cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements and modeling of soft underlayer materials for perpendicular magnetic recording

Measurements and modeling of soft magnetic underlayer (SUL) materials for perpendicular magnetic recording application are carried out. The process dependent magnetic properties of FeCoB, CoZrNb, and FeAlN SUL materials on glass and aluminum disk substrates are studied and correlated with spin-stand noise performance. The SUL-induced dc noise amplitude approaches the electronic noise floor for certain material combinations, e.g., FeCoB or CoZrNb on glass, when care is taken to relieve stress-induced perpendicular anisotropy by thermal annealing. Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert micromagnetics, finite-element method calculations, and a micromagnetic recording model show that write field amplitude, write field gradient, and readback waveform are only slightly impacted by SUL moment in the 1-2 T range. Much more important are the head-to-SUL distance and the write head saturation moment. These results suggest that extremely high SUL moment may not be necessary, which can be leveraged to meet other key practical requirements such as corrosion resistance and manufacturability.
AlGaN/GaN MOSHFET integrated circuit power converter

This work introduces the first step in a version of a wide-bandwidth, frequency-agile power interface that can sit between a simulation environment and real electrical hardware. Silicon (Si) technology is incapable of meeting the extreme switching demands of such a power interface, while gallium-nitride (GaN) technology is best suited for this application. A GaN power cell, in the form of an integrated H-bridge power block, is used as the core element in this new interface to take advantage of the III-V semiconductor material properties, resulting in enhanced operating characteristics. The GaN integrated H-bridge transistors are constructed out of AIGaN/GaN, MOS-Hetero-junction FETs (MOSHFETs). The H-bridge is mounted to an aluminum nitride (AIN) substrate for heat removal via a thermally conducting, electrically insulating, epoxy. This wide bandgap power converter utilizes a high- and low-side driver to modulate the gate-source voltage of each device between +5 V and -12 V. Control for the power converter is provided via a dual output pulse generator. The pulse generator operates open-loop with two outputs to experimentally test the H-bridge in a half-bridge converter topology under different loading conditions.
Alterations in mucosal content of colonic glycoconjugates in inflammatory bowel disease defined by monoclonal antibodies

The presence of several glycoconjugates in colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease was assessed through indirect immunofluorescent staining using a collection of 23 monoclonal antibodies directed against human colonic mucin glycoproteins (anti-HCM MAbs). Intensity and distribution of staining by three anti-HCM MAbs were significantly altered in mucosa from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 14) when compared with normal tissue (n = 15) and with tissue from patients with Crohn's disease as well as other inflammatory disorders (n = 15). Staining by anti-HCM MAb 17, which binds to colonic mucin glycoprotein species IV and V, was absent or diminished in 86% of samples from patients with active UC in contrast to 14% of normal and disease control specimens. Reduction in anti-HCM MAb 17 staining was less marked in mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with UC lacking acute inflammatory activity (n = 8). In contrast to the apparent loss of the MAb 17-defined epitopes, staining with anti-HCM MAbs 10 and 22 was enhanced in UC tissue compared with normal and disease controls. Increased staining with MAb 10 was present in 93% of samples from UC patients demonstrating active inflammation. Increased MAb 10 staining was not apparent in noninvolved mucosa from UC patients, indicating that increased expression of the specified epitope is related to the acute inflammatory process. In contrast, indirect immunofluorescent staining with MAb 22 was apparent in both involved (78%) and uninvolved (67%) UC mucosa in contrast to normal and disease controls (less than 12%). In addition, staining with several other anti-HCM MAbs (MAbs 3, 11, 15) was modestly and variably diminished (14%-28%) in UC, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory disorders. These findings demonstrate the presence of alterations in mucosal content of specific glycoconjugate structures in association with UC. Inflammatory processes may also result in broad changes in glycoconjugate determinants generally.
Parallel protein folding with STAPL

Summary form only given. The protein folding problem is to study how a protein dynamically folds to its so-called native state - an energetically stable, three-dimensional configuration. Understanding this process is of great practical importance since some devastating diseases such as Alzheimer's and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow) are associated with the misfolding of proteins. In our group, we have developed a new computational technique for studying protein folding that is based on probabilistic roadmap methods for motion planning. Our technique yields an approximate map of a protein's potential energy landscape that contains thousands of feasible folding pathways. We have validated our method against known experimental results. Other simulation techniques, such as molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo methods, require many orders of magnitude more time to produce a single, partial, trajectory. We report on our experiences parallelizing our method using STAPL (the standard template adaptive parallel library), that is being developed in the Parasol Lab at Texas A&M. An efficient parallel version enables us to study larger proteins with increased accuracy. We demonstrate how STAPL enables portable efficiency across multiple platforms without user code modification. We show performance gains on two systems: a dedicated Linux cluster and an extremely heterogeneous multiuser Linux cluster.
Scale Invariance in Liquid Water Distributions in Marine Stratocumulus. Part II: Multifractal Properties and Intermittency Issues.

