cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neither Reasonable nor Responsible: Contrasting Representations of Masculinity in a Malay Society

For much of the 20th century, kinship was, as Collier and Yanagisako recently put it, "the central focus of ethnographies and ... the privileged site for theoretical debates about the character of social structure" (1987a: 1). This is clear from even a cursory perusal of classic texts written by Lowie, Murdock, Goodenough, Schneider, and other American anthropologists. It is even more obvious when one reexamines the Great Books associated with the likes of Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard, Gluckman, Fortes, Leach, Levi-Strauss, and others working within British or French traditions. To illustrate the point with a concrete example, we might consider the landmark collection of essays published in 1961 by Edmund Leach, under the title Rethinking Anthropology. Five of the six essays in this widely acclaimed volume focus on kinship terminology, rules of descent and inheritance, cross-cousin marriage, and affinal exchange. The title Leach selected for his book, however, was not "Rethinking Kinship and Marriage," but rather, as I have already noted, "Rethinking Anthropology." The choice of this more encompassing title was not an attempt by Leach to claim a broader relevance for his work than the work itself actually merited. On the contrary, the choice of the broad title fit well with the intellectual climate of the times, which is to say that the study of kinship occupied a position of centrality in the field of anthropology both in the 1950s and 1960s, and in much of the 20th century more generally. In recent decades, however, and since the midto late 1970s in particular, there have been two important changes in the status, scope, and constitution of kinship studies. First, and certainly most obvious, theories and debates about what were once taken to be the basic building blocks of kinship no longer occupy their long-privileged position of centrality within the discourse of anthropology. This change, which is clear from recent reviews of the field of anthro-
Alcoholism in Doctors

Problem drinking among medical practitioners is an important health hazard and has been much ignored in the past. There is considerable evidence to suggest that doctors constitute a high risk group in respect of drinking problems. Follow-up studies of alcoholic doctors have given variable results but on the whole there is room for a reasonable degree of optimism. Scottish and Irish practitioners would appear to be particularly vulnerable and the writer's study in Glasgow suggests the possibility of a higher degree of risk among general practitioners. The general issue of the sick doctor is now receiving attention from the newly constituted General Medical Council and the new procedures should be observed with interest. The causal factors of problem drinking among doctors are multiple. Early recognition of the problem among doctors can lead to worthwhile treatment. There is, however, a need for preventive and health education measures among the medical profession.
Cancer, Stem Cells and the Neoplastic Niche

Conventionally, cancer is treated as a homogenous mass of highly proliferative cells, with therapeutics designed to destroy rapidly dividing cells. However, not only are cancers heterogeneous, but also small subsets are endowed with the ability to initiate cancer formation and metastasis. The resistance of cancer initiating cells to current therapies may explain high relapse rates. Our inability to eradicate cancer may be due to misrecognition of the proper cancer target. Designing novel therapeutics for cancer eradication will require understanding specific pathways involved in cancer initiating cell self-renewal, differentiation and homing. Furthermore, targeting the distinctions of the cancer initiating cell microenvironment may be key to effective cancer therapies.
Untangling Eligibility Requirements Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Finding a child eligible for special education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is one of the most important, if not the most important, decision that will be made in that child's life. Despite the importance of eligibility determinations the eligibility criteria of IDEA are intricately tangled and often misapplied by courts, hearing officers and inevitably parents and educators. The confusion surrounding eligibility standards leads to the disastrous results of both over-identification and under-identification of IDEA eligible children. This Article attempts to untangle the web of IDEA eligibility standards in order to determine who is entitled to its extensive benefits. IDEA requires that in order for a child to be eligible the child must have an enumerated disability that adversely affects the child's educational performance and by reason thereof the child needs special education. The Article proposes that the term "educational performance" include all areas of performance required in the state curriculum and all areas of performance tracked by the state's schools. Therefore, a disability that leads to poor behavior adversely affects the child's educational performance, despite the child's good grades, if the state curriculum requires instruction in behavior or the state schools track behavior. The Article also discusses the "needs special education" requirement and concludes that it is indeed a limit on IDEA eligibility separate from the "adversely affects" element. The Article concludes that IDEA does not require finding that a child needs special education merely because the child can benefit from it. Rather, a need for special education should be found only when the child is performing poorly or below average in any area of educational performance. Accordingly, children performing better than their peers do not need special education and are not eligible even if their disability adversely affects their educational performance. This article is intended to provide courts, hearing officers, educators and parents a clear roadmap to IDEA's eligibility criteria and the tools to make correct eligibility decisions.
Natural family planning.

