cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarsening of metal oxide nanoparticles

In solution phase synthesis of nanoparticles, processes such as coarsening and aggregation can compete with nucleation and growth in modifying the particle size distribution in the system. We show that coarsening of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles in solution follows the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner rate law for diffusion controlled coarsening originally derived for colloidal systems with micrometer-sized particles, where the average particle size cubed is proportional to time. The rate constant for growth of ZnO in propanol is in the range 10(-4)-10(-2) nm3 x s(-1) and is dependent on the precursor anion and temperature. The coarsening of TiO2 nanoparticles from aqueous Ti(IV) alkoxide solutions is slower due to the low solubility of TiO2 with the rate constant in the range 10(-5)-10(-3) nm3 x s(-1) for temperatures between 150 degrees C and 220 degrees C. Epitaxial attachment of TiO2 particles becomes significant at higher temperatures and longer times. We show that the dominant parameters controlling the coarsening kinetics are solvent, precursor salt, and temperature.
Intracellular potassium promotes antibody binding to an antigen associated with the Na/K pump of sheep erythrocytes.

Summary Anti-Lp antibody is known to bind to sheep red cells and to stimulate the Na/K pump. The antibody acts by reducing the affinity of the pumps for intracellular K as a noncompetitive inhibitor. We now show that intracellular K enhances the extent of anti-Lp binding to the pump-associated antigens. Cells made with ∼60 mmol/l K bound ∼60% more anti-Lp than cells with O K; binding was assayed by measuring the extent of stimulation of the pump-mediated K influx.
Solution softening mechanism of iridium and rhenium in tungsten at room temperature

Abstract With the highest melting temperature among metals, tungsten possesses a combination of properties desired for space nuclear power applications. One of the major deterrents to the application of tungsten lies in its low-temperature brittleness. The poor ductility of tungsten at room temperatures results in great difficulty in fabrication. Various approaches, including purification and alloying, have been employed to ductilize tungsten at room temperature. The fact that rhenium additions increase the ductility of tungsten was first reported by Geach and Hughes 1 in 1956, and following study confirmed that rhenium added to tungsten not only improves the room temperature fabricability, but also increases the high-temperature strength. The alloy system studied most in the past was tungsten-rhenium binary system, and the mechanical test conducted was limited to the bending test which was far from enough to examine the solution softening mechanism of rhenium in tungsten. The effect of rhenium on the room temperature mechanical properties of tungsten-rhenium-thoria ternary system has not been researched. Besides, based on its similarity to rhenium in electron structure, iridium (Ir) appears to be another potential softening element in tungsten. But so far, there are no mechanical data available for tungsten-iridium system, either at room temperature or at high temperatures. In the present study, a comprehensive investigation has been performed on the room-temperature hardness, tensile properties, microstructure and fracture behavior of various tungsten-iridium and tungsten-rhenium-thoria alloys. The objective of this study was to examine the solid-solution softening mechanism of iridium in unalloyed tungsten and that of rhenium in thoriated tungsten at room temperature. The effect of alloying elements on the fracture behavior of tungsten-iridium and tungsten-rhenium-thoria alloys was also examined.
Inhomogeneity-free Heteronuclear iMQC

Abstract Intermolecular dipolar interactions between proton and carbon spins can be used to indirectly detect carbon spectra with high sensitivity. In this communication, we present a modified sequence that, in addition to the high sensitivity of heteronuclear intermolecular multiple quantum coherence (iMQC) experiments, retains the line narrowing capability characteristic of homonuclear zero-quantum coherences. We demonstrate that this sequence can be used to obtain high resolution 13 C spectra in the presence of magnetic field inhomogeneities, both for thermal and hyperpolarized samples, and discuss applications to water-hyperpolarized carbon imaging.
Effects of interleukin-1 and endotoxin in the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice

Male CD-1 mice were administered interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and subsequently tested in the tail suspension test (TST), the Porsolt forced swim test (FST), and in the open field. IL-1beta (100, 300 and 1000 ng/mouse) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) 90 min before the test induced a dose-dependent increase in the time spent immobile in the TST and the time spent floating in the FST. These responses were statistically significant only at the higher doses of IL-1beta (300 and 1000 ng). Nevertheless, all three doses of IL-1beta significantly decreased line crossings and rears in the open field and depressed food intake and body weight. Very similar effects were induced by LPS. Doses of 1 and 5 mug i.p. increased immobility time in the TST and floating time in the FST, but the same doses strongly depressed locomotor activity and body weight. These results indicate that both IL-1beta and LPS can induce depression-like effects in the TST and the FST. However, the doses necessary to induce these changes reduced feeding and activity in an open field, so that the effects observed in the FST and TST could be attributed to a general reduction in locomotor activity. Thus the results obtained in these two animal tests commonly used to test antidepressant properties do not provide strong support for an IL-1 hypothesis of depression.
Synthesis, characterization, and redox reactivity of novel quinone-containing polymer