Abstract This is the second of two papers analyzing the internal liquid water content (LWC) structure of marine stratocumulus (Sc) based on observations taken during the First ICCP (International Commission on Cloud Physics) Regional Experiment (FIRE) 1987 and Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) 1992 field programs. Part I examined wavenumber spectra and the three-decade scale range (tens of meters to tens of kilometers) over which scale invariance holds; the inability of spectral analysis to distinguish between different random processes was also underscored. This indetermination is removed in this part by applying multifractal analysis techniques to the LWC fields, leading to a characterization of the role of intermittency in marine Sc. Two multiscaling statistics are computed and associated nonincreasing hierarchies of exponents are obtained: structure functions and H(q), singular measures and D(q). The real variable q is the order of a statistical moment (e.g., q = 1.0 yields a mean);...
Time-variant sustainability assessment of seismically vulnerable bridges subjected to multiple hazards

SUMMARY In the design and assessment of structures, the aspects regarding the future performance are gaining increased attention. A wide range of performance measures is covered by ‘sustainability’ to reflect these aspects. There is the need for well established methods for quantifying the metrics of sustainability. In this paper, a framework for assessing the time-variant sustainability of bridges associated with multiple hazards considering the effects of structural deterioration is presented. The approach accounts for the effects of flood-induced scour on seismic fragility. Sustainability is quantified in terms of its social, environmental, and economic metrics. These include the expected downtime and number of fatalities, expected energy waste and carbon dioxide emissions, and the expected loss. The proposed approach is illustrated on a reinforced concrete bridge. The effects of corrosion on reinforcement bars and concrete cover spalling are accounted. The seismic fragility curves at different points in time are obtained through nonlinear finite element analyses. The variation of the metrics of sustainability in time is presented. The effects of flood-induced scour on both seismic fragility and metrics are also investigated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Incubational Egg Weight Losses in Three Types of Turkeys

Abstract Incubational egg weight losses of eggs from three types of turkeys were compared three times during a 20-week laying period to determine how increased egg weight affects the water vapor loss of turkey eggs during incubation. One type of hens selected was Large White recycled hens (LW2) in which preincubation egg weight was constant throughout the laying period, whereas the remaining two types, Large White first cycle (LW1) and Small White first cycle (SW1) hens, were selected such that preincubation egg weight increased during the laying period. The LW1 turkey eggs lost the greatest percentage of their preincubation egg weight, SW1 turkey eggs were intermediate, and LW2 turkey eggs lost the smallest percentage. Turkey eggs laid early in a laying period lost less weight than eggs laid in the middle portion, and eggs laid in the mid portion lost less weight than eggs from the late portion. The amount of water vapor lost per unit of shell area as well as the shell conductance data were similar for all hen types and times of the laying period. Increases in preincubational egg weight, egg surface area, and their resulting increased incubational egg weight losses occurred principally during the first 10 weeks of the egg production period in both LW1 and SW1 hens’ eggs.
The role of levonorgestrel implants in hormonal contraception

Levonorgestrel subdermal implants have been available worldwide for more than 15 years. Norplant was the first significant development in family planning since the oral and intrauterine contraceptives of the 1960s. No other contraceptive system has been so thoroughly evaluated before and after introduction; more than 6 million women have used Norplant and more than 50 000 women have participated in clinical trials with this product, which show the safety, efficacy and acceptability of implants for family planning. Technical advances in sustained-release steroid delivery now permit the safety and efficacy of Norplant to be transferred to a two-rod system that is faster and easier to insert and remove and is packaged in its own single-use trocar. Levonorgestrel implants will provide long-term family planning to women who have used Norplant and want to continue implant contraception, and will appeal to a new generation of women who want a highly effective, ultra-low-dose hormonal method without serious side-effects. Worldwide availability of implants that are easy to initiate and discontinue will broaden the appeal of low-dose, sustained-release contraception to clinicians and users. Many women who rely on less effective, harder-to-use methods will find that levonorgestrel implants are a simple alternative with minimal physio logical impact.
Molecular links between obesity and breast cancer

Breast cancer continues to be a major health problem for women in the USA and worldwide. There is a need to identify and take steps to alter modifiable breast cancer risks. Conditions of obesity and overweight are risk factors that have reached epidemic proportions. This article reviews the evidence in the literature that test mechanism-based hypotheses which attempt to provide a molecular basis for a causal link between obesity and breast cancer risk, particularly the effects of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, peripheral estrogen aromatization in adipose tissue, and direct effect of adipokines. Future areas for study and implications for therapy are discussed.
A dolichosaurid lizard, Coniasaurus cf. C. crassidens, from the Upper Cretaceous Carlile Shale in Russell County, Kansas

