cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal response of barium titanate to slowly oscillating signals

Theoretical and experimental results are presented which demonstrate that slowly oscillating signals experience a temporal delay in photorefractive two beam coupling experiments. This delay corresponds to the response time of the signal. It is determined to be dependent on the frequency of the oscillating input signal. In the limit of low frequencies, the response time is given by the product of the space charge field response time and the gain. As the frequency increases, the response time decreases. For high enough frequencies, response times faster than the space charge field response time are predicted and experimentally observed.
Immunostimulators induce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating activity and block proliferation in a monocyte tumor cell line.

Monocyte tumor cell line PU5-1.8 does not normally produce colony-stimulating activity (CSA) required by granulocyte and macrophage progenitors to proliferate and mature in agar. However, CSA is induced in the culture line by as little as 10 ng/ml endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with maximum CSA production and release to the medium between 2 and 3 days of incubation. Derived lipid A, but not alkali-treated LPS, is also active. Induction requires RNA and protein synthesis, but is not blocked by mitomycin C or Colcemid. Other inducers of CSA include Mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, tuberculin protein preparation purified protein derivative, zymosan, and phorbol myristate. All inducing agents are specific inhibitors of the monocyte tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Latex beads, another macrophage-activating agent, are rapidly phagocytosed by PU5-1.8 cells, but neither inhibit growth nor induce CSA.
Proton transport resistance correlated to liquid water content of gas diffusion layers

Abstract Proton transport resistance in the polymer electrolyte of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a significant contributor to ohmic overpotential. Conductivity is largely controlled by water uptake, which requires a delicate water balance to avoid an increase in mass transport overpotential due to diffusion resistance in porous components. The present work explores this relationship with distributed liquid water and high frequency resistance (HFR) measurements. The HFR response to local changes in liquid water content is characterized for two gas diffusion layers (GDLs) with different thermal resistivities. From these experiments, it is shown that liquid water must be present in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) to minimize the HFR. Furthermore, the impact of varied saturation levels induced by GDL thermal gradients on drying transients is considered with both in-plane and through-plane neutron imaging.
Land Use and Cover Change as an Indicator of Transformation on Recently Redistributed Farms in Limpopo Province, South Africa

This paper assesses the impact of South Africa's land reform program on land use change in rural areas of Limpopo Province. Land use change was examined on five Communal Property Associations using remotely sensed images and quantitative and qualitative survey techniques. Land was abandoned or used less productively after redistribution. The primary reason for the lack of land use change to more productive states was that the land redistribution policy was not sufficiently sensitive to the diversity of rural livelihoods. Other reasons include farm-level general disorganization, lack of capital and labor, gender inequities, and age distribution. Regional political diseconomies also hindered change, namely poor tenure relations and a persistent urban bias.
Microstructure and Texture Evolution during Friction Stir Processing of Fully Lamellar Ti-6Al-4V

Friction stir processing (FSP) was used to locally refine a thin surface layer of the coarse, fully lamellar microstructure of investment-cast Ti-6Al-4V. Depending on the peak temperature reached in the stir zone during processing relative to the β transus, three distinct classes of microstructures were observed. Using accepted wrought product terminology, they are equiaxed, bimodal, and lamellar, except for the case of FSP, the length scale of each was smaller by at least an order of magnitude compared to typical wrought material. The evolution of an initially strain-free fully lamellar microstructure to each of these three refined conditions was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The fundamental mechanisms underlying grain refinement during FSP, including both the morphological changes and the formation of high-angle grain boundaries, were discussed.
Fluctuations and clinicity in tilted smectic liquid crystals.

The overwhelming majority of tilted smectic liquid crystals exhibit synclinic $(\mathrm{Sm}\ensuremath{-}C)$ ordering (a uniform tilt direction in all smectic layers) rather than anticlinic $(\mathrm{Sm}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{A})$ ordering (a tilt direction that alternates from layer to layer). We propose that polar molecular-scale fluctuations of the interface between smectic layers provide a general entropic mechanism favoring synclinic ordering, and present evidence from simulations of the hard spherocylinder system in support of this hypothesis. We find that the entropy of the synclinic state of $L/D=5$ spherocylinders is higher than that of the anticlinic state for large tilt angles, and show that this entropy difference can be directly traced to molecular-scale fluctuations of the layer interface. This entropic mechanism may be suppressed in materials exhibiting anticlinic ordering due to a bent molecular conformational preference that quenches interface fluctuations.
Dye-Enhanced Tissue Welding Using Fibrinogen and Continuous-Wave Argon Lasers

In this study, the immediate strength of these welds has been increased by the application of fibrinogen combined with a laser-en- ergy-absorbing dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, maximum absorbance 490 nm), to the anastomotic site prior to continuous-wave argon laser exposure (488-514 nm, 5.66 watts/cm 2 ). A rabbit abdominal aortotomy model was employed
Complications Associated with Implant-Retained Removable Prostheses

