cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Business Cycles, Harvests, and Politics: 1790–1850

You cannot get them to talk of politics when they are well employed.— William Mathews, 1833.I have observed during the whole time I have been in Lanarkshire that any rise in the rate of discount at the Bank of England has been immediately, or at least shortly, followed by an increase both of crime and of civil suits, and if it continues long, of mortality and typhus fever. So much so, that, as I am an official member of the prison board and of most of the Charities, I have always made it a rule to say … “Gentlemen, the Bank of England have raised their discounts, you had better immediately take measures for enlarging the prison accommodations and for extending the infirmaries and Poor houses.”—A. Alison, Sheriff of Lanarkshire, 1848.
Physiologic changes with abdominal wall reconstruction in a porcine abdominal compartment syndrome model

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a severe complication of ventral hernia repair. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of intra-abdominal pressure on the physiologic changes of abdominal wall reconstruction and component separation in a porcine model. Ventral hernia repair (VHR) was simulated by abdominal fascial imbrication of a 10 × 15 cm defect in 45 Yorkshire pigs assigned to five experimental groups. ACS was simulated by a Stryker endoscopy insufflator with intra-abdominal pressure elevated to 20 mmHg in two groups. Component separation was performed in one of these groups and in one group without ACS. Physiological parameters were measured before and after the procedures and monitored for 4 h. The animals were euthanized for histologic analysis of organ damage. VHR led to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, bladder pressure, and central venous pressure by an average of 14.89, 13.93, and 14.69 mmHg (p < 0.001) in all animals. Component separation was performed in 25 animals and the three pressures reduced by 9.11, 8.00, 7.89 mmHg (p < 0.001). ACS correlated with higher percentages of large and small bowel necrosis compared to groups without abdominal compartment syndrome. The results confirm that primary repair of large abdominal wall defects leads to increased intra-abdominal pressure, which can be reduced with component separation. In animals with ACS, component separation may reduce the risk of organ damage. Central venous pressure, bladder pressure, and other physiologic parameters accurately correlated with elevated intra-abdominal pressure and may have utility as markers for diagnosis of ACS.
Local Moment Formation and Resistivity Minima in CoAl Alloys

Measurements of electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, and magnetoresistance have been made from 1.4° to 300°K in alloys of 48%–57% cobalt in aluminum. At the equiatomic composition, CoAl has the CsCl structure. Resistance minima were observed in the vicinity of 30°K for cobalt concentrations between 50.4% and 51.5%. Below the resistance minima there is a temperature region where the dependence is approximately logarithmic before it saturates at about 1.4°K. The depth of the minima [ρ(1.4°K)−ρ(Tmin)] and the thermopower at 4.2°K both show rather sharp peaks as a function of concentration in the vicinity of 50.5% cobalt. The magnetoresistance of the samples showing minima is negative or T<Tmin and its magnitude increases with field up to 150 kG. These results and earlier susceptibility measurements for this system are discussed in terms of several current theories of the electronic effects of magnetic impurities in metals.
Problematic formulations of SAS PROC.MIXED models for repeated measurements.

The work reported in this article was undertaken to evaluate the utility of SAS PROC.MIXED for testing hypotheses concerning GROUP and TIME × GROUP effects in repeated measurements designs with dropouts. If dropouts are not completely at random, covariate control over informative individual differences on which dropout data patterns depend is widely recognized to be important. However, the inclusion of baseline scores and time-in-study as between-subject covariates in an otherwise well formulated SAS PROC.MIXED model resulted in inadequate control over type I error in simulated data with or without dropouts present. The inadequate model formulations and resulting deviant test sizes are presented here as a warning for others who might be guided by the same information sources to employ similar model specifications when analyzing data from actual clinical trials. It is important that the complete model specification be provided in detail when reporting applications of the general linear mixed-model procedur...
A learning outcome driven cyber infrastructure for thermodynamics education

The Web portal TEST, the Expert System for Thermodynamics (www.thermofluids.net) is a courseware that is being used in Engineering Thermodynamics classes by more than 2000 registered educators around the world. The courseware combines a number of resources: tables and charts, a library of animations covering every major topic, rich internet applications ("RIAs") for simulating important thermodynamic systems, thermodynamic calculators called daemons (named after Maxwell's daemon) to verify manual solution and pursue what-if studies, and sixteen chapters of multi-media problems and examples. In this work, we present an outcome driven approach to link various resources offered by this courseware to motivate a student to learn. For this purpose, we have associated 24 learning outcomes to engineering thermodynamics, a two-semester course in most universities. For each outcome, a fixed number of problems (10) are turned into key problems, designated by a key icon next to the problem description. As a student tries to solve a key problem, the outcomes fulfilled by the problem are displayed and the progress made by the student is monitored. On successful solution or after an unsuccessful attempt, a customized recommendation of resources - what to read, what animations to browse, what tables to search, what daemon and RIA to use, etc., is made. A student can keep track of his or her progress and estimate the work required to reach various proficiency levels on a given outcome. When a large number of students start using this system, it may become possible to track which resources are more helpful in thermodynamic problem solving. A potential benefit of this approach is direct assessment of student achievements with learning outcomes, an area of high emphasis from the ABET engineering accreditation board.
Angina pectoris is a stronger indicator of diffuse vascular atherosclerosis than intermittent claudication: Framingham study

