cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical challenges to inductive inference in linked data.

Many data sets can be represented naturally as collections of linked objects. For example, document collections can be represented as documents (nodes) connected by citations and hypertext references (links). Similarly, organizations can be represented as people (nodes) connected by reporting relationships, social relationships, and communication patterns (links). This type of data representation is facilitated by the growing availability of object-oriented databases and hypertext systems. The analysis of such data, often called link analysis, is becoming increasingly important in such diverse fields as law enforcement, fraud detection, epidemiology, and information retrieval. One important class of techniques for link analysis involves inductive inference — the construction of predictive relationships from linked data. For example, researchers in information retrieval might construct models to predict whether a particular WWW document is a homepage based on features of other documents to which it is connected (e.g., pages listing publications or family photos). Similarly, law enforcement agents might construct models to predict whether a person is a potential money-launderer based on bank deposits, international travel, business connections, and the arrest records of known associates. Constructing such predictive relationships is an essential part of link analysis. Despite growing data analysis opportunities, relatively little work examines the unique statistical challenges of inductive inference in linked data. This paper examines three such challenges: 1) statistical dependence caused by linked instances; 2) bias introduced by sampling density; and 3) multiple comparisons intensified by feature combinatorics. In general, current systems
Chloroplast Sedoheptulose 1,7-Bisphosphatase: Evidence for Regulation by the Ferredoxin/Thioredoxin System

1. A substrate-specific sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase has been found in chloroplasts and separated from its fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase counterpart. Experiments with antibodies indicate that the two enzymes are structurally different. 2. Activity of the sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase enzyme was dependent on Mg²⁺ and a reductant. The most effective reductant tested was thioredoxin that was reduced either photochemically via ferredoxin with chloroplasts or chemically with dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol added alone also activated the enzyme, but reduced glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol did not. The thioredoxin-activated enzyme was deactivated by oxidized glutathione. 3. The results suggest that the new substrate-specific sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase depends on light for activity and resembles certain other regulatory enzymes of the reductive pentose phos­phate cycle in its mode of regulation.
Computational Modeling Assisted Design of Optimized and Individualized Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Protocols

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity currents facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. Such non-invasive electrotherapies have a number of advantages that have been exploited in clinical practice; in particular, tDCS dose is easily customized by varying electrode number, position, size, shape, and current. Recent developments in computational models have further personalized dose to individual subjects/cases. Finite element method models developed from high-resolution MRI scans are among the tools available today. Designing and interpreting these models while aware of their limitations can affect the rational design of electrotherapy, as evidenced in studies combining computer modeling and clinical data. Though modeling for non-invasive brain stimulation is still in its development phase, it is predicted that, with increased validation, dissemination, simplification, and democratization of modeling tools, computational forward models of neuromodulation will become useful tools to guide the optimization of clinical electrotherapy. Essential for this process is an appreciation by clinicians of the uses and limitation of computational models, and understanding by engineers and programmers of what predictions are in fact relevant to clinical practice.
Flora de la región del bolson de Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, México, I.

El Bolson de Cuatro Cienegas y las sierras circunvecinas que se ubican en el borde este del Desierto Chihuahuano en la parte central del Estado de Coahuila en Mexico sostienen una vegetacion diversa con una rica flora. El bolson es extraordinario en que hay extensas dunas yesosas, y copiosa agua calida y mineralizada como lagunas, playas, Rios, conductos subterraneos, pozos, pozos artesianos, y cienegas. La region de investigacion incluye aproximadamente 2.00 km cuadrados y la altitud varia desde 700 m en el fondodel bolson hasta mas que 3.000 m en la cima de la Sierra de la Madera.La vegetacion se divide en las siguientes zonas: 1) zacaton, 2) medios acuaticos y semiacuaticos, 3) dunas yesosas, 4) transicion, 5) desiertp achaparrado, 6) chaparro, 7) bosques de roble y pinon, 8) bosques montanes de pino, abeto, y Pseudotsuga. La flora conocida de plantas vasculares se compone de 824 taxa que corresponden a 796 especies de 429 generos de 111 familias. Las localidades tipicas de 26 taxa quedan en esta region y 8 de ellas son endemicos.
Meristem Culture for Virus-Free Plants

Viral infested plants exhibit many symptoms including reduced vigor and growth, yield reduction, curling and necrosis of the leaf blade, colored streaks in the leaf blade and flower petals, reduced rooting of cuttings, and sometimes death. Viruses are usually not spread through the seed; however, in vegetatively produced crops, the virus is not eliminated. There are no chemical treatments to free viruses from plants. Heat therapy (hot air or water treatments) is effective. The virus can be eliminated using meristem culture.
Extension of high-order harmonic generation cutoff via coherent control of intense few-cycle chirped laser pulses

