cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NIH Ethics Education Programs and Initiatives: Training the Next Generation of Clinical and Translational Researchers.

A range of coursework in research ethics is available to medical students through the National Institutes of Health’s educational programs. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Complexity of Information Systems Development Projects: Conceptualization and Measurement Development

This paper conceptualizes and develops valid measurements of the key dimensions of information systems development project (ISDP) complexity. A conceptual framework is proposed to define four components of ISDP complexity: structural organizational complexity, structural IT complexity, dynamic organizational complexity, and dynamic IT complexity. Measures of ISDP complexity are generated based on literature review, field interviews, and focus group discussions. The measures are then refined through a systematic process and are tested using confirmatory data analyses with survey responses from 541 ISDP managers. Results support the final measurement model that consists of a second-order factor of ISDP complexity, four distinct first-order factors, and 15 measurement items. The measurement adequately satisfies the criteria for unidimensionality, convergent validity, discriminant validity, reliability, factorial invariance across different types of ISDPs, and nomological validity. Implications of the study results to research and practice as well as limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Culture and the Constructal-Law evolution of the human and machine species: Comment on “An evolutionary framework for cultural change: Selectionism versus communal exchange” by L. Gabora

• Culture and the evolution of culture are manifestations of the physics phenomenon of design generation and evolution.
Informative group testing for multiplex assays

Infectious disease testing frequently takes advantage of two tools-group testing and multiplex assays-to make testing timely and cost effective. Until the work of Tebbs et al. (2013) and Hou et al. (2017), there was no research available to understand how best to apply these tools simultaneously. This recent work focused on applications where each individual is considered to be identical in terms of the probability of disease. However, risk-factor information, such as past behavior and presence of symptoms, is very often available on each individual to allow one to estimate individual-specific probabilities. The purpose of our paper is to propose the first group testing algorithms for multiplex assays that take advantage of individual risk-factor information as expressed by these probabilities. We show that our methods significantly reduce the number of tests required while preserving accuracy. Throughout this paper, we focus on applying our methods with the Aptima Combo 2 Assay that is used worldwide for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening.
Fascetto interacting protein ensures proper cytokinesis and ploidy.

We report on a new direct protein interactor and regulator of Fascetto (Feo)/protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 we named Fascetto interacting protein (FIP). FIP is required for proper Feo localizat...
Mitigating base-catalysed degradation of periodate-oxidized capsular polysaccharides: Conjugation by reductive amination in acidic media.

Abstract Reductive amination coupling an aldehyde-containing polysaccharide, generated by periodate oxidation, with the amino groups in protein has been widely used in the synthesis of glycoconjugate vaccines. The conjugation is often achieved under slightly basic conditions via a Schiff’s base intermediate followed by its reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride. We observed that oxidized capsular polysaccharides such as Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6B (Pn-6B) and Haemophilus influenzae type a (HiA) underwent significant degradation during the conjugation in slightly basic media leading to sub-optimal glycoconjugates. Further study on oxidized Pn-3, Pn-6A, Pn-6C, Pn-2 polysaccharides and dextran provided evidence that the degradation is a result of base-catalysed β-elimination. In contrast to HiA, Pn-2, Pn-3, Pn-6B polysaccharides and dextran, oxidized Pn-6A and Pn-6C polysaccharides were stable under basic conditions due to lack of the leaving group at the β-position of the aldehyde. By performing conjugation of oxidized polysaccharides to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate buffer at pH 6.0, 6.8, 7.2 and 8.0, we concluded that the reductive amination proceeds best in slightly acidic media, particularly with those β-elimination susceptible polysaccharides.
A Note on the Nomenclature in Neutron Multiplicity Mathematics

AbstractThe purpose of this technical note is to consolidate the notations used for describing parameters that pertain to neutron multiplicity mathematics relevant to various applications including...
A Chip-Scale Nanophotonic Optical Gyroscope

This paper presents the first demonstration of a nanophotonic optical gyroscope (NOG) on a silicon-photonic platform. Reciprocal sensitivity enhancement is introduced as an effective method to overcome the limitations of NOGs.
Mechanisms of output interference in cued recall

The primary aim of this paper is to elucidate the mechanisms governing output interference in cued recall. Output interference describes the phenomenon where accuracy decrease over the course of an episodic memory test. Output inference in cued recall takes the form of a decrease in correct and intrusion responses and an increase in failures to response across the test. This pattern can only be accounted for by a model with two complementary mechanisms: learning during retrieval and a response filter that prevents repeated recall of the same item. We investigate how a retrieval filter might operate by manipulating the similarity of words. The data are consistent with a retrieval filter that does not operate by a global match of a potential target to previously recalled items. Results are discussed within the search of associative memory theory.
Effect of decision-making resources on satisfaction with decision to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM).

