cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of somatic and visceral inputs by the brainstem Functional considerations

Studies of the brainstem have traditionally either focused on mechanisms for the control of limb or axial muscles or for the maintenance of homeostasis (e.g., the circuitry for the regulation of respiration or blood pressure). However, recent studies have demonstrated that movement and changes in cardiorespiratory activity often are coordinated, indicating a linkage between the pathways that control somatic motor activity and those that regulate respiration or circulation. Neurons in regions such as nucleus tractus solitarius and the lateral medullary reticular formation that regulate circulation and respiration have been shown to receive somatic sensory signals (including those from the vestibular system) indicating body position in space. In addition, somatic motor control may be influenced by signals from visceral receptors that provide cues regarding body position in space. Some areas of the brainstem may also participate directly in both motor control and regulation of blood pressure and respiration. Thus, a simple division of the brainstem into “somatic” and “autonomic” regions is no longer possible.
Determining the Physical Properties of Steam Generator Tube Scale Using Miniature Specimens

Small flakes that consist primarily of magnetite have been discovered on the secondary side of the steam generator of the Three Mile Island Unit 1 plant. These iron oxide flakes are believed to cau...
Faith and the Compatibility of Science and Religion

My religious roots were in 1930s Unitarian humanism, very much in the strong historical Jesus tradition of the times. Coinciding with our move to the Chapman community Candace and I experienced an awakening of our long-dormant interest in exploring the Judeo-Christian foundations of faith. Our extensive reading included the history of the first three centuries of Christianity. It became much more than an intellectual exercise; we became baptized Christians. In Hebrews, I found the text that inspired me to rethink the foundations of science and to better appreciate its truth-seeking roots in Christianity, driven by the curiosity requiring us to become as little children. “Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen,” is a proposition that comprehends twentieth-century physics in all its mystical richness, as easily as that of our religious experience. Relativity and quantum theory constitute the substance of scientific hope—mysterious flights of the imagination that explore the impossible but produce the possible. The evidence that reveals the possible is seen only inferentially through instruments that leave the traces that link sensible experience with the hoped for.
Interpretation of a coronary angiogram.

Clinical Introduction A 42 year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and tobacco abuse presented with typical chest pain. The pain was located in the substernal area, described as squeezing, non-radiating and awoke him from sleep. The pain was not associated with shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea and diaphoresis. On physical examination, blood pressure was 171/115 mm Hg, heart rate was 60 beats/min, heart sounds were normal without murmur, lung fields were clear and there was no peripheral oedema. Initial ECG showed upsloping ST segments in leads V2–V4. Given the presence of multiple cardiac risk factors, the description of pain and the findings of the ECG, coronary angiography was pursued (Figure 1A–D). Question This coronary angiogram is most consistent with: Coronary artery fistula. Anomalous right coronary artery (RCA) originating from the left coronary cusp. Kawasaki disease. Anomalous RCA originating from the left anterior descending artery.
El cabaret político mexicano y el poder: una lectura gramsciana

espanolEste ensayo analiza el contexto historico en el que a finales en la decada de los ochenta una generacion de artistas creo un genero multidisciplinario en el que se mezclaron el performance, la musica, el teatro y la poesia, al que desde esa epoca se ha llamado “Cabaret Politico” o “farsa mexicana”. Tambien crearon espacios para teatrales libres de la censura oficial y del constrenimiento de la dramaturgia actoral, de la supremacia del texto y de la voluntad del director. El articulo demuestra como el teatro mexicano devino un campo de batalla de diferentes lineas de fuerzas y antagonismos de poder. Asume el cabaret politico, como un imaginario contra simbolico a la mexicanidad oficial que tuvo dos etapas. Una primera contra hegemonica (finales de los setenta a 1990), que es la que estudia el ensayo, y una segunda de hegemonia alternativa (1990 en adelante), segunda parte de esta investigacion. EnglishThis essay analyzes the historical context in which, at the end of the eighties, a generation of artists created a multidisciplinary genre in which they mixed performance, music, theater and poetry. Today this genre is called Political Cabaret or Mexican farce. They also created independent theatrical spaces free of official censorship and the constraint of acting drama, the supremacy of the literary text and the authoritarian will of the director. The article demonstrates how the Mexican theater became a battlefield of different forces and antagonisms of power. It assumes the political cabaret as an imaginary counter symbolic to the official Mexicanness, which could be divided in two stages. A counterhegemonic stage (late seventies to 1990), which is the one that is studied in the essay, and alternative hegemony (1990 onwards), second part of this investigation
La nueva vanguardia de los pobres. Notas de campo sobre los programas sociales y los intelectuales orgánicos del Banco Mundial

El trabajo discute con la caracterizacion del "clientelismo" como causa de los problemas derivados de la aplicacion de los programas sociales del Banco Mundial. Para ello se enfoca en las practicas que realizan los agentes del Banco, los funcionarios de los estados nacionales y de los mismos beneficiarios en su aplicacion.
Mujeres que trabajan: La economía feminista en la narrativa de Eider Rodríguez

AbstractThis article analyzes four contemporary short stories written by Basque author Eider Rodriguez that address women’s obstacles and oppressive conditions in the labor market. Using the theori...
State by state implementation of Zika virus testing guidance in the United States in 2017 and 2018.

