cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Gravity on the Stability of an Evaporating Liquid Film

Evaporation of a Dichloromethane liquid film is explored with an evolution equation describing film dynamics. The film is subject to different initial conditions, smooth and uniform random perturbation. Two different gravity environments (Earth and zero gravity) and two different domain shapes (square and rectangular) have been used. The occurrence of long wave instabilities affecting film dynamics is noted in each of these cases. The evaporating Dicholormethane liquid film is destabilized via long wave instabilities in zero gravity. The thermocapillary patterns formed due to long wave destabilization show a coupling to the initial conditions and domain shape. A criterion for the occurrence of long wave instabilities based on the growth rate of perturbations is described. This equation considers a non-stationary film thickness. It predicts that long wave instabilities are always present in zero gravity environments with a growth rate that increases as the film thickness decreases due to evaporation. Our equation for growth rate of long wave instabilities may be used as an engineering design tool to confine operating parameters of zero gravity heat transfer equipment, that include or harness phase change, to safe limits.
Address space randomization for mobile devices

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a defensive technique supported by many desktop and server operating systems. While smartphone vendors wish to make it available on their platforms, there are technical challenges in implementing ASLR on these devices. Pre-linking, limited processing power and restrictive update processes make it difficult to use existing ASLR implementation strategies even on the latest generation of smartphones. In this paper we introduce retouching, a mechanism for executable ASLR that requires no kernel modifications and is suitable for mobile devices. We have implemented ASLR for the Android operating system and evaluated its effectiveness and performance. In addition, we introduce crash stack analysis, a technique that uses crash reports locally on the device, or in aggregate in the cloud to reliably detect attempts to brute-force ASLR protection. We expect that retouching and crash stack analysis will become standard techniques in mobile ASLR implementations.
Rye Cover Crop and Gamagrass Strip Effects on NO3 Concentration and Load in Tile Drainage

A significant portion of the NO 3 from agricultural fields that contaminates surface waters in the Midwest Corn Belt is transported to streams or rivers by subsurface drainage systems or "tiles." Previous research has shown that N fertilizer management alone is not sufficient for reducing NO 3 concentrations in subsurface drainage to acceptable levels; therefore, additional approaches need to be devised. We compared two cropping system modifications for NO 3 concentration and load in subsurface drainage water for a no-till corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) management system. In one treatment, eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.) was grown in permanent 3.05-m-wide strips above the tiles. For the second treatment, a rye (Secale cereale L.) winter cover crop was seeded over the entire plot area each year near harvest and chemically killed before planting the following spring. Twelve 30.5 x 42.7-m subsurface-drained field plots were established in 1999 with an automated system for measuring tile flow and collecting flow-weighted samples. Both treatments and a control were initiated in 2000 and replicated four times. Full establishment of both treatments did not occur until fall 2001 because of dry conditions. Treatment comparisons were conducted from 2002 through 2005. The rye cover crop treatment significantly reduced subsurface drainage water flow-weighted NO 3 concentrations and NO 3 loads in all 4 yr. The rye cover crop treatment did not significantly reduce cumulative annual drainage. Averaged over 4 yr, the rye cover crop reduced flow-weighted NO 3 concentrations by 59% and loads by 61%. The gamagrass strips did not significantly reduce cumulative drainage, the average annual flow-weighted NO 3 concentrations, or cumulative NO 3 loads averaged over the 4 yr. Rye winter cover crops grown after corn and soybean have the potential to reduce the NO 3 concentrations and loads delivered to surface waters by subsurface drainage systems.
Determination of heme a concentration in cytochrome preparations by hemochromogen method

Abstract A method for the determination of the heme a concentration in cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome a preparations has been evaluated. Heme a in similar preparations will form a number of derivatives with functional groups of the protein. These reactions and their effect on the results of hemochromogen determinations are presented. The m M extinction coefficient of purified cytochrome c oxidase in the reduced form at 603 mμ is 21.6 and at 443 mμ is 108, while the m M extinction coefficient of cytochrome a at 601 mμ is 22.8 and at 439 mμ is 94.1.
Further study of global gauge anomalies of simple groups

We generalize results of our previous studies for global gauge anomalies of simple Lie groups in even-dimensional space {ital D}=2{ital n}. Assuming the absence of local anomalies, we first show that any real (or orthogonal) representation has no global anomaly in {ital D}==2,4,6 (mod 8), and that the pseudoreal (or symplectic) one is free of global anomalies in {ital D}==0,2,6 (mod 8). Second, we prove that the SU(3) group has no global anomalies in any even dimension and neither does SU(4) in {ital D}==4 (mod 8).
Effects of alcohol on the EEG in Asian men with genetic variations of ALDH2

