cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions, crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses, theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens

Measurements of CO2 fluxes from open-vent volcanos are rare, yet may offer special capabilities for monitoring volcanos and forecasting activity. The measured fluxes of CO2 and SO2 from Mount St. Helens decreased from July through November 1980, but the record includes variations of CO2/SO2 in the emitted gas and episodes of greatly increased fluxes of CO2. We propose that the CO2 flux variations reflect two gas components: (a) a component whose flux decreased in proportion to 1/ √t with a CO2/SO2 mass ratio of 1.7, and (b) a residual flux of CO2 consisting of short-lived, large peaks with a CO2/SO2 mass ratio of 15. We propose two hypotheses: (a) the 1/ √t dependence was generated by crystallization in a deep magma body at rates governed by diffusion-limited heat transfer, and (b) the gas component with the higher CO2/SO2 was released from ascending magma, which replenished the same magma body. The separation of the total CO2 flux into contributions from known processes permits quantitative inferences about the replenishment and crystallization rates of open-system magma bodies beneath volcanos. The flux separations obtained by using two gas sources with distinct CO2/SO2 ratios and a peak minus background approach to obtain the CO2 contributions from an intermittent source and a continuously emitting source are similar. The flux separation results support the hypothesis that the second component was generated by episodic magma ascent and replenishment of the magma body. The diffusion-limited crystallization hypothesis is supported by the decay of minimum CO2 and SO2 fluxes with 1/ √t after 1 July 1980. We infer that the magma body at Mount St. Helens was replenished at an average rate (2.8×106 m3 d–1) which varied by less than 5% during July, August, and September 1980. The magma body volume (2.4–3.0 km3) in early 1982 was estimated by integrating a crystallization rate function inferred from CO2 fluxes to maximum times (20±4 years) estimated from the increase of sample crystallinity with time. These new volcanic gas flux separation methods and the existence of relations among the CO2 flux, crystallization rates, and magma body replenishment rates yield new information about the dynamics of an open-vent, replenished magma body.
Sharp Fano Resonances From a Two-Mode Waveguide Coupled to a Single-Mode Ring Resonator

Coupling between a single-mode ring resonator and a two-mode bus waveguide is investigated theoretically and experimentally to achieve sharp resonant lineshape slopes of the difference of the two mode power transmissions. Fano-shaped output lineshapes are shown to depend on the coupling coefficients, relative power distribution, and relative phase difference of the two input modes. A device is fabricated in a polymer and silicon dioxide material system by a photolithographic process. The transmissions of the two modes are measured via on-chip add-drop mode filters. Measurements of the two-mode-coupled resonator device result in a lineshape slope of 27.1 nm-1. The technique exploits spatial mode orthogonality to realize co-located coupling ports to the resonator. Photonic circuit layouts are simplified and the number of waveguide crossings are reduced in applications utilizing a dense array of resonators producing sharp asymmetrical Fano-shaped resonance transmissions.
In-hospital initiation of secondary prevention is associated with improved vascular outcomes at 3 months.

Background Although various in-hospital stroke quality improvement programs have been associated with high treatment rates at hospital discharge, there are few data on the impact of these programs on clinical outcomes. We evaluated the impact of the PROTECT (Preventing Recurrence Of Thromboembolic Events through Coordinated Treatment) program on short-term vascular risk. Methods Prospective data collected after discharge for ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack caused by presumed atherosclerotic mechanism from a PROTECT intervention hospital and a comparison community hospital, which used conventional care, were compared. The 3-month follow-up clinical outcome data were then evaluated and differences in outcome frequency data between the two hospital groups were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Covariate adjusted comparisons of percent with a vascular event was computed via logistic regression methods. Results A total of 224 patients met study criteria: 126 patients at a PROTECT hospital and 98 patients at a comparator hospital. The 3-month postdischarge data were available for 78 patients at PROTECT hospital versus 65 control patients. Patients at a PROTECT hospital were more likely to be younger, be current smokers, and not have a history of atrial fibrillation. At 3 months, there was a covariate-adjusted difference in the intervention-hospital group versus the control-hospital group with regard to the incidence of a vascular event (transient ischemic attack, stroke, or myocardial infarction), 8.4% versus 22% ( P = .036). Conclusions Compared with conventional care, PROTECT was associated with better 3-month vascular outcomes after stroke hospitalization. Further study is needed to confirm the potential favorable impact of stroke quality improvement programs on clinical outcomes.
Optimizing software packages for application management

