cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular uptake of cyclic AMP captured within phospholipid vehicles and effect on cell-growth behaviour

Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was successfully incorporated within unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Treatment of 3T3 and SV40-transformed 3T3 cells (SV3T3 cells) with vesicles containing cyclic AMP resulted in significant intracellular incorporation of vesicle-associated cyclic AMP and alteration of cell-growth behavior. Vesicles containing cyclic AMP caused a significant reduction in the growth rate of 3T3 and SV3T3 cells and effectively inhibited growth stimulation in stationary 3T3 cell cultures treated with insulin, serum and proteolytic enzymes. These alterations in cell-growth behaviour were produced by vesicle cyclic AMP at concentrations as low as 10−7 M. Similar modification of cell growth by addition of cyclic AMP or dibutyryl-cyclic AMP to the culture medium was achieved only at concentrations as high as 10−4 M plus 10−3 M theophylline. The ability of cyclic AMP trapped within vesicles to modify cell behaviour was influenced by the lipid composition of the vesicles. Cyclic AMP-containing vesicles composed of lipids that were in a “fluid” state of 37 °C produced marked growth inhibition while similar concentrations of cyclic AMP within vesicles prepared from “solid” lipids had no effect on cell proliferation. The influence of vesicle lipid composition on the mechanisms by which vesicles may be incorporated in to cells was discussed.
Partial least squares modeling to quantify lunar soil composition with hyperspectral reflectance measurements

[1] Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) are applied to lunar highland and mare soil data characterized by the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC) for prediction of abundance of lunar soil chemistry and minerals. The goal of this study is to develop a tool for predicting the abundance of chemical and mineral constituents of lunar soils from reflectance data. To determine the best model, the optimal number of PLS components is selected through the cross-validation. The results obtained from PLS and PCR using mean centered and normalized data are compared. The comparison indicates that using mean centered and normalized data has an insignificant effect on estimates of the soil chemical and mineral abundance. Both PLS and PCR perform well in predicting chemical abundance based on prediction errors. For most of minerals considered, one of PLS models always gives the best estimate of mineral abundances. PLS is preferred over PCR in estimation of lunar soil chemical mineral abundances because the first model uses fewer components than the second model. It is concluded that PLS has potential to be applied to lunar hyperspectral imagery (M3 mission) for compositional predictions.
Both p16 and p21 Families of Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors Block the Phosphorylation of Cyclin-dependent Kinases by the CDK-activating Kinase

Phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by the CDK-activating kinase is required for the activation of CDK enzymes. Members of two families of CDK inhibitors, p16/p18 and p21/p27, become physically associated with and inhibit the activity of CDKs in response to a variety of growth-modulating signals. Here, we show that the representative members of both families of CDK inhibitors, p21waf1,cip1, p27kip1, and p18, can prevent the phosphorylation of their CDK partners, CDK2 and CDK6, by CDK-activating kinase. No direct interaction between CDK-activating kinase and the CDK inhibitors could be detected, suggesting that binding of these CDK inhibitors to CDK subunits renders CDK inaccessible to the CDK-activating kinase phosphorylation. These findings suggest that a general mechanism of CDK inhibitor function is to block the phosphorylation of CDK enzymes by CDK-activating kinase.
Parent and Family Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review and Proposed Model for Intervention Evaluation

Raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be an overwhelming experience for parents and families. The pervasive and severe deficits often present in children with ASD are associated with a plethora of difficulties in caregivers, including decreased parenting efficacy, increased parenting stress, and an increase in mental and physical health problems compared with parents of both typically developing children and children with other developmental disorders. In addition to significant financial strain and time pressures, high rates of divorce and lower overall family well-being highlight the burden that having a child with an ASD can place on families. These parent and family effects reciprocally and negatively impact the diagnosed child and can even serve to diminish the positive effects of intervention. However, most interventions for ASD are evaluated only in terms of child outcomes, ignoring parent and family factors that may have an influence on both the immediate and long-term effects of therapy. It cannot be assumed that even significant improvements in the diagnosed child will ameliorate the parent and family distress already present, especially as the time and expense of intervention can add further family disruption. Thus, a new model of intervention evaluation is proposed, which incorporates these factors and better captures the transactional nature of these relationships.
Malignant teratomas in infancy and childhood

In infancy and childhood, 75% of teratomas occur in females. The most common site is the sacrococcygeal area. The second most common site is the ovary, followed by lesser numbers in many anatomic areas, exclusive of the extremities. The majority of malignant teratomas are in the sacrococcygeal group. Approximately 1/2 of sacrococcygeal teratomas are composed of benign adult tissue. Twenty percent contain embryonic benign tissue and approximately 30% have overtly malignant tissue. With the exception of central nervous system teratomas, the percentage of malignancy is less in other sites. The malignant teratoma is aggressive in its clinical course. At the present time, approximately 80% of patients with malignant teratomas die as a result of the malignancy. Subsequent to appropriate surgical therapy, aggressive radiation and chemotherapy are indicated for treatment of malignant teratomas.
Positron emission tomographic image measurement in schizophrenia and affective disorders.