Abstract In 2015 and 2016, outbreaks of the Zika virus began occurring in the Americas and the Caribbean. Following the introduction of this new threat, the United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued testing guidance for the nation’s state public health laboratories. We collected and analyzed testing guidance for all fifty states and the District of Columbia for both 2017 and 2018. In both years, state testing guidance was consistent for men and non-pregnant women, but there was notable variation in guidance for pregnant women. In addition, there were changes between the two years as testing algorithms shifted toward guidance that recommended testing in more limited circumstances. States adopted large, or complete, portions of CDC testing guidance, but were not required to conform completely, 33% of states had identical guidance in 2017 and 49% in 2018. Some of these trends, such as specifying that testing be contingent on travel, or sexual contact with an individual who has recently traveled, to an area where the Zika virus was circulating, presents a potential deficiency in the United States surveillance capacity. Understanding variations in state testing guidance enables public health professionals to better understand ongoing surveillance. This analysis provides insight into the testing practices for the various states across the country. Better understanding of how states approach Zika testing, and how that testing changes over time, will increase the public health community’s ability to interpret future Zika case counts.
Enhanced synaptic transmission in the extended amygdala and altered excitability in an extended amygdala to brainstem circuit in a Dravet syndrome mouse model

Objective: Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe, early-onset epilepsy with an increased incidence of sudden death. Evidence of interictal breathing deficits in DS suggest that alterations in subcortical projections to brainstem nuclei may exist, which might be driving comorbidities in DS. The aim of this study was to determine if a subcortical structure, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the extended amygdala, is activated by seizures, exhibits changes in excitability, and expresses any alterations in neurons projecting to a brainstem nucleus associated with respiration, stress response and homeostasis. Methods: Experiments were conducted using F1 mice generated by breeding 129.Scn1a+/− mice with wildtype C57BL/6J mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify neuronal c-fos activation in DS mice after observed spontaneous seizures. Whole cell patch clamp and current clamp electrophysiology recordings were conducted to evaluate changes in intrinsic and synaptic excitability in the BNST. Results: Spontaneous seizures in DS mice significantly enhanced neuronal c-fos expression in the BNST. Further, the BNST had altered AMPA/NMDA postsynaptic receptor composition and showed changes in spontaneous neurotransmission, with greater excitation and decreased inhibition. BNST to parabrachial nucleus (PBN) projection neurons exhibited intrinsic excitability in wildtype mice, while these projection neurons were hypoexcitable in DS mice. Significance: The findings suggest that there is altered excitability in neurons of the BNST, including BNST to PBN projection neurons, in DS mice. These alterations could potentially be driving comorbid aspects of DS outside of seizures, including respiratory dysfunction and sudden death.
Conjunctival melanoma: Risk factors for recurrent or new tumor in 540 patients at a single ocular oncology center.

Purpose:To investigate risk factors for recurrent or new tumor in patients with conjunctival melanoma.Methods:Retrospective review of patients with conjunctival melanoma managed on the Ocular Oncol...
“This Is Manist”: Counterscripts as Catalysts for Change in the English Curriculum

When Ana, a student in Miss Jerome’s American Literature course, watched a makeup tutorial instead of completing her assigned work, it became a critical incident highlighting how one educator used ...
Numerical modeling of the influence of tides on cross-shore sediment dynamics of dissipative beaches under moderate wave conditions

Abstract The influence of tides on cross-shore sediment dynamics of a longshore-uniform beach is studied by means of a 1D numerical model (XBeach). The model is modified to include longshore tidal currents induced by water level gradients. The effect of tides on cross-shore sediment dynamics is quantified by analyzing the change in suspended sediment concentration, sediment advection velocity, and sediment transport. The effect of tides is decoupled into its two main components, i.e., water level fluctuations and tidal currents. Water level fluctuations modulate wave orbital velocities, wave-averaged currents and sediment advection velocity, therefore affecting both resuspension of sediments and cross-shore sediment transport. Tidal currents favor tidally-averaged sediment resuspension due to the increase in applied shear stress on the bed. The effects of water level fluctuations and tidal currents on sediment dynamics vary in the cross-shore direction: tidal currents increase sediment resuspension in deeper water depth, while water level fluctuations control the changes observed in shallow waters. In shallow waters, tidal amplitude is a good indicator of the influence of longshore propagating tides on the cross-shore sediment dynamics of a uniform beach, while in deeper waters, tidal wavelength also plays an important role. The model predictions are able to capture the trends observed in field measurements.
I Want to, but First I Need to: Understanding Crowdworkers' Career Goals, Challenges, and Tensions

