cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Other Slavery: Gold Mining and the ‘Peculiar Institution’

Blacks in this captaincy enjoy an unusual degree of liberty in comparison to the rest of America. There can be no doubt but that the manner of life of the slave today does not constitute true slavery and may more appropriately be termed licentious liberty. Such was the view expressed by the count of Assumar in 1719 referring to Minas Gerais. This assessment that the institution of slavery in the mining regions differed in form and substance from that present in the plantation or urban areas was to be echoed by crown appointees and by the colonists themselves.1 Even today Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, and Goias are lands of stark contrasts in their human and physical geography. Perhaps it is not surprising that descriptions of their societies in the past should include oxymoron. Probably nowhere in Portuguese America as much as in Minas Gerais and the other mining regions was there so heightened a consciousness on the part of whites of the presence of slaves and freedmen of African descent; and yet nowhere were relations between masters and slaves, conditions governing labour, and the degree of autonomy granted to some slaves, to be characterised by such fluidity. Our purpose here is twofold: first, to examine the impact of gold mining on the institution of slavery in an economic context far removed from the plantation societies so beloved of historians, anthropologists, novelists, and poets; and secondly, by emphasising the functions, activities, and opportunities for initiative and self-determination open to some slaves in the mining economies, to illustrate the greater potential for making the physical, psychological, and financial transition from slavery to freedom.
Antenna Multiplexer for VHF Frequency Hopping Radios

With the use of a manually tuned transceiver multiplexer*, it is no longer necessary for each fixed frequency transceiver at an Army command site to require erection of a separate mast-mounted antenna. This has greatly increased the commander's mobility. However, these manually tuned transceiver multiplexers are incompatible with the frequency hopping ECCM technique which is to be incorporated into the next generation of VHF combat net radios (CNR). Unless a transceiver multiplexer for frequency hopping transceivers is developed, command sites will revert back to erecting a separate mast-mounted antenna for each frequency hopping transceiver. The US Army is investigating the concept and feasibility of a frequency hopping transceiver multiplexer. An approach which uses helical resonator filters, PIN diode switched capacitors and quadrature couplers for combiner and antenna matching circuits represents the most optimistic design, though its insertion loss does not meet current requirements.
Neoclassical Intertemporal and Reference-Dependent? The Wage Elasticity of New York City Cab Drivers

Since 1997, five papers have been published in top 5 economics journals debating the labor supply elasticity of New York City cab drivers. The most recent paper by Farber (“Why You Can’t Find a Taxi in the Rain and Other Labor Supply Lessons from Cab Drivers,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130 [2015], 1975-2026) uses an instrumental variable (IV) approach and finds that the unanticipated wage elasticity is positive, which is inconsistent with reference-dependent preferences. This paper finds that, after controlling for measurement error and division bias, the unanticipated wage elasticity is negative. Theoretical and empirical evidence is provided to show that the instrumental variable (IV) approach is inconsistent. A version of the neoclassical intertemporal model is proposed, where the anticipated wage elasticity is positive while the unanticipated elasticity is negative, which is compatible with reference-dependent preferences.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Early-stage Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in Patients 80 Years and Older: A Multi-center Analysis.

Abstract Background Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is the standard of care for medically inoperable early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer. Despite the limited number of octogenarians and nonagenarians on trials of SBRT, its use is increasingly being offered in these patients, given the aging cancer population, medical fragility, or patient preference. Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy, safety, and survival of patients ≥ 80 years old treated with definitive lung SBRT. Methods Patients who underwent SBRT were reviewed from 2009 to 2015 at 4 academic centers. Patients diagnosed at ≥ 80 years old were included. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed. Recursive partitioning analysis was done to determine a subgroup of patients most likely to benefit from therapy. Results A total of 58 patients were included, with a median age of 84.9 years (range, 80.1-95.2 years), a median follow-up time of 19.9 months (range, 6.9-64.9 months), a median fraction size of 10.0 Gy (range, 7.0-20.0 Gy), and a median number of fractions of 5.0 (range, 3.0-8.0 fractions). On multivariate analysis, higher Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was associated with higher local recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.92; P P P P Conclusion Definitive lung SBRT for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer was efficacious and safe in patients ≥ 80 years old. Patients with a KPS of ≥ 75 derived the most benefit from therapy.
Generating pulsatility by pump speed modulation with continuous-flow total artificial heart in awake calves

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sinusoidal pump speed modulation of the Cleveland Clinic continuous-flow total artificial heart (CFTAH) on hemodynamics and pump flow in an awake chronic calf model. The sinusoidal pump speed modulations, performed on the day of elective sacrifice, were set at ±15 and ± 25% of mean pump speed at 80 bpm in four awake calves with a CFTAH. The systemic and pulmonary arterial pulse pressures increased to 12.0 and 12.3 mmHg (±15% modulation) and to 15.9 and 15.7 mmHg (±25% modulation), respectively. The pulsatility index and surplus hemodynamic energy significantly increased, respectively, to 1.05 and 1346 ergs/cm at ±15% speed modulation and to 1.51 and 3381 ergs/cm at ±25% speed modulation. This study showed that it is feasible to generate pressure pulsatility with pump speed modulation; the platform is suitable for evaluating the physiologic impact of pulsatility and allows determination of the best speed modulations in terms of magnitude, frequency, and profiles.
TARUC: A Topology-Aware Resource Usability and Contention Benchmark

