cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity of the Terman-Merrill Abbreviated Version of the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M.

The validities of IQs obtained from independent administration (T-M) vs. the rescoring method (SF) of the short form of the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M were investigated, using the Full Scale Binet IQ (S-B) as criterion. It was hypothesized that the independent or separate administration procedure introduced new variables which when allowed to operate would produce a more realistic picture of the relationship between the short form and S-B IQ. Seventy-six first and second graders were given the T-M and S-B in a counterbalanced order. The results indicated that the T-M, depending on test sequence, correlated significantly different with the S-B IQ than did the SF rescoring method. Caution was advised for users of the T-M as a time-saving estimate of intelligence.
The developmental origins of adult disease

Purpose of review—Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with an increased propensity to develop adult onset disease and is described by the developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis. Sequelae of fetal growth restriction include metabolic disease as well as nonmetabolic disorders. Although it has become clear that the morbidities associated with IUGR are complex and result from disruptions to multiple pathways and multiple organs, the mechanisms driving the long-term effects are only just beginning to be understood. Recent findings—IUGR affects most organ systems by either interrupting developmental processes such as apoptosis or producing lasting changes to levels of key regulatory factors. Both of these are associated with an often persistent change in gene expression. Epigenetic modulation of transcription is a mechanism that is at least partially responsible for this. IUGR is accompanied by changes in the quantity and activity of enzymes responsible for making modifications to chromatin as well as global and gene-specific modifications of chromatin. Summary—The subtle adjustments needed to ensure developmental plasticity in IUGR are provided by epigenetic modulation of critical genes. Translating the messages of the epigenetic profile and identifying the players that mediate the effects remains one of the major challenges in the field. An understanding of the mechanisms driving the epigenetic changes will facilitate identification of dietary and pharmaceutical approaches that can be applied in the postnatal period.
Gradient and Quasi-linearization Computational Techniques for Distributed Parameter Systems

ABSTRACT This work discusses the mathematical description of distributed parameter systems, the statement of a maximum principle for a particular class of systems and the problems associated with approximating distributed systems by discretization into lumped systems for computational purposes. The gradient and quusi-linearization methods have been applied, perhaps for the first time, to a class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems. Examples concerning the optimal control of non-linear distributed regulator problems are presented.
Gq-DREADD Selectively Initiates Glial Glutamate Release and Inhibits Cue-induced Cocaine Seeking.

Background Glial cells of the central nervous system directly influence neuronal activity by releasing neuroactive small molecules, including glutamate. Long-lasting cocaine-induced reductions in extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) affect synaptic plasticity responsible for relapse vulnerability.
Children's Rights to Health Care

This paper will explore the application of an account of justice in health and health care to the special case of children. It is tempting to hold that children require no special treatment in an account of just health care; justice requires guaranteeing access to at least basic health care services to all persons, whatever their age group, within the constraints of a society's resources. However, I will argue that for a number of reasons we need to address what justice requires specifically for children from the health care system, even if the answer must be embedded within a general account of justice in health and health care.
Characterization of growth factor-induced serine phosphorylation of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme and of an alternatively translated polypeptide

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is a prototype member of the adamalysin family of transmembrane metalloproteases that effects ectodomain cleavage and release of many transmembrane proteins, including transforming growth factor-alpha. Growth factors that act through tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as other stimuli, induce shedding through activation of the Erk mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway without the need of new protein synthesis. How MAP kinase regulates shedding by TACE is not known. We now report that the cytoplasmic domain of TACE is phosphorylated in response to growth factor stimulation. We also identified a naturally expressed smaller polypeptide corresponding to most of the cytoplasmic domain of TACE. This protein, which we named SPRACT, is derived through alternative translation of the TACE-coding sequence and is, similarly to TACE, phosphorylated in response to growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that growth factor-induced phosphorylation of TACE occurs only on serine and not on threonine or tyrosine. Tryptic mapping experiments coupled with site-directed mutagenesis identified Ser(819) as the major target of growth factor-induced phosphorylation, whereas Ser(791) undergoes dephosphorylation in response to growth factor stimulation. The phosphorylation of Ser(819), but not the dephosphorylation of Ser(791), depends on activation of the Erk MAP kinase pathway. Increased SPRACT expression or mutation of the TACE cytoplasmic domain to inactivate growth factor-induced phosphorylation did not detectably affect growth factor-induced shedding of transmembrane transforming growth factor-alpha by TACE. The roles of SPRACT and the cytoplasmic phosphorylation of TACE remain to be defined.
Comparison of Unipedicular versus Bipedicular Kyphoplasty for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures

Study Design: A retrospective study Objectives: To compare the radiological and clinical results of the unipedicular and bipedicular approach of kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Summary of Literature Review: A unipedicular rather than a bipedicular technique has been suggested to decrease the risks associated with surgical procedures. Materials and Methods: Between July 2005 and May 2006, 136 vertebrae of 97 patients, who underwent kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, were analyzed. Group 1, with the bipedicular approach, consisted of 86 vertebrae of 67 patients with a mean age of 72.2 years. Group 2, with unipedicular approach, consisted of 50 vertebrae of 30 patients with mean age of 73.4 years. The plain radiographs, MRI and surgical records were reviewed. Results: The mean operation time of the single vertebral body in group 2 was statistically lower than in group 1(p 0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant differences in clinical satisfaction and radiological results between the unipedicular and bipedicular kyphoplasty. The advantage of a unipedicular approach is the shorter procedure time than the bipedicular approach. This is particularly useful in multi-level compression fractures. The rate of the unipedicular approach in upper and mid thoracic spine is higher because of the higher convergence of the pedicle and the lower volume of vertebral body despite the disadvantages of instrument insertion through the medial pedicle wall.
Using neural networks for identifying organizational improvement strategies

Abstract The struggle to remain competitive in the global marketplace occupies much of the energy of today's firms. Although there are many performance improvement strategies that can be implemented by an organization, it is yet to be determined which strategy or combination of these strategies, if any, is most helpful in improving performance. A genetic algorithm trained neural network is used to identify such combinations to provide direction to managers as to which performance improvement strategies are associated with increases in performance as reported by operations managers. This study shows that this neural network approach can identify combinations that result in better approximations of performance, as compared to standard statistical techniques, and should be considered as an appropriate tool for performance improvement strategy selection.
Genotypic variation of gene expression during the soybean innate immunity response

Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) is an important component of the plant innate immunity response to invading pathogens. Although several MTI responses can be measured in different plant species, their magnitude is probably plant species specific and even cultivar specific. In this study, a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of two soybean parental lines and two progeny lines treated for 30 min with the MAMPs flg22 and chitin was carried out. This analysis revealed a clear variation in gene expression, under both untreated and flg22þchitin-treated conditions. In addition, genes with potential additive and non-additive effects were identified in the two progeny lines, with several of these genes having a potential function in the control of innate immunity. The data presented herein represent the basis for further functional analysis that can lead to a better understanding of the soybean innate immunity response.
Lessons on Pattern Formation from Planet WATOR

Abstract It is well known that if reacting species experience unequal diffusion rates, then dynamics that lead to a constant steady state in a “well-mixed” environment can in a spatial setting lead to interesting patterns. In this paper, we focus on complementary pattern formation mechanisms that operate even when the diffusion rates are equal. In particular, we can say that when the mean-field ODE has an attracting periodic orbit then the stochastic spatial model will have large-scale spatial structures in equilibrium. We explore this mechanism in depth through the dynamics of the simulator WATOR.
Studies on the Influence of Molecular Weight and Isotacticity of Polypropylene on the Formation of Mesomorphic Phase

Polypropylene (PP) blends with various molecular weight and isotacticity were prepared through solution blending and subjected to rapid melt quenching. Structural changes in the PP matrix during mesomorphic phase formation were measured by FTIR spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements. The blends with different molecular weight and isotacticity provided the pathway to understand their influence on mesomor- phic phase formation. It is observed that low molecular weight PP with low isotacticity forms mesomorphic phase, whereas high molecular weight and low isotactic PP does not lead to the formation of mesomorphic phase. V C 2009
Cylindrical General Relativistic Collapse

This paper presents results of a numerical study of general relativistic gravitational collapse of infinite cylinders and discusses their implication for possible astrophysical collapse. It is found that almost no gravitational waves are generated during the initial infall period. However, up to 65% of the rest-mass energy is emitted in the form of gravitational waves during the bounce and subsequent oscillations of the cylinder.
A problem with (and fix for) variational Bayesian NMF

Probabilistic nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) models have had great success in audio source separation problems. Bayesian formulations of these models are fit either using Markov chain Monte Carlo or variational inference, with the latter often being preferred for its computational efficiency. However, this computational efficiency comes at a cost; mean-field variational methods cannot represent posterior dependences, and can be quite sensitive to local optima. In this work we examine these issues in Bayesian NMF, and find that they can cause serious problems. Fortunately, we find that these problems can be alleviated by employing the recently proposed structured stochastic mean-field algorithm.
Morphogens and synaptogenesis in Drosophila