Application lifecycle management (ALM) provides a wholistic approach to software products, from product requirements through operations. The advent of software product lines (SPLs) such as Microsoftpsilas Visual Studio creates challenges for ALM since product codes are combined in various ways to produce different customer releases or SKUs. This paper proposes an approach to making packaging decisions for SPLs. We begin by showing how industry best practices for application management as described in the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) should be extended to include packaging. Next, we develop a cost model and several algorithms that quantify the trade-offs between vendor costs and customer costs. Ideally, we want a packaging scheme that has the smallest customer cost at a given vendor cost. Unfortunately, finding this optimal trade-off by exhaustive search has computational complexity greater than O(n22n), where n is the number of SKUs. We develop a ldquogreedyrdquo algorithm that iteratively selects SKUs to place in the same package so that the smallest packaging overheads result. This approach has complexity O(n4). Our studies of Visual Studio SKUs show that the trade-offs produced by the greedy algorithm converge rapidly to the optimal trade-offs as we increase the number of packages in a packaging scheme.
Percutaneous Absorption of Drugs

Some practical applications of basic information in percutaneous absorption have been reviewed. Drug release from vehicles is discussed in relation to glucocorticosteroids. Penetration enhancers are reviewed with emphasis on the need for further investigations and applications of enhancers for clinical use. The role of the stratum corneum as a barrier to and a reservoir for drugs is discussed. Special problems in penetration as presented by regional anatomic variations, nails, and follicles are mentioned. Overall, we review some practical problems existing in the penetration of drugs through human skin.
Cbase 1.0: a CAD database for VLSI circuits using object oriented technology

Cbase 1.0 is a multilayered system which provides a common repository of both VLSI objects and their associated operations, a tool interface for writing new applications, and a user interface for invoking applications or viewing objects in the database. Preliminary experience indicates that using an object-oriented database provides features such as specialization/generalization, property and operation inheritance, and polymorphism among object types which are useful for modeling the hierarchical nature and multiple views of a circuit. >
Cloud-system resolving model simulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and its thermodynamic environment

Abstract. This paper presents results from 240-member ensemble simulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and its thermodynamic environment. Simulations using a two-dimensional cloud-system resolving model are run with pristine, polluted, or highly polluted aerosol conditions and large-scale forcing from a 6-day period of active monsoon conditions during the 2006 Tropical Warm Pool – International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Domain-mean surface precipitation is insensitive to aerosols primarily because the large-scale forcing is prescribed and dominates the water and static energy budgets. The spread of the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes among different ensemble members for the same aerosol loading is surprisingly large, exceeding 25 W m−2 even when averaged over the 6-day period. This variability is caused by random fluctuations in the strength and timing of individual deep convective events. The ensemble approach demonstrates a small weakening of convection averaged over the 6-day period in the polluted simulations compared to pristine. Despite this weakening, the cloud top heights and anvil ice mixing ratios are higher in polluted conditions. This occurs because of the larger concentrations of cloud droplets that freeze, leading directly to higher ice particle concentrations, smaller ice particle sizes, and smaller fall velocities compared to simulations with pristine aerosols. Weaker convection in polluted conditions is a direct result of the changes in anvil ice characteristics and subsequent upper-tropospheric radiative heating and weaker tropospheric destabilization. Such a conclusion offers a different interpretation of recent satellite observations of tropical deep convection in pristine and polluted environments compared to the hypothesis of aerosol-induced convective invigoration. Sensitivity tests using the ensemble approach with modified microphysical parameters or domain configuration (horizontal gridlength, domain size) produce results that are similar to baseline, although there are quantitative differences in estimates of aerosol impacts on TOA radiative fluxes.
How influenza’s neuraminidase promotes virulence and creates localized lung mucosa immunodeficiency

Neuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme coded for by the genome of influenza critical for its pathogenicity and survival. Three currently accepted roles for this NA in promoting influenza virulence are: 1. NA cleaves newly formed virus particles from the host cell membrane. Without NA, newly formed virus would remain attached to the cell within which it was produced. 2. NA prevents newly released virus particles from aggregating to each other, preventing clumping that would reduce dissemination. 3. NA promotes viral penetration of sialic acid-rich mucin that bathes and protects respiratory epithelium through which the virus must spread and replicate. We outline here previous research evidence of two further, albeit hypothetical, functions of NA that together could cause disruption the mucosa-IgA axis, creating localized partial immunosuppressed state, enhancing both influenza infection itself and secondary bacterial pneumonia: 4. IgA provides primary immunoglobulin defense of mucosal surfaces. The hinge region of IgA is normally sialylated. IgA denuded of sialic acid is recognized, bound, and cleared by hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Thus, IgA exposed to free NA would be so denuded and have increased hepatic clearance. 5. NA removes sialic acid moieties from mucosa-residing gamma/delta T cells or IgA producing B cells. Previous work indicates desialylation of these lymphocytes' outer cell membrane results in altered homing, to bone marrow, away from mucosa. Currently marketed NA inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are FDA approved in USA for influenza prophylaxis and treatment. These NA inhibitors lower incidence of secondary bacterial infection in cases where an influenza infection occurs despite their use. Moreover, they are ameliorative in patients with secondary bacterial infections treated with antibiotics, a benefit that surpasses the treatment of antibiotics alone. We interpret these last two points as indicating our ascription of localized immunosuppression to influenza's NA could be correct and lead to new treatments of infections generally.
Evaluation of a Computerized Antimicrobial Susceptibility System with Bacteria Isolated from Animals

