cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-dependent changes in human peripheral blood B cells and T-cell subsets: correlation with mitogen responsiveness.

Lymphocyte and T-cell subpopulations were quantitated in 64 healthy, ambulatory adults, 33 women and 31 men, ranging in age from 22 to 83. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness was assessed simultaneously in 19 of these subjects and statistically correlated with T-cell subpopulations. B cells declined significantly in proportions and numbers with age (P < .0005) and this significance was maintained when men and women were separately considered. There was no significant change with age for males, females, or for the group as a whole when absolute and relative numbers of TG cells were statistically evaluated by regression analysis. An inverse correlation of percentages of TM cells with age was shown by regression analysis both in the entire sample (P < 0.00001) and when the sexes were separately considered (P < 0.01 in males; P < 0.005 in females). When absolute numbers of TM cells were evaluated by regression analysis significant decreases were found in the entire group (P < 0.005). However, this resulted primarily from changes in the male cohort as the P value for females was not significant. No correlation was found between PHA responsiveness and either the relative or absolute number of TG or TM cells.
Extracting polarized atomic orbitals from molecular orbital calculations

We present a class of methods for extracting a polarized atomic orbital (EPAO) minimal basis set from a converged molecular orbital (MO) calculation. Unlike minimal basis sets obtained from previous approaches, EPAOs rigorously contain the occupied molecular orbital space. EPAOs achieve this exactness because their spatial extent is not restricted. Nonetheless, EPAOs are optimally localized with respect to a localization criterion and are essentially single-centered. EPAOs provide an alternative scheme for partitioning the electron density into atomic subspaces. Therefore, they can be used to determine atomic and chemical group properties such as charge populations. Since EPAOs provide a compact description to the occupied space, they may have other computational applications such as in local correlation methods. Additionally, the EPAOs give a description of valence antibonding orbitals that may be appropriate for nondynamical electron correlation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 76: 169–184, 2000
The complexity of deciding controllability

Abstract It is shown that the problem of deciding whether a control system is small-time locally controllable or not is NP-hard. This is an extension of a recent paper by Sontag to single-input systems and to bounded controls.
The meaning of generic names of important economic plants

With the increase in the number of university and other courses in economic botany and with governments as well as industrial and pharmaceutical firms devoting more and more attention to useful plants, the technical names of those species most important in human affairs will become of increasing consequence. It is always interesting, and in many ways it makes this technical nomenclature more meaningful, to have an understanding of the origins of terminology. International codes of botanical nomenclature have become refined enough so that the generic names of the economically important plants are now rather well standardized. My interest in presenting these etymologies has been to make available the derivations -some of them exceedingly complex-of the generic names of only the most notable of our useful species, namely, those of enough significance to be included in Hill's Economic Botany (11). I have chosen Hill not only because it is a scholarly work of unusually wide scope, but also because it is the most widely used economic botany text in the United States. The list in Hill could easily be expanded many times if plants of minor importance were included. The most probable etymology is given. If no derivation was indicated in the original description, my own judgment was used to arrive at the most likely origin. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Richard Evans Schultes for his many suggestions and for his encouragement; and to Mrs. Lazella Schwarten, librarian of the Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum, for her genial help in locating many original or obscure descriptions.
On the homotopy type of CW-complexes with aspherical fundamental group

Abstract This paper is concerned with the homotopy type distinction of finite CW-complexes. A ( G , n ) -complex is a finite n -dimensional CW-complex with fundamental-group G and vanishing higher homotopy-groups up to dimension n − 1 . In case G is an n -dimensional group there is a unique (up to homotopy) ( G , n ) -complex on the minimal Euler-characteristic level χ min ( G , n ) . For every n we give examples of n -dimensional groups G for which there exist homotopically distinct ( G , n ) -complexes on the level χ min ( G , n ) + 1 . In the case where n = 2 these examples are algebraic.
Assessment of alcoholism among dually diagnosed psychiatric inpatients

Alcohol is an increasingly abused substance among psychiatric inpatients, and the extent to which alcohol dependence history is documented and the alcoholism subsequently treated is a compelling issue. This study is a retrospective review of the extent to which alcohol dependence history was obtained, and if applicable, whether a diagnosis and/or treatment plan were made, for acute psychiatric inpatients. For these purposes, an original instrument was constructed. Our results indicate that the predominant focus for acute inpatients is on diagnostic assessment of the severity of the alcohol problem, reflecting the need to deal with those issues requiring the most immediate attention. For patients with schizophrenia, attention to alcoholism diagnosis and treatment was less than that for nonschizophrenic patients. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the evaluation and treatment of dually diagnosed patients, along with further directions for research.
Shear-driven redistribution of surfactant affects enzyme activity in well-mixed femtoliter droplets.

