cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems and Prospects for use of Bright Light as a Therapeutic Intervention

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on problems and prospects for use of bright light as a therapeutic intervention. This Wenner–Gren symposium has brought together specialists in light presentation, light reception, and light therapeutics, and has served in delineating certain ambiguities in current research and pointing toward solutions. Radiometric measures of light intensity specify the stimulus in units of physical power without accounting for wavelength specific variations in retinal sensitivity. A physiological transform of the proximal stimulus would more closely describe the central nervous system-activating event. It has been generally assumed—but never demonstrated—that consistency of bright light exposure enhances the treatment effect. Treatment protocols have often instructed patients to look directly into the light at frequent intervals, to maximize stimulation. In therapeutic situations, where illuminance varies dynamically, it can be approximately estimated by affixing a photosensor to the observer's head and time-sampling the received signal. The strongest negative predictors of response to light treatment form a distinctly melancholic group, including retardation, suicidality, typical diurnal variation, somatic anxiety, and late insomnia.
Engineering a stable CHO cell line for the expression of a MERS-coronavirus vaccine antigen.

Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected at least 2040 patients and caused 712 deaths since its first appearance in 2012, yet neither pathogen-specific therapeutics nor approved vaccines are available. To address this need, we are developing a subunit recombinant protein vaccine comprising residues 377–588 of the MERS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), which, when formulated with the AddaVax adjuvant, it induces a significant neutralizing antibody response and protection against MERS-CoV challenge in vaccinated animals. To prepare for the manufacture and first-in-human testing of the vaccine, we have developed a process to stably produce the recombinant MERS S377-588 protein in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To accomplish this, we transfected an adherent dihydrofolate reductase-deficient CHO cell line (adCHO) with a plasmid encoding S377-588 fused with the human IgG Fc fragment (S377-588-Fc). We then demonstrated the interleukin-2 signal peptide-directed secretion of the recombinant protein into extracellular milieu. Using a gradually increasing methotrexate (MTX) concentration to 5 μM, we increased protein yield by a factor of 40. The adCHO-expressed S377-588-Fc recombinant protein demonstrated functionality and binding specificity identical to those of the protein from transiently transfected HEK293T cells. In addition, hCD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) transgenic mice vaccinated with AddaVax-adjuvanted S377-588-Fc could produce neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV and survived for at least 21 days after challenge with live MERS-CoV with no evidence of immunological toxicity or eosinophilic immune enhancement. To prepare for large scale-manufacture of the vaccine antigen, we have further developed a high-yield monoclonal suspension CHO cell line.
Evaluation of information presented within mast cell tumour histopathology reports in the United States: 2012–2015

For canine mast cell tumour (MCT), histopathology reports are one of the main factors considered in the decision-making process regarding need and type of adjunctive therapy. However, considerable variation exists in types of information reported, especially relating to surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate how information is presented within canine MCT histopathology reports across the United States. The reports were collected from medical and surgical oncologists from 4 geographic regions of the USA: Midwest, Northeast, South and West. All reports were obtained between January 1st 2012 and May 1st 2015. Inclusion criteria required that the final diagnosis was MCT, a microscopic description was present, and it was not a scar revision. Three hundred and sixty-eight reports were collected from 26 contributors. While the majority of the reports contained a clinical history (85.9%), information for certain prognostic indicators such as location and mass size was lacking. Grading with both Patnaik and Kiupel systems were described in 76.5% of reports with a single system being used in 7.1% and 15.2% of reports, respectively. Subcutaneous MCT were assigned a grading scheme in 67.2% of reports with 33.3% stating appropriate limitations. Surgical margins were reported in 92% of the reports with 77.2% describing deep and lateral margins separately. Tissue composing the deep margin was only described in 10.9% of the reports. The present results indicate reporting of MCT has variability across pathologists with inconsistencies present in the reporting of clinical history, margin evaluation and subcutaneous MCT grading.
SEQUENTIAL PATTERN RECOGNITION

This chapter discusses sequential pattern classification and recognition procedures. An object is an abstract entity that has a description associated with it. The description is a vector x = ( x 1 · · · x m ) of m integers. The i th component of this vector is the value of measurement i . The possible values of measurement i range over the integers from 1 to v i . D is the set of all possible descriptions. N is the number of elements in D. The chapter also discusses sequential pattern recognition algorithm. A sequential pattern recognition algorithm is a procedure for producing a rule R from examination of a sample. If the algorithm first takes a sample S 1 and produces rule R 1 , and next expands to a new sample S 2 , to produce a second rule R 2 from S 2 , etc., then the rules will be numbered in the order that they are produced. The chapter also discusses convergence in sequential pattern recognition, simulation of sequential by parallel procedures and sequential decision rules developed from finite samples.
Features of, and Operating Experience with, the HFIR Protection System

