cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENT OF ION VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN LOW-DENSITY PLASMA BEAMS.

Diagnostic probe for low density plasma beam ion velocity distribution measurement in steady state and pulsed plasma exhausts
Myelin development in infant brain

Myelin was isolated from subcortical areas of ten human brains, with ages ranging from 24 days to 350 days-of-age; samples were subsequently analyzed for lipid composition. Eight infants were victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and two infants were accident cases. Gray and white matter samples from each brain were also dissected and analyzed. Galactolipids were only 12% of the total lipids in white matter from brains of infants that were 24 days-of-age, a time when myelination was just starting in the subcortical areas. At 175 and 350 days of age, myelination was well underway and galactolipids measured 22% of the total lipids. Total phospholipids decreased (65% to 54%) in white matter during development, with the decrease mostly in phosphatidylcholine (23% to 15%). Even though there was little white matter present at early ages, myelin could be isolated. Surprisingly, the lipid composition of myelin from the 24-day-infant brain was similar to that from adult brain. Galactolipids were 22% of the total lipids, cholesterol, 23%, and phospholipids, 52%. These results suggest that only subtle remodeling of myelin occurs in humans once myelination commences. All four major gangliosides were present in myelin during this first year of development. Interestingly, the yield of myelin from the 350-day-old infant subcortical white matter was similar to that from an adult. Thus major tracts in this area may have acquired most of the myelin by one year-after-birth. Since the control samples blend quite well into the developmental pattern obtained, it is believed there are no abnormalities in myelin lipids from SIDS infants.
Prospects for radiographic intrauterine diagnosis--the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radii.

CHROMOSOME karyotypes and enzyme analyses of cultured amniotic-fluid cells obtained during the second trimester have permitted reliable identification of affected and unaffected fetuses in pregnancies at high risk for certain specific birth defects or genetic disorders.1 2 3 4 However, a testable abnormality is known for relatively few conditions.2 3 4 5 We report here radiographic visualization of the fetus in a pregnancy at 25 per cent risk for the syndrome of thrombocytopenia and absent radii. Case Report A 26-year-old woman was referred to the Genetics Counseling Clinic in the 8th week of pregnancy. A previous pregnancy had resulted in a son affected with phocomelia and . . .
Anthropology and Development Planning

A development project "is alive, it changes its form and develops, or it declines" (Opler, Morris E. Social Aspects of Technical Assistance. p. 70. Amsterdam: UNESCO, 1954). Conditions in the natural history of a development project are different in its conception phase as compared to its construction phase, or two years after it is in operation, or a generation later—project objectives evolve, personnel come and go, interorganizational relationships shift, program designs are modified, and the uses to which social scientific data and analysis are put change over the life of the project. The evaluation of the socioeconomic and cultural impacts of a project undertaken at only one stage is, perforce, unsystematic and only rarely comprehensively analytical. When anthropologists enter a development project, it is often as technicians. They are fieldworkers on sojourns from academe, hired to carry out studies and write reports and leave the decisions to others. Our wholistic perspective does not assist us in a...
The concentration dependence of the normalized photostability of 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-2,6-di-t-butylpyrromethene-difluoroborate complex (PM-597) methanol solutions

Abstract The concentration invariance of normalized photostability, the accumulated energy needed for a 50% reduction in dye concentration in units of GJ mole −1 , is investigated for 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-2,6-di- t -butylpyrromethene-difluoroborate complex (PM-597) methanol solutions. Normalized photostability is purported to be concentration invariant. Result from this investigation, however, demonstrated increasing normalized photostabilities for decreasing concentrations, rendering normalized photostability inapplicable to PM-597 photodegradation.
A survey of the perturbation analysis of discrete event dynamic systems

This paper introduces an analysis and optimization technique for discrete event dynamic systems, such as flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs), and other discrete part production processes. It can also be used for enhancement of the simulation results of, or the monitoring of the operations of such systems in real time. Extensive references are given where readers may pursue futher details.
Neuroleptic catatonia and its relationship to psychogenic catatonia

Neuroleptics are among those pharmacological agents that can cause a nonpsychogenic catatonic state. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is marked by a change in state of consciousness, ranging from withdrawal through stupor to coma. In addition, it is characterized by autonomic dysfunction, hyperthermia, mutism, and rigidity. It is included in the differential diagnosis of the catatonic syndrome. Evidence is reviewed to suggest that agents responsible for improving NMS act on the dopamine (DA) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) connections in the mesostriatal and mesolimbic systems and also in the hypothalamus. In addition, based on symptomatology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic mechanisms, the relationship between nonpsychogenic neuroleptic-induced catatonia and psychogenic catatonia is examined.
Cell death pathways in Parkinson’s disease: proximal triggers, distal effectors, and final steps

