cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Authorities, New Readings

In this paper, I argue that there are many opportunities for queer readings of texts based on the technical issues of language, manuscripts, and translations with which text criticism is concerned. In some cases, traditional methods can be used to highlight queer aspects of Biblical Hebrew and textual attestations. In others, I challenge traditional text critical assumptions and methods in order to open up a space for queer perspectives and queer interests. I argue that text criticism grants too much authority to ancient communities, and I argue for an approach that protects the interests of the queer community. I draw on Erin Runions’ concept of hybridity to sketch a possible aim for queer text criticism, I offer examples of queer emendations, and I give several cases in which scholars’ unacknowledged heteronormative assumptions have led them to use traditional methods to straighten queer moments in the biblical text(s).
Asynchrony in Attitudes toward Abortion and Gay Rights: The Challenge to Values Alignment

Political commentators tend to assume that Americans who share a particular religious affiliation think similarly about values issues and that values questions are aligned. Although religious affiliation is a strong predictor of attitudes toward abortion and gay rights, there is differentiation within denominational subgroups with respect to both; for example, while majorities of mainline Protestants and Catholics favor gay marriage, many of their respective co-religionists do not. Further, aggregate survey data shows asynchrony in within-group attitudes on abortion and gay rights; for example, whereas Hispanic Catholics are more likely to support gay marriage than legal abortion, black Protestants are more likely to support legal abortion than gay marriage. Abortion and gay equality are discrete issues and give rise to divergent attitudes based on the lived reality of different ethnoreligious groups. These findings challenge the utility of the construct of the “values voter,” and underscore that abortion and gay rights should be recognized as separate public policy domains.
Microsurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: postoperative outcomes and predictors of complications in 264 cases

Object The authors conducted a study to assess the safety and efficacy of microsurgical resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and determine predictors of complications. Methods A total of 264 patients with cerebral AVMs were treated with microsurgical resection between 1994 and 2010 at the Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience. A review of patient data was performed, including initial hemorrhage, clinical presentation, Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade, treatment modalities, clinical outcomes, and obliteration rates. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine predictors of operative complications. Results Of the 264 patients treated with microsurgery, 120 (45%) patients initially presented with hemorrhage. There were 27 SM Grade I lesions (10.2%), 101 Grade II lesions (38.3%), 96 Grade III lesions (36.4%), 31 Grade IV lesions (11.7%), and 9 Grade V lesions (3.4%). Among these patients, 102 (38.6%) had undergone prior endovascular embolization. In all patients, resection resulted in compl...
A dynamic energy recycling logic family for ultra-low-power gigascale integration (GSI)

A novel quasi-adiabatic, precharge-evaluate logic family, Dynamic Adiabatic MOS (DAMOS), is proposed. Wave-pipelined DAMOS inverter chain datapaths in a 0.25 /spl mu/m, 2.5 V CMOS device technology are shown to successfully recycle 73% and 89% of the energy available from the power-clock in high-performance (200 MHz) and fixed-throughput (10 MHz) applications, respectively. DAMOS offers significantly smaller energy dissipation and device count per gate compared to previously reported dynamic quasi-adiabatic (but irreversible) logic families. Computational energy and power of a wave-pipelined DAMOS inverter chain (excluding dissipations in the power-clock generator) are 83% to 93% smaller than that consumed by its conventional Domino CMOS counterpart (excluding dissipations in the clock drivers) at identical operational throughputs. In addition, DAMOS provides one to three orders of magnitude reduction in peak power compared to Domino logic, indicating significant relaxation of electrical stress in both devices and interconnections. Novel high-efficiency power-clock generation techniques must be pursued to fully exploit the large computational energy efficiency of quasi-adiabatic logic in general and of DAMOS in particular.
A new, glow discharge device with continuous flow sample introduction for trace and micro analysis

Abstract A device is described which provides continuous sample introduction into a low pressure glow discharge. A chain conveyor is used for sample transport. Results are reported for aqueous Pb sample solutions. The device is shown to give a linear response for Pb over approximately 2 orders of magnitude in concentration. A limit of detection of 0.9 μg ml is reported. The device is shown to possess many useful features. Its potential utility as an element selective detector for liquid chromatography is suggested.
CO2 sensing with a 2005 nm thulium holmium co-doped fiber laser

We demonstrate an all-fiber thulium holmium co-doped fiber laser emitting at 2005 nm. By modulating the temperature of its fiber Bragg grating mirrors, we performed wavelength modulation spectroscopy and quantified CO2 concentration down to 2%.
Education behind the bamboo curtain

Education is regarded as one of the State's main ways to achieve Chinese communism and to create the new Chinese man and woman.
The role of optical velocity in the control of stance.

