cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ampullary electroreceptors in the sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (rafinesque)

1. Ampullary receptors in the skin of the shovelnose sturgeon,Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, were examined morphologically and physiologically. As in the chondrostean paddlefish,Polyodon (Jorgensen etal., 1972), and in the ampullae of Lorenzini of elasmobranchs (Waltman, 1966; Szabo, 1972; Szamier and Bennett, 1980) each receptor cell has a cilium on its apical (lumenal) surface (Figs. 2, 3). Several synaptic projections from the basal part of the receptor cell fit into invaginations of the innervating nerve terminals (Fig. 3). A dense ribbon extends into each projection and the ribbons are covered with vesicles above the projections. Each ampulla is innervated by a single nerve fiber. 2. The primary afferent fibers innervating these receptors are spontaneously active (20–60 impulses/s) and this activity is modulated by electrical stimuli of less than 1 mV applied at the receptor opening. Cathodal stimuli, which make the outside of the skin negative with respect to the inside, accelerate the resting nerve discharge (Fig. 4). As a cathodal stimulus is increased beyond the level at which the maximum nerve discharge is evoked, the nerve response decreases in frequency until it is completely blocked (Figs. 5, 7). Anodal stimuli of increasing strength decelerate and eventually block the resting nerve discharge (Fig. 4). Increasing the strength of an anodal stimulus beyond the level at which the resting discharge is blocked results in a progressive return of nerve impulses (Figs. 5, 7). 3. Application of 10 mM CoCl2 or MgCl2 to the receptor openings usually produces a rapid and reversible block of both the resting and evoked nerve discharge (Fig. 8). Recovery from this suppression is facilitated by application of 10 mM CaCl2. 4. These results are similar to those obtained with elasmobranch ampullae of Lorenzini and suggest that a similar mode of operation is present (Clusin and Bennett, 1979a). We conclude that the ampullary organs of chondrostean fishes are electroreceptors. Their morphological and functional similarities to the ampullary receptors in elasmobranchs suggest that they should be classified as ampullae of Lorenzini.
Accelerators and the Accelerator Community

In this paper, standing back — looking from afar — and adopting a historical perspective, the field of accelerator science is examined. The subjects explored are: how it grew, what were the forces that made it what it is, where it is now, and what it is likely to be in the future. Clearly, many personal opinions, are offered in this process.
THE VESSELS INVOLVED IN HYDROSTATIC TRANSUDATION

The gradient of permeability which exists along the cutaneous capillaries and venules is accentuated and broadened in scope by increasing the venous pressure moderately. Under such circumstances transudation leading to edema takes place most abundantly from the venules. The permeability of the portion of the capillary web that is near the arterioles increases only when the venous pressure rises so high as to approximate that in the arteries. Under such circumstances the gradient of permeability along the small vessels disappears, the capillaries and venules everywhere leaking fluid. The character of the vital staining developing under such circumstances indicates, like the evidence of previous work, that the cause for the gradient is to be sought in a structural differentiation.
SU-E-T-651: A Novel Non-Uniformly Distributed Control Points-Based Algorithm for VMAT Treatment Plan Optimization

Purpose: To develop a new method for adding control points to volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) optimization in non‐uniformly distributed scheme that improves the delivery efficiency and dose distribution. Methods: The algorithm generates piecewise constant fluence maps using total‐variation regulation (TVR) for each beam direction. The optimized fluence maps of one fluence profile per the initial arc spacing of 6° are distributed as coarse sampling of control points over a single arc, 360°. From the initial control points having an aperture sequence {A(0), … , A(N)}, each association {A(0)‐A(1), …, A(N‐1)‐A(N)} of apertures is assigned a mutual information(MI) score. A new control point (B0) is added to the mid‐point of two apertures {A(0)‐B(0)‐A(1)} in which the {A(0)‐A(1)} association has the lowest MI score having the biggest aperture shape difference. A new shape of aperture at B(0) is created by the interpolation of the adjacent apertures. The aperture shape is then rectified to be a sequencing of arc using the manufacture constraints. The implemented plan optimization is evaluated using clinical cases of head neck, lung, and prostate previously treated with a Varian TrueBeam™STX linac. Results: The propose method with non‐uniformly distributed 120 control points reduced the dose delivery time approximately 32%, 26%, and 30% compared to the uniformly distributed 180 control points for head neck, lung, and prostate plans, respectively. The target dose coverage and critical structure sparing of plans obtained using the proposed method with non‐uniformly distributed 120 control points are almost identical to those obtained using the conventional method with 180 control points uniformly distributed. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that non‐uniformly distributed control points‐based VMAT plan optimization reduced the dose delivery time and slightly improved dose conformity. This new algorithm can substantially provide future station mediated planning parameters. This work was supported in part by Korean grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRFK) of the Korea government (MEST) (No.K20901000001‐09E0100‐00110) and the National Cancer Institute (1R01 CA133474).
Factors That Enhance Escherichia coli-Expressed TRβ Binding to T3 and DNA