Computer architects have increased hardware parallelism and power efficiency by integrating massively parallel hardware accelerators (coprocessors) into compute systems. Many modern HPC clusters now consist of multi-CPU nodes along with additional hardware accelerators in the form of graphics processing units (GPUs). Each CPU and GPU is integrated with system memory via communication links (QPI and PCIe) and multi-channel memory controllers. The increasing density of these heterogeneous computing systems has resulted in complex performance phenomena including non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and resource contention that make application performance hard to predict and tune. This paper presents the Topology Aware Resource Usability and Contention (TARUC) benchmark. TARUC is a modular, open-source, and highly configurable benchmark useful for profiling dense heterogeneous systems to provide insight for developers who wish to tune application codes for specific systems. Analysis of TARUC performance profiles from a multi-CPU, multi-GPU system is also presented.
Prepared minds: Developing executives for success in the strategic planning process

Strategic planning is a management process preparing executives’ minds for identifying major opportunities within the organization that impact future decisions. This planning process entails managerial choices and signals organizational commitment to specific markets, competitive approaches, and methods of operation.
Hepatic Progenitor Cell Transplantation: Relevant Models and Mechanisms

Liver transplantation is currently the only therapeutic option available for patients with end-stage chronic liver disease or severe acute liver failure. Because there is a lack of sufficient donors to meet this need, substantial effort is being directed toward developing methods to repopulate the liver with transplanted hepatic cells and restore liver function. Not only the properties of transplanted cell, i.e., is it a stem cell, a progenitor cell, or a differentiated hepatocyte, but also the liver microenvironment into which the cell is transplanted play major roles in determining the outcome of hepatic cell transplantation. This chapter reviews the properties of various cell types that have been used for liver repopulation, the model systems which have been used to obtain liver repopulation by transplanted hepatic cells (focusing primarily on hepatic epithelial progenitor cells) and the conditions (selective or nonselective) under which these cells effectively repopulate the liver.
A voltage reference generator targeted at extracting the silicon bandgap Vgo from Vbe

This paper presents a precision voltage reference generator targeting sub-ppm temperature coefficient over a wide temperature range. Unlike conventional curvature correction techniques that attempt to cancel the temperature nonlinearity of Vbe, the proposed method is specifically targeted at extracting Vgo from the temperature characteristic of Vbe. Vgo is the band gap voltage of silicon extrapolated at zero Kevin and is temperature independent over a very wide temperature range. Analytical constraints are carefully investigated that lead to strategies for creating an output voltage that is proportional to Vgo when certain mismatches and offsets are accurately trimmed. The proposed method is implemented in the GlobalFoundries 130nm process. Simulation results show that the design can achieve temperature coefficients as low as 0.7ppm/°C from −40°C to 125°C over process corners.
High prevalence of urine tampering in an office-based opioid treatment practice detected by evaluating the norbuprenorphine to buprenorphine ratio.

Abstract The prevalence of urine tampering within office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) is not currently known. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of an OBOT practice in New York City that experienced both a change in provider and a change in electronic medical record software. At that time, every patient in the practice received a urine drug test for “quantitative buprenorphine metabolites.” Methods Outcomes of the first three urine drug tests were tabulated and analyzed with specific attention to the frequency of buprenorphine-positive (bup +), norbuprenorphine-negative (norbup −) samples, a pattern consistent with urine tampering. Results On the first sample 6/33 (18%) of patients submitted bup +/norbup − samples, and an additional 3 patients submitted bup +/norbup − samples on subsequent urine tests. Retention to the end of the study period among patients with bup +/norbup − samples was 33%, while in those with bup +/norbup + samples it was 96%. A scatter plot of norbuprenorphine vs. buprenorphine levels estimated that a ratio of Conclusion Testing for buprenorphine metabolites yields valuable clinical information. The prevalence of a result pattern consistent with tampering by “urine spiking,” the addition of unconsumed buprenorphine into the urine sample, may be higher than previous estimates. Previous lower cutoffs of the norbuprenorphine:buprenorphine metabolic ratio may miss a substantial proportion of these likely tampered samples.
AN EXPERIMENT TO INVESTIGATE THE SUPERFLUID TRANSITION IN A CONFINED PLANAR GEOMETRY

