cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nature and nurturing: parenting in the context of child temperament.

Accounting for both bidirectional and interactive effects between parenting and child temperament can fine-tune theoretical models of the role of parenting and temperament in children’s development of adjustment problems. Evidence for bidirectional and interactive effects between parenting and children’s characteristics of frustration, fear, self-regulation, and impulsivity was reviewed, and an overall model of children’s individual differences in response to parenting is proposed. In general, children high in frustration, impulsivity and low in effortful control are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of negative parenting, while in turn, many negative parenting behaviors predict increases in these characteristics. Frustration, fearfulness, and effortful control also appear to elicit parenting behaviors that can predict increases in these characteristics. Irritability renders children more susceptible to negative parenting behaviors. Fearfulness operates in a very complex manner, sometimes increasing children’s responses to parenting behaviors and sometimes mitigating them and apparently operating differently across gender. Important directions for future research include the use of study designs and analytic approaches that account for the direction of effects and for developmental changes in parenting and temperament over time.
Combined experimental and computational studies on carbon-carbon reductive elimination from Bis(hydrocarbyl) complexes of (PCP)Ir.

The reductive elimination of carbon−carbon bonds is one of the most fundamentally and synthetically important reaction steps in organometallic chemistry, yet relatively little is understood about the factors that govern the kinetics of this reaction. C−C elimination from complexes with the common d6 six-coordinate configuration generally proceeds via prior ligand loss, which greatly complicates any attempt to directly measure the rates of the specific elimination step. We report the synthesis of a series of five-coordinate d6 iridium complexes, (tBuPCP)Ir(R)(R′), where R and R′ are Me, Ph, and (phenyl-substituted) vinyl and alkynyl groups. For several of these complexes (R/R′ = Ph/Vi, Me/Me, Me/Vi, Me/CCPh, and Vi/CCPh, where Vi = trans-CH═CHPh) we have measured the absolute rate of C−C elimination. For R/R′ = Ph/Ph, Ph/Me, and Ph/CCPh, we obtain upper limits to the elimination rate; and for R/R′ = CCPh/CCPh, a lower limit. In general, the rates decrease (activation barriers increase) according to the fol...
A Profile of Computer Use among the University of Illinois Humanities Faculty

The faculty of the School of Humanities of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) were surveyed to assess their current use of and attitudes towards educational computing. The respondents were generally self-trained in computer use, indicated positive attitudes to, and made frequent use of computers. Frequency of computer use, level of general computing skills, computer interest, and anxiety were analyzed according to respondent rank, sex, and age. Faculty perceptions of obstacles to computer use in the humanities indicate a need to address issues of funding for hardware, quality of software, training, and technical support. The main faculty interests in applications software include word processing, desktop publishing, graphics, database management, communications, and computer-assisted instruction. While recognizing that humanities faculty do not have the same level of involvement in computing as faculty in more “technical” disciplines, UIUC humanists, as a group, are clearly not intimida...
Surface-selective infiltration of thin-film catalyst into microchannel reactors

Abstract A thin-film Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalyst was synthesized by a sol–gel synthesis method with hydrogen hexachloroplatinate hydrate and aluminum isopropoxide as precursors in a water-based solvent. The catalyst contained ∼5 nm Pt particles dispersed on Al 2 O 3 support, which was mostly amorphous with a specific surface area of 400–450 m 2 /g and a pore size distribution in the range of 2–8 nm. For uniform infiltration of the sol–gel catalyst precursor into the microchannel of Si-based reactors, a hydrophobic film was applied to the top surface of the reactors while reactive ion etched microchannel surface of the reactors remained hydrophilic. Under these surface conditions, the catalyst precursor infiltrated selectively into the microchannel without spilling over to the reactor surface. In comparison to other infiltration methods, this surface-selective approach provided an effective means of precisely controlling the amount of catalyst loaded into the reactors and keeping the reactor surface clean for subsequent sealing via anodic bonding. However, as delamination occurred preferentially at the sharp corners of the microchannel, the thickness of the catalyst layer that could be practically incorporated into the reactors was limited to ∼3 μm.
Myocyte Growth and Cardiac Repair

Introduced several decades ago, the dogma persists that ventricular myocytes are terminally differentiated cells and cardiac repair by myocyte regeneration is completely inhibited shortly after birth. On the basis that cardiac myocytes are unable to divide in the adult heart, myocyte growth under physiologic and pathologic conditions is believed to be restricted to cellular hypertrophy. Evidence is presented to indicate that this old paradigm has to be changed to include myocyte replication as a significant component of the cellular processes of ventricular remodeling. Importantly, myocyte death, apoptotic and necrotic in nature, has to be regarded as an additional critical variable of the multifactorial events implicated in the alterations of cardiac anatomy and myocardial structure of the decompensated heart. Methodologies are currently available to recognize and measure quantitatively the contribution of myocyte size, number and death to the adaptation of the overloaded heart and its progression to cardiac failure.
Collection and 28-day storage of human placental blood.

