cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N epsilon-cyclosuccinyllysine: synthesis and formation from hemisuccinylated polylysine and its hapten conjugates with sulfamethoxazole during acid hydrolysis.

The novel amino acid Ne-cyclosuccinyllysine (4) forms as a side reaction during acid hydrolysis of Ne-hemisuccinylated succinylsulfamethoxazole−polylysine conjugates. The presence of 4 in hydrolysates can be obscured in amino acid analysis. Identification of 4 was based on chromatographic and electrophoretic comparisons with authentic Ne-cyclosuccinyllysine, which was synthesized in high yield by acid-catalyzed ring closure, under anhydrous conditions, of Ne-hemisuccinyl-l-lysine. The latter was prepared by an improved route, starting from N-α-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-l-lysine. The amount of 4 formed is influenced by the extent of succinylation and the conditions of hydrolysis and has reached 30 mol % of lysine. Both the hemisuccinyllysyl and the haptenized succinyllysyl residues participate in cyclization. This was confirmed by the synthesis and hydrolytic behavior of hemisuccinylated polylysine (n = 16) and N4,Ne-succinyl(sulfamethoxazole)(lysine). Formation of 4 can result in error in the estimation of ...
AGGREGATING BEHAVIOR OF UMBONIA CRASSICORNIS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE)

Individuals of Umbonia crassicornis Amyot and Serville (Homoptera: Membracidae) form aggregations both as nymphs and adults. Each adult female deposits one set of eggs and remains with them. Prior to egg hatching the female moves off the egg mass and makes a series of spiral bark slits with the ovipositor. First instar nymphs aggregate along these slits with the female positioned below the cluster. Adult females use the front tarsi to stroke the backs of moving nymphs to return them to the aggregation.Adult females remain with the nymphs until they become adults. Aggregations of adults fragment when sexually mature; mating takes place before and during dispersal. Mating behavior consists of four components, the precopulatory position being prolonged.
The political economy of inequality in the “age of extremes”

Massey spresidential address correctly points to growing economic inequality as one of the pressing issues of our day, but his analysis gives short shrift to the political institutions that underlie the economic trends. We supplement his analysis with a review of some of those institutions. In particular we point out how politics mediates between computerized production and inequality, between the segregation of education and inequality, and (drawing directly from American Apartheid) between housing markets and residential segregation.
Total pressure sensor results from the early operations phase of the MSX mission

The total pressure sensor (TPS) is one of ten contamination sensors aboard the midcourse space experiment (MSX) satellite. The TPS measures both the natural and spacecraft induced pressure environments. This paper presents a first look at the TPS data from the early operations phase of the MSX mission. Flight data are show to be in good agreement with the external contamination model predictions for MSX. TPS fluctuations are shown to be consistent with the venting characteristics of the Spirit III cryogenic cover. Data are presented which characterize and confirm the tumbling nature of the receding Spirit III cover upon its release. Finally, flight data over an orbital period are shown to conform to a bimodal pressure profile.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple-scale landscape predictors of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in North Carolina

Both riparian zone characteristics and watershed-wide landscape attributes affect the water quality of streams and rivers. Understanding the relative importance of these factors is significant for determining management and monitoring actions that adequately protect water quality and the ecological integrity of aquatic communities. In this study, we analyzed Geographic Information System-derived data to: (1) determine whether North Carolina benthic macroinvertebrate community structure is more closely correlated with landscape characteristics at the scale of riparian zones or entire watersheds; (2) understand which landscape attributes are correlated with aquatic invertebrate communities that reflect degraded stream conditions; (3) investigate whether the importance of streamside forest varies with watershed size. Watershed characteristics explained a greater amount of variability in macrobenthic community structure (69.5–75.4%) than riparian attributes (57.4–65.2%). While topographic complexity was the most important variable at all scales, different land cover characteristics were of secondary importance at both scales: developed land cover for watersheds, and forest cover at the riparian scale. The amount of riparian zone and watershed-wide forest cover accounted for more variability in small watersheds than in large watersheds.
Percutaneous Transgastric Technique for Creating Gastroenteric Anastomoses in Swine

PURPOSE To develop a percutaneous transgastric procedure for creating a stent-containing gastroenteric anastomosis (GEA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute experiments were performed on eight pigs. A 10-F gastroduodenostomy sheath was used to insert guide wires and targeting devices in the retrogastric jejunal loop; a 6.5-F sheathed trocar needle was then introduced through a second gastric sheath to puncture and catheterize the jejunum through the back of the stomach. Two special sliding anchor pairs were introduced through the catheter to "sandwich" the gastric sheath to the jejunal wall. The jejunum was catheterized a third time between the anchor sets to create a GEA tract for insertion of a stent. The animals were killed at various periods as long as 1 month after the experiments. RESULTS Snares were the most useful targeting devices for jejunal puncture. Single ( n = 1) and double ( n = 7) anchor-pair staples effectively prevented intraperitoneal leakage during and after insertion of 12-mm or 14-mm stents. Necropsy of six healthy animals at 5 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 4 weeks ( n = 3) showed well-developed patent GEA anastomoses. There was one anesthetic death; one animal was killed at 4 days for obstructive ileus after a difficult transgastric jejunal catheterization. CONCLUSIONS A GEA can be fashioned through a percutaneous gastrostomy with stapling anchors. This technique may have clinical applications for managing gastric outlet obstruction.
Genetics of the Long QT Syndrome