The BIOMIC is a computerized system used to calculate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antimicrobial agent from a zone of inhibition generated by a disk diffusion test. This system was developed using bacterial pathogens of human origin. This study investigated the use of the BIOMIC system for determining MICs for bacterial pathogens from animals. The MICs generated by the BIOMIC system were compared with the MICs generated using a broth microdilution testing method. A total of 663 drug-organism combinations was tested. These combinations included 3 species of gram-positive bacteria, 5 species of gram- negative bacteria, and the antimicrobial agents ampicillin, gentamicin, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Overall, the MICs generated by the BIOMIC system correlated with the broth microdilution MICs for 72% of the total drug-organism combinations tested. The Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains tested showed the highest agreement between the 2 systems, with 100% for all antibacterial agents tested, whereas Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida,and enterococci showed the least agreement (76%, 57%, and 47%, respectively). Among these organisms, trimethoprim-sulfa showed the least agreement (31%) and ciprofloxacin showed the greatest (91%). These results indicate that the BIOMIC system could be a useful tool in veterinary medicine for producing quantitative antimicrobial suscep- tibility results. However, it is currently unreliable for some drug-bacteria combinations. This discrepancy pos- sibly could be corrected by modification of the software using data points generated by a large-scale study. The importance of antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious disease processes is well established. Historically, a practitioner could select an effective drug based on clinical experience. However, with an increase in bacterial resistance to commonly used antibacterial agents, it has become in- creasingly difficult for clinicians to empirically select an appropriate antibacterial agent. An alternative to empirically selecting an antibacterial agent is in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing on bacteria isolated from properly collected samples. There are basically 2 types of results that are provided by in vitro suscep- tibility testing: qualitative results, i.e., susceptible, in- termediate, or resistant, and quantitative results, i.e., the minimum concentration of an antimicrobial agent required to inhibit the growth of the bacteria (MIC). Two common in vitro methods for determining sus- ceptibility profiles of bacterial pathogens are disk dif- fusion testing and dilution testing. Disk diffusion test- ing involves applying a single concentration of an an- timicrobial agent to a seeded agar medium and allow- ing the drug to diffuse into the surrounding medium. The bacteria on the agar medium are thus exposed to a continuous gradient of drug with the concentration diminishing as the distance from the disk increases. A
Barriers to GIS Use in Planning

Problem: Despite the widespread availability of geographic information systems (GIS) in local government, there is some evidence that the potential of GIS as a planning tool is not being fully exploited. While obstacles to GIS implementation in local government have been investigated, most of these investigations are either dated or do not focus on planning applications. Purpose: We aim to add to the limited literature on the current barriers hindering GIS use in public planning agencies. We also offer some insights into how to mitigate these barriers and help planning agencies move beyond using GIS simply for routine tasks of data access and mapmaking. Methods: We analyzed responses to a 2007 web-based survey of 265 practitioners in Wisconsin's public planning agencies and follow-up interviews with 20 practitioners we conducted in 2008. Results and conclusions: Planning departments still face a range of technological, organizational, and institutional barriers in using GIS. Training, funding, and data is...
Dynamic assessment: The dialectic integration of instruction and assessment

This presentation is situated within the general framework of Vygotsky's educational theory, which argues that development in formal educational activity is a fundamentally different process from development that occurs in the everyday world. A cornerstone of Vygotsky's theory is that to be successful education must be sensitive to learners' zone of proximal development. This requires the dialectical integration of instruction and assessment into a seamless and dynamic activity. The presentation includes a discussion of how the integration is systematically achieved in the process known as dynamic assessment and illustrates through analysis of data from advanced learners of French how this functions in second language education.
Intercalation of 3-phenyl-1-proponal into OTS SAMs on silica nanoasperities to create self-repairing interfaces for MEMS lubrication.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been widely studied as potential lubricants for microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. However, these single-layer films have nominally been found to be insufficient for mitigating wear in sliding contacts because of their rapid breakdown under the high pressures found within the nanoasperity junctions at such interfaces. As such, there is a critical need to explore approaches beyond simple, single-component SAMs toward films that introduce additional lubricant molecules into the system. Because alcohol vapors have previously been shown to reduce wear in MEMS devices, here we have investigated a mixed monolayer consisting of an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) SAM infused with 3-phenyl-1-propanol (3P1P), assembled on silica nanoparticle films. A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and FTIR spectroscopy was employed to investigate the structural and frictional properties of the m...
Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. The Corporeal Turn: An Interdisciplinary Reader

