cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Aromatic Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanomolecules by Core Conversion: The Case of Au36(SPh-tBu)24

Ultrasmall nanomolecules (<2 nm) such as Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18, Au38(SCH2CH2Ph)24, and Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60 are well studied and can be prepared using established synthetic procedures. No such synthetic protocols that result in high yield products from commercially available starting materials exist for Au36(SPh-X)24. Here, we report a synthetic procedure for the large-scale synthesis of highly stable Au36(SPh-X)24 with a yield of ∼42%. Au36(SPh-X)24 was conveniently synthesized by using tert-butylbenzenethiol (HSPh-tBu, TBBT) as the ligand, giving a more stable product with better shelf life and higher yield than previously reported for making Au36(SPh)24 from thiophenol (PhSH). The choice of thiol, solvent, and reaction conditions were modified for the optimization of the synthetic procedure. The purposes of this work are to (1) optimize the existing procedure to obtain stable product with better yield, (2) develop a scalable synthetic procedure, (3) demonstrate the superior stability of Au36(SPh-tBu)24 when ...
Determining Faculty Climate and Relationship Between Faculty and Administration

Currently, 800,000 faculty work off the tenure track with poor working conditions that have remained unaddressed for over 20 years (Kezar & Sam, 2014). Even though some leaders and policymakers recognize that poor working conditions affect performance, there have been few intentional changes on individual campuses to foster positive working conditions for contingent faculty (Kezar & Sam, 2014). The purpose of this study is to determine the current faculty climate and the relationship between faculty and administration? Moreover, what encompasses a healthy collegial academic environment? A qualitative case study method was employed to interview five faculty within one college within a university in the Northwest region of the United States. Results of this study are beneficial to both university faculty and administrators.
The Divisible and E-Injective Hulls of a Torsion Free Group

Recently there has been considerable interest in the structure of torsion free abelian groups G as modules over their endomorphism rings E = End(G). In particular, homological properties of the E-module G have been the focus of a number of papers (see (2), (7), (8)). In (2) the structure of finite rank groups G such that G was E-projective was determined, while in (7) the injective hull of G as an E-module was investigated. In the latter paper the question was asked: For which groups G is the E-injective hull of G equal to QG, the divisible hull? This is equivalent to the question: When is QG injective as a QE-module? In this note we obtain a partial answer by imposing an additional condition on G. We examine groups G for which QG is injective as a QE-module and HomQE(QG, QG) = Q(center E). This property, called aEqi, is equivalent to condition weaker than quasi-injectivuty on EG.
The role of the intestinal microbiome in ocular inflammatory disease.

Purpose of reviewThe intestinal commensal microbiota are important in shaping immune cell repertoire and are influenced by host genetics. Because of this intricate interaction, an intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with multiple immune-mediated polygenic diseases. This review summarizes the li
Determination of Distances Based on T 1 and T m Effects

The distance between a rapidly-relaxing paramagnetic center and a slowly-relaxing center can be determined from the effect of the rapidly-relaxing center on the spin-lattice relaxation and on the spin echo dephasing of the slowly-relaxing center. The principles underlying these measurements are discussed and examples are given for high-spin and low-spin Fe(III).
New Approaches to the Design of Materials Via Preparative Inorganic Chemistry

“An important goal of materials research is the ability to design and synthesize, in high yield, new materials whose structure and properties can be predicted, varied and controlled.” This statement taken from “Trends and Opportunities in Materials Research,” a report (1) to the National Science Foundation by its Advisory Committee, is the challenge held out to the synthetic vhemist by the demands of materials technology. The report goes on to state that the goal can only be achieved when the structure and stability are well enough understood on an atomic and molecular scale to predict macroscopic properties. Frequently the processing following the synthesis determine the ultimate structure and properties of the end product. With this in mind, we have structured the symposium to primarily focus on innovative synthetic procedures, materials modification and processing, and structure-property relationships.
Prevalence and predictors of weight-loss maintenance in a biracial cohort: results from the coronary artery risk development in young adults study.

Background Few population-based studies have examined the behavioral and psychosocial predictors of long-term weight-loss maintenance. Purpose The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of weight-loss maintenance in a biracial cohort of younger adults. Methods This study examined a population-based sample of overweight/obese African-American and white men and women who had ≥5% weight loss between 1995 and 2000. Subsequent changes in weight, physical activity, and behavioral and psychosocial factors were examined between 2000 and 2005. Analyses were conducted in 2008–2009. Results Among the 1869 overweight/obese individuals without major disease in 1995, a total of 536 (29%) lost ≥5% between 1995 and 2000. Among those who lost weight, 34% ( n =180) maintained at least 75% of their weight loss between 2000 and 2005, whereas 66% subsequently regained. Higher odds of successful weight-loss maintenance were related to African-American race (OR=1.7, p =0.03); smoking (OR=3.4, p =0.0001); history of diabetes (OR=2.2, p =0.04); increases in moderate physical activity between 2000 and 2005 (OR=1.4, p =0.005); increases in emotional support over the same period (OR=1.6, p =0.01); and less sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption in 2005 (OR=0.8, p =0.006). Conclusions One third of overweight men and women who lost weight were able to maintain 75% or more of their weight loss over 5 years. Interventions to promote weight-loss maintenance may benefit from targeting increased physical activity and emotional support and decreased sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption.
Vertebral vacuum phenomenon - A radiographic manifestation of metastatic malignancy

