cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ductile-brittle size transition of iron aluminide ligaments in an FeAl/TiC composite

Abstract The fracture surfaces of FeAl/TiC composites containing 70 vol.% TiC were investigated. Since thin iron aluminide ligaments in the composites fractured in a ductile manner, whereas thicker ones fractured by cleavage, a systematic correlation of the fracture mode to the ligament thickness was performed. The results clearly show that FeAl ligaments thicker than about 1–2 μ m fracture by cleavage and those smaller in size fracture predominantly in a ductile manner. The ductile failure mode is attributed to the limited dislocation pile-up distance available for very thin ligaments, which prevents high stresses from building up and eliminates cleavage fracture. It is also shown that the ductile–brittle transition size is controlled by alloying and/or heat treatment. No significant dependence of the fracture toughness on the fracture mode could be found.
Intraoperative inflation of laryngocele with LMA.

Abstract Objectives Laryngoceles are pathologic air filled dilations of the laryngeal ventricle. They are most often benign and incidental findings. Resection may be necessary in the setting of infection, airway obstruction, dysphagia, and phonatory disturbances. External laryngoceles are almost universally treated with open resection via a lateral or midline cervical approach. Care must be taken to resect the laryngocele in its entirety to avoid recurrence. In cases of recurrent infection, normal surgical planes are often fibrosed and obscured increasing the risk of neurovascular sacrifice and functional losses. Methods We are reporting a case of recurrent infections in a large, palpable external laryngocele. During resection the patient was ventilated using an endotracheal tube (ETT). Additionally, a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted posterior to the ETT, resting in the hypopharynx and attached to a Jackson Rees circuit. Air was passed through the LMA to inflate the laryngocele and better define its borders. The LMA was also used to identify the root of the laryngocele in the paraglottic space and ensure its airtight closure. Results The LMA assisted our dissection and helped progress the surgery safely in a fibrosed surgical field. We have not seen this method described previously. The patient continues to be free of recurrence 2 years after surgery. Conclusion While in most cases, with careful surgical technique, even a fibrotic and scarred laryngocele can be excised in its entirety without neurovascular sacrifice. In some cases where this may be difficult with a traditional approach, we offer the intra-operative trumpet maneuver as a viable method of better delineating the borders of a laryngocele.
Synthesis of Di‐block Copolymers Containing Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and Poly(tetrahydrofuran) by a Combination of Grignard Metathesis and Cationic Polymerizations

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(tetrahydrofuran) was synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) using a poly(3-hexylthiophene) macroinitiator. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) macroinitiator used for the ring-opening polymerization of THF was synthesized by reacting the hydroxypropyl endgroup with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine. 1 H NMR spectroscopy and SEC data confirmed the formation of the di-block copolymers. Field-effect mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(tetrahydrofuran) was measured in a thin-film transistor configuration and was found to be 0.009 cm 2 .V -1 . s -1 .
Systems of frequency curves generated by transformations of logistic variables

Abstract : The lognormal (S sub L, S sub B and S sub U systems of frequency curves are obtained by three simple transformations of the normal curve. By applying the same transformations to the logistic, systems L sub L, L sub B and L sub U are obtained. Some properties of these systems, and their relation to the S systems, are set out. Tables to facilitate fitting L sub U curves by moments are presented. (Author)
Intervention with young voice users: a clinical perspective.

Summary This diverse group is described in relation to life stage, short- and long-range performance objectives, and lifestyle factors pertinent to vocal health. Physical, behavioral, cognitive, and psychosocial issues relevant to assessment and intervention will be addressed. The possible dissonance between a clinician's developmental perspective and a client's immediate pragmatic concerns is discussed. In addition, the specific challenges of dealing with adolescents (e.g., the influence of the peer group, the emergence of autonomy, the redefinition of relationships with significant adults, and the vulnerability of the mechanism) are related to clinical problem solving.
Jini for Building Networked Community of Devices and Services

Traditional networks are too complex to set up, expand, and manage. Jini is a new object technology that expands the power of Java platform to enable impromptu networking of a wide variety of digital devices and software services. Jini is designed for building flexible, scalable and robust networked community of multi-vendor devices and services called Jini community.This paper describes the Jini vision, its key concepts, the Jini architecture, the Jini technology infrastructure, and different approaches to joining a Jini community. This paper also provides the background information required for understanding the issues and technologies involved.
Arbitrary dimension Reed-Solomon coding and decoding for extended RAID on GPUs