Abstract Coniasaurus Owen is a small Late Cretaceous marine lizard. Here, we describe two isolated vertebrae of C. cf. C crassidens Owen from the Fairport Chalk Member of the Carlile Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in west-central Russell County, Kansas. This report constitutes the first detailed description of Coniasaurus from the stratigraphic unit. Whereas Coniasaurus has been reported from the Late Cenomanian and Middle Santonian deposits in Kansas, the two vertebrae described here substantiate the presence of the taxon during the early Middle Turonian (ca. 92.1–91.2 Ma), adding a new insight into the paleoecology of the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Sea of North America.
Measurement of single-wall nanotube dispersion by size exclusion chromatography

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is shown to be an effective method to characterize single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) dispersions. SEC separates nanotube dispersions by size, and an on-line viscosity detector gives intrinsic viscosity as a function of hydrodynamic size, as is determined by universal calibration. The scaling contains information about the shape of the dispersed particles. This characterization method was tested on three representative dispersions, octadecylamine functionalization (SWNT-ODA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF), butyl group functionalization (SWNT-butyl) in THF, and DNA wrapping (SWNT/DNA) in aqueous solution. Significant differences between the dispersions were found. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) produced results consistent with the SEC method.
Applications and economic analysis of a high reward, low risk cogeneration system

The use of a cogeneration system would lead to higher energy efficiencies. The U.S. has seen declined interest before 1978 and renewed interest since then due to the enactment of PURPA. This paper discusses the working principles and cost-effect of cogeneration. Based on an economic analysis, this paper proposes an application of a high reward, low risk cogeneration system for a small food processing plant. Sensitivity analyses are performed, which can be used by site managers to determine a suitable configuration and appropriate operating mode. A system similar to the proposed system appears to have the greatest potential for future use in industrial and commercial applications.
Does knowledge of prior shoulder dystocia affect management and outcome of subsequent deliveries

OUTCOME OF SUBSEQUENT DELIVERIES? EDITH GUREWITSCH, ELLEN LANDSBERGER, ANJALI JAIN, STEPHANIE CHA, TARA JOHNSON, ROBERT ALLEN, Johns Hopkins University, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Baltimore, Maryland, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecolgy, Bronx, New York, Johns Hopkins University, Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether clinicians’ awareness of a woman’s prior shoulder dystocia (SD) affects management and outcome of her subsequent delivery. STUDY DESIGN: With IRB approval, records of all women with SD delivery (SDD) at Johns Hopkins Hospital from 6/1993-5/2004 who had at least 1 subsequent live birth at the same institution were reviewed for clinician cognizance of prior SD (as determined by specific documentation in admission or progress notes of subsequent delivery), allowance of a trial of labor (TOL), induction or augmentation of labor, attempted operative vaginal delivery (OpVD), subsequent delivery mode, SD recurrence and brachial plexus injury (BPI) occurrence. Using c and Fisher’s exact test, we compared subsequent deliveries with knowledge of prior SD to those with no knowledge (P!0.05 significant). RESULTS: 78 women met study criteria; 28% were associated with BPI. Knowledge of prior SD was recorded in only 13 (17%) and correlated with payor status and injury at the original SDD. We saw no differences in gestational age, BMI, diabetes or birth weight between groups. Despite elective cesarean without TOL if prior SD was known, SD recurred 9 (12%) times with similar frequency in both groups (table). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of prior SD affects both management and outcome of subsequent delivery. Elective cesarean without TOL does not affect SD recurrence; however, injury may be more likely when prior SD is unknown. Women should be informed of SD, even without clinical sequelae.
ASM Scientific Writing and Publishing Institute: Program Impacts and Future Expansion

Scientific writing is one of the most essential skills in science. Writing has numerous benefits and is a critical skill for writing grants, theses, and manuscripts. The ability to publish research is as almost as important as conducting it. Writing and publishing scientific papers can be difficult for beginning researchers. To help trainees succeed in their efforts to publish, the ASM Committee on Graduate and Postdoctoral Education has offered the ASM Scientific Writing and Publishing Institute (SWPI) since 2010. In an effort to gain insight into longer-term outcomes and impacts, the Committee conducted a comprehensive survey in 2015 to assess five cohorts from 2010-2014.The comprehensive survey sought to measure the effectiveness, strengths, and weaknesses of the institute; to gather information on the achievements of its alumni; and to highlight opportunities to strengthen the program.
Wide-angle, polarization-independent ultrathin broadband visible absorbers

