cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of the mechanism of fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia in the rat

Carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia is easily produced in the rat, and fructose has been shown to be particularly potent in this regard. In this study we have compared the effects of feeding rats diets high (66% of total calories) in fructose or glucose on various aspects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The results confirmed previous observations that fructose (456 +/- 276 mg/dl) was more potent (p less than 0.001) in raising plasma TG concentration than was glucose (242 +/- 13 mg/dl), and indicated that the difference in magnitude of hypertriglyceridemia produced by the two carbohydrates was closely related to the ability of the test diets to increase VLDL-TG secretion (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001). Both glucose and fructose feeding led to comparable degrees of hyperinsulinemia, and plasma TG concentrations increased before hyperinsulinemia evolved in fructose-fed rats. Therefore, it was concluded that fructose can act directly on the liver to increase VLDL-TG secretion, and that fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia can occur in the absence of hyperinsulinemia. On the other hand, the rise in plasma TG concentration produced by fructose was reduced dramatically in exercise-trained rats, and this was associated with a decrease in plasma insulin concentration. Based upon these observations, we suggest that fructose feeding produces hypertriglyceridemia by directly stimulating hepatic VLDL-TG secretion, as well as by producing insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and that it is the combined effect of these two separate actions which accounts for the magnitude of fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
Social changes among youth: The United States experience☆

The tremendous increase in research on adolescence over the past 20 years, and especially the last decade, has produced a great deal of knowledge about adolescent development and the development of problems during adolescence. This new knowledge should lead to more effective interventions. Although more research is needed on basic developmental processes and context influences, this is especially the case in the area of effective interventions. The next decade may bring significant new knowledge that will dramatically improve the lives of young people in the United States. This is desperately needed as the current status of youth must change.
Formulation of the plastic source method for plane inelastic problems Part 2: Numerical implementation for elastoplastic problems

In Part 1 of this paper, Green's function representation for the residual stress, arising from any plane inelastic strain distribution under no applied load, has been given. In Part 2 (i.e., the current paper) we focus our attention to the plastic strain arising in plane elastoplastic problems subject to applied loads. A numerical procedure, based on the Green's function approach, to determine the unknown plastic strain distribution under the applied load is established. The numerical result for an elastoplastic steady crack growth problem demonstrates, overwhelmingly, the advantage of the proposed method over the finite element method approach for the same problem.
Sphingosine Kinase Regulates Microtubule Dynamics and Organelle Positioning Necessary for Proper G1/S Cell Cycle Transition in Trypanosoma brucei

ABSTRACT Sphingolipids are important constituents of cell membranes and also serve as mediators of cell signaling and cell recognition. Sphingolipid metabolites such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide regulate signaling cascades involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis. Little is known about how sphingolipids and their metabolites function in single-celled eukaryotes. In the present study, we investigated the role of sphingosine kinase (SPHK) in the biology of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the agent of African sleeping sickness. T. brucei SPHK (TbSPHK) is constitutively but differentially expressed during the life cycle of T. brucei. Depletion of TbSPHK in procyclic-form T. brucei causes impaired growth and attenuation in the G 1 /S phase of the cell cycle. TbSPHK-depleted cells also develop organelle positioning defects and an accumulation of tyrosinated α-tubulin at the elongated posterior end of the cell, known as the “nozzle” phenotype, caused by other molecular perturbations in this organism. Our studies indicate that TbSPHK is involved in G 1 -to-S cell cycle progression, organelle positioning, and maintenance of cell morphology. Cytotoxicity assays using TbSPHK inhibitors revealed a favorable therapeutic index between T. brucei and human cells, suggesting TbSPHK to be a novel drug target. IMPORTANCE Trypanosoma brucei is a single-celled parasite that is transmitted between humans and other animals by the tsetse fly. T. brucei is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where over 70 million people and countless livestock are at risk of developing T. brucei infection, called African sleeping sickness, resulting in economic losses of ~$35 million from the loss of cattle alone. New drugs for this infection are sorely needed and scientists are trying to identify essential enzymes in the parasite that can be targets for new therapies. One possible enzyme target is sphingosine kinase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of lipids important for cell surface integrity and regulation of cell functions. In this study, we found that sphingosine kinase is essential for normal growth and structure of the parasite, raising the possibility that it could be a good target for new chemotherapy for sleeping sickness.
A framework for grouping nanoparticles based on their measurable characteristics

