cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal changes in 12-HETE formation in two models of canine myocardial infarction.

Abstract Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by infarcted canine myocardium was studied and correlated with matched histologic analyses following permanently occluded or reperfused infarction. Histologic analysis of tissues from reperfused infarcts showed a marked acceleration of inflammatory cell invasion and of granulation tissue formation when compared to the occlusive infarct. In the reperfused infarct, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were very prominent at one day after infarction while in the occlusive infarcts the neutrophilic invasion was less intense but more sustained. At one day following reperfused infarction the major arachidonate product, which co-migrated by thin layer chromatography with the mono-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), was significantly elevated (254 ± 49 pmoles/gm wet weight, n=3) when compared to normal tissue (48 ± 6 pmoles/gm n=19). This occured at a time when the number of PMNs was maximal in the infarcted tissue. Addition of the calcium ionophore A 23187 caused a further marked stimulation in HETE production in the one day reperfused infarct but not at the other time points studied. The production of HETE was not significantly different in the infarcted tissue than in the normal tissue at three and seven days following reperfused infarction or at one, three, or seven days after occlusive infarction. The identity of this HETE product was investigated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found to be predominantly 12 - hydroxy - 5,8,10,14 - eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) with a small amount of 15-HETE. Thus the production of 12-HETE parallels the number of neutrophils invading the infarcted area of the heart.
Fast Neutron–Induced Fission Cross Sections of 233, 234, 236, 238U up to 200 MeV

AbstractThe 233, 234, 236, 238U fission cross sections have been measured relative to 235U(n, f) for incident neutron energies from 200 KeV to 200 MeV using neutron time-of-flight at the Los Alamos...
Effect of κ-opioid receptor agonists on morphine analgesia in morphine-naive and morphine-tolerant rats

Abstract The effect of i.p. administration of κ-opioid receptor agonists, bremazocine, tifluadom and U-50,488H on morphine (8 mg/kg i.p.)-induced analgesia in morphine-naive and morphine tolerant male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined using the tail-flick test. The tolerance to morphine in the rats was induced by s.c., implantation of six morphine pellets during a 7-day period. Implantation of morphine pellets resulted in the development of tolerance as evidenced by the decrease in the analgesic response to morphine when compared to placebo pellets implanted rats. Bremazocine (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) and U-50,488H (16 mg/kg) antagonized morphine-induced analgesia in morphine-naive rats while tifluadom (8 and 16 mg/kg) potentiated the effect. In morphine-tolerant rats, bremazocine (3 mg/kg) and U-50,488H (16 mg/kg) potentiated morphine-induced analgesia. Tifluadom at any of the doses had no effect on morphine-induced a analgesia in morphine-tolerant rats. These results provide evidence that different κ-opioid agonists modify morphine-induced analgesia differentially in morphine-naive and morphine-tolerant rats.
Kinetic and Pathway Modeling of Reductive 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Biodegradation with Different Electron Donors

AbstractA comprehensive model was applied to simulate a laboratory microcosm study of biodegradation rates and the branched production and loss of daughter products. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of electron donors (lactate, ethanol, and natural organic matter) on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) biodegradation rate and pathway in historically contaminated sediments undergoing biostimulation. Simulation results show overall TNT degradation rates for lactate-amended microcosms were greater than ethanol-amended microcosms by a factor of 1.7 and 3.0 times compared with natural organic matter amended microcosms. Differences in observed biomass concentrations (lactate>ethanol>unamended) were thought to be a contributing factor. TNT degradation pathway modeling included determination of branching coefficients representing whether the first nitro group reduction occurred in the ortho or para position. Branching coefficients were greater for the initial reduction of para (17–27% initial TNT c...
MASS SELECTED ION BEAM DEPOSITION: A TOOL FOR PARAMETRIC GROWTH STUDIES, PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF DIAMONDLIKE FILMS

ABSTRACT Diamondlike films have unique properties that can be tailored between those of diamond and those of graphite to meet industrial applications. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the ability to prepare films with specific properties through control of the deposition parameters. The three basic approaches, plasma deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and ion beam deposition, are presented. Since the first two methods consist of complex chemical-physical systems which limit the possibilities for controlled parametric studies, the focus herein is on the latter technique. This work presents the unique capabilities of mass-selected carbon ion beam deposition in controlling deposition parameters over a wide range, particularly when combined with in-situ analysis of film evolution. The role of different deposition parameters on diamond film growth is discussed. The Houston deposition system that manifests the above features is described. A summary of results of some ongoing experiments is given t...
Geology and petrology of the Woods Mountains Volcanic Center, southeastern California: Implications for the genesis of peralkaline rhyolite ash flow tuffs