Two analytical methods for assesing regional glucography with positron emission tomography were compared in 16 patients with schizophrenia and 11 patients with affective disorders. Patients were off all medication a minimum of 14 days and an average of 39.8 days. The subjects were administered fluorine-18-labeled 2-deoxyglucose just before receiving a 34-minute one-per-second series of unpleasant electrical stimuli to their right forearm while resting with their eyes closed in a darkened, acoustically attenuated psychophysiological testing chamber. Following monitored stimulation in the controlled environment, the subjects were scanned and the images were converted to values of glucose use in micromoles per 100 grams per minute, according to Sokoloff's model. Data were analyzed by a four-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for independent groups (normal subjects, schizophrenic patients, and patients with affective disorders) and for repeated measures of slice level (supraventricular, midventricular, and infraventricular), hemisphere (right, left), and anteroposterior position (four sectors). Normal individuals and patient groups both showed a significant anteroposterior gradient in glucose use, with the highest values in the sector farthest to the front. Patients with schizophrenia and those with affective illnesses showed showed less of an anteroposterior gradient than normal individuals, especially at superior levels, which was statistically confirmed by ANOVA. Neither the group differences in whole-brain glucose use nor the left-right asymmetries reached statistical significance. A second technique, involving reconstruction of the lateral cortical surface, also revealed differences between schizophrenics and normal individuals in the superior frontal cortex. These results are consistent with our earlier reports of a relative hypofrontal function in schizophrenia compared with controls; they also extend the finding to the affective illnesses, the other group of major psychoses.
Generation of short chain acid anions in hydrothermally altered sediments of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

An initial investigation of the concentration distribution of short chain organic acid anions in hydrothermally altered sediments of the Guaymas Basin reveals the presence of high concentrations of acetate and propionate relative to normal marine sediments. Acetate and propionate concentrations appear to vary as a function of sediment temperature and reach concentrations 1100 and 200 μm, respectively at temperatures 100°C. As in previously studied oil field formation waters, these acid anions probably play a key role in the generation of CO2 and hydrocarbons gases, hydrogen ion (pH) buffering, the complexing of aqueous ions, and mineral dissolution and precipatation. At temperatures <100°C these and other acid anions should be important substrates for heterotrophic bacterial processes, including sulfate reduction.
Computer algorithm for many-body wave functions

We develop and test an algorithm for the computation of a fixed number of the lowest eigenstates of a Hermitian operator. The algorithm is iterative and converges exponentially. We test the algorithm on the strong-coupled Hubbard model, which has a finite number of basis states, and we reproduce known results. We also compute with a partial basis, a subset of a complete basis. We show how to extrapolate the eigenvalues to the full basis result. This opens the possibility of applying the algorithm to problems having an infinite number of basis states.
Gamma-radiation effects on Trogoderma inclusum and T. variabile.

Effects of gamma radiation exposures of 5—100 krad on all developmental stages of Trogoderma inclusum LeConte and T. variabile Ballion were studied. Results with the 2 species were similar. Development of adults from treated eggs and larvae was prevented by 5 krad. Some adults emerged from pupae at all treatment levels, but no reproduction occurred at 30 krad or above. Adult females were more sensitive to the sterilizing effects of gamma radiation than were males. All adults were sterilized when irradiated at 30 krad or above. Control of the 2 species appears feasible with levels of radiation currently approved for treatment of stored-grain insects.
Binding of a transition state analog to newly synthesized Rubisco.

Radioactive amino acids, when added to isolated pea chloroplasts or chloroplast extracts engaged in protein synthesis, are incorporated into Rubisco large subunits that co-migrate with native Rubisco during nondenaturing electrophoresis. We have added the transition state analog 2′-carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate (CABP) to chloroplast extracts after in organello or in vitro incorporation of radioactive amino acids into Rubisco large subunits. Upon addition of CABP the radioactive bands co-migrating with native Rubisco undergo a readily detected shift in electrophoretic mobility just as the native enzyme, thus demonstrating the ability of the newly assembled molecules to interact with this transition state analog.
Fluvoxamine effects on concurrent ethanol- and food-maintained behaviors.

