cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized controlled trial examining expectancy effects on the accuracy of weight measurement.

SummaryBackground Researchers and participants' expectations can influence treatment response. Less is known about the effects of researchers' expectations on the accuracy of data collection in the context of a weight loss trial. Methods Student raters (N = 58; age = 20.1 ± 2.3 years) were recruited to weigh individuals who they thought were completing a 12-month weight loss trial, although these ‘participants’ were actually standardized patients (SPs) playing these roles. Prior to data collection, student raters were provided information suggesting that the tested treatment had been effective. Each student rater received a list of 9–10 ‘participants’ to weigh. While the list identified each person as ‘treatment’ or ‘control’, this assignment was at random, which allowed us to examine the effects of non-blinding and expectancy manipulation on weight measurement accuracy. We hypothesized that raters would record the weights of ‘treatment participants’ as lower than those of ‘control participants’. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, raters recorded weights that were 0.293 kg heavier when weighing ‘treatment’ vs. ‘control’ SPs, although this difference was not significant (P = 0.175). Conclusions This pilot study found no evidence that manipulating expectancies about treatment efficacy or not blinding raters biased measurements. Future work should examine other biases which may be created by not blinding research staff who implement weight loss trials as well as the participants in those trials.
Special Travel Grants in Dermatology Available

The American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology announces the appropriation of funds to be allotted to dermatologie investigators, advanced graduate students or dermatologists, for the express purpose of aiding them to attend meetings of dermatologie importance abroad. The amount of the individual grant will in no case exceed $500 and may be less. For the present this offer of aid is limited to the year 1957. Obviously, the applicant will need some finances of his own. Applicants for a grant must be sponsored by a member of the American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology. This should be in the form of a letter or recommendation from the sponsor. Applicants must be citizens of the United States or Canada. They should submit full information concerning their training in dermatology or related fields and a complete list of their publications including those in press. The applicant should also submit some evidence of definite financial need. The meeting or meetings which he proposes to attend should be named. All of the information required in this paragraph should be submitted in quin-tuplicate (5 copies) not later than May 1, 1957 to the Secretary of the undersigned Committee. No attempt should be made to directly contact the other members of the Awards Committee. Any award granted is without future obligation. The Committee, however,, hopes that recipients of this award who may later enter private practice will attempt to repay without interest the amount of their award. This is done in the hopes that eventually a self perpetuating fund may be formed. Signed :
Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: Report of successful treatment with a new form of therapy

Abstract A case of severe idiopathic orthostatic hypotension is described. The patient had only temporary relief of symptoms with conventional therapy of hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine) and fludrocortisone (Florinef). Subsequently, while closely observed in the hospital, his condition responded satisfactorily to a new form of therapy: the combined administration of hydroxyamphetamine with a monamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine (Parnate). The pathophysiology of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension is reviewed and the rationale of this new form of therapy is discussed.
A hybrid approach to predictive modelling and control of automobiles in a noisy and variable environment

A hybrid control scheme is proposed that combines the advantages of various artificial intelligence technologies to better model and control transient behavior of a nonlinear system, even as its parameters are modified, via the ability to extract the cause of a change in a system's outputs. Appropriate techniques are developed for all stages of the development process, in an effort to reduce the amount of recalibration necessary by using a similar approach each time.
A Review of Hard Palate Fracture Repair Techniques.

Purpose Hard palate trauma is a relatively infrequent occurrence compared with other craniofacial injuries. Several techniques of hard palate fracture repair have been described. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal management of this type of fracture. The purpose of this study was to compile and analyze studies describing hard palate fracture repair techniques with outcomes data. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed for articles describing hard palate fracture repair techniques. Results Eight articles were ultimately included in the review. Of the collective 310 fractures reported, postoperative malocclusion occurred in 21 of 235 cases (8.9%) and other complications occurred in 13 of 299 cases (4.3%). The most important variability in technique was the method of palatal vault stabilization. Three studies described wiring techniques, 3 described internal fixation techniques, and 2 described external fixation techniques. Studies describing internal fixation techniques reported higher rates of wound complications. Proponents of rigid internal fixation believe that this technique provides better fracture reduction. External fixation techniques appear to impart low rates of wound complications, but their overall effectiveness remains in question. Conclusions Hard palate fractures are associated with high rates of malocclusion and wound complications. The most established methods of palatal vault stabilization are closed reduction with wiring and internal plate fixation. Depending on the fracture type, patient comorbidities, and associated injuries, either technique might be preferable in a given circumstance.
Flow cytometric analysis of platelet activation by different collagen types present in the vessel wall

