cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Critique of Recent Quantum Theories

mediate stages appear between the cell type described here and the normal small lymphocyte of the mouse. Summary.-A cytological description is given of the cell type predominating in accumulations in organs and tissues and resulting from experimental inoculation of Line I leukemia. The chromosome number is forty, the normal for somatic cells of the mouse. Mitotic aberrations are not present in significant numbers. None of the cytological methods used differentiated between the cell type described and a morphologically similar type found in normal mouse tissues. * This investigation was aided by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation. Cox, E. K., J. Morph. and Phys., [1] 43, 45 (1926). 2 Ludford, R. J., Report on Investigations, Imp. Cancer Res. Fund, 145-153 (1930). 3 Lee, B., Microtomist's Vade Mecum, 9th Ed., Blakiston (1928). 4 Masui, K., J. Coll. Agr., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 8, 207 (1923). 5 MacDowell, E. C., and Richter, M. N., J. Cancer Res., [3] 14, 434-439 (1930). 6 Ibid.,Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 28, 1012-1013(1931). 7 McClung, C. E., Microscopical Technique, Hoeber (1929). 8 Minouchi, O., Jap. J. Zool., 1, 269 (1928). 9 Richter, M. N., and MacDowell, E. C. (Abstract), Arch. Pathol., 9, 1299 (1930). 10 Ibid., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 26, 362 (1929). 11 Ibid., J. Exp. Med., [4] 51, 659-673 (1930). 12 Sato, A., and Yoshimatsu, S., Am. J. Dis. Child., 29, 301 (March, 1925). 11 Winge, O., Zeit. f. Zellforschung Mikr. Anat., [4] 10, 683-735 (1930). 14 Wiseman, B. K., J. Exptl. Med., [2] 54, 271-294 (1931).
Processing of buffer sheets for sintering of PLZT tapes

Abstract A reliable, inexpensive, non-toxic and simple technique was developed for obtaining uniform, thin layers of particles that are particularly useful as anti-sticking and anti-friction coatings during sintering of ceramic tapes or articles. The tape casting technique was used to prepare thin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose sheets containing refractory setter powders. The wetting behavior of aqueous slurries was improved by applying a thin coating of wetting agent on a Mylar carrier and adding small amounts of the wetting to the slurry. The buffer sheets were stacked interlayer with ( Pb , La )( Zr , Ti ) O 3 ( PLZT ) green tapes and sandwiched between two dense zirconia plates for sintering. This method was shown to effectively prevent sticking and cracking problems associated with the thin ceramic tapes, and to reduce PbO loss from PLZT during sintering. It was also shown that the flatness of the sintered PLZT tapes is dependent on the solids content of the buffer sheets.
Enhancement of surface phonon modes in the Raman spectrum of ZnSe nanoparticles on adsorption of 4-mercaptopyridine.

By chemically etching a thin film of crystalline ZnSe with acid, we observe a strong Raman enhancement of the surface phonon modes of ZnSe on adsorption of a molecule (4-mercaptopyridine). The surface is composed of oblate hemi-ellipsoids, which has a large surface-to-bulk ratio. The assignment of the observed modes (at 248 and 492 cm−1) to a fundamental and first overtone of the surface optical mode is consistent with observations from high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy as well as calculations.
Synthesis of 11‐deoxy‐5,6‐didehydro‐13,14‐dihydro‐8‐azaprostaglandin E1

The synthesis of 11-deoxy-5,6-didehydro-13,14-dihydro-8-azaprostaglandin E1 is reported. The effects of the 8-aza-PGE1 analog on human bronchial muscle and its antisecretory activity is also reported.
A convex programming procedure

The procedure which involves successively minimizing a convex function with respect to each of its coordinates is shown to converge if constraints are rectangular and the function has continuous derivatives. It is also shown that certain more general procedures, which might be expected to converge more rapidly, are convergent. A criterion is exhibited which yields information concerning the rate of convergence of this method.
Dermatologic diseases in psittacine birds: An investigational approach

Dermatologic conditions are common and potentially frustrating clinical problems in psittacine birds. There may be several possible causes for a particular clinical presentation. Differential diagnoses, the diagnostic approach, and the therapeutic approach are discussed for the following clinical presentations: abnormal feather structure or development, changes in feather color, feather loss without picking, feather picking, cutaneous masses, lesions of the head or beak, lesions of the feet or legs, and lesions involving the uropygial gland.
Bacterial Birth Scar Proteins Mark Future Flagellum Assembly Site

