cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antipredator behaviour and predator recognition in Belding's ground squirrels

This study evaluates whether Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) recognize predators under natural conditions. I observed these squirrels for 300 h during two consecutive summers, during which I described 1029 aerial and terrestrial interactions, including 299 interactions with animals known to prey on squirrels. Squirrels responded differentially to predators and non-predators, to predators that hunt differently, and to contextually different interactions with the same predator. Responses shown in encounters with predators included Trill and Chirp vocalizing, upright Posting, crouching, running to burrow entrances, entering burrows, Approaching or chasing predators, and doubling-back on pursuing predators. Ground squirrels appear to adjust their antipredator behaviour depending on the amount and kind of danger they face during an encounter. Prey animals should discriminate between dan- gerous and harmless situations if they are actively to avoid predation and also avoid unnecessary responses that waste valuable time and energy. This discriminative process, often called predator recognition, predicts at least three patterns of responsiveness: (1) prey should discriminate bet- ween predators and non-predators, (2) prey should discriminate among predators that hunt differently, and (3) prey should discriminate among contextually different situations in which the same predator is encountered, because all situations may not be equally dangerous. In this paper I will evaluate these three predictions for the antipredator behaviour of Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi. Predator recognition has traditionally been studied through the use of motionless stuffed animals or dummies (e.g. Nice & ter Pelkwyk 1941; Hartley 1950; Curio 1975) or simplified geometrical shapes moved overhead (e.g. Tinbergen 1948; Schleidt 1961). Field studies by Kruuk (1964) on black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) and Walther (1969) on Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) are notable excep- tions. Furthermore, most of these studies have dealt with birds or large mammals: the anti- predator behaviour of small mammals has been relatively ignored. Ground squirrels are ideal subjects for the study of antipredator behaviour in small mare-
Susceptibility of SiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2 dielectrics to moisture contamination

Moisture contamination of HfO2 and ZrO2 ultrathin dielectric films, deposited by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD™), is investigated and compared to that of native SiO2. Results show that HfO2 and ZrO2 surfaces adsorb higher amounts of moisture and bind moisture more strongly than SiO2 surfaces. A multilayer model is developed to represent the dynamics of moisture interaction with these three oxides. Using this model, the fundamental kinetic parameters are determined. The adsorption rate constants are of the same order of magnitude for all three surfaces. However, the desorption rate constants for ZrO2 and HfO2 are almost three orders of magnitude lower than that for SiO2. Activation energies for desorption of water molecules from the first two layers are 33, 27, and 19 kJ/mol, for ZrO2, HfO2, and SiO2, respectively. Results obtained in this study suggest that the HfO2 and ZrO2, as the new dielectric materials, are more prone to moisture contamination than SiO2. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1881–1888, 2004
Endobronchial closure of a postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula

Successful permanent endobronchial closure of a serious postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula is reported in a patient with a delayed diagnosis of Mycobacterium fortuitum-cheloni infection. Increasing experience, improved plugging agents, and a review of the literature suggest that in selected patients, this procedure can avoid complex repeat operations and reverse life-threatening situations. Although atypical mycobacterial infections occur with infrequency, they are difficult to treat and may lead, as in this patient, to a misdiagnosis. Operations on granulomatous tissues are prone to heal poorly, thus inviting tissue breakdown and chronic fistulas.
Comments on steric effects in buttressed methyl pyridine species

Abstract Using MINDO/3 calculations, we have investigated the importance of gear effects and pointing H-H interactions in several polymethylpyridine systems. Gear clashing of methyl groups on adjacent ring positions was found to produce about 0.6 kcal mole -1 stabilization, while interaction between two pointing hydrogens destabilizes the molecule by about 1.1 kcal mo1e -1 . Calculated barriers for rotation of the isopropyl group in several 1-isopropyl-poly methyl pyridiniun cations were in good agreement with experimental results published recently by Roussel. The calculations indicate that the decrease in the rotational barrier upon additional buttressing of methyl groups can be attributed to destabilization of the ground rotational conformer for the more sterically hindered 1-isopropyl polymethyl pyridinium species.
Six-Month Trial of Bupropion With Contingency Management for Cocaine Dependence in a Methadone-Maintained Population