Reed-Solomon coding is a method of generating arbitrary amounts of checksum information from original data via matrix-vector multiplication in finite fields. Previous work has shown that CPUs are not well-matched to this type of computation, but recent graphical processing units (GPUs) have been shown through a case study to perform this encoding quickly for the 3 + 3 (three data + three parity) case. In order to be utilized in a true RAID-like system, it is important to understand how well this computation can scale in the number of data disks supported. This paper details the performance of a general Reed-Solomon encoding and decoding library that is suitable for use in RAID-like systems. Both generation and recovery are performance-tested and discussed.
Differential Requirements for Activation of Integrated and Transiently Transfected Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells contain integrated human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviruses. Although the exact sequence of events leading to the development of ATL remains incompletely resolved, expression of the integrated HTLV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is likely required at some point during the process of T-cell transformation. While much has been learned about the regulated expression of transiently transfected LTR reporter plasmids, an analysis of factors required for expression of chromosomally integrated HTLV-1 LTR has not been done. Here, we have constructed CHOK1 and HeLa cells that contain an integrated HTLV-1 LTR-luciferase gene. Using these cells, we have compared the requirements for activation of transiently transfected versus stably integrated HTLV-1 LTR. We observed different requirements for CREB, p300, and P/CAF in the expression of transiently transfected versus stably integrated HTLV-1 LTR. Furthermore, with dominant-negative mutants of CREB, p300, and P/CAF, we found that activation of integrated HTLV-1 LTR by an ambient stress signal, UV-C, proceeds through a path mechanistically distinct from that used by viral oncoprotein, Tax. Our findings point to additional complexities in the regulated expression of HTLV-1 proviruses compared with those hitherto revealed through transfection studies.
Attenuation of acute mitochondrial dysfunction after traumatic brain injury in mice by NIM811, a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), mitochondrial function becomes compromised. Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by intra-mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, induction of oxidative damage, and mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). Experimental studies show that cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits mPT. However, CsA also inhibits calcineurin. In the present study, we conducted a dose-response analysis of NIM811, a non-calcineurin inhibitory CsA analog, on mitochondrial dysfunction following TBI in mice, and compared the effects of the optimal dose of NIM811 (10 mg/kg i.p.) against an optimized dose of CsA (20 mg/kg i.p.). Male CF-1 mice were subjected to severe TBI utilizing the controlled cortical impact model. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed from animals treated with either NIM811, CsA, or vehicle 15 min post-injury. The respiratory control ratio (RCR) of mitochondria from vehicle-treated animals was significantly (p<0.01) lower at 3 or 12 h post-TBI, relative to shams. Treatment of animals with either NIM811 or CsA significantly (p<0.03) attenuated this reduction. Consistent with this finding, both NIM811 and CsA significantly reduced lipid peroxidative and protein nitrative damage to mitochondria at 12 h post-TBI. These results showing the ability of NIM811 to fully duplicate the mitochondrial protective efficacy of CsA supports the conclusion that inhibition of the mPT may be sufficient to explain CsA's protective effects.
Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Common and Curable Disease

Iron deficiency anemia arises when the balance of iron intake, iron stores, and the body's loss of iron are insufficient to fully support production of erythrocytes. Iron deficiency anemia rarely causes death, but the impact on human health is significant. In the developed world, this disease is easily identified and treated, but frequently overlooked by physicians. In contrast, it is a health problem that affects major portions of the population in underdeveloped countries. Overall, the prevention and successful treatment for iron deficiency anemia remains woefully insufficient worldwide, especially among underprivileged women and children. Here, clinical and laboratory features of the disease are discussed, and then focus is placed on relevant economic, environmental, infectious, and genetic factors that converge among global populations.
A comparison of landscape fuel treatment strategies to mitigate wildland fire risk in the urban interface and preserve old forest structure

We simulated fuel reduction treatments on a 16,000 ha study area in Oregon, US, to examine tradeoffs between placing fuel treatments near residential structures within an urban interface, versus treating stands in the adjacent wildlands to meet forest health and ecological restoration goals. The treatment strategies were evaluated by simulating 10,000 wildfires with random ignition locations and calculating burn probabilities by 0.5 m flame length categories for each 30 m � 30 m pixel in the study area. The burn conditions for the wildfires were chosen to replicate severe fire events based on 97th percentile historic weather conditions. The burn probabilities were used to calculate wildfire risk profiles for each of the 170 residential structures within the urban interface, and to estimate the expected (probabilistic) wildfire mortality of large trees (>53.3 cm) that are a key indicator of stand restoration objectives. Expected wildfire mortality for large trees was calculated by building flame length mortality functions using the Forest Vegetation Simulator, and subsequently applying these functions to the burn probability outputs. Results suggested that treatments on a relatively minor percentage of the landscape (10%) resulted in a roughly 70% reduction in the expected wildfire loss of large trees for the restoration scenario. Treating stands near residential structures resulted in a higher expected loss of large trees, but relatively lower burn probability and flame length within structure buffers. Substantial reduction in burn probability and flame length around structures was also observed in the restoration scenario where fuel treatments were located 5–10 km distant. These findings quantify off-site fuel treatment effects that are not analyzed in previous landscape fuel management studies. The study highlights tradeoffs between ecological management objectives on wildlands and the protection of residential structures in the urban interface. We also advance the application of quantitative risk analysis to the problem of wildfire threat assessment.
The evolution of school nursing data indicators in Massachusetts: recommendations for a national data set.

