cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residential electricity consumption in industrialized countries: Changes since 1973

Abstract We consider the evolution of residential electricity use since the early 1970s in 11 OECD countries. Average growth in demand has been higher in Europe and Japan than in the U.S. This result is mainly attributable to the difference in saturation of appliances and electricity heating, which was higher in the U.S. than elsewhere at the beginning of the period. Growth in appliance ownership was responsible for high growth rates from 1960 through around 1973, when electric heating began to become popular in many countries. By the early 1980s, more efficient appliances and tighter new homes dampened growth in demand in most countries. Average growth in electricity demand per household between 1978 and 1983 was generally less than 2% per yr, and was negative in some countries.
Relative stability of extended interstitial defects in silicon: First-principles calculations

Interstitials stored in {311} or {111} habit planes form rows of interstitial chains elongated in $⟨011⟩$ direction. Exploiting the large aspect ratio to treat chains as infinite, first-principles calculations of large computation supercells reveal a unique formation energy trend for each defect, which is closely correlated with its distinct shape. The most energetically favorable structure changes from {311} rodlike defects to Frank loops as the number of interstitials in the defect increases. These results are consistent with transmission electron microscopy studies.
The equatorial E-region and its plasma instabilities: a tutorial

In this short tutorial we first briefly review the basic physics of the E-region of the equatorial ionosphere, with emphasis on the strong electrojet current system that drives plasma instabilities and generates strong plasma waves that are easily detected by radars and rocket probes. We then discuss the instabilities themselves, both the theory and some examples of the observational data. These instabilities have now been studied for about half a century (!), beginning with the IGY, particularly at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory in Peru. The linear fluid theory of the important processes is now well understood, but there are still questions about some kinetic effects, not to mention the considerable amount of work to be done before we have a full quantitative understanding of the limiting nonlinear processes that determine the details of what we actually observe. As our observational techniques, especially the radar techniques, improve, we find some answers, but also more and more questions. One difficulty with studying natural phenomena, such as these instabilities, is that we cannot perform active cause-and-effect experiments; we are limited to the inputs and responses that nature provides. The one hope here is the steadily growing capability of numerical plasma simulations. If we can accurately simulate the relevant plasma physics, we can control the inputs and measure the responses in great detail. Unfortunately, the problem is inherently three-dimensional, and we still need somewhat more computer power than is currently available, although we have come a long way.
Soyfood Intake during Adolescence and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer among Chinese Women

Many experimental but few epidemiological studies have suggested that soyfoods and their constituents have cancer-inhibitory effects on breast cancer. No epidemiological study has evaluated the association of adolescent soyfood intake with the risk of breast cancer. To evaluate the effect of soyfood intake during adolescence, one of the periods that breast tissue is most sensitive to environmental stimuli, on subsequent risk of breast cancer, we analyzed data from a population-based case-control of 1459 breast cancer cases and 1556 age-matched controls (respective response rates were 91.1% and 90.3%). Information on dietary intake from ages 13-15 years was obtained by interview from all study participants and, in addition, from mothers of subjects less than 45 years of age (296 cases and 359 controls). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) derived from unconditional logistic models were used to measure soyfood intake and breast cancer risk. After adjustment for a variety of other risk factors, adolescent soyfood intake was inversely associated with risk, with ORs of 1.0 (reference), 0.75 (95% CI, 0.60-0.93), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.55-0.87), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.55-0.86), and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.40-0.65), respectively, for the lowest to highest quintiles of total soyfood intake (trend test, P < 0.001). The inverse association was observed for each of the soyfoods examined and existed for both pre- and postmenopausal women. Adolescent soyfood intakes reported by participants' mothers were also inversely associated with breast cancer risk (P for trend < 0.001), with an OR of 0.35 (95% CI, 0.21-0.60) for women in the highest soyfood intake group. Adjustment for rice and wheat products, the major energy source in the study population, and usual adult soyfood intake did not change the soyfood associations. Our study suggests that high soy intake during adolescence may reduce the risk of breast cancer in later life.
Essential Role for CAML in Follicular B Cell Survival and Homeostasis

Calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is important during thymopoiesis. However, whether it serves a function in mature lymphocytes is unknown. In this article, we show that CAML is essential for survival of peripheral follicular (Fo) B cells. Conditional deletion of CAML in CD19-Cre transgenic mice caused a significant reduction in Fo cell numbers and increased rates of homeostatic proliferation. CAML-deficient Fo cells showed increased cellular turnover and normal proliferative ability. Although CAML-deficient Fo cells responded to AgR stimulation and to B cell activating factor, they displayed decreased survival and increased apoptosis following stimulation with LPS and IL-4 in vitro. Failure to survive was not due to aberrant B cell development in the absence of CAML, because induced deletion of the gene in mature cells resulted in a similar phenotype. These data establish an essential and ongoing role for CAML in the long-term survival of mature B cells.
Object recognition by affine invariant matching

