cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cdx1 and Cdx2 expression during intestinal development

Abstract Background & Aims: The intestine-specific transcription factors Cdx1 and Cdx2 are candidate genes for directing intestinal development, differentiation, and maintenance of the intestinal phenotype. This study focused on the complex patterns of expression of Cdx1 and Cdx2 during mouse gastrointestinal development. Methods: Embryonic and postnatal mouse tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to determine protein expression of Cdx1 and Cdx2 in the developing intestinal tract. Results: Cdx2 protein expression was observed at 9.5 postcoitum (pc), whereas weak expression of Cdx1 protein was first seen at 12.5 pc in the distal developing intestine (hindgut). Expression of Cdx1 increased from 13.5 to 14.5 pc during the endoderm/epithelial transition with predominately distal expression. In contrast to Cdx1, there was intense expression of Cdx2 in all but the distal portions of the developing intestine. Cdx2 expression remained low in the distal colon throughout postnatal development. A gradient of expression formed in the crypt–villus axis, with Cdx1 primarily in the crypt and Cdx2 primarily in the villus. Conclusions: Direct comparison of the patterns of Cdx1 and Cdx2 protein expression during development as performed in this study provides new insights into their potential functional roles. The relative expression of Cdx1 to Cdx2 protein may be important in the anterior to posterior patterning of the intestinal epithelium and in defining patterns of proliferation and differentiation along the crypt–villus axis. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:961-971
Mentoring and Tutoring in Schools and Universities

In the previous issue of this journal (Volume 19, Issue 1, 2011), I was kindly introduced as the new editor of the Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Learning journal. This issue (Volume 19, Is...
Evidence for stress-induced decoupling of valence bands in GaSb from galvanomagnetic measurements

Abstract The behavior of p-GaSb has been examined using uniaxial compressional stresses up to 10 10 dyn cm 2 in the temperature range 50–300°K. Hall effect and resistivity results are interpreted in terms of decoupling of the valence bands, and reduction of the impurity activation energies.
The origin of barriers to internal rotation. An energy decomposition study for CH3CH3, CH3NH2 and CH3OH

Abstract The energy decomposition analysis of Morokuma and Kitaura-Morokuma is used to elucidate the origin of the rotational barrier. The barrier of ethane, defined as the difference between the methyl radical-methyl radical interaction energy in a staggered and an eclipsed conformation, is found to be dominated by the exchange interaction, in particular, the orthogonality requirement term. Similar results are obtained for methyl amine and methyl alcohol. The results and conclusions of the present method are compared with those of previous workers.
Translesion synthesis of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine by DNA polymerase eta in vivo

7,8-Dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) is one of the most common DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress. This lesion can be bypassed by DNA polymerase eta (Pol eta) using in vitro translesion synthesis (TLS) reactions. However, the role that Pol eta plays in vivo contributing to 8-oxo-dG mutagenesis remains unclear. To clarify the role of Pol eta in 8-oxo-dG mutagenesis, we have used an siRNA knockdown approach in combination with a supF shuttle vector (pSP189) which replicates in mammalian cells. The pSP189 plasmid was treated with methylene blue plus light (MBL), which produces predominantly 8-oxo-dG in DNA, and was then replicated in GM637 cells in presence of siRNA that knocks down the expression of Pol eta, or in XP-V cells, which lack functional Pol eta. The mutant frequencies were increased in the Pol eta siRNA knockdown cells and in XP-V cells relative to control, meaning that Pol eta plays an important role in preventing 8-oxo-dG mutagenesis. In the same system, knockdown of OGG1 also led to an increase in mutagenesis. Neither the type of mutations nor their distribution along the supF gene were significantly different between control and target specific siRNA-transfected cells (or XP-V cells) and were predominantly G to T transversions. These results show that Pol eta has an important role in error-free 8-oxo-dG lesion bypass and avoidance of oxidative stress-induced mutagenesis in vivo.
Isolation of a receptor complex for a tumour specific agglutinin from the neoplastic cell surface.

AN agglutinin was found1–3 which interacted primarily with neoplastic cells: there were exceptions4 but not among virally transformed malignant cells. Although standard mother tissue cells did not agglutinate, all derivatives transformed by viruses agglutinated in similar conditions5, indicating that the ability of the tumour cell was acquired with viral transformation. The lines so far tested include polyoma virus transformed 3T3, adenovirus 12 transformed BHK and SV40 transformed 3T3 cells. The agglutinin was isolated and purified and, based on hapten inhibition, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNac) was found to be part of the receptor site5,6.
The annual ASCI meeting: does nostalgia have a future?