The National Association of School Nurses' research priorities include the recommendation that data reliability, quality, and availability be addressed to advance research in child and school health. However, identifying a national school nursing data set has remained a challenge for school nurses, school nursing leaders, school nurse professional organizations, and state school nurse consultants. While there is much agreement that school nursing data (with associated data integrity) is an incredibly powerful tool for multiple uses, the content of a national data set must be developed. In 1993, recognizing the unique power of data, Massachusetts began addressing the need for consistent school nurse data collection. With more than 20 years' experience--and much experimentation, pilot testing, and system modification--Massachusetts is now ready to share its data collection system and certain key indicators with other states, thus offering a beginning foundation for a national school nursing data set.
Niche engineering reveals complementary resource use

Greater resource use by diverse communities might result from species occupying complementary niches. Demonstrating niche complementarity among species is challenging, however, due to the difficulty in relating differences between species in particular traits to their use of complementary resources. Here, we overcame this obstacle by exploiting plastic foraging behavior in a community of predatory insects common on Brassica oleracea plants in Washington, USA. These predators complemented one another by partitioning foraging space, with some species foraging primarily along leaf edges and others at leaf centers. We hypothesized that emergent biodiversity effects would occur when predators partitioned foraging space on leaves, but not when spatial complementarity was dampened. Indeed, on intact leaves, edge- and center-foraging predators combined to kill more prey than any single predator species could by itself. These emergent diversity effects, however, disappeared on plants damaged by the caterpillar Plutella xylostella. Caterpillar chew-holes brought edge habitats to the center of leaves, so that all predator species could attack aphids anywhere on plants. With spatial niche differences diminished, there were no benefits of predator diversity; the most voracious single predator species killed the most aphids. Thus, caterpillar herbivory determined whether multi-predator-species effects reflected complementarity or species' individual impacts. Our study provides direct evidence for a causative relationship between niche differentiation and increased resource consumption by diverse communities, as revealed by ecological engineers that homogenize the foraging environment.
Ada program partitioning language: a notion for distributing Ada programs

Ada Program Partitioning Language (APPL) has been designed as part of Honeywell's Distributed Ada project. The goal of the project is to develop an approach for reducing the complexity of building distributed applications in Ada. In the proposed approach, an application is written as a single Ada program using the full capabilities of the Ada language. It is not necessary to factor the underlying hardware configuration into the program design. Once the program has been completed and tested in the host development environment, it is partitioned into fragments and mapped onto the distributed hardware. The partitioning and mapping are expressed in APPL and do not require changes to the Ada source. The main thrusts of the project include the design of APPL and the development of language translation tools and the run-time system to support Ada and APPL for a distributed target. The authors present an overview of APPL, the goals considered in the design, and issues that impact its implementation. >
2-(2-Piperidyl)- and 2-(2-pyrrolidyl)chromans as nicotine agonists: synthesis and preliminary pharmacological characterization.

As part of an effort to develop a new class of subtype selective nicotine agonists, we have synthesized and tested a group of 12 hydroxylated 2-(2-piperidyl)- and 2-(2-pyrrolidyl)chromans. In rat brain membranes, all 12 compounds displayed poor affinity for [125I]-α-bunagarotoxin binding sites. In contrast, three compounds, 17c, 24, and 26, displayed moderate to high affinity for [3H]cytisine binding sites, while three (17b, 18b,c) and six (17a,d,e and 18a,d,e) compounds showed weak and poor affinity, respectively, for these same sites. In subsequent studies, compounds 17a and 17c were found to stimulate the efflux of 86Rb+ from rat cortical synaptosomes, an indication of agonist activity. Further, both 17c and 26 displayed high intrinsic activity in stimulating the release of [3H]dopamine from striatal synaptosomes; however, only 17c was effective at stimulating the release of [3H]acetylcholine from cortical synaptosomes, suggesting differential selectivity. In cloned human nicotinic acetylcholine recept...
Serotonin Antagonists: A New Class of Antiemetic Agents

