cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comity: Another Nail in the Coffin of Institutional Homophobia

"Sexual minorities lesbians, gay males, bisexuals, and transgender people are among the most despised groups in the United States today. Perhaps paradoxically, for many in our society, love of sameness (i.e. homo-sexuality) makes people different, whereas love of difference (i.e. hetero-sexuality) makes people the same."1 Rights concerning sexual orientation have come to the forefront in the last twenty years. The legalization of same-sex marriage was a big part of this battle, and in the year 2000, the Netherlands became the first country to recognize it.2 As of 2010,
Higher dimensional vortex standing waves for nonlinear Schrödinger equations

We study standing wave solutions to nonlinear Schrodinger equations, on a manifold with a rotational symmetry, which transform in a natural fashion under the group of rotations. We call these vorte...
An efficient algorithm for gate matrix compactions

The authors present an efficient algorithm to minimize the layout area by taking the physical sizes of each line, variable net spacing, contact offset, diffusion line offset, and metal line offset into consideration. This algorithm can be used as a postprocessing step for the gate matrix layout. Significant reduction in the layout area, compared to results without performing layout compaction, is achieved. >
A Unified Approach for Timing Verification and Delay Fault Testing

List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Background. 3. Primitive Path Delay Fault Identification. 4. Timing Analysis. 5. Delay Fault Diagnosis. 6. Delay Fault Coverage. 7. Epilogue. References. Index.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias

Acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) are a group of hematological neoplasias defined by cytomorphology, cytochemistry, immunological markers, and more recently, molecular markers. The prognosis of ALL has much improved in the last 30 yr, especially in the age group between 2 and 10 yr, where most patients can be cured by chemotherapy. The incidence of ALL is lower than for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (∼1–2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Western countries per year). In contrast to AML, a bimodal age peak is found in ALL: most cases occur in children (with a peak incidence of 10 per 100,000 at 3 yr) and young adults followed by a second age peak beyond 60 yr. The peak is more pronounced in whites, higher socioeconomic strata, and industrialized nations in the Western hemisphere, and is mainly due to early pre-B-cell ALL. Although recent studies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy seem to implicate an increased incidence of early pre-B-cell ALL as being responsible for an increase in incidence of B-lineage ALL, a very large study in Nordic countries did not mirror this finding. It could be partially explained by a concomitant decrease in incidence of undifferentiated ALL due to improved methods of diagnosis. ALL is four times as common as AML in children. In the United States, about 3000–4000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed each year; of these, about 2500 are children.
Information security for libraries

By most accounts, the proliferation of the Internet and other computer technologies has been highly beneficial to libraries. Investment in everything from online databases and computing equipment to personnel and training is significant. Libraries need to have policies, protection measures and trained staff in place in order to safeguard their investments in computer and computer-related technologies, personnel and services.
Two aspects of propositional unity

The paper builds upon familiar arguments against identifying the proposition that Brutus stabbed Caesar with a given sequence containing Brutus, Caesar, and the stabs relation. It identifies a further problem, one that affects not only traditional Russellian accounts of propositions, but also the recent act-theoretic approach championed by Scott Soames and Peter Hanks. The problem is that there is no clear content to the idea that the pair instantiates the stabs relation. It is argued that this further problem presents a decisive objection to the act-theoretic approach to propositions.
EXTREME POINTS IN TRIANGULAR UHF ALGEBRAS

We examine the strongly extreme point structure of the unit balls of triangular UHF algebras. The semisimple triangular UHF algebras are characterized as those for which this structure is minimal in the sense that every strongly extreme point belongs to the diagonal. In contrast to this, for the class of full nest algebras we prove a Krein-Milman type theorem which asserts that every operator in the open unit ball of the algebra is a convex combination of strongly extreme points. Results concerning the geometry of the unit ball have a long history both in Banach space theory and in the theory of operator algebras. This geometry can be affiliated with structural and algebraic properties. Moreover, differences in geometric properties can prove useful in classification problems. Two fundamental results are the Russo-Dye Theorem and Kadison’s Theorem on isometries. More recently, there has been interest in the unit balls of nonselfadjoint operator algebras, especially nest algebras [1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 16]. This paper concerns the unit balls of triangular UHF algebras. These and the larger class of triangular AF algebras are nonselfadjoint analogues of the UHF and AF C*-algebras studied by Glimm and Bratteli. Their theory has grown rapidly, cf. [8, 9, 18, 19, 20]. We focus on the extreme point structure, and our results have a different flavor than those for nest algebras. Specifically, we study the strongly extreme points, those boundary points whose “stable character” with respect to approximations makes them behave well under direct limits. Triangular UHF algebras are direct limits of full upper triangular matrix algebras. Unit balls embed into unit balls in the direct limit scheme, and some types of embeddings respect the extreme point structure while others do not. This leads to structural differences in the limit algebras. The geometric structures of the unit balls of different triangular UHF algebras can be very dissimilar. The convex hull of the strongly extreme points, even without closure, always contains the unit ball of the diagonal. Theorem 7 shows that the two coincide if and only if the algebra is semisimple. This is a characterization of a purely geometric property in terms of a purely algebraic one. In contrast to Received by the editors January 11, 1996 and, in revised form, March 28, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47D25, 46K50, 46B20.
ERP Systems as Facilitating and Confounding factors in Corporate Mergers: the case of two Canadian telecommunications companies

