cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immature Developmental Requirements and Factors Influencing Spring Emergence of Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Caneberries∼ Rubus spp., in the Pacific Northwest

Rate of development for larvae and pupae of orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald), reared on artificial diet medium under field conditions varied significantly between winter/spring and summer experiments. Mean developmental requirements for male and female larvae and pupae were 481, 531, 178, and 168 degree-days (DD50°C), respectively. In laboratory experiments, nitrogen content of various food sources significantly influenced survivorship and developmental rates of larvae. Estimated emergence of adults from several field sites in Oregon and Washington in 1983, 1984, and 1985 occurred 300–700 DD from 1 January. The 50% cumulative emergence ranged from 470 to 500 DD for males and from 520 to 560 DD for females. Cumulative emergence of an overwintering population heavily parasitized by the braconid Apanteles aristoteliae Viereck, was accelerated ca. 75 DD in 1983. Two peaks in weekly catch in pheromone traps occurred in caneberry fields with overwintering populations. The first coincided with peak male emergence; the second occurred after 750 DD and varied in magnitude relative to the first peak. In fields not harboring an overwintering population, catch reached a maximum during the second peak-time period, suggesting that immigration of males into these sites was influencing catch.
Columbia University Assessment of Disability in Essential Tremor (CADET): methodological issues in essential tremor research

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, affecting between 0.4 and 3.9% of the population. As there have been few studies of the functional impact of ET, knowledge of this area is limited. One study relied on subjective reports of tremor severity while a second focused on issues relating to treatment. Knowledge about the functional impact of ET is important for the valid assessment of efficacy in therapeutic trials as well as the diagnosis of ET in genetic and epidemiological studies. In order to examine the issue of functional disability in ET in greater detail, we designed the Columbia University Assessment of Disability in Essential Tremor (CADET). The critical elements of the study design have not been consistently applied to ET research to date. We describe this novel study.
Role of bristle-coated membrane in the uptake of ferritin by rat macrophages☆

Abstract The distribution of horse ferritin in rat peritoneal macrophages was studied by electron microscopy. In the first few minutes after exposure of the cells to ferritin either in vivo or in vitro, the protein is found in invaginations of the surface membrane not yet isolated from the external medium. These caveolae are characterized by the presence of a prominent bristle coat on their cytoplasmic aspect and a less distinct fuzzy coat on the surface exposed to the exterior of the cell. At later stages ferritin is found in bristle-coated vesicles and later in larger smooth-surfaced vacuoles. Counts of bristle-coated membrane sites before and after exposure to ferritin suggest that ferritin is selectively bound to preformed patches of bristle-coated surface membrane which subsequently invaginate to form the coated vesicles. The question of possible induction of such sites by the presence of ferritin is raised but cannot be settled by the available data.
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography Accurately Predicts the Presence or Absence of Choledocholithiasis

Accurate common bile duct (CBD) imaging in patients with biliary calculi is an important determinant of specific therapy. Noninvasive methods to evaluate calculi in the CBD have limited accuracy and rely mainly on ultrasonography and computed tomography. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a new noninvasive modality available to evaluate the biliary system. This study was undertaken to assess the accuracy of MRCP in predicting the presence or absence of CBD stones in patients at increased risk for choledocholithiasis. The medical records of 48 patients with a final diagnosis of biliary calculous disease undergoing MRCP between November 1995 and April 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. Three groups were identified: choledocholithiasis (n = 19), gallstone pancreatitis (n = 11), and uncomplicated cholelithiasis (n = 18). In all patients the presence or absence of CBD calculi, as determined by MRCP, was correlated with the final diagnosis obtained from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n = 19), intraoperative cholangiography (n = 6), CBD exploration (n = 13), or clinical follow-up (n = 10). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP were determined. The major clinical indications for MRCP in the 48 patients ware abnormal liver function tests followed by hyperamylasemia. Twenty patients were diagnosed with CBD stones and 28 were not. MRCP correctly predicted the presence of CBD stones in 19 of 20 patients and failed to detect CBD stones in one patient with gallstone pancreatitis. MRCP incorrectly predicted the presence of CBD stones in 3 of 28 patients ultimately found to have gallstones and no CBD stones. MRCP correctly predicted the absence of CBD stones in the other 25 patients including 10 patients with gallstone pancreatitis. Overall, MRCP had a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 89%, and an accuracy of 92%. MRCP is an accurate, noninvasive test for evaluating the CBD duct for the presence or absence of calculi in patients suspected of having CBD stones. Our data support the use of MRCP in the preoperative evaluation of these patients as findings may influence therapeutic decisions.
New design methods for FIR filters with equiripple stopbands and prescribed degrees of passband flatness

A technique is presented for designing linear-phase digital FIR filters, with a prescribed degree of flatness in the passband, and a prescribed (equiripple) attenuation in the stopband. The design is based entirely on appropriate use of the McClellan-Parks algorithm along with certain maximally flat building blocks.
Effect of serum on vascular smooth muscle function.

