cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alleged Intoxication Factor in Fish Meal

Abstract IT HAS been stated by Cook and Scott (1935a, b) that a condition, the main symptoms of which were (1) severe anemia, (2) increased clotting time of blood, (3) distortion of the blood picture with appearance of immature red cells and great increase in white cells, and (4) numerous hemorrhages, was noted in chicks given a diet of yellow corn 64, wheat 20, “functionally-low-sulphur fish meal” 10, dried yeast 1, calcium carbonate 1.1, tri-calcium phosphate 0.4, and sardine or cod liver oil 1. When the above fish meal was replaced by “functionally-high-sulphur fish meal” the symptoms did not occur. The symptoms were attributed to the presence of nitrogenous bases which in the case of the latter fish meal were supposedly detoxified by the sulphur compounds. The term “functionally” was not further explained. It is evident that the diet was deficient in the anti-hemorrhagic vitamin, which Dam (1935a, b) and Almquist . . .
Narrative Persuasion, Causality, Complex Integration, and Support for Obesity Policy

Narrative messages have the potential to convey causal attribution information about complex social issues. This study examined attributions about obesity, an issue characterized by interrelated biological, behavioral, and environmental causes. Participants were randomly assigned to read one of three narratives emphasizing societal causes and solutions for obesity or an unrelated story that served as the control condition. The three narratives varied in the extent to which the character in the story acknowledged personal responsibility (high, moderate, and none) for controlling her weight. Stories that featured no acknowledgment and moderate acknowledgment of personal responsibility, while emphasizing environmental causes and solutions, were successful at increasing societal cause attributions about obesity and, among conservatives, increasing support for obesity-related policies relative to the control group. The extent to which respondents were able to make connections between individual and environmental causes of obesity (complex integration) mediated the relationship between the moderate acknowledgment condition and societal cause attributions. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work for narrative persuasion theory and health communication campaigns.
Using MBSE to Enhance System Design Decision Making

Abstract When developing new systems, developers are challenged with tracing requirements to system design elements and helping decision makers choose between designs options that implement these requirements; options which may have vastly different cost, supportability, and business implications. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has emerged as viable method for graphically tracing requirements to design elements, however, additional research is needed on using the resulting views to support decision making. This paper describes a method for using MBSE views to positively map requirements, metrics, and test cases against the design of a notional system with a focus on using the views for effective decision making.
Serratus ventralis function in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): are primate quadrupeds unique?

The serratus ventralis in mammals is a fan-shaped scapulo-thoracic muscle that is believed by most morphologists both to support body weight and to rotate the scapula during quadrupedal locomotion. Electromyographic studies of this muscle in cats, dogs and opossums confirm the dual supportive and rotatory roles of the serratus ventralis. Although this muscle has been studied in several primate species, the concentration on arboreal locomotion has resulted in an inadequate data set to permit direct comparisons to non-primate terrestrial quadrupeds. In order to provide a more comparable data set, we examined cranial, mid- and caudal thoracic regions of the serratus ventralis during terrestrial quadrupedalism in the vervet monkey, Cereopithecus aethiops. Our results indicate that the serratus ventralis does support the body during the stance phase of quadrupedalism in this primate. However, unlike several non-primate mammals, it plays a relatively insignificant rotatory role during swing phase.
Habitat Selection and Interspecific Competition in Two Species of Plethodontid Salamanders

A series of field enclosure and laboratory experiments was conducted to test the hy- pothesis that interspecific interference competition plays no role in the microhabitat utilization and activity patterns of the plethodontid salamanders Desmognathus fuscus and Desmognathus monti- cola. Single-species and mixed-species groups were tested to determine if the presence or absence of potential competitors influenced either species' selection of substrate texture, selection of substrate moisture, utilization of cover object sizes, proximity to the stream bed, magnitude of activity, and temporal activity patterns. In single-species groups significant differences were found between species in all of the variables tested except temporal activity pattern. Relative species differences in micro- habitat utilizations shown experimentally during this study reflect closely those commonly observed in the field for the two species. The preferences of each species for substrate texture, substrate moisture, and cover object sizes were independent of the presence or absence of potential competi- tors; temporal activity patterns were also independent of the composition of test groups. Evidence for interspecific interference was found, however, in the proximity of individuals to a stream bed, and in magnitude of activity. D. fuscus utilized microhabitats farther from the stream bed and was significantly less active in the presence of D. monticola than when the latter species was absent. These two species of Desmognathus possess distinctly different patterns of habitat utilization and activity which could account for the field distributions observed; yet evidence for interspecific inter- ference points to competition as another factor in their spatial distributions.
Laser placement in noncontact Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation.