Context No effective pharmacotherapies exist for cocaine dependence, although contingency management (CM) has demonstrated efficacy. Objective To compare the efficacy of bupropion hydrochloride and CM for reducing cocaine use in methadone hydrochloride–maintained individuals. Design This 25-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial randomly assigned participants to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: CM and placebo (CMP), CM and 300 mg/d of bupropion hydrochloride (CMB), voucher control and placebo (VCP), or voucher control and bupropion (VCB). Setting Outpatient clinic at the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System. Participants A total of 106 opiate-dependent, cocaine-abusing individuals. Interventions All study participants received methadone hydrochloride (range, 60-120 mg). Participants receiving bupropion hydrochloride were given 300 mg/d beginning at week 3. In the CM conditions, each urine sample negative for both opioids and cocaine resulted in a monetary-based voucher that increased for consecutively drug-free urine samples during weeks 1 to 13. Completion of abstinence-related activities also resulted in a voucher. During weeks 14 to 25, only completion of activities was reinforced in the CM group, regardless of sample results. The voucher control groups received vouchers for submitting urine samples, regardless of results, throughout the study. Main Outcome Measure Thrice-weekly urine toxicologic test results for cocaine and heroin. Results Groups did not differ in baseline characteristics or retention rates. Opiate use decreased significantly, with all treatment groups attaining equivalent amounts of opiate use at the end of the study. In the CMB group, the proportion of cocaine-positive samples significantly decreased during weeks 3 to 13 ( P P P Conclusion These findings suggest that combining CM with bupropion for the treatment of cocaine addiction may significantly improve outcomes relative to bupropion alone.
Drift Spectrum vs. Modal Analysis of Structural Response to Near-Fault Ground Motions:

Abstract A new measure of earthquake demand, the drift spectrum has been developed as an adjunct to the response spectrum, a central concept in earthquake engineering, in calculating the internal deformations of a structure due to near‐fault ground motions with pronounced coherent pulses in the velocity and displacement histories. Compared in this paper are certain aspects of the elastic structural response to near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions. It is demonstrated that (1) the difference between drift and response spectra are not unique to near‐fault ground motions; these differences simply reflect higher‐mode response, which is larger due to near‐fault ground motions; (2) response spectrum analysis (RSA) using existing modal combination rules can provide an estimate of structural response that is accurate to a useful degree; (3) these modal combination rules are similarly accurate for near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions although the underlying assumptions are not satisfied by near‐fault excitati...
Production of K + Mesons in 2.85- and 2.40-BeV p − p Collisions

We report an experimental measurements of ${K}^{+}$-meson production in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ collisions at 2.85 and 2.40 BeV. The momentum spectra of the ${K}^{+}$ mesons are given at the three laboratory angles of 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 17\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 32\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The ${K}^{+}$ mesons were identified by momentum and velocity using differential \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counters with a combined rejection of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. It is shown that the production spectra can be accounted for by a one-meson-exchange mechanism with the introduction of appropriate cutoffs. At the high-energy limit of the 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} spectrum, a clear peak is observed, which is attributed to the low-energy $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}p$ interaction in the $K\ensuremath{\Lambda}p$ final state. No other enhancements or pronounced effects due to resonances either in the $\mathrm{Yp}$ or $\mathrm{KY}$ system are observed.
Review: Bilirubin pKa studies: new models and theories indicate high pKa values in water, dimethylformamide and DMSO.

Background Correct aqueous pKa values of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), a poorly-soluble, unstable substance, are essential for understanding its functions. Our prior solvent partition studies, of unlabeled and [14C] UCB, indicated pKa values above 8.0. These high values were attributed to effects of internal H-bonding in UCB. Many earlier and subsequent studies have reported lower pKa values, some even below 5.0, which are often used to describe the behavior of UCB. We here review 18 published studies that assessed aqueous pKa values of UCB, critically evaluating their methodologies in relation to essential preconditions for valid pKa measurements (short-duration experiments with purified UCB below saturation and accounting for self-association of UCB).
Time Variation of 500 mb Height Fluctuations with Long, Intermediate and Short Time Scales as Deduced from Lag-Correlation Statistics

Abstract The time variation of Northern Hemisphere wintertime 500 mb height fluctuations with short, intermediate and long time scales is investigated, using lag-correlation patterns derived from time-filtered data. Fluctuations with short (2.5–6 day periods) time scales propagate eastward at a rate consistent with the notion of a steering level around 700 mb, which supports an interpretation in terms of baroclinic waves. The mobile teleconnection patterns associated with the intermediate (10–30 day periods) time scales exhibit a pattern of time variation suggestive a Rossby-wave dispersion, with a predominance of southward dispersion from middle latitudes into the tropics. The geographically fixed teleconnection patterns characteristic of the longer time scales do not show a well-defined pattern of time variation, but their horizontal structure resembles that of the fastest growing normal mode associated with barotropic instability of the climatological mean wintertime flow.
Anderson's personality-trait words rated by men and women as a function of stimulus sex.

