cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current attitudes and practices of obesity counselling by health care providers

Summary Introduction Relatively few patients receive obesity counselling consistent with the USPSTF guidelines, and many health care professionals (HCPs) are biased in their attitudes towards obesity management. Methods A national sample of family physicians, internists, OB/GYN physicians, and nurse practitioners (NPs) completed a web-based survey of beliefs, practice, and knowledge regarding obesity management. Results A majority of HCPs believe that it is both the patient’s and the provider’s responsibility to ensure that the patient is counselled about obesity. Obesity (77%), obesity-related diseases (79%), or obesity-related risk factors (71%) prompt HCPs to offer obesity counselling; 59% of HCPs wait for the patient to broach the subject of their weight. Increased blood pressure (89%) and heart disease risks (90%) are the most common themes in counselling. Across all HCPs except NPs “exercise” is discussed more frequently than “physical activity” (85% vs 81%), “diet” more frequently than “eating habits” (77% vs 75%), and “obesity” more frequently than “unhealthy weight” (60% vs 45%). NPs are more likely to discuss physical activity, eating habits, and unhealthy weight instead. To improve counselling for obesity, HCPs reported needing more time (70%), training in obesity management (53%), improved reimbursement (53%), and better tools to help patients recognise obesity risks (50%). Obesity-related diseases, risk factors, or obesity alone predict obesity counselling amongst HCPs. Conclusion Better training in weight management and tools to help patients recognise risks appear to be key elements in helping patients compare the risks of what they may consider invasive therapy against the risks of continued obesity.
Principles of Dynamic Dating in the Medical Legal Setting

This chapter utilizes the information in the first four chapters to focus on dating events that have occurred in the previous 2 weeks. In the first 2 weeks after an infarction or hemorrhage, the imaging appearance of the involved brain undergoes dynamic changes that allow a more delimited estimation of the probable time of occurrence.
Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised for Asian-American Bicultural Adults

ABSTRACTDifferentiation of self is the cornerstone of Bowen's (1978) theory, and is commonly assessed by the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSI-R; Skowron & Schmitt, 2003). To establish the cross-cultural validity of the theory and the DSI-R, the authors sampled 315 Asian-American bicultural adults. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the original four-factor solution did not provide an adequate fit to the current data. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis suggested a 34- item, three-factor model, and the new factor structure yielded strong reliability coefficients. Moreover, regression analyses demonstrated that increased levels of differentiation significantly correlated with fewer symptoms of generalized anxiety.
Diagnosis and Emergency Patch Generation for Integer Overflow Exploits

Integer overflow has become a common cause of software vulnerabilities, and significantly threatens system availability and security. Yet protecting commodity software from attacks against unknown or unpatched integer overflow vulnerabilities remains unaddressed. This paper presents SoupInt, a system that can diagnose exploited integer overflow vulnerabilities from captured attack instances and then automatically generate patches to fix the vulnerabilities. Specifically, given an attack instance, SoupInt first diagnoses whether it exploits integer overflow vulnerabilities through a dynamic data flow analysis based mechanism. To fix the exploited integer overflows, SoupInt generates patches and deploys them at existing, relevant validation check points inside the program. By leveraging existing error-handlers for programmer-anticipated errors to deal with the unanticipated integer overflows, these patches enable the program to survive future attacks that exploit the same integer overflows. We have implemented a SoupInt prototype that directly works on x86 binaries.We evaluated SoupInt with various input formats and a number of real world integer overflow vulnerabilities in commodity software, including Adobe Reader, Adobe Flash Player, etc. The results show that SoupInt can accurately locate the exploited integer overflow vulnerabilities and generate patches in minutes.
Flow‐Field Simulations and Hemolysis Estimates for the Food and Drug Administration Critical Path Initiative Centrifugal Blood Pump

The design of blood pumps for use in ventricular assist devices, which provide life-saving circulatory support in patients with heart failure, require remarkable precision and attention to detail to replicate the functionality of the native heart. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated a Critical Path Initiative to standardize and facilitate the use of computational fluid dynamics in the study and development of these devices. As a part of the study, a simplified centrifugal blood pump model generated by computer-aided design was released to universities and laboratories nationwide. The effects of changes in fluid rheology due to temperature, hematocrit, and turbulent flow on key metrics of the FDA pump were examined in depth using results from a finite volume-based commercial computational fluid dynamics code. Differences in blood damage indices obtained using Eulerian and Lagrangian formulations were considered. These results are presented and discussed awaiting future validation using experimental results, which will be released by the FDA at a future date.
Effect of fatty acid interaction on myoglobin oxygen affinity and triglyceride metabolism