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory second generation of protection systems as applied to the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) has three independent channels, each with seven inputs; some of the inpu...
kallidin [1 - 9]

This kallidin metabolite is an endogenous autacoid and a potent B-1 bradykinin receptor agonist …
A Lamina-Associated Domain Border Governs Nuclear Lamina Interactions, Transcription, and Recombination of the Tcrb Locus

Summary Tcrb locus V(D)J recombination is regulated by positioning at the nuclear periphery. Here, we used DamID to profile Tcrb locus interactions with the nuclear lamina at high resolution. We identified a lamina-associated domain (LAD) border composed of several CTCF-binding elements that segregates active non-LAD from inactive LAD regions of the locus. Deletion of the LAD border causes an enhancer-dependent spread of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation from the active recombination center into recombination center-proximal LAD chromatin. This is associated with a disruption to nuclear lamina association, increased chromatin looping to the recombination center, and increased transcription and recombination of recombination center-proximal gene segments. Our results show that a LAD and LAD border are critical components of Tcrb locus gene regulation and suggest that LAD borders may generally function to constrain the activity of nearby enhancers.
Will long term oncologic follow-up make the case for robotic assisted radical cystectomy?

The use of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has increased steadily over the last 15 years (1). The impetus for adopting minimally invasive surgery is based on decreased perioperative morbidity and length of stay compared to the gold standard, open radical cystectomy (ORC).
Streamflow Impacts of Management and Environmental Change in the Upper Wabash River Basin

AbstractIn recent years, there is an ongoing debate regarding the causes of observed streamflow change across the Midwest. In the Wabash River basin in Indiana, streamflow trends due to changes in ...
Machine Learning for Performance Enhancement of Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We explore the idea of integrating machine learning with simulations to enhance the performance of the simulation and improve its usability for research and education. The idea is illustrated using hybrid OpenMP/MPI parallelized molecular dynamics simulations designed to extract the distribution of ions in nanoconfinement. We find that an artificial neural network based regression model successfully learns the desired features associated with the output ionic density profiles and rapidly generates predictions that are in excellent agreement with the results from explicit molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate that the performance gains of parallel computing can be further enhanced by using machine learning.
Rhythmic variability in Spanish/English bilinguals in California

Abstract In this study two techniques were used to analyze the linguistic rhythm of Mexican Spanish/English bilinguals in Los Angeles (California): (i)-nPVI, consisting of measurements of durations of successive pairs of vowels, and (ii)-voicing ratios, consisting of a function that calculates the voiced and voiceless portions of the signal. The speech of forty-nine participants in five groups was examined: (G1)-twelve native speakers of English, (G2)-eight Mexican Sp/Eng adult bilinguals who have been in L.A. since childhood, (G3)-eleven Mexican Sp/Eng young bilinguals descendants of immigrants and born in L.A., (G4)-seven Mexican Sp/Eng adult bilinguals who moved to L.A. as adults and (G5)-eleven native speakers of Spanish who have stayed in L.A. for a short period of time. Both methodologies indicate that G1 and G2 show English-like rhythm in both languages while G4 and G5 present Spanish-like rhythm. G3 accommodates rhythm depending on the language. Results reveal how rhythm can suffer attrition and transfer processes depending on the age or length of exposure to the L2. The study also highlights the unique linguistic situation of Los Angeles where members of the Mexican community have different levels of exposure to the Spanish and English languages.
ℓ p -Improving Inequalities for Discrete Spherical Averages

Let λ2 ∈ ℕ, and in dimensions d ≥ 5, let Aλf(x) denote the average of f: ℤd → ℝ over the lattice points on the sphere of radius λ centered at x. We prove lp improving properties of Aλ: $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\left\| {{A_\lambda }} \right\|}_{{\ell ^{p \to }}{\ell ^{p'}}}} \leqslant {C_{d,p,\omega ({\lambda ^2})}}{\lambda ^{(1 - \tfrac{2}{p})}},}&{\frac{{d - 1}}{{d + 1}} < p \leqslant \frac{d}{{d - 2}}} \end{array}.$$ It holds in dimension d = 4 for odd λ2. The dependence is in terms of ω(λ2), the number of distinct prime factors of λ2. These inequalities are discrete versions of a classical inequality of Littman and Strichartz on the Lp improving property of spherical averages on ℝd. In particular they are scale free, in a natural sense. The proof uses the decomposition of the corresponding multiplier whose properties were established by Magyar–Stein–Wainger, and Magyar. We then use a proof strategy of Bourgain, which dominates each part of the decomposition by an endpoint estimate.
Comparative Effectiveness of Targeted Intrathecal Drug Delivery Using a Combination of Bupivacaine with Either Low-Dose Fentanyl or Hydromorphone in Chronic Back Pain Patients with Lumbar Postlaminectomy Syndrome

