cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limitations to presaddle neutron emission from fission-fragment charge distributions.

The effect of including mass-asymmetry dependent fission delay times into the statistical model has been investigated. The shape of the predicted charge distribution of fission fragments is found to be very sensitive to the magnitude and mass-asymmetry dependence of these delay times. Measured mass-asymmetry dependent prefission neutron multiplicities were fit with calculated presaddle values by varying the fission delay times. The resultant predictions for the charge distributions are found to have shapes inconsistent with those measured for similar mass systems indicating that measured prefission multiplicities cannot be accounted for by presaddle emission alone. Limitations to the magnitude of the presaddle component are discussed.
Protein synthesis in cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. II. The requirements for initiation with plant messenger RNA

Abstract A messenger-like RNA has been extracted from polysomes isolated from the developing cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. This fraction has been utilized to study the requirements for the formation of a protein chain initiation complex. In addition to the messenger-like RNA, initiation requires the participation of ribosomal subunits, proteinaceous factors (present in either the KCl wash of ribosomes or the 250 000 × g supernatant), GTP and initiator for methionyl tRNA (Met-tRNA1).
Gravity anomalies and flexure of the Brazilian Shield beneath the Bolivian Andes

Abstract Seismological and geological data suggest that the Brazilian Shield is now underthrusting beneath the sub-Andes. In order to constrain the minimum amount of shortening that results from this underthrusting, we analyzed Bouguer gravity anomalies over the shield and the Bolivian Andes, assuming that they are due primarily to variations in crustal thickness that in turn are due to the flexure of an effectively elastic plate (Brazilian Shield) loaded by the weight of the Andean mountain range. Gravity anomalies show that Airy-type isostatic equilibrium does not exist; the sub-Andes are overcompensated and the Chaco Plain to the east is undercompensated. The flexure of the plate can help explain both the overcompensation and the undercompensation if the Brazilian Shield behaves as an essentially elastic plate that extends at least 150 km, and probably 200 km, beneath the sub-Andes and the Cordillera Oriental and if the flexural rigidity of the plate is between 0.1 and 2 × 10 24 N m. The fit of observed and calculated anomalies, however, is far from perfect, and additional sources of short-wavelength anomalies appear to be present. Assuming that the sediments and sedimentary rocks in the sub-Andes and Cordillera Oriental were deposited on the Brazilian Shield and that later they were overthrust eastward onto one another causing the present topography and the deflection of the plate, we computed a family of estimates for the minimum amount of crustal shortening. These estimates depend strongly on the amount of sedimentary rock deposited before deformation, which does not seem to be well constrained by published geologic mapping. Nevertheless, the calculations suggest that at least 100 km of crustal shortening have occurred, and probably more, implying that the Andes may have been built mostly by crustal shortening.
Disclosure of adverse events and errors in surgical care: challenges and strategies for improvement.

The disclosure of adverse events to patients, including those caused by medical errors, is a critical part of patient-centered healthcare and a fundamental component of patient safety and quality improvement. Disclosure benefits patients, providers, and healthcare institutions. However, the act of disclosure can be difficult for physicians. Surgeons struggle with disclosure in unique ways compared with other specialties, and disclosure in the surgical setting has specific challenges. The frequency of surgical adverse events along with a dysfunctional tort system, the team structure of surgical staff, and obstacles created inadvertently by existing surgical patient safety initiatives may contribute to an environment not conducive to disclosure. Fortunately, there are multiple strategies to address these barriers. Participation in communication and resolution programs, integration of Just Culture principles, surgical team disclosure planning, refinement of informed consent and morbidity and mortality processes, surgery-specific professional standards, and understanding the complexities of disclosing other clinicians’ errors all have the potential to help surgeons provide patients with complete, satisfactory disclosures. Improvement in the regularity and quality of disclosures after surgical adverse events and errors will be key as the field of patient safety continues to advance.
THE COLLOIDAL BEHAVIOR OF PROTEINS.

