cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chemical composition of nuclei and chromosomes isolated by the Langmuir trough technique.

The pattern of staining for DNA, histone, and nonhistone protein has been studied in whole cells and in nuclei and chromosomes isolated by surface spreading. In whole interphase cells from bovine kidney tissue culture, nuclear staining for DNA and histones reveals numerous small, intensely stained clumps, surrounded by more diffusely stained material. Nuclei in whole cells stained for nonhistone proteins also contain intensely stained regions surrounded by diffuse stain. These intensely stained regions also stain for RNA, indicating that the regions contain nucleolar material. Electron microscopy of kidney cells confirms that multiple nucleoli are present. Kidney nuclei isolated by surface spreading show an even distribution of stain for DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins, indicating that the surface forces disperse both condensed chromatin and nucleoli. DNA and protein staining was also studied in metaphase chromosomes from testes of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Staining for DNA and histones in metaphase chromosomes is essentially the same in sections of fixed and embedded testes as in preparations isolated by surface spreading. However, striking differences are noted in the distribution of nonhistone proteins. In sections, nonhistone stain is concentrated in extrachromosomal areas; metaphase chromosomes do not stain for nonhistone proteins. Chromosomes isolated by surface spreading, however, stain intensely for nonhistone proteins. This suggests that nonhistone proteins are bound to the chromosomes as a contaminant during the isolation procedure. The relationship of these findings to current work with chromosomes isolated for electron microscopy is discussed.
The Continuity of Forms: Myth and Genre in Warner Brothers' The Charge of the Light Brigade

THE CONCEPTS OF MYTH AND GENRE refer us to the continuities we perceive in the development of the various arts, professions, disciplines, and institutions that give culture its form. Myth has to do with the continuity of meanings: the transmission from generation to generation of a characteristic ideology or system of beliefs and values, embodied in a continuously evolving set of narrative fictions and a language of symbols. Genre has to do with the continuity of forms: the persistence and development, from generation to generation, of particular ways of telling or transmitting stories, making symbols, structuring systems of representation. The concept of myth directs our attention toward the ways in which our material and social history shapes our cultural productions. It highlights those aspects of our fictions and ceremonies that represent and preserve bits of history, transforming them into fictive resolutions of real ideological dilemmas. The concept of genre directs our attention toward the internal processes that shape the formal structures of our cultural productions, suggesting that such forms have a life and logic of their own, which is given direction by artists and producers. Since each is a historical phenomenon, myths and genres also rise and fall in cultural favor: new myths or variants succeed older ones, as the material and ideological basis of the culture changes; and genre succeeds genre, form succeeds form, medium succeeds medium as the forms of social life and communication are steadily transformed.' Most students of cinematic form, whether formalist or mythographic, have recognized that the "classic Hollywood cinema" produced in America has been characterized as much by its adherence to generic story forms as by typical styles of cinematography, editing, and direction; the worldwide influence of Hollywood movies has given these American genre properties a nearly universal currency. David Bordwell's Narration in the Fiction Film treats genre as one of the basic tropes of film narration, a practice with well-understood rules that has predictable effects on narrative whenever it is deployed. Bordwell sees genre effects as the encoding of what may be a rather complex framework of understandings in a set of simple visual signs. By playing with or against these-understandings the filmmaker can create and manipulate climates of expectation, build or explode sus-
Sidetone Amplification, Noise, and Stuttering

In the present study, 24 stutterers and 24 matched nonstutterers spoke spontaneously under conditions of quiet, noise (60, 80, 100 dB SPL re .0002 dynes/cm2), and amplified sidetone (0, + 10, + 20 ...
Ab initio base-pairing energies of uracil and 5-hydroxyuracil with standard DNA bases at the BSSE-free DFT and MP2 theory levels

Oxidized cytosine product 5-hydroxyuracil has been shown to be the major chemical precursor for the GC to AT transition, the most frequent substitution mutation observed in aerobic organisms. We have calculated the interaction energy of base-pair formation involving uracil or 5-hydroxyuracil, which is formed in cells by oxidative deamination of cytosine, bound to any of the natural DNA bases, A, C, G, and T, and discuss the effects of the hydroxyl group in this respect. The base-pair geometries and energies were calculated using the 6-311G(dp) basis set under four conditions: using density functional theory (DFT) without out basis set super-position error (BSSE) correction, using DFT with BSSE correction of geometries and energies, using Moller–Plesset second order perturbation theory (MP2) without BSSE correction, and using MP2 with BSSE geometry and energy correction. We find that the hydroxyl group of 5-HO-U (relative to U) has little effect on the base-pairs with A, C or one conformation of T, while making a substantial energy difference in base-pairs involving G or a different conformation of T. For most of the complexes studied, the BSSE-corrected energies at the DFT and MP2 levels of theory agreed to within 0.5 kcal.
Second-trimester cervical ultrasound: associations with increased risk for recurrent early spontaneous delivery.

