cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Logical modeling of deceptive negative persuasion

It is often easier to persuade someone that something is impossible to do than that it is possible, since the absence of one necessary resource suffices. This makes lying a tempting tactic for negative persuasion. We consider the problem of finding convincing lies for it as one of maintaining consistency of a set of logical assertions; we can track that consistency with a computer program. We use an example of negative persuasion against electronic voting in elections, where automated analysis then suggests ways to prevent it.
EL DILEMA DE LA AUTORIDAD

La forma habitual de establecer que una persona tiene autoridad sobre otra requiere una estructura normativa institucionalizada. Tener autoridad es tener poder en el sentido juridico del termino, y el poder solo puede ser otorgado por normas que lo constituyen. El poder de otorgar normas es esencialmente institucional y la obligacion de obedecer el mandato de una autoridad legitima es, ante todo, de naturaleza institucional. Por eso, el principal argumento de este trabajo es que una explicacion de la autoridad en su dimension practica es un asunto que se desenvuelve en un doble escenario: el sentido especial y efectivo de una autoridad solo puede explicarse acudiendo en ultima instancia a una estructura institucional que constituye el poder de esa autoridad y la correspondiente obligacion de obediencia. Sin embargo, esta obligacion no se considera como tal en todos los aspectos, sino que depende de la justificacion racional de su presencia en la institucion o practica correspondiente. Una explicacion completa de las razones para considerar las decisiones procedentes de la autoridad como vinculantes debe tambien apoyarse en las razones por las que ha de existir la institucion o practica y en el tipo de estructura autoritativa de que dispone. Este argumento se presenta aqui en el trasfondo de una critica de dos explicaciones alternativas: la concepcion de la autoridad como servicio de Joseph Raz y el analisis del punto de vista de la segunda persona de Stephen Darwall.
Indirect consequences of artificial selection on plasticity to light quality in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Covariation between light quality- and photoperiod-mediated phenotypic plasticity was investigated using Arabidopsis thaliana. Three episodes of artificial selection were imposed on an index that quantified the plastic response to reduced red to far-red ratios (R : FR), with higher index values indicating greater plasticity. Relative to control lines, two high plasticity (HP) lines showed 1.6- and 2.4-fold increases in the index; low plasticity (LP) lines showed 1.4- and 1.1-fold decreases. A factorial experiment combining high and low R : FR conditions with long and short photoperiods assessed indirect consequences of selection on plasticity. Despite divergent R : FR-mediated plasticities in HP vs. LP lines, all four lines showed increases in photoperiod-mediated responses and decreases in mean leaf number. Complex relationships among trait means, plasticities and underlying mechanisms caution against generalizing about the genetic architecture of plastic traits. Partially independent developmental and evolutionary responses to R : FR and photoperiod are somewhat unsurprising, given this species’ cosmopolitan nature.
Chapter 1 The composition of the earth

This chapter describes the composition of the earth. The geophysical, geochemical, and geological characteristics of the Earth reveal much about the planet's overall system. However, when describing the whole body, such information requires considerable integration and interpretation to see through the last 4.6 Ga of geological history. Therefore, improving the understanding of the Earth's composition yields insights into how the planet formed and evolved, as well as providing insights into the planetary neighbors. Estimating the composition of the Earth requires derivation of the core and silicate Earth (crust plus mantle) composition. Meteorites and observable extrasolar processes provide knowledge about the nature, composition, and evolution of the solar system. The Earth is made up of three major and distinctly different units—namely, the core, the mantle-crust system, and the atmosphere-hydrosphere system. These units are the products of planetary differentiation and are distinctive in composition. Combined studies of meteorities and mantle samples place important constraints on compositional models for the silicate Earth. The silicate fraction of the Earth has a composition that is similar to some stony meteorites, or achondrites. These meteorites come from the silicate shells of differentiated planets that have also had a metallic core extracted.
Variations on a Theme: Dimensions of Ambivalence in Indonesia-China Relations

Is Indonesia finally joining the Chinese bandwagon? Upon taking a closer look at the evolution in the bilateral relations, however, the answer to this question is not so straightforward. Indeed, the picture of Indonesia’s policy towards China is not a simple question of hedging, balancing, bandwagoning, or some variation of the three — though many analyses of Southeast Asian responses to China’s rise focus on these specific strategies. This paper argues instead that, when located within the broader evolution of Indonesia-China relations, Jakarta’s policy towards China is that of persistent ambivalence and ambiguity. Scholars have made this argument before. But they seldom break down the components or dimensions of that ambivalence and explore the rationale behind it. This paper aims to explain the ambivalence in Indonesia–China relations by assessing its four main dimensions: domestic politics, economics, strategic and security, and regional and foreign policy. These dimensions of ambivalence largely originate from deep-rooted sentiments and from the perceptions of the Indonesian public and elite, which are in turn shaped by a long history of mutual interaction, the place of ethnic Chinese-Indonesians in Indonesian society, as well as by China’s geographic proximity.
Impact of Surfactant on Configuration of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Lens

