cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airway Management in the Intensive Care Unit

Airway management in the critically ill patient is challenging. The incidence of complications when performing intubations in the ICU is much higher than in the operating room. This chapter will discuss how to perform an adequate airway evaluation, various intubating tools and techniques, and complications of intubations. The approach to managing a difficult airway and extubating a patient will be addressed. Methods to increase the safety of airway management in the ICU such as the use of experienced personnel, availability of equipment for the difficult airway, and the importance of protocols for emergency intubations will be outlined.
A step-wise approach for analysis of the mouse embryonic heart using 17.6 Tesla MRI.

Abstract Background The mouse embryo is ideal for studying human cardiac development. However, laboratory discoveries do not easily translate into clinical findings partially because of histological diagnostic techniques that induce artifacts and lack standardization. Aim To present a step-wise approach using 17.6 T MRI, for evaluation of mice embryonic heart and accurate identification of congenital heart defects. Subjects 17.5-embryonic days embryos from low-risk (non-diabetic) and high-risk (diabetic) model dams. Study design Embryos were imaged using 17.6 Tesla MRI. Three-dimensional volumes were analyzed using ImageJ software. Outcome measures Embryonic hearts were evaluated utilizing anatomic landmarks to locate the four-chamber view, the left- and right-outflow tracts, and the arrangement of the great arteries. Inter- and intra-observer agreement were calculated using kappa scores by comparing two researchers' evaluations independently analyzing all hearts, blinded to the model, on three different, timed occasions. Each evaluated 16 imaging volumes of 16 embryos: 4 embryos from normal dams, and 12 embryos from diabetic dams. Results Inter-observer agreement and reproducibility were 0.779 (95% CI 0.653–0.905) and 0.763 (95% CI 0.605–0.921), respectively. Embryonic hearts were structurally normal in 4/4 and 7/12 embryos from normal and diabetic dams, respectively. Five embryos from diabetic dams had defects: ventricular septal defects (n = 2), transposition of great arteries (n = 2) and Tetralogy of Fallot (n = 1). Both researchers identified all cardiac lesions. Conclusion A step-wise approach for analysis of MRI-derived 3D imaging provides reproducible detailed cardiac evaluation of normal and abnormal mice embryonic hearts. This approach can accurately reveal cardiac structure and, thus, increases the yield of animal model in congenital heart defect research.
Racial and Economic Diversity in U.S. Public Montessori Schools.

As public Montessori schools rapidly expand through the United States, the question then arises: What population of students do the schools serve? This study presents a new empirical data set examining the racial and economic diversity of 300 whole-school, public Montessori programs open in 2012–2013, where the entire school uses the Montessori Method. While school-choice scholars are concerned that choice programs like Montessori lead to greater student segregation by race and social class, this study finds a variety of outcomes for public Montessori. Public Montessori as a sector has strengths in student racial and socioeconomic diversity, but it also has diversity challenges, particularly among Montessori charters. The study concludes with recommended strategies for public Montessori schools to enroll a racially and economically diverse student body.
Reproductive Medicine in Freshwater Turtles and Land Tortoises

Chelonian reproductive medicine is an extremely important facet to ensuring captive populations for the pet trade and conservation efforts around the globe. This article covers basic chelonian reproductive anatomy and physiology, natural history, behavior, and sexing chelonians, in addition to discussing reproductive disorders that are commonly seen by veterinarians. Reproductive disorders covered include infertility, dystocia, follicular stasis, egg yolk coelomitis, phallus prolapse, and reproductive neoplasia. It is hoped that this information will allow clinicians to recognize, understand, and successfully treat reproductive disorders in chelonians, thus providing the best available care for our chelonian patients.
Validation of the Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) with Supervisors' Self-Ratings.

Although often discussed, there is a lack of empirical research on the role of leadership in the management and delivery of health services. The implementation leadership scale (ILS) assesses the degree to which leaders are knowledgeable, proactive, perseverant, and supportive during evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the ILS for leaders' self-ratings using a sample of mental health clinic supervisors (N = 119). Supervisors (i.e., leaders) completed surveys including self-ratings of their implementation leadership. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity of the ILS were evaluated. The ILS factor structure was supported in the sample of supervisors. Results demonstrated internal consistency reliability and validity. Cronbach alpha's ranged from 0.92 to 0.96 for the ILS subscales and 0.95 for the ILS overall scale. The factor structure replication and reliability of the ILS in a sample of supervisors demonstrates its applicability with employees across organizational levels.
Controlling Precident: Congressional Regulation of Judicial Decisionmaking