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal cell death in PD is still poorly understood, despite a wealth of potential pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. Defects in several cellular systems have been implicated as early triggers that start cells down the road toward neuronal death. These include abnormal protein accumulation, particularly of alpha-synuclein; altered protein degradation via multiple pathways; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; neuroinflammation; and dysregulated kinase signaling. As dysfunction in these systems mounts, pathways that are more explicitly involved in cell death become recruited. These include JNK signaling, p53 activation, cell cycle re-activation, and signaling through bcl-2 family proteins. Eventually, neurons become overwhelmed and degenerate; however, even the mechanism of final cell death in PD is still unsettled. In this review, we will discuss cell death triggers and effectors that are relevant to PD, highlighting important unresolved issues and implications for the development of neuroprotective therapies.
Actin-filled nuclear invaginations indicate degree of cell de-differentiation

For years the existence of nuclear actin has been heavily debated, but recent data have clearly demonstrated that actin, as well as actin-binding proteins (ABPs), are located in the nucleus. We examined live EGFP-actin-expressing cells using confocal microscopy and saw the presence of structures strongly resembling actin filaments in the nuclei of MDA-MB-231 human mammary epithelial tumor cells. Many nuclei had more than one of these filamentous structures, some of which appeared to cross the entire nucleus. Extensive analysis, including fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), showed that all EGFP-actin in the nucleus is monomeric (G-actin) rather than filamentous (F-actin) and that the apparent filaments seen in the nucleus are invaginations of cytoplasmic monomeric actin. Immunolocalization of nuclear pore complex proteins shows that similar invaginations are seen in cells that are not overexpressing EGFP-actin. To determine whether there is a correlation between increased levels of invagination in the cell nuclei and the state of de-differentiation of the cell, we examined a variety of cell types, including live Xenopus embryonic cells. Cells that were highly de-differentiated, or cancerous, had an increased incidence of invagination, while cells that were differentiated had few nuclear invaginations. The nuclei of embryonic cells that were not yet differentiated underwent multiple shape changes throughout interphase, and demonstrated numerous transient invaginations of varying sizes and shapes. Although the function of these actin-filled invaginations remains speculative, their presence correlates with cells that have increased levels of nuclear activity.
Identification of the Soluble in Vivo Metabolites of Indium-111-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid-d-Phe1-Octreotide

Indium-111-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid-D-phenylalanine-octreotide ([111]In-DTPA-octreotide) is a cyclic eight amino acid somatostatin analogue which is approved for gamma scintigraphy of neuroendocrine tumors. To address the factors that contribute to liver and kidney retention of this radiopharmaceutical, its metabolism was evaluated in normal and tumor-bearing rats. The soluble fractions from nontarget (liver and kidney) and target (tumor, pancreas, adrenals) organ homogenates were analyzed out to 21 h postinjection, and urine was analyzed out to 12 h postinjection. The blood was analyzed at shorter time intervals due to the rapid clearance of (111)In-DTPA-octreotide. Radio-TLC and HPLC were used to analyze organ homogenates, blood, and urine. By TLC, intact (111)In-DTPA-octreotide was resolved from the soluble metabolites, and a similar apparent rate of metabolism was observed in the liver, kidney, tumor, and pancreas with approximately 30% intact (111)In-DTPA-octreotide at 4 h postinjection. In the adrenals, metabolism occurred more slowly with approximately 60% intact (111)In-DTPAoctreotide at 4 h postinjection. At 4 h postinjection, the activity excreted in the urine consisted of 85% intact (111)In-DTPA-octreotide. HPLC provided resolution of the individual extractable metabolites. In an attempt to identify these metabolites, two DTPA-amino acid sequences were synthesized: DTPA-D-Phe-Cys and DTPA-D-Phe. Under the conditions used for metabolite analysis, (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-Cys-OH eluted at 14.6 min and (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-OH eluted at 7.0 min. Each of these standard sequences was combined with the soluble portion of the organ homogenate and was shown by HPLC to coelute with the metabolites. These data suggest that (111)In-DTPA-octreotide was initially degraded to (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-Cys-OH and (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-OH. The (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-Cys-OH was further degraded to (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-OH, which appeared to be the final metabolite that was extracted from the organs. From these results, it can be concluded that at longer time points (> 2 h postinjection) a significant amount of (111)In was retained in nontarget organs as (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-OH and (111)In-DTPA-D-Phe-Cys-OH and not as intact (111)In-DTPA-octreotide.
Use of dipole oscillator strength in the calculation of the range of electrons in various gases

The importance of studies with synchrotron radiation for providing dipole oscillator strength distributions in the spectral region between 10 and 100 eV is discussed. Dipole oscillator strengths compiled from photo-absorption and high energy electron inelastic scattering experiments are compared with recent synchrotron measurements for gaseous C2H2OH and i-C4H8 in the v-u.v. region. The compiled dipole oscillator strength distributions for these gaseous media and for water vapor are used to calculate the inelastic mean free path, mean excitation potential and the range distribution of low-energy electrons. The density normalized ranges are found to decrease in the order H2O > C2H5OH >i-C4H8. The actual range of a 1 keV electron in H2O is about 3 or 4 times that in C2H5OH and i-C4H8, respectively. This difference can have a pronounced effect on track structure.
Geothermal System at 21°N, East Pacific Rise: Physical Limits on Geothermal Fluid and Role of Adiabatic Expansion