Career development is vital for ensuring a happy and productive workforce, and for maintaining relevance in a rapidly changing economy shaped by technological progress. Yet career development is largely ignored in crowdwork. Crowdwork platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) do not support crowdworkers in reskilling and changing careers. In this paper, we study the career goals of AMT workers and the challenges they face in trying to transition out of crowdwork and into high-skill jobs offline or into specialized freelance work. We performed a qualitative study in which we surveyed 20 AMT workers and interviewed 6 of them about their career goals, how they are currently pursuing them, and the challenges they have faced. We found that crowdworkers aspire to transition out of AMT but face challenges due to lack of career guidance, and limited time and financial resources. Drawing on literature in career studies and organization science, we discuss how crowdworkers' challenges are further aggravated by the enviornment on AMT, and provide implications for future research and design that may better support crowdworkers in making a career change.
Nickel-Catalyzed, Stereospecific C–C and C–B Cross-Couplings via C–N and C–O Bond Activation

Highly enantioenriched benzylic and allylic amines and alcohols are readily available via asymmetric synthesis and in complex natural products. The development of mild, nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of their derivatives has advanced the tools available for the preparation of a range of highly enantioenriched products, including those with quaternary stereocenters. This perspective focuses on cross-couplings with convenient and functional group-tolerant organoboron reagents and highlights the discoveries of activating groups and conditions that have led to high-yielding and highly stereospecific reactions. Emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding, particularly with regards to controlling inversion vs. retention pathways. Limitations and opportunities for future developments are also highlighted.
PARADIPLOMACY OF KUNINGAN REGENCY GOVERNMENT TOWARDS GLOBAL PUBLIC IN THE TOUR DE LINGGARJATI (2017-2019)

The opportunities of globalization and the massive development of the information and communication technology sector, the limitations of the state in providing optimal welfare, and the desire of sub-state actors to optimize their resources have become the impetus for sub-state actors to carry out foreign relations as an effort to fulfill sub-national interests. One of the sub-state actors in Indonesia is Kuningan Regency. To obtain foreign sources and attract global attention, Kuningan Regency carried out its regional foreign policy by organizing the Tour de Linggarjati. This study aims to determine the application of the Kuningan Regency Government in using Tour de Linggarjati activities as an instrument for diplomacy to the global public. This study used the qualitative method, the data collected through interviews with several relevant sources and documentation studies. This study found that the Kuningan Regency Government made the Tour de Linggarjati activity to introduce its region to the global public. This activity has also benefited the community in Kuningan Regency. Therefore, explore the tourism industry in Kuningan Regency can be done in a series of Tour de Linggarjati activities.
Social Networks and the Diffusion of Adolescent Problem Behavior: Reliable Estimates of Selection and Influence from Sixth Through Ninth Grades.

Seeking to reduce problematic peer influence is a prominent theme of programs to prevent adolescent problem behavior. To support the refinement of this aspect of prevention programming, we examined peer influence and selection processes for three problem behaviors (delinquency, alcohol use, and smoking). We assessed not only the overall strengths of these peer processes, but also their consistency versus variability across settings. We used dynamic stochastic actor-based models to analyze five waves of friendship network data across sixth through ninth grades for a large sample of U.S. adolescents. Our sample included two successive grade cohorts of youth in 26 school districts participating in the PROSPER study, yielding 51 longitudinal social networks based on respondents’ friendship nominations. For all three self-reported antisocial behaviors, we found evidence of both peer influence and selection processes tied to antisocial behavior. There was little reliable variance in these processes across the networks, suggesting that the statistical imprecision of the peer influence and selection estimates in previous studies likely accounts for inconsistencies in results. Adolescent friendship networks play a strong role in shaping problem behavior, but problem behaviors also inform friendship choices. In addition to preferring friends with similar levels of problem behavior, adolescents tend to choose friends who engage in problem behaviors, thus creating broader diffusion.
Use of accelerated aging as a surrogate phenotyping approach to improve endophyte survival during storage of tall fescue seed

