cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton-Proton Interactions at 810 Mev

244 examples of proton-proton scattering have been observed by using the hydrogen-filled diffusion cloud chamber of the Brookhaven cloud chamber group. The mean energy of the incident protons was measured to be 810\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100 Mev. The reactions observed were (1) $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+p$, 126 examples, (2) $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+n+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, 84 examples, (3) $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, 1 example, and (4) $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, 5 examples, with 28 examples which can be either reaction (2) or (4). The total proton-proton cross section was determined to be 45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 mb. The ratio $R$ of the cross section for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ production to that for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ production is 17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8. An elastic differential distribution strongly peaked in the forward direction was obtained. Angle and momentum distributions of particles and angular correlations between pairs of particles from reaction (2) are presented. No interactions leading to the production of more than one meson or of heavy unstable particles were identified.
Evaluation of sequential and simultaneous detection in inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry of complex samples

Abstract A commercially available inductively-coupled plasma (i.c.p.) polychromator system and a laboratory-constructed i.c.p. sequential detection system are evaluated. Some previous studies are reviewed and theoretical expectations are compared to experimental data. The precision and detection limits of the two systems are approximately equivalent. Difficulties commonly encountered with complex samples, including background interferences, spectral overlap, and determinations beyond the linear range of an element are studied. The abilities of each instrument to circumvent these difficulties at different interference levels are evaluated. The wavelength flexibility of the sequential system is demonstrated to be advantageous in dealing with these interferences. Each instrument was evaluated for NBS spinach, NBS river sediment, volcanic ash, and refractory brick. The complementary nature of the sequential system and polychromator with respect to method development and quantitative work is discussed.
Mississippian Formations of Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Formations of Mississippian age are exposed along the west face of the Sacramento mountains of New Mexico from a short distance north of Alamogordo southward to the vicinity of Grapevine canyon. Detailed sections have been measured and the faunas collected throughout the entire area of exposure. The name Cabellero is proposed for the gray, nodular, marly limestone formation of Kinderhook age lying at the base of the Mississippian section. The Caballero formation has heretofore been considered as a part of the Lake Valley formation. The Lake Valley formation has been divided into three members, Alamogordo at the base, followed by Arcente, and capped by Dona Ana. The fauna of the Caballero formation is closely related to that of the Chouteau formation of the upper Mississip i valley region. The Lake Valley formation is entirely of early Osage age. Both Fern Glen and lower Burlington faunas can be recognized. Spectacular large bioherms characterize the Alamogordo member making it necessary to subdivide the member into several facies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 935------------
Unclean Spirits Unleashed: Flying Bricks, Demonic Possession, and Blackmail in Russia, 1636

The spotty and dilapidated record of single trial of an alleged witch in the outskirts of Galich in 1636 serves as a window through which to view the workings of the highly stratified society, its interactions with local courts and central tsarist authorities, and, most importantly, the beliefs, fears, and interpersonal dynamics that drove low-ranking people to turn to the courts. Particularly valuable are the tangential references to common practices that normally did not reach the courts and therefore eluded the historical record. The case of the landlord Gorikhvostov and the “known witch” Mitroshka Khramoi, with its dramatic canvass of devilish spirits and supernatural havoc, reveals the universal acceptance, at the height of Muscovite witchcraft prosecutions, of healers working with roots and herbs, spells and prayers.
Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide.

We have mapped and cloned the wheat chloroplast gene (psbA) that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide of Photosystem II. The psbA gene is located in the large single copy region adjacent to one inverted repeat and is transcribed toward the latter. The sequence of the 5′ end of the wheat gene is homologous with dicot psbA genes. We have located the 5′ terminus of the wheat psbA RNA to a position 83 nt upstream of its coding region. The same psbA RNA species was capped in vitro by guanylyltransferase, establishing that its 5′ end is a transcription start site. Regions which resemble procaryotic -10 and -35 promoter elements are located immediately upstream of the wheat psbA transcription initiation site.
Northern Monterey Bay upwelling shadow front : observations of a coastally and surface-trapped buoyant plume