The synthesis of poly(vinyl hydroquinone), PVHQ, via stable free radical polymerization (SFRP) to give a low-dispersity (1.5) material is described. The electrochemical properties of the resulting material deposited as films onto glassy carbon electrodes have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. In aqueous acetic acid solution, it was found that as the amount of material ostensibly deposited (Γtheo) increased the ratio Γobs/Γtheo (where Γobs and Γtheo represent the measured and the theoretical surface coverage values, respectively) drastically decreased, indicating that a significant fraction of the quinone sites are electrochemically inactive as the film thickness increases. This was attributed to a small electron transfer rate constant and to the fact that the electron transfer is coupled to proton transfer, so the hydrophobicity of the polymer backbone might adversely affect the accessibility of protons. Using Laviron's theory, the electron-transfer rate constant and the transfer coefficient were d...
Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in Eastern Kentucky coals

Coal in the Eastern Kentucky coalfield has been, and continues to be, a valuable energy resource, especially for the electric utility industry. However, Federal mandates in Titles III and IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have placed increasingly stringent demands on the type and grade of coal that can be burnt in an environmentally acceptable manner. Therefore, a greater understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of thickness and quality parameters, and the geologic factors that control their distribution, is critical if the Eastern Kentucky coalfield is to continue to be a major producer of high-quality coal. Information from the Kentucky Geological Survey's Coal Resource Information System database is used in this paper to document the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of important factors such as bed thickness, calorific value, ash yield and total sulfur content. The distribution of 15 elements that naturally occur in trace amounts in Kentucky coal is also discussed, as these elements may require monitoring with passage of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Effectiveness of Electronic Cigarettes as a Tool for Smoking Cessation or Reduction.

Objective: To examine the evidence concerning effectiveness of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in smoking cessation or reduction and reduction in desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms. Data Sources: A PubMed literature search through May 2014 was performed using search terms electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes; smoking or tobacco; and efficacy or effectiveness limited to clinical trials in humans. Cochrane Library and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched using the term electronic cigarettes. Relevant citations from identified articles were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language clinical trials assessing cessation, reduction in cigarette use, desire to smoke, and/or reduction in withdrawal symptoms with e-cigarettes were included. Data Synthesis: Of 7 trials, one showed similar 6-month abstinence rates between e-cigarettes and nicotine patches. Another trial reported 12.5% of participants achieving abstinence at 24 months with e-cigarettes. Three studie...
Suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep-wake regulation.

Abstract The evolution of animals is a consequence of selective specialization of cells, tissues, functional systems, and behavior. The objective of all life is successful reproduction and maintenance of the species. In order to accomplish this, all animals have evolved a division of behavior into two fundamental behavioral states: one characterized by the elaboration of adaptive behavior (activity) and the other by rest and behavioral quiescence (rest). In mammals, these states are designated wake and sleep . Activity and rest, wake and sleep, occur in precise 24-h cycles that have evolved as an adaptation to the solar cycle of light and dark. These cycles are referred to as circadian rhythms. Over the last 40years, we have gained detailed knowledge about the neurobiology of both wake and sleep and the circadian control of their timing. We now know that circadian rhythms are present in cells throughout the body. In the brain, a small group of hypothalamic nerve cells, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), functions as a master circadian pacemaker controlling the timing of the sleep–wake cycle and coordinating this with circadian rhythms in other brain areas and other tissues to enhance behavioral adaptation. In this review, I will summarize our current understanding of the organization and function of the circadian timing system and its role in the regulation of brain mechanisms of sleep and wake.
Repopulation of the Spleen of X-Irradiated Rabbits by Tritium-Labeled Lymphoid Cells of the Shielded Appendix

Appendix-shielded and nonshielded rabbits received 500 r x-ray exposure to the body and were injected with tritium-labeled thymidine 17 hr later. Radioautographic analysis of organ impression preparations revealed that, in the appendix-shielded rabbits, 20.2% of the lymphoid cells of the appendix were labeled at 3 hr after thymidine injection. Labeled cells did not appear in the spleen until 28 hr later. While the percentage of labeled cells increased in the spleen, a concurrent temporary decrease was ob served in the appendix. Only a moderate rise in the percentage of labeled cells was found in the appendix and spleen of the totally irradiated animals. The results lend suppont to the hypothesis that the rapid recovery of the splenic white pulp in x-irradiated, appendix-shielded rabbits is due to the repopulation of the spleen by cells of the appendix. (auth)
Magnetic Field-Flow Fractionation: Theoretical Basis

Abstract The application of high gradient magnetic fields to field-flow fractionation (FFF) is quite attractive based on the preliminary calculations presented here. The theoretical basis has defined the parameters of force on the individual particles and normal FFF parameters to evaluate the separation capability. The possible application of magnetic FFF to dynamic systems as well as a tool for separation of nominally paramagnetic and magnetically tagged molecules provides an impetus for further development.
Über einen Fall von Pseudohermaphroditismus maseulinus

