cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The first three years

Resume L'“International Journal of Nursing Studies” peut etre fier de son palmares de trois annees d'activite et des progres accomplis dans la poursuite de ses objectifs. Son envergure est internationale, ses articles sont solidement documentes, son style est excellent. Personne ne peut mettre en doute l'importance internationale des sujets qui ont merite une publication. Au terme de ces trois premieres annees, le moment est venu de formuler une appreciation et de passer le revue du contenu du Journal a la lumiere de ses objectifs, de souligner ses points forts et d'indiquer les domaines necessitant de l'attention a l'avenir. La presentation de textes relatifs a la satisfaction des besoins de la communaute en toutes especes de soins auxiliaires de la medecine est un but que le Journal a pleinement atteint. Les articles traitent de la pratique de ces soins dans de nombreux pays; les auteurs ont ete bien choisis et les methodes et pratiques decrites concernent autant les soins dispenses dans les etablissements hospitaliers que ceux dispenses a la communaute. L'adjonction de resumes traduits augmente notablement l'utilite de la publication. Chaque livraison devrait fournir des informations sur la personne des auteurs afin de permettre au lecteur de se representer mieux le terrain d'activite propre a chacun d'eux. Les articles publies par le Journal provenant en majorite de trois pays, le moment semble venu de se demander s'il ne limite pas ses recherches de textes en premier lieu aux trois pays de langue anglaise. S'il en est ainsi, l'elargissement du champ de recherches s'impose. Au cours de ses trois annees d'existence, le Journal a largement touche aux differents domaines de la fonction infirmiere dans les cliniques. On releve neanmoins une lacune sensible d'articles relatifs aux soins que reclament les patients medico-chirurgicaux. Un effort dans ce domaine pourrait constituer un des objectifs de l'annee a venir. Dans l'examen du second objectif du Journal, l'accent se porte sur les roles de direction, sur la prise en consideration future du role du personnel infirmier de cadre. Le Journal a accompli jusqu'a present des progres notables dans la poursuite de l'objectif qui consiste a preparer les jeunes gens a assumer les devoris et les responsabilites des auxiliaires medicaux. Sauf pour la deuxieme annee, le Journal n'a accorde que peu de place aux etudes des soins et les articles consacres a la recherche en matiere de soins n'y ont occupe qu'un espace minime. Ici aussi le moment est venu d'elargir la portee des contributions et d'en chercher qui traitent du patient et des soins a donner aux patients. L'“International Journal of Nursing Studies” a franchi avec succes le cap des trois premieres annees. Une bonne part de ce succes est due aux efforts infatigables de son editrice Elsie Stephenson, a qui les auxiliaires medicaux du monde entier rendent hommage pour l'excellence de cette revue internationale.
A New Architecture for the Viterbi Decoder for Code Rate k/n1

A novel VLSI architecture is proposed for implementing a long constraint length Viterbi decoder (VD) for code rate k/n. This architecture is based on the encoding structure where k input bits are shifted into k shift registers in each cycle. The architecture is designed in a hierarchical manner by breaking the system into several levels and designing each level independently. The tasks in the design of each level range from determining the number of computation units, and the interconnection between the units, to the allocation and scheduling of operations. Additional design issues such as in-place storage of accumulated path metrics and trace back implementation of the survivor memory have also been addressed. The resulting architecture is regular, has a foldable global topology and is very flexible. It also achieves a better than linear trade-off between hardware complexity and computation time.
Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease.

Objective. —This paper reviews the evidence that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the risk of heart disease death among persons who have never smoked (never-smokers). The annual number of heart disease deaths in the United States attributable to ETS is estimated, as is the individual risk of heart disease death for exposed never-smokers. Data Sources. —Nine epidemiologic studies and numerous experimental studies are available to evaluate the association of ETS and heart disease. Data Synthesis. —The relative risk for never-smokers living with current or former smokers, compared with never-smokers living with nonsmokers, has ranged from 0.9 to 3.0 in nine studies. Seven studies were positive, one was positive for women but not men, and one was negative. Several studies have shown a dose-response relationship and have controlled for other risk factors. Evidence from experimental studies suggests that ETS can damage the cardiovascular system, via both short-term and long-term mechanisms. Assuming that the observed heart disease risk for those exposed to ETS is not an artifact of misclassification or confounding, approximately 35000 to 40000 deaths from ischemic heart disease among never-smokers and long-term former smokers are estimated to have occurred annually in the United States as a result of ETS exposure in the early 1980s. An individual male never-smoker living with a current or former smoker is estimated to have an approximately 9.6% chance of dying of ischemic heart disease by the age of 74 years, compared with a 7.4% chance for a male never-smoker living with a nonsmoker. The corresponding lifetime risks for women are 6.1% and 4.9%. Conclusions. —The public health burden due to ETS exposure is likely to be much greater for heart disease than for lung cancer, which has been the focus of most debate to date. Individual lifetime excess risks of heart disease death due to ETS of one to three per 100 can be compared with much lower excess risks of one death per 100 000, which are often used in determining environmental limits for other toxins. Exposure to ETS is not currently regulated at the federal level, except for domestic air traffic. (JAMA. 1992;267:94-99)
Influence of photoperiod and other factors on the formation of flower primordia in the potato

