cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eyewitness memory and the importance of sequential information

Misleading postevent information increases the probability of incorrectly recognizing a detail suggested by the misleading information. This often-reproduced finding has been interpreted as demonstrating both memory impermanence (e.g., Loftus & Loftus, 1980) and recoding (e.g., Tulving, 1983). However, recent evidence suggests that postevent information affects not the memory of the original event, but rather the guessing bias when memory fails. An experiment is presented that supports this response-bias interpretation. Providing witnesses with the original sequence information, even after they had already chosen the incorrect detail on an earlier test, greatly enhanced the probability of their retrieving the original memory—previously believed to be irretrievable—and improved the validity of the witnesses’ confidence ratings.
On the theory of martensitic transformations. The generalized lattice invariant shear and the degeneracy of solutions for the cubic to tetragonal transformation

Abstract The theory of the crystallography of martensitic transformations is extended in terms of generalized elements for the lattice invariant shear. The degeneracy of solutions for the undistorted plane, the orientation relation, and the macroscopic change of shape is examined analytically for the cubic to tetragonal transformation. The criteria for K -degeneracy and g -degeneracy are developed and compared with those given by Christian as a result of a geometrical treatment. Existence conditions for real solutions are also developed in terms of the generalized theory.
Divide-and-Conquer-Based Large Deformation Formulations for Multi-Flexible Body Systems

In the dynamic modeling and simulation of multi-flexible-body systems, large deformations and rotations has been a focus of keen interest. The reason is a wide variety of application area where highly elastic components play important role. Model complexity and high computational cost of simulations are the factors that contribute to the difficulty associated with these systems. As such, an efficient algorithm for modeling and simulation of systems undergoing large rotations and large deflections may be of great importance. We investigate the use of absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) for modeling articulated flexible bodies in a divide-and-conquer (DCA) framework. It is demonstrated that the equations of motion for individual finite elements or elastic bodies, as obtained by the ANCF, may be assembled and solved using a DCA type method. The current discussion is limited to planar problems but may easily be extended to spatial applications. Using numerical examples, we show that the present algorithm provides an efficient and robust method to model multibody systems employing highly elastic bodies.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Observation of a nonclassical Berry's phase for the photon.

Coincidence detection of photon pairs produced in parametric fluorescence, in conjunction with a Michelson interferometer in which one member of each pair acquired a geometrical phase due to a cycle in polarization states, has allowed the first observation of Berry's phase at the single-photon level. We have verified that each interfering photon was essentially in an n=1 Fock state, by means of a beam splitter following the interferometer combined with a triple-coincidence technique. The results can be interpreted in terms of a nonlocal collapse of the wave function.
Movement Subcultures: Sites for Meaning

He has initiated an experimental masters curriculum designed around the principles described in this article. For further information, contact him by e-mail at rsk1@psu.edu.
Did Ivan's vote matter? The political economy of local democracy in Tsarist Russia

Russia's emancipation of the serfs was accompanied by numerous other measures aimed at modernizing the Tsarist economy and society. Among these ‘Great Reforms’ was the creation of a new institution of local government – the zemstvo – which has received comparatively little attention from economic historians. This quasi-democratic form of local government played an important role in expanding the provision of public goods and services in the half-century leading up to the Russian Revolution. This article utilizes archival records and contemporary evidence to outline the zemstvo's role in Russian society and describe its political structure. The article then presents a newly collected panel data set that includes information on the allocation of political rights within the zemstvo, spending and revenue decisions by district zemstva, and a variety of other socio-economic indicators. With these data, I explore whether the electoral structure of the zemstvo allowed the newly emancipated peasantry to voice their preferences over spending levels and tax rates. I find that the district zemstvo with greater political representation from the peasantry shifted taxes away from communal property and spent more per capita, especially on education. However, these effects did not derive from a direct voting mechanism but most likely arose out of the interaction between peasant representation and more liberal elements of the noble class. This study initiates a broader research agenda into the zemstvo's place in Russian economic history and contributes to the literature on the political economy of public good provision in developing societies.
Degradation of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum

Certain newly synthesized proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum undergo rapid turnover by a non-lysosomal proteolytic pathway. Biochemical and morphological evidence has suggested that these proteins never leave the endoplasmic reticulum before they are degraded. The mechanism(s) for the selective targeting of proteins for degradation within the endoplasmic reticulum is still not understood, but appears to rely on specific structural determinants on the protein substrates. Important cellular functions are likely to be served by this endoplasmic reticulum degradative system, including disposal of abnormal proteins and the selective turnover of metabolically regulated proteins.
The measurement of family process variables: The effect of adolescent and parent perceptions of family life on delinquent behavior