Gas lucency within intervertebral disc spaces, the vertebral vacuum phenomenon (VVP) was visible radiographically in 12/42 (28%) women with adenocarcinoma of the breast metastatic to bone. In 7/12 (17%) the VVP occurred adjacent to vertebra involved with metastatic tumor and free of significant degenerative changes. Vertebral collapse occurred in all seven women, but was minimal in some when the VVP was prominent. Metastatic malignancy should be considered along with degenerative disease when the VVP is observed.
The Fed and Lehman Brothers

The bankruptcy of the investment bank Lehman Brothers was the pivotal event of the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession that followed. Ever since the bankruptcy, there has been heated debate about why the Federal Reserve did not rescue Lehman in the same way it rescued other financial institutions, such as Bear Stearns and AIG. The Fed's leaders from that time, especially former Chairman Ben Bernanke, have strongly asserted that they lacked the legal authority to save Lehman because it did not have adequate collateral for the loan it needed to survive. Based on a meticulous four-year study of the Lehman case, The Fed and Lehman Brothers debunks the official narrative of the crisis. It shows that in reality, the Fed could have rescued Lehman but officials chose not to because of political pressures and because they underestimated the damage that the bankruptcy would do to the economy. The compelling story of the Lehman collapse will interest anyone who cares about what caused the financial crisis, whether the leaders of the Federal Reserve have given accurate accounts of their actions, and how the Fed can prevent future financial disasters.
Differing views on forgiveness: how do graduate-level theology students in South Korea perceive divine and human forgiveness?

How do graduate-level theology students in Korea perceive human and divine forgiveness? Are there certain aspects of forgiveness that they see as more different than other aspects because of their ...
Calibration in multiple text use

The literature on calibration suggests that students consider a multitude of factors when they self-evaluate task performance. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on calibration within a complex task enviornment, such as when students are asked to compose written responses based on multiple texts. In this study, we examined the criteria that undergraduate students considered when they were asked to self-evaluate their written responses, composed based on multiple texts. Moreover, we considered the extent to which these criteria had an effect on students' objective response quality, calibration, and confidence bias. Findings revealed that students indeed cited a variety of criteria in justifying their self-evaluations including task-, context-, and person-related factors, consistent with prior research. Further, our study indicated that high quality written responses were associated with accurate calibration and with students' relative under-confidence. We further found that low-performing students demonstrated less accurate calibration and greater over-confidence. Implications for improving students’ metacognitive awareness during complex task completion are discussed.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF VIOLENT CRIME ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHICAGO

Rising city-wide violent crime in Chicago is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) among urban dwellers. However, the effect of a single violent crime event on BP is not known. In this study, we hypothesized that crime events occurring near to a patient's home and near in time to a clinic
The HCN domain is required for HCN channel cell-surface expression and couples voltage- and cAMP-dependent gating mechanisms

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are major regulators of synaptic plasticity and rhythmic activity in the heart and brain. Opening of HCN channels requires membrane hyperpolarization and is further facilitated by intracellular cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs). In HCN channels, membrane hyperpolarization is sensed by the membrane-spanning voltage sensor domain (VSD), and the cNMP-dependent gating is mediated by the intracellular cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) connected to the pore-forming S6 transmembrane segment via the C-linker. Previous functional analysis of HCN channels has suggested a direct or allosteric coupling between the voltage- and cNMP-dependent activation mechanisms. However, the specifics of this coupling remain unclear. The first cryo-EM structure of an HCN1 channel revealed that a novel structural element, dubbed the HCN domain (HCND), forms a direct structural link between the VSD and C-linker–CNBD. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of the HCND. Deletion of the HCND prevented surface expression of HCN2 channels. Based on the HCN1 structure analysis, we identified Arg237 and Gly239 residues on the S2 of the VSD that form direct interactions with Ile135 on the HCND. Disrupting these interactions abolished HCN2 currents. We also identified three residues on the C-linker–CNBD (Glu478, Gln482, and His559) that form direct interactions with residues Arg154 and Ser158 on the HCND. Disrupting these interactions affected both voltage- and cAMP-dependent gating of HCN2 channels. These findings indicate that the HCND is necessary for the cell-surface expression of HCN channels and provides a functional link between voltage- and cAMP-dependent mechanisms of HCN channel gating.
Vertically aligned nanocomposite (BaTiO3)0.8 : (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)0.2 thin films with anisotropic multifunctionalities