The interaction of platelets with collagens of the vessel wall is a critical event in primary haemostasis. Although numerous studies have examined the ability of various collagen types to support platelet adhesion, little is known concerning the relative ability of different collagens to elicit specific activation markers in platelets. In this report, flow cytometric analysis has been utilized to evaluate the ability of various native collagen types to elicit secondary activation events in human platelets. Collagen types I, III, V and VI induced α-granule secretion and up-regulation of cell surface glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. In contrast, collagen type IV did not elicit these responses in the concentration ranges examined. Dose–response curves for α-granule secretion induced by the various collagen types indicated that human type III and human type I collagens were less effective than human type V, human type VI and calf skin type I. In addition, the ability of these various collagens to activate GPIIb/IIIa to its ligand binding conformation was even more heterogenous with only human type VI and calf skin type I readily promoting this transition. These data demonstrate that flow cytometric analysis of collagen-induced platelet activation is feasible and that collagen-mediated α-granule secretion and membrane glycoprotein redistribution in human platelets are separate events from activation of GPIIb/IIIa.
Loss-compensation technique for fiber-optic sensors and its application to displacement measurements

This paper describes a new type of fiber-optic sensor which has high immunity to the effects of variations in the fiber and connector losses. A beam-splitting transducer differentially modulates, as a function of the sensed parameter, the proportions of the incident light which it transmits and reflects. Using a four-fiber optical link, light is impinged onto the transducer from either direction, and, in each case, the transmitted and reflected light are measured. These four signals are processed to remove the influence of the fiber and connector losses. A loss-compensated displacement sensor, which uses a schlieren-type transduction mechanism, is demonstrated. The experimental results show that this loss-compensation technique can stabilize the sensor output to a high degree despite considerable variations in the transmissivities of the fiber-link components.
Electromagnetic interference and solid state protective relays

This paper presents new information on the nature of the electromagnetic environment in an electric power station which can influence the performance of modern solid state protective relays and other sensitive electronic control and data processing equipments. Present industry standard tests do not simulate the full range of this environment and may need to be revised. The frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic interference is shown to be significantly different from the spectrum of the voltage and current signals used for relaying. Therefore, filtering techniques can be used as a primary remedy for E.M.I. problems. The nature of transients generated in low voltage control circuits is shown in high speed oscillograms. Data are presented which show that these transients can damage avalanche type semiconductors which are usually considered to be self protecting. Finally, portable radio transmitters are shown to be capable of causing mis-operation of sensitive solid state equipments if operated nearby. Remedies for this type of interference are discussed.
Flipping of an adherent blood platelet over a substrate

The flipping motion of a blood platelet convected under the action of a simple shear flow over a substrate is discussed. The platelet is modelled as a rigid oblate spheroid with aspect ratio equal to 0.25 whose axis of revolution is perpendicular to the vorticity of the simple shear flow. The particle motion from a given initial position is computed using a boundary element method for Stokes flow based on the double-layer representation. When the platelet is far from the wall, the motion is described by Jeffery's exact solution. As the platelet approaches the wall, the rate of rotation is reduced significantly when the platelet mid-plane is parallel to wall, and mildly when the mid-plane is perpendicular to the wall. Comparison with laboratory data indicates that wall effects alone do not explain the observed slow rate of rotation. It is proposed that a distributed adhesion force imparts to the particle an effective external force and torque at the nominal point of contact, and these slow down the rate of rotation. The process is demonstrated by computing the motion of an adhering platelet whose lowest point is immobilized under the action of a suitable force and torque.
MHD wave breaking in the outer plasmasphere

Empirical models of the average magnetospheric magnetic field, plasma density, and temperature distributions are used to construct a model of the distribution of MHD wave mode speeds within the magnetosphere. A persistent feature of the derived optical structure is a pronounced minimum of the wave speeds in the outer plasmasphere, i.e., a magnetospheric 'shoal'. This feature does not map along magnetic field lines, but is confined to the equatorial region, leading to a positive radial gradient of wave speeds near synchronous orbit. The breaking of earthward propagating disturbances in this region may play an essential role in the formation of the substorm injection boundary and in the creation of equatorially trapped warm ion distributions.
Direct gap photoluminescence and electroluminescence in Ge 1−y Sn y alloys

Direct-gap photoluminescence and electroluminescence has been observed in Ge 1−y Sn y alloys. The emission in both cases is dominated by direct transitions exhibiting the expected compositional dependence. The data are consistent with the expected reduction of the Γ-L separation.
On the regulation of Na+/H+ and K+/H+ antiport in yeast mitochondria: Evidence for the absence of an Na+-selective Na+/H+ antiporter

