cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large scale photometric surveys using archival plates

Modern microdensitometers and image processing software suggest the possibility that it may soon be feasible to utilize the enormous amount of photometric and positional data potentially available on existing photographic plates. This paper describes the possibility of large-scale surveys and outlines a method for densitometric calibration of plates from an analysis of the detailed structure of the star images on the plate.
Bias in Human Path Integration Is Predicted by Properties of Grid Cells

Accurate wayfinding is essential to the survival of many animal species and requires the ability to maintain spatial orientation during locomotion. One of the ways that humans and other animals stay spatially oriented is through path integration, which operates by integrating self-motion cues over time, providing information about total displacement from a starting point. The neural substrate of path integration in mammals may exist in grid cells, which are found in dorsomedial entorhinal cortex and presubiculum and parasubiculum in rats. Grid cells have also been found in mice, bats, and monkeys, and signatures of grid cell activity have been observed in humans. We demonstrate that distance estimation by humans during path integration is sensitive to geometric deformations of a familiar environment and show that patterns of path integration error are predicted qualitatively by a model in which locations in the environment are represented in the brain as phases of arrays of grid cells with unique periods and decoded by the inverse mapping from phases to locations. The periods of these grid networks are assumed to expand and contract in response to expansions and contractions of a familiar environment. Biases in distance estimation occur when the periods of the encoding and decoding grids differ. Our findings explicate the way in which grid cells could function in human path integration.
Interaction of colicins with bacterial cells: II. Specific alteration of Escherichia coli ribosomes induced by colicin E3 in vivo

Abstract Treatment of sensitive Escherichia coli with colicin E3 leads to ribosome inactivation. Such inactivated ribosomes are physically intact and retain the ability to bind messenger RNA. The induced alteration in the ribosomes resides in the 23 s core of the 30s ribosomal subunit and results in an inhibition of the messenger RNA-directed transfer RNA binding function. The mechanism of inactivation does not involve a direct interaction between colicin molecules and ribosomes, suggesting that there exists specific steps between colicin adsorption and ribosome inactivation. The results are consistent with the previously proposed mechanism of colicin action.
The Nature of Recurrent Tension Headache and Stress Experiences

This exploratory study examined the length of headache history and stress experience in tension-type headache sufferers. A clinical (headache) interview and five self-report measures were used to compare five subgroups of tension-type headache sufferers as well as tension-type headache sufferers to headache-free controls. No substantial differences were found between the headache subgroups. Statistically significant differences between headache and headachefree groups were found on the number of minor stressful events, the severity rating of minor stressful events and the state anxiety variable. Qualitative differences in the nature of "worrisome" stressors for the subject groups are presented. Results suggest the need for early intervention, before the experience of headaches contributes to the appraisal of the precipitants to headaches. Attention to the psychophysiological and psychological correlates of new headache sufferers, using the suggested subgroup classification may be beneficial to the underst...
Biological Event Modeling for Response Planning

People worldwide continue to fear a naturally occurring or terrorist-initiated biological event. Responsible decision makers have begun to prepare for such a biological event, but critical policy and system questions remain: What are the best courses of action to prepare for and react to such an outbreak? Where resources should be stockpiled? How many hospital resources—doctors, nurses, intensive-care beds—will be required? Will quarantine be necessary? Decision analysis tools, particularly modeling and simulation, offer ways to address and help answer these questions.
Melanocortin 4 receptor mutations contribute to the adaptation of cavefish to nutrient-poor conditions

Despite recent advances in the understanding of morphological evolution, the genetic underpinnings of behavioral and physiological evolution remain largely unknown. Here, we study the metabolic changes that evolved in independently derived populations of the Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. A hallmark of cave environments is scarcity of food. Cavefish populations rely almost entirely on sporadic food input from outside of the caves. To survive under these conditions, cavefish have evolved a range of adaptations, including starvation resistance and binge eating when food becomes available. The use of these adaptive strategies differs among independently derived cave populations. Although all cavefish populations tested lose weight more slowly than their surface conspecifics during restricted rations, only a subset of cavefish populations consume more food than their surface counterparts. A candidate gene-based screen led to the identification of coding mutations in conserved residues of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene, contributing to the insatiable appetite found in some populations of cavefish. Intriguingly, one of the mutated residues has been shown to be linked to obesity in humans. We demonstrate that the allele results in both reduced maximal response and reduced basal activity of the receptor in vitro. We further validate in vivo that the mutated allele contributes to elevated appetite, growth, and starvation resistance. The allele appears to be fixed in cave populations in which the overeating phenotype is present. The presence of the same allele in multiple caves appears to be due to selection from standing genetic variation present in surface populations.
Benign Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease

Benign asbestos-related pleural diseases are the most common pathologic and clinical abnormalities related to asbestos exposure, with a greater prevalence than asbestosis. Solomon et al. [1] emphasized that the pleural manifestations of asbestos exposure include four specific benign pleural reactions: (1) benign asbestos effusion, (2) parietal pleural plaques, (3) diffuse pleural fibrosis, and (4) rounded atelectasis, or an area of collapsed, airless lung adjacent to an area of visceral pleural fibrosis. Notably, there is considerable overlap among these four disease processes (Fig. 6.1), with various combinations manifesting simultaneously or sequentially in a single individual. For example, a patient with benign asbestos effusion may subsequently be found to have diffuse pleural fibrosis, or a patient with parietal pleural plaques may develop rounded atelectasis.
Field-based PCR for rapid diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax in the deployed setting using the joint biological agent identification and diagnostic system.

ABSTRACTAnthrax is occasionally encountered by U.S. military physicians in the deployed setting, where limited resources make it difficult to obtain laboratory confirmation. We present a case of cutaneous anthrax diagnosed using a ruggedized polymerase chain reaction device in austere combat conditions.
Design considerations for dipole for head MRI at 10.5T

As the world's first 10.5T whole body human MRI scanner is ready for discoveries on new research frontiers, RF challenges need to be overcome to fully realize the benefits of the ultra-high MRI system. Dipole antennas were investigated with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. For best head MRI at 10.5T, results showed that dipole arrays should be long and conformal to the head geometry. A bottom ring connecting all dipole elements with adjustable capacitance can be helpful in improving RF homogeneity. RF and dielectric shielding, and dielectric pads around head may result in a dramatic rise of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) within head tissues.
A thermodynamics of steady homogeneous shear flow

Abstract Simulation data from model systems subjected to a shear can be described consistently by a thermodynamic formalism that includes the pressure and energy dependence on the strain rate. Stability criteria are examined for a system of soft spheres.
Evidence for nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium in the ν3 mode of mesospheric ozone

Laboratory kinetic studies suggest that an appreciable fraction of the ozone produced by recombination of atomic oxygen is vibrationally excited in the nu3 mode. Further, laboratory data are available for the physical quenching of nu3, its radiative relaxation, and its radiative excitation by resonant absorption. It is shown that these chemical and physical processes are likely to result in substantial departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium for the nu3 mode of ozone in the mesosphere and therefore have important effects on infrared mesospheric ozone measurments by emission in the 9.6-micron band. Implications of these effects on data from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (Remsberg et al, 1984), particularly their night/day ratio, are discussed.
Renin―Angiotensin System Blockade and Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of clinical conditions, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Inhibition of the RAAS with either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure and reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in various at-risk patient populations. A number of studies have shown that these 2 classes are effective in reducing the rate of renal disease progression in patients with diabetic nephropathy, although more long-term vascular outcome studies are needed in patients with chronic kidney disease. The Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) was the first study to show comparable reno- and cardioprotective effects between an ARB (telmisartan) and ramipril in a broad section of at-risk patients, on top of usual standard care. However, telmisartan showed better tolerability than ramipril in ONTARGET, with less cough and angioedema. This difference was obtained despite patients having been selected for tolerability to both drugs at study entry.
Energy-efficient community cloud for real-time stream mining

Real-time stream mining such as surveillance and personal health monitoring is computation-intensive and prohibitive for mobile devices due to the hardware/computation constraints. To satisfy the growing demand for stream mining in mobile networks, we propose to employ a cloud-based stream mining system in which the mobile devices send via wireless links unclassified media streams to the cloud for classification. We focus on minimizing the classification-energy cost, defined as an affine combination of classification cost and energy consumption at the cloud, subject to an average stream mining delay constraint (which is important in real-time applications). To address the challenge of time-varying wireless channel conditions without a priori information about the channel statistics, we develop an online algorithm in which the cloud operator can adjust its resource provisioning on the fly and the mobile devices can adapt their transmission rates to the instantaneous channel conditions. It is proved that, at the expense of increasing the average stream mining delay, the online algorithm achieves a classification-energy cost that can be pushed arbitrarily close to the minimum cost achieved by the optimal offline algorithm. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the analysis.
Discovering video structure using the pseudosemantic trace

In this paper, we describe a framework of analyzing programs belonging to different TV program genres Hidden Markov Models and pseudo-semantic feature s derived from video shots. Clustering using Gaussian mixture models is used to determine the order of the modes. Results for initial genre classification experiments using two simple features derived from video shots are given.
Cool luminous stars