Greater understanding of reproductive anatomy and physiology has led to newer methods of natural family planning including the ovulation method and the symptothermal method. Studies have demonstrated that only 1% of couples who consistently and correctly use either of these methods conceives during one year of use. Use-effectiveness data on these methods however vary widely. It is noted that the lactational amenorrhea method may be used by selected patients during the first six months postpartum and its effectiveness in avoiding pregnancy is reported to be as high as 98%. Advocates of natural family planning promote these methods as inexpensive and safe ways to determine periods of peak fertility and point to the potential benefit of increased communication in a relationship. This article explains to the family physician important concepts in natural family planning with the goal of clarifying misconceptions. Sections consider female reproductive anatomy and physiology the calendar rhythm method the ovulation method the symptothermal method the lactational amenorrhea method the effectiveness of natural family planning methods and the advantages of natural family planning and present a list of resources for natural family planning.
Towards the Selective Inhibition of Glycolytic Pathway Enzymes: A Computational Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum and Human Triosephosphate Isomerase Ligand Interactions.

Plasmodium falciparum is main causative agent of malaria, a disease that affects half of world’s population. The parasite’s dependence on glycolysis makes this pathway a suitable target for drug development. Understanding the structure-function dynamics of glycolytic enzymes in different species has an important impact on the development of selective drug analogues. Parasitic resistance and drug side effects of current antimalarial drugs have complicated and increased the cost of curing malaria. Molecular docking was used to explore structural motifs responsible for the interactions between triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) from Plasmodium falciparum (PFTIM) and human (HTIM) tissues. Fourteen antimalarial drugs were examined. The binding affinities and domains identified serve as a basis for modeling novel analogues. For all drugs modeled, PFTIM complexes displayed stronger binding affinities compared to HTIM. A dissociation constant (KI) of 40.2 mM was obtained for the interaction between primaquine and HTIM and 1.22 mM with PFTIM. This represents a 33-fold increase in selective binding to PFTM compared to HTIM. Mefloquine shows a 24-fold increase, and one new test ligand showed 25-fold increase in binding. The dimer interface and other pocket close to the active site are the main pockets observed by the docking studies. Key residues at the dimer interphase (Y48, D49, V46, S45, E65, S211) form a tight pocket with favorable polar contacts. 75% of PFTIM ligand complexes preferred the dimer interphase suggesting a potential site for non-competitive inhibition. These data suggest that TIM is a candidate for development of antimalarial drugs. Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Neville Forlemu
Takayasu's Arteritis.

Opinion statement Takayasu’s arteritis is a worldwide entity that requires astuteness for early diagnosis. The challenge for the practicing physician is to document active disease, not only to justify immunosuppressive therapy but also to determine the appropriate timing for surgical intervention. No single laboratory assay or imaging modality establishes disease activity, though T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and spiral computed tomographic angiography have shown potential in identifying acute inflammatory changes within the vessel wall. Treatment consists primarily of glucocorticoids, but cytotoxic agents such as methotrexate and cyclophosphamide may be added to treat recalcitrant disease. New immunomodulating agents such as leflunomide and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors require further study before they can be added to the treatment armamentarium.
Human cord blood long-term engrafting cells are CD34+ CD38-.

There have been controversies about CD34 and CD38 expression by human cord blood (CB) stem cells. Using the newborn NOD/SCID/β2-microglobulin-null mouse assay that we recently developed, we examined the in vivo engrafting capability of human CB cells. Almost all of the 4–5 months engrafting cells were found in CD34+ population. The capability of secondary reconstitution was found only in the CD34+ cells. When the CD34+ CB cells were separated into CD38− and CD38+ subpopulations and tested for engraftment, the majority of the engrafting cells were detected in the CD38− subpopulation. These findings are consistent with the results from studies of murine stem cells and strongly indicate that the phenotype of human CB stem cells is CD34+ CD38−.
Developing a Model to Determine Called Rates at Airports

This study attempts to identify causal factors that impact the airport acceptance rate (AAR) and derive a statistical model that accurately predicts AARs using these factors. Airports included in the study are EWR, JFK, LGA, DFW, ORD, LAX, SEA, and SFO. The variables tested in the study include scheduled traffic demand and fleet mix, weather phenomena, and airport characteristics. Findings suggest that discrete variables that describe a range of values, such as number of active runways, runway configuration, and controller-input meteorological conditions, more accurately predict AARs than continuous variables such as visibility and ceiling.
From the cloud to TV production: a real world case study of an architecture and performance model

This study offers a detailed view of the impacts and the hidden costs for a Digital Media Supply Chain implementation. By starting form real TV Production use case scenarios and volumes, it evaluates the performance requirements for each layer of the reference architecture, from the presentation down to the virtual and physical components. The conclusions will explain how consolidated scenarios of Newsroom or Participated TV, in a distributed production environment, typically hide implementation and infrastructure costs.
Saroyan’s Study of Ethnicity

At one time William Saroyan was America's most famous ethnic writer more famous than ethnic, perhaps. In the late 1930s and early 1940s Saroyan exploded onto the literary scene as a true wunderkind, the writer who was singlehandedly revolutionizing the form of both the short story and the drama. He was the man who refused the Pulitzer Prize and argued with Louis B. Mayer over the issue of artistic integrity. As a literary personality, he had an instinctive desire to be a part of the American cultural scene, to feel that he counted on such a stage. Yet at the same time he felt apart from it, hating the entrepreneurs of culture and his writing rivals with such a passion he was often dismissive of the popular mainstream culture of his day. In these moods he was apparently satisfied with his own artistic ego and his quieter working out in his fiction of his own cultural dilemma.
Safety and effectiveness data for emergency contraceptive pills among women with obesity: a systematic review.