Despite a number of significant advances over the past decade, prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis remain formidable problems, particularly with cisplatin-containing regimens. Nearly one third of patients receiving high-dose cisplatin still experience substantial emesis despite the best available conventional antiemetics, and the toxic effects of these agents remain quite troublesome. In recent years, a new class of agents, the serotonin antagonists, has been identified. These agents hold promise for clinical utility in a wide range of areas. Selective antagonists of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) type 3 (5-HT3) receptor have proven in early clinical trials to be potent antiemetic agents in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, with efficacy comparable to or superior to that of conventional antiemetics. Toxic effects to date with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists have been modest. The current state of knowledge with respect to these agents as antiemetics for patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy is summarized.
2 Looking Beyond Gender Hierarchy: Rethinking Gender at Teotihuacan, Mexico

The absence of gender inequality in art and burials at Teotihuacan, Mexico, poses an interesting problem that has been largely ignored by archaeologists. Archaeologists' lack of attention to gender at Teotihuacan perhaps derives from expectations of gender hierarchies in state societies, resulting in misguided conclusions and unexplored alternative interpretations. In this chapter, I ask how eliminating assumptions about gender hierarchies might help us to gain a better understanding of social relations at Teotihuacan. By incorporating multiple lines of evidence including art, burials, and households, I argue that group identity superseded the importance of the individual, foregrounding “house” identity over gender. Social solidarity may have been particularly necessary at Teotihuacan since a large percentage of male and female residents were foreigners. While socially constructed genders may have been an important component of social identity, I suggest that it was largely an unimportant factor in determining social status.
Measurement of aquatic contamination by utilizing microsomal enzyme preparations from Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Salmonella assay

The Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test has provided a simple and sensitive short-term assay for the detection of environmental mutagens. Metabolic activation of precarcinogens is usually achieved by incubating the compound to be tested, the bacterial strain and mammalian liver homogenates with NADPH. The results presented here utilize Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, the precarcinogen 2-aminofluorene and microsomal enzyme preparations prepared from liver homogenate of carp (Cyprinus carpio) taken from aquatic environments of northeastern Tennessee. Those environments range from virtually unpolluted to extremely polluted. The results show that the precarcinogen 2-aminofluorene is activated either partially or totally in the presence of liver homogenates of carp taken from polluted aquatic environments (e.g., microsomal enzyme preparations made from rat liver with 2-aminofluorene produced 808 revertants; whereas the liver preparations made from carp, taken from the Pigeon River, with 2-aminofluorene produced 2,786 revertants). Revertant colony results correlated well with the degree of pollution within those waters. An increase (data were statistically different at the 0.05 level of significance) of TA100 revertant colonies was observed as aquatic contamination worsened. All data pairs of collecting sites in their order of increasing contamination, as well as those between collecting sites, were statistically different at the 0.05 level of significance.
Verification Assessment of Flow Boundary Conditions for CFD Analysis of Supersonic Inlet Flows

Boundary conditions for subsonic inflow, bleed, and subsonic outflow as implemented into the WIND CFD code are assessed with respect to verification for steady and unsteady flows associated with supersonic inlets. Verification procedures include grid convergence studies and comparisons to analytical data. The objective is to examine errors, limitations, capabilities, and behavior of the boundary conditions. Computational studies were performed on configurations derived from a "parameterized" supersonic inlet. These include steady supersonic flows with normal and oblique shocks, steady subsonic flow in a diffuser, and unsteady flow with the propagation and reflection of an acoustic disturbance.
Fluoxetine exposure impacts boldness in female Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens

The present study examined the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, on the behavior of female Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, in three different boldness assays (Empty Tank, Novel Environment, Social Tendency). When females were unexposed to fluoxetine, boldness was consistent within a context and correlated across assays. Fluoxetine exposure affected behavior within and among individuals on multiple levels. Exposure reduced overall boldness levels, made females behave in a less consistent manner, and significantly reduced correlations over time and across contexts. Fluoxetine exerted its effects on female Betta splendens behavior in a dose-dependent fashion and these effects persisted even after females were housed in clean water. If fluoxetine exposure impacts behaviors such as exploration that are necessary to an individual’s success, this may yield evolutionary consequences. In conclusion, the results show that fluoxetine exposure alters behavior beyond the level of overall response and highlights the importance of studying the behavioral effects of inadvertent pharmaceutical exposure in multiple contexts and with different dosing regimes.
The Psychologist's Companion: How to Win Acceptances from Psychology Journals: Twenty-Nine Tips for Better Writing

