cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient Compact Modeling of 3D Stacked Die Inter-Tier Microfluidic Cooling Under Non-Uniform Heat Flux

Three-dimensional (3D) chip stacking is a promising approach for high performance microsystems. Such vertical integration could increase the clock frequency and reduce the signal delay. During operation, the input signal and the resulting input power change with time. Realistic power maps on active chip tiers produce highly non-uniform heat flux patterns with hotspots, which change with time. In this paper, a transient compact model of a multi-layer chip stack subjected to time dependent power map was developed. Inter-tier single phase microfluidic cooling with a pin fin array was used to enhance heat transfer. The validity of the compact model was confirmed by comparison with full computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) modeling. It was found that the transient compact model ran thousand times faster than the CFD/HT model. The maximum deviation between the two models was 1 °C. The compact model was then used to analyze the transient thermal response of a 4 layer dual core stack of Penryn microprocessors when a total power of 172.4 W with a 300 W/cm2 hot spot was suddenly applied. The hotspot temperature rise approaches 35 °C, at a steady state time of about 0.015 s. The temperature rise of bottom tier was always higher than the other three tiers during the transient process because it has only single side cooling, while other tiers have double sided cooling. Also, different power maps and flow patterns, including parallel and counter flow for different layers were investigated. It was found that controlling the flow in different layers individually instead of applying the same flow conditions could achieve better thermal performance and energy savings.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Steindler flexorplasty for the arthrogrypotic elbow

Abstract Purpose The arthrogrypotic elbow often lacks active flexion. If active elbow flexion can be provided by muscle transfer, patient independence increases and the patient can function in a less conspicuous manner by avoiding adaptive mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to review the outcome of patients with arthrogryposis treated with the Steindler flexorplasty to obtain active elbow flexion. Methods Seventeen elbows in 10 patients with an average age of 7 years were treated surgically with the Steindler flexorplasty procedure. Before surgery none of the patients was able to flex actively the elbow against gravity. All of the patients had at least 70° of passive elbow flexion. Upper-extremity active and passive range of motion, strength of flexion, functional outcome, and patient satisfaction were assessed at an average of 5 years after surgery (range, 2–9 years). Results After surgery all patients obtained active elbow flexion against gravity averaging 85° (range, 30°–120°); patients were able to lift an average of 1 kg through their entire arc of elbow flexion. At last follow-up evaluation patients lost an average of 27° of elbow extension. Patients lost forearm rotation but did not lose wrist or finger range of motion. Subjectively, 9 of the 10 patients were satisfied with the outcome of the surgery and would recommend the surgery to others. Conclusions The Steindler flexorplasty provides improved elbow flexion strength and patient function and should be considered for children with arthrogryposis.
Differences in xenobiotic detoxifying activities between bone marrow stromal cells from mice and rats: Implications for benzene‐induced hematotoxicity

Benzene is a human carcinogen; exposure to benzene can result in aplastic anemia and leukemia. Data from animal models are frequently used in the risk assessment for benzene. In rodent studies, mice have been shown to be more sensitive to benzene-induced hematotoxicity than rats. In this regard, we have observed that bone marrow stromal cells from mice were significantly more susceptible to the cytotoxicity induced by the benzene metabolites hydroquinone (HQ) and benzoquinone (BQ) than cells from rats. Since cellular glutathione (GSH) and quinone reductase (QR) are known to play critical roles in modulating HQ-induced cytotoxicity, we have measured the GSH content and the QR and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in stromal cells from both species. In rat cells, the GSH content and the QR specific activity were 2 and 28 times as much as those from mice, respectively. GSH and QR in both mouse and rat stromal cells were inducible by 1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T). D3T pretreatment of both mouse and rat stromal cells resulted in a marked protection against HQ-induced toxicity. Pretreatment of both mouse and rat stromal cells with GSH ethyl ester also provided a dramatic protection against HQ-induced toxicity. Conversely, dicoumarol, an inhibitor of QR, enhanced the HQ-induced toxicity in stromal cells from both mice and rats, indicating an important role for QR in modulating HQ-induced stromal toxicity in both species. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depleted GSH significantly in both species, potentiated the HQ-induced toxicity in mouse but not in rat stromal cells. Surprisingly, incubation of stromal cells with BSO resulted in a significant induction of QR, especially in rats. The failure of BSO to potentiate HQ-induced toxicity in rat stromal cells may be due to the concomitant induction of QR by BSO. Overall, this study demonstrates that the differences in stromal cellular GSH content and QR activity between mice and rats contribute to their respective susceptibility to HQ-induced cytotoxicity in vitro, and may be involved in the greater in vivo sensitivity of mice to benzene-induced hematotoxicity.
IMPACT OF COMPLIANCE WITH DISCHARGE PERFORMANCE MEASURES ON 5-YEAR MORTALITY IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

