cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Adaptive Processing in Littoral Regions with Environmental Uncertainty

One of the main challenges in shallow water passive sonar is the complex propagation physics for both target and interferer signatures. Matched Field Processing (MFP) addresses this challenge by incorporating a propagation model into the steering vector calculation, but it is extremely sensitive to inaccuracies in the knowledge of the under-water environment. Robust algorithms have been developed to address the losses due to environmental mismatch and to target motion. To address the losses associated with target motion, a motion compensation algorithm based on the invariance principle has been developed. A second algorithm exploits the presence of a strong source to obtain a steering vector which can then be transformed to form beams at other ranges and depths.
Chapter 9 – Noises

Publisher Summary Signals always coexist with noises. The higher the recording density, the more serious is the noise. Noises are due to uncertainties in physical phenomena and need to be treated statistically. This chapter focuses on noise mechanisms of recording media, heads and electronics. Noises in digital magnetic recording arise from mainly three sources: recording medium, readback head, and preamplifier. Usually, a magnetic recording system is designed to be medium noise limited. In addition to noises, readback signals coexist with unwanted interferences and nonlinear distortions. In order to achieve as high recording densities as possible, an understanding of the mechanisms of noises, nonlinear distortions, and interferences in magnetic recording is required. The signal-to-noise ratio considerations and measurements in magnetic recording systems are also covered.
The Bias-Variance Tradeoff: How Data Science Can Inform Educational Debates.

In addition to providing a set of techniques to analyze educational data, I claim that data science as a field can provide broader insights to education research. In particular, I show how the bias...
Environmental design for a total animal health care system

The design requirements to achieve a good environment for healthy animals are described. Mechanically ventilated livestock buildings are usually insulated, with a constant maintained temperature of about 40 °F or above, extra heat being applied as necessary; naturally ventilated buildings depend on air movements, have no insulation, and inside temperatures approximate to outside temperatures. The fresh air inlet and exhaust systems are discussed in detail for mechanical ventilation; types of fans are described and rating tables illustrate their performance. Rules for the location of fans and the design of the fresh air intake system are emphasized and the influence of seasonal factors is discussed. The location of naturally ventilated buildings should be at least 50 ft away from other structures; ridge and wall openings are discussed in terms of dimensions; the roof underside should be steep and smooth and of proper construction.
The Disaggregation of Organizations: Selective Intervention, High-Powered Incentives, and Molecular Units

A vast array of organizational innovations and changes are transforming US corporations. This paper argues that these organizational innovations share an important underlying commonality: economic activity is converging towards exchange involving either internal (within-firm) or external (between- firm) networks of small, autonomous production or service units. The enhanced ability to selectively infuse the measurement of markets into hierarchy and the coordination of hierarchy into markets necessitates a rethinking of traditional assumptions about the discreetness of governance choices. Transactions cost scholars and managers have commonly assumed that optimal organization involves a dichotomous choice between hierarchies that contain a set of complementary elements largely incompatible with markets and markets that contain elements largely incompatible with hierarchy. Innovations in organization, measurement, and technology shift decisions about optimal governance from simple market vs. hierarchy choices, to choices of an optimal mix of hierarchical and market elements. Managers have an expanded ability to both infuse powerful incentives characteristic of disaggregated, market-dominated systems of exchange into hierarchies and infuse the coordination and monitoring characteristic of hierarchy into market exchanges. Consequently, managers and scholars, must increasingly view organizations as complex webs of governance arrangements rather than as entities with definable boundaries.
TEMPO Containing Radical Polymonothiocarbonate Polymers with Regio- and Stereo-Regularities: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrical Conductivity Studies

We report the synthesis of a (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl) (TEMPO) appended polymonothiocarbonates through the ring-opening copolymerization of (4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) (GTEMPO) in the presence of carbonyl sulfide under ambient conditions. We have prepared the atactic and isotactic versions of this polymer, using enantiopure R or S forms of the GTEMPO monomer in the latter instances. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed both oxidation and reduction events that were characteristic of TEMPO radicals. Electrical conductivity of these polymers was measured as solid-state films after annealing the samples above their glass transition temperatures. At room temperature the isotactic polymer shows much greater conductivity (ca. 10-4 S cm-1 ) than the atactic (ca. 10-7 S cm-1 ), attributed to the well-defined stereochemistry and regulated charge transport pathway of isotactic polymer chains in contrast to the irregular structure of the atactic counterpart.
Prognostic Factors in Lung Adenocarcinoma with Bone Metastasis Treated with EGFR-TKIs