In einem Fall von Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus („mittlere weibliche Intersexualitat”, nachR. Goldschmidt) mit ausgesprochen weiblichen korperlichen und psychosexuellen Merkmalen fehlten Eierstocke, Uterus und Tuben vollkommen, wahrend beiderseits Hoden in den grosen Labien vorhanden waren.
Differentiation of preosteoblasts is affected by implant surface microtopographies

Osteogenesis involves the recruitment of multipotent mesenchymal cells and the progressive differentiation of these cells into osteoblasts. The transcription factor Runx2 regulates osteoblast differentiation and expression of genes necessary for the development of a mineralized phenotype. The purpose of this study was to determine if preosteoblast cell differentiation associated with Runx2 and osteocalcin gene expression was influenced by implant surface microtopography. Human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells (HEPM cells) were cultured on grooved or roughened cpTi implant discs. Cell phenotypes were evaluated with epifluorescent microscopy. Real-time PCR was used for quantitative analysis of Runx2 and osteocalcin gene expression. HEPM cells mineralized when grown on rough and grooved implant surfaces relative to tissue culture plastic. Real-time PCR showed significant (p < 0.05) increases in Runx2 and osteocalcin gene expression in cells cultured on rough and grooved implant microtopographies. These results suggest that preosteoblast cell differentiation is affected by implant surface microtopographies during osseointegration of dental implants.
Opimizing signal and mass resolution for matrix‐assisted laser desorption utilizing a linear time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer

Results are oresented for various instrumental configurations employed for matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry. Mass resolution is determined for a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer for various lengths of the field-free region. A wire ion guide is utilized and is shown to improve ion transport efficiencies for longer field-free regions. It is also determined experimentally that a modest mass resolution increase is often obtained in configurations employing the wire ion guide when compared to the mass resolution obtained with the same geometr without the wire ion guide. Optimal applied potentials are determined for the wire ion guide. No mass dependence on the opitmal applied potential (−100 V) for the wire ion guide is observed for samples of equine myoglobin (MW 16 951.5 Da) and a bacterial protease (MW 27 228.4 Da). The optimal applied voltage was also found to b identical (−100 V) for the singly through quadruply charged molecular ion species of rabbit gamma globulin (MW ≈ 150 000 Da). It is shown that a 2 m flight tube with a wire ion guide provides better signal-to-noise mass spectra than a 1 m flight tube without the wire ion guide and can more than double the mass resolution obtainable. Utilization obtainable. Utilization of a 4 m flight tube gives minimal mass resolution enhancement at the expense of signal-to-noise.
Aggressive Surgical Resection for Cholangiocarcinoma

Objectives: To review the spectrum of cholangiocarcinoma in patients treated by a single team of hepatobiliary surgeons over an 8-year period, to evaluate the predictors of survival, and to assess the results of an aggressive approach to surgical resection. Design: Retrospective review of all clinical records of patients referred for treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, with univariate analysis of clinical and pathologic factors in relation to patient survival. Setting: New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Mass. Patients: Eighty-eight consecutive patients referred with the established diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, from December 31, 1985, to April 15, 1994. Interventions: Seventy-five of 88 patients were treated surgically, with 59 undergoing major resection for cure. Of the 29 patients treated palliatively, 16 had operations and 13 had wire mesh stents placed nonoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Morbidity, mortality, and patient survival. Results: Survival correlates directly with the pathologic stage (TNM). Tumor location had no impact on survival. Patients undergoing resection survived significantly longer (median, 23.2 months) than palliated patients (median, 7.7 months; P=.0015). Nonoperative palliation resulted in better survival than surgical palliation (P=.045). Major hepatic resection was used alone in eight patients with predominating intrahepatic lesions, while 18 patients with hilar lesions underwent en bloc skeletonization in conjunction with major hepatic resection. Resection with microscopically free margins significantly improved survival. Only patients undergoing major resection enjoyed survival greater than 2 years. Conclusions: Patient survival can be significantly improved by aggressive surgical resection. Hepatic resection should be used aggressively to achieve disease-free margins to optimize survival. Hepatic resection can be performed with low morbidity and mortality. Liver transplantation should be avoided as a treatment for cholangiocarcinoma. The best palliation for unresectable disease remains debatable. We advocate nonoperative treatment with endobiliary expandable wire mesh stents for patients with unresectable disease. (Arch Surg. 1995;130:270-276)
A damping circuit for chopper driven bifilar hybrid step motors

