cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Close encounters with eddies: oceanographic features increase growth of larval reef fishes during their journey to the reef

Like most benthic marine organisms, coral reef fishes produce larvae that traverse open ocean waters before settling and metamorphosing into juveniles. Where larvae are transported and how they survive is a central question in marine and fisheries ecology. While there is increasing success in modelling potential larval trajectories, our knowledge of the physical and biological processes contributing to larval survivorship during dispersal remains relatively poor. Mesoscale eddies (MEs) are ubiquitous throughout the world's oceans and their propagation is often accompanied by upwelling and increased productivity. Enhanced production suggests that eddies may serve as important habitat for the larval stages of marine organisms, yet there is a lack of empirical data on the growth rates of larvae associated with these eddies. During three cruises in the Straits of Florida, we sampled larval fishes inside and outside five cyclonic MEs. Otolith microstructure analysis revealed that four of five species of reef fish examined had consistently faster growth inside these eddies. Because increased larval growth often leads to higher survivorship, larvae that encounter MEs during transit are more likely to contribute to reef populations. Successful dispersal in oligotrophic waters may rely on larval encounter with such oceanographic features.
Haemodynamic effects of rectal methohexitone for induction of anaesthesia in children.

Pulsed Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography were used to determine the haemodynamic effects of rectal methohexitone in 12 children 32.4 +/- 3.8 months old and weighing 13.3 +/- 1.1 kg (mean +/- SEM). Heart rate, blood pressure and echocardiographic measurements of cardiac output, stroke volume and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were obtained prior to the induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with 25 mg.kg-1 two per cent rectal methohexitone. Immediately following the onset of sleep all cardiovascular measurements were repeated. Following the induction of anaesthesia with rectal methohexitone there was a significant increase in heart rate. Blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume and ejection fraction were unchanged. It is concluded that rectal administration of two per cent methohexitone for the induction of anaesthesia in healthy paediatric patients has minimal haemodynamic effect.
Field effects in self-propagating solid-state synthesis reactions

The use of externally imposed electric fields is shown to activate self-propagating solid-state reactions. Experimental observations and modeling studies show different field effects, depending on the relative electrical conductivity of the product of the synthesis reaction. In systems with relatively nonconducting products the reaction wave propagates in a steady-state mode. Examples of the influence of the field on the mechanism of solid state reactions are provided for the synthesis of tungsten silicides and AIN-SiC composites.
Theory on the effect of applied stress on luminescent spectra based on a stress Hamiltonian

Abstract Using a mechanical model to represent a luminescent system including the effects of an applied stress, we derive the form of the Hamiltonian. We distinguish between the strain and stress Hamiltonians. The strain Hamiltonian is proper for the case of internal strains and the stress Hamiltonian is correct for an applied external stress. The Hamiltonian derived from the mechanical model is the same as that developed earlier by Curie, Berry and Williams (CBW) for hydrostatic pressure applied to cubic systems. We apply this theory to both non-orbitally degenerate luminescent centers in cubic crystals under hydrostatic pressure and Jahn-Teller (J-T) systems with applied uniaxial stress. We show that CBW theory predicts a linear stress term for the splitting of J-T systems.
Comparison of Sequential Extraction and Bioaccessibility Analyses of Lead Using Urban Soils and Reference Materials

A study was undertaken using urban soils in Detroit, MI and reference materials (cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite, apatite, goethite, calcite, pyrolusite, and peat) to determine which geochemical forms of Pb measured by sequential extraction analysis are bioaccessible. The results suggest that the water soluble (Pb-fulvic acid complexes), exchangeable, and part of the carbonate-occluded fractions are bioaccessible. The Fe oxide-occluded, Mn oxide-occluded, and higher molecular weight component of the organically bound fraction are not bioaccessible. Sequential extraction predicts the presence of detectable levels of bioaccessible Pb in the rhizosphere when the summed total is ≥90 mg kg−1 and labile Pb is ≥30 mg kg−1. Cerussite (paint-Pb) and anglesite (auto-Pb), recovered mainly in the carbonate-occluded fraction, may cause an overestimation of calcite-Pb. Pyromorphite and apatite Pb (bone) may cause an overestimation of Fe oxide-occluded Pb.
Greenland and Antarctic Mass Balances for Present and Doubled Atmospheric CO2 from the GENESIS Version-2 Global Climate Model

Abstract As anthropogenic greenhouse warming occurs in the next century, changes in the mass balances of Greenland and Antarctica will probably accelerate and may have significant effects on global sea level. Recent trends and possible future changes in these mass balances have received considerable attention in the glaciological literature, but until recently relatively few general circulation modeling (GCM) studies have focused on the problem. However, there are two significant problems in using GCMs to predict mass balance distributions on ice sheets: (i) the relatively coarse GCM horizontal resolution truncates the topography of the ice-sheet flanks and smaller ice sheets such as Greenland, and (ii) the snow and ice physics in most GCMs does not include ice-sheet-specific processes such as the refreezing of meltwater. Two techniques are described that attack these problems, involving (i) an elevation-based correction to the surface meteorology and (ii) a simple a posteriori correction for the refreezi...
Endemic infrared divergences in QED3 at finite temperature

Abstract We demonstrate that massless QED in three dimensions contains endemic infrared divergences. It is argued that these divergences do not affect observables; furthermore, it is possible to choose a gauge that renders the theory finite.
Recent advances in transonic computational aeroelasticity

A transonic unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelasticity code called CAP-TSD was developed for application to realistic aircraft configurations. The code permits the calculation of steady and unsteady flows about complete aircraft configurations for aeroelastic analysis in the flutter critical transonic speed range. The CAP-TSD code uses a time accurate approximate factorization algorithm for solution of the unsteady transonic small disturbance potential equation. An overview is given of the CAP-TSD code development effort and results are presented which demonstrate various capabilities of the code. Calculations are presented for several configurations including the General Dynamics 1/9 scale F-16 aircraft model and the ONERA M6 wing. Calculations are also presented from a flutter analysis of a 45 deg sweptback wing which agrees well with the experimental data. Descriptions are presented of the CAP-TSD code and algorithm details along with results and comparisons which demonstrate these recent developments in transonic computational aeroelasticity.
Indirect Determination of Phosphate, Silicate, and Arsenate by HPLC-AES

The indirect determination of phosphate, silicate, and arsenate is performed by separation of their heteropoly acids by using ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC (IP-RPHPLC) and monitoring the molybdenum emission from a DCP with an echelle spectrometer and a charge-injection device (CID) detector. Limits of detection found for phosphate, silicate, and arsenate are 26, 31, and 52 ng/mL, respectively. The detection limit for arsenate is slightly degraded due to its proximity to the excess molybdate peak. These results represent an improvement in the determination for these nonmetals over results for direct aspiration into an emission source and show excellent linearity over three orders of magnitude.
Pituicytomas and spindle cell oncocytomas: modern case series from the University of California, San Francisco

Purpose Pituicytomas and spindle cell oncocytomas (SCOs) are extremely rare neoplasms of the sellar and suprasellar region that can often mimic pituitary adenomas. To date, there are relatively few cases of pituicytomas and SCOs reported; and most of these are small case series.
Radiation Oncology Emergencies

This article reviews the most common oncologic emergencies encountered by the radiation oncologist, including malignant spinal cord compression, intramedullary spinal cord metastasis, superior vena cava syndrome, hemoptysis, and airway compromise caused by tumor. Important trials evaluating different treatments for these emergencies are reviewed. The role of corticosteroids, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy in these patients is discussed and patient-specific treatment guidelines are suggested.
Kremen1 restricts Dkk activity during posterior lateral line development in zebrafish

Canonical Wnt signaling plays crucial roles during development and disease. How Wnt signaling is modulated in different in vivo contexts is currently not well understood. Here, we investigate the modulation of Wnt signaling in the posterior lateral line primordium (pLLP), a cohort of ∼100 cells that collectively migrate along the trunk of the zebrafish embryo. The pLLP comprises proliferative progenitor cells and organized epithelial cells that will form the mechanosensory organs of the posterior lateral line. Wnt signaling is active in the leading progenitor zone of the pLLP and restricted from the trailing zone through expression of the secreted Wnt inhibitors dkk1b and dkk2. We have identified a zebrafish strain, krm1nl10, which carries a mutation in the kremen1 gene, a non-obligate co-receptor for the Dkk family of proteins. Previous studies have shown that Kremen1 inhibits Wnt signaling by facilitating internalization of the Kremen1-Dkk-Lrp5/6 complex. Surprisingly, we found that disruption of Kremen1 in the pLLP exhibited molecular and cellular phenotypes associated with a decrease rather than overactivation of Wnt signaling. Transplantation of wild-type cells into the mutant primordia failed to rescue the krm1nl10 phenotype, thus revealing that the effects of Kremen1 loss are non-cell-autonomous. Finally, ectopic expression of Dkk1b-mTangerine protein revealed larger spread of the fusion protein in the mutant primordia compared with the wild type. Based on our data, we propose a novel mechanism in which Kremen1 modulates Wnt activity by restricting the range of secreted Dkk proteins during collective cell migration in the pLLP.
APPLICATION OF TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES TO STRUCTURAL CRASHWORTHINESS

The topological optimization of components to maximize crash energy absorption for a given volume is considered. The crash analysis is performed using a DYNA3D finite element analysis. The original solid elements are replaced by ones with holes, the hole size being characterized by a so-called density (measure of the reduced volume). A homogenization method is used to find elastic moduli as a function of this density. Simpler approximations were developed to find plastic moduli and yield stress as functions of density. Optimality criteria were derived from an optimization statement using densities as the design variables. A resizing algorithm was constructed so that the optimality criteria are approximately satisfied. A novel feature is the introduction of an objective function based on strain energies weighted at specified times. Each different choice of weighting factors leads to a different structure, allowing a range of design possibilities to be explored. The method was applied to an automotive body rear rail. The original design and a new design of equal volume with holes were compared for energy absorption.
Exercise for Children

It is important for the pediatrician to have knowledge about the impact of acute and chronic disease on sports participation; knowledge of up-to-date therapeutic and preventive strategies can help the clinician achieve the goal of safe, successful activity for almost all children. Other articles this year in Pediatrics in Review will discuss the preparticipation examination and physical fitness. These and the "Suggested Readings" are sources for further information about pediatric sports medicine.
A Coupled Fiber-Matrix Model Demonstrates Highly Inhomogeneous Microstructural Interactions in Soft Tissues Under Tensile Load

A soft tissue's macroscopic behavior is largely determined by its microstructural components (often a collagen fiber network surrounded by a nonfibrillar matrix (NFM)). In the present study, a coupled fiber-matrix model was developed to fully quantify the internal stress field within such a tissue and to explore interactions between the collagen fiber network and nonfibrillar matrix (NFM). Voronoi tessellations (representing collagen networks) were embedded in a continuous three-dimensional NFM. Fibers were represented as one-dimensional nonlinear springs and the NFM, meshed via tetrahedra, was modeled as a compressible neo-Hookean solid. Multidimensional finite element modeling was employed in order to couple the two tissue components and uniaxial tension was applied to the composite representative volume element (RVE). In terms of the overall RVE response (average stress, fiber orientation, and Poisson's ratio), the coupled fiber-matrix model yielded results consistent with those obtained using a previously developed parallel model based upon superposition. The detailed stress field in the composite RVE demonstrated the high degree of inhomogeneity in NFM mechanics, which cannot be addressed by a parallel model. Distributions of maximum/minimum principal stresses in the NFM showed a transition from fiber-dominated to matrix-dominated behavior as the matrix shear modulus increased. The matrix-dominated behavior also included a shift in the fiber kinematics toward the affine limit. We conclude that if only gross averaged parameters are of interest, parallel-type models are suitable. If, however, one is concerned with phenomena, such as individual cell-fiber interactions or tissue failure that could be altered by local variations in the stress field, then the detailed model is necessary in spite of its higher computational cost.
The Effectiveness of Online Instruction: A Literature Review

Abstract This article presents a substantive literature review regarding the effectiveness of online instruction. Standards for comparisons to determine online instructional effectiveness are discussed, as well as contributing factors to its success. Technical support, instructor involvement, a sense of “community,” and pedagogy all have important roles in the success of online instruction. The article concludes with design and delivery considerations, advantages and disadvantages, and current status.
Pin diode detectors for synchrotron X-rays

Abstract PIN diodes offer a number of advantages over ion chambers and other X-ray detectors in size, signal-to-noise ratio, collection efficiency, dynamic range, and ultrahigh vacuum compatibility. We have measured the response of several commercially available PIN diodes in the X-ray region of 3.5–11 keV on the Naval Research Laboratory's Materials Analysis Beam Line (X-23B) at the National Synchrotron Light Source [J.P. Kirkland, D.J. Nagel and P.L. Cowan, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 208 (1983) 49]. We analyze the results of these measurements with respect to the construction of these devices, and discuss various synchrotron applications.
Feline zoonotic diseases.

A zoonosis is a disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans. Many of the feline zoonoses occur more frequently in veterinary personnel owing to their direct contact with cats and the potential for exposure to infected body tissues or fluids. This article is an update on selected important or emerging felineassociated human illnesses that occur in the United States.
Promoter Recognition As Measured by Binding of Polymerase to Nontemplate Strand Oligonucleotide

In transcription initiation, the DNA strands must be separated to expose the template to RNA polymerase. As the closed initiation complex is converted to an open one, specific protein-DNA interactions involving bases of the nontemplate strand form and stabilize the promoter complex in the region of unwinding. Specific interaction between RNA polymerase and the promoter in Escherichia coli was detected and quantified as the binding affinity of nontemplate oligonucleotide sequences. The RNA polymerase subunit sigma factor 70 contacted the bases of the nontemplate DNA strand through its conserved region 2; a mutation that affected promoter function altered the binding affinity of the oligonucleotide to the enzyme.
Spontaneous Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Multiple Mutant Mouse Lines: Association with Colonization by Helicobacter hepaticus

BACKGROUND Both genetic and microbial factors are thought to play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): however, no causative microbial agent has been clearly defined for humans or animals. Normal flora or previously unrecognized intestinal pathogens may contribute to the development of disease in susceptible hosts. A newly recognized murine Helicobacter, H. hepaticus, causes hepatitis in mice and in one strain of mice is linked to liver cancer. This study investigates the association between colonization of the lower intestinal tract of multiple genetically altered lines of mice with H. hepaticus, and the occurrence of IBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rectal prolapse noted clinically in multiple genetically altered mouse lines was evaluated for the presence of H. hepaticus and histologic evidence of IBD. Fifty-five mice representing 11 different genetic alterations were evaluated. RESULTS H. hepaticus was detected in 85% of mutant mice with rectal prolapse. Histologic evidence of proliferative typhlitis, colitis or proctitis was present in 65% of the animals examined, 89% of which were positive for H. hepaticus as detected by species specific PCR. CONCLUSION The presence of H. hepaticus in association with IBD in multiple lines of genetically altered mice suggests further studies are needed to test experimentally the role H. hepaticus plays in the development of IBD in susceptible mice. Additionally, specific mutant mouse lines infected with H. hepaticus in this study may provide additional models for elucidation of microbial and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Increased wheezing risk with diesel exposure among children of younger mothers.

Lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRIs) are the largest cause of mortality among young children worldwide [1], and are associated with altered lung function, immune system development and respiratory disease in adulthood [2, 3]. Several studies have demonstrated associations between wheezing LRIs in early life and exposure to diesel traffic related air pollutants (D-TRAP) [1, 4, 5]. We, along with others, have previously demonstrated that younger maternal age at birth is also a risk factor for wheezing LRIs in the first year of life [6, 7]. Why children of younger mothers are more susceptible is unknown, but both altered responses to environmental challenges in their offspring due to maternal immaturity [6] and increased socioeconomic and environmental risks have been proposed as causes [8]. Association of wheeze with diesel pollution exposure is stronger in children of younger mothers
Photographic analysis of rat behavior before and after amygdaloid lesions.

Summary In a stable, limited environment the behavior of rats can be photographed with a movie camera at one frame per second with very little loss of data. From photography at 18 frames per second it was demonstrated that most of the behavior acts of rats last more than 1 sec. Rats were photographed in an operant conditioning apparatus during successive 2 min periods. Between these intervals the rats received 3 food rewards in 4 sec if they pressed a lever to obtain the food. The behavior recorded during the long, unrewarded intervals was not distinguishable from typical rodent behavior as described in the literature, such as grooming and investigation of the surroundings. The behavior of the rats was analyzed from each film according to a defined set of 20 body positions and the observed distribution of pairs of these items in 15 sec time segments was compared with the expected distribution assuming random occurrence Chi Square values were calculated for the observed and expected frequencies for all possible combinations of items. Values indicating a probability less than 0.1 of random distribution were used to calculate ‘behavior patterns’. To do this the Chi Square matrix was arranged to place times together where observed exceeded expected, starting with the highest Chi Square values. Behavior of rats was studied in this way before and after bilateral and unilateral lesions of the amygdalae and sham lesions. Bilateral lesions caused marked alterations in patterning of behavior with disruption of most control patterns and invention of 3 new patterns, called amygdaloid patterns of behavior. The behavior acts were the same as the acts performed by the rats before lesions but the temporal associations were new. Sham lesions did not alter the patterns. Unilateral lesions produced effects which were intermediate but closer to control behavior than to the behavior of bilaterally lesioned rats. The results are of significance for the hypothesis that behavior occurs in discrete units and also are in agreement with the early observations of Kluver and Bucy 8 that unilateral destruction of the amygdala produces some changes in behavior.
Plants expressing tomato golden mosaic virus AL2 or beet curly top virus L2 transgenes show enhanced susceptibility to infection by DNA and RNA viruses.

Abstract The AL2 gene of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) encodes a transcriptional activator protein (TrAP) that is required for efficient expression of the viral coat protein ( CP ) and BR1 gene promoters. In contrast, L2 , the positional homolog of AL2 in the related beet curly top virus (BCTV), is not required for CP expression, raising questions about the functional relationship between the AL2 and L2 gene products. In this study, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum var. Samsun plants expressing a truncated AL2 gene ( AL2 1–100 , lacking the activation domain) or full-length L2 were prepared. These transgenic plants showed a novel enhanced susceptibility (ES) phenotype following inoculation with TGMV, BCTV, or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), an unrelated RNA virus. ES is characterized by a reduction in the mean latent period (from 1 to 9 days) and by a decrease in the inoculum concentration required to infect transgenic plants (ID50 reduced 6- to 60-fold). However, ES does not result in an enhancement of disease symptoms, and viral nucleic acids do not accumulate to substantially greater levels in infected transgenic plants. That both viral transgenes condition ES suggests that their products share the ability to suppress a host stress or defense response that acts against DNA and RNA viruses. The data further indicate that the transcriptional activation activity of AL2 protein is not required for suppression. The nature of the response targeted by the AL2 and L2 gene products is discussed.
Effects of age and biotin status on postnatal development of plasma biotinidase activity in rats.

Abstract Biotinidase activity was measured in plasmas of 1-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old rats from control dams and dams that had been fed a biotin-depleting diet from Day 15 of gestation. Biotinidase activity increased significantly in the plasma of rats from control and depleted mothers until Postnatal Day 14, after which there was a small but significant decline at Day 21. Differences between the mean activities of the two groups of pups on each sampling day were not significant and there were no significant differences in activity levels attributable to sex. Plasma albumin concentrations increased from birth until Day 21, and plasma biotinidase activity and albumin concentration were significantly correlated (r = +0.43). We suggested that these two proteins may be controlled by a common mechanism in the early postnatal period, and that biotin deficiency does not affect the development of biotinidase activity. Because biotin-depleted neonatal pups show developmental changes in biotinidase activity similar to those of human newborns, and they can be produced reliably by depleting dams from Day 15 of gestation, they may be useful models for studying the developmental abnormalities associated with human biotinidase deficiency.
Anaplastic carcinoma of the colon: clinicopathologic study of eight cases of a poorly recognized lesion.

Eight cases of a distinctive histological variant of bowel cancer characterized by an anaplastic morphology were identified from 2,650 colonic malignancies (0.3%). The tumors were histologically composed of sheets of anaplastic tumor cells with frequent atypical mitoses, absence of gland formation, and mucicarmine and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) negativity. Positive immunostaining for cytokeratin and vimentin was observed in eight cases and for epithelial membrane antigen in three; whereas carcinoembryonic antigen, α -fetoprotein, S-100 protein, HMB-45 antimelanoma antigen, leukocyte common antigen, and neuroendocrine markers were uniformly negative. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated intercellular tight junctions, focal surface microvilli, and apical terminal webs or long rootlets of microfilaments supporting a colonic derivation. At the time of diagnosis, metastases to regional lymph nodes were found in seven cases and to the liver in six. All patients in this study died of tumor within 9 months. This report emphasizes a poorly recognized variant of colonic carcinoma, characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and malignant behavior. The differential diagnosis for these lesions is discussed.
ESCAPABLE-INESCAPABLE PRESHOCK AND SUBSEQUENT ESCAPE BEHAVIOR

Rats were exposed to 23½ hr. of either lever-press escape (Group E), yoked-inescapable shock (Group I), or a nonshock condition (Group NS). 24 hr. after the end of the preceding treatment all Ss received 25 massed trials of instrumental escape in a runway. Running speed for the E and I groups was significantly slower than that of the NS group during the last 20 trials. Starting speed was slower for the E and I groups only on the last block of five trials. These findings were discussed in terms of the recent work on learned helplessness.
Estimating Head Circumference from Pediatric Imaging Studies: An Improved Method

Rationale and Objectives Head circumference (HC) is an important developmental measure used both clinically and in research. This paper advances a method to estimate HC from imaging studies when a direct HC-tape measurement cannot be secured. Unlike former approaches, the model takes into account the fact that growth is nonlinear, and that HC growth rates are sexually dimorphic. Materials and Methods A model was first established based on published data to represent the normative HC growth curves for males and females. Then, using magnetic resonance (MR) studies of 90 subjects (birth to 18 years), a linear method to estimate HC was adapted to take into account the nonlinear and sex-specific HC normative growth curves. The accuracy of this model was tested prospectively by comparing the estimated HC with HC measurements from twelve computed tomography (CT) studies using the perimeter tracing of oblique slices that correspond to the plane at which a clinical HC-tape measurement is secured. Results Prospective comparison of estimated HC to HC tracings using a paired t-test validates that the model provides an accurate estimation of the measured HC (t=−.845, p=0.416 overall; t=.54, p=.615 for females and t=−2.34, p=.066 for males). Discussion HC can be calculated indirectly from imaging studies. The model is highly predictive of HC-tape measurements and provides the physician or scientist with a very reliable method to secure HC when it is not feasible to secure the HC-tape measurement.
Clinical Utility of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays

Detection of chromosomal abnormalities has evolved over the past 30 years. Microarray analysis allows for the detection of abnormalities at a level of resolution 100 times greater than chromosomal analysis. In this article, one specific array, a single nucleotide polymorphism array, is reviewed. This array not only allows for increased resolution to detect copy number changes, but the genotyping aspect of the array allows copy neutral detection (for both uniparental disomy and consanguinity). Additionally, use of this array in constitutional postnatal, prenatal, and products of conception studies is reviewed along with the use of the array in oncology studies.
Fracture toughness of inorganic-organic hybrid coatings

The concepts of fracture toughness and the energy release rate at fracture for thin polymeric films are introduced. Fracture toughness and energy release rate data for ceramer films based on a linseed oil alkyd, a sunflower oil alkyd, and a commercial alkyd with titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate), titanium(IV) isopropoxide, and zirconium(IV) propoxide are presented and compared to previously reported tensile data. Differences between the fracture data and the tensile data demonstrate the usefulness of fracture toughness testing. The energy release rate at fracture may be the one property to maximize in order to optimize all of the other coating properties. It may therefore be a great aid in the optimization of coating formulations. Data from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis indicate that there may be a correlation between fracture properties and secondary relaxation processes in the films.
Itch: Cells, Molecules, and Circuits

The itch field has made great advances in recent years, building upon earlier work to form a clearer picture of the biology behind this important sensory modality. Models for how itch is encoded have emerged that fit with physiological, molecular, and behavioral data. The molecular mechanisms of itch, both peripherally and centrally, are being revealed with the aid of newer animal models. Future work must address shortcomings in our current understanding of itch including limitations of current experimental methods. Here we review what is known about the cells, molecules, and circuits involved in itch and highlight key questions that remain to be answered.
Uniform multipaging reduces to paging

Multipaging is the paging problem when more than one page can be requested at each step (Feuerstein, 1997). In the uniform cost model, a paging algorithm is charged for the number of pages loaded from disk to fast memory. In this note, we establish a general reduction from uniform multipaging to paging. As a consequence, we obtain the first strongly competitive randomized algorithm for uniform multipaging.
Surgeon Perception of Cancellous Screw Fixation

The ability of surgeons to optimize screw insertion torque in nonlocking fixation constructs is important for stability, particularly in osteoporotic and cancellous bone. This study evaluated screw torque applied by surgeons during simulated cancellous fixation. It evaluated the frequency that synthetic cancellous bone were stripped by the surgeon, factors associated with bone stripping, and the ability of surgeons to recognize it.© 2012 ASME
Impact of acidification on phytoplankton and zooplankton communities

Literature concerning the impacts of acidification on the phytoplankton and zooplankton composition has been reviewed. Available data on the species richness and composition of phytoplankton, attached algae and zooplankton of acidifying systems have been summarized. The effects of water acidification on the primary productivity and biomass of zooplankton have been discussed.
Breast Carcinoma with Metastasis to the Heart

:The purpose of this section is to present in pictorial form the diverse clinical, radiologic, and pathologic aspects of breast disorders.
Anonymous class in declarative process modeling

Object-oriented, equation-based process modeling systems can be very helpful in producing small, novel mathematical models, i.e., models involving a few tens to few hundreds of equations. These systems have so far not been shown to improve the speed of creating large, novel process models involving several tens of thousands of equations, models that must be based on the application and modification of existing models obtained from other authors. Instantiation times and memory usage become bottlenecks when a researcher or process designer is frequently reconstructing a large model or when an automatic synthesis program is constructing many hundreds to thousands of alternative process models. We report graph analysis algorithms which reduce instantiation times from minutes to seconds by taking into account the rich hierarchical semantics of user-written object definitions. We report algorithms that reduce overall computer simulation memory requirements by more than half and that also make practical compilation of instantiated equations to loop-free, binary form. The discovery of the anonymous class of partially instantiated objects allows these reductions in CPU time and core memory usage. Preliminary results indicate that interactive, interpreted modeling systems may soon be as fast as less flexible batch systems which rely on very large libraries of precompiled binary modules. A simple application of the computed anonymous class information allows us to represent a model of more than 100000 equations with a few automatically generated C functions. This demonstrates the general idea that many symbolic computations, such as C code generation and compilation, may be made much more tractable for very large systems of equations. The experiments have been conducted in the ASCEND IV (free, documented software available for Microsoft and UNIX systems via http://www.cs.cmu.edu/∼ascend) system.
Carbon nanotubes: Structure and transport in nanotubes.

The electronic properties of carbon nanotubes are predicted to be very sensitive to their structure. Combining high-resolution electron microscopy with electrical transport provides both confirmation of this and new insights into the transport mechanisms.
Salt Desorption from Halloysite

ABNORMALLY high cation exchange capacities (40–70 m.equiv./100 gm.) have been reported for halloysite1. Since isomorphous substitution is of inconsiderable magnitude in halloysite, White2 has suggested that allophane, which sometimes is associated with halloysite, may account for these large values. The recent work of Wada3, however, shows that salts of potassium and ammonium can replace H2O from between the layers of hydrated halloysite and form heat-stable complexes with the clay. The amount of salt so held is large (200–300 m.equiv./100 gm.).
Screening the sequence selectivity of DNA-binding molecules using a gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric approach.

We have developed a novel competition assay that uses a gold nanoparticle (Au NP)-based, high-throughput colorimetric approach to screen the sequence selectivity of DNA-binding molecules. This assay hinges on the observation that the melting behavior of DNA-functionalized Au NP aggregates is sensitive to the concentration of the DNA-binding molecule in solution. When short, oligomeric hairpin DNA sequences were added to a reaction solution consisting of DNA-functionalized Au NP aggregates and DNA-binding molecules, these molecules may either bind to the Au NP aggregate interconnects or the hairpin stems based on their relative affinity for each. This relative affinity can be measured as a change in the melting temperature (Tm) of the DNA-modified Au NP aggregates in solution. As a proof of concept, we evaluated the selectivity of 4‘,6-diamidino-2-phenylindone (an AT-specific binder), ethidium bromide (a nonspecific binder), and chromomycin A (a GC-specific binder) for six sequences of hairpin DNA having d...
Graft patency is not the only clinical predictor of success after exclusion and bypass of popliteal artery aneurysms.

Purpose: The traditional measure of success after exclusion and bypass of popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) is graft patency. In addition to fate of the bypass, we hypothesize that late outcome after surgical treatment of PAA is influenced by completeness of exclusion. Methods: Thirty patients who underwent 41 reconstructions for PAA over a 10-year period were reviewed. Results: Excluded PAAs were examined with duplex ultrasound scan for size, patency, and patent feeding branches; bypass grafts and native inflow and outflow arteries were examined for patency and size. Thirty-six limbs were available for follow-up (mean follow-up period, 46 ± 42 months). Only two aneurysms (5.6%) appeared patent on duplex ultrasound scan, but five limbs had patent arterial branches communicating with thrombosed excluded PAAs. PAA diameter decreased from 2.5 ± 0.8 cm to 1.7 ± 0.5 cm (P < .0001) in most. However, 12 excluded PAAs (33%) showed significant enlargement from 2.2 ± 0.9 cm to 2.8 ± 1.0 cm (P = .002). A quarter of enlarging excluded PAA were associated with new compressive symptoms. Three methods of PAA exclusion were used: proximal and distal ligation with short segment isolation (type 1), proximal and distal ligation with long segment isolation (type 2), and single ligature (type 3). In univariate analysis, type of exclusion significantly influenced late size of excluded PAA (P = .004). Type 1 exclusion was superior to both type 2 and 3 exclusions in producing aneurysm diameter reduction. Type 3 exclusion resulted in aneurysm growth. In addition, excluded aneurysms with visualized feeding branches were associated with significant growth compared with PAAs without feeding branches (P = .006). Graft primary and assisted primary patency rates at 5 years were 86% ± 9.4% and 92% ± 7.4%, respectively. Although graft diameter and native donor artery diameter significantly increased, this did not adversely affect graft patency. Conclusion: Enlargement of excluded PAA after surgical treatment can cause compressive symptoms. Exclusion requires adequate vascular isolation to prevent late PAA enlargement, with proximal and distal arterial ligation best performed adjacent to the aneurysm. Vein graft enlargement occurs, but this enlargement does not adversely influence patency. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:392-8.)
Circadian rhythms of rat locomotor activity after lesions of the midbrain raphe nuclei

Electrolytic lesions that damaged the midbrain raphe nuclei of albino rats increased the proportion of daily wheel-running behavior that occurred during the light phase of a LD 12∶:12 illumination cycle. In constant dim illumination, rats with midbrain raphe lesions generated free-running circadian locomotor rhythms with periods comparable to those of control animals. This suggests that the serotonergic projection from the midbrain raphe nuclei to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus is not critical to the generation and/or integration of circadian periodicity. Because of the disruptive effects of the lesions on activity, including the loss of a well-defined phase reference point, it was not possible to exclude more subtle effects of the raphe system on various circadian parameters. Nevertheless, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the SCN are part of an autonomous circadian oscillatory system that does not depend on afferent input from the raphe nuclei.
Systematic studies on mexican coreopsis (compositae). Coreopsis mutica: Flavonoid chemistry, chromosome numbers, morphology, and hybridization

Coreopsis mutica is a highly variable species occurring in the highlands from Central Mexico southeastward barely into El Salvador and Honduras. It is not continuous over this range, however, but is found in three geographic population centers: one in Guatemala and Chiapas, a second in Oaxaca, and the third in Central Mexico. Populations in Guatemala and Chiapas are uniform in chromosome number (2n = 56), leaf flavonoid chemistry, and morphology. Var.microcephala is proposed to accommodate these assemblages. Plants comprising populations centered around Cd. Oaxaca have a chromosome number of 2n = ca. 112. This large complex consists of two distinct varieties and their putative hybrids. Those plants to the northwest of Cd. Oaxaca (var.subvillosa) are constant in leaf flavonoid chemistry (producing only flavones) and possess a combination of distinctive morphological traits. To the southeast of Cd. Oaxaca plants invariably contain flavonols and anthochlors in their leaves in addition to flavones. Moreover, these plants (the newly proposed var.carnosijolia) are readily separable from var.subvillosa by a number of morphological features. Evidence is presented that the two taxa hybridize in the vicinity of Cd. Oaxaca. On the southeastern edge of the var.subvittosavar. carnosifolia complex a population was encountered which has a chromosome number of 2n = 56 and a very distinctive morphology and flavonoid chemistry. These plants have been accorded taxonomic status as var.multiligulata. Two morphologically similar, yet distinguishable, varieties occur in Central Mexico. It has been determined that the two differ also in chromosome number and leaf flavonoid chemistry. One taxon (var.leptomera) has a chromosome complement of 2n = 56 and produces only flavones in its leaves, whereas var.mutica has a chromosome number of 2n = ca. 112 and produces flavones, flavonols, and anthochlors.
Double-stranded RNA causes airway hyperreactivity and neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction

Viral infection causes dysfunction of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors (M2Rs) on parasympathetic nerves, leading to airway hyperreactivity. The mechanisms of M2R dysfunction are incompletely unde...
Is Technology Neutral

Since technology has a value system it is not neutral. One consequence of technology having values is that it has a viewpoint, i.e., it ``frames'' reality according to these values. Because of technology's growing influence in society, the danger exists that this restricted manner of viewing reality could become accepted as the ``proper'' way to look at reality with the effect that other viewpoints would be attenuated or eliminated. Because of the bilateral nature of the interaction between society and technology, the occurrence of the dominance of the technological ethos would have repercussions for technology itself. In order for technology to prosper, it needs to be imbedded in a diverse cultural matrix. Thus, it is to the advantage of technology, as well as society, to be sure that the technological ethos maintains its proper sphere of influence.
Mutational Effect of Fission Yeast Polα on Cell Cycle Events

Polα is the principal DNA polymerase for initiation of DNA replication and also functions in postinitiation DNA synthesis. In this study, we investigated the cell cycle responses induced by mutatio...
Solvent Effects on Vibrational Coherence and Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics in the Multicolor Pump−Probe Spectroscopy of Intervalence Electron Transfer

A detailed investigation of ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer (ET) in a mixed valence compound ((NH3)5RuNCRu(CN)5-; RuRu) in formamide, ethylene glycol, and glycerol was performed using variable wavelength femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy over a broad range of pump and probe wavelengths. The ET kinetics were monitored by observing recovery of the ground state population. The spectra are highly dynamic, indicating the need for broad spectral coverage to accurately unravel the ET kinetics from excited state and ground state relaxation dynamics. ET is observed to proceed more slowly in slower solvents in a manner consistent with the Hybrid model of solution phase electron transfer. The ET time (1/e) of RuRu in ethylene glycol is 220 fs compared to 100 fs in water. As recently reported for RuRu in water, the ET time is pump wavelength independent. A previously unobserved pump wavelength dependence of the early time dynamics, however, is observed which is assigned to stimulated emission prior to vibr...
Serotonergic modulation in aplysia. I. Distributed serotonergic network persistently activated by sensitizing stimuli.

A common feature of arousing stimuli used as reinforcement in animal models of learning is that they promote memory formation through widespread effects in the CNS. In the marine mollusk Aplysia, s...
Cyclopropanone equivalents. Formation of 1-pyrrolizidione by a dicyclopropyl imine rearrangement.

Abstract A dicyclopropyl ketimine may be formed by the addition of cyclopropyllithium to 1-cyano-1-piperidinocyclopropane. Rearrangement of the ketimine takes place under acid catalysis to form 1-pyrrolizidinone.
Nuclear Equation of State and Compression Modes

The nuclear matter (N = Z and no Coulomb interaction) incompressibility coefficient, K nm , which is directly related to the curvature of the nuclear matter equation of state, is a very important physical quantity in the study of properties of nuclei, supernova collapse, neutron stars and heavy-ion collisions. We review the current status of K nm and the experimental and theoretical methods used to determine the value of K nm from the excitation crosssections σ(E) and the transition strength distributions S(E) of compression modes in nuclei. In particular, we will consider the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) and the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) and provide a simple explanation to the long standing problem of the conflicting results obtained for K nm , deduced from experimental data on excitation cross sections for the ISGMR and data for the ISGDR.
The chaotic behavior of the leaky faucet

Abstract A variety of phenomena associated with the chaotic behavior of a leaky faucet are displayed and discussed. Interpretations are suggested, both in terms of a simple one-dimensional analog simulation, and in terms of a Shannon-based information theory, in which a useful descriptive function, the stored information, is calculated from observed streams of data.
Modeling bird mortality associated with the M:V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska

We developed a model to estimate the number of bird carcasses that were likely deposited on the beaches of St. Paul Island, Alaska following the M:V Citrus oil spill in February 1996. Most of the islands beaches were searched on an irregular schedule, resulting in the recovery of 876 King Eider carcasses. A sub-sample of beaches were intensively studied to estimate daily persistence rate and detection probability [Fowler, A.C., Flint, P.L., 1997. Marine Pollution Bulletin]. Using these data, our model predicted that an additional 7339 70 King Eider carcasses were not detected during our searches. Therefore, we estimate that at least 16099 70 King Eider carcasses occurred on beaches as a result of the spill. We lacked sufficient sample size to model losses for other species, thus we applied the estimated recovery rate for King Eiders (54%) to other species and estimate a total combined loss of 1765 birds. In addition, 165 birds were captured alive making the total estimated number of birds impacted by the M:V Citrus spill 1930. Given that oiled birds occurred in places on the island which could not be systematically searched combined with the fact that it was unlikely that oiled birds that died at sea would have been recovered during our searches [Flint, P.L., Fowler, A.C., 1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin], our estimate of total mortality associated with the spill should be considered a minimum. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty – By Anne Crawford

It is difficult to know of whom the publishers were thinking as readers of this book; not scholars, certainly, as eight out of the eleven chapters are a quick‐fire history of the fifteenth century ...