cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 33. Metal Carbonyls as Reagents and Intermediates for Organic Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes metal carbonyls as reagents and intermediates for organic synthesis. Allylic bromides react with nickel tetracarbonyl [Ni(CO) 4 ] to form π-allylnickel bromide complexes, which, in turn, can be coupled with the same or with a different bromide (or iodide) to give simple or functionalized alkenes. This reaction sequence has been applied to the synthesis of monoterpene derivatives, including geranyl acetate. The π-allylnickel bromide complexes have been used in two different preparations of Coenzyme Q 1 . An example of intramolecular coupling of an appropriate allylic dibromide by Ni(CO) 4 in N -methyl pyrrolidone to form a macrocyclic lactone has been communicated and shows promise as a new approach to these important compounds. The reaction of α,α'-dibromo ketones with Fe 2 (CO) 9 in the presence of 1,3-dienes, or enamines represents an elegant approach to 4-cycloheptenones and 2-cyclopentenones, respectively. A mechanism, initially similar to that for α-bromo ketone-Fe(CO) 5 reaction, has been proposed for these cyclization reactions. Irradiation of equimolar quantities of vinyl cyclopropanes and Fe(CO), [or Fe2(CO)9] in benzene or hexane solution results in a novel 1,5-carbonyl insertion to give 2-cyclohexenones.
Approaches to Learning among Head Start Alumni: Structure and Validity of the Learning Behaviors Scale.

This study reports new evidence for the dimensionality and validity of the Learning Behaviors Scale in samples of Head Start children. A sample of 900 former Head Start children enrolled in public ...
Moles of a Substance per Cell Is a Highly Informative Dosing Metric in Cell Culture.

Background The biological consequences upon exposure of cells in culture to a dose of xenobiotic are not only dependent on biological variables, but also the physical aspects of experiments e.g. cell number and media volume. Dependence on physical aspects is often overlooked due to the unrecognized ambiguity in the dominant metric used to express exposure, i.e. initial concentration of xenobiotic delivered to the culture medium over the cells. We hypothesize that for many xenobiotics, specifying dose as moles per cell will reduce this ambiguity. Dose as moles per cell can also provide additional information not easily obtainable with traditional dosing metrics. Methods Here, 1,4-benzoquinone and oligomycin A are used as model compounds to investigate moles per cell as an informative dosing metric. Mechanistic insight into reactions with intracellular molecules, differences between sequential and bolus addition of xenobiotic and the influence of cell volume and protein content on toxicity are also investigated. Results When the dose of 1,4-benzoquinone or oligomycin A was specified as moles per cell, toxicity was independent of the physical conditions used (number of cells, volume of medium). When using moles per cell as a dose-metric, direct quantitative comparisons can be made between biochemical or biological endpoints and the dose of xenobiotic applied. For example, the toxicity of 1,4-benzoquinone correlated inversely with intracellular volume for all five cell lines exposed (C6, MDA-MB231, A549, MIA PaCa-2, and HepG2). Conclusions Moles per cell is a useful and informative dosing metric in cell culture. This dosing metric is a scalable parameter that: can reduce ambiguity between experiments having different physical conditions; provides additional mechanistic information; allows direct comparison between different cells; affords a more uniform platform for experimental design; addresses the important issue of repeatability of experimental results, and could increase the translatability of information gained from in vitro experiments.
Contravariant) Koszul Duality for DG Algebras

A DG algebras A over a field k with H(A) connected and H<0(A)=0 has a unique up to isomorphism DG module K with H(K)≅k. It is proved that if \(\operatorname {H}(A)\) is degreewise finite, then \(\mathrm{RHom}_{A}(?,K)\colon \mathsf{D^{df}_{+}}(A)^{\mathsf{op}}\equiv \mathsf{D_{df}^{+}}(\mathrm{RHom}_{A}(K,K))\) is an exact equivalence of derived categories of DG modules with degreewise finite-dimensional homology. It induces an equivalences of \(\mathsf{D^{df}_{b}}(A)^{\mathsf{op}}\) and the category of perfect DG RHom A (K,K) modules, and vice-versa. Corresponding statements are proved also when H(A) is simply connected and H<0(A)=0.
The role of striate cortex in the guidance of eye movements in the monkey