Objective: To determine whether short cervical length or internal os funneling before 20 weeks’ gestation predicts early preterm birth or pregnancy loss in women with at least one prior spontaneous early preterm birth. Methods: Transvaginal cervical ultrasound examinations were done every 2 weeks on 69 women with singleton gestations and histories of at least one prior spontaneous birth between 16 and 30 weeks’ gestation. The results of those examinations were correlated with gestational age at delivery. Results: Among 53 women who had ultrasound examinations before 20 weeks’ gestation, those with cervical lengths at or below the tenth percentile for the study population (22 mm, n = 4) or funneling of the internal os (n = 5) were more likely than women without those factors to have spontaneous preterm births within 2 weeks (33% versus 0%, P = .01) or 4 weeks from the ultrasound examination (67% versus 0%, P < .001) or before 35 weeks’ gestation (100% versus 19%, P < .001). Short cervical length or funneling between 20–24 and 25–29 weeks was also associated with increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth before 35 weeks’ gestation (P ≤ .05 and P = .002, respectively) but not with increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth within 2 or 4 weeks of ultrasound examination. Conclusion: Women with prior early spontaneous preterm births who have short cervical lengths or funneling of the internal cervical os before 20 weeks’ gestation are at increased risk of subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.
Qualitative Research for and in Practice: Findings from Studies with Homeless Adults Who Have Serious Mental Illness and Co-Occurring Substance Abuse

This article draws upon findings from the New York Services Study, a Federally-funded qualitative study conducted in practice settings representing two fundamentally different approaches to serving homeless adults with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance abuse. The findings yielded four themes—cumulative adversity, individual acts of kindness in a system designed to control, discordant case managers’ perspectives, and the benefits of permanent housing. Recommendations for practice include respecting individuality, being sensitive to previous traumas, and working to achieve housing security sooner rather than later. Future research is needed to study the micro-level contexts of service delivery and how they inhibit or encourage engagement in care.
Three-dimensional focusing patterns of He+ ions scattering from a Au{110} surface

Abstract Three-dimensional focusing patterns have been observed for 4 keV He+ scattering from a Au{110}-(1 × 2) surface for beam incident angles higher than the Lindhard critical angle. Under these conditions, the scattered atoms are highly focused by the detailed structural features of the surface and subsurface layers into non-planar directions, giving rise to intricate symmetrical and asymmetrical spatial patterns in accord with the crystal azimuths involved. These scattering patterns can be readily observed through the use of a time- and spatially resolving microchannel plate detector using the technique of scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS). Such non-planar scattering features are not normally observed in conventional ion scattering experiments using small-area detectors. The features of the images can be interpreted qualitatively by means of a simple blocking-cone analysis. Classical ion trajectory simulations using the scattering and recoiling imaging code (SARIC) are used to simulate the scattering patterns, to delineate the surface and subsurface layers involved in the scattering, and to illustrate the focusing of incoming and outgoing ion trajectories involved in producing various features of the images.
Dynamics of hypersonic flight vehicles exhibiting significant aeroelastic and aeropropulsive interactions

With analytic expressions previously developed for the forces and moments acting on a generic hypersonic vehicle, it is of interest to investigate the relative importance of the aerodynamic and propulsive effects on the vehicle dynamics. It is shown that the vehicle's aerodynamics and propulsive forces are both very significant in the evaluation of key stability derivatives which dictate the vehicle's dynamic characteristics. It is also shown that the vehicle model selected is unstable in pitch and exhibits strong airframe/engine/elastic coupling. With the use of literal expressions for both the systems poles and zeros, as well as the stability derivatives, key vehicle dynamic characteristics are investigated. For small errors, or uncertainties, in either the aerodynamic or propulsive forces, significant errors in the frequency and damping of the dominant modes and zero locations will arise.
Calibration method for offset open

A new one-port impedance analyzer using a voltmeter/ammeter method has been developed for analysis of high frequency devices and materials up to 1.8 GHz. The analyzer requires a performance test periodically. One of the tests uses a 100 mm length beadless coaxial airline terminated by an offset open termination, as a one-port impedance standard. The offset open has an 8 mm length inner conductor supported by a dielectric material. This paper describes a calibration method for the offset open in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 2 GHz. The impedance of the offset open is calibrated with a precision 41 mm length coaxial beadless airline, a vector automatic network analyzer, and a 1 kHz precision capacitance bridge. Distributed resistance, inductance, and capacitance per unit length of the 41 mm length airline are derived from mechanical dimensions calibrated by Japan Quality Assurance Organization (JQA), formerly Japan Machinery and Metals Inspection Institute (JMI). As a result, the capacitance of the offset open is indirectly traceable to Japanese measurement standards. >
The effect of amygdalectomy on acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response