Objective Targeted intrathecal drug delivery (TIDD) is an effective interventional pain management modality often used in postlaminectomy patients with refractory chronic low back pain. A combination of intrathecal bupivacaine with an opioid is often used. However, intrathecal catheter tip granulomas have occurred with use of morphine or hydromorphone but generally not with fentanyl. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of TIDD using bupivacaine/fentanyl vs bupivacaine/hydromorphone in patients with chronic intractable low back pain postlaminectomy. Materials and methods A retrospective comparative analysis of consecutive patients with lumbar postlaminectomy syndrome who were trialed and later received TIDD with a combination of bupivacaine/hydromorphone or bupivacaine/fentanyl between June 2009 and May 2016 at a single tertiary medical center. Results We identified a cohort of 58 lumbar postlaminectomy patients receiving a TIDD admixture of either hydromorphone/bupivacaine (30 patients) or low-dose fentanyl/bupivacaine (28 patients) with at least two years of follow-up. The fentanyl group had significantly lower baseline opioid consumption and a lower rate of intrathecal opioid dose escalation. Both groups had similar and significant reductions in pain scores over the two-year follow-up period. No granulomas were observed. Conclusion TIDD using a low-dose fentanyl admixture with bupivacaine in patients with postlaminectomy syndrome and refractory chronic low back pain results in similar pain relief to TIDD with hydromorphone and bupivacaine. Low-dose intrathecal fentanyl leads to a lower rate of opioid escalation and may be safer than hydromorphone.
Playing as Argument Architects: Bridging a Learning Gap in the Research Process

This article reports on the design process and initial results of a project to create a board game, Argument Architect, that bridges the gap between librarians’ and students’ understanding of research and rhetoric. Some students perceive research as a step-by-step, linear process; in contrast, however, most librarians view it as an iterative, dynamic activity. In order to use Argument Architect as a springboard to a classroom conversation, we designed it to avoid the competitive/destructive nature of most board games in favor of a cooperative/constructive schema that fostered a flowing, playful, and reflective dialog between students and librarians about the “messy” nature of research. We also kept in mind our practical needs, as instruction librarians, for a game with flexibility, scalability, portability, and intuitive play that we could efficiently deploy multiple times in composition classes with different class lengths and assignments. We share details and images of the game in multiple stages of development, student and instructor reactions, and future plans.
Nicholas Murray Butler: A Prophet for Our Time?

Nicholas Murray Butler, a well-known activist for peace in the interwar period, expressed himself as forcefully on institutions and actions that would not guarantee peace as on those that held more promise. After reviewing the paths that Butler rejected, this paper identifies his concentration on educating public opinion to view the international system as inherently a forum for cooperation rather than conflict, and other countries as potential partners in this effort rather than potential foes. Public opinion would force officials to take similar views and public actions taken by officials would encourage all parties to give the "other" of fellow states a more positive meaning. The paper concludes that in this effort Butler presaged constructivism, and ends with a discussion of the strengths and weaknessses of his approach.
Corporate disclosure in a voluntary reporting environment: NYSE-listed firms in 1900

This paper examines the financial reporting done by firms listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1900 and the firm characteristics that determined what and how much firms would disclose. At this time, there were no federal disclosure mandates or stringent requirements imposed by the Exchange. Therefore, the reporting done by firms was largely voluntary and resulted in significant variation across companies and industries. I look at all 191 firms that listed stocks on the NYSE in this year and use data from Moody’s Manual of Industrial and Miscellaneous Securities and Poor’s Manual of the Railroads of the United States to determine the amount of financial disclosure. I find that more capital-intensive firms were more likely to report income statements and balance sheets and provided more volume of information. In addition, food, mining, and miscellaneous service firms disclosed the least. In addition, all else equal, the age of a company and offering preferred stock did not significantly increase its likelihood of reporting financial statements. Overall, the results indicate that even absent regulation, firms would voluntarily provide information but at varying degrees based on how much the company relies on outside investors and whether its industry is competitive. They also suggest that managers considered potential or explicit investor demand for financial information and responded to this demand.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus in patients with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis: A case series

