments or between colonization and competitive abilities. Tolerance (to defoliation, shade, drought) and colonization abilities, rather than competitive ability, appeared to be important translators that linked organismal traits to abundance patterns. In addition, growth rates of the species under field conditions, but not other measures of demographic success (e.g., survival, seedbank density), were related to the species distributions due to soil disturbance. Although our results support the idea that trade-offs scale across several levels of organization, specific predictions of several well-known hypotheses are not borne out along all levels of organization and other, less emphasized trade-offs appear to be as important in our study system. Corresponding Editor: S. Lavorel.
COST-EFFECTIVE EVALUATION OF INDETERMINATE URINARY CYTOLOGY

AbstractPurpose: We reviewed our management of indeterminate urinary cytologies to determine which patients warrant urological evaluation. Our goal was to develop a cost-effective evaluation scheme that detects the most cancers.Materials and Methods: We analyzed case histories of 389 patients with indeterminate urinary cytology who had undergone complete urological evaluations. Upper urinary tract imaging and cystoscopy were required to exclude malignancy, and tissue biopsy results were recorded in all individuals diagnosed with cancer. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the significance of clinical factors that would suggest the necessity of complete urinary system evaluation. Marginal cost-effectiveness rates were applied to various clinical scenarios.Results: Of 389 patients 60 (15%) had urinary tract malignancy. A history of urothelial malignancy and hematuria were the only significant factors that suggested complete evaluation was necessary. If smoking history were included 59 of the 60 maligna...
Longer-term vision outcomes and complications with the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis at the University of California, Davis.

Purpose To evaluate retention of visual acuity and development of complications after Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis implantation over a longer follow-up period than previously reported. Design Cohort study. Participants Forty eyes of 35 patients who underwent Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis surgery at the University of California, Davis, between 2004 and 2010. Methods Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative parameters were collected and analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and postoperative complications. Results Preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/150 to light perception and was ≤20/400 in 38 eyes (95%). Preoperative diagnoses included failed corneal transplants (19 eyes, 47.5%), chemical injury (10 eyes, 25%), and aniridia (5 eyes, 12.5%). Mean follow-up duration was 33.6 months (range, 5–72 months). Of 36 eyes followed for ≥1 year, 32 eyes (89%) achieved postoperative BCVA ≥20/200. Of eyes that achieved BCVA ≥20/200, at last follow-up, 19 of 32 eyes (59%) followed for ≥1 year retained BCVA ≥20/200; 16 of 27 eyes (59%) followed for ≥2 years retained BCVA ≥20/200; 7 of 14 eyes (50%) followed for ≥3 years retained BCVA ≥20/200; and 2 of 7 eyes (29%) followed for ≥4 years retained BCVA ≥20/200. End-stage glaucoma most commonly caused vision loss (7 of 13 eyes, 54%) when BCVA ≥20/200 was not retained (follow-up ≥1 year). Glaucoma was newly diagnosed in 11 eyes (27.5%); progression was noted in 9 eyes (22.5%). Glaucoma drainage device erosion occurred in 9 eyes (22.5%). Retroprosthetic membrane formed in 22 eyes (55%), 5 eyes (12.5%) developed endophthalmitis, 6 eyes (15%) developed corneal melt, 7 eyes (17.5%) underwent keratoprosthesis replacement, and 23 eyes (57.5%) required major surgery to treat postoperative complications. The initial keratoprosthesis was retained in 32 eyes (80%). Conclusions Keratoprosthesis implantation remains a viable option for salvaging vision. A significant number of patients lost vision over the postoperative course. Glaucoma and complications related to glaucoma surgery are significant challenges to maintaining good vision after keratoprosthesis surgery. Our study highlights the need for long-term follow-up and a team approach to management, and points to a more guarded long-term visual prognosis after surgery. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Hosanna in the Highest

Reflexion sur l'emploi chretien et le sens de mots hebreux, non traduits : Hosanna, Amen, Alleluia, Sabaoth. Nouveau Testament; liturgie
Interactions between cells with distinct mutations in c-MYC and Pten in prostate cancer.

