cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny, Morphology, Distribution, and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from English Walnut in California

Abstract Species of family Botryosphaeriaceae and genus Diaporthe (anamorph: genus Phomopsis, family Diaporthaceae) were reported and caused diseases on various fruit and nut trees in California. In the last several years, diseases on English walnut (Juglans regia) caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe were observed frequently in California. Disease symptoms include stem canker; shoot canker and blight; twig, leaf, and fruit blight; and necrotic leaf lesions. Isolates of the pathogen were collected from English walnut in 13 counties in California. The aims of this study were to identify these isolates and to test their pathogenicity to English walnut cultivars. In total, 159 California isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, and β-tubulin gene regions, and combined with the morphological features of the cultures and conidia. Research results revealed that isolates represent 10 species of Botry...
Exchange rate volatility and commodity trade between the U.S. and the Philippines

ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, was founded in 1967 and the Philippines is one of the founding members. Since it relies upon floating exchange rates, its trade flows could be affected by uncertainty introduced by such rates. Previous studies used aggregate trade flows of the Philippines with the rest of the world and did not find any significant effects of exchange rate uncertainty on its trade flows. Suspecting that those studies suffer from aggregation bias, in this paper we concentrate on its trade flows with its major partner, the U.S., and disaggregate these flows by commodity. We then investigate the sensitivity of 133 U.S. exporting industries to the Philippines and 64 U.S. importing industries from the Philippines to exchange rate uncertainty. We find that almost half of the commodity flows are affected in the short-run. The short-run effects last into the long run in 50 % of the affected industries.
Effects of handrail use on healthy treadmill walking

Upper extremity movements and forces have important implications for rehabilitation of pathological gait. Patients with impaired gait due to stroke often rely on an outside source (such as a cane or handrail) to assist them. When performing treadmill studies with stroke patients, a handrail is often used. Stephenson et al. found that when handrails were present, a small amount of weight was borne through the upper limbs in healthy and stroke subjects which affected the activity of the proximal leg muscles [1]. The amount of force used on the handrail varies between subjects and may influence loads on the lower extremity. Therefore, it is important to consider whether the weight applied to the handrail significantly alters the ground reaction forces.
Central Pseudo-Aneurysm Formation Following Arterial Closure with a StarClose SE Device: When a StarClose Doesn't Completely Close.

BACKGROUND Vascular closure devices (VCDs) are frequently used for hemostasis with endovascular procedures by employing sutures or plug devices (using collagen or hydrogel) or through the use of a metal clip made of nickel and titanium, such as the StarClose SE device. In comparison to manual compression (MC), VCDs are associated with earlier time to discharge and ambulation, improved patient comfort, and better cost-effectiveness. CASE REPORT A 77-year-old man with history of ischemic cardiomyopathy with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization with deployment of a StarClose SE vascular closure device for hemostasis. Upon repeat access 4 days later for coronary intervention, retrograde sheath angiography revealed a pseudo-aneurysm emanating from the center of the StarClose clip. CONCLUSIONS A review of the literature shows VCDs to be non-inferior to MC, with an overall high success rate. Major and minor complications rates are comparable to those with MC, and pseudo-aneurysm is an infrequent complication.
Occurrence of larval Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae) on tree trunks.

Host-seeking larvae of blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, were found on the trunks of 7 species of trees in a mixed deciduous woodland in Maryland. Where larvae were present around the bases of trees, larvae were found on 45.8% of the tree trucks. Almost 15% of the larvae found on tree trunks were approximately 1-2 m above the ground. Larger trees harbored larvae more often than smaller trees. Trees having a circumference at breast height of greater than or equal to 1 m (0.96 m diameter) averaged 3.19 larvae. Because white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), the principal hosts of I. scapularis larvae, frequently nest in trees, it may not be detrimental to host-seeking larvae to ascend and remain on tree trunks.
Global Responsibility and the Enhancement of Life

This article advances a conception of global ethics in terms of the centrality of responsibility to the moral life and also the moral good of the enhancement of life. In contrast to some forms of global ethics, the article also seeks to warrant the use of religious sources in developing such an ethics. Specifically, the article seeks to demonstrate the greater adequacy of a global ethics of responsibility for the enhancement of life against rival conceptions developed in terms of Human Rights discourse or the so-called Capabilities Approach. The article ends with a conception of ‘conscience’ as the mode of human moral being and the experience of religious transcendence within the domains of human social and historical life. From this idea, conscience is specified a human right and capacity to determine the humane use of religious resources and also the norm for the rejection of inhumane expressions of religion within global ethics.
Personality, Coping, and Well-Being for People Living with Chronic Hepatitis C

