cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhaled iron, unlike manganese, is not transported to the rat brain via the olfactory pathway.

Iron and manganese share structural, biochemical, and physiological similarities. The objective of this study was to determine whether iron, like manganese, is transported to the rat brain via the olfactory tract following inhalation exposure. Eight-week-old male CD rats were exposed to approximately 0.31 mg Fe per m3 (mass median aerodynamic diameter = 2.99 μm; geometric standard deviation = 1.15) via inhalation for a target duration of 90 min. Following exposure, rats were euthanized immediately (0) or at 1, 2, 4, 8, or 21 days postexposure. In addition to nasal and regional brain tissues, blood, and viscera were also collected. 59Fe concentrations were determined by gamma spectrometry. Further, heads were collected and frozen, and autoradiograms were prepared to visualize the location of 59Fe from the nose to the brain. Finally, olfactory mucosa samples collected at 0, 2, 4, and 21 days postexposure were further analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) plus gamma spectroscopy to determine the association between 59Fe and transferrin. Data obtained from gamma spectrometry revealed that most of the iron remained in the nasal regions of the olfactory system and that less than 4% of iron deposited on the olfactory mucosa was observed in the olfactory bulb. Autoradiograms confirmed the data obtained from gamma spectrometry. 59Fe activity was absent in the olfactory regions of the brain even 4 days postexposure. Further, HPLC-gamma spectroscopy analyses indicated that 59Fe in the olfactory mucosa was coeluted with transferrin. Hence iron, unlike manganese, is not readily transported to the brain via the olfactory tract.
STRINGS IN AdS3 AND THE SL(2, R) WZW MODEL

Strings in the three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space in the NS background is described by the SL(2, R) WZW model. We present a complete description of the Hilbert space of the model. We then compute the one-loop partition function for Euclidean BTZ black hole backgrounds or equivalently thermal AdS3 backgrounds which are quotients of Euclidean AdS3. We see long strings and discrete states in agreement with the structure of the Hilbert space.
Best document selection based on approximate utility optimization

This poster describes an alternative approach to handling the best document selection problem. Best document selection is a common problem with many real world applications, but is not a well studied problem by itself; a simple solution would be to treat it as a ranking problem and to use existing ranking algorithms to rank all documents. We could then select only the first element of the sorted list. However, because ranking models optimize for all ranks, the model may sacrifice accuracy of the top rank for the sake of overall accuracy. This is an unnecessary trade-off. We begin by first defining an appropriate objective function for the domain, then create a boosting algorithm that explicitly targets this function. Based on experiments on a benchmark retrieval data set and Digg.com news commenting data set, we find that even a simple algorithm built for this specific problem gives better results than baseline algorithms that were designed for the more complicated ranking tasks.
The trophic basis of production of the macroinvertebrate community of a southeastern U.S.A. blackwater stream

The trophic basis of production of the macroinvertebrate communities at three sites on a second-order, low gradient blackwater stream in southeastern U.S.A. was determined. The sampling sites were located above, within and below a low-flow swamp system. From 47–64% of macroinvertebrate production was supported by FPOM at the three sites, with dependence on FPOM being greatest at the swamp site. Algae (filamentous species and diatoms) supported 15–31% of production, indicating that algae can be of considerable importance even in fully canopied headwater streams. The production of some collector-gatherers including Stenonema modestum (55%), Hexagenia munda (58%) and Baetis spp. (78%), was supported predominantly by algae. Algae also supported 61–79% of Hydropsychidae production and 68% of Simuliidae production. Animal material supported 16–26% of macroinvertebrate production at the three sites. CPOM was of minor direct importance to the macroinvertebrate community of this headwater stream, supporting only 1–3% of macroinvertebrate production. Shredders ingested only 1–3 g m−2 y−1 of CPOM, or about 1% of the annual direct leaf fall to this stream. Assuming a 10% assimilation efficiency for CPOM, shredders produced <3 g m−2 y−1 of FPOM through CPOM processing, this being approximately 2 orders of magnitude less than reported for high gradient headwater streams. These results indicate that low-order coastal plain streams vary somewhat from the River Continuum Concept in that they exhibit little utilization of and dependence on CPOM as a direct energy source. Only the smallest first-order streams and especially the extensive floodplains may be the functional headwaters of these stream systems.
The New Presence of Women Leaders

Executive Summary The significant increase in women leaders has been facilitated by political, economic, educational and status changes in our culture. Women leaders express the same general leadership qualities as men, but may have leadership styles particularly suited to today's needs.
Increasing levels of cardiolipin differentially influence packing of phospholipids found in the mitochondrial inner membrane