We developed a microfluidic platform for splitting well-mixed, femtoliter-volume droplets from larger water-in-oil plugs, where the sizes of the daughter droplets were not limited by channel width. These droplets were separated from mother plugs at a microfabricated T-junction, which enabled the study of how increased confinement affected enzyme kinetics in droplets 4−10 μm in diameter. Initial rates for enzyme catalysis in the mother plugs and the largest daughter drops were close to the average bulk rate, while the rates in smaller droplets decreased linearly with increasing surface to volume ratio. Rates in the smallest droplets decreased by a factor of 4 compared to the bulk rate. Traditional methods for detecting nonspecific adsorption at the water−oil interface were unable to detect evidence of enzyme adsorption, including pendant drop tensiometry, laser scanning confocal microscopy of drops containing labeled proteins in microemulsions, and epifluorescence microscopy of plugs and drops generated on...
Bose-Einstein condensates in rf-dressed adiabatic potentials

Bose-Einstein condensates of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms are transferred into radio-frequency induced adiabatic potentials and the properties of the corresponding dressed states are explored. We report on measurements of the spin composition of dressed condensates. We also show that adiabatic potentials can be used to trap atom gases in novel geometries, including suspending a cigar-shaped cloud above a curved sheet of atoms.
Firm behavior under imperfectly enforceable pollution standards and taxes

Abstract Assuming expected profit maximization, the behavior of the firm under imperfectly enforceable pollution standards is examined. Among other results, it is found that cost subsidies can reduce the size of violation and amount of wastes, and that the shape of the expected penalty function determines the direction of the firm response to tighter standards. Under imperfectly enforceable pollution taxes, it is found, among other results, that the firm's actual level of wastes is independent of proportional changes in the expected penalty for pollution tax evasion, and that the marginal cost of actual waste reduction equals the unit tax on reported wastes. Some normative aspects of the results are discussed.
Gluteus maximus augmentation for the treatment of fecal incontinence

Abstract Fecal incontinence is a devastating problem for schoolaged children and adults. Medical and biofeedback therapies are unsuccessful in most patients who have severely defective internal and external sphincters. Continued fecal incontinence frequently leads to social isolation and withdrawal. Gluteus maximus augmentation of the sphincter mechanism is one surgical method for treating fecal incontinence. The authors present their results with gluteus maximus augmentation of the anal sphincter and describe patient selection criteria. From 1992 through 1996, seven patients underwent gluteus maximus augmentation of the anal sphincter for fecal incontinence. Six of these patients were children 5 to 6 years of age who had major deficiencies of their anorectal sphincter demonstrated by manometry. One patient was a 56-year-old adult woman who had acquired idiopathic fecal incontinence. Four of the six children (67%) had imperforate anus and two had cloacal anomalies (33%). The augmentation was performed in three stages. A sigmoid-end colostomy with a Hartman's pouch was followed 1 month later by rotation of a portion of the gluteus maximus for anorectal sphincter augmentation. A colostomy take down was performed 2 to 4 months later. All patients underwent dilatation after sphincter augmentation and were taught muscle exercises for using their neosphincter during the period before colostomy take down. Four of six children and the adult are continent postoperatively (71%). Both patients who remain incontinent are unable to sense rectal distention clinically or on anal manometric analysis but have excellent voluntary sphincter tone. Fecal incontinence can be successfully treated with gluteus maximus augmentation in carefully selected patients. Patients unable to sense rectal distension are unlikely to benefit from this procedure. The presence of a rectal reservoir and a skin-lined anal canal also appear to be important in attaining fecal continence.
Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise

Resistance exercise (RE) training, designed to induce hypertrophy, strives for optimal activation of anabolic and myogenic mechanisms to increase myofiber size. Clearly, activation of these mechanisms must precede skeletal muscle growth. Most mechanistic studies of RE have involved analysis of outcome variables after many training sessions. This study measured molecular level responses to RE on a scale of hours to establish a time course for the activation of myogenic mechanisms. Muscle biopsy samples were collected from nine subjects before and after acute bouts of RE. The response to a single bout was assessed at 12 and 24 h post-exercise. Further samples were obtained 24 and 72 h after a second exercise bout. RE was induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation to generate maximal isometric contractions in the muscle of interest. A single RE bout resulted in increased levels of mRNA for IGF binding protein-4 (84%), MyoD (83%), myogenin (approximately threefold), cyclin D1 (50%), and p21-Waf1 (16-fold), and a transient decrease in IGF-I mRNA (46%). A temporally conserved, significant correlation between myogenin and p21 mRNA was observed (r=0.70, P<or=0.02). The mRNAs for mechano-growth factor, IGF binding protein-5, and the IGF-I receptor were unchanged by RE. Total skeletal muscle RNA was increased 72 h after the second serial bout of RE. These results indicate that molecular adaptations of skeletal muscle to loading respond in a very short time. This approach should provide insights on the mechanisms that modulate adaptation to RE and may be useful in evaluating RE training protocol variables with high temporal resolution.
Modifications of the Compass Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Localizer: Technical Note