The present study examined the relationships between personality, coping strategies, and health ratings to extend past research to people living with chronic hepatitis C (HCV). Participants were 35 people (11 men, 24 women; M age = 49.6 yr., SD = 10.6) living with chronic hepatitis C for an average of 9.0 yr. (SD = 6.0) since diagnosis. Participants provided descriptions of stressful situations and responded to a personality inventory, Ways of Coping Questionnaire scales (planful problem solving and escape-avoidance) and SF36 Health Survey scales measuring physical functioning and mental health. The stressful situations were judgmentally clustered into seven dimensions (diagnosis/mortality, disclosure, stigma, social and work role functioning, compounding problems, and no stress). Correlational analyses indicated strong negative relationships between escape-avoidance coping and health measures. Emotional Stability and Extraversion were positively related to both health variables, and Extraversion was negatively related to escape-avoidance coping. The results suggest that research from other contexts that has examined these relationships tended to generalize to people living with HCV.
Syringomatous Eccrine Carcinoma of the Vulva

Abstract Background: Skin adnexal neoplasms of the vulva are uncommon, and malignant adnexal neoplasms of the vulva are rare. A case of syringomatous eccrine carcinoma (SEC) arising in the perineum is presented, and the literature reviewed. Case: A woman in her mid-70s presented with a perineal mass. After biopsy confirmation of the diagnosis, she underwent wide local excision of a 6.0 × 5.0 × 3.0 cm solid mass. The lesion came within 2 mm of the resection margin, and had lymph vascular space involvement. She was subsequently referred for radiation therapy. Results: Pathology testing showed that the multinodular yellow–tan lesion had eroded through the surface epithelium. Histologically, the tumor was composed of nests and sheets of poorly differentiated epithelial cells. At the periphery of the tumor, a spray pattern of keratinizing infiltrating eccrine ducts confirmed the diagnosis of SEC. Conclusions: Nonsquamous malignancy of the vulva should be considered when there are vulval lesions. All suspicious...
Introduction to Foodborne Pathogens

Although a number of different infectious diseases may be contracted from foods under certain circumstances, there are those that are contracted exclusively or predominantly from the consumption of food products. Two examples of the former are hemorrhagic colitis and listeriosis; and of the latter, botulism and staphylococcal food poisoning. Anthrax and brucellosis are two diseases that have in decades past been contracted from eating diseased animals, but, with the prevalence of these diseases being so low, they are rarely if ever contracted via the foodborne route. The recognized foodborne pathogens include multicellular animal parasites, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and possibly prions (Exhibit 22-1). An overview of these organisms is presented in this chapter relative to their general habitats, their entry into foods, and general mechanisms of pathogenesis, and how they differ from closely related nonpathogenic species/strains. More details on each can be found in the respective chapters that follow.
Long Term Human Placental Lobule Perfusion — An Ultrastructural Study

The importance of the ultrastructural evaluation of perfused placental tissue was first emphasized by Panigel (1965, 1971). Ultrastructural study of perfused tissue is now generally accepted as mandatory. Several recent publications have addressed the issue of placental ultrastructural changes after in vitro dual perfusion (Contractor et al., 1984; Illsley et al., 1985; Kaufmann, 1985). These studies involved placental tissue evaluated after only 2–4 hr of perfusion. In this paper we present high resolution light microscopic and electron microscopic findings of placental lobules dually perfused for up to 12 hr. There was excellent overall preservation of morphology. Biochemical and physiological evaluations were also performed demonstrating viability throughout the perfusion period.
The Changing Nature of Institutional Stock Investing

We document that institutional investors, particularly hedge funds, decreased their holdings of larger stocks from 1980 to 2010 and increased their holdings of smaller stocks. Since 1990 institutions have underweighted, relative to market weights, those stocks that make up the largest 40 percent of the value of the market, and since 2006 have overweighted the stocks that make up the smallest 20 percent of the market. The contrary findings in the literature that institutions overweight larger stocks and underweight smaller stocks (e.g., Gompers and Metrick (2001) and Bennett et al. (2003)) are due to the use of a linear relation between institutional ownership and the logarithm of market value. In fact, we show that this relation is nonlinear and resembles an inverted U. We discuss three factors that may have contributed to these changes in institutional holdings: better understanding of diversification; growing awareness of the small stock premium; and less efficient pricing of smaller stocks relative to larger stocks.
Submesoscale Tidal-Inlet Dipoles Resolved Using Stereo WorldView Imagery

A pair of high-resolution visible-band satellite images, acquired 65 s apart and analyzed using an optical-flow algorithm, is shown to provide a realistic snapshot of the velocity field of dipolar vortices (dipoles) emitted from the Gulf of San Jose, Argentina. The results reveal the expected counter-rotating vortices within three dipoles, as well as one monopole; the magnitude of vorticity ranges from 8 to 29 times the local Coriolis parameter. Analysis of the derived velocity and vorticity fields yields an estimate of 0.27 ms $^{-1}$ for the dipole self-propagation velocity, which is the part of the physics that allows transport of gulf-derived material into open waters. Dipole size, measured as the distance between vortex centers, increases with distance from the source area in a manner consistent with the effects of entrainment of ambient sea water. Given favorable imaging conditions, the general approach used here can provide a detailed portrayal of local circulation patterns—one suitable for use in validating high-resolution numerical models, especially in coastal areas having complex bathymetry.
Quantified constraint satisfaction and bounded treewidth