The Woods Mountains Volcanic Center is a middle Miocene silicic caldera complex located at the transition from the northern to the southern Basin and Range provinces of the western United States. It consists of a trachyte-trachydacite-rhyolite-peralkaline rhyolite association of lava flows, domes, plugs, pyroclastic rocks, and epiclastic breccia. Volcanism began at about 16.4 Ma, near the end of a local resurgence of felsic to intermediate magmatism and associated crustal extension. Numerous metaluminous high-K trachyte, trachydacite, and rhyolite lava flows, domes, and pyroclastic deposits accumulated from vents scattered over an area of 200 km2 forming a broad volcanic field with an initial volume of about 10 km3. At 15.8 Ma, about 80 km3 of metaluminous to mildly peralkaline high-K rhyolite ash flows were erupted from vents in the western part of fhe field in three closely spaced pulses, resulting in the formation of a trap door caldera 10 km in diameter. The ash flows formed the Wild Horse Mesa Tuff, a compositionally zoned ash flow sheet that originally covered an area of about 600 km2 to a maximum thickness of at least 320 m. High-K trachyte pumice lapilli, some of which are intimately banded with rhyolite, were produced late in the two later eruptions, Intracaldera volcanism from widely distributed vents rapidly filled the caldera with about 10 km3 of high-K, mildly peralkaline, high-silica rhyolite lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. These are interlayered with breccia derived from the caldera scarp. They are intruded by numerous compositionally similar plugs, some of which structurally uplifted and fractured the center of the caldera. The center evolved above a high-K trachyte magma chamber about 10 km in diameter that had developed and differentiated within the upper crust at about 15.8 Ma. Petrological, geochemical, and geophysical data are consistent with the idea that a cap of peralkaline rhyolite magma formed within the trachyte chamber as a result of fractional crystallization within chemical boundary layers.
Characterization of glucagon-expressing neurons in the chicken retina

We have recently identified large glucagon-expressing neurons that densely ramify neurites in the peripheral edge of the retina and regulate the proliferation of progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) of the postnatal chicken eye (Fischer et al., 2005). However, nothing is known about the transmitters and proteins that are expressed by the glucagon-expressing neurons in the avian retina. We used antibodies to cell-distinguishing markers to better characterize the different types of glucagon-expressing neurons. We found that the large glucagon-expressing neurons were immunoreactive for substance P, neurofilament, Pax6, AP2α, HuD, calretinin, trkB and trkC. Colocalization of glucagon and substance P in the large glucagon-expressing neurons indicates that these cells are the “bullwhip cells” that have been briefly described by Ehrlich, Keyser and Karten (1987). Similar to the bullwhip cells, the conventional glucagon-expressing amacrine cells were immunoreactive for calretinin, HuD, Pax6, and AP2α. Unlike bullwhip cells, the conventional glucagon-expressing amacrine cells were immunoreactive for GABA. While glucagon-immunoreactive amacrine cells were negative for substance P in central regions of the retina, a subset of this type of amacrine cell was immunoreactive for substance P in far peripheral regions of the retina. An additional type of glucagon/substance P-expressing neuron, resembling the bullwhip cells, was found in far peripheral and dorsal regions of the retina. Based on morphology, distribution within the retina, and histological markers, we conclude that there may be 4 different types of glucagon-expressing neurons in the avian retina.
Word Order in Early Two and Three Word Utterances: Does Production Precede Comprehension?

Comprehension and production of subject-object order in semantically reversible sentences with animate or inanimate subject and object was studied in an object-manipulation paradigm. Three groups o...
Chemotactic factors for eosinophils in soluble extracts of L3 stages of Ostertagia ostertagi.

Abstract The ability of Ostertagia ostertagi L 3 larva to attract bovine leukocytes was investigated. Soluble L 3 extracts (SLE) were tested for both eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activities both in vitro and in vivo . Results indicated that SLE was chemotactic for eosinophils in vitro . No neutrophil chemotactic activity was demonstrated in the SLE, although SLE enhanced random migration of neutrophils. Intradermal injection of 100 μg SLE into normal (non-infected) calves induced a marked focal increase in eosinophil accumulations at 4 and 48 h. Neutrophil accumulation at the injection sites did not occur. These results indicated that O. ostertagi L 3 larva may play an important role in the accumulation of eosinophils at the site of parasitized abomasal glands.
α1-Antichymotrypsin interaction with Aβ(1–42) does not inhibit fibril formation but attenuates the peptide toxicity

Abstract α1-Antichymotrypsin (ACT) is intimately associated with senile plaques in the Alzheimer's diseased (AD) brain. It was reported that ACT can promote the polimerization of Aβ(1–42) into amyloid filaments. It was suggested that neurotoxic amyloid deposits arise when β-peptide is induced to form fibrils by ACT or other amyloid-promoting factors (pathological chaperones) expressed in AD brain. However, it was reported recently that ACT can inhibit fibrillization of Aβ(1–40) and disaggregate pre-formed β-amyloid fibrils of this synthetic Aβ peptide. Our previous study [Aksenova et al., Neurosci. Lett., 411 (1996) 43–48] confirmed that ACT is able to inhibit Aβ(1–40) aggregation into fibrils, but it was shown that at the same time ACT does not change the peptide cytotoxicity. In this report we have observed that interaction of ACT with Aβ(1–42), unlike that for ACT-Aβ(1–40) interaction, does not prevent the formation of insoluble Aβ(1–42) aggregates, but completely blocks the peptide's toxicity in rat hippocampal cell cultures. These results are discussed in terms of the potential double role of peptide-protein interactions on Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity.
Profiles of importance, readiness and confidence in quitting tobacco use

