cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain lithium, N-acetyl aspartate and myo-inositol levels in older adults with bipolar disorder treated with lithium: a lithium-7 and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Lithium has been used for over 35 years for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), yet the precise neurobiological mechanisms through which lithium exerts its clinical effects are not clear. Concerns regarding neurotoxic side effects of lithium in older adults, including a more prolonged recovery from lithium-induced delirium (1) and the risk of lithium-induced renal insufficiency, have led to both declining rates of lithium use in older adults (2) and questions about the most effective clinical approach to utilizing lithium safely in older adults with BD. Lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy (7Li MRS) measures in vivo brain lithium levels. In a recent study at McLean Hospital’s Geriatric Psychiatry Research Program and Brain Imaging Center, Belmont, MA, USA, we demonstrated that elevations in brain lithium levels were associated with frontal lobe dysfunction and higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (3) scores in older adults with BD (4). The higher HDRS scores were associated with somatic symptoms of depression, such as fatigue. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) measures in vivo levels of brain metabolites, including N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a putative marker of neuronal viability, and myo-inositol containing compounds (myo-Ino). More than half of the studies of adults with BD compared with healthy comparison subjects (HCS) (5–11) report decreased NAA in subjects with BD compared with HCS (5, 6, 10, 11). Lithium has been shown (after four weeks of treatment) to increase brain NAA levels acutely in subjects with BD and in healthy controls (12). Similarly, Silverstone et al. (13) measured increased NAA/Cr levels in the frontal and temporal lobes of BD subjects chronically treated with lithium compared with healthy controls. NAA, which is synthesized in mitochondria, also helps to maintain myelin and is involved with neuron-to-glia signaling (14, 15). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can also measure myo-Ino levels. The inositol depletion hypothesis suggests that lithium’s efficacy in BD may be related to an inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), leading to a reduction in brain myo-Ino and an increase in inositol-1-phosphate (I-1-P) (16). Given our recent findings of frontal lobe dysfunction associated with higher brain lithium levels, the purpose of this study was to establish whether there was an association between brain lithium levels and NAA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of older adults with BD. Regional neuroanatomical abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ACC have been consistently implicated in BD (17). We also wished to further explore the effects of lithium on myo-Ino in older adults with BD. We hypothesized that elevations in brain lithium would be associated with an increase in NAA and a decrease in myo-Ino, reflecting alterations in cellular signaling required for the therapeutic efficacy of lithium.
Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum

This article offers a critical review of research about emergent bilingual students in secondary school, where the academic demands placed upon them are great, and where instruction typically remains steadfast in its monolingualism. I focus on recent scholarship about the diversity within this student population, and center on ‘students with interrupted formal education’ (SIFE, new arrivals who have no home language literacy skills or are at the beginning stages of literacy learning) and ‘long-term English language learners’ (LTELLs, primarily educated in their receiving country yet still eligible for language support services). Little has been published about these students, making this a significant area of inquiry. Moreover, both groups are characterized by poor performance and together illustrate the characteristics of secondary students at various points along an academic language and literacy continuum. While existing research provides important information to help us improve secondary schooling for emergent bilinguals, it has also perpetuated deficit views of these students by focusing solely on their perceived academic shortcomings. Grounded in a new body of research in applied linguistics that examines the students’ complex, creative, and dynamic language and literacy practices, I apply a translanguaging lens to critique the positioning of such students as deficient, with implications for research and practice.
On the Past and Future of Natural Philosophy

“.... the term 'natural philosophy', which is a rendering of Aristotle’s 'physics', was appropriated in the 17th century to the new natural science of Galileo and Newton... Apparently this usage continued in England when it had become obsolete in other countries. And even now there are survivals of this usage.....and there are professors of 'natural philosophy' who are engaged in nuclear research. ”
Towards a New Learning Ecology: Professional Development for Teachers in 1:1 Learning Environments

Abstract As the nation’s economy continues its irrevocable shift from manufacturing toward idea-driven, creative industries, our schools — and the teaching and learning enterprise at the heart of our schools — need to undergo a transformation as well. The result of such a transformation needs to be a type of educational experience and expertise that will not only support but also ignite participation in — and leadership for — an idea-driven, creative economy. Equally important as supporting a new economy is educational experience and expertise that supports a global citizenry. This paper argues for the importance of 1:1 laptop environments and related professional development initiatives as the catalysts for a new learning ecology that provide the dynamic educational reform described above. Many colleges of education, specifically those emphasizing the preparation of teachers for proficiency with new literacies and emerging technologies, are uniquely positioned to play a pivotal role in the creation of the next generation of schools. Although the Department of Education’s Race to the Top reform initiative (U.S. Department of Education, 2010) is highly competitive and also somewhat controversial, it points out the current administration’s emphasis on innovation, especially with regard to 21st-century skills and tools.
The multi-product price-setting newsvendor with resource capacity constraints

