cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fog in the California redwood forest: ecosystem inputs and use by plants.

Fog has been viewed as an important source of moisture in many coastal ecosystems, yet its impor- tance for the plants which inhabit these ecosystems is virtually unknown. Here, I report the results of a 3-year investigation of fog inputs and the use of fog water by plants inhabiting the heavily fog inundated coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests of northern California. During the study period, 34%, on average, of the annual hydrologic input was from fog drip oA the redwood trees themselves (interception input). When trees were absent, the average annual input from fog was only 17%, demonstrating that the trees significantly in- fluence the magnitude of fog water input to the ecosys- tem. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of water from fog, rain, soil water, and xylem water ex- tracted from the dominant plant species were used to characterize the water sources used by the plants. An isotopic mixing model was employed to then quantify how much fog water each plant used each month during the 3-year study. In summer, when fog was most fre- quent, 19% of the water within S. sempervirens, and 66% of the water within the understory plants came from fog after it had dripped from tree foliage into the soil; for S. sempervirens, this fog water input comprised 13-45% of its annual transpiration. For all plants, there was a significant reliance on fog as a water source, es- pecially in summer when rainfall was absent. Depen- dence on fog as a moisture source was highest in the year when rainfall was lowest but fog inputs normal. Inter- estingly, during the mild El Nino year of 1993, when the ratio of rainfall to fog water input was significantly higher and fog inputs were lower, both the proportion and coeAcient of variation in how much fog water was used by plants increased. An explanation for this is that while fog inputs were lower than normal in this El Nino year, they came at a time when plant demand for water was highest (summer). Therefore, proportional use of fog water by plants increased. The results presented suggest that fog, as a meteorological factor, plays an important role in the water relations of the plants and in the hydrology of the forest. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding the impacts of climatic factors and their oscillations on the biota. The results have important implications for ecologists, hydrologists, and forest managers interested in fog-inundated eco- systems and the plants which inhabit them.
NEW DIMENSIONS IN ESTUARY CLASSIFICATION1

Results of recent theoretical studies are used as a basis for a new two-parameter system of estuarine classification. The classes are delineated by the magnitudes of the relative stratification and circulation parameters associated with changes in the salt balance mechanism. The theoretical results depend on a knowledge of the eddy coefficients of viscosity and diffusivity. Tentative relationships between these coefficients and the bulk parameters of tidal current, river flow, and geomorphology, which are obtained from experimental data, may be used to determine the salinity and net current distributions in partially mixed and well-mixed coastal plain estuaries.
The War On Drugs And Crime Rates

This paper analyzes the effects of the “War on Drugs” on crime rates. Many in the field of law enforcement believe that incarcerating drug offenders reduces crime. However, time-series analysis of four types of crime rates in the United States does not support this view. Using seven explanatory variables, including federal spending on the Drug Enforcement Agency, incarceration rates for drug offenders, and abortion rates, the results suggest the incarceration of drug offenders causes a crowding-out effect in prisons, releasing non-drug offenders and thereby potentially increasing, rather than reducing crime.
Design and implement an interconnected VPN system for campuses in multiple geographical locations

This paper presents a novel design and implementation of a VPN management system. A central point of control is created to schedule and provision access to not just one but multiple VPN servers that are gatekeepers for campus remote laboratories of institutions from different geographical locations. After VPN tunnels are created, users are able to control and operate on both PC and non-PC components of the lab through the internet. The presented system provides a complete student lab access solution. Students are able to use the lab anytime from anywhere there is an internet connection. Lab resources of all the participating institutions are consolidated into one larger resource pool; therefore the efficiency of lab resources being utilized is greatly improved. The same equipment consolidation concept can be extended into various STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, resulting in a broad impact on STEM education.
Parametric yield management for 3D ICs: Models and strategies for improvement

Three-Dimensional (3D) Integrated Circuits (ICs) that integrate die with Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) promise to continue system and functionality scaling beyond the traditional geometric 2D device scaling. 3D integration also improves the performance of ICs by reducing the communication time between different chip components through the use of short TSV-based vertical wires. This reduction is particularly attractive in processors where it is desirable to reduce the access time between the main logic die and the L2 cache or the main memory die. Process variations in 2D ICs lead to a drop in parametric yield (as measured by speed, leakage and sales profits), which forces manufacturers to speed bin their chips and to sell slow chips at reduced prices. In this paper we develop a model to quantify the impact of process variations on the parametric yield of 3D ICs, and then we propose a number of integration strategies that use a graph-theoretic framework to maximize the performance, parametric yield and profits of 3D ICs. Comparing our proposed strategies to current yield-oblivious methods, it is demonstrated that it is possible to increase the number of 3D ICs in the fastest speed bins by almost 2×, while simultaneously reducing the number of slow ICs by 29.4p. This leads to an improvement in performance by up to 6.45p and an increase of about 12.48p in total sales revenue using up-to-date market price models.
Clearing the Table