The major disadvantage of a chopper-driven step motor is its poor damping characteristics. The causes of poor damping are investigated, and the effects of various motor parameters on damping are discussed. A simple circuit to improve the damping response of the step motor is proposed. Results obtained from computer simulations are presented. >
New role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in alcohol-induced liver injury.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of plasminogen activators, thereby playing a major role in fibrinolysis. Whereas hyperfibrinolysis is common in alcoholic cirrhosis, hypofibrinolysis (driven mostly by elevated levels of PAI-1) is common during the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, whether or not PAI-1 plays a causal role in the development of ALD has been unclear. The role of PAI-1 was therefore investigated in models of early (steatosis), intermediate (inflammation/necrosis) and late (fibrosis) stages of alcoholic liver disease. For example, hepatic steatosis caused by both acute and chronic ethanol was blunted by inhibiting PAI-1 activation. This effect of inhibiting PAI-1 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis in the absence of PAI-1. The results from that study also indicated that PAI-1 plays a critical role in both acute and chronic hepatic inflammation. Lastly, knocking out PAI-1 potently protected against experimental hepatic fibrosis; the mechanism of this protective effect appears to be mediated predominantly by extracellular matrix (ECM) resolution by matrix metalloproteases, which are indirectly inhibited by PAI-1. In summary, targeting PAI-1 protects against all three stages of ALD in model systems. The mechanisms by which PAI-1 contributes to these disease stages appear to not only involve the ‘classical’ function of PAI-1 (i.e. in mediating fibrinolysis), but also other functions of this protein. These data support a role of PAI-1 in the initiation and progression of ALD, and suggest that PAI-1 may be a useful target for clinical therapy to halt or blunt disease progression.
Health Literacy and Kidney Disease: Toward a New Line of Research

Health literacy has been recognized as an important public health issue over the past decade. Low health literacy is a widespread problem in the general population, affecting over 90 million Americans. A growing body of research has demonstrated the association between low health literacy and worse health outcomes in a variety of chronic conditions. Despite the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the considerable interest in health literacy, there has been limited research examining the role of health literacy in individuals at all stages of CKD. This article examines the role of health literacy in kidney disease by reviewing early research on the topic, providing a conceptual model of the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes, and highlighting potential areas for future research on health literacy in CKD.
Communicating With the Adolescent: Consent and Confidentiality Issues

Adolescents frequently use the emergency department (ED) for care; and those who seek access to care in EDs tend to report high rates of substance use, physical or sexual abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and mental health problems. Therefore, the ED functions as a strategic venue for behavioral health screening and interventions. However, to effectively screen for sensitive health conditions, privacy and confidentiality must be optimized, which can be particularly challenging in the ED setting. Given that adolescents in the ED represent a high-risk population, it is imperative that providers develop understanding and competency in strategies to effectively and confidentially obtain sensitive health information.
Financial Market Design and Equity Premium: Electronic versus Floor Trading

We assemble the dates of announcement and actual introduction of electronic trading by the leading exchange of 118 countries to examine the long term and medium term impact of automation. The dividend growth model suggests a decline in expected returns by 0.08% per month after the introduction of electronic trading. Consistent with this reduction in equity premium in the long run, there is a positive short-term price reaction to the switch. These findings are sustained even after controlling for risk factors, financial integration, economic liberalization, and economic development. The results support the notion that electronic trading enhances the liquidity and informativeness of stock markets leading to a reduction in illiquidity premium.
Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control of Acalymma vittatum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Cucumbers Grown in Conventional and Organic Soil Management Systems

Acalymma vittatum (F.) is the primary insect pest of fresh-market cucumber and melon crops in much of the eastern United States because of their herbivory and interactions with several diseases, most notably bacterial wilt. A study was conducted to determine how soil management affects viability and infectivity of an entomopathogenic nematode that may be used for the control of A. vittatum. Dose-mortality curves under laboratory conditions suggested several Steinernema spp. as potential biocontrol agents. Field injections combined with soil bioassays showed that Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston (Rhabditus: Steinernematidae) longevity exceeded A. vittatum immature development time in both conventional and organic soil management systems. Mean root length densities of cucumbers increased in both soil management systems with the inclusion of nematodes. Soil management alone also influenced A. vittatum larval survivorship, with higher survival rates in the organic compared with the conventional soil management system. A 50% reduction in A. vittatum larval survival rates in both soil management systems, as determined by adult A. vittatum emergence, demonstrated the potential of incorporation of entomopathogenic nematodes for integrated pest management of diabroticites in commercial cucumber production.
Constant quality rate control for content-based 3D wavelet video communication

This paper presents a rate control algorithm designed for a content-based 3D wavelet video compression scheme. Wavelet compression schemes demand a rate control algorithm for real-time video communication systems. The new rate control algorithm manages the uncertain factors in both the size of the GOF and the network delay, and the new rate control algorithm is based on the leaky bucket approach, which employs a frame buffer for both the client and server sides. An intelligent buffering mechanism is developed on the client side to ensure the continuous display of reconstructed image frames. For the server side, a feedback mechanism is used from the client to control the server's buffer content and ensure that the acquisition rate of the server and display rate of the client are equal.
A developmental switch induced by thyroid hormone: Xenopus laevis metamorphosis