An encounter with: Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. The Corporeal Turn: An Interdisciplinary Reader. Charlottesville: Imprint Academic, 2009. 380 pages & Recent articles (2012) by M. Sheets-Johnstone
Discussion on the Implication of Internet of Things in Fire Army

Internet of Things originated in the internet is a new information technology,which has technical characteristics and complete technical architecture,and formed a more mature application modes.Internet of Things is still in the initial stage in our country,but the application prospect is very broad.With the fast development of communication network and information technology,Internet of Things will soon be in the high-speed development period,and will be soon penetration into each social industry.Networking in the fire forces that fire fighting and rescue work reconnaissance monitoring,building fire control facilities remote monitoring,and equipment material and personnel management,the application of fire units will greatly improve the business development level,and brought the revolutionary change for the development of the cause of the fire.This paper introduces the concepts and technical features of Internet of Things,expounds the content of the technical framework and application mode of Internet of Things,and at last analyzed the application and development prospect of Internet of Things in fire army.
Muscle Metabolism and Real-Time Ultrasound Measurement of Muscle and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Growth in Lambs Fed Diets Containing a Beta-Agonist

Rambouillet X Finn crossbred wether lambs were evaluated for differences in longissimus muscle cross-sectional area and overlaying subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness resulting from the use of the beta-agonist clenbuterol. Treatment groups received 0 and 2 ppm clenbuterol in the diet for approximately 40 d prior to slaughter. Longissimus muscle cross-sectional area and fat depth over the 12th-13th rib juncture were measured by real-time ultrasound before and during administration of the compound. At slaughter, muscle metabolism in vitro and carcass characteristics were measured. Based on comparisons with an initial-kill group of sheep, longissimus muscle cross-sectional area increased in control sheep by 12% (P greater than .05) over the 40-d experimental period, and increased in clenbuterol-fed sheep by 48% (P less than .05). Conversely, subcutaneous fat thickness increased significantly in the control sheep (88%) during this period, but was unchanged in the clenbuterol-fed animals. Warner-Bratzler shear force values of cooked longissimus samples from clenbuterol-fed sheep were significantly greater than shear force values in cooked samples from control lambs; this was not correlated with the extractable neutral lipid content of the muscle. Simple linear regression between ultrasound and carcass measurements of longissimus muscle cross-sectional area and subcutaneous fat thickness yielded correlation coefficients of .80 and .64, respectively. A significantly greater amount of net glycogen synthesis from [U-14C]glucose was observed in longissimus muscle strips from clenbuterol-fed animals than in muscle strips from control sheep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is an uncommon congenital anomaly associated with a 15% mortality within the first month of life. The anatomic diagnosis requires complete atresia of the pulmonary valve, usually with survival based on the presence of a foramen ovale and a patent ductus arteriosus supplying the pulmonary blood flow. The main pulmonary arteries usually are of normal size, and there is often an abnormality of the tricuspid valve—being either small in size or associated with severe tricuspid regurgitation. There is a spectrum of right ventricular sizes associated with the anomaly, from a miniscule right ventricle to one that appears normal with a well-developed outflow tract.
Combined Surgery for Uterine and Renal Cell Cancers in Obese Patients: A Case Series

We describe our experience with concomitant surgery for synchronously diagnosed uterine and renal cell cancer, two obesity-linked malignancies, to better identify the challenges posed by such patients. Our institution’s tumor registry and renal cell cancer database were queried for patients with both coincident cancers who were treated from 2000 to present day. The medical records of these patients were systematically reviewed. Six patients were synchronously diagnosed with both uterine and renal cell cancer and underwent combined surgical management. Five of these were performed by an open approach and one by using a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) technique. The majority of patients who had open surgery experienced significant operative or perioperative morbidity. One of these five patients died on postoperative day 3 due to complications from surgery in the setting of significant medical comorbidities. Two other patients with open surgery required splenectomy due to iatrogenic injury at the time of nephrectomy. An MIS technique was utilized for the patient with the largest body mass index (61 kg/m 2 ). This patient recovered without complications. Our experience with combined surgery for coincident uterine and renal cell cancer suggests caution when planning such a procedure. An open approach carries with it significant risk for morbidity, especially in comorbid patients. An MIS approach should be considered when feasible. Synchronous diagnoses of these cancers are rare, but may become more common with the increasing prevalence of obesity. J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2016;5(3):92-96 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jcgo412w
Universities and Inclusive Development in Bolivia

Bolivia’s first university was founded in 1624 and since then a large system composed of public and private universities was created. The autonomous public universities have been at the forefront of social change through the conceptual development and practical exercise of social innovations. Autonomy of the public system dates back to 1932 and it is now expected that within their autonomy, universities will find a new political discourse, directing the academic model to centre on facing the grand challenges present both at the global and national scales.
Beyond the Storm: Comparison of Clinical Factors, Arrhythmogenic Substrate, and Catheter Ablation Outcomes in Structural Heart Disease Patients With versus Those Without a History of Ventricular Tachycardia Storm.