Abstract In this paper, we consider a newsvendor problem commonly encountered in retail stores that cater to budget-sensitive shoppers. The newsvendor sells multiple products, and in addition to determining order quantities must also determine the selling price of each product sold. The demand for each product is of a stochastic nature and depends on the demands of other products, i.e., is cross-elastic. We transform the objective function into a form that is amenable to developing integer-programming solutions and then develop a numeric optimization procedure rooted in the Nelder–Mead search technique. We obtain encouraging numerical results on some small-scale and large-scale problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that produces implementable solutions for a scenario that is particularly relevant to retailers catering to budget-sensitive customers who are abundant in the current economy.
Joint carrier aggregation and packet scheduling in LTE-advanced networks

LTE is the next generation of all-IP mobile communication system designed and developed by 3GPP. It offers unprecedented data transmission speed and low latency to support a variety of applications and services. However, compared to wireline networks, efficient QoS provisioning for diversified applications in wireless access networks such as LTE is challenging due to unreliable and resource-constrained radio interface. In this paper, we investigate an important problem of downlink resource allocation in recently enhanced LTE-Advanced systems where a newly added feature carrier aggregation provides more flexibility in radio resource management in addition to the existing resource block level packet scheduling. The resource allocation problem can be formulated as a complex combinatorial problem with multiple constraints and is solved every time slot. We decompose this highly complex optimization problem and construct a two-tier resource allocation framework which incorporates dynamic component carrier assignment and backlog based scheduling schemes with intelligent link adaptation. An efficient algorithm is developed to dynamically allocate component carriers to users to achieve load balancing. We also present novel backlog based scheduling policies and weighted-CQI based link adaptation scheme to obtain significantly better throughput and delay fairness. Performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated against the static round-robin component carrier assignment, the well-known proportional fairness scheduling rule and the existing link adaptation scheme. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that our schemes offer both better throughput and delay performance as well as user fairness.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 cDNA Integration: New Aromatic Hydroxylated Inhibitors and Studies of the Inhibition Mechanism

Integration of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cDNA is a required step for viral replication. Integrase, the virus-encoded enzyme important for integration, has not yet been exploited as a target for clinically useful inhibitors. Here we report on the identification of new polyhydroxylated aromatic inhibitors of integrase including ellagic acid, purpurogallin, 4,8,12-trioxatricornan, and hypericin, the last of which is known to inhibit viral replication. These compounds and others were characterized in assays with subviral preintegration complexes (PICs) isolated from HIV-1-infected cells. Hypericin was found to inhibit PIC assays, while the other compounds tested were inactive. Counterscreening of these and other integrase inhibitors against additional DNA-modifying enzymes revealed that none of the polyhydroxylated aromatic compounds are active against enzymes that do not require metals (methylases, a pox virus topoisomerase). However, all were cross-reactive with metal-requiring enzymes (restriction enzymes, a reverse transcriptase), implicating metal atoms in the inhibitory mechanism. In mechanistic studies, we localized binding of some inhibitors to the catalytic domain of integrase by assaying competition of binding by labeled nucleotides. These findings help elucidate the mechanism of action of the polyhydroxylated aromatic inhibitors and provide practical guidance for further inhibitor development.
A construction grammar analysis of the transitive be perfect in present-day Canadian English

This article offers a syntactic analysis of the construction [be done NP], e.g. I am done dinner, I am finished my homework, as found in Canadian English and some US dialects. After situating this construction in the context of a productive transitive be perfect in Scots/English dialects, [be done NP] will be distinguished from a set of its conceptual and structural relatives, and ultimately be shown not to be reducible to a surface realization of another underlying structure. From the perspective of syntactic theory, the article problematizes the parsimony of the mainstream generative approach (most recently in MacFadden & Alexiadou 2010) in accounting for the facts of [be done NP] on strictly compositional grounds, as well as the mainstream view of lexical items as projecting theta grids and subcategorization frames (as e.g. in Grimshaw 1979; Emonds 2000). Following Fillmore et al. (1988), Goldberg (1995, 2005) and others, what will be suggested instead is a construction grammar approach to [be done NP], under which a construction holistically licenses its argument structure. Along these lines [be done NP] will be characterized as an abstract construction with some fixed material.
Myostatin Attenuation In Vivo Reduces Adiposity, but Activates Adipogenesis