In previous studies, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine preferentially reduced responding for ethanol compared with responding for food under conditions in which each was available alone in separate groups or in the same subjects under a multiple schedule in which baseline response rates were matched. The impact of providing concurrent access to food on pharmacological effects on ethanol self-administration remains largely unexplored. In this study, acute doses of fluvoxamine (3.0-17.8 mg/kg) were administered 30-min before the experimental session to Lewis rats responding under a concurrent fixed-ratio, fixed-ratio schedule of ethanol and food presentation. Ratios for food were adjusted for each subject to provide matched rates of food and ethanol reinforcement across the 30-min session. Although the number of ethanol and food deliveries did not significantly differ under baseline conditions, response rates did differ. Following fluvoxamine administration, responding for food was decreased more than responding for ethanol. This differential effect did not appear to be related to response rate or fixed-ratio size. Thus, the selectivity of fluvoxamine on ethanol- versus food-maintained responding depends upon the context in which the behavior occurs. Such results may help explain inconsistencies between preclinical results and those in humans, and could provide insight into the behavioral determinants of pharmacological effects on ethanol self-administration.
Le elezioni amministrative della prima Repubblica. Politica e propaganda locale nell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra (1946–1956), by Rosario Forlenza

Le elezioni amministrative della prima Repubblica. Politica e propaganda locale nell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra (1946–1956), by Rosario Forlenza, Rome, Donizelli, 2008, xii + 258 pp., €32.00, IS...
Strong W+W+ scattering at the SSC

Abstract WW scattering is a general probe of the strength of the still unknown fifth force that breaks the electroweak symmetry. For the design energy and luminosity of the SSC we find that strong WW scattering signals in the like-charge W + W + +W + W − channel exceed the irreducible background by many standard deviations. An important feature of the analysis is the use of leptonic observables that distinguish between the longitudinal polarization of the signal and the predominantly transverse polarization of the background.
Collateral sprouting in central mesolimbic dopamine neurons: Biochemical and immunocytochemical evidence of changes in the activity and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase in terminal fields and in cell bodies of A10 neurons

The olfactory tubercle of adult rats was examined for the development of collateral sprouts from intrinsic dopaminergic axons following unilateral olfactory bulbectomy. In the ipsilateral tubercle tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity began to increase by 10–14 days following the lesion, gradually reaching a maximum of 125% of control (P < 0.005) by 21 days where it remained permanently elevated. The rise of TH activity in the tubercle reflected changes of the dopaminergic innervation, since dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was unchanged, and lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle reduced DBH but not TH activity in the tubercle. By immunocytochemical staining the elevation of TH reflected an increased number and altered distribution of TH-containing processes within the olfactory tubercle. By 30 days the uptake of [3H]dopamine into synaptosomes of the olfactory tubercle was also increased to 140% of control (P < 0.05). In the dopaminergic cell bodies of the ipsilateral A10 group (which innervate the tubercle) TH activity was transiently elevated to 121% (P < 0.05) by 4 days, returning to control levels by 10 days. Histologically no change in activity was detected. The results indicate that mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons of A10 which innervate the olfactory tubercle will sprout in response to removal of a major non-dopaminergic input, that the new innervation is sustained, and that during collateral sprouting there is a transient elevation of TH activity in the uninjured cell bodies which precedes the period of axonal growth. The findings suggest that (a) the increase of TH activity in the A10 cell bodies during collateral sprouting may be a reflection of an increase in the amount of enzyme protein required for transport into the enlarging terminal fields, (b) that as in development sprouts are in place before they reach biochemical maturity, (c) the biochemical mechanisms underlying collateral sprouting of uninjured neurons are not necessarily the same as those associated with regenerative sprouting in response to axonal injury, and (d) the development and the acquisition of biochemical maturation of collateral sprouts in the CNS involves complex two-way signalling between terminal field and cell bodies. The development of collateral sprouts of dopaminergic neurons may be the cellular substrate of the development of behavioral hyperactivity and aggression produced by bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rat.
Aphanomyces as a Fish parasite.

During November, 1942, a serious outbreak of a fungal disease on fish developed in some of the aquaria in the Vivarium of the University of Illinois. The macroscopic appearance of the fungus on the infected fish suggested a water mold, possibly a delicate species of Saprolegnia, as the causal organism. Microscopical examination and cultural studies of the parasite revealed it to be a sterile Aphanomyces. Certain species of Saprolegnia, Achlya, and Dictyiuchus are known to parasitize fish and in some instances to cause serious trouble. Aphanomyces species, however, are more widely known as plant parasites or as parasites of such Invertebrates as the European Crayfish and of some smaller fresh water Crustacea. Because of the severity of the epidemic here and its unusual occurrence as a parasite on fish,1 we deem it of some interest to publish this brief account. The first infection was noted in a small one gallon aquarium November 4th, 1942, and was observed in other aquaria within a few days. The fish in two small aquaria, those in a 28 gallon rectangular aquarium and those in a large concrete burial vault used as an aquarium, were almost entirely eliminated by this organism within a period of about two weeks. The source of inoculum is not known but it is probable that it was introduced along with some food materials grown in containers of fresh water kept outside of the Vivarium. Adults as well as young were attacked in a characteristic manner and the virulence of the organism on both age groups was equally
The chromosomes of four species of Falconiformes

