cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Glycerol on ATP and 2,3–DPG Levels of Human Erythrocytes

. Glycerolization of freshly collected human erythrocytes leads to a reduction in ATP levels which return to their original values following deglycerolization. The reduction in ATP levels is largely prevented by pyruvate but not by inosine and glucose, singly or in combination. This implies that the ATP lesion associated with glycerolization reflects mainly a decrease in the NAD/NADH ratio and accordingly a reduced glyceraldehyde–3–phosphate dehydrogenase activity. 2,3–DPG levels were not influenced by glycerolization and deglycerolization. Erythrocytes depleted of ATP in the presence of glycerol can have their ATP levels repleted by either pyruvate or inosine, but require the presence of both compounds for maintenance during a post-rejuvenation incubation period. This indicates that the prolonged presence of glycerol influences both the NAD/NADH ratio and the carbon-containing intermediates of glycolysis. Glycerol did not influence ATP repletion of erythrocytes stored at 4°C for 20 days by inosine in combination with pyruvate, but substantially decreased the repletion of their 2,3–DPG levels.
Vapour deposition polymerization of butadiyne

In seeking preparative routes to highly conjugated polymeric systems, we have found that butadiyne, C4H2, the simplest diacetylene, may be polymerized from the vapour state by selective deposition onto an organic substrate polymer surface, such as polyethylene or Teflon. This polymerization is sensitive to the nature of the substrate surface, occurring most rapidly on a hydrocarbon surface. The polymer is characterized by IR spectroscopy as having a polyconjugated main chain with pendant acetylenic functional groups. ESR spectroscopy shows the polymer to be highly paramagnetic which is interpreted as indicating the presence of a large number of defects within the conjugated polymer. Structurally, this butadiyne polymer appears to be more closely related to substituted diacetylene polymers prepared by melt polymerization as opposed to those prepared by solid state polymerization.
The doctrine of signs

I am inclined to think the doctrine of signs a point of great importance and general extent, which, if duly considered, could cast no small light upon things, and afford a just and genuine solution of many difficulties. George Berkeley (1732)
Acoustic Thermometric Measurements of Propellant Gas Temperatures in Guns

Abstract : A technique is developed which permits propellant gas temperature to be extracted from pressure measurements taken within the gun tube. Basically similar to acoustic thermometry, the wave speed of a signal propagating at the sonic velocity is determined. In this application, the speed of the expansion wave which propagates back up the gun tube following shot ejection is derived from pressure data taken at discrete axial locations within four calibers of the muzzle of a 20mm gun. The propellant gas temperature is calculated from the measured speed of this wave and the equation of state.
Magnetically Actuated Propellant Orientation, Controlling Fluids in a Low-Gravity Environment

Cryogenic fluid management (CFM) is a technology area common to virtually every space transportation propulsion concept envisioned. Storage, supply, transfer and handling of sub-critical cryogenic fluids are basic capabilities that have long been needed by multiple programs and the need is expected to continue in the future. The use of magnetic fields provides another method, which could replace or augment current/traditional approaches, potentially simplifying vehicle operational constraints. The magnetically actuated propellant orientation (MAPO) program effort focused on the use of magnetic fields to control fluid motion as it relates to positioning (i.e. orientation and acquisition) of a paramagnetic substance such as LO2. Current CFM state- of-the-art systems used to control and acquire propellant in low gravity environments rely on liquid surface tension devices which employ vanes, fine screen mesh channels and baskets. These devices trap and direct propellant to areas where it's needed and have been used routinely with storable (non-cryogenic) propellants. However, almost no data exists r,egarding their operation in cryogenics and the use of such devices confronts designers with a multitude of significant technology issues. Typical problems include a sensitivity to screen dry out (due to thermal loads and pressurant gas) and momentary adverse accelerations (generated from either internal or external sources). Any of these problems can potentially cause the acquisition systems to ingest or develop vapor and fail. The use of lightweight high field strength magnets may offer a valuable means of augmenting traditional systems potentially mitigating or at least easing operational requirements. Two potential uses of magnetic fields include: 1) strategically positioning magnets to keep vent ports clear of liquid (enabling low G vented fill operations), and 2) placing magnets in the center or around the walls of the tank to create an insulating vapor pocket (between the liquid and the tank wall) which could effectively lower heat transfer to the liquid (enabling increased storage time).
The conceptual similarity effect: A source of error in self-reports of personality traits

