cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Surprising Conservative and Nonconservative Moments in the Dynamics of Rods and Rigid Bodies

Representations for conservative and nonconservative moments in classical mechanics are discussed in this expository article. When the rotation is parameterized by a set of Euler angles, a particularly transparent representation can be found which has ties to classic works in mechanics dating to Lagrange in 1780 and joint coordinate systems that are commonly used in orthopaedic biomechanics. The article also surveys connections between Lagrange’s equations of motion and the Newton–Euler equations of motion. A variant on the Lagrange top and a satellite dynamics problem are presented to illustrate some of the key concepts discussed in the paper.
Coal oxidation and calcium loading on Pittsburgh No. 8 coal

Pittsburgh No. 8 coal, cleaned by conventional froth flotation, was oxidized in a 2-L Parr stirred bench-top autoclave. Autoclave tests were carried out for up to 5 hrs under the following conditions: 150 to 225 °C, 60 to 500 psi O2 and 15 to 60 g of coal per 600 mL of distilled water. The oxidation of coal was evaluated by measuring the total acidic group formed on the surface of the coal and by measuring the adsorption (under standard conditions) of calcium ion from a solution. The degree of oxidation of the coal increased continuously, without much leveling off, with increasing oxygen pressure. With increasing temperature, the oxidation of the coal increased sharply between 150 to 175 &00B0;C and then leveled off above 175 &00B0;C. The adsorption of calcium was >3% on coal oxidized under the most favorable conditions. The adsorption of calcium on coal increased sharply with increasing equilibrium pH. The loss in Btu was found to be sensitive to oxidation temperature. This study concluded that the optimum oxidation of coal is achieved over 3 hrs at high oxygen pressures (e.g., 500 psi) at &223C;170 &00B0;C. This study also concluded that, when measured in terms of calcium adsorption, Btu loss and reaction time, the oxidation achieved in an autoclave is far superior to that achieved in a fluidized bed.
Association Between Education Level and e-Cigarette Use Among Young Adults in New York City

In modern society, smoking has become prominent especially with the introduction of a new smoking method of e-cigarettes. The utilization of e-cigarettes in the US has significantly increased due to the reduction in the use of the traditional smoking of the cigarettes. Most of the research has been done on factors such as perception of e-cigarettes and the characteristics and incidence of electronic-cigarette use in the US. It has left a research gap on the relationship between education level and e-cigarette smoking habits. This study aims at finding out the effects of the level of education on e-cigarette smoking habits of young adults between 18 to 44 in New York City. The research method used was a mixed method which involved quantitative technique. Data were collected using the 2017 Community Health Survey (CHS) cross section survey where participants were asked questions through phone calls. It was found that race, age, gender, education levels, and marital status have a relationship with the likelihood of having tried an e-cigarette in the past 12 months in New York City.
Flow Conversion Kinetics of Ortho and Parahydrogen

This and the following paper are progress reports in our continuing study of the catalyzed conversion of ortho and parahydrogen. Last year1 we presented some converter design data based on experiments with a new hydrous ferric oxide gel catalyst. These data consisted of space velocity versus conversion curves for ortho to para conversions at various temperatures, two feeds, liquid and vapor phase, and gave a comparison between results obtained under approximately isothermal and adiabatic conditions.
Winning Against any Adversary on Commodity Computer Systems

The axioms of insecurity on commodity computer systems [1] suggest that an adversary will have an asymmetric advantage over any defender forever. This implies that the defender-adversary arms race on such systems always favors the adversary, as often emphasized by conventional security wisdom. In this presentation, I illustrate how a defender can win against any adversary by establishing root of trust on a commodity system unconditionally; e.g., without any tradeoffs. Then I will show how to maintain the defender's advantage in protecting selected applications, and explain why this is still uncommon on commodity systems.Establishing root of trust unconditionally. Suppose that a small and simple trusted verifier must boot a trustworthy program on a system that may contain persistent malware. Establishing root of trust (RoT) assures the system has all and only the content chosen by a trusted verifier or the verifier discovers unaccounted content, with high probability. Hence, verifiable boot takes place in a malware-free state. Obtaining such assurance is challenging because a remote adversary's malware can survive repeated secure- and trusted-boot operations and detection by any anti-malware tool; e.g., these tools do not have malware-unmediated access to device controllers' firmware nor prevent remote malware connections over the internet. In this presentation, I will show how to establish RoT unconditionally; i.e., without secrets, trusted hardware modules (e.g., TPMs, RoMs, HSMs), or adversary computation bounds. I will also argue that this is the only unconditional solution to any security or cryptography problem to date [2].Maintaining root of trust selectively. Establishing root of trust makes all persistent malware ephemeral and forces the adversary to repeat a malware-insertion attack. Nevertheless repeated successful attacks in commodity systems and applications are hard to deny because of the inherent size and complexity of their software components; aka, the "giants" [1, 3]. To win against an adversary, small and simple software components with rather limited function and high-assurance security properties (aka, the wimps) must be available, since they can, in principle, counter all attacks [3]. In this setting, maintaining root of trust selectively assures a defender that a commodity computer's wimps are isolated from, and safely co-exist with, adversary-controlled giants.Maintaining RoT selectively also implies that, regardless how secure wimp isolation may be, I/O separation for wimps must also be provably achieved despite use of commodity systems that encourage I/O hardware sharing, not isolation [4]. In this presentation I will also illustrate the basic challenges of I/O separation for wimps and giants, and present an example of an experimental system for on-demand separated I/O transfers, which was designed and implemented at CMU's CyLab.
Emergence of rheumatoid arthritis following exposure to natalizumab

