cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutational analysis of the functional role of conserved arginine and lysine residues in transmembrane domains of the murine reduced folate carrier.

The reduced folate carrier (RFC1) plays a major role in the delivery of folates into mammalian cells. RFC1 is an anion exchanger with seven conserved positively charged amino acid residues within 12 predicted transmembrane domains. This article explores the role of these residues in transport function by the development of cell lines in which arginines and lysines in RFC1 were replaced with leucine by site-directed mutagenesis. Three cell lines transfected with R131L, R155L, or R366L all lacked activity, despite high levels of protein expression in the plasma membrane, suggesting the crucial role of these amino acid residues in RFC1 function. In several mutant carriers, R26L, R42L, and K332L, there was little or no change in the influx K t value for MTX or influx K i value for folic acid. However, the R26L, R42L, and K332L carriers had decreased affinity for reduced folates. This was most prominent for K404L, which had 11- and 4-fold increases in influx K i for 5-methyl-THF and 5-formyl-THF, respectively, compared with L1210 cells. The marked influx stimulation observed with wild-type carrier when extracellular chloride was decreased was significantly diminished when influx was mediated by the K404L carrier, but was only slightly decreased with the R26L, R42L, and K332L mutants. This suggested that the K404 residue may be a major site of inhibition by chloride in the wild-type carrier. These studies indicate the important role that some positively charged residues within transmembrane domains of RFC1 play in RFC1 function.
On the nucleation ofθ′ and T1 on Al3Zr precipitates in Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloys

Two quaternary Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloys have been investigated using electron microscopy. Ageing at 190° C resulted in the nucleation ofθ′ precipitates on the Al3Zr/matrix interface in addition to heterogeneous nucleation on matrix dislocations. In the majority of cases, the broad, coherent face of theθ′ plans ms in contact with the Al3Zr precipitates. Similar evidence showed that nucleation of T1 precipitates occurred on the Al3Zr, but to a lesser extent thanθ′. Solid-solid nucleation theory has been used to account for the Al3Zr acting as a nucleation substrate.
afsR2: a previously undetected gene encoding a 63‐amino‐acid protein that stimulates antibiotic production in Streptomyces lividans

Earlier work has shown that the afsR genetic locus promotes formation of the pigmented antibiotics actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin in Streptomyces lividans and its close relative, Streptomyces coelicolor. A protein designated as AfsR has been implicated in this activity. We report here the existence of a previously unknown gene, afsR2, which is separate from and adjacent to the AfsR-encoding sequence and which, when present at high copy number, (i) stimulates transcription of biosynthetic and regulatory genes in the actinorhodin gene cluster (act), and (ii) stimulates the synthesis of undecylprodigiosin. We show that the effects of afsR2 on actinorhodin synthesis are mediated through transcription of the actII-ORF4 locus, which encodes a transcriptional activator of other genes in the act cluster. Analysis of the cloned afsR2 gene indicates that its activity is the result of the 63-amino-acid protein it specifies.
Social Desirability Response Set and the Eysenck Personality Inventory

Summary The two dimensions of personality, extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), were tested for their social desirability response set and their independence. Results from a collegiate sample (N = 282) show that E and N scales were susceptible to social desirability response bias for males and females, respectively. This bias could not be overcome by eliminating Ss who reported higher scores on the lie scale included in the EPI. The dimensionality of the two scales for the male Ss is questionable.
Conceptual framework for single pilot operations

Single pilot operations (SPO) refers to flying a commercial aircraft with only one pilot in the cockpit, assisted by advanced onboard automation and/or ground operators providing piloting support services. Properly implemented, SPO could provide operating cost savings while maintaining a level of safety no less than conventional two-pilot commercial operations. A concept of operations (ConOps) for any paradigm describes the characteristics of its various components and their integration in a multidimensional design space. This paper presents key options for human/automation function allocation being considered by NASA in its ongoing development of a SPO ConOps.
Gel Microdroplets: Rapid Detection and Enumeration of Individual Microorganisms by their Metabolic Activity

We report a new, flexible method for rapid detection and enumeration of individual microorganisms using small (e.g. 10 to 100 micron diameter) gel particles surrounded by a non-aqueous liquid with low dielectric constant. Primary samples without prior cultivation can be used. In the present study, gel microdroplets (GMDs) surrounded by an inert oil were statistically inoculated such that GMDs had a high probability of initially containing either zero or one acid-producing microorganism. Such GMDs retained dissociable metabolites produced by individual cells (or microcolonies) within the small GMD volume. The accumulated metabolic acids led to rapid changes in pH within GMDs initially occupied by one microorganism or colony forming unit (CFU), while GMDs with zero microorganisms had unchanged pH. The cumulative activity within individual GMDs was then determined using pH sensitive fluorescence indicators. This method was used to enumerate individual cell viability directly, without any prior culture, from clinically infected urine samples in about 1.5 hours for several rapidly growing pathogens, and was in agreement with much slower conventional culture methods. Because GMDs can be made readily in large numbers, and because many indicator systems can be used, GMDs used with automated measurement apparatus should have wide applicability.
Pigmented olfactory neuroblastoma: a new example of melanotic neuroepithelial neoplasm