Early in her chapter, Julia Hendon poses a question that I believe lies at the heart of this volume and underscores the importance of the themes explored here to the archaeological investigation of state power, and indeed to archaeology as a whole. After noting that the political importance of feasting has become increasingly recognized by archaeologists working on societies that lack permanent centralized institutions of political authority, she asks “What role might feasting play in societies that have developed such institutions, are no longer small in population or community size, and have acquired the means to produce more permanent markers of social prestige on a relatively substantial scale?” I emphasize this question because it seems to me to expose a highly dubious assumption shared by many archaeologists: that is, once symbols of political power and status have become “materialized” and authority has become institutionalized, that somehow stability and permanence have been achieved and the work of relational micro-politics is made redundant and unnecessary. This is, of course, the dream and the ideological projection of every state apparatus: a kind of institutional fetishism that displaces contingent relations between people into stable relations between people and permanent reified “objects.” But nothing could be farther from the truth. The nasty little secret of history is that states and empires are very fragile, volatile, and transitory—far more so than their buildings and monuments. They are a fluid process rather than a durable thing, and they depend upon constant hard work in the micro-political struggles of negotiation and legitimation to survive and operate.
Tunnel Effects, Inequality Aversion and the Taste for Status: A Formal Model

Hirschman and Rothschild’s (1973) tunnel effect refers to the propensity for individuals to be pleased by the success of others if they believe this signals an improvement in their own prospects. Tunnel effects are subject to two claims in the current literature on happiness: that they partly or fully offset the utility losses from increases in peer income levels or income inequality. I develop a simple model of tunnel effects to evaluate these two channels of influence. The analysis confirms that tunnel effects create a positive link between happiness and economic growth. In contrast, with a rise in income inequality, tunnel effects increase the happiness of the rich but decrease happiness among the poor. Finally, tunnel effects increase happiness when rising inequality is accompanied by economic growth, which is the case that concerned Hirschman and Rothschild. I close by discussing the model’s implications for appropriate empirical specifications for investigating inequality aversion.
Computed Effect of Wing Tip Configuration on Wing Load Characteristics of a High Speed Aircraft

The wing tip configuration of an aircraft is important structurally and aerodynamically. The formation of wing tip vortices not only add to the induced drag but also decrease the lift produced by the wing. This aspect becomes significantly important for high speed aircraft that have low aspect ratio wings. In this paper effect of wing tip configurations of a high speed aircraft equipped with wingtip missile on its wing load characteristics is presented. Normal force coefficient has been computed for the wing panel of the aircraft for both with and without wingtip missile in transonic fight regime and a wide range of angle of attack. It is observed that the wing tip missile considerably alters the strength and structure of the wingtip vortices. It has also observed that as much as 20% increase in normal force coefficient occurs when the wingtip missile is mounted. This difference between the wing loads of clean wing and missile mounted wing diminishes as the angle of attack is increased, this is due the shifting low pressure region on the wing upper surface from wing tip towards wing root as the root strake becomes effective.
Group hysteria and the MMPI.

Following a labeled case of a group conversion reaction, the authors attempted to re-investigate the plausibility of an hysterical personality. 96 students, including those who manifested the symptoms, were administered 100 items from the MMPI, including the Hysteria scale (No. 3). Chi square analysis showed significactly more females manifested hysterical physical symptoms than males, while the over-all analysis of variance, although in the expected direction for females, indicated no significant sources. Results supported the traditional view of hysteria being a “female syndrome” but were equivocal concerning “personality view” that a particular personality leads to a specific set of symptoms.
Tissue synchronization imaging application in optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy

Objective: To apply tissue synchronization imaging(TSI) to evaluate optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT).Methods: Thirty-two patients with optimized CRT were included.TSI and conventional echocardiography were performed before implantation,1m,3m,6m after implantation.In apical 4,2,3 chamber plane,TSI index and the peak time difference were assessed.Conventional echocardiographic parameters included: LVEDD(left ventricular end-diastolic diameter),LVESD(left ventricular end-systolic diameter),LVEF(left ventricular ejection fraction),MR area,mitral diastolic filling time(DFT),aortic VTI.Results: Compared with pre-implantation,TSI index and peak time difference were significantly reduced in pro 1m,pro 3m,pro 6m(P0.05),LVEDD,LVESD,MR decreased progressively(P0.05),while LVEF,DFT,VTI increased progressively(P0.05).Conclusions: TSI allows quick evaluation of mechanical dyssynchrony and provides a reliable way to evaluate optimized CRT.
Analysis of occupational disease incidence in Zhabei District of Shanghai City from 2001-2011

