cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-specific behavioral impairments produced by neonatal exposure to MK-801 are partially reversed by adolescent CDPPB treatment.

Abstract Psychomimetic behaviors manifest in adult rodents long after neonatal exposure to the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. In the present study, we used this neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia to evaluate the therapeutic potential of positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) during adolescence. To this end, we randomly assigned male and female C57BL6 mouse littermates to one of three treatment groups: (i) neonatal and adolescent saline, (ii) neonatal MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg) and adolescent saline, and (iii) neonatal MK-801 and adolescent CDPPB (10 mg/kg), a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5. When animals reached adulthood, a wide range of behavioral tests were conducted including sucrose preference, anxiety assessment in the elevated plus maze, and a series of food-reinforced operant procedures meant to assess motor activity, motivation, learning, and attention. Neonatal MK-801 exposure produced profound motor hyperactivity in both sexes and attenuated sucrose preference in males, effects that were reversed by CDPPB. MK-801 produced other deficits such as impaired set shifting or response inhibition deficits that were not reversed by CDPPB. Overall, female mice were more susceptible to MK-801's behavioral effects than males. These findings further support the use of neonatal MK-801 exposure as an animal model of schizophrenia and suggest that CDPPB can reverse the neurodevelopmental progression of some schizophrenia-like behaviors.
Healthcare Acquired Infection Risk and Toothbrush Contamination in the ICU.

HEALTHCARE ACQUIRED INFECTION RISK AND TOOTHBRUSH CONTAMINATION IN THE ICU. By Michelle R. Frazelle, RN, MSN, CCRN A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 VCU Chair: Mary Jo Grap, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor, Adult Health and Nursing Systems School of Nursing NIH/NINR NRSA Chair: Cindy L. Munro, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Dean, University of South Florida, School of Nursing Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are a complex and multi-factorial problem associated with high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Toothbrushes (TBs) may be at risk for contamination with potential pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) from the patient care environment or autoinoculation from the patient. We focused on three PPMs: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE), and Acinetobacter spp. Specific aims were to (1) describe environmental factors associated with TB contamination in the ICU and (2) describe the relationship between TB contamination and oral colonization in critically ill adults. A cross-sectional design was used to examine the physical environment in which TBs were found as well as microbial flora in 100 paired samples (subjects and their TBs) over a 72 hour period (at 24, 48 and 72 hours). Concordance among microbial cultures was determined by genetic typing. Data were analyzed by linear and logistic regression, chi-square analysis, Fisher’s exact test and ANOVA. Fourteen TBs were found to be contaminated; 1 TB had more than one PPM species. Contamination occurred at all three time points. All but one of the contaminated TBs was located on the nursing cart; TBs in cart drawers had the highest recovery rates for all PPMs. Toothbrush contamination increased as the distance to the bathroom increased. Toothbrush contamination increased as the distance to the sink decreased. Ten of the contaminated TBs were in contact with some type of patient care article. There was a significant association between the presence of TB contamination and the use of a storage container. The toothbrush weight (moisture and debris) was associated with TB contamination. Baseline oral colonization for PPMs was 19% while repeat was 20%. We found that TBs in the ICU became contaminated with all 3 PPMs; TBs might act as fomites and increase the risk of infection in the critically ill. Additional research linking contamination to patient outcomes is critical in understanding the level of risk. Nurses should carefully consider handling and storage of TBs. A closed drawer or storage with other care items is not ideal.
MASS ISOLATION OF FLY TISSUES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques for isolation of biochemical quantities of Drosophila cells. One of the principal limitations in the use of Drosophila has been the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of cellular material from an organism that weighs only 1.5 mg and an egg weighing approximately 0.01 mg. Although many protocols are available for mass rearing of flies, the methods described in this chapter are developed because of the need for having large quantities of embryos. Using the protocol, 300 gm of viable eggs are produced daily and a kilogram of adult flies weekly. To maintain population cages of flies producing many grams of eggs and other stages of Drosophila development, a protocol is developed that eliminates the requirement for typical cooked fly food. This approach utilizes a liquid yeast broth, poured onto an absorbant cotton matrix, on which 1 ml of eggs are pipetted. By using dead yeast, populations of flies could be maintained with sufficiently low levels of contaminating yeast so that sterile cell cultures could be readily established later.
Development and Validation of a Rome III Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Questionnaire for Infants and Toddlers

