cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bias Selection Using Task-Targeted Random Subspaces for Robust Application of Graph-Based Semi-supervised Learning

Graphs play a role in many semi-supervised learning algorithms, where unlabeled samples are used to find useful structural properties in the data. Dimensionality reduction and regularization based on preserving smoothness over a graph are common in these settings, and they perform particularly well if proximity in the original feature space closely reflects similarity in the classification problem of interest. However, many real-world problem spaces are overwhelmed by noise in the form of features that have no useful relevance to the concept that is being learned. This leads to a lack of robustness in these methods that limits their applicability to new domains. We present a graph-construction method that uses a collection of task-specific random subspaces to promote smoothness with respect to the problem of interest. Application of this method in a graph-based semi-supervised setting demonstrates improvements in both the effectiveness and robustness of the learning algorithms in noisy problem domains.
The effects of benthivorous smallmouth buffalo (ictiobus bubalus) on water quality and nutrient cycling in a shallow floodplain lake

ABSTRACT Experimental mesocosm studies revealed that the presence of benthivorous smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) significantly enhanced turbidity, phytoplankton biomass, ammonium (NH4 +), and total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in a shallow, aerobic, hypereutrophic oxbow lake. The effects of Ictiobuson water quality are similar to the results of experiments performed on other benthivorous fish species. Prior studies have suggested that enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the presence of benthivorous fishes is a result of P excretion by fish and physical relocation of sediment P to the water column. However, our results revealed that enhanced microbial NH4 + regeneration and subsequent uptake by phytoplankton may also be an important factor causing increased phytoplankton biomass levels in the presence of benthivorous fishes. Net sediment plus water column particle NH4 + fluxes were over six times higher in the presence of Ictiobus, relative to the control. Increased biological demand...
The homeomorphism problem for countable topological spaces

Abstract We consider the homeomorphism problem for countable topological spaces and investigate its descriptive complexity as an equivalence relation. It is shown that even for countable metric spaces the homeomorphism problem is strictly more complicated than the isomorphism problem for countable graphs and indeed it is not Borel reducible to any orbit equivalence relation induced by a Borel action of a Polish group. We also characterize the relative complexity of some other equivalence relations arising in the study.
In-Situ Compressive Strength of Carbon/Epoxy AS4/3501-6 Laminates

An experimental program has been conducted to evaluate how changes in laminate lay-up can influence the compression behavior of fiber-dominated, resin-based composites. The testing utilized a cylindrical, 3.81 cm (1.5 in.) diameter test specimen because it provides inherent resistance to global buckling failure modes and lack of free edge effects. Seven different laminates representing 0[degree] dominated lay-ups, axial bias lay-ups, and quasi-isotropic lay-ups were tested. The measured macroscopic stress strain failure data showed a strong in-situ dependence of the 0[degree] failure strain on the lay-up. The quasi-isotropic laminate failure strains were nearly twice the 0[degree] dominated laminate failure strains. Photomicrographs of the failure zone from sections of failed specimens showed the presence of fiber kinking in all the laminate failures.
Slowly converging parafac sequences: Swamps and two-factor degeneracies

The alternating least squares PARAFAC algorithm is a useful tool for resolving trilinear three-way data arrays. Occasionally, however, it becomes bogged down for many iterations in the vicinity of a poor quality resolution before moving on to a much superior optimum fit. We investigate this behavior in a simulation study and suggest ways of overcoming the obstacles it presents.
The role of impurities in insultating transition metal oxides

A l'aide de nombreux exemples, on montre que la teneur naturelle en impuretes dans de nombreux oxydes rend possible l'accomodation d'un exces stœchiometrique d'oxygene sur les sites cristallins normaux de l'oxygene
Application of the heterotrophic activity method to organosulfur formation in forest soils.

Abstract Maximum capacities of soil samples to incorporate 35 S-labelled inorganic sulfate into organic matter were assessed over a wide range of added SO 2− 4 concentrations. The effect of sample depth on these capacities was also determined. Kinetic analysis was applied, and, with samples collected from a mixed fir-spruce forest site, capacities were found to decrease with increasing depth in the soil profile, from 5.13 to 4.18 μmol organic S formed g −1 dry weight 48 h −1 , in the E and C horizons, respectively. All horizons exhibited saturation of the capacity of the soil to form organic S. Multiphasic uptake kinetics for SO 2− 4 were observed for the BC horizon soil. The validity of the application of the heterotrophic activity method to studying SO 2− 4 incorporation in forest soil was confirmed by results of this study.
Transport of water in frozen soil: III. Experiments on the effects of ice content

