cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Search for Authenticity through ‘Style-Fashion-Dress’ among Adolescent Latina Immigrants

The work explored how adolescent Latina immigrants to the US navigate their culture of origin and their culture of settlement through the lens of Tulloch's (2010) concept of "style-fashion-dress". Participants included 12 immigrant women, ages 20-23 (mean age=21.25 years), who identified as Latina and immigrated to the US before age 15. Data collection focused on participants' memories of their immigration experiences during adolescence. This retrospective approach captured change over time in the acculturation process. Analyses revealed that, as they sought to negotiate diverse cultures and forge a sense of "who they were becoming" through the acculturation process, participants confronted varied dilemmas of identity, frequently underpinned by an overarching goal of "knowing" or "locating" the authentic self and expressing that self through style-fashion-dress. Two key identity dilemmas were observed: (a) Identity Confusion" Who Am I? and (b) Straddling Two Cultures: Feeling Caught and Conflicted.
A new trisection method for solving Lipschitz bi-objective optimization problems

Abstract In this paper, we develop a branch and bounds algorithm to solve bound-construction bi-objective optimization problem. The proposed algorithm allows to determine an approximation of the Pareto optimal solutions sets in both spaces: decisions and objectives ones. By running α -dense space filling curves, we convert a multidimensional bi-objective optimization problem into a one-dimensional one. Hence it gets possible the implementation of the proposed algorithm when objectives depend on more than one decision variable. The proposed algorithm was applied on an engineering problem to find the working space of a robotic manipulator and the obtained results are promising.
Intrarectal Xyloglucan Administration Reduces Disease Severity in the Dextran Sodium Sulfate Model of Mouse Colitis.

Background The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases remains poorly understood and treatment remains suboptimal for many patients. We hypothesize that the inflammatory milieu secondarily prolongs the injury and attenuates healing. We propose primary or adjuvant therapy with biocompatible adhesives to restore a barrier to protect submucosal structures, particularly stem cells. Methods We used the well-described mouse dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis resembling human ulcerative colitis to test the therapeutic efficacy of intrarectal administration of the tamarind plant-derived xyloglucan (TXG) polymer adhesive which underwent extensive analytic characterization. Mice in control, DSS-only, TXG-only, and DSS + TXG groups were studied for gross (weight, blood in stool, length of colon) and multiple histologic parameters. Results Compared to DSS-only mice, TXG prevented the weight loss, occurrence of blood in the stool and colon shortening, with all those parameters not being statistically different from treatment naive animals. Histologically, there was dramatic and highly statistically significant reduction in the total inflammatory index and protection from goblet cell loss, cellular infiltration, crypt abscess formation, epithelial erosion, granulation tissue, epithelial hyperplasia crypt irregularity and crypt loss. The TXG purity and characterization were established by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and texture analysis. Conclusion The striking attenuation of disease severity by intrarectal TXG use warrants future investigations of natural bioadhesives with well-established high safety profiles, and which could potentially be derivatized to include therapeutically active moieties for local drug delivery.
Tubular Lateral Approach to the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction

Introduction The minimally disruptive, lateral, retroperitoneal, transpsoas approach for anterior lumbar interbody fusion was developed as an alternative to conventional anterior and posterior approaches, avoiding much of the morbidity associated with the latter. As the approach has gained prevalence in lumbar interbody fusion applications, its use has expanded into the thoracolumbar and thoracic spine for treatment of more advanced pathology. In the treatment of thoracic disc herniations and in thoracolumbar corpectomy (tumor and trauma), the approach has both been established in the literature and continues to be more widely used as an alternative to open thoracotomy and thoracoscopic approaches. In the mini-open lateral approach, understanding of the relevant anatomy, pathologic considerations, and procedural differences to the lumbar technique in these areas is essential to translation of the reproducibility and clinical benefits reported in lumbar applications.
Highly selective electrochemical approach for detection of DA, AA and 5-HT using material diversity with chemometrics on paper

Selective detection of coexisting species with similar reduction potentials using electrochemical approaches is very challenging. We employ material diversity at working electrodes to discriminate coexisting redox species such as dopamine, ascorbic acid and serotonin using a data-driven chemometric approach that exploits the subtle yet robust differences in characteristic CV curves for different working electrodes. We present these results using a simple and low-cost paper-based platform, containing different electrodes made of gold, carbon nanotube with and without nafion, reduced graphene oxide, and polyaniline with microfluidic delivery.
Ethical Dimensions of the Number of Embryos to be Transferred in In Vitro Fertilization