Head size, shape, or optimal anterior support placement can preclude stereotactic localization using the Compass magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) localizer. The described modifications of MRI localiza
Dynamics of transport under random fluxes on the boundary

Abstract The impact of boundary noise on the dynamical evolution of the scalar transport equation in shear flows is studied, taking off from earlier studies in shear-flow dispersion in internal waves, a mechanism for horizontal mixing in the ocean. In particular, we model a gravity current evolving under an assumed shear-flow. The transport equation is deterministic, with a noise term at the inlet boundary . This was motivated by observed seasonal fluctuations in some known sources of salty, dense water in the oceans, like the Red Sea overflow, as well as observed thermal and saline anomalies in the thermohaline circulation. The noises used were: Wiener white, Wiener colored, Levy white, and Levy colored noise. Levy processes form a more general class of processes which are generally non-Gaussian in distribution, and may have infinitely many jumps in finite time. They have been used to model pollutant point-sources, the flight time of particles in vortices, and linear and nonlinear anomalous diffusion. The major finding was that white noises (Wiener and Levy ) and colored Wiener noise all have the effect of impeding the diffusion process, by as much as 33%. However, colored Levy noise (non-Gaussian, time-correlated) does not have this effect on diffusion. This would suggest that time-correlation is more important in distinguishing noises than the distribution of the process that produced the noise. This also explains why Levy colored noise showed great sensitivity to the stability parameter α , while Levy white noise is unaffected by its stability parameter.
The clinical diagnosis oftemporomandibular disorders in the orthodontic patient

Because many of the diseases and disorders that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated masticatory muscles occur in the age group of patients generally seen by the orthodontist, their recognition is of great importance in planning and performing orthodontic therapy. This article discusses the diagnosis and clinical significance of the various conditions that may be encountered.
Constitutive expression and structural diversity of inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in human tissues

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in immune responses to bacteria and tumors, and the gene is induced by endotoxin and cytokines. However, we have detected iNOS cDNA sequences expressed constitutively at low level from human retinal, cerebellar and skeletal muscle tissues using northern-blot and RT-PCR analyses. In northern-blot analysis, two types (4.5 kb and 4.2 kb) of iNOS mRNA have been observed in retinal tissue, whereas only one type of mRNA was observed in cerebellum (4.5 kb) and skeletal muscle (4.2 kb). This result indicates that the presence of differential expression and/or structural diversity of the iNOS gene in various tissues, and some cells can express iNOS gene constitutively. We have also demonstrated a structural diversity formed by alternative splicing in the open reading frame sequence of the iNOS cDNA cloned from retinal tissue, which may reflect functional differences of iNOS gene.
Renal Oxygen Consumption and Sodium Reabsorption during Isotonic Volume Expansion in the Developing Rat

Summary: The aim of the present study was to obtain more information on oxygen consumption in relation to Na reabsorption in the immature kidney during hydropenia (HP) and isotonic volume expansion (VE) corresponding to 5% of the body weight. The study was performed in 24 male Sprague Dawley rats, which were divided into four groups containing six rats each: (1) 22− to 24-day-old rats during HP; (2) 22− to 24-day-old rats during VE; (3) 40− to 42-day-old rats during HP; and (4) 40− to 42-day-old rats during VE. Blood from the renal vein and from the artery was sampled for estimation of oxygen consumption. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by inulin clearance and renal plasma flow by renal extraction of inulin.
Synthesis and X-ray structure of ruthenium bis(acetylacetonate)(N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine)

Although several ruthenium complexes of the type Ru(acac)2(L)x, where x is 1 for a bidentate or 2 for a monodentate ligand, are known, the tmed complex is conspicuously absent. This article describes the synthesis of this complex from trans-RuCl2(tmed)2, acetylacetone, and triethylamine in toluene. A new synthesis of trans-RuCl2(tmed)2 is also described. Some physical properties and the X-ray crystal structure of Ru(acac)2(tmed) are provided.
The Uncommon Insight of Elinor Ostrom

Standard economic approaches to the problem of overuse of common property resources have emphasized two competing remedies, the Pigovian approach of corrective taxation and the property rights approach of internalizing externalities by means of assigning marketable property rights to individual owners with exclusive claim on the entire commons. Elinor Ostrom pursues a third approach, which is based on case studies of existing communities that have established successful and durable systems of managing common property resources. This paper discusses her work and suggests that economists with an interest in public policy have much to gain from becoming familiar with the work of Ostrom and her co-authors.
IS 10 mRNA stability and steady state levels in Escherichia coli: indirect effects of translation and role of rne function