We treated 40 eyes of 40 patients by using noncontact transscleral Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation to determine whether treatment 1.5 or 3.0 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus was preferable. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups, and all other variables, including power, number, and distribution of laser applications, were kept constant. Six months postoperatively, those treated 1.5 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus had a lower intraocular pressure (P = .0047) than those treated 3.0 mm from the corneoscleral limbus. The 1.5-mm group also required fewer retreatments (P = .017) and had a slightly lower occurrence of visual acuity loss after this procedure. We believe it may be advantageous to locate the laser application approximately 1.5 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus, rather than further posteriorly, when performing noncontact transscleral Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation.
Impact of lithography retargeting process on low level interconnect in 20nm technology

As the lithography continues to be the biggest challenge in 20 nm technology node, the process windows become a serious concern to handle more severe process variations for better printability and yield. The mask pattern modification that is to set the printing target as the original designed patterns under the best focus, such as OPC and SRAF, becomes insufficient. With the random space and width existing in the low level interconnect layer, a process called "retargeting" to change the original line width or space for better process windows becomes much more important and noticeable. Therefore, a study of retargeting impact on interconnect becomes a must. In this paper, we are focusing on the low level metal layer to demonstrate the retargeting impact on the delay. By the test benches that we build to enumerate all the possible changes during retargeting, we analyze the worst case scenario impact for a worry-free retargeting process. We also successfully generate a compact model to predict the retargeting impact. Experimental results verify our estimation model for the retargeting's impact on the preferred and non-preferred direction, and little error is found for our compact model.
Detecting Outliers in Time Series Data

Abstract Occasional large errors in data can have drastic effects on estimates for such quantities as correlation coefficients, regression coefficients, and spectral density estimates. In this article we investigate the effect of outliers on time series data by considering the influence function for the autocorrelations p(k) of a stationary time series. This influence function matrix is applied to simulated data, to power plant data, and to inventory data on nuclear materials.
Gender homophily in preferences for physicians

Gender homophily in physician preference (desire for a physician of the same sex) and more general homophily preferences (race, religion, and gender) were investigated among a population of college undergraduate and health professional students for a variety of health problems. Findings indicated that gender homophily preference was stronger for men than for women. However, the preferences may not reflect antifemale physician prejudice, particularly “self-prejudice” of women clients. Male preferred their doctors to be men significantly more than did females, regardless of the health problem. More serious health problems requiring greater physician skill (cancer, heart disease) did not produce significantly greater preference for males than problems requiring a lesser amount of skill. It appeared that health problems requiring a greater degree of physical intimacy (e.g., complete physical exam, gynecological or prostate problem) or psychological intimacy (e.g., emotional problem) produced greater homophily preference. Whether or not the student had had experience in clinical settings as a preprofessional or professional student did not have an impact on homophily preferences. Implications for the future delivery of health care, especially increased numbers of women in medicine, are discussed.
Job loss: An individual level review and model.

Abstract Job loss has become a constant of life in western countries, but although attention has been drawn to job loss victims and their families in the 1980s, few research studies have actually been conducted to trace and examine the consequences of job loss. A review of some of the relevant and diverse behavioral, medical, and social science literature is conducted to illustrate the complexity and multidisciplinary nature of the job loss experience. The present paper also provides a conceptual model to examine individual responses to job loss. The model portrays risk factors, moderators, and effects of job loss. From the model and the review, a number of research propositions are developed for consideration among researchers. The importance of including organizational-relevant variables in individual level conceptualizations and proposed research discussions of job loss are emphasized.
Empirical Valence-Bond Models for Reactive Potential Energy Surfaces Using Distributed Gaussians.

A new method for constructing empirical valence bond potential energy surfaces for reactions is presented. Building on the generalized Gaussian approach of Chang−Miller, V122(q) is represented by a Gaussian times a polynomial at the transition state and generalized to handle any number of data points on the potential energy surface. The method is applied to two model surfaces and the HCN isomerization reaction. The applications demonstrate that the present method overcomes the divergence problems encountered in some other approaches. The use of Cartesian versus internal or redundant internal coordinates is discussed.
Quantity discount decisions under conditions of multiple items, multiple suppliers and resource limitations

This research considers quantity discount procedures under conditions of multiple items, resource limitations and multiple suppliers. This is a very complex problem that has not yet been addressed in the literature. In this paper we offer an efficient heuristic programming procedure for evaluating alternative discount schedules. Moreover we use an example problem to test the suggested procedure. The results offer several encouraging findings for managers facing this impressive problem.
A contribution to the biology of Bangasternus fausti [Col : Curculionidae], a potential biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa, and its effect on the host plant

