cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual selection, parental investment, and sexism.

The application of sociobiological concepts such as sexual selection and parental investment to the understanding of human behavior has been accorded credibility by the appearance of scientific objectivity, but has also contributed to a persistent sexism that is detailed in this paper. Basic assumptions of sociobiological theories of sexual selection and parental investment are outlined, and both the theoretical limits and contradictory data associated with these concepts are reviewed. We argue that the persistent widespread adherence to simplified and often erroneous models derived from these concepts reflects a social construction of gender that is relatively independent of the facts. Several mechanisms by which this social construction is accomplished are discussed, including androcentric reference points, prejudicial language, biased selection of examples, deprecation of environmental and contextual factors, and differential application of standards of evidence.
Nonlinear Markov processes

Some elementary properties and examples of Markov processes are reviewed. It is shown that the definition of the Markov property naturally leads to a classification of Markov processes into linear and nonlinear ones.
Preparation and Characterization of Ball-Milled Nafion® Powders for Membrane Applications

A method for producing Nafion® powder from commercially available pellets, and using this powder to produce membranes, is described. A description of par- ticle size distribution, chemical composition, and thermal properties of Nafion® powders prepared by high-energy ball milling of pellets is given. Nafion® powders prepared in this manner exhibit thermal behavior similar to that of the precursor pellets; however, traces of iron from the milling materials are shown to be present through transmission electron microscopy analysis of the particles. The mem- branes prepared by hot pressing of the Nafion® powders also show thermal behavior similar to that of the precursor pellet materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2275-2281, 2004
Teaching and evaluating smartphone applications: The effectiveness of a curriculum expansion.

Background: Mobile health (mHealth) technology is increasingly utilized to support lifestyle recommendations through nutrient and blood pressure tracking. As patients pose questions regarding the validity and use of this technology, curriculum targeting mHealth technology is essential for the future health professionals. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a curriculum expansion which addressed mHealth technology provided to physician assistant (PA) and clinical nutrition (CN) students enrolled in an academic health center. In addition, the validity of the mobile application (app), MyNetDiary, was determined. Methods: A smartphone application appraisal tool, based on scientific recommendations, was developed. Students were taught how to use this tool to evaluate mobile apps. Students received instruction on providing patient education on mobile apps used to track calories and nutrients and mobile medical apps to measure blood pressure. Pre-/post-surveys and objectively structured clinical examinations measured students' confidence and abilities in teaching patients to use MyNetDiary and Withings Health Mate apps. Wilcoxon rank sum tests evaluated statistical significance. Validity of nutrient estimates was determined using Spearman correlations. Results: Confidence levels improved significantly on all items measured for both PA and CN students (P
Decision making and prostate cancer treatment selection: a review.

Objectives: To review the issues surrounding decision making regarding prostate cancer treatment. Data Sources: Journal articles, abstracts, and selected findings from one prospective grounded theory research study. Conclusions: Multiple factors are involved in the selection of prostate cancer treatment, such as individual disease-specific data, age, personal values, vicarious and personal cancer experiences, and the physician-patient relationship. Implications for Nursing Practice: Accurate information regarding each treatment option delivered by experts in their respective fields is necessary for informed decision making. A more multidisciplinary approach regarding discussion of treatment options is needed. Nurses play a pivotal role in facilitating discussion among family members and assisting patients to make a decision that balances their personal values with accurate information regarding treatment outcomes.
The additivity of partial thermal remanent magnetization in magnetite

Summary. Experiments were done to test the additivity of partial thermal remanent magnetizations (PTRMs) for prepared samples containing magnetite particles whose sizes range from SD (single domain) to MD (multidomain). The experiments compare the sum of two PTRMs with total-TRM, all produced by the same external field of 0.47 oe. The most significant conclusion of this paper is that, to first order, the additivity of PTRMs is obeyed for the magnetites of this study regardless of particle size. However, small, higher order deviations from additivity occur such that ΣPTRM > TRM by an average of about 1 per cent. Though small, these departures from additivity are significant at the 99 per cent confidence level, and they can be understood in terms of Neel's theory for SD particles. The small departures from additivity are intrinsic to the experimental procedure in which some particles acquire remanence twice, in each of the two PTRM steps. In the limit of small inducing fields additivity should be obeyed exactly for the magnetites of this study and for samples of interest in palaeomagnetism. The deviations from additivity should have no effect on palaeointensity determinations by the Thelliers' version of the Thellier palaeointensity method. For palaeointensity determinations by Coe's version of the Thellier method the effects of deviations from additivity would be very small, less than 4 per cent on the average for a worst-case experimental configuration, and these effects can be minimized by producing PTRMs parallel to the original NRM and by using weak laboratory fields.
CONSEQUENCES OF INDIVIDUALS' FIT AT WORK: A META-ANALYSIS OF PERSON-JOB, PERSON-ORGANIZATION, PERSON-GROUP, AND PERSON-SUPERVISOR FIT

This meta-analysis investigated the relationships between person‐job (PJ), person‐organization (PO), person‐group, and person‐supervisor fit with preentry (applicant attraction, job acceptance, intent to hire, job offer) and postentry individual-level criteria (attitudes, performance, withdrawal behaviors, strain, tenure). A search of published articles, conference presentations, dissertations, and working papers yielded 172 usable studies with 836 effect sizes. Nearly all of the credibility intervals did not include 0, indicating the broad generalizability of the relationships across situations. Various ways in which fit was conceptualized and measured, as well as issues of study design, were examined as moderators to these relationships in studies of PJ and PO fit. Interrelationships between the various types of fit are also meta-analyzed. 25 studies using polynomial regression as an analytic technique are reviewed separately, because of their unique approach to assessing fit. Broad themes emerging from the results are discussed to generate the implications for future research on fit.
Gauge fields at finite temperatures—“Thermo field dynamics” and the KMS condition and their extension to gauge theories

Abstract “Thermo field dynamics,” allowing the Feynman diagram method to be applied to real-time causal Green's functions at finite temperatures ( not temperature Green's functions with imaginary times) expressed in the form of “vacuum” expectation values, is reconsidered in light of its connection with the algebraic formulation of statical machanics based upon the KMS condition. On the basis of so-obtained general basic formulae, the formalism is extended to the case of gauge theories, where the subsidiary condition specifying physical states, the notion of observables, and the structure of the physical subspace at finite temperatures are clarified.
Microfabrication of Bilayer Polymer Actuator Valves for Controlled Drug Delivery

Drug delivery is still a challenging mission in therapeutic treatment. Research on biomedical micro-electromechanical systems (BioMEMS) has led to a diverse range of microsystems for curative applications. This paper introduces miniaturized controlled valves and drug reservoirs for drug delivery systems. Detailed microfabrication processes, optimized package, and optical/electrochemical detection of the proposed device are described. The release mechanism of the device is controlled by a bilayer actuator valve, which consists of a conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) film and a thin metal gold (Au) layer. The PPy layer is electrochemically polymerized on the Au layer. Therefore, further miniaturization of the device is possible through microfabrication of the Au layer. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) package is also introduced to prevent the flap from being blocked by the surrounding tissue of the human body. In addition, a parylene coating is applied to minimize the permeability of PDMS. The release proces...
Electron spin resonance studies on graft copolymerization of gaseous styrene onto preirradiated polypropylene. I. Preirradiation in the presence of oxygen

Graft copolymerization of gaseous styrene was carried out onto polypropylene preirradiated in the presence of oxygen at −78°C and at room temperature, respectively. The origin of the graft initiation activities of these polymers was investigated by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) of trapped radicals. More grafting was found for the polymers irradiated at −78°C than for those irradiated at room temperature. The difference of grafting between polymers irradiated at −78°C and those irradiated at room temperature was not explained by the total amounts of trapped radicals, and it was found that all radicals are not effective in the grafting reaction. ESR measurements showed that there exist two kinds of peroxy radicals, one has more effective ability of abstracting hydrogen atoms from the surrounding polymer chains to form carbon radicals, and another is less effective at the temperature of grafting reaction (40°C). Although the samples irradiated at −78°C contain the both types of radicals, those irradiated at room temperature do not contain the former type of radicals. It was shown that the carbon radicals produced by such a hydrogen abstraction reaction are actually the effective centers in the grafting reaction of polymers irradiated in the presence of oxygen.
Disparities in osteoporosis screening between caucasian and african american women in us

Introduction: Osteoporosis is considered as one of the most prevalent diseases in bone. As a late complication vertebral fractures occur frequently. Vertebral morphometry combined with measurement of the bone mineral density (BMD), e.g. by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), are established methods for fracture assessment and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Low BMD is believed to be associated with vertebral height reductions and vertebral fractures. We compare a new innovative method for morphometry (MorphoXpress®) with QCT to evaluate suspected links between both methods in patients with osteoporosis. Patients and method: 303 patients with osteoporosis (♂=51, ♀=252, mean age: 69 J.) were evaluated retrospectivly. All patients present with a standardized spine x-ray and a BMDmeasurement by QCT. Quantitative morphometric assessment was performed using a computer-assisted method for vertebral shape analysis (MorphoXpress®). Statistical calculations included calculations of correlation between BMD and percentage of heigth reduction in vertebral bodies as well as group comparisons according to semiquantitative assessment scores (after Genant and Wu et al.). Results: QCT measurements showed a BMD below 80 mg/cm3HA (hydroxylapatite) in 219/303 patients (mean: 65.2 mg/cm3HA; SD: 29.4 mg/cm3HA). Quantitative morphometry resulted in a total of 567 vertebral bodies with height reductions over 20% in 202/303 patients. These were primarily located around Th7 and Th12. Mean height reduction was 28%. Group comparison showed significantly lower BMD-Scores in patients with stronger reductions of the vertebral height compared to those with higher BMD scores. The sensitivity of morphometry detecting patients with low BMD was 84.7%, specificity was 52.5%. Discussion: In patients with low BMD (b 80 mg/cm3), quantitative morphometry detects height reductions with good accuracy. Therefore MorphoXpress® seems to be a feasable tool to detect vertebral fractures in patients with reduced BMD. As both methods aim at two different parameters in diagnosis, quantification, and follow-up of osteoporosis, one cannot replace the other, but will rather be of support. The enhanced quantitative morphometry using MorphoXpress® offers in addition to the measurement of BMD a reproducable and objective method for assessing vertebral deformaties. We believe it can be of good value especially in the follow-up of osteoporotic patients.
Tumor Genetic Analyses of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Extended Benefit from mTOR Inhibitor Therapy

Purpose: Rapalogs are allosteric mTOR inhibitors and approved agents for advanced kidney cancer. Reports of clonal heterogeneity in this disease challenge the concept of targeted monotherapy, yet a small subset of patients derives extended benefit. Our aim was to analyze such outliers and explore the genomic background of extreme rapalog sensitivity in the context of intratumor heterogeneity. Experimental Design: We analyzed archived tumor tissue of 5 patients with renal cell carcinoma, who previously achieved durable disease control with rapalogs (median duration, 28 months). DNA was extracted from spatially separate areas of primary tumors and metastases. Custom target capture and ultradeep sequencing was used to identify alterations across 230 target genes. Whole-exome sequence analysis was added to investigate genes beyond this original target list. Results: Five long-term responders contributed 14 specimens to explore clonal heterogeneity. Genomic alterations with activating effect on mTOR signaling were detected in 11 of 14 specimens, offering plausible explanation for exceptional treatment response through alterations in two genes (TSC1 and MTOR). In two subjects, distinct yet functionally convergent alterations activated the mTOR pathway in spatially separate sites. In 1 patient, concurrent genomic events occurred in two separate pathway components across different tumor regions. Conclusions: Analysis of outlier cases can facilitate identification of potential biomarkers for targeted agents, and we implicate two genes as candidates for further study in this class of drugs. The previously reported phenomenon of clonal convergence can occur within a targetable pathway which might have implications for biomarker development beyond this disease and this class of agents. Clin Cancer Res; 20(7); 1955–64. ©2014 AACR .
Levels of Prostaglandin E Metabolite and Leukotriene E4 Are Increased in the Urine of Smokers: Evidence that Celecoxib Shunts Arachidonic Acid into the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) play a role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Biomarkers that reflect tobacco smoke-induced tissue injury are needed. In this study, levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M) and leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)), biomarkers of the COX and 5-LO pathways, were compared in never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. The effects of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on levels of PGE-M and LTE(4) were determined. Baseline levels of PGE-M and LTE(4) were positively associated with smoking status; levels of PGE-M and LTE(4) were higher in current versus never smokers. Treatment with 200 mg celecoxib twice daily for 6 +/- 1 days led to a reduction in urinary PGE-M levels in all groups but exhibited the greatest effect among subjects with high baseline PGE-M levels. Thus, high baseline PGE-M levels in smokers reflected increased COX-2 activity. In individuals with high baseline PGE-M levels, treatment with celecoxib led to a significant increase in levels of urinary LTE(4), an effect that was not found in individuals with low baseline PGE-M levels. In conclusion, increased levels of urinary PGE-M and LTE(4) were found in human smokers, a result that may reflect subclinical lung inflammation. In individuals with high baseline levels of PGE-M (elevated COX-2 activity), celecoxib administration shunted arachidonic acid into the proinflammatory 5-LO pathway. Because 5-LO activity and LTE(4) have been suggested to play a role in cardiovascular disease, these results may help to explain the link between use of COX-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular complications.
Local versus Standardized Content Assessment: Some Management Implications, or Why Bother?.

In a quest to improve student learning and simultaneously to satisfy accrediting agencies, colleges make decisions about how to assess knowledge or content as students graduate. The authors address the strengths and weaknesses of locally developed exams as contrasted to national, standardized tools, and describe a process for developing local capstone exams. The authors suggest that although locally developed exams take considerable time and effort, they also have numerous advantages, not the least of which are increased collegiality and improved communication about teaching among faculty. Although creating the exams is a lot of bother, they argue that the value of the process exceeds the cost.
Changes in Internet searches associated with the "Tips from Former Smokers" campaign.

“Tips from Former Smokers” (Tips) was the first federally funded anti-smoking campaign. Multimedia advertisements showcased former smokers describing their tobacco-related illnesses and encouraging quitting.1 Costing $106 million for 2012 and 2013, Tips is the nation’s most costly tobacco control initiative. However, little is known about its effectiveness.2 Examining the types and frequency of Internet queries can reveal population thoughts and engagement.3–5 Herein, changes in searches for Tips topics and smoking cessation were monitored as possible precursors to Tips’ aim of increased cessation.
Implementation of industry-oriented animal welfare and quality assurance assessment tools in commercial cattle feeding operations

Consumer interest in production agriculture continues to prompt the beef industry to develop tools to increase the accountability of management practices. The purpose of this study was to implement an industry-driven assessment tool, which with the documentation of current practices within the commercial cattle feeding industry, could be used to establish benchmarks for animal health, welfare, and food safety. An assessment tool developed by veterinarians, animal scientists, and production specialists was used to objectively evaluate key areas of beef cattle production including but not limited to animal handling, antimicrobial residue avoidance, cattle comfort, and food safety in feedyards.
FREE RIDING IN RETAIL STORES: AN INVESTIGATION OF ITS PERCEIVED PREVALENCE AND COSTS

The incidence of free riding, where customers use information and services from a full-service retail store to allow for later purchase from limited-service stores, presents many potential problems for the full-service retailer. To the extent that free riding occurs, this form of consumer behavior has the potential to reduce both the productivity and profits of full-service retailers. In addition to the loss of store revenues, evidence from this study supports a negative influence on the productivity of sales personnel due to the impact of consumer free riding. This manuscript explores the prevalence of free riding as perceived by retail store managers and salespeople. Further detail is presented concerning the means by which free riding is perceived to occur and its perceived impact on full-service retailers.
Risk factors for domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is an important social and public health problem, but it has received little attention from healthcare professionals in research, practice, and policy. Prevention and early victim identification efforts for this population are severely limited or entirely absent. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to integrate evidence on risk factors for DMST and critically appraise the quality and quantity of nursing literature on DMST. METHODS: This literature review was reported using PRISMA criteria. Three databases (CINAHL, PsychInfo, and PubMed) were searched using various terms for (a) human trafficking, (b) risk factors, and (c) children. DISCUSSION: Demographic factors were not important predictors of DMST. Childhood maltreatment trauma and running away from home were the most important risk factors for trafficking victimization. There was little nursing literature on the topic of DMST. CONCLUSION: Nurses and other healthcare professionals must engage in confronting DMST by improving early identification of victims and conducting high-quality research to inform practice. Keywords: Human trafficking Language: en
Macrosiphum Asterifoliae, New Species from Aster (Aphiidae: Homoptera)

Size and General Color —Length of body from vertex to tip of anal plate, 2.20mm. Head pale yellow; thorax a very light brown; abdomen, cornicles, cauda, and anal plate pale yellow. Antennal tubercles and first and second antennal segments concolorous with head; basal half of third antennal segment lighter in color than remaining half, which is black; remaining antennal segments uniformly black. Coxae, trochanters and basal halves of femora concolorous with body, apical halves brownish yellow; tibiae brownish with the basal and apical ends blackish and contrasting; tarsi black. Beak concolorous with head except tip, which is black. Wings with stigma light brown; veins dark brown and heavy.
Total synthesis of the potent androgen receptor antagonist (-)-arabilin: a strategic, biomimetic [1,7]-hydrogen shift.

The first total synthesis of (−)-arabilin, a Streptomyces metabolite that inhibits hormone activation of the androgen receptor, has been completed. The key step, a [1,7]-hydrogen shift, establishes the enol ether-containing skipped-tetraene substructure. This nonenzymatic pericyclic reaction is considered to be biomimetic.
Pure culture synthesis of Pinus resinosa ectomycorrhizae with Scleroderma aurantium

Numerous techniques and many variations on them have been reported for the synthesis of ec? tomycorrhizae in vitro (e.g., Chu-Chou, 1979; Danielson, 1984; Duddridge and Read, 1984a; Fortin, 1966; Molina, 1979; Palm and Stewart, 1984; Yang and Wilcox, 1984). Many of these techniques involve elaborate manipulations and exacting cultural conditions. In our study, lab? oratory procedures for the pure culture forma? tion of ectomycorrhizae were simplified as much as possible. We chose the gasteromycete Scleroderma aurantium (Vaill.) Pers. for testing because of its association with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) on a variety of sites that we sampled in Michi? gan's Upper Peninsula, and because of its vigorous growth in culture. The agarics, Cantharellula umbonata (Gmel.: Fr.) Sing. and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf.: Fr.) Maire in Martin-Sans, were chosen for similar reasons. Red pine was selected as test host because of its importance in the Lake States forest industry. Wide-mouth quart Mason jars, about one liter capacity, were used as synthesis vessels. The in? ner lids ofthe jars were inverted within the outer ring to prevent sealing and to allow gas exchange. The outer ring was screwed on until firm, and then loosened about one-quarter turn. As a rooting substrate, 250 ml of a vermiculite-peat mix? ture (10:1, v/v) were added to each jar. The peat used in this mixture was ground sphagnum peat moss. One hundred twenty-five ml of modified Melin-Norkrans (MMN) nutrient medium (Marx, 1969) were then added and the jars were auto? claved at 121 C for 45 min. The autoclaved jars were then stored for 2-7 da before planting. Red pine seeds were surface-sterilized in 30% H202 for 30 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water several times and plated on water agar. Three axenically germinated seedlings, 2-3 wk old, were planted in each jar. Jars were placed on a northeast-facing wi dow sill and seedlings were allowed to be? come established for 2-3 wk.
Parameters Setting of the AC Filter’s Arrester in HVDC Converter Station

The parameters configuration of AC filter’s arrester in HVDC project is studied.According to the harmonic frequency of each elements of filter,the paper calculates the maximum continuous operating voltage by harmonic superposition algorithm with a certain margin to determine the filter arresters’ reference voltage.And by establishing the filter’s transient model with PSCAD,the lightning impulse protective level and switching impulse protective level of arresters under switching over-voltage and grounding fault are studied.The technical parameters of arresters can be finally determined.
Lessons from considering the cancer landscape.

A number of drugs have been approved that result in significant tumor responses. While many of these new drugs are associated with improved clinical outcomes, much more work in this area is essential, as most patients have tumors without such molecular features.
Effect of chair types on work-related musculoskeletal discomfort during vaginal surgery.

Background Evidence supports that surgeons are at high risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Objective The objective of the study was to compare the effect of different chairs on work-related musculoskeletal discomfort for surgeons during vaginal operations. Study Design This crossover study randomly assigned 4 surgeons to 4 chair types using a 4 × 4 Latin square model: a conventional round stool, a round stool with a backrest, a saddle chair with a backrest, and a Capisco chair. Subjective assessments of surgeon discomfort were performed with a validated body discomfort survey, and workload was assessed with the surgical task load index. The objective postural load was quantified with inertial measurement units of the modified rapid upper limb assessment limits. Subjective and objective assessments of chair comfort were performed with an 11 point scale and seat interface pressure–mapped distributions, respectively. The primary outcome was the difference in body discomfort scores between pre- and postsurgery measurements. Secondary outcomes were the differences in chair comfort scores, postural load, and seating interface pressure–mapped distribution. For each outcome, comparisons among the chair types were based on fitting a linear mixed model that handled the surgeon as a random effect and the chair type as a fixed effect. Results Data were collected for 48 vaginal procedures performed for pelvic organ prolapse. Mean (SD) duration of surgery was 122.3 (25.1) minutes. Surgeons reported body discomfort during 31 procedures (67.4%). Subjective increase in discomfort from the preoperative state was noted most commonly in the lower back (n = 14, 30.4%), followed by right shoulder (n = 12, 26.1%), upper back (n = 8, 17.4%), hips and buttocks (n = 7, 15.2%), left shoulder (n = 6, 13.0%), right or left thigh (n = 6, 13.0%), and neck (n = 6, 13.0%). Pre- and postsurgery body discomfort scores did not differ with respect to chair type. Chair discomfort scores for the round stool and the saddle chair were significantly higher than the round stool with backrest and the Capisco chair ( P P ≤ .001), depicted by the number of cells with pressure values >5 mm Hg. An increased dispersion of pressure across the chair surface was associated with increased comfort (Spearman correlation, 0.40, P = .006). Conclusion Musculoskeletal strain and associated discomfort for surgeons are very high during vaginal operations. Chair type can affect comfort, and chairs with more uniform distribution and fewer pressure points are more comfortable. However, the chair type used in surgery did not influence the musculoskeletal postural load findings.
SU-F-I-21: Unfolding of Aliased Dynamic Acquisitions for the Acceleration of Breast Dynamic-Contrast Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI)

Purpose: To determine the feasibility of increasing temporal resolution in breast DCE-MRI by reducing the field-of-view (FOV) and unfolding the aliased images using un-aliased subtraction images as guides. Methods: Experience with an ‘ultrafast’ protocol for breast DCE-MRI (6–10s acquisitions) showed that the number of significantly enhancing voxels was very low (<7% of the FOV) in the first 30–45s after contrast injection. The sparse enhancement in these images suggests that if the FOV is reduced in the phase-encoding direction (reducing acquisition time) and aliasing occurs, the likelihood of two significantly-enhancing voxels overlapping in the aliased image is relatively low. Aliased images were simulated from the first 30s of fully-sampled ultrafast acquisitions. Five cases with known enhancing lesions and moderate or marked parenchymal enhancement were selected (i.e. more enhancing voxels). FOV's were reduced by 40%. Subtractions were generated for all images, and filtered to determine significant enhancement. The locations that each aliased enhancing voxel could have come from were determined. If only one of the possible locations was enhanced at the later, fully sampled, time-point, the aliased voxel was copied to that location. If both were enhanced overlap likely occurred and the voxel was copied to both locations in the ‘unfolded’ image. Results: On average 2.2% (range 0% – 9.81%) of the significantly enhancing voxels, above the chest wall, overlapped in the aliased images. This relatively low number means that it's possible to generate unfolded images that are visually similar to the full-FOV images. Conclusion: These simulations show that it is possible to mostly recover early post-contrast breast DCE-MRI images from aliased acquisitions. While this method cannot separate the signal from each overlapping voxel in the aliased acquisitions, in-progress work will address this by changing the aliasing factor for each time-point, giving each aliased voxel a distinct ‘trajectory’.
Dose‐Response Modeling with Summary Data from Developmental Toxicity Studies

Dose-response analysis of binary developmental data (e.g., implant loss, fetal abnormalities) is best done using individual fetus data (identified to litter) or litter-specific statistics such as number of offspring per litter and proportion abnormal. However, such data are not often available to risk assessors. Scientific articles usually present only dose-group summaries for the number or average proportion abnormal and the total number of fetuses. Without litter-specific data, it is not possible to estimate variances correctly (often characterized as a problem of overdispersion, intralitter correlation, or "litter effect"). However, it is possible to use group summary data when the design effect has been estimated for each dose group. Previous studies have demonstrated useful dose-response and trend test analyses based on design effect estimates using litter-specific data from the same study. This simplifies the analysis but does not help when litter-specific data are unavailable. In the present study, we show that summary data on fetal malformations can be adjusted satisfactorily using estimates of the design effect based on historical data. When adjusted data are then analyzed with models designed for binomial responses, the resulting benchmark doses are similar to those obtained from analyzing litter-level data with nested dichotomous models.
Extending the progressive tradition to poor countries: The role of universities and colleges

American universities and colleges have always been a bastion of liberalism and progressive thought. Historically, the academic community has supported social justice issues, given a voice to the poor, minorities and the disadvantaged, and brought to light subjects that are considered taboo elsewhere. Indeed, many social movements have either started in American universities or been energized by the actions of university students and faculty, and often with the support of university administrations. Yet, when it comes to dealing with global issues that affect poor nations, universities have not always acted as change agents. In some cases, universities have to been passive onlookers or been complacent in participating in maintaining the status quo. This essay discusses the external environmental challenges and the internal constraints that universities and colleges must grapple with in their efforts to play in the global sphere. Further, it espouses ways in which universities might contribute to the global common good through their actions externally, particularly with regard to public policy, and internally within their campuses. A particular emphasis is given to Africa.
“Am I Masculine Enough?”: Queer Filipino College Men and Masculinity

Research on college men and masculinities has been of interest within higher education, yet there is limited focus on the experiences of students with multiple marginalized identities. Through semi-structured interviews with gay, bisexual, and queer Filipino undergraduate men, this study examined how students defined, understood, and experienced masculinity, with emphases on the influence of environmental factors within family, cultural, and campus contexts. Overarching themes and implications for student affairs practice are discussed.
Community-Led Counterterrorism

ABSTRACTThis article explores the idea that nonstate actors embedded in geographically and religiously defined communities have a distinctive role to play in responding to growing terrorist recruitment efforts in Europe and North America. The resulting “community-led counterterrorism” works through at least two causal channels, which I label “ideological competition” and “ethical anchoring.” Existing counterterrorism policing strategies do not harness these mechanisms and may well undermine them. Community-led counterterrorism thus presents an untapped opportunity, even as it raises new and difficult ethical questions for both Muslim minority communities in the West, as well as liberal democracies.
Nipple–areola complex reconstruction improves psychosocial and sexual well-being in women treated for breast cancer

Summary Introduction Women choose to undergo nipple–areola complex (NAC) reconstruction as part of breast reconstruction following breast cancer treatment. However, the effect of this procedure on psychosocial and sexual well-being is not well studied. The present study aimed to evaluate how NAC reconstruction affects patient satisfaction with regard to psychosocial and sexual well-being. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who underwent NAC reconstruction at Magee-Women's Hospital from January 1, 2004 to July 31, 2011. A letter and questionnaire based on the BREAST-Q were mailed to patients to request their participation in the study. Patient satisfaction and health-related quality of life were measured before and after NAC reconstruction. Results In total, 107 of 328 patients (32.6%) completed the survey. The BREAST-Q scale score for satisfaction with outcome following NAC reconstruction was 85.1 ± 15.8, with higher satisfaction scores for patients with a follow-up of 2.5 years (82.5 ± 21.7 vs. 69.5 ± 19.5; p p Conclusions This study indicates that patients are highly satisfied after undergoing NAC reconstruction. Satisfaction with the procedure, however, may decrease over time. NAC reconstruction significantly contributes to patient psychosocial and sexual well-being, and this effect did not change over time. NAC reconstruction improves patient outcomes in those who choose to undergo the procedure.
Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatment Strategies and Future Endeavors

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents in various forms ranging from mild alterations of consciousness to an unrelenting comatose state and death. In the most severe form of TBI, the entirety of the brain is affected by a diffuse type of injury and swelling. Treatment modalities vary extensively based on the severity of the injury and range from daily cognitive therapy sessions to radical surgery such as bilateral decompressive craniectomies. Guidelines have been set forth regarding the optimal management of TBI, but they must be taken in context of the situation and cannot be used in every individual circumstance. In this review article, we have summarized the current status of treatment for TBI in both clinical practice and basic research. We have put forth a brief overview of the various subtypes of traumatic injuries, optimal medical management, and both the noninvasive and invasive monitoring modalities, in addition to the surgical interventions necessary in particular instances. We have overviewed the main achievements in searching for therapeutic strategies of TBI in basic science. We have also discussed the future direction for developing TBI treatment from an experimental perspective.
Sociodemographic disparities in the utilization of proton therapy for prostate cancer at an urban academic center.

Abstract Purpose Despite increasing use, proton therapy (PT) remains a relatively limited resource. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and demographic differences in PT use for prostate cancer compared to intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at a single institution. Methods and materials All patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer (N = 633) who underwent definitive radiation therapy between 2010 and 2015 were divided into PT (n = 508) and IMRT (n = 125) comparison groups and compared using χ2 and independent sample t tests. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between PT use and demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics. Results The PT and IMRT cohorts varied by age, race, poverty, distance, treatment year, and treating physician. Patients who underwent IMRT were more likely to be older (mean age, 66 vs. 68 years), black (51% vs. 75%), and living in poverty or close to the facility (mean distance between residence and facility, 90 vs. 21 miles; P .05). Patients who underwent PT were more likely to receive hypofractionated therapy and less likely to receive androgen deprivation therapy (P Conclusion Sociodemographic disparities exist in PT use for prostate cancer at an urban academic institution. Further investigation of potential barriers to access is warranted to ensure equitable distribution across all demographic groups.
Literature, Ethics, and the Emotions

Recently there has been a renewed interest in the ethical value of literature. However, how exactly does literature contribute to our ethical understanding? In Literature, Ethics, and the Emotions, Kenneth Asher argues that literary scholars should locate this question in the long and various history of moral philosophy. On the basis of his own reading of this history, Asher contends for the centrality of emotions in our ethical lives and shows how literature - novels, poetry, and drama - can each contribute to crucial emotional understanding. Individual chapters on T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw give detailed analyses of how this contribution takes shape even in modernist authors who try to reconfigure the very nature of the self.
Scintigraphic Evaluation of the Pediatric Skeleton

This chapter reviews the methods for studying the pediatric skeleton with radionuclides. Factors that make skeletal scintigraphy different in children than in adults are emphasized. These include radiopharmaceutical dose adjustment, personnel issues, choice of instrumentation, patient preparation and sedation, considerations regarding examination techniques, and the normal appearance of skeletal scintigrams related to patient age. The chapter concludes with a brief review of other scintigraphic studies that are useful for assessing suspected skeletal pathology in children.
Postoperative local-regional radiation therapy in the treatment of parathyroid carcinoma: The MD Anderson experience of 35 years

Abstract Purpose We aimed to investigate outcomes of locoregional radiation therapy (XRT) in parathyroid carcinoma (PC) patients at a single institution over 35 years. Methods and materials Retrospective review of PC patients who received postoperative locoregional XRT (1980-2015). Patients were grouped according to XRT after PC initial operation or after salvage surgery. All patients with a histopathological diagnosis of PC who had postoperative locoregional XRT at our institution were included. All patients with a histopathological diagnosis of uncertain malignancy, suggestive for malignancy, or atypical parathyroid tumors and those who had XRT outside our institution were excluded. Results Eight patients received XRT, 4 in each group, with a median follow-up of 12.5 years. The 4 patients who had XRT after initial surgery all had an oncologic operation, including ipsilateral thyroid lobectomy and central neck dissection, and all of these patients were disease-free at last follow-up. Of the 4 patients who received XRT after salvage surgery, only 1 remained disease free. There were no major complications/long-term side effects associated with XRT. Conclusions XRT is well tolerated as postoperative locoregional treatment of patients with PC. Whether it is needed, and the timing of administering XRT, remains to be established.
Elimination Techniques for Program Analysis

Key ideas in our recent work on automatically generating polynomial equalities and inequalities as invariants/inductive assertions for imperative programs are reviewed. Two approaches based on elimination techniques are briefly discussed. The first approach is algebraic and is based on giving the semantics of programming language constructs in terms of polynomial ideals. The second approach is based on assuming a priori the shapes of inductive assertions of interest and then using quantifier elimination techniques to generate constraints on parameters specifying the shape. The key ideas of these approaches are illustrated through examples.
Abstract 110: Activation of the Homeostatic Intracellular Response Leads to Increased Myocardial Mitochondrial Turnover in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Background: Previously we showed that the homeostatic intracellular repair response (HIR2) is activated in the hearts of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Autophagy is a principal component of this beneficial response that clears fragile mitochondria and protein aggregates. Moreover, we have previously shown that mitochondrial elimination through autophagy (mitophagy) is a key element in ischemic preconditioning. Thus, an important mechanism of cardioprotection appears to involve the upregulation of autophagy which facilitates the clearance of vulnerable mitochondria to limit I/R injury. We hypothesized that this protective action leads to turnover of the existing mitochondrial population in the heart during the resolution of I/R injury. The purpose of this study was to examine if the mechanism of HIR2 extends to remodeling the existing mitochondrial population of the heart. Study Design: Autophagy and mitochondrial turnover were assessed in 10 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or valve surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Biopsies of the right atrial appendage obtained before initiation and after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass were processed to yield whole tissue lysates and mitochondria-enriched heavy membrane fractions. Samples were analyzed for autophagy by immunoblotting for LC3, Beclin-1, ATG5-12, and p62. Mitochondrial turnover was assessed by monitoring Tom70, Cox4, Drp1, p62 and Parkin in tissue lysates and heavy membrane fractions. Results: Heart surgery was associated with a robust increase in autophagy indicated by depletion of LC3, Beclin-1, ATG5-12 and p62, as well as the mitophagy and fission regulator Drp1. Parkin increased in the mitochondrial fraction after bypass. Surprisingly, post-bypass tissue lysates showed a marked increase in mitochondrial markers Tom70 and Cox4, suggesting mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for the first time in humans that coordinated mitophagy and biogenesis are part of the homeostatic response to I/R, pointing to the importance of studying this aspect of HIR2. Strategies designed to amplify HIR2 during cardiac stress may represent an entirely new approach to myocardial protection in patients undergoing heart surgery.
3-D Prismatic Packaging Methodologies for Wide Band Gap Power Electronics Modules

In a power module the parasitic inductance limits the dynamic high-frequency performance, and the area of the cooling surfaces limits the power capability. This article presents a new 3-D power electronic design methodology based on the concept of mutual inductance cancellation and multisided heat transfer. New 3-D prismatic packaging concepts are proposed for wide band gap power devices, where the devices can be mounted at acute angles to adjacent interconnects or other devices. Discussion is given on electrical and thermal path optimization in a 3-D space. To validate the 3-D prismatic packaging methodology, a 1200 V/50 A SiC half-bridge power module is fabricated and tested for electrical and thermal performance and results are compared with simulations. The power density calculated for the module is 12 kW/in3 (including heatsink) and shows a 31.3% inductance reduction compared to a 2-D planar module. Finally, design guidance suggested for utilizing prismatic structures is provided, together with suggested future work in the area. This article presents the first reported true 3-D power module.
Development of a Customizable Hepatic Arterial Tree and Particle Transport Model for Use in Treatment Planning

Optimal treatment planning for radioembolization of hepatic cancers produces sufficient dose to tumors for control and dose to normal liver parenchyma that is below the threshold for toxicity. The nonuniform distribution of particles in liver microanatomy complicates the planning process as different functional regions receive different doses. Having realistic and patient-specific models of the arterial tree and microsphere trapping would be useful for developing more optimal treatment plans. We propose a macrocell-based growth method to generate models of the hepatic arterial tree from the proper hepatic artery to the terminal arterioles supplying the capillaries in the parenchyma. We show how these trees can be adapted to match patient values of pressure, flow, and vessel diameters while still conforming to laws controlling vessel bifurcation, changes in pressure, and blood flow. We also introduce a method to model particle transport within the tree that accounts for vessel and particle diameter distributions and show the nonuniform microsphere deposition pattern that results. Potential applications include investigating dose heterogeneity and microsphere deposition patterns.
Wind Energy in Vermont: The Benefits and Limitations of Stakeholder Involvement

Wind energy … what’s not to like about it? With growing concerns about climate change and tightened regulation of conventional air pollutants, the United States is climbing on the wind energy band wagon. Wind and other renewable sources of electricity are being promoted at the federal level through production tax credits and at the state level through renewable portfolio standards. But how do utility-scale wind energy projects play at the local level? Not well. Focusing on a proposed 80-MW project in southwestern Vermont, this chapter examines both the possibilities and the limitations of stakeholder involvement in large-scale wind turbine projects.