Abstract Summary We report a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, who developed rheumatoid arthritis after exposure to natalizumab. While some multiple sclerosis therapies are known to unmask autoimmune conditions, natalizumab is rarely implicated as a cause of alternative autoimmunity. This case illustrates an unusual clinical scenario which may support recent scientific work suggesting that, when natalizumab blocks T helper 1 cells from entering the central nervous system, T helper 17 cells may continue to migrate into immune-privileged spaces and cause pathologic inflammation. Brief Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients often suffer from concurrent autoimmune conditions, and may be at increased risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( Langer-Gould et al., 2010 ; Tseng et al., 2016 ). While alemtuzumab and rituximab are known to unmask underlying autoimmune disorders, natalizumab is not commonly associated with autoimmunity. Here, we report a patient with relapsing-remitting MS who developed acute autoimmune arthropathy following exposure to natalizumab. Case Report A 45-year-old woman with autoimmune thyroiditis presented after episodes of left arm and right leg numbness. MRI showed multiple supratentorial and spinal cord demyelinating lesions. Lumbar puncture yielded CSF with a lymphocytic pleocytosis (11 leukocytes, 97% lymphocytes), normal protein, normal glucose, elevated immunoglobulin G index (2.24), and multiple unmatched oligoclonal bands. Her initial autoimmune workup revealed elevated anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and rheumatoid factor (22 IU/mL, reference value 300 U/mL, reference value
Electrical and Thermal Dynamics of Self-Oscillations in TaOx-Based Threshold Switching Devices

We present experimental results of relaxation oscillations based on the TaOx threshold switching devices as a function of voltage, load resistance, and the parallel capacitance. Of particular inter...
Beta cell identity changes with mild hyperglycemia: Implications for function, growth, and vulnerability.

Abstract Objective As diabetes develops, marked reductions of insulin secretion are associated with very modest elevations of glucose. We wondered if these glucose changes disrupt beta cell differentiation enough to account for the altered function. Methods Rats were subjected to 90% partial pancreatectomies and those with only mild glucose elevations 4 weeks or 10 weeks after surgery had major alterations of gene expression in their islets as determined by RNAseq. Results Changes associated with glucose toxicity demonstrated that many of the critical genes responsible for insulin secretion were downregulated while the expression of normally suppressed genes increased. Also, there were marked changes in genes associated with replication, aging, senescence, stress, inflammation, and increased expression of genes controlling both class I and II MHC antigens. Conclusions These findings suggest that mild glucose elevations in the early stages of diabetes lead to phenotypic changes that adversely affect beta cell function, growth, and vulnerability.
Homobenzylic Oxygenation Enabled by Dual Organic Photoredox and Cobalt Catalysis

Activation of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds in the presence of more activated benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds is often a nontrivial, if not impossible task. Herein we show that leveraging the reactivity of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds to achieve reactivity at the homobenzylic position can be accomplished using dual organic photoredox/cobalt catalysis. Through a two-part catalytic system, alkyl arenes undergo dehydrogenation followed by an anti-Markovnikov Wacker-type oxidation to grant benzyl ketone products. This formal homobenzylic oxidation is accomplished with high atom economy without the use of directing groups, achieving valuable reactivity that traditionally would require multiple chemical transformations.
Full-Scale Ab Initio Simulation of Magic-Angle-Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

Theoretical models aimed at describing magic-angle-spinning (MAS) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR have great potential in facilitating the in silico design of DNP polarizing agents and formulations. These models must typically face a trade-off between the accuracy of a strict quantum mechanical description and the need for using realistically large spin systems, for instance, using phenomenological models. Here, we show that the use of aggressive state-space restrictions and an optimization strategy allows full-scale ab initio MAS-DNP simulations of spin systems containing thousands of nuclei. Our simulations are shown to reproduce experimental DNP enhancements quantitatively, including their MAS rate dependence, for both frozen solutions and solid materials. They also reveal the importance of a previously unrecognized structural feature found in some polarizing agents that helps minimize the sensitivity losses imposed by the spin diffusion barrier.
Chaos may lurk under a cloak of neutrality.