Because the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) is in general intractable, restricted cases of the CSP that are polynomial-time tractable have been heavily sought after. One class of restrictions that has been studied are variable-based restrictions, which concern the interaction among variables. In this paper, we consider the quantified constraint satisfaction problem (QCSP), a framework more general than the CSP. We present a QCSP tractability result arising from variable-based restrictions by giving a polynomial time algorithm for certain classes of QCSP instances having bounded treewidth.
Are Teachers Ready? Preservice Teacher Knowledge of Classroom Management and ADHD

It is well documented that teachers feel unprepared to handle classroom management challenges in their classrooms. This lack of preparedness in classroom management, specifically for students with mental health concerns, is one of the leading reasons for teacher attrition. Yet, little is known about what teachers know about classroom management strategies and children’s mental health difficulties upon entering the classroom. The present study seeks to understand preservice teachers’ knowledge of classroom management strategies and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United States. Participants were preservice teachers (n = 107; 95.3% female; 75.4% Hispanic) about to enter their student teaching internship. Teachers’ accurate knowledge of classroom management strategies, accurate knowledge of ADHD, misperceptions of ADHD, and lack of knowledge of ADHD were investigated and related to teacher characteristics (i.e., hours of professional development) and sense of efficacy. Teacher knowledge of classroom management stategies, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sense of efficacy were evaluated using self-report measures. Overall, preservice teachers achieved 60.7% accuracy on the measure of classroom management strategies and 49% accuracy on the knowledge of ADHD measure. There were no associations between teachers’ knowledge of ADHD or classroom management strategies and teacher efficacy or characteristics. The results of this study reveal large gaps in preservice teachers’ knowledge of ADHD and classroom management strategies. Implications for teacher training programs are discussed.
Ethnopsychiatry: Counselling immigrants in France

The plight of immigrants in France and the United States bear a striking similarity. This article highlights the struggle of immigrants in the French society and the discrimination they face. A French academic discipline calledethnopsychiatry has arisen to help immigrants in France. It appears to be very similar in purpose to cross-cultural counselling, but draws more heavily in practice from traditional healing techniques used in Africa. The pioneeringstrides of ethnopsychiatry in the cross-cultural counselling paradigm are discussed.
Ion transport in normal and inflamed human jejunumin vitro

We studied ion transport in human jejunal mucosa under basal conditions and when tissues were stimulated electrically (EFS) and with theophylline 5 mM (N=12 pairs). Tissues were mounted in a flux chamber to measure unidirectional fluxes of22Na,36Cl, shortcircuit current, Isc (μeq/cm2/hr), electrical potential difference, PD (mV), and total ionic conductance, G (mS/cm2). Six pairs of tissues that were normal or less inflamed responded to theophylline by increasing PD and Isc and by reducing JCl(ms), the mucosal to serosal flux of Cl. In six pairs that did not respond to theophylline or to EFS, inflammation was more intense, and in the basal state, G was lower, PD was higher, and unidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl were halved. We conclude: (1) normal jejunum secretes Cl and responds to theophylline or EFS by reducing JCl(ms) thereby increasing Cl secretion; (2) unlike human ileum, neither theophylline nor EFS affect JCl(sm); (3) inflammation eliminates the response to theophylline and to EFS.
Cardiovascular health in transgender people

This review examines the relationship between exogenous sex steroids and cardiovascular events and surrogate markers in trans (transgender) people. Data from trans populations is compared to data from postmenopausal women and hypogonadal men when appropriate. In an age-adjusted comparison with cisgender people, trans people appear to have an increased risk for myocardial infarction and death due to cardiovascular disease. It is uncertain whether hormone therapy in trans people affects their risk of stroke. In studies that followed trans people on hormone therapy, the rates of myocardial infarction and stroke were consistently higher in trans women than trans men. There is strong evidence that estrogen therapy for trans women increases their risk for venous thromboembolism over 5 fold. Extrapolating from studies of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women, transdermal estrogen likely carries a lower risk for venous thromboembolism than oral estrogen. Regarding red blood cells, testosterone therapy increases hemoglobin in trans men, and lowering testosterone in trans women has the opposite effect. Regarding blood pressure, the effects of hormone therapy on systolic blood pressure in trans women are inconsistent, with most studies showing an increase. In trans men, testosterone therapy consistently increases systolic blood pressure and may increase diastolic blood pressure. For lipids, hormone therapy may increase triglycerides in both trans women and men. In trans men, testosterone therapy also may increase LDL-cholesterol and decrease HDL-cholesterol.
Ethnocultural empathy and diversity training: the case of campus policing