In human somatic tumorigenesis, mutations are thought to arise sporadically in individual cells surrounded by unaffected cells. This contrasts with most current transgenic models where mutations are induced synchronously in entire cell populations. Here we have modeled sporadic oncogene activation using a transgenic mouse in which c-MYC is focally activated in prostate luminal epithelial cells. Focal c-MYC expression resulted in mild pathology, but prostate-specific deletion of a single allele of the Pten tumor suppressor gene cooperated with c-MYC to induce high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)/cancer lesions. These lesions were in all cases associated with loss of Pten protein expression from the wild type allele. In the prostates of mice with concurrent homozygous deletion of Pten and focal c-MYC activation, double mutant (i.e. c-MYC+;Pten-null) cells were of higher grade and proliferated faster than single mutant (Pten-null) cells within the same glands. Consequently, double mutant cells outcompeted single mutant cells despite the presence of increased rates of apoptosis in the former. The p53 pathway was activated in Pten-deficient prostate cells and tissues, but c-MYC expression shifted the p53 response from senescence to apoptosis by repressing the p53 target gene p21Cip1. We conclude that c-MYC overexpression and Pten deficiency cooperate to promote prostate tumorigenesis, but a p53-dependent apoptotic response may present a barrier to further progression. Our results highlight the utility of inducing mutations focally to model the competitive interactions between cell populations with distinct genetic alterations during tumorigenesis.
Factors influencing cessation of pregnancy care in Oregon.

Background and Objectives: Anecdotal evidence suggests that many providers who previously delivered babies are no longer doing so, both in Oregon and nationally. This study determined the proportion of pregnancy care providers who have stopped or are planning to stop providing this care in Oregon and identified the important factors influencing such practice changes. Methods: We mailed a survey in October and November 2002 to all obstetrician-gynecologists, family physicians, general practitioners, and certified nurse midwives practicing in Oregon. The survey inquired about whether they currently perform deliveries. If they did not do so, or if they did so but planned to stop, further questions were asked about reasons for not providing this care. Results: A total of 2,158 surveys were mailed; 1,232 were returned (58% adjusted response rate), and 1,069 had sufficient information to be included in our analysis. Of respondents, 511 (47.8%) currently perform deliveries. Of these, 157 (30.7%) indicated that they planned to stop doing so in 1 to 5 years, with cost of professional liability insurance (59%) and fear of lawsuits (43%) most frequently cited as major reasons. A total of 367 (34%) respondents had previously stopped performing deliveries. Providers who stopped providing this care since 1999 were significantly more likely to cite cost of medical liability insurance and low reimbursement as major reasons, compared to providers who stopped earlier. Conclusions: Our study suggests that as many as half of clinicians who previously performed or currently perform deliveries in Oregon are planning to stop or have already stopped providing this service, raising concern about access to pregnancy care services for women in the state.
Design of Steel Frames Using Ant Colony Optimization

A design procedure utilizing an ant colony optimization (ACO) technique is developed for discrete optimization of steel frames. The objective function considered is the total weight (or cost) of the structure subjected to serviceability and strength requirements as specified by the American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC) Load and Resistance Factor Design, 2001. The design of steel frames is mapped into a modified traveling salesman problem (TSP) where the configuration of the TSP network reflects the structural topology, and the resulting length of the TSP tour corresponds to the weight of the frame. The number of potential paths between nodes in the TSP network represents all (or a portion) of the available W-shapes in the AISC database. The resulting frame, mapped into a TSP, is minimized using an ACO algorithm with a penalty function to enforce strength and serviceability constraints. A comparison is presented between the ACO frame designs and designs developed using a genetic algorithm and classical continuous optimization methods.
Shedding light on sound: the fusion of acousto-optic and B-mode ultrasound imaging