It is essential to understand the role of cardiolipin (CL) in mitochondrial membrane organization given that changes in CL levels contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in type II diabetes, ischemia–reperfusion injury, heart failure, breast cancer, and aging. Specifically, there are contradictory data on how CL influences the molecular packing of membrane phospholipids. Therefore, we determined how increasing levels of heart CL impacted molecular packing in large unilamellar vesicles, modeling heterogeneous lipid mixtures found within the mitochondrial inner membrane, using merocyanine (MC540) fluorescence. We broadly categorized lipid vesicles of equal mass as loosely packed, intermediate, and highly packed based on peak MC540 fluorescence intensity. CL had opposite effects on loosely versus highly packed vesicles. Exposure of loosely packed vesicles to increasing levels of CL dose-dependently increased membrane packing. In contrast, increasing amounts of CL in highly packed vesicles decreased the packing in a dose-dependent manner. In vesicles that were categorized as intermediate packing, CL had either no effect or decreased packing at select doses in a dose-independent manner. Altogether, the results aid in resolving some of the discrepant data by demonstrating that CL displays differential effects on membrane packing depending on the composition of the lipid environment. This has implications for mitochondrial protein activity in response to changing CL levels in microdomains of varying composition.
A nonclassical model for the stresses in 3-D continuous fiber-reinforced composite materials

Abstract A nonclassical continuum mechanics model is developed for a unidirectional continuous fiber-reinforced composite under elastic deformation to determine separate stress field expressions for each material in the body. Far-field strain components, measured or calculated by classical methods, are considered as known inputs. By an elasticity analysis the interactions between the adjacent material regions are found. By using a method similar to the nonlocal continuum mechanics theory all the long-range interactions are expressed as heterogeneity effects. By summing the stresses calculated from the far-field strains and the stresses caused by the heterogeneity effects, the stress fields in the different materials of the composite body are determined. Sample results are compared to those of a classical anisotropic elasticity method.
High-expenditure children with Supplemental Security Income.

Objective. To examine the clinical characteristics and health service use of children with high Medicaid expenditures. Methodology. We examined 1992 Medicaid claims and eligibility files from four states (California, Georgia, Michigan, Tennessee) for children with at least $10 000 billed to Medicaid who obtained Medicaid through the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program and a comparison group (matched by age group and gender) of children receiving Medicaid for other reasons. We compared mean expenditures, examined expenses by category, and examined diagnoses associated with at least $10 000 in expenses. Results. In 1992, Medicaid paid on average ∼ $1000 for children with non-SSI Medicaid enrollment. Expenditures for children with SSI were 2.9 to 9.4 times higher, but once the ∼10% of children with high expenditures were excluded, SSI average expenditures were only 1.5 to 2.7 times higher than the non-SSI average. Children with high expenditures are likely to use hospitals and longterm care, and these services account for more than half of the average expenditures. Children with high expenditures and SSI are more likely to have chronic medical conditions than are their peers enrolled in Medicaid but not through SSI. Conclusions. A small proportion of children, even on SSI, account for very large proportions of Medicaid expenditures. Most children with SSI, despite having relatively severe mental health, physical, or developmental disabilities, have relatively modest Medicaid expenditures. Pediatrics 1998;102:610-615; children, chronic illness, expenditures, high expenditure, Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income.
Pain and Physical and Psychological Symptoms in Ambulatory HIV Patients in the Current Treatment Era

Abstract Context HIV infection has become a manageable chronic disease. There are few studies of pain and symptoms in the current treatment era. Objectives Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for pain and physical and psychological symptoms in a population of ambulatory HIV patients. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using the Brief Pain Inventory and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form (MSAS). Results We evaluated 156 individuals with a median age of 47.5 years (range 21–71), median time since HIV diagnosis of 11 years (range 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 308–683). Most (125, 80.6%) of the patients had an undetectable viral load. Seventy-six (48.7%) patients reported pain, of whom 39 (51.3%) had moderate to severe pain, and 43 (57.3%) had pain that caused moderate to severe interference with their lives. The median number of symptoms was eight (IQR 5–14.5) of 32 queried. In multivariable analyses, patients with psychiatric illness were 39.8% more likely to have pain ( P Conclusion Pain and other physical and psychological symptoms were common among ambulatory HIV patients. Pain and symptoms were strongly associated with psychiatric illness and IV drug use. Future investigation should evaluate interventions that include psychiatric and substance abuse components for HIV patients with pain.
Giant magnetoelectric effect in sintered multilayered composite structures

Trilayer composites consisting of 0.9Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3–0.1Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (0.9 PZT-0.1 PZN) and Ni0.6Cu0.2Zn0.2Fe2O4 (NCZF) in the configuration NCZF-(0.9 PZT-0.1 PZN)-NCZF were synthesized using pressure assisted sintering. Composites with optimized magnetostrictive to piezoelectric thickness ratio showed a high magnetoelectric (ME) coefficient of 525 mV/cm Oe. Further enhancement in the magnitude of ME coefficient was obtained (595 mV/cm Oe) when the angle of applied dc magnetic field was changed to 45°. Changing the intermediate piezoelectric layer from single to trilayer stack geometry configuration leads to the realization of giant ME response of 782 mV/cm Oe in sintered composites.
Scavenging of ex234Th, ex230Th, and ex210Pb by particulate matter in the water column of the California Continental Margin.