St/mmary.-Anderson's personality-trait words were rated for likeableness on a 101-point scale by 30 male and 30 female undergraduates instructed to regard the stimuli as characterizing either a man or a woman. Although the pooled means correlated highly with Anderson's mean ratings, inspection of the separate stimuli showed numerous appreciable rating differences attributable to 5s' sex and sex of stimulus. Eliminating such stimuli resulted in a list of 143 recommended personality-uait words. Following Asch's ( 1946) example, most investigators working in the area of impression formation have employed a simple task in which Ss form impressions of fictitious individuals described by sets of personality traits. A commonly used list of such traits is one constructed by Anderson (1968), who had 100 college men and women rate 555 adjectives on a 7-point likeableness scale. Ss' instructions were "to think of a person as being described by each word and to rate the word according to how much they would like the person" (p. 272). The person's sex was not specified. Recent experimentation on group-impression formation using nonverbal stimuli has raised the possibility that some differences in impression formation may be a function of the sex of the stimulus (Rosnow & Arms, 1968). The implication here is that, when scaling personality-trait adjectives, ignoring the sex of the stimulus may unwittingly introduce a source of error variance that may subsequently confound research employing those adjectives. It is entirely plausible that some traits may be perceived by Ss as favorable characteristics when they are thought to describe a man and unfavorable when they are thought to characterize a woman, as, for instance, "aggressive," "tough," and "scientific." Other personality traits may be perceived just the opposite, unfavorable characteristics in men and favorable in women, for example, "innocent" and "submissive." In order to eliminate this potential source of ambiguity from future research on personality impression formation, the authors re-scaled Anderson's personalitytrait words, varying both Ss' sex as well as sex of stimuli. PROCEDURE Ss were 30 male and 30 female freshman and sophomore volunteers, who were enrolled during the fall semester, 1968, in sections of the introductory psychology course at Temple University. They were each paid $1.50 to rate 554 adjectives* from Anderson's (1968) word list following these instructions:
An L∞ stability analysis for the finite-difference solution of one-dimensional linear convection-diffusion equations on moving meshes

The stability of three moving-mesh finite-difference schemes is studied in the L^~ norm for one-dimensional linear convection-diffusion equations. These schemes use central finite differences for spatial discretization and the @q method for temporal discretization, and they are based on conservative and non-conservative forms of transformed partial differential equations. The stability conditions obtained consist of the CFL condition and the mesh speed related conditions. The CFL condition is independent of the mesh speed and has the same form as that for fixed meshes. The mesh speed related conditions restrict how fast the mesh can move. The conditions of this type obtained in this paper are weaker than those in the existing literature and can be satisfied when the mesh is sufficiently fine. Illustrative numerical results are presented.
Microbody-Like Organelles in Leaf Cells

An organelle approximately 0.5 to 1.5 microns in diameter, limited by a single membrane, occurs abundantly in the chlorophyllous cells of leaves of several dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Its finely granular matrix frequently contains crystalline, fibrous, or amorphous inclusions. It is frequently appressed to a chloroplast or squeezed between chloroplasts so that its limiting membrane is in extensive contact with the outer membranes of the chloroplast envelopes. The organelle is probably identical with recently isolated leaf particles that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycolate, a chloroplast product; it is interpreted as a form of plant microbody.
Inverse Monte Carlo analysis

Abstract The use of the Monte Carlo method for solving inverse problems, such as those commonly encountered in radiation physics, is investigated. It is shown that a non-iterative simulation procedure employing the importance sampling concept in which samples are taken from an arbitrary probability density function (pdf) can lead to a system of equations which can be solved for a set of parameters of the true pdf. Also, under certain conditions, the uncertainty in the retrieved parameters can be estimated. Specific examples demonstrating one- and four-dimensional inversions are considered.
An Acoustic-electromagnetic Piezoelectric Waveguide Coupler

Abstract Theory and experiment are presented for a device which couples travelling waves in an electrical transmission line with flexural waves in an elastic beam. Coupling of the two wave types is achieved using a segmented piezoelectric layer adhered to the beam and connected to the transmission line. The key design parameter is the non-dimensional coupling length. A simple expression for calculating its magnitude is derived. For the design used, this length was predicted to be four wavelengths. Experiments yielded a similar value.
Tactical mobile robots for complex urban environments

A common aspect of any security projection for the 21st Century is the need to function effectively in complex environments. Cluttered terrain, dense urban areas, and sub-terranean structures all present a daunting set of operational challenges for tactical units within both DoD and a host of other government agencies. The dynamic nature of urban activity and the prominence of human discord in such areas also creates a very complex and often frustrating mix of physical, emotional and psychological constraints that can prevent accomplishment of even the most simple tasks and mission sets. This paper provides an overview of DARPA’s Tactical Mobile Robotics program, and its effort to develop new technologies that will address some of the most difficult and technically challenging aspects of tactical operations in complex terrain. It stops short of an exclusive focus on urban operations in order to fully exploit the potential for semi-autonomous robotic platforms to revolutionize operations across the entire spectrum of tactical activity. This paper outlines the advantages enjoyed through the employment of Man Portable Robotic Systems (MPRS) in denied areas, and calls for a redirection of unmanned systems development toward them. A review of ground robotic platforms is provided first, followed by a discussion of operational voids and corresponding technical challenges. A very brief outline of TMR program structure is presented next in an effort to provide incremental updates on progress sought and made. The paper concludes with a call for continued support of the MRPS concept and innovative research to assist the TMR program in addressing its many technical challenges.
Effect of Dilute Nitric Acid on Crystallization and Fracture of Amorphous Solid Water Films

Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) is employed to investigate the effects of dilute HNO3 (0−2.2 mol %) on the crystallization-induced fracture/morphology changes that occur in nanoscale amorphous solid water (ASW) films. Gas uptake measurements (CClF2H) on annealed pure and HNO3-doped films are conducted to investigate changes in film morphology/surface area during annealing and crystallization. These measurements demonstrate that dilute amounts of HNO3 within thin ASW films reduce the extent of film fracture during crystallization and also accelerate crystallization.
STUDIES ON THE INCREASE OF VACCINE VIRUS IN CULTURED HUMAN CELLS BY MEANS OF THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE

The specific detection of the antigens of vaccine virus in cultured human cells by means of fluorescent antibody is reported. The antigenic material occurred in the cytoplasm in progressively increasing amounts and in the early stages was in close contact with the nuclear membrane. The antigens were present in a finely particulate form, either as foci or loosely spread out, up to late stages of infection, at which time the staining assumed a homogeneous form due either to close packing of the particles or to soluble antigen, or both. In late stages, homogeneous collections of antigen were observed in the nucleus. They may have resulted from diffusion of soluble antigen through the nuclear membrane. The antigens were observed in situations which suggest a new method of spread from one to another of these cells, namely by transmission through cytoplasmic connections.
The ‘Hurst phenomenon’ in grid turbulence

Measurements of the statistical property called the ‘rescaled range’ in grid-generated turbulence exhibit a Hurst coefficient H = 0·5 for 43 1850 the rescaled range breaks from H = 0·5 and rises at a significantly faster rate, H = 0·7-0·8, implying a long-term dependence or possibly non-stationarity at long times. The measured autocorrelations remain indistinguishable from zero for UT/M > 20. The break in the trend H = 0·5 is probably caused by motions on scales comparable to characteristic time scales of the wind-tunnel circulation. Rescaled-range analysis is a powerful statistical tool for determining the time scale separating the grid turbulence from the background wind-tunnel motions.
Nonlinear ${\cal H}_{\infty }$ Constrained Feedback Control for Grid-Interactive WECS Under High Stochasticity

Wind turbine technology has evolved into a unique technical identity with potential to contribute significantly to the global energy mix powered by renewables. Wind energy, being a fluctuating resource, requires tight control management that ad dresses stability issues for it to be integrable with the grid system. Difficulty in controller construction for wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) is reinforced by sensitivity to numerical complexity, fast parameter variations due to wind stochasticity, tight performance requirements, as well as the presence of flexible modes that limit the control bandwidth. Proposed herein is a pitch control scheme and a model-based H∞ synthesis controller that yields a multivariable control law governing operation of the power electronic converter for a megawatt-class WECS over the entire nominal operating trajectory. The H∞ control objectives are cast as optimization programs with a unique cost function subject to linear matrix inequality constraints. Simulational analysis confirms the efficacy of the adopted technique: issues regarding uncertain ties with respect to system modeling and possible adverse control due to interactions with highly turbulent winds are handled with precision, while significantly improving the quality of voltage and output power.
Antioxidant capacities, procyanidins and pigments in avocados of different strains and cultivars

Abstract Avocado (Persea americana) is an important tropical fruit, but little is known about their antioxidant capacities and phytochemical composition. The objective of this research was to determine antioxidant capacities, total phenolic content and identify and quantify major antioxidant compounds in avocados of different strains and cultivars. Ripe Florida avocados from seven cultivars (Slimcado, Booth 7, Booth 8, Choquette, Loretta, Simmonds, and Tonnage) of West Indian or Guatemalan strains were separated into seeds, peels and pulp, and freeze dried. Hass avocado of Mexican strain was chosen for comparison. Samples were extracted with acetone/water/acetic acid solvent and analysed using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay for total phenolic content. Antioxidant capacities were determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and DPPH assays. Procyanidins were identified and quantified using HPLC-MSn. Antioxidant pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) were estimated spectrophotometrically. For all varieties, seeds contained the highest antioxidant capacities, phenolic content, and procyanidins, whereas the pulp had the lowest. Procyanidins, including catechin, epicatechin, A- and B-type dimers, A- and B-type trimers, tetramers, pentamers and hexamers, were identified in peels and seeds using normal-phase HPLC–ESI-MSn. Antioxidant capacities, phenolic contents and procyanidins in avocados were highly correlated, suggesting that procyanidins were the major phenolic compounds that contributed to antioxidant capacities. Carotenoids and chlorophylls were found to be concentrated in avocado peels but did not correlate with antioxidant capacities. This study suggested that avocado seeds and peels, industrial wastes of avocado processing, can be exploited as source of antioxidants.
Impaired Ca2+ homeostasis is associated with atrial fibrillation in the α1D L-type Ca2+ channel KO mouse