Abstract Effects of ice content on the transport of water in frozen soil are studied experimentally and theoretically under isothermal conditions. A physical law, that the flux of water in unsaturated frozen soil is proportional to the gradient of total water content, is proposed. Theoretical justification is made by the use of the two-phase flow theory. The experimental results are shown to support the proposed physical law. The results of this study are presented in two parts. The experimental aspects of the study are presented in this paper and the second paper contains the theoretical aspects of the study.
Accounting for Taste: Regulating Food Labeling in the "Affluent Society," 1945-1995

This dissertation traces a transformation in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's governance of food markets during the second half of the 20th century. In response to new correlations between diet and risk of disease, anxieties about (over)abundant food supplies, and changing notions of personal versus collective responsibility in an affluent society, the FDA changed how it regulated food labeling. Following WWII, the agency developed a set of standard recipes with fixed common name labels (such as "peanut butter" or "tomato soup"), or "standards of identity," for all mass-produced foods. However, the appearance of new diet foods and public health concerns undermined this system. Beginning in the 1970s, the FDA shifted its policies. Rather than rely on standardized identities, the agency required companies to provide informative labels such as the ingredients panel, nutrition labels, and various science-based health claims. Agency officials believed that such information would enable consumers to make responsible health decisions through market purchases. Food labeling is explored as a regulatory assemblage that draws together a variety of political, legal, corporate, and technoscientific interests and practices. The five chapters are organized chronologically. The first two describe how a shift in focus among nutrition scientists from concern for the undernourished to a concern with overeating led to the introduction onto the market of engineered foods capitalizing off popular interest in diet and health. A middle chapter describes a series of institutional scandals that generated the political animus to change the FDA's system, and registered a broader "shock of recognition" that Americans' views about food and food politics had changed. The final two chapters describe the introduction of "Nutrition Information" labeling in the 1970s and the mandatory "Nutrition Facts" panel in the 1990s. By looking at the regulation of labels as a kind of public-private infrastructure for information, the turn to compositional labeling can be understood not merely as a shift in representation-from whole foods to foods as nutrients-but more broadly as a retooling of food markets to embed notions about personal responsibility for health into the ways that food was designed, marketed, and consumed.
Markers of plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis after acute deep venous thrombosis.

Abstract Objective: Plasma markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis have proved sensitive in the initial diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution and utility of measuring D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F 1+2) levels after an acute DVT. Methods: Subjects with DVT confirmed by ultrasonography had quantitative plasma D-dimer and F 1+2 levels determined before anticoagulation. Ultrasound scan and coagulation studies were repeated at 3, 7, and 14 days; 1 month; and every 3 months for 1 year. Results: Sixty-one patients with a median initial thrombus score of 3 (interquartile range, 2-7) were followed up for 266 days (interquartile range, 91.5-364 days). Initial D-dimer levels were elevated in 92.7% of patients and were associated with thrombus extent ( P =.003), whereas F 1+2 levels were increased in 94.5% of patients and were lower in patients with isolated calf vein thrombosis ( P =.001). Initial D-dimer ( P =.002) and F 1+2 levels ( P =.009) were significantly higher in the 26 (43%) patients with recurrent thrombosis during follow-up. Initial D-dimer levels of 2000 ng/mL or greater were predictive of recurrent events after both proximal and isolated calf vein thrombosis. Although interval increases in these markers had little value in detecting recurrent thrombotic events, D-dimer levels of 1000 ng/mL or greater and 500 ng/mL or greater had respective sensitivities of 89.3% and 100% in detecting early and late recurrences. Corresponding specificities were 35.6% and 53.9%. Conclusions: Initial D-dimer levels are determined by total thrombus load and remain elevated long after an acute DVT. F 1+2 levels are less sensitive to thrombus score and return to baseline more quickly. Initial levels of these markers may have some utility in predicting the risk of ultrasound scan–documented recurrences, whereas increased D-dimer levels are a sensitive but nonspecific marker of these events. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:870-80.)
Multiple Concurrent Stressors in Chicks.3. Effects on Plasma Corticosterone and the Heterophil:Lymphocyte Ratio

Abstract Effects of multiple concurrent stressors on female Hubbard × Hubbard chicks were studied in a 26-factorial experiment that employed as stressor treatments aerial ammonia (A, 0 or 125 ppm), beak trimming [B, sham handled or beak trimmed/cauterized on trial Day 1 (posthatch Day 10)], coccidiosis (X, gavage with 0 or 6 × 105 sporulated Eimeria acervulina oocysts), intermittent electric shock (E, 0 or between 2.9 and 8.7 mA), environmental heat stress (H, air temperature 30.4 or 34.8 C), and continuous noise (N, 80 or 95 dB). Plasma corticosterone concentration on trial Day 7 was unaffected by any stressor or stressor combination, but the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H/L) was increased by A, E, and H. Also, the B × X interaction was significant for H/L. The H/L increased linearly from .53 to .86 as number of concurrent stressors increased from zero to six. These findings indicate that the chick’s leukocyte changes in response to stress are less variable and more enduring than its corticosterone response, and H/L are sometimes a more reliable indicator of stress.
Enumeration of up-down sequences