The biology of the weevilBangasternus fausti (Reitter), the larvae of which live in the flowerheads ofCentaurea diffusa (De Lamarck) and some relatedCentaurea spp., was studied in the field and in the laboratory in northern Greece and in the laboratory in Rome, Italy. The species is univoltine and overwinters as adults. Under laboratory conditions adults lived up to 90 days and up to 359 eggs were deposited by a single female (n=18). The maximum number of eggs laid by a female per day was 12 and the maximum number of days a female laid eggs was 73. Generally, there is only one larva per seedhead. One-hundred percent seed destruction was recorded in 18.7% of 502 field collected seedheads, each with oneB. fausti egg. The average mortality of the species, from egg to adult, was 94.4% in the field during 1988 (n=200) and 95.8% during 1987 (n=502).
Causal heterogeneity in isolated lissencephaly

We report clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular studies in 65 patients with isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS). All had type I lissencephaly of varying severity and a grossly normal cerebellum. Some had additional brain abnormalities. Facial appearance was essentially normal. All had severe to profound mental retardation, seizures, hypotonia that evolved into spasticity, and feeding difficulties. Clinical and laboratory studies demonstrated etiologic heterogeneity. Molecular studies detected microdeletions in chromosome band 17p13.3 in six of 44 patients tested, confirming that deletion of all or part of this “critical region” is the cause of ILS in some cases. There were slightly larger deletions in the same region in a majority of patients with Miller-Dieker syndrome. One patient had an apparently balanced, de novo reciprocal translocation with breakpoints at Xq22 and 2p25. Four sibs from two families had a new, autosoma1 recessive syndrome of ILS with neonatal death. Other causes supported by clinical observations include autosoma1 recessive inheritance, intrautenne infection, and intrauterine perfusion failure. Those ILS probands in whom no etiology could he established had 41 sibs of whom three were affected, giving an empiric recurrence risk of 7%.
Least resource consumption routing for survivable optical networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining primary and backup paths for survivable optical WDM mesh networks. We propose a distributed routing mechanism, called least resource consumption routing (LRCR), that tries to minimize the combined cost of the primary and the backup path. The proposed cost model includes the effect of various factors such as mean load, variance of the load on the route, number of converters required by the route and the length of the route. Further, we model the route cost in such a way that it is extensible to include any new parameters and vary their relative importance. The performance results for the NSFNET topology and a 30-node random network, show that the proposed scheme leads to at least 30% improvement in terms of blocking probability and reduces the amount of converters required per node by about 80% compared to other proposed techniques in literature.
Flying under the radar: School reluctance in anxious youth.

A subset of children with school refusal also have anxiety disorders. Though the combination of school refusal and anxiety in youth has been associated with a host of poor outcomes (Epstein and Sheldon in J Educ Res 95:308–318, 2002. doi:10.1080/00220670209596604; Birmaher et al. in Pediatr Clin North Am 45:1187–1204, 1998. doi:10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70069-9), little is known about youth with anxiety disorders who exhibit school reluctance. Youth with school refusal actually miss school, whereas youth who are school reluctant may want to avoid school but do attend. It is important to consider emotional and social functioning in youth with school reluctance, given that school reluctance may be common among anxious youth. Additionally, school reluctant youth may still exhibit significantly greater distress despite their school attendance than non-school reluctant youth. This study examined associations among school reluctance, somatic problems, social and emotional functioning, and anxiety severity in a sample of youth diagnosed with one or more anxiety disorders. Based on child self-report, school reluctant (SR) children exhibit greater loneliness and negative affect than their non-school reluctant (NSR) peers. Clinicians rated SR children as having greater anxiety severity than NSR children based on semi-structured interviews administered to each child. Additionally, SR children have greater somatic problems than NSR children according to parent-report. Results of this study suggest the need for parents, teachers, and clinicians to work together in the treatment of school reluctance in children with anxiety disorders.
Supply Chain Scenario Modeler: A Holistic Executive Decision Support Solution

McKesson is America's oldest and largest healthcare services company. IBM Research developed an innovative scenario modeling and analysis tool, supply chain scenario modeler SCSM, for McKesson to optimize its end-to-end pharmaceutical supply chain policies. Through integrated operations research OR models, SCSM optimizes the distribution network, supply flow, inventory, and transportation policies, and quantifies the impacts of changes on financial, operational, and environmental metrics. The modeling work spawned a roadmap of projects with quantified opportunities, including a new air freight supply chain path, and provided new insights that have been critical to improving McKesson's performance as a pharmaceutical industry leader. A structured data model supporting the OR models has provided a basis for additional improvement projects. The model directly links OR modeling results to a detailed profit-and-loss statement by product category for the different supply chain paths that McKesson uses. Since this effort began in 2009, McKesson Pharmaceutical division has reduced its committed capital by more than $1 billion.
Quantitative 3D petrography using X-ray tomography 2: Combining information at various resolutions

