cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association With "Bad" People

I s IT PERMISSIBLE, in a constitutional system committed to the basic principles of personal liberty, for government to punish a man because of the company he keeps? Does the normal right of the individual to associate with whomever he chooses ever have to yield to some overriding social interest spelled out in the criminal law? Such questions as these have often been debated in American legislative bodies and appellate courts. Whether the state may make keeping "bad" company a crime or an essential element of a crime has usually arisen in situations involving prosecutions for vagrancy. Every state but West Virginia has some sort of general vagrancy act, and the courts, as a rule, uphold the constitutionality of these statutes as a valid exercise of the police power. "Society recognizes," the Supreme Court of Washington once declared, "that vagrancy is a parasitic disease which, if allowed to spread, will sap the life of that upon which it feeds."' Nevertheless, it has been pointed out that these statutes "almost always offend traditional standards of criminal procedure."2 Since one who is arrested as a vagrant must then prove that he does not fall within the statute, the defendant is generally burdened with a presumption of criminality, contrary to the normal presumption of innocence which an accused person carries with him. Furthermore, the vagrancy laws are so broadly and loosely phrased that the police and the magistrates are at liberty simply to apply their own moral standards according to personal taste. These laws also tend to become instruments of police harassment, and are used for making arrests on mere suspicion, although such arrests are universally regarded as illegal in American jurisdictions.
African states, global migration, and transformations in citizenship politics

Over the past three decades, relations between African emigrants and their home-states have been changing from antagonism to attempts to embrace and structure emigrant behaviors. This transformation in the conception of emigration and citizenship has hardly been interrogated by the growing scholarship on African and global migrations. Three of the most contentious strategies to extend the frontiers of loyalty of otherwise weak African states, namely dual citizenship or dual nationality, the right to vote from overseas, and the right to run for public office by emigrants from foreign locations are explored. Evidence from a wide range of African emigration states suggests that these strategies are neither an embrace of the global trend toward extra-territorialized states and shared citizenship between those at ‘home’ and others outside the state boundaries, nor are they about national development or diaspora welfare. Instead, they seem to be strategies to tap into emigrant resources to enhance weakened stat...
Robust semiglobal stabilization of minimum-phase input-output linearizable systems via partial state and output feedback

In this paper we consider the problem of robust semiglobal stabilization and/or semiglobal practical stabilization of minimum-phase input-output linearizable systems. The results of this paper significantly extend the recent work of Teel and Praly (1993) on SISO (single-input/single-output) minimum-phase systems in several directions. Among these directions are the development of MIMO (multi-input/multi-output) theory and the relaxation of the restriction on the interaction between nonlinear zero dynamics and the state of the linearizable part of the system. >
An evaluation of post-lumpectomy recurrence rates: is follow-up every 6 months for 2 years needed?

Background and Objectives There is currently debate about the optimal timing and frequency of mammography follow-up after breast-conserving therapy (BCT). The purpose of this study was to determine if 6-month intervals for the first 2 years following BCT offer benefit over annual screening. Methods Three hundred ninety-nine patients who had lumpectomies between 1997 and 2009 and who were followed for at least 2 years with mammography were selected. The mammography yields for the first 2 years following BCT were compared to those of the general screening population. Also, patients were grouped as either compliant or noncompliant with the recommended 6-month intervals; Fischer's exact test was used to determine if there was a relationship between the grouping (compliant or noncompliant) and tumor recurrence. Results Mammography yield was 0.94 and 2.87 per 1,000 for the first and second years, respectively, following surgery. Three hundred twenty-eight patients were categorized as compliant and 1 local recurrence was discovered in this group; 67 patients were labeled as noncompliant and 0 local recurrences were found in this group. Conclusions Mammography yield of cancer in the study population was not greater than the general population. There was no difference between the compliant and noncompliant groups regarding tumor recurrence. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:597–601. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cattle Production Systems: Ecology of Existing and Emerging Escherichia coli Types Related to Foodborne Illness

Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly STEC O157, cause rare but potentially serious human infections. Infection with STEC occurs by fecal-oral transmission, most commonly through food. Cattle are the most important reservoir for human STEC exposure, and efforts to control the flow of STEC through beef processing have reduced rates of human illness. However, further reduction in human incidence of STEC may require control of the pathogen in cattle populations. The ecology of STEC in cattle production systems is complex and explained by factors that favor (a) colonization in the gut, (b) survival in the environment, and (c) ingestion by another cattle host. Although nature creates seasonal environmental conditions that do not favor STEC transmission in cattle, human efforts to control STEC by environmental manipulation have not succeeded. Vaccines and direct-fed microbial products have reduced the carriage of STEC by cattle, and other interventions are under investigation.
Plant retrotransposons: Turned on by stress