The purpose of this study was to examine diversity training and police service differences on levels of ethnocultural empathy among Florida’s public university police officers. Ethnocultural empath...
Delays in recognition of the need for telephone-assisted CPR due to caller descriptions of chief complaint.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to test if caller descriptions of chief complaint delays emergency medical dispatchers’ (EMDs) recognition of the need for telephone-assisted CPR (T-CPR). Methods We conducted an analysis of N = 433 cardiac arrest calls from six large call centers in the United States. Calls were abstracted for initial chief complaint description: caller reports (1) correct medical condition (CMC); (2) incorrect medical condition (IMC), or (3) signs/symptoms only (SS), as well the time interval between call pickup and recognition of the need for T-CPR. In addition, we abstracted if EMDs asked questions related to the caller’s chief complaint (rather than, or before), asking about patients’ consciousness and breathing status. Results The majority of cardiac arrest calls (60%) were reported as SS. Median time to recognition of the need for T-CPR was 64 s for SS chief complaints, 47 s for CMC chief complaints, and 100 s for IMC chief complaints. EMDs pursued chief complaint descriptions for 9% of the calls with SS chief complaints, 41% of the calls with IMC chief complaints, and 19% of the calls with CMC chief complaints. Median time to recognition of the need for CPR for calls in which the chief complaint description was pursued was 166 s compared to 62 s for calls in which the chief complaint description was not pursued. Conclusion Caller chief complaint description affects the time to recognition of the need for T-CPR. Clinical trial registration : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov Trial # NCT01972087.
Treading water: mixed effects of high fat diet on mouse behavior in the forced swim test.

Abstract Diet is an environmental factor with significant potential to affect the brain and behavior in both positive and negative ways. Work in animals is necessary to understand this relationship and how it may apply to mental health in humans. One area which has been investigated extensively is whether diet, specifically a high fat diet (HFD), can alter behavior in tasks, such as the forced swim test (FST) that assess stress coping. Therefore, we sought to analyze the literature regarding the effect of HFD on performance in the FST to determine whether there was a consistent effect of HFD on stress coping behavior. We conducted a Google Scholar search of English-language articles with the following terms: high fat diet, obesity, forced swim test, depression like behavior, mouse. Thirty studies from twenty-five publications are included in this survey. Fifteen studies were found where HFD had no effect on FST, 4 where HFD decreased immobility, and 11 where HFD increased immobility. Experimental details in these studies varied widely, including differences in the diet, mice, and experimental design. Additionally, we analyzed thirteen studies that performed the tail-suspension test (TST) after HFD, with six studies finding no change due to HFD and 7 reporting that HFD increased immobility. Further, 6 of these studies used both FST and TST with largely similar results in the two tasks, indicating concordance between the two tests of stress-coping behavior. We conclude that due to widely varying experimental details across studies no consistent effect of high fat diet on stress coping behavior can be determined at this point.
The revolution will be hard to evaluate: How simultaneous change in multiple policies affects policy-based health research

Abstract Extensive empirical health research leverages variation in the timing and location of policy changes as quasi-experiments. Multiple social policies may be adopted simultaneously in the same locations, creating clustering which must be addressed analytically for valid inferences. The pervasiveness and consequences of policy clustering have received limited attention. We analyzed a systematic sample of 13 social policy databases covering diverse domains including poverty, paid family leave, and tobacco. We quantified policy clustering in each database as the fraction of variation in each policy measure across jurisdictions and times that could be explained by co-variation with other policies (R2). We used simulations to estimate the ratio of the variance of effect estimates under the observed policy clustering to variance if policies were independent. Policy clustering ranged from very high for state-level cannabis policies to low for country-level sexual minority rights policies. For 65% of policies, greater than 90% of the place-time variation was explained by other policies. Policy clustering increased the variance of effect estimates by a median of 57-fold. Policy clustering poses a major methodological challenge to rigorously evaluating health effects of individual social policies. Tools to enhance validity and precision for evaluating clustered policies are needed.
Trial in progress: A feasibility study of multi-platform profiling using biospecimens from patients with resected biliary tract cancer.

TPS359Background: Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are rare malignancies with a high recurrence rate after resection of localized disease. FDA-approved systemic therapies for advanced disease are limite...
"What does it matter?" Young sexual minority men discuss their conversations with sexual partners about HPV vaccination.

Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage is suboptimal, especially among males. Social networks influence young adults’ health behaviors and could be leveraged to promote vaccination. We sought to...
Disparities in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

The incidence and mortality of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) are increasing in the United States (US) and worldwide. In the US, there are notable disparities in early-onset CRC burden by race/ethnicity and geography. African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, and populations residing in specific regions of the Southern U.S. are disproportionately affected with CRC diagnosed at younger ages, while less is known about disparities in other countries. Reasons for these disparities are likely multi-factorial and potentially implicate differences in health determinants including biology/genetics, diet/environment, individual health behaviors, and access to high-quality health services, as well as social and policy factors. This review summarizes current understanding of early-onset CRC disparities and identifies specific research areas that will inform evidence-based interventions at individual, practice, and policy levels to reduce the global burden of this disease.
Vimentin Phosphorylation Underlies Corneal Myofibroblast Sensitivity to Withaferin A

Objective: To compare vimentin phosphorylation in corneal fibroblasts with myofibroblasts and determine their sensitivity to withaferin A. Methods: Primary rabbit corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were subjected to cell spreading assays. Wild type and vimentin-deficient mice were subjected to corneal alkali injury and treated with withaferin A (WFA). Corneas were subjected to immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. Results: We show that myofibroblasts produce increased serine-38 phosphorylated vimentin (pSer38Vim) and display impaired cell spreading and cell polarization compared to fibroblasts. The pSer38Vim isoform is inefficiently incorporated into growing vimentin IFs of myofibroblasts during cell spreading as myofibroblasts maintain higher levels of soluble pSer38Vim compared to fibroblasts. WFA treatment causes a potent blockade of cell spreading selectively in myofibroblasts, targeting pSer38Vim for hyperphosphorylation, which is not induced in fibroblasts. Hyperphosphorylated pSer38Vi...
Light — Physical Optics, Refraction

The previous chapter on EM waves forms a basis for developing physical optics, which itself traditionally serves as the background to wave mechanics, (Chap. 6). In addition, in this chapter we analyze the propagation of EM waves in dielectrics, with the goal of understanding refraction and reflection at interfaces, the central phenomenon in geometric optics. The chapter begins with a discussion of the generation of light as the outcome of quantum transitions within matter and the role of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in limiting coherence is pointed out. Analysis of diffraction by a single slit using Fresnel zones, and the consequences for the resolution of illuminated objects follows. Special considerations applying to X-ray diffraction by crystals (three dimensional gratings) completes the discussion of physical optics. Lastly, propagation of plane EM waves in insulating dielectrics is treated. Worked examples include interference of light from two slits, as well as details of reflection and refraction at an interface. There are problems dealing with the Einstein photoelectric effect, the Huygens principle, the square aperture, gratings, Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution, Debye-Scherrer X-ray diffraction, and attenuation in metals. The appendix at the end of this chapter provides a rigorous basis to Fresnel’s analysis of diffraction using the Green’s function method of solving inhomogeneous wave equations.
The Decline and Rise of Party Polarization in Congress During the 20th Century

In 1984 Howard Rosenthal and I published a paper in the Journal of Politics titled "The Polarization of American Politics." We found that beginning in the mid-1970s, American politics became much more divisive. More Democrats staked out consistently liberal positions, and more Republicans supported wholly conservative ones. The primary evidence in that study, which focused exclusively on the Senate, were ratings issued by interest groups such as the Americans for Democratic Action and the United States Chamber of Commerce.
Epistemological Beliefs Across Domains Using Biglan's Classification of Academic Disciplines

The purpose of this study was to examine students' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning, epistemological beliefs, across domains that vary according to Biglan's classification of academic disciplines (hard vs. soft disciplines and pure vs. applied disciplines). One hundred and fifty-two university students completed three questionnaires that assessed their epistemological beliefs about mathematics (hard-pure), the social sciences (also pure), and business (neither hard nor pure). Correlations indicated that students' epistemological beliefs were similar for mathematics and social sciences, as well as for mathematics and business. When the amount of academic experience was taken into account, some evidence of domain specificity was found. These results support Sternberg's caveat that the dichotomy of domain generality/specificity is an assumption that should be questioned. We propose that future researchers should investigate the breadth of applicability of epistemological beliefs.
Immunoperoxidase Localization of Herpes Zoster Virus and Simian Virus 40 in Cell Culture

The immunoperoxidase technique was used in an electron microscopy study to localize the virions of herpes zoster virus and simian virus 40 in cell cultures. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic virions of herpes zoster virus were easily and specifically identified due to intense staining by the finely granular, black reaction product. With simian virus 40, intranuclear virions were not stained, whereas intracytoplasmic particles appeared densely black. There was essentially no background staining. Advantages of this technique over the ferritin-labeled antibody method include simpler preparative procedures for reagents, greater penetrability of the antibody conjugate, and internal amplification which substantially improves the ability to localize sites of antigen-antibody reaction. We believe that the immunoperoxidase method can be successfully applied to a wide variety of problems involving viral antigens.
System Dynamic Model Approach for Urban Watershed Sustainability Study