Professor Michael Stokes Paulsen has recently urged enactment of a congressional statute that would limit the judicial use of precedent in constitutional cases. Although I share Professor Paulsen's general views on precedent, his proposed statute is unconstitutional. Congress does not have power to regulate by statute the decisionmaking processes of federal courts, even when those decisionmaking processes are themselves unconstitutional. Congress' sole remedy is impeachment and removal of judges who improperly decide cases. This assessment of congressional power calls into question many familiar practices, such as statutes regulating scope of review, statutes prescribing rules of evidence for courts, and statutes regulating judicial remedies.
An Advanced Workflow for Metabolite Annotation

Metabolomics is an expanding field of 'omics' that involves the identification and quantification of small molecules in cells, tissues and other complex biological samples. Metabolomics is emerging as a strong tool for disease treatments and drug developments. A major challenge in realizing the full potential of metabolomics to globally characterize metabolism lies in processing and analyzing the collected data. Obtaining meaningful biological information depends on reliably and efficiently resolving the chemical identities of the detected data features (unique mass and associated fragmentation spectrum in the case of mass spectrometry experiments). We propose in this poster a novel metabolomics data processing workflow to enhance the accuracy and performance of metabolite identification.
Conic Scan Coverage algorithm for nonparametric topic modeling

In this paper we propose new algorithms for topic modeling when number of topics is not known. Our approach relies on an analysis of the concentration of mass and angular geometry of the topic simplex, a convex polytope constructed by taking the convex hull of the topics. The resulting algorithm is shown in practice to have accuracy comparable to that of a Gibbs sampler in terms of topic estimation, which requires the number of topics be given. Moreover, our algorithm is the fastest among a variety of state of the art parametric techniques. The consistency of the estimates produced by our method is established under some conditions.
How the Public Defines Terrorism

Every time a major violent act takes place in the United States, a public debate erupts as to whether it should be considered terrorism. Political scientists have offered a variety of conceptual frameworks, but have neglected to explore how ordinary citizens understand terrorism, despite the central role the public plays in our understanding of the relationship between terrorism and government action in the wake of violence. We synthesize components of both scholarly definitions and public debates to formulate predictions for how various attributes of incidents affect the likelihood they are perceived as terrorism. Combining a conjoint experiment with machine learning techniques and automated content analysis of media coverage, we show the importance not only of the type and severity of violence, but also the attributed motivation for the incident and social categorization of the actor. The findings demonstrate how the language used to describe violent incidents, for which the media has considerable latitude, affects the likelihood the public classifies incidents as terrorism.
Observed and Projected Precipitation Changes over the Nine US Climate Regions

We analyze the past (1900–2015) temperature and precipitation changes in nine separate US climate regions. We find that the temperature increased in a statistically significant (95% confidence level equivalent to alpha level of 0.05) manner in all of these regions. However, the variability in the observed precipitation was much more complex. In the eastern US (east of Rocky Mountains), the precipitation increased in all five climate regions and the increase was statistically significant in three of them. In contract, in the western US, the precipitation increased in two regions and decreased in two with no statistical significance in any region. The CMIP5 climate models (an ensemble mean) were not able to capture properly either the large precipitation differences between the eastern and the western US, or the changes of precipitation between 1900 and 2015 in eastern US. The statistical regression model explains the differences between the eastern and western US precipitation as results of different significant predictors. The anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosol (GHGA) are the major forcing of the precipitation in the eastern part of US, while the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has the major influence on precipitation in the western part of the US. Our analysis suggests that the precipitation over the eastern US increased at an approximate rate of 6.7%/K, in agreement with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, while the precipitation of the western US was approximately constant, independent of the temperature. Future precipitation over the western part of the US will depend on the behavior of the PDO, and how it (PDO) may be affected by future warming. Low hydrological sensitivity (percent increase of precipitation per one K of warming) projected by the CMIP5 models for the eastern US suggests either an underestimate of future precipitation or an overestimate of future warming.
Network Experimental Approaches: Ex vivo Recording

Abstract The cellular and molecular mechanisms supporting cognitive and autonomic homeostases can be effectively investigated in ex vivo preparations (e.g. acute brain sections) where they are disconnected from the behavioral context and where parameters that define physiological processes can be manipulated and optimized. Therefore, ex vivo preparations allow modeling of pathophysiological conditions and delineation of the properties and performance of functionally defined neuronal circuits. However, replacing a functional brain with brain sections may limit the interpretation and physiological relevance of results because surgical manipulations damage brain tissues, while the artificial cerebrospinal fluid only approximately emulates the native physiological milieu (see Chapter 10). This chapter reasons that a compromise between the benefits and limitations of ex vivo preparations can be achieved to provide insights into network mechanisms that are not adequately addressed by in vivo (e.g. freely moving or anesthetized animals) or in vitro (e.g. cultured cells and cell lines) experimental approaches. Three distinct mechanisms (i.e. direct synchronization, inhibition of asynchrony, and enhancement of neuronal excitability) that enhance the impact of individual neurons on the network function are discussed using experimental data obtained from the olfactory, hippocampal, and hypothalamic acute brain preparations.
Establishing a crosswalk between the Common European Framework for Languages (CEFR) and writing domains scored by automated essay scoring

This article employs the Common European Framework Reference for Language Acquisition (CEFR) as a basis for evaluating writing in the context of machine scoring. The CEFR was designed as a ...
Isoform selectivity of harmine-conjugated 1,2,3-triazoles against human monoamine oxidase.