Pressure-volume-temperature relations for water at the depth of the magma chamber at 21 ° N on the East Pacific Rise suggest that the maximum subsurface temperature of the geothermal fluid is about 420 ° C. Both the chemistry of the discharging fluid and thermal balance considerations indicate that the effective water/rock ratios in the geothermal system are between 7 and 16. Such low ratios preclude effective metal transport at temperatures below 350 ° C, but metal solubilization at 400 ° C and above is effective even at such low ratios. It is proposed that the 420 ° C fluid ascends essentially adiabatically and in the process expands, cools, and precipitates metal sulfides within the upper few hundred meters of the sea floor and on the sea floor itself.
Radiographic measures of the mid pelvis to predict cesarean delivery

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether x-ray measures of the mid pelvis can be used to predict cesarean delivery. Study Design Women were enrolled prospectively; x-ray pelvimetry was performed after delivery; the readers were blinded to the outcome. Groups were determined by mid pelvis measures (transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter, and circumference ≤10th percentile. The primary outcome was cesarean delivery. Univariable, stratified, and multivariable analyses were performed to estimate the effect of mid pelvis measures on cesarean delivery. Receiver operator characteristics curves were created to estimate the predictive value of mid pelvis measures of cesarean delivery. Results Four hundred twenty-six women were included. Subjects with anteroposterior diameter or circumference ≤10th percentile were at greater risk of cesarean delivery (risk ratio for anteroposterior diameter, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.9–5.8; risk ratio for circumference ≤10th percentile, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.1–4.8). Transverse diameter ≤10th percentile was not associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery. The area under the receiver operator characteristics curves for anteroposterior diameter, circumference ≤10th percentile, and transverse diameter were 0.88, 0.85, and 0.69, respectively ( P Conclusion Simple radiographic measures of the mid pelvis on x-ray can provide a useful adjunct to clinical information in the determination of who should attempt a vaginal delivery.
Sliding Friction-Induced Non-Linearity and Parametric Effects in Gear Dynamics

The mechanism of gear meshing entails a large amount of sliding between the mating teeth in contact. Friction forces act orthogonal to the line of action, and the resulting dynamic force and moment are governed by a number of parameters, such as the relative surface speed, instantaneous load and spatial location of the point of contact. Sliding resistance is inherently non-linear in nature, and due to the additional presence of periodic meshing properties like stiffness and viscous damping, dynamic interactions result between friction and system parameters. This combination leads to a non-linear time-varying (NLTV) system comprising implicit non-linear differential equations. Nevertheless, most researchers have treated friction as a linear time-varying (LTV) phenomenon. In this article, both of these models are critically analyzed. For the LTV system, the harmonic balance formulation is developed to predict the dynamic behavior and sub-harmonic instabilities in the system. The NLTV analysis leads to very complex and intractable equations, and hence numerical methods are applied. Using this analysis, the physical phenomena associated with the two models are compared and the essential differences in the system behavior are examined. Finally, the dynamic effects of friction-induced non-linearity are investigated and the critical parameters are identified.
Optical Coherence Tractography of Ventricular Remodeling in a Myocardial Infarction Model

High-resolution microscopic optical coherence tomography after optical clearing can be used to characterize changes in fiber architecture and overall left ventricular remodeling in a mouse model of myocardial infarction with tractography analysis.
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Is It a Learning Disability or a Related Disorder?

Le trouble d'hyperactivite avec deficit de l'attention: est-ce une incapacite d'apprentissage? Est-il necessaire de mettre en œuvre des structures specialement adaptees a ces enfants? La salle de classe doit-elle comporter des amenagements particuliers pour eux? Historique de ces deux syndromes, son impact sur la loi de 1975 sur l'education des enfants handicapes
Adsorption of water‐soluble polychlorinated biphenyl aroclor 1242 and used capacitor fluid by soil materials and coal chars

Abstract Adsorption of the water‐soluble PCBs Aroclor 1242 and a used capacitor fluid (impregnated with Aroclor 1242) by five earth materials and their low‐temperature ashes were studied under constant‐temperature laboratory conditions. The five earth materials studied were medium‐temperature coal char (MTC), high‐temperature coal char (HTC), Catlin soil (CS), montmorillonite clay (MC), and Ottawa silica sand (OS). Adsorption followed the series MTC > HTC > CS > MC > OS. There were no significant differences between adsorption of the Aroclor 1242 and the used capacitor fluid by any of the five earth materials. A simple linear relation described the adsorption of PCBs from aqueous solution by the earth materials and yielded an adsorption constant (K) unique to each adsorbent. Very highly significant (.001 level) linear correlations were found for K as a function of total organic carbon (TOC.), the coefficient of determination, r 2 equals 0.87; K as a function of the surface area measured with carbon dioxid...
Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa in a patient with systemic sclerosis

Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (ENV) is an unusual skin condition characterized by dermal fibrosis and hyperkeratotic verrucous lesions resulting from chronic nonfilarial lymphoedema. The condition is similar to 'elephantiasis tropica', in which elephantiasis develops secondary to filariasis. Lymphatic obstruction can be primary or due to various causes such as surgery, tumour, radiation, congestive heart failure or obesity. Recurrent attacks of cellulitis lead to further impairment of lymphatic drainage, causing permanent swelling, dermal fibrosis and epidermal thickening. We report a case of a 56-year-old man with systemic sclerosis (SS), who presented with painful lesions on both legs, consistent with ENV. He developed extensive, fungating, papillomatous lesions on the skin of the legs, toes and dorsa of the feet over a period of 3 years. Histology revealed dense dermal fibrosis, oedema of the papillary dermis and extensive pseudo-epitheliomatous changes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ENV in which SS was considered to be the primary cause for the impairment of lymphatic flow.
Global and Local Conformation of Mismatched Duplex DNA Upon MSH2-MSH6 Binding Studied by Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence

The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system guards the integrity of genetic material by scanning and correcting errors in a post-replicative manner. In eukaryotic cells, the initiation of MMR is achieved by recognition of biosynthetic errors by Msh proteins (MutS homologs). The recognition of single base mismatches and small insertion/deletion loops (IDL) by the Msh2-Msh6 heterodimer is an important initial event in the MMR pathway. Several studies have suggested that the prokaryotic MutS homodimer and its eukaryotic counterpart Msh2-Msh6 bind duplex DNA containing a mismatch or IDL with a higher affinity than homoduplex DNA. However, the exact mechanism by which Msh2-Msh6 distinguishes different types of mismatched base pairs from a large excess of canonical Watson-Crick base pairs is still unknown. In this study, we are utilizing DNA duplexes containing 6-methylisoxanthopterin (6-MI) a fluorescent nucleoside analog to measure the binding affinity of S. cerevisiae Msh2-Msh6 to different single base pair mismatches. For greater sensitivity this analog is incorporated into a pentamer sequence ATFAA (F = 6-MI), which exhibits enhanced fluorescence. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements performed with these intrinsically labeled duplexes reveal the following order for Msh2-Msh6 binding affinity to DNA mismatches: G:T > +T ≈ G:A > G:C. This order is consistent with previously reported affinities measured in the gel. We have further investigated DNA dynamics upon Msh2-Msh6 binding using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Specific placement of the probe at the mismatch site or adjacent to it reveals significant local motion prior to protein binding. We observe that those mismatches with the highest affinity exhibit the greatest amount of motion. Protein binding stabilizes mismatch local motion, which is potentially consistent with Phe intercalation at the site, as observed in Msh2-Msh6-DNA co-crystal structures.
Mechanism and specificity of the phenanthrenequinone test for monosubstituted guanidines.

Abstract The reaction of phenanthrenequinone with arginine yielded 2-amino-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (API) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. The reaction of phenanthrenequinone with benzylguanidine yielded API and benzaldehyde. The same product, 2-benzylamino-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole was obtained when either a reaction mixture of phenanthrenequinone and benzylguanidine or a reaction mixture of API and benzaldehyde was reduced with sodium borohydride. Thus the reaction mechanism involves the formation of a Schiff base intermediate. 1,1-Disubstituted guanidines, t-butylguanidine, and phenylguanidine produce neither a Schiff base intermediate nor API. On the other hand, guanidine and canavanine, which also do not produce Schiff base intermediates, result in API through mechanisms that require the presence of a reducing compound in the reaction medium.
Geographic variation among Medicare beneficiaries in the use of colorectal carcinoma screening procedures.

Geographic Variation among Medicare Beneficiaries in the Use of Colorectal Carcinoma Screening Procedures
Attitude control system conceptual design for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite spacecraft series

The next generation of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-N) will require extremely stringent pointing performance for improved weather prediction. These spacecraft will employ high-precision gyros and star trackers in a,unique control system design concept to achieve the end-to-end pointing performance at the focal plane of the instruments. This paper presents the GOES-N attitude control system conceptual design, sensor complement trade-offs, attitude determination theory, and system performance expectations.
Deletion of chromosome 15 (q11 – 13) in a Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome clinic population

Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 has recently been reported in a number of patients with the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome who were studied with prometaphase banding. We performed cytogenetic analysis on 12 patients with this disorder in whom the clinical diagnosis was certain. A specific cytogenetic anomaly, del(15q11 – 13) was found in all of the 12 patients. In nine of the 12, the deletion was noted in all cells examined; in two, there was mosaicism, some cells having the deletion and others being normal; one patient had a 7;15 translocation. No clinical differences were evident between individuals with mosaicism for the translocation and those with the typical deletion in all cells examined. The finding that all of our patients with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome have a cytogenetic anomaly, with some patients having mosaicism, distinguishes the results of this study from those of previous reports. Prometaphase chromosome analysis is recommended in all individuals clinically suspected of having Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome and should be considered in hypotonic infants without a specific diagnosis.
Acetabular revision with the Burch-Schnieder antiprotrusio cage and cancellous allograft bone

A retrospective review of 25 patients who underwent 28 acetabular revisions with the Burch-Schnieder antiprotrusio cage (Protek, Berne, Switzerland) and cancellous allograft bone was performed. Follow-up periods averaged 33 months. Patients had averaged 2.1 prior operations per hip. Twenty-two hips had American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons type III (combined segmental and cavitary bone loss) acetabular deficiency. Five hips had type II (cavitary bone loss) and one hip had type I (segmental bone loss) acetabular deficiency. After surgery, 80% of the patients had mild or no pain and 80% functioned as at least a community ambulator. Radiographic analysis included a detailed study of implant migration and the degree to which the hip center and bone stock were restored. Significant component migration was documented in 14% of the acetabular reconstructions. The hip center was improved from a preoperative side-to-side difference of 12.5 mm to 4.9 mm at final evaluation (P = .01). Average medial wall bone stock was improved from 1.9 mm before surgery to 10.1 mm postrevision (P < .01). No patients required revision of the antiprotrusio cage for problems related to the acetabular reconstruction. For failed acetabular components associated with moderate to massive bone loss, the antiprotrusio cage reliably reconstituted the hip joint center and acetabular bone stock. The short-term incidence of mechanical loosening parallels that of previously reported acetabular reconstruction techniques.
Channel Height and Curvature Effects on Flow Boiling from an Electronic Chip

Forced convective boiling from a discrete heat source in a curved rectangular channel has been experimentally investigated. The flow area height and radius of curvature of the channel were varied to ascertain the effects of induced buoyancy and secondary flow. For comparison, results were also obtained for a similar heat source in a straight channel. Three configurations encompassing two radii of curvature, 28.6 and 56.4 mm, and three heights, 3.18, 5.56, and 6.35 mm were studied. An additional channel height of 1.14 mm was investigated for the straight geometry only. Data were obtained for subcoolings of 5, 20, and 35°C and flow velocities of 1-7 m/s. For the straight geometry, critical heat flux (CHF) did not vary much for heights greater than 1.14 mm. The percent increase in curved channel CHF over straight channel CHF was highest for 5°C subcooling. This implies that buoyancy effects are most important when there is significant vapor generation. For a given subcooling and velocity, the radius of curvature had little effect. This implies that secondary flow has little effect under these conditions. A correlation is developed that describes the effects of buoyancy and secondary flow on CHF in the curved channel.
Hairball: lint-inspired static analysis of scratch projects

Scratch programming has risen in prominence, not only as a potential language for K-12 computer science, but also in introductory college courses. Unfortunately, grading Scratch programs is time-consuming, requiring manual execution of each program. Automation of this process is greatly complicated by the very reason Scratch is an attractive introductory language--the projects are multimedia in nature, requiring eyes and ears to fully appreciate.We propose Hairball, an automated system that can be used both by a student to point out potential errors or unsafe practices, and by a grader to assist in inspecting the implementation of Scratch programs. Because automatic analysis will not be able to determine the sensory effect, Hairball focuses instead on the implementation, including safe/robust programming practices, providing a "lint-like" tool for Scratch.In this case study, we have created an initial set of Hairball plugins that detect and label instances of initialization of Scratch state, synchronization between say and sound blocks, synchronization between broadcast and receive blocks, and use of timing and loops for complex animation. Our evaluation shows that Hairball is very useful in conjunction with manual analysis. Overall, Hairball was actually slightly more accurate than manual analysis at labeling these instances. Specifically for broadcast/receive, Hairball's analysis correctly classified 99% of the 432 instances, manual analysis only 81%. Overall, if Hairball was only used to identify correctly implemented instances, with manual analysis for the remainder, it would remove 76% of the instances for the manual analysis and assist in the rest, with a false positive rate of less than 0.5%.
A spin phase gate based on optically generated geometric phases in a self-assembled quantum dot

We demonstrate the use of optically generated geometric phases to modify the phase of one of the spin states of an electron confined in an InAs quantum dot, effectively executing a spin phase gate.
The Effect and Moderation of Gender Identity Congruity: Utilizing 'Real Women' Advertising Images