Abstract Objective To compare implications of Angina Pectoris (AP) and Intermittent Claudication (IC) as indicators of clinical atherosclerosis in other vascular territories. Study Design and Setting Prospective cohort study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 5,209 men and women of Framingham, MA, aged 28–62 years at enrollment in 1948–1951, who received biennial examinations during the first 36 years of follow-up. Comparative 10-year incidence of subsequent atherosclerotic CVD in participants with IC and AP relative to a reference sample free of CVD was determined. Results On follow-up, 95 CVD events occurred in 186 participants with IC and 206 of 413 with AP. After age, sex, and risk-factor adjustment, the proportion acquiring other CVD was 34.0% for IC and 43.4% for AP. Relative to the reference sample, those with IC had a 2.73-fold higher age and sex-adjusted 10-year hazard of CVD (95% CI 2.21, 3.38) and for AP was 3.17 (95% CI 2.73, 3.69). CVD hazard ratios remained more elevated for AP and statistically significant after standard risk factor adjustment. Risk factors accounted for more of the excess CVD risk associated with IC (34.8%) than AP (9.5%). Conclusion AP is as useful as IC as a hallmark of diffuse atherosclerotic CVD and an indication for comprehensive preventive measures.
Probable Cervical Vertebra of an extinct Ice Age Elkmoose Dredged from the Inner Continental Shelf of Central New Jersey

Commercial shell-fishing activities off the central New Jersey coast recovered a single cervical vertebra probably belonging to the extinct elkmoose, Alces scotti. The specimen was discovered 40 km southeast of Manasquan Inlet in 40–45 m of water at approximate latitude 39° 45' N and longitude 73° 30' W. Radiocarbon dating yielded an age of 23 530 ± 170 years BP for the vertebra. This date is consistent with the known age range of this species and predates the migration of the modern moose Alces alces into northeastern North America from western North America and Eurasia. The discovery of Pleistocene terrestrial mammal fossils, such as this bone, on the submerged northeastern continental shelf reflects periglacial habitat shifts. These habitat shifts are the product of glacioeustatically controlled shoreline migration associated with the Wisconsinan glacial maximum. We interpret this vertebra as probably deriving from an animal living in a tundra or taiga setting at a distance of 100 to 200 km from the southern edge of the Laurentide ice sheet. RESUME Les activites de peche commerciale aux crustaces et aux mollusques au large de la cote du New Jersey ont donne lieu a la decouverte d’une vertebre cervicale unique, qui appartiendrait vraisemblablement a une espece d’elan depuis longtemps disparue, Alces scotti. Le specimen a ete decouvert dans l’eau a 40 km au sud-est du passage de Manasquan, a une profondeur d’environ 40 a 45 m, approximativement a la latitude 39° 45’ nord et a la longitude 73° 30’ ouest. La datation par le carbone 14 a etabli l’âge de la vertebre, qui remonterait a 23 530 ans BP (avant le present), a 170 ans pres. Cet âge correspond a la periode connue de l’existence de cette espece, laquelle a precede l’arrivee de l’elan moderne Alces alces au nord-est de l’Amerique du Nord, en provenance de l’ouest du continent nord-americain et de l’Eurasie. La decouverte de fossiles de mammiferes du Pleistocene, comme cette vertebre, sur le plateau continental submerge du nord-est rend compte de l’evolution periglaciaire des habitats. Ces mutations d’habitat sont le resultat d’une migration cotiere determinee par le contexte glacio-eustatique, caracteristique de la periode glaciaire maximale du Wisconsin. L’interpretation que nous faisons de cette vertebre nous porte a croire qu’elle provient probablement d’un animal qui vivait dans la toundra ou la taiga, a une distance d’environ 100 a 200 km de la bordure sud de la plaque glaciaire des Laurentides.[Traduit par la redaction]
The generation of mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Hf and Nd isotope perspective