Thyroid hormone induces the complete metamorphosis of anuran tadpoles into juvenile frogs. Arguably, anuran metamorphosis is the most dramatic effect of a hormone in any vertebrate. Recent advances in pharmacology and molecular biology have made the study of this remarkable process in the frog Xenopus laevis attractive to developmental biologists and endocrinologists alike. In particular, the availability of a straightforward transgenesis assay and the near completion of the Xenopus tropicalis genome are enabling significant advances to be made in our understanding of the major remaining problems of metamorphosis: the extraordinary tissue specificity of responses, the precise timing of morphological changes, the degree of cell autonomy of hormone responses and developmental competence. We argue that X. laevis metamorphosis presents an exciting opportunity for understanding the role of thyroid hormone in vertebrate development.
Reduction of false-positive recalls using a computerized mammographic image feature analysis scheme

The high false-positive recall rate is one of the major dilemmas that significantly reduce the efficacy of screening mammography, which harms a large fraction of women and increases healthcare cost. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of helping reduce false-positive recalls by developing a new computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme based on the analysis of global mammographic texture and density features computed from four-view images. Our database includes full-field digital mammography (FFDM) images acquired from 1052 recalled women (669 positive for cancer and 383 benign). Each case has four images: two craniocaudal (CC) and two mediolateral oblique (MLO) views. Our CAD scheme first computed global texture features related to the mammographic density distribution on the segmented breast regions of four images. Second, the computed features were given to two artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers that were separately trained and tested in a ten-fold cross-validation scheme on CC and MLO view images, respectively. Finally, two ANN classification scores were combined using a new adaptive scoring fusion method that automatically determined the optimal weights to assign to both views. CAD performance was tested using the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The AUC = 0.793 ± 0.026 was obtained for this four-view CAD scheme, which was significantly higher at the 5% significance level than the AUCs achieved when using only CC (p = 0.025) or MLO (p = 0.0004) view images, respectively. This study demonstrates that a quantitative assessment of global mammographic image texture and density features could provide useful and/or supplementary information to classify between malignant and benign cases among the recalled cases, which may eventually help reduce the false-positive recall rate in screening mammography.
On Walzer's hermeneutics of justice, Gadamer's criterion of openness and northern Ireland's Belfast agreement

Abstract In this article, I draw on the work of Michael Walzer and Hans‐Georg Gadamer to develop a hermeneutic, or interpretative, approach to the question of a just constitutional settlement for Northern Ireland. I move away from Walzer's ‘shared meanings’ approach to questions of justice, and instead focus on different unionist and nationalist interpretations of the principle of self‐determination. I argue that Gadamer's hermeneutic criterion of openness can be used to adjudicate between various older and contemporary unionist and nationalist interpretations of this principle. I also analyse Northern Ireland's Belfast Agreement as an attempt to accommodate different, legitimate unionist and nationalist interpretations of the principle of self‐determination.
RACE, WITHIN-FAMILY SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND SCHOOL DROPOUT: AN ANALYSIS OF WHITES, BLACKS, HISPANICS, AND ASIANS

This study uses data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey to assess whether the dynamics of social capital, namely, their sources in class background and consequences for dropout operate uniformly among Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian adolescents. Findings indicate that varying levels of social capital across groups are explained largely by their respective standing in the class structure. However, the effects of social capital on dropout vary across ethnic groups. Specifically, Whites and Asians get greater “returns” to social capital than African Americans and Hispanics in terms of reducing the likelihood of dropping out. The contribution of the findings regarding differential returns toward uncovering the sources of the intergenerational transmission of racial stratification is discussed. In addition, “supply” (e.g., oppositional culture) and “demand” (neighborhood effects, school-based evaluation practices) side factors that may explain the differential returns are identif...
Discontinuance of Life Sustaining Treatment Utilizing Ketamine for Symptom Management

We present the case of an otherwise healthy 21-year-old female who developed severe respiratory failure following a minor procedure requiring ECMO and bi-level ventilation. During her protracted ICU course, she had significant difficulties with agitation and was titrated to the following regimen: hydromorphone 30 mg/hour, fentanyl 200 mcg/hour, dexmedetomidine 1.5 mcg/kg/hour, propofol at 70 mcg/kg/min, and midazolam at 20 mg/hour. We were consulted to assist in withdrawal of life prolonging measures at the family's request and given high doses of commonly used opioid and sedative medications successfully utilized methadone and ketamine for symptom control. This case study would indicate that in selected patients on high dose opioid and sedative medications prior to withdrawal of life prolonging measures ketamine may be considered for symptom management.
Economic Analysis of High-Level Grain Feeding for Dairy Cows