We studied the effect of unilateral striate cortical ablations on smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements in the monkey. The monkeys made quite accurate saccades to stationary stimuli in the field contralateral to the lesion, and they readily pursued foveal targets moving in all directions. However, when visual stimuli were stepped into the field contralateral to the lesion and then began to move, thus insuring that the moving stimulus was confined to the impaired visual hemifield, several oculomotor abnormalities emerged. Saccades to moving stimuli presented in the impaired field consistently undershot targets that moved away from the central fixation point after the step, and overshot targets that moved back towards the central fixation point. There was little or no smooth pursuit eye velocity generated in any direction to moving stimuli in the impaired field, and the monkeys could not generate smooth pursuit to stimuli maintained a few degrees from the fovea in the impaired field, although they were able to pursue such stimuli held in the normal field. Ablation of striate cortex also affected the latencies of saccades. When step-ramp stimuli were presented in the normal field, the monkeys delayed the initiation of saccades to targets moving towards the central fixation point, and hastened the initiation of saccades to targets moving away from the central fixation point. By contrast, changes in the direction of target movement did not affect the latencies of saccades into the impaired field. The deficits seemed permanent, lasting as long as the monkeys were tested--over 2 years in one case--but they were not total. Each monkey could use stimuli moving into the affected field to develop some eye velocity, although this residual ability had a much longer latency and lower gain than that provided by the intact visual system. These results show that striate cortex is intimately involved in the estimation of stimulus velocity critical to the genesis of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements.
Magnetic Fields in The Solar System

The central issue for magnetospheric physics seems only to be whether an object has a field. If so, its phenomenology will entail energetic particles and waves. Even planets without a field interact interestingly with the solar wind, but the field enhances the dynamics considerably. Now it is obvious that fields are wide-spread throughout the solar system, from at least Mercury to Saturn, and possibly beyond. I am interested in tying these objects together from a physical point of view, in order that the science of magneto- spheres should not seem to appear de novo as each object is successively discovered to have a field but rather should be a natural part of space exploration.
Towards developing a coherent research framework to measure CASE effectiveness

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technology has been offered as one approach to the crisis of application software development and maintenance backlogs. Although there are many purported benefits of CASE, empirical validation of these claims remains scant. One reason offered for the absence of quantitative research on CASE is the lack of rigorous and consistent definitions of CASE. In addition, there are no generally accepted standards to measure CASE effectiveness. The authors present a framework that defines CASE in terms of relationships of CASE tools to the systems development life cycle. The topic of measuring software development productivity as it relates to CASE is discussed, and suggestions for further research are presented. >
Long-term outcomes of aortic root operations for Marfan syndrome: A comparison of Bentall versus aortic valve-sparing procedures

Abstract Objectives Prophylactic aortic root replacement improves survival in patients with Marfan syndrome with aortic root aneurysms, but the optimal procedure remains undefined. Methods Adult patients with Marfan syndrome who had Bentall or aortic valve-sparing root replacement (VSRR) procedures between 1997 and 2013 were identified. Comprehensive follow-up information was obtained from hospital charts and telephone contact. Results One hundred sixty-five adult patients with Marfan syndrome (aged > 20 years) had either VSRR (n = 98; 69 reimplantation, 29 remodeling) or Bentall (n = 67) procedures. Patients undergoing Bentall procedure were older (median, 37 vs 36 years; P = .03), had larger median preoperative sinus diameter (5.5 cm vs 5.0 cm; P = .003), more aortic dissections (25.4% vs 4.1%; P P P P = .10). Multivariable analysis revealed that VSRR was associated with fewer thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.85; P = .03). There was no independent difference in long-term survival, freedom from reoperation, or freedom from endocarditis between the 2 procedures. Conclusions After prophylactic root replacement in patients with Marfan syndrome, patients undergoing Bentall and valve-sparing procedures have similar late survival, freedom from root reoperation, and freedom from endocarditis. However, valve-sparing procedures result in significantly fewer thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events.
First-principles-driven model-based optimal control of the current profile in NSTX-U

Regulation in time of the toroidal current profile is one of the main challenges toward the realization of the next-step operational goals for the National Spherical Tokamak eXperiment — Upgrade (NSTX-U). In this work, a nonlinear, control-oriented, physics-based model describing the temporal evolution of the current profile is first obtained by combining the magnetic diffusion equation with empirical correlations obtained for the electron density, electron temperature, and non-inductive current drives in NSTX-U. The proposed model is then embedded into the control design process to synthesize a time-variant, linear-quadratic-integral, optimal controller capable of regulating the safety factor profile around a desired target profile while rejecting disturbances. Neutral beam injectors, electron density, and the total plasma current are used as actuators to shape the current profile. The effectiveness of the proposed controller in regulating the safety factor profile in NSTX-U is demonstrated in closed-loop nonlinear simulations.
Purification and properties of dipeptidase from Escherichia coli AJ005.