Abstract This paper presents new Hf and Nd isotope and trace element data for mid-ocean ridge basalts. The intention of this study was to investigate whether melt parameters derived from the isotopic systematics of MORB ( δ (Lu) (Hf) and δ (Sm) (Nd) ) support the variations in depth and degree of melting as inferred from the major elements and ridge depth; that is, the ‘local’ and ‘global’ trend [1]. Variation on a ‘local’ scale is defined as variation within a ridge segment, while the ‘global’ scale variation is defined as variation between ridge segments. Both on a ‘local’ and a ‘global’ scale, δ (Lu) (Hf) and δ (Sm) (Nd) show consistent variations with the major element melt parameters, Na 8 and Fe 8 . In addition, the δ melt parameters vary consistently with ridge depth. Basalts from some of the deepest ridges, Australian-Antarctic Discordance and Mid-Cayman Rise, show evidence that a relatively large proportion of the basalt was generated in the presence of garnet. A melting model is derived using best available estimates for a large number of parameters that influence the chemistry of MORBs. With this melting model, the additional constraints of δ (Lu) (Hf) and δ (Sm) (Nd) further define the melting regime beneath the ocean ridges. The onset of melting for shallow ridges, like Kolbeinsey Ridge, starts deeper than for deep ridges, the aggregated melts from the Kolbeinsey Ridge sample a columnar shaped melting regime. Basalts from deep ridges represent a smaller degree of melting, which was generated in a triangular-shaped melting regime. The translation of δ (Lu) (Hf) and δ (Sm) (Nd) in absolute values for degree and depth of melting for individual ridge segments is hampered by uncertainties in the details of the heterogeneity of the MORB reservior.
Characterization of decomposition products of maytansine.

Analysis of outdated clinical samples of maytansine formulated in mannitol indicated that ∼40% of the original maytansine content had decomposed. Chromatographic examination of these samples showed the presence of one major and multiple minor decomposition products. The major decomposition product was found to be maysine, a naturally occurring maytansinoid resulting from hydrolytic elimination of the C-3 ester side chain. Four minor decomposition products were isolated with the use of HPLC. All of these decomposition products were found to possess the C-3 ester side chain. However, other structural modifications were noted, especially in the region of the C-9 carbinolamide. Two of the minor decomposition products were tentatively identified as 10-epimaytansine and 9-epimaytansine. One minor decomposition product was found to contain a hydroxyl group at the benzylic C-15 position.
Quality of life in school-aged children with type 1 diabetes on intensive treatment and their parents.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to examine the child, parent, and family factors associated with quality of life and metabolic control in school-aged children with type 1 diabetes on intensive treatment.METHODSA cross-sectional analysis was performed of child, parent, and family psychosocial variables with child quality of life and metabolic control.RESULTSFamilies of school-aged children were able to intensively manage type 1 diabetes, achieve good metabolic control (<7.5%), experience good quality of life, and cope well with the demands of treatment. However, increased depressive symptoms were reported in the children (8%) and a parent (29%).CONCLUSIONSMost school-aged children and families in this sample coped well with the demands of intensive treatment. However, intensive psychosocial support may also be indicated because managing a complex chronic illness is stressful and potentially difficult for some families.
Effects of Certain Compounds on Experimental Muscular Dystrophy

Several compounds which represent classifications of drugs known to have effects on muscular efficiency were administered to dystrophic animals in which atrophy was achieved utilizing a vitamin E-deficient diet. A myopathic mutation of the house mouse (dystrophia muscularis) was also utilized in certain portions of the study. Motor coordination, weight, muscle strength, and urinary creatine and creatinine were measured. The effects of some of the compounds on the isolated diaphragm muscle of normal and dystrophic mice were also studied. Norethandrolone, methimazole, and digoxin increased the ability of vitamin E-deficient rats to perform forced motor activity. The same compounds increased the offspring survival rate of vitamin E-deficient female rats. Potassium chloride (10 mg./Kg./day) temporarily increased the mean rotarod performance time and arrested loss of weight of dystrophic mice. Although there was no statistical difference between the life span of the control and drug-treated groups of strain-129 mice, the group receiving digoxin, 0.05 mg./Kg. subcutaneously, twice a week survived the longest.
Design of distributed esitimators over arbitrary causal networks

We consider the problem of designing distributed estimators that are realizable over a given causal communication network. We consider the following two cases - 1) Given an interconnected plant over a given network, we design a distributed estimator with sub-units interacting over the same network such that each sub-unit estimates the states of the corresponding sub-system of the plant; 2) Given a general plant, we design a distributed estimator on a given network such that each sub-unit estimates the whole state vector of the plant by exchanging information with other sub-units. In the first case, we model the problem as a special case of distributed controller design problem discussed in our previous work. In the second case, we use the structure of the distributed estimator to decompose the problem into n sub-problems which can be solved separately, given that the plant satisfies certain detectability assumptions. The solutions of these sub-problems are finally combined together to form a distributed estimator that is realizable over the given network.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF SCELOPORUS PUSH-UP DISPLAYS