The astonishing diversity of species on Earth has long puzzled ecologists and evolutionary biologists alike. For instance, why are there more than 300,000 species of beetles and only 10,000 species of mammals? Is it because the Creator is inordinately fond of beetles, as J. B. S. Haldane reportedly joked (1)? A somewhat more satisfying explanation can be based on the assumption of niche differences between species: When the self-limiting interactions of each species are stronger than interactions with its competing species, species cannot competitively exclude each other and biodiversity is maintained (2). However, metagenomic surveys increasingly reveal high diversity even within single microbial species (3, 4), for which the assumption of local niche differentiation seems less obvious. A prominent example of this fine-scale diversity is given by the phytoplankton Prochlorococcus , which, with an estimated 3 × 1 0 27 cells, is among the most abundant photosynthetic cells in the oceans (5). A single milliliter of seawater can contain hundreds of Prochlorococcus strains that have diverged from thousands to tens of millions of years ago (6). One way out of this dilemma is to argue that diversity simply is the result of the continual emergence of new strains, via an assumed constant rate of speciation or via immigration from other habitats, and their extinction via random demographic fluctuations, also called random genetic drift. This conjecture, which is the basis of neutral theory (7), has become one of the leading null models of biodiversity because it is remarkably successful in describing static observables related to the species abundance distribution in various ecosystems (7, 8). Yet, it is difficult to imagine that the dynamics of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: ohallats{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Balance is key: Private median splits yield high-utility random trees

Random forests are a popular method for classification and regression due to their versatility. However, this flexibility can come at the cost of user privacy, since training random forests requires multiple data queries, often on small, identifiable subsets of the training data. Privatizing these queries typically comes at a high utility cost, in large part because we are privatizing queries on small subsets of the data, which are easily corrupted by added noise. In this paper, we propose DiPriMe forests, a novel tree-based ensemble method for differentially private regression and classification, which is appropriate for real or categorical covariates. We generate splits using a differentially private version of the median, which encourages balanced leaf nodes. By avoiding low occupancy leaf nodes, we avoid high signal-to-noise ratios when privatizing the leaf node sufficient statistics. We show theoretically and empirically that the resulting algorithm exhibits high utility, while ensuring differential privacy.
Re: Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: A Case Series

To the Editor: Morris et al[1][1] present several striking cases of likely levamisole-adulterated, cocaine-induced vasculopathy. It is appropriate that they highlight the high index of suspicion needed to diagnose this increasingly common cause of acute, acrally predominant retiform purpura and
Small-School Networking: A Simulated Solution to Fundamental Problem in Education Quality

One-third of 15-year-old students in Thailand are "functionally illiterate". The problem is particularly serious for kids enrolled in small village schools in rural areas, because 47% of 15-year-old students are functionally illiterate. There are about 20,000 small schools, mostly serving these disadvantaged students in rural areas, which are very expensive to operate, and these schools do not generally provide quality education. Teacher inadequacy is a serious issue for these small schools. This study develops simulation algorithms to merge small schools altogether with the medium or M-schools within the same local administrative area. It comprises of grouping all schools under the OBEC into categories, merging schools and conducting class optimization and teacher reallocation.
Delayed Seasonal RSV Surge Observed During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

* Abbreviations: NYC — : New York City RSV — : respiratory syncytial virus An unexpected positive outcome of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been the marked decline in illness associated with other respiratory viruses, likely due to the widespread use of masks and social distancing. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a seasonal virus that typically peaks in the fall and declines by early spring. In the United States, RSV is responsible for annually 57 000 hospitalizations and 500 000 emergency department visits among children <5 years old.1 Reports from around the world have revealed up to a 98% reduction in RSV cases during the pandemic.2,3 The initial studies came from the Southern Hemisphere countries that were at the beginning of their fall season in March 2020, when the pandemic started.3 It was unclear whether the 2020–2021 RSV season would continue to be markedly reduced or just be delayed.4 In a recent study from Australia, researchers described an RSV surge as physical distancing restrictions were relaxed. The number of RSV cases began to increase during their spring months and peaked in … Address correspondence to Rabia Agha, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Maimonides Children’s Hospital. 4802 Tenth Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11219. E-mail: ragha{at}maimonidesmed.org
Predicate Monitoring in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems

This paper solves the problem of detecting violations of predicates over distributed continuous-time and continuous-valued signals in cyber-physical systems (CPS). We assume a partially synchronous setting, where a clock synchronization algorithm guarantees a bound on clock drifts among all signals. We introduce a novel retiming method that allows reasoning about the correctness of predicates among continuous-time signals that do not share a global view of time. The resulting problem is encoded as an SMT problem and we introduce techniques to solve the SMT encoding efficiently. Leveraging simple knowledge of physical dynamics allows further runtime reductions. We fully implement our approach on two distributed CPS applications: monitoring of a network of autonomous ground vehicles, and a network of aerial vehicles. The results show that in some cases, it is even possible to monitor a distributed CPS sufficiently fast for online deployment on fleets of autonomous vehicles.
Development and validation of the Rape Excusing Attitudes and Language Scale

Abstract Rape myth acceptance (RMA) is the acceptance of false beliefs, stereotypes, and statements about rape, victims, and perpetrators ( Burt, 1980 ). Rape myths become outdated as we learn more about sexual violence. Therefore, psychometric scales should be updated periodically to reflect the more nuanced phenomenon of rape myth acceptance. Several items in the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA; Payne et al., 1999 ; McMahon & Farmer, 2011 ) may measure knowledge about the rape perpetrator's psychology rather than rape myth acceptance. In current studies we developed and validated an updated rape myth acceptance scale called the Rape Excusing Attitudes and Language (REAL) Scale without items measuring knowledge about rape. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on two separate datasets (N = 663), the REAL Scale presents a four factor, 20-item scale. We provide evidence of validation through demonstrating the Scale's convergent and discriminative validity by correlating the REAL Scale with the IRMA and the Rape Victim Empathy Scale (RVES; Smith & Frieze, 2003 ). We argue that the REAL Scale should be adopted in future studies assessing rape myth acceptance because the items explain the same amount of variance in the RVES as the IRMA, but the REAL Scale displays more face validity.
Understanding the Accuracy of Clinician Provided Estimated Discharge Dates.

Discharge planning is a vital tool in managing hospital capacity, which is essential for maintaining hospital throughput for surgical postoperative admissions. Early discharge planning has been effective in reducing length of stay and hospital readmissions. Between 2014 and 2017, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) implemented a tool in the electronic health record (EHR) requiring providers to input the patient’s estimated discharge date on each hospital day. We hypothesized discharge estimates would be more accurate, on average, for surgical patients compared to non-surgical patients because treatment plans are known in advance of surgical admissions. We also analyzed the data to identify factors associated with more accurate discharge estimates. In this retrospective observational study, via an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) approach, we identified factors associated with more accurate discharge estimates for admitted adult patients at VUMC. The primary outcome was the difference between estimated and actual discharge date, and the primary exposure of interest was whether the patient underwent surgery while admitted to the hospital. A total of 304,802 date of discharge estimate entries from 68,587 inpatient encounters met inclusion criteria. After controlling for measured confounding, we found the discharge estimates were more precise as the difference between estimated and actual discharge date narrowed; for each additional day closer to discharge, prediction accuracy improved by .67 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.67; p < 0.001), on average. No difference was observed on the primary outcome in patients undergoing surgery compared with non-surgical treatment (0.02 days; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.03; p = 0.111). Faculty members were found to perform best among all clinicians in predicting estimated discharge date with a 0.24-day better accuracy (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.27; p < 0.001), on average, than other staff. Weekend and holiday, specific clinical teams, staff types, and discharge dispositions were associated with the variability in estimated versus actual discharge date (p < 0.001). Given the widespread variation in current efforts to improve discharge planning and the recommended approach of assigning a discharge date early in the hospital stay, understanding provider estimated discharge dates is an important tool in hospital capacity management. While we did not determine a difference in discharge estimates among surgical and non-surgical patients, we found estimates were more accurate as discharge came nearer and identified notable trends in provider inputs and patient factors. Assessing factors that impact variability in discharge accuracy can allow hospitals to design targeted interventions to improve discharge planning and reduce unnecessary hospital days.
Preparation and growth of yeast protoplasts.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses preparation and growth of yeast protoplasts. Many metabolic activities of yeast protoplasts prepared with either snail gut or microbial enzymes are comparable to those of intact cells when the protoplasts are incubated in appropriate medium. These protoplasts are able to synthesize protein and nucleic acid as well as cell wall materials. In solid medium containing gelatin or agar, protoplasts grow and eventually develop into normal yeast cells. Yeast protoplasts are useful for study of the regulation of macromolecular synthesis, especially of enzymes and cell wall materials, because protoplasts can be lysed readily by osmotic shock or detergents, unlike intact yeasts. Procedures for the preparation of yeast protoplasts can be classified in three major groups: (1) mechanical or autolytic methods, (2) specific inhibition of cell wall synthesis, and (3) enzymatic dissolution of the wall. The chapter describes methods adopted by several investigators for the preparation of yeast protoplasts and for the use of protoplasts to study growth and macromolecular synthesis. Factors affecting the growth and metabolic activities of protoplasts are described and growth and macromolecular synthesis is discussed in the chapter.
Entrepreneurship for the Creative and Cultural Industries

