cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “HMI tool kit” as a Strategy for the Systematic Derivation of User-Oriented HMI Concepts of Driver Assistance Systems in Urban Areas

The development of driver assistance systems has shown various innovation waves in the last few decades. While such systems can contribute to increasing driving safety and comfort on highways and rural roads, future systems will be enhanced to include urban traffic. Such trends also face challenges, especially in the design of human-machine-interfaces (HMIs). In the UR:BAN project, one aim was to design user-oriented, integrative HMI concepts of current and future assistance systems by considering the challenges of urban driving. Therefore, the cross-functional “HMI tool kit” was developed comprising a strategy for the systematic derivation of action-oriented HMI concepts. The structure of the HMI tool kit differentiates between cases of applications for safe, comfortable, and energy-efficient driving, which takes requirements of different time horizon and user-actions into account. The HMI tool kit provides insight into 1) how information, warnings, and system interventions should be filtered and prioritized to the driver concerning the current traffic situation and 2) how the preferred driver behaviour can be achieved in the situation by the selection of suitable HMI components (e.g. display in the instrument cluster, warnings or sounds). The aim is to warn the driver adequately in safety-critical situations and allow him to develop a sufficient understanding for continuous system interventions or advanced navigation recommendations. The UR:BAN HMI concepts can contribute to an anticipatory driving style, to mitigate safety-critical situations, and to improve stress-free and low-emission driving in urban traffic.
Population genomics of the eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides).

Despite its economic importance as a bioenergy crop and key role in riparian ecosystems, little is known about genetic diversity and adaptation of the eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides). Here, we report the first population genomics study for this species, conducted on a sample of 425 unrelated individuals collected in 13 states of the southeastern United States. The trees were genotyped by targeted resequencing of 18,153 genes and 23,835 intergenic regions, followed by the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This natural P. deltoides population showed low levels of subpopulation differentiation (FST = 0.022–0.106), high genetic diversity (θW = 0.00100, π = 0.00170), a large effective population size (Ne ≈ 32,900), and low to moderate levels of linkage disequilibrium. Additionally, genomewide scans for selection (Tajima's D), subpopulation differentiation (XTX), and environmental association analyses with eleven climate variables carried out with two different methods (LFMM and BAYENV2) identified genes putatively involved in local adaptation. Interestingly, many of these genes were also identified as adaptation candidates in another poplar species, Populus trichocarpa, indicating possible convergent evolution. This study constitutes the first assessment of genetic diversity and local adaptation in P. deltoides throughout the southern part of its range, information we expect to be of use to guide management and breeding strategies for this species in future, especially in the face of climate change.
When the Going Gets Tough: Issue Environments and Gendered Negativity Strategies*

Objective In theory, gender expectations may influence candidate's negativity strategies. However, these gender expectations interact with other factors, such as party expectations and the election's issue environment. This study seeks to determine if candidate gender, opponent gender, and issue environment affect negativity strategies. Methods The study analyzes the ads purchased by U.S. congressional candidates in the 2004 and 2008 election cycles. Results The analyses show that gender and party expectations, moderated by the issue environment of the election, affect levels of negativity. Democratic women and Republican men appear to be particularly sensitive to these contextual changes. Conclusion The results bolster other findings that gender expectations are moderated by party expectations, as well as context dependent. In addition, given that women report more reluctance to run for office based on the potential of being involved in a negative campaign, the results provide insight as to why more women are not running for office.
TRIPLET-SENSITIZED PHOTOOXYGENATION OF THERAPEUTIC RETINOIDS

The triplet-sensitized photooxygenation of retinoic acid in hydroorganic buffer, methyl retinoate in a variety of solvents, and methyl 13-cis-retinoate and etretinate in ethanol has been investigated. By high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, one major peroxide product was formed from each retinoid substrate under all conditions investigated. The structures of these peroxides have been assigned relying on high-field nuclear magnetic resonance and mass and ultraviolet spectroscopy. While product structures were not influenced, the rate of product formation was found to vary with solvent, substrate, and perhaps the nature of the sensitizer. The retinoid peroxides isolated are stable toward nucleophiles and weakly acidic and basic conditions. Possible reasons for rate variations in the photooxygenations are discussed.
Brief of Professors Sant'Ambrogio and Zimmerman as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment in Bauer v. Devos