Generalizing the notion of up-down permutations, the author considers sequences @s = (a"1, a"2, , @a"N) of length N = s"2 + s"2 ++ s"n, where @a"i @? {1, 2,n } and the element j occurs exactly s"j times. The repeated elements of a are labeled i, i', i'', and it is assumed that they occur in a m natural order. Generating functions for the number of up-down sequences are constructed. Making use of the generating functions, explicit formulas for the number of up-down sequences are obtained.
Stress response dysregulation and stress-induced analgesia in nicotine dependent men and women

Alterations in the stress response and endogenous pain regulation mechanisms may contribute directly and indirectly to maintenance of nicotine dependence and relapse. We examined the extent to which nicotine dependence alters endogenous pain regulatory systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, cardiovascular activity, and stress-induced analgesia. Smokers and nonsmokers attended a laboratory session that included assessment of hormonal and cardiovascular responses to stress. Smokers smoked at their regular rate prior to the session. The hand cold pressor and heat thermal pain tests were completed twice, once after acute stress (public speaking and math tasks) and the other after rest. While smokers and nonsmokers exhibited significant hormonal and cardiovascular responses to stress, smokers exhibited blunted stress responses relative to nonsmokers. They also exhibited diminished stress-induced analgesia. Results demonstrate altered stress response and diminished stress-induced analgesia among chronic smokers, and suggest that these dysregulated physiological responding may contribute to altered endogenous pain regulation.
Some Interrelations Between the Contingent Negative Variation and the Evoked Potential

The purpose of this study was to compare the evoked potential (EP) to the “imperative stimulus” (S2) in the contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm with the EP to a comparable stimulus nut associated with a CNV. Twelve subjects performed a task that required reporting an occasional change in frequency of a tone. In one condition each change was paired with a warning Hash, thus generating a CNV. In another condition tone changes were only occasionally preceded by a flash and no CNV was observed. Three differences were noted in the vertex EP associated with a CNV: 1) all components after approximately 60 msec were shifted in a more positive direction, 2) negative components Nl and N2 were shorter in latency, and 3) negative components N1, N2, and N3 were attenuated in amplitude. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed. Conclusions are drawn concerning the methodological and theoretical importance of this interaction between the CNV and EP.
Non-negative factorization of non-negative matrices

A new non-negative factorization method has been developed. The method is based on the concept of non-negative rank (NNR). Bounds for the NNR of certain non-negative matrices are determined relative to the rank of the matrix, with the lower bound being equal to the rank. The method requires that the data matrix be non-negative and have a large first singular value. Unlike other non-negative factorization methods, the approach does not assume or require that the factors be linearly independent and no assumption of statistical independence is required. The rank of the matrix provides the number of linearly independent components present in the data while the non-negative rank provides the number of non-negative independent components present in the data. The method is described and illustrated in application to hyperspectral data sets.
Sibling Relationships and Foster Care Placements for Young Children.

There are a variety of ways in which the evolving knowledge base related to children's sibling relationships applies to the practice of social work with young children. This article1 explores the implications of sibling relationships literature for the foster care placement of young children. The author discusses attachment, kinship, socialization, caretaking, and cultural diversity issues along with both intentional and unintentional sibling segregation concerns. 1The author submits acknowledgments with gratitude to the University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee School of Social Welfare Writers’ Guild and Adrienne Haeuser for their critiques of draft versions.
Pulmonary artery rupture associated with the Swan-Ganz catheter.

Objectives This study was designed to determine the incidence rate, define risk factors, and suggest proper management protocols for pulmonary artery (PA) rupture associated with Swan-Ganz catheters. Design This is a retrospective chart-review study. Setting This study involved 32,442 inpatients requiring hemodynamic monitoring with Swan-Ganz catheters in the operating rooms and ICUs at a large, private teaching hospital over a 17-year period (1975 to 1991). Results Ten patients sustained PA rupture, yielding an observed rupture rate of 0.031% of catheter insertions. All ten patients had hemoptysis and five (50%) had pulmonary hypertension. Two patients (20%) had undergone anticoagulation at the time of rupture. Four of the six surgical patients were still in surgery at the first sign of rupture. A thoracotomy was performed in five patients. We noted a trend toward survival with thoracotomy, but it was not statistically significant. The overall mortality rate was 70%. When data from our 10 patients were combined with 65 patients from the literature, we found that thoracotomy was essential for survival in patients with hemothorax. There were no survivors among seven patients with hemothorax simply observed, compared with eight (50%) survivors in 16 patients undergoing thoracotomy (p=0.026). Thirty-nine (75%) of 52 patients without hemothorax survived, whether or not a thoracotomy was performed. Conclusions Our study suggested that the incidence of Swan-Ganz catheter-associated PA rupture is 0.031% and that an urgent thoracotomy should be performed if hemothorax is present at any point.
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN A DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN

Thermophilic bacterial activity was detected in a deep-sea sediment sample from the South Pacific Ocean at 12" S, 135" W, an area of the seafloor distant from known hydrothermal venting. Incubation of sedirnents amended with 14C-glutamate indicated maximal respiration (evolution of 14C02) and assimilation (incorporation of 14C into acid-precipitated n~acromolecules) of substrate at 52'C, relative to 4 and 22°C. A parallel experiment at another site (2" S, 140°W) ylelded no evidence of thermophily. Thermophilic bacteria may be deposited in deep-sea sedirnents following their longdistance dspersal from hydrothermal vents (e .g . the East Pacific h s e and other sites), via either continuous venting or formation of megaplumes.
A review of the effect of anticonvulsant medications on bone mineral density and fracture risk.

Background Osteoporosis and seizure disorders are common diagnoses in older adults and often occur concomitantly. Objective The goal of this review was to discuss the current hypothesis for the pathogenesis of anticonvulsant-induced bone density loss and the evidence regarding the risk for osteoporosis and fractures in older individuals. Methods A review of the literature was performed, searching in MEDLINE and CINAHL for articles published between 1990 and October 2009 with the following search terms: anticonvulsant OR antiepileptic; AND osteoporosis OR bone density OR fracture OR absorptiometry, photon. Studies within the pediatric population, cross-sectional studies, and studies whose results were published in a language other than English were excluded. Results A search of the published literature yielded >300 results, of which 24 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this review. Hepatic enzyme induction by certain anticonvulsant medications appears to contribute to increased metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to inactive metabolites, which results in metabolic bone disease. There is increasing evidence that anticonvulsant use is associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis and clinical fractures, especially among older agents such as phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate. Several observational studies suggest a class effect among anticonvulsant agents, associated with clinically significant reductions in bone mineral density and fracture risk. The use of anticonvulsant medications increases the odds of fracture by 1.2 to 2.4 times. However, only 2 large-scale observational studies have specifically examined the risk among those aged >65 years. This review also identified a randomized controlled trial whose results suggest that supplementation with high-dose vitamin D may be associated with increased bone mineral density in patients taking anticonvulsant medications. However, no randomized controlled trials investigating therapeutic agents to prevent fracture in this population were identified. Consequently, there are no formal practice guidelines for the monitoring, prevention, and management of bone disease among those taking anticonvulsants. Conclusions Observational studies suggest an association between use of anticonvulsant medications, reduced bone mineral density, and increased fracture risk. Randomized clinical trials are needed to guide the management of bone disease among those who use anticonvulsants.
Biomarkers: the future.

The future application of biomarkers in critical illness will be to select and guide therapy. Specific biomarkers could identify a pathophysiologic perturbation or noxious mediator to counteract or the need to replete a deficient protective protein. Functional genomics could identify patients at risk for illness or at risk for a poor outcome in critical illness. Genetic expression studies could help differentiate patients with sepsis from those with noninfectious inflammation and could also help to monitor illnesses over time. Expressional and functional proteomics could lead to the identification of new biomarkers and organ-specific therapies.
Toward a dynamics for power and control in society

This paper concerns the dynamical interactions between the macro structures of a society. From three axioms governing social interaction, a combined cooperative‐competitive model consisting of a no...
Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in tissue culture by alpha interferon.

Abstract Alpha-n1 interferon (Wellferon), alpha-2a interferon (Roferon), and alpha-2b interferon (Intron-A) inhibited accumulation of intracellular replicative forms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chronic producer cells by inhibiting accumulation of RNase-resistant HBV RNA. In contrast, the nucleoside analog FTC (cis-5-fluoro-1- [2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine) inhibited the accumulation of HBV DNA.
Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature: Part I. A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases

Pigmented nevi are much less common in the oral cavity than they are in the skin. The present study adds thirty-two new cases to the literature. The most common type of nevus was found to be the intramucosal, followed in decreasing order by the common blue nevus, compound nevus, and junctional nevus. The clinical and histologic features of the nevi are analyzed and discussed.
Comment on "Theory of collisions between an atom and a diatomic molecule in the body-fixed coordinate system"

It is shown that the phase factor iJ+j+l omitted in a theory of atom‐diatom monreactive scattering formulated by schatz and kupperman but included in the Choi, Poe, and Tang theory does not lead to errors in the analysis of te (H,H2) system.
The use of the rigidochromism of ReCl(CO) 3 -2,2'-bipyridine as a probe of gelation, aging and drying in sol-gel-derived ormosils