The use of performance measures at the time of discharge from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been embraced by professional societies, payors and regulators, although ‘all-or-none’ composite measures have not been widely adopted. A barrier to the use of the composite measures has
Probable influence of early Carboniferous (Tournaisian-early Visean) geography on the development of Waulsortian and Waulsortian-like mounds

All of the known Tournaisian-early Visean (ca. 360-348 Ma) age carbonate mud mounds (Waulsortian and Waulsortian-like mounds) developed in low paleolatitudes on the southern shelf margin of Laurussia and in the Laurussian interior seaway. The Tournaisian-early Visean geography probably prevented hurricanes, tropical storms, and winter storms from crossing the shelf margin or interior seaway where these mounds developed. Implications of the lack of storm energy on mound development are discussed.
COMMITMENT TO PEACE WORK: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF DETERMINANTS AND SUSTAINERS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE.

An analysis of the questionnaire responses of volunteer subjects who became active peace workers after a crucial episode. Focus is on predisposing factors; the emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the episode, and subsequent sustainers of the changes. The relevance to determinants of attitude and behavior change, including psychotherapy, is considered.
Overexpression of copper and zinc superoxide dismutase in transgenic mice prevents the induction and activation of matrix metalloproteinases after cold injury-induced brain trauma.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of proteolytic enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix, are implicated in blood-brain barrier disruption, which is a critical event leading to vasogenic edema. To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the expression of MMPs in vasogenic edema, the authors measured gelatinase activities before and after cold injury (CI) using transgenic mice that overexpress superoxide dismutase-1. A marked induction of pro-gelatinase B (pro-MMP-9) was seen 2 hours after CI and was maximized at 12 hours in wild-type mice. The pro-MMP-9 level was significantly lower in transgenic mice 4 hours (P < 0.001) and 12 hours (P < 0.05) after CI compared to wild-type mice. The activated MMP-9 was detected from 6 to 24 hours after injury. A mild induction of pro-gelatinase A (pro-MMP-2) was seen at 6 hours and was sustained until 7 days. In contrast, the activated form of MMP-2 appeared at 24 hours, was maximized at 7 days, and was absent in transgenic mice. Western blot analysis showed that the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases were not modified after CI. The results suggest that ROS production after CI may contribute to the induction and/or activation of MMPs and could thereby exacerbate endothelial cell injury and the development of vasogenic edema after injury.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol augments murine retroviral induced immunosuppression and infection

Abstract Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component in marijuana, and the murine retrovirus, Friend leukemia virus (FLV), have been demonstrated to depress cellular immune function, including lymphocyte blastogenic transformation and natural killer cell activity. The present study demonstrates that the two agents can work in concert to depress these immune activities more severely than either agent administered by itself. When 7.5 – 10 μg/ml THC was added in vitro to spleen cells from mice infected 2 – 4 weeks earlier with FLV there was a noticeable decrease, beyond that seen with the drug or virus alone, for both lymphocyte blastogenesis and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. In addition, when both FLV and THC were administered to mice concurrently with infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV), mortality attributed to the retrovirus infection occurred significantly more rapidly than in the absence of the drug and HSV. The data indicate that THC acted in the presence of a HSV infection to enhance the FLV induced mortality. By extrapolation to the human condition, these results suggest that marijuana could serve as a co-factor, possibly in conjunction with opportunistic pathogens, in the progression of infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus from latency to overt acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Colocalization of MnSOD expression in response to oxidative stress.

The loss of manganese superoxide dismutase function has been associated with increased incidence of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that loss of MnSOD resulted in severe esophageal damage by both endogenous and exogenous bile. However, the alterative manner of MnSOD in esophageal epithelium is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of MnSOD in response to the exposure to bile salts in an esophageal epithelial cell line. Het-1A cells were seeded at 5 × 105 and 107 and incubated with taurocholate, cholate, glycochlate, deoxycholate, and the mixture of these bile salts. Mitochondria and cytoplasma were separated, and the expression and localization of MnSOD was determined by Western blot and immunocytochemical assay. Proliferation rates were strongly inhibited in the groups with taurocholate and bile salts mixture at 4 h, with 0.367 ± 0.042 and 0.396 ± 0.046, respectively, compared to 0.684 ± 0.054 in untreated groups (P < 0.05). An increased apoptotic rate compared to untreated group (3.65 ± 0.59) were significantly increased in taurocholate group and in bile salts mixture group were 33.62 ± 10.25 and 31.52 ± 8.97 at 4 h, respectively (P < 0.05). The protein level of MnSOD in mitochodria was increased at 4 h, but with a decreased enzymatic activity after bile salts treatment. Cytoplasmic MnSOD was detected in the cells with bile salts treatment. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that esophageal epithelial cell underwent morphological alteration and MnSOD relocalization after bile salts treatment. This is the first study to demonstrate cellular cytosolic MnSOD expression and that this relocalization to the cytosol is a cause for decreased MnSOD enzymatic activity. This suggests that bile salts may contribute to the dysfunction of mitochondria, by enzymatically inhibiting of MnSOD localization and thus activation in the mitochondria. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lattice gases and exactly solvable models

