cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of {V}/{III} ratio to produce heterostructures in ordered GaInP

Abstract Compositional ordering in Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P results in a significant reduction in bandgap energy. The degree of order is known to be a strong function of the input partial pressure of the P precursor during growth due to the effect of this parameter on the surface reconstruction. This raises the possibility of producing heterostructures by simply changing the flow rate of the P precursor during growth. The change in bandgap energy at order/disorder (O/D) heterostructures formed by decreasing the P partial pressure during the OMVPE growth cycle is graded over several thousands of A when PH 3 is used as the P precursor. Examination of the transmission electron microscope image and the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum reveals that the ordered structure in the lower layer persists far into the upper layer. Similarly, disorder/order (D/O) structures produced in this way yield PL spectra indicative of graded composition at the heterostructure when the P precursor is PH 3 . The abruptness is not affected by interruptions in the growth cycle for as long as one hour. Similar heterostructures produced using tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) as the P precursor are distinctly different. Both D/O and O/D heterostructures can be produced by abruptly increasing the TBP flow rate during the growth cycle. PL studies show two distinct peaks closely corresponding to those observed for single layers grown using these conditions. Surface photoabsorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the transition in surface reconstruction. The change was found to be limited by the dynamics of the mass flow controller. The only difference detected which might explain the difference in behavior between PH 3 and TBP is that atomic force microscopy scans show the layers grown using TBP are covered by monolayer and bilayer (6 A in height) steps. Growth under similar conditions using PH 3 produces bunched steps, much larger than 6 A in height.
Compressible and incompressible constituents in anisotropic poroelasticity : The problem of unconfined compression of a disk

The governing equations for the theory of anisotropic poroelastic materials with incompressible constituents undergoing small deformations are developed from the theory of anisotropic poroelastic materials without the constituent incompressibility constraint. The development of the constituent specific incompressibility constraint is accomplished by restricting the elastic constants rather than by introducing Lagrange multipliers, the conventional method. The advantage of the approach is insight into the nature of the elastic response that characterizes incompressible poroelasticity. An application of the theory to the unconfined compression of a circular porous disk is presented to illustrate the effects of compressibility vs. incompressibility and transverse isotropy vs. isotropy.
Extracellular cultivation and morphological characterization of amastigote-like forms of Leishmania panamensis and L. braziliensis.

. Two strains of the Leishmania braziliensis complex have been adapted to grow extracellularly at elevated temperature as amastigote-like forms in a cell-free medium. These parasites can be serially cultivated and maintained at 32°C for L. panamensis (WR442; L. braziliensis panamensis) and at 28°C for L. braziliensis (M5052; L. braziliensis braziliensis). Several observations are presented that the forms adapted at elevated temperature are amastigote-like. Morphologically, the amastigote-like organisms appear rounded to ovoid and are immotile and smaller than promastigotes; the flagellum of the amastigote-like forms does not extend beyond the flagellar pocket. In comparison, the promastigotes are very elongated, with a nucleus at mid-cell length and a very long flagellum. By electron microscopy, the short flagellum of the amastigote-like form is within a distended flagellar pocket; the 9 + 2 axonemal configuration is present but the paraxial rod is not observed. By contrast, the flagellum of the promastigote has a paraxial rod which extends from the axosome level. In addition, these amastigote-like forms of Leishmania are able to infect, to survive and to divide within the macrophage cell line J774.
Recognition between Candida albicans and host cells

The cell surface of Candida albicans is a complex mosaic of polysaccharide and protein, of which mannoproteins constitute the major antigens and host cell recognition molecules. One group of mannoproteins is known as 'adhesins' and has properties similar to lectins and integrins. The adhesins recognize either host cell fucosyl glycosides or peptides containing the amino acid sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD peptides).
Blast injury to the thoracic esophagus

Abstract Blast injury causing pneumatic disruption of the esophagus is a rare and potentially lethal injury. The mortality and morbidity rates are high unless the injury is promptly recognized and treated. Our experience with a midesophageal perforation resulting from a blast injury emphasizes the importance of awareness of this condition and of the chest radiograph in making an early diagnosis.
Sleep disorders: a sometimes forgotten cause of nonepileptic spells.

We present a patient with spells of loss of awareness in which the initial diagnostic consideration was partial epilepsy. The patient underwent video-EEG long-term monitoring which raised suspicion of nonepileptic events, but could not exclude simple partial seizures. A failed therapeutic trial with antiepileptic medication and adverse events prompted reevaluation of the case. Sleep studies, including polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT), confirmed a sleep disorder, i.e., narcolepsy, which responded to specific therapy with resolution of the spells.
Effects of oral contraceptives on glucoregulatory responses to exercise.