Introduction Part I: Finding Your Entrepreneurial Inspiration 1. Art, Culture and Entrepreneurship 2. Making the Dream a Reality 3. Researching Competitors and Customers Part II: Creating Your Entrepreneurial Business 4. Analyzing the Product and its Benefits 5. Targeting the Right Customer 6. Mastering the Numbers 7. Distributing Your Product 8. Promoting and Branding the Product 9. Building Social Media Relationships Part III: Growing Your Business to the Next Level 10. Financial Concepts for Success 11. Expanding the Business 12. Legal and Management Issues for Growth Appendix - Business Plan Format and Sample Financial Statements
A Chaotic Dance of Cultural Competence: A Participatory Oral History Project with Immigrants and Refugees

ABSTRACT Not Passing Through, a participatory action research (PAR) oral history project, evolved as focus groups became intertwined with a call for transgressing current systems of social programs and services. The failure of the project's capacity for social action as called for by participants is balanced with the project's commitment to participation and empowerment. Centralizing empowerment of multicultural groups becomes a process that moves towards complexity and can be understood by chaos theory and critical definitions of multiculturalism.
Differentiation and Proliferation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Available evidence indicates that qualitative changes in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, such as the decision of stem cells to self-renew or differentiate, or selection of lineage potentials by the multipotential progenitors during differentiation (commitment), are intrinsic properties of the progenitors and are stochastic in nature. In-contrast, proliferative kinetics of the progenitors, namely survival and expansion of the progenitors, appear to be controlled by a number of interacting cytokines. While proliferation and maturation of committed progenitors is controlled by late-acting lineage-specific factors such as Ep, M-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-5, progenitors at earlier stages of development are controlled by a group of several overlapping cytokines. IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-4 regulate proliferation of multipotential progenitors only after they exit from G0 and begin active cell proliferation. Triggering of cycling by dormant primitive progenitors and maintenance of B-cell potential of the primitive progenitors appears to require interactions of early acting cytokines including IL-6, G-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, LIF, and SF. Currently, this simple model fits our understanding of the interactions of growth factors with hematopoietic progenitors. Naturally the model risks oversimplification of a very complex process. However, because the model is testable, it will hopefully challenge investigators to design new experiments to examine its validity.
Requirement for knowledge management: business driving information technology

Purpose – The paper aims to provide a roadmap for organizations to implement a knowledge management system that reduces loss of critical information and improves data retrieval.Design/methodology/approach – The focus is on how to devise and implement a knowledge management system where information is sorted by definition, business requirements, and implementation.Findings – The paper provides information for defining information sources and simplifying data retrieval. It recognizes the need to collect and retain corporate information through cooperation of knowledge workers. Centralized storage and retrieval of information is critical to knowledge management.Originality/value – This paper provides insight and help in eliminating loss of corporate knowledge when skilled workers leave or retire.
Studies on the fine structure of ultracentrifuged spinal ganglion cells.

The following structures were observed in electron micrographs of the mouse spinal ganglion cells: Nissl bodies composed of both aggregated rough-type, largely oriented, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and discrete particles; short rodlike mitochondria with well-developed transverse, obliquely or longitudinally arranged cristae, and a relatively typical Golgi complex. The components of ultracentrifuged ganglion cells (400,000 times gravity for 20 minutes) are stratified, the layers appearing in the order of their decreasing density as follows: (1) A microsomal or ergastoplasmic layer which may be further divided into three sublayers without sharp boundaries, namely, a discrete particle layer, a layer of discrete particles and highly distorted membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, and a layer composed of relatively intact, but stretched membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and discrete particles. (2) Mitochondria constitute a relatively broad layer. They are sometimes stretched; however, they retain most of their fine structure. The stratified nucleus is found within the mitochondrial layer. (3) A relatively wide layer of tightly packed vesicles. (4) At the centripetal end, resting against the cell membrane, are a few lipid vacuoles. A comparison is made between the ultrastructure of the stratified layers in situ and those described by others in differentially ultracentrifuged homogenates.
Effect of interfacial roughness on the phase of quantum well states in Cu/Co(001) and Cu/Ni(001) systems

It is known that the quantum well (QW) states in magneticlayered structures can be well described by a phase accumulation model(PAM) in which the phase is calculated by assuming a perfectly sharpinterface. In order to verify the validity of this assumption, we studiedthe effect of interfacial mixing on the phase of QW states inCo/Cu/Co(001) and Co/Cu/Ni(001) systems. By controlling the annealingtime, we progressively increased the interfacial mixing on these films.While the interlayer oscillatory coupling changes upon annealing, thecoupling peak positions remain unchanged. This result suggests that thephase of the QW states have little dependence on the interfacialmixing.
Levans. III. A light‐scattering study of Streptococcus salivarius levan in dimethyl sulfoxide