Recent studies have suggested myoglobin (Mb) may have other cellular functions in addition to storing and transporting O2. Indeed, NMR experiments have shown that the saturated fatty acid (FA) palmitate (PA) can interact with myoglobin (Mb) in its ligated state (MbCO and MbCN) but does not interact with Mb in its deoxygenated state. The observation has led to the hypothesis that Mb can also serve as a fatty acid transporter. The present study further investigates fatty acid interaction with the physiological states of Mb using the more soluble but unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (OA). OA binds to MbCO but does not bind to deoxy Mb. OA binding to Mb, however, does not alter its O2 affinity. Without any Mb, muscle has a significantly lower level of triglyceride (TG). In Mb knock-out (MbKO) mice, both heart and skeletal muscles have lower level of TG relative to the control mice. Training further decreases the relative TG in the MbKO skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, the absence of Mb and lower TG level in muscle does not impair the MbKO mouse performance as evidenced by voluntary wheel running measurements. The results support the hypothesis of a complex physiological role for Mb, especially with respect to fatty acid metabolism.
Eyeglasses based wireless electrolyte and metabolite sensor platform

The demand for wearable sensors has grown rapidly in recent years, with increasing attention being given to epidermal chemical sensing. Here, we present the first example of a fully integrated eyeglasses wireless multiplexed chemical sensing platform capable of real-time monitoring of sweat electrolytes and metabolites. The new concept has been realized by integrating an amperometric lactate biosensor and a potentiometric potassium ion-selective electrode into the two nose-bridge pads of the glasses and interfacing them with a wireless electronic backbone placed on the glasses' arms. Simultaneous real-time monitoring of sweat lactate and potassium levels with no apparent cross-talk is demonstrated along with wireless signal transduction. The electrochemical sensors were screen-printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) stickers and placed on each side of the glasses' nose pads in order to monitor sweat metabolites and electrolytes. The electronic backbone on the arms of the glasses' frame offers control of the amperometric and potentiometric transducers and enables Bluetooth wireless data transmission to the host device. The new eyeglasses system offers an interchangeable-sensor feature in connection with a variety of different nose-bridge amperometric and potentiometric sensor stickers. For example, the lactate bridge-pad sensor was replaced with a glucose one to offer convenient monitoring of sweat glucose. Such a fully integrated wireless “Lab-on-a-Glass” multiplexed biosensor platform can be readily expanded for the simultaneous monitoring of additional sweat electrolytes and metabolites.
Regional immunotherapy for liver and peritoneal metastases

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a biologically aggressive disease, with liver and peritoneal metastases being a frequent cause of death. We examine how the pancreatic carcinoma microenvironment and immunosuppressive landscape favor tumor progression. Immunotherapy has shown promise in select solid tumors, yet challenges remain in applying these gains to stage IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We discuss how regional therapy strategies may be leveraged to open new avenues for treating pancreatic carcinoma metastases with immunotherapy.
Chemically Sumoylated Histone H4 Stimulates Intranucleosomal Demethylation by the LSD1–CoREST Complex

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) downregulates eukaryotic gene activity by demethylating mono- and dimethylated Lys4 in histone H3. Elucidating the biochemical crosstalk of LSD1 with histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) is essential for developing LSD1-targeted therapeutics in human cancers. We interrogated the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-driven regulation of LSD1 activity with semisynthetic nucleosomes containing site-specifically methylated and sumoylated histones. We discovered that nucleosomes containing sumoylated histone H4 (suH4), a modification associated with gene repression, stimulate LSD1 activity by a mechanism dependent upon the SUMO-interaction motif in CoREST. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of suH4 was spatially limited and did not extend to the demethylation of adjacent nonsumoylated nucleosomes. Thus, we have identified histone modification by SUMO as the first PTM that stimulates intranucleosomal demethylation by the developmentally critical LSD1–CoREST complex.
Characterization of the Hydrothermal Corrosion Behavior of Ceramics for Accident Tolerant Fuel Cladding

Accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) is an increasingly important research topic for the nuclear industry, and ceramics such as SiC are strong contenders for deployment as ATF cladding. The hydrothermal corrosion characteristics of SiC and Al2O3 were investigated via constantly-refreshing autoclave corrosion and post exposure characterization. Four different types of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC specimens were examined (two with high electrical resistance, one with low electrical resistance, and a single crystal 4H structural variant). Al2O3 specimens were prepared in single crystal and polycrystalline states. PWR primary water, BWR–HWC, and BWR–NWC environments were maintained throughout the experiments. Characterization conducted using SEM and EDS was used to determine factors affecting corrosion rates and susceptibility to grain boundary attack in each water chemistry condition. Raman spectroscopy was also used to determine chemical variation of the surface with corrosion. Grain boundary attack was found to be significant for both alumina and SiC polycrystalline variants.
Sharing genetic admixture and diversity of public biomedical datasets