Abstract Objective This study aims to determine whether emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are less safe and effective for women with obesity compared with those without obesity. Study design We searched PubMed for articles through November 2015 regarding the safety and effectiveness of ECPs [ulipristal acetate (UPA), levonorgestrel (LNG) and combined estrogen and progestin] among obese users. We assessed study quality using the United States Preventive Services Task Force evidence grading system. Results We identified four pooled secondary analyses (quality: poor to fair), two of which examined UPA and three examined LNG formulations. Three analyses pooled overlapping data from a total of three primary studies and demonstrated significant associations between obesity and risk of pregnancy after ECP use. One analysis reported a 4-fold increased risk of pregnancy among women with obesity (BMI≥30kg/m 2 ) compared with women within normal/underweight categories (BMI 2 ) after use of LNG ECPs [odds ratio (OR) 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–9.4]. Further analysis of the same LNG data found that, at an approximate weight of 80 kg, the rate of pregnancy rose above 6%, which is the estimated pregnancy probability without contraception; at weights less than 75 kg, the rate of pregnancy was less than 2%. Two analyses examining UPA suggested an approximate 2-fold increased risk of pregnancy among women with obesity compared with either normal/underweight women or nonobese (BMI 2 ) women (OR 2.6; 95% CI 0.9–7.0 and OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0–4.3, respectively), but CIs were wide. Finally, the fourth secondary analysis pooled data from three separate randomized controlled trials on LNG ECPs and found no increase in pregnancy risk with increasing weight or BMI and found no consistent association between pregnancy and both factors when adjusted for other covariates. Conclusion While data are limited and poor to fair quality, findings suggest that women with obesity experience an increased risk of pregnancy after use of LNG ECP compared with those normal/underweight. Women with obesity may also experience an increased risk of pregnancy compared with women without obesity after use of UPA ECP, though differences did not reach statistical significance. Providers should counsel all women at risk for unintended pregnancy, including those with obesity, about the effectiveness of the full range of emergency contraception options in order for them to understand their options, to receive advanced supplies of emergency contraception as needed and to understand how to access an emergency copper intrauterine device if desired.
Optimization of electrodialysis metathesis (EDM) desalination using factorial design methodology

Abstract A complete set of experimental data on novel Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM) desalination was analyzed using factorial design. EDM consists of repeating quads of four ion-exchange membranes and solution compartments to allow double decomposition reaction between the cations and anions of a feed and a substitution solution when current is applied between the electrodes. The effect of factors affecting the EDM desalination efficiency, such as voltage, flow rate, membrane type, and feed water source was studied using a full 2 4 factorial experimental design. The General Linear Model was used to evaluate the combined effect of the discrete and continuous factor variables introduced in the design. It was found that voltage, water source and membrane type were the most influential factors on the EDM process. Interaction terms were found to be insignificant. The effect of main factors on EDM desalination follow the order voltage > water source > type of membrane. EDM desalinate well saline waters with TDS concentrations higher that the TDS of surface water by applying 15 V and using Neosepta membranes. The responses obtained with the GLM were in agreement with the experimental data, thus confirming the ability of the model to predict desalination results. Complete desalination of high salinity water was achieved without formation of precipitates in the stack due to the ability of EDM to convert sparingly soluble salts into highly soluble salts.
Radiation hardened graphene field effect transistors

Ionizing radiation challenges the operation and reliability of electronic devices. While bulk devices have been well studied in the presence of ionizing radiation, there is limited information on the performance of 2D materials such as graphene in radiation harsh environments.1 Despite the expectation of a low radiation cross-section due to its single-atom thickness and low atomic number, prior work has shown that radiation has an effect on graphene-based devices, creating electrically active defects and degrading device performance.2 We demonstrate that a primary effect of gamma radiation on graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) is degradation associated with activated atmospheric oxygen, and further improvement of device radiation hardness can be achieved by developing a charge shielded back-gated GFET architecture that protects against substrate charging effects. This represents a clear demonstration of radiation-hardened graphene devices.
1.7 eV MgCdTe double-heterostructure solar cells for tandem device applications