Abstract Some of the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) to alter glucoregulation may be ameliorated by exercise. To test this premise, the effects of acute aerobic exercise on postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses (area under the curve [AUC]) were measured in 8 users of low-dose estrogen and progestin OCs (OC+) and 10 women not using OCs (OC−). They completed 2 randomly ordered intervention trials: (1) aerobic exercise on 3 consecutive days with a 2.5-hour, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on day 4, and (2) no exercise for 3 days prior to the OGTT (control trial). The exercise was 50 minutes of treadmill walking at 70% V o 2max. The groups were similar in age (27 ± 3 years), waist-to-hip ratio (0.74 ± 0.01), and cardiorespiratory fitness (32.5 ± 1.6 mL · kg body mass−1 · min−1). Fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide, and insulin levels were similar (P > .05) between groups in the control trial. In both trials, glucoseAUC was significantly greater (13%, P
Dependency and development in northern Thailand

Abstract Critics of tourism as a tool for development in poor rural regions have frequently used the dependency theory to examine why a destination area remains underdeveloped. Applications of the dependency theory have been largely restricted to international scales; there is a dearth of studies conducted at smaller spatial scales. This study examines leakages of tourism revenues at four villages in Northern Thailand to illustrate the dependent relationship between a city and its rural hinterland. Study results are based on a survey of 43 small businesses and 40 interviews. Results indicate significant proportion of leakages of village revenues, between 15 and 61%, depending on several factors and strategies adopted by each village.
Ethical Considerations in Wetland Management

Abstract Action to protect wetlands often involves the enforcement of decisions, or the adoption of non-optimum management, in order to achieve a supposed ecological aim. It is important to realise that there is an ethical dimension to these decisions, and that conflict is often a matter of different bass for ethical understanding. The issues involved are thus frequently not technical (how do we do it) but ethical (why do we do it?) It is important to recognise this ethical dimension, and to place discussions firmly within the relevant framework.
The build‐up time of waiting lines

This paper is concerned with the transient build-up to steady-state of a simple queue system (Poisson arrivals with constant mean rate, exponential service times with common means, constant number of available channels, etc.). As a substitute for the tracing out of the detailed buildup to the steady-state, a nominal indicator of the time required to reach the steady-state is introduced. The dependence of this nominal build-up time on the system parameters (traffic intensity, steady-state mean, etc. ) is shown. In particular, if there are s service channels, and if m1, the mean number in the system at steady-state, is reasonably large, then this nominal build-up time is approximately equal to m12 /s mean service periods. In some applications, this can exceed the duration of existence of the queue discipline, thus vitiating the use of steady-state probabilities.
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY (CBFV) IN PRETERM INFANTS TREATED WITH SURFACTANT

Intratracheal instillation of exogenous surfactant reduces the severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), but has the potential to affect cerebral blood flow. We measured CBFV in the anterior cerebral artery with 2-D/pulsed Doppler ultrasound in 7 preterm infants treated with surfactant at 2-24 h of age for severe RDS (a/A ratio ≤0.22). Birth weights ranged from 1120 to 2000 g and gestational ages from 28 to 31 weeks. CBFV was measured before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after the instillation of surfactant. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded from an indwelling umbilical arterial line, blood gases were obtained by transcutaneous monitoring. Peak systolic, end diastolic, and mean flow velocities increased immediately following surfactant administration with a simultaneous drop in pulsatility index, but returned to pre-surfactant values by 30 min. Mean arterial blood pressure increased and heart rate fell in the immediate post-surfactant period, but recovered quickly. Transcutaneous pO2 rose sharply following surfactant administration, whereas pCO2 remained stable or decreased slightly. These findings indicate that intratracheal instillation of surfactant has short-lived effects on cerebral blood velocity, which are correlated with the simultaneously occurring changes in mean arterial blood pressure.
52 MODIFICATION OF BRAIN CELL MEMBRANE Na + ,K + -ATPASE FOLLOWING RECOVERY FROM SEVERE FROM SEVERE ISCHEMIC AND HYPERCANIC INJURY IN NEWBORN PIGLETS