Genetic ancestry and admixture are critical co-factors to study phenotype-genotype associations using cohorts of human subjects. Most publically available molecular datasets - genomes, exomes or transcriptomes - are however missing this information or only share self-reported ancestry. This represents a limitation to identify and re-purpose datasets to investigate the contribution of race and ethnicity to diseases and traits. We propose an analytical framework to enrich the meta-data from publically available cohorts with admixture information and a resulting diversity score at continental resolution, calculated directly from the data. We illustrate the utility and versatility of the framework using The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets indexed and searched through the DataMed Data Discovery Index. Data repositories or data contributors can use this framework to provide, as metadata, admixture for controlled access datasets, minimizing the work involved in requesting a dataset that may ultimately prove inadequate for a researcher9s purpose. With the increasingly global scale of human genetics research, research on disease risk and susceptibility would benefit greatly from the adequate estimation and sharing of admixture data following a framework such as the one presented.
Parenting stress and DNA methylation among African Americans in the InterGEN Study.

Introduction General life stress has been associated with altered DNA methylation in individuals of African Ancestry, although the relationship between parenting stress and DNA methylation has not been described. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal parenting stress and DNA methylation among African Ancestry mother-child dyads. Methods We evaluated epigenome-wide DNA methylation relative to parenting stress in 74 mother-child dyads using linear mixed models. Results Significant variation in maternal DNA methylation at 95 CpG sites was associated with level of parenting stress. Notably, we identified a change in DNA methylation associated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, which plays a key role in stress signaling. We did not identify any significant variation in child DNA methylation related to maternal parenting stress. Conclusions However, DNA methylation patterns observed in children mirrored patterns observed in their mothers. The results suggest that differential maternal DNA methylation is associated with higher levels of parenting stress.
EZLearn: Exploiting Organic Supervision in Automated Data Annotation

Many real-world applications require automated data annotation, such as identifying tissue origins based on gene expressions and classifying images into semantic categories. Annotation classes are often numerous and subject to changes over time, and annotating examples has become the major bottleneck for supervised learning methods. In science and other high-value domains, large repositories of data samples are often available, together with two sources of organic supervision: a lexicon for the annotation classes, and text descriptions that accompany some data samples. Distant supervision has emerged as a promising paradigm for exploiting such indirect supervision by automatically annotating examples where the text description contains a class mention in the lexicon. However, due to linguistic variations and ambiguities, such training data is inherently noisy, which limits the accuracy in this approach. In this paper, we introduce an auxiliary natural language processing system for the text modality, and incorporate co-training to reduce noise and augment signal in distant supervision. Without using any manually labeled data, our EZLearn system learned to accurately annotate data samples in functional genomics and scientific figure comprehension, substantially outperforming state-of-the-art supervised methods trained on tens of thousands of annotated examples.
Lectins and Plant-Herbivore Interactions

When an animal takes a bite out of a plant, it is gustatorily and digestively treading on a battlefield implanted and strewn with traits generated by natural selection during millions of years of acts of herbivory. The glycoproteins called lectins are heterogeneous in kind, place and density in this battlefield. How animals respond to this pattern and its parts suggest that lectins may be more than simply one more of nature’s many kinds of glue. They are quite unfortunately called “lectins” since it is their sticky nature that is the basis of their biological function; while they are specific in their attachment to certain sugars, the fact that the same sugars can occur on the surface of many different kinds of cells makes them in fact highly variable in the specificity of their stickiness at the cellular level of organization (which surely is the level of concern when one calls them “lectins”).
Unsteady Wake Alignment for Propellers in Nonaxisymmetric Flows

A low-order boundary element method is applied to predict the trailing wake geometries shedding from hydrofoil and marine propellers in steady and unsteady flows, as well as the vortex motions of the classical lifting line problem with elliptic loading distribution. In order to prevent the numerical instability near the vortex roll-up region, a tip vortex with finite core size is introduced at the end of the vortex line (or at the tip of the wake sheet in the case of a three-dimensional problem), and the induced velocities are evaluated at the displaced control points instead of the actual control points on the vortex (or wake) panels. Green's integral equation with boundary conditions is formulated based on the perturbation potential and solved for the potentials on the lifting bodies and the tip vortex surface. The three-component velocities on the tip vortex surface are computed by numerically differentiating the solution potentials, and the induced velocities on the wake surface are directly determined from the integral equation derived from analytical differentiation of Green's integral equation. The new geometries of the vortex line or the trailing wake as well as the location of the tip vortex core center are then determined by aligning them to the flow so that the force-free condition is satisfied on the wake. The method is applied for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional problems, and validated with experiments and other numerical methods in terms of tip vortex trajectory and blade forces.
Probing the nucleation, growth, and evolution of hydrogen nanobubbles at single catalytic sites