Abstract Survival of the endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) during seed storage of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh) has commercial value. The objectives of this research were to (1) identify accelerated aging (AA) conditions that compromise endophyte viability without affecting seed germination, (2) Determine whether the response to selection for endophyte persistence is consistent in laboratory and warehouse conditions (3) determine whether selection affected agronomic characteristics of the populations. ‘Jesup’ tall fescue with non-toxic endophyte strain AR542 was incubated for 35-d in sealed food containers with different salt solutions to create varying relative humidities (RH). Seed were sampled and tested for germination and endophyte viability every 7 d to determine which treatment provided the most effective conditions to induce AA. Base populations (C0) of ‘Jesup’ AR542 (Jesup MaxQ) and Jesup AR584 had previously been selected for endophyte survival after 18 months under ambient laboratory conditions to produce C1 populations. Seed from C1 were exposed to accelerated aging conditions, and seedlings with viable endophytes were selected to produce C2AA populations. All six populations (two each of C0, C1, and C2AA) were grown in isolated blocks in the field to produce the seed used in these experiments. Seed from C0 and C1 populations was stored in cloth bags at ∼21 °C in the laboratory and tested for endophyte viability monthly for 22 months. Seed from C2AA populations in addition to C0 and C1 were stored in a warehouse for 27 months and endophyte viability tested every 3 months. Heritability for endophyte survival was calculated for the C1 and C2AA populations. Seventy-five percent RH was effective in inducing accelerated aging of the endophyte without compromising seed health. Heritability estimates for endophyte survival were high in both Jesup AR542 and JesupAR584 for both C1 (0.51-0.62) and C2AA (0.54-0.64). Agronomic characteristics for all populations remained comparable to the original Jesup release (C0) after both cycles of selection (C1 and C2AA).
A Cross-Country Analysis of Trends in Labor Force Participation

This article documents trends in the total and gender specific labor force of 23 countries over the 40 years after 1950. There are several common features of this period across countries as well as some significant differences. For example, in almost all countries there is an increase in women's labor force participation rate and either no change or a slight decrease in men's labor force participation rate. While the changes in female labor force participation rate are due to increases in 25-54 year olds, for men it is the behavior of the young (10-24) and the older (55 ) age groups that are responsible for the overall change. Countries show differences with respect to timing and the magnitude of the changes in the labor force participation of men and women. The results also point out the potential of the increase in the share of services in an economy for impacting female labor force participation patterns.
Protocol indepedence through disjoint encryption under Exclusive-OR

Multi-protocol attacks due to protocol interaction has been a notorious problem for security. Gutman-Thayer proved that they can be prevented by ensuring that encrypted messages are distinguishable across protocols, under a free algebra. In this paper, we prove that a similar suggestion prevents these attacks under commonly used operators such as Exclusive-OR, that induce equational theories, breaking the free algebra assumption.
Synthesis of the Enzymes of the Mandelate Pathway by Pseudomonas putida I. Synthesis of Enzymes by the Wild Type

Hegeman, G. D. (University of California, Berkeley). Synthesis of the enzymes of the mandelate pathway by Pseudomonas putida. I. Synthesis of enzymes by the wild type. J. Bacteriol. 91:1140–1154. 1966.—The control of synthesis of the five enzymes responsible for the conversion of d(−)-mandelate to benzoate by Pseudomonas putida was investigated. The first three compounds occurring in the pathway, d(−)-mandelate, l(+)-mandelate, and benzoylformate, are equipotent inducers of all five enzymes. A nonmetabolizable inducer, phenoxyacetate, also induces synthesis of these enzymes; but, unlike the metabolizable inducer-substrates, it does not elicit synthesis of enzymes that mediate steps in the pathway beyond benzoate. Under conditions of semigratuity, dl-mandelate elicits immediate synthesis at a steady rate of the first two enzymes of the pathway, but two enzymes which act below the level of benzoate are synthesized only after a considerable lag. Succinate and asparagine do not significantly repress the synthesis of the enzymes responsible for mandelate oxidation.
Communication networks in the brain: neurons, receptors, neurotransmitters, and alcohol.

Nerve cells (i.e., neurons) communicate via a combination of electrical and chemical signals. Within the neuron, electrical signals driven by charged particles allow rapid conduction from one end of the cell to the other. Communication between neurons occurs at tiny gaps called synapses, where specialized parts of the two cells (i.e., the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons) come within nanometers of one another to allow for chemical transmission. The presynaptic neuron releases a chemical (i.e., a neurotransmitter) that is received by the postsynaptic neuron’s specialized proteins called neurotransmitter receptors. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to the receptor proteins and alter postsynaptic neuronal function. Two types of neurotransmitter receptors exist—ligand-gated ion channels, which permit rapid ion flow directly across the outer cell membrane, and G-protein–coupled receptors, which set into motion chemical signaling events within the cell. Hundreds of molecules are known to act as neurotransmitters in the brain. Neuronal development and function also are affected by peptides known as neurotrophins and by steroid hormones. This article reviews the chemical nature, neuronal actions, receptor subtypes, and therapeutic roles of several transmitters, neurotrophins, and hormones. It focuses on neurotransmitters with important roles in acute and chronic alcohol effects on the brain, such as those that contribute to intoxication, tolerance, dependence, and neurotoxicity, as well as maintained alcohol drinking and addiction.
Calibration of ion-selective microelectrodes