Over a century of rapid urbanization and industrialization in New Jersey brought visible impacts on the watershed. Consequently, it puts ever-increasing stress on the resource and environmental capacities of the region. This research focuses on an urban industrial coastal area in New Jersey (Water Management Areas 4, 5, 6 and 7), USA, an ecology heavily impacted by human activities. The objective of this research is to investigate the dynamic interactions between natural environment and human society and to model long-term trends in environmental impact and sustainable development. The data include 21 environmental, social and economic indicators for five counties (Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Passaic Counties) collected for years between1980 and 2010 (Some indicators have data only from 1990 to 2010). The data show that within the study area, population has increased by an annual average of 6.4% with a range from -7.9% to 20.7% over 30 years, and per capital GDP increased from $11,836 to $53,362, while unemployment rates fluctuated from 4.4% to 10% over 20 years. The environmental investment increased steadily from $143 million to $247 million from 1990 to 2010. To project the future of environmental sustainability, a system dynamic model was established based on the 21 indicators. Results suggest that population will remain stable, reaching 3.35 million in 2025 from 3.3 million in 2010, and per capita GDP will reach $71,990 with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. A continued increase of environmental investment is also predicted, as per capita GDP growth is forecast to be reasonably strong. The average value of the Pb hazard quotient, which is a pollution indicator, is projected to drop from 5.0 in 1999 to 2.46 in 2025. However, this value will remain within the moderate hazard range. The research indicates that environmental pollution in this urbanized area will remain as a consequence of historical urbanization and industrialization. The system dynamic model suggests that we will be walking a finely-balanced line in Northern New Jersey as the environment continues to suffer from the consequences of long term industrialization and urbanization at the same time that climate change may present new challenges.
Microscopic study of Ca+Ca fusion

We investigate the fusion barriers for reactions involving Ca isotopes ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}{+}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}{+}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, and ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}{+}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ using the microscopic time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory coupled with a density constraint. In this formalism the fusion barriers are directly obtained from TDHF dynamics. We also study the excitation of the preequilibrium GDR for the ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}{+}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ system and the associated $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission spectrum. Fusion cross sections are calculated using the incoming-wave boundary condition approach. We examine the dependence of fusion barriers on collision energy as well as on the different parametrizations of the Skyrme interaction.
On the identity requirement of ATB extraction

Across-the-Board (ATB) movement from coordinate structures is usually subject to an identity requirement: the same element must be extracted from each conjunct. In this paper I show that there are cases in which the identity requirement appears not to be met, in that different answers can be felicitously given to a single ATB question. I show that the non-ATB readings are instances of sloppy identity of the argument of a functional wh, and are subject to grammatical restrictions.
Numerical Experiments on the Computation of Ground Surface Temperature in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model

Abstract The Rand two-level general circulation model has been integrated to compute ground surface (bare land) temperature by solving: 1) the interface heat balance equation without soil heat flux; 2) the interface heat balance equation by including parameterized soil heat flux; and 3) a prognostic equation which includes the heat capacity of the soil as well as an explicit formulation for soil heat flux. The integrations were performed for 48 hours for the month of January. A comparison of results shows that the most realistic distribution of the ground surface temperature with respect to the amplitude, diurnal range, and the phase relationship between the ground temperature, solar radiation, and soil heat flux is given by the solution of the prognostic equation.
Barotropic Tides on the North Carolina Shelf

Observations from 18 near-bottom pressure sensors and 8 current meter moorings provide a characterization of the barotropic tides over the North Carolina continental shelf between Chesapeake Bay and Cape Hatteras. The largest tidal constituents in this region are the M2 (sea level amplitude 47 cm), N2 (11 cm), and S2 (10 cm) semidiurnal tides and the K1/P1 (7 cm) and O1 (5 cm) diurnal tides. The barotropic tidal currents are small, less than 3 cm s21, except for the M2 current which reaches 10 cm s21 at mid shelf. Cross-shelf currents increase linearly from approximately zero near the coast to a maximum over the mid and outer shelf. Alongshelf currents are nonzero near the coast and increase to roughly twice the coastal value over the mid and outer shelf. While bottom friction is weak over most of the shelf, in water depths of less than 10 m bottom friction results in a rapid phase decrease toward the coast in the semidiurnal alongshelf velocities. This phase difference is not observed in the K1/P1 alongshelf flow, possibly because diurnal wind forcing causes an opposing phase increase toward the coast. Alongshelf variations in tidal amplitudes and phases near the coast are much larger than expected based on variations along the shelf break inferred from basin-scale altimeter estimates. The shelf width in this region increases from 25 to 100 km over an alongshelf distance of about 150 km. Results from an analytic, flat-bottom, two-dimensional model indicate that widening of the shelf toward the north causes the observed alongshelf increase in the semidiurnal amplitude and phase, but does not explain alongshelf variations in the weaker diurnal constituents.
Tyrosinase in the skin of albino hamsters and mice.