X-ray tomography is a nondestructive technique that can be used to study rocks and other materials in three dimensions over a wide range of sizes. Samples that range from decimeters to micrometers in size can be analyzed, and micrometer- to centimeter-sized crystals, vesicles, and other particles can be identified and quantified. In many applications, quantification of a large spectrum of sizes is important, but this cannot be easily accomplished using a single tomogram due to a common trade-off between sample size and image resolution. This problem can be circumvented by combining tomograms acquired for a single sample at a variety of resolutions. We have successfully applied this method to obtain crystal size distributions (CSDs) for magnetite, pyroxene + biotite, and quartz + feldspar in Bishop Tuff pumice. Five cylinders of systematically varying size (1-10 mm diameter and height) were analyzed from each of five pumice clasts. Cylinder size is inversely proportional to image resolution, such that resolution ranges from 2.5 to 17 {micro}m/voxel with increasing sample size. This allows quantification of crystals 10-1000 {micro}m in size. We obtained CSDs for each phase in each sample by combining information from all resolutions, each size bin containing data from the resolution thatmore » best characterizes crystals of that size. CSDs for magnetite and pyroxene + biotite in late-erupted Bishop pumice obtained using this method are fractal, but do not seem to result from crystal fragmentation. CSDs for quartz + feldspar reveal a population of abundant crystals 50 {micro}m in size, which will be the focus of a separate publication.« less
Inducible transgenics. New lessons on events governing the induction and commitment in mammary tumorigenesis

Breast cancer arises from multiple genetic events that together contribute to the established, irreversible malignant phenotype. The development of inducible tissue-specific transgenics has allowed a careful dissection of the events required for induction and subsequent maintenance of tumorigenesis. Mammary gland targeted expression of oncogenic Ras or c-Myc is sufficient for the induction of mammary gland tumorigenesis in the rodent, and when overexpressed together the rate of tumor onset is substantially enhanced. In an exciting recent finding, D'Cruz et al discovered tetracycline-regulated c-Myc overexpression in the mammary gland induced invasive mammary tumors that regressed upon withdrawal of c-Myc expression. Almost one-half of the c-Myc-induced tumors harbored K-ras or N-ras gene point mutations, correlating with tumor persistence on withdrawal of c-Myc transgene expression. These findings suggest maintenance of tumorigenesis may involve a second mutation within the Ras pathway.
Coherency Strain-Assisted Equilibrium Segregation at Heterophase Interfaces

Theoretical work in the field of interfacial segregation is focused mainly on the sharp interface approach beginning with the Gibbs' introduction of the dividing surface. In this paper a continuum approach to the problem of interfacial segregation, which deals with continuous distributions of quantities at interfaces, is developed. The current study concentrates on heterophase interfaces in alloys as opposed to grain boundaries or antiphase domain boundaries. The important effect of coherency strains is taken into account. The Gibbs adsorption theorem is discussed in the framework of a continuum approach. A comparison is made between the sharp (Gibbsian) and diffuse interface approaches.
Transient optical excitation and control in self-assembled quantum dots

Summary form only given. The optical response of self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) has been an area of extensive research in recent years, driven both by an interest in the basic physics of these strongly confined systems, and by the possibility of practical applications for such structures. There have been several studies of carrier relaxation in these systems, including differential transmission, and single-dot photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation, as well as measurements of ultrafast dephasing times at room temperature. In this paper we demonstrate coherent control of confined excitations in an ensemble of SAQDs. The results allow us to infer a low temperature dephasing time for this system.
International interdependence and regulatory power: Authority, mobility, and markets

This article revisits a fundamental question of international political economy: when does cross-border economic interdependence become a source of power. The view that economic interdependence is a source of potential power, not just mutual benefits, has a long lineage traceable to political realism, organizational economics, Ricardian trade theory, and structural Marxism, and researchers typically focus on preferred causal variables in isolation. Despite important contributions, little attention has been paid to understanding the interactions of multiple perspectives on asymmetric interdependence, or to making sense of contradictory expectations of the various models. As a consequence scholars engaged in globalization debates, such as those about policy convergence or private actor governance, frequently talk past one another. To deduce expectations about the relationship between power and interdependence, we build a model synthesizing standard approaches that analyze the effects of market size and mark...
APPLICATION OF BIFURCATION THEORY TO SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS

A bifurcation analysis is used to investigate the complex dynamics of a heavily loaded single-machine-infinite-busbar power system modeling the characteristics of the BOARDMAN generator with respect to the rest of the North-Western American Power System. The system has five mechanical and two electrical modes. The results show that, as the compensation level increases, the operating condition loses stability with a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix crossing transversely from the left- to the right-half of the complex plane, signifying a Hopf bifurcation. As a result, the power system oscillates subsynchronously with a small limit-cycle attractor. As the compensation level increases, the limit cycle grows and then loses stability in a secondary Hopf bifurcation, resulting in the creation of a two-period quasiperiodic subsynchronous oscillation, a two-torus attractor. On further increases of the compensation level, the quasiperiodic attractor collides with its basin boundary, resulting in the destruction of the attractor and its basin boundary in a bluesky catastrophe. Consequently, there are no bounded motions. The results show that adding damper windings may induce subsynchronous resonance.
Formation of concentric ferromagnetic nanotubes from biologically active phospholipids

Biologically active 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC) nanotube-forming phospholipids (PL) were utilized to synthesize highly ferromagnetic, concentric iron oxide–carbon–iron oxide nanotubes (FMNTs), using Fe2+/H2O2 redox reactions, followed by further exposure to 550 °C.
Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals: Some Progress and Problems

Approximately 40 years after its first report, the addition of neurons to the brains of adult mammals has now been generally accepted. We now know that several endocrine and experiential variables modulate adult neurogenesis. However, several methodological problems in its quantitative study remain
Anion-Exchange Properties of Plant Root Surfaces

Anion-exchange properties of plant root surfaces were demonstrated by using negatively charged anion dyes. The site of the positive charges may be amino groups which become positively charged in the presence of hydrogen ions but are neutralized under alkaline conditions.
Little League Baseball and Players' Self-Esteem.

The effect of a season of Little League baseball on the self-esteem of 94 players was investigated. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory assessed General-Self, Social-Self, Home-Parents, School-Academic, and a Lie scale. A Baseball-Self scale was devised. Independent variables were players' ages and team affiliation. Data were reliable. Significant improvements in players' total Self-esteem, Home-Parents and School-Academic scores were found at the end of the season. Social-Self scores significantly decreased for 9- and 10-yr.-old players. Baseball-Self scores were significantly lowered on only two of the eight teams. Significant changes in the various dimensions of self-esteem were unrelated to coaches' ratings of players' baseball ability.
Photodimers of 9-Haloanthracenes as Initiators in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Effect of the Bridgehead Halogen

Photodimers of 9-chloroanthracene, formed by a [4+4] cycloaddition reaction of 9-chloroanthracene, were used as initiators in the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and compared to results previously obtained using photodimers of 9-bromoanthracene as the initiator. Heat-induced cleavage of the photodimer coupled with slow initiation from the bridgehead radical have been used to account for the lack of control in the systems, and thus changing the halogen on the initiating photodimer could support or refute this model. Reactions performed using analogous procedures produced polymers with number average molecular weight (Mn) values significantly higher in the case of 9-chloroanthracene photodimer-initiated systems, with similar polydispersity index (PDI) values observed in trials catalyzed with CuCl or CuBr. Polymer products showed absorbance bands indicative of regenerated anthracene in all cases, consistent with heat-induced cleavage of the photodimer during the course of the polymerization. Kinetic plots demonstrated that the polymerizations initiated with photodimers of 9-chloroanthracene showed maximum Mn values were obtained after approximately 10% monomer conversion, with a decline in Mn as a function of monomer conversion after this point. The data support slower initiation in the case of 9-chloroanthracene photodimers, followed by heat-induced cleavage throughout the polymerization system.
Least Squares and Entropy: A Penalty Function Perspective

Mathematical measures of entropy as defined by Shannon and cross entropy as defined by Kullback and Leibler are currently in vogue in the field of econometrics, primarily due to the comprehensive work of Golan, Judge, and Miller. An alternative interpretation of the entropy measure as a penalty function over deviations is presented, and a number of parallels are drawn with least squares estimators. It is demonstrated that both approaches may be applied to the general linear model. The causes of differences in estimated parameter values are described, and some suggestions for the formulation of entropy‐based econometric problems are presented.
Learning Analogies and Semantic Relations