The first inflorescence of the potato was differentiated at approximately the same node under a range of conditions including size of seed piece, temperature and photoperiod. The small size of seed piece (5 grams), both the high temperature (8o° during the day, and 55° night), and the short photoperiod (9 hours) had a tendency to increase the node number to the first inflorescence. Flower primordia were differentiated in total darkness.
Fuel Cell Power Conditioner for Stationary Power System: Towards Optimal Design From Reliability, Efficiency, and Cost Standpoint

We describe an energy-efficient, fuel cell (FC) powerconditioning system (PCS) for stationary application, which draws practically zero switching-ripple current from the FC and can potentially meet the $40/kW cost target. The PCS consists of a zero-ripple boost converter (ZRBC) followed by a soft-switched and multi-level high-frequency (HF) inverter and a single-phase cycloconverter. The zero-ripple input inductor significantly reduces the input current ripple which may be necessary to enhance the long-term durability of the fuel cell. A new phase-shifted sine-wave modulation of the multi-level high frequency inverter is proposed which results in the zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) of all four switches (without the use of any auxiliary circuit components). For such a sine-wave modulation technique a > 90 % ZVS range is obtained from 25% of the full load to full load. Further, the line-frequency switching of the cycloconverter (at close to unity power factor) results in extremely low switching losses. The intermediate high voltage DC (HVDC) bus facilitates the inclusion of power systems based on other forms of alternative-energy techniques. A cost effective 1 kW prototype of the proposed PCS is built, which achieved a high overall efficiency. We present a detailed description of the operation of the PCS along with its key features and advantages. Finally, experimental results showing the performance and operation of the PCS are demonstrated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Design of a metamaterial-based linear insulated antenna using a genetic algorithm

Recent interest in the application of metamaterials to antenna design has shown some promise in terms of improving the performance of disadvantaged antennas. In this article, we shall consider the design of a linear insulated antenna with a metamaterial coating operating in a lossy surrounding medium. Performance shall be examined for two different embodiments of this antenna using a genetic algorithm as the design tool, and shall address designs based on maximum antenna bandwidth, gain, and gain-bandwidth product. Practical implementation of such antennas shall also be discussed and some experimental data presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.
Can a local, PKMξ dependent translational switch account for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity?

Memory can last a human lifetime, yet at the synaptic level it is encoded by proteins that turnover at rates that are much faster than the lifetime of memory. A critical open question in the neuroscience of learning and memory is how memory and its cellular basis synaptic plasticity can be maintained for longer than its molecular substrates. Recently it has been shown that the activity of a brain specific kinase, PKMξ, is necessary for the maintenance but not the induction of synaptic plasticity. It is also known that synthesis of new proteins is necessary for inducing long lasting synaptic plasticity and memory. We postulate that a molecular network that includes activation, translation and degradation of PKMξ can be a bi-stable molecular switch, that can account for the maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. We formulate a mathematical model of such a molecular network, and show that it can be bi-stable and that it accounts for many of the experimental observations regarding the activation, synthesis and inhibition of PKMξ. Our model also makes testable experimental predictions.
Enhancing Inactive Well Recovery Potential - A Case History

This paper presents an example of a method for identifying incremental productivity of inactive watered-out wells in complex reservoir structures with edge water. The method targets inactive/marginal wells associated with bypassed oil reserves and forecasts the potential of these wells through the use of dual well completions with downhole water drainage Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology. In DWS wells, the top completion produces oil as the water inflow is diverted by the bottom completion acting as water drain (or sink). Described is the first step of the method, a geological analysis of reservoir compartmentalization and connectivity. The studied wells produced from a cross-bedded sand channel that had eroded the shale barrier between two normal sequence sands. The analysis identified hydraulic communication of the two sands. The second step of the presented method involved an analysis of the reservoir and well production records to diagnose pathways of fluid movements leading to un-swept oil and well invasion with water. The lower KF sand was water flooded for ten years before the A-3 well watered out. The production data implied water coning. Moreover, displacement calculations indicated that a large amount of the oil in the KE reservoir was unswept, leaving considerable amount of bypassed reserves. The paper conceptualizes why the bypassed oil could not be recovered from these wells, economically, with or without additional water flooding. Production schemes were designed for comparison. The system was modeled with a reservoir simulator and the results were compared with the other conventional solutions. The results clearly show a marked improvement with the use of DWS. The results indicate improved potential commercial development.
Expression of the genes coding for glutamic acid decarboxylase in pluripotent cell lines

The expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a basic characteristic of a wide array of inhibitory neurons the use gamma-aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter. Clonal cell models will be essential for investigating the mechanisms which are responsible for the selective expression of GAD. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells are an important model for the analysis of neuronal gene expression. Depending on culture conditions, undifferentiated cells can be induced to form cells as widely divergent as cardiac muscle-like cells and neuron-like and glial-like cells. P19 cells are amendable to a number of powerful genetic manipulations including transformation with foreign DNA and selection of mutants. In this study we used nuclease protection assays and Northern blot analysis to determine if P19 cells express the GAD1 and GAD2 genes. The results show that uninduced P19 cells express these genes at very low but easily detectable levels. When the cells are induced to differentiate along the neuronal pathway with retinoic acid, the levels of transcripts for both GAD genes rise dramatically. At least some RNA transcripts of both genes from induced cells comigrate with the corresponding mRNA from the brain and thus probably represent processed mRNA. The expression of GAD genes in undifferentiated cultures of embryonal stem (ES) cells was also investigated. These cultures express levels of GAD1 transcripts that are higher than uninduced P19 cells. In contrast, expression of the GAD2 gene was barely detectable. These results indicate that P19 EC cells and ES cells will be useful for the investigation of the mechanisms that regulate the expression of the GAD1 and GAD2 genes.
5-Hydroxytryptamine4 receptor agonists initiate the peristaltic reflex in human, rat, and guinea pig intestine

Abstract Background & Aims: The peristaltic reflex induced by mucosal stimuli is mediated by intrinsic sensory calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neurons activated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released from enterochromaffin cells. The involvement of 5-HT 4 receptors was examined with selective 5-HT 4 agonists. Methods: Compartmented intestinal segments were used to measure neurotransmitter release and the mechanical components of the reflex. Results: In human jejunal and rat and guinea pig colonic segments, addition of the 5-HT 4 agonist HTF 919 elicited release of CGRP only into the compartment where the 5-HT 4 agonist was added; vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was released only into the compartment where descending relaxation was measured, and substance P (SP) was released only into the compartment where ascending contraction was measured. The CGRP antagonist hCGRP8-37 inhibited both mechanical responses by 75%–80%. Release of CGRP, VIP, and SP as well as ascending and descending responses were inhibited by selective 5-HT 4 but not by selective 5-HT 3 antagonists. Similar results were obtained with a different 5-HT 4 agonist, R093877. However, HTF 919 was 10–30 times more potent (median effective concentration, ~10 nmol/L for peptide release and 5 nmol/L for mechanical responses) than R093877. Conclusions: Selective 5-HT 4 agonists applied to the mucosa in nanomolar concentrations trigger the peristaltic reflex in human, rat, and guinea pig intestine. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:370-380
WHEN DID EVE LIVE? AN EVOLUTIONARY DETECTIVE STORY

Various estimates of the time at which the human mitochondrial Eve lived have ranged from as little as 60,000 yr to more than 500,000 yr ago. Because of this immense range, it is impossible to distinguish between single- origin and multiple-origins hypotheses for the evolution of our species. In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty, I have examined the largest available body of sequence information, comprising the mitochondrial control region, for clues to how the observed diversity arose. In this region it is possible to show, by examining the distribution of polymorphic sites, that transitions have occurred at some sites at a much higher rate than at others. Computer simulations can, when two rates for transitions are postulated, provide close approximations to the distribution of substitutions seen in the actual data. The "best fit" was obtained when the rate at 3/4 of the sites was 4 times the transversion rate, and the rate at the remainder 160 times the transversion rate. The likelihood of such a high rate at some sites helps to explain why tree-building methods employing these data have provided so little phylogenetic information. Furthermore, it is possible to show that transversions do not appear to occur preferentially at these transition "hot-spot" sites and that such huge differences in substitution rates are not seen for transversions, suggesting that the rules governing the mutation and acceptance or rejection of transversions are different from those governing transitions. The great majority of transversions appear to occur at a low rate throughout the region. Thus, methods for determining the age of Eve that are based on recent divergence in human populations, or on applying a mutation probability matrix based on an assumption of uniform mutation rates, are likely to result in underestimates. The rate of accumulation of transversions is shown to be a more accurate estimator. of the age of Eve. The conclusion is reached that Eve probably lived (depending on when the ancestors of humans and chimpanzees diverged) between 436,000 and 806,000 yr ago.
The Long Arc Behind Bill Gates' Wealth

In June of 2008, William Gates Jr. will step down as chief software architect at Microsoft. Greenstein measures Gates' career against the yardstick applied to history's great robber barons, examining the difference between fair and foul. Which mattered most in Bill Gates' career, and why?
Prolongation of the luteal phase by prostaglandin E2 during the estrous cycle in the cow. A preliminary report

