cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indolent T-cell-rich small B-cell hepatic lymphoma in a Golden Retriever

An 11-year-old female spayed Golden Retriever presented for an incidentally found liver mass. The hepatic mass and intra-abdominal lymph nodes had a marked heterogeneous T-cell population and far fewer numbers of small clonal B cells. This T-cell-rich small B-cell lymphoma had a unique histological pattern and indolent clinical course.
Collaborative multi organ segmentation by integrating deformable and graphical models.

Organ segmentation is a challenging problem on which significant progress has been made. Deformable models (DM) and graphical models (GM) are two important categories of optimization based image segmentation methods. Efforts have been made on integrating two types of models into one framework. However, previous methods are not designed for segmenting multiple organs simultaneously and accurately. In this paper, we propose a hybrid multi organ segmentation approach by integrating DM and GM in a coupled optimization framework. Specifically, we show that region-based deformable models can be integrated with Markov Random Fields (MRF), such that multiple models’ evolutions are driven by a maximum a posteriori (MAP) inference. It brings global and local deformation constraints into a unified framework for simultaneous segmentation of multiple objects in an image. We validate this proposed method on two challenging problems of multi organ segmentation, and the results are promising.
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

Subsidies present thorny problems for the international trading system. The legitimate activities of governments inevitably affect the economic position of firms within their jurisdictions, yet the perception sometimes arises that government programs confer an unacceptable advantage on those firms. The controversial task of determining which sorts of government activities create unacceptable advantages, and what to do about them, has occupied an important place on the agenda of the WTO/GATT system since its inception.
Rare Gases in Metals

Using models for fcc and bee metals developed in an earlier paper, the properties of He interstitial and substitutional defects were studied. The He-metal potentials were obtained by a modification of the Wedepohl method. Interstitial activation energies for helium motion are found in general to be quite low, being of the order of 0.5 eV for fcc materials and 0.25 eV for the bcc cases with the exception of palladium (~ 1.7 eV). Substitutional detrapping is found to require an activation energy of from ~2–5 eV, the higher energies found mostly for the bcc materials.
Vascular Access Devices

Sir Christopher Wren, the eminent British architect, was perhaps the first to devise a method for delivery of intravenous therapy. In 1657, he constructed a cannula from the quill of a bird feather and used it to inject drugs into the vein of a dog. The first demonstration of central venous catheterization is attributed to Werner Forssman, a courageous German physician and physiologist. In 1929, Forssman inserted a 4-Fr ureteral catheter a distance of 65 cm into his own antecubital vein, then walked to his X-ray department and documented radiographically the position of the catheter tip in his right atrium (1,2). Forssman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956, with Drs. Andre Cournand and Dickinson Richards, for laying the foundation of angiography and cardiac catheterization. In 1949, Duffy described a technique for central venous catheterization via the external jugular vein (3). Soon after, Aubaniac introduced subclavian vein access using an infraclavicular approach (4). Seldinger, in 1953, contributed a method of percutaneous vascular catheterization over a guidewire (5).
Spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release leads to heterogeneity of contractile and electrical properties of the heart.

The cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai) oscillation generated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to an action potential (AP) occurs relatively synchronously within and among cells. The SR can also generate spontaneous Cai oscillations (S-CaOs), i.e., not triggered by sarcolemmal depolarization. The local increase in Cai due to S-CaOs is equivalent to that induced by an AP. Heterogeneity of diastolic Cai caused by asynchronous S-CaOs among cells within myocardial tissue leads to heterogeneous myofilament activation, the summation of which produces a Ca2+-dependent component to diastolic tone. The local increases in Cai due to S-CaOs also cause oscillatory sarcolemmal depolarizations due to Ca2+ modulation of the Na/Ca exchanger and of non-specific cation channels. Thus, inhomogeneous levels of diastolic Cai may lead to heterogeneity in cell coupling and thus may also affect the impulse conduction. The magnitude of the S-CaOs induced diastolic tonus and membrane depolarization varies with the extent to which S-CaOs are synchronized; partially synchronized S-CaOs following an AP induced SR Ca2+ release produce an aftercontraction and after depolarization. When local S-CaOs is sufficiently synchronized within the cell the resultant depolarization summates and can be sufficient to trigger spontaneous AP.
The Most Homophobic Place on Earth? A Look Into the Anti-Homosexuality Culture of Jamaica

This paper was presented in History 3697, fall semester, 2017, a mid-level required writing course designed to link the methods of oral history with the study of issues in the contemporary history of the non-western world. The issue for all of us in this course was social change in recent times. I chose to examine the degree of acceptance of gays in Jamaica, in an era of great change in sexual mores throughout the world. I read the literature; I interviewed Julian, a recent immigrant from Jamaica, and I drew conclusions based on integrating the scholarly material with the interview revelations. The findings were important both for understanding (the lack of) change in sexual attitudes in Jamaica, and the importance of analysis of the individual and the collective together, of the interview and the scholarly data examined together. The individual, at least my interviewee, and the society, are currently resistant to change. The main conclusion: changes in sexual mores in other areas of the world are taking place at rates very different from, and, specifically in Jamaica, at rates much slower than, those in the USA.
Intrasellar herniation: A newly described variant of downward central herniation

A 72-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department in cardiac arrest. Return of spontaneous circulation was reestablished. She was subsequently comatose with absent brainstem reflexes. In the setting of diffuse hypoxic injury, MRI revealed diffuse cerebral edema and absent cerebral perfusion, suggesting brain death. Due to substantially increased intracranial pressure, there was downward central intrasellar herniation of the gyri recti, posterior orbital gyri, septal area, anterior third ventricle, anterior hypothalamus, and optic chiasm (figures 1 and 2). Several types of acquired herniation are well known and extensively discussed in the literature.1,2 Intrasellar downward cerebral herniation has not previously been described.
Is Position-Taking Contagious? Evidence of Cue-Taking from Two Field Experiments in a State Legislature

Cue-taking is thought to be influential because legislators seek information from like-minded, trusted policy experts. Unfortunately for researchers, this self-selection process complicates efforts to separate the causal effects of cues from the tendency of legislators to communicate with similar peers. Prior causally-oriented research has estimated cues’ effects in exogenous networks, but not in the naturally-occurring communication networks that legislators themselves choose to form. This study examines cue-taking with two legislative field experiments, with over 2,000 observations in total, that model the diffusion of a randomly-assigned information treatment across an endogenous legislative network. Experimental results reinforce findings from classic interview-based studies of self-selected communication networks by Matthews and Stimson (1975) and Kingdon (1973): cue-taking influences a large percentage of policy positions and occurs late in the policymaking process. I also contribute to the literature by showing that on average cues complement, rather than substitute for, policy information from other sources of expertise within the legislature.
Epigenetic Priming of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells Accelerates Cardiomyocyte Maturation

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) exhibit a fetal phenotype that limits in vitro and therapeutic applications. Strategies to promote cardiomyocyte maturation have focused interventions on differentiated hPSC-CMs, but this study tests priming of early cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pIC) to accelerate cardiomyocyte maturation. CPCs were differentiated from hPSCs using a monolayer differentiation protocol with defined small molecule Wnt temporal modulation, and pIC was added during the formation of early CPCs. pIC priming did not alter the expression of cell surface markers for CPCs (>80% KDR+/PDGFRα+), expression of common cardiac transcription factors, or final purity of differentiated hPSC-CMs (∼90%). However, CPC differentiation in basal medium revealed that pIC priming resulted in hPSC-CMs with enhanced maturity manifested by increased cell size, greater contractility, faster electrical upstrokes, increased oxidative metabolism, and more mature sarcomeric structure and composition. To investigate the mechanisms of CPC priming, RNAseq revealed that cardiac progenitor-stage pIC modulated early Notch signaling and cardiomyogenic transcriptional programs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of CPCs showed that pIC treatment increased deposition of the H3K9ac activating epigenetic mark at core promoters of cardiac myofilament genes and the Notch ligand, JAG1. Inhibition of Notch signaling blocked the effects of pIC on differentiation and cardiomyocyte maturation. Furthermore, primed CPCs showed more robust formation of hPSC-CMs grafts when transplanted to the NSGW mouse kidney capsule. Overall, epigenetic modulation of CPCs with pIC accelerates cardiomyocyte maturation enabling basic research applications and potential therapeutic uses. Stem Cells 2019;37:910-923.
Structural, Photophysical, and Photochemical Characterization of Zinc Protoporphyrin IX in a Dimeric Variant of an Iron Storage Protein: Insights into the Mechanism of Photosensitized H2 Generation.

Some of us have previously reported the preparation of a dimeric form of the iron storage protein, bacterioferritin (Bfr), in which the native heme b is substituted with the photosensitizer, Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP-Bfr dimer). We further showed that the ZnPP-Bfr dimer can serve as a photosensitizer for platinum-catalyzed H2 generation in aqueous solution without the usually added electron relay between photosensitizer and platinum (Clark, E. R., Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 4584−4593). We proposed reductive or oxidative quenching pathways involving the ZnPP anion radical (ZnPP•–) or the ZnPP cation radical, (ZnPP•+), respectively. The present report describes structural, photophysical, and photochemical properties of the ZnPP in the ZnPP-Bfr dimer. X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies at 10 K showed a mixture of five- and six-coordinated Zn centers with axial coordination by one long Zn–SγMet distance of ∼2.8 A and ∼40% having an additional shorter Zn–S distance of ∼2.4 A, in addition to the expected 4...
Making EPAs a 59 minute objective measure for surgical trainees - A pilot study

Abstract Introduction Accurately confirming surgical trainees have met the requirements of entrusted professional activities (EPAs) will require rigorous staff input. We pondered whether such simulation-driven evaluations might prove useful to the current ABS/APDS pilot effort on EPA analysis. Methods Our surgical trainees participate biannually in a 59-min simulation-based assessment (X-Games) which covers surgical technique, knowledge and critical thinking in a host of domains. The content and difficulty of the stations differed between the PGY levels. Only 4 EPA topics (inguinal hernia repair, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and trauma resuscitation) were tabulated for this study. Results 16-PGY-2s, 8-PGY-3s, 10-PGY-4s, and 10-PGY-5s surgical residents completed the X-Games. Performance within and between PGY levels was variable. The mean(SD) EPA scores for all PGY levels are listed in Table- 1. Conclusion Analysis gleaned from a 59-min OSCE in a simulated-setting offers objective data that appears to have construct-validity. Refining our Surgical X-Games to cater to the specific EPA scoring system may better allow objective analysis of when trainees cross the threshold from “can do with some help” to “can do autonomously”.
Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology

Online hate and extremist narratives have been linked to abhorrent real-world events, including a current surge in hate crimes1-6 and an alarming increase in youth suicides that result from social media vitriol7; inciting mass shootings such as the 2019 attack in Christchurch, stabbings and bombings8-11; recruitment of extremists12-16, including entrapment and sex-trafficking of girls as fighter brides17; threats against public figures, including the 2019 verbal attack against an anti-Brexit politician, and hybrid (racist-anti-women-anti-immigrant) hate threats against a US member of the British royal family18; and renewed anti-western hate in the 2019 post-ISIS landscape associated with support for Osama Bin Laden's son and Al Qaeda. Social media platforms seem to be losing the battle against online hate19,20 and urgently need new insights. Here we show that the key to understanding the resilience of online hate lies in its global network-of-network dynamics. Interconnected hate clusters form global 'hate highways' that-assisted by collective online adaptations-cross social media platforms, sometimes using 'back doors' even after being banned, as well as jumping between countries, continents and languages. Our mathematical model predicts that policing within a single platform (such as Facebook) can make matters worse, and will eventually generate global 'dark pools' in which online hate will flourish. We observe the current hate network rapidly rewiring and self-repairing at the micro level when attacked, in a way that mimics the formation of covalent bonds in chemistry. This understanding enables us to propose a policy matrix that can help to defeat online hate, classified by the preferred (or legally allowed) granularity of the intervention and top-down versus bottom-up nature. We provide quantitative assessments for the effects of each intervention. This policy matrix also offers a tool for tackling a broader class of illicit online behaviours21,22 such as financial fraud.
Determining order-to-disorder transitions in block copolymer thin films using a self-referencing fluorescent probe

The thin film geometry of block copolymers (BCPs) required by many applications often leads to a shift of their order-to-disorder transition temperature (TODT) due to the presence of air–polymer and substrate–polymer interfaces. A challenge associated with measuring BCP thin film TODTs is the lack of a simple, generalizable, non-destructive characterization method, which is of critical importance for exploiting BCP self-assembly in nanotechnology. In this work, we present a non-invasive fluorescence characterization method for determining the TODT of BCP thin films. Fluorescent pyrene molecules were covalently attached at nearly trace levels to one block and used as a probe of the local polymer matrix. The BCP TODT can be determined by a discontinuous change in the intensity ratio I1/I3 of pyrenyl vibronic emission bands as a function of temperature, which is induced by a change of the nanoscopic chemical environment around the pyrene labels at the ODT. When the BCP film thickness is sufficiently small, an increase of TODT compared to bulk is observed. This increase of TODT in thin films is mainly attributed to attractive polymer–substrate interactions, the effects of which can be varied by adjusting the film thickness and substrate surface hydrophobicity. These results not only demonstrate that fluorescence characterization can be used as a generalizable approach for determining BCP thin film ODTs, but also provides additional insights on manipulating functional BCP nanopatterns by controlling the substrate surface functionality.
Local and remote mean and extreme temperature response to regional aerosol emissions reductions

Abstract. The climatic implications of regional aerosol and precursor emissions reductions implemented to protect human health are poorly understood. We investigate the mean and extreme temperature response to regional changes in aerosol emissions using three coupled chemistry–climate models: NOAA GFDL CM3, NCAR CESM1, and NASA GISS-E2. Our approach contrasts a long present-day control simulation from each model (up to 400 years with perpetual year 2000 or 2005 emissions) with 14 individual aerosol emissions perturbation simulations (160–240 years each). We perturb emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) and/or carbonaceous aerosol within six world regions and assess the statistical significance of mean and extreme temperature responses relative to internal variability determined by the control simulation and across the models. In all models, the global mean surface temperature response (perturbation minus control) to SO2 and/or carbonaceous aerosol is mostly positive (warming) and statistically significant and ranges from +0.17 K (Europe SO2 ) to −0.06 K (US BC). The warming response to SO2 reductions is strongest in the US and Europe perturbation simulations, both globally and regionally, with Arctic warming up to 1 K due to a removal of European anthropogenic SO2 emissions alone; however, even emissions from regions remote to the Arctic, such as SO2 from India, significantly warm the Arctic by up to 0.5 K . Arctic warming is the most robust response across each model and several aerosol emissions perturbations. The temperature response in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes is most sensitive to emissions perturbations within that region. In the tropics, however, the temperature response to emissions perturbations is roughly the same in magnitude as emissions perturbations either within or outside of the tropics. We find that climate sensitivity to regional aerosol perturbations ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 K ( W m−2 ) −1 depending on the region and aerosol composition and is larger than the climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO2 in two of three models. We update previous estimates of regional temperature potential (RTP), a metric for estimating the regional temperature responses to a regional emissions perturbation that can facilitate assessment of climate impacts with integrated assessment models without requiring computationally demanding coupled climate model simulations. These calculations indicate a robust regional response to aerosol forcing within the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, regardless of where the aerosol forcing is located longitudinally. We show that regional aerosol perturbations can significantly increase extreme temperatures on the regional scale. Except in the Arctic in the summer, extreme temperature responses largely mirror mean temperature responses to regional aerosol perturbations through a shift of the temperature distributions and are mostly dominated by local rather than remote aerosol forcing.
Use Public Wi-Fi? Fear Arouse and Avoidance Behavior

This study aims to study the internet security compliance behavior in a public Wi-Fi usage condition. We developed our research framework and hypotheses with the consideration of the protection mot...
Exemplary Youth Leadership Series: Challenge the Process

This publication series is designed to outline strategies and experiences to expose and engage youth with leadership concepts. In this publication, students will try on aspects of the third practice of exemplary leaders: challenge the process (Kouzes & Posner, 2018). Two low-cost, quick activities are included for implementation with youth and adults working with youth. These activities are best suited for students ages 10–18. However, modifications are included for each of the activities to allow for different group sizes, ages, and abilities of the youth involved.
Who, Moi? Exploring the Fit Between Celebrity Spokescharacters and Luxury Brands

Brands use spokescharacters like Hello Kitty and Miss Piggy to successfully market products like candy, cereal, and fast food to both adults and children. Recently, advertisers and brands began usi...
Considerations for Prognosis, Goals of Care, and Specialty Palliative Care for Hospitalized Patients With Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) occurs in about 25% of hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) (1) and is associated with high, short-term mortality (1, 2). The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) - Chronic Liver Failure (CLIF) EASL-CLIF Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis (CANONIC) study showed that 28-day mortality could be predicted after the 3rd day in the intensive care unit (ICU) applying the CLIF-sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (3).
Infectious Disease Transmission Models to Predict, Evaluate, and Improve Understanding of COVID-19 Trajectory and Interventions.

Buchwald et al discuss the use of infectious disease transmission models to predict, evaluate, and improve understanding of COVID-19 trajectory and interventions COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world with devastating consequences Large questions loom about how this epidemic will proceed and what interventions can slow the spread Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission serve a key role in guiding government response;they provide a framework for evaluating the potential impact of different policies on the course of the epidemic and on the expected number of lives lost and whether and when hospital capacity may be exceeded Given the critical role of infectious disease models in the pandemic, it is important to understand their strengths and limitations, as well as why different models may yield conflicting results
IoT Device security through dynamic hardware isolation with cloud-Based update

Abstract This work proposes a novel approach to provide comprehensive security to IoT devices. Our approach is based on a reconfigurable hardware-based isolation and protection mechanism (IPM) that operates as a dynamic separation unit between devices and network, far from potential software manipulation. The IPM analyses communications for malicious activities and prevents damage to the IoT device. The IPM leverages a central cloud-based authority to broaden the scope of traffic analysis beyond that of a singular IoT device. The central server evaluates logs from all IPM-protected IoT devices to improve their defense mechanisms and periodically upgrade device IPMs through a remote secure provisioning mechanism. The IPM achieves a 98.68% detection rate when evaluated against a Neptune DoS attack.
TIDAL HEATING MODELS FOR THE RADII OF THE INFLATED TRANSITING GIANT PLANETS WASP-4b, WASP-6b, WASP-12b, WASP-15b, AND TrES-4