Two experiments were designed to investigate the use of optical flow for postural control as a function of its velocity, geometry, and retinal placement. In the first experiment, subjects were exposed to a room that moved at a velocity below the reported threshold for detection of point-light motion. In the second, the room was moved so that optical velocities were above this threshold. Compensatory sway was assessed for both lamellar and radial flow to central and peripheral areas of the retina. Compensatory sway was elicited with optical velocities below the point-light motion threshold, suggesting that this threshold is not relevant to the detection of egomotion. The results also indicate that the retinal periphery does not detect posture-relevant information from flow fields with a radial dynamic structure. Since the higher velocities used in the second experiment exceeded those generated by natural postural instabilities, it was concluded that radial flow in the retinal periphery is not used as a source of information for normal postural maintenance, and therefore that flow structure is an important factor in the detection and control of egomotion.
Induced Current in Parallel Circuits and Its Effect Upon Relays

MUTUAL INDUCTION is very much like friction in that it is a great blessing under certain conditions and an unmitigated nuisance under others. If it were not for mutual induction there would be no a-c systems as we know them today because there would be no transformers. It is apparent, therefore, that mutual induction is the basis of an entire industry that could not exist without it. On the other hand it has been the bane of the communication industry where induction between circuits is highly undesirable. There is a story told about one of the early long-distance open-wire telephone circuits having several parallel lines in which the experimenter at one end spoke to the man at the other end and asked “Do you hear me?” The reply was, “Perfectly.” The first man then asked the second, “Which line am I on?” and after a moment's hesitation the second replied, “All of them.” These two illustrations show that mutual induction may be either a blessing or a curse depending upon the circumstances under which it exists.
Toward a human ecology: Medical ethnobotany and the search for dynamic models of plant use

Etkin, Nina L., ed. Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet: Biobehavioral Approaches. Bedford Hills, New York: Redgrave Publishing Company, 1986. xi + 336 pp. including chapter references and index. $24.95 cloth. Wagner, H., H. Hikino, and N.R. Farnsworth, eds. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Volume 1. London: Academic Press, 1985. xi + 295 pp. including chapter references and index. $72.50 cloth; $41.50 paper.
Determining electrode position and source coherence in spectroelectrochemical analyses with “parallel” geometries

Abstract Whenever a monochromatic collimated light beam illuminates a planar electrode surface parallel to that surface, a diffraction pattern characteristic of the beam's coherence is obtained. The electrode edge position is generally determined utilizing a procedure which assumes either a totally coherent or an incoherent source. In this work, the image of the diffraction pattern was magnified and focused on a diode array, and the resulting intensity profile was compared with that obtained from a slightly defocused image. Perturbation theory was applied to predict the position of the electrode's edge. Once the edge position was known, the source's coherence was determined from the normalized intensity at the electrode's edge. This technique can be utilized in situ with “parallel” spectroelectrochemical experiments. It does not depend on a priori knowledge of the light source's coherence nor does it require an opaque-translucent interface. A simple model and experimental data employing this method are presented. Measurements of the experimental electrode positions were reproducible within the theoretical magnifier/array limit, 1 μm.
Abdominal Colpopexy: Comparison of Endoscopic Surgical Strategies (ACCESS)☆

Abstract Introduction Robotic assistance during laparoscopic surgery for pelvic organ prolapse rapidly disseminated across the United States without level I data to support its benefit over traditional open and laparoscopic approaches [1]. This manuscript describes design and methodology of the Abdominal Colpopexy: Comparison of Endoscopic Surgical Strategies (ACCESS) Trial. Methods ACCESS is a randomized comparative effectiveness trial enrolling patients at two academic teaching facilities, UCLA (Los Angeles, CA) and Loyola University (Chicago, IL). The primary aim is to compare costs of robotic assisted versus pure laparoscopic abdominal sacrocolpopexy (RASC vs LASC). Following a clinical decision for minimally-invasive abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) and research consent, participants with symptomatic stage ≥ II pelvic organ prolapse are randomized to LASC or RASC on the day of surgery. Costs of care are based on each patient's billing record and equipment costs at each hospital. All costs associated with surgical procedure including costs for robot and initial hospitalization and any re-hospitalization in the first 6 weeks are compared between groups. Secondary outcomes include post-operative pain, anatomic outcomes, symptom severity and quality of life, and adverse events. Power calculation determined that 32 women in each arm would provide 95% power to detect a $2500 difference in total charges, using a two-sided two sample t -test with a significance level of 0.05. Results Enrollment was completed in May 2011. The 12-month follow-up was completed in May 2012. Conclusions This is a multi-center study to assess cost as a primary outcome in a comparative effectiveness trial of LASC versus RASC.
Statistical Analysis of Electron Transfer Dissociation Pairwise Fragmentation Patterns

Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) is an alternative peptide dissociation method developed in recent years. Compared with the traditional collision induced dissociation (CID) b and y ion formation, ETD generates c and z ions and the backbone cleavage is believed to be less selective. We have reported previously the application of a statistical data mining strategy, K-means clustering, to discover fragmentation patterns for CID, and here we report application of this approach to ETD spectra. We use ETD data sets from digestions with three different proteases. Data analysis shows that selective cleavages do exist for ETD, with the fragmentation patterns affected by protease, charge states, and amino acid residue compositions. It is also noticed that the cn–1 ion, corresponding to loss of the C-terminal amino acid residue, is statistically strong regardless of the residue at the C-terminus of the peptide, which suggests that the peptide gas phase conformation plays an important role in the dissociation pat...
Research and development of additional aids for dermatologic and plastic surgery

Increasing numbers of accessories continue to be found to make laser surgery more effective for dermatologic and plastic surgery. Argon laser surgery aids are available to increase the dilatation of the superficial vessels and to localize increasing numbers of red cell masses. Laser probes for intravascular thrombogenesis and thrombolysis have now been adapted for intradermal and deep dermal tissues and for cardiology. Studies on laser effects on platelets and heat transmission and thromboembolic phenomena are lacking. Investigative studies are developing for laser fiber optic probes for laser-induced fluorescence, not only for oncology, but also for studies of metabolism of tissues and also for spectroscopy. The use of different wavelengths and shorter pulses, more flexible fiber-optics transmission for all laser systems, combinations of laser systems into a single operating probe, as well as the increased use of lasers for diagnosis and treatment will all stimulate the development of new aids for laser surgery. Cooperative programs developed jointly by dermatologic and plastic surgeons will make for great progress in skin and soft-tissue laser surgery.
Obesity in Bipolar Disorder: An Overview

Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with obesity, overweight, and abdominal obesity, and BD individuals with obesity have a greater illness burden. Factors related to BD, its treatment, and the individual may all contribute to BD’s association with obesity. Management strategies for the obese BD patient include use of medications with better metabolic profiles, lifestyle interventions, and adjunctive pharmacotherapy for weight loss. Obesity-related psychiatric and medical comorbidities should also be assessed and managed. Bariatric surgery may be an option for carefully selected patients. Greater research into the theoretical underpinnings and clinical management of the BD-obesity connection is needed.
Genetic variation in the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46) gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disorder, with many genetic and environmental factors implicated in disease onset and pathology. Increasing evidence points to a link between brain cholesterol turnover and AD. The CYP46 gene encodes for the enzyme, cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, which plays a key role in brain cholesterol turnover. A polymorphism in Intron 2 (T→C) in the CYP46 gene has recently been reported to be associated with the risk of AD. In the present study, we examined the association of this CYP46 polymorphism with sporadic late-onset AD (LOAD) in American White (434 cases, 401 controls) and African American (54 cases, 61 controls) cohorts. No significant association was observed between the CYP46 polymorphism and LOAD. When the data were stratified by the apolipoprotein E*4 carrier status, no significant difference was observed between cases and controls for the CYP46 single nucleotide polymorphism. In addition, no significant difference in genotype or allele frequency was observed when stratified by the presence or absence of the α1-antichymotrypsin*A allele. Our data indicate that the Intron 2 polymorphism of CYP46 does not affect the risk of AD in our sample.
Noncompacted myocardium in ebstein's anomaly: initial description in three patients

Exercise intolerance in Ebstein's anomaly is usually attributed to desaturation secondary to right-to-left shunting as a result of a small or distorted left ventricle (LV), significant tricuspid valve regurgitation, right ventricular dysfunction, or a combination of these. We observed one boy (age 15 years) and two women (ages 20 and 29 years) with severe Ebstein's anomaly and strikingly abnormal LV myocardium resembling the features described for LV noncompaction. LV size and systolic function were normal in the two women; the boy had a dilated LV with severely diminished ejection fraction. The LV myocardium was found to be unusually coarse and hypertrabeculated, with small intertrabecular recesses and an irregular endocardial surface. The findings in these 3 patients represent the whole spectrum of mild to severe LV noncompaction. Diastolic dysfunction was present in 2 of the 3 patients. Exercise tolerance was diminished in all. There was no mitral or aortic valve disease. The 15-year-old boy underwent heart transplantation 6 months later for biventricular failure. Thus, Ebstein's anomaly does not seem to be a pathology confined to the right ventricle, but may rarely lead to LV noncompacted myocardium. This LV pathology may be an additional explanation for exercise intolerance or signs of left heart failure in patients with Ebstein's anomaly.
Effects of temperature, metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors on the rate of BHK cell adhesion to polystyrene