Aim: There is little information available on the monoamine oxidase isoform selectivity of N-alkyl harmine analogs, which exhibit a myriad of activities including MAO-A, DYRK1A and cytotoxicity to several select cancer cell lines. Results: Compounds 3e and 4c exhibited an IC50 of 0.83 ± 0.03 and 0.43 ± 0.002 μM against MAO-A and an IC50 of 0.26 ± 0.04 and 0.36 ± 0.001 μM against MAO-B, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed π–π interactions between the synthesized molecules and aromatic amino acid residues. Conclusion & future perspective: The current study delineates the structural requirements for MAO-A selectivity and such information may be helpful in designing selective analogs for kinase, DYRK1A and harmine-based cytotoxics without apparent MAO enzyme inhibition.
100 Years of Research on Mesoscale Convective Systems

AbstractWhen cumulonimbus clouds aggregate, developing into a single entity with precipitation covering a horizontal scale of hundreds of kilometers, they are called mesoscale convective systems (M...
How Hyperoxemia May Lead to Ischemia in Multiple Organs and Possibly to Organ Failure

The causes and effects of hypoxemia have been the subjects of innumerable investigations. It is intuitively understood, and has been scientifically shown, that in most instances hypoxemia is harmful to human beings. However, the negative effects of normobaric hyperoxemia are less well known to the clinician.
Automated probabilistic method for assigning backbone resonances of (13C,15N)-labeled proteins.

We present a computer algorithm for the automated assignment of polypeptide backbone and13Cβ resonances of a protein of known primary sequence. Input to the algorithm consistsof cross peaks from several 3D NMR experiments: HNCA, HN(CA)CO, HN(CA)HA,HNCACB, COCAH, HCA(CO)N, HNCO, HN(CO)CA, HN(COCA)HA, and CBCA(CO)NH.Data from these experiments performed on glutamine-binding protein are analyzed statisticallyusing Bayes' theorem to yield objective probability scoring functions for matching chemicalshifts. Such scoring is used in the first stage of the algorithm to combine cross peaks fromthe first five experiments to form intraresidue segments of chemical shifts{Ni,HiN,Ciα,Ciβ,C′i}, while the latter five are combined into interresiduesegments {Ciα,Ciβ,C′i,Ni+1,HNi+1}. Given a tentative assignment of segments,the second stage of the procedure calculates probability scores based on the likelihood ofmatching the chemical shifts of each segment with (i) overlapping segments; and (ii) chemicalshift distributions of the underlying amino acid type (and secondary structure, if known). Thisjoint probability is maximized by rearranging segments using a simulated annealing program,optimized for efficiency. The automated assignment program was tested using CBCANH andCBCA(CO)NH cross peaks of the two previously assigned proteins, calmodulin and CheA.The agreement between the results of our method and the published assignments wasexcellent. Our algorithm was also applied to the observed cross peaks of glutamine-bindingprotein of Escherichia coli, yielding an assignment in excellent agreement with that obtainedby time-consuming, manual methods. The chemical shift assignment procedure described hereshould be most useful for NMR studies of large proteins, which are now feasible with the useof pulsed-field gradients and random partial deuteration of samples.
Gender and Peacekeeping

This chapter examines three manifestations of gender in peacekeeping: the gender of those serving as peacekeepers; gendered hierarchies within peacekeeping missions; and the gendered discourse used by the United Nations when discussing women peacekeepers. The chapter provides statistics on the numbers of female peacekeepers historically and by assignment. Using the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the chapter explores how protection masculinity and militarized masculinity complicate the work of female peacekeepers in various ways. Finally, the chapter critiques the problematic rhetoric used by the UN to promote female peacekeepers, which largely relies on an essentialized view of women and downplays the impact of other identities such as culture, language, and class. The chapter argues that rather than seeking to simply increase the numbers of women in peacekeeping roles, a focus on gender equality at a structural level is critical to improving the efficacy of peacekeeping missions.
Digest: Hybrid incompatibilities and introgression in wild monkeyflowers*

How are alleles that are detrimental to fitness maintained in natural populations? Zuellig and Sweigart (2018a) find that alleles from a two-locus hybrid incompatibility system segregate at considerable frequencies in two species of monkeyflowers, suggesting that despite providing a fitness cost, these alleles remain polymorphic as a consequence of gene flow between the two species. The system provides the potential to understand the evolutionary trajectory of hybrid incompatibilities and their role in speciation.
Wilson Disease: Psychiatric Aspects