This paper presents early findings from a research project in which the research partners, academics and a telecommunication labour union, are attempting to understand, learn from and anticipate further changes related to the implementation of ERP in an industry sector in the midst of consolidation via corporate merger enabled in part by the adoption of ERP systems in the merging partners.
Modernism, Race and Manifestos

1. Introduction: manifestos, race, and modernity Part I. Cosmopolitan London, 1906-14: 2. Women's suffrage melodrama and burlesque 3. Futurism's music hall and India docks 4. Vorticism's cabaret modernism and racial spectacle Part II. Transnational Modernisms, 1934-8: 5. Nancy Cunard's negro and black transnationalism 6. Reading across the Color Line: Virginia Woolf, C. L. R. James, and Suzanne and Aime Cesaire Epilogue: manifestos: then and now Index.
The Hemoglobins of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana I. PURIFICATION, AMINO ACID COMPOSITION, AND OXYGEN EQUILIBRIA

Abstract Multiple hemoglobins exist in hemolysates of red cells from both tadpole and adult of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The proportions and amino acid compositions of the hemoglobin components show considerable variability in hemolysates from different tadpole populations. Amino acid analyses of the polypeptide chains from the major hemoglobin components do not suggest the presence of any chain common to both tadpole and adult bullfrog. Component C (but not B) from the adult polymerizes to form octamers and larger aggregates by disulfide linkage between tetramers. All cysteinyl residues of Component B are reactive to iodoacetamide. Neither reaction with iodoacetamide nor polymerization significantly affect the oxygen equilibrium of frog hemoglobin. Component B has twice the Bohr effect of Component C and a much lower oxygen affinity, particularly at low pH. The oxygen equilibria of mixtures show that Components B and C interact with one another.
Analysis of Polarized Membrane Traffic in Hepatocytes and Hepatic Cell Lines

The protocols described in this unit were developed to monitor membrane traffic in cultured cell monolayers that display hepatic polarity. In general, the assays are designed to visualize and/or quantitate membrane trafficking by monitoring the fates of antibodies bound to specific membrane proteins. We first describe how to infect cells with recombinant adenovirus, the preferred method for introducing exogenous genes into hepatic cells. We next provide a morphological assay to monitor basolateral to apical transcytosis. In a supporting protocol, we describe how to visualize apical recycling and/or retention. In an additional supporting protocol, we provide a semi-quantitative method to measure the relative extents of apical delivery. Finally, we describe quantitative assays to measure basolateral internalization and recycling. The methods presented in this unit provide a relatively simple, yet powerful approach to examining hepatic membrane traffic.
Combined approach technique for the management of large salivary stones

Objectives/Hypothesis: To review our experience with the combined approach, which includes an internal (endoscopic) and open approach for the management of large salivary stones. Study design: Retrospective. Methods: Clinical data was reviewed on patients who underwent combined approach for large salivary stones from July 2005 to August 2008 under an institutional review board approved protocol. Results: Of 106 patients who underwent sialendoscopy, 19 patients (18%) had 20 combined procedures. Thirteen patients (68%) were women and six men (32%) with a mean age of 52 years (range, 15–69 years). Operative times were shorter for submandibular stones (mean, 90 minutes) as compared to parotid stones (mean, 133 minutes). Stone removal was successful in 90% (18/20) with no major complications and minor complications in four patients (20%). Conclusions: The combined procedure allows complete removal of large or impacted sialoliths without the need for removal of the entire gland with acceptable complication rates. We also recommend consenting patients for this approach when a difficult endoscopic removal is anticipated. Laryngoscope, 2009
A design review of a 2-mm pitch high density connector system

When the Metral system was developed, the goal was to design a future proof system which complies with IEC 917 and that offers more than the DIN 41612 system, commonly called Euroconnector. This means that the new system should provide at least twice the number of I/Os per card compared to the DIN 41612 system. It also means that basic system dimensions should be multiples of 0.5 mm, the basic grid standardized in the IEC 917. When the development of the Metral system was started, the expectation was to get 432 I/Os on the Double Eurocard size card, as opposed to 192 I/Os in DIN 41612. The IEEE Futurebus+ committee has selected the Metral connector as the Futurebus+ connector. Attention is given to the system level design, the connector level design and connector testing. >
Optoelectronic associative recall using motionless-head parallel-readout optical disk