Summary The economic consequences of feeding variable quantities of grain and forage to lactating cows with an assumed producing ability of 10,500lb 4% FCM milk were budgeted for five combinations of milk and feed prices. The four feeding levels included 3,000, 4,500, 6,000, and 7,500lb grain mixture per cow. Quality of forage was assumed to be average. With low grain ($50 per ton) and low hay ($22 per ton) prices and milk at $4.15 hundredweight net at the farm, the most profitable level of grain feeding was at 6,000lb, at a milk output of 11,000lb. When milk in excess of 10,500lb per cow was sold at $3.00 per hundredweight, the optimum feeding rate was reduced to 5,000lb grain. When all milk was sold at $3.00 per hundredweight, the optimum rate was only 4,000lb grain. With high grain ($65 per ton) and low hay prices, and low grain and high hay ($35 per ton) prices, the most profitable feeding rates were at 4,500 and 6,000lb, respectively. From an economic standpoint, it is not necessary to exactly pinpoint the most profitable level of grain feeding. Over a grain feeding range of 500lb + or−from the economic optimum, there were relatively small variations in returns above costs of feed. Missing the economic optimum by over- or under-feeding grain by 1,000lb, or 20%, resulted in $6 lower returns over cost of feed per cow.
Wireless and embedded carbon nanotube networks for damage detection in concrete structures.

Concrete structures undergo an uncontrollable damage process manifesting in the form of cracks due to the coupling of fatigue loading and environmental effects. In order to achieve long-term durability and performance, continuous health monitoring systems are needed to make critical decisions regarding operation, maintenance and repairs. Recent advances in nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes have opened the door for new smart and advanced sensing materials that could effectively be used in health monitoring of structures where wireless and real time sensing could provide information on damage development. In this paper, carbon nanotube networks were embedded into a cement matrix to develop an in situ wireless and embedded sensor for damage detection in concrete structures. By wirelessly measuring the change in the electrical resistance of the carbon nanotube networks, the progress of damage can be detected and monitored. As a proof of concept, wireless cement–carbon nanotube sensors were embedded into concrete beams and subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading to evaluate the effect of damage on their response. Experimental results showed that the wireless response of the embedded nanotube sensors changes due to the formation of cracks during loading. In addition, the nanotube sensors were able to detect the initiation of damage at an early stage of loading.
Kisspeptin mediation of estradiol-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin

In females, ovulation is coordinated by a complex set of interactions between the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the gonads. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) are pituitary hormones that have complementary roles in reproduction. There is a surge of both hormones prior to ovulation that is essential for adequate reproduction and can be mimicked by estradiol (E2) treatment in ovariectomized (OVX) rats [1], [2]. Both the preovulatory and the E2-induced LH and PRL surges in OVX rats occur at the same time of the day, indicating that circadian signals originating in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) must provide input to coordinate both LH and PRL secretion, and that response to this input depends on the steroid milieu. Kisspeptin (KISS) is the most potent stimulator of LH release and it has been recently demonstrated to also stimulate PRL release. There are two KISS neuronal populations in the rodent brain, located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC). The ARC population coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin and are called KNDy neurons. We have developed a reduced model for kisspeptin control of PRL and LH secretion in animals without (OVX) and with E2 treatment (OVXE), based on experimental data and literature describing the roles of the two kisspeptin subpopulations (KNDy and AVPV) in PRL and LH secretion (Fig ​(Fig1A).1A). Without E2, secretion of PRL and LH remains constant. Dopamine (DA) is released from E2 inhibition and tonically inhibits PRL secretion [3]. The absence of E2 inhibition to KNDy neurons stimulates a tonic increase of LH secretion, while the AVPV subpopulation has a low level of activity, thus preventing an LH surge (Fig ​(Fig1B,1B, left). In the OVXE model, E2 directly induces a PRL surge by increasing the activity of lactotrophs and indirectly inhibiting DA neurons (Fig ​(Fig1B,1B, right). The time-of-day-signal is provided by a brief E2-dependent stimulation from neurons in the SCN. E2 inhibition of KNDy neurons decreases LH basal secretion while stimulation of the AVPV by E2, together with the circadian SCN signal, produces the LH surge (Fig ​(Fig1B,1B, right). The modeling simulation predicts that the two KISS subpopulations have dramatically different effects on the LH surge: ablation of AVPV eliminates the surge without changing basal LH levels, while ablation of KNDY neurons would reduce basal levels and have a modest effect on the LH surge. KNDy ablation would also reduce the PRL surge. Figure 1 A mathematical model reproducing the surges of LH and PRL. (A) Model diagram which was implemented in a system of differential equations. (B) Results of modeling simulations for OVX (left) and OVXE (right). Levels of hormones and neurotransmitters (in ...
“Why Are You Concerned?” A Consideration of Turn Distance and the Organization of the Interrogative Series in “Wellness Check” Calls to a University Police Department

