cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meiji sediment tongue: North Pacific evidence for limited movement between the Pacific and North American plates

The Meiji sediment tongue is an elongate southeast-trending sedimentary body in the northwestern corner of the Pacific. The tongue is approximately 800 km long, 300 km wide, and as much as 1,800 m thick. It is thickest immediately south of Kam­ chatka Strait, which separates Kamchatka from the west end of the Aleutian Ridge, and it thins southeastward away from the strait. Studies of the sediment cored at Deep Sea Drilling Project site 192 indicate that the tongue began to form in earlies t Miocene time and that most of it is clay-size terrigenous debris derived from eastern Siberia. Pelagic beds, chiefly diatomaceous debris, make up the remainder. Today, day-size erosional detritus is presumably swept into the northwestern Pacific by the Kamchatka Current, which flows from the Bering Sea southwestward through Kamchatka Strait. A large part of this flow is presumably deflected to the southeast along the axis of the sediment tongue. The tongue therefore signifies that the current, and presumably the strait, formed at least by earliest Miocene time. In middl e Miocene time, the accumulation rate of terrigenous clay (now claystone) at DSDP site 192 (the summit of Meiji Guyot) was 40 to 45 m/m.y. This rate implies that the guyot was near the strait in early Miocene time. Because the guyot is now near the strait, little of the tongue has been subducted beneath, or scraped off against, the Kamchatka continental margin. The Meiji sediment tongue is evidence that dur­ ing the past 16 (probably 22) m.y. no more than 300 to 400 km of Pacific lithosphere has been subducted beneath Kamchatka (that is, American plate). Another sediment body in the North Pacific, the turbidite beds of the Aleutian Abyssal Plain, signifies that during the past 50 m.y. convergence be­ tween the Pacific and American plates has not exceeded about 500 km.
Conscientiousness predicts disease progression (CD4 number and viral load) in people living with HIV.

Objective: Psychosocial factors (e.g., depression, avoidant coping, life stress) have been related to disease progression in HIV. This study examined the relationship between the Big Five Conscientiousness factor and HIV disease progression (CD4 cell and viral load) over 1 year in 119 seropositive participants. The study also examined whether Conscientiousness effects were mediated by adherence, perceived stress, depression, or coping measures. Design: In a 1-year longitudinal design, participants completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory Conscientiousness scale (P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992). Participants also completed psychosocial assessments and underwent blood draws at initial assessments and 1-year follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Multiple hierarchical regression models were used to predict change in CD4 cell numbers and viral load log 10, controlling for demographic variables, initial disease status, and antiretroviral medications. Results: Conscientiousness predicted significant increases in CD4 number and significant decreases in viral load at 1 year. Conscientiousness was related positively to medication adherence and active coping and negatively to depression and perceived stress. Only perceived stress emerged as a possible mediator. Conclusion: The significant relationship between Conscientiousness and medication adherence, distress, and coping suggests that an assessment of Conscientiousness in patients with HIV may help specify or target behavioral interventions to promote optimal disease management.
Mathematical sciences in the nineties

In the last decade of the twentieth century, we saw great progress in the mathematical sciences as well as changes in the activities of the mathematical scientist. These included the resolution of some well-known conjectures, the introduction of new areas of study, as well as the adoption of new tools and new methods of operation. The IBM Research Division was an active participant in many of these events. We discuss here a selection of these, focusing on some to which contributions were made by mathematicians at IBM Research.
Metrizamide gradient purification of mouse tumor cells

Abstract A one-step isopycnic density gradient centrigution procedure is described for purification of highly viable and homogenous tumor cells from a variety of solid mouse tumors. Mechanically suspended cells are layered onto preformed continuous gradients of medium 199-buffered 7–33% metrizamide (density range 1.05–1.20 g/cu. cm) isoosmotic with mouse plasma and centrifuged for 30 min. Large numbers of tumor cells, generally 85–95% viable and free from 80–95% of contaminating host lymphoid and phagocytic cells and erythrocytes, were consistently recovered from fractionated thymomas, melanomas, and fibrosarcomas. By a variety of criteria, cell surface and other biological properties of gradient-purified tumor cells were normal.
Colloid‐Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Chlorophenols in Wastewater: Part II. Apparent Acid Dissociation Constants of Chlorophenols in Colloid Solutions at Different Ionic Strengths and Effect of pH on Solubilization of Phenolic Compounds

Abstract The effects of pH, ionic strength, and type of colloid on the efficiency of removal of an organic solute in colloid‐enhanced ultrafiltration, as indicated by the tendency of the solute to solubilize into micelles and surfactant–polymer complexes, are investigated in this paper. The apparent acid dissociation constants (Ka,app) of 2‐monochlorophenol (MCP), 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), and 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) are determined in surfactant solutions and surfactant–polymer mixtures at different salinities using a spectrophotometric titration technique. The distribution coefficients of charged species and neutral species of MCP and the solubilization of TCP into micelles and into surfactant–polymer aggregates are measured using dialysis methods. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is the cationic surfactant and sodium polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) is the anionic polymer used. The apparent values of pKa (pKa,app) of the solutes in micellar solution are less than the corresponding values in aqueous solution...
Intraoral minor salivary gland neoplasms: review of 213 cases.