This work was supported in part by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy, and by NSF.
Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome

Mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome (SS) are rare lymphomas of CD4+ helper T cells. There is stagewise progression from patch/plaques to thicker tumor lesions/diffuse erythroderma. Blood involvement is a characteristic of SS. Outcomes are related to the extent of skin, blood, lymph node, and visceral organ involvement. Patients with limited patch and plaque disease are treated with skin-directed therapies. More advanced/refractory disease is treated with skin-directed therapies and oral or systemic immunomodulatory agents. Single-agent chemotherapies are used against tumors, refractory plaques, and lymph node and visceral involvement. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a potentially curative strategy for advanced/resistant disease.
Soils and Palaeosols in Glacial Environments

Abstract Palaeosols in glacial environments, particularly those representing global interglacial periods, are important stratigraphic markers and can potentially provide valuable insight on palaeoenvironments and postglacial landscape evolution. Surface soils formed in glacial sediment provide evidence on their relative age, and can therefore be of great value in glacial mapping and correlation and in targeting numerical dating efforts. Studies of soil chronosequences are especially important in these interpretations of soils and palaeosols, but it is also essential to take into account the complex response of soil-forming processes to varying landscape position, parent materials, climate, and vegetation.
Creating a new community in the ‘zone’: borders, foreignness and the Cité Universitaire in interwar Paris

After the First World War, Parisian officials debated the city’s border ground: Did the zone define the edge of Paris? The founders of the new Cite Universitaire de Paris joined the discussion. The...
Distributive Justice, Catholic Social Teaching, and the Moral Responsibility of Marketers

This commentary uses as its platform an essay by Karpatkin (1999) titled “Toward a Fair and Just Marketplace for All Consumers: The Responsibilities of Marketing Professionals. ” This article suppo...
CONFRONTATION AND EVASION

Les scenes nombreuses dans lesquelles elles font preuve de repartie permettent de rapprocher les deux heroines de J. Austen que la critique souvent oppose
Sampling from Dense Streams without Penalty

We investigate the ability to sample relatively small amounts of data from a stream and approximately calculate statistics on the original stream. McGregor et al. [29] provide worst case theoretical bounds that show space costs for sampling that are inversely correlated with the sampling rate. Indeed, while the lower bound of McGregor et al. cannot be improved in the general case, we show it is possible to improve the space bound for stream D of domain n, when the average positive frequency μ = F 1/F 0 is sufficiently large. We consider the following range of parameters: μ ≥ log(n) and sample rate p ≥ C k μ − 1log(n), where C k is a constant. On these streams we improve the bound from \(\tilde{O} ({1 \over p} n^{1-2/k})\) to \( \tilde{O} (n^{1-2/k})\) thus giving polynomial improvement in space for sufficiently large μ and p − 1.
Processes for managing project uncertainty with contingency planning

One of the most pervasive problems faced by project managers is controlling a large project in an uncertain and distributed work environment. We believe that many of the inherent difficulties in managing large engineering and software projects result from difficulties in managing the uncertainty inherent in any lengthy, complex undertaking. Currently available project management tools allow the project manager to perform “what-if” and risk analyses, but do not support the management of an uncertain project environment. Existing decision support systems allow analysis of known facts about the project, but they focus upon what should be done with information after it is available. They do not support decision-making in the face of evolving and often insufficient project information, and they do not support the decision-maker when a plan must be enacted even before a decision can be made. Also, they assume that decisions are made once, instantaneously, and in isolation from the external project environment.
Bonding time: low-income mothers and New Jersey’s family leave insurance program