During development and adult life synapses are remodeled in response to genetic programs and environmental cues. This synaptic plasticity is thought to be the basis of learning and memory. The larval neuromuscular junction of Drosophila is established during embryogenesis and grows during larval development to accommodate muscle growth and maintain synaptic homeostasis. This growth is dependent on bidirectional communication between the motoneuron and the muscle fiber. The best-characterized retrograde signaling pathway is defined by Glass bottom boat (Gbb), a morphogen of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. Gbb acts as a muscle-derived retrograde signal that activates the TGF-β pathway presynaptically. This pathway includes the type II receptor Wishful thinking, type I receptors Thick veins and Saxophone, and the second messenger Smads Mothers against dpp (Mad) and Medea. Mutations that block this pathway result in small synapses that are morphologically aberrant and severely impaired functionally. An emerging anterograde signaling pathway is defined by Wingless, a morphogen of the Wnt family that acts as a motoneuron-derived anterograde signal required for both pre- and postsynaptic development. In the absence of Wingless the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton regulator Futsch is down-regulated and synaptic growth impaired. Some of these morphogens have conserved roles in mammalian synaptogenesis, and genetic analysis suggests that additional signaling molecules are required for synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 64: 417–434, 2005
Optical properties of plasmonic light-emitting diodes based on flip-chip III-nitride core-shell nanowires.

In this work, we utilize the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to investigate the Purcell factor, light extraction efficiency (EXE), and cavity quality parameter (Q), and to predict the modulation response of Ag-clad flip-chip GaN/InGaN core-shell nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with the potential for electrical injection. We consider the need for a pn-junction, the effects of the substrate, and the limitations of nanoscale fabrication techniques in the evaluation. The investigated core-shell nanowire consists of an n-GaN core, surrounded by nonpolar m-plane quantum wells, p-GaN, and silver cladding layers. The core-shell nanowire geometry exhibits a Purcell factor of 57, resulting in a predicted limit of 30 GHz for the 3dB modulation bandwidth
Reoperation for failed rotator cuff repair: Analysis of fifty cases.

Fifty patients who underwent reoperation for failure of previous repair of rotator cuff rupture were evaluated 24 to 84 months after final repair (mean 30 months). Forty-eight of these patients had undergone all previous attempts at repair elsewhere. Most patients had had one or two earlier attempts, but four patients had had three, and three patients had had four. Forty-six (92%) patients reported pain improvement, and four were unchanged. Twenty-six patients showed an average increase in elevation of 50° (range 10° to 130°). Twenty-two retained their preoperative motion, and two lost motion (mean 45°) but still had more than 90°. Overall mean elevation increased from 92° to 137°. Compared with 17 patients before surgery, only six had less than 90° motion after surgery—and all six had deltoid abnormalities. The size of the rupture, the number of previous operations, and dysfunction of the biceps did not affect the result. The following factors were associated with success: adequate decompression, closure of all defects with tendon-to-bone junctures (by direct repair, interpositional grafting, or local tendon transfers), avoiding use of weights or resistive exercises during the early (first 3 months) postoperative rehabilitation period, and an intact, functioning deltoid.
Applications of molecular mechanics to metal-based imaging agents

Abstract This review summarizes some of the work done in utilizing molecular mechanics in understanding the biological behavior, and designing new ligands for the coordination of metals utilized as imaging agents in diagnostic medicine. A necessary component of this work has been the development of parameters for the commercially available modeling package SYBYL, capable of reproducing experimentally determined structures. Described in this review are our parameters for octahedral Ga(III) and In(III), Tc(V) mono-oxo complexes, and parameters for Gd(III). The second part of this review is concerned with the use of a technique known as the coordination scan which allows the determination of the sterically preferred coordination state of a metal in a given metal–ligand complex. This has proven extremely useful in the prediction of in vivo stability.
Minor illness and social behavior of infants and caregivers

Abstract Fourteen infants attending day care were observed during the first year of life when well and during acute minor illnesses. Comparisons of behavior during 46 afebrile illnesses and a like number of well observations revealed no differences in infant or caregiver behavior. During 24 febrile illness observations, however, infants moved less, contacted toys less, were in closer proximity to teachers, cried more, and looked at teachers more. During a subset of these febrile illnesses, in which teachers recognized that infants were ill, teachers vocalized, gave toys, looked at, touched, held, and fed infants more than when infants were well. Analysis of teacher behavior during infant crying demonstrated that infant cries played an important role in eliciting social responses from teachers during febrile illness. These results suggest that both caregiver perception of illness state and illness-induced changes in infant behavior contribute to increased sociability by caregivers during acute febrile illness.
Identification of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Using Neural Networks