Abstract Behavior which may be well described by a trait construct need not have been caused by a trait. But, because descriptive features of behavior (1) increase the salience of a correspondent trait inference, (2) are easier to label than to analyse from a causal perspective, and (3) permit trait ascriptions which satisfy laxer attributional standards than those observed by scientists, they may influence intuitive trait inferences more than they should. An experiment was conducted in which subjects' performance on tasks diagnostic of extraversion/introversion was manipulated. Performance on some of these tasks strongly embodied the features of these criterial trait constructs while performance on other tasks did not. It was found that summary self-ratings of extraversion/introversion were significantly more influenced by task performance which strongly connoted these trait constructs, even though the true inferential utility of the task was not represented to be and in actuality was not found to be correlated with its connotative strength. Implications for error in self-reports of personality traits are discussed.
Edge Strength Filter Based Color Filter Array Interpolation

For economic reasons, most digital cameras use color filter arrays instead of beam splitters to capture image data. As a result of this, only one of the required three color samples becomes available at each pixel location and the other two need to be interpolated. This process is called Color Filter Array (CFA) interpolation or demosaicing. Many demosaicing algorithms have been introduced over the years to improve subjective and objective interpolation quality. We propose an orientation-free edge strength filter and apply it to the demosaicing problem. Edge strength filter output is utilized both to improve the initial green channel interpolation and to apply the constant color difference rule adaptively. This simple edge directed method yields visually pleasing results with high CPSNR.
In vitro interaction between cerebellar astrocytes and granule cells: A putative role for nitric oxide

In primary cultures of astrocytes and granule cells from neonatal rat cerebellum, the activity and function of nitric oxide (NO) synthase were measured by the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline and the accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), respectively. The glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 stimulated NO synthase activity in cerebellar granule cells but not in astrocytes. In granule cells, NMDA, A23187, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) elicited an accumulation of cGMP, whereas only SNP was active in astrocytes. However, in astrocytes that were incubated together with granule cells, NMDA induced a more than 3-fold increase in the concentration of cGMP; this increase was blocked by both the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (MeArg) and the allosteric NMDA receptor antagonist (+)5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801). Thus, cerebellar astrocytes do not appear to express NO synthase but do contain guanylate cyclase, which can be activated by an NO-like factor produced by cerebellar granule cells after stimulation by NMDA.
Cholinergic transmission regulates extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors

To determine the role of ACh transmission in the regulation of extrajunctional ACh receptors, we compared the effect of postsynaptic cholinergic blockade with that of surgical denervation. Blockade of ACh transmission was produced in the soleus muscles of rats by continuous local infusion of α-bungarotoxin, delivered by implantable osmotic pumps. Extrajunctional ACh receptors were measured by an 125I-α-BuTx binding method. Our results showed an increase of extrajunctional ACh receptors quantitatively equivalent to that resulting from surgical denervation. This denervation-like effect is attributed to elimination of (i) impulse-dependent ACh transmission (which normally triggers muscle usage), and (ii) spontaneous quantal and nonquantal ACh transmission. The influence of the nerve in regulating extrajunctional ACh receptors appears to be due to the sum of these forms of ACh transmission.
Effect of radiation on prostaglandin production by human bowel in vitro

The effect of gamma irradiation on the production of prostaglandins by human colon was investigated. Squares of tissue in organ culture dishes were irradiated with 500, 1000, or 2500 rad in single applications. Tissues that were not irradiated served as controls. After treatment the tissues were superfused and prostaglandin concentrations in the effluent fluid were determined. The rates of production of prostaglandins E/sub 2/ and F/sub 2..cap alpha../ by irradiated tissues were significantly lower than those of nonirradiated tissues. Neither the release of lactate dehydrogenase nor the rate of production of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F/sub 2..cap alpha../ were increased in the irradiated samples, suggesting that neither decreased cell viability nor increased prostaglandin metabolism accounted for the decreased prostaglandin production rates. The authors conclude that irradiation of the human colon in vitro results in an acute inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The cytoprotective nature of prostaglandins is discussed with regard to the possible pathophysiological significance of these findings.
Evaluating the boundary and covering degree of planar Minkowski sums and other geometrical convolutions

Algorithms are developed, based on topological principles, to evaluate the boundary and ''internal structure'' of the Minkowski sum of two planar curves. A graph isotopic to the envelope curve is constructed by computing its characteristic points. The edges of this graph are in one-to-one correspondence with a set of monotone envelope segments. A simple formula allows a degree to be assigned to each face defined by the graph, indicating the number of times its points are covered by the Minkowski sum. The boundary can then be identified with the set of edges that separate faces of zero and non-zero degree, and the boundary segments corresponding to these edges can be approximated to any desired geometrical accuracy. For applications that require only the Minkowski sum boundary, the algorithm minimizes geometrical computations on the ''internal'' envelope edges, that do not contribute to the final boundary. In other applications, this internal structure is of interest, and the algorithm provides comprehensive information on the covering degree for different regions within the Minkowski sum. Extensions of the algorithm to the computation of Minkowski sums in R^3, and other forms of geometrical convolution, are briefly discussed.
Radio Telescope Antennas of Large Aperture