Aims Catheter ablation can be lifesaving in ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm, but the underlying substrate in patients with storm is not well characterized. We sought to compare the clinical factors, substrate and outcomes differences in patients with sustained monomorphic VT who present for catheter ablation with VT storm versus those with a non-storm presentation. Methods Consecutive ischemic (ICM; n = 554) or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients (NICM; n = 369) with a storm vs. non-storm presentation were studied (ICM storm 186; NICM storm 101). Results In ICM, storm compared with non-storm patients had significantly lower left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), greater number of antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) failures, slower VTs, greater number of scarred LV segments, higher incidence of anterior, septal and apical endocardial LV scar (all P<0.05). However, outcomes in follow-up were similar (12-month ventricular arrhythmia [VA]-free survival: 51% vs. 52%, P = 0.6; survival free of death/transplant 75% vs. 87%, P = 0.7). In addition to the above differences, NICM storm patients were also older; however, the extent and distribution of scar was similar except for a higher incidence of lateral endocardial scar in storm patients (P = 0.05). VA-free survival (36% vs. 47%, P = 0.004) and survival free of death/transplant, however, were worse in NICM storm than non-storm patients (72% vs. 88%, P = 0.001). NICM storm patients had worse VA-free survival than ICM storm patients. Conclusion There are differences in clinical factors and scar patterns in patients undergoing VT ablation who present with VT storm versus those with a non-storm presentation. Clinical outcomes are worse in NICM storm patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Crohn Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Crohn disease is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease condition characterized by skip lesions and transmural inflammation that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. For this review article, we performed a review of articles in PubMed through February 1, 2017, by using the following Medical Subject Heading terms: crohns disease, crohn's disease, crohn disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Presenting symptoms are often variable and may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and in certain cases fevers or chills. There are 3 main disease phenotypes: inflammatory, structuring, and penetrating. In addition to the underlying disease phenotype, up to a third of patients will develop perianal involvement of their disease. In addition, in some cases, extraintestinal manifestations may develop. The diagnosis is typically made with endoscopic and/or radiologic findings. Disease management is usually with pharmacologic therapy, which is determined on the basis of disease severity and underlying disease phenotype. Although the goal of management is to control the inflammation and induce a clinical remission with pharmacologic therapy, most patients will eventually require surgery for their disease. Unfortunately, surgery is not curative and patients still require ongoing therapy even after surgery for disease recurrence. Importantly, given the risks of complications from both Crohn disease and the medications used to treat the disease process, primary care physicians play an important role in optimizing the preventative care management to reduce the risk of complications.
Data Quality of Points of Interest in Selected Mapping and Social Media Platforms

A variety of location based services, including navigation, geo-gaming, advertising, and vacation planning, rely on Point of Interest (POI) data. Mapping platforms and social media apps oftentimes host their own geo-datasets which leads to a plethora of data sources from which POIs can be extracted. Therefore it is crucial for an analyst to understand the nature of the data that are available on the different platforms, their purpose, their characteristics, and their data quality. This study extracts POIs for seven urban regions from seven mapping and social media platforms (Facebook, Foursquare, Google, Instagram, OSM, Twitter, and Yelp). It analyzes the POI data quality regarding coverage, point density, content classification, and positioning accuracy, and also examines the spatial relationship (e.g. segregation) between POIs from different platforms.
BCG-vaccination in SIV-infected infant macaques is associated with enhanced B cell, myeloid dendritic cell and CD4+ T cell activation.

Active tuberculosis infection is the leading cause of death for people living with HIV. HIV+ infants in resource poor settings are exposed to tuberculosis and the vaccine M. bovis BCG, which can become disseminated in immune-compromised hosts. How BCG impacts the HIV infected immune system is poorly understood. Here, we used the SIV-macaque model to evaluate BCG vaccination in infant Rhesus macaques infected with SIV (N=7) or uninfected controls (N=5). Blood was obtained from macaques (0–10 months of age) that were either SIV-infected or uninfected, and assessed at multiple timepoints following intradermal vaccination with BCG (Danish strain). The frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells significantly increased following BCG, with a greater difference observed in SIV+ (33.9 fold change compared to pre-BCG vaccination) compared to uninfected (2.7 fold) infants. Markers of activation were assessed within the B cells (CD20), monocytes (CD14), mDCs (CD11c), and pDCs (CD123). We observed an increase in the costimulatory molecule CD86 in both SIV-infected and uninfected macaques following BCG vaccination, with higher overall levels observed SIV+ infants. These elevated levels of CD86+ cells were observed for both B cells (1.4% uninfected and 4% in SIV+) and mDCs (4.1% uninfected and 16.1% SIV+) after BCG vaccination, which is in part a reflection of higher baseline immune activation in the SIV+ infants. These studies identify changes associated with BCG vaccination in SIV+ infant macaques, which include an increase in potential SIV target cells (CCR5+/CD4+) and elevated activation of B cells and mDCs in the blood. Studies are now underway to evaluate these findings in tissues from these infants.
Designing Against Discrimination in Online Markets