The Financial Times recently reported that Nike is jumping on the real women bandwagon, using more ordinary women as opposed to flawless models in their advertising campaigns. Along with Nike, many companies have identified that some women experience negative effects by comparing themselves to highly attractive models in advertising, producing a negative impact on advertising effectiveness (Bower & Landreth, 2001). Advertising practitioners go to great lengths to design advertisements with female images that women consumers can easily identify with. On this basis, determining whether female advertising images that are congruent with female consumers' views of themselves can improve advertising effectiveness is a timely endeavor. Gender identity congruity refers to the extent to which structural correspondence is achieved between the entire configuration of a gender image in the advert and the configuration specified by a consumer's schema or beliefs (Orth & Holancova, 2004). According to the principle of cognitive consistency, individuals value harmony among their thoughts, feelings and behavior and are willing to maintain consistency between these elements (Solomon, 1992). Congruity of gender identity may be particularly germane in advertising to female target markets. Researchers have appraised the positive impact of the congruity between consumers' self-concept and advertising appeals on attitude and purchase intention (Hong & Zinkhan, 1995) and between self-concept and brand image on the liking of the brand (Dolich, 1969) and on purchase intention (Landon, 1974). As gender identity is a dimension of one's self-concept, it is reasonable to expect that increasing the amount of gender congruent information contained in an advertisement will facilitate the processing of this information and even improve the rating of the arguments (Worth et al., 1992). Surprisingly, past research in advertising has paid little attention to the impact of gender identity congruity on advertising effectiveness (for a review see Wolin, 2003). Thus, this paper examines the unique predictive ability of gender identity in explaining women's response to advertising (Jaffe, 1991; 1994). The contributions of this paper are twofold: (1) to demonstrate whether advertisements that are congruent with female consumers' gender identity elicit strong positive consumer reactions and (2) to identify the factors that may moderate/mediate the impact of gender identity congruity on female consumer responses to advertisements.
A CoD-based reduction algorithm for designing stationary control policies on Boolean networks

Motivation: Gene regulatory networks serve as models from which to derive therapeutic intervention strategies, in particular, stationary control policies over time that shift the probability mass of the steady state distribution (SSD) away from states associated with undesirable phenotypes. Derivation of control policies is hindered by the high-dimensional state spaces associated with gene regulatory networks. Hence, network reduction is a fundamental issue for intervention. Results: The network model that has been most used for the study of intervention in gene regulatory networks is the probabilistic Boolean network (PBN), which is a collection of constituent Boolean networks (BNs) with perturbation. In this article, we propose an algorithm that reduces a BN with perturbation, designs a control policy on the reduced network and then induces that policy to the original network. The coefficient of determination (CoD) is used to choose a gene for deletion, and a reduction mapping is used to rewire the remaining genes. This CoD-reduction procedure is used to construct a reduced network, then either the previously proposed mean first-passage time (MFPT) or SSD stationary control policy is designed on the reduced network, and these policies are induced to the original network. The efficacy of the overall algorithm is demonstrated on networks of 10 genes or less, where it is possible to compare the steady state shifts of the induced and original policies (because the latter can be derived), and by applying it to a 17-gene gastrointestinal network where it is shown that there is substantial beneficial steady state shift. Availability: The code for the algorithms is available at: http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/ghaffari10a/ Please Contact Noushin Ghaffari at nghaffari@tamu.edu for further questions. Contact: edward@ece.tamu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Interaction of Hyperthermal Hydrogen with the Diamond Surface

A mass-selected low kinetic energy (1-50 eV) ion source is used to expose the diamond (111) surface to ionized atomic hydrogen (H+) at controlled impact kinetic energy. We report the result of 20 eV and 50 eV kinetic energy exposures as measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). UPS is found to be a useful probe of hydrogen adsorption on diamond.
Regulation of Drosophila Visual System Development by Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP1

SYNOPSIS. Photoreceptors undergoing target selection in the optic lobe of Drosophila express a nitric oxide sensitive soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). At the same time, cells in the target region of the optic lobe express nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Pharmacological inhibition of NOS, NO or sGC leads to disruption of the retinal projection pattern in vitro, and the extension of individual retinal axons beyond their appropriate targets. The disruptive effects of NOS inhibition in vitro are prevented by adding a cGMP analog. Mutations in the sGC alpha subunit gene, Gc a1, reduce sGC expression and attenuate NO-sensitive retinal cGMP production in the visual system. Although the retinal projection pattern is undisturbed in Gca1 mutants, they lack positive phototaxis as adults, suggesting inappropriate connections exist between the photoreceptors and optic lobe interneurons in these flies. Preliminary results show that heat-shock expression of wild-type Gc a1 during metamorphosis can restore positive phototaxis in severe Gca1 mutants. These in vivo results support the in vitro findings that NOS and sGC activity are required to promote the appropriate retinal innervation of the optic lobe.
Effect of Apex Flap Deflection on Vertical Tail Buffeting