Background and Objectives: Patients who have advanced lung cancer and bone metastasis (BM) often suffer from skeletal-related events (SREs) that lead to poor quality of life and poor prognosis. Our study aimed to investigate the prognostic factors in patients with BM from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 77 lung adenocarcinoma patients with synchronous BM. These patients had first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) between January 2017 and December 2019. Among them, 42 patients were treated with 120 mg of subcutaneous denosumab monthly. We investigated their baseline characteristics, cancer management, SREs, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: The PFS in the patients treated with or without denosumab were 10.1 vs. 12.5 months (p = 0.971). The median OS was 26.9 vs. 29.5 months (p = 0.967) in no denosumab and denosumab groups, respectively. Univariate analyses showed benefit of afatinib in PFS and good performance status in OS. Conclusion: Those patients that took afatinib as first-line EGFR-TKIs had significantly longer PFS than those treated with other TKIs. Denosumab had no prognostic effect on PFS or OS.
Endospore-Forming Bacteria: an Overview

Bacterial endospores are distinguished by three characteristics: (i) they are metabolically dormant, principally because their cytoplasm is almost totally dehydrated, (ii) they are birefringent under phase-contrast microscopy (a trait usually referred to as "refractility" or "phase brightness"), and (iii) they are resistant to a number of chemical and physical agents that would kill growing cells of nearly all other bacterial species. The classical and strict distinction between aerobic (Bacillus, Thermoactinomyces, Sporolactobacillus, and Sporosarcina) and anaerobic (Clostridium) spore formers no longer holds; it is now known that, given the right environment, Bacillus subtilis and other Bacillus species can grow quite well anaerobically. Bacillus species include important human, animal, and insect pathogens (Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Clostridium botulinum), as well as species of great importance in the detergent, antibiotic, and food industries. Sporulation-associated changes in the cell envelope and in the organization of the nucleoid are remarkably similar in Bacillus and Clostridium. Many spore-forming bacteria are important human and animal pathogens. For instance, B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a devastating disease of cows, sheep, and people and a major concern in the area of biological warfare. B. cereus is an important cause of food poisoning. As spore formers other than B. subtilis, especially pathogenic species, are investigated in greater detail, one can anticipate that the vast body of knowledge obtained with the paradigmatic organism will serve well as a model for the less well-studied bacteria.
Propulsion with and without Wheels

Introduction of wheels in transportation from cart wheels, waterwheels, wheels on rail, wheeled automobiles and turbine wheels for air transportation and in harnessing energy spans thousands of years. It has revolutionized every aspect of human life. While most of the useful motion is linear, systems were forced to be built around rotating system due to the wheels. Replacement of wheels with linear motion systems is a gigantic step in breaking away from the long and familiar past and practice. This paper describes briefly the development of a class of linear devices to replace wheel based motive devices for transportation and in some other futuristic applications such as ropeless (cable free) elevators. Many of the concepts in the linear electric motor drives involve high cost systems using superconducting magnets, permanent magnets, or windings spread over the track in its entire length with the attendant increase in cost that is insurmountable in many applications including transportation. Low cost solutions for a majority of applications are sought after and such a quest in recent times is casting the development of linear electric motor drives in new directions. One such direction is in using linear switched reluctance motor drives. The work on such a linear electric motor drive, its rationale and its importance are described in this paper. Emphasis is placed on various forms of transportation concepts using such linear electric motor drives and also in applications ranging from elevator, door openers and others. Some of the applications are illustrated with working prototypes.
The Devil Comes to Kansas: A Story of Free Love and the Law

State v. Walker (1887) is an important but hitherto neglected landmark case in the development of the right of privacy. The case involved the "autonomistic" or "free-love" marriage of Edwin C. Walker and Lillian Harman, daughter of Moses Harman, the radical newspaperman.Edwin and Lillian, who rejected state control over marriage, proclaimed themselves married in the fall of 1887, although they declared that their union was neither permanent or exclusive. Prosecuted for illegal cohabitation because of their refusal to obtain a marriage license, they and their defenders developed a vocabulary that would profoundly influence the future path of American law.Their supporters in the radical press began to speak of the right of women to control their own bodies, woman's right to reproductive autonomy, and a right of sexual privacy. Indeed, it was in the midst of this controversy that the expression "freedom of choice" was used, probably for the first time, in its modern meaning by Lillian Harman writing from prison.The Kansas Supreme Court, which ruled on the appeal of their convictions, was, in contrast, a deeply conservative and Christian group of men who were publicly known for their religious fidelity and who brought their religious feelings to bear in the case.Thanks to the survival of both a substantial body of newspapers and the personal papers of the three justices who ruled on the appeal, it is possible to reconstruct a vivid account of this first skirmish in the American culture wars.
Sliding-mode observer-based sensorless direct power control of DFIGs for wind power applications