A light-scattering study of unfractionated and five fractions of Streptococcus salivarius levan was performed in dimethyl sulfoxide. The weight-average molecular weights Mr in dimethyl sulfoxide, after adequate dissolution, agree with those obtained in water within a mean difference of 7%. The intrinsic viscosities [η] and root-mean-square z-average radii of gyration (Rg2)z1/2 are significantly higher in dimethyl sulfoxide than in water, reflecting the higher hydrodynamic volume in the former. The Mr, [η], and (Rg2)z1/2 of the fractions suggest that levan has a low polydispersity. The exponent of 0.12 of the Mark-Houwink plot and model analysis confirm the branched and compact structure of levan.
Numerical simulation of tsunami waves generated by deformable submarine landslides

Abstract This paper presents a new submarine landslide model based on the non-hydrostatic wave model NHWAVE of Ma et al. (2012) . The landslide is modeled as a water–sediment mixture. The dense plume is driven by baroclinic pressure forcing introduced by spatial density variations. The model is validated using laboratory measurements of turbidity currents and of water wave generation by a granular landslide. The model is then utilized to study the dependence of landslide motion and associated tsunami wave generation on parameters including sediment settling velocity, initial depth of the landslide and slide density. Model results show that the slide motion and water waves which it generates are both sensitive to these parameters. The relative tsunamigenic response to rigid and deformable landslides of equal initial geometry and density is also examined. It is found that the wave energy is mostly concentrated on a narrow band of the dominant slide direction for the waves generated by rigid landslides, while directional spreading is more significant for waves generated by deformable landslides. The deformable landslide has larger speed and acceleration at the early stage of landslide, resulting in larger surface waves. The numerical results indicate that the model is capable of reasonably simulating tsunami wave generation by submarine landslides.
FQL: a functional query language

An applicative language based upon recent ideas by John Backus has been developed. The language provides a powerful formalism for the expression of complex database queries. Though currently implemented with an interface to a CODASYL system, the language employs a sufficiently general data model that use with other database management systems is possible. This paper describes the language through a number of examples and outlines its implementation.
The Vanderbilt Experience with Electronic Health Records

Electronic health records, including computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and electronic medical record (EMR) systems, reduce medical errors, improve communication and overall health care quality, and decrease cost. Over the last decade, we have developed the WizOrder CPOE and StarPanel EMR systems to address these goals. We discuss key elements of each of these systems, which are an indispensable part of health care at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. We envision an exciting future with more widely available computerized health records in both academic and community health care centers, ultimately leading to a cheaper, more efficient, and better US health care system.
Phaeochromocytoma presenting as acute malignant hyperthermia — a diagnostic challenge

We report a case of acute hypermetabolism following the induction of general anaesthesia in an 11-yr-old boy. This episode was diagnosed and managed as an acute malignant hyperthermia crisis. However, severe hypertension during the episode led to the discovery of an unsuspected phaeochromocytoma. A hypermetabolic state during anaesthesia has several aetiologies, but correct diagnosis during the acute episode may be difficult.
Is migraine due to a deficiency of pineal melatonin

Recent clinical observations favor the theory that migraine is caused by a primary injury of cerebral neurons with secondary involvement of intracranial and extracranial blood vessels. The primary injury is attributed to disruption of cerebral neurotransmitters and particularly the neuroadrenergic and serotonergic systems. These theories have not explained the importance of environmental factors, which so frequently trigger migraine. The author suggests that the pineal gland, which is outside the CNS unprotected by blood brain barrier and sensitive to external stimuli, could act as the intermediate causative factor of migraine, via a derangement of melatonin.
Structural requirements for phenylalanine antagonism

Abstract Using the typical acetamidomalonic ester synthesis and the appropriate alkyl halides, three new amino acid analogs were prepared, 2-amino-4-ethyl-4-pentenoic acid ( II ), 2-amino-4-ethyl-4-hexenoic acid ( III ), and 2-amino-4-ethylhexanoic acid ( IV ). II was an effective antagonist of phenylalanine for Leuconostoc dextranicum , and IV is a moderately active antagonist of leucine, but III is essentially nontoxic to growth of either L. dextranicum or Escherichia coli . The stereochemical structures and conformations of these and related phenylalanine analogs were correlated with their biological activities.
Academic engagement and performance: Estimating the impact of out-of-home care for maltreated children

Using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being II, the authors examined whether being placed in foster care was associated with school engagement and performance. The authors used propensity score matching to compare children who had similar demographic characteristics, maltreatment histories, and prior levels of school engagement. Children who were in foster care at wave 2 were found to have higher levels of cognitive engagement in school compared to children who were maltreated but never removed from their homes. It is recommended that children who are maltreated but remain in their familial home receive additional intervention related to their educational engagement.
Circulating Progenitor Cells Search for an Identity