Objective Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infants and toddlers are common, but no questionnaire is available for use in clinic and research. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a questionnaire assessing symptoms associated with FGIDs in infants and toddlers. Methods Questions were developed based on the Rome III diagnostic criteria for FGIDs. A group of parents of children with FGIDs and experts in FGID reviewed the questionnaire for content, understandability, and completeness (face validity). Initial content validity was established by comparing physician and questionnaire diagnoses in a group of 332 consecutive new patients at a tertiary care clinic. Results Ten parents and 8 experts identified no major problems, indicating good face validity. Of 332 consecutive new patients, age 1 month to 4 year of age, 172 subjects (52% of the sample) qualified for a FGID by parent responses to the questionnaire (mean age = 1.23 year, 53% girls). All of these subjects also received an FGID diagnosis by their physician. Agreement between parent and doctor was fair to substantial (κ = 0.18-0.76), except for infant rumination and functional diarrhea in infants, which showed poor overlap. Conclusions The newly developed Rome III questionnaire for infants and toddlers had good initial face and content validity. This questionnaire will be an important addition to clinical care and research of infant/toddler FGIDs. Replication of these findings in primary care is needed.
The Ascent of Water in Plants

The problem of the rise of water in tall plants is as old as the science of plant physiology. This chapter considers the cohesion theory, which is the best formulation to explain how water can get to the top of tall trees and vines. The cohesion theory assumes that diffusion of water from the noncollapsible xylem elements in contact with the leaf cells creates a state of tension within the water columns in the xylem vessels. This tension is possible because of the cohesion of water molecules and their adhesion to the hydrophilic walls of the xylem elements. Tension in the water columns is assumed to lift water from the roots to the leaves, in addition to reducing the potential energy of the water in the root xylem tissue until water diffuses from the soil into the root during absorption of the water. The cohesion theory assumes continuity of water columns, laterally and vertically, in the conducting elements of the xylem tissue. These water columns ultimately are placed under tensile strain. But widespread rupture is believed not to occur in the water columns under tensile strain owing to the purported cohesive properties of water when entrapped in small capillaries.
Impact of fluorine on Idsat of field-effect transistor

It is reported in this paper that Idsat can be affected by fluorine implant under certain circumstance. The mechanism is believed to be that highly mobile fluorine atoms in reacting with Si vacancies or interstitials to further impact on the active dopant causing the Idsat change.
[3H]Dihydroergocryptine binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors of human platelets. A reassessment using the selective radioligands [3H]prazosin, [3H]yohimbine, and [3H]rauwolscine

Which subtype(s) of the alpha-adrenergic receptor occurs on human platelets? Studies of platelet responsiveness to adrenergic compounds and indirect radioligand binding studies addressing this question have yielded contradictory conclusions. These bindings studies employed the ligand [3H]dihydroergocryptine ( [3H]DHE), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist that does not select between alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and that also binds to other receptor types in some tissues. To determine the subtype of the platelet alpha-adrenergic receptor, we have examined the binding to intact human platelets of [3H]prazosin (alpha 1-selective), [3H]yohimbine (alpha 2-selective), and [3H]rauwolscine (alpha 2-selective), and we have compared the binding of these selective radioligands with that of [3H]DHE. [3H]Yohimbine and [3H]rauwolscine both bound with high affinity (Kd = 2.7 and 4.6 nM, respectively) to an equal number and a single class (Hill coefficient approximately 1.0) of sites ( approximately 300 per platelet), but [3H]yohimbine yielded lower nonspecific binding than did [3H]rauwolscine. In paired experiments, [3H]DHE bound to 1.5 times as many (phentolamine-displaceable) sites as did [3H]yohimbine or [3H]rauwolscine. Unlabeled yohimbine and epinephrine competed for fewer [3H]DHE binding sites than did phentolamine. Thus, in addition to binding to the alpha 2-adrenergic receptors identified by [3H]yohimbine and [3H]rauwolscine, [3H]DHE seems to bind to other sites on human platelets. The nature of these sites is not clear. We found that [3H]prazosin did not identify alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on platelets, and that phenoxybenzamine only inhibited [3H]yohimbine and [3H]DHE binding at higher concentrations than usually observed for alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. We conclude that (1) all alpha-adrenergic sites on human platelets are of the alpha 2 subtype, (2) [3H]DHE may bind to additional, as yet ill-defined, sites in addition to those sites identified by [3H]yohimbine and [3H]rauwolscine, and (3) [3H]yohimbine is the preferred antagonist radioligand for studying the alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on human platelets.
Does Privacy Undermine Community