All known active plant retrotransposons are largely quiescent during development but activated by stresses, including wounding, pathogen attack and cell culture. This may reflect a survival strategy based on plant biology, or retrotransposons could be the stress-induced generators of genomic diversity proposed by McClintock.
Polarization mode dispersion emulator

We investigate a new technique to realistically emulate polarization mode dispersion. We demonstrate that 15 sections of polarization-maintaining fiber with randomly rotatable connections emulates an almost ideal Maxwellian differential group delay (DGD) distribution, whereas fixed connections is inadequate.
Cognitive Styles in Mood Disorders: Discriminative Ability of Unipolar and Bipolar Cognitive Profiles

Although previous research has identified cognitive styles that distinguish individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), and individuals without mood disorders from one another, findings have been inconsistent. The current study included 381 participants classified into a BD group, a MDD group, and a no mood disorder group. To differentiate between these groups, this study evaluated cognitive styles with a battery of traditional and more recently-developed measures. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to determine the discriminate ability of variables with significant between group differences. Results supported that BD and MDD may be characterized by distinct cognitive styles. Given work showing that interventions for MDD may not be effective at treating BD, it is important to directly compare individuals with these disorders. By clarifying the overlapping and divergent cognitive styles characterizing BD and MDD, research can not only improve diagnostic validity, but also provide more efficacious and effective interventions.
Polymerization of methacrylate induced by gamma irradiated polymethyl methyacrylate

A transparent gel was produced in two weeks time from a mixture of methyl methacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate which had been irradiated for 24 hours using a 5000 curie Co/sup 60/ source. (C.J.G.)
Signal processing ASIC requirements for high-speed wireless data communications

The role of VLSI ASIC technology in the realization of future wireless communication systems is key. New architectures and circuit techniques can be leveraged to provide significant performance improvement in high-speed wireless data communication systems operating at symbol rates in excess of a few MBaud. VLSI ASIC research can help deliver the required signal processing power to realize sophisticated baseband algorithms for adaptive equalization, RAKE reception, smart antenna networks, as well as other highly computation intensive signal processing tasks. This paper provides an overview discussion of present and emerging high speed wireless networks such as third generation cellular, broadband fixed wireless access, and wireless local area networks, along with specifications for their underlying baseband signal processing requirements. Next, alternative VLSI architectures are discussed for the realization of key system components.
Nest Predation Risk and Growth Strategies of Passerine Species: Grow Fast or Develop Traits to Escape Risk?

AbstractDifferent body components are thought to trade off in their growth and development rates, but the causes for relative prioritization of any trait remains a critical question. Offspring of species at higher risk of predation might prioritize development of locomotor traits that facilitate escaping risky environments over growth of mass. We tested this possibility in 12 altricial passerine species that differed in their risk of nest predation. We found that rates of growth and development of mass, wings, and endothermy increased with nest predation risk across species. In particular, species with higher nest predation risk exhibited relatively faster growth of wings than of mass, fledged with relatively larger wing sizes and smaller mass, and developed endothermy earlier at relatively smaller mass. This differential development can facilitate both escape from predators and survival outside of the nest environment. Tarsus growth was not differentially prioritized with respect to nest predation risk, ...
The Politics of Organising the Countryside: Rural Cooperatives in Cote d'Ivoire

This article first explores the manner in which the colonial and postcolonial state in Cote d'Ivoire has sought to develop and animate rural cooperatives as a means of effecting change in the countryside. It then examines the local realities that the state has encountered in its attempt to organise and control rural cooperatives. In particular, the article shows how ethnicity, age, and contrasting economic interests have undermined state efforts to create sustainable and effective rural cooperatives at the village level. Finally, the article looks at how structural adjustment has led to the retreat of the state and the emergence of a more pluralistic environment in which different rural associations are now competing to represent the interests of rural producers.
Virtue and Emotion

L'A. mesure le role et l'unite de l'emotion dans la motivation vertueuse. A travers l'exemple du courage chez Aristote, l'A. examine la these du holisme des raisons chez J. Dancy, ainsi que la distinction entre vertu et continence chez M. Smith. Soulevant la question de la chance morale chez McDowell, l'A. montre que l'emotion vertueuse peut provenir d'emotions confictuelles au regard de l'action.
Regulatory T Cells as Immunotherapy

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress exuberant immune system activation and promote immunologic tolerance. Because Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, the biomedical community has developed intense interest in using Tregs for immunotherapy. Conditions that require clinical tolerance to improve outcomes—autoimmune disease, solid organ transplantation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation—may benefit from Treg immunotherapy. Investigators have designed ex vivo strategies to isolate, preserve, expand, and infuse Tregs. Protocols to manipulate Treg populations in vivo have also been considered. Barriers to clinically feasible Treg immunotherapy include Treg stability, off-cell effects, and demonstration of cell preparation purity and potency. Clinical trials involving Treg adoptive transfer to treat graft versus host disease preliminarily demonstrated the safety and efficacy of Treg immunotherapy in humans. Future work will need to confirm the safety of Treg immunotherapy and establish the efficacy of specific Treg subsets for the treatment of immune-mediated disease.
Ultrasound evaluation of abnormal umbilical cord coiling in second trimester of gestation as a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome

TRIMESTER OF GESTATION AS A PREDICTOR OF ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOME MLADEN PREDANIC, SRIRAM C. PERNI, STEPHEN T. CHASEN, REBECCA N. BAERGEN, FRANK A. CHERVENAK, Cornell University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York, New York, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York, New York, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York, New York OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antenatal umbilical cord coiling index (aUCI) obtained during the fetal anatomical survey in the second trimester as a predictor of adverse antenatal and perinatal events. STUDY DESIGN: Four hundred and twenty-five consecutive women who had a routine fetal anatomical survey in second trimeseter were evaluated for umbilical cord coiling index. aUCI was correlated with adverse antenatal and perinatal events, such as: small for gestational age (SGA), mode of delivery (interventional vs noninterventional), presence of meconium stained amniotic fluid, presence of non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS) in labor, and low Apgar scores (6 or less) at 1 and 5 minutes. RESULTS: A total of 294 patients had adequate ultrasound images and all antenatal and labor data to meet the study inclusion criteria. The aUCI above 90%ile and below 10%ile were recognized as hyperand hypocoiled umbilical cords in 10.5% and 9.2% of cases, respectively. Abnormal coiling was significantly associated with SGA neonates at birth (P = .043) and NRFS in labor (P = .007), whereas a trend toward a higher incidence of interventional deliveries and meconium stained amniotic fluid in labor was observed, but statistically nonsignificant (Table). No statistical difference for low Apgar scores between compared groups was noted. CONCLUSION: Abnormal umbilical cord coiling, detected at the fetal ultrasound anatomical survey in the second trimester, can be potentially employed as a predictor of adverse antenatal or perinatal events.
Exploring protein native states and large-scale conformational changes with a modified generalized born model.

Implicit solvation models provide, for many applications, a reasonably accurate and computationally effective way to describe the electrostatics of aqueous solvation. Here, a popular analytical Generalized Born (GB) solvation model is modified to improve its accuracy in calculating the solvent polarization part of free energy changes in large-scale conformational transitions, such as protein folding. In contrast to an earlier GB model (implemented in the AMBER-6 program), the improved version does not overstabilize the native structures relative to the finite-difference Poisson–Boltzmann continuum treatment. In addition to improving the energy balance between folded and unfolded conformers, the algorithm (available in the AMBER-7 and NAB molecular modeling packages) is shown to perform well in more than 50 ns of native-state molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of thioredoxin, protein-A, and ubiquitin, as well as in a simulation of Barnase/Barstar complex formation. For thioredoxin, various combinations of input parameters have been explored, such as the underlying gas-phase force fields and the atomic radii. The best performance is achieved with a previously proposed modification to the torsional potential in the Amber ff99 force field, which yields stable native trajectories for all of the tested proteins, with backbone root-mean-square deviations from the native structures being ∼1.5 A after 6 ns of simulation time. The structure of Barnase/Barstar complex is regenerated, starting from an unbound state, to within 1.9 A relative to the crystal structure of the complex. Proteins 2004;55:000–000. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast: Fine-needle aspiration cytology of 12 cases

Aspiration specimens from 12 patients with histologically documented ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) of the breast (seven patients) or DCIS with minute foci of stromal invasion (five) were evaluated. Five patients presented with palpable masses, 1.5-4.0 cm, and four patients presented with localized thickening, associated with nipple erosion and discharge in two of them. One patient had nipple inversion, and one patient had bilateral nipple discharge. In one patient, no apparent abnormality of the breast was present. Mammography was either suspicious for or strongly suggestive of carcinoma in 10 patients and negative in two. Aspirates from all patients were composed of fragments of atypical ductal epithelium and numerous single epithelial cells. In nine cases, the smears were hypercellular and similar to aspirates of typical invasive ductal carcinoma. Calcifications were present in six cases. In four of these, associated tumor necrosis was evident. Cytologic features separating DCIS patients from those showing minimal stromal invasion or common types of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) were not identified. We conclude that fine-needle aspiration cytology of DCIS is identical to that of IDC. If preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy is considered in the management of invasive breast carcinoma, cutting-needle biopsy for confirmation of tumor invasion is necessary.
Framework for iterative cone-beam micro-CT reconstruction