Abstract Cognitive and psychiatric presentations may occur at any point in the course of the Wilson disease (WD) or its treatment. The most common presentation comprises variations in mood. Mood instability and bipolar-like presentations are particularly common in WD, much more frequent than in the general population. Cognitive deficits may be subtle. Most challenging are the psychiatric presentations that occur without hepatic or neurological findings and are mislabeled as functional psychosis. These symptoms can have a negative impact on the quality of life and may delay the diagnosis. With current treatments for WD, remission of these symptoms is the goal of care and irreversible cognitive decline is no longer expected. New psychotropic medications allow symptomatic treatment with fewer secondary effects and can have a positive impact on the quality of life of WD patients.
Oxygen transport in composite biocathodes

A recent advance in the engineering of biological oxygen cathodes has resulted in a laccase cathode that, when mounted on a rotating disk, operates at a current density controlled by transport of oxygen to the disk surface. Indeed, electrodes have been demonstrated that generate current densities near 5 mA/cm at 1000 rpm, greatly exceeding the current density predicted by the Levich equation, which is only ~0.5 mA/cm.
Fludarabine and Total-Body Irradiation Conditioning before Ablative Haploidentical Transplantation: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy

ABSTRACT Although myeloablative conditioning (MAC) before haploidentical donor transplant (HIDT) with post-transplant cyclophosphamide is being increasingly used, the optimal preparative regimen remains unclear. In our initial trial, the feasibility of HIDT following a MAC preparative regimen using fludarabine and 12 Gy of total-body irradiation was demonstrated in 30 patients. We now present long-term outcome results, including an additional 52 patients, now with 47 months (16 to 96) median follow-up. Median patient age was 42 (19 to 61) years. The most common diagnoses were acute myelogenous leukemia (51%) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (33%), and 39% had a high/very high disease risk index (DRI). Engraftment was universal with no cases of primary or secondary graft failure. Grade 3 to 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and moderate to severe chronic GVHD occurred in 17% and 23%, respectively. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 7% at 1 year and 13% at 4 years. Estimated 4-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival, and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) were 67%, 60%, and 27%, respectively. CIR was significantly higher in patients with high/very high- versus low/intermediate-risk DRI (38% versus 20%, P= .032), which led to inferior 4-year OS (50% versus 77%, P = .001). Median time to systemic immunosuppressive therapy (IST) discontinuation was 7.8 months, with 84% of patients off IST at 2 years post-transplant. Current GHVD-free, relapse-free survival (CGRFS) at 2, 3, and 4 years was 60%, 57%, and 60%, respectively. This approach to MAC HIDT results in universal engraftment; low rates of NRM, infection, and clinically significant GVHD; and relatively rapid IST discontinuation, resulting in high rates of CGRFS and survival.
L-Platooning: A Protocol for Managing a Long Platoon With DSRC

Vehicle platooning is an automated driving technology that enables a group of vehicles to travel very closely together as a single unit to improve fuel efficiency and driving safety. These advantages of platooning attract huge interests from academia and industry, especially logistics companies that can utilize the platooning technology for their heavy-duty trucks due to the huge cost savings. In this paper, we demonstrate that existing platooning solutions, however, fail to support formation of a `long' platoon consisting of many vehicles especially long-body heavy-duty trucks due to the limited range of vehicle-to-vehicle communication such as DSRC and device-to-device communication for C-V2X. To address this problem, we propose L-Platooning, the first platooning protocol that enables seamless, reliable, and rapid formation of a long platoon. We introduce a novel concept called Virtual Leader that refers to a vehicle that acts as a platoon leader to extend the coverage of the original platoon leader. A virtual leader election algorithm is developed to effectively designate a virtual leader based on the novel metric called the Virtual Leader Quality Index (VLQI) which quantifies the effectiveness of a vehicle serving as a platoon leader. We also develop mechanisms for L-Platooning to support the vehicle join and leave maneuvers specifically for a long platoon. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that L-Platooning enables vehicles to form a long platoon effectively by allowing them to maintain the desired inter-vehicle distance accurately. We also show that L-Platooning handles seamlessly the vehicle join and leave maneuvers for a long platoon.
Responses of US multinational firms to a temporary repatriation tax holiday: A literature review and synthesis

Abstract The effect of tax policy on the repatriation of foreign earnings is a topic of ongoing discussion among policymakers, academics, and the popular press. It has become more salient due to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), which permanently removed repatriation tax. This paper synthesizes the academic literature examining US multinational firms’ responses to the repatriation tax holiday initiated by the 2004 American Jobs Creation Act (AJCA), which temporarily reduced the tax on the repatriation of foreign earnings. By synthesizing firm responses to the temporary tax reduction, we identify similarities and differences in: (1) theories about why and when repatriation tax affects firms’ repatriation decisions; (2) empirical evidence of whether repatriation tax affects firms’ repatriation decisions; and (3) empirical evidence of whether repatriation tax affects firms’ investment decisions. The analyses provide insights into the effect of the permanent removal of repatriation tax under the TCJA and explore avenues for future research. This synthesis of the AJCA literature informs tax research and practice as well as policymaking.
Effects of stocking and supplementation rates on the performance of beef steers grazing mixed-grass prairie during the winter

