cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More than algorithms: what computer scientists should know about technology and society

Russia meddles in our politics through fake news delivered on social media. Unknown hackers steal $81 million by fooling electronic banking protocols. Online image search returns horribly stereotyped outcomes for "three black teenagers" and "three white teenagers." In spite of the do-gooder rhetoric of Silicon Valley, recent headline news suggests that technology can enable just as much societal harm as benefit. In fact, even after a golden age of digital innovation in the United States, poverty persists, inequality is rising, and politics is more polarized than ever. What, then, should we as computer scientists do, if we genuinely want to contribute to a better world? This talk proposes a simple "Law of Amplification" that explains technology's impact on society. Its corollaries offer recommendations for computer science researchers and educators.
The Competing Risk of Death in Longitudinal Geriatric Outcomes.

Objectives To address the competing risk of death in longitudinal studies of older persons, we demonstrate sensitivity analyses that evaluate robustness of associations between exposures and three outcome types: dichotomous, count, and time to event. Design A secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study. Setting Community‐based data from the Precipitating Events Project in New Haven, CT. Participants Persons 70 years and older who were initially community dwelling and without disability in the four basic activities of daily living (N = 754). Measurements Missing outcome values from decedents were multiply imputed under different scenarios. Three outcomes were examined: dichotomous fall‐related hospitalization (FRH); a count (0‐13) of total disability in each of the 6 months after discharge; and days to functional recovery among those whose disability worsened in the hospital. Each outcome had a different exposure: for dichotomous, indicators of being overweight or obese; for count, frailty from the Fried phenotype (0‐5, where not frail = 0, prefrail = 1‐2, and frail = 3‐5); for days to recovery, vision impairment. Results For FRH, being overweight or obese lost significance when decedents were kept in the risk pool without outcome events for over 10 years. For disability count and time to recovery, with follow‐up of 6 months, exposures only lost significance under highly implausible clinical scenarios. Conclusion This method facilitates evaluation of potential bias from the competing risk of death in longitudinal studies for nondeath outcomes that are not necessarily time to event. Results suggest that death introduces substantive bias when long‐term follow‐up results in cumulatively high levels of mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:357–362, 2019.
Case 24-1989: A 77-Year-Old Man with Back Pain and Acute Inability to Walk

Presentation of Case A 77-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of an inability to walk of acute onset. The patient was in a stable state of health until three months earlier, when he began to experience difficulty in swallowing solids, with a sensation that food stuck low in the neck; his appetite decreased, and he consumed less food than usual. Two months before admission, fever and nausea occurred, with a burning pain over the upper dorsal region at about the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. A physician found that the temperature was 38.9°C and noted a loss . . .
Categorization training changes the visual representation of face identity

Previous research suggests that learning to categorize faces along a new dimension changes the perceptual representation of that dimension, but little is known about how the representation of specific face identities changes after such category learning. Here, we trained participants to categorize faces that varied along two morphing dimensions. One dimension was relevant to the categorization task and the other was irrelevant. We used reverse correlation to estimate the internal templates used to identify the two faces at the extremes of the relevant dimension, both before and after training, and at two different levels of the irrelevant dimension. Categorization training changed the internal templates used for face identification, even though identification and categorization tasks impose different demands on the observers. After categorization training, the internal templates became more invariant across changes in the irrelevant dimension. These results suggest that the representation of face identity can be modified by categorization experience.
Self-assembly and metal-directed assembly of organic semiconductor aerogels and conductive carbon nanofiber aerogels with controllable nanoscale morphologies

Abstract A versatile and highly tunable synthesis for nanofiber aerogels based on the n-type organic semiconductor perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) is presented. PTCDI nanofiber aerogels are demonstrated to incorporate the organic semiconductor into a high surface area and porous morphology, and can also be graphitized to synthesize carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogels by thermal annealing. Using this approach, CNF aerogels with variable density and crystallinity are synthesized. Furthermore, by incorporating metal salts into the synthesis, metal-directed assembly yields a variety of nanoscale morphologies. The selection of post-synthesis thermal treatment can result in metal-directed assembly of PTCDI aerogels, low crystallinity graphitic aerogels decorated with metal nanoparticles, or highly crystalline graphitic aerogels with controllable nanoscale morphologies. The high surface area and porosity afforded by the aerogel morphology coupled with the intrinsic properties of PTCDI or CNFs is important for improving their performance in a number of applications including energy storage and catalysis.
Role of AIM2 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection

AIM2 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor which recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) released during cellular perturbation and pathogenic assault. AIM2 recognition of dsDNA leads to the assembly of a large multiprotein oligomeric complex termed the inflammasome. This inflammasome assembly leads to the secretion of bioactive interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and induction of an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Sensing of dsDNA by AIM2 in the cytosol is crucial to mediate protection against the invading pathogens including bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites. AIM2 also responds to dsDNA released from damaged host cells, resulting in the secretion of the effector cytokines thereby driving the progression of sterile inflammatory diseases such as skin disease, neuronal disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Additionally, the protection mediated by AIM2 in the development of colorectal cancer depends on its ability to regulate epithelial cell proliferation and gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis independently of the effector cytokines. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress on the role of the AIM2 inflammasome as a guardian of cellular integrity in modulating chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection.
The VIISA Project: A Model National In-Service Training Program for Infants and Young Children with Visual Impairments.