Abstract Serum contains many biologically active factors influencing cell growth and is commonly used as a culture medium supplement. It has not generally been appreciated that serum can affect vascular tone. We have observed that the contractile response of aortic rings previously exposed to 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 24 hours and then stimulated with phenylephrine (0.01-1μM) or angiotensin II (1μM) is significantly diminished compared to 1) rings incubated in FBS for only 6 hours, 2) aortic rings previously incubated in 1% FBS or 3) aortic rings incubated in 10% bovine serum albumin for 24 hours. A similar attenuated response was also seen when the vascular aortic rings were incubated in heat inactivated adult bovine serum. To test whether prostaglandins might be induced by factors contained in serum and account for the diminished stimulated contractile response, rings were incubated for 24 hours in media containing 10% FBS with either indomethacin 10μM, corticosterone 100nM or 11-dehydrocorticosterone 100nM. These agents are known to affect prostaglandin synthesis. Contractile responses were then measured accordingly. In each series, the previously attenuated contractile response to phenylephrine and to angiotensin II was fully restored with prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. Thus, factors contained in serum are capable of blunting the stimulated contractile response of rat aortic vessels. These serum factors appear to act by inducing prostaglandin synthesis in vascular tissue.
Experimental Study on Viscosity and Phase Segregation of Al–Si Powders in Microsemisolid Powder Forming

Semisolid powder forming is a promising approach for near-net shape forming of features in macro-/microscale. In this paper, viscosity and phase segregation behavior of Al–Si powders in the semisolid state were studied with back extrusion experiments. The effects of process parameters including shear rate, extrusion ratio, heating time, and precompaction pressure were analyzed using the design of experiments method. The results showed that the effects of shear rate, extrusion, ratio and heating time were statistically significant factors influencing the viscosity. The semisolid state powders showed a shear thinning behavior. Moreover, microstructure analysis of extruded parts indicated severe phase segregation during the forming process. As the extrusion opening became small 400 m, the phase segregation increased. This study expanded the semisolid processing technology by exploring the use of powdered materials instead of typical bulk materials for applications in micro-/mesomanufacturing. Replacing bulk materials with powdered materials may add a new dimension to the technique by allowing tailoring of material properties. DOI: 10.1115/1.4000636
Evidence for the hepatic origin of a major azo dye metabolite-binding protein from rat bile

Abstract Small amounts of metabolite-binding protein (MBP) originally characterized from the bile were detected in rat serum and cytosol by an indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay. The site of MBP synthesis was shown to be the liver based upon results of (1) the in vitro translation of liver poly(A) + mRNA, followed by immunoprecipitation with anti-MBP sera and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of the immunoprecipitate, and (2) immunoprecipitation of bile collected from [ 3 H]leucine perfused liver in situ and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of the immunoprecipitate. To determine whether part of the MBP in bile is derived from the circulation, [ 125 I]MBP was injected intravenously and bile was collected and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Intact [ 125 ]MBP was not detected in bile even though several other iodinated bile proteins were taken up by the liver from the circulation and secreted intact into the bile under similar experimental conditions. These data indicate that MBP is synthesized in the liver and secreted into the bile and circulation independently. In addition, MBP was not found in brain, spleen or kidneys.
On the role of widespread subsurface convection in bringing liquid water close to Mars' surface

[1] We report on the results of three-dimensional calculations of thermohydrologic behavior on a planet with a frozen surface heated from below for ranges of model parameters relevant to Mars. Our results indicate that adopting a more realistic model (i.e., three-dimensional convective view in contrast to a one-dimensional static view) of the Martian subsurface significantly changes the possibilities with respect to the depth at which liquid water might exist on Mars. These calculations suggest that hydrothermal convection may occur in the Martian regolith, driven solely by background geothermal heating, and that the sustained upwelling of warm convecting fluids may significantly thin the permafrost ice layer on Mars at some locations, to as thin as 300 m for certain parameter choices.
A Research Prototype of an Inkbraille Reading Aid

A real-time microprocessor based information processing system to translate ink images of the braille code is described. This direct translation reading aid presents a tactile facsmile of the braille code to the reader's finger via a mechanical piezoelectrically activated display. This device will allow the reader to scan printed braille, called inkbraille, with one hand.
Western model, Eastern context: Cultural adaptations of family interventions for patients with schizophrenia in China