This paper explores the potential of using parallel distributed processing methodologies (artificial neural networks) to identify the internal forces of structure unknown non linear dynamic systems
Methods of disinfecting contact lenses to avoid corneal disorders

The contact lens industry has grown rapidly over the past four decades due to the wide-spread demands of the American population for a convenient alternative to spectacle wear for the correction of myopia. Unfortunately, many people who wear contact lenses are not aware of the potential risks associated with them, and consumer education about lens care has not been adequate. This article reviews the role of disinfection in contact lens wear, summarizes the current available contact lens disinfection systems, and provides recommendations for safe contact lens use.
Techniques for minimizing edge effects in nuclear emulsions

Abstract The usable volume of nuclear emulsion stacks can be extended to within 25-μm from an edge using relatively simple techniques to reduce the amount of blackening and distortion.
Genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in cortisol level and circadian rhythm in middle childhood.

Abstract Individuals differ widely in cortisol output over the day, but the etiology of these individual differences remains poorly understood. Twin studies are useful for quantifying genetic and environmental influences on the variation in cortisol output, lending insight into underlying influences on the components of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Salivary cortisol was assayed on 446 twin pairs (157 monozygotic, 289 dizygotic; ages 7–8). Parents helped youth collect saliva 30 min after waking, mid-afternoon, and 30 min prior to bedtime across 3 consecutive days. We used hierarchical linear modeling to extract predicted cortisol levels and to distinguish cortisol's diurnal rhythm using a slopes-as-outcome piecewise growth curve model; two slopes captured the morning-to-afternoon and afternoon-to-evening rhythm, respectively. Separate genetic models were then fit to cortisol level at waking, mid-afternoon, and evening as well as the diurnal rhythm across morning-to-afternoon and afternoon-to-evening hours. Three results from these analyses are striking. First, morning-to-afternoon cortisol level showed the highest additive genetic variance (heritability), consistent with prior research. Second, cortisol's diurnal rhythm had an additive genetic component, particularly across the morning-to-afternoon hours. In contrast, additive genetic variation did not significantly contribute to variation in afternoon-to-evening slope. Third, the majority of variance in cortisol concentration was associated with shared family environments. In summary, both genetic and environmental factors influence cortisol's circadian rhythm, and they do so differentially across the day.
The Keiretsu puzzle

Abstract Why do large firms in Japan hold small percentags of stock in trading partners? A firm that holds stock in a trading partner weakens its own bargaining position, for a portion of its own gain from trade then includes a share interest in the partner's gain from trade, but precisely for this reason the firm can at any time penalize the trading partner by divesting its share interest. Cross-shareholding therefore strengthens the penalities for opportunism and this may be its purpose. Opportunism here means substituting products of quality lower than claimed or promising and then failing to make investments that would lower the other party's costs. Econometric analysis of the pattern of cross-shareholding within Japan's keiretsu groups in 1980 reveals evidence that is consistent with this argument. J. Japan. Int. Econ., June 1996, 10 (2), pp. 101–121. Department of Economics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7506.
Symbolic interaction theory and architecture

Architectural sociology is receiving renewed attention but still remains a neglected area of investigation. As a major theoretical perspective within sociology, symbolic interaction helps us understand how the designed physical environment and the self are intertwined, with one potentially influencing and finding expression in the other; how architecture contains and communicates our shared symbols; and how we assign agency to some of our designed physical environment, which then invites in a different kind of self-reflection. This article discusses numerous instances of symbolic interaction theory–architecture connections, with applied examples showing how symbolic interactionists and architects can collaborate on projects to the benefit of each, and to the benefit of humanity.
Evaluation Of Flying Spot Scanners As Image Processing Devices

Flying spot scanners evaluation as image processing devices, discussing scan patterns effect on video signal
Implications of Retirement Development in High-Amenity Nonmetropolitan Coastal Areas:

Retirement migration has been well documented over the past 2 decades. Initially, there were many reservations expressed about the economic impact of retirees on receiving communities; however, several recent studies have documented a positive financial benefit of retirement migration for the destination areas. Although acknowledging the economic benefit of retirees on receiving communities, this article addresses the broader implications of the retirement boom on sparsely populated, nonmetropolitan coastal counties. The relationship between this aspect of economic development and the rise of the tourist industry in these areas is also examined. Other issues investigated include infrastructure requirements; environmental concerns; medical facilities and personnel, and rising taxes, utilities, and other costs.
MADNESS applied to density functional theory in chemistry and nuclear physics