Background: There is a need to take a broader look at nanotoxicological studies. Eventually, the field will demand that some generalizations be made. To begin to address this issue, we posed a question: are metal colloids on the nanometer-size scale a homogeneous group? In general, most people can agree that the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials can be linked and related to their induced toxicological responses. Methods: The focus of this study was to determine how a set of selected physicochemical properties of five specific metal-based colloidal materials on the nanometer-size scale – silver, copper, nickel, iron, and zinc – could be used as nanodescriptors that facilitate the grouping of these metal-based colloids. Results: The example of the framework pipeline processing provided in this paper shows the utility of specific statistical and pattern recognition techniques in grouping nanoparticles based on experimental data about their physicochemical properties. Interestingly, the results of the analyses suggest that a seemingly homogeneous group of nanoparticles could be separated into sub-groups depending on interdependencies observed in their nanodescriptors. Conclusion: These particles represent an important category of nanomaterials that are currently mass produced. Each has been reputed to induce toxicological and/or cytotoxicological effects. Here, we propose an experimental methodology coupled with mathematical and statistical modeling that can serve as a prototype for a rigorous framework that aids in the ability to group nanomaterials together and to facilitate the subsequent analysis of trends in data based on quantitative modeling of nanoparticle-specific structure–activity relationships. The computational part of the proposed framework is rather general and can be applied to other groups of nanomaterials as well.
Late Neogene chronology: New perspectives in high-resolution stratigraphy

We present an integrated geochronology for late Neogene time (Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene Epochs) based on an analysis of data from stable isotopes, magnetostratigraphy, radiochronology, and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy. Discrepancies between recently formulated astronomical chronologies and magnetochronologies for the past 6 m.y. have been resolved on the basis of new, high-precision Ar/Ar ages in the younger part of this interval, the so-called Brunhes, Matuyama, and Gauss Epochs (5 Chrons C1n‐C2An; 0‐3.58 Ma), and revised analysis of sea floor anomalies in the Pacific Ocean in the older part, the so-called Gilbert Epoch (5 Chron C2Ar‐C3r; 3.58‐5.89 Ma). The magneto- and astrochronologies are now concordant back to the Chron C3r/C3An boundary at 5.89 Ma. TheNeogene(Miocene,Pliocene,Pleistocene, and Holocene) and Paleogene are treated here as period/system subdivisions oftheCenozoicEra/Erathem,replacements for the antiquated terms Tertiary and Quaternary.TheboundarybetweentheMiocene and Pliocene Series (Messinian/Zanclean Stages),whoseglobalstratotypesectionand point (GSSP) is currently proposed to be in Sicily,islocatedwithinthereversedinterval just below the Thvera (C3n.4n) Magnetic Polarity Subchronozone with an estimated age of 5.32 Ma. The Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, whose GSSP is located at Vrica (Calabria,Italy),islocatednearthetopof the Olduvai (C2n) Magnetic Polarity Subchronozone with an estimated age of 1.81 Ma. The 13 calcareous nannoplankton and 48 planktonic foraminiferal datum events for the Pliocene, and 12 calcareous nannoplankton and 10 planktonic foraminiferal datum events for the Pleistocene, are calibrated to the newly revised late Neogeneastronomical/geomagneticpolarity time scale.
Modeling of transformation toughening in brittle materials

Results from modeling of transformation toughening in brittle materials using a discrete micromechanical model are presented. The material is represented as a two-dimensional triangular array of nodes connected by elastic springs. Microstructural effects are included by varying the spring parameters for the bulk, grain boundaries, and transforming particles. Using the width of the damage zone and the effective compliance (after the initial creation of the damage zone) as measures of fracture toughness, we find that there is a strong dependence of toughness on the amount, size, and shape of the transforming particles, with the maximum toughness achieved with the higher amounts of larger particles.
Recidivism Among Released State Prison Inmates Who Received Mental Health Treatment While Incarcerated

This study assesses the likelihood of rearrest among a cohort of all adults (N = 1,438) released from the Massachusetts state prison system who received mental health services while they were incarcerated. All individuals were followed for 24 months. The analysis focused on four classes of variables: demographic characteristics, clinical history, criminal justice history, and postrelease supervision. These analyses showed that criminal history factors—a juvenile record and a history of multiple previous incarcerations—were significant risk factors, but that clinical factors, including a history of substance abuse, were not. Overall, the models developed here look much like the ones that would be observed in the general offender population. The implications of these findings for criminal justice and mental health policy are discussed.
Advanced two-actuator EUI and emission reduction for heavy-duty diesel engines

A very flexible choice of fuel injection characteristics can be obtained with an advanced electronic unit injector that has been developed with two electronically controlled valves. Single-cylinder engine tests have demonstrated the potential of this advanced EUI system for a heavy-duty diesel engine. Substantial increases in injection pressure can be programmed electronically at individual engine speed/load conditions, compared with a baseline EUI system, to provide much faster rates of air/fuel mixing. Simulated US and European emissions cycle results, with the optimised two-actuator EUI and EGR, show substantially improved soot particulate versus NOx results and lower BSFC compared with a baseline EUI result. A high-pressure post injection has the potential to give further soot reduction.
The role of netupitant and palonosetron in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