A capability of absorbing a broad range of visible lights is essential to boost the performance of various applications, such as photovoltaics (PV), photodetectors, and thermal emitters. Here, we present an angle-insensitive, polarization-independent ultrathin (<150 nm) broadband absorber in the visible regime exploiting strong interference behaviors in highly absorbing semiconductor materials. A proposed structure simply has four layers composed of two stacks of a metal and a semiconductor demonstrating a remarkably enhanced absorption property as compared with the device without a top semiconductor film. This is attributed to multi-cavity resonance effects in each cavity, which is obviously elucidated with phase calculations and electric field distributions. The maximum absorption efficiency of the device is 95.5% at a resonance and its absorption characteristic can be maintained over a wide angle of incidence up to ±70° regardless of the incident light polarization. Finally, we investigate how our approach can be utilized to achieve a tandem PV cell with high efficiency. Our strategy can be applied to other material systems and can be useful in diverse applications, including thermal emitters and PV.
Photoassisted Enhancement of the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid on Platinized TiO2 Nanotubes

A solvothermal method is used to deposit Pt nanoparticles on anodized TiO2 nanotubes (T_NT). Surface characterization using SEM, EDX, and XRD indicates the formation of polycrystalline TiO2 nanotubes of 110 ± 10 nm diameter with Pt nanoparticle islands. The application of the T_NT/Pt photoanode has been examined toward simultaneous electrooxidation and photo(electro)oxidation of formic acid (HCOOH). Upon UV–vis photoillumination, the T_NT/Pt photoelectrode generates a current density of 72 mA/cm2, which is significantly higher (∼39-fold) than that of the T_NT electrode (1.85 mA/cm2). This boosting in the overall current is attributable to the enhanced oxidation of formic acid at the T_NT/Pt-electrolyte interface. Further, a series of cyclic voltammetric (CV) responses, of which each anodic scan is switched to photoillumination at a certain applied bias (i.e., 0.2 V, 0.4 V, etc.), is used to identify the role of T_NT/Pt as a promoter for the photoelectrooxidation of formic acid and understand a carbon mono...
Some Genetic Aspects of Hatchability

Abstract THE genetic aspects of hatchability and the knowledge concerning them have been discussed recently by Jull (1932). It has been established that cross-breeding often increases hatchability and that inbreeding often decreases it. These results of cross-breeding and inbreeding have been attributed chiefly to the different degrees of heterozygosity likely to be produced by these types of matings. Three characters lethal to the embryo when present in homozygous condition have been reported by Dunn (1923), Landauer and Dunn (1930), and Byerly and Jull (1932), respectively. Physical characters of the egg, such as weight, shape, and color, have little relation to hatchability within the normal range of variation of these factors. Evidence presented herein indicates that cross-breeding improves hatchability in inverse proportion to the hatchability of the parental stocks; that further improvement in hatchability is likely to be obtained by mating F1 females to males of an unrelated breed; that genetic factors . . .
Juvenile polyposis of the colon with atypical adenomatous changes and carcinoma in situ. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Juvenile polyps are thought to have no malignant potential; however, we report a case of diffuse juvenile polyposis coli in a 19-year-old man where mucosal dysplastic changes ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinomain situ are present. The pathogenetic development of these polyps and their malignant potential are discussed.
Vegetable Uses of Maize (Corn) in Pre-Columbian America

Maize (Zea mays L.) was an important vegetable throughout the Americas in pre-Columbian times. It may have been particularly important for people in temperate zones, where the selection of cultivated vegetables was relatively limited. In this review I shall use the term “corn” rather than maize, given that corn is used in the older literature upon which this review is based. My objective in this review is to focus on vegetable uses; however, some grain uses will also be discussed because the distinctions are somewhat arbitrary. Corn, when grown for grain, is one of the most efficient crop plants in terms of calorie production. Because the grain may be stored for long periods, corn was (and is) the primary source of food energy for most of the major civilizations in the Western Hemisphere. In addition to an energy source, corn has been used as a vegetable by all these civilizations. For the purposes of this paper, I define vegetable as any plant part, usually high in moisture when consumed, that usually undergoes minimal processing beyond cooking. In contrast, a grain is a seed or seedlike fruit that is dried to low moisture for storage and usually processed before consumption. Processing of grains frequently results in a product that is unrecognizable as the original plant part.
Inhibitory effect of extract from Opuntia stricta on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

In this study,the inhibitive effects on Microcystis aeruginosa by fresh cactus(Opuntia SPP.) stem water extract and ethanol extract are studied to screen newly,efficient,nontoxic or low toxicity algaecides.The results show that inhibitive effects of two kinds of extract are very obvious.The inhibitive effect is significantly stronger with the increase of extract content ration.The inhibitive effect of ethanol extract is stronger than water.Water extract promoted the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at low concentration,while the ethanol extract shows steadily inhibitory effects.Antialgal components of cactus are very stable.After being treated by UV and steam sterilization(121℃,20min),it still has strong inhibiting effect on Microcystis aeruginosa.Results show that cactus has great potential to be applied to prevent algae bloom and water eutrophication.
Establishment of the Dual Whole Cell Recording Patch Clamp Configuration for the Measurement of Gap Junction Conductance