We describe some recent mathematical results in constructing computational methods that lead to the development of fast and accurate multiresolution numerical methods for solving quantum chemistry and nuclear physics problems based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). Using low separation rank representations of functions and operators in conjunction with representations in multiwavelet bases, we developed a multiscale solution method for integral and differential equations and integral transforms. The Poisson equation, the Schrodinger equation, and the projector on the divergence free functions provide important examples with a wide range of applications in computational chemistry, nuclear physics, computational electromagnetic and fluid dynamics. We have implemented this approach along with adaptive representations of operators and functions in the multiwavelet basis and low separation rank (LSR) approximation of operators and functions. These methods have been realized and implemented in a software package called Multiresolution Adaptive Numerical Evaluation for Scientific Simulation (MADNESS).
Rites of Passage: Constructing Quality in a Commodity Subsector

This article extends the concept of symmetry to ethics. Using the case of canola in Canada, the authors argue that grades and standards simultaneously subject humans and nonhumans to rites of passa...
Terminal admittance of a thin biconical antenna in an isotropic compressible plasma

An exact expression has been derived for the terminal admittance of a thin biconical antenna in an isotropic compressible plasma. It is assumed that the ion sheath is a sphere whose radius is equal to the halflength of the antenna.
Evidence for Local Regulatory Control of Escape from Imprinted X Chromosome Inactivation

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic process that almost completely inactivates one of two X chromosomes in somatic cells of mammalian females. A few genes are known to escape XCI and the mechanism for this escape remains unclear. Here, using mouse trophoblast stem (TS) cells, we address whether particular chromosomal interactions facilitate escape from imprinted XCI. We demonstrate that promoters of genes escaping XCI do not congregate to any particular region of the genome in TS cells. Further, the escape status of a gene was uncorrelated with the types of genomic features and gene activity located in contacted regions. Our results suggest that genes escaping imprinted XCI do so by using the same regulatory sequences as their expressed alleles on the active X chromosome. We suggest a model where regulatory control of escape from imprinted XCI is mediated by genomic elements located in close linear proximity to escaping genes.
Global nucleosome occupancy in yeast

Although eukaryotic genomes are generally thought to be entirely chromatin-associated, the activated PHO5 promoter in yeast is largely devoid of nucleosomes. We systematically evaluated nucleosome occupancy in yeast promoters by immunoprecipitating nucleosomal DNA and quantifying enrichment by microarrays. Nucleosome depletion is observed in promoters that regulate active genes and/or contain multiple evolutionarily conserved motifs that recruit transcription factors. The Rap1 consensus was the only binding motif identified in a completely unbiased search of nucleosome-depleted promoters. Nucleosome depletion in the vicinity of Rap1 consensus sites in ribosomal protein gene promoters was also observed by real-time PCR and micrococcal nuclease digestion. Nucleosome occupancy in these regions was increased by the small molecule rapamycin or, in the case of the RPS11B promoter, by removing the Rap1 consensus sites. The presence of transcription factor-binding motifs is an important determinant of nucleosome depletion. Most motifs are associated with marked depletion only when they appear in combination, consistent with a model in which transcription factors act collaboratively to exclude nucleosomes and gain access to target sites in the DNA. In contrast, Rap1-binding sites cause marked depletion under steady-state conditions. We speculate that nucleosome depletion enables Rap1 to define chromatin domains and alter them in response to environmental cues.
Simulation-based instruction of technical skills

A rapid intelligent tutoring development system (RAPIDS) was developed to facilitate the production of interactive, real-time graphical device models for use in instructing the operation and maintenance of complex systems. The tools allowed subject matter experts to produce device models by creating instances of previously defined objects and positioning them in the emerging device model. These simulation authoring functions, as well as those associated with demonstrating procedures and functional effects on the completed model, required no previous programming experience or use of frame-based instructional languages. Three large simulations were developed in RAPIDS, each involving more than a dozen screen-sized sections. Seven small, single-view applications were developed to explore the range of applicability. Three workshops were conducted to train others in the use of the authoring tools. Participants learned to employ the authoring tools in three to four days and were able to produce small working device models on the fifth day.
Heterologous protein expression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

During the past 15 years, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has developed into a highly successful system for the production of a variety of heterologous proteins. The increasing popularity of this particular expression system can be attributed to several factors, most importantly: (1) the simplicity of techniques needed for the molecular genetic manipulation of P. pastoris and their similarity to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the most well-characterized experimental systems in modern biology; (2) the ability of P. pastoris to produce foreign proteins at high levels, either intracellularly or extracellularly; (3) the capability of performing many eukaryotic post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, disulfide bond formation and proteolytic processing; and (4) the availability of the expression system as a commercially available kit. In this paper, we review the P. pastoris expression system: how it was developed, how it works, and what proteins have been produced. We also describe new promoters and auxotrophic marker/host strain combinations which extend the usefulness of the system.
Comprehensive Magnetic Resonance Enterography of Crohn's Disease in the Pediatric Population: Technique, Interpretation, and Management

Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) plays a critical role in the management of Crohn's disease in the pediatric population. The ability to provide dynamic assessment of disease burden, complications, and therapeutic response without ionizing radiation makes it an ideal tool for younger patients requiring frequent follow-up. With a growing array of available treatment options, a sound understanding of MRE is critical in directing management aimed at curbing the physical and emotional morbidity associated with the lifelong condition. The goal of this article is to provide a practical overview of MRE in the pediatric population. This includes a review of our technique, approach to interpretation, pictorial collection of findings, and discussion of the role MRE plays in management.
Ontological analysis of document usage: an exploratory study

A central issue in supporting the use of document contents by knowledge workers and decision-makers is understanding how those document users think about and refer to the contents of documents. An approach to developing this understanding in specific document usage situations, called ontological analysis, is presented. The illustrative document usage task that is studied is an instance of the activity of preparing a response to a request for proposal. A semantic grammar, and static and dynamic domain equations for some facets of this task, are developed. It is concluded that ontological analysis holds promise as an approach to designing document user support. >
Thought-Stopping in the Control of Obsessive Ruminations

Thought-stopping was used to control obsessive ruminations in a chronic schizophrenic patient. The effects of treatment were evaluated in a single case experimental design, and the results suggest that thought-stopping is an effective technique in controlling obsessive thoughts. `The effects of treatment were maintained at a six-week follow-up.
Surface Spectroscopy of Apatitic Materials: Limitations and Concerns

The use of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the study of biological materials has provided mixed results. The experimental difficulties associated with the application of this technique to the study of biological materials include the effects of ultra-high vacuum, x-ray exposure, surface charging, and, for insulating materials, the inherent lack of an intrinsic energy reference. Since most biological materials are insulators, the lack of an intrinsic energy reference complicates one's ability to draw direct comparisons between different studies. In this paper, the results from two different apatites are compared with the results obtained from the use of two conventional techniques for referencing binding energies. The results presented here are referenced only to the Pt Fermi level; no further energy modifications are performed. A comparison with the results of other investigators indicates a large difference in binding energies for all involved core levels. These results indicate that, in the study o...
A new approach to module-oriented design of OO software

Well known for its features such as encapsulation and reusability object-oriented software development paradigm has been considered as a promising development approach which can help improve software quality and productivity. However, object-oriented design as not an easy task, and the design result hardly reveal functionalities to be provided by the system. In this paper, we propose a module-oriented design approach, which is based on a method termed class-function decomposition. This decomposition is not simply an object-oriented decomposition. More meaningfully, it takes a functional view into account. As a result, this approach will be more effective in supporting large and complex OO software development. In order to support this module oriented class-function design method, we also extend the semantic net to the semantic-condition model for more precise description of the design result. >
Rapid screening of pathogenic bacteria using solid phase concentration and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

A new methodology to rapidly screen for pathogenic bacteria in various liquids (e.g., potable water and juice) is described. It combines the selectivity of dye-labeled antibodies, the sample concentration capability of solid phase membrane filtration, and the facile readout of the concentrated, dye-labeled microorganisms by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Details about the selection of the most effective membrane filter, detection of target bacteria in different types of liquids, and evaluation of assay specificity in screening for E. coli O157:H7 are discussed. For this pathogen, the technique has a working range of 5 × 10 5 to 5 × 10 8 cells/mL and an overall work up time of ∼45 min. The amount of captured bacteria is directly determined in only 2 s by using a hand-held DRS instrument via comparisons to a calibration curve based on the Kubelka–Munk function. Overall, this assay system offers high speed, simplicity, and low cost, making it a potential alternative for screening of several types of bacterial contaminated samples in almost any location. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Continuity and logical completeness: an application of sheaf theory and topoi

The notion of a continuously variable quantity can be regarded as a generalization of that of a particular (constant) quantity, and the properties of such quantities are then akin to, and derived from, the properties of constants. For example, the continuous, real-valued functions on a topological space behave like the field of real numbers in many ways, but instead form a ring. Topos theory permits one to apply this same idea to logic, and to consider continuously variable sets (sheaves). In this expository paper, such applications are explained to the non-specialist. Some recent results are mentioned, including a new completeness theorem for higher-order logic.
Dietary Cholesterol Affects Serum Lipids, Lipoproteins and LDL Metabolism in Cynomolgus Monkeys in a Dose-Dependent Manner