Implant-supported removable prostheses improve patients' satisfaction with treatment and quality of life. Improvements in the implant's surface and in attachment elements have made this treatment method very successful. However, some biological and mechanical complications remain. Mechanical complications associated with implant-supported overdentures and implant-supported removable partial dentures are loss of retention of attachment systems, the need to replace retention elements and to reline or repair the resin portion of the denture, and implant fracture. Despite their success, implant-supported removable prostheses require periodic maintenance.
Sol−Gel Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide within a Block Copolymer Matrix

Films consisting of a vanadium pentoxide (i.e., V2O5) phase formed within a rubbery block copolymer were developed for their potential use as nanocomposite cathodes in lithium rechargeable batteries. Nanocomposite films were prepared by sol−gel synthesis from vanadyl triisopropoxide precursor in poly(oligooxyethylene methacrylate)-block-poly(butyl methacrylate), POEM-b-PBMA. The in situ growth of amorphous V2O5 was confirmed by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated the selective incorporation of vanadium oxide within the ion-conducting POEM domains, while the oxide morphology was revealed by TEM to be a filamentous network. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy confirmed the preservation of the redox properties of the vanadium oxide and the ion-conductive properties of the polymer in hybrid films. Co-assembled nanoc...
CO2 reduction by group 6 transition metal suboxide cluster anions.

Reactions between small group 6 transition metal suboxide clusters, MxOy− (M=M98o or W186; x=1−4; y≤3x) and both CO2 and CO were studied in gas phase using mass spectrometric analysis of high-pressure, fast flow reaction products. Both Mo2Oy− and W2Oy− show evidence of sequential oxidation by CO2 of the form, M2Oy−+CO2→M2Oy+1−+CO for the more reduced species. Similar evidence is observed for the trimetallic clusters, although Mo3O6− appears uniquely unreactive. Lower mass resolution in the M4Oy− range precludes definitive product mass assignments, but intensity patterns suggest the continued trend of sequential oxidation of the more reduced end of the M4Oy− oxide series. Based on thermodynamic arguments, cluster oxidation by CO2 is possible if D0(OMoxOy−)>5.45 eV. Although simple bond energy analysis suggests that tungsten oxides may be more reactive toward CO2 compared to molybdenum oxides, this is not born out experimentally, suggesting that the activation barrier for the reduction of CO2 by tungsten s...
Development of the policy indicator checklist: a tool to identify and measure policies for calorie-dense foods and sugar-sweetened beverages across multiple settings.

Objectives. We developed the policy indicator checklist (PIC) to identify and measure policies for calorie-dense foods and sugar-sweetened beverages to determine how policies are clustered across multiple settings.Methods. In 2012 and 2013 we used existing literature, policy documents, government recommendations, and instruments to identify key policies. We then developed the PIC to examine the policy environments across 3 settings (communities, schools, and early care and education centers) in 8 communities participating in the Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project.Results. Principal components analysis revealed 5 components related to calorie-dense food policies and 4 components related to sugar-sweetened beverage policies. Communities with higher youth and racial/ethnic minority populations tended to have fewer and weaker policy environments concerning calorie-dense foods and healthy foods and beverages.Conclusions. The PIC was a helpful tool to identify policies that promote healthy food en...
Methyl conjugation in uraemia: catechol‐O‐methyltransferase.

Abstract 1 Erythrocyte (RBC) catechol-9-methyltransferase (COMT) activity is significantly higher in erythrocytes from uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis, 18.7 +/- 1.4 units/ml RBC (mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 22) than in the blood of randomly selected subjects, 12.0 +/- 0.2 units/ml (mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 557, P < 0.001). 2 Uraemic plasma contains larger quantities of endogenous methyl acceptors than does normal plasma, and it reversibly inhibits RBC lysate COMT activity to a greater degree than does normal plasma. 3 There are large individual variations in the degree of inhibition of RBC COMT activity plasma from patients with renal failure. Inhibition varied from 10-43% when 40 microliters plasma from each of 19 randomly selected uraemic patients was tested, and there as a direct correlation between the inhibition of COMT by plasma from an individual uraemic patient and its content of endogenous methyl acceptors (r = 0.64, n = 19, P < 0.01). 4 Kinetic studies with pooled uraemic plasma demonstrate that inhibition of COMT by uraemic plasma is uncompetitive with respect to both the catechol substrate and the methyl donor for the reaction, S-adenosyl-L-methionine. 5 Plasma from uraemic patients does not inhibit partially purified rat liver COMT, an observation which suggests that the inhibition is not due to a direct effect on COMT but requires the presence of other constituents of the RBC lysate, perhaps other methyltransferase enzymes.
Area and volume measurements of objects with irregular shapes using multiple silhouettes

