cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re-configurable, multi-mode contained-electrospray ionization for protein folding and unfolding on the millisecond time scale

A new reconfigurable contained-electrospray (ES) ion source is described that can be operated in three unique modes (Types I, II and III) and was applied to control the charge state of proteins for subsequent online characterization by mass spectrometry. Using this device, proteins prepared in 100% water were highly charged after exposure to hydrochloric acid vapor. For myoglobin, the shift to a higher charge state occurred faster than the heme cofactor could escape the unfolding protein. This effect reflected in the detection of highly charged holo-myoglobin intermediates (+26), which suggests the modification process occurred on a millisecond time scale (Type I mode). By introducing a cavity in the contained-ES emitter (Type II mode), increased protein denaturation was observed where only apo-myoglobin ions were detected. A similar increase in the charge effect was observed for less pH sensitive proteins such as ubiquitin and cytochrome c. In a third type of experiment, acidified aqueous-based droplets containing unfolded proteins were briefly exposed to aqueous ammonium acetate/triethylammonium acetate solution mixtures to increase the droplet pH and to induce protein folding during electrospray ionization. Charge-state distributions showed protein folding occurred, including the appearance of charged reduced species that were not observed when sprayed in pure water. The three operational modes of contained-electrospray allow online modification of an analyte during charge droplet formation using both vapor and non-volatile liquid reagents, without a direct addition of the modifying reagent to the analyte solution.
Developing Oral Science Explanations: Secondary School ELs’ Experimentation with Intertextual Linkages

We present a case study of a 10th grade teacher with extensive Teacher Language Awareness (TLA) training as she guides students through a unit on density. The setting for the study is a Newcomer High School whose student body is made up of a range of English learners (ELs) from different countries, whose levels of English language proficiency range from low-beginner to intermediate. The aim of the case study is to examine the way in which the teacher and students develop scientific language and make intertextual linkages across activities as they engage in a process of appropriation of scientific knowledge and discourse. We further examine the relationship between the teacher’s strategies and the EL students’ subsequent abilities to provide explanations, a type of discourse practice that relies heavily on the ability to employ scientific discourse. Our findings suggest that a focus on teachers’ awareness of language in conjunction with their understanding of academic content are key to supporting the academic development of ELs in content area classrooms.
A Few RNA Success Stories

The protocols and accompanying discussion in the preceding chapters of this text illustrate various methods for the expedient isolation of RNA from a variety of biological sources and its subsequent analysis. The judicious application of various combinations of these techniques constitutes a systematic method for understanding the role of the products of transcription in the regulation of gene expression. Any experimental model can be well-characterized by assaying specific mRNAs as one parameter of gene expression, although having protein expression data from Western analysis, immunochemical, or other proteomics techniques generally provides a more complete understanding of gene regulation under a specific set of conditions. A typical RNA-based experimental design includes an assessment of steady-state levels of RNA, the levels of related regulatory molecules such as miRNAs, and how these elements change in response to naturally occurring variance or experimental challenge. Transcription rate data can provide additional insight pertaining to the regulatory profile of a gene when examined along with data from steady-state transcription assays. Because experiments involving RNA are almost certainly asking gene expression questions, these techniques are commonly performed to assign observed changes to the transcriptional level or due to some posttranscriptional event(s). Therefore, assays providing the greatest sensitivity and resolution are always desirable. Real-time PCR, miRNA cataloging, and innovations in sequencing, particular RNA-Seq, have facilitated profiling the depths of the cellular biochemistry at levels inconceivable fifteen years ago and these methods continue to offer great potential. Bioinformatics, email, and all types of online tools provide a platform for literature search or a great deal of background reading without leaving one’s desk. There are a number of different Internet-based bulletin boards where scientists with difficulties can post specific questions and hope for an answer from the readership.
Planar polarized Rab35 functions as an oscillatory ratchet during cell intercalation in the Drosophila epithelium

The coordination between membrane trafficking and actomyosin networks is essential to the regulation of cell and tissue shape. Here, we examine Rab protein distributions during Drosophila epithelial tissue remodeling and show that Rab35 is dynamically planar polarized. Rab35 compartments are enriched at contractile interfaces of intercalating cells and provide the first evidence of interfacial monopolarity. When Rab35 function is disrupted, apical area oscillations still occur and contractile steps are observed. However, contractions are followed by reversals and interfaces fail to shorten, demonstrating that Rab35 functions as a ratchet ensuring unidirectional movement. Although actomyosin forces have been thought to drive interface contraction, initiation of Rab35 compartments does not require Myosin II function. However, Rab35 compartments do not terminate and continue to grow into large elongated structures following actomyosin disruption. Finally, Rab35 represents a common contractile cell-shaping mechanism, as mesoderm invagination fails in Rab35 compromised embryos and Rab35 localizes to constricting surfaces. Various stages of tissue morphogenesis involve the contraction of epithelial surfaces. Here, the authors identify the Rab GTPase Rab35 as an essential component of this contractile process, which functions as a membrane ratchet to ensure unidirectional movement of intercalating cells.
Applying Mixed Methods in Action Research: Methodological Potentials and Advantages:

Mixed methods research has the capacity to intersect with other approaches, such as action research, by adding a solid methodological foundation and creating an integrated approach for addressing c...
Giant magnetostriction effect near onset of spin reorientation in MnBi

In materials undergoing spontaneous symmetry breaking transitions, the emergence of multiple competing order parameters is pervasive. Employing in-field x-ray diffraction, we investigate the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the crystallographic structure of MnBi, elucidating the microscopic interplay between lattices and spin. The hexagonal phase of MnBi undergoes a spin reorientation transition (TSR), whereby the easy axis direction changes from the c axis to the basal plane. Across TSR, an abrupt symmetry change is accompanied by a clear sign change in the magnetostrictive coefficient, revealing that this transition corresponds to the onset of the spin reorientation. In the vicinity of TSR, a significantly larger in-plane magnetostrictive effect is observed, presenting the emergence of an intermediate phase that is highly susceptible to an applied magnetic field. X-ray linear dichroism shows that asymmetric Bi and Mn p orbitals do not play a role in the spin reorientation. This work suggests that the spin reorientation is caused by structural modification rather than changes in the local electronic configuration, providing a strategy for manipulating the magnetic anisotropy by external strain.
Laparoscopic diagnosis and methotrexate treatment of an ovarian pregnancy: a case report

This report suggests an alternative for dealing with the diagnostic dilemma of differentiating an ovarian pregnancy from a ruptured CL cyst and suggests a conservative management approach that will possibly minimize adhesion formation and optimize future fertility. This new approach is based on a single case reported here, and therefore needs further verification. However, use of this revised set of diagnostic criteria, combined with the judicious use of MTX, may be an alternative therapy for selected ovarian pregnancies.
The Rectangular Isotherm Model for Adsorption Kinetics

The transient uptake response of an adsorbent particle, subjected to a step change in surface concentration, is considered. It is shown that, when the isotherm is highly favorable, the theoretical curves derived for a Langmuirian system reduce asymptotically to the much simpler form for a rectangular isotherm. The simple rectangular model provides a useful approximation even when the form of the actual isotherm is quite far from the rectangular limit.
Some pitfalls in the promises of automated and autonomous vehicles

Differing forms of self-operating transportation are already among us and some have been in operation now for an extended period of time. From elevators and escalators to airport transit trams, we already use many fully automatic systems. Now such technologies are very publicly and prominently penetrating into the on-road environment of everyday personal vehicle usage. The present article raises and addresses a number of the specific and more general human factors/ergonomic issues associated with such an evolutionary step. One particular concern is that of identified responsibility when such systems fail to perform flawlessly. The ways in which this (r)evolution will impact the social and cultural fabric of affected societies is also considered. Further observations as to the vector of the future characteristics of these vehicular forms and how they and other autonomous systems will affect our world are examined. The very future of the human experience depends upon the ways in which such systems are designed, enacted and integrated into everyday life and these are fundamentally ergonomic endeavours.Practitioner's Summary: The prominence of practitioners working on advanced human-machine systems will increase with public concerns surrounding self-driving vehicles. Driverless cars are not only a technological step but they will also exert widespread effects throughout society. Practitioners should prepare for these broad socio-technical challenges in an evolving, autonomous world.
Should suicide prevention training be required for mental health practitioners? A Colorado, United States case study

Suicide is a critical public health problem, resulting in more than 40,000 deaths a year in the United States (U.S.) and 800,000 globally. Provision of mental health services is a key component of a comprehensive population-based approach to prevention. State licensing boards in some U.S. states require mental health practitioners to be trained in suicide risk assessment and management, but such requirements are not uniform. Our case study examined mental health practitioner preparedness to engage in suicide prevention and intervention in Colorado, a state with a high suicide rate, using a survey designed to understand training experiences and perceptions of the acceptability of mandated training. Our findings support efforts to require mental health practitioners be trained to prevent suicide.
Baybars, naval power and Mamlūk psychological warfare against the Franks

This paper discusses two events relating to Mamlūk warfare under the Sultan Baybars al-Bunduqdārī (r. 658–676/1260–1277). The first is a failed naval attack on Cyprus in 669/1271 and the second is ...
Wireless Analytics for 3D Printed Objects

We present the first wireless physical analytics system for 3D printed objects using commonly available conductive plastic filaments. Our design can enable various data capture and wireless physical analytics capabilities for 3D printed objects, without the need for electronics. To achieve this goal, we make three key contributions: (1) demonstrate room scale backscatter communication and sensing using conductive plastic filaments, (2) introduce the first backscatter designs that detect a variety of bi-directional motions and support linear and rotational movements, and (3) enable data capture and storage for later retrieval when outside the range of the wireless coverage, using a ratchet and gear system. We validate our approach by wirelessly detecting the opening and closing of a pill bottle, capturing the joint angles of a 3D printed e-NABLE prosthetic hand, and an insulin pen that can store information to track its use outside the range of a wireless receiver.
False Analog Data Injection Attack Towards Topology Errors: Formulation and Feasibility Analysis

In this paper, we propose a class of false analog data injection attack that can misguide the system as if topology errors had occurred. By utilizing the measurement redundancy with respect to the state variables, the adversary who knows the system configuration is shown to be capable of computing the corresponding measurement value with the intentionally misguided topology. The attack is designed such that the state as well as residue distribution after state estimation will converge to those in the system with a topology error. It is shown that the attack can be launched even if the attacker is constrained to some specific meters. The attack is detrimental to the system since manipulation of analog data will lead to a forged digital topology status, and the state after the error is identified and modified will be significantly biased with the intended wrong topology. The feasibility of the proposed attack is demonstrated with an IEEE 14-bus system.
Spotting rare items makes the brain "blink" harder: Evidence from pupillometry.

In many visual search tasks (e.g., cancer screening, airport baggage inspections), the most serious search targets occur infrequently. As an ironic side effect, when observers finally encounter important objects (e.g., a weapon in baggage), they often fail to notice them, a phenomenon known as the low-prevalence effect (LPE). Although many studies have investigated LPE search errors, we investigated the attentional consequences of successful rare target detection. Using an attentional blink paradigm, we manipulated how often observers encountered the first serial target (T1), then measured its effects on their ability to detect a following target (T2). Across two experiments, we show that the LPE is more than just an inflated miss rate: When observers successfully detected rare targets, they were less likely to spot subsequent targets. Using pupillometry to index locus-coeruleus (LC) mediated attentional engagement, Experiment 2 confirmed that an LC refractory period mediates the attentional blink (`Nieuwenhuis, Gilzenrat, Holmes, & Cohen, 2005, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134[3], 291–307), and that these effects emerge relatively quickly following T1 onset. Moreover, in both behavioral and pupil analyses, we found that detecting low-prevalence targets exacerbates the LC refractory period. Consequences for theories of the LPE are discussed.
Startle Reflex and Health

The startle reflex is a response to sudden and intense stimulation in auditory, visual, or tactile modalities and is characterized by a variety of muscular contractions and autonomic responses. The response is most often measured in humans with the motor potential (electromyography) of the eyeblink reflex. This startle eyeblink response is preserved across the life span and is analogous to whole-body startle responses in other animals. Startle is very sensitive to small variations in eliciting stimulus parameters; task situations; personality characteristics; clinical conditions; psychopharmacological agents and their history of use; conditioning; and a variety of other stimulus, person, and situational factors. Startle has been used to investigate many research questions dealing with information processing deficits in a range of health-related conditions.
Eosinophilic folliculitis in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Eosinophilic folliculitis (EF) is a rare, recurrent dermatosis characterized by folliculocentric papules, pustules, or plaques affecting the head, trunk, and extremities. It comprises 4 subtypes: classic, infantile, HIV-associated, and hematologic malignancy–associated EF. Diagnosis of EF in association with hematologic malignancy can be challenging owing to variable morphologies and histopathologic findings.1 Here we describe a patient with EF in association with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML).
Cardiac Database and Risk Factor Assessment, Outcomes Analysis for Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiac critical care has firmly established itself as a crucial subspecialty within the framework of a successful congenital heart center. Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Units (CICU) evolved from pediatric intensive care units, where pediatric patients with multitude of acute and chronic conditions were receiving care, into complex, highly sub-specialized, technically sophisticated units focused on patients with congenital heart disease from infants to adults. The technological developments of pediatric clinical cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery have resulted in evolution of intensive care for congenital heart disease patients. Critical care has played a role in the significant improvements in morbidity and mortality after pediatric and congenital heart surgery observed in the modern era (Jacobs et al., Ann Thorac Surg 102:1345–1352, 2016).
Akt Pathway Inhibitors

Cancer is a devastating disease that has plagued humans from ancient times to this day. After decades of slow research progress, promising drug development, and the identification of new targets, the war on cancer was launched, in 1972. The P13K/Akt pathway is a growth-regulating cellular signaling pathway, which in many human cancers is over-activated. Studies have demonstrated that a decrease in Akt activity by Akt inhibitors is associated with a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. There have been several promising drug candidates that have been studied, including but not limited to ipatasertib (RG7440), 1; afuresertib (GSK2110183), 2; uprosertib (GSK2141795), 3; capivasertib (AZD5363), 4; which reportedly bind to the ATP active site and inhibit Akt activity, thus exerting cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities against human cancer cells. For most of the compounds discussed in this review, data from preclinical studies in various cancers suggest a mechanistic basis involving hyperactivated Akt signaling. Allosteric inhibitors are also known to alter the activity of kinases. Perifosine (KRX- 0401), 5, an alkylphospholipid, is known as the first allosteric Akt inhibitor to enter clinical development and is mechanistically characterized as a PH-domain dependent inhibitor, non-competitive with ATP. This results in a reduction in Akt enzymatic and cellular activities. Other small molecule (MK- 2206, 6, PHT-427, Akti-1/2) inhibitors with a similar mechanism of action, alter Akt activity through the suppression of cell growth mediated by the inhibition of Akt membrane localization and subsequent activation. The natural product solenopsin has been identified as an inhibitor of Akt. A few promising solenopsin derivatives have emerged through pharmacophore modeling, energy-based calculations, and property predictions.
Accurate Conduction Velocity Maps and Their Association With Scar Distribution on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Postinfarction Ventricular Tachycardias

Background: Characterizing myocardial conduction velocity (CV) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) is important for understanding the patient-specific pr...
T Follicular Regulatory Cell Suppression of T Follicular Helper Cell Function Is Context-Dependent in vitro

The production of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells requires the interaction of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with B cells in the follicle and is modulated by T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. We compare the effects of Tfr cells in an in vitro model of bystander Tfh function in the absence of BCR engagement and in a model in which mimics cognate T-B interactions in which the BCR is engaged. In the absence of Tfr cells, Tfh cells from primed mice induce naive B cell differentiation into GC B cells and class switch recombination (CSR) in the presence of anti-CD3 alone or anti-CD3/IgM in a contact-dependent manner. Addition of primed Tfr cells efficiently suppressed GC B cell proliferation, differentiation and CSR in the anti-CD3 alone cultures, but only moderately suppressed BCR-stimulated B cells. When stimulated with anti-CD3 alone, IL-4 is critical for the induction of GC B cells and CSR. IL-21 plays a minimal role in GC B cell differentiation, but a greater role in switching. When the BCR is engaged, IL-4 is primarily required for switching and IL-21 only modestly affects switching. CD40L expression was critical for Tfh-mediated B cell proliferation/differentiation in the absence of B cell engagement. When the BCR was engaged, proliferation of CD40 deficient B cells was partially restored, but was susceptible to suppression by Tfr. These studies suggest that in vitro Tfr suppressor function is complex and is modulated by BCR signaling and CD40-CD40L interactions.
Play Therapist Qualities: A Document Analysis of Current Literature

The emphasis on evidence-based interventions in mental health can take the focus away from other considerations such as what makes the intervention effective. In this study, we aimed to identify th...
Combined cataract surgery and goniotomy-assisted 360-degree suture trabeculotomy in a 14-year-old boy

Combined cataract and angle surgery potentially eliminates a second surgical setting, further anesthesia, and an additional recovery period, but it can pose intraoperative challenges for the surgeon. The authors demonstrate cataract extraction and 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab externo with the added challenged of decreased ocular rigidity. Schlemm’s canal was cannulated for 360° with a 6-0 polypropylene suture that was left in place until completion of cataract extraction, limited anterior vitrectomy, and intraocular lens implantation through a scleral tunnel. Transluminal suture was unable to be advanced into the anterior chamber by applying traction on the suture ends. This maneuver, while typically effective in noncombined cases, distorted the scleral tunnel and allowed fluid and viscoelastic device to exit the anterior chamber. Ultimately, trabeculotomy was completed by performing goniotomy of one quadrant under direct visualization, allowing a starting point for transluminal suture to incise the remainder of the trabecular meshwork.
A Decision Support System Based On Machined Learned Bayesian Network for Predicting Successful Direct Sales Marketing

This paper proposes a decision support system based on a machine-learned Bayesian network (BN) to predict the success rate of telemarketing calls for long-term bank deposits. Telemarketing is one o...
A study on the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary class for gender-affirming chest surgery in transmasculine and nonbinary patients and their support persons.

Abstract BACKGROUND At our institution, patients assigned female at birth and identify as male or non-binary who planned to undergo gender-affirming chest surgery (top surgery) were invited to attend a multi-disciplinary class. We hypothesized that patients who attended the class would have better surgical outcome. METHODS Patients who had top surgery between 10/11/2017 to 10/31/2019 were retrospectively evaluated to determine if they attended class (group one) or not (group two). Group two was stratified into patients who signed up for class but did not attend (group three) versus those who never signed up (group four). Surveys from attendees were reviewed. Patients who had top surgery utilizing methods other than double incision technique or prior chest surgery were excluded. RESULTS There were 130 patients in group one, 488 in group two, 40 in group three and 448 in group four respectively. Group one demonstrated a 16.6% decrease in the odds of having minor complications relative to group two (p=0.002). For every unit increase in BMI, there was a 7.56% increase in the odds of having a minor complication in patients who had top surgery (p=0.01). There was a 3.34% increase in the odds of having a minor complication for each year increase in age among patients who had top surgery (p=0.009). Preliminary data suggested that group three (10%) had more minor complications than group one (1.5%, p=0.0279). Majority of patients (95.9%) felt the class helped them prepare for surgery. CONCLUSION Patients who attended class demonstrated fewer minor complications than those who did not attend class although bigger cohort would be required for conclusion.
In-vitro stress relaxation response of neonatal peripheral nerves.

Abstract Characterizing the viscoelastic behavior of neonatal peripheral nerves is critical in understanding stretch-related peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) in neonates. This study investigated the in-vitro viscoelastic stress relaxation response of neonatal piglet brachial plexus (BP) and tibial nerves at two different strain levels (10% and 20%) and stress relaxation testing durations (90- and 300-seconds). BP and tibial nerves from 20 neonatal piglets were harvested and pre-stretched to either 10% or 20% strain at a dynamic rate of 100 mm/min to simulate conditions, such as shoulder dystocia, that may lead to stretch-related PNIs in neonates. At constant strain, the reduction in stress was recorded for 90- or 300-seconds. The biomechanical data were then fit to a viscoelastic model to acquire the short- and long-term stress relaxation time-constants. Though no significant differences in the degree of stress relaxation were found between the two tested strain levels after 90 seconds in both nerve types, reduction in stress was moderately greater (p = 0.056) at 10% strain than at 20% for BP after 300 seconds. The reduction in stress was significantly higher in nerves subjected to a 300 second testing duration than 90 second for both strain levels and nerve types. When comparing BP and tibial nerve stress relaxation response, BP nerve relaxed significantly more than tibial at both strain levels after 90 seconds, but no significant differences were observed after 300 seconds. Our results confirm that neonatal peripheral nerve tissue is highly viscoelastic. These novel biomechanical data can be incorporated into finite element and computational models studying neonatal PNIs.
Parsonage-Turner Syndrome After SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine: A Case Report.

Case Parsonage-Turner syndrome, also known as brachial neuritis or neuralgic amyotrophy, is characterized by sudden-onset pain and subsequent weakness of the shoulder. Known precipitating factors include viral and bacterial infections and certain immunizations. Isolated cases after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been reported. We report the case of a 66-year-old woman with right shoulder dysfunction and medial scapular winging after immunization with the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer). Conclusion After physical therapy, the patient resumed her normal activities of daily living. Findings from this case represent the first known documentation of Parsonage-Turner syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccination.
The Assaultive Staff Action Program (ASAP): Thirty Year Program Analysis

The Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP) is a voluntary, system-wide, peer-help, crisis intervention program to address the psychological sequelae in staff victims of patient assaults. It has been associated with cost-effective, quality support services to staff victims of patient assaults and declines in assaults facility-wide in several facilities, after an ASAP was fielded. ASAP’s functions and service provisions have been reported in previous 5-year intervals. The present paper reports on its most recent 5-year interval as ASAP complete its 25th year of service. The 5-year summary and the basic strengths and limitations of the program over this 25 year period are examined.
The role of p53 in apoptosis

It has been said that no matter which direction cancer research turns, the p53 tumour suppressor protein comes into view. If there is truth in this statement, then it has much to do with the ability of this protein to induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis. First discovered in 1979 as a protein complexed with the large T antigen of SV40 virus (Lane and Crawford, 1979; Linzer and Levine, 1979), the complete cDNA sequence of p53 was elucidated in 1984 (Matlashewski et al. 1984), and its activity as a tumour suppressor gene was first suspected in 1985 when deletions of the gene were detected in transformed cells infected with Friend leukemia virus (Mowat et al. 1985). Later it was found that expression of p53 could inhibit the neoplastic transformation of primary cells (Finlay et al. 1989), and that this gene was subject to frequent mutations in human tumours (Baker et al. 1989; Hollstein et al. 1991). Germline mutations of the p53 gene were found in individuals suffering from Li-Fraumeni disorder, which is an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing affected individuals to osteosarcomas as well as tumours of the brain, breast and adrenal cortex (Malkin et al. 1990). Tumours from affected individuals were found to invariably lose expression of the wild type p53 allele, thereby identifying p53 as a classical tumour suppressor gene. Analogously, mice genetically engineered to be nullizygous for p53 (p53 “knock-out” mice) died from tumours at 3-6 months of age, although these were chiefly lymphoid tumours (Donehower et al. 1992). Analyses of p53 mutations in human tumour samples to date indicate that this tumour suppressor gene is mutated in over 50% of human tumours, derived from a wide variety of tissues. The p53 gene continues to hold the distinction as the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer.
Description and performance of the Saturn launch vehicle's navigation, guidance, and control system

Saturn launch vehicle navigation, guidance and control system, discussing optimal system design for flight path optimization
Reasons for cannabis use among youths at ultra high risk for psychosis

Aim Cannabis use is prevalent in schizophrenia and its risk states, despite its association with anxiety and positive symptoms. While schizophrenia patients report using cannabis for mood enhancement and social motives, it is not known what motivates clinical high risk (CHR) patients to use cannabis. Methods Among 102 CHR patients, 24 (23%) endorsed cannabis use, and were queried as to reasons for use, using a scale previously administered in schizophrenia patients. We hypothesized a primary motivation for mood enhancement related to anhedonia. We evaluated the ‘self-medication’ hypothesis by examining if motivation for symptom relief was associated with concurrent severity of symptoms. Results The rank order of reasons for use in CHR patients was similar to that previously reported by schizophrenia patients, with mood enhancement and social motives as primary reasons for use, and the motivation to use cannabis for symptom relief comparatively less common. Motivation for mood enhancement had a trend association with anhedonia. Motivation for symptom relief was entirely unrelated to concurrent severity of positive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion As in schizophrenia, CHR patients primarily use cannabis for mood enhancement, especially in the context of decreased motivation to seek pleasure otherwise. Negative symptoms may drive cannabis use in schizophrenia and its risk states, which may exacerbate positive symptoms. By contrast, CHR patients do not report using cannabis to ‘self-medicate’ emergent positive symptoms. The understanding of motives for cannabis use among CHR patients may be informative for treatments aimed at reducing use, such as motivational interviewing.
Terminal hepatic failure following a small dose of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Abstract Fatal hepatotoxicity is a known complication of sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. We report a case of a man previously exposed to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim who died of liver failure following subsequent ingestion of only two tablets of the drug (160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole). This case indicates the danger to a susceptible patient of even small (e.g., "rechallenge") doses of sulfamethoxazole.
Millimeter-wave spectra of the Jovian planets

The millimeter wave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is critical for understanding the subcloud atmospheric structure of the Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). This research utilizes a combination of laboratory measurements, computer modeling, and radio astronomical observation in order to obtain a better understanding of the millimeter-wave spectra of the Jovian planets. The pressure broadened absorption from gaseous ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was measured in the laboratory under simulated conditions for the Jovian atmospheres. Researchers developed new formalisms for computing the absorptivity of gaseous NH3 and H2S based on their laboratory measurements. They developed a radiative transfer and thermochemical model to predict the abundance and distribution of absorbing constituents in the Jovian atmospheres. They used the model to compute the millimeter wave emission from the Jovian planets.
Interleukin-7 immunotherapy.

IL-7 is a member of the common γ -chain family of cytokines sharing a common γ -chain in their receptor. Beyond its long-established pivotal role in immune development, it has been more recently recognized as a critically important regulator of peripheral naive and memory T cell homeostasis while its role in postdevelopment thymic function remains at best, poorly defined, and controversial. Its multiple immune-enhancing properties, most notably in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis, make it a very attractive candidate for immunotherapy in a wide variety of clinical situations. Following many years of rich preclinical data in murine and simian models, IL-7 is now emerging in human phase I trials as a very promising immunotherapeutic agent. Human in vivo data discussed here are derived from the phase I study initiated at the National Cancer Institute in collaboration with Cytheris, Inc., in a cohort of subjects with incurable malignancy.
Land Use and Water Quality in New York Rivers

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 require that land-use management and control of nonpoint pollution sources be included in areawide water quality planning. At the present time, few tested procedures are available to implement this policy. Statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analyses, offer a promising methodology for the study of land use and nonpoint source impacts on water quality. The methodology has been applied to water quality and land-use data from 20 river basins in New York State. The results indicated that river basin land uses could account for up to 89% of the observed variation in mean river nitrogen concentrations and 63% of the observed variation in mean total suspended solids concentrations. No relationships between phosphorus concentrations and land uses were found in the basins.
Expert Opinion and Controversies in Sports and Musculoskeletal Medicine: Concussion in the Young Athlete

Concussion is a common injury in young athletes and can be very challenging for clinicians to diagnose and manage. Debate exists over not only the incidence of long-term risks of multiple concussions but also the potential for catastrophic outcomes after sports-related head injury. Decisions on returning athletes to competition can be difficult, and there are limited prospective data on which to make these decisions. This has resulted in the existence of a number of published guidelines and consensus statements on the management of concussion in athletes. Athletes sustaining a concussion need appropriate on-field care and structured follow-up. Baseline cognitive assessments can be helpful, but clinicians must be aware that head trauma may result in a wide array of clinical signs and symptoms. Delivery of care and decisions on return to play need to be based on an individual assessment of the affected athlete.
Cord blood biomarkers of vascular endothelial growth (VEGF and sFlt-1) and postnatal growth: a preterm birth cohort study.

Abstract Background Preterm infants are at risk for postnatal growth failure (PGF). Identification of biomarkers that are associated with neonatal growth may help reduce PGF and associated long-term morbidity. Objective To investigate the associations between cord blood vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its soluble receptor (sFlt-1) with birth weight (BW) and postnatal growth in premature infants. Study design and methods From an ongoing birth cohort, 123 premature infants from 23 to 36 weeks gestational age (GA) were studied. Cord blood plasma VEGF and sFlt-1 were measured via enzyme-linked immunoassay. Growth parameters and nutritional information were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the associations of VEGF and sFlt-1 on PGF, defined as weight Results VEGF was positively correlated, and sFlt-1 was negatively correlated with BW and BW-for-GA percentiles. Higher cord blood VEGF levels were associated with reduced risk of PGF (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.5–0.9), while higher sFlt-1 levels appeared to increase the risk of PGF (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1–2.4). The above biomarker associations were attenuated after adjustment for maternal preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction and related neonatal characteristics, and when taking into account placental vascular pathologies. Longitudinal growth patterns by mean weight and length percentiles were consistently lower among infants with low VEGF/sFlt-1 ratios. Conclusions Our data support that intrauterine regulation of angiogenesis is an important mechanism of fetal and postnatal growth. Cord blood VEGF and sFlt-1 are useful in elucidating how intrauterine processes may have long-standing effects on developing premature infants.
The metrics of technology evaluation: where we stand and where we should go from here

The complexities of technology generation, transfer, and commercialisation processes have always gravely taxed the way we measure and assess them. This paper reviews the existing metrics for evaluation of science and technology, with emphasis on evaluation of industrial R&D and technology. Among the categories of metrics, this paper reviews econometric methods, patents, process methods, and bibliometric methods. The paper also reviews models of the innovation continuum, in an effort to link such models to the metrics categories. Based on the review of the state of the art, the paper proposes future directions for the development and the application of metrics of technology evaluation. A process-outcomes stage model is outlined and its advantages are listed. This stage-model is suggested as a more effective method to evaluate R&D and technology along the entire innovation continuum.
On the Stability of Second Order Time Varying Linear Systems

This note considers the stability of linear time varying second order systems. It studies the case where the stiffness matrix is a function of time. It provides sufficient conditions for stability and asymptotic stability of the system provided that certain conditions on the stiffness matrix are satisfied.
Homologous proteins with different affinities for groEL. The refolding of the aspartate aminotransferase isozymes at varying temperatures.

Abstract The homologous cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (c- and mAspAT, respectively) seem to follow very different folding pathways after synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, suggesting that the nascent proteins interact differently with molecular chaperones (Mattingly, J. R., Jr., Iriarte, A., and Martinez-Carrion, M.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26320-26327). In an attempt to discern the structural basis for this phenomenon, we have begun to study the effect of temperature on the refolding of the guanidine hydrochloride-denatured, purified proteins and their interaction with the groEL/groES molecular chaperone system from Escherichia coli. In the absence of chaperones, temperature has a critical effect on the refolding of the two isozymes, with mAspAT being more susceptible than cAspAT to diminishing refolding yields at increasing temperatures. No refolding is observed for mAspAT at physiological temperatures. The molecular chaperones groEL and groES can extend the temperature range over which the AspAT isozymes successfully refold; however, cAspAT can still refold at higher temperatures than mAspAT. In the absence of groES and MgATP, the two isozymes interact differently with groEL. groEL arrests the refolding of mAspAT throughout the temperature range of 0-45°C. Adding only MgATP releases very little mAspAT from groEL; both groES and MgATP are required for significant refolding of mAspAT in the presence of groEL. On the other hand, the extent to which groEL inhibits the refolding of cAspAT depends upon the temperature of the refolding reaction, only slowing the reaction at 0°C but arresting it completely at 30°C. MgATP alone is sufficient to effect the release of cAspAT from groEL at any temperature examined; inclusion of groES along with MgATP has no effect on the refolding yield but does increase the refolding rate at temperatures greater than 15°C. These results demonstrate that groEL can have significantly different affinities for proteins with highly homologous final tertiary and quarternary structures and suggest that dissimilarities in the primary sequence of the protein substrates may control the structure of the folding intermediates captured by groEL and/or the composition of the surfaces through which the folding proteins interact with groEL.
Recasting Scottish Sentimentalism: The Peculiarity of Moral Approval

By founding morality on the particular sentiments of approbation and disapprobation, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith implied that the nature of moral judgment was far more intuitive and accessible than their rationalist predecessors and contemporaries would, or at least easily could, allow. And yet, these ‘Sentimentalists’ faced the longstanding belief that the human affective psyche is a veritable labyrinth – an obstacle to practical morality if not something literally brutish in us. The Scottish Sentimentalists thus implicitly tasked themselves with distinguishing and locating the particular sentiments of approbation and disapprobation in the human psyche. In this paper, I argue that this task led Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith to adopt a remarkable thesis when it came to the nature of the moral sentiments, namely, that the sentiments of moral approbation and disapprobation are peculiar – somehow radically unlike other sentiments.
Teaching Complexity with Gender

Gender is a very useful topic for getting students to examine inherited social wisdom and this is especially true on a global scale. Gendered identity labels are parts of complex and shifting identities and students benefit from the opportunity to see how and when they are powerful in human relationships.
Models for adhesion at weak polymer interfaces

The weak interfaces between immiscible polymer pairs typically fail through chain scission. The critical facture toughness for such interfaces is closely related to the density of intermolecular entanglements at the interface. From scaling analysis, a simple correlation between facture toughness and chain entanglement was developed. It predicts well the interfacial adhesion for many immiscible polymer pairs found in the literature. For an interface with block copolymer reinforcement, its critical fracture toughness comes from both intermolecular entanglements of homopolymers and copolymer bridges. In the chain scission regime (low copolymer coverage), the block copolymer contribution is found proportional to copolymer interfacial coverage, with the coefficient being the energy to stretch and break a copolymer chain. The chain-breaking energy for different copolymers was evaluated and compared to literature data. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2313–2319, 2009
Silence is not the best medicine: requiring disclosure of clinical trial data for abandoned drugs.

Imagine that you suffer from a debilitating disease that has no known cure. There may be hope, however, as numerous pharmaceutical companies have, for several years now, studied the condition in se...
Characterization of charging in CD-SEM for 90-nm metrology and beyond

Three parameters, measurement times, charging distances, and charging area, are studied with respect to measurement of the local charging effect. We found that the effects of measurement times and charging distances to the local charging is under observation limit and the measured CD deviation is very small. However, the charging area is found to be the most dominant parameter for local charging. A 7-nm CD deviation from this local charging is observed. After the root cause of the local charging is understood and controlled, we use an extra charging area at the opposite side of the measurement site to compensate for the charging effect. The SEM image and CD deviation are greatly improved after this compensation. At last, a novel measurement algorithm is introduced to deal wiht the actual OPE evaluation. From simulation, the net Coulomb force experienced during the measurement is greatly reduced with the new algorithm compared with that used in the normal measurement sequence. The comparison of the global charging and local charging effects is also discussed in this report.
Surface versus bulk deformation in fatigue

Abstract Selected area electron channeling was used to detect the plastic strain gradient from bulk to surface grains which developed during low cycle fatigue. After an applied strain of 5%, the surface grains have undergone approximately three times as much accumulated strain as the bulk.
Magnetic Moments of Mirror Nuclei

The sum of the magnetic dipole moments for pairs of mirror nuclei, as calculated with intermediate-coupling functions in the $1p$ shell, is found to be very insensitive to the degree of spin-orbit coupling. This property can be understood as being due to the rotational nature of the wave functions, and can also be interpreted in terms of wave functions from the Nilsson model. Magnetic dipole moments are predicted for those nuclei which have not been measured.
Contribution to stability and folding of a buried polar residue at the CARM1 methylation site of the KIX domain of CBP.

The transcriptional coactivator and acetyltransferase CREB Binding Protein (CBP) is comprised of several autonomously folded and functionally independent domains. The KIX domain mediates interactions between CBP and numerous transcriptional activators. The folded region of KIX has all the structural features of a globular protein, including three α-helices, two short 310 helices, and a well-packed hydrophobic core. KIX contains a buried cation−π interaction between the positively charged guanidinium group of Arg 600 and the aromatic ring of Tyr 640. Arg 600 is a site for regulatory methylation by CARM1/PRMT4, which negates the CREB-binding function of the KIX domain. The role of the Arg 600−Tyr 640 buried polar interaction in specifying and stabilizing the structure of KIX was investigated by comparing the folding of wild-type KIX with the single point mutants Y640F and R600M. The Y640F mutant disrupts a hydrogen bond involving the Tyr 640 OH and the backbone of V595 but still allows for the cation−π inte...