Both adolescent and parental perceptions of how family members interact with and feel about one another are examined to determine their relationship to official and self-reported delinquent behavior. Consistent with prior research, adolescent perceptions of family processes were weakly related to those of their parents. Both parental and adolescent family process measures made independent and significant contributions to the explanation of self-reported and official delinquent behavior. Parental measures contributed more to the explanation of official data than did adolescent measures when compared to the results for self-reported delinquency. Methodological and substantive reasons for these findings are discussed. The importance of taking into account parental perceptions of family interaction, as well as the perceptions of adolescents, is emphasized.
Does pouch size matter

Mechanical restriction, malabsorption, and hormonal changes appear to play a role in weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). This investigation chose to investigate one aspect of the restrictive role of gastric bypass: the pouch size. Our hypothesis was that a small pouch size with no fundus after laparoscopic RYGBP (LRYGBP) would lead to greater loss of excess weight and weight loss success. Upper gastrointestinal radiological (UGI) studies were retrospectively reviewed by three blinded experts (2 bariatric surgeons and 1 expert radiologist), to determine pouch size and fundus size. The following grading system was utilized: Size I - smaller than average pouch, Size II - average pouch, Size III - larger than average pouch, and Size IV - over 3 times the size of an average pouch. Fundus 0 - no fundus appreciated, Fundus I - slight amount of fundus barely noted, Fundus II - fundus noted, Fundus III - large amount of fundus noted, and Fundus IV - majority of the pouch was fundus. Percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) and successful weight loss (A. >50% EWL, B. within 50% of ideal body weight, C. loss of >25% of preoperative weight) were calculated. There were 59 patients in this study with 97% follow-up of >1 year. No Size IV or Fundus IV were noted. There were no statistically significant differences between in %EWL or success for either pouch size or fundus size. While there may be a trend for the mean %EWL to be lower with larger pouches and larger amounts of fundus, no significant differences were found. Larger pouches and the presence of fundus (within reason) still result in a high rate of success after LRYGBP.
Folk psychology and literal meaning

Recanati (2004), Literal Meaning argues against what he calls ?literalism? and for what he calls ?contextualism?. He considers a wide spectrum of positions and arguments from relevance theory to hidden variables theory. In the end, however, he seems to hold that semantic and pragmatic theorizing must answer to broadly introspective or folk psychological constraints ? they don?t exist in ?heaven?. After surveying Recanati?s wide-ranging and provocative discussion of these issues, we wonder why parity of reasoning does not condemn syntax and phonology, as customarily practiced.
Vision: a digital video library

The goal of the VISION (Video Indexing for SearchIng Over Networks) project is to establish a comprehensive, online digital video library. We are developing automatic mechanisms to populate the library and provide content-based search and retrieval over computer networks. The salient feature of our approach is the integrated application of mature image or video processing, information retrieval, speech feature extraction and word-spotting technologies for efficient creation and exploration of the library materials. First, full-motion video is captured in real-time with flexible qualities to meet the requirements of library patrons connected via a wide range of network bandwidths. Then, the videos are automatically segmented into a number of logically meaningful video clips by our novel two-step algorithm based on video and audio contents. A closed caption decoder and/or word-spotter is being incorporated into the system to extract textual information to index the video clips by their contents. Finally, all information is stored in a full-text information retrieval system for content-baaed exploration of the library over networks of varying bandwidths.
The neurobiology of magnetoreception in vertebrate animals

Diverse vertebrate animals can sense the earth's magnetic field, but little is known about the physiological mechanisms that underlie this sensory ability. Three major hypotheses of magnetic-field detection have been proposed. Electrosensitive marine fish might sense the geomagnetic field through electromagnetic induction, although definitive evidence that such fish actually do so has not yet been obtained. Studies with other vertebrates have provided evidence consistent with two different mechanisms: biogenic magnetite and chemical reactions that are modulated by magnetic fields. Despite recent progress, however, primary magnetoreceptors have not yet been identified unambiguously in any animal.
Daily patterns of ethanol drinking in peri-adolescent and adult alcohol-preferring (P) rats