The development of the patch clamp technique has enabled investigators to directly measure gap junction conductance between isolated pairs of small cells with resolution to the single channel level. The dual patch clamp recording technique requires specialized equipment and the acquired skill to reliably establish gigaohm seals and the whole cell recording configuration with high efficiency. This chapter describes the equipment needed and methods required to achieve accurate measurement of macroscopic and single gap junction channel conductances. Inherent limitations with the dual whole cell recording technique and methods to correct for series access resistance errors are defined as well as basic procedures to determine the essential electrical parameters necessary to evaluate the accuracy of gap junction conductance measurements using this approach.
Viability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in salami following conditioning of batter, fermentation and drying of sticks, and storage of slices.

The fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was monitored in salami during conditioning of batter, fermentation and drying of sticks, and storage of slices. The raw batter (75% pork:25% beef, wt/wt, fat content about 20%) was inoculated with a pediococcal starter culture (about 108 CFU/g) and a five-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 (≥2 × 107 CFU/g) and stuffed into 104-mm diameter fibrous casings. After being refrigerated at 4°C or being tempered at 13°C, frozen at −20°C, and thawed at 4°C, or being frozen at −20°C, and thawed at 4°C, the inoculated batter was fermented at 24°C and 90% relative humidity (RH) to pH ≤4.8, dried at 13°C and 65% RH to a moisture/protein ratio of ≤1.9:1, and then stored at 4 or 21°C under air or vacuum. For salami sticks sampled immediately after drying, appreciable differences were evident among the various batter-conditioning treatments; pathogen numbers were reduced from original levels by 2.1, 1.6, or 1.1 log10 units when batter was tempered, frozen, and thawed, frozen and thaw...
From Personal to Impersonal Exchange in Ideas: Patent System as a Trade System

Technology has always been at the heart of economic development. This knowledge has been kept private through a variety of means throughout history, but through the patent system, technology has become tradable in its own right. Its original purpose was clearly to promote invention (technology to increase productivity) and innovation (products and services than embody the new productivity enhancing technology) by means of exchange of extant, privately held, technology between nations, firms and individuals and now also non-profit entities such as universities and NGOs. The exchange can be seen as two fold: social (through disclosure) and market economic (through excluding, transferrable and licensable claims). The view presented here is that these rights establish markets in ideas and introduces competition in technology through the public disclosure.An economic experiment is discussed where contracts on patents are traded in impersonal markets with demand side bidding, thus moving the invention-intermediation-innovation process from being coordinated in a hierarchy to coordination in a market with prices between specialized inventors, intermediaries and innovators.Policy proposals on internationalization of exchange in technology (tradability), institutional learning for efficient exchange, and a culture of innovation are then discussed, tying in the themes of the workshop into trade in ideas.
The Montclair Electronic Language Database Project

The Montclair Electronic Language Database (MELD) is an expanding collection of essays written by students of English as a second language. This paper describes the content and structure of the database and gives examples of database applications. The essays in MELD consist of the timed and untimed writing of undergraduate ESL students, dated so that progress can be tracked over time. Demographic data is also collected for each student, including age, sex, L1 background, and prior experience with English. The essays are continuously being tagged for errors in grammar and academic writing as determined by a group of annotators. The database currently consists of 44,477 words of tagged text and another 53,826 words of text ready to be tagged. The database allows various analyses of student writing, from assessment of progress over time to relation of error type and L1 background.
Why Do People Believe What They Do? A Functionalist Perspective.

Why do people believe what they do? Scholars and laypeople alike tend to answer this question by focusing on the representational functions of beliefs (i.e., representing the world accurately). How...
Predicting Effects of Operating Conditions on Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Using Particle-Level Simulation

Fast pyrolysis of biomass materials is an effective means to convert biomass into useful energy products. The conversion process can be significantly affected by the properties of the biomass particle and the operating conditions. To obtain a better understanding of this process, a direct numerical simulation method was proposed and used to conduct particle-scale simulations. In this study, the lattice Boltzmann method was employed to solve the flow field and the intraparticle transport of heat and mass. A multistep pyrolysis kinetics mechanism was used to describe the chemical reactions that convert solid biomass to gaseous and solid products. The predicted evolutions of center temperature and solid mass fraction agreed well with the experimental data. The validation demonstrated that the present model was capable of revealing the detailed conversion process of biomass fast pyrolysis at the particle scale. Parametric studies were conducted to characterize the effects of particle size, particle aspect rat...
A 3D polar processing algorithm for scale model UHF ISAR imaging

