cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MANAGING PRODUCT RETURNS FOR REMANUFACTURING

Firms are often encouraged to offer environmentally friendly products as a demonstration of corporate citizenship. However, this may prove to be an unrealistic expectation since a rational firm will only engage in profitable ventures; those that increase shareholder wealth. We develop a framework for analyzing the profitability of reuse activities and show how the management of product returns influences operational requirements. We show that the acquisition of used products may be used as the control lever for the management and profitability of reuse activities. These activities, termed product acquisition management, affect several important business decisions. First, if a firm is to pursue reuse activities, these reuse activities must be value-creating. Second, if a firm is to compete by offering remanufactured products, then we show how product returns management influences the overall profitability of such activities via a trial and error EVA approach. Third, we show how operational issues are strongly affected by the approach used to manage product returns. There is a need for future research specifying the mathematical relationship between acquisition price and the nominal quality of the returned product.
“(Re)presenting Translation: Prosimetrics, Female Agency, and the Arabic and Hebrew Intertexts in Evelyne Accad's L'excisée ”

Evelyne Accad's novel L'excisee [The Excised] (1982) has long been hailed as an indispensable component of the Francophone literary canon. However, the reception of this book in the English-speaking world has been tepid at best, despite the growing popularity of Accad's literary corpus in (mostly) the United States and in Britain. In this paper, I argue that the principle reason for the Anglophone world's aforementioned lack of attention to the novel is inextricably linked to a series of major oversights in its English translation. More specifically, I demonstrate the manner in which the mistranslations of the prosimetric structure in the narrative of L'excisee (including its biblical and qur'ānic citations) have minimized the text's intertextual significance to such a degree that the book's overarching theme—the necessity of female agency as a counter to oppressive social practices—has no symbolic structure upon which to rest. To that end, this article elucidates the semantic, semiotic and stylistic functions of the prosimetric and intertextual configuration of L'excisee, in the hopes of offering a more just and culturally pertinent translation of the text's revolutionary message to the English-speaking reader.
Extension of single-factor nerve excitation theory to cortical responses

Abstract Blair's single-factor theory of nerve excitation was used to describe evoked responses in the rat prepyriform cortex. When plotted according to Blair's method, the strength-duration curve obtained in this cortex yielded two decay constants. A mathematical expression using these decay constants was written which predicts the amplitude of the evoked responses from the strength of the stimulus. It is suggested that an evoked response is a resultant of at least two processes, perhaps involving arrival of the stimulus input over fibers of different conduction velocities.
Journalists, Government, and the Place of Journalism Across Cultures

The Journal of Mass Media Ethics publishes case studies in which scholars and media professionals outline how they would address a particular ethical problem. Some cases are hypothetical, but most ...
Trpv1 and endocannabinoids: Emerging molecular signals that modulate mammalian vision

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) subunits form a polymodal cation channel responsive to capsaicin, heat, acidity and endogenous metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids. While originally reported to serve as a pain and heat detector in the peripheral nervous system, TRPV1 has been implicated in the modulation of blood flow and osmoregulation but also neurotransmission, postsynaptic neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity within the central nervous system. In addition to its central role in nociception, evidence is accumulating that TRPV1 contributes to stimulus transduction and/or processing in other sensory modalities, including thermosensation, mechanotransduction and vision. For example, TRPV1, in conjunction with intrinsic cannabinoid signaling, might contribute to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axonal transport and excitability, cytokine release from microglial cells and regulation of retinal vasculature. While excessive TRPV1 activity was proposed to induce RGC excitotoxicity, physiological TRPV1 activity might serve a neuroprotective function within the complex context of retinal endocannabinoid signaling. In this review we evaluate the current evidence for localization and function of TRPV1 channels within the mammalian retina and explore the potential interaction of this intriguing nociceptor with endogenous agonists and modulators.
Adaptive early detection ML/PDA estimator for LO targets with EO sensors

The batch Maximum Likelihood Estimator, combined with Probabilistic Data (ML-PDA), has been shown to be effective in acquiring low observable (LO) - low SNR - non-maneuvering targets in the presence of heavy clutter. The use of signal strength or amplitude information (AI) in the ML-PDA estimator with AI in a sliding-window fashion, to detect high- speed targets in heavy clutter using electro-optical (EO) sensors. The initial time and the length of the sliding-window are adjusted adaptively according to the information content of the received measurements. A track validation scheme via hypothesis testing is developed to confirm the estimated track, that is, the presence of a target, in each window. The sliding-window ML-PDA approach, together with track validation, enables early detection by rejecting noninformative scans, target reacquisition in case of temporary target disappearance and the handling of targets with speeds evolving over time. The proposed algorithm is shown to detect the target, which is hidden in as many as 600 false alarms per scan, 10 frames earlier than the Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) algorithm.
A Comparison of Martian Albedo Features with Topography