Many prokaryotic protein complexes underlie polar asymmetry. In Caulobacter crescentus, a flagellum is built exclusively at the pole that arose from the previous cell division. The basis for this pole specificity is unclear but could involve a cytokinetic birth scar that marks the newborn pole as the flagellum assembly site. We identified two developmental proteins, TipN and TipF, which localize to the division septum and the newborn pole after division. We show that septal localization of TipN/F depends on cytokinesis. Moreover, TipF, a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase homolog, is a flagellum assembly factor that relies on TipN for proper positioning. In the absence of TipN, flagella are assembled at ectopic locations, and TipF is mislocalized to such sites. Thus TipN and TipF establish a link between bacterial cytokinesis and polar asymmetry, demonstrating that division does indeed leave a positional mark in its wake to direct the biogenesis of a polar organelle.
JanusVF: Accurate Navigation Using SCAAT and Virtual Fiducials

Several critical limitations exist in the currently available tracking technologies for fully enclosed virtual reality (VR) systems. While several 6DOF tracking projects such as Hedgehog have successfully demonstrated excellent accuracy, precision, and robustness within moderate budgets, these projects still include elements of hardware that can interfere with the user's visual experience. The objective of this project is to design a tracking solution for fully enclosed VR displays that achieves comparable performance to available commercial solutions but without any artifacts that can obscure the user's view. JanusVF is a tracking solution involving a cooperation of both the hardware sensors and the software rendering system. A small, high-resolution camera is worn on the user's head, but faces backward (180 degree rotation about vertical from the user's perspective). After acquisition of the initial state, the VR rendering software draws specific fiducial markers with known size and absolute position inside the VR scene. These virtual markers are only drawn behind the user and in view of the camera. These fiducials are tracked by ARToolkitPlus and integrated by a single-constraint-at-a-time (SCAAT) filter algorithm to update the head pose. Experiments analyzing accuracy, precision, and latency in a six-sided CAVE-like system show performance that is comparable to alternative commercial technologies.
Instability for the Navier-Stokes equations on the $2$-dimensional torus and a lower bound for the Hausdorff dimension of their global attractors

We prove instability of stationary solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations on the domain [0,2π]×[0,2π] with periodic boundary condition for a class of external forces for large Reynolds number. Moreover, we give a lower bound for the hausdorff dimension of the global attractors.
Superior sulcus tumors with vertebral body involvement: a multimodality approach.

Objective Superior sulcus tumors with involvement of the spine have historically been considered unresectable. We have previously documented a 2-year survival of 54% in patients treated with a multimodality approach. This work builds on our previous experience and examines the long-term outcomes. Methods A retrospective review was performed on patients with superior sulcus non–small cell lung cancer tumors with involvement of the vertebral column (n = 39) treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1990 to 2006. Their clinical and pathologic data were analyzed for short- and long-term outcomes. Results Group 1 included 8 (21%) patients with neuroforamen or transverse process involvement, group 2 had 16 (41%) patients with partial vertebrectomy, and group 3 had 15 (38%) patients with total vertebrectomy. There were 2 (5%) postoperative deaths, and 11 (28%) patients had major complications. Margins were positive in 17 (44%) patients. Recurrence occurred in 23 (59%) patients and was local in 11 (28%) patients, distant in 11 (28%) patients, and both in 1 (3%) patient. Median time to local recurrence was 7 months in patients with positive margins and has not been reached for patients with negative margins ( P = .007). Median, 2-year, and 5-year overall survival was 18 months, 47%, and 27%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the only independent predictor of shorter survival was nodal metastases ( P = .001; hazard ratio, 6.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.2–19.2). Conclusion An aggressive multimodality approach involving surgical resection can be performed with acceptable morbidity in highly selected patients with superior sulcus tumors and vertebral invasion at a specialized center. Encouraging long-term survival can be achieved in patients with negative margins and no lymph node involvement.
A Basis Theorem for Perfect Sets

We show that if there is a nonconstructible real, then every perfect set has a nonconstructible element, answering a question of K. Prikry. This is a specific instance of a more general theorem giving a sufficient condition on a pair M ⊂ N of models of set theory implying that every perfect set in N has an element in N which is not in M .
The impact of expressiveness on the effectiveness of privacy mechanisms for location-sharing

Abstract : A recent trend on the Web is a demand for higher levels of expressiveness in the mechanisms that mediate interactions such as the allocation of resources, matching of peers, or elicitation of opinions. In this paper, we demonstrate the need for greater expressiveness in privacy mechanisms, which control the conditions under which private information is shared on the Web. We begin by adapting our recent theoretical framework for characterizing expressiveness to this domain. By leveraging prior results, we are able to prove that any increase in allowed expressiveness for privacy mechanisms leads to a strict improvement in their efficiency (i.e., the ability of individuals to share information without violating their privacy constraints). We validate these theoretical results with a week-long human subject experiment, where we tracked the locations of 30 subjects. Each day we collected their stated ground truth privacy preferences regarding sharing their locations with different groups of people. Our results confirm that 1) most subjects had relatively complex privacy preferences, and 2) that privacy mechanisms with higher levels of expressiveness are significantly more efficient in this domain.
Synthesis of inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli recovering from prolonged energy starvation