The consequences of magnetic fields for the atmospheres of cool stars are addressed based on IUE and Einstein Observatory observations. Gross atmospheric structure data for cool luminous stars are discussed, and the relevance of the observations for the energy balance and nonradiative heating rates is considered. Data from X-ray fluxes, low dispersion UV spectra, and high dispersion spectra in the region of the Mg II resonance lines are presented. New results on cool star atmospheres provided by high dispersion UV spectra are considered, including those pertaining to spectral line identification, identification of emission components in close binary systems, densities and atmospheric extension, emission line widths, properties of stellar winds as derived from IUE data, and systematic flows of transition region plasma. An explanation for the observed spectra of cool giants and supergiants is proposed in terms of active, quiet, and hybrid stars.
Identification of Pu244 fission tracks and the cooling of the parent body of the Toluca meteorite

Abstract Fossil nuclear fission tracks have been studied in three silicate minerals from inclusions in the iron meteorite Toluca. If most of these tracks are assumed to be due to Pu244, their densities relative to those from U238 spontaneous fission give measures of the time intervals between the end of production of heavy elements that were condensed in the solar system and the times when the minerals reached temperatures below which fission tracks are permanently stored. These time intervals, together with track stability data, allow a cooling rate to bo calculated of 1.1(−0.5+0.6) °K/million yr through the temperature interval 500–900°K, 4.6 billion yr ago. This cooling rate agrees with that previously inferred by a totally different technique. The fission tracks are thus concluded to be due to Pu244, the only known spontaneously fissioning isotope which would yield the observed concordant cooling rate.
Understanding the enhanced aqueous solubility of styrene by terrestrial dissolved organic matter using stable isotope mass balance and FTIR

Abstract We present a new stable isotope mass balance method for measuring the enhanced aqueous solubility of specific organic compounds in the presence of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM). It involves interfacing a standard dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analyzer with a stable isotope ratio monitoring system, is applicable to a wide range of model organic compounds and can be tuned to provide maximum precision for a given range of compound solubility and initial natural DOC concentration. Using 13 C-labeled styrene as a model compound, we applied the method to investigate the reactivity of Dismal Swamp DOM as a function of season, nominal molecular size and chemical composition as determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The solubility enhancement of styrene ranged from 23% to 118% relative to deionized water, while DOC-normalized enhancements varied from about 0.04 to 0.35 μM styrene/μM DOC as a function of season and nominal molecular weight. Statistical analysis of FTIR spectra reveals a strong positive correlation between the styrene concentration and the carboxyl content of the natural DOM. Reactivity differences between high molecular weight (HMW), low molecular weight (LMW) and total DOM samples are consistent with potential variations in their higher order structures.
High-Efficiency Light Emitters using Gallium-Arsenide Deep-Centers for Long-Distance Fiber-Optics

We demonstrate the first LEDs at 1.3-1.5 mum using GaAs deep-centers having higher (70%) efficiencies, lower absorption loss, more temperature-insensitive luminescence, larger Einstein B-coefficient than bulk InGaAs. This is an enabling technology.
FREE VOLUNTARY READING AND VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE IN NATIVE SPEAKERS OF SPANISH

Significant correlations were found between reported free reading and performance on a test of vocabulary knowledge in Spanish as a first language for 19 adults.
Air Emissions from Exposed Contaminated Sediments and Dredged Material

The sediment-to-air fluxes of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and pyrene) and a heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (dibenzofuran) from a laboratory-contaminated sediment and those of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) from three field sediments were investigated in experimental microcosms. The flux was dependent on the sediment moisture content, air-filled porosity, and the relative humidity of the air flowing over the sediment surface. The mathematical model predictions of flux from the laboratory-spiked sediment agreed with observed values. The fluxes of compounds with higher hydrophobicity were more air-side resistance controlled. Conspicuous differences were observed between the fluxes from the laboratory-spiked and two of the three field sediments. Two field sediments showed dramatic increases in mass-transfer resistances with increasing exposure time and had significant fractions of oil and grease. The proposed mathematical model was inadequate for predicting the flux from the latter field sediments. Sediment reworking enhanced the fluxes from the field sediments due to exposure of fresh solids to the air. Variations in flux from the lab-spiked sediment as a result of change in air relative humidity were due to differences in retardation of chemicals on a dry or wet surface sediment. High moisture in the air over the drymore » sediment increased the competition for sorption sites between water and contaminant and increased the contaminant flux.« less
SurroundSense: mobile phone localization using ambient sound and light