EnglishFamily intervention for patients with schizophrenia in China is discussed in a sociocultural context. Caregivers face additional burdens due to the centrality of the family and impoverished mental health services. Suggestions to improve treatment include strengthening working alliances between professionals and caregivers and addressing needs at different stages of the illness.FrenchL'intervention de famille aupres des patients ayant la schizophrenie en Chine est discutee dans un contexte culturel. Les aidants font face a des fardeaux additionnels dus a l'importance centrale de la famille ainsi qu'a l'appauvrissement des services de sante mentale. Quelques suggestions pour ameliorer l'intervention comprennent: le renforcement des alliances entre les professionnels et les aidants; et la necessite de repondre aux besoins a differentes etapes de la maladie.SpanishSe estudian aqui dentro de su contexto sociocultural algunas intervenciones terapeuticas en familias de pacientes chinos diagnosticados con ...
Mechanism of carbon combustion: Relative influence of adsorption, desorption, and boundary layer diffusion as a function of pressure

Abstract These results show that common, pressure-independent coefficients can be used to predict oxygen-carbon reaction rates. Accurate agreement with experiment requires determination of the (Thiele) second effectiveness factor (e) which at this time can only be done by analysis of the experimental measurements of density changes with burn-off. This identifies prediction of the dependence of e on pressure as a future theoretical target. Independent evaluation of the terms governing the combustion show that, at the higher temperatures, adsorption has significant influence at atmospheric pressure, but its importance drops rapidly, to minor or insignificant, as pressure increases. Overall, the results show that, partly on account of offsetting effects of changes of e with pressure, governing the degree of internal penetration of the reaction, the influence of pressure on the reaction rate is second order or less.
Long‐term outcome of ureterosigmoidostomy: an analysis of patients with >10 years of follow‐up

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To examine our long-term experience with ureterosigmoidostomy (USS) to evaluate its potential applicability in the treatment of benign and malignant conditions of the urinary bladder, as USS has been largely disregarded recently, secondary to concerns of long-term complications, but has had a resurgence of interest due to its potential applicability to newer minimally invasive surgical techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 51 patients who had USS from 1956 to 2006 at our institution and with >10 years of follow-up. The patients were followed retrospectively by a chart review. Patient data were analysed in a multifaceted fashion, paying particular attention to metabolic abnormalities, early (≤30 days) and late (>30 days) complication rates, continence rates, imaging changes, and the rate of repeat surgical intervention. RESULTS The median (range) follow-up was 15.7 (10.0–45.4) years and the median age at surgery was 58.8 (0.4–79.0) years; 40 (79%) patients had the procedure for malignancy and 11 (22%) for benign disease. Six patients (12%) had at least one early complication, including one wound dehiscence and one pulmonary embolus. In all, 22 patients (43%) had at least one late complication, with anastomotic stricture being the most common (11/51, 22%). This was followed by recurrent pyelonephritis in eight patients (16%), stones in five (10%), chronic renal insufficiency in three (6%) and severe intractable acidosis in two (4%). A repeat surgical intervention was required in 19 (37%) patients. In all, 94% (48) reported complete continence. No patient developed colonic malignancy during the course of this study. CONCLUSIONS USS is associated with long-term complications. While this complication rate might not be acceptable for all patients, some might be willing to undergo the procedure as the primary method of urinary diversion. When designing newer minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of benign and malignant conditions of the bladder, consideration could be given to USS as a form of urinary diversion in highly selected patients.
NMR detection of bifurcated hydrogen bonds in large proteins.

Hydrogen bonds play critical roles in protein structure, stability, and function. Conventionally, hydrogen bonds are mainly determined by X-ray crystallography and NOE-based NMR spectroscopy in indirect manners. In recent years, it was demonstrated that hydrogen bonds can be directly detected through NMR measurements of trans-hydrogen-bond scalar coupling constants. Here we report across hydrogen-bond protium/deuterium isotope effects in a 35 kDA protein observed with the isotopomer-selective TROSY NMR technique (Liu et al. J. Biomol. NMR 2006, 36, 205−214; Liu et al. J. Magn. Reson. 2007, 186, 319−326) and show that such isotope effects can be used to detect a most common type of bifurcated hydrogen bonds, in which a heavy atom, usually oxygen, is involved in two hydrogen bonds, including a pair of bifurcated hydrogen bonds involving a bound water molecule.
Temperature Effects on the Strength and Toughness of Be12Nb

Strength and toughness of single-phase Be12Nb have been assessed at temperatures from ambient to 1200°C using four-point-bend and hardness tests. Vacuum-hot-pressed beryllide exhibits low bend strengths (∼110 MPa) and fracture toughnesses (∼2.5 MPa√m) at temperatures up to 500C. Measured bend strength then increases to a maximum at 1000°C, while KlC slowly increases through 1100 C. Significant plastic deformation is only observed at 1200 C for the test strain rate of 2×10−6/s. Hardness values were found to remain relatively constant at temperatures up to 800 C and then sharply decrease at higher temperatures. Results indicate that low toughness limits bend strength at temperatures below ∼1000 C and prompts the observed increase in strength at high temperatures.
Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis

The title of the Nobel Lecture of George Palade (1 August, p. 347) should have been "Intracellular aspects of the process of protein secretion."
Moldova's Fragile Pluralism