Abstract The accumulation of ex 230 Th, organic carbon and total mass at Station M (a 4100-m site 220 Km off Central California) is not supported by sediment trap-collected fluxes. The flux of ex 230 Th to sediment traps only accounts for 10% of the ex 230 Th accumulation in sediments. The accumulation of ex 230 Th in sediments exceeds water column production by a factor of 20. This discrepancy is reconciled by the vertical flux of very large aggregate flocs, which are not efficiently sampled by sediment traps. This process was examined through measurement of ex 234 Th, ex 210 Pb, and ex 230 Th on sediment trap material, large aggregate flocs and surface sediments. Aggregate flocs and sediments were collected during two cruises with the submersible Alvin during major floc deposition events in August and September of 1994. Sediment trap material was analyzed for the summer/fall 1994 and the winter/spring of 1995. Our results indicate that a single floc deposition event may exceed the integrated annual sediment trap flux for organic carbon, mass and ex 230 Th at Station M. Sediment trap flux data for ex 210 Pb and ex 230 Th, as well as lithogenic material (as Ti), suggest seasonality in their water column inventories. Seasonality implies residence times on the order of one-year or less for the water column inventories of ex 210 Pb and ex 230 Th at Station M. Bloom-induced floc deposition events represent an important mechanism for removal of suspended material, organic carbon and dissolved radionuclides in the waters of the California continental margin.
Inverse adaptation of hex-dominant mesh for large deformation finite element analysis

In the finite element analysis of metal forming processes, many mesh elements are usually deformed severely in the later stage of the analysis because of the large deformation of the geometry. Such highly distorted elements are undesirable in finite element analysis because they introduce error into the analysis results and, in the worst case, inverted elements can cause the analysis to terminate prematurely. This paper proposes an inverse adaptation method that reduces or eliminates the number of inverted mesh elements created in the later stage of finite element analysis, thereby lessening the chance of early termination and improving the accuracy of the analysis results. By this method, a simple uniform mesh is created initially, and a pre-analysis is run in order to observe the deformation behavior of the elements. Next, an input hex-dominant mesh is generated in which each element is “inversely adapted,” or pre-deformed in such a way that it has approximately the opposite shape of the final shape that normal analysis would deform it into. Thus, when finite element analysis is performed, the analysis starts with an input mesh of inversely adapted elements whose shapes are not ideal. As the analysis continues, the element shape quality improves to almost ideal and then, toward the final stage of analysis, degrades again, but much less than would be the case without inverse adaptation. This method permits analysis to run to the end, or to a further stage, with few or no inverted elements. Besides pre-skewing the element shape, the proposed method is also capable of controlling the element size according to the equivalent plastic strain information collected from the pre-analysis. The method can be repeated iteratively until reaching the final stage of deformation.
Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera: 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps

[1] Numerous previous studies show disequilibrium between stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal calcite and pore water dissolved inorganic carbon in hydrocarbon seeps, calling into question the utility of this widely used paleoceanographic tracer as a proxy. We use a recently developed method to compare stable carbon isotope ratios of foraminiferal carbonate with cell ultrastructural observations from individual benthic foraminifera from seep (under chemosynthetic bivalves) and nonseep habitats in Monterey Bay, California, to better understand control(s) of benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios. Two attributes previously proposed to cause the isotopic offsets are diet and symbionts. Ultrastructural analysis shows that positive staining with Rose Bengal indicates presence of foraminiferal cytoplasm, bacterial biomass, or a combination of both and, thus, is not an unequivocal indicator of viability. We also show for the first time that some living seep foraminifera have endobionts. Results from our unique, yet limited, data set are consistent with suggestions that, in our sites, several foraminiferal species collected from seep clam beds may not survive there, diet and symbiont presence do not appear to be major contributors to disequilibrium, little calcification of seep-tolerant foraminiferal species occurs while seep conditions prevail, and microscale variability in habitats could influence δ13C of benthic foraminiferal carbonate. Results further suggest that our knowledge of benthic foraminiferal ecology and biomineralization, especially in extreme habitats such as seeps, must be bolstered before we fully understand the fidelity of paleoenvironmental records derived from benthic foraminiferal test δ13C data.
Scalable Cost/Performance Analysis for Thermoelectric Waste Heat Recovery Systems