We present an algorithm for learning from unlabeled text, based on the Vector Space Model (VSM) of information retrieval, that can solve verbal analogy questions of the kind found in the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). A verbal analogy has the form A:B::C:D, meaning "A is to B as C is to D"; for example, mason:stone::carpenter:wood. SAT analogy questions provide a word pair, A:B, and the problem is to select the most analogous word pair, C:D, from a set of five choices. The VSM algorithm correctly answers 47% of a collection of 374 college-level analogy questions (random guessing would yield 20% correct). We motivate this research by relating it to work in cognitive science and linguistics, and by applying it to a difficult problem in natural language processing, determining semantic relations in noun-modifier pairs. The problem is to classify a noun-modifier pair, such as "laser printer", according to the semantic relation between the noun (printer) and the modifier (laser). We use a supervised nearest-neighbour algorithm that assigns a class to a given noun-modifier pair by finding the most analogous noun-modifier pair in the training data. With 30 classes of semantic relations, on a collection of 600 labeled noun-modifier pairs, the learning algorithm attains an F value of 26.5% (random guessing: 3.3%). With 5 classes of semantic relations, the F value is 43.2% (random: 20%). The performance is state-of-the-art for these challenging problems.
Site-Specific and Photo-Induced Alkylation of DNA by a Dimethylanthraquinone-Oligodeoxynucleotide Conjugate

A dialkyl-substituted anthraquinone derivative was synthesized and ligated to a sequence-directing oligodeoxynucleotide to examine its efficiency and specificity for cross-linking to complementary sequences of DNA. The anthraquinone appendage stabilized spontaneous hybridization of the target and probe sequences through non-covalent interactions, as indicated by thermal denaturation studies. Covalent modification of the target was induced by exposure to near UV light (lambda > 335 nm) to generate cross-linked duplexes in yields as great as 45%. Reaction was dependent on the first unpaired nucleotide extended beyond the duplex formed by association of the target and probe. A specificity of C > T > A = G was determined for modification at this position. The overall site and nucleotide selectivity seems to originate from the chemical requirements of cross-linking and does not likely reflect the dominant solution structure of the complex prior to irradiation.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Pathophysiology

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, with lifetime prevalence of use estimated at 42% to 46%. The antiemetic properties of cannabis are well-known by the medical community and the general public; however, less well-recognized is the paradoxical potential for certain chronic users to develop hyperemesis. We describe in this case a patient with prior extensive work-up for nausea and vomiting and previous diagnosis of cyclic vomiting syndrome who presented with characteristic features of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. We review the current literature for this condition and highlight potential mechanisms for its pathogenesis.
Creating the Boiler Room Environment: The Job Demand-Control-Support Model as an Explanation for Workplace Bullying

The purpose of this study was to explain workplace bullying as a symptom of high-strain employment. The Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model of work design was used to frame this study and examine workplace bullying antecedents and consequences. Full-time American employees (N = 314) working in various organizations completed a questionnaire about their bullying experiences, working environments, and occupational outcomes. Results revealed that workplace bullying was correlated with expected negative outcomes at work (i.e., job dissatisfaction, job stress, anxiety). In line with JDCS model predictions, employees who worked at organizations characterized by high psychological demands, low control, and low supervisor social support (i.e., an additive model) reported more workplace bullying (supporting an iso-strain hypothesis). Results of a moderated moderation analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between demands, control, and support (supporting a buffering hypothesis); under workplace ...
Weyl Rule and Pseudo-Differential Operators for Arbitrary Operators

The standard rules of association between functions and operators, such as the Weyl rule, deal with the operators x and\(\begin{array}{lll}D(=\frac{1}{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial x})\end{array}\) We consider the generalization of these rules to arbitrary operators and in particular we discuss in detail the generalization when D is replaced with an arbitrary Hermitian operator. The physical and mathematical motivations for doing so are discussed and a number of examples are given.
Managing Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Lessons from the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae

Laboratory selection increased resistance to B. thuringiensis in three strains established from a moderately resistant field population of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Five generations of laboratory selection caused 5- to 7-fold increases in LC50, resulting in 150- to 190-fold resistance compared with a susceptible laboratory colony. Nine generations of selection produced 430- to 820-fold resistance. In contrast, five foliar applications of B. thuringiensis in the field did not increase the LC50 of a moderately resistant population. Field-selected resistance to B. thuringiensis declined slowly in the absence of treatments. The rapid response to laboratory selection shows intrapopulation genetic variation in susceptibility to B. thuringiensis and suggests that intense selection may produce much higher levels of resistance to B. thuringiensis than those previously reported from the field. We hypothesize that resistance increased faster in the laboratory than in the field because selection intensity was lower in the field. Because susceptibility was not restored quickly when treatments were discontinued, rotations may not be especially effective for managing resistance to B. thuringiensis in diamondback moth. Field populations of diamondback moth developed resistance to a commercial formulation containing a mixture of B. thuringiensis toxins, an event that raises doubts about the ability of mixtures to retard resistance development. Extensive and intensive exposure of pests to B. thuringiensis toxins through transgenic crop plants or other tactics may cause widespread pest resistance. We urge judicious use of B. thuringiensis to conserve its efficacy.
Post-GAVI sustainability of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine program: The potential role of economic evaluation

