cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Tobamoviruses for Phylogenetic Instruction in Undergraduate Biology Courses.

Microbial diversity and taxonomy instruction provide an ideal opportunity to introduce students to basic bioinformatics skills. There are many ways to illustrate evolutionary relationships between microorganisms using phylogenetic trees. Thought must be given to the method of presentation used in class because interpreting complex trees can be quite challenging for students. Here we present a simple activity that teaches the fundamental bioinformatics skills of multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetics by using Tropical soda apple mosaic virus and other tobamoviruses that produce trees that are easy to interpret. Tobamoviruses are important agricultural pathogens and have well defined phylogenetic groupings that correspond to the phylogenetic groupings of host plant families. This clear pattern illustrates the coevolution of the virus and host, and makes interpreting relationships based on these trees very straightforward. The organization of the trees also indicates related plants that a given virus may potentially infect, making this type of analysis useful for developing measures to limit spread and minimize economic impacts. The simplicity of the analysis, coupled with the real-world application in agricultural science, helps actively engage students in a topic that is challenging to learn. This activity is broadly adaptable, and can be introduced as a learning module in courses covering topics in microbiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolution. Completion of this activity provides students with key foundational skills for phylogenetic analysis and the confidence to utilize bioinformatics software.
A Diffusion-Accelerated Solution Method for the Nonlinear Characteristic Scheme in Slab Geometry

Recently, the nonlinear characteristic (NC) scheme for spatially discretizing the discrete ordinates equations was introduced. This scheme is accurate for both optically thin and optically thick sp...
Covalent Coupling of Small Molecules and Proteins to Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-Methacrylic Acid) Hydrogels

It has been suggested that clinically effective therapeutic devices for the treatment of enzyme deficiency diseases could be constructed by immobilizing enzymes to a surface over which a patient’s blood is then passed. Such a surface must exhibit high enzyme activity and must also be biocompatible, e.g. non-toxic and thrombus resistant. We have developed techniques for preparing surfaces which might meet these criteria by radiation grafting hydrophilic monomers to various polymeric support materials (1). An initial study of the immobilization of biomolecules to such surfaces has been made (2). The monomers which were grafted in these experiments were 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAAC). The support material used was silicone rubber. The methacrylic acid provides ample reactive carboxylic acid groups at the surface for use in enzyme immobilization.
Behavior and Properties of Sulfur at Pressures of 300 Kbar And Higher

It has been recognized for a long time by most theorists that if covalently bonded elements and Compounds are compressed sufficiently their bonding electron systems become unstable and transform over to arrangements with a metallic character resulting from free electrons.
Impact of Kernel-assisted MPI communication over scientific applications: CPMD and FFTW

Collective communication is one of the most powerful message passing concepts, enabling parallel applications to express complex communication patterns while allowing the underlying MPI to provide efficient implementations to minimize the cost of the data movements. However, with the increase in the heterogeneity inside the nodes, more specifically the memory hierarchies, harnessing the maximum compute capabilities becomes increasingly difficult. This paper investigates the impact of kernel-assisted MPI communication, over two scientific applications: 1) Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics(CPMD), a chemical molecular dynamics application, and 2) FFTW, a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). By focusing on the usage of Message Passing Interface (MPI), we found the communication characteristics and patterns of each application. Our experiments indicate that the quality of the collective communication implementation on a specific machine plays a critical role on the overall application performance.
Cyclooxygenase-2 and Chronic Inflammation: Drivers of Colorectal Tumorigenesis

A common feature of the relationship between abnormal energy balance, altered hormonal regulation, and cancer is the presence of increased inflammation. In individuals with obesity-associated metabolic disorder, an increased inflammatory response can be identified on both systemic- and tissue-specific levels. This chapter details the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key mediator of local inflammatory response, and the development of colorectal cancer. It also describes the modulation of COX-2 activity as a means of preventing and treating colorectal tumors. Finally, this chapter addresses new data concerning the role of COX-2 activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
A computational thrombus formation model: application to an idealized two-dimensional aneurysm treated with bare metal coils

Cardiovascular implantable devices alter the biofluid dynamics and biochemistry of the blood in which they are placed. These perturbations can lead to thrombus formation which may or may not be desired, depending on the application. In this work, a computational model is developed that couples biofluid dynamics and biochemistry to predict the clotting response of blood to such devices. The model consists of 28 advection–diffusion–reaction partial differential equations to track proteins in the blood involved in clotting and utilizes boundary flux terms to model the initiation of the intrinsic clotting pathway at thrombogenic device surfaces. We use this model to simulate the transient clot growth within a 2D idealized bifurcation aneurysm filled with various distributions of bare metal coils with similar packing densities. The clot model predicts initial clot formation to occur in areas along coil surfaces where flow is minimal and where time-averaged shear rates are the smallest. Among the six coil-filled aneurysm cases simulated, maximum thrombus occlusion ranged between 80.8 and 92.2% of the post-treatment aneurysm volume and was achieved 325–450 s after treatment. With further refinement and validation, the computational clotting model will be a valuable engineering tool for evaluating and comparing the relative performance of cardiovascular implantable devices.
How Does Financial Literacy Impact Attitude Toward Student Loan Providers