For many academic physician-scientists, the yearly Tri-Societies meeting of the ASCI, AAP, and AFCR during the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s was an annual rite of spring and the focal point of the academic year. In this brief essay, I set down some miscellaneous recollections of these meetings and some thoughts about why they were of such central importance in the careers of those of my generation.
Estradiol Alters Only GAD67 mRNA Levels in Ischemic Rat Brain with No Consequent Effects on GABA

The present study tested the hypothesis that estradiol reduces tissue infarction after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in estradiol-deficient females by augmenting glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) expression and thus activity, leading to increases in γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) tissue levels. Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the principal enzyme for GABA synthesis and has two isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67, which differ in size and cellular distribution. Rats were ovariectomized 7 to 8 days before receiving no hormone, placebo, or 25 μg estradiol via subcutaneous implant 7 to 10 days before harvesting tissue in either ischemic cohorts after 2 h of MCAO (end-ischemia) or in nonischemic cohorts. Selected cortical and striatal regions were microdissected from harvested brains. GAD65/67 mRNA levels were determined by microlysate ribonuclease protection assay. End-ischemic GABA concentrations were determined by HPLC. Steroid treatment selectively decreased ischemic cortical GAD67 mRNA levels. In most brain r...
Confidence Intervals for Steady-State Simulations: I. A Survey of Fixed Sample Size Procedures

We consider the problem of constructing a confidence interval for the steady-state mean of a stochastic process by means of simulation, and study the five main methods which have been proposed replication, batch means, autoregressive representation, spectrum analysis, and regeneration cycles for the case when the length of the simulation is fixed in advance. Comparing the performances of these methods on stochastic models with known steady-state means, we find that the simulator should exercise caution in interpreting the results from a simulation of fixed length, and that the length of a simulation adequate for acceptable performance is highly model-dependent. We also investigate possible sources of error for the methods, and conclude that variance estimator bias is more important than point estimator bias in confidence interval coverage degradation.
Percutaneous portal-systemic shunts: promise and problems.

Original Gianturco expandable stents and their modifications were used to create an experimental intra-hepatic portacaval anastomosis (EIPCA) in 30 young domestic swine without portal hypertension. The study focused on the design of a suitable stent, the technique of its application, the the evaluation of short-term patency of the EIPCA. A stent with a 2.5-cm-long body and wire skirts on both ends was most suitable for EIPCA creation. Well-positioned stents shunted most of the portal blood in the inferior vena cava circulation and remained patent for 4–6 weeks. Ingrowth of liver parenchyma and abundant proliferation of the intima and connective tissue inside the stent lumen in these rapidly growing animals gradually decreased EIPCA patency, and thrombus formation with diminished blood flow closed them completely.
The family of the addict: a review of the literature.

The literature from various disciplines on the visible male drug addict emphasizes his immature personality development. Whether viewed from learning or psychoanalytic theory, the family plays a crucial role in the formation of his personality.The family of the addict, typically, provides an unstable environment for emotional growth. The mother's relationship with the addict is particularly critical. The father is detached and uninvolved while the mother, who dominates the family, is viewed as emotionally immature, conflicted, and ambivalent about her family role. This provides poor conditioning for the addict in his own assumption of the roles of husband and father. In marriage there is likelihood of a replication of the original family dynamics—a dominating, psychosexually ambivalent wife who perpetuates the male addict's immature behavior patterns.
Clemens von Sonntag and the early history of radiation-induced sugar damage in DNA.

AbstractPurpose: This article reviews the early history of ionizing radiation-induced sugar damage in DNA in dedication to Prof. Clemens von Sonntag, who recently passed away. It covers the time between 1968 and 1978, during which most of the work on the ionizing radiation-induced damage to polyalcohols, carbohydrates and the 2ʹ-deoxyribose moiety in DNA was performed. Methodologies using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were developed to identify and quantify the radiation-induced products that had previously remained elusive. Products were identified by GC-MS either directly or after reduction of samples with NaBH4 or NaBD4. Incorporation of deuterium atoms by NaBD4-reduction facilitated the identification of aldehyde, keto, carboxyl and deoxy groups in the molecules. Numerous products of a polyalcohol and carbohydrates were identified and quantified. Mechanisms of product formation were proposed. Several products of the 2ʹ-deoxyribose moiety in DNA were identified, indicating that they were...
Stasis or Decay? Reconciling Covert War and the Democratic Peace

Democratic states sometimes engage in covert interventions—sometimes involving forcible regime change—against other democracies. Critics charge that these interventions raise doubts about the robustness of the “democratic peace.” I argue that they require analysts to rethink some aspects of democratic-peace theory. Democratic states base their behavior toward other democracies on expectations about the future trajectory of their regimes: whether, and to what extent, those states will likely remain democratic in the future. When they expect democracy to persist, the constraints of the democratic peace operate. But when democracies expect another state's democratic character to break down, or decay, they prove more willing to engage in covert forcible regime change. I test my dynamic version of democratic-peace theory by examining US efforts to forcibly depose Iran's Mohammed Mossadegh (1953) and Chile's Salvador Allende (1970–1973). The framework developed here helps to resolve a longstanding anomaly for the democratic peace—secret interventions between democracies—while also providing policymakers with a clearer sense of the stakes associated with covert democracy promotion and subversion.
THE INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF LABOR: NORTH AFRICAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN FRANCE*