Interrogeant le caractere protecteur de la vie privee face a la vie publique, l'A. etudie la relation entre individu et societe a travers la conception hegelienne de la communaute. Mesurant la compatibilite entre autonomie individuelle et structure institutionnelle, l'A. montre que la liberte n'est pas seulement synonyme d'isolation, mais apparait comme une condition necessaire a la communaute.
On Order-Perfect Lattices

We investigate the property of certain well-founded orderings to have a chain of maximal ordinal length. We show that Heyting algebras and countable modular lattices have this property, but we also present an example of a “well-behaved” lattice which does not have it. We prove a general necessary and sufficient condition for modular lattices to have the property in a hereditary form. This hereditary form is called order-perfectness, being analogous to perfectness of finite graphs. Certain well-known theorems of D.H.J. de Jongh, R. Parikh, D. Schmidt, E.C. Milner, N. Sauer, and N. Zaguia turn out to be order-perfectness results.
Investigating the evolution of Lantaneae (Verbenaceae) using multiple loci

Lantaneae are an example of a taxonomically problematic, widespread and recently radiated Neotropical lineage. Taxonomy in Lantaneae is difficult because of complex, overlapping patterns of shifts in morphological traits among members; monophyly of the traditional genera cannot be assumed without additional information from molecular data. We took a multi-locus approach to infer phylogenetic relationships in Lantaneae, resolving major clades among a broad representative sample that covers the morphological, taxonomic and geographical diversity of this group. Data from multiple, independent loci reveal individual gene trees that are incongruent with one another, with varying degrees of support. Without reliable, applicable methods to determine the sources of such incongruence and to resolve it, we present the consensus between well-supported topologies among our data sets as the best estimate of Lantaneae phylogeny to date. According to this consensus tree, fleshy fruits in Lantaneae have been derived from dry fruits at least five times; taxonomic schemes separating genera based on fruit characteristics are artificial. Lantaneae have shifted into the Neotropics from the southern temperate subtropics and have colonized Africa in at least two separate long-distance dispersal events. This study provides a first pass at a broad Lantaneae phylogeny, but two important areas remain unresolved: the position of Acantholippia relative to Aloysia; and species-level relationships in the Lantana–Lippia clade. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ●●, ●●–●●.
Effects of Temperature and pH on Survival of Free Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Autographa californica.

The effects of temperature and low pH on replication and survival of nonoccluded Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were investigated. No virus replication or formation of polynuclear inclusion bodies occurred at 37°C. The virus was immediately inactivated upon exposure to pH 2.0 and was inactivated within 1 h at pH 4.0. The virus titer slowly declined, a 3-orders of magnitude reduction in virus titer, at pH 5.0 during a 4-h exposure. Virus survival at pH 6.0 was equal to that of the control in cell culture medium 199 MK (pH 7.12).
Experimental evaluation of PROFINET performance

In this paper PROFINET, the new industrial real-time Ethernet protocol, is considered. PROFINET has been designed to cover all sectors of distributed automation, from process control, to distributed I/O and to motion control. After an overview of Ethernet limitations, the different kinds of PROFINET are presented followed by experimental results. Authors have realized a test environment to achieve proper timing measure over a PROFINET network assembled with now available and future components. Preliminary results show that PROFINET Non-RT protocol can integrate existing fieldbus plant, whereas PROFINET RT Class 1 protocol has a good real-time behavior with cycle variability less than 10% even in high-loaded network condition.
Highly-strained InxGa1-xAs1-ySby/GaSb for mid-infrared devices