Measurements of intracellular and extracellular ion activities with ion-selective microelectrodes generally involve calibration of the electrodes in solutions of known composition and fitting of the calibration data with a theoretical expression. The Nicolsky equation is frequently used to describe the variation of electrode potential with primary ion activity in the presence of a constant amount of interference. In this report, we review the estimation of primary ion activities in calibration solutions and discuss the practical use of the Nicolsky equation. We describe a specialized computer program, developed in this laboratory, for routine input and editing of calibration data, fitting of data with the Nicolsky equation, and calculation of experimental ion activities from the fitted curve. Earlier versions of this program have proven helpful in several investigations in this and in other laboratories.
The Short-Term Impact of a Health Promotion Program For Low-Income African American Women:

Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the results of a process and outcome evaluation of a culturally specific, peer-led, dietary change program designed to reduce the risk of noninsu...
Biochemical and molecular mechanisms for the association between obesity, chronic Inflammation, and breast cancer

Upper body obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and is related to an aggressive tumor phenotype and a poor prognosis regardless of menopausal status. After the menopause, the major mechanism for the association with disease risk is elevated estrogen production by adipose tissue, due to a high level of aromatase activity: these hormone-dependent tumors express both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Other important biological factors of risk include leptin and adiponectin, adipokines with opposing endocrine and paracrine activities, and obesity-related hyperinsulinemia. Chronic inflammation of the breast adipose tissue, which occurs in some obese women and is indicated by the accumulation of macrophages around dead adipocytes ("crown-like structures"), rather than adiposity per se, may prove to be the pathological lesion responsible for both local aromatase induction, and enhanced invasiveness and metastatic capacity through biological mechanisms that involve leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and insulin. A causal association between obesity in premenopausal women and breast cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, perhaps with the participation of the Wnt signaling pathway, and aggressive hormone-independent breast cancer is suggested by a number of experimental and clinical studies.
An integrated time-driven scheduler for the ARTS kernel

The authors have developed a novel scheduling model, called integrated time-driven scheduler (ITDS), for the ARTS kernel, which is a distributed real-time kernel currently under development. The ITDS model is based on the integration of hard real-time scheduling policies and a value-function-based time-driven scheduler. For the hard real-time tasks, the model can be used to predict whether the deadlines can be met or not at the system design stage. For the soft real-time tasks, the model schedules the tasks based on their value functions, which represent the semantic importance value as a function of time. A description is given of the ITDS model and the implementation of the ITDS scheduler, which is based on the policy/mechanism separation concept. They also discuss the development environment, including the real-time tool set and the experimental performance of the ITDS scheduler. >
A Conceptual Analysis of the Accident Phenomenon

Research begins with a description and, hopefully, a definition of the phenomenon to be studied. The term "accident" at present is not a scientific construct but rather a commonsense word generally used to describe some unforeseen or chance event that produces bodily injury or property damage. The major emphasis of most common sense usage of the term accident seems to be upon the unexpectedness and undesirability of the phenomena. An accident usually occurs swiftly with some sudden and unanticipated turn of event that takes the unfortunate and innocent victim by surprise. It is over quickly, and there is the general feeling that little can be done except to clean up the damage. And so, although accidents constitute one of the leading causes of death and disability, we find extremely little of the kind of research activity that characterizes modern medicine's attack on such killers as heart disease and cancer, or such disablers as polio or cerebral palsy. Much of this lack of research activity seems traceable to the current inadequacy of any systemic approach to the definition and conceptualization of the accident phenomena. There is a need to examine accidental events in an attempt to remove them from the area of the unpredictable and uncontrollable. Our hope is that once accidents can be viewed as one aspect of human behavior, rather than the results of purely chance events, the full force of social and psychological theory and research might be brought to bear toward an increased understanding of them. Research on accidents must begin with an attempt to define more clearly which events shall be called accidents. It is doubtful that any single definition will cover all types of advanced of interest to the student of accidents. Much will depend upon the objectives or special interests of the researcher. If we view an accident as the end product of a sequence of acts or events which result in some unanticipated consequence that is judged as undesirable we can immediately see that what is called unanticipated and undesirable may vary from individual to individual, from situation to situation, and even from culture to culture. These are subjective terms which are not easily amenable to rigorous definition.... (term-accident-vs-injury)
Doctoral Education: The Mixture Perspective