ABSTRACTRecovering from childbirth while trying to balance workplace demands and stretch financial resources creates multiple stressors in the lives of low-income families. New Jersey is one of onl...
Linear Accelerator–Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cranial Intraparenchymal Metastasis of a Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare, aggressive soft tissue sarcomas. MPNST intracranial metastasis is exceedingly rare with only 22 documented cases in the literature and, to our knowledge, only 1 case with intraparenchymal brain metastasis. Most have been managed surgically; however, 2 documented cases were treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Excluding this case report, there are no other documented cases of linear accelerator–based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to treat MPNST brain metastasis. Case Description A 41-year-old man with MPNST of the lung initially underwent tumor resection. He developed multiple systemic metastases that were managed with directed radiation therapy. A parietal brain metastasis was treated with linear accelerator–based SRS. Following SRS therapy, the patient was treated with a tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor. Complete resolution of brain metastasis was seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging 5 months after treatment with SRS. At 11 months after SRS, there was no evidence of recurrence or progression of the intraparenchymal disease. The patient continued to have stable extracranial disease on his ninth cycle of systemic treatment. Conclusions This report provides important insights into efficacy of linear accelerator–based SRS to treat MPNST brain metastases.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Growth in the First 2 Years of Life in Preterm Infants With Cystic Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND Late preterm infants (born 34-36 weeks gestation) without cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk for growth failure during the first 2 years of life. Infants with CF are at risk of being born premature, and thus at risk for growth failure. The aim for this study was to assess weight-for-length (WFL) at 2 years of age for late preterm infants compared with term infants with CF. METHODS Data were collected from the US CF Foundation Patient Registry. We compared growth parameters between late preterm and term infants with CF born from 2010 to 2013. Our primary outcome was WFL <10 and <50 percentile at 2 years of age. A multivariate logistical regression analysis evaluated late preterm gestation and WFL<10 or <50 percentile. RESULTS A total of 2955 infants were born from 2010 to 2013 with CF. Eight percentage late preterm. Forty-five percentage late preterm versus 43% term were below the 50th percentile for WFL at age 2 years (P = 0.75). Twelve percentage late preterm versus 6% term for WFL <10 percentile at age 2 years (P = 0.010). The multivariate regression model identified 2-fold increased odds of being <10th percentile for WFL at age 2 years (P = 0.025) for preterm over term. Late preterm infants used higher calorie dense feeds and more feeding tubes (P = 0.035 and P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Late preterm infants with CF are at higher risk of being below the 10th percentile for WFL at 2 years of age compared with their term peers. This indicates a population that is at risk for growth failure.
Adaptation of the visibility graph algorithm for detecting time lag between rainfall and water level fluctuations in Lake Okeechobee

Abstract Identifying time-lag between two hydrogeological time series for planning and management of water resources has a long history and is of continuing research interest. Many hydrogeological studies in the past have used visual inspection and cross-correlogram techniques for quantifying the time lag. Cross-correlogram techniques, if not done under the transfer function framework, could lead to ambiguous results. In order to conduct cross-correlogram analysis under the transfer function framework, careful pre-processing steps have to be undertaken, which are often ignored in practice. In this paper, we propose a new approach to compare two sets of hydrogeological time series data using the visibility graph algorithm and show the advantages of using the new approach over the traditional approach. Application of the new approach is demonstrated by assessing the lags between rainfall and water level fluctuation in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. We also present simulation studies to better understand the performance of the method for different sample sizes, different underlying models and in the presence of missing values.
Freeze-dried low-tortuous graphite electrodes with enhanced capacity utilization and rate capability

Abstract Lithium ion battery electrodes with high rate capability are important for extreme fast charging (XFC) for electric vehicle applications. Making low-tortuous electrodes is one of the approaches to achieve XFC by enhancing ionic transport in the electrodes. In this study, we conducted directional freeze-drying of slurries cast on a copper foil to make graphite electrodes. Low-tortuous structure was created and verified by cross-sectional scanning electron microscope observations and tortuosity measurements. The out-of-plane alignment of graphite flakes, enhanced electrolyte wettability, and low tortuosity of the freeze-dried electrodes were confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements, wettability tests, and electrochemical impedance measurements, respectively. Electrochemical measurements showed that the freeze-dried electrodes have higher capacity retention (over 8% higher after 90 cycles at C/5) and better rate capability (60% higher capacity at 1C) than the electrodes prepared by the conventional tape-casting method. These enhancements mainly arise from the improved ionic transport by the freeze-drying induced low-tortuous structure. This study provides a proof-of-concept example that tape-casting/freeze-drying can be an effective, low cost, and scalable method to reduce tortuosity and improve electrochemical performance of battery electrodes.
Does sequencing order of antiandrogens in prostate cancer matter

The optimal treatment sequences to maximize the clinical benefit for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have not been defined. A new prospective, randomized trial on optimal sequencing of enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in mCRPC investigated whether one regimen resulted in superior outcomes.
Designing a Feature Selection Technique for Analyzing Mixed Data

Since large-scale data analysis often requires a vast amount of computational time, even with using high-end computational resources, researchers proposed various data analysis approaches. Although their approaches are well designed, most of them still suffer from analyzing large-scale data efficiently. To overcome the limitation, identifying the optimal numbers of features is critical. In this paper, a new technique is introduced to boost model performances by determining optimal features in noisy mixed data. It performs a continuous evaluation to determine the best possible features that suit to a chosen data analysis algorithm. The proposed technique is compared with three different feature selection techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and Mutual Information (MI). To show the effectiveness of our proposed technique, a performance evaluation was conducted with three machine learning algorithms: Decision Tree, Random Forest, and k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). From the evaluation with three different financial datasets, we determined about 5 ∼ 10% performance improvement when utilizing our proposed technique.
A clinical and prognostic analysis of 32 patients with cervical cancer complicated with syphilis