Changes that occur during gelation, aging and drying of a sol—gel-derived ormosil (organically modified silicate) are studied spectroscopically using the probe molecule 2,2′bipyridinetriscarbonylchlororhenium(I). The emission band maximum of this molecule is known to shift to higher energy as the viscosity of its local environment increases. The range of this viscosity-dependent shift was measured in the fluid and frozen (20 K) ormosil sol and in each of the sol's components. Changes that occur during the processing of the ormosil were observed by measuring the changes in the luminescence band maximum of the probe. The emission maximum shifts gradually from 16 300±300 cm−1 in the sol (indicative of a fluid environment) to 17 400±300 cm−1 in dried ormosil. The final band position suggests that the probe molecule is trapped in a flexible organic site. By cooling the dried gels, a further blue shift in the luminescence of the probe molecule occurs. The properties of the ormosil are contrasted with those of silicate and aluminosilicate sol—gel matrices.
Curvature and closed trapped surfaces in 4-dimensional space-times

The way a spacelike surfaceH sits in a 4-dimensional space-timeM may be measured by the average null curvature functionφ H and the shape functionΩ H ofH. Relations between the shape functionΩ H of a spaceiike surfaceH and curvature of a 4-dimensional space-time obeying the Einstein equation are investigated. Some relations between the shape functions of compact spacelike surfaces and infinite curvature are obtained and discussed. Assuming some curvature conditions, some results concerning the evolution of closed trapped surfaces from a restricted type of marginally trapped surfaces diffeomorphic toS 2 are obtained.
Monte Carlo study of magnetic order at ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic surfaces: Implications for spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction.

We have used Monte Carlo simulations on simple-cubic Ising lattices with modified surface interaction parameters to model phenomenologically the temperature dependence of magnetic order near ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic surfaces. These results are also discussed in connection with previous experiments suggesting surface-specific magnetic transition temperatures for semi-infinite systems, with special emphasis on spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction as a probe of short-range magnetic order. The calculated spin-spin correlation functions show no evidence of a high-temperature transition in short-range magnetic order. However, over a plausible range of choices for the surface interaction parameters, these correlation functions do show distinct surface transitions in long-range magnetic order that can be well above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{k}}$ for antiferromagnets (both frustrated and nonfrustrated) and well above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{k}}$ for ferromagnets. Thus, prior spin-polarized photoelectron data from antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{KMnF}}_{3}$ and MnO may be explainable via such surface magnetic transitions, although further theoretical and experimental work are necessary to make this connection quantitative and definitive.
Electron microscopic investigation of the cell wall organization of wood.

Abstract Electron micrographs were made of thin sections of the cell walls of several kinds of wood. Such sections, cut in different selected directions, permit observations leading to an explanation of the organization of cellulose fibrils in the cell walls. Results are compared with the concepts of submicroscopic micellar structure which have been obtained by means of indirect methods.
One-Step Biocatalytic Synthesis of Linear Polyesters with Pendant Hydroxyl Groups

The chemical synthesis of linear polyesters with various hydrophilic functional groups is difficult, involving a multistep reaction pathway and synthesis of a suitable monomer with a protected functional group. A straightforward conventional synthesis from a trifunctional compound, such as glycerol, and a diester or dicarboxylic acid to produce a polyester results in the formation of networks. An alternative approach to the one-step synthesis of aliphatic hydroxyl-substituted polyesters from divinyl adipate (DVA) and various triols has been found by utilizing the intrinsic specificity of an enzyme. The weight average molecular weights of the resulting polyesters vary according to the triol used and range from ∼3,000 to 14,000 Da. Analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has confirmed the presence of a linear polyester with hydroxyl substituents, and there is no evidence for network formation. The pendant groups are 90−95% secondary and 5−10% primary hydroxyl groups. Experimental determination of hydroxyl n...
Network Navigation: Theory and Interpretation