Although democracy has not yet been fully established in the Republic of Moldova and politics remains unstable, over the last two decades this state has become one of the most pluralistic in the former Soviet Union.
Public opinion on bilingual education in Colorado and Massachusetts

Abstract In 2002, voters in Massachusetts and Colorado faced identical ballot initiatives to remove bilingual education programs from the public schools. The measure passed in Massachusetts and failed in Colorado. This paper investigates the debates over the issue in these two states. It provides insight into how people reason with respect to minority politics. It also helps to make sense of the states’ divergent outcomes. Content analysis of letters-to-the-editor reveals that voters are motivated by ethnic competition and fiscal concerns, as existing theories would predict. Additionally, citizens debate which kinds of programs work best for English learners and take stands on how these youngsters can be successful in life. The inter-state comparison reveals that a major factor distinguishing the two statewide debates was ethnic paternalism, a logic often used by members of ethnic majorities to justify restrictive policy decisions on the basis of what they think is best for the affected population. The analysis shows that themes related to doing what is best for English learners were significantly more salient in Massachusetts than Colorado. This finding implies that where public debate over this issue is framed in terms of helping minority youth, the fate of bilingual education is not secure.
Summary review of the health effects associated with phenol.

Phenol, a monohydroxy derivative of benzene, occurs naturally in animal waste and by decomposition of organic wastes. It is also produced by man, originally by fractional distillation of coal tar, but more recently by cumene hydroperoxidation and toluene oxi dation. As a result of large production volume and natural sources, occupational and environmental exposure to phenol is likely. Phenol poisoning can occur by skin absorption, vapor inhalation, or ingestion, and, regardless of route of exposure, can result in det rimental health effects. Acute toxicity has been observed in man and experimental animals, resulting in muscle weakness, convul sions, and coma. In addition, studies have shown that although teratogenic effects have not been associated with exposure to phenol by either inhalation or oral route, high doses of phenol are fetotoxic. This paper addresses these studies and others in an attempt to determine if human health is at risk to those levels of phenol present in the environment and workplac...
Admixture Mapping Provides Evidence of Association of the VNN1 Gene with Hypertension

Migration patterns in modern societies have created the opportunity to use population admixture as a strategy to identify susceptibility genes. To implement this strategy, we genotyped a highly informative ancestry marker panel of 2270 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a random population sample of African Americans (N = 1743), European Americans (N = 1000) and Mexican Americans (N = 581). We then examined the evidence for over-transmission of specific loci to cases from one of the two ancestral populations. Hypertension cases and controls were defined based on standard clinical criteria. Both case-only and case-control analyses were performed among African Americans. With the genome-wide markers we replicated the findings identified in our previous admixture mapping study on chromosomes 6 and 21 [1]. For case-control analysis we then genotyped 51 missense SNPs in 36 genes spaced across an 18.3 Mb region. Further analyses demonstrated that the missense SNP rs2272996 (or N131S) in the VNN1 gene was significantly associated with hypertension in African Americans and the association was replicated in Mexican Americans; a non-significant opposite association was observed in European Americans. This SNP also accounted for most of the evidence observed in the admixture analysis on chromosome 6. Despite these encouraging results, susceptibility loci for hypertension have been exceptionally difficult to localize and confirmation by independent studies will be necessary to establish these findings.
Encouraging College Students to Support Pro-Environment Behavior: Effects of Direct Versus Indirect Rewards

Ways to increase the delivery of a special thank-you card following behavior that protected the environment or helped another person were addressed. In Study 1, direct rewards for the target behavi...
Leveraging disk drive acoustic modes for power management

Reduction of disk drive power consumption is a challenging task, particularly since the most prevalent way of achieving it, powering down idle disks, has many undesirable side-effects. Some hard disk drives support acoustic modes, meaning they can be configured to reduce the acceleration and velocity of the disk head. This reduces instantaneous power consumption but sacrifices performance. As a result, input/output (I/O) operations run longer at reduced power. This is useful for power capping since it causes significant reduction in peak power consumption of the disks. We conducted experiments on several disk drives that support acoustic management. Most of these disk drives support only two modes — quiet and normal. We ran different I/O workloads, including SPC-1 to simulate a real-world online transaction processing workload. We found that the reduction in peak power can reach up to 23% when using quiet mode. We show that for some workloads this translates into a reduction of 12.5% in overall energy consumption. In other workloads we encountered the opposite phenomenon-an increase of more than 6% in the overall energy consumption.
Hilbert's iterativistic tendencies