In this work, we report on InxGa1-xAs1-ySby/GaSb structures, where the indium mole fraction (x) varies from x=0 to x<0.50. Although there has been considerable effort to exploit high-indium content InxGa1-xAs1-ySby for longer wavelength applications, high misfit dislocation densities are inevitable and the miscibility gap remains a formidable barrier. In addition to atomically smooth structures, we observed three-dimensional networks of quantum dashes and other results reveal a self-organized composition modulation. Some physical features of the quantum dashes include near one-micron lengths, 90° flip in orientation, and uniformity across a 20 x 20 μm area. We also observe network formation up to a film thickness of 10-nm.
DNA polymerases in parasitic protozoans differ from host enzymes

Analysis of extracts of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei showed that both DNA polymerase-alpha and DNA polymerase-beta activities were present. The detection of DNA polymerase-beta in T. brucei demonstrates the presence of this enzyme in unicellular organisms. DNA polymerase-beta is present also in Leishmania mexicana. The DNA polymerases in T. brucei are immunologically distinct from the host enzymes. The structural differences between the parasite and the host enzymes could be exploited for the development of agents to combat parasitic diseases.
Current trends in assistive technology education in entry-level occupational therapy curricula.

Objective This replication study investigated what changes, if any, occurred in the education of entry-level occupational therapy students relative to assistive technology between 1989 and 1994-1995. Method A questionnaire was mailed to all entry-level occupational therapy programs in the United States (N = 79). The response rate was 88.6% (n = 70). Results were compared with those of a similar survey that examined the same issues in 1989. Results Assistive technology education had increased from 1989 to 1994-1995 in 11 identified areas. The highest increases were found in environmental access and robotics, sensory aids, augmentative communication, and prosthetics and orthotics. Only 10% of the respondent programs had less than 20 hours of assistive technology education compared with 50% in the earlier study. Thirty (43%) programs included one or more technology courses in the curriculum compared with 17 (29%) in 1989, and 62 (89%) programs included assistive technology content in lectures or units throughout the curriculum compared with 32 (54%) in 1989. Conclusion Occupational therapy educators are placing more emphasis on assistive technology education than they did in 1989 and are learning the skills to teach this content. If this trend continues, we will see assistive technology content taught in all occupational therapy programs in the next millennium.
Network bandwidth evaluation of a hybrid peer-to-peer massively multiplayer framework

This paper presents the network bandwidth utilization results of a hybrid peer-to-peer massively multiplayer framework. Previous work in this area has focused on model proposals and simulation based results. The work in this paper is novel in that it also describes a real-world implementation and presents results from actual network traces. The implementation demonstrates the potential for the model and the results show the network bandwidth utilization is well within the current capabilities of residential broadband.
Filamentary galaxy clustering - A mapping algorithm

The Shane-Wirtanen galaxy count catalog gives the strong visual impression of large-scale linear or filamentary features in the galaxy distribution. Computer simulations of hierarchical galaxy clustering constructed to have two-, three-, and four-point autocorrelation functions like those observed do not have such an appearance. A simple and well-defined algorithm which maps and quantifies filamentary structure is developed. It appears to be successful in identifying those (and only those) filaments which the eye picks out in the Shane-Wirtanen catalog and thus provides an objective tool for studying these structures. A catalog and map of the most prominent Shane-Wirtanen filaments is given. Application of the algorithm to a computer simulation of hierarchical galaxy clustering reveals a set of visually less conspicuous filaments with statistical properties strikingly similar to those of the Shane-Wirtanen filaments in many respects. Long (> or approx. =10/sup 0/) filaments do occur significantly more frequently in the data than in the simulations and the real filaments do occur at slightly higher relative contrast than the simulation filaments. These facts may explain their greater visual impact. It is not yet clear whether the Shane-Wirtanen filaments can be understood in terms of simple hierarchical galaxy clustering models.
New synthesis of polyfluorodiols: nine new derivatives of HOC(2-OH-C6H4)(CF3)2