The combination of netupitant and palonosetron was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in October 2014 for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Netupitant and palonosetron is available as a single capsule to be administered prior to each cycle of chemotherapy. The approval was based on phase II and III data in patients undergoing treatment with moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Netupitant and palonosetron's benefits include a convenient dosage form, dual-targeted mechanism, and favorable side effect profile, while its main limitations are cost and potential logistical issues surrounding administration. More studies are needed to adequately determine its role in therapy as well as which patients will derive the most benefit from its use.
Effect of prey personality depends on predator species

The ability of prey to respond to predators is especially important in human-altered habitats, where prey are faced with changing predator regimes. A growing body of research has shown the important ecological impacts of intraspecific, individual differences in behavior, but few studies have shown direct fitness consequences of behavioral types in a predation context. We examined behavioral syndromes in the endemic Largespring mosquitofish (Gambusia geiseri) and how the behavioral type of individual G. geiseri affected their behavior and survival when exposed to 3 different species of predators. We measured latency to emerge from a container, time spent moving, and tank area used for individual G. geiseri in the presence and absence of predators. We then measured behavior and survival of these same individuals in one-on-one predation trials. We found that behavioral types and correlations between latency to emerge, time spent moving, and area used were consistent regardless of predator presence. Behavioral type did not predict survival of the predation trial. However, higher behavioral scores correlated with more escapes from predatory Fundulus grandis. We argue that this result indicates that active/exploratory fish have a greater ability than their conspecifics to escape this species, which is a novel predator. Our results illustrate the potential importance of considering individual differences in behavior in studying the impacts of introduced predator species.
Vitamin C status and perception of effort during exercise in obese adults adhering to a calorie-reduced diet

Abstract Objective Moderate energy restriction and exercise are recommended for effective weight loss. Obese individuals oxidize less fat and report a higher perceived exertion during exercise, characteristics that may negatively influence exercise behavior. Because vitamin C status has been linked to fatigability, we compared the effects of vitamin C supplementation on self-reported fatigue and on the respiratory exchange ratio and the Ratings of Perceived Exertion scale during moderate exercise in healthy obese adults adhering to a hypocaloric diet. Methods Twenty adults (4 men and 16 women) were stratified and randomly assigned to receive 500 mg of vitamin C (VC) or placebo (CON) daily for 4 wk while adhering to a vitamin C–controlled, calorie-restricted diet. Feelings of general fatigue as assessed by the Profile of Mood States questionnaire were recorded on a separate day from the exercise session at weeks 0 and 4. Participants walked on a treadmill at an intensity of 50% predicted maximal oxygen consumption for 60 min at weeks 0 and 4, and heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion were recorded. Results After 4 wk, the two groups lost similar amounts of weight (∼4 kg), and the respiratory exchange ratio was not altered by group. Heart rate and the Ratings of Perceived Exertion during exercise were significantly decreased in the VC versus the CON group (−11 versus −3 beats/min, P = 0.022, and −1.3 versus +0.1 U, P = 0.001, respectively), and the general fatigue score was decreased 5.9 U for the VC group versus a 1.9U increase for the CON group ( P = 0.001). Conclusion These data provide preliminary evidence that vitamin C status may influence fatigue, heart rate, and perceptions of exertion during moderate exercise in obese individuals.
Three species of Enterocola van Beneden (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae) living in compound ascidians from Madagascar, with a revision of Enterocola setiferus Hansen

Abstract Three species of Enterocola van Beneden, 1860 are reported on the basis of females living in compound ascidians from Madagascar. The first is synonymous with Enterocola ianthinus Illg & Dudley, 1980; the second and third are new. The copepods and ascidian hosts are the following: 1) E. ianthinus Illg & Dudley, in Eudistoma sp.; 2) E. adnatus, in an undescribed, new species of Synoicum; 3) E. coniculus, in Polyclinum insulsum Sluiter?. The copepods are representatives of the subfamily Enterocolinae (Ascidicolidae) in the Humes collection from Madagascar (1963, 1967). Enterocola setiferus Hansen, 1923 is revised and excluded from the genus.
An Improved Design for the Fermilab Septa

Thin electrostatic septa are the most critical elements of the main ring extraction system and the beam splitting stations at Fermilab. Operating experience since the first extracted beam in 1972 has indicated several improvements needed over the original septa for both extraction (single cathode) and beam splitting (double cathode). A second generation of septa, now being implemented, is described here.
RDA in Spanish: Translation Issues and Training Implications

This article describes the process used to produce an appropriate translation of Resource Description and Access (RDA) into Spanish and to develop adequate cataloging training materials, as prerequisites for adopting the new international cataloging code in Ibero-American countries.
Angels and venture capitalists in the initial public offering market