Summary Translation of the IS 10 transposase gene is known to be very infrequent. We have identified mutations whose genetic properties suggest that they act directly to increase or decrease the intrinsic level of translation initiation. Also, we have analysed in detail the effects of these mutations on IS 10 mRNA using one particular IS 10 derivative. In this case, increases or decreases in translation are accompanied by increases or decreases in both the steady state level and the half-life of transposase mRNA; effects on steady state levels are much more dramatic than effects on message half-life. At wild-type levels of translation initiation, the rate-limiting step in physical decay of full length IS 10 message for a particular IS 10 derivative is shown to be rne-dependent endonucleolytic cleavage; 3′ exonucleases appear to play a secondary role, degrading primary cleavage products. Analysis of interplay between translation mutations and rne function, together with the above observations, suggests that translation stabilizes messages in a general way against rne-dependent endonucleolytic cleavage, and that significant protection may be conferred by one or a few ribosomes. However, dramatic effects of translation on steady state message levels are still observed in an rne mutant and involve the 3′ end of the transcript; we propose that these additional effects reflect translation-mediated stimulation of transcript release.
Three common beliefs that are impediments to injury prevention

Three common beliefs that are impediments to injury prevention are: (1) the optimistic belief that nothing bad is going to happen, especially to me ('it will never happen to me'); (2) the fatalistic belief that, if something bad does happen, nothing could have been done to prevent it ('accidents happen'); and (3) the moralistic belief that if the injury happens to someone else (eg, you), you probably deserved it--so do not blame me or expect that I should have done anything to help prevent it ('blaming the victim'). On-line blogs and comments are used to illustrate these beliefs. Counter-arguments are discussed.
Adult antisocial behaviour without conduct disorder: demographic characteristics and risk for cooccurring psychopathology.

Objective:Several studies note people who demonstrate adult antisocial behaviour (AAB) in the absence of conduct disorder (CD) before age 15 years. Perhaps because they do not meet diagnostic crite...
Effects of Siroheme Occupancy in Escherichia Coli Assimilatory Sulfite Reductase Hemoprotein

Sulfur reduction is a fundamental biological process in most bacteria and plants. As a model system we study the Escherichia coli assimilatory sulfite reductase (aSiR), an ∼800kD complex that catalyzes the concerted six-electron reduction of sulfite (SO3−2) to biologically useful sulfide (S−2). The complex consists of alpha and beta subunits, the flavoprotein and hemoprotein respectively. The active site lies in the hemoprotein subunit (SiRHP) that contains a siroheme cofactor coupled to a 4Fe-4S cluster used to shuttle electrons to the bound substrate.To investigate the structural importance of siroheme in SiRHP, we removed the cofactor by both mutagenic and auxotrophic methods. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, circular dichroism, and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize changes in SiRHP lacking siroheme (apo SIRHP). In addition, the occupancy of the 4Fe-4S cluster was spectroscopically probed using an Ellman's reagent test. Apo SiRHP was found to exist as a tetramer instead of a monomer and no longer contained the 4Fe-4S cluster. Additionally, the apo SiRHP tetramer formed by the absence of siroheme was unable to bind the flavoprotein subunit required for functional aSiR assembly. These results suggest a possible mechanism for removing non-functional SiRHP subunits from the assembly pool within the cell.
Biomarkers in Barrett’s Esophagus

Biomarkers are substances that can be used to indicate normal or diseased states. In clinical settings, the term biomarker generally refers to a molecular marker produced by tissues whose detection heralds a diseased state. For patients with Barrett's esophagus, there are at least 3 clinical settings in which the use of molecular biomarkers has been proposed, including (1) stratifying the risk of neoplastic progression, (2) serving as an adjunct to aid in the diagnosis of dysplasia, and (3) predicting response to ablative therapies. Although the routine clinical use of biomarkers in any of these clinical settings is not yet recommended, it seems reasonable to assume that biomarker validation studies will be carried out in the coming years and that movement into the clinics will be inevitable. This article reviews the current progress in using biomarkers in each of the clinical settings described earlier with a focus on the molecular biomarkers, which have advanced the farthest toward use in routine clinical practice.
A programmable VLSI architecture for computing multiplication and polynomial evaluation modulo a positive integer

A programmable VLSI architecture with regular, modular, expansible features is designed for computing AB mod N, AB+C mode N, and polynomial evaluation modulo N. The size of the resultant circuit can be easily expanded to improve the security of cryptosystems without making any change to its control circuit. The computing procedures for all N throughout the range of 0 >
Photorefractive Properties of Gallium Arsenide and Superlattices

The sections in this article are 1 k · p Method and Brillouin-Zone Partition 2 Effective Masses 3 Dielectric-Constant Formulation 4 Comparison with Pseudopotential 5 The Zero-Frequency Dielectric Constant: ɛ1(0) 6 Superlattice Electronic Structure 7 Interface-Connection Rules 8 Results and Discussion 9 Exciton Effects in the Index of Refraction of Quantum Wells and Superlattices
Long-term outcomes of optical coherence tomography-guided transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy for the treatment of anterior corneal scarring.