Abstract Nine new polyfluorodiols, HOC(2-OH-3-C6H3F)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-5-C6H3F)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-3,5-C6H2F2)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-4,5-C6H2F2)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-4,6-C6H2F2)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-3,4,5-C6HF3)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-4,5,6-C6HF3)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-3-t-Bu-5-Me-C6H2)(CF3)2, HOC(2-OH-3-I-C6H3)(CF3)2, have been synthesized and characterized by GC, NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Plant Self-Incompatibility: The key to specificity

Experiments with transgenic plants provide strong evidence that the locus controlling the female side of recognition in self-incompatibility has been correctly identified, and supoort the view that a ribonuclease is involved.
Heat tolerance, temperature acclimation, acute oxidative damage and canalization of haemoglobin expression in Daphnia

Daphnia is a widespread freshwater zooplankton species, which is both a classic and emerging new model for research in ecological physiology, ecotoxicology and evolutionary biology of adaptation to novel environments. Heat tolerance in Daphnia is known to depend both upon evolutionary history of a genotype and on individuals’ acclimation to elevated temperature and to correlate with the level of haemoglobin expression. We demonstrate the existence of north–south gradient of heat tolerance in North American D. pulex, which is not associated with any parallel changes in haemoglobin expression. Geographically distinct clones differ in the way their haemoglobin expression changes due to acclimation to a sub-stressful (28°C) temperature, but these changes are not correlated with the latitude of clones’ origin. Likewise, the effect of acclimation to sub-stressful temperature is independent from, and cannot be fully explained by, haemoglobin expression changes during acclimation. The degree of oxidative damage to haemoglobin, measured as the ratio of absorbance at 540:576 nm at the acclimation temperature, is a strong predictor of 28°C-acclimated Daphnia survival during an acute heat exposure. The comparison of haemoglobin expression in resistant and tolerant clones acclimated to different temperatures indicates that tolerant clones exhibit canalization of haemoglobin expression, possessing a high level of haemoglobin even at non-stressful temperatures. We discuss the evolutionary biology of adaptation and acclimation to elevated temperatures in an ecologically important component of freshwater ecosystems in the context of global climate change.
I Have to Take This Psychology Stuff with Research Too-Really?!

The excitement was palpable as the day had finally come-Research Day! Introduction to Psychology students in a community college who were earning vocational and transfer degrees had become fledging researchers, exuberant to share their knowledge with peers, instructors, their families and community members. Students presented their research using mediums of traditional posters and or interactive, digital versions. The teaching leading up to research day included group activities to enhance persistence in learning and a sense of community. The purpose of this study was to assess students' perceptions of research through a pre/post survey with three variables: interest in psychology, academic efficacy and project based learning /group work. Assessment measurements revealed changes among students indicating increased academic commitment through the lens of research.
STERIC AND ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN ARYL-BRIDGED DICYCLOOCTATETRAENES AND THEIR DIANIONS

The rate constants for ring inversion (kr.i.) and bond shift (kb.s.) in 1 and 2 were determined by dynamic NMR spectrometry while the rate constants for bond shift and intramolecular charge transfe...
Requirements for green fluorescent protein detection in transgenic zebrafish embryos.

Abstract We have generated transgenic (Tg) lines of zebrafish in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding gfp cDNA is driven by the Xenopus laevis ef1 α enhancer/promoter; Tg embryos from most of these lines show detectable fluorescence throughout their body. We have investigated the copy number of the Tg genes in fluorescent and nonfluorescent lines, in order to determine how this affects the production of detectable levels of GFP in the zebrafish embryo. Additionally, we have injected purified recombinant GFP into embryos to determine the intracellular GFP concentration required for detection, both when all of the cells in the embryo contain GFP and when only a few do.
PH2O-dependent structural phase transitions in the zeolite mesolite: Real- and reciprocal-space crystal structure refinements