High data rates, low retrieval times, and simple implementation are presently shown to be obtainable by means of a motionless-head 2D parallel-readout system for optical disks. Since the optical disk obviates mechanical head motions for access, focusing, and tracking, addressing is performed exclusively through the disk''s rotation. Attention is given to a high-performance associative memory system configuration which employs a parallel readout disk.
Does the Deflux procedure reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections in children with vesicoureteral reflux

Does the Deflux ® procedure reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections in children with vesicoureteral reflux?
Development of a wear equation for polymer-metal sliding in terms of the fatigue and topography of the sliding surfaces

Abstract A wear equation has been derived using the concept of fatigue failure due to asperity interactions in the contact region between sliding bodies. One of the three principal stresses that arise in the contact zone under the effect of a normal as well as a tangential load is of tensile nature. It is this principal stress that has been considered to be responsible for the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. It is assumed that the deformation in the contact zone is of elastic nature and that both the contacting surfaces are covered with asperities that have spherical tips. The wear equation involves the asperity height distribution φ( z ). The particular distribution for a sliding situation is determined from experimental studies of the topography of sliding surfaces. The wear equation indicates that the wear rate depends upon the fatigue properties of the weaker material, normal load, sliding speed, coefficient of friction, moduli of elasticity of the contacting materials, asperity density, asperity radius of curvature and the distribution and standard deviation of asperity heights. The variation of wear with these parameters as indicated by the wear equation is in agreement with the experimental studies already reported in the literature.
Near total calcanectomy with rotational flap closure of large decubitus heel ulcerations complicated by calcaneal osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is a common late-stage sequela of deep heel ulceration and frequently results in leg amputation, because few options exist to effectively treat this challenging problem. A technique that has been successful at our institution is near total calcanectomy with rotational flap closure of large decubitus heel ulcers complicated by calcaneal osteomyelitis. A case series is presented of 3 patients with differing locations or “zones” of heel decubitus ulceration with acute osteomyelitis. A description of our preferred flap choice, given the zone of the ulceration, is demonstrated, as are the surgical principles for the treatment approach. This procedure is an effective option, provided specific principles are followed to achieve complete wound coverage and minimize pressure points both when in bed and when walking.
Fiber optic sensors based on time-release polymers

ABSTRACT Fiber-optic sensors based on a controlled-release polymer provide sustained release ofindicating reagents over long periods. This technique allows irreversible chemistries to beused in the design of sensors for continuous measurements. The first reported sensor used 8-hydroxypyrene- 1 ,3,6-trisulfonic acid and sulforhodamine 640 to measure pH continuously for three months in the range of 5.5 to 8.0 with a precision units. The sensor reported in this paper is based on a fluorescence energy transfer immunoassay. Thesensor was cycled through different concentrations of antigen continuously for 30 hours.Although the sensor was not optimized, the data indicates the viability of the technique. 1 . INTRODUCTION Fiber optic sensors are becoming established tools for remote and in situ sensing 1,2 In most applications, an optical sensor must measure the concentration of an analyte continuously and reversibly. The majority of optical sensors are based on the reversiblechemistries of commercially available colorimetric or fluorometric indicators. However,many important sensing schemes are based on essentially irreversible reactions because
Inactivation of glutathione S-transferases by nitric oxide-derived oxidants: exploring a role for tyrosine nitration.

Reactive intermediates derived from nitric oxide (•NO) are thought to play a contributing role in disease states associated with inflammation and infection. We show here that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), principal enzymes responsible for detoxification of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles, are susceptible to inactivation by reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Treatment of isolated GSTs or rat liver homogenates with either peroxynitrite, the myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite system, or tetranitromethane, resulted in loss of GST activity with a concomitant increase in the formation of protein-associated 3-nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr). This inactivation was only partially (<25%) reversible by dithiothreitol, and exposure of GSTs to hydrogen peroxide or S-nitrosoglutathione was only partially inhibitory (<25%) and did not result in protein nitration. Thus, irreversible modifications such as tyrosine nitration may have contributed to GST inactivation by RNS. Since all GSTs contain a critical, highly conserved, active-site tyrosine residue, we postulated that this Tyr residue might present a primary target for nitration by RNS, thus leading to enzyme inactivation. To directly investigate this possibility, we analyzed purified mouse liver GST-μ, following nitration by several RNS, by trypsin digestion, HPLC separation, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis, to determine the degree of tyrosine nitration of individual Tyr residues. Indeed, nitration was found to occur preferentially on several tyrosine residues located in and around the GST active site. However, RNS concentrations that resulted in near complete GST inactivation only caused up to 25% nitration of even preferentially targeted tyrosine residues. Hence, nitration of active-site tyrosine residues may contribute to GST inactivation by RNS, but is unlikely to fully account for enzyme inactivation. Overall, our studies illustrate a potential mechanism by which RNS may promote (oxidative) injury by environmental pollutants in association with inflammation.
Environmental and demographic risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract disease.

Abstract Objective To critically review the literature examining risk factors for development of severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (RSV LRI). Study design A literature review was performed with the use of a MedLine search strategy. Clinical evidence of putative risk factors was rated by means of the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations, and the quality of the data was critically assessed. Nonmedical risk factors examined included race/ethnicity, age of acquisition of RSV, sex, birth during the first half of the RSV season, breast-feeding, malnutrition, maternal education, socioeconomic status, crowding/siblings, day care, and tobacco smoke exposure. Results There was sufficient evidence available to conclude that (1) male sex, (2) age Conclusions Male sex, young age, birth in the first half of the RSV season, day care attendance, and crowding/siblings are independent risk factors for the development of severe RSV LRI.
Stress‐induced, time‐dependent fracture closure at hydrothermal conditions

[1] Time-dependent closure of fractures in quartz was measured in situ at 22–530°C temperature and 0.1–150 MPa water pressure. Unlike previous crack healing and rock permeability studies, in this study, fracture aperture is monitored directly and continuously using a windowed pressure vessel, a long-working-distance microscope, and reflected-light interferometry. Thus the fracture volume and geometry can be measured as a function of time, temperature, and water pressure. Relatively uniform closure occurs rapidly at temperatures and pressures where quartz becomes significantly soluble in water. During closure the aperture is reduced by as much as 80% in a few hours. We infer that this closure results from the dissolution of small particles or asperities that prop the fracture open. The driving force for closure via dissolution of the prop is the sum of three chemical potential terms: (1) the dissolution potential, proportional to the logarithm of the degree of undersaturation of the solution; (2) the coarsening potential, proportional to the radius of curvature of the prop; and (3) the pressure solution potential, proportional to the effective normal stress at the contact between propping particles and the fracture wall. Our observations suggest that closure is controlled by a pressure solution-like process. The aperture of dilatant fractures and microcracks in the Earth that are similar to those in our experiments, such as ones generated from thermal stressing or brittle failure during earthquake rupture and slip, will decrease rapidly with time, especially if the macroscopic stress is nonhydrostatic.
Complex formation and other phase transformations mapped in saturated phosphatidylcholine/DSPE-PEG2000 monolayers

Mixtures containing a saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC)-lipid and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipid have been widely used in lipid bilayer and monolayer systems, in particular for forming drug delivery stealth liposomes and for stabilizing medical microbubble ultrasound contrast agents. The miscibility and phase behavior of these systems have been incompletely explored and controversial. Here, using complementary experimental methods and analysis, we examine the phase behavior and construct complete surface pressure (π)–composition phase diagrams for three binary Langmuir monolayer systems of increasing saturated PC-lipid chain-length from n = 14 to n = 18. Specifically, for DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC mixed with DSPE-PEG2000, we examine π–area per molecule isotherms, π–isothermal surface compressibility plots, molecular area–composition plots, and microstructure in fluorescent monolayers. We find that all three of these systems resembled different classical binary phase diagrams at 298K with the following notable phase behavior over wide ranges of composition and π: (1) DMPC/DSPE-PEG2000 forms a single condensed (C) phase containing a stoichiometric complex, DMPC3DSPE-PEG2000, in addition to a eutectic at XDSPE-PEG2000 ≈ 0.66; (2) DPPC/DSPE-PEG2000 forms a single expanded (E) or C phase in addition to a peritectic at XDSPE-PEG2000 ≈ 0.55; and, (3) DSPC/DSPE-PEG2000 displays two-phase coexistence where the two components are almost completely immiscible. The phase diagrams are used to elucidate previously unexplained or conflicting results in the literature and design principles of monolayers and bilayers for medical microbubbles and stealth liposomes. In addition, we suggest that these systems may be ideal models for testing mechanisms of lipid condensation by both experiment and theory.
Comprehensive Field Study of Fuel Use and Emissions of Nonroad Diesel Construction Equipment

Limited field data are available for analyses of fuel use and emissions of nonroad diesel construction equipment. This paper summarizes the results of field research that used a portable emissions monitoring system to collect fuel use and emissions data from eight backhoes, six bulldozers, three excavators, four generators, six motor graders, three off-road trucks, one skid-steer loader, three track loaders, and five wheel loaders while they performed various duty cycles. These tests produced approximately 119 h of field data for petroleum diesel and approximately 48 h for B20 biodiesel. Engine attribute data including horsepower, displacement, model year, engine tier, and engine load were collected to determine these factors' influence on fuel use rates and emission rates of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and opacity. Mass per time fuel use rates were developed for each item of equipment, as were mass per time and mass per fuel used emission rates for each pollutant. For ...
The effects of authentic leadership on followers' ethical decision-making in the face of temptation: An experimental study

Abstract The present research investigates the impact of authentic leadership on followers' morality, operationalized as ethical decision-making, in the face of temptation. This experiment finds that authentic leadership and temptation interacted to affect individuals' ethical decision-making. Specifically, authentic leadership significantly inhibited individuals' from making unethical decisions in the face of temptation, whereas followers of neutral or less authentic leaders were more likely to succumb to temptation. Authentic leadership did not have a significant impact on ethical decision-making when temptation was absent. Further, results showed a significant moderated-mediated effect whereby the interactive effect of authentic leadership and temptation on individuals' guilt appraisal was mediated through the nature of the ethical decision. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Detecting conjunctions of color and form in parallel

Certain theories of visual attention assume that at least one processing stage must be serial when the target of search is defined as the conjunction of two or more separable features. To explain why conjunction-search response times do not always form linearly increasing functions of display size, recent versions of this general model have posited the existence of an early parallel process that guides the serial stage toward display elements that are likely targets. Other models have relaxed the seriality assumption, allowing for a limited number of parallel decisions. In the three experiments reported here, a redundant-target detection task was used with conjunctively defined targets and display sizes of two (Experiment 1), one or two (Experiment 2), and six (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, strong evidence for parallel processing was observed. The implications for models of elementary visual processes are discussed.
Embodying Learning: Post-Cartesian Pedagogy and the Academic Study of Religion

This paper explores the concept and practice of “embodied pedagogy” as an alternative to the Cartesian approach to knowledge that is tacitly embedded in traditional modes of teaching and learning about religion. My analysis highlights a class I co-teach that combines the study of Aikido (a Japanese martial art) with seminar-style discussions of texts that explore issues pertaining to embodiment in the context of diverse spiritual traditions. The physicality of Aikido training makes it an interesting “case study” of embodied pedagogy and the lessons it offers both teachers and students about the academic study of religion. Ultimately, the questions and insights this class generates illustrate how post-Cartesian pedagogies can expose, challenge, and correct epistemological assumptions that contribute to one-dimensional views of religion and that fail to address our students as whole persons. A final part of the paper considers other possible venues for embodying teaching and learning in the academic study of religion.
Compact binary systems in scalar-tensor gravity. III. Scalar waves and energy flux

We derive the scalar waveform generated by a binary of nonspinning compact objects (black holes or neutron stars) in a general class of scalar-tensor theories of gravity. The waveform is accurate to 1.5 post-Newtonian order [$O((v/c{)}^{3})$] beyond the leading-order tensor gravitational waves (the ``Newtonian quadrupole''). To solve the scalar-tensor field equations, we adapt the direct integration of the relaxed Einstein equations formalism developed by Will, Wiseman, and Pati. The internal gravity of the compact objects is treated with an approach developed by Eardley. We find that the scalar waves are described by the same small set of parameters which describes the equations of motion and tensor waves. For black hole--black hole binaries, the scalar waveform vanishes, as expected from previous results which show that these systems in scalar-tensor theory are indistinguishable from their general relativistic counterparts. For black hole--neutron star binaries, the scalar waveform simplifies considerably from the generic case, essentially depending on only a single parameter up to first post-Newtonian order. With both the tensor and scalar waveforms in hand, we calculate the total energy flux carried by the outgoing waves. This quantity is computed to first post-Newtonian order relative to the ``quadrupole formula'' and agrees with previous, lower order calculations.
Mediastinal hematoma after carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract A patient with bilateral carotid disease presented with hypotension, unexplained fever, and failing hematocrit after the second of two carotid endarterectomies. Chest roentgenogram revealed marked mediastinal widening, which resolved rapidly with an otherwise benign post-operative course. Mediastinal hematoma is an unusual complication of carotid surgery.
A Dyn2–CIN85 complex mediates degradative traffic of the EGFR by regulation of late endosomal budding

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed in a variety of human cancers. Downstream signalling of this receptor is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally by controlling its internalization and subsequent degradation. Internalization of the EGFR requires dynamin 2 (Dyn2), a large GTPase that deforms lipid bilayers, leading to vesicle scission. The adaptor protein CIN85 (cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa), which has been proposed to indirectly link the EGFR to the endocytic machinery at the plasma membrane, is also thought to be involved in receptor internalization. Here, we report a novel and direct interaction between Dyn2 and CIN85 that is induced by EGFR stimulation and, most surprisingly, occurs late in the endocytic process. Importantly, disruption of the CIN85–Dyn2 interaction results in accumulation of internalized EGFR in late endosomes that become aberrantly elongated into distended tubules. Consistent with the accumulation of this receptor is a sustention of downstream signalling cascades. These findings provide novel insights into a previously unknown protein complex that can regulate EGFR traffic at very late stages of the endocytic pathway.
Decision-Making-A Key to Prevention of Drug Abuse.

This article focuses upon the role of decision-making in the schools as a vehicle for drug abuse prevention. Decision-making is examined as a process that may be structured to make learning more me...
In Search Of Maya Sea Traders

Stone temples rising above the rainforest canopy and elaborate hieroglyphs carved onto stone monuments give silent testimony to the high culture of the Maya ancestors of the indigenous peoples of Central America. They have inspired generations of archaeologists, professional and avocational, to take to the field in search of the past. One such archaeologist is Heather McKillop, who in 1979 first visited the coast of Belize in search of a little-known aspect of ancient Maya life: the sea trade that helped move salt, obsidian, coral, and other goods around the interior of the empire. In 1982, she began bringing volunteers and students to the islands off the coast of Port Honduras, Belize. Since then she has returned many times to excavate sites that reveal the scope and diversity of the trade that passed by water throughout the Maya world. In this book, McKillop tells the story of the search for the Maya sea traders, as well as the story of the traders themselves as it emerges from the excavations. In Search of Maya Sea Traders describes the trading port of Wild Cane Cay, where exotic obsidian, jade, gold, and other goods - including highly crafted pots - were traded from distant lands. McKillop also tells us about the more coastal-inland trade of salt, seafood, and other marine resources. Through the story of her own work and that of her students and volunteers, McKillop models both the research design and the field work that are required to interpret the civilizations of the past. She includes the adventure of discovery, the challenges of working in wild environments (from snakes and rising sea levels to falling coconuts) and the tedium of daily measured digs in a near-tropical setting. Through her experiences, the reader also gets to know some of the local residents of Port Honduras and Wild Cane Cay, descendants of the ancient Maya. In Search of Maya Sea Traders will appeal to that part of each of us that longs to explore distant places and cultures, in quest of a seldom-glimpsed past.
Post-mating behavior, intramolt growth, and onset of migration to Chesapeake Bay spawning grounds by adult female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun

Abstract After molting to maturity, female blue crabs must rebuild muscles atrophied to permit molting and grow larger ones commensurate with the larger exoskeleton. They also must acquire energy for oogenesis and for migration to high-salinity spawning habitat, a distance of >150 km for females mating in the Upper Chesapeake Bay. Using telemetry and mark–recapture techniques, post-copulatory females in the upper bay were shown to forage at high rates, alternating between meandering and directed movement in the area of mating for weeks to months, and to begin migrating in October. Consequently, females from the Upper Chesapeake Bay probably do not spawn until the season after mating. Their priority seems to be to acquire energy before migrating. After molting, energy was allocated first into somatic tissue and eventually into hepatopancreas and gonads. Telemetry of feeding and movement showed that habitat utilization, traveling velocities, foraging patterns, and movements were similar to those already determined for males. However, females appeared to invest proportionally more energy (calories per gram dry weight) into their somatic and reproductive tissues than did males. A newly designed transmitter that telemetered depth showed that females moved during both ebbs and floods and remained at or near the bottom of the water column.
Unconventional myosins: anchors in the membrane traffic relay.

The family of unconventional myosins is ever growing and the functions attributed to them seem to expand in parallel. These actin-based motor proteins have been implicated in processes as seemingly diverse as endocytosis and exocytosis, the transport of organelles, in spermatogenesis and in neurosensory functions such as hearing and sight. A common myosin function may underlie them all — the regulation of intracellular membrane traffic.
Differential Regulation of Gonadotropin Subunit Gene Promoter Activity by Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in Perifused LβT2 Cells: Role of GnRH Receptor Concentration

The pulsatile release of GnRH by the hypothalamus is required to stimulate the pituitary-gonadal axis, and variations in GnRH pulse frequency are associated with differential synthesis and release of LH and FSH by pituitary gonadotropes. How gonadotropes differentiate between GnRH pulse frequencies and subsequently differentially regulate the expression of the LH beta and FSH beta genes remains to be determined. In the present study, using a perifusion system that allows us to replicate the GnRH pulsatility occurring in vivo, we have systematically characterized the effects of varying GnRH pulse frequencies on LH beta, FSH beta, alpha, and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) gene promoter stimulation in L beta T2 cells. We demonstrate that LH beta gene promoter activity is stimulated to the greatest extent at higher GnRH pulse frequencies, whereas the FSH beta gene promoter is preferentially stimulated at lower GnRH pulse frequencies, reflecting previous observations in primary rat pituitary cells in vivo and in vitro. By measuring GnRH binding, we demonstrate that cell-surface GnRHR number is increased at higher frequencies of pulsatile GnRH and that this increase precedes the differential regulation of LH beta and FSH beta gene promoter activity. To test the role of GnRHR number in mediating the differential effects of pulsatile GnRH, the rat GnRHR was overexpressed in L beta T2 cells, and the response to pulsatile GnRH was again assessed. Interestingly, although overexpression of GnRHR had no effect on the frequency-dependent regulation of LH beta, the induction of FSH beta gene promoter activity by pulsatile GnRH was reduced, and frequency dependence was abrogated. Our results demonstrate that L beta T2 cells represent a suitable model for the study of the differential regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression by pulsatile GnRH. Furthermore, our studies indicate that cell-surface GnRHR density is a critical mediator of this differential regulation.
Reflex effects and postsynaptic membrane potential changes during epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in decapitate spinal cords

The administration of a convulsant dose of penicillin enhanced the transmission of monosynaptic reflexes in spinal cords in which reflex transmission was feeble before the drug treatment, but it had little effect in cords where monosynaptic reflexes were powerful to begin with. Post-tetanic potentiation was not altered by penicillin. Polysynaptic reflexes were invariably enhanced by convulsant amounts of penicillin. Postsynaptic ("direct") inhibition was not affected in the seizure-free intervals in spinal cords treated with penicillin, but it seemed to be suppressed during tonic seizures. The disability of reflex inhibition during ictal discharges may be due to presynaptic depolarization of inhibitory terminals. Recurrent inhibition was partially suppressed in spinal cords treated with penicillin. Neurons in the dorsal and intermediate gray matter were sometimes excited, sometimes inhibited, and sometimes unaffected by seizure activity of their segment. Motoneurons in the ventral horns invariably participated in the interictal and ictal activity. The timing of clonic seizure sequences coincided with bursts of Renshaw cell discharges. Action potential of abnormal amplitude and configuration were frequently observed in convulsing motoneurons. Paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDSs) of motoneurons were similar to those observed by other investigators in neurons in experimental epileptic foci of the cerebral cortex, except that spinal PDSs were not followed by hyperpolarizing waves.
Simultaneous measurements of velocity and deformation in flows through compliant diaphragms

Abstract Flow through a circular orifice in a deformable diaphragm mounted in a pipe was studied experimentally as a simple yet suitable case for validating numerical fluid/structure interaction (FSI) codes including structures with significant deformation and strain. The flow was characterized using pressure taps, particle image velocimetry (PIV), and hot-film anemometry while deformation of the compliant diaphragm was determined directly from PIV images. The diaphragm material properties were measured independently by a uniaxial tensile testing machine. The diaphragm material modulus, orifice diameter, and pipe Reynolds number were varied over ranges appropriate for simulations of flows through heart valves. Pipe Reynolds numbers ranged from 600 (laminar upstream condition) to 8800 (turbulent upstream condition). The pressure drop across the diaphragm resulted in a concave deformation for all cases studied. For the range of Reynolds number tested, the Euler number decreased with increasing Reynolds number as a result of orifice expansion. The flow immediately downstream of compliant diaphragms was jet-like with strong inward radial velocity components and vena contracta. Laminar low Reynolds number flow (Re=600) through both rigid and compliant diaphragms yielded early and regular roll up of coherent vortex rings at a fixed frequency in contrast to turbulent higher Reynolds number flow (Re=3900), which yielded a broad range of vortex passage frequencies. Expansion of the compliant orifice for Re=3900 resulted in an initially broader slower jet with delayed shear layer development compared with the equivalent rigid case.
Atmospheric Aerosol Index of Refraction and Size-Altitude Distribution from Bistatic Laser Scattering and Solar Aureole Measurements

The polarization and intensity of laser light scattered from a 500-m horizontal column of air was measured for angles from 8° to 172°. By photographing the sun’s aureole, the intensity of sunlight scattered from a column of air between the earth and the sun was measured from 2° to 12°. These three simultaneous independent data sets were analyzed assuming single Mie scattering corrected for Rayleigh scattering. A regularized power law oversize distribution N(r) = N0/[1 + (r/a)ν] was used in the analyses. Typical parameters values obtained are a = 0.05 μm,ν = 3.5, and N0 ~ 104 cm−3. Although the laser and aureole techniques look at somewhat different volumes of air, under good vertical mixing conditions they are in quantitative agreement. The complex index of refraction of undisturbed aerosols, particles complete with liquid coatings, is found to be typically mr = 1.50 ± 0.05, mi ~ 0.005.
Decagon Charged Pendula and Beyond