Originally, the blood was viewed as a relatively simple tissue that was composed of plasma and a few subsets of immune, inflammatory, and erythrocytic cells. When Cohnheim published in 1867 his finding that “all cells come from the bloodstream and therefore … from the bone marrow,” this outstanding scientist of the nineteenth century could not anticipate the broad and far-reaching implications of his observation.1 At present, Cohnheim’s findings are cited in support of the notion that the bone marrow is the major self-renewing organ of the organism, capable of generating undifferentiated and early committed cells. A paradigm has been created in which the bone marrow constitutes the reservoir of circulating stem (or progenitor) cells that replenish not only the bone marrow itself but also solid organs.2 If this were the case, the bone marrow would have to possess a permissive environment for the early commitment of a totipotent primitive cell that can acquire the features of any differentiated progeny in the organism. This highly immature cell should have the properties of an embryonic stem cell that persists into adulthood and is responsible for cell turnover and organ homeostasis. Two years ago, a bone marrow cell with this enormous growth potential was characterized in vitro,3 but the functional relevance of this multipotent adult progenitor cell is still uncertain. Additionally, the paradigm of the bone marrow as the master regulator of organ function and repair falls short when ischemic injury occurs and this hypothetical embryonic-like stem cell is unable to promote an appreciable form of tissue regeneration. See p 3213 Progenitor cells with clonogenic properties have been detected in the peripheral blood. These cells include hematopoietic, mesenchymal, endothelial, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle precursors. In the article by Wojakowski and collaborators published in the present issue of Circulation , …
THE INFLUENCE OF LABOR MARKETS ON HUMAN RESOURCES UTILITY ESTIMATES

Recent work in industrial and personnel psychology has extended earlier efforts to financially evaluate the utility of organizational human resources policies. Utility analysis now includes a variety of refinements that more accurately measure the costs and benefits of human resources programs, both in the present and in the future. While this work substantially improves the firm-level evaluation of many personnel policies, conventional utility models have ignored the effects of the external labor market on estimated utilities. Specifically there appears to be an implicit assumption that utilities are invariant across changing labor market conditions and that employees (both current and prospective), as well as other employers, will be unresponsive to these labor market dynamics. This paper examines the effect of relaxing these implicit assumptions on the magnitude of expected utilities. We conclude that, in general, the omission of these considerations overstates the likely utility of the programs being evaluated.
Release of the inhibition of messenger RNA translation in extracts of interferon-treated ehrlich ascites tumor cells by added transfer RNA☆

Abstract In an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells which had been “preincubated” for 45 min to lower endogenous protein synthesis (S30 C ) the translation of exogenous encephalomyocarditis (EMC) viral mRNA proceeds at a constant rate for over 90 min. In a similarly treated extract of interferon-treated EAT cells (S30 INT ) the translation proceeds at a lower rate than in the S30 C for about 30 min and then stops. The impairment of the translation in the S30 INT is mediated by one or more inhibitors. After the cessation of translation the viral mRNA in the S30 INT is in large polysomes. The size of these changes little (if any) during a further 15 min incubation. The addition of mouse tRNA (but not ribosomal RNA or E. coli tRNA) to the S30 INT after the cessation of viral mRNA translation results in the restart of translation at a rate close to that in the S30 C . This effect of tRNA is diminished by pactamycin, which inhibits peptide chain initiation but not elongation. These results indicate that addition of tRNA allows the elongation of incomplete peptide chains and the initiation of new chains. The need for added tRNA may be due to the fact that in S30 INT the amino acid acceptance of some of the endogenous tRNA species (but not of added tRNAs) is impaired. This impairment is pronounced for leucine and very slight, if any, for five other amino acids tested (i.e. isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine).
Implications of the Olympiad Studies for the Development of Mathematical Talent in Schools.

Abstract In this chapter educational implications arising from the data about the Olympiad winners in the U.S., Taiwan and Mainland China (Chapters 3–5) are offered. The discussion addresses two lines of questioning: (1) How can we ensure support for recognized math talent through schooling to professional life? (2) How can we increase the pool of gifted students who participate in the Olympiad and other academic competitions and programs? To address the first question, related research studies in a number of different areas are explored. The second part of the chapter looks at how and why schools should expand the number of students who participate in competitions. This view is supported by a rationale for the role of talent development, including whether broad or narrow curricula for secondary students should be pursued and how the “the leaky pipeline” leading to math-based careers can be “plugged.”
The role of employers and supervisors in promoting pesticide safety behavior among Florida farmworkers