Objective: This study examined whether rulers of importance, readiness and confidence (IRC) in quitting smoking could be used to identify subgroups of smokers, with the future goal of potentially tailoring interventions to specific readiness profiles.Methods: Consecutive emergency department patients ≥18 years old were considered for enrolment. Participants provided information on their tobacco use and motivation to quit smoking using 10-point IRC rulers. We used latent profile analysis on the IRC rulers to identify subgroups of smokers and examined associations between profile membership and participant’s nicotine dependence and demographics.Results: A total of 1549 patients were screened, yielding a sample of 609 tobacco users. According to statistical fit indices, a four-profile solution fits best: 32% displayed maximum importance and readiness with strong confidence, 43% of the sample displayed relatively average levels of all three variables, 17% displayed below average importance with least favourab...
The mechanism of assimilation of constituents of chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins and remnants - a new theory.

Abstract Purified remnant lipoproteins produced from chylomicrons in vivo or in vitro by the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) contain firmly bound LPL. The perfused rat liver removes the particulate bound LPL and triglyceride-labeled remnants at exactly the same rate, while purified chylomicrons are not removed. Once remnants are removed by the liver, they are not rereleased into the perfusate. These observations have led to the theory that the LPL attached to the remnant is the signal that allows the liver to “recognize” remnants from chylomicrons. This is followed by fusion of the particle with the cell surface and may be associated with the splitting off a low density lipoprotein particle. The remaining lipids of the remnant are further metabolized by the liver triglyceridase and the cholesterol esterase.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Degree of Sensitization of Type 304 Stainless Steel

Abstract Two electrochemical techniques, anodic polarization and potentiostatic etching, were used in detecting the degree of sensitization (DOS) of austenitic stainless steel in an electrolyte which contained perchloric acid with NaCl as an additive. The DOS of the specimen could be quantitatively measured by the current density at 290 mVH during the polarization test, or by the total charge during the potentiostatic etching test. The DOS was measured for specimens in various sensitized conditions. Brief heating of a specimen at 800 C prior to a low temperature sensitization heat treatment (550 C) resulted in a much higher DOS than that of a specimen sensitized at the low temperature only. Data obtained by the electrochemical techniques were compared with the Huey test (boiling nitric acid test) and with the depth and width of attack in the grain boundaries. In depth Auger analyses was made of the oxide films formed in air on sensitized and solution annealed specimens. It was found that sensitized specim...
Abomasal pH, nutrient digestibility, and growth of Holstein bull calves fed acidified milk replacer.

Our objective was to compare nutrient digestion and utilization, amount and pattern of intake, and pH profile over time of abomasal contents in calves offered acidified milk replacer ad libitum or regular (sweet) milk replacer twice daily at 10% of body weight per day. Ten Holstein bull calves were fed replacers reconstituted to 13% dry matter for 4 wk. Daily milk replacer and water consumption and weekly body weight were recorded. Other variables were measured during the 2nd and 4th wk. Calves offered acidified replacer consumed more dry matter and gained more body weight than did calves fed sweet replacer; however, there was no difference in feed conversion ratio. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract, nitrogen, and retention of absorbed nitrogen were not affected by treatment. Acidified milk replacer offered ad libitum lowered the pH of abomasal contents and feces compared to regular replacer offered at 10% of body weight per day. Feeding patterns of calves offered acidified replacer ad libitum were variable. No adverse effects of feeding acidifed milk replacer were noted.
The adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials of NH2 to the three lowest-lying states of NH2+