We have developed a computational framework for iterative cone-beam micro-CT reconstruction. When applied to small animal imaging and other high-resolution applications, iterative algorithms pose significant implementation difficulties due to the associated high computational burden. To address this burden, we use threads and message passing (MPI) to facilitate multiprocessor cluster computing. The system matrix can be either precomputed or calculated on-the-fly. Additionally, the system matrix can be based on trilinear interpolation or volumetric intersection methods. In the case of storing the system matrix, we exploit symmetries in the cone-beam geometry to reduce the storage requirements by a factor of nearly eight. We chose simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) to demonstrate the framework, although other algorithms are easily implemented. When precomputing the system matrix, each iteration of SIRT completes several times faster than when using an on-the-fly system matrix computation. The precomputed method remains faster when implementing ordered subsets, but the performance advantage diminishes as the number of subsets increases. We present reconstructions of the three-dimensional (3-D) Shepp-Logan head phantom as well as mouse data acquired by a small animal X-ray CT scanner.
Diagnosis and treatment of children with diabetic ketoacidosis

In pediatric patients with diabetes group, the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence is higher, and with ketoacidosis (DKA) for the first time in common, a variety of factors can lead to the occurrence. At present, DKA recurring to the life and health of children with diabetes poses a serious threat, this paper analyses the causes of DKA, its diagnosis and treatment measures were summarized.
Cooling with Solid Cryogens—A Review

The current Interest in the use of cryogens in the solid phase is focused upon their application as heat sinks for cooling electronic components, particularly infrared detectors, in aircraft and spacecraft [1–5]. The solid-cryogen cooler stores a solid mass of cryogen in a vented dewar system. The item to be cooled is usually mounted on a metal pedestal which is thermally communicated to the solid. The ullage space about the stored solid is evacuated to maintain the cryogen in Its solid state. Heat entering from the refrigerated object and the surroundings causes the cryogen to sublime and the resulting vapor is vented.
Object-based automatic terrain shadow removal from SNPP/VIIRS flood maps

Terrain shadow is a big challenge to land products such as flood extent and snow cover from moderate-resolution optical satellite data. Because terrain shadows share similar spectral features with floodwaters, they can be easily detected as floodwaters by flood detection algorithms based on spectral features in visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared channels, which decreases the accuracy of flood detection substantially. However, because terrain shadows appear in mountainous areas with large surface roughness while floodwaters accumulate in low-lying areas with small surface roughness, analysis on surface roughness between terrain shadows and floodwaters can be very effective to distinguish one from the other. Root-mean-square height, internal height difference, and external height difference are used as principal quantitative surface roughness parameters in this study and calculated upon water objects that are clustered from a group of adjacent water pixels. This object-based method is applied in terrain shadow removal from SNPP/VIIRS Suomi National Polar Orbit Partnership/Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite near-real-time flood maps and shows promising results according to the tests with 10,000+ VIIRS granules across global areas. Quantitative evaluation in the northwest of the USA also indicates that more than 99% terrain shadow pixels could be removed from VIIRS flood maps by this method, which significantly improves the accuracy of near-real-time flood detection from SNPP/VIIRS imagery.
The impact of induction regimen on transplant outcome in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in the era of novel agents

We compared overall survival (OS) of 1017 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) who were treated with different novel agent-based induction regimens and who underwent early autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Subgroups were defined by type of induction therapy: cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone (CyBorD; n=193), bortezomib-dexamethasone (Vd; n=64), lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd; n=251), bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (VRd; n=126), thalidomide-dexamethasone (Td; n=155) and vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone or dexamethasone alone (VAD/Dex; n=228). The median follow-up of the surviving patients was 66.7 months. The 5-year OS rates with CyBorD, Vd, Rd, VRd, Td and VAD/Dex were 79.2%, 72.3%, 79.2%, 79.0%, 57.4% and 63.4%, respectively (log-rank, P<0.001). In a multivariate analysis, after controlling for important patient and disease variables, VRd had a superior OS compared with CyBorD (hazard ratio (HR), 0.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10-0.88; P=0.03) and Vd (HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.52; P=0.002). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that among patients completing induction therapy and continuing to early transplant, VRd induction leads to improved OS compared with CyBorD and Vd regimens.
Evaluation of Healing at Molar Extraction Sites With and Without Ridge Preservation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: To date, limited evidence is available specifically evaluating ridge preservation (RP) and implant placement in molar sites. The primary aim of this study is to radiographically compare alveolar ridge changes with and without RP with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Methods: This parallel, two-arm randomized clinical trial included 40 patients evenly distributed between two treatment groups. After molar extraction, sites were allowed to heal naturally or received RP with freeze-dried bone allograft covered by a non-resorbable dense polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. CBCT scans were taken immediately and 3 months postextraction, and then a dental implant was placed. Width and height measurements were made radiographically.Results: Significantly greater loss in alveolar ridge height was found in molar sites allowed to heal without RP on the buccal aspect of the socket (RP: −1.12 ± 1.60 mm versus no RP: −2.60 ± 2.06 mm, P = 0.01). No significant difference in ridge width loss was found between...
Cell-Type-Specific Optical Recording of Membrane Voltage Dynamics in Freely Moving Mice