We detail the construction of a family of lattice gas automata based on a model of 't Hooft, proceeding by use of symmetry principles to define first the kinematics of the model and then the dynamics. A spurious conserved quantity appears; we use it to effect a radical transformation of the model into one whose spacetime configurations are equivalent to the two-dimensional states of an exactly solvable statistical mechanics model, the symmetric eight-vertex model with parameters restricted to a disorder variety. We comment on the implications of this identification for the original lattice gas.
Development and preliminary validation of a microtiter plate-based receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins

Abstract More than 20 countries have either established or proposed regulatory limits for one or more of the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins as they occur in seafood products. PSP toxin levels are generally estimated using the standard AOAC mouse bioassay, yet because of various limitations of this method [e.g. high variability (± 20%), low sensitivity, limited sample throughput and use of live animals], there remains a need for alternative testing protocols. A sensitive and selective, high capacity assay was developed for the PSP toxins which exploits the highly specific interaction of these toxins with their biological receptor (i.e. voltage-dependent sodium channel) and is thus based on functional activity. This receptor binding assay provides a radioactive endpoint, and is performed in a microtiter filter plate format with results determined by standard liquid scintillation counting within 24 hr. The Ki for the assay is 3.66 ± 0.86 nM saxitoxin, with a limit of detection of c. 5 ng saxitoxin/ml in a sample extract. Good quantitative agreement of the assay with both mouse bioassay and high-performance liquid Chromatographic analysis of crude extracts of contaminated shellfish, as well as PSP toxin-producing algae, was observed. Our findings indicate that the receptor binding assay has a strong predictive value for toxicity determined by mouse bioassay, and that this approach warrants consideration as a rapid, reliable and cost-effective alternative to live animal testing for detection and estimation of PSP-related toxicity in seafood and toxic algae.
Glutamate-Stimulated, Guanine Nucleotide-Mediated Phosphoinositide Turnover in Astrocytes Is Inhibited by Cyclic AMP

: The potential for cross-talk between the adenyl cy-clase and phosphoinositide (PPI) lipid second messenger system was investigated in astrocytes cultured from neonatal rat brain. Glutamate-stimulated PPI turnover, measured by the formation of total inositol phosphates from myo-[3H]inositoI-labeled lipids, was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels produced either by stimulation of the isoproter-enol receptor linked to adenyl cyclase or by its direct activation by forskolin. N6,2′-O-Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, an analogue that can also activate cyclic AMP-dependent kinase, inhibited glutamate-stimulated PPI turnover in a concentration-dependent manner as well, a result suggesting that cyclic AMP-dependent kinase is involved in mediating the inhibition. Inclusion of an inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent kinase, l-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2 methylpiperazine dihy-drochloride or N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfon-amide hydrochloride, blocked the cyclic AMP-mediated inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, a finding further supporting this hypothesis. The site of inhibition of the phosphoinositol lipid pathway by cyclic AMP was probed using a digitonin-permeabilized cell system. Guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), a nonhydrolyzable analogue of GTP, stimulated PPI turnover and potentiated glutamate-stimulated PPI turnover, and guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiodiphosphate) inhibited glutamate-stimulated PPI turnover in these cells, results providing evidence that glutamate receptors are coupled to phospholipase C by a guanine nucleotide binding protein in astrocytes. N6,2′-O-Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and agents that elevate cyclic AMP levels inhibited the PPI turnover stimulated by guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), as well as that potentiated by guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphos-phate) in the presence of glutamate, results suggesting that the cyclic AMP-dependent inhibition occurs at or distal to the putative guanine nucleotide binding protein. Because basal PPI turnover was not altered by elevation of cyclic AMP levels, direct inhibition of phospholipase C is unlikely.
Light and temperature influence phosphorus absorption by slash pine