Abstract We present measurements of the nucleation, growth and evolution of single hydrogen nanobubbles containing zeptomoles of molecular hydrogen and likely originating from a single catalytic site. These bubbles are measured using nanoscale platinum and gold meniscus-contacted electrodes, whose picoliter volumes facilitate rapid supersaturation and evolution of bubbles. Observed periodic current transients were utilized to understand the nucleation, growth, coalescence, and evolution of single nanobubbles at different overpotentials and pHs. This provides a novel platform to understand factors governing bubble nucleation and evolution. These measurements offer exciting possibilities to connect experiments with computational models in important energy applications.
Prokaryotic coding regions have little if any specific depletion of Shine-Dalgarno motifs.

The Shine-Dalgarno motif occurs in front of prokaryotic start codons, and is complementary to the 3’ end of the 16S ribosomal RNA. Hybridization between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the anti-Shine-Dalgarno region of the16S rRNA (CCUCCU) directs the ribosome to the start AUG of the mRNA for translation. Shine-Dalgarno-like motifs (AGGAGG in E. coli) are depleted from open reading frames of most prokaryotes. This may be because hybridization of the 16S rRNA at Shine-Dalgarnos inside genes would slow translation or induce internal initiation. However, we analyzed 128 species from diverse phyla where the 16S rRNA gene(s) lack the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, and so the 16S rRNA is incapable of interacting with Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences. Despite this lack of an anti-Shine-Dalgarno, half of these species still displayed depletion of Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences when analyzed by previous methods. Depletion of the same G-rich sequences was seen by these methods even in eukaryotes, which do not use the Shine-Dalgarno mechanism. We suggest previous methods are partly detecting a non-specific depletion of G-rich sequences. Alternative informatics approaches show that most prokaryotes have only slight, if any, specific depletion of Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences from open reading frames. Together with recent evidence that ribosomes do not pause at ORF-internal Shine-Dalgarno motifs, these results suggest the presence of ORF-internal Shine-Dalgarno-like motifs may be inconsequential, perhaps because internal regions of prokaryotic mRNAs may be structurally “shielded” from translation initiation.
Knowledge Pays: Reversing Information Flows & The Future of Pay Equity

After years of stagnation, pay equity law is gaining spectacular momentum. In the past three years, over a dozen states have passed important new legislation with numerous other bills pending before the federal, state, and local legislatures and a rising number of class actions underway. This article, the first to study the emerging ecology of pay equity law, argues that the underlying logic of these reforms is to structurally change the ways in which salaries are negotiated, determined, and, subsequently, detected and contested. Moreover, a central innovation of the new laws is to reverse information flows in the wage market. Efforts to eradicate wage discrimination have failed in large part because of information asymmetries and difficulties in identifying and proving discrimination. The new path of pay equity is to correct knowledge disparities in three key ways: 1) inducing more information about salaries, including protecting the exchange of information among employees; 2) reducing information that reflects existing biases by preventing employers from relying on, or even asking about, salary histories of new hires; and 3) requiring broader explanatory information from employers about pay disparities by broadening the comparisons from “equal” work to “substantially similar” or “comparable” work, shifting the burden to employers to produce reasons for disparities that exist in their salary structures. The article explains how these developments move beyond the substantive prohibition of pay discrimination to focus on process, with the potential to shift discrimination policy from the litigation framework of traditional discrimination law to a governance approach that encourages dynamic, ongoing, and proactive efforts by private organizations and stakeholders. The significance of these reforms is dramatic because the new laws alter and shape the numbers and signals that circulate in the job market, including both intra- and inter-firm speech. Still, the article argues that the reforms are piecemeal, primarily at the state level, they are heavily contested, and some of the most promising initiatives for systematic wage transparency have been halted.
"I Don't Want to Be a Historian! I Just Want to Be a History Teacher!": A West Texas Historical Methods Odyssey

Undergraduate history majors are often overwhelmed by the discipline’s research and writing expectations. Most history departments require only one or perhaps two courses in historical methods. In response to the alarming erosion of student writing and critical thinking skills brought about by years of standardized tests, the history faculty at West Texas A&M University has created a three-course historical methods sequence to teach students the research, writing, and interpretive skills they need to succeed. In this article, three WTAMU history professors discuss how these courses and their own teaching philosophies have evolved over two decades of teaching history in an increasingly ahistorical world.
Commitment: Predicting Persistence for Low-SES Students:

Students with low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to leave college without a degree than students with high SES, although there are fewer low-SES students who persist to graduation. The ...
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Renal Function Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study on Its Relationship From 1999 to 2016

There is growing evidence that links nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with impairment of renal function. As such, we aimed to demonstrate the trend of NAFLD, NAFLD with renal insufficiency (RI), disease awareness, and mortality over time. Patient data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2016. A total of 14,255 adult study participants without competing liver disease or heavy drinking and with complete laboratory data were included. NAFLD was defined using the U.S. Fatty Liver Index (USFLI) and RI was defined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and urine albumin:creatinine ratio. Death data were obtained from the National Death Index (up to December 31, 2015). Prevalence of NAFLD in participants was 31.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.01-32.46); of these participants, 22.05% (95% CI, 20.34-23.85) had RI. From 1999 to 2016, prevalence of both NAFLD without RI (P = 0.048) and NAFLD-RI (P = 0.006) increased significantly. Among those with NAFLD-RI, awareness of kidney disease was 8.56% (95% CI, 6.69-10.89), while awareness of liver disease among all NAFLD was 4.49% (95% CI, 3.17-6.33). Among those with NAFLD, mortality incidence per 1,000 person years was highest among those with severe RI in all-cause mortality (104.4; 95% CI, 83.65-130.39) and other residual causes of mortality (mean, 50.88; 95% CI, 37.02-69.93). Conclusion: Prevalence of NAFLD and NAFLD-RI has increased over the past 2 decades in the United States. Low kidney disease and liver disease awareness are major public health issues as those with NAFLD-RI have significantly higher mortality than those with only NAFLD.
A novel, efficient 3D-printing based manufacturing process for custom ocular prostheses

Ocular prostheses are part of a substantial global market for ocular implants. However, demand for custom ocular prostheses (COPs) can outpace supply at clinics due to the slow pace of prosthesis manufacturing and limited supply of ocularists, particularly in emerging markets such as India. Existing manufacturing methods for COPs involve multiple stages of casting and molds with limited quality control, resulting in time-intensive trial and error with patients to achieve a comfortable fit. Through collaboration with the LV Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) in India, the authors improved manufacturing process efficiency for COPs and without significantly increasing cost or decreasing customizability. A time study of the current process showed that no single step was a dominant contributor to process time, necessitating a holistic change to the manufacturing process. The modified process uses dip coating of a 3D printed internal body made from a scanned impression. Based on a timed experimental trial, the modified process has a projected daily COP production rate increase of 100% compared to the existing process. A study of produced COP quality showed accumulated error of critical dimensions within reasonable limits, with the greatest error being less than 65% of maximum acceptable error.Note: no experiments on human or animal subjects were carried out in the writing of this paper.
Grouping Neuronal Spiking Patterns in the Subthalamic Nucleus of Parkinsonian Patients

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a commonly used target in deep brain stimulation (DBS) to control the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Identification of the spiking patterns in the STN is important in order to understand the neuropathophysiology of PD and can also assist in electrophysiological mapping of the structure. This study aims to provide a tool for grouping these firing patterns based on several extracted features from the spiking data. Single neuronal activity from the STN of PD subjects was detected and sorted to compute the binary spike trains. Several features including loca variation, bursting index and the prominence of the peak frequency of the power spectrum were extracted. Clustering of spike train segments was performed based on combination of features in 3D space to scrutinize how well they describe different firing regimes. The results show that this approach could be used to automate the grouping of stereotypic firing patterns in STN.
Evaluating the cytocompatibility and differentiation of bone progenitors on electrospun zein scaffolds

Bone fractures often result in complications that require surgical intervention to promote fracture healing. Tissue engineering seeks to alleviate the need for autologous bone grafting by utilizing scaffolds that can promote bone fracture healing. Plant-derived materials are desirable biomaterials because of their biodegradability, availability, and low immunogenicity. Among various plant-derived proteins, zein, which is a corn protein, has shown promise for bone repair. However, when processed, zein is often blended with synthetic materials to improve mechanical properties and overall hydrolytic stability. In this study, pure zein was electrospun to create fibrous scaffolds and cross-linked with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether to improve hydrolytic stability. Scaffolds were characterized and evaluated in vitro for promoting the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, which are bone progenitor cells. Cross-linked zein scaffolds retained their uniform fiber morphologies after hydration. MC3T3-E1 cells grew and differentiated on the zein scaffolds even in the absence of induction factors, as demonstrated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and early upregulation of Runx2 gene expression, a transcription factor associated with osteoblast differentiation. These studies demonstrate that stable, zein fibrous scaffolds could have potential for use in bone repair applications.
An Update on Existing and Emerging Data for Meropenem-Vaborbactam.