The response of the mesolite crystal structure (Na{sub 16}Ca{sub 16}Al{sub 48}Si{sub 72}O{sub 240}{center_dot}64H{sub 2}O) to dehydration was evaluated as a function of temperature and partial pressure of water (i.e., P{sub H{sub 2}O} or relative humidity, RH) using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction (XRD; CuK{sub {alpha}} radiation) and synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) methods. At 425 C under low-P{sub H{sub 2}O} conditions (P{sub H{sub 2}O} {le} {approx}1.3 mbar), dehydrated mesolite preserved the long-range ordered aluminosilicate framework structure, which has not been previously observed. This new dehydrated phase, x-metamesolite, has unit-cell parameters [a = 16.731(3) {angstrom}, b = 17.822(2) {angstrom}, c = 6.312(1) {angstrom}, V = 1882.5(5) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and possible space group Fdd2] similar to those of other dehydrated natrolite phases (either 1- or 2-metanatrolite). Conversely, under high-P{sub H{sub 2}O} conditions (P{sub H{sub 2}O} > {approx}1.3 mbar), dehydrated mesolite became amorphous (amorphous T{sub 5}O{sub 10}) at 425 C. The local structure of amorphous T{sub 5}O{sub 10} was characterized by PDF analyses, which showed the formation of twisted T{sub 5}O{sub 10} nano-fibers [with dimensions (LWH) of {approx}6.9 x 6.9 x 6.3 {angstrom}] resulting from breakage of the mesolite aluminosilicate framework. The two distinct high-temperature P{sub H{sub 2}O}-dependent phase transition paths illustrate themore » importance of considering the combined effects of temperature and P{sub H{sub 2}O} in mesolite. In addition, the low-temperature phase transition in mesolite, involving order-disorder of the extraframework cations, also showed a P{sub H{sub 2}O}-dependent transition temperature. Although, there is no path dependence on P{sub H{sub 2}O} for this transition, the local arrangement of Na, Ca, and vacancies in disordered metamesolite (formed through the extraframework cation order-disorder phase transition) likely influences the thermal stability of the aluminosilicate framework during further heating.« less
Design of 1.3-μm GaInAsP surface-emitting lasers for high-bandwidth operation

Important design considerations for high-speed GaInAsP 1.3-μm surface-emitting lasers are described. Modified rate equations for surface-emitting lasers and a small-signal analysis are used to calculate the frequency response versus the mirror reflectivity. For the structure analyzed, the results predict optimum reflectivities of 98% for high-frequency operation and maximum quantum efficiency. Strong gain-saturation effects are predicted owing to the high photon densities that occur in these devices. As the mirror thickness increases, the frequency response of the laser reduces greatly. The effect of heating is found to be important and is included in the analysis.
Deuterium Isotope Effects in Nonenzymatic Transamination of L-Glutamic Acid

L -Deuterio-glutamic acid was isolated in pure form from algae grown in nutrient solution containing better than 99 per cent D 2 O. The pH profile for the transamination of glutamic acid with pyridoxal shows a peak at pH 4. The presence of acetate buffer increases the reaction rate up to about seven times when compared to the unbuffered system. Protio-glutamic acid reacts about 2.1 times faster than deuterio-glutamic acid. The reaction appears to be general acid and general base catalyzed.
Relation of β-Lactamase Activity and Cellular Location to Resistance of Enterobacter to Penicillins and Cephalosporins

The Enterobacter species E. aerogenes, E. cloacae , and E. hafnia were examined for resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. All were resistant to benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, 6 [d(−)α-amino- p -hydroxyphenylacetamido] penicillanic acid, cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin. A significant number were sensitive to carbenicillin and 6 [d(−)α-carboxy-3-thienylacetamido] penicillanic acid. No differences among the three species were noted. The β-lactamase activity was cell-bound, and was not released by osmotic shock, toluene treatment, or diphenylamine treatment. It was rarely released into the growth medium. The β-lactamase activity was primarily directed against cephalosporin derivatives. Synthesis of β-lactamase was chromosomally mediated. Resistance to ampicillin seemed to be partly related to entry of the molecule into the bacteria since exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetate lowered the minimal inhibitory concentration.
Aqueous humor dynamics in rats