ABSTRACT Objective The objective was to evaluate the effects of stocking and supplementation rates on steers grazing native mixed-grass prairie during the winter. Materials and Methods Sixteen pastures (10 to 21 ha each) were selected. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial: the first factor was an annual stocking rate of 39.4, 33.2, and 29.7 animal-unit-d/ha for 88 d; the second factor was supplementation at 0.9 or 1.4 kg/steer per day. Steers were fed a 43% CP cottonseed meal–based pellet. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA, and the pasture was the experimental unit. Results and Discussion The effect of stocking rate on ADG and BW per steer over the 88-d grazing period interacted (P Implications and Applications Optimal supplementation rates with high-protein feeds interacts with stocking rate. At lower stocking rates, less supplement seems to be most beneficial. However, at higher stocking rates, more supplement is justified as evidenced by the linear increase of BW gain per hectare.
Coil embolization of a ruptured gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm presenting with hemosuccus pancreaticus.

Abstract Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare form of upper gastrointestinal bleeding that accounts for roughly 1 in 1500 cases. It is characterized by hemorrhage from the ampulla of Vater secondary to rupture of a peripancreatic pseudoaneurysm or visceral artery pseudoaneurysm. Among the visceral artery pseudoaneurysms, gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysms are among the rarest. In this case report, we describe a successful coil embolization of a large ruptured gastroduodenal pseudoaneurysm in a patient with massive gastrointestinal bleeding.
Basic Techniques of Evoked Potential Recording

This chapter starts with defining different types of electrical activities recordable from peripheral and central nervous system, including stimulus-related and event-related evoked potentials (EPs). The basic EP equipment includes stimulators, amplifiers/filter system, and analog to digital (AD) converter/averager. The chapter emphasizes the characteristics of an ideal stimulus to elicit EPs, basic principles of AD conversion (sampling and quantization), and the principles of horizontal and vertical resolution. Signal averaging to improve signal-to-noise ratio is discussed in detail including limitation of signal averaging and strategies to improve EP recording. Different systems of naming EP components and different possible ways of measuring latency and amplitudes of EP components are discussed. The need for each laboratory to obtain its own normative data is emphasized as well as how to utilize the one-sided tolerance limit to set up the laboratory’s upper limit of latency values. The basic principles underlying appropriate use of analysis time, stimulus rate, filters, sampling rate, AD converter bits, and number of the averages are discussed for the EPs. Finally, the concept of near-field and far-field evoked responses is introduced and why a proper montage need to be designed to satisfactorily record these two different types of responses.
Change of heart: Reverse takotsubo's cardiomyopathy – A case report

Abstract Reverse takotsubo's cardiomyopathy is a rare and relatively unknown variant of takotsubo's cardiomyopathy, also known as stress cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome. There are significant differences in the patient age and clinical profiles between classic and reverse takotsubo's cardiomyopathy. Classic takotsubo's cardiomyopathy has been extensively described. However, the little described literature related to reverse takotsubo's cardiomyopathy is limited to the cardiology speciality, with a relative paucity described in radiology. We describe a case report of a 73 year-old female who was diagnosed with reverse takotsubo's cardiomyopathy on the basis of Cardiac MRI. Herein, we hope to bring more awareness of this condition and describe its features on MRI.
Upregulation of acid sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) by hydrogen peroxide through the JNK pathway.

Oxidative stress is intimately tied to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and acute injuries, such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. Acid sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), a proton-gated ion channel, has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, whether oxidative stress affects the expression of ASIC1a remains elusive. In the current study, we examined the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major reactive oxygen species (ROS), on ASIC1a protein expression and channel function in NS20Y cells and primary cultured mouse cortical neurons. We found that treatment of the cells with H2O2 (20 μM) for 6 h or longer increased ASIC1a protein expression and ASIC currents without causing significant cell injury. H2O2 incubation activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 pathways. We found that neither inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway by U0126 nor inhibition of the p38 pathway by SB203580 affected H2O2-induced ASIC1a expression, whereas inhibition of the JNK pathway by SP600125 potently decreased ASIC1a expression and abolished the H2O2- mediated increase in ASIC1a expression and ASIC currents. Furthermore, we found that H2O2 pretreatment increased the sensitivity of ASIC currents to the ASIC1a inhibitor PcTx1, providing additional evidence that H2O2 increases the expression of functional ASIC1a channels. Together, our data demonstrate that H2O2 increases ASIC1a expression/activation through the JNK signaling pathway, which may provide insight into the pathogenesis of neurological disorders that involve both ROS and activation of ASIC1a.
Cold-water species need warm water too