This article describes the results of the VIISA Outreach Project, a well-received in-service training model for personnel who work with infants and young children with visual impairments, which has...
Remote PMU Testing using Low-cost FPGA Platform and PPA following IEEE TSS

Enhanced automation and control requires advanced sensors in the smart electric power grid. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is one of the sensors with the fastest streaming data enabling advanced automation and control algorithms in the electric grid. After PMUs are initially tested, installed, and brought into service in the field, there are no established procedure for in-field calibration testing following the IEEE Synchrophasor Measurement Test Suite Specification (TSS). Hence, in-field remote testing of PMU is necessary to guarantee that PMU performs accurately when needed and are not affected with any software/hardware error that develops with time or hidden failure that was not captured before commissioning. This paper proposes a feasible architecture for in-field remote PMU testing using an FPGA platform and PPA software platform, as well as presents an architecture and accuracy requirement of a typical PMU calibrator. An algorithm implemented in the FPGA platform using a low-cost National Instrument compact RIO (NI-cRIO) is also proposed in this paper. The generated signal using the proposed method is demonstrated to be suitable for PMU static test cases. The accuracy of the proposed method and the in-built signal generation module of NI-cRIO is compared based on the frequency uncertainty and total harmonic distortion. The compliance results of a sample PMU for static test cases using the proposed method is also presented in this paper.
Periadrenal Volume is a Better Predictor of Prolonged Operative Time in Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy than BMI.

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy is gaining traction as a minimally invasive technique. One of the purported relative contraindications is BMI given the smaller working space. We hypothesize that other anthropometric measurements may be better predictors of operative time. An IRB-approved, single-institution, retrospective study of 83 patients who underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy evaluated the association of anthropometric measurements taken from cross-sectional imaging and the primary outcome of operative time. Descriptive statistics were performed with Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables (median; IQR) and Chi-square (n; %) for categorical variables. A linear random effects model was used to model operative time. The majority of the patients were white (40; 48.2%) women (46; 55.4%) with a median age of 54 with interquartile range (IQR) of 43–63 and a median BMI of 27.8 (IQR 21.2–38.6). On univariable analysis, factors that led to longer operative time included right-sided operation (p = 0.04), male gender (p < 0.01), clinical diagnosis (p < 0.01), waist area (p < 0.01), waist/hip ratio (p < 0.01), periadrenal volume (p < 0.01), posterior adiposity index (PAI) (p < 0.01) and BMI (p < 0.01). Only side, order of operation, and periadrenal fat volume (p < 0.01, p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively) remained independent predictors of increased operative time on multivariable analysis. This study demonstrates that anthropometric measurements, specifically periadrenal fat volume, and side of operation, are better predictors for increased operative time in laparoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomies than BMI. This information can help facilitate appropriate patient selection for this operative approach.
Magnon-photon strong coupling for tunable microwave circulators

We present a generic theoretical framework to describe nonreciprocal microwave circulation in a multimode cavity magnonic system and assess the optimal performance of practical circulator devices. We show that high isolation ($g56$ dB), extremely low insertion loss ($l0.05$ dB), and flexible bandwidth control can be potentially realized in high-quality-factor superconducting cavity based magnonic platforms. These circulation characteristics are analyzed with materials of different spin densities. For high-spin-density materials such as yttrium iron garnet, the strong-coupling operation regime can be harnessed to obtain a broader circulation bandwidth. We also provide practical design principles for a highly integratable low-spin-density material (vanadium tetracyanoethylene) for narrow-band circulator operation, which could benefit noise-sensitive quantum microwave measurements. This theory can be extended to other coupled systems and provide design guidelines for achieving tunable microwave nonreciprocity for both classical and quantum applications.
The Central Difficulty of the Moral Life

R.M. Hare claims that the central difficulty of the moral life is moral weakness, describing it as ‘the tendency not to do ourselves something which in general we commend, or to do something which in general we condemn’. Agents finding themselves in a situation that preys on a personal weakness, which results in them betraying their moral convictions, succumb to this difficulty. How should agents deal with moral weakness? While this is clearly a subject for ethics and should be a central problem for ethics, it has been largely ignored. One reason for this is that when agents face moral weakness, the issue of what they morally ought to do is already settled. But the larger reason for ethics ignoring the central difficulty is that it relies on the moral theoretical framework which is ill-equipped to handle it. The inability of normative ethics to deal with moral weakness, or to even recognize it as a problem, indicates a serious blind spot in this framework. This chapter by David Kaspar examines this framework and aims to understand why ethics neglects the problem of moral weakness. What ethics needs to effectively deal with moral weakness is the systematically integrated contribution of prudence.
Impact of Race, Ethnicity and White Matter Hyperintensity on Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment at One Year after Lacunar Stroke: a Secondary Analysis of the SPS-3 Trial (1065)