A potentially novel approach for treating obesity includes attenuating myostatin as this increases muscle mass and decreases fat mass. Notwithstanding, conflicting studies report that myostatin stimulates or inhibits adipogenesis and it is unknown whether reduced adiposity with myostatin attenuation results from changes in fat deposition or adipogenesis. We therefore quantified changes in the stem, transit amplifying and progenitor cell pool in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) using label-retaining wild-type and mstn(-/-) (Jekyll) mice. Muscle mass was larger in Jekyll mice, WAT and BAT mass was smaller and label induction was equal in all tissues from both wild-type and Jekyll mice. The number of label-retaining cells, however, dissipated quicker in WAT and BAT of Jekyll mice and was only 25% and 17%, respectively, of wild-type cell counts 1 month after induction. Adipose cell density was significantly higher in Jekyll mice and increased over time concomitant with label-retaining cell disappearance, which is consistent with enhanced expansion and differentiation of the stem, transit amplifying and progenitor pool. Stromal vascular cells from Jekyll WAT and BAT differentiated into mature adipocytes at a faster rate than wild-type cells and although Jekyll WAT cells also proliferated quicker in vitro, those from BAT did not. Differentiation marker expression in vitro, however, suggests that mstn(-/-) BAT preadipocytes are far more sensitive to the suppressive effects of myostatin. These results suggest that myostatin attenuation stimulates adipogenesis in vivo and that the reduced adiposity in mstn(-/-) animals results from nutrient partitioning away from fat and in support of muscle.
Protein Modification: Effects on Functional Properties and Digestibility

The modern food industry is rapidly changing from a commodity-handling industry toward a market-driven consumer products industry. Today’s informed consumer is increasingly demanding food products that are compatible with a busy, healthy lifestyle that include convenience, that are balanced in calories and nutrients, that are safe (less saturated fatty acids and cholesterol), more wholesome, of consistent high quality, appropriately portioned, and attractively packaged. Quality attributes, flavor, odor, color, taste, texture, mouthfeel are expected. More fabricated food products will increasingly be manufactured placing a premium on ingredients with versatile but consistent functional properties and compatible with automated fabrication. In addition to nutrition, these developments have dramatized the need for a range of functional ingredients, in particular low-calorie and structure-forming macromolecules like polysaccharides and proteins [27].
Recreation specialization in ocean cruising

This study investigated specialization theory [Bryan, H. (1979). Conflict in the great outdoors. Birmingham, AL: Birmingham Publishing Company; Bryan, H. (2000). Recreation specialization revisited. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 18–21] in ocean cruisers. Cruisers have quit their jobs and traded in their land-based life for a life afloat cruising on their own boat to live a utopian dream [Macbeth, J. (2000). Utopian tourists – Cruising is not just about sailing. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(1), 20–34]. The following criteria defined a cruiser in this study: boat ownership, living aboard and at least one passage. An additive specialization index was given to 330 cruisers as part of an online survey. Quantitative results showed cruisers are highly specialized and that differences existed between less and more specialized cruisers. Supplemental analysis revealed gender differences in specialization.
The Impact of Chapter 11 Filings on the Risk and Return of Securityholders, 1979-1989

This paper re-examines the reaction of stockholders and bondholders to announcements of filing of Chapter 11 with a sample of 274 NYSE/AMEX and NASDAQ firms that announce bankruptcy during the period 1979-1989. Although the market reaction of these securityholders is the subject of considerable recent research, the literature contains only limited empirical evidence on bankruptcies in the period following the enactment of the 1978 Bankruptcy Reform Act (BRA). We find that both sets of securityholders experience significant losses in the days immediately surrounding the announcements, as would be expected if investors recognize that attempts to avoid bankruptcy costs through cheaper workouts have apparently failed. However, these losses are smaller than those associated with bankruptcies occurring prior to the BRA. One interpretation of these findings is that bankruptcy costs are lower under the 1978 law. Furthermore, our larger sample permits us to compare stock price reactions to bankruptcy announcements by NYSE/AMEX firms with those by NASDAQ firms; NASDAQ firms experience significantly larger losses (the difference is -10.29% with a z-statistic of 17.46), consistent with the notion that smaller firms have relatively larger bankruptcy costs. Also, our analysis of recent bankruptcies reveals the same puzzle that earlier researchers report; despite the sharp rise in leverage and significant increases in variance of returns (and residual risk), betas decline significantly as the announcement of the filing approaches. Finally, we report that lower rated bonds suffer larger losses, since their claims are more likely to be affected before those of senior bondholders.
Direct ab Initio (Meta-)Surface-Hopping Dynamics

Tractable methods for studying the molecular dynamics of chemical processes driven by electronic nonadiabaticity are highly sought after to provide insight into, for example, photochemical reaction mechanisms, molecular collisions, and thermalized electronic band structures. Starting from the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for a many-body system, a direct ab initio trajectory surface-hopping (TSH) method relying on an analytical treatment of nonadiabatic couplings between electronic states is developed in this work. An approach that combines time-dependent perturbation theory and explicit time evolution via TSH to expedite calculation of nonadiabatic transition rates, namely, meta-surface-hopping dynamics, is presented, and an extrapolatory approach using time-dependent perturbation theory for recovering unbiased transition rates is assessed. The meta-surface-hopping method is applied to the problem of estimating nonradiative relaxation rates of a photoexcited iminium ion, CH2NH2+, and evidence for i...
Fatigue Enhancement of Welded Coverplates Using Carbon-Fiber Composites