A new two-phase BaTiO3 : La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanocomposite system with a molar ratio of 8 : 2 has been grown on single crystal SrTiO3 (001) substrates using a one-step pulsed laser deposition technique. Vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films with ultra-thin La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 pillars embedded in the BaTiO3 matrix have been obtained and the geometry of the pillars varies with deposition frequency. The room temperature multiferroic properties, including ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity, have been demonstrated. Anisotropic ferromagnetism and dielectric constants have been observed, which can be tuned by deposition frequencies. The tunable anisotropic optical properties originated from the conducting pillars in the dielectric matrix structure, which cause different electron transport paths. In addition, tunable band gaps have been discovered in the nanocomposites. This multiferroic and anisotropic system has shown its great potentials towards multiferroics and non-linear optics.
Investigating the Interaction Between Circulating Tumor Cells and Local Hydrodynamics via Experiment and Simulations.

The biological and mechanical properties of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in combination with the hemodynamics affect the preference of metastatic sites in the vasculature. Despite the extensive literature on the effects of biological properties on cell adhesion, the effects of hydrodynamic forces on primary attachment remains an active area of research. Using simulations in conjunction with experimentation, we provide new insight into the interplay of CTCs dynamics and local hydrodynamics. A flow experiment of CTC attachment was performed within a bioprinted, double branching endothelialized vessel. Simulations of fluid flow and CTC transport in the reconstructed and idealized bifurcated vessel were respectively performed by HARVEY, our in-house massively parallel computational fluid dynamics solver. HARVEY is based on the lattice Boltzmann and finite element methods to model the fluid and cells dynamics. The immersed boundary method is employed for resolving the fluid–structure interaction. CTC attachment was quantified experimentally at all regions of the complex vessel. The results demonstrate a clear preference for CTCs to attach at the branch points. To elucidate the effect of the vessel topology on the location of attachment, a fluid-only simulation was performed assessing the differences in the hydrodynamics along the vessel. CTC transport in idealized bifurcated vessels was subsequently studied to examine the effects of cell deformability on the local hydrodynamics patterns and, thus, the preference of attachment sites. The current work provides evidence on the correlation of the hydrodynamics forces arising from the vessel topology and CTC properties on the attachment regions.
Drought Alters The Understory of Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands Indirectly through Tree Dieback

Abstract Severe drought and insect outbreaks have caused widespread mortality and dieback of trees in semiarid woodlands. Despite the extent and severity of these dieback events, little is known about how the woodland understory vegetation responds to severe drought and whether that response is mediated by changes to the tree layer. We sampled understory vegetation of 98 plots in 25 pinyon-juniper woodland sites in central Nevada with varying amounts of dieback, during the third yr of a severe regional drought. Twenty-five of these plots had predrought baseline data. We related covers of perennial grasses, perennial forbs, shrubs, and the exotic invasive cheatgrass to gradients of aridity, tree cover, soil water capacity, and tree dieback. Between 2005 and 2015, the covers of perennial grasses and forbs declined, while shrub cover remained mostly unchanged. We found that the greatest understory cover was associated with lower tree cover and greater tree dieback. We did not find evidence for rapid colonization of microhabitats created by tree mortality. The site-level response of vegetation to tree dieback depended on aridity: For both perennial grasses and cheatgrass, tree mortality had a positive effect only on dry sites. Cheatgrass abundance increased the most at dry sites with tree dieback, and almost every site with substantial dieback also had cheatgrass present. Our results show differential effects of drought and tree dieback on understory functional types, which may affect the postdrought successional trajectory of drought-impacted pinyon-juniper stands. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which tree mortality affects the understory, whether through altering the litter layer, light levels, or soil water, and whether these effects persist over longer timescales.
Evaluating efficacy and safety of loncastuximab tesirine injection for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma.

Introduction Relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has a poor prognosis. Several novel therapies have gained regulatory approval for treatment of DLBCL, however there is still a need for additional therapies to be added to the armamentarium. Loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl (ADC Therapeutics), an anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), was recently approved for the treatment of relapsed, refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Areas covered We review the design and pharmacologic characteristics of loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl, emphasizing on the significance of CD19 as an effective target as well as pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) as an effective payload. We review the key findings of the phase 1 LOTIS-1 and Phase 2 LOTIS-2 trials of loncastuximab in DLBCL, including efficacy and toxicity profile. Expert opinion Key findings in the early-phase trial support the efficacy of Loncastuximab in DLBCL, including in high-risk subgroups. The side effects have been tolerable even in elderly patients (≥75 years). Several ongoing clinical trials are currently evaluating the safety and efficacy of loncastuximab tesirine in a variety of NHL subtypes, as well as the study of combination strategies.
High Terminal Hemorrhage Risk From Cardiac Angiosarcoma Brain Metastases Warrants Frequent Brain Imaging and Early Intervention