The price you pay for an ill-conceived or ineptly written article submitted to a psychological journal is: a. express-mail receipt of a one-way ticket to the Bermuda Triangle. b. an invitation to Hannibal (the Cannibal) Lecter's dinner table. c. eternal damnation in the fires of hell. d. rejection or, worse, benign neglect of the article if it is published. The keyed answer to this problem is (d), although options (a) through (c) may come to pass in individual cases. You can have million-dollar ideas (although, as a psychologist, you'll probably never see the money), but if you do not express those ideas well, the impact of your work will be severely reduced or even nullified. The scientific process does not end with the completion of research. It continues through writing, publication, and the reactions of peers and public. What can you do to write successfully? I will divide my discussion of what you can do into four parts: what you say, how you say it, what to do with what you say, and what to do with what others say. WHAT YOU SAY 1. State clearly the problem you are addressing and then organize the article around the problem . Sometimes it is hard to figure out exactly what problem the author of an article thought he or she was trying to solve.
Aberrant contraction of antigen-specific CD4 T cells after infection in the absence of gamma interferon or its receptor.

ABSTRACT Several lines of evidence from different model systems suggest that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is an important regulator of T-cell contraction after antigen (Ag)-driven expansion. To specifically investigate the role of IFN-γ in regulating the contraction of Ag-specific CD4 T cells, we infected IFN-γ−/− and IFN-γR1−/− mice with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes and monitored the numbers of Ag-specific CD4 T cells during the expansion, contraction, and memory phases of the immune response to infection. In the absence of IFN-γ or the ligand-binding portion of its receptor, Ag-specific CD4 T cells exhibited normal expansion in numbers, but in both strains of deficient mice there was very little decrease in the number of Ag-specific CD4 T cells even at time points later than day 90 after infection. This significant delay in contraction was not due to prolonged infection, since mice treated with antibiotics to conclusively eliminate infection exhibited the same defect in contraction. In addition to altering the number of Ag-specific CD4 T cells, the absence of IFN-γ signaling also changed the phenotype of cells generated after infection. IFN-γR1−/− Ag-specific CD4 T cells reacquired expression of CD127 more quickly than wild-type cells, and more IFN-γR1−/− CD4 T cells were capable of producing both IFN-γ and interleukin 2 following Ag stimulation. From these data we conclude that IFN-γ regulates the contraction, phenotype, and function of Ag-specific CD4 T cells generated after infection.
Glaive: a state-space narrative planner supporting intentionality and conflict

Glaive is a state-space planner based on Hoffmann and Nebel's Fast-Forward (2011) which solves the narrative planning problem defined by Riedl and Young (2010)— to construct a plan which achieves the author's goals out of steps which are clearly motivated and goal-oriented toward individual character goals. Glaive reasons about how characters cooperate and conflict based on causal structures and possible worlds. By leveraging the unique constraints of narrative planning, Glaive reduces its branching factor and calculates a more accurate heuristic. We evaluate it on 8 narrative planning problems and demonstrate that it can solve certain non-trivial problems in under 1 second.
The Balkanization of Appellate Justice: The Proliferation of Local Rules in the Federal Circuits

This article examines the tremendous growth of federal circuit court rules and the implications both for federal appellate practice and for the intergrity of the federal appellate system. In the waning years of the twentieth century, the leading story of federal procedure is one of growing disunity in practice and fragmentation in rules. A little more than half a century after federal procedure was unified in 1938 with the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the federal judicial system appears to be de-evolving into a collection of largely autonomous court units with separate procedural regimes. Instead of a unitary court system, joined together in a common procedural enterprise, each district and each circuit has become its own fiefdom with its own rules governing the progress and disposition of litigation. The federal courts of appeals have not been immune from this centrifugal procedural tendency. The proliferation of conflicting circuit rules has impaired the uniformity of federal appellate procedure and unnecessarily complicated appellate practice, while destroying the unity of the appellate system. In addition to standing as an obstacle to the efficient representation of clients and denying justice in individual cases, the growth of local circuit rules conveys an unmistakable symbolic message of disunity among the federal appellate courts. The article concludes that the Supreme Court, the Judicial Conference, the individual circuits, and if necessary, Congress, should reaffirm the primacy of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and bring local circuit rules into harmony with its objectives.
Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age by John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle

(2002). Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age by John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. Journal for the Study of Food and Society: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 94-95.
The relationship between gender and delinquency: Assessing the mediating role of anticipated guilt