Novel techniques are described for model-based recognition of 3-D objects from unknown viewpoints using single-gray-scale images. The objects in the scene may be overlapping and partially occluded. Efficient matching algorithms, which assume affine approximation to the perspective viewing transformation, are proposed. The study is currently restricted to flat rigid 3-D objects. Point, line and curve matching algorithms are presented. The study especially emphasizes the curve matching problem. Experimental results are included. >
GDClust: A Graph-Based Document Clustering Technique

This paper introduces a new technique of document clustering based on frequent senses. The proposed system, GDClust (graph-based document clustering) works with frequent senses rather than frequent keywords used in traditional text mining techniques. GDClust presents text documents as hierarchical document-graphs and utilizes an apriori paradigm to find the frequent subgraphs, which reflect frequent senses. Discovered frequent subgraphs are then utilized to generate sense-based document clusters. We propose a novel multilevel Gaussian minimum support approach for candidate subgraph generation. GDClust utilizes English language ontology to construct document-graphs and exploits graph-based data mining technique for sense discovery and clustering. It is an automated system and requires minimal human interaction for the clustering purpose.
Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst in children

From the Departments of Internal Medicine, DiagnosticRadiology, and Pediatrics, University of Maryland at Baltimore,Baltimore, Maryland.Reprint requests: Karoly Horvath, MD, PhD, 22 S. Greene St.,N5W70, Box 140, Baltimore, MD 21201-1595.Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for GastrointestinalEndoscopy 0016-5107/2002/$35.00 + 0
Flight and attitude dynamics measurements of an instrumented Frisbee

In-flight measurements are made of the translational accelerations and attitude motion of a hand-thrown flying disc using miniaturized accelerometers and other sensors and a microcontroller data acquisition system. The experiments explore the capabilities and limitations of sensors on a rapidly rotating platform moving in air, and illustrate several of the complex gyrodynamic aspects of Frisbee flight. The data give insight into the biomechanics of Frisbee launch, and indicate lift, drag and pitch moment coefficients consistent with previous wind-tunnel measurements. The experiments constitute an instructive exercise in aerospace vehicle systems integration and in attitude reconstruction, and open the way to guided disc wings using control surfaces actuated during specific spin phases determined by onboard sensors.
Introduction of a new physical examination procedure for the differentiation of acromioclavicular joint lesions and subacromial impingement.

Abstract Objective: To present a new physical examination procedure that may assist in differentiating acromioclavicular joint lesions from subacromial impingement lesions. Discussion: The acromioclavicular joint differential test is performed by applying downward pressure over the lateral one third of the clavicle while passively inducing slight adduction, external rotation, and forced forward flexion to the humerus while the patient is in the seated position. Although similar mechanisms have been described, the acromioclavicular joint differential test is a new, previously unreported examination procedure. Conclusion: This article describes a new test to differentiate between acromioclavicular joint lesions and subacromial impingement. On the basis of its mechanism, the acromioclavicular joint differential test may provide the examiner with an additional tool in the differential diagnosis of acromioclavicular joint lesions and subacromial impingement in the patient with shoulder pain. Although this test has been used by the author in a clinical setting, validation data are not yet available. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:316–21)
Power Base: File‐linking capabilities

PowerBase is an impressive product that should provide the database capabilities that most business organisations require. It is easy for novices to set up and use. However, this database is designed to organise and retrieve short, descriptive items with a maximum of eighty characters per field and is not suitable for handling longer text descriptions.
616 Are the Risk Factors and Underlying Mechanisms for Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter Post Lung Transplant the Same

plantation (LT) remains controversial. During double LT, the newly implanted first lung has to accommodate the entire cardiac output during the implantation of the second lung. This can be responsible for an increased hydrostatic pressure with severe interstitial and alveolar oedema leading to catastrophic allograft dysfunction. We hypothesize that sequential LT using CPB systematically during the second lung implantation improves post transplantation oxygenation and clinical outcome.
Mechanism of interferon action: evidence for intermolecular autophosphorylation and autoactivation of the interferon-induced, RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR.