Approximately 50% of Asians experience a facial flush following alcohol ingestion. These individuals have an inactive form of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) encoded by the ALDH2*2 allele. This study matched 15 flushing and 15 nonflushing Asian men on demographics and drinking histories. The 30 subjects were genotyped for ALDH2 and were evaluated both before and following placebo and 0.75 ml/kg alcohol. The two groups did not differ significantly on blood alcohol concentrations after drinking, but did differ in electroencephalographic (EEG) response on the falling phase of the blood alcohol curve. Nonflushing subjects displayed significant increases in slow-alpha EEG activity (7.5-9.0 Hz) at 90 and 150 min post-alcohol consumption, compared to flushing subjects who did not show characteristic increases in this frequency band at these timepoints. These data suggest flushers, those with at least one ALDH2*2 allele, have less of slow-alpha wave EEG response to alcohol than nonflushers with ALDH2*1/2*1 genotype.
Linear and Nonlinear Control of Polarization State Using Microring Resonators

Polarization conversion between linear, circular and elliptic light can be accomplished with an on-chip dielectric microring resonator. At high intensities, hysteresis makes the polarization of the transmitted light dependent on its history.
Antioxidant mechanisms of isoflavones in lipid systems: paradoxical effects of peroxyl radical scavenging

Oxidation of lipids has been implicated in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. It has been suggested that scavenging of lipid peroxyl radicals contribute to the antiatherosclerotic effects of naturally occurring compounds such as the isoflavones. This group of polyphenolics includes genistein and is present in relatively high concentrations in food products containing soy. Soy isoflavones are capable of inhibiting lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and suppressing formation of plasma lipid oxidation products in vivo. However, key aspects of the antioxidant mechanisms remain unknown. In this study the antioxidant effects of genistein and other soy isoflavones on lipid peroxidation initiated by mechanistically diverse oxidants was investigated. Although isoflavones inhibited lipid peroxidation stimulated by both metal-dependent and independent processes, the concentration required for these effects were relatively high compared to those found in vivo. Interestingly, however, isoflavones were not consumed and remained in the native state over the time during which inhibition of lipid peroxidation was observed. This was also the case under conditions where synergistic inhibition of LDL oxidation was observed with ascorbate. Furthermore, in an oxidation system driven solely by peroxyl radicals, isoflavones were found to be relatively poor peroxyl radical scavengers. Consistent with the apparent lack of reactivity with lipid-derived oxidants, isoflavones were also relatively resistant to oxidation mediated by the potent oxidant peroxynitrite. The potential antioxidant mechanisms of isoflavones are discussed in the context of possible reactivities of isoflavone-derived phenoxyl radicals.
Detection of anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 using a novel microtiter limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay

This paper describes a new assay for measuring antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Vibrio cholerae using blocking of the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) reaction in a microtiter plate. When V. cholerae LPS was coated onto a microtiter plate, and then LAL reagent was added, a typical gel reaction occurred. However, when the LPS-coated plates were first incubated with serum containing anti-cholera antibodies, the gel reaction did not occur. Blocking of the gel reaction was serotype specific, in that anti-O1 serum blocked the O1 LAL reaction but not the O139 LAL reaction, and anti-O139 serum neutralized the O139 reaction but not the O1 reaction. Preliminary data suggested that the LAL titers were comparable to the vibriocidal titers but that titers using the LAL assay may have been slightly higher. This study showed that antibodies to V. cholerae blocked the LAL reaction and suggested that the LAL blocking assay could be applicable for determining antibodies to other endotoxin-containing bacteria and microorganisms.
Renormalization Group and Critical Phenomena. II. Phase-Space Cell Analysis of Critical Behavior

A generalization of the Ising model is solved, qualitatively, for its critical behavior. In the generalization the spin ${S}_{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{n}}}$ at a lattice site $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{n}}$ can take on any value from $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty} \mathrm{to} \ensuremath{\infty}$. The interaction contains a quartic term in order not to be pure Gaussian. The interaction is investigated by making a change of variable ${S}_{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{n}}}=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{m}^{}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{m}(\mathrm{n}){S}_{m}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, where the functions ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{m}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{n}})$ are localized wavepacket functions. There are a set of orthogonal wave-packet functions for each order-of-magnitude range of the momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$. An effective interaction is defined by integrating out the wave-packet variables with momentum of order 1, leaving unintegrated the variables with momentum 0.5. Then the variables with momentum between 0.25 and 0.5 are integrated, etc. The integrals are computed qualitatively. The result is to give a recursion formula for a sequence of effective Landau-Ginsberg-type interactions. Solution of the recursion formula gives the following exponents: $\ensuremath{\eta}=0$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.22$, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.61$ for three dimensions. In five dimensions or higher one gets $\ensuremath{\eta}=0$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1$, and $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{2}$, as in the Gaussian model (at least for a small quartic term). Small corrections neglected in the analysis may make changes (probably small) in the exponents for three dimensions.
Influence of wheel traffic and tillage on microbial biomass, residue decomposition and extractable nutrients in a Coastal Plain Soil