Low strength-to-weight ratios and crack-growth-inhibiting natures of fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) make them ideal materials to repair and strengthen fatigue-critical details in steel bridges. FRP materials can have distinct strength advantages over steel when loaded in their optimal orientation, and fiber composite materials such as graphite (carbon)-epoxy and Kevlar-epoxy can outperform steel when subjected to uniform tension. External layers of composite material can be attached to a fatigue-critical detail with the goal of providing an alternate load path, and consequently reducing the stress demand. If the reduction in the stress range is significant, it can lead to a substantial increase in the fatigue life of fatigue-prone details in steel bridge members. This technique has been studied in riveted joints with limited success in recent years. However, use of CFRP materials as a fatigue enhancement technique has proven challenging in past investigations due to localized delamination failures experienced at the bond between the steel and composite materials. Recent research at the University of Kansas has investigated the use of CFRP materials to stiffen fatigue details in steel bridge girders. In the study external layers of CFRP material were bonded to a fatigue-critical detail to provide an alternate load path and reduce the stress demand. To prove the viability of this concept as a repair and strengthening technique, a composite overlay, or doubler element, was bonded over a fatigue-critical weld (AASHTO category E') in a steel test specimen with the goal of reducing the peak stress at the weld. The test specimen was subjected to fatigue cycles in bending until the composite delaminated from the steel and/or the steel substrate experienced a fully propagated fatigue crack. This paper describes the development of this composite doubler element.
Trivalent Uranium Phenylchalcogenide Complexes: Exploring the Bonding and Reactivity with CS2 in the Tp*2UEPh Series (E = O, S, Se, Te)

The trivalent uranium phenylchalcogenide series, Tp*2UEPh (Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, E = O (1), S (2), Se (3), Te (4)), has been synthesized to investigate the nature of the U–E bond. All compounds have been characterized by 1H NMR, infrared and electronic absorption spectroscopies, and in the case of 4, X-ray crystallography. Compound 4 was also studied by SQUID magnetometry. Computational studies establish Mulliken spin densities for the uranium centers ranging from 3.005 to 3.027 (B3LYP), consistent for uranium–chalcogenide bonds that are primarily ionic in nature, with a small covalent contribution. The reactivity of 2–4 toward carbon disulfide was also investigated and showed reversible CS2 insertion into the U(III)–E bond, forming Tp*2U(κ2-S2CEPh) (E = S (5), Se (6), Te (7)). Compound 5 was characterized crystallographically.
A Heat---Viscoelastic Structure Interaction Model with Neumann and Dirichlet Boundary Control at the Interface: Optimal Regularity, Control Theoretic Implications

We consider a heat---structure interaction model where the structure is subject to viscoelastic (strong) damping, and where a (boundary) control acts at the interface between the two media in Neumann-type or Dirichlet-type conditions. For the boundary (interface) homogeneous case, the free dynamics generates a s.c. contraction semigroup which, moreover, is analytic on the energy space and exponentially stable here Lasiecka et al. (Pure Appl Anal, to appear). If $${\mathcal {A}}$$A is the free dynamics operator, and $${\mathcal {B}}_N$$BN is the (unbounded) control operator in the case of Neumann control acting at the interface, it is shown that $${\mathcal {A}}^{-\frac{1}{2}}{\mathcal {B}}_N$$A-12BN is a bounded operator from the interface measured in the $$\mathbf{L}^2$$L2-norm to the energy space. We reduce this problem to finding a characterization, or at least a suitable subspace, of the domain of the square root $$(-{\mathcal {A}})^{1/2}$$(-A)1/2, i.e., $${\mathcal {D}}((-{\mathcal {A}})^{1/2})$$D((-A)1/2), where $${\mathcal {A}}$$A has highly coupled boundary conditions at the interface. To this end, here we prove that $${\mathcal {D}}((-{\mathcal {A}})^{\frac{1}{2}})\equiv {\mathcal {D}}((-{\mathcal {A}}^*)^{\frac{1}{2}})\equiv V$$D((-A)12)?D((-A?)12)?V, with the space V explicitly characterized also in terms of the surviving boundary conditions. Thus, this physical model provides an example of a matrix-valued operator with highly coupled boundary conditions at the interface, where the so called Kato problem has a positive answer. (The well-known sufficient condition Lions in J Math Soc JAPAN 14(2):233---241, 1962, Theorem 6.1 is not applicable.) After this result, some critical consequences follow for the model under study. We explicitly note here three of them: (i) optimal (parabolic-type) boundary $$\rightarrow $$? interior regularity with boundary control at the interface; (ii) optimal boundary control theory for the corresponding quadratic cost problem; (iii) min---max game theory problem with control/disturbance acting at the interface. On the other hand, if $${\mathcal {B}}_D$$BD is the (unbounded) control operator in the case of Dirichlet control acting at the interface, it is then shown here that $${\mathcal {A}}^{-1}{\mathcal {B}}_D$$A-1BD is a bounded operator from the interface measured this time in the $$\mathbf{H}^{\frac{1}{2}}$$H12-norm to the energy space. Similar consequences follow.
Prevention and treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia.