A laboratory-scale physical model was constructed for visual observation of the basic 2-D flow characteristics of a gasoline spill through an unconfined aquifer and the subsequent treatment with a surfactant. The model consists of a parallel-plate glass tank (1 m×1 m×5 cm) packed with Ottawa sand. Gasoline was released from a point source in the vadose zone. As the specific gravity of gasoline is less than one (LNAPL), it pooled above the water saturated pores of the tension saturated region of water. Beyond the lens of gasoline, the height of the capillary fringe was reduced due to capillary pollution. The gasoline lens was then treated with an aqueous phase surfactant solution of 2% dodecyl benzene sulfonate (anionic) and 2% polyethoxylate nonyl phenol (nonionic). This surfactant solution reduced the interfacial tension between the gasoline and the aqueous phase by an order of magnitude. The surfactant solution was released from the same point source in the vadose zone as the gasoline. As a result, the ...
Condensed thymine films at the mercury/water interface: Part III. Thermodynamic analysis

Abstract Direct measurements of the interfacial tension, the charge density and the differential capacitance of mercury in contact with thymine in aqueous 1.0 M NaCl solution show that one can obtain two different sets of thermodynamic parameters, one corresponding to the interface before the onset of nucleation, the other pertaining to that same interface after nucleation and growth have covered it with a condensed monolayer.
ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE AT THE MARGIN OF AN INVADED RANGE

Invasive plant species threaten biological communities globally. However, relatively little is known about how evolutionary processes vary over the course of an invasion. To evaluate the importance of historical and adaptive drivers of range expansion, we compare the performance of North American populations of invasive Lonicera japonica from areas established 100-150 years ago, now the southern core of the range, to populations from the northern range margin, established within the last 65 years. Growth and survival of individuals from 17 core and 14 margin populations were compared in common gardens at both regions. After three years, margin plants were larger than core plants regardless of planting region, with 34% more branches and 36% greater biomass. Growth rate was directly related to survival, and margin plants also had 30% greater survival than core plants across both regions. Larger size of individuals from margin populations suggests either that the shorter growing period at the northern margin has selected for more rapid growth or that range expansion has selected for plants with a greater colonizing ability, including rapid establishment and growth. Because this evolution has resulted in enhanced survival and increased growth rate it may drive spread, increasing the likelihood of further invasion.
Does Exchange Rate Risk Matter for Welfare

Volatility in exchange rates is a prominent feature of open economies, a fact which has motivated elaborate attempts in many countries at exchange rate management. This paper analyzes quantitatively the welfare effects of exchange rate risk in a general two-country environment. It finds that the effects of uncertainty tend to be small for the types of simplified cases considered in past literature. But it identifies other cases, not considered previously, in which these effects can be significantly larger. These include habit persistence, where agents are more sensitive to risk, and also incomplete asset market structures which allow for asymmetries between countries. The latter case suggests that countries which are hosts to an international reserve currency, such as the U.S. or members of the euro zone, may accrue
Role of a health psychologist in the management of functional esophageal complaints

Upper gastrointestinal complaints are common among patients in a gastrointestinal clinic. Outside of typical gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms that are treated with medication, the symptom presentations of esophageal patients, particularly those with functional conditions, are often difficult to treat and account for high health-care utilization. This manuscript describes the role of a health psychologist in the treatment of esophageal disorders using behavioral medicine interventions. Observations over the course of a 1-year period indicate that the sample presents with a relatively low level of psychological distress but reports negative effects of their symptoms on health-related quality of life. Five case examples of commonly treated disorders (globus, non-cardiac chest pain, functional dysphagia, rumination syndrome, supragastric belching) are described to highlight how behavioral treatment can improve patients' symptoms, decrease health-care utilization, and improve overall quality of life in a timely and relatively simple manner. Successful treatment outcomes are associated with a collaborative working alliance between patient, health psychologist, and gastroenterologist. Results indicate the benefit of referring appropriate esophageal patients to a health psychologist with specialization in gastroenterology.
Nonlinear analysis of gabled frames under static loads

Abstract The nonlinear analysis of plane, non-orthogonal frames with flexible joint connections and with elastic rotational restraints at the supports, under static and dynamic loads is presented. The nonlinearity is a kinematic one, while the material behavior is assumed to be linearly elastic. Several parametric studies are performed in order to assess the effect of important parameters on the frame response. Symmetric gabled bends were found to buckle in either a symmetric snapthrough mode or in a sidesway mode. Two important parameters determine the buckling mode, and consequently the critical load. These are the bend rise to the span ratio and the ratio of the bending stiffness of the ‘bend’ beams to that of the columns. Critical loads are also obtained for sudden application of the cause and they are 15–30% lower than the corresponding static critical loads.
The Suurupi Program: Estonian economic policy for the transition