(1) During the upwelling season in central California, northwesterly winds along the coast produce a strong upwelling jet that originates at Point Ano Nuevo and flows southward across the mouth of Monterey Bay. A convergent front with a mean temperature change of 3.77 ± 0.29C develops between the warm interior waters and the cold offshore upwelling jet. To examine the forcing mechanisms driving the location and movement of the upwelling shadow front and its effects on biological communities in northern Monterey Bay, oceanographic conditions were monitored using cross-shelf mooring arrays, drifters, and hydrographic surveys along a 20 km stretch of coast extending northwestward from Santa Cruz, California, during the upwelling season of 2007 (May-September). The alongshore location of the upwelling shadow front at the northern edge of the bay was driven by: regional wind forcing, through an alongshore pressure gradient; buoyancy forces due to the temperature change across the front; and local wind forcing (the diurnal sea breeze). The upwelling shadow front behaved as a surface-trapped buoyant current, which is superimposed on a poleward barotropic current, moving up and down the coast up to several kilometers each day. We surmise that the front is advected poleward by a preexisting northward barotropic current of 0.10 m s � 1 that arises due to an alongshore pressure gradient caused by focused upwelling at Point Ano Nuevo. The frontal circulation (onshore surface currents) breaks the typical two-dimensional wind-driven, cross-shelf circulation (offshore surface currents) and introduces another way for water, and the material it contains (e.g., pollutants, larvae), to go across the shelf toward shore.
Experimental study of x-ray detector resolution in medical imaging: physical parameters and timing electronics techniques

An experimental study in the area of electronic detector technology for medical imaging applications is in progress, aimed at improving kinestatic charge detector (KCD) performance parameters such as spatial, contrast and temporal resolution. The purpose of this study is to utilize extremely high pressure gas imaging detectors, operating in the saturation mode, aimed at the reduction of the ionic signal pulse width thereby improving spatial resolution.
Inhibition of protein kinase C by dequalinium analogues: structure-activity studies on head group variations.

Abstract New dequalinium analogues and related heteroaromatic systems were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of protein kinase Cα. In vitro assays with recombinant human PKCα showed that the number of the aromatic ring head groups as well as their electron-richness, are critical factors that determine potency. The inhibitory strengths of the synthesized compounds are shown to correlate well with Mulliken charges on the head group ring nitrogen atoms making it possible to design likely candidate molecules having improved protein kinase Cα inhibitory activity.
Resting state corticolimbic connectivity abnormalities in unmedicated bipolar disorder and unipolar depression

This study for the first time investigated resting state corticolimbic connectivity abnormalities in unmedicated bipolar disorder (BD) and compared them with findings in healthy controls and unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) patient groups. Resting state correlations of low frequency BOLD fluctuations (LFBF) in echoplanar functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) data were acquired from a priori defined regions of interests (ROIs) in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), dorsomedial thalamus (DMTHAL), pallidostriatum (PST) and amygdala (AMYG), to investigate corticolimbic functional connectivity in unmedicated BD patients in comparison to healthy subjects and MDD patients. Data were acquired from 11 unmedicated BD patients [six manic (BDM) and five depressed (BDD)], and compared with data available from 15 unmedicated MDD and 15 healthy subjects. BD patients had significantly decreased pgACC connectivity to the left and right DMTHAL, similar to findings seen in MDD. Additionally, BD patients had decreased pgACC connectivity with the left and right AMYG as well as the left PST. An exploratory analysis revealed that both BDD and BDM patients had decreased connectivity between the pgACC and DMTHAL. The results of the study indicate a common finding of decreased corticolimbic functional connectivity in different types of mood disorders.
Pertussis: A Continuing Hazard for Healthcare Facilities

In 1999, 7,288 cases of pertussis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).1 High rates of pertussis, compared with other pediatric vaccinepreventable diseases, continued to occur even though, since 1995, the coverage rate with at least three doses of a pertussis-containing vaccine has been greater than 95% among US children aged 19 to 35 months.2 The continuing high rates of pertussis in the United States pose a challenge for infection control professionals to develop new strategies to recognize and manage nosocomial outbreaks of pertussis. In this issue, Martinez and colleagues describe a hospitalwide outbreak of a Bordetella pertussis-like illness and report that the use of postexposure prophylaxis with azithromycin was tolerated well and resulted in few healthcare workers (HCWs) missing work.3
FORE-AFT YIELDS OF FRAGMENTS FROM 14-MEV NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION

Abstract The yield of Zr97 and Ba139 fission fragments in the direction of 14-MeV neutrons inducing fission of Np237 and U235 was measured relative to the yield in the opposite direction. The fore-aft isotropy found from these measurements agrees with the compound nucleus theory of fission.
A combinatorial approach to recognition of chirality: preparation of highly enantioselective aryl-dihydropyrimidine selectors for chiral HPLC.