Adhesion of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK cells) to a Falcon tissue culture flask was measured under various physiological conditions. While 75-80% of the fibroblasts adhere at temperatures from 19-50 degrees, cellular adhesion decreased dramatically below 19 degrees. Less than 10% of the cells adhere to the substratum even after prolonged incubations at temperatures of 8 degrees or below. This lack of adhesion at low temperatures cannot be overcome by the application of increased gravitational force to the cells. No correlation exists between cellular ATP concentrations or respiration rates and the rate of cell adhesion to the substratum. One millimolar Na F and 1 mM 2,4 dinitrophenol together lower cellular ATP concentration by 95% but adhesion is reduced by only 50%. NaN3 and KCN greatly lower cellular ATP concentrations without a corresponding inhibition of adhesion. Inhibition of cellular respiration by these compounds occurs at lower concentrations than does the inhibition of adhesion. Two micrograms/milliliters of cytochalasin B inhibits adhesion by 90%, 0.1 mM vinblastine sulphate or colchicine by less than 50% and 50 microgram/ml colcemid by less than 30%. Fixing the cells with formaldehyde, hardening their membranes with ZnCl2 or treating the cells with toluene, all cause an inhibition in adhesion. Again, application of increased gravitational force cannot overcome these latter inhibitions of BHK cell adhesion to the surface of the flasks.
Risk assessment following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

A lot of emphasis on providing prompt recognition and immediate therapy in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been put forth by guidelines from the European and American Cardiology Societies center. These recommendations are in place in order to limit the extent and severity of irreversible myocardial injury. In fact, much of the gains in short-term and long-term reduction in mortality following STEMI, stems from prompt reperfusion to limit the immediate myocardial infarct size and to promote long-term myocardial healing. However, despite recent advances and adherence to guidelines, there remains an elevated morbidity and mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Predicting the prognosis of patients during the convalescence stage remains tricky, but it has been long recognized and well established that determination of left ventricular (LV) function is an important determinant of survival. Current clinical practice and guidelines recommend obtaining an assessment of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), frequently performed using transthoracic echocardiography. This remains currently true despite continued modern advances including thrombolytics, primary percutaneous reperfusion, antiplatelets, lipid-lowering, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is this simplicity in obtaining the LVEF—and the indirect measure of the acute infarct burden on the myocardium—that targets therapy to help reduce heart failure readmissions and cardiac death. Acute LV dysfunction can be potentially reversible by myocardial salvage secondary to reperfusion, although LV dysfunction can continue for days to weeks due to the presence of stunned myocardium. Therefore, the presence of severe LV dysfunction can be a poor surrogate for the amount of irreversibly injured myocardium that is present. Hence, automated implantable defibrillators are not recommended until after a 40-day waiting period even if a patient’s LV function is very dysfunctional and below 35% within the first weeks after acute myocardial infarction. In addition, ACE inhibitors are only strongly advised if the LVEF
Dehn twists combined with pseudo-Anosov maps

Let S be a Riemann surface of type (p, n) with 3p + n > 4 and n ≥ 1. Let a be a puncture of S. We show that for any Dehn twist tc along a simple closed geodesic c on S, there exists a sequence {fm} of pseudo-Anosov maps of S such that for sufficiently large integers m, the products fm $\circ$ tck are pseudo-Anosov for all integers k. As a corollary, we prove that for a multi-twist M2 on $\tilde{S}$ along two disjoint simple closed geodesics, there are infinitely many pseudo-Anosov maps of S that are isotopic to M2 as a is filled in.
Universal approximation of an unknown mapping and its derivatives using multilayer feedforward networks

Abstract We give conditions ensuring that multilayer feedforward networks with as few as a single hidden layer and an appropriately smooth hidden layer activation function are capable of arbitrarily accurate approximation to an arbitrary function and its derivatives. In fact, these networks can approximate functions that are not differentiable in the classical sense, but possess only a generalized derivative, as is the case for certain piecewise differentiable functions. The conditions imposed on the hidden layer activation function are relatively mild; the conditions imposed on the domain of the function to be approximated have practical implications. Our approximation results provide a previously missing theoretical justification for the use of multilayer feedforward networks in applications requiring simultaneous approximation of a function and its derivatives.
Abrasive Finishing and Polishing in Restorative Dentistry: A State-of-the-Art Review

Effective finishing and polishing of dental restorations not only result in optimal aesthetics but also provide for acceptable oral health of soft tissues and marginal integrity of the restorative interface. This review of abrasive technology in dentistry provides an overview of basic principles of abrasive science and considers some research concerning clinically relevant questions. The article also discusses some recent innovations in finishing and polishing devices. This review brings forward some newly published, outcome-based information concerning the relevance and importance of an effective knowledge of finishing and polishing techniques and materials. The overall aim is to provide an enhanced awareness and broader knowledge of the principles and tools available to produce optimal surface finishing and integrity in dental restoratives.
Velocity modulation diode laser spectroscopy of negative ions: The ν1, ν1+ν2−ν2, ν1+ν3−ν3 bands of thiocyanate (NCS−)