Ultrasound modulation of light can be used to image optical properties in highly diffusive media such as biological tissues. Much of the previous work in this area employed continuous wave (cw) ultrasound to pump the acousto-optic response. We argue in favor of using pulsed ultrasound, based on regulatory considerations related to bioeffects and enhanced axial resolution along a scan line. We describe a system in which a commercial ultrasound scanner was combined with a photorefractive crystal (PRC) based optical detection scheme to generate simultaneous 3D images of acoustic and optical properties of optically absorbing inclusions embedded in excised biological tissue. Representative images are presented that demonstrate the utility of this dual mode imaging technique. Technological limitations are discussed, as are plans for future work.
Effects of Posterolateral Reconstructions on External Tibial Rotation and Forces in a Posterior Cruciate Ligament Graft

Background: In patients with a Grade-3 injury, reconstructions of the lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament are commonly performed in conjunction with a reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the abilities of three types of posterolateral graft reconstruction to restrain external tibial rotation and alter forces in a posterior cruciate graft and (2) to compare tibial rotations and posterior cruciate graft forces associated with two levels of initial posterolateral graft tension. Methods: Forces in the posterior cruciate ligament were recorded as the knee was extended from 120° to 0° and a 5-N-m external tibial torque was applied. The posterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed, and external tibial rotation and the forces in the posterior cruciate graft were recorded. These measurements were again recorded after sectioning of the posterolateral structures and after reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament, alone as well as in combination with reconstruction of the popliteus tendon and in combination with reconstruction of the popliteofibular ligament. Results: With the lateral collateral ligament intact, removal of the popliteus tendon from its femoral origin significantly increased external tibial rotation. Applying tension to a popliteus or popliteofibular graft internally rotated the tibia, with no significant difference between the rotations caused by the tensioning of the two grafts. Tibial rotation was significantly greater when graft tensioning had been performed with the tibia free to rotate than it was when the tensioning had been done with the tibia locked in neutral rotation. With an applied external tibial torque, a reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament alone was not sufficient to reduce posterior cruciate graft forces to normal. The addition of a popliteus or popliteofibular reconstruction to the lateral collateral ligament reconstruction significantly reduced posterior cruciate graft forces to normal (or below normal) levels. The external rotations associated with these two combined reconstructions were equivalent and significantly less than that in the intact knee. Increasing tension in either the popliteus or the popliteofibular graft from 10 to 30 N significantly decreased external rotation. Conclusions: The posterolateral grafts acted to resist applied external torque, thereby off-loading the posterior cruciate graft. Popliteus and popliteofibular grafts were more favorably aligned than a lateral collateral ligament graft to resist external rotation, and they had similar effects. Clinical Relevance: Holding the tibia in neutral rotation when tensioning a popliteus or popliteofibular graft will help limit internal tibial rotation. The popliteus and popliteofibular graft tensioning protocols used in this study overly constrained external rotation and failed to produce optimal load-sharing with the posterior cruciate graft.
Incorporating indigenous knowledge into extractive economies: The science of colonial silver

Abstract Historians of mining in colonial Latin America are faced with a deep and persistent methodological tension in our field. From census records, surveys, and tribute tallies, we know that indigenous men and women represented the majority of miners and refiners in the silver centers of Potosi and Zacatecas, but because they left little written evidence of their work, their intellectual and technical contributions remain underappreciated in the historiography. By tracing terms that European translators of Alvaro Alonso Barba’s _Arte de los metales_ (Madrid, 1640) understand (which tend to reflect familiar concepts in natural philosophy) and misunderstand (which tend to reflect Hispanized forms of Quechua and Aymara), we can use the language of colonial mining and metallurgy to identify where and how indigenous ways of knowing provided key technical vocabularies in the science of American silver. Recovering some of the Andean intellectual and etymological roots of colonial amalgamation technologies also provides a new way of thinking about the incorporation of indigenous knowledge into extractive industries that figured prominently in the early modern making of the black legend.
Basal readers and english language learners: A content analysis study