The interactive effects of tillage and compaction from wheel traffic were tested on active bacterial and fungal biomass and organic matter decomposition in the planting row at the surface and within the plow layer of a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). This experiment was arranged in a split plot design with four replications. Main plots were compaction: 1) compaction from wheel traffic and 2) no compaction from wheel traffic; subplots were tilalge system: 1) conventional tillage and 2) no-tillage. Despite a significant increase in bulk density, compaction from wheel traffic and tillage system had no consistent effects on active bacterial or active fungal biomass either in the top 7.5 cm of soil or in the 15–20 cm depth of soil. Active bacteria and fungal biomass at both depths were usually lower in the winter months than the spring, summer or autumn months. Organic matter decomposition, nutrient mineralization and nutrient availability did not differ among soils that received tillage or compaction from wheel traffic. Organic matter decomposition was greater in all treatments when decomposition bags were buried at 15–20 cm than when they were placed on the surface of the soil. The soil that was sampled was an extremely sandy soil so there was probably not a significant effect of compaction on soil aeration and structure.
Computational studies of interstellar silicon–nitrogen molecular species

Abstract Ab initio and hybrid density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed in order to determine the stability of small silicon–nitrogen compounds. Results obtained with the highest level of ab initio studies currently available (the quadratic complete basis set, CBSQ) were used as a reference to compare results generated with other ab initio and DFT computational studies. The isomerization barriers, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and proton affinities for some of these molecular systems were computed. The values computed with CBSQ and hybrid DFT methods were in good agreement with each other. This suggests that these molecular species are more stable when hydrogen is attached to nitrogen which is contrary to carbon analogs which prefer hydrogen bound to the carbon atom. A comparison between DFT and high level ab initio values was used to determine the accuracy of DFT methods to evaluate silicon–nitrogen compounds.
Electro-catalytic oxidation of 1,2-propanediol at nanoporous and planar solid Pt electrodes

Abstract We have investigated the electro-catalytic oxidation of 1,2-propanediol in basic solution using nanoporous and planar solid Pt electrodes. We observe higher current density for this reaction with the nanoporous Pt than with the planar solid electrode. In principle, there are two possible explanations for this finding. The first is related to the geometry of the nanoporous Pt and the second is associated with the morphology of the Pt in these configurations. If geometric factors dominate, then the current density enhancement should be similar for all species undergoing electro-catalytic oxidation. If Pt morphology plays a role, different crystal faces would give rise to qualitative differences in the oxidation products and electrochemical response of the two electrodes. Our data for 1,2-propanediol point to metal morphology as the primary explanation. Continuous cycling of the reaction reveals a monotonic decrease in current density with number of cycles for both Pt electrodes, along with a potential shift for the oxidation wave, suggesting changes in the electrode surface. The rate at which the electro-oxidation signal decreased is different for planar and nanoporous Pt, consistent with a different distribution of crystal faces for the two electrodes.
Effects of Chronic Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure on the Central Nervous System

An index of the relative amount of chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides was developed to compare individuals with high and low levels of chronic exposure. Results of neuropsychologic tests and computer-analyzed electroencephalographic data indicated an association between higher levels of chronic OP pesticide exposure and frontal lobe impairment.
90 years IUSS and global soil science

AbstractHere, I briefly describe the history and activities of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) and its predecessor the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS) in relation to some global soil science developments. The IUSS was founded in 1924 by soil scientists interested in establishing standardized methods of soil analysis and soil classification. In the past 90 years, 20 World Congresses of Soil Science were held, and thousands of smaller conferences, meetings and workshops. The IUSS has 60,000 members who are organized into Divisions, Commissions and Working Groups that deal with all aspects of soil research. The IUSS is a global soil science organization and a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). The IUSS has initiated projects ranging from the Soil Map of the World to GlobalSoilMap that have sparked numerous global projects and activities. The soil science knowledge base has greatly expanded and research has become much more interdisciplinary and thematic. The ...
Effects of phthalate esters on the developing reproductive tract of male rats

Phthalate esters are a large group of chemical agents used predominantly as plasticizers and solvents. Certain members of this chemical class have been shown to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. Recent attention has focused on the potential of these agents to interfere with male reproductive development through a postulated antiandrogenic mechanism. Observations have focused on di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and butyl benzylphthalate, with most information relating to dose-response relationships obtained for DBP. Neither DBP, DEHP nor their major metabolites interacted with human or rodent androgen receptors (AR) in transcriptional activation assays. DBP was administered during the critical window of development of the male reproductive system, after which the resulting offspring were examined until adulthood. DBP elicited marked effects on the developing male reproductive tract, including malformations of the epididymis and vas deferens, and hypospadias. Retention of thoracic nipples/areolae and reductions in anogenital distance were also noted. Surprisingly, Leydig cell adenomas were induced in some male offspring at 100 days of age. All these events occurred in the absence of any toxicity in the pregnant dam. Examination of testes from fetal rats indicated markedly reduced testosterone levels and increased Leydig cell numbers after DBP administration to the dams. Leydig cells were positive for AR and 3-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Radioligand Assays for Oestradiol and Progesterone Conjugated to Protein Reveal Evidence for a Common Membrane Binding Site in the Medial Preoptic Area‐Anterior Hypothalamus and Differential Modulation by Cholera Toxin and GTPγS