Comparative studies are often used to infer the evolutionary histories of phenotypic traits. In this study, hypotheses suggesting that the evolution of Sceloporus push-up displays was constrained by the evolution of body size and the adoption of an arboreal lifestyle are tested with data from the literature on the push-up displays of 42 species of Sceloporus lizards and several phylogenetic comparative method techniques including independent contrasts, inferred changes, and spatial autocorrelation methods. Comparisons are made among the various phylogenetic analysis techniques and ways of modeling evolutionary change. Results suggest that components of display structure have evolved together and that the correlated evolution of display structural components has had a greater impact on the evolution of Sceloporus pushup displays than relationships between evolutionary changes in display structure and body size or display structure and microhabitat use. Increases in the complexity or communicative flexibili...
ASA certification as cooptation

We provide a brief overview of the American Sociological Association’s Ph.D. Certification Program and question the need for, and justification of, certifying sociologists. Essentially, the ASA certification mechanism, as implemented, is nonsociological, emphasizing presumed defects in the individual to the neglect of wider, systemic forces impinging on our discipline. If certification of sociologists is warranted, a view difficult to support given the small number of applicants for certification since 1986, we suggest departmental accreditation—a more sociological approach that emphasizes the value of the discipline, in and of itself.
Cell Separations Using Targeted Monoclonal Antibodies Against Overproduced Surface Proteins

The capacity of polystyrene microspheres with immobilized antibodies against type 1 pili ofE. coli was measured. Using pure IgG-type monoclonal antibodies obtained by affinity purification, it was found that, at high concentrations of antibody in solution, 2.6 ± 0.4 mg of antibody immobilized/m2 of surface area. The binding of piliatingE. coli cells on incubation with antibody-coated microspheres at various microsphere-to-cell number ratios ranging from 1–3750 was studied. It was found that a maximum of 290 ± 50 cells were bound/ microsphere, equivalent to a binding capacity of 2.9 ± 0.7 × 1010 cells/m2 of surface area.
Product mix selection and closed manufacturing cell flow time performance

Abstract This research addresses performance issues for Just-In-Time types of “manufacturing cells”. Prior research ignores the pragmatic reality that the formation of manufacturing cells does not always totally eliminate stochastic job arrivals and setup requirements between successive jobs. These issues are addressed in this research through an analysis of the queueing consequences of product mix decisions. Specifically, this research is focused on the linkage between competitive advantage, traditional cell performance measures, and product mix selections. A “closed” shop is considered (i.e., a manufacturing cell that produces to stock rather than to order). Managerial insights are derived for product mix selection. Performance of a manufacturing cell in terms of mean and variance of job flow time is shown to improve with increasing product homogeneity (i.e., reduced variability among setup time requirements and unit processing time requirements). Optimal product batch sizes are also shown to decrease with increasing product homogeneity. Finally, the relationships between product mix characteristics and cell performance measures are related to the shop's competitive advantage.
An Estimate of \Lambda in Resummed Quantum Gravity in the Context of Asymptotic Safety

We show that, by using recently developed exact resummation techniques based on the extension of the methods of Yennie, Frautschi and Suura to Feynman's formulation of Einstein's theory, we get quantum field theoretic descriptions for the UV fixed-point behaviors of the dimensionless gravitational and cosmological constants postulated by Weinberg. Connecting our work to the attendant phenomenological asymptotic safety analysis of Planck scale cosmology by Bonanno and Reuter, we estimate the value of the cosmological constant \Lambda. We find the encouraging estimate \rho_\Lambda\equiv \frac{\Lambda}{8\pi G_N} \simeq (2.4\times 10^{-3}eV)^4. While this numerical value is close to recent experimental observations, we caution the reader that the estimate involves a number of model parameters that still possess significant levels of uncertainty, such as the value of the transition time between the Planck scale cosmology era and the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker radiation dominated era, where our current understanding allows for at least two orders of magnitude in its uncertainty and this would change our estimate of \rho_\Lambda by at least four orders of magnitude. We discuss such theoretical uncertainties as well. We show why GUT and EW scale vacuum energies from spontaneous symmetry breaking are suppressed in our approach to the estimation of \rho_\Lambda. As a bonus, we show how our estimate constrains susy GUTS.
Madison on the Meaning of the “General Welfare,” the “Purpose” of Enumerated Powers, and the “Definition” of Constitutional Government

According to James Madison, "the most important andfundamental question " he ever addressed was the meaning of and relation between the general welfare clause and the enumeration ofparticular powers. This question is the most "fundamental" because the answer determines the very "idea" or "nature " of the U.S. Constitution. Commentators virtually agree on the answer Madison proposed and defended in Federalist 41, namely, that the general welfare clause is neither a statement of ends nor a substantive grant ofpower. It is a mere "synonym "for the enumeration ofparticular powers, which are limited and wholly define its content. From this answer, it follows that the primary meaning of the national dimension of the federal Constitution is limited government, understood as a government with a limited number of powers or means. The thesis of this essay, however, is that, contrary to the commentators' claims, Madison argued that the clause was a substantive grant ofpowerfor the generally stated end and that the primary purpose of the ensuing enumeration was to define more particularly the ends alluded to by the phrase "general welfare. " Hence, the meaning of the general constitutional government in the Americanfederal system is a government oriented to a limited number of limited ends.
Numerical resolution of pulsating detonation waves