We present a progress report on our investigation of finite size effects on the superfluid transition. In our experiment, the helium is confined between the parallel plates of a carefully constructed capacitor. We measure the dielectric constant as a function of temperature, from which we can calculate the thermal expansivity. We discuss some of the following important features of our experiment: The capacitor, built in collaboration with the Chex experiment, gives us a simple, well defined planar geometry, extremely flat surfaces, and a sub-micron gap. A low temperature audio-frequency preamp improves the sensitivity of the capacitance measurement. A high resolution paramagnetic salt thermometer, also from Chex, enables us to work extremely close to the lambda point. We also present a novel design for a simple low temperature burst disc that is part of our apparatus.
Trends in Lumbar Fusion Surgery Among Octogenarians: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Study From 2004 to 2013:

Study Design:Retrospective analysis.Objectives:Given the aging US population and natural degenerative process of the spine, more elderly patients with lumbar spinal disease are surgical candidates....
Why Now? Timing Rebel Recruitment of Female Combatants

Using case study evidence, this article demonstrates how the relationship between conflict intensity, gender inclusive ideologies and gender inclusive policies on one hand, and the decision to recr...
Consumer Preference and Willingness to Pay for the Tourism Packages: A Conjoint Study of a Rural Destination

Many small cities and towns seek to promote their destinations to leisure travelers via their website. Leisure travelers consist of singles, couples, families, and friends travelling together. While not part of the more lucrative group market, leisure travelers are nonetheless important to the economy of a destination. For instance, families that travel are looking for the types of restaurants, hotels, and activities that are family-friendly. Couples may be looking for a romantic getaway including a charming hotel and a pleasant restaurant. Some destinations will attempt to cater to these travelers by providing packages on their website that cater to families and couples. Thus, it is important to determine what types of packages families (and couples) want for their trip, the perceived value of the packages, and how much they would be willing to pay for these packages. This study uses a choice-based conjoint study to determine willingness to pay (WTP) for various package choices geared towards families in a rural destination.
Time Maps in the Study of Feynman’s Operational Calculus via Wiener and Feynman Path Integrals

It is known that Wiener and Feynman path integrals provide one way of making Feynman’s heuristic operational calculus for noncommuting operators mathematically rigorous. The disentangling process and associated operator orderings are central to Feynman’s ideas. We begin here to study the effects of time maps in clarifying the disentangling process and in altering the operator orderings in certain prescribed ways.
Analysis of Outpatient Telemedicine Reimbursement in an Integrated Healthcare System

Background Current reimbursement policy surrounding telemedicine has been cited as a barrier for the adaptation of this care model. The objective of this study is to analyze the reimbursement figures for outpatient telemedicine consultation in vascular surgery. Methods Patients first underwent synchronous telemedicine visits after receiving point-of-care ultrasound at one of 3 satellite locations of Henry Ford Health System in Michigan. Visit types included new, return, and postoperative patients. Reimbursement information related to payor, adjustment, denial, paid and outstanding balances were recorded for each telemedicine visit. Then, using an enterprise data warehouse, a retrospective analysis was performed for the aforementioned telemedicine visits. The data were analyzed to determine the outcome of total billed charges, number of denied claims, reimbursement per payor, reimbursement per patient, and out-of-pocket costs to the patients. Results Among 184 virtual clinical encounters, the payors included Aetna US Healthcare, Blue Advantage, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cofinity Plan, Health Alliance Plan, HAP Medicare Advantage, Humana Medicare Advantage, Medicaid, Medicare, Molina Medicaid HMO, United Healthcare, Blue Care Network, Aetna Better Health of Michigan, Priority Health, and self-pay. Among the 15 payors, reimbursement ranged from 0% to 67% of the total charges billed. Among the 184 virtual visits, a grand total of $22,145 was collected or an average of $120.35 per virtual encounter. The breakdown of charges billed was 40% adjusted, 41% paid by insurance, 10% paid by patient, and 13% denied. There were 27 total denials (15%). Denial of payment included telehealth and nontelehealth reasons, citing noncovered charges, payment included for other prior services, new patient quality not met, and not covered by payor. The average out-of-pocket cost to patients was $12.59 per visit. Conclusions These reimbursement data validate the economic potential within this new platform of healthcare delivery. As our experience with the business model grows, we expect to see an increase in reimbursement from private payors and acceptance from patients. Within a tertiary care system, telemedicine for chronic vascular disease has proven to be a viable means to reach a broader population base, and without significant cost to the patients.
Rural-Urban Differences in Risk Factors for Motor Vehicle Fatalities.