Abstract Background/objectives Pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus has been assumed to result from non-immune beta cell destruction when the pancreas is replaced by fibrotic tissue secondary to acute and chronic pancreatitis. We hypothesize that recurrent episodes of pancreatic inflammation may increase the risk for developing β-cell autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Methods We describe 11 patients who had both recurrent acute and/or chronic pancreatitis and type 1 diabetes (T1D) requiring insulin therapy. Results All 11 patients had positive autoantibodies and 8 patients tested had minimal to undetectable (7/8) or moderate (1/8) stimulated C-peptide at 12 months after T1D onset. Three had biopsy confirmation of insulitis. Conclusions These cases lend support to the theory that pancreatitis may increase risk for T1D. We postulate that the pro-inflammatory conditions of pancreatitis may increase posttranslational protein modifications of β-cell antigens and neoepitope generation, which are potential initiating events for loss of β-cell self-tolerance.
Absent Agency Problems, Can Conflict Emerge between a Pre-Existing Angel Investor, and an Entering Venture Capitalist?

Suppose absence of agency problems in interactions between a representative angel investor who already is invested in a project (a 'pre-existing' angel investor), and a representative `entering' venture capitalist who provides a new infusion of capital into the same project. This study finds that there exist conditions in context of which conflict emerges, and this with possibility of nigh certainty, between the angel investor, and the venture capitalist (VC). Let the 'conditional relative skewness' for a project be evident in the specific location of the project in the distribution of conditional skewness accruing to all projects that are located in the investment opportunity set of the pre-existing angel investor. Conditional on transformation of a project to a higher risk project by an entering VC, the probability of emergence of legitimate conflict is a decreasing function of conditional relative skewness. Refer to this probability as the 'risk-induced probability of conflict'. The risk-induced probability of conflict increases with the extent to which the entering VC is characterized by either of preference for lotteries, or 'information myopia', and asymptotically approaches one. The general equilibrium model shows maintenance of the risk profile that was established prior to participation of the VC ensures non-emergence of conflict between the entering VC, and the pre-existing angel investor.
Two-sample inference for sparse functional data

In this paper, we develop an asymptotic χ2 test for detecting differences among mean functions when sparse and irregular observations are drawn from the underlying continuous stochastic processes for each subject. We provide theoretical arguments to justify the effectiveness of the proposed test procedure. Numerical experiments, including simulation studies and applications to a CD4 count data set and an eBay online auction data set, are presented to demonstrate the good performance of the developed test.
Ulcerative Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis in the Setting of Positive Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1-γ Antibody

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the skin with or without muscle involvement1. One-third of patients present with malignant disease within 3 years2. A 60-year-old woman with a remote history of ovarian cancer presented with a 1-month history of severe dysphagia, symmetric proximal muscle weakness, and a progressive painful ulcerative skin eruption associated …
Federated infrastructure: usage, patterns, and insights from "the people's network"

In this paper, we provide the first broad measurement study of the operation, adoption, performance, and efficacy of Helium. The Helium network aims to provide low-power, wide-area network wireless coverage for Internet of Things-class devices. In contrast to traditional infrastructure, "hotspots" (base stations) are owned and operated by individuals who are paid by the network for providing coverage and are paid directly by users for ferrying data. As of May, 2021, Helium has over 40,000 active hotspots with 1,000 new hotspots coming online every day. This deployment is decentralized - 84% of users own at most three hotspots. Some support infrastructure remains highly centralized, however, with over 99% of data traffic routed through one cloud endpoint and multiple cities in which all hotspots rely on one ISP for backhaul. Helium is largely speculative today with more hotspot activity than user activity. Crowdsourced, incentive-guided infrastructure deployment largely works but shows evidence of gamification and apathy. As Helium lacks clear, radio-oriented coverage maps, we develop and test coverage models based on network incentives. Finally, empirical testing with IoT devices finds basic success, but uncovers numerous reliability issues.
Self-perceptions of e-cigarettes among adolescents: a health safety concern.

Commentary on: Sharma A, McCausland K, Jancey J. Adolescent’s Health Perceptions of E-cigarettes: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med , 60(5), 2021: 716–725. doi:10.1016/jamepre.2020.12.013 One of the most popular tobacco products used by adolescents in the USA is e-cigarettes. According to the CDC, nearly 20% of high school students and 5% of middle school students use e-cigarettes. Also, it has been reported that nearly 40% of high school students and 20% of middle school students used e-cigarettes at least 20 out of the last 30 days.1 E-cigarettes are also capable of causing significant damage to adolescents’ health when smoking.2 Smoking is a public health …
Low cost efficiency maximizer for an induction motor drive

A method of efficiency maximization is proposed which utilizes sensing of the third-harmonic component of the air gap flux. This signal is used to determine the resulting instantaneous position of the fundamental component of the air gap flux and, consequently, the torque and flux producing components of the stator current. In addition, the third-harmonic signal is also used to determine the rotor speed. Hence, the output of the machine can be calculated with only a single sensor wire attached to the neural point of the machine. The flux producing component can now be readily adjusted to produce the minimum input power for a fixed amount of output power (fixed speed). >
Aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli. Mechanisms of inhibition and activation by dicarboxylic acids and other anions.