In this article, we examine angel investors and venture capital investors to determine how they interact in the market for small firm equity investment. We first generate a novel dataset of firms going through their initial public offerings and using the disclosures required by the Securities and Exchange Commission, classify firms having angel investors, venture capital investors, or both angel and venture capital investors. We find that the location, industry, and timing of firms backed by these different investor groups are strikingly different. We then compare the post-IPO operating performance of the firms in our sample for backed versus unbacked firms and find a significant difference for venture-backed firms, but not for angel-backed firms. For a subset of firms with angel and venture capital backing, we find some complementarities in the investment of angel and venture capital investors. However, on the whole, our results suggest that angel investors and venture capital investors serve different s...
The eve stripe 2 enhancer employs multiple modes of transcriptional synergy

Previous studies have provided a detailed model for the regulation of even-skipped (eve) stripe 2 expression in the Drosophila embryo. The bicoid (bcd) regulatory gradient triggers the expression of hunchback (hb); these work synergistically to activate the stripe in the anterior half of the embryo. bcd also coordinates the expression of two repressors, giant (gt) and Kruppel (Kr), which define the anterior and posterior borders of the stripe, respectively. Here, we report the findings of extensive cis- and trans- complementation analyses using a series of defective stripe 2 enhancers in transgenic embryos. This study reaches two primary conclusions. First, the stripe 2 enhancer is inherently ‘sensitized’ for repression by gt. We propose that gt specifies the sharp anterior stripe border by blocking two tiers of transcriptional synergy, cooperative binding to DNA and cooperative contact of bound activators with the transcription complex. Second, we find that the synergistic activity of hb and bcd is ‘promiscuous’. For example, a maternally expressed Gal4-Sp1 fusion protein can functionally replace hb in the stripe 2 enhancer. This finding challenges previous proposals for dedicated hb and bcd interactions in the segmentation process. SUMMARY
Economic and Quality-of-Life Considerations in Urban-Rural Migration.

Abstract Social and economic conditions have changed rapidly since the 1970s, making relocation to nonmetropolitan areas more feasible [Wardwell J.M. (1977) Rural Sociology 42, 156–179; Zelinsky W. (1978) Demography 15, 13–39]. Urban-rural migration to areas with outdoor recreation settings, universities and retirement facilities particularly, implies that life-style preferences or stage of life have led to the attraction to rural areas [Fuguitt G. and Zuiches J. (1975) Demography 12, 491–504; Ritchey P.N. (1976) Explanations of migration. In Annual Review of Sociology (Vol. 2), Inkeles A. (ed.). Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto]. During the years 1981–1983, a sample of recent in-migrants to the Gallatin Valley of Montana was drawn from new telephone listings. Interviews of these newcomers inquired why they had been attracted to the area, and the relative importance of quality-of-life as opposed to economic motivations in their decisions to relocate. Log-linear analyses indicated a strong association between respondents' reasons for relocating and their reasons for selecting the Gallatin Valley. Persons reporting non-job motives for out-migration, identified non-job considerations as their exclusive reasons for selecting the Gallatin Valley. Persons who moved for job-related reasons, indicated that such reasons were of primary consideration in their selection of the Gallatin Valley, although non-job motives played a secondary role. There was also an association between respondents' socio-economic status (SES) and their reasons for relocating. Families of higher SES identified both economic and quality-of-life factors as major reasons for selecting the Gallatin Valley, while lower SES families mentioned only quality-of-life variables. These findings suggest the importance of economic motivations and of quality-of-life considerations, especially for lower SES migrants. This may signal an emerging ethic dictated by a search primarily for life quality, and in which economic security is only an incidental consideration for some migrants.
Silica-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles formed by a combined arc evaporation/chemical vapor deposition technique

A multistep technique has been developed for the generation of metallic/alloy nanoparticles coated with amorphous silica. As a proof of concept, an inert-gas blown-arc geometry was used to create nanoparticles from a bulk nickel source, and silica coating formation was accomplished via tetraethyloxysilane (TEOS) decomposition over the nanoparticles in an adjacent chemical vapor deposition chamber. The composite particles exhibit resistance to hydrochloric acid attack over extended times, thereby confirming the protective nature of the silica coating, and magnetic measurements indicate a superparamagnetic transition temperature of 41 K. TEOS flow rate was found to have a profound effect on particle morphology, and individually coated dispersed particles were observed for the intermediate flow rate studied. These results, combined with the well-established field of silica functionalization, offer the possibility that a variety of industrially significant coated magnetic nanostructures may be synthesized with this versatile approach.
A systematic methodology to compute the architectural vulnerability factors for a high-performance microprocessor

Single-event upsets from particle strikes have become a key challenge in microprocessor design. Techniques to deal with these transients faults exist, but come at a cost. Designers clearly require accurate estimates of processor error rates to make appropriate cost/reliability tradeoffs. This paper describes a method for generating these estimates. A key aspect of this analysis is that some single-bit faults (such as those occurring in the branch predictor) do not produce an error in a program's output. We define a structure's architectural vulnerability factor (AVF) as the probability that a fault in that particular structure do not result in an error. A structure's error rate is the product of its raw error rate, as determined by process and circuit technology, and the AVF. Unfortunately, computing AVFs of complex structures, such as the instruction queue, can be quite involved. We identify numerous cases, such as prefetches, dynamically dead code, and wrong-path instructions, in which a fault do not affect, correct execution. We instrument a detailed 1A64 processor simulator to map bit-level microarchitectural state to these cases, generating per-structure AVF estimates. This analysis shows AVFs of 28% and 9% for the instruction queue and execution units, respectively, averaged across dynamic sections of the entire CPU2000 benchmark suite.
Molecular Characterization of Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Central New York Children: Importance of Two Clonal Groups and Inconsistent Presence of Selected Virulence Determinants.