Long QT Syndrome. The application of molecular biology to human genetics has led to the development of a new field, human molecular genetics. This field has already had a dramatic impact on our understanding of cardiovascular disease and has helped improve diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. We have learned a great deal during the past decade about the long QT syndrome, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hypertension, and supravalvular aortic stenosis. In the coming decade, the pace of discovery will accelerate, offering new opportunities for the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Increasing the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized TiO2 photoelectrochemical cells by coupling to photonic crystals.

The mechanism of enhancing the light harvesting efficiency of dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells by coupling TiO2 inverse opals or disordered scattering layers to conventional nanocrystalline TiO2 films has been investigated. Monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) at dye-sensitized TiO2 inverse opals of varying stop band wavelengths and at disordered titania films was compared to the IPCE at bilayers of these structures coupled to nanocrystalline TiO2 films and to the IPCE at nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes. The results showed that the bilayer architecture, rather than enhanced light harvesting within the inverse opal structures, is responsible for the bulk of the gain in IPCE. Several mechanisms of light interaction in these structures, including localization of heavy photons near the edges of a photonic gap, Bragg diffraction in the periodic lattice, and multiple scattering events at disordered regions in the photonic crystal or at disordered films, lead ultimately to enhance...
Weakly nonlinear behavior of periodic disturbances in two-layer plane channel flow of upper-convected Maxwell liquids

Abstract The stability of a plane Couette-Poiseuille flow consisting of two layers of different fluids is analyzed. The fluids have different viscosities, densities and relaxation times and there is surface tension at the interface. The center manifold reduction method is used to derive the final amplitude evolution equation. The nonlinear calculations are carried out with two alternative approaches. One approach is to keep the combined volume flux fixed, and the other is to keep the pressure gradient in the horizontal direction fixed. Numerical results are presented for the one-fluid Poiseuille flow, and some two-layer Poiseuille flows with reference to co-extrusion through a slit die. Situations with subcritical and supercritical bifurcations are described.
Acute microwave injury to the hand

An acute microwave oven burn injury to the hand resulting in second- and third-degree burns to the left long finger is presented. Excision and coverage using a cross-finger flap resulted in full return of function. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the extent of tissue necrosis, we recommend hospitalization for most microwave injuries where obvious soft tissue damage has been sustained.
J. S. Mill on Coolie Labour and Voluntary Slavery

This article discusses John Stuart Mill's voluntary slavery argument in On Liberty. The author shows that standard interpretations of the argument rely on the assumption that part of Mill's objection to voluntary slavery is the permanent nature of the decision. However, in correspondence, Mill also objects to voluntary ‘coolie’ labour contracts, which he regards as a form of slavery. This produces difficulties for standard interpretations of the voluntary slavery argument. Finally, the author provides a revised interpretation of Mill's argument to solve this problem.
Esr spin trapping evidence for SO.-3 and .OH radicals in sulfite oxidation

Electron spin resonanee (ESR) spin trapping experimenss have been carried out to investigate the mechanism of sulfite oxidation employing 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroine-1-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trap. The results show that sulfite autoxidation, catalyzed by Mn(II), involves not only the SO.- 3 radicals but also the .OH radicals. An addition of H2O2 to the sulfite aqueous medium significantly increases the .OH radical formation. This result provides new clues to the chemical mechanism of the sulfite oxidation and the sulfite toxicity.
Melanoma in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Patients

The family practitioner, pediatrician, and dermatologist all have potential roles in the primary prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of localized thin melanomas. Surgical and medical oncologists are often involved when controversy arises over the nature of the skin lesion or whether sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsies and adjuvant therapy are to be contemplated. This overview of melanoma will deal with the primary and nodal pathology, surgery, and medical therapy of melanoma in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients—and will raise areas of controversy that are only recently being addressed in databases of cases from this age group.
The relation of phenomenal brightness reversal and re-reversal to backward masking and recovery

Three recent experiments have demonstrated that a visual target suppressed through backward masking can be recovered by the introduction of a second mask. Present theories of backward masking cannot account for this since they assume that a masked target has no representation in the visual system. Amechanism is suggested to account for both visual backward masking and recovery in terms of lateral inhibition. Experimental evidenc e is offered in support of the hypothesized mechanism.
Biodegradation of a Ternary Mixture of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic VOCs in Trickle Bed Air Biofilters