Alcohol abuse among adolescents continues to be a major health problem for our society. Our laboratory has used the peri-adolescent alcohol-preferring, P, rat as an animal model of adolescent alcohol abuse. Even though peri-adolescent P rats consume more alcohol (g/kg/day) than their adult counterparts, it is uncertain whether their drinking is sufficiently aggregated to result in measurable blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). The objectives of this study were to examine daily alcohol drinking patterns of adolescent and adult, male and female P rats, and to determine whether alcohol drinking episodes were sufficiently aggregated to result in meaningful BECs. Male and female P rats were given 30 days of 24 h free-choice access to alcohol (15%, v/v) and water, with ad lib access to food, starting at the beginning of adolescence (PND 30) or adulthood (PND 90). Water and alcohol drinking patterns were monitored 22 h/day with a "lickometer" set-up. The results indicated that (a) peri-adolescent P rats consumed more water and total fluids than adult P rats, (b) female P rats consumed more water and total fluids than male P rats, (c) there were differences in alcohol, and water, licking patterns between peri-adolescent and adult and female and male P rats, (d) individual licking patterns revealed that alcohol was consumed in bouts often exceeding the amount required to self-administer 1 g/kg of alcohol, and (e) BECs at the end of the dark cycle, on the 30th day of alcohol access, averaged 50 mg%, with alcohol intakes during the last 1 to 2 h averaging 1.2 g/kg. Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol drinking patterns differ across the age and sex of P rats. This suggests that the effectiveness of treatments for reducing excessive alcohol intake may vary depending upon the age and/or sex of the subjects being tested.
Standing Upon a Volcano: Cincinnati’s Newspapers Debate Emancipation, 1860–1862

Newspaper editors in Cincinnati saw the abolition question on a spectrum before President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862. Most favored some form of confiscation of Confederate slaves for use in the Union war effort; some favored emancipation of slaves as a means to weaken the Confederacy; but almost all vociferously opposed any idea that unrestrained black freedom might be an outcome of the Civil War. While it appears to historians that there was an “inexorable logic” in the development of Union war aims, it is clear from the point of view of Cincinnati that the inexorability of that logic was heavily contested.
Locus of control and remedial students.

Complaints from instructors about the attitudes of students in remedial courses prompted a search for attitudinal variables that might be related to the need for remedial courses. The Coleman Report (Coleman, et al., 1966) suggested locus of control as a possible variable that might differentiate students in need of remedial courses from those who have no need of them. College freshmen who failed the writing and arithmetic tests on entrance and who were placed in remedial courses (n = 48) and students in an introductory psychology course who had never needed remedial courses (n = 46) and who had already taken them (n = 24) were given the locus of control scale (Roaer, 1966). The mean age of these subjects was 20.7 yr. (SD = 5.9). The three groups did not differ in their locus of control scores (F = 1.50, df = 2/115). Mean I-E scores respectively were 10.3, 11.3, and 12.1; standard deviations 3.6, 5.1, and 3.8). Differences remained nonsignificant when the white males in the sample (n = 50) and the white females in the sample (n = 51) were considered separately. Incidentally, data from the students in the introductory psychology course indicated no relationship of I-E scores to the grades obtained in the course, either for the males (r = 0.29, df = 26) or for the females (T = -0.15, df = 27), which does not agree with the conclusion drawn by Phares (1976) who reported that internal subjects achieved higher grades. Thus, the problem in attitudes observed in students in the remedial courses did not appear to be one of perceived locus of control, as measured on Rotter's I-E scale. RFERENCES
Disability and the social body

The notion that people with disabilities must have something in common has lain at the heart of Disability Studies since its beginnings, in the 1980s, as an interdisciplinary scholarly approach with a decidedly activist bent. Unfashionable though the label ‘identity politics’ has become (at least in some circles), it is precisely on the formulation of a disabled identity – an identity that, like gender, may be seen as reflecting a societal construct projected from an organic, bodily difference – that literary and historical scholarship on disability has largely hinged. Whether it be bodily condition, medical curiosity, or exclusion or oppression, there must be a something that permits the constitution of ‘people with disabilities’ as a social category. This fundamental and seemingly simple notion has posed no small difficulty to scholars of medieval disability, however. The absence of premodern catch-all terms articulating an equivalent to the modern concept of ‘disability’ (in scholarly and vernacular tongues alike) is but the most apparent sign of the inadequacy of contemporary Disability Studies, its methods and its terminologies, to capture the social experiences of medieval people who manifested the physical or mental symptoms of conditions that would today identify them as
Root Surface Measurement Using a Digital Computer

An accurate method is presented for the determination of the area of the periodontal ligament attached to teeth. This method requires the use of digitizing equipment for an accurate determination of tooth cross sections and a digital computer for final manipulation of the area calculations. The procedure is general and is not restricted to single-rooted teeth.
Behavior of neural crest cells on embryonic basal laminae.