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on ovarian progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle in the cow. Intraluminal uterine catheters were implanted in three beef cows (2 treated, 1 control), and 1.3 mg of PGE2 were infused into the uterus every 4 hours from days 9 through 21 post-estrus. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 2-hour intervals from days 9 to 21 and twice daily from day 22 to 28 post-estrus. Progesterone was measured by applying a specific, direct plasma radioimmunoassay in all samples without extraction. Intrauterine infusion with PGE2 resulted in maintenance of luteal-phase progesterone secretion until day 21 post-estrus, 4 days after luteal regression occurred in the vehicle-treated cow. In this study, we demonstrated that PGE2 can prolong the presence of luteal phase plasma progesterone concentrations by possibly stimulating in vivo steroidogenesis by the corpus luteum during the estrous cycle in the cow.
Mixed-Mode Bending Method for Delamination Testing

A mixed-mode delamination test procedure was developed combining double cantilever beam (DCB) mode I loading and end-notch fixture (ENF) mode II loading on a split unidirectional laminate. By loading with a lever, a single applied load simultaneously produces mode I and mode II bending loads on the specimen. This mixed-mode bending (MMB) test was analyzed using both finite-element procedures and beam theory to calculate the mode I and mode II components of strain-energy release rate GI and GII, respectively. A wide range of G(sub)I/G(sub)II ratios can be produced by varying the load position on the lever. As the delamination extended, the G(sub)I/G(sub)II ratios varied by less than 5 percent. Beam theory equations agreed closely with the finite-element results and provide a basis for selection of G(sub)I/G(sub)II test ratios and a basis for computing the mode I and mode II components of measured delamination toughness. The MMB test was demonstrated using AS4/PEEK (APC2) unidirectional laminates. The MMB test introduced in this paper is rather simple and is believed to offer several advantages over most current mixed-mode test.
Effects of chlorogenic acid-and tomatine-fed caterpillars on the behavior of an insect predator

If generalist insect predators are a selective force contributing to patterns of feeding specialization by insect herbivores, then predators should be deterred from eating allelochemical-fed prey. The attack and feeding behaviors of naive predators (Podisus maculiventris stinkbugs) reared on control caterpillars (Manduca sexta) fed plain diet were compared to experienced predators reared on caterpillars fed tomato allelochemicals. Tomatine-fed prey were found more quickly by both naive and tomatine-experienced predators, and chlorogenic acid-experienced predators were more stimulated to begin searching for prey. However, experienced predators were less likely to attack both chlorogenic acidfed and tomatine-fed caterpillars than were naive predators. These results indicate that allelochemical-fed prey were easier for predators to locate, but allelochemical-containing prey often deterred predation by experienced predtors.
N-[11C]methylpiperidine esters as acetylcholinesterase substrates: an in vivo structure–reactivity study

Abstract A series of simple esters incorporating the N -[ 11 C]methylpiperidine structure were examined as in vivo substrates for acetylcholinesterase in mouse brain. 4- N -[ 11 C]Methylpiperidinyl esters, including the acetate, propionate and isobutyrate esters, are good in vivo substrates for mammalian cholinesterases. Introduction of a methyl group at the 4-position of the 4-piperidinol esters, to form the ester of a teritary alcohol, effectively blocks enzymatic action. Methylation of 4- N -[ 11 C]methylpiperidinyl propionate at the 3-position gives a derivative with increased in vivo reactivity toward acetylcholinesterase. Esters of piperidinecarboxylic acids (nipecotic, isonipecotic and pipecolinic acid ethyl esters) are not hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase in vivo , nor do they act as in vivo inhibitors of the enzyme. This study has identified simple methods to both increase and decrease the in vivo reactivity of piperidinyl esters toward acetylcholinesterase.
Health care professional communication about STI vaccines with adolescents and parents

Vaccination of adolescents against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is an important prevention strategy that may reduce the global burden of disease. The World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, and other national health agencies recommend the use of existing STI vaccines, and many countries have incorporated them into their routine vaccination schedule. Despite this, however, data indicate that STI vaccine uptake is suboptimal for a variety of reasons. Health care professionals (HCP) have been shown to have a strong beneficial effect on STI vaccine uptake, yet studies demonstrate that many HCPs fail to discuss or recommend them to adolescent patients. This review article focuses on HCP communication about STI vaccines with adolescents and their parents. It describes STI vaccine message content and delivery as well as the context in which HCPs formulate their messaging approach. It also examines other contextual factors that may shape communication about STI vaccines. Studies from many countries indicate that HCPs often possess misinformation about adolescents, including their sexual risk behaviors, as well as STIs, vaccine safety and efficacy, and STI vaccination recommendations. They also have misconceptions of parental barriers to STI vaccination. These may impact STI vaccine communication and have a negative influence on STI vaccine uptake. These findings highlight the critical need for improved HCP education related to adolescent health, sexuality, and STI vaccination. This may be particularly important in settings without an existing infrastructure or expertise in caring for this unique patient population.
Double-stranded DNA from cauliflower mosaic virus.