A marked breakdown of ribosomes and rRNA occurs in Escherichia coli cells during prolonged deprivation of a carbon source (energy starvation). In E. coli recovering from energy starvation: (a) synthesis of RNA started immediately, total protein synthesis showed a delay of 5 to 10 minutes; (b) beta-galactosidase, tryptophanase and serine deaminase could not be induced in the first 50--70 min; (c) a lag of 60 min in the synthesis of beta-galactosidase was observed in a lac constitutive mutant of E. coli; synthesis of the constitutive enzyme malate dehydrogenase did not shown any delay. RNA synthesized in the early stages of recovery contained a higher percentage of low molecular weight molecules than RNA synthesized after 70 min of recovery or during exponential growth. Messenger RNA specific for beta-galactosidase was not synthesized for the first 50--60 min of recovery even when the specific inducer was added to the cultures.
Ovicidal Activity of Organophosphate, Oxadiazine, Neonicotinoid and Insect Growth Regulator Chemistries on Northern Strain Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar

An in vitro method was developed for assessing ovicidal effects of the organophosphate azinphos-methyl, the neonicotioids thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, the oxadiazine indoxacarb and the insect growth regulators novaluron and pyriproxifen on the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The baseline survivorship of this method was 88 percent. Plum curculio eggs were most sensitive to azinphos-methyl. Thiacloprid, clothianidin and the chitin synthesis inhibitor, novaluron, had LC50 values below 100 ppm. Thiamethoxam, indoxacarb and pyriproxifen were not ovicidal at 100 ppm. Octanol-water partitioning coefficients, log Kow, appeared to be an important indicator of ovicidal activity within the neonicotinoids. This new bioassay method eliminates the confounding of the insect-chemical and plant-chemical interactions and the results highlight the utility of a post-infestation curative approach to plum curculio management.
Modeling canopy height in a savanna ecosystem using spaceborne lidar waveforms

Although savanna ecosystems cover about 20% of the terrestrial land surface and can have productivity equal to some closed forests, their role in the global carbon cycle is poorly understood. As a result, these ecosystems are globally more important than generally appreciated in the earth observation and modeling communities. Remote sensing has been proposed as an efficient tool in assessing the physical structure of an ecosystem which in turn is closely related to its ecological functionality such as carbon storage. Studies using Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) have demonstrated the technology's ability to measure canopy height and the strong relationship between canopy height and structural attributes such as aboveground biomass, but most of this work has focused on closed canopy forests. This study explored the applicability of spaceborne lidar to estimate canopy height as a pre-requisite for aboveground biomass and carbon storage assessment in savannas. The research used a case study of the Oak Savannas of Santa Clara in California, USA. Discrete return airborne lidar data was used to extract height metrics in plots coincident with waveform data from the Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)'s Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). Detailed analysis of GLAS waveforms was followed by non-parametric regression modeling to estimate maximum canopy height and 80th and 90th percentile vegetation heights. Existing methods were adapted with the inclusion of NDVI (as a canopy cover proxy) and interaction terms to increase utility in savanna ecosystems. Our main findings were that merely adopting the methods derived for forests would not produce adequate results. Maximum canopy height was estimated with better accuracy compared to percentile height metrics. The inclusion of NDVI and interaction terms improved maximum canopy height modeling much more than it did for the 80th and 90th percentile height modeling. Taller stands on flat terrain had the best results while shorter stands on steep terrain had the worst. Our work has demonstrated the capability of waveform lidar to assess vegetation structural attributes in savannas. The challenge in canopy height modeling using this technique in such ecosystems not only is limited to terrain slope but also includes the interacting influence of low canopy cover and short height. As such, we need special models for savanna areas in an effort to do global assessments of terrestrial vegetation structure using lidar. For future studies we recommend a closer look at the non-significant influence of canopy cover on the percentile canopy height models especially its implication on the subsequent biomass modeling.
Chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7)-expression and IFNγ production define vaccine-specific canine T-cell subsets.

Canines suffer from and serve as strong translational animals models for many immunological disorders and infectious diseases. Routine vaccination has been a mainstay of protecting dogs through the stimulation of robust antibody responses and expansion of memory T-cell populations. Commercially available reagents and described techniques are limited for identifying and characterizing canine T-cell subsets and evaluating T-cell-specific effector function. To define reagents for delineating naive versus activated T-cells and identify antigen-specific T-cells, we tested anti-human and anti-bovine T-cell specific cell surface marker reagents for cross-reactivity with canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells from healthy canine donors showed reactivity to CCL19-Ig, a CCR7 ligand, and coexpression with CD62L. An in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A validated downregulation of CCR7 and CD62L expression on stimulated healthy control PBMCs, consistent with an activated T-cell phenotype. Anti-IFNγ antibodies identified antigen-specific IFNγ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells upon in vitro vaccine antigen PBMC stimulation. PBMC isolation within 24h of sample collection allowed for efficienT-cell recovery and accurate T-cell effector function characterization. These data provide a reagent and techniques platform via flow cytometry for identifying canine T-cell subsets and characterizing circulating antigen-specific canine T-cells for potential use in diagnostic and field settings.
When Is an Image Not an Image