Abstract Background Rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) are increasing, and there are many resources available to help patients with decision-making. We sought to determine how often these were used, and whether their use influenced satisfaction with decision to pursue CPM. Methods CPM patients at a large academic institution were surveyed regarding factors associated with their CPM decision, and their satisfaction with the same. Results Of 58 CPM patients approached to participate, 55 completed the survey with a mean SWD score of 4.85 (range 3.00–5.00). Partner opinion (47.3%), family opinion (45.5%), other cancer patients’ experiences (38.2%), and informational websites (38.2%) were the most frequently cited resources used by CPM patients. On multivariate analysis, controlling for other factors affecting SWD, use of other cancer patients’ experiences predicted above average SWD (p = 0.049). Conclusion Those who use other cancer patients’ experiences to aid in their surgical decision-making enjoy a higher satisfaction with their decision.
Diffusion of helium in radiation-damaged zircon

Abstract Diffusion of helium was characterized in natural zircon that had been implanted with Kr at a range of energies to simulate the effects of alpha recoil in natural radiation damage. Polished slabs of zircon, oriented either normal or parallel to c, were implanted with Kr+ ions at a series of energies to produce a damaged region ∼ 1 μm in thickness, then implanted with 100 keV 3He at a dose of 1 × 1015 3He/cm2, which placed the 3He within the region damaged by the Kr ion implantation. The implanted zircons were annealed isothermally in Pt capsules in 1-atm furnaces at temperatures ranging from 51 to 252 °C and times ranging from 15 min to 3 weeks. 3He distributions following experiments were measured with Nuclear Reaction Analysis using the reaction 3He(d,p)4He. For diffusion in zircon normal to c, we obtain the following Arrhenius relation: D = 1.7 × 10−8 exp(−71 ± 2 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 sec−1. This activation energy for diffusion is about half of the value for He diffusion in zircon from the same sample locality but without Kr implantation, measured with an otherwise similar experimental and analytical approach ( Cherniak et al., 2009 ). He diffusivities in the Kr-implanted material are also significantly faster. Further, He diffusivities normal and parallel to c in the Kr-implanted zircon are similar, in contrast to the marked diffusional anisotropy (with differences of two orders of magnitude for diffusion normal and parallel to c) observed for He diffusion in this zircon in samples not implanted with Kr. These data indicate that heavily damaged zircon will have very limited retentivity of helium. Only those zircons larger than a few hundred μm will have mean closure temperatures exceeding typical earth surface temperatures; mean closure temperatures for He in highly damaged zircon will be about ∼200 °C lower than those for relatively undamaged zircon. At 200 °C, equivalent amounts of He will be lost from severely damaged zircon at a rate about a million times faster than from relatively undamaged zircon. For retentivity of He comparable to that for low-damage zircon at 200 °C, the severely damaged zircon would require residence temperatures of ∼ -10 °C.
The relative impacts of normative and instrumental factors of policing on willingness to empower the police: A study from Jamaica

AbstractThis study is the first to assess citizen willingness to empower the police in the Caribbean. The study examines the relative impacts of normative and instrumental models of policing on wil...
Weed-Suppressive Bacteria Applied as a Spray or Seed Mixture Did Not Control Bromus tectorum

Abstract We conducted two case studies testing effectiveness of a soil-borne bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7, in controlling Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) when mixed with native seeds sown after a fire and when sprayed on a native community with high abundances of B. tectorum. Each case study area (162 ha) compared treatments with D7 present and absent and was replicated four times (20.3 ha each) in a completely randomized design. Response variables (foliar cover, aboveground biomass, and density of B. tectorum; density of sown native plants) were measured pretreatment for the sprayed area and each year for 3 yr after treatment at both study areas and were evaluated as a repeated measures analysis. Foliar cover, biomass, and density of B. tectorum with sprayed or seed mixture applications did not differ between D7-treated and untreated areas at any time within the study (F1,6 ≤ 1.42; P ≥ 0.28). D7 as a seed mixture did not significantly impact densities of native seedlings (F1,6 = 1.27; P = 0.30) at any time during the study. Results contrasted with previous D7 studies that showed effective control of B. tectorum within 3 yr of treatment. Since bioherbicidal methods are being commonly applied, we believe that reporting negative results is important for future meta-analytical studies that provide managers with information on the likelihood for weed-suppressive bacteria to effectively control weeds.
Al27 NMR chemical shift of Al(OH)4- calculated from first principles: Assessment of error cancellation in chemically distinct reference and target systems.