A Co2+-dependent dipeptidase from E. coli strain AJ005, a peptidase-deficient mutant, was purified with streptomycin sulfate, ammonium sulfate and DEAE-cellulose. The purified dipeptidase increased by about 106-fold in specific activity, with dilysine as a substrate. The dipeptidase cleaved dilysine to two lysines among the lysine homopolymers, the possibility remaining that it is active toward peptides other than dilysine, since it was investigated in the present study only for activity toward lysine homopolymers. Activity was inhibited 54% by 10−3 M KCN and completely by 10−3 M PCMB, EDTA and benzethonium chloride, but not at all by soybean trypsin inhibitors. 78% and 95% of its activity was lost with 30 minutes' treatment at 45°C and 50°C, respectively. The apparent Km value was 6.7 × 10−4 M for dilysine. It is probable that the dipeptidase differs from dipeptidase DP.
Characteristics and In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing an Invasive Strategy According to Hemoglobin Levels

The benefit of an invasive strategy in non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was established from randomized trials that included few anemic patients. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics, therapies, and mortality of patients with NSTEMIs who undergo an invasive strategy in relation to their admission hemoglobin levels. Data from 73,067 patients with NSTEMIs who underwent cardiac catheterization and who were captured by the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With the Guidelines (ACTION-GWTG) were examined. Patients were divided into 3 hemoglobin groups on the basis of initial hemoglobin level: (1) 12 g/dl. Patients with hemoglobin 12 g/dl (46.2% vs 33.9%, all p values
Cyberspace As American Culture

j CULTURE DIGESTS THE NET Like many inventions before it, the Internet is disruptive. Individuals must learn how to use the Internet, of course, but in a deeper sense the culture as a whole must learn about it as well. Culture happens in the routine patterns of action and interaction by which people coordinate their activities and negotiate their lives together. As various social groups appropriate the technology and contest the various sorts of access it affords (Dutton, 1999; Kling 1996), the Internet participates in a thousand dynamics that unsettle these patterns and set the culture in search of new equilibria. Examples are endless. Students going off to college can more easily maintain ties to their old lives back home, and this can be good or bad depending on the particulars of the case. Natural barriers that once made the uses of personal information somewhat predictable are replaced by electronic interconnections whose workings are arbitrary or counterintuitive. The local chapters of a political organization can conduct their routine logistical work by electronic mail rather than call so many meetings; they can maintain lateral connections with other chapters, thereby changing the role of the national of ce, and they can more easily involve themselves in national and global issues, often to the detriment of local ones. Industrial companies that integrate their supply chains electronically can reduce their inventories by forcing their suppliers to manage the  nancial risk that inventories create. Job candidates preparing for interviews can do more homework, investors can pool their research efforts, complex business relationships can be managed with fewer phone calls, and fraud artists can work a gold mine of new angles. Any one of these disruptions would be easily digestible through the ordinary processes of collective cognition by which a culture
Substrate Ground State Binding Energy Concentration Is Realized as Transition State Stabilization in Physiological Enzyme Catalysis

Previously published kinetic data on the interactions of seventeen different enzymes with their physiological substrates are re-examined in order to understand the connection between ground state binding energy and transition state stabilization of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions. When the substrate ground state binding energies are normalized by the substrate molar volumes, binding of the substrate to the enzyme active site may be thought of as an energy concentration interaction; that is, binding of the substrate ground state brings in a certain concentration of energy. When kinetic data of the enzyme/substrate interactions are analyzed from this point of view, the following relationships are discovered: 1) smaller substrates possess more binding energy concentrations than do larger substrates with the effect dropping off exponentially, 2) larger enzymes (relative to substrate size) bind both the ground and transition states more tightly than smaller enzymes, and 3) high substrate ground state binding energy concentration is associated with greater reaction transition state stabilization. It is proposed that these observations are inconsistent with the conventional (Haldane) view of enzyme catalysis and are better reconciled with the shifting specificity model for enzyme catalysis.
Liver Cancer: Neonatal Estrogen Enhances Induction by a Carcinogen

A single injection of 100 micrograms of estradiol benzoate into newborn rats was followed after weaning by dietary treatment with one of two dosages of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Autopsies 26 weeks later showed a higher incidence of liver cancer in male and, particularly, female rats injected with hormone than in controls. The weights of livers were greater but gonads were smaller in size in the estradiol groups. Endocrine and possibly centralnervous-system factors may play roles in formation of liver tumors.
Estimating human rights violations in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A population-based survey

UN Resolution 1612 requires that annual tends in the rate of grave violations of children's rights be reported to the Security Council for countries of interest such as the Democratic Republic of Congo. We conducted a population-based three-staged cluster survey from May to August 2010 to measure the occurrence of military recruitment, abduction, killing and maiming, and attacks against education occurring in the population in South Kivu during 2010. In addition, key informants were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire to examine their ability to report any of the grave violations perpetrated in their village. The findings indicated that among the 4471 members of respondent households, abduction was the most frequently reported violation and it is estimated that 5.7% of the population (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9–7.5, design effect [DE]: 4.06) were abducted annually. It is estimated that 44,898 children (1.5%) (95% CI: 23,679–66,118, DE: 2.90) throughout South Kivu Province (excluding th...
Using resin infiltration to treat developmental defects of enamel: Three case reports