Abstract Purpose: To examine rural–urban differences in motor vehicle fatality (MVF) risk factors. Methods: We used 2017 County Health Rankings data to run stratified regression models to estimate ...
Chique Distinction in a Big Small Town

The chapter begins with a portrait of Teresina’s dominant sectors, revealing how practices of social distinction are embedded in the urban landscape. The chapter then investigates more closely how residents’ public demonstrations of sophistication interact with the built environment in the construction of an array of sophisticated people and places throughout the city. In the context of a rapidly growing provincial city where aspirations and anxiety around belonging are especially pronounced, to be invested in demonstrations of sophistication is to long for inclusion in the upwardly mobile echelons of Teresina’s society. The chapter argues that establishing a sense of belonging among Teresina’s upwardly mobile residents is not reducible to middle-class membership; it can only be grasped through the nuance of local understandings of social distinction.
Examining the psychometric properties of the FRIEDBEN Test Anxiety Scale using exploratory structural equation modeling

Test anxiety has been identified as a substantial barrier to student success at all educational levels. Given the ubiquitous presence of test anxiety, there have been many attempts to provide readi...
Scrutinizing functional interaction networks from RNA-binding proteins to their targets in cancer

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) participate in all stages of RNA life cycle from transcription, splicing, to translation. Under the ENCODE project, a large number of RBPs were knocked down in human cancer cell lines, offering an excellent opportunity to infer targets of RBPs. Taking both RBP binding sites and RNA-seq profiles of RBP knockdown samples as input, we present a pipeline to identify causal RBP RNA interactions. The pipeline employs a recent functional chi-square test (FunChisq) that deciphers directional association, and utilizes a novel functional index that measures the effect size of functional dependency. We examined $\sim 45$ million RBP RNA pairs in leukemia (K562) and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines for functional patterns as causal interaction candidates. Here, we report a total of 936,707 RBP RNA pairs in the two cell lines that show statistically significant linear or nonlinear functional patterns. About 31% of these pairs have supportive biological evidence from other sources, suggesting the effectiveness of the pipeline. The interactions constitute RBP specific regulatory networks that may potentially represent core mechanisms in the two cancers. The pipeline is implemented through an R interface with pre-computed results and data libraries for users to query specific networks and visualize RBP RNA interactions. Such networks serve as a useful resource for studying RNA dysregulation in cancer.
Homogenization of dissolved organic matter within a river network occurs in the smallest headwaters

Understanding the drivers of variability in the concentration and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in running waters is a fundamental challenge for aquatic biogeochemistry. Although multiple conceptual frameworks have been proposed to quantify expected changes in DOM within a river network, few studies have collected data to document the variability of DOM within such a network. We examine spatial and temporal variability in the concentration, optical properties, and biodegradability of DOM within a river network in New Hampshire, U.S.A. We examined dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and DOM optical properties across 21 locations within the Lamprey River network (548 km2) with weekly to monthly sampling for 4 years, and biodegradable DOC (BDOC) at 7 mainstem locations for 1 year. DOC concentration and DOM character were highly heterogeneous at the scale of the smallest streams, where variability in land cover and nutrient concentrations were also greatest. At the landscape scale, DOC concentrations and DOM aromaticity increased with wetland cover and decreased with developed land cover and nitrate concentrations. Despite this heterogeneity across streams, we observed similar synchronous seasonal variation in DOC concentration and DOM character regardless of position within the river network, suggesting that broad environmental factors shape the sources and transport of DOM in river networks. In contrast, variation in BDOC over time or across sites was not strongly related to DOM quality or other predictors. Spatiotemporal patterns in DOM provide insight into the complex processes that influence terrestrial carbon export, in-stream processes, and DOM delivery to downstream ecosystems.
The Role of Fission Gas and Fuel Melting in Fuel Response During Simulated Hypothetical Loss-of-Flow Transients

Direct electrical heating (DEH) experiments have been performed to study fuel and fission gas behavior during transients with thermal conditions similar to those predicted for flow-coastdown and sodium voiding phases of a reference reactor hypothetical los-of-flow accident case. Macroscopic fuel response, such as gross fuel swelling and fuel dispersal in DEH fuel pellet stacks, was monitored during the transients. It was noted that in the presence of a mild restraint (e.g., due to quartz ''cladding''), fuel melting always occurred prior to any detectable gross fuel motion in the stack. The fuel response at failure was strongly dependent on the thermal history of the simulated flow-coastdown phase and the heating rates during the subsequent phase of the transient experiments. In the presence of a mild restraint, the thermal history before fuel melting occurred in the stack strongly influenced the fuel behavior.
Governing through austerity: (Il)logics of neoliberal urbanism after the global financial crisis

With a focus on developments in North America and Europe, this essay explores three dimensions of neoliberal urbanism in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. It begins by examining au...
Eccentric and concentric blood flow restriction resistance training on indices of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained women