Purpose/objective(s) Cardiac angiosarcomas (CA) often develop early distant disease with risk of brain metastases (BM) and have recognized hemorrhagic risk. However, limited data exists characterizing this presentation. Therefore, we evaluated a cohort of patients with CA who developed BM to better define outcomes and intracranial hemorrhage (IH) risk. Materials/methods We reviewed 26 consecutive patients with BM treated between 1988 and 2020 identified from a departmental CA (n = 103) database. Institutional practice has shifted over the decades to include a CT head at diagnosis but with infrequent serial imaging. Causes of death were recorded, and a terminal hemorrhage (TH) was defined as an IH that caused death during hospitalization or prompted transfer to hospice. Results The prevalence of BM was 25% (n = 26/103) among patients with CA at a median age of 37 years (IQR 26-50). All primary tumors involved the right heart (atrium: n = 20, 77%), and 20 patients (77%) presented with metastases at initial diagnosis, of which only 4 had BM. The median time between initial CA diagnosis to BM was 11 m (IQR 3-18) resulting in a 6-m BM free survival of 65%. There was a median of 3 lesions (IQR 1-7), and a majority had 1-4 (n = 15, 58%). The median follow-up from the time of BM was short at 2 m (IQR 1-6.5) due to a high rate of TH. Nearly all patients died of disease (n = 23, 88%). The 6-m OS from the time of BM was 21%, and most patients died from TH (n = 13, 57%). TH occurred at BM presentation in 6 (46%) patients, whereas 3 (23%) had TH from known and untreated lesions, 2 (15%) had continued uncontrolled IH during RT, and 2 (15%) from new BM. The only factor associated with TH as the cause of death was platelet count as a continuous variable (median 162 vs 360k, P = 0.02; platelet count Conclusion Patients with CA frequently develop BM, and the risk of IH is high resulting in an alarming rate of TH despite normal platelet counts. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention is warranted. We recommend incorporating MRI brain imaging into the standard q2-3 month staging evaluation. And importantly, once BM are detected, prompt local therapy is recommended to try and mitigate the risk of TH.
Gender Differences, Aging and Hormonal Status in Mucosal Injury and Repair

As the "baby boomers" age, the percentage of the population over sixty-five years of age is increasing rapidly. Chronic disease management is an important component in the care of the elderly. The effects of aging on different organ systems are also pertinent; such as the weakening homeostatic response to injury in the older individuals. Mucosal surfaces have the largest combined surface area in the body and are the site of important host microbe interactions, especially in the gut which is prone to injury, both from local and systemic insult. This susceptibility has been known to increase with age. Therefore it is important to understand the interplay between aging, injury and recovery at the mucosal surface. Sex hormones play an important role in the maintenance of the mucosal barrier function as well as the mucosa associated immune function in both genders. Menopause in women is a defined time period in which major hormonal changes occur such as a decline in systemic estradiol levels. The differential levels of sex hormones contribute to the sexual dimorphism seen in response to injury at the mucosal surface, prior to and following menopause. Thus the effect of sex hormone and aging on mucosal mechanisms in response to injury is an important area of investigation.
Studies of pseudo-binary Laves phase systems containing lanthanides: II: Constitution and magnetic properties of PrAl2-base systems containing Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Ag☆

Abstract Crystal structures and magnetic behavior have been established for the pseudo-binary systems PrAlx−χ mole % PrCo2 with x ranging from o to 100 and PrAl2-15 mole % PrT2 in which T = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, CuandAg. The phase boundary of the terminal phase based on PrCo2 occurs at 8 mole % PrAl2, about one third that in the corresponding Gd and Er systems. Since the phase boundary is associated with Fermi Surface interactions with the 220 Brillouin Zone boundaries, the results imply a higher valence state for Pr than +3. Detailed estimates indicate that 24% of the Pr is in the quadripositive state. The Pr-Co-Al system differs from the Ln-Co-Al with Ln = Gd or Er in that no C14 intermediate phase develops. One or more intermediate structures develop in Pr-Co-Al but their structure is yet to be established. The more complex behavior in this case, and also the strong negative deviations from Vegard's Rule in the PrCo2 terminal phase, appears to stem from the variable Pr valency. The terminal solubility of PrCo2 in PrAl2 is 21 mole %. Ferromagnetic coupling in PrAl2 changes to antiferromagnetic in all cases when 15 mole % of PrT2 is dissolved in it with T = Fe, Co, Ni, CuandAg. PrAl1.7Mn0.3 is ferrimagnetic. The ordering temperatures observed at 19 kOe range from 6 to 26°K. Analysis of the magnetic results for PrAl1.7Mn0.3 indicates that Mn has a localized moment corresponding to four unpaired electrons, suggesting Mn exists as a triply charged cation in this alloy.
Going Home: The Digital Return of Films at the National Museum of the American Indian

This article highlights the recent initiative at the National Museum of the American Indian’s Archive Center to preserve and digitally return manuscripts and films to indigenous communities. The paper details the project’s first phase of preservation and collaborative curation of the historic films in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation’s collection, specifically the Zuni film series from the early 20th century that depict traditional lifeways and cultural practices. In addition, the initiative explores the challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned with collaborative project between a large national museum and a tribal community museum.
From Gas to Stars: Regulation of Star Formation

Understanding the physical processes that govern the conversion of interstellar gas into stars is crucial for a host of fundamental problems: galactic structure, the nature of the Hubble sequence, galaxy formation and evolution, and chemical evolution. Although our understanding of large-scale star formation and its relationship to the interstellar medium (ISM) is at a primitive state, a recent flurry of observations and theoretical modeling has provided important new insights into the star formation law and its physical basis.
The matrilocal tribe: an organization of demic expansion.