Abstract Extracted nucleic acid of cauliflower mosaic virus was confirmed as DNA on the basis of its susceptibility to nucleases and other criteria. The viral nucleic acid exhibits a sharp, cooperative-type melting profile with a transition midpoint at 87.2 ° in 0.15 M NaCl-0.015 M citrate and does not react with formaldehyde unless heated above 80 °. The DNA has a complementary base composition with the ratio of adenine: thymine and guanine:cytosine near unity and contains 43% guanine plus cytosine as shown by nucleotide analyses. The buoyant density of the DNA in cesium chloride is 1.702 g/ml. The separated viral DNA is infectious and exhibits the same buoyant densities after thermal denaturation and rapid cooling as before treatment, suggesting that the double-stranded DNA has the capacity for rapid renaturation.
Ammonium in thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park: Processes affecting speciation and isotope fractionation

Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, largely in reduced form ( NH 4 ( T ) ≈ NH 4 ( aq ) + + NH 3 ( aq ) o ), has been documented in thermal waters throughout Yellowstone National Park, with concentrations ranging from a few micromolar along the Firehole River to millimolar concentrations at Washburn Hot Springs. Indirect evidence from rock nitrogen analyses and previous work on organic compounds associated with Washburn Hot Springs and the Mirror Plateau indicate multiple sources for thermal water NH4(T), including Mesozoic marine sedimentary rocks, Eocene lacustrine deposits, and glacial deposits. A positive correlation between NH4(T) concentration and δ18O of thermal water indicates that boiling is an important mechanism for increasing concentrations of NH4(T) and other solutes in some areas. The isotopic composition of dissolved NH4(T) is highly variable (δ15N = −6‰ to +30‰) and is positively correlated with pH values. In comparison to likely δ15N values of nitrogen source materials (+1‰ to +7‰), high δ15N values in hot springs with pH >5 are attributed to isotope fractionation associated with NH 3 ( aq ) o loss by volatilization. NH4(T) in springs with low pH typically is relatively unfractionated, except for some acid springs with negative δ15N values that are attributed to NH 3 ( g ) o condensation. NH4(T) concentration and isotopic variations were evident spatially (between springs) and temporally (in individual springs). These variations are likely to be reflected in biomass and sediments associated with the hot springs and outflows. Elevated NH4(T) concentrations can persist for 10s to 1000s of meters in surface waters draining hot spring areas before being completely assimilated or oxidized.
Technical note: A novel boundary condition using contact elements for finite element based deformable image registration.

Deformable image registration is an important tool for image-guidedradiotherapy. Physics-model-based deformable image registration using finite element analysis is one of the methods currently being investigated. The calculation accuracy of finite element analysis is dependent on given boundary conditions, which are usually based on the surface matching of the organ in two images. Such a surface matching, however, is hard to obtain from medical images. In this study, we developed a new boundary condition to circumvent the traditional difficulties. Finite element contact-impact analysis was employed to simulate the interaction between the organ of interest and the surrounding body. The displacement loading is not necessarily specified. The algorithm automatically deforms the organmodel into the minimum internal energy state. The analysis was performed on CTimages of the lung at two different breathing phases (exhalation and full inhalation). The result gave the displacement vector map inside the lung. Validation of the result showed satisfactory agreement in most parts of the lung. This approach is simple, operator independent and may provide improved accuracy of the prediction of organ deformation.
Generalizations of multiple trapping

Abstract The multiple trapping model may be applicable to a wide variety of time-dependent processes in semiconductors. However, previous simple treatments developed to explain power-law current transients assumed trapping in an exponential density of states with a constant trapping ‘cross-section'. We present a more detailed analysis of multiple trapping by examining the trapping and emission rates from traps, as well as their occupation. This shift of emphasis, while retaining and enhancing a simple physical picture of the process, allows us to treat several new situations. We give simple results for the effect of repetitive pulses. The effect of variations in trapping ‘cross-section’ among traps is also found to be fairly simple. We classify all possible current transients into five basic types, for which different sets of states dominate the dynamical behaviour, and derive the form of the current transient for each type.
The adequacy of some pastures as the sole source of nutrients for growing cattle.