Abstract One‐year‐old slash pine seedlings (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) accumulated more radioactive phosphorus in needles at a 15–10°C day‐night temperature and 2500 foot candles than at higher temperatures and reduced light. Rate of phosphorus uptake was related to concentrations of ethanol‐soluble carbohydrates but not to those of starch or all carbohydrates. Results suggest that temperature and light can be important for optimum phosphorus nutrition of slash pine.
A normative study of children's performance on the short form of the token test

Spellacy and Spreen's Short Form of the Token Test was administered to 240 normal middle-class children, 20 in each of 12 half-year age groups from 6.0-6.5 through 11.6-11.11. Results of their performance on this test indicate that there are only slight differences between any of the 12 age groups investigated. The findings of this investigation provide normative data on children's performance on the Short Form of the Token Test, information that should be very useful in screening procedures for assessment of receptive language skills in children.
Peer group micro-lending programs in Canada and the United States

Abstract There are numerous theoretical models that consider peer group micro-lending programs. These models use monitoring, peer pressure, mutual insurance, information transfer and the costs of entering new relationships to explain the success of peer group micro-lending programs outside Canada and the United States (such as the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh). While these explanations may be applicable to programs abroad, they do not adequately describe the dynamics of many programs in Canada and the United States due to the vast difference in economic environment. I present a model that relies on screening and the reduction of overhead costs to explain the existence of peer group micro-lending programs in Canada and the United States. Evidence from these programs is presented to support the model.
Role of enzyme-peptide substrate backbone hydrogen bonding in determining protein kinase substrate specificities

As part of a search for peptides that have specificity for selected protein kinases, the possibility that adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) recognizes the hydrogen-bonding potential of its peptide substrates was investigated. A-Kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of five N alpha-methylated and four depsipeptide derivatives of Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (peptide 1) at rates that differ by at least 7 orders of magnitude. These peptide 1 analogues each lack the ability to donate a hydrogen bond at selected positions in the peptide chain. If a particular amide hydrogen of a peptide amide is involved in hydrogen bonding, which is important for enzyme recognition, the prediction is that peptides which contain an ester or a N-methylated bond at that position in peptide 1 will be comparatively poor substrates. In contrast, if a depsipeptide has a reactivity comparable to that of peptide 1 but the analogous N-methylated peptide has a poor reactivity with A-kinase, the result might indicate that the N-methyl group causes unfavorable steric effects. The depsipeptide that lacks a Leu6 amide proton is a good substrate for A-kinase, but the corresponding N-methylated peptide is phosphorylated far less efficiently. This result and others presented in this paper suggest that although enzyme-substrate hydrogen bonding may play some role in A-kinase catalysis of phosphoryl group transfer, other explanations are necessary to account for the relative reactivities of N alpha-methylated and depsi-containing peptide 1 analogues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ultrastructural studies on cerebellar histogenesis in the frog: The external granular layer and the molecular layer

Abstract Maturational changes of the cerebellum of frog tadpoles were studied with the electron microscope. In the premetamorphic tadpole, parallel fiber-like processes (PFP) were present in the incipient molecular layer, long before the appearance of the external granular layer (EGL). These PFP showed synaptic contacts with the precociously developed Purkinje cell dendrites. It appears that these PFP may be responsible for inducing the precocious elaboration of the Purkinje cell dendritic arborization. In the metamorphosing tadpoles, the EGL cells migrating into the internal granular layer were frequently seen in close association with the ependymoglial cell processes, which extend from the pia down toward the ependymal surface. This observation lends support to the hypothesis that glial processes guide the migrating EGL cells.
Examination of two morphs of gall-forming Aciurina (Diptera: Tephritidae): ecological and genetic evidence for species

Aciurina bigeloviae (Cockerell) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a gall-forming tephritid fly associated with rubber rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton (Compositae), throughout the western United States. Two distinct gall morphologies were found among A. bigeloviae populations, each associated with its own morphologically distinct group of subspecies of C. nauseosus. Adults emerging from these galls can be distinguished on the basis of wing morphology and pronotal colour. Electrophoretic analysis of these two morphs suggested limited, unidirectional gene flow between them. Results of several other investigations were consistent with a restricted gene flow hypothesis. Heterotypic matings occurred in the laboratory, but at a depressed level. Host plant preferences, ovipositional success on the different host plant groups, and two life history parameters differed between the two fly types. Based on these multiple lines of evidence, we concluded that these two morphs of Aciurina represent two species: A. bigeloviae and A. trixa Curran. Reasons why these flies might be more appropriately viewed as host races are discussed as are scenarios which might account for their divergence.
Neuronal inputs to hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease and in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam

This study concerns the expression of synaptophysin in the hippocampal formation of normal controls, of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam (P-D complex). A monoclonal antibody was used to visualize synaptophysin, an integral component of presynaptic vesicle membranes. In the normal controls, a strong synaptophysin immunoreactivity was seen in the stratum pyramidale, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the hippocampus proper, in the subiculum and in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. In the dentate gyrus molecular layer, the reaction product was distributed in a laminar fashion. By contrast, in AD and in P-D complex a significant decrease in immunoreactivity was observed in all hippocampal strata, and especially of the hippocampal subfield CA1 and the subiculum. In both diseases, synaptophysin expression was also diminished in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of all patients examined, with the inner portion exhibiting almost normal and the outer portion a strikingly reduced synaptophysin immunoreactivity.
The pathophysiology and clinical presentation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is defined as the deposition of amyloid s peptide within leptomeningial and cortical vessels, likely reflecting an imbalance between Aβ production and clearance. Amyloid buildup triggers a series of destructive alterations in the cerebral vascular architecture, leading to a spectrum of neurological events including lobar intracerebral hemorrhage, brain ischemia and cognitive decline. Although traditionally diagnosed pathologically, neuroimaging has taken a central role in defining CAA. This review will discuss the pathological, clinical and radiological aspects of CAA.
Good intentions, questionable results: Implications for the professional development of teachers

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of implementation of the innovative 1995-2000 United Federation of Teachers–New York City contract agreement on annual performance reviews of teachers and to identify the factors that impeded or facilitated implementation. Surveys were sent to a stratified sample of faculty members in 7 New York City public elementary, middle, and high schools. Interviews were conducted with self-selected staff members from the 7 schools. Findings indicate that the Teacher Performance Review option is being implemented in few schools. Among the factors identified as impeding the implementation of the performance review initiative is a lack of adequate training at all levels. Despite the contract component and a detailed plan of implementation and support, a lack of investment in performance review on the part of professional staff persists. Administrators and faculty alike view the agreement as an evaluative experience rather than an opportunity for growth.
rAAV2/5 gene-targeting to rods:dose-dependent efficiency and complications associated with different promoters.

A prerequisite for using corrective gene therapy to treat humans with inherited retinal degenerative diseases that primarily affect rods is to develop viral vectors that target specifically this population of photoreceptors. The delivery of a viral vector with photoreceptor tropism coupled with a rod-specific promoter is likely to be the safest and most efficient approach to target expression of the therapeutic gene to rods. Three promoters that included a fragment of the proximal mouse opsin promoter (mOP), the human G-protein-coupled receptor protein kinase 1 promoter (hGRK1), or the cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer combined with the chicken b actin proximal promoter CBA were evaluated for their specificity and robustness in driving GFP reporter gene expression in rods, when packaged in a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector of serotype 2/5 (AAV2/5), and delivered via subretinal injection to the normal canine retina. Photoreceptor-specific promoters (mOP, hGRK1) targeted robust GFP expression to rods, whereas the ubiquitously expressed CBA promoter led to transgene expression in the retinal pigment epithelium,
Systolic ring for parallel computation

A computation structure suitable for the iterative solution of linear equations is described. The structure is a ring of processors interspersed with latches. Each processor is connected to a private memory where the elements of a row of the matrix of the equations are stored. We show how the Gauss-Seidel algorithm can be mapped onto such a ring and how an ideal speed-up can be achieved.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for nicotine and cotinine in man

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed describing the disposition kinetics of nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, in man. Separate 9-compartment, flow-limited PBPK models were initially created for nicotine and cotinine. The physiological basis for compartment designation and parameter selection has been provided;chemical-specific tissue-to-blood partition coefficients and elimination rates were derived from published human and animal data. The individual models were tested through simulations of published studies of nicotine and cotinine infusions in man using similar dosing protocols to those reported. Each model adequately predicted the time course of nicotine or cotinine concentrations in the blood and urine following the administration of nicotine or cotinine. These individual models were then linked through the liver compartments to form a nicotine-cotinine model capable of predicting the metabolic production and disposition of cotinine from administered nicotine. The potential for integrating this functional PBPK model with an appropriate pharmacodynamic model for the characterization of nicotine's physiological effects is discussed.
Activated CD8(+) T cells from aged mice exhibit decreased activation-induced cell death.