The challenge is to tell the truth. In the world of nano this is not as easy as it sounds. Take, for example, the question of images claimed to represent what some nano configuration or another looks like. It is alleged Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscopes (STEMs henceforth) produce such images. Let’s rehearse what happens: According to Rasmussen and Hawkes: … an electron beam that is small compared with the imaged area passes over the specimen in a regular pattern, and a picture of the specimen surface is reconstructed on a video tube… interaction of the beam with the specimen produces varying intensities of backscattered and secondarily released electrons for each position in the scan, and these are registered by a detector placed appropriately near the specimen… All electron microscopes depend on the capacity of magnetic and electric fields to alter the path of electron beams according to the laws of optics (1998, p. 383).
Holy Organ or Unholy Idol? Forming a History of the Sacred Heart in New Spain

In the eighteenth century, Novohispanic painters produced some of the most innovative and visually complex images of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. While they are based in part on European printed frontispieces of books about Christ's heart, the paintings are not mere copies or derivatives of European artworks. This article explores the reasons for the particular pictorial strategies of Novohispanic paintings of the Sacred Heart. I argue that the visual strategies employed by Novohispanic artists were intended to argue in support of the legitimacy and historicity of the cult of the Sacred Heart; the cult was under attack in the eighteenth century for, among other reasons, being too new and thus lacking historical roots, making it potentially heretical and apocryphal. Novohispanic depictions, like religious texts produced to defend the Sacred Heart, champion the cult, thereby attempting to shape perception through the power of the images.
Implementing a teacher–student relationship program in a high-poverty urban school: Effects on social, emotional, and academic adjustment and lessons learned

Abstract The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a program designed to improve adolescents' relationships with at least one teacher in an urban high school. All participating students were nominated by teachers as having significant emotional and behavioral problems and approximately half of these youth were randomly assigned to an intervention that included increased positive involvement between each student and one teacher within the school. Teacher ratings of students' social, behavioral, emotional, and academic adjustment at pre- and post-intervention indicated that students in the intervention group had higher grade point averages than did students in the control group following the 5-month intervention but no differences were observed on other variables. Challenges associated with conducting school-based, relationship-focused interventions in high-poverty urban environments and several lessons that were learned in the process of initiating this project are discussed.
The Context and Process for Performance Evaluations: Necessary Preconditions for the Use of Performance Evaluations as a Measure of Performance—A Critique of Perry

This article challenges Perry's research using performance evaluations to determine whether the educational background of child welfare workers is predictive of performance. Institutional theory, an understanding of street-level bureaucracies, and evaluations of field education performance measures are offered as necessary frameworks for Perry's findings. Performance evaluations are insufficient absent a discussion of the link between organizational goals, supervisor training, practice protocols, and performance measurement tools. Three questions inform this critique and examples from child welfare practice illustrate the ways performance measures in this study may actually be a measure of organizational stasis and pressure to conform to practice as it has been.
Knockon exchange contribution in the resonating-group study of the nucleus-nucleus interaction

The properties of the type-c nucleon-exchange term in a resonating-group formulation that takes into account the clustering nature of the nuclei involved are investigated. The results indicate that these properties are weakly affected by the degree of clustering, and the one-exchange term makes the dominant contribution among all class-A exchange terms. The equivalent type-1c, or knockon, exchange potential is found to have a characteristic range shorter than the direct potential and a characteristic energy that has a large value around 50 MeV/nucleon.
Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations

Adaptive histogram equalization (ahe) is a contrast enhancement method designed to be broadly applicable and having demonstrated effectiveness. However, slow speed and the overenhancement of noise it produces in relatively homogeneous regions are two problems. We report algorithms designed to overcome these and other concerns. These algorithms include interpolated ahe, to speed up the method on general purpose computers; a version of interpolated ahe designed to run in a few seconds on feedback processors; a version of full ahe designed to run in under one second on custom VLSI hardware; weighted ahe, designed to improve the quality of the result by emphasizing pixels' contribution to the histogram in relation to their nearness to the result pixel; and clipped ahe, designed to overcome the problem of overenhancement of noise contrast. We conclude that clipped ahe should become a method of choice in medical imaging and probably also in other areas of digital imaging, and that clipped ahe can be made adequately fast to be routinely applied in the normal display sequence.
Knotting of a DNA chain during ring closure

The formation of knotted species on random ring closure of two DNAs that are 5.6 kilobase pairs (kbp) and 8.6 kbp in length was measured, and these data were used to calculate the effective DNA helix diameter as a function of sodium ion and magnesium ion concentration. In the presence of more than 50 mM magnesium ion, interactions between DNA segments appear to be attractive rather than repulsive. The free energy of formation of relaxed trefoil and figure-eight DNA knots and of supercoiled trefoil DNA knots was also evaluated.
Modification of cyclosporin A and conjugation of its derivative to HPMA copolymers