Since World War II, migrant labor has contributed significantly to Western Europe's economic growth. Initially, industries recruited and hired migrant workers to overcome labor shortages and downward demographic trends within the domestic work force. Since the recession of the mid-1970s, however, migrant labor has faced increasing job loss and restricted entry to many Western European countries. Throughout the postwar period, state immigration policy has supported industry, initially by assisting in the recruitment, and more recently, facilitating the repatriation of migrant workers. Economic and social disparities between developed core and underdeveloped peripheral countries are linked to international labor mobility. Certain sectors in the core benefit from the reserve labor force while emigration from peripheral countries partially contributes to these countries' economic problems. These issues are explored through a case study of the employment of North Africans in the French automobile industry.
Consistent generalized energy condensation theory

Abstract Recently, a method was developed to generalize the multigroup theory to estimate the fine-group angular flux within a coarse-group transport calculation. In the development of that method, the angular dependence of the coarse-group total cross section was neglected. As is well known, this approximation introduces errors in the transport solution making its accuracy dependent on the number of coarse groups and the choice of group structure. This paper extends the generalized energy condensation theory to explicitly account for the angular dependence of the coarse-group total cross section. This is accomplished in a natural way by modifying the treatment of the total cross section to include orthogonal expansions in both energy and angle. As a result, the fine-group flux can be consistently reproduced during the coarse-group calculation. This method paves the way for recondensation of the cross sections on-the-fly thereby eliminating the errors introduced by using simplified problems (e.g. lattice-cells) to estimate the coarse-group cross sections. In this paper, the method is derived in general geometry and implemented and verified with several 1D reactor problems (both LWR and VHTR).
Utility of EC 3M Petrifilm and sanitary surveys for source water assessment in Nyabushozi County, south-western Uganda

The majority of people in developing nations rely on untreated or minimally treated surface and shallow groundwater sources which are prone to faecal contamination. This study evaluated the utility of EC 3M Petrifilm and sanitary inspection forms (SIFs) as tools to assess 47 water sources and identify hazards of contamination in two rural Ugandan villages (90% were surface sources). Water samples were cultured on EC 3M Petrifilm, which are intended for the enumeration of E. coli and total coliforms following 24 h incubation at 37°C. Isolated bacteria were cultured on MacConkey agar and identified using standard biochemical tests, while selected isolates were verified by sequencing 16S rRNA genes. From 105 Petrifilms, 110 presumptive E. coli were isolated and identified to genus level. However, only 33 presumptive E. coli isolates from 14 water sources (representing 27 distinct strains as determined by PFGE) were confirmed E. coli. The other presumptive E. coli isolates were identified as Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella and Yersinia species. SIFs used an adapted survey designed for urban water sources of Uganda. The form yielded an SIF score based on binary data and characterized potential sources of contamination. SIF scores alone offered little information to distinguish between contamination levels of surface water sources, but the information collected in the surveys could be used to identify ways to improve sources. The results of this study suggest that the use of sanitary surveys may assist in identifying potential pollution sources that may be targeted to protect water sources. Bacterial monitoring using EC 3M Petrifilms may be effective for the screening of relative levels of contamination of source waters, including surface sources.
The problematic Soave cuff in Hirschsprung disease: manifestations and treatment.

Abstract Purpose Following a Soave pull-through for Hirschsprung disease (HD), some children struggle with obstructive symptoms. We hypothesized that these symptoms could result from a functional obstruction of the pull through caused by the Soave cuff, and that cuff resection might improve bowel emptying. Methods We reviewed patients referred to our center from 2008 to 2012 with obstructive problems following a Soave pull-through for HD (CCHMC IRB # 2011–2019). Only patients with an obstructing Soave cuff were analyzed. Patients with other reasons for obstruction (anastomotic stricture, transition zone, aganglionic segment) were excluded. Results Thirty-six patients underwent reoperation at our center for obstructive symptoms after an initial Soave pull-through. Seventeen of these patients had a Soave cuff only as the potential source of obstruction. Pre-operative symptoms included enterocolitis (10), constipation (6), and failure to thrive (1). Nine patients (53%) required irrigations to manage distension or enterocolitis pre-operatively. 14/17 patients (82%) had a palpable cuff on rectal exam. Eight patients (47%) had radiographic evidence of a cuff demonstrated by distal narrowing (4) or a prominent presacral space (4). Four children (23%) underwent excision of the cuff only. Thirteen (76%) had removal of the cuff and proximally dilated colon [(average length 7.2cm) (12 performed transanally, and five needed laparotomy as well.)] Post-operatively, episodes of enterocolitis were reduced to zero, and need for irrigation to treat distension was reduced by 50%. Nine patients have voluntary bowel movements, and five are clean on enemas. 3/6 patients with pre-operative constipation or impaction now empty without enemas. (Follow up 1–17months, mean 7months.) Conclusions Recurrent enterocolitis, constipation, or failure to thrive can indicate a functional obstruction due to a Soave cuff when no other pathologic cause exists. Physical exam or contrast enema can identify a problematic cuff. Reoperation with cuff resection can dramatically improve bowel emptying.
Visual object pattern separation varies in older adults