Abstract The interferon-induced RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is postulated to have an important regulatory role in the synthesis of viral and cellular proteins. Activation of the enzyme requires the presence of a suitable activator RNA and is accompanied by an autophosphorylation of PKR. Active PKR phosphorylates the alpha subunit of protein synthesis eukaryotic initiation factor 2, resulting in an inhibition of translation initiation. The mechanism of autophosphorylation is not well understood. Here we present evidence that the autophosphorylation of human PKR can involve intermolecular phosphorylation events, i.e., one PKR protein molecule phosphorylating a second PKR molecule. Both wild-type PKR and the point mutant PKR(K296R) synthesized in vitro were phosphorylated, even though PKR(K296R) was deficient in kinase catalytic activity. Phosphorylation of both wild-type PKR and PKR(K296R) was inhibited in the presence of 2-aminopurine. Furthermore, purified human recombinant PKR(K296R) was a substrate for the purified wild-type human PKR kinase. This intermolecular phosphorylation of mutant PKR(K296R) by wild-type PKR was dependent on double-stranded RNA and was inhibited by 2-aminopurine. Finally, PKR mRNA was capable of mediating an autoactivation of wild-type PKR kinase autophosphorylation in vitro.
Metabolic Acidosis with Discrepant Lactate Results

A 40-year-old woman was found unresponsive after a night of ethanol consumption. Her history was significant for alcohol abuse, bipolar disorder, and previous suicide attempts. Respiratory and renal failure occurred soon after hospitalization. Initial laboratory results included the following: blood ethanol, 17 mg/dL [reference interval, 0 or <LOQ (limit of quantification)]; …
Former Mental Patients in a Prison and Parole System A Study of Socially Disruptive Behavior

This paper examines the socially disruptive behavior of former mental patients for a sample of Federal inmates during prison confinement and upon release to the community. The analysis focuses on comparisons between these and other inmates in terms of prison disciplinary infractions and post-prison adjustment. Within the prison, it was found that the former mental patients had a higher disciplinary infraction rate than other inmates. This difference persisted even when differences in the known correlates of disciplinary infractions were accounted for. In the community, it was also found that the former mental patients were more likely to fail at adjustment. However, this difference was not statistically significant once differences in the known correlates of post-prison failure were accounted for. The implications of these two findings are discussed.
Satisfaction, Market Wages, & Labor Relations: An Airline Study

We use arguments from economics and industrial relations to help examine aspects of job satisfaction in the context of a changing industrial relations scene. Market comparisons and wage contours provide the strongest predictors of pay satisfaction. Results also suggest that workers in the “B” tier of two-tier wage plans are in fact more satisfied with pay and that overall, workers are more satisfied with less supervision and more control over their work.
Development and application of the Pedestrian Environment Index (PEI)

The objective of this work is to develop a new and easily computable measure of pedestrian friendliness for urban neighborhoods that makes the best use of the available data and also addresses the issues concerning other models in use. The Pedestrian Environment Index (PEI) is defined as the product of four components representing land-use diversity (based on the concept of entropy), population density, commercial density, and intersection density. The final PEI is bound between 0 and 1, and uses data that typically are readily available to planners and metropolitan planning organizations (MPO). The results of this method are region-specific; they are comparable only between the zones within the given study area. As a case study, the city of Chicago is analyzed at the sub-traffic analysis zone (sub-TAZ) level. The results agree closely with the expectation of pedestrian friendliness across different parts of the city. Possible extensions are also listed, including a further study to determine statistical relationships between the PEI and common socio-economic characteristics. The method could also be further improved should more types of data become available.
Effect of sodium pentobarbital on the SA nodal activity of the dog heart in vivo.

Constant pressure perfusion of the sinus node artery in situ was performed in 9 dogs anesthetized with i. v. sodium pentobarbital, 30mg/kg. Sodium pentobarbital, 30μg to 10mg, was injected directly into the sinus node artery. Doses of more than 100μg of sodium pentobarbital usually induced a negative chronotropic response. The injection of more than 3mg of pentobarbital frequently caused sino-atrial block followed by AV nodal rhythm. Control sinus rhythm was restored within 5 minutes after pentobarbital injection. The pentobarbitalinduced bradycardia was not blocked by atropine or propranolol. The pentobarbital effect, 100μg to 3mg, was antagonized by norepinephrine, although a large amount of pentobarbital, 10mg, was not antagonized by large amounts of norepinephrine. When heart rate was accelerated by the continuous infusion of norepinephrine, the negative chronotropic pentobarbital effect was more readily induced. It is concluded that sodium pentobarbital directly depresses SA nodal pacemaker activity of the dog in situ and the depression is partially antagonized by norepinephrine.
Stability analysis and robustness of a large-scale systems with decentralized adaptive controllers