Platforms that connect users to one another have flourished online in domains as diverse as transportation, employment, dating, and housing. When users interact on these platforms, their behavior may be influenced by preexisting biases, including tendencies to discriminate along the lines of race, gender, and other protected characteristics. In aggregate, such user behavior may result in systematic inequities in the treatment of different groups. While there is uncertainty about whether platforms bear legal liability for the discriminatory conduct of their users, platforms necessarily exercise a great deal of control over how users’ encounters are structured—including who is matched with whom for various forms of exchange, what information users have about one another during their interactions, and how indicators of reliability and reputation are made salient, among many other features. Platforms cannot divest themselves of this power; even choices made without explicit regard for discrimination can affect how vulnerable users are to bias. This Article analyzes ten categories of design and policy choices through which platforms may make themselves more or less conducive to discrimination by users. In so doing, it offers a comprehensive account of the complex ways platforms’ design choices might perpetuate, exacerbate, or alleviate discrimination in the contemporary economy.
Host Factors that Restrict Retrovirus Replication

Over the past several decades, it has become clear that a variety of cellular proteins actively restrict retrovirus replication. Two families of proteins in particular, the TRIMs and the APOBEC3s, coordinate a robust innate defense to retrovirus infection. The TRIM proteins, led by TRIM5alpha, impose a replication block after entry, such that the invading retrovirus is degraded prior to integration. The APOBEC3 proteins, notably APOBEC3G, inhibit the replication of retroviruses by a mutagenic mechanism that is associated with degradation of viral DNA. Retroviruses have evolved means of avoiding their host’s TRIM and APOBEC3 defenses. Often, however, this leaves the virus susceptible to TRIMs and APOBECs from other species. Thus, these restriction systems limit the cross-species mobility of retroviruses. The prospects of developing new antiviral therapies that exploit these innate host defenses are promising.
Urbanization in Africa since independence.

PIP: Over 185 million inhabitants were added to the urban areas of Africa between 1950 and 1990. Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland is the most highly urbanized, with 55% in 1990; while less than a quarter of Eastern Africa's population is living in urban centers. By the year 2015 more than half of Africa's population will be living in urban areas. Many parts of Africa have suffered prolonged droughts, overgrazing, locust infestations, and desertification. Millions have become refugees from natural disasters, political oppression, and rural poverty. The large exodus from Africa's rural areas has gone to cities but the large cities have attracted disproportionately large numbers of destitute migrants. Alexandria (1 million), Cairo (2.4 million) and the Witwatersrand in South Africa were the only African urban agglomerations with at least one million inhabitants in 1950. By 1990 the two Egyptian cities together had 12.7 million inhabitants and the Witwatersrand some 5 million, whereas the other 25 urban agglomerations with a million inhabitants each in 1990 had a total population of about 51 million. Lagos, Kinshasa, and Algiers ranged from 3 to 7.7 million. The capitals are the largest cities in at least 54 of the 59 countries and territories. Lagos, Nairobi, and Dar es Salaam are disproportionately larger than the next most populous cities in their countries. The 28 urban agglomerations with at least one million inhabitants had a total population of 70 million in 1990, and are projected to reach 100 million in the year 2000. Overall, Africa's urban population is projected to increase by approximately 135 million in the 1990-2000 decade (from 217 million to 352 million). About 105 million of the growth probably will occur in the smaller urban centers. The total African urban population is likely to reach one billion inhabitants within the next 50 years. It stood at 32 million in 1950. Presently, the United Nations projects 912 million urban residents (57% of the total population) by 2025.
Reflections of Men of Mexican Origin: A Grounded Theory Study of Intimate Partner Violence Risk Factors.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a societal problem with many repercussions for the health care and judicial systems. In the United States, women of color are frequently affected by IPV and exper...
Clinical outcomes in genetically targeted cancer treatment.

e23127Background: The availability of commercial tumor molecular profiling services enables clinicians to identify and drug “actionable” targets, with the aim of personalizing therapy. However, it ...
Combining national and state data improves predictions of microcystin concentration