The novel α1D Ca2+ channel together with α1C Ca2+ channel contribute to the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L) in the mouse supraventricular tissue. However, its functional role in the heart is just emerg...
An estimate of mean flow properties in a turbulent diffusion flame

Turbulent diffusion flames were computed while neglecting fluctuations of density, concentration and temperature, with reference to a central hydrogen jet issuing into a parallel coaxial airstream. An estimate for the time-average rate of fuel consumption was made, based mainly on dimensional analysis.
Effectiveness of medications used to attenuate antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic effects are a critical outcome for patients requiring these medications. A literature search using MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycNET, and EMBASE for randomized, open and double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of medications targeting antipsychotic-induced weight gain was performed. Primary outcome measures were change and endpoint values in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Secondary outcomes included ⩾7% weight gain, all-cause discontinuation, change in waist circumference, glucose and lipid metabolism parameters, and psychiatric symptoms. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explain heterogeneity of the results. Across 32 studies including 1482 subjects, 15 different medications were tested: amantadine, dextroamphetamine, d-fenfluramine, famotidine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, metformin, nizatidine, orlistat, phenylpropanolamine, reboxetine, rosiglitazone, sibutramine, topiramate, and metformin+sibutramine. Compared with placebo, metformin had the greatest weight loss (N=7, n=334, −2.94 kg (confidence interval (CI:−4.89,−0.99)), followed by d-fenfluramine (N=1, n=16, −2.60 kg (CI:−5.14,−0.06)), sibutramine (N=2, n=55, −2.56 kg (CI:−3.91,−1.22)), topiramate (N=2, n=133, −2.52 kg (CI:−4.87,−0.16)), and reboxetine (N=2, n=79, −1.90 kg (CI:−3.07,−0.72)). Weight loss remained significant with metformin initiation after weight gain had occurred, but not when started concomitantly with antipsychotics. Nausea rates were not higher with any treatment compared with placebo. In all, 5 of 15 psychopharmacologic interventions aimed at ameliorating antipsychotic-induced weight gain outperformed placebo. Results were most robust for metformin, although these were modest and heterogeneous. Only one (negative) combination treatment study was available and head-to-head studies are absent. None of the agents were able to entirely reverse weight gain because of antipsychotics. At present, no treatment has sufficient evidence to recommend broad clinical usage. Antipsychotics with no or minimal cardiometabolic liability, as well as interventions that prevent or normalize adverse antipsychotic cardiometabolic effects are needed.
Teaching Beginning Undergraduates How to Do an In-depth Interview: A Teaching Note with 12 Handy Tips

In-depth interviewing is now a common method in sociology. Although there are many potential benefits of in-depth interviewing assignments for both majors and nonmajors, few have developed tools one can use to teach this method at the first and second year, especially in substantive classes where instruction in interviewing is constrained by time and practical circumstances. In this note, the authors present an in-class exercise and tip sheet they developed to teach beginning undergraduates how to conduct quality in-depth interviews. Comparative analysis of students’ preliminary and final interview guides, as well as the results of a student survey, support the teaching effectiveness of the workshop and tip sheet.
How to Sift Citations

s or indexing language: Terms at the foot or head of the citation detail content or subject headings. Are any of these better terms?closer to the desired topic?to use for searching? The terms are another indication of what the article is about. If we can encourage students to read these, they will be more able to judge the utility of the article. Of course, an abstract is even better, given the same caveat. Author: What is the author writing about? What is his reputation, if any, in the field? Does he have credentials? What agenda is he following? For example: if one could compare articles by Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes about eco nomics, Marx's would be very different from that of Keynes. Title of journal or magazine: What is the reputation and point of view of the magazine? Again, extreme examples: Mother Jones as a publication is political ly almost diametrically opposed to the stance of National Review. Depending on the students' needs, either might serve as a source, but they need to be aware of a publication's purposes beyond providing information. Publisher: Who publishes a book or a journal may have influence on its content and its authority. This is considered as a factor much more often by faculty and graduate students than by undergradu ates, but it is worth mentioning. What is the level of coverage? Subject specificity, depth, and breadth of cover age are all important considerations. Who contributed or contributes to it? Where is it indexed? Who are the editors? Timeliness: Does the student need the most recent information, retrospective information, or just "anything on the topic"? Availability: Is the book or article in the library? If not, can the student afford to wait, or does she need a source that is currently on hand, even if it isn't quite as good? The handouts (in the boxes) give some explanation of these points, and can be used as a teaching aid and as a spark for discussion about the distinguishing marks of the jewels within the vast array of pub lications. Admittedly, nothing in the handouts covers how to tell a "good" periodical from a poor one: that is some thing that can be judged by the use of cer tain directories, such as Katz's Magazines for Libraries, by recommendation of li brarians or faculty, or by examples in class and examination of issues by the in dividual. Discretion or the ability to eval uate material as having relative rather than absolute truth is a function of the in dividual student's cognitive (Perry 1970; McNeer 1991) and sociohistoric status (Anderson and Adams 1992), but it is also a matter of exposure, experience, and training. If students are seeking articles from magazines or journals, then they need to know that how often a particular index is updated will affect its usefulness. If a stu dent wants an article less than a month old, or another wants articles from the McCarthy era, neither of them is likely to find any in most of the CD-ROM indexes
Numerical Solution of a Class of Integral Equations Arising in Two-Dimensional Aerodynamics