Surface area and volume measurements provide important information for agriculture and food-processing applications. A machine vision system that uses a nondestructive method to measure volume and surface area of objects with irregular shapes is presented in this paper. The system first takes a series of silhouettes of the object from different directions by rotating the object at a fixed angular interval. The boundary points of each image are then extracted to construct a silhouette. A three-dimensional wire-frame model of the object can be reconstructed by integrating silhouettes obtained from different view angles. Surface area and volume can then be measured by means of surface fitting and approximation on the wire-frame model. System calibration and surface approximation were two major challenges for the design of this machine vision system. A unique centerline calibration method is introduced in this paper. Surface approximation and calculation are also discussed. Examples of applications in agriculture and food processing using this vision system for surface area measurement are included, and its accuracy is verified.
Culturally Responsive Gifted Classrooms for Culturally Different Students A Focus on Invitational Learning

This article expands the notion of culturally responsive learning environments by including Purkey and Novak’s (1996) work on invitational learning. Their typology of four types of schools is described and applied to gifted education classrooms, along with associated characteristics of each. Specific attention is focused on implications for Black and Hispanic students. The author maintains that all classrooms must be culturally responsive, which will help with recruiting and retaining culturally different students in gifted education.
Primary prevention of secondary disorders: A proposal and agenda

This paper calls for consideration of a new class of preventive interventions designed explicitly to prevent comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. Epidemiologic data show that successful interventions of this type could be extremely valuable, as up to half of lifetime psychiatric disorders and an even larger percent of chronic and seriously impairing disorders occur to people with a prior history of some other disorder. Furthermore, a review of etiologic hypotheses concerning the causes of comorbidity suggests that interventions aimed at primary prevention of secondary disorders might be feasible. However, more basic risk factor research is needed on the causes of comorbidity before we can make a clear assessment of feasibility and discover promising intervention targets. A number of methodological problems arise in carrying out this type of formative research. These problems are reviewed and suggestions are offered for solutions involving innovations in measurement, design, and data analysis.
491 ROTA VIRUS (RV) INFECTION AND ILLNESS IN PATIENT'S IN A TERTIARY CARE NURSERY

Between November 1979 and March 1980, the stools of 183 nursery patients were studied for RV by electron microscopy (EM) and/or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two discrete periods of RV excretion were identified during the time when RV was prevalent in the community. 22% (22/100) of babies studied during the prevalence period shed RV in their stools. In experience paralleling that in Britain and Australia, our RV-infected infants had mild illness or no symptoms; vomiting occurred in only two. 41% (9/22) of RV positive patients were 6-17 days old, and six of them had loose, mucoid or watery stools (LMW). LMW stools were observed in 16/22 patients (73%) with RV infection and also in 73% (43/59) without RV infection. One of the outbreaks was traceable to the admission of an RV-infected infant. This infant and two others with RV infection presented with non specific signs of sepsis without diarrhea. Rapid diagnostic methods and infection control measures helped control the spread of RV. It seems likely that there is considerable RV infection in tertiary nurseries in the winter. In such nurseries, when RV is prevalent, we recommend the use of rapid methods of diagnosis, such as EM, particularly to screen community admissions for RV.
Quantum entangled radar theory and a correction method for the effects of the atmosphere on entanglement

A quantum entangled radar uses entangled photons instead of separate photons. It has been shown that for quantum entangled interferometers that the value of quantum entanglement deteriorates in an environment with attenuation. This paper introduces a correction method that allows the quantum radar to maintain excellent performance even when dealing with an environment with attenuation. The correction method is analogous to techniques used in adaptive optics to improve images. Correction approaches based on signal sources deliberately introduced into the environment and electromagnetic sources already present in the environment are considered. Closed form expressions for estimating the range error are derived for the cases when the radar uses N entangled photons for imaging or N separate imaging photons. Simulations of radar range error estimates for entangled and separate photon cases for propagation media with widely varying attenuation properties are provided. Comparisons of estimates with and without atmospheric correction are given. The atmospheric correction method extends the range of the beneficial effects of entanglement by a factor of 82, i.e. to 5000 km for a slowly varying propagation medium. For a propagation medium with 50 times as much variation, the atmospheric correction method offers super sensitivity for three times the range of the uncorrected case.
Selective dependence of mammalian dorsal root ganglion neurons on nerve growth factor during embryonic development

We have investigated the NGF dependence of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in mammals using a paradigm of multiple in utero injections of a high titer anti-NGF antiserum. We have determined the specificity of our antiserum in relation to other members of the NGF neurotrophin family and found no cross-reactivity with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). To identify various classes of DRG neurons, we have stained their characteristic central projections with Dil. We show here that the NGF dependence of DRG neurons is strikingly selective. Although a majority of DRG neurons are lost after NGF deprivation during embryonic life, these are almost exclusively small diameter neurons that project to laminae I and II of the dorsal horn and presumably subserve nociception and thermoreception. Larger neurons that project to more ventral spinal laminae and subserve other sensory modalities do not require NGF for survival. These NGF-independent DRG neurons likely require one of the more recently identified neurotrophins, BDNF or NT-3.
Social dynamics of juvenile marmots: Role of kinship and individual variability