Unaccustomed exercise can result in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), particularly as a result of the eccentric phase of the muscle contraction. Resistance training combined with venous blood flow restriction (vBFR) may attenuate DOMS, but the available information in this regard is conflicting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low-load eccentric vBFR (Ecc-vBFR) and concentric vBFR (Con-vBFR) resistance training on indices of DOMS. Twenty-five previously untrained women completed seven days of either Ecc-vBFR (n = 12) or Con-vBFR (n = 13) forearm flexion resistance training at a velocity of 120° s−1 on an isokinetic dynamometer. The Ecc-vBFR group used a training load that corresponded to 30% of eccentric peak torque and the Con-vBFR group used a training load that corresponded to 30% of concentric peak torque. There were no differences between Ecc-vBFR and Con-vBFR at any of the seven training sessions on any of the indices of DOMS. There were no decreases in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque which increased at days 6 and 7. Similarly, there were no changes in perceived muscle soreness, pain pressure threshold, elbow joint angle, or edema (as assessed by echo intensity via ultrasound) across the seven training sessions. The Ecc-vBFR and Con-vBFR low-load training protocols were not associated with DOMS and there were no differences between protocols when performed using the same relative training intensity. These findings suggested that both unaccustomed eccentric and concentric low-load training did not result in DOMS when combined with vBFR.
Implementation strategies for infection prevention and control promotion for nurses in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

Despite impressive reductions in infectious disease burden within Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), half of the top ten causes of poor health or death in SSA are communicable illnesses. With emerging and re-emerging infections affecting the region, the possibility of healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) being transmitted to patients and healthcare workers, especially nurses, is a critical concern. Despite infection prevention and control (IPC) evidence-based practices (EBP) to minimize the transmission of HAIs, many healthcare systems in SSA are challenged to implement them. The purpose of this review is to synthesize and critique what is known about implementation strategies to promote IPC for nurses in SSA. The databases, PubMed, Ovid/Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and CINHAL, were searched for articles with the following criteria: English language, peer-reviewed, published between 1998 and 2018, implemented in SSA, targeted nurses, and promoted IPC EBPs. Further, 6241 search results were produced and screened for eligibility to identify implementation strategies used to promote IPC for nurses in SSA. A total of 61 articles met the inclusion criteria for the final review. The articles were evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) quality appraisal tools. Results were reported using PRISMA guidelines. Most studies were conducted in South Africa (n = 18, 30%), within the last 18 years (n = 41, 67%), and utilized a quasi-experimental design (n = 22, 36%). Few studies (n = 14, 23%) had sample populations comprising nurses only. The majority of studies focused on administrative precautions (n = 36, 59%). The most frequent implementation strategies reported were education (n = 59, 97%), quality management (n = 39, 64%), planning (n = 33, 54%), and restructure (n = 32, 53%). Penetration and feasibility were the most common outcomes measured for both EBPs and implementation strategies used to implement the EBPs. The most common MAStARI and MMAT scores were 5 (n = 19, 31%) and 50% (n = 3, 4.9%) respectively. As infectious diseases, especially emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, continue to challenge healthcare systems in SSA, nurses, the keystones to IPC practice, need to have a better understanding of which, in what combination, and in what context implementation strategies should be best utilized to ensure their safety and that of their patients. Based on the results of this review, it is clear that implementation of IPC EBPs in SSA requires additional research from an implementation science-specific perspective to promote IPC protocols for nurses in SSA.
Planned Change in Special Education Technology.

Handicapped learners stand to benefit a great deal from educational technology. The technology for teacher training is gradually emerging. It is this technology that is a prerequisite to the system...
Togo Mizrahi and the Making of Egyptian Cinema

In this book, Deborah A. Starr recuperates the work of Togo Mizrahi, a pioneer of Egyptian cinema. Mizrahi, an Egyptian Jew with Italian nationality, established himself as a prolific director of popular comedies and musicals in the 1930s and 1940s. As a studio owner and producer, Mizrahi promoted the idea that developing a local cinema industry was a project of national importance. Togo Mizrahi and the Making of Egyptian Cinema integrates film analysis with film history to tease out the cultural and political implications of Mizrahi’s work. His movies, Starr argues, subvert dominant notions of race, gender, and nationality through their playful—and queer—use of masquerade and mistaken identity. Taken together, Mizrahi’s films offer a hopeful vision of a pluralist Egypt. By reevaluating Mizrahi’s contributions to Egyptian culture, Starr challenges readers to reconsider the debates over who is Egyptian and what constitutes national cinema. Togo Mizrahi and the Making of Egyptian Cinema is published in the University of California Series in Jewish History and Cultures.
Senate Representation on Twitter: National Policy Reputations for Constituent Communication

Objective American politics has become more nationalized, and this trend is buoyed by senators’ social media patterns that incentivize connections with an expansive digital constituency. This article examines how U.S. senators reflect and perpetuate this trend of national policy priorities with their constituent communication on Twitter. Methods I investigate how senators reflect and perpetuate this era of national policy priorities by using a two‐year data set of tweets to show how senators are using Twitter to articulate a robust policy agenda. Results Senators’ policy‐driven messaging is the dominant style of reputation building on Twitter. Senators are adopting digital styles of representation that prioritize policy, positioning themselves as legislative experts to emphasize salient policies rather than local concerns. Conclusion Senators are communicating a policy‐first style of representation that meets the expectations of cultivated policy coalitions, and Twitter offers a birds‐eye view of one source for the public's nationalized attention.
Postpartum Hypertension and the Role of Postpartum Clinics and Digital Health