Objective: To determine the effect of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and race/ethnicity on the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) following lacunar stroke. Background: Prior research has shown that WMH and race/ethnicity are risk factors for the development of MCI. However, that research has not focused on lacunar stroke survivors. Design/Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial. The primary outcome is MCI, defined as a Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score Results: We included 1,811 patients with a mean (SD) age of 61.6 (10.3) years and 65.8% male. 87 patients (4.8%) developed MCI. There were 1,130 Caucasians, 310 Hispanics, 249 African-Americans, 20 Asians, and 102 other/mixed race. Fazekas 0–1 was seen in 760, 2 in 751, and 3 in 300 patients. The rate of incident MCI increased with WMH burden (Fazekas 0–1=3.6%, 2=5.1%, 3=7.3%, p=0.032) and varied across race/ethnicity (Caucasian=2.4%, Hispanic=9.7%, African-American=6.4%, Asian=5.0%, and other/mixed=12.8%, p In the adjusted regression models, Fazekas score lost significance, but, compared to Caucasians, the odds ratio (95% CI, p value) for incident MCI in Hispanics was 4.1 (2.3–7.2, Conclusions: Incident MCI is more prevalent in non-white lacunar stroke survivors compared to Caucasians. This finding is not influenced by WMH. Disclosure: Dr. Peterson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wong has nothing to disclose. Dr. De Havenon has received research support from Regeneron, AMAG, and Chiesi pharmaceuticals. .
Tumor-stroma interaction in a “vicious cycle” manner promotes prostate cancer progression

1031 Reciprocal interactions between prostate cancer and stromal cells permanently altered genotypes and behaviors of human prostate cancer cells in vivo or in vitro. The purposes of this study are: 1) to determine cellular interaction between prostate cancer and prostate or bone stromal cells induce reciprocal changes and promote cancer progression in a “vicious cycle” manner; and 2) to validate genes of tumor-associated stroma after co-culture that may be mimicked clinical specimens by LCM or stromal fibroblasts from malignant human prostate gland. Osteosarcoma cell line, MG63, was co-cultured under 3-D rotary wall vessel (RWV) with LNCaP or its lineage-derived androgen-independent C4-2 cell. The differentially regulated genes in MG63 after co-culture with LNCaP (MGLN) or C4-2 (MGC4-2) were compared with stromal fibroblasts harvested from benign (Pt-N) and malignant (Pt-C) portions of the prostate gland from a patient. In addition, we also conducted comparative studies on chromosome, gene expression and behavioral of these stromal fibroblasts as well as induce prostate cancer growth in athymic mice and validation of the gene expression by microarray and qRT-PCR. Cytogenetic analysis showed non-random permanent genetic changes occurred in MGLN and MGC4-2 compared to its parental MG63 cells (MGRWV). Gross morphology and growth rate differences were also observed in MGC4-2. Co-inoculation of MGC4-2 with C4-2Luc (stably tagged with luciferase) cells in vivo resulted in over 10-fold stimulated growth of C4-2 tumors, increased angiogenesis and serum PSA than MGLN. Remarkably, the behaviorally altered MGC4-2 mimicked the Pt-C but not Pt-N. In five of the mice no tumor was readily detectable in Pt-N/ C4-2Luc and the average serum PSA concentration was 2.1 ng/ml. However, all mice inoculated with Pt-C/ C4-2Luc formed tumors with an average PSA concentration of 466.5 ng/ ml. Relative luciferase activity (RLU) of the tissue specimens inoculated with Pt-C/ C4-2Luc and Pt-N/ C4-2Luc chimera was 78,470 and 193 RLU, respectively. Gene expression profiles among MG63, MGLN and MGC4-2 revealed overexpression of the extracellular matrix proteins versican, tenascin, osteonectin and pro-collagen 1, in MGC4-2 compared to MGRWV. In addition, microarray and qRT-PCR confirmed following genes to be overexpressed, cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 and keratin 18 and the other genes to be underexpressed, proliferation-associated 2G4 and a selenium binding protein 1, IGFBP7 and IL8, in Pt-C and MGC4-2 when compared to Pt-N and MGLN. We demonstrated the plasticity of prostate cancer as well as bone stromal cells which are subjected to modification, both genetically and phenotypically, after cellular interaction in vitro under 3-D and as chimeric tumors in vivo. We propose the interaction between tumor and stroma creates a “vicious cycle” ultimately leads to increased prostate cancer growth, invasion and metastasis.
Technologieradar für die additive Fertigung

Kurzfassung Die Prozesskette der additiven Fertigung bedarf fur die industrielle Serienproduktion einer Produktivitatssteigerung. Eine entsprechende Technologiekettenplanung wird jedoch aufgrund de...
Discussion on ‘Review of sparse sufficient dimension reduction’