Abstract Unlike mammalian mitochondria, yeast mitochondria swell spontaneously in both NaOAc and KOAc. This swelling reflects the activity of an electroneutral cation/H + antiport pathway. Transport of neither salt is stimulated by depletion of endogenous divalent cations; however, it can be inhibited by addition of exogenous divalent cations (Mg 2+ IC 50 = 2.08 mM, Ca 2+ IC 50 = 0.82 mM). Transport of both Na + and K + can be completely inhibited by the amphiphilic amines propranolol (IC 50 = 71 μ M) and quinine (IC 50 = 199 μ M) with indistinguishable IC 50 values. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibits with a second-order rate constant of 1.6·10 −4 (nmol DCCD/mg) −1 min −1 at 0°C; however, with both Na + and K + inhibition reaches a maximum of about 46%. The remaining transport can still be inhibited by propranolol. Transport of both cations is sensitive to pH; yielding linear Hill plots and Dixon plots with a pIC 50 value of 7.7 for both Na + and K + . These properties are qualitatively the same as those of the non-selective K + /H + antiporter of mammalian mitochondria. However, the remarkable similarity between the data obtained in Na + and K + media suggests that an antiporter akin to the Na + -selective Na + /H + antiporter of mammalian mitochondria, which is inhibited by none of these agents, is absent in yeast. In an attempt to reveal the activity of a propranolol-insensitive Na + -selective antiporter, we compared the rates of Na + /H + and K + /H + antiport in the presence of sufficient propranolol to block the K + /H + antiporter. Between pH 4.6 and 8.8 no difference could be detected. Consequently, we conclude that yeast mitochondria lack the typical Na + -selective Na + /H + antiporter of mammalian mitochondria.
Shadworth Hodgson and William James's formulation of space perception: Phenomenology and perceptual realism

This paper has two related goals. First, it seeks to show that the theory of perception found in William James's Principles of Psychology is thoroughly consistent if it is approached through the framework of perceptual realism versus constructionism rather than the nativism versus empiricism debate. As such, this paper offers an alternative to Nicholas Pastore's claim that there are two contradictory theories of perception in the Principles. James's commitment of perceptual realism is articulated within the contexts of his (1) critique of constructionist perception theories, (2) notion of the spatial quale, and (3) formulation of the role of knowledge in adult perception. The second goal of this paper deals with the historical development of James's perceptual realism. Here it is argued that Shadworth Hodgson's method of reflection-an anticipation of Husserl's phenomenological reduction-served as the basis of James's commitment of perceptual realism.
Muricide after serotonin depleting lesions of midbrain raphé nuclei.

Abstract Thirty days after dorsal and median raphe lesions, when the forebrain content of serotonin (5-HT) was approximately 70 per cent below normal values, lesioned rats showed increased frequency and decreased latency for lethal attacks on mice. Additional observations of muricide on Days 2, 5, 8, and 30 after lesions revealed that frequency and latency of killing increased and decreased, respectively, over time. Since the time-course of this muricide paralleled a progressive reduction of forebrain 5-HT, these data suggest that this neurohumor normally participates in mechanisms exerting inhibitory control over mouse killing.
Biology, population trends, and damage of Pineus boerneri and P. coloradensis (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on red pine.

Two adelgids, Pineus boerneri Annand and P. coloradensis (Gillette), are serious pests of red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, in parts of New England. Both species are parthenogenetic, trivoltine, and complete six stages of development. The life stages were readily distinguished from one another within and between species by body size and by several morphological features including antennae, setae, and wax-producing glands. Generation overlap was so pronounced that all life stages of these adelgids were present nearly all times during the year. Pineus boerneri , an introduced species, spread at an average rate of 15 km per year during a 5-yr period between surveys. It invaded 21 of the 48 red pine stands sampled in Connecticut and Massachusetts, which is south of the natural range of P. resinosa , and injured and killed trees at all of the inhabited sites. P. coloradensis , a native and heretofore innocuous species, occurred in all 10 stands sampled in New Hampshire and Vermont, which is within the natural range of P. resinosa , and in 35 of the 48 plantations located in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Surprisingly, it injured and killed trees in more than 40% of these stands in both areas. Population trends of these adelgids during a 5-yr period indicated that P. boerneri had displaced P. coloradensis in all 3 previously cohabited pine stands and in 7 of 12 others where P. coloradensis initially had occurred alone and where P. boerneri invaded subsequently. In four of the five remaining stands in the latter category, P. coloradensis had been reduced to very low density. These results reaffirm the superior competitive ability of P. boerneri demonstrated in laboratory experiments.
Veneziano amplitudes, spin chains and Abelian reduction of QCD