Predicting accurate nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shieldings relies upon cancellation of different types of errors between the theoretically calculated shielding constant of the analyte of interest and the reference. Often, the intrinsic error in computed shieldings due to basis sets, approximations in the Hamiltonian, description of the wave function, and dynamic effects is nearly identical between the analyte and reference, yet if the electronic structure or sensitivity to local environment differs dramatically, this cannot be taken for granted. Detailed prior work has examined the octahedral trivalent cation Al(H2O)63+, accounting for ab initio intrinsic errors. However, the use of this species as a reference for the chemically distinct tetrahedral anion Al(OH)4− requires an understanding of how these errors cancel in order to define the limits of accurately predicting Al27 chemical shielding in Al(OH)4−. In this work, we estimate the absolute shielding of the Al27 nucleus in Al(OH)4− at the coupled cluster level (515.1 ± 5.3 ppm). Shielding sensitivity to the choice of method approximation and atomic basis sets used has been evaluated. Solvent and thermal effects are assessed through ensemble averaging techniques using ab initio molecular dynamics. The contribution of each type of intrinsic error is assessed for the Al(H2O)63+ and Al(OH)4− ions, revealing significant differences that fundamentally hamper the ability to accurately calculate the Al27 chemical shift of Al(OH)4− from first principles.
Genomic characterization of meningiomas.

2020 Background: Understanding the genetic alterations in cancer has lead to groundbreaking discoveries in targeted therapies. Meningiomas are among the most common primary brain tumors, with appro...
The Reemergence of Syphilis: Clinical Pearls for Consideration.

Despite the near-eradication of syphilis in the United States in the late 1990s, new infections have surged over the past 20 years. Dubbed, "the great imitator," syphilis infections often can be misdiagnosed and resultantly untreated. This leads to people inadvertently infecting others. This article reviews the history of syphilis, including the unethical studies undertaken in the past; current epidemiology; treatment guidelines; and strategies to reduce new infections.
Common Cents: School System Reform: How and Why is a Price-Less Tale, by John Merrifield, Murrells Inlet, SC, Covenant Books, 1919, 294 pp., $19.95 (pb), ISBN: 978-1-64559-961-6

Many school reform writers declare that a single set of reforms will make schools (and lives) better, whether those reforms be curricular (Hirsch, 1996, 2009), financial (Roza, 2010), managerial (L...
Scaling the vorticity dynamics in the leading-edge vortices of revolving wings with two directional length scales

In revolving or flapping wings, radial planetary vorticity tilting (PVTr) is a mechanism that contributes to the removal of radial (spanwise) vorticity within the leading-edge vortex (LEV), while vorticity advection increases its strength. Dimensional analysis predicts that the PVTr and advection should scale with the wing aspect-ratio (AR) in identical fashion, assuming a uniform characteristic length is used. However, the authors’ previous work suggests that the vorticity advection decreases more rapidly than the PVTr as AR increases, indicating that separate normalizations should be applied. Here, we aim to develop a comprehensive scaling for the PVTr and vorticity advection based on simulation results using computational fluid dynamics. Two sets of simulations of revolving rectangular wings at an angle of attack of 45° were performed, the first set with the wing-tip velocity maintained constant, so that the Reynolds number (Re) defined at the radius of gyration equals 110, and the second set with the wing angular velocity maintained constant, so that Re defined at one chord length equals 63.5. We proposed two independent length scales based on LEV geometry, i.e., wing-span for the radial and tangential directions and wing chord for the vertical direction. The LEV size in the radial and tangential directions was limited by the wing-span, while the vertical depth remained invariant. The use of two length scales successfully predicted not only the scaling for the PVTr and the vorticity advection but also the relative magnitude of advection in three directions, i.e., tangential advection was strongest, followed by the vertical (downwash) and then the radial that was negligible.
Ultrasound-Mediated Chemical Sensing Using Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Nanoparticles-Embedded Hydrogel with Possibilities of Performance Enhancement Using Machine Learning

In situ chemical sensing, such as temperature, pH, or a specific molecule, is important in healthcare and environmental monitoring [1]. The principle of chemical sensing usually involves multiple elements, including receptor, transducer, and a complex readout circuit. The receptor selectively detects chemical information, which is then translated into electrical signals by the transducer. However, the receptor is usually consumable, and the transducer requires frequent calibration due to the accumulation of chemical species (e.g., protein, biofilm). More recently, hydrogel-based sensing mechanisms based on the incorporation of micro/nanoparticles onto the polymeric network of hydrogels have been reported [2]. For instance, Holtz et al. demonstrated crystalline colloidal particles polymerized within a hydrogel allowed the change of color in response to glucose [3]. Another effort by our group was embedding silica bead in a pH-sensitive hydrogel, which can be interrogated by ultrasound imaging [4].
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Supports Gut Mucosal Immunity and Commensal Microbiome Recognition in Autoimmune Arthritis