Suurupi, a small resort just outside of Tallinn on the Baltic Sea, was the site of a conference of several dozen economists, government officials and other invited participants convened by the then Prime Minister of Estonia, Edgar Savisaar, in the fall of 1991. I was one of three Western, Estonian-speakers invited to attend.1 The first week of sessions, 26-31 August, was intended to generate economic policy proposals to guide the development of the country for the coming half decade. We were to reconvene from 9-14 September to synthesize the earlier suggestions. The participants at the conference, mostly government "economists," were young, intelligent and hard working. They did not have what a Western economist would characterize as formal training in the field, and few had any experience in the West. As a Westerner, on the other hand, I found myself not well versed with the factual situation. (Readers should take this into account, as this report is my retrospective, not that of an official summary or a collaborative effort for which others should be held responsible.) External events strongly influenced the meetings. The Moscow coup attempt started on Sunday, 18 August, and, for all practical purposes, collapsed by Wednesday, 21 August. Thus, the aborted putsch immediately preceded the conference. Moscow's recognition of Estonia's independence took place on Friday, 6 September. As a result, the second week of meetings started late, and focused part of its energies on the immediate, short-term issues.2 This paper focuses on the original longer-term conference objectives.
Return-to-normal expectations and investment demand functions

Abstract This paper analyzes an adjustment-cost model of optimal investment behavior under return-to-normal expectations. The model yields two implications that are of interest for the interpretation of empirical work on investment behavior. One is that the model rationalizes the proposition that only permanent, as distinct from temporary, changes in expected prices will have a strong sustained effect on investment. A second is that the model provides an explanation for the humped-shaped nature of the lag distributions that have been estimated in the empirical literature.
Ecological and evolutionary lability of plant traits affecting carbon and nutrient cycling

Summary 1. Efforts to understand the effects of plant traits on carbon and nutrient cycling have recently focused on species variation and the potential for species data to improve predictions of past, present and future variation in ecosystems. However, the evolutionary lability of relevant traits among closely related species and the extent of intraspecific variation warrant further consideration. 2. Here, we examine interspecific and intraspecific variation in leaf N, LMA, root N and SRL at multiple scales, using Helianthus as a representative study system. 3. Substantial evolutionary lability of traits is demonstrated by interspecific variation in phylogenetically explicit analyses of closely related Helianthus species, and population differentiation of wild H. anomalus and cultivated H. annuus. 4. Intraspecific variation in leaf N and LMA, including genetic, environmental and ontogenetic responses, demonstrates that trait values for a single species can encompass a surprisingly large portion of the range encompassed by species in the leaf economics spectrum. 5. Synthesis. We recommend using data from selected natural populations to model effects of leaf N and LMA on decomposition, while using data from common garden experiments to determine evolutionary lability and thus inform potential for evolutionary change. If the high evolutionary lability of traits demonstrated for Helianthus is found for other important genera, this would suggest that these key ecophysiological traits are likely to respond to the selective pressures of global climate and land-use change.
The estimation of prevalence for the evaluation of a screening program.

Abstract The evaluation of a screening program in which only screen positives are tested with more definitive diagnostic procedures requires the estimation of prevalence so that the number of screen negatives who are actually diseased can also be estimated. Methodology for incorporating an assessment of the variability of the prevalence rate between as well as within subpopulations is presented and illustrated. The procedure described leads to a negative binomial probability distribution on the number of diseased individuals who were missed by the combined screening-diagnostic protocol.
A Part, Yet Apart: South Asians in Asian America

Acknowledgments Foreword: South Asian Identity in America Rajiv Shankar Introduction: Challenging the Imperatives of South Asian American and Asian American Studies Lavina Dhingra Shankar and Rajini Srikanth Part I: Names and Labels 1. With Kaleidoscope Eyes: The (Potential) Dangers of Indentarian Coalitions Deepika Bahri 2. Risking (Self) Naming: (South) Asian "Partitions" in the American Academy? Lavina Dhingra Shankar Part II: The (Dis)Connections of Race 3. Not Asian, White, or Black: Reflections on South Asian American Racial Identity Nazli Kibria 4. Pahkar Singh's Argument with America: Color and the Structure of Race Formation Min Song Part III: Topologies of Activism 5. Crafting Solidarities Vijay Prashad 6. At the Crossroads: College Activism and Its Impact on Identity Formation Anu Gupta 7. From Campus to Community Politics: Perspectives in Organizing and Coalition Building in the Asian American Community Sumantra Tito Sinha 8. The Call of Rice: The Queer South Asian American Community and the Queer Asian-American Community Sandip Roy 9. Ram Yoshino Uppuluri's Campaign: The Implications for Panethnicity in Asian America Rajini Srikanth Part IV: Literary Texts and Diasporics 10. Reading of South Asian American Literature Ruth Yu Hsiao 11. South Asian Americans and Diaspora Samir Dayal Contributors In the Series
Geometric invariants for liaison of space curves