[Objective]To analyze the incidence of occupational diseases from 2001-2011 in Zhabei District of Shanghai City,and provide evidence for intervention methods of occupational hazards.[Methods]The data of the occupational disease case report cards collected by Zhabei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2001-2011 were taken as the analytical object to analyze the disease types,clinical characteristics,industry distribution,etc.[Results] A total of 73 cases of occupational disease were reported from 2001-2011,most patients were male(90.4%) with average age of 44.8 years and professional seniority of 14.4 years.Eighteen kinds of 8 categories occupational disease were involved with pneumoconiosis(44 cases,60.3%) as the major,especially welders pneumoconiosis(19 cases,43.2%).The industry distribution was mainly located in the machinery,light industry and building materials industries while the patient also appeared in some new industries such as labor export and municipal engineering.[Conclusion]Pneumoconiosis is the main occupational disease in this district especially welders pneumoconiosis.A lot of cases appeared in new industries,such as labor export and municipal engineering which should attract attention from relevant departments.
Microwave thermal keratoplasty for myopia: keratoscopic evaluation in porcine eyes.

PURPOSE Microwave thermal keratoplasty applies microwave energy to elevate the temperature of the paracentral stroma of the cornea to its thermal shrinkage temperature of about 60 degrees C. A suitable pattern of shrinkage in the paracentral cornea can flatten the central cornea. A surface cooling system preserves the epithelium during the procedure. METHODS Fourteen enucleated porcine eyes were treated with a prototype microwave thermal keratoplasty applicator that heated in a ring pattern with inner diameter of 3.2 mm and width of 0.7 mm. The change in corneal power was quantified by a videokeratoscope. Slit-lamp microscope examinations and histological assessments were made. RESULTS The 3-mm simulated keratometry reading showed an average of 6.60+/-6.00 D (standard deviation) of flattening. The region of opacity associated with shrinkage extended to 62% (+/-26%) of the corneal thickness. The epithelium was intact in all eyes. CONCLUSIONS Microwave thermal keratoplasty applied in the paracentral cornea may flatten the central cornea.
The habits of intellectuals: Response to Ringer

Nearly twenty years ago I failed my first reading of Fritz Ringer's The Decline of the German Mandarins. Or, perhaps, it failed me. I wanted, then, something it could not give. What I sought, I sought for a good but insufficient reason. I wanted a book for use by students in a graduate seminar in social theory. I thought they would warm more to the theories of Weber, Mannheim, and the others, if they knew something of the lives of these exceptional persons.
Non-Sedated Rapid Volumetric Proton Density MRI Predicts Neonatal Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy Functional Outcome

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The current prognostic biomarker of functional outcome in brachial plexus birth palsy is serial clinical examination throughout the first 6 months of age. This can delay surgical treatment and prolong parental anxiety in neonates who will recover spontaneously. A potentially superior biomarker is a volumetric proton density MRI performed at clinical presentation and within the first 12 weeks of life, providing a high spatial and contrast resolution examination in 4 minutes. METHODS Nine neonates ranging in age from 4 to 9 weeks who presented with brachial plexus birth palsy were enrolled. All subjects underwent non-sedated 3 Tesla MRI with Cube Proton Density MRI sequence at the same time as their initial clinical visit. Serial clinical examinations were conducted at routine 4 week intervals and the functional performance scores were recorded. MRI findings were divided into pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic injuries and a radiological scoring system (Shriners Radiological Score) was developed for this study. RESULTS Proton Density MRI was able to differentiate between pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic injuries. Radiological scores (Shriners Radiological Score) correlated better with functional performance at 6 months of age (P = .022) than the initial clinical examinations (Active Movement Scale P = .213 and Toronto P = .320). CONCLUSIONS Rapid non-sedated volumetric Cube Proton Density MRI protocol performed at initial clinical presentation can accurately grade severity of brachial plexus birth palsy injury and predict functional performance at 6 months of age.
II-01 An oestrogen receptor alpha functional mutant is protective in murine lupus