White spots or patches on permanent incisors are common among young adolescents; this may cause aesthetic concerns for both the patient and the parents equally. Management of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) is challenging and highly dependent on the type, severity, and appearance of the defect. Resin infiltration procedure is simple and conservative, and the procedure is generally well tolerated by patients. The material was introduced in the market to treat initial interproximal carious lesions and for post-orthodontic decalcifications. It was noticed that enamel lesions treated with resin infiltration would lose their whitish appearance as the microporosities are filled with the resin. In this case report, we have demonstrated the successful use of resin infiltration (ICON® ) for masking the white color resulting from mild DDE. The pleasing aesthetic results and the conservative nature of this approach make it a good alternative to microabrasion and conventional resin restorations.
Sex-related naloxone influence on growth hormone-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone secretion in normal subjects.

Abstract The effect of opiate-receptor antagonist naloxone on growth hormone (GH) release after growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 1–44 administration was investigated in ten normal men and 18 normal women during different phases of their menstrual cycle. Naloxone was infused at a rate of 1.6 mg/h in women and 1.6- and 3.2 mg/h in men, starting one hour before GHRH administration (50 μg iv as a bolus). On different day sessions, naloxone, GHRH, or saline were administered as controls. Naloxone infusion reduced the GHRH-induced GH release in normal women. The mean % inhibition of eeak GH response was 83% during follicular phase, 46.5% during periovulatory phase, and 77.6% during luteal phase. On the contrary, in normal men, both doses of naloxone infusion were ineffective in blunting the GH response to GHRH. Our studies indicate that naloxone infusion was capable of inhibiting GH release induced by direct stimulation with GHRH in normal women, suggesting an opiate-antagonist action at the anterior pituitary level. The absence of such an effect in normal men strongly indicates a sex dependence of naloxone effects and suggests a role of the sexual steroid environment in opioid modulation of pituitary hormone secretion.
Successful initiation of alternate-day prednisone in chronic steroid-dependent asthmatic patients.

Abstract Eleven chrome steroid-dependent asthmatic patients were successfully converted from daily to alternate-day prednisome. The status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was studied before and after conversion to alternate-day prednisone. There was partial improvement of hypothalamic-pituitary function after 4 months of alternate day prednisone as indicated by the rise of plasma immunoreactive ACTH induced by insulin hypoglycemia. Adrenal function improved to a variable extent after 4 to 11 months of alternate-day prednisone. Clinical signs of hypercorticism remitted in most patients, even in those maintained on an increased total prednisone dose when it was given on alternate days.
Generalized Morse sequences

A method for construction of almost periodic points in the shift space on two symbols is developed, and a necessary and sufficient condition is given for the orbit closure of such a point to be strictly ergodic. Points satisfying this condition are called generalized Morse sequences. The spectral properties of the shift operator in strictly ergodic systems arising from generalized Morse sequences are investigated. It is shown that under certain broad regularity conditions both the continuous and discrete parts of the spectrum are non-trivial. The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are calculated. Using the results, given any subgroup of the group of roots of unity, a generalized Morse sequence can be constructed whose continuous spectrum is non-trivial and whose eigenvalue group is precisely the given group. New examples are given for almost periodic points whose orbit closure is not strictly ergodic.
High-Efficiency Elliptical Slot Antennas With Quartz Superstrates for Silicon RFICs

To increase the efficiency of on-chip patch and slot antennas, a single-layer superstrate is proposed. An analytical model to calculate the radiation efficiency is presented, and a detailed design approach is described. This antenna was implemented at W-band in the IBM CMOS8RF (0.13 $\mu {\rm m}$ ) process. The measured antenna results in a 3.9% impedance bandwidth, an efficiency of 30%, and a gain of 0.7 dBi at 89 GHz, which agrees well with simulations. The gain improvement with a quarter-wave superstrate is experimentally demonstrated to be 6.4 dB, representing a substantial improvement over traditional on-chip patch and slot antennas.
Sodium tri(poly)phosphate in the kaolinite-water system☆

Abstract Rheological and sedimentation data have been obtained for the kaolinite-water system and quantitatively correlated with the adsorption of triphosphate ions from solution. The adsorption isotherms show very strong interaction between clay and triphosphate of a nature quite similar to that found for simpler complex formation between triphosphate and alkaline earth metal ions. The rate of hydrolysis of triphosphate is increased in the presence of kaolinite but the exact mechanism remains undetermined.
Declining case fatality rates for severe sepsis: good data bring good news with ambiguous implications.