Martian albedo features photographed from the earth are compared with the topography observed by Mariner 9. Three Lambert azimuthal equal-area charts prepared to facilitate the comparison are presented. No correlation between large-scale albedos and topography can be generalized, but several different kinds of relationships seem to be indicated in particular regions. Examples of these are discussed.
From resistance to governance: Eritrea's trouble with transition

Nation-building in Africa was hobbled by the inheritance of centralised, authoritarian ‘states’ prior to the consolidation of nations within them. Armed liberation movements overcame this to some degree by constructing common identities out of the struggle to throw off foreign rule. Yet the degree and kind of control inherent in such a militarised project fuelled despotism in the post-war state. Eritrea seemed to break this mould, with its high level of popular participation in its war effort, its engagement in social transformation during the fighting, and the participatory constitution-building process that followed its victory. Yet less than a decade on, the liberation front shut down the press, jailed its critics, and turned the country into a political prison. This article will situate this reversal within the transition from colony to independent state, explore its specific characteristics, and consider the prospects for a more democratic outcome.
Franchising in America: The Development of a Business Method, 1840-1980

Using a series of case studies from five industries, Dicke analyzes franchising, a marketing system that combines large and small firms into a single administrative unit, strengthening both in the process. He studies the franchise industry from the 1840s to the 1980s, closely examining the rights and obligations of both the parent company and the franchise owner. Originally published in 1992. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Caution is required in interpretation of mutations in the voltage sensing domain of voltage gated channels as evidence for gating mechanisms.

The gating mechanism of voltage sensitive ion channels is generally considered to be the motion of the S4 transmembrane segment of the voltage sensing domains (VSD). The primary supporting evidence came from R→C mutations on the S4 transmembrane segment of the VSD, followed by reaction with a methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagent. The cys side chain is –SH (reactive form –S−); the arginine side chain is much larger, leaving space big enough to accommodate the MTS sulfonate head group. The cavity created by the mutation has space for up to seven more water molecules than were present in wild type, which could be displaced irreversibly by the MTS reagent. Our quantum calculations show there is major reorientation of three aromatic residues that face into the cavity in response to proton displacement within the VSD. Two phenylalanines reorient sufficiently to shield/unshield the cysteine from the intracellular and extracellular ends, depending on the proton positions, and a tyrosine forms a hydrogen bond to the cysteine sulfur with its side chain –OH. These could produce the results of the experiments that have been interpreted as evidence for physical motion of the S4 segment, without physical motion of the S4 backbone. The computations strongly suggest that the interpretation of cysteine substitution reaction experiments be re-examined in the light of these considerations.
The Surgeon and his Experience is the Thing

Dr. Merrill Ritter, an outstanding expert on total knee replacement (TKR), has written an interesting paper evaluating results with posterior cruciate retaining (PCR) and posterior-substituting total knee replacement (PS). His center is a high-volume center for total knee replacement, and the study encompasses results in 8,607 total knee replacements. His findings demonstrate an expected slight increase in flexion for the PS TKR in comparison to the PCR TKR (about 3°) with slightly better function in the PCR TKR. However, the results varied from surgeon to surgeon in the group using these different implants, and this was a major variable in the results. Surgeon results varied and were not consistently better with one implant or another. Some surgeons had excellent results with the PCR knee and others less good results with the PCR knee. The same was true for the PS TKR. This led to the conclusion that surgeon preference and experience with a particular implant was the important variable in patient outcome. Many factors influence the clinical outcome after TKR aside from prosthetic selection. This is particularly true in the high-flexion knee or gender-specific knee where results are not better than with conventional TKR. In the end, it is surgical technique and patient factors which predict the outcome of an arthroplasty far more than prosthetic design in the knee. Soft-tissue balancing in the medial-lateral and antero-posterior planes is key to knee flexion and ultimate function. Surgical experience and attention to technique will determine proper gap balancing which influences patient motion and outcome. PCR knees require careful balancing of the posterior cruciate ligament for knee motion, and a surgeon’s ability to balance this may vary. A comfort zone for improved outcomes exists and will vary from one implant to another for a surgeon. My philosophy has correlated with Dr. Ritter’s findings and was first advocated by Michael Freeman, knee innovator from London. Dr. Freeman taught that a surgeon should find a time-proven prosthesis he knows well and is able to implant consistently with excellent soft-tissue balancing and alignment. The surgeon should not move from implant to implant looking for better outcomes but should excel with a particular design and stay with it. He will be able to obtain better results with it in knees of varying severity including the most deformed. Outcomes, function, pain relief, and range of motion will be better in this setting than attributing poor results to implant design alone. Dr. Ritter has validated this important aspect of knee surgery in determining end results. The long-term controversy of PCR vs PS is less so today and is of less importance than surgical experience and excellence of technique regardless of prosthetic selection.
The first developing "mixed" synapses between vestibular sensory neurons mediate glutamate chemical transmission.