Abstract The adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials of the ground state (X2B1) of NH2 to the X3B1, a1A1 and b1B1 states of NH2+ have been investigated systematically using ab initio electronic structure theory. The SCF, CASSCF, CISD, CASSCF-SOCI, CCSD and CCSD(T) levels of theory with four basis sets have been employed to predict energy differences. The adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials of the ground state of NH2 to the X3B1 state of NH2+ are determined to be 255.8 kcal/mol (11.09 eV, 89 470 cm−1) and 277.1 kcal/mol (12.01 eV, 96 900 cm−1), respectively, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental values of 256.9 kcal/mol (11.14 eV, 89 850 cm−1) and 276.7 kcal/mol (12.00 eV, 96 790 cm−1). The theoretical adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials to the a1A1 state of NH2+ are evaluated to be 285.7 kcal/mol (12.39 eV, 99 910 cm−1) and 287.3 kcal/mol (12.46 eV, 100 480 cm−1), respectively, which are also in good agreement with the experimental values of 287.0 kcal/mol (12.445 eV, 100 380 cm−1) and 287.1 kcal/mol (12.45 eV, 100 420 cm−1). Finally the adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials to the b1B1 state of NH2+ are predicted to be 298.1 kcal/mol (12.93 eV, 104 270 cm−1) and 324.8 kcal/mol (14.09 eV, 113 600 cm−1), respectively.
Abstract 1014: Targeting cancer stem cells by a Notch2/Notch3 cross-reactive antibody inhibits tumor growth and delays tumor recurrence in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with very poor prognosis and few treatment options. The Notch pathway has been implicated in the development of pancreatic cancer, and in particular both Notch2 and Notch3 are known to be important in this disease. In this report, we examined the in vivo efficacy of an antibody that was initially identified by binding to Notch2 and was subsequently shown to block signaling of both human and mouse Notch2 and Notch3. Utilizing a panel of minimally-passaged, patient-derived, pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft tumors, we performed in vivo growth inhibition and tumorigenicity studies with the Notch2/3 antibody alone or combined with the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic gemcitabine. We demonstrated that the Notch2/3 antibody was active as a single agent, and when combined with gemcitabine, the combination therapy resulted in improved efficacy over that of gemcitabine alone. Utilizing an in vivo limiting dilution tumorigenicity assay, we found that the cancer stem cell (CSC) frequency was increased by gemcitabine as a single agent, but significantly decreased by the combination of anti-Notch2/3 and gemcitabine. Analysis of cell surface markers associated with pancreatic cancer stem cells indicated that gemcitabine treatment results in an increase in the percentage of CSCs, while the Notch2/3 antibody significantly reduced the CSC population. Utilizing this pancreatic cancer xenograft model, we analyzed the ability of the Notch 2/3 antibody to delay tumor recurrence following gemcitabine induced tumor regression. While gemcitabine-treated tumors re-grew rapidly following treatment termination, the ability of tumors to recur was significantly delayed by the Notch2/3 antibody suggesting that the delay in tumor recurrence is in part due to the Notch2/3 antibody-mediated decrease in CSC frequency. Gene set enrichment analysis in tumors that responded to anti-Notch2/3 revealed that various stem cell gene sets were up-regulated in tumors treated by gemcitabine alone, but down-regulated by the combination of anti-Notch2/3 and gemcitabine. Findings from this study suggest that antagonists of Notch signaling may act as chemotherapeutic-sensitizing agents by interfering with CSC self renewal pathways and thereby enhancing the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy on CSCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1014. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1014
Unexpected maturation of PI3K and MAPK-ERK signaling in fetal ovine cardiomyocytes.

In the first two-thirds of gestation, ovine fetal cardiomyocytes undergo mitosis to increase cardiac mass and accommodate fetal growth. Thereafter, some myocytes continue to proliferate while other...
A MASCULINITY-FEMININITY SCALE FOR THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD.

(1963). A Masculinity-Femininity Scale for the Kuder Preference Record. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 209-216.
Cyclodextrins in reactions of alcohols with aqueous hypochlorite: catalysts or reactants?

β-Cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide/poly alcohol, reacts with aqueous sodium hypochlorite at elevated temperatures, resulting in a drop in the pH of the medium. Hypochlorite-induced oxidations of 1-phenyl-1-propanol or benzyl alcohol in the presence of the cyclic oligosaccharide are enhanced by lowering of pH rather than by inverse phase transfer catalysis. The secondary alcohol is inert in aqueous hypochlorite maintained at high pH, even in presence of the cyclodextrin. More rapid and efficient oxidations may be effected by pH control than by heating and/or addition of β-cyclodextrin.
Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments

We investigate the accuracy with which relevant atmospheric parameters must be estimated to derive phytoplankton pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a plus phaeophytin a ) of a given accuracy from measurements of the ocean's apparent spectral radiance at satellite altitudes. The analysis is limited to an instrument having the characteristics of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner scheduled to orbit the Earth on NIMBUS-G. A phytoplankton pigment algorithm is developed which relates the pigment concentration (C) to the three ratios of upwelling radiance just beneath the sea surface which can be formed from the wavelengths (λ) 440, 520 and 550 nm. The pigment algorithm explains from 94 to 98% of the variance in log10 C over three orders of magnitude in pigment concentration. This is combined with solutions to the radiative transfer equation to simulate the ocean's apparent spectral radiance at satellite altitudes as a function of C and the optical properties of the aerosol, the optical depth of which is assumed to be proportioned to λ-n. A specific atmospheric correction algorithm, based on the assumption that the ocean is totally absorbing at 670 nm, is then applied to the simulated spectral radiance, from which the pigment concentration is derived. Comparison between the true and derived values of C show that: (1) n is considerably more important than the actual aerosol optical thickness; (2) for C 0299-1 0.2 Μg l-1 acceptable concentrations can be determined as long as n is not overestimated; (3) as C increases, the accuracy with which n must be estimated, for a given relative accuracy in C, also increases; and (4) for C greater than about 0.5 Μg 1-1, the radiance at 440 nm becomes essentially useless in determining C. The computations also suggest that if separate pigment algorithms are used for C ≲ 1Μgl-1 and C ≳ 1 Μgl-1, accuracies considerably better than ±± in log C can be obtained for C ≲ 1 Μg l-1 with only a coarse estimate of n, while for C ≳ 10 Μgl-1, this accuracy can be achieved only with very good estimates of n.
Time-dependent studies of vacuum-ultraviolet emissions from helium