Decentralized adaptive control (DAC) of a class of large scale systems formed by an arbitrary linear interconnection of linear time-invariant subsystems with unknown parameters is considered. It is shown that sufficient richness of each reference input ri and negative definiteness of a matrix are sufficient conditions for boundedness of parameter error and tracking error. Robustness of the stability of the composite system to disturbances is discussed.
The Role of Copper Suppression as an Antiangiogenic Strategy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective To determine whether tetrathiomolybdate (TM), a powerful chelator of copper, is capable of lowering the body stores of copper and suppressing the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in an orthotopic murine model. Study Design In vivo, murine model. Methods Twelve 8-week-old male C3H/HeJ mice were assigned to either a TM treatment group (n = 7) or a control group (n = 5). Serum samples were obtained from a single mouse in each group to measure the level of ceruloplasmin as a surrogate marker of total body copper on days 0, 4, and 7. Mice in both groups received a floor-of-mouth injection of 1.5 × 105 SCC VII/SF cells. After 7 to 10 days of tumor growth the treatment group received fresh water daily, to which TM was added to achieve an oral intake of 50 mg per mouse. The control group received only fresh drinking water daily. Tumor volume measurements were obtained every other day. Microvessel density counts were assessed in the tumors by Factor VIII analysis. Results Measurable tumor growth was achieved in 100% of the mice by the tenth day. Total body copper was reduced by 28% from baseline levels in mice in the treatment group. The difference in mean tumor volume in the control group was 4.7 times greater than the TM-treated group at the completion of treatment (3004 mm3 and 633mm3, respectively). This accounted for an overall suppression rate of 79% (P = .008; two-tailed Student t test). In addition, microvessel density was reduced by 50% in the TM-treated group. Conclusion In this initial study, the first of its kind in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, we have demonstrated the ability of TM to significantly suppress both the growth of squamous cell carcinoma and tumor vascularity in this orthotopic murine model, suggesting its potential for efficacy in the treatment of this disease in humans.
What learning progressions on carbon-transforming processes tell us about how students learn to use the laws of conservation of matter and energy

AbstrAct We report on learning progression research that tracks how students develop an understand-ing of matter and energy conservation as they pertain to the carbon-transforming processes of combustion, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, digestion, and biosynthesis. We find that typically only 10% of students in American high schools develop scientific explanations of these processes where they successfully conserve matter and energy (atoms in the inputs match those in the outputs and chemical energy is accurately associated with changes in chemical bonds). Students with confused explanations do not use the conservation laws to monitor their ideas. We present data that indicate that explicit instruction and consistent assessment on the use of the conservation laws as tools for understanding the carbon-trans-forming processes can advance students’ understanding. Keywords: carbon-transforming processes, learning, learning progressions, teaching Em Erg nt topics on ch mistry ducation[LEarning progrEssions in chEmistry]
Evolutionary identification of a subtype specific functional site in the ligand binding domain of steroid receptors

Nuclear receptors are ubiquitous eukaryotic ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate gene expression through varied interactions. However, the highly conserved functional sites known today seem insufficient to explain receptor specific recruitment of different coactivator and corepressor proteins and regulation of transcription. To search for new receptor-subtype specific functional sites, we applied difference evolutionary trace (difference ET) analysis to the ligand binding domain of steroid receptors, a subgroup of the nuclear receptor (NR) family. This computational approach identified a new functional site located on a surface opposite to currently known protein-protein interaction sites and distinct from the ligand binding pocket. Strikingly, the literature shows that in vivo variations at residues in the new site are linked to androgen resistance and leukemia, and our own targeted mutations to this site lower but do not eradicate transcriptional activation by estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), with reduced ligand binding affinity and SRC-1 interaction. Thus, these data demonstrate that this evolutionary important surface can function as an allosteric site that modulates some but not all receptor binding interactions. Evolutionary analysis further shows that this allosteric regulatory site is shared among all NRs from groups 2 (HNF4-like) and 4 (NGFIB-like), suggesting a role among many nuclear receptors. Its concave structure, hydrophobic composition, and residue variability among nuclear receptors further suggest that it would be amenable for specific drug design. This highlights the power of evolutionary information for the identification of new functional sites even in a protein family as well studied as NRs.
Four-Dimensional Structure of Monthly Latent Heating Derived from SSM/ISatellite Measurements

Abstract Time–space distributions of mean monthly latent heating estimated from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave satellite measurements using the Florida State University precipitation profile retrieval algorithm over ocean regions are investigated for the 1992 annual cycle. The space domain is considered in both horizontal and vertical coordinates, with vertical retrieval made possible by the profiling design of the rain algorithm and the underlying relationship between the vertical derivatives of equivalent liquid water mass fluxes and latent heat release. Comparisons of the retrieved mean monthly rainfall and rain frequency to climatological datasets and atoll rain gauge measurements indicate reasonable agreement except at latitudes above 40° where the satellite values are low biased relative to the climatologies. The horizontal distributions of mean monthly latent heating show that the locations of maximum heating lie in the vicinity and along the axes of well-documented large...
Precision surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) oscillators

The evolution of SAW oscillator technology over the past 17 years is described and a review of the current state of the art for high-performance SAW oscillators is presented. This review draws heavily upon the authors' own experience and efforts, which have focused upon the development of a wide variety of SAW oscillators in response to numerous high-performance military system requirements. >
Effect of age and cancer on peripheral immune cell subsets and their PD-1 and PD-L1 expression

Meeting abstracts Immunotherapies aiming to interfere with the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1 (programmed death-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are currently being investigated in several clinical trials to treat cancer patients. Little is known about the effect of age or cancer on peripheral immune cell
Impact of demographics on human gut microbial diversity in a US Midwest population