Abstract Neural crest cells separate from the neural epithelium in a region devoid of a basal lamina and migrate along pathways bordered by intact basal laminae. The distribution of basal laminae suggests that they might have an important role in the morphogenesis of the neural crest by acting as a barrier to migration. The experiments reported here have tested directly whether neural crest cells can penetrate a basal lamina. Isolated neural tubes, neural crest cells cultured for 24 hr, or pigmented neural crest cells were explanted onto human placental amnions from which the epithelium had been removed to expose the basal lamina. In no case did neural crest cells or crest derivatives penetrate the basal lamina to invade the underlying stroma. If crest cells were grown on the stromal side of the amnion, they invaded the connective tissue. Pigmented neural crest derivative and [ 3 H]thymidine-labeled nonpigmented crest cells were also confronted with chick embryonic basal laminae by grafting the cells into the lumen of the neural tube at the axial levels where host crest migration had commenced. Most of the grafted cells invaded the neural epithelium and accumulated after 24 hr at the basal surface of the neural tube. A few crest cells escaped through the dorsal surface of the neural tube and entered the overlying ectoderm, presumably through the wound created during the grafting procedure. Some of these grafted cells, located initially by light microscopy, were examined at the higher magnification and resolution offered by the transmission electron microscope to determine the relationship of the grafted cells to the basal lamina. In 50% (14 total) of the cases, the crest cells never reached the basal lamina of the neural tube, but were trapped by cell junctions between the neural epithelial cells. Of the remaining grafted cells that were relocated in the TEM (50%, total 15) all were spread on the basal lamina, but were not seen penetrating it. Likewise, in the three cases where crest cells were found in the epidermal ectoderm, all were in contact with the basal lamina of the ectoderm but did not have any processes extending through it. In three cases, at the level of the light microscope, crest cells were found to extend through the basal surface of the neural tube. In all these instances, the cells followed the dorsal root nerve exiting through a region of the neural tube that is devoid of a basal lamina. A highly invasive melanoma cell line, B16-BL6, was also grafted into the neural tube, but unlike the pigmented neural crest cells, was able to extend through the basal surface of the neural tube, into the surrounding mesenchyme. These experiments show that neural crest cells will not invade through an intact basal lamina and suggest that the embryonic basal laminae may be instrumental in the control of initiation of crest migration and the determination of the migratory pathways.
An examination of marketing techniques used to promote children's vitamins in parenting magazines.

More than a third of children and adolescents in the United States take vitamins even though professional medical organizations do not endorse their use in healthy children. Regardless of their efficacy, children’s vitamin products are aggressively promoted. Therefore, the goal of this study was to describe and analyze advertisements related to vitamins in the following three popular parenting magazines, Parents, Parenting Early Years, and Parenting School Years. A total of 135 magazines across four years were reviewed. There were 207 advertisements for children’s vitamins, all in the form of chewy or gummy. None of these advertisements included a dosage or a warning. Almost all (92.3%) included a cartoon in the advertisement. Almost a quarter (23.2%) of the advertisements promoted their product with the theme of prevention and more than half (51.2%) included the theme of peace of mind. Parenting magazines are a popular medium for providing exposure to products geared towards children. Companies that market children’s vitamins in these magazines can increase awareness among parents of the risks by providing warning and dosage information in their advertisements. Magazines can also play a role by encouraging responsible marketing and providing editorial content on children’s vitamins and potential consequences of pediatric overdose.
Typical and atypical antipsychotic drug effects on locomotor hyperactivity and deficits in sensorimotor gating in a genetic model of NMDA receptor hypofunction

Abstract Psychotomimetic effects of NMDA antagonists in humans suggest that NMDA receptor hypofunction could contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A mouse line that expresses low levels of the NMDA R1 subunit (NR1) of the NMDA receptor was generated to model endogenous NMDA hypofunction. These mutant mice show increased locomotor activity, increased acoustic startle reactivity and deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle. The present study examined effects of a typical antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, and two atypical antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine and risperidone) on behavioral alterations in the NR1 hypomorphic (NR1−/−) mice. Haloperidol significantly reduced activity in the wild type controls at each dose tested (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg). The NR1−/− mice were less sensitive to the haloperidol-induced locomotor inhibition in comparison to the NR1+/+ mice. In contrast to haloperidol, olanzapine reduced the hyperactivity in the NR1−/− mice at a dose that produced minimal effects on locomotor activity in the wild type mice. These data suggest that non-dopaminergic blocking properties of olanzapine contribute to the drug's ability to reduce hyperactivity in the NR1 deficient mice. In the PPI paradigm, haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) did not affect the increased startle reactivity in the NR1−/− mice, but did reduce startle amplitude in the NR1+/+ mice. Haloperidol increased PPI in both the mutant and wild type strains. Unlike haloperidol, risperidone (0.3 mg/kg) and olanzapine (3 mg/kg) reduced startle magnitude in both NR1+/+ and NR1−/− mice. Like haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine increased PPI in both NR1+/+ and NR1−/− mice. The similar effects of these atypical antipsychotic drugs in wild type mice and mice with markedly reduced NR1 expression suggest that the drugs were not working by a NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism to increase PPI. Since both haloperidol and the atypical drugs increased PPI, it is likely that D 2 dopamine receptor blockade is responsible for the drug effects on sensorimotor gating.
Phenotypic Prediction Rule for Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Recent studies have suggested that community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are encroaching upon nosocomial settings. We assessed the performance characteristics of a rule using the antimicrobial phenotype to predict genotype. This rule could be applied for epidemiologic purposes to describe the trend in CA-MRSA infections over time.
Structural change in the United States' social preference function, 1953–88