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) recently have been produced in E. coli by several laboratories. We produced E. coli-expressed human TRβ using the histidine/fusion protein system. Surprisingly, we observed that reticulocyte lysate, nonspecific proteins, and 1% Triton X dramatically increased both the T3- and DNA-binding activities of human TRβ. These studies demonstrate that there are a number of factors that will enhance ligand and DNA binding of E. coli-expressed TRβ. Addition of these factors to reaction samples containing E. coli-expressed TRs will help to optimize measurement conditions. These findings also suggest that experiments in which cellular proteins are added to highly purified TR preparations may require controls to eliminate contributions by nonspecific proteins.
Pim-1 kinase inhibits pathological injury by promoting cardioprotective signaling

Stem cells mediate tissue repair throughout the lifespan of an organism. However, the ability of stem cells to mitigate catastrophic damage, such as that sustained after major myocardial infarction is inadequate to rebuild the heart and restore functional capacity. However, capitalizing on the ability of these cells to attenuate damage in the myocardium, various maneuvers that enhance repair mechanisms to improve cardiac structure and function after injury are being investigated. These studies have led to discovery of various factors that mediate cardioprotection and enhance endogenous repair by 1) salvaging surviving myocardium, 2) promoting homing of stem cells and 3) increasing survival and proliferation of stem cell populations at the site of injury. Herein we report upon a downstream target of Akt kinase, named Pim-1, which promotes cardioprotective signaling and enhances cardiac structure and function after pathological injury. The compilation of studies presented here supports use of Pim-1 to enhance long-term myocardial repair after pathological damage. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure."
A study to determine the effect of tacrolimus on ceramide levels in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis.

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized both by inflammation and by abnormally low ceramide levels in the stratum corneum. Tacrolimus, effective in the treatment of AD, inhibits transcription and release of inflammatory cytokines operative in AD, but it is unknown if tacrolimus normalizes ceramide levels. Methods Stratum corneum ceramides of seven subjects with lesional AD were measured before and after treatment with tacrolimus ointment. Results Treatment with tacrolimus ointment did not increase the ceramide fractions toward or to normal. Conclusion These findings suggest that tacrolimus ointment is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory actions rather than to any restorative effect on stratum corneum ceramides.
Lipoprotein(a), friedewald formula, and NCEP guidelines

The Friedewald low-density lipoprotein cholesterol formula, which is commonly used in clinical chemistry laboratories, comprises both low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a) cholesterol. This confounder must be recognized and appropriately corrected when dealing with subjects with high plasma lipoprotein(a) levels.
Cold-induced metabolism and brown fat GDP binding in young and old rats.

The attenuated thermogenic responses observed in older animals exposed to low environmental temperatures may reflect decreased thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue, a major nonshivering thermogenic effector in rats, and/or decreased metabolic capacity of lean body mass. to evaluate these possibilities, the oxygen consumption of female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5 and 26 months was recorded at rest and during 6 h of exposure to 6°C. The thermogenic capacity of brown fat was estimated from the binding of guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) to isolated brown fat mitochondria. Both resting and cold-induced oxygen consumption expressed on a mass independent basis [ml/(min x kg body mass·67)] and as a function of lean body mass [ml/(min xg lean body mass)] were significantly lower in the 26-month-old animals. Colonic temperatures of younger and older rats after the 6 h of cold exposure were 37.5 ± 0.1 and 36.1 ± 0.2°C, respectively, and were significantly different. However, no significant differences in the binding of GDP to isolated brown fat mitochondria were observed. These data indicate that the thermogenic capacity of brown fat is not decreased in the aged rat, and that the metabolic capacity as well as the amount of lean body mass is altered with age.
The Laughter of My Father: A Survival Kit