Serious difficulties attend the reading of David Hilbert's 1925 classic paper ‘On the infinite’. I claim that the peculiarities of presentation plaguing certain parts of that paper, as well as of the earlier ‘On the Foundations of Logic and Arithmetic’ (1904), are due to a tension between two incompatible semantical approaches to numerical statements of elementary arithmetic, and accordingly two incompatible metaphysical conceptions of the natural numbers. One of these approaches is the referential, or model-theoretical one; the other is the iterativist's approach. I draw out the two tendencies in these works, with more attention paid to Hilbert's iterativistic tendency because of the unfamiliarity of iterativism generally. I begin with an exposition of this view.
An analytical solution for flow in a manifold

Abstract An analytical solution is developed for flow in a manifold. The interest is primarily for trickle irrigation laterals, but the solution has broader applications including those for which pressure increases in the direction of flow and for intake manifolds. Both velocity head losses and variable discharge along the manifold are considered in the fundamental analysis. The appropriate second order, nonlinear equation is solved for two flow regimes, laminar and fully turbulent. Results indicate that for most trickle irrigation laterals the velocity head loss is negligible, but for an example from a chemical processing system the effect is important.
The Wheels of Justice Turn Slowly: The Pretrial Investigations of the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial 1963–65

The investigations into the crimes of the Auschwitz perpetrators by the Frankfurt public prosecutor's office began in 1958. The trial opened in 1963. Why did it take five years? In the 1960s, scholars such as Theodor Adorno, Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlich, and Hannah Arendt emphasized West German reticence, indifference, or even unwillingness to confront the Nazi past as explanations for the late start of investigations of Nazi criminals. They argued that the 1950s were dominated by a collective silence about Nazism and crimes against the Jews in Germany. According to them, politically, culturally, and also legally, the new West German state refused to acknowledge the Nazi past of anyone but the highest ranking Nazis, whose trial at Nuremberg marked the Schlussstrich (drawing the line) under the topic of National Socialism and its crimes against humanity. Recent historiography of postwar German trials has also pointed to lingering Nazi beliefs not only on the part of judges and lawyers but in the minds of the public as well.
The dreams of people high and low in materialism

Abstract Dreams were analyzed to examine some of the intrapsychic dynamics that past research has suggested relate to materialistic tendencies [J. Personality Social Psychol. 63 (1993) 410; Personality Social Psychol. Bull. 22 (1996) 280]. The “most meaningful or impactful” dreams of people high in materialism showed more insecurity themes (e.g., falling, death), conflictual interpersonal relationships (with family and lovers), and concerns with self-esteem. In contrast, people low in materialism felt able to overcome danger and typically moved toward greater intimacy in their dreams. Findings support the idea that people who focus on the pursuit of money and goods may suffer from an underlying feeling of insecurity, have poor interpersonal relationships, and have a low or contingent sense of self-esteem.
Further IR spectroscopic evidence for the formation of CH2(OH)OOH in the gas-phase reaction of HO2 with CH2O

Abstract Two O-H stretch bands at 3647.5 and 3598.3 cm−1 have been observed for the previously reported “metastable species” formed by HO2-CH2O interactions. These bands are consistent with the presence of an OH and an OOH group and provide support for the earlier tentative identification of hydroperoxy-hydroxy-methane, CH2(OH)OOH, formed via CH2O + HO2 → CH2(OH)OO, CH2(OH)OO + HO2 → CH2(OH)OOH + O2. This compound is relatively stable in the dark at 25°C.
Freshwater Habitat Restoration Actions in the Pacific Northwest: A Decade’s Investment in Habitat Improvement

Across the Pacific Northwest (PNW), both public and private agents are working to improve riverine habitat for a variety of reasons, including improving conditions for threatened and endangered salmon. These projects are moving forward with little or no knowledge of specific linkages between restoration actions and the responses of target species. Targeted effectiveness monitoring of these actions is required to redress this lack of mechanistic understanding, but such monitoring depends on detailed restoration information—that is, implementation monitoring. This article describes the process of assembling a database of restoration projects intended to improve stream and river habitat throughout the PNW. We designed the database specifically to address the needs of regional monitoring programs that evaluate the effectiveness of restoration actions. The database currently contains spatially referenced, project-level data on over 23,000 restoration actions initiated at over 35,000 locations in the last 15 years (98% of projects report start or end dates between 1991 and 2005) in the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. Data sources included federal, state, local, nongovernmental organization, and tribal contributors. The process of database production identified difficulties in the design of regional project tracking systems. The technical design issues range from low-level information such as what defines a project or a location to high-level issues that include data validation and legalities of interagency data sharing. The completed database will inform efficient monitoring design, effectiveness assessments, and restoration project planning.
Molecular events in the activation of murine macrophages.