MgxCdi-xTe/Si tandem cells have the potential to reach a conversion efficiency greater than 40%. MgxCd1-xTe /MgyCd1-yTe (y>x) double heterostructures (DHs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy exhibit ∼1.7 eV bandgaps and very high absorption coefficients, as measured using photoluminescence (PL) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Indium-doped n-type MgxCd1-xTe (x ∼ 13% Mg mole fraction) with a ∼1.7 eV bandgap shows strong PL, comparable to that from high-quality CdTe/MgCdTe double heterostructures. Devices consisting of an n-type MgxCd1-xTe DH absorber, a p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) hole contact layer and an indium tin oxide (ITO) top electrode are demonstrated with promising performance.
Percutaneous Closure of Left Ventricular Pseudoaneursym With Septal Occluder Device and Coils: A Multimodality Imaging Approach

A 79-year-old man presented to our institution for follow-up 2 weeks post-delayed presentation of anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and consequent successful percutaneous coronary intervention to the occluded saphenous vein to left anterior coronary artery graft. He has a past
Mating in a bisexually philopatric society: bottlenose dolphin females associate with adult males but not adult sons during estrous

In fission-fusion societies, group size and composition change dynamically, reflecting social preferences and pressures. Most notably during reproduction, intersexual group dynamics reflect a balance between female choice for optimal mates and male competition for mating access. In systems where males and females remain in their natal area for life (bisexual philopatry), females can reduce the risk of incest by avoiding mating or associating with male kin. Shark Bay bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) live in fission-fusion societies that enable them to exercise age, sex, and kin association biases. To determine how the balance between female choice and male competition is achieved, we examined adult female association with juvenile and adult males, including sons during female receptive periods, using 30 years of longitudinal data. Adult females demonstrated an increase in adult male association just prior to known conceptions, while juvenile male association consistently remained low. A decline in male association post-conception suggests that one or both sexes detect pregnancy early on. When we examined female association with juvenile and adult sons, a distinct pattern emerged. Adult females preferentially associated with sons compared to non-sons of the same age class post-weaning. Strikingly, females rarely associated with their adult sons when cycling. Our results suggest that (1) adult males either out-compete juvenile males in gaining access to fertile females or females prefer adult to juvenile males and (2) females mitigate the risk of close inbreeding by reducing association with sons when cycling. No study has investigated behavioral strategies for reducing close inbreeding in bisexually philopatric, fluid mammal societies outside of humans. Using over 30 years of longitudinal data, we document how association dynamics change with female reproductive state. Post-weaning, mothers and sons associate, but almost never during conceptive periods. Adult male–female association is frequent during estrous, with a sharp decline after conception. Our study provides evidence for long-term kin recognition and detection of both estrous and early pregnancy among wild bottlenose dolphins. These findings have implications for the evolution of bisexual philopatry, fission-fusion dynamics, and infanticide—or lack thereof—in mammals.
Effect of the Urban Heat Island on Aerosol pH

The urban heat island (UHI) is a widely observed phenomenon whereby urban environments have higher temperatures and different relative humidities than surrounding suburban and rural areas. Temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) strongly affect the partitioning of semivolatile species found in the atmosphere, such as nitric acid, ammonia, and water. These species are inherently tied to aerosol pH, which is a key parameter driving some atmospheric chemical processes and environmental effects of aerosols. In this study, we characterized the effect of the UHI on aerosol pH in Baltimore, MD, and Chicago, IL. The T and RH differences that define the UHI lead to substantial differences in aerosol liquid water (ALW) content. The ALW differences produce urban aerosol pH that is systematically lower (more acidic) than rural aerosol pH for identical atmospheric composition. The UHI in Baltimore and Chicago are most intense during the summer and at night, with urban–rural aerosol pH differences in excess of 0.8 a...
Compressive sensing based direction-of-arrival estimation using reweighted greedy block coordinate descent algorithm for ESPAR antennas

In this paper, we consider the problem of direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation using electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antenna based on compressive sensing. For an ESPAR antenna, the beampatterns and sparse model of DoA estimation problem in terms of overcomplete dictionary and sampling grid is presented. The DoA estimation problem is formulated as a mixed-norm l 2,1 minimization problem and the reactance domain multiple signal classification (RD-MUSIC) spatial spectrum for ESPAR antenna is introduced. Then, we propose reweighted greedy block coordinate descent (RW-GBCD) and reweighted l 2,1 -SVD (RW-l 2,1 -SVD) algorithms for DOA estimation using ESPAR. The performance of RW-GBCD for DoA estimation is compared to that of GBCD, l 2,1 -SVD and RD-MUSIC algorithms. RW-GBCD benefits from less computational complexity compared to RW-l 2,1 -SVD. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of RW-GBCD is better than that of GBCD and l 2,1 -SVD. When angle separation is less than 10°, RW-l 2,1 -SVD outperforms RW-GBCD. However, when angle separation is more than 10°, the performance of RW-GBCD in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) is approximately the same as that of RW-l 2,1 -SVD.
Peeling Back the Student Privacy Pledge