A population of eight juvenile female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) was introduced into a marmot locality from which all other marmots were removed. Social interactions were monitored in the field and the individual behavioral profile of each animal was determined by mirror image stimulation. Social interactions were unequally distributed among the eight juveniles. Neither body size nor kinship were significantly related to frequencies of social interactions. Social interactions were significantly related to individual differences.
Oxalogenesis in parenteral nutrition solution components

Oxalate has been implicated in the etiology of nephrocalcinosis in premature infants as well as in the formation of insoluble precipitates in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) intravenous tubing. Oxidation of ascorbate to oxalate, especially in the presence of catalysts such as copper and iron, has been implicated in formation of these precipitates. The purpose of this project was to measure oxalate formation in certain TPN components separately and in combination. Neonatal TPN solution components in combination were infused at 5 mL/h under simulated clinical conditions used in a neonatal intensive care unit. Aliquots were assayed at intervals for oxalate by capillary electrophoresis. Oxalate is present in one TPN mixture at concentrations up to 8 ppm. The addition of ascorbate to an aqueous solution of trace metals may promote oxalogenesis.
The Value of Intrusion Detection Systems in Information Technology Security Architecture

The increasing significance of information technology (IT) security to firms is evident from their growing IT security budgets. Firms rely on security technologies such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDSs) to manage IT security risks. Although the literature on the technical aspects of IT security is proliferating, a debate exists in the IT security community about the value of these technologies. In this paper, we seek to assess the value of IDSs in a firm's IT security architecture. We find that the IDS configuration, represented by detection (true positive) and false alarm (false positive) rates, determines whether a firm realizes a positive or negative value from the IDS. Specifically, we show that a firm realizes a positive value from an IDS only when the detection rate is higher than a critical value, which is determined by the hacker's benefit and cost parameters. When the firm realizes a positive (negative) value, the IDS deters (sustains) hackers. However, irrespective of whether the firm realizes a positive or negative value from the IDS, the IDS enables the firm to better target its investigation of users, while keeping the detection rate the same. Our results suggest that the positive value of an IDS results not from improved detection per se, but from an increased deterrence enabled by improved detection. Finally, we show that the firm realizes a strictly nonnegative value if the firm configures the IDS optimally based on the hacking environment.
An Analysis of the Forced Convective Burning of a Combustible Particle

Abstract A theoretical study is presented of the combustion of a spherical fuel particle in a forced convective oxidizing gas flow. The analysis makes use of the boundary layer and flame-sheet approximations to describe the reacting flow. The governing boundary layer equations are solved by expanding the velocity, temperature and species distributions into a series of the azimuthal angle. Profiles of these variables at several angular positions along the particle surface and the local mass burning rates are presented. An explicit expression for the particle regression rate is developed in terms of the Reynolds and mass transfer numbers. The predicted dependence of the regression rate on these parameters agrees qualitatively with already existing experimental observations for droplets vaporizing and burning in convective environments.
Nuclear Fusion and Genome Encounter during Yeast Zygote Formation

When haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are crossed, parental nuclei congress and fuse with each other. To investigate underlying mechanisms, we have developed assays that evaluate the impact of drugs and mutations. Nuclear congression is inhibited by drugs that perturb the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons. Nuclear envelope (NE) fusion consists of at least five steps in which preliminary modifications are followed by controlled flux of first outer and then inner membrane proteins, all before visible dilation of the waist of the nucleus or coalescence of the parental spindle pole bodies. Flux of nuclear pore complexes occurs after dilation. Karyogamy requires both the Sec18p/NSF ATPase and ER/NE luminal homeostasis. After fusion, chromosome tethering keeps tagged parental genomes separate from each other. The process of NE fusion and evidence of genome independence in yeast provide a prototype for understanding related events in higher eukaryotes.
Gene expression in Citrus sinensis fruit tissues harvested from huanglongbing-infected trees: comparison with girdled fruit