Abstract Purpose The search for new agents to treat multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections has been ongoing. Specifically, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections often exhibit multiple resistance mechanisms, including alterations in drug structure, bacterial efflux pumps, and drug permeability. Vaborbactam, a cyclic boronic acid pharmacophore, has the highest potency in vitro with meropenem as an inhibitor of class A carbapenemases, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). This combination product was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) in August 2017, and recent Phase III trial data have expanded the literature available. This article aimed to describe the literature regarding spectrum of activity, dosing and administration, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties, safety profile, and efficacy end points. Methods The terms meropenem, vaborbactam, RPX7009, and meropenem-vaborbactam were used to search for literature via PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov , and published abstracts from 2013 to July 2019. Abstracts from IDWeek 2019 were also searched via these terms. Results were limited to availability in English. Findings Meropenem-vaborbactam covers a spectrum of gram-negative bacterial pathogens, including K pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae complex. Although the addition of vaborbactam to meropenem results in MIC lowering for KPC-positive Enterobacteriaceae, in vitro data reveal limited activity against resistant strains of Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Data from 2 Phase III studies compare the drug with available therapies for the following indications: cUTIs, acute pyelonephritis, hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired bacterial pneumonia, bacteremia, and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Outcomes include an improvement in clinical success when compared with piperacillin-tazobactam (98.4% vs 94%; 95% CI, 0.7%–9.1%; P Implications Currently, meropenem-vaborbactam is approved for treatment of cUTIs and acute pyelonephritis; however, off-label use, in particular for CRE infections, appears beneficial. Clinical trials to date have found an improvement in clinical cure and potentially an improved tolerability compared with standard therapies. Most of the evidence for meropenem-vaborbactam activity and the role in therapy focuses on KPC-producing organisms; however, because in vitro activity has been found with some non–KPC-producing CRE, its role may be further described from upcoming in vivo cases and postmarketing research.
Design Heuristics to Support Cohesion within Online Collaborative Learning Groups

This paper presents heuristics for designing online, different time and place, collaborative learning environments to foster feelings of cohesion in a small group. Without cohesion, the basis for collaboration is limited: some degree of cohesion in the group is necessary for a productive collaboration. The heuristics are developed from the literature on collaborative learning and cohesion. The paper presents three iterations of custom-built learning technology that follows the design-based research (DBR) methodology. DBR aims to bridge the gap between education research and practice, allowing researchers to observe social interaction in naturalistic settings. Each iteration of the technology represents a different configuration of applying the heuristics. By exploring the heuristics through these applications, one can further develop the theory behind how cohesion emerges for online learning groups.
Comparative economic analysis of strategies for Japanese encephalitis vaccination of U.S. travelers.

BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the leading vaccine-preventable cause of encephalitis in Asia. For most travelers, JE risk is very low but varies based on several factors, including travel duration, location, and activities. To aid public health officials, health care providers, and travelers evaluate the worth of administering/ receiving pre-travel JE vaccinations, we estimated the numbers-needed-to-treat to prevent a case and the cost-effectiveness ratios of JE vaccination for U.S. travelers in different risk categories. METHODS We used a decision tree model to estimate cost per case averted from a societal and traveler perspective for hypothetical cohorts of vaccinated and unvaccinated travelers. Risk Category I included travelers planning to spend ≥1 month in JE-endemic areas, Risk Category II were shorter-term (<1 month) travelers spending ≥20% of their time doing outdoor activities in rural areas, and Risk Category III were all remaining travelers. We performed sensitivity analyses including examining changes in cost-effectiveness with 10- and 100-fold increases in incidence and medical treatment costs. RESULTS The numbers-needed-to-treat to prevent a case and cost per case averted were approximately 0.7 million and $0.6 billion for Risk Category I, 1.6 million and $1.2 billion for Risk Category II, and 9.8 million and $7.6 billion for Risk Category III. Increases of 10-fold and 100-fold in disease incidence proportionately decreased cost-effectiveness ratios. Similar levels of increases in medical treatment costs resulted in negligible changes in cost-effectiveness ratios. CONCLUSION Numbers-needed-to-treat and cost-effectiveness ratios associated with preventing JE cases in U.S. travelers by vaccination varied greatly by risk category and disease incidence. While cost effectiveness ratios are not the sole rationale for decision-making regarding JE vaccination, the results presented here can aid in making such decisions under very different risk and cost scenarios.
Infertility influencers: an analysis of information and influence in the fertility webspace.