Bruton9s tyrosine kinase (Btk) deficiency preferentially eliminates autoreactive B cells while sparing normal humoral responses, but has not been studied in mucosal immunity. Commensal microbes are essential for arthritis in K/BxN mice, used here to examine how BTK-mediated signaling interfaces with the microbiome. Btk-deficient K/BxN mice were found to have small Peyer9s Patches with reduced germinal center and IgA+ B cells. Although lamina propria IgA+ plasma cells were numerically normal, intestinal IgA was low and IgA coating of commensal bacteria was reduced. IgA-seq showed a shift in microbes that are normally IgA-coated into the uncoated fraction in Btk-deficient mice. In this altered microbial milieau, the proportion of Parabacteroides distasonis was reduced in Btk-deficient K/BxN mice. To determine whether P. distasonis contributes to arthritis, it was reintroduced into antibiotic-protected K/BxN mice, where it restored disease. This suggests that P. distasonis9 inability to thrive in Btk-deficient mice may be a factor in disease protection. Thus, BTK supports normal intestinal IgA development, with downstream effects on the microbiome that may contribute to autoimmunity.
Brillouin imaging for noncontact and label-free 2D and 3D mapping of cellular mechanical properties

Cell mechanical properties may undergo changes as a response to external stimuli or altered environment. Being able to map the mechanical properties over an entire cell in a contact-free and label-free manner is crucial to avoid affecting the measurements. Brillouin imaging is a non-invasive all-optical modality that can provide a distribution map of high-frequency elastic modulus and viscosity. In this report we first provide an overview of prior Brillouin cell imaging studies. We then demonstrate viscoelastic 2D and 3D cell imaging capabilities of a molecular filter-based Brillouin imaging system, with a first-time imaging application of multi-excitation (ME) Brillouin elastography.
Stochastic Primer Vector for Robust Low-Thrust Trajectory Design Under Uncertainty

Any space trajectories are subject to state uncertainty due to imperfect state knowledge, random disturbances, and partially known dynamical environments. Ideally, such uncertainty and associated r...
The Life Course Origins of the Immigrant Advantage? Parental Nativity, Parental Education, and Academic Achievement Gaps From Kindergarten to High School in the United States:

In the United States, there is a wide academic achievement gap, beginning in early childhood, between children with more and less educated parents. However, we know little about the differences in ...
Design Charts for Air Chambers on Pump Lines

For controlling pressure surges following interruption of electric power to a pumping plant, the air chamber has certain advantages over other devices. If simplifying assumptions are made, surge co...
Permeability Control and Desensitization by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

The nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor is the best understood example of a neurotransmitter receptor that uses the energy of ligand binding to regulate directly the opening and closing of an ion channel (for recent reviews, see 1–3). Ion currents associated with the activation of individual receptors can be monitored in isolated muscle cells, and these studies provide clear evidence that individual channels exist in either “open” or “closed” states with transitions between states occurring rapidly. The ACh receptor has been purified to homogeneity, initially from detergent extracts of Torpedo electric tissue, and more recently from vertebrate skeletal muscle. The isolated receptor is a complex macromolecule (Mr250,000) that contains five subunits with stoichiometry α2βγδ (4). Purifed ACh receptors have been reincorporated into artificial lipid bilayers (2,5,6), and it is clear that the protein purified on the basis of ligand binding properties also contains the structure of the ion channel. The complete amino acid sequence of each subunit has now been elucidated by sequencing cloned, complementary DNAs (cDNAs), and cloned cDNAs encoding all receptor subunits have been expressed together to produce functional receptors in Xenopus oocytes (7,8).
What the Nose Learns from the Mouth

The mouth is a border zone dividing the feeding domain into two separate regions, each with its own empirical laws. The first region is the external arena, in which terrestrial animals cope with signals precisely located in space and time to obtain food or drink. The second is the internal homeostatic pool, which places demands for food or drink upon the animal. Pavlovian laws of conditioning were formulated in the external environment, where the flavor of food acts like an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which, if applied promptly, can be used to modify a vast array of coping behaviors in man, rat or pigeon. These same laws do not apply to the internal environment, where the flavor of food acts more like a conditioned stimulus (CS) and a specialized visceral feedback acts as the UCS to modify the specific flavor incentive for which man, rat or pigeon strives.
A Vehicle Design Optimization Problem Associated with Rolling Resistance Reduction

This paper addresses vehicular rolling resistance reduction in conjunction with improvement in ride comfort and road holding ability in a simplified vehicle design optimization problem. The three vehicle performance indices are represented respectively by the values of vehicular rolling resistance force (VRF), root mean square of vehicle body vertical acceleration (RAC), and root mean square of dynamic load between tire and road (RDL). The summation of VRF, RAC, and RDL associated with corresponding weighting coefficients is treated as the objective function to be minimized. A model for determining rolling resistance of a vehicle traversing an uneven road is presented. In this model vehicular rolling resistance force is treated as a function of the power spectral density of road elevation input. The linear vehicle system is represented by vehicle parameter dependent transfer functions.
Regulation of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis 168. I. Evidence for and characterization of a trifunctional enzyme complex.