Abstract Although QCD can be treated perturbatively in the high energy limit, lower energies require uses of nonperturbative methods such as ADS/CFT and/or Abelian reduction. These methods are not equivalent. While the first is restricted to supersymmetric Yang–Mills model with number of colors going to infinity, the second is not restricted by requirements of supersymmetry and is designed to work in the physically realistic limit of a finite number of colors. In this paper we provide arguments in favor of the Abelian reduction methods. This is achieved by further developing results of our recent works re-analyzing Veneziano and Veneziano-like amplitudes and the models associated with these amplitudes. It is shown, that the obtained new partition function for these amplitudes can be mapped exactly into that for the Polychronakos–Frahm (P–F) spin chain model recoverable from the Richardon–Gaudin (R–G) XXX spin chain model originally designed for treatments of the BCS-type superconductivity. Because of this, it is demonstrated that the obtained mapping is compatible with the method of Abelian reduction. The R–G model is recovered from the asymptotic (WKB-type) solutions of the rational Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov (K–Z) equation. Linear independence of these solutions is controlled by determinants whose explicit form (up to a constant) coincides with Veneziano (or Veneziano-like) amplitudes. In the simplest case, the determinantal conditions coincide with those discovered by Kummer in the 19th century. Kummer’s results admit physical interpretation by relating determinantal formula(s) to Veneziano-like amplitudes. Furthermore, these amplitudes can be interpreted as Poisson–Dirichlet distributions playing a central role in the stochastic theory of random coagulation–fragmentation processes. Such an interpretation is complementary to that known for the Lund model widely used for the description of coagulation–fragmentation processes in QCD.
Life in the inner city.

A 56-year-old homeless male presented to the emergency department with a bloody nose. When asked if he took medications, he replied in the affirmative. When asked which medications he took on a regular basis he produced the following photograph (Figure). Figure Photo of medications presented.
Selective Feeding of Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Meridic Diet with Different Concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis Proteins

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae on meridic diet with different concentrations of the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner. The proteins used in these experiments are the ones in commercially available Bollgard and Bollgard II cotton. Both bollworms and tobacco budworms selectively fed on nontreated diet compared with diet treated with Cry1Ac. In addition, bollworms exhibited a concentration response with Cry1Ac. In general, bollworms selected diet with low concentrations of Cry1Ac compared with diet with higher concentrations of Cry1Ac. For Cry2Ab, the avoidance was not as prominent as that observed for Cry1Ac. Based on results from no-choice assays, the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab concentrations used in choice assays represented a wide range of biological activity on both species. The lower concentrations provided low levels of mortality, whereas the higher concentrations provided high levels of mortality. Also, the developmental times of larvae were longer at higher concentrations of both proteins. These data provide important information about the behavioral response of key cotton pests to the B. thuringiensis proteins found in commercially available transgenic cotton. This information will be important to develop accurate scouting and management procedures for Bollgard and Bollgard II cotton.
Pulsewidth Modulation Control of Brushless DC Motors for Robotic Applications

Pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control of brushless dc motors is implemented with digital servo mechanisms for robotic applications. Under the assumption that the pulse period is much smaller than the motor time-constants, the motor is modeled by a discrete-time transfer function with the pulsewidth playing the role of the control signal. This model enables the application of classical linear control engineering to the design of a digital position servo for the brushless dc steering motors on the CMU Rover. The controller is implemented with a microprocessor and programmable timer to calculate concurrently the actuating signals, time sampling periods, and pulsewidths, as well as to provide commutation. Computer simulation and real-time hardware implementation of the servo demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
Analysis of promoter activity of members of the PECTATE LYASE-LIKE (PLL) gene family in cell separation in Arabidopsis

Pectate lyases depolymerize pectins by catalyzing the eliminative cleavage of α-1,4-linked galacturonic acid. Pectate lyase-like (PLL) genes make up among the largest and most complex families in plants, but their cellular and organismal roles have not been well characterized, and the activity of these genes has been assessed only at the level of entire organs or plant parts, potentially obscuring important sub-organ or cell-type-specific activities. As a first step to understand the potential functional diversity of PLL genes in plants and specificity of individual genes, we utilized a reporter gene approach to document the spatial and temporal promoter activity for 23 of the 26 members of the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) PLL gene family throughout development, focusing on processes involving cell separation. Numerous PLL promoters directed activity in localized domains programmed for cell separation, such as the abscission zones of the sepal, petal, stamen, and seed, as well as the fruit dehiscence zone. Several drove activity in cell types expected to facilitate separation, including the style and root endodermal and cortical layers during lateral root emergence. However, PLL promoters were active in domains not obviously programmed for separation, including the stipule, hydathode and root axis. Nearly all PLL promoters showed extensive overlap of activity in most of the regions analyzed. Our results document potential for involvement of PLL genes in numerous aspects of growth and development both dependent and independent of cell separation. Although the complexity of the PLL gene family allows for enormous potential for gene specialization through spatial or temporal regulation, the high degree of overlap of activity among the PLL promoters suggests extensive redundancy. Alternatively, functional specialization might be determined at the post-transcriptional or protein level.
Chronic postnatal phencyclidine treatment on [3HI](+) pentazocine binding in juvenile rat brain