149 transitions in the ν1 band (CN stretch) and the corresponding bending and stretching hot bands of thiocyanate (NCS−) have been measured using velocity modulation spectroscopy with a tunable diode laser. The data were fit to an effective rotation–vibration Hamiltonian, yielding spectroscopic parameters for the (000), (100), (010), (110), (001), and (101) vibrational states. The band origin is ν1=2065.9312(13) cm−1 and the equilibrium rotational constant is calculated to be 0.197 438(61) cm−1. NCS− was prepared in a NH3/CS2 discharge, and unlike the recently studied case of NCO−, vibrational excitation in excess of the rotational temperature (650±200 K) was not observed.
A fault-tolerant approach to helicopter swashplate control

A novel method for controlling the orientation of a helicopter swashplate is developed from basic principles and evaluated by simulation. The method applies to rise-and-fall swashplates which are controlled by redundant actuators for the purpose of achieving survivability and fault-tolerance. The suggested control scheme maintains all of the actuators in an active state, thereby avoiding transient effects following component failures and also making possible the use of simple but effective comparison-type failure diagnostics. In addition, the scheme alleviates the "force-fighting" which is prevalent in redundant actuation designs via a minimum norm concept which conserves hydraulic energy. A simulation of the swashplate dynamics is then developed and used to evaluate the performance of the new controller design relative to that of other suggested multiactuator swashplate controller designs in terms of dynamic response, alleviation of force fights, and detection of actuator failures.
Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer

Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer has been shown to be equivalent to open colectomy. Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision is feasible but remains investigational. Improvement in equipment and training for rectal dissection should result in similar outcomes to open operation for cancer in the future.
Public deployment of cooperative bug isolation

As part of our work on Cooperative Bug Isolation (CBI) we have undertaken to instrument and distribute binaries for a number of large open source projects. This public deployment is an important step toward a large experiment involving (we hope) hundreds or thousands of users that will measure the effectiveness of CBI. This paper describes several of the significant engineering issues that arise in instrumenting the source code of realistic applications.
Condoms, cigarettes, and cell phones: does brand advertising increase generic demand?

Purpose – This article aims to stimulate discussion of how the advertising of brands affects the product category by creating generic demand.Design/methodology/approach – The article outlines the author's personal viewpoint.Findings – Although greater emphasis has been given to generic advertising's effect on brands, there is evidence that brand advertising can stimulate generic demand.Practical implications – The article takes the discussion of the issue to a different level.Originality/value – The article not only explores ways of increasing generic demand, it also provides theoretical explanations for how it can occur.
Cellular identification of the violet receptor in the crayfish eye

Ten violet receptors in the retinas of crayfish (Procambarus) were injected intracellularly with the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow-CH and subsequently identified in histological preparations. All had their cell body located distal to the main rhabdom, in the position of the small, 8th retinular cell. In nine cases it was possible to trace the axon of the violet receptor beyond thelamina ganglionaris, and in four cases, to its termination in themedulla.
Requirement for DCP-1 Caspase During Drosophila Oogenesis

Caspases, a class of cysteine proteases, are an essential component of the apoptotic cell death program. During Drosophila oogenesis, nurse cells transfer their cytoplasmic contents to developing oocytes and then die. Loss of function for the dcp-1 gene, which encodes a caspase, caused female sterility by inhibiting this transfer. dcp-1- nurse cells were defective in the cytoskeletal reorganization and nuclear breakdown that normally accompany this process. The dcp-1- phenotype suggests that the cytoskeletal and nuclear events in the nurse cells make use of the machinery normally associated with apoptosis and that apoptosis of the nurse cells is a necessary event for oocyte development.
Nanomechanical Properties of Polysiloxane−Oxide Interphases Measured by Interfacial Force Microscopy

Using an interfacial force microscope (IFM), we have measured the elastic nanoindentation modulus of thin films of poly[(aminopropyl)siloxane] spin-coated on Na+-containing glass and native SiO2. The films were prepared by the hydrolytic polycondensation of γ-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (γ-APS). The elastic moduli of 500 A thick films deposited on Na+-containing glass and native SiO2 are 8 ± 2 and 35 ± 3 GPa, respectively. IFM data were complemented with atomic force microscopy and infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We propose that the significantly smaller modulus of γ-APS on glass is related to the incorporation of Na+ ions from the glass into the siloxane network of the film. These incorporated Na+ ions act as Lewis acids and catalyze the depolymerization of the Si−O−Si network, resulting in a less rigid polysiloxane framework and a lower elastic modulus. A clue to the films' structural and chemical difference is provided by the observation of time-dependent morphological changes for γ-APS...
Antimicrobial cationic dyes. Part 3: simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of acrylic fabrics

The antimicrobial cationic dyes were employed in dyeing acrylic fabrics. The effects of dyeing time, dyeing concentration and dyeing temperature were investigated, and the incorporated dye molecules on acrylics were analyzed. It was found that these functional dyes could be effectively introduced to acrylic fibers to achieve simultaneous coloration and functional finishing effects. All the treated fabrics exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The washing durability of antimicrobial functions on the treated fabrics was further studied.
Language and Ethnic Classification of Language Minorities: Chicano and Latino Students in the 1990s.