The interactions of several dicarboxylic acids and monoanions with Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase and with its catalytic subunit have been studied by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and steady state kinetics, with the following major findings. 1. A variety of dicarboxylic acids compete with carbamyl-P for the active sites of unliganded catalytic subunit, with steric requirements very different from those important for competition with L-aspartate for the subunit/carbamyl-P complex. Competition with carbamyl-P is much reduced if the dicarboxylic acid has a positively charged amino group. Acetate and chloride also compete. 2. At pH 7, equal concentrations of lysine acetate and L-aspartate are equally effective in displacing the transition state analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) from the active sites of the concentrations of L-aspartate and lysine acetate is constant, increasing the concentration of L-aspartate does not relieve inhibition of the enzyme by PALA (Collins, K.C., and Stark, G. R. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6599-6605). Therefore, the L-aspartate/subunit complex, like the acetate/subunit complex, must be incapable of participating in the catalytic reaction. We conclude that the kinetic mechanism is ordered, in agreement with the recent findings of Wedler and Gasser (Wedler, F.C., and Gasser, F.J. (1974), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 163, 57-68) and in disagreement with the interpretation of Heyde et al. (Heyde, E., Nagabhushanam, A., And Morrison, J.F. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 4718-4726)...
Attachment as a Predictor of the Therapeutic Alliance in Couple Therapy

There is substantial evidence that the therapeutic alliance is an important predictor of successful outcome in couple therapy. However, little research has addressed the predictors of the development of a strong therapeutic alliance. One possible predictor is attachment styles among the two partners because of the effect of attachment styles to influence the formation of important personal relationships. The relationship between attachment at the first session and the therapeutic alliance at the fourth session was examined using data from 115 couples in couple therapy. Using Structural Equation Modeling, results indicated that only wives' avoidant attachment was significant predictive of the therapeutic alliance.
A Magnus Series-Based Modified Sweep Method for Optimal Control

This paper presents variations of the Successive Backward Sweep (SBS) method for solving nonlinear optimal control problems with terminal constraints. The state-costate differential equations are linearized and discretized explicitly in time by a truncated Magnus series representation of the state transition. These discrete exponential maps are propagated, backwards in time, by the sweep method. Two variants of the method are implemented to test for the Jacobi sufficient condition and achieve convergence to local optimal solutions. Where required, the problems are regularized to ensure satisfaction of the convexity conditions by modifying the associated Hessian. The performance of the Magnus series-based SBS method is compared with that of a non-symplectic 5 th order Runge-Kutta method on three examples: a highly nonlinear, two-dimensional problem, a hypersensitive problem, and an atmospheric reentry guidance problem.
Computing outreach literature review

The lack of diversity in computing has existed for decades. It has garnered the attention of computing educators and private companies who have implemented a host of outreach and retention programs to draw more diverse students into the field and the workforce. A question that stands out is whether or not these programs are effective in the long term in helping to mitigate the lack of diversity in the field. To determine an answer to this question, the authors undertook a systematic literature review of reported computing outreach activities in relevant journals and conference proceedings for the years 2009–2014 inclusive. Upon consideration of all relevant articles, 73 articles were coded for information about the type of outreach, target audience, and reported results. Summaries of the findings of the literature review are presented in this poster.
Oxygen Free Radical Signaling in Ischemic Preconditioninga

This review will focus on the free radical signaling mechanism of preconditioning. The results from our laboratory as well as studies from other laboratories suggest that reactive oxygen species function as second messenger during myocardial adaptation to ischemia. This review provides evidence for the first time that tyrosine kinase and MAP kinases are the targets for reactive oxygen species generated in the preconditioned myocardium. The finding that p38 MAP kinase might be upstream of NF kappa B further supports our previous reports that MAPKAP kinase 2 could be the most likely link between the preconditioning and adaptation mediated by gene expression. p38 activation appears to be an important step in the translocation and activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF kappa B, which in turn may be involved in the induction of the expression of a variety of stress-inducible genes.
An extension of the Levin-Sidi class of nonlinear transformations for accelerating convergence of infinite integrals and series

In this paper we extend Levin and Sidi's nonlinear D- and d-transformations for accelerating convergence of infinite integrals and series. The simple extension is made by viewing all these transformations as generalized jackknifes. The new transformations appear to be more accurate in general and are as easily implemented as D- and d-transformations. The new transformations have also some computational advantages. As a result more accurate approximations can be obtained in many cases, as is shown in the examples which are included.
Committee on governmental and congressional affairs