In this study membrane oestradiol (E) binding sites in the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (MPOA-AH) of ovariectomized (OVX) rats were characterized using standard radioligand binding techniques employing E conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at position 6 and radiolabeled with 125I (E-6-[125I-BSA]). In previous studies binding of a radioactive conjugate of progesterone (P) and BSA (P-3-[125I-BSA]) was examined using the same membrane preparation. E-6-[125I-BSA] binding was linear across a tissue concentration range of 0.005-0.02 mg protein/0.1 ml of membrane suspension. An association T1/2 of 9.5 min and a dissociation T1/2 of 52.1 min for E-6-[125I-BSA] were derived from kinetic experiments. Competition binding experiments revealed high (Ki=0.63+/-(0.50 nM) and low (Ki=161.5(96.5 nM) affinity binding sites for E-6-[125I-BSA], demonstrating different binding parameters than shown in our previous work for P-3-[125I-BSA] binding. Further studies on MPOA-AH membranes treated with cholera toxin (CTX) and GTPgammaS suggested that E-6-BSA binding sites are associated with G proteins. E-6-[125I-BSA] binding demonstrated both high-and low-affinity sites. GTPgammaS added to the assay reduced both E-6-[125I-BSA] and P-3-[125I-BSA] binding suggesting that G proteins are associated with both binding sites. Extensive analysis of both E-6-[125I-BSA] and P-3-[125I-BSA] binding sites demonstrated a reciprocal relationship such that high-affinity E-6-[125I-BSA] binding sites exhibit low affinity for P-3-[125I-BSA] and low-affinity E-6-[125I-BSA] binding sites exhibit high affinity for P-3-[125I-BSA]. Preincubating membranes with CTX or GTPgammaS reduced high-affinity E-6-[125I-BSA] binding and enhanced high-affinity P-3-[125I-BSA] binding. These results suggest that, in the MPOA-AH, membrane steroid binding sites exist in two interconvertible conformations that preferentially bind either E-6-BSA or P-3-BSA, depending on their association with a G protein. Additional studies with free steroids revealed that: (1) oestrogens (17beta-oestradiol, diethylstilbestrol) as well as synthetic oestrogen antagonists tamoxifen and ICI 182 780 displaced P-3-[125I-BSA] further suggesting a relationship between membrane binding sites for E and P-3-[125I-BSA] binding sites; and (2) treatment of OVX rats with E decreased displacement by P-3-BSA and increased displacement by ICI 182,780 and tamoxifen suggesting these antagonists affect membrane P-3-[125I-BSA] binding sites after in-vivo E treatment. The membrane binding sites for E and P demonstrate interrelationships not demonstrated by their nuclear receptors.
The Role of Culture Theory in Cross-Cultural Training A Multimethod Study of Culture-Specific, Culture-General, and Culture Theory-Based Assimilators

In a multimethod evaluation of cross-cultural training tools, a theory-based individualism and collectivism assimilator (ICA), compared to a culture-specific assimilator for Japan, a culture-general assimilator for sensitizing people to cultural differences, and a control group, was found to have significant effects on a number of criterion measures, such as the Intercultural Sensitivity Inventory, the Category Width Scale, attribution making, and satisfaction with the training. The findings show promise for theory-based culture assimilators.
Fit Into College: A Program to Improve Physical Activity and Dietary Intake Lifestyles Among College Students

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 10-week program could improve physical activity, physical fitness, body weight, dietary intake, and perceptions of exercise and diet among college 30 healthy college freshmen. Outcomes were measured at baseline, and following the 10-week program. The weekly sessions incorporated constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change and were administered by fitness interns who were junior or senior college students enrolled in health-related majors. The participants presented with low physical activity, physical fitness, and poor dietary intake, and 50% were overweight/obese (BMI > 25). Participants demonstrated gains in their physical fitness and their perceived benefits to engaging in exercise and decreased their perceived barriers to engaging in exercise and a healthy diet. College freshmen presented with low levels of physical activity, poor dietary intake, and excess body weight. A peer-administered program can improve these measures an...
Hypomethylation of the IGF2 DMR in Colorectal Tumors, Detected by Bisulfite Pyrosequencing, Is Associated With Poor Prognosis