Young and nondemented older adults completed a visual object continuous recognition memory task in which some stimuli (lures) were similar but not identical to previously presented objects. The lures were hypothesized to result in increased interference and increased pattern separation demand. To examine variability in object pattern separation deficits, older adults were divided into impaired and unimpaired groups based on performance on a standardized serial list-learning task. Impaired older adults showed intact recognition memory, but were impaired relative to young and unimpaired older adults when identifying similar lure stimuli, demonstrating that object pattern separation varies in older adults.
Teaching Psychological Medicine on Hospital Rounds: A Liaison Experiment:

An unusual version of liaison psychiatry is described in which the object of the liaison is the practicing physician in the hospital setting. Hospital work rounds were used as teaching rounds at frequent intervals over a relatively long time span. The paper demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of such a project. The processes and principles of teaching psychological medicine in this way are described and exemplified.
Glucose for the Aging Heart

Aging is associated with increased susceptibility of the heart to ischemia. Many potential reasons for this exist, including increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and possibly changes in myocardial substrate utilization.1,2 Given the fact that ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in the aging population, strategies that increase the ability of the heart to recover after ischemic insults could have important therapeutic benefits. In a report published in this issue of Circulation , Luptak and colleagues describe the susceptibility of isolated hearts from mice with lifelong overexpression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter to ischemia and reperfusion.3 They report that a long-term increase in glucose utilization limits age-related diastolic dysfunction and is associated with a reduction in ischemic contracture during low-flow ischemia and improved recovery of systolic and diastolic function after reperfusion. Importantly, overexpression of the GLUT1 transgene was associated with reduced rates of depletion of cardiac ATP stores during ischemia that were particularly striking in young mice, higher concentrations of phosphocreatine at baseline in older mice, and a more rapid restoration of high-energy phosphate content in the hearts of young and old transgenic mice after reperfusion. Thus, maintaining high rates of myocardial glucose utilization might retard age-related myocardial dysfunction and promote functional recovery after ischemia. Article p 901 To maintain high rates of ATP generation, the heart exhibits a remarkable ability to metabolize a variety of metabolic substrates. It is widely accepted that under physiological circumstances, oxidative metabolism of fatty acids accounts for >50% of myocardial ATP generation in the nonstressed heart, with the remaining energy being derived from metabolism of lactate, ketone bodies, and glucose.4 Glucose entry into the heart is mediated via members of the facilitative glucose transporter family. This family has 12 members (GLUT1–12) with varying tissue distribution and subcellular localization. The …
Estimating Rural Incomes and Inequality in the Ottoman Empire

Incomes and inequality in the Ottoman Empire can be estimated from the information recorded in tax registers called tahrir defterleri , arguably the most prized, heavily used, but still underutilized sources of Ottoman history. Although generations of prominent scholars have been fascinated by these registers and numerous historians have used them for a variety of regional and historical studies, their full potential has not been fully utilized in quantitative analysis of questions with a broader comparative dimension, wider geographic coverage, and larger historical significance.
Management Buyouts and Small Business Performance: An Exploratory Examination and Research Agenda

Management buyout activity is increasingly shifting from large firms to small firms. However, to date, little is known about how such activities impact the performance of small firms. This research has identified a sample of small firms that have undergone a management buyout and found that, relative to other firms in their respective industries, these small buyout firms experienced performance gains similar to those experienced in buyouts of larger firms. Suggestions for extending this area of research are made.
Swazi Concepts of intelligence: The Universal versus the Local

The Swazi concept of "intelligence " is analyzed in this article from both a historical and a contemporary perspective. It investigates the meanings of hlakaniphile (the closest translation for "intelligence") and how and why perceptions of this term have changed throughout the 20th century and continue to vary today. Utilizing historical and anthropological sources with contemporary local parental ethnotheories regarding intelligent behaviors, the article analyzes the impact of Western culture on meanings of the Swazi concept. Throughout history, as Swazi and Western societies have influenced each other, hlakaniphile continues to include a local perception of social skills. However, the definition has begun to incorporate more Western notions of intellectual competence, as reflected in academic achievement
Four New Species of Olidiana from Thailand (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae)