This paper proposes a novel rotor position estimation algorithm used for reference frame transformation in the direct power control (DPC) of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in wind power applications. The proposed algorithm can be used as a primary rotor position information provider to replace the rotor position sensor or a backup rotor position information provider during the malfunction of the rotor position sensor to achieve secure and stable operations of the wind power generation system. The proposed rotor position estimation algorithm is based on a nonlinear sliding-mode observer (SMO), which has the advantages such as parameter insensitivity and high robustness to system structure uncertainty. The proposed SMO only requires the information of the stator resistance and inductance while the proportional-integral (PI) controller is not required, thus simplifying the system design by removing the need of tuning PI parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed sensorless DPC scheme is confirmed by the simulation results for a 2-MW-DFIG system in MATLAB/Simulink.
The development and verification of a highly accurate collision prediction model for automated noncoplanar plan delivery

Purpose: Significant dosimetric benefits had been previously demonstrated in highly noncoplanar treatment plans. In this study, the authors developed and verified an individualized collision model for the purpose of delivering highly noncoplanar radiotherapy and tested the feasibility of total delivery automation with Varian TrueBeam developer mode. Methods: A hand-held 3D scanner was used to capture the surfaces of an anthropomorphic phantom and a human subject, which were positioned with a computer-aided design model of a TrueBeam machine to create a detailed virtual geometrical collision model. The collision model included gantry, collimator, and couch motion degrees of freedom. The accuracy of the 3D scanner was validated by scanning a rigid cubical phantom with known dimensions. The collision model was then validated by generating 300 linear accelerator orientations corresponding to 300 gantry-to-couch and gantry-to-phantom distances, and comparing the corresponding distance measurements to their corresponding models. The linear accelerator orientations reflected uniformly sampled noncoplanar beam angles to the head, lung, and prostate. The distance discrepancies between measurements on the physical and virtual systems were used to estimate treatment-site-specific safety buffer distances with 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% probability of collision between the gantry and couch or phantom. Plans containing 20 noncoplanar beams to the brain, lung, and prostate optimized via an in-house noncoplanar radiotherapy platform were converted into XML script for automated delivery and the entire delivery was recorded and timed to demonstrate the feasibility of automated delivery. Results: The 3D scanner measured the dimension of the 14 cm cubic phantom within 0.5 mm. The maximal absolute discrepancy between machine and model measurements for gantry-to-couch and gantry-to-phantom was 0.95 and 2.97 cm, respectively. The reduced accuracy of gantry-to-phantom measurements was attributed to phantom setup errors due to the slightly deformable and flexible phantom extremities. The estimated site-specific safety buffer distance with 0.001% probability of collision for (gantry-to-couch, gantry-to-phantom) was (1.23 cm, 3.35 cm), (1.01 cm, 3.99 cm), and (2.19 cm, 5.73 cm) for treatment to the head, lung, and prostate, respectively. Automated delivery to all three treatment sites was completed in 15 min and collision free using a digital Linac. Conclusions: An individualized collision prediction model for the purpose of noncoplanar beam delivery was developed and verified. With the model, the study has demonstrated the feasibility of predicting deliverable beams for an individual patient and then guiding fully automated noncoplanar treatment delivery. This work motivates development of clinical workflows and quality assurance procedures to allow more extensive use and automation of noncoplanar beam geometries.
Using pulse doublets to enhance muscle force for FES

A procedure has been developed to determine the optimal number of pulses and set of interpulse Intervals in an N-let (set of N closely spaced stimulation pulses) that will elicit the most efficient twitch response in human skeletal muscle. It was found that using a doublet (N:2) produced the largest torque-time integral per pulse. Since muscular fatigue during electrical stimulation appears to be a function of the number of pulses received, the doublet was identified as the optimal twitch producing mechanism. Preliminary results indicate that using doublets instead of the single pulses used for conventional pulse train stimulation leads to a significant increase in the length of time an isometric contraction can be maintained. This new stimulation methodology has great potential for alleviating the problem of muscular fatigue during functional electrical stimulation.
Visualization of Transepithelial Passage of the Immunogenic 33-Residue Peptide from α-2 Gliadin in Gluten-Sensitive Macaques