Rats were subjected to bilateral amygdalectomy and their performance latencies on acquisition of the classically conditioned fear response were compared with the performance of normal animals. Bilateral amygdalectomy was found to interfere with acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response. Amygdalectomy also reduced the general level of activity. The amygdaloid complex is, therefore, essential for the acquisition of fear motivated behaviors. This finding is consistent with the results obtained for other fear motivated behavior such as active avoidance. The specific structures which are essential for the acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response need further investigation.
Micro-Raman measurement of bending stresses in micromachined silicon flexures

Micron-scale characterization of mechanical stresses is essential for the successful design and operation of many micromachined devices. Here we report the use of Raman spectroscopy to measure the bending stresses in deep reactive-ion etched silicon flexures with a stress resolution of /spl sim/10 MPa and spatial resolution of /spl sim/1 /spl mu/m. The accuracy of the technique, as assessed by comparison to analytical and finite-element models of the deformation, is conservatively estimated to be 25 MPa. Implications for the use of this technique in microsystems design are discussed.
Pediatric Surgical Pathology: Pitfalls and Strategies for Error Prevention

Abstract Context.—Few data exist regarding quality measures for pediatric surgical pathology, types of errors, or how error-prone situations and diagnostic pitfalls can be minimized. Objective.—This review reports on survey findings regarding methodology for quality assurance and error detection measurement and classification in pediatric surgical pathology. It presents information regarding, and quality aspects of, intraoperative consultations in pediatric surgical pathology. General strategies for identifying diagnostic pitfalls in pediatric surgical pathology are briefly discussed. Data Sources.—A survey of children's hospitals based on a survey created by the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology, literature review, and institutional quality assurance records provided information for this review. Conclusions.—Approaches to quality assurance and error reduction in pediatric surgical pathology are similar to those used in general surgical pathology. The children's hospitals that we...
A phylogenomic study of the MutS family of proteins

The MutS protein of Escherichia coli plays a key role in the recognition and repair of errors made during the replication of DNA. Homologs of MutS have been found in many species including eukaryotes, Archaea and other bacteria, and together these proteins have been grouped into the MutS family. Although many of these proteins have similar activities to the E.coli MutS, there is significant diversity of function among the MutS family members. This diversity is even seen within species; many species encode multiple MutS homologs with distinct functions. To better characterize the MutS protein family, I have used a combination of phylogenetic reconstructions and analysis of complete genome sequences. This phylogenomic analysis is used to infer the evolutionary relationships among the MutS family members and to divide the family into subfamilies of orthologs. Analysis of the distribution of these orthologs in particular species and examination of the relationships within and between subfamilies is used to identify likely evolutionary events (e.g. gene duplications, lateral transfer and gene loss) in the history of the MutS family. In particular, evidence is presented that a gene duplication early in the evolution of life resulted in two main MutS lineages, one including proteins known to function in mismatch repair and the other including proteins known to function in chromosome segregation and crossing-over. The inferred evolutionary history of the MutS family is used to make predictions about some of the uncharacterized genes and species included in the analysis. For example, since function is generally conserved within subfamilies and lineages, it is proposed that the function of uncharacterized proteins can be predicted by their position in the MutS family tree. The uses of phylogenomic approaches to the study of genes and genomes are discussed.
Nanochannel Glass Replica Membranes for Parallel Patterning Applications

Nanochannel glass replica membranes are thin metallic films containing patterned arrays of uniform, nanometer-scale voids whose sizes, positions, geometric patterns, and packing densities may be controlled to a high degree. These membranes have been prepared from refractory and noble metals and are well suited for use as shadow masks in a variety of substrate patterning applications. Here we describe their use in the sub-micron, parallel patterning of Si and GaAs by materials deposition and reactive-ion etching respectively.
HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON LYSOSOMAL ENZYME DISTRIBUTION AND FRAGMENTATION OF BOVINE MUSCLE

Bovine muscle samples were fractionated and assayed to assess the effects of high postmortem temperatures on lysosomal enzymes and muscle fragmentation values. Samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle were excised from both sides of six animals. One muscle was held at 37°C (HT) and the other was maintained at 2°C as control (C). The pH of the muscles was determined at 1, 4, and 12 hr postmortem. After 12 hr the muscles were homogenized and centrifuged to separate sedimen-table and unsedimentable fractions which were assayed for β-glucuronidase and cathepsin C activities. A fragmentation value was also determined for each sample. The pH of the HT samples dropped more rapidly and was significantly lower at both 4 and 12 hr. No detectable difference in total β-glucuronidase activity was observed between HT and C samples but the distribution was markedly altered as shown by significant differences in the percent of total activity that was unsedimentable (HT > C, P C, P C, P C, P < 0.005) resulting from an apparent degradation of the unsedimentable enzyme which had been released by the HT treatment. The fragmentation values were significantly different showing that the HT samples had probably undergone limited proteolysis resulting in a reduction of muscle fragment size after homogenization. These results add support for the role of lysosomal enzymes in postmortem tenderization.
Selective activation of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine by tumor cells as a basis for an improved therapeutic index.