THE number of cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) recognized per year in the United States has increased dramatically, from about 65 in 1967 through 1970 to an estimated 20,000 to 60,000 in the late 1980s and early 1990s.1 , 2 This increase is largely due to the epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); other contributing factors include increasing numbers of organ-transplant recipients, the use of more aggressive chemotherapy for malignant tumors and various other inflammatory or immunologic diseases, and improved diagnostic techniques.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The number of cases occurring annually in the United States may decline to some extent in the 1990s . . .
Prediction error and somatosensory insula activation in women recovered from anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND Previous research in patients with anorexia nervosa showed heightened brain response during a taste reward conditioning task and heightened sensitivity to rewarding and punishing stimuli. Here we tested the hypothesis that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa would also experience greater brain activation during this task as well as higher sensitivity to salient stimuli than controls. METHODS Women recovered from restricting-type anorexia nervosa and healthy control women underwent fMRI during application of a prediction error taste reward learning paradigm. RESULTS Twenty-four women recovered from anorexia nervosa (mean age 30.3 ± 8.1 yr) and 24 control women (mean age 27.4 ± 6.3 yr) took part in this study. The recovered anorexia nervosa group showed greater left posterior insula activation for the prediction error model analysis than the control group (family-wise error- and small volume-corrected p < 0.05). A group × condition analysis found greater posterior insula response in women recovered from anorexia nervosa than controls for unexpected stimulus omission, but not for unexpected receipt. Sensitivity to punishment was elevated in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional study, and the sample size was modest. CONCLUSION Anorexia nervosa after recovery is associated with heightened prediction error-related brain response in the posterior insula as well as greater response to unexpected reward stimulus omission. This finding, together with behaviourally increased sensitivity to punishment, could indicate that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa are particularly responsive to punishment. The posterior insula processes somatosensory stimuli, including unexpected bodily states, and greater response could indicate altered perception or integration of unexpected or maybe unwanted bodily feelings. Whether those findings develop during the ill state or whether they are biological traits requires further study.
Post-polymerization functionalization of epoxide-containing copolymers in trifluoroethanol for synthesis of polymer-drug conjugates

Abstract Post-polymerization functionalization is a critical tool in preparing functional materials. The critical aspects of post-polymerization reactions are high yields, short reaction times, simple purification, near stoichiometric amounts of reactants, and facile reaction conditions. Polymeric epoxides (i.e. poly(glycidyl methacrylate)) represent an underutilized class of functionalized polymers due to long reaction times, high temperatures, and large excess of reactants to drive the reaction to high conversion in a reasonable time frame. In this manuscript we describe the use of a novel solvent trifluoroethanol (TFE) for the ring opening of amines with poly(glycidyl methacrylate). We demonstrate that TFE gives faster reaction times and higher yields than traditional solvents used for the ring opening reaction. We utilized TFE to prepare dual functionalized polymers that could be “clicked” using strain promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition and an amine-bearing drug ring opening of the polymeric backbone.
Globalization and the Race to the Bottom in Developing Countries: LDC welfare states: convergence? What are the implications?

Chapters 2 and 3 have presented three important findings thus far. First, in direct contrast with the nations of the OECD, governments of developing countries are sensitive to globalization and race to the bottom pressures in social security and welfare. Nevertheless, the findings in chapter 2 suggest that, paradoxically, those that comprise the bottom quintile of income distribution are not the ones directly harmed by a race to the bottom; this is mostly because social security, education, and health spending in LDCs tends to be regressive, helping mostly the middle class. The third major finding is that, while levels of health and education may not be increasing in response to globalization, public education spending is becoming more equitable. These findings overall are instrumental in illustrating the complex relationship between states and markets in the current era of globalization; domestic institutions (i.e. labor market institutions, the government–labor relationship) mediate and influence policy outcomes in a decisive and meaningful way. Are the broader implications of these findings that the race to the bottom is leading towards convergence in lower-income economies? In other words, are all developing nations advancing towards the adoption of the “lowest common denominator” – the “neoliberal bottom” – in welfare provisions for their citizens, emphasizing minimal social welfare protections and deregulation, and investing only in those social policies that complement markets (e.g. education)?
Understanding Instructor's Servant Leadership and Transformational Leadership Styles in Relation to Students' Engagement in Higher Learning