ABSTRACT: Four new species of Olidiana McKamey in the tribe Coelidiini are described from Thailand. They are spimera, anisota, nuda and paridens. A checklist of the known species from Thailand is also included. Olidiana spina (Zhang) is a new synonym of Olidiana praetexta (Distant).
Sertraline, an Antidepressant, Induces Apoptosis in Hepatic Cells Through the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

Sertraline is generally used for the treatment of depression and is also approved for the treatment of panic, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders. Previously, using rat primary hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria, we demonstrated that sertraline caused hepatic cytotoxicity and mitochondrial impairment. In the current study, we investigated and characterized molecular mechanisms of sertraline toxicity in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Sertraline decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Sertraline activated the intrinsic checkpoint protein caspase-9 and caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol; this process was Bcl-2 family dependent because antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins were decreased. Pretreatment of the HepG2 cells with caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 inhibitors partially but significantly reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase, indicating that sertraline-induced apoptosis is mediated by both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Moreover, sertraline markedly increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the phosphorylation of JNK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and p38. In sertraline-treated cells, the induction of apoptosis and cell death was shown to be the result of activation of JNK, but not ERK1/2 or p38 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, silencing MAP4K4, the upstream kinase of JNK, attenuated both apoptosis and cell death caused by sertraline. Taken together, our findings suggest that sertraline induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells at least partially via activation of the TNF-MAP4K4-JNK cascade signaling pathway.
In vivo and in vitro effects of a novel anti-Dkk1 neutralizing antibody in multiple myeloma

Over-expression of the protein Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) has been associated with multiple myeloma bone disease. Previous reports with the use of anti-Dkk1 neutralizing Ab directed strategies have demonstrated a pro-anabolic effect with associated anti-myeloma activity in 2 in vivo mouse models. However new insights on the role of the wnt pathway in osteoclasts (OC) are emerging and the potential effect of a neutralizing Ab to Dkk1 in osteoclastogenesis remains to be elucidated. In order to better define the effect of an anti-Dkk1 neutralizing Ab on osteoclastogenesis and myeloma, we studied a novel anti-Dkk1 monoclonal Ab in our preclinical models. In vivo data confirmed the pro-anabolic and anti-MM effect. In vitro data in part confirmed the in vivo observation, suggesting an indirect anti-MM effect secondary to inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and thus the interaction between MM and bone microenvironment. However, when studies on osteoclastogenesis were extended to samples derived from MM patients, we observed a variable response to anti-Dkk1 treatment without correlation to expression of surface receptors for Dkk1 in OCs suggesting potential heterogeneity in the efficacy of such a strategy. In conclusion, Dkk1 is a promising target for the treatment of both MM and bone disease, and ongoing clinical studies will help elucidate its efficacy.
A prospective study of risk factors for erectile dysfunction.

Purpose: We examined the impact of obesity, physical activity, alcohol use and smoking on the development of erectile dysfunction.Materials and Methods: Subjects included 22,086 United States men 40 to 75 years old in the Health Professionals Followup Study cohort who were asked to rate their erectile function for multiple periods on a questionnaire mailed in 2000. Men who reported good or very good erectile function and no major chronic disease before 1986 were included in the analyses.Results: Of men who were healthy and had good or very good erectile function before 1986, 17.7% reported incident erectile dysfunction during the 14-year followup. Obesity (multivariate relative risk 1.9, 95% CI 1.6–2.2 compared to men of ideal weight in 1986) and smoking (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3–1.7) in 1986 were associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction, while physical activity (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.7–0.8 comparing highest to lowest quintile of physical activity) was associated with a decreased risk of erectile dy...
Diagnosis of SLAP lesions with Grashey-view arthrography

To examine the accuracy of Grashey views obtained during shoulder arthrography in the diagnosis of clinically relevant superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions. Grashey views obtained during diagnostic arthrography (conventional and MR) were used to examine the superior labrum. Twenty-eight of 118 shoulder arthrograms obtained during a 27-month period fulfilled study criteria and were correlated for accuracy using arthroscopically confirmed grade 2–4 SLAP lesions as the standard of reference. Arthrograms were graded using the consensus method. Prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 21%, 50%, 86%, and 79%. The appearance of the superior labrum on the Grashey view was compared subjectively with MR arthrography. Sources of errors were analyzed. Grashey views obtained during shoulder arthrography can diagnose clinically relevant SLAP lesions with moderately high specificity, moderate accuracy, and limited sensitivity. Findings on the Grashey view closely resemble those seen on coronal oblique MR arthrography. Grashey views should be considered in patients undergoing shoulder arthrography.
Effects of preanalytical factors on the intraindividual variation of analytes in the blood of healthy subjects: consideration of preparation of the subject and time of venipuncture.