We study the cost/efficiency trade-offs for different ZT values and identify applications in which low-cost organic thermoelectric (TE) materials such as polymers with embedded nanoparticles or nanowires could have a big impact. In a TE generator, in addition to the TE material, there needs to be a water- or air-cooled heat sink in order to create a temperature gradient. The costs of the material in the TE module and the heat sink need to be co-optimized. We used our recently developed analytic model which describes the maximum power output for various conditions. The optimum design allows us to find the minimum material mass used in the TE module and in the heat sink. This yields the power per material cost (W/$) and the power per unit mass (kg/W). We compared organic and inorganic TE materials as an interesting example based on this scalable analytic model. The results suggest that polymers or other low-cost lower-efficiency TE materials have the greatest potential for lightweight remote power applications for sensors in conjunction with passive heat sinks.
Business History and Economic History

As Fritz Redlich has had occasion to point out, business history is neither of American nor of recent vintage–that interest in company histories which began on the Continent early in the nineteenth century had by 1900 prompted at least one prominent German scholar to suggest how a study of business might be developed into an academic discipline. What was new in the United States was the term “business history,” and what is more relevant for my comments in this paper were the circumstances that led to its emergence as a special field and the effect that this separation has had on the relationship between business history and economic history.
Oral botryomycosis : a case report

We present a 42-year-old male with botryomycosis initially presenting with left-sided proptosis due to an infraorbital mass. A biopsy through an anterior orbitotomy yielded indeterminate histopathology. The patient later developed a similar oral lesion which was biopsied and found to be botryomycosis. The oral lesion recurred after initial surgical treatment, but responded to antibiotic therapy. Discussion of this case along with a review of the literature is presented to offer guidelines for recognition and managment of this rare disorder.
The Devil Knows Best: Experimental Effects of a Televised Soap Opera on Latino Attitudes Toward Government and Support for the 2010 U.S. Census

Can a soap opera influence political attitudes and engagement among U.S. Latinos, particularly those perceiving a threat from immigration legislation? The extended contact hypothesis predicts that ingroup fictional characters can encourage positive affect and attitudes toward real-world groups and issues with which they are associated. We tested the impact of a Telemundo soap opera, Mas Sabe El Diablo, which portrayed a Latino character's involvement with the 2010 Census. During the census-collection period and directly following the passage of Arizona's Senate Bill 1070 immigration act, we randomly assigned Latino participants in Arizona, Texas, and New Jersey to view (1) pro-census scenes or (2) control scenes featuring the character but not the census. Compared to control viewers, census viewers expressed more positive attitudes and less negative affect toward the U.S. government and more behavioral support for the census (wearing pro-census stickers and taking informational flyers). Affinity for the character was associated with stronger effects. The soap opera did not positively influence Arizona participants who were directly affected by SB 1070.
MRI Screening for Chronic Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation

Anticoagulation is highly effective in preventing stroke due to atrial fibrillation, but numerous studies have demonstrated low utilization of anticoagulation for these patients. Assessment of clinicians’ attitudes on this topic indicate that fear of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), rather than appreciation of anticoagulant benefits, largely drives clinical decision-making for treatment with anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Risk stratification strategies have been used for anticoagulation benefits and hemorrhage risk, but ICH is not specifically addressed in the commonly used hemorrhage risk stratification systems. Cerebral microbleeds are cerebral microscopic hemorrhages demonstrable by brain MRI, indicative of prior microhemorrhages, and predictive of future risk of ICH. Prevalence of cerebral microbleeds increases with age; and cross-sectional and limited prospective studies generally indicate that microbleeds confer substantial risk of ICH in patients treated with chronic anticoagulation. MRI thus is a readily available and appealing modality that can directly assess risk of future ICH in patients receiving anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Incorporation of MRI into routine practice is, however, fraught with difficulties, including the uncertain relationship between number and location of microbleeds and ICH risk, as well as cost-effectiveness of MRI. A proposed algorithm is provided, and relevant advantages and disadvantages are discussed. At present, MRI screening appears most appropriate for a subset of atrial fibrillation patients, such as those with intermediate stroke risk, and may provide reassurance for clinicians whose concerns for ICH tend to outweigh benefits of anticoagulation.
Style and stylistics: An attempt at definition

(1967). Style and stylistics: An attempt at definition. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 248-255.
Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The pathogenesis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown, but defects in synaptosomal high-affinity glutamate transport have been observed. In experimental models, chronic loss of glutamate transport can produce a loss of motor neurons and, therefore, could contribute to the disease. With the recent cloning of three glutamate transporters, i.e., EAAC1, GLT-1, and GLAST, it has become possible to determine if the loss of glutamate transport in ALS is subtype specific. We developed C-terminal, antioligopeptide antibodies that were specific for each glutamate transporter. EAAC1 is selective for neurons, while GLT-1 and GLAST are selective for astroglia. Tissue from various brain regions of ALS patients and controls were examined by immunoblot or immunocytochemical methods for each transporter subtype. All tissue was matched for age and postmortem delay. GLT-1 immunoreactive protein was severely decreased in ALS, both in motor cortex (71% decrease compared with control) and in spinal cord. In approximately a quarter of the ALS motor cortex specimens, the loss of GLT-1 protein (90% decrease from control) was dramatic. By contrast, there was only a modest loss (20% decrease from control) of immunoreactive protein EAAC1 in ALS motor cortex, and there was no appreciable change in GLAST. The minor loss of EAAC1 could be secondary to loss of cortical motor neurons. As a comparison, glial fibrillary acidic protein, which is selectively localized to astroglia, was not changed in ALS motor cortex. Because there is no loss of astroglia in ALS, the dramatic abnormalities in GLT-1 could reflect a primary defect in GLT-1 protein, a secondary loss due to down regulation, or other toxic processes.
Class Separability in Spaces Reduced By Feature Selection