Equations are derived for the number of sources which a radio telescope can detect and the number which it can resolve. Based on these relations curves for the number of sources which can be both detected and resolved, as a function of frequency and aperture, are presented. The need for large apertures in order that radio astronomy deal with significant numbers of sources is evident. It is also pointed out that there is a most economical frequency for radio astronomy in the vicinity of 300 mc. A design for a radio telescope which provides a large aperture at low cost is described. It consists of a fixed standing parabolic reflector with a tiltable flat-sheet reflector. The advantages of the design are pointed out and the results with a scale model are described.
The scaling of the photocatalytic decay rate with the length of aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays

Abstract The photodecay rate κ of methylene blue catalyzed by well-aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays is found to follow a quasi-scaling relationship with the nanorod length h, κ ∝ Mh ξ + N , where M and N are constants, and ξ = 1.0 ± 0.5. A theoretical model based on first-order surface photoreaction predicts that this scaling behavior is directly related to the morphological scaling, ξ = 1 + p + γ, where p = 0.6 ± 0.3 and γ = −0.3 ± 0.3 are the scaling exponents for the nanorod circumference and density versus length. This prediction is consistent with the experimental results.
The single-core magnetic amplifier as a computer element

THE magnetic amplifier and magnetic devices in general have garnered an enviable reputation for reliability and maintenance-free operation1 in their not-so-short history.2 For these reasons these devices have been a subject of considerable interest3, 4 to the computer field wherein electron tube failure is a major headache. There have been many magnetic devices developed for use in this field, but for the most part they either have been slow (requiring several cycles of excitation frequency for build-up of output) or have not exhibited any considerable power gain. Speed of response is quite important for this determines computing speed. Power gain is quite important, for in a given computer these devices must be cascaded so that one device operates others as well as associated registering or indicating devices.
Incidence and Prognosis of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Sepsis

Background : Although the mortality rate among patients with sepsis is declining, the incidence of both sepsis and sepsis-related deaths is increasing, likely due to its presence in a growing elderly population. As atrial fibrillation is more common in the elderly, we hypothesize that its presence will be associated with greater mortality among patients with sepsis. Methods : The Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) database of a large tertiary care medical center was queried for sepsis-related codes and atrial fibrillation. Results : Atrial fibrillation was associated with older age and a higher mortality in this series of patients with sepsis. Conclusions : Whether atrial fibrillation is a marker of disease severity or contributes to mortality is uncertain. Further studies are necessary to determine optimal management. Cardiol Res. 2011;2(6):293-297 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/cr108w
Allylic and propargylic phenyl selenide oxygenation by cyclohexanone oxygenase: [2,3]-sigmatraopic rearrangement of the enzyme-generated selenoxide

Enzymic oxidation of propargyloic and allylic selenides has been carried out and the resulting selenoxides found to readily undergo 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement; the propargylic product undergoes fragmentation while the allylic product yields racemic alcohols.
Pet Ownership and Knowledge of Zoonotic Diseases in De Kalb County, Georgia

AbstractIn September 1986, we conducted a countywide random-digit-dialing telephone survey in De Kalb County, Georgia, to assess the frequency of pet ownership and the degree to which pet owners are aware of the risks of zoo-notic diseases. Sixty-two percent of interviewed households had pets, 42% with dogs and 30% with cats. Pet ownership varied according to the composition of the household; households with children under 18 years of age were the most likely to have dogs and/or cats (75%). Respondents were poorly informed about the potential health hazards associated with animals: only 63% of household heads believed that diseases of pets could be transmitted to humans, and few could recognize any specific zoonotic infections other than rabies. Without knowledge of zoonotic disease risks, pet owners are unlikely to be aware of the need for preventive measures to minimize the risks. Since 87% of pet owners reported at least one visit to a veterinarian within the past 18 months, veterinarians could convey ...
Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in the hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganism, Acinetobacter sp.