Proliferating mobile phones provide a foundation for revolutionary innovations in peoplecentric computing. Numerous applications are on the rise, many of which exploit the phone's location as the primary indicator of context. We argue that existing physical localization schemes based on GPS/WiFi/GSM have limitations which make them impractical for use in such applications. Instead, in this poster we describe a means of localization where phones sense their surroundings, and use this ambient information to classify their location. Put differently, we postulate that different surroundings have photo-acoustic fingerprints, that can be sensed and used for localization. We demonstrate the feasibility using Tmote Invent motes that have light and sound sensors. Our ongoing work is extending SurroundSense to the mobile phone platform, and exploiting additional sensors (such as accelerometers and compasses) towards even better localization.
VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION IN TIDAL FLOW SIMULATIONS

We propose an empirical law for vertical nodal placement in tidal simulations that depends on a single parameter p. The influence of dimensionless numbers on the optimal value of p is analysed through a series of numerical experiments for an individual vertical and a single value of p is found to be adequate for all cases. The proposed law can lead to gains in accuracy of over two orders of magnitude relative to a uniform grid and compares favourably with non-uniform grids previously used in the literature. In practical applications the most effective use of this law may require each vertical to have a different number of nodes. Criteria for the distribution of the total number of nodes among different verticals are also proposed, based on the concept of equalizing errors across the domain. The usefulness of the overall approach is demonstrated through a two-dimensional laterally averaged application to a synthetic estuary.
Coarctectomy reduces neoaortic arch obstruction in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Objective Neoaortic arch obstruction after stage I palliation is an important risk factor affecting interstage mortality in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, with no accepted standard surgical approach. We sought to determine the efficacy of different techniques for aortic arch reconstruction to reduce the incidence of postoperative neoaortic arch obstruction. Methods From January 2000 through June 2005, 210 patients underwent stage I palliation. To enlarge the aortic arch, 12 (6%) patients had a direct connection, 115 (55%) patients had an aortic homograft, 53 (25%) patients had a pulmonary homograft patch, and 30 (14%) patients had autologous pericardium. Independent of the technique for aortic enlargement, 55 (26%) children had coarctectomy. Results Eighty patients had a significant arch gradient, as determined by means of echocardiography, and of these, 50 required balloon angioplasty, surgical arch augmentation, or both. Preoperative aortic coarctation was consistently linked to neoaortic arch obstruction (P = .032). Patients having aortic arch enlargement by means of direct connection or with autologous pericardium were less likely to have neoaortic arch obstruction (P = .049). Coarctectomy resulted in a lower incidence of neoaortic arch obstruction, as determined by means of echocardiography (P = .015), or need for reintervention (P = .01). Conclusions Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing aortic arch enlargement with autologous tissue are less likely to require intervention for neoaortic arch obstruction compared with those having homograft patch reconstruction. Excision of all ductal tissue by means of coarctectomy reduces the risk of recurrent aortic arch obstruction. An aggressive approach to reconstruction of the arch and the use of autologous tissue at the time of stage I palliation is advocated.
Temperature inversions in geothermal systems

Abstract Temperature inversions have been observed in deep boreholes in a number of geothermal areas. An elementary investigation indicates that the observed inversions may be manifestations of temperature disequilibria around fractures or permeable horizons where the thermal or flow conditions have changed recently. In particular, the permeable structures may recently have been invaded by thermal waters. Two cases from Iceland are discussed in some detail.
Lattice resolution observations on the structure of twin boundaries, faults and dislocations in epitaxial silicon

Abstract Defects in an (011) silicon film grown epitaxially by an iodine transport process on a silicon substrate have been studied by lattice resolution electron microscopy. Use of the 2-beam tilted illumination technique, modified to admit a twin reflection to the image, enabled {111} fringes to be followed across microtwins. Defects studied included microtwins down to 3-plane thickness, intrinsic and extrinsic faults, loop defects and dislocations. Observations were made on both coherent and incoherent twin interfaces. A stepped twin interface was observed made up of coherent {111} segments and incoherent segments which tended to be {112}. The latter displayed highly regular periodic structures with a 3-plane (9.4 A) repeat distance. One such structure appeared to consist of Shockley partial dislocations on consecutive planes, another of an array of Frank partials of alternating sign, a third may have been different in type. Incoherent boundary segments not parallel to {112} showed much less regularity. Loops and other geometrically shaped defects composed of twins and stacking faults were observed. The displacement field around an end-on dislocation, probably of the 60° type, was measured. The dislocation width was about 7.5 A.
Friendship claims and communications of disturbed and normal children