Many studies have used Gallup Poll data to estimate the relationship between presidential popularity, and inflaion and unemployment. Typically these estimates are made over the terms of several presidents. The only time-varying effect included in these studies is an intercept dummy. No account is taken of the possibility that there may be changes in the positions or slope of the indifference curves between inflation nd unemployment. Within this paper, we estimate the US public's social preference function between inflation and unemployment as a quadratic within a sets of equations framework. A series of F-tests leads us to believe that there is structural change in the economic variables as well as in the intercepts over time. Thus, estimating each administration individually or in the sets of equations format is superior to constraining slope coefficients to be equal across administrations by simply estimating the function over the entire time period. We hypothesize that the public has become somewhat mo...
Induction of a dopaminergic phenotype in cultured striatal neurons by bone morphogenetic proteins.

Abstract In the present study, we examined whether the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are important in the developmental specification of transmitter type in certain classes of neurons, might also play a role in signaling the differentiation of a dopaminergic (DA) phenotype. We found that BMP-2, -4 and -6 were each capable of inducing, in a dose and time dependent manner, moderate levels of the DA enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in cultured neurons from the mouse embryonic striatum. In contradistinction to other TH-inducing agents, BMPs initiated de novo TH expression without the required synergy of exogenous growth factors or co-activating substances and in neurons presumably aged (E16) beyond the critical period for induction. However, the appearance of TH in induced cells was short-lived (24 h) and could not be prolonged by repeated supplementation with the BMPs. Inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway, PD98059 and apigenin, did not prevent TH induction by BMP-4, as they did other TH inducing agents, indicating that the MAPK/ERK pathway does not mediate BMPs effects on TH expression. We conclude that BMP-2, -4 and -6 can be added to the expanding inventory of agents capable of inducing TH, making them potentially important in the specification of a DA phenotype in stem/precursor cells for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
Studying α-Synuclein Misfolding through Förster Resonance Energy Transfer

One of the goals of the Petersson laboratory is to develop new methods to study the misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins. Due to their inherent structural heterogeneity, these proteins can be difficult to characterize by traditional structural methods (e.g. crystallography). Fluorescence spectroscopy provides a powerful tool to study protein folding and misfolding in real-time, but its employment requires labeling the protein of interest with two or more fluorophores. We have developed methods to combine multiple orthogonal labeling techniques to produce homogenous double-labeled α-synuclein for Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies. Ultimately, these studies will aid in understanding protein misfolding implicated in neurodegenerative disease.
Slow reacquisition following the extinction of conditioned suppression

Abstract Two conditioned suppression experiments with rat subjects examined the rate with which fear is reconditioned to a conditioned stimulus (CS) when the CS is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) again following extinction. In Experiment 1, rats receiving reinforced trials with a CS that had undergone extinction acquired suppression at a rate that was indistinguishable from that of control subjects which had either never received conditioning and extinction, or had undergone equivalent conditioning and extinction with a different CS. In Experiment 2, the reacquisition of suppression was significantly retarded by prolonged extinction training (72 extinction trials following eight initial conditioning trials). The present findings are consistent with the view that CS processing may decline either as a function of stimulus exposure or as the CS becomes a good predictor of nonreinforcement. The results are compared to other findings suggesting that CSs retain some of their excitatory power even after prolonged extinction training and recent evidence suggesting that CSs with weak excitation may be slow at acquiring additional excitatory strength.
Transparent Platinum Counter Electrode for Building Integrated Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

A new type of counter-electrode based on platinum (Pt) nanoclusters has been introduced for semi-transparent dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This electrode is fabricated using a drop coating method where Pt nanoparticles dispersed in an acetone solvent are applied on a heated indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) images suggest that the Pt nanoparticles form a nanoporous structure with a large surface area while the distribution of Pt appears to be uniform on the surface of the ITO layer. UV/visible/near infrared transmittance spectroscopy showed that the Pt/ITO/glass electrode is highly transparent with a maximum transparency of 80% at 550 nm.
Hyperbolic and PLSDA filter algorithms to detect buried threats in GPR data