Chronic phencyclidine (PCP) administrations in postnatal rats produce long-term behavioral changes. Here we report the effects of repeated postnatal PCP treatment on [3H](+)pentazocine binding in juvenile rats. Saturation analyses of the binding data showed no significant difference in any of the binding characteristics between chronic PCP-related rats and saline-treated controls suggesting that mechanisms other than alterations in sigma1 binding underlie the behavioral effects of repeated postnatal PCP administration in immature rats.
Scaling and uncertainty in the relationship between the NDVI and land surface biophysical variables: An analysis using a scene simulation model and data from FIFE

Biophysical inversion of remotely sensed data is constrained by the complexity of the remote sensing process. Variations in sensor response associated with solar and sensor geometries, surface directional reflectance, topography, atmospheric absorption and scattering, and sensor electrical-optical engineering interact in complex manners that are difficult to deconvolve and quantify in individual images or in time series of images. We have developed a model of the remote sensing process to allow systematic examination of these factors. The model is composed of three main components, including a ground scene model, an atmospheric model, and a sensor model, and may be used to simulate imagery produced by instruments such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Using this model, we examine the effect of subpixel variance in leaf area index (LAI) on relationships among LAI, the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). To do this, we use data from the first ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) to parameterize ground scene properties within the model. Our results demonstrate interactions between sensor spatial resolution and spatial autocorrelation in ground scenes that produce a variety of effects in the relationship between both LAI and FPAR and NDVI. Specifically, sensor regularization, nonlinearity in the relationship between LAI and NDVI, and scaling the NDVI all influence the range, variance, and uncertainty associated with estimates of LAI and FPAR inverted from simulated NDVI data. These results have important implications for parameterization of land surface process models using biophysical variables such as LAI and FPAR estimated from remotely sensed data.
Coated Microvesicles in Neurosecretory Terminals of Posterior Pituitary Glands shed their Coats to become Smooth “Synaptic” Vesicles

WE have suggested that microvesicles (“synaptic vesicles”) within neurosecretory terminals of posterior pituitary glands are by-products of exocytosis formed by micropinocytosis-like activity serving to recapture excess membrane, of neurosecretory granules, incorporated in the cell surface. Our view arose from the discovery of exocytotic figures in electron micrographs of these terminals and the presence, in some such figures, of indications of membrane vesiculation: caveolae with microvesicles of similar size near them1,2. The suggestion harmonized not only with the theoretical requirement for membrane recapture after exocytosis but with the familiar characteristics of the “synaptic vesicle” population: localization in terminal regions where hormone is released; aggregates against the cell membrane, the so called “synaptoid” formations; and increased number after stimulation. The scheme, however, was not entirely satisfactory since classical “synaptic vesicles”3 have smooth membranes while those apparently formed by membrane vesiculation were often seen to be coated, as were the adjacent caveolae2. While this coating supported the interpretation of such figures as micropinocytosis-like activity (coating is believed to represent the mechanism inducing membrane vesiculation4,5) it required us to postulate that coated vesicles are somehow transformed into the smooth “synaptic” type2. We here present evidence for this transformation.
Economic impact of total solids loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated corn stover

In process integration studies of the biomass-to-ethanol conversion process, it is necessary to understand how cellulose conversion yields vary as a function of solids and enzyme loading and other key operating variables. The impact of solids loading on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated corn stover slurry was determined using an experimental response surface design methodology. From the experimental work, an empirical correlation was obtained that expresses monomeric glucose yield from enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis as a function of solids loading, enzyme loading, and temperature. This correlation was used in a technoeconomic model to study the impact of solids loading on ethanol production economics. The empirical correlation was used to provide a more realistic assessment of process cost by accounting for changes in cellulose conversion yields at different solids and enzyme loadings as well as enzyme cost. As long as enzymatic cellulose conversion drops off at higher total solids loading (due to end-product inhibition or other factors), there is an optimum value for the total solids loading that minimizes the ethanol production cost. The optimum total solids loading shifts to higher values as enzyme cost decreases.
Differentiating undergraduates from graduate student and faculty inventors

Undergraduate students are increasingly engaged in developing products and technologies that are commercially viable outside of the university through their involvement in courses and experiential programs focused on entrepreneurship and product design. It is hypothesized that this trend is increasing activity between undergraduates and university technology transfer offices, leading to questions of how best to align student interests with institutional policies and practices related to intellectual property (IP). Since most undergraduate students are not employed by their universities as are faculty and many graduate students, this raises interesting questions related to the ownership of intellectual property developed as part of a course or experiential program. This paper summarizes the preliminary results of a survey designed to examine the level and nature of undergraduate involvement in creating intellectual property as well as institutional policies and practices in response to these trends. The survey was administered to intellectual property professionals in technology transfer offices at universities in the United States with strong emphases in engineering, science, and technology and/or entrepreneurship.
“All Stars” for at-risk middle school students in an afterschool setting: a pilot program