Purpose: We propose an ethically justified policy for the number of embryos to transfer in an in vitro fertilization (IVF), by considering four factors: medical outcomes, patient's preferences, costs, and market forces of providers. Methods: We develop an ethical framework that incorporates three ethical principles: beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice; and three professional virtues: integrity, compassion, and self-sacrifice. Results: This ethical framework calls for an informed consent process for IVF that provides: information about medical outcomes; information about the risks of multiple gestation; the opportunity to weigh the goal of pregnancy and live birth against the medical and moral risks of multiple gestation; evidence-based recommendations; protection of the woman from potentially coercive influences; and discussion of living with infertility and going to better centers. Conclusion: The number of embryos to be transferred in IVF should mainly be a function of the pregnant women's informed decision. Limiting the number of transferred embryos to two in all cases is not ethically justified at this time.
The electromotive forces of NH4Br and KBr concentration cells

Abstract Measurements of the electromotive force of concentration cells with silver-silver bromide electrodes, and with or without cation exchanger electrodes, show differences beween NH4Br and KBr about one fifth of those calculated from freezing points. This is taken as proof that the abnormalities in the freezing points of ammonium salts do not arise in the water phase. It is extremely improbable that they arise in the ice, and the most probable cause is the surface electrical potential due to the great difference in solubilities of the ions in ice. Whether they arise in the ice or in the surface they lead to uncertainty in the osmotic coefficients for water activity and in the mean activity coefficients of ammonium salts determined from freezing points.
A temporal image-based approach to motion reconstruction for globally illuminated animated environments

This paper presents an approach to motion sampling and reconstruction for globally illuminated animated environments (under fixed viewing conditions) based on sparse spatio-temporal scene sampling, a resolution-independent temporal file format, and a Delaunay triangulation pixel reconstruction method. Motion usually achieved by rendering complete images of a scene at a high frame rate (i.e. flipbook style frame-based animation) can be adequately reconstructed using many fewer samples (often on the order of that required to generate a single, complete, high quality frame) from the sparse image data stored in bounded slices of our temporal file. The scene is rendered using a ray tracing algorithm modified to randomly sample over space — the image plane (x, y), and time (t), yielding (x, y, t) samples that are stored in our spatio-temporal images. Reconstruction of object motion, reconstructing a picture of the scene at a desired time, is performed by projecting the (x, y, t) samples onto the desired temporal plane with the appropriate weighting, constructing the 2D Delaunay triangulation of the sample points, and Gouraud (or Phong) shading the resulting triangles. Both first and higher order visual effects, illumination and visibility, are handled as the information is included in the individual samples. Silhouette edges and other discontinuities are more difficult to track but can be addressed with a combination of triangle filtering and image postprocessing.
Improving Medical Student Attitudes Toward Older Patients Through a Council of Elders and Reflective Writing Experience

In an effort to reduce "agism" which is prevalent among medical trainees, a new geriatrics educational experience for medical students aimed at improving attitudes toward older patients was developed. Each 90-minute Older Adult Session included four components: initial reflective writing exercise; introduction to the session; 75-minute dialogue with the "Council of Elders," a group of active, "well" older adults; and final reflective writing exercise. The new session was provided to 237 first- and second-year medical students during the 2006/07 academic year at Indiana University School of Medicine. Session evaluation included comparing scores on the 14-item Geriatrics Attitude Scale administered before and after the session, identifying attitude changes in the reflective writing exercises, and a student satisfaction survey. Student responses on the Geriatrics Attitude Scale after the session were significantly improved in seven of 14 items, demonstrating better attitudes toward being with and listening to older people and caring for older patients. Analysis of the reflective writings revealed changing of negative to positive or reinforced positive attitudes in 27% of medical students, with attitudes not discernable in the remaining 73% (except one student, in whom positive attitudes changed to negative). Learner satisfaction with the Older Adult Session was high, with 98% agreeing that the session had a positive effect on insight into the care of older adults. A Council of Elders coupled with a reflective writing exercise is a promising new approach to improving attitudes of medical students toward their geriatric patients.
Shewhart, Walter Andrew

This article has no abstract. Keywords: control chart; statistical quality control statistical process control; SPC
Climate Extremes: Selected Review and Future Research Directions

Trends and multi-decadal variations of weather and climate extremes have only recently received attention from the climate community. Interest has stemmed from exponentially increasing economic losses related to climate and weather extremes, and apparent increases in deaths attributed to these events, suggesting that key decision makers need a better understanding of the potential uses of climate information. The need for data on climate extremes in disaster mitigation activities such as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction also has provided another motivation for focus in this area.
Romer and Romer's New Measure of Monetary Policy Shocks and the Nature of Supply Shocks