Background & Aims The insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) gene is normally imprinted. Constitutive loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 has been associated with increased risks of colon cancer and adenoma, indicating its role in carcinogenesis. The conventional LOI assay relies on a germline polymorphism to distinguish between 2 allelic expression patterns but results in many uninformative cases. IGF2 LOI correlates with hypomethylation at the differentially methylated region (DMR)-0. An assay for methylation of the DMR0 could overcome the limitations of the conventional IGF2 LOI assay. Methods We measured methylation at the IGF2 DMR0 using a bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay with 1178 paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissue samples from 2 prospective cohort studies. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate mortality hazard ratio (HR); calculations were adjusted for microsatellite instability; the CpG island methylator phenotype; LINE-1 methylation; and KRAS , BRAF , and PIK3CA mutations. Results Methylation at the IGF2 DMR0 was successfully measured in 1105 (94%) of 1178 samples. Colorectal tumors had significantly less methylation at the DMR0 compared with matched, normal colonic mucosa ( P IGF2 DMR0 was significantly associated with higher overall mortality (log-rank P = .0006; univariate HR, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.71; P = .0006; multivariate HR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.63; P = .0066). Conclusions A bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay to measure methylation of the IGF2 DMR0 is robust and applicable to paraffin-embedded tissue. IGF2 DMR0 hypomethylation in colorectal tumor samples is associated with shorter survival time, so it might be developed as a prognostic biomarker.
Air stable p-doping of WSe2 by covalent functionalization.

Covalent functionalization of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is investigated for air-stable chemical doping. Specifically, p-doping of WSe2 via NOx chemisorption at 150 °C is explored, with the hole concentration tuned by reaction time. Synchrotron based soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depict the formation of various WSe2–x–yOxNy species both on the surface and interface between layers upon chemisorption reaction. Ab initio simulations corroborate our spectroscopy results in identifying the energetically favorable complexes, and predicting WSe2:NO at the Se vacancy sites as the predominant dopant species. A maximum hole concentration of ∼1019 cm–3 is obtained from XPS and electrical measurements, which is found to be independent of WSe2 thickness. This degenerate doping level facilitates 5 orders of magnitude reduction in contact resistance between Pd, a common p-type contact metal, and WSe2. More generally, the work presents a platform for man...
Modeling the Effectiveness of Initial Management Strategies for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has risen over the past 25 years (1,2). Despite the large number of women affected, the risk conferred by DCIS and the optimal treatment remain uncertain, leading to challenges in treatment decision-making for women and their physicians. Although breast-conserving surgery (ie, lumpectomy) and mastectomy are both considered standard treatment options for DCIS, a randomized trial comparing these approaches has not been performed and is likely infeasible. In contrast, randomized clinical trials have assessed the benefit of radiation therapy for patients treated with lumpectomy (3–6). These trials demonstrated that radiation therapy reduces the risk of ipsilateral breast cancer recurrence by approximately 50% to 60%. Nevertheless, none of the trials found a statistically significant difference in overall survival. Two large trials have evaluated the utility of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen-receptor (ER) modulator, for secondary prevention. Both studies demonstrated that tamoxifen reduced the risk of ipsilateral breast cancer by approximately 30% and contralateral breast cancer by 50% (3,5,7–9). Recent studies have begun to identify biomarkers, gene expression patterns, clinical traits, and histopathological factors that may help indicate which DCIS lesions carry an elevated risk of invasive breast cancer occurrence vs DCIS recurrence (10,11). Patients at elevated risk of invasive recurrence may derive more benefit from treatment. However, therapeutic decision-making must also incorporate the downstream consequences of treatment. For example, although radiation therapy decreases the risk of local recurrence, those who develop recurrence must undergo mastectomy. Therefore, some DCIS treatment strategies may improve short-term disease-related outcomes while compromising the likelihood of long-term breast preservation. The optimal treatment strategy for an individual patient may depend on her risk of recurrence and her preferences regarding the different outcomes involved. To fully assess the tradeoffs among DCIS management strategies, including any small benefit in survival, would require a randomized study of tens of thousands of patients with a long follow-up period. Furthermore, no randomized trial to date has had the power to fully delineate the limitations in treatment choices faced at time of recurrence after DCIS-imposed initial management strategy. To address these gaps in existing data, disease simulation models can provide a framework that synthesizes data from randomized trials and retrospective studies to evaluate the relative performance of health interventions. These models can also be used to tailor results to an individual set of clinical circumstances and can produce a range of outcomes relevant to an individual patient. The objective of this study was to quantify the tradeoffs of six treatment scenarios for DCIS that are considered current standard practice with respect to long-term disease and breast-preservation outcomes.
Basal testosterone moderates responses to anger faces in humans