The clinical utility of microbiome biomarkers depends on the reliable and reproducible nature of comparative results. Underappreciation of the variation associated with common demographic, health, and behavioral factors may confound associations of interest and generate false positives. Here, we present the Midwestern Reference Panel (MWRP), a resource for comparative gut microbiome studies conducted in the Midwestern United States. We analyzed the relationships between demographic and health behavior-related factors and the microbiota in this cohort, and estimated their effect sizes. Most variables investigated were associated with the gut microbiota. Specifically, body mass index (BMI), race, sex, and alcohol use were significantly associated with microbial β-diversity (P < 0.05, unweighted UniFrac). BMI, race and alcohol use were also significantly associated with microbial α-diversity (P < 0.05, species richness). Tobacco use showed a trend toward association with the microbiota (P < 0.1, unweighted UniFrac). The effect sizes of the associations, as quantified by adjusted R(2) values based on unweighted UniFrac distances, were small (< 1% for all variables), indicating that these factors explain only a small percentage of overall microbiota variability. Nevertheless, the significant associations between these variables and the gut microbiota suggest that they could still be potential confounders in comparative studies and that controlling for these variables in study design, which is the main objective of the MWRP, is important for increasing reproducibility in comparative microbiome studies.
Fun and Games: The Suppression of Architectural Authoriality and the Rise of the Reader

Between the Roarkian caricature of the heroic modernist and the spectre of the contemporary starchitect, there was a period of resistance in which architectural authoriality came under fire. One of the most explicit challenges was issued through the use of gaming and simulation in both architectural education and practice in the 1960s and the 1970s, particularly in the work of Juan Pablo Bonta and Henry Sanoff - both of them architectural scholars, educators, and game enthusiasts. By tracing the importation of gaming and simulation techniques into architecture, this paper will show how architectural games sought to refigure the architect as a collaborative figure embedded in a network of experts, participants and constituents, and to modulate the architect’s design authority by foregrounding the contributions of viewer-interpreters to the creation of meaning. Situating their work within gaming precedents, from war and business games to urban planning gaming-simulations, I show how architecture games - particularly design games - worked to develop the architectural reader as a creative force, in some quarters going so far as to posit interpretation as the basis of design.
Disintegration of Sc 47

The disintegration of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{47}$ has been investigated with the help of magnetic spectrometers, scintillation spectrometers, and coincidence counting. There are two beta-ray groups of end-point energies 0.600\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 (40%) and 0.439\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 (60%) Mev, and one gamma ray of 0.159 Mev. The gamma ray is in coincidence with the lower energy group.
Abstract 19228: Cost-effectiveness of the CardioMems Implantable Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring System in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Background: For management of heart failure, the value of the CardioMems device remains uncertain. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of the CardioMems device. Methods: We developed a Markov model to determine quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), cost, and cost-effectiveness of patients with heart failure receiving CardioMems implantation compared to those with routine care. In the main case analysis, we modeled the intervention in the CHAMPION trial cohort, which included patients with NYHA Class III heart failure with a heart failure hospitalization within the past twelve months. We also performed subgroup analyses of patients with preserved ejection fraction or reduced ejection fraction, and a scenario analysis of a second cohort of patients from the CHARM trials with a previous heart failure hospitalization. We obtained event rates and utilities from published trial data; we used costs from literature estimates and Medicare payment data. The main case analysis was calibrated to the hospitalization and survival rates of the CHAMPION trial. Results: In the CHAMPION trial main case analysis, CardioMems reduced lifetime hospitalizations (2.37 versus 3.27), increased months of survival (67 versus 62), increased QALYs (2.66 versus 2.38) and increased costs ($171,132 versus $154,084), yielding a cost of $59,520 per QALY gained or $40,301 per life-year gained. The cost per QALY gained was $71,964 in patients with reduced ejection fraction compared to $34,899 in those with preserved ejection fraction. In less ill patients from the CHARM trials, which included patients with NYHA Class II heart failure, the device cost increased to $110,565 per QALY gained. If the device cost decreased from $17,500 in the main case analysis to $15,000, the intervention would cost less than $50,000 per QALY gained. The duration of effectiveness was initially assumed to be lifelong; if less than 29 months, CardioMems would cost more than $150,000 per QALY gained. Conclusion: The CardioMems device is cost-effective in populations similar to the CHAMPION trial, with a cost of less than $100,000 per QALY gained, if durability of device effectiveness is sustained. Post-marketing surveillance data on the device’s durability will further clarify its value.
The Renal Erythropoietic Factor. V. Studies on Its Purification

SummaryThe REF is located primarily in the light mitochondrial fraction and, to a lesser extent, in the microsomal fraction of kidneys from rats rendered hypoxic for 18 hours. This factor has been purified approximately 230-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex gel filtration.
Hydrothermal Catalytic Cracking of Fatty Acids with HZSM-5