Using quarterly data this paper re-examines the series of (exogenous) federal funds rate shocks created by Romer and Romer (AER, 2004). First, this paper finds that the Romer and Romer series passes two specification tests: they have no long-run effect on output and are eventually completely reversed. Second, using the Romer and Romer series as a measure of monetary policy shocks, it is found that all of the remaining shocks in a small VAR are supply shocks. One shock - the AD-AS shock - shifts the AD and AS curves approximately the same distance and along with the Romer and Romer series explains nearly all the variation in real GDP. The other supply shocks appear to be inflation shocks: an expected inflation shock and an unexpected inflation shock. The expected inflation shock causes nearly all the short-run, endogenous variation in the federal funds rate, while in the long run about one-half of the endogenous variation in the federal funds rate is the result of the Fed reversing previous policy shocks.
Localization of dopamine transporter protein by microscopic histochemistry.

Publisher Summary The dopamine transporter (DAT) is an important protein at dopaminergic synapses. DAT is found only in dopaminergic cell in brain, but in varying levels. The lower levels of DAT may be associated with volume transmission. This chapter is a brief summary of the findings of several studies conducted in laboratory. While there is another transporter for DA, the vesicular transporter, the focus has been the cell surface DAT. In in situ hybridization experiments, DAT mRNA has been found only in cell groups previously known to be dopaminergic. However, the amount of probe that bound differed from cell group to cell group, indicating that different levels of DAT mRNA were present. This in turn suggests that different cells make different quantities of DAT, something that was verified in immunohistochemical studies. The observation that different dopaminergic cell groups express different quantities of DAT is intriguing and suggests that a functional consequence of this may be a basis for “volume” or “paracrine” transmission at dopaminergic synapses. The hypothesis would be that relatively low levels of DAT would be associated with greater probabilities of volume transmission, because there would be less chance for DA to be recaptured by the neuron. The finding that DAT is distributed throughout the neuron was not completely surprising because DAT is obviously made in the cell body and transported to other parts of the neuron.
Behavioral responses to threatening social comparisons: From dastardly deeds to rising above

We know that being around more successful others can threaten positive self-views and self-esteem. We also know that people are motivated to maintain high self-esteem. The present article outlines how threats to self-views, created by upward comparisons to more successful others, motivate and influence behavioral responses. In particular, it suggests that the degree to which subsequent performance situations provide an opportunity to repair threatened self-views determine whether responses are positive or negative. When performance tasks provide an opportunity to repair self-views, and repair seems likely, positive responses such as increased performance are likely to occur. When performance tasks do not provide an opportunity and repair seems unlikely, negative responses such as undermining others and withdrawing effort are likely to occur. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions are discussed.
Passive normalization of synaptic integration influenced by dendritic architecture.

We examined how biophysical properties and neuronal morphology affect the propagation of individual postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) from synaptic inputs to the soma. This analysis is based on eviden...
Adenocarcinoma of the lung presenting with massive subcutaneous emphysema.

A 47-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) with severe shortness of breath with a choking sensation for the past 4 h. In the early morning, she had called her primary care physician with mild shortness of breath and was advised to take an albuterol inhaler for her chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite following the general practitioner's advice, her condition worsened with development of facial and neck swelling. She did not have any history of bee sting or consumption or contact with any allergic substance. On arrival at the ED, she displayed significant swelling (figure …
Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase fails to acquire disulfide bonds when retained in the cytoplasm.

The cysteines of the Escherichia coli periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase, which are involved in disulfide bonds in the native enzyme, were found to be fully reduced when the protein was retained in the cytoplasm. Under these circumstances the cysteines remained reduced for at least several minutes after the synthesis of the protein was completed. This contrasted with the normally exported protein, wherein disulfide bonds formed rapidly. Disulfide bond formation accompanied export and processing. The implications of these findings for the inactivity of the enzyme in the cytoplasm are discussed. Images
Ralph S. Wolfe (1921-). Pioneer of biochemistry of methanogenesis.

Abstract `The degree of success depends on attention to details. Assume nothing!'`The thrill of discovery on one's own is the best motivating force.'`Appreciate the importance of hard data in nailing down a concept as well as the importance of freedom in exploring and making discoveries.'`As an independent investigator, each should realize the importance of choosing a problem that is not moving and move it.'`To get back in the laboratory is a necessary component of scientific survival. Ralph S. Wolfe (1921–)
Bending Modulus Dictates GUV Response to Stress