is no consensus about its genre. Although Arturo Roseburg flatly states that "Regardless of objections, the stories are humorous and should be read as such" (16), I conclude that LF is a handbook for peasant survival, since at best Roseburg does not do justice to the book's tonal and thematic complexities. For instance, the opening two paragraphs of the second LF story, "The Soldiers Came Marching," are: I was a month old when the first World War was declared, but the sound of distant guns shook my childhood. I grew up quickly and found that my brother Polon was one of the 25,000 volunteers in the Philippine National Guard that fought in Europe. Suddenly the war came and suddenly it ended. Then my childhood was gone forever. The soldiers were demobilized. Out of the eleven young men that volunteered in our town only three came back to live among us. One was dead in battle; two died of serious infection on the boat; three were injured and stayed in the city. The three who came back were always sitting on the lawn in front of the presidencia. They sat all day and part of the night without talking to anybody. (11)
Characterization of a new Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain 1D1609 is reported here as the first field isolate from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Unlike well-characterized A. tumefaciens strains such as C58 and Ach5, strain 1D1609 is highly virulent on alfalfa and has a distinctive host range. Interestingly, strain 1D1609 is naturally resistant to kanamycin and spectinomycin. The Ti plasmid in strain 1D1609 is an octopine-type; thus, tumors formed by strain 1D1609 synthesize octopine, which is utilized by the bacterium as a sole carbon source. Reciprocal exchange of Ti plasmids between strains 1D1609 and C58 showed that both chromosomal and Ti plasmid genes in strain 1D1609 contribute specifically to tumor formation on alfalfa. In addition, the nondormant CUF101 alfalfa cultivar from which strain 1D1609 was isolated was significantly more susceptible to all Agrobacterium strains tested than was the dormant Agate cultivar.
A Hierarchy of Explicit Low-Dispersion FDTD Methods for Electrically Large Problems

A framework for the construction of a hierarchy of explicit low-dispersion, low anisotropy FDTD algorithms is developed herein. The framework allows for the separation of dispersive and anisotropic effects due to a given explicit FDTD model construction using an extended stencil on a Yee-type staggered grid. Isotropic low-dispersion (2,4) and (4,4) FDTD algorithms are constructed by eliminating second- and fourth-order errors due to dispersion and anisotropy. The dispersive and anisotropic performance of these algorithms is compared to previously published schemes that fit within this hierarchical structure. The algorithms are examined for propagation of a wave pulse in an electrically large domain.
Leishmania major: analysis of lymphocyte and macrophage cellular phenotypes during infection of susceptible and resistant mice.

Abstract Genetically susceptible BALB/c and resistant C 57 BL 6 mice were infected with Leishmania major and the phenotypes of the responding cells in the draining lymph nodes and cutaneous lesions were analyzed. As early as 1 week, significantly increased numbers of L3T4 + cells as compared to Lyt-2 + cells were present in BALB/c mice lymph nodes ( P + and Lyt-2 + cells were comparable in C 57 BL 6 mice, resulting in threefold lower L 3 T 4 Lyt -2 ratio than in BALB/c mice. T cell subsets were activated in both strains to express interleukin-2 receptor (IL2R) above resting values, although greater numbers of activated L3T4 + cells were present in the draining lymph nodes from BALB/c at 1 and 3 weeks of infection than in C 57 BL 6 ( P = 0.02). Despite the presence of activated L3T4 + cells in both strains, macrophages differed in the expression of immunologically important surface molecules during infection. Tissue macrophages from BALB/c mice were IgG 1 G 2 b Fc receptor (FcR) + and Ia − late in disease, whereas macrophages in C 57 BL 6 became FcR − and Ia + during healing. BALB/c mice, treated with monoclonal antibody GK1.5 to transiently deplete L3T4 + cells, became resistant to subsequent infection and developed a macrophage phenotype that was FcR − and Ia + . These differences in macrophage phenotype were closely linked to susceptibility during infection with L. major and may play a role in the pathophysiology of murine leishmaniasis.
Corporate conditions conducive to employee voice: A subordinate perspective.

Employees' voice is conceptualized as a necessary condition for organizational success. A model of employee voice is proposed that encompasses employee predispositions, receptivity to employee voice in the microstructure, and affirmative norms for voice in the societal macrostructure. The model was examined by testing the hypothesis that subordinates' satisfaction will be greater when corporate conditions are receptive to employee voice and when the organization is perceived to be committed both to quality in product and quality of employees' work life. a study with 150 employees from a variety of organizations is reported. The results produced rather strong support for the research hypothesis.
Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain.

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release in the neuromuscular junction and has been used to treat many disorders related to excessive muscle contraction. However, BoNT-A has recently been used in pain therapy to treat myofascial pain, low back pain and various types of headaches, including migraine. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effect of BoNT-A and its underlying mechanism in the rat formalin inflammatory pain model. BoNT-A (3.5, 7, 15 and 30 U/kg) or vehicle was administered to the plantar surface of the right hindpaw of male Sprague–Dawley rats. BoNT-A dose-dependently (P<0.05) inhibited formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during phase 2 but not during phase 1 when administered 5 h to 12 days before formalin challenge. The onset of the antinociceptive effect started at 5 h after pre-treatment and this effect lasted for at least 12 days. BoNT-A (7 U/kg) also reduced edema. Consistent with the lack of effect in the formalin phase 1, BoNT-A, at 15 U/kg, had no effect on acute thermal nociception; no local muscle weakness was observed at this dose. Pre-treatment of rats with BoNT-A (3.5, 7 or 15 U/kg) all significantly reduced formalin-evoked glutamate (Glu) release. These results demonstrate that local peripheral injection of BoNT-A significantly reduces formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors with the absence of obvious muscle weakness. Such an antinociceptive effect of BoNT-A is associated with the inhibition of formalin-induced release of Glu (and/or neuropeptides) from primary afferent terminals.
Support systems and women of the Diaspora

Drawing from the literature and the personal experiences of the author, this chapter highlights the insider and outsider status of the immigrant adult learner and the challenges associated with forming relationships and networks with members of other cultures.
An approach for evaluating the effectiveness of various ozone air quality standards for protecting trees.