We investigated the geometrical complexity of several high-dimensional, small sample classification problems and its changes due to two popular feature selection procedures, forward feature selection (FFS) and Linear Programming Support Vector Machine (LPSVM). We found that both procedures are able to transform the problems to spaces of very low dimensionality where class separability is improved over that in the original space. The study shows that geometrical complexities have good potentials for comparing different feature selection methods in aspects relevant to classification accuracy, yet independent of particular classifier choices.
Intestinal Lesions Caused by Two Swine Chlamydial Isolates in Gnotobiotic Pigs

The objective of this study was to determine whether 2 distinct chlamydial isolates recovered from the intestines and feces of diarrheic nursery pigs could cause intestinal lesions in gnotobiotic pigs. Both isolates share biological characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial isolates R27 and R19 were propagated in Vero cells or embryonated eggs, respectively, and suspended in sucrose-phosphate-glutamine buffer with 10% fetal bovine serum for inoculation. Sham inocula were prepared from uninfected cell culture lysates and from uninfected eggs. Each piglet was fed 1 ml of inoculum or sham inoculum at 3-4 days of age. Ten piglets were each fed 10 9 inclusion-forming-units (IFU) and 14 piglets were each fed 10 6 IFU of isolate R27; 5 control piglets were fed sham inoculum. Twenty piglets were each fed 10
A study evaluating the safety and efficacy of the VelaSmooth system in the treatment of cellulite.

Background: Most cellulite treatments are limited in their effectiveness. A combination of radiofrequency energy, infrared light and mechanical manipulation of the skin and fat merits further examination. Objective: Subjects were treated with a device combining these energies to evaluate its safety and efficacy. Methods: Sixteen subjects with cellulite were treated twice weekly for 6 weeks with the VelaSmooth™ system. One thigh was treated while the other served as a control. Treatment efficacy was measured through circumferential measurements of both thighs and by having the investigator and an independent evaluator grade visual improvement during follow‐up visits. Five patients provided blood specimens for assessment of lipid and hormone levels and liver function. Two subjects provided three biopsies each in order to monitor the level of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Results: The overall thigh circumference decreased in 71.87% of the treated legs. The mean decrease was 0.44 cm of the lower thigh ...
Symptomatic Osteonecrosis of the Hip and Knee After Cardiac Transplantation

Patients who are treated with steroids for immunosuppression after solid organ transplant are at risk for development of osteonecrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip and knee in patients who were treated with corticosteroids after cardiac transplantation and to determine if there was a relationship between steroid dose and the development of osteonecrosis. We retrospectively evaluated 204 patients who underwent cardiac transplantation and noted that only 6 (3%) of 204 patients developed symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip or knee. The osteonecrosis was diagnosed an average of 38.5 months (range, 21-52 months) after transplantation. There was no association noted between steroid dose and the development of symptomatic osteonecrosis. The low prevalence of osteonecrosis supports the hypothesis that the development of osteonecrosis in these patients is an idiosyncratic response to steroids, perhaps related to an underlying hypercoagulable state or hypofibrinolysis.
Understanding Environmental Public Opinion by Dimension: How Heuristic Processing Mitigates High Information Costs on Complex Issues