Purpose Minor salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with great histomorphologic variation. This study reviews a large series of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors of the oral region and determines the incidence and the correlation of the histopathologic features with the clinical characteristics. Materials and Methods Two hundred thirteen cases of MSGT were retrospectively studied. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides were examined in all cases. Special stains and immunohistochemical stains were used in selected cases. Clinical characteristics of the neoplasms were also noted. Results One hundred nineteen tumors were benign (56%), and 94 tumors were malignant (44%). Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor (93 of 119). Canalicular adenoma was the second most common benign MSGT in our series (25 of 119). Of the 94 malignant MSGTs, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (45 of 94), adenoid cystic carcinoma (22 of 94), and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (18 of 94) were the most common. Most MECs (34 of 45) were low-grade lesions. Of 5 central MECs, 3 cases occurred in the maxilla and 2 cases arose in the mandible. Conclusions Benign intraoral MSGTs are slightly more common than malignant MSGTs. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common MSGT, and MEC is the most common malignant variety. The palate is the most common site for minor gland neoplasms. Benign labial salivary gland neoplasms are more common in the upper lip, and malignant labial tumors are more common in the lower lip.
The role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research: A test of mediation.

Organizational justice research traditionally focuses on the unique predictability of different types of justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) and the relative importance of these types of justice on outcome variables. Recently, researchers have suggested shifting from this focus on specific types of justice to a consideration of overall justice. The authors hypothesize that overall justice judgments mediate the relationship between specific justice facets and outcomes. They present 2 studies to test this hypothesis. Study 1 demonstrates that overall justice judgments mediate the relationship between specific justice judgments and employee attitudes. Study 2 demonstrates the mediating relationship holds for supervisor ratings of employee behavior. Implications for research on organizational justice are discussed.
Effects of false increasing, decreasing, and true electromyographic biofeedback on the frequency of stuttering

Abstract Adult stutterers received auditory feedback of laryngeal area muscle activity while reading aloud under three conditions: (1) False Increasing Feedback, (2) False Decreasing Feedback, and (3) True Feedback. The subjects were unaware that the feedback in two conditions was being altered and were instructed not to manipulate the feedback signal. Decreases in the frequency of stuttering were observed for both the false increase and true feedback conditions. Factors contributing to the effectiveness of biofeedback techniques with stutterers are discussed.
Regulation in the folate pathway of Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli the great majority of one-carbon units enter the folate pathway as N5,N10-methylene-THF. This compound is utilized directly in the biosynthesis of thymidylate, converted to N5-methyl-THF for use in methionine biosynthesis, and to N10-formyl-THF, which provides carbons 2 and 8 of purines and the formyl group of f-met-tRNA. Since the proportions utilized for different end-products can vary widely with changing conditions of growth, the distribution of N5,N10-methylene-THF must be regulated in some way. We have studied the regulation of the conversion of N5,N10-methylene-THF to N10-formyl-THF which is catalyzed by N5,N10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase (MTDH) which converts N5,N10-methylene-THF to N5,N10-methenyl-THF, and N5,N10-methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase (MTC), which converts N5,N10-methenyl-THF to N10-formyl-THF. We concluded that the regulation could not be by control of enzyme synthesis since the specific activity of both enzymes increased with decreasing specific growth rate. N10-formyl-THF was found to be a noncompetitive, allosteric inhibitor of MTDH, and a competitive inhibitor of MTC. The value of Ki for both inhibitions was about 5 × 10−5m. The intracellular concentration of total folates is in the range of 2 to 5 × 10−4m in E. coli; thus the concentration of N10-formyl-THF will be such that significant inhibition will occur. The location of N10-formyl-THF in the folate pathway is such that its concentration can increase as its rate of utilization in purine biosynthesis decreases, as would be expected if the inhibition were to have regulatory significance; however, we do not yet have experimental proof that its concentration does change in the expected manner. Solutions have been calculated for the operation of a model folate pathway as it supplies the pathways of purine, deoxypyrimidine and methionine biosynthesis in a growing cell. The results of these calculations showed that inhibition of MTDH by N10-formyl-THF is advantageous to the cell, in that it permits a higher specific growth rate than if the inhibition did not occur; and that it can be essential, insofar as circumstances exist in which a steady state is impossible without the inhibition. However, it was also shown that inhibition of MTDH by N10-formyl-THF alone was insufficient to regulate the distribution of N5,N10-methylene-THF when de novo purine biosynthesis is reduced by the addition of exogenous purines. We concluded that N10-formyl-THF inhibition of MTDH is a significant element in the regulation of MTDH, but that other mechanisms of regulation exist which we have yet to identify.
Pack-Mutator–like transposable elements (Pack-MULEs) induce directional modification of genes through biased insertion and DNA acquisition