BACKGROUND The genetic makeup of circulating Staphylococcus aureus (SA) populations varies by region. The extent to which SA virulence determinants contribute to the severity of pediatric infections is poorly understood. The study objective was to describe the genetic population of invasive SA (ISA) isolates from children in the Central New York (CNY) area and the prevalence of selected virulence genes. METHODS Clinical and demographic information for hospitalized children <19 years of age with community-onset or community-associated ISA infections, determined from clinical microbiology records, was extracted from medical records from Upstate Golisano Children's Hospital in CNY. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed, and available isolates were genotyped and tested for the presence of selected virulence determinants. Associations between clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated using standard statistical techniques. RESULTS Ninety patients with ISA disease diagnosed between 2007 and 2010 were included in the study; 74% were due to methicillin-susceptible SA (MSSA). The most common clinical diagnosis was bacteremia. Fifty-seven of 90 isolates were available for further testing. The SA pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type, agr type, and clonal complexes most commonly isolated were USA300 (n = 25, 44%), agr1 (n = 30, 52%), and CC8 (n = 25, 44%), respectively. USA300 strains were more likely to be associated with deep abscesses (P = .007), whereas non-USA300 strains were associated with medical device infections (P = .018). Isolates from patients with deep abscesses and pneumonia were more likely to carry luk-PV genes (P = .023 and P = .051, respectively). CONCLUSIONS MSSA remains an important problem of pediatric ISA infection in our region and results from genetically diverse SA populations.
Concurrent architectures for two-dimensional recursive digital filtering

Efficient architectures are presented for high-speed implementation of two-dimensional recursive digital filters of direct form and local state-space form. Unlike one-dimensional recursive systems, two-dimensional recursive digital filter algorithms have a large amount of inherent concurrency. The authors exploit this concurrency to derive fine-grain pipelined and one-dimensional block architectures for implementation of two-dimensional recursive digital filters by appropriate interleaving (or indexing) of the input samples, without requiring any algorithm transformation and without any hardware overhead. They then extend the look-ahead computation and incremental computation techniques to to dimensions and use them to derive two-dimensional incremental block filter architectures. The multiplication complexity of the two-dimensional incremental block filter is determined. >
Effectiveness of a Post-milking Teat Dip in Preventing New Udder Infections

Abstract A 13-month study was conducted in two herds with a combined average of 125 milking cows to determine the effectiveness of a post-milking teat dip in reducing the incidence of new infections. Teats on the right side were dipped in a commercial iodine teat dip preparation (10,000ppm) immediately after each milking and teats on the left side were controls. There were 36 new infections during lactation on the dipped side and 77 on the control side, a 53.2% reduction. The teat dip was effective in preventing new infections with streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus but did not appear to prevent new infections with gram-negative rods. The teat dip also reduced the number of clinical treatments 24%. However, it was not effective in preventing new infections during the dry period. The percentage of infected quarters on the dipped side was reduced from an initial 32 to 23% at the end of the trial whereas the incidence in the control quarters increased from 27 to 30% at the end. The progress in reducing the incidence of infected quarters was slow because of the high initial incidence of infection.
Design Patterns Go to Hollywood: Teaching Patterns with Multimedia

Studies indicate that understanding the contexts in which design patterns are to be used is one of the most (if not the most) difficult challenge in applying design patterns, yet little research on the topic attempts to solve the problem of better teaching the contexts. This paper discusses a new paradigm through which the teaching of design patterns can be viewed, one which focuses on conceptual examples and contexts as the key elements in teaching design patterns. We created several multimedia learning modules that use this approach and we evaluated the modules by comparing them to other methods of instruction in junior-level software engineering courses. The context-oriented modules performed better (or at least not significantly worse) than traditional lectures on virtually all metrics, and the videos are easily deployable, making them ideal for uses like distance learning, and they can save valuable instruction hours for professors.
Inactivating and non‐inactivating dihydropyridine‐sensitive Ca2+ channels in mouse cerebellar granule cells.