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the degradation of a ternary mixture of n-hexane, benzene, and methanol fed to two Trickle Bed Air Biofilters (TBABs) designated as “A” and “B”. Both TBABs were loaded with pelletized diatomaceous earth support media and run at an empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 120 s. TBABs “A” and “B” were operated at pH 4 and fed with n-hexane:benzene:methanol (CH:CB:CM) concentrations ratios of 1:3:10 and 1:3:6.6, respectively under different loading rates. The influent total loading rates varied from 39.2 to 117.7 g/m3h and from 32 to 96.4 g/m3h for TBABs “A” and “B”, respectively. In both TBABs, methanol and benzene were the most eliminated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while the removal of n-hexane was controlled by the VOCs ratios. Higher removal efficiencies were obtained for the VOCs ratio of 1:3:6.6 corresponding to a total VOCs load of 96.4 g/m3h. The addition of VOCs mixture to the TBABs resulted in change of the fungi community within the TBABs as compared to the fungi community when the TBABs were previously receiving only n-hexane as a sole substrate.
A simple starch-gel electrophoretic method to investigate esterase inhibition by common organic insecticides

Starch-gel e lectrophoret ic methods to resolve components os complex prote in mixtures are avai lable to use in analyzing serum from many species, but most analyses are involved and time consuming. Also present starch-gel e lectrophoret ic techniques (6, 7, 8, 9) used to separate blood proteins obtained from Tenebrio mel i tor (L.) larvae give poor separation os components. The obj ec t i ve of this work was to simplify and accelerate the conven-
Lisofylline: a potential lead for the treatment of diabetes.

Lisofylline (LSF), a synthetic modified methylxanthine, was originally designed and tested as an agent to reduce mortality during serious infections associated with cancer chemotherapy. Experimental studies and several clinical trials showed that LSF inhibited the generation of phosphatidic acid and free fatty acids. LSF also blocked the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in oxidative tissue injury, in response to cancer chemotherapy and in experimental sepsis. Recent research has revealed a new potential to extend the therapeutic application of LSF especially for diabetes mellitus. These new studies demonstrate multiple actions of LSF in the regulation of immune cell function and autoimmune response by inhibition of IL-12 signalling and cytokine production. Supporting the new potential for LSF is the discovery of beneficial effects in protecting pancreatic β cells and in preventing autoimmunity. In this article, these new observations about LSF are reviewed and a strategy proposed for using this compound in new clinical applications. LSF may, thus, have therapeutic value in the prevention of autoimmune disorders, including Type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune recurrence following islet transplantation, and in preservation of β cell functional mass during islet isolation.
Do students develop better motivational interviewing skills through role-play with standardised patients or with student colleagues?

Objective Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the USA and reducing the number of smokers by 50% is among the goals of the Healthy People 2010 initiative. Despite its importance, few medical students receive formal training in smoking cessation counselling. Motivational interviewing is a patient-centred, but directive, method of counselling that has been found to be more effective than giving brief advice for motivating smokers to quit. We wanted to determine whether using standardised patients to teach this skill to Year 3 medical students would be more effective than using student role-plays. Methods We conducted a randomised, controlled trial of 93 Year 3 family medicine clerkship students at our medical school between July 2003 and July 2004. The control group (n = 46) practised motivational interviewing with one another and the intervention group (n = 47) practised with standardised patients trained in motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. At the end of the study all the students conducted an interview with a different standardised patient that was videotaped. The primary outcome was analysis by a trained masked evaluator of the quality of a final videotaped interview using the motivational interviewing treatment integrity code (MITI), which assesses the quality of the interview according to 6 different criteria. Results There was no significant difference between the control and intervention groups in the final analyses of the interviews. Conclusions According to MITI scores, standardised patient role-plays are similar in effectiveness to student role-plays when teaching basic motivational interviewing skills for smoking cessation to Year 3 medical students.
Viewpoint manifolds for action recognition

Action recognition from video is a problem that has many important applications to human motion analysis. In real-world settings, the viewpoint of the camera cannot always be fixed relative to the subject, so view-invariant action recognition methods are needed. Previous view-invariant methods use multiple cameras in both the training and testing phases of action recognition or require storing many examples of a single action from multiple viewpoints. In this paper, we present a framework for learning a compact representation of primitive actions (e.g., walk, punch, kick, sit) that can be used for video obtained from a single camera for simultaneous action recognition and viewpoint estimation. Using our method, which models the low-dimensional structure of these actions relative to viewpoint, we show recognition rates on a publicly available dataset previously only achieved using multiple simultaneous views.
Moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure induces sex differences in dopamine d1 receptor binding in adult rhesus monkeys.

Background We examined the effects of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and/or prenatal stress exposure on (D1R) binding in a non human primate model. The dopamine D1R is involved in executive function, and it may play a role in cognitive behavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol and/or stress exposure. Little is known, however, about the effects of prenatal alcohol and/or stress exposure on the D1R. We expected that prenatal insults would lead to alterations in D1R binding in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum in adulthood. Methods Rhesus macaque females were randomly assigned to moderate alcohol exposure and/or mild prenatal stress as well as a control condition during pregnancy. Thirty-eight offspring were raised identically and studied as adults by noninvasive in vivo neuroimaging using positron emission tomography with the D1 antagonist radiotracer [11C]SCH 23390. Radiotracer binding in PFC and striatum was evaluated by 2 (alcohol) × 2 (stress) × 2 (sex) analysis of variance. Results In PFC, a significant alcohol × sex interaction was observed with prenatal alcohol exposure leading to increased [11C]SCH 23390 binding in male monkeys. No main effect of prenatal alcohol or prenatal stress exposure was observed. Conclusions These results suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure results in long-term increases in prefrontal dopamine D1R binding in males. This may help explain gender differences in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders consequent to prenatal alcohol exposure.
Rigidity, Secondary Structure, and the Universality of the Boson Peak in Proteins

Complementary neutron- and light-scattering results on nine proteins and amino acids reveal the role of rigidity and secondary structure in determining the time- and lengthscales of low-frequency collective vibrational dynamics in proteins. These dynamics manifest in a spectral feature, known as the boson peak (BP), which is common to all disordered materials. We demonstrate that BP position scales systematically with structural motifs, reflecting local rigidity: disordered proteins appear softer than α-helical proteins; which are softer than β-sheet proteins. Our analysis also reveals a universal spectral shape of the BP in proteins and amino acid mixtures; superimposable on the shape observed in typical glasses. Uniformity in the underlying physical mechanism, independent of the specific chemical composition, connects the BP vibrations to nanometer-scale heterogeneities, providing an experimental benchmark for coarse-grained simulations, structure/rigidity relationships, and engineering of proteins for novel applications.
Short-term stability of task-generated, interactional patterns in families of schizophrenic patients

Both researchers and therapists who study schizophrenia make inferences about enduring family roles from observed patterns of interactional talking behavior within families. Evidence regarding the stability of these patterns is rarely investigated. The present study examined the short-term stability of intrafamilial speech patterns (who talks to whom) across two consecutive discussions. The sample was composed of families containing a recent-onset, adult schizophrenic patient. All discussions involved two biological parents and a young adult patient (N = 28). Families were classified into one of three interactional role-structure categories based on the intrafamilial speech patterns in two 10-minute discussions obtained in the same session. In addition, the affective style (Doane, West, Goldstein, et al., 1981) of the content of the discussions was coded. The results indicated that intrafamilial speech patterns were relatively stable across two discussions despite variations in the focus of the problem discussed. Further, when one parent was predominant in the discussion, a higher rate of negative affective statements was observed than when both parents were equal participants. The results provide further support for the use of discussion tasks in generating meaningful family interaction data.
THE CONVERSION OF FAT TO CARBOHYDRATE IN THE GERMINATING CASTOR BEAN : III. THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, AND CORRELATION WITH RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE.

1. Analyses for fat (ether extract), protein (N x 6.25), sugar including glucose, crude fiber, and ash have been made on all stages of the germinating castor bean up to 250 mm. length of hypocotyl and root system. 2. There is a continual decrease in the amount of fat present in the whole germinating seedling, and a continual increase in the amount of sugar up to about 40 per cent (dry weight) at a hypocotyl length of 80 to 140 mm., after which it decreases as crude fiber (cellulose) increases. The most rapid decrease in fat content coincides roughly with the most rapid increase of sugar. 3. The carbon balance between fat loss and carbohydrate (including fiber) gain is not at all close, except at the very beginning of growth. An undetermined residue occurs, which increases steadily along with the total carbohydrate and accounts for more and more of the carbon. 4. The protein content which in the ungerminated bean is about 26 per cent, at first falls a little and then rather steadily increases to reach nearly 35 per cent (dry) at the last stages studied. The most plausible explanation of this is the occurrence of more and more volatile substance which is lost in drying. 5. The ash increases irregularly but in the end shows about the same ratio of increase as the protein. 6. Respiration studies on several lots of these beans at different stages of germination exhibited the same low respiratory quotients as reported in Paper I. Comparing their composition at the end of the respiration period with that of corresponding stages when the period began, the chemical change can be compared with the respiratory exchange. 7. A trial balance of all the carbon changes including the respiratory carbon and protein carbon is not very satisfactory, because of our ignorance of the undetermined residue. 8. The respiratory quotient found can be accounted for quite satisfactorily on the assumption that two out of six molecules of ricinoleic acid are converted to cane sugar, one to cellulose, and three are oxidized. 9. The oxygen needed to produce the quantities of known carbohydrate found, added to that used for combustion, and the total subtracted from the observed loss from the respired air yields in two experiments a quantity which, combined with the excess carbon, suggests that the undetermined substance may be an oxidation product of pentose.
RNA pattern of 'swine' influenza virus isolated from man is similar to those of other swine influenza viruses.

IN February 1976, during an epidemic of influenza among military recruits at Fort Dix, New Jersey, five virus isolates were obtained which contained haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens indistinguishable from those of isolates of swine influenza virus1. Subsequent evidence of elevated serum antibody titre against ‘swine’ influenza virus in hundreds of individuals at Fort Dix2 prompted the US government to launch a national immunisation programme against ‘swine’ influenza virus. One current theory suggests that new, pandemic strains of influenza virus result from genetic recombination of human influenza A viruses and strains of virus that are resident in animal populations3,4. According to this hypothesis, recombinants may emerge containing genes derived from the animal virus which code for novel surface proteins, and genes derived from the human virus which confer properties of virulence in man. We have demonstrated that the genetic composition of recombinant viruses could be determined by comparison of RNA patterns of recombinant and parent viruses on urea–polyacrylamide gels5–7. We have therefore used the same techniques to explore the possibility that the ‘swine’ virus isolated from recruits at Fort Dix is a recombinant of swine influenza virus from pigs and H3N2 influenza A virus currently prevalent in man.
Activation of bradykinin B1 receptor by ACE inhibitors.

ACE or kininase II inhibitors are very important, widely used therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although they inhibit ACE, thus, angiotensin II release and bradykinin (BK) inactivation, this inhibition alone does not suffice to explain their successful application in medical practice. Enalaprilat and other ACE inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations activate the BK B1 receptor directly in the absence of ACE and the peptide ligands, des-Arg-kinins. The inhibitors activate at the Zn-binding pentameric consensus sequence HEXXH (195–199) of B1, a motif also present in the active centers of ACE but absent from the BK B2 receptor. ACE inhibitors, when activating the B1 receptor, elevate intracellular calcium [Ca 2+ ]i and release NO from cultured cells. Activation by ACE inhibitor was abolished by Ca–EDTA, a B1 receptor antagonist, by a synthetic undecapeptide representing the 192–202 sequence in the B1 receptor, and by site-directed mutagenesis of H 195 to A. With the exception of the B1 receptor blocker, these agents and the mutation did not affect the actions of the peptide ligand desArg 10 -Lys 1 -BK. Ischemia and inflammatory cytokines induce B1 receptors and elevate its expression. Direct activation of the B1 receptor by ACE inhibitors can contribute to their therapeutic efficacy, for example, by releasing NO in vascular beds, or to some of their side effects. D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Attentional Engagement in Infancy: The Interactive Influence of Attentional Inertia and Attentional State

We evaluated the interactive influences of attentional state and attentional inertia on infants' level of attentional engagement. We assessed infants' distraction latencies longitudinally at 6.5 and 9 months as they explored toys, and we coded both their attentional state (focused vs. casual) and how long they had been looking at the toy at each distractor onset. Consistent with previous results, both attentional state and attentional inertia contributed to differences in distraction latency. Importantly, the level of attentional engagement was interactively determined by attentional state and attentional inertia. Infants were most resistant to distraction when they were judged to be in a state of focused attention following relatively long looks to the toy, and they were equivalently less resistant to distraction under all other conditions. These results are consistent with a general conceptualization of attentional engagement resulting from the interaction of multiple processes.
Delayed cord clamping with and without cord stripping: a prospective randomized trial of preterm neonates

Objective Autologous blood transfusion from the placenta to the neonate at birth has been proven beneficial. Transfusion can be accomplished by either delayed cord clamping or cord stripping. Both are equally effective in previous randomized trials. We hypothesized that combining these 2 techniques would further improve outcomes in preterm neonates. Study Design This was a prospective randomized trial for singleton deliveries with estimated gestational ages between 22 and 31 6/7 weeks. The control protocol required a 30-second delayed cord clamping, whereas the test protocol instructed a concurrent cord stripping during the delay. The primary outcome was initial fetal hematocrit. We also examined secondary outcomes of neonatal mortality, length of time on the ventilator, days to discharge, peak bilirubin, number of phototherapy days, and neonatal complication rates. Results Of the 67 patients analyzed, 32 were randomized to the control arm and 35 were randomized to the test arm. The gestational ages and fetal weights were similar between the arms. Mean hematocrit of the control arm was 47.75%, and the mean hematocrit for the test arm was 47.71% ( P = .98). These results were stratified by gestational age, revealing the infants less than 28 weeks had an average hematocrit of 41.2% in the control arm and 44.7% in the test arm ( P = .12). In the infants with gestational ages of 28 weeks or longer, the control arm had an average hematocrit of 52.9%, which was higher than the test arm, which averaged 49.5% ( P = .04). The control arm received an average of 1.53 blood transfusions, whereas the test arm received 0.97 ( P = .33). The control arm had 3 neonatal deaths, and the test arm had none ( P = .10). The average number of days until discharge was 71.2 for the control arm and 67.8 for the test arm ( P = .66). The average number of days on the ventilator was 4.86 for the control arm and 3.06 for the test arm ( P = .34). Conclusion Adding cord stripping to the delayed cord clamp does not result in an increased hematocrit. Data suggest trends in lower mortality and higher hematocrit in neonates born less than 28 weeks, but these were not statistically significant.
Reciprocal Relations Between Objectively Measured Sleep Patterns and Diurnal Cortisol Rhythms in Late Adolescence

Abstract Purpose To examine how hours of sleep and wake times relate to between-person differences and day-to-day changes in diurnal cortisol rhythms in late adolescence. Methods Older adolescents (N = 119) provided six cortisol samples (wakeup, +30 minutes, +2 hours, +8 hours, +12 hours, and bedtime) on each of three consecutive days while wearing an actigraph. We examined how average (across 3 days) and day-to-day changes in hours of sleep and wake times related to diurnal cortisol patterns. Results On average, more hours of sleep related to steeper decline in cortisol across the days. Day-to-day analyses revealed that the hours of sleep of the previous night predicted steeper diurnal slopes the next day, whereas greater waking cortisol levels and steeper slopes predicted more hours of sleep and a later wake time the next day. Conclusion Our results suggest a bidirectional relationship between sleep and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
Role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in estradiol-17β-stimulated bovine satellite cell proliferation.

In feedlot steers, estradiol-17β (E2) and combined E2 and trenbolone acetate (a testosterone analog) implants enhance rate and efficiency of muscle growth; and, consequently, these compounds are widely used as growth promoters. Although the positive effects of E2 on rate and efficiency of bovine muscle growth are well established, the mechanisms involved in these effects are not well understood. Combined E2 and trenbolone acetate implants result in significantly increased muscle satellite cell number in feedlot steers. Additionally, E2 treatment stimulates proliferation of cultured bovine satellite cells (BSC). Studies in nonmuscle cells have shown that binding of E2 to G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-1 results in activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2/9) resulting in proteolytic release of heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (hbEGF) from the cell surface. Released hbEGF binds to and activates the epidermal growth factor receptor resulting in increased proliferation. To assess if GPER-1, MMP2/9, and/or hbEGF are involved in the mechanism of E2-stimulated BSC proliferation, we have examined the effects of G36 (a specific inhibitor of GPER-1), CRM197 (a specific inhibitor of hbEGF), and MMP-2/MMP-9 Inhibitor II (an inhibitor of MMP2/9 activity) on E2-stimulated BSC proliferation. Inhibition of GPER-1, MMP2/9, or hbEGF suppresses E2-stimulated BSC proliferation (P < 0.001) suggesting that all these are required in order for E2 to stimulate BSC proliferation. These results strongly suggest that E2 may stimulate BSC proliferation by binding to GPER-1 resulting in MMP2/9-catalyzed release of cell membrane-bound hbEGF and subsequent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor by binding of released hbEGF.
Preimplantation genetics: a case for prospective action.

Preimplantation genetics describes a newly-emerging field in medical genetics, the consequence of the implementation of clinical preimplantation diagnosis and the likely future development of germ-line gene therapy. Given the existing clinical and laboratory difficulties already demonstrated in preimplantation diagnosis and the sensitive ethical issues surrounding genetic manipulation of human embryos, there is a need for 1) critical and objective evaluation of developments in this field by human and medical geneticists and 2) development of guidelines for research and clinical practice in the years ahead. We propose a course of prospective action for preimplantation genetics implemented through the newly-formed American College of Medical Genetics in order to address the ethics, safety, accuracy, cost, and overall merit of preimplantation genetics. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Medical school pressures and their relationship to anxiety

This study examined the relative importance of medical school pressures according to their relationship with symptoms of anxiety, as evaluated by a standardized/normative measure of anxiety. As many as 206 (34 per cent) of the total sample (N = 605) of students reported symptoms of anxiety above the median of a normative population of psychiatric outpatients. Using multiple regression, six medical school experiences significantly accounted for 36 per cent of the variance in anxiety scores. These included: perceived threat, mastering knowledge, anonymity, little time for personal activities, peer competition, and long hours. These results are important for two reasons. Contrary to the traditional belief that stressful experiences are necessary for future medical practice, research suggests that stress and anxiety are major causes of cognitive dysfunction. The identification of those experiences that are most anxiety provoking should help therapists and educators to develop intervention strategies in order to reduce anxiety and increase the quality of medical education.
Determinants of ingestion rates in filter‐feeding larval blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae)

SUMMARY 1. The functional response of the filter-feeding blackfly larva Frosimulium mixtum/fuscum was examined in laboratory experiments. We focused on the relationship between a component of the particle handling process (the cephalic fan flick rate) and ingestion rate, to determine whether ingestion rate is limited by handling-time. The influence of food deprivation on ingestion rate and feeding efficiency also was assessed. 2. Ingestion rate rose asymptotically with increasing food availability, leveling off at a concentration of about 100 mg1−1. Satiation did not account for this plateau. Flick rate (the frequency with which larvae open and close their cephalic fans) increased in a similar fashion, though flick rate only accounted for about two-thirds of the variation in ingestion rate. 3. A simple equation describing the components of the feeding process in blackfly larvae was developed to investigate alternate flick rate ‘decision rules’ capable of predicting relationships between food concentration, flick rate and ingestion rate. The flick rate did not follow a fixed time rule, in which larvae allow particles to accumulate in the fan for a fixed amount of time prior to retraction. For most food densities, flick rate patterns more closely approximated a fixed number rule, in which fans are retracted after a fixed number of particles accumulate. 4. Flick rate rose with increasing food concentration even after the ingestion rate had levelled off, whereas several optimal filter-feeding models predict that filtering rate should decline as food concentration increases above this level. This predicted behavior was not observed because the number of particles ingested per flick failed to increase with increasing food concentration. 5. The efficiency of particle ingestion (number ingested × number available−1× 100) was very low (<0.1%), and declined with increasing food concentration. 6. An increase in food deprivation time prior to a feeding trial produced a significant increase in flick rate, ingestion rate and feeding efficiency. This adjustment of feeding behaviour allowed animals to replace their gut contents more quickly following longer periods of food deprivation, which agrees with the qualitative predictions of optimal digestion-time models.
Retrieval of areal-averaged spectral surface albedo from transmission data alone: computationally simple and fast approach

We introduce and evaluate a simple retrieval of areal-averaged surface albedo using ground-based measurements of atmospheric transmission alone at five wavelengths (415, 500, 615, 673 and 870nm), under fully overcast conditions. Our retrieval is based on a one-line semi-analytical equation and widely accepted assumptions regarding the weak spectral dependence of cloud optical properties, such as cloud optical depth and asymmetry parameter, in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. To illustrate the performance of our retrieval, we use as input measurements of spectral atmospheric transmission from the Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR). These MFRSR data are collected at two well-established continental sites in the United States supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The areal-averaged albedos obtained from the MFRSR are compared with collocated and coincident Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) white-sky albedo. In particular, these comparisons are made at four MFRSR wavelengths (500, 615, 673 and 870nm) and for four seasons (winter, spring, summer and fall) at the ARM site using multi-year (2008-2013) MFRSR and MODIS data. Good agreement, on average, for these wavelengths results in small values (≤0.015) of the corresponding root mean square errors (RMSEs) for these two sites. The obtained RMSEs are comparable with those obtained previously for the shortwave albedos (MODIS-derived versus tower-measured) for these sites during growing seasons. We also demonstrate good agreement between tower-based daily-averaged surface albedos measured for “nearby” overcast and non-overcast days. Thus, our retrieval originally developed for overcast conditions likely can be extended for non-overcast days by interpolating between overcast retrievals.
Synthesis, transport and fate of acetylcholinesterase in cultured chick embryo muscle cells

We have found that approximately one third of the total cell-associated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is located on the plasma membrane of cultured chick embryo muscle, the remaining two thirds being found within the cells. This cell surface AChE appears to be an integral membrane protein. The surface enzyme is synthesized by the muscle cells in culture and is transported over a 2-3 hr period to the plasma membrane, where it accumulates at the rate of 2-3% of total surface AChE per hour. Once on the plasma membrane the AChE molecules are degraded by a process that exhibits first-order decay kinetics with a half-life of about 50 hr. Under the same experimental conditions, the acetylcholine receptor, a well described muscle cell integral membrane protein, has a half-life of approximately 19 hr. These studies provide the first direct evidence that the numbers of different muscle plasma membrane glycoprotein molecules are determined not only by differential rates of biosynthesis but also by differential rates of degradation. The intracellular AChE constitutes a rapidly turning-over pool of molecules. The rate of synthesis of AChE in culture is approximately 20% of the total cell-associated enzyme per hour, most of which is destined for secretion into the medium. Only a small portion of the newly synthesized AChE is retained on the plasma membrane. The time from synthesis to release of the enzyme is 2-3 hr. Using 3H-DFP to label the newly synthesized AChE, we can also show a quantitative transfer of AChE molecules from the intracellular to the extracellular compartments without any detectable residence time on the plasma membrane. By studying the synthesis transport and externalization of AChE we have defined the intracellular transport pathway and metabolic requirements for secretion in cultured muscle cells. These studies form the basis for a comparison of the metabolism of membrane-bound and secreted glycoproteins from this cell type.
Resistance in Multicultural Courses Student, Faculty, and Classroom Dynamics

This article explores the objectives and classroom dynamics of multicultural courses, describes various forms of student resistance to these courses, and suggests methods of teaching that can prevent and alleviate student resistance. Teachers should anticipate resistance from students in courses on multiculturalism and can view such challenges to the material or to the teacher as opportunities to make the issues relevant to the students' own experiences. Teaching preparation and techniques, including use of the syllabus as a guiding structure for the course, use of a case studies approach, short feedback evaluations, setting of ground rules for discussion, establishing a climate of trust and open inquiry, and using anecdotal texts to illustrate historical information are discussed as ways to engage students and work productively with resistance.
Inhibition of DNA Cross-linking by Mitomycin C by Peroxidase-mediated Oxidation of Mitomycin C Hydroquinone

Abstract Mitomycin C requires reductive activation to cross-link DNA and express anticancer activity. Reduction of mitomycin C (40 μm) by sodium borohydride (200 μm) in 20 mm Tris-HCl, 1 mm EDTA at 37 °C, pH 7.4, gives a 50–60% yield of the reactive intermediate mitomycin C hydroquinone. The hydroquinone decays with first order kinetics or pseudo first order kinetics with at of ∼15 s under these conditions. The cross-linking of T7 DNA in this system followed matching kinetics, with the conversion of mitomycin C hydroquinone to leuco-aziridinomitosene appearing to be the rate-determining step. Several peroxidases were found to oxidize mitomycin C hydroquinone to mitomycin C and to block DNA cross-linking to various degrees. Concentrations of the various peroxidases that largely blocked DNA cross-linking, regenerated 10–70% mitomycin C from the reduced material. Thus, significant quantities of products other than mitomycin C were produced by the peroxidase-mediated oxidation of mitomycin C hydroquinone or products derived therefrom. Variations in the sensitivity of cells to mitomycin C have been attributed to differing levels of activating enzymes, export pumps, and DNA repair. Mitomycin C hydroquinone-oxidizing enzymes give rise to a new mechanism by which oxic/hypoxic toxicity differentials and resistance can occur.
A serological and electrophoretic investigation of eastern North American Abies (Pinaceae).

Three taxa of the genus Abies occur in Eastern North America: A. balsamea (L.) Mill. var. balsamea, A. balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fern., and A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir. The occurrence of "intermediate" populations in the Mid-Appalachians has resulted in a confused literature concerning the delimitation and distribution of these taxa. Data obtained from serological and electrophoretic investigation of seed protein are presented which support results of independent studies by Myers and Bormann (1963) and Robinson and Thor (1969). These data indicate that A. b. var. balsamea and A. fraseri are closely related and recently segregated taxa and that A. b. var. phanerolepis is more closely related to A. b. var. balsamea than to A. fraseri and is not of hybrid origin.
Evolutionary Repercussions of Avian Culling on Host Resistance and Influenza Virulence

Background Keeping pandemic influenza at bay is a global health priority. Of particular concern is the continued spread of the influenza subtype H5N1 in avian populations and the increasing frequency of transmission to humans. To decrease this threat, mass culling is the principal strategy for eradicating influenza in avian populations. Although culling has a crucial short-term epidemiological benefit, evolutionary repercussions on reservoir hosts and on the viral population have not been considered. Methods and Findings To explore the epidemiological and evolutionary repercussions of mass avian culling, we combine population genetics and epidemiological influenza dynamics in a mathematical model parameterized by clinical, epidemiological, and poultry data. We model the virulence level of influenza and the selection on a dominant allele that confers resistance against influenza [1], [2] in a poultry population. Our findings indicate that culling impedes the evolution of avian host resistance against influenza. On the pathogen side of the coevolutionary race between pathogen and host, culling selects for heightened virulence and transmissibility of influenza. Conclusions Mass culling achieves a short-term benefit at the expense of long-term detriments: a more genetically susceptible host population, ultimately greater mortality, and elevated influenza virulence.
Freire, Neo‐Liberalism and Education

(1999). Freire, Neo‐Liberalism and Education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 5-20.
Growth Inhibitory Effect of Non-immune Lymphocytes on Tumour Cells, in vitro, in the Absence of Mitogenic Agents

LYMPHOCYTES from individuals previously immunized with allogeneic cells destroy such cells in vitro1. It is generally agreed, however, that lymphoid cells from non-immune donors are not active against allogeneic target cells unless cell contact between the two populations is promoted by the use of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or xenogeneic antibody2. Most experiments dealing with the consequence of mixing lymphocytes with allogeneic cells have been concerned with determining the presence or absence of target cell death, and only limited attention has been given to assessing the ability of target cells to grow during incubation with aggressor lymphocytes3,5. We describe here a marked cytostatic effect exerted on B16 mouse melanoma cells by non-immune lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice in the absence of PHA or other agents which promote cell contact.