Recent studies have identified some of the early molecular transductional events, which occur during the activation of murine macrophages. Our current evidence indicate a central role for protein kinase C for the priming effect of interferon-γ (IFNγ). IFNγ also initiates Na+/H+ exchange and45Ca efflux from murine macrophages (cascade 1). Our data further indicate the involvement of multiple transductional pathways in the actions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Specifically, molecular events involved in the action of LPS include production of inositol phosphates and calcium mobilization as well as IFNγ-regulated alterations in intracellular pH (cascade II). Our data further indicate that additional transductional events (e.g., synthesis of early or competence proteins) in response to LPS (cascade III) are also necessary for macrophage activation. Finally, regulation of important surface (e.g., Ia) and secreted molecules (TNF or IL-1) is exerted at the levels of both transcription and stabilization of specific mRNA in response to transductional cascades I, II and III. Taken together, the data indicate macrophage activation is complexly regulated at multiple levels.
THE TRANSMISSION OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS BY AEDES AEGYPTI.

In confirming Kelser's work on the transmission of equine encephalomyelitis of the western type by Aedes aegypti it has been learned that the mosquitoes must be fed virus of high titer if positive results are to be secured. A period of from 4 to 5 days after feeding either on infected guinea pigs or on brain containing virus must elapse before the disease is transmitted by biting, but after this time transmission regularly results for a period of about 2 months. By inoculation, virus can be demonstrated in the bodies of infected mosquitoes for the duration of life. Although virus multiplies in the mosquitoes and is generally distributed in their bodies, repeated attempts to demonstrate it in the eggs from females known to be infected as well as in larvae, pupae, and adults from such eggs have been uniformly negative. Larvae have not taken up virus added to the water in which they were living. Male mosquitoes have been infected with virus by feeding but they have not transmitted the virus to normal females, nor have males transmitted the virus from infected to normal females. When virus of the eastern instead of the western type is used transmission experiments with Aedes aegypti are negative. Apparently this virus is incapable of penetrating the intestinal mucosa of the mosquito. If, however, it is inoculated into the body cavity by needle puncture it persists and transmission experiments are positive.
Binaural Release from Masking for a Speech Sound in Infants, Preschoolers, and Adults

Binaural masked thresholds for a speech sound (/ba/) were estimated under two interaural phase conditions (N0S0 and N0Sπ;) in three age groups (infants, preschool children, and adults). A computer-...
Nonwalk-off multipass Twyman-Green interferometer.

A modification of the multipass Twyman–Green interferometer is suggested that avoids the walk-off problem. Also, a data reduction scheme has been developed that permits most of the aberrations of the ancillary optics to be separated from those of the test piece.
Induction of deoxythymidine kinase activity in several mammalian cell lines after infection with six different strains of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)

Abstract Infection of cells derived from three different mammalian species with any one of six strains of EHV-1 resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in the deoxythymidine kinase (dTK) activity when assayed in the presence of 100 μM dTTP. Increased dTK activity was also demonstrated in liver homogenates prepared from EHV-1-infected Syrian hamsters. Antibody elicited against the EHV-1 dTK induced in horse cells neutralized the enzyme activity induced by EHV-1 infection of horse, mouse, hamster, and monkey cells but not the dTKs of uninfected, nonequine cells. EHV-1 induction of dTK was confirmed by demonstration of the inability of the virus strains to replicate in the presence of arabinosylthymine (ara-T) in cells which themselves were totally resistant to the drug. Mutants of EHV-1 resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine and ara-T and lacking the ability to induce dTK activity (dTK − ) were also isolated. Electrophoretic analysis of cell extracts in polyacrylamide gels revealed a new peak of dTK activity ( R f = 0.25) after EHV-1 infection of some cell types (e.g., dTK − 3T3 cells, owl monkey kidney cells, etc.). Other cell types, whose cytosol dTK migrated with an R f (0.25) identical with that of the EHV-1 enzyme, contained no new electrophoretic peak of dTK activity after infection. In these latter infected cells, however, the dTK activity with an R f value of 0.25 was partially inhibited by anti-(EHV-1) serum, partially resistant to 100 μM dTTP, and displayed activity even with CTP as a phosphate donor, suggesting that, in these particular cell types, the EHV-1-induced dTK and the host cell cytosol dTK co-electrophorese. These results indicate that infection of cells with all strains of EHV-1 results in the induction of a new, virus-coded dTK activity.
Detection of cutaneous antibodies against Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

This study was conducted to determine if antibodies against Flavobacterium columnare were present in excised skin explants of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) following experimental infection. An indirect ELISA was used to determine cutaneous antibody titres at day 16, day 32 post-immersion boost and day 60 (28 days post-intraperitoneal (IP) boost) from excised skin explants cultured in vitro. Cutaneous antibodies against F. columnare were detected in the skin explants from IP injected channel catfish and titres ranged from 16 to 128 (mean 44 +/- standard error (SE) 12.5; N = 12) from infected fish and were significantly higher (P<0.003) than non-infected fish (mean 2.0 +/- 0.0; N = 12) at day 16 post immunization. A second group of fish was IP injected and boosted by bath immersion at day 16. Titres ranged from 4 to 16 (mean 7.6 +/- 1.5; N = 10) and were significantly higher (P<0.04) than titres detected in the control fish (mean 2.0 +/- 0.0; N = 5) at day 32 post boost. A third group of fish were injected and boosted using IP injection at day 32 with titres being determined at day 60. Titres ranged from 4 to 32 (mean 12.0 +/- 3.7; N = 9) and were significantly higher (P<0.01) than titres detected in the control fish (mean 2.0 +/- 0.0; N = 9). To our knowledge, this is the first description of cutaneous antibodies against F. columnare in channel catfish.
On the mechanism of sulfite activation of chloroplast thylakoid ATPase and the relation of ADP tightly bound at a catalytic site to the binding change mechanism