In recent years, UHF synthetic aperture radar has become a growing area of interest among the radar community. Due to their relatively long wavelengths, UHF systems provide advantages that may not be attainable by microwave and millimeter-wave radar systems. These advantages include excellent target detection statistics in high clutter environments, wide-area surveillance, and long stand-off ranges. UHF systems also have proven synergistic properties with higher frequency radar systems in applications such as topographical mapping. However, the ability to study the characteristics of these lower frequency radar systems in a controlled and systematic environment is difficult. In this work, a physical scale modeling process is utilized to generate three-dimensional UHF imagery that may be used to study scattering phenomenology at these wavelengths. Dimensionally and dielectrically scaled targets and scenes are measured in a 6 - 18 GHz microwave compact range to model the backscatter of the full-size target at UHF wavelengths. The microwave compact radar range and transceiver hardware utilized to model UHF radar signature data are briefly described. A description of the image processor used to generate three-dimensional UHF imagery from wide-band/wide-angle data collections is described as well. Finally, imagery of radar signature data collected from a M1A1 Abrams main battle tank model is examined. The high resolution imagery resulting from the wide-band/wide-angle collection will show that sub-wavelength features of ground targets are resolvable at these wavelengths.
Participatory Budgeting: Learning Civic Capacities Through Democratic Activity

This pilot study presents an ethnographic case study of Chicago’s 49th Ward Participatory Planning Budgeting Process (PPBP). This paper brings together the disciplines of Urban Planning and Learning Sciences, using a range of methodologies to examine the complexity of learning as it occurs in participatory planning. The study focuses specifically on the Latino immigrant community’s participation in the PPBP. This paper presents an analysis of a Spanish-language Assembly in the fall of 2010. Findings show ten emergent civic capacities and how they were learned or activated in the context of the Spanish assembly. Using a Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) framework, the paper explores both the cultural historical milieu of participants’ effects of participating in democratic activity and the mediational means of the civic capacities on participation. The findings raise questions about how Latino immigrant community members engage civically, and how identities of civic participation may form over time. Lastly, how are those in charge of the participatory planning process learning to adapt the environment in order to meet the participation needs of the community?
The Role of Kappa Opioid Receptors in Glutamate Input Selection in the Ventral Striatum.

The ventral striatum is an important controller of motivated behavior. This nucleus receives dopamine afferents from the ventral tegmental area and glutamate afferents from the basolateral amygdala, thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and ventral hippocampus, which encode emotional, sensory,
Molecular Mimicry by γ-2 Herpesviruses to Modulate Host Cell Signaling Pathways

Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that can establish life-long infection in their respective hosts and are capable of undergoing either latent or lytic replication. They are grouped into three subfamilies (α, β, and γ) based on their genome organization and biological characteristics. γ-Herpesviruses are oncogenic viruses capable of causing neoplasia in the infected host and contain multiple genes that contribute to virus-induced tumorigenesis. The ability of γ-herpesviruses to manipulate the lymphocyte activation pathways is particularly important to ensure their survival and concealment from host immune surveillance since they establish latent reservoirs within circulating lymphocytes. This chapter focuses on the unique viral genes located adjacent to the terminal ends of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), and rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) genomes, three γ-Herpesviridae members that infect primates. Despite a lack of sequence similarity between these viral proteins, they are remarkably conserved in their structure and functions. In addition, this chapter covers some of the exciting studies on viral microRNAs (miRNAs) and their influence on both host cellular processes and the viral life cycle. Together, these viral proteins and miRNAs modulate multiple signaling pathways and contribute to viral-dependent proliferation phenotypes seen in infected organisms. Deciphering the virus-specific functions of these genes and miRNAs not only reveal the high level of molecular piracy among these viruses but may also shed light on how these complex virus–host interactions have shaped the coevolution of γ-herpesviruses and their respective primate hosts.
Assessment in the Every Student Succeeds Act: Considerations for School Psychologists

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) aims to ensure that all students are college- and career-ready by requiring all schools to implement high-quality accountability systems and services for students. The ESSA impacts assessment practices in schools by requiring staff to account for a broader range of variables related to student well-being, including both academic and non-academic variables (e.g., student mental health). Schools likely will (and should) rely on the expertise of school psychologists in designing and implementing high-quality assessment systems. Thus, school psychologists must be prepared to review a variety of assessment materials and select instruments that are best suited for specific purposes, contexts, and populations. The aim of this article is to familiarize school psychologists with the ESSA requirements for school accountability as well as critical issues in evaluating assessment systems. More specifically, this article presents considerations for evaluating the validity and reliability of assessment tools and procedures. Implications for school psychologists engaged in implementation of the ESSA are described.
Evaluation and Management of Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse

Prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall is the most common presentation of pelvic organ prolapse. Studies suggested that, of the various segments of the vagina that may be involved in prolapse (anterior, posterior, or apical), the anterior vaginal wall is the segment most likely to demonstrate recurrent prolapse after reconstructive surgery. In addition, normal anterior vaginal support plays an important role in supporting the urethra, and loss of this support can contribute to the development of stress urinary incontinence. It is therefore important that the pelvic reconstructive surgeon understand the normal support mechanisms of the anterior vaginal wall and the full spectrum of techniques for correction of anterior vaginal prolapse and cystoceles.
Selection of Phage Antibody Libraries for Binding and Internalization into Mammalian Cells

Recently, it has proven possible to directly select peptides and antibody fragments binding cell-surface receptors from filamentous phage libraries by incubation of phage libraries with a target cell line (Andersen et al. 1996; Barry et al. 1996; Cai and Garen 1995; de Kruif et al. 1995; Marks et al. 1993). This has led to a marked increase in the number of potential targeting molecules. However, the isolation of cell type specific antibodies from naive libraries has been difficult because selections often result in binders to common cell surface antigens (Hoogenboom et al. 1999).
Lexical Conceptual Structures and Aspectual Roles

Since the early days of generative grammar, it has been clear that the lexical properties of predicates had to be reckoned with in a theory of syntax, since much of the syntax of a sentence hinges on the predicate it is built around. The lexical properties of predicates as they pertained to syntax had to find some representation in grammatical theory. The context-sensitive subcategorization rules of Chomsky (1965) filled this purpose, and have persisted in the subsequent literature in the form of categorial selection, subcategorization frames and so on. These represent lexical syntactic properties stripped of the lexical semantics, or reference to ‘meaning’.
Community and State

Edith Stein’s investigation of community is primarily philosophical. Just as her philosophy of person contributes to the foundations of psychology, her philosophy of community provides valuable ideological grounding for the social sciences. The experience of real community structures, such as families, nations, and religious communities, which we encounter in our surrounding world (Umwelt),is the starting point for her investigation in the section of the Beitrage entitled “Individual and Community.” She sees community as uniting in itself a plurality of subjects and being itself bearer of a life which is carried on in and through these subjects. Although in daily life the individual is in the forefront, there are times when communities stand out from their concealment as unitary structures almost like individual personalities, and individuals either disappear in them or appear principally as members of the community, fulfilling one or more functions, She first considers community as an analogue of individual personality, which she examines for clues to the structure of community.1
UK Biobank debuts as a powerful resource for genomic research

Analysis of the UK Biobank genetic and phenotypic data demonstrate the power of including a large population and detailed phenotyping in a prospective study to identify genetic and lifestyle factors related to health and disease.
The Communication of Affect Among Rodents Through Mother-Young Interactions

I shall discuss a number of experiments we have done over the last 15 years or so revolving around infantile experiences and mother-young interactions. In this context, we have found that affective or emotional behavior is drastically modified by the manipulations we have introduced in the early life of an animal. To start with, I shall describe a series of studies involving mice, and then turn to research with rats. I will show that the same principles apply in both sets of experiments, thus enhancing the generality of these principles.
Mathematical Software: How to Sell Mathematics

When faced with the question, “What does a mathematician do if he doesn’t teach?,” most people have one of three answers: “I don’t know.” “He solves problems.” Or, “He analyzes data.” The average person does not think in terms of mathematical modeling or qualitative analysis, much less in terms of abstract theories. This, coupled with the prevailing view that university mathematics is strictly theoretical (ivory tower), and hence of no practical value, sometimes makes the justification of support for research in mathematics a trying undertaking. Outside of the National Science Foundation, managers in industry and government do not always respond well to vague arguments of “eventual” applicability.
Reinvent Retail Supply Chain: Ship-from-Store-to-Store

Retailers such as Best Buy are reinventing their supply chains for the era of Omnichannel with new strategies like ship‐from‐store‐to‐store (SFSTS) where stores are also used as shipping points. Under the SFSTS practice, to fill the demand (offline and online) from a customer region, two or more nearby stores of the retailers’ frequently replenish from each other as well as from a distribution center (DC) to better prepare inventory before the demand arrives. We study how to best replenish the DC and multiple nearby stores under this new practice using a multi‐period inventory model with proactive transshipments. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to solve this model, and the characterized optimal replenishment policy is valuable especially as it differs significantly from the past relevant literature on single‐period models. In contrast, for the DC, although the procure‐up‐to policy is still optimal, the procure‐up‐to level is no longer constant but depends on all stores’ on‐hand inventory. For each store, the optimal policy no longer remains the same structure but changes with whether the DC procures inventory from the supplier. When the DC procures inventory, the stores’ optimal policy is no longer single‐threshold, but two‐threshold (order‐up‐to and ship‐down‐to); and these thresholds decrease in any other store’s on‐hand inventory. When the DC does not procure inventory, the stores ship between each other only when their inventories are imbalanced enough, and they ship until the benefit drops to just cover the shipping cost. Our results demonstrate that it is important to constantly track every store’s on‐hand inventory and it is much more complex to implement SFSTS with more nearby stores, despite the additional profit earned.
Creation and Implementation of a Mastery Learning Curriculum for Emergency Department Thoracotomy.