Abstract Sixteen emotionally disturbed children from a day treatment program and sixteen normal children matched for age and sex were interviewed and asked how many friends they had. Each child was also asked to respond to a communication task involving a hypothetical friend's personal problem. Normal and disturbed children did not differ in the mean number of friends claimed, but there was a tendency for disturbed children to report having fewer than two friends more often than normals. Disturbed children performed less effectively and at a lower developmental level on the communication task. There was no relationship between friendship claims and performance in communication. Few questions were asked by the disturbed children, as compared to the normals, suggesting an area for training that might improve the competence of these youngsters.
Transcendentalism or Naturalism: The Only Alternatives?*

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la dichotomie entre transcendantalisme et naturalisme n'est ni exclusive ni exhaustive. Au-dela de ces deux modes de philosopher, l'A. developpe une nouvelle approche de la realite qui rejette tout modele scientifique (holiste) et affirme l'autonomie de la philosophie a travers ce qu'il appelle le realisme fragmentaire, fonde sur l'hypothese du reve
Titration of weak acids with tetramethylgnanidine as solvent

Abstract Indicators and electrode systems for the titration of weak acids in 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine as solvent have been investigated. A glass electrode coupled with a silver-silver bromide reference is found to give the most reliable results. Alizarin yellow and azo violet give results in agreement with potentiometric end-point values. A large potassium ion effect is observed in this solvent. Attempts to differentiate several pairs of acids were unsuccessful, because the solvent showed a strong leveling effect.
The use of histograms for transmission electron microscopy: defocus and astigmatism correction at high resolution

A real-time method for optimizing the defocus of a conventional transmission electron microscope in the phase contrast imaging mode has been investigated using image histogram data. This method can also be used to minimize the objective lens astigmatism. It will be shown both theoretically and empirically, using a digital television frame store, that a histogram will give the largest peak when an image has a broad and flat contrast transfer function. This method has distinct advantages of speed and minimal computational requirements over obtaining the power spectrum of an image.
A kinematic model for machine tool accuracy characterisation

A method for characterising machine tool accuracy is presented in this paper, using a compact quasi-static error model of a three-axis horizontal machining centre. Rigid-body kinematics and homogeneous coordinate transformation were used in this model. A metrology pallet was designed so that coefficents in the error model can be updated periodically. Ten measurement points were allocated on two perpendicular planes of the metrology pallet. One of the measurement planes was on the work table and the other was perpendicular to the table. Two different length touch trigger probes were required for error measurements. Establishing or updating the error model can be carried out in-process without disturbing the workpiece setup. The proposed compact error model is an improvement over past work for a production environment because of its robustness and convenient calibration procedure. The error model was tested in two dimensions and a good error prediction capability was observed in warm machine states.
Correlation structure of 6Li

Abstract We use a simplified scheme of incorporating the residual potentials and nucleon-nucleon correlation effects in the independent particle shell-model (IPSM) wave functions of nuclei. This method is particularly convenient for nuclei with two valence nucleons (or holes). We apply this scheme to calculate the energy spacings and electron scattering form factor of 6 Li. Using the variational principle we reproduce the correct energy spacings and report the values of the parameters for several potential functions. We have also calculated the 6 Li form factors as obtained from the electron scattering using the simple harmonic oscillator wave functions with and without the correlation term. The correlated form factors show considerable improvement over the uncorrelated result both qualitatively and quantitatively when compared with the experimental data. This work also concludes the clustering effect of the valence nucleons.
MT+, Integrating Magnetotellurics to Determine Earth Structure, Physical State, and Processes

As one of the few deep-earth imaging techniques, magnetotellurics provides information on both the structure and physical state of the crust and upper mantle. Magnetotellurics is sensitive to electrical conductivity, which varies within the earth by many orders of magnitude and is modified by a range of earth processes. As with all geophysical techniques, magnetotellurics has a non-unique inverse problem and has limitations in resolution and sensitivity. As such, an integrated approach, either via the joint interpretation of independent geophysical models, or through the simultaneous inversion of independent data sets is valuable, and at times essential to an accurate interpretation. Magnetotelluric data and models are increasingly integrated with geological, geophysical and geochemical information. This review considers recent studies that illustrate the ways in which such information is combined, from qualitative comparisons to statistical correlation studies to multi-property inversions. Also emphasized are the range of problems addressed by these integrated approaches, and their value in elucidating earth structure, physical state, and processes.
Institutional Change and House Support Assessing George Bush in the Postreform Era