• Background: In order to determine normal outflow facility and aqueous humor production values in Lewis rats, we established methods of measuring aqueous humor dynamics in this animal. • Methods: Outflow facility was determined using anterior chamber infusion with constant pressure. Aqueous humor production was determined by a technique of dilution with FITC-albumin. • Results: The mean outflow facility was 0.044±0.01 μl/min/mmHg. Rats weighing less than 300 g had lower values than did rats weighing more than 300 g (0.034±0.006 μl/min/mmHg vs 0.050±0.015 μl/min/mmHg,P=0.009). The mean aqueous humor production was 0.350±0.110 μl/min. The turnover rate of aqueous humor production per minute was 2.23%. • Conclusions: Anterior chamber infusion with constant pressure and the FITC-albumin method allow measurement of the outflow facility and aqueous humor production in Lewis rats. These methods may be useful in assessing aqueous humor dynamics when rats are used as a glaucoma model.
Lung hernias in children.

Abstract Most lung hernias in children are congenital and require no therapy. The most common site of occurrence is cervical. Indications for surgery include rapid increase in size, history of incarceration, unrelenting respiratory distress, and severe cosmetic disability. The preferred technic for surgical correction of cervical hernias is transthoracic and includes excision of the sac and reinforcement of Sibson's fascia with Marlex mesh extrapleurally. Large chest wall defects are approached directly and correction includes excision of the sac and reinforcement of the defect by periosteal and rib flaps from above and below.
Epidemiological trends in pediatric urolithiasis at United States freestanding pediatric hospitals.

Purpose: Anecdotal and lay press reports suggest that the incidence of pediatric urolithiasis is increasing but reliable data are lacking. The objective of this study was to examine trends in the epidemiology of urolithiasis at pediatric hospitals nationwide.Materials and Methods: The Pediatric Health Information System database is a national database covering 42 freestanding United States pediatric hospitals that captures inpatient admissions, and emergency department and outpatient surgery visits. We searched the Pediatric Health Information System database to identify children (18 years old or younger) treated for urolithiasis between 1999 and 2008. Patients with urolithiasis were measured as a proportion of the total number of patients seen per hospital annually. Trends were verified by comparing results to 2 other common pediatric diagnoses—appendicitis and viral bronchiolitis.Results: We identified 7,921 children diagnosed with urolithiasis during the study period. The total number of children with ...
Localized Texture Formation and its Detection in Polycrystalline Thin Films of Gold

We have developed a technique for detecting microscopic variations in texture in thin film TEM specimens using conical dark field imaging. This technique has been used to identify texture variations in 25nm thick gold films which were deposited on rock salt and annealed at 150°C. After annealing, the films were mostly textured with one micrometer wide bands of contrast in which the grain remained randomly oriented. When the contrast due to the variation in texture was first observed, the films were columnar-structured and the grain sizes in both the textured and un-textured regions were uniform, with a mean equivalent diameter of 54nm; no abnormal grains were observed. After additional annealing, abnormal oriented grains appeared in some untextured regions of the film. The evolution of texture during grain growth and the influence of substrate morphology on texture formation will be discussed.
Method for extracting dynamic damping coefficient from flight test lateral rate data.

A method for extracting the dynamic damping parameter Cmq + Cma from lateral rate data is formulated and applied to flight test data. In the application the method is applied to the rate of growth of either the nutational or precessional component of motion. It is shown that these arms are readily discernible from raw motion data and the procedure therefore requires no special data processing and can be applied easily and efficiently. The results are shown to provide good agreement between 6-DOF simulations and the flight data.
Asymptotic Evaluation of WKB Matrix Elements. II. Use of Langer's Uniform Asymptotic Wavefunctions

An improvement in a previous procedure for the analytic asymptotic evaluation of integrals arising in the quantum‐mechanical theory of inelastic molecular collisions is presented. The integrals are evaluated using Langer's uniform asymptotic wavefunctions and the higher‐order saddle‐point or steepest‐descents method. It is found that the Langer functions give no better results than WKB functions, but the higher‐order steepest‐descents corrections produce a marked improvement. The result is a simple method for evaluating a large class of integrals with an error of 0.1%–2.1%.
Coherent atomic deflection by resonant standing waves