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can cause severe invasive diseases which are, however, preventable by vaccination. To increase access to Hib vaccine, GAVI - the Vaccine Alliance - has provided financial support for 73 lower income countries worldwide. At the same time, GAVI has been implementing its co-financing policy, requiring recipient countries to pay a portion of vaccine costs and to increase this amount over time. Starting in 2016, 5 countries will stop receiving GAVI funding and procure the vaccine themselves. Although the graduating countries have access to the UNICEF/GAVI tendered vaccine price for 5 more years, the uncertainty in market vaccine price may hamper the post-GAVI program sustainability. A possible increase in vaccine price would cause a significant burden on governmental budgets, discouraging countries to continue the program. As a special tool, economic evaluation (EE) can assist decision makers by identifying the maximum affordable vaccine price for countries to pay. Given that only 6 GAVI-eligible countries have such analyses published, more EEs are necessary to strengthen countries' commitment during this transition period. The information will also be useful for manufacturers to determine their pricing policy.
Study on Preparation Conditions of Flocculant by Fermentation and Its Performance

Microbe able to produce flocculant efficiently we choose a selected as research object,its effect is tested by examining variation of ultraviolet absorption of kaolin suspension after being dealt with. Production mainly generated in log phase as well as stationary phase,and attains the maximum in decline phase. When the carbon / nitrogen ratio is 7 ∶ 1,cells grow readily,when it is 13 ∶ 1,accumulation of flocculant attains the maximum. The microbe is able to utilize medium from wide sources. The flocculant is composed of protein and polysaccharide and main effective chemicals is polysaccharide. The flocculant is geared to high temperature,wide p H value range metal positive ions can reinforce its effect,the best put volume is 0. 2 g / L。
[Determination of tetrodotoxin in seafood using graphitized carbon black clean-up with hilic ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry].

Objective To develop a rapid hilic ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrum(MS)/MS method for determination of tetrodotoxin in seafood.Methods The sample of muscle and liver of puffer fish and nassarius were extracted with aqueous solution containing 0.2％ (V/V) acetic acid (the extract of liver must be purified through HLB cartridge),and then cleanup of extract was accomplished by solid-phase extraction with a graphitized carbon black cartridge.The analysis of tetrodotoxin was carried out on a chromatographic column (Acquity UPLC BEH Amide,100 mm ×2.1 mm× 1.7 μm) with gradient elution of 95％ (V/V) acetonitrile-H20 both containing 0.1％ (V/V) formic acid and 2.0 mmoL/L ammonium formate,and detected by positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode,and quantified by matrix-match standard solution.Results The calibration curves were linear in the range of 30-10 000,50-10 000 and 30-10 000 μg/kg of tetradotoxin in muscle and liver of puffer fish and in muscle of nassarius,respectively.The correlation coefficients were within 0.9963-0.9990.The limits of detection were 10,20 and 10 μg/kg,and that of quantitation were 30,50 and 30 μg/kg for muscle and liver of puffer fish and muscle of nssarius,respectively.The average recoveries were 81.5％-93.1％,82.3％ -106.0％ and 83.5％-95.2％ for tetrodotoxin spiked in muscle and liver of puffer fish and in muscle of nssarius,respectively,with relative standard deviation(RSD) of 2.3％-11％,4.3％-14.0％ and 3.5％-13.0％ (n =6).Conclusion The method was simple,accurate and sensitive,and could be successfully applied to the measurement of tetrodotoxin in puffer fish and nassarius. Key words: Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Solid phase extraction; Tetrodotoxin ; Seafood
The Ethics and Politics of Child Naming

This article examines the issue of justification of government's intervention in the parental acts of child naming, a neglected topic in the recent philosophical literature. It questions the ability of some of the current theories in family ethics to respond to this problem, and argues that both permissive and restrictive theories fail to provide a plausible argument about the proper limits of government regulation of child naming practices. The article outlines an alternative solution that focuses on the child's right to authenticity and suggests that only those names that infringe upon this right invite justified state intervention.
Constitutional Constraints in Politics

Constitutional constraints cannot be effectuated outside of politics. They must be interpreted and put into action within the political system, by political actors operating in political institutions. This raises a variety of possible threats to the efficacy of constitutional constraints. This chapter considers four distinct threats and their possible solutions: 1) constitutional resistance, 2) constitutional forgetfulness, 3) constitutional neglect, and 4) constitutional contestation.
Tribological Properties of Alkoxyl Monolayers on Oxide Terminated Silicon

The tribological properties of alkoxyl monolayers on oxide terminated silicon surfaces have been investigated using interfacial force microscopy. For a C18 alkoxyl monolayer, both adhesion and frictional properties are similar to those of a self-assembled monolayer of octadecanethiol on gold. Friction is shown to increase as the alkyl chain length of the molecules decreases. Analysis using contact mechanics models has been carried out to estimate reduced modulus, adhesion energy, and friction shear strength. These interfacial mechanical properties are correlated to molecular structures at the interface.
Who Has the Power and How Did They Get It