I congratulate the authors on an excellent overview of an important research area. Sufficient dimension reduction methods are based on the model-free driving condition that Y ⫫ X ∣ P S X , where X ...
Reflections on ethnographic fieldwork across a lifetime

In this ‘Tale from the Field’, I reflect on the practice of ethnographic fieldwork with folk puppeteers over time, using my own experiences in a single fieldwork site at two points, 38 years apart....
Mutation rate variations in the human genome are encoded in DNA shape

Single nucleotide mutation rates have critical implications for human evolution and genetic diseases. Accurate modeling of these mutation rates has long remained an open problem since the rates vary substantially across the human genome. A recent model, however, explained much of the variation by considering higher order nucleotide interactions in the local (7-mer) sequence context around mutated nucleotides. Despite this model9s predictive value, we still lack a biophysically-grounded understanding of genome-wide mutation rate variations. DNA shape features are geometric measurements of DNA structural properties, such as helical twist and tilt, and are known to capture information on interactions between neighboring nucleotides within a local context. Motivated by this characteristic of DNA shape features, we used them to model mutation rates in the human genome. The DNA shape feature based models show up to 15% higher accuracy than the current nucleotide sequence-based models and pinpoint DNA structural properties predictive of mutation rates in the human genome. Further analyzing the mutation rates of individual positions of transcription factor (TF) binding sites in the human genome, we found a strong association between DNA shape and the position-specific mutation rates. The trend holds for hundreds of TFs and is even stronger in evolutionarily conserved regions. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt that demonstrates the structural underpinnings of nucleotide mutations in the human genome and lays the groundwork for future studies to incorporate DNA shape information in modeling genetic variations.
Association of D-dimer and Fibrinogen With Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Background:D-dimer concentration has been used by institutions to identify candidates for intensified anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism prevention and for the mitigation of the mic...
Adaptive Control based on Disturbance Attenuation and the Modified Gain Observer for Parameter Uncertain Linear Systems

This paper examines an adaptive control strategy for a class of uncertain linear systems with disturbance input. The uncertain linear system contains unknown parameters in both the system coefficient matrix and the control coefficient matrix. The system makes perfect partial measurement of the system states. The goal is to find the worst case control strategy assuming the system is perturbed by worst case disturbances and unknown parameters. A disturbance attenuation function is defined and is transformed into a minimax differential game, where the disturbance and the unknown parameters act as cooperative players to maximize the cost function, while the controller is the opposing player and attempts to minimize the cost function. Applying dynamic programming to the cost function naturally divides into two sequential operations. As a result, the optimization yields a minimax controller coupled with a stable nonlinear observer called a modified gain observer, which estimates the state and the parameters. Under certain conditions, the observer and controller is shown to be stable. It is proved that the minimax controller is a saddle point, so that the decomposition is valid. A vector case example using the disturbance attenuation controller versus the LQR is presented to demonstrate applicability as well as assessment of performance.
The Utility of Segmented Advertising Appeals

Responses to an advertisement designed to appeal to a particular market sub-segment are compared to responses for an advertisement designed for the total market. Results on a variety of dependent measures are assessed and reasons for these results are posited. Some conclusions on the utility for marketers of such segment-specific communications are drawn.
Transition metal halide salts and complexes of 2-aminopyrimidine: manganese(II) compounds – crystal structures of (2-aminopyrimidinium)4 [MnCl4(H2O)]2, [(2-aminopyrimidine)2MnBr2(H2O)2·2H2O and (2-aminopyrimidinium)2+[MnBr2(H2O)4]Br2

The reaction of MnX2 (X = Cl, Br) with 2-aminopyrimidine (L) in neutral or acidic solution yields compounds of the forms [MnCl2L] n (1), (LH)4[MnCl4(H2O)]2 (2), [MnBr2L2(H2O)2]·2H2O (4) and (LH2)[MnBr2(H2O)4]-Br2 (5). The single-crystal X-ray structures of compounds 2, 4, 5 and the ligand salt, 2-aminopyrimidinium bromide, 3, are reported. Compound 1 is proposed to form a two-dimensional coordination polymer. Compound 2 adopts a dimer structure with the Mn(II) ions bridged by two chloride ions. The dimers are linked into a ladder motif via hydrogen bonding between coordinated water molecules and adjacent chloride ions. Compound 4 is a neutral, octahedral Mn(II) complex that is linked into chains via π-stacking interactions. Compound 5 is a co-crystal of [MnBr2(H2O)4] and 2-aminopyrimidine dihydrobromide. Crystal data: For (2): monoclinic, P21/c, a = 7.5011(15), b = 16.6411(12), c = 12.4462(14) A; β = 91.092(13)°, V = 1533.3(4) A3, Z = 4, D calc = 1.740 Mg m−3, μ = 1.541 mm−1, R = 0.0262 for [|I| ≥ 2σ(I)]....
Ethical Issues in the Practice of Strategic Therapy