We demonstrate an approach for evaluating the level of protection attained using a variety of forms and levels of past, current, and proposed Air Quality Standards (AQSs). The U.S. Clean Air Act requires the establishment of ambient air quality standards to protect health and public welfare. However, determination of attainment of these standards is based on ambient pollutant concentrations rather than prevention of adverse effects. To determine if a given AQS protected against adverse effects on vegetation, hourly ozone concentrations were adjusted to create exposure levels that “just attain” a given standard. These exposures were used in combination with a physiologically-based tree growth model to account for the interactions of climate and ozone. In the evaluation, we used ozone concentrations from two 6-year time periods from the San Bernardino Mountains in California. There were clear differences in the level of vegetation protection achieved with the various AQSs. Based on modeled plant growth, the most effective standards were the California 8-hr average maximum of 70 ppb and a seasonal, cumulative, concentration-weighted index (SUM06), which if attained, resulted in annual growth reductions of 1% or less. Least effective was the 1-hr maximum of 120 ppb which resulted in a 7% annual reduction. We conclude that combining climate, exposure scenarios, and a process-based plant growth simulator was a useful approach for evaluating effectiveness of current or proposed air quality standards, or evaluating the form and/or level of a standard based on preventing adverse growth effects.
Amplitude and Frequency Dependence of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in LDV Measurements

When making measurements using many sensors, it is expected that, within normal operating ranges, the signal-to-noise ratio is approximately linear (i.e. 20 dB/decade). This generality does not hold, however, when making measurements using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). If the velocity of the target of an LDV measurement increases by an order of magnitude, changes in the speckle pattern will introduce noise into the measurand. An experiment was conducted using an LDV system to measure the velocity response of a speaker excited over several orders of magnitude in both frequency and amplitude. Results are presented showing the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio and vibration amplitude.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Decrease of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal organs after treatment with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin

Administration of indomethacin to rats abolished the cyclic AMP dependent, dark induced rise in serotonin N-acetyltransferase, presumably by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
Development and quantitative evaluation of a high-resolution metabolomics technology.

Recent advances in mass spectrometry have allowed for unprecedented characterization of human metabolism and its contribution to disease. Despite these advances, limitations in metabolomics technology remain. Here, we describe a metabolomics strategy that consolidates several recent improvements in mass spectrometry technology. The platform involves a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer coupled to faster scanning speeds, allowing for polarity switching and improved ion optics resulting in enhanced sensitivity. When coupled to HILIC chromatography, we are able to quantify over 339 metabolites from an extract of HCT8 cells with a linear range of over 4 orders of magnitude in a single chromatographic run. These metabolites include diverse chemical classes ranging from amino acids to polar lipids. In addition, we also detect over 3000 additional potential metabolites present in mammalian cells. We applied this platform to characterize the metabolome of eight colorectal cancer cell lines and observed bo...
Heart-specific inhibition of protooncogene c-myc attenuates cold-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

The protooncogene c-myc is involved in the regulation of cell growth. Although increased c-Myc expression is found in hypertrophied hearts, the role of c-Myc in the development of cardiac hypertrophy (CH) has never been determined. The aim of this study was to test the effect of heart-specific inhibition of c-Myc expression on the development of cold-induced cardiac hypertrophy (CICH). We hypothesized that heart-specific inhibition of c-Myc expression attenuates CICH. We constructed c-Myc antisense (c-MycAS) plasmid and green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid driven by a heart-specific promoter, α-myosin heavy chain (MHC). The cell culture study indicated that c-MycAS can effectively inhibit c-Myc expression and that GFP can express in the rat heart cells. Four groups of rats were used to test the effect of in vivo inhibition of cardiac c-Myc expression on the development of CICH. Three groups received an intravenous injection of c-MycAS, GFP and buffer, respectively, at the beginning of exposure to moderate cold (6.7°C), while the last group received buffer and was kept at room temperature (25°C) to serve as a control. Blood pressure (BP) of the cold-exposed groups receiving buffer or GFP increased significantly, whereas BP of the c-MycAS group did not increase until 28 days after exposure to cold. Thus, c-MycAS delayed and attenuated cold-induced hypertension (CIH). The antihypertensive effect of c-MycAS was probably due to the decreased cardiac output. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the in vivo left ventricle wall thickness of cold-exposed rats was decreased significantly by c-MycAS. Consistently, the cold-induced increase in heart weight was attenuated by inhibition of cardiac c-Myc expression. The heart specificity of α-MHC promoter was confirmed by the selective inhibition of c-Myc expression in the heart and by the selective expression of both GFP mRNA and GFP protein in the heart. Heart-specific inhibition of c-Myc expression attenuated the development of CICH. The increased c-Myc expression may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CICH. Thus, heart-specific inhibition of c-Myc expression may be a new and effective approach for the control of CH.
Best Practices in Supporting Persistence of Distant Education Students through Integrated Web-Based Systems:

The importance of the interconnectedness of academic, student, and technical support processes intrinsic to the provision of on-line instruction has been frequently depicted as a “service Web,” with students at the center of the infrastructure. However, as programming to support distance learning continues to develop, such service Webs have grown complex; it is increasingly probable that students are becoming “caught in the Web,” unable to navigate an intricate virtual systems of resources, services, and programming. In the absence of clarity, coordination, planning, and ongoing evaluation, institutional resources may evolve to become inaccessible to students. Without the requisite infrastructure the best attempts to retain distant students can actually have the unintended consequence of further isolating them in vast institutional cyber-mazes. The focus of this article includes a discussion of best practices to support persistence of distant students, using Web-based systems as the primary mechanism to p...
Toward the Peaceful Coexistence of Test Developers, Policymakers, and Teachers in an Era of Accountability

The authors describe a potential disconnect between research and practice in literacy assessment and instruction. They organize discussion around professionally recognized standards for the evaluation of educational assessments and assessment practices. These standards address both technical aspects of tests (e.g., validity; reliability; standardized administration, scoring, and reporting; scales; norms; and score comparability) as well as more pragmatic concerns about the use of tests (e.g., fairness in testing, testing individuals from diverse linguistic backgrounds). In particular, the article focuses on the tension that has emerged in an era of accountability between demands for scientifically rigorous assessment in the area of early literacy and the practical day-to-day needs of teachers who must put assessment data to use in designing and delivering instruction. Increasing demands on teachers' implementation of scientifically based reading assessment and instruction often result in redundancy in testing and loss of instructional time, and an overreliance on externally imposed measures that may sacrifice validity for reliability, while providing little useful information that informs instruction. The authors argue that assessments can be technically sound in ways that preserve the theoretical integrity of reading development and instruction and provide the flexibility and instructional transparency that teachers need.
The stability of sulfate and hydrated sulfate minerals near ambient conditions and their significance in environmental and planetary sciences

Abstract Sulfate and hydrated sulfate minerals are abundant and ubiquitous on the surface of the Earth and also on other planets and their satellites. The humidity-buffer technique has been applied to study the stability of some of these minerals at 0.1 MPa in terms of temperature-relative humidity space on the basis of hydration–dehydration reversal experiments. Updated phase relations in the binary system MgSO 4 –H 2 O are presented, as an example, to show how reliable thermodynamic data for these minerals could be obtained based on these experimental results and thermodynamic principles. This approach has been applied to sulfate and hydrated sulfate minerals of other metals, including Fe (both ferrous and ferric), Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, and Cu. Metal–sulfate salts play important roles in the cycling of metals and sulfate in terrestrial systems, and the number of phases extends well beyond the simple sulfate salts that have thus far been investigated experimentally. The oxidation of sulfide minerals, particularly pyrite, is a common process that initiates the formation of efflorescent metal–sulfate minerals. Also, the overall abundance of iron-bearing sulfate salts in nature reflects the fact that the weathering of pyrite or pyrrhotite is the ultimate source for many of these phases. Many aspects of their environmental significance are reviewed, particularly in acute effects to aquatic ecosystems related to the dissolution of sulfate salts during rain storms or snow-melt events. Hydrous Mg, Ca, and Fe sulfates were identified on Mars, with wide distribution and very large quantities at many locations, on the basis of spectroscopic observations from orbital remote sensing and surface explorations by rovers. However, many of these findings do not reveal the detailed information on the degree of hydration that is essential for rigorous interpretation of the hydrologic history of Mars. Laboratory experiments on stability fields, reactions pathways, and reaction rates of hydrous sulfates likely to be found on Mars enhance our understanding of the degrees of hydration of various sulfates that should currently exist on Mars at various seasons and locations and during various atmospheric pressure and obliquity periods. Two sets of systematic experiments were described; one on hydrous Mg sulfates and the other on hydrous Fe 3+ sulfates. Also, their implications to Mars sulfates mineralogy were discussed.
Does the fluorescence quencher acrylamide bind to proteins