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus disproportionately affects females. We previously showed that a functional knockout of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERαKO) resulted in significantly reduced renal disease and increased survival in murine lupus. Dendritic cell (DC) development, which requires both oestrogen (E2) and ERα is impacted, as is activation status and cytokine production. Due to altered hormonal feedback loops, ERαKO mice have hypergonadism and partial endocrine sex reversal. Since elevated E2 and T2 levels may have immunomodulating effects, we studied the phenotype of the lupus-prone ERαKO mouse following ovariectomy (OVX) ± E2 replacement to preserve a physiologic hormonal state. In parallel, we investigated the impact of an ERa complete knockout on lupus disease expression. Materials and methods ERαKO (functional mutant) and Ex3a (null mutant) strains were backcrossed onto the NZM2410 lupus-prone background. Mice underwent OVX or not, and were E2-repleted or not. Urine and blood were collected at 2 week intervals, and mice were sacrificed at 32 weeks, or earlier if they had high proteinuria or >10% weight loss. Bone marrow was isolated and cultured for 7 days with Flt3L to enrich for DCs. Kidney and spleen single cell suspensions were also isolated. Cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Results Lupus-prone ERαKO mice were protected from disease expression (no early deaths; no proteinuria at 32 weeks) if they were either unmanipulated or if they were both ovariectomized and E2-repleted (Figure 1). These mice also had fewer inflammatory cDCs (CD11c+ ± CD11b+) from Flt3L-cultured bone marrow, or ex vivo spleen or kidney cells). Interestingly, protection was lost after OVX if no E2 pellet was administered, suggesting that the protective effect requires E2 in the system (despite the lack of a functional ERα). A protective effect was not observed in ERα null lupus-prone mice (Ex3a) when they were similarly OVX’d and E2-repleted. Conclusions These data suggest that in an oestrogen-replete environment, the presence of the ERαKO protein (AF-1 mutant) confers protection from lupus disease expression, partially via impacting DC number and subset, compared to mice expressing full length ERα or a full-length knockout of ERα.
Crack Mapping by Ray Methods

Two methods to map crack edges by the use of arrival times of edge-diffracted signals have been briefly reviewed. They are a global triangulation method and a local crack-edge mapping technique. The local mapping technique, which generally has the greater accuracy, has been applied to both synthetic and experimental data. The effect of a uniform error in the data has been investigated. The experimental data were obtained at the Rockwell International Science Center for a doorknob specimen with a plane crack of elliptical shape at its center. Crack mappings of very satisfactory accuracy were achieved.
Photoredox-Mediated Routes to Radicals: The Value of Catalytic Radical Generation in Synthetic Methods Development

Photoredox catalysis has experienced a revitalized interest from the synthesis community during the past decade. For example, photoredox/Ni dual catalysis protocols have been developed to overcome several inherent limitations of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings by invoking a single-electron transmetalation pathway. This Perspective highlights advances made by our laboratory since the inception of the photoredox/Ni cross-coupling of benzyltrifluoroborates with aryl bromides. In addition to broadening the scope of trifluoroborate coupling partners, research using readily oxidized hypervalent silicates as radical precursors that demonstrate functional group compatibility is highlighted. The pursuit of electrophilic coupling partners beyond (hetero)aryl bromides has also led to the incorporation of several new classes of C(sp2)-hybridized substrates into light-mediated cross-coupling. Advances to expand the radical toolbox by utilizing feedstock chemicals (e.g., aldehydes) to access radicals that were prev...
Global Multisourcing and Supply Risk Diversification

Using the confidential customs trade data from the U.S. Census, this paper examines the empirical evidence and motivations for multisourcing -- the purchase of the same input from multiple suppliers -- by U.S. importers of manufacturing inputs. The paper highlights a striking and novel sourcing pattern that sourcing on the intensive and extensive margins both follow power laws. On the intensive margin, an importer relies predominantly on one supplier for a given input but retains other suppliers for rapidly declining shares. On the extensive margin, the number of suppliers each importer retains exhibits significant skewness, with many importers using only one or two suppliers while a handful of importers use several. To explain the empirical pattern, I model a firm's tradeoff in paying higher prices and fixed costs for engaging with multiple suppliers versus diversifying from idiosyncratic supplier risks. The model predicts that risks and costs are the competing determinants of both the extensive and intensive margins of sourcing. Empirically, the paper first confirms the model predictions in the cross-section of the data by assessing the relative importance of the determinants of sourcing. Second, using the Japanese Earthquake in 2011 and other sudden supplier closures as quasi-natural experiments, I find evidence that in response to exogenous supply shocks, U.S. importers substitute towards the unaffected suppliers. As such, the multisourcing firms are in better positions to minimize production disruptions than single-sourcing firms.
Electric submetering regulations for commercial dispensing of electricity as a fuel, type certification and testing program development

The standards development process for NIST Handbook 44–3.40 relies on clear definitions, procedures and equipment specifications. This standard covers commercial dispensing of electricity as a fuel. Similar to the need 100+ years ago to create a repeatable method for verifying accuracy of dispensed liquid fuels, commercial transactions for ‘fueling’ an electric vehicle need to be regulated and certified by state weights and measures officials. This paper describes ANL submeter technology developments, metering and transaction reporting requirements for HB44 as well as the development of a National Type Evaluation Program (NTEP), applied to AC, DC and wireless charging equipment.
Molecular dynamics investigation of the thermal conductivity of ternary silicon-germanium-tin alloys