AbstractIntroduction: The evidenced-based program, All Stars, usually conducted in the in-school setting and taught by classroom teachers; was implemented in an afterschool setting for at-risk middle school students by local university student volunteers. The classroom-based program was moved to the after-school setting in this study in order to target the most at-risk students, and university student volunteers served as instructors to decrease program costs.Methods: Middle school students enrolled in an afterschool program for the most academically and socially at-risk participated in an evidence-based substance abuse prevention program and study as a part of their overall afterschool curriculum. The Pre-Post Post All Stars Student Survey was used as the data collection instrument and included 45 demographic, behavior, and core mediator Likert-scale questions. A series of paired samples t-tests were used to assess pre-post differences in the following: Commitment to Avoid Risky Behaviors, Normative Beli...
Testing for common versus private property: Comment

Abstract Conceptual confusion over common property persists in the literature. An attempt by Clark and Carlson to “test” for common property versus private property is flawed by their misspecification of common property. They test, instead, for private property versus nonproperty (open access).
Design, modeling and characterization of a 35MHz 1-D CMUT phased array

High frequency ultrasound arrays have applications ranging from imaging of small animals, skin and eye to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). We describe an application where a guidewire IVUS system uses high frequency phased arrays with integrated electronics placed directly on the guidewire rather than a catheter for imaging. Multiple arrays provide the full transverse cross section of the artery during percutaneous interventions. We focus on a 1-D CMUT phased array to be used in the guidewire IVUS. CMUTs are particularly suitable for this application with their ease of fabrication and single chip electronics integration. The array frequency is chosen to be around 35-40MHz with 10MHz bandwidth so that the 1-D CMUT phased array with a 300um wide aperture can closely match the lateral resolution of a current 20MHz, 3.5F solid state IVUS array. Here we discuss the initial design, large signal modeling, fabrication and experimental characterization of a 12 element, 300×1000um CMUT array with 25um pitch. The electrical and acoustic characterization results for a CMUT array with 20um square membranes are presented. Modeling results for different size membranes indicating adequate performance for higher bandwidth applications are also discussed.
High-Resolution Two-Photon Spectroscopy with Picosecond Light Pulses

We have demonstrated the feasibility of Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy with a train of picosecond standing-wave light pulses from a synchronously pumped mode-locked cw dye laser. The actively controlled mode spectrum provides a means for accurate measurements of large frequency intervals. From a multipulse spectrum of the sodium $3s\ensuremath{-}4d$ transition we have determined a new value of the $4d$ fine-structure splitting, 1028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 MHz.
Accounting for spot matching uncertainty in the analysis of proteomics data from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a biochemical technique that combines isoelectric focusing and SDS-polyacrylamide gel technology to achieve simultaneous separation of protein mixtures on the basis of isoelectric point and molecular weight. Upon staining, each protein on a gel can be characterized by an intensity measurement that reflects its abundance in the mixture. These can then conceptually be used to determine which proteins are differentially expressed under different experimental conditions. We propose an EM approach to identify differentially expressed proteins using an inferential strategy that accounts for uncertainty in matching spots to proteins across gels. The underlying mixture model has trivariate Gaussian components. The application of the EM is however, not straightforward, with the main difficulty lying in the E-step calculations because of the dependent structure of proteins within each gel. Therefore, the usual model-based clustering approach is inapplicable, and an MCMC approach is employed. Through data-based simulation, we demonstrate that our proposed method effectively accounts for uncertainty in spot matching and more successfully distinguishes differentially and non-differentially expressed proteins than a naive t-test which ignores uncertainty in spot matching.
Experimentation with a back-propagation neural network

Abstract Neural networks utilize the paradigm of the human brain to acquire knowledge through a training process. The knowledge base is stored in the form of weighted interconnections between layer nodes; this allows the network to generalize. Computational experimentation with a back-propagation algorithm yielded useful information concerning the effect of several key model parameters on network training and performance. These findings are illustrated through the application of a modest sized three layer neural network to the planning of end user involvement in the development of information systems.
Energy-scale phenomenology and pairing via resonant spin-charge motion in FeAs, CuO, heavy-fermion and other exotic superconductors