Distribution of viable Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in sweet orange fruit and leaves (‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’) and transcriptomic changes associated with huanglongbing (HLB) infection in fruit tissues are reported. Viable CaLas was present in most fruit tissues tested in HLB trees, with the highest titre detected in vascular tissue near the calyx abscission zone. Transcriptomic changes associated with HLB infection were analysed in flavedo (FF), vascular tissue (VT), and juice vesicles (JV) from symptomatic (SY), asymptomatic (AS), and healthy (H) fruit. In SY ‘Hamlin’, HLB altered the expression of more genes in FF and VT than in JV, whereas in SY ‘Valencia’, the number of genes whose expression was changed by HLB was similar in these tissues. The expression of more genes was altered in SY ‘Valencia’ JV than in SY ‘Hamlin’ JV. More genes were also affected in AS ‘Valencia’ FF and VT than in AS ‘Valencia’ JV. Most genes whose expression was changed by HLB were classified as transporters or involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Physiological characteristics of HLB-infected and girdled fruit were compared to differentiate between HLB-specific and carbohydrate metabolism-related symptoms. SY and girdled fruit were smaller than H and ungirdled fruit, respectively, with poor juice quality. However, girdling did not cause misshapen fruit or differential peel coloration. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that many selected genes changed their expression significantly in SY flavedo but not in girdled flavedo. Mechanisms regulating development of HLB symptoms may lie in the host disease response rather than being a direct consequence of carbohydrate starvation.
Empirical software simulation for COTS glue code development and integration

The use of COTS (commercial-off-the-shelf) components for system development has been a growing trend in the software engineering community during the past decade. However, the engineering of COTS-based systems involves significant technical risks. A good indicator of the as yet unresolved difficulties in COTS-based system developments is the relatively poor understanding frequently regarding the processes associated with development of the "glue code" used to integrate COTS components into the system, as well as with the other integration activities. The main objective of the paper is to understand how the glue code development process and the COTS component integration process affect each other and how they affect development effort and schedule throughout the development life cycle, based on given parameters via software simulation that provides a method for checking the understanding of the real world process and thus help people produce better results in the future.
Meteorological Measurement Systems in Mountainous Terrain

The complex atmospheric flows induced by mountainous terrain present special measurement problems. The simplifying assumptions of horizontal homogeneity and temporal continuity cannot be as readily applied as over plains and water. Valleys that trap cold air, changing vegetation that alters surface friction and radiation, and ridges that block low level flows are only a few of the many added dimensions of meteorology in mountainous areas. Nor does this terrain-induced complexity end at the top of the boundary layer or over smoother surfaces in the lee of mountains. Atmospheric waves caused by mountains are observed at great altitudes, and the effects of lee eddies can be seen hundreds of kilometers downstream.
Overexpression of Mitochondrial Sirtuins Alters Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Function in HEK293 Cells

SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 are mitochondrial deacylases that impact multiple facets of energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. SIRT3 activates several mitochondrial enzymes, SIRT4 represses its targets, and SIRT5 has been shown to both activate and repress mitochondrial enzymes. To gain insight into the relative effects of the mitochondrial sirtuins in governing mitochondrial energy metabolism, SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 overexpressing HEK293 cells were directly compared. When grown under standard cell culture conditions (25 mM glucose) all three sirtuins induced increases in mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, and glucose oxidation, but with no change in growth rate or in steady-state ATP concentration. Increased proton leak, as evidenced by oxygen consumption in the presence of oligomycin, appeared to explain much of the increase in basal oxygen utilization. Growth in 5 mM glucose normalized the elevations in basal oxygen consumption, proton leak, and glycolysis in all sirtuin over-expressing cells. While the above effects were common to all three mitochondrial sirtuins, some differences between the SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 expressing cells were noted. Only SIRT3 overexpression affected fatty acid metabolism, and only SIRT4 overexpression altered superoxide levels and mitochondrial membrane potential. We conclude that all three mitochondrial sirtuins can promote increased mitochondrial respiration and cellular metabolism. SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 appear to respond to excess glucose by inducing a coordinated increase of glycolysis and respiration, with the excess energy dissipated via proton leak.
The influence of drinking water on the δD and δ18O values of house sparrow plasma, blood and feathers

SUMMARY We investigated the relationships between the δdeuterium (δD) and the δ 18 oxygen (δ 18 O) of drinking water and the δD and δ 18 O of blood plasma, red blood cells and feathers in house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) fed on diets with identical hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions and five isotopically distinct drinking water treatments. We expected and, with only one exception ( 18 O in blood plasma), found linear relationships between the δD and δ 18 O values of drinking water and those of bird tissues. The slopes of these relationships, which estimate the percentage contributions of drinking water to the tissue isotopic signatures, were lower than those of previous studies. We found significant differences in the δD and δ 18 O values of feathers, red blood cells and plasma solids. In feathers and red blood cells, δD and δ 18 O values were linearly correlated. Our results have three implications for isotopic field studies: (1) if the isotopic composition of drinking water differs from that of food, its effect on tissue isotope values can confound the assignment of animals to a site of origin; (2) comparisons of the δD and δ 18 O values of different tissues must account for inter-tissue discrimination factors; and (3) δD/δ 18 O linear relationships are probably as prevalent in animal systems as they are in geohydrological systems. These relationships may prove to be useful tools in animal isotopic ecology.
Real-time pattern recognition. II. Visual conjunctoid neural networks

For pt.I, see ibid., p.580-3 (1991). Keping Ma (1991) studied alternative approached to airplane recognition. In one comparative study, he evaluated various forms of conjunctoid and normal model performance, based on conjunctive features such as the number of acute, right, and obtuse angles appearing in the visual contour of an airplane. In this paper, the authors first review some Ma's related results. They then describe some of the mathematical details associated with the conjunctoid counterpart to the normal model. The authors also describe some preliminary steps toward automating the feature selection process for conjunctoid neural networks in airplane recognition settings, with an eye toward developing a quite general automatic data processing framework. >
Renal recoverability in infants with obstructive calcular anuria: Is it better than in older children?