Current trend in higher learning instruction is evolving from the traditional lecture method to more engaging methodologies such as service learning, transformational approaches in learning such as active-learning, cooperative learning, dialogue-based learning, dramaturgical teaching methods, and many other innovations which focus on the active engagement of students in the teaching and learning process. In this light, this paper seeks to highlight the efficacy of the instructors' servant leadership and transformational leadership teaching styles to students' engagement in higher learning. To accomplish this endeavor, 1) I share by brief personal experience of the notion of a self-responsible leader as a servant-leader; 2) define a servant-leader in servant leadership and review recent studies on servant leadership; 3) explain dramaturgy in servant leadership; 4) define transformational leadership and review research studies on transformational leadership; 5) explain dramaturgy in transformational leadership, and draw my conclusion on the topic.
David Oliver: Let’s argue about statistics

In his recent speech to the Conservative Party conference the health secretary, Jeremy Hunt, used statistics enthusiastically.1 I counted at least 27 times that he mentioned numerical data. And he made several more assertions about numbers, such as, “Safer care doesn’t cost more; it costs less.” Not bad for a speech of 23 minutes.2 He used statistics to take credit on behalf of his government for purported greater NHS activity. Then he used data to highlight poor or inconsistent NHS performance to justify reforms. And he cited data in support of his commitment to an uncosted “seven day …
CD4+ T cells display increased cross reactivity when primed with peptides of lower affinity for MHC (BA8P.165)

Studies propose the degree of T cell cross reactivity for peptide antigens is associated with similarities in the amino acid residues contacting TCR. Here we advance this concept by assessing how the stability of peptide for MHC contributes to cross reactivity in demyelinating autoimmune disease by evaluating two CNS antigens MOG 35-55 (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) and NFM 15-35 (neurofilament medium protein). These peptides share identical TCR contact residues yet vary at 3 MHC anchors such that MOG exhibits greater stability than NFM for I-A b . This difference dictates encephalitogenic potential as well because MOG promotes demyelination and NFM does not. Polyclonal CD4 + T cells primed with MOG or NFM were probed for affinity and cross reactivity using MHC monomers presenting the priming peptides or the encephalitogenic peptides MOG(42P) and MOG(47A), which vary from wild type MOG at TCR contact residues. The 2D micropipette adhesion frequency assay used to assess these parameters showed that NFM and MOG expanded splenic CD4 + T cells that recognized 47A and 42P with similar frequencies and low affinities ~1.8 x10 -6 μm 4 . Interestingly though, NFM specific cells had a greater capacity to recognize multiple peptides than MOG specific cells and this potential was unique to individual clones. Thus, peptide stability for MHC influences the degree of cross reactivity in peripheral tissues and provides a unique point of comparison for studying cross reactivity in the CNS.
Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Children of Immigrants: The Experience of Korean-American Women

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study examines the experience of Korean-American women who had suicidal thoughts and/or used nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence. This study aims to understand the etiology, help-seeking behaviors, and recovery of these young women. Eleven Korean-American women (mean age 26.7) were recruited and interviewed using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were coded using a grounded theoretical framework. Themes indicate that participants experienced poor relationships with a parent, an inability to process their difficulties, and academic success despite their behaviors. Participants also indicated feelings of perfectionism and did not seek help, resulting in a theme called the paradox of perfection.
A Dynamic 3D Performance Space for Control of Virtual Musical Instruments

This work explores developing an intuitive, real-time music generation system and interface. We present a system that uses the real-time skeletal tracking provided by the Kinect to generate complex musical compositions containing up to four tracks, with instruments represented in distinct physical spaces. The performer's position and movements are translated into cues that are relayed to Ableton Live for music generation. Finally, we experiment with an interface projected in physical space to provide real-time feedback to the user.
Evolution of Setaria

The genus Setaria includes almost 100 species of panicoid grasses. Within the subfamily Panicoideae it falls in the tribe Paniceae, subtribe Cenchrinae. Members of the subtribe are characterized by the presence of sterile branches in the inflorescence, often known as “bristles.” Major clades of Setaria are geographically localized, with the African species falling in a distinct clade from the South American ones, which are in turn distinct from the Asian ones. Many species have become weedy and are distributed widely in warm areas throughout the world. Nearly all members of the genus share a chromosome base number of x = 9, similar to most other members of Paniceae, and polyploidy is common, with some species including tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid members. The crop species S. italica was domesticated from the weed S. viridis, and both share a genome designated as A. A second diploid weed, S. adhaerens, is genomically distinct, with a genome designated as B. The tetraploid S. verticillata includes both A and B genomes, while tetraploid S. faberi appears to be derived from two A-like ancestors.
From "Liberal Professions" to "Lucrative Professions": Bowdoin College, Stanford University, and the Civic Functions of Higher Education.