Abstract Data collected from lakes at national (regional) scales and state (local) scales can provide different insights regarding relationships between environmental factors and biological responses, and combining these two types of data can potentially yield more precise and accurate understanding of ecological phenomena. National data can include many measures, cover large spatial areas, and span broad environmental gradients. Because of these characteristics, analyses of these data can yield accurate estimates of relationships among different lake characteristics. However, the number of samples in a national data set that is available for estimating a relationship specific to waterbodies within a smaller region, like a single state, is limited. Conversely, state monitoring data provide intensive sampling of lakes within a smaller area, but these data span a narrower range of conditions and may only include a subset of relevant measurements. Here, a Bayesian network model is described that represents the causal linkages between observations of chlorophyll a concentration, cyanobacterial biovolume, and microcystin concentration. This network model was fit to national data and provided a context for modeling observations of chlorophyll a and microcystin collected from lakes in Iowa. Using the knowledge inherent in the national network model improved the accuracy of predictions of microcystin concentrations in Iowa compared to a model based only on Iowa data.
Identification of processes that mediate the impact of workplace violence on emergency department healthcare workers in the USA: results from a qualitative study

Objectives Violence towards emergency department healthcare workers is pervasive and directly linked to provider wellness, productivity and job satisfaction. This qualitative study aimed to identify the cognitive and behavioural processes impacted by workplace violence to further understand why workplace violence has a variable impact on individual healthcare workers. Design Qualitative interview study using a phenomenological approach to initial content analysis and secondary thematic analysis. Setting Three different emergency departments. Participants We recruited 23 emergency department healthcare workers who experienced a workplace violence event to participate in an interview conducted within 24 hours of the event. Participants included nurses (n=9; 39%), medical assistants (n=5; 22%), security guards (n=5; 22%), attending physicians (n=2; 9%), advanced practitioners (n=1; 4%) and social workers (n=1; 4%). Results Five themes emerged from the data. The first two supported existing reports that workplace violence in healthcare is pervasive and contributes to burn-out in healthcare. Three novel themes emerged from the data related to the objectives of this study: (1) variability in primary cognitive appraisals of workplace violence, (2) variability in secondary cognitive appraisals of workplace violence and (3) reported use of both avoidant and approach coping mechanisms. Conclusion Healthcare workers identified workplace violence as pervasive. Variability in reported cognitive appraisal and coping strategies may partially explain why workplace violence negatively impacts some healthcare workers more than others. These cognitive and behavioural processes could serve as targets for decreasing the negative effect of workplace violence, thereby improving healthcare worker well-being. Further research is needed to develop interventions that mitigate the negative impact of workplace violence.
Significance of particle aggregation in the reverse flotation of kaolinite from bauxite ore

Abstract Significant interest has been demonstrated for the removal of kaolinite from bauxite ore by flotation. The reverse flotation of kaolinite from bauxite ore at low pH with dodecylamine hydrochloride collector has been reported. However, resolving the mechanism of the reverse flotation process is largely limited by the misunderstanding of the anisotropic surface properties of kaolinite particles. Based on recent fundamental study of the surface properties of kaolinite particles and their interaction, the significance of particle aggregation in the reverse flotation of kaolinite from bauxite ore has been revealed. The wetting characteristics of the basal plane surfaces of kaolinite with dodecylamine hydrochloride collector have been estimated by contact angle measurements at model surfaces. The improved hydrophobicity of the kaolinite nano-particles is not enough to account for the significant increase in the flotation recovery at low pH when compared to the flotation performance at high pH. Instead, particle aggregation is expected to be the major factor which contributes to the improved flotation response at low pH. Both simulation results and X-ray CT results have demonstrated aggregation and formation of kaolinite clusters at low pH. It appears that these kaolinite clusters have sufficient mass and hydrophobicity to account for the successful reverse flotation of kaolinite from bauxite ore at low pH.
Spatial and temporal correlations of mid-frequency acoustic signals on the Chukchi Sea Shelf

The spatial and temporal correlations of 1.5–4 kHz LFM signals were measured using a 64-element billboard array and a mid-frequency acoustic source, deployed on the Chuckchi Sea Shelf during October 2016 to March 2017. The billboard array was deployed at 150 m water depth and the acoustic source was deployed at 320 m water depth near the shelf break to measure the acoustic signals propagating along a 20 km cross-shelf path. Both receiver depth (100 m) and source depth (200 m) were chosen to provide an effective transmission in a sound channel bounded by Pacific Summer Water at 40–100 m and warm Atlantic Water at 140-320 m below the surface. It was observed that signal amplitude variations and correlations were strongly affected by a combination of highly dynamic oceanography and Arctic sea ice. The effects of measured ocean and sea-ice variabilities were also simulated using a PE acoustic propagation model. The agreement between numerical predictions and measured data provides a framework for a robust mid-frequency sonar performance prediction capability in the Arctic. [Work supported by the ONR.]
Differences in Diagnostic Evaluation in Women and Men After Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background Sex differences have been found in stroke risk factors, incidence, treatment, and outcomes. There are conflicting data on whether diagnostic evaluation for stroke may differ between men ...
1220-P: Inequities in Health Outcomes among Patients in the T1DX-QI Collaborative