We explored the hydrothermal cracking of palmitic acid by HZSM-5 zeolite in a batch reactor. The major liquid products were aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., xylenes, toluene) and alkanes (e.g., 2-methyl-pentane, heptane). The major gaseous products were CO and CO2, but appreciable yields of propane and butane were also obtained. The effects of batch holding time, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and water density on product yields were elucidated. Total yields of gas and liquid products exceeding 90 wt % are available at reaction conditions of 400 °C, 180 min, and either with no added H2 and a water density of 0.1 g/mL or less or with added H2 and a water density of 0.15 g/mL. The activation energy for palmitic acid disappearance is 31 ± 1 kJ/mol. The zeolite catalyst undergoes some modest structural changes under the hydrothermal reaction conditions employed, but the catalyst can be regenerated by controlled oxidation to remove coke and calcination to restore the structure. These results demonstrate the techn...
Experimental evaluation of haptic enabled interactive motor skill training system

Haptic display can enhance interactivity and immersion of virtual reality systems. Chinese handwriting training was selected as a benchmark to study motor skill training by haptic interaction method. Strokes sequence based rendering architecture, corresponding collision detection and virtual force model were briefly introduced. Experiment platform was constructed using Phantom desktop?. Experiments were classified into two categories. First kind of experiment focuses on stability and fidelity of the rendering algorithm on various strokes and characters handwriting training. Result illustrates validity of the rendering algorithm to achieve expected collision detection result within neighboring area of strokes clusters and at corner points of complex strokes, and stability can be maintained even when frequent switch occurs between the virtual pen’s tip and the virtual paper, or between the virtual pen’s tip and adjacent strokes. Second kind of experiment focuses on effect of force feedback during motor skill training. Writing efficiency and accuracy under force feedback is better than without force feedback. For novice trainee, the effect of using haptic training is especially apparent. However, the effect of native trainees is not apparent as expected, which is concluded that small-scale repetition is not enough for cultivating kinesthetic memory.
Band-Aid Solutions to Problems of Access: Their Origins and Limits

Many persons lack adequate access to oral health services. The causes of this are a constricted understanding of the roles of governments and professions. Both those groups have responsibilities to ensure that a decent level of oral health care is available to all persons in the United States. If the dental professions as a whole were to embrace this ideal, the sacrifices required of any one professional would be minimal.
Quasi-ballistic carbon nanotube array transistors with current density exceeding Si and GaAs

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tantalizing candidates for semiconductor electronics because of their exceptional charge transport properties and one-dimensional electrostatics. Ballistic transport approaching the quantum conductance limit of 2G0 = 4e2/h has been achieved in field-effect transistors (FETs) containing one CNT. However, constraints in CNT sorting, processing, alignment, and contacts give rise to nonidealities when CNTs are implemented in densely packed parallel arrays such as those needed for technology, resulting in a conductance per CNT far from 2G0. The consequence has been that, whereas CNTs are ultimately expected to yield FETs that are more conductive than conventional semiconductors, CNTs, instead, have underperformed channel materials, such as Si, by sixfold or more. We report quasi-ballistic CNT array FETs at a density of 47 CNTs μm−1, fabricated through a combination of CNT purification, solution-based assembly, and CNT treatment. The conductance is as high as 0.46 G0 per CNT. In parallel, the conductance of the arrays reaches 1.7 mS μm−1, which is seven times higher than the previous state-of-the-art CNT array FETs made by other methods. The saturated on-state current density is as high as 900 μA μm−1 and is similar to or exceeds that of Si FETs when compared at and equivalent gate oxide thickness and at the same off-state current density. The on-state current density exceeds that of GaAs FETs as well. This breakthrough in CNT array performance is a critical advance toward the exploitation of CNTs in logic, high-speed communications, and other semiconductor electronics technologies.
Terrestrial Invertebrate Arsenic Accumulation Associated With an Arsenic Hyperaccumulating Fern, Pteris vittata (Polypodiales: Pteridaceae)