We consider a set of n identical charged pendulums and hang them from a common pivot. The electrostatic repulsive charge-charge interaction between the pairs repels the pendulums apart. The weight and the tension of the pendulums balance the coulombian repulsion stabilizing the setup to final static equilibrium. The final configuration is a horizontal n-gon inscribed in a circle of radius, R. It is the objective of our investigation to measure R as a function of mass, length and charge, {m,?,q}, of the pendulum for a number of pendulums, n, within the range of 2?n
Abstract 1232: Antiproliferative, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect of rhamnetin in human prostate cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Persistent oxidative stress due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been associated with malignancy and cancer progression. Using a panel of human prostate cancer cells, we observed increased production of intracellular ROS, compared to normal human prostate epithelial cells, accompanied by elevated expression of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxin-1 and thioredoxin that may be a likely mechanism to endure increased oxidative stress. There is a need for novel antioxidant agent that can effectively suppress the generation of increased ROS in cancer cells. Rhamnetin (3,5,3,4-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone), remains highest on oxygen radical absorbance capacity scale, however its anti-proliferative activities has not been assessed. Rhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol, abundantly present in cloves, sweet annie, annual wormwood, green vegetables and orchard grass. Previous studies (Shukla et al. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. 102: 5576, 2011) using androgen-responsive human prostate cancer LNCaP and androgen-refractory PC-3 cells, we have demonstrated that rhamnetin possess anticancer activity, induces apoptosis, and inhibits cancer cell growth. In the present study we assessed the antioxidant and anti-proliferative ability of rhmanetin in prostate cancer. Treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells with 100μM paraquat, an oxidative stress-inducing agent, induced cellular proliferation in both these cells. Treatment of cells with 5-80μM rhamnetin significantly decreased paraquat-induced ROS production and inhibited cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner. Similar effects were noted with the addition of recombinant Klotho protein to these cells, which is known to offer resistance to oxidative stress at the cellular level. Rhamnetin treatment also increased Klotho protein levels in both cell lines, along with increase in the expression of p53 and p21/waf1. Furthermore, rhamnetin treatment resulted in the increased expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 causing induction of apoptosis, which may be one of the protective mechanism(s) to decrease cell proliferation and enhance resistance to oxidative stress in cancer cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that rhamnetin acts as a potent antioxidant agent, reduces intracellular ROS levels, increases Klotho protein expression, induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which may have a significant role in the inhibition of prostate cancer progression. Citation Format: Christine Oak, Natarajan Bhaskaran, Sanjay Gupta, Sanjeev Shukla. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect of rhamnetin in human prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1232. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1232
Lagrangian Formulation of the Equations of Motion for Elastic Mechanisms With Mutual Dependence Between Rigid Body and Elastic Motions: Part I—Element Level Equations

Equations of motion are derived using Lagrange's equation for elastic mechanism systems. The elastic links are modeled using the finite element method. Both rigid body degrees of freedom and the elastic degrees of freedom are considered as generalized coordinates in the derivation
Interface properties of MBE-grown MOS structures with InGaAs/InAlAs buried channel and in-situ high-k oxide

With the goal to demonstrate feasibility of high-mobility buried channel, we used in-situ high-k deposition approach and show for the first time operational MOSFET with buried HfO 2 /In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/InP channel with mobility 1800 cm 2 /V-s at 3 × 10 12 cm -2 and e-mode operation. Interface properties are compared with a similar gate stack with 2 monolayer thick InGaAs "passivation" layer between InAlAs and the oxide. The latter gate stack has shown significantly improved gate control and ON/OFF ratio due to reduction of the interface state density.
Molecular receptive range variation among mouse odorant receptors for aliphatic carboxylic acids.

The ability of mammals to identify and distinguish among many thousands of different odorants suggests a combinatorial use of odorant receptors, with each receptor detecting multiple odorants and each odorant interacting with multiple receptors. Numerous receptors may be devoted to the sampling of particularly important regions of odor space. In this study, we explore the similarities and differences in the molecular receptive ranges of four mouse odorant receptors (MOR23-1, MOR31-4, MOR32-11 and MOR40-4), which have previously been identified as receptors for aliphatic carboxylic acids. Each receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, along with Gαolf and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator to allow electrophysiological assay of receptor responses. We find that even though these receptors are relatively unrelated, there is extensive overlap among their receptive ranges. That is, these receptors sample a similar region of odor space. However, the receptive range of each receptor is unique. Thus, these receptors contribute to the depth of coverage of this small region of odor space. Such a group of receptors with overlapping, but distinct receptive ranges, may participate in making fine distinctions among complex mixtures of closely related odorant compounds.
A Concurrent $Ku/K/Ka$ Tri-Band Distributed Power Amplifier With Negative-Resistance Active Notch Using SiGe BiCMOS Process

A new tri-band power amplifier (PA) on a 0.18- μm SiGe BiCMOS process, operating concurrently in Ku-, K-, and Ka-band, is presented. The concurrent tri-band PA design is based on the distributed amplifier structure with capacitive coupling to enable large device size, while maintaining wide bandwidth, gain cells with the enhanced-gain peaking inductor, and negative-resistance active notch filters for improved tri-band gain response. The concurrent tri-band PA exhibits measured small-signal gain around 15.4, 14.7, and 12.3 dB in the low band (10-19 GHz), midband (23-29 GHz), and high band (33-40 GHz), respectively. In the single-band mode, the PA has maximum output powers of 15, 13.3, and 13.8 dBm at 15, 25, and 35 GHz, respectively. When the PA is operated in dual-band mode, it has maximum output powers of 11.4/8.2 dBm at 15/25 GHz, 13.3/3 dBm at 15/35 GHz, and 8.7/6.7 dBm at 25/35 GHz. In the tri-band mode, it exhibits 8.8/5.4/3.8-dBm maximum output power at 15/25/35 GHz. The concurrent tri-band PA exhibits relatively flat responses in gain and output power across its three frequency bands and good matching up to 40 GHz.