A computational study of the effect of vortex breakdown location on vertical tail buffeting is conducted. The position of the breakdown is modified by employing an apex flap deflected by an experimentally determined optimal angle. The delayed breakdown flow and buffeting response is then compared to the nominal undeflected case. This multidisciplinary problem is solved sequentially for the fluid flow, the elastic tail deformations and the grid displacements. The fluid flow is simulated by time accurately solving the unsteady, compressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting finite volume scheme. The elastic vibrations of the tails are modeled by uncoupled bending and torsion beam equations. These equations are solved accurately in time using the Galerkin method and a five-stage Runge-Kutta-Verner scheme. The grid for the fluid dynamics calculations is continuously deformed using interpolation functions to disperse the displacements smoothly throughout the computational domain. An angle-of-attack of 35 deg.is chosen such that the wing primary-vortex cores experience vortex breakdown and the resulting turbulent wake flow impinges on tile vertical tails. The dimensions and material properties of the vertical tails are chosen such that the deflections are large enough to insure interaction with the flow, and the natural frequencies are high enough to facilitate a practical computational solution. Results are presented for a baseline uncontrolled buffeting case and a delayed breakdown case in which the apex flap has been deflected 15 deg. The flap was found to be very effective in delaying the breakdown, increasing the location from 50%c to 94%c, which resulted in a 6% increase in lift coefficient and pitching moment. However, the integrated buffet loads and tip responses were roughly equivalent for the two cases.
Radioimmunoassay for bovine tumor necrosis factor: concentrations and circulating molecular forms in bovine plasma.

Abstract Antisera against recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor (rbTNF) were produced in rabbits immunized with rbTNF in Freund's complete adjuvant (F314) and used in a double antibody radioimmunoassay to measure plasma TNF. Assay standards were rbTNF. Iodination of rbTNF and chromatography on G-50 Sephadex with 50 mM EDTA, 0.1 % BSA, 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5 resulted in labelled rbTNF which was >97% TCA precipitable (specific activity of 37.5 μCi/μg). F314 (1: 80,000 dilution) bound 21% of 125I- rbTNF in a non-equilibrium assay at 4 C. Separation of bound and free 125I-rbTNF was accomplished by precipitation with goat anti-rabbit IgG prepared with 6% polyethyleneglycol (mw = 8000). Minimum detectable TNF was 4 pg/assay tube. Matrix effects of plasma were minimal. Recovery of rbTNF from plasma was linearly (recovered TNF = .932 ∗ added TNF - .12; r = .99). Displacement curves of increasing amounts of plasma from calves challenged with endotoxin to effect an increase in endogenous TNF were parall...
Discovery of maximal distance codes using genetic algorithms

An application of genetic algorithms to the problem of discovering communication codes with properties useful for error corrections is described. Search spaces for these codes are so large as to rule out any exhaustive search strategy. Coding theory provides a rich and interesting domain for genetic algorithms. There are some coding problems about which a lot is known and good codes can be generated systematically. On the other hand, there are problem areas where little can be said about the characteristics of the codes in advance. Genetic algorithms have been advocated for these kinds of problems where domain knowledge is either limited or hard to represent and formalize. The authors describe some initial experiments on the use of genetic algorithms to discover maximal distance codes, and discuss the potential advantage of genetic algorithms in this problem domain. >
Conditional Assessment of Flow Measurement Accuracy

A study conducted by the Utah Water Research Laboratory assessed the accuracies of a wide variety of flow measurement devices currently in service. During the study, a wide variety of flow measurement devices, including flumes, weirs, and rated sections in open channel systems, were evaluated; magnetic and ultrasonic meters in closed-conduit systems were also tested. The specified design accuracies for each device are presented. Actual flow measurements were determined at 70 sites and were compared with the theoretical discharges of each device. Comparison of actual and theoretical flow indicates that only 33% of the measurement devices tested currently measure flow within manufacturer-designed specifications. Field data is presented, and possible reasons for the flow measurement errors and their corrections are discussed.
Colocalization and Membrane Association of Murine Hepatitis Virus Gene 1 Products and De Novo-Synthesized Viral RNA in Infected Cells

Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) gene 1, the 22-kb polymerase (pol) gene, is first translated into a polyprotein and subsequently processed into multiple proteins by viral autoproteases. Genetic complementation analyses suggest that the majority of the gene 1 products are required for viral RNA synthesis. However, there is no physical evidence supporting the association of any of these products with viral RNA synthesis. We have now performed immunofluorescent-staining studies with four polyclonal antisera to localize various MHV-A59 gene 1 products in virus-infected cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that these antisera detected proteins representing the two papain-like proteases and the 3C-like protease encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 1a, the putative polymerase (p100) and a p35 encoded by ORF 1b, and their precursors. De novo-synthesized viral RNA was labeled with bromouridine triphosphate in lysolecithin-permeabilized MHV-infected cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that all of the viral proteins detected by these antisera colocalized with newly synthesized viral RNA in the cytoplasm, particularly in the perinuclear region of infected cells. Several cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, i.e., E64d, leupeptin, and zinc chloride, inhibited viral RNA synthesis without affecting the localization of viral proteins, suggesting that the processing of the MHV gene 1 polyprotein is tightly associated with viral RNA synthesis. Dual labeling with antibodies specific for cytoplasmic membrane structures showed that MHV gene 1 products and RNA colocalized with the Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells. However, in murine 17CL-1 cells, the viral proteins and viral RNA did not colocalize with the Golgi apparatus but, instead, partially colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results provide clear physical evidence that several MHV gene 1 products, including the proteases and the polymerase, are associated with the viral RNA replication-transcription machinery, which may localize to different membrane structures in different cell lines.
Declarative networking: language, execution and optimization