Abstract A bifunctional enzyme complex consisting of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthetase and chorismate mutase in strain 168 of Bacillus subtilis has been purified to near homogeneity by conventional purification procedures. A major protein band with two minor components was observed when the final preparation was subjected to gel electrophoresis at pH 9.3 and 7.0. DAHP synthetase and chorismate mutase activity were associated only with the major band. The significant property of the bifunctional enzyme complex is its relationship to shikimate kinase, another enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway. When cell-free preparations are chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, only a trace of shikimate kinase activity is recovered. When the chorismate mutase-DAHP synthetase complex fraction is mixed with fractions which show only traces of shikimate kinase activity, full catalytic activity of shikimate kinase is restored. The activity of the reconstructed shikimate kinase activity resembles the activity observed in crude extracts in several parameters. Single site mutants which lack chorismate mutase activity also lack DAHP synthetase and shikimate kinase activities. The close association of these three enzymes in vitro as well as the isolation of such pleiotrophic mutants strongly suggests that these three enzymes are part of a multi-enzyme complex in vivo. The present data are consistent with the hypothesis that this complex functions as a unit of feedback control.
Patchy Multiple X-Line Reconnection and Poleward-Moving Auroral Forms

The observed poleward-moving auroral forms (PMAFs) are possible ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events at the dayside magnetopause. In this paper, we review the magnetic flux tube configurations associated with the patchy multiple X-line reconnection (PMXR) process, in which a magnetic flux tube may reconnect with other flux tubes at multiple sites. Various magnetic flux tube configurations associated with the PMXR process are used to explain the formation and multiple brightenings of PMAFs. It is shown that magnetic reconnection may generate field-aligned currents and Alfven waves. Propagation of Alfven waves and associated field-aligned currents to the polar ionosphere leads to the brightening of an auroral arc, resulting in the formation of a PMAF. Reconnection of a magnetic flux tube at multiple patches may lead to the observed multiple brightenings in a PMAF.
The invention of radical reactions part xxiii. new reactions nitrile and thiocyanate transfer to carbon radicals from sulfonyl cyanides and sulfonyl isothiocyanates

Abstract Reaction of p-toluenesulphonyl cyanide or methanesulfonyl cyanide with carbon radicals, generated from the corresponding O-acyl-N-hydroxy-2-thiopyridone derivatives by visible light photolysis gives nitriles in good yield. The homolysis products of these sulfonyl nitriles can also be trapped by electron rich olefins. We have also found that carbon radicals react easily with mesyl or tosyl isothiocyanate producing thiocyanates.
Physician Burnout and Patient-Physician Communication During Primary Care Encounters

Background Although previous studies suggest an association between provider burnout and suboptimal self-reported communication, no studies relate physician burnout to observed patient-physician communication behaviors.
Anthropology and Education: A Symposium. Introductory Note

For over thirty years statements have been made about what anthropology should and could do for education. At last there is tangible evidence that something is being done. The three contributions which follow were presented as part of a Symposium on Anthropology and Education held at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Denver, Colorado, in November 1965. They may be counted as further evidence of the growth in interest by anthropologists in formal education.
Orthopalladation of chelating aromatic compounds

Abstract Aromatic substrates possessing either nitrogen or sulfur ligands meta to one another have been found to undergo regiospecific orthometallation with lithium tetrachloropalladate. In some cases, this metallation has been found to be catalyzed by silica gel. This is the first report of the palladation of a phenethyl amine or a benzyl alkyl sulfide.
Dynamic properties of a model polymer/metal nanocomposite : gold particles in poly (tert-butyl acrylate).

A combination of methods has been used to study the dynamic properties of a nanocomposite consisting of evaporated gold particles embedded in poly(tert-butyl acrylate). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to measure the diffusion coefficients of the gold particles and of the polymer molecules; dewetting experiments were used to probe the viscosity of thin films with and without gold particles. The gold particles diffused with a temperature dependence similar to the temperature dependence of the polymer viscosity, but with hydrodynamic radii that greatly exceeded the actual radii of the gold particles. The gold particles also increased the viscosity of a low molecular weight polymer film by a factor of 4. Our interpretation of these results is that long-lived polymer bridges between individual gold particles stabilize clusters with dimensions of approximately 50 nm. A geometrical model of the bridging process was also developed. Results from this model can readily be applied to homogeneous nano...
Effect of Thermal Storage on the Cooling Capacity of Ambient Sources