Abstract Muon spin relaxation ( μ SR ) studies of the “1111” and “122” FeAs systems have detected static magnetism with variably sized ordered moments in their parent compounds. The phase diagrams of FeAs, CuO, organic BEDT, A 3 C 60 and heavy-fermion systems indicate competition between static magnetism and superconductivity, associated with first-order phase transitions at quantum phase boundaries. In both FeAs and CuO systems, the superfluid density n s / m * at T → 0 exhibits a nearly linear scaling with T c . Analogous to the roton-minimum energy scaling with the lambda transition temperature in superfluid 4He, clear scaling with T c was also found for the energy of the magnetic resonance mode in cuprates, ( Ba , K ) Fe 2 As 2 , CeCoIn 5 and CeCu 2 Si 2 , as well as the energy of the superconducting coherence peak observed by angle resolved photo emission (ARPES) in the cuprates near ( π , 0 ). Both the superfluid density and the energy of these pair-non-breaking soft-mode excitations determine the superconducting T c via phase fluctuations of condensed bosons. Combining these observations and common dispersion relations of spin and charge collective excitations in the cuprates, we propose a resonant spin–charge motion/coupling, “traffic-light resonance,” expected when the charge energy scale e F becomes comparable to the spin fluctuation energy scale ℏ ω SF ~ J , as the process which leads to pair formation in these correlated electron superconductors.
Size effects in fracture mechanics: Implications for fast reactor subassembly analysis and safety☆

Abstract There is a size effect in fracture mechanics, and this leads to some paradoxical behavior of flawed engineering structures of which the safety analyst should be aware. In order to quantify the size effect and its implications for highly-irradiated LMFBR subassembly ducts subject to overpressurization, a two-criterion approach to fracture is employed and two duct designs are considered. It is concluded that brittle fracture may be more likely to occur in the case of thicker ducts, and that fracture-free operating experience with smaller ducts does not insure the stability of cracks in the thicker wall.
How professional nurses working in hospital environments experience moral distress: a systematic review

The experience of moral distress for professional nurses working in hospital environments causes a myriad of biological, psychological, and stress-related reactions. There is an institutional culpability in producing an environment where moral distress is experienced. This is particularly true when nurses feel the need to advocate for patients' well-being while coping with institutional constraints. The perception of patient pain and suffering as a result of medical decisions, which the nurse has little power to influence, contributes to the experience. Unequal power structures, prevalent in institutions, exacerbate the problem. Critical care nurses need to recognize moral distress and its adverse impact on providing optimal patient care. Critical care nurses should make a personal commitment that moral distress will not impact their nursing care and take a leadership role in their units to address this issue with their employing institution and develop strategies to lessen the impact of moral distress. These strategies should be based on the best available evidence such as this systematic review and other relevant appraised works.
Modulators of Notch signaling

In addition to the core components of the Notch pathway, a number of proteins have been identified that exert positive or negative influences on Notch signaling. These include extracellular modulators, which may influence binding or activation of Notch by its ligands, cytoplasmic modulators, which presumably influence signal transduction steps after receptor activation, and nuclear modulators, which may influence the transcriptional activity of a Notch-CSL protein complex. Many of the cytoplasmic and nuclear modulators appear to bind directly to discrete domains within the intracellular domain of Notch. Genetic studies indicate that distinct modulators are deployed during distinct modes of Notch signaling.
Fully time-dependent theory for the growth of spherical crystal nuclei

Abstract A numerical method is used to compute the growth behavior of spherical crystal nuclei in highly supercooled liquids. The effects of interface curvature, interface attachment kinetics and fully time-dependent heat flow are included in the method. The computed curves of growth rate as a function of time differ significantly from curves derived from analyses neglecting curvature or kinetics, and/or using Laplace's equation to describe the heat flow. The stability of the growing sphere is considered, and it is concluded that under some conditions of high supercooling and rapid interface kinetics, the spherical particle will continue to grown indefinitely with a stable spherical shape. Finally, the analogy between the growing spherical crystal and the tip of a dendrite advancing at or near steady state is discussed.
Individual Exploration to Organizational Commitment or Withdrawal

The organizational commitment or withdrawal process was investigated for a sample of 85 individuals using a longitudinal research design and path analysis. Career exploration activity two months pr...
Microwave measurements and calculations of quadrupole coupling effects in CH3I and CD3I

Abstract The transitions J = 1 ← 0, K = 0; J = 2 ← 1, K = 0; and J = 2 ← 1, K = 1 of CH3I and CD3I were measured using a Stark-modulated microwave spectrometer. Iodine quadrupole coupling strengths were analyzed to determine variations with deuterium substitution on the methyl group and variations with centrifugal distortion. Quadrupole coupling strengths were described by the expression eQq 0 + aJ(J + 1) + bK 2 + cK 4 J(J + 1) . Explicit expressions are given for a, b, and c for a symmetric top in terms of molecular parameters. For CH3I eQq0 = −1934.11 ± 0.02 MHz and for CD3I eQq0 = −1928.95 ± 0.04 MHz. Rotational constants obtained are B(CH3I) = 7501.274 ± 0.002 MHz and B(CD3I) = 6040.298 ± 0.007 MHz. The observed fractional change in halogen quadrupole coupling of 0.0027 is related to previous results for methyl chloride and methyl bromide.
Statistical Entropy of Four-Dimensional Extremal Black Holes.