1. The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis was studied inAcinetobacter strainHOl-N, a microorganism which grows on long chain paraffinic hydrocarbons. Dual-label experiments with acetate-3H and palmitate-1-14C were designed to assess the differences in fatty acid metabolism between hexadecane-and acetategrown cells: 2. Experiments involving non-growing conditions indicated a preferential labeling of the cellular lipids with acetate-3H in acetate-grown cells and palmitate-1-14C in hexadecane grown cells. In addition to this relationship, non-growing cells assimilated exogenous lipid precursors (acetate) or preformed lipid (palmitate) almost exclusively into the cellular neutral lipids. 3. Under growing conditions acetate-grown cells exhibited a transfer of lipid radioactivity from the neutral lipid fraction to the phospholipid fraction. 4. Hexadecane-grown cells preferentially labeled with palmitate-1-14C in the cellular lipid exhibited a 98–100% loss of neutral lipid radioactivity. 5. Palmitate derived directly from hexadecane oxidation diluted the radioactive free fatty acid pool 4 times faster in hexadecane-grown cells than in acetate-grown cells. 6. These results indicate that cells grown at the expense of hexadecane are characterized by mechanisms more efficient in the transport and assimilation of exogenous fatty acid and thatde novo fatty acid biosynthesis is significantly reduced in hexadecane-grown cells.
A Sustainability Analysis on the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway in China

This paper conducts a sustainability analysis on the newly opened Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway (the Wuhan–Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, or the Wuguang PDL) in China. This analysis focuses on the efficiency and equity aspects of this rail line's direct transportation impacts and indirect nontransportation impacts. The Wuguang PDL has significant transportation and nontransportation impacts on the cities and megaregions along the line. However, it still has generated geographic and social inequity issues yet to be addressed. Due to the opening of the Wuguang PDL, Hubei, Hunan, and Guangdong Provinces, along with the Wuhan, Changsha, and Pearl River Delta megaregions, will be more closely integrated with synergistic effects, although the benefits are still distributed unevenly across different regions.
Chemical stability of Nasicon

Abstract Nasicon solid electrolytes were tested by immersion in liquid sodium around 300°C. The electrolytes were found to degrade due to chemical reaction with sodium. This reaction changes the lattice parameters of the electrolytes sufficiently to cause fracture. While the rapidity with which the degradation occurs depends on the electrolyte preparation method, the results indicate that a chemical stabilization of Nasicon towards sodium should be sought to make it a useful electrolyte.
A Note on Sunspot Equilibria in Search Models of Fiat Money

Abstract Search models can generate an endogenous role for fiat money, in the sense that there exist equilibria where intrisically useless, unbacked, paper currency is valued due to its function as a medium of exchange. In this note, I ask if there exist sunspot equilibria in these models, where the value or acceptability of money fluctuates along with extrinsic random events even though the fundamentals of the economy are deterministic and time invariant. The answer is yes. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C70, E40.
Silicon temperature measurement by infrared absorption. Fundamental processes and doping effects

The fundamental absorption mechanisms in silicon at 1.30 and 1.55 mu m have been investigated in the temperature range of 500-800 degrees C. For lightly doped wafers in this temperature range, the absorption at 1.55 mu m is by free carriers. and that at 1.30 mu m is predominantly by bandgap absorption. The effect of heavy substrate doping on infrared absorption at an elevated temperature has also been studied, and it was found that doping has little effect below levels of 7*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. Above that level, the temperature dependence of free carrier absorption strongly affects the transmission as a function of temperature. The knowledge of the fundamental absorption processes is then used to predict the ultimate temperature ranges over which the technique will be useful. >
Taking Another Person's Perspective Increases Self-Referential Neural Processing

The ability to adopt the perspective of another person has been identified as a critical component of social functioning that predicts level of empathic concern for other individuals (Davis, 1983) and level of category-based responding toward out-groups (Galinsky & Moskowitz, 2000). One explanation for these effects holds that in taking another person’s perspective, one comes to treat that person as more ‘‘selflike’’; indeed, the extent to which perceivers describe another person as sharing their own personality attributes increases after they imagine an event from that person’s perspective (Davis, Conklin, Smith, & Luce, 1996). An alternative explanation, however, is that perspective taking might lead only to a shift in non-self-based social-cognitive processes deployed when considering the minds of others (Mitchell, Heatherton, & Macrae, 2002). How exactly does taking another person’s perspective lead to greater overlap between self and other? Recent neuroimaging findings suggest a novel way to test the proposal that perspective taking increases self-based processing of others. Studies have shown that a region of human ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) is preferentially engaged by self-referential mentation, such as introspecting about one’s own personality characteristics (Kelley et al., 2002) or one’s attitudes and preferences (Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006). Accordingly, to the extent that perspective taking does lead to greater overlap in the cognitive processes engaged by consideration of self and other, activity in vMPFC should differentiate less between self and a person whose perspective has recently been adopted than between self and a person considered from a more distal vantage.
Balanced scorecard for multinationals

To succeed today, multinational companies must focus on their core competencies. But traditional management control systems don't help you implement global strategies, because of their narrow information perspective. What's the solution? It's a balanced scorecard approach specially designed for multinationals, say the authors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new algorithm-based fault tolerance technique for computing matrix operations

The paper proposes a new algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) technique for computing matrix operations. The scheme provides fault tolerant capability to linear or rectangular processor arrays so that all single PE faults can be tolerated. It also shows that the effect of implementation problems (overflow, round-off errors, and hardware overhead which includes encoding/decoding logic) on the proposed scheme is significantly less than that on other existing schemes. >
Use of infrared spectra in the qualitative and quantitative determination of alkaloids.