We examined whether financial literacy changes college students' assessments of their student-loan providers. As predictors in our backward regression, we included (a) financial literacy, (b) perce...
Atypical Protein Kinase C: Breaking Down Barriers in Ocular Disease?

This commentary highlights the article by Lin et al that demonstrates the therapeutic potential of small-molecule atypical protein kinase C inhibitors in inflammatory ocular disease.
In vivo intravascular photoacoustic tomography for depth- resolved lipid-rich plaque assessment

With a quasi-collinear imaging catheter and functional sheath material, we successfully implemented intravascular photoacoustic tomography for in vivo imaging of rabbit aorta, with localization and quantification analysis of lipid distribution in arterial walls.
In situ SEM-EBSD analysis of plastic deformation mechanisms in neutron-irradiated austenitic steel

Abstract In situ tensile tests, accompanied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses were performed on neutron-irradiated 304L steel specimens (5.9 dpa, irradiation in boiling water reactor at 288 °C). Selected regions of interest were analyzed following tensile deformation of the specimens to increasing levels of strain, allowing for tracking and investigating strain-induced misorientation evolution, lattice rotation, twinning, and phase instability. Deformation-induced changes in EBSD misorientation parameters, such as kernel average misorientation (KAM) and grain reference orientation deviation (GROD), were analyzed as a function of the strain level (e). The mapping of GROD values revealed the formation of specific “hot spots” (areas with high local misorientation) in the early stages of tensile deformation (e ∼0–0.02) with values increasing much more quickly for irradiated specimens than for nonirradiated specimens. In contrast, average KAM values showed very little change in the small strain range (e
Role of Plastics Plumbing Fixture & Miscellaneous Plastics Products Manufacturing in the Economy of Adams and York Counties

The plastics plumbing fixture and miscellaneous plastics products manufacturing industry is an important part of the history and economy of Adams and York counties in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout these counties and influences tax revenues in the counties.
Berkeleydione and berkeleytrione, new bioactive metabolites from an acid mine organism.

Two novel hybrid polyketide-terpenoid metabolites were isolated from a Penicillium sp. growing in the Berkeley Pit Lake of Butte, Montana. Their structures were deduced by spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis on berkeleydione (1). Both compounds inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-3 and caspase-1, and berkeleydione showed activity toward non-small-cell lung cancer in NCI's human cell line antitumor screen.
Auditory Response Enhancement During Differential Conditioning in Behaving Rats

Neural unit activity has been recorded from the subcortical portions of the auditory system and surrounding structures during differential appetitive conditioning and reversal in rats. The goal has been to identify and characterize the circuitry involved in learned changes in response to auditory stimuli which are made behaviorally significant by pairing with food pellet presentation. During a single conditioning session, probes throughout the medial division of medial geniculate, the external nucleus of inferior colliculus, an anterior medial portion of inferior colliculus, and the deep portion of superior colliculus showed response enhancements which were selective for the tone paired with pellet presentation. These enhancements started as early as the first 30 ms after stimulus onset and persisted for at least 200 ms. With repeated reversal sessions the locus of points where units continued to show selective enhancement became much more restricted. Within the region of the medial geniculate, only probes in the most caudal portion showed selective enhancement throughout differential conditioning and reversal sessions. No units were found in inferior colliculus which did so. Within the deep portion of superior colliculus and subadjacent tegmentum 73% of auditory responsive units within the most posteriorregion showed selective enhancement throughout differential conditioning and reversal. No units in the most anterior region did so.
PSynDB: accurate and accessible private data generation

Across many application domains, trusted parties who collect sensitive information need mechanisms to safely disseminate data. A favored approach is to generate synthetic data: a dataset similar to the original, hopefully retaining its statistical features, but one that does not reveal the private information of contributors to the data.We present PSynDB, a web-based synthetic table generator that is built on recent privacy technologies [10,11,15]. PSynDB satisfies the formal guarantee of differential privacy and generates synthetic tables with high accuracy for tasks that the user specifies as important. PSynDB allows users to browse expected error rates before running the mechanism, a useful feature for making important policy decisions, such as setting the privacy loss budget. When the user has finished configuration, the tool outputs a data synthesis program that can be ported to a trusted environment. There it can be safely executed on the private data to produce the private synthetic dataset for broad dissemination.
Holographic Display and Volumetric Light Sculpting by Dynamic Synthesis of 4d Light Fields

We synthesize custom light fields by simultaneously modulating light in the spatial and angular domain. Experimental results show new applications for high-resolution 3D displays and for high-speed sculpted illumination with enhanced depth selectivity.
Changes in alcohol and cigarette consumption in response to medical and recreational cannabis legalization: Evidence from U.S. state tax receipt data.