The present study tests the hypothesis that changes in the brain cell membrane Na+, K+-ATPase are reflected in the kinetic characteristics of the enzyme molecule and are specific to the active sites for ATP, Na+, K+ and strophanthidin. Studies were performed in 7 normoxemic piglets hyperventilated to PaCO2 of 8± 1 mmHg for 1 hr and allowed to recover for 6 hrs (ischemic injury) and 8 normoxemic piglets with administration of 7% CO2 for 90 min (PaCO2 84±7 mmHg) followed by 2 hrs recovery (hypercapnic injury). Brain cell membranes were prepared and the affinities of the Na+.K+-ATPase for ATP, K+, Na+(Km in mM) and strophanthidin (IC50 in mM) were determined in the hypo- and hypercapnic states, and their respective recoveries and compared to control. For ATP, Km decreases from 0.78±0.15 in controls to 0.62±0.11 during hypocapnia and 0.61 ±0.12 during hypercapnia; for K+ the Km changes from 2.36±0.56 in controls to 4.06 ± 0.37 during hypocapnia and 1.13±0.09 during hypercapnia, and for Na+ the Km increases from 5.43 ±0.57 in controls to 8.33±0.72 during hypocapnia and 6.97±0.41 during hypercapnia. The IC50 for strophanthidin decreases from 1×10−6M in controls to 6×10−7 M during hypocapnia and 7×10−7 M during hypercapnia. The recovery phases yielded affinities which were not statistically different from the experimental conditions. These results indicate that the active sites of Na+, K+-ATPase are modified during hypo- and hypercapnia. The differential alteration of the affinity for K+ suggests that during ischemia, dephosphorylalion and therefore energy release are decreased, while hypercapnia favors enzyme dephosphorylation. We suggest that the K+ site is the critical regulatory site for enzyme function in brain cell membranes of newborn piglets.
Structures and Analysis of Highly Homologous Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, and Thermophilic Adenylate Kinases*

The crystal structures of adenylate kinases from the psychrophile Bacillus globisporus and the mesophile Bacillus subtilis have been solved and compared with that from the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus. This is the first example we know of where a trio of protein structures has been solved that have the same number of amino acids and a high level of identity (66-74%) and yet come from organisms with different operating temperatures. The enzymes were characterized for their own thermal denaturation and inactivation, and they exhibited the same temperature preferences as their source organisms. The structures of the three highly homologous, dynamic proteins with different temperature-activity profiles provide an opportunity to explore a molecular mechanism of cold and heat adaptation. Their analysis suggests that the maintenance of the balance between stability and flexibility is crucial for proteins to function at their environmental temperatures, and it is achieved by the modification of intramolecular interactions in the process of temperature adaptation.
Women in the Gulf War: Toward an intersectional feminist rhetorical cristicism

In this essay, I argue that an expanded version of critical legal scholar Kimberle Williams Crenshaw's “intersectionality thesis”; supplies a rewarding model for feminist rhetorical criticism. Her ...
Effect of cirrhosis on energy expenditure.

also differed between male and female patients, as was observed previously (13). The spectrum of EE in cirrhosis and its sex dependence may explain the conflicting results displayed in Table 1 and are important factors to be considered in the design of future studies. The second important finding of this work was that hypermetabolism correlated with lean body mass rather than with the type (with the exception of primary biliary cirrhosis), duration, or severity of liver disease. These data suggest that hypermetabolism in cirrhosis cannot be accurately determined by clinical, laboratory, or histologic measures, but rather must be determined by the measurement of EE in comparison with EE determined with standard prediction formulas. They further suggest that hypermetabolism may be influenced to a great extent by extrahepatic factors, such as portal hypertension and portosystemic shunting. This concept is supported by evidence that hypermetabolism exists in patients with presinusoidal extrahepatic portal obstruction (13) and in patients who have received liver transplants (26, 27); both conditions are associated with normal liver function. The third important finding was that plasma catecholamines were elevated only in the hypermetabolic patients, although no catecholamine data were supplied for the normometabolic patients (18). This observation is consistent with the previously described elevation of plasma catecholamines and activation of the sympathetic nervous system in cirrhosis (28, 29). Furthermore, propranolol administration diminished EE, heart rate, and lactate concentrations in both the normo- and hypermetabolic cirrhotic patients. Therefore, therapy intended to decrease EE in these patients may have clinical relevance. Two other studies showed that hypermetabolism may predict a poor clinical outcome in patients undergoing liver transplantation (26, 27), whereas another showed that nutritional status improved in cirrhotic patients when energy intake was increased relative to EE (30). Fourth, the hypermetabolic patients in the study of Muller et al also had elevated EE despite a decrease in body potassium, a marker of body cell mass (BCM), while maintaining a normal muscle mass (based on the creatinine height index and anthropometry). This method for estimating BCM assumes that the
Terminal Classic Maya Heterodoxy and Shrine Vernacularism in the Sibun Valley, Belize