Arsenic (As) can play an important role in the contamination of soils, waters, and air. The toxicity of As to most organisms is well established, but little is known about the interactions between environmental As and terrestrial invertebrates and the fate of As through trophic levels. Pteris vittata L. (Polypodiales: Pteridaceae), a fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic, serves as a potential mechanism to facilitate interactions between environmental arsenic and other biota. We compared invertebrate arsenic concentrations (hereafter as [As]) and bioaccumulation factors associated with soil and fern [As] to elucidate relationships between invertebrate and environmental As exposure. We collected invertebrates in pitfall traps from field sites associated with P. vittata, and identified them to order for whole body arsenic analysis and subsequently family for classification into functional feeding groups. We found that overall [As] in invertebrates increased with soil [As], but not with fern [As]. The absence of a relationship between fern [As] and invertebrate [As] may indicate invertebrates are avoiding the fern. Individual taxonomic groups significantly differed in whole body [As], and individual taxa also varied in their relationship between whole body [As] relative to soil and fern [As]. Overall invertebrate abundance decreased as invertebrate [As] load increased but varied across taxa. One particular herbivore, Callopistria floridensis (Florida fern caterpillar), associated with relatively low environmental As exposure contained over 4,000 mg kg-1 As. Our results show that As bioaccumulates into higher trophic levels and invertebrate body [As] covary with exposure to naturally occurring environmental [As] associated with P. vittata.
Prolylcarboxypeptidase Murine Hypomorphs Are Hypertensive and Prothrombotic

Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a serine protease that degrades bradykinin and angiotensin II. It also activates prekallikrein (PK) ( K =9 nM) to plasma kallikrein when bound to high molecular weight kininogen on cells and matrix independent of factor XIIa. PRCP polymorphisms are a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and pre-eclampsia. PRCP murine hypomorphs (PRCP gt/gt ) were created from ES cells where the Prcp gene was interrupted by gene trap with a LacZ insertion in intron 4 (KST302 gt/+ ). PRCP gt/+ mice were created and backcrossed 10 generations in a C57BL6 background. PRCP gt/gt mice contain gt/gt mice are hypertensive. Using carotid sensors and continuous telemetry BP monitoring for 7 days, the mean systolic and diastolic BP in PRCP gt/gt mice were ~138, 125, and 113 mm Hg, versus ~125, 113, and 111 mg Hg in WT mice. Transthoracic ultrasound studies show significantly reduced anterior and posterior cardiac muscle velocity and strain at 6 and 12 months in PRCP gt/gt mice versus WT. Murine micro-MRI show reduced ejection fraction (p=0.038) and an enlarged aortic root (p=0.048) in PRCP gt/gt mice. Additionally, PRCP gt/gt mice have shortened carotid artery closure times using the Rose Bengal (25±0.8 min PRCP gt/gt vs 51±4 min WT, p gt/gt vs >60 min WT, p gt/gt murine hypomorphs also have reduced plasma factor XII (69±12% vs 114±15% WT, p gt/gt mice also have normal contact activation- or tissue factor-induced thrombin generation times, indicating that arterial thrombosis risk is independent of thrombin formation. These combined investigations indicate the PRCP is an important modulator of constitutive arterial blood pressure and thrombosis risk by mechanisms independent of thrombin generation. Further, reduced PK activation or pharmacologic inhibition of plasma kallikrein may increase arterial thrombotic risk.
Identity and publication in non-university settings: academic co-authorship and collaboration

Increased collaboration between researchers working in university, industry, and governmental settings is changing the landscape of academic science. Traditional models of the interaction between these sectors, such as the triple helix concept, draw clear distinctions between academic and non-academic settings and actors. This study surveyed scientists (n = 469) working outside of university settings who published articles indexed in the Web of Science about their modes of collaboration, perceptions about publishing, workplace characteristics, and information sources. We study the association between these variables, and use text analysis to examine the roles, duties, sites, topics, and workplace missions among non-university based authors. Our analysis shows that 72% of authors working in non-university settings who collaborate and publish with other scientists self-identify as academics. Furthermore, their work life resembles that of those working in university settings in that the majority report doing fundamental research in government research organizations and laboratories. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, this research suggests that peer-reviewed publications are much more dominated by non-university academics than we previously thought and that collaboration as co-authors on academic publications is not likely to be a primary conduit for the transfer of scientific knowledge between academe and industry.
Integrated Raman Spectroscopy with Digital Holography for Microparticle Characterization

This work combines Raman spectroscopy with digital holography using single wavelength. The results demonstrate the ability to unambiguously investigate the chemical and morphological characteristics of micron-sized particles simultaneously.
Materials Management Planning

After World War II, there was an increased emphasis on planning by management at all levels. This change affected management of both manufacturing and service operations, and resulted from a need to improve customer service and operating efficiency. The tendency to pay greater attention to planning has continued, and has spurred the growth of materials management and the need for planning at the materials management level.
Introduction to Combinatorial Theory

A hands-on'' constructive and computational approach to combinatorial topics with real-life modern applications. Provides a simple treatment of the subject. Introduces topics such as counting, designs and graphs. The notation is standard and kept to a minimum. Chapters end with historical remarks and suggestions for further reading.
Gonadal LH Receptors: Resolution from Adenylate Cyclase and Transfer to Heterologous Cells