Proton excitation was employed to obtain new information on the vacuum-ultraviolet (vuv) emissions from helium gas. Time-dependent studies of the 584-\AA{} resonance line and the vuv continuum (600-950 \AA{}) have been made as a function of pressure. The decay rate for 584-\AA{} resonance photons shows a type of pressure dependence which indicates that the ${2}^{1}P$ atomic state is destroyed much more rapidly by collisions than by radiation to the ${2}^{1}S$ metastable state. Most of the vuv continuum decays with two time components (fast and slow). The number of ions and the population of the lowest-ten excited states resulting when an energetic (4-MeV) proton loses a fraction of its energy in helium, and when the secondary electrons completely degrade in energy, have been calculated. The theoretical studies indicate that about 30% of the energy lost by a single proton goes into atomic excitation, where about one-half of these excited states are ${2}^{1}P$ states. These new results are combined with previous information to propose an energy pathways model for helium. We suggest that the ${2}^{1}P$ state is primarily destroyed by collisions to the $D$ and $B$ molecular states which are then the source of the fast vuv radiation (640-950 \AA{}) and the precursor of slow radiation, respectively. In our model the metastable $B$ molecular state stores the energy which is utilized in producing additional ionization (Jesse effects) when impurities are added to helium, in contrast with previous interpretations which assumed that the energy is stored in atomic metastable states.
Regulation of ommochrome biosynthesis in the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, by juvenile hormone

The absence of juvenile hormone (JH) at the time of head capsule slippage during the molt to the fifth (final) instar of the tobacco hornworm was found to cause ommochrome (primarily dihydroxanthommatin) synthesis in the epidermis during the first two days after ecdysis. Then synthesis decreased until its transient reappearance during the wandering stage. Either JH-I (ED50=8x10−4 μg) or methoprene (ED50=1.4x10−2 μg) applied at this critical time during the molt prevented the first synthesis. A comparison of developmental profiles of tryptophan and its metabolites, kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine, in normal and allatectomized wild type larvae showed that JH at this critical time prevented both the conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine to ommochromes. A similar study in normal and methoprene-treatedblack mutant larvae showed that only the latter conversion was inhibited by JH. The accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine in the epidermis of the JH-treatedblack mutant is thought to be due to the altered tryptophan metabolism in these mutants in previous instars due to lower JH levels. Neither starvation of theblack mutant nor injection of 3-hydroxykynurenine significantly affected ommochrome synthesis by the epidermis. Preliminary studies of the enzymes involved showed that JH at the critical period suppressed the later activity and/or production of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase in the wild type larva, but had little effect on the particulate ommochrome synthetase activity of the epidermis.
Office Management of Hypertension in Older Persons

Abstract Antihypertensive drug therapy reduces cardiovascular events in older persons. In the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial, at 1.8-year follow-up, patients aged 80 years and older treated with antihypertensive drug therapy had a 30% reduction in fatal or nonfatal stroke ( P =.06), a 39% reduction in fatal stroke ( P =.05), a 21% reduction in all-cause mortality ( P =.02), a 23% reduction in death from cardiovascular causes ( P =.06), and a 64% reduction in heart failure ( P
Ozone Levels in Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft on North American and Transoceanic Routes

Ozone levels in airplane cabins, and factors that influence them, were studied on northern hemisphere commercial passenger flights on domestic U.S., transatlantic, and transpacific routes. Real-time data from 76 flights were collected in 2006–2007 with a battery-powered UV photometric monitor. Sample mean ozone level, peak-hour ozone level, and flight-integrated ozone exposures were highly variable across domestic segments (N = 68), with ranges of <1.5 to 146 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), 3−275 ppbv, and <1.5 to 488 ppbv-hour, respectively. On planes equipped with ozone catalysts, the mean peak-hour ozone level (4.7 ppbv, N = 22) was substantially lower than on planes not equipped with catalysts (47 ppbv, N = 46). Peak-hour ozone levels on eight transoceanic flight segments, all on planes equipped with ozone catalysts, were in the range <1.5 to 58 ppbv. Seasonal variation on domestic routes without converters is reasonably modeled by a sinusoidal curve that predicts peak-hour levels to be approximat...
Virus isolation and serum antibody responses after infection of cats with transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was administered orally to cats. No clinical disease resulted but infectious virus was isolated from faeces for up to 22 days after infection and serum antibody was detected by neutralisation and immunofluorescence tests.
Trend in public attitudes toward epilepsy over the past decade.