(1977). Effects of Preanalytical Factors on the Intraindividual Variation of Analytes in the Blood of Healthy Subjects: Consideration of Preparation of the Subject and Time of Venipuncture. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 105-144.
Worker reentry safety. IV. The position of the California Department of Food and Agriculture on pesticide reentry safety intervals

California is the leading state in the nation in agricultural production and agriculture is our major industry. We use a large percentage of the agricultural chemicals applied in the nation. We have a substantial portion of the population of employed farm workers in this country, and we recognize our responsibility for providing a safe working environment for these workers. Our Department has the responsibility in California for the enforcement of laws and regulations concerning the sale and use of pesticides and these include laws and regulations that are designed to protect persons who handle and are exposed to pesticides and their residues. We are fully supportive of all appropriate and necessary measures to protect farm workers from exposure to pesticides.
Moral Disengagement of Medical Providers: Another Clue to the Continued Neglect of Treatable Pain

The neglect of treatable pain is an ongoing reality for patients in all health care settings despite decades of research, education, institutional and organizational initiatives and regulatory reform. Most recently the Accountable Care Act and the Institute of Medicine have called for further work to understand and correct the continued inadequate treatment of pain. To date, research has identified a variety of barriers to treatment ― from educational deficits to biases to regulatory scrutiny ― with little change in practice. Yet, very little research has addressed the social cognitive mechanisms used by providers who continue to under-treat pain. This article explores the possible operation of the social cognitive mechanism of moral disengagement in the day to day treatment of patients in pain. Moral disengagement is one of the strongest predictors of unethical behavior and allows individuals to engage in immoral acts and still maintain an intact self image as a moral person. This article analyzes and applies existing pain research and public statements to the process of moral disengagement. While further study is warranted, this initial analysis indicates the operation of moral disengagement may, in part, explain the continued under-treatment of pain.
Relating Neurodevelopment to Early Intervention Special Education: Implications for Developing Best Practices

Through the merging of neuroscience and education, neuroimaging will impact the field of early intervention as awareness grows concerning the developing brain. The reauthorization of the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments and the subsequent formation of the field of early childhood special education has advanced best practices of school psychology and early intervention. Functional neuroimaging has led to advances in our understanding of brain functions enabling neuroscientists, psychologists, and educators to challenge prevailing theories and intervention approaches employed in schools today. Concerns abound when research introduces untested or unsupported instructional strategies into classroom settings based upon misinterpretation or misunderstanding of resulting data. Best practices within the fields of neuropsychology and early intervention special education does provide information regarding how children learn and provides guidance that should lead to best educational practices, but they must be based upon neuroscientific evidence which either supports traditional practices or challenges the prevailing theories.
Self-Inhibition in Ca2+-Evoked Taste Responses: A Novel Tool for Functional Dissection of Salt Taste Transduction Mechanisms

Kloub, Mamoun A., Gerard L. Heck, and John A. DeSimone. Self-inhibition in Ca2+-evoked taste receptors: a novel tool for functional dissection of salt taste transduction mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol...
Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer with Finite-Alphabet Input Signals

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) has emerged as a promising technology, enabling the transmission of both data and energy to a receiver equipped with an RF energy-harvesting circuitry. In this paper, we consider a point-to-point communication system in which a source transmits finite-alphabet signals. The receiver has information-decoding (ID) and energy-harvesting (EH) components, and power-splitting scheme is applied to carry out these operations concurrently. In order to improve the rate-energy tradeoff characteristics, we have introduced a novel approach that assigns probabilities non-uniformly to different signals in the constellation. According to the relationship between signal probabilities and energy consumption, these signal probabilities can be dynamically adjusted using two techniques, namely static slope characteristics and dynamic slope characteristics, given the minimum harvested energy constraint. Intuitively, advantage of one approach over the other depends on the improvement of the power-splitting factor when high energy input signals become more likely to be transmitted. In order to determine the optimal solution, we formulate an optimization problem and develop an algorithm taking into account the key parameters, e.g., splitting factor and signal probabilities. Numerical results are provided to justify the theoretical characterizations, considering 16-QAM.
The Living Anatomy Technique

(1980). The Living Anatomy Technique. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 51, Including Leisure Today, pp. 75-75.
Polar question intonation in five Ghanaian languages

Some languages use only a change in pitch to change a statement to a question. Many languages as diverse as French, Spanish, Italian (Chapallez 1964), Huastec of Mexico (Larsen and Pike 1949), and Kunimaipa of Papua New Guinea (Pence 1964), have a pitch which rises utterance-finally to mark a polar question, illustrated also by the English example below, in which the statement’s pitch lowers utterance-finally, but the corresponding question’s pitch rises.
What is rational about Nash equilibria