Leucocyte cultures were used in four species of Falconiformes for the purpose of karyotypic sex determination and the establishment of a breeding pair. The Andean condor has 80 Guiana eagle 54, Crane hawk 66, and Turkey vulture 76 chromosomes with readily distinguished ZW elements in the female.
Immunochemical studies on the reactivities and combining sites of the d-galactopyranose- and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose-specific lectin purified from Sophora japonica seeds

Abstract Sophora japonica lectin agglutinates human B erythrocytes strongly and A 1 erythrocytes weakly. Bivalent metal ions such as Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , or Mg 2+ were shown to be essential for hemagglutinating and precipitating activities. At optimal concentrations of bivalent metal ions, hemagglutinating activity was highest between pH 8.5 and 9.0 and decreased sharply below pH 8.5, whereas precipitating capacity was maximal between pH 6.7 and 9.5. The combining site of the S. japonica lectin was explored by quantitative precipitin and precipitin inhibition assays. This lectin showed substantial differences in precipitation with several blood group B substances ascribable to heterogeneity resulting from incomplete biosynthesis of their carbohydrate side chains. The lectin precipitated moderately well with A 1 substance and precursor blood group I fractions (OG). It precipitated weakly or not at all with A 2 , H, or Le a substances. In inhibition assays, glycosides of d GalNAc were about five to six times better than those of d Gal; d GalNAc itself was about six times better than d Gal. Nitrophenyl glycosides were all substantially better than the methyl glycosides, indicating a hydrophobic contribution to the site subterminal to the nonreducing moiety. Although nitrophenyl β-glycosides were much better than the corresponding α-glycosides, the methyl α-and β DGalNAc p were equal in activity as were methyl α- and β DGal p . Among the oligosaccharides tested, the β-linked N -tosyl- l -serine glycoside of d Galβ1 → 3 d GalNAc was best and was as active as p -nitrophenyl β DGalNAc p , whereas d Galβ1 → 3 d GalNAc α- N -tosyl serine and the nitrophenyl and phenyl α-glycosides of d Galβ1 → 3 d GalNAc were much less active, suggesting that the hydrophobic moiety and/or a subterminal d GalNAc β-linked and substituted on carbon 3 play an important role in binding and that a β-linked glycoside of d Galβ1 → 3 d GalNAc may be an essential requirement for binding. The results of inhibition studies with other oligosaccharides indicate that a subterminal d GlcNAc substituted on carbon 3 or 4 by d Galβ may contribute somewhat to binding and that whether the d GlcNAc is linked β1 → 3 or β1 → 6 to a third sugar does not contribute to or interfere with binding. The β1 → 3 linkage of the terminal d Gal to the subterminal amino sugar is significant since d Galβ1 → 4 d GlcNAc was one-half as active as the corresponding β1 → 3-linked compound and the subterminal sugar must be unsubstituted for optimal binding. N -Acetyllactosamine was 50% more active than lactose, indicating that the subterminal N -acetamido group was also contributing significantly to binding. A variety of other sugars, glycosides, and oligosaccharides showed little or not activity. From the oligosaccharides available, the combining size of this lectin would appear to be least as large a β-linked disaccharide and most complementary to d Galβ1 → 3 d GalNAc β-linked to tosyl- l -serine the most active compound tested.
C(X, Z) revisited

Abstract This paper gives a characterization of the ring C ( X , Z ) of all continuous, integer-valued functions on a topological space X . Then, as a consequence of a result of Alling, a very simple proof is obtained for the result that the set of non-minimal prime ideals of C ( X , Z ) under inclusion is a disjoint union of chains. Viewed as a Prufer ring it is then easy to describe which prime ideals are idempotent and how many primary ideals they possess.
Superoxide dismutase in the housefly, Musca domestica (L.)

Four superoxide dismutase (SOD) (E.C. 1.15.1.1) isozymes were present in whole tissue homogenates of Musca domestica when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One of the isozymes contained manganese, and the other three contained copper and zinc. All were observed in each of the body tagma (head, abdomen, and thorax) and at each developmental stage (egg to adult). The copper- and zinc-containing isozymes purified from newly emerged, adult M. domestica had a relative molecular weight of 34,800 as determined by gel filtration chromatography but consisted of two equal-size subunits of 16,000 as measured by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An isoelectric point between 4.8 and 5.1 was measured. Approximately 2 mol each of copper and zinc were present per dimer. The three copper, zinc isozymes were identified as charge variants. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was similar to that of copper, zinc-containing superoxide dismutases from other sources. Purified housefly copper, zinc superoxide dismutase was neither deactivated nor able to protect lactic dehydrogenase against deactivation in the presence of light and rose bengal, a known generator of singlet oxygen. The role of SOD in the phototoxic reaction involving rose bengal is discussed.
Is there evidence that estrogen therapy promotes weight maintenance via effects on leptin

Objective Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance. Estrogen, like leptin, reduces food intake and adiposity while increasing energy expenditure in animals and humans of both sexes through its actions in the central nervous system. We reviewed the literature for studies of the effect of exogenously administered estrogen on serum leptin concentrations and adiposity in women.
Interspecies conservation and differential expression of mouse desmoglein gene family.