Background Based on clinical, histopathological and serological similarities to human celiac disease (CD), we recently established the rhesus macaque model of gluten sensitivity. In this study, we further characterized this condition based on presence of anti-tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibodies, increased intestinal permeability and transepithelial transport of a proteolytically resistant, immunotoxic, 33-residue peptide from α2-gliadin in the distal duodenum of gluten-sensitive macaques. Methodology/Principal Findings Six rhesus macaques were selected for study from a pool of 500, including two healthy controls and four gluten-sensitive animals with elevated anti-gliadin or anti-TG2 antibodies as well as history of non-infectious chronic diarrhea. Pediatric endoscope-guided pinch biopsies were collected from each animal's distal duodenum following administration of a gluten-containing diet (GD) and again after remission by gluten-free diet (GFD). Control biopsies always showed normal villous architecture, whereas gluten-sensitive animals on GD exhibited histopathology ranging from mild lymphocytic infiltration to villous atrophy, typical of human CD. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis of biopsies revealed IgG+ and IgA+ plasma-like cells producing antibodies that colocalized with TG2 in gluten-sensitive macaques only. Following instillation in vivo, the Cy-3-labeled 33-residue gluten peptide colocalized with the brush border protein villin in all animals. In a substantially enteropathic macaque with “leaky” duodenum, the peptide penetrated beneath the epithelium into the lamina propria. Conclusions/Significance The rhesus macaque model of gluten sensitivity not only resembles the histopathology of CD but it also may provide a model for studying intestinal permeability in states of epithelial integrity and disrepair.
Type 1 Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter Regulates Ethanol Drinking Through Accumbal N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Signaling

Background Mice lacking type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1 −/− ) exhibit increased ethanol-preferring behavior compared with wild-type littermates. This phenotype of ENT1 −/− mice appears to be correlated with increased glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, little is known about the downstream consequences of increased glutamate signaling in the NAc. Methods To investigate the significance of the deletion of ENT1 and its effect on glutamate signaling in the NAc, we employed microdialysis and iTRAQ proteomics. We validated altered proteins using Western blot analysis. We then examined the pharmacological effects of the inhibition of the N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor and protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) on alcohol drinking in wild-type mice. In addition, we investigated in vivo cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding activity using cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-β-galactosidase mice in an ENT1 −/− background. Results We identified that NMDA glutamate receptor-mediated downregulation of intracellular PKCγ-neurogranin-calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase type II signaling is correlated with reduced cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding activity in ENT1 −/− mice. Inhibition of PKCγ promotes ethanol drinking in wild-type mice to levels similar to those of ENT1 −/− mice. In contrast, an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist reduces ethanol drinking of ENT1 −/− mice. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 regulates NMDA glutamate receptor-mediated signaling in the NAc, which provides a molecular basis that underlies the ethanol-preferring behavior of ENT1 −/− mice.
Study of Extended X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure for Possible Use in Examining Local Atomic Arrangements in Oxides

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) patterns were simulated on a computer for nonstoichiometric oxides and oxide solid solutions. Within the usual experimental error, it is generally not possible to distinguish between a random array of solute or defects, or local order. Diffuse scattering is a more sensitive tool in many cases.
Solution of the Fokker-Planck equation with mixing of angular harmonics by beam-beam charge exchange

A method for solving the linear Fokker-Planck equation with anisotropic beam-beam charge exchange loss is presented. The 2-D equation is transformed to a system of coupled 1-D equations which are solved iteratively as independent equations. Although isotropic approximations to the beam-beam losses lead to inaccurate fast ion distributions, typically only a few angular harmonics are needed to include accurately the effect of the beam-beam charge exchange loss on the usual integrals of the fast ion distribution. Consequently, the algorithm converges very rapidly and is much more efficient than a 2-D finite difference method. A convenient recursion formula for the coupling coefficients is given and generalization of the method is discussed. 13 refs., 2 figs.
Transesophageal echo-guided endovascular exclusion of thoracic aortic mobile thrombi ☆

Mobile luminal thrombus of the descending thoracic aorta is an unusual finding in patients with peripheral embolization. The diagnosis is best made with transesophageal echography (TEE). Traditionally, systemic anticoagulation and selective surgical thrombectomy are standard treatment. We present a case report of recurrent mobile thrombus despite surgical thrombectomy and systemic anticoagulation. We treated it with endovascular exclusion of a descending thoracic aorta emboligenic lesion with an endoluminal stent graft, using simultaneous TEE and fluoroscopic intraoperative guidance. The patient remains symptom-free 9 months after stent-graft implantation. TEE-guided endoluminal exclusion should be considered in treatment of descending thoracic aorta emboligenic lesions.
The imagination market