Ambient sources, including ambient air at dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature, ground temperature and night sky temperature, were evaluated for their potential to provide space cooling in locations across the U.S. While ground temperature is constant beyond a certain depth, the other sources have fluctuating temperatures, which present intermittent potentials for cooling. Simultaneously, cooling demands also fluctuate with outdoor temperature. Thermal storage can bridge intervals of time during which cooling is needed in the building, but ambient source temperature is too high to provide cooling. The duration of these intervals and the thermal storage capacity required to meet cooling needs based on ambient source potential prior to the interval were quantified for all eleven climate zones across the continental U.S using TMY3 weather data. The thermal storage capacity required to meet the entire annual cooling load is dictated by the span of time without ambient source cooling potential that has the greatest ratio of cooling load to ambient source cooling potential prior to the interval. This maximum thermal storage capacity, normalized by building overall loss coefficient, (this ratio has units of time) was one day or less for night sky temperature for all but the three warmest climates. This ratio was one day or less for wet-bulb temperature for four locations, and for dry-bulb temperature for only two locations. Ground temperature provided continuous cooling potential in all but the three warmest climates, where ground temperature was warmer than the indoor comfort temperature. Because the maximum thermal storage capacity was determined in most climates by uncommon and infrequent coincidence of high cooling demand and low ambient source cooling potential, smaller thermal storage provided substantial cooling capacity in most cases. For instance, ten percent of the maximum supplied 99% of the cooling load for the dry-bulb ambient air source in Albuquerque, and 0.1% of the maximum served over 90% of the cooling load with night sky radiation in New Orleans and Phoenix. While considerable development of hardware and control algorithms to utilize ambient sources for space cooling has occurred, this study shows the potential of these sources to further reduce demands for conventional energy for space cooling across a wide range of climates.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Calculations of the Equilibrium Isotope Effects on the Reductions of Benzene-d6 and Cyclooctatetraene-d8

B3LYP/6-31+G* density functional calculations have been performed in order to understand why large, equilibrium isotope effects have been observed in the reduction of benzene to the corresponding radical anion but not in the reduction of cyclooctatetraene (COT) to COT•-. The calculations reproduce these experimental trends. However, the calculations also find that reduction of planar COT, like that of benzene, has a substantial, equilibrium isotope effect. Therefore, the small isotope effect, both calculated and observed, for reduction of COT is due to an inverse isotope effect on the planarization of the tub-shaped ring in COT. The isotope effect computed for forming planar (D8h) triplet COT/COT-d8 at 173 K is 0.38. This is the predicted isotope effect on the adiabatic singlet−triplet splitting in COT. The isotope effect computed for forming planar (D4h) singlet COT/COT-d8 at the same temperature is 0.41. This is the predicted isotope effect on ring inversion. The reason why planarization of COT has an i...
The Croonian Lecture: On the Origin and Development of the Nervous System Studied by the Methods of Experimental Embryology

Permit me first to thank the Royal Society for the honour of the invitation to deliver the Croonian Lecture, which I appreciate as one of the highest distinctions that may be conferred upon a biologist. I am reminded, too, of a personal relation that may have something to do with my presence here to-day. Fifty years ago, in 1883, the Croonian Lecture was given by H. Newell Martin, who on that occasion described his epoch-making work on the isolation of the mammalian heart. It was but a few years later that, as an undergraduate at Johns Hopkins Uni­ versity, I attended Martin’s lectures on general biology and there received the first inspiration to follow my chosen calling. The awakening of my serious interest in biology was thus due to one who has filled this place before me, one whom I shall always remember with gratitude and respect. Although many of my predecessors have concerned themselves with the nervous system, no one has considered it in this place from the stand­ point of embryology. It therefore seems appropriate to direct your attention to this aspect of the subject to-day, more especially to the part that experiment has played in its advancement. The field covered is almost entirely a development of the twentieth century and is still in the rough. No well-rounded account of it is at present possible, so that I shall not have the satisfaction of showing
The functional expression of toxic genes: lessons learned from molecular cloning of CCH1, a high-affinity Ca2+ channel.

Abstract Some genes cannot be cloned by conventional methods because in most cases the genes or gene products are toxic to Escherichia coli. CCH1 is a high-affinity Ca 2+ channel present in the plasma membrane of Cryptococcus neoformans and other fungi. Like many toxic genes, the molecular cloning of CCH1 has been a major challenge; consequently, direct studies of CCH1 channel activity in heterologous expression systems have been impossible. We have devised a straightforward approach that resulted in the molecular cloning and functional expression of CCH1 by exploiting homologous recombination both in vitro and in vivo. This approach precluded the standard enzyme digestion-mediated ligation reactions and the subsequent isolation of plasmids from E. coli. The shuttle plasmid carrying CCH1–GFP, which was prepared in vitro and propagated in yeast, was successfully expressed in the mammalian cell line HEK293 (human embryonic kidney 293). CCH1 transcripts were detected only in HEK293 cells transfected with the plasmid DNA. Fluorescence microscopy studies revealed the expression of CCH1–GFP fusion protein on the cell surface of HEK293 cells, similar to the localization pattern of a well-characterized plasma membrane-associated K + channel. This approach will be particularly useful for genes that encode ion channels and transporters that cannot be cloned by conventional techniques requiring E. coli .
A low-drain distress beacon for a crash position indicator

A new, light, simple and inexpensive radio distress beacon has been developed to survive airplane crashes. A special long-life pulsed transmitter with trickle-charged batteries and an internal capacitor antenna is potted in shock-absorbing foam which is transparent to radio waves and formed to a high-lift wing section. The device is held on the tail of the aircraft and releases automatically upon detection of any structural deformation. It tumbles away from the aircraft in time to clear the danger zone, slows down to a safe landing and transmits a distress signal from any position, under wide environmental conditions, and over any terrain.
On a quotient norm and the Sz.-Nagy-Foiaş lifting theorem