We consider the numerical solution of a class of integral equations arising in the determination of the compressible flow about a thin airfoil in a ventilated wind tunnel. The integral equations are of the first kind with kernels having a Cauchy singularity. Using appropriately chosen Hilbert spaces, it is shown that the kernel gives rise to a mapping which is the sum of a unitary operator and a compact operator. This enables us to study the problem in terms of an equivalent integral equation of the second kind. Using Galerkin's method, we are able to derive a convergent numerical algorithm for its solution. It is shown that this algorithm is numerically equivalent to Bland's collocation method, which is then used as our method of computation. Extensive numerical calculations are presented establishing the validity of the theory.
An Evaluation of a Flight Deck Interval Management Algorithm Including Delayed Target Trajectories

NASA's first Air Traffic Management (ATM) Technology Demonstration (ATD-1) was created to facilitate the transition of mature air traffic management technologies from the laboratory to operational use. The technologies selected for demonstration are the Traffic Management Advisor with Terminal Metering (TMA-TM), which provides precise timebased scheduling in the terminal airspace; Controller Managed Spacing (CMS), which provides controllers with decision support tools enabling precise schedule conformance; and Interval Management (IM), which consists of flight deck automation that enables aircraft to achieve or maintain precise in-trail spacing. During high demand operations, TMA-TM may produce a schedule and corresponding aircraft trajectories that include delay to ensure that a particular aircraft will be properly spaced from other aircraft at each schedule waypoint. These delayed trajectories are not communicated to the automation onboard the aircraft, forcing the IM aircraft to use the published speeds to estimate the target aircraft's estimated time of arrival. As a result, the aircraft performing IM operations may follow an aircraft whose TMA-TM generated trajectories have substantial speed deviations from the speeds expected by the spacing algorithm. Previous spacing algorithms were not designed to handle this magnitude of uncertainty. A simulation was conducted to examine a modified spacing algorithm with the ability to follow aircraft flying delayed trajectories. The simulation investigated the use of the new spacing algorithm with various delayed speed profiles and wind conditions, as well as several other variables designed to simulate real-life variability. The results and conclusions of this study indicate that the new spacing algorithm generally exhibits good performance; however, some types of target aircraft speed profiles can cause the spacing algorithm to command less than optimal speed control behavior.
Power fingerprinting in SDR integrity assessment for security and regulatory compliance

Software-Defined Radio (SDR) provides a flexible platform that facilitates radio resource management and enables new technologies and applications. Unfortunately, their reliance on software implementations makes them vulnerable to malicious software attacks that could impact their spectral emissions and disclose sensitive information. It is of critical importance for the widespread deployment of SDR to develop technologies that enable effective integrity assessment of communications platforms and timely detection of malicious intrusions. We provide further evidence of the feasibility of a novel approach called Power Fingerprinting (PFP) that enables an effective mechanism to perform integrity assessment of SDR. PFP relies on an external monitor that captures fine-grained measurements of the processor's power consumption and compares them against stored signatures from trusted software by applying pattern recognition and signal detection techniques. Because it is implemented by an external monitor, PFP causes minimal disruption on the target system and also provides the necessary isolation to protect against malicious attacks to the monitor itself. Fine-granularity measurements deliver improved visibility into the execution status and make the PFP monitor difficult to evade, while the reliance on anomaly detection from trusted references makes it effective against zero-day attacks. We present the results of different feasibility experiments that support the applicability of PFP to SDR integrity assessment. In the first experiment, a PFP monitor is able to effectively detect the execution of a tampered routine that misconfigures the operational mode of a PICDEM Z radio platform, affecting the resulting spectral emission. In a second experiment, our monitor effectively identifies when a transmission routine is modified, affecting encryption settings. We also present an approach to improve the performance of PFP by characterizing the way a specific platform consumes power. This platform characterization, which can be done using principal component analysis or linear discriminant analysis, allows a PFP monitor to work only on the features that carry the most information. As a result, the PFP monitor is able to detect execution deviations resulting from a difference of a single bit transition, the smallest possible disruption.
Progesterone-induced second messengers at the onset of meiotic maturation in the amphibian oocyte: Interrelationships between phospholipid N-methylation, calcium and diacylglycerol release, and inositol phospholipid turnover