Ground Penetrating radar (GPR) is a commonly used modality for the detection of buried threats. This work explores two approaches for buried threat detection in GPR data that we refer to as the hyperbolic filter and PLSDA filter algorithms. The hyperbolic filter algorithm leverages the hyperbolic shape of buried threat GPR responses, while the PLSDA algorithm uses a PLSDA linear classifier to learn a filter based on classifier weights. A hyperbolic filter is trained and optimized by doing a grid search over a set of hyperbola parameters. The PLSDA filter is generated by aligning GPR data and training PLSDA weights on that feature space. The correlation between each filter and the 2D GPR data provides information regarding the presence of buried threats. The PLSDA and hyperbolic filters were generated for a data set containing multiple target types. Both PLSDA and hyperbolic filters outperformed a prescreener for target subsets, and performed similarly over all target types. Relative to one another, both PLSDA and hyperbolic filters performed equally well. PLSDA filters, however, can be trained much faster than the corresponding exhaustive search needed by the hyperbolic filter.
Emergence of antiferromagnetic ordering in Mn clusters

First-principles density-functional-theory investigations of small ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{n}$ $(n=2--7,13)$ clusters reveal a competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ordering of atomic magnetic moments. For smaller sizes $(nl~6),$ this competition results in a near degeneracy between the two types of orderings, whereas AF arrangements are clearly favored for larger clusters. The calculations thus predict a size-dependent transition in the magnetic ordering of Mn clusters.
A Review of Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law by Catherine Dauvergne

Catherine Dauvergne’s book, Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law, is a study of the intersection between the phenomenon known as globalization and the evolution of migration law. Dauvergne’s central assertion is that migration law, accompanied by what she sees as the recent global crackdown on illegal migration, has become the “last bastion of sovereignty” for the nation-state in the face of the advancing forces of globalization. Dauvergne argues that, as more of the policy decisions that traditionally fall in the domain of national sovereign power enter the murky realm of globalization, nation-states have increasingly turned to their domestic migration laws as a way to shore up their borders—both physical and intangible—and thus to reassert their national identities. This reassertion of nation-states’ weakening sovereignty serves as a barrier to meaningful progress in fighting illegal migration because it “contributes to failures of policy, law, and imagination” by discouraging creative proposals that seek to detach migration policy from domestic legal frameworks. Where Dauvergne’s book remains focused on developing this argument, it is compelling, original, persuasive, and generally successful. The book focuses on a diverse range of topics, including labor migration, refugee law, human trafficking and smuggling, national security, and the nature of citizenship. She makes clear at the outset that her book is not confined to any one of these topics; rather, it is
3D Power module with embedded WLCSP

The qualifications of a 2×3 and a 7×7 embedded WLCSP power module were shared in this paper. The 2×3 module was built on a switching voltage regulator with three passive components and one embedded WLCSP (2×3 at 0.4 mm pitch). The chip to module size ratio is 18.1 percent. The 7×7 module was built on a 7×7, 0.4 mm pitch WLCSP daisy chain test chip and five passive components. The silicon to module size ratio is 52.4 percent. Both 2×3 modules and 7×7 modules were subjected to drop test and temperature cycling test (TMCL). In addition, functional 2×3 modules underwent more device level reliability tests, such as dynamic optional life (DOPL), temperature humidity bias test (THBT), high temperature storage life (HTSL) and TMCL, etc. Solid chip to module, passives to module interconnect reliability was demonstrated alongside the robust module board level reliabilities. With adoption of PCB build up technology, the embedded WLCSP module offers 3D packaging options that are readily available to customers who demand full functionality in a small package and an attractive cost. Compared to other 3D packaging options, routing flexibility and robust interconnect reliability of the embedded module are distinguishing benefits. More designs taking advantages of this packaging technology are expected in the coming years.
Creating touch-screens anywhere with interactive projected displays

We demonstrate a system that combines steerable projection and computer vision technologies to create "touch-screen" style interactive displays on any flat surface in a space. A high-end version of the system -- the Everywhere Display (ED) -- combines an LCD projector with motorized focus and zoom, a computer controlled pan-tilt mirror, and a pan-tilt zoom camera to enable steering of interactive projections around space. A low-end version (ED-lite) enables creation of interactive displays using a portable projector and camera attached to a laptop computer. Unlike traditional augmented reality systems, the ED systems enable delivery of interactive multimedia content on ordinary objects without requiring users to wear head mounted displays or carry special input devices.
Fuzzy Logic Based Driving Pattern Recognition for Driving Cycle Analysis