A further reduction of the thermal conductivity (kappa) of silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys is indispensable for their use as thermoelectric materials. Thus far, heteroatom-doped and nanostructured SiGe systems have been mainly synthesized and tested. This work presents a possibility of reducing the kappa of SiGe by alloying with tin (Sn). Our molecular dynamics simulations predict that the kappa of ternary SiGeSn alloys can be 40% lower than those of binary SiGe and GeSn alloys due mainly to increased mass disorder scattering of phonons. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism of kappa suppression in multielement alloys and guidance on how to design them for thermoelectric applications.
Variation of plasmaspheric field-aligned electron and ion densities as a function of geomagnetic storm activity

This paper presents whistler mode (WM) radio sounding measurements of field-aligned electron and ion density in the 90–4000 km altitude as a function of 30 August major storm activity. Electron and ion density measurements were obtained at altitudes below 4000 km including F2 peak, L∼2 and MLT∼15. The plasmapause was located at L>2.5. WM sounding measurements were augmented by in situ measurements from the CHAMP (350 km) and DMSP (850 km) satellites. Even at such low L-shells significant variations in electron and ion densities in both the ionosphere ( O+/H+ transition height) were observed as a function of storm activity. The variation of electron density below and above O+/H+ transition height (∼1000 km) is different. Our results show that: (1) O+/H+ transition height increased during the main phase and it remained high during the recovery phase; (2) below transition height, Ne and O+ significantly increased during storm's main phase and decreased close to their average quiet time values during the recovery phase; (3) Above transition height, Ne oscillated about their quiet time values as a function of storm activity. it decreased during the onset, increased during the main phase and progressively decreased during first two days of recovery phase; The same is true for H+ at all altitudes (4) He+ (at all altitudes) increased during storm onset, decreased during main phase and increased during the recovery phase. Our results on the variations of electron density below 1000 km, O+ and He+ densities are consistent with the past results. Our results also showed significant variations in Ne above 1000 km and H+ density at low L-shells which were not observed in the past. Our results obtained here combined with physics based model simulations such as SAMI3 provides a unique method to study the relative importance of neutral winds and dynamo and prompt penetrations electric fields in determining the storm time variations in electron and ion densities.
Utility of eButton images for identifying food preparation behaviors and meal-related tasks in adolescents.

Food preparation skills may encourage healthy eating. Traditional assessment of child food preparation employs self- or parent proxy-reporting methods, which are prone to error. The eButton is a wearable all-day camera that has promise as an objective, passive method for measuring child food preparation practices. This paper explores the feasibility of the eButton to reliably capture home food preparation behaviors and practices in a sample of pre- and early adolescents (ages 9 to 13). This is a secondary analysis of two eButton pilot projects evaluating the dietary intake of pre- and early adolescents in or around Houston, Texas. Food preparation behaviors were coded into seven major categories including: browsing, altering food/adding seasoning, food media, meal related tasks, prep work, cooking and observing. Inter-coder reliability was measured using Cohen’s kappa and percent agreement. Analysis was completed on data for 31 participants. The most common activity was browsing in the pantry or fridge. Few participants demonstrated any food preparation work beyond unwrapping of food packages and combining two or more ingredients; actual cutting or measuring of foods were rare. Although previous research suggests children who “help” prepare meals may obtain some dietary benefit, accurate assessment tools of food preparation behavior are lacking. The eButton offers a feasible approach to food preparation behavior measurement among pre- and early adolescents. Follow up research exploring the validity of this method in a larger sample, and comparisons between cooking behavior and dietary intake are needed.
High-Energy pp Scattering and Proton Substructure

A proton substructure model proposed earlier is used to analyze present data on high-energy $\mathrm{pp}$ angular distributions. The model satisfactorily describes differential cross sections over the entire momentum range 5-21 GeV/c and over the whole angular interval 0-90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, thus indicating existence of two hadronic core distributions of the proton.
Origin and Geologic Implications of the Palygorskite Deposits of S.E. United States

Abstract This paper is a partial summary of a detailed investigation of the Miocene of the S.E. United States by Weaver and Beck (1977). Palygorskite formed in shallow schizohaline lagoons, largely by the alteration of montmorillonite. The temporal distribution of palygorskite seems controlled largely by climate, which in turn is related to the pattern of continental drift.
The Mathematical Network

From our examination of a variety of mathematical topics, we now return to the underlying questions: What does this variety say about the nature of Mathematics? How does it illuminate the philosophical questions as to Mathematical truth and beauty and does it help to make judgements about the direction of Mathematical research? In particular, what is the foundation of Mathematics?
Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 by Iron, EPO, and HIF.