The intracellular metabolism of a new fluoropyrimidine, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′-dFUrd), was compared with the metabolism of 5-fluorouracil (FUra), 5-fluorouridine (FUrd), and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) in freshly isolated bone marrow cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Following exposure to tumor cells, all four fluoropyrimidines were metabolized to identical products ( i.e. , FUra, 5-fluorouridine 5′-monophosphate, 5-fluorouridine 5′-diphosphate, 5-fluorouridine 5′-triphosphate, and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate), all produced an incorporation of FUra into RNA (FUrd > FUra > FdUrd > 5′-dFUrd), and all completely inhibited thymidylate synthetase activity by 1 hr. However, in bone marrow cells, very different patterns were observed. 5′-dFUrd accumulated in the cells, but there were no measurable metabolism, no incorporation of FUra into RNA, and no inhibition of thymidylate synthetase activity. In contrast, both FUra and FUrd were metabolized and produced an incorporation of FUra into RNA (2.7 pmol FUra per µg RNA and 4.8 pmol FUra per µg RNA at 2 hr, respectively) in bone marrow. Only a minor inhibition of thymidylate synthetase activity was detected. FdUrd also was metabolized by bone marrow cells, produced a low level of FUra incorporation into RNA (0.23 pmol FUra per µg RNA at 2 hr), and produced a complete inhibition of thymidylate synthetase activity. Since 5′-dFUrd is not directly cytotoxic itself, its superior therapeutic index compared to other fluoropyrimidines may largely reflect the selective activation of 5′-dFUrd by sensitive tumor cells as opposed to bone marrow cells, which can activate FUra, FUrd, and FdUrd.
Beyond What Develops When Neuroimaging May Inform How Cognition Changes With Development

There is no single methodology that can fully explain the nature of human development and learning. Yet, headway is being made on how cognitive milestones are achieved during development with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology. With this methodology, it is possible to assess changes in brain structure, function, and connectivity. Recent findings suggest that both progressive and regressive processes—as opposed to simple linear patterns of change—underlie changes in cognitive abilities. Functional MRI studies suggest that both biological maturation and learning correspond to a fine-tuning of neural systems with enhanced recruitment of task-relevant regions. This fine-tuning of cortical systems corresponds with their enhanced connectivity with cortical and subcortical circuitry. In sum, imaging has helped to move the field of cognitive development beyond questions of what develops and when, to how these changes may occur.
Feedback Driven Adaptive Power Management for Minimum Power Operation of Wireless Receivers

Modern wireless transceiver systems are designed to operate under worst case channel operating conditions (interference, adjacent channel power, multi-path effects). This results in very tight performance specifications for the front- end RF circuit components. In this paper, we develop an adaptive power management strategy for RF systems that delivers just enough power (and performance) to the RF front end to maintain operation at or below a specified maximum bit error rate (BER) across temporally changing operating conditions using a feedback-driven supply voltage control algorithm. As the communication channel degrades, more power is consumed by the RF front end and vice versa. Since the maximum bit-error rate specification is never violated, minimum voice or video quality through the wireless channel is always guaranteed. It is further shown that if the front-end circuitry is adaptively compensated (using a novel biasing circuit) for different supply voltage values, further power savings can be achieved.
Hidden Transcripts of Flight Attendant Resistance.

This work builds on past research through a critical discussion of individuals' resistant actions, that is, their ability to enact change within their social systems. Although employees may appear ...
IFITM-Family Proteins: The Cell's First Line of Antiviral Defense

Animal cells use a wide variety of mechanisms to slow or prevent replication of viruses. These mechanisms are usually mediated by antiviral proteins whose expression and activities can be constitutive but are frequently amplified by interferon induction. Among these interferon-stimulated proteins, members of the IFITM (interferon-induced transmembrane) family are unique because they prevent infection before a virus can traverse the lipid bilayer of the cell. At least three human IFITM proteins—IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3—have antiviral activities. These activities limit infection in cultured cells by many viruses, including dengue virus, Ebola virus, influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and West Nile virus. Murine Ifitm3 controls influenza A virus infection in vivo, and polymorphisms in human IFITM3 correlate with the severity of both seasonal and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Here we review the discovery and characterization of the IFITM proteins, describe the spectrum of their antiviral activities, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these effects.
Noise Macromodel for Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits

Noise performance is a critical analog and RF circuit design constraint, and can impact the selection of the IC system-level architecture. It is therefore imperative that some model of the noise is represented at the highest levels of abstraction during the design process. In this paper we propose a noise macromodel for analog circuits and demonstrate it by way of implementation in a system level simulator based on MATLAB. We also explain our process of macromodel extraction via reformulation of frequency-domain noise analysis results, and the corresponding steps of model order reduction. The results demonstrate the efficacy of this macromodel for frequency domain system level simulation.
Nucleotide Sequence and Spatiotemporal Expression of the Vibrio cholerae vieSAB Genes during Infection