Let k be an algebraically closed field and let S= k[X,, X,, X2, X3]. For a curve Cc Pi, the Hartshorne-Rao module M(C) = BneiE H’(P3, Xc(n)) is a graded S-module of finite length and, up to duals and shifts, is a complete invariant of liaison (cf. [ 12 1). Given a graded S-module M = @,, z M, of finite length, the action of S, = P’(P’, 6( 1)) between two consecutive components (i.e., Ql,,: S, + Hom(M,, M, + ,)) gives rise to a degeneracy locus, which can be thought of as lying in PSI = (P’)*. Namely, let I’,,,= P’(LES, Irk4,,(L)<r) and let V, = V,,s where s = max(r I V,., 5 ( P3)* ) (or else V, = 0). These loci are isomo~hism invariants and are preserved under duals and shifts. For M = N(C) these loci are related to the geometry of C itself. The main philosophy that emerges (Section 2) is that the degeneracy locus generally corresponds to those planes H in P3 which meet C nongenerically, either containing a component of C or having Cn N impose an unusually small number of conditions on some plane curves on H. We conclude Section 2 by applying these ideas to derive some necessary conditions for M(C) to have components in negative degrees. The remaining sections give various apphcations of the techniques introduced in Section 2. First, in Section 3 we classify sets of skew lines up to liaison. That is, if C and C’ consist of t 2 3 and t’ skew lines, respectively, then we ask when C can be linked to C’. The answer in general is “never,” but the situation changes signi~cantly if C lies on a quadric surface (cf. Theorem 3.1). A large part of the answer can be read from the degeneracy locus V,.
The Welfare Economics of “Bounce Protection” Programs

Much attention has been given to a new practice called bounce protection whereby banks pay rather than bouncing “bad” checks. Criticism of the practice largely stems from the four-digit interest rates implicit in these “bounced check loans.” We apply welfare economic analysis to analyze the impact of bounce protection on all parties to the transaction: banks, payers, and payees. Revealed preference analysis under standard rationality assumptions shows that when a bad check has been written, bounce protection is a welfare-enhancing policy, even though its presence increases the incidence of bounced checks. We argue that it is highly likely that this result still holds when we extend the analysis to incorporate various behavioral anomalies. Finally, we cite results from other empirical research to quantify some of the key impacts of bounce protection that our analysis predicts.
EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN CLINICALLY LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER MANAGED WITHOUT INITIAL THERAPY

AbstractPurpose: We define changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurements with time in 49 men 71.9 +/− 7.0 years old (mean plus or minus standard deviation) with clinically localized prostate cancer who remain untreated.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed PSA changes in prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. In all patients a minimum of 3 PSA levels were measured at intervals of at least 6 months after malignancy was diagnosed. The rate of change in serum PSA level with time (PSA velocity) was determined using an exponential, log linear model.Results: In 49 patients treated conservatively mean initial PSA level plus or minus standard deviation was 12.3 +/− 11.1 ng./ml. and mean PSA followup during which no therapy for prostate cancer was introduced was 32.1 +/− 13.2 months. PSA levels decreased during the observation period in 11 of the 49 patients (22%) and median PSA doubling time in the remaining 38 was 55.7 months (range 15.1 to 994.5). There was no significant c...
An investigation into fixture error compensation in micromilling using tool-based conductive touch-off

In micro-milling, decreased tool size leads to a need for tighter tolerances for fixture error in order to avoid excessive tool load and maintain machining accuracy. In 4-axis machining on a curved surface, fixture errors propagate cumulatively leading to a significant error at the tool tip. As a result a compensation approach is essential to successful microfeature production on curved surfaces. Tool stresses are shown to be highly dependent on the amount of fixture error. The scaling down of tool sizes is shown to result in an exponential increase in tool stresses. This paper proposes the use of a conductive touch-off method that utilizes the milling tool in its spindle to perform an in-situ registration mapping of positional errors. The fixturing errors are characterized using the Denavit-Hartenberg robotic linkage convention. A forward kinematic solution uses homogeneous transformation matrices to investigate the effects of fixturing errors on milling tool path errors in 4-axis micro-milling on curved surfaces. The touch-off registration measures the positional error in the tool axis direction allowing for axial tool position compensation. This results in decreased tool stresses and increased channel depth accuracy which is necessary for successful milling. A preliminary implementation of the conductive touch-off registration approach has demonstrated the efficacy of the technique when applied to production of micro-features on concave surfaces.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Are the alternative energy strategies achievable