A parallel library of 108 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine (DHPM) enantiomers, which are potential selectors for chiral HPLC separations, was synthesized using the single-step Biginelli multicomponent condensation. The individual compounds were screened by observing the enantioselectivity for resolution on a “brush-type” l-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine-based chiral stationary phase, and separation factors α up to 12 were achieved. The best candidates from the library contained an ortho-substituted aromatic group at C4 carbon atom of the pyrimidine ring and an alkyl substituent at N1 nitrogen atom. Resolution of the enantiomers of the lead compound, 4-(9-phenanthryl)-DHPM 8, using semipreparative chiral HPLC followed by attachment to monodisperse macroporous aminomethacrylate beads, provided the novel polymer based chiral stationary phase with good enantioselectivities in the resolution of several π-acidic aryl-dihydropyrimidines and derivatized profens. In addition, 3,5-dinitrobenzamido derivatives of α-amino a...
Emergency department and outpatient treatment of acute injuries in older adults in the United States: 2009-2010.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe epidemiological patterns of acute injuries treated in emergency department (ED) and outpatient primary care settings in the United States. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2009 and 2010 National Health Care Surveys. SETTING: Emergency departments and outpatient primary care clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Older adults (≥65) with initial visits for acute injuries. MEASUREMENTS: Frequencies and incidence rates of medically attended injury according to participant characteristics and care setting. RESULTS: Of the 19.7 million medically attended acute injuries in older adults in 2009-10, 50% were treated at EDs and 50% at outpatient primary care clinics. The annual incidence rate of medically attended injuries rose with age, from 20.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 17.0-24.6) per 100 in those aged 65 to 74 to 41.5 (95% CI = 33.5-49.4) per 100 for those aged 85 and older. Of injury-related ED visits, 60% occurred outside standard business hours, 36% were triaged as low acuity, and 25% resulted in admission. Only 9% of injury-related primary care visits had injury prevention counseling documented. CONCLUSION: Medically attended injuries area common in older adults, and their incidence increases with advancing age. Half of all initial visits for acute injuries in older adults are to primary care clinics. Most injured individuals are discharged home, and injury prevention counseling is rarely documented. To inform injury prevention efforts appropriately and to avoid underestimating the burden of injury, future injury studies should include a range of outpatient and inpatient care settings. Language: en
Development of nystagmus in response to vestibular stimulation in infants.

Nystagmus in response to perotatory stimulation by torsion swing or ice-cold caloric (ICC) irrigation of the ear canals was studied in 276 infants from birth to 12 months of age. The percentage of positive responses to perotatory stimulation correlated with gestational age and weight at birth during the first 3 months of life and became comparable among groups by 6 months of age. The quality of perotatory nystagmus did not differ among groups. A direct correlation between the caloric-induced intensity and duration of nystagmus with gestational age and weight at birth was noted during the first 3 months of life. Premature infants showed the weakest responses, and term-delivered, large for gestational age children the strongest responses. ICC-induced nystagmus reached comparable levels for all groups by 6 months except for premature infants, in whom comparable responses were attained by 9 months of age. Vestibular responses mature over time, with patterns that correlate with gestational age and weight at birth.
From Financial Crisis to Great Recession: The Role of Globalized Banks

This paper provides evidence of the role of globalized banks in transmitting financial stresses to the real economy during the global financial crisis. A novel dataset is constructed from quarterly balance sheet reports provided by all UK-resident banks to the Bank of England. I find that the shock to bank funding from non-resident creditors was transmitted domestically through a significant reduction in bank credit supply. Resident subsidiaries and branches of foreign-owned banks reduced lending by a larger amount than domestically-owned banks, while the latter calibrated the reduction in domestic lending more closely to the size of the funding shock.
Using Quality Function Deployment to Select the Courses and Topics that Enhance Program Effectiveness

Decision science methods can be effective tools for enhancing organizational participation during strategic and complex decision processes. This involvement promotes development of group consensus for issues as difficult as relating organizational goals and the best methods to achieve them. In an academic context, such a process supports and enhances collegial participation. This paper describes an application of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) decision model to prioritize both courses and course content based on degree of impact on program objectives. The model was developed to quantify curricular decisions involved in restructuring a Masters of Engineering Management degree program. QFD supports selection of the courses and the curricular content that has the highest impact on program goals. The model provides a practical and quantitative methodology for developing faculty consensus in the selection of curricular topics based on a strategic program focus.
Racial and ethnic distribution of nonalcoholic fatty liver in persons with newly diagnosed chronic liver disease