In August of 1974, Frank Press appointed an ad hoc committee, chaired by Robert M. Ragan, to study whether or not a congressional liaison function should be a regular part of AGU activities and if so, why, what, when, and how. The ‘why’ was answered quickly on the assumption that any exchange of information and increased involvement of geophysicists in public issues would be mutually beneficial. To answer the other questions, the committee surveyed the activities of other major scientific and engineering societies and found that most of them had one or more programs aimed at establishing a line of communication between the society and the legislative and administrative branches of government. Typical of such programs are establishing a Washington representative (or office) to maintain a two-way flow of information between the society (members) and pertinent government agencies; providing scientific advice and expertise to the legislative branch in the form of position papers prepared by society members, expert testimony arranged by the society, and, in a few cases, specific (funded) studies; and sponsoring one or more fellows to augment the technical staff of congressional committees. In at least two cases, societies have elected to give up their tax-exempt status and engage in lobbying for the special interests of their members.
Work in progress — STEM collaboration cubed

For many years educators have operated in “silo mode” providing the benefits of depth and rigor, but often short-changing context and applicability. This is particularly important when addressing the current Reality TV Generation that demands immediate relevance. In stark contrast to the silo approach, Informatics brings together technology, information, and people. Scientific principles of analysis, hypothesis, and evaluation are at the heart of informatics, but they are not sterile notions. Informatics makes these principles relevant by working with specific domain information. In the case of high school teenagers, examples of relevant domains include movies, music, and college selection. This paper describes a high school course in informatics that is currently under development. In addition to the natural interdisciplinary nature of informatics, our 3-way partnership and 3-strategy approach to adoption makes this project special. The goal of the project is that by working together and utilizing these diffusion strategies, this team can not only develop and deliver a successful course, but also lay the groundwork for widespread adoption. We believe that successful completion of such a course would empower both college-bound and career-oriented students by helping them work comfortably and effectively with digital information in the 21st century.
Estimation of a photon budget for the upper ocean in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract : The major results are in two areas -- Studies of systematic design procedures for a class of structured algorithms often encountered in signal processing applications. These are being called Regular Iterative Algorithms (RIAs). These ideas have been successfully used by a former student who helped this theory, Dr. S. K. Rao of AT&T Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, N.J. Dr. Rao has found the RIA results helpful in designing several fast integrated circuit chips for communications and signal processing applications, some of which are being used in the AT&T - ZENITH joint effort on High Definition Television (HDTV) . The other set of results deals with the issue of designing configurable and fault tolerant processor arrays such that if some of the processors in the given array are faulty, then a fault free array can be constructed comprising only the healthy processors. Such studies can be easily motivated in the case of Wafer Scale Integration (WSI) technology where for example, a large number of processors, configured in the form of a grid, can be put on a single wafer. Due to yield problems, some of the processors are invariably going to be faulty. In such a case, instead of treating the whole wafer as defective, one can work around the faulty processors and reconfigure the rest in the form of a grid.
4502 Colonoscopic surveillance of patients with a family history of colon cancer and past history of normal colonoscopy: is a 5-year interval between colonoscopies appropriate?

Background: Patients with a family history of colorectal cancer (ie. diagnosis in a first degree relative) have an increased risk of developing adenomas and cancer. Experts recommend that these patients should have surveillance colonoscopy every 5 years after an initial normal colonoscopy. The aims of this trial are to: 1) determine the percentage of patients with adenomas on surveillance colonoscopy; 2) determine the percentage of patients with advanced adenomas (ie. villous features, adenoma size =10mm, presence of high grade dysplasia); and 3) assess risk factors for colonic adenomas in this population. Methods:In May 1999, consecutive patients with a family history of colorectal cancer who had a normal baseline colonoscopy 5 years earlier were offered a surveillance colonoscopy. On the day of their procedure, patients completed a questionnaire about risk factors potentially associated with adenoma formation including: age(>65 yo), male gender, African-American race, NSAID use (>2 doses/week), alcohol use (>2 ounces/day), and tobacco use (>20 pack-yrs). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine which risk factors were associated with adenomas. Results: To date, 38 patients have completed the trial. Demographic data: male:female ratio(59:41); mean age 57yo±8yrs; 98% Caucasian. Eleven percent(4/38) had advanced adenomas at surveillance colonoscopy, and 34% (13/38) had any adenomas present in the colon. Since only one African-American has entered the trial so far, race was excluded from multiple logistic regression analysis. The multiple logistic regression analysis did not identify any significant association between adenomas and risk factors. Age>65yo: OR=1.34(95%CI:0.2-9.7); male gender: OR=1.40(95%CI:0.3-6.8); alcohol use: OR=1.94(95%CI:0.1-57.5); and NSAID use:OR(95%CI:0.1-1.7). Among patients with advanced adenomas, 25%(1/4) had no adenomas in the left side of the colon (ie. distal to the splenic flexure). Among patients with any adenomas, 39% (5/13) had no adenomas in the left side of the colon. Conclusions: Expert recommendations that patients with a family history of colorectal cancer should have surveillance colonoscopy 5 years after an initial normal colonoscopy are supported by these preliminary results. Over 1/3 of adenomas would be missed if surveillance was performed with flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Discovering informative connection subgraphs in multi-relational graphs