The medical literature and the lay press often report substantial changes in the incidence or mortality of different diseases, including accounts of both large improvements in survival and warnings of burgeoning epidemics. If true, such information would be crucial for policy makers, patients, clinicians, and researchers. However, these reports can often be due to what Feinstein et al1 dubbed the “Will Rogers phenomenon” (also known as stage migration), rather than real change. Feinstein and coauthors noted that, with increased awareness and more liberal diagnostic testing, patients with milder stages of cancer who were previously not identified were subsequently counted in an expanded denominator, resulting in an apparent increase in incidence, and because these new cases had less severe or less advanced disease, there was an apparent decrease in mortality. Teasing out real changes from the Will Rogers phenomenon requires an approach that is immune to changes in diagnosis over time. However, with increasing diagnostic testing, the risk of the Will Rogers phenomenon is substantial for some diseases and conditions.
An Economical Method for 15N/13C Isotopic Labeling of Proteins Expressed in Pichia pastoris

We report a new and cost-effective approach to prepare (15)N/(13)C labeled proteins for NMR using the Pichia pastoris expression system. Four protocols (P1 to P4) were defined and compared using recombinant Ovine interferon-tau (rOvIFN-tau). Our results demonstrate that in order to get full incorporation of (15)N and (13)C, the isotopes are not totally required during the initial growth phase of P. pastoris culture. The addition of small amounts of (15)N and (13)C compounds 6 h prior to the methanol induction phase is sufficient to obtain 99% incorporation of heavy isotopes into the protein. Our optimized protocol P4 is two-thirds less costly than the classical method using (15)N and (13)C isotopes during the entire growth phase.
Role of Multiple CytR Binding Sites on Cooperativity, Competition, and Induction at the Escherichia coli udpPromoter

The CytR repressor fulfills dual roles as both a repressor of transcription from promoters of the Escherichia coli CytR regulon and a co-activator in some circumstances. Transcription is repressed by a three-protein complex (cAMP receptor protein (CRP)-CytR-CRP) that is stabilized by cooperative interactions between CRP and CytR. However, cooperativity also means that CytR can recruit CRP and, by doing so, can act as a co-activator. The central role of cooperativity in regulation is highlighted by the fact that binding of the inducer, cytidine, to CytR is coupled to CytR-CRP cooperativity; this underlies the mechanism for induction. Similar interactions at the different promoters of the CytR regulon coordinate expression of the transport proteins and enzymes required for nucleoside catabolism but also provide differential expression of these genes. A fundamental question in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation is how combinatorial mechanisms of this sort regulate differential expression. Recently, we showed that CytR binds specifically to multiple sites in the E. coli deoPpromoter, thereby providing competition for CRP binding to CRP operator site 1 (CRP1) and CRP2 as well as cooperativity. The effect of the competition at this promoter is to negate the role of CytR in recruiting CRP. Here, we have used quantitative footprint and mobility shift analysis to investigate CRP and CytR binding to theE. coli udp promoter. Here too, we find that CytR both cooperates and competes for CRP binding. However, consistent with both the distribution of CytR recognition motifs in the sequence of the promoter and the regulation of the promoter, the competition is limited to CRP2. When cytidine binds to CytR, the effect on cooperativity is very different at the udp promoter than at thedeoP2 promoter. Cooperativity with CRP at CRP1 is nearly eliminated, but the effect on CytR-CRP2 cooperativity is negligible. These results are discussed in relation to the current structural model of CytR in which the core, inducer-binding domain is tethered to the helix-turn-helix, DNA-binding domain via flexible peptide linkers.
The Impact of Combined Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Choroid Plexus Cauterization on the Management of Pediatric Hydrocephalus in Developing Countries

Objective There are potentially 100,000 to 200,000 new cases of infant hydrocephalus each year in sub-Saharan Africa alone. The difficulty of accessing urgent neurosurgical care in this region substantially magnifies the risk of serious morbidity and death from shunt malfunction. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is an excellent treatment alternative to shunt placement, but its effectiveness in young infants is substantially reduced. Methods Combining endoscopic third ventriculostomy with bilateral endoscopic choroid plexus cauterization has emerged as a significantly more successful treatment option for infant hydrocephalus. Results In Uganda, two thirds of infants younger than age 1 year and more than three fourths of children older than age 1 year undergoing the procedure have successfully avoided shunt dependence. Nearly all failures occur in the first 6 months, which, for infants, is a relatively safe time as treatment failure is visible to the mother and the need for intervention is less urgent. Clinical parameters have been identified that help predict the likelihood of treatment failure in a given patient. Conclusions The broader impact of this technique on the management of pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world will be dependent on demonstration of its success when implemented by other surgeons in different patient populations, and the extent to which this treatment paradigm is ultimately adopted.
Sound Communication among African Rainforest Squirrels