Climate change vulnerability assessments of cold-water species have focused on protecting cold summer habitats in high-elevation streams. Now, a study shows that seasonally warm rivers can provide the majority of growth potential for cold-water fishes, unveiling a notable blind spot in freshwater climate research and planning.
Psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at elevated risk for psychiatric problems in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This risk is due to their high rates of pre-pandemic psychiatric comorbidities and the pandemic's disruption to routines and access to necessary supports. Prior research has indicated that children with ASD may experience a worsening of specific psychiatric symptoms in response to COVID-19, though this body of work is limited in scope. The present study expands this literature by examining specific types of psychiatric problems that emerged about 2 months after the onset of the pandemic, and risk factors predicting changes in these psychiatric symptoms. Parents of children with a confirmed ASD diagnosis (N = 257), who enrolled in a clinic registry at an outpatient specialty autism center, were included in this study. All data were gathered online via customized and standardized questionnaires. Results showed that 59% of children experienced either a worsening of their pre-pandemic psychiatric diagnoses and/or the development of new psychiatric symptoms during the pandemic. Multivariable regression models indicated that risk factors for increased psychiatric problems included child understanding of COVID-19, COVID-19 illness in the family, low family income, and elevated parental depression and anxiety symptoms (all p < 0.05). Findings from this study emphasize the urgent need to provide effective and accessible psychiatric services for children with ASD and their families during and after the pandemic. LAY SUMMARY: Children with ASD are at high risk for psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that 59% of children in our clinical sample are experiencing increased psychiatric problems. The child's understanding of COVID-19, COVID-19 illness in the family, low family income, and depression and anxiety symptoms in the parent increase the risk for poor mental health during the pandemic. These findings indicate the importance of helping children with ASD access mental health treatment during COVID-19.
Deep Learning-enabled Coherent Imaging Achieves Early Detection and Classification of Bacteria in Water Samples

Using deep learning and lensfree holographic imaging, we report early detection and classification of bacterial colonies in water samples. Our system detects 1 colony-forming unit (CFU) per Liter within 9 h of total test time.
Intrafamilial variability of ocular manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease

ABSTRACT In this retrospective cohort study, we describe intrafamilial phenotypic variability of retinal hemangioblastoma (RH) in families with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. Patients with molecularly-confirmed VHL evaluated at our institution were identified and records reviewed. For individuals with sufficient follow up and imaging (n=27), number and location of RHs at the initial and most recent follow up visits were recorded along with treatment method and systemic manifestations. A strategy for zonal classification of RH location was used. Intrafamilial phenotypic variation was identified in 3 families. Intrafamilial phenotypic variability of RH exists between family members with VHL with the same genetic mutation.
Writing Apprehension in the Online Classroom: The Limits of Instructor Behaviors

In response to COVID-19, educational stakeholders are transferring traditional, face-to-face instruction to the online learning environment. The purpose of this study was to determine if business i...
Prosthetic cardiac pacers in community hospitals

Abstract This report deals with 53 patients treated with prosthetic cardiac pacers solely by one “interested” physician at the community level over a period of 5 years and 2 months. The 5-year mortality rate was 41.5 per cent; (15.1 per cent cardiogenic and 26.4 per cent noncardiogenic). A complication rate of 28.2 per cent with one fatality (1.9 per cent) due to a faulty pacemaker was experienced. These results compare favorably with a similar medically treated group, who had an immediate in-hospital cardiogenic mortality of 35 per cent. Contrary to other reports, premature battery depletion was not found in this series. This community study compares favorably to several university studies, who report a complication rate of 63 per cent, a mortality rate of 6.7 per cent versus 28.2 and 1.9 per cent, respectively, as experienced in this group. This study indicates that community standards are equal to or superior to university standards in this particular mode of therapy.
Institutional Investors in Corporate Governance

This chapter of the Oxford Handbook on Corporate Law and Governance examines the role of institutional investors in corporate governance and the role of regulation in encouraging institutional investors to become active stewards. I approach these topics through asking what lessons we can draw from the U.S. experience for the E.U.’s 2014 proposed amendments to the Shareholder Rights Directive.I begin by defining the institutional investor category, and summarizing the growth of institutional investors’ equity holdings over time. I then briefly survey how institutional investors themselves are governed and how they organize share voting. This leads me to two central questions: (a) why, over the last twenty five years, have institutional investors not fulfilled the optimists’ hopes?; and (b) can the core incentive problems that subvert Institutional Investor activism be cured by regulation? The U.S. experience, in which substantial deregulation has led to only modest increases in shareholder activism, suggests that a key explanation for institutional investors’ relative passivity is a fundamental lack of incentives. In considering whether imposing positive obligations on institutional investors is likely to succeed, I examine the disappointing results of the S.E.C.’s long experiment with incentivizing mutual funds to vote their shares. The U.S. experience suggests that the E.U. efforts are likely to be similarly disappointing.I then examine the important role that hedge funds now play in catalyzing institutional shareholders, and consider some of the risks in relying on such highly incentivized actors.
CERCLA: Determining Ownership Liability for Possessory Interests in Real Property

Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) as a response to disasters from toxic waste dumps. Under the statute, Congress intended to pass the costs of cleaning up hazardous waste to potentially responsible parties. To achieve this objective Congress created two distinct forms of liability under CECRLA: operator liability and owner liability. The statute, however, did not define ownership liability. As a result, various courts devised three approaches to determine ownership of possessory interests in property. The first approach relies on the common law definition of owner, the second approach looks to site control as the determining factor, and the last approach uses a five factor test to determine de facto ownership. This Comment argues that the first approach is superior in fulfilling the goals of CERCLA and protecting the environment.
Exocytosis and synaptic vesicle function.

Synaptic vesicles release their vesicular contents to the extracellular space by Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. The Ca2+-triggered exocytotic process is regulated by synaptotagmin (Syt), a vesicular Ca2+-binding C2 domain protein. Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1), the most studied major isoform among 16 Syt isoforms, mediates Ca2+-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis by interacting with the target membranes and SNARE/complexin complex. In synapses of the central nervous system, synaptobrevin 2, a major vesicular SNARE protein, forms a ternary SNARE complex with the plasma membrane SNARE proteins, syntaxin 1 and SNAP25. The affinities of Ca2+-dependent interactions between Syt1 and its targets (i.e., SNARE complexes and membranes) are well correlated with the efficacies of the corresponding exocytotic processes. Therefore, different SNARE protein isoforms and membrane lipids, which interact with Syt1 with various affinities, are capable of regulating the efficacy of Syt1-mediated exocytosis. Otoferlin, another type of vesicular C2 domain protein that binds to the membrane in a Ca2+-dependent manner, is also involved in the Ca2+-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis in auditory hair cells. However, the functions of otoferlin in the exocytotic process are not well understood. In addition, at least five different types of synaptic vesicle proteins such as synaptic vesicle protein 2, cysteine string protein α, rab3, synapsin, and a group of proteins containing four transmembrane regions, which includes synaptophysin, synaptogyrin, and secretory carrier membrane protein, are involved in modulating the exocytotic process by regulating the formation and trafficking of synaptic vesicles. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:149-175, 2014.
A Review of “Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food”

In Planet Taco, Jeffrey M. Pilcher takes on the multivariate Mexican food forms in both historical and contemporary fashion, including Tamil tamales in Paris, Arab tacos in Mexico City, and a Norwe...
An approach to cost-effective terabyte memory systems

The authors describe their approach for developing system architectures for secondary and tertiary storage systems and high-speed networks that will allow storage systems with 100-1000-Tbytes total capacity to become practical and widely used by the mid- to late-1990s. The research approach is founded on developing new techniques for managing latency, integrating compression, leveraging interleaving, and providing redundancy within the storage system. Some of the latency management strategies discussed include access hints and caching, reduced load times on tape media, and mixing optical disk and tape within the same hierarchy. The methods for increasing bandwidth include compression and interleaving. The authors test their ideas by building a prototype named Bigfoot that will store 10-100 Tbytes for Sequoia global change researchers. Bigfoot will provide a thousand-fold increase in online storage capacity over current disk-based systems, and it will provide a 10-100*improvement in capacity/cost over current tertiary storage systems. >
Key trends in the field of global satellite communications

The last decade of the 20th century has been a period of considerable growth for the satellite communications business. This growth has been dominated by the distribution of TV to cable head ends, network affiliates and directly to the home. We expect that the next decade will continue to be a period of impressive growth for satellites. Increased demand for TV and for the transport and delivery of data and Intelsat services should drive this growth. Global demand for communications and deregulation should be a major factor as well. While new technology is important, the driving forces for this growth will be the marketplace for these services. The delivery of services directly to the home and to small businesses is expected to be a major driving force. While satellite-based mobile telephony has experienced a disappointing start, this market and the delivery of Internet material directly to the home is expected to be a major satellite business. The 20th century relied on satellites located in GEO for these services. This will change, as constellations of LEO and MEO satellites provide global delivery of mobile and Internet services. This increased satellite business has not gone unnoticed. Our study indicated an impressive interest in the future of satellites and their increased markets by both foreign governments and businesses. These entities have instituted significant RD continuing deregulation, the resolution of spectrum, standards, trade agreements, globalization of business entities and business and government leadership.
Design and in vitro evaluation of new rpoB‐DGGE primers for ruminants