To examine fertility-related social media accounts and influencers on two social media platforms. The search function of Twitter (TW) and Instagram (IG) was used to generate a list of accounts with the terms: fertility, infertility, ttc, egg freezing, ivf, endometriosis, and reproductive. Accounts not in English, in private, with no posts in > 1 year, or with content unrelated to search terms were excluded. Accounts were assessed for author type; REI board certification (REI-BC); influencer (INF) status (> 10 K followers on IG; verified check mark on TW); account demographics; and content in last 5 posts. Statistical analysis included unpaired t tests, a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, and stepwise multiple logistic regression. Seven hundred ten accounts were identified and 537 (278 TW, 259 IG) were included. Account types included societies, clinics, physicians, patients, groups, and “other.” Instagram content (1290 posts reviewed) was primarily personal stories (31.7%) or inspiration/support (23.7%). Twitter content (1390 posts reviewed) was mostly promotion (28.2%) and research/education (20.2%). Thirty-nine accounts (12.5%) were influencers. Fertility influencers were most often awareness/support accounts (59.8% TW, 25.0% IG), patients (12.8% TW, 25% IG), or other (17.9% TW, 21.0% IG). Only 7.7% TW and 7.1% IG INFs were board-certified REI physicians. The best predictor for classification as an influencer was high activity (> 50 posts/month TW, > 10 posts/month IG). As patients increasingly utilize social media to obtain and engage with health information, it is critical to understand the fertility-related SM landscape. This understanding may help to successfully enhance relationships with patients and ensure dissemination of accurate information.
Sonographic evaluation of the association between calcific tendinopathy and rotator cuff tear: a case-controlled comparison

To compare the incidence of rotator cuff (RC) tears on shoulder ultrasounds of patients with RC calcific tendinopathy (CaT) to that of a control group without CaT. In this retrospective case-control study, 50 shoulder ultrasounds of patients with CaT were compared independently by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists to 50 patients from a control group without CaT to catalog the number and type of RC tears. RC tears in the CaT group were further characterized based on location, into tears in the specific tendon(s) containing calcium versus all tendon tears. RC tears were diagnosed in 38% (19/50) of the control group (16 full-thickness) as compared to 22% (11/50) with CaT (6 full-thickness). The fewer full-thickness tears in the CaT group (12%, 6 of 50) compared to that in the control group (32%, 16 of 50) was statistically significant (P = 0.016, odds ratio 0.29). Only 7 of the 11 tears in the CaT group were in a calcium-containing tendon (3 full-thickness). The fewer calcium-containing tendon tears compared to tears in the control group was also statistically significant (P = 0.006, odds ratio 0.27). Furthermore, the fewer full-thickness calcium-containing tendon tears (6%, 3/50) compared to full-thickness tears in the control group (32%, 16/50) were yet more statistically significant (P = 0.001, odds ratio 0.14). In patients with shoulder pain and CaT, we observed a decreased number of RC tears and especially calcium-containing tendon tears, as compared to similar demographic patients with shoulder pain but without CaT.
Symposium Introduction—Legal Responses to Violent Crime: Does Research Support Alternatives to Long-Term Incarceration?

This brief essay introduces and provides an overview of a symposium issue of the Marquette Law Review regarding the assessment and management of violent recidivism risk.
The Causal Effect of Holidays on Growth

Public holidays are regulations that directly reduce workers’ labor supply, shutting down part of the economy. These popular policies have valuable benefits, but also have opportunity costs from foregone market economic activity and tax revenues. A pervasive challenge to measure these costs is that a country’s holidays are endogenous to income and preferences. Also, public holidays increase demand for subcategories of GDP, with an ambiguous magnitude on the whole economy. This paper presents a global panel of national holidays (2000-2019) for over 200 countries. Beyond long-run trends, it introduces a novel ”high frequency” identification coming from public holidays falling on a weekend. For many countries that do not replace these ”lost holidays”, this mechanism transitory increases working days for a year, in a way that is arguably orthogonal to other determinants of growth. We find an hours-worked elasticity of GDP around 0.25-0.50; so an extra holiday would be 50-75% cheaper than what a proportional effect may predict. As expected, the effect is stronger in activities that are more likely to be interrupted by these holidays, like industry and manufacturing. In contrast, we find no effect on broad activities that are likely to continue (mining, agriculture). It is reassuring that these ”high frequency” holidays are also related to fewer work-related accidents and to more short-run happiness. We also find that tax revenues and expenditures have some exposure to holidays.
Tasks and tests for assessing artificial intelligence and robotics in comparison with humans