Sound signals of 9 species of rainforest tree squirrels were studied in the field and in captivity at Makokou, Gaboon. The signals can be classified into 7 behavioral categories: nestling ticking and isolation, distress, contact-seeking, defensive, low intensity alarm, and high intensity alarm. On the basis of physical structure, sounds are further classified into 12 basic types and their variants. A given species has a repertoire of about 7 of these sound types. Review of the literature on sciurid calls suggests that most species emit sounds under the same set of behavioral contexts described for the African squirrels, and that many of the basic structural sound types are widespread within the same contexts throughout the group. In comparison to temperate squirrels, some calls of rainforest species show a lowering of frequency and increase in length. These features are apparently adaptations to the dense vegetation and high background noise of the rainforest environment.
Prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency in urban Haitian children two to five years of age

Nutritional anemias are a significant health problem in Haiti especially among young children. The present study investigated the prevalence and possible causes of anemia and iron deficiency in 305 urban children 2-5 years of age randomly selected from four low-income census districts in Port-au-Prince in 1985. The means of all hematologic measurements were within the range for healthy children and increased slightly with age. Hemoglobin levels ranged 7.4-13.7 g/dl. 40% of children were anemic but all cases were mild or moderate. The prevalence of anemia was slightly higher in boys (42%) than girls (36%). Serum ferritin concentrations ranged 5-178 mcg/l. 45% of children were iron deficient with no differences by gender. 136 children (56%) had transferrin levels below 200 mg/dl suggestive of malnutrition. Overall 58% of children had at least one index of iron status in the abnormal range. Although both anemia and iron deficiency decreased with age about one-third of 5 year olds had one of these conditions. Hemoglobin levels were significantly and positively associated with hematocrit serum iron transferrin saturation and red blood cell indices and negatively correlated with serum ferritin. Over a 24-hour period 94% of study children consumed at least one source of iron. When the mean number of weekly servings of specific food groups were compared between anemic and nonanemic children only servings of fruit (vitamin C) were lower in the anemic group. It is postulated that the high prevalence of iron deficiency in this population reflects low iron absorption related to inadequate dietary intake of vitamin C or fruits and (although this was not investigated) blood loss associated with intestinal parasites. These findings suggest a need for improvements in the overall nutritional status of Haitian children.
Developmental Orthopedic Disease

Developmental orthopedic diseases (DODs) are a common cause of lameness and pain in young dogs. A thorough knowledge of the patient’s signalment and history and a complete physical examination are necessary to localize the disease, establish a list of differential diagnoses, and develop a diagnostic plan. A thorough understanding of the disease etiology, pathophysiology, and progression is needed to recommend the appropriate medical and surgical treatments.
A model of risk for major depression: Effects of life stress and cognitive style vary by age

Empirical studies increasingly attribute risk for depression to adverse life events, cognitive style, and possibly to the interaction between cognitive style and event type. We present an evidence-based model, developed with independent samples of adults and elderly adults, indicating that risk for major depression associated with these factors varies with age. According to the model, adverse events and need for control, the cognitive style that is a key feature of Beck's concept of autonomy, are significant risk factors for depression in younger adults but not in elderly adults. The cognitive style of sociotropy, characterized by a high need for relatedness and concern about disapproval, is a stable risk factor, independent of age, in posing a risk for depression. The effects of the interactions of adverse event type (achievement events and interpersonal events) and cognitive style in predicting depression each appear to vary with age, expanding prior work, which suggests that adverse events affecting one's personal vulnerability are likely to precipitate depression. Age-specific approaches to reducing risk for major depression are clinically important, and the model presented here suggests that the use of an age-specific perspective would advance research in stress-diathesis models for risk of depression.
Optimal shape remodelling of linearly elastic plates using finite element methods

SUMMARY The optimality conditions for the optimal shape remodelling of linearly elastic plates are obtained by introducing the total variation of a function defined on a variable domain, although the variation of a function has been taken on a fixed domain in most literature on calculus of variations. Using these optimality conditions, a solution scheme involving an iterative algorithm is proposed, together with several numerical examples.
Climate change portal established

The World Bank has developed a Climate Change Knowledge Portal as a kind of “onestop shop” for climate-related information, data, and tools. The portal provides access to global, regional, and national data and reports with an aim to providing a resource for learning about climate information and increasing knowledge on climate change—related actions. For more information, see http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/.
Computer image analysis and classification of giant ragweed seeds

Abstract Giant ragweed exhibits a high degree of polymorphism among individual plants in seed size, shape, spininess, and color. These features may play an important role in giant ragweed seed survival and predation avoidance; however, they are difficult to evaluate because of lack of quantification methods. A computer imaging technique was developed for describing and classifying giant ragweed seeds using digital images of the seed top and side views. Seed samples collected from 20 different giant ragweed plants (classes) were mounted and digitally scanned. Quantitative features were extracted from the seed images, including color, width, height, area, and seed perimeter. A polygon (convex hull) of the seed image based on the seed outline was constructed, from which spininess indices were developed. Fisher's linear discriminant with normalized nearest neighbor classification was used to classify randomly selected images of individual seeds according to class (maternal origin), using the extracted feature...
Paired T-element design for multiple-state acknowledge dependency