We investigated the dynamic response of membranes with different bending moduli to stress, which phase diagrams for vesicles conformations at equilibrium cannot predict. We used melittin to systematically modify the bending modulus of 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) phospholipid membrane. The bending moduli of DOPC giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) at different peptide-to-lipid (P/L) ratios were estimated with contour fluctuation analysis, for which we developed an edge finding algorithm for fluorescence images. We saw that the bending modulus decreased with increasing P/L before pore formation, but the trend was reversed after pore formation. When GUVs of different bending moduli were subjected to similar stress, the morphology distributions of large numbers of vesicles at equilibrium were different. The difference reflects the greater volume loss of vesicles with lower bending modulus, for which higher tension can build up in the membrane when vesicles deform under stress. Beyond a threshold tension, vesicles form transient pores through which contents can flow out to release the tension.
Comments on “The Seebeck coefficient and the Peltier effect in a polymer electrolyte membrane cell with two hydrogen electrodes” by S. Kjelstrup, P.J.S. Vie, L. Akyalcin, P. Zefeniya, J.G. Pharoah, O.S. Burnheim [Electrochim. Acta 99 (2013) 166]

Abstract Kjelstrup et al. recently applied non-equilibrium thermodynamics to analyze the thermodynamic relationships for thermo-electrochemical effects in certain electrochemical cells [Electrochim. Acta 99 (2013) 166–175]. The present paper considers whether one can extend such relationships to establish equivalence between certain non-equilibrium thermodynamic properties, such as transported entropies, and equilibrium thermodynamic properties, such as partial molar entropies. If so it would enable the use of thermo-electrochemical measurements to determine certain quantities that have heretofore been considered “un-measurable”, such as partial molar entropies of ions in solution. It would also provide a unifying principle between non-equilibrium thermodynamics and reversible thermodynamics, and it could lead one to consider the possibility of an additional law or principle of thermodynamics.
Transmission line reflection and delay-based ID generation scheme for RFID and other applications

A novel transmission line reflection and delay-based ID generation scheme for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and other applications is presented. The proposed scheme, after receiving a sinusoidal interrogation input pulse, constructs an OOK modulated composite signal pattern that represents a unique ID code. The circuit considered consists of open or ground terminated multiple transmission lines of different lengths, and utilises reflection due to impedance mismatch and length dependent propagation delay to construct OOK modulated signal patterns. Examples of dual line and step impedance line ID circuits considering three reflected pulses in six bit positions are presented. The proposed scheme also allows larger number of bits to be generated. The ID generation scheme reported can be integrated with planar antenna to achieve planar passive RFID tags.
A quantitative study of muscle fiber survival and regeneration in normal, predenervated, and Marcaine-treated free muscle grafts in the rat.

Free grafts were performed on the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle after no pretreatment, 14-day predenervation, or two or one preinjections of Marcaine. Numbers of surviving muscle fibers were counted in 4-day grafts, and the total number of muscle fibers was counted in 60-day grafts. Mean numbers of surviving muscle fibers in 4-day grafts were 132 for untreated muscles, 1166 for predenervated muscles, and eight and two for muscles treated with two and one Marcaine injections, respectively. In all four groups, the numbers of muscle fibers in 60-day grafts did not differ significantly from the mean number of muscle fibers (3880) in the normal extensor digitorum longus. It was concluded that most of the muscle fibers found in a mature free graft are newly regenerated rather than surviving original muscle fibers.
New Happenings at the NIH

Effective April 7, 2008, “All final peer-reviewed manuscripts arising from NIH funds are required to be submitted to PubMed Central.” See http://publicaccess.nih.gov/ for complete details (Ascoli 2005). This can be seen as a continuation of the general open access movement that has been occurring over the past few years, that initiated with the NIH data sharing mandate in 2003, and that has oft been discussed in this journal (Ascoli et al. 2003; Gardner et al. 2003; Kennedy 2003; Kennedy 2004; Bug 2005; Kennedy 2006). Compliance with the public access policy for publications involves three steps:
Compensatory Ovarian Funclion During Pregnancy in the Pig1

The effects of unilateral ovariectomy, unilateral hysterectomy or both on ovarian function were investigated in pigs at day 25 of pregnancy. Removal of 1 ovary during early pregnancy (day 5) resulted in increased ovarian and corpora lutea weight and larger graafian follicles in the remaining ovary. Total progesterone, DNA and RNA content of these individual corpora lutea were higher than thoso found in corpora lutea of animals with 2 ovaries. Nucleic acid content indicated that increased corpora lutea weight following removal of 1 ovary resulted from an increase in cell number. Total progesterone, RNA and DNA content of corpora lutea were higher in animals with 2 ovaries. However, the concentrations of progesterone, RNA and DNA in luteal tissue were not affected by removing 1 ovary, 1 uterine horn or both. Reduction of the number of embryos by removal of 1 uterine horn had no significant effect on these parameters. (Endocrinology 81: 430, 1967)
Altitude-induced changes in thyroidal function and myocardial carbohydrate stores in the Japanese quail (Cotournix cotournix japonica)