Abstract To uncouple the defects of activation and apoptosis of T cells from aged mice, we used anti-CD3 plus IL-2 stimulation to induce an activation response and analyzed the subsequent activation-induced cell death (AICD) response of T cells from 16-month-old mice. The results herein demonstrate that T cells from 16-month-old mice could be activated by anti-CD3-induced activation signals but exhibited distinct phenotypic and functional features compared to young (2-month-old) mice. These include a decrease in AICD, a delayed entry into the cell cycle, and a decreased telomerase activity. The decreased AICD of T cells from 16-month-old mice is associated with a decreased expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), decreased susceptibility to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis, and an increased expansion of a CD8+ T-cell population. Prior to activation, these T cells exhibit a phenotype that is CD44hiCD62Lhi. After stimulation, these T cells produced high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IFN-γ, and developed an increased population of IFN-γ+IFN-γR− T cells. Our results suggest that there is a dysregulation in T-cell homeostasis in aged mice associated with a decrease in AICD of CD8+ T cells.
Monitoring Impact Events Using a System-Identification Method

An inverse method based on a system-identification technique for identifying impact events on a complex structure with built-in sensors is presented. The method using the transfer functions in the system-identification technique identifies the location and force time history of an impact event on a structure without the need of constructing a full- scale accurate structural model or of acquiring excessive training data on the structure, such as neural-network techniques. The system transfer functions for the entire structure are constructed by two sequential procedures: 1) limited impact tests at selected points to establish the system transfer functions from the selected points to a sensor on the structure and 2) an interpolation function approach based on a linear finite element to approximate the system transfer functions from a point inside four neighboring selected points to the sensor. Comprehensive tests with various impact situations verified the accuracy of load and position predictions by the proposed method.
Consortium biology in immunology: the perspective from the Immunological Genome Project

Although the field has a long collaborative tradition, immunology has made less use than genetics of 'consortium biology', wherein groups of investigators together tackle large integrated questions or problems. However, immunology is naturally suited to large-scale integrative and systems-level approaches, owing to the multicellular and adaptive nature of the cells it encompasses. Here, we discuss the value and drawbacks of this organization of research, in the context of the long-running 'big science' debate, and consider the opportunities that may exist for the immunology community. We position this analysis in light of our own experience, both positive and negative, as participants of the Immunological Genome Project.
Metastable Metal Ion Production in Sputtering dc Glow Discharge Plasmas: Characterization by Electronic State Chromatography

The sputtering dc glow discharge is a stable and intense source of a wide variety of metal ions for use in ion/molecule studies. We have examined factors influencing the formation of metastable excited states of sputtered species in this device using the electronic state chromatography (ESC) technique. These determinations are essential if the glow discharge is to be used as a source of metal ions for subsequent reaction, since the electronic configuration of the metal can dramatically affect its reactivity in the gas phase. Further, the ability to manipulate excited-state production provides the means for the study of state-specific behavior of these species. We have obtained evidence in a series of experiments that indicates that the glow discharge is capable of producing several metal ions in metastable excited states as well as the ground state. Identification of specific configurations for several first-, second-, and third-row metal ions has been made on the basis of reduced zero-field mobilities in...
Self-interaction correction with Wannier functions

We describe the behavior of the Perdew\char21{}Zunger self-interaction-corrected local density approximation (LDA) functional when implemented in a plane-wave pseudopotential formalism with Wannier functions. Prototypical semiconductors and wide-band-gap oxides show a large overcorrection of the LDA band gap. Application to transition-metal oxides and elements with $d$ electrons is hindered by a serious breaking of the spherical symmetry, which appears even in a closed-shell free atom. Our results indicate that, when all spherical approximations are lifted, the general applicability of orbital-dependent potentials is very limited and should be reconsidered in favor of rotationally invariant functionals.
Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology: Characteristics of Exposure

Abstract Estimation of past exposures to potential health hazards is one of the most difficult problems for industrial hygiene research. Although it is very difficult, it is not impossible. There are two conceptual models that can guide the hygienist in this task: the source-receptor model and the task-TWA (time-weighted average) model of full-shift exposures. The source-receptor model is a formalization of the professional decision criteria used by hygienists in their initial assessments of a workplace to identify where hazards might exist and where to sample. Thus, by performing a detailed assessment of the nature of past operations, raw materials, and job activities, it is frequently possible to identify where exposures might have occurred and what agents might have been involved. The task-TWA model is useful for developing historical estimates of full-shift exposures by integrating information on changes in job activities with limited monitoring data. It is particularly useful for extrapolating TWA ex...
Microfluidic pretreatment of bacterial cells for analysis of intracellular contents

