cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A contouring guide for head and neck cancers with perineural invasion

Abstract Purpose Perineural invasion (PNI) is a frequent pathological finding in head and neck cancers. When adjuvant radiation to cranial nerves at risk in head and neck cancers with PNI is considered, there is a need for consensus on which nerves are at risk and how to contour these nerves. This contouring guide attempts to address this need. Methods and materials Representative patient diagnostic computed tomographic (CT) scans with contrast of the neck were used to create example contours. The cranial nerves V 2, V 3 , VII, and XII, and sample primary tumor sites were initially delineated using the Varian Eclipse planning system by 5 radiation oncologists. All of the images were then reviewed with a diagnostic radiologist to establish consensus for delineating the cranial nerves. Results We provided detailed contouring and planning guidelines on a CT atlas, with figures to help illustrate internerve connections, based on clinical experience, literature-based patterns of failure, and established anatomic connections between cranial nerves. Tumor bed, cranial nerve, and elective target volumes are depicted. Conclusions These planning guidelines and atlas provide anatomic, clinical, and technical recommendations for guiding radiation oncologists in the planning and delivery of intensity modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer with PNI.
Electricity Scarcity Pricing Through Operating Reserves

Suppressed prices in real-time markets provide inadequate incentives for both generation investment and active participation by demand bidding. An operating reserve demand curve developed from first principles would improve reliability, support adequate scarcity pricing, and be straightforward to implement within the framework of economic dispatch. This approach would be fully compatible with other market-oriented policies. Better scarcity pricing would also contribute to long-term resource adequacy.
Event memory under naturalistically induced stress

Subjects engaged in intentional and incidental learning tasks while under high or low stress. High stress was induced by leading the subjects to believe that a blood sample was about to be taken; low stress corresponded to no blood sample. Results suggest that intentional and incidental learning are differentially affected by such stress. It is argued that the present methodology is useful for studying the memorial consequences of stress involving the risk of bodily injury.
Nest-Site Selection and Nest Survival of Lewis's Woodpecker in Aspen Riparian Woodlands

Abstract. Riparian woodlands of aspen (Populus tremuloides) provide valuable breeding habitat for several cavity-nesting birds. Although anecdotal information for this habitat is available for Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis), no study has previously examined the importance of aspen woodlands to this species' breeding biology. From 2002 to 2004, we monitored 76 Lewis's Woodpecker nests in aspen riparian woodlands of south-central Idaho to describe nest-site characteristics and estimate the nests' survival. We quantified the vegetation at nest sites and randomly selected other sites to determine habitat features important in the species' selection of a nest site. We then related these features, as well as several time-specific covariates, to nest survival. Lewis's Woodpecker selected nest trees that were larger in diameter than random trees and selected nest sites with more trees, fewer woody stems, and less bare ground than random sites. However, nest-site characteristics were not important determina...
NMDA receptors in the basolateral amygdala and gustatory neophobia

The attenuation of gustatory neophobia occurs during repeated exposures to an initially novel taste solution that is increasingly perceived as safe and familiar. The present study examined whether NMDA receptors in the basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) are involved in this important behavioral phenomenon. The results, which show that the attenuation, but not initial occurrence, of gustatory neophobia is dependent upon NMDA receptors in the BLA, are discussed with reference to a similar finding involving NMDA receptors in the insular cortex.
Influence of culture filtrate ofTrichoderma viride and barley on lipid metabolism of laying hens

The suppression of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase and cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase, previously noted in studies of the influences of barley and the filtrate ofTrichoderma viride culture (CF) on cholesterol metabolism in sexually immature birds, is shown in sexually mature birds. Barley, CF or both were fed in one study from the day of hatching, in another during the period of sexual maturation and, in a third study, CF was fed to mature layers. CF suppressed HMG CoA reductase by 30–50% and cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase by 32–45% when added to the control diet. In birds fed barley rather than corn, the respective activities were 25–36% and 24–31% lower. These effects were expressed in the lowering of plasma cholesterol by 11–36%. Lipogenic activity based on the assays of 4 enzymes was increased 2–3 times by the treatments and plasma triglyceride elevated by 12–86%. The start of egg production by birds fed CF preceded the controls by 17 days. Birds fed barley trailed controls by 11–14 days. CF countered the barley-conditioned delay. Egg yolk cholesterol concentrations were lowered by both treatments. Eggs produced by hens fed barley were lower in weight; CF increased egg and yolk weights. Tissues from birds fed CF or barley for up to 30 weeks appeared to be normal.
RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE, ARCHETYPES, AND THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS

. Established religions integrate a society's everyday secular realities with humankind's numinous experience of the holy. Powerful emotions nourish the cultural expression of the archetypes propelling the “ritual dances” of art, sport, and technocracy. During sacred moments such as mother-infant or adult bonding, neuroendocrine triggers activate lifelong ties. The cultural canon of the left cortex contrasts with the intuitive right. Brainstem “switches” alternate the left's cool, extraverted, sympathetic drive for control with the right's “warm” attachment behavior and dreaming sleep. Psychic trauma damages flexibility with resultant alexithymic blindness to emotions and archetypes. Substance abuse and narcissistic overemphasis on control ensue.
A Biophysical Perspective on the Pollination Biology of Ephedra nevadensis and E. trifurca

Previous research indicates that Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. and E. trifurca Torr. Ex S. Watts are capable of capturing airborne pollen because of (1) the absence of foliage obstructing airflow, (2) the streamlined geometry of ovules, (3) the orientation of ovules with respect to the vertical, (4) the clustering of ovules, and (5) wind-induced oscillations of stems and pollination droplets. Wind tunnel studies and computer models also show that slightly inclined stems deflect and funnel airborne pollen upward along their leeward sides toward ovules. Additionally, the dimensions, settling velocities, and other features of Ephedra pollen in theory are compatible with long-distance wind dispersal of pollen. These features increase the efficiency of wind pollination and are consistent with anemophily. However, none of these features precludes alternative pollination mechanisms, as for example the deposition of pollen by insects foraging pollination droplets. A biophysical perspective indicates that these Ephedra species are capable of being wind pollinated but it cannot preclude the possibility of insect pollination.
Hearing our cassandras: Ethical criticism and rhetorical receptions of Paul Ehrlich

(1994). Hearing our cassandras: Ethical criticism and rhetorical receptions of Paul Ehrlich. Social Epistemology: Vol. 8, Public Indifference to Population Issues, pp. 281-288.
On the measurement of urinary amino nitrogen with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Abstract Urinary amino acids react with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to form dinitro-phenylamine derivatives. Solubilization of the dinitrophenylamines in dioxane with subsequent spectrophotometric measurement at 420 mμ serves as a basis for quantitation. The resulting simplified procedure is relatively free from interference by most urinary constituents. Ammonia interferes but may be effectively removed from urine by boiling, aeration or ion exchange chromatography. The proposed method yields lower results for urinary amino nitrogen but compares favorably with colorimetric ninhydrin, and naphthaquinone methods. Total and free amino nitrogen and creatinine ratios have been estimated, and presented for a group of infants, normal children and those with sickle cell anemia, growth problems and neurological disturbances.
Evolution in the management of the total thoracic aorta

Objectives Extensive aneurysms of the ascending, arch, and descending thoracic aorta traditionally have been managed with a 2-stage "elephant trunk" procedure. Single-stage transmediastinal repairs have also been used, because in some patients the entire repair is not completed owing to either complications during first-stage repair or magnitude of the second-stage operation. Since 2006, second-stage elephant trunks have been preferentially completed with endovascular stent grafts in anatomically appropriate patients. This study compares outcomes of 2-stage elephant trunk, single-stage, and hybrid endovascular repairs of extensive thoracic aortic aneurysms. Methods This is a single-institution retrospective cohort study of 103 patients (1992–2007) with extensive thoracic aortic aneurysms undergoing 2-stage elephant trunk repair with either surgical (OPEN) or endovascular (TEVAR) completion versus single-stage transmediastinal replacement (SS). Outcomes were analyzed with Statistica 8.0 software (Tulsa, Okla). Results Of 103 patients, 74 had elephant trunk procedures, 24 TEVAR-eligible and 50 OPEN, and 29 had SS. Completion rates were higher with TEVAR than OPEN (78% vs 47%; P = .01). Seven of 18 TEVARs were performed during the index hospitalization. TEVAR patients had shorter second-stage hospital stay (5.5 vs 16.5 days [ P P P = .04). There were no differences in mortality, paraplegia, or stroke. Six-month Kaplan–Meier survival estimates for OPEN, TEVAR, and SS were 64%, 78%, and 64% ( P = .08). Conclusion More patients complete the second stage when TEVAR is used after elephant trunk repair, with fewer hospital days and transfusions. TEVAR is feasible and safe in the hybrid management of extensive thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Two high conductance channels of the mitochondrial inner membrane are independent of the human mitochondrial genome

Abstract Patch-clamp techniques were used to characterize the channel activity of mitochondrial inner membranes of two human osteosarcoma cell lines: a mitochondrial genome-deficient (ρ0) line and its corresponding parental (ρ+) line. Previously, two high conductance channels, mitochondrial Centum picoSiemen (mCS) and multiple conductance channels (MCC), were detected in murine mitochondria. While MCC was assigned to the protein import in yeast mitochondria, the role of mCS is unknown. This study demonstrates that mCs and MCC activities from mouse mitochondria are indistinguishable from those of human mitochondria. The channel activities and their functional expression levels are not altered in cells lacking mtDNA. Hence, ρ0 cells may provide a model system for elucidating the role of mitochondrial channels in disease processes and apoptosis.
The basis of the insensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98/1,8-DNP6 to the mutagenic action of nitroarenes

Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98/1,8-DNP6 is resistant to the mutagenicity of 1,8-dinitropyrene because it lacks an esterification enzyme which is needed for the formation of the ultimate mutagen, presumably the corresponding hydroxamic acid ester. This enzyme does not appear to be required for the activation of all nitroarenes and arylamines, as some of these are fully active in TA98/1,8-DNP. It is suggested that these form electrophilic arylnitrenium ions nonenzymatically from nitroso- and N-hydroxylamino-arenes intermediates. The esterification enzyme appears to be a transacetylase. An assay using 2-aminofluorene as the acetyl acceptor is described. Derivatives of S. typhimurium TA100 also lacking this enzyme were obtained by Tn5-mediated mutagenesis.
Membrane Resting and Action Potentials of Single Cardiac Muscle Fibers

An initial report is made on the electrocardiogram of a single heart muscle cell in vivo. The potential variations obtained by electrodes placed on opposite sides of the membrane of a heart muscle fibre are 50 to 100 times as large as those recorded by standard limb leads. The observations support the assumption that during activation the cell interior becomes positive with respect to its surrounding (depolarization, followed by polarization reversal). Induced alterations in shape and form of the action current of a single heart muscle fiber should provide further insight into the nature of the normal and abnormal electrocardiogram.
Synthesis, structure and reactivity of a novel bis(phosphite) tetrarhodium decacarbonyl hydroformylation catalyst precursor

Abstract The tetranuclear Rh4(μ-bpnap)(CO)10 (1) was synthesized in 68% yield by the reaction of Rh2(CO)4C12 with bpnap (2,2′-bis[(1,1'-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl)phosphite]-1,1′-binaphthyl) (2) under CO. The crystal structure of 1, determined by X-ray diffraction, established that the bpnap ligand bridged two rhodium atoms of a tetrahedral metal framework. Recrystallization of 1 from CH2Cl2/THF led to its partial conversion to a structural isomer, la, which was characterized by solution spectroscopic methods. The reaction of Rh(acac)(CO)2 and bpnap under 1:1 CO/H2 led to a mixture of products consisting of 1, la and at least two hydridic compounds. The latter were also formed by the hydrogenation of Rh(acac)(CO)2 and bpnap. Rh4(μ-bpnap)(CO)10 was shown to be an effective catalyst precursor for the isomerization and hydroformylation of 1-octene, giving, for the latter reaction, moderate linear/branched selectivity for the product aldehydes. The hydroformylation of a-methylstyrene with Rh(acac)(CO)2 and R-(+)-bpnap gave essentially no enantiomeric excess of 3-phenylbutanal. The structural features of 1, along with comparison of its reactivity with other bis(phosphite) metal complexes are discussed. Crystal data for Rh4(bpnap)(CO)10 (1) (f.w. 1577.48): monoclinic, P21/c; a = 14.624(4), b = 18.974(6), c = 21.343(5)A; V= 5899(5)A; β = 95.06(2)°, Z= 4; R = 6.4%.
Arrival: J. M. Coetzee in Cape Town

December 2009: the first American edition of J. M. Coetzee's Summertime: Fiction (hereafter Summertime) appears. My personal curiosity is piqued. Here, it would seem from the publicity, is a fictionalized autobiography that covers the period in which I had overlapped with Coetzee at the University of Cape Town. I do not expect to feature in this "fiction" - why should I? - but I am curious about ways in which my own recall of those years may or may not coincide with Coetzee's fictionalized ones. I receive a complimentary copy of the book from Viking, with a signed card from Coetzee. Is it a gift or a message? Both? I want to thank him. His University of Adelaide electronic mailbox is full. I send an actual letter, on paper. He replies in an email, "What a pleasure to receive an old-fashioned letter." I read the book. In it, the author John Coetzee has died in Australia. We are being given some materials of a posthumous biography in preparation by a literary biographer. These materials include a small number of dated notebook entries and some "undated fragments" written, we must believe, by Coetzee between 1972 and 1975. The full time span covered by the book is not, however, wholly clear. Most of the book consists of contemporary "interviews" conducted by the biographer assembling the book. These are interviews with people, all women with one exception, with whom Coetzee is evidently known to have had relationships. The John Coetzee of Summertime will thus be a function of heterogeneous memories dating back as much as thirty years.
Metal-cavity nanolasers: How small can they go?

Recent progress on nanoscale lasers, especially metal-cavity nanolasers, is highlighted. In spite of the metal loss, metal cavities of subwavelength scales have been used successfully for semiconductor lasers by optical or electrical pumping from low to room temperature. We focus on the demonstration of a substrate-free metal-cavity surface emitting microlaser operating continuous wave at room temperature with electrical injection.
C18 thin-layer chromatographic enhancement of the 32P-postlabeling assay for aromatic or bulky carcinogen-DNA adducts: evaluation of adduct recoveries in comparison with nuclease P1 and butanol methods.

Abstract The suitability of C 18 reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for enrichment of adducts in the 32 P-postlabeling assay was investigated for structurally diverse classes of DNA adducts derived from benzo[ a ]pyrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzoquinone, safrole, and mitomycin C. The TLC enrichment involved retention of adducts to the C 18 phase followed by elution with organic solvent—water. Adduct patterns obtained by the C 18 purification were qualitatively similar to those obtained by the nuclease P1 and butanol procedures, the two commonly used enrichment methods. Adduct recoveries by the C 18 method varied for different adducts and were significantly lower than those obtained by the other two techniques.
Between‐ vs. within‐family analyses of the correlation of height and intelligence

Abstract Small but consistently positive correlations between standing height and general intelligence (the unrotated first principal component across the battery of cognitive tests) were found across sexes, racial/ethnic groups (Americans of European vs. Americans of Japanese ancestry), and generations in data from the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition. Sibling data produced significant height‐intelligence correlations for sibling pair means (i.e., between‐family differences) but not for within sibling pair differences. The lack of within‐family height‐intelligence correlations suggested that the two traits were linked due to cross‐assortative mating and/or between‐family environmental influences (e.g., nutrition) affecting both traits. Some evidence for both of these explanations was found.
A QSRR treatment of solvent effects on the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylates employing molecular descriptors.

A quantitative structure−reactivity relationship (QSRR) study of the decarboxylation rates of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (Kemp, D. S.; Paul, K. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 7305). employing the CODESSA program correlates the effect of 24 solvents with theoretical descriptors to provide a straightforward interpretation of these solvent effects in terms of molecular parameters.
Effects of toxicants on populations: a qualitative approach I. Equilibrium environmental exposure

Abstract Theoretical models that examine the environmental fate of a toxicant are available but few mathematical models have been developed that are concerned with the effects of a toxicant on an ecosystem. Based on a simple model of toxicant-population interaction, a study was conducted to examine the ecological effects of a toxic pollutant on an exposed population. The model, consisting of a system of ordinary differential equations, employs an equation to represent the dynamics of the population, an equation to represent the dynamics of the concentration of the toxicant and a coupling of the toxicant-population interaction through generic dose-response functions. The role in the model of population density dependence, its allocation to birth and death processes and the response of these parameters to toxic stress is investigated. Conclusions, obtained from the model by analytical techniques, are directed toward modes of persistence and extinction. The study supports the hypothesis that the toxicant-population-dose-response system can lead to multiple stable equilibria where, in the absence of the toxicant, the population has only a single stable equilibrium.
The Future of Intelligence Testing

Though the most widely used “intelligence” tests have changed little in the last half century, Dr. Stern-berg predicts a variety of new influences of future intelligence testing, ranging from the ways we conceptualize intelligence, to the manner in which we pose problems to assess it.
Changes in intracellular free calcium during hyperthermia: Effects of local anesthetics and induction of thermotolerance†‡

We wished to determine if local anesthetics (LAs) induced changes in intracellular free calcium ([fCa2+i]) that could have an effect on cell killing by hyperthermia. Flow cytometry was used to measure [fCa2+i] of mouse NIH 3T3 cells during heating at 45.5 degrees C. In both non-tolerant and thermotolerant cells, heating caused a rapid increase (within 1 min) in [fCa2+i] of approximately 100 nM, which remained relatively constant during 25 min of continued heating; however, survival was higher in thermotolerant cells. Procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine had no effect on survival or [fCa2+i] of cells kept at 37 degrees C up to 25 min. Cells heated with procaine and lidocaine showed no difference in [fCa2+i] compared to cells heated without LAs but were greatly sensitized to killing. Cells heated with tetracaine became permeable to trypan blue within 10-15 min of heating. We conclude that heat sensitization by LAs does not involve changes in [fCa2+i]. Furthermore, these studies reject the hypothesis that changes in [fCa2+i] are involved in heat-induced cell killing.
Reaction kinetics on fractals: Random-walker simulations and excition experiments

Both computer simulations and laboratory experiments on binary reactions of random walkers on fractal spaces bear out a recent conjecture: The time development of the reaction is dominated by the intrinsic fractal (fracton, spectral) dimension. For the Sierpinski gasket the effective spectral dimension for reactions is ${d}_{s}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.38$ (actual spectral dimension ${d}_{s}=1.365$). For the percolating cluster (60%, square lattice) ${d}_{s}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.34$ (${d}_{s}=1.333$). From the exciton percolation laboratory experiments ${d}_{s}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.5$, based on triplet-triplet annihilation in naphthalene isotopic mixed crystals at 2 K.
Highly Stable Silver Nanoplates for Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing

An SPR biosensor was developed by employing highly stable Au-protected Ag nanoplates (NP) as enhancers (see picture). Superior performance was achieved by depositing a thin and uniform coating of Au on the Ag surface while minimizing disruptive galvanic replacement and retaining the strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the silver nanoplates.
Dog bites in children

Dog bites, a common cause of traumatic injury, tend to be a greater source of morbidity and mortality in children than in adults. We evaluated 13 children, who, during a 10-year period, required surgical intervention for dog bites. The greatest cause of morbidity in these children was the penetrating component of the dog bite. Most initial evaluations focused on the crushing component of the bite, but in children with serious dog bites, wounds must be evaluated with respect to both the crushing and penetrating injury components.
Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Background Diffusion-weighted imaging is a valuable tool in the assessment of the neonatal brain, and changes in diffusion are seen in normal development as well as in pathological states such as hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Various methods of quantitative assessment of diffusion values have been reported. Global ischemic injury occurring during the time of rapid developmental changes in brain myelination can complicate the imaging diagnosis of neonatal HIE.
Tryptophan degradation in the developing chick.

Abstract The level of tryptophan pyrrolase, the first enzyme involved in the degradation of tryptophan, is not increased during development of the chick. The level of kynurenine formamidase, the second enzyme involved in tryptophan degradation, does increase dramatically coincident with hatching. Administration of tryptophan to chick embryos does not result in increased levels of tryptophan pyrrolase whereas administration of tryptophan to newly hatched chicks does result in enzyme induction. Administration of hydrocortisone to either chick embryos or to newly-hatched chicks has no effect on the level of tryptophan pyrrolase. Studies carried out with inhibitors of protein synthesis indicate that the turnover of tryptophan pyrrolase is slower in the chick embryo than in the newly-hatched chick. These turnover studies were carried out with intact animals and with isolated liver cells. These results are consistent with the concept that administered tryptophan stabilizes the enzyme and that the rise in enzyme level is not due to an increased rate of enzyme synthesis but, rather, to a decreased rate of enzyme destruction. This effect is not seen when the half-life of the enzyme is increased.
Biosystematic evidence for hybridization between Arctostaphylos nissenana and A. viscida

Arctostaphylos viscida Parry andA. nissenana Merriam were studied in Eldorado County, California, to check reports in the literature of hybridization between the two. Population samples were collected near Diamond Springs, where they occur sympatrically. A population sample of pureA. viscida, collected else-where, and miscellaneous herbarium specimens ofA. nissenana, were used for comparison. Data from analysis of six character differences, presented as pictorialized scatter diagrams and histograms, clearly indicate hybridization and back-crossing in the Diamond Springs populations; but we do not agree with Knight (1966) that theA. nissenana populations of this area are hybridized as a whole. Our data do not support Jepson’s (1939) opinion that the type ofA. nissenana may be of hybrid origin betweenA. viscida andA. nissenana var.arcana Jeps.
Quantum logic operations based on photon-exchange interactions

Nonlinear interactions between two photons are required for the construction of optical quantum logic gates, but those interactions are normally very weak due to the small magnitude of the electric field associated with a single photon. We note that exchange interactions can have a large effect even when there is no physical interaction between two particles, and we exploit this property for the construction of optical quantum logic gates. We show that the probability of there being two virtually-excited atoms in a medium can be a factor of 2 larger when two nonresonant photons propagate through the same medium as compared to the case in which they propagate through two separate media, in analogy with photon bunching. As a result, the application of one or more laser pulses will produce a nonlinear phase shift that can be used to construct an XOR quantum logic gate. This provides an example of a quantum control process in which one photon can control the state of another photon even when there is no sequence of physical interactions linking the two photons. From a classical point of view, it is not possible to identify a path for the flow of information or a specific cause for the outcome of the control process.
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines

Disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis is associated with high mortality rates and significant sequelae. Polysaccharide meningococcal vaccines have been available for > 20 years, and have been used in travellers to control outbreaks, and in some countries for adolescents entering college, although they provide only a short duration of immunity and do not produce a herd effect. Monovalent and quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) meningococcal conjugate vaccines have recently been licensed and endorsed for use in infants, children, adolescents and adults in various countries. Among the key features of the new meningococcal conjugate vaccines are stimulation of both B cell-dependent and T cell-dependent immune responses, induction of immunological memory and booster effects, longer-term protection, reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of N. meningitidis, and herd immunity. Large, randomised, double-blind studies in adults, adolescents, children and infants have demonstrated the immunogenicity and safety of the ne...
Nutrient interactions between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton under different carbon dioxide regimes

Light, nutrients, temperature, pH, and salinity are important factors in controlling the growth of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Supply of key nutrients to these communities can result in mutualistic or competitive relationships between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton. In this study, we investigated growth and uptake of nutrients by the marine prasinophyte flagellate Tetraselmis chui (strain PLY429) in the presence and absence of a community of bacterioplankton at two pH levels. Growth of PLY429 and total nutrient uptake were calculated for each treatment. The addition of bacterioplankton resulted in lower growth rates of PLY429, but the removal of ammonium was greater in those cultures with bacterioplankton present. The division rate of PLY429 was affected by pH; however, pH changes did not result in different uptake rates of nitrate, ammonium, or phosphate by the mixed algal and bacterial assemblage. These findings suggest that bacterioplankton and phytoplankton were competing for ammonium and that a lower pH resulted in more rapid algal growth.
Viral Pseudo-Enzymes Activate RIG-I via Deamidation to Evade Cytokine Production

RIG-I is a pattern recognition receptor that senses viral RNA and is crucial for host innate immune defense. Here, we describe a mechanism of RIG-I activation through amidotransferase-mediated deamidation. We show that viral homologs of phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase (PFAS), although lacking intrinsic enzyme activity, recruit cellular PFAS to deamidate and activate RIG-I. Accordingly, depletion and biochemical inhibition of PFAS impair RIG-I deamidation and concomitant activation. Purified PFAS and viral homolog thereof deamidate RIG-I in vitro. Ultimately, herpesvirus hijacks activated RIG-I to avoid antiviral cytokine production; loss of RIG-I or inhibition of RIG-I deamidation results in elevated cytokine production. Together, these findings demonstrate a surprising mechanism of RIG-I activation that is mediated by an enzyme.
Direct Comparison of the Gent and the Arruda-Boyce Constitutive Models of Rubber Elasticity

Abstract The Arruda and Boyce eight-chain network constitutive model for rubber elastic materials is compared to the new Gent constitutive model for rubber elasticity. The salient features of each of the two models are compared. The ability of both models to predict three dimensional large strain deformation is demonstrated showing the near equivalence of these two model constructions as well as their abilities to predict complex three-dimensional deformation with only two material constants.
Dosimetric prerequisites for routine clinical use of new low energy photon interstitial brachytherapy sources

The dose distributions around higher energy photon-emitting brachytherapy sources ~e.g., Ir and Cs!, are relatively insensitive to small differences in internal structure. In contrast, the dosimetric characteristics of low energy sources, such as I and Pd, are much more sensitive to the details of encapsulation geometry and source internal structure due to self-absorption and filtration effects. Dosimetrically significant differences between different seed models containing the same radionuclide may result from relatively minor differences in design specifications or in manufacturing processes. It is therefore important to individually evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of each new low energy ~less than 50 keV!, photon-emitting brachytherapy source product. It is inappropriate to apply the dose-rate constants, radial dose functions, anisotropy functions, anisotropy factors, and geometry functions published in the Task Group 43 report for currently-available I ~Amersham models 6711 and 6702! and Pd ~Theragenics model 200! interstitial sources to other low-energy seed products. The recommendations below are intended as guidance to manufacturers and regulatory agencies involved in development and approval of new sealed brachytherapy sources. They reflect the consensus views of the AAPM as to what dosimetric measurements should be made and should be available to users before releasing the sources for routine patient treatments. These recommendations do not apply to investigational brachytherapy sources used in human clinical studies approved by FDA and/or the institution’s IRB.
Monoclonal antibodies to equine CD23 identify the low-affinity receptor for IgE on subpopulations of IgM+ and IgG1+ B-cells in horses.

CD23, also called FceRII, is the low-affinity receptor for IgE and has first been described as a major receptor regulating IgE responses. In addition, CD23 also binds to CD21, integrins and MHC class II molecules and thus has a much wider functional role in immune regulation ranging from involvement in antigen-presentation to multiple cytokine-like functions of soluble CD23. The role of CD23 during immune responses of the horse is less well understood. Here, we expressed equine CD23 in mammalian cells using a novel IL-4 expression system. Expression resulted in high yield of recombinant IL-4/CD23 fusion protein which was purified and used for the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to equine CD23. Seven anti-CD23 mAbs were further characterized. The expression of the low-affinity IgE receptor on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed by flow cytometric analysis. Cell surface staining showed that CD23 is mainly expressed by a subpopulation of equine B-cells. Only a very few equine T-cells or monocytes expressed CD23. CD23(+) B-cells were either IgM(+) or IgG1(+) cells. All CD23(+) cells were also positive for cell surface IgE staining suggesting in vivo IgE binding by the receptor. Two of the CD23 mAbs detected either the complete extracellular region of CD23 or a 22kDa cleavage product of CD23 by Western blotting. The new anti-CD23 mAbs provide valuable reagents to further analyze the roles of CD23 during immune responses of the horse in health and disease.
Glycemic indices, glycemic loads, and glycemic dietetics

ow-glycemic diets based on the glycemic index (GI) are being recommended for the avoidance and amelioration of the numerous diseases in humans and animals that involve insulin resistance, such as diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary heart disease in people and some forms of laminitis, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and developmental orthopedic disease in horses. The root hypothesis is that control of postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia will help those who have compromised glucose homeostasis—up to 17% of the human population and all of the horses chronically adapted to sweet feed. This prospect has broken out of the scientific literature, with many books and magazine articles being written for the public. In our opinion, the promise of low-glycemic diets is being emphasized without due regard to current limitations (see Addendum). This commentary aims to clarify salient points and achieve a reasonable balance for current expectations for glycemic dietetics in the horse. GLYCEMIC INDICES
Perceptions and Influences of a State Prison Smoking Ban

Prison smoking bans are increasingly common. It is important to consider how those who are incarcerated respond to these bans and to the subsequent development of contraband tobacco markets. Since ...
The anodic dissolution of Pb in aqueoussolutions

Abstract The anodic dissolution of Pb has been studied in 1N solutions of KNO 3 , NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 , and Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 at 25 and 50°C. The Pb removed from the electrode was found to be in excess of that calculated using Faraday's law assuming the normal valence of + 2. A black film on the electrode surface was identified as a mixture of Pb and PbO and its formation is explained as a result of “disintegration”. On the basis of polarization curves and other observed phenomena, a dissolution mechanism has been proposed.
Comparative study of surface microhardness of methacrylate-based composite resins polymerized with light-emitting diodes and halogen.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymerization with quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) and light-emitting diodes (LED) on the surface microhardness of eight commercially available light-polymerized, methacrylate-based composite resins, with different filler particle composition (microfill, minifill, nanohybrids, and microhybrids) immediately after polymerization, after 24 hours, and after three months of storage. Materials and Methods: Eighty disk-shaped specimens were prepared using a split Teflon mold (6 × 2 mm) and were irradiated with either the QTH (Elipar 2500; 600 mW/cm 2 ) for 20 seconds or an LED (Bluephase G2; 1,200 mW/cm 2 ) for 40 seconds. The microhardness values were recorded using a Vickers hardness tester at a 300 g load for 15 seconds, immediately after polymerization, after 24 hours, and after three months of dark aging in distilled water at 37°C. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's test. Results: The baseline values demonstrated a significant effect of the composite and the interaction composite-LCU on the microhardness (P < 0.05). At 24 hours, only the composite variable showed a significant effect on the hardness values (P < 0.05). After three months, the composite, LCU, and the interaction composite-LCU all demonstrated a significant effect on the microhardness (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The effectiveness of polymerization, measured in terms of surface hardness, was shown to be dependent not only on the type of light curing unit, but also on the type of composite. Moreover, the choice of composite was shown to affect the performance of the light curing unit.
Lubricants and lubricant additives: II. Performance characteristics of some substituted fatty acid esters

Sixty-one compounds, principally substituted fatty esters of mono- and polyhydric alcohols, but including some amides and two imidazolidines, were prepared and evaluated as lubricants and lubricant additives for paraffin and diester base oils. The effects of chloro, phosphato, phosphorodithio, thio, epithio, mercapto, and sulfuryl substituents, alone and in certain combinations, on the performances of the compounds as antiwear and extreme pressure lubricants were investigated. The epithio (thiirane) group was the most effective and consistent in enhancing extreme pressure and antiwear performances of the compounds as additives. Sulfurized and chloro-sulfone derivatives also were effective, but perhaps somewhat less predictably so, than the epithio derivatives. The phosphato and phosphorodithio derivatives were good, consistent, antiwear additives, but only the latter seemed potentially useful for improving extreme pressure lubrication. Structure-performance correlations favor use of the esters over the amides.
A margin-based analysis of the dosimetric impact of motion on step-and-shoot IMRT lung plans

Intrafraction motion during step-and-shoot (SNS) IMRT is known to affect the target dosimetry by a combination of dose blurring and interplay effects. These effects are typically managed by adding a margin around the target. A quantitative analysis was performed, assessing the relationship between target motion, margin size, and target dosimetry with the goal of introducing new margin recipes. A computational algorithm was used to calculate 1,174 motion-encoded dose distributions and DVHs within the patient’s CT dataset. Sinusoidal motion tracks were used simulating intrafraction motion for nine lung tumor patients, each with multiple margin sizes. D95% decreased by less than 3% when the maximum target displacement beyond the margin experienced motion less than 5 mm in the superior-inferior direction and 15 mm in the anterior-posterior direction. For target displacements greater than this, D95% decreased rapidly. Targets moving in excess of 5 mm outside the margin can cause significant changes to the target. D95% decreased by up to 20% with target motion 10 mm outside the margin, with underdosing primarily limited to the target periphery. Multi-fractionated treatments were found to exacerbate target under-coverage. Margins several millimeters smaller than the maximum target displacement provided acceptable motion protection, while also allowing for reduced normal tissue morbidity. 87.55.dk
Comparison of the Real‐time Microrespirometer and Aerobic Plate Count Methods for Determination of Microbial Quality in Ground Beef

ABSTRACT Real-time microrespirometer measurements were compared with the aerobic plate count (APC) method to assess microbial quality of ground beef stored at 4°C and 7°C with and without previous freezing. The samples were monitored daily for CO2 evolution rate (CER) using a microrespirometer, APC, and were evaluated for color and odor changes by a sensory panel. The CER was highly correlated with the APC for all storage conditions (r2 = 0.787 to 0.952). The onset of meat spoilage was more closely associated with a specific CER value (>25 μL/h/g) than APC. The new method was found to be more accurate in predicting meat spoilage, especially for previously frozen samples.
Profound Bradycardia With Decreased PEEP

An athletic 21-year-old male was admitted to the surgical ICU after sustaining 2 stab wounds to his torso. He had an episode of left lung collapse early in his course, managed with suctioning and increased PEEP, to 15 cm H2O. He was bradycardic (heart rates 50-60 beats/min) throughout his ICU stay, but when the PEEP was lowered to 5 cm H2O in preparation for extubation, he developed sinus pauses and his heart rate dropped to 20 beats/min. After a thorough evaluation, the drop in his heart rate was determined to be due to increased vagal tone from increased cardiac output with the decreased PEEP. After premedication with glycopyrrolate, he was successfully extubated the following day, while his heart rate remained at his baseline of 50 beats/min. We review the physiologic mechanisms of bradycardia due to the removal of mechanical ventilation.
Spontaneous Autoimmunity in the Absence of IL-2 Is Driven by Uncontrolled Dendritic Cells

BALB/c IL-2-deficient (IL-2-KO) mice develop systemic autoimmunity, dying within 3 to 5 wk from complications of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Disease in these mice is Th1 mediated, and IFN-γ production is required for early autoimmunity. In this study, we show that dendritic cells (DCs) are required for optimal IFN-γ production by T cells in the IL-2-KO mouse. Disease is marked by DC accumulation, activation, and elevated production of Th1-inducing cytokines. IL-2-KO DCs induce heightened proliferation and cytokine production by naive T cells compared with wild-type DCs. The depletion of either conventional or plasmacytoid DCs significantly prolongs the survival of IL-2-KO mice, demonstrating that DCs contribute to the progression of autoimmunity. Elimination of Th1-inducing cytokine signals (type 1 IFN and IL-12) reduces RBC-specific Ab production and augments survival, indicating that cytokines derived from both plasmacytoid DCs and conventional DCs contribute to disease severity. DC activation likely precedes T cell activation because DCs are functionally activated even in an environment lacking overt T cell activation. These data indicate that both conventional and plasmacytoid DCs are critical regulators in the development of this systemic Ab-mediated autoimmune disease, in large part through the production of IL-12 and type 1 IFNs.
Spinal Cord Injury: The Bridge Between Basic Science and Clinical Practice

The goal of this special series is to prepare you for a potential revolution in the physical therapist's plan of care for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Three major events supported the need for this special series on SCI. First, Congress declared the 1990s the “Decade of the Brain,” so it seemed fitting to end one decade and begin another with a focus on the spinal cord. Second, on Memorial Day in 1995, Christopher Reeve, an actor known for playing the role of Superman, was thrown from his horse and sustained injury to his spinal cord between cervical spinal vertebrae C1 and C2. Since his injury, Mr Reeve has focused the attention of the public, Congress, and the scientific community on seeking a cure for SCI. Third, the American Physical Therapy Association's Section on Research hosted a retreat entitled “Neuroplasticity: Interface of Basic and Applied Sciences in Clinical Practice” in August 1998, where it became clear that new knowledge about how the nervous system responds to injury needs to be shared with Journal readers. A review of literature over the past 50 years indicates that automobiles designed to sustain greater impact and the use of seat belts, air bags, and helmets have decreased the severity of spinal cord injury. Vertebral fixation, decompression of the spinal cord, and reduction of the inflammatory process have reduced the extent of the initial spinal cord insult. …
Leave or Stay?: Battered Women's Decision After Intimate Partner Violence

Battered women's reasons for staying with or leaving their male partners are varied and complex. Using data from the Domestic Violence Experience in Omaha, Nebraska, a discrete-time hazard model was employed to examine a woman's decision based on four factors: financial independence, witness of parental violence, psychological factors, and the police response to the domestic violence call. Findings regarding the first three factors are consistent with previous findings. However, a negative police response did not deter a woman from leaving, which is a different finding from previous studies.
Inverse dynamics of a parallel manipulator

Presented is an analysis of the kinematics and the inverse dynamics of a proposed three degree of freedom (dof) parallel manipulator resembling the Stewart platform in a general form. In the kinematic analysis, the inverse kinematics, velocity, and acceleration analyses are performed, respectively, using vector analysis and general homogeneous transformations. An algorithm to solve the inverse dynamics of the proposed parallel manipulator is then presented using a Lagrangian technique. In this case, it is found that one should introduce and subsequently eliminate Lagrange multipliers to arrive at the governing equations. Numerical examples are finally carried out to examine the validity of the approach and the accuracy of the numerical technique employed. The trajectory of motion of the manipulator is also performed using a cubic spline. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mothers’ Working Status and Infant Development: Mediational Processes

This study investigated how mothers’ working status directly and indirectly influences their infants’ development. The participants were 1,818 mothers with children aged 11 months to 18 months from the Panel Study on Korean Children. We categorized mothers into four groups according to their working status: consistent working, transition to working, transition to nonworking, and consistent nonworking. We found two competing mediating mechanisms through which mothers’ working status influences infant development. First, mothers’ consistent working and transition to working status had a positive influence on their mental health in terms of low depressive symptoms and high self-esteem, which in turn positively contributed to positive parenting style. Second, mothers’ consistent working and transition to working status had direct adverse effects on their parenting style. Positive parenting style contributed to infant development. We also found that mothers’ transition to working directly enhanced infant devel...