1. Granule cells were dissociated from mouse cerebellum and grown in vitro. Currents through single Ca2+ channels were recorded from the cell body with the patch clamp technique. 2. Voltage steps to 0 mV produced brief channel openings with a mean open time of approximately 0.5 ms. The single-channel conductance measured from the amplitude of the single-channel current with 90 mM-Ba2+ in the patch electrode was 22 pS. 3. The probability of Ca2+ channel opening increased with test potentials more positive than -30 mV, with half-activation near 0 mV, and followed the Boltzmann relation for the activation of whole-cell Ca2+ current. 4. Voltage steps to potentials more positive than 0 mV produced more channel activity at the beginning than at the end of the voltage step. The average of the single-channel currents decayed to a non-zero level with a time course similar to that of the whole-cell Ca2+ current. 5. The amplitude as well as the decay of the mean current measured during a test pulse to 0 mV was reduced as the holding potential was made more positive than approximately -90 mV. The change in the open channel probability with holding potential followed the Boltzmann relation which described the inactivation of the whole-cell Ca2+ current. 6. Ca2+ channel activity persisted for over several minutes after excising the patch from the cell body when intracellular cyclic AMP was increased. After patch excision, the number of functional channels decreased to a level where only one channel at a time was active. Ca2+ channel openings appeared as either short bursts at the beginning of the voltage step or long bursts that lasted throughout the pulse. 7. Exposing the cell to the dihydropyridine agonist +(S)-202-791 markedly increased the fraction of sweeps with long openings and produced a non-decaying mean current that was approximately 5 times larger than control. In a fraction of the sweeps, however, long openings occurred more frequently at the beginning than at the end of the voltage step and these produced a decaying mean current. 8. Shifting the holding potential to more positive potentials in the presence of the dihydropyridine agonist preferentially reduced the number of brief openings while sparing the long openings. The amplitude of the mean current was similar to that obtained from the more negative holding potential and there was no change in the fraction of sweeps with long openings that occurred at the beginning of the voltage pulse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An introduction to species concepts and speciation of fishes

More than 22 diierent species concepts have been proposed. The concepts in general re£ect the philosophical outlook, particular expertise, and the groups on which the authors are working. The full-length papers in this special issue dedicated to species concepts relative to ¢shes are based on presentations by the authors at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists at University Park, Pennsylvania, USA and generated much discussion on the topic of what constitutes a species.
Avian thermoregulation in the heat: resting metabolism, evaporative cooling and heat tolerance in Sonoran Desert doves and quail.

Birds in subtropical deserts face significant thermoregulatory challenges because environmental temperatures regularly exceed avian body temperature. To understand the differing susceptibility of desert birds to increasing temperatures, we examined thermoregulatory performance and estimated heat tolerance limits (HTLs) for three Sonoran Desert nesting bird species - Gambel's quail, mourning doves and white-winged doves. Using flow-through respirometry we measured daytime resting metabolism, evaporative water loss and real-time body temperature at air temperatures (T(air)) from 30°C to 66°C. We found marked increases in resting metabolism at the upper critical temperature (T(uc)), which was significantly lower in the quail (T(air)=41.1°C) than in both dove species (T(air)=45.9-46.5°C). Gambel's quail maintained low resting metabolic rates and low rates of evaporative water loss at their T(uc) (0.71 W and 1.20 g H2O h(-1), respectively), but were more sensitive to increasing air temperature, reaching their HTL at T(air) of 52°C. Mourning doves and white-winged doves maintained low resting metabolic rates (0.66 and 0.94 W), but higher rates of evaporative water loss (1.91 and 2.99 g H2O h(-1)) at their T(uc) and reached their HTL at T(air) of 58-60°C. Mass-specific evaporative water loss in white-winged doves (147 g) and mourning doves (104 g) was 45% and 30% greater, respectively, than the rate observed in Gambel's quail (161 g) at Tair of 48°C. Higher rates of evaporation and higher T(uc) made the doves exceptionally heat tolerant, allowing them to maintain body temperatures at least 14°C below air temperatures as high as 60°C (140°F).
Distance-Based Clique Relaxations in Networks: s-Clique and s-Club

The concept of the clique, originally introduced as a model of a cohesive subgroup in the context of social network analysis, is a classical model of a cluster in networks. However, the ideal cohesiveness properties guaranteed by the clique definition put limitations on its applicability to situations where enforcing such properties is unnecessary or even prohibitive. Motivated by practical applications of diverse origins, numerous clique relaxation models, which are obtained by relaxing certain properties of a clique, have been introduced and studied by researchers representing different fields. Distance-based clique relaxations, which replace the requirement on pairwise distances to be equal to 1 in a clique with less restrictive distance bounds, are among the most important such models. This chapter surveys the up-to-date progress made in studying two common distance-based clique relaxation models called s-clique and s-club, as well as the corresponding optimization problems.
Abstract B58: Differential mechanisms control steady state expression of breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) in non-invasive and invasive breast cancer cell lines