Electrical lysis of biological cells on a microfluidic platform has been raising a lot of interests due to its applications in rapid recovering intracellular contents without introducing lytic agents. In this study, we demonstrated a simple microfluidic device which lysed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing E. coli cells under continuous DC voltage while cells flowed through. The cell lysis only happened in a defined section of a microfluidic channel due to the local field amplification by geometric modification. The geometric modification also effectively decreased the required voltage for lysis by several folds. We found that a local field strength of 1500V/cm was required for lysis of nearly 100% of E. coli cells. This lysis field strength was considerably lower than the value reported in the literature, possibly due to the longer duration of the field. The lysis was witnessed by plate count and fluorescence spectroscopy. The devices were fabricated using low-cost soft lithography with channel widths considerably larger than the cell size to avoid clogging and ensure stable performance. Our tool will be ideal for high throughput processing of a large number of cells. Furthermore, the application of continuous DC field makes it straightforward to couple our cell lysis device with on-chip electrophoresis to realize the integration of cell pretreatment and chemical analysis. In principle, the same approach can also be applied for the lysis of mammalian cells and for the electroporation and transfection.
Lattice and order properties of the poset of regions in a hyperplane arrangement

We show that the poset of regions (with respect to a canonical base region) of a supersolvable hyperplane arrangement is a congruence normal lattice. Specifically, the poset of regions of a supersolvable arrangement of rank k is obtained vi aas equence of doublings from the poset of regions of a supersolvable arrangement of rank k − 1. An explicit description of the doublings leads to a proof that the order dimension of the poset of regions (again with respect to a canonical base region) of a supersolvable hyperplane arrangement is equal to the rank of the arrangement. In particular, the order dimension of the weak order on a finite Coxeter group of type A or B is equal to the number of generators. The result for type A (the permutation lattice) was proven previously by Flath (11). We show that the poset of regions of a simplicial arrangement is a semi-distributive lattice, using the previously known result (2) that it is a lattice. A lattice is congruence uniform (or "bounded" in the sense of McKenzie (18)) if and only if it is semi-distributive and congruence normal (7). Caspard, Le Conte de Poly-Barbut and Morvan (4) showed that the weak order on a finite Coxeter group is congruence uniform. Inspired by the methods of (4), we characterize congruence normalit yo f al attice in terms of edge-labelings. This leads to a simple criterion to determine whether or not a given simplicial arrangement has ac ongruence uniform lattice of regions. In the case when the criterion is satisfied, we explicitly characterize the congruence lattice of the lattice of regions.
Association, Symmetry and Diagonal Models for Occupational Mobility and Other Similar Square Contingency Tables Having Ordered Categorical Variables

This paper examines various association, symmetry and “diagonal band” class models for both the British and Danish social mobility data. Composite models are also fitted to these data and the variety of models considered ensures that for most square tables, parsimonious models within the class of models examined in this study can always be found that will adequately describe such tables. The models considered in this study, which have been described in various forms by Goodman (1984), Upton (1985) and Tomizawa (1986) can suit most square tables having ordered classificatory variables. A model selection procedure is also examined.
Hypermagnesemia: A Potential Complication During Treatment of Theophylline Intoxication with Oral Activated Charcoal and Magnesium-Containing Cathartics

Toxic reaction to theophylline compounds is common. Oral activated charcoal (OAC) is a widely accepted mode of therapy for management of moderate to severe cases of theophylline toxicity. Magnesium-containing cathartics are generally recommended in conjunction with OAC in the treatment of drug or toxin ingestions. We report two cases of hypermagnesemia complicating the treatment of theophylline toxicity with OAC and magnesium citrate. In both patients, the hypermagnesemia contributed significantly to morbidity or mortality. In light of these cases and after review of the literature, we suggest that sorbitol be considered the cathartic agent of choice in the treatment of theophylline toxicity with OAC. (Chest 1989; 95:56-59)
Toward Performance-Driven System Support for Distributed Computing in Clustered Environments

With the proliferation of workstation clusters connected by high-speed networks, providing efficient system support for concurrent applications engaging in nontrivial interaction has become an important problem. Two principal barriers to harnessing parallelism are: (1) efficient mechanisms that achieve transparent dependency maintenance while preserving semantic correctness and (2) scheduling algorithms that match coupled processes to distributed resources while explicitly incorporating their communication costs. This paper describes a set of performance features and their properties and implementation in a system support environment called DUNES that achieves transparent dependency maintenance?IPC, file access, memory access, process creation/termination, process relationships?under dynamic load balancing. The two principal performance features are push/pull-based active and passive end-point caching and communication-sensitive load balancing. Collectively, they mitigate the overhead introduced by the transparent dependency maintenance mechanisms. Communication-sensitive load balancing, in addition, affects the scheduling of distributed resources to application processes where both communication and computation costs are explicitly taken into account. DUNES' architecture endows commodity operating systems with distributed operating system functionality while achieving transparency with respect to their existing application base. DUNES also preserves semantic correctness with respect to single processor semantics. We show performance measurements of a UNIX-based implementation on Sparc and x86 architectures over high-speed LAN environments. We show that significant performance gains in terms of system throughput and parallel application speedup are achievable.
Late Radiation-Associated Dysphagia (RAD) and Lower Cranial Neuropathy After Oropharyngeal Radiation Therapy: A Case–Control Dosimetric Comparison