This article modifies an earlier study by Bond and Fleisher that employed regression analysis to predict House members' support of Bush in 1989. The sample frame used in that investigation (1959-1974) to produce estimates is found to be inappropriate, and consequently, an alternative sample is offered. Drawing support from the larger literature on Congress that documents significant institutional change since the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as a variety of empirical data, a case is made for substituting an updated sample, one that better reflects the conditions that affect presidential support in the late 1980s. The differences in model parameters and predicted scores that result from this substitution are striking and clearly challenge previous findings. More generally, these results illustrate House dynamics and suggest that an accurate assessment of presidential success hinges critically on proper specification of the congressional context.
Pitfalls in the management of Cushing’s disease: A review

The author presents a mature and comprehensive analysis of many aspects of the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease. Perhaps this is the most difficult of the pituitary tumors to deal with from a neurosurgical standpoint, and a review such as this one of the various pitfalls that may occur is extremely useful. The author has significant experience to draw from and makes a number of valuable recommendations. One important aspect of the management of patients who require radiation therapy or radiosurgery after failure of pituitary surgery to obtain a remission in Cushing’s disease is the use of ketoconazole to block cortisol synthesis, while waiting for the effects of the radiation to be manifest. This is an important part of the combined management of such patients and so long as they are
Depression in survivors of burn injury: a systematic review

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to systematically review the prevalence, persistence, and risk factors for depression postburn injury. Methods A search of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases was conducted in June 2006 to identify studies that used a standardized interview or validated questionnaire to assess depression. The search was augmented by hand searching of selected journals and references of identified articles and reviews. Results Major depression was identified in 4% to 10% of adult patients using structured interviews in hospital and in the year following discharge. The prevalence of significant depressive symptoms in studies that used the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale post discharge was 4% to 13%, whereas studies that used the Beck Depression Inventory generally produced substantially higher rates: between 13% and 26% for “moderate to severe” symptoms and between 22% and 54% for at least “mild” symptoms. Conclusions The general low quality of studies reviewed suggests the need for future studies using larger sample sizes to adequately assess prevalence rates and risk factors. No existing studies have addressed the persistence of depression in burn survivors; there are no treatment studies; and there are no recent studies of children.
An integrating scintillation detector as a beam monitor for high rates

Abstract The integrated output from an ordinary scintillation counter has been used to measure the absolute incident flux for pion and proton beams with instantaneous counting rates exceeding 10 6 /s. The system is easily calibrated at low rates and provides beam integration accurate to better than ±2% over four orders of magnitude in beam intensity.
Inducing magnetism in wide band gap hosts

We have used precursor routes to prepare magnetic transition metal ion (tM) substituted wurtzite ZnO powders with up to 15% tM substitution (tM = Co and Mn) on the cation site. Careful magnetic studies reveal these samples show no cooperative magnetic ordering, and certainly no ferromagnetism. Instead, the nearest-neighbor coupling is actually antiferromagnetic. Modeling of the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility indicates the difficulty in inducing ferromagnetism, in keeping with the results of density functional calculations. The alternate strategy of inducing dilute ferri magnetism in wide band gap spinel hosts with two cation sites has been more successful; dilute magnets based on tM substitution in spinel ZnGa2O4 seem promising, displaying magnetic hysteresis in nearly transparent samples.
Age-associated changes in MAPK activation in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle of the F344/NNiaHSD X Brown Norway/BiNia rat model

We compared the tissue content, basal phosphorylation, and stretch-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) members; extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK 1/2), p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in the fast-twitch extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus of young adult (6 month), aged (30 month), and very aged (36 month) F344/NNiaHSD X Brown Norway/BiNia (F344/NXBN) rats. The expression and basal phosphorylation of the ERK 1/2, p38, and JNK MAPK proteins were regulated differently with aging in the EDL and soleus. Stretch induced significant phosphorylation of each signaling molecule in both muscle types of young adult and aged animals. In the very aged animals, stretch stimulated ERK 1/2 MAPK phosphorylation; however, EDL stretch failed to induce JNK MAPK phosphorylation, while soleus stretch was unable to induce the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. The results suggest that skeletal muscle mechanotransduction processes are affected in very aged F344/NXBN rats and that aging alters load-induced signaling in fast- and slow-twitch muscle types differently.
Ambient temperature and risk of first primary basal cell carcinoma: A nationwide United States cohort study.