This article integrates (1) research in the historical dynamics of state societies relating group solidarity and group expansion to cultural frontiers, (2) comparative research in anthropology relating matrilocality to a particular variety of internal politics and a particular form of warfare, and (3) interdisciplinary reconstructions of large-scale “demic expansions” and associated kinship systems in prehistory. The argument is that “metaethnic frontiers,” where very different cultures clash, are centers for the formation of larger, more enduring, and more militarily effective groups. In small-scale non-state societies, the major path toward the formation of such groups is the establishment of cross-cutting ties among men. This often involves the adoption of matrilocal norms. The current distribution of matrilocality and matrilineality around the world may be partly a residue of major demic expansions in prehistory involving matrilocal tribes. This hypothesis is evaluated with a range of evidence, including information regarding the spread of two language families, Bantu and Austronesian.
Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks

Across three experiments, PET scans were obtained while subjects performed different word-stem completion and FIXATION control tasks designed to study the functional anatomy of memory retrieval. During each of three different word-stem completion scans, word-stem cues were visually presented in uppercase letters. The RECALL task required explicit retrieval of study words presented prior to the PET scan. The PRIMING task addressed the implicit effects of the prior study words without requiring intentional recall. The BASELINE task encouraged retrieval of information from a general knowledge store. Across experiments, the similarity between study words and word stems was manipulated by presenting prescan study words in either uppercase letters identical to the stems, in lowercase letters, or auditorily. The PRIMING task was not studied with auditory presentation. Many activations were consistent across experiments. The BASELINE task activated several regions in response to the reading and verbal- response demands of the task (visual, motor, and premotor cortices, cerebellum), as well as a left prefrontal region. The RECALL task additionally activated regions in anterior right prefrontal cortex. Bilateral occipitotemporal regions showed blood flow reductions during the PRIMING task as compared to the BASELINE task. Activation in the right hippocampal/parahippocampal region was observed only in one experiment, and no experiment showed activation in the left medial temporal lobe. These experiments suggest that areas of frontal cortex play a role in explicit recall and that an effect of priming may be to require less activation of perceptual regions for the processing of recently presented information.
Bone Development and Function: Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms

Abstract Bone manipulation is fundamental to orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. This clinically oriented overview of bone biology is related to the fundamental genetic and environmental mechanisms of bone development. The genome codes for growth factors, ischemic agents, vascular induction/invasion mechanisms, and mechanically induced inflammation. These biological mechanisms interact with the physical factors of diffusion limitation and mechanical loading to produce bone morphology. The patterning of facial ossification centers, the nasal cartilage, and the secondary facial cartilages is genetically determined. Growth against pressure gradients is accomplished by secondary cartilages: condylar cartilage, angular synchondrosis, symphyseal synchondrosis, nasal septum, and posterior palatal synchondrosis. Once a functional occlusion is established (∼12–18 months in humans) the symphyseal synchondrosis fuses, and the palatal synchondrosis reverts to a midpalatal suture. Thereafter, facial growth is dictated by oropharyngeal function and manifest at secondary growth sites: mandibular condyle, facial sutures, and subperiosteal bone modeling. The basic genetic mechanisms for bone adaptation are vascular invasion, inflammatory response, and localized cellular control agents (cytokines, growth factors). Approximately 90 genes are known to be involved in craniofacial development.
Improved procedure for synthesis of radioactive O-succinyl-l-homoserine

Abstract A method for the small scale synthesis of O -succinyl- l -homoserine, which is well suited for the preparation of radioactive material, is described. The procedure consists of three steps (t-butoxycarbonylation of the amino group, succinylation of the N -t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) homoserine, and removal of the t-butoxycarbonyl group) all of which are carried out in a single vessel, thus avoiding the losses which accompany transfers and isolation of intermediates. The final product purified by paper electrophoresis and crystallization has a radiochemical purity of 99% or greater.
Impact deformation and damage of a high chromium white cast iron by spherical projectile at normal incidence

Abstract Surface and subsurface deformation and damage resulting from rigid spherical particle impact at normal incidence on thick-plate high chromium white cast iron targets was investigated. Damage was introduced utilizing 3.175 mm diameter tungsten carbide projectiles accelerated to velocities between 20 and 300 m s −1 . Impact resulted in plastic indentation and lip formation, radial cracking and edge/cone-shaped spall. Finite-element simulations of plastic deformation and lip formation were in excellent agreement with experimental measurements of crater diameter, depth and lip height. These together with detailed microstructural observations indicate that matrix deformation and fracture dominates during impact of hardened white cast iron, and that edge spall was associated with void softening assisted fracture while cone-shaped spall was associated with thermal softening induced adiabatic failure within the crater.
Reversibility of hypotension and shock by atrial or atrioventricular sequential pacing in patients with right ventricular infarction