Abstract The population of English Language Learners (ELLs) in U.S. public schools has grown in the past decade. Despite this growth, most teachers are not adequately trained to teach these students. Because teachers rely on basal readers as the backbone for daily reading instruction, the inclusion of instruction strategies for ELLs in these series is imperative. In 1992, Schumm, Vaughn, Klingner, and Haager conducted a content analysis of basal readers and concluded that while teachers’ manuals for basal readers gave suggestions to teachers for instructing ELLs, this content was limited. This study replicates the research of Schumm, et al. with currently available basais and concludes that in the ten years since the original study, there has been significantly greater coverage of several themes, suggestions, and strategies for teaching ELLs; although, some areas are still lacking. Suggestions for further research conclude the study.
Sticta deyana: A New Endemic Photomorphic Lichen from the Imperiled Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of Eastern North America

Abstract An intensive lichen biodiversity inventory of the imperiled Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America resulted in the discovery of a new species of the ecologically sensitive macrolichen genus Sticta. The species is formally described as S. deyana based on a combination of molecular and morphological data. It is most similar to the southern Appalachian endemic S. fragilinata, differing in its diminutive thallus, narrower lobes, and allopatric distribution. All but one population of S. deyana occurs within the Dare Regional Biodiversity Hotspot of coastal North Carolina and within the most conservative estimated sea-level rise by 2100.
Can Multiconfigurational Self-Consistent Field Theory and Density Functional Theory Correctly Predict the Ground State of Metal-Metal-Bonded Complexes?

The electronic structure of a diiron (FeFe) complex with strong metal–metal interaction and those of analogous complexes (CoCo, CoMn, CoFe, and FeMn) with much weaker metal–metal bonding are investigated with wave function-based methods and density functional theory. The delocalization and bonding between the metal centers in the diiron complex is only fully captured after inclusion of the complete set of 3d and 4d orbitals in the active space, a situation best suited for restricted active space (RAS) approaches. Truncation of the included set of 4d orbitals results in inappropriate localization of some 3d orbitals, incorrect description of the ground spin state as well as wrong spin state energetics, as compared to experiment. Using density functional theory, some local functionals are able to predict the correct ground spin states, and describe the chemical bonding and structural properties of all the metal–metal complexes considered in this work. In contrast, the introduction of some exact exchange res...
Summary and Prospectus

The chapters of this volume have addressed many different aspects of our current understanding of the initial dispersal(s) of hominins from Africa and the initial colonization(s) of Eurasia. In each of the contributions the authors have identified how our understanding of early hominin dispersal has changed in recent years and areas in which there are unresolved problems. Although most chapters addressed specific topics or regions of this area of research, there were many overlapping themes that cut across individual contributions. These include the stimulus for the initial hominin dispersal from Africa, the number, timing, the likely routes of dispersal both within Africa and from Africa to and through Eurasia, the identities of the dispersing taxa, and other mammals that might have dispersed along with the hominins. Critical to any understanding of hominin dispersal are issues concerning our ability to identify hominin presence through either fossils or archeological remains, and to obtain accurate dates for this material. Finally, these unresolved issues suggest areas, both geographical and topical, for future research.
Index dependence of Bessel integral moments

We prove a conjecture on a particular class of Bessel integral moments [Glasser ML. Odd behavior of a four Bessel integral. Scientia. 2012;23:99–101]. It is shown that the values of the latter moments can never be independent of the Bessel functions' index.
Molecular View of Polymer/Water Interfaces in Latex Paint

To obtain a molecular level view of the interface of a latex particle with water solvent, atomistic simulations using two different force fields were performed for a slab of methyl methacrylate (MMA)/n-butyl acrylate (BA) random copolymer in water. The carbonyl groups at the polymer/water interface were found to orient significantly toward the water phase. We calculated the copolymer/water and the copolymer/vacuum interfacial tensions, and predict a contact angle for water on copolymer of 77°, consistent with experimental values. We also calculated bulk densities of MMA/BA copolymer, and PMMA and PBA homopolymers, which compare well with experiment, and the structure factor for PMMA, which agrees with neutron scattering results. The simulated Tg of PMMA is not far from its experimental value, despite the much shorter chains and faster cooling rates of simulations versus experiments, because these two effects tend to cancel each other. When we correct for these effects, the predicted Tg is within 5 K of th...
Upper mantle anisotropy beneath Northeastern China