In monocots, many genes demonstrate a significant negative GC gradient, meaning that the GC content declines along the orientation of transcription. Such a gradient is not observed in the genes of the dicot plant Arabidopsis. In addition, a lack of homology is often observed when comparing the 5′ end of the coding region of orthologous genes in rice and Arabidopsis. The reasons for these differences have been enigmatic. The presence of GC-rich sequences at the 5′ end of genes may influence the conformation of chromatin, the expression level of genes, as well as the recombination rate. Here we show that Pack-Mutator–like transposable elements (Pack-MULEs) that carry gene fragments specifically acquire GC-rich fragments and preferentially insert into the 5′ end of genes. The resulting Pack-MULEs form independent, GC-rich transcripts with a negative GC gradient. Alternatively, the Pack-MULEs evolve into additional exons at the 5′ end of existing genes, thus altering the GC content in those regions. We demonstrate that Pack-MULEs modify the 5′ end of genes and are at least partially responsible for the negative GC gradient of genes in grasses. Such a unique and global impact on gene composition and gene structure has not been observed for any other transposable elements.
Reply to the letter by V Pitini

Dr Pitini has raised a very important issue of the effect of immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide) on the mobilization and collection of stem cells. Data on this issue remain controversial. Ghobrial et al1 presented their data on the role of thalidomide (Thal) and stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) as a poster at the Annual ASCO meeting of 2002. Their conclusion was that limited exposure of thalidomide had no effect on stem cell mobilization.
On some nearly viscometric flows of viscoelastic liquids

Superposition of oscillatory shear imposed from the boundary and through pressure gradient oscillations and simple shear is investigated. The integral fluid with fading memory shows flow enhancement effects due to the nonlinear structure. Closed-form expressions for the change in the mass transport rate are given at the lowest significant order in the perturbation algorithm. The elasticity of the liquid plays as important a role in determining the enhancement as does the shear dependent viscosity. Coupling of shear thinning and elasticity may produce sharp increases in the flow rate. The interaction of oscillatory shear components may generate a steady flow, either longitudinal or orthogonal, resulting in increases in flow rates akin to resonance, and due to frequency cancellation, even in the absence of a mean gradient. An algorithm to determine the constitutive functions of the integral fluid of order three is outlined.
A practical adoption of partial redundancy elimination

Partial redundancy elimination is a powerful optimization technique which needs little introduction. The original formulation was introduced in 1979 by Morel and Renvoise. More efficient formulations have since been offered.We introduce an ever more simple and efficient formulation. We also show how PRE can be used to deal with partially redundant register loads and stores introduced by spilling.
An intelligent decision theoretic approach to producibility optimization in conceptual design

Product optimization involves selecting design, manufacturing, and support attributes that can produce the best system. Producibility or manufacturability is the term often used to describe the relative ease of manufacturing a product. In complex systems, productibility optimization is a very difficult process, particularly when the values of many attributes are restricted by constraints. One challenge is to develop more universal producibility metrics for the conceptual design phase when design information is limited and drawings are nondimensional. This paper develops a new method for producibility optimization in conceptual design based on a combination of both decision theoretic and expert system techniques. Decision theoretic techniques provide the means to model the design for producibility problem in a manner that can deal with risk, uncertainty, and user (or corporate) preferences, and can effectively integrate diverse factors to provide a measure of the overall worth of a design. The particular decision theoretic approach employed is based on multi-attribute utility theory. An illustrative example of the methodology is applied to the conceptual design of a structural composite part.
Linezolid-Induced anemia and thrombocytopenia.

Linezolid, a fluorinated oxazolidinone, is the first of a new class of antimicrobials designed to target resistant gram-positive cocci. Hematologic adverse effects, including reversible thrombocytopenia, were reported during phase III comparator-controlled trials. A 66-year-old man developed sternal osteomyelitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia developed after several surgical debridements and courses of vancomycin failed to improve the patient's condition. Oral linezolid 600 mg twice/day was begun; 17 days later, a complete blood count revealed that his hematocrit had decreased from 37.4% to 24.8%, and his platelet count had decreased from 234 times 103/mm3 to 149 times 103/mm3. Both values returned to normal after linezolid was discontinued. Complete blood counts should be monitored closely in patients taking linezolid, especially if therapy continues for more than 14 days.
The Effect of Boundary Conditions on the Response of Laminated Composites