Objective To explore the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of patients with cervical cancer complicated with syphilis.Methods The clinical data on 32 ptients who had been hospitallized from January 1990 to July 2010 were retropesctively analyzed.Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the survival ratio and Logistic ression was conducted.Results The median survival time was 22 months in all of the patients (95% confidence interval, 16.46-27.54).The 3-and 5-year survival rates were 31.3% and 9.4%. FIGO staging was the risk factor of disease-free survival.Conclusions The prognosis of patients with cervical cancer complicated with syphilis is very Poor.It is very important to diagnose the disease early and to conduct standard comprehensive therapy. Key words: Cervical cancer; Syphilis; Prognosis
Precision Weed Management

Weeds occur in patches across landscapes and vary in species, density, time of emergence, and growth rate depending on location. Precision weed management accounts for natural and management-induced variation to optimize inputs (control methodology) to reduce weed presence and improve crop yields across an area. When Anita and I started research on precision weed management, there were few options on data collection and fewer methods to change techniques on-the-go. Today, there are multiple methods to collect and process information and use these data to determine appropriate actions. In some cases, maps are made and utilized to direct herbicide type and appropriate rate. If autonomous weeders are used, data imagery collected by on-board sensors immediately signal an actuator for control placement. No matter the method, understanding which weeds are present, location, density, and the appropriate control and timing are critical for success. In the future, agronomists will be expected to have knowledge, skills, and abilities that range from traditional weed science (weed species identification, herbicide and other control information, potential crop loss) to today’s less common competencies, such as understanding robotics and manipulating and managing big data sets.
Laboratory efficacy of surface disinfection using chlorine against Vibrio cholerae.

Disinfecting surfaces with chlorine is commonly conducted in cholera outbreaks to prevent ongoing fomite-based transmission, yet evidence gaps have led to contradictory guidance. In this study, we tested the efficacy of spraying and wiping chlorine on five representatives non-porous and five porous surfaces to remove Vibrio cholerae. In total, 120 disinfection tests were run in replicate on carriers inoculated with 1.02 × 107-1.73 × 108 V. cholerae CFU/cm2. Surfaces disinfected by spraying 0.2% chlorine had >3 log reduction value (LRV) on 7/10 and 9/10 surfaces at 1 and 10 min, respectively; and 2.0% chlorine on 9/10 and 10/10 surfaces at 1 and 10 min, respectively. Surfaces disinfected by wiping 0.2% chlorine had >3 LRV on 3/10 and 7/10 surfaces at 1 and 10 min, respectively; and 2.0% chlorine on 8/10 surfaces at 1 and 10 min. We found no significant differences between chlorine types (p < 0.05), higher reductions with spraying compared to wiping (p = 0.001), and lower reductions on porous compared to non-porous surfaces (p = 0.006 spraying and p < 0.001 wiping). Our results support using 0.2% chlorine sprayed on all surfaces, or wiped on most non-heavily soiled surfaces, and a 2.0% concentration on contaminated porous surfaces; and emphasize surfaces must be visibly wetted to achieve disinfection.
Regulating Emotionality to Manage Adversity: A Systematic Review of the Relation Between Emotion Regulation and Psychological Resilience

Research has indicated that enhanced emotion regulation bolsters psychological resilience. However, no study has systematically reviewed the empirical research directly evaluating the relation between emotion regulation and resilience or reviewed how individual emotion regulation strategies are differentially associated with resilience. Our systematic and integrative review (1) presents models linking emotion regulation (ER) with psychological resilience (PR) as a trait, trajectory of healthy functioning, and process; (2) critically reviews the support for this link, primarily focusing on ER strategies in relation to PR; and (3) charts future directions for research and clinical work. Systematic review procedures were informed by the PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO as well as a follow-up search in Google Scholar to capture all pertinent articles. Electronic searches yielded 182 articles. Thirty-three articles were selected for inclusion based on strict eligibility criteria. Studies included were cross-sectional, comparison, and longitudinal. ER is positively associated with PR. ER may facilitate emotion- and problem-focused coping, promoting PR. Specific ER strategies uniquely related to PR and vary in effectiveness in strengthening PR depending on contextual factors (e.g., intense emotion-eliciting situations).
“Will you stay?” Analysis of place attachment to flyover country

Wide eyes, a face of surprise, hesitantly asking: “why here?” This is a typical reaction to new international students who come to study in the central agricultural region of the U.S. Stereotypical...
Filling the gap: Infrastructure investment in Brazil

Infrastructure bottlenecks have been identified as a key obstacle to growth affecting productivity and market efficiency, and hindering domestic integration and export performance. This paper assesses the state of Brazil’s infrastructure, in light of past investment trends and various quality and quantity indicators. Brazil’s infrastructure stock and its quality rank low in relation to that of comparator countries, chosen amongst main export competitors. We provide evidence that infrastructure affects domestic integration by analyzing price convergence of tradable goods across major cities. The government’s concession program will narrow part of the infrastructure gap, however, governance reforms will be crucial to improving investment efficiency.
Predictable country-level bias in the reporting of COVID-19 deaths