By using the seismic waveforms recorded by the China Digital Seismic Network,the SKS wave splitting is observed,which travels through the outer core and mantle of the Earth,and the fast polarization direction and delay time are determined.The shear-wave splitting of mantle SKS phase is mainly attributed to the upper mantle anisotropy.The observed anisotropy can be explained by crystallographic mineral alignment achieved through dislocation motion.The analysis indicates that there are clear shear-wave splittings beneath all ten seismic stations.The delay time is between 0.4 s and 1.8 s.For the eastern area,the fast polarization direction is consistent with the relative plate motion direction of the Western Pacific subduction zone,showing that the mantle flow within the subducting Pacific plate has a major effect on the observed anisotropy.In contract, for the western area,there are wide variations for both the fast polarization direction and delay time. This observation suggests that the origin of the dislocation motion is complex.The anisotropy is controlled by both the current mantle flow and the tectonic motion in the history.
Full Automatic Control Strategy and Test of 330 MW Thermal Power Unit RB

An automatic control strategy have been introducedinthispaper,it involves the runback( RB) function ofthe thermal pow er unit. Several optimizations of control strategy and subordinatecontrolsystemsw as proposed,such as Integrating the feed-forw ard and the override control into subordinate controlsystems. As a result,antijamming capabilityof systems has been remarkably enhanced,subordinate controlsystems w ere in state offully-Automation,the regulated quantity w as controlled w ithin a predetermined range. Optimizations ensured the safe operation of the unit in state of auxiliary trip fault. Optimizations have been tested in M ariveles Pow er Plant of Philippines and abtained ideal Performance,show ing the reference significance to debugging and modification of similar units.
Pigeons' performances of a radial-arm-maze analog task : effect of spatial distinctiveness

Pigeons were presented with a radial-arm-maze analog task involving five response keys in one of four spatial arrangements. Two of the arrangements involved two-dimensional key displays that differed in degree of spatial separation (large display, Group L, vs. small display, Group S). The other two arrangements involved one-dimensional key displays in either a vertical (Group V) or a horizontal (Group H) array. Acquisition was faster for Groups L and S than for Groups V and H, however, the spatial separation for Group L did not further facilitate performance relative to Group S. Groups H and V performed poorly on this task. When delays were interpolated at different points in the trial, Group L made fewer errors when interrupted early and late in the trial, than when interrupted in the middle of the trial. This result suggests that pigeons in Group L used retrospective coding for choices made early in the trial and prospective coding for choices yet to be made late in the trial. Groups H and V showed flat, point-of-delay-interpolation error functions, a finding consistent with their poor overall performance. Half the birds in Group S performed similarly to Group L birds; the other half performed similarly to birds in Groups H and V.
A Lattice-based Graph Index for Subgraph Search.

Given a query graph q, a “subgraph-search” algorithm retrieves from a graph database D all graphs that have q as a subgraph, D(q). Subgraph search is costly because of its involvement of a subgraph-isomorphism test, which is a NPcomplete problem. Graph indexes are used to improve the algorithm efficiency by first filtering out a set of false answers and then verifying each graph that has passed the filtration with subgraph isomorphism tests. Many substructure features have been proposed to build the index aiming at improving the filtering power of the index. In this paper we improve the filtering power and query processing time by design of the index structure. We propose a lattice like index, Lindex, which is generally applicable on all graph features. Lindex achieves a high filtering rate by organizing index subgraphs in a graph lattice and adopting a specific design of value sets. Besides finding the candidate set C(q) after filtering, Lindex can also find a set of true answers Tr(q) without involving subgraph isomorphism tests. Accordingly, only candidate graphs in C(q) − Tr(q) need to be verified. Our experiments show that Lindex outperforms other cutting-edge indexes on both frequent subgraph and infrequent subgraph queries.
Studies of Literacy over Time and across Disciplines