: Epithelial cell adhesion is mediated by intercellular junctions, called desmosomes. Desmogleins (Dsg; Dsg1, Dsg2 and Dsg3) are calcium-dependent transmembrane adhesion components of the desmosomes. While Dsg1 and Dsg3 are mainly restricted to stratified squamous epithelia, Dsg2 is expressed in essentially all desmosome-containing epithelia. In the epidermis, Dsg2 and Dsg3 are expressed in the basal keratinocytes while Dsg1 is expressed throughout the upper differentiating cell layers. To date, in mouse, only Dsg3 has been characterized by molecular cloning. In this study, we have cloned and characterized the mouse Dsg1 and Dsg2 genes. The full-length mouse Dsg1 cDNA (5.5 kb) contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 3171 bp encoding a precursor protein of 1057 amino acids. The Dsg2 cDNA (6.3 kb) has an ORF of 3366 bp coding for a precursor protein of 1122 amino acids. Mouse Dsg2 protein shares 76% identity with human DSG2 but only 26% and 33% identity with mouse Dsg1 and Dsg3, respectively. Analysis of intron/exon organization of the desmoglein genes revealed significant conservation. However, the mRNA expression patterns of these desmogleins during mouse embryonic development and in various adult tissues are variable. While Dsg2 and Dsg3 are expressed in all developmental stages, Dsg1 expression is delayed until day 15 of mouse embryos. In adult mouse tissues, Dsg2 is widely expressed while the expression of Dsg1 and Dsg3 is restricted to select tissues. In summary, while desmogleins share high homology at both the gene and protein level, their expression is spatially and temporally regulated, potentially contributing to their significant role in cell–cell adhesion during development.
High quality factor nanocrystalline diamond micromechanical resonators limited by thermoelastic damping

We demonstrate high quality factor thin-film nanocrystalline diamond micromechanical resonators with quality factors limited by thermoelastic damping. Cantilevers, single-anchored and double-anchored double-ended tuning forks, were fabricated from 2.5 μm thick in-situ boron doped nanocrystalline diamond films deposited using hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Thermal conductivity measured by time-domain thermoreflectance resulted in 24 ± 3 W m−1 K−1 for heat transport through the thickness of the diamond film. The resonant frequencies of the fabricated resonators were 46 kHz–8 MHz and showed a maximum measured Q ≈ 86 000 at fn = 46.849 kHz. The measured Q-factors are shown to be in good agreement with the limit imposed by thermoelastic dissipation calculated using the measured thermal conductivity. The mechanical properties extracted from resonant frequency measurements indicate a Young's elastic modulus of ≈788 GPa, close to that of microcrystalline diamond.
Detection of antibodies to thymic tissue in human serum.

Abstract Antibodies specific to thymic tissue were detected in normal human serum by means of an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Approximately 50–88% of the total sera (33) showed positive staining, which was confined to the medullary zone primarily associated with the surface membranes of epithelial cells including Hassall's corpuscles. These observations point to the recognition by the immune-self of antigen(s) of the thymic epithelium in health, and presumably in disease.
The Psychological Effects of Sudden Infant Death on Grandmothers and Grandfathers

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) affects perhaps 8,000 to 10,000 families in the United States each year. Earlier research has indicated that this sudden, unexplainable death of an infant greatly affects the parents of the baby. This study examines the psychological and social impact of SIDS on eighty grandmothers and grandfathers. It is clear from both a statistical, quantitative perspective, and from a more laborious content analysis of their qualitative responses to a survey instrument, that SIDS for most grandparents is a “devastating” experience. Common feelings expressed include: disbelief, anger, guilt, anxiety, depression, concern for their bereaved adult children and surviving siblings, exhaustion, and bitterness. Four percent of the grandparents considered suicide in the aftermath of the death. The findings suggest that almost every aspect of their lives are affected.
Quantum kinetic equations and dark matter abundances reconsidered

Starting from a Caldeira-Leggett model for the interaction of a system with an environment, Joichi, Matsumoto, and Yoshimura have reconsidered the derivation of the quantum Boltzmann equation. They find an extra term that accounts for the effects of virtual particles, and which drastically changes the results for relic densities of stable, weakly interacting massive particles and for the decay products of unstable particles. We show, however, that this modified Boltzmann equation does not properly account for the interaction energy between the massive particles (which are decaying or annihilating) and the thermal bath of light particles. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Inhibition of glycine N-methyltransferase activity by folate derivatives: implications for regulation of methyl group metabolism.