In the last 30 years, our discipline has become increasingly specialized in the training of PhD students. Development of recent initiatives, such as the Preparing Future Faculty program now in place at many doctorate-granting institutions, has focused attention on the need to broaden the education of PhD students. In addition, recent analyses of the job market for graduating PhD students show that most advertised faculty positions are at institutions where expertise and teaching experience in more than one of our subdisciplines is required. This paper describes a new PhD program at Iowa State University in Health and Human Performance that is designed to offer a broader preparation of PhD students without compromising a quality research experience.
Recruiting source effects: A test of two alternative explanations

This field study examined two alternative explanations for recruitment source effects which have been consistently reported in previous studies. For this sample of 98 social service workers, the ‘ realism’ explanation for source differences received more empirical support than the ‘ individual difference ’ explanation. Employee referrals were found to have more realistic expectations than individuals who responded to newspaper ads or directly applied to the organization. In addition, recruitment source was found to be related to employee performance and involuntary turnover. The authors suggest an, as yet, unexamined individual difference variable (motivation) as a possible explanation for the unexpected performance findings.
Assessment of water budgets and the hydrologic performance of a created mitigation wetland—A modeling approach

Abstract The study used a water balance model (DRAINMOD) to compute water budgets of a mitigation wetland created in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The calibration of the model was conducted with automated well data collected during the 17 month monitoring period along with precipitation, temperature, soil physical properties (soil water characteristic curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity) and estimated site characteristics (surface roughness and surface storage). The model was tested for two areas, one nondisturbed and the other disturbed, by construction practices commonly adopted for a mitigation wetland created in the region. A third model was created to represent the disturbed boundary conditions (wetland design), but substituted soil data observed at the nondisturbed study area. DRAINMOD successfully predicted the hydrologic regimes of both nondisturbed and disturbed areas. The model of the nondisturbed area could not accurately predict hydrology of the disturbed area. More importantly, the model of the disturbed area with the soils data from the nondisturbed area could not accurately predict the hydrology of the disturbed area. The models were used to evaluate a set of performance criteria across a 60-year (1952 to 2011) simulation period. Ponding for longer than 60 consecutive days during the growing season occurred at the disturbed study area in 39 out of 60 years and these conditions lasted the entire growing season (219 days) in multiple years. Prolonged inundation of the surface for longer than 100 consecutive days took place in at least 15 of the years simulated compared to two years in the nondisturbed model. The modified disturbed model (using nondisturbed soil data) satisfied jurisdictional hydrology more frequently compared to the disturbed model (33 years versus 22 years, respectively) and prolonged inundation was limited to 8 years during the simulation period with the longest single event lasting 168 consecutive days. The differences were attributed to the reduced drainable porosity and vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity in the disturbed wetland area which translated to a demand for surface storage in order to achieve accurate model calibration and jurisdictional wetland hydrology. The study shows that disturbance to key soil properties will require surface storage to achieve jurisdictional hydrology, and that construction practices can result in longer durations of ponding during the growing season, thus potentially altering the habitat type for the wetland from what was originally designed (e.g., from a forested wetland to open water or emergent habitats).
Science and the French Empire.

Abstract Scholarly interest in French colonial science, interpreted to include colonial medical and scientific institutions as well as personages and other “actors” in France serving colonial agendas, has been robust for some two decades. This essay characterizes the complex and interlinked historical relationships between French metropolitan and colonial science as one of asymmetric coevolution. In analyzing scholarship on diverse topics from physics and military technology to colonial botany, medicine, geography, and racial theory, it interrogates the concepts of French nation and French empire and questions the historiographical and explanatory utility of the core‐periphery model. Special scrutiny falls on a trope common to historigraphical studies of the postrevolutionary era, that of a firm French nationalism enabling largely rational colonial agendas and the promotion of these agendas by highly centralized Parisian bureaucracies. The essay calls for a reading of French history inclusive of regional ...
11. Prevalence of anal high risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) infection and cytological

Background Although anal HPV infection and cytological abnormalities are highly prevalent among HIV-infected MSM patients, there is limited data on HIV-infected heterosexual men and women. Since November 2010 at our clinic, anal cancer screening with both hr-HPV and cytology was routinely performed in all HIV-infected patients. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anal hr-HPV infection and cytological abnormalities among our cohort of HIV-infected MSM, heterosexual men and women. We also evaluated the performance of hr-HPV and abnormal cytology in detecting high-grade dysplasia (AIN2+). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV patients who underwent routine screening for anal cancer from January 2011 to January 2013. The hr-HPV test is done concomitantly on an anal cytology specimen using the Hybrid Capture 2 assay (Digene Corporation). Medical records of patients who underwent high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) because of abnormal cytology (ASCUS and above) or positive hr-HPV were reviewed. Results: A total of 221 HIV patients underwent screening with both hr-HPV and anal cytology. Among them, 67% were men (73% MSM vs 27% heterosexual). hr-HPV was positive in 43% (54% MSM, 28% non-MSM and 27% women). Anal cytology was abnormal in 39% (48% MSM, 28% non-MSM and 34% of women). Among 117 (53%) patients with an abnormal screening test, 27% had both hr-HPV infection and abnormal cytology, 14% had only hr-HPV infection and 13% had only abnormal cytology. Cytology results were normal in 50%, non-diagnostic in 10%, ASCUS in 23%, LSIL in 14% and HSIL in 2%. Among 68 HIV patients who underwent HRA because of either abnormal anal cytology or hr-HPV infection, 22 patients had AIN2+ (17 were MSM) and all had hr-HPV. None of 14 patients with negative hr-HPV who underwent HRA for abnormal cytology had AIN2+. Paired results of cytology and biopsy did not correlate (rs = –0.13). Conclusions: Anal hr-HPV infection, cytological abnormalities and AIN2+ are prevalent among our cohort of HIV-infected heterosexual men and women. We suggest anal cancer screening for all HIV-infected patients. In our limited sample, hr-HPV performed better than anal cytology in detecting and ruling out AIN2+.
An MRI study of spatial probability brain map differences between first-episode schizophrenia and normal controls