Cyclosporin A (CsA) was epoxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in the presence of sodium carbonate or with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of dioxomolybdenum iminodiethanoxide. The CsA epoxide was not stable and rearranged into a compound with a more stable five-member ring structure. An amino group containing cyclosporin A derivative (CsA amine) was obtained by the reaction of CsA epoxide with excess ethylenediamine. The yield of the CsA amine was 30--40% based on the CsA. An HPMA copolymer--CsA conjugate was prepared by the reaction of the CsA amine with an HPMA and MA-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-ONp copolymer. The content of CsA amine in the conjugate was 8.7 wt %. The CsA amine was released from the copolymer by enzymatic hydrolysis with papain.
Abnormal growth of LPCVD SiO2 on CoSi2 by high dose As implantation

Abstract We have investigated the effect of As dose on SiO 2 growth on CoSi 2 films. As ions were implanted into Si-substrates with doses ranging from 1×10 13 to 1×10 16 cm −2 . After formation of CoSi 2 , SiO 2 was deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) using tetraethyl orthosilicate. The growth rates of LPCVD SiO 2 on the CoSi 2 films rapidly increased with arsenic doses above 5×10 15 cm −2 . Arsenic, which is diffused into the CoSi 2 films during the LPCVD SiO 2 deposition, is a major cause of abnormal oxide growth. Thus, the arsenic doping level in Si has to be carefully controlled to prevent abnormal SiO 2 growth on CoSi 2 films.
Are we prepared for animal cell technology in the 21st century

Large scale animal cell culture for the production of complex therapeutic proteins has been a major success of the biotechnology industry. Today, approximately half of the $ 5 billion annual turnover of the biotechnology industry is based upon this technology, in many cases with reactors of more than 10 m3. As we look towards the 21 st century, however, we can see novel approaches to the production of therapeutic proteins, by means of gene and cellular therapies. These technologies present new engineering challenges to the animal cell technologist. Are we prepared to meet these challenges? The needs include: small-scale reactors for the preparation of autologous cell lines, methods for the production of viruses to be used as vectors in gene therapy, artificial organ and the processing of xenogenic cell lines and tissues for cellular implants in humans. More attention should be given to three-dimensional cell cultures. Mass transfer considerations need to be extended beyond just oxygen transfer, to include cellular communication in small systems; this is becoming increasingly important for the control and optimise growth and product formation. Apart from improvements of large-scale systems, substantial advantages could be gained by studying new methods for the production and delivery of therapeutic proteins, using small-scale cell culture systems. We should adapt teaching, regulatory, patent and clinical infrastructure to meet this challenge in a harmonious way.
Oleosin of Plant Seed Oil Bodies Is Correctly Targeted to the Lipid Bodies in Transformed Yeast

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been used extensively as a heterologous eukaryotic system to study the intracellular targeting of proteins to different organelles. The lipid bodies in yeast have not been previously subjected to such studies. These organelles are functionally equivalent to the subcellular storage oil bodies in plant seeds. A plant oil body has a matrix of oils (triacylglycerols) surrounded by a layer of phospholipids embedded with abundant structural proteins called oleosins. We tested whether plant oleosin could be correctly targeted to the lipid bodies in transformed yeast. The coding region of a maize (Zea mays L.) oleosin gene was incorporated into yeast high copy and low copy number plasmids in which its expression was under the control of GAL1 promoter. Yeast strains transformed with these plasmids produced oleosin when grown in a medium containing galactose but not glucose. The oleosin produced in yeast had a molecular mass slightly higher than that of the native protein in maize. Oleosin accumulated concomitantly with the storage lipids during growth of the transformed yeast, and it was not secreted. Subcellular fractionation of the cell extracts obtained by two different cell breakage procedures revealed that the oleosin was largely restricted to the lipid bodies. Oleosin apparently did not affect the lipid contents and composition of the transformed yeast lipid bodies but replaced some of the native proteins associated with the organelles. Immunocytochemistry of the transformed yeast cells showed that the oleosin was present mostly on the periphery of the lipid bodies. Oleosin isolated from maize or transformed yeast strain, alone or in the presence of phospholipids or SDS, did not bind to the yeast lipid bodies in vitro. We conclude that plant oleosin is correctly targeted to the lipid bodies in transformed yeast and that yeast may be used as a heterologous system to dissect the intracellular targeting signals in the oleosin.
The Epidemiology of Dental Diseases in the Elderly1