A monolithic view of Classic Maya society as dominated by divine rulers who inexplicably ceased to erect monuments with long-count dates during the ninth century is examined by reference to new information from Terminal Classic sites in the Sibun Valley of Belize. In this locale and elsewhere, the construction of circular one-room buildings — with striking associated artefacts — may be interpreted as signalling social tensions between the orthodoxy of Classic Maya divine rulers and the more heterodoxic beliefs and practices associated with circular structures built at the end of the Classic period. The round buildings are contextualized within the diversity of architectural expressions of the Sibun Valley and also within a peninsula-wide network of shrines. The chronological placement and character of the Sibun shrines is discussed by way of radiocarbon assays, obsidian sourced by INAA, and raw materials used for groundstone at sites throughout the valley. The presence of marine shell and speleothems — likely used as architectural adornment — found in close association with Sibun Valley round buildings permits discussion of the manner in which elements of the local effected a translation of heterodoxic tenets into vernacularized shrine architecture.
Gentrification and Crime: Robbery and Larceny Changes in Appreciating Baltimore Neighborhoods during the 1970s

We expect gentrification to be associated with increasing larceny and robbery rates based on human ecological theory and gentrification research. In Baltimore, gentrifying neighborhoods, as compared to other appreciating neighborhoods, experienced significant unexpected increases in robbery and did not decline as much in larceny. The ecological characteristics of gentrifying neighborhoods partially explain this linkage. Results confirm but also question human ecological theory, underscoring the detrimental effects of rapid neighborhood change but also indicating, contrary to expectations, that human ecological processes of invasion-succession have not, and may not, reach completion in gentrifying neighborhoods. If the invasion-succession cycle remains "stalled," the locations may remain vulnerable to continuing high levels of disorder.
Former hand territory activity increases after amputation during intact hand movements, but is unaffected by illusory visual feedback.

Background. In healthy adults, hand movements are controlled largely by the contralateral primary motor cortex. Following amputation, however, movements of the intact hand are accompanied by increa...
The Role of Teachers' Beliefs and Knowledge in the Adoption of a Reform-Based Curriculum

Science as inquiry is a key content standard in the National Science Education Standards; however, few secondary science teachers successfully and consistently implement inquiry-based instruction in their classrooms. This research examines the role of reform-based curricular materials in influencing the classroom practices of 12 high school chemistry teachers and investigates the role of the teachers' knowledge and beliefs in their implementation of the reform-based chemistry curriculum. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected in the form of beliefs interviews and classroom observations. The teachers' classroom practices were measured prior to and during the field test of the reform-based chemistry curriculum. Analysis of the data revealed that teachers' classroom practice became more reform-based in the presence of the new curriculum; however, the degree of change is related to the teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning, depth of chemistry knowledge, and years of teaching experience. Experienced, out-of-discipline teachers with transitional or student-centered teaching beliefs demonstrated the most growth in reform-based teaching practices. This study reinforces the need for reform-based curriculum to assist teachers in implementing the intent of the National Science Education Standards.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CURIOSITY MEASURES IN ADULTS

Factor analyses were conducted of several commonly used questionnaire measures of curiosity in adults. A General Curiosity factor emerged in both total scale and subscale factorings. This factor included the Melbourne State and Trait Personality Questionnaires, the Academic Curiosity Scale, the Ontario Test of Intrinsic Motivation Specific Curiosity subscales, and Spielberger's State and Trait Curiosity Inventories. Rather than measuring curiosity, the Proverbs Test appeared to reflect venturesomeness, and the Diversive Curiosity Scale and Sensation Seeking Scale loaded on an Experience Seeking factor. Additional findings are discussed.
Bounded model checking of embedded software in wireless cognitive radio systems

We present a new verification approach that applies aggressive program slicing and a proof-based abstraction-refinement strategy to enhance the scalability of bounded model checking of embedded software. While many software model-checking tools use program slicing as a separate or optional step, our program slicing is integrated in the model construction and reduction process. And it is combined with the compilation optimization techniques so to compute a more accurate slice. We also explore a proof-based abstraction-refinement strategy using the under/overapproximation on our proposed software model, and propose a heuristic method of deciding new encoding size to refine the under-approximation. Experiments on C programs from wireless cognitive radio systems show this approach can greatly reduce the model size and shorten the solving time by the SAT-solver.
Developing Informed Research Participants in an Introductory Psychology Participant Pool

This activity offers a way to use the informed consent procedure to help students better understand the responsibilities of research participants. During a class activity, students completed a brief study. The study included presentation of consent forms and questionnaires before a surprise quiz over material from the consent form and a discussion about research ethics. Although students in the class performed poorly on this quiz, evaluations completed by researchers conducting studies within the department indicated that these students demonstrated greater attention to consent forms when completing actual research than did study participants who did not experience this activity. By preparing students to be engaged research participants, this activity helps researchers intentionally link students' participation to their classroom experiences.
Simulation of peri-implant bone healing due to immediate loading in dental implant treatments