The relationship between ethnicity and language in educational statistics can be stronger for policy and research purposes. Over the last two decades there have been improvements in the specification and collection of language and ethnic data, and yet the constructs based on these data have fallen prey to bureaucratic and policy battles, or gone unnoticed. Two of the concepts developed to estimate the need for bilingual education: "non-English language background" and "limited-English proficient" persons, are useful as a framework for educational language demography as well as language studies in otherareas. These two constructs have been used, differentiated and elaborated by different agencies within the federal government. At the same time, they have loosened the traditional relationships between ethnicity and language. Comparing the datafrom the 1980 and 1990 Census and California school enrollments, this article illustrates the utility of these two constructs, discusses the new CensusBureau construct...
Intrinsic Anticoagulation: Protein C, Protein S, and Thrombomodulin:

The protein C anticoagulant system provides important control over the blood coagulation cascade. Any alteration in this pathway, either hereditary, iatrogenic, or otherwise, may interfere with normal coagulation. In this review, current concepts and understanding of surface-dependent hemostatis are reviewed, effects of deficiencies in the intrinsic anticoagulant system are described, and potentially useful therapeutic strategies are proposed. The importance of protein C, protein S, and thrombomodulin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is specifically addressed. Further work is required before complex interactions of individual components of the intrinsic anticoagulation pathway are fully understood.
Development of Void Pathway Test for Investigating Void Interconnectivity in Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete

In response to reports of moisture "weeping" out of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) pavements, research was initiated on the permeability of coarse-graded Superpave mixes. Tests using a falling-head permeameter yielded inconsistencies in the relationship between air voids and permeability. It was hypothesized that the inconsistencies related to the inability of the permeability device and procedures to account for a compacted specimen's void characteristics: void size, arrangement, and interconnectivity. A testing apparatus and methodology, the void pathway test (VPT) was developed to describe such void characteristics. The VPT forces air (under pressure) through a HMAC specimen; a soap solution painted on specimen surfaces creates bubbles at exit points for the air flow. Void pathways and characteristics are related to the number and size of bubbles mapped on specimen surfaces. Results from 43 HMAC specimens indicated that significantly more void openings occur on perimeter surfaces than on cross-section...
Absence of ultraviolet-stimulated repair replication in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardti.

Abstract Repair replication of DNA following ultraviolet irradiation has been examined in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes, respectively, of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardti. Ultraviolet doses (at 254 nm) up to 14 200 ergs/mm2 led to suppression of normal semiconservative DNA replication but no stimulation of repair replication in either nuclear or chloroplast DNA. These findings are consistent with our previous report that pyrimidine dimers are not excised from the DNA in this organism. Chlamydomonas apparently lacks the excision-repair mode of DNA repair that has been well documented in bacteria and some eucaryotic systems.
Expression of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (oryzacystatin-I) in transgenic tobacco plants.

Expression of cysteine proteinase inhibitors (cystatins) in tobacco or other plants has the potential for improving resistance against pathogens and insects that possess cysteine proteinases. A chimeric gene containing a cDNA clone of rice cystatin (oryzacystatin-I; OC-I), the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and the nopaline synthase 3′ region was introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The presence of the chimeric gene in transgenic plants was detected by a polymerase chain reaction-amplified assay, and transcriptional activity was shown by RNA blot analysis. Heated extracts from transgenic tobacco plants, as well as from progeny which were obtained by selfing a primary transformant, contained protein bands that corresponded in molecular mass to OC-I and reacted with antibodies raised against rOC, a recombinant OC-I protein produced by Escherichia coli. Similar bands were absent in extracts from untransformed control plants. OC-I levels reached 0.5% and 0.6% of the total soluble proteins in leaves and roots, respectively, of some progeny. On a fresh weight basis, the OC-I content was higher in leaves (50 μg/g) than in roots (30 μg/g). OC-I was partially purified from protein extracts of rice seeds and from transgenic tobacco leaves by affinity to anti-rOC antibodies. OC-I from both sources was active against papain.
Deconcentrating Poverty through Homebuyer Finance Programs