Purpose/Objective(s): Many patients will require parenteral nutrition due to dysphagia during definitive radiation therapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. However, the optimal timing of feeding tube (FT) insertion (prophylactic versus reactive) remains controversial. This study describes prospectively collected functional outcomes comparing prophylactic versus reactive FTs. Materials/Methods: Patients undergoing definitive radiation therapy for stage III and IV head and neck cancer between 2004 and 2009 prospectively underwent functional outcome assessment at baseline and 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months post-treatment. The use of FT and timing of insertion was at the discretion of the attending oncologist. Instruments included the Royal Brisbane Hospital Outcome Measure for Swallowing (RBHOMS), the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients (PSSHN), and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale. Multivariable analysis was conducted to determine the significance of FT status while controlling for potential confounding variables including age, gender, tumor stage, chemotherapy use, and primary site of disease. Results: A total of 178 patients were assessed with a median follow-up of 36.4 months. FTs were inserted prophylactically in 92 (51.7%), reactively in 23 (12.9%), and no tube in 63 (35.4%) patients. Compared to patients who received a prophylactic FT, those who had a reactive FT did not have a statistically significant difference in worse swallowing functional outcomes for PSS-HN subscales of eating in public (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.65, p Z 0.42), understandability of speech (AOR 0.73, p Z 0.58), and normalcy of diet (AOR 1.39, pZ 0.66). Similarly, there were no differences in the RBHOMS levels for modified diet (AOR 1.00, pZ 0.99) and FT dependence (AOR 1.78, p Z 0.37). Patients who completed treatment without a FT had statistically significantly improved functional outcomes in PSS-HN and RBHOMS scores compared to both FT groups. Conclusions: Patients who received a reactive FT did not have a statistically significant difference in long-term functional outcomes compared to those with a prophylactically inserted FT. These findings warrant confirmation in a larger cohort of patients and should be considered when comparing the risks and benefits of different strategies for FT placement. Author Disclosure: H.C. Quon: None. C. Myers: None. A. Martens: None. J. Butler: None. R. Stimpson: None. D. Duerksen: None. H. CampbellEnns: None.
Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus: A cautionary note

Abstract Regulatory focus theory distinguishes between two independent structures of strategic inclination, promotion versus prevention. However, the theory implies two potentially independent definitions of these inclinations, the self-guide versus the reference-point definitions. Two scales (the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire [Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31 , 3–23] and the General Regulatory Focus Measure [Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive and negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 , 854–864]) have been widely used to measure dispositional regulatory focus. We suggest that these two scales align respectively with the two definitions, and find that the two scales are largely uncorrelated. Both conceptual and methodological implications are discussed.
New QCD sum rules for the nucleon tensor charge

Two new QCD sum rules for the nucleon tensor charge are derived from a mixed correlator of spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 nucleon interpolating fields. These sum rules are analyzed along with a sum rule obtained from the usual correlator of a general spin-1/2 nucleon interpolating field. The validity and reliability of the sum rules are examined by monitoring the contaminations arising from the transitions and continuum and the convergence of the operator product expansion. Valid sum rules are identified and their predictions are presented. It is found that the vacuum tensor susceptibility induced by the external field plays an important role in determining both the validity and predictions of the sum rules. The uncertainties associated with the sum-rule predictions are also discussed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Signed binary addition circuitry with inherent even parity outputs

A signed binary (SE) addition circuit is presented that always produces an even parity representation of the sum word. The novelty of this design is that no extra check bits are generated or used. The redundancy inherent in a SE representation is further exploited to contain parity information.
A Demographic Basis for Patrilineal Hordes

The evidence for patrilocal group organization among precontact hunter-gatherers is ambiguous. Observations among modern hunter-gatherers suggest that few, if any, are organized into patrilineal hordes or bands, but these observations stem from declining populations in transformed environments. These inadequacies in the data imbue the theoretical arguments concerning hunter-gatherer local organization with special importance. It is shown that ecological arguments against the viability of patrilineal bands fail because they conflate the membership of the camp with the band. The argument that variations in family size preclude patrilineal bands is found to be true in nonpolygynous populations. However, it is argued that patrilineal bands should develop in stable, strongly polygynous populations with small local groups, [hunter-gatherers, local organization, ecology, demography, polygyny]