The goal of this work was to investigate the role of immediate loading on the peri-implant bone healing in dental implant treatments. A mechano-regulatory tissue differentiation model that takes into account the stimuli through the solid and the fluid components of the healing tissue, and the diffusion of pluripotent stem cells into the healing callus was used. A two-dimensional axisymmetric model consisting of a dental implant, the healing callus tissue and the host bone tissue was constructed for the finite element analysis. Poroelastic material properties were assigned to the healing callus and the bone tissue. The effects of micro-motion, healing callus size, and implant thread design on the length of the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone volume (BV) formed in the healing callus were investigated. In general, the analysis predicted formation of a continuous layer of soft tissue along the faces of the implant which are parallel to the loading direction. This was predicted to be correlated with the high levels of distortional strain transferred through the solid component of the stimulus. It was also predicted that the external threads on the implant, redistribute the interfacial load, thus help reduce the high distortional stimulus and also help the cells to differentiate to bone tissue. In addition, the region underneath the implant apex was predicted to experience high fluid stimulus that results in the development of soft tissue. The relationship between the variables considered in this study and the outcome measures, BV and BIC, was found to be highly nonlinear. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the results was conducted and it showed that micro-motion presents the largest hindrance to bone formation during healing.
Theory of relations for databases — a tutorial survey

This is an account of a theory of relations that has advanced from Codd's relational model of data for databases. The theory developed so far by a number of authors deals with syntactic characterizations of the closed families of functional, multivalued, and general join dependencies that hold in relations. It also deals with representation of relations by a collection of others corresponding to a decomposition of the closed families of constraints.
Power and sample size estimation in high dimensional biology

Genomic scientists often test thousands of hypotheses in a single experiment. One example is a microarray experiment that seeks to determine differential gene expression among experimental groups. ...
Reproductive significance of changes in the endometrial cavity associated with exposure in utero to diethylstilbestrol.

Case histories of 2 women who had been exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero and who had irregular endometrial cavities and who had complications of pregnancy possibly related to these abnormalities are described. 2 reports have suggested an increased frequency of cervical imcompetence in DES-exposed women. Although it is tempting to relate these anecdotal reports of increased pregnancy wastage to the anatomic changes seen in women exposed to DES in utero conflicting reports lead to the inference that no definite relationship has yet been established. A history of in utero DES exposure is not necessarily reason for alarm in patients who want to become pregnant. None of the studies thus far has reported diminished fertility in these patients. Initial evaluation of all pregnant patients should include inquiry about possible intrauterine exposure to DES.
Pharmacokinetics of Metronidazole as Determined by Bioassay

The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole, a drug effective in vitro against most anaerobic bacteria and promising in treating anaerobic infections, are described. Serum and urine levels after single and multiple doses in 10 adult male volunteers were measured by an agar well diffusion bioassay using clostridial species as the test organisms under anaerobic conditions. Peak serum levels averaged 11.5 mug/ml and 6.2 mug/ml after single 500-mg and 250-mg doses, respectively. Renal clearance was only 10.2 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and less than 20% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine as active drug in 24 h. The average serum half-life was 8.7 h, and there was no protein binding as determined by an ultrafiltration method. With multiple doses of metronidazole (500 mg four times a day and 250 mg three times a day), blood levels increased progressively for the first few doses and then leveled off, with no significant accumulation occurring between 3 and 7 days. On 250 mg three times a day, serum levels just before the 8 a.m. dose (12 h after the preceding dose) on the third day averaged 3.9 mug/ml, and before the 8 p.m. dose, 5.7 mug/ml. For the higher, 500-mg dose (four times a day) regimen, the corresponding minimum serum levels were 13.1 mug/ml at 8 a.m. and 21.3 mug/ml at 8 p.m. Peak levels would have been about 10 mug/ml higher, and since the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most anaerobes including Bacteroides fragilis are less than 6 mug/ml, these concentrations should be highly effective therapeutically, even for severe infections.
POPULATION GENETICS OF RESURGENCE: WHITE‐TAILED DEER IN KENTUCKY

Abstract White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Kentucky represent an example of successful wildlife restoration. Eliminated from all but a few remnant areas by the early part of the twentieth century, the species is once again widely distributed and abundant as a result of intensive restocking efforts since the 1940s. Seven DNA microsatellite markers were used to survey the extent and pattern of genetic variation in 322 deer from multiple localities throughout the commonwealth. Six genetically homogeneous regions and 1 heterogeneous region were identified across Kentucky. High levels of allelic diversity were detected with no apparent reduction in heterozygosity, disproportionate loss of rare alleles, or shift in modal allele frequency class as might be expected if the severe historical population size reduction generated a concomitant genetic bottleneck. These results are consistent with predictions of founder-flush models: that rapid population growth may minimize the loss of genetic variability...
Ripples on Underside of River Ice Covers