Abstract We have studied the protein concentration dependence of the acrylamide quenching of the fluorescence of the proteins, human serum albumin and monellin, and we have found no such dependence for the concentration range of 0.5–20 mg/ml. These quenching studies were performed by fluorescence lifetime measurements using phase/modulation fluorometry. We have also performed equilibrium dialysis studies, which show no large degree of association of acrylamide with serum albumin, and we have found that acrylamide has only a small effect on the activity of selected enzymes. These various studies do not indicate the existence of strong acrylamide-protein interactions and are in discord with a recent report by Blatt et al. In this journal (Blatt, E., Husain, A. and Sawyer, W.H. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 871, 6–13).
Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case

Preface Note on transliteration Introduction 1. The South Indian temple: cultural model and historical problem 2. Kings, sects, and temples: South Indian Sri Vaisnavism, 1350-1700 3. British rule and temple politics, 1700-1826 4. From bureaucracy to judiciary, 1826-1878 5. Litigation and the politics of sectarian control, 1878-1925 6. Rethinking the present: some contextual implications Appendices Bibliography Index.
Lipoprotein Lipase Increases Lipoprotein Binding to the Artery Wall and Increases Endothelial Layer Permeability by Formation of Lipolysis Products

Mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were investigated in a new model, the perfused hamster aorta. To do this, we developed a method to study LDL flux in real time in individually perfused arteries; each artery served as its own control. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, the rates of LDL accumulation and efflux were separately determined. Perfusion of arteries with buffer plus lipoprotein lipase (LpL) increased LDL accumulation 5-fold (0.1 +/- 0.03 mV/min [control] versus 0.5 +/- 0.05 mV/min [LpL]) by increasing LDL retention in the artery wall. This effect was blocked by heparin and monoclonal antibodies directed against the amino-terminal region of apolipoprotein B (apo B). This suggests that specific regions of apo B are involved in LDL accumulation within arteries. Also, the effect of hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on endothelial barrier function was studied. We compared endothelial layer permeability using a water-soluble reference molecule, fluorescently labeled dextran. When LpL was added to hypertriglyceridemic plasma, dextran accumulation within the artery wall increased > 4-fold (0.024 +/- 0.01 mV/min [control] versus 0.098 +/- 0.05 mV/min [LpL]). Under the same conditions, LpL increased LDL accumulation approximately 3-fold (0.016 +/- 0.003 mV/min [control] versus 0.047 +/- 0.013 mV/min [LpL]). Rapid efflux of LDL from the artery wall indicated that increased endothelial layer permeability was the primary mechanism during periods of increased lipolysis. Our data demonstrate two LpL-mediated effects that may increase the amount of LDL in the artery wall. These findings may pertain to the observed relationship between increased postprandial lipemia and atherosclerosis.
Historical study of coma: looking back through medical and neurological texts

In the 1960s, two major works on coma by Fisher, Plum and Poser were published and ushered in the beginning of a comprehensive clinical examination in coma. How these ideas matured has been rarely investigated. In this article, we describe observations and experiments that led to a better understanding of consciousness and coma in medical texts prior to that episode. We consulted medical texts published between 1640 and 1960. Subject indexes and tables of contents of textbooks were reviewed for the words coma, (loss of) consciousness, stupor and somnolence. Chapters on apoplexy were reviewed for descriptions of impaired consciousness. We found information on terminology, classification, causes, observation and examination, pathophysiology, treatment and experimental coma. Up to the middle of the 19th century, disorders of sense, motion and breathing, and also changes in the patient's pulse, were recognized as clinical cues. The distinction between a structural and toxic (endogenous and exogenous) cause was recognized early. Observed phenomena were explained from the perspective of humoral medicine and treated likewise. After the middle of the 19th century, specialization in medicine and experimental research of intracranial pressure resulted in important insights and more accurate clinical examination. Cranial surgery and the discovery of the brainstem reticular activating system in the first half of the 20th century contributed to further increases in knowledge. The understanding, clinical examination and treatment of coma has gone through a gradual evolution over many decades. The recapitulation of clinical signs in impaired consciousness into a teachable and reproducible module marks an abrupt change in clinical approach. This transition is very recent, based on close clinical observation and interpretation of experimental and pathology studies and less on modern neuroimaging.
The Geometry of Dla: Different Aspects of the Departure from Self-Similarity

In order to understand better the morphology and the asymptotic behavior in Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA), we studied a large numbers of very large off-lattice circular clusters. We inspected both dynamical and geometric asymptotic properties, namely the moments of the particle’s sticking distances and the scaling behavior of the transverse growth crosscuts, i.e., the one dimensional cuts by circles. The emerging picture for radial DLA departs from simple self-similarity for any finite size. It corresponds qualitatively to the scenario of infinite drift starting from the familiar five armed shape for small sizes and proceeding to an increasingly tight multi-armed shape. We show quantitatively how the lacunarity of circular clusters becomes increasingly “compact” with size. Finally, we find agreement among transverse cuts dimensions for clusters grown in different geometries, suggesting that the question of universality is best addressed on the crosscut.
Differentiation-Dependent Interactions between RUNX-1 and FLI-1 during Megakaryocyte Development

The transcription factor RUNX-1 plays a key role in megakaryocyte differentiation and is mutated in cases of myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. In this study, we purified RUNX-1-containing multiprotein complexes from phorbol ester-induced L8057 murine megakaryoblastic cells and identified the ets transcription factor FLI-1 as a novel in vivo-associated factor. The interaction occurs via direct protein-protein interactions and results in synergistic transcriptional activation of the c-mpl promoter. Interestingly, the interaction fails to occur in uninduced cells. Gel filtration chromatography confirms the differentiation-dependent binding and shows that it correlates with the assembly of a complex also containing the key megakaryocyte transcription factors GATA-1 and Friend of GATA-1 (FOG-1). Phosphorylation analysis of FLI-1 with uninduced versus induced L8057 cells suggests the loss of phosphorylation at serine 10 in the induced state. Substitution of Ser10 with the phosphorylation mimic aspartic acid selectively impairs RUNX-1 binding, abrogates transcriptional synergy with RUNX-1, and dominantly inhibits primary fetal liver megakaryocyte differentiation in vitro. Conversely, substitution with alanine, which blocks phosphorylation, augments differentiation of primary megakaryocytes. We propose that dephosphorylation of FLI-1 is a key event in the transcriptional regulation of megakaryocyte maturation. These findings have implications for other cell types where interactions between runx and ets family proteins occur.
AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO ANALYZE HAZARDOUS INTERSECTIONS

The detailed analysis of highway locations that have been identified as hazardous within the framework of a state Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) requires a great deal of time and money to perform. Given the limited resources available to state highway agencies, whose task it is to perform such analyses, it seems a worthwhile effort to automate this “location analysis.” And, given the nature of location analysis problems, which are based on judgement rather than mathematical models, it was known a prior; that conventional automation techniques were not appropriate for this application. A prototype microcomputer-based expert system, which performs location analysis, was developed to assess the feasibility of applying this new technology to location analysis problems. This paper describes the prototype system, and presents a brief discussion of some of the issues that were addressed when building the system.
Rotational and Translational Dynamics in Solids

The interactions between atoms, molecules, and ions ultimately determine the structural forms of solid materials, and in turn the crystal structure itself imposes potential fields around these components, which strongly influence their dynamic behavior in the solid. This article discusses the many ways in which solid-state NMR has been used to explore this intimate connection between crystal structure and dynamics, emphasizing how the interplay between crystal and molecular symmetry affects translational and rotational motions. Brief descriptions of theory are given and different aspects are highlighted with examples. NMR studies of dynamics can yield structural information which is complementary to diffraction data, such as internuclear distances, angles between rotational and crystal axes, and symmetry information. In a number of instances, such information has been used to improve or direct structural refinements, especially where there are problems of disorder. NMR gives aspects of local structure and is sensitive to dynamics on various timescales, in contrast with diffraction, which gives a long-range spatial average of electron density with little or no temporal information. NMR also provides a wealth of other information, including activation energies required to cross barriers, rotational rates or correlation times, and dynamic behavior around phase transitions. Keywords: reorientation; translation; dynamics; tensors; disorder; symmetry
Science, Mathematics, Computer Science, Software Engineering†

This paper examines three ideas: First, the traditional relationship between a science, the mathematics it uses and the engineering based on it. Second, the nature of (software) computer science, which may not be a science at all, and its unusual use of mathematics. And finally, the nature of software engineering, its relationship with computer science, and its use of mathematics called ‘formal methods’. These three ideas turn on the first of them, since the scientific world view seems natural for the study of computing. The paper's thesis is that while software touches science in many ways, it does not itself have a significant scientific component. For understanding programming, for teaching it and for applying it in the world, science is the wrong model. Mathematics has found its own foundations apart from science, and computer science must do the same.
Clinical reasoning: a 79-year-old man with polyneuropathy and dysautonomia.

A 79-year-old man was referred to the neuromuscular clinic for evaluation of severe polyneuropathy. Four years ago, he noted bilateral lower extremity numbness below the knee, particularly in his shins. At the time he also had a right transcarpal ligament release at an outside institution for a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. This procedure did not provide any relief of his right-hand numbness. He also had numbness in his left hand. One year ago, he began tripping over his feet due to ankle weakness, resulting in falls on several occasions. Concurrently, he complained of burning in the hands more than in the feet, and treatment with gabapentin and a topical Lidoderm patch was started. Six months ago, he started having bilateral hand weakness with trouble opening jars or manipulating buttons. At the same time, he developed near-syncope and was found to have orthostatic hypotension, and treatment with midodrine was started. A Foley catheter was placed 1 year ago because of urinary retention and bilateral hydronephrosis, attributed at the time to benign prostatic hypertrophy. He also noted erectile dysfunction and constipation for a few years. The patient reported an involuntary 25-pound weight loss in the last year. His medical history included bilateral cataract surgery at 75 years but was otherwise negative. He denied any family history of neuropathy. He was a heavy smoker but did not drink or use illicit drugs. There were no toxic exposures. His general examination showed a drop of 20 mm Hg in his systolic blood pressure when standing without an increase in pulse rate. His mental status and cranial nerves were normal. His intrinsic hand muscles were atrophic. He had bilateral mild proximal and severe distal weakness in his arms and legs. He had loss of sensation to pinprick up to the knees and midforearms bilaterally …
Cages—a survey