Background Farmworkers in Florida's nursery and fernery industries have an elevated risk of exposure to chemical pesticides due to the enclosed nature of their workplaces and their close contact with pesticide-treated plant material. Farmworkers' beliefs about chemical exposures and their perception of employer's or supervisor's valuing of safety may limit the practice of workplace hygiene. Methods Three hundred eighty-two surveys from workers in the nursery and fernery industries in North Central Florida were collected as part of the Together for Agricultural Safety (TAS) Project from 1999–2001. Univariate analyses and multivariate Ordinary Least Squares regression are used to examine the role of individual and structural characteristics on handwashing practices. Results Workplace practices such as the provision of written notices of recent pesticide application and the provision of convenient handwashing facilities are important predictors of workplace hygiene. Although farmworker attitudes and beliefs towards the utility of such practices and potential hazards are associated with behavior, they are less significant than the structural variables. Conclusions In order for farmworkers to engage in safety behavior that will protect their health, they must be adequately instructed and supported by employers and/or supervisors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:814–824, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Multilayer Mini- and Microchannel Heat Sinks in Single-Phase Flow Using One- and Two-Equation Porous Media Models

This article is devoted to an examination of the application of one- and two-equation porous media theory for modeling the thermal-fluid behavior of stacked multilayer micro- or minichannel heat sinks. The objectives of the article are to examine generalizations of the geometric scaling that is elucidated by adopting a porous media approach. This article examines the relative accuracy and computational efficiency of one- and two-equation approaches. The error between the two models and the experimental data is examined by an error map given as a function of conductivity ratios, Darcy number, and Reynolds number.
Sleep patterns in infancy. A study of one infant from birth to eight months of age.

Summary A review and analysis of the sleep and wakefulness patterns of one boy from birth to 35 weeks of age has been presented. This boy's total sleeping time decreased gradually from 17.8 hours in the first week t o 14.3 hours a t 35 weeks. The most remarkable changes were in the increase in the duration of the sleep and waking periods. The average longest sleep period for the first week was 4.4 hours and for the 29th week 11.7 hours. The frequency of wakeful periods dropped from an average of 7.5 in the first week to 4.2 in the 35th week. A diurnal sleep pattern is apparent in the Behavior Day Charts from the sixth week on and very definite after the 12th week. The sleep pattern noted in this case are essentially the same as reported in the literature cited. Essentially, all have noted predominantly a lenghthening of single sleep and wakeful periods with maturation in the first year, rather than a marked reduction in the total amount of sleeping time. Possible neurophysiological explanations for the changes in sleep patterns are discussed.
Photon Channelling in Foams

We report on the absorption of diffuse photons in aqueous foams by a dye added to the continuous liquid phase. For very wet and for dry foams, the absorption of the diffuse photons equals the absorption length of the liquid divided by the liquid volume fraction. This indicates that the diffuse photons propagate by a random walk, sampling each phase in proportion to its volume. Foams of intermediate wetness, by contrast, absorb photons more strongly than expected. A 2D computer simulation, modeling photons scattering in a foam crystal, also shows enhanced absorption. This encourages us to consider novel transport effects, such as the total internal reflection of photons inside the Plateau borders.
Exploring the mechanism of protein synthesis with modified substrates and novel intermediate mimics

Translation, the synthesis of proteins from individual amino acids based on genetic information, is a cornerstone biological process. During ribosomal protein synthesis, new peptide bonds form through aminolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA ester bond by the alpha-amino group of the A-site amino acid. The rate of this reaction is accelerated at least 10(7)-fold in the ribosome, but the catalytic mechanism has remained controversial. We have used a combination of synthetic chemistry, biochemical, and structural biology approaches to characterize the mechanism of the peptidyl transfer reaction and the configuration of the reaction's tetrahedral intermediate. Substitution of the P-site tRNA A76 2' OH with 2' H or 2' F results in at least a 10(6)-fold reduction in the rate of peptide bond formation, but does not affect binding of the modified substrates. This indicates that the 2'-OH is essential to the reaction through participation in substrate assisted catalysis. A series of novel mimics of the tetrahedral intermediate were examined to distinguish between possible regio- and stereoisomeric forms of the intermediate. The determination of these parameters has important implications for the configuration of the substrates and intermediate within the ribosomal active site, and thus which functional groups are properly positioned to play various roles in promoting the reaction. Our results contribute to an emerging model of the peptidyl transfer reaction in which the ribosomal active site positions the substrates in an orientation specifically designed to promote the reaction, wherein the A76 2'-OH serves as a proton shuttle to enable critical proton transfers in the formation of the final peptide product.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: chronic low-intensity interval exercise training preserves myocardial O2 balance and diastolic function.

We have previously reported chronic low-intensity interval exercise training attenuates fibrosis, impaired cardiac mitochondrial function, and coronary vascular dysfunction in miniature swine with ...