Education software is a multi-billion dollar industry that is rapidly growing. The federal government has encouraged this growth through a series of initiatives that reward schools for tracking and aggregating student data. Amid this increasingly digitized education landscape, parents and educators have begun to raise concerns about the scope and security of student data collection. Industry players, rather than policymakers, have so far led efforts to protect student data. Central to these efforts is the Student Privacy Pledge, a set of standards that providers of digital education services have voluntarily adopted. By many accounts, the Pledge has been a success. Since its introduction in 2014, over 300 companies have signed on, indicating widespread commitment to the Pledge’s seemingly broad protections for student privacy. This industry participation is encouraging, but the Pledge does not contain any meaningful oversight or enforcement provisions. This Article analyzes whether signatory companies are actually complying with the Pledge rather than just paying lip service to its goals. By looking to the privacy policies and terms of service of a sample of the Pledge’s signatories, I conclude that noncompliance may be a significant and prevalent issue. Consumers of education software have some power to hold signatories accountable, but their oversight abilities are limited. This Article argues that the federal government, specifically the Federal Trade Commission, is best positioned to enforce compliance with the Pledge and should hold Pledge signatories to their promises.
Predicting mobile use for big-event content: the role of active choice, habit and structure

Mobile technologies have substantially changed how people consume media content, in particular during big events. This study examined audience's mobile experience with the 'first mobile Olympics' and found that motivations, preference, perceived usefulness, access to media technologies, and media use routine significantly predicted mobile use for big-event content. Additionally, findings suggest that compared to nonusers, mobile Olympics users were more intensely engaged and involved in sports and the Olympics overall, enjoyed a broader range of Olympics sports, and were more accustomed to using online and mobile sources to view media content. Television was still the dominant platform for big-event viewing, however, mobile consumption increased dramatically during the London Olympics, and indicated a need for more personalised, multifaceted programming with mobility and immediacy.
Systemic hypoxia dehydrates the space surrounding photoreceptors in the cat retina.

Purpose. To assess the effects of systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia on the volume of the subretinal space (SRS). Methods. The authors measured the concentration of the extracellular space marker tetramethylammonium (TMA + ) in the intact cat eye using double-barreled ion-selective microelectrodes. The retina was loaded with TMA + by a single intravitreal injection. Systemic hypoxia was induced by adding nitrogen to the breathing mixture, and hyperoxia was induced by adding oxygen. Results. Hypoxia produced a slow increase in dark-adapted [TMA + ] o , which was prominent in amplitude in the distal portion of the retina, suggesting a shrinkage of the SRS. This effect was essentially proportional to the decrease in arterial oxygen tension (P a O 2 ) below the normoxic level. Dark-adapted [TMA + ] o , began to increase at a P a O 2 of 60 to 80 mm Hg and was enhanced by 13% to 15% at a P a O 2 of 40 mm Hg. Because of its slow onset, the size of the increase also was related to the duration of hypoxia. The light-evoked decrease in [TMA + ] o in the SRS was larger in amplitude during hypoxia than in normoxia. This difference increased with severity of hypoxia, beginning at approximately the same P a O 2 as the increase in dark-adapted [TMA + ] o . Interestingly, the hypoxic increase in amplitude depended on light intensity, i.e., it was proportionally greater at lower intensities versus higher ones. Background illumination suppressed the hypoxia-induced increase in [TMA + ] o , in SRS, inhibiting it by approximately 50% at levels of hypoxia down to a P 2 O 2 of 40 mm Hg. Systemic hyperoxia produced the reverse effect of hypoxia. Between two extreme states, e.g., illumination during hyperoxia (P a O 2 > 200 mm Hg) versus severe hypoxia in darkness (P a O 2 approximately 40 mm Hg), extracellular volume may change more than 4-fold. Conclusions. The observations of this study indicate that the space surrounding photoreceptors shrinks in response to hypoxia. This shrinkage should affect concentrations of all ions and metabolites located in the subretinal space.
A Hierarchical Approach to Perception

Abstract Perception is a biological phenomenon and, as such, it is hierarchically organized and controlled. Research on biological systems requires a consideration of three levels of analysis: (1) the focal level of interest, (2) its initiating conditions, and (3) its boundary conditions. The information that flows into a focal level defines its initiating conditions. Light, for example, is an initiating condition for a photoreceptor. The response of a focal level to its initiating conditions can be discovered by studying the short-run behavior of the system in controlled contexts. In everyday contexts, the information flowing into a focal level is also constrained, prior to its reception, by boundary conditions imposed by the internal and external environment in which the focal level exists. The ways of life, experience, and current purposes of an organism place restrictions on how the available information will be sampled. Such boundary conditions are historically determined and can only be understood by examining the long-run behavior of the system in naturally occurring contexts.
Disseminated Lyme disease presenting as multiple non-target cellulitic-appearing skin lesions and oral pseudomembrane.