A mathematical model is developed to predict the occurrence and describe the properties and behavior of ice ripples that form on the underside of river ice-covers. The local rate of freezing or melting at the ice-flow interface is related to the difference between the local heat transfer rates by conduction through the ice and by turbulent transfer from the flow to the ice. The local heat flux to the interface from the flow is expressed as a small perturbation expansion in terms of the steepness of the monochromatic interfacial wave, and is assumed to be shifted relative to the interface wave. The analysis yields a stability criterion and expressions for the amplification rate and celerity of the ripples. Laboratory data are used to obtain values for the constants introduced into the theory and to corroborate the analytical results. Field data are examined in the light of the laboratory results.
Phosphorylation and calcium antagonistically tune myosin-binding protein C's structure and function

During each heartbeat, cardiac contractility results from calcium-activated sliding of actin thin filaments toward the centers of myosin thick filaments to shorten cellular length. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) is a component of the thick filament that appears to tune these mechanochemical interactions by its N-terminal domains transiently interacting with actin and/or the myosin S2 domain, sensitizing thin filaments to calcium and governing maximal sliding velocity. Both functional mechanisms are potentially further tunable by phosphorylation of an intrinsically disordered, extensible region of cMyBP-C's N terminus, the M-domain. Using atomic force spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and mutant protein expression, we demonstrate that phosphorylation reduced the M-domain's extensibility and shifted the conformation of the N-terminal domain from an extended structure to a compact configuration. In combination with motility assay data, these structural effects of M-domain phosphorylation suggest a mechanism for diminishing the functional potency of individual cMyBP-C molecules. Interestingly, we found that calcium levels necessary to maximally activate the thin filament mitigated the structural effects of phosphorylation by increasing M-domain extensibility and shifting the phosphorylated N-terminal fragments back to the extended state, as if unphosphorylated. Functionally, the addition of calcium to the motility assays ablated the impact of phosphorylation on maximal sliding velocities, fully restoring cMyBP-C's inhibitory capacity. We conclude that M-domain phosphorylation may have its greatest effect on tuning cMyBP-C's calcium-sensitization of thin filaments at the low calcium levels between contractions. Importantly, calcium levels at the peak of contraction would allow cMyBP-C to remain a potent contractile modulator, regardless of cMyBP-C's phosphorylation state.
Sex, gender, and difference

Empirical research has demonstrated that women’s aggressive behavior is widespread and displays regularities across societies. Until recently, however, discussions about the aggressive behavior of women and gender differences in aggressive behavior have been based largely on data from nonhuman primates, children, or laboratory experiments. Using a unique corpus of naturalistic data on aggressive human interactions both between and among men and women, I explore the complexity of our questions about sex differences in aggression and further illuminate the ways in which men and women may use aggression in human interactions. In this paper I compare the aggressive behavior of men and women in an Australian Aboriginal community. In doing so I argue for the continuing use of a “sex differences” framework for organizing our understanding of gender relations and gender hierarchy. I believe, however, that this form of analysis benefits from, if not requires, a sensitivity to the most taken-for-granted aspects of our gender ideology and a commitment to attend to evidence that challenges our convictions about men and women.
Experimental Investigation of Helium Injection in a Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer

respectively. Preliminary results for the mean and turbulent ow eld along with the temperature eld are presented. The mean eld measurements are compared with earlier Pitot tube data and the dierences may be due to the assumptions made regarding the uid properties of the air/injected gas mixture, or due to spanwise variations that remain to be explored.
Complete evaluation of anatomy and morphology of the infertile patient in a single visit; the modern infertility pelvic ultrasound examination.

The comprehensive "one-stop shop" ultrasound evaluation of an infertile woman, performed around cycle days 5 to 9, will reveal abundant information about the anatomy and morphology of the pelvic organs and thereby avoid costly radiation and iodinated contrast exposure. We propose a two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound to examine the appearance and shape of the endometrium, endometrial cavity, myometrium, and junctional zone, to assess for mullerian duct anomalies fibroids, adenomyosis, and polyps. We then evaluate the adnexa with grayscale ultrasound and Doppler, looking for ovarian masses or cysts, and signs of tubal disease. The cul-de-sac is imaged to look for masses, endometriosis, and free fluid. We then push gently on the uterus and ovaries to assess mobility. Lack of free movement of the organs would suggest adhesions or endometriosis. The sonohysterogram then allows for more detailed evaluation of the endometrial cavity, endometrial lining, and any intracavitary lesions. Tubal patency is then assessed during the sonohysterogram in real time by introducing air and saline or contrast and imaging the tubes (HyCoSy). With this single comprehensive ultrasound examination, patients can obtain a reliable, time-efficient, minimally invasive infertility evaluation in their own clinician's office at significantly less cost and without radiation.
Networking of optical fiber sensors for extreme environments

One of the major benefits of optical fiber sensors for applications to structural health monitoring and other structural measurements is their inherent multiplexing capabilities, meaning that a large number of sensing locations can be achieved with a single optical fiber. It has been well demonstrated that point wise sensors can be multiplexed to form sensor networks or optical fibers integrated with distributed sensing techniques. The spacing between sensing locations can also be tuned to match different length scales of interest. This article presents an overview of directions to adapt optical fiber sensor networking techniques into new applications where limitations such as available power or requirements for high data acquisition speeds are a driving factor. In particular, the trade-off between high fidelity sensor information vs. rapid signal processing or data acquisition is discussed.
p53 Dependent and Dose Dependent Effects of Rps29 Mutation In the Zebrafish Embryo.