Real-time and reliable location information of mobile nodes is a key enabler for many emerging wireless network applications. Such information can be obtained via network navigation, a new paradigm in which nodes exploit both spatial and temporal cooperation to infer their positions. In this paper, we establish a theoretical foundation for network navigation and determine the fundamental limits of navigation accuracy using equivalent Fisher information analysis. We then introduce the notion of carry-over information and provide a geometrical interpretation for the evolution of navigation information. Our framework unifies the navigation information obtained from spatial and temporal cooperation, leading to a deep understanding of information evolution and cooperation benefits in navigation networks.
The canine papillomavirus e5 protein signals from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a large group of DNA tumor viruses that infect differentiated cutaneous and mucosal epithelia in a wide variety of mammalian species. There are nearly 200 types of human PVs (HPVs) (61), some of which are termed high risk (e.g., HPV type 16 [HPV-16]) and have the potential to immortalize primary cells and facilitate malignant progression to cervical cancer (52). An estimated 20 million cases of HPV infection occur each year in the United States alone, and cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. In general, PV infections are species specific, making it impossible to study the in vivo life cycle of HPV and the roles of its encoded proteins in viral replication and tumorigenesis. However, a few animal models do exist and the canine oral PV (COPV) has been helpful in mimicking certain biological properties of the high-risk mucosatropic HPVs, leading to the development of highly effective prophylactic vaccines (39, 49, 56). Although COPV mimics the mucosal tropism of the high-risk HPVs, it rarely progresses to cancer and lacks one of the early viral genes that may play an important role in tumorigenesis, E5. Recently, a new canine PV (Canis familiaris PV type 2 [CfPV2]) was isolated from the footpads of dogs (43). Unlike COPV, CfPV2 induces epidermal tumors and, when persistent, these benign infections progress to squamous cell carcinoma and metastasize widely. CfPV2 also encodes an E5 protein. In general, PV E5 proteins are small hydrophobic oncoproteins that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi membranes (11, 16) but have limited amino acid sequence homology. Numerous cellular binding partners have been described for HPV-16 E5 proteins, including the V-ATPase 16-kDa subunit (1, 16), the nuclear import protein karyopherin beta 3 (25), the ER-resident protein Bap31 (40), proteins involved in zinc transport (ZnT1, EVER1, and EVER2) (27, 35), erbB4 (24), and HLA I (2). The HPV-16 E5 protein alters signaling pathways, predominantly the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway (17, 21, 46, 58); induces koilocytosis in cooperation with the E6 protein (26); and alters the plasma membrane expression of caveolin (47), HLA (3), and ganglioside GM1 (47). The last two changes might explain the ability of HPV-16-infected cells to circumvent detection by the host immune response and initiate tumor formation (3, 4, 21, 36, 46, 47). To provide a foundation for future in vivo studies, we initiated a series of in vitro experiments to define the intracellular localization and biological activity of CfPV2 E5. The current study demonstrates that CfPV2 E5 exhibits several properties of the HPV-16 E5 protein, including ER localization and inhibition of cell proliferation. A novel finding is that CfPV2 E5 activates the ER stress-signaling pathway, which may explain some of E5's growth-related activities.
Distributed Power Control in Multihop Ad Hoc CDMA Networks

In this paper, we propose a distributed power control algorithm for multihop ad hoc CDMA networks. The algorithm attempts to maximize the QoS of each user as well as a global network utility, given a set of routes and link schedules. By defining the local objective of each node as a summation of its own utility and that of the "bottleneck" nodes in its vicinity, users are considered partially cooperative. Since the overall QoS of a single flow is determined by the minimum received QoS among all of its subflows, the global network utility is defined only based on these bottleneck QoS's for each user.
Frequency domain model reduction based on principal component analysis

A new frequency response-based model reduction technique is presented for use in the mid-frequency range. The reduction was designed to avoid the use of modal-based correlation metrics, which are known to fail in systems with high modal density. A transformation matrix based on a set of complex shapes extracted from the frequency response is used to reduce the impedance matrix to the sensor locations. The sensor locations are selected using the frequency domain effective independence sensor placement technique. Correlation measures that evaluate the test or finite element model (FEM) frequency response data directly with the reduced impedance matrix are used in the frequency domain model validation. The correlation metrics provide a consistency check between the measured response and the complete finite element model. Two numerical examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the new model reduction technique.
Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements : Instrument comparisons and the role of relative humidity

[1] Ambient measurements are reported of aerosol light absorption from photoacoustic and filter-based instruments (aethalometer and a particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP)) to provide insight on the measurement science. Measurements were obtained during the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study at the Big Bend National Park in South Texas. The aethalometer measurements of black carbon concentration at this site correlate reasonably well with photoacoustic measurements of aerosol light absorption, with a slope of 8.1 m2/g and a small offset. Light absorption at this site never exceeded 2.1 Mm−1 during the month of collocated measurements. Measurements were also obtained, as a function of controlled relative humidity between 40% and 90%, during the Photoacoustic IOP in 2000 at the Department of Energy Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed site (SGP). PSAP measurements of aerosol light absorption correlated very well with photoacoustic measurements, but the slope of the correlation indicated the PSAP values were larger by a factor of 1.61. The photoacoustic measurements of light absorption exhibited a systematic decrease when the RH increased beyond 70%. This apparent decrease in light absorption with RH may be due to the contribution of mass transfer to the photoacoustic signal. Model results for the limiting case of full water saturation are used to evaluate this hypothesis. A second PSAP measured the light absorption for the same humidified samples, and indicated very erratic response as the RH changed, suggesting caution when interpreting PSAP data under conditions of rapid relative humidity change.
Kenyan civil society: bridging the urban-rural divide?