Abstract Purpose Gender differences in delinquency are well-documented, with dominant explanations drawing largely on control, strain, and learning theories. We suggest that gender differences in guilt mediate a substantial portion of gender's association with delinquency over and above variables derived from these theories. Methods We use negative binomial regression and path analysis to test this assertion using data collected from a convenience sample of middle-school and high-school students in a Northeastern region of the United States. Results Results suggest that variables derived from control and learning theories may explain part of the gender gap in delinquency, but that a larger portion of the gender gap is due to gender differences in anticipated guilt. Conclusions Anticipated guilt appears to reflect a critical component of the explanation for why males engage in higher levels of delinquency than females, and future research should therefore pay greater attention to identifying the factors that influence interpersonal differences in the experience of guilt.
Dikaryotization In Clitocybe Truncicola

SUMMARY The process of dikaryotization in Clitocybe truncicola Peck was examined by phase-contrast microscopy. The first dikaryotic cells do not arise directly from the two homokaryotic cells that have fused but from homokaryotic cells some distance from the place of fusion. The intervening homokaryotic cells are severely disrupted and they appear to act as channels for the migrating, compatible nucleus. After a time, this nucleus ceases its migration and forms a dikaryotic association with one of the resident nuclei. From the cell containing this pair of nuclei the first dikaryotic hypha often arises. The first few conjugate divisions in this hypha are often marked by abnormal clamp connections and/or nuclear distributions. Eventually, however, the dikaryon stabilizes and later divisions are normal. During the past 45 years several partial descriptions of the cytology of dikaryotization in a number of different species of tetrapolar basidiomycetes have appeared. Both the methods used and the results reported differ radically. Lehfeldt (1923), Noble (1937) and Giesy and Day (1965) examined fixed and stained material. Buller (1931) and Lange (1966) examined living material, the former by light microscopy, the latter by phase-contrast microscopy. These accounts agree that the fusion of two compatible cells is the first step in dikaryotization; they disagree on the nature of the subsequent events. Lehfeldt (1923) found two distinct processes of dikaryotization among a group of tetrapolar basidiomycetes. In the Corticium serum type the first dikaryotic cells arise directly and presumably immediately
THE SENSORY BASIS OF MATE SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA.

Petit (1951, 1954, 1958); Ehrman, Spassky, Pavlovsky, and Dobzhansky (1965); Spiess (1968a,b); Ehrman (1966, 1967, 1968a); Ehrman and Petit, (1968); and Petit and Ehrman (1969) have studied the relationship between the relative frequencies of two types of Drosophila males in a confined space and their mating efficiency. They all found that the less abundant males achieve mating more frequently than do these same males when they are the majority. This phenomenon has now been observed in Drosophila meltnogaster, D. pseudo'obscura, D. persimilis, D. tropicalis, D. willistoni, and D. equinoxialis using strains carrying different chromosomes, of different geographic origins, mutants versus wild types, and even strains raised at different temperatures. Kojima and Yarbrough (1967), Tobari and Kojima (1967), Kojima and Tobari (1969), and Fraser and Burnell (1967) have considered other aspects, including the mathematical one, of this frequency-dependent sexual selection. But the physiological basis of the mating advantage of rare forms was totally unknown. Initial attempts to identify the signals which allow Drosophila females to perceive the relative frequency of males courting them were inconclusive (Ehrman, 1967). This present paper will report the results of additional experiments undertaken to probe more accurately, the sensory basis of the relationship between genotype frequency and mating success in Drosophila pseudoobscura. To express the problem more simply, "How does a Drosophila female know which males are rare?"
Euclid's Algorithm and the Least-Remainder Algorithm

(1952). Euclid's Algorithm and the Least-Remainder Algorithm. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 156-159.
Enhancing the efficiency and reliability of group differentiation through partial credit

The focus of the learning analytics community bridges the gap between controlled educational research and data mining. Online learning platforms can be used to conduct randomized controlled trials to assist in the development of interventions that increase learning gains; datasets from such research can act as a treasure trove for inquisitive data miners. The present work employs a data mining approach on randomized controlled trial data from ASSISTments, a popular online learning platform, to assess the benefits of incorporating additional student performance data when attempting to differentiate between two user groups. Through a resampling technique, we show that partial credit, defined as an algorithmic combination of binary correctness, hint usage, and attempt count, can benefit assessment and group differentiation. Partial credit reduces sample sizes required to reliably differentiate between groups that are known to differ by 58%, and reduces sample sizes required to reliably differentiate between less distinct groups by 9%.
Factors Associated with Management of Teen Aggression: Child Psychiatric Clinical Decision Making