Nash Equilibrium is a central concept ingame theory. It has been argued that playing NashEquilibrium strategies is rational advice for agentsinvolved in one-time strategic interactions capturedby non-cooperative game theory. This essaydiscusses arguments for that position: vonNeumann–Morgenstern's argument for their minimaxsolution, the argument from self-enforcingagreements, the argument from the absence ofprobabilities, the transparency-of-reasons argument,the argument from regret, and the argument fromcorrelated equilibrium. All of these argumentseither fail entirely or have a very limited scope.Whatever the use of Nash Equilibrium is, therefore,it is not useful as a rational recommendation inone-time strategic interactions. This is good newsfor Bayesians: although this discussion does notargue directly for the Bayesian idea of rationalityas expected utility maximization, it argues againsta position that has been regarded as a contender insituations of strategic interaction.
n-Channel Semiconductor Materials Design for Organic Complementary Circuits

Organic semiconductors have unique properties compared to traditional inorganic materials such as amorphous or crystalline silicon. Some important advantages include their adaptability to low-temperature processing on flexible substrates, low cost, amenability to high-speed fabrication, and tunable electronic properties. These features are essential for a variety of next-generation electronic products, including low-power flexible displays, inexpensive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, and printable sensors, among many other applications. Accordingly, the preparation of new materials based on π-conjugated organic molecules or polymers has been a central scientific and technological research focus over the past decade. Currently, p-channel (hole-transporting) materials are the leading class of organic semiconductors. In contrast, high-performance n-channel (electron-transporting) semiconductors are relatively rare, but they are of great significance for the development of plastic electronic devic...
Trimethoprim-Induced Aseptic Meningitis in a Patient with AIDS: Case Report and Review

We report the case of a 41-year-old man infected with human immunodeficiency virus who had two episodes of aseptic meningitis that occurred 2 weeks apart; the first was associated with ingestion of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and the second was associated with ingestion of TMP alone. Onset of fever, headache, and flushing was abrupt, followed by somnolence, hearing loss, and aphasia. Analysis of the CSF showed pleocytosis and an elevated protein level. The findings resolved within 48 hours after withdrawal of the drug. We also review 18 previously reported cases of TMP-SMZ- or TMP-induced meningitis, 17 of which occurred in women. In all of these cases, a similar abrupt onset and resolution were noted. Six of the 18 patients had collagen-vascular diseases
Alpha-2 to the Rescue but Beware Bradycardia

This case discusses multiple pharmacodynamic interactions between dexmedetomidine and desflurane, resulting in sedation, analgesia, and possible bradycardia and hypotension.
Determination of extractable arsenic in textiles by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The extractable arsenic in textiles was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). In order to eliminate the interference of40Ar35Cl+on the determination of75As+,the reaction model was used during the determination. The matrix effect was reduced by using the matrix matching method in standard working curve. The sample was extracted using simulated acidic sweat. To avoid the influence of the hight concentration of salt in sample solutin on the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) the extract was diluted 5 times during pretreatment process to reduce the concentration of salt in the sample solution.The detection limit of this method was 6 μg /kg,the quantification limit was 0. 02 mg /kg,and the recoveries were 97. 8% ~ 98. 6%,the relatively standard deviation( RSD) was less than 5% when the concentration of arseric added in the sample was 0. 02 mg /kg ~ 0. 2 mg /kg. This method meets the requirements of the limited concentration of arsenic in ecological textile limited( infant products).
Continuation Ratio Model in Item Response Theory and Selection of Models for Polytomous Items

In the continuation ratio model continuation ratio logits are used to model the probabilities of obtaining ordered categories in polytomously scored items. The continuation ratio model is an alternative to other models for ordered category items such as the graded response model, the generalized partial credit model, and the partial credit model. The theoretical development of the model, descriptions of special cases, maximum likelihood estimation of the item and ability parameters are presented. An illustration and comparisons of the models for ordered category items are presented using empirical data.
High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

High-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas commonly appear in persons with immunodeficiency, such as those with AIDS or immunosuppression for organ transplantation. They are associated with and perhaps caused by specific infections, most notably the ubiquitous Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). One of these tumors, called African Burkitt's lymphoma, is clearly caused by EBV infection among persons who have had repeated malaria infections and have deficient immune protection on that basis. High-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas also occur among persons with rare genetic syndromes, and some studies have suggested a link with cigarette smoking. High-grade lymphomas occur twice as frequently among men as among women, and occur more often in Los Angeles County and especially in San Francisco than in other regions of the country. They appear as commonly in all races and all social classes, but risk is higher among young adult males and among the elderly. The increased frequency of this class of non-Hodgkin lymphomas among men, the high incidence in San Francisco, the increased frequency among young men and the elderly, and the presence of high-risk census tracts in and around West Hollywood all indicate that the pattern of occurrence of this malignancy is dominated by immunodeficiency as a result of AIDS.
A Large Community Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Associated With a Cooling Tower in New York City, 2015:

Objectives:Infections caused by Legionella are the leading cause of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. We investigated a large outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in New York City in summer 2015 to characterize patients, risk factors for mortality, and environmental exposures.Methods:We defined cases as patients with pneumonia and laboratory evidence of Legionella infection from July 2 through August 3, 2015, and with a history of residing in or visiting 1 of several South Bronx neighborhoods of New York City. We describe the epidemiologic, environmental, and laboratory investigation that identified the source of the outbreak.Results:We identified 138 patients with outbreak-related Legionnaires’ disease, 16 of whom died. The median age of patients was 55. A total of 107 patients had a chronic health condition, including 43 with diabetes, 40 with alcoholism, and 24 with HIV infection. We tested 55 cooling towers for Legionella, and 2 had a strain indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrop...
Dental evidence for wild tuber processing among Titicaca Basin foragers 7000 ybp.

Objectives The objective of this work is to characterize dental wear in a skeletal sample dating to the Middle/Late Archaic period transition (8,000-6,700 cal. B.P.) from the Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru to better define subsistence behaviors of foragers prior to incipient sedentism and food production. Materials and Methods The dental sample consists of 251 teeth from 11 individuals recovered from the site of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa (SMP), the earliest securely dated burial assemblage in the Lake Titicaca Basin and the only burial assemblage in the region from an unequivocal forager context. Occlusal surface wear was quantified according to Smith (1984) and Scott (1979a) to characterize diversity within the site and to facilitate comparison with other foraging groups worldwide. General linear modeling was used to assess observation error and principal axis analysis was used to compare molar wear rates and angles. Teeth were also examined for caries and specialized wear. Results Occlusal surface attrition is generally heavy across the dental arcade and tends to be flat among posterior teeth. Only one carious lesion was observed. Five of the 11 individuals exhibit lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT). Discussion Tooth wear rates, molar wear plane, and caries rates are consistent with terrestrial foraging and a diverse diet. The presence of LSAMAT indicates tuber processing. The results therefore contribute critical new data toward our understanding of forager diet in the Altiplano prior to plant and animal domestication in the south-central Andes.
Endosymbiont diversity and evolution across weevil tree of life

As early as the time of Paul Buchner, a pioneer of endosymbionts research, it was shown that weevils host diverse bacterial endosymbionts, probably only second to the hemipteran insects. To date, there is no taxonomically broad survey of endosymbionts in weevils, which preclude any systematic understanding of the diversity and evolution of endosymbionts in this large group of insects, which comprise nearly 7% of described diversity of all insects. We gathered the largest known taxonomic sample of weevils representing four families and 17 subfamilies to perform a study of weevil endosymbionts. We found that the diversity of endosymbionts is exceedingly high, with as many as 44 distinct kinds of endosymbionts detected. We recovered an ancient origin of association of Nardonella with weevils, dating back to 124 MYA. We found repeated losses of this endosymbionts, but also cophylogeny with weevils. We also investigated patterns of coexistence and coexclusion.
Milk Replacers for the Neonatal Calf

A rather long list of broad generalizations exist regarding milk replacers for calves. At least two more general statements should be added to that list. Most broad generalizations regarding milk replacers should be applied cautiously; and if young calves (less than 2 to 3 weeks) are to be fed milk substitutes, the products should be of high quality. Our primary goal in feeding baby calves should be health oriented--that is, not to pre-dispose to or cause diarrhea through diet. This means using milk-source ingredients in milk substitutes targeted for young calves. The preponderance of data presented in this article underscores that statement. Milk replacers containing nonmilk sources of major nutrients are better fed to older calves.
Angular Momentum Contribution of Topologically Structured Darkness

We explain the discrepancy between the fractional winding number of a generating spiral phase optic with the OAM of the resulting beam, and demonstrate the first direct measurement of intrinsic OAM of fractional vortex beams.
Research and development status of laser peen forming: A review

Abstract Laser peen forming (LPF) is a non-contact sheet metal forming process, in which a laser-induced shockwave is utilized to accurately bend, shape, precision-align, adjust, and/or repair engineering components. Due to its combination of exceptional manufacturing advantages, including non-thermal, no hard tooling, high process flexibility and controllability, and peening effect for enhanced material durability, LPF has been used for widespread industry applications in aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding, biomedical devices, microelectronics, and microelectromechanical system (MEMS). As a state-of-the-art technology, ongoing investigations are being conducted to improve the efficacy of LPF. This paper aims at reviewing the research and development status of LPF. The LPF process design, forming mechanisms, and simulation methodologies are discussed. The deformation behaviors as affected by laser processing parameters, including laser intensity, material thickness, overlapping ratio, and number of scanning tracks, are reviewed. In addition, the recent advances in femtosecond LPF and heat-assisted LPF are studied.