Aim To report the long-term outcomes of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for the management of anterior corneal scarring. Methods The charts of 60 patients (64 eyes) who underwent OCT-guided transepithelial PTK for anterior corneal scarring were retrospectively reviewed. The procedure involved a preoperative OCT-measured depth of treatment calculation to reduce or eliminate corneal scarring, followed by a combined myopic and hyperopic transepithelial excimer laser treatment profile established to attain the desired refractive result. The main outcome measures consisted of change in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), change in OCT-measured parameters, and change in corneal topography indices. Results The mean follow-up was 41.0 weeks (range: 12–117 weeks). BSCVA improved from a mean of 0.77 logMAR (0.65–0.89) preoperatively to a mean of 0.34 logMAR (0.21–0.46) postoperatively (p Conclusions The OCT-guided transepithelial PTK technique described in this study can deliver positive long-term results and predictable refractive outcomes in the treatment of anterior corneal scarring.
Definition, Design and Development of the IXE2424 Network Switch/Router ASIC

Summary form only given. This paper highlights key aspects of the cumulative technical experience of the past two years at Intel, Bangalore, in defining, designing, implementing and ramping to production of the Intel IXE2424 ASIC. The IXE2424 is a Layer 2-3-4 Network Switch/Router, consisting of over twenty-five million transistors, manufactured in 0.18 u 1P6M CMOS process. The team at Bangalore completed all steps of front end and backend design, taped out the product, debugged first silicon and finally taped out a production-worthy revision.
Salvage autologous stem cell transplant is an effective regimen for relapsed multiple myeloma.

In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma , Auner and colleagues report the eff ectiveness of a second autologous stem cell transplant at relapse for patients with multiple myeloma who previously underwent a stem cell transplant as part of planned induction therapy. Th ese 83 patients had a median overall survival of 31.5 months. Chemosensitivity, as has been reported for transplant in large cell lymphoma, predicts a superior outcome, and the progression-free survival after the fi rst autologous stem cell transplant also predicted a favorable outcome. Moreover, in this highly diverse population, health disparities were not recognized [1]. One important aspect of this approach was that these patients had the requisite stem cells collected prior to the fi rst transplant, and the stem cells were then cryopreserved for the possibility that they would be used as part of salvage chemotherapy. Th is approach incurred the costs of cryopreservation for up to 93 months, but the ongoing costs of maintaining the stem cells are less than the cost of a single course of novel agent-based chemotherapy. Others have also reported favorable outcomes with durable responses using a salvage second autologous (auto) transplant. Investigators at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center reported 44 patients who were transplanted, with a treatment-related mortality of 2% and a median overall survival from the salvage auto transplant of 31.7 months, and, as reported in the current paper, time to progression after the fi rst auto stem cell transplant was predictive of outcome following a second course of high-dose therapy. In the M. D. Anderson study, unlike the Auner study, black patients had a shorter survival [2]. A Swedish team reported 66 patients who received melphalan conditioning at 100 mg/m 2 , achieving a 62% response rate, no treatment-related mortality and a median overall survival of 24 months. Th e Swedish team concluded that a durable response after the fi rst stem cell transplant justifi ed consideration of a second stem cell transplant at the time of progression [3].
Micromechanical and tribological characterization of doped single-crystal silicon and polysilicon films for microelectromechanical systems devices

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices are made of doped single-crystal silicon, LPCVD polysilicon films, and other ceramic films. Very little is understood about tribology and mechanical characterization of these materials on micro- to nanoscales. Micromechanical and tribological characterization of p-type (lightly boron-doped) single-crystal silicon (referred to as “undoped”), p+-type (boron doped) single-crystal silicon, polysilicon bulk, and n+-type (phosphorous doped) LPCVD polysilicon films have been carried out. Hardness, elastic modulus, and scratch resistance of these materials were measured by nanoindentation and microscratching using a nanoindenter. Friction and wear properties were measured using an accelerated ball-on-flat tribometer. It is found that the undoped silicon and polysilicon bulk as well as n+-type polysilicon film exhibit higher hardness and elastic modulus than the p+-type silicon. The polysilicon bulk and n+-type polysilicon film exhibit the lowest friction and highest resistance to scratch and wear followed by the undoped silicon and with the poorest behavior of the p+-type silicon. During scratching, the p+-type silicon deforms like a ductile metal.
Infrared absorption in single crystal stannic oxide