Strategic therapy has been extensively criticized on ethical grounds. These ethical charges are reviewed as well as their counter arguments. A consideration of the issues points to practical suggestions for the reader.
Understanding Terror Networks

Preface 1. The Origins of the Jihad 2. The Evolution of the Jihad 3. The Mujahedin 4. Joining the Jihad 5. Social Networks and the Jihad Conclusion Appendix: Names of Terrorists Glossary of Foreign-Language Terms Bibliography Index
Mitigating lower layer failures with adaptive system reconfiguration

Future terascale systems based on sub-22nm technologies will show significant variability and reliability challenges from the transistor to the circuit level. On this upcoming scenario, a reliable system must be built on top of unreliable components, which will degrade and even fail during the normal lifetime of the chip. To achieve this target, we present a high-level reconfiguration approach for future heterogeneous systems that mitigates the possible lower layer shortcomings and adapts the processor to the user's requirements.
Microarray Technology and Applications: An All-Language Literature Survey Including Books and Patents

The development and use of microarrays are expanding rapidly, making it difficult to find comprehensive sources of information about them. This all-language literature survey categorizes and lists papers, abstracts, reviews, books, and patents on the topic of microarrays, published up to the end of the year 2000. It has been compiled from searches of OVID Medline, INSPEC, Biosis, PubMed, and various patent databases (http://www.uspto.gov/; http://www.jpo.go.jp/; http://gb.espacenet.com/). The listing of references for each of the 11 sections can be found at Clinical Chemistry Online (www.clinchem.org/content/vol47/issue8/). A microarray is an analytical device that comprises an array of molecules (oligonucleotides, cDNAs, clones, PCR products, polypeptides, antibodies, and others) or tissue sections immobilized at discrete ordered or nonordered micrometer-to-millimeter-sized locations on the surface of a porous or nonporous insoluble solid support. These devices have been highly effective for the simultaneous detection of large numbers of analytes in a sample, and microarrays have quickly emerged as important analytical tools in many branches of the biological sciences. A microarray-based analytical strategy is quicker and more convenient than serial testing for each analyte, and it has been successfully applied to both immunoassays and DNA-based assays. The current scope of microarray applications includes sequencing by hybridization, resequencing, mutation detection, assessment of gene copy number, comparative genome hybridization, drug discovery, expression analysis, and immunoassay (protein microarrays). In addition, oligonucleotide microarrays have been used for a nonbiological application: computing. The task of compiling this survey has been complicated by the diverse and nonstandardized nomenclature for microarrays. Arrays have been named for their application (hybridization chip, high-density screening filters, genosensor), the identity of the arrayed molecules (cDNA library array, high-density gridded cDNA library, “printed circuit for proteins”, colony array, tissue array), the physical attributes of the array or the substrate on which the array is formed (matrix, two-dimensional …
Primeness Criteria for Universal Enveloping Algebras of Lie Color Algebras

Abstract Let L = L + ⊕ L − be a Lie color algebra with dim L − L ≠ 0 if the matrix formed by brackets between elements of a basis of L − is nonsingular. Unlike Lie super algebras, a Lie color algebra L may have det L ≠ 0 and a universal enveloping algebra U( L ) which is not prime. We will provide examples and show that U( L ) is semiprime whenever det L ≠ 0. Our main theorem is a criterion for U( L ) to be prime. As a corollary, we prove that U( L ) is prime whenever det L ≠ 0 and the grading group G is either a finite group whose 2-torsion subgroup is cyclic or a finitely generated group such that for each elementary divisor 2l of G the base field does not contain a primitive (2l)th-root of unity.
Preservice teachers' shifting beliefs about struggling literacy learners

Abstract This study examined preservice elementary education teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about children who are struggling with learning to read and what these future teachers believed they should do to help these children. Three semesters of teacher candidates were enrolled in a redesigned corrective reading methods course with a tutoring practicum where features of the Reading Recovery professional development model were infused. Using the theoretical lens of constructivism, preservice teachers’ knowledge and beliefs were documented to determine if there were changes and shifts over time. Interpretations of multiple data from the 67 preservice teachers using within‐ and cross‐case analyses revealed a major finding. After teacher candidates participated in the course, they shifted in their beliefs toward assuming responsibility for helping children with reading problems rather than assigning responsibility to someone else as they had when the course began. One of the primary factors involved in their...
Effects of chronic beta radiation from simulated fallout on springtails, Folsomia sp. (Collembola).

Population dynamics of laboratory cultures of Folsomia sp. (Collembola) exposed to beta radiation from /sup 90/Sr -- /sup 90/Y simulated fallout were affected primarily by the sensitivity of fertility rates rather than by the sensitivity of adult mortality rates. Dose rates for adults estimated to constitute a lethal dose rate for 50% of the population in 30 days (LD/sub 50/30/ ) or in 60 days (LD/sub 50/60/) were nearly ten times as high as dose rates required to reduce fertility rates to zero. Recovery of fertility rates was not observed in these chronically irradiated populations. (auth)
TRANSAMINASES IN BLOOD, URINE AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF NORMAL AND UNILATERALLY NEPHRECTOMIZED DOGS.