Two new primer sets based on the rpoB gene were designed and evaluated with bovine and ovine rumen samples. The newly developed rpoB-DGGE primer set was used along with the 16S rRNA gene-V3, and another (old) rpoB-DGGE-based primer set from a previous study to in vitro compare the bovine and ovine rumen ecosystems. The results indicate a significant (P<0.001) difference in the microbial population between the two ruminants irrespective of the primers used in the analysis. Qualitative comparison of the data provides evidence for the presence of similar phyla profiles between the 16S rRNA gene and the newly developed rpoB primers. A comparison between the two rpoB-based primer sets (old and new) showed that the old rpoB-based primers failed to amplify phylum Bacteroidetes (a common phylum in the rumen) in both bovine and ovine rumen samples. The old and new rpoB-DGGE-based primers amplified a large number of clones belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, providing a useful insight into the microbial structure of the rumen. ChaoI, ACE, Simpson, and Shannon–Weaver index analysis estimated the bovine rumen to be more diverse than the ovine rumen for all three primer sets. These results provide a new insight into the community structure among ruminants using the newly developed primers in this study.
A Flux-Focusing Cycloidal Magnetic Gearbox

A magnetic gearbox (MG) offer the ability to operate with low noise and vibration. It's non-contact operation means that no gear lubrication is required and MGs have inherent overload protection [1-4]. A MG also has the potential for high efficiency [5]. Coaxial MG's have been shown to be capable of achieving active region torque densities above 200Nm/L [6]. However, single-stage coaxial MG designs are only able to achieve a high torque density at a low gear ratio [7, 8]. Typically less than 8:1. There are many applications in which a significantly higher gear ratio is desirable, such as in robotic and power generation applications.
On the problem of phase from intensity measurements

An approach is presented for computing from intensity measurements the spatial (relative) phase of a one-dimensional optical field across an aperture. Both single measurements in the focal plane and simultaneous measurements in the aperture and focal planes are considered. In each case, the reason for nonuniqueness of the solutions is presented and interpreted. Methods for removing the ambiguity of the apparent phase solution are examined and are shown to be, in general, physically unjustified. Thus for arbitrary fields none of the schemes presented can practically be used to obtain phase from intensity measurements.
The kinetic isotope effect in dehydration of ionic solids I. The kinetics of dehydration of calcium oxalate monohydrate

Abstract The hydrogen isotope effect in the activation energy for the dehydration of calcium oxalate monohydrate has been investigated as a function of the progress of the reaction using thermogravimetry. Although the activation energy appears to decrease during the course of the reaction, contrary to the data in the literature no significant isotope effect is apparent when the activation energy for the protonated and deuterated hydrates are compared at the same degree of conversion. Theoretical considerations rule out an isotope effect greater than one kilocalorie, a value which is well within the experimental error for non-isothermal kinetics.
CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES IN EUROPIUM OXIDE.

The electrical and optical properties of EuO are studied in order to help determine conduction mechanisms. A strong relationship between growth parameters and electrical behavior is noted. Free-carrier absorption below the band edge in energy is observed in moderately conducting crystals. By comparing optical and electrical results, an experimental determination is made of carrier-density and scattering-time contributions to resistivity behavior. The carrier-density variations are explained in terms of an earlier proposed model which is developed here. The model consists of a donor-trap level, believed to be caused by an oxygen vacancy, which is above the conduction-band edge at low temperature, but crosses below it (near 50 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) with increasing temperature. Magnetoresistance and pressure results are presented which strongly support the model.
Modeling denitrification in a changing climate

Abstract Although uncertainty exists in the specifics of climate change, sufficient consensus has emerged regarding the scale and direction of changes that it is important for managers to consider the implications of these changes for essential ecosystem services such as denitrification. For the northeastern United States, it is expected that by the end of the 21st century, annual precipitation will increase by 10% and annual temperatures by 3 °C. Because denitrification rates are highly influenced by soil moisture and soil temperature, we expect the projected changes in temperature and precipitation to alter the rates and patterns of denitrification. We developed three future weather scenarios based on the B1, A2, and A1F1 emission scenarios and utilized them as inputs to a coupled hydrologic-denitrification model to analyze the effects of changing temperature and soil moisture on denitrification rates, assuming nitrate availability remains unchanged. Our results suggest denitrification rates will increase by 5.1–11.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1 across the watershed. The greatest projected increases are in the areas and seasons with the highest baseline rates, with smaller increases in those with lower baseline rates. We found that changing temperature is likely to be a much stronger driver of change to denitrification rates (7.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1) than changing precipitation (1.4 kg N ha− yr−1). This study utilizes scenario modeling and a field validated model to quantify the future benefits of the ecosystem service denitrification, addressing a lack of ecosystem service quantification studies and providing a model for quantification studies.