SUMMARY In the years 1949, 1954 and 1959 Doctor George Gallup of the American Institute of Public Opinion obtained answers to questions about epilepsy from representative members of the adult population throughout the United States. During this ten-year period knowledge of epilepsy was found in 90% of the population. When those familiar with epilepsy were asked if they would object to their children playing with epileptics, 24% answered yes in 1949, 17% in 1954 and 18% in 1959. When asked if they thought epilepsy was a form of insanity 13% said yes in 1949, 7% in 1954 and 4% in 1959. When asked if epileptics should be employed, 45% said yes in 1949, 60% in 1954 and 75% in 1959. This increase in work approval was accompanied by greater understanding of the practical problems in epileptic employment. In each of the three polls the most favorable opinion was among the better educated, better employed younger and urban mumbers of the population. Woman were somewhat more favorable toward epileptic than men. The states in the Eastern and Western regions showed less prejudice than those in the Central and Southern regions. This measure of public opinion indicates a distinct improvement in general attitude toward epilepsy. It also indicates the areas of remaining prejudice. RESUME Au cours des annees 1949, 1954 et 1959 le Docteur George Gallup de l‘“American Institute of Public Opinion” a recu, de membres representatifs de la population adulte de toutes les regions des Etats-Unis, des reponses a des questions posees quant a l’epilepsie. Il a ete constate ainsi que, pendant ces 10 annees, 90% de la population connaissaient l‘epilepsie. Les personnes familiarisees avec cette maladie ont repondu affirmativement (1) a la question de savoir si elles verraient des inconvenients a ce que leurs enfants jouent avec des epileptiques en 24% des cas en 1949, 17% en 1954 et 18% en 1959, et (2) quand on leur a demande si elles pensaient que l’epilepsie etait une forme de demence en 13% des cas en 1949,7% en 1954 et 4% en 1959. Interrogees sur la question de savoir si des epileptiques pourraient etre employes, 45% ont dit oui en 1949, 60% en 1954 et 75% en 1959. A mesure qu'augmentaient les approbations a la possibilite de l'emploi, on a pu observer une plus grande comprehension des problemes pratiques inherents a l'emploi des epileptiques. En ce qui concerne chacune de ces trois enquetes, l'opinion la plus favorable a eteemise par les membres de la population les mieux eleves, et les jeunes habitants des centres urbains occupes a des travaux superieurs. Les femmes se sont montrees plus favorables aux epileptiques que les hommes. Les Etats des regions occidentales et orientales ont manifeste moins de prevention que ceux du Centre ou du Sud. Ce sondage de l'opinion publique revele une amelioration marquee dans l'attitude generale adoptee envers l'epilepsie, et en meme temps les regions dans lesquelles restent encore des preventions.
(Self-)Portrait of Prof. R.C.: A Retrospective

This essay offers a retrospective on the four special issues of this journal (1957, 1980, 1990, 2001) dedicated to the “state of the art” of rhetorical criticism. Drawing on Oscar Wilde's The Portrait of Mr. W. H. as allegory, the essay also functions to queer this retrospective in an ongoing effort to queer rhetorical studies. The essay closes with a prospective call for “critical self-portraiture” and genealogy of rhetorical criticism.
Standing and travelling waves for nonlinear wave equations

Abstract The aim of this talk will be to present results, many of them obtained jointly with A. Floer, on the existence and stability of standing and traveling wave solutions for nonlinear equations of Schrodinger and Klein-Gordon type. Emphasis will be placed on situations other than the flat, spatially homogeneous ones which have usually been studied in the past; in particular, equations with a potential or with spherical geometry will be considered. The relation between the hamiltonian structures for waves and particles will be discussed.
Review article "On the origins of decadal climate variability: a network perspective"

Abstract. This review is a synthesis of work spanning the last 25 yr. It is largely based on the use of climate networks to identify climate subsystems/major modes and to subsequently study how their collective behavior explains decadal variability. The central point is that a network of coupled nonlinear subsystems may at times begin to synchronize. If during synchronization the coupling between the subsystems increases, the synchronous state may, at some coupling strength threshold, be destroyed shifting climate to a new regime. This climate shift manifests itself as a change in global temperature trend. This mechanism, which is consistent with the theory of synchronized chaos, appears to be a very robust mechanism of the climate system. It is found in the instrumental records, in forced and unforced climate simulations, as well as in proxy records spanning several centuries.
Introducing organic nanowire transistors

Organic nanowires self-assembled from small-molecule semiconductors and conducting polymers have attracted an enormous amount of interest for use in organic field-effect transistors. This new class of materials offers solution processability, the potential for elucidating transport mechanisms and structure-property relationships, and the realization of high-performance transistors that rival the performance of amorphous Si. We discuss the self-assembly of one-dimensional, single-crystalline organic nanowires, show the structures of commonly employed organic semiconductors, and review some of the advances in this field.
Saint-Venant end effects in composite structures☆