String theory is used to count microstates of four-dimensional extremal black holes in compactifications with {ital N}=4 and {ital N}=8 supersymmetry. The result agrees for large charges with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Cutaneous wound healing in the sea cucumber, Thyone briareus.

Wound healing in the integument of the sea cucumber, Thyone briareus, was studied for up to 50 days after inflicting wide excisional wounds and for 14 days after producing incisional wounds. Rapid re-epithelialization of the wound was effected by the migration of epidermal cells and pigment cells from the periphery of the wound margin. This occurred without apparent evidence of concomitant mitotic activity. Dermal wound healing was completed by the fourteenth day in the incision wounds but occurred very slowly in the broad excision wounds. Morula cells seem to be involved in both epidermal and dermal wound healing, although their precise role is unknown. In excisional wounds the integument was never completely restored to its normal appearance during 50 days of observation.
On stability criteria of chemical reaction engineering

Abstract The analogy between the stirred tank reactor and the catalyst particle is used to introduce some of the recent techniques of stability analysis in as simple a way as possible. The relationship between various classes of criteria for uniqueness and stability is developed and interpretations of the less obvious criteria are given. The methods presented have been used for other stability problems in chemical reaction engineering.
Recurrent ventricular tachycardia treated with procaine amide.

Abstract An unsual case of ventricular tachycardia has been presented. 1. 1. There were ten episodes of persistent ventricular tachycardia in an individual with underlying arteriosclerotic heart disease. 2. 2. The onset of ventricular tachycardia followed a Valsalva maneuver twice and the administration of digitalis on several occasions. The possible mechanisms responsible for the onset of the abnormal rhythm have been discussed. 3. 3. All bouts of ventricular tachycardia were terminated following the intravenous use of procaine amide.
Liver chimerism after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation.

Abstract Blood stem cells can mature into elements of many different lineages. We investigated the presence and nature of donor-derived (chimeric) cells within the liver after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Methods Liver biopsy autopsy specimens were examined from nine female patients who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow (n = 6) or peripheral stem cell (n = 3) transplantation from a male donor. To identify the male origin of cells within the liver, in-situ hybridization for Y-chromosomes was performed in conjunction with CD45 staining to identify leucocytes. Results Hematopoietic stem cell engraftment was confirmed in all nine recipients. Histologic examination of the liver tissue sections revealed 5.6-fold more Y-chromosome-positive than CD45-positive staining cells (P Conclusions Donor-derived cells can be found in liver tissue specimens after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. A considerable fraction of chimeric (donor-derived) cells appeared to be of nonlymphohematopoietic origin. This finding supports the theory of blood stem cells developing into liver cells of mesenchymal origin.
“Natural History” of Unresected Cholangiocarcinoma: Patient Outcome After Noncurative Intervention

Objective To clarify the "natural history" of unresected cholangiocarcinoma. Design We reviewed the outcome in 103 patients with biopsy-proven cholangiocarcinoma managed at our institution during a 5-year period (1980 through 1984) who did not undergo curative resection. Material and Methods The study group of 56 men and 47 women had initial manifestations of jaundice (71 %), abdominal pain (49 %), and weight loss (44 %). The histopathologic features were confirmed by operation in 73 patients, percutaneous biopsy in 16, endoscopy in 3, or autopsy in 11. The primary tumor site was the common hepatic duct in 270/0, the hepatic bifurcation in 27%, the common bile duct in 26%, the liver in 13%, and the right or left hepatic duct in 6%. Biopsy-proven metastatic lesions were identified in 70 patients, including 18 with proven nodal involvement. Surgical intervention (N = 57) most commonly consisted of biliary decompression (26%), biliary bypass (16%), or cholecystectomy (11 %). Results The operative mortality was 4% (N = 2). The hospital mortality of medically managed patients was 12%. The survival after the onset of symptoms was 53% at 1 year, 19% at 2 years, and 9% at 3 years. Only four patients (4%) lived more than 5 years. Univariate analysis of all hospitalized patients (N = 90) revealed a survival advantage for women, patients 62 years of age or younger, those with blood group A or O, surgical patients, patients who did not require biliary decompression, and those who received further palliative treatment after any type of biliary decompression. Multivariate analysis showed a survival advantage for patients who underwent surgical exploration and those who had further palliative treatment after either operative or percutaneous biliary decompression. Conclusion Unresected cholangiocarcinoma is a rapidly fatal process, but early intervention affects the course of the disease and likely prolongs patient survival.