Abstract Objective: This study explores whether patient-specific and clinician-specific factors are associated with child psychiatrists' use of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the management of aggression in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The patient-specific factors included patient's race, caregiver status, and patient engagement in psychotherapy. Methods: Child psychiatrists attending an annual conference (n = 156) were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on clinical decision making. Each participant was randomized to one of eight vignettes on a physically aggressive male teenager with methylphenidate-responsive ADHD. Patient race, caregiving status, and patient engagement in psychotherapy were systematically varied. Respondents rated how likely they were to prescribe an SGA and whether they would adjust the patient's current medication. Results: Seventy-five percent of participants (n = 117) were uncomfortable with adding an SGA, and 61% (n = 95) wer...
Large Displays for Knowledge Work

Knowledge workers, a growing component of our modern workforce, have specialized work practices not well served by existing office technology solutions. Our research in designing office systems that better support this class of workers has included an in-depth study of traditional whiteboard use and the development of three large display systems, each addressing different aspects of and work practices involved in knowledge work. We have identified three cross-cutting themes in making these kinds of large display applications effective for supporting a variety of information management activities: context-awareness, privacy and content relevance, and informal and casual interaction techniques. In this chapter, we reflect on the ways in which each of these themes guided the design of our system prototypes and how they may inform future efforts in integrating large displays into the office environment.
Chapter 59 – Surgical and Other Mechanical Procedures

Publisher Summary Although drugs, together with pulmonary rehabilitation, will form the mainstay of treatment for most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as the lung destruction progresses, these therapies become insufficiently effective for a minority of patients who may then be prepared to consider a surgical treatment. Asthma, being a condition characterized by variable airflow obstruction, is seldom suitable to a surgical approach although the experimental approach of thermoplasty have been discussed in this chapter. Bronchial thermoplasty is a novel approach in the treatment of asthma, which targets smooth muscle within the airways. Bronchial thermoplasty uses low energy radio frequency to ablate the smooth muscle. The epithelium, mucous glands, and nerves appear to regenerate but there is permanent reduction in the smooth muscle bulk. The NETT study is by far the biggest study to assess lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS); briefly after pulmonary rehabilitation 1218 were randomized to receive either LVRS or continued medical care. Surgical patients were more likely to achieve an improved 6-min walk distance and exhibited an approximately 30% reduction in exacerbations. The current position for surgical LVRS is that it may best be described as useful only in patients with the most favorable radiological appearances, who are a minority of emphysema patients. Even so the operation is confined to those patients willing to accept the perioperative mortality but who meet the safety criteria.
Virtual reality for pediatric neuro-rehabilitation: Adaptive visual feedback of movement to engage the mirror neuron system

Sensorimotor therapy gives optimal results when patients are cognitively engaged into highly repetitive tasks, a goal that most children find hard to pursue. This paper presents the key developments of our ongoing effort to design an interactive rehabilitation environment that motivates physically impaired children throughout their therapy. The continuous motivation is achieved by the system adapting fundamental therapeutic components to the performance of each child. The relevant movement is mirrored to an animated character projected in front of the child. We speculate that the visual observation of one's own movements will activate the “mirror neuron system”, a brain system underlying the human capacity to learn by imitation. Our rehabilitation algorithm personalizes the difficulty of the tasks by adapting the difficulty of reaching virtual targets on the animated environment through changing the visual gain between real and animated movements. To track the sensorimotor performance, we estimated the time required to reach a target. To give a proof of concept for the adaptation of the visual gain, we developed a serious game driven by a Leap Motion device. In addition to becoming a testbed for studying sensorimotor integration and neuroplasticity, the proposed notion of visual gain can be integrated into a highly engaging environment in which physically impaired children will play their way to recovery.
Polydopamine and eumelanin molecular structures investigated with ab initio calculations

A set of computational methods that contains a brute-force algorithmic generation of chemical isomers, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations is reported and applied to investigate nearly 3000 probable molecular structures of polydopamine (PDA) and eumelanin. All probable early-polymerized 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) oligomers, ranging from dimers to tetramers, have been systematically analyzed to find the most stable geometry connections as well as to propose a set of molecular models that represents the chemically diverse nature of PDA and eumelanin. Our results indicate that more planar oligomers have a tendency to be more stable. This finding is in good agreement with recent experimental observations, which suggested that PDA and eumelanin are composed of nearly planar oligomers that appear to be stacked together via π–π interactions to form graphite-like layered aggregates. We also show that there is a group of tetramers notably more stable than the others, implying that even though there is an inherent chemical diversity in PDA and eumelanin, the molecular structures of the majority of the species are quite repetitive. Our results also suggest that larger oligomers are less likely to form. This observation is also consistent with experimental measurements, supporting the existence of small oligomers instead of large polymers as main components of PDA and eumelanin. In summary, this work brings an insight into the controversial structure of PDA and eumelanin, explaining some of the most important structural features, and providing a set of molecular models for more accurate modeling of eumelanin-like materials.
Are Prosecutorial Ethics Standards Different

Once a prosecutor determines to employ an expert, a number of distinct decisions must be confronted-from choosing the expert, to complying with discovery obligations, to presenting the testimony at trial. Part I of this essay considers the selection of experts. Although improper selection of experts can be viewed as merely another aspect of presenting misleading testimony, we treat it separately in this essay because the literature typically ignores it. Part 1I examines the pretrial disclosure of scientific evidence. The issues that have arisen in this context include late disclosure, omitting information from laboratory reports, declining to have a report prepared, and failing to disclose exculpatory evidence. Part III explores a number of ways in which prosecutors have presented expert testimony in a misleading manner. What practices should be considered "misleading" is far from obvious. In Part IV, we take a broader view and consider reforms that have relevance across a range of issues.
Developmental Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Oxygen Sensing

The in utero environment of the pulmonary circulation is unique. During fetal life, the lung is fluid filled, oxygen tension low, pulmonary blood flow limited, and pulmonary vascular resistance exceeds systemic vascular resistance. Blood is shunted away from the lungs at the level of the ductus arteriosus. At birth, pulmonary blood flow increases eightfold to tenfold and pulmonary artery pressure decreases to 50% of systemic levels within 24 h after birth concomitant with an increase in oxygen tension. The critical physiologic stimuli that account for perinatal pulmonary vasodilation include rhythmic distention of the lung and an increase in both shear stress and oxygen tension. Data accumulated over the past several decades implicate distinct and complementary roles for both pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth cells (PASMCs) in promoting fetal lung growth and development and in mediating the postnatal adaptation of the pulmonary circulation.
TNF stimulates IL‐6, CXCL8 and VEGF secretion from human keratinocytes via activation of mTOR, inhibited by tetramethoxyluteolin

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and chronic inflammation. The pathogenesis of psoriasis involves proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but the mechanism of keratinocyte activation is not well understood. Here, we show that TNF (10 or 50 ng/mL) stimulates a significant (P < .0001) gene expression and secretion of proinflammatory IL-6, CXCL8 and VEGF from both cultured human HaCaT and normal epidermal human keratinocytes (NHEKs). This effect occurs via activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling complex as shown by Western blot analysis and phospho-ELISAs. Pretreatment with the novel natural flavonoid tetramethoxyluteolin (10-100 μmol L-1 ) significantly (P < .0001) inhibits gene expression and secretion (P < .0001) of all 3 mediators in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, tetramethoxyluteolin (50 μmol L-1 ) appears to be a potent inhibitor of the phosphorylated mTOR substrates (pmTORSer2448 , pp70S6KThr389 and p4EBP1Thr37/46 ) as compared to known mTOR inhibitors in keratinocytes. The present findings indicate that TNF stimulates skin inflammation via mTOR signalling. Inhibition by tetramethoxyluteolin may be used in the treatment for psoriasis.
A novel method of WTW for productivity improvement — Stephen Tseng

In order to improve tool productivity in semi-conductor manufacturing, we come up with this work reporting a combination of Wait Time Waste (WTW) and Hidden Capacity Diagnostic (HCD) analysis methodology to extract the wafer process information from tool log via SEMI standard and SECS data to do visualization analysis. Thereafter, it is easier to find opportunity to reduce unnecessary process waste time and tool abnormality.
Public Agricultural Research and Its Contributions to Agricultural Productivity

There is broad agreement about the importance of investments in public agricultural research and extension in the United States, but there is less agreement about the exact methods to be used in data collection, variable definitions, econometric model specification, and benefit-cost comparisons. This chapter reviews these issues and presents a summary and comparison of recent estimates of the rate of return to investments in US public agricultural research and extension. This chapter will be useful to graduate students, researchers, university administrators, and agricultural science policy advisors.
Learning and Instruction in the Digital Age Epilog

The Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA) conference brings together researchers from computer science, education, instruc- tional technology, and psychology each year to discuss critical issues in making effective use of technology to support learning and instruction. The exchange of different perspectives and cutting-edge applications at conferences such as CELDA are vital parts of this dynamic professional community. The chapters in this volume are expanded versions of the best papers presented in Freiburg at CELDA 2008. Collectively considered, they address a wide range of issues and innovative appli- cations involving technology-facilitated learning and instruction. This brief chapter is intended to provide a kind of reflection on where we have been and seem to be going with regard to digital learning technologies.