A paired T-element that assists in successfully controlling a dual-rail delay-insensitive asynchronous circuit system that implements multiple states containing acknowledge networks, that are interdependent, is presented. A T-element allows triggering of next-state actions concurrently with negation of its acknowledge input. However, this introduces a timing assumption that can cause system failure if it is violated. With little additional overhead, the paired T-element is designed to combine the functionality of two standard T-elements and allow adjacent reads to take place when there are inter-state dependencies. This component successfully overlaps advantages of the performance optimisation of the original T-element with the safety of the solution to this control scenario, making it an important element to be used in dual-rail delay-insensitive asynchronous circuit systems.
The use of entry flow equations in studying the uniform entry flow

Abstract The entry flow approximation of the Navier-Stokes equation is discussed and then used to solve the problem of the uniform entry flows at medium or high Reynolds numbers. When the terms of the order of magnitude equal to or greater than 1 R e are retained, the boundary layer equations result. The entry flow equations are obtained by retaining the terms of the order of magnitude equal to or greater than 1 R e 2 . The entry flow equations yield a satisfactory solution for all Reynolds numbers greater than ten, while the entry flow solution of the boundary layer equations is satisfactory for Reynolds numbers greater than fifty. The algebra required in obtaining and applying the solution of the entry flow equations is as simple as the case of the boundary layer equations.
Spin-density-wave transitions in a magnetic field

We report new Hall measurements on ${(\mathrm{TMTSF})}_{2}$P${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ under pressure. Our data, and a simple model, directly link the novel magnetic-field-induced state first seen in the Bechgaard salts to a well-characterized ambient-pressure spin-density-wave state. Comparison of the data for different salts suggests that (1) incommensurability associated with a two-dimensional lattice in a magnetic field splits the Landau levels into Landau subbands, and (2) coupling to soft modes changes the field-induced spin-density-wave transitions from second order to first order.
Transpulmonary uptake and bioavailability of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from respirable soil particles

Abstract Female Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with TCDD-contaminated soil (74.4 ppm TCDD) or recontaminated gallium oxide (GaO; 72.2 ppm TCDD; positive control) and sacrificed 1, 7, or 28 days later. Enzyme activity in hepatic microsomes was time-dependent with up to 56% and 918% increases in cytochrome P-450 and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), respectively. There was no significant difference in AHH induction between animals which received soil or GaO. Hepatic concentration of TCDD in soil-exposed animals was 115%, 101%, and 186% of positive controls at 1, 7, and 28 days, respectively, suggesting that (a) pulmonary bioavailability of TCDD from respirable soil particles is 100% and (b) soil or cocontaminants influenced hepatic retention of the compound.
Effect of Ethanol Consumption on Metabolism of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in Rat Liver

The effect of dietary alcohol and protein intake on hepatic levels of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), S-adenosylhomocysteine, SAMe synthetase, and phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) was investigated in rats receiving the following diets for 28 days: 20% protein (group I); 20% protein plus 5% ethanol (group II); 8% protein (group III); and 8% protein plus 5% ethanol (group IV). The daily food intake of rats did not differ significantly between groups, but the gain in bodyweight in groups III and IV was significantly less than in group I — the control group. The mean hepatic SAMe level in rats in group IV was significantly lower (46% below normal; p < 0.02) than in the control group, although SAMe synthetase activity was essentially unchanged in all groups. PEMT activity was less than the mean for the control group in 5 of 8 group IV animals. These data indicate that the hepatic content of SAMe is sensitive to even a low intake of ethanol, with potential adverse effects on vital methyltransferase reactions utilising SAMe as a methyl donor.
Differentially expressed genes in aortic smooth muscle cells from atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeons.

ABSTRACT Susceptibility to spontaneous atherosclerosis in the White Carneau (WC-As) pigeon shows autosomal recessive inheritance. Aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) cultured from susceptible WC-As and resistant Show Racer (SR-Ar) pigeons exhibit developmental and degenerative features corresponding to the respective SMC at atherosclerosis-prone sites in vivo. We used representational difference analysis to identify differentially expressed genes between WC-As and SR-Ar aortic SMC. Total RNA was extracted from cultured primary SMC of each breed, converted to double-stranded cDNA, followed by direct comparison in reciprocal representational difference analysis experiments. Difference products were cloned, sequenced, and identified by BLAST against the chicken genome. Six putative biochemical pathways were distinctly different between breeds with genes involved in energy metabolism and contractility exhibiting the most striking disparity. Genes associated with glycolysis and a synthetic SMC phenotype were expressed in WC-As cells. In contrast, SR-Ar cells expressed genes indicative of oxidative phosphorylation and a contractile SMC phenotype. In WC-As cells, the alternatives of insufficient ATP production limiting contractile function or the lack of functional contractile elements downregulating ATP synthesis cannot be distinguished due to the compressed in vitro versus in vivo developmental time frame. However, the genetic potential for effectively coupling energy production to muscle contraction present in the resistant SR-Ar was lacking in the susceptible WC-As.
Vampires, Vixens, and Feminists: An Analysis of Twilight