In order to explain the inflated radii of some transiting extrasolar giant planets, we investigate a tidal heating scenario for the inflated planets WASP-4b, WASP-6b, WASP-12b, WASP-15b, and TrES-4. To do so, we assume that they retain a nonzero eccentricity, possibly by dint of continuing interaction with a third body. We calculate the amount of extra heating in the envelope that is then required to fit the radius of each planet, and we explore how this additional power depends on the planetary atmospheric opacity and on the mass of a heavy-element central core. There is a degeneracy between the core mass M core and the heating . Therefore, in the case of tidal heating, there is for each planet a range of {M core, e 2/Q' p } that can lead to the same radius, where Q' p is the tidal dissipation factor and e is the eccentricity. With this in mind, we also investigate the case of the non-inflated planet HAT-P-12b, which can admit solutions combining a heavy-element core and tidal heating. A substantial improvement of the measured eccentricities of such planetary systems could simplify this degeneracy by linking the two unknown parameters {M core, Q' p }. Further independent constraints on either of these parameters would, through our calculations, constrain the other.
Beyond the CPU: Side–Channel Attacks on GPUs

Editor’s notes: This article demonstrates that architectural side-channel attacks are possible also on applications that use the GPUs. —Rosario Cammarota, Intel Labs —Francesco Regazzoni, University of Amsterdam and Universita della Svizzera Italiana
Coupling Thermomechanical Processing and Alloy Design to Improve Textures in Mg-Zn-Ca Sheet Alloys

The effect of Ca and Zn additions on the microstructure and texture evolution during thermomechanical processing of Mg-Zn-Ca sheet alloys was systematically investigated and quantified. Plane strain compression testing in a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator was used to physically simulate a 10-pass rolling schedule, while allowing for careful control and monitoring of the processing parameters. Textures in the as-deformed ternary alloy samples demonstrate a weak maximum basal intensity and spreading in the transverse direction. Increasing the Zn content to 3.2 wt.% in the ternary alloys resulted in samples that exhibited weak textures in the as-deformed state. Importantly, static recrystallization (SRX) during post-deformation annealing of these alloys promoted a desirable annular texture, with the c-axis tipped from the normal direction and a lower basal texture intensity. The evolution in texture during SRX is associated with as-deformed microstructures with broad grain orientation spreads and a low degree of recrystallization.
\( \mathcal{N} = {1} \) sigma models in AdS4

We study sigma models in AdS4 with global $ \mathcal{N} = {1} $ supersymmetry and find that they differ significantly from their flat-space cousins — the target space is constrained to be a Kahler manifold with an exact Kahler form, the superpotential transforms under Kahler transformations, the space of supersymmetric vacua is generically a set of isolated points even when the superpotential vanishes, and the R-symmetry is classically broken by the cosmological constant. Remarkably, the exactness of the Kahler class is also required for the sigma model to arise as a decoupling limit of $ \mathcal{N} = {1} $ supergravity, and ensures the vanishing of gravitational anomalies. As applications of these results, we argue that fields with AdS4 scale masses are ubiquitous in, for example, type IIB $ \mathcal{N} = {1} $ AdS4 vacua stabilized near large volume; we also present a schematic argument that the Affleck-Dine-Seiberg runaway of N f < N c SQCD can be regulated by considering the theory in AdS4.
Recent research trends in the gaming industry: a content analysis of research literature on casino profits.

This content analysis reviews empirical studies of gaming regulatory changes and casino operations changes published between 1995 and 2011. Studies concerned with changes that effect casino volume, revenue, or profit are included with a table summarizing all findings in each category. Suggested modification to existing research has also been suggested in some cases. The author provides proposed hypotheses for future research and the implications the past and future research has to academia and industry.
DNA Methylation and Transposable Genetic Elements

The process of DNA methylation has excited the imagination of many investigators since Gold etal. (1963 a, b) demonstrated an enzyme which transferred methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to DNA. The feasibility of this process had been indicated by the discovery that a similar transfer was catalyzed in vitro by soluble enzymes from Escherichia coli and a variety of cells from higher animals and plants (Borek et al. 1964, and Borek 1963). The appropriate substrate for the in vitro reaction was found by accident when E. coli K 12 W 6 was deprived of an essential nutrient, methionine. Unlike most strains of bacteria which stop growth and RNA synthesis when starved of an essential amino acid, this one continues to produce RNA for a time even though it can no longer methylate the RNA because the precursor SAM requires methionine for its regeneration. Such strains have been called “relaxed” since there is a loss of the normal control of RNA transcription. The RNA isolated from the relaxed strain after methionine starvation was found to readily accept methyl groups when incubated with a soluble cell extract and SAM, that had been labeled in the methyl group derived from the 14C-methionine residue. The small RNA made by E. coli K 12 W 6 in vivo was isolated from the reaction mixture and analyzed for radioactive ribothymidylate. The finding of this methylated uridylate labeled with 14C indicated that the RNA was methylated at the polymer level since no RNA synthesis was occurring in the in vitro reaction.
On the efficacy of PPPMux within Radio Access Network

PPP Multiplexing (PPPMux) is agreed to be the most efficient solution for efficient use of transport resources in IP-based UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). However, multiplexing inevitably introduces additional delay, which affects the overall performance of UTRAN. In this paper, we analyze the tradeoff of PPPMux between multiplexing efficiency and delay. In various operating environments considering maximum PPPMux frame size and input traffic rate, the performance of PPPMux is evaluated. It is shown that link utilization can be increased by using large PPPMux frame size, while multiplexing delay is tightly bounded below maximum waiting time.
Isolation and Properties of rex− Mutants of Bacteriophage Lambda

Abstract Twenty-five rex− mutants of phage lambda have been isolated. Three of the mutants, including one amber mutant, map at three distinct sites within the rex region of the lambda genetic map. The existence of the amber mutant provides further evidence that rex and cI are distinct genes, since it seems to be identical to wild-type lambda in its ability to establish or maintain lysogeny.
"Reasonable Expectations" Define Board Power to Liquidate a Solvent Close Corporation in Bankruptcy

This Article will argue that, in the absence of contrary provisions in the articles of incorporation, the power of the board of directors of a solvent close corporation to file a voluntary petition for liquidation in bankruptcy must be determined by the theory of "reasonable expectations." This doctrine not only addresses wrongdoing by those in control, but also defines the power and rights of close corporation participants. Part II briefly considers the uses of bankruptcy in recent years and comments on the peculiar occasion of a solvent corporation deciding to liquidate in bankruptcy. Part III summarizes the facts and identifies the two grounds on which the bankruptcy petition in Quarter Moon should have been dismissed. Parts IV and V explain how the case should have been resolved under the corporation and bankruptcy doctrines. Finally, Part VI concludes with suggestions.
Squamous metaplasia and necrosis of thetrachea complicating prolonged nasotracheal intubation of small newborn infants

The potential hazards of prolonged nasotracheal intubation of premature infants with respiratory failure have not been emphasized. The authors have examined the tracheas of 13 infants who had indwelling nasotracheal tubes for periods of 6 to 44 days. Extensive, diffuse necrosis of mucosa, and at times of cartilage, was noted in 4, multifocal squamous metaplasia in 5, and diffuse squamous metaplasia in 6. These changes, related to ulceration and chronic irritation by the nasotracheal tube, help to explain the difficulty in removing tracheal secretions after extubation.
Emotion, motivation, and the brain: Reflex foundations in animal and human research

This review will focus on a motivational circuit in the brain, centered on the amygdala, that underlies human emotion. This neural circuitry of appetitive/approach and defensive/avoidance was laid down early in our evolutionary history in primitive cortex, sub-cortex, and mid-brain, to mediate behaviors basic to the survival of individuals and the propagation of genes to coming generations. Thus, events associated with appetitive rewards, or that threaten danger or pain, engage attention and prompt information gathering more so than other input. Motive cues also occasion metabolic arousal, anticipatory responses, and mobilize the organism to prepare for action. Findings are presented from research with animals, elucidating these psychophysiological (e.g., cardiovascular, neuro-humoral) and behavioral (e.g., startle potentiation, "freezing") patterns in emotion, and defining their mediating brain circuits. Parallel results are described from experiments with humans, showing similar activation patterns in brain and body in response to emotion cues, co-varying with participants' reports of affective valence and increasing emotional arousal.
Transitive extensions of a class of doubly transitive groups

1. When a permutation group G on a set Ω is given, a transitive extension G of G is defined to be a transitive permutation group on the set Γ which is a union of Ω and a new point ∞ such that the stabilizer of ∞ in G 1 is isomorphic to G as a permutation group on Ω . The purpose of this paper is to prove that many known simple groups which can be represented as doubly transitive groups admit no transitive extension. Precise statement is found in Theorem 2. For example, the simple groups discovered by Ree [5] do not admit transitive extensions. Theorem 2 includes also a recent result of D. R. Hughes [3] which states that the unitary group U 3 (q) q>2 does not admit a transitive extension. As an application we prove a recent theorem of H. Nagao [4], which generalizes a theorem of Wielandt on the non-existence of 8-transitive permutation groups not containing the alternating groups under Schreier’s conjecture.
Luminescence in Solids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses luminescence in solids. Luminescence has been an active field of scientific investigation for a period that essentially encompasses the present century. During this period, there have been almost revolutionary changes in the materials, methods, and concepts that distinguish current research in the field from those of the earlier work. There has occurred, first, a realization of the extreme importance of small concentrations of impurities in luminescence. This has led to the development of careful preparative procedures for controlling phosphor compositions and for reducing the concentration of unwanted impurities to a concentration of 10 -6 or less. A second important advance has been the application of the investigative techniques and concepts of solid state physics to the analysis and interpretation of luminescence phenomena. This approach has accelerated rapidly during the last decade. Luminescent systems have been divided into three categories: (a) systems in which the absorption and emission of energy both take place in the same center; (b) systems in which absorption occurs in one center and luminescence is emitted by another center, the energy transfer taking place without accompanying movement of charge carriers; and (c) systems in which the transport of energy by charge carriers is the dominant feature.
Rules, Right and Wrong, and Children

The article is an informal distillation of conversations from severalworkshops held with teachers over a period of several years. Discussionswere focused around examples of ordinary classroom occurrences. Teachersin the workshops analyzed incidents, some simple, some multifaceted, asexamples of the domains of social knowledge, including moral, socialconvention, and personal/psychological, which though unique, sometimesoverlap. Conversations included possible resolutions. A final section,observations and affirmations, includes a discussion of the implicationsfor a domain appropriate approach to classroom interactions betweenteachers and children.
Modern Learning Theories Provide Applications For Distance Learning Practice

This article reports the findings of a recent empirical study that was conducted at a large university in the United States. The study compared the findings from modern learning theories to reported perceptions of undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in online learning environments. The intention of the study was to compare perceived student learning preferences with theories that support distance learning design and delivery. The article provides a report of objectives, methodology, findings, discussion, conclusions, and implications relative to the study. Final suggestions concerning online courses aimed at satisfying student learning expectations are implicated from the findings of the study.
Isolation and characterization of Rhodobacter capsulatus mutants defective in oxygen regulation of the puf operon.

cis-acting mutations that affect regulation of the Rhodobacter capsulatus puf operon by oxygen were isolated by placing the mutagenized puf regulatory region 59 to a promoterless Tn5 neo gene, which encodes resistance to kanamycin (Kmr). R. capsulatus mutants that failed to show wild-type repression of KMr by oxygen were selected and analyzed. Four independent clones contained point mutations, three of which were identical, in a region of dyad symmetry located between puf operon nucleotide positions 177 and 207, approximately 45 base pairs 59 to the site of initiation of puf transcripts. The phenotypic effects of the aerobically selected mutations were duplicated by single and double point mutations introduced site specifically into the region of dyad symmetry by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Determinations of the bacterial 50% lethal dose of kanamycin, of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity in cell sonicates, and of neo-specific mRNA confirmed the diminished responsiveness of the mutants to oxygen and consequently implicated the mutated region in O2-mediated transcriptional regulation. Images
Legislative Policy Briefs

Abstract Opportunities for social workers to be involved in policy making have never been greater. Schools of Social Work are now challenged to make policy a more important part of the curriculum. Making policy practice real to students is a challenging endeavor. By combining the resources and perspectives of advanced policy analysis courses with program evaluation content, the authors have developed a methodology that builds credibility for both the students and their schools, provides a tangible product that impacts policy making and teaches the students techniques that they can carry into their professional careers irrespective of role or field of practice. The policy briefidea is an adaptation of the analysis produced by the Congressional Research Service, modified to fit the unique needs of human services policy makers at the state level.
Constraining alpha-s (M(Z)) from the hidden sector

By including the effects of superstring thresholds, we reconsider minimal string unification together with the requirement of producing a supersymmetry-breaking gluino condensate in the hidden sector. This gives, for examples of phenomenologically-viable $Z_8'$ and other related orbifolds, the constraint that $0.1215 \leq \alpha_s(M_Z) \leq 0.1270$. In such models, a hidden photino can be a source of cosmological dark matter detectable by gravitational microlensing.
Identification of the antigenic components of the virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum (R) in chickens: their role in differentiation from the vaccine strain (F).

Abstract The antibody response to different proteins of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was studied in chickens experimentally infected with virulent MG R strain. The chickens were challenged at 8 weeks of age by the intranasal route. Each cockerel received 1.3×106 colony-forming units (CFU). MG strains (R and F) were banded by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The banding pattern was distinctively different between the two strains in the range of 92.5 to 200 kilodaltons (kD). Chicken sera collected at different times following challenge were analyzed by Western blot to determine the patterns of antibodies raised to specific MG proteins (R versus F strains). Early in infection (2 weeks postchallenge), antibodies to 60-kD and 75-kD polypeptides of MG R strain were produced. Subsequently (≥4 weeks postchallenge), antibodies recognized a larger number of MG antigens in both strains. The immunoblot patterns remained the same in the period 8–11 weeks postinfection in each of the two strains; however, the patterns were different when the two strains were compared. The early response recognized the 75-kD protein in the R strain while it recognized the 80-kD protein in the F strain. The late response recognized the 130-kD protein and the protein slightly heavier than 200 kD in the R strain. These two bands did not appear in the immunoblot performed against the F strain of MG. Electroeluted protein of MG R strain, namely adhesin (75 kD), showed a hemagglutination activity (HA) on chicken red blood cells. With the appearance of antibodies specific to the 60-kD and 75-kD polypeptides, there was a significant rise in hemagglutination-inhibition geometric mean titer of chicken sera.
High-performance liquid chromatography of tRNAs on novel stationary phases.

Abstract Rapid separation of a group of tRNAs was carried out on novel siliceous bonded stationary phases with aqueous eluents by using gradient elution with increasing or decreasing salt gradient, as usual in electrostatic interaction chromatography or hydrophobic interaction chromatography, respectively. The stationary phases consist of microparticulate macroporous silica with surface-bound polar moieties, containing weak cationic and/or hydrophobic binding sites. Depending on the nature of the binding sites, the stationary phases exhibit different retention behavior ans selectivity for tRNAs. Aqueous phosphate solutions were used as the eluent, and in many cases isocratic elution was sufficient to separate seven tRNAs. Addition of magnesium ions or n -decylbetaine to the eluent resulted in lower retention, the latter causing a greater increase in the eluent strength. The optimum pH range of the eluent was 5.5–6.5.
Thermal stability of cyclohexane and 1‐hexene

The mechanism and initial rates of decomposition of cyclohexane and 1-hexene have been determined from single-pulse shock-tube experiments. The main initial processes involve isomerization of cyclohexane to 1-hexene, followed by decomposition of 1-hexene. From comparative rate experiments the following rate expressions have been derived: The 1-hexene bond-braking reaction leads to an allylic resonance energy of 42.7 kJ and a heat of formation of allyl radicals of 176.6 kJ (300°K). There appear to be general relations relating the rate expressions for the decomposition of alkynes, alkanes, and alkenes. Studies on the induced decomposition of cyclohexane have also been carried out.
Non-gray radiative transfer

Abstract The normal-mode-expansion technique is used to establish the solution of the Milne problem basic to a generalized equation of radiative transfer. The non-gray model used includes the effects of absorption, scattering and losses due to photo-electric ionizations and collisions of the second kind. Accurate numerical results are presented for such physical quantities as the extrapolation distance, the integrated Planck function and the angular distribution of the exit intensity for selected values of the basic parameters.
Abstract B38: Profiling miR-152 expression in African American prostate cancer cell lines.

Purpose: African American men have almost twice the incidence and death rates related to prostate cancer compared to Caucasian men. Several studies have suggested that some of these differences may be attributed to the elevated expression of different genes. Recently, a new class of genetic regulators has emerged known as microRNAs. Many reports have found microRNAs to be implicated in cell growth, cell differentiation and the onset of many diseases including prostate cancer. To date, there are only three commercially available African American prostate cancer cell line models. We were able to establish five African American prostate cell lines, representing each stage of prostate cancer progression. With the help of these models, we sought out to investigate the difference of microRNA expression in African American and Caucasian prostate cancer. Methods: We analyzed the expression of over 300 microRNAs in 11 African American and Caucasian cell lines utilizing DiscovArray microRNA Microarray Chip. Validations of the most significant miRNAs were done by qRT-PCR. Characterization of the microRNA was carried out by performing MTT assay, Flow Cytometry, Western Blot, and Imunoflourescence. Results: We identified 15 microRNAs that were differentially expressed between the African American and Caucasian cell lines. Further validations led to the identification of miR-152 which is significantly expressed among both groups. MiR-152 is thought to be responsible for inhibiting DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Our results showed that miR-152 reduced cellular proliferation in PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. In addition, miR-152 inhibited DNMT1 protein expression as well as initiated G2-M cell cycle arrest. Conclusion: Validation of these results indicates a significant difference in microRNA expression between African American and Caucasian prostate cancer. Furthermore, these results suggest that microRNAs may play a role in the advance progression seen in prostate cancer in African Americans. These findings are currently being validated in African American and Caucasian tissue samples. Research supported by G12 RR03059-21A1(NIH/RCMI), and CA118623 (NIH/NCI). Citation Format: Shaniece Crystal Theodore, Melissa Davis, Rhim Jhong, Timothy Turner, Clayton Yates. Profiling miR-152 expression in African American prostate cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B38.
Infants' Sensitivity to the Causal Features of Means‐End Support Sequences in Action and Perception

Current work has yielded differential findings regarding infants' ability to perceptually detect the causal structure of a means–end support sequence. Resolving this debate has important implications for perception–action dissociations in this domain of object knowledge. In Study 1, 12-month-old infants' ability to perceive the causal structure of a cloth-pulling sequence was assessed via a habituation paradigm. After seeing an event in which a supported toy was moved by pulling a cloth that it sat on, 12-month-old infants demonstrated longer looking to events that violated the causal structure of this sequence than to events that preserved the causal structure but varied other perceptual features of the event. Studies 2 and 3 investigated 10-month-olds' interpretations of means–end support sequences using both a habituation paradigm and a task that assessed infants' own means–end actions. Whereas 10-month-olds failed to demonstrate an understanding of the causal structure when tested using a flat cloth a...