Abstract Background Whether medical or recreational cannabis legalization impacts alcohol or cigarette consumption is a key question as cannabis policy evolves, given the adverse health effects of these substances. Relatively little research has examined this question. The objective of this study was to examine whether medical or recreational cannabis legalization was associated with any change in state-level per capita alcohol or cigarette consumption. Methods Dependent variables included per capita consumption of alcohol and cigarettes from all 50 U.S. states, estimated from state tax receipts and maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, respectively. Independent variables included indicators for medical and recreational legalization policies. Three different types of indicators were separately used to model medical cannabis policies. Indicators for the primary model were based on the presence of active medical cannabis dispensaries. Secondary models used indicators based on either the presence of a more liberal medical cannabis policy (“non-medicalized”) or the presence of any medical cannabis policy. Difference-in-difference regression models were applied to estimate associations for each type of policy. Results Primary models found no statistically significant associations between medical or recreational cannabis legalization policies and either alcohol or cigarette sales per capita. In a secondary model, both medical and recreational policies were associated with significantly decreased per capita cigarette sales compared to states with no medical cannabis policy. However, post hoc analyses demonstrated that these reductions were apparent at least two years prior to policy adoption, indicating that they likely result from other time-varying characteristics of legalization states, rather than cannabis policy. Conclusion We found no evidence of a causal association between medical or recreational cannabis legalization and changes in either alcohol or cigarette sales per capita.
The impact of job training on temporary worker performance: Field experimental evidence from insurance sales agents

Despite the limited incentives they provide for idiosyncratic investment, temporary work arrangements are becoming increasingly common. Using evidence from a field experiment conducted among salespeople in a Kenyan insurance firm, this paper examines the consequences of providing job training for temporary workers. The findings show that providing access to training significantly increases firm revenue, primarily due to performance increases among higher‐ability workers. The findings from the study are consistent with temporary workers willingness to invest in job training when the job‐specific returns from doing so are sufficiently high.
Path integral contour deformations for noisy observables

Monte Carlo studies of many quantum systems face exponentially severe signal-to-noise problems. We show that noise arising from complex phase fluctuations of observables can be reduced without introducing bias using path integral contour deformation techniques. A numerical study of contour deformations for correlation functions in Abelian gauge theory and complex scalar field theory demonstrates that variance can be reduced by orders of magnitude without modifying Monte Carlo sampling.
Ruxolitinib in Alleviating the Cytokine Storm of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening syndrome classified into primary HLH and secondary HLH. Secondary HLH is always caused by autoimmune disease, infections, or cancer. The first-line therapy for secondary HLH is the HLH 2004 protocol, including dexamethasone, etoposide, and supportive therapy. However, up to 30% of patients, especially pediatric patients, remain unresponsive to first-line treatment, and the mortality rate reaches 50% in children with HLH. Furthermore, some children who have special conditions, such as an active virus infection, are not suitable for immunosuppressants treatment. Recently, several HLH-promoting cytokines have been identified, including interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6. Janus kinase 1 and 2 control the signaling of many cytokines, notably interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6. Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, have been successfully used to treat HLH in mice. Here, we report that a boy, diagnosed with HLH and high titer of hepatitis B virus-DNA copies, improved quickly, and the cytokine storm of HLH was alleviated after receiving ruxolitinib. Five days after ruxolitinib treatment, entecavir was introduced and serum titer results of hepatitis B virus-DNA returned negative. With 3 months of ruxolitinib treatment and following-up 1 year, the boy's situation maintained sustained remission. In this study, it is suggested that ruxolitinib might be a first-line drug, which could alleviate the cytokine storm of HLH. This treatment may be ushering in the age of glucocorticosteroid-free HLH treatment, which is particularly meaningful for children because it avoids the side effects of glucocorticosteroid.
Worse overall health status negatively impacts satisfaction with breast reconstruction.