Abstract 1170 Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital disease characterized by red cell aplasia and craniofacial abnormalities. Ribosomal protein genes are often mutated in patients with this disease, but the mechanism of action is still being investigated. To elucidate the effect of mutations in ribosomal proteins, we are studying a zebrafish rps29 mutant with hematopoietic and endothelial defects. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in rps29-/- embryos are significantly decreased, as assayed by runx1 and cmyb expression. Although the aorta and posterior cardinal vein form in the mutant, intersomitic vessel formation is affected. To test whether decreased p53 levels can rescue these defects, we crossed fish with mutated p53 into the rps29 background. In rps29-/-;p53-/- embryos, the vascular and HSC phenotypes are rescued, demonstrating that p53 may be required for these effects of rps29 knockdown. We performed a microarray comparing rps29-/- embryos and their siblings to identify genes that are differentially expressed in the mutant. Using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we determined that the list of genes up-regulated in the rps29 mutant is enriched for genes up-regulated by p53 in response to irradiation. Many of the genes identified have known roles in apoptosis and stress response. We have also identified genes whose expression correlates with the number of wildtype copies of rps29. Orthopedia homolog a (otpa), which is specifically expressed in forebrain and hindbrain tissues at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), is decreased in heterozygous siblings and further decreased in homozygous siblings. In addition, p53 knockdown partially increases otpa levels in the mutant. These data support a model where p53 activation is one of the critical downstream mediators of rps29 knockdown in several tissues, but the mechanism of tissue specificity remains unclear. The otpa phenotype suggests that regulation of some genes is dependent on rps29 levels. The zebrafish rps29 mutant will be a useful model for understanding how a decrease in ribosomal protein levels can cause specific defects in hematopoietic and neural tissues. Disclosures: Zon:FATE, Inc.: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties; Stemgent: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Convergence in probability and allied results

Let (X,S,P) be a probability space, a d f, fn, n=1,2,... real random variables. Let x be any continuity point of f with respect to P., i. e. P(f=x)=0. Let E m x and E x denote the sets f n −1 (−∞,x] and f−1(−∞, x] respectively. The indicator of any set A will be denoted by IA.
Surgical site infection in tibial plateau fractures with ipsilateral compartment syndrome

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of compartment syndrome and timing of fasciotomy wound closure on surgical site infection (SSI) after surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures. Our primary hypothesis was that SSI rate is increased for fractures with compartment syndrome versus those without, even accounting for confounders associated with infection. Our secondary hypothesis was that infection rates are unrelated to timing of fasciotomy closure or fixation. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of operative tibial plateau fractures with ipsilateral compartment syndrome (n = 71) treated with fasciotomy at our level I trauma center from 2003 through 2011. A control group consisted of 602 patients with 625 operatively treated tibial plateau fractures without diagnosis of compartment syndrome. The primary outcome measure was deep SSI after ORIF. Results Fractures with compartment syndrome had a higher rate of SSI (25% versus 8%, p p Conclusions Tibial plateau fractures with ipsilateral compartment syndrome have a significant increase in rates of SSI compared with those without compartment syndrome ( p p
Adrenal incidentalomas: are they being worked up appropriately?