The overexpression of breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) has been shown to reduce the antagonistic effects of tamoxifen and fulvestrant in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell lines. BCAR3 also has a role in the regulation of the migratory and invasive potential of both ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells. A tight correlation between BCAR3 expression and breast cancer cell phenotype exists such that non-invasive, early stage cells express very low levels whereas more invasive, mesenchymal-like cells express very high levels of BCAR3. Because of this correlation, it is important to understand the temporal and spatial regulation of BCAR3. In this study, we set out to define potential mechanisms that regulate BCAR3 expression to better understand, predict, and reverse the consequences of elevated expression. In MCF7 and T47D cells (non-invasive, early stage ER+), high plating density coincident with abundant cell-cell junctions resulted in low levels of both BCAR3 mRNA and protein. Conversely, BCAR3 expression was found to be elevated under conditions in which cell-cell junctions were reduced (low density plating). In the more invasive BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, BCAR3 mRNA and protein expression was found to be dependent upon the stable expression of its binding partner p130 Cas (Cas). Interestingly, we previously showed that BCAR3 expression positively correlates with the tyrosine phosphorylation state of Cas, activation of the tyrosine kinase c-Src, and the physical interaction between Cas and c-Src. We are currently investigating whether cell-cell junction formation and differential expression alters the subcellular localization of BCAR3. Taken together, we propose a role for BCAR3 in driving the transition from localized disease to a more invasive and aggressive breast tumor phenotype. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr B58.
The Influence of Frictional Heating on the Sliding Friction of Elastomers and Polymers

Abstract The friction of polymers and elastomers has been widely researched, both in practical applications and in fundamental experiments. Although some of the basic mechanisms of elastomer friction have been well explored, the effect of frictional heating has not received much attention. This is surprising since the low thermal conductivity of elastomers can result in quite high temperatures being generated at the interface. This paper is concerned specifically with the influence of heat generation on the level of friction at the interface. Some present theories of elastomer friction are well established. The important factors that govern friction are considered to be the strength of interface bonds and the loss tangent, tan δ, where δ is the phase lag between harmonically applied strain and the stress response. On a rough surface, friction is considered to occur from hysteretic losses. On a smooth surface, friction is considered to occur from the formation of bonds across the interface, the extension o...
A Young Jaguarundi in Captivity

A young female jaguarundi, Felis yagouaroundi , was purchased in Veracruz, Mexico, by Charles M. Fugler, of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Mr. Fugler kindly permitted me to rear this jaguarundi after we returned to the United States. The kitten was observed for two months at Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas. The kitten, when purchased on April 5, 1956, had the civet like body, relatively small head, and long, supple tail typical of adult jaguarundis. She was in the gray color phase but paler than adult pelage in the gray phase. Baird (Mammals in u.s. and Mexican boundary survey, 1859, p. 12) stated that the young is more rufous than the adult. Hair samples were taken from various parts of the body for color analysis. Individual hairs from the scalp, hind foot and dorsum were tipped with black, followed by a Chamois annulation, and then a Mummy Brown annulation (capitalized terms after Ridgway, color standards and color nomenclature, 1912). The basal portion of some of these hairs was a pearl gray. Individual hairs from an adult jaguarundi in the gray phase (KU 2219) had two light and two dark annulations. Hairs from an adult in the red phase (KU 2220) had one or two light and two dark annulations. The vibrissae were not annulated and were white, black or Chamois. The kitten was measured and …
Research on Control for Joined Network of the Control Radar

Under the condition fo modern information war,radar faces the gradually complex electromagnetic environment.Raising the survival capacity of radar is the key of aquiring electromagnetic information.In this paper,the automatic control method for the joined network system of fire control radar is discussed.Through the research on automatic control parameter of the controlled system in joined network system,the relationship between the automatic control parameter of the controlled system and the target location parameters is deduced.
A Bird's Eye View of Influenza A Virus Transmission: Challenges with Characterizing Both Sides of a Co-Evolutionary Dynamic

In nature, wild birds and influenza A viruses (IAV) are continually co-evolving, locked into a back-and-forth of resistance and conquest that has approached a stable equilibrium over time. This co-evolutionary relationship between bird host and IAV may appear stable at the organismal level, but is highly dynamic at the molecular level manifesting in a constant trade-off between transmissibility and virulence of the virus. Characterizing both sides of the host-virus dynamic has presented a challenge for ecologists and virologists alike, despite the potential for this approach to provide insights into which conditions destabilize the equilibrium state resulting in outbreaks or mortality of hosts in extreme cases. The use of different methods that are either host-centric or virus-centric has made it difficult to reconcile the disparate fields of host ecology and virology for investigating and ultimately predicting wild bird-mediated transmission of IAV. This review distills some of the key lessons learned from virological and ecological studies and explores the promises and pitfalls of both approaches. Ultimately, reconciling ecological and virological approaches hinges on integrating scales for measuring host-virus interactions. We argue that prospects for finding common scales for measuring wild bird-influenza dynamics are improving due to advances in genomic sequencing, host-tracking technology and remote sensing data, with the unit of time (months, year, or seasons) providing a starting point for crossover.
Association of Increased Cancer Risk With Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality [(1)][1]. A significant number of deaths in these patients are from cardiac causes [(2)][2]. In this issue of the Journal , Hasin et al. [(3)][3] present the findings from a prospective study of 1,081 patients with myocardial
Complete Genome Sequences of Nine Bacillus cereus Group Phages.