Summary Background BREAST-Q is a validated measure of patient satisfaction and health-related quality of life following breast surgery. Limited evidence exists with regard to the influence of preoperative overall health status on BREAST-Q outcomes. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification is representative of preoperative overall health and its impact on patient-reported outcomes can be assessed. Methods Patients who received breast reconstruction at Yale New Haven Hospital between 2013 and 2018 and completed the BREAST-Q were enrolled in the study. Associations between BREAST-Q scores within modules and between modules and ASA were analyzed. Pearson's correlation and Spearman's Rho were used to characterize correlations between patient factors and BREAST-Q scores. Significantly correlated factors were entered into a general linear model (GLM) to control for confounding variables and isolate the effect of ASA on BREAST-Q scores. Results A total of 1136 patients underwent breast reconstruction of whom 489 patients completed the BREAST-Q. Increasing ASA indicative of worsening overall health was associated with a decreased BREAST-Q score for all modules except Physical Well-being of the Abdomen (p Conclusion ASA classification is an independent predictor of BREAST-Q patient-reported outcomes following breast reconstruction. Communicating the potential impact of overall health may help reduce the discrepancy in postoperative satisfaction across ASA classifications.
Identification of Dysregulated Genes for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Using Gene Expression Data in Brain

Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative complex brain disease that represents a public health concern. AD is considered the fifth leading cause of death in Americans who are older than 65 years which prioritizes the importance of understanding the etiology of AD in its early stages before the onset of symptoms. This study attempted to further understand Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology by investigating the dysregulated genes using gene expression data from multiple brain regions. Methods A linear mixed-effects model for differential gene expression analysis was used in a sample of 15 AD and 30 control subjects, each with data from four different brain regions, in order to deal with the hierarchical multilevel data. Post-hoc Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses provided insights on the biological implications in AD progression. Supervised machine learning algorithms were used to assess the discriminative power of the top 10 candidate genes in distinguishing between the two groups. Results Enrichment analyses revealed biological processes and pathways that are related to structural constituents and organization of the axons and synapses. These biological processes and pathways imply dysfunctional axon and synaptic transmission between neuronal cells in AD. Random Forest classification algorithm gave the best accuracy on the test data with F1-score of 0.88. Conclusion The differentially expressed genes were associated with axon and synaptic transmissions which affect the neuronal connectivity in cognitive systems involved in AD pathophysiology. These genes may open ways to explore new effective treatments and early diagnosis before the onset of clinical symptoms.
Enhancement of Therapies for Glioblastoma (GBM) Using Nanoparticle-based Delivery Systems

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of malignant brain tumor. Current FDA-approved treatments include surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, while hyperthermia, immunotherapy, and most relevantly, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated delivery systems or combinations thereof have shown promise in preclinical studies. Drug-carrying NPs are a promising approach to brain delivery as a result of their potential to facilitate the crossing of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) via two main types of transcytosis mechanisms: adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) and receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). Their ability to accumulate in the brain can thus provide local sustained release of tumoricidal drugs at or near the site of GBM tumors. NP-based drug delivery has the potential to significantly reduce drug-related toxicity, increase specificity, and consequently improve the lifespan and quality of life of patients with GBM. Due to significant advances in the understanding of the molecular etiology and pathology of GBM, the efficacy of drugs loaded into vectors targeting this disease has increased in both preclinical and clinical settings. Multitargeting NPs, such as those incorporating multiple specific targeting ligands, are an innovative technology that can lead to decreased off-target effects while simultaneously having increased accumulation and action specifically at the tumor site. Targeting ligands can include antibodies, or fragments thereof, and peptides or small molecules, which can result in a more controlled drug delivery system compared to conventional drug treatments. This review focuses on GBM treatment strategies, summarizing current options and providing a detailed account of preclinical findings with prospective NP-based approaches aimed at improving tumor targeting and enhancing therapeutic outcomes for GBM patients.
Reflecting on two distinct leadership roles during the pandemic.

ABSTRACT: For more than a year, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented stress, anxiety, sadness, and fear, but it has also allowed people to reflect, learn, self-improve, and change. In this article, the author demonstrates how reflective practice enabled her to improve in two distinctly different leadership roles.
Preferred Learning Styles of Professional Undergraduate and Graduate Athletic Training Students.