Abstract Objective Urolithiasis in infants can cause considerable morbidity. The literature regarding calcular anuria in this age group is very defective. Our aim was to evaluate impact of intervention on renal recoverability in these infants. Patients and methods A series of 24 patients presenting with obstructive calcular anuria were included in this study. Mean age was 16.5 ± 6.2 months. They were treated either by initial urinary diversion or definitive endoscopic (ureteroscopy or JJ stenting with medical alkalinization) or open surgical (ureterolithotomy or pyelolithotomy) treatment. Results Mean serum creatinine was 5.8 ± 2.6 mg/dl. Initial peritoneal dialysis and/or urinary diversion was needed in 11 patients (45.8%). Open surgical treatment was applied in 5 (20.8%), endoscopic treatment was applied in 15 (62.5%), while combined treatment was applied in 4 (16.6%) patients. All patients had normal serum creatinine on discharge. Three (12.5%) had residual stones which were cleared by 2ry ureteroscopic intervention at 6 months. The overall complication rate in this study was 12.5% in the form of postoperative leakage (1) and postoperative fever (2). No mortality or development of chronic renal failure was reported at 6 months follow up. In comparison with these results, a previous study carried out in our centre on an older age group had a higher complication rate (28%) with higher mortalities and lower renal function recoverability rate (94%). Conclusions Appropriate and timely medical and surgical management of calcular anuria will mostly lead to full recovery of renal functions. In comparison with older children, renal prognosis in those less than 2 years seems more favorable.
Effects of neonatal exposure to progesterone on sexual behavior of male and female rats

HULL, E. Effects of neonatal exposure to progesterone on sexual behavior of male and female rats. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 26(3) 401--405, 1981 .--Lactating females received daffy injections of progesterone or off, and their offspring were gonadectomized in adulthood and tested for both musculine and feminine sexual behavior elicited by estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone regimens. Male offspring of progesterone treated females exhibited significant impairment of masculine behavior elicited by both estrogen and testosterone. Latency and frequency of mounts and intromissions of those males which did engage in sexual behavior were not significantly different for the two groups. There were nonsignificant trends toward demasculinization of progesterone treated females and feminization of progesterone treated males. Progesterone administered to estrogen primed males failed to facilitate lordosis. There were no progesterone related differences in body weight at any time nor in testis or accessory organ weights of males. The results of this experiment confirm our previous finding of reduced sexual competence of intact male rats exposed neonatally to moderately increased levels of progesterone, and indicate that this effect is not the result of diminished adult hormone levels. Neonatal exposure to progesterone appears to have minimal or no effect on feminine sexual behavior of rats.
R&D spending and sources of funding of private US biopharmaceutical firms seeking to go public

This study analyzes the relationship between the amount of research and development (R&D) spending in private US biopharmaceutical firms before they go public and whether or not these firms tap into external sources of funding for investment before an initial public offering. We focus our study on three specific sources of funding (venture capital investors, biopharmaceutical firm investors and strategic alliance partners) for two different time periods (one year prior to firms going public and cumulative years prior to going public). We found an increase in R&D spending over the course of the study and a positive relationship between R&D spending in the year prior to its going public and venture capital involvement. We also found a positive relationship between the cumulative amount spent on R&D and venture capital involvement and ownership by other biopharmaceutical firms. We use the literature on tradable assets and signaling theory to interpret the implications of our findings. For managers, the results suggest that if their goal is to send signals to future investors by way of spending greater amounts on R&D in the year prior to going public, then venture capital investors are more likely to be associated with this type of activity.
Deuterium in Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon

The authors report deuteron magnetic resonance (DMR) measurements on aged deuterium-implanted single crystal n-type silicon and comparisons with amorphous silicon spectra. The sample film was prepared six years ago by deuteration from a-D{sub 2} plasma and evaluated by a variety of experimental methods. Deuterium has been evolving with time and the present DMR signal shows a smaller deuteron population. A doublet from Si-D configurations along (111) has decreased more than have central molecular DMR components, which include 47 and 12 kHz FWHM gaussians. Transient DMR magnetization recoveries indicate spin lattice relaxation to para-D{sub 2} relaxation centers.
Noise in a-Si:H p-i-n detector diodes