We performed a cross-sectional study of newly diagnosed cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) identified between December 1998 and December 2000 in the Chronic Liver Disease Surveillance Study. We compared the demographic and clinical features of NAFLD in a racially diverse representative U.S. population (Alameda County, CA). Diagnostic criteria for probable NAFLD were persistent unexplained elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, radiology (ultrasound or computed tomography scan) consistent with fatty liver, and/or two or more of the following: (i) body mass index of 28 kg/m2 or more, (ii) type 2 diabetes, or (iii) hyperlipidemia, in the absence of significant alcohol use. Definite NAFLD cases required histological confirmation. Of the 742 persons with newly diagnosed chronic liver disease, 159 (21.4%) had definite or probable NAFLD. The majority were nonwhite: Hispanics (28%), Asians (18%), African Americans (3%), and other race(s) (6%). African Americans with NAFLD were significantly older than other racial or ethnic groups (P < .001), and in Asians, NAFLD was 3.5 times more common in males than in females (P = .016). Clinical correlates of NAFLD (obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes) were similar among racial and ethnic groups, except that body mass index was lower in Asians compared with other groups (P < .001). Compared with the base population (Kaiser Permanente members), Hispanics with NAFLD were overrepresented (28% vs. 10%) and whites were underrepresented (45% vs. 59%). In conclusion, these racial and gender variations may reflect differences in genetic susceptibility to visceral adiposity, including hepatic involvement, and may have implications for the evaluation of persons with the metabolic syndrome. Clinicians need to be aware of the variable presentations of NAFLD in different racial and ethnic groups. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;41:372–379.)
Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review

Energetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military conflict; military training activities at firing and impact ranges; and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions. Energetic materials undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemical transformation depending on the compounds involved and environmental factors. This paper addresses the occurrence of energetic materials in soils including a discussion of their fates after contact with soil. Emphasis is placed on the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and the propellant ingredients nitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and perchlorate.
Making the Case for Using Informational Text in Preschool Classrooms

This article explores the use of informational text in preschool environments by reviewing the current literature related to the topic. While informational text is currently used on a limited basis in early childhood settings, the benefits of introducing young children to this genre through interactive shared reading or read-alouds can positively influence foundational literacy development. Through exposure to informational text, children enhance their vocabulary and language skills while developing conceptual background knowledge. Strong vocabulary and language skills are keys to the development of strong literacy skills upon entrance to formal schooling. Read-aloud routines scaffold the learning inherent in the language and literacy development resulting from interactions with informational text.
Modeling of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions and Acidic Precipitation at Mesoscale Distances

A steady state mesoscale model developed to predict primary SO/sub 2/ concentrations from a single point source is presented. The model was validated with data from the Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transport and Transformation (MISTT) project, with root mean square errors at 9.69 ..mu..g m..sqrt../sub 3/ and 0.42 ..mu..gm..sqrt../sub 3/ for SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 4/ respectively. Wet deposition of SO/sub 2/ and mean wind speed were found to be the most important factors controlling sulfur dioxide and sulfate concentrations. Estimation of precipitation acidity was then carried out using savenging theory. The greatest potential acidification occurred approximately 200 km from the source along plume centerline, which indicates a rather local effect as opposed to a long distance effect. The cross-plume influence was up to 60km in width at a distance of 400 km from the source.
Optimized Control of Different Actuation Strategies for FES and Orthosis Aided Gait

A combination of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and an orthosis can be used to restore lower limb function in persons with paraplegia. This artificial intervention may allow them to regain the ability to walk again, however, only for short time durations. To improve the time duration of hybrid (FES and orthosis) gait, the muscle fatigue due to FES and the fatigue in arms, caused by a user’s supported weight on a walker, needs to be minimized. In this paper, we show that dynamic optimization can be used to compute stimulation/torque profiles and their corresponding joint angle trajectories which minimize electrical stimulation and walker push or pull forces. Importantly, the computation of these optimal stimulation or torque profiles did not require a predefined or a nominal gait trajectory (i.e., a tracking control problem was not solved). Rather the trajectories were computed based only on pre-defined end-points. For optimization we utilized the recently developed three-link dynamic walking model, which includes both single and double support phases and muscle dynamics. Moreover, different optimal actuation strategies for FES and orthosis aided gait under various scenarios (e.g., use of a powered or an unpowered orthosis combined with stimulation of all or few selected lower-limb muscles) were calculated. The qualitative comparison of these results depict the advantages and disadvantages of each actuation strategy. The computed optimal FES/orthosis aided gait were also compared with able-bodied trajectories to illustrate how they differed from able-bodied walking.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
THE MIDDLE EOCENE ARAPHID DIATOM RHAPHONEIS ATLANTICA SP. NOV.: MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

A middle Eocene deposit near the base of the continental slope 205 km east of Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, contains an assemblage of abundant diatoms, including a species herein described as Rhaphoneis atlantica. This species is substantially older than the better known species of Rhaphoneis of Miocene and younger age, and it shows morphological features that appear to be primitive for the genus. Rhaphoneis atlantica provides clues to the evolutionary history of the genus Rhaphoneis as well as other genera in the araphid subfamily Fragilarioideae.
Exploring the tension between user's and main stakeholder's goals: The role of Client Scenarios