Information markets are typically used as prediction tools, aggregating opinions about the likelihood of future events, or as preference indicators, identifying participants' product preferences. However, the basic information market concept is more widely applicable. In our experiment, we utilized information markets within the domains of idea generation and group decisioning. Participants were allowed to propose ideas regarding potential technology research areas; these ideas were represented as securities on a virtual financial market. Participants were able to trade shares of technology ideas over the course of 3 weeks, resulting in the market identifying the "best" idea as the highest priced security. Our findings suggest that information markets for idea generation result in more ideas and more participants than traditional idea generation techniques; however, using markets to rank ideas may be no better than other methods of idea ranking. Additional benefits include providing immediate feedback, allowing visibility of all ideas to all contributors, and being a fun mechanism for consensus building.
Ultra Low Temperature Ultra Low Power Instrument Packages for Planetary Surfaces

Achievement of solar system exploration roadmap goals will involve robotic or human deployment and longterm operation of surface science packages remote from human presence, thus requiring autonomous, self-powered operation. The major challenge such packages face will be operating during long periods of darkness in extreme cold potentially without the Pu238 based power and thermal systems available to Apollo era packages (ALSEP). Development of such science payloads will thus require considerable optimization of instrument and subsystem design, packaging and integration for a variety of planetary surface environments in order to support solar system exploration fully. Our work supports this process through the incorporation of low temperature operational components and design strategies which radically minimize power, mass, and cost while maximizing the performance under extreme surface conditions that are in many cases more demanding than those routinely experienced by spacecraft in deep space. Chief instruments/instrument package candidates include those which could provide long-term monitoring of the surface and subsurface environments for fundamental science and human crew safety. The initial attempt to design a 10 instrument environmental monitoring package with a solar/battery based power system led to a package with a unacceptably large mass (500 kg) of which over half was battery mass. In phase 1, a factor of 5 reduction in mass was achieved, first through the introduction of high performance electronics capable of operating at far lower temperature and then through the use of innovative thermal balance strategies involving the use of multi-layer thin materials and gravity-assisted heat pipes. In phase 2, reported here, involves strategies such as universal incorporation of ULT/ULP digital and analog electronics, and distributed or non-conventionally packaged power systems. These strategies will be required to meet the far more challenging thermal requirements of operating through a normal 28 day diurnal cycle. The limited temperature range of efficient battery operation remains the largest obstacle.
A dictation system for reporting prescribing errors in community pharmacies

Objective To pilot and evaluate dictation as a novel method of reporting prescribing errors in community pharmacies. Setting Seven community pharmacies in northwestern Vermont. Method An intervention reporting form was developed and implemented in seven community pharmacies. Using a crossover design, pharmacists reported by both dictation and paper methods for six weeks each. The primary objective was to determine if dictation stimulated more prescribing error reports than a paper-based reporting method. Secondary objectives included a qualitative assessment of dictation feasibility, pharmacist satisfaction with reporting in general, pharmacist preference for a dictation or paper reporting method, and a content description of the prescribing errors reported. Key findings Pharmacists completed a total of 72 reports, describing 80 interventions, during the 12-week study. Thirty-three reports were dictated and 39 were completed on paper (P= 0.56). There were no differences in completeness of reports between paper and dictation (P = 0.62). Seven out of the nine pharmacists (78%) stated they preferred the paper method to dictation. Conclusion Dictation does not appear to increase prescribing error reporting as compared with a paper method. Implementing dictation in community pharmacies proved feasible although most of the pharmacists in this study preferred the paper method. Further investigation to explore dictation as a useful technology in community pharmacies is warranted.
The 2006 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science presented to Fernando Nottebohm, Ph.D. for demonstration of Central Neurogenesis in Adult Avians, with Concomitant Implications for the Theory of Memory and for the Future of Neurological Repair in Injury and Disease

Abstract Nottebohm is noted for his demonstration of Central Neurogenesis in Adult Avians, with Concomitant Implications for the Theory of Memory and for the Future of Neurological Repair in Injury and Disease.
Nucleotide Sequence and Deduced Primary Structure of Cellobiohydrolase II from Trichoderma Reesei

The nucleotide sequence and the deduced primary structure of cellobiohydrolase II from Trichoderma reesei QM9414 have been determined. A palindromic region preceding this gene has a sequence common to the complementary strand of the putative eukaryotic cAMP dependent transcriptional signal sequence. The amino terminus of cellobiohydrolase II is homologous to the carboxy terminus of cellobiohydrolase I, endoglucanase I and endoglucanase II from the same organism. This region, which is rich in cysteine, glycine and serine, may represent the cellulose–binding domain of these proteins. The possible catalytic site of cellobiohydrolase II is also predicted.
Optimal flight management system utilization with ATC automation