Abstract Thin-walled structures, such as rifle barrels, rocket casings, helicopter blades and containment vessels, are often constructed of layers of anisotropic, filament or fiber-reinforced materials which must be designed to remain elastic. A proper assessment of end or edge effects in such structures is of fundamental technological importance. The extent to which local stresses, such as those produced by fasteners and at joints, can penetrate girders, beams, plates and shells must be understood by the designer. Thus a distinction must be made between global structural elements (where Strength of Materials or other approximate theories may be used) and local elements which require more detailed (and more costly) analyses based on exact elasticity. Moreover, it must be recognized that it is impossible, in general, to refine global approximate theories (such as various so-called higher-order plate and shell theories) without a simultaneous consideration of local effects. The neglect of end effects is usually justified by appeals to some form of Saint-Venant's principle, and years of experience with homogeneous isotropic elastic structures have served to establish this standard procedure. Saint-Venant's principle also is the fundamental basis for static mechanical tests of material properties. Thus property measurements are made in a suitable gage section where uniform stress and strain states are induced and local effects due to clamping of the specimen are neglected by an appeal to Saint-Venant's principle. Such traditional applications of Saint-Venant's principle require major modifications when strongly anisotropic and composite materials are of concern. For such materials, local stress effects persist over distances far greater than are typical for isotropic materials. In this paper, we describe some problems of static and dynamic elasticity where anisotropy induces such extended Saint-Venant end zones. The paper is a review and a comprehensive list of references is given to original work where details of the analysis may be found. The consideration of such extended end zones due to anisotropy is essential in the proper analysis and design of structures using advanced composite materials.
Leaf morphological responses to variation in water availability for plants in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex

Distribution of plants and the expression of traits associated with environmental variation can be affected by both average conditions and the variance in conditions including extreme climatic events. We expect that these same factors should affect the distribution of plants in hybrid zones between ecologically distinct species where the hybrids should occupy ecotones or intermediate habitats. We evaluated water availability and leaf morphological differences among parental and hybrid populations of herbaceous perennial plants in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex along environmental gradients in Southeastern North America. We focus on two taxa in this group; the viridis morphotype, which occurs in southern Florida, and the caroliniana morphotype, which is distributed from northern Florida to southern Georgia. Advanced-generation hybrid derivatives of these morphotypes occupy a broad geographic region that extends across much of central Florida. Overall, we found that hybrid populations occurred in significantly drier locations, indicating that their habitat requirements are transgressive (i.e., exceeding parental values) rather than intermediate to the parental morphotypes. Water availability differed between the two sampling years, and plants displayed morphological changes in response to these changes in moisture. During the drier year, leaves were narrower and more hirsute, corroborating experimental results that these leaf traits are plastic, and confirming that plasticity occurs in natural habitats. Hybrids exhibited intermediate leaf traits (shape and size) across both years, and displayed transgressive (hair density) leaf traits during the drier year. The apparent canalization of the hybrids’ leaf morphological traits may contribute to their tolerance of variable environmental conditions and may partially explain why they have displaced the caroliniana morphotype in central Florida.
Misinterpretation of negative pulse oximetry screening as absence of critical congenital heart disease.

We read the case report by Harden et al. [2] entitled False-Negative Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical CongenitalHeart Disease: The Case for Parent Education with greatinterest. This case underscores the importance of inter-preting screening test results with caution.Sincetheendorsementofpulseoximetryscreening(POS)for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) by the Ameri-can AcademyofPediatrics(AAP)[3],manyhospitals acrossthe country, including ours, have proactively implementedthescreen.WeapplaudtheAAPfortheinitiativeandwishtohighlight through this letter some of the practical concernsarising after implementation of these recommendations.The AAP did not provide any standardized documenta-tion guidelines for incorporating the screening results in thedischarge summary to date. Nonstandard statements such as‘‘CCHD screen-negative’’ in the nursery discharge sum-maries may give rise to a false sense of reassurance to theunfamiliar medical practitioner and the parents that the childhas no possibility of critical congenital heart disease. Thepulse oximetry screen holds a very high speciﬁcity for rulingout certain CCHDs, as demonstrated in the Swedish [1] andGerman [4] studies. Clearly, other conditions are associatedwith signiﬁcant morbidity and mortality that need ongoingsurveillance. Considering all these, we are concerned thatthere is room for overlooking serious congenital heart con-ditions if clinicians and parents are not adequately educatedconcerning the limitations of the screening protocol.We enthusiastically support the AAP’s endorsement of pulseoximetry screening for early detection of CCHD but urge theAcademy to mandate that nurseries document the cardiac con-ditions speciﬁcally ruled out by virtue of a negative screen onevery discharge summary. We urge the Academy also to con-sider expanding the algorithm to include comprehensive guide-linesforongoingsurveillanceforcongenitalheartdisease(CHD)during well-child visits of screen-negative children.The AAP’s recommendation calling for its members towork in concert with the local and regional chapters andrespective policy makers in the development of the edu-cational materials and training [3] is probably the best wayto ensure that no child with CHD is missed.
DOUBLE CLAD, OFFSET CORE Nd FIBER LASER

The earlier glass lasers in both rod and fiber form were mostly side pumped.1 With the demonstration of single mode CW fiber lasers doped with Nd in low loss glass2 there followed considerable work with end pumped fiber lasers with many of the rare earths that had lased.3-6 In this paper, the behavior of a single mode Nd fiber laser with a double clad configuration is described in which light focused into the first cladding is absorbed by the neodymium core as the pump light proceeds down the fiber. This allows use of multimode pump sources and relatively simple focusing systems for efficient coupling.
Improving the reliability of wireless body area networks