Conducting driving cycle analysis (DCA) using trip data collected from vehicles operated in the field is very difficult. In fact, no comprehensive approach has been conceived to date, except those using standard driving cycles. A successful DCA could significantly enhance our understanding of vehicle performance and readily relate it to real-life driving. In the past few years, we have been developing tools for vehicle performance analysis (VPA). In particular, we were able to collect data from a fleet of 15 Hyundai Santa Fe electric sports utility vehicles (e-SUVs) operated on Oahu, Hawaii, from July 2001 to June 2003. A fuzzy logic-based driving pattern recognition (FL-DPR) technique was used to perform DCA. This technique was successfully applied to create a compositional driving histogram, called "trip driving pattern composition (TDPC)," for each vehicle, which enables us to analyze vehicle performance in great details.
Nafion-Teflon- Zr ( HPO 4 ) 2 Composite Membranes for High-Temperature PEMFCs

Nafion membranes suffer high resistance due to dehydration when they are used at elevated temperatures (>100°C) and atmospheric pressures (Nafion 1135 > 0.6 Ω cm 2 at 120°C and 31% relative humidity). Thinner composite membranes containing Nafion and zirconium hydrogen phosphate, Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 , were prepared and showed lower resistance (<0.3 Ω cm 2 ) at these conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the composite membrane was stable below 200°C in oxygen. Hydrogen crossover of a 18 μm thick composite membrane was only 2 mA/cm 2 at 120°C. When the temperature of a cell using this membrane was raised from 80°C (100% relative humidity) to 120°C (31% relative humidity), the main performance loss at the elevated temperature was from low protonic conductivity and low oxygen permeability in the cathode catalyst layer and dehydration of the membrane.
Poetry, Masculinities, and Disability

All persons with new disabilities must grieve and mourn aspects of their own identity, and engage in the process of re-authoring and developing new conceptions of self and living. This is particularly true for men whose identities are often anchored by traditional conceptions and traits of hegemonic masculinity, which often make seeking and receiving help difficult for many men. As an alternative to traditional methods of talk therapy, the expressive arts and expressive arts therapies have been important in helping people with disabilities increase their social inclusion and overall wellness. While poetry therapy has been frequently utilized with men, little has been written about working with men as men in poetry therapy. This research incorporates gender and masculinity studies to support the therapeutic possibility that men who have experienced disabling conditions may develop positive conceptions of themselves as men via means of self-expression that go beyond traditional therapy.
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PRESESSION EXPOSURE TO EDIBLE AND NONEDIBLE STIMULI

We assessed the effects of individually defined small, medium, and large periods of presession access to edible and nonedible reinforcers on response rates during sessions in which responding produced access to identical reinforcers. Any presession access to an edible reinforcer decreased response rates for 1 participant, and small and medium periods of presession access to nonedible reinforcers resulted in similar or increased response rates for 2 participants.
Production of hadron pairs by virtual-photon exchange in uniform magnetic fields

The connection between the Kaellen virtual-photon formalism, the vector-meson-dominance hypothesis, and the one-particle-exchange model is exhibited. Specific formulas for the production of pion and kaon pairs in uniform magnetic fields are developed in accord with the rules associated with the one-particle-exchange model. Numerical calculations of production rates of pion pairs associated with an electron making a transition to the ground state are performed. Certain numerical correspondences between the results of the calculations and the predictions of QCD are exhibited.
Development of Aflatoxin B1-Lysine Adduct Monoclonal Antibody for Human Exposure Studies

Mouse monoclonal antibodies were developed against a synthetic aflatoxin B(1) (AFB)-lysine-cationized bovine serum albumin conjugate. The isotype of one of these antibodies, IIA4B3, has been classified as immunoglobulin G1(lambda). The affinity and specificity of IIA4B3 were further characterized by a competitive radioimmunoassay. The affinities of IIA4B3 for AFB and its associated adducts and metabolites are ranked as follows: AFB-lysine > 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl formamido)-9-hydroxy-AFB > AFB = 8,9-dihydro-8-(N(7)-guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB > aflatoxin M(1) > aflatoxin Q(1). IIA4B3 had about a 10-fold higher affinity for binding to AFB-lysine adduct than to AFB when (3)H-AFB-lysine was used as the tracer. The concentration for 50% inhibition for AFB-lysine was 0.610 pmol; that for AFB was 6.85 pmol. IIA4B3 had affinities at least sevenfold and twofold higher than those of 2B11, a previously developed antibody against parent AFB, for the major aflatoxin-DNA adducts 8,9-dihydro-8-(N(7)-guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB and 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl formamido)-9-hydroxy-AFB, respectively. An analytical method based on a competitive radioimmunoassay with IIA4B3 and (3)H-AFB-lysine was validated with a limit of detection of 10 fmol of AFB-lysine adduct. The method has been applied to the measurement of AFB-albumin adduct levels in human serum samples collected from the residents of areas at high risk for liver cancer.
Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.