The requirements and design philosophy for developing ground-based automation planning and control advisory concepts to best serve aircraft with flight management systems (FMS) are defined. Analytical results are presented that are based on the comparison of operational data with the user-preferred trajectories to identify flying-time variabilities in various segments of arriving flights. En route descents, terminal maneuvering areas, and the final approaches are considered to determine the impact of aircraft and environmental factors on flying times essential for traffic planning. Simple time-estimation algorithms based on FMS-defined speed schedules and prevailing winds are presented for estimating flying times during en route descents. Automation, planning and control concepts are developed that utilize flexible route structures and a speed-control strategy to permit the aircraft maximum use of FMS and onboard avionics in all operating conditions. >
TU‐C‐224C‐06: Determination of TG‐43U1 Recommended Parameters for Elongated RadioCoil™ Brachytherapy Sources 1.0 to 6.0 Cm in Length Using Experimental and Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques

Purpose: In this project TG‐43U1 recommended dosimetriccharacteristics of newly designed elongated RadioCoil™ brachytherapy sources(1 to 6)cm in length have been determined following experimental and Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Monte Carlo simulated dose profiles have also been calculated for sources 1 to 6cm in length. Materials and Methods: TG‐43U1 recommended dosimetriccharacteristics (Λ, g(r), F(r,θ), φan) of RadioCoil™ sources have been determined using experimental(TLD) and Monte Carlo(MCNP5) simulation techniques. MCNP5 simulations were performed in spherical Solid Water™ and water phantoms 20cm in diameter for 108 histories. F(r,θ) of RadioCoil™ were determined for angles 0° to 90° for r⩾L/2(where L=active length), and angles 5°⩽θ⩽90° for r⩾L/2, with 5° increment. TLD measurements were performed in solid Water™ using same geometric arrangement as that of Monte Carlo simulations. Measured and calculated dose profiles along the longitudinal axis of these sources were utilized to validate the dose calculation with commercially available treatment planning systems. Results: Results of these investigations indicate good agreement between MCNP5 simulated and TLD determined values for RadioCoil™ sources. Upon the good agreement between these two methodologies, confirming the accuracy of our simulation geometry, dosimetric parameters of these sources have been determined in liquid water for their clinical applications. It has been found that in order to achieve a good agreement between the treatment planningdose distribution, the F(r,θ) of these sources have to be determined at radial distances ranging from 0.5 to 5.0cm with 0.5cm increment and L/2 ±0.2cm. Conclusion:Dosimetriccharacteristics of newly designed RadioCoil™ have been determined following TG‐43U1 recommendations using experimental and Monte Carlo simulation technique. In these determinations it has been found that the dose profile can be closely reproduced if the 2D anisotropy function is determined at 0.5 cm increments for radial distance ranging from 0.5 cm to 5cm, and L/2 ± 0.2cm.
A double pendulum vibration isolation system for a laser interferometric gravitational wave antenna

We have developed a nested double pendulum suspension system for the test masses of a laser interferometric gravitational wave antenna. The system consists of a mass hung as a pendulum inside a shell mass that is also hung as a pendulum. A set of two‐degree‐of‐freedom reflective ‘‘shadow detectors’’ senses motion of the shell relative to ground. Identical sensors measure motion of the mass relative to the shell. The equations of motion were solved to find the resonances and mode shapes for all of the rigid body degrees of freedom. The predicted resonant frequencies agree well with the measured frequencies. A damping system has been implemented that damps the resonances by applying forces to the shell mass alone. The vibration transfer function along the optic axis was measured. It shows the steep f−4 decline expected of a double pendulum. We have also measured the vertical vibration transfer function and the cross coupling due to misalignment. A set of plates on the inner surface of the shell allows the a...
VI.—ACT vs. RULE-UTILITARIANISM

IN recent years a controversy has raged in Anglo-American ethical circles. I refer to the debate between act and rule-utilitarians. It would be tidy if the dispute had been decided in favour of one or the other camp, but such is not the case. Vigorous arguments in defence of both orientations appear regularly, and there have been several attempts to bridge the gap between them. I hope to shed light on this persistent conflict. While there is no room for any genuine compromise, I will argue that both factions are partly right and partly wrong. Not because an "intermediate " position can be sketched out. Rather, because the disputants have been formulating answers to quite distinct questions.
An Internet-based geographic information system that integrates data, models and users for transportation applications

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of an Internet-based geographic information system (GIS) that brings together spatio-temporal data, models and users in a single efficient framework to be used for a wide range of transportation applications – planning, engineering and operational. The functional requirements of the system are outlined taking into consideration the various enabling technologies, such as Internet tools, large-scale databases and distributed computing systems. Implementation issues as well as the necessary models needed to support the system are briefly discussed.
Recovery of the one and two Dimensional Windfields from Chemical Constituent Observations Using the Constituent Transport Equation and an Extended Kalman Filter