Abstract We examine whether a country's management of the COVID-19 pandemic relate to the downward biasing of the number of reported deaths from COVID-19. Using deviations from historical averages of the total number of monthly deaths within a country, we find that the probability of underreporting of COVID-related deaths for countries with the most stringent policies was 58.6%, compared to a 28.2% for countries with the least stringent policies. Countries with the lowest ex ante healthcare capacity in terms of number of available beds underreport deaths by 52.5% on average, compared to 23.1% for countries with the greatest capacity.
Language disparities in patients transported by emergency medical services

Abstract Background The population of the United States continues to diversify with an increasing percentage of residents with limited English proficiency (LEP). A major concern facing emergency medical services (EMS) providers is increasing scene and transport times. We hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in EMS scene and transport times when comparing LEP and English-speaking (ES) patients and there would be a difference in care, both in and out of hospital. Methods This is a retrospective case-control study with patient data extracted from hospital records and EMS run reports from a 911 emergency ambulance service. Patients were only included if they were transported to our level I trauma center. Inclusion in the LEP group was based on a field in EMS run reports that claimed language barrier as the sole reason for no patient signature. All LEP patients from July 1, 2012, to November 1, 2012, were reviewed. A random comparison sampling of ES patients from the same period was evaluated. The patients' demographic data, pain scores, interventions, medications, transport times, and scene times were analyzed. Patients were followed up from emergency department (ED) management through to disposition. Percentages were compared using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Bivariate analysis used the Student t test and χ 2 test. A multivariable logistic regression model was created to determine predictive variables. A 5% random sampling was compared by 2 investigators for interrater agreement. Results Data were collected from a total of 101 ES and 100 LEP patients. Interrater agreement was 94% between extractors. Limited English proficiency patients were significantly older (56 ± 20 years old) than ES patients (41 ± 21 years old) and more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR], 2; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3). Limited English proficiency patients had a greater mean EMS transport time of 2.2 minutes (95% CI, 0.04-4.0). The odds of LEP patients receiving electrocardiograms were greater both in the ambulance (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.7-8.1) and in the ED (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3) compared to ES patients. There were no differences in additional interventions, medications administered, or pain scores obtained between the 2 groups. In a multivariable logistic regression model corrected for age, type of call, smoking history, and sex, there was no difference in transport times in LEP patients. Conclusion Compared to ES patients, LEP patients are older and more likely to be female. When corrected for differences in age, type of call, smoking history, and sex, we found no difference in scene or transport time for LEP patients. Results of this study indicate that EMS providers should be prepared for a different patient encounter when responding to 911 calls involving LEP patients rather than language variations alone.
Optimal power flow with limited and discrete controls

Operators solve optimal power flow problems to determine how to adjust generator dispatches and control devices in order to maintain a power system running in a secure and efficient manner. However, optimal power flow software typically make use of a number of control adjustments that is impractical for an operator to execute due to time constraints. Moreover, the common rounding techniques for handling the discrete nature of control devices, in particular switched shunts, may result in unnecessarily poor solutions. These deficiencies are addressed by exploring the use of a sparsity-inducing penalty to obtain a more manageable number of control adjustments, and the use of a distributed line-search for exploring the space of discrete variables. The benefits and computational requirements of these techniques have been evaluated on two real North American power networks of approximately 2.5k buses.
Distributed Kalman filtering

This paper proves the asymptotic convergence of the meansquared error (MSE) of a distributed Kalman filter that we have previously proposed. This result shows that our distributed Kalman filter can track with bounded MSE any arbitrary linear dynamics.
Thermal oxidative stability of some poly(phosphonylureas)

The thermal oxidative stability of poly(phosphonylureas) of the below from was studied. The products show significantly better thermal stability than their carbon counterparts. The product where R is C6H5— and R′ is 1.3-C6H4- has only 10% weight loss at 400°C and 40% weight loss at 600°C. The thermal degradation of the poly(phosphonylureas) followed using infrared spectroscopy. Possible initial degradation sites are discussed. Die thermo-oxidative Stabilitat von Polyphosphonylharnstoffen folgender Struktur wurde untersucht: Die Produkte sind thermisch viel stabiler als ihre Kohlenstoffanalogen. Das Produkt mit R gleich C6H5— und R′ gleich 1.3-C6H4— hat nur 10% Gewichtsverlust bei 400°C und 40% Gewichtsverlust bei 600°C. Der thermische Abbau der Polyphosphonylharnstoffe wurde durch Infrarotspektroskopie verfolgt. Es werden Reaktionen diskutiert, die wahrend des thermischen Abbaues ablaufen konnten.
Color-Order Systems

At least two centuries before colorimetry attained widespread, routine use, efforts were made to arrange and display colors in orderly manners. I consider it probable that Leonardo da Vinci may have painted sequences in which closely related colors were near each other and contrasting colors were widely separated.
A growth factor for animal cells derived from peptone. I. Isolation and characterization of the growth factor.