Abstract The Earth’s surface is warming and animal studies have shown higher temperatures promote ultraviolet radiation (UVR) skin carcinogenesis. There are, however, no population studies of long-term temperature exposure and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) risk. We linked average lifetime summer ambient temperatures (based on weather station data) and satellite-based UVR estimates to self-reported lifetime residences in the U.S. Radiologic Technologists’ cohort. We assessed the relationship between time-dependent average lifetime summer ambient temperature (20-year lag) in quintiles and BCC in whites, using Cox proportional hazards regression. Risks were adjusted for time-dependent lagged average lifetime UVR and time outdoors, body mass index, eye color, and sex (baseline hazard stratified on birth cohort). During a median 19.4 years follow-up, we identified 3556 BCC cases. There was no significant trend in risk between temperature and BCC. However, BCC risk was highest in the fourth quintile of temperature (Q4 vs. Q1; hazards ratio (HR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–1.31, p-trend = 0.09). BCC risk was strongly related to average lifetime ambient UVR exposure (Q5 vs. Q1; HR = 1.54 (95% CI = 1.35–1.75, p-trend =
Learned helplessness and the facilitation of biofeedback performance

The present article reports the results of two studies, which, taken together, support the hypothesis that learned helplessness resulting in effort cessation, while detrimental to performance on cognitive tasks, is actually facilitative to performance in a biofeedback relaxation task. Data are presented indicating that false failure feedback leads to the typically reported decrement in performance on a cognitive arithmetic task, while such feedback leads to enhanced performance in biofeedback relaxation. Self-report data suggest that this occurs because when subjects encounter failure, they revise their expectancies of future success downward and consequently plan to exert less effort. Reduction of effort is proposed as the common mechanism underlying the contrast in results between the arithmetic and biofeedback tasks. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the way in which theories of self-efficacy and learned helplessness are commonly interpreted.
Are quantum-mechanical-like models possible, or necessary, outside quantum physics?

This article examines some experimental conditions that invite and possibly require recourse to quantum-mechanical-like mathematical models (QMLMs), models based on the key mathematical features of quantum mechanics, in scientific fields outside physics, such as biology, cognitive psychology, or economics. In particular, I consider whether the following two correlative features of quantum phenomena that were decisive for establishing the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics play similarly important roles in QMLMs elsewhere. The first is the individuality and discreteness of quantum phenomena, and the second is the irreducibly probabilistic nature of our predictions concerning them, coupled to the particular character of the probabilities involved, as different from the character of probabilities found in classical physics. I also argue that these features could be interpreted in terms of a particular form of epistemology that suspends and even precludes a causal and, in the first place, realist description of quantum objects and processes. This epistemology limits the descriptive capacity of quantum theory to the description, classical in nature, of the observed quantum phenomena manifested in measuring instruments. Quantum mechanics itself only provides descriptions, probabilistic in nature, concerning numerical data pertaining to such phenomena, without offering a physical description of quantum objects and processes. While QMLMs share their use of the quantum-mechanical or analogous mathematical formalism, they may differ by the roles, if any, the two features in question play in them and by different ways of interpreting the phenomena they considered and this formalism itself. This article will address those differences as well.
Kinds of seeing and their functions in designing

We consider designing as a conversation with materials conducted in the medium of drawing and crucially dependent on seeing, of which we distinguish several kinds: literal visual apprehension of (in this instance marks on a page; appreciative judgments of quality (such as ‘too small in scale’); apprehension of spatial gestalts (such as ‘two L's back to back’). We describe the functions of the several kinds of seeing in designers' move experiments, their reasoning, and the learning that results from and feeds into episodes of designing. From this analysis, we draw implications for epistemology, education and computation in design.
Facial nerve injury as a complication of sagittal split ramus osteotomy

Abstract A little-considered potential complication to the sagittal ramus split has been called to the attention of surgeons. The abnormal EMG recordings, coupled with the pattern of recovery, suggests Wallerian degeneration as the pathologic process in this patient.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease caused by periodontal pathogens

A statistically significant association between periodontal disease (PD) and systemic diseases has been identified. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, exhibits similar characteristics and pathogenesis to PD. The association between RA and PD has been investigated, and numerous publications on this subject exist. Approximately 20 bacterial species have been identified as periodontal pathogens, and these organisms are linked to various types of PD. The most analyzed species of periodontopathic bacteria are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Antibodies and DNA from these oral pathogens have been isolated from the sera and synovial fluids of RA patients. This rapid communication describes the role of periodontal pathogens in the etiopathogenesis of RA.
Effects of Environmental Odor and Coping Style on Negative Affect, Anger, Arousal, and Escape1