The infrared spectra of 22 alkaloids are reported in the region of 3 to 14 μ. Each alkaloid examined has a uniue spectrum, and it is possible to differentiate not only between individual alkaloids but also between a free alkaloid base and its salt. Using the known infrared spectra, qualitative analysis in a mixture of alkaloids is feasible. Also, a wave length can be selected at which other alkaloids do not absorb, and a quantitative analysis for the desired alkaloid can be made. Using suitable solvents, a linear relationship is indicated when the absorbancy values obtained are plotted vs. the concentration over a range of concentration from approximately 1 to 100 mg./ml. The accuracy of the analysis is dependent urn the amount of sample available ranging from less than 1 per cent relative error or large amounts to almost 20 per cent for amounts in the region of 1 mg.
Development of over-the-horizon radar in the United States

This paper provides a chronology of the development of high-frequency, over-the-horizon radar in the United States.
Use and Abuse of Weights in Multiple Objective Decision Support Models

This paper examines difficulties with the use of weights to solve multiple objective decision support models: misunderstanding of the meaning of weights, issues of commensurability and, most important, the likely inability of weights alone to isolate the decision maker's most-preferred point. The constraint method is shown to be an attractive alternative.
Exogenous nitric oxide activates the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor.

Abstract This study investigated the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on endothelial glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function. The NO donor diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA, 50–500 μM) caused concentration dependent nuclear localization of transfected chimeric green fluorescent protein GFP-GR and elevated expression of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) from a glucocorticoid response element (GRE) promoter construct in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Other weaker NO donors ( S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine and spermine NONOate) failed to induce GFP-GR nuclear localization, but all the NO donors activated GRE-SEAP expression, a response unaffected by the antioxidant N -acetyl- l -cysteine. Overall, exogenous NO from high concentration donors can directly activate GR, suggesting a potential feedback mechanism for NO to regulate endothelial inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
Synchronization and calibration of a camera network for 3D event reconstruction from live video

We present an approach for automatic reconstruction of a dynamic event using multiple video cameras recording from different viewpoints. Our approach recovers all the necessary information by analyzing the motion of the silhouettes in the multiple video streams. The first step consists of computing the calibration and synchronization for pairs of cameras. We compute the temporal offset and epipolar geometry using an efficient RANSAC-based algorithm to search for the epipoles as well as for robustness. In the next stage the calibration and synchronization for the complete camera network is recovered and then refined through maximum likelihood estimation. Finally, a visual hull algorithm is used to the recover the dynamic shape of the observed object.
Development of microarray and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for identification of serovars and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica of human or animal origin

Salmonella enterica is an important enteric pathogen consisting of many serovars that can cause severe clinical diseases in animals and humans. Rapid identification of Salmonella isolates is especially important for epidemiologic monitoring and controlling outbreaks of disease. Although immunologic and DNA-based serovar identification methods are available for rapid identification of isolates, they are time consuming or costly or both. In the current study, 2 molecular methods for identification of Salmonella serovars were developed and validated. A 70-mer oligonucleotide spotted microarray was developed that consisted of probes that detected genes responsible for genetic variation among isolates of Salmonella that can be used for serotyping. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was also developed, which is capable of identifying 42 serovars, thus providing a valuable prediction of the pathogenicity of the isolates by detecting the presence of virulence genes sseL, invA, and spvC. The gene spvC was the best predictor of pathogenicity. In a blind study, traditional serologic methods were correlated at 93.3% with the microarray-based method and 100% with the multiplex PCR-based serovar determination.
Multiple functions of carbonic anhydrase in the crustacean gill

The enzyme-catalysed hydration of CO2 gas by carbonic anhydrase produces the ionic species H+ and HCO3−. The chemical species involved in the reaction scheme are further used in a variety of different physiological and biochemical processes, each of which at least potentially relies on carbonic anhydrase to keep those chemical species from being limiting. Two such processes, CO2 excretion and ion uptake, occur in the crustacean gill. On the surface it would appear that these processes are mutually exclusive in a single organ, as the former requires the net dehydration of HCO3−, and the latter requires the net hydration of CO2. That carbonic anhydrase can meet the requirements of both processes is due to its compartmentalization within different subcellular fractions of the gill tissue. Carbonic anhydrase associated with the basal-lateral branchial membrane mobilizes hemolymph HCO3− to CO2 for excretion, while intracellular (cytoplasmic) carbonic anhydrase, through the catalysed hydration of CO2, provides H+ and HCO3− for use in Na+ and Cl− uptake.
Performance of line-scan Raman microscopy for high-throughput chemical imaging of cell population