Abstract The constraints on penetration of energy technologies are time and information, net energy, and capital cost. As D. Spreng has pointed out, time, energy, and information constitute a triad: energy can be substituted for time, information can be substituted for energy. That energy can save time follows from irreversible thermodynamics, but the principle can be extended to the social sphere. Related to the energy-time exchange is the economic cost of intermittency of energy supply. Renewable energy sources, particularly solar sources, are characteristically intermittent. To eliminate intermittency imposes a cost which must be considered in planning energy futures based on renewable sources. Two other constraints on penetration of energy technologies—net energy and capital cost—are briefly considered. As for net energy, estimates of energy paybacks for solar thermal electric converters differ by factors of three; this introduces large uncertainties in the energy subsidy required for this technology. As for capital cost, the Peterka theory of technological change is shown to place limits on the amount of subsidy required to introduce a new energy technology.
The American college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa

Criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa were developed by comparing 118 patients who had this disease with 689 control patients who had other forms of vasculitis. For the traditional format classification, 10 criteria were selected: weight loss greater than or equal to 4 kg, livedo reticularis, testicular pain or tenderness, myalgias, mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy, diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, elevated blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels, presence of hepatitis B reactants in serum, arteriographic abnormality, and presence of granulocyte or mixed leukocyte infiltrate in an arterial wall on biopsy. The presence of 3 or more of these 10 criteria was associated with a sensitivity of 82.2% and specificity of 86.6%. A classification tree was also constructed, with 6 criteria being selected. Three of these, angiographic abnormality, biopsy-proven granulocyte or mixed leukocyte infiltrate in arterial wall, and neuropathy, were criteria used in the traditional format. The other 3 criteria used in the tree format included the patient's sex, weight loss greater than 6.5 kg, and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase levels above the range of normal. The classification tree yielded a sensitivity of 87.3% and a specificity of 89.3%.
2009 H1N1 influenza: a pandemic

The first cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection were documented in March 2009 and have subsequently caused a worldwide outbreak. The World Health Organization declared the first phase 6 global influenza pandemic of the century on June 11, 2009. As of November 2009, more than 47 million people in the United States have been infected and there have been more than 213,000 H1N1-related hospitalizations and approximately 10,000 H1N1-related deaths. The majority of illness is reported in the 18-64 years age group. The risk of illness, hospitalization, and death related to 2009 H1N1 is very age-specific and very different from seasonal influenza.
Expired air carbon monoxide accumulation and elimination as a function of number of cigarettes smoked.

Abstract Eight heavy cigarette smokers smoked varying numbers of cigarettes during sessions of approximately 8 hours in length. Expired air carbon monoxide (CO) levels were determined every 10 minutes during sessions using a portable breath analyzer. Under these conditions, orderly patterns of CO accumulation and elimination were revealed, both within and across subjects, although absolute rates of accumulation and elimination varied considerably across individuals. Peak CO values and the duration of elevation of CO level were directly related to number of cigarettes smoked. In general, the findings support the potential utility of this measure for smoking research and treatment.
Gap junction formation in human myometrium: a key to preterm labor?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if gap junctions are a necessary component of the human laboring uterus and if their presence in myometrium is a prerequisite for both term and preterm labor. STUDY DESIGN: We obtained 27 human myometrial samples at cesarean section or nongravid hysterectomy. Gap junction formation was analyzed in a blind fashion by freeze fracture and indirect immunofluorescence. Six samples were obtained from term patients with no labor, six from term patients in labor, six from preterm patients with no labor, six from patients in preterm labor, and three from nongravid hysterectomy specimens. RESULTS: Gap junction structures were identified in the human myometrium of patients in term and in preterm labor but not in the other patient samples. In addition, evidence was obtained for the expression of (α 1 ) gap junction ribonucleic acid and (α 1 ) gap junction protein in term samples of human myometrium. CONCLUSION: Gap junctions are a necessary component of the human myometrium during term and preterm labor. The formation of gap junctions may be a final common event for the development of labor, and inhibition of gap junction activity could be a novel approach for the treatment of preterm labor.
The application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to neuropeptides

Procedures are presented for routine evaluation of antibody specificity, titre, and quantitation of antigen levels in tissue extracts without the use of radiolabeled probes. A colorimetric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for general use with neuropeptides, using neurotensin as a primary example. These assays use rabbit anti-neurotensin immune serum which is colorimetrically identified after combination with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated, affinity purified, goat anti-rabbit IgG and reaction with the chromogenic substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Because the principle of these methods can be adapted for use with various proteins and neuropeptides, they should find widespread applicability in neurobiology.
Introduction--ADHD comorbidity and treatment outcomes in the MTA.