The iviVII gene of Vibrio cholerae was previously identified by a screen for genes induced during intestinal infection. In the present study, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that iviVII is a 1,659-bp open reading frame, herein designated vieB, that is predicted to be last in a tricistronic operon (vieSAB). The deduced amino acid sequence of VieS exhibited similarity to the sensor kinase component, and those of VieA and VieB were similar to the response regulator components, respectively, of the two-component signal transduction family. Analysis of transcriptional fusions to a site-specific DNA recombinase reporter, tnpR, revealed that vieS and vieA are transcribed during in vitro growth in a vieAB-independent and vieA-dependent manner, respectively. In contrast, transcription of vieB occurred exclusively during infection and was not dependent upon VieB. We conclude that the vieSAB genes are differentially regulated, at least during laboratory growth. Use of a V. cholerae strain harboring a vieB::tnpR transcriptional fusion allowed the kinetics and location of vieB expression within the intestine to be determined. We found that vieB transcription is induced shortly after infection of the proximal and mid-small intestine.
Cortical bone healing following laser osteotomy using 6.1 μm wavelength

Background and Objective Use of laser wavelengths in the 6.1 μm (amide I) to 6.45 μm (amide II) regions and a macropulse width of 4.0 microseconds delivered by a computer-controlled delivery system have produced clean, deep cortical bone ablations with minimal collateral thermal injury and no char formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing of cortical bone following 6.1 μm wavelength laser osteotomy using a 4.0 microsecond pulse, and compare that response to the response of similar osteotomies made with a standard pneumatic surgical bone saw. Study Design/Materials and Methods Sixteen mature rabbits were divided equally into 2, 4, 6 and 8-week post-surgical survival groups. A nitrogen driven sagittal bone saw and an FEL generating 6.1 μm wavelength in 4.0 microsecond macropulses of 22.5 ± 2.5 mJ/pulse directed into a 200 μm diameter spot were used to make 6.6 mm linear cuts into rabbit tibial cortex, and the healing response over time was monitored. Bone saw cuts were made halfway through the thickness of the cortex. Laser cuts were directed by a computer-controlled delivery system, and were either partial or full thickness cortical cuts. Location of the cortical bone cuts (saw or laser, partial or full thickness cut, proximal or distal, medial right or medial left tibia) were randomly assigned. At each predetermined post-surgical time point, rabbits of the appropriate group were euthanized, and the tibias of each subject collected, processed for histologic evaluation, and analyzed by light microscopy. Results At 2 weeks post-surgery, bone saw cuts showed no evidence of a healing response, while both the partial and full laser cut sites were filled with trabecular bone and primitive bone marrow. By 4 weeks post-surgery, the bone saw cuts showed filling of the defect with trabecular bone and primitive marrow, and an intense osteonal remodeling of the original cortex adjacent to the cuts was evident. All laser cut defects were filled, reactive periosteal bone was being converted to osteons and consolidating, and secondary osteons were appearing in the original cortex. At 6 weeks following surgery, the bone saw defects were filed with a mixture of woven and lamellar bone. All laser defects were filled with lamellar osteons and woven bone, the osteons were remodeling from primary to secondary osteons. By 8 weeks following the surgery, all bone saw and laser cut specimens revealed complete healing. Conclusions Histologic evaluation of osteotomy sites made in skeletally mature rabbit tibia using the 6.1 μm wavelength, 4.0 microsecond macropulse FEL, delivered at 6 Hz at the osteotomy site, reveals a healing response which is at least as good as the healing of bone saw osteotomies, and appears to proceed at a faster rate during the first 2–4 weeks following surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:38–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An adaptive cyberinfrastructure for threat management in urban water distribution systems

Threat management in drinking water distribution systems involves real-time characterization of any contaminant source and plume, design of control strategies, and design of incremental data sampling schedules. This requires dynamic integration of time-varying measurements along with analytical modules that include simulation models, adaptive sampling procedures, and optimization methods. These modules are compute-intensive, requiring multi-level parallel processing via computer clusters. Since real-time responses are critical, the computational needs must also be adaptively matched with available resources. This requires a software system to facilitate this integration via a high-performance computing architecture such that the measurement system, the analytical modules and the computing resources can mutually adapt and steer each other. This paper describes the development of such an adaptive cyberinfrastructure system facilitated by a dynamic workflow design.
Auditor Independence: The Performance Of Consulting Engagements With Audit Clients