The recovery of windfields from chemical constituents is a difficult, but potentially rewarding inverse problem. Advanced data assimilation methods, such as the extended Kalman filter, are theoretically capable of performing this task; but, at this time, little work has been undertaken. Daley (1994) constructed a one-dimensional extended Kalman filter (EKF) system to examine this problem. This work is extended here to include a more systematic examination of the one-dimensional case, together with experiments with non-divergent two-dimensional flow. The emphasis is on determining when wind recovery is likely to be successful or unsuccessful. It was found that wind recovery is most successful with the EKF for constituent observations which are dense, frequent and accurate. Wind recovery is difficult or slow for the EKF (or any other procedure) when the true constituent time-tendency is small. This happens when the constituent spatial gradient is small, the true windspeeds are low or the stream-function and constituent fields are highly correlated. Wind recovery can also be difficult with constituent transport models which are highly damped, have significant phase errors or restrictive CFL criteria. Steady winds cannot be recovered inside data voids, although time-dependent winds may be recoverable. If constituent observations are too infrequent, estimates of the constituent time-tendency will be poor, and wind recovery (at least for the EKF) problematic.
A City of Marble: The Rhetoric of Augustan Rome, Kathleen S. Lamp

Historians of rhetoric characterize the Ciceronian Period of the Republic as the highlight of rhetoric at Rome. By contrast, the Augustan Period of the Early Empire immediately following this “gold...
An Attempt to be Understood: A Response to the Concerns of Matlock and Macaskill with The Deliverance of God

This is a rejoinder to the criticisms of Grant Macaskill and Barry Matlock of The Deliverance of God. Because they largely misunderstand the complex argument of Deliverance it is redescribed and ex...
In Situ Growth of a Yb 2 O 3 Layer for Sublimation Suppression for Yb 14 MnSb 11 Thermoelectric Material for Space Power Applications

The compound Yb14MnSb11 is a p-type thermoelectric material of interest to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a candidate replacement for the state-of-the-art Si-Ge used in current radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Ideally, the hot end of this leg would operate at 1000 C in the vacuum of space. Although Yb14MnSb11 shows the potential to double the value of the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) over that of Si-Ge at 1000 C, it suffers from a high sublimation rate at elevated temperatures and would require a coating in order to survive the required RTG lifetime of 14 years. The purpose of the present work is to measure the sublimation rate of Yb14MnSb11 and to investigate sublimation suppression for this material. This paper reports on the sublimation rate of Yb14MnSb11 at 1000 C (approximately 3 x 10(exp -3) grams per square centimeter hour) and efforts to reduce the sublimation rate with an in situ grown Yb2O3 layer. Despite the success in forming thin, dense, continuous, and adherent oxide scales on Yb14MnSb11, the scales did not prove to be sublimation barriers.
Nongenomic steroidal modulation of high-affinity serotonin transport

The ability of steroids to modulate high-affinity 5-HT transport was investigated using cell-based models which stably manifest all known properties of this transport system. beta-Estradiol (E2) exhibited noncompetitive, and possibly allosteric, inhibition of both radiolabeled serotonin ([3H]5-HT) transport by, and radiolabeled cocaine congener ([3H]CFT) binding to, this system. Such inhibitory effects were observed within short time courses and unlikely to result from genomic effects normally ascribed to estrogen action. Rather, such nongenomic effects on 5-HT uptake were more akin to modulatory effects of select steroid metabolites on other plasma membrane systems such as neurotransmitter receptors and ionic channels. Beyond E2, preliminary examination of other steroid metabolites and synthetic steroid receptor agonists/antagonists revealed that inhibition of 5-HT transport is additionally attributable only to estriol (E3, an E2 metabolite) and tamoxifen (a nonsteroidal, E2 receptor antagonist). These findings indicate that the present form of transport modulation is only rendered by select compounds and not a general property of steroidal and related agents. Assessments of covalent conjugates of E2 suggested that E2 interacts with the transporter protein at allosteric site(s) inaccessible from the extracellular domain. These findings collectively suggest that steroid-mediated regulation of 5-HT transport may be a physiologically relevant mechanism, and that antidepressant as well as psychostimulant effects in vivo may contain a steroidal component.
Evolution of the Cordilleran Fold Belt