This paper summarizes and evaluates epidemiologic evidence on adult dental conditions with a focus on older adults. Information is presented on coronal caries; root caries; loss of teeth, attrition, abrasion, and erosion; periodontal diseases; and oral cancer. The author concludes that the oral health status of the elderly in the United States is essentially unknown. There are no recent, representative population base studies of oral conditions in the elderly. Studies of prevalence or incidence of oral diseases typically include few elderly persons or describe a select group of elderly who are at high risk. Furthermore, it is not really known whether the incidence and prevalence of coronal caries or root caries is actually increasing or is part of a cohort effect. While oral cancers have been shown to increase with age, there is no information as to whether their incidence rates are increasing. While, clinically, there are indications that attrition, abrasion and erosion are characteristics that are more likely to be seen in older adults, there is no information about their distribution in the population. There is evidence that loss of teeth is decreasing but nothing is known about the patterning of that loss. As for periodontal diseases, much work is needed to identify various syndromes that may be distinguished by their distribution in the population as well as determining whether periodontitis is a condition responsible for a majority of tooth loss or just the majority of tooth loss in a small high risk group. In addition, some suggestions are presented for future directions of research in this area.
The effects of facial‐head cue combinations on interpersonal evaluations

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of visual cues in interpersonal attraction and credibility. In the first study, 128 subjects viewed eight randomly ordered videotape segments of trained actors presenting a short speech accompanied by head nods, eyebrow raises, smiles, combinations of those cues, or no such cues. Ratings of the speakers on task and social attraction revealed that, as expected, the presence of any face or head cues produced more attraction than none; however, instead of the three combined cues producing the most attraction, the smiles‐head nod condition produced the greatest social attraction and the head nod only condition produced greatest task attraction; expected sex differences were largely supported. In the second study, face and head cues were performed by confederates during a live interview situation while subjects observed the interaction from behind a two‐way mirror. Results showed that smiles produced higher attraction and credibility ratings than did no smiles...
Gamma-irradiation to inactivate thioglucosidase of crucifers

The crucifers contain glucosinolates which through enzymatic hydrolysis give rise to toxicants that limit the use of oil-free meal obtainable from this plant family. Seeds from three crucifers were used to test gamma irradiation to inactivate enzyme systems as a step toward detoxification. Seeds ofCrambe abyssinica Hochst (crambe), ground seeds ofSinapis alba L. (mustard), and seeds ofBrassica napus L. (rape) were subjected to gamma-irradiation (6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.4 Mrad) to inactivate thioglucosidase and/or destroy glucosinolates. Samples of ground seeds, their oil-free meals, previously irradiated ground seeds and their oil-free meals were assayed for glucose, a product of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates present in the crucifer seeds. The 50.4 Mrad exposure inactivated thioglucosidase but did not destroy glucosinolates. The fatty acid contents of extracted oils were affected. The amino acid profile of defatted crambe protein meal was affected, while that of white mustard was not.
EQUIPMENT TO ENABLE SAFE PATIENT HANDLING

‘An estimated 1.3million working days are lost to the NHS each year because of back injury’ (calculated by the National Back Pain Association, reported in Handling People (Disabled Living Foundation, 1994). Until the early 1990s when trusts were formed, the NHS enjoyed Crown Immunity. Formation of trusts removed employer status from the Crown, and the Health and Safety Executive was therefore at liberty to inspect trust premises and enforce health and safety law.
High computation performance through efficient access of data structures

The authors propose the use of an access coprocessor (AP) to reduce the adverse effects of the access overhead on the performance of a VLSI processor. The AP offers the possibility of achieving substantial speedup in program execution time by means of concurrency in the access and execute processes, and by the use of special operations to perform efficiently address calculations. System operation is illustrated by means of a matrix multiplication algorithm. A preliminary analysis of the performance of a VLSI processor, with and without the AP, is presented. >
SiAlON Composites Containing Rare‐Earth Melilite and Neighboring Phases

Sintering aids with a formulation of rare-earth (R) melilite solid solution M{prime}(R) have been introduced to several SiAlON composites to obtain high-density bodies by pressureless and gas-pressure sintering. These compositions include ones along the Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-R{sub 2}O{sub 3}:9AlN line, which contain no Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and are known to have excellent strength but very poor sinterability. Phase analysis and property (hardness, toughness, strength, and oxidation resistance) measurements reveal a complex set of structure-property-processing relationships that are composition-dependent. Of the most importance is the Al-O content in various phases, which is dictated by the starting composition as well as Al-O solubility in M{prime}(R). This influences the sinterability, strength, and phase assemblage through the compositions of the intermediate liquid and the final {beta}{prime}-SiAlON. La{sub 2}O{sub 3} is further established as an effective sintering aid that does not affect the equilibrium phase assemblage. Overall, M{prime}(R) and La{sub 2}O{sub 3} show promise as SiAlON sintering aids that allow high density to be achieved without compromising intrinsic mechanical and thermal properties.
Experimental and molecular-dynamics simulated excess enthalpies and solubilities of neopentane in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Excess enthalpies were measured as a function of composition for mixtures of neopentane in supercritical CO2 at two temperatures (310 and 313.15 K) slightly above the critical temperature of pure CO2 and at three pressures (6.29, 8.36, and 10.44 MPa) spanning the pure CO2 critical pressure. The excess enthalpies were extremely pressure dependent, ranging from very large exothermic values at the lowest pressure to endothermic values at the highest pressure. Excess enthalpies at these same conditions were calculated from molecular-dynamics simulations treating neopentane as a spherical Lennard-Jones fluid and CO2 as both a single- and two-site Lennard-Jones fluid. Both models correctly predict the strong pressure dependence of the excess enthalpy. The simulated and experimental values agree well over the entire range of conditions studied if the Lennard-Jones unlike energy parameter is regressed from a single experimental datum.
Postoperative Mydriasis After Repair of Orbital Floor Fracture