Abstract Near infrared absorption (0.5 to 6 micro) in n -type single crystal SnO 2 varies directly with the concentration of free carriers over the range n e = 10 17 to 2 × 10 19 cm −3 , and with the third power of wavelength. The magnitude and wavelength dependence do not change over the range 50–300°K, but absorption increases slightly while the wavelength dependence decreases between 300 and 900°K. Comparing the results with existing theory indicates optical polar modes are dominant in electron scattering at 300°K, with minor contributions from ionized impurities. Absorption bands beyond 6 micro arise from combinations of lattice fundamentals.
How to Perform Stress Echocardiography — Practical Aspects

Regional left ventricular systolic function is impaired by myocardial ischemia, and the extent and severity of ischemia determine the time-course and spatial distribution of these abnormalities. The principle of stress echocardiography is to image the heart at rest, and to compare these images with those obtained following stress, with the implication that deterioration in regional function corresponds to the presence of ischemia. The ability of echocardiography to record the severity of regional dysfunction, as well as its spatial extent and temporal distribution, permits an appreciation of the severity of coronary pathology as well as its presence or absence. As exercise-induced ischemia is usually transient, the most reliable data are generally acquired at peak stress or (if peak images are not feasible) within the shortest possible time after exercise [1]. Moreover, the induced wall motion abnormality may be subtle if the stenosis is moderate, situated distally, or if the patient is stressed submaximally. These considerations dictate that stress echocardiograms need to be not only acquired rapidly, but should be of the highest quality as well. The successful performance of stress echocardiography is therefore based upon meticulous attention to practical detail.
The Graying of US Physicians: Implications for Quality and the Future Supply of Physicians.

When should a physician retire? This question is being asked more frequently as the number of physicians in the United States older than 60 years continues to increase. In 2012, it was estimated that 26% or nearly 241 000 of all actively licensed physicians in the United States were older than 60 years.1 Patient safety advocates, consumer groups, and policy makers have questioned whether older physicians maintain the necessary cognitive and motor skills to continue to provide safe and competent care. In response, the American Medical Association has announced plans to identify organizations that should participate in the development of guidelines for the testing of competency of aging and late-career physicians that may include periodic evaluation of physical and mental health, neurocognitive testing, and review of clinical care.
Modeling risk for the development of child anxiety : the role of parent emotion socialization practices, children's emotional competence, and physiological responsiveness.

The prevalence of child anxiety is high and anxiety disorders are often left untreated throughout childhood and adolescence. Many studies have focused on the role of parenting in understanding the development of anxiety during childhood. Given the importance of the parent-child relationship in a child's development of emotional competence, the role of the parent in facilitating their child's emotional development was proposed here to provide a more specific method of assessing the impact of parenting on risk for developing anxiety. Specifically, the current study hypothesized that parent emotion socialization would predict child emotional development. Further, the study sought to build upon the existing literature by examining the role of the child's physiological responsiveness in the relationship between parent emotion socialization and child's emotional competence. Finally, this study hypothesized that these constructs and the relationships among them would significantly predict symptoms of child anxiety. Children were recruited from schools and various local organizations. A total of 85 parent and child dyads participated in the study. Overall, hypotheses were partially supported. The broad constructs of emotion understanding and emotion regulation were not significantly associated with one another. The individual factors comprising emotion regulation were significantly positively associated with cardiac variability. In terms of parenting, parents who reported higher degrees of unsupportive parental responses to negative child emotions were more likely to have children with fever abilities in both emotion understanding and emotion regulation. Supportive parent responses failed to predict child emotion understanding or emotion regulation. Cardiac responsiveness was found to mediate the relationship between unsupportive emotion socialization and emotion regulation. Further, this model was marginally significant in predicting child anxiety symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications and suggestions for future work are made.
A Review of “The Irish Boundary Commission and Its Origins: 1886–1925”

Following a bitter two-year guerrilla war, Irish nationalists realized their centuries-old dream of independence from Great Britain with the signing of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Irish delega...
Leu-M1 Immunoreactivity in Nonhematopoietic Neoplasms and Myeloproliferative Disorders: An Immunoperoxidase Study of Paraffin Sections