Abstract Female Japanese quail were exposed to a simulated high altitude of 6100 m above sea level for 4 weeks. Control animals were maintained in a similar chamber under sea-level conditions: 1. 1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were significantly elevated at the end of the exposure periods. 2. 2. Radioactive T 3 uptake (RT 3 U) and competitive protein binding (T 4 -CPB) values were determined, and T 7 (free-thyroxine-index) values were calculated. These plasma T 7 values were significantly reduced as a result of altitude exposure. 3. 3. Right ventricular carbohydrate stores were significantly elevated in the altitude-exposed quail.
The Snakestone Experiments: An Early Modern Medical Debate

Au XVII e siecle eut lieu une polemique entre A. Kircher et F. Redi sur l'action antidote de pierres qui se forment dans le tete des cobras, et qui etaient utilisees comme remede en medecine
Ethnography in the Field of Design

Members of the design profession help develop new products and services of many kinds, and they are centrally concerned with satisfying the needs of users of their products. Ethnography appeals to designers because it provides a window onto the ways consumers interact with products in their everyday lives. The paper provides an overview of this extension of applied anthropology to a new domain. It traces how ethnography became known to designers and the transmission of particular research traditions that have shaped the practice of "ethnography" in the design field. Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and activity theory have been prominent theoretical influences. Most data-gathering methods are characterized by the use of videotape. As an example, I describe the research practices of one design firm, formerly known as E-Lab LLC, now part of Sapient Corporation.
Characterization of the 23 S Ribosomal RNA m5U1939 Methyltransferase from Escherichia coli

Abstract An Escherichia coli open reading frame, ygcA, was identified as a putative 23 S ribosomal RNA 5-methyluridine methyltransferase (Gustafsson, C., Reid, R., Greene, P. J., and Santi, D. V. (1996)Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3756–3762). We have cloned, expressed, and purified the 50-kDa protein encoded by ygcA. The purified enzyme catalyzed the AdoMet-dependent methylation of 23 S rRNA but did not act upon 16 S rRNA or tRNA. A high performance liquid chromatography-based nucleoside analysis identified the reaction product as 5-methyluridine. The enzyme specifically methylated U1939 as determined by a nuclease protection assay and by methylation assays using site-specific mutants of 23 S rRNA. A 40-nucleotide 23 S rRNA fragment (nucleotide 1930–1969) also served as an efficient substrate for the enzyme. The apparentK m values for the 40-mer RNA oligonucleotide and AdoMet were 3 and 26 μm, respectively, and the apparentk cat was 0.06 s−1. The enzyme contains two equivalents of iron/monomer and has a sequence motif similar to a motif found in iron-sulfur proteins. We propose to name this gene rumA and accordingly name the protein product as RumA for RNA uridine methyltransferase.
Violence and economic activity: evidence from African American patents, 1870–1940

Recent studies have examined the effect of political conflict and domestic terrorism on economic and political outcomes. This paper uses the rise in mass violence between 1870 and 1940 as an historical experiment for determining the impact of ethnic and political violence on economic activity, namely patenting. I find that violent acts account for more than 1,100 missing patents compared to 726 actual patents among African American inventors over this period. Valuable patents decline in response to major riots and segregation laws. Absence of the rule of law covaries with declines in patent productivity for white and black inventors, but this decline is significant only for African American inventors. Patenting responds positively to declines in violence. These findings imply that ethnic and political conflict may affect the level, direction, and quality of invention and economic growth over time.
Serious psychological distress in U.S. adults with arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Arthritis and mental health disorders are leading causes of disability commonly seen by health care providers. Several studies demonstrate a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in persons with arthritis versus those without arthritis.
The 1-mm brightness temperature of Titan

Titan has been observed with the 5-m Hale telescope at an effective wavelength of 1 mm. Adopting a value of 2700 km for the radius of Titan, a brightness temperature of 86 + or - 12 K is found at 1 mm. By a comparison of the results with previous measurements at longer wavelengths, it is concluded that the satellite surface is the source of the 1-mm radiation. Since the measured brightness temperature is close to the equilibrium temperature of a blackbody at the distance of Saturn, it is believed there is no significant greenhouse effect on Titan.
Invasion Biology and Biological Control1