ABSTRACT We report the sequences of nine novel Bacillus cereus group bacteriophages: DIGNKC, Juglone, Nemo, Nigalana, NotTheCreek, Phrodo, SageFayge, Vinny, and Zuko. These bacteriophages are double-stranded DNA-containing Myoviridae isolated from soil samples using B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki as the host bacterium.
PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCP) IN CANADIAN URBAN WATERS: A MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

A management perspective on pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Canadian urban waters is presented. The issues of PPCPs occurrence, effects, and means of control have been studied intensively during the past 10 years, but the information available is not yet sufficient to develop risk assessment/management strategies at this time. The management strategies receiving most attention include PPCP emission controls by pharmaceutical return programs, education of medical professionals to reduce prescription rates, incentives for green drug manufacturing, improving treatment technologies for drinking water and wastewaters, and introducing risk assessment regulations. Further research is needed on both effects and risk mitigation by the above listed measures.
Positive Influence Dominating Set generation in social networks

Current algorithms in the Positive Influence Dominating Set (PIDS) problem domain are focused on a specific type of PIDS, the Total Positive Influence Dominating Set (TPIDS). We have developed an algorithm specifically targeted towards the non-total type of PIDS. In addition to our new algorithm, we adapted two existing TPIDS algorithms to generate PIDS. We ran simulations for all three algorithms, and our new algorithm consistently generates smaller PIDS than both existing algorithms, with our algorithm generating PIDS approximately 5% smaller than the better of the two existing algorithms.
An Optical Study of the Minerals in Iron Deposit at Pilot Knob, Missouri

(1968). An Optical Study of the Minerals in Iron Deposit at Pilot Knob, Missouri. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 723-728.
Abstract 2616: Comparison of the cytotoxicity and increase of reactive oxygen species and dihydroceramides of fenretinide to its major metabolites (4-oxo- and 4-methoxyphenyl fenretinide) in T-cell lymphoid malignancy, neuroblastoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines

Introduction: Early-phase clinical trials of fenretinide (4-HPR, a synthetic retinoid) have demonstrated durable complete responses in T-cell lymphoma (TCL), neuroblastoma (NB), and signals of activity in ovarian cancer (OV). Cytotoxic mechanisms of 4-HPR include increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dihydroceramides (DHCs). Major 4-HPR metabolites are N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (MPR) and 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (oxo-HPR). MPR is more abundant in human plasma; oxo-HPR is present in lower concentrations. We assessed the relative cytotoxicity and increase of ROS and DHCs at equimolar concentrations of 4-HPR, MPR, and oxo-HPR in TCL, NB, and OV cell lines. Methods: A panel of twelve TCL, NB, and OV cell lines was studied in room air (20% O2) and physiologic (5% O2) cultured conditions. Cytotoxicity (0-10 μM) was assessed by DIMSCAN fluorescence cytotoxicity assay. ROS was measured via DCFDA with flow cytometry and sphingolipids (including DHCs, ceramides, sphingoid bases, sphingomyelins, and glycosylated ceramides) by quantitative tandem mass spectrometry. Results: 4-HPR (10 μM) demonstrated >3 logs of cell kill in 6 of 12 cell lines. Oxo-HPR demonstrated comparable cytotoxicity to that of 4-HPR in all cell lines. MPR lacked cytotoxicity and when combined with 4-HPR, did not increase cytotoxicity or induce antagonism. There was no observed difference in cytotoxicity between 4-HPR and oxo-HPR in either oxygen condition. Both 4-HPR and oxo-HPR significantly increased ROS compared to controls (p Conclusions: In contrast to the higher cytotoxicity of oxo-HPR compared with 4-HPR reported by Villani et al (Cancer Res, 15:3238, 2006), we observed relatively comparable cytotoxicity and increases of ROS and DHCs with both 4-HPR and oxo-HPR. MPR was not cytotoxic nor did it antagonize 4-HPR. These results support that the cytotoxicity and pharmacodynamics of 4-HPR and oxo-HPR in in vitro culture systems are equivalent. Citation Format: Michael M. Song, Monish R. Makena, Ashly Hindle, Balakrishna Koneru, Thinh H. Nguyen, Hwangeui Cho, Barry J. Maurer, Min H. Kang, C. Patrick Reynolds. Comparison of the cytotoxicity and increase of reactive oxygen species and dihydroceramides of fenretinide to its major metabolites (4-oxo- and 4-methoxyphenyl fenretinide) in T-cell lymphoid malignancy, neuroblastoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2616. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2616