The canonical problem of the one-dimensional, pulsating, overdriven detonation wave has been studied for over 30 years, not only for its phenomenological relation to the evolution of multidimensional detonation instabilities, but also to provide a robust, reactive, high-speed flowfield with which to test numerical schemes. The present study examines this flowfield using high-order, essentially non-oscillatory schemes, systematically varying the level of resolution of the reaction zone, the size and retention of information in the computational domain, the initial conditions, and the order of the scheme. It is found that there can be profound differences in peak pressures as well as in the period of oscillation, not only for cases in which the reaction front is under-resolved, but for cases in which the computation is corrupted due to a too-small computational domain. Methods for estimating the required size of the computational domain to reduce costs while avoiding erroneous solutions are proposed and tested.
On not knowing what or who one is: Reflections on the intelligibility of dualism

Beginning with Descartes' caution not “imprudently” to “take some other object in place of myself”, I consider first the problems of self-identification confronted by variousamnesiacs, both ordinary and Cartesian. Noting thatcogitationes as such do not individuate, I proceed to examine conclusions drawn from certain sorts of “body-switching” thought experiments. This, in turn, gives rise to a general critique of “psychological connectedness” or “unity of consciousness” as a candidate criterion of personal identity. I conclude that our ability to apply any notion of personal identity is parasitic upon the existence of a conceptual apparatus for individuating, identifying, and reidentifying objects. Finally, I argue that, if ‘person’ is a proper sortal predicate to begin with, Descartes'res cogitans cannot be understood as a species of the (metaphysical) genusres, distinct fromres extensa and only problematically in “interaction” with it. Cartesian dualism is a multiply untenable doctrine.
Ethyl pyruvate enhances intra-resuscitation hemodynamics in prolonged ventricular fibrillation arrest.

Abstract Aims As the duration of untreated cardiac arrest increases, the effectiveness of standard therapies declines, and may be more harmful than helpful. We investigated the hemodynamic, metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS) versus Ringer's solution (RS) in the acute model of prolonged porcine arrest. Methods Seventeen mixed-breed swine were induced into ventricular fibrillation (VF) and left untreated for 8min. CPR was begun using a mechanical chest compression device at a rate of 100 per minute. At the onset of CPR, animals were randomly assigned to treatment with either 25mL/kg of RS or 25mL/kg of REPS containing 40mg/kg of ethyl pyruvate, infused over 5min in blinded fashion. CPR continued with administration of a drug cocktail at 2min and the first rescue shock was delivered at minute 13 of VF. Animals having ROSC were supported with standardized care for 2h. Results Both groups had 100% ROSC and 100% 2-h survival. The REPS group exhibited higher median CPP (27.3mmHg) than the control group (16.5mmHg) by 3min of CPR, which continued throughout the duration of CPR ( p =0.02). The median time to hypotension following ROSC was 9.64min in the REPS group and 7.25min in controls ( p =0.04) and there was a non-significant trend of decreased use of vasopressors for the duration of resuscitation. There was no difference in systemic or cerebral metabolism between groups. There were non-significant trends of decreased IL-6, increased Il-10 and decreased mesenteric bacterial colony growth in those treated with REPS when compared to RS. Conclusions The administration of REPS with CPR significantly improved intra- and post-resuscitation hemodynamics in this swine model of prolonged cardiac arrest, but did not definitely change the metabolic or inflammatory profile during the acute resuscitation period.
Studies on the Smectic Phase of Some Schiff's Bases With a Terminal Trifluoromethyl Group

Abstract Some terminally substituted trifluoromethylbenzylideneanilines have been synthesized with a view to investigate an unidentified smectic phase which exhibits an unusual texture as observed under the polarizing microscope. This phase was first reported by Griffin et al.2 for the compound N-(4-n-decyloxybenzylidene)-4'-trifluoromethylaniline. In a comparable compound but with reversed imine linkage the nature of this smectic phase remains unchanged. Also if the terminal n-decyloxy group is replaced by an n-decyl group the nature of the smectic phase remains the same except that it is observed at a considerably lower temperature. We observe that this smectic phase has uniaxial symmetry when studied with a polarizing microscope as well as with NMR techniques; the latter showing an order parameter S = 0.8 for this phase. X-ray diffraction patterns show this phase to be crystal smectic B.
Structural conformation of the ciliary ATPase dynein.