Glycine N-methyltransferase, an enzyme that uses S-adenosylmethionine to methylate glycine with the production of sarcosine, was recently shown to be identical with a major folate binding protein of rat liver (Cook, R.J. and Wagner, C. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 3631-3634). We now present evidence that 5-methyltetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (5-CH3-H4PteGlu5) is bound with high specificity, and is a powerful inhibitor of the enzyme. It is proposed that this information may be used to modify the "methyl trap" hypothesis which describes how the availability of one-carbon units is regulated by folate, vitamin B12 and methionine.
Investigating the LGBTQ Responsive Model for Supervision of Group Work

This article reports an investigation of the LGBTQ Responsive Model for Supervision of Group Work, a trans-theoretical supervisory framework to address the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) persons (Goodrich & Luke, 2011). Findings partially supported applicability of the LGBTQ Responsive Model for Supervision of Group Work with school counselors-in-training. Most group supervisory interventions in this study focused on trainee Awareness, were delivered from the Teacher role, and occurred at the Whole Group level. Proportionately fewer supervisory interventions occurred at the interpersonal group level and very few at the supra-group level. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
Osteoporosis Risk in Premenopausal Women

Although clinically significant bone loss and fractures in healthy premenopausal women are rare, more women are seeking evaluation for osteoporosis from their health care providers. As pharmacists are in an ideal position to influence the management of premenopausal women with osteoporosis, it is important that pharmacists understand the available data on bone loss, fractures, and risk factors and secondary causes for osteoporosis, as well as when to recommend testing and treatment in premenopausal women. Limited data are available; therefore, we conducted a MEDLINE search of the literature from January 1993-August 2008. Studies evaluating bone loss, fractures, and fracture risk in healthy premenopausal women were targeted and summarized; most recommendations are based on expert opinion. A small but statistically significant loss in bone mineral density of 0.25-1%/year by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is seen healthy premenopausal women; the clinical significance of this is unknown. Whereas absolute fracture risk is low, premenopausal fractures appear to increase postmenopausal fracture risk by 1.5-3-fold. Risk factors for low bone density appear to be similar between pre- and postmenopausal women. Bone density screening in healthy premenopausal women is not recommended, but bone mineral density testing is advisable for those who have conditions or who receive drug therapy that may cause secondary bone loss. Lifestyle modification emphasizing bone-healthy habits such as adequate calcium and vitamin D nutrition, regular exercise, limitation of caffeine and alcohol consumption, and avoidance of tobacco are essential to the management of osteoporosis risk. The efficacy and safety of osteoporosis drugs have not been adequately demonstrated in premenopausal women. Therefore, pharmacologic interventions cannot be recommended in young women with low bone mass but may be considered in those having a more significant fracture risk, such as those with a previous low-trauma fracture or an identified secondary cause for bone loss.
Some Medical Applications of Accelerators

The present uses of accelerators in nuclear medicine and radiation therapy are summarized. Attention is called to the widespread use of these devices for production of radioisotopes for diagnostic purposes and of x rays for treatment of cancer. Developments presently underway to make use of high energy heavy nuclear particles for both isotope production and therapy are discussed and an overview is presented of one of a new family of accelerators nearing completion. In view of the large fraction of the total population who stand to benefit from better diagnostic and therapy modalities, the question is posed whether more adequate resources should not be made available for improving diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities while minimizing radiation dose to the patient.
Dopant Effect of Yttrium and the Growth and Adherence of Alumina on Nickel‐Aluminum Alloys

The atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital theory and large cluster models have been employed to study cation vacancy diffusion in alpha-Al2O3 and the bonding of alpha-Al2O3 to nickel, aluminum, and yttrium surfaces. Al(3+) diffusion barriers in alpha-Al2O3 by the vacancy mechanism are in reasonable agreement with experiment. The barrier to Y(3+) diffusion is predicted to be much higher. Since addition of yttrium to transition metal alloys is known to reduce the growth rate and stress convolutions in protective alumina scales, this result suggests the rate-limiting step in scale growth is cation vacancy diffusion. This may partially explain the beneficial effect of yttrium dopants on scale adhesion. The theory also predicts a very strong bonding between alumina and yttrium at the surface of the alloy. This may also be important to the adhesion phenomenon. It is also found that aluminum and yttrium atoms bond very strongly to nickel because of charge transfer from their higher lying valence orbitals to the lower lying nickel s-d band.
Purification of a Novel Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2 from Rabbit Kidney