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is the key hormone produced in bone critical for phosphate homeostasis. Elevated serum phosphorus and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D stimulates FGF23 production to promote renal phosphate excretion and decrease 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis, thus completing the feedback loop and suppressing FGF23. Unexpectedly, studies of common and rare heritable disorders of phosphate handling identified links between iron and FGF23 demonstrating novel regulation outside the phosphate pathway. Iron deficiency combined with an FGF23 cleavage mutation was found to induce the autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets phenotype. Physiological responses to iron deficiency, such as erythropoietin production as well as hypoxia inducible factor activation, have been indicated in regulating FGF23. Additionally, specific iron formulations, used to treat iron deficiency, alter post-translational processing thereby shifting FGF23 protein secretion. Molecular and clinical studies revealed that iron deficiency, through several mechanisms, alters FGF23 at the transcriptional and post-translational level. This review will focus upon the novel discoveries elucidated between iron, its regulators, and their influence on FGF23 bioactivity.
Rape myth acceptance, male gender role norms, attitudes towards women, and psychopathic traits in a military sample

Abstract Rape myth acceptance (RMA) demonstrates association with psychopathic traits, traditional gender role norms, and negative attitudes towards women. However, these RMA correlates have rarely been studied in combination, or examined within military populations. The present study investigated RMA, psychopathic traits, attitudes towards women, and male gender role norms using a convenience sample of 85 active and veteran military personnel recruited through social media. As hypothesized, males and females with in the military did not differ in level of RMA. Results revealed significant associations between the Affective and Interpersonal facets of psychopathy and RMA. Hierarchical linear regression models indicated that traditional male norm ideology and Interpersonal psychopathic features significantly predicted RMA. Affective features to also trended in the prediction of RMA. Results suggest that Affective and Interpersonal traits of psychopathy are salient in account for RMA in a military sample.
Apuleius' Invisible Ass: Encounters with the Unseen in the Metamorphoses

Apuleius' Metamorphoses (or The Golden Ass), a masterpiece of Latin literature from the second century AD, still captivates modern readers with its combination of asininity and mysticism. In the novel, a young man named Lucius tells how he accidentally turns into a donkey and then describes how he regains human form with the help of the Egyptian goddess Isis, into whose cult he is initiated. This book argues that invisibility is one of the central motifs in the Metamorphoses and, in the process, presents a new interpretation of Apuleius' novel as a visionary, esoteric text. It contributes both to the study of the subtle relationship between literature and Platonic philosophy and to the cultural history of invisibility in classical antiquity and beyond.
Electrochemical Studies of Cation Condensation-Induced Collapse of Surface-Bound DNA

In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to control and electrochemically monitor nucleic acid conformation by inducing collapse of short, surface-bound nucleotides (7–28 nucleotides). More specif...
An Isoperimetric Deficit Formula

We prove a geometric formula for the isoperimetric deficit of a smooth domain in a constant curvature model space.
Radiation response of FeCrAl-coated Zircaloy-4

Abstract Coating the surface of Zircaloy-4 light water reactor fuel cladding tube is of considerable interest for enhancing its accident tolerance. In this study, thermal annealing of FeCrAl-coated Zircaloy-4 at 725 °C for 500 h, was used to induce interfacial reactions between Zircaloy-4 and FeCrAl. The interface zones were then irradiated by 3.5 MeV Zr ions at 400 °C, up to 50, 100, 150 peak dpa values. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM were used to characterize microstructural and composition changes before and after ion irradiation. Three interfacial phases were identified: FeZr3, (Fe,Cr)2Zr, and ZrC. The widest intermetallic layer, FeZr3, had large grains. The narrower phases, (Fe,Cr)2Zr and ZrC, contained small grains and were often mixed. The unexpected observation of the ZrC phase was attributed to the presence of very small impurity level concentrations of carbon in the powder material. No void swelling was observed in any of the phases, including the FeCrAl coating and Zircaloy-4 substrate. (Fe,Cr)2Zr, however, fully amorphized after irradiation, even at the lowest dpa.
Injury metrics are altered in spica-casted versus non-casted child ATDs in side-impact collisions with door intrusion

Objective: There is little data defining safe transport protocols for spica-casted children. A single earlier study demonstrated the presence of a body cast alters kinematics and injury metrics during simulated side-impact crashes. Since then, the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) proposed a new side-impact test protocol for evaluating child restraints. This test is more severe than the earlier tests, as it simulates an impact with a door intruding into the occupant space. As no currently available child restraint system (CRS) able to accommodate a spica-casted child has been evaluated using these updated testing criteria, the objective of this study was to evaluate current restraint options in simulated side-impact collisions using an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) modeled after a 3-year-old.Methods: Four commercially available CRSs able to accommodate a spica-casted Q3s side-impact ATD were selected for testing. Side-impact testing was performed using casted and uncasted ATDs in compliance with the NHTSA proposed side-impact test. High-speed photography and ATD instrumentation were used to measure selected injury criteria.Results: HIC15 values were highest in CRSs with less robust side wings, such as the Merritt WallenburgTM (HIC15 = 1,373), which allow for the occupant to interact with the intruding door panel. Head contact with the door panel was found to correspond with high resultant neck peak force. Pelvic acceleration magnitudes were greatest for the uncasted tests. Casted tests with a CRS that included an armrest were associated with greater torso rotation in the frontal plane with the left shoulder moving toward the door panel.Conclusions: The presence of a spica cast alters injury metrics in side-impact testing. Spica specific child safety seats are not yet optimized for side-impact with door intrusion. This is due to a lack of adequate side cushion wings, which may place both casted and uncasted occupants at increased likelihood for injury through head contact with an intruding door. Additional work is needed to improve the safety of CRSs for both casted and uncasted children in side-impact collisions.
Metal-Free C–C Coupling of an Allenyl Sulfone with Picolyl Amides to Access Vinyl Sulfones via Pyridine-Initiated In Situ Generation of Sulfinate Anion