1. It is well known that neutral salts depress the osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of protein-acid salts. Measurements of the P.D. between gelatin chloride solutions contained in a collodion bag and an outside aqueous solution show that the salt depresses the P.D. in the same proportion as it depresses the osmotic pressure of the gelatin chloride solution. 2. Measurements of the hydrogen ion concentration inside the gelatin chloride solution and in the outside aqueous solution show that the difference in pH of the two solutions allows us to calculate the P.D. quantitatively on the basis of the Nernst formula See PDF for Equation if we assume that the P.D. is due to a difference in the hydrogen ion concentration on the two sides of the membrane. 3. This difference in pH inside minus pH outside solution seems to be the consequence of the Donnan membrane equilibrium, which only supposes that one of the ions in solution cannot diffuse through the membrane. It is immaterial for this equilibrium whether the non-diffusible ion is a crystalloid or a colloid. 4. When acid is added to isoelectric gelatin the osmotic pressure rises at first with increasing hydrogen ion concentration, reaches a maximum at pH 3.5, and then falls again with further fall of the pH. It is shown that the P.D. of the gelatin chloride solution shows the same variation with the pH (except that it reaches its maximum at pH of about 3.9) and that the P.D. can be calculated from the difference of pH inside minus pH outside on the basis of Nernst's formula. 5. It was found in preceding papers that the osmotic pressure of gelatin sulfate solutions is only about one-half of that of gelatin chloride or gelatin phosphate solutions of the same pH and the same concentration of originally isoelectric gelatin; and that the osmotic pressure of gelatin oxalate solutions is almost but not quite the same as that of the gelatin chloride solutions of the same pH and concentration of originally isoelectric gelatin. It was found that the curves for the values for P.D. of these four gelatin salts are parallel to the curves of their osmotic pressure and that the values for pH inside minus pH outside multiplied by 58 give approximately the millivolts of these P.D. In this preliminary note only the influence of the concentration of the hydrogen ions on the P.D. has been taken into consideration. In the fuller paper, which is to follow, the possible influence of the concentration of the anions on this quantity will have to be discussed.
What is task-centered learning?

Many recent models of learning and instruction center learning on real-world tasks and problems to support knowledge application and transfer. Of the many different approaches to centering learning on real-world tasks and problems, one main area in recent literature attempts to balance the efficiency of adequate learner support with the effectiveness of centering learning on real-world tasks. Names for the various models in this area have included problem-centered instruction, cognitive apprenticeship, elaboration theory, and taskcentered learning/instruction. As yet there has not been much comparison or combination of the prescriptions of these task-centered approaches to learning. Therefore we compare and combine several task-centered learning models to outline essential prescriptive elements of a task-centered learning approach.
Subcultures and employment modes: translating HR strategy into practice

Past research suggests that most culture change efforts proceed with limited attention to the pluralistic nature of contemporary organizations. We argue that the relationship between organization subcultures and the implementation of new HR strategies into HR practice has not been adequately explored because of the lack of a comprehensive framework for defining and integrating culture change and the strategic HR literature. We review the organization culture and strategic HR literature and present a heuristic that serves as a step toward exemplifying the role of changing employment modes and organizational subcultures in enabling or constraining the implementation of HR strategy.
A preference-based method for forecast combination

Determing the best combination of competing forecasts is a problem that has been approached primarily from a statistical viewpoint. An alternative method is presented which is based on two behavioral considerations. First, the major consumers of forecasts, decision makers and managers exhibit a form of risk/regret whereby they assign different costs to different types of forecast error and prefer forecasts that are biased in favour of avoiding ‘high-cost’ errors. Second, the models from which forecasts are obtained are more often employed in a multi-step prediction mode even though their parameters have been chosen to minimize only one-step prediction error variance. The first consideration leads us to a finite state representation of error-type propagation. Then this is used in concert with the second consideration to formulate a quadratic program whose solution yields the error-type distribution most preferred by the decision maker. Finally, this vital information permits us to determine the optimal forecast combination. We illustrate the resulting methodology using several time series from the compilation of 1001 series used in Makridakis et al. (1982) and from the NBER forecast databank compiled by Zarnowitz (1984).
Piroxicam, aspirin, and gastrointestinal blood loss.

A study to compare the effects of three piroxicam regimens and aspirin on fecal blood loss (FBL) was conducted among 39 healthy men. Fourteen of the subjects also underwent prestudy and poststudy gastroscopy. There was an increase in FBL after aspirin, 972 mg 4 times a day, whereas piroxicam, 20 mg once a day, 5 mg four times a day, and 10 mg four times a day induced no observable increase in fecal blood loss. There was gastroscopic evidence of irritation in the aspirin group, but not in any of the piroxicam groups. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 247–252; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.155
Sulfoform generation from an orthogonally protected disaccharide

An orthogonally protected disaccharide (GlcN(α1→4)Glc) with a β-linked 2′-aminoethyl linker was used to generate a series of sulfated derivatives (sulfoforms), with a 6-O-sulfate on the glucose residue and one or more sulfate esters on the terminal glucosamine. Deprotection and sulfonation steps were performed in solution and in variable order, with isolated yields of 36–54% (85–90% per operation) after HPLC purification. The modular deprotection–sulfonation sequences can be performed with efficient recovery of the polysulfate products, and avoids complications associated with heterogeneous reactivity in solid-phase synthesis.
Binary stochastic implementation of digital logic

Stochastic computing refers to a mode of computation in which numbers are treated as probabilities implemented as 0/1 bit streams, which essentially is a unary encoding scheme. Previous work has shown significant reduction in area and increase in fault tolerance for low to medium resolution values (6-10 bits). However, this comes at very high latency cost. We propose a novel hybrid approach combining traditional binary with unary stochastic encoding, called binary stochastic. Similar to the binary representation, it is a positional number system, but instead of only 0/1 digits, the digits would be fractions. We show how simple logic such as adders and multipliers can be implemented, and then show more complex function implementations such as the gamma correction function and functions such as tanh, absolute and exponentiation using both combinational and sequential binary stochastic logic. Our experiments show significant reduction in latency compared to unary stochastic, while using significantly smaller area compared to binary implementations on FPGAs.
Quinidine-digoxin interaction: Time course and pharmacokinetics