Introduction : Adrenal incidentalomas are defined as masses picked up on imaging studies that were done for apparently different reasons. With frequent use of imaging modalities, incidental adrenal masses are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Guidelines are currently available for the diagnosis and management of adrenal incidentalomas, but the appropriateness of initial work-up and subsequent follow-up of incidental adrenal masses in the community hospital setting is unknown. Objective : We studied the appropriateness of initial work-up and follow-up of incidental adrenal masses discovered on abdominal computerized tomography (CT). Methods : In our retrospective study, we reviewed sequential CT scans of the abdomen performed in the month of January 2010 at a community hospital. Once patients with one or more adrenal masses were identified, outpatient charts for initial biochemical testing and follow-up imaging were obtained either through directly accessing the electronic medical records or through contacting primary care physician’s offices. Patient charts were reviewed to assess the data for the next 2 years following the discovery of an adrenal abnormality. Results : Twenty adrenal masses were incidentally discovered on 723 abdominal CTs performed within the month of January 2010 resulting in an overall incidence of 2.76%. Of the patients with incidentally discovered adrenal masses, appropriate biochemical and follow-up imaging were only performed in patients referred to an endocrinologist (2 of 20 patients). Thirty percent of patients with incidental masses received a repeat CT scan for non-adrenal reasons, and no change in the mass size was noted. Conclusion : Despite published guidelines, the initial work-up and follow-up of patients with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass is unsatisfactory. There is a desperate need for education of providers regarding appropriate work-up of incidental adrenal masses. Keywords: Adrenal incidentaloma; adrenal mass; adrenal nodule; abdominal CT scan; adrenal metastasis; adrenal tumor; incidental mass (Published: 26 October 2016) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2016, 6 : 32913 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.32913
Inside the Outside: Reflections on a Researcher’s Positionality/Multiple “I’s”

This chapter offers a personal reflection on positionality, the stance of the facilitator/researcher vis-a-vis the people he works with and the work setting. In an attempt to better understand my work at Mzuzu University (Malawi), Africa, and at Kwithu, a community-based organization serving orphans and destitute children, I address the multiple “I’s” that I brought to those settings using Lacan’s (Ecrits: A selection (A. Sherridan, Trans.). London: Tavistock, 1977) construct of the “I” which looks and the “I” which is seen, including the “I” that is “seen by me.” I reflect on the way these multiple identities came into play and the need to reconcile them.
Most probable number - loop mediated isothermal amplification (MPN-LAMP) for quantifying waterborne pathogens in < 25 min

We are reporting a most probable number approach integrated to loop mediated isothermal technique (MPN-LAMP) focusing on Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis bacterial cells without nucleic acids extraction. LAMP assays for uidA from E. coli and gelE from E. faecalis were successfully performed directly on cells up to single digit concentration using a commercial real time PCR instrument. Threshold time values of LAMP assays of bacterial cells, heat treated bacterial cells (95°C for 5min), and their purified genomic DNA templates were similar, implying that amplification could be achieved directly from bacterial cells at 63°C. Viability of bacterial cells was confirmed by using propidium monoazide in a LAMP assay with E. faecalis. To check its functionality on a microfluidic platform, MPN-LAMP assays targeting <10CFU of bacteria were also translated onto polymeric microchips and monitored by a low-cost fluorescence imaging system. The overall system provided signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios up to 800, analytical sensitivity of <10CFU, and time to positivity of about 20min. MPN-LAMP assays were performed for cell concentrations in the range of 105CFU to <10CFU. MPN values from LAMP assays confirmed that the amplifications were from <10CFU. The method described here, applicable directly on cells at 63°C, eliminates the requirement of complex nucleic acids extraction steps, facilitating the development of sensitive, rapid, low-cost, and field-deployable systems. This rapid MPN-LAMP approach has the potential to replace conventional MPN method for waterborne pathogens.
Modeling Urban Precipitation Modification by Spatially Heterogeneous Aerosols

AbstractThis study introduces a methodology to simulate how spatially heterogeneous urban aerosols modify a precipitating thunderstorm in a numerical weather model. An air quality model (simple photochemical model) was coupled with a high-resolution mesoscale weather model (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) and generated variable urban cloud condensation nuclei values consistent with those measured in previous field studies. The coupled emission model was used to simulate the passage of a synoptic low pressure system with embedded thunderstorms over an idealized city using the real-atmosphere idealized land surface (RAIL) method. Experiments were conducted to calibrate the surface formation of cloud-nucleating aerosols in an urban environment and then to assess the specific response of different aerosol loads on simulated precipitation. The model response to aerosol heterogeneity reduced the total precipitation but significantly increased simulated rain rates. High-aerosol-loading scenarios produc...
The Volterra Chronicles: The Life and Times of an Extraordinary Mathematician 1860-1940

The Jewish mathematician ""A new era is dawning,"" 1860 ""This, above all, I promise,"" 1863-1870 ""That damned passion,"" 1874-1877 ""Long live the republic,"" 1878-1882 ""Professor by deed,"" 1880-1883 ""Our professor of small intervals,"" 1883-1893 ""The life I live,"" 1887-1895 ""Demonstrations of their resentment,"" 1893-1900 ""God liberate us from his symbols"" ""It is the greatest desire of my life,"" 1900 ""Most important for our fatherland"" ""Will they create a new world?"" ""A political man"" ""A professor in America"" ""Empires die"" Epilogue Sir Edmund Whittaker, ""Vito Volterra, 1860-1940"" On the attempts to apply mathematics to the biological and social sciences Science at the present moment and the new Italian society for the progress of science Acknowledgments Selected bibliography Notes Index.