Mydriasis after operative repair of orbital floor fracture has been attributed to manipulation of the inferior oblique muscle. We treated two patients with mydriasis, one with an isolated mydriatic pupil and the other with a tonic pupil, which followed posterior orbital floor injuries and repair. The posterior location of the fractures suggests that surgical manipulation of or near the ciliary ganglion may account for these phenomena. Patients should be warned before posterior orbital floor repair about possible mydriatic or tonic pupils as a complication.
Efficacy of radiation therapy in the local control of desmoplastic malignant melanoma.

Background. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM) is a rare variant of malignant melanoma with high local recurrence rate after surgical excision. We performed a retrospective review to address the role of radiation therapy in local control of this tumor. Methods. Between 1976 and 1997, 44 patients with the pathologic diagnosis of DMM were registered at our tumor registry. Fourteen patients received postoperative RT, and one patient received preoperative RT. Three of the irradiated lesions had gross residual or positive surgical margins. Doses ranged from 44 to 66 Gy. Results. Sixty-eight percent of DMM lesions occurred in the head and neck region. Forty-eight percent (21 of 44) of patients experienced a local recurrence after initial excision (mean time to recurrence, 12 months). Local failure in head and neck was 46% (14 of 30). Clark level, primary site, and neurotropism did not predict local recurrence; the Clark level predicted distant metastasis. No viable tumor was found in the surgical specimen of the patient who received preoperative RT. None of 15 patients who received adjuvant irradiation had any additional recurrences (mean follow-up, 64.7 months). By contrast, four of seven patients with history of recurrence who did not receive RT had local relapse (p =.005). The incidence of distant metastasis did not reach statistical significance between the irradiated and nonirradiated groups. Conclusions. The high rate of local recurrence of DMM after surgical resection is dramatically reduced by adjuvant radiation therapy. We recommend adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy as a part of treatment of DMM.
Small-grid dithering strategy for improved coronagraphic performance with JWST

Coronagraphic Target Acquisition (TA) is an important factor that contributes to the contrast performance and typically depends on the coronagraph design. In the case of JWST, coronagraphic TAs rely on measuring the centroid of the star's point spread function away from the focal plane mask, and performing a small angle ma- neuver (SAM), to place the star behind the coronagraphic mask. Therefore, the accuracy of the TA is directly limited by the SAM accuracy. Typically JWST coronagraphic observations will include the subtraction of a reference (either a reference star, or a self-reference after a telescope roll). With such differential measurement, the reproducibility of the TA is a very important factor. We propose a novel coronagraphic observation concept whereby the reference PSF is first acquired using a standard TA, followed by coronagraphic observations of a reference star on a small grid of dithered positions. Sub-pixel dithers (5-10 mas each) provide a small reference PSF library that samples the variations in the PSF as a function of position relative to the mask, thus compen- sating for errors in the TA process. This library can be used for PSF subtraction with a variety of algorithms (e.g; LOCI or KLIP algorithms, Lafreniere et al. 2007; Soummer, Pueyo and Larkin 2012). These sub-pixel dithers are executed under closed-loop fine guidance, unlike a standard SAM that executes the maneuver in coarse point mode, which can result in a temporary target offset of 1 arcsecond and would bring the star out from behind the coronagraphic mask. We discuss and evaluate the performance gains from this observation scenario compared to the standard TA both for MIRI coronagraphs.
Regulation of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis by the other reproductive hormones, Activin and Inhibin.

There is both cellular and physiological evidence demonstrating that both Activins and Inhibins regulate osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and regulate bone mass in vivo. Although Activins and Inhibins were initially isolated from the gonad, Activins are also produced and stored in bone, whereas Inhibins exert their regulation on bone cell differentiation and metabolism via endocrine effects. The accumulating data provide evidence that reproductive hormones, distinct from classical sex steroids, are important regulators of bone mass and bone strength. Given the well described dominant antagonism of Inhibin over Activin, as well as over BMPs and TGFβ, the gonadally derived Inhibins are important regulators of locally produced osteotrophic factors. Thus, the cycling Inhibins in females and diurnal changes in Inhibin B in males elicit temporal shifts in Inhibin levels (tone) that de-repress the pituitary. This fundamental action has the potential to de-repress locally stimulated changes in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, thereby altering bone metabolism.
Atmospheric Transmission Measurements Using Infrared Lasers And Fourier Spectroscopy - Techniques, Results, And Comparisons To Computer Models

The design and effective utilization of many infrared systems now being deployed require a detailed knowledge of the transmission properties of the earth's atmosphere. A measurement system recently used for transmission studies at several infrared laser wavelengths is described. Results of comparisons of experimental data to computer generated atmospheric transmission predictions are presented and discussed. The application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) to atmospheric transmission studies is described and a measurement technique using laser measurements to calibrate high resolution FTS data is presented.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Camelot or common sense? The logic behind the UCSF/Stanford merger.