Abstract The time course of the rise in serum digoxin concentration was followed in 18 patients treated with digoxin as quinidine treatment was started with a loading dose. The mean serum digoxin levels rose significantly during the first 24 hours after administration of quinidine was begun, and reached a new steady state concentration after about 48 hours. Digoxin kinetics were studied in two groups of normal volunteers: Group I (n = 7) received a small dose of quinidine, 800 mg/day, and group II (n = 8) received 1,600 mg/day. There was no significant mean change in the apparent volume of distribution of digoxin in either group. In group I (small dose), quinidine reduced the digoxin clearance values: total clearance by 30 percent, renal clearance by 32 percent and nonrenal clearance by 29 percent. In group II (large dose), quinidine reduced digoxin total clearance by 36 percent, renal clearance by 54 percent and nonrenal clearance by 22 percent. The reductions in digoxin volume of distribution and renal clearance during quinidine treatment were a function of the serum quinidine concentration. The change in nonrenal clearance of digoxin was independent of serum quinidine concentration.
Robust multi-sensor scheduling for multi-site surveillance

This paper presents mathematical programming techniques for solving a class of multi-sensor scheduling problems. Robust optimization problems are formulated for both deterministic and stochastic cases using linear 0–1 programming techniques. Equivalent formulations are developed in terms of cardinality constraints. We conducted numerical case studies and analyzed the performance of optimization solvers on the considered problem instances.
Foliations, the ergodic theorem and Brownian motion

Regarding the leaves of a compact foliated Riemannian manifold as the orbits of a dynamical system, we will prove a Birkhoff ergodic theorem asserting that the spatial average of a function equals its time average along random paths in the leaves. There are several unexpected developments in the foundations. First, there always are measures on any compact foliated Riemannian manifold (M,F) with respect to which an adequate (brownian motion along the leaves) ergodic theorem holds. Second, relative to these measures, which are called harmonic, there is a Liouville-type theorem for any bounded Bore1 function on the manifold which is harmonic on each leaf. Namely, for almost all leaves relative to any one of these harmonic measures, this leaf harmonic function is constant on each leaf. Third, the harmonic measures have a very reasonable local characterization. In any foliation coordinate system, they are transversal sums of h(L) dx(L), where h(L) is a positive harmonic function on the leaf L and dx(L) is the Riemannian measure on L. These statements comprise Theorem 1 which is stated more precisely later in the Introduction. The first fact is surprising because up to now the only measures attached to foliations were the holonomy invariant transverse measures of Plante [ 141 and Ruelle-Sullivan [ 151 and some foliations do not admit these. The second fact is unexpected because there are foliations where all the leaves are hyperbolic planes and each hyperbolic plane, being conformal to the disk, admits 285 0022-1236183 $3.00
n-3 Fatty Acids Attenuate the Risk of Diabetes Associated With Elevated Serum Nonesterified Fatty Acids: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

OBJECTIVE Chronically high nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are a marker of metabolic dysfunction and likely increase risk of type 2 diabetes. By comparison, n-3 fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to have various health benefits and may protect against disease development. In 5,697 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we examined whether serum levels of NEFAs relate to risk of incident type 2 diabetes and further tested whether plasma n-3 FA levels may interact with this relation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS NEFAs were measured in fasting serum using an enzymatic colorimetric assay and phospholipid n-3 FAs eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were determined in plasma through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection in 5,697 MESA participants. Cox proportional hazards regression evaluated the association between NEFA levels and incident type 2 diabetes and whether plasma n-3 FAs modified this association adjusting for age, sex, race, education, field center, smoking, and alcohol use. RESULTS Over a mean 11.4 years of the study period, higher diabetes incidence was found across successive NEFA quartiles (Q) (hazard ratio [95% CI]): Q1, 1.0; Q2, 1.35 (1.07, 1.71); Q3, 1.58 (1.24, 2.00); and Q4, 1.86 (1.45, 2.38) ( P trend P interaction = 0.03). For individuals with lower n-3 levels ( P trend P trend = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS NEFAs are a marker of type 2 diabetes and may have clinical utility for detecting risk of its development. The modifying influence of n-3 FAs suggests a protective effect against disease and/or metabolic dysfunction related to NEFAs and requires further study.
Separation of near-infrared fluorescent conjugates of dATP and related compounds by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract Capillary electrophoresis was examined as a means for the separation and quantitation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and other nucleotides that were labeled with the near-infrared fluorescent dye IRD700 or related tags. Under the final optimized conditions the labeled dATP was separated from several possible impurities, including the unconjugated forms of IRD700 and dATP, as well as dADP, dAMP and their corresponding IRD700 conjugates. The assay was performed under two sets of conditions. First, the sample was injected onto a 50 cm×75 μm I.D. fused-silica capillary at 25 kV in the presence of a pH 9.5, 140 m M borate running buffer. The resulting peaks were monitored at both 254 and 680 nm, where the latter wavelength was used to identify any species that contained the IRD700 label. A second injection was then performed under the same conditions but with a fixed concentration of dTTP now being added to the running buffer; this resulted in the formation of a complex between the dTTP and any dATP, dADP or dAMP-containing components, which changed their rates of migration and allowed them to be differentiated from unconjugated IRD700 or dye contaminants. Only 6 nl of a 1:10 diluted sample were required per analysis. The limit of detection at this injection volume was approximately 1.0 μ M (or 6·10 −15 mol for a 6-nl injection) for each monitored component. The linear range extended up to at least 80 μ M . The analysis time was 20 min per injection and the day-to-day precision was ±2–3%. The same method was also found to be useful in examining related conjugates, such as those based on the dye IRD40.
Polynomial rings over Goldie-Kerr commutative rings