MEASUREMENTS of tyrosinase (EC 1.10.3.1) in animals with oculocutaneous albinism have led to contradictory conclusions. Using the incorporation of 14C-DL- or L-tyrosine into melanin, one investigator found no, or questionable, activity in albino mouse skin1,2 while another3 reported very low, but significant activity in particles from albino mouse eyes treated with Triton X-100. When the production of 3HOH from 3,5-3H-L-tyrosine was used as an assay, albino hamsters4 were found to have no detectable activity, while albino rats5 were reported to have minimal, but real activity. We report clear evidence for a tyrosine hydroxylase with tyrosinase characteristics in the skin of two strains of albino hamster and one strain of albino mouse. The method used permits quantitative comparison with tyrosinase in pigmented skin. A distinct dopa oxidase is present in extracts of albino mouse.
A review and analysis of international accounting research in JIAAT: 2002–2010

Abstract During the period 2002–2010, authors whose research was published in the Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation extended the international accounting literature by 82 articles and six special studies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize these additions and analyze the types of topics and methodologies the authors used to enhance our understanding of the international accounting issues facing the accountancy profession. The analysis also will help international accounting researchers identify areas for future investigation.
Application of multifactor experimental design plans in parametric studies of theoretical problems

A technique is proposed for reducing the number of repetitious solu tions required to carry out a conventional parametric study of a theoretical problem. The technique is potentially applicable to a particular class of problems which involve the numerical solution of differential equations. An applicability criterion is presented, along with a method for predicting the errors which may be expected in problems which do not satisfy the criterion exactly.
Heme Oxygenase-1/CO as Protective Mediators in Cigarette Smoke- Induced Lung Cell Injury and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease involving airways restriction, alveolar destruction, and loss of lung function, primarily due to cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. The inducible stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been implicated in cytoprotection against the toxic action of many xenobiotics, including CS. HO-1 also protects against elastase-induced emphysema. Differential expression of HO-1 in epithelial cells and macrophages may contribute to COPD susceptibility. Genetic polymorphisms in the HO-1 gene, which may account for variations in HO-1 expression among subpopulations, may be associated with COPD pathogenesis. Carbon monoxide (CO), a primary reaction product of HO-1 has been implicated in cytoprotection in many acute lung injury models, though it's precise role in chronic CS-induced lung injury remains unclear. CO is a potential biomarker of CS exposure and of inflammatory lung conditions. To date, a single clinical trial has addressed the possible therapeutic potential of CO in COPD patients. The implications of the cytoprotective potential of HO-1/CO system in CS-induced lung injury and COPD are discussed.
Does trade creation measure up? A reexamination of the effects of regional trading arrangements

Abstract This paper constructs new measures of regional trading arrangement (RTA) membership based on the degree of integration and implementation. We find that RTAs create intra-bloc trade regardless of their type and that more integrated RTAs generate greater total trade creation.
Palaeoepidemiological Patterns of Trauma in a Medieval Nubian Skeletal Population

Evidence of trauma was investigated in a well-preserved skeletal sample from the Medieval Sudanese Nubian site of Kulubnarti. The skeletal materials derive from two temporally over-lapping Christian cemeteries, dating from the sixth to circa the sixteenth century. The available sample consisted of the skeletons of 146 adults which were investigated for fractures of the long bones, crania and the hands and feet, as well as for dislocations and muscle pulls. Results showed a high incidence of long bone fractures, seen especially in the forearm, and involving 33.5 per cent of individuals. Many of these lesions indicated quite severe injury, and an unusually high number of affected individuals (27 per cent) showed multiple long bone involvement. Conversely, only one possible cranial fracture was apparent. Fractures were also found in 13 hand and seven foot elements. In addition, one hip dislocation and evidence of pulled tendons in 11 individuals were also observed. Compared to other similarly controlled samples, the Kulubnarti population stands out for its high prevalence of healed fractures, the high proportion of multiple involvement and the severity of numerous lesions. The forbiddingly harsh and uneven terrain of this region of Nubia was most likely a major influence on the unusually high prevalence and pattern of traumatic lesions in this group. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol., 7: 103–114 (1997) No. of Figures: 5. No. of Tables: 5. No. of References: 25.
Percutaneous Closure of Giant Saphenous Vein Graft Aneurysm

A 78-year-old man was referred to our institution for treatment of an unusual expanding aneurysm. There was a history of prior coronary artery bypass surgery in 1999. Subsequently, he had developed exertional dyspnea, and chest X-rays demonstrated a right chest mass that was increasing in size.
Interferometric studies of the twilight and nightglow sodium D-line profiles