Prior research [van Honk J, Tuiten A, Verbaten R, van den Hout M, Koppeschaar H, Thijssen J, de Haan E. Correlations among salivary testosterone, mood, and selective attention to threat in humans. Horm Behav 1999;36(1):17-24; van Honk J, Tuiten A, Hermans E, Putman P, Koppeschaar H, Thijssen J, Verbaten R, van Doornen L. A single administration of testosterone induces cardiac accelerative responses to angry faces in healthy young women. Behav Neurosci 2001;115(1):238-42.] showed relationships in humans between testosterone (T) and vigilance to facial expressions of anger, which are considered signals of an impending dominance challenge. In Study 1, we used a differential implicit learning task (DILT) (see [Schultheiss OC, Pang JS, Torges CM, Wirth MM, Treynor W. Perceived facial expressions of emotion as motivational incentives: evidence from a differential implicit learning paradigm. Emotion 2005;5(1):41-54.]) to investigate the degree to which subjects find anger faces reinforcing. In the DILT, separate sequences of actions were paired with presentations of anger faces, neutral faces or a blank screen. After training, performance on the three sequences was measured in the absence of face stimuli. Saliva was collected for T measurement. Higher T predicted better learning on sequences paired with sub-threshold (i.e., presented too fast for conscious awareness) anger faces, suggesting that T is related to reinforcing qualities of these faces. In Study 2, we examined whether morning or afternoon T better predicted attention and vigilance to anger faces. Participants were tested at 9:00 and 15:00. At each session, saliva was collected for T measurement, and participants completed a Stroop task and a dot-probe task [Mogg K, Bradley BP, Hallowell N. Attentional bias to threat: roles of trait anxiety, stressful events, and awareness. Q J Exp Psychol A 1994;47(4):841-64.] with facial expression stimuli. Morning (peak) T was a better predictor of responses to anger faces than afternoon T. Morning T predicted greater Stroop-like interference to sub-threshold anger faces, as well as attentional orienting away from sub-threshold anger faces. These effects were not present for joy faces or for supraliminal anger faces. T may generally decrease aversion to threatening stimuli, and/or may specifically facilitate approach towards signals of dominance challenge.
Maximum likelihood velocity estimation of multiple seismic wavefronts

Presents a new approach to simultaneously estimate stacking velocity and zero-offset time of seismic wave propagation, which is specially designed for multiple seismic wavefronts while the traditional semblance approach and the subspace approach are not. Simulations show a good performance of the new approach. >
Role of epigenetic aberrations in the development and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers in humans. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development of HCC are extremely complicated and consist of prominent genetic, genomic, and epigenetic alterations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC. It also emphasizes that identification of the underlying epigenetic alterations that drive cell transformation and promote development and progression of HCC is crucially important for understanding mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis, its detection, therapeutic intervention, and prevention.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in tunneling injection quantum dot lasers

We have performed differential transmission spectroscopy measurements on tunneling-injection quantum dot lasers and directly measured a temperature-independent tunneling time of /spl sim/2 ps. Rate equations using measured parameters gave an excellent fit to actual device performance.
Enhanced microwave magnetic properties in nonstoichiometric yttrium iron garnets for high power applications

A nonstoichiometric 3 mol% Fe-deficient yttrium iron garnet composition (Y/sub 3/Fe/sub 4.85/O/sub 12/) chemically-modified with Si and Mn was investigated with regard to microstructure characteristics and microwave magnetic properties for high power applications. The two additives, Si and Mn were added to the garnet composition by a chemical method utilizing a sol-gel reaction. The samples were sintered at 1500/spl deg/C for 3 hrs in O/sub 2/. An increase in Si content tends to increase bulk density and to decrease grain size. An yttrium-rich second phase found in pure Y/sub 3/Fe/sub 4.85/O/sub 12/ was observed to disappear with a sufficient amount of the additives. The improved microstructural characteristics were believed to contribute to the enhanced microwave magnetic properties of the garnets. For example, spin wave line width, /spl Delta/H/sub k/, which is a key factor for this application, was found to increase from 3.1 Oe to 12.6 Oe by adding 0.6 wt% SiO/sub 2/ and 0.15 wt% MnO/sub 2/. This can be attributed to smaller grain size and elimination of the Y-rich phase.
Prostate Surgery and the Evolution to Minimally Invasive Therapies

Like many therapies, the treatment of prostate cancer has evolved over the years. While the radical prostatectomy began as the initial curative treatment, it was associated with significant co-morbidities that greatly affected a patient’s quality of life. The improvement in surgical technique and improved description of the anatomy has led to significant improvements in the outcomes. Advances in irradiation techniques have also added to the options a patient has to consider when deciding on a treatment for his prostate cancer. Treatments have continued to improve to become less invasive and less impactful on a patient’s quality of life. However, to date, the options all have very similar outcomes in regard to cancer control, potency and urinary control, which have been described as the “trifecta” goal of prostate cancer treatment.
Design, implementation and evaluation of SCORE (a system for content based retrieval of pictures)

