cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cognitive Science of Sketch Worksheets

Computational modeling of sketch understanding is interesting both scientifically and for creating systems that interact with people more naturally. Scientifically, understanding sketches requires modeling aspects of visual processing, spatial representations, and conceptual knowledge in an integrated way. Software that can understand sketches is starting to be used in classrooms, and it could have a potentially revolutionary impact as the models and technologies become more advanced. This paper looks at one such effort, Sketch Worksheets, which have been used in multiple classroom experiments already, with students ranging from elementary school to college. Sketch Worksheets are a software equivalent of pencil and paper worksheets commonly found in classrooms, but they provide on-the-spot feedback based on what students draw. They are built on the CogSketch platform, which provides qualitative visual and spatial representations and analogical processing based on computational models of human cognition. This paper explores three issues. First, we examine how research from cognitive science and artificial intelligence, combined with the constraints of creating new kinds of educational software, led to the representations and processing in CogSketch. Second, we examine how these capabilities have been used in Sketch Worksheets, drawing upon experiments with fifth-grade students in biology and college students in engineering design and in geoscience. Finally, we examine some open issues in sketch understanding that need to be addressed to better model high-level aspects of vision, and for sketch understanding systems to reach their full potential for supporting education.
New insights into melanoma development

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. There will be ∼87,000 new cases of invasive melanoma and >9000 deaths in the United States in 2017 ( 1 ). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a component of telomerase. This enzyme extends the repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes (telomeres), which get shorter each time a cell divides, allowing cells to continue to divide. Telomerase is up-regulated in 85 to 90% of all advanced human cancers. However, although they frequently occur, the role of TERT promoter mutations (TPMs) in cancer progression, or even immortalization, is unclear. On page 1416 of this issue, Chiba et al. ( 2 ) propose a two-step mechanism of melanomagenesis by which TPMs in melanocytes (pigmented cells in the skin that form melanoma) moderately up-regulate telomerase, thereby extending the life span of melanocytes; this increases their chances of acquiring additional mutations and becoming melanoma.
Studies on Plasma Coagulation in Children with ALL Undergoing Therapy Using the COALL-05-92 Protocol

A survey conducted in 1993 in patients undergoing treatment using the COALL protocol revealed that not only the use of venous catheters, but also the induction phase as well as the administration of asparginase, represented risk factors for thrombosis. In order to better understand plasma coagulation activity during these phases of treatment, detailed coagulation activity during these phases of treatment, detailed coagulation analysis was performed. Eleven girls and 10 boys suffering from ALL, whose age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 1.4 to 13.1 years and whose leuocyte count at diagnosis between 1,100 and 1,258,000/µ1, 11 were treated; according to the high-risk (HR) and 10 according to the low risk (LR) protocol of COALL 05-92. Coagulation activation parameters: thrombin-antithrombin-III complex (TAT), modified antithrombin III (ATM), prothrombin fragment (Fl+2); anticoagulatory parameters: antithrombin (AT III), protein C (PC); parameters of fibrinolytic capacity: plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), plasminogen (Plmg), antiplasmin (AP). Evaluation of the available data shows coagulatory activity is increased in both the HR and LR groups (higher median values for TAT, ATM and Fl+2). Median values for AT III remained within the reference values. PC values were low, particularly following ASP administration. The median values for PAI were within the normal range in both groups in all phases of treatment, and all other measured fibrinolytic parameters were also unremarkable. Not only at the time of diagnosis, but also during therapy, children with ALL have been shown to have increased coagulation activity which does not cause serious derangement of fibrinolytic capacity. Protein C would appear to be a more inconsistent parameter than AT III.
Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Opening and Closing Pressures in Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic utility of closing pressure and volume of cerebrospinal fluid removed with respect to papilledema resolution and headache improvement in pediatric pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. Methods This is a retrospective observational study of 93 children with definite pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. The primary outcome measure was time to resolution of papilledema, and the secondary outcome measure was time to resolution of headache. Results There were no significant differences in gender, age, or body mass index z score observed between subjects with (N = 35) and without (N = 58) documented closing pressure. The median time to resolution of papilledema was not statistically different between children above or equal to and those below the median closing pressure (170 mm of cerebrospinal fluid, n = 31, P = 0.391) or the volume of median cerebrospinal fluid removed (16 mL, n = 19, P = 0.155). There was no statistically significant difference detected in days of headache between the children with opening pressure above and equal to the median (400 mm of cerebrospinal fluid) and the children with opening pressure below the median (n = 44, P = 0.634). Conclusions No significant association between closing pressure, amount of cerebrospinal fluid removed, and time to resolution of papilledema due to pseudotumor cerebri syndrome was detected. The diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of either measuring the closing pressure or maximizing the volume of cerebrospinal fluid removed were not evident in these analyses.
Comparing laboratory-based liquefaction resistance of a sand with non-plastic fines with shear wave velocity-based field case histories

Abstract The semi-empirical simplified procedure for liquefaction triggering of level-ground is largely based on correlating post-earthquake field observations such as presence/absence of sand boils to field measurements such as penetration resistance or shear wave velocity (Vs). These correlations could be interpreted in such a way that for a given penetration resistance or Vs, the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) increases as fines content increases. However, some studies have indicated that this interpretation may not be correct, particularly for soils containing non-plastic fines. An experimental research program involving cyclic triaxial tests was undertaken to investigate cyclic resistance of F-75 sand with varying amounts of non-plastic fines (Sil-Co-Sil 125). Bender elements were incorporated in the triaxial cell to facilitate Vs measurements. Other similar data sets found in the literature were used to supplement the laboratory data and evaluate the overall trends implied by the Vs-based field CRR curves. The comparison suggests that the laboratory data are generally consistent with the trends embedded in the field curves, with boundary curves shifting slightly to the left with increasing fines content.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: New Insights Into Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

The characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including their capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types of mesenchymal lineage, their relative ease of expansion in culture, and their immunomodulatory activities, make these cells a promising candidate cell type for a number of potential therapeutic applications such as tissue repair. Although the combination of phenotypic and functional properties currently used to identify MSCs have yet to be specified, the unique characteristics of MSCs are actively being exploited in the clinic for the treatment of a variety of degenerative diseases. This review article focuses on the recent progress in MSC biology, development of technologies to enhance their functions, and advances in MSC-based tissue regeneration, specifically cartilage.
De Re and De Se Belief

The question of what makes a belief about an object has received concurring answers from two important philosophers. David Lewis [1979] and Roderick Chisholm [1981] have presented several related analyses of de re belief, arguing that de se belief (belief about the self) is the fundamental notion in terms of which de re belief can and must be analyzed.
Fundamentals of Feto-Neonatal Immunology and Its Clinical Relevance

The transition from fetal to neonatal life at birth forms an important functional watershed in the developing immune system. In utero, the fetus is exposed to a steady stream of foreign antigens that are derived mainly from the mother, and must down-regulate its immune response to survive. After birth, however, the neonatal immune system is exposed to a new, more diverse set of antigens and must evolve dichotomous responses to contain the micro-organisms on various cutaneous and mucosal surfaces, and at the same time, develop tolerance to other commensal microbes and dietary macromolecules. During this remarkable transition, while some components of the immune system perform at par with adults, immaturity of the other arms results in a developmentally-regulated state of immunodeficiency. This chapter highlights major quantitative and qualitative differences in the innate and adaptive arms of the neonatal and adult immune systems and provides a brief review of the developing mucosal immune system.
Grain Boundary Character Based Design of Polycrystalline High Temperature Superconducting Wires

The discovery of high temperature superconductors (HTS) (Bednorz and Mueller, 1986) led to an unprecedented explosion of research and development efforts worldwide because of the significant potential for practical applications offered by these materials. However, the early euphoria created by the exciting prospects was dampened by the daunting task of fabricating these materials into useful forms with acceptable superconducting properties. Progress toward this goal has been hindered by many intrinsic materials problems, such as weak-links, flux-creep, and poor mechanical properties.
Assays for Neuronal Defects Caused by Early Formation of α-Synuclein Inclusions in Primary Cultured Neurons.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by intracellular inclusions composed mostly of α-synuclein (Baba et al., Am J Pathol 152:879-884, 1998). How inclusion formation impacts neuronal function prior to death is key to understanding disease progression and identifying therapeutic windows. In the α-synuclein fibril model, exposure of primary neurons to α-synuclein fibrils induces endogenously expressed α-synuclein to form inclusions which closely resembles pathologic mechanisms in humans with PD and DLB (Volpicelli-Daley et al., Neuron 72, 57-71, 2011). In this model, at 7 days after exposure of neurons to fibrils, when there is no neuron death, inclusions in the axon selectively impair axonal transport of endosomes carrying the TrkB receptor and LC3-positive autophagosomes (Volpicelli-Daley et al., Mol Biol Cell 25:4010-4023, 2014). In addition, the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ transients are reduced in neurons 7 days after fibril exposure. Here we discuss protocols for plating primary hippocampal neurons, generating fibrils and measuring axonal transport and Ca2+ transients. These assays provide additional assays of neurotoxicity allowing researchers to determine if a therapeutic intervention can prevent neuronal defects before intractable neurodegeneration.
Just Mercy's Stories of Unjust Abelism and Racialization

Bryan Stevenson is a renowned civil rights lawyer and the founder of the Equal Justice Initiative, based in Alabama. Stevenson’s 2014 book, Just Mercy , recounts his early career as a defense attorney for death row prisoners and his journey to making the Equal Justice Initiative the force it is today. He is passionate about fighting for people on death row and working against the tide of mass incarceration, which he defines as the system by which the nation has disproportionately incarcerated people of color and even profits from the criminalization of people. Mass incarceration fractures and disempowers poor, working-class, and racially-marginalized communities nationwide by holding them in punitive confinement, depriving them of potential workers in their economy, setting additional roadblocks on the path to higher education and employment, and overall inflicting trauma on individuals and communities. The cycle continues as it disproportionally criminalizes people who cannot financially support themselves - be it because of disability, economic depression, and/or systemic racism - for not being able to conform to the societal mold of the “good citizen” who has a job, a place to live, and access to affordable healthcare.
An efficient time-dependent reliability method

Abstract Reliability-based methods have been widely utilized for assessing the time-dependent performance of various structural components and systems subjected to random process loadings. The time-dependent reliability is regarded as the probability that the structural random response process does not exceed the specified failure threshold within the forecast time period. In this context, Poisson outcrossing rate methods using the first-order reliability method are widely employed. However, these methods are inaccurate for low boundary reliability problems with dependent outcrossing events. In this paper, a new time-dependent reliability method is presented. Instead of analyzing outcrossing rates, the time-dependent reliability is formulated as a large-scale series system consisting of time-independent response functions obtained by discretizing time-dependent continuous response functions within the forecast time period. Efficient methods developed recently are adopted to address the large system dilemma with respect to design point evaluation and multi-normal integral. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are examined on four numerical examples.
Macroeconomics and Market Power: Context, Implications, and Open Questions

This article assesses several aspects of recent macroeconomic market power research. These include the ways market power is defined and measured; the use of accounting data to estimate markups; the quantitative implications of theoretical connections among markups, prices, costs, scale elasticities, and profits; and conflicting evidence on whether greater market power has led to lower investment rates and a lower labor share of income. Throughout this discussion, I characterize the congruencies and incongruencies between macro evidence and micro views of market power and, when they do not perfectly overlap, explain the open questions that need to be answered to make the connection complete.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL AGING ANXIETY AND ATTITUDES TO OLDER PATIENTS AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

Nearly 20% of adults age 50 and older report experiencing age discrimination by a healthcare professional. Numerous harmful health consequences flow from ageism in healthcare encounters, including failure to accurately diagnose and respond to treatable conditions such as pain and depression. Despite this, little is known about ageism among healthcare professionals, including whether job role and work setting influences attitudes to older patients. This study aims to use relational ageism theory to explore the relationship between personal aging anxiety among healthcare professionals and their attitudes to older patients, including potential moderating factors of job role and work setting. A convenience sample of healthcare professionals working for a small regional health system in the US (N = 145) completed an online survey using the Aging Anxiety Scale to measure personal aging anxiety and the Geriatric Attitudes Scale to measure negative attitudes to older patients. Regression analyses demonstrated that personal aging anxiety significantly predicted attitudes to older patients, with greater anxiety associated with more negative attitudes. Job role significantly predicted attitudes to older patients with physicians’ attitudes being more negative compared to other disciplines, while work setting was not predictive of attitudes toward older patients. This research confirms the need to provide ageism awareness training for healthcare professionals and to include in this training an exploration of internalized attitudes to aging. Further research with a larger, more representative sample is indicated to test replication and to better understand how to overcome job role risks of ageism among healthcare professionals.
Integrating fall and spring herbicides with a cereal rye cover crop for horseweed (Conyza canadensis) management prior to soybean

Horseweed is one of Kentucky's most common and problematic weeds in no-till soybean production systems. Emergence in the fall and spring necessitates control at these times because horseweed is best managed when small. Control is typically achieved through herbicides or cover crops (CCs); integrating these practices can lead to more sustainable weed management. Two years of field experiments were conducted over 2016 to 2017 and 2017 to 2018 in Versailles, KY, to examine the use of fall herbicide (FH; namely, saflufenacil or none), spring herbicide (SH; namely, 2,4-D; dicamba; or none), and CC (namely, cereal rye or none) for horseweed management prior to soybean. Treatments were examined with a fully factorial design to assess potential interactions. The CC biomass in 2016 to 2017 was higher relative to 2017 to 2018 and both herbicide programs reduced winter weed biomass in that year. The CC reduced horseweed density while growing and after termination in 1 yr. The FH reduced horseweed density through mid-spring. The FH also killed winter weeds that may have suppressed horseweed emergence; higher horseweed density resulted by soybean planting unless the CC was present to suppress the additional spring emergence. If either FH or CC was used, SH typically did not result in additional horseweed control. The SH killed emerged plants but did not provide residual control of a late horseweed flush in 2017 to 2018. These results suggest CCs can help manage spring flushes of horseweed emergence when nonresidual herbicide products are used, though this effect was short-lived when less CC biomass was present. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; dicamba; saflufenacil; horseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.; cereal rye, Secale cereale L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Chapter 42 – Bioartificial Pancreas

Cell and tissue-based therapies offer significant promise for providing tight glycemic regulation in insulin-dependent diabetic patients and reducing the long-term complications of the disease. Different approaches are being pursued, each with distinct advantages and challenges. Human pancreatic islets are in limited supply, and both allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts elicit immune responses. Encapsulation in semipermeable barriers prolongs the survival and function of islets to different extents depending on the diabetic animal model, but immune suppression may also be needed for long-term graft survival, especially with xenografts. Cells other than islets are also explored, including non-β cells engineered to secrete insulin in some physiologic manner; cells obtained from the differentiation of stem or progenitor cells, or from the transdifferentiation of adult non-β cells; and β cell lines. Although pancreatic substitutes are generally successful at correcting hyperglycemia in small diabetic animal models, success with large animals, especially non-human primates, is infrequent and difficult to reproduce. Studies with human subjects are very limited and the results, although promising, do not show success in correcting diabetes. This chapter reviews the advances that have been made in cell, encapsulation and transplantation technologies, and discusses the challenges that need to be overcome before a clinically relevant, living pancreatic substitute exhibiting long-term function with minimal, if any, host immunosuppression is developed.
Cascading Attacks on Wi-Fi Networks: Theory and Experiments

We unveil the existence of a vulnerability in Wi-Fi (802.11) networks, which allows an adversary to remotely launch a denial-of-service (DoS) attack that propagates both in time and space. This vulnerability stems from a coupling effect induced by hidden nodes. Cascading DoS attacks can congest an entire network and do not require the adversary to violate any protocol. We demonstrate the feasibility of such attacks through experiments with real Wi-Fi cards, theoretical analysis, and ns-3 simulations. The experiment shows that an attacker can cause the throughput of a node outside its communication range to vanish. To gain insight into the root causes of the attack, we model the network as a dynamical system and analyze its limiting behavior and stability. The model predicts that a phase transition (and hence a cascading attack) is possible in linear networks when the retry limit parameter of Wi-Fi is greater or equal to 7, and also characterizes the phase transition region in terms of the system parameters.
The basics of immunohistochemistry

Abstract A major theme of this book is that the methodologies of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry share so many features that they are best grouped as one overall method. This point is emphasized in our discussion of the effect of the biochemical differences between tissues fixed with the cross-linking fixatives (formalin, paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde) and those fixed in denaturing fixatives (Carnoy’s, acetone, alcohols, acetic acid) or unfixed samples on the signal with immunohistochemistry. This chapter takes you on a journey through each step used during immunohistochemistry and focuses on the biochemical explanations as to why variables such as the type of fixative, the pretreatment condition, and the primary antibody concentration are so important for optimal results. Still, important differences between in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (such as the roles of the posthybridization wash and the biochemical differences that likely exist when comparing pretreatment conditions) are also noted.
Lung cancer in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a large retrospective cohort analysis.

Background Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is characterised by upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis. Our study aim was to determine the incident risk, presenting characteristics and outcome of lung cancer diagnoses in a cohort of CPFE patients over time. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study assessing patients with radiological CPFE followed over a median of 76 months (range 1–237 months). Interval development of lung cancer and clinicopathological characteristics of those with and without lung cancer were compared and survival analysis performed. Results Lung cancer occurred in 26 (11.6%) out of 230 CPFE patients, dominated by nonsmall cell lung cancer (88%, n=23) with squamous cell carcinoma comprising the majority (57%, n=13). There was a predominance of lower lobe (62%) and subpleural (64%) radiological presentation. Survival was reduced for the whole cohort by lung cancer even after adjusting for a priori covariables of age, sex, smoking pack-years, presenting forced vital capacity and radiological honeycombing. Univariable predictors of increased mortality after lung cancer diagnosis included honeycombing (hazard ratio (HR) 3.03, 95% CI 1.16–7.91; p=0.02) and later stage presentation (HR 4.77, 95% CI 1.8–14.94; p=0.001), with those able to undergo surgical resection having better survival (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.09–0.87; p=0.02). Conclusion Lung cancer occurred in 26 (11.6%) out of 230 CPFE patients and was dominated by squamous cell carcinoma presenting in a lower lobe peripheral distribution. Surgical resection appeared to improve survival in selected patients with earlier stage disease. Further studies are needed to develop a relevant screening programme for CPFE patients.
Effects of Action Video Game Play on Arithmetic Performance in Adults

This experimental study investigated the state (short-term) effects of action video game (AVG) training on arithmetic performance and their persistence over time. In addition, it examined group dif...
Comparison of the current renal staging, progression and response criteria to predict renal survival in AL amyloidosis using a Mayo cohort

Three sets of criteria (International Society of Amyloidosis [ISA], Palladini and Kastritis) were independently developed for staging, progression and response criteria to predict renal survival in patients with AL amyloidosis. We evaluated these criteria using a cohort of 495 newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis patients with renal involvement using time to event competing risk analysis at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Only Palladini and Kastritis had a staging system and both predicted a higher risk of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the stage III vs stage I patients but only the Palladini model was predictive for stage II patients. At 3 months, risk of ESRD was significantly higher for Palladini and ISA renal progression (hazard ratio [HR] 2.8 [95% CI: 1.5-5.3, p = .001] and 2.5 [CI: 1.4-4.6, p = .004, respectively]), but renal response was not significantly protective; conversely, the risk of ESRD was not significantly higher for the Kastritis renal progression, but was significantly protective for the Kastritis renal responders (HR 0.38 [95% CI: 0.17-0.84], p = .017). Both progression and response with ISA, Palladini and Kastritis criteria were predictive of ESRD at 6 months and 12 months. While the Palladini staging criteria at baseline, and the ISA and Palladini criteria for progression at 3 months performed better than the Kastritis criteria at baseline and 3 months post-treatment, the Kastritis criteria performed better for response 3 months after treatment. All three sets of criteria performed well at and after 6 months post-treatment. These differences are important when choosing endpoints for clinical trials.
Pyochelin Biosynthetic Metabolites Bind Iron and Promote Growth in Pseudomonads Demonstrating Siderophore-like Activity

Pseudomonads employ several strategies to sequester iron vital for their survival including the use of siderophores such as pyoverdine and pyochelin. Similar in structure but significantly less studied are pyochelin biosynthetic byproducts, dihydroaeruginoic acid, aeruginoic acid, aeruginaldehyde (IQS), and aeruginol, along with two other structurally related molecules, aerugine and pyonitrins A-D, which have all been isolated from numerous Pseudomonad extracts. Because of the analogous substructure of these compounds to pyochelin, we hypothesized that they may play a role in iron homeostasis or have a biological effect on other bacterial species. Herein, we discuss the physiochemical evaluation of these molecules and disclose, for the first time, their ability to bind iron and promote growth in Pseudomonads.
Contextual prominence in vowel perception: Testing listener sensitivity to sonority expansion and hyperarticulation

High front vowels have been shown to undergo two competing forms of acoustic (and articulatory) modulation due to prosodic prominence—(1) hyperarticulation: more extreme high/front articulations under prominence and (2) sonority expansion: more open articulations, allowing more energy to radiate from the mouth. This study explores how these effects translate into listeners' perception of the contrast between the vowels /i/ and /ɪ/. Results show that listeners uniformly expect a hyperarticulated vowel (acoustically) under prominence, and adjust categorization of an F1/F2 continuum accordingly. Results are discussed in relation to production findings and possible accounts of why listeners favor hyperarticulation in perception.
Effect of a Video-Assisted Advance Care Planning Intervention on End-of-Life Health Care Transitions Among Long-Stay Nursing Home Residents.

Abstract Objective To determine the relationship between an advance care planning (ACP) video intervention, Pragmatic Trial of Video Education in Nursing Homes (PROVEN), and end-of-life health care transitions among long-stay nursing home residents with advanced illness. Design Pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Five ACP videos were available on tablets or online at intervention facilities. PROVEN champions employed by nursing homes (usually social workers) were directed to offer residents (or their proxies) ≥1 video under certain circumstances. Control facilities employed usual ACP practices. Setting and Participants PROVEN occurred from February 2016 to May 2019 in 360 nursing homes (119 intervention, 241 control) owned by 2 health care systems. This post hoc study of PROVEN data analyzed long-stay residents ≥65 years who died during the trial who had either advanced dementia or cardiopulmonary disease (advanced illness). We required an observation time ≥90 days before death. The analytic sample included 923 and 1925 advanced illness decedents in intervention and control arms; respectively. Methods Outcomes included the proportion of residents with 1 or more hospital transfer (ie, hospitalization, emergency department use, or observation stay), multiple (≥3) hospital transfers during the last 90 days of life, and late transitions (ie, hospital transfer during the last 3 days or hospice admission on the last day of life). Results Hospital transfers in the last 90 days of life among decedents with advanced illness were significantly lower in the intervention vs control arm (proportion difference = −1.7%, 95% CI –3.2%, −0.1%). The proportion of decedents with multiple hospital transfers and late transitions did not differ between the trial arms. Conclusions and Implications Video-assisted ACP was modestly associated with reduced hospital transfers in the last 90 days of life among nursing home residents with advanced illness. The intervention was not significantly associated with late health care transitions and multiple hospital transfers.
Structure and Distribution of Glycoproteins and Glycosaminoglycans

The glycosaminoglycans (called mucopolysaccharides in the older nomenclature) are high-molecular-weight linear carbohydrate polymers that are generally composed of disaccharide repeating units of a uronic acid (D-gluc- uronic acid or L-iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine). In the case of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans, the polysaccharide chains are O-glycosidically linked at their reducing ends to a protein moiety through the characteristic -glucuronosyl-galactosyl- galactosyl-xylosyl-serine sequence.
Fast motion planning for articulated robots

We show how to generate paths for redundant articulated robots in a few seconds or less using randomized search on multicomputers. We present experimental results obtained for an accurate model of a 7-jointed manipulator arm operating in realistic 3D workspaces. We then present and discuss a fast method for smoothing the paths delivered by the parallel algorithm. >
Shock-excited H2 Flows in OMC-2 and OMC-3

We report the discovery of nearly a dozen collimated outflows from young stellar objects embedded in the molecular filament that extends north of the Orion Nebula towards the H II region NGC 1977. The large number of nearly coeval outflows and embedded class 0 young stellar objects indicates that the OMC-2/3 region is one of the most active sites of ongoing low- to intermediate-mass star formation known. These outflows were identified in the 2.12 μm v = 1-0 S(1) H2 line during a survey of a 6' × 16' region containing the OMC-2 and OMC-3 cloud cores and over a dozen recently discovered class 0 protostars. We also observe filamentary emission that is likely to trace possible fluorescent H2 in photodissociation regions associated with M43 and NGC 1977. Neither the suspected outflows nor the fluorescent emission are seen at the continuum wavelength of 2.14 μm, which confirms their emission-line nature. Several of the new H2 flows are associated with recently discovered bipolar molecular outflows. However, the most prominent bipolar CO outflow from the region (the MMS 8 flow) has no clear H2 counterpart. Several H2 flows consist of chains of knots and compact bow shocks that likely trace highly collimated protostellar jets. Our discovery of more than 80 individual H2-emitting shocks demonstrate that outflows from young stars are churning this molecular cloud.
Michelle Obama: Intersectionality, Implicit Bias, and Third-Party Associative Discrimination in the 2008 Election

Elections are like hiring decisions, and new frontiers in employment discrimination law place Michelle Obama in context within the current presidential campaign. First, racism and sexism still exist within politics and employment. Within both domains, the intersection of these biases uniquely impact Black women, even Ms. Obama. Second, most race and gender bias is no longer express, but unconscious. And they influence voting and hiring/promotion behavior. Thus, there are instances in the 2008 campaign where these attitudes towards Ms. Obama have been demonstrated. Such instances are similar to fact-patterns in employment discrimination cases. Third, under Title VII, employment discrimination may be directed at a third party for their associations with members of a disliked group. Here, voters' unconscious biases against Mrs. Obama likely impact their voting decisions in regards to Senator Obama.
Renal Acidification: Integrated Tubular Responses

The sections in this article are: 1 Normal Acidification by Nephron Segments 1.1 Overview of Mechanisms of Acidification 1.2 Rates of Acidification 1.3 pH Gradient 1.4 Physiological Roles of Normal Renal Acidification 2 Renal Response to Change in Glomerular Filtration Rate and Luminal Flow Rate 2.1 Bicarbonate Reabsorption 3 Renal Response to Decrease in Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration: Metabolic Acidosis 3.1 Bicarbonate Reabsorption 3.2 Ammonium Formation 3.3 Titratable Acid Formation 3.4 Integrated Nephron Response: Renal Net Acid Excretion 4 Renal Response to Increase in Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration: Metabolic Alkalosis 4.1 Exogenous Bicarbonate Administration without Extracellular Volume Contraction or Potassium Depletion 4.2 Bicarbonate Generation or Administration in the Setting of Chloride and Potassium Deficiencies 5 Renal Response to Alterations in Plasma 5.1 Bicarbonate Reabsorption 5.2 Ammonium and Titratable Acid Formation 5.3 Integrated Nephron Response: Bicarbonate Reabsorption and Net Acid Excretion by the Whole Kidney
Regions of the rat osteocalcin gene which mediate the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on gene transcription.

Abstract We have cloned the genomic DNA encoding rat osteocalcin and have isolated fragments in the 5' flanking region which mediate the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) on osteocalcin gene transcription. Approximately 3 kilobase pairs of the osteocalcin gene's 5' flanking region, including the promoter and transcription start site, were fused to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Transfection into ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells demonstrated low level basal expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. The expression increased markedly in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3; induction was observed at doses as low as 10(-11) M 1,25-(OH)2D3. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity increased as early as 16 h after stimulation with 10(-9) M 1,25-(OH)2D3. Basal chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in ROS 24/1 and 25/1 cells was much lower than in ROS 17/2.8 cells. In these two cell lines, there was little induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in the presence of 10(-9) M 1,25-(OH)2D3. Deletion studies of the 5' flanking region demonstrated two regions that contribute to the induction by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Deletion of a 650-base pair fragment ending 1.4 kilobase pairs upstream from the initiator ATG led to an 80% decrease in responsiveness. Removal of an additional 1.1 kilobase pairs, leaving a 300-base pair promoter containing fragment obliterated responsiveness to 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Models of functional systems' evolution in diagnostics of airplanes, helicopters and robots

Diagnostics plays a significant role in the process of operation and maintenance systems for airplanes and helicopters. Theoretical considerations and practical experience in the field of diagnostics are presented with a method of functional systems evolution.
Approaches to high pin count and high power surface mount packages

Recent VLSI devices for consumer product require packages with high pin count (more than 200 I/Os) and/or high power dissipation (over two watts) capability. The authors review various approaches to address these requirements with emphasis on surface mount packages. Furthermore, for portable consumer products such as digital cellular telephones, notebook computers or video cameras, thin and light packages are preferred. Plastic pad array carrier (PAC) are also described in order to achieve high frequency SMTs. >
Intelligent control for swing up and balancing of an inverted pendulum system

This paper describes implementation of swing-up and balancing control for a rotational inverted pendulum system. The authors' focus is on three aspects of fuzzy control in the overall control design: direct, supervisory, and auto-tuning fuzzy control. For a swing-up control, the authors utilize an energy pumping strategy, enhanced by introducing a fuzzy supervisory mechanism. For balancing control, an LQR-based linear control strategy is generalized to a nonlinear direct fuzzy control design. For improved performance when disturbances affect the pendulum system, the authors develop a new scheme, the auto-tuned fuzzy controller, which has the capability to vary its resolution on-line. All controllers are tested on an experimental apparatus, and performance comparisons are drawn.
Central Cholinergic Pathways Neuroanatomy and Some Behavioral Implications

Neurons which synthesize and secrete acetylcholine (ACh) for the purpose of neurotransmission are designated as cholinergic. The pioneering work of Otto Loewi established ACh as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system (Loewi, 1921). Soon thereafter, the suggestion was made that ACh could also serve a similar purpose in central nervous structures (Dale, 1938). Partial support for this possibility was obtained by pharmacological and physiological investigations which showed that ACh, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and cholinergic receptor sites were widely distributed throughout the neuraxis and that many central neurons were responsive to ACh (for review see Silver, 1974; Fibiger, 1982; Mesulam et al., 1983b). Observations based on AChE histochemistry provided additional information on the anatomical arrangement of cholinergic pathways in the brain stem, diencephalon, limbic system, and neocortex (Krnjevic and Silver, 1965; Shute and Lewis, 1967). However, uncertainty has always been associated with conclusions based on AChE histochemistry since this enzyme is also present in many noncholinergic neurons. The production of monoclonal and monospecific antibodies to ChAT by several research groups has now provided new and much more reliable information on the distribution of cholinergic neurons and on the organization of their connections (Rossier, 1984; Wainer et al., 1984). Since the presence of ChAT is necessary and probably also sufficient for the synthesis of ACh, the immunohistochemical demonstration of ChAT currently constitutes the most specific anatomical marker for putative cholinergic neurons and their pro¬cesses. Although it is not yet known if all neurons that contain ChAT also secrete ACh, this seems like a reasonable assumption to make, but will ultimately need definitive confirmation through a combination of anatomical and physiological approaches. The contemporary literature on the anatomy of cholinergic neurons is vast and varied. The purpose of this chapter is not to provide a critical review of these developments but to summarize some observations on central cholinergic pathways that my colleagues and I have made in the past 10 years. The papers cited provide additional references to the rich literature on this subject.
Forgiveness and Standing

Despite broad agreement that forgiveness involves overcoming resentment, the small philosophical literature on this topic has made little progress in determining which of the many ways of overcoming resentment is forgiveness. In a recent paper, however, Pamela Hieronymi proposed a way forward by requiring that accounts of forgiveness be “articulate” and “uncompromising.” I argue for these requirements, but also claim that Hieronymi’s proposed articulate and uncompromising account must be rejected because it cannot accommodate the fact that only some agents have the standing to forgive. I end by sketching an alternative account which, I claim, explains the phenomenon of standing.
Topical hydroxyurea and psoriasis.

Hydroxyurea, as a 10% cream, produces a significant involutionary effect on psoriatic plaques when used under continuous plastic film occlusion. When used with only partial occlusion, however, the effect is only slightly better than that of the base alone. Further studies with the use of metabolically active derivatives of hydroxyurea and/or different vehicles are warranted.
Organizational Learning and Reform at the New York City Police Department

This article offers two contributions to the literature of organizational learning (OL): (a) a multifaceted case study of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) and (b) a framework for future research in OL. The NYPD case is analyzed using two of the four alternative definitions of OL that are highlighted here. One is sharply focused on bottom line results; the other is more inclusive and more suitable for assessing an organization’s capacity for renewal and hence for sustainable success. Nine examples from the case illustrate nine different forms of OL, which are mapped onto the four alternative definitions. This article has major implications for how OL should be defined.
Graphical definitions: expanding spreadsheet languages through direct manipulation and gestures

In the past, attempts to extend the spreadsheet paradigm to support graphical objects, such as colored circles or user-defined graphical types, have led to approaches featuring either a direct way of creating objects graphically or strong compatibility with the spreadsheet paradigm, but not both. This inability to conveniently go beyond numbers and strings without straying outside the spreadsheet paradigm has been a limiting factor in the applicability of spreadsheet languages. In this article we present graphical definitions, an approach that removes this limitation, allowing both simple and complex graphical objects to be programmed directly using direct manipulation and gestures, in a manner that fits seamlessly within the spreadsheet paradigm. We also describe an empirical study, in which subjects programmed such objects faster and with fewer errors using this approach than when using a traditional approach to formula specification. Because the approach is expressive enough to be used with both built-in and user-defined types, it allows the directness of demonstrational and spreadsheet techniques to be used in programming a wider range of applications than has been possible before.
Effects of dietary soya bean trypsin inhibitor concentrate on initiation and growth of putative preneoplastic lesions in the pancreas of the rat.

Two studies evaluated the effects of soya bean trypsin inhibitor concentrate (STIC) on early stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. In experiment 1, the effects of a 3-month administration of diets containing 3.7% STIC were compared with the effects of administration of diets containing 20% corn oil, in rats pretreated with a single azaserine injection sufficient to initiate putative preneoplastic atypical acinar cell foci. Experiment 2 investigated the capacity of STIC to initiate pancreatic carcinogenesis. Diets containing 3.7% STIC were fed for 4 wk, then diets containing either 5 or 20% corn oil were fed for 3 months. Pancreases were quantitatively evaluated for foci. All groups of azaserine-initiated rats had large numbers of atypical acinar cell foci per cm3 of pancreas. Of these, the group fed 3.7% STIC had pancreatic foci that occupied a significantly greater (P < 0.01) percentage volume of pancreas than did groups fed 20% corn oil or control diets, which contained 5% corn oil and no added trypsin inhibitor. Very few or no foci were observed in all other groups of either experiment 1 or 2. STIC had a much greater effect on the growth of azaserine-induced lesions than did corn oil. STIC alone did not appear to initiate pancreatic lesions.
Binary mixing of enriched and undegassed (primitive?) mantle components (He, Sr, Nd, Pb) in Samoan lavas

We have measured He, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios and Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd concentrations in stratigraphically controlled lavas from the Pago shield volcano on Tutuila, American Samoa. We interpret these lavas as products of mixing between two isotopically extreme mantle constituents. The first is a highly enriched component with very high Sr isotope ratios, low ^3He/^4He ratios, and high “Δ(7/4)” and “Δ(8/4)” Pb isotopic characteristics. This is probably recently recycled ( 24R_A) and intermediate Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios. This material was derived from a largely undegassed mantle source, and, in conjunction with data from several other ocean islands, provides strong evidence for the existence of a high ^3He/^4He ratio mantle end member (primitive helium mantle, PHEM) with consistent Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic characteristics: near bulk-earth ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr (0.7042–0.7052) and ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd (0.51265–0.51280,e_(Nd) = +0.2to+3.2), and radiogenic Pb (^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb∼ 18.5–19.0, ^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb∼ 15.5–15.57, ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb∼ 38.4–39.2). Although this material cannot have been derived from a reservoir completely closed to elemental fractionation for the full 4.55 Ga duration of Earth's history, it may indicate the presence of a highly primitive mantle source. Erratic temporal variations in the isotopic composition of individual flows indicate sporadic and variable mixing of these two sources. We interpret these results using a model in which high ^3He/^4He ratio plume material, rising intermittently from a lower-mantle source, intercepts and melts recycled crustal matter in the upper mantle or lithosphere and erupts as a binary mixture of PHEM and the so-called “EM” components derived from this recycled material.
Food and energy: Challenges and choices

Abstract The concerns about potential energy shortages and food shortages are addressed relative to needs of an increasing world population. Interacting relationships between available energy supplies and food supplies are reviewed from different aspects, including the increasing competition for water and land as such relate to energy, crop and livestock production. This overview should aid researchers, producers and consumers to better understand the complexities in making choices to meet the challenge of assuring ample amounts of energy to produce food in optimum quantities.
New generation of protox-inhibiting herbicides

Abstract Benzfendizone belongs to the 2-[(4-heterocyclic-phenoxymethyl)-phenoxy]alkanoate class of herbicides which are potent inhibitors of the plant enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox). Benzfendizone, when applied postemergence, provides control of a number of key grass and broadleaf weeds in orchards and no-till crop situations. Benzfendizone can also be used as a potato desiccant and cotton defoliant. Crops such as soyabean and corn showed no injury when planted 2–3 days following postemergence application of benzfendizone.