All rings in this paper are commutative, and acc i (resp., acc E) denotes the acc on annihilators (resp., on direct sums of ideals). Any subring of an acc i ring, e.g., of a Noetherian ring, is an acc i ring. Together, acc i and acc ED constitute the requirement for a ring to be a Goldie ring. Moreover, a ring R is Goldie iff its classical quotient ring Q is Goldie. A ring R is a Kerr ring (the appellation is for J. Kerr, who in 1990 constructed the first Goldie rings not Kerr) iff the polynomial ring R[x] has acc i (in which case R must have acc ?) . By the Hilbert Basis theorem, if S is a Noetherian ring, then so is S[x]; hence, any subring R of a Noetherian ring is Kerr. In this note, using results of Levitzki, Herstein, Small, and the author, we show that any Goldie ring R such that Q = Qc(R) has nil Jacobson radical (equivalently, the nil radical of R is an intersection of associate prime ideals) is Kerr in a very strong sense: Q is Artinian and, hence, Noetherian (Theorems 1.1 and 2.2). As a corollary we prove that any Goldie ring A that is algebraic over a field k is Artinian, and, hence, any order R in A is a Kerr ring (Theorem 2.5 and Corollary 2.6). The same is true of any algebra A over a field k of cardinality exceeding the dimension of A (Corollary 2.7). Other Kerr rings are: reduced acc I rings and valuation rings with acc I (see 3.3 and 3.4).
Diplopia After Glaucoma Surgery

The occurrence of strabismus and symptomatic diplopia following glaucoma surgery is becoming more common as the use of implanted setons increases. Understanding the factors contributing to the diplopia is critical to the development of treatment strategies to alleviate the patient's symptoms.
Intercomparisons between passive and active microwave remote sensing, and hydrological modeling for soil moisture

Soil moisture estimates from a distributed hydrological model and two microwave remote sensors (Push Broom Microwave Radiometer and Synthetic Aperture Radar) were compared with the ground measurements collected during the MAC-HYDRO'90 experiment over a 7.4-km2 watershed in central Pennsylvania. Various information, including rainfall, soil properties, land cover, topography and remote sensing imagery, were integrated and analyzed using an image integration technique. It is found that the hydrological model and both microwave sensors successfully pick up the temporal variation of soil moisture. Results also indicate the spatial soil moisture pattern can be remotely sensed within reasonable accuracy using existing algorithms. Watershed averaged soil moisture estimates from the hydrological model are wetter than remotely sensed data. It is difficult to conclude which instrument yield better performance for the studied case. The choice will be based on the intended applications and information that is available.
Trombin receptors on human endothelial cells: A morphologic study

Thrombin binding to endothelial cells has been demonstrated with 125 I-thrombin using standard techniques. In the present study ultrastructural techniques have been used to provide evidence for localization of thrombin binding to endothelium. Purified noncationized ferritin was linked to human thrombin with glutaraldehyde in a two-step conjugation reaction. The thrombin-ferritin conjugate (TFC) retained the properties of human thrombin to clot fibrinogen, aggregate washed platelets, release prostacyclin, hydrolyze a synthetic chromogenic substrate, and to exhibit competitive binding. Confluent monolayers of cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical vein were used in the study after 72 hr of culture. The endothelial cells (EC) were incubated with TFC in the presence and absence of competing ligand at 37°C for 2 to 240 min. Cell monolayers were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Unstained and stained sections were examined for the presence of the electron-dense ferritin grains. The TFC was associated with the plasma membrane of the EC. The binding of TFC was quantitatively inhibited by increasing concentrations of unconjugated human thrombin. These studies provde additioanl evidence for the presence and localization of thrombin binding to endothelial cells.
Isolation and characterization of a viable deletion mutant of adenovirus type 3

Abstract A spontaneous deletion mutant of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3), designated H3dl 102, was isolated and characterized. The H3dl 102 mutant is viable in HeLa cells and contains a deletion of 2.2 kb within the Ad3 early gene region 3. A new Xho I cleavage site is associated with the deletion.
Ease entry into an alternative career field by obtaining a specialized professional degree.