Discovering patterns in graphs has long been an area of interest. In most approaches to such pattern discovery either quantitative anomalies, frequency of substructure or maximum flow is used to measure the interestingness of a pattern. In this paper we introduce heuristics that guide a subgraph discovery algorithm away from banal paths towards more "informative" ones. Given an RDF graph a user might pose a question of the form: "What are the most relevant ways in which entity X is related to entity Y?" the response to which is a subgraph connecting X to Y. We use our heuristics to discover informative subgraphs within RDF graphs. Our heuristics are based on weighting mechanisms derived from edge semantics suggested by the RDF schema. We present an analysis of the quality of the subgraphs generated with respect to path ranking metrics. We then conclude presenting intuitions about which of our weighting schemes and heuristics produce higher quality subgraphs.
SIMRRT: A Basic Interactive Program to Collect Similarity Ratings and Reaction Time Data for Multidimensional Scaling

An interactive computer program SIMRRT, written in BASIC for an Apple II computer, is presented for the purpose of collecting pair-wise similarity ratings and reaction time data. The data are stored in a file which can be used as an input to a multidimensional scaling program.
Observations of Colletotrichum dematium f. circinans on Allium cepa: halo formation and penetration of epidermal walls†

Spores of Colletotrichum dematium f. circinans (Berk.) cv. Arx, the causal agent of onion smudge, were inoculated on to epidermal bridges of white, yellow and red onions (Allium cepa L.). Penetration and halo formation were observed using microscopy and cytochemistry. Penetration occurred by 24 h and halos were visible with interference and phase-contrast microscopy, but not with bright-field or polarized light microscopy. Halos appeared as sunken areas with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Interference microscopy indicated that the dry mass of halos was less than comparably sized areas of non-infected cell wall. Cytological staining and SEM indicated that the cuticle was not disrupted. However, pectin was removed from the walls, and aldehydes were accumulated in halos. Cellulose stains accumulated in halos, but there was no indication of degradation of cellulose. Deposits were found beneath initial penetration sites. Penetration of the wall is thought to involve enzymes.
The establishment of hepatocyte cell surface polarity during fetal liver development

Antibodies to six glycoproteins present in different domains of the hepatocyte plasma membrane were used to study the establishment of cell surface polarity during rat fetal liver development. The proteins were immunoprecipitated from fetal liver homogenates between 14 and 21 days of gestation and quantified by immunoblotting. Aminopeptidase N, CE 9, and HA 321, which reside in the apical, basolateral, and lateral plasma membrane in the adult hepatocyte, respectively, were present in high concentrations at 14 days of gestation and remained high until birth. In contrast, two apical proteins (HA 4 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV) and two basolateral proteins (ASGP receptor and EGF receptor) were first detected between 16 and 18 days of gestation and increased linearly until birth. HA 4 was the only molecule for which the fetal and adult forms differed, with the former having a faster mobility on SDS-PAGE, due to differences in N-linked oligosaccharides. With two exceptions, the localization of the molecules from earliest detection was restricted to the same domain as that in the adult. At 15 days of gestation, HA 321 and a small portion of aminopeptidase were detected on the basolateral membrane. By 21 days both molecules had assumed their adult localization pattern. Our results indicate that the biogenesis of cell surface polarity is an early event, implying that the mechanisms for sorting plasma membrane molecules are functional very early in development. Furthermore, the different patterns of appearance of the six molecules, irrespective of domain, indicate that the biochemical composition of the cell surface changes dramatically during fetal liver development.
Police-related experiences and HIV risk among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India.