The dispersion of power in the Federal Republic creates a need for its integration and aggregation if there is to be any coherence in the policy process. The key agencies performing these functions of integration and aggregation in the postwar period are the political parties. One of the most striking changes in postwar Germany has been the emergence of a system of political parties that has effectively organized and controlled the political process. Traditionally, parties were marginal factors in German political life. Their home was the legislature, but the executive and the bureaucracy dominated politics; the parties had little influence in these institutions. This pattern was also dominant during most of the Weimar Republic when the party system was fragmented and stable parliamentary majorities became impossible to form. By the late 1920s, effective political power, in spite of the democratic structure of the state, had passed once again into the hands of the executive and the state bureaucracy.
Early precipitate morphologies in Mg-Nd-(Zr) alloys

Abstract Aging of Mg Nd alloys involves the formation of Guinier-Preston zones followed by β‴ precipitation that is associated with peak hardness. Using atom probe tomography and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, the three-dimensional morphologies of the coherent Guinier-Preston zones and β‴ precipitates were quantified. The Guinier-Preston zones form equiaxed plates while the β‴ precipitates are elongated along the [0001]Mg direction thereby minimizing elastic strains. The β‴ precipitates exhibit additional faceting along the [0001]Mg direction and along the 1 1 01 Mg and 1 1 02 Mg directions when viewed along the 11 2 0 Mg zone axes, which can be affected by strain field interactions from nearby precipitates.
Modulation of Neurotransmitter Release from Airways Nerves

Many factors may influence the release of neurotransmitters from airway nerves [1]. This is likely to be important in physiological control of airway functions and may be particularly relevant in airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Neural elements in airways interact in a complex manner and the activation of certain neural pathways may profoundly influence the release of transmitters from other neural pathways. Similarly inflamma- tory mediators released from inflammatory cells in the airways may also modulate neurotransmitter release. There are marked differences be- tween species in airway innervation and in neuromodulatory effects and, wherever possible, studies in human airways have been emphasised, although information on neuromodulation in human airways is some- what limited at present.
Dynamic Heterogeneous Multiscale Filtration Model: Probing Micro- and Macroscopic Filtration Characteristics of Gasoline Particulate Filters

Motivated by high filtration efficiency (mass- and number-based) and low pressure drop requirements for gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), a previously developed heterogeneous multiscale filtration (HMF) model is extended to simulate dynamic filtration characteristics of GPFs. This dynamic HMF model is based on a probability density function (PDF) description of the pore size distribution and classical filtration theory. The microstructure of the porous substrate in a GPF is resolved and included in the model. Fundamental particulate filtration experiments were conducted using an exhaust filtration analysis (EFA) system for model validation. The particulate in the filtration experiments was sampled from a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) gasoline engine. With the dynamic HMF model, evolution of the microscopic characteristics of the substrate (pore size distribution, porosity, permeability, and deposited particulate inside the porous substrate) during filtration can be probed. Also, predicted macr...
Survival and clinical outcomes of patients with melanoma brain metastasis in the era of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies

Melanoma brain metastasis is associated with an extremely poor prognosis, with a median overall survival of 4–5 months. Since 2011, the overall survival of patients with stage IV melanoma has been significantly improved with the advent of new targeted therapies and checkpoint inhibitors. We analyze the survival outcomes of patients diagnosed with brain metastasis after the introduction of these novel drugs. We performed a retrospective analysis of our melanoma center database and identified 79 patients with brain metastasis between 2011 and 2015. The median time from primary melanoma diagnosis to brain metastasis was 3.2 years. The median overall survival duration from the time of initial brain metastasis was 12.8 months. Following a diagnosis of brain metastasis, 39 (49.4%), 28 (35.4%), and 24 (30.4%) patients were treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibody, anti-PD-1 antibody, or BRAF inhibitors (with or without a MEK inhibitor), with a median overall survival of 19.2 months, 37.9 months and 12.7 months, respectively. Factors associated with significantly reduced overall survival included male sex, cerebellar metastasis, higher number of brain lesions, and treatment with whole-brain radiation therapy. Factors associated with significantly longer overall survival included treatment with craniotomy, stereotactic radiosurgery, or with anti-PD-1 antibody after initial diagnosis of brain metastasis. These results show a significant improvement in the overall survival of patients with melanoma brain metastasis in the era of novel therapies. In addition, they suggest the activity of anti-PD-1 therapy specifically in the setting of brain metastasis.