Electrophysiological field potential dynamics are of fundamental interest in basic and clinical neuroscience, but how specific cell types shape these dynamics in the live brain is poorly understood. To empower mechanistic studies, we created an optical technique, TEMPO, that records the aggregate trans-membrane voltage dynamics of genetically specified neurons in freely behaving mice. TEMPO has >10-fold greater sensitivity than prior fiber-optic techniques and attains the noise minimum set by quantum mechanical photon shot noise. After validating TEMPO's capacity to track established oscillations in the delta, theta, and gamma frequency bands, we compared the D1- and D2-dopamine-receptor-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are interspersed and electrically indistinguishable. Unexpectedly, MSN population dynamics exhibited two distinct coherent states that were commonly indiscernible in electrical recordings and involved synchronized hyperpolarizations across both MSN subtypes. Overall, TEMPO allows the deconstruction of normal and pathologic neurophysiological states into trans-membrane voltage activity patterns of specific cell types.
Consumer Products and Consumer Behavior

This chapter argues that in many markets, consumers face a choice problem in which the marginal cost of obtaining additional information necessary to improve a purchase decision exceeds the marginal benefit of the improved decision. For example, in the United States there are over five-hundred different brands and variations on brands of breakfast cereal. It is likely that no consumer makes the best possible purchase decision, save by accident, because the cost of obtaining full information about the competing brands far exceeds the benefit of employing the information in decision-making. In this situation, the consumer knows that the best he can hope for is a satisfactory purchase decision as opposed to the optimal purchase decision. This problem is not restricted to low-price products. The number of brands of cars, combined with the number of options available for each brand of car, and the fact that many brand attributes (e.g., mileage, handling, reliability) can only be imperfectly measured without first-hand experience, means that automobile consumers also face the problem of limited information and are aware that they face limited information. As with breakfast cereals, most automobile consumers are aware that their purchase decision will not be the optimal decision but (they hope) will be satisfactory. The lack of information presents a risk to the consumer. Because the consumer is aware of the lack of information, the consumer will attempt to mitigate the risk through the use of heuristics. Using the number and positioning of observed brands relative to each other in the attribute space, consumers infer information about the unseen brands and so improve their purchase decisions.
Quasiprobability behind the out-of-time-ordered correlator

Two topics, evolving rapidly in separate fields, were combined recently: the out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) signals quantum-information scrambling in many-body systems. The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability represents operators in quantum optics. The OTOC was shown to equal a moment of a summed quasiprobability [Yunger Halpern, Phys. Rev. A 95, 012120 (2017)]. That quasiprobability, we argue, is an extension of the KD distribution. We explore the quasiprobability's structure from experimental, numerical, and theoretical perspectives. First, we simplify and analyze Yunger Halpern's weak-measurement and interference protocols for measuring the OTOC and its quasiprobability. We decrease, exponentially in system size, the number of trials required to infer the OTOC from weak measurements. We also construct a circuit for implementing the weak-measurement scheme. Next, we calculate the quasiprobability (after coarse graining) numerically and analytically: we simulate a transverse-field Ising model first. Then, we calculate the quasiprobability averaged over random circuits, which model chaotic dynamics. The quasiprobability, we find, distinguishes chaotic from integrable regimes. We observe nonclassical behaviors: the quasiprobability typically has negative components. It becomes nonreal in some regimes. The onset of scrambling breaks a symmetry that bifurcates the quasiprobability, as in classical-chaos pitchforks. Finally, we present mathematical properties. We define an extended KD quasiprobability that generalizes the KD distribution. The quasiprobability obeys a Bayes-type theorem, for example, that exponentially decreases the memory required to calculate weak values, in certain cases. A time-ordered correlator analogous to the OTOC, insensitive to quantum-information scrambling, depends on a quasiprobability closer to a classical probability. This work not only illuminates the OTOC's underpinnings, but also generalizes quasiprobability theory and motivates immediate-future weak-measurement challenges.
Stability of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides irradiated by soft X-rays and low energy electrons

Semiconducting two-dimensional materials (2DMs) such as molybdenum disulfide and tungsten diselenide have attracted significant attention due to their unique electronic properties. Understanding their nanoscale radiation tolerance is needed for developing radiation-hardened nanoelectronics. Here, we report that the XPS environment of soft X-ray (E = 1.486 keV) exposure in a vacuum combined with a low energy electron flood gun leads to charge accumulation in the 2D layers over time, with little impact on layer chemistry. Additionally, the charging that induced the 2DM/substrate heterostructure depends more on the growth technique, the size of as-grown domains, and the surface coverage of the 2DM than the conductivity of the substrate. Charging is minimized for the combination of a continuous 2DM film and strong coupling between the 2DM and the substrate.
High hepatitis C cure rates among black and nonblack human immunodeficiency virus–infected adults in an urban center