An exhaustive study of literacy in human society over time and space would require many volumes. A thorough examination of the many debates that have been generated by the study of literacy and literacy development in different historical periods and in different societies is not possible in a publication of this size. However, a broad review of the terrain makes it possible to reflect on recurring themes across different historical and cultural contexts and to challenge fixed ideas about what it is to be literate and how people become literate. Different historical and cross-cultural perspectives demonstrate that approaches used to study literacy are themselves products of specific times and places and continually need to be reviewed and re-evaluated as cultures, societies and their literacy technologies change over time.
The association between agreeableness, extraversion, and support for secessionist movements: Evidence from a large survey of more than 33,000 respondents in Catalonia

Abstract Does personality influence attitudes toward secessionism? Personality traits are important determinants of a wide range of political attitudes and behaviors. Prior work has mainly focused on the study of personality during regular processes of democratic political systems (e.g., vote choice, turnout, information acquisition, etc.). By contrast, this paper assesses that personality traits have an influence over the decision of individuals to support a secessionist movement. To test this, I rely on a survey distributed to more than 33.000 respondents in Catalonia, a region with a salient secessionist movement. Beyond the effects of demographic characteristics, political factors, descent-based attributes, economic considerations, and even identity attachments, the results confirm that the personality trait of Agreeableness is associated with supporting the Catalan secessionist movement. Although less consistently, there is some preliminary evidence that extraverted individuals are more likely to support the movement. I conclude that combining insights from political science, sociology and psychology in the study of dispositional and situational determinants of attitudes toward secessionism is fertile research ground.
Bondability and reliability of Ag Alloy wire (92 and 95% Ag Alloy) on thin aluminum bonding pad

There are several types of Ag Alloy wires being introduced for discrete IC manufacturing, a low (92%) and high purity level (95%) Ag Alloy wires are the most common one. The IC industries have been shifting to this type of wires due mainly to its lower cost and softer property as compared to gold and copper wire. Copper wire even with the improvements done such as alloying the material with palladium for improved reliability has limitations of usage for very thin top metallizations. At most 60–70% conversions have only been implemented to the usage of copper wire because of this main obstacle for BOAC (Bond Over Active Circuit) and devices with thin top metallization of at least 2um only are difficult to convert to copper wirebonding. Due to its relative hardness, higher parameter settings are required to make IMC (Intermetallic), and thin bonding pad metallization of AlSi or AlCu cannot withstand the compressive effect of this wire. This is specially observed for BSOB (Bond Stitch on Ball) wirebonding, where aside from the ball bonding, a stitch bond is placed on top of this ball bond. The impact coming from this additional bonding is adding severe compressive effect, for copper wires (usually Pd coated copper wire is use for BSOB) require high bond parameter to create an alloy effect or interconnection of hard copper ball and the bonding pad.
Elevated Fibrinogen Predicts Atherosclerosis.