Abstract It is shown that the infimum over all choices of the operator X of the norm of the operator matrix [ A C C X ], whose entries are operators on Hilbert spaces, is the minimum of the norms of the first row and of the first column, and an explicit formula for a minimizing X is given in terms of A, B, C, and their adjoints. A generalization of a fundamental theorem on Hankel operators is seen to follow immediately from this result. The formula is then used to prove a generalization of the Sz. Nagy-Foias lifting theorem which in turn yields interpolation theorems for analytic functions from the unit disc to a von Neumann algebra. The generalized lifting theorem also implies a generalization of the theorem of Ando asserting the existence of commuting unitary dilations for a pair of commuting contractions and a generalized von Neumann inequality ∥ ∑ a jk S j T k ∥ ⩽ sup {∥ ∑ A jk z j w k ∥ ¦ ¦ z ¦ = ¦ w ¦ = 1} for operator polynomials ∑ AjkSjTk in two commuting contractions S, T with operator coefficients Ajk which commute with S, T and their adjoints.
A digital file of the lunar normal Albedo

A digital file of the normal albedo of the Moon has been produced at a resolution of about 1/550 of a lunar diameter (about 6.3 km). The file was produced from five photographs taken with the 61-cm reflector of the Northern Arizona University Astrophysical Observatory. No mosaicking was necessary. Spatial control is selenodetic rather than landmark-morphologic. Photometric control is provided through a combination of electrography and regular photoelectric photometry. Pixel photometric function corrections are employed. The file was provided as data base for the Lunar Consortium. Brief discussion of the scientific implications of the frequency histogram is offered, and the negligibility of lunar limb darkening belowɛ = 77° is affirmed. It is specifically desired not to withhold these data from publication while more significant and detailed scientific interpretation is carried on.
Preventive maintenance and replacement scheduling for repairable and maintainable systems using dynamic programming

This paper presents mathematical models and a solution approach to determine the optimal preventive maintenance schedules for a repairable and maintainable series system of components with an increasing rate of occurrence of failure (ROCOF). The maintenance planning horizon has been divided into discrete and equally-sized periods and in each period, three possible actions for each component (maintain it, replace it, or do nothing) have been considered. The optimal decisions for each component in each period are investigated such that the objectives and the requirements of the system can be achieved. In particular, the cases of minimizing total cost subject to a constraint on system reliability, and maximizing system reliability subject to a budgetary constraint on overall cost have been modeled. As the optimization methodology, dynamic programming combined with branch-and-bound method is utilized and the effectiveness of the approach is presented through the use of a numerical example. Such a modeling approach should be useful for maintenance planners and engineers tasked with the problem of developing recommended maintenance plans for complex systems of components.
Characterization of two trpE genes encoding anthranilate synthase alpha-subunit in Azospirillum brasilense

The previous report from our laboratory has recently identified a new trpE gene (termed trpE2) which exists independently in Azospirillum brasilense Yu62. In this study, amplification of trpE(G) (termed trpE1(G) here) confirmed that there are two copies of trpE gene, one trpE being fused into trpG while the other trpE existed independently. This is the first report to suggest that two copies of the trpE gene exist in this bacterium. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence demonstrated that putative leader peptide, terminator, and anti-terminator were found upstream of trpE1(G) while these sequence features did not exist in front of trpE2. The beta-galactosidase activity of an A. brasilense strain carrying a trpE2-lacZ fusion remained constant at different tryptophan concentrations, but the beta-galactosidase activity of the same strain carrying a trpE1(G)-lacZ fusion decreased as the tryptophan concentration increased. These data suggest that the expression of trpE1(G) is regulated at the transcriptional level by attenuation while trpE2 is constantly expressed. The anthranilate synthase assays with trpE1(G)- and trpE2- mutants demonstrated that TrpE1(G) fusion protein is feedback inhibited by tryptophan while TrpE2 protein is not. We also found that both trpE1(G) and trpE2 gene products were involved in IAA synthesis.
The media–terrorism symbiosis: a case study of Mumbai attacks, 2008

There has been a long-standing debate among scholars, policy-makers, politicians and journalists about the relationship between terrorism and the news media for whom terrorism is usually a newsworthy story. A primary focus of the debate is to investigate the media–terrorism symbiotic relationship. This paper explores this relationship through a qualitative, thematic analysis of how British TV news channels covered a major terrorist incident after the 9/11 – Mumbai attacks 2008. It examines the interpretive theme of ‘awe, terror and chaos’, and how it is selected, prioritized and developed in the presentation of the events which spread over a period of more than 72 hours. Additionally, it considers the kind of political and organizational factors that might shape or modify the editorial decision-making processes and ideological assumptions that may lie behind such coverage. Ultimately, the study maintains that British TV news outlets play an important role in mediating terrorist messages and focus primaril...
Database discovery using fuzzy sets