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure rates have been similar in patients with and without HIV co-infection; however, in the ION-4 study, black patients treated with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir were significantly less likely to achieve cure (90%) compared to non-black patients (99%). There are limited real world data on the effectiveness of oral direct acting antivirals (DAAs) in predominantly minority HIV/HCV co-infected populations. Methods We analyzed HCV treatment outcomes among 255 HCV co-infected patients initiating DAAs between February 2014 and March 2016 in an urban clinic in Baltimore, Maryland. To facilitate adherence, patients received standardized HIV nurse/pharmacist support which included nurse visits and telephone calls. Results The median age was 43 years, 88% were black, 73% male, 69% had a history of injection drug use, 45% a history of hazardous alcohol use and 57% a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Median CD4 count was 577 (IQR 397-820) cells/mm3; most (97%) were on antiretroviral therapy, had HIV RNA 3.25 (17%, cirrhosis)] and 30% were HCV treatment experienced. The majority of patients received ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin (91%) and were treated for 12 weeks. Overall, the sustained virologic response rate was 97% (95% confidence interval [CI] 93-98) and did not vary by race (black, 96% [95% CI 93-98]; Non-black 97%, [95% CI 83-99]), history of injection drug use, alcohol use or psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusion HCV treatment was highly effective among HIV-infected patients who received care within an integrated nurse/pharmacist adherence support program. These results suggest that race and psychosocial comorbidity may not be barriers to HCV elimination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Classroom Simulation Activity to Visualize Energy and Matter Transformation in Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Undergraduate introductory biology students at the university level often struggle to trace movement of matter and energy through catabolic and anabolic processes in biological systems. A sequential guided simulation of cellular respiration and photosynthesis provides students an opportunity to actively model and visualize matter transformation and energy accumulation and degradation through the movement of molecular and energy “game pieces.” The activity was designed to help students generate a simplified outline of these two highly complex processes, while reinforcing the principles of conservation of matter and energy. My students participated in this activity during peer-led review sessions in an undergraduate, introductory, majors biology course (ca.150 students in 18 SI sessions over two semesters), but instructors could also easily adapt it for use in small lecture or laboratory classrooms, introductory cell biology, physiology, and ecology courses, or with high school students.
Core Practices in Music Teaching: A Delphi Expert Panel Survey:

The pedagogical content knowledge framework has been used to decipher the complexities of teaching by integrating subject matter knowledge with knowledge of teaching and knowledge of learners. Rese...
The ascent of molecules

A collection of articles in this issue focuses on the chemical origin of life — how simple molecules present on the early Earth could have evolved into the complex dynamic biochemistry that we know today.
Our humanity contains multitudes: Dehumanization is more than overlooking mental capacities.

A longstanding conclusion of work on dehumanization is that the denial of humanity facilitates violence, in part by loosening restraints against harming others (1⇓–3). Rai et al. (4) propose that dehumanization only begets instrumental violence. They claim that dehumanization does not facilitate moral violence because moral violence necessitates blame and dehumanization denies the capacity to act intentionally. However, Rai et al. define dehumanization too narrowly—exclusively as the denial of mind—and thus fail to provide a comprehensive test of this hypothesis. There are many ways to deny humanity. One can deny cognitive capacities, like self-control and rationality, or emotional capacities, like love and embarrassment. Beyond … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: KMF2168{at}gsb.columbia.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Setting the Stage: What You Can Learn (and Not) from the Medical Records and How to Use Them

A requesting party who has asked a physician to perform an IME should send a cover letter that briefly introduces the medical issues that are either in dispute or for which need clarification. This cover letter should contain specific questions that the IME physician is asked to address.
Neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent killing of herpes-simplex-virus-infected cells.

The ability of neutrophils to serve as effectors of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied using herpes-simplex- virus-infected (HSV-infected) human embryonic lung cells as targets. Killing of infected cells by neutrophils required HSV-immune serum and did not take place in the presence of nonimmune serum or in the absence of serum. Uninfected cells were not killed. ADCC was evident by 30 min and reached a value of 66% by 4 hr at an effector:target ratio of 100:1. Cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were as effective as normal cells, and this indicates that ADCC could be mediated by processes that are independent of the respiratory burst.
Admittance Control of Motorized Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycle

Abstract Motorized functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is a promising rehabilitation option for individuals with neurological conditions. Closed-loop motorized FES cycling requires multiple controllers to actuate the rider’s muscles through FES and the cycle’s electric motor, ultimately resulting in cooperative human-robot interaction. In this paper, the rider’s muscle track cadence when kinematically efficient and the cycle’s electric motor tracks admittance, guaranteeing stable, safe interaction. A Lyapunov-like switched systems analysis is utilized to conclude global exponential tracking of the cadence error system and passivity of the cycle’s admittance controller with respect to the rider. Multiple experiments are conducted on one able-bodied participant to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed controller and investigate the effect of manipulating individual admittance parameters.
Skeletal surveys lack efficacy in obtunded polytrauma patients.

Objectives To evaluate if a skeletal survey protocol initiated after 48 hours of intubation will decrease time to diagnosis and the treatment of occult fractures in the obtunded polytrauma patient. Design Prospective cohort trial with a retrospective cohort comparison arm. Setting A single level 1 trauma center. Patients Forty-seven patients were identified prospectively for the skeletal survey protocol to screen for occult fractures. The results of the new protocol were compared to a retrospective comparison arm of 46 patients who would have met the same criteria. Intervention A skeletal survey protocol using 2-view x-rays of the patients' extremities to evaluate for any occult injuries after 48 hours of intubation in trauma patients with altered mental status and an unreliable tertiary examination. Main Outcome Measure Time to diagnosis of delayed fractures and surgical intervention from date of admission. Results The average time to fracture diagnosis and time to surgical intervention in days was not statistically significant between the retrospective and prospective groups [fracture diagnosis: 1.6 ± 5.1 (retrospective) versus 0.5 ± 0.9 (prospective) (P = .159); time to initial surgery: 2.7 ± 5.6 (retrospective) versus 1.1 ± 1.7 (prospective) (P = .064); time to final surgery: 5.3 ± 8.5 (retrospective) versus 2.4 ± 3.0 (prospective) (P = .029)]. In addition, only 24% (4/17) of patients with a delayed fracture diagnosis required surgical intervention making most nonoperative. Conclusions Given the inability to have a clinically or statistically significant impact on time to fracture diagnosis or subsequent treatment, we cannot advocate for the routine use of a skeletal survey protocol in obtunded polytrauma patients.Level of Evidence: Level III.
HLA Class I-sensitized Renal Transplant Patients Have Antibody Binding to SLA Class I Epitopes.

Background Highly sensitized patients are difficult to match with suitable renal allograft donors and may benefit from xenotransplant trials. We evaluate antibody binding from sensitized patients to pig cells and engineered single allele cells to identify anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody cross-species reactivity with swine leukocyte antigen (SLA). These novel testing strategies assess HLA/SLA epitopes and antibody-binding patterns and introduce genetic engineering of SLA epitopes. Methods Sensitized patient sera were grouped by calculated panel reactive antibody and luminex single antigen reactivity profile and were tested with cloned GGTA1/CMAH/B4GalNT2 glycan knockout porcine cells. Pig reactivity was assessed by direct flow cytometric crossmatch and studied following elution from pig cells. To study the antigenicity of individual class I HLA and SLA alleles in cells, irrelevant sera binding to lymphoblastoid cells were minimized by CRISPR/Cas9 elimination of endogenous class I and class II HLA, B-cell receptor, and Fc receptor genes. Native HLA, SLA, and mutants of these proteins after mutating 144K to Q were assessed for antibody binding. Results Those with predominately anti-HLA-B&C antibodies, including Bw6 and Bw4 sensitization, frequently have low pig reactivity. Conversely, antibodies eluted from porcine cells are more commonly anti-HLA-A. Single HLA/SLA expressing engineered cells shows variable antigenicity and mutation of 144K to Q reduces antibody binding for some sensitized patients. Conclusions Anti-HLA antibodies cross-react with SLA class I in predictable patterns, which can be identified with histocompatibility strategies, and SLA class I is a possible target of genetic engineering.
Building Capacity for Mental Health Literacy of Suicidality and Self-Injurious Behaviors: a Formative Design Investigation

Teachers receive minimal training regarding mental health literacy and more specifically behavioral indicators for suicide ideation, suicidality, and self-injurious behaviors that may be occurring among their students. Yet, research has identified the value of training teachers on self-injury and suicide as findings indicate that intentional trainings can increase participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in supporting students at risk for self-injury and/or suicide. In this formative design study, the development of an online curriculum was explored. Further, the pilot data was collected after a field test of two of the modules of the Behavioral Indicator Training (BIT) program. Results indicate an improvement in knowledge of behavioral indicators and improved self-efficacy for recognizing suicide ideation, suicidality, and self-injurious behavioral indicators.
Copper Cyanide-Catalyzed Palladium Coupling of N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Protected α-Lithio Amines with Aryl Iodides or Vinyl Iodides

Treatment of (α-aminoalkyl)lithium reagents with aryl iodides in the presence of catalytic amounts of CuCN and PdCl2(PPh3)2 or [(p-MeOC6H4)3P]4Pd affords 2-aryl substituted amines in modest to good yields. The yields can be improved by use of softer ligands such as AsPh3 and SbPh3 or by use of bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf). Coupled products are obtained with electron-rich aryl iodides (XArI, X = Me, OMe), and the reaction fails with electron-poor aryl iodides (XArI, X = NO2, CO2Li). Treatment of the (α-aminoalkyl)lithium reagents with vinyl iodides and Pd(0)/dppf/CuCN afforded the coupling products in low to modest yields.
Precision measurement of relative permittivity of aluminum oxide for a high power resonant waveguide window with low return loss

Abstract An iterative method of estimating permittivity and window thickness with high precision is developed for half wavelength resonant waveguide windows for use in a lower hybrid launcher for DIII-D. The high Q factor of half-wavelength windows results in extreme sensitivity of return loss on small deviations in permittivity. Permittivity and loss tangent measurements of Morgan AL-995 99.5% aluminum oxide ceramic using a waveguide resonant cavity per ASTM D2520-13 determine variation of permittivity with frequency. Measurement of window resonant frequency in conjunction with the slope of permittivity from waveguide cavity measurements determine required thickness of a resonant window within 5 MHz of the desired resonant frequency. Methods to improve measurement accuracy of resonant peaks on a vector network analyzer are discussed. A sensitivity study to dimensional variations in window or sample rod geometry, and shift in resonant frequency due to RF heating of the window material is conducted.
The power of place: Trauma recovery and memorialization

In this paper, places of trauma, physical locations that reflect the Celtic spiritual concept of “thin places,” simultaneously represent real life events, possess symbolic meaning, and become places for active, engaged social activity related to memorialization. I explore how these places create a potential space for working through trauma, drawing on Judith Herman’s fundamental stages of recovery which she articulates as “establishing safety, reconstructing the trauma story, and restoring the connection between survivors and their communities.” I argue that memorial museums attending to trauma can guide the process of working through suffering to growth and transformation, thus benefiting witnesses, survivors and family members, and employees who immerse themselves in the stories they memorialize in order to facilitate empathy and emotional availability to visitors of all types. This community commemorating communal
Evaluating the impact of trauma and PTSD on epigenetic prediction of lifespan and neural integrity.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder that develops in some people following trauma exposure. Trauma and PTSD have been associated with accelerated cellular aging. This study evaluated the effect of trauma and PTSD on accelerated GrimAge, an epigenetic predictor of lifespan, in traumatized civilians. This study included 218 individuals with current PTSD, 427 trauma-exposed controls without any history of PTSD and 209 subjects with lifetime PTSD history who are not categorized as current PTSD cases. The Traumatic Events Inventory (TEI) and Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) were used to measure lifetime trauma burden and PTSD, respectively. DNA from whole blood was interrogated using the MethylationEPIC or HumanMethylation450 BeadChips. GrimAge estimates were calculated using the methylation age calculator. Cortical thickness of 69 female subjects was assessed by using T1-weighted structural MRI images. Associations between trauma exposure, PTSD, cortical thickness, and GrimAge acceleration were tested with multiple regression models. Lifetime trauma burden (p = 0.03), current PTSD (p = 0.02) and lifetime PTSD (p = 0.005) were associated with GrimAge acceleration, indicative of a shorter predicted lifespan. The association with lifetime PTSD was replicated in an independent cohort (p = 0.04). In the MRI sub sample, GrimAge acceleration also associated with cortical atrophy in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (padj = 0.03) and right posterior cingulate (padj = 0.04), brain areas associated with emotion-regulation and threat-regulation. Our findings suggest that lifetime trauma and PTSD may contribute to a higher epigenetic-based mortality risk. We also demonstrate a relationship between cortical atrophy in PTSD-relevant brain regions and shorter predicted lifespan.
Real-World Analysis of Guideline-Based Therapy After Hospitalization for Heart Failure.

Background Patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction have high risk of rehospitalization or death. Despite guideline recommendations based on high‐quality evidenc...
Evolution of Blister-type H II Regions in a Magnetized Medium

We use the three-dimensional Athena ionizing radiation-magnetohydrodynamics code to simulate blister-type H II regions driven by stars on the edge of magnetized gas clouds. We compare these to simulations of spherical H II regions where the star is embedded deep within a cloud, and to non-magnetized simulations of both types, in order to compare their ability to drive turbulence and influence star formation. We find that magnetized blister H II regions can be very efficient at injecting energy into clouds. This is partly a magnetic effect: the magnetic energy added to a cloud by an H II region is comparable to or larger than the kinetic energy, and magnetic fields can also help collimate the ejected gas, increasing its energy yield. As a result of these effects, a blister H II region expanding into a cloud with a magnetic field perpendicular to its edge injects twice as much energy by 5 Myr as a non-magnetized blister H II region driven by a star of the same luminosity. Blister H II regions are also more efficient at injecting kinetic energy than spherical H II regions, due to the recoil provided by escaping gas, but not as much as predicted by some analytic approximations.