Vinyl sulfones are privileged motifs known for their biological activity and synthetic utility. Synthetic transformations to efficiently access high-value compounds with these motifs are desired and sought after. Herein, a new procedure is described to form vinyl sulfone-containing compounds by selective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond adjacent to the pyridine ring of pharmacologically prevalent picolyl amides with an allenyl sulfone, 1-methyl-4-(propa-1,2-dien-1-ylsulfonyl)benzene. The reaction conditions are mild with no metal catalyst or additives required and display good functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies for this unusual transformation suggest that the reaction operates via a rare pyridine-initiated and p-toluenesulfinate anion-mediated activation of the allenyl sulfone analogous to phosphine-triggered reactions.
The Zapiola Anticyclone: A Lagrangian study of its kinematics in an eddy-permitting ocean model

Abstract The Zapiola Anticyclone (ZA) is a strong, O (100 Sv), barotropic vortex in the center of the Argentine Basin that is tied to a bathymetric feature called the Zapiola Rise. It is regionally significant for two reasons: first, the strong vortex is a dynamical barrier that inhibits the lateral exchange of water, and hence has the ability to trap water for a long period of time. Second, its dynamics is governed by a balance between eddy-driven mass convergence and divergent Ekman transport, which gives rise to strong downwelling and Ekman pumping into the bottom boundary layer. This study investigates the kinematics of the ZA by studying the fate of the water parcels that are trapped by the ZA. We use output from a five-year simulation with an eddy-permitting ocean model, and we use a Lagrangian approach to track water parcels originating from within the ZA. We determine basic statistics of the parcel trajectories, including retention time, number of revolutions, vertical displacement, and temperature and salinity changes. The picture that emerges is one of water parcels spiraling downward through the water column, undergoing downwelling while they revolve anticyclonically around the center of the ZA. In our experiment, water parcels spend on average 451 days within the ZA, and make 2.6 revolutions around its center, with each revolution taking somewhere between 100 and 200 days. On average, parcels undergo a 94 m descent, 0.03 °C cooling and 0.0042 psu freshening. But individual parcels can undergo more than 800 m of downwelling, 0.2 °C of cooling, and ± 0.02 psu of salinity change. We believe that vertical motions of this order of magnitude, and the associated water mass transformations, are unique in the abyssal mid-latitude oceans.
Databases for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Ventricular Assist Devices

The most critically ill patients can now be treated with life saving mechanical circulatory support. The development of databases to track the outcomes of patients with critical illness has been ongoing for much of the last two decades. Clinicians who engage in the use of mechanical circulatory support are interested in the analysis of outcomes of patients treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) and Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD), with the ultimate aim of improvement in the quality of care.
Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance Study of High-Field Stress Induced Si/SiO 2 Interface Defects

We report electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) results in $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ metal-oxidesemiconductor field effect transistors before and after high field gate stressing. The measurements utilize EDMR detected through $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ interface recombination currents. These interface recombination measurements provide information about one aspect of the stressing damage: the chemical and physical identity of trapping centers generated at and very near the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ interface. EDMR signal demonstrates that $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ interface defects known as $\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{b}}$ centers play important roles in the stress-induced damage.
Design Criteria for FIR Waveguide Lasers

The low working pressures of FIR gas lasers and the associated low absorption per length of the pump radiation make it difficult to achieve an efficient use of the pump power available. Unwanted losses of pump power occur in the optics between pump laser and FIR cavity, in the coupling process, and at mirrors and walls inside the cavity. For the pump efficiency to be high the evacuated FIR cavity must have a high Q for the pump radiation.
You Don't Know How I Feel: Insider-Outsider Perspective Gaps in Cyberbullying Risk Detection.