Postpartum hypertension is common, vastly underrecognized and increases the risk for future cardiovascular events. One of the most common risk factors for the development of postpartum hypertension is preexistent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). According to Cirillo and Cohn (2015), HDP complicate 5–10% of pregnancies worldwide, and their prevalence is increasing. Unfortunately, many clinicians and patients are not aware of the risks associated with HDP, nor are they aware of the importance of monitoring blood pressure in the postpartum period. Telemedicine and digital health may improve the detection and treatment of postpartum hypertension. During the first year after delivery, women with HDP have a 12- to 25-fold greater risk of developing chronic hypertension (HTN), which is the most common cause for readmission. In addition to HDP, there are also secondary causes of HTN that need to be considered in the appropriate setting such as medications and endocrine and renal disorders. There is little data regarding the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications and the role of diet and exercise in the management of postpartum HTN. Early postpartum healthcare follow-up is associated with better maternal and fetal outcomes, as discussed by Goulet et al. (2007). Yet, McKinney et al. (2018) estimated that only 40% of women attend face-to-face follow-up with a healthcare provider 6 weeks after delivery. This emphasizes the need for innovative models to improve rates of follow-up and better accessibility of healthcare monitoring and intervention for postpartum women. Screening for postpartum HTN is essential. The establishment of structured follow-up incorporating postpartum clinics, whether remote or in-person, would allow monitoring of blood pressure, increasing the detection and treatment of postpartum HTN and improving its management and treatment. These visits also provide an opportunity for providers to assess and educate women about other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with the goal of reducing their overall cardiovascular risk profile and likelihood of future cardiac events. Digital health resources and interventions are becoming readily available and more popular among mothers when compared to in-person follow-up. This is likely due to lower burden of transportation, less cost, and availability of online support. Finally, further clinical studies investigating antihypertensive medications and the effect of diet and exercise on postpartum hypertension are critical.
All The Little Children: Protecting The Best Interest Of The Child By Balancing Religious Freedom With Defenses Against Discrimination

Private, religious adoption agencies across the nation are shutting down because local governments are forcing the agencies to choose between working with the foster care system and their religious beliefs. These agencies do not generally place foster children in the homes of same-sex couples. Because the agencies feel that they cannot comply with the local anti-discrimination laws and some governments have not issued religious exceptions, these agencies are shutting down and ultimately foster children have fewer advocates. The focus of this debate must be on the best interest of the foster children. Advocates for the agencies argue that they are exercising their fundamental religious beliefs, and advocates for the same-sex parents argue that this is blatant discrimination. However, the reality is that despite these claims, the agencies will not and have not ever chosen to remain operative in the face of this problem. If the government forces a religious agency to choose between its faith and their work with the government, they will close their doors. Therefore, the most effective solution is to allow these agencies to continue their work with the foster care system. Further, the legislatures should enact regulations that provide safeguards for the couples that the agencies will not work with for religious reasons. This solution works for the children in question and allows every eligible person to adopt or foster a child if that is their goal. This comment focuses on the best interest of the children involved, while also analyzing and balancing the conflicting interest of freedom of religion and preventing discrimination against same-sex couples.
Skin-to-Skin Care and the Development of the Preterm Infant Oral Microbiome.

Objective The oral cavity represents an initial entry way for oral and gut indigenous colonization. Skin-to-skin (STS) care, in which the mother holds the diaper clad naked preterm (PT) infant between her breasts, is associated with improved digestive function, decreased stress, and improved survival. This study evaluated the development of oral microbial colonization repertoires and health characteristics in PT infants with or without STS exposure. Methods Saliva from 42 PT infants ( Results Corrected for gestational age (CGA) at sampling, bacterial taxa demonstrated increased Streptococcus as a signature of oral repertoire maturation. STS was associated with increased Streptococcus (p 32 weeks CGA, Neisseria and Acinetobacter were more prevalent, 50 vs. 16.7% and 40 vs. 0%, respectively. STS care was associated with shorter hospitalization (p Conclusion STS care during earlier gestation was associated with a distinct microbial pattern and an accelerated pace of oral microbial repertoire maturity.
Monte Carlo simulations of triplet-state photophysics for super-resolution imaging of fluorophore-labeled gold nanorods

Super-resolution imaging has previously been used to identify the position of individual fluorescently-labeled DNA molecules bound to the surface of gold nanorods. In order to isolate and fit emission from individual fluorophores, a stochastic photoswitching technique based on shelving the fluorophores into triplet states is used. However, the reconstructed super-resolution images of the fluorescently-labeled gold nanorods are consistently smaller than the expected size of the gold nanorod supports. Here, Monte Carlo simulations are used to probe how smaller-than-expected reconstructed images may be obtained by simultaneous emission events based on short triplet state lifetimes and/or a high density of fluorescently-labeled DNA on the gold nanorod surface.
The Buckling of Spherical Shells by External Pressure