Hypotension and shock associated with heart block and other forms of atrioventricular (AV) dissociation frequently accompany right ventricular infarction ( RVI ). Such patients do not invariably improve with ventricular pacing. We evaluated the relative effects of AV dissociated rhythms (ventricular pacing or nodal rhythm) and AV synchronous rhythms (atrial pacing, AV sequential pacing, or return to normal sinus rhythm) in seven patients with RVI complicated by AV dissociation, who had hypotension or shock. Hemodynamic monitoring demonstrated the characteristic features of RVI in all patients. Restoration of AV synchrony resulted in a highly significant (p less than or equal to 0.001) increase in systolic blood pressure (88.0 +/- 16.5 mm Hg to 133.0 +/- 21.8 mm Hg), cardiac output (3.8 +/- 0.9 L/min to 5.7 +/- 0.9 L/min), and stroke volume (40.5 +/- 6.9 cc to 61.0 +/- 10.0 cc). We conclude that restoration of normal AV synchrony has a marked effect on stroke volume in this setting and that atrial or AV pacing can reverse hypotension and shock in RVI complicated by AV dissociation.
Toward a reconciliation of integration and racial solidarity

Both advocates and critics of racial integration have often depicted it as fundamentally hostile to enduring forms of racial identification and racial solidarity. This article questions the presumed antithesis between racial integration and racial solidarity through a sustained engagement with Elizabeth Anderson’s The Imperative of Integration, which depicts strong forms of racial solidarity as obstacles to integration that citizens must transcend in order to achieve racial justice. Contra Anderson, I argue that, especially under present conditions of racial segregation and inequality, we can and should reconceptualize integration as a process unfolding in time that can incorporate deeply felt racial solidarities without undermining itself.
Helmut Hasse in 1934

Abstract In 1934 Helmut Hasse became Professor of Mathematics at Gottingen. Hasse's attitudes and behavior during the Nazi period were representative of the ambiguous position of much of the mathematical community at that time. Various aspects of Hasse's situation make him appear to be almost the ideal example of the apolitical conservative and ideologically naive German academic in extremis. The purpose of this article is to present him as such an example.
Crystal and molecular structure of (η3-allyl)carbonylchlorobis(dimethylphenylphosphine)- iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate, [Ir(η3-C3H5)Cl(CO)(P(CH3)2(C6H5))2][PF6

Abstract The structure of (η3-allyl)carbonylchlorobis(dimethylphenylphosphine)-iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate, [Ir(η3-C3H5)Cl(CO)(P(CH3)2(C6H5))2][PF6], has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data to add support for a proposed mechanism of the oxidative addition of allyl halides to IrX(CO)(PR3)2 (X = halide). The compound crystallizes in space group C52h-P21/c with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 11.027(1), b = 12.230(2), c = 19.447(5) A, and β = 103.16(2)0. Least-squares refinement of the structure has led to a value of the conventional R index (on F) of 0.066 for the 3018 independent reflections having F20>3—(F20). The crystal structure consists of discrete, monomericions. The hexafluorophosphate anion is disordered. The coordination geometry around the iridium atom may be described as octahedral, with the chloro ligand trans to the carbonyl group and each phosphorus atom trans to a terminal carbon of the allyl group. Structural parameters: Ir—P = 2.366(4), 2.347(3);Ir—Cl = 2.389(3); Ir—C(allyl) = 2.28(1), 2.24(1),2.25(1); Ir—C (carbonyl) = 1.85(1) A; P—Ir—P = 105.7(1); C(terminal)—Ir—C(terminal) = 66.2(8); C—C—C = 125(2)o. The allyl group makes an angle of 126o with the P—Ir—P plane. Correlations between geometric structure and number of d electrons are noted among several M—C3H5-complexes, and are interpreted in the light of theoretical models of the M—C3H5- bond.
The neuroscience of psychological treatments

The series of articles in this issue of Behavior Research and Therapy presages a new field of translational research that could be called "the neuroscience of psychological treatments". After a brief retrospective on the origins and promise of this focus of study several cautions are adumbrated. As in any new field of scientific endeavor, close collaboration among stakeholders with interest in this field and the integration of a healthy scientific skepticism will best ensure the continued development of ever more powerful psychological treatments.
MANAGING FOR SHAREHOLDER VALUE AT BANK OF AMERICA

In this brief and informal speech to senior executives representing a group of the bank's largest corporate clients, Bank of America's CEO and Chairman describes the bank's mission and the “necessary conditions” for achieving it. Besides mentioning a number of recent initiatives aimed at improving quality of service—including an extensive employee stock option plan—he also comments on the role of the bank's stock repurchase program in its overall attempt to maximize “economic profit” and shareholder value.
Nanoindentation creep of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon oxide thin films

The time-dependent plastic properties of both as-deposited and annealed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) silicon oxide (SiOx) thin films were probed by nanoindentation creep tests at room temperature. Our experiments found a strong size effect in the creep responses of the as-deposited PECVD SiOx thin films, which was much reduced after annealing. Based on the experimental results, the deformation mechanism is depicted by the “shear transformation zone” (STZ) based amorphous plasticity theories.
Uneven regional distributions of prolactin- and growth hormone-secreting cells and sexually dimorphic proportions of prolactin secretors in the adenohypophysis of adult chickens.