A 45-year-old man was presented with 3 weeks of fever, chills, headache, myalgia and sweats after returning from a camping trip. He had multiple erythematous, blanching, non-target lesions on back and lower abdomen and oral pseudomembrane. He was empirically started on doxycycline for presumed Lyme disease and hydration for management of acute renal failure. Next day, he was started on vancomycin for worsening rash and coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and fluconazole for possible thrush and tested for HIV, syphilis, tick-borne diseases, arboviral panel, Epstein-Barr virus, rapid plasma reagin and rheumatoid factor. Initial Lyme’s screening test was negative. Over the next 4 days, rash and headache improved significantly and Epstein-Barr DNA and immunoglobulin M Lyme antibody came back positive. After discussion with Infectious Diseases colleagues, doxycycline was continued for 3 weeks for management of early disseminated Lyme disease. Patient had no recurrence of his symptoms at 4 week follow-up visit.
Low-intensity exercise induces acute shifts in liver and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism but not chronic adaptations in tissue oxidative capacity.

Effects of low-intensity exercise on substrate metabolism pathways were tested in liver and skeletal muscle of healthy mice. This is the first study to describe exercise-induced adaptations in pero...
Matching Atomistic Simulations and In Situ Experiments to Investigate the Mechanics of Nanoscale Contact

Many emerging devices and technologies rely on contacts between nanoscale bodies. Recent analytical theories, experiments, and simulations of nanocontacts have made conflicting predictions about the mechanical response as these contacts are loaded and separated. The present investigation combined in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study the contact between a flat diamond indenter and a nanoscale silicon tip. The TEM was used to pre-characterize the materials, such that an atomistic model tip could be created with identically matched materials, geometry, crystallographic orientation, loading conditions, and degree of amorphization. A large work of adhesion was measured in the experiment and attributed to unpassivated surfaces and a large compressive stress applied before separation, resulting in covalent bonding across the interface. The simulations modeled atomic interactions across the interface using a Buckingham potential to reproduce the experimental work of adhesion without explicitly modeling covalent bonds, thereby enabling larger time- and length-scale simulations than would be achievable with a reactive potential. Then, the experimental and simulation tips were loaded under similar conditions with real-time measurement of contact area and deformation, yielding three primary findings. First, the results demonstrated that significant variation in the value of contact area can be obtained from simulations, depending on the technique used to determine it. Therefore, care is required in comparing measured values of contact area between simulations and experiments. Second, the contact area and deformation demonstrated significant hysteresis, with larger values measured upon unloading as compared to loading. Therefore, continuum predictions, in the form of a Maugis–Dugdale contact model, could not be fit to full loading/unloading curves. Third, the load-dependent contact area could be accurately fit by allowing the work of adhesion in the continuum model to increase with applied force from 1.3 to 4.3 J/m2. The most common mechanisms for hysteretic behavior—which are viscoelasticity, capillary interactions, and plasticity—can be ruled out using the TEM and atomistic characterization. Stress-dependent formation of covalent bonds is suggested as a physical mechanism to describe these findings, which is qualitatively consistent with trends in the areal density of in-contact atoms as measured in the simulation. The implications of these results for real-world nanoscale contacts are that significant hysteresis may cause significant and unexpected deviations in contact size, even for nominally elastic contacts.
Understanding the linkages between racial/ethnic discipline gaps and racial/ethnic achievement gaps in the United States

This study estimates racial/ethnic discipline gaps, using multiple measures of school discipline outcomes, in nearly all school districts in the United States with data collected by the Office of Civil Rights between 2013 and 2014. Just like racial/ethnic achievement gaps, discipline gaps also vary substantially, ranging from negative to greater than two standard deviations, across districts. However, unlike the correlates of racial achievement gaps, the extensive set of district-level characteristics available in the Stanford Education Data Archive (SEDA) including economic, demographic, segregation, and school characteristics, explain roughly just one-fifth of the geographic variation in Black-white discipline gaps and one-third of the variation in Hispanic-white discipline gaps. This study also finds a modest, statistically significant, positive association between discipline gaps and achievement gaps, even after extensive covariate adjustment. The results of this analysis provide an important step forward in determining the relationship between two forms of persistent inequality that have long plagued the U.S. education system.
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Encephalopathies and Cerebrovascular Disease: The New Orleans Experience.