Research suggests experiences with police are related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sexual risk among women working as sex workers. However, little is known about the links between specific police-related behaviors and HIV vulnerability. We examine whether 5 police-related experiences are associated with measures of HIV risk and violence among a sample of female sex workers (FSWs) in Andhra Pradesh, India, and consider the implications for HIV prevention. FSWs at least 18 years of age (n = 835) were recruited through respondent-driven sampling for a cross-sectional survey conducted as part of Avahan, the India AIDS Initiative. Using logistic regression models adjusted for age, age at start of sex work, and sex work venue, we assessed police-related experiences reported by FSWs in relation to HIV risk behaviors and violence. Results showed having sex with police to avoid trouble, giving gifts to police to avoid trouble, having police take condoms away, experiencing a workplace raid, and being arrested were associated with sexually transmitted infection symptoms, inconsistent condom use, acceptance of more money for sex without a condom, and experience of client violence. These findings suggest a need for interventions targeting police–FSW interactions to reduce HIV vulnerability among FSWs.
Direct Comparison of the Hollow-core Fiber and Filamentation Techniques for Few-cycle Pulse Generation

Important experimental parameters of the gas-filled hollow-core fiber and filamentation pulse compression techniques such as beam pointing stability, beam profile, spatial chirp, spectral phase and their gas pressure dependence were investigated in view of few-cycle pulse generation.
Exploring the relationship between students’ values and the values of postsecondary institutions

Little is known of how institutional and individual value systems are related among university undergraduates. With three different measures and samples of college students, perceptions of university mission and values (i.e., institutional values, creating pro-social climates, and developing a life-long commitment to values) loaded independently of their personal values systems, and often negatively with social desirability. Perceptions of institutional values were generally independent of personal value systems, using either a rank-order (Sample 1, n = 199) or rating scale method (Sample 2, n = 107), or by focusing on moral behavior structures (Sample 3, n = 208). Together, these results indicate that higher education assessment may reflect institutional values that are independent of student personal value systems.
Time limitation and the role of research in the worldwide attempt to eradicate malaria

The U.S. Congress established an intense, time-limited, worldwide malaria eradication program in 1958 and assigned operational responsibility to the U.S. Agency for International Development (and its predecessors). When the program was terminated on schedule in 1963, ≍400 million had been consumed and malaria prevalence had greatly been reduced. Transmission began to increase thereafter. The open-ended WHO global eradication effort began in 1955 ended in 1969 and consumed ≍15 million during the 1958–1963 period of progress, mainly provided by the United States. Intensified antimalaria interventions continued after Congress discontinued direct support. Although malariological research was discouraged during the period of time limitation, it was embraced as the conceptual basis for the open-ended period of intervention that followed. This effort saved many lives but expended our ability to intervene against future epidemics and reduced human herd immunity. To avoid the “great gamble” inherent in any ambitious intervention against this disease, future programs should be designed to seek incremental, local antimalaria gains.
Efficient implementation of THINC scheme

In this paper, we improve the multi-dimensional THINC (tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing) scheme F. Xiao, Y. Honma, T. Kono, A simple algebraic interface capturing scheme using hyperbolic tangent function, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluid. 48 (2005) 1023]. The THINC scheme is a VOF (volume of fluid) type method. In the original THINC scheme, one-dimensional THINC scheme was straightforwardly used for multi-dimensional cases. In this paper, we propose the WLIC (weighed line interface calculation) method to extend the THINC scheme to multi-dimension. In the WLIC method, the interface is reconstructed by taking an average of line interfaces along x, y and z coordinates with the weights calculated from surface normal. The WLIC method can extend the THINC scheme to multi-dimension while maintaining simplicity of implementation and achieve a higher accuracy than the original THINC scheme. The WLIC method can readily extend the THINC scheme to three-dimension.
Unit Operations Characterization Using Historical Manufacturing Performance

Collecting unit operation performance data on manufacturing processes has many benefits. Besides assessing the health of assets, the data can also be analyzed to drive process improvement activities, to assist in establishing practical operating ranges for new products, and can be used to facilitate process development activities in the laboratory ultimately leading to more robust tech transfers of processes to the manufacturing facility. In this paper, we will describe how to obtain operational variability on the basis of performance data extracted from current and/or historical manufacturing unit operations and its practical uses. Although, the concept was developed initially as a small molecule process design tool, its flexibility is underscored by including an example of how a parenteral manufacturing site used it to identify and correct an issue before it translated into unplanned downtime or product loss.
The sacred, the erotic and the ecological: the politics of transformative global discourses

A celebration of possible transformations of our radical and mainstream discourses of globalization. Begins by displacing two conventional dualizations that inform our scholarly theorizing and practice: between the global and the local and between our work and ourselves. Advocating politics of abundance and generosity that celebrates ontological exuberance and the creation of transformative realities, invites academic elites to co‐create global possibilities in the service of all life and all ways of life. Enjoying the multiple possibilities of texts three narrative evocations follow – the sacred, the erotic and the ecological. The postcolonial gifts of these three dimensions inform possible transformations for us as teachers, enquirers and practitioners. It concludes with invitations to action and offerings of service.