This paper introduces the notion of Client Scenario as a conceptual tool to characterize and address the tension between user and main stakeholder's goals in web requirements analysis. As complementary to traditional user scenarios, Client Scenarios assume the perspective of the main stakeholders of an interactive application in projecting stakeholder-desired behaviors on the user experience. Client scenarios are an important variation over a commonly used technique in requirements engineering (scenarios in general) and can facilitate web designers, requirements analysts and project managers to elicit and model a comprehensive set of requirements from different viewpoints, as they complement the considerations of the user's needs with the communication and business goals of large web applications.
The central nervous system convulsant pentylenetetrazole stimulates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated current in picrotoxin-resistant GABAA receptors in HEK293 cells

Abstract We tested the ability of the central nervous system convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated current in receptors expressing a mutation that rendered them resistant to picrotoxin. Consistent with previous reports, receptors expressing β2(T246F), along with α3 and γ2 subunits, resulted in a greatly diminished sensitivity to picrotoxin. Sensitivity to PTZ was completely abolished in the mutant receptor, confirming the hypothesis that PTZ acts at the picrotoxin site. Quite unexpected, however, was our finding that PTZ elicited marked stimulation (up to 400% of control) in the mutated receptors. This stimulatory effect was not mediated via an interaction with the benzodiazepine site, as preincubation with the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil did not block the PTZ-induced stimulation. Our results reveal the existence of a novel stimulatory domain of PTZ in GABA A receptors.
VKORC1 Common Variation and Bone Mineral Density in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Osteoporosis, defined by low bone mineral density (BMD), is common among postmenopausal women. The distribution of BMD varies across populations and is shaped by both environmental and genetic factors. Because the candidate gene vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) generates vitamin K quinone, a cofactor for the gamma-carboxylation of bone-related proteins such as osteocalcin, we hypothesized that VKORC1 genetic variants may be associated with BMD and osteoporosis in the general population. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped six VKORC1 SNPs in 7,159 individuals from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). NHANES III is a nationally representative sample linked to health and lifestyle variables including BMD, which was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) on four regions of the proximal femur. In adjusted models stratified by race/ethnicity and sex, SNPs rs9923231 and rs9934438 were associated with increased BMD (p=0.039 and 0.024, respectively) while rs8050894 was associated with decreased BMD (p=0.016) among non-Hispanic black males (n=619). VKORC1 rs2884737 was associated with decreased BMD among Mexican-American males (n=795; p=0.004). We then tested for associations between VKORC1 SNPs and osteoporosis, but the results did not mirror the associations observed between VKORC1 and BMD, possibly due to small numbers of cases. This is the first report of VKORC1 common genetic variation associated with BMD, and one of the few reports available that investigate the genetics of BMD and osteoporosis in diverse populations.
New solitonic solutions to a (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation

Abstract Performing computerized symbolic computation, we are able to present new analytic solutions of a (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation which does not pass any of the conventional integrability tests. Applying the generalized tanh method, we have found such exact solutions as both the nontraveling-solitonic and traveling-solitary waves.
An empirical treatment of nonrelattvistic proton beam spreading

Abstract Transverse spreading in proton transmission microscopy limits to some degree the amount of resolution that is possible from the beam. A semi-empirical expression is given which estimates the lateral displacement of a proton beam as it passes through a material. The angular deflections are assumed to be primarily due to small angle Coulomb interactions. The expression includes a proportionality constant which is evaluated with the TRIM ion transport code. The results are compared to experimental data when available.
Profitability And Trade In Developing Countries

Although quite a bit of research has been done on investigating the relationship between profitability and trade in developed countries, the area has not received proportionate attention in the context of developing countries, especially more recently. Given continuous trade reforms and the increasing influence of the WTO, policy formulation for developing country markets requires continual examination of this link between profitability and trade for more developing countries than have been analyzed thus far. This article, therefore, studies this relationship for Egypt empirically using panel data analysis. It finds that capital formation and openness of an industry have significant impact on price-cost margins. Moreover, unlike many previous studies, statistically significant linkage is also found between exports and margins. The results support further movement toward openness.
A collagen of unusual composition and a glycoprotein isolated from canine glomerular basement membrane.