Background The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a dramatic impact on health care systems and a variable disease course. Emerging evidence demonstrates that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with central nervous system disease. We describe central nervous system manifestations in critical patients with COVID-19 at our tertiary center. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of all actively critical patients with COVID-19 admitted to our tertiary care academic center in New Orleans, Louisiana, on April 22, 2020, with new onset of neurologic disease. Patients were grouped into 1 of 3 categories according to imaging and clinical features; encephalopathy, acute necrotizing encephalopathy, and vasculopathy. Results A total of 27 of 76 (35.5%) critical patients with COVID-19 met inclusion criteria. Twenty patients (74%) were designated with COVID-19–associated encephalopathy, 2 (7%) with COVID-19–associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy, and 5 (19%) with COVID-19–associated vasculopathy. Sixty-three percent of neurologic findings were demonstrated on computed tomography, 30% on magnetic resonance imaging, and 44% on electroencephalography. Findings most often included ischemic strokes, diffuse hypoattenuation, subcortical parenchymal hemorrhages, and focal hypodensities within deep structures. Magnetic resonance imaging findings included diffuse involvement of deep white matter, the corpus callosum, and the basal ganglia. For patients with large-territory ischemic stroke, all but one displayed irregular proximal focal stenosis of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery. Conclusions Analysis of active critical COVID-19 admissions at our revealed a high percentage of patients with new neurologic disease. Although variable, presentations followed 1 of 3 broad categories. A better understanding of the neurologic sequalae and radiographic findings will help clinicians mitigate the impact of this disease.
Clinical and genetic analysis of 14 cases with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Objective To analyze the correlation of clinical phenotype and genotype and gene mutation frequency characteristics of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and methods for early intervention. Methods The clinical phenotypic signs and examination results of 14 cases with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were collected from September 2008 to December 2016 in Children′s Hospital of Shanxi Province.Point mutations, deletions and conversion mutations for gene CYP21A2 coding 21-hydroxylase were detected through using next generation sequencing(NGS) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification(MLPA). The captured mutations were further confirmed with Sanger sequencing.Furthermore, the family members underwent the co-segregation validation through the Sanger sequencing or MLPA in those captured mutated sites. Results Among the total 14 cases, 9 cases were identified as the salt wasting, 5 cases the simple virilizing; 10 cases of compound heterozygous mutations, and 4 cases of homozygous mutations.Analysis of the 14 patients revealed 8 different kinds of mutations in CYP21A2 gene.The most frequent mutations of CYP21A2 gene were I2G [50%(14/28)] and I173N [21.4%(6/28)], followed by Arg357Trp[10.7%(3/28)]. Del[10.7%(3/28)] mutations including E247fs, Gly111fs and R484fs.Q319X[3.6%(1/28)] and Arg355His[3.6%(1/28)] were rarely found.Missense mutation was found in 10 cases, splicing mutation in 14 cases, frameshift mutations in 3 cases, nonsense mutations in 1 case.All of the mutations were inherited from their parents, and no new mutation was found.The most common mutations for salt wasting and simple virilizing were respectively I2G[50%(9/18)] and I173N [50%(5/10)]. Collectively, genotypes and phenotypes were matched with each other. Conclusions The combination of clinical phenotypes with laboratory examination by gene sequencing and comprehensive analysis, is helpful to early diagnosis, differential diagnosis and optimized treatment, which will improve prognosis and provide guidance for genetic consultancy. Key words: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; 21-hydroxylase; Mutation; Next generation sequencing
Failure behaviors of single high-performance fibers under transverse dynamic cut

Abstract We visualized, in real time, the deformation and failure of single fibers that were transversely cut at high loading rate. A reverse impact experimental technique was employed to introduce the dynamic cutting load onto the fiber. The failure process of the fiber was captured via an ultra-high-speed camera combined with an ultra-long working distance objective lens. Three failure modes were identified: partial penetration followed by tensile failure, complete incision and bending-induced brittle failure without penetration, corresponding to the KevlarⓇ KM2 Plus, DyneemaⓇ SK76 and S-2 Glass fiber, respectively. Such failure modes were found to be rate-independent but highly rely on the fiber nanostructure. It was found that all fibers had an increased energy absorption as the rate increased. Effects of fiber length and cut angle were also studied, potentially providing insight into the material design of cut-resistant textiles or composites.
The Relationship Between Depression Symptoms and Adolescent Neural Response During Reward Anticipation and Outcome Depends on Developmental Timing: Evidence From a Longitudinal Study.