The effect of boundary conditions on the bending, vibrations, and buckling of unsymmetrically laminated rectangular plates is in vestigated. Five sets of boundary conditions corresponding to various clamped and simply-supported edges are treated. The effect of in- plane boundary conditions is shown to be a function of fiber orienta tion within the laminate. Numerical results also show that the effects of bending-extensional coupling can be severe for all the boundary conditions considered. The applicability of the reduced-bending- stiffness approximation is also explored.
Metabolic master regulators: sharing information among multiple systems

Obesity and diabetes are caused by defects in metabolically sensitive tissues. Attention has been paid to insulin resistance as the key relevant pathosis, with a detailed focus on signal transduction pathways in metabolic tissues. Evidence exists to support an important role for each tissue in metabolic homeostasis and a potential causative role in both diabetes and obesity. The redox metabolome, that coordinates tissue responses and reflects shared control and regulation, is our focus. Consideration is given to the possibility that pathosis results from contributions of all relevant tissues, by virtue of a circulating communication system. Validation of this model would support simultaneous regulation of all collaborating metabolic organs through changes in the circulation, regardless of whether change was initiated exogenously or by a single organ.
Computational studies of tungsten-catalyzed endo-selective cycloisomerization of 4-pentyn-1-ol.

Endo- and exo-cycloisomerizations of 4-pentyn-1-ol have been studied computationally with density functional theory, in conjunction with double-ζ and triple-ζ basis sets, both in the absence and in the presence of tungsten carbonyl catalyst. In the absence of the catalyst, both endo- and exo-cycloisomerizations have been calculated to have a very high activation barrier of ∼50−55 kcal/mol and cannot take place. With tungsten pentacarbonyl catalyst, endo-cycloisomerization becomes a complex multiple-step reaction and proceeds with a rate-determining barrier of 26 kcal/mol at the Cα → Cβ hydride migration step to form a vinylidene intermediate. The primary role of the tungsten catalyst is to stabilize the vinylidene intermediate, thus lowering the rate-determining barrier. The second important role of the tungsten catalyst in endo-cycloisomerization is to assist the OH hydride migration to Cα by making it a multistep process with small activation barriers. The exo-cycloisomerization with the catalyst still ...
Museums, Conversations, and Learning

In this study, 178 groups of visitors were inter - viewed and recorded during their visits to mu - seums. Three clusters of elements were shown to influence learning: the identity of the visitors, their response to the learning environment, and their explanatory engagement during the visit. A structural equation model using these variables fit well. Further examination revealed that not all conversational behavior was supportive of lear ning; some actions, such as making frequent per - sonal connections, were detrimental to learning; additionally, silent contemplation was modestly associated with learning. This paper discusses these findings through the experiences of four couples whose outcome measures placed them at the extreme high or low end of the learning distribution.
New experimental band width for Ni

Abstract An occupied d -band width of about 4.3 eV is observed in angle-resolved photoemission which agrees well with band calculations and is much larger than earlier reported measurements. The emission azimuthal dependence suggests why the width is not observed in angle-integrated data.
SU‐E‐T‐29: Modeling Primary Off‐Axis Ratio and Off‐Axis Beam Softening Effects

Purpose: To extract primary dose components from dose measurements, and model primary off‐axis ratio and beam off‐axis softening effects, and to obtain POAR and off‐axis softening parameters for megavoltage beams for different energies and from different manufacturers. Methods: Total dose is modeled as a function of scattering factors (SF) and primary dose. Using previously determined SF, the primary dose is extracted from measured beam data. Based on the primary dose, primary off‐axis ratio and off‐axis softening effects are modeled at off‐axis points. By fitting photon beam profiles, this model provides a method to extract off‐axis parameters and thus characterize primary off‐axis ratio and off‐axis softening effects. Photon beam profiles were measured from 15 different megavoltage x‐ray beams, covering all major linear accelerator manufacturers, and are fitted by this model. The fitting algorithm is implemented by a Matlab based program. Results: The proposed model successfully fits the measured photon beam data for various field sizes. The parameters for primary off‐axis ratio and off‐axis softening were successfully determined for different megavoltage photon beams. The fitting errors are within 1%. Conclusions: The primary off‐axis model has been established, and parameters were determined for different megavoltage x‐ray machines and different energies. Our results suggest that the primary off‐axis ratio and beam off‐axis softening effects are machine and energy dependent, and do not support the generic model from literature.
Use of a nonfrontal camera for extended depth of field in wide scenes

This paper describes a method for obtaining a composite focused image from a monocular image sequence. The image sequence is obtained using a novel non-frontal camera that has sensor elements at different distances from the lens. This paper first describes the motivation behind the non-frontal camera, followed by the description of an algorithm to obtain a focused image of a large scene. Large scenes are scenes that are deep and wide (panoramic). Consequently, the camera has to be panned in order to image all objects/surfaces of interest. The described algorithm integrates panning and generation of focused images. Results of experiments to generate extended depth of field images of wide scenes are also shown.
Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK ) isoenzymes after intramuscular injections, surgery, and myocardial infarction. Experimental and clinical studies.

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevations after surgery and intramuscular injections were distinguished from those occurring after acute myocardial infarction by isoenzyme analysis with a new sensitive technique. Two CPK isoenzymes were consistently seen after myocardial infarction in experimental animals and patients, while only one was seen after intramuscular injections or surgery.
Use of Autism-Related Services by Families and Children

This paper describes approaches to care and associated service use by families with a child with autism. A combined telephone and self-administered survey was completed by 301 families with a child, 8 years old or younger, in North Carolina, during the winter of 2003-2004. Findings indicate that 66% of families used one or more approach to care and there was a significant (p < 0.05) association between approach and the pattern of service use. There appears to be a distinctive set of services associated with each approach to care, but with overlap between them. Speech/language therapy at school was the most frequently used service and also identified as the best service. The majority (81%) of families reported they were satisfied with services.
A Factor Analysis of Winds to 60 km over Battery MacKenzie, C.Z.

Abstract Factor-analysis techniques are used to estimate the residual variances of the wind components over Battery MacKenzie, C.Z. These residual variances represent the combination of small-scale effects and observation errors of the wind components at the levels concerned. The number of significant proper functions required to represent the wind sounding are estimated using the methods of factor analysis rather than relying on an arbitrary choice of some fraction of the total variance to determine the appropriate number. In making a persistence estimate of the wind components, only a very few of the significant proper functions are useful.
Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease: A Centennial Review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetics may be one of the most prolifically published areas in medicine and biology. Three early-onset AD genes with causative mutations (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) and one late-onset AD susceptibility gene, apolipoprotein E (APOE), exist with ample biologic, genetic, and epidemiologic data. Evidence suggests a significant genetic component underlying AD that is not explained by the known genetic risk factors. This article summarizes the evidence for the genetic component in AD and the identification of the early-onset familial AD genes and APOE, and examines the current state of knowledge about additional AD susceptibility loci and alleles. The future directions for genetic research in AD as a common and complex condition are also discussed.
A Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser (FEL) Using A Two-Beam Elliptical Pill-Box Wake-Field Cavity

ABSTRACT Stimulated bremsstrahlung in an undulating electric field in the lasing beam direction (electric wiggler) was shown to be possible from the quantum-mechanical viewpoint. Herein, this possibility is scrutinized from the viewpoint of classical electrodynamics. It is found that if stimulated bremsstrahlung in a transverse undulating magnetic field (magnetic wiggler) occurs, stimulated bremsstrahlung in the electric wiggler must also occur. We further show that a free electron laser (FED using a magnetic wiggler to provide a catalyzer field for stimulated bremsstrahlung cannot serve as a practical FEL operating in the soft x-ray region from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints. On the other hand, we demonstrate that the FEL using a traveling wake field in a two-beam elliptical pill-box cavity is well suited as a source of coherent radiation in the soft x-ray region. 1. INTRODUCTION So far free electron lasers (FELs) have primarily been using transverse undulating magnetic fields. The undulating electric field has not been seriously considered for free electron lasing. The reason is simple: the magnetic field amplitude and wavelength in the first FEL feasibility experiment are 2.4 kG and 3.2 cm, respectively. This magnetic wiggler is equivalent to an electric wiggler with amplitude of 72 MV/m and wavejegnth of 3.2 cm for relativistic electrons. Before the advent of the wake-field concept, a practical scheme to generate such a high electric field has not been known.Both a previous analytical calculation using a simple microwave cavity theory and ,2,4numerical calculations which solve directly Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions' have shown that longitudinal wake-fields having amplitude of more than 100 MV/m per 1 jiC driving charge and dominant wavelength of a few cm can be generated with typical wake-field cavities. Transverse wake-fields are one half as high as of the longitudinal wake-fields. Recently, a complete modal analysis, by which wake-fields can be expediently and exactly calculated, was developed by us. Previous results are largely consistent with our modal analysis.
Computerized Dynamic Assessment of Pain: Comparison of Chronic Pain Patients and Healthy Controls

Objective. Computerized software holds the potential for the novel assessment of the pain experi- ence of patients with chronic pain not available through traditional paper-and-pencil methods. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and discriminant validity of a dynamic computer- administered program for the assessment of pain. Design. Three computer-administered programs were created to assess the intensity (dynamic visual analog scale (DVAS)), character (dynamic verbal ratings), and location (dynamic pain draw- ings) of pain. The programs were administered to 115 chronic pain patients recruited from a hospital-based pain management program and 115 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals without pain. The healthy controls were instructed to respond as if they had chronic pain. Results. Analyses showed pain patient DVAS pain intensity ratings to be significantly higher than ratings by the healthy group. Patients selected more words in describing their pain, rated those words higher, and marked significantly more pain locations than the comparison group. However, no differences were found in the DVAS ratings of emotional impact between patients and healthy individuals. Conclusions. Chronic pain patients were shown to differ from healthy individuals in their assess- ments of degree of pain intensity and pain location with the use of a novel computerized pain assess- ment program. Although further investigations are needed, these initial findings support the use of computer methods for the effective assessment of pain.
Dications of fluorenylidenes. Relationship between electrochemical oxidation potentials and antiaromaticity in diphenyl-substituted fluorenyl cations.

The antiaromaticity of a series of dications of p-substituted diphenylmethylidene fluorenes was explored using three criteria attributed to aromaticity/antiaromaticity. The relative stability of the dications (energetic criterion) was measured via the redox potentials obtained by electrochemical oxidation under very fast sweep rates with microelectrodes. Comparison of redox potentials with those of a model system, p-substituted tetraphenylethylenes, shows relatively small destabilization of the potentially antiaromatic fluorenylidene dication. However, the amount of destabilization is comparable with the limited electrochemical data available for other antiaromatic systems. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) were calculated for these dications (magnetic criterion) and indicated their antiaromaticity. A good linear relationship between experimental and calculated (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) 1H and 13C NMR shifts for the three dications, 3c, 3e, and 3f, for which NMR data has been reported, validated the accur...
Automatic Tonal Analysis: Toward the Implementation of a Music Theory Workbench

Work has begun on a software system to support net-based teaching of core music theory courses at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). The first milestone in the project has been the development of kernel software capable of performing automatic analysis of music. Because of the continuing importance of four-part writing in theory textbooks and coursework, the software is initially being developed and tested using Bach chorales as the primary source material. Automatic chorale analysis includes triad/seventh identification, inversion analysis, nonharmonic tone identification and classification, tonal center identification, cadence classification, functional harmonic analysis, and detection of stylistic anomalies. The ability to analyze different styles of composition will be addressed in future releases of the software. The analysis program described in this article provides the analytical basis for implementing the Music Theory Workbench (MTW), a network-based software environment supporting classroom instruction and individual practice in harmony, counterpoint, and score reading.
Financing Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness: Use of Interlocal Cost‐Sharing

Before this study, much of the research on interlocal collaboration has focused broadly on interlocal service agreements, of which interlocal cost-sharing is but one dimension. This study is one of the first to examine the nature of interlocal cost-sharing agreements for a specific (and critically important) functional area. A mail survey of Florida city and county finance officers finds that the most common interlocal cost-sharing partnership is between local general purpose governments rather than with local special purpose governments. The strongest incentives for interlocal cost-sharing are (1) inadequate funding for emergency management in a jurisdiction's capital budget, (2) the perceived inadequacy of federal and/or state homeland security funding, and (3) greater faith in horizontal (local-to-local) than vertical (federal-state-local) intergovernmental agreements. The research also highlights the importance of asking fiscal condition survey questions in a more functionally specific manner rather than as an “overall fiscal condition” question.
The application of the integral theory of impact to model penetration of hypervelocity impact

Abstract The Integral Theory of Impact (ITI) (Swanson and Donaldson, 1978) is a unique formulation of the equations of motions of projectiles to describe the penetration process. The model requires only basic material properties, no empirical data is needed. The original model was modified to divide the penetration process into three consecutive phases. The new model has successfully modeled impacts over a wide range of velocities, at normal or oblique impact, for infinite or finite targets. In order to better match the experimental observations of impacts in the hypervelocity range, it was necessary to include a thermal softening effect on flow stress. For finite targets, the back-face effect is proposed to be a function of both penetration velocity and the speed of sound, extending the model's applicability to hypervelocity penetration.
Color vision in the peripheral retina. II. Hue and saturation

Hue and saturation of spectral lights were measured (direct scaling) in the fovea and at 45° in the periphery; all lights were of equal photopic retinal illuminance (1200 trolands). At each retinal location both large and small targets were used. As shown by previous studies, small peripheral targets appear desaturated and of uncertain hue, except long wavelengths which appear red. However, if target size is increased, saturation increases and a full range of hues is seen; the hue functions for large peripheral targets are comparable to foveal ones for very small targets. From a modified form of color matching, it was concluded that the color deficiency in the periphery is more tritanlike than deutanlike; this is strengthened by the observation that, for small peripheral targets, hues are generally apportioned between two hue categories and the change from one to the other is at about 580 nm.
Gender Differences in Public Attitudes toward the Use of Force by the United States, 1990-2003

In their study of gender differences in public reactions to the 1990–91 Persian Gulf crisis and war, Virginia Sapiro and Pamela Conover analyzed a number of American survey items dealing with hypothetical security policies as well as concrete questions involving the use of military force and its consequences. The results were clear: Although a gender difference on the more abstract, hypothetical questions was weak or nonexistent, when the analysis turned to the speciac questions of using force against Iraq and the civilian and military casualties that could result, the differences became large indeed. Sapiro and Conover concluded that “when we moved from the abstract to the concrete—from hypothetical wars to the Gulf War—the distance separating women and men grew, and on every measure, women reacted more negatively. These gender differences are some of the largest and most consistent in the study of political psychology and are clearly of a magnitude that can have real political signiacance under the right circumstances.”1 Less than ten years later, as NATO warplanes continued their attacks against Serbia, the Christian Science Monitor reported that the gender difference in public opinion concerning the war over Kosovo was far smaller than it had been in previous wars: “As debate persists in America over how much to use force, Gender Differences and the Use of Force
Reply to J. Rieger et al

We appreciate the comments of Rieger et al. We agree that the mechanism of restricted diffusion remains unclear and may represent different underlying pathophysiologic processes in different patients, considering the heterogeneous nature of gliomas. In our patient, we found infiltrating tumor cells, whereas Rieger et al found evidence of hypoxia in their patient, so there appears to be a spectrum of pathophysiology that accounts for these radiographic changes in patients with glioblastoma who are treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents. The duration of treatment with bevacizumab and the different chemotherapy agents that have been combined with bevacizumab might influence the underlying pathology as well. More histopathologic correlative studies need to be done to elucidate the underlying changes associated with radiographic findings. There is a critical need to correlate neuro-imaging techniques that measure water diffusion, vascular permeability, tumor perfusion, and metabolism with histology to distinguish patients who are responding to antiangiogenic therapy from patients who may be experiencing disease relapse through tumor infiltration or other mechanisms. Elizabeth R. Gerstner, Matthew P. Frosch, and Tracy T. Batchelor Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
A simplified methodology for nuclear waste repository thermal analysis

Abstract A simplified model for repository thermal analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed model is to provide a general capability to efficiently calculate the time dependent temperature field in a geologic repository. The model analyzes both horizontal and vertical emplacement of nuclear waste packages. Verification of the code was performed based on the comparison with detailed numerical method-based standard models. The new model’s utility was demonstrated through a case study where a large number of repository-scale thermal analysis calculations is needed.
Rate constants and kinetic isotope effects for unimolecular 1,2-HX or DX (X = F or Cl) elimination from chemically activated CF3CFClCH3-d0, -d1, -d2, and -d3.

Chemically activated CF3CFClCH3, CF3CFClCD3, CF3CFClCH2D, and CF3CFClCHD2 molecules with 94 kcal mol-1 of internal energy were formed by the combination of CF3CFCl radicals with CH3, CD3, CH2D, and CHD2 radicals, which were generated from UV photolysis of CF3CFClI and CH3I, CD3I, CH2DI, or CHD2I. The total (HF + HCl) elimination rate constants for CF3CFClCH3 and CF3CFClCD3 were 5.3 × 106 and 1.7 × 106 s-1 with product branching ratios of 8.7 ± 0.6 in favor of HCl (or DCl). The intermolecular kinetic isotope effects were 3.22 and 3.18 for the HCl and HF channels, respectively. The product branching ratios were 10.3 ± 1.9 and 11.8 ± 1.8 (10.8 ± 3.8 and 11.6 ± 1.7) for HCl/HF and DCl/DF, respectively, from CF3CFClCH2D (CF3CFClCHD2). The intramolecular kinetic-isotope effects (without correction for reaction path degeneracy) for HCl/DCl and HF/DF elimination from CF3CFClCH2D (CF3CFClCHD2) were 2.78 ± 0.16 and 2.98 ± 0.12 (0.82 ± 0.04 and 0.91 ± 0.03), respectively. Density function theory at the B3PW91/6-311+...
Spectrophotometric determination of aluminum and iron in calcium

Abstract A simple, rapid, and accurate method is described whereby micro amounts of aluminum and iron can be determined in calcium metal. The iron is determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbency of the reddish-orange color of the tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II)ion, [(C12H8N2)3Fe]++. This complex effectively removes the iron interference, and the aluminum is determined spectrophotometrically in the solution remaining from the iron determination by extracting it with a chloroform solution of 8-quinolinol and measuring the absorbency of the yellow color of the tris(8-quinolinolo)aluminum(III) in the chloroform solution.
N of One plus Some: An Alternative Strategy for Conducting Single Case Research:

Case study researchers choose between single and multiple case research approaches. The literature recommends single cases for gaining in-depth understanding and multiple cases for acquiring broade...
Dynamic runtime optimizations for systems of heterogeneous architectures

In today's embedded systems, engineers are trying to get as much performance out of designs while minimizing the energy consumed in order to maximize battery life. Furthermore, embedded systems and their computational sub-systems are becoming more heterogeneous, containing compute resources such as general-purpose processors, graphics processing units, and FPGAs. Because of this heterogeneity, there is a rich area for optimization, especially when considering the mapping of a dynamic, real-time application to these heterogeneous resources. One approach involves maximizing the performance of a task on a given architecture with a given energy constraint. However, this approach will not minimize power and energy consumption. Therefore, in this paper, we propose new dynamic runtime optimizations that can schedule dynamic tasks to a heterogeneous system while minimizing energy consumption and deadlines missed. Through experimentation, we found improvements in energy efficiency of up to 390× relative to a baseline greedy scheduler.
Chairman's corner

How can engineers become involved in the issues we see in the world? As individuals, we all take positions of support or opposition. But how can or should engineers, as engineers, involve themselves and their professional organizations? IEEE does this, for example, by adopting position papers on matters within the areas of competence and interest of its membership, and by providing expert assistance to legislative bodies. More to the point, is there a place in branch activities for programs devoted to issues? My answer is, “yes,” with some caution and some work. Awareness of the ethical and social implications of what we do as engineers is an imporant aspect of professional development, and it can lead to popular programs as well. Consider some guidelines that can make such programs viable in a student branch.
Rapid Test for Detecting Lactic Streptococcal Agglutinins in Cheese Milk

Abstract A Rose bengal-stained antigen plate testing procedure was developed for detecting lactic streptococcal agglutinins in milk. Colostrum samples were used as sources for immunoglobulins G and M. Results were positive from 2% packed cell volumes of heat-killed Rose bengal-stained cells suspended in .5 molar Tris maleate buffer (pH 7.0). Lactic streptococcal antigens were susceptible to immunoglobulins G and M. Streptococcus lactis strain C 2 was not an agglutination resistant organism but among 15 strains tested was the least susceptible when exposed to low concentrations of agglutinins. Stained antigens reacted with equal effectiveness when tested against colostrum whey (pH 7.0) or whey samples prepared from cheese milk to detect agglutinins. The indirect immunoassay revealed the specificity of immunoglobulin G to clump starter cells in contrast to immunoglobulin M. For example, Streptococcus lactis C 2 was agglutinated by G but did not conjugate well with M. The immunoassay testing also revealed a potential procedure for detecting lactic streptococcal agglutinins. Autoclaving milk prior to adding agglutinin-containing whey dramatically reduced agglutination of starter strains.
Arithmetic Correlations and Walsh Transforms

In this paper, the authors continue a program to find arithmetic, or “with-carry,” analogs of polynomial-based phenomena that appear in the design and analysis of cryptosystems and other branches of digital computation and communications. They construct arithmetic analogs of the Walsh-Hadamard transform and correlation functions of Boolean functions. These play central roles in the cryptographic analysis of block ciphers and stream ciphers. After making basic definitions and constructing various algebraic tools they: 1) show how to realize arithmetic correlations as cardinalities of intersections of hypersurfaces; 2) show that the arithmetic Walsh spectrum characterizes a Boolean function; 3) study the average behavior of arithmetic Walsh transforms; and 4) find the arithmetic Walsh transforms of linear and affine functions.
Vouching for childcare assistance with two quasi-experimental studies

Purpose – Human resource management (HRM) practices are implemented to improve outcomes, such as reducing turnover, absenteeism, and improving performance. Using social exchange theory (SET), the purpose of this paper is to examine one HRM practice that has received less attention by researchers: employer-sponsored childcare assistance programs. Design/methodology/approach – Study 1 – a field study compared three groups of hospital employees’ (n=148) attitudes and behaviors using MANCOVA/ANOVA over two time periods. Study 2 – using a field study, on-site and voucher childcare assistance programs were evaluated in terms of the cost to the organization and the relationship to attitudinal variables. Findings – Study 1 – results indicated that employee performance was higher and absenteeism lower for employees using the on-site childcare center than employees using an off-site center or with no children. Although the attitudinal results did not align with hypotheses, they were not inconsistent with SET. Study...
On resolution proofs for combinational equivalence

Modern combinational equivalence checking (CEC) engines are complicated programs which are difficult to verify. In this paper we show how a modern CEC engine can be modified to produce a proof of equivalence when it proves a miter unsatisfiable. If the CEC engine formulates the problem as a single SAT instance (call this naive), one can use the resolution proof of unsatisfiability as a proof of equivalence. However, a modern CEC engine does not directly invoke a SAT solver for the whole miter, but instead uses a variety of techniques such as structural hashing, detection of intermediate functional equivalences, and circuit re-writing to first simplify the problem. We show that in spite of using these simplification techniques, a CEC engine can be modified to generate a single (extended) resolution proof for the whole miter just as in the naive case. The benefit of having a single proof is that the proof verification program remains extremely simple, and its correctness is much easier to establish than that of the CEC engine.