While African civil society seemed a beacon of hope for democracy in the early 1990s, by the end of the decade many scholars had come to view it as extremely weak, lacking a domestic constituency and therefore any significant political or civic impact. Critics have been particularly concerned about urban-based ‘democracy and governance’ NGOs' limited influence on and connection with the rural majority of the citizenry. This article examines this question in Kenya, looking at four NGOs that have used civic education and paralegal programmes to establish a rural presence. Based on a survey of participants, it concludes that although the programmes are relatively new, they have begun to have a measurable impact on citizen understanding of politics, and have given the NGOs a noticeable rural presence. They have done so, however, by relying on ethnic, clan, partisan and other ‘non-civil’ networks to build supporters.
Direct evidence for the presence of β-hydroxyphenylalanine and β-hydroxytyrosine in cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi

Abstract Extracellular cutinase induced by cutin hydrolysate in glucose-grown Fusarium solani f. pisi was isolated in electrophoretically homogeneous form. This enzyme was similar to cutinase I generated by cutin-grown cells in its catalytic properties such as pH optimum, substrate specificity, and inactivation by “active serine”-directed reagents. Its molecular weight was 26,300 and this enzyme had a much larger content of serine and threonine residues than that found in cutinase from the cutin-grown cells. The hydrolysate-induced enzyme was a glycoprotein containing 6% carbohydrates. Alkaline NaB 3 H 4 treatment of the protein generated labeled protein and labeled carbohydrates. Analyses of the hydrolysates of these labeled products showed that alanine, α-aminobutyrate, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the protein were labeled strongly suggesting that serine, threonine, β-hydroxyphenylalanine, and β-hydroxytyrosine were involved in O -glycosidic linkages in this protein. The protein hydrolysate also contained labeled gulonic acid, suggesting that d -glucuronic acid was attached to the protein via a base stable linkage, presumably an amide linkage at the N-terminus. The labeled reduced carbohydrates were identified by ion-exchange, thin-layer, gas-liquid, and high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques as mannitol, arabitol, gulonic acid, and 2-aminosorbitol. Thus mannose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, and glucosamine (possibly N -acetylated) were attached O -glycosidically to the hydroxyamino acids. Induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate in the presence of tritiated phenylalanine gave labeled cutinase. Cleavage of the O -glycosidically attached carbohydrates by anhydrous HF, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the labeled protein, gave rise to labeled amino acids, which upon analysis with an amino acid analyzer revealed four radioactive components. Two of them were identified as phenylalanine and tyrosine, while the other two cochromatographed with authentic β-hydroxyphenylalanine and β-hydroxytyrosine not only by the amino acid analyzer but also upon thin-layer chromatography. These results constitute the first direct evidence for the presence of the novel β-hydroxyaromatic amino acids in a protein.
The disposition and behavioral effects of methadone in Greyhounds.

Abstract Objective To determine the behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy Greyhounds. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Three male and three female healthy Greyhounds. Methods Methadone hydrochloride, 0.5 mg kg−1 IV (equivalent to 0.45 mg kg−1 methadone base), was administered as an IV bolus. Trained observers subjectively assessed the behavioral effects of methadone. Blood samples were obtained at predetermined time points and plasma methadone concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic variables were estimated with computer software. Results Methadone was well tolerated by the dogs with panting and defecation observed as adverse effects. Mild sedation was present, but no vomiting, excitement, or dysphoria was observed. The elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and plasma clearance were 1.53 ± 0.18 hours, 7.79 ± 1.87 L kg−1, and 56.04 ± 9.36 mL minute−1 kg−1, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Methadone was well tolerated by Greyhounds. The volume of distribution was larger than expected, with resultant lower plasma concentrations than expected. Higher doses may need to be administered to Greyhounds in comparison with non-Greyhound dogs in order to achieve similar plasma drug concentrations. A dosage of 1–1.5 mg kg−1 every 3–4 hours is suggested for future studies of analgesic efficacy of methadone in Greyhounds.
High frequency characterization of high temperature superconductors

A program has been established to develop and characterize thin-film high T/sub c/ superconducting materials for microwave and millimeter-wave applications. Presently, these efforts are focused on the characterization of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ and Bi/sub 2/CaSr/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub r/ thin films, deposited on MgO substrates. A flash evaporation technique has been developed for depositing these materials which produces films with zero resistance critical temperatures in the range of 75 K to 85 K, excellent stoichiometry and alignment, and microwave surface resistances on the order of copper. The technique developed has the advantage of being able to maintain stoichiometry over large substrate areas. For circuit patterning, chemically assisted ion beam etching of superconductors has been developed. Characterization techniques are described. The microwave properties of the superconducting thin films are determined from measurements of the resonance behavior of microstrip, stripline, and cavity resonators. >
Absolute minimization of completely specified switching functions