Elevated levels of hemostatic factors are observed in patients with atherosclerosis, but whether they promote plaque formation or are a consequence of the disease is uncertain. To examine this issue, we used data from a large biracial cohort of young adults (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults [CARDIA]) followed up for 13 years, to examine the relationships of hemostatic factors - fibrinogen, factors VII and VIII, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) - with coronary artery calcium (CAC) and carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT). Complete data were available on 1382 participants, whose mean age was 32 years at enrollment. The age, race, and gender-adjusted prevalence of CAC for increasing quartiles of fibrinogen levels was: 14.0%, 15.0%, 19.6%, and 28.4% (p <0.001 for trend). After further adjustment for BMI, smoking, systolic BP, and total cholesterol, the prevalence of CAC for increasing quartiles of fibrinogen was 15.5%, 16.0%, 19.0%, and 26.4% (p <0.001 for trend). Similar trends were observed for IMT (age, race, and gender-adjusted, p<0.001; multivariable adjusted, p=0.022). When race and gender subgroups were further analyzed, the prevalence of CAC was associated with fibrinogen levels in women and white men after age adjustment, and in women on multivariable analysis. IMT scores adjusted for age were associated with elevated fibrinogen levels in all except black men, and in black women after multivariable adjustment (p=0.003). While the prevalence of CAC was not associated with increasing quartiles of FVII, FVIII, or vWF, IMT scores were associated with elevated FVII on multivariable analysis in white women (p=0.006) and with vWF antigen in white men on age-adjusted (p=0.004) and multivariable analysis (p=0.013). There were no significant associations of hemostatic factors with either the prevalence of CAC or IMT in black men. Participants were categorized as to whether they had 0, 1, or more than 1 hemostatic factors in the highest quartile. After adjustment for age, race, and gender, hemostatic group classification was associated linearly with the prevalence of CAC (p<0.001 for trend) and IMT score (p=0.01 for trend). In conclusion, the main finding from this study is that elevated levels of fibrinogen in persons aged 25 to 37 are associated with the later appearance of subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease. These associations were observed in whites and black women, but not black men. We suggest that atherosclerosis became established during the 13 year observation period, and that increased fibrinogen may have been a contributing factor or a marker for disease development.
INSPECTION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

Publisher Summary The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) inspection program is interwoven with the quality assurance concept. This chapter explains the NRC's reactor inspection program and its relationship to the quality assurance program of an applicant or licensee. It describes the organization and function of the NRC. It also describes the Office of Inspection and Enforcement's inspection program and its relation to quality assurance for a typical power reactor facility. The inspection program recognizes and insists that the licensee's organization be responsible for complying with the provisions of his license. Protection of public health and safety and safeguarding the environment are paramount in the NRC's activities. The prime safety consideration in the operation of a nuclear facility is control of its radioactive material, both during normal operation and under accident conditions. The NRC believes that all this can be effectively achieved with an active quality assurance program that has the support of management.
Mother and Child in Group Psychotherapy: A Preliminary Report

(1952). Mother and Child in Group Psychotherapy: A Preliminary Report. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 358-368.
Walking a Fine Line: How Organizations Respond to the Institutional Pluralism of Intersectoral Collaboration

As they assemble organizations from different economic sectors, intersectoral collaborations are co-constituted by institutional pluralism. However, the intimacy and inequality of these arrangements also constrain an organization’s ability to respond strategically to the concomitant institutional pluralism. Members of the organization experience pluralism as a tension I call moral ambivalence, that is, they simultaneously hold opposing judgments about their actions or the situations in which they find themselves. Moral ambivalence leads actors to engage in institutional work, pragmatic compromises directed toward coping with the competing institutional rules they face. This institutional work produces hybrid actions that, in turn, help the organization maintain internal cohesion and prevent negative outcomes. The article traces the sources of institutional pluralism to organizational imprinting from for-profit partners and institutional pressures from other members of the field. Data come from an ethnogra...
Education, values and ethics in international heritage: learning to respect

Jeanette Atkinson’s book contributes to the ongoing discussion of how museums and heritage professionals should navigate their responsibilities to diverse cultural groups, and in particular to indi...
InGaP solar cell on Ge-on-Si virtual substrate for novel solar power conversion

InGaP single-junction solar cells are grown on lattice-matched Ge-on-Si virtual substrates using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Optoelectronic simulation results indicate that the optimal collection length for InGaP single-junction solar cells with a carrier lifetime range of 2–5 ns is wider than approximately 1 μm. Electron beam-induced current measurements reveal that the threading dislocation density (TDD) of InGaP solar cells fabricated on Ge and Ge-on-Si substrates is in the range of 104–3 × 107 cm−2. We demonstrate that the open circuit voltage (Voc) of InGaP solar cells is not significantly influenced by TDDs less than 2 × 106 cm−2. Fabricated InGaP solar cells grown on a Ge-on-Si virtual substrate and a Ge substrate exhibit Voc in the range of 0.96 to 1.43 V under an equivalent illumination in the range of ∼0.5 Sun. The estimated efficiency of the InGaP solar cell fabricated on the Ge-on-Si virtual substrate (Ge substrate) at room temperature for the limited incident spectrum spanning the photon energy range of 1.9–2.4 eV varies from 16.6% to 34.3%.
Ca2+ release by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is blocked by the K(+)-channel blockers apamin and tetrapentylammonium ion, and a monoclonal antibody to a 63 kDa membrane protein: reversal of blockade by K+ ionophores nigericin and valinomycin and purification of the 63 kDa antibody-binding protein.

Ins(1,4,5)P3-induced Ca2+ release from platelet membrane vesicles was blocked by apamin, a selective inhibitor of low-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels, and by tetrapentylammonium ion, and was weakly inhibited by tetraethylammonium ion. Other K(+)-channel blockers, i.e. charybdotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and glybenclamide were ineffective. A monoclonal antibody (mAb 213-21) obtained by immunizing mice with the InsP3-sensitive membrane fraction from platelets also blocked Ca2+ release by InsP3 from membrane vesicles obtained from platelets, cerebellum, aortic smooth muscle, HEL cells and sea-urchin eggs. ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake and binding of [3H]InsP3 to platelet membranes was unaffected by either K(+)-channel blockers or mAb 213-21. Blockade of Ca2+ release by apamin, tetrapentylammonium and mAb 213-21 was not affected by the Na+/H+ carrier monensin or the protonophore carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), but could be completely reversed by the K+/H+ ionophore nigericin and partially reversed by the K+ carrier valinomycin. The antibody-binding protein (ABP) solubilized from platelets, cerebellum, and smooth muscle chromatographed identically on gel filtration, anion-exchange and heparin-TSK h.p.l.c. ABP was purified to apparent homogeneity from platelets and aortic smooth muscle as a 63 kDa protein by immunoaffinity chromatography on mAb 213-21-agarose. These results suggest that optimal Ca2+ release by InsP3 from platelet membrane vesicles may require the tandem function of a K+ channel. A counterflow of K+ ions could prevent the build-up of a membrane potential (inside negative) that would tend to oppose Ca2+ release. The 63 kDa protein may function to regulate K+ permeability that is coupled to the Ca2+ efflux via the InsP3 receptor.
Influenza vaccination of high-risk children: what the providers say.

Background Despite a longstanding national recommendation to administer influenza vaccine to children at high risk for disease complications, physicians’ adherence remains low. This study evaluated physicians’ perspectives on previously documented and persistent under-utilization of influenza vaccine for high-risk children. Methods A cross-sectional survey mailed in 2001–2002 to a nationally representative sample of 1460 U.S. physicians in four key medical specialties. The primary outcome was whether the physician provided annual influenza vaccine to children with asthma or other cardiopulmonary diseases. The hypothesis was that factors predicting reported use would fall into four categories: (1) physician knowledge, (2) physician endorsement of recommendation, (3) perceived barriers, and (4) practice patterns. Results The overall response rate was 55% ( n =600), but differed by specialty. Most physicians were knowledgeable about the recommendation, but collectively tended to overestimate their own achievements in immunizing high-risk children. Adherence varied by physician specialty, endorsement of recommendation, perceived barriers (including difficulty identifying subpopulations of high-risk children and confusion about who should vaccinate those receiving care from multiple providers), and under-utilization of strategies known to improve vaccination rates. Conclusions Better communication strategies are needed to resolve confusion about providing influenza vaccine to high-risk children in subspecialty settings. Because of the difficulties in selectively identifying high-risk patient subgroups, research is needed to assist in putting support strategies into practice. Findings from research in promising areas of practice-based quality improvement may be particularly applicable.