Abstract In the present study, the nature of the synaptic transmission responsible for a monophasic potential generated by vestibular nerve stimulation of the principal cells in the chick tangential nucleus was established. This work was performed in slice preparations at the critical embryonic age of 15–16 days, the time of first observation of morphologically mixed (chemical and electrical) synapses at the axosomatic endings called spoon endings. The spoon endings are formed by the primary vestibular fibers with the largest diameters, the colossal vestibular fibers. This monophasic potential fits the criteria for chemical rather than electrical transmission due to the following responses in most cases: (i) the absence of collision between a direct spike initiated by depolarization in the principal cell and a vestibular-evoked action potential; (ii) failure to follow high frequency stimulation (up to 50 Hz); (iii) sensitivity to low calcium solution (0.1 mM). These tests indicate that strong electrical coupling between spoon endings and principal cells does not prevail at this stage. The recordings were obtained from principal cells injected intracellularly with biocytin, allowing their identification by morphological criteria. The lack of tracer coupling between the stained principal cells and their innervating vestibular fibers ( n = 17) is consistent with the absence of electrical coupling. Identification of the neurotransmitter involved in this vestibular response was achieved by bath application of glutamate receptor antagonists, dl -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (40 μM) and 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (10 μM), which blocked transmission reversibly. These results suggest that at the onset of formation of these “mixed” vestibular synapses, the gap junctions identified morphologically are likely not functional, and that the main response of the principal cells to vestibular nerve stimulation is mediated by glutamate.
Catholic exiles and the English state after the gunpowder plot

This paper discusses the immediate aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot, examining the overlooked legacies of this event in relation to its influence on emerging categories of extraterritorial state sovereignty, international law, and stateless persons. The English state used the Gunpowder Plot as a pretext for justifying an unprecedented legal and political innovation: that the state could circumvent the law of nations and unilaterally assert its sovereignty beyond its national borders. English officials attempted to extradite a group of English Catholic exiles in connection with the Plot and induce European states to cooperate in forcibly repatriating these subjects. This episode was only one component in a broader effort to confine political agency to sovereign state bodies, a process in which the English state vied to suppress the various rogue economies that flourished beyond the reach of state authorities, from piracy and mercenary service to the circulation of Catholic dissidents and their texts.
The “ins” and “outs” of Provider-Parent Communication: Perspectives From Adolescent Primary Care Providers on Challenges to Forging Alliances to Reduce Adolescent Risk

Abstract Purpose For several decades, the goal to protect adolescents' confidentiality in addition to state and professional mandates to provide confidential health services have sometimes outweighed the interest of involving parents in risk reduction efforts. More recently, experts acknowledge that a balance must be found between maintaining adolescent confidentiality and involving parents in preventing poor adolescent outcomes resulting from risky behaviors. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the challenges in and identify solutions to realizing this newer vision in the primary care setting. Methods We conducted a qualitative study featuring in-depth interviews with 37 primary care providers among whom a significant component of their practice involved adolescent patients. Purposeful sampling was aimed at a diversity of gender, practice specialty, practice venues, and geographic areas. Results We identified individual and structural barriers and facilitators to involving parents in their adolescents' primary care. Barriers included parents' lack of knowledge and awareness of their children's risk behaviors; providers time constraints and competing clinical demands, concerns for confidentiality and developing a trusting relationship with the child; and legal and system requirements that limit engagement with parents. Facilitators included interest and for some, planned approaches by the provider to engage the parent; encouragement by the provider to the adolescent to communicate with a trusted adult about their risky behavior; and opportunities to educate the parent about risk reduction in general. Conclusion Opportunities for further research on strategies to improve communication and develop a partnership between providers and parents are described.
Estimation of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Under a Forest Canopy With Chlorophyll Extracts and From Basal Area Measurements

A chemical light meter that uses chlorophyll is described. The quantity of radiant energy that is utilizable for photosynthesis can be estimated through use of crude chlorophyll extracts in conjuction with a thermopile and recorder. Two hundred or more determinations can be made per day at a negligible cost relative to the cost of using a comparable number of thermopiles and recorders. Preliminary tests with this apparatus revealed that about 75% of the forest floor under a dense hardwood stand received enough radiation to compensate for the respiration losses by the plants. The light in a 28—year—old, 6— by 8—ft Pinus virginiana Mill. plantation was considerably brighter than that under a dense hardwood stand. All of the sample points under the pine plantation received sufficient radiation to permit photosynthesis to compensate for respiration. The experimental results and theoretical analysis of several research workers are combined to develop the generalization that radiant energy is transmitted through a canopy of leaves in the same manner as radiant energy is transmitted through a solution–i.e. in accord with Beer's law: Optical density @8 —log (fraction of radiant energy transmitted) ° KF K is a constant of proportionality and F is the concentration of leaves per acre. Because of the exponential relationship between basal area per acre and quantity of leaves, basal area may be substituted for quantity of leaves in the equation.
The Kinematic Structure of Hurricane Gloria (1985) Determined from Nested Analyses of Dropwindsonde and Doppler Radar Data

Abstract A set of three-dimensional, filtered, multiply nested objective analyses has been completed for the wind field of Hurricane Gloria for 0000 UTC 25 September 1985. At this time Gloria was one of the most intense hurricanes ever observed in the Atlantic basin, with a minimum sea level pressure of 919 mb. The nested analyses, based on observations from airborne Doppler radar and Omega dropwindsondes, simultaneously describe eyewall and synoptic-scale features, and are the most comprehensive analyses of a single hurricane constructed to date. The analyses have been used to document the multiscale kinematic structure of Gloria and to investigate the relationship between the kinematic fields and the motion of the vortex. The analyses indicate that the vortex was unusually barotropic. The radius of maximum wind (RMW) was nearly vertical below 500 mb, with a slight inward slope with height between 750 and 550 mb. The strongest azimuthal mean tangential winds were found well above the boundary layer, near...
The association between visual acuity and central retinal thickness in retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE To determine whether visual acuity is related to central retinal thickness in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS Visual acuities were measured with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts and optical coherence tomography (OCT3) was used to calculate retinal thicknesses and grade third high-reflectance bands in 162 patients with the typical forms of retinitis pigmentosa who had Snellen visual acuities of 20/20 to 20/200, minimal to no cataracts, and no visible macular cysts. Sixty-five patients were retested within 2 months to estimate the intervisit variability of retinal thickness measurements. RESULTS ETDRS acuity was best related to retinal thickness measured at fixation and as the average value over the central 1 mm by a second-order polynomial (r(2) = 0.38 and P < 0.001 in both cases). Acuity was maximal for intermediate retinal thickness and appeared to decline for both lesser and greater retinal thicknesses. By linear regression, the decline in acuity for decreasing retinal thickness was steeper in eyes with an absent third high-reflectance band than for eyes with a partially distinct band. No decline was noted in eyes with an intact band. Assessment of intervisit variability of retinal thickness measurements showed 98% confidence limits of +/-17 microm at fixation and +/-11 microm for the central 1 mm. CONCLUSIONS Both retinal thinning (due to cell loss) and retinal thickening (due to presumed edema) appear to be associated with lower visual acuity in patients with typical retinitis pigmentosa. The definition of the OCT third high-reflectance band may help to predict which patients are more likely to lose visual acuity as retinal thickness declines. An increase or decrease in retinal thickness of more than 17 microm at fixation or 11 microm over the central 1 mm at follow-up can be considered a significant (P < 0.01) change in these patients.
HDAC6 regulates mitochondrial transport in hippocampal neurons.

Background Tubulin is a major substrate of the cytoplasmic class II histone deacetylase HDAC6. Inhibition of HDAC6 results in higher levels of acetylated tubulin and enhanced binding of the motor protein kinesin-1 to tubulin, which promotes transport of cargoes along microtubules. Microtubule-dependent intracellular trafficking may therefore be regulated by modulating the activity of HDAC6. We have shown previously that the neuromodulator serotonin increases mitochondrial movement in hippocampal neurons via the Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway. Here, we demonstrate a role for HDAC6 in this signaling pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that the presence of tubacin, a specific HDAC6 inhibitor, dramatically enhanced mitochondrial movement in hippocampal neurons, whereas niltubacin, an inactive tubacin analog, had no effect. Compared to control cultures, higher levels of acetylated tubulin were found in neurons treated with tubacin, and more kinesin-1 was associated with mitochondria isolated from these neurons. Inhibition of GSK3β decreased cytoplasmic deacetylase activity and increased tubulin acetylation, whereas blockade of Akt, which phosphorylates and down-regulates GSK3β, increased cytoplasmic deacetylase activity and decreased tubulin acetylation. Concordantly, the administration of 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT (a specific 5-HT1A receptor agonist), or fluoxetine (a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor) increased tubulin acetylation. GSK3β was found to co-localize with HDAC6 in hippocampal neurons, and inhibition of GSK3β resulted in decreased binding of antibody to phosphoserine-22, a potential GSK3β phosphorylation site in HDAC6. GSK3β may therefore regulate HDAC6 activity by phosphorylation. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that HDAC6 plays an important role in the modulation of mitochondrial transport. The link between HDAC6 and GSK3β, established here, has important implications for our understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, abnormal mitochondrial transport, which has been observed in such disorders as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, could result from the misregulation of HDAC6 by GSK3β. HDAC6 may therefore constitute an attractive target in the treatment of these disorders.
Diffraction-free planar beams in unbiased photorefractive media

We show that a new class of nondiffracting planar beams is possible in unbiased photorefractive media.
Tracing a ray through uniformly subdivided n - dimensional space

Finding the cells intersected by a ray in a uniformly subdivided space is a technique used in accelerated ray tracing and also other computer graphics applications. A related problem is that of finding the sequence of grid points in a 3D voxel space, which best approximates a given line. This paper examines earch of these problems, introduces a unifying approach and provides a generalisation of previous algorithms.
Geriatric nutrition: The role of taste and smell in appetite

Proper nutrition is essential to the health of the oral tissues, and healthy tissues enhance prosthodontic treatment of the elderly. All dentists should be prepared to offer dietary advice to this expanding population. Taste and smell are essential to proper nutrition. In the elderly the peripheral sensory receptors decline, causing the appetite to wane. Taste and aroma are inextricably intertwined in determining the palatability and acceptance of food. For example, during an upper respiratory infection, the olfactory receptors are blocked. Food becomes tasteless; it loses both flavor and aroma and the appetite declines. As a result of aging, the taste buds on the tongue and the olfactory receptors in the roof of the nasal cavity regress. In addition, the gustatory and olfactory nuclei in the brain decline, causing a reduction in appetite and diet.
The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism

Several theorists have argued in favor of a distinction between overt and covert narcissism, and factor analytic studies have supported this distinction. In this paper I demonstrate that overt narcissists report higher self-esteem and higher satisfaction with life, whereas covert narcissists report lower self-esteem and lower satisfaction with life. I also present mediational models to explain why overt narcissists are relatively happy and covert narcissists are relatively unhappy. In analyses using both partial correlations and structural equation modeling, self-esteem consistently mediated the associations between both types of narcissism and happiness, whereas self-deception did not. These results further demonstrate some of the self-centered benefits associated with overt narcissism and some of the strong psychological costs associated with covert narcissism.
CCured: type-safe retrofitting of legacy software

This article describes CCured, a program transformation system that adds type safety guarantees to existing C programs. CCured attempts to verify statically that memory errors cannot occur, and it inserts run-time checks where static verification is insufficient.CCured extends C's type system by separating pointer types according to their usage, and it uses a surprisingly simple type inference algorithm that is able to infer the appropriate pointer kinds for existing C programs. CCured uses physical subtyping to recognize and verify a large number of type casts at compile time. Additional type casts are verified using run-time type information. CCured uses two instrumentation schemes, one that is optimized for performance and one in which metadata is stored in a separate data structure whose shape mirrors that of the original user data. This latter scheme allows instrumented programs to invoke external functions directly on the program's data without the use of a wrapper function.We have used CCured on real-world security-critical network daemons to produce instrumented versions without memory-safety vulnerabilities, and we have found several bugs in these programs. The instrumented code is efficient enough to be used in day-to-day operations.
Race, Retrospective Voting, and Disasters The Re-Election of C. Ray Nagin after Hurricane Katrina

The 2006 New Orleans mayoral election provides a unique opportunity to examine the influence of a natural disaster on voting behavior. Theories of retrospective voting presume that voters will puni...
An Investigation of Phenylthiazole Antiflaviviral Agents

Flaviviruses are one of the most clinically important pathogens and their infection rates are increasing steadily. The phenylthiazole ring system has provided a template for the design and synthesis of antiviral agents that inhibit the flaviviruses by targeting their E-protein. Unfortunately, there is a correlation between phenylthiazole antiflaviviral activity and the presence of the reactive and therefore potentially toxic mono- or dibromomethyl moieties at thiazole-C4. Adding a linear hydrophobic tail para to the phenyl ring led to a new class of phenylthiazole antiflaviviral compounds that lack the toxic dibromomethyl moiety. This led to development of a drug-like phenylthiazole 12 that had high antiflaviviral selectivity (TI = 147).
Epidemiologic characteristics of patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing colonoscopy.

Results: During the period 2000–2007, 4631 patients with CD and 6619 patients with UC were compared to a control population of 826,207 patients without IBD. CD and UC patients were significantly (P < 0.0001) younger than controls: 41.7 6 18.4, 47.3 6 17.4, 59.2 6 14.0 years, respectively. CD and UC were less common among nonwhite than white endoscopy patients: odds ratio (OR) ¼ 0.64 (0.58–0.70) for CD and OR ¼ 0.71 (0.66–0.77) for UC. Endoscopy for IBD was only slightly less common among female than male CD patients (0.94, 0.89–1.00), but significantly less common among female than male UC patients (0.72, 0.68–0.75). Compared with community/private practices, relatively more endoscopies were performed among IBD patients in academic institutions: OR ¼ 1.68 (1.56–1.81) for CD and OR ¼ 1.27 (1.19–1.36) for UC. The race-, sex-, and age-adjusted rates of CD and UC were both significantly higher in the northern than southern regions of the US, with a significant correlation of r ¼ 0.89, degrees of freedom ¼ 4, P ¼ 0.017 between the geographic distributions of the two diagnoses. Conclusions: The endoscopy patterns of IBD patients may be influenced in part by the epidemiology of these two diagnoses, as well as by underlying trends in the utilization of colonoscopy. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:1333–1337)
Stomach carcinoma among Hawaiians and Caucasians in Hawaii

A review of Caucasian and Hawaiian patients with stomach carcinoma in Honolulu reinforces observations in other racial groups that the Lauren diffuse histopathological type of gastric cancer is more frequent in females and younger patients, while the so-called intestinal type is more common in older patients and men; that the intestinal form has a better prognosis; and that there are more long-term survivors among women than men with diffuse carcinoma. Prognosis and the level of cancer risk are not associated in Hawaii, since Hawaiians share high risk with Japanese and poor prognosis with Caucasians. There is no apparent association of cancer risk with the ratio of intestinal to diffuse forms among Hawaiians, Caucasians, and Japanese. In addition to the known high risk of stomach carcinoma in Hawaiians and Japanese, this study has identified a high risk among people of Portuguese ancestry.
A CAD architecture for microelectromechanical systems

A CAD architecture for microelectromechanical systems is presented in which conventional mask layout and process simulation tools are linked to three-dimensional mechanical CAD and finite-element tools for analysis and simulation. The architecture is exercised by an elementary example on the stress-induced curvature of an oxidized silicon wafer. An architecture for an object-oriented material property simulator in which material properties and their process dependence are stored and are accessed based on the specific process conditions is also presented. >
Discrete variational Hamiltonian mechanics

The main contribution of this paper is to present a canonical choice of a Hamiltonian theory corresponding to the theory of discrete Lagrangian mechanics. We make use of Lagrange duality and follow a path parallel to that used for construction of the Pontryagin principle in optimal control theory. We use duality results regarding sensitivity and separability to show the relationship between generating functions and symplectic integrators. We also discuss connections to optimal control theory and numerical algorithms.
Relationship Between Virus-Induced Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Transformation by Simian Virus 40

The fraction of cells in a confluent 3T3 cell monolayer induced by simian virus 40 infection to replicate deoxyribonucleic acid and divide corresponds to those cells which eventually become transformed. Virus-induced cells were partially separated from noninduced cells by sedimentation through Ficoll gradients. Three- to eightfold higher transformation frequencies were obtained with those cells that began to synthesize cellular deoxyribonucleic acid and divide shortly after simian virus 40 infection as compared to noninduced cells.
Feline Ovarian Neoplasms

Primary ovarian neoplasms from 22 cats were described. A single cat had tumors of epithelial origin--bilateral cystadenomas. Seven animals had germ cell tumors--dysgerminomas or teratomas; two cats had bilateral tumors. Fourteen animals had neoplasms of sex cord-stromal origin--granulosa cell tumors and interstitial gland tumors. Four cats with granulosa cell tumors had clinical evidence of hormonal disturbance.
Counteracting the Effects of Female Stereotypes on Television via Active Mediation

This article reports results of an experiment with 83 kindergarten through 6th-grade children conducted to determine the effectiveness of a theoretically based active mediation strategy for reducing the harmful effects of gender-stereotyped television. The researchers found that a mediation strategy derived from gender-schema theory led to less favorable evaluations of stereotyped television characters. It also led to (a) less positive evaluations of the program among children whose parents do not monitor their viewing, and (b) less endorsement of stereotyped attitudes among younger children. This suggests that mediation is successful among children who may be especially vulnerable to media effects, or those who need it the most.
An Overview of the History and Epidemiology of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

: Since the first pathologic studies of breast cancer were undertaken in the nineteenth century, an intraepithelial stage has been recognized in the transition from normal tissue to invasive cancer. In 1932 this was labeled in situ breast carcinoma, but was rarely diagnosed and considered only a clinical oddity. With the establishment of screening mammography over the past 20 years, both the ductal and lobular types of in situ breast carcinoma have been increasingly diagnosed. The lobular variant, lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), is now considered a marker of risk for subsequent invasive cancer, and is managed expectantly without surgical ablation. The ductal form, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is considered a true premalignant lesion, which should be treated largely in the same way as invasive breast carcinoma. An understanding of the epidemiology and biologic implications of DCIS is necessary for a rational approach to treatment.
Problems in the Care of the Terminally Ill

Among the most frequent and the most spoken about problems in medical ethics are those involving the termination of life support. This chapter discusses the way that our society views death and from this goes on to examine attitudes toward the maintenance of life. The vitalist and nonvitalist positions are contrasted. These considerations are used to examine a variety of issues, including no code (or “DNR”) decisions, decisions not to leave home, the acognitive state (brain death, permanent coma, and the vegetative state), the locked-in syndrome, dementia and limiting of treatment, fluids and/or nutrition in the terminally ill, suicide, and euthanasia. The chapter ends with a short section dealing with talking with patients and with economic issues.
Utility of the functional assessment inventory in a post-stroke sample

The objectives of this study were to describe the psychometric properties of the Functional Assessment Inventory in a sample of vocational service clients who had sustained strokes. Using rating sc...
Successful Pregnancy in a Patient with Severe Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

A 37-year-old parturient woman with presumed mediastinal fibrosis survived an antepartum pulmonary embolism, antepartum circulatory collapse with loss of consciousness and postpartum pneumonia. Her infant is developing normally 18 months after delivery.
Comparison of the interfacial dynamics of water sandwiched between static and free-standing fully flexible graphene sheets.

Classical molecular dynamics simulations are used to present a detailed atomistic picture of the instantaneous local structures of water and the structural evolution of stationary and dynamically evolving graphene–water interfaces. The confinement effects are strongly coupled to the nature of the interface, which eventually governs its nanoscopic structural arrangements and interface dynamics. We show that the structure, transport properties, and vibrational densities of states of proximal water molecules are strongly correlated with the nature of the graphene–water interface. We identify and correlate features in vibrational spectra with characteristic structural features observed at the atomic scale for the confined water molecules near a stationary and dynamically evolving hydrophobic surface such as graphene. Our simulations indicate that the local orientation, ordering, and solvation dynamics of interfacial water molecules are a strong function of the graphene slit-width, which is controlled by the nature of the interface (fully flexible vs. static). A monotonic decrease in local ordering with increasing slit-width was observed for the static graphene–water interface, whereas a non-monotonic variation was seen for its fully flexible counterpart. The simulation results offer useful insights into the effect of interfacial dynamics in defining the structure and transport properties at graphene–aqueous media interfaces. Finally these simulations provide a molecular level interpretation of the differential confinement effects arising from the dynamically evolving graphene–water interface.
A design methodology for multi-kW, large air-gap, MHz frequency, wireless power transfer systems

In a loosely coupled kW level wireless power transfer system, it is difficult to consider multiple design considerations simultaneously because of the system complexity. Circuit design methodology is critical to achieve efficient, low VA rating, and stable system. In this paper, a design methodology for a loosely coupled series-parallel resonant system is proposed. Proposed design methodology is evaluated by a 3kW, 30cm distance power transfer design example. Using the methodology, efficiency, VA rating, stability, and safety issues are considered simultaneously. The example model is implemented by means of FEA. A surface spiral winding transmitter coil is used in the FEA model. Quality factor (Q) dependence of surface spiral winding on mechanical design parameters is investigated to maximize the Q. Based on the investigation, a high Q coil is designed for the system and the coil is used as a transmitter to evaluate the proposed methodology.
Multiple adaptive models for control

It was recently shown by the authors that if it is known a priori that the unknown plant parameter vector lies in the convex hull of a set of adaptive model parameter vectors at the initial time, it will remain in the convex hull of the parameters even as they evolve with time. This result, which was derived earlier for the case when the state vector of the plant can be measured, is extended in this paper to the case when only the input and the output of the plant are accessible. This information, in turn, is used to describe different stable strategies for controlling the adaptive system.
Fossil laterite on bedrock in Brooklyn, New York

Wells, borings, and excavations have shown that a thick zone of decayed rock or saprolite occurs on the buried surface of the gneiss and schist bedrock at many places throughout Long Island, New York. A concretionary rock at the top of the decayed zone was found during the period 1927 through 1929 in borings and in a shaft for a water supply tunnel in Brooklyn, but its significance was not at first realized. This rock is an ancient laterite or ferricrete, and its presence strongly reinforces the evidence furnished by the saprolite for the existence of a humid tropical climate for a long time preceding the deposition of the unconsolidated Cretaceous and younger sediments that make up the bulk of Long Island.
CLASSICAL XY SYSTEMS UNDER TIME DEPENDENT MAGNETIC FIELDS

The phase diagram of the hard-spin XY model with infinite-range coupling under time dependent magnetic fields is investigated. Phases are distinguished by measuring time-average magnetization (TAM). For the case of an oscillating (AC) magnetic field, three phases with non-zero TAM are found in addition to a zero TAM phase. All phases are found to be synchronous with the driving frequency. The non-zero TAM-zero TAM transition line diverges to infinite magnetic field amplitude for low temperatures. An unusual type of hysteresis due to the infinite range coupling appears. Some strategic points in the phase diagram are analytically explained. Also, we interpolate between the AC and rotating magnetic field cases (investigated previously by Kuramoto's group) by studying an 'elliptical' magnetic field case.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE VIRUS CAUSING RABBIT PAPILLOMAS TO THE CANCERS DERIVING THEREFROM : II. THE EVIDENCE PROVIDED BY THE TUMORS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

The papillomas caused by the Shope virus sometimes grow down spontaneously into the subcutaneous tissue and extend along the lymphatics in the same way as do many cancers of the human breast. They may even invade the voluntary muscle under such circumstances, taking on an aspect suggestive of squamous cell carcinomatosis, but ultimately they differentiate in the way characteristic of the papilloma. Slight operative interferences with papillomas may be followed by a development of secondary nodules in the lungs. These result from cell emboli, and the same local conditions determine their fate as are effective in the case of emboli composed of human cancer cells. The virus-induced papilloma is not only a neoplasm in its immediate aspect and habit but sometimes one that verges upon malignancy. The tumors, including the cancers, which eventually derive from it in favorable hosts, are representative of more than a mere enhancement of the activity of the growth. They develop within a relatively brief period of time but only after the papilloma has grown for a long while; and they are morphologically various whereas the parent tumor is remarkably constant in its form. Some of the new growths differ but little from the papilloma, however, even when possessed of the ability to metastasize, and many continue to be influenced by the virus. The Shope virus is heavily conditioned in its carcinogenic activity, yet it is the nearest cause for cancer now known.
SIMOX 3-D sculpting of vertically-coupled microresonators in silicon

In this paper we report the demonstration of vertically coupled microdisk resonator structures on SOI substrates, using the technique of SIMOX 3-D sculpting.
Solar neutrino matter effects redux

Following recent low-threshold analysis of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and asymmetry measurements of the BOREXINO Collaboration of the solar neutrino flux, we revisit the analysis of the matter effects in the Sun. We show that solar neutrino data constrains the mixing angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ poorly and that subdominant Standard Model effects can mimic the effects of the physics beyond the Standard Model.
Guest Editor's Introduction : Bakhtin's Dialogic Pedagogy

(2004). Guest Editor's Introduction : Bakhtin's Dialogic Pedagogy. Journal of Russian & East European Psychology: Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 3-11.
Rotational covariance and the Yang-Mills monopole

Rotational covariance in the monopole sector of the SU(2) Yang-Mills model with a triplet of Higgs scalars and the possible addition of fermions is examined. Ansatze about the leading-order behavior of monopole-monopole matrix elements are shown to be consistent with rotational symmetry. Spin identification of monopole states is done for all cases. (AIP)
Iatrogenic respiratory distress syndrome. An analysis of obstetric events preceding delivery of infants who develop respiratory distress syndrome.

Abstract The obstetric events leading to the birth of infants who developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were evaluated. In a retrospective study of 100 consecutive cases it was determined that untimely or unwarranted physician intervention in the pregnancy was responsible for 15 per cent of cases and possibly responsible for another 18 per cent. Recommendations for prevention of “iatrogenic” RDS are made.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Circumpolar Lives and Livelihood:. Comparative Ethnoarchaeology of Gender and Subsistence. Robert Jarvenpa and Hetty Jo Brumbach, eds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 330 pp.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the motor thalamus has over 30 years of proven efficacy in the treatment of both essential and Parkinsonian tremor. While thalamic stimulation has been the mainstay of DBS treatment for tremor, emerging literature suggests that other targets in the caudal zona incerta/posterior subthalamic region may be as effective as thalamic stimulation, if not more so. The relevant anatomy, physiology, and clinical data are reviewed.
Protein, acetate and propionate for roughage-fed lambs. 2. Nutrient kinetics

Thirty-six wether lambs were given food hourly consisting of mature chopped oaten hay, sprayed with 10 g urea per kg hay. A pelleted supplement was given containing 0 or 75 g/day fish meal and 0 or ca. 1·5 MJ/day gross energy as acetate or propionate in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Dry matter (DM) digestibility, nitrogen retention and urinary allantoin excretion were determined over 7 days. Tissue protein kinetics were estimated using 15N-glycine. Net fluxes of acetate, bicarbonate and glucose were estimated with continuous infusion of 14C-acetate, 14C-bicarbonate and 3H-glucose respectively.Intake of oaten hay (g DM per kg live weight per day) was reduced by supplementation. Live-weight gain was lower in lambs supplemented with propionate than in lambs given the basal diet only. Supplementation with fish meal increased DM digestibility, live-weight gain and wool growth. Daily excretion of urinary allantoin did not differ between groups of lambs. Nitrogen retention and protein flux were reduced in lambs supplemented with acetate or propionate and were increased in lambs given fish meal. Plasma acetate concentrations were higher for lambs supplemented with acetate. However, net flux of acetate did not differ between groups of lambs. The net flux of glucose was increased by supplementation with propionate and with fish meal. Plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate were reduced in lambs supplemented with propionate.Availability of propionate and glucose were not limiting live-weight gain in these lambs. Also, a high ratio of acetate to propionate did not reduce the apparent efficiency of nutrient use.