Noise from a-Si:H p-i-n diodes (5 approximately 50- mu m thick) under reverse bias was investigated. The current-dependent 1/f-type noise was found to be the main noise composition at high bias. At low bias, the thermal noise from a series resistance of the p-layer and from metallic contacts is the dominant noise source, which is unrelated to the reverse current through the diode. The noise associated with the p-layer resistance decreased significantly on annealing under reverse bias, reducing the total zero bias noise by approximately a factor of 2. The noise recovered to the original value on subsequent annealing without bias. In addition to the resistive noise there seems to be a shaping time independent noise component for zero-biased diodes. >
Cassini imaging of Saturn : Southern hemisphere winds and vortices

High-resolution images of Saturn's southern hemisphere acquired by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem between February and October 2004 are used to create maps of cloud morphology at several wavelengths, to derive zonal winds, and to characterize the distribution, frequency, size, morphology, color, behavior, and lifetime of vortices. Nonequatorial wind measurements display only minor differences from those collected since 1981 and reveal a strong, prograde flow near the pole. The region just southward of the velocity minimum at 40.7°S is especially active, containing numerous vortices, some generated in the proximity of convective storms. The two eastward jets nearest the pole display periodicity in their longitudinal structure, but no direct analogs to the northern hemisphere's polar hexagon or ribbon waves were observed. Characteristics of winds and vortices are compared with those of Saturn's northern hemisphere and Jupiter's atmosphere.
Functional molecular anatomy of fibrinogen: antibodies as biological probes of structure.

Among the more basic and exciting issues in molecular biology is the elucidation of functional molecular anatomy—the relationship between the molecular structure at all levels and the manifest functions of the molecule. Significant advances in elucidation of general protein structure at all levels of organization have been realized in the past two decades, to a great extent as the result of new and incisive analytical approaches. Major contributions by physicochemical and biochemical methods have provided probes of conformation as well as the primary structure of proteins. Conformational analysis has proven most difficult, and early information was to a great extent inferential and derived from hydrodynamic data. Multidisciplinary approaches including X-ray diffraction, high-resolution ultrastructural visualization, light scattering, optical rotatory dispersion, and functional reconstruction have amassed data from which molecular conformation can frequently be deduced. Among the analytical approaches have been those in which the immune response and the products of that response are analyzed and employed as analytical probes of the basic structure and conformation of a subject molecule. Although the major emphasis in molecular immunology and immunochemistry has been the characterization of the immune response, applied immunochemistry has in no little part contributed to our understanding of molecular structure at all levels of organization (Dorrington and Tanford, 1970; Anfinsen, 1959; Kendrew et al., 1960; Scheraga, 1961; Muirhead and Perutz, 1963).
HOW TO INCREASE ADEQUACY OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN CHILDREN

Since children on dialysis are treated most often with nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis, adequacy of dialysis is determined by the number and duration of cycles, the volume of the dialysis fluid applied, and the choice of dialysis solution. The number and duration of cycles are dependent on the maximal acceptable duration of night rest and the permeability properties of the peritoneal membrane. The latter can be established by performance of a peritoneal equilibration test. The volume used should be about 1200 mL/m 2 body surface area, and intraperitoneal pressure should be between 5 and 15 cm H 2 O. The dialysis solution administered should have a glucose concentration as low as possible, and an icodextrin daytime dwell may be considered.
Treatment of Echolalia in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review

Echolalia can lead to communication breakdowns that increase the likelihood of social failure and stigmatization in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In an effort to facilitate evidenced-based intervention and inform future research, this systematic review analyzes peer-reviewed studies involving the treatment of echolalia in individuals with ASD. Using predetermined inclusion criteria, a total of 11 studies were identified, reviewed, and summarized in terms of the following: (a) participant characteristics (e.g., verbal and cognitive functioning), (b) type of echolalia (e.g., delayed or immediate), (c) intervention procedures, (d) intervention outcomes, (e) maintenance and generalization of outcomes, and (f) research design and other indicators of rigor (i.e., certainty of evidence). Nine studies successfully reduced echolalia in a total of 17 participants. However, only six of those nine studies met criteria to be classified as providing the highest level of certainty (i.e., conclusive). The findings of this review suggest that a number of treatment options can be considered promising practices for the treatment of echolalia in children with ASD. Although no single treatment package can be described as well-established evidence-based practice, all 11 studies involved behavior analytic intervention components, suggesting strong support for operant-based treatments. In particular, behavior analytic interventions demonstrating conclusive levels of evidence included cues-pause-point, differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior, script training plus visual cues, and verbal modeling plus positive reinforcement for appropriate responses. Implications for practitioners and directions for future research are offered.
In Planta Response of Arabidopsis to Photothermal Impact Mediated by Gold Nanoparticles