We extend the previous theoretical treatment of standing-wave deflection of two-level atoms to include nonresonant excitation, nonorthogonal laser and atomic beams, and excitation duration upper bounded only by atomic relaxation times. Numerically solving equations analogous to those of abruptly initiated multilevel atomic excitation, we find bounds on the maximum deflection fixed by balancing acquired kinetic energy against interaction energy. We find that frequency detuning or nonorthogonal orientation of laser and atomic beams can enhance the deflection and, given sufficiently long interaction time, one can observe deflections at larger discrete angles. We comment on the connection between these Bragg scatterings and multiphoton resonances.
The Failure of Biogenetic Analysis in Psychology: Why Psychology is Not a Biological Science

Many define psychology as a biological science and emphasize brains and genes as major determinants of behavior. Instead, it is argued here that psychology is a unique biopsychosocial science able to stand on its own. Biogenetic processes are indeed relevant but are simply participating, not causal, factors in behavioral origins. Long neglected by biologists and social scientists, the importance of developmental processes is emphasized. The author takes issue with behavior geneticists and argues that development is bidirectional—internal and environmental phenomena influence behavior—probabilistically. The author favors a relatively new model with roots in ideas from contemporary physics: emergence and self-organization—“relational developmental systems.”
The Big Three's Prime-Time Decline: A Technological and Social Context

This paper is an analysis of factors associated with the 25-year decline in the prime-time shares of the top 3 television networks. Time series analysis revealed a stronger serial correlation between network decline and social indicators than between network decline and technological factors. Network shares were negatively correlated with indicators of social differentiation, and were also negatively correlated with the penetration of cable and other multiple video programming distribution sources (MVPD) into the nation's households (the technological context). Findings were discussed in terms of the impact of social change on both the audiences and organizations of broadcasting.
Three Probabilities of Misclassification

The “probability of misclassification” is a natural criterion for evaluating a classification procedure, but this probability can be defined in various ways. Confusion can arise if the various definitions are not distinguished, on the other hand some of the definitions may lead to probabilities so close in numerical value that the distinction is of no practical importance. Here in the context of normal populations and a commonly used classification rule, the relationship between three probabilities of misclassification is examined, and the necessity and possibility of estimating them separately is considered.
Introduction to the proceedings of the sixteenth symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals

Biotechnology can be defined as the use of biologically derived materials and biocatalysts to carry out desired transformations from one material to another. These biocatalysts can be enzymes or microorganisms. The transformation may be of raw materials into useful compounds or for the destruction of industrial wastes. One use of biotechnology is for the production of fuels and chemicals. This has been the broad area focused on by this Symposium for the past 16 years. The Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals presents both applied and fundamental work in this area performed by universities, industries, and government institutions. The goal, whether near term or long term, is to find and demonstrate efficient, economical methods for the use of biotechnology to supply society`s needs for fuels and chemicals. The Symposium allows interactions among the researchers in an intimate setting to foster the interactions that will be necessary to commercialize and use these technologies. Efforts presented include all aspects of the process: the pretreatment and beneficiation of the raw material, the biological conversion in some reactor, the separation and recovery of the desired product, and the treatment of the waste streams from this and earlier legacy processes. There are also efforts of the sensing, monitoring, and control of the process and well and the economic analysis to estimate the overall utility and impact. The Sixteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals provided a forum for the exchange of ideas. There were 34 oral presentations and 81 poster presentations. These were organized into sessions of thermal, chemical, and biological processing; bioprocessing research; process economics and commercialization; and environmental biotechnology.
Production of an iron ore concentrate from the iron-rich fraction of power plant fly ash

Removal of gangue materials, principally silica and alumina, from a magnetically-separated, iron-rich fraction of bituminous coal fly ash shows promise of yielding an iron ore grade concentrate. As separated, the iron-rich fraction contains 65 to 75 wt. % iron oxides or about 50 % of the iron originally in the ash. A hydrothermal caustic extraction followed by a mild acid wash has been found to give a residue containing as high as 95 % iron oxides, a concentration that compares favorably with that found in taconite and other concentrate pellets used as feed to blast and electric reduction furnaces. The controlling step in the process is the caustic extraction which dissolves the highly insoluble silica and allumina from the fly ash matrix. As the extraction proceeds, aluminate and silicate compounds precipitate onto the surface of the iron-rich particles and must