To examine the mechanism(s) underlying the cholesterolemic response to dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, low density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism was studied in two groups of cynomolgus monkeys fed diets containing 30 or 36% of total energy as fat. At each dietary fat level, the same group of monkeys was sequentially fed three dietary cholesterol concentrations as egg yolk in the following sequence: low (0.01 mg/kJ), medium (0.03 mg/kJ) and high (0.05 mg/kJ) for 30, 32 and 24 wk, respectively. Dietary polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were the same in the two groups; the 6% difference in fat was due to the saturated fatty acids, 12:0 and 14:0. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and LDL apolipoprotein B concentrations increased (P < 0.05) with dietary cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner in both fat groups. These elevations were the result of generally increasing LDL apolipoprotein B production rates, concomitant with reduced LDL apolipoprotein B fractional clearance at the high cholesterol intake. Serum HDL cholesterol and HDL apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were not affected in a consistent manner. These results demonstrate that cynomolgus monkeys are hyperresponsive to dietary cholesterol compared with humans, suggesting that this model may be useful in identifying metabolic and genetic predictors for hyperresponsiveness to dietary cholesterol in humans as well as assessing the metabolic heterogeneity of responses to dietary cholesterol.
Radiation noise in optical mixers for laser light reception

Abstract Lee and van der Ziel's discussion of radiation noise in photodiode optical heterodynes is extended to other types of mixers.
Ergodic properties of linear dynamical systems

The Multiplicative Ergodic theorem, which gives information about the dynamical structure of a cocycle $\Phi $, or a linear skew product flow $\pi $, over a suitable base space ${\bf M}$, asserts that for every invariant probability measure $\mu $ on ${\bf M}$ there is a measurable decomposition of the vector bundle over ${\bf M}$ into invariant measurable subbundles, and that every solution with initial conditions in any of these subbundles has strong Lyapunov exponents. These exponents depend on the measure $\mu $, and when $\mu $ is ergodic, they are constant (almost everywhere) on ${\bf M}$ and form a finite set mess $\Sigma (\mu )$. The dynamical spectrum dyn $\Sigma $ consists of those values $\lambda \in {\bf R}$ for which the shifted flow $\pi _\lambda $ fails to have an exponential dichotomy over ${\bf M}$. The Spectral theorem for linear skew product flows states that when ${\bf M}$ is compact and dynamically connected then dyn $\Sigma $ is the finite union of k disjoint compact intervals and th...
Nitric Oxide Mediates Biofilm Formation and Symbiosis in Silicibacter sp. Strain TrichCH4B

ABSTRACT Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important signaling role in all domains of life. Many bacteria contain a h eme- n itric oxide/ ox ygen binding (H-NOX) protein that selectively binds NO. These H-NOX proteins often act as sensors that regulate histidine kinase (HK) activity, forming part of a bacterial two-component signaling system that also involves one or more response regulators. In several organisms, NO binding to the H-NOX protein governs bacterial biofilm formation; however, the source of NO exposure for these bacteria is unknown. In mammals, NO is generated by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and signals through binding the H-NOX domain of soluble guanylate cyclase. Recently, several bacterial NOS proteins have also been reported, but the corresponding bacteria do not also encode an H-NOX protein. Here, we report the first characterization of a bacterium that encodes both a NOS and H-NOX, thus resembling the mammalian system capable of both synthesizing and sensing NO. We characterized the NO signaling pathway of the marine alphaproteobacterium Silicibacter sp. strain TrichCH4B, determining that the NOS is activated by an algal symbiont, Trichodesmium erythraeum . NO signaling through a histidine kinase-response regulator two-component signaling pathway results in increased concentrations of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate, a key bacterial second messenger molecule that controls cellular adhesion and biofilm formation. Silicibacter sp. TrichCH4B biofilm formation, activated by T. erythraeum , may be an important mechanism for symbiosis between the two organisms, revealing that NO plays a previously unknown key role in bacterial communication and symbiosis. IMPORTANCE Bacterial nitric oxide (NO) signaling via h eme- n itric oxide/ ox ygen binding (H-NOX) proteins regulates biofilm formation, playing an important role in protecting bacteria from oxidative stress and other environmental stresses. Biofilms are also an important part of symbiosis, allowing the organism to remain in a nutrient-rich environment. In this study, we show that in Silicibacter sp. strain TrichCH4B, NO mediates symbiosis with the alga Trichodesmium erythraeum , a major marine diazotroph. In addition, Silicibacter sp. TrichCH4B is the first characterized bacteria to harbor both the NOS and H-NOX proteins, making it uniquely capable of both synthesizing and sensing NO, analogous to mammalian NO signaling. Our study expands current understanding of the role of NO in bacterial signaling, providing a novel role for NO in bacterial communication and symbiosis.
Transpired Solar Air Collectors: An Energy Efficient Technology for Commercial Buildings