Abstract The ATPase dynein forms part of a mechanoohemically active complex responsible for the sliding filament mechanism of ciliary and flagellar motion. Extraction of demembranated cilia from the lamellibranch mollusc Unio or the protozoan Tetrahymena by 0.5 m -KCl solubilizes the outer rows of dynein and, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, releases the A form (Mr 360,000) of dynein into solution. Negative contrast electron microscopy of the solubilized dynein fraction reveals an homogeneous array of 93 A particles that we identify as the ATPase dynein in its monomeric form. Because of the method of dynein extraction, the conformation of the molecule, and the size and shape of the outer arms in situ, we suggest that monomeric dynein is only one part of a larger, non-covalently joined molecular complex that forms the entire arm. When KCl-extracted axonemes are viewed by negative contrast but prior to fractionation of the dynein, individual arms can be seen that comprise three to four of the 93 A subunits, thus suggesting that each arm is a multisubunit polymer of dynein or dynein-like molecules.
In vitro tetracycline labelling and bone cell survival in human trabecular bone explants

Abstract Results are presented which document the feasibility and utility of human trabecular bone explants for in vitro bone research. This approach is advantageous because it allows bone cells to maintain their natural orientation on the endosteal surface, and keeps surrounding marrow intact — thus retaining the immediate local microenvironment. In addition, bone cells are not exposed to transient, but sometimes harsh, isolation procedures. Data are presented which show greater initial bone cell numbers from younger donors and the change in these numbers over culture periods up to 21 days. A technique is presented which achieves single and double tetracycline label incorporation into the mineralizing front of bone explants in vitro using a pulse-chase methodology.
Gust loading factor—past, present and future

Abstract Wind loads on structures under the buffeting action of wind gusts have traditionally been treated by the “gust loading factor” (GLF) method in most major codes and standards around the world. In this scheme, the equivalent-static wind loading used for design is equal to the mean wind force multiplied by the GLF. Although the traditional GLF method ensures an accurate estimation of the displacement response, it may fall short in providing a reliable estimate of other response components. To overcome this shortcoming, a more consistent procedure for determining design loads on tall structures is proposed. This paper highlights an alternative model, in which the GLF is based on the base bending moment rather than the displacement. The expected extreme base moment is computed by multiplying the mean base moment by the proposed GLF. The base moment is then distributed to each floor in terms of the floor load in a format that is very similar to the one used to distribute the base shear in earthquake engineering practice. In addition, a simple relationship between the proposed base moment GLF and the traditional GLF is derived, which makes it convenient to employ the proposed approach while utilizing the existing background information. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed procedure in light of the traditional approach. This paper also extends the new framework for the formulation of wind load effects in the acrosswind and torsional directions along the “GLF” format that has generally been used for the alongwind response. A 3D GLF concept is advanced, which draws upon a database of aerodynamic wind loads on typical tall buildings, a mode shape correction procedure and a more realistic formulation of the equivalent-static wind loads and their effects. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed procedure in light of the traditional approach. It is envisaged that the proposed formulation will be most appropriate for inclusion in codes and standards.
Antibodies to microtubule-associated protein 2 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), a cellular protein restricted to neurons, is important in the control of cytoskeletal integrity and other neuronal functions. We undertook this study to examine the presence of autoantibodies to MAP-2 in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Methods Sera from 100 patients with SLE, 74 patients with other neurologic disorders and injuries (including cerebrovascular accidents, brain trauma, brain tumors, and demyelinating disorders), and 60 normal controls were examined both by enzyme immunoassays and by Western immunoblotting for autoantibodies to MAP-2. Sera designated positive for antibodies to MAP-2 were required to be positive in both assays. Results Seventeen percent of SLE patients had autoantibodies to MAP-2, in contrast to 4% of neurologic injury/disease control patients (P = 0.028) and 1.7% of normal controls. In SLE, anti–MAP-2 positivity in both assays was associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in 76.5% of patients, whereas the absence of anti–MAP-2 was associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in 19.7% of patients (P = 0.0002). The neuropsychiatric symptoms in the former group included psychosis, seizure, neuropathy, and cerebritis. Conclusion Autoantibodies to MAP-2, a neuron-restricted cytoskeletal protein, appear to be another immune marker for NPSLE.
Signals involved in CD4/CD8 lineage commitment: current concepts and potential mechanisms.

A competent immune system requires that mature T cells express TCR and CD4/CD8 coreceptors with matching MHC specificities. Such matching of TCR and coreceptor specificity is induced in the thymus at the CD4(+)8(+)stage of development and is referred to as lineage commitment. The process by which immature CD4(+)8(+)thymocytes are signaled to undergo lineage commitment continues to be the subject of intense investigation and discussion. Here, we review the major models by which lineage commitment is thought to occur and discuss the experimental results on which they were based.
Frequency Responses of Ag Nanoparticles in Polyurethane Resin

The frequency properties of Ag nanoparticles in polyurethane have been investigated. The Ag nanoparticles prepared by phase transfer method were added to polyurethane resin and hardened with polyisocyanate. From the experimental results, the frequency responses of the hydride resin arise with the little addition of Ag nanoparticles. The electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the resin cut‐off at about 9.0×108 Hz. As a result, the reflective energy loss increased with the addition of Ag nanoparticles. The fluctuation of frequency response might come from the coupling effect and the polarization of nanoparticles under electromagnetic field.
Footloose and duty-free? Reflections on European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Footwear from China