A professional science master's degree is specifically designed to add professional skills to those that are science-oriented, thus generating multi-skilled employees.
Pluto's atmospheric bulk near perihelion

The detection of CH4 frost on Pluto's surface implies a significant atmosphere for Pluto. Although Pluto's mass is small, about 7% of Triton's mass, the rapid escape ('blowoff') of gaseous CH4 can be prevented by the presence of a heavy gas mixed with the CH4. The resulting slow escape ('Jeans escape') of CH4 can be accommodated by sublimation of the surface CH4 frost so that an atmosphere exists in the steady state. A heavier gas must exist, otherwise the CH4 frost would have sublimated away long ago because of solar heat and rapid blowoff of gaseous CH4. Pluto is currently near perihelion where the CH4 component of the atmosphere may be 500 times denser than at apehelion. Significant seasonal changes in the atmospheric bulk are therefore possible.
A long-term stability study of Prussian blue: A quality assessment of water content and cesium binding

Prussian blue (PB) is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Radiogardase, the first approved medical countermeasure for the treatment of radiocesium poisoning in the event of a major radiological incident such as a "dirty bomb" or nuclear attack. The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term stability of Prussian blue drug products (DPs) and APIs under laboratory storage condition by monitoring the loss in water content and the in vitro cesium binding. The water content was measured by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The in-vitro cesium binding study was conducted using a surrogate model to mimic gastric residence and intestinal transport. Free cesium was analyzed using a validated flame atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) method. The binding equilibrium was reached at 24h. The Langmuir isotherm was plotted to calculate the maximum binding capacity (MBC). Comparison of the same PB samples with 2003 data samples, the water content of both APIs and DPs decreased on an average by approximately 12-24%. Consequently, the MBC of cesium was decreased from 358mg/g in 2003 to 265mg/g @ pH 7.5, a decrease of approximately 26%. The binding of cesium is also pH dependent with lowest binding at pH 1.0 and maximum binding at pH 7.5. At pH 7.5, the amount of cesium bound decreased by an average value of 7.9% for APIs and 8.9% for DPs (for 600ppm initial cesium concentration). These findings of water loss, pH dependence and decrease in cesium binding are consistent with our previously published data in 2003. Over last 10 years the stored DPs and APIs of PB have lost about 20% of water which has a negative impact on the PB cesium binding, however PB still meets the FDA specification of >150mg/g at equilibrium. The study is the first quantitative assessment of the long-term stability of PB and directs that proper long-term and short-term storage of PB is required to ensure that it is safe and efficacious at the time of an emergency situation.
FC12-04 - Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability and affective symptoms in movement disorders: A 123I-FP-CIT spect study

Aim Recent studies suggest an association of affective symptoms with striatal dopaminergic activity in Parkinson's Disease (PD). On the other hand, the psychopathological features of other common Movement Disorders (MD), such as Essential Tremor (ET) and Primary Dystonia, are less explored. We investigated striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability and affective symptoms in these three different MD. Materials and methods 22 pts with ET, 14 pts with focal dystonia and 34 idiopathic PD pts underwent 123I-FP-CIT SPECT. A control group of 15 healthy subjects was also analyzed. Psychiatric assessment included the HAM-D scale for severity of depression, the HAM-A scale for anxiety levels, the Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) for anhedonia. SPECT was carried out 3 hours after 111 MBq 123I-FP-CIT intravenous injection. Specific 123I-FP-CIT binding in the striatum and striatal subregions was calculated based on ROI analysis. Results Significant reduction of 123I-FP-CIT binding ratios was found only in PD. Spearman's analysis showed an inverse correlation between anxiety and DAT availability in the left striatal regions of both ET and dystonic patients. On the contrary, a significant positive correlation was found in PD subjects. Conclusion This preliminary study provided evidence for an association between pre-synaptic striatal dopaminergic function of the left hemisphere and anxiety in MD, thus confirming the “transnosologic” relevance of dopaminergic dysfunction. Unexpected findings in PD patients are in contrast with previous results. A down-regulation of DAT could be hypothesized in both ET and dystonic patients. This pattern seems to be concordant with preliminary findings in primary anxiety disorders.
Tumor necrosis factor-α receptor type 1, not type 2, mediates its acute responses in the kidney

Acute administration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) resulted in decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but induced diuretic and natriuretic responses in mice. ...
DNA Base Composition and Repetitious DNA in Several Conifers

Coniferous DNA was analyzed by ultraoentrifugation and thermal denaturation and renaturation to determine base composition and the presence of repetitive sequences. The percent quanine plus cytosine values among species were constant and independent of DNA quantity per cell, whereas the proportion of repetitive DNA per genome was greatest in those species that had the highest DNA content.
Clinical, dosimetric, and radiographic correlation of radiation injury involving the brainstem and the medial temporal lobes following stereotactic radiotherapy for neoplasms of central skull base

Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT) is more commonly used for skull base tumors in conjunction with the technical development of radiation intensity modulation. Purpose of this study is to correlate clinical and radiographic characteristics of delayed radiation injury (RI) occurring around central skull base following SRT with SRT dosimetric data. Total of six patients were identified to have developed RI in the vicinity of SRT target volume out of 141 patients who received SRT in he center or near-center of the skull base. The images and medical records were retrospectively reviewed. The analysis was performed for RI location, time of development, imaging and clinical characteristics and evolution of RI and correlated with SRT dosimetric analysis using image fusion with follow-up MRI scans. Mean follow-up time was 24 +/- 9 months. During the follow-up period, twelve sites of RI were found in 6 patients. They were clinically symptomatic in 4/6 patients (66.6%) at median 12.5 months after SRT. Mean time interval between SRT and detection of RI was 9 +/- 3, 18.5 +/- 5, and 13.5 months for brainstem, temporal lobe, and cerebellum/labyrinth lesions, respectively. All RI lesions were included in the region of high SRT doses. After steroid and symptomatic treatment, 50% of RI lesions showed complete response, and 40% showed partial response. RI can occur around the skull base because of irregular shape of target tumor, its close proximity to normal brain parenchyma, and inhomogeneity of dose distribution. Brainstem lesions occurred earlier than temporal lobe RI. The majority of the RI lesions, not mixed with the tumor in this study, showed radiographic and clinical improvement with steroid and symptomatic treatments.
Obstruction of ECT Seizure by Submaximal Hyperventilation: A Case Report

Extreme obstruction of ECT seizure induction occurred in an elderly female with a low cardiac ejection fraction after a 20 to 25 s interval between the last ventilation and the electrical stimulus. Stimuli of 378 and 504 mC induced no motoric or EEG activity after an initial stimulus of 227 mC produced just 1 s of motoric seizure activity. After prolonged hyperventilation and immediate stimulation a seizure resulted with 33 s of motoric activity. This case suggests that patients with a low cardiac output might be particularly sensitive to the quality of ventilation.
RADIOACTIVITY OF LEAD-205

${\mathrm{Pb}}^{205}$ has been produced by the ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{204}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Pb}}^{205}$ reaction in the Materials Testing Reactor. The ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{205}$/${\mathrm{Pb}}^{204}$ atom ratios of 0.001175\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000060 and 0.005064\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000063, respectively, were measured in a mass spectrometer for lead samples irradiated in the MTR for approximately 3 months and 1 year. The neutron capture cross section of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{204}$ for MTR neutrons is 0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 barn. The partial half-life of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{205}$ for $L$-electron capture is (3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ years. The $\frac{K}{L}$ electron capture ratio of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{205}$ is \ensuremath{\le}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and the disintegration energy is probably less than 86 kev. No gamma rays were observed in the decay of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{205}$.
4-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)AZO]-1,3-diaminobenzene as a new sensitive and selective reagent for cobalt

Abstract Cobalt (II) and 4-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-1,3-diaminobenzene (5-Cl-PADAB) in slightly acid, neutral or alkaline medium form a pink-coloured complex. This complex is very stable even in the presence of strong mineral acid. The complex has two absorption maxima at 530 and 570 nm in hydrochloric acid (2.4 M ) solution. The colour is very stable and the system conforms to Beer's law; the optimal range for measurements in a 1 -cm cell is 0.02–0.5 p.p.m. cobalt. Common anions and cations do not interfere; only chromium (VI) interferes seriously. The molar absorptivity is 1.13·10 5 1 mol −1 cm −1 at 570 nm. The sensitivity is 0.00051 μg Co cm −2 at 570 nm for log I 0 / I = 0.001.
Numerical and experimental analysis of 500-V power DMOSFET with an atomic-lattice layout

Summary form only given. The authors analyze, numerically and experimentally, a new cell design, referred to as atomic-lattice layout (ALL). The polysilicon is patterned to form circular islands with narrow polysilicon bridges between them. This cell results in the formation of a p-n junction with a reverse curvature (the junction is concave, instead of convex, with reference to the top Si surface). This design allows a substantial reduction in the electric field strength in the active area of the device, thus permitting a significant improvement in the breakdown voltage (beyond that for the cylindrical junction). Modeling results showed that the drift-region doping concentration for the ALL design is much higher than that in the circular design. This is due to the reverse curvature effect in the ALL structure. However, the specific on-resistance of ALL DMOSFETs is not smaller than that of HEX DMOSFETs. This is a result of a larger JFET resistance in the ALL design as a result of current crowding under the poly islands. Devices of DMOSFETs with various cell sizes of ALL and HEX designs have been fabricated. Experimental results verified the theoretical predictions: the specific on-resistance of the ALL DMOSFET is similar to that of the HEX DMOSFET (77 m Omega -cm/sup 2/) but the Miller capacitance of the ALL design is two times smaller than that of the HEX design. >
GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of important enzymes involved in the detoxification of a wide variety of known and suspected carcinogens, including potential mammary carcinogens identified in charred meats and tobacco smoke. A substantial proportion of the Caucasian population has a homozygous deletion (null) of the GSTM1 or GSTT1 gene, which results in lack of production of these isoenzymes. We conducted a case-control study in a cohort of postmenopausal Iowa women who in 1986 completed a mailed questionnaire on lifestyle factors including information on cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk factors. DNA samples and information related to charred meat intake were obtained, in the case-control study, from breast cancer cases diagnosed during 1992–1994, and a random sample of cancer-free cohort members. Included in this study were 202 cases and 481 controls who were genotyped for GSTM1 or GSTT1 gene polymorphisms. Compared to women who had both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, a 60% elevated risk (95% CI = 1.0–2.5) was observed among those whose GSTM1 or GSTT1 gene was deleted. When stratified by meat eating habits, the risk of breast cancer associated with null GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype was observed primarily among women who ate meats consistently well- or very well-done. Women who carried either one of the null genotypes and consumed meat consistently well- or very well-done had a 3.4-fold elevated risk of developing breast cancer (95% CI = 1.6–7.1). Cigarette smoking was not a risk factor for breast cancer among women who had either the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genes. Among those with the null GSTT1 genotype, however, a significantly elevated risk of breast cancer was associated with cigarette smoking (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1–5.4) and the association was stronger among former (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.5–12.8) than current smokers (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.4–4.1). This study suggests that certain null GST genotypes may be associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer and the association may be modified by charred meat intake and cigarette smoking.
Dwellers by the Sea: Native American Adaptations along the Southern Coasts of Eastern North America

This comparative synthesis examines archaeological and ethnohistoric data pertaining to Native American coastal adaptations along the southern coasts of the eastern United States. We consider the totality of experiences of people living along coasts, examining such issues as technological innovation, environmental variability and change as it relates to site visibility, the built environment, the use of coastal food resources, the nature of complex coastal Calusa and Guale polities, and European contact. We link our topical discussions to broader issues in anthropology, arguing that the archaeology of southern coasts has much to contribute to our understanding of worldwide adaptations to coastal environments and broad-scale shifts in the trajectories of human societies.
Assessment of myocardial viability

The prevalence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and resultant congestive heart failure is increasing. Patients with this condition are at high risk for cardiac death and usually have significant limitations in their lifestyles. Although there have been advances in medical therapy resulting in improved survival and well being, the best and most definitive therapy, when appropriate, is revascularization. In the setting of coronary artery disease, accounting for approximately two thirds of cases of congestive heart failure, LV dysfunction often is not the result of irreversible scar but rather caused by impairment in function and energy use of still viable-myocytes, with the opportunity for improved function if coronary blood flow is restored. Patients with LV dysfunction who have viable myocardium are the patients at highest risk because of the potential for ischemia but at the same time benefit most from revascularization. It is important to identify viable myocardium in these patients, and radionuclide myocardial scintigraphy is an excellent tool for this. Single-photon emission computed tomography perfusion scintigraphy, whether using thallium-201, Tc-99m sestamibi, or Tc-99m tetrofosmin, in stress and/or rest protocols, has consistently been shown to be an effective modality for identifying myocardial viability and guiding appropriate management. Metabolic imaging with positron emission tomography radiotracers frequently adds additional information and is a powerful tool for predicting which patients will have an improved outcome from revascularization, including some patients referred instead for cardiac transplantation. Other noninvasive modalities, such as stress echocardiography, also facilitate the assessment of myocardial viability, but there are advantages and disadvantages compared with the nuclear techniques. Nuclear imaging appears to require fewer viable cells for detection, resulting in a higher sensitivity but a lower specificity than stress echocardiography for predicting post-revascularization improvement of ventricular function. Nevertheless, it appears that LV functional improvement may not always be necessary for clinical improvement. Future directions include use of magnetic resonance imaging, as well as larger, multicenter trials of radionuclide techniques. The increasing population of patients with LV dysfunction, and the increased benefit afforded by newer therapies, will make assessment of myocardial viability even more essential for proper patient management.
To Go Where No Han Could Go for Long Malaria and the Qing Construction of Ethnic Administrative Space in Frontier Yunnan

Malaria was one of the most important factors for the maintenance of the native chieftainship system and its attendant tribal identities in Yunnan’s southwestern borderlands during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) was forced to rely on chieftainship administrative space and its tribal inhabitants as unreliable bulwarks against incursions by “wild” tribals and Myanmar primarily because Han Chinese vulnerability to malaria precluded a more stable and direct Qing official presence. The article examines the Qing construction of both chieftainship and wild tribals, as well as the ethnic administrative spaces intended to keep these two identities separate, as products of the interaction between disease and human agency. It concludes that the Qing frontier order in southwest Yunnan was a compromise with both malarial nature and tribal culture.
SU-E-T-612: Hybrid-Input-Output Algorithm for IMRT Optimization with Dose-Volume Histogram Constraints.

Purpose:Dose‐volume histogram (DVH) is a clinically relevant criterion to evaluate a treatment plan quality. It is hence desirable to incorporate DVH constraints in treatment planning process for intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). Yet, these constraints usually lead to difficulties due to their non‐convex nature. The purpose of this project is to solve the IMRToptimization problem with DVH constraints using a hybrid‐input‐output (HIO) method. Methods: The IMRToptimization problem finds a dose distribution z under two constraints, where the elements of the vector z are the dose value at each spatial coordinate. First, there exist a corresponding fluence map x such that Dx=z and x>0, where D is the dose deposition matrix. Second, the dose distribution z should satisfy the DVH constraints. These two constraints define two sets of the dose distributions, denoted by A and B, and the solution to the IMRT problem lies in the intersection of these two sets. Our method finds the solution via the HIO algorithm that iteratively updates the solution according to its projections onto the two sets until convergence. The projection to A is handled by solving a least square problem and the projection to B is achieved by gradually adjusting voxel doses that validate the DVH criteria to meet the constraints. Results: We have tested our algorithm using 7‐field IMRT plans for 4 prostate cancer cases. Clinically relevant DVH constraints are considered for PTV, rectum, and bladder. In all the cases, the algorithm is able to find the solutions that satisfy all the DVH constraints. Conclusions: We have developed an algorithm to solve the IMRToptimization problem with DVH constraints using the HIO approach. Tests conducted in prostate cancer cases have demonstrated the effectiveness of our algorithm.
A direct method for determination of the time integral of corticosterone availability in interstitial fluid of rats

A novel method for direct determination of the time integral of free corticosterone levels in interstitial fluid was used to measure corticosterone availability at rest and during free-operant shock-avoidance (SA) training in male rats. The method employs a subcutaneously implanted device to continuously accumulate the free hormone at a rate proportional to local concentration. The proportional rate of accumulation is maintained by providing mass-action corticosterone binding capacity within the device such that the device establishes a diffusion gradient for free corticosterone. The rate of uptake is limited so as to avoid disturbing equilibrium between free and bound hormone in the environment of the device. Corticosterone accumulation increased to 3 X baseline during SA and was dexamethasone suppressible. These findings demonstrate the utility of a method uniquely combining specific measurement of free hormone with time integration to yield estimates of hormone availability during behavioral performance by an untethered subject. The method is suggested to be applicable to measurement of an extremely wide variety of drugs and hormones, under generally nonconstraining conditions.
New Approach to Transport Theory in Classical Gases

A new approach to transport theory in classical gases is described for a hard-sphere gas. The approach is designed to incorporate collective effects (sound waves, mean free path) at an early stage. A pseudopotential approximation to the $N$-body Liouville equation is given. By working only with symmetric distribution functions, a simple analogy to a quantum-mechanical many-body Hamiltonian is possible. The linearized Boltzmann equation is obtained as the "Hartree" solution to the single-particle states of this Hamiltonian. Sound waves appear as long-wavelength "single-particle" excitations. Collective excitations include the excluded volume correction to the velocity of sound. The "single-particle" solutions have the advantage of introducing the appropriate long-range space-time correlations into the basis functions for higher-order approximations. Because of the pseudopotential approximation in the present paper, there are short-range divergences in higher orders of perturbation theory, but no apparent long-wavelength divergences.
The effect of mixed-function oxidation of enzymes on their susceptibility to degradation by a nonlysosomal cysteine proteinase

Abstract Mixed-function oxidation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase by ascorbate, oxygen, and iron has previously been shown to cause inactivation of the enzyme and enhanced susceptibility to proteolytic attack by a variety of proteases. One of these proteases, from rat liver, is a high molecular weight cysteine proteinase which does not degrade native glutamine synthetase at neutral pH. Although inactive, the oxidized glutamine synthetase preparations used in this study were only partially degraded by this proteinase. Some of the subunits were degraded to acid soluble products with no detectable intermediates; the remaining subunits had not become susceptible to proteolytic attack during the limited exposure to the ascorbate mixed-function oxidation system. Several mammalian enzymes which are known to be inactivated by mixedfunction oxidation were tested as substrates for the proteinase. Native rabbit muscle enolase and pyruvate kinase were resistant to degradation, but their oxidatively inactivated forms were degraded. Oxidized phosphoglycerate kinase and creatine kinase were also preferentially degraded. Moreover, trypsin degraded oxidized preparations of all of these enzymes faster than control preparations. Oxidative inactivation of superoxide dismutase by hydrogen peroxide caused a slight increase in susceptibility to proteolytic attack, but the enzyme was still relatively resistant to degradation both by the cysteine proteinase and by trypsin. Although oxidation conditions may not have been optimal for demonstrating enhanced proteolytic susceptibility, the results do indicate that mixed-function oxidation can render some mammalian enzymes, as well as bacterial glutamine synthetase, susceptible to degradation. Mixed-function oxidation of these proteins may be a mechanism of marking them for intracellular turnover.