Very little data are available on the amount and digestibility of the proteiu and the amount of to ta l digestible nutrients (TDN) in herbage selected by grazing animals. Most of the information on this subject has been obtained by analyzing chemically, and feeding in digestion trials, herbage sampled manually. As a consequence, existing data do not necessarily apply to the herbage consumed by grazing animals. Studies of plucked or clipped herbage do not provide definite indications of the kinds of pastures which require supplementation. As demonstrated in a recent study (3), the herbage consumed by grazing cattle contains more crude protein and more highly digestible protein than herbage clipped from the same source at a stubble height of approximately 2 in. Although the results of that experiment suggest that less supplemental protein is needed by grazing animals than by animals fed whole herbage harvested from the same source, information on the total intake of protein and other nutrients is needed in order to draw definite conclusions. The data summarized in the present report were obtained in experiments originally intended to work out methods of measuring the composition, digestibility, and intake of grazed herbage (2, 3, 7). Although these experiments were not designed specifically to study the nutritional adequacy of pastures, they do provide valuable information on the intake of nutrients by growing cattle. I t is the purpose of the present study to extend the results of a previous experiment (3) and to examine the adequacy of the digestible protein and TDN intakes from a variety of pastures for growing cattle.
Uplink Single-User MIMO for 3GPP LTE

In this paper a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme proposed for single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system is described. Transmit and receive algorithms are developed for SC-FDMA MIMO systems. A spatial precoding closed-loop transmit beamforming (TxBF) algorithm for SC-FDMA MIMO system which uses singular value decomposition (SVD) at the transmitter and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) equalization at the receiver is described. Quantization and feedback schemes to support closed-loop operation are discussed. The PAPR effects and a mitigation approach are presented. Simulation results are shown for throughput vs. signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The performance for this new TxBF algorithm is compared to Single-Input-Multiple Output (SIMO) performance. Also, single and dual-codeword performance is considered.
Correlation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in sedimentary organic matter 1

Samples of organic matter separated from nearshore sediments of the Northeast Pacific are characterized by a linear correlation between ‘3C:‘2C versus 15N:14N. This correlation appears to represent the mixing of marine and terrestrial “end members” of refractory organic matter. Exceptions to the linear plot include organic matter from riverbeds draining agricultural areas, eutrophic lakes or lagoons with large algal populations, and some other exotic environments.
The effects of selective elimination of hosts on a population of tsetse flies ( Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae))

Monthly observations were made of the numbers and nutritional state of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and the numbers of game animals in an 11 km2 block of woodland in Rhodesia. After 31 months the block was enclosed by a warthog-proof fence and nearly all of the warthog inside were removed rapidly. Tsetse diet switched from 80% warthog to 40–80% bovid (mainly kudu), 20–50% elephant and 0–20% warthog. Six months later elephants were driven from the block and bovids then formed about 90% of tsetse diet for the next year. Although the selective removal of hosts produced a clear stress, it had no drastic effect on the numbers and nutritional state of tsetse when compared to these features of a control population. Movement of tsetse into the enclosed area can account partly, but not fully, for this. The effects of routine hunting operations on a tsetse population are also reported.
The Internet-based lecture: converging teaching and technology

Network-based distributed education is a reality today. At George Mason University, we have been pursuing a capability beyond the widespread practice of supporting courses with webpages: delivering lectures and seminars in real time, over the Internet. This paper describes the range of distributed education technologies available today, focusing on issues of instructor presentation, student participation, and temporal qualities of response to student questions. The analysis supports our selection of desktop audiographics for synchronous Internet-based course delivery. Courses that have been presented in this mode are described, along with factors influencing their success and factors in student participation.
The Latin Deli: Prose and Poetry

A community transplanted from what they now view as an island paradise, these Puerto Rican families yearn for the colors and tastes of their former home. As they carve out lives as Americans, their days are filled with drama, success, and sometimes tragedy. A widow becomes crazy after her son is killed in Vietnam, her remaining word "nada." Another woman carries on after the death of her husband, keeping their store, filled with plantain, Bustello coffee, jamon y queso, open as a refuge for her neighbors. And there are Cofer's stories of growing up with a dictatorial and straying father, a caring mother, and a love for language that will lead to a career as a teacher and writer.
Comments on "An alternative derivation for the signal-to-noise ratio of a SSMA system"

The "alternative derivation" proposed in the Letter referenced in the title (see ibid., vol.42, p.2224, 1994) is incorrect. The correct derivation gives a result that agrees with previous computations. Hence, the claims and conclusions based on the apparent difference in the results are not valid.
Structure and Properties of Glassy Metals

The field of glassy metals is expanding so rapidly that it is difficult to give a detailed description of all the techniques that are being used. However, this review is an attempt to summarize the principles on which the preparation methods are based, the types of glassy alloys best suited for each technique, and the most important limitations of each technique.
Interaction of peroxides with amalgam: a case report.