The federal government attempts to reduce the spatial concentration of the poor through the implementation of its many housing initiatives, guiding recipients toward economically integrated neighbo...
Thyrotoxic hypokalaemic paralysis in a Black man

Sir, A 32‐year‐old African‐American male construction worker and martial arts student presented to the emergency room complaining of generalized weakness that was more pronounced in the lower extremities and confined him to bed. Weakness began about 12 h after vigorous physical exercise and ingestion of a high carbohydrate diet. He had no significant personal or family medical history. Initial blood pressure was 220/60 mmHg and resting pulse rate was regular at 98–104/min. His blood pressure normalized after 8 h without treatment (120/70 mmHg). Physical examination revealed a diffusely enlarged palpable thyroid gland and motor power of 3/5 in upper and 1–2/5 in the lower extremities. The rest of the examination was normal. In the emergency room the concentration of electrolytes were potassium 2.3 mEq/l (range 3.5–5.0 mEq/l), magnesium 2.2 mEq/l, calcium 9.5 mEq/l, phosphate 3.5 mEq/l. Serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) level was 474 U/L (24–195 U/L) and the blood pH was 7.45. Urine pH was 7.5 and specific gravity was 1.025. Concentrations of spot urine electrolytes were: potassium 13 mEq/l, sodium 177 mEq/l and chloride 132 mEq/l. Electrocardiogram showed mild sinus tachycardia (rate of 100/min) and U‐waves in …
The "Chemical Imbalance" Explanation for Depression: Origins, Lay Endorsement, and Clinical Implications

When a client asks whether her or his depression is caused by a chemical imbalance, how do you respond? Depression is regularly depicted in popular media as resulting from a “chemical imbalance” and this depiction raises a number of interesting questions for practicing clinicians. How accurate is the chemical imbalance explanation for depression? How widely do laypersons agree with the explanation, and how do they interpret the explanation? We discuss the origins, accuracy, and transmittal (e.g., via direct-to-consumer advertising) of the chemical imbalance explanation for depression. We next present results from a group case study examining lay endorsement and interpretation of the explanation. Finally, we discuss clinical implications and present a short script for educating clients concerning “chemical imbalances” in depression.
The Epideictic Rhetoric of Science

If science is conducted within a scientific culture, then the classical concept of epideictic rhetoric should be applicable to internal scientific discourse. A theory of epideictic rhetoric as the “rhetoric of orthodoxies” is presented, along with its five rhetorical functions: education, legitimation, demonstration, celebration, and criticism. Suggestions as to how these concepts might be applied to internal scientific discourse are given, with special attention given to studies of science already completed by philosophers, sociologists, and rhetoricians.
Earlier Theories of Crises and Cycles in the United States

I. Theories of the causes of crises and cycles: agnostic theories, 294.—Emphasis placed upon the influence of the credit system, 296.—Attention to the psychology of business men, 299.—Periodicity of commercial crises, 300. — Theory that banks cause the business cycle, 308.—Critics of the theory that banks cause the business cycle, 308. — Theory of the self-generating cycle, 309. — Influence of maladjustments of production, 312. II. Suggestions for moderating the cycle: loan policy, 316.—Variable discount rate, 319.—Surplus reserves at New York, 322.—Abolition of the payment of interest on deposits at New York, 325.—The call-loan evil at New York, 327.
Solar heat gain in a desert rodent: unexpected increases with wind speed and implications for estimating the heat balance of free-living animals.

We quantified metabolic power consumption as a function of wind speed in the presence and absence of simulated solar radiation in rock squirrels, Spermophilus variegatus, a diurnal rodent inhabiting arid regions of Mexico and the western United States. In the absence of solar radiation, metabolic rate increased 2.2-fold as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 4.0 m·s-1. Whole-body thermal resistance declined 56% as wind speed increased over this range, indicating that body insulation in this species is much more sensitive to wind disruption than in other mammals. In the presence of 950 W·m-2 simulated solar radiation, metabolic rate increased 2.3-fold as wind speed was elevated from 0.25 to 4.0 m·s-1. Solar heat gain, calculated as the reduction in metabolic heat production associated with the addition of solar radiation, increased with wind speed from 1.26 mW·g-1 at 0.25 m·s-1 to 2.92 mW·g-1 at 4.0 m·s-1. This increase is opposite to theoretical expectations. Both the unexpected increase in solar heat gain at elevated wind speeds and the large-scale reduction of coat insulation suggests that assumptions often used in heat-transfer analyses of animals can produce important errors.
Non-linguistic auditory processing in stuttering: evidence from behavior and event-related brain potentials.