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) proteins are structurally similar and are thought to be evolutionarily derived from a common gene. In addition, data indicate that GH and PRL cells differentiate from a common stem cell. In adult birds, females have higher levels of serum PRL than males. Levels of serum GH are reported to be higher in young male birds than in females and equal between sexes in adult birds. Furthermore, previous studies using immunocytochemistry found that PRL- and GH-containing cells were located primarily in the cephalic (Cp) and caudal (Cd) lobes. respectively, of the anterior pituitary. Two experiments were conducted to study the cellular basis for differences in PRL and GH secretion between genders or anatomical location in adult chickens. In Experiment I, anterior pituitaries from broiler breeder adult hens and roosters were subjected to reverse hemolytic plaque assays (RHPA's) for PRL and GH. The percentage of PRL-secreting cells was significantly greater in females than in males (46.1 ± 4.5% and 26.1 ± 2.4%, respectively: P < 0.001; n = 6). However, there were no significant differences between the proportions of GH-secreting cells between sexes (25.8 ± 3.1% and 30.0 ± 3.9% in females and males, respectively). Average area of plaques formed was different between sexes in GH plaque assays under basal conditions (162,465.9 ± 29,911.8 μm2 and 53,834.9 ± 31,033.5 μm2, for males and females, respectively P < 0.05). However, no differences were found in the presence of GH-releasing hormone. In Experiment II, anterior pituitaries from Leghorn hens were dissected into three regions: the extreme portions of the Cp and Cd lobes and the remaining or middle portion. The cells from each region were subjected to RHPA's for PRL and GH. We found that 52.0 ± 4.1% of all cells from the Cp lobe secreted PRL. This proportion was greater (P < 0.01; n = 4) than that found in the Cd lobe, where 2.4 ± 0.4% of all cells released PRL. In contrast, the percentage of GH-secreting cells was higher in the Cd lobe than in the Cp lobe (61.0 ± 2.3% and 0.8 ± 0.5%, respectively: P < 0.01). As expected, the middle portion contained substantial numbers of both cell types. These findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in serum PRL levels in adult chickens is due, in part, to an increased cell population of PRL secretions in females. Furthermore, PRL- and GH-secreting cells are distributed unevenly throughout the anterior pituitary of chickens, with the PRL secretors localized to the Cp lobe and the GH secretors to the Cd lobe.
Structural Disparities of Urban Traffic in Southern California: Implications for Vehicle-Related Air Pollution Exposure in Minority and High-Poverty Neighborhoods

Structural inequalities provide an important context for understanding and responding to the impact of high traffic densities on disadvantaged neighborhoods. Emerging atmospheric science and epidemiological research indicates hazardous vehicle-related pollutants (e.g., diesel exhaust) are highly concentrated near major roadways, and the prevalence of respiratory ailments and mortality are heightened in these high-traffic corridors. This article builds on recent findings that low-income and minority children in California disproportionately reside in high-traffic areas by demonstrating how the urban structure provides a critical framework for evaluating the causes, characteristics, and magnitude of traffic, particularly for disadvantaged neighborhoods. The authors find minority and high-poverty neighborhoods bear over two times the level of traffic density compared to the rest of the Southern California region, which may associate them with a higher risk of exposure to vehicle-related pollutants. Furthermore, these areas have older and more multifamily housing, which is associated with higher rates of indoor exposure to outdoor pollutants, including intrusion of motor vehicle exhaust. The article discusses the implications of these patterns on future planning and policy strategies for mitigating the serious health consequences of exposure to vehicle-related air pollutants.
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: aggravation by oral contraceptives?