The movie Twilight, directed by Catherin Hardwicke and produced by Summit Entertainment, was released in November of 2008. The screenplay was based on the 2005 novel of the same name, which was the...
The appeal of partially centralised purchasing policies

This paper provides a tool for managers to help them determine which items at which sites should be procured under some form of centralised purchasing scheme. Seven cost categories are analysed under three purchasing scenarios: (1) decentralised purchasing, (2) centralised purchasing, and (3) centralised pricing with decentralised purchasing. Numerical experimentation suggests that, most often, a hybrid combination of the three purchasing scenarios is best. For large problems, calculation of the optimal configuration becomes computationally cumbersome; therefore, an efficient heuristic ranking solution procedure is developed that performs well under experimentation. The relative simplicity of the heuristic allows managers to readily implement the model in this paper in order to help them make the important strategic decision regarding their degree of purchasing centralisation.
Evaluating gender impacts

The recent shift in focus from “Women in Development” to “Gender and Development” has resulted in changes in the evaluation practices of development agencies. Although most of the indicators used to assess the gender impact of programs and projects still measure implementation progress rather than outcomes, a rich arsenal of techniques is available to enhance the impact of evaluation on the gender dimension of development.
Rat Pineal α1-Adrenoceptors: Identification and Characterization Using [125I]Iodo-2-[β-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-Ethylaminomethyl]Tetralone

[125I]Iodo-2-[β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylaminomethyl]tetralone ([125I]HEAT), a selective, high affinity, high specific activity α1-adrenoceptor ligand, is used to characterize α-adrenoceptors in the rat pineal gland. Binding of [125I]HEAT to membranes is rapid [association rate constant (Kon) = 3.1 nm−1 min−1] and readily reversible either by 100-fold dilution or by addition of excess unlabeled HEAT [apparent dissociation rate constant (Koff) = 0.153 min−1). Saturation experiments indicate a single class of noncooperative binding sites with an equilibrium binding constant (KD) of 41 ± 9 pM and a Bmax of 399 ± 63 fmol/mg protein. The relative potency of a number of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in competing with [125I] HEAT indicates the receptor is an α1-subtype. In addition, inhibition of binding is stereospecific; (−)epinephrine and norepinephrine are more than 100-fold more potent than their (+)isomers. The identification of α1-adrenoceptors in the pineal gland is consistent with evidence indicat...
Role of edge electric field and poloidal rotation in the L-H transition.

Marked changes in the edge radial electric field ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{r}}$ and in the edge poloidal rotation velocity ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ are important signatures of the L-H transition in the DIII-D tokamak. Shear exists in ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{r}}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ and increases from the L mode to the H mode. A comparison of experiment with theory shows that shear in ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{r}}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ is sufficient to suppress edge fluctuations, that ion-orbit loss is large enough to be the source of ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$, and that ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{r}}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ may play a causal role in the L-H transition.
Accuracy of weight estimates in pediatric patients by prehospital Emergency Medical Services personnel.

Abstract Objectives Most medications administered to children are weight-based, and inaccurate weight estimation may contribute to medical errors. Previous studies have been limited to hypothetical patients and those in cardiopulmonary arrest. We aim to determine the accuracy of weight estimates by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel of children receiving medications and to identify factors associated with accuracy. Methods EMS records of children Results 29233 transports occurring during the study period were reviewed, and 199 transports of 179 children were analyzed. The average experience of EMS personnel was 35.8 months (SD ±30.7). EMS personnel accurately estimated weights in 164/199 (82.4%) patients; estimated weights were within 10.8% (SD ±10.5) of the actual weights. Underestimated weights were associated with receiving doses outside of the therapeutic range. Inaccurate weight estimates were associated with age less than 10 years or cardiopulmonary arrest. There was a trend toward inaccurate weight estimates among children who presented with seizures. Conclusions EMS personnel are generally accurate in estimating weights of children. There was an association between underestimated weights and inaccurate medication dosing. Younger children or those presenting with seizure or cardiopulmonary arrest were more likely to have inaccurate weight estimates.
Substance P suppresses stress-induced eating

Abstract Parenterally administered substance P suppressed stress-induced eating (resulting from mild tail pinch) in a dose-related manner, whereas at similar or higher doses of substance P starvation-induced eating was uneffected. This specific effect of substance P on stress-induced eating is possibly associated with alterations by exogenous substance P of the normal modulation of pain transmission.