SummaryTransaminase studies were made of control (Group I) and unilaterally nephrectomized (Group II) dogs. Transaminase determinations were made of serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of both groups (Table I). There was increased SGOT and SGPT level but a decreased UGOT and UGPT level as a result of unilateral nephrectomy. Removal of one kidney had little effect upon the transaminase enzyme level in the cerebrospinal fluid.
A comparison of sentence retrieval techniques

Identifying redundant information in sentences is useful for several applications such as summarization, document provenance, detecting text reuse and novelty detection. The task of identifying redundant information in sentences is defined as follows: Given a query sentence the task is to retrieve sentences from a given collection that express all or some subset of the information present in the query sentence. Sentence retrieval techniques rank sentences based on some measure of their similarity to a query. The effectiveness of such techniques depends on the similarity measure used to rank sentences. An effective retrieval model should be able to handle low word overlap between query and candidate sentences and go beyond just word overlap. Simple language modeling techniques like query likelihood retrieval have outperformed TF-IDF and word overlap based methods for ranking sentences. In this paper, we compare the performance of sentence retrieval using different language modeling techniques for the problem of identifying redundant information.
The Rhodesia Railways African Strike of 1945, Part I: A Narrative Account

In 1945, immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War, a major strike by African employees took place on the Rhodesia Railways. The Railways served both Southern and Northern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) and the system was the region's transportation backbone and largest single employer. Often seen as a watershed event, the strike has been treated, sometimes quite ably, by a number of scholars. The objective of the present article may be stated simply: to provide a far more comprehensive account of the strike than has heretofore appeared. It covers both territories and draws upon material from, inter alia, the National Archives of Zimbabwe and Zambia, the Public Record Office, Rhodes House and oral interviews. Particular use has been made of the verbatim evidence of the strike commissions of inquiry, especially that of the African witnesses. Part I is a detailed, straightforward account of the strike's unfolding. Part II seeks to illuminate the strike's cause, rooted in the railway worke...
Single Mothers in Low-Wage Jobs: Financial Strain, Parenting, and Preschoolers' Outcomes

Using data from an ongoing study of 93 single Black mothers of preschoolers who had been welfare recipients, but were employed in low-wage jobs at baseline, this study tests a model of how maternal education, economic conditions (earnings and financial strain), and the availability of instrumental support influence maternal psychological functioning, parenting, and child development. Results indicate that maternal educational attainment was positively associated with earnings, which, together with instrumental support, were negatively associated with financial strain. Financial strain, in turn, was implicated in elevated levels of depressive symptoms, which were directly and negatively implicated in parenting quality. The quality of parenting was associated with children's behavior problems and preschool ability. Specifically, mothers with higher scores on the HOME scale, our measure of involved, supportive parenting, had children with fewer behavior problems and better preschool ability.
QUICKstep and GS-TAP: new moves for protein-interaction analysis

Affinity purification combined with mass spectrometry (AP-MS) is an increasingly important tool for both high-throughput and low-throughput analysis of stable protein complexes in cells. Two groups further expand the capabilities of this experimental approach.
The Truncated Second Main Theorem of Function Fields

Abstract We formulate some results of function fields which are analogous to Cartan's Second Main Theorem with truncated counting functions, Cartan's conjecture, and the generalized Picard Theorem. We also give a generalization of function fields version of abc -conjecture due to Mason, Voloch, Brownawell, and Masser. A result of the finiteness of the S -integral points of function fields of characteristic 0 in the complement of 2 n +1 hyperplanes with constant coefficients and in general position is obtained in this paper.
IgE sensitization to gelatin: the probable role of gelatin-containing diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines.

Abstract We recently found that most events of anaphylaxis to live attenuated viral vaccines containing gelatin as a stabilizer might be caused by the gelatin. However, the mechanism that the children were sensitized to gelatin was unclear. In Japan, both diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines with and without gelatin are available. We explored the possibility that gelatin-containing DTaP vaccines before live viral vaccines sensitize children to gelatin. We received the serum samples of 87 children who had systemic immediate-type reactions including anaphylaxis to the vaccines from both physicians and vaccine manufacturers throughout Japan. We then surveyed the DTaP vaccination histories of the children who demonstrated anti-gelatin IgE. Of the above 87 children, 79 (91%) had anti-gelatin IgE. We successfully collected DTaP vaccination histories including the manufacturers’ names and numbers of doses on 55 children. Only one child had not received any DTaP vaccine, the other 54 had received gelatin-containing DTaP vaccines and none received gelatin-free DTaP vaccines. We concluded that there was a strong causal relationship between gelatin-containing DTaP vaccination, anti-gelatin IgE production, and risk of anaphylaxis following subsequent immunization with live viral vaccines which contain a larger amount of gelatin.
Nasal dermoid cyst and nasal glioma with intracranial extension.