Background/Context: Over the past three decades, Americans’ conception of higher education has shifted from a public good to a private one. Wary of colleges and universities’ increasing commodification, proponents of higher education’s civic engagement have responded with a reform agenda that, they argue, reflects an earlier era during which colleges and universities enthusiastically embraced wide-ranging public purposes. Using Bowdoin College and Stanford University as cases, this study investigates: (1) whether such an era ever existed, (2) how colleges and universities articulated and enacted their civic functions, (3) whether students’ reasons for pursuing higher education aligned with institutional priorities, and (4) how, if at all, those priorities influenced graduates’ career trajectories. Purpose/Objective: Although their curricular programs differed greatly, Bowdoin College (founded in 1794) and Stanford University (established in 1885) sought to “qualify” students for “direct usefulness” in life. Nevertheless, these two institutions adopted contrasting civic functions, with Bowdoin officials emphasizing graduates’ “peculiar obligations” to exert their talents “for the public good” while Stanford University’s founders asserted that the “object” of their university was “to qualify its students for personal success.” What led to this shift in higher education’s central purpose? Research Design: Historical analysis of two cases—Bowdoin College and Stanford University—during their founding decades. Conclusions/Recommendations: This study contends that during the early national period, America’s social ethos was infused by preferences and attitudes that rewarded civic virtue
Internally Versus Externally Cued Speech in Parkinson's Disease and Cerebellar Disease

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an internally versus externally cued speech task on perceived understandability and naturalness in speakers with Parkinson's disease ...
American Civil War Guerrillas

The irregular conflict that formed part of America’s Civil War (1861–65) became a surprisingly volatile and complex struggle. It also played a crucial role in deciding the outcome of that war. Both the Union and Confederacy used guerrillas, but rebel irregulars eventually proved to be more hindrance than help to their side. Their insistence on independent operations frustrated the Confederate government, and their ruthless attacks on both Union soldiers and pro-Union civilians drew a harsh response from the Federals. As combatants and non-combatants on both sides became trapped in a vicious cycle of retaliation and counter-retaliation, and as some guerrilla bands turned to simple outlawry, Confederate citizens lost faith in their irregular fighters and, not coincidentally, abandoned their nation’s cause.
Green chemistry with process intensification for sustainable biodiesel production

Biodiesel as a renewable fuel has the potential to replace non-renewable fossil fuels and associated environmental pollution. The most commonly used method in biodiesel production is transesterification of virgin and used oil feedstock. However, the chemical reaction (transesterification) does not proceed spontaneously, which means excess reactants are required to move the reaction to completion. The biodiesel reaction efficiency can be improved by incorporating green chemistry principles and process intensification effects. Green chemistry principles can be used to design chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Microwave- and ultrasound-enhanced biodiesel synthesis can improve the reaction efficiency due to higher product recovery, low by-product formation, and reduced energy consumption. In addition, utilization of green metrics such as E-factor, atom economy (utilization), mass intensity or mass productivity, and reaction mass efficiency can help design safer and highly efficient biodiesel synthesis. Green chemistry principles have been analyzed for other processes in greater details, but they are rarely discussed in the context of biodiesel production. Process intensification by microwave- and ultrasound-mediated biodiesel production was never discussed from the perspective of green chemistry and sustainable process development. This research review article discusses the role of green chemistry and process intensification in biodiesel production followed by specific examples and illustrations on green metrics of microwave- and ultrasound-enhanced biodiesel synthesis and the effect of catalysts and solvents including discussions on reaction kinetics and activation energy in detail for the first time in the literature.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Allosteric Effectors That Enhance CO Release from Carboxyhemoglobin.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes between 5,000−6,000 deaths per year in the US alone. The development of small molecule allosteric effectors of CO binding to hemoglobin (Hb) represents an important step toward making effective therapies for CO poisoning. To that end, we have found that the synthetic peptide IRL 2500 enhances CO release from COHb in air, but with concomitant hemolytic activity. We describe herein the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogs of IRL 2500 that enhance the release of CO from COHb without hemolysis. These novel structures show improved aqueous solubility and reduced hemolytic activity and could lead the way to the development of small molecule therapeutics for the treatment of CO poisoning.
Control mechanisms of the prophenoloxidase cascade.