Public opinion matters in environmental policy making. This study examines how individuals form opinions on three distinct environmental topics—climate change, the importance of environmental protection relative to job creation, and wilderness protection. Previous research focusing on environmental concern has yielded conflicting or inconclusive results. We argue that how citizens form attitudes within the environmental domain varies across environmental dimensions and that high information costs cause citizens to engage in heuristic processing to form their opinions. We empirically test our hypothesis by analyzing original data collected from the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey. We find that with more complex issues, citizens rely on familiar shortcuts such as party identification, ideology, and the media. With less complex issues, demographic factors are predictors of attitudes, lending support to arguments that citizens use familiar shortcuts when processing political and policy information. Related Articles Ripberger, Rabovsky, and Herron. 2011. “Public Opinion and Nuclear Zero: A Domestic Constraint on Ditching the Bomb.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00327.x/abstract Elliott-Teague. 2011. “Public Interests and the Development of Tanzanian Environmental Policy.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00318.x/abstract La opinion publica importa al hacer politicas ambientales. Este estudio examina como los individuos forman opiniones sobre tres temas ambientales distintos—cambio climatico, la importancia del cuidado ambiental respecto a la creacion de empleos, y la proteccion de la vida salvaje. Investigaciones pasadas enfocadas en el cuidado ambiental han producido resultados contradictorios o inconclusos. Nosotros argumentamos que la forma en la que los ciudadanos forman posturas dentro del ambito ambiental varia a traves de las distintas dimensiones ambientales y que altos costos de informacion causa que los ciudadanos usen reglas heuristicas para procesar la informacion y formar su opinion. Ponemos a prueba nuestra hipotesis analizando informacion obtenida del 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey. Encontramos que para temas mas complejos los ciudadanos se basan en medios familiares como identificacion partidaria, ideologia y medios de comunicacion. Para temas menos complejos, los factores demograficos pueden predecir las posturas, dando soporte a argumentos que sostienen que los ciudadanos usan atajos familiares para procesar informacion politica y sobre politicas publicas.
Joblessness, Family Disruption, and Violent Death in Chicago, 1970–90

Utilizing 1970 and 1990 census data and vital records for 75 Chicago community areas this paper examines the relationships between joblessness family disruption and all three forms of violent death across the black and non-black community area populations of Chicago at two distinct time points corresponding to William Julius Wilsons theory of the evolvement of urban underclass communities....The findings suggest that both homicide rates and accidental death rates are similarly predicted by high rates of joblessness and family disruption and that these relationships have strengthened across both black and non-black communities over time. These relationships also vary by race and gender but are generally stronger for males. This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. (EXCERPT)
High-performance transparent inorganic–organic hybrid thin-film n-type transistors

High-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs) that can be fabricated at low temperature and are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and compatible with diverse substrate materials are of great current interest. To function at low biases to minimize power consumption, such devices must also contain a high-mobility semiconductor and/or a high-capacitance gate dielectric. Here we report transparent inorganic-organic hybrid n-type TFTs fabricated at room temperature by combining In2O3 thin films grown by ion-assisted deposition, with nanoscale organic dielectrics self-assembled in a solution-phase process. Such TFTs combine the advantages of a high-mobility transparent inorganic semiconductor with an ultrathin high-capacitance/low-leakage organic gate dielectric. The resulting, completely transparent TFTs exhibit excellent operating characteristics near 1.0 V with large field-effect mobilities of >120 cm2 V(-1) s(-1), drain-source current on/off modulation ratio (I(on)/I(off)) approximately 10(5), near-zero threshold voltages and sub-threshold gate voltage swings of 90 mV per decade. The results suggest new strategies for achieving 'invisible' optoelectronics.
Analyzing the Language of Struggle in Search of Hope for Teachers

This article presents a detailed case study analysis of oral and written language expressedby JacquelineMeyer, a teacherof elementary English LanguageLearners (ELL), as she struggled to navigate the current political terrain with her students. Ms. Meyer’s district adopted commercial materials and increased the amount and substance of testing for her students, thereby increasing the likelihood that her students would be viewed from a deficit point of view. Ms. Meyer was selected for an in-depth case study because in her words we heard the history of ELL marginalization and the local and federal mandates of NCLB that challenged the core of her beliefs, but we also saw her struggle to maintain her own (and her students’) identities. Content, rhetorical, and critical discourse analyses of her talk revealed her teaching identity as a theoretician who speaks with an “art-full” and strategic voice. The rhetorical analysis illuminated Ms. Meyer’s skill with persuasive language that evoked emotion, and the critical discourse analysis illuminated her ability to strategically use language to shift power and positioning. Together, these tools enabled us to see how she effectively used language to improvise a persuasive and poetic argument and to operate strategically in challenging times.
Imperfect Competition on Scale-Free Networks: Modern Monopolistic Competition

In this paper, we study imperfect competition on a scale-free network. A scale-free network is not exceptional but rather ubiquitous in reality. For this purpose, we construct a class of utility functions, from which relationships between firms in the form of networks are derived. A regional relationship is an example of such a network. Contrary to the intuition on quantity competition, the output and price are always the same as that in the monopoly regardless of the number of rival firms. We show how a scale-free network drastically changes the outcome. This is a modern version of monopolistic competition. While Dixit-Stiglitz model ignores strategic interactions, our model takes it into account and derives monopolistic outcome.
COGNITIVE APPROACH TO WORD-FORMATION

Cognitive grammar (CG), as developed by Ronald W. Langacker (1987, 1991a, 2000), Taylor (2002) and others, is one of the most influential streams in the general movement known as Cognitive linguistics. CG holds that a language (or its grammar) “can be characterized as a structured inventory of conventional linguistic units.” (Langacker 1987: 57) Most of the terms in this definition are technical terms, but here are some of the implications of them.
Modeling Cities as Spatio-Temporal Places