Inequities in health care delivery and outcomes continue to exist in the field of medicine, despite increased awareness of racial and ethnic inequities. To inform future research on the barriers to care and potential interventions to improve diabetes care for individuals from all backgrounds, it is important to use large cohorts to identify these disparities. T1D Exchange QI (T1DX-QI) is a population-based cohort with twelve national clinics engaged in data sharing and quality improvement (QI) methods to drive system changes. Over 22,000 pediatric and adult patient demographic and diabetes characteristics data were combined and analyzed from seven T1DX-QI clinics. Characteristics of the patient population are available in Table 1. The cohort included 75% non-Hispanic White (NHW), 7% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 3% Hispanic and 15% Other. Mean A1C was highest in NHB (9.9%) and Hispanic (9.3%; p Disclosure S. Majidi: Advisory Panel; Self; Companion Medical. O. Ebekozien: None. N. Noor: None. N. Rioles: None. K. Fegan-Bohm: None. R. McDonough: None. K. Gandhi: None. C. Bunker: None. N. Jones: None.
Cranial angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma: A case report and review of literature.

Background Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare low-grade soft-tissue tumor that typically arises from the deep dermal and subcutaneous tissue of the extremities in children and young adults. Intracranial AFH is exceedingly rare, and only four cases of primary AFH tumors have been reported to date. Case description A 43-year-old male presented to our hospital with headaches, vision changes, and a known brain tumor suspected to be an atypical meningioma. After undergoing craniotomy for resection of the mass, the immunomorphologic features of the resected tumor showed typical features of AFH with ESWR1 (exon7) - ATF1 (exon 5) fusion. Conclusion AFH is a difficult tumor to diagnose with imaging and histologic studies. Thus, further knowledge is necessary - particularly of intracranial cases - to aid clinicians in its diagnosis and management.
Rare Surgical Complication of In Vitro Fertilisation Treatment: Bladder Injury During Oocyte Retrieval.

Current literature suggests that surgical complications from oocyte retrievals (ORs) are uncommon. Here, we present a rare case of bladder injury during OR and its subsequent management. A 37-year-old nulliparous woman underwent assisted reproductive therapy (ART) for primary infertility secondary to anovulatory cycle. During OR, there was an inadvertent puncture of the bladder, with active intra-bladder bleeding seen on transvaginal ultrasound. Bladder washout followed by continuous drainage was instituted with antibiotic coverage over several days. Bladder integrity ascertained through computer tomography urogram and cystoscopy were unremarkable. She was discharged well and continued with her fertility treatment. Transvaginal OR is associated with few complications. Bladder injury, albeit rare, can present with massive hematuria and hemodynamic instability. Early identification of the injury is key to management with insertion of the indwelling urinary catheter, hemodynamic resuscitation and bladder irrigation. With a urological multi-disciplinary approach, most bladder injuries can be resolved non-invasively. J Med Cases. 2021;12(3):102-106 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3632
Coupling of activity, metabolism and behaviour across the Drosophila brain

Coordinated activity across networks of neurons is a hallmark of both resting and active behavioural states in many species1–5. These global patterns alter energy metabolism over seconds to hours, which underpins the widespread use of oxygen consumption and glucose uptake as proxies of neural activity6,7. However, whether changes in neural activity are causally related to metabolic flux in intact circuits on the timescales associated with behaviour is unclear. Here we combine two-photon microscopy of the fly brain with sensors that enable the simultaneous measurement of neural activity and metabolic flux, across both resting and active behavioural states. We demonstrate that neural activity drives changes in metabolic flux, creating a tight coupling between these signals that can be measured across brain networks. Using local optogenetic perturbation, we demonstrate that even transient increases in neural activity result in rapid and persistent increases in cytosolic ATP, which suggests that neuronal metabolism predictively allocates resources to anticipate the energy demands of future activity. Finally, our studies reveal that the initiation of even minimal behavioural movements causes large-scale changes in the pattern of neural activity and energy metabolism, which reveals a widespread engagement of the brain. As the relationship between neural activity and energy metabolism is probably evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved, our studies provide a critical foundation for using metabolic proxies to capture changes in neural activity. Two-photon microscopy across the fly brain using sensors that permit simultaneous measurement of neural activity and metabolic flux reveals global and local coordination of neural activity and energy metabolism.