The light and electron microscopic features of a pigmented olfactory neuroblastoma are described. The neuroblastic nature of the tumor was confirmed by the demonstration of axons, some of which originated from the neoplastic cells, and by the presence of dense-core vesicles in the perikarya and processes of the tumor cells. The tumor contained a large amount of pigment, most of which had the histochemical reactions of melanin, but some of which had that of lipofuscin. Electron microscopy failed to demonstrate the presence of melanosomes or premelanosomes: the pigment showed some of the features of neuromelanin, although the fine structural appearances were not typical. The pigment was interpreted in this case as presumably representing a modified catecholamine degradation product, perhaps related to lipofuscin. The presence of melanotic pigment in an example of olfactory neuroblastoma, unreported until now, augments the list of neurogenic neoplasms in which an association with melanin formation has been described. The significance of this association in tumors originating from the nervous system or its coverings needs further investigation, as the nature of pigment appears to be heterogeneous. These tumors may contain either melanosomal pigment or pigment identified as neuromelanin (or a related substance), seemingly regardless of the derivation of the pigment-bearing cells.
Multispacecraft observations of microscale fluctuations in the solar wind

Data from the Explorer 33 and 35 satellites were used to study Alfvenic fluctuations (i.e., fluctuations with a high correlation between perturbation in velocity and magnetic field) in the solar wind. It was found that the average minimum variance method does not give a good estimate of the phase front direction of these fluctuations. There is a distinct class of Alfvenic fluctuations with phase planes nearly parallel to the mean field B sub 0. The characteristic length of the phase fronts of the fluctuations is probably significantly greater than 50 R-E. It is concluded that since tangential discontinuities and possibly other types of static structures appear in Alfvenic fluctuations, these fluctuations are not solely Alfven waves.
Queue-Proportional Rate Allocation with Per-Link Information in Multihop Networks

The backpressure scheduling algorithm for multihop wireless networks is known to be throughput optimal, but it requires each node to maintain per-destination queues. Recently, a clever generalization of processor sharing has been proposed which is also throughput optimal, but which only uses per-link queues. Here we propose another algorithm called Queue Proportional Rate Allocation (QPRA) which also only uses per-link queues, and allocates service rates to links in proportion to their queue-lengths and employs the Serve-In-Random-Order (SIRO) discipline within each link. Through fluid limit techniques and using a novel Lyapunov function, we show that the QPRA achieves the maximum throughput. We demonstrate an advantage of QPRA by showing that, for the so-called primary interference model, it is able to develop a low-complexity scheduling scheme which approximates QPRA and achieves a constant fraction of the maximum throughput region, independent of network size.
Evidence that the deep keratin filament systems of the Xenopus embryo act to ensure normal gastrulation.

Abstract To study the role of keratin filaments in Xenopus development, fertilized eggs were injected with anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies. The anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies AE1 and AE3 induce abnormal gastrulation; in the most severely affected embryos gastrulation fails completely. In contrast, embryos injected with the anti-keratin antibody 1h5 develop normally. Immunocytochemical data indicate that injected 1h5 binds to the dense superficial keratin filament system of the embryo but not to the deeper keratin filament networks of ectodermal and subectodermal cells. Injected AE1 and AE3 do not bind to the superficial keratin system but appear to interact preferentially with the deep keratin filament systems of the embryo. We conclude that the superficial keratin filament system is not involved in the process of gastrulation per se but may protect the embryo from mechanical damage. On the other hand, our results suggest that the integrity of the deeper keratin filament systems is required for the mechanical integration of the morphogenetic movements that underlie gastrulation in Xenopus.
MODELING OF THREE PHASE NONCATALYTIC BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS

Mathematical models have been developed for the design of bubble column slurry reactors wherein the particles with nonuniform distribution of solid reactant take part in the reaction and follow the shrinking core model. The cases of external mass transfer control, ash layer diffusion control and chemical reaction control have been analyzed using solid distribution functions presented by Dudukovic (1984). It was found that the nonuniformity of solid reactant can strongly affect the reactor performance. Correction factors for modifying the performance charts of Joshi el al. (1981) who considered only uniform solid reactant distribution are presented for design and scale-up purposes.
Memory units, ideas, and propositions in semantic remembering

Two-dimensional recall shows that text-based story recall and retrieval of textless semantic knowledge involve the recall of distinct recurrent memory units which are clustered consistently in repeated recall. Most memory units contain a single idea and most clusters contain two or three memory units. The recall units involved in story recall correspond closely to the propositional units determined by an independent propositional analysis, and the organization of recall corresponds closely to the propositional structure determined independently by application of a story-grammar. This correspondence shows that story recall involves the recall of propositional units organized by a story schema.
A six-dimensional approach to online privacy