This Special Section constitutes an important expansion ofthe ﬁrst reports of the results of the NIMH CollaborativeMultisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children WithAttention-Deﬁcit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) (MTACooperative Group, 1999a,b). In the MTA, 579 childrenwith ADHD-combined type were assigned to 14 monthsof medication management (titration followed bymonthly visits); intensive behavioral treatment (parent,school, and child components, with therapist involvementreduced over time); an optimal combination of bothapproaches; or “usual care” (whatever treatments familieschose to obtain through their local community providers).Outcomes were assessed in multiple domains before, dur-ing, and at treatment endpoint. Study ﬁndings revealedthat all four groups showed sizable reductions in symp-toms over time, albeit with signiﬁcant differences amongthem in degrees of change. For ADHD symptoms, chil-dren in the combined and medication management groupsshowed signiﬁcantly greater improvement than those givenintensive behavioral treatment or community care. In con-trast, for non-ADHD symptom and functioning outcomes(social skills, parent–child relations, oppositional/aggressivebehavior, internalizing symptoms, and academic achieve-ment), the three MTA-delivered treatments rarely differedsigniﬁcantly from each other. However, only the com-bined treatment proved consistently superior to commu-nity care.Despite the importance of these ﬁndings, other criticalclinical issues remained unexplored in the ﬁrst MTA anal-yses. This Special Section deals with questions in threedomains: the ﬁrst concerns the nature of the MTA sampleand subjects’ overall clinical proﬁles. Do meaningful dif-ferences exist among subjects who are classiﬁed as havingADHD-combined type, and do these differences haveimplications for treatment planning, prognosis, and clini-cal outcomes? Second, and relatedly, what more can besaid about the relative effectiveness of the various MTAtreatments? Do the same ﬁndings apply equally to all sub-jects, in various comorbid subgroups, and across differentmeasures? Are some subjects able to achieve excellentresponses,such that they approach “normalization”? If so,with which treatments? Finally, given the demonstratedpower of the MTA medication management approaches,how “workable” were these methods? How well did theMTA titration procedure itself perform: did the initialtitration procedure predict later outcomes and subjects’continuing medication dosage needs?These three sets of questions are interconnected, andthe answers from each set modify our understanding ofthe other two. As a consequence, this is a fairly long sec-tion, but splitting the section into smaller components,published in different places and/or across various pointsin time, could lead to misunderstanding, as well as unnec-essary duplication. In view of the misinterpretations ofthe MTA ﬁndings that we have already witnessed (Jensen,1999), we felt that compiling an in-depth presentation ofthese analyses in one place was very much needed. We areindebted to the
Activated charcoal updated

Activated charcoal, commonly recommended for treatment of chemical ingestions, is the residue from destructive distillation of various organic materials treated to increase its adsorptive power. Since there are no known side effects, the dose should be sufficiently large for optimum adsorption. In the literature, the recommended doses range from 30 gm to 120 gm, or in a charcoal-drug ratio of 10:1. For maximum effect, activated charcoal should be administered within 30 minutes of ingestion. It can be given while its effectiveness for a particular toxic substance is verified.
Surface Frontogenesis in Isentropic Coordinates

Abstract The semigeostrophic equations take a particularly simple form when isentropic and geostrophic coordinates are used simultaneously: the horizontal ageostrophic velocities are entirely implicit, and the entire dynamics reduces to a predictive equation for the potential pseudodensity (inverse Ertel potential vorticity) and an invertibility relation. However, a perceived disadvantage of isentropic coordinates is the difficulty of treating a lower boundary that is not an isentropic surface. Here we present the massless layer method, which allows isentropic surfaces to intersect the lowerboundary, and show that this extends the applicability of potential vorticity modeling in isentropic/geostrophic coordinates. When applied to the classic problem of surface frontogenesis by a vertically independent deformation field, the model produces realistic fronts with a surface discontinuity in finite time and tropopause folding, without the need for special treatment of the lower boundary.
Dark spatial soliton physics

In this paper, we discuss recent results on the propagation of dark spatial solitons (DSS). Dark spatial solitons are particular solutions of the nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS) equation modeling propagation of light beams in optical Kerr media. Experimental results are presented for three systems, including sodium vapor, various thermally nonlinear liquids, and the bulk semiconductor system ZnSe. The results of these investigations indicate that experimental dark spatial solitons obey the conservation laws of the NLS equation, possess collision properties characteristic of the theoretical DSS solutions, and are stable to external perturbations induced by the experiment. In addition, through an interferometric technique, we investigate the phase profile of the dark spatial solitons and show that it is in good agreement with the NLS solution. In addition to the fundamental DSS, we have performed experiments where nonfundamental DSS are excited in pairs by making use of an even initial field profile as originally discussed by Zakharov and Shabat. The transverse velocities of the solitons excited in the is manner are measured and found to be in good agreement with those predicted theoretically.
Privacy leakage in multi-relational databases: a semi-supervised learning perspective