Context: Recognizing the preferred learning style of professional undergraduate and graduate athletic training students will equip educators to more effectively improve their teaching methods and optimize student learning. Objective: To determine the preferred learning style of professional undergraduate and graduate athletic training students using Marshall and Merritt's Student Learning Style Questionnaire based on Kolb's theory of experiential learning. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Colleges with Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education accredited professional undergraduate and/or graduate athletic training programs. Patients or Other Participants: Four hundred twenty-nine students (men = 125, women = 303, not available = 1) from 88 professional undergraduate programs and 69 students (men = 27, women = 42) from 21 professional graduate programs. Intervention(s): A 40-item Student Learning Style Questionnaire (LSQ) was administered. Participants chose between words that were...
Fuzzy Random Variables

The definition and properties of the discrete fuzzy random variable are discussed. This extension of a (non-fuzzy) random variable is the appropriate way to model imprecise or fuzzy results of a probabilistic experiment.
Pyomo Modeling Strategies

This chapter illustrates different strategies for formulating and optimizing algebraic optimization models using Pyomo.We provide a brief overview of the core modeling components supported by Pyomo. Then, we describe how to formulate both concrete and abstract models with Pyomo. Finally, we provide a brief tutorial on how these models can be analyzed with the pyomo command.
Differential cross sections for π + p and π - p elastic scattering from 378 to 687 MeV/c

Differential cross sections have been measured for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$p and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p elastic scattering at 378, 408, 427, 471, 509, 547, 586, 625, 657, and 687 MeV/c in the angular range -0.8${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.0.8}$. The scattered pion and recoil proton were detected in coincidence using scintillation-counter hodoscopes. A liquid-hydrogen target was used except for measurements at forward angles, in which a ${\mathrm{CH}}_{2}$ target was used. Statistical uncertainties in the data are typically less than 1%. Systematic uncertainties in acceptance and detection efficiency are estimated to be 1%. Absolute normalization uncertainties are 2--3 % for most of the data. The measurements are compared with previous data and with the results of recent partial-wave analyses. The data are fit with Legendre expansions from which total elastic cross sections are obtained.
Fibrosing Mediastinitis with Severe Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Narrowing: RV–RPA Bypass with a Homograft Conduit

Although fibrosing mediastinitis is uncommon, it is a devastating sequela of certain granulomatous diseases. The compression of mediastinal structures can lead to severe cardiopulmonary symptoms. We report the case of a 50-year-old woman who presented with severe bilateral branch pulmonary artery compression 6 months after bilateral pulmonary artery stenting. We performed bypass surgery with use of a homograft conduit. Seven months postoperatively, the homograft and stent in the right pulmonary artery were patent, and the patient had resumed activities of daily living, including full-time employment. In addition to reporting this patient's case, we discuss surgery as an alternative to stenting in patients with fibrosing mediastinitis.
Small colon stenosis secondary to ulcerative colitis in three Standardbred foals

Summary Three Standardbred foals, a colt approximately one month old and 2 fillies approximately 4.5 months old, from the same farm, presented to University of Pennsylvania's New Bolton Centre over the course of 3 months for further evaluation due to acute onset of colic. All foals had a history of diarrhoea prior to presentation. On presentation, the foals had abdominal distension, dull demeanour and repeatedly lay down and rolled. Exploratory celiotomy revealed a segment of stenotic (lumen diameter 1–4 mm) small colon with marked distension of the colon proximal to the stenotic segment. Post mortem examination of the foals confirmed stenosis of the small colon with a segment of ulcerative colitis associated with the stenotic region. An aetiological agent was not identified.
Swimming for the Deaf

(1955). Swimming for the Deaf. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 12-13.
Interrogation Through Pragmatic Implication: Sticking to the Letter of the Law While Violating its Intent

In response to increasing evidence that police interrogation procedures can and do elicit false confessions from innocent suspects, American Courts have offered guidelines intended to protect suspects from coercive interrogations and to ensure the voluntariness and reliability of any confessions obtained. However, faced with legal prohibitions against police promotion of suspect confessions through use of physical coercion or explicit incentives for confession, American police interrogation tactics have evolved to rely on the use of pragmatic implication to nevertheless convey strong incentives for suspects to confess guilt – practices that have essentially diluted or circumvented the intended protections and that have continued to elicit false as well as true confessions. This chapter outlines the sequence of common American police interrogation procedures, with emphasis on specific wording and tactics making use of pragmatic implication – in violation of the intent of the law – to convey promises of leniency for confession or harsher treatment in response to continued denial.
Methodologies and tools for the software quality assurance course

Tutorials, labs, projects, and homework assignments were designed to help students explore modern techniques of software quality assurance; debugging C/C++ and Java codes; and developing high-quality computer projects. Different methods (predicate-logic and topological approaches of graph theory; metric theory of algorithms, and object-oriented methodology of rapid prototyping) have been explored by using various tools in analyses of complex computing code. Applications cover software test strategies, code reusability issues, and ways to significantly reduce code errors and maintainability effort. The related course materials provide students with knowledge, instructions and hands-on experience, and motivate them in their research studies.
Norwegian Newspapers in America: Connecting Norway and the New Land

Review of: "Norwegian Newspapers in America: Connecting Norway and the New Land," by Odd S. Lovoll.
Productivity in high performance computing