In this paper we propose a highly reliable wireless body area network (WBAN) that provides increased throughput and avoids single points of failure. Such networks improve upon current WBANs by taking advantage of a new technology, Cooperative Network Coding (CNC). Using CNC in wireless body area network to support real-time applications is an attractive solution to combat packet loss, reduce latency due to retransmissions, avoid single points of failure, and improve the probability of successful recovery of the information at the destination. In this paper, we have extended Cooperative Network Coding, from its original configuration (one-to-one) to many-to-many as in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Cooperative Network Coding results in increased throughput and network reliability because of the cooperation of the nodes in transmitting coded combination packets across spatially distinct paths to the information sinks.
Tailored target approach to the deposition of gradient index optical filters

Abstract A simple method has been developed for the fabrication of optical filters based on a periodic variation in the index of refraction of the dielectric film material. The technique uses a sputtering target whose composition is spatially varied to permit direct deposition of the desired gradient index design by rotation of the target in front of a focused energetic beam. Only the rate of deposition need be monitored to provide feedback control of the deposition process. Single- and dual-line interference filters have been fabricated by this process as well as wedge designs for variable wavelength filtering.
Direct and indirect estimates of black crappie size selectivity to a common sampling gear: Potential biases and limitations for assessment

Abstract Reliable stock assessments require estimates of gear selectivity to separate selection from true changes in population structure, but true measures of selectivity are rare in the literature. We estimated size selectivity of bottom trawl sampling for black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus using capture–recapture methods to directly measure the effects of fish size on catchability (q, the fraction of a fish stock collected with a given unit of fishing effort) at Lake Jeffords, Florida, USA. Additional indirect estimates of selectivity were obtained with a population model applied to long-term data at four Florida lakes. Direct measures of selectivity indicated catchability was highest for the 90–119 mm length-group and lowest for fish greater than or equal to 180 mm, with q declining by a factor of 2 or 3 for large fish relative to small fish. The indirect age-structured modeling approach revealed dome-shaped gear selectivity patterns with relative selectivities peaking at age-1 for three of four lakes. Overall model trends indicated greater selectivity of younger fish (age-0 and age-1) to the gear followed by decreasing relative selectivity to older age-classes (age-2+). Trawl selectivity patterns suggested that otter trawls would be best for monitoring the abundance of small black crappie and useful for indices of recruitment. Our results showed that adult black crappie were underrepresented in bottom trawl samples which would influence age structure and growth rate estimates and the effectiveness of this gear as an assessment tool for tracking adult black crappie populations.
Supported iron nanoparticles for the hydrodeoxygenation of microalgal oil to green diesel

Abstract Iron nanoparticles supported on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Fe-MSN) catalyze the hydrotreatment of fatty acids with high selectivity for hydrodeoxygenation over decarbonylation and hydrocracking. The catalysis is likely to involve a reverse Mars–Van Krevelen mechanism, in which the surface of iron is partially oxidized by the carboxylic groups of the substrate during the reaction. The strength of the metal–oxygen bonds that are formed affects the residence time of the reactants facilitating the successive conversion of carboxyl first into carbonyl and then into alcohol intermediates, thus dictating the selectivity of the process. The selectivity is also affected by the pretreatment of Fe-MSN, the more reduced the catalyst the higher the yield of hydrodeoxygenation product. Fe-MSN catalyzes the conversion of crude microalgal oil into diesel-range hydrocarbons.
Adsorption and oxidation of carbon monoxide on smooth palladium in sulfuric acid solution

Abstract The adsorption of carbon monoxide was investigated on a smooth palladium wire electrode under steady-state conditions in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 at room temperature. The coverage with carbon monoxide is equal to the saturation coverage between 0.2 and 0.65 V, measured vs. a hydrogen electrode in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 . The surface of the palladium electrode is largely blocked for the dissolution of hydrogen inside the electrode at potentials of the α phase. The coverage decreases rapidly to zero in a narrow potential range above 0.65 V. The oxidation of chemisorbed carbon monoxide occurs in the absence of a noticeable coverage of oxygen atoms below 0.9 V. Above 0.9 V the oxidation CO ad is accompanied by the formation of the oxygen layer. The oxidation rate, determined at about half saturation coverage, follows a Tafel law at potentials below 0.9 V. The shape of voltammetric current-potential curves, measured in the presence of CO stirring, is interpreted on the basis of the adsorption results.
How long must a firm be great to rule out chance? Benchmarking sustained superior performance without being fooled by randomness

Although sustained superior firm performance may arise from skillful management or other valuable, rare, and inimitable resources, it can also result from randomness. Studying U.S. companies from 1965–2008, we benchmark how long a firm must perform at a high level to be confident that it is something other than the outcome of a time-homogeneous stationary Markov chain defined on the state space of percentiles. We find (a) the number of sustained superior performers in Compustat, measured by ROA and Tobin's q, exceeds the number of false positives we would expect to be generated by such a process; yet (b) the occurrence of false positives is often enough to fool many observers, so (c) the identification of sustained superior performers requires particularly stringent benchmarks to enable valid study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.