The geotectonic development of the Cordilleran fold belt in western North America during Phanerozoic time took place in three principal phases: (I) an initial orthogeosynclinal phase, (II) an orogenic–late geosynclinal phase, and (III) an orogenic-postgeosynclinal phase. These phases developed over a span of more than 500 m.y. and parallel comparable phases in the evolution of other major geosynclinal zones such as the Appalachian, Caledonian, and Andean. The orthogeosynclinal phase (I) resulted in accumulation of offshore–deep-water (eugeosynclinal) slope (transitional) and shelf (miogeosynclinal) facies along the western continental margin. This phase was terminated by the Antler orogeny (IIa) in Late Devonian through Middle Pennsylvanian time. Clastic debris from the Antler belt was shed westward during late Paleozoic time into flanking eugeosynclinal troughs and eastward into epicontinental troughs; deposition in the western trough was terminated by the Sonoma orogeny (IIb) of Late Permian and Early Triassic age. The orogenic–late geosynclinal phase culminated in Jurassic (Nevadan and Sevier) orogeny (IIc), which coincided with early stage development of plate tectonics along the western continental margin. Depositional events of the postgeosynclinal phase (III) during Mesozoic and Tertiary time were characterized by orogenic and postorogenic flysch and molasse sedimentation in troughs and basins along the continental margin. These events were accompanied by andesitic volcanism and were related to plate tectonics. Mesozoic and Tertiary continental margins in North America have been classified into two major types: Atlantic type, characterized by prograding clastic wedges, and Cordilleran type, by underthrusting along continental margins. A third type, orthogeosynclinal, which is characterized by long-continued sedimentation and volcanism of major Paleozoic geosynclines, is proposed here. Orogenic mechanisms for continental margins recently have been discussed principally in terms of ocean-floor spreading and plate tectonics. Orogenic activity within the interiors of continents requires other mechanisms; these may include subcrustal phase changes and thermal expansion related to loading and subsidence. It is even possible that such phase changes and thermal expansion may play a significant role in orogenic activity along continental margins.
The elusive nature of intrinsic efficacy

In the discipline of pharmacology, drugs (ligands) are used as tools to elucidate the processes of biological systems. Because of this, pharmacologists strive to delineate all characteristics of drugs. Decades of research have resulted in the proposal that ligands possess two properties that are intrinsic to the ligand and are invariant of the system in which their effects are investigated. These properties are affinity (the capacity of a drug to bind to a receptor) and intrinsic efficacy (the capacity of a drug to activate or inactivate a receptor). Although affinity is a relatively easy parameter to measure with a variety of techniques, ways of quantifying intrinsic efficacy have remained elusive ever since its inception. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that intrinsic efficacy might not be a single, ligand-dependent parameter but that agonists might have multiple intrinsic efficacies. William Clarke and Richard Bond discuss several reasons why the claim that intrinsic efficacy is a ligand-dependent parameter should be questioned, and the possible impact of these findings.
A40/K40 ratios of feldspars and micas from the same rock

Abstract A40/K40 ratios have been determined for feldspars and micas from the same rock from seven geologic Bettings. The A40/K40 ratio for micas is higher than that for the feldspar in every case.
Situated Learning with Online Portfolios, Classroom Websites and Facebook

In this article we describe the evolution of an elective course designed specifically for undergraduate students in our pre-service teacher education program. This course is intended to prepare these undergraduate students as future teachers—helping them to make effective and creative uses of technology in learning settings. This course emphasizes learning to learn with and about technology, in the ever-changing context of educational technology. Generally speaking, we outline and describe three key goals of teaching young teachers to thoughtfully integrate technology into a real-world classroom. First, the course emphasizes learning to explore and learn proactively by engaging in learning by design activities. Second, students are given an opportunity to try a wide variety of innovative technologies through explorations of their own choosing. Finally, we attempt to leverage the power of online community building for learning by harnessing the ubiquity and convenience of tools like Facebook. We look into the future with great hope and enthusiasm that our preservice teachers will lead the way in integrating new technologies into their teaching in ways that will benefit their students, colleagues, and the greater education community.
Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina, USA

Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consis...
Political Power and the Credibility of Government Debt

Abstract If political power and motives to invest in government bonds are positively correlated across voting groups, then a self-selection equilibrium can arise where the government's promise to repay its debt is credible. We illustrate this using a formal model where the alternative use of wealth is to acquire human capital. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D72, E60, H63.
Ruggedness in the folding landscape of protein L

By exploring the folding pathways of the B1 domain of protein L with a series of equilibrium and rapid kinetic experiments, we have found its unfolded state to be more complex than suggested by two...
Variograms with zonal anisotropies and noninvertible kriging systems

Zonal anisotropies are usually simply defined as those that are not geometric (i.e., that cannot be removed by an affine transformation). Such anisotropies have often been associated with zonations and models have been proposed to reflect that association. It is shown by example that such models can lead to noninvertible coefficient matrices in kriging systems, because the models are only (conditionally) semidefinite instead of positive definite. The relationship to the construction used in turning bands algorithm and also to spatial-temporal models is discussed.