We make use of a refined E-R model to represent the contents of pictures. We propose remedies to handle mismatches which may arise due to differences in perception of picture contents. An iconic user interface for visual query construction is presented. A naive user can specify his/her intention without learning a query language. A function which computes the similarity between a picture and a user's description is provided. Pictures which are sufficiently close to the user description, as measured by the similarity function, are retrieved. We present the results of a user-friendliness experiment to evaluate the user interface as well as retrieval effectiveness. Encouraging retrieval results and valuable lessons are obtained. >
Emergency Neurological Life Support: Pharmacotherapy

The appropriate use of medications during Emergency Neurological Life Support (ENLS) is essential to optimize patient care. Important considerations when choosing the appropriate agent include the patient's organ function and medication allergies, potential adverse drug effects, drug interactions, and critical illness and aging pathophysiologic changes. Critical medications used during ENLS include hyperosmolar therapy, anticonvulsants, antithrombotics, anticoagulant reversal and hemostatic agents, anti-shivering agents, neuromuscular blockers, antihypertensive agents, sedatives, vasopressors and inotropes, and antimicrobials. This article focuses on the important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and clinical pearls of these therapies, providing practitioners with essential drug information to optimize pharmacotherapy in acutely ill neurocritical care patients.
All Returns Great and Small: Measuring the Impact of Issues and Repurchases on Stock Returns

When a company issues or repurchases stock at other than market prices a transfer of wealth occurs between equityholder groups, such as common shareholders and stock-optionholders. This raises the possibility of a gap between rates of return earned by common shareholders and rates of return earned on average by all equityholders. I measure this gap using data from CRSP and COMPUSTAT and find that it reaches 0.120% per month (95% CI = 0.103 to 0.136% per month) on average for U.S. industrial companies between 1983 and 1998. The gap - which is due mostly to stock issued at a discount - is inversely related to book-to-market equity and is strongest in March, June, September and December. A gap of this magnitude has implications for business valuation, capital budgeting, compensation policy decisions, and benchmarking of company performance.
Abstract 5161: Role of glutamine in cancer growth, invasion and progression: Therapeutic modulation of glutamine pathway

Glutamine, an alternative carbon source to glucose, has recently been shown to be important for the cancer cell survival, growth and progression. The link between glycolysis, glutaminolysis and fatty acid oxidation is not known. Thus, there is a strong motivation to study metabolic alternations caused by glutamine and uncover links between various fuel sources for highly and less invasive cancer cells. Here, we postulate that glutamine will increase glutamine uptake through up-regulating ASCT2 expression, while decreasing the glucose uptake by down-regulating GLUT1 expression for aggressive cancer cells. However, for non-aggressive cancer cells, glutamine will have no effect on glutamine and glucose uptake. Our findings indicate that NAD+/NADH ratio regulates the glutamine9s direct effect on the lactate production irrespective of the bioenergetic substrate requirement for different kinds of cancer cells. Our findings using quantification of metabolites pertaining to central carbon and nitrogen metabolism provided clues as to which pathways relevant to glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the TCA and urea cycles, lipid cycle, and amino acid and nucleotide metabolisms, may be altered by glutamine in cancer cells, resulting in identification of dominant factors which control cancer metabolism. Through this study, we clearly demonstrate the exact of glutamine9s effect on cancer metabolism. Our results set the stage for the development of glutaminolysis inhibitors based therapeutics for reprogramming of cancer metabolism. We believe that development of our oncosecretomics based metabolic strategy provides an unprecedented opportunity for the development of nutritional supplementation that can deregulate the adaptations and alterations induced by various nutrients in cancer metabolism. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5161. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5161
Green Gold: 1950s Greenbelt Planning in Santa Clara County, California

Until the 1950s, Santa Clara County, California, was called "The Valley of the Heart's Delight." Its peach, prune plum, apricot, cherry, and walnut orchards dated to the 1870s. In the 1880s, commercial fruit and vegetable farms displaced a short-lived grain industry. By the turn of the century nearly 100,000 acres of orchards covered the valley floor, most of them located on farms ranging from ten to 100 acres. Libby, McNeil, and Libby, along with Del Monte and Sunsweet, established the area as a major canning center in the 1920s. Agriculture and related industries grew to employ over 90070 of the county's workers. San Jose, the regional center, prospered amid small farms and a network of main-street towns. ' Today the valley is known nationwide as "Silicon Valley," home of the microelectronics industry. The transformation from orchards to industry occurred in less than two decades, but not without repercussions. The urban onslaught caused both local growers and county planners to raise the issue of agricultural land protection, and together they carried their cause to the state legislature. Equally important, the rapid transformation sparked a farsighted land-use planning effort. The 1940s irreversibly changed Santa Clara County. A combination of factors attracted industry to the valley after World War II: federally sponsored research in electronics; national defense imperatives of the Cold War; nearby urban markets; abundant inexpensive land available for large plant operations; and cities and developers willing to underwrite the cost of infrastructures. In 1940 the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics began constructing Ames Research Laboratory near Moffett Field. During the war, Stanford University joined a handful of elite universities throughout the country in developing sophisticated electronic equipment for defense purposes. Between 1944 and 1950, over 50 new industries entered the valley. Two of them presaged the microelectronics industry for which the valley is now known. In 1948, International Business Machines established a card printing plant in San Jose, and Russell and Sigurd Varian, inventors of the klystron tube, founded Varian Associates, manufacturers of microwave tubes and a variety of other electronic devices for use in the chemical, geophysical, and communications fields.2 In the 1940s, however, nearly everyone welcomed industrial growth and corporate expansion, believing it would strengthen the local economy and prevent undue hardship during the forecasted post-war depression. Few foresaw 5
Gig Economy: Settlements Leave Labor Issues Unsettled