Washed chloroplast thylakoid membranes upon exposure to [3H]ADP retain a tightly bound [3H]ADP on a catalytic site of the ATP synthase. The presence of sufficient endogenous or added Mg2+ results in an enzyme with essentially no ATPase activity. Sulfite activates the ATPase, and many molecules of ATP per synthase can be hydrolyzed before most of the bound [3H]ADP is released, a result interpreted as indicating that the ADP is not bound at a site participating in catalysis by the sulfite-activated enzyme [Larson, E. M., Umbach, A., & Jagendorf, A. T. (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 973, 75-85]. We present evidence that this is not the case. The Mg2(+)- and ADP-inhibited enzyme when exposed to MgATP and 20-100 mM sulfite shows a lag of about 1 min at 22 degrees C and of about 15 s at 37 degrees C before reaching the same steady-state rate as attained with light-activated ATPase that has not been inhibited by Mg2+ and ADP. The lag is not eliminated if the enzyme is exposed to sulfite prior to MgATP addition, indicating that ATPase turnover is necessary for the activation. The release of most of the bound [3H]ADP parallels the onset of ATPase activity, although some [3H]ADP is not released even with prolonged catalytic turnover and may be on poorly active or inactive enzyme or at noncatalytic sites. The results are consistent with most of the tightly bound [3H]ADP being at a catalytic site and being replaced as this Mg2(+)- and ADP-inhibited site regains equivalent participation with other catalytic sites on the activated enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Profiling Online Bidders

Online auctions have been growing dramatically during recent years. Although past theoretical and practical knowledge provide valuable insights into this phenomenon, there is still a lack of understanding regarding some fundamental issues. In particular, what types of consumers participate in online auctions? What motivates individuals to participate in online auctions? Where and how do individuals participate in online auctions? Based on a sample of 2,022 online bidders, this study is able to examine their demographic profile, assess motivations behind their participation in online auctions, and investigate their bidding behavior. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
The Adiabatic Heuristic and Paired Hall States

An exactly soluble model of fractional statistics is used to show that a heuristic principle suggested earlier is rigorously valid in one particular case: taughlin's Jastrow-type wave func­ tions are obtained explicitly from a filled Landau level by smooth extrapolation in quantum statistic. The gap in the excitation spectrum carries through for a certain class of model Hamiltonians, which allows us to infer the incompressibility of the final states. The analysis is further extended to paired Hall states at even-denominator fillings, which arise adiabatical­ ly from an exact but unnormalizable model of superconductivity.
Delayed luminescence analysis (DLA) of purine and pyrimidine ribose and deoxyribose nucleotide triphosphates in picomole quantities

Abstract A discovery is reported of a new system that enables one to quantitate the amounts of separated nucleotide triphosphates in picomole quantities. This system of delayed luminescence analysis (DLA) is sensitive to both purine and pyrimidine ribose and deoxyribose nucleotide triphosphates. A crude luciferin-luciferase (substrate-enzyme) preparation from firefly lanterns, in the presence of nucleotide triphosphate, is utilized to generate light that is detected by a liquid scintillation counter with the coincidence of the photomultiplier tubes turned off. Light is produced in a delayed fashion, the maximum emission being dependent on the type of nucleotide. Purine nucleotides (GTP, ITP, dATP, dGTP) give maximal light emission at approximately 2 mins; with the pyrimidine nucleotides the time required for maximal light emission was 5 min for UTP, dUTP, and TTP, 10 min for CTP, and 12 min for dCTP. A linear relationship on a log-log plot of light emission vs. concentration of nucleotide is demonstrated with ITP, dATP, UTP, and CTP.
Benzocaine and lidocaine induced methemoglobinemia after bronchoscopy: a case report

Methemoglobinemia is a rare cause of hypoxemia, characterized by abnormal levels of oxidized hemoglobin that cannot bind to and transport oxygen. A 62-year-old male underwent bronchoscopy where lidocaine oral solution and Hurricaine spray (20% benzocaine) were used. He developed central cyanosis and his oxygen saturation was 85% via pulse oximetry. An arterial blood gas revealed pH 7.45, PCO2 42, PO2 282, oxygen saturation 85%. Co-oximetry performed revealed a methemoglobin level of 17.5% (normal 0.6–2.5%). The patient was continued on 15 L/minute nonrebreathing face mask and subsequent oxygen saturation improved to 92% within two hours. With hemodynamic stability and improved SpO2, treatment with methylene blue was withheld. Methemoglobinemia is a potentially lethal condition after exposure to routinely used drugs. Physicians should be aware of this complication for early diagnosis and treatment.
Modeling of photon density dynamics in random lasers