As the size and complexity of client information system needs have risen, CPA firms have found it necessary to co-contract with non-CPA firms as a means of efficiently providing services to clients. The increase in frequency of these engagements has raised concerns regarding the propriety of co-contracting with an audit client. The Securities and Exchange Commission has taken the position that co-contracting with audit clients is unacceptable because it impairs audit independence. Through a series of petitions, the Big Eight (now the Big Six) CPA firms have proposed certain safeguards in an effort to satisfy the SECs concerns. The purpose of this article is to (1) discuss independence issues related to CPA firms co-contracting with audit clients, (2) consider arguments both for and against the SEC stance which prohibits contracting between CPA firms and their audit clients, an d(3) consider possible regulatory responses from the SEC.
Robotic Esophagectomy: Modified McKeown Approach

This article describes a robotic 2-stage 3-field esophagolymphadenectomy. Techniques highlighted include thoracic esophagectomy; cervical, wide thoracic, and abdominal lymphadenectomy; thoracic duct ligation; gastric tube creation; esophagogastric anastomosis in the left neck; and jejunostomy feeding tube placement.
Green Chemistry Considerations for Sample Preparation

Green chemistry is the design, development and implementation of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of substances hazardous to both human health and/or the environment. Although advances in instrumentation have been made to reduce the amount of organic solvents needed for analytical testing (e.g., reduced column i.d. for high performance liquid chromatography analysis, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Super Heated Water Chromatography, etc.), generally large quantities of solvent are still used in sample preparation. The green chemistry principles of ‘reduce, replace and remove’ are discussed with respect to the use of organic solvents in sample preparation. Examples of sample preparation methods that have been developed and have ­utilized green chemistry principles will also be discussed.
A Rule of Construction for Salman

The Supreme Court decided to consider the meaning of the personal benefit requirement in an insider trading case based on a tipping violation. The personal benefit requirement has been controversial and led to a split in the circuit courts. The Court’s decision on the meaning of a tipper’s personal benefit in Salman v. United States will have substantial consequences for the enforcement of the insider trading laws, but the purpose of this paper is not to recommend how the Court should define personal benefit. Instead, it is to suggest that the Court should apply a rule of construction to the personal benefit element that narrows the scope of potential liability. A narrow interpretation would be appropriate because the tipping violation is a judicially implied claim under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5, and the Supreme Court’s precedents for the judicially implied private right of action under Section 10(b) have stressed the need for limiting constructions.
Coccidioidomycosis in a Patient with Lymphoma: Spherulation in Human Pleural Fluid Medium

In a Caucasian woman who had had a giant follicular lymphoma for 21 months a small lesion developed in the upper lobe of the left lung. Excision, histologic study, and culture of the lesion were performed. Of the many stained sections, only one revealed endospore-containing spherules within the caseous necrosis of a granuloma, and only four spherules were identified. On agar medium the same tissue yielded a fast-growing fungus that produced arthrospores alternating with empty cells, typical of Coccidioides immitis . The arthrospore suspension was inoculated intraperitoneally into a mouse and into a medium of human pleural fluid at 40 C. Spherules containing endospores developed in the in-ternal organs of the mouse and in the pleural fluid medium. The phylogeny of C . immitis is briefly discussed.
Apatite coating on Yttria doped partially stabilized zirconia plate in the presence of water vapor

A new method of apatite coating on yttria partially stabilized zirconia plate was studied. Firstly, calcium metaphosphate was heated and fused onto 3mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia plate to form an interlayer. Then a mixture of calcium metaphosphate and tetracalcium phosphate was applied on the zirconia plate, followed by heating in the presence of water vapor. Apatite and tricalcium phosphate formed on the surface of the zirconia plate by heating at 1100°C while calcium pyrophosphate and tricalcium phosphate but apatite formed above 1200°C. The products of the coated layer were discussed in relation to the reaction at the interface between zirconia plate and coated layer.
Modeling On-Line Search Behavior Using Alternative Output Structures:

The Internet provides a fantastic opportunity for users to obtain information for which they would otherwise have no access. However the existence of billions of web pages presents as much of a challenge as it does an opportunity. Surveys of search engine use have determined that they generally do not support efficient and effective searching. Part of this problem is that little consideration has been given to the nature of the search task in designing the output of most search interfaces. This study investigated alternate output structures for presenting the results of on-line search. Forty participants completed two search tasks using both the standard list output structure and an alternate tabular structure. The results showed that the tabular structure supported a wider variety of search strategies, including some that were not feasible with the standard list. The tabular structure also supported faster parsing and was preferred by users. The study provides evidence that consideration of multiple sear...
Frequency modulated lasers for interferometric optical gyroscopes

We study the use of frequency modulated lasers in interferometric optical gyroscopes and show that by exploiting various frequency modulation signals, the laser coherence can be controlled. We show that both angle random walk and bias stability of an interferometric optical gyroscope based on laser sources can be improved with this technique.
The Potential Subversion of Biometric Measurements