In multi-relational databases, a view, which is a context- and content-dependent subset of one or more tables (or other views), is often used to preserve privacy by hiding sensitive information. However, recent developments in data mining present a new challenge for database security even when traditional database security techniques, such as database access control, are employed. This paper presents a data mining framework using semi-supervised learning that demonstrates the potential for privacy leakage in multi-relational databases. Many different types of semi-supervised learning techniques, such as the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) method, can be used to demonstrate privacy leakage. However, we also introduce a new approach to semi-supervised learning, hyperclique pattern-based semi-supervised learning (HPSL), which differs from traditional semi-supervised learning approaches in that it considers the similarity among groups of objects instead of only pairs of objects. Our experimental results show that both the KNN and HPSL methods have the ability to compromise database security, although the HPSL is better at this privacy violation (has higher prediction accuracy) than the KNN method. Finally, we provide a principle for avoiding privacy leakage in multi-relational databases via semi-supervised learning and illustrate this principle with a simple preventive technique whose effectiveness is demonstrated by experiments.
Evaluation of Bimanual Stretched-String Single Object Manipulation for Virtual Assembly With Haptics

This research attempts to improve the spatial interaction in virtual assembly with a focus on bimanual object manipulation. Using a unique combination of spatial interaction devices namely a kinesthetic haptic device (Phantom Omni®) and a magnetically tracked device (Razor Hydra) each held in one of the user hands; a new interaction technique named ‘Bimanual Stretched-String Single Object Manipulation’ (BS-SSOM) was developed [1]. The BS-SSOM technique decouples positioning and orientation of objects during bimanual single object manipulation in virtual assembly. The distance between the two hands can be varied to control the precision of manipulation. The simulation uses Voxmap Pointshell [2] physically based modeling library. The (BS-SSOM) technique is evaluated with a user study. Three modes of manipulation and 3 task levels are designed to give 9 treatments for evaluation. A method to measure the task completion along with task time and distance covered by each hand in virtual assembly is devised. In order to facilitate long tasks a progressive assembly scheme is implemented. Participants were screened for normal visual acuity, stereopsis and manual dexterity. Results of the user study provide good indicators for evaluation of hypotheses regarding participant performance, realism of interaction, hand motion and effect of task length on utility of the interaction method.© 2013 ASME
The effect of channel and time-slot assignment algorithms on data loss events in OFDM/TDMA multi-hop wireless networks

In this study, we examine the effects of channel and time-slot allocation algorithms on data loss events in multi-hop wireless networks. We investigate networks where all nodes have a single-radio antenna, the MAC layer protocol is synchronized OFDM, and each channel uses TDMA. In such networks, data collisions can be avoided by reserving data time-slots. Data loss can also occur when a receiving node changes its assigned channel, hence it does not completely receive the data which is on the link. We call this type of loss data corruption. Our simulations show that if there are several available time slots to reserve, a proper channel and time-slot selection algorithm is required to prevent data corruption. Consequently, it is better that a node changes channels as infrequently as possible and any necessary change should take place at an appropriate time. The same is true about switching between receiving and sending modes, i.e. switching modes also leads to data loss, so it should be avoided whenever possible. In this study we propose a new algorithm to allocate channels and time-slots so as to decrease data loss.
Cortical projections of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat.

A new application of the retrograde transport method designed to demonstrate neurons that project to two cortical areas has been developed. This method depends on the retrograde axonal transport of two markers, each of which is uniquely detectable by histological methods. In this study, horseradish peroxidase (detectable by the enzymatic reation product only) and tritiated proteins (either enzymatically inactive tritiated horseradish peroxidase or tritiated bovine serium albumin, both of which are detectable by the tritium label only) were used. One of these markers was injected into cortical area 17 and the other was injected into area 18. In layers A and A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus, 10% of the cells project to both area 17 and area 18 by axons that branch, 70% of the neurons project to area 17 only, less than 1% of the neurons project to area 18 only, and approximately 20% of the cells are probably interneurons. In the C laminae 50% of the cells project to both areas 17 and 18 by axons that branch, approximately 20% of the neurons project to area 17 only, 10% of the cells project to area 18 only, and about 20% of the neurons are unlabeled. The cells in the medial interlaminar nucleus project to area 17 only, to area 18 only, or to both of these areas by axons that branch. In addition the retrograde markers were injected into single cortical areas, either area 17, area 18, or area 19. The injections of area 17 and those of area 18 confirmed the results of the double-label experiments, with 80% of the cells in the A laminae projecting to area 17 and approximately 10% projecting to area 18. Following injections of area 19, labeled neurons were seen in the medial interlaminar nucleus and the C laminae. Therefore, the medial interlaminar nucleus contains cells that project to areas 17, 18, and 19, with some cells projecting to both area 17 and area 18 by axons that branch. In the C laminae the analysis of the projection pattern could be carried further, for it was possible to determine the percentage of labeled neurons in this region. Since 80% of the cells project to areas 17 and 18, and since 60% of the cells of the C laminae were labeled following injections of area 19, many of the cells which project to area 19 must also project to either area 17 or area 18, and some cells must project to all three (areas 17, 18, and 19) by branching axons.
The invasive Lespedeza cuneata attracts more insect pollinators than native congeners in tallgrass prairie with variable impacts