Abstract Analysis of some current issues in invasion biology that relate to exotic pests illustrates the linkage between this discipline and biological control and reveals opportunities for invasion biologists and biological control workers to mutually advance their respective disciplines. Concepts such as the tens rule, early-stage subdectability, and long latency period from invasion to first detection should be viewed as working hypotheses rather than established principles of invasion biology. Analysis of California invasions by spotted alfalfa aphid [Therioaphis maculata(Buckton)] and Mediterranean fruit fly [Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann)] suggests that such exotic insect pests are not necessarily good models for invasion biology. However, “planned invasions” of phytophagous insects for weed control may be appropriate models in certain cases. Research on how to increase environmental resistance to invasion has not received sufficient attention. Experience in biological control of weeds suggests that incumbent general predators may prevent the establishment of a founder population of an herbivorous insect. Thus, conservation and augmentation of natural enemies should be explored for precluding invasion by exotic pests or maintaining pest-free zones. For exotic insect pests that establish and are not eradicated, classical biological control should be a priority, particularly in perennial or stable habitats. Unfortunately, ecological theory has not provided predictive guidelines for practitioners of this method. At the same time, the need for a more predictive (or less empirical) approach to classical biological control has never been greater.
Recent and Past Musical Activity Predicts Cognitive Aging Variability: Direct Comparison with General Lifestyle Activities

Studies evaluating the impact of modifiable lifestyle factors on cognition offer potential insights into sources of cognitive aging variability. Recently, we reported an association between extent of musical instrumental practice throughout the life span (greater than 10 years) on preserved cognitive functioning in advanced age . These findings raise the question of whether there are training-induced brain changes in musicians that can transfer to nonmusical cognitive abilities to allow for compensation of age-related cognitive declines. However, because of the relationship between engagement in lifestyle activities and preserved cognition, it remains unclear whether these findings are specifically driven by musical training or the types of individuals likely to engage in greater activities in general. The current study examined the type of leisure activity (musical versus other) as well as the timing of engagement (age of acquisition, past versus recent) in predictive models of successful cognitive aging. Seventy age and education matched older musicians (> 10 years) and nonmusicians (ages 59-80) were evaluated on neuropsychological tests and life-style activities (AAP). Partition analyses were conducted on significant cognitive measures to explain performance variance in musicians. Musicians scored higher on tests of phonemic fluency, verbal immediate recall, judgment of line orientation (JLO), and Letter Number Sequencing (LNS), but not the AAP. The first partition analysis revealed education best predicted JLO in musicians, followed by recent musical engagement which offset low education. In the second partition analysis, early age of musical acquisition (< 9 years) predicted enhanced LNS in musicians, while analyses for AAP, verbal recall and fluency were not predictive. Recent and past musical activity, but not leisure activity, predicted variability across verbal and visuospatial domains in aging. Early musical acquisition predicted auditory working memory
Reply to Comments

These comments have one common theme but raise as well a number of minor issues. We shall allow the common theme to emerge from a discussion of the comments in order. Carley is right that the coding of texts at the level here discussed is "a formidable task." Indeed, it seems unlikely that the methods discussed here will see widespread use in textual analysis except where coding can be routinized. On her issue of Gibbs sampling versus simulated annealing (SA): there is a large literature on convergence in Gibbs samplers, which can be traced from the papers mentioned in note 17 of our paper. The long-run convergence of Gibbs sampling to the global optimum is guaranteed via fundamental Markov theorems. How long it takes to get there is the matter of contention. It should be remembered that the LEA algorithm could easily incorporate a standard SA acceptance function; one could accept or not accept the new candidate in step 2 of the basic algorithm (as given on page 73) on the basis of an annealing schedule. That makes an SA-Gibbs sampling structure. We are pleased that Carley thinks our findings stronger than we did, but we aimed to err on the side of caution. Kiser, too, thinks the claims weaker than they need be, referring to the widespread opinion that AJS is more eclectic substantively and stylistically than other leading sociology journals. If AJS shows some minimal degree of rigidification, weren't others probably more rigid? Again, we preferred to err on the side of caution. We should reiterate that we chose to study a single journal to try to "control out" other kinds of variation, and that of course one would have to extend the analysis elsewhere to feel confident about it. Note that Franzosi also chides us for being cautious, which he interprets as being ambiguous. This worry about strength of findings is the common issue, to which we return in a moment.
Need for Cognition: An Individual Differences Approach to Understanding Warning Effectiveness

Research has shown that trait individual differences in need for cognition influence the evaluation of persuasive messages. Product warning instructions can be considered a form of persuasive message because a goal of warnings is to change attitudes and alter behavior. This research investigated the relationship between need for cognition scores and rating and recall measures of warning quality and effectiveness. Product warning instructions were presented with and without injury outcome statistics, which may act as a heuristic cue in the persuasion process. Results showed that individuals higher in need for cognition recalled more warnings that contained statistics and judged all types of warnings as more important. The potential for individual differences to help explain warning effectiveness is discussed.
A simple technique using an optomotor response for visual psychophysical measurements in animals.