A place exists in a space (footprint) which evolves over a temporal extent (lifeline). This study focuses on those places such as cities or component places within cities (hereafter referred to as city places or simply places). It concerns the modeling and analysis of places from the integrative spatio-temporal perspective. Drawing on recent research development related to spatio-temporal ontology, this study discusses a spatio-temporal ontology specific to city places. The ontology distinguishes between the static view of places (Static-Place) and the dynamic view of spatial-temporal regions led by spatio-temporal processes (ST-Place). The study considers places as spatio-temporal constructs. It proposes the concept of primitive ST region for the construction of spatio-temporal regions and ultimately spatio-temporal places. The study then presents a spatio-temporal data model to link spatial features and the spatio-temporal processes. In this way, the study models an ST-place from a spatio-temporal perspective by forming high dimensional spatio-temporal regions. Based on this conceptual data model, the study further discusses the potential use of this model in spatio-temporal analysis in general and in reasoning spatio-temporal topological relations in particular.
Nonintrusive and Multidimensional Optical Diagnostics and Their Applications in the Study of Thermal-Fluid Systems

Nonintrusive measurements are highly desirable in the study of modern thermal-fluid systems. One of the key bottlenecks of studying such systems stems from the experimental difficulty of resolving the governing processes with the necessary temporal and spatial resolution. The research and development of modern power and energy systems (e.g., aero-propulsion engine) require understanding such processes under extreme conditions, such as sub-millisecond time resolution, sub-millimeter spatial resolution, high temperature and pressure, and multiphase flows. Traditional experimental techniques are no longer capable of meeting all these requirements. Therefore, this paper discusses nonintrusive laser diagnostics and their prospective of meeting these challenges. Using laser beams as probes and being nonintrusive, laser diagnostics can be applied to any harsh environments, at least theoretically. This paper specifically focuses on the recent work from the author's group to apply tomographic laser techniques to o...
Book ReviewConstitutional Conundrums in Arbitration Arbitration and the Constitution ,Peter B. Rutledge (Cambridge University Press, 2013)

Professor Peter Rutledge’s new book, Arbitration and the Constitution (Cambridge University Press, 2013), offers the first comprehensive study of the constitutionality of arbitration. The discussion draws together arguments and evidence from a diverse range of constitutional and arbitral authorities and introduces examples and issues from many different sub-disciplines within the world of arbitration. This review essay considers whether Rutledge succeeds in his bold experiment of blending together two such seemingly diverse areas of law by taking a critical look at the strengths and weaknesses of Rutledge’s analysis while simultaneously setting the book within the context of existing and future forms of constitutional and arbitral scholarship.
Mandate or Myth: Is There a 'Heightened Standard' for Redevelopment Area Designations, and If So, from Where Does It Come?

The Gallenthin v. Paulsboro opinion announced a major shift in New Jersey law permitting government-coordinated urban redevelopment projects. This paper concludes, contrary to some redevelopment lawyers that want to narrow the effect of Gallenthin, that Gallenthin heightened the legal standard that municipalities must meet to prove an 'area in need of redevelopment.' This paper shows why this is, but it also demonstrates that there were precursors to this. Further, this paper looks at key post-Gallenthin decisions to analyze where the courts have properly understood this and other aspects of Gallenthin and where they have not.
Professional Development of Teachers

Professional development for teachers is the range of formal and informal processes and activities that teachers engage in both inside and outside of the school, in order to improve their teaching knowledge and skills. The ultimate goal of teacher professional development is improving student learning outcomes. Research indicates that teachers have control over many factors that influence motivation, achievement and behaviour of their students. Therefore, professional development focusing on effective classroom management will enhance a teacher’s skills and performance in the classroom. Effective classroom management requires a comprehensive approach that should include structuring the school and classroom environment, actively supervising student engagement, implementing classroom rules, enacting procedures that encourage appropriate behaviour, using behaviour reduction strategies and collecting and using data to monitor student behaviour and modifying classroom management procedures. Therefore in teacher preparation programs greater emphasis needs to be placed on preparing teachers to be competent and efficient at managing today’s classrooms with their diverse range of learners. This approach means not only giving preserves teachers the intellectual understanding of the issues involved but also providing them supervised experience related to components of classroom management. The purpose of this paper is to provide research and recommendations related to professional development of teachers, specifically addressing the area of classroom management to improve learning outcomes.
Competitive dynamics in the standards battle

The standards battle represents a unique form of competitive engagement but little is known about how firms’ competitive actions influence the outcome of the standards battle. To investigate this r...
Effects of two Erythrophleum alkaloids on potassium transfer in human erythrocytes.