Abstract The steady-state turnover in phospholipid N-methylation, 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol phospholipids in prophase-arrested Rana pipiens oocytes was compared with changes occurring in these pathways immediately following progesterone induction of the first meiotic division. Oocytes were preincubated with [3H-methyl]methionine, [3H]glycerol, [3H]myo-inositol or [3H]arachidonic acid. Ca2+ efflux was measured in oocytes preloaded with 45Ca2+. Membrane phospholipids and cytosolic levels of radiolabeled 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol bis- (InsP2), tris- (InsP3), and tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) were monitored immediately following induction with progesterone. A transient increase in both N-methylation of ethanolamine phospholipids and in [3H]DAG coincides with a release of 45Ca2+ from the oocyte surface during the first minute. At least 80% of the total phospholipid N-methylation is associated with the plasma membrane. 45Ca2+ and [3H]DAG release occur prior to a rise in intracellular lnsP3, the latter beginning 2–3 min after exposure to the hormone and reaching a maximum by 15–30 min. Progesterone induces rapid and successive changes in ethanolamine, choline, and inositol-containing phospholipids, which represent three of the four major phospholipid classes found in membranes. The maintenance of higher levels of DAG and InsP3 during the first 90 min might be expected to sustain the previously observed increase in protein kinase C activity.
Phosphorylation and Functional Inactivation of TSC2 by Erk: Implications for Tuberous Sclerosis and Cancer Pathogenesis

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a tumor syndrome caused by mutation in TSC1 or TSC2 genes. TSC tumorigenesis is not always accompanied by loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Recently, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) has been found activated in TSC lesions lacking TSC1 or TSC2 LOH. Here, we show that Erk may play a critical role in TSC progression through posttranslational inactivation of TSC2. Erk-dependent phosphorylation leads to TSC1-TSC2 dissociation and markedly impairs TSC2 ability to inhibit mTOR signaling, cell proliferation, and oncogenic transformation. Importantly, expression of an Erk nonphosphorylatable TSC2 mutant in TSC2+/- tumor cells where Erk is constitutively activated blocks tumorigenecity in vivo, while wild-type TSC2 is ineffective. Our findings position the Ras/MAPK pathway upstream of the TSC complex and suggest that Erk may modulate mTOR signaling and contribute to disease progression through phosphorylation and inactivation of TSC2.
Some remarks on nonlinear poroacoustic phenomena

Using perturbation analysis, we study the behavior and propagation of finite-amplitude harmonic waves in the context of the poroacoustic version of Stokes' second problem. Low- and high-frequency expressions are derived, critical parameter values are determined, and we compare the solution obtained with those of the corresponding linear and lossless problems. In addition, numerical results are presented, a connection between the breakdown of the present perturbation solution and poroacoustic acceleration wave amplitude blow-up is noted, and a generalization of the model equation used in this study is briefly discussed.
A Note on Anaerobic Metabolism in Callinectes Sapidus During the Intermolt Cycle

ABSTRACT Several tissues excised from stage A individuals of Callinectes sapidus accumulated L-lactate and, to a limited extent, alanine when exposed to hypoxia in vitro. Succinate did not accumulate, suggesting that alternative pathways of anaerobic metabolism are not used in early postmolt stages. In premolt animals hexokinase activity rose in the epidermis but not in the swimming and heart muscles. Pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase decreased in swimming muscle but not in other tissues of premolt crabs. No changes in glucokinase activity, which was very low, were detected in any premolt tissues. The kinetic properties of the pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase found in swimming muscle of stage C animals were similar to those reported for other crustaceans. The lactate dehydrogenase is more suited for lactate production than utilization, which is correlated with the dependence on anaerobic metabolism during sustained motor activity.
Comparison of clam-shell cookers and electric broilers and their effects on cooking traits and repeatability of Warner-Bratzler shear force values.

Clam-shell (CS) type cookers were investigated as an alternative cookery method for objective tenderness evaluations of beef strip loin steaks. This study was conducted in two phases: Phase I determined the most effective clam-shell cooking temperature setting (Low, Medium or High) and Phase II compared the repeatabilities of cooking traits and Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) values from steaks cooked on electric broilers (EB) to steaks cooked on CS. Data from Phase I showed that cooking time was reduced (P<0.05) substantially for steaks cooked on CS with the shortest cooking times associated with the highest temperature settings. EB steaks had higher cooking losses compared with CS steaks (P<0.05), while the CS–Low temperature setting yielded the lowest cooking losses. WBS values did not differ except for steaks cooked on the CS–Medium setting, which were lower (P<0.05) than EB and CS–Low cooked steaks. CS–High setting was determined to be the optimum temperature setting for CS cooking because it required the least amount of time to cook and produced WBS values that were not different from steaks cooked on EB. Therefore, repeatability of cooking traits and WBS values of CS–High and EB were investigated in Phase II. Data from Phase II showed similar trends for cooking traits and WBS values between CS and EB cooked steaks as were observed in Phase I. Repeatabilities for WBS values were higher for steaks cooked on CS (R=0.86) compared with EB (R=0.41). The CS method appears to be an acceptable alternative to EB for cooking steaks used in meat tenderness research.
The morphology and distribution of rat serotoninergic intraspinal neurons: an immunohistochemical study