Abstract A method is described for rapidly determining certain visual parameters in animals. It uses the optokinetic or optomotor responses and involves having the stimulus of interest travel in one direction around the animal, while a standard grating of adjustable contrast travels in the other direction. The amount of contrast of the standard grating necessary to match the stimulus of interest is compared under different stimulus conditions. This method can be applied to measurements of color vision, modulation transfer function, and spectral sensitivity, and readily lends itself to screening large numbers of animals.
Light emission during direct and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in ultra thin MOS tunnel junctions

Abstract Light emission from silicon/silicon dioxide/metal tunnel junctions is shown to cover a wide wavelength range from to infrared into the near-ultraviolet. The energy of the emitted light increases with increasing junction bias. This behavior appears to be consistent with calculations for light emission from direct conduction to conduction band transition of the hot electrons after tunneling into the silicon.
Religion, Political Discourse, and Activism Among Varying Racial/Ethnic Groups in America

The current study assesses the roles that political encouragement from clergy and lay involvement in political discussions play in the political and civic activism of varying racial/ethnic groups. Congregants are likely to participate in varying forms of activism when asked by clergy because of the high levels of trust that Americans have in their clergy and because political appeals are often communicated in a culturally relevant manner. In addition, participation in political discussions within houses of worship is likely to increase a sense of political agency and efficacy. For almost all groups, lay political deliberation is associated with activism. However, while political encouragement from clergy is associated with Black and Hispanic activism, it plays a negligible role in motivating Whites and Caribbean Blacks to action. Ideological symmetry between clergy and congregants may explain the degree to which political appeals from clergy motivate varying racial/ethnic groups to action.
Material and Electrical Properties of Gate Dielectrics Grown by Rapid Thermal Processing

The material and electrical characteristics of silicon dielectric films prepared via Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) are described. A commercial RTP system with heat provided by tungsten-halogen lamps was used. Silicon dioxide films were grown in pure oxygen and in oxygen with 4% hydrogen chloride ambients. As grown films were either annealed in a nitrogen ambient or nitrided in an ammonia ambient. Film thickness ranges from 4 to 70 nm for RTP times from 0 to 300 s at 1150 C. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage methods were used for electrical characteristics. Ellipsometry, Auger and TEM were used for material characterization.
A comparison of ribosomal gene amplification in uni- and multinucleolate oocytes.

Abstract The amplification of ribosomal RNA cistrons could not be demonstrated in the uni-nucleolate oocyte of the starfish, Asterias forbesii, by methods which demonstrate gene amplification in other forms which contain multinucleolate oocytes. RNA-DNA hybridization and ribosomal DNA satellite density failed to demonstrate the presence of excess DNA in the germinal vesicle as has been found in certain amphibians and insects. Ovarian ribosomal cistron amplification was found in a previously unreported form, the teleost, Roccus saxatilis. The results suggest that multiple nucleoli, or extensive and diffuse RNA granular bodies in oocyte development, are indicative of ribosomal gene amplification. Single, compact nucleoli in oogenesis may indicate the lack of such amplification mechanisms.
Increases in core body temperature precede hot flashes in a prostate cancer patient.

Objective: An effective and safe alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy for hot flashes is needed for cancer patients. Interventions targeting the triggering mechanisms of hot flashes hold promise. Increases in core body temperature are a precursor of most hot flashes in women, and similar findings in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy would support further research in this area. We present preliminary findings of physiological changes in a prostate cancer patient with frequent hot flashes. Methods: Physiological changes in sternal skin conductance, heart rate, and core body temperature were continuously measured during two 3.5 h laboratory sessions. Perceived characteristics of hot flashes were recorded in a diary. Results: Five hot flashes were reported during laboratory sessions. Severity and bother ratings were low. All hot flashes were accompanied by large increases in sternal skin conductance and moderate increases in heart rate. Core body temperature increased 0.11–0.32°C prior to and fell 0.23–0.44°C following the peak increase in skin conductance. Conclusions: This case study suggests that hot flashes in men may be preceded by increases in core body temperature. Identification of behavioral factors that raise core body temperature may lead to specific treatment strategies to reduce the frequency of hot flashes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the Care of Patients With Stage IB Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Role of Prognostic Signatures and Use of Cell Cycle Progression Biomarkers

Abstract Patients with non–small-cell lung cancer have relatively poor survival outcomes after surgery (overall 5-year survival rate 4 cm, blood vessel invasion, visceral pleural invasion, and incomplete lymph node dissection. A new risk stratification tool based on the expression of cell cycle genes recently has become available. Assessment of cell cycle gene expression may provide useful prognostic and predictive data when considered along with existing prognostic indicators to help identify patients with a poor prognosis and highly proliferative disease who would benefit the most from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Statistics of solubilities of ternary elements in intermetallic compounds