These congenital midline nasal masses are the result of a failure of normal neural crest cell embryology. The ectodermal anterior neuropore (primitive frontonasal region) forms medial to the optic recess of the sphenoid sinus in the third week of gestation, and the frontal, nasal, and ethmoid structures form in the area immediately proximal to the anterior neuropore.3 Through the eighth week of gestation, the following occur. The fonticulus frontalis (gap between frontal and nasal bones) fuses with the foramen cecum (region between ethmoid and frontal bones connecting with the prenasal space) in the area of the future cribriform plate, separating intracranial contents from the nose and extracranial structures. Failure of closure here can lead to encephaloceles. Gliomas can form when faulty closure of the anterior neuropore leads to the development of rests of CNS tissue extracranially. Dermoids may develop after faulty closure of the fonticulus frontalis, which allows dermal elements to invaginate between the nasal bones and cartilage. Intracranial connections can be seen with all of these. None should be biopsied until radiographic imaging is obtained to determine intracranial extension, as this could be associated with CSF leak. Intracranial connection is also associated with an increased risk of meningitis.3
Abstract 5043: Effects of a novel PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor on proliferation and pAKT signaling in canine lymphoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC PF-04691503 is a dual inhibitor of both PI3K and mTOR, inhibits PI3K signaling in cancer cell lines, and exhibits in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative activity in PI3K-pathway driven cell lines. It is a nanomolar inhibitor of all 4 isoforms of the catalytic subunit of PI3K and of both TORC1 and TORC2. Anti-cancer activity of the inhibitor is hypothesized to be through inhibition of survival, proliferative, and anti-apoptotic processes. Phosphorylation of the protein kinase, Akt, is associated with activation of the phosphatidyl 3-kinase (PI-3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which plays a role in cell proliferation (Witzig and Kaufmann 2006). Recent studies by Gulmann et al (2005) showed increased pAKT in human lymphoma samples, and those of Rassidakis et al (2005) suggested that inhibition of Akt phosphorylation (pAKT) may be of value in the treatment of lymphoma. Using flow cytometry we report that cells obtained from 10 of 11 lymph node biopsies of dogs with lymphoma exhibit detectable pAKT using a phospho-Akt (Ser473) antibody, compared to an IgG isotype control or a competative phospho-Akt (Ser473) blocking peptide. Cells from normal canine lymph nodes do not exhibit detectable pAKT. The majority of the pAKT signal was generated from lymphoblasts present in the malignant, but not in the normal, lymph nodes. In separate studies, lymph node cells obtained from healthy dogs and dogs with lymphoma were stimulated in vitro with the mitogen, Con A. The novel PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, PF-04691503, produced dose dependent inhibition of proliferation as exemplified in a dog with T-cell lymphoma (EC50 = 18 nM)) and in a normal dog (EC50 = 53 nM)). No pAKT signal could be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, from normal or lymphoma patients stimulated with hu-IGF-1 (the endogenous ligand for PI3), Con-A or LPS. These data suggest that PI-3 kinase and pAKT (1) are activated in canine lymphoma, (2) play a role in the lymphoproliferation associated with this disease, (3) represent legitimate targets for therapeutic intervention in lymphoma, and (4) can be studied ‘translationally’ in dogs as a model for humans. Gulmann C, Espina V, Petricoin E, et al. Proteomic analysis of apoptotic pathways reveals prognostic factors in follicular lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 11:5847-5855, 2005. Rassidakis GZ, Feretzaki M, Atwell C, et al. Inhibition of Akt increases p27 Kip1 levels and induces cell cycle arrest in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 105:827-829, 2005. Witzig TE and Kaufmann SH. Inhibition of phosphatidyl 3-kinase (PI-3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in hematologic malignancies. Current Treatment Options in Oncology 7:285-294, 2006. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5043.
Dangling-bond relaxation and deep-level measurements in hydrogenated amorphous silicon.

We present a new perspective on defect levels in hydrogenated amorphous silicon ([ital a]-Si:H) that unifies relaxation effects inferred from two recent experiments. In particular, we show how earlier calculations of dangling-bond relaxation can account for both the level deepening effect reported in transient capacitance measurements and the shallowing effect reported in transient photocurrent measurements under optical bias. The former is due to dangling-bond relaxation toward a pyramidal bonding configuration, and the latter to relaxation toward a planar configuration. We comment on the many-body nature of the remarkably slow kinetics of defect relaxation.
A differential effect of thyroxine and glucocorticoids on fetal brain and heart insulin receptor.