Abstract A 150 mm aperture, pressure scanned Fabry-Perot interferometer has been used to study the midlatitude twilight and nightglow sodium D-line profiles. The line width measurements during evening and morning twilight indicate that the sodium layer temperature rises to a midwinter maximum (∼230 K) and then falls to a midsummer minimum (∼150 K), in qualitative agreement with the CIRA 1972 model predictions. Nightglow intensity measurements obtained with the interferometer indicate a highly variable behaviour, ranging from near-constant intensities, to monotonically falling, and to rising and falling intensities during the night. Broadening of the nightglow line profiles yields a sodium atom dissociation kinetic energy of (46 ± 4) meV. This suggests that the Chapman NaO + O chemiexcitation process, rather than dissociative recombination of “corkscrewing” ions and electrons, gives rise to the nightglow.
Rainfastening of Bifenthrin to Cotton Leaves with Selected Adjuvants

There are thousands of adjuvants on the market, yet little is known about their effects on the activity of insecticides on plant surfaces. The effects of 11 selected adjuvants on the rainfastness and retention of bifenthrin ([1α,3α-(Z)-(±)-(2 methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were investigated. In addition, the effect of the adjuvant Bond on the efficacy of bifenthrin and a Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) formulation was determined. Bifenthrin mixed with each adjuvant was applied to greenhouse grown cotton plants using a spray chamber. Simulated rainfall of 13 mm was then applied to treated cotton plants at 0.25, 1, and 4 h after treatment. Bond and Agrimax-3 were the only adjuvants to significantly increase the rainfastness of bifenthrin on cotton leaves. Agri-Dex, Soy-Dex, and Dyne-Amic significantly decreased the rainfastness of bifenthrin. In tests conducted with an immersion cell apparatus, Orchex 796 resulted in twice the retention of Agri-Dex, the next highest retained adjuvant. Both petroleum and vegetable oils enhanced retention of bifenthrin on the leaf surface. Bond mixed with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulation did not reduce the activity of these insecticides against tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae. Retention on the leaf may be related to spread and to the degree of binding of the insecticide to the surface by properties of the adjuvant. Yet, the properties of Agri-Dex that enhanced the retention of bifenthrin to the cotton leaf decreased its rainfastness.
Analysis of Staple Fiber Mixtures

Methods were developed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of staple fiber blends con taining acetate, dynel, wool, nylon, viscose rayon, cotton, Orlon acrylic fiber, and Dacron poly ester fiber in any combination. The qualitative analysis involves determination of density and microscopic appearance; the quantitative analysis employs selective solvents.The methods presented in this paper are suitable for the analysis of most blends in use at the present time. The nature of the methods presented is such as to permit extension by suitable modification for use in the detection and determination of other fibers also.
Pilot study of radon volatilization from showers with implications for dose

A full-sized, enclosed, experimental shower (volume 1.5 m3) was used to simulate radon volatilization from domestic showers. The shower was operated at a water flow rate of 2 and 4 L/min at a tempe...
Paroxysmal tachycardia with a cerebral embolus

Summary 1. A case of paroxysmal tachycardiain a 4-year-old child is presented. 2. The complication of an embolusto the middle cerebral artery produced a right hemiplegia and aphasia. 3. Functional recovery occurred.
Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases in adolescent females

Abstract Unintended pregnancy among unmarried adolescents continues to be a significant health and social issue. In addition, the advent of serious sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human papillomavirus which are not readily cured or which have significant sequelae, has placed greater importance on prevention. Because of the high prevalence of STDs in the adolescent population, and the similar risk profiles for STDs and unintended pregnancies, the interactions between contraceptive methods and these infections must be considered when recommending a form of contraception. The use of barrier methods of contraception may help prevent STDs and pregnancy, as well as preserve fecundity. The combined use of barrier methods and oral contraceptives may be the best current answer to the contraceptive needs of adolescents. Postponement of sexual activity should be encouraged.
Nonparametric approach to classification using neural networks

Accurate estimates of traffic characteristics are essential for effective highway planning and management. This paper briefly describes the current approach, based on FHWA recommendations, to estimating these traffic characteristics and recommends an alternative approach that has the potential for improving the precision of the estimates and/or reducing the data collection efforts and their corresponding costs. The alternative recommendation is based on the concept of linear transfer functions for leading indicators to forecast estimates of the traffic characteristics.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-referencing: A strategy for increasing processing of message content.

The tendency of subjects to employ a self-referencing strategy when processing messages was manipulated by varying message writing style. Recall of message content was higher in the high self-referencing than the low self-referencing condition. Self-referencing was also found to produce attitude and cognitive response effects similar to effects obtained in other research that employed involvement inductions. When self-referencing and argument strength were manipulated in a factorial design, it was found that arguments had a greater impact on attitude and cognitive responses under high self-referencing than under low self-referencing.