The general theory of thin shells was developed by A. E. H. Love. He assumed small deflections and for that reason neglected in the energy expression all terms higher than quadratic, and thus obtained linear differential equations for the determination of the equilibrium position of a shell under given forces. The theory of buckling of thin shells is also based essentially on Love's equations. The buckling of cylindrical shells of uniform thickness under the action of a uniformly distributed axial load was calculated by R. Lorentz, R. V. Southwell, S. Timoshenko, W. Flugge, L. H. Donnell, and others. The same problem was also investigated experimentally by many authors, especially by E. E. Lundquist and L. H. Donneil. Unfortunately, a systematic discrepancy was found between the theoretically calculated and experimentally obtained buckling loads; the theoretical values are as much as 3 to 4 times higher than the experimental values. To remedy this situation W. Flugge [1] first considered the deviation of the assumed end conditions of the cylindrical shell from that realized in the laboratory. However, this effect is not sufficient to explain the discrepancy. The influence of the end conditions extends only to a distance approximately equal to Rt , where R is the radius of the shell and t the thickness. The cylinders tested, however, usually have a length which is large compared to this value. Furthermore, Flugge's analysis would indicate a progressive increase of the wave amplitude until plastic deformation occurs, whereas the experimental evidence indicates that the failure of cylindrical shells under compression is not progressive but very rapid.
Oral and intraperitoneal administration of N-acetylneuraminic acid: effect on rat cerebral and cerebellar N-acetylneuraminic acid.

Rat pups were administered N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) by i.p. injection or via a feeding catheter for eight consecutive days beginning on d 14 of life. All pups were given the identical dose: 1.0 mg on d 1 and 2 and 1.2 mg on the remaining days, or approximately 20 mg/kg body weight per day. A control group was injected i.p. with glucose instead of NANA. On the morning of d 25, pups were decapitated, and the heads were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen. The brains were later dissected and analyzed for both cerebral and cerebellar ganglioside and glycoprotein NANA. Administration of NANA by both oral and i.p. routes resulted in significantly more cerebral and cerebellar ganglioside and glycoprotein NANA than did glucose injection (with the exception of cerebellar glycoprotein NANA after NANA intubation). There were no significant differences in NANA concentration in these brain fractions for the two routes of NANA administration.
Extraction of Flow Energy by Fish and Birds in a Wavy Stream

This paper makes an attempt to explore the possibility for birds and aquatic animals to extract intrinsic flow energy from a wavy (or even turbulent) stream for enhancing their locomotion through the fluid medium. Sea gulls and pelicans have been observed to skim ocean waves over a long distance without making noticeable flapping of their wings as in ordinary flight. In a study of migrating salmon, Osborne (1960) found that an increased flow rate in a swollen river did not slow down the salmon, while en route to spawn, by nearly as much a margin as would be predicted by the law of resistance in proportion to the square of their velocity relative to the flowing water. A few possible reasons have been proposed, including the prospect that the flow energy associated with the waves and eddies in a stream can be extracted and used to generate thrust for locomotion.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF COPPER RESISTANCE IN PARAMECIUM AURELIA SYNGEN 4

Measurement of the median tolerance limit to cupric ion of 28 wild stocks of Paramecium aurelia syngen 4 revealed a phenotypic polymorphism: two stocks showed a much greater resistance than the others. Genetic analysis showed the resistant phenotype was produced by a recessive allele, cur, identical in both resistant wild stocks. No modification of the phenotypic expression of this allele could be detected after backcrossing into different genetic backgrounds. The results are interpreted to support the importance of mutational adaptation in this inbreeding species. Possible patterns of internal genetic organization of species which rely on mutation for adaptation are discussed.
Cytokines in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis

Cytokines are well known as mediators of inflammation, and recent work has highlighted the role of these agents and inflammatory events in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The discovery of subclasses of T-helper cells has provided a critical framework to aid in understanding how the cytokine network regulates these diseases.
Science Education for the 21st Century

Paul DeHart Hurd was a biology teacher and science supervisor in Colorado and California high schools and junior colleges for 20 years and a professor of science education at Stanford University for 22 years. He has authored 11 books and monographs on developments in the sciences and over 300 articles on various aspects of science education in the US and foreign countries. He has served on the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for Science Education and as a special educational consultant to the National Academy of Sciences, Commission on Life Sciences. Honors include the Apollo Award from the National Aeronautics and Space Agency, the Distinguished Contributions to Science Education Through Research Award from the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, and the Award for National Leadership in Science Education from the National Science Teachers Association. Dr. Hurd is currently focusing his writings on the history of science and technology education in the US over the past 200 years and current activities to modernize the precollege science curriculum.
Reflections on the work of John Wansbrough