The majority of particulate high-affinity receptors for LH in the steroidogenic cells of the testis and ovary are membrane-bound and capable of functional coupling to adenylate cyclase(1,2). The gonadal receptors for LH can be solubilized together with adenylate cyclase by a variety of non-ionic detergents(3). In addition to the membrane-associated receptors that require detergent for solubilization, the luteinized ovary has been found to contain a small proportion of spontaneously “soluble” receptor sites (up to 10%) that can be recovered in the floating lipid fraction of the 360,000 x g supernate prepared from ovarian homogenates (4).
Entropically driven aggregation of bacteria by host polymers promotes antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacteria causing chronic infections are generally observed living in cell aggregates suspended in polymer-rich host secretions, and bacterial phenotypes induced by aggregated growth may be key factors in chronic infection pathogenesis. Bacterial aggregation is commonly thought of as a consequence of biofilm formation; however the mechanisms producing aggregation in vivo remain unclear. Here we show that polymers that are abundant at chronic infection sites cause bacteria to aggregate by the depletion aggregation mechanism, which does not require biofilm formation functions. Depletion aggregation is mediated by entropic forces between uncharged or like-charged polymers and particles (e.g., bacteria). Our experiments also indicate that depletion aggregation of bacteria induces marked antibiotic tolerance that was dependent on the SOS response, a stress response activated by genotoxic stress. These findings raise the possibility that targeting conditions that promote depletion aggregation or mechanisms of depletion-mediated tolerance could lead to new therapeutic approaches to combat chronic bacterial infections.
Emerging Treatment Strategies for Primary Breast Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue.

Abstract Introduction We report our experience in treating patients with primary breast extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to better elucidate the natural history and optimal treatment approach for these patients. Patients and Methods Patients with localized primary breast MALT lymphoma treated between 1995 and 2016 were included. Disease-related endpoints including progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Results Eleven patients met inclusion criteria; all patients were women with a median age of 62 years (range, 42-75 years). Most (73%) patients presented with stage I disease, and most (73%) patients were treated initially treated with radiation therapy (RT). Local control following RT was 100%; all patients with progression following RT experienced distant relapse. Additionally, none of the 3 patients treated with ultra-low-dose RT (4 Gy) experienced subsequent progression (local or distant). Six (55%) patients progressed after initial therapy, of whom 5 received initial RT; the 5-year PFS after initial therapy was 60%. Salvage systemic therapy was utilized in all patients with progression, with 5 of 6 patients receiving single-agent rituximab. Of the patients treated with salvage therapy, only 1 experienced second relapse, with a 5-year PFS of 100% after salvage systemic therapy. With a median follow-up of 8 years, there were no deaths in the cohort. Conclusions Patients with primary breast MALT lymphoma achieve excellent outcomes. Initial RT affords local control, and although subsequent distant progression is common, salvage rituximab yields high rates of PFS.
A deadlier post-9/11 terrorism landscape for the USA abroad: a quasi-experimental study of backlash effects of terrorism prevention

The United States initiated sweeping counterterrorism efforts after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. This study tests a backlash hypothesis as it relates to the nature of attacks against the US abroad. Relying on data from the Global Terrorism Database, this study uses a quasi-experimental design to investigate whether attacks against the US abroad became more or less lethal after 9/11. There is a significant increase in the proportion of attacks with fatalities and a significant decrease in the proportions of non-lethal attacks against US targets and interests overseas after 9/11. The results suggest a redistribution in the lethality of attacks against the US abroad. This study finds evidence of a backlash of deadlier terrorism violence against the US abroad after September 11. Examining for unintended consequences is an important facet of terrorism prevention research and policy.
Carbon Nanotube-Based Flexible UV Sensor on Various Substrates

Flexible and printed electronics are attracting considerable attention since they offer new capabilities that are not possible with conventional rigid substrates. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used here to develop a sensor to detect ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The sensors were made on various flexible substrates including polyimide (PI) films and cellulose paper, and also on glass substrate for comparison. CNT in aqueous solution with varying concentrations was drop-cast onto the active region between the electrodes for resistor type devices. An optimum CNT concentration was identified and the distribution and topographies of the nanotube networks on the substrates were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. All the sensors respond immediately to UV on/off cycles with a change in resistance due to the ability of the nanotubes to adsorb and desorb oxygen on their surface. The sensors with the lowest concentration of CNTs (0.0005 wt.%) exhibit the best response. The sensor made on PI substrate yields the highest response at 71%. The functionality is maintained even after mechanically bending the flexible sensors 1000 times at a curvature radius of 10 mm, which is an advantage for practical applications. Electrodes were printed on the PI substrate and tested outdoor under natural sunlight. The sensor accurately detects UV radiation and could be developed for potential applications such as in wristband or sunglass.
The Paradox of Interaction: Communication Network Centralization, Shared Task Experience, and the Wisdom of Crowds in Online Crowdsourcing Communities:

Research on the wisdom of crowds (WOC) identifies two paradoxical effects of communication. The social influence effect hampers the WOC, whereas the collective learning effect improves crowd wisdom...