Abstract In a recent study, Kefalides and Winzler (1964, 1965) reported the presence of a glycoprotein associated with a collagen-like protein in glomerular basement membrane of dogs. The basement membrane was solubilized by extraction with 8 M urea or by reduction and alkylation of disulfide bonds in 8 M urea. Amino acid analysis of basement membrane and its soluble fraction revealed the presence of a high hydroxylysine:hydroxyproline ratio (0.42 in basement membrane compared with 0.07 in mammalian collagen). Intact basement membrane contained 5.52% hexose, 1.4% glycosamine, 2.1% sialic acid, and 0.75% fucose. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the soluble fractions did not differ significantly from that of intact basement membrane. Dische et al . (1965) reported the presence of glucose and galactose linked to collagen and of a sialofucohexosaminoglycan in human glomerular basement membrane. The present report deals with the separation of two components from canine glomerular basement membrane. One is a glycoprotein and the other a collagen with a much higher hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine content than is found in other mammalian collagens.
Asymmetries in the superior temporal lobe in male and female first-episode schizophrenic patients: measures of the planum temporale and superior temporal gyrus by MRI

Schizophrenia has been hypothesized to be associated with an underlying brain developmental anomaly, specifically affecting normal brain asymmetries. The most pronounced asymmetries are present on the superior surface of the temporal lobes, the left plane, as measured along the sylvian fissure (planum temporale) being longer than the right in the majority of normal individuals. These asymmetries encompass Wernicke's area, the anatomical substrate for language, and have been found to be less pronounced in individuals with developmental language problems, i.e. dyslexia. Since disordered language is one of the hallmarks of schizophrenia, the present study focuses on the planum temporale and related superior temporal gyrus. Eighty-five first-episode schizophrenic patients and 40 controls had measurements of the sylvian fissure taken from coronal slices. The pattern of asymmetry in controls was for the right length to be longer than the left in anterior slices, and for left to be longer than right in posterior slices (corresponding to the planum temporale). Schizophrenic patients as a group demonstrated less asymmetry (R > L) in anterior slices, and female patients showed a trend for less (L > R) asymmetry in posterior slices. In contrast to the report of Barta et al. (1990), the volume of the anterior superior temporal gyrus did not differ from controls in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Neither the presence of formal thought disorder nor auditory hallucinations defined a subgroup of patients with reduced size or lateralization of the planum temporal or superior temporal gyrus.
The treatment of urinary retention by aversive stimulus cessation and assertive training

Abstract A case is reported in which a method for short-term therapy was developed and used in the treatment of psychogenic urinary retention and associated neurotic behavior. The method was based on the assumption that bladder hypofunction was directly related to the patient's inability to engage in selfassertive behavior. The treatment program involved, (1) the use of electrical stimulation to bring bladder function under voluntary control, and (2) the provision of a therapeutic relationship in which assertive responses could be instigated and reinforced. Its promise is attested to by the fact that after 4 months this patient, with a history of 15 yr of almost chronic urinary retention, was able to return home as an adequately functioning member of society. An 18-month follow-up indicates no relapse.
Bargaining for justice: A means to resolve competing justice claims

In many types of social situations, individuals defend their claims to a portion of the rewards by arguing that they are just. Although a great deal of research demonstrates that individuals differ in their distribution preferences and thus their beliefs about what is fair, the literature curiously omits consideration of the consequences of these differences, especially the conflict they may engender. This paper first reviews the few attempts to address such justice conflict. The limitations of these approaches suggest concerns to be addressed in an alternative framework. The paper presents a theoretical discussion of this alternative that integrates assumptions about distribution preferences, justice beliefs, conditions fostering the emergence of justice conflict, and elements of negotiation processes as a basic framework for predictions about the bargaining strategies individuals may employ to resolve competing justice claims.
Analysis of pigmented high-molecular-mass grape phenolics using ion-pair, normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A normal-phase LC method has been developed to analyze high-molecular-mass grape phenolic compounds. Samples are prepared by first isolating phenolics using C18-SPE. The analytical method uses a silica column and gradient elution with mobile phases of methylene chloride, methanol, formic acid and heptanesulfonic acid. This separation enables the analysis of these compounds from grape and wine samples in the presence of anthocyanins without extensive purification. Based on the elution order of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins, phenolics elute in order of increasing molecular mass. Currently, it is not possible to identify all of the components separated in the chromatogram.
Effects of actuation methods and temperature on adhesion force between polycrystalline silicon surfaces in MEMS

The adhesion force between polycrystalline silicon surfaces in MEMS structures is studied using three different test structures. Electrostatic and thermal actuations are used to bring the two surfaces into contact and mechanical force stored in the structures is used to separate them. In particular, the devices consist of (i) double-clamped beam that is actuated electrostatically and measured optically, (ii) suspended plate that is actuated electrostatically and measured capacitively, and (iii) thermally actuated and optically measured beams. The devices are fabricated using PolyMUMPs® process. The results show that the adhesion force in tested structures has little or no dependence on the apparent contact surface and is highly affected by the test environment and the actuation methods. The test results at high temperatures (100-130 °C) show that in absence of capillary and electrostatic forces, the adhesion force drastically decreases and mainly depends on the number of contacting asperities.
Developed incident detection algorithm compared with neural network algorithms