ABSTRACT: Placental blood was harvested using a novel collection system into packs containing citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine and then stored for 28 d. Before and during storage, sterility, adequacy of anticoagulation, blood chemistry, and red cell viability were assessed weekly. The average volume of blood collected was 65 mL (range 30–110 mL) with a 0.42 hemocrit once diluted in anticoagulant. All blood culture specimens were sterile at collection and during storage. Adequate anticoagulation (activated partial thromboplastin time > 90 s) on the day of collection was achieved in 15 specimens, all less than 65 mL of blood volume. Ten specimens, in blood volumes ranging from 65 to 110 mL, had mean activated partial thromboplastin time values of 65.3 ± 10.2 s. Activated partial thromboplastin time values for all 25 specimens at 1,2, 3, and 4 wk storage were >90 s, presumably because of the decline in labile clotting factors after 24 h of storage. Hematocrit, red cell ATP, and red cell shape were maintained during storage. As expected, red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate declined and potassium levels rose significantly but were not different than levels reported for adult cells similarly preserved. Based on our results, it appears that placental blood represents a potential source of autologous transfusion for the sick neonate over the first month of life.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Overexpression in the Islet of Transgenic Mice Increases Beta Cell Proliferation, Enhances Islet Mass, and Induces Mild Hypoglycemia

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced in pancreatic mesenchyme-derived cells and in islet cells. In vitro, HGF increases the insulin content and proliferation of islets. To study the role of HGF in the islet in vivo, we have developed three lines of transgenic mice overexpressing mHGF using the rat insulin II promoter (RIP). Each RIP-HGF transgenic line displays clear expression of HGF mRNA and protein in the islet. RIP-mHGF mice are relatively hypoglycemic in post-prandial and fasting states compared with their normal littermates. They display inappropriate insulin production, striking overexpression of insulin mRNA in the islet, and a 2-fold increase in the insulin content in islet extracts. Importantly, beta cell replication rates in vivo are two to three times higher in RIP-HGF mice. This increase in proliferation results in a 2–3-fold increase in islet mass. Moreover, the islet number per pancreatic area was also increased by approximately 50%. Finally, RIP-mHGF mice show a dramatically attenuated response to the diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin. We conclude that the overexpression of HGF in the islet increases beta cell proliferation, islet number, beta cell mass, and total insulin production in vivo. These combined effects result in mild hypoglycemia and resistance to the diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin.
Starch-free fatty acid complexation in the presence of whey protein.

Abstract The effect of whey protein on starch-free fatty acid (FFA) complexation was studied in a model system composed of sorghum starch, whey protein, and different FFAs (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and lauric acids) in a weight ratio of 20:2:1(w/w/w). Whey protein decreased the enthalpy of the melting of the starch–lipid complex by 20–30% for the FFAs except linoleic acid, and increased the reformation exothermic enthalpy by 150–350% in the DSC cooling cycle. The large difference between enthalpies upon heating and cooling in the starch–FFA sample was diminished by the addition of whey protein. X-ray diffraction data showed more pronounced crystalline order of V-type starch–FFA complexes when whey protein was present. A previously described cooling stage viscosity peak, formed due to starch–FFA–protein complexation, paralleled formation of the better defined V-type crystallite of the starch–FFA complex. Whey protein also significantly decreased the amount of starch–FFA complexation in a dilute system. The effect of protein on starch–FFA complexation was related to the formation of a three-component complex composed of starch, FFA, and protein previously identified in our laboratory.
Interaction of the Microbivorous Nematode Teratorhabditis dentifera and the Nematode-Pathogenic Fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Abstract The fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis is an obligate pathogen with a broad host range among nematodes. Microbivorous nematodes are abundant around plant roots and may serve as hosts for the fungus. Our objective was to determine the influence of the bacterial-feeding nematode Teratorhabditis dentifera on the abundance of H. rhossiliensis. Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber with pots containing pasteurized soil, the fungus, and potato plants. The abundance of infectious conidia was compared in pots with and without T. dentifera after 50 or 70 days. The nematode reached high densities (10-40/cm3 soil) but had no effect on the abundance of conidia. Many individuals were dauer juveniles, a stage that acquired conidia but did not become infected. To test whether this life stage could deplete the pool of conidia in soil, different proportions of dauer juveniles with (resistant) and without (susceptible) a sheath were added to H. rhossiliensis-infested soil. The number of conidia in the soil decreased with an increasing proportion of resistant nematodes. Different stages of T. dentifera appear to have opposing effects on H. rhossiliensis; while adults and regular juveniles acquire conidia, become infected, and produce new infectious conidia, dauer juveniles can deplete the supply of conidia.
Opportunity and Health Care: Criticisms and Suggestions

orman Daniels' proposal to distribute health care on the basis of fair equality of opportunity, is, in this writer's opinion, unworkable. His concepts of species-typical activity and normal opportunity range are unclear; so is the relationship between them. His view that justice accords disease a better claim on the health dollar than other causes of death, pain, and disability, commits him unknowingly to indefensible positions on particular sorts of health care, such as the care of the aging and of pregnant women. Daniels' concept of opportunity is so inclusive, his notion of balancing opportunities so vague, that his theory loses systematic power. I offer a different account from Daniels' concerning why health care needs are objective and of special importance. I also argue for a voucher system which levels out class inequalities and which finances current medical practices more or less uncritically, but allows for change through a diversity of insurance plans available to consumers. This system is just, and more practical than rating health care needs by impact on opportunity.
Variations on Stochastic Curtailment in Sequential Mastery Testing.

In sequential mastery testing (SMT), assessment via computer is used to classify examinees into one of two mutually exclusive categories. Unlike paper-and-pencil tests, SMT has the capability to use variable-length stopping rules. One approach to shortening variable-length tests is stochastic curtailment, which halts examination if the probability of changing classification decisions is low. The estimation of such a probability is therefore a critical component of a stochastically curtailed test. This article examines several variations on stochastic curtailment where the key probability is estimated more aggressively than the standard formulation, resulting in additional savings in average test length (ATL). In two simulation sets, the variations successfully reduced the ATL, and in many cases the average loss, compared with the standard formulation.
Endovascular Versus Medical Therapy for Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease

The diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS) has become increasingly common in part due to greater awareness of ischemic renal disease and increased use of diagnostic techniques. Over 90 % of RAS cases are caused by atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD). Patients with ARVD are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular and renal events. The mortality rate in patients with ARVD is high, especially with other cardiovascular or renal comorbidities. Recent clinical studies have provided substantial evidence concerning medical therapy and endovascular interventional therapeutic approaches for ARVD. Despite previous randomized clinical trials, the optimal therapy for ARVD remained uncertain until the results of the Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) trial were released recently. CORAL demonstrated that optimal medical therapy was equally effective to endovascular therapy in the treatment of ARVD. Clinicians can now practice with more evidence-based medicine to treat ARVD and potentially decrease mortality in patients with ARVD using optimal medical therapy.
Timely opportunities for families and their healthcare providers: A commentary on Pyle et al. (2005)

This commentary on S. A. Pyle, C. K. Haddock, N. Hymowitz, J. Schwab, and S. Meshberg (2005) addresses the complex nature of establishing family rules about exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS). Particular attention is paid to how family rules are established and the challenges in enforcing rules among adult family members. Findings are also discussed in terms of the limits of family rule making and the need for negotiation and conflict resolution. The compounding influence of socioeconomic status and parental education in monitoring ETS deserves serious attention in future research. Healthcare providers are urged to discuss family rules with their patients with an eye toward preventative interventions.
“Let’s Work It through Together”: How Group Cohesion Emerges from Critical Incidents

Group cohesion, “a dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its goals and objectives” (Carron, 1982: 124), is an importan...
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies: VII—13C and 15N n.m.r. of diazo compounds

The 13C and 15N n.m.r. results for a series of diazo compounds are reported. It is found that the diazo carbon is shielded by an extraordinary amount compared with normal sp2 hybridized carbons. The 15N chemical shifts reveal that the terminal nitrogen is deshielded relative to the central one. This is contrary to that expected from charge effects but support is found for this phenomenon in other systems. One-bond 13C14N coupling in diazomethane is also reported for the first time. INDO MO calculations of the charges and finite perturbation calculations of 13C14N and CH couplings are compared with the experimental results.
Mutagenicity of Combretum erythrophyllum in sex‐linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila

The roots of the herb Combretum erythrophyllum are prescribed and consumed as a medicine for sexual diseases, as an aphrodisiac, as a purgative and for treating leprosy. This plant is also a source of gums used as food adulterants. In earlier studies, the aqueous extract of this plant induced oxidative and base-pair mutations in Salmonella. We employed the sex-linked recessive lethal test to evaluate its mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. In the current paper we report that the aqueous extract causes mutations in the meiotic stage of Drosophila melanogaster. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow Visualization of a Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device During Stroke Volume Reductions Related to Weaning

The aim of this study is to define the fluid mechanics of a pulsatile pneumatically driven pediatric ventricular assist device (PVAD), for the reduced flow rates encountered during device weaning and myocardial recovery, and relate the results to the potential for thromboembolic events. We place an acrylic model of the PVAD in a mock circulatory loop filled with a viscoelastic blood analog and operate at four stroke volumes (SVs), each with two different filling conditions, to mimic how the flow rate of the device may be reduced. Particle image velocimetry is used to acquire flow field data. We find that a SV reduction method provides better rotational flow and higher wall shear rates than a beat rate reduction method; that a quick filling condition with a compressed diastolic time is better than a slow filling condition; and, that a reduction in SV to 40% led to greatly reduced fluid movement and wall shear rates that could increase the thrombogenicity of the device. SV reduction is a viable option for flow reduction during weaning, however, it does lead to significant changes to the device flow field and future studies are needed to develop operational protocols for the PVAD during bridge-to-recovery.
Lipid Rafts and Caveolae and Their Role in Compartmentation of Redox Signaling

Membrane (lipid) rafts and caveolae, a subset of rafts, are cellular domains that concentrate plasma membrane proteins and lipids involved in the regulation of cell function. In addition to providing signaling platforms for G-protein-coupled receptors and certain tyrosine kinase receptors, rafts/caveolae can influence redox signaling. This review discusses molecular characteristics of and methods to study rafts/caveolae, determinants that contribute to the localization of molecules in these entities, an overview of signaling molecules that show such localization, and the contribution of rafts/caveolae to redox signaling. Of particular note is the evidence that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxygenase, and heme oxygenase, along with other less well-studied redox systems, localize in rafts and caveolae. The precise basis for this localization and the contribution of raft/caveolae-localized redox components to physiology and disease are important issues for future studies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11, 1357–1372.
Unimolecular dissociation of hydroxypropyl and propoxy radicals

Abstract Unimolecular pressure- and temperature-dependent decomposition rate coefficients of radicals derived from n - and i -propanol by H-atom abstraction are calculated using a time-dependent master equation in the 300–2000 K temperature range. The calculations are based on a C 3 H 7 O potential energy surface, which was previously tested successfully for the propene + OH reaction. All rate coefficients are obtained with internal consistency with particular attention paid to shallow wells. After minor adjustments very good agreement with the few available experimental results is obtained. Several interesting pathways are uncovered, such as the catalytic dehydration, well-skipping reactions and reactions forming enols. The results of the calculations can be readily used in CHEMKIN simulations or to assess important channels for higher alcohols.
A study of the effectiveness of some skin detergents under conditions of use

Abstract From a study of the antibacterial action of three clinical skin detergents under conditions of use the following suggestions are made: 1. 1. Of the three compounds tested, pHisoderm containing 3 per cent hexachlorophene is a more effective degerming agent than a compound containing Phemerol ( 2 1 2 per cent). Both of these compounds are more effective after one- and four-hour periods than a liquid soap containing hexachlorophene in the amount of 2 per cent of the soap content (36 per cent). 2. 2. A comparison of the antibacterial action of liquid soap containing 2 per cent hexachlorophene with tincture of U. S. P. green soap at half-hour intervals indicates that there is an over-all reduction of 60.6 per cent of transient and resident organisms; with liquid germicidal detergent containing 2 1 2 per cent Phenemrol a reduction of 3 per cent is noted; and with pHisoderm containing 3 per cent hexachlorophene, a reduction of 84 per cent. 3. 3. Blood agar plates held in contact with unwashed hands for ten seconds show three and one-half times more organisms than when the hands are washed with pHisoderm containing 3 per cent hexachlorophene: a mean total plate count of 93.7 with an S.D. of 78.6 as compared to the mean total plate count of the washed hands of 26.3 with an S.D. of 30.1. The methods of procedure presented here offer a practical and comparative approach to the testing of surgical detergents and are in keeping with the newer techniques of preoperative scrubbing with hexachlorophene. The over-all scrubbing time has been reduced from approximately fifteen minutes with the old technique of using liquid soap and an alcohol rinse to three minutes with pHisoderm containing hexachlorophene 3 per cent. With the latter material a marked degermation of the skin microorganisms is obtained. The results reported in this study demonstrate that by continued use of this compound containing 3 per cent hexachlorophene the dentist can obtain a greater degree of surgical cleanliness of the hands than that possible through the use of any other detergent. By following this suggested procedure the dentist can obtain a greater degree of protection to himself as well as to his patient.
Teaching Core Nursing Values

Nursing is a caring profession. Caring encompasses empathy for and connection with people. Teaching and role-modeling caring is a nursing curriculum challenge. Caring is best demonstrated by a nurse's ability to embody the five core values of professional nursing. Core nursing values essential to baccalaureate education include human dignity, integrity, autonomy, altruism, and social justice. The caring professional nurse integrates these values in clinical practice. Strategies for integrating and teaching core values are outlined and outcomes of value-based nursing education are described. Carefully integrated values education ensures that the legacy of caring behavior embodied by nurses is strengthened for the future nursing workforce.
Solution of the transport equations using a moving coordinate system

Abstract A convection-diffusion equation arises from the conservation equations in miscible and immiscible flooding, thermal recovery, and water movement through desiccated soil. When the convection term dominates the diffusion term, the equations are very difficult to solve numerically. Owing to the hyperbolic character assumed for dominating convection, inaccurate, oscillating solutions result. A new solution technique minimizes the oscillations. The differential equation is transformed into a moving coordinate system which eliminates the convection term but makes the boundary location change in time. We illustrate the new method on two one-dimensional problems: the linear convection-diffusion equation and a non-linear diffusion type equation governing water movement through desiccated soil. Transforming the linear convection diffusion equation into a moving coordinate system gives a diffusion equation with time dependent boundary conditions. We apply orthogonal collocation on finite elements with a Crank-Nicholson time discretization. Comparisons are made to schemes using fixed coordinate systems. The equation describing movement of water in dry soil is a highly non-linear diffusion-type equation with coefficients varying over six orders of magnitude. We solve the equation in a coordinate system moving with a time-dependent velocity, which is determined by the location of the largest gradient of the solution. The finite difference technique with a variable grid size is applied, and a modified Crank-Nicholson technique is used for the temporal discretization. Comparisons are made to an exact solution obtained by similarity transformation, and with an ordinary finite difference scheme on a fixed coordinate system.
PROMISCUITY IN ADOLESCENCE.

There seems little doubt that among college women today chastity is not accepted as a necessary virtue. It is generally accepted, however, that fidelity eventually is required for development into responsible adulthood. The manner in which college women reach this final step is less clearly understood. The purpose of this paper is to consider under what circumstances premarital sexual intercourse is promiscuous and under what circumstances it is normative experimentation.
Subcultured human endothelial cells can function independently as fully competent antigen-presenting cells

Recent evidence has suggested that dendritic cells, epidermal Langerhan's cells and endothelial cells (EC) as well as macrophages, fulfill the requirements of antigen-presenting cells. Despite a variety of controls, one weakness in the evidence that these latter cell types can independently serve as antigen-presenting cells is that the cell preparations may contain small numbers of contaminating macrophages or other cell types. The experiments described in this paper are directed towards providing firm evidence that human EC are independently capable of presenting antigen to T cells. EC were isolated from human umbilical veins and maintained continuously by serial subculture for periods of up to 8 months. The subcultured EC displayed classic EC morphology and uniform immunofluorescent staining for Factor VIII-related antigen. The subcultured EC (tested to the 18th subculture) presented both particulate and soluble antigens to macrophage-depleted T cells with an efficiency equivalent to freshly isolated cells. Monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR and HLA-DS determinants inhibited antigen presentation by either autologous macrophages or EC. In addition, antigen presentation by the subcultured EC was not affected by the macrophage-specific monoclonal antibody Mac-120, which inhibited antigen presentation by autologous macrophages in the same experiments. These results are consistent with human EC being able to independently function as fully competent antigen-presenting cells.
Phosphorylation of the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor-β and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase-2 MECHANISMS FOR SELECTIVITY OF DESENSITIZATION

Accumulating evidence suggests that receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, like the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), may be desensitized by serine/threonine kinases. One such kinase, G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2), is known to mediate agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of multiple heptahelical receptors. In testing whether GRK2 could phosphorylate and desensitize the PDGFRβ, we first found by phosphoamino acid analysis that cells expressing GRK2 could serine-phosphorylate the PDGFRβ in an agonist-dependent manner. Augmentation or inhibition of GRK2 activity in cells, respectively, reduced or enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGFRβ but not the EGFR. Either overexpressed in cells or as a purified protein, GRK2 demonstrated agonist-promoted serine phosphorylation of the PDGFRβ and, unexpectedly, the EGFR as well. Because GRK2 did not phosphorylate a kinase-dead (K634R) PDGFRβ mutant, GRK2-mediated PDGFRβ phosphorylation required receptor tyrosine kinase activity, as does PDGFRβ ubiquitination. Agonist-induced ubiquitination of the PDGFRβ, but not the EGFR, was enhanced in cells overexpressing GRK2. Nevertheless, GRK2 overexpression did not augment PDGFRβ down-regulation. Like the vast majority of GRK2 substrates, the PDGFRβ, but not the EGFR, activated heterotrimeric G proteins allosterically in membranes from cells expressing physiologic protein levels. We conclude that GRK2 can phosphorylate and desensitize the PDGFRβ, perhaps through mechanisms related to receptor ubiquitination. Specificity of GRK2 for receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, expressed at physiologic levels, may be determined by the ability of these receptors to activate heterotrimeric G proteins, among other factors.
Representations of weak and strong integrals in banach spaces.

Abstract We establish a representation of the Gelfand-Pettis (weak) integral in terms of unconditionally convergent series. Moreover, absolute convergence of the series is a necessary and sufficient condition in order that the weak integral coincide with the Bochner integral. Two applications of the representation are given. The first is a simplified proof of the countable additivity and absolute continuity of the indefinite weak integral. The second application is to probability theory; we characterize the conditional expectation of a weakly integrable function.
SHARED GOVERNANCE IN THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

ABSTRACT This study examined shared governance in public, unionized community colleges and creates a national inventory of areas in which faculty participate in governance according to the language of collective-bargaining agreements. The findings suggest that community college faculty are engaged in shared governance in both the traditional academic areas such as faculty evaluation, curriculum, sabbatical, and tenure recommendations, and in the nontraditional areas such as budget and retrenchment decisions. Document analysis of 238 contracts representing 301 community colleges in 22 states was used to determine faculty participation in institutional governance. The results are intended to increase the understanding of shared governance in the community college.
Unified Total Syntheses of (−)-Medicarpin, (−)-Sophoracarpan A, and (±)-Kushecarpin A with Some Structural Revisions

The total syntheses of medicarpin, sophoracarpan A, and kushecarpin A from a common intermediate are achieved by using ortho- and para-quinone methide chemistry. Additionally, the relative stereochemistry of sophoracarpan A and B have been reassigned.
Visual word identification and age-related slowing ☆

Abstract Two experiments investigated adult age differences in the time course of sentence-context priming effects. In each experiment, subjects performed a word/ nonword discrimination (i.e., lexical decision) regarding a target letter string that followed a sentence context. The benefit component of the priming effect was similar in magnitude for young and older adults, and no age differences were introduced by variations in either the interval between the context and the target or the presentation rate of the context. There was consequently no evidence for age-related slowing of semantic activation processes. Regression analyses were performed on the present data combined with the results of two previous studies. These analyses supported one version of a generalized slowing model, in which age differences are determined primarily by task complexity, but did not support a stronger version of the model, in which a slowing of word identification would be reliably related to chronological age.
The Divine Infinity: Can Traditional Theists Justifiably Reject Pantheism?

L'A. souleve la question d'un rejet justifie du pantheisme par les theistes, des lors que la doctrine de l'infinite de Dieu apparait de facon aussi axiomatique et fondamentale dans le theisme traditionnel que dans l'intepretation pantheiste ou spinoziste de la realite. Examinant les notions de pouvoir maximal et de connaissance maximale, l'A. montre que l'abondance de Dieu ne justifie pas le monopole ontologique de tout ce qui existe, et que le rejet de la metaphysique pantheiste par les theistes trouve sa legitimite sans refuter le postulat de l'infinite de Dieu
Ground-based intercomparison of path-integrated DOAS measurements and conventional point measurements of ambient trace-gas concentrations

During the summer of 1991, simultaneous measurements of O3, NO, NO2, and SO2 were obtained by an open path differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) and conventional point methods at two sites (one urban and one rural) in the central Piedmont of North Carolina. The monitoring was conducted as part of the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS) program. In addition, the DOAS was configured to measure HNO2, NH3 HCHO, benzene, toluene, and p-xylene. The DOAS measurements were each integrated over a one minute period and the full set of measurements was obtained over a seven minute cycle time. NO and NH3 were measured over a 200 meter folded path. The remaining gases were measured over a 400 meter folded path. Additional point measurements included continuous measurements of NOy, H2O2, and integrated measurements of speciated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and HNO3. This paper examines the relationship between the path integrated, and point measurements of O3, NO, NO2, and SO2.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Problems with lossy compression of stereo pairs

We present a report on the effects of compressing stereo pairs using lossy compression techniques. We discuss the general functionality of all lossy compressors with particular emphasis on the CCITT/ISO JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard. We show that the application of lossy compressors to stereo pairs can cause ambiguities in the resulting stereo image and we develop a measure to quantify those ambiguities. We describe two new techniques which each help to decrease some of these anomalies. We also discuss the compression rates on some test images with and without the use of these new techniques.
The association between stillbirth in the first pregnancy and subsequent adverse perinatal outcomes

Objective We sought to examine the association between first-pregnancy stillbirth and subsequent adverse perinatal outcomes. Study Design This cohort study examined the first 2 singleton deliveries at 20-44 weeks' gestation from 1991-2008 (n = 71,315) using birth certificate, hospitalization, and outpatient encounter files. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association. Results Stillbirth was observed in 5.3 of 1000 first deliveries. There was an increased risk of ischemic placental disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.1), fetal distress (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.7–4.5), chorioamnionitis (OR, 2.3; 95% CI 1.5–4.3), extreme preterm birth (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.8–9.9), and early neonatal mortality (OR, 8.3; 95% CI, 3.7–18.6) in pregnancies after stillbirth vs pregnancies after live birth. Interpregnancy intervals Conclusion A first-pregnancy stillbirth may increase adverse perinatal outcomes in subsequent pregnancy.
Bond forces and pressure in diatomic liquids

Quantum-mechanical considerations indicate that a reasonable classical model for a diatomic system is one in which bond lengths are constant. Two types of such models may be distinguished: rigid models in which the constant length is imposed from the outset as a geometric constraint and flexible models in which the bond is represented by a stiff spring whose force constant becomes infinite. It has been shown by Honnell et al. that the pressure equations derived on the basis of the two models are equivalent. Here we show that this is also the case for the time-averaged bond forces f c b and f nc b, where f c b is the constraint force in the bond of the rigid model or the covalent bond force in the flexible model, while f nc b arises from the intermolecular non-covalent forces projected onto the bond direction. We show that these forces satisfy the relation f c b + f nc b = 2kT/b, with b the bond length, and that the bond-force concept and this relation provide physical insight into the various terms (inter...
Rapid and Precise Determination of the δ18O of Dissolved and Gaseous Dioxygen via Gas Chromatography−Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

Despite the importance of O2 in biogeochemical processes, relatively few environmental studies have incorporated stable isotope information to assess the origins and cycling of this gas. A major limitation to the routine use of δ18O has been the cost and complexity associated with traditional off-line preparation, dual-inlet techniques. A gas chromatograph−isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC−IRMS) technique providing rapid and precise δ18O−O2 values is presented. The procedure utilizes a 5-A molecular sieve column held at a constant temperature of 50 °C to separate O2 and N2 in time. A precision (± SD) of ±0.3‰ or better for δ18O−O2 is demonstrated on gaseous and dissolved samples spanning an environmentally relevant range in size of 20−700 μM. The potential for utilizing the technique for δ17O−O2 analysis (precision of ±0.5‰) and δ15N−N2 analysis (precision of ±0.2‰) on air samples is also demonstrated. Preliminary results from two unique environments, the subtropical North Pacific and Cornell University...
Workforce issues for the academic otolaryngologist.

Background The current medico-economic environment has led to profound changes in our health care system and questions of physician surplus. These issues have particularly affected the academic health care system, as research funding and departmental support have decreased, and many young otolaryngologists are questioning academic careers because of these uncertainties. The current study was undertaken to assess the workforce environment for the academic otolaryngologist, particularly the young physician. Methods Surveys were sent to the academic chairmen of all accredited otolaryngology residency programs in the United States, requesting information on faculty appointments—actual and projected—as well as subspecialty appointments and expectations of young faculty. Results The response rate was 60% (59/98). Faculty additions have been relatively stable from 1994 to 1998, with approximately 37 assistant professor and 5 associate professor positions filled yearly. Faculty additions were the result of departmental expansion in 83% of cases and spanned many subspecialties. The subspecialty positions most frequently added from 1994 to 1998 were generalists (57), head and neck oncologists (53), pediatric otolaryngologists (48), and otologists (39), with generalists filling 15 positions in 1998. Ninety-three percent of programs anticipate faculty additions in the next 5 years; most will be at the assistant professor level (77%), with 30% of positions for generalists, 20% for head and neck oncologists, and 18% for pediatric otolaryngologists. Faculty expectations are primarily clinical, with research being least important. Conclusions Academic positions are available for the young otolaryngologist, particularly in the fields of general otolaryngology, head and neck oncology, and pediatric otolaryngology.
Thermoelectric figure of merit of composite superlattice systems.

The thermoelectric properties of systems in the form of superlattices have been studied. First, the electrical and thermal conductivities, the thermopowers, and the figures of merit of superlattice structures are given in terms of the bulk parameters of the two constituent materials for conduction both parallel and perpendicular to the superlattice axis. Second, systems in which the layers of one of the materials become sufficiently thin that their electronic properties become effectively those of a two-dimensional quantum well are considered. Numerical calculations are given for such systems with ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ quantum wells separated by barriers having the parameters of bulk ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.75}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.25}$Te. It is shown that heat and electronic conduction through the barriers has a pronounced effect on the thermoelectric properties of the superlattice and that the figure of merit is decreased substantially for finite barrier thicknesses.
Family Support Model: Integrating Service Delivery in the Twenty-First Century

As we enter the new millennium, traditional social work values and interventions can effectively improve the fragmented and often inaccessible service delivery systems that children and families utilize. While social workers have always taken the lead in emphasizing the strengths perspective, empowerment of clients, a bio-psychosocial approach, community-based services, and services across the life span, human service agencies and providers have not uniformly embraced these concepts. Community agencies often duplicate services, lack user-friendly or accessible resources, and often provide only fragmented services to children and families. This article examines a Family Support Model that embraces and integrates social work values and concepts in efforts to provide quality, community-based, client-driven, and outcome-based services to children and families. While the Family Support Model originated within public administration and social policy circles, the natural compatibility between social work values ...
Detecting morphologically distinct oligomeric forms of α-synuclein

Neuropathologic and genetics studies as well as transgenic animal models have provided strong evidence linking misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein to the progression of Parkinson disease (PD) and other related disorders. A growing body of evidence implicates various oligomeric forms of α-synuclein as the toxic species responsible for neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death. Although numerous different oligomeric forms of α-synuclein have been identified in vitro, it is not known which forms are involved in PD or how, when, and where different forms contribute to the progression of PD. Reagents that can interact with specific aggregate forms of α-synuclein would be very useful not only as tools to study how different aggregate forms affect cell function, but also as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents for PD. Here we show that a single chain antibody fragment (syn-10H scFv) isolated from a phage display antibody library binds to a larger, later stage oligomeric form of α-synuclein than a previously reported oligomeric specific scFv isolated in our laboratory. The scFv described here inhibits aggregation of α-synuclein in vitro, blocks extracellular α-synuclein-induced toxicity in both undifferentiated and differentiated human neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y), and specifically recognizes naturally occurring aggregates in PD but not in healthy human brain tissue.
FROM THE PENS TO THE FIELD: REAL-WORLD WILDLIFE CONTRACEPTION

There are only two nonlethal approaches with which to manage wildlife populations: remove excess individuals or decrease reproductive rates. In the case of wild horse management, the latter has already been shown to be a more humane and less costly approach. Contraception has been known for many years to be effective in wild horses with regard to both fertility and population alteration. Field testing under real-world management situations is a critical aspect of wildlife contraception assessment. Field testing also requires documentation to justify eventual large-scale use of fertility control in population management. Furthermore, it is likely that full support by the managing agencies and acceptance of fertility control by the public will not occur until success has been demonstrated at the population level in the field. Because the transition from laboratory and captive animal trials to the real world of field research and testing of management potential in free-ranging wildlife is both essential and difficult, we identify considerations for optimizing success in the field, especially for controlling wild horse and white-tailed deer populations. This study identified the following categories for assessment: 1) field-specific logistics and tactics (including access to and identification of horses, censuses, pregnancy testing, and behavior monitoring), 2) training of field personnel and managers (including vaccine biology, preparation and delivery, and basic field methodology), 3) essential field considerations for enabling management (including population variables, environmental variables, and modeling), and 4) pitfalls of field contraception. In this assessment, we will highlight the capability for coincident pursuit of research and management and will explore field considerations applicable to many species where fertility control has potential as a management tool.
Impacts of GSS generic structures and task types on group communication process and outcome: Some expected and unexpected research findings

The contingency nature of GSS use implies that some GSS structures may be more suitable for supporting some task types than others. Research specifically examining effects of the GSS-task fit on group process and outcome has been inadequate in GSS research literature. This research, therefore, focused on the GSS-task fit. Two task types were used to explore the fit: an intellective task that was chosen to elicit the good fit and a preference task which was chosen to elicit the poor fit. Half groups were provided with computer (GSS) support and the other half was not. Research results reported some expected and unexpected findings. The good GSS-task fit for the intellective task enhanced group communication in group process whereas the poor fit for the preference task reduced group communication, as expected. However, the good fit for an intellective task failed to increase group satisfaction, relative to the poor fit for a preference task, which was unexpected. A possible reason for the unexpected results...