We have recently identified a cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that represents the major measurable PLA2 activity in rabbit proximal tubules (Portilla, D., Shah, S. V., Lehman, P. A., and Creer, M. H.(1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1609-1615). We now report the 3200-fold purification of this PLA2 to homogeneity from rabbit kidney cortex through sequential column chromatography including anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, Mono Q, hydroxylapatite, phenyl-Sepharose, and chromatofocusing fast protein liquid chromatography from rabbit kidney cortex. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 28 kDa, possessed a specific activity of 1.2 micronol/mg min and a neutral pH optimum, and exhibited a preferential hydrolysis toward sn-2 fatty acid from diradylglycerophospholipids. The purified polypeptide hydrolyzed plasmenylcholine > phosphatidylcholine glycerophospholipids and selectively cleaved phospholipids containing arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position in comparison to oleic acid. Antibodies against the purified protein precipitated all of the soluble calcium-independent PLA2 activity from rabbit kidney cortex. These data altogether suggest that the 28-kDa protein in the kidney represents a novel class of calcium-independent PLA2.
The influence of elastic compression stockings on deep venous hemodynamics

To determine the effect of elastic compression stockings on deep venous hemodynamics we measured ambulatory venous pressure, venous refill time, maximum venous pressure with exercise, amplitude of venous pressure excursion, and duplex-derived common femoral and popliteal vein diameter and peak flow velocities with and without stockings in 10 healthy subjects and 16 patients with chronic deep venous insufficiency. The effects of below-knee and above-knee 30 to 40 torr and 40 to 50 torr gradient stockings were studied. Despite documentation of substantial stocking compressive effects by skin pressure measurements, neither below-knee or above-knee elastic compression stockings significantly improved ambulatory venous pressure, venous refill time, maximum venous pressure with exercise, or the amplitude of venous pressure excursion in healthy patients or in patients with deep venous insufficiency (p greater than 0.05). In patients with deep venous insufficiency stockings modestly increased popliteal vein diameter and flow velocity in the upright resting position (p less than 0.02). After tiptoe exercise without stockings deep venous peak flow velocity increased in healthy patients and in patients with deep venous insufficiency by a mean of 103% in the popliteal vein and 46% in the common femoral vein (p less than 0.01). With the application of elastic compression stockings only modest augmentation of deep venous flow velocity occurred in both groups above that seen in the bare leg after exercise. Thus elastic compression stockings did not improve deep venous hemodynamic measurements in patients with deep venous insufficiency. The beneficial effects of stockings in the treatment of deep venous insufficiency must relate to effects other than changes in deep venous hemodynamics.
Stomatal factor in the water use and dry matter production by sorghum

Abstract Direct measurement of stomatal resistance using a porometer in a sorghum crop over a range of time scales is described, and its response to changes in solar radiation, S, and soil water potential, ΨS, is analysed. Working in conductances, radiation response is given by: (k - k c ) = (k m - k c )(1 - e −αS ) where kc is the cuticular conductance, and k and kM are the epidermal conductances (stomatal + cuticular) in normal and in maximum irradiance. With k in cm sec−1, and S in W M−2 (0.3–3.0 μm region), the best value of α for sorghum is 2 · 10−3. From a smaller set of observations, the response of the stomatal component, (kM - kc) to mean soil water potential measured on the field in the top 30 cm of the soil is: (k M - k c ) = (k M ∗ - k c )(1 − 0.75 exp ]-exp[0.25(- Ψ s - 6.9)][) where k M ∗ is the conductance at full turgor. When allowance is made for leaf area index, the porometer measurements of stomatal resistance agree very well, both on daily and hourly basis, with canopy resistances calculated from the simultaneous micrometeorological records, further demonstrating the validity of the canopy resistance concept. Sample calculations of water use in sorghum, incorporating realistic values for leaf area index and stomatal resistance in the modified Penman formula gave 315 mm of evaporation for the growing season of May, June and July; in good agreement with measured crop water use of 325 mm in Central Texas. Repeating the calculations suggests that doubling crop density of the present practice and irrigating to maintain stomatal resistances near minimum may increase yields by about 100%, whereas evaporation by only 33%, significantly improving the efficiency of water use.
Abstract 3372: Constraints-based metabolic flux analysis approach links tumor stage to metabolic adaptations and survival in cancer cells