The CUSUM (cumulative sum of log-likelihood ratio) algorithm is an optimization-based algorithm that is attractive for many applications because it can minimize detection delay and can explicitly incorporate the characteristics of processes before and after changes. One such application is freeway incident detection, where field-measurable traffic-flow parameters are used to flag incidents in real time in an expedient and reliable manner. In the presented study, the special characteristics of traffic processes associated with incidents are incorporated into the CUSUM algorithm for freeway incident detection. In the algorithm evaluation, the most recently developed neural networks are compared with an enhanced CUSUM algorithm. The neural network algorithms are systematically evaluated first among themselves, and then the best of them is compared with the CUSUM algorithm. The results demonstrate that the CUSUM incident detection algorithm can perform better than the neural network algorithms. The neural network algorithm may show inferior performance because it cannot adjust its decision threshold in real time.
Cluster-Assisted Decomposition Reactions of the Molecular Anions of SF6 and C7F14

The cluster ions formed by the attachment of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol to the molecular negative ions of C7F14 and SF6 have been studied by a pulsed e-beam high pressure mass spectrometer (PHPMS) and by an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APIMS). The free energy change (ΔG°) for the clustering equilibria reaction, M−+S⇌M−S, at 35°C are found to be −7.7 and −7.2 kcal/mol for S = DMSO and M−=C7F 14 − and SF 6 − respectively, and −6.4 and −4.5 kcal/mol for S = methanol and M−=C7F 14 − and SF 6 − respectively. While the cluster ions formed by DMSO are found to be stable against side reactions, those formed by methanol undergo decomposition processes in which the central core ion is fragmented. At 35 °C, the rate law for the decomposition of the SF 6 − (CH30H)1 ion is second-order, involving the M−(CH30H)1 cluster ion and another methanol molecule. While the C7F 14 − (CH30H)1 ion also decomposes through this second-order process, a competing unimolecular mechanism is also operative at 35°C. With increases in the PHPMS ion source temperature to 150°C, the unimolecular decomposition process becomes progressively dominant for both of the M−(CH30H)1 cluster ions of C7F14 and SF6. Methanol cluster ions of the type M−S2 are not observed under any of the conditions examined here. When methanol or water partial pressures of a few torr or higher are present in the buffer gas of the APIMS ion source, the decomposition reactions are very fast and only the fragment ions produced by these reactions are observed in the electron-capture (EC)-APIMS spectra of C7F14 and SF6 . Also, in the methanol-containing APIMS ion source, the course of the SF 6 − decomposition reaction is altered so that fragment ions of the type F−(S)n dominate the EC-APIMS spectrum of SF6 at all ion source temperatures. For C7F14, fragment ions of the type F−(S)n become dominant at lower ion source temperatures. These previously unknown reactions are expected to be important in the analysis of perfluorinated compounds by mass spectrometric methods that utilize ionization by electron capture or negative chemical ionization. The nature of the fragment ions produced in these cluster-assisted reactions may also provide a new source of information concerning the structures of the molecular negative ions of SF6 and C7F14.
Reinnervation of denervated Meissner corpuscles: A sequential histologic study in the monkey following fascicular nerve repair

The mechanism by which an axon regenerating into a fingertip becomes a functioning sensory end organ was investigated with light and electron microscopic evaluation of Meissner corpuscle (MC) morphology following nerve division and fascicular repair in the monkey. Sequential histologic analysis of the fingertip biopsies demonstrated degeneration of the MC followed by reinnervation of the MC by the regenerating axons. There was subsequent reversal of the degeneration process. Electron microscopy confirmed the reinnervation of the degenerated MC. There was no evidence of MC regeneration de novo.
Incommensurate phase transitions

Abstract A review is given of structural and dynamical studies of incommensurate phase transitions, in particular thiourea and K2SeO4. We will discuss in some detail the dvnamics of phase modes studied by the Neutron and Raman scattering techniques.
On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation

Some aspects of existing theories of the wind-driven ocean circulation are examined with particular emphasis on the question of the need for the inclusion of lateral eddy viscosity to provide a mechanism for balancing the applied wind torque. A new model is proposed according to which the ocean is divided into a southern and a northern portion, attention being restricted to the former which is itself subdivided into an interior region and a boundary region adjacent to the western shore. The equations of motion in terms of spherical coordinates are formally integrated over depth for both a homogeneous and a two-layer ocean. Approximate equations analogous to those used in existing theories are proposed for the interior region. Conditions in the boundary region are considered in an effort to determine the relative importance of the various terms in the equations. Based on these considerations approximate equations are derived for the boundary region. These imply the predominance of the pressure terms, the nonlinear inertia terms and the terms arising from the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude. The approximate equations are transformed to surface coordinates and are applied to the homogeneous ocean and a two-layer ocean subjected to a simple wind distribution, yielding reasonable results. It is shown that the variation of the Coriolis parameter plays a fundamental role in the formation of the stream on the western shore. Simple physical interpretations of the results are presented including an explanation of the facts that no similar stream can be formed on the eastern shore and that the variation of depth in a two-layer ocean, when the Coriolis parameter is assumed constant, cannot give rise to an intense stream. Appropriate curves illustrating the dependence of the solutions on certain dimensionless parameters are given. When applied to the North Atlantic the theory gives reasonable results for the Gulf Stream north to, say, Cape Hatteras. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01228.x
Entropy-based bounds for online algorithms

We focus in this work on an aspect of online computation that is not addressed by standard competitive analysis, namely, identifying request sequences for which nontrivial online algorithms are useful versus request sequences for which all algorithms perform equally poorly. The motivations for this work are advanced system and architecture designs which allow the operating system to dynamically allocate resources to online protocols such as prefetching and caching. To utilize these features, the operating system needs to identify data streams that can benefit from more resources.Our approach in this work is based on the relation between entropy, compression, and gambling, extensively studied in information theory. It has been shown that in some settings, entropy can either fully or at least partially characterize the expected outcome of an iterative gambling game. Our goal is to study the extent to which the entropy of the input characterizes the expected performance of online algorithms for problems that arise in computer applications. We study bounds based on entropy for three classical online problems---list accessing, prefetching, and caching. Our bounds relate the performance of the best online algorithm to the entropy, a parameter intrinsic to characteristics of the request sequence. This is in contrast to the competitive ratio parameter of competitive analysis, which quantifies the performance of the online algorithm with respect to an optimal offline algorithm. For the prefetching problem, we give explicit upper and lower bounds for the performance of the best prefetching algorithm in terms of the entropy of the request sequence. In contrast, we show that the entropy of the request sequence alone does not fully capture the performance of online list accessing and caching algorithms.
Environmental Determinants of Tree Species Distributions in Central Ontario, Canada

The ability to model forest distributions in light of anthropogenic disturbance requires a thorough understanding of how trees respond to their physical and climatic environment. The primary objective of this study is to determine how four environmental variables (elevation, latitude, slope angle, and slope aspect) affect the distribution of seven common tree species (Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyifera, Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Thuja occidentalis, and Acer spicatum) using both regression tree analysis (RTA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) techniques. In general, within the study area, Acer saccharum, Abies balsamea, and Thuja occidentalis abundance was controlled by elevation and latitude, whereas the other species showed limited response to the measured environmental variables. While CCA and RTA showed similar patterns, RTA allows for a more nuanced evaluation of species-environment interactions. Given that the study area encompasses Acer saccharum's northern limit, ...
Epimerization of COOH-terminal isoleucine in fossil dipeptides

Abstract Using procedures employed for protein sequencing to remove NH2-terminal amino acids, the degree of epimerization of COOH-terminal isoleucine in dipeptides from fossil mollusc shells has been measured directly. The results show that isoleucine in this position is highly epimerized in fossil dipeptides and that the COOH-terminal isoleucine is more highly epimerized than the free amino acid. Hydrolysis of the highly epimerized terminal isoleucine leads to the high alloisoleucine/isoleucine values found in the free amino acid fraction. The results also provide evidence for the formation of diketopiperazines in fossils as a mechanism to account for the high degree of epimerization of COOH-terminal isoleucine.
COMPLEXITY, CONNECTIONS, AND SOUL-WORK

Organizational theory and personal behaviors are both shaped by contemporary thinking and theories regarding spirituality, history, and the order, shape and direction of modern culture. Complexity theory, discussed in this article, offers some helpful insights into appreciating the relationships and connections often overlooked in today’s fast-paced world.
Theoretical analysis of heat partition and temperatures in grinding

A theoretical analysis is presented of heat partition and surface temperatures for the grinding of hardened steel with both aluminum oxide and CBN wheels. The numerical predictions of the model are shown to agree with experimental results available in the literature. It is found that heat partition varies over a wide range depending on grinding conditions. Also, heat partition is strong function of position inside the grinding zone. The presence of the fluid inside the grinding zone can reduce the heat flux into the workpiece and the workpiece temperature significantly. For typical grinding of steel with CBN wheels, or creep feed grinding of steel with aluminum oxide or CBN wheels, it is possible to keep the fluid active and therefore to reduce thermal damage. However, the analysis suggests that the fluid may not be effective inside the grinding zone, in the conventional grinding of steel with aluminum oxide, due to boiling.