Cyberbullying is a prevalent concern within social computing research that has led to the development of several supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms for automated risk detection. A critical aspect of ML algorithm development is how to establish ground truth that is representative of the phenomenon of interest in the real world. Often, ground truth is determined by third-party annotators (i.e., “outsiders”) who are removed from the situational context of the interaction; therefore, they cannot fully understand the perspective of the individuals involved (i.e., “insiders”). To understand the extent of this problem, we compare “outsider” versus “insider” perspectives when annotating 2,000 posts from an online peer-support platform. We interpolate this analysis to a corpus containing over 2.3 million posts on bullying and related topics, and reveal significant gaps in ML models that use third-party annotators to detect bullying incidents. Our results indicate that models based on the insiders’ perspectives yield a significantly higher recall in identifying bullying posts and are able to capture a range of explicit and implicit references and linguistic framings, including person-specific impressions of the incidents. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating the victim’s point of view in establishing effective tools for cyberbullying risk detection. As such, we advocate for the adoption of human-centered and value-sensitive approaches for algorithm development that bridge insider-outsider perspective gaps in a way that empowers the most vulnerable.
Oncolytic Virotherapy for Melanoma Brain Metastases, a Potential New Treatment Paradigm?

Introduction: Melanoma brain metastases remain a devastating disease process with poor prognosis. Recently, there has been a surge in studies demonstrating the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy for brain tumor treatment. Given their specificity and amenability to genetic modification, the authors explore the possible role of oncolytic virotherapy as a potential treatment option for patients with melanoma brain metastases. Methods: A comprehensive literature review including both preclinical and clinical evidence of oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of melanoma brain metastasis was performed. Results: Oncolytic virotherapy, specifically T-VEC (Imlygic™), was approved for the treatment of melanoma in 2015. Recent clinical trials demonstrate promising anti-tumor changes in patients who have received T-VEC; however, there is little evidence for its use in metastatic brain disease based on the existing literature. To date, only two single cases utilizing virotherapy in patients with metastatic brain melanoma have been reported, specifically in patients with treatment refractory disease. Currently, there is not sufficient data to support the use of T-VEC or other viruses for intracranial metastatic melanoma. In developing a virotherapy treatment paradigm for melanoma brain metastases, several factors must be considered, including route of administration, need to bypass the blood–brain barrier, viral tumor infectivity, and risk of adverse events. Conclusions: Evidence for oncolytic virotherapy treatment of melanoma is limited primarily to T-VEC, with a noticeable paucity of data in the literature with respect to brain tumor metastasis. Given the promising findings of virotherapy for other brain tumor types, oncolytic virotherapy has great potential to offer benefits to patients afflicted with melanoma brain metastases and warrants further investigation.
Lobbying vs. administered protection

Abstract Import-competing industries in many democracies can pursue import relief via administered protection (AP) procedures or can lobby politicians directly. In this paper an industry chooses the option that maximizes expected profits. Both the AP and lobbying processes required a fixed resource cost and have an associated subjective probability of success. We show that policy reforms that decrease the probability of success under administered protection or lobbying may reduce expected national welfare when both processes are potentially profitable.
"Successful outcome" after below-knee amputation: an objective definition and influence of clinical variables

Functional success after below-knee amputation (BKA) has been poorly studied. The purpose of this study was to establish a consistent definition of "successful outcome" after BKA and to identify clinical variables influencing that definition. Three hundred nine consecutive patients undergoing BKA were evaluated postoperatively using the following definition for "successful outcome": 1) wound healing of the BKA without need for revision to a higher level; 2) maintenance of ambulation with a prosthesis for at least 1 year or until death; and 3) survival for at least 6 months. Independent clinical predictors influencing outcome were determined using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. For the cohort, median survival and maintenance of ambulation were 44 months and 60 months, respectively. Although 86.4 per cent of patients healed without the need for revision to a higher level, 63.4 per cent maintained ambulation with a prosthesis for 1 year and 86.1 per cent survived for 6 months, successful outcome as defined by attaining all three components of the definitions occurred in only 51.1 per cent (n = 158) of patients. Of 19 clinical variables examined, six were identified in bivariate analysis as significantly associated with outcome. However, only three were found to be independent predictors of outcome using logistic regression modeling. The presence of coronary artery disease [odds ratio (OR), 0.465; 95% CI, 0.289-0.747], cerebrovascular disease (OR, 0.389; 95% CI, 0.154-0.980), and impaired ambulatory ability before BKA (OR, 0.310; 95% CI, 0.154-0.623) were each associated with a decreased odds for successful outcome. Patients who presented with impaired ambulatory ability in combination with another independent predictor had only a 20 per cent to 23 per cent probability of successful outcome and patients who presented with all three had a 10.4 per cent probability of success. In contrast, patients who had none of the independent predictors at presentation had a 67.5 per cent probability of successful outcome after BKA. A standardized definition of success after BKA capable of predicting outcomes is feasible and can be a useful tool to determine rehabilitation potential. When judged by our definition, patients without predictors of failure possess a high potential for rehabilitation, whereas patients with multiple predictors rarely rehabilitate, should probably receive palliative above-knee amputation, and forgo the expense of futile prosthetic training.