Trait coping, state anger, perceived arousal, blood pressure, negative affect, and escape behavior were measured in a sample of 240 undergraduate males and females exposed to 1 of 4 foul-odor conditions or to a no-odor condition. Consistent with Baron and Bell's (1976) negative-affect-escape model, it was hypothesized that people exposed to noxious odors would experience increased negative affect and heightened motivation to escape the situation. Results showed that negative affect and motivation to escape, but not anger or arousal, increased significantly as odor became more noxious. In addition, anger and motivation to escape significantly predicted negative affect. Variances in anger and perceived arousal, but not discomfort and escape, were accounted for mainly by trait coping styles and gender differences. Variances in discomfort and escape were accounted for mainly by odor alone.
Evaluation of quasi-isolated seismic bridge behavior using nonlinear bearing models

Abstract Seismic isolation is a well-accepted bridge design philosophy for providing earthquake resistance, but the design complexity and higher cost of construction can make this approach relatively less attractive in regions of moderate seismic hazard or with the potential for large earthquakes only at long recurrence intervals. Quasi-isolation is an innovative, yet economical and pragmatic, design philosophy that employs typical bridge bearings as fuses to ensure predictable seismic structural response. This paper presents computational models for evaluating quasi-isolated bridge systems, where certain bearing components can slide and limit the forces transferred between the superstructure and substructure. Nonlinear elements have been formulated to capture the local bi-directional stick–slip behaviors in the bridge bearings and the bilinear (and eventual fracture) behavior of steel retainers that limit transverse bearing movement. A bridge prototype is described, with the anticipated nonlinear behaviors in the structural components defined and implemented in a finite element model of the global structure. Static and dynamic pushover analyses are performed in both longitudinal and transverse directions to demonstrate limit states and progression of damage in the bridge structure. Results indicate that the abutment backwalls provide significant force capacity in the longitudinal direction. In the transverse direction, the force capacities of the retainers and fixed bearings have a significant influence on global bridge behavior and therefore should be appropriately proportioned to allow for effective quasi-isolation of such bridge structures.
Storage-efficient data replica number computation for multi-level priority data in distributed storage systems

Distributed storage systems often use replication for improved availability, performance and scalability. In this paper, we consider the case of using file replication to improve the availability of different classes of files, where some classes are more “important” than others and more replicas are created for them to achieve improved availability. The question we attempt to answer is: given a fixed storage budget for storing replicas, what is the number of replicas of each file class to create to maximize the (weighted) overall availability of files? We present our work towards a replica number computation algorithm that takes into account a storage budget, a configurable maximum expected percentage of failed nodes, and weights for different file classes. Simulation results show that our algorithm is able to improve the availability of the prioritized files with higher weights, has a low computation time and can utilize storage space efficiently when total storage space scales to a large size.
Right Ventricular to Left Ventricular Diameter Ratio at End-Systole in Evaluating Outcomes in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) increases right ventricular (RV) pressure, resulting in septal shift and RV dilation. Few echocardiographic measures have been used to evaluate severity and outcomes in children with PH. The aims of this study were to compare the RV to left ventricular (LV) diameter ratio at end-systole (RV/LV ratio) in normal controls and patients with PH, to correlate the RV/LV ratio with invasive hemodynamic measures, and to evaluate its association with outcomes in children with PH. Methods The RV/LV ratio was compared retrospectively between 80 matched normal controls and 84 PH patients without shunts. Of the patients with PH, 49 children underwent 94 echocardiographic studies and cardiac catheterizations within 48 hours (13 patients had simultaneous measurements). The RV/LV ratio was correlated against hemodynamic measures. Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox proportional-hazards regression model were used to assess relationships between RV/LV ratio and time until an adverse clinical event (initiation of intravenous prostacyclin therapy, atrial septostomy, death, or transplantation). Results RV/LV ratios were lower in controls compared with patients with PH (mean, 0.51 [95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.54] vs 1.47 [95% confidence interval, 1.25–1.70], P r = 0.65 [ P r = 0.6 [ P r = 0.49 [ P r = 0.43 [ P 1 had adverse events within a median of 1.1 years from their earliest echocardiographic studies. Increasing RV/LV ratio was associated with an increasing hazard for a clinical event (hazard ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.92–3.24). Conclusions The RV/LV end-systolic diameter ratio can easily be obtained noninvasively in the clinical setting and can be used in the management of patients with PH. The RV/LV ratio incorporates both pathologic septal shift and RV dilation in children with PH and correlates with invasive measures of PH. An RV/LV ratio > 1 is associated with adverse clinical events.