We created a spatial probability atlas of schizophrenia to provide information about the neuroanatomic variability of brain regions of patients with the disorder. Probability maps of 16 regions of interest (ROIs) were constructed by taking manually parcellated ROIs from subjects' magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and linearly transforming them into Talairach space using the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template. ROIs included temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortex subregions, with a principal focus on temporal lobe structures. Subject Ns ranged from 11 to 28 for the different ROIs. Our global measure of the spatial distribution of the transformed ROI was the sum of voxels with 50% overlap among subjects. The superior temporal gyrus (STG) and fusiform gyrus (FG) had lower values for schizophrenic subjects than for normal controls, suggestive of greater spatial variability for these ROIs in schizophrenic subjects. For the computation of statistical significance of group differences in portions of the ROI, we used voxel-wise comparisons and Fisher's exact test. First-episode schizophrenic patients compared with controls showed lower probability (P < 0.05) at dorso-posterior areas of planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus, lateral and anterior regions in the left hippocampus (HIPP), and dorsolateral regions of fusiform gyrus. Importantly, most ROIs of schizophrenic subjects showed a significantly lower spatial overlap than controls, even after nonlinear spatial normalization, suggesting a greater heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of ROIs. There is consequently a need for caution in neuroimaging studies where data from schizophrenic subjects are normalized to a particular stereotaxic coordinate system based on healthy controls. Apparent group differences in activation may simply reflect a greater heterogeneity of spatial distribution in schizophrenia.
Decreased α2-Adrenergic Receptors on Platelet Membranes from Diabetic Patients with Autonomic Neuropathy and Orthostatic Hypotension

Platelet adrenergic receptors were studied in normal subjects and diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy to determine the relationship between adrenoreceptor status and orthostatic hypotension. The binding of [3H]clonidine and [3H]yohimbine to platelet membranes was measured in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension (n = 12) and without orthostatic hypotension (n = 11), diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy (n = 12), and normal subjects (n = 9). Mean basal and standing plasma norepinephrine levels were not different in the four groups, and there was no relationship between orthostasis and norepinephrine responses. The diabetic patients with orthostatic hypotension had a significantly greater fall in mean blood pressure [31 ±2.8(±SE) mm Hg] than any of the other three groups. Diabetic patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension had a 30-40% decrease in number of platelet α2- adrenergic receptors, as demonstrated by [3H]clonidine and...
Gravity survey of the Mount Toondina impact structure, South Australia

Gravity and seismic reflection data, together with geologic mapping, indicate that the Mount Toondina feature in South Australia is best interpreted as an eroded 4-km-diameter impact structure consisting of a ring structural depression surrounding a pronounced central uplift. Beds at the center of the structure within the central uplift have been raised as much as 200 m from depth and deformed by convergent flow. Seismic reflection data indicate that deformation extends to depths of only approximately = 800 m; at greater depths the reflectors are nearly flat lying, indicating little or no deformation. Gravity data show residual anomalies of +1.0 mGal coincident with the central uplift and a -0.5 Mgal low associated with the ring structural depression. Modeling of the gravity data indicates that relatively high-density material occurs within the central uplift, whereas the ring depression is filled with low-density material. The deformation at Mount Toondina is typical of a complex impact crater; the 4-km diameter is consistent with the expected threshold size for complex craters formed in weak to moderate strength sedimentary rocks.
Delayed-Detached-Eddy Simulation of Shock Wave/TurbulentBoundary Layer Interaction