Productivity gains in development of software systems has been modest over the 45-50 years that I have been involved in writing programs. Productivity gains in high performance computing in particular have been even more modest than across the industry in general. This talk will rationalize the relative failure in HPC and sketch an approach which could enable orders of magnitude improvement in productivity for development of HPC software systems for all types of execution environments. The technical challenges and opportunities implicit in the approach will be discussed. Barriers to productivity gains in HPC include: (i) The dramatic increase in complexity of HPC algorithms and applications coupled with a dramatic increase in complexity, diversity and scale of HPC execution environments, (ii) Little CS/CE research on productivity directly addresses HPC-specific problems such as parallelism, macro-locality and distributed state. The conceptual basis for dramatically increasing productivity in HPC already exists and includes: (i) Attention to HPC-specific design, evaluation and execution issues, (ii) Component-based development coupled with automation and tools, (iii) Coherent unification of design time, compile time and runtime languages mechanisms. Implementation of these concepts in HPC raises major technical challenges: (i) development environments must be extended to address HPC-specific issues including diverse and scalable parallelism, macro-locality and distributed state, (ii) Compilation processes must become more semantically complex and (iii) Compilation and runtime systems must become more knowledge-based and be more effectively unified.
Tracheobronchial perfusion during exercise in ponies.

Tracheobronchial circulation during exercise has previously not been examined. Therefore blood flow to the trachea and bronchi (up to 7th generation of branching) was studied in seven healthy adult ponies at rest and during the 3rd and 10th min of exercise performed at a treadmill speed setting of 25 km/h. The ambient air temperature varied from 19 to 20 degrees C and humidity from 35 to 45%. To determine blood flow radionuclide-labeled 15-microns-diameter microspheres were injected into the left ventricle via a catheter advanced from the left carotid artery (exposed using local anesthesia), and a reference sample was obtained from the aorta. Adequate mixing of microspheres with blood was demonstrated by similar perfusion values for left and right kidneys. Exercise increased heart rate (194 +/- 9 and 200 +/- 7 beats/min) and mean aortic pressure (169 +/- 8 and 156 +/- 4 mmHg) of ponies at 3rd and 10th min. Tracheal blood flow (6.7 +/- 0.5 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) of resting ponies was only one-third of the bronchial blood flow (21.6 +/- 4.9 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) Significant changes in tracheal perfusion did not occur at 3rd or 10th min of exercise. Although bronchial perfusion also did not change at the 3rd min of exercise, it rose dramatically to 202.8 +/- 30.3 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1 during the 10th min. Concomitantly, renal blood flow decreased at 10th min of exertion. The large increase in bronchial blood flow at 10th min of exertion may have been necessitated by the need to help dissipate body heat.
Rational Krylov reduced order modeling of multiscreen frequency selective surfaces

Multiscreen frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are useful over a broad part of the electromagnetic spectrum as frequency or angular filters, and they have been especially important as subreflectors in dish antennas. The most popular method for the calculation of the reflection from FSSs due to incident plane wave excitation is the method of moments (MoM). This method results in a system of equations for the weighting coefficients for the basis functions representing the current, and a linear relation between the weighting coefficients and the screen reflection coefficient. Unfortunately, iterating the MoM to calculate the reflection coefficient over a band of frequencies is computationally costly. At each frequency, it involves both the construction and solution of large linear systems. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to construct a reduced order model of the system of equations.
T0-spaces and pointwise convergence

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give several different characterizations of those T 0 -spaces E with the property that if F : X × E → Y is separately continuous, then it is jointly continuous. One such is that the lattice 0( E ) of open sets of E be a hypercontinuous lattice (i.e. the interval topology on 0( E ) is Hausdorff). If E is a sober space, then E must be a quasicontinuous poset endowed with the Scott topology.
NMDA receptor kinetics and synaptic function

Abstract Presynaptic release of L-glutamate mediates neurotransmission at most excitatory synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system. At the postsynaptic membrane, glutamate binds to two classes of ligand-gated ion channels, AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors. These channels are the basis of the two kinetically distinct components of the excitatory postsynaptic current (epsc). The slower synaptic conductance is mediated by NMDA receptor channels which, after binding glutamate, activate slowly and can remain activated for several hundred milliseconds. The average latency between glutamate binding and channel opening is at least several milliseconds and may be much longer. If the time to first opening is short many fewer channels would be required at each synaptic site to account for the amplitude of the NMDA receptor component of spontaneous miniature epscs, than if the time to first opening is very long.
A PDP-8 emulator program