ABSTRACT: We investigated the effect of thyroxine (T4), glucocorticoids, and T4 + glucocorticoids on the maturation of fetal rabbit brain and heart insulin receptors. Five doses of T4 over 10 days (50 μg/kg body weight per dose) were administered to the mother; significant amounts crossed the placenta (fetal serum free T4 = 0.75 ± 0.08 versus a control of 0.21 ± 0.02 ng/dl, p < 0.02) and increased the specific binding of [125I]insulin to 30-day-old fetal heart membranes from a control of 3.6 ± 0.74% per 100 μg protein to 5.8 ± 0.19% (p < 0.05). Curvilinear Scatchard plots revealed an increase in receptor number × 107 μg protein-1 from 137 ± 4 to 244 ± 39 (p < 0.05) with no change in receptor affinity. No appreciable alteration by T4 in the [125I]insulin-specific binding and receptor number of 30-day fetal brains was noted. Fetal heart glycogen content was decreased and there was a small increase in plasma glucose concentration in the T4-treated group (each p < 0.02). Betamethasone at 0.17 mg/kg did not affect the specific binding of [125I]insulin to 27-day fetal heart or brain plasma membranes, although a decrease in heart glycogen content and an increase in plasma glucose concentration were observed (each p < 0.02). Also T4 + betamethasone did not alter the [125I]insulin binding to 27-day fetal heart or brain plasma membranes, but resulted in an additive effect (a marked depletion) on cardiac glycogen (p < 0.001). Brain glycogen was undetectable in all fetuses, control of treated (regardless of the type of hormonal treatment). Thus T4 and glucocottcoids produce different effects on developing fetal brain and heart insulin receptors, alon with a depletion of the myocardial glycogen stores.
History and Trend of Giant Microelectronics

Giant microelectronics is defined as technology which forms electronic devices with fine structures on a large-area substrate such as a glass. They are applied to image input/output (I/O) devices of active-matrix liquid-crystal displays, printer heads, and image sensors. The thin-film transistor (TFT) is the typical device formed on such a large-area substrate. It has been developed since the 1960s, realized for practical applications in the 1980s, and will be used widely in the 1990s. For active-matrix liquid-crystal displays, amorphous Si TFTs which are formed at low temperature by plasma CVD have been used. Recently, these displays have begun to be used for personal computers. However, the cost reduction of these displays must be achieved by increasing the size of the substrate and throughput of the products. At the same time, the integration of the driver circuits using the low-temperature polycrystalline Si TFT must be carried out. Japan is a leader in the production of giant electronics devices. However, to establish this technology, international cooperation will be important.
Postsynaptic degeneration as revealed by PSD-95 reduction occurs after advanced Aβ and tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease

Impairment of synaptic plasticity underlies memory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Molecules involved in this plasticity such as PSD-95, a major scaffold protein at excitatory synapses, may play an important role in AD pathogenesis. We examined the distribution of PSD-95 in transgenic mice of amyloidopathy (5XFAD) and tauopathy (JNPL3) as well as in AD brains using double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. In wild type control mice, PSD-95 primarily labeled neuropil with distinct distribution in hippocampal apical dendrites. In 3 month-old 5XFAD mice, PSD-95 distribution was similar to that of wild type mice despite significant Aβ deposition. However, in 6 month-old 5XFAD mice, PSD-95 immunoreactivity in apical dendrites markedly decreased and prominent immunoreactivity was noted in neuronal soma in CA1 neurons. Similarly, PSD-95 immunoreactivity disappeared from apical dendrites and accumulated in neuronal soma in 14, but not 3, month-old JNPL3 mice. In AD brains, PSD-95 accumulated in Hirano bodies in hippocampal neurons. Our findings support the notion that either Aβ or tau can induce reduction of PSD-95 in excitatory synapses in hippocampus. Furthermore, this PSD-95 reduction is not an early event but occurs as the pathologies advance. Thus, the time-dependent PSD-95 reduction from synapses and accumulation in neuronal soma in transgenic mice and Hirano bodies in AD may mark postsynaptic degeneration that underlies long-term functional deficits.
Performance Measurement: Some Conceptual Issues.

Abstract Measures of how well a system is operating are clearly of interest to a wide range of users, from organizational researchers to system managers. The current literatures in such areas as “performance measurement, ” “organizational effectiveness, ” and the like show little consistency in their definitions of terms or in their methods for generating measures. The present paper attempts a clarification of these issues in the form of a conceptual minimalist position which requires only three basic definitions, and leaves, as far as possible, all remaining issues open to empirical investigation. We first review the literature on “organizational effectiveness” contrasting the organizational goals and systems paradigms, and note the lack of either theoretical or empirical convergence between the two. An examination of the nature of effectiveness statements suggests that this failure of convergence flows mainly from the different criterion sets generated by the two paradigms — and, importantly, that one should not expect convergence on a single measure or set of measures which uniquely define how well a system is performing. One's view of how well a given system is performing is a function of where one stands (either theoretically or in relationship to the system), and pursuit of the one true set of performance measures is a futile exercise. Instead, we propose to redirect attention to the identification of the various individuals and groups (“constituencies”) with an interest in system performance, and to the investigation of those items of system relevant information (their “performance measure sets”) which do, in fact, change their evaluations of how well the system is performing. This perspective will, we hope, redirect effort from futile theoretical debate to empirical investigations of what measures are used, by whom, and to what effect, in specific settings.