For the automated design of PLAs (programmable logic arrays) with a minimum size, computationally efficient procedures are needed that can minimize functions of a large number of variables. For such minimization procedures, excessively long processing time and an excessively large memory requirement are major problems to overcome. An absolute minimization procedure is presented for standard PLAs with reduced computation time and memory space. The improvement achieved by this procedure, which is based on the decomposition of ratio sets, is mainly due to the detection of all essential prime implicants during the derivation of inclusion functions and to the merger of two procedures previously published by R.B. Cutler and S. Muroga (1987) into one efficient procedure. >
Effect of Thermal Stabilization on the Low Temperature Stress Corrosion Cracking of Inconel 600

Abstract The propensity of thermally stabilized Inconel 600 to undergo low temperature stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in sulfur bearing environments has been investigated with U-bends and slow strain rate testing. The results have been compared with those of sensitized Inconel 600. The potential dependence of crack propagation rate has been established in a single test by using several U-bends held at different potentials by choosing an appropriate electrical circuitry. The difference in SCC susceptibility of the sensitized and stabilized materials has been discussed in terms of the grain boundary chromium depletion and resultant intergranular attack in boiling ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid tests, and electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests.
Count-rate dependent resolution degradation from pulse pile-up on the HRRT

Pulse pile-up at high count rates is one factor that degrades spatial resolution of PET images. Most PET scanners with block detector designs suffer misidentification of event position, moving events from the edge to block center at high count rates. For the HRRT with LSO-LYSO phoswich detectors, there is an extra dimension of pile-up, i.e., inter-layer pile-up, which tends to push events to the LYSO layer at high count rates. A study was performed to characterize the resolution variation across the FOV through reconstructing simulated point sources at given levels of pile-up probability (PP). For 20% PP, in-plane FWHM was increased from 1.40 mm to 1.51 mm at the center of the FOV. At a radial distance of 72 mm (axially centered), the radial FWHM was asymmetric and tangential FWHM was 2.18 mm. At an axial distance of 72 mm (transaxially centered), inplane and axial FWHMs were 1.66 mm and 1.54 mm. Thus, higher pile-up probability resulted in greater resolution degradation as well as more inhomogeneous point spread functions. These results were supported by phantom scan results: radial resolution was degraded by 10% at the transaxial periphery, while the degradation of axial counterpart was less evident.
Declining rock movement at Racetrack Playa, Death Valley National Park: An indicator of climate change?

Abstract We have inspected Racetrack Playa at Death Valley over the last 7 years and have not observed major episodes of rock movement and trail generation. We compare this null observation with the literature record of the rock movement using a Monte Carlo method and find 4-to-1 odds that the rock movement probability has systematically declined. This statistically significant drop in movement rate may indicate a change in the probability of the required conditions for movement: we note decline in the occurrence of strong winds and in ice-forming cold in nearby weather records. Rock movement and trail formation may serve as an indicator of climate change.
Epigenetics meets endocrinology

Although genetics determines endocrine phenotypes, it cannot fully explain the great variability and reversibility of the system in response to environmental changes. Evidence now suggests that epigenetics, i.e. heritable but reversible changes in gene function without changes in nucleotide sequence, links genetics and environment in shaping endocrine function. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA, partition the genome into active and inactive domains based on endogenous and exogenous environmental changes and developmental stages, creating phenotype plasticity that can explain interindividual and population endocrine variability. We will review the current understanding of epigenetics in endocrinology, specifically, the regulation by epigenetics of the three levels of hormone action (synthesis and release, circulating and target tissue levels, and target-organ responsiveness) and the epigenetic action of endocrine disruptors. We will also discuss the impacts of hormones on epigenetics. We propose a three-dimensional model (genetics, environment, and developmental stage) to explain the phenomena related to progressive changes in endocrine functions with age, the early origin of endocrine disorders, phenotype discordance between monozygotic twins, rapid shifts in disease patterns among populations experiencing major lifestyle changes such as immigration, and the many endocrine disruptions in contemporary life. We emphasize that the key for understanding epigenetics in endocrinology is the identification, through advanced high-throughput screening technologies, of plasticity genes or loci that respond directly to a specific environmental stimulus. Investigations to determine whether epigenetic changes induced by today's lifestyles or environmental 'exposures' can be inherited and are reversible should open doors for applying epigenetics to the prevention and treatment of endocrine disorders.
Strata-various: multi-layer visualization of dynamics in software system behavior

Current software visualization tools are inadequate for understanding, debugging, and tuning realistically complex applications. These tools often present only static structure, or they present dynamics from only a few of the many layers of a program and its underlying system. This paper introduces "PV", a prototype program visualization system which provides concurrent visual presentation of behavior from all layers, including: the program itself, user-level libraries, the operating system, and the hardware, as this behavior unfolds over time. PV juxtaposes views from different layers in order to facilitate visual correlation, and allows these views to be navigated in a coordinated fashion. This results in an extremely powerful mechanism for exploring application behavior. Experience is presented from actual use of PV in production settings with programmers facing real deadlines and serious performance problems. >