Invasive plant species can potentially exert competitive or facilitative effects on insect pollination services of native species. Factors that influence these effects include the degree of shared pollinator species, synchronous flowering phenology, similar flower morphology and color, relatedness of invasive and natives, and showiness and densities of flowers. We investigated such plant-pollinator dynamics by comparing the invasive Lespedeza cuneata and three native congeners, all sympatric with synchronous flowering, using in situ populations over 2 years during peak floral displays. Insect visitation rates of the invasive were significantly higher per plant in both years than on the native species. The invasive exerted a competitive effect on visitation of the two native species with fewer shared pollinators, and a facilitative effect on visitation of the native species with the highest degree of shared insect visitors. Positive correlations were found between floral density and visitation rate per plant in all the native species. Although no such correlation was found for the invasive, floral density in L. cuneata was at least twenty times higher than in the native species and likely saturated the response of the pollinator community. Analyses of insect visitor taxonomic data indicated the insect communities visiting each of the Lespedeza species were generally similar though with species-specific differences. The main exception was that the common honeybee, Apis mellifera, was a primary visitor to the invasive plant species, yet was never observed on the native Lespedeza species.
Insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 alters lymphocyte responsiveness following severe burn

Abstract Purpose Following severe burn, patients are immunocompromised, making them at increased risk for infection. Exogenous growth hormone has been shown to partially restore immune function. Herein, we investigated Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles and cellular proliferation in isolated mononuclear cells after treatment with exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), the indirect mediator of many growth hormone effects, in severely burned patients. Methods Eight children and 2 adults with >20% total body surface area burns were prospectively randomized to receive either placebo or 4 mg/kg rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 for one-week intervals (2 groups), with another group receiving placebo for both cycles. Normal children were examined for comparison. Isolated whole blood lymphocyte production of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines, and proliferative responses to specific T-cell mitogens were measured. Results Depressed Th1 and exaggerated Th2 cytokine responses were seen in all burned subjects compared to non-burned controls ( P P P Conclusions Following severe burn, a shift occurs toward a predominant Th2 phenotype. Exogenous IGF-I/IGFBP-3 treatment partially reverses this response.
Breast cancer--preoperative and postoperative radiation therapy.

Our goal is to develop new methods of breast cancer treatment that produce results better than those usually obtained in patients with operable breast cancer who have a radical mastectomy and patients with inoperable breast cancer who receive desultory and inadequate radiation therapy. We must examine our views “operable patients are curable” and “inoperable patients are incurable” in light of our actual results and recent changes in understanding of the mechanisms of failure to cure breast cancer by surgical treatment and the processes by which radiation therapy cures breast cancer. We must search out ways to increase the cure rate in both operable and inoperable breast cancer patients. Combinations of radiation therapy and surgical resection have been tried with varying successes However, since it is apparent that aggressive radiation therapy cures a significant proportion of patients with inoperable breast cancer,8, 9, 11, 15, 22 it seems reasonable to re-evaluate this combination therapy and reassess the benefits and failures of such combinations.
Taurine uptake by chick embryo retinal neurons and glial cells in purified culture

The properties and cellular distribution of a high-affinity uptake mechanism for taurine have been investigated using separate populations of purified chick embryo neural retina neurons and glia. Purified neuronal monolayers, cultured in serum-free medium, were incubated in radioactive taurine under different conditions and studied autoradiographically and biochemically. Labeling with radioactive taurine was detected in the perikaryon of most of the neurons present in the cultures. Neuronal uptake occurred by means of a high-affinity mechanism which was completely inhibited at low temperatures or in the absence of sodium ions. The uptake was linear for at least 1 hr and, as is the case in vivo, could be inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or beta-alanine. Incubation in ouabain, glutamate, or high K+ concentrations failed to cause any increase in the amount of taurine released by neurons preloaded with the radioactive amino acid. The rather wide-spread distribution of high-affinity taurine uptake was confirmed using separate retinal cultures rich in glial cells. Practically 100% of the glial cells appeared labeled after incubation in 10(-7) M [3H] taurine, and this uptake was also inhibited by low-temperature, Na+-free medium, GABA, or beta-alanine. Several pieces of evidence indicate that high-affinity taurine uptake coexists with uptake mechanisms for other amino acids, such as GABA, glutamate, and aspartate, in retinal neurons as well as glial cells. These in vitro populations offer a promising experimental system for the investigation of the effects of taurine on retinal cells.