We evaluate the performance of line-scan Raman microscopy (LSRM), a versatile label-free technique, for high-throughput chemical imaging of cell population. We provide detailed design and configuration of a home-built LSRM system developed in our laboratory. By exploiting parallel acquisition, the LSRM system achieves a significant throughput advantage over conventional point-scan Raman microscopy by projecting a laser line onto the sample and imaging the Raman scattered light from the entire line using a grating spectrograph and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Two-dimensional chemical maps can be generated by scanning the projected line in the transverse direction. The resolution in the x and y direction has been characterized to be ~600-800 nm for 785 nm laser excitation. Our system enables rapid classification of microparticles with similar shape, size, and refractive index based on their chemical composition. An equivalent imaging throughput of 100 microparticles/s for 1 μm polystyrene beads has been achieved. We demonstrate the application of LSRM to imaging bacterial spores by identifying endogenous calcium dipicolinate. We also demonstrate that LSRM enables the study of intact microalgal cells at the colonial level and the identification of intra- and extracellular chemical constituents and metabolites, such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, lipids, and hydrocarbons. We conclude that LSRM can be an effective and practical tool for obtaining endogenous microscopic chemical and molecular information from cell population.
Second-order constraints for equations of motion of constrained systems

Motivated by the Udwadia and Kalaba equation, it is suggested that one can take the advantage of the second-order form of constraint in a more global sense. The second-order form is especially useful in deriving equations of motion that are uncoupled and Lagrangian multiplier free. As a demonstration, the procedure of incorporating the second-order form into the Maggi's equation and Lagrange's equation is outlined. We consider both holonomic and nonholonomic cases.
Public attitudes toward biofuels Effects of knowledge, political partisanship, and media use

Despite large-scale investments and government mandates to expand biofuels development and infrastructure in the United States, little is known about how the public conceives of this alternative fuel technology. This study examines public opinion of biofuels by focusing on citizen knowledge and the motivated processing of media information. Specifically, we explore the direct effects of biofuels knowledge and the moderating effect of partisanship on the relationship between media use and benefit vs. risk perceptions in the following four domains: environmental impacts, economic consequences, ethical/social implications, and political ramifications. Our results suggest that more knowledgeable respondents see fewer benefits of biofuels relative to risks, and that Democrats and Republicans are affected differently by media use when forming opinions about biofuels. Among Democrats, greater attention to political media content leads to a more favorable outlook toward the technology across several domains of interest, while among Republicans, an increase in attention to political content has the opposite effect. Possible reasons for these results, as well as implications of the findings at the intersection of politics and the life sciences, are discussed.
Emerging AdS from extremally rotating NS5-branes

Abstract We investigate the near-horizon limit of extremally rotating NS5-branes. The resulting geometry has SL ( 2 , R ) × U ( 1 ) 2 isometry. The asymptotic symmetry group contains a chiral Virasoro algebra, and we obtain two different realizations depending on the boundary conditions we impose. When one of the two angular momenta vanishes, the symmetry is enhanced to AdS 3 . The entropy of the boundary theory can be estimated from the Cardy formula and it agrees with the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of the bulk theory. We can embed the extremally rotating NS5-brane geometry in an exactly solvable string background, which may yield microscopic understanding of this duality, especially about the mysterious enhancement of the symmetry from AdS 2 to AdS 3 . The construction suggests emerging Virasoro symmetries in the extreme corner of the ( 1 + 5 )-dimensional little string theory.
A Preliminary Analysis of Instructional Control in the Maintenance of Appropriate Behavior

This bridge study evaluated the effects of contingency-specifying instructions (CSIs) and incomplete instructions (IIs) in terms of establishing instructional control of appropriate behavior. Results suggested that instructional control and maintenance were achieved with CSIs but not with IIs. Results are discussed in terms of the potential use of instructional control in the maintenance of appropriate behavior for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The Boundary Integral Equation Method for Porous Media Flow