This study focuses on a type of request referred to as a “wellness check,” commonly made to a large university police department located on the east coast of the United States. A “wellness check” occurs when a loved one calls with concerns about a person they believe to be in distress or in need of assistance. The focus of the analysis considers how call-takers' positioning of the “what's your concern” question within the interrogative series, vis-a-vis the reason for calling (e.g., turn distance from the reason for calling), has consequences for the type of information call-takers are able to extract from callers about their concerns. Findings suggest that the position of this inquiry within the interrogative series has implications for how call-takers solicit callers' collaboration toward building a report that can later be communicated to responding officers.
Rethinking Prophecy: The Functions of Prophecy in the Writings of Argula von Grumbach and Martin Luther

This essay demonstrates that Argula von Grumbach’s understanding of prophecy and interpretation of Old Testament prophecy show direct alignment with Martin Luther’s views as they appear in his early 1520s German works. We recall that it is too restrictive to view ‘prophecy’ in the sixteenth century in merely apocalyptic terms. Rather, the author points to the wider view of prophecy of a contemporary male Protestant in which ‘prophecy’ is specifically aligned with the call to interpret and apply Scripture. The author sets illustrated several ways in which this new definition of prophecy played out in the writings, self-conception, and ministry of the aristocrat, Argula von Grumbach. She and Luther both emphasized the call of Christians to interpret Scripture, speak out against unbiblical teaching, distinguish between true and false prophets, and read contemporary situations in the light of Old Testament prophecy. Argula is, therefore, a prime example of one kind of early Luther reception in informe...
Embolization of intracranial aneurysms with second-generation Matrix-2 detachable coils: mid-term and long-term results

Background Bioactive polyglycolic/polylactic acid (PGLA)-coated Matrix detachable coils were reported to incite intra-aneurysmal inflammation and fibrosis. Multiple large case series with Matrix-1 coils have shown no advantage with respect to aneurysm recurrence. Second-generation Matrix-2 coils were designed with improved platinum support and reduced copolymer friction. We assessed the safety and efficacy of Matrix-2 coil embolization. Methods 84 aneurysms were embolized primarily with Matrix-2 coils. Anatomic results were evaluated using a modified Raymond scale with progressive occlusion or recanalization/recurrence strictly defined as any interval change in intra-aneurysmal opacification. Results Mid-term (8.9±3.4 months) and long-term (23.0±7.4 months) follow-up was available for 65 aneurysms. At mid-term, 55 (85%) aneurysms remained stable (or progressed to occlusion) versus 10 (15%) recurrent aneurysms, 7 (11%) requiring retreatment. At long term, 49 (75%) aneurysms remained stable versus 16 (25%) recurrent aneurysms, 12 (18%) requiring retreatment. Statistically significant factors affecting recanalization included ruptured aneurysms 9/20 (45%), large aneurysms 5/8 (71%), post-procedure residual aneurysms 6/12 (50%) and differential coil packing density of recurrent (21%) versus stable (28%) aneurysms. Patient morbidity (5%) was limited to thromboembolic complications (n=4) or aneurysm rerupture (n=1). Patient mortality (5%) was secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage complications (n=4) with no procedure-related deaths (0%). Conclusion Coil embolization with Matrix-2 coils is safe and effective, preventing recanalization in small aneurysms at mid-term. Although these aneurysm recurrence rates initially appeared lower than previous reports with Matrix-1 or platinum coils, significant late recanalization was observed on long-term follow-up. We postulate that any derived benefit from Matrix-2 coils is directly dependent on post-procedure outcomes and coil packing density.
Clinical Observation of Different Feeding Methods in Adjuvant Treatment of Infantile Diarrhea

[Objective] To observe therapeutic effects of lactose-free milk powder combined with synbiotics in treatment of infantile diarrhea, provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment.[Methods]98 children with diarrhea were randomly divided into the treatment group (58 cases) and the control group (40 cases). The treatment group was given lactose-free milk powder, synbiotics, rice water and conjee. The control group was fed with breast milk or infant formula milk powder, as well as rice water and conjee.[Results]After treatment of lactose-free milk powder combined with synbiotics, 55 cases of infantile diarrhea had effect, which accounted for 94.8%. 31 (77.5%) cases of the control group had effect. There was significant difference between two groups (P0.05). The extinction time of diarrhea and average hospital stay in the treatment groups was (2.84±1.1) days and (5.5±1.7) days respectively, that in the control group was (4.9±2.6) days and (8.5±2.3) days respectively, and the differences between two groups were significant (P0.01).[Conclusion]The combination feeding of lactose-free milk powder and synbiotics can significantly shorten the course and relieve the pain of infantile diarrhea.
The right to know--but at what cost?