Nightguard vital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide was shown to have some minor effects on certain brands of amalgam mainly related to mercury release. However, in this case report, amalgam staining of the bleaching tray was detected in correspondence of the left and right first upper molars following tooth whitening for a week. These teeth presented MOD amalgam fillings with superficial chipping at the cavosurface margins. The same phenomena did not occur in the mouth with other amalgam intracoronal restorations not showing marginal defects. No decay or discoloration was noted around the amalgam fillings both in the upper and lower teeth. At the 1-week recall visit, patient was recommended to avoid the bleaching gel application in the maxillary first molar teeth. The existing fillings were replaced with composite resin restorations after a 2-week elapse time. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The unusual amalgam staining of the bleaching tray suggests that amalgam restorations with defective cavosurface margins should be monitored during the tooth whitening therapy. Alternatively, their replacement should be considered prior to bleaching. (J Esthet Restor Dent 19:208‐213, 2007)
TRANSMISSION LINE SURVEYS BY ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER

A fully analytical stereoplotter has been acquired by the Bonneville Power Administration to reduce the time and costs required to survey transmission lines for engineering design. Two major transmission line projects have recently been surveyed photogrammetrically using the analytical stereoplotter. Costs in terms of man-hours to perform several types of surveys by field survey crews, mechanical reconstruction stereoplotters and the analytical stereoplotter are compared and discussed. The analytical instrument has been found to be highly cost effective for specialized types of surveys requiring frequent re-setting of models of photographic stereopairs.
Influence of a buoyant river plume on phytoplankton nutrient dynamics: What controls standing stocks and productivity?

[1] The influence of the Columbia River plume on phytoplankton rates and biomass accumulation was examined using multiday deckboard incubations as part of the coastal ocean processes River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems field program in August 2005. At a set of five stations encompassing the near-field plume (three stations) on the Oregon and Washington coasts, treatments consisting of control, added nitrate, and added nitrate with 0.45 μm filtered plume water were used to assess the phytoplankton community response to macronutrients and micronutrients. For a subset of these stations, nutrient (nitrate, ammonium, and ammonium inhibition of nitrate) kinetics were obtained, as well as carbon-based estimates of productivity. For all experiments, nitrogen (nitrate) was clearly controlling both biomass accumulation and growth rates. Despite the apparent poleward trend toward increasing biomass in this region, there were no obvious differences in phytoplankton physiological capacity, nor were there any symptoms of iron limitation in the short term. We conclude that phytoplankton in this region are predominantly nitrogen limited but that upon release from this limiting factor, phosphorous and/or silicic acid (in waters not influenced by the Columbia River plume) would quickly become limiting. Evidence suggests that the mesoscale differences in phytoplankton biomass between the Oregon and Washington coasts result from a combination of enhanced grazing downstream and the physically retentive and dispersive effects of the plume itself.
Active Commuting to School

Declines in physical activity levels have coincided with increasing rates of obesity in children. This is problematic because physical activity has been shown to attenuate weight gain in children. Active commuting to school is one way of increasing children's physical activity. However, given the high rates of child pedestrian injury, preventive strategies to reduce these risks are needed. Programs such as the Walking School Bus provide opportunities to not only promote pedestrian safety but increase children's energy expenditure. Language: en
Actuation Behavior in Patterned Magnetorheological Elastomers: Simulation, Experiment, and Modeling

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are an emerging class of smart materials whose mechanical behavior varies in the presence of a magnetic field. Historically MREs have been comprised of soft-magnetic iron particles in a compliant matrix such as silicone elastomer. Numerous works have experimentally cataloged the MRE effect, or increase in shear stiffness, versus the applied field. Several other researchers have derived constitutive models for the large deformation behavior of MREs. In almost all cases the arrays of embedded particles, and or the particles themselves, are assumed magnetically symmetric with respect to the external magnetic field, i.e. the bulk materials exhibit magnetic symmetry in the given experimental or analytical configuration.In this work the author presents results of dynamic shear experiments, Lagrangian dynamic analysis, and static shear simulations on MRE material systems that exhibit broken magnetic symmetry. These new materials utilize barium hexaferrite powder as the magnetically anisotropic filler combined with a compliant silicone elastomer matrix. Simulations of representative laminate structures comprised of varied arrays of magnetic particles exhibit novel actuation behaviors including reversible shearing deformation, variable magnetostriction, and most surprisingly, piezomagnetism. Results of dynamic shear experiments and analytical modeling support predicted shearing actuation responses in MREs having broken symmetry and only in those systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Complementary rather than contradictory: diversity and excellence in peer review and admissions in American higher education