This short paper, which appeared on the Law360 blog, is an effort to think through the consequences of the proposed April 2016 settlement of the Uber drivers' lawsuits. This paper makes reference to the special issue of the Journal of Comparative Labor Law & Policy that is dedicated to the legal and economic issues surrounding crowdwork.
Synthesis, electrochemistry, STM investigation of oligothiophene self-assemblies with superior structural order and electronic properties

Abstract Three oligothiophene (terthiophene, tetrathiophene and pentathiophene) derivatives are synthesized and their monolayer self-assemblies on gold (Au) are prepared via Au–S covalent bond. Our UV–Vis experimental characterization of solution reveals the dependence of the optical properties on the conjugation length of the oligothiophenes, which compares well with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) simulations of spectra of individual chromophores. Photoluminescent spectra of thin films show pronounced red shifts compared to that of solutions, suggesting strong inter-oligomer interactions. The comparative studies of cyclic voltammograms of tetrathiophene from solution, cast film and self-assembled monolayer (SAM) indicate presence of one, two, and three oxidized species in these samples, respectively, suggesting a very strong electronic coupling between tetrathiophene molecules in the SAM. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging of SAMs of the tetrathiophene on an atomically flat Au surface exhibits formation of monolayer assemblies with molecular order, and the molecular packing appears to show an overlay of oligothiophene molecules on top of another one. In contrast, the trimer and pentamer images show only aggregated species lacking long-range order on the molecular level. Such trends in going from disordered–ordered–disordered monolayer assemblies are mainly due to a delicate balance between inter-chromophore π–π couplings, hydrophobic interaction and the propensity to form Au–S covalent bond. Such hypothesis has been validated by our computational results suggesting different interaction patterns of oligothiophenes with odd numbered and even numbered thiophene repeat units placed in a dimer configuration. Observed correlations between oligomer geometry and structural order of monolayer assembly elucidate important structure–property relationships and have implications for these molecular structures in organic optoelectronic devices and energy devices.
Static Program Partitioning

In this chapter we attempt to define more precisely the problems of program partitioning and interprocessor communication, to model them, identify the variables involved and quantify them. We mentioned earlier that program partitioning, interprocessor communication, parallelism, and data dependences are all closely related. In shared memory parallel machines, interprocessor communication is not explicit but it happens through sharing of specific memory locations. Processors read from and write to shared memory under the control of synchronization which enforces a predetermined order. However, in message passing systems (e.g., hypercube architectures), communication between processors takes place through the use of explicit send/receive of packets of data. Since there is no shared memory in such systems, data is requested by a given processor from another specific processor in the distributed system. The latter processor must then assemble a packet with the requested data and forward it to the requesting processor. The message may be routed through other intermediate processors before it reaches its destination. Thus communication overhead is far more critical on distributed systems than it is on shared memory systems. As discussed in Chapter 3, a consequence of this is that parallel tasks in distributed systems are of coarse granularity.
Prebiotics and Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Modifying the microbiome as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through the use of probiotics and prebiotics makes theoretical sense as current evidence indicates a fundamental role for luminal bacteria in the pathophysiology of IBD. Clinical studies, however, have not, to date, realized this promise. There is no substantial evidence to support the use of prebiotics or probiotics in Crohn’s disease. Studies in ulcerative colitis are conflicting but suggest potential value in some clinical contexts where a trend toward clinical benefit has been seen. Prebiotics may improve quality of life but not influence more traditional clinical end points. However, the most convincing evidence for the use of probiotics in IBD is in pouchitis where benefits in both primary prevention and maintenance of remission have been demonstrated. Several limitations limit the interpretation of most all studies performed to date: small size of study populations, heterogeneity of strains, dosing and formulations as well as a failure to account for important confounders such as concurrent medications, and diet; these deficiencies provide the impetus for future well-designed and adequately powered studies.