This case scenario, submitted by the patient’s son, brings up three interesting ethical questions. The first question involves whether it is ever ethically justifiable to withhold information from patients, and if so, under what circumstances? The second question is: who decides whether invasive medical procedures should be offered to a given patient? The last question is: does the patient have a right to determine his own health care?
Molecular Genetics of Tumors of the Central Nervous System

1985 marked the first reporting of a specific gene alteration in a human central nervous system (CNS) tumor: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification in glioblastoma (43). Since that time, a relatively short period by most standards, neuro-oncology research has revealed many genetic abnormalities that indicate consistent genotype-phenotype associations for the various cancers that are collectively referred to as CNS tumors. This chapter reviews the established CNS tumor genotype associations, and discusses resulting molecular biologic consequences as well as the clinical implications of these genetic alterations.
Energy analysis of extractive-transesterification of algal lipids for biocrude production

ABSTRACTAlgae biomass is the most promising feedstock for biofuel production since it can provide a sustainable route to achieve independence from fossil fuel sources. Energy-positive biofuel production from algal biomass has been the major goal for many researchers in recent years. The search for efficient extraction and chemical conversion methods that produce high energy ratios has become an important endeavor in this field. In this regard, microwaves and ultrasound have been utilized as convenient mechanisms in algal biodiesel production. However, none of the studies reported on the energy analysis of the extraction and transesterification methods. Energy analysis of the extractive-transesterification processes using microwave (with ethanol and with ethanol and hexane as co-solvent) and ultrasound irradiations to produce biocrude from microalgae (Chlorella sp.) is presented in this paper. Power input and reaction volumes were varied to study the effects of power density and intensity on the biocrude y...
The Mall and the Street: Practices of Public Consumption in Mumbai

Practices of consumption are at the center of diverse debates surrounding the changing landscape of post-industrial Mumbai, India. For many, the city’s glittering new supermarkets and shopping malls and the consumption possibilities offered within them herald Mumbai’s membership into an elite group of ‘world class cities.’ Malls have also produced a euphoria among business and political elites, as well as some journalists, who see them as signaling a city-wide revolution in consumption practices in which localized retail formats — such as street markets and kinara stores (the ubiquitous small, family-run shops) — are gradually replaced by ‘global’ retail environments. With regularity, newspaper articles with titles such as ‘From mills to malls, the sky’s the limit’ and ‘Mall mania’ announce the arrival of a new kind of consumption that will irrevocably alter the city’s social and physical landscape by ‘supplant[ing] the riotous urban Indian street market’ (Johnson and Merchant, 2005). By contrast, others more critical of the mode of urban development of which the shopping malls are a part see malls as representing a capitulation to the forces of global capital, and as symbolic of the government’s skewed development priorities. Yet for these critics as well, the elite forms of consumption found within the mall fundamentally contradicts previous practices of consumption, and thus are seen as radically changing the experience of daily life in Mumbai.
The Self-Evaluation Scale–Self-Report (SES-S) Version: Studies of Reliability and Validity

ABSTRACTThe Self-Evaluation Scale–Self-Report version was designed to assess self-concept in students aged 10 to 17 years. Coefficient α was.94, and test-retest was.87. A unidimensional construct emerged with strong convergent validity with scores on the Piers–Harris 2 (r =.77) and Self-Efficacy Self-Report Scale (r =.70).
p53 stabilization and functional impairment in the absence of genetic mutation or the alteration of the p14ARF-MDM2 loop in ex vivo and cultured adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) transforms T cells in vitro, and the viral transactivator Tax functionally impairs the tumor suppressor p53 protein, which is also stabilized in HTLV-I–infected T cells. Thus, the functional impairment of p53 is essential to maintain the viral-induced proliferation of CD4+ mature T cells. However, in the CD4+ leukemic cells of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), the viral transactivator does not appear to be expressed, and p53 mutations have been found only in a fraction of patients. We sought to investigate whether p53 function is impaired, in ex vivo samples from patients with ATLL, in the absence of genetic mutations. Here we demonstrate that the p53 protein is stabilized also in ex vivo ATLL samples (10 of 10 studied) and that at least in 2 patients p53 stabilization was not associated with genetic mutation. Furthermore, the assessment of p53 function after ionizing radiation of ATLL cells indicated an abnormal induction of the p53-responsive genes GADD45 and p21WAF1 in 7 of 7 patients. In 2 of 2 patients, p53 regulation of cell-cycle progression appeared to be impaired as well. Because p53 is part of a regulatory loop that also involves MDM2 and p14ARF, the status of the latter proteins was also assessed in cultured or fresh ATLL cells. The p97 MDM2 protein was not detected by Western blot analysis in established HTLV-I–infected T-cell lines or ex vivo ATLL cell lysates. However, the MDM2 protein could be easily detected after treatment of cells with the specific proteasome inhibitor lactacystin, suggesting a normal regulation of the p53–MDM2 regulating loop. Similarly, p14ARF did not appear to be aberrantly expressed in ex vivo ATLL cells nor in any of the established HTLV-I–infected T-cell lines studied. Thus, p53 stabilization in HTLV-I infection occurs in the absence of genetic mutation and alteration of the physiologic degradation pathway of p53.