European Union (EU) anti-dumping duties imposed on Chinese leather footwear imports led to a challenge before the WTO Dispute Settlement body. The Panel ruled that the EU's presumption that Chinese exporters are subject to economy-wide non-market-economy anti-dumping duties was inconsistent with WTO obligations. The EU declined to appeal this outcome and subsequently changed its anti-dumping regulation in response. This dispute also illustrates the rapidly changing structure of global manufacturing and how these changes can scramble the traditional political economy of import restrictions. In addition, the case highlights how EU members' positions on trade remedy actions can depend importantly on national production patterns and firms' responses to economic pressures from globalization and the further development of global supply chains.
TOPOLOGICAL LANDAU-GINZBURG MODELS

We derive a general expression for correlation functions of topological Landau-Ginzburg models on an arbitrary genus Riemann surface. The expressions we find for the correlation functions suggest that for ĉ>1 the perturbation of the theory by chiral primary fields of dimensions bigger than one is rather singular, though perturbation by relevant chiral primary fields seems sensible regardless of the value of ĉ.
Regular elements in sandwich semigroups of binary relations

This note gives a counterexample to a published characterization of regular elements in sandwich semigroups of binary relations. The method of that paper is used to characterize those elements having a right identity. A characterization of regular elements is obtained following the approach of Schein.
Subgroup of ADNI Normal Controls Characterized by Atrophy and Cognitive Decline Associated With Vascular Damage

Previous work examining Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) normal controls using cluster analysis identified a subgroup characterized by substantial brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). We hypothesized that these effects could be related to vascular damage. Fifty-three individuals in the suspected vascular cluster (Normal 2) were compared with 31 individuals from the cluster characterized as healthy/typical (Normal 1) on a variety of outcomes, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, vascular risk factors and outcomes, cognitive trajectory, and medications for vascular conditions. Normal 2 was significantly older but did not differ on ApoE4+ prevalence. Normal 2 differed significantly from Normal 1 on all MRI measures but not on Amyloid-Beta1-42 or total tau protein. Normal 2 had significantly higher body mass index (BMI), Hachinksi score, and creatinine levels, and took significantly more medications for vascular conditions. Normal 2 had marginally significantly higher triglycerides and blood glucose. Normal 2 had a worse cognitive trajectory on the Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) 30-min delay test and the Functional Activity Questionnaire (FAQ). Cerebral atrophy associated with multiple vascular risks is common among cognitively normal individuals, forming a distinct subgroup with significantly increased cognitive decline. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical impact of these findings.
Integrated Engineering Curricula

Increasing emphasis on interdisciplinary research and education requires researchers and learners to build links between distinct disciplines. In engineering education, work on integrated curricula to help learners build connections between topics began with three programs in 1988. Integrated curricula have connections to a larger movement in higher education—learning communities, which help learners to build interdisciplinary links and social links within a community. Integrated engineering curricula have provided concrete assessment data on retention and student performance to augment research on learning communities. While innovators in both movements have offered many prototypes and gathered many data, goals and results from programs implemented to date are not sufficiently well defined to guide the design and implementation of programs at other institutions. This paper discusses the importance of integration, reviews accomplishments to date, draws conclusions by analyzing those accomplishments, and suggests future initiatives.
Software defined just-in-time caching in an enterprise storage system

A software defined storage environment is one in which logical storage resources and services are completely abstracted from physical storage systems. Therefore, not only can storage resources cross physical boundaries, but they can also be defined by software and provisioned automatically, for instance, by the applications that consume them. In this paper, we present a novel software defined cooperative caching (SDCC) framework that operates at the block layer and manages the placement of data in different tiers and caches that span multiple servers and storage systems in an integrated and coherent fashion. A programming interface complements the core framework by giving the applications an interface to control data organization across the storage, thereby allowing the block storage infrastructure to be software defined. The SDCC framework allows applications to actively influence the data layout while also benefitting from the system-wide knowledge and resource management capabilities of the storage system. We present an experimental study conducted using real workloads, and the results demonstrate the performance benefits gained with SDCC, as well as the potential for consolidating multiple different workloads that share the same storage server.
Simulation and experimental studies of the SMA-activated needle behavior inside the tissue

Recently, the concept of developing an active steerable needle has gathered a lot of attention as they could potentially result in an improved outcome in various medical percutaneous procedures. Compared to the conventional straight bevel tip needles, active needles can be bent by means of the attached actuation component in order to reach the target locations more accurately. In this study, the movement of the passive needle inside the tissue was investigated using numerical and experimental approaches. A finite element simulation of needle insertion was developed using LSDYNA software to study the maneuverability of the passive needle. The Arbitrary-Eulerian-Lagrangian (ALE) formulation was used to model the interactions between the solid elements of the needle and the fluid elements of the tissue. Also the passive needle insertion tests were performed inside a tissue mimicking phantom. This model was validated for the 150mm of insertion which is similar to the depth in our needle insertion experiments. The model is intended to be based as a framework for modeling the active needle insertion in future.
Is Vulvovaginal Candidiasis an AIDS-Related Illness?