Introduction: Emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) is a lifesaving procedure within the scope of practice of emergency physicians. Because EDT is infrequently performed, emergency medicine (EM) residents lack opportunities to develop procedural competency. There is no current mastery learning curriculum for residents to learn EDT. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a simulation-based mastery learning curriculum to teach and assess EM residents’ performance of the EDT. Methods: We developed an EDT curriculum using a mastery learning framework. The minimum passing standard (MPS) for a previously developed 22-item checklist was determined using the Mastery Angoff approach. EM residents at a four-year academic EM residency program underwent baseline testing in performing an EDT on a simulation trainer. Performance was scored by two raters using the checklist. Learners then participated in a novel mastery learning EDT curriculum that included an educational video, hands-on instruction, and deliberate practice. After a three-month period, residents then completed initial post testing. Residents who did not meet the minimum passing standard after post testing participated in additional deliberate practice until mastery was obtained. Baseline and post-test scores, and time to completion of the procedure were compared with paired t-tests.Results: Of 56 eligible EM residents, 54 completed baseline testing. Fifty-two residents completed post-testing until mastery was reached. The minimum passing standard was 91.1%, (21/22 items correct on the checklist). No participants met the MPS at the baseline assessment. After completion of the curriculum, all residents subsequently reached the MPS, with deliberate practice sessions not exceeding 40 minutes. Scores from baseline testing to post-testing significantly improved across all postgraduate years from a mean score of 10.2/22 to 21.4/22 (p <0.001). Mean time to complete the procedure improved from baseline testing (6 minutes [min] and 21 seconds [sec], interquartile range [IQR] = 4 min 54 sec - 7 min 51 sec) to post-testing (5 min 19 seconds, interquartile range 4 min 17sec - 6 min 15 sec; p = 0.001).Conclusion: This simulation-based mastery learning curriculum resulted in all residents performing an EDT at a level that met or exceeded the MPS with an overall decrease in time needed to perform the procedure.
Inhibitors and mortality in persons with nonsevere hemophilia A in the United States

Abstract Although persons with nonsevere hemophilia A (NSHA) account for about one-half of the hemophilia A population, epidemiological data in this subset of individuals are scarce. We set out to describe the clinical characteristics of persons with NSHA with inhibitors, and to determine mortality rates, predictors of mortality, and primary causes of death in persons with NSHA in the United States over a 9-year period (2010-2018). We queried the American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network dataset (ATHNdataset) for information on demographics, inhibitor status, and date and cause of death. A total of 6624 persons with NSHA (86.0% men; 14.0% women) were observed for an average of 8.5 years; total 56 119 person-years . The prevalence of inhibitors was 2.6% (n = 171), occurring at a median age of 13 years. At the end of follow-up, 136 persons died at a median age of 63 years; an age-adjusted mortality rate of 3.3 deaths per 1000 person-years. Three deaths occurred in inhibitor participants. Presence of inhibitors was not associated with increased mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-2.3). Factors independently associated with increased risk of death (HR, 95% CI) were the following: age (10-year increase) (2.1, 2.0-2.4); male (2.6, 1.0-6.4); hepatitis C (2.2, 1.5-3.1); and HIV (3.6, 2.2-6.0). The most common primary cause of death was malignancy (n = 27, 20.0%). In persons with NSHA, the development of inhibitors occurred at an early age and was not associated with increased mortality.
A 50μW 4-channel 83dBA-SNDR Speech Recognition Front-End with Adaptive Beamforming and Feature Extraction

Beamforming is essential for accurate Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in noisy environments. Commercial products, such as Google Home, Amazon Alexa, and Apple Airpods, beamform with multiple microphones. Delay-and-sum beamforming is amenable to low-power IC implementation (e.g. [1]) but can only suppress noise from a fixed direction making it ineffective for real situations with multiple constantly-changing noise sources. Adaptive beamforming (ABF) solves this limitation by automatically and adaptively suppressing noise from multiple, varying sources (Fig. 1). However, the high DSP power and large die area needed for conventional ABF DSP prevent practical implementation. Another challenge is that high angle accuracy is crucial for ABF to avoid severe distortion of the desired signal [2]. We combine the robust generalized sidelobe canceller (RGSC) algorithm [2] with bitstream processing for accurate and low-power ABF. We further reduce power and area through hardware sharing and optimized DSP clock rate. Our system combines multi-channel digitization, beamforming, automatic noise suppression, and feature extraction for a robust sub-mW single-chip speech-processing frontend.