ABSTRACT: Many academic medical centers (AMCs) throughout the United States have established their own community-based integrated delivery systems by purchasing physician groups and hospitals. Other AMCs have merged with existing nonprofit community-based delivery systems. Still other AMCs have been sold to for-profit firms. The AMCs at Stanford and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), chose a different strategy: to merge with each other to respond to the unique characteristics of the Bay Area marketplace.
Are LULUs still enduringly objectionable

We asked a national sample of 651 US residents about the feelings, emotions, images and colours they associated with nearby waste management, energy, industrial facilities and other big developments commonly regarded as locally unwanted land uses (LULUs). The respondents showed the expected dislike of them, picking ‘bad’, ‘fear’, ‘polluted’, red and black to describe them more than ‘safe’, ‘secure’, ‘jobs’ and other positive descriptors and images. Waste management facilities, especially nuclear ones, had the most negative labels, and coal and gas energy facilities had fewer than anticipated. This survey occurred prior to the events in the Fukushima plant in Japan. However, even before those events LULU concerns endured and nuclear facilities and chemical and metal plants were the most distressing to the public as a whole.
Model evaluation in statistical population reconstruction

Statistical population reconstruction can be a valuable tool for monitoring the status and trends of game populations at large spatial scales using age-at-harvest data. Despite their utility and increasing use in demographic studies, it is necessary that these models be evaluated before their results are applied. We recommend practitioners evaluate their fitted population models using a variety of approaches, including residual analyses, point-deletion techniques and sensitivity analyses, and we illustrate these techniques using several case studies. Although we stress the value of these quantitative procedures, the final evaluation criterion should be the biological realism of the estimated demographic parameters and trends. Auxiliary field data should be used whenever possible in this final model check. After investigators are satisfied that the selected model(s) is/are adequate, this auxiliary data can be incorporated in a final stage of the analyses to further improve accuracy and precision of the pop...
Getting Vaccines and Antibiotics “To Go”

Refrigeration is ubiquitous in many parts of the developed world, yet the occasional extended power loss highlights the fragility of food and medicine and underlines the need for more stable means of storage in the developing world. Some form of refrigeration is required to keep many vaccines,
Impact of 3-D clouds on clear-sky reflectance and aerosol retrieval in a biomass burning region of Brazil

Three-dimensional (3-D) cloud radiative effects on clear-sky reflectances and associated aerosol optical depth retrievals are quantified for a cumulus cloud field in a biomass burning region in Brazil through a Monte Carlo simulation. In this study the 1-km Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud optical depth and surface reflectance datasets are used to compute the 3-D radiation fields with ambient aerosol optical thickness of 0.1 at a wavelength of 0.66 /spl mu/m. The 3-D radiative effects range from -0.015 to 0.018 with an average of 0.004 and standard deviation of 0.006. The 3-D effects are most pronounced and variable for cloud neighboring pixels, where both large negative effects over shadows and positive effects near sunlit cloud edges are found. The clear next-to-cloud pixels, that contain /spl sim/83% of the clear pixel population, are affected in the most complex way and not reliable for aerosol retrieval. In the area 2 km away from clouds, the 3-D effects enhance the reflectance in clear patches. The average and variability of enhancements gradually decrease as a function of the cloud-free distance, resulting in a systematically higher aerosol optical depth estimates for pixels closer to clouds in one-dimensional (1-D) retrieval. At a distance of 3 km away from clouds, the 3-D effect is still appreciable with the average enhancement slightly less than 0.004. This enhancement will lead to an over estimate of aerosol optical thickness of /spl sim/0.04 in 1-D retrieval, which is significant for an ambient atmosphere with aerosol optical thickness of 0.1.
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome: Health Care Throughout Life

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that displays genetic heterogeneity; there are 9 known subtypes. HPS is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a platelet storage pool deficiency and resultant bleeding diathesis, and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin. Patients with HPS, specifically those with the genotypes HPS-1, HPS-2, or HPS-4, are predisposed to interstitial lung disease. In addition, some patients with HPS develop granulomatous colitis. Optimal health care requires a thorough knowledge of the unique health risks and functional limitations associated with this syndrome.
Mental workload and task engagement evaluation based on changes in electroencephalogram

Purpose In this study, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were used to assess subject’s mental workload and task engagement level during a set of neurocognitive tasks in an experimental space suit.