Abstract Background Blunted neural reward responsiveness (RR) is observed in youth depression. However, it is unclear whether symptoms of depression experienced early in development relate to adolescent RR beyond current symptoms and, further, whether such relationships with RR differ during two key components of reward processing: anticipation and outcome. Methods Within a prospective longitudinal study oversampled for early depression, children and caregivers completed semiannual diagnostic assessments beginning in preschool. In later adolescence, mean age = 16.49 years (SD = 0.94), youths’ (N = 100) neurophysiological responses to cues signaling likely win and loss and these outcomes were assessed. Longitudinally assessed dimensional depression and externalizing symptoms (often comorbid with depression as well as associated with RR) experienced at different developmental periods (preschool [age 3–5.11 years], school age [6–9.11 years], early adolescence [10–14.11 years], current) were used as simultaneous predictors of event-related potentials indexing anticipatory cue processing (cue-P3) and outcome processing (reward positivity/feedback negativity and feedback-P3). Results Blunted motivated attention to cues signaling likely win (cue-P3) was specifically predicted by early-adolescent depression symptoms. Blunted initial response to win (reward positivity) and loss (feedback negativity) outcomes was specifically predicted by preschool depression symptoms. Blunted motivational salience of win and loss outcomes (feedback-P3) was predicted by cumulative depression, not specific to any developmental stage. Conclusions Although blunted anticipation and outcome RR is a common finding in depression, specific deficits related to motivated attention to cues and initial outcome processing may map onto the developmental course of these symptoms.
Probing the Statistics of the Temperature-Density Relation of the Intergalactic Medium

Gravitational instability induces a simple correlation between the large- and small-scale fluctuations of the Lyα flux spectrum. However, nongravitational processes involved in structure formation and evolution will alter such a correlation. In this Letter, we explore how scatter in the temperature-density relation of the intergalactic medium reduces the gravitationally induced scale-scale correlation. By examining whether or not observations of the correlation are close to that predicted by pure gravity, we put constraints on the scatter in the ρ-T relation and in turn on any physical process that would lead to scatter, e.g., strong fluctuations in the UV background or radiative transfer effects. By applying this method to high-resolution Keck spectra of Q1422+231 and HS 1946+7658, we find the predicted correlation signal induced by gravity and the diminishing of this correlation signal at small scales. This suggests extra physics affects the small-scale structure of the forest, and we can constrain the scatter in the ρ-T relation to a conservative 20% upper limit. A crude model suggests, if there is any spatial correlation of temperature, the coherence length scale must be smaller than ~0.3 h-1 Mpc to be consistent with the Keck data.
Is Socrates Mortal? On the Impact of Socratic Logic on Teaching and Learning the United Nations Crime Prevention Law

The chapter describes and comments on canons of action-oriented formal logic credited to Socrates (469/470-399 BC) by his student Plato. This form of logic was in 2016–2019 the chapter’s author instrument for teaching the United Nations crime prevention law at the law faculties of the University of Bialystok (Bialystok, Poland) and the South-Central University for Nationalities (Wuhan, China). The author also presents and discusses logistical and substantive issues involved in altogether five Socratic workshops concerning their preparation, implementation and evaluation, in the comparative context of Socratic and Confucian logic. The author concludes that progressive Socratic logic and the above-mentioned reformist, rational United Nations law blend well with the Western and Confucian legal cultures. The application of this logic to any other material law is likewise possible and may be beneficial for legal education worldwide.
IMM/EKF filter based classification of real-time freeway video traffic without learning

This paper addresses the problem of traffic variable estimation and traffic state classification of highway traffic, from video. To solve this problem, we propose to use the Interactive Multiple Mo...
Same As It Ever Was: In Support of the Rights of Sex Trafficking Victims

This article examines the factors that lead historians to conclude that early 20th century Progressive reformers created a panic over a perceived sex trafficking problem that never really existed. It then examines how those same factors drive contemporary sex worker rights advocates to object to treating individuals in the sex trade as victims. The article then turns to the demand for sexual access, and the harsh physical, mental, and social harms that individuals in the sex trade suffer, even under the best circumstances. Finally, the article outlines United Nations and United States prostitution and sex trafficking policy recommendations aimed at reducing the number of individuals drawn into and kept in the sex industry, reducing the harms suffered by individuals in or leaving the industry, and reducing the market for the purchase of sexual access to others.
Remdesivir to treat COVID-19: can dosing be optimized?

Abstract The antiviral remdesivir has been approved by regulatory bodies such as EMA and FDA for the treatment of COVID-19. However, its efficacy is debated and toxicity concerns might limit the therapeutic range of this drug. Computational models that aid in balancing efficacy and toxicity would be of great help. Parametrizing models is difficult because the prodrug remdesivir is metabolized to its active form (RDV-TP) upon cell entry, which complicates dose-activity relationships. Here, we employ a computational model that allows predicting drug efficacy based on the binding affinity of RDV-TP for its target polymerase in SARS-CoV-2. We identify an optimal infusion rate to maximize remdesivir efficacy. We also assess drug efficacy in suppressing both wild-type and resistant strains, and thereby selection of resistance. Our results differ from predictions using prodrug dose-response curves (pseudo-EC50s). We expect that reaching 90% inhibition (EC90) is insufficient to suppress SARS-CoV-2 in lungs. While standard dosing mildly inhibits viral polymerase and therefore likely reduces morbidity, we also expect selection for resistant mutants for most realistic parameter ranges. To increase efficacy and safeguard against resistance, we recommend continuing remdesivir use with companion antivirals and/or with dosing regimens that substantially increase the levels of RDV-TP.