Biological responses to photothermal effects of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been demonstrated and employed for various applications in diverse systems except for one important class - plants. Here, the uptake of GNPs through Arabidopsis thaliana roots and translocation to leaves are reported. Successful plasmonic nanobubble generation and acoustic signal detection in planta is demonstrated. Furthermore, Arabidopsis leaves harboring GNPs and exposed to continuous laser or noncoherent light show elevated temperatures across the leaf surface and induced expression of heat-shock regulated genes. Overall, these results demonstrate that Arabidopsis can readily take up GNPs through the roots and translocate the particles to leaf tissues. Once within leaves, GNPs can act as photothermal agents for on-demand remote activation of localized biological processes in plants.
Computation of High Reynolds Number Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Turbulent Wall-Bounded Flows Using a Nested LES Approach

A new nested LES approach for computing high Reynolds number, wall-bounded turbulent flows is presented. The method is based on nested LES of the full-domain at coarse resolution, coupled with well-resolved LES of a minimal flow unit. The coupling between the two domains is achieved by renormalizing the kinetic energies of components of the mean velocity and the turbulent velocity fluctuations in both domains to that of the minimal flow unit in the near-wall region, and to that of the full-size domain in the outer region, at each time-step. The method can be implemented with a fixed number of grid points, independent of Reynolds number, in any given geometry, and is applicable to both equilibrium and nonequilibrium flows. The proposed method has been applied to LES of equilibrium turbulent channel flow at \(1000\le Re_\tau \le 10{,}000\) and LES of nonequilibrium, shear-driven, three-dimensional turbulent channel flow at \(Re_\tau \simeq 2000\). All computations were performed using a spectral patching collocation method, and employed resolutions of \(64\times 64\times 17/33/17\) in the full-size domain (\(L_x \times L_y = 2\pi \times \pi \)), and resolutions of \(32 \times 64 \times 17/33/17\) and \(64 \times 64 \times 17/33/17\) the minimal flow units (\(l_x^+ \,\times \, l_y^+ \approx 3200 \times 1600 \)) of equilibrium and non-equilibrium channel flows, respectively. The dynamic Smagorinsky model with spectral cutoff filter was used as the SGS model in all the simulations. The results show that the proposed nested LES approach can predict the friction coefficient to within 5 % of Dean’s correlation in equilibrium turbulent channel flow, and the one-point turbulence statistics in good agreement with DNS and experimental data in turbulent channel flow and in shear-driven, three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer.
Stereospecifically-Tritiated Glycerate as a Probe of Photorespiratory Metabolism

The metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and photorespiration have been defined as a result of extensive biochemical studies (1, 2). The selection of mutants in which enzymes of the photorespiratory pathway are inactive has confirmed the essential correctness of the proposed pathway (3). There is, however, a large gap between knowing the pathways and understanding how they work together in vivo. In this paper attention will be focused on the in vivo steady-state partitioning of key metabolic intermediates. Preceding papers in this symposium discussed the role of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase in partitioning RuBP between carboxylation and oxygenation. Here emphasis will be placed on a second partitioning: that of glycolate.
OUTCROSSING IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. III. THE DEER CREEK POPULATION OF CLARKIA EXILIS.

The two earlier papers in this series (Vasek, 1964, 1965) indicated that Clarkia exilis and C. unguiculata have outcrossing frequencies of about 45% and 96% respectively. Each estimate was based on an experiment in one natural population. Because the flower structure of C. unguiculata obviously ensures a high frequency of outcrossing (Vasek, 1965), the estimate of 96% (or essentially 100%) outcrossing in this species may be accepted with considerable confidence. In contrast, the flower structure of C. exilis provides a capability for self fertilization, suggesting that considerable variation from the estimated outcrossing frequency of about 45% may occur under different conditions. Furthermore, the estimate in C. exilis was derived from a population with a very low frequency of the dominant gene tested. Consequently, several questions arise concerning outcrossing in C. exilis. Does outcrossing frequency vary from population to population? Do estimates of outcrossing vary depending on which gene is utilized in making the estimate? Does outcrossing frequency depend on the frequency of the test gene?
Sources of Pluralism – Introduction

This special double issue of Philosophy and Social Criticism focuses on the sources of pluralism. The introduction will summarize and present the contents of this issue in 4 sections: (1) on the origins of pluralism (Richard Bernstein, Ulrich Preus, Rajeev Bhargava, Ramin Jahanbegloo); (2) on the development of pluralism (Alessandro Ferrara, Julian Baggini, Paolo Costa, Maurizio Ferraris); (3) pluralism in Turkey (Murat Borovali and Cemil Boyraz, Markus Dressler, Ilay Romain Ors and Omer Turan, Cengiz Aktar); (4) and pluralism within Islam (Khaled Abou El Fadl, Syafiq Hasyim, Saskia Schafer, Volker Kaul).