Insects do not possess innnunoglobulins and other complicated immune proteins found in higher animals. However, they are equipped with a highly effective defense arsenal to protect themselves from invading parasites and other intruders. The hard armor like exoskeleton of insects affords the first line of defense by providing a physical barrier against the foreign organisms (Ashida & Brey, 1995; Sugumaran 1996,1998a). Once the cuticular barrier is surcumvented, the organisms entering the soft body of insects face a plethora of cellular and humoral host defense reactions. The response to the presence of non-self matter includes, phagocytocysis, nodule formation, encapsulation, melanization, and synthesis and secretion of antibacterial proteins (Hoffman et al., 1999; Gillespie et al., 1997; Sodarhall et al., 1990; Sugumaran 1996). Organisms too large to be phagocytosed are usually found encapsulated and often melanized in the hemolymph of insects. Therefore, phenoloxidase (PO), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of melanin is considered as an important component of insects’ immune system (Ashida & Yamazaki, 1990; Gillespie et a1.,1997; Sugumaran & Kanost 1993; Nappi & Sugumaran 1993; Soderhall et al., 1990). Interestingly, PO is not only involved in defense reactions, but also in a few other physiologically important and relevant processes. Cuticular sclerotization which is essential to the survival of all insects is initiated by PO (Sugumaran 1998a). The quinonoid products formed, are acted upon by other cuticular enzymes such as quinone isomerase and quinone methide isomerase. These enzymes in association with PO, generate a number of reactive intermediates that crosslinking structural proteins and chitin. These reactions render the cuticular proteins insoluble and eventually cause the hardening of cuticle. In the last process, viz., wound healing, massive amounts of hemolymph loss is partly prevented by the action of PO which rapidly deposits melanin pigment at the wounding site (Ashida & Brey 1995; Lai-Fook, 1966; Sugumaran 1996). In addition, PO generated quinones being cytotoxic, may play a critical role in killing opportunistically invading microorganisms at the wound site (Nappi & Sugumaran 1993; Sugumaran 1996).
Empirical Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis

Abstract Preliminary exploration of a new data set often provides valuable insights that inform subsequent analyses. Well-designed graphical tools are especially powerful for this purpose, especially when the data are multivariate (high-dimensional). Mathematical transformations of the original data may enhance interpretations, and the transformed data may be more suitable for some applications.
Time Dependent Response of Composite Materials to Mechanical and Electrical Fields

The object of this paper is to broaden the familiar concepts of viscoelasticity and viscoelastic behavior of polymeric materials to the discussion of the (highly) nonlinear mechanical behavior of composite materials and to introduce relationships between that time-dependent mechanical response and the dielectric character of those materials. The foundation of the paper is a discussion of damage accumulation as the introduction of a ‘second phase’ into heterogeneous material morphologies and the interpretation of the influence of that accumulation process on the time dependent mechanical and electrical properties and behavior of those materials. It is the principal objective of the paper to establish science based relationships between the mechanical behavior of heterogeneous/composite materials under high-strain conditions and the response of those materials to alternating current or voltage inputs. Applications of the concepts will be discussed, including “design-defected composite materials” such as batteries, fuel cells, and separation membranes, and “service-defected composite materials” such as the structural composites used in airplanes, vehicles, and bridges. The purpose of the present work is to provide some coherence to that subject and to provide a foundation for the design of composite material systems.
Problem Areas in Estimation and Testing for Spatial Process Models

In this chapter I will briefly review some fundamental methodological problems associated with estimation and testing in spatial process models. The attention paid to these issues in the spatial literature varies. Some problems, such as those resulting from pre-testing, have essentially been ignored. Others, such as the boundary value issue, have resulted in a considerable body of literature, but have not yet been resolved in a satisfactory manner. In general, the issues discussed in this chapter can be considered to form important directions for future research, crucial to an effective operational implementation of spatial econometric techniques.
Practical Intermolecular Hydroarylation of Terminal Alkenes via Reductive Heck Coupling.

The hydroarylation of alkenes is an attractive approach to construct carbon–carbon (C–C) bonds from abundant and structurally diverse starting materials. Herein we report a palladium-catalyzed redu...
Slab stagnation due to a reduced viscosity layer beneath the mantle transition zone

The linear structures of seismically fast anomalies, often interpreted as subducted slabs, in the southern Asia and circum-Pacific lower mantle provided strong evidence for the whole mantle convection model. However, recent seismic studies have consistently shown that subducted slabs are deflected horizontally for large distances in mantle transition zone in the western Pacific and other subduction zones, suggesting that the slabs meet significant resistance to their descending motion and become stagnant in the transition zone. This poses challenges to the whole mantle convection model and also brings the origin of stagnant slabs into question. Here, using a global mantle convection model with realistic spine–post-spinel phase change (−2 MPa K−1 Clapeyron slope) and plate motion history, we demonstrate that the observed stagnant slabs in the transition zone and other slab structures in the lower mantle can be explained by the presence of a thin, weak layer at the phase change boundary that was suggested by mineral physics and geoid modelling studies. Our study also shows that the stagnant slabs mostly result from subduction in the past 20–30 million years, confirming the transient nature of slab stagnation and phase change dynamics on timescales of tens of millions of years from previous studies. Slab stagnation in the transition zone is explained by a thin, weak layer and is transient on timescales of tens of millions of years, according to a global mantle convection model that includes phase changes and plate motion history.