Leu-M1 is a differentiation antigen present on human myelomonocytic cells, which also has been identified in Reed-Sternberg cells and variants of Hodgkin's disease. This study further defines the tissue distribution of Leu-M1, with immunoreactivity observed for neoplastic cells in 14 of 28 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded nonhematopoietic neoplasms. With the use of monoclonal antibodies and an indirect immunoperoxidase technic, Leu-M1 was detected in adenocarcinomas of various sites (breast, lung, colon, thyroid, pancreas, and stomach), in squamous cell and transitional cell carcinomas, and in a small-cell anaplastic carcinoma. Evaluation of a wide variety of myeloproliferative disorders indicated that Leu-M1 effectively characterized mature and immature monocytic cells and myeloid cells at late stages of granulopoiesis, but it was not a reliable marker for early myeloid cells including blasts. Leu-M1 monoclonal antibodies are a useful diagnostic reagent, particularly in the assessment of lymphoproliferative disorders, but must be used with extreme caution and full awareness of its staining profile.
The Changing Consumer Market: 1935–1959

What will the consumer markets of the 1960s be like?The author indicates the changes which took place between 1935 and 1959, and shows how forces now at work will influence marketing patterns for s...
Inside Shakespeare: Using Performance Techniques to Achieve Traditional Goals

O VER THE LAST FEW YEARS, THE VALUE OF PERFORMANCE techniques in the Shakespeare classroom has become widely recognized. In many cases, however, such methods are still regarded as serving very different goals from those of traditional Shakespeare pedagogy. Quite rightly, performance techniques are praised for fostering an awareness of choices implicit within the texts, for establishing the validity of multiple readings, and for preparing students to be better audiences. Yet, as worthy as these functions are, they should not be seen as the only benefits of performance-oriented teaching. Because performance techniques bring us to the heart of Shakespeare, they can be significant in a wide variety of ways. Far from being divorced from such traditional concerns as source and textual studies, performance techniques offer a compelling means of engaging students in these concerns by manifesting their significance in a vivid, tangible form. Student attitudes toward issues they often regard as the province of dusty scholars can be radically altered when they apprehend the implications of such issues for performance. In the pages that follow, I offer a number of suggestions for bringing about that encounter.' But before embarking on a description of the techniques, I should make explicit my central pedagogical assumption: that the most efficient means of dispensing information is not necessarily the most effective means of teaching. Students who see themselves as passive receivers of packaged wisdom
Life History: Age and Stage Structure

The stage of an individual (such as size, developmental state, or location) can be the major determinant of vital rates such as growth, development or survival. To understand how stage variation affects dynamics and evolution, it is essential to extend age-only demography to stage-and-age demography. We summarize here stage-plus-age demographic theory. The analysis we describe uses discrete time and applies to discrete and/or continuous stage variables, and relies on the extension of matrix methods that were first developed for age-only demography. These results contribute to a new framework of population and evolutionary dynamics in stage-and-age structured populations.
The Fellowship of Being

“Person — commitment — community — reality: here we have a chain of notions, not strictly deducible from each other... but capable of being grasped in their unity by an act of mind which is fittingly described not by the sullied term of intuition but by the too little used one of synidesis, the act by which an ensemble is maintained under the mind’s regard.”1 Already we have seen that, within the context of Marcel’s philosophy, the meaning of the concept of persons cannot adequately be understood in abstraction from the existential situation that is his. Not that this means that the concept can be understood only in explicit reference to this or that particular situation in which at any given moment a person finds himself. The situation in question is the fundamental situation of existing bodily in the world, of which any particular situation is a concrete specification in the sense of being an integral moment in the total evolution of the former — insofar, that is, as it represents a further degree of fulfilment of the ontological exigency that subtends, pervades, and directs the latter. The recollection within which metaproblematic reflection operates, and which is but another name for synidesis is therefore, a withdrawal from experience only in the sense of being a withdrawal in total concentration from the fragmented experience of the world of problematic reflection or from the unreflected experience of routine consciousness into the deeper, reflected experience of ontological communion in which self and other are contemplated in the fellowship of their common participation in Being.2
Broccoli sprout homogenates and live attenuated influenza virus: Effect on peripheral blood natural kill cells

Influenza virus infections are a significant public health burden. Prevention and therapy are currently limited to only partially effective vaccination and antiviral drugs. Recently, we showed reduced viral load markers in nasal lavage fluid after inoculation with live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) by short-term ingestion of broccoli sprout homogenates (BSH) (Noah et al. PLoS One. 2014. 9(6)). Using blood samples from this study, we examined whether BSH ingestion and/or nasal LAIV affected peripheral blood leukocyte quantity and activation, with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells. We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo (alfalfa sprout)-controlled study measuring the effect of BSH on response to a standard nasal vaccine dose of LAIV (on day 0, d0). Blood was drawn prior (d-1) and post (d2&d21) supplementation with BSH. Blood was analyzed for cell populations (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages T, NKT&NK cells). NK cells were enriched, stimulated and surface and intracellular markers and cytotoxic potential were measured by FACS. LAIV significantly reduced NKT (d2&d21) and T cell (d2) populations, decreased CD56 and CD158b and significantly increased CD16 on NK cells (d2) and NK cells9 cytotoxic potential (d2&d21). BSH significantly increased LAIV-induced CD314 (d21) and granzyme B (d2) of NK cells and significantly reduced NKT cell population (d21) compared to control. Nasal LAIV inoculation changed NK cell activation. BSH increased NK cell granzyme B production, an effect which may be important for reducing nasal viral replication. Our data support further investigation into enhancing antiviral host defense responses via nutritional supplementation.
Label-free Imaging of Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine at Neuromuscular Junctions with Stimulated Raman Scattering