Auditory processing deficits are hypothesized to play a role in the disorder of stuttering (e.g. Hall, J. W., & Jerger, J. (1978). Central auditory function in stutterers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 21, 324–337). The current study focused on non-linguistic auditory processing without verbal responses to explore the relationship between behavior and neural activity in the absence of cognitive demands related to language processing and articulatory planning for speaking. A pure-tone, oddball paradigm was utilized to compare behavioral accuracy and reaction times for adults who stutter (AWS) and normally fluent speakers (NFS). Additionally, event-related potentials elicited by brief standard and target tones were compared for the two groups. Results revealed that, as a group, AWS tended to perform less accurately compared to the NFS and were slower to respond to target stimuli. However, inspection of individual data indicated that most of the AWS performed within the range of normally fluent speakers while a small subset of AWS were well outside the normal range. This subgroup of AWS also demonstrated early perceptual processes (as indexed by N100 and P200 amplitudes) indicative of reduced cortical representation of auditory input. The P300 mean amplitudes elicited in AWS tended to be reduced overall compared to those of the NFS, suggesting the possibility of weaker updates in working memory for representations of the target tone stimuli in AWS. Taken together, these findings point to the possibility that a subset of AWS exhibit non-linguistic auditory processing deficits related to altered cortical processing. Educational objectives: After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) summarize research findings of non-linguistic auditory processing in stuttering; (2) discuss the relationship between behavioral performance for auditory processing and the underlying event-related brain potentials; (3) discuss the importance of analyses of individual versus group data in stuttering; and (4) summarize how the findings of this study relate to a multifactorial model of stuttering.
Anodic oxidation of a tetrasubstituted cyclooctatetraene. Multiple carbon–carbon bond cleavage and aromatization

Abstract Anodic oxidation of 1,2-,5,6-bis[trimethylene]cyclooctaetraene in methanol affords as the major product a substance formed by a complex sequence of carbon–carbon bond cleavages and concomitant aromatization.
Polaron Zeeman Effect in CdTe

Fourier-transform spectroscopy has been employed to observe the far-infrared absorption resulting from the $1s$ to $2p$ shallow-donor-impurity transitions in CdTe. At zero magnetic field the absorption was found to occur at 87.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This value compares very well with the prediction of the simple hydrogenic model for shallow-donor-impurity states. The Zeeman splitting of the ($1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p$) transition was studied in magnetic fields as high as 165 kG. By using the magnetic field to tune energy of the $2p$, $m=+1$ state first into that of the $1s$ state plus one LO phonon and then into that of the $2p$, $m=\ensuremath{-}1$ state plus one LO phonon, it was possible to make the first quantitative determination of the effect of the electron-LO-phonon interaction upon bound electrons. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with a theoretical calculation for the energy levels of bound polarons. Furthermore, the study of the magnetic field dependence of the ($1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p$, $m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$) transitions has also shown that there are no strong polaron effects due to the electron-TO-phonon interaction in CdTe.
Scaffolding Feedback to Maximize Long-Term Error Correction

Scaffolded feedback was tested against three other feedback presentation methods (standard corrective feedback, minimal feedback, and answer-until-correct multiple-choice feedback) over both short- and long-term retention intervals in order to assess which method would produce the most robust gains in error correction. Scaffolded feedback was a method designed to take advantage of the benefits of retrieval practice by providing incremental hints until the correct answer could be self-generated. In Experiments 1 and 3, on an immediate test, final memory for the correct answer was lowest for questions given minimal feedback, moderate for the answer-until-correct condition, and equally high in the scaffolded feedback condition and the standard feedback condition. However, tests of the maintenance of the corrections over a 30-min delay (Experiment 2) and over a 1-day delay (Experiment 3) demonstrated that scaffolded feedback gave rise to the best memory for the correct answers at a delay.
Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Identical Male Twins Studied by Selective Coronary Arteriography

Identical twin brothers with premature coronary artery disease are described. Repeat selective cine-coronary arteriograms were performed in this unique twin model and demonstrated a close similarity in location and extent of atherosclerotic lesions.
Synthesis and characterization of novel chiral ionic liquids and investigation of their enantiomeric recognition properties

We report the synthesis and characterization of amino acid ester based chiral ionic liquids, derived from L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester chloride. The synthesis was accomplished via an anion metathesis reaction between commercially available L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester chloride using a variety of counterions such as lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide, silver nitrate, silver lactate, and silver tetrafluoroborate. Both enantiomeric forms were obtained as confirmed by bands of opposite sign in the circular dichroism spectra. The L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide were obtained as liquids at room temperature and intriguingly exhibited the highest thermal stability (up to 263 degrees C). In addition, the ionic liquids demonstrated enantiomeric recognition ability as evidenced by splitting of racemic Mosher's sodium salt signal using a liquid state (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester chloride resulted in solid salts with nitrate, lactate, and tetrafluoroborate anions. This illustrates the previously observed tunability of ionic liquid synthesis, resulting in ionic liquids of varying properties as a function of varying the anion.