The networking and distributed systems communities have recently explored a variety of new network architectures, both for application-level overlay networks, and as prototypes for a next-generation Internet architecture. In this context, we have investigated declarative networking: the use of a distributed recursive query engine as a powerful vehicle for accelerating innovation in network architectures [23, 24, 33]. Declarative networking represents a significant new application area for database research on recursive query processing. In this paper, we address fundamental database issues in this domain. First, we motivate and formally define the Network Datalog (NDlog) language for declarative network specifications. Second, we introduce and prove correct relaxed versions of the traditional semi-naive query evaluation technique, to overcome fundamental problems of the traditional technique in an asynchronous distributed setting. Third, we consider the dynamics of network state, and formalize the iheventual consistencyl. of our programs even when bursts of updates can arrive in the midst of query execution. Fourth, we present a number of query optimization opportunities that arise in the declarative networking context, including applications of traditional techniques as well as new optimizations. Last, we present evaluation results of the above ideas implemented in our P2 declarative networking system, running on 100 machines over the Emulab network testbed.
Tutorial: Reading and Reviewing the Common Schema for Electrical Design and Analysis

This tutorial introduces the language, tools, and methods used to develop an information model by an IEEE Task Team. The model identifies the data and data relationships necessary to define electrical products. Reviews are now required for consensus by technical experts who are also familiar with this subject matter. The model will be used to evaluate data transfer formats and establish their mappings without compromising proprietary data structures.
A combined half-cone beam and parallel hole collimation system for SPECT brain imaging

The authors' research group has recently examined new types of collimator designs with the goal of improving sensitivity and lesion detection for head imaging. One of these collimator designs is a half-cone beam collimator. However, the sensitivity is reduced as objects are removed from the focal line and it does not satisfy Tuy's sufficiency condition. Parallel hole collimation does not have this problem with axial blurring, however, values for sensitivity are not as large as for half-cone collimators. A potential configuration is to use one parallel hole collimator in conjunction with two half-cone beam collimators on a triple camera single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system. This might produce results that represent the best of both collimation systems. The authors acquired projection data with a Defrise disk phantom filled with Tc-99m. A half-cone beam collimator with a focal length of 50 cm was placed on one head of a triple camera SPECT system. A low energy super high resolution (LESR) parallel hole collimator was placed on a second head. Different projection data sets were combined to model acquisition in the three headed gamma camera with three half-cone beam collimators, two half-cone beam and one parallel beam collimators, one half-cone beam and two parallel beam collimators and three parallel beam collimators. Image reconstruction used a modified maximum likelihood maximization-expectation (ML-EM) algorithm. For the reconstruction with three half-cone beam collimators, the authors observe axial blurring. This is largely reduced with two half-cone beam and one parallel beam collimators. Graphs of the image profiles demonstrate that the blurring along the axial direction is decreased with the addition of parallel hole collimators.
Continuations in hardware-software codesign

This paper presents a case study for using high-level programming techniques to support the migration of software into hardware. The example is a derived implementation of a symbolic processing machine. The design environment employs codesign to maintain consistency between an executable software model of the system and the individual hardware components that are extracted from it. The presentation focuses on the use of continuations to move from a procedural view of memory allocation to a process view. Our previous work has used functional models as a source for correct hardware derivation using a transformational algebra. The work reported will result in extensions that deal more powerfully with the factorization of sequential subsystems. >
Injuries of the Elbow and the Current Treatment of Tendon Disease

OBJECTIVE. Overuse and traumatic injuries of the elbow are common, occurring in both athletes and nonathletes. This article will discuss the commonly encountered soft-tissue and osseous pathologic abnormalities around the elbow and their imaging appearance on MRI and ultrasound. CONCLUSION. The current treatment of tendon disease of the elbow is reviewed, with a focus on platelet-rich plasma injection.
The Impact of Infertility: Why ART Should Be a Higher Priority for Women in the Global South

Cancer is typically associated with countries in the global North1 rather than the global South. This is in part because cancer is often portrayed as a disease of late middle to old age and the global North has a larger percentage of this particular demographic than the global South. Yet, cancer is the third leading non-communicable cause of death in developing countries [1].