The Warburg effect has been observed in many cancers and their high glycolytic capacity has signified their dependence on glucose. More recently, glutamine has emerged not only as an important nutrient for many cancers, but also necessary for their elevated energetic requirements. Due to these high energetic demands, certain cancer cells become addicted to glutamine to maintain viability. We postulate that distinct metabolic reconfigurations of certain cancers define their dependence or independence on glutamine for survival while maintaining their proliferative propensity and redox status. An intricate picture of the metabolic profiles is to be drawn from estimating intracellular fluxes, by combining stable isotope tracer measurements and experimental metabolomics data from different cancer cell lines, which have been observed to be glutamine dependent and independent. To this extent, we describe an approach that utilizes a redox-balanced model incorporating the electron transport chain and comprehensive amino-acid metabolic reactions to elucidate the importance of oxidative phosphorylation, often overlooked in classical approaches. Diving deeper into the foray of metabolic reprogramming, we perform in silico experiments using a constraint-based multi-objective modeling approach. This methodology elucidates the switching of metabolic pathways in glutamine-dependent and -independent cancers under nutrient-available and nutrient-deprived conditions. Our approach assumes that cancer cells operate at optimal levels, maintaining multiple objectives under certain environmental conditions. Constraining the proliferative phenotype from a maximal to minimal levels of the cells under different nutrient conditions emulates the observed behavior of glutamine-dependent cells under deprivation conditions and contrasts their metabolic reprogramming against that of glutamine-independent cells. We corroborated our simulations with experimentally derived metabolic fluxes and found that glutamine anabolism over catabolism dictates adaptations and survival in invasive cancers. Our results will lead to identification of potential targets for inducing nutrient-sensitivity and enhance current therapeutic approaches. Citation Format: Abhinav Achreja, Lifeng Yang, Hongyun Zhao, Juan Marini, Deepak Nagrath. Constraints-based metabolic flux analysis approach links tumor stage to metabolic adaptations and survival in cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3372. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3372
Do the Consumer Price Index's Utilities Adjustments for Owners’ Equivalent Rent Distort Inflation Measurement?

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an important social index number, central to monetary policy, well being measurement, optimal pricing, and tax and contract escalation. Shelter costs have a large weight in the CPI, so their movements receive much attention. The CPI incorporates two shelter indexes: Rent, covering renters, and Owners’ Equivalent Rent (OER), covering owners. Between 1999 and 2006, Rent and OER inflation twice diverged markedly; this occurred again recently. Because these indexes share a common data source—a large sample of market rents—such divergence often prompts questions about CPI methods, particularly the OER utilities adjustment. (This adjustment is necessary to produce an unbiased OER index, because many market rents include utilities, but OER is a rent-of-shelter concept.) The utilities adjustment procedure is no smoking gun. It was not the major cause of these divergences, and it generates no long-run inflation measurement bias. Nonetheless, it increases OER inflation volatility a...
Empowering Women through Sport: Women's Basketball in Brazil and the Significant Role of Maria Helena Cardoso

As historian June Hahner observes in her 1990 book Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940, ‘Although women have always comprised an essential element in the evolution of Brazil, their activities have received scant scholarly attention’. Major journals such as Women's History and the International Journal of Women's Studies seldom contain anything having to do with the experiences, much less the achievements, of women in Brazil. Therefore, few individuals have any understanding of how important the sport of basketball has been in helping foster their advancement. This article, which sets forth their involvement in this game from the time that it was brought to Brazil from the United States in 1896 to the present, is about more than sporting competitions. It also is about how sport can be – and has been – used to improve the lives of girls and women.
In Search of Self: Frustration and Denial in Toni Morrison's "Sula.".

Although Toni Morrison (1973) may not have intentionally created a novel to celebrate the working class or to explore the consequences of work among African Americans, she has, in Sula, celebrated the lives of ordinary people who daily must work and provide. Sula celebrates many lives: It is the story of the friendship of two African American women; it is the story of growing up Black and female; but most of all, it is the story of a community. Events that befall the denizens of the Bottom, a segregated community of mythical Medallion, Ohio, can be seen as those that might befall residents of any Black community in any town during the years of this narrative, 1919 to 1965. Historically, great literature has concerned itself with nature, death, and love. Writers have been literary professionals whose primary occupation was writing and whose experiences were far removed from those who must work for a living. Critics such as Nicholas Coles (1986), Terry Eagleton (1986), Louis Kampf and Paul Lauter (1972), and John Wayman (1983) have objected to a historical canon that is irrelevant to "everyman." Eagleton (1986) observes that literature has been created for the cultural elite, and the rest of us have come to consider literature as a reflection of an elitist lifestyle to which the ordinary person cannot hope to relate.
Overclaiming as a measure of faking

Abstract Researchers have recently asserted that popular measures of response distortion (i.e., socially desirable responding scales) lack construct validity (i.e., measure traits rather than test faking) and that applicant faking on personality tests remains a serious concern ( Griffith and Peterson, 2008 , Holden, 2008 ). Thus, although researchers and human resource (HR) selection specialists have been attempting to find measures which readily capture individual differences in faking that increase personality test validity, to date such attempts have rarely, if ever succeeded. The current study, however, finds that the overclaiming technique captures individual differences in faking and subsequently increases personality test score validity via suppressing unwanted error variance in personality test scores. Implications of this research on the overclaiming technique for improving HR selection decisions are illustrated and discussed.
MHC Class I: An Unexpected Role in Neuronal Plasticity

For the nervous system to translate experience into memory and behavior, lasting structural change at synapses must occur. This requirement is clearly evident during critical periods of activity-dependent neural development, and accumulating evidence has established a surprising role for the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) proteins in this process.