In this work we consider a fuzzy set based approach to the issue of discovery in databases (database mining). The concept of linguistic summaries is described and shown to be a user friendly way to present information contained in a database. We discuss methods for measuring the amount of information provided by a linguistic summary. The issue of conjecturing, how to decide on which summaries may be informative, is discussed. We suggest two approaches to help us focus on relevant summaries. The first method, called the template method, makes use of linguistic concepts related to the domain of the attributes involved in the summaries. The second approach uses the mountain clustering method to help focus our summaries.
Apprehension about communicating with supervisors: A test of a theoretical relationship between types of communication apprehension

The purpose of the present study was to provide a test of one component of the theoretical relationships among the various types of communication apprehension (CA) as advanced by McCroskey (1984). The results of the study were supportive of the theory in that traitlike CA was found to be a modest predictor of a form of audience‐based CA, subordinate communication with her/his supervisor, while a situational component, affect toward supervisor, was a much stronger predictor.
Regime, phase and paradigm shifts: making community ecology the basic science for fisheries

Modern fishery science, which began in 1957 with Beverton and Holt, is ca. 50 years old. At its inception, fishery science was limited by a nineteenth century mechanistic worldview and by computational technology; thus, the relatively simple equations of population ecology became the fundamental ecological science underlying fisheries. The time has come for this to change and for community ecology to become the fundamental ecological science underlying fisheries. This point will be illustrated with two examples. First, when viewed from a community perspective, excess production must be considered in the context of biomass left for predators. We argue that this is a better measure of the effects of fisheries than spawning biomass per recruit. Second, we shall analyse a simple, but still multi-species, model for fishery management that considers the alternatives of harvest regulations, inshore marine protected areas and offshore marine protected areas. Population or community perspectives lead to very different predictions about the efficacy of reserves.
The kinematics and dynamics of space manipulators: the virtual manipulator approach

Future robotic manipulator systems will be required to perform complex tasks in space such as satellite repair. These robotic manipulators will encounter a number of kinematic, dynamic, and control problems caused by the dynamic coupling between the manipulators and its spacecraft. This dynamic coupling also makes it difficult to analyze these systems. This paper introduces a new analytical modeling method for space manipulators called the Virtual Manipulator (VM), which has a fixed based in inertial space at a point called a Virtual Ground. The kinematics and dynamics of the manipulator, spacecraft, and payload can be described relatively easily in terms of the VM. With its fixed base, the Virtual Manipulator is shown to have the potential to be an effective aid for the analysis, design, and development of future space manipulator systems.
Laser Beam Lithography of Metal Oxide Electrodes for PZT Memory Applications

Current metal/metal oxide patterning techniques typically involve photolithography, an expensive, time-consuming process, and/or a vacuum system, which also adds significantly to the cost. In this study, fabrication of metal oxide upper electrodes for Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 (PZT) memories by metallorganic decomposition (MOD) was coupled with laser beam patterning. Metal oxide organic precursors were treated with an absorption-enhancing dye and were spun on to ferroelectric PZT films followed by selective area laser beam exposure. This technique was employed to pattern RuO2 and (La,Sr)CoO3 electrodes. A variety of patterns (dot, line, and circular) were prepared which demonstrates the suitability of laser patterning for a variety of applications. The minimum power density required to generate a continuous conductive oxide pattern was found to be approximately 2.5 kW/cm2 at a scan speed of 25 mm/min. Resistivity values for the patterned lines were 660 Ω-cm for RuO2 and 59 mΩ-cm for LSCO.
Evaluation of video gray-scale display.

Setting up and maintaining video display monitors properly will help to reduce display variation and improve overall presentation of the radiological image. Display monitor gray‐scale characteristics were examined using the SMPTE test pattern. This test pattern may be used as a standard for adjusting brightness and contrast. The controls should be adjusted to display the full dynamic range so that the 5% and 95% signal levels in the pattern are visible. Measured luminance on a laboratory workstation used for radiological perceptual experiments, and on the Siemens CT gray‐scale monitor was determined to range from 0.17 to 76.0 nit, and 0.17 to 24.66 nit, respectively. These were compared with the range of approximately 17 to 514 nit for a typical film–viewbox combination. Characteristic curves were determined for both monitors, and CRT gammas were 3.34 and 2.48 for the perceptual workstation and CT console, respectively. The display gamma was determined from fitting luminance data to a log–log plot of luminance versus input gray level. The usefulness of the SMPTE test pattern for visual presentation as well as photometric measurement is demonstrated.
New Philadelphia: an archaeology of race in the Heartland

by Paul A. Shackel, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2011, 240 pp., US$29.95, £19.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780520266308, other formats availableEstablished in the 1830s, the town of New Phila...