We discuss the problem of finding smallest graphs of given girth g and valency v ((v, g)-cages). All known (v, g)-cages are given. Different variations of the cage problem are also discussed.
Women, consumption and coverture in England, c. 1760-1860

Historians concerned to demonstrate women's increasing relegation to a private, domestic sphere in the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have emphasized the extent to which married women's opportunities were restricted by the common law practice of coverture, which deprived wives of the ability to enter into economic contracts in their own right. Yet social and cultural historians have argued that women played an essential role as purchasers in promoting the consumer revolution of these decades. This article explores the devices used by married women consumers to evade the strictures of coverture. Focusing on three overlapping practices – wives' willingness and ability to pledge their husbands' credit to purchase a wide range of ‘necessary’ goods, their use of this tactic to secure a degree of independence from unsuccessful marriages, and their active participation in the deliberations of a variety of small claims courts – it argues that the purchase of coverture in the sphere of consumption was partial and contested, rather than monolithic.
Comparison of predicted and derived measures of volatile organic compounds inside four new relocatable classrooms

UNLABELLED Our objective was to develop a process for selecting interior finish materials having low impacts with respect to emissions of toxic and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for school relocatable classrooms (RCs). A laboratory study identified alternate materials with low VOC emissions. Two pairs of RCs then were constructed. One RC per pair contained standard interior materials; the other incorporated alternate materials. The pairs were sited side-by-side at two California elementary schools in fall 2001. Fifteen target VOCs, including the toxicants formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, phenol, toluene, and naphthalene, were measured during school hours over 8 weeks in the succeeding fall cooling season. Indoor minus outdoor VOC concentrations with an advanced HVAC operated were low; only formaldehyde concentrations exceeded 5 p.p.b. Classroom VOC concentrations were predicted based on emission factors (microg/m(2)/h), material quantities and design ventilation rates. These were compared to average adjusted concentrations measured when the occupied classrooms were operating at near the code-minimum ventilation rate. For 16 of the possible 42 comparisons, measured concentrations agreed within a factor of two of predicted the predicted values. Concentrations of six of 10 VOCs were significantly lower in modified RCs though average differences were mostly less than 1 p.p.b. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Laboratory-based material testing combined with modeling and field validation to select low VOC-impact interior finish materials helped achieve the aim of providing generally acceptable air quality in new school relocatable classrooms (RCs). The accuracy of the combined process was evidenced by the correct prediction of air quality impacts, though small, due to material VOC emissions when the study RCs were ventilated at code-minimum requirements. The process could be generalized to other manufacturers and classroom types. Material selection also is important to accommodate reduced ventilation rate conditions, which likely occur in many classrooms.
Source-Level debugging for multiple languages with modest programming effort

We present techniques that enable source-level debugging for multiple languages at the cost of only modest programming effort. The key idea is to avoid letting debugging requirements constrain the internal structure of the compiler. Constraints are minimized primarily by hiding the source-language type system and target-machine representations from the debugger. This approach enables us to support a new language and compiler while reusing existing elements: a multi-language, multi-platform debugger; the compiler's implementation of source-language types and expressions; information already present in the compiler's private data structures; and our compile-time support library, which helps the compiler meet its obligations to the debugger without exposing language-dependent details. We evaluate our approach using two case studies: the production compiler lcc and an instructional compiler for MiniJava.
Self‐association of dexverapamil in aqueous solution

Abstract The p K a and intrinsic solubility of monomeric dexverapamil were determined from its pH–solubility profile to be 8.90 and 6.6 × 10 − 5 M, respectively. The solubility of dexverapamil below pH 7.0 was higher than expected on the basis of the aforementioned values. This unusually high solubility is believed to be due to the self‐association of cationic dexverapamil. The apparent p K a of the self‐associated drug is estimated to be ∼ 7.99. The self‐association of dexverapamil hydrochloride is supported by the fact that it is surface active and that it increases the solubility of both naphthalene and anthracene in aqueous solutions. The dependence of the drug solubility on pH and the solubilization of naphthalene and anthracene as a function of ionized drug concentration suggest that the self‐associated dexverapamil is a cationic dimer.