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter that relays neural excitation from lower motor neurons to muscles. It also plays significant roles in the central nervous system by modulating neurotransmission. However, there is a lack of tools to directly measure the quantity and distribution of acetylcholine at the subcellular level. In this Communication, we demonstrate for the first time that label-free imaging of acetylcholine is achieved with frequency-modulated spectral-focusing stimulated Raman scattering (FMSF-SRS) microscopy: a technical improvement over traditional SRS microscopy that effectively removes imaging backgrounds. Moreover, we directly quantified the local concentration of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of frog cutaneous pectoris muscle.
Modeling the Effect of Void Shapes on the Compressive Behavior of Parallel-Strand Lumber

AbstractSmall voids of varying shapes and sizes are an inherent part of the physical structure of parallel strand lumber (PSL) due to the material’s manufacturing process. To gauge the sensitivity ...
The complexity of empathy during medical school training: evidence for positive changes

Context Empathy is an essential aspect of clinical care, associated with improved patient satisfaction, increased adherence to treatment, and fewer malpractice complaints. Previous studies suggest that empathy declines during medical training. However, past research relied on a single narrowly operationalised, self-report measure of empathy. As empathy is a complex socio-emotional construct, it is critical to assess changes across its distinct components using multiple measures in order to better understand how it is influenced by medical training. Methods In a longitudinal study, medical students completed a series of self-report and behavioural measures twice per year during the first 3 years of their study (2012–2015). These included the previously used Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE), designed to assess empathy in the clinical context, the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE), designed to assess overall empathy and its main components, and behavioural measures of sensitivity to others’ pain and understanding of others’ emotions, both of which are important aspects of empathy. The employment of multiple measures allowed for a more complete assessment of medical students’ empathy and related processes. Results In reflection of findings in previous work, students’ empathy assessed by the JSPE decreased over training. However, on the QCAE, aspects of students’ empathy, specifically overall cognitive empathy and its subcomponent perspective taking, and the emotion contagion subcomponent of affective empathy improved, whereas the remaining subcomponents remained stable. During medical school, students also exhibited comparable growth in their understanding of others’ emotions and increased sensitivity to others’ pain. Conclusions Changes in empathy during medical school cannot be simply characterised as representing an overall decline. Indeed, aspects of empathy thought to be valuable in positive physician–patient interactions improve during training. Overall, this study points to the importance of assessing the distinct components of empathy using multiple forms of measurement in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in empathy changes in medical practice.
SiC In Vitro Biocompatibility: Epidermal and Connective Tissue Cells

Cell–semiconductor hybrid systems are a potential centerpiece in the scenery of biotechnological applications. The selection and study of suitable semiconductor materials are at the basis of the development of such hybrid systems. This work introduces crystalline SiC as an extremely promising biomaterial. To this end, epidermal and connective tissue cells are cultured directly on single-crystal SiC substrates. The resulting cell adhesion quality and proliferation indicate that SiC is indeed a candidate material for bioapplications, with better performance than crystalline Si, the leading semiconductor in biotechnology. Since a material’s biocompatibility is influenced by chemical, morphological, and electrostatic factors, the effect that different chemistries, morphologies, and wettabilities of SiC surfaces have on cell adhesion and proliferation is also explored. Moreover, the importance of using an appropriate cleaning procedure for the SiC samples before their use as substrates for cell cultures is discussed.
Arc Fault Characterization System for the Low Voltage DC Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter

Arc faults are a fire-safety risk in both AC (alternating current) and DC wiring, but reliable detection of arc faults and determining the appropriate response is particularly difficult in DC plug-load circuits. This paper presents the development of AFCI lab setup to characterize DC arc current in DC circuits operating at 24-80 volts. The process to characterize the arc current utilizes the frequency spectrum of the arc current along with signal processing and a unique algorithm that allow us to develop an effective method to determine DC arcing occurrence. Once identified, an arc fault current interrupter circuit may then be designed to adequately eliminate the arc. Laboratory test setup and equipment for identifying DC arc will be described in this paper. Different scenarios for DC arcing occurrences in the development of the lab test setup will be explained. Several test results using the developed test setup to show the characteristic of arc current will also be presented.