La solubilite d'un element C dans un compose A x B y se produit probablement si le compose A x C y a la meme structure cristalline que A x B y . Verification de cette hypothese sur plusieurs composes intermetalliques
The regulatory effect of estrogens on fetal growth. IV. Brain development in growth accelerated fetuses in rabbits

Brain weights and DNA, RNA, and total protein concentrations were determined on 31-day-old fetuses whose growth had been accelerated incidental to estrogen deficiency following maternal oophorectomy. Compared to controls, there were no differences in the DNA, RNA, or total protein concentrations, although the mean brain weight was increased. The higher mean brain weight in the growth accelerated fetuses was related to the increased mean fetal weight, and did not represent an independent response to the estrogen deficiency. A comparison of the influence of fetal weight versus gestational age on the weight of the fetal brain shows that gestational age exerts an effect apart from that of fetal weight.
Protein-linked RNA of poliovirus is competent to form an initiation complex of translation in vitro.

Poliovirus RNA that had been labelled with 125I in the 5′-terminal protein (VPg) was found competent to form an initiation complex of translation in a cell-free reticulocyte lysate. In conditions of ribosome binding, no cleavage occurred between VPg and RNA. We conclude that removal of VPg from poliovirus RNA is not a prerequisite for this RNA to initiate translation in vitro.
Tuberculosis control: past 10 years and future progress

The number of countries implementing directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) has grown rapidly in the past decade and more than 10 million patients have now been treated under DOTS. While global case detection rates increased slightly, from 35% to 40% between 1995 and 2000, the proportion attributable to DOTS grew from less than one-third to more than two-thirds. DOTS is replacing inferior treatment but still treating fewer than 40% of estimated new TB cases. Misconceptions threaten to undermine continued success in tuberculosis control. The first misconception is that treatment observation is unnecessary. Treatment observation needs to be made more patient-friendly, but must not be abandoned. The second misconception is that health care reform will strengthen tuberculosis control. TB control is essentially a management problem. Greater accountability of governments, donors and providers is essential. A third misconception is to focus on treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) cases without addressing the root causes of MDRTB. While it is important, on a clinical basis and epidemiologically in some contexts, to care optimally for patients with MDRTB, it is more important to address the cause of MDRTB and to fix the program generating MDRTB. The fourth misconception is an inordinate concern for sustainability. Delaying assistance will make implementation and sustainability in the future more difficult. Tuberculosis control is remarkably inexpensive and cost-effective, but efforts will fail unless programs have the ability to hire staff, purchase supplies, and contract for services efficiently. Critical issues for the future of tuberculosis control are sustained funding, technical rigor, and good management.
Issues inherent in the multicultural feminist couple treatment of African-American, same-gender loving female adult survivors of child sexual abuse.

This manuscript focuses on four potential stumbling blocks in the multicultural feminist couple treatment of African-American, same-gender loving female adult child sexual abuse survivors: (1) gender roles; (2) "coming out" to self, family, and the community; (3) lesbian couple relationships; and (4) the expression of lesbian sexuality. These four potential barriers to therapeutic outcome within the context of multicultural feminist couple treatment needs to be systematically addressed during the provision of culturally-informed clinical services to African-American, same-gender loving female adult child sexual abuse survivors. The nature and impact of feminism on the family, as an institution, served as the framework for this discussion. Language: en
Adaptation of human pineal melatonin suppression by recent photic history.

The human circadian pacemaker controls the timing of the release of the pineal hormone melatonin, which promotes sleep, decreases body temperature, and diminishes cognitive performance. Abnormal melatonin secretion has been observed in psychiatric and circadian disorders. Although melatonin secretion is directly suppressed by exposure to light in a nonlinear intensity-dependent fashion, little research has focused on the effect of prior photic history on this response. We examined eight subjects in controlled laboratory conditions using a within-subjects design. Baseline melatonin secretion was monitored under constant routine conditions and compared with two additional constant routines with a fixed light stimulus for 6.5 h of 200 lux (50 μW/cm2) after approximately 3 d of photic exposure during the subjective day of either about 200 lux (50 μW/cm2) or about 0.5 lux (0.15 μW/cm2). We found a significant increase in melatonin suppression during the stimulus after a prior photic history of approximately 0....
Derivation of the formalism for neutrino matter oscillations from the neutrino relativistic field equations.

We derive the standard formalism of Mikheyev, Smirnov, and Wolfenstein for the oscillation of neutrinos in matter taking into account the Lorentz and second-quantized structure of the neutrino fields. We consider neutrinos with Dirac or Majorana masses.