The clean, simple, and elegant architecture of the classic PDP-8 makes it an ideal candidate for studying concepts in computer organization. The PDP-8 emulator program allows a user to write, edit, assemble, debug, trace, and execute PDP-8 machine code and PDP-8 assembler language programs. With it, the user can obtain a feel for the PDP-8. The PDP-8 emulator program includes a simple built-in text editor which is used to write and edit PDP-8 assembler language programs, an assembler to translate these programs into PDP-8 machine code, and a virtual PDP-8 engine upon which to execute the code. PDP-8 code can be executed from a debug screen display that allows the user to observe the contents of registers and memory as the code executes or code can be executed using an I/O interface that requires user-written PDP-8 I/O routines. This article provides an introduction to both the PDP-8 architecture and PDP-8 assembler language and discusses how to use the PDP-8 emulator program. The PDP-8 emulator program runs under MS-DOS in a command window.
Developmental Changes in Lung Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein, Activity, and mRNA in Fetal and Postnatal Lambs † 1716

Developmental Changes in Lung Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein, Activity, and mRNA in Fetal and Postnatal Lambs † 1716
Growth Assays to Assess Polyglutamine Toxicity in Yeast

Protein misfolding is associated with many human diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease 1. Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by the abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) region within the protein huntingtin. The polyQ-expanded huntingtin protein attains an aberrant conformation (i.e. it misfolds) and causes cellular toxicity 2. At least eight further neurodegenerative diseases are caused by polyQ-expansions, including the Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Kennedy’s disease 3. The model organism yeast has facilitated significant insights into the cellular and molecular basis of polyQ-toxicity, including the impact of intra- and inter-molecular factors of polyQ-toxicity, and the identification of cellular pathways that are impaired in cells expressing polyQ-expansion proteins 3-8. Importantly, many aspects of polyQ-toxicity that were found in yeast were reproduced in other experimental systems and to some extent in samples from HD patients, thus demonstrating the significance of the yeast model for the discovery of basic mechanisms underpinning polyQ-toxicity. A direct and relatively simple way to determine polyQ-toxicity in yeast is to measure growth defects of yeast cells expressing polyQ-expansion proteins. This manuscript describes three complementary experimental approaches to determine polyQ-toxicity in yeast by measuring the growth of yeast cells expressing polyQ-expansion proteins. The first two experimental approaches monitor yeast growth on plates, the third approach monitors the growth of liquid yeast cultures using the BioscreenC instrument. Furthermore, this manuscript describes experimental difficulties that can occur when handling yeast polyQ models and outlines strategies that will help to avoid or minimize these difficulties. The protocols described here can be used to identify and to characterize genetic pathways and small molecules that modulate polyQ-toxicity. Moreover, the described assays may serve as templates for accurate analyses of the toxicity caused by other disease-associated misfolded proteins in yeast models.
Syn and Anti Isomer Preference in Oximes: An Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Experiment

An experiment is described that links a nucleophilic carbonyl addition reaction to a study of structure–activity relationships. Students prepare a series of oximes (from readily available ketones and aldehydes) and, with the use of NMR, define the ratio of syn and anti isomers formed in the reaction. From these data, a quantitative assessment of the steric hindrance of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and t–butyl can be obtained.
Latent Class and Factor Analysis of DSM-IV ADHD: A Twin Study of Female Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective In an attempt to validate the current DSM-IV criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in females and to determine whether symptoms are continuously distributed or categorically discrete, the authors performed factor and latent class analysis on ADHD symptom data from a large general population of adolescent female twins (1,629 pairs). Method A structured diagnostic assessment of DSM-IV ADHD was completed with at least one parent of 1,629 pairs by telephone. ADHD symptoms from 1,549 pairs were subjected to latent class and factor analysis. Results Latent class and factor analyses were consistent with the presence of separate continuous domains of inattention (ATT), hyperactivity-impulsivity (H-I), and combined ATT with H-I problems. Severe latent classes corresponding to the predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined types were identified with lifetime prevalence estimates of 4.0%, 2.2%, and 3.7%, respectively. Membership in the severe ATT class predicted academic problems, family problems, and referral to health care providers. Membership in the H-I and combined classes also predicted impaired social relationships. Conclusions These results suggest that DSM-IV ADHD subtypes can be thought of as existing on separate continua of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and combined type problems. Membership in any of the three severe ADHD latent classes did not preclude academic excellence, but it was associated with different types of impairment and health care-seeking behavior. These data have implications in the areas of diagnosis, classification, treatment, and research.
Resin hemoperfusion in ethchlorvynol overdose