The Cancer Foundation for Life program provides a cost-effective and safe exercise program for persons with all types and stages of cancer that meets the recommended guidelines.
Fatal Subdural Hematoma: An Unusual Complication of Pacemaker Failure*

Clinical pacemaker failures are usually manifested by return of complete heart block, recurrence of Stokes-Adams attacks or sudden death. In the case presented, the patient sustained cerebral trauma during a Stokes-Adams attack, but symptoms of his subdural hematoma did not become evident until five days after re-establishment of pacing. The possibility of intracranial trauma should be considered following Stokes-Adams attacks especially if changes in cerebral status occur.
Increasing Access to Learning for the Adult Basic Education Learner With Learning Disabilities: Evidence-Based Accommodation Research

Accommodating adult basic education (ABE) learners with learning disabilities (LD) is common practice across many instructional, testing, and work settings. However, the results from this literature search indicate that very few empirically based studies are available to support or reject the effectiveness of a great deal of accommodation implementation. In addition, in light of the profound changes to literacy taking place in today's digital, networked, and multimodal world, technology is redefining traditional concepts of accessibility and accommodation.
Towards an automatic complexity analysis for generic programs

Generic libraries, such as the C++ Standard Template Library (STL), provide flexible, high-performance algorithms and datatypes, along with functional specifications and performance guarantees. It is left as a nontrivial task to the library user to choose appropriate algorithms and data types for a particular problem. In the present paper, we describe an automatic analysis to aid library users in selecting types for use in generic programs. The analysis is based on manipulation and comparison of symbolic complexity expressions, constructed using cost-bound functions and abstract interpretation of program behaviour. Our analysis serves to detect and rectify "performance bugs" by recommending type selections that will improve performance.
Childhood injury and emergency medical services for children

Injury is the leading cause of death in children in the United States, and it is a leading reason for children to need emergent medical attention. The care of injured and ill children can best be coordinated through a comprehensive system of Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMS-C). This article reviews childhood injury epidemiology, details the history and components of EMS-C systems, and discusses areas for improvement of and individual involvement in EMS-C.
Canavan disease: Studies on the knockout mouse

Canavan disease (CD) is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by spongy degeneration of the brain. Patients with CD have aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency, which results accumulation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in the brain and elevated excretion of urinary NAA. Clinically, patients with CD have macrocephaly, mental retardation and hypotonia. A knockout mouse for CD which was engineered, also has ASPA deficiency and elevated NAA. Molecular studies of the mouse brain showed abnormal expression of multiple genes in addition to ASPA deficiency. Adenoassociated virus mediated gene transfer and stem cell therapy in the knockout mouse are the latest attempts to alter pathophysiology in the CD mouse.
β-Lactamases Responsible for Resistance to Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis Isolates Recovered in South Africa

Although resistance to the expanded-spectrum cephalosporins among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae lacking inducible β-lactamases occurs virtually worldwide, little is known about this problem among isolates recovered in South Africa. Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins recovered from patients in various parts of South Africa over a 3-month period were investigated for extended-spectrum β-lactamase production. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by standard disk diffusion and agar dilution procedures. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases was evaluated by using the double-disk test, and the β-lactamases were characterized by spectrophotometric hydrolysis assays and an isoelectric focusing overlay technique which simultaneously determined isoelectric points and general substrate or inhibitor characteristics. DNA amplification and sequencing were performed to confirm the identities of these enzymes. The P. mirabilis and E. coli isolates were found to produce TEM-26-type, SHV-2, and SHV-5 extended-spectrum β-lactamases. An AmpC-related enzyme which had a pI of 8.0 and which conferred resistance to cefoxitin as well as the expanded-spectrum cephalosporins was found in a strain of K. pneumoniae. This is the first study which has identified organisms producing different extended-spectrum β-lactamases from South Africa and the first report describing strains of P. mirabilis producing a TEM-26-type enzyme. The variety of extended-spectrum β-lactamases found among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from major medical centers in South Africa is troubling and adds to the growing list of countries where these enzymes pose a serious problem for antimicrobial therapy.
Addressing repeatability in wireless experiments using ORBIT testbed

With the rapid growth in research activity on future wireless networking applications and protocols, experimental study and validation is becoming an increasingly important tool to obtain realistic results that may not be possible under the constrained environment of network simulators. However, experimental results must be reproducible and repeatable for them to be used to compare proposed systems and to build prototypes. In this paper, we address the issue of repeatability in wireless experiments in the Open Access Research Testbed for Next-Generation Wireless Networks (ORBIT) testbed and propose a mechanism to promote reproducible experiments using periodic calibration of the equipment. Several experimental results that capture repeatability in time and space using our initial testbed setup are also provided.