This letter reports 3 cases in which hereditary hemorrhagic telangie ctasia (HMT) may have been aggravated by oral estrogens. Of 4 patients observed with this disorder 3 experienced either the appearance enlargement or aggravation of bleeding lesions during oral contraceptive therapy. Each had a family history of persistent bleeding from such lesions. Nosebleed had been most frequent. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding had occurred in some. Facial telangiectasis was most frequent among patients and relatives. The appearance of HMT at puberty and the correlation of epistaxes with menstrual cycles suggest a possible relationship with estrogens.
Alignment protocol for effective use of hard x-ray quad collimator for micro-crystallography

In October 2009, a quad, mini-beam collimator was implemented at GM/CA CAT that allowed users to select between a 5, 10, or 20 micron mini-beam or a 300 micron scatter guard for macromolecular crystallography. Initial alignment of each pinhole to the optical axis of each path through the mini-beam collimator is performed under an optical microscope using an alignment jig. Next, the pre-aligned collimator and its kinematic mount are moved to the beamline and attached to a pair of high precision translation stages attached to an on-axis-visualization system for viewing the protein crystal under investigation. The collimator is aligned to the beam axis by two angular and two translational motions. The pitch and yaw adjustments are typically only done during initial installation, and therefore are not motorized. The horizontal and vertical positions are adjusted remotely with high precision translational stages. Final alignment of the collimator is achieved using several endstation components, namely, a YAG crystal at the sample position to visualize the mini-beam, a CCD detector to record an X-ray background image, and a PIN diode to record the mini-beam intensity. The alignment protocol and its opto-mechanical instrumentation design will be discussed in detail.
Long-term disease dynamics in lakes: causes and consequences of chytrid infections in Daphnia populations

Understanding the drivers and consequences of disease epidemics is an important frontier in ecology. However, long-term data on hosts, their parasites, and the corresponding environmental conditions necessary to explore these interactions are often unavailable. We examined the dynamics of Daphnia pulicaria, a keystone zooplankter in lake ecosystems, to explore the long-term causes and consequences of infection by a chytridiomycete parasitoid (Polycaryum laeve). After quantifying host–pathogen dynamics from vouchered samples collected over 15 years, we used autoregressive models to evaluate (1) hypothesized drivers of infection, including host density, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, host-food availability, and lake mixing; and (2) the effects of epidemics on host populations. Infection was present in most years but varied widely in prevalence, from <1% to 34%, with seasonal peaks in early spring and late fall. Within years, lake stratification strongly inhibited P. laeve transmission, such that epidemics occurred primarily during periods of water mixing. Development of the thermocline likely reduced transmission by spatially separating susceptible hosts from infectious zoospores. Among years, ice duration and cumulative snowfall correlated negatively with infection prevalence, likely because of reductions in spring phytoplankton and D. pulicaria density in years with extended winters. Epidemics also influenced dynamics of the host population. Infected D. pulicaria rarely (<1%) contained eggs, and P. laeve prevalence was positively correlated with sexual reproduction in D. pulicaria. Analyses of D. pulicaria density-dependent population dynamics predicted that, in the absence of P. laeve infection, host abundance would be 11–50% higher than what was observed. By underscoring the importance of complex physical processes in controlling host–parasite interactions and of epidemic disease in influencing host populations, our results highlight the value of long-term data for understanding wildlife disease dynamics.
Behavior of the Position Vestibular Pause (PVP) Interneurons of the Vestibuloocular Reflex During Head-Free Gaze Shifts in the Monkey

Most behavioral studies indicate that the efficacy (gain) of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in primates is modulated during the voluntary head movements that accompany large shifts in the direction of gaze. However, the timing and degree of this modulation is the subject of some debate. The neurophysiological substrate for this apparent gain reduction has been sought in the behavior of the type I position vestibular pause (PVP) neuron, a well-known type of interneuron in the direct VOR pathway. With the head fixed, PVPs increase their firing rates with contraversive eye position and with ipsiversive passive head rotation and also cease firing (pause) for the duration of ipsiversive saccades. During head-free ipsiversive gaze shifts, the eyes and head move in the same direction. If the vestibular signal carried by PVPs provides the primary drive for the VOR, the vestibular signal should be present during ipsiversive gaze shifts to the degree that the VOR is present. Of 25 type I PVPs recorded, 21 ceased their discharge for the entire duration of the rapid, eye-saccade component of an ipsiversive gaze shift. The resumption of activity occurred, on average, 13 ms after the end of the saccade. These results suggest that the activity of the vast majority of PVP neurons do not reflect the state of the VOR, but rather PVPs are completely eliminated from participation in the reflex during head-free gaze movements. We conclude that if any modulation of the VOR does exist, it must occur through other, probably longer-latency, pathways.
Testing a “Push–Pull” theory of work commitment among organizational professionals

Writers have suggested that the current trend toward decreased job security requires employees to commit more strongly to newly “professionalized” occupations to compensate for social and resource support no longer received from their employers. And it has sometimes been implied that such a shift toward increased professional commitment will arise naturally as organizational commitment is whittled away by perceived job insecurity. We propose that job insecurity does not automatically push the employee toward professional commitment, but rather that such commitment stems from the pull of perceived occupational professionalization. We construct a nonrecursive model proposing relationships between job insecurity, perceived professionalization, and both organizational and professional commitment. This model is supported (using structural equation modeling) in a study of 622 employees in 3 occupations: corporate law, human resource management, and computer programming, all of which can be considered professions or semiprofessions. Finally, we suggest how occupations can be fashioned better to support employees when faced with job insecurity and job loss.