An 18-yr-old male with a severe ethchlorvynol (ECV) overdose was treated with Amberlite XAD-4 resin hemoperfusion. Plasma ECV concentrations declined 33% during a 3.5-hr hemoperfusion, but rebounded substantially, peaking 6 hr later. It was estimated that 16% of ECV in the body was removed. Following hemoperfusion, plasma ECV concentrations declined linearly at a rate of 13 mg/l/day. Hemoperfusion clearance was estimated by both the traditional method, using extraction ratios across the column and column blood flow (CI =270 ml/min), and an alternative method, using blood concentrations during hemoperfusion and recovery of drug from the resin (CI = 184 ml/min). The latter may provide a better estimate of hemoperfusion clearance because it is not subject to error (which can be substantial) in measurement of column blood flow. The resin completely extracted ECV from plasma, resulting in a rate of elimination 10 times that expected from endogenous processes. To aid in kinetic analysis, blood:plasma partition and protein binding of ECV in 3 normal subjects were also examined. Blood:plasma ratio averaged 0.88 ± 0.04 and fraction free in plasma, 0.38 ± 0.02; neither changed as a function of blood concentration between 27 and 108 mg/l. Our data indicate that removal of ECV from the overdosed patient by hemoperfusion is limited by extensive distribution in and slow redistribution from body tissues, but because of the extremely slow rate of removal by the body and the severe nature of the ECV overdose, Amberlite XAD-4 hemoperfusion may be clinically useful. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 236–242; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.37
Production of endogenous nitric oxide and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase are required for N-methyl-D-aspartate-produced facilitation of the nociceptive tail-flick reflex.

Abstract The intrathecal (i.t.) administration of either N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 10 fmol to 10 pmol) or L-arginine (1 pmol to 10 nmol), but not D-arginine (1 pmol to 10 nmol), produced a rapid, transient, dose-dependent facilitation (maximal response of 30.9 ± 6.0% and 33.7 ± 1.5%, respectively) of the nociceptive tail-flick reflex (ED 50 = 47.8 ± 15.4 fmol and 11.4 ± 2.7 pmol, respectively). Maximal NMDA-produced facilitation of the tail-flick reflex (1 pmol i.t.) was completely abolished by prior treatment (10 min prior) with either N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 nmol i.t.), methylene blue (10 nmol i.t.) or DL-5-aminophosphonovaleric acid (AP5, 100 pmol i.t.). NMDA-produced facilitation was completely recovered 40 min after L-NAME, 50 min after methylene blue and 30 min after AP5. L-NAME, methylene blue or AP5 did not significantly alter baseline tail-flick latency. These results suggest that NMDA-produced facilitation of a thermal nociceptive reflex is mediated through activation of an NMDA receptor that results in an increase in endogenous nitric oxide and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase in lumbar spinal cord.
Genuine, non-calculative trust with calculative antecedents: Reconsidering Williamson on trust

This short paper defends Oliver Williamson's claim that talk of trust is ‘redundant at best and can be misleading’ when trust is defined as a form of calculated risk (Williamson, O. E. [1993]. Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization. The Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 453–486). And this paper accepts Williamson's claim that ‘Calculative trust is a contradiction in terms’. But the present paper defends a conception of genuine, non-calculative trust that is compatible with calculative considerations and calculative antecedents. This conception of trust creates space for genuine (non-calculative) trust relationships in the economic order – in which calculative considerations and antecedents (most often) play an essential role.
Ampicillin for neonatal group B streptococcal prophylaxis: How rapidly can bactericidal concentrations be achieved?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine how rapidly bactericidal concentrations of ampicillin against group B streptococci are achieved in amniotic fluid and cord blood after a 2 gm maternal infusion. STUDY DESIGN: Ampicillin was administered at varying time intervals between 3 and 67 minutes before elective cesarean delivery in 40 women. Samples of amniotic fluid were obtained by amniocentesis just before the uterine incision was made. Umbilical and maternal blood were obtained at the time of delivery. Ampicillin concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The mean concentrations of ampicillin measured in maternal and umbilical cord sera all exceeded the minimum bactericidal concentrations reported for group B streptococci (0.25 to 2.0 μg/ml) and were achieved as soon as 5 minutes after ampicillin infusion. Similarly, bactericidal levels of ampicillin in the amniotic fluid could be detected as early as 5 minutes. However, such concentrations of ampicillin in the amniotic fluid were achieved in only 85% of the pregnancies studied. CONCLUSIONS: Bactericidal levels of ampicillin against group B streptococci can usually be achieved rapidly in both fetal blood and amniotic fluid after a standard 2 gm intravenous dose given to the mother for neonatal prophylaxis. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:974-6.)
Revisit of Coulomb effects on ratio in heavy ion collisions

Abstract We show that the large π − π + ratio at low pion energies recently observed in the reaction of Au+Au at E beam A = 1.0 GeV at SIS/GSI is due to the strong Coulomb field of the reaction system.