At least some of the negative reactions to and neglect of Wansbrough's work is due to the breadth of his erudition and the turgidity of his style. However, these do not detract from the intriguing methods and theories that he brings to the study of early Islamic texts. Wansbrough's literary method is as problematic for what he believes it suggests about the development of early Islam as for his assertion about what it cannot tell us. Two of his speculative historical reconstructions produced by this method deserve special note. His theory concerning the relatively late canonization of the Qur¸ān has certainly generated considerable opposition. His argument that Near Eastern monotheism played a much greater role in the formation of Islam accounts for the many affinities between Islam and Judaism and Christianity, but perhaps not for Islam's distinctiveness. These contributions, among others, are of such great significance, that no student of Islamic origins can afford to ignore them.
AN EXPLORATION OF THE SUBCOMMUNITY POLITICS OF EDUCATION: FOUR COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES

Four comparative case studies of subcommunities within a single school district were conducted. For the purposes of this study each subcommunity was operationally defined by the attendance area of an elementary school. The purposes of the study were: (i) to develop analytically the concept of a subcommunity; (ii) to develop the concept of a subcommunity's political influence; (iii) to test the application of these concepts with data collected from four low income subcommunities; (iv) to analyze and explore the possible relationships of environmental and school characteristics on the political influence of subcommunities. As a result of this study some of the problems of operationally defining and measuring political influence became apparent. Nevertheless, the data did suggest that focusing on the subcommunity politics of education might be a fruitful approach for studying political processes within large urban school districts. In addition, a number of possible determinants of subcommunity political influence were identified.
EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT VALUE ON EXPECTANCY STATEMENTS IN SKILL AND CHANCE SITUATIONS.

Previous investigations have frequently noted that rewarding events tend to enhance Ss' stated expectations of achieving the goal. However, these results usually have been obtained in gambling situ...
RC-encoding for position-sensitive proportional counters using low-resistance, metal-wire anode and active load capacitance.

We developed a feedback‐stabilized, active load‐capacitance to use low‐resistance, metal‐wire anodes in RC‐line encoded, position‐sensitive proportional counters (PSPCs) of any length. A 12‐cm‐long experimental PSPC was tested using a 12‐μm‐diam Nichrome wire anode and an ∼21 pF active load capacitance. The spatial sensitivity and resolution are equivalent to those of similar PSPC with a carbon‐coated quartz anode; but the ruggedness, ease of handling, and stability at high count rates are distinct advantages of the metal‐wire anode.
Regulatory Mechanisms to Control Tissue α-Tocopherol

Abstract To test the hypothesis that hepatic regulation of α-tocopherol metabolism would be sufficient to prevent overaccumulation of α-tocopherol in extrahepatic tissues and that administration of high doses of α-tocopherol would up-regulate extrahepatic xenobiotic pathways, rats received daily subcutaneous injections of either vehicle or 0.5, 1, 2, or 10 mg α-tocopherol/100 g body wt for 9 days. Liver α-tocopherol increased 15-fold in rats given 10 mg α-tocopherol/100 g body wt (mg/100 g) compared with controls. Hepatic α-tocopherol metabolites increased with increasing α-tocopherol doses, reaching 40-fold in rats given the highest dose. In rats injected with 10 mg/100 g, lung and duodenum α-tocopherol concentrations increased 3-fold, whereas α-tocopherol concentrations of other extrahepatic tissues increased 2-fold or less. With the exception of muscle, daily administration of less than 2 mg/100 g failed to increase α-tocopherol concentrations in extrahepatic tissues. Lung cytochrome P450 3A and 1A levels were unchanged by administration of α-tocopherol at any dose. In contrast, lung P-glycoprotein (MDR1) levels increased dose dependently and expression of this xenobiotic transport protein was correlated with lung α-tocopherol concentrations (R2 = 0.88, p
Excitons, biexcitons, and electron-hole plasma in a narrow 2.8-nm G a A s / A l x Ga 1 − x As quantum well

We report the use of imaging spectroscopy to study the transition from a biexciton to a low-density electron-hole plasma inside single quantum dots in a 2.8-nm ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}\mathrm{As}$ quantum well. Using a 250-nm resolution solid immersion microscope to reduce the spatial components of inhomogeneous broadening, we not only enable studies of single excitons and biexcitons confined in quantum dots, but also probe electron-hole plasmas bound in the dots at carrier densities about an order of magnitude lower than what was previously reported. The transition from exciton to plasma is found to be a direct result of random capture of excitons in dots, and the observed band-gap renormalization of the plasma agrees with existing theory.
The generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum of the neutron at low Q2 using a polarized 3He target

A recently finished experiment to evaluate the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum on 3He and the neutron in a Q2 range between 0.03 GeV2/c2 and 1.2 GeV2/c2 will be discussed. The experiment was conducted in Hall A at Jefferson Lab using a polarized 3He target in combination with a highly polarized electron beam.