Early in the AIDS epidemic, retrospective studies reported that vaginal candidiasis occurred more frequently in women who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in those who were not infected. Some investigators suggested that new onset or recurrent vaginal candidiasis might identify HIV-infected individuals and predict the course of AIDS in women already known to be infected. In this article, studies of vaginal candidiasis in HIV-infected women are examined, and several observations are made. First, early studies were small and likely reflected biased populations. Second, adherence to previously accepted diagnostic criteria for vaginal candidiasis was not consistent in these studies. Finally, conclusions about the increased risk of recurrent or chronic candidal vaginitis in HIV-infected women have been promulgated in the medical literature and may have influenced clinical practice even though such statements are not supported epidemiologically. Prospective trials with uninfected community controls should determine the true impact of HIV infection on vulvovaginal candidiasis.
The University and its Relationship to Teaching Writing with Technology

Greetings from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, where a central part of our mission is to anticipate and create model classrooms and pedagogies that might inspire universities around the world as they reinvent themselves in the face of technological innovation. We have been particularly inspired by our colleague, Professor Richard Miller, who is at the forefront of research and practice on how digital technologies have come to bear on the future of education. In his article, “The Coming Apocalypse,” Miller (2010) explains that the “paradigm shift” occurring in higher education, once based solely on the scholarly production of copyrighted print documents, confronts the realm of resources and information open to us on the Web. He writes:
A Strongly Immunoreactive Virion Protein of Human Herpesvirus 6 Variant B Strain Z29: Identification and Characterization of the Gene and Mapping of a Variant-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Reactive Epitope

Abstract We previously identified a 101-kDa apparent molecular mass polypeptide (101 K) as the major immunoreactive virion protein of human herpesvirus 6 variant B strain Z29 [HHV-6B(Z29)] and found that the human immune response to this protein is HHV-6-specific (Yamamoto, M., Black, J. B., Stewart, J. A., Lopez, C., and Pellett, P. E., 1990, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28, 1957-1962). We report here the identification and characterization of the gene encoding 101K. We found 81% amino acid identity between an HHV-6B(Z29) open reading frame (ORF) and its homolog in HHV-6A strain U1102 [HHV-6A(U1102)]. The product of this gene was identified as 101K on the basis of both the reactivity of a 101 K-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb C3108-103) with a bacterially expressed portion of the gene and the reactivity of polyclonal rabbit antibodies raised against the bacterially expressed protein with 101K expressed by HHV-6B(Z29)-infected cells. MAb C3108-103 reacted with eight of eight variant B isolates and none of six variant A isolates, indicating that it is a variant-specific MAb. The MAb reactivity was mapped to an eight-amino-acid segment of 101K. HHV-6A(U1102) differs from HHV-6B(Z29) by two amino acids in this region; substitution mapping with synthetic oligopeptides mapped the variant B specificity to Asp 723 , thus explaining the failure of the MAb to react with variant A proteins. A set of transcripts appropriately sized for expression of 101K was identified and precisely mapped. The transcripts originated downstream from either of two TATA boxes located 139 bp apart in the region 5′ to the 101K ORF, with one 5′-species being much more abundant. Two independent polyadenylation sites were identified; the canonical polyadenylation signal located 3′ to the 101K ORF was used much more frequently than was the atypical polyadenylation signal located within the 101K ORF. These results suggest a complex regulatory mechanism for this gene.
Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2‐mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells

Lycopene can be cleaved by carotene 9',10'-oxygenase at its 9',10' double bond to form apo-10'-lycopenoids, including apo-10'-lycopenal, -lycopenol and -lycopenoic acid. The latter has been recently shown to inhibit lung carcinogenesis both in vivo and in vitro, however, the mechanism(s) underlying this protection is not well defined. In the present study, we report that treatment with apo-10'-lycopenoic acid, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, results in the nuclear accumulation of transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E(2)-related factor 2) protein in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. The activation of Nrf2 by apo-10'-lycopenoic acid is associated with the induction of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione S-transferases, and glutamate-cysteine ligases in BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, apo-10'-lycopenoic acid treatment increased total intracellular glutathione levels and suppressed both endogenous reactive oxygen species generation and H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, both apo-10'-lycopenol and apo-10'-lycopenal induced heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells. These data strongly suggest that the anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant functions of lycopene may be mediated by apo-10'-lycopenoids via activating Nrf2 and inducing phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes.