cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade credit and stock liquidity

Abstract This study documents that firms with higher stock liquidity are more willing to extend trade credit and are less reliant on trade credit financing. This finding is robust to a battery of control variables, alternative measures of stock liquidity, different fixed effects, an instrumental variable approach, and a difference-in-difference approach using tick-size change as a quasi-natural experiment that exogenously increases stock liquidity. Subsample analyses show that the relation between trade credit policies and stock liquidity is more pronounced for firms that are financially constrained, dependent on external financing, and restricted by short-term debt. Overall, the evidence presented in this paper indicates that access to the equity market has important implications on firms' trade credit policies.
Fluorescence headlights proposed for minimally-invasive surgical tools (Conference Presentation)

Early stages and the margins of disease can be invisible to human vision during surgical interventions. Molecular probes with fluorescence labeling are used to enhance contrast of lesions to distinguish their location and extent. However, low intensity fluorescence signals are problematic because photobleaching permanently loses this critical information. By using low power illumination from a scanning fiber endoscope (SFE), the rate of information loss is reduced by over 6x in glioma mouse model using 5ALA-PpIX compared to a clinical surgical microscope. We propose using one or more SFEs as headlights near the tip of surgical tools to guide interventions.
Autoregulation of Oxygen Supply to Brain Tissue (Introductory Paper)

The availability of oxygen throughout the brain is far from homogeneous, oxygen tensions varying 30 or 40 mm Hg within a distance of a few microns (1–4). However, the pO2 at a given micro-area of cerebral tissue is remarkably constant, and can be changed only through major alterations in blood supply or the composition of respiratory gases (1,4,10). We have defined the different processes arrived at maintaining the constant brain cell oxygen micro-environment as “oxygen autoregulatory mechanisms.”
Novel association of genetic variants in non-coding regulatory regions with HIV-1 infection

Abstract Host genetic variability interplays with the environment and variegating viral factors to determine the outcome in HIV-1/AIDS. Several GWAS studies have reported that genetic heterogeneity of individuals leads to differential HIV susceptibility. Proxy SNPs that are in Linkage Disequilibrium to the GWAS SNPs could be important targets in HIV pathogenesis and need to be analyzed further for their potential regulatory role. Current study thus aimed to identify novel proxy SNPs that may play a critical role in HIV susceptibility and disease progression. 372 SNPs, associated with HIV-1/AIDS pathogenesis, were retrieved via GWAS catalogue. 1854 proxy SNPs, in Linkage Disequilibrium (r2 = 0.8) to the GWAS reported SNPs, were identified using the SNAP web tool. Regulatory functions of aforementioned 1854 polymorphic sites (GWAS SNPs and their proxy SNPs) were acquired from RegulomeDB. 178 of the proxy SNPs showed evidence of strong regulatory potential returning a score of ≤3. Among these regulatory SNPs, 22 had already been reported for their association with HIV/AIDS while 156 SNPs showed novel association. Three of these novel SNPs (g.rs6457282T>C, g.rs17064977C>T and g.rs3130350G>T) were validated using sequence specific PCR (SSP-PCR) on HIV-infected patients. For g.rs6457282T>C and rs17064977C>T, CT genotype was determined to be significantly associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection (rs6457282T>C: OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 3.0792–29.3099, p = 0.0001; rs17064977C>T: OR = 8.1077, 95% CI = 3.1125–21.119, p = 0.0001). Moreover, the association of interacting protein partners of affected genes with HIV-1 elucidates the significance of corresponding SNPs in HIV disease outcome that further needs to be functionally deciphered.
Concurrent Treatment of Intimate Partner Violence and Trichotillomania From an Emotion Regulation Framework: A Case Study:

Survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience a vast array of emotional and behavioral consequences, including difficulties in areas related to emotion regulation, and they often qualify ...
Association of Frailty With Morbidity and Mortality in Emergency General Surgery by Procedural Risk Level

Importance In this aging society, older patients are more commonly undergoing emergency general surgery (EGS). Although frailty has been associated with worse outcomes in this population, EGS encompasses a heterogeneous mix of procedures. Objective To determine if the association of frailty with morbidity and mortality in EGS patients varies based on the level of procedural risk. Design, setting, and participants This cross-sectional study analyzed Medicare inpatient claims file (January 2007-December 2015) and included all inpatients who underwent 1 of 7 previously described EGS procedures shown to represent 80% of EGS volume, complications, and mortality nationally. Analysis took place from September 2019 to January 2020. Exposures The primary exposure of interest was risk procedural level. EGS procedures were stratified as high risk (excision of small intestine, excision of large intestine, peptic ulcer repair, lysis of peritoneal adhesions, and laparotomy) and low risk (appendectomy and cholecystectomy). Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was overall 30-day mortality after discharge. Frailty was assessed using a claims-based frailty index. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used and was stratified by risk level. Results A total of 882 929 EGS patients were included in this study (mean [SD] age, 77.9 [7.5] years; 483 637 [54%] were female). Overall mortality was 4.5% (n = 40 304). The frailty index classified 12.6% (n = 111 513) of patients as frail, and mortality within this group was 9.9% (n = 11 307). High-risk procedures represented 53% (n = 468 098) of the caseload, and mortality was 6.8% (n = 31 979). For low-risk procedures, mortality was 2% (n = 8325). Frailty was significantly associated with mortality (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.60-1.68). After stratified analysis, this association remained significant for high-risk (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.49-1.58) and low-risk (odds ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.94-2.17) procedures. Conclusions and relevance Frailty was significantly associated with mortality in patients undergoing EGS, with an even greater association in low-risk procedures. Preoperative frailty assessment is imperative even in low-risk procedures.
Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance in the Era of Big Data Analytics: Evidence from the United States

Research Question: This study investigates the relationship between information technology (IT) capability and firm performance in the 2010s, the era of big data analytics (BDA), in the context of US companies. Motivation: With the evolution of business intelligence and the proliferation of analytic tools that further improve IT capability, it is more important than ever to understand whether firms with stronger IT capabilities perform better. Idea: After categorizing firms into pairs of IT leaders and control groups, the performance of each pair of firms in each group was compared. Data: All data are publicly available from Compustat and InformationWeek (IW) 500. Tools: The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and regression analysis were used to examine how the performance of IT leaders and control groups changed during the 2010–2017 period. Findings: This results show no significant relationship between a firm’s IT capability and its performance in the sample of US companies during this period. Contribution: This study will help academicians and practitioners to better understand how the adoption and application of BDA derived from IT capability affects firm performance.
The applicability of Impranil®DLN for gauging the biodegradation of polyurethanes

Abstract Polyurethane-based polymers and their eventual degradation products pervade modern society. One common method for determining whether a microorganism or protein can degrade this class of polymer is to qualitatively assess its ability to “clear” a polyester-polyurethane colloid branded Impranil®DLN (Impranil), whose formulation is proprietary. However, its colloidal state has ultimately made Impranil a precarious choice for determining if an organism or enzyme can degrade polyurethanes. In this work, the chemical hydrolysis products from Impranil using 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH were identified and compared to the concentration of hydrolysis products formed using three commercial enzymes by proton nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The differences in the integrated signal intensities from key 1H NMR signals were used to calculate the amount of Impranil that was hydrolyzed. These data were then correlated with the change in optical density of colloid containing reaction mixtures (termed as “clearing”). The enzymes (a Pseudomonas fluorescens recombinant esterase, Pseudomonas sp. lipase, and Bacillus sp. protease) showed significant esterase activities and partially-cleared, completely-cleared, or aggregated Impranil, respectively. However, only the Pseudomonas sp. lipase significantly degraded Impranil based on NMR and IR data. This study illustrates how Impranil can be used to quantitatively assess biodegradation rather than just be a qualitative “clearing” indicator of biodegradation.
The Drell-Hearn sum rule at order α3

Abstract The Drell–Hearn–Gerasimov–Iddings (DHGI) sum rule for electrons is evaluated at order α 3 and shown to agree with the Schwinger contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment.
RISP: A digital signal processor architecture with reduced instruction set tailored to wave digital filters

VLSI in digital signal processing requires small, stable, high-speed infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. A novel DSP architecture, RISP (reduced instruction set processor), has been designed. It incorporates a reduced-instruction set to minimize instruction cycle time, a three-stage pipeline, small transistor count and specialized blocks enabling high throughput for wave digital filter (WDF) algorithms, including decimation and interpolation. The RISP architecture has been verified by means of a dedicated CAD system including the top-down design of lattice WDFs from specification to RISP machine code. >
An analysis of bank risk and deposit rate ceilings

Abstract The effect of deposit rate regulation on bank solvency is an important and unresolved issue that has received only limited attention. In this paper, capital market data is used to assess changes in both systematic and non-systematic risk of a portfolio of bank stocks at the time of deposit rate deregulation. The evidence indicates that neither measure of capital market risk is significantly affected, leading to the conclusion that bank solvency risk will not be increased by the deregulation of interest rates on deposits.
Dynamics of the Reorganization Behavior of Organolithium Compounds

1 Introduction 2 Dynamic NMR Line Shape Analysis7a-7e 3 Organolithium Compounds1a-3d Keywords: dynamic NMR line shape analysis; density matrix equations; organolithium compounds; primary alkyllithium compounds; tertiary alkyllithium compounds; aryllithium compounds; ion-paired organolithium compound and reorganization behavior; internally solvated organolithium compounds
Sex For Sale : Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry

Sex work : paradigms and policies / Ronald Weitzer -- Motivations for pursuing a career in pornography / Sharon A. Abbott -- Gay male pornography since Stonewall / Joe A. Thomas -- Women-made pornography / Jill A. Bakehorn -- Gender and space in strip clubs / Katherine Frank and Michelle Carnes -- Commercial telephone sex : fantasy and reality / Kathleen Guidroz and Grant J. Rich -- The ecology of street prostitution / Judith Porter and Louis Bonilla -- Call girls and street prostitutes : selling sex and intimacy / Janet Lever and Deanne Dolnick -- Male and female escorts : a comparative analysis / Juline Koken, David S. Bimbi, and Jeffrey T. Parsons -- Prostitutes' customers : motives and misconceptions / Martin A. Monto -- Nevada's legal brothels / Kathryn Hausbeck and Barbara G. Brents -- Remaking the sex industry : the adult expo as a microcosm / Lynn Comella -- Sex tourism and sex workers' aspirations / Denise Brennan -- Sex trafficking : facts and fictions / Ronald Weitzer and Melissa Ditmore.
Working Couples Caring for Children and Aging Parents: Effects on Work and Well-Being

Contents: Series Foreword. K. Christensen, Foreword. Preface. Part I: Introduction. The "Sandwiched Generation": Introduction. Employer and Governmental Initiatives Affecting Work and Family Life in the United States. A Brief Overview of Supports Provided to Working Caregivers in Countries Other Than the United States. Theoretical Perspectives on the Work-Family Interface and Conceptual Framework for the Book. Part II: Findings From a National Study. Who Are Working, "Sandwiched-Generation" Couples? How Couples Are Doing: The Effects of Being "Sandwiched" on Work-Family Fit, Well-Being, and Work. Development of a Model of Work-Family Coping Strategies and Advice From Couples. Work-Family Coping Strategies: What Are the Effects on Work-Family Fit, Well-Being, and Work. Workplace Supports: Effects on Work-Family Fit, Well-Being, and Work. Changes in Work and Family Roles and Outcomes Over Time. Part III: Effecting Change: Where Do We Go From Here? Summary of Major Findings and Recommendations for Next Steps. Appendices: Study Methods and Measures. Survey Instruments (Waves 1 and 2). Tables.
On a hyperbolic PDE describing the forward evolution of a class of randomly alternating systems

For a class of randomly switched linear systems a transition functional is introduced. It is shown that the expectation of this function at time t satisfies a hyperbolic partial differential equation (PDE), which plays a similar role as the backward Kolmogorov equation for diffusions. Its formal adjoint leads to the forward equation, and their complexity is determined by the Lie algebra associated with the set of values assumable by the dynamic matrix A(t, w). The usual parabolic Kolmogorov equation is derived from this as a limiting case. The result leads to Monte-Carlo simulation methods for solving hyperbolic PDE. >
Impact of inflammatory bowel disease on post-cholecystectomy complications and hospitalization costs: a Nationwide Inpatient Sample study.

Abstract Background and aim Our previous single-center study showed that patients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had a higher risk for post-cholecystectomy complications. The aim of the current population-based study was to verify whether concomitant IBD was indeed associated with an increased risk of post-cholecystectomy complications. Methods In this cross-sectional study, all 1,155,432 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) with a primary procedure of cholecystectomy were examined, and 5891 patients with IBD were compared with 1,149,541 patients without IBD from 2006 to 2008. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, frequency of obesity, and post-operative mortality between the two groups. More patients in the IBD group had post-operative complications than the non-IBD group [398/5891 (6.8%) vs. 55,202/1,149,541 (4.8%), p = 0.002)]. On multivariate analysis, the presence of Crohn's disease (CD) was associated with an increased risk for post-operative complications (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.1, p = 0.003). The other risk factors for post-cholecystectomy complications were older age, male gender, African-American race, malnutrition and patients with higher co-morbidity index. The presence of ulcerative colitis (UC) was associated with a trend for increased complications (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.8–2.1, p = 0.08). Patients with IBD who underwent cholecystectomy incurred higher mean hospital costs ($39,651 vs. $35,196, p = 0.006) and also stayed in the hospital 1.2 days longer than those without underlying IBD. Conclusions CD patients undergoing cholecystectomy were shown to have a significantly increased risk for postoperative complications, have a longer stay in the hospital, and incur higher hospitalization costs.
Interpersonal and psychological correlates of marital dissatisfaction in late life: a review.

Developmental studies suggest that marital quality improves in old age (e.g., Guilford & Bengtson, 1979). However, many of the studies are replete with sampling biases that probably led to an overinflated positive report of marital satisfaction in older adults. Our review evaluated contemporary studies that have investigated interpersonal and psychological factors associated with dissatisfaction in long-term marriages. Recent investigations indicate that older marriages benefit from lower levels of conflict and greater sources of mutual pleasure following child-rearing cessation. Studies of social support in long-term marriages suggest that perceptions of spousal support are more strongly related to marital satisfaction and general well-being for older women than for men. A few investigations have found a significant relationship between depression and marital discord in older adult samples, and the causal flow between these two variables appears to be unidirectional in that depression has a detrimental impact on late-life marital quality. Indeed, depression has been found to mediate the link between many age-related stressors (e.g., ill health, retirement) and declines in marital adjustment. However, our preliminary analysis of marital adjustment within a depressed, older adult, outpatient sample of married individuals did not confirm statistically that marital discord is associated with depressive symptomatology. This, in part, was attributed to the very narrow range of older adults sampled (i.e., clinic patients suffering from depression). However, the majority of depressives characterized their marriages as discordant. The implications for these findings are discussed and future directions are offered.
A study of the effects of soluble surfactants on gas absorption using liquid laminar jets

Abstract In recent years the question of the effects of surfactants on gas absorption into liquid systems has arisen from various sources. Previous investigators have concluded that condensed monolayers cause an interfacial resistance to gas absorption while gaseous monolayers do not. In order to further study the effect of gaseous monolayers on gas absorption, a liquid laminar jet was used as a mass transfer contactor. Four surfactants were used: dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyl sodium sulfate, and hexadecyl sodium sulfate. Carbon dioxide was used as the absorbing gas. It was concluded that the surfactants tested did offer small, but measurable interfacial resistances to gas absorption ranging from 1 to 6 sec/cm. In agreement with previous studies using insoluble surfactants, the interfacial resistance increased with an increasing number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant molecule. In addition, it was found that the interfacial resistance to gas absorption increased with decreasing molecular mass of the hydrophilic portion of the surfactant molecule for a given hydrophobic chain length. It was also concluded that a liquid laminar jet is a convenient mass transfer contactor for experimentally measuring interfacial resistances which are smaller than those which can be accurately detected using quiescent liquid contactors.
Compliance with guidelines for the medical care of first urinary tract infections in infants.

To the Editor .— Cohen et al1 found poor compliance with the most recent American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guideline–recommended care for the first urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants in a Medicaid population.2 This was particularly significant in outpatients. The authors suggested that, given the trend toward increased outpatient management of UTIs, increased attention should be given to the guidelines. Perhaps this study should cause no disappointment but rather encouragement to stimulate a comprehensive reanalysis of the AAP guidelines. The ultimate goal of the AAP recommendations is to prevent the development of kidney infection–induced renal scarring leading to hypertension and renal insufficiency.2 It is well accepted that acute bacterial …
Nutritional muscular dystrophy in calves. II. Addition of selenium and tocopherol to a basal, dystrophogenic diet containing cod-liver oil.

Summary Nutritional muscular dystrophy was produced experimentally in Holstein-Friesian calves. The addition of cod-liver oil to the diet caused an intensification of Zenker's degeneration in the muscles of the tocopherol-deficient calves. One p.p.m. of selenium added to the basal diet did not prevent muscular dystrophy. The addition of 200mg. of water-dispersible d -alpha-tocopheryl acetate per calf per day completely prevented the development of muscular dystrophy in all calves so treated. All calves which were not fed tocopherol supplements developed Zenker's degeneration of the skeletal and tongue muscles and degeneration of the Purkinje fibers of the heart. Since blood serum magnesium levels declined progressively in all calves in the experiment, it is possible that low blood magnesium levels may work synergistically with low blood tocopherol levels to produce Purkinje fiber degeneration.
Current concepts. Electroconvulsive therapy--a current perspective.

ELECTROCONVULSIVE therapy has become a national issue. Attacks on it have appeared in movies and television documentaries, as well as in the popular and professional press.1 , 2 These criticisms have resulted in legislation restricting its use in several states and, more recently, in an attempt to ban its use altogether in Berkeley, California. Because of growing public concern, physicians are likely to be consulted by the public about the treatment; thus, it is surprising that a current review of the subject is not available in a major general medical journal. A considerable body of research has been carried out on electroconvulsive . . .
The global distribution of observed cloudiness — a contribution to the ISCCP

Satellite-inferred overall global cloud patterns generally corroborate those derived from ground-based observations. Both show significant differences of cloudiness between the two hemispheres and over extended land as compared with ocean areas. However, the averaged latitudinal values of surface-based observed cloud amounts are about 10 percent higher than those derived from Nimbus-7 observations. The largest difference (10-20 percent) is in the subtropics of each hemisphere and at subpolar and polar latitudes during the summer. The difference in reported average global total cloud amounts is about 10 percent.
A reciprocal role of prostate cancer on stromal DNA damage

DNA damage found in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) promotes tumor progression. In the absence of somatic mutations in CAF, epigenetic changes dictate how stromal coevolution is mediated in tumors. Seventy percent of prostate cancer patients lose expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) in the stromal compartment (n=77, P-value=0.0001), similar to the rate of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) silencing. Xenografting of human prostate cancer epithelia, LNCaP, resulted in the epigenetic Tgfbr2 silencing of host mouse prostatic fibroblasts. Stromal Tgfbr2 promoter hypermethylation, initiated by LNCaP cells, was found to be dependent on interleukin 6 expression, based on neutralizing antibody studies. We further found that pharmacologic and transgenic knockout of TGF-β responsiveness in prostatic fibroblasts induced Gstp1 promoter methylation. It is known that TGF-β promotes DNA stability, however, the mechanism is not well understood. Both prostatic human CAF and mouse transgenic knockout of Tgbr2 had elevated DNA methyltransferase I (DNMT1) activity and histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) to suggest greater promoter methylation. Interestingly, the conditional knockout of Tgfbr2 in mouse prostatic fibroblasts, in modeling epigenetic silencing of Tgfbr2, had greater epigenetic gene silencing of multiple DNA damage repair and oxidative stress response genes, based on promoter methylation array analysis. Homologous gene silencing was validated by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR in mouse and human prostatic CAF. Not surprisingly, DNA damage repair gene silencing in the prostatic stromal cells corresponded with the presence of DNA damage. Restoring the expression of the epigenetically silenced genes in wild-type fibroblasts with radiation-induced DNA damage reduced tumor progression. Tumor progression was inhibited even when epigenetic silencing was reversed in the Tgfbr2-knockout prostatic fibroblasts. Taken together, fibroblastic epigenetic changes causative of DNA damage, initiated by association with cancer epithelia, is a dominant mediator of tumor progression over TGF-β responsiveness.
Oxidized LDL immune complexes and oxidized LDL differentially affect the expression of genes involved with inflammation and survival in human U937 monocytic cells.

Abstract Objective To compare the global effects of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and oxLDL-containing immune complexes (oxLDL-IC) on gene expression in human monocytic cells and to identify differentially expressed genes involved with inflammation and survival. Methods and results U937 cells were treated with oxLDL-IC, oxLDL, Keyhole limpet hemocyanin immune complexes (KLH-IC), or vehicle for 4 h. Transcriptome profiling was performed using DNA microarrays. oxLDL-IC uniquely affected the expression of genes involved with pro-survival ( RAD54B , RUFY3 , SNRPB2 , and ZBTB24 ). oxLDL-IC also regulated many genes in a manner similar to KLH-IC. Functional categorization of these genes revealed that 39% are involved with stress responses, including the unfolded protein response which impacts cell survival, 19% with regulation of transcription, 10% with endocytosis and intracellular transport of protein and lipid, and 16% with inflammatory responses including regulation of I-κB /NF-κB cascade and cytokine activity. One gene in particular, HSPA6 , greatly up-regulated by oxLDL-IC, was found to be required for the process by which oxLDL-IC augments IL1-β secretion. The study also revealed genes uniquely up-regulated by oxLDL, including genes involved with growth inhibition ( OKL38, NEK3, and FTH1 ), oxidoreductase activity ( SPXN1 and HMOX1 ), and transport of amino acids and fatty acids ( SLC7A11 and ADFP ). Conclusions These findings highlight early transcriptional responses elicited by oxLDL-IC that may underlie its cytoprotective and pro-inflammatory effects. Cross-linking of Fcγ receptors appears to be the trigger for most of the transcriptional responses to oxLDL-IC. The findings further strengthen the hypothesis that oxLDL and oxLDL-IC elicit disparate inflammatory responses and play distinct roles in the process of atherosclerosis.
Talking Back to Data: Comments on a Framework for Data Use

Coburn and Turner (this issue) present an intriguing framework for understanding how data has come to be used in the current high accountability environments in education. In this framework, they c...
A Logical Method for Making a Classification of Emotions, Using Wilhelm Wundt's Theory of Emotion Formation

(1963). A Logical Method for Making a Classification of Emotions, Using Wilhelm Wundt's Theory of Emotion Formation. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 175-182.
COUNTERCURRENT IMMUNOELECTROPMORESIS (CIE) OF RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PNEUMONIA

Several recent studies in adults have indicated that CIE as opposed to routine culture of sputum can distinguish patients with pneumococcal pneumonia vs. those simply colonized with the pneumococcus - CIE being positive in the former and negative in the latter. A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate this observation by performing CIE determinations on nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions in 14 children with bacterial pneumonia as evidenced by physical and radiologic findings as well as the presence of leukocytosis, response to a penicillin and in some cases evidence of bloodstream invasion. Thirty-five children with other types of respiratory illness served as controls. Nine of 13 from the pneumonia group had pneumococcal antigen in their NP secretions. Three of 4 negative patients had evidence of disease due to type-14 pneumococcus, not generally detected by CIE. The one additional pneumonia patient had a positive blood culture for Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Hib antigen was present in the NP secretions. In the control group, one patient had pneumococcal antigen and one patient had Hib antigen in the NP secretions, although 17/35 were positive for pneumococcus by culture. CIE on NP secretions is reliable in distinguishing patients with pneumococcal pneumonia vs. those who are simply carriers (p<.001).
Advantages of a soft protective layer for good signal-to-noise ratio proton radiographs in high debris environments

Abstract Proton radiography is a very powerful diagnostic but in some high debris environments it may be challenging to get a good signal-to-noise ratio radiograph to gain insights into the electric and magnetic field topology, and thus the basic physics. Such environments are produced for example on z-pinches and also on lasers such as the National Ignition Facility. We demonstrate here the feasibility of clean, very high signal-to-noise ratio proton radiographs in extremely hostile environments.
Electrical control of cell density gradients on a conducting polymer surface

We describe a conducting polymer device that can induce electrically controlled density gradients of normal and cancerous cell lines, and hence can be used as a tool for the study of cell-cell interactions.
The Future of Imaging Biomarkers in Radiologic Practice: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual ACR Forum

The 2013 ACR Forum focused on the emerging field of imaging biomarkers and how best to integrate imaging biomarkers into clinical practice, promote research into imaging biomarkers, and leverage advances in bioinformatics. The recommendations generated from the Forum seek to inform ACR leadership on the best strategies to pursue to ensure that radiologists secure a preeminent role in the new era of precision and personalized medicine.
The occurrence of glycolic acid in coastal sea water

A reasonably fast and reliable chemical method for the determination of glycolic acid in sea water is described in detail. It consists of adsorption of glycolic acid by alumina, followed by extraction with sulphuric acid and then colorimetry. The overall efficiency of recovery of this method, which is standardized internally, is approximately 67%, and about 20-fold concentration of glycolic acid is achieved. Using this method, the occurrence of glycolic acid in Ipswich Bay (Gulf of Maine, USA) was studied over a period of 6 months and was found to fluctuate between 0 and 80 μg/l. The zero values occurred in January, when the phytoplankton chlorophyll values were also at their winter minimum.
A Review of Advances in Imaging Techniques for Measuring Short Period Gravity Waves in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

Abstract This paper reviews developments in imaging techniques over the past 25 years and the evolution of imaging science for gravity wave studies using the mesospheric and lower thermospheric nightglow emissions (altitude range ∼80–100 km). Several “milestone” papers are identified to help illustrate the advancements in imaging capability from early long-time exposure infrared photography to solid state digital imaging systems in use today. An extensive “imaging bibliography” is given to aid students and new researchers to this expanding field of research.
Computationally efficient perturbative forward modeling for 3D multispectral bioluminescence and fluorescence tomography

The forward problem of optical bioluminescence and fluorescence tomography seeks to determine, for a given 3D source distribution, the photon density on the surface of an animal. Photon transport through tissues is commonly modeled by the diffusion equation. The challenge, then, is to accurately and efficiently solve the diffusion equation for a realistic animal geometry and heterogeneous tissue types. Fast analytical solvers are available that can be applied to arbitrary geometries but assume homogeneity of tissue optical properties and hence have limited accuracy. The finite element method (FEM) with volume tessellation allows reasonably accurate modeling of both animal geometry and tissue heterogeneity, but this approach is computationally intensive. The computational challenge is heightened when one is working with multispectral data to improve source localization and conditioning of the inverse problem. Here we present a fast forward model based on the Born approximation that falls in between these two approaches. Our model introduces tissue heterogeneity as perturbations in diffusion and absorption coefficients at rectangular grid points inside a mouse atlas. These reflect as a correction term added to the homogeneous forward model. We have tested our model by performing source localization studies first with a biolumnescence simulation setup and then with an experimental setup using a fluorescent source embedded in an inhomogeneous phantom that mimicks tissue optical properties.
Histoplasma capsulatum Endophthalmitis after Cataract Extraction

A 60-year-old white man from an area endemic for Histoplasma capsulatum presented with a vitreous wick, hypopyon iritis, and dense vitreitis 2 months after removal of an anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) for chronic iritis. A diagnostic vitrectomy was performed and H. capsulatum was cultured and identified 2 weeks later. Despite intravitreal and intravenous amphotericin as well as repeat vitrectomies, the inflammation worsened and the eye was removed. Results of histopathologic examination showed Histoplasma organisms along the vitreous wick, over the surface of the iris and ciliary body, and over the retina. No organisms were found in the choroid. Dalen-Fuchs-type nodules similar to those of sarcoid also were noted, but there was no evidence of granulomatous inflammation in the uvea. Because of his unilateral disease with Histoplasma in the vitreous wick, negative serology, and an absence of systemic infection, the authors believe that this patient had a previously unreported form of ocular Histoplasma, exogenous postoperative Histoplasma endophthalmitis.
Ring contraction in the photochemistry of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene oxide

Abstract The photochemistry of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene oxide was studied in order to determine the pathway by which rearrangement to ring-contracted products occurs. The amounts of indan were found to be the same in both acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane which suggests that the process is diradical and not ionic. The substituted oxirane, 4,4-dimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene oxide, was photolyzed in order to distinguish between a Grob-type fragmentation pathway and a simple 1,2-alkyl shift and it was found that indan ultimately originates from a 1,2- alkyl shift to form 1-formylindan followed by decarbonylation. It was also found that, although indan is not a primary photoproduct, it is formed very early in the reaction mixture, whereas the concentration of its precursor 1-formylindan remains low. Both sensitization and quenching experiments have shown that this is not a result of a bimolecular radical reaction, but rather due to the starting material sensitizing the initially formed aldehyde.
Adsorption of palmitic acid on calcite

Abstract The adsorption of palmitic acid by calcite was determined as a function of palmitic acid concentration and salinity. Adsorption isotherms were generally of the S-type, indicating probable hydrophobic interaction of adsorbed species. The effect of increased salinity was to increase adsorption from 0–25 ppt, then to decrease adsorption from 25–35 parts per thousand. The adsorption increase results from decreased solubility, whereas the adsorption decrease may be related to micelle formation. Dissolved Mg 2+ was found to strongly inhibit fatty acid adsorption. Desorption of surface-bound phosphate was associated with palmitic acid adsorption. The relationship between adsorbed Mg 2+ , phosphate and palmitic acid suggests investigation of adsorption behavior of natural phospholipid compounds.
Policy Leadership in the Progressive Presidency: The Case of Theodore Roosevelt's Naval Policy and His Search for Strategic Resources

Theodore Roosevelt established a new, and puzzling, form of public policy leadership during his presidency. In this respect, Roosevelt's presidency breaks with past presidential practice. So marked is this change that it is commonly identified as a foreshadowing of the “modern presidency,” implying a path of development from Roosevelt's leadership practice to the institutionalized presidency at midcentury.
The role of glutamine synthetase in regulation of nitrogen metabolism within the soil microbial community

Recent advances in our understanding of the enzymology and regulatory systems involved in microbial metabolism of N hold promise to elucidate some of the underlying factors controlling metabolism of N in soil ecosystems. A review of recent work is used to construct a paradigm for N metabolism regulation in soil based on the central role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in such regulation within the soil microbial community. The studies involved use of GS inhibitors to elucidate the role of GS activity in regulation of soil N metabolism. Such studies have shown that the glutamine formed by microbial assimilation of NHM 4 + via GS activity influences the regulatory mechanisms controlling both the production and activity of enzymes involved in N metabolism. For example, these studies showed that the inhibition of GS activity within the soil microbial community relieved the repression of urease production caused by microbial assimilation of inorganic N and blocked the short-term regulation of assimilatory nitrate reductase (ANR) by NH 4 + assimilation. Other studies have indicated that common environmental factors in soil may influence GS activity in microorganisms and thereby may influence metabolism of N within the soil microbial community. The paradigm for N metabolism regulation in soil that has emerged from such studies should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling fate of N in soil ecosystems.
A PASSIVITY-BASED APPROACH TO DEPLOYMENT IN MULTI-AGENT NETWORKS

Surveillance and convoy tracking applications often require groups of networked agents for redundancy and better coverage. An important goal upon deployment is to establish a formation around a target. Although there exist distributed algorithms using only local communication that achieve this goal, they typically ignore destabilizing effects resulting from implementation uncertainties, such as network delays and data loss. This paper resolves these issues by introducing a discrete-time distributed design framework that uses a compositional, passivity-based approach to ensure lm 2 -stability regardless of overlay network topology, in the presence of network delays and data loss. For the restricted case of a uniform node degree in the overlay network topology, the paper shows that asymptotic formation establishment is achieved. Finally, simulations of velocity-limited unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are presented that demonstrate the robustness of the network architecture to network delays and data loss. This paper will appear in the Proceedings of ICINCO 2010 Seventh International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, Funchal, Madeira Portugal. http://www.icinco.org/
Crystal morphology, microstructure, and textural properties of model lipid systems

Mixtures of model lipid systems containing high-melting and low-melting lipid classes were crystallized and microscope images obtained for analysis of crystal morphology and microstructure. Rheological properties of these semisolid systems were tested by use of a texture analyzer. The nature of the highmelting component in a mixture dominated the crystal morphology and, combined with interactions between crystalline and liquid materials, resulted in different microstructures that influenced the rheological properties. In addition to size, shape, and amount (solid fat content) of crystalline material, the crystal packing density, representing how densely the crystalline particles in every level (individual, aggregate, or floc) were arranged, and the nature (or strength) of the link (or bridge) connecting the crystalline particles were important microstructural factors to determine rheological properties. Depending on different crystal packing densities and linking bridges, two different systems were identified in terms of microstructure type—mobile and immobile—in which the relative mobility of microstructural components had different levels. These mobility levels led to different rheological responses.
Yaw, pitch, and roll. Quarantine and isolation at United States airports.

We share the genuine concern over the fact that our borders are not impervious to infectious disease, in spite of the best efforts of the CDC and DHHS and its components. Unless draconian health sc...
Modified Regulatory Pathways to Approve Generic Drugs in the US and a Systematic Review of Their Outcomes.

Generic drugs are approved on the basis of pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence. Some drug products have unique structural or functional attributes, necessitating modified approaches to bioequivalence determinations. The aim of this systematic review was to identify studies that evaluated laboratory or clinical outcomes of six drugs approved via modified bioequivalence approaches. We conducted a systematic review of articles published through February 2014 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts related to six recent drugs subject to modified regulatory approaches: venlafaxine extended release tablet (Effexor XR), acarbose (Precose), enoxaparin (Lovenox), vancomycin capsules (Vancocin), sodium ferric gluconate (Ferrlecit), and calcitonin salmon nasal spray (Miacalcin NS). We included all empirical evaluations (whether in vivo or in vitro) and excluded case studies, qualitative analyses, and pharmacoeconomic evaluations. Studies were summarized and evaluated on their methodological quality and assessed for bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Articles were divided into studies of US FDA-approved generics and non-FDA-approved generics available in non-US locations. We extracted drug(s) studied, study design, setting, sample size, population characteristics, study endpoints and results, and source of funding. After retrieving 1408 articles and searching through the full text of 106 articles, we found 26 articles that met our inclusion criteria—8 examining FDA-approved versions and 18 examining non-FDA-approved versions. Among FDA-approved generics, five studies of enoxaparin showed minor variations in biologic activities of unclear clinical importance, and no publications involved acarbose, venlafaxine ER, or vancomycin capsules. Among non-FDA-approved generics, nine studies of enoxaparin supported generic bioequivalence, despite three showing minor variations in drug activity. Four of six studies of venlafaxine ER supported generic bioequivalence, while two found a lack of bioequivalence with a Canadian generic version of the drug. Most studies were either highly susceptible to bias (12/26) or were not able to be assessed for bias (13/26), in part because eight studies were abstracts/posters without full reports. Pharmaceutical manufacturers sometimes raise scientific concerns related to potential generic versions of their drugs; however, in the six cases we reviewed, these companies did not follow up the pre-approval concerns they raised with any methodologically rigorous post-approval testing using clinical endpoints. Despite their pre-approval controversy, experience with these generic drugs provides reassurance of their clinical interchangeability. Systematized post-approval study of certain generic drug bioequivalence determinations is needed.
Social implications of gummivory in marmosets.

Gummivory or exudate feeding is a major dietary specialization which has received relatively little attention in the literature. While plant exudates contribute to the diet of many primate species, we suggest that the callitrichid species Cebuella pygmaea and Callithrix jacchus are obligate exudate feeders under free-ranging conditions. Callithrix jacchus provides an excellent model for examining the effects of exudate feeding and foraging upon social behavior, since other callitrichid species of similar body size do not share this dietary specialization. We review the effects of exudate foraging on specific social behaviors observed both in field and laboratory populations of C. jacchus. By comparing this species to closely related species, exudate foraging is seen to (1) be retained under laboratory conditions, (2) increase the frequency of territorial marking behavior while decreasing the frequency of overt aggression in males, (3) decrease the duration of infant care, and (4) increase the number of nonadults in social groups but not affect group size. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that the consequences of exudate foraging in C. jacchus are fundamental and socially complex. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scattering Of Laser Light From Bubbles In Water At Angles From 68 To 85 Degrees

The scattering of light by an air bubble in water should be enhanced in the angular region where totally reflected rays contribute. For nearly spherical bubbles this occurs at angles less than the critical scattering angle (I), which is 83°. Mie theory computations and a physical-optics approximation indica& that the transition from partial to total reflection should be accompanied by coarse oscillations in the intensity as a function of the scattering angle (I). This coarse structure is predicted as a consequence of interference and diffraction effects. In the present paper the first detailed observations are presented of the scattering of laser light from single bubbles in water. The bubble radii were in the range 26.4 - 986 pm. The angular locations of observed coarse-structure maxima and minima were in agreement with the physical-optics approximation and with Mie theory. Fine-structure oscillations in intensity were also observed, along with, in some cases, modulations of the fine-structure contrast. The angular spacings of these features were able to be modeled by the interference of certain scattered rays. The models give insight into the scattering properties of bubbles (even below 68°), and provide useful sizing techniques.
Measurement of surface displacements in a tribological application

Laser-speckle photography is used to measure deformations which occur on the lateral surface of a rectangular-section pin which is in dry sliding contact against a counterface disk. The ‘side’ of the pin is illuminated by a pulsed ruby laser. A double-exposure specklegram is made to obtain deformations which occur between laser pulses. So, by appropriately sequencing pulses, deformation histories can be obtainedin situ. Since the exposed ‘side’ of the thin pin specimen represents the ‘cover’ layer under which subsurface sections lie, the deformation history observable through the laser-speckle method reflects the deformation behavior which is occurring on subsurface planes. The strain fields associated with the deformations are also calculated by the usual methods which include nonlinear terms (Lagrangian formulation). Moreover, this paper presents results obtained for the extent of the plastically deformed zone for different materials. These fundamental data, obtained by laser-speckle photography, yield direct displacement or strain histories for wear specimens. Such data are important for understanding wear phenomena, and for the development of engineering models for wear.