Aadhaar, a system implemented by the Unique ID Authority of India, aims to collect an assortment of personally identifying information, including iris scans, on the 1.2 billion inhabitants of India. Iris scans are considered the gold standard of biometric identification, and are highly accurate in matching scans from the same eye, even among millions of eyes over time. Various sophisticated technologies have been designed and shown to fool iris scanners, but is it possible that low-tech and low-cost means can fool iris scanners in ways that can undermine Aadhaar? For example, can the same person be registered as multiple distinct biometric identities using low-tech solutions? Can someone be falsely recognized as someone else to the duplicitous individual’s advantage? We show that both are possible using partially obscured eyes and photographs of other people. Of course, the person capturing the images would be aware of these deceptions, but if the system does not protect against collusion, or provide proper incentives against corruption, then it is probable that even the best iris scanners will fail.
Meibomian gland status comparison between active duty personnel and U.S. veterans.

Purpose To evaluate the lid and meibomian gland status of active duty forces (ADF) and U.S. veterans (USV) to compare the prevalence of lid dysfunction and disease in each population. Methods One examiner observed 113 consecutive patients in both groups during a 2-week period at two federal service optometry clinics. All eyes were graded with regard to negative findings (or normal), meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and/or meibomitis from an established criterion. Results 90.3% of ADF had normal lid findings, 5.3% of ADF had MGD (all contact lens patients), and 4.4% of ADF had meibomitis; 28.9% of USV had normal findings, and 71.1% of USV had MGD or meibomitis (no patients wore contact lenses). Conclusion Our findings reveal that a definite difference exists between ADF personnel and USV in eyelid physiology and pathophysiology. This difference should be noted by the clinician who evaluates such patients. This will affect the differential diagnosis of ocular symptomatology in the contact lens and non-contact lens patient.
Repeatability testing of a new Hybrid III 6-year-old ATD lower extremity

ABSTRACTObjective: Vehicle safety is improving, thus decreasing the number of life-threatening injuries and increasing the need for research in other areas of the body. The current child anthropomorphic test device (ATD) does not have the capabilities or instrumentation to measure many of the potential interactions between the lower extremity and the vehicle interior. A prototype Hybrid III 6-year-old ATD lower extremity (ATD-LE) was developed and contains a tibia load cell and a more biofidelic ankle. The repeatability of the device has not yet been assessed; thus, the objective was to evaluate the repeatability of the ATD-LE. Additionally, a dynamic assessment was conducted to quantify injury threshold values.Methods: A pneumatic ram impactor was used at 2 velocities to evaluate repeatability. The ATD-LE was fixed to a table and impacted on the plantar aspect of the forefoot. Three repeated trials at 1.3 and 2.3 m/s without shoes and 2.3 m/s with shoes were conducted. The consistency of tibia force (N),...
Efficient Polymer‐Polymer Conjugation via Thiol‐ene Click Reaction

Despite the rapid reaction rates and high efficiency of the radical-mediated thiol-ene reactions in high concentrations, complications arise when implementing this reaction under dilute conditions, such as those often requisite for polymer-polymer conjugation. Here, we briefly review some of the challenges inherent in polymer modification via thiol-ene reactions and demonstrate several successful polymer couplings (including star polymer assembly) under a variety of conditions with coupling efficiencies exceeding 91% achieved with appropriate initiator and terminal functional group selection. Generally, the results indicate thermal initiation with an “azobis” initiator was unsuccessful in polymer-polymer conjugation of a thiol-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to an alkene terminated PEG. Reduction-oxidation initiators, both ammonium persulfate and Fe(II) and Fenton's reagent were effective in conjugating thiol terminated PEG to norbornene terminated PEG, but not to an allyl ether terminated PEG. Type I photoinitiators, in particular a water soluble acyl phosphinate, were more effective than either the examined thermal or redox initiators for thiol-ene polymer-polymer conjugations generally.
Dengue serotype-specific immune response in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

BACKGROUND Dengue viruses (DENV) are considered one of the most important emerging pathogens and dengue disease is a global health threat. The geographic expansion of dengue viruses has led to co-circulation of all four dengue serotypes making it imperative that new DENV control strategies be devised. OBJECTIVES Here we characterize dengue serotype-specific innate immune responses in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus using DENV from Puerto Rico (PR). METHODS Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were infected with dengue serotype 1 and 2 isolated from Puerto Rico. DENV infected mosquito samples were collected and temporal change in expression of selected innate immune response pathway genes analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. FINDINGS The Toll pathway is involved in anti-dengue response in Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus. Infections with PR DENV- 1 elicited a stronger response from genes of the Toll immune pathway than PR DENV-2 in Ae. aegypti but in infected Ae. albopictus expression of Toll pathway genes tended to be similar between the serotypes. Two genes (a ribosomal S5 protein gene and a nimrod-like gene) from Ae. albopictus were expressed in response to DENV. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These studies revealed a role for antiviral genes in DENV serotype-specific interactions with DENV vectors, demonstrated that infections with DENV-2 can modulate the Toll immune response pathway in Ae. aegypti and elucidated candidate molecules that might be used to interfere with serotype specific vector-virus interactions.
Leslie Matrix Models for Insect Populations With Overlapping Generations