Abstract A growth factor for cultured mammalian cells was isolated from peptone by means of Sephadex, Dowex 50W and paper chromatography. It had a mol. wt of about 700 and was stable in both acidic or alkali conditions. It did not contain carbohydrates, nucleic acids or aromatic compounds but reacted strongly with ninhydrin. Amino acid analysis showed that glycine and serine constituted about 96% of the amino acids, but small amounts of lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine and alanine were also present. Minimum medium supplemented with the growth factor could support the growth of L-DC cells in vitro to the same extent as peptone or serum supplemented medium, and cells could be maintained continuously in growth factor supplemented medium.
The Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines

The benzodiazepines have been and remain among the most prescribed drugs in the United States and the world since their introduction in 1961. Of interest is that four of the 10 most commonly written prescriptions in 1987 were for drugs used for the relief of pain and anxiety; currently, 1 of these is the benzodiazepine Xanax.
L-benzylalanine as a model amino acid for the study of accumulation diseases.

L-Benzylalanine, like phenylalanine, accumulates in vivo when fed to rats, leading to diminished uptake of a number of amino acids into brain without a corresponding change in serum. The similar effects of benzylalanine and phenylalanine on other brain amino acids in the experimental animal, as well as some similarity of the catabolism of these two amino acids, adds benzylalanine to the list of compounds that can simulate an accumulation disease.
Variables, Variability, and Variations Research: Implications for Medical Informatics

Variations research is one important strategy in the quality management movement designed to improve the quality of health care and to control costs. Information systems are being utilized in variations research to provide an array of potential variables, to provide measures of the variability inherent in these variables, and to assist with the study of the linkages of patient and provider characteristics with interventions and outcomes. This article presents a systems model of inputs, processes, and outcomes with explication of factors related to client, provider, and setting as a heuristic strategy for variable specification. The implications of variable specification, the design and measurement of variability, and the key issue of control in variations research are linked with a discussion of the implications for medical informatics.
Wideband & wide angle scanning array with parasitic superstrate

We present a wideband Tightly Coupled Dipole Array (TCDA) with integrated balun and novel parasitic superstrate capable of wide angle scanning. Although previous TCDAs have been shown to have good scanning performances, use of dielectric superstrates are required, implying additional costs and weight. In this paper, we replace the solid dielectric with parasitic periodic elements for wide angle and wideband impedance matching. The proposed design achieves unprecedented 6.1∶1 bandwidth with VSWR<3.2 when scanning ±60° in H-plane and ±75° in E-plane. The lossless parasitic elements are printed on the same PCB as the radiating elements and the integrated balun, resulting in a low-cost and light-weight design as compared to conventional TCDAs with dielectric loading.
Efferent innervation of turtle semicircular canal cristae: comparisons with bird and mouse.

In the vestibular periphery of nearly every vertebrate, cholinergic vestibular efferent neurons give rise to numerous presynaptic varicosities that target hair cells and afferent processes in the sensory neuroepithelium. Although pharmacological studies have described the postsynaptic actions of vestibular efferent stimulation in several species, characterization of efferent innervation patterns and the relative distribution of efferent varicosities among hair cells and afferents are also integral to understanding how efferent synapses operate. Vestibular efferent markers, however, have not been well characterized in the turtle, one of the animal models used by our laboratory. Here we sought to identify reliable efferent neuronal markers in the vestibular periphery of turtle, to use these markers to understand how efferent synapses are organized, and to compare efferent neuronal labeling patterns in turtle with two other amniotes using some of the same markers. Efferent fibers and varicosities were visualized in the semicircular canal of red-eared turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and mice (Mus musculus) utilizing fluorescent immunohistochemistry with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Vestibular hair cells and afferents were counterstained using antibodies to myosin VIIa and calretinin. In all species, ChAT labeled a population of small diameter fibers giving rise to numerous spherical varicosities abutting type II hair cells and afferent processes. That these ChAT-positive varicosities represent presynaptic release sites were demonstrated by colabeling with antibodies against the synaptic vesicle proteins synapsin I, SV2, or syntaxin and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide. Comparisons of efferent innervation patterns among the three species are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1258–1280, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sentencing Rationales and Judicial Decision Making at the International Criminal Tribunals

Objective. I develop a theory of judicial decision making at the international tribunals regarding the punishment of those who have committed violations of international law. Previous research has found and criticized inconsistent sentencing at the tribunals, but I argue that we can explain such sentences through a theoretical framework that outlines how judges utilize the traditional punishment rationales of retribution and deterrence. Methods. Regression analysis is conducted using original data on the sentences passed on 132 individuals from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Results. I find significant support for the importance of each of the sentencing rationales. Conclusions. Tribunal judges sentence in a consistent manner premised on domestic and international rationales.
Point and Line Disclinations In Models of the Blue Phases

Abstract The model of the liquid crystalline blue phases proposed by Alfred Saupe in 1969 is examined in light of the recent, successful theoretical models for these phases. Such an analysis demonstrates that Saupe's model captures all of the important features of the recent models, differing only in the density of line disclinations. The fact that Saupe proposed this model over ten years before the more recent work and without the benefit of a significant amout of new experimental evidence is testimony for his keen physical insight. Such models continue to be useful as researchers direct their attention to the less understood third blue phase and the transition between it and the isotropic phase.
Physical Function Changes in Prostate Cancer Patients on Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A 2-Year Prospective Study

OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. METHODS We conducted a 2-year controlled, prospective study. Twenty-three men on 6 months or longer of ADT (chronic), 12 men on less than 6 months of ADT (acute), and 13 men not on ADT (healthy controls or prostate cancer patients not on ADT) were studied. We used validated, objective tests for physical and visual-motor function and dual X-ray absorptiometry for body composition at baseline and at 24 months. RESULTS We found the baseline percentage of body fat increased and baseline percentage of lean mass decreased with duration of ADT (P <0.002 across groups for both). After 24 months, men on chronic ADT had significant declines in lean body mass percentage (P = 0.058) and increases in body fat percentage (P = 0.029). Men on acute ADT had smaller but still significant differences in body composition at baseline and similar trends at 24 months. At baseline, men on chronic ADT had longer chair rise times than men on no ADT (P = 0.073) or acute ADT (P = 0.035). Four-meter walk velocities at 24 months were slower in men on acute (P = 0.006) and chronic ADT (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Declines in lean body mass and increases in body fat percentage over 2 years are observed in men on ADT. Lower body physical function performance is reduced in men on chronic ADT. Changes in body composition and physical function should be considered in men on long-term ADT.
The Spatial and Kinematic Structure of QSO Metal-Line Absorption Systems

Recent attempts to infer the spatial and kinematic distributions of the material responsible for absorption lines observed in the spectra of background QSOs are presented. Current models of the absorbing regions are compared, and initial observational results are described. This research is expected to lead eventually to a detailed picture of the extended gaseous halo regions of galaxies at early evolutionary stages and to an understanding of the physical processes at work in these halos.
Expression of H–Y (male) antigen in phenotypically female Tfm /Y mice

THE X-linked testicular feminisation mutant (Tfm) in the mouse produces chromosomally male animals, XTfm/Y, with small testes but no other internal reproductive organs, and with female external genitalia1. This condition results fromfailure of target tissues to respond to testosterone, so that all characters of maleness that are testosterone-dependent are absent in males2–4.
Reasoning and spatial representations

The present experiment generalizes the view advanced by DeSoto, London, and Handel (1965) that spatial representations underlie the ability to solve linear syllogisms. 122 Ss participated in two tasks. In the first task Ss solved 68 different linear syllogisms. In the second task, Ss positioned, in two-dimensional space, names contrasted by a relation word. Some relation words have a consistent spatial representation, while other relation words do not have consistent spatial representations. Analysis showed that the spatial assignments can be used to predict the difficulty of linear syllogisms and that relations having similar spatial assignments also have similar patterns of linear syllogism difficulty. The results demonstrate that Ss utilize a “paralogic” rather than a logician's logic in solving linear syllogisms.
Interrater reliability of judgments of the centralization phenomenon and status change during movement testing in patients with low back pain

Abstract Fritz JM, Delitto A, Vignovic M, Busse RG. Interrater reliability of judgments of the centralization phenomenon and status change during movement testing in patients with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:57-61. Objective: To determine the interrater reliability of judgments of status change, including the centralization phenomenon during examination of the lumbar spine, and to determine the effects of training and experience on reliability. Design: A videotape study of judgments by physical therapists and physical therapy students of the results of movement testing during the examination of patients with low back pain. Setting: Outpatient physical therapy clinic. Patients: Patients receiving physical therapy treatment for low back pain. Intervention: Patients with low back pain were videotaped while performing a variety of movement tests including single, repeated, and sustained movements. Forty licensed physical therapists and 40 physical therapy students were provided with operational definitions of the three potential judgments of status change with movement testing; centralization, peripheralization, status quo. All therapists and students viewed the videotape and made a judgment regarding the patient's status change in response to the test. Main Outcome Measure: Percentage agreement and kappa coefficient values for agreement. Results: Interrater reliability was excellent for the total sample of examiners (kappa = .793), for the licensed physical therapists (kappa = .823), and for the students (kappa = .763). Conclusions: Judgments of status change are reliable when operational definitions are provided. Clinical experience does not appear to substantially improve reliability. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Antley‐Bixler syndrome: a case report and discussion

Antley-Bixler Syndrome (ABS) is an autosomal recessive trait disorder characterized by multiple bone and cartilaginous abnormalities. Primary features include significant craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia with choanal stenosis or atresia, femoral bowing, radiohumeral synostosis, and multiple joint contractures. Cardiac, renal, and gastrointestinal malformations have also been described. This report describes the management of a four-month-old male who underwent cranial vault remodeling to relieve craniosynostosis and discusses the potential concerns of the anaesthetist during care of children with Antley-Bixler Syndrome.
The concordance of endoscopic and histologic findings of 1000 pediatric EGDs.

Background Pediatric gastroenterologists frequently perform routine endoscopic biopsies despite normal-appearing mucosa during EGD. Older small studies have supported this practice. Objective To re-evaluate the concordance between endoscopic appearance and histology in the era of high-definition endoscopy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Single tertiary care center. Patients A total of 1000 pediatric patients undergoing initial EGD. Main Outcome Measurements Endoscopic and histologic findings. Results The overall rate of an endoscopic finding was 34.7%, which was 40.4% of a histologic finding. Concordance between the presence of any endoscopic finding and any histologic finding in all locations was 69.9% (Cohen's κ coefficient = 0.32). In the esophagus, the concordance between any endoscopic finding and any histologic finding was 82.6% (κ = 0.45). The stomach was 73.2% concordant (κ = 0.18), and the duodenum was 89.3% concordant (κ = 0.42). The κ coefficient decreased when comparing specific findings in each location; it was 0.34 in the esophagus, 0.17 in the stomach, and 0.34 in the duodenum. If biopsy specimens had only been obtained when the endoscopist identified abnormal mucosa, 48.5% of the pathologic findings would have been missed. In patients with histology consistent with eosinophilic esophagitis, 30.2% had normal-appearing mucosa. For celiac disease, 43% had normal-appearing mucosa. In the stomach, an abnormal endoscopic appearance was more likely to have normal histology. Limitations The single-center, retrospective nature and more endoscopists than pathologists. Conclusions These data support the routine collection of biopsy specimens in the duodenum, stomach, and esophagus during EGD in pediatric patients.
Revision of curriculum in a pediatric clerkship adapted to multiple community sites

Background: The growing recognition of the need for primary care physicians, despite the declining numbers of medical graduates choosing these careers, has led medical schools to evaluate the focus of their instruction. Many have blamed traditional academic medical centers for this problem and called for fundamental reforms designed to encourage primary care. Description: In 1992 our multiple campus, community‐based medical school instituted 4 major curricular changes to the required 8‐week pediatric experiences for 3rd‐year medical students. These changes were designed to increase emphasis on skills, knowledge, and attitudes required for general pediatrics. Interventions included definition of core learning topics, increased ambulatory teaching, revision of logbook requirements, and development of an independent learning/problem‐solving exercise and examination. Evaluation: Outcome measures included scores from the USMLE pediatric shelf exam, evaluation by clinical preceptors, graded written patient reco...
Lumbricus erythrocruorin at 3.5 A resolution: architecture of a megadalton respiratory complex.

Summary Annelid erythrocruorins are highly cooperative extracellular respiratory proteins with molecular masses on the order of 3.6 million Daltons. We report here the 3.5 A crystal structure of erythrocruorin from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris . This structure reveals details of symmetrical and quasi-symmetrical interactions that dictate the self-limited assembly of 144 hemoglobin and 36 linker subunits. The linker subunits assemble into a core complex with D 6 symmetry onto which 12 hemoglobin dodecamers bind to form the entire complex. Although the three unique linker subunits share structural similarity, their interactions with each other and the hemoglobin subunits display striking diversity. The observed diversity includes design features that have been incorporated into the linker subunits and may be critical for efficient assembly of large quantities of this complex respiratory protein.
Identification of four genes involved in the lysogenic pathway of the Salmonella newington bacterial virus epsilon 34.

A structure/function study has been initiated for the e34 bacteriophage proteins involved in lysogeny inSalmonella newington. Hydroxylamine and nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of a wild type e34 phage was used to generate clear plaque variants. Complementation analysis was used to define four genes involved in the phage lysogenic pathway. A relative mapping order has been established. In addition, a virulent mutant, e34vir82, which defines a repressor binding site has been isolated.