This amicus brief explains why the Education Department's recent decision to suspend new rules that would help defrauded students obtain debt relief was arbitrary and capricious. Following an extensive process that generated over 50,000 public comments, on November 1, 2016, the Department of Education released new rules for students seeking debt relief (the “2016 Regulations”). The 2016 Regulations included a “group process” under which Department officials could commence a single action to consistently adjudicate common facts and claims on behalf of a large group of student borrowers against the same school. The process was adopted in response to the collapse of the Corinthian Colleges, which prompted thousands of students to petition the Department for debt relief in 2016. At the time, the Department stated that a centralized hearing process offered many benefits: (1) students and schools gained access to a “consistent, clear, fair, and transparent” process; (2) administrators conserved resources by avoiding repetitive claims; and (3) taxpayers saved money when discharged federal loans were offset by money recovered from schools found to have engaged in misconduct. But two weeks before the rules were to take effect, the Department suspended this procedure, without explanation, just as its backlog of claims surged to historic levels (the “Delay Rule”). Four months later, the Department further delayed the effective date of the 2016 Regulations in an Interim Final Rule. We offer the Court a unique perspective, based on extensive research, about the impact of the Department’s delay on the “group process,” which was a critical part of the 2016 Regulations. The Department’s failure to provide any explanation for suspending that part of the 2016 Regulations was itself “arbitrary and capricious” and “contrary to law.” As we show, the Department carefully crafted this group process, repeatedly emphasizing that it was necessary to fairly resolve large numbers of student claims for debt relief. But just when the Department faced mounting backlogs of those same claims, the Department suspended that part of the rule without any justification. With a backlog of student applications approaching 100,000 claims, the Department has needlessly shelved a process carefully designed to provide students with swift relief.
A radial measurement of the galaxy tidal alignment magnitude with BOSS data

The anisotropy of galaxy clustering in redshift space has long been used to probe the rate of growth of cosmological perturbations. However, if galaxies are aligned by large-scale tidal fields, then a sample with an orientation-dependent selection effect has an additional anisotropy imprinted onto its correlation function. We use the LOWZ and CMASS catalogs of SDSS-III BOSS Data Release 12 to divide galaxies into two sub-samples based on their offset from the Fundamental Plane, which should be correlated with orientation. These sub-samples must trace the same underlying cosmology, but have opposite orientation-dependent selection effects. We measure the clustering parameters of each sub-sample and compare them in order to calculate the dimensionless parameter $B$, a measure of how strongly galaxies are aligned by gravitational tidal fields. We found that for CMASS (LOWZ), the measured $B$ was $-0.024 \pm 0.015$ ($-0.030 \pm 0.016$). This result can be compared to the theoretical predictions of Hirata 2009, who argued that since galaxy formation physics does not depend on the direction of the observer, the same intrinsic alignment parameters that describe galaxy-ellipticity correlations should also describe intrinsic alignments in the radial direction. We find that the ratio of observed to theoretical values is $0.51\pm 0.32$ ($0.77\pm0.41$) for CMASS (LOWZ). We combine the results to obtain a total ${\rm {Obs}/{Theory}} = 0.61\pm 0.26$. This measurement constitutes evidence (between 2 and 3$\sigma$) for radial intrinsic alignments, and is consistent with theoretical expectations ($<2\sigma$ difference).
The Role of Title IX Coordinators on College and University Campuses

The purpose of this study was to better understand the role of Title IX coordinators and their policies across four-year universities and two-year community colleges in the United States (U.S.). There is little information regarding Title IX coordinators’ training, background, and policies on how they handle Title IX investigations regarding sexual violence. The data come from an online survey that included 692 Title IX coordinators across four-year (private and public) and two-year campuses and represented 42 different states in the US. The current study found that most Title IX coordinators were in part-time positions with less than three years of experience. Most of the coordinators and their investigators were trained in Title IX policies. Most coordinators provide Title IX training for their students and faculty, and most have completed a campus climate survey; however, 15% had not completed a survey. The findings suggest that the majority of campuses are continuing to increase their Title IX visibility; however, there are several recommendations for campuses to improve their policies. The current study was able to shed light on how Title IX coordinators do their jobs and the role they play in helping with the challenging issues surrounding sexual violence at institutions across the nation.
Fatigue Analysis in Pressure Vessel Design by Local Strain Approach: Methods and Software Requirements

The purpose, methods for the analysis, software requirements, and meaning of the results of the local strain approach for fatigue analysis in pressure vessel design is discussed. Three methods that are consistent with the approach are evaluated, based on the requirement that the calculated stress-strain behavior of a stabilized cycle in a pressure vessel component offers a valid comparison with that of the smooth specimens used to develop the cyclic stress-strain curve of the material. Software that can produce results consistent with the approach is identified. The question of the kind of multiaxial equivalent strain range that should be used in the local strain approach is addressed and answered. The concept of a multiaxial equivalent hysteresis loop, which replaces multiple hysteresis loops between stress and strain components, is developed. Its purpose is to determine the multiaxial equivalent stress and strain ranges that are consistent with the local strain approach.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Water fleas on cycles

Animal populations might cycle because they are linked to the population of a predator or prey species, or because their reproduction has become synchronized, so that crowded generations have few offspring, which have many offspring, and so on. Work with the water fleaDaphniaand its algal prey shows what ecological factors drive and damp the population cycles in these species.
Identifying Legal Priorities for Policy Making : A Forest-society-economy Context Analysed by 3-D Sustainability

Abstract Forest-related legal questions appear often interwoven with complicated networks of numerous other themes at several geographical levels. This paper introduces a new analytic tool based on 3-D Sustainability to restructure complex question bundles from policy practice to ease and support practical legal solution prioritization. This approach is applied to the enviro-socio-economic context of forests and their multifunctional use in Japan. First it is shown how the initial problem formulations from practice listed in a table are addressed by the different categories of 3-D Sustainability. Then it is presented how the order of the initial problem formulation was in the table reshaped based on this approach and also which problems were combined for a common search of solutions. In conclusion, the new analytic tool proofed to be applicable also in practice and provided already appropriate support to gain first ideas of solutions including legal ones and their preliminary prioritization, although the work is further in progress. The tool represents a rather simple but effective methodological option to structure complex question bundles and prioritizing solutions also for further legal measures, not only limited to issues of forests or geographically restricted to Japan, and appears to be widely applicable and definitely replicable.
Strategies for Reducing Extinction Risk under a Changing Climate

In a world characterized by increasing mean temperatures and a higher frequency of climatic extremes, species will reorganize their geographic distributions to track changing conditions, evolve new environmental tolerances, or risk local or global extinction. Limitations on rapid evolutionary change for most organisms of conservation concern suggest that range shifts are the most feasible mechanism for evading extinction under climate change, and migration was a common mode of species response following postglacial warming (Davis and Shaw, 2001). Changes in the geographic ranges of species will cause changes in communities, altering biological systems as we know them and affecting ecosystem services and functions. Central to these ecological changes are changes in cultural, economic, and aesthetic values.
Coding the Dictatorship of ‘the They:’ A Phenomenological Critique of Digital Rights Management

Written for an anthology on ethics and phenomenology, this paper uses Heidegger’s discussion of artifacts in Being and Time to motivate a phenomenological critique of Digital Rights Management regimes such as the one that allows DVDs to require one to watch commercials and copyright notices. In the first section, I briefly sketch traditional ethical approaches to intellectual property and indicate the gap that a phenomenological approach can fill. In section 2, following Heidegger’s discussion in Being and Time, I analyze DRM technologies as exemplary of the breakdown of things as ready-to-hand; in particular, DRM is an example of what Heidegger calls "obstinacy." In section 3, I argue that this sort of concern generalizes beyond digital rights management due to its imbrication in ordinary, everyday experience. Finally, in section 4, I propose a framework for analyzing DRM in terms of our individuation from "the They," emphasizing how DRM undermines the functioning of "responsibility."
EUV mask characterization with actinic scatterometry

With EUV Lithography rapidly approaching maturity, accurate metrology to thoroughly characterize EUV photomasks is needed. We present an actinic EUV reflection-based scatterometry technique to measure key parameters of EUV photomasks to characterize both the multilayer mirror substrate as well as periodic absorber targets fabricated on the multilayer. We show these measurements can be used both in determining the physical dimensions on the mask, and also in directly quantifying optical effects, which can provide invaluable feedback in the mask optimization and manufacturing processes. In this paper, we present four different methods of data analysis for EUV mask scatterometry: two for characterizing the multilayer mirror based on measurements of the reflected light intensity from a flat open area of the mask, and two more for characterizing absorber gratings fabricated on the multilayer substrate based on measurements of the diffraction efficiencies. Key findings include that a simple neural net architecture containing a single fullyconnected hidden layer that can characterize the multilayer’s angularly-varying complex reflection coefficient to 7 × 10-4 accuracy, and that dictionary-based scatterometry with 7 wavelengths from 13.2 − 13.8nm can measure the absorber thickness of a grating to 0.4nm even in the presence of random and systematic errors. With the presented methods and findings, we hope to demonstrate that actinic EUV scatterometry has the capabilities to accurately characterize EUV masks in terms of both multilayer and absorber.
Sleep Quality and Duration Best Predict Quality of Life in College Students

Sleep is a vital part of everyday life which provides energy for activities of daily living. However, sleep is often sacrificed, particularly during the college years, due to a variety of reasons such as: academic demands, financial concerns, and family stress. The present study investigated the relationship between sufficient sleep and perceived wellness in a college student sample. Participants consisted of 140 undergraduate students (88 females; M = 20.71 years, SD 3.27 years), and they were asked to complete an electronic survey package (demographics, sleep quality, and wellness perceptions) administered on the lab computer. Bivariate Pearson correlations and a linear regression analysis were conducted to explore the relationship between sleep and wellness. Sleep quality was correlated with greater perceived psychological and emotional wellness. Greater sleep duration reflected better social and overall perceived wellness. Individuals who endorsed better overall sleep reported greater perceived physical wellness. The regression analysis revealed that sleep quality and duration were the only significant predictors of wellness perceptions. Findings suggest that college students who experience insufficient sleep are at a greater risk for decreased quality of life. It is critical that college counselors and administrators educate students on the importance of sleep hygiene and provide interventions to combat problems threatening college student well-being.
ATAD3A oligomerization causes neurodegeneration by coupling mitochondrial fragmentation and bioenergetics defects.

Mitochondrial fragmentation and bioenergetic failure manifest in Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease. The factors that couple mitochondrial fusion/fission with bioenergetics and their impacts on neurodegeneration however remain poorly understood. Our proteomic analysis identifies mitochondrial protein ATAD3A as an interactor of mitochondrial fission GTPase, Drp1, in HD. Here we show that, in HD, ATAD3A dimerization due to deacetylation at K135 residue is required for Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation. Disturbance of ATAD3A steady state impairs mtDNA maintenance by disrupting TFAM/mtDNA binding. Blocking Drp1/ATAD3A interaction with a peptide, DA1, abolishes ATAD3A oligomerization, suppresses mitochondrial fragmentation and mtDNA lesion, and reduces bioenergetic deficits and cell death in HD mouse- and patient-derived cells. DA1 treatment reduces behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes in HD transgenic mice. Our findings demonstrate that ATAD3A plays a key role in neurodegeneration by linking Drp1-induced mitochondrial fragmentation to defective mtDNA maintenance, suggesting that DA1 might be useful for developing HD therapeutics. Huntington’s disease leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and bioenergetic failure, although how the two events are connected is poorly understood. Here, Zhao et al. identify ATAD3A as a molecular linker and show that a peptide inhibitor of ATAD3A oligomerization suppresses HD phenotypes.
To Divide or Differentiate: It Is about Scaffolding.

Arabidopsis plants have specific polarized proteins, BASL and POLAR, that regulate stomatal asymmetric cell division (ACD). Earlier work established that BASL recruits YODA kinase (MAPKKK4) to suppress stomatal ACD in postmitotic cells. Houbaert et al. (Nature 2018;563:574–578) recently showed that POLAR scaffolds BIN2/GSK3s to promote stomatal ACD in premitotic cells.
Transgressive Leadership and Theo-ethical Texts of Black Protest Music

Limited academic publications analysing the theologies and ethics of historic Black Freedom Struggles have resulted in minimal inclusion in broader theological and ethical canons. In this article I...
Abstract 628: Diabetes-Mediated Vascular Calcification is RAGE-Dependent

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, and medial vascular calcification is a common cardiovascular complication of DM. This leads to aortic stiffening, which can...
House of Cards-Translation of “Tasher Ghar” by Tarashankar Bandopadhyay

The story delves deep into the psyche of women and subtly analyzes them from the inside, as the protagonist of the story, Shaila, is caught up in a situation peculiar to Indian women, between her paternal home and her father-in-law’s house. She exaggerates her father’s financial condition while staying in her father-in-law’s house and vice versa, that leads her into some serious trouble. The present translation of “Tasher Ghar” by Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, one of the most notable short story writers of Bengali literature, recipient of “Padmasree”, “Padmabhushan” and “Gyanapith Award”, strives to faithfully render the intricacies of the source language text by following a judicious blending of word for word translation and sense for sense translation methods. Utmost care has been taken to render the source text as objectively as possible and equivalent words are searched — literal where possible and interpreting where necessary.
A multidisciplinary quality improvement effort to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia incidence.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is the most common prematurity complication. Although several practices have been proposed for BPD prevention, none of these in isolation prevent BPD. Our initiative focused on two key drivers: oxygen management and noninvasive ventilation strategies. We created best practice guidelines and followed outcome measures using Shewhart control charts. PDSAs of protocols preceded a large-scale rollout of a “0.21 by 28” campaign in 2014 leading to a special cause reduction in the “any BPD” rate, and a decrease in severe BPD (from 57 to 29%). At the end of 2017, we reinvigorated the project, which led to dramatic decreases in the “any BPD” rate to 41% and the “severe BPD” rate to 21%. A multidisciplinary QI initiative focused on process improvement geared towards the pathophysiological contributors of BPD has successfully reduced the rate of BPD in an all referral level IV NICU.
Surface Acidity Characterization of Metal-Doped Amorphous Silicates via Py-FTIR and 15N NMR Simulations

Metal-doped amorphous silicates are effective acidic catalysts for numerous industrial applications, including dehydration of alcohols, hydrodeoxygenation of biomass, and metathesis of olefins. The...
Towards application of light detection and ranging sensor to traffic detection: an investigation of its built-in features and installation techniques

In transportation, LiDAR sensors have been primarily used in surveying and autonomous driving as a major onboard sensing device to detect field objects. Recently, with reduced price and increased d...
Recent Advances in Lupus B Cell Biology: PI3K, IFNγ, and Chromatin

In the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), autoantibodies are formed that promote inflammation and tissue damage. There has been significant interest in understanding the B cell derangements involved in SLE pathogenesis. The past few years have been particularly fruitful in three domains: the role of PI3K signaling in loss of B cell tolerance, the role of IFNγ signaling in the development of autoimmunity, and the characterization of changes in chromatin accessibility in SLE B cells. The PI3K pathway coordinates various downstream signaling molecules involved in B cell development and activation. It is governed by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP-1. Murine models lacking either of these phosphatases in B cells develop autoimmune disease and exhibit defects in B cell tolerance. Limited studies of human SLE B cells demonstrate reduced expression of PTEN or increased signaling events downstream of PI3K in some patients. IFNγ has long been known to be elevated in both SLE patients and mouse models of lupus. New data suggests that IFNγR expression on B cells is required to develop autoreactive germinal centers (GC) and autoantibodies in murine lupus. Furthermore, IFNγ promotes increased transcription of BCL6, IL-6 and T-bet in B cells, which also promote GC and autoantibody formation. IFNγ also induces epigenetic changes in human B cells. SLE B cells demonstrate significant epigenetic reprogramming, including enhanced chromatin accessibility at transcription factor motifs involved in B cell activation and plasma cell (PC) differentiation as well as alterations in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Histone deacetylase inhibitors limit disease development in murine lupus models, at least in part via their ability to prevent B cell class switching and differentiation into plasma cells. This review will discuss relevant discoveries of the past several years pertaining to these areas of SLE B cell biology.
Influence of low‐dose aspirin, resistance exercise, and sex on human skeletal muscle PGE 2 /COX pathway activity

Prostaglandin (PG) E2 has been linked to increased inflammation and attenuated resistance exercise adaptations in skeletal muscle. Nonaspirin cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have been shown to reduce these effects. This study examined the effect of low-dose aspirin on skeletal muscle COX production of PGE2 at rest and following resistance exercise. Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies were taken from six individuals (4 M/2 W) before and 3.5 hr after a single bout of resistance exercise for ex vivo PGE2 production under control and low (10 μM)- or standard (100 μM)-dose aspirin conditions. Sex-specific effects of aspirin were also examined by combining the current findings with our previous similar ex vivo skeletal muscle investigations (n = 20, 10 M/10 W). Low-dose aspirin inhibited skeletal muscle PGE2 production (p 0.05) and was not influenced by resistance exercise (p > 0.05) (overall effect: -18 ± 5%). Men and women had similar uninhibited skeletal muscle PGE2 production at rest (men: 1.97 ± 0.33, women: 1.96 ± 0.29 pg/mg wet weight/min; p > 0.05). However, skeletal muscle of men was 60% more sensitive to aspirin inhibition than women (p < 0.05). In summary, the current findings 1) confirm low-dose aspirin inhibits the PGE2 /COX pathway in human skeletal muscle, 2) show that resistance exercise does not alter aspirin inhibitory efficacy, and 3) suggest the skeletal muscle of men and women could respond differently to long-term consumption of low-dose aspirin, one of the most common chronically consumed drugs in the world.
Does collaborative learning improve student outcomes for underrepresented students?: Evidence from an online bottleneck business course

Online education has grown exponentially in the past few years. An important aspect of learning that is often missing in online classes is the feeling of social connectedness among students. This p...
Reduction of exposure to simulated respiratory aerosols using ventilation, physical distancing, and universal masking

To limit community spread of SARS-CoV-2, CDC recommends universal masking indoors, maintaining 1.8 m of physical distancing, adequate ventilation, and avoiding crowded indoor spaces. Several studies have examined the independent influence of each control strategy in mitigating transmission in isolation, yet controls are often implemented concomitantly within an indoor environment. To address the influence of physical distancing, universal masking, and ventilation on very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particle exposure, a simulator that coughed and exhaled aerosols (the source) and a second breathing simulator (the recipient) were placed in an exposure chamber. When controlling for the other two mitigation strategies, universal masking with 3-ply cotton masks reduced exposure to 0.3-3 {micro}m coughed and exhaled aerosol particles by > 77% compared to unmasked tests, whereas physical distancing (0.9 or 1.8 m) significantly changed exposure to cough but not exhaled aerosols. The effectiveness of ventilation depended upon the respiratory activity, i.e., coughing or breathing, as well as the duration of exposure time. Our results demonstrate that a combination of administrative and engineering controls can reduce personal inhalation exposure to potentially infectious very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particles within an indoor environment. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONSO_LIUniversal masking provided the most effective strategy in reducing inhalational exposure to simulated aerosols. C_LIO_LIPhysical distancing provided limited reductions in exposure to small aerosol particles. C_LIO_LIVentilation promotes air mixing in addition to aerosol removal, thus altering the exposure profile to individuals. C_LIO_LIA combination of mitigation strategies can effectively reduce exposure to potentially infectious aerosols. C_LI
Detection of Autoantibodies to the Thyrotropin Receptor

Publisher Summary The thyrotropin (TSH) receptor is a member of the large family of guaninenucleotide-binding (G) protein-coupled receptors. The cDNA encoding the human TSH receptor has recently been cloned and characterized. Like all other G-protein-coupled receptors, the TSH receptor has an extracellular domain, seven transmembrane domains, and an intracellular domain. The TSH and other glycoprotein hormone receptors each have relatively large extracellular domains, and this characteristic differentiates them from the other G-protein-coupled receptors. Recent studies have confirmed that both TSH and autoantibodies to the TSH receptor (TSHrAb) bind to the extracellular domain. The transmembrane and intracellular domains are involved in signal transduction, acting through G-protein to stimulate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and phosphatidol–inositol pathways. Mammalian cell transfection with the cDNA results in expression of the human TSHr protein. Another approach to define structure–function relationships is to use peptides and antipeptide antibodies. It should be apparent from this chapter that there is no general consensus on epitopes of TSHr involved in interactions with TSH or autoantibodies.
Infusion of blood into the myocardium. Effect and flow studies.

Abstract An experimental model, analogous to the internal mammary artery implantation operation, immediately after its insertion is presented for study. Adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized and an occlusive catheter was placed in the coronary sinus through the azygos vein. Coronary sinus blood flow averaged 0.39 ml. per gram of cardiac muscle per minute. Coronary sinus blood flow uniformly rose to an average of 43% above normal when the animal was placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. Occlusion of the coronary arteries reduced coronary sinus blood flow to an average of 9% of normal. Infusion of blood into the left ventricular myocardium with a needle at 50 ml. per minute resulted in the recovery of 81% of this blood from the coronary sinus. From observations it was deduced that the blood not recovered was lost into the ventricular lumen, the myocardial lymphatics, and extravasated into the myocardium. Some ST shift of the electrocardiogram was observed.
Nicotinic Acid Assay in Blood and Urine

Measurement of nicotinic acid activity of blood, serum, and urine by means of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis is described. Blood and urine have high activity; serum has little. Narrow specificity and high sensitivity recommend the assay for clinical use.
Part I of II: Development of MERESS Model—Developing System Models of Stationary Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) for Reduced Costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

Stationary combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) can provide electricity and heat for buildings, and can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly if they are configured with an appropriate installation and operating strategy. The Maximizing Emission Reductions and Economic Savings Simulator (MERESS) is an optimization tool that was developed to allow users to evaluate avant-garde strategies for installing and operating CHP FCSs in buildings. These strategies include networking, load following, and the use of variable heat-to-power ratios, all of which commercial industry has typically overlooked. A primary goal of the MERESS model is to use relatively inexpensive simulation studies to identify more financially and environmentally effective ways to design and install FCSs. It incorporates the pivotal choices that FCS manufacturers, building owners, emission regulators, competing generators, and policy makers make, and empowers them to evaluate the effect of their choices directly. MERESS directly evaluates trade-offs among three key goals: GHG reductions, energy cost savings for building owners, and high sales revenue for FCS manufacturers. MERESS allows users to evaluate these design trade-offs and to identify the optimal control strategies and building load curves for installation based on either 1) maximum GHG emission reductions or 2) maximum cost savings to building owners. Part I of II articles discusses the motivation and key assumptions behind MERESS model development. Part II of II articles discusses run results from MERESS for a California town and makes recommendations for further FCS installments (Colella 2008 (a)).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Smooth Taxable Income, Tax Avoidance, and the Information Content of Taxable Income

Prior research examines whether firms smooth their financial statement earnings. However, recent research also suggests that firms have significant incentives to smooth their taxable income. This study investigates innate and discretionary components of smooth taxable income and whether those characteristics influence the outcomes of firms’ future tax avoidance activities as well as the information content of taxable income. We find that firms with smoother taxable income have more favorable outcomes in their future tax avoidance activities (i.e., exhibit higher levels of future tax avoidance), which is consistent with smoothness reducing the uncertainty associated with future tax benefits and allowing firms to develop more successful tax avoidance strategies. Contrary to research that finds that smoothness enhances the information content of financial statement income, we find that smoothness reduces the information content of taxable income. This finding is consistent with the smoothness of taxable income either eliminating or reducing the information contained in the unique economic shocks experienced by taxable income.
High performance MPI library over SR-IOV enabled infiniband clusters

Virtualization has become a central role in HPC Cloud due to easy management and low cost of computation and communication. Recently, Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) technology has been introduced for high-performance interconnects such as InfiniBand and can attain near to native performance for inter-node communication. However, the SR-IOV scheme lacks locality aware communication support, which leads to performance overheads for inter-VM communication within a same physical node. To address this issue, this paper first proposes a high performance design of MPI library over SR-IOV enabled InfiniBand clusters by dynamically detecting VM locality and coordinating data movements between SR-IOV and Inter-VM shared memory (IVShmem) channels. Through our proposed design, MPI applications running in virtualized mode can achieve efficient locality-aware communication on SR-IOV enabled InfiniBand clusters. In addition, we optimize communications in IVShmem and SR-IOV channels by analyzing the performance impact of core mechanisms and parameters inside MPI library to deliver better performance in virtual machines. Finally, we conduct comprehensive performance studies by using point-to-point and collective benchmarks, and HPC applications. Experimental evaluations show that our proposed MPI library design can significantly improve the performance for point-to-point and collective operations, and MPI applications with different InfiniBand transport protocols (RC and UD) by up to 158%, 76%, 43%, respectively, compared with SR-IOV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to offer a high performance MPI library that supports efficient locality aware MPI communication over SR-IOV enabled InfiniBand clusters.
Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary

Abstract 1.1. The results of a histological review of 120 cases of primary cancer of the ovary indicates that there exists a primary adenocarcinoma of the ovary of relatively high incidence which structurally resembles adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. 2.2. Certain morphological and biological characteristics seem to support the contention that this is a distinct type of ovarian tumor. 3.3. The possibilities that this tumor is derived from benign endometriosis and that in contrast to other malignant tumors of the ovary it provides a relatively favorable prognosis are pointed out.
Targeted silencing of Jab1/Csn5 in human cells downregulates SCF activity through reduction of F-box protein levels

Background SCF ubiquitin ligases target numerous proteins for ubiquitin dependent proteolysis, including p27 and cyclin E. SCF and other cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are regulated by the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 that covalently modifies the cullin subunit. The removal of Nedd8 is catalyzed by the Jab1/MPN domain metalloenzyme (JAMM) motif within the Csn5 subunit of the Cop9 Signalosome.
Evaluation Nevada's Binders Using SHRP Specifications

Eight different asphalt binders were tested in the laboratory and were classified following the SHRP binder specification system. The rheological properties of the binders were evaluated using the Rheometrics Asphalt Analyzer (RAA) device and the Bending Beam Rheometer. All the rheological data pertaining to all binders and the procedure used to grade them are presented. Several of the binders are classified under the AC grading system as polymerized AC-20 (AC-20P). The rheological properties however indicate that some of these binders would be graded differently under the SHRP grading system. The paper examines these differences and points out the discrepancies between the AC and the SHRP grading systems.
Guidance for representing uncertainty on global temperature change maps

Uncertainty in the spatial distribution of projected climate changes can be represented along with the magnitudes of those changes using coincident-bivariate maps. While these maps are popular in climate change assessment reports, limited empirical research has tested which combinations of colour (including variation in the visual variables of hue, lightness, and saturation) and pattern (including variation in the visual variables of size, shape, spacing, orientation, and arrangement) are best suited to mapping projected changes coincident with uncertainty. We evaluate eight coincident-bivariate techniques for mapping global temperature (CMIP5 ensemble using RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios) and its uncertainty, each using 20-classes: five temperature change classes combined with four uncertainty classes. Subjects ranked rectangular map regions by overall amounts of temperature change and uncertainty; response accuracy was evaluated using Kendall's Tau Distance. Maps using colour for representing temperature change and pattern for uncertainty appear most suitable for retaining separability of temperature and uncertainty information. Spot symbols for uncertainty (combining arrangement and lightness) overlaid on hue/lightness for temperature performed best for uncertainty ranking, second best for temperature ranking, and were map users' preferred representation. If colour alone must be used for both variables, then a classed overlay of lightness/saturation differences for uncertainty with hue/lightness for temperature change was preferred; such maps were strong performers on the uncertainty-ranking task but interfered with map users' ability to rank temperature change. Such a masking approach may be the best choice if the goal is to actively prevent map users from making erroneous inferences based on highly uncertain model output for climate change.
The small nonstructural protein (NS2) of the parvovirus minute virus of mice is required for efficient DNA replication and infectious virus production in a cell-type-specific manner.

Abstract Seven mutations which affect only the small nonstructural protein NS2 were introduced into the infectious clone of the autonomous parvovirus, minute virus of mice (MVM). The majority of these mutants were severely defective for replication following transfection of normal host murine A9 fibroblasts; however, all were found to replicate more efficiently and produce infectious virus in certain other cell types, including human NB324K. The isolation of viral stocks from NB324K cells permitted a more detailed analysis of the mutant defect on A9 cells. NS2 mutant NS2-2018 was shown to be approximately 10-fold deficient for viral monomer replicative-form DNA production within a single-burst cycle in infected A9 cells and produced a reduced amount of progeny single strand. Mutant NS2-2018 generated wild-type levels of monomer replicative-form DNA on NB324K cells but made reduced levels of progeny single strand and small plaques on these cells. The accumulation of NS1 is reduced late in NS2-2018 infection of A9 cells, but NS1 accumulates to wild-type levels late in NB324K cell infections. NS1 nuclear localization is not dependent on NS2 in A9 or NB324K cells. These results indicate that NS2 participates in MVM DNA replication and is required for efficient viral growth. The requirement for NS2 during MVM replication is also host cell specific. This requirement is significantly more pronounced in the normal host murine A9 cells than in certain other cell types, including NB324K.
Dangerous Tectonics, Fragile Buildings, and Tough Decisions

The occurrence of four fatal earthquakes within and around the Indian plate in the last 5 years, including two great ones, highlights the need for earthquake-resistant construction and replacement throughout the region.
The G-spot: A modern gynecologic myth

The G-spot is an allegedly highly erogenous area on the anterior wall of the human vagina. Since the concept first appeared in a popular book on human sexuality in 1982, the existence of the spot has become widely accepted, especially by the general public. This article reviews the behavioral, biochemical, and anatomic evidence for the reality of the G-spot, which includes claims about the nature of female ejaculation. The evidence is far too weak to support the reality of the G-spot. Specifically, anecdotal observations and case studies made on the basis of a tiny number of subjects are not supported by subsequent anatomic and biochemical studies.
Hankel matrices and minifunctions

If is an infinite Hankel matrix which represents a compact operator on Hilbert space, then there is a unique function f in L∞ having a0,a1,a2j,… as its Fourier co-efficients of non-negative index and satisfying . An algorithm based on [11] is used to approximate numerically the remaining Fourier coefficients of f in case {an} is real and converges to zero sufficiently rapidly.
Developing a Geriatric Business Plan for an Academic Medical Center

Leaders of geriatric programs at academic health centers (AHCs) face several challenges in seeking support for clinical program development. These challenges relate to how revenues from Medicare activities flow within AHCs. Typically, clinical departments such as the Department of Medicine see a very small proportion of total AHC Medicare revenue and frequently experience losses on their Medicare activities. In contrast, hospitals in AHCs see the hulk of the revenues and typically experience substantial profits. This article examines this situation in some detail, with specific examples from AHCs with which the author has consulted. The unique effect of Medicare revenue on AHCs requires the geriatric leader to identify who gains and who loses from Medicare activity within his or her AHC and to seek support for geriatric programs based on that analysis.
The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles hectoris

The salivary gland chromosome map of Anopheles hectoris is described and figured. It is proposed that this map be considered the standard for this species. The hectoris chromosomes show a close relationship to those of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis.
The Writing of Abstracts

The abstract is not only the most important section of your report or paper, but also the most difficult to write. Effective abstracts 1) must contain enough specific information to satisfy the needs of a research worker looking for sources of information and of an administrator looking for a progress or status definition; 2) must be a complete, self-sufficient unit; 3) must be made as short as possible without violating accuracy or eliminating essential information; 4) must be written in fluent, easily understood language; 5) must be consistent in tone and emphasis with the parent report or paper; and 6) should make the widest possible use of numerals and standard, generally recognized abbreviations.
Vibrations of composite plates with intermediate line supports

Abstract Free vibrations of rectangular composite plates with arbitrary support conditions along the edges and an arbitrary number of intermediate line supports are investigated using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. A procedure is presented for generating polynomial approximation functions that satisfy the essential boundary conditions and zero displacement constraints along each line support, and the stiffness and mass matrix coefficients are obtained by exact integration. Plates that are continuous over many supports are analyzed and the effects lay-up and material properties are investigated. An exact solution is found for predicting some of the vibration modes of plates with simple supports along the edges and equal length spans in each direction. In this case, the fundamental natural frequency is always predicted exactly, and simple results are obtained for finding which lay-up maximizes the natural frequency of the plate.
Parametric sampling gate linearization by pump intensity modulation

We present a novel technique for parametric sampling gate linearization. The method relies on partial transfer of the signal modulation to the pump leading to an overall quadratic distortion reduction. A 25 dB improvement in even-harmonics distortion is demonstrated experimentally.