Diversity is largely accepted as a positive value in American society. Nevertheless, policies to encourage diversity, e.g. affirmative action, language policies and legalising illegal immigrants, are still largely disputed, and often understood as having contradictory and largely negative consequences. The implementation of diversity is still seen as a threat to meritocracy, national cohesion, and democracy. This paper analyses how excellence and diversity are discussed in two academic decision-making processes: admission at two elite public universities and the distribution of competitive research fellowships. We argue that excellence and diversity are not alternative but additive considerations in the allocation of resources. The administrators and academics we studied factor diversity in as an additional consideration when decisions are to be made between applicants of roughly equal standing.
Tedium Vitae: Or, My Life as a ‘Net Serf’

Boredom, like pain, is a subjective experience, but while the sources of pain can be either internal or external to the subject, the causes of boredom are always external. Understanding boredom as a reaction to external influences requires inquiries into the subjective awareness of boredom and into the social and cultural conditions giving rise to boredom. After briefly investigating these areas, I suggest that in the past boredom was seen as a necessary ingredient to creative inspiration and self-understanding, and as a contributor to autonomy in judgment and taste. I argue for a new form of boredom seen only with recent advances in information technology. Increasingly, individuals spend their work hours involved in electronic mail and on-line information interaction. The attempt to match the speed and capacity of information technology results in restricted modes of behaviour and cognitive saturation. As a consequence, one is aware of one’s boredom but no cognitive capacity remains to consider realms outside the immediate moment. I conclude with the suggestion that the boredom that accompanies involvement in information technology produces a self-identity crafted by technological intervention and fashion, yields the false autonomy of a manipulated consumer, and invites superficial social relations.
Optogenetic excitation of central amygdala amplifies and narrows incentive motivation to pursue one reward above another.

Choosing one reward above another is important for achieving adaptive life goals. Yet hijacked into excessive intensity in disorders such as addiction, single-minded pursuit becomes maladaptive. Here, we report that optogenetic channelrhodopsin stimulation of neurons in central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), paired with earning a particular sucrose reward in rats, amplified and narrowed incentive motivation to that single reward target. Therefore, CeA rats chose and intensely pursued only the laser-paired sucrose reward while ignoring an equally good sucrose alternative. In contrast, reward-paired stimulation of basolateral amygdala did not hijack choice. In a separate measure of incentive motivation, CeA stimulation also increased the progressive ratio breakpoint or level of effort exerted to obtain sucrose reward. However, CeA stimulation by itself failed to support behavioral self-stimulation in the absence of any paired external food reward, suggesting that CeA photo-excitation specifically transformed the value of its external reward (rather than adding an internal reinforcement state). Nor did CeA stimulation by itself induce any aversive state that motivated escape. Finally, CeA stimulation also failed to enhance ‘liking’ reactions elicited by sucrose taste and did not simply increase the general motivation to eat. This pattern suggests that CeA photo-excitation specifically enhances and narrows incentive motivation to pursue an associated external reward at the expense of another comparable reward.
Diminished serum Gc (vitamin D-binding protein) levels and increased Gc: G-actin complexes in a hamster model of fulminant hepatic necrosis

Evidence for increased plasma levels of complexes containing Gc (vitamin D-binding protein) and cellular actin has been previously reported during fulminant hepatic necrosis in man. In order to study this process in more detail, we produced liver injury in hamsters using increasing doses of acetaminophen, with serial collection of sera for up to 168 hr after acetaminophen injection. Hamster Gc was purified using a three-step procedure and was shown to resemble closely human Gc. Polyclonal antihamster Gc was prepared and used in rocket immunoelectrophoresis and radial immunodif-fusion studies for quantitation of total serum Gc and the percentage of Gc complexed with actin. Serum Gc levels were depressed in animals having liver damage, and the extent of depression 42 hr after acetaminophen correlated with the extent of elevation of AST. The proportion of the total Gc that was present in the complexed form increased in relation to the severity of the liver disease. In serial studies, diminution in Gc level preceded the rise in AST and increase in the percent complexed. These changes closely resemble observations in man and suggest that the hamster-acetaminophen hep-atotoxicity model may be of value in further study of interactions of Gc with intracellular actin components and its role in actin homeostasis in conditions of massive tissue necrosis.
Melt-Intercalated Starch Acetate Nanocomposite Foams as Affected by Type of Organoclay

ABSTRACT Starch acetate nanocomposite foams with four organoclays (Cloisite 30B, 10A, 25A, and 20A) were prepared by melt-intercalation methods. The structural properties, thermal behaviors, and mechanical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analyses (TGA), and Instron universal testing machine. XRD results indicated that the intercalation of starch acetate into the nanoclay layers occurred for all four clays. The extent of intercalation depended on the type of organoclay and was exhibited in the sequence of Cloisite 30B >10A >25A >20A. SEM results indicated a decrease in cell size in the starch acetate foam matrix with the addition of nanoclay. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and onset temperatures of thermal degradation increased with the addition of organoclay into the starch acetate matrix. The incorporation of organoclays decreased significantly the compressibilities of starch acetate...