Just as groundwater hydrologists are breathing sighs of relief after the exertions of learning the finite element method, a new technique has reared its nodes—the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) or the boundary equation method (BEM), as it is sometimes called. As Liggett and Liu put it in the preface to The Boundary Integral Equation Method for Porous Media Flow, “Lately, the Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) has emerged as a contender in the computation Derby.” In fact, in July 1984, the 6th International Conference on Boundary Element Methods in Engineering will be held aboard the Queen Elizabeth II, en route from Southampton to New York. These conferences are sponsored by the Department of Civil Engineering at Southampton College (UK), whose members are proponents of BIEM. The conferences have featured papers on applications of BIEM to all aspects of engineering, including flow through porous media. Published proceedings are available, as are textbooks on application of BIEM to engineering problems. There is even a 10-minute film on the subject.
Building competency models: Approaches for HR professionals

Two widely used approaches to competency model building—the single-job approach and the “one-size-fits-all” approach—have limitations when competency models are needed for multiple jobs. This article describes the requirements of a multiple-job approach to competency model building: a set of common building block competencies, provision for customization of competencies for individual job models, defined levels of performance for each competency, and a quick, low-cost approach to model building. The article concludes with a discussion of the competencies needed to implement the multiple-job approach and of trends in the workplace that are making this approach more attractive. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analyzing Indian Policies and Firm Strategies in Africa

This paper investigates Indian’s policy and Indian firms’ strategic presence in Africa. Recognizing the historical link between the two entities, our examination show that foreign investment outlays to Africa are sustainable. Further examination using foreign direct investment (FDI) and Porter’s Competitive Advantage theories suggest some advantages enjoyed by Indian firms therein. Three Indian companies- Tata Group, Bharti Enterprises, and Reliance have made extensive use of strategic alliances to penetrate and quickly accelerate activities. Keywords: India, Africa, Investments, Alliances, Policy
Dangerous holes in global environmental governance: The roles of neoliberal discourse, science, and California agriculture in the Montreal Protocol.

This paper explores how a relatively successful global environmental treaty, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, is currently undermined by US protectionism. At the "global scale" of environmental governance, powerful nation-states like the US prolong their domination of certain economic sectors with the assistance of neoliberal discourse.UsingempiricaldatagatheredwhileattendingMontrealProtocolmeetingsfrom2003 to2006,IshowhowUSpolicyunderminestheMontrealProtocol'smandatetophaseoutmethyl bromide (MeBr). At the global scale of environmental governance the US uses a discourse of technical and economic infeasibility because, in the current neoliberal milieu, it cannot make a simply protectionist argument. The discourse, in other words, is protectionism by another name. While much of the literature in critical geography on neoliberalism has focused on de-regulation versus re-regulation, this paper illustrates how science, protectionism, and neoliberalism can become articulated uneasily and in sometimes unexpected ways.
Announcing a new journal jointly created by the IEEE AP, MTT, and EMC societies: IEEE journal on multiscale and multiphysics computational techniques (JMMCT)

In August 2015, the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Microwave Theory and Techniques Society, and Electromagnetic Compatibility Society jointly created the IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques (JMMCT).
Interactions in a Miscible Polymer Blend

Les parametres d'interactions de Flory du melange ne doivent pas etre negatifs, on les determinent par diffusion centrale des neutrons
A Syndrome of Functional Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Sterility in a Male with Elevated Serum Estradiol

A 36-year-old male complaining of impotence was examined. He was a genotypic male. Phenotypically, he exhibited signs of long-standing estrogen excess, such as feminine body build, gynecomastia, and varicose veins. His testes were soft and borderline small, and his prostate was small and soft. However, he had a normal-sized penis, normal male hair distribution, normal sense of smell, and normal intelligence. The laboratory data were compatible with mild hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were consistently elevated. The patient had azoospermia and a decreased semen volume. Inappropriately low levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responded normally to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and clomiphene citrate. Levels of both testosterone (T) and E2 increased dramatically after prolonged clomiphene medication and in response to human chorionic gonadotropin. There was no change in either T or E2 levels in response to manipulations of the pituitary-adrenal axis. It is concluded that the elevated E2 level was responsible for suppression of gonadotropins which, in turn, caused mild hypogonadism and sterility in this patient. According to the stimulation tests, the source of the elevated E2 levels was testicular.
Lord of the Guys: Alpha Girls and the Post-feminist Landscape of American Education

A recent discourse of girlhood, that of alpha girl and empowerment, has emerged in US popular literature with claims that adolescent girls are uniquely positioned to become the new economic, cultural and social winners of the twenty-first century. Similar to Sheryl Sandberg’s story in Lean In, Alpha girls embody both traditional masculine characteristics, such as competitiveness and independence, with traditional features of femininity such as collaboration, according to psychologist Dan Kindlon, author of Alpha Girls: Understanding the New American Girl and How She is Changing the World. However, little research has been conducted that explores the alpha girl discourse in the day-to-day lives of adolescent girls, deemed alpha, in US public school classrooms. Using interview and observation data, this paper examines how Kindlon’s supposed alpha girls and their middle school teacher make sense of and live this notion of empowerment, and argues that their experiences both complicate and reify the alpha girl discourse.
Effect of Social Structure on Genetic Structure of Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in the Adirondack Mountains