An immunohistochemically derived morphological description of a diverse population of rat lamina VII and X intraspinal 5HT neurons is provided. These bipolar or multipolar neurons occur most frequently in lamina X, dorsal or dorsolateral to the central canal, in thoracolumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal segments. These 5HT intraspinal neurons are found in normal rat spinal cords as well as in spinal cords that have been hemisected or transected 60 days prior to serotonin immunostaining. Therefore, 5HT intraspinal neurons are the probable source of the biochemically detectable 5HT that remains in the spinal cord distal to a spinal transection. In the rat, serotonin intraspinal neurons are most often associated with spinal autonomic nuclei but it is unknown if they are preganglionic in nature.
Surprising isomer preference on IrIII, favoring facile H–C(sp3) bond cleavage

Species (PNP)Ir(X)(Y), where PNP = N(SiMe2CH2PtBu2)2−1 with X and Y halide, have a tBu group C–H bond heterolytically split by addition across the Ir–N bond.
Some results concerning automata on two-dimensional tapes

Hierarchies of automata operating on two-dimensional tapes are investigated. In particular, it is shown that finite automata with n+3 markers (n+2 heads) are strictly more powerful than those with n markers (n heads)
Promoting Malleability is Not One Size Fits All: Priming Implicit Theories of Intelligence as a Function of Self-Theories

Two studies investigate manipulating implicit theories as a function of participants' self-theories. Women were primed with a malleable or fixed view of math intelligence before completing a math test. Study 1 utilized highly skilled participants and revealed that entity theorists experienced less anxiety when exposed to a malleable prime versus a fixed prime; however, entity theorists in the fixed condition performed better on the math test than incremental theorists. Incremental theorists were unaffected by the malleable prime. Study 2 utilized moderately skilled participants and found that incremental theorists attempted more math questions when exposed to a malleable prime versus a fixed prime, whereas entity theorists were unaffected by the primes. The relationship between self-theories and different ability levels is discussed.
Molecular Analysis of Mammalian Phospholipase D2

The mammalian phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes PLD1 and PLD2 have been proposed to play roles in signal transduction and membrane vesicular trafficking in distinct subcellular compartments. PLD1 is activated in a synergistic manner in vitro by protein kinase C-alpha, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1), and Rho family members. In contrast, PLD2 is constitutively active in vitro. We describe here molecular analysis of PLD2. We show that the NH2-terminal 308 amino acids are required for PLD2's characteristic high basal activity. Unexpectedly, PLD2 lacking this region becomes highly responsive to ARF proteins and displays a modest preference for activation by ARF5. Chimeric analysis of PLD1 and PLD2 suggests that the ARF-responsive region is in the PLD carboxyl terminus. We also inserted into PLD2 a region of sequence unique to PLD1 known as the "loop" region, which had been proposed initially to mediate effector stimulation but that subsequently was shown instead to be required in part for the very low basal activity characteristic of PLD1. The insertion decreased PLD2 activity, consistent with the latter finding. Finally, we show that the critical role undertaken by the conserved carboxyl terminus is unlikely to involve promoting PLD association with membrane surfaces.
A second gradient theoretical framework for hierarchical multiscale modeling of materials

A theoretical framework for the hierarchical multiscale modeling of inelastic response of heterogeneous materials is presented. Within this multiscale framework, the second gradient is used as a nonlocal kinematic link between the response of a material point at the coarse scale and the response of a neighborhood of material points at the fine scale. Kinematic consistency between these scales results in specific requirements for constraints on the fluctuation field. The wryness tensor serves as a second-order measure of strain. The nature of the second-order strain induces anti-symmetry in the first-order stress at the coarse scale. The multiscale internal state variable (ISV) constitutive theory is couched in the coarse scale intermediate configuration, from which an important new concept in scale transitions emerges, namely scale invariance of dissipation. Finally, a strategy for developing meaningful kinematic ISVs and the proper free energy functions and evolution kinetics is presented.
Effect of front-facet reflections on the reflectivity of Bragg reflectors

Typical Bragg mirrors have an air–dielectric interface that can have a reflectivity spectrum different from that calculated by simple coupled-wave theory because of Fresnel reflection at their surface. This additional reflection can add constructively or destructively, depending on the sequence of the Bragg layers. We show a method of analysis for calculating reflectivity of Bragg mirrors in the presence of additional reflections.
Laparoscopic-assisted small bowel resection for treatment of adult small bowel intussusception: a case report.

Background Intussuception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adults. Diagnosis is often difficult due to the variable and sometimes episodic nature of symptoms. Surgery is the recommended treatment option in adults if the diagnosis is proven.