This chapter reflects on major issues recounted in the previous chapters, raising three key questions relevant to the Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Skills project. What is the value in identifying ideal models when comparing humans with artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic systems? How might systematic mapping occur between skill taxonomies, tasks, tests and functional AI components? How can major differences be handled in targeted skills, different occupations and changes in the world? Some suggestions are offered on next steps in addressing these questions.
Judaism and the doctrine of creation

The topic of this book is 'creation'. It breaks down into discussions of two distinct, but interrelated, questions: what does the universe look like, and what is its origin? The opinions about creation considered by Norbert Samuelson come from the Hebrew scriptures, Greek philosophy, Jewish philosophy and contemporary physics. His perspective is Jewish, liberal and philosophical. It is 'Jewish' because the foundation of the discussion is biblical texts interpreted in the light of traditional rabbinic texts. It is 'philosophical' because the subject matter is important in both past and present philosophical texts, and to Jewish philosophy in particular. Finally, it is 'liberal' because the authorities consulted include heterodox as well as orthodox Jewish sources. The ensuing discussion leads to original conclusions about a diversity of topics, including the limits of human reason and religious faith, and the relevance of scientific models to religious doctrine.
The New Realism and Lawlessness in Kaleidoscope

When Harold Laski writes on the topic of Mr. Justice Holmes he draws upon nearly a lifetime of correspondence between them, a correspondence in which they critically shared and compared some of the leading and the emergent ideas of their time, including the theory of signs and the pragmatic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce. It is from the writings of the patriarchs of pragmatism -- Peirce, James, Dewey -- that Holmes drew his major insights for the movement in Legal Realism of which he is the acclaimed founder, I claim. The Legal Realism which directly followed Holmes, mainly through the work of Garland, Frank, Llewellyn and others of that period, was not a unified movement; rather, it shared certain tenets which, in spite of the diversity of views among its spokesmen, can be thought of as a cohesive “school” or movement in American law.
Infant Visual Preferences: A Review and New Theoretical Treatment

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the reason that determines infants' visual preferences at different ages and proposes a quantitative model of preferences based on linear systems techniques and test it against data from several well-known preference experiments. The model's predictions agree quite well with observed preferences for a variety of stimuli. The success of this model implies that infants' visual preferences are governed simply by a tendency to look at highly visible patterns. This account of early preferential looking is thus consonant with the understanding of how the growth of basic sensory mechanisms affects visual perception during the first months of life. Linear systems analysis is based on Fourier's theorem. This powerful theorem implies that any two-dimensional, time-invariant visual stimulus can be exactly described by combining a set of more basic stimuli. These basic stimuli are sine wave gratings. A sine wave grating is a pattern of light and dark stripes whose intensity varies sinusoidally with position. Sine wave gratings are specified by four parameters—spatial frequency, orientation, phase, and contrast. Fourier's theorem implies then that even a complex, two-dimensional visual stimulus, such as the picture of a face, can be described exactly by the combination of a set of gratings of various frequencies, orientations, phases, and contrasts.
Aggressive Weak Form Remedies

This response to Brian Ray’s lead article, Evictions, Avoidance, and the Aspirational Impulse, is forthcoming in the Constitutional Court Review of South Africa. Ray argues that some of the recent jurisprudence of the South African Court shows how the Court’s remedies for socioeconomic rights violations can be ratcheted up in realistic ways without simply collapsing into judicial supremacy. I generalize Ray’s point by arguing that what is called “weak-form” or “dialogic” review leaves much more room for judicial aggressiveness than is generally assumed, and need not call for an across-the-board judicial weakness or deference. In the socioeconomic rights context, the democratic legitimacy and technical capacity arguments in favor of weak-form review require that political actors and not courts design the details of policy. Aggressive judicial action aimed at incentivizing political actors to take action on dormant constitutional norms – instead of setting policy directly by judicial fiat – is broadly consistent with the goals of the model. Drawing off of comparative evidence from Colombia, I also point out two models by which courts can use ratcheted-up forms of review to incentivize political action, without having their work collapse into strong-form review. In the first model, courts set malleable default rules in a policy area in order to spur political action, while in the second, courts monitor short-term and medium-term compliance with a set of discrete policy goals in order to cajole bureaucracies into carrying out constitutional mandates. While political contexts constrain the possibilities for judicial action, cross-country work is valuable in suggesting pathways by which “weak-form” courts like the South African Constitutional Court can increase the bite of their enforcement strategies in significant ways without a fundamental change in judicial role.