Leslie matrix models appear a useful tool for studying population dynamics for insects with overlapping generations. Our studies have focused on aphids. Analysis using deterministic Leslie matrices has demonstrated the importance of relative length of the reproductive period and also the starting age distribution. Using the length of reproductive period from field pea aphid data, we conclude that aphid populations have the potential to achieve a stable age distribution in a typical temperate growing season. We suggest use of stochastic Leslie matrices for more realistic modelling. We point out that simulation studies using these stochastic models require careful interpretation. Using the beta and gamma distributions to describe survival and natality, respectively, we demonstrate the performance of a simulated aphid population. The realized growth rate is lower than would be suggested from the deterministic model.
The effectiveness of visual activity schedules for individuals with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis

Background: This meta-analysis focused on the teaching of skills to individuals with intellectual disability (ID) to maximise independence increase the likelihood of full participation in all aspec...
Microporous Polymer Scaffolds for the Transplantation of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Pancreatic Progenitors to a Clinically Translatable Site for the Treatment of Type I Diabetes.

Type I diabetes mellitus, which affects an estimated 1.5 million Americans, is caused by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells that results in the need for life-long insulin therapy. Allogeneic islet transplantation for the treatment of type I diabetes is a therapy in which donor islets are infused intrahepatically, which has led to the transient reversal of diabetes. However, therapeutic limitations of allogeneic transplantation, which include a shortage of donor islets, long-term immunosuppression, and high risk of tissue rejection, have led to the investigation of embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells as an unlimited source of functional β-cells. Herein, we investigate the use of microporous scaffolds for their ability to promote the engraftment of stem cell derived pancreatic progenitors and their maturation toward monohormonal insulin producing β-cells at a clinically translatable, extrahepatic site. Initial studies demonstrated that microporous scaffolds supported cell engraftment a...
Do generations matter for wine segmentation

Segmenting wine consumers by generation is a popular and commonly discussed marketing strategy. However, much of the academic research related to generational segmentation is dated and in need of f...
Approaches to Federal Judicial History: The Federal Courts and Criminal Justice

Mass incarceration has long constituted not only a sociological fact and a moral disaster in the United States, but also a major sector of the public and private economy; a significant component of ideologies of race, gender, and sexuality; and a distorting influence upon electoral processes and deliberative democracy. What role has the federal judiciary played in this complex history? This short historiographical essay provides a brief and necessarily selective introduction to exemplary scholarship addressing the relationship between the federal courts and criminal justice in U.S. history, and seeks to encourage historians of the carceral state—even or especially those who do not define themselves primarily as legal historians—to join the conversation. The essay is structured around three of the most significant ways in which the federal judiciary has historically made and enforced criminal justice policy: by adjudicating federal criminal prosecutions; by reviewing state-court convictions, via federal habeas jurisdiction; and by reforming state prisons and local jails, via constitutional conditions-of-confinement litigation. This essay was prepared at the invitation of the Federal Judicial History Office for a forthcoming volume.
Effects of Catalyst Model and High Adsorbate Coverages in ab Initio Studies of Alkane Hydrogenolysis

Bare, low-index periodic surface models are typically used to examine metal-catalyzed reactions in density functional theory (DFT) studies, and these most closely resemble low-pressure surface science reactions and catalyzed reactions that occur on large terraces that prevail on large (>5 nm) supported nanoparticles. Many catalytic reactions, however, occur near conditions at which catalytic surfaces are saturated by one or more adsorbed intermediates, leading to strong coadsorbate interactions and surface reconstruction leading to increased curvature. Alkane hydrogenolysis is such a reaction and has been extensively studied using DFT—often on bare metal surfaces—with the assumption that omitted coadsorbed hydrogen atoms (H*) do not significantly alter the relative activation barriers and with ad hoc assumptions about the site requirements for relevant reactions. Here, we use ethane hydrogenolysis on H*-covered Ir catalysts (using a periodic surface model and a nanoparticle model) as a probe reaction to e...
Planning, Poverty and Political Economy of Reforms: A Tribute to Suresh D. Tendulkar

This paper pays tribute to Professor Suresh D. Tendulkar’s contribution and scholarship to economics, economic-policy making, and economic reforms in India. The paper’s scope is by no means exhaustive, and primarily focuses on his contributions on economic planning in India, the political economy of economic reforms, and his important conceptual and policy-relevant work on poverty measurement. The paper also presents results on empirical exercises comparing trends in inequality, and various poverty lines in India in the recent past. The paper concludes with policy observations on economic reforms in India, and directions for further empirical research on poverty.