SummaryThe erythrophleum alkaloids, cassaine and coumingine, affect active transport of potassium by human erythrocytes as do the cardiac glycosides. At low concentrations both groups of compounds slightly increase K transfer from plasma to cells: higher concentrations inhibit the process. These effects probably reflect activation and inhibition of a membrane ATPase which others have implicated in the active movements of cations in erythrocytes. Erythrophleum alkaloids and cardiac glycosides also share similar effects on mammalian hearts. In view of the structural differences between the 2 classes of compounds, and their biological similarities in 2 kinds of tissue, it is suggested that previous views on minimal structural requirements for digitalis-like activity in hearts and erythrocytes be revised.Cassaine sulfate was supplied by Dr. Robert Dowben from stock originally obtained from Prof. Ruzicka. Coumingine was donated by Dr. A. C. Keyl. We would like to thank both for their generosity. It is a pleasu...
How Well Do Household-Level Data Characterize Undernourishment? Evidence from Bangladesh

Although undernourishment is characteristic of the individual, measurement has centered on household-level statistics that make strong assumptions regarding the equitable distribution of calories across household members. Utilizing a novel data source from Bangladesh that reports individual-level calorie intake, we investigate whether households distribute food equitably. We find substantial inequities in the intra-household distribution of calories, with household heads consuming inequitably large shares of total household calories. Furthermore, we find more inequitable calorie distributions among undernourished, poor households. Importantly, these results do not appear to be driven by assumptions about the energy requirements of household members. Due to the inequities, aggregate household-level data misclassify the nutritional status of a large share of the population. These findings have implications for food and nutrition program targeting, which often is based on household-level data.
How to maintain the intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure of critical encephalitis in children

There is paucity of data evaluating and managing ICP in sever encephalitis in children. In this article, we refer to the data extrapolated from results of studies done on brain trauma,meningitis, and so on,combine with basic theory and influence factors of ICP,CPP and CBF,to introduce the methods of evaluating ICP and CPP,prophylaxis and management of raised ICP,and maintaining of CPP in severe encephalitis patients.
Analysis of Distribution and Change of Shigella Bacteria in Baoji from 1997 to 2006

Objective To investigate Shigella bacteria flora dynamics in Baoji City during the period of 1997～2006,and to provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and treatment.Method Altogether 1,322 strains of Shigella bacteria were selected to determine their serotypes by biochemical and serological methods.Results Subgroup B F2a,F2b and F1b were the major serotypes in Baoji City,which accounted for 18.76%(248),16.19%(214),and 17.70%(234).At the same time,group A(66) and D(113) significantly increased.Conclusions The distribution of Shigella bacteria have changed during the period of 1997～2006.It is necessary to strengthen monitoring of bacillary dysentery,increase publicity and education,and improve the ability to prevent diseases.
Specificity of Rabbit Pulmonary Cytochrome P-450 Isozymes in the Activation of Several Aromatic Amines and Aflatoxin B1

The involvement of pulmonary or hepatic cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase enzymes in the activation of the promutagens 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and aflatoxin B 1 has been investigated using Salmonella strain TA98. These agents were more readily metabolized to mutagenic products by the 16,000 x g supernatant fraction from lung than from liver despite the low pulmonary cytochrome P-450 content, and more revertants per nanomole of total cytochrome P-450 were consistently obtained with pulmonary than with hepatic microsomal preparations. In reconstituted monooxygenase systems containing the major pulmonary cytochrome P-450 isozymes (P-450 I or P-450 II ), P-450 II was highly effective in the activation of 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene and also active with 2-acetylaminofluorene, whereas these substrates were not activated by P-450 I . This difference was confirmed by the results of antibody inhibition studies carried out with pulmonary microsomal preparations. The higher activity of pulmonary preparations relative to hepatic preparations can be accounted for by the relatively high proportion of P-450 II in the lung (approximately 50% total cytochrome P-450 content) as compared with the liver (less than 5%). However, antibody to P-450 II did inhibit the hepatic microsomal activities by 50-70%, indicating that P-450 II may be important in the activation of these agents in both tissues even though it is a minor component in the liver. Aflatoxin B 1 was activated only by P-450 I in reconstituted monooxygenase systems, although the antibody inhibition studies indicated activation by both P-450 I and P-450 II in pulmonary microsomal preparations.
Asymptotic Derivation of the Fermi Pencil-Beam Approximation

The Fermi pencil-beam approximation describes the broadening of a monoenergetic, nearly monodirectional particle beam in an optically thick system in which the mean scattering angle is small and large-angle scattering is negligible. This physical problem has applications in such diverse fields as astrophysics, materials science, electron microscopy, and radiation cancer therapy. The Fermi equation is derived two different ways: as an asymptotic limit of the Fokker-Planck equation for {sigma}{sub tr} {r_arrow} 0 and as an asymptotic limit of the linear Boltzmann equation for {sigma}{sub tr} {r_arrow} 0 and {sigma}{sub t} {r_arrow} {infinity}. Some numerical results illustrating the Fermi approximation are also given.