Buildings account for 41% of energy consumption in the United States. Eighty-five percent of this energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuels. There are several ways to use energy more efficiently and produce energy using renewable energy sources. In this paper, we examine three types of solar technologies—photovoltaic (PV), solar water heaters, and transpired solar air collectors (TSAC)—and then focus on TSAC. TSAC is an energy-efficient air-heating technology utilizing existing ventilation systems that is extremely efficient (60% to 80%) and has a payback period of 2–8 years based on a variety of variables. While a relatively new technology and best installations are in areas with cool weather but significant sunshine, given the relatively quick payback and the aesthetically pleasing designs, building owners should evaluate whether a TSAC system is viable option.
ID: 201: Live cell imaging-based studies of dynamics of antiviral signaling

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is posing a continuous threat by frequent human infections with mortality of 60%. The dysregulation of cytokine-mediated host antiviral responses are suggested to be the reason for the severe pathology behind the H5N1 infection. Studying the infective H5N1 virus is challenging in the BSL-3 facilities. Sample preparation for the biochemical analyses is laborious and demands lots of handwork with infective material. Thus, we have sought other, safer approaches to elucidate the temporal control of antiviral activation by H5N1 infection. We have established a live-cell fluorescence microscopy facility in our BSL-3 laboratory for the analysis of HPAI H5N1 virus infection at the single-cell level. As many attempts have failed to create an influenza virus carrying a fluorescence protein, we will construct reporter cells where we fuse IRF3, RelA and STAT1 into a fluorescent moiety. With these reporters we will elucidate the nuclear translocation dynamics of these transcription factors reflecting their activation state during infection. In addition, we will construct reporters where cytokine gene promoter drives the expression of fluorescent protein and with these we are able to visualize the activation of cytokine gene expression. The virus replication reporters will be constructed by transducing a fluorescence protein-encoding influenza virus-like RNA under the control of human RNA polymerase I promoter and terminator similarly as in recombinant influenza system. These studies will establish completely new aspects to the infection studies of H5N1 virus and lead to more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the H5N1 infection.
Management of Critical Limb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a clinical syndrome of ischemic pain at rest or tissue loss, such as nonhealing ulcers or gangrene, related to peripheral artery disease. CLI has a high short-term risk of limb loss and cardiovascular events. Noninvasive or invasive angiography help determine the feasibility and approach to arterial revascularization. An endovascular-first approach is often advocated based on a lower procedural risk; however, specific patterns of disease may be best treated by open surgical revascularization. Balloon angioplasty and stenting form the backbone of endovascular techniques, with drug-eluting stents and drug-coated balloons offering low rates of repeat revascularization. Combined antegrade and retrograde approaches can increase success in long total occlusions. Below the knee, angiosome-directed angioplasty may lead to greater wound healing, but failing this, any straight-line flow into the foot is pursued. Hybrid surgical techniques such as iliac stenting and common femoral endarterectomy are commonly used to reduce operative risk. Lower extremity bypass grafting is most successful with a good quality, long, single-segment autogenous vein of at least 3.5-mm diameter. Minor amputations are often required for tissue loss as a part of the treatment strategy. Major amputations (at or above the ankle) limit functional independence, and their prevention is a key goal of CLI therapy. Medical therapy after revascularization targets risk factors for atherosclerosis and assesses wound healing and new or recurrent flow-limiting disease. The ongoing National Institutes of Health-sponsored Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy in Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia (BEST-CLI) study is a randomized trial of the contemporary endovascular versus open surgical techniques in patients with CLI.
Dome growth at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Arc, quantified by time-series TerraSAR-X imagery

Synthetic aperture radar imagery is widely used to study surface deformation induced by volcanic activity; however, it is rarely applied to quantify the evolution of lava domes, which is important for understanding hazards and magmatic system characteristics. We studied dome formation associated with eruptive activity at Mount Cleveland, Aleutian Volcanic Arc, in 2011–2012 using TerraSAR-X imagery. Interferometry and offset tracking show no consistent deformation and only motion of the crater rim, suggesting that ascending magma may pass through a preexisting conduit system without causing appreciable surface deformation. Amplitude imagery has proven useful for quantifying rates of vertical and areal growth of the lava dome within the crater from formation to removal by explosive activity to rebirth. We expect that this approach can be applied at other volcanoes that host growing lava domes and where hazards are highly dependent on dome geometry and growth rates.