The dynamics of stimulated emission in random lasers is studied using the system of rate equations for population inversion and density of emitted photons. In order to model the behavior of random lasers with nonresonant feedback, no coherence effects are intentionally taken into account. It has been shown that the feedback in the system is necessary for the realization of the regime of relaxation oscillations and spatial confinement of the stimulated emission to the interior regions of the pumped volume. The model also predicts the possibility of localization of stimulated emission in several spatially separated subvolumes of the random laser medium. Finally, it has been demonstrated that two adjacent random laser volumes can strongly enhance the stimulated emission in each other (the 'critical mass' effect in random lasers)
Coupling between wrist flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation

Abstract Background. Conventional wrist joint goniometry evaluates range of motion in isolated directions. The coupling between wrist flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation was investigated. Methods. Ten healthy young male subjects performed wrist flexion–extension, radial–ulnar deviation, and circumduction motions. Flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation angles were computed from the coordinates of surface markers attached to the forearm and hand. A motion analysis system recorded marker motion. Findings. During radial–ulnar deviation, the amount of accompanying flexion–extension movement was linearly related to the amount of radial–ulnar deviation. The secondary (flexion–extension) range of motion (48.3°) was about 75% of the primary (radial–ulnar deviation) range of motion (55.1°). During the flexion–extension task, the coupling was less linear. The motion range in radial–ulnar deviation (21.2°) was about 20% of the primary (flexion–extension) range of motion (108.3°). The radial–ulnar deviation and flexion–extension motions combined extension with radial deviation, and flexion with ulnar deviation. The convex hull of the flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation angles during circumduction was “egg-shaped” and asymmetric with respect to the anatomically defined flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation axes. Wrist position in one direction strongly influenced the range of motion in the other. Maximum range of motion in flexion–extension occurred with the wrist near the neutral radial–ulnar deviation position, and vice versa. Wrist deviation from neutral position in one direction diminished wrist range of motion in the other. Interpretation. Wrist movements in flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation are coupled. Maximal wrist range of motion is near the neutral position. To account for the naturally coupled wrist motion in work station design and rehabilitation, the wrist should be placed at a neutral position.
RF Ablation in a Reconstructed Hepatic Geometry With an Electrical Heat Source

This research aims to develop a methodology for modeling three-dimensional radiofrequency (RF) ablation using a reconstructed hepatic vasculature geometry with an electrical heat source. Coupled mass, momentum, heat transfer, and electric field, including voltage potential, equations are solved. The effects of heat convection through the nearby arteries and elevated level of blood perfusion through the tissue on the temperature distribution near the tumor zone is studied. The results show that for an arterial inlet velocity of 13.8 cm/s and 27.6 cm/s the peak tumor temperature drops by 7% and 10%, respectively, whereas the temperature along the outer periphery of the tumor close to the arteries drops by 50% and 75%, respectively. Asymmetries in the temperature profile indicate that the ablation procedure elevates the temperature to the required level only at localized regions. In the other regions the heat energy is not adequate for tumor destruction thereby permitting possible tumor recursion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Mechanism of Mitral Regurgitation in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition characterized by chamber dilatation and impaired systolic function, resulting in the clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure. Mitral regurgitation occurs with varying frequency in dilated cardiomyopathy, and its detection depends on the diagnostic modality utilized. The presence of mitral regurgitation imposes an additional burden on the failing ventricle, and appears to be an independent prognostic indicator of mortality. The mechanism of mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy is complex, controversial, and incompletely understood. The mitral apparatus consists of the left atrial wall, mitral annulus, mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and left ventricular wall, and each of these components and the intimate interrelationship between these structures may contribute to the development of mitral regurgitation. Left atrial enlargement, reduced left atrial contractility, mitral leaflet retraction, abnormal vector of chordal tendineae pull, papillary muscle dysfunction (either asynergic contraction or malalignment), mitral annular dilatation, and changes in the size, shape, and function of the left ventricle have been suggested as possible mechanisms for the development of mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy. The primary event in the development of mitral regurgitation appears to be left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. Controversy persists as to whether the associated mechanism is annular dilatation, papillary muscle or free left ventricular wall dysfunction, or a combination of all, but recent echo-Doppler studies reviewed in this article support the notion that annular dilatation is the predominant mechanism. Improved understanding of the mechanism of mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy may lead to a more aggressive approach with regard to pharmacological therapy, thus impacting on survival in this group of patients. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, March 1991)