The purpose of this thesis is to study the shock/wave turbulent boundary layer interaction by using delayed-detached-eddy simulation (DDES) model with a low diffusion E-CUSP (LDE) scheme with fifth-order WENO scheme. The results show that DDES simulation provides improved results for the shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction compared to those of its predecessor the detached-eddy simulation (DES). The computation of mesh refinement indicates that the grid density has significant effects on the results of DES, while being resolved by applying DDES simulation. Spalart in 1997 developed the Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES) model, which is a hybrid RANS and LES method, to overcome the intensive CPU requirement from LES models. Near the solid surface within a wall boundary layer, the unsteady RANS model is realized. Away from the wall surface, the model automatically converts to LES. The Delayed-Detached-Eddy Simulation (DDES) was suggested by Spalart in 2006 to improve the DES model previously developed. The transition from the RANS model to LES in DES is not grid spacing independent, therefore a blending function is introduced to the recently developed DDES model to make the transition from RANS to LES grid spacing independent. The DDES is validated by computing a 3D subsonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The first case studied using DDES is a 3D transonic channel with shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction. It consists of two straight side walls, a straight top wall, and a varying shape in span-wise direction for a bottom wall. The second case studied consists of a 3D transonic inlet-diffuser. Both results are compared with experimental data. The computed results of the transonic channel agree well with experimental data.
FAT10: a Novel Mediator of Vpr-Induced Apoptosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Nephropathy

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Vpr-induced cell cycle dysregulation and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells are important components of the pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). FAT10 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is upregulated in renal tubular epithelial cells in HIVAN. In these studies, we report that Vpr induces increased expression of FAT10 in tubular cells and that inhibition of FAT10 expression prevents Vpr-induced apoptosis in human and murine tubular cells. Moreover, we found that Vpr interacts with FAT10 and that these proteins colocalize at mitochondria. These studies establish FAT10 as a novel mediator of Vpr-induced cell death.
African American Religious Intellectuals and the Theological Foundations of the Civil Rights Movement, 1930–55

Among the innumerable warriors against legalized racial segregation and discrimination in American society, the iconic Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as a principal spokesman and symbol of the black freedom struggle. The many marches that he led and the crucial acts of civil disobedience that he spurred during the 1950s and 1960s established him and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference as rallying points for civil rights activities in several areas in the American South. King's charisma among African Americans drew from his sermonic rhetoric and its resonance with black audiences. Brad R. Braxton, a scholar of homiletics, observed that King as a black preacher “made the kinds of interpretive moves that historically have been associated with African American Christianity and preaching.” Braxton adds that “for King Scripture was a storybook whose value resided not so much in the historical reconstruction or accuracy of the story in the text, but rather in the evocative images, in the persuasive, encouraging anecdotes of the audacious overcoming of opposition, and in its principles about the sacredness of the human person.” Hence, King's use of this hermeneutical technique with scriptural texts validated him as a spokesman for African Americans. On a spectrum stretching from unlettered slave exhorters in the nineteenth century to sophisticated pulpiteers in the twentieth century, King stood as a quintessential black preacher, prophet, and jeremiad “speaking truth to power” and bringing deliverance to the disinherited.
Effects of reduced renal function and dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis

Effects of reduced renal function and dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis. We describe a rat model of renal failure that separates catabolic and anabolic states from each other. Muscle protein synthesis was compared during the anabolic period between sham (S) operated and renal failure (RF) rats that were fed different levels of dietary protein. Male rats weighing between 60 and 80g first had a partial left nephrectomy and then were given a tryptophan deficient diet from four to six days to induce weight loss. On the second day of the diet either a renal decapsulation (S rats) or a simple right nephrectomy (RF rats) was done to enhance the catabolic response in both and to induce renal failure in the RF rats. Following the period of feeding the deficient diet, both groups were fed a nutritionally complete 14, 17, 20 or 30% protein diet for three to five days. This induced a brisk anabolic response as measured by weight gain. Differences in body weight between the S and RF rats after three to five days on the repletion diet generally was less than 10%. The rats then were fasted overnight, fed a standard meal and muscle protein synthesis (Sm%) was measured two hours post-feeding. Sm% was estimated from the incorporation of 3 H phenylalanine (PHE) into muscle 10 minutes following the i.v. injection of 3 HPHE (25 µCi/100g body wt) with carrier PHE to flood all the precursor amino acid pools. Weight loss in the catabolic phase was greater and the net weight gain for the two phases was less in the RF group. Overall, renal failure resulted in a significant reduction in Sm% (P Cr ) for that rat a curvilinear relationship was observed. Sm% in RF rats whose S Cr values were between 0.6 and 1.0 mg/dl did not differ from the S rats. Those with values >1.0 mg/dl showed a definite decrease in Sm%. We conclude that the anabolic response to a given meal as measured by Sm% during nutritional rehabilitation was depressed when the renal function decreased to 30% of normal. There was a tendency in the RF rats on the high protein diet to depress Sm% further, however, this finding was inconclusive.