The association between genetic structure and social structure was investigated in a free-ranging population of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) in northern New York. Social groups were differentiated based on spatial aggregations and allozymic characteristics ( P < 0.05). Genetic structure was evident despite the high probability that males interbreed among adjacent and overlapping social groups on summer range. An excess of heterozygosity occurred within groups ( F IS = −0.25) relative to that expected from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. We suggest that the excess may be accounted for by a high turn-over rate among breeding males who lose their dominance between years. Genetic distances among groups were associated with the location of the social group on winter range. Groups that used the same winter range were more genetically similar even though in the central Adirondacks deer primarily breed on their summer range. We suggest that this association with winter range is due to the traditional use of winter yards by matrilineal groups and is maintained by female philopatry.
The Synthetical Resolution Scheme of Wireless Net Monitor and Environmental Energy

This article introduces a kind of energy source scheme that can be applied to some basic establishment.This scheme will be more efficient in terms of using the crude energy sources.It can replace parts of expending energy,and this scheme can reduce the synthetical building investment,improve the management efficiency.It will be a kind of very promising,be good for spreading environmental energy.
Real-time visualization and characterization of tumor angiogenesis and vascular response to anticancer therapies.

Abstract In vivo angiogenesis assays provide more physiologically relevant information about tumor vascularization than in vitro studies because they take the complex interactions among cancer cells, endothelial cells, mural cells, and tumor stroma into consideration. Traditional microscopic assessment of vascular density conducted by immunostaining of tissue sections or by lectin angiogram visualization of tumor vessels is invasive and requires the sacrifice of tumor-bearing animals. Therefore, it prohibits longitudinal time-course observation in a single animal and requires a large number of animals at each time point to derive statistically-meaningful observations. Additionally, heterogenous behavior among different tumors will inevitably introduce individual biological variance that may obscure reliable interpretation of the results. While various artificial in vivo angiogenesis assays, such as the Matrigel implant assay, chick chorioallatoic membrane assay, and dorsal skin fold chamber assay have been developed and employed to more directly observe the progression of physiological angiogenesis, they can not appropriately assess tumor angiogenic progression or tumor vascular regression in response to therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe a noninvasive method and a detailed protocol that we have developed and optimized using the Olympus OV-100 in vivo imaging system for real-time high-resolution visualization and assessment of tumor angiogenesis and vascular response to anticancer therapies in live animals. We show that using this approach, tumor vessels can be monitored longitudinally through the whole vasculogenesis and angiogenesis process in the same mouse. Further, morphologic changes of the same vessel prior to and after drug treatments can be captured with microscopic high resolution. Moreover, the multichannel co-imaging capability of the OV-100 allows us to analyze and compare tumor vessel permeability before and after antiangiogenesis therapy by employing a near-infrared blood pool reagent, or by visualizing improved cytotoxic drug delivery upon tumor vessel normalization by using a fluorophore tagged drug. This noninvasive method can be readily applied to orthotopically transplanted breast cancer models as well as to subcutaneously-transplanted tumor models.
Simulation of left ventricular dyssynchrony using the XCAT phantom

Multi-Harmonic Phase Analysis (MHPA) has been developed to quantify left-ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony with gated single photon emission tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Although MHPA has shown promising clinical results, it needs to be optimized technically. The purpose of this study is to develop a tool to simulate LV mechanical dyssynchrony in gated SPECT MPI using an extended cardiac torso phantom (XCAT). A special version of the XCAT phantom was developed to control regional myocardial wall thickening using more than 300 B-splines points over the LV myocardium and 26 temporal frames over a cardiac cycle. By shifting the regional myocardial wall thickness values in the temporal domain, regional phase delays can be simulated to represent LV mechanical dyssynchrony. Gated SPECT data were created with phase delays of 0°, ±20°, ±40°, and ±60° in the anterior wall for a LV with normal perfusion. The activity maps given by XCAT were submitted to a SPECT simulator to generate gated SPECT projections. The gated SPECT projections were reconstructed and reoriented into gated short-axis images, which were then submitted to MHPA. A correlation of R2 = 0.9941 between MHPA measured and simulated regional phase delays was obtained, indicating that MHPA can accurately measure the simulated phase delays. Thus, a simulation tool based on the XCAT phantom has been developed to simulate regional phase delays, which can be accurately measured by MHPA. This tool can offer the opportunities to investigate the relationship between phase delay and myocardial defect, and to optimize MHPA for various factors such as noise and cardiac torsion in future studies.