The purpose of this paper is to provide a common framework for communicating and discussing privacy issues. To achieve this objective, the concept of an Information Privacy Unit (IPU) was introduced where all the possible ways of addressing privacy concerns were incorporated. This led to viewing privacy instances as a point in a six-dimensional space composed of the six interrogatives of the English language (What, When, Who, Where, Why and How). This approach can also be used to define guidelines for implementing privacy policies in software that act as mediators (browsers) or as representatives (clients, servers) of interacting entities.
Inhibition of Phosphorylation of Synapsin I and Other Synaptosomal Proteins by β-Bungarotoxin, a Phospholipase A2 Neurotoxin

Some snake venom neurotoxins, such as beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BuTX), which possess relatively low phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, act presynaptically to alter acetylcholine (ACh) release both in the periphery and in the CNS. In investigating the mechanism of this action, we found that beta-BuTX (5 and 15 nM) inhibited phosphorylation, in both resting and depolarized synaptosomes, of a wide range of proteins, including synapsin I. Naja naja atra PLA2, which has higher PLA2 activity, also inhibited phosphorylation but was less potent than beta-BuTX. At 1 nM, beta-BuTX and N. n. atra PLA2 inhibited phosphorylation of synapsin I only in depolarized synaptosomes. Synaptosomal ATP levels were not affected by 5 or 15 nM beta-BuTX or by 5 nM N. n. atra PLA2. Limited proteolysis, using Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease, indicated that beta-BuTX inhibited phosphorylation of synapsin I in both the head and the tail regions. The inhibition of phosphorylation was not antagonized by nordihydroguaiaretic acid or indomethacin, suggesting that arachidonic acid derivatives do not mediate this inhibition. Furthermore, inhibition of phosphorylation by beta-BuTX and N. n. atra PLA2 was not altered in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, suggesting that stimulation of phosphatase activity is not responsible for this inhibition. Inhibition of protein phosphorylation by PLA2 neurotoxins and enzymes may be associated with an inhibition of ACh release.
Dynamics of Ligand Escape in Myoglobin: Q-Band Transient Absorption and Four-Wave Mixing Studies

The dynamics of ligand escape from carboxymyoglobin are studied via Q-band transient absorption and diffractive optics-based four-wave mixing. The latter approach provides an interferometric method for following protein motions and energetics and allows unambiguous assignment of different signal components to specific dynamical processes, a problem that has hindered all photothermal, photoacoustic, and grating methods in the past. In particular, the real part of the four-wave mixing signal is isolated, and it is demonstrated that the excited-state population contribution to the signal can be identified and removed by tuning the probe to wavelengths where this contribution vanishes ("zero-crossings"). At these probe wavelengths, changes in the real part of the index of refraction are small compared to those of the imaginary part, making the heterodyne measurement sensitive to errors in setting the phase of the reference field. We solve this problem with a new balanced detection method that isolates the real part of the signal and is extremely robust against phase errors. The location of the zero-crossings in the population contribution to the index of refraction is found to be complicated by the presence of spectral shifts in the transient absorption that can be characterized and removed with a time-dependent Kramers-Kronig analysis. The spectral shifts are most apparent near the isosbestic points and show similar dynamics to the four-wave mixing signal, suggesting that both are sensitive to the same dynamical processes. These dynamics were observed previously by using four-wave mixing with an off-resonant probe and were assigned to CO migration out of the protein via a number of discrete channels. It appears that both the photoinduced protein conformational relaxation and CO migration through the protein contribute to the transient absorption signal, making the two effects difficult to separate. The direct coupling of the protein motions to the index of refraction changes in the four-wave mixing experiments aids in distinguishing the two processes.
The development of alum rates to enhance the remediation of phosphorus in fluvial systems following manure spills

Following the remediation of animal manure spills that reach surface waters, contaminated streambed sediments are often left in place and become a source for internal phosphorus (P) loading within the stream in subsequent flow. The objective of this study was to develop treatment rates and combinations of alum and CaCO(3) to mitigate P from contaminated sediments of different particle size distributions following a manure spill. Sediment specific alum and CaCO(3) treatment rates were developed based upon the resultant alum treatment ranges established for each sediment type. Clay loam sediments required 54% more alum to mitigate P desorption relative to sediments that contain at least 60% sand. Amending sediments with the highest rates of alum/alum + CaCO(3), resulted in a 98-100% reduction in P desorption and a similar water column pH for all sediments types. Observations from this study demonstrated the effectiveness of alum/alum + CaCO(3) to increase P retention in sediments following a manure spill.
A dynamic systems model of dyadic interaction

We develop a differential equation model of dyadic interaction that embodies the basic assumption that members of intimate couples form an interactive system in which the behavior of each member of a couple is influenced by the other's behavior and by goals that each person has for herself or himself. The dynamic solutions of this system suggest that when each person in the dyad is “cooperative”, then an equilibrium can be approached. The equilibrium represents a compromise position between the individuals’ own ideals and those of the partner. On the other hand, if one individual, or both, is uncooperative, then this system often, but not always, becomes unstable. One paradoxical deduction from the model is that, through mutual cooperation, couples can experience periods of stability, but such stable situations are not necessarily satisfying.
A touchscreen game to induce mental workload on human subjects

A touch-screen game with an easy and difficult level is introduced with two game difficulties carefully designed with the hope that the game can induce lower/higher mental workload on subjects playing the game. Effectiveness of the game in inducing mental workload is assessed both subjectively via surveys and objectively via analysis of heart rate and skin conductance of participating 13 subjects.
Uranus' (3-0) H2 quadrupole line profiles

Spectra of Uranus' S3(0) and S3(1) H2 quadrupole lines, obtained during the 1978-1980 apparitions, are analyzed, and are found to require the presence of a deep cloud. Modifications of the Baines and Bergstralh (1986) standard model, including an additional haze layer above the 16-km-am H2 level which contains strongly absorbing particles, are needed to fit the observations. For a Rayleigh phase function, such a haze (uniformly mixed with the gas above this level) would have an absorption optical depth of 0.16 and a single scattering particle albedo of 0.30. This modification would imply a fraction of normal H2 equal to 0.25 + or - 0.10, in agreement with the Baines and Bergstralh standard model.
Effect of a Constant Electrical Field on Germanium Fast Surface States

The experimental evidence regarding the effect of electric fields on the fast states of germanium is, at present, contradictory: Litovchenko and Lyashenko explained their experimental results by assuming the fields only affect the density of states but not their energy, this would support the current view on charge transfer through the semiconductor oxide layer. Rzhanov et al., on the other hand, reported field-induced changes in energy as well as density. To resolve this question, careful measurements of surface recombination velocity and surface conductivity were performed before and after application of dc fields of about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ volts/cm. Though the effect of the field on the surface state density was much smaller than that found by Litovchenko and Lyashenko, the experimental results indicated clearly that the energy and ratio of capture cross sections were indeed unaffected by the field. It was also found that in wet ambients an ac field shifted the unperturbed surface potential by more than $+5\mathrm{kT}$.
On the Scalability and Requirements of Whole Protein Mass Spectrometry

Top-down proteomics has improved over the past decade despite the significant challenges presented by the analysis of large protein ions. Here, the detection of these high mass species by electrospray-based mass spectrometry (MS) is examined from a theoretical perspective to understand the mass-dependent increases in the number of charge states, isotopic peaks, and interfering species present in typical protein mass spectra. Integrating these effects into a quantitative model captures the reduced ability to detect species over 25 kDa with the speed and sensitivity characteristic of proteomics based on <3 kDa peptide ions. The model quantifies the challenge that top-down proteomics faces with respect to current MS instrumentation and projects that depletion of (13)C and (15)N isotopes can improve detection at high mass by only <2-fold at 100 kDa whereas the effect is up to 5-fold at 10 kDa. Further, we find that supercharging electrosprayed proteins to the point of producing <5 charge states at high mass would improve detection by more than 20-fold.
Transperineal Prostate Biopsy After Abdominoperineal Resection

ABSTRACTPurpose: Prostate cancer evaluation in men who have undergone abdominoperineal resection poses a challenge for urologists. Diagnosis and staging methods are limited because as access to the prostate via digital rectal examination is not possible. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) has been used to screen for malignancy in this population. However, the conventional diagnostic technique with transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies cannot be used. Transperineal ultrasound and biopsy have been described to evaluate the prostate in this setting. We report our experience with transperineal ultrasound biopsy for evaluating the prostate in patients with elevated PSA who have previously undergone abdominoperineal resection.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 28 patients treated at 2 institutions. All patients had a history of abdominoperineal resection and subsequent transperineal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy for evaluating elevated PSA. Mean serum PSA in this population was 22 ng./ml. (medi...
Behavioral state dependence of homo- and hetero-synaptic modulation of dentate gyrus excitability

The effects of two different waking behavioral states on the modulation of perforant, path-evoked population spikes were studied following prestimulation of either the perforant path itself, the dentate gyrus commissural/association pathway, or the medial septum. The intermediate-latency, post-inhibitory ‘rebound’ of the population spike, which normally follows short-latency, perforant path or commissure-induced inhibition, was substantially increased during forced locomotion on a treadmill, compared with quiet wakefulness. There was no effect of these behavioral states either on the short-latency inhibitory phase itself or on the average magnitude of the unconditioned population spike. The short-latency, GABA-mediated disinhibitory effect of medial septal prestimulation was slightly reduced by walking, as might be expected from the increased feedforward excitatory drive on hippocampal interneurons that occurs during walking. Septal prestimulation during walking also led to a large, intermediate-latency spike facilitation that was completely absent during the quiet, awake state. Lesions of the medial septum attenuated the effects of behavioral state on the post-inhibitory facilitation from both perforant path and commissural stimulation. Atropine reduced the walking-induced increase in intermediate-latency facilitation, but had no effect in the still condition. We conclude that, during walking, electrical stimulation within the hippocampal formation or septum leads to a delayed increase in dentate gyrus excitability that is probably mediated polysynaptically through the medial septum or fibers passing through it. This state dependency is not due to tonic suppression of the inhibitory systems within the dentate gyrus itself.
Successor states in a four-state ambiguous figure

The satiation theory of ambiguous figures holds that interpretation shifts are caused by fatigue of neural arrangements responsible for the prevailing interpretation. A four-state multistable figure is introduced, in which two depicted cubes can be seen as connected or unconnected and as facing up or facing down. Observers viewed the figure for 4 min. When descriptive labels were used for the interpretations, shifts to interpretations that shared neither dimension were significantly more frequent than shifts that conserved orientation or connection/disconnection. However, all types of transitions were equally likely when arbitrary letter codes were used, implying that the putatively fatigued assemblies can be dedicated to whole figures or to their characteristics, depending on observer expectations.
Infracomunidades de parásitos eumetazoos del bagre de mar Aphos porosus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Actinopterygii: Batrachoidiformes) en Chile central

This study describes and quantifies the eumetazoan parasite community of the toadfish Aphos porosus (Valenciennes, 1837). To accomplish this purpose, 30 toad...
The Interaction between Base Compositional Heterogeneity and Among-Site Rate Variation in Models of Molecular Evolution

Many commonly used models of molecular evolution assume homogeneous nucleotide frequencies. A deviation from this assumption has been shown to cause problems for phylogenetic inference. However, some claim that only extreme heterogeneity affects phylogenetic accuracy and suggest that violations of other model assumptions, such as variable rates among sites, are more problematic. In order to explore the interaction between compositional heterogeneity and variable rates among sites, I reanalyzed 3 real heterogeneous datasets using several models. My Bayesian inference recovers accurate topologies under variable rates-among-sites models, but fails under some models that account for compositional heterogeneity. I also ran simulations and found that accounting for rates among sites improves topology accuracy in compositionally heterogeneous data. This indicates that in some cases, models accounting for among-site rate variation can improve outcomes for data that violates the assumption of compositional homogeneity.
Clinical Research and the Development of Medical Therapeutics

Clinical research plays a central role in the development of medical therapeutics, but the current system is estimated to take 10-15 years from initial discovery to regulatory approval, at a cost of approximately US$1 billion. Contrast the paths by which 2 anticoagulant options for atrial fibrillation were discovered and ultimately established as treatment options in clinical medicine. Warfarin was discovered by serendipity and compared with placebo in relatively small trials; this was associated with a low cost of development. The new oral anticoagulants were synthesized to provide highly specific, targeted inhibition of critical steps in the coagulation system. They were compared with warfarin for prevention of stroke and systemic embolic events in large, phase 3 trials; this resulted in very expensive development programs. Neither of these paths is desirable for future development of therapeutics. We need to focus on innovative approaches at the preclinical level (systems approach, greater use of inducible pluripotent stem cells, use of novel bioengineering platforms) and clinical trial level (adaptive design, greater use of new and emerging technology). Focusing on disruptive innovations for development of medical therapeutics has the potential to bring us closer to the goal of precision medicine where safer, more effective treatments are discovered in a more efficient system.
pH tuning of DNA translocation time through organically functionalized nanopores.

Controlling DNA translocation speed is critically important for nanopore sequencing as free electrophoretic threading is far too rapid to resolve individual bases. A number of promising strategies have been explored in recent years, largely driven by the demands of next-generation sequencing. Engineering DNA–nanopore interactions (known to dominate translocation dynamics) with organic coatings is an attractive method as it does not require sample modification, processive enzymes, or complicated and expensive fabrication steps. In this work, we show for the first time 4-fold tuning of unfolded, single-file translocation time through small, amine-functionalized solid-state nanopores by varying the solution pH in situ. Additionally, we develop a simple analytical model based on electrostatic interactions to explain this effect which will be a useful tool in designing future devices and experiments.
Rank- r decision trees are a subclass of r -decision lists

Abstract In this note, we prove that the concept class of rank-r decision trees (defined by Ehrenfeucht and Haussler) is contained within the class of r-decision lists (defined by Rivest). Each class if known to be learnable in polynomial time in the PAC model, for constant r. One result of this note, however, is that the simpler algorithm of Rivest can be used for both.
Seafloor Acoustic Remote Sensing with Multibeam Echo-Sounders and Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar Systems

This paper examines the potential for remote classification of seafloor terrains using a combination of quantitative acoustic backscatter measurements and high resolution bathymetry derived from two classes of sonar systems currently used by the marine research community: multibeam echo-sounders and bathymetric sidescans sonar systems. The high-resolution bathymetry is important, not only to determine the topography of the area surveyed, but to provide accurate bottom slope corrections needed to convert the arrival angles of the seafloor echoes received by the sonars into true angles of incidence. An angular dependence of seafloor acoustic backscatter can then be derived for each region surveyed, making it possible to construct maps of acoustic backscattering strength in geographic coordinates over the areas of interest. Such maps, when combined with the high-resolution bathymetric maps normally compiled from the data output by the above sonar systems, could be very effective tools to quantify bottom types on a regional basis, and to develop automatic seafloor classification routines.
The Azerbaijani scrub: a simple method to harvest large amounts of stratum corneum.

Background The study of skin barrier constituents may require collection of much stratum corneum. Existing methods are inadequate and/or difficult. Methods A simple and safe method to harvest stratum corneum from glabrous human skin derives from the bathing practices of people in Azerbaijan. The method requires water immersion of the subject for 30 min immediately followed by vigorous scrubbing of skin with a moist rough crepe mitten. Results• This scrubbing method causes the separation of large amounts of stratum corneum which is easily harvested. Conclusion The method facilitates study of stratum corneum components, including intercellular lipids.
Beginnings Again: Looking for Education in American Histories

Donald Warren is professor of the history of education at Indiana University, where he was university dean of the School of Education from 1990-2000. This essay is adapted from his banquet address at the annual meeting of the History of Education Society, 2 November 2002, in Pittsburgh, PA. Among the colleagues to whom I am indebted for help with this essay are: Barry Bull, Joan Burstyn, Milton Gaither, Joshua B. Garrison, Robert A. Levin, B. Edward McClellan, Bruce C. Nelson, Charles A. Tesconi, Jr., and members of the Indiana University doctoral seminar on the histories of federal and state education policies in the United States. The research was supported by a grant from the office of Kenneth R.R. Gros Louis, Vice President of Indiana University and Chancellor of the Bloomington Campus.
Electronic absorption spectrum of the 2838 Å system of indole

Abstract Rotational fine structure has been recorded in the 0-0 band of the 2838 A spectrum of indole. Using recently developed techniques of band contour analysis by computer simulation it is possible to determine the excited state rotational constants ( A ′ = 0.121466, B ′= 0.053078, C ′ = 0.036937) and to assign some 26 features of the rotational spectrum. The band is found to be a hybrid with approximately 80% A (long in-plane) and 20% B (short in-plane) character. The origin of the band is 35232.10 ± 0.05 cm −1 .
Ethanol enhances tau accumulation in neuroblastoma cells that inducibly express tau

Abstract Chronic alcohol consumption causes pathological changes in the brain and neuronal loss. Ethanol toxicity may partially result from the perturbation of microtubule-associated proteins, like tau. Tau dysfunction is well known for its involvement in certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, the effect of ethanol on tau was examined using differentiated human neuroblastoma cells that inducibly express the 4R0N isoform of tau via a tetracycline-off expression system. During tau induction, ethanol exposure (1.25–5 mg/ml) dose-dependently increased tau protein levels and reduced cell viability. The increase in cell death likely resulted from tau accumulation since increased levels of tau were sufficient to reduce cell viability and ethanol was toxic to cells expressing tau but not to non-induced controls. Tau accumulation did not result from greater tetracycline-off induction since ethanol increased neither tau mRNA expression nor the expression of the tetracycline-controlled transactivator. Additionally, ethanol increased endogenous tau protein levels in neuroblastoma cells lacking the tetracycline-off induction system for tau. Ethanol delayed tau clearance suggesting ethanol impedes its degradation. Though ethanol inhibited neither cathepsin B, cathepsin D, nor chymotrypsin-like activity, it did significantly reduce calpain I expression and activity. Calpain I knockdown by shRNA increased tau levels indicating that calpain participates in tau degradation in this model. Moreover, the activation of calpain, by the calcium ionophore A23187, partially reversed the accumulation of tau resulting from ethanol exposure. Impaired calpain-mediated degradation may thus contribute to the increased accumulation of tau caused by ethanol.
The Application Of Superconductors In The Field Windings Of Large Synchronous Machines

In this paper, past experience and present knowledge are used to speculate on the applicability of superconductors in the field windings of large synchronous machines. The prospects look quite attractive for 3600 r/min and 1800 r/min turbine generators in the range of ratings from 1000-10,000 MVA. The prospects are also bright for synchronous condensers and peaking generators provided refrigeration can be supplied in an economical manner.
Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Objectives To describe the epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Data Sources Review and research articles, book chapters, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Conclusions In 2002, an estimated 1.3 million Americans were diagnosed with skin cancer. Of these, 53,000 individuals were diagnosed with melanoma, the most common fatal form of skin cancer, and more than 7,000 Americans died of melanoma. Nonmelanoma skin cancer has the highest incidence of all cancers and the rise in the rate of cutaneous melanoma exceeds all other preventable cancers. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses can act as case-finders and as advocates and educators for prevention of overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. Nurses should ascertain possible inherited risk and monitor patients for additional primary skin cancers.
Occupational allergies caused by latex

Allergy to natural rubber latex is an important cause of occupational allergy in healthcare workers. Disposable medical gloves are the major reservoir of latex allergens, particularly powdered gloves, in healthcare delivery settings. Diagnosis of latex allergy requires a history of exacerbation of cutaneous, respiratory, ocular, or systemic signs and symptoms after exposure to natural rubber latex products; and evidence of sensitization by patch testing, skin testing, measurement of latex-specific IgE antibodies, or challenge testing. Optimal management of latex allergy involves education concerning cross-reacting allergens, reduction of cutaneous or mucosal contact with dipped rubber products, and minimization of exposure to latex aeroallergens in work environments.
New-onset priapism associated with ingestion of terazosin in an otherwise healthy man

ABSTRACT Introduction Priapism has been reported as a rare effect of the commonly used alpha 1-antagonists through direct inhibition of the sympathetic input necessary for detumescence. Although previously reported as an adverse event in a patient with spinal cord injury, to the best of our knowledge, terazosin-induced priapism in an otherwise healthy man has not been previously described. Aim We describe an otherwise healthy man with lower urinary symptoms who developed priapism after ingestion of the commonly prescribed alpha-blocker terazosin. Results The priapism resolved after a combination of cavernosal aspiration and alpha-agonist administration. Conclusion Priapism is an extremely rare side effect of alpha-blocker therapy and has previously been described in association with other alpha-blockers, as well as with terazosin, in a spinal cord-injured patient. We report a case of priapism specifically associated with terazosin prescribed for lower urinary tract symptoms in an otherwise healthy man. Sadeghi-Nejad H, and Jackson I. New-onset priapism associated with ingestion of terazosin in an otherwise healthy man.
Cocaine Preexposure Fails to Sensitize the Acquisition of Cocaine-Induced Taste Aversions

In two separate experiments, rats were given either an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 10 mg/kg cocaine once a day for 10 consecutive days (Experiment 1) or a single IP injection of 40 mg/kg of cocaine (Experiment 2) prior to receiving repeated pairings of a novel saccharin solution with cocaine (32 mg/ kg; subcutaneous; SC). Although vehicle-preexposed subjects given saccharin-cocaine pairings readily acquired an aversion to the cocaine-associated saccharin solution, subjects preexposed to cocaine (whether 10 times or only once) displayed a retarded acquisition of the aversion. That is, cocaine preexposure attenuated the acquisition of cocaine-induced taste aversions. There was no difference in the degree of attenuation between the two preexposure conditions. Thus, under conditions that are effective in inducing sensitization within other behavioral preparations there was no evidence of sensitized cocaine-induced taste aversions. The results from the present investigation are similar to reports from this laboratory and others demonstrating that preexposure to cocaine, as with a range of other psychoactive drugs, results in weaker taste aversions. The basis for the attenuating effects of cocaine preexposure was discussed in terms of an adaptation to the aversive effects of cocaine.
Illumina human exome genotyping array clustering and quality control

A protocol for processing exome genotyping array data that proceeds by targeting the exome plus rare SNPs and provides a feasible, cheaper alternative to exome sequencing when analyzing data from large genome-wide association studies.
A note on specialized versus unspecialized methods for maximum‐flow problems

Abstract : A study developing highly efficient versions of both primal simplex and labeling methods for maximum flow problems has disclosed the surprising superiority of specialized primal methods. These provocative findings not only overturn standard expectation about the relative performance of simplex versus labeling approaches, but also raise the intriguing question of whether--or to what extent--it is useful to develop specialized methods for maximum flow problems. This issue was investigated by testing both specialized and unspecialized primal simplex codes on the same maximum flow problems using the same computer and compiler. Considering the possibility that some general primal network codes may be better tuned to maximum flow applications than others, a code was obtained which was timed for maximum flow problems in terms of using a special tree orientation, pricing subroutine, and pivot selection subroutine. The specialized primal code used in the tests is the SEQCS code. Hereafter it is, respectively, refer to these codes as GENERAL and SPECIAL. The tests of the two methods were conducted on four types of network structures: random (R), multi-terminal random (MR), transit grid (TG), and hard (H). It is found after testing 185 maximum flow problems embodying these diverse structures that the SPECIAL code is substantially more efficient than GENERAL, in spite of th fact that GENERAL was demonstrated superior to the specialized maximum flow procedures it was previously tested against. The R problems were generated by randomly selecting ordered node pairs to identify the arcs (avoiding duplication), and these were in turn randomly assigned capacities from a predefined interval.
Treatment of gestational trophoblastic tumors.

Gestational trophoblastic tumors (invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor) should be classified according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), World Health Organization (WHO), and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria into nonmetastatic, low-risk metastatic, and high-risk metastatic categories. Nonmetastatic tumors (FIGO Stage I) can be treated with a variety of single-agent methotrexate or actinomycin D protocols, resulting in cure of essentially all patients. Metastatic low-risk tumors (FIGO Stages II and III, WHO score 7) require combination chemotherapy with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine (EMA-CO) with or without adjuvant radiation therapy and surgery to achieve cure rates of 80% to 90%.
Path integrals for dissipative systems by tensor multiplication. Condensed phase quantum dynamics for arbitrarily long time

Abstract Feynman's influence functional that arises from many-particle environments is nonlocal in time but the nonlocality has finite range, even at very low temperature. Use of our numerically constructed quasi-adiabatic propagators permits large time steps in the path integral, such that the nonlocality of the influence functional spans only a few time steps. We exploit these observations to propose an iterative scheme for the evaluation of path integrals by stepwise multiplication of a propagator tensor, thereby making exact quantum dynamics calculations in condensed phase systems feasible for arbitrarily long times.
Ideal strength of diamond, Si, and Ge

We have calculated the ideal shear strength and ideal tensile strength of C, Si, and Ge in the diamond structure. We find ideal shear strengths of 95 GPa, 6.5 GPa, and 4.5 GPa, and ideal tensile strengths of 95 GPa, 23 GPa, and 14 GPa for C, Si, and Ge respectively. The shear calculation is performed on the {l_brace}111{r_brace} slip plane sheared in a direction, and the tensile load is applied in the direction. We allowed for a full relaxation of the strains orthogonal to the applied strain as well as the atomic basis vectors.
Chronic toxicity study with the serotonin antagonist amesergide administered nasogastrically to rhesus monkeys for one year

The chronic toxicity of amesergide, a selective (5HT2/5HT1c) serotonin antagonist, was evaluated in rhesus monkeys given daily nasogastric doses of 0, 5, 10, or 22.5 mg/kg for 1 year. An initial high dose of 25 mg/kg was reduced after approximately 1 week of dosing due to severe behavioral effects, including lethargy, a trance-like appearance, and rigidity, that interfered with the animal's ability to eat and drink. The behavioral effects, although still present at the new high dose of 22.5 mg/kg were less intense and subsided prior to subsequent daily dosing. All animals survived the treatment period. Clinical signs associated primarily with early treatment at the 25-mg/kg dose level resulted in reductions of body weights and food consumption. After the high dose was reduced from 25 mg/kg to 22.5 mg/kg, there were no significant effects on body weight gain or food consumption when compared to controls. Plasma concentrations of amesergide and its metabolites increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) decreased substantially as the study progressed. Stress-related decreases occurred in leukocytic and erythrocytic parameters of high-dose males, but values returned to near pretest by study termination. Organ weights as well as gross and histological examination of tissues from animals of all treatment groups revealed no treatment-related lesions. No adverse effects occurred at daily doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental Studies of Sexual Behavior in Male Mammals1

THERE ARE few aspects of human existence of greater importance to the clinician than that of sexual behavior. Yet there is probably no other major sphere of man's dailylife so poorly understood and so infrequently and ineptly studied as his sexual behavior. Some of the sexual taboos typical of our culture have been relaxed appreciably during the past two or three decades; but social convention still raises discouraging barriers to the experimental investigation of human sexuality. It is to be earnestly hoped that direct, intensive study of the physiological and psychological bases for sexual arousal and the resultant overt behavior in human beings will become possible in the near future. Investigations of this character have been conducted with animals other than man, and no physician need be reminded of the great body of currently useful medical knowledge which was originally derived from experimentation with animals. Many recent studies of sexual behavior in lower mammals have yielded data which appear ...
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Hepatic Lymphocytes in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in Comparison With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Autoimmune Chronic Active Hepatitis

We analyzed the immunophenotypes of hepatic cellular infiltrates by quantitative immunohistochemical methods in biopsy specimens from 20 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 19 with primary sclerosing cholangitis, and 11 with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Specifically, we sought to identify activated T cells, interferon-γ-producing cells, and natural killer cells. The portal cellular infiltrate in PBC contained a preponderance of CD4 cells in comparison with CD8 cells, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 2.45:1. The cellular infiltrate in areas of piecemeal necrosis contained mostly CD8 cells. Infiltrating CD8 cells in PBC had the surface phenotype of cytotoxic (CD8-positive, CD11b-negative) cells. Approximately 4% of T cells expressed interleukin 2 receptors. Interferon-γ-staining cells were rarely identified (in less than 2%). cells that expressed the natural killer cell markers CD16, CD56, or CD57 were infrequent, constituting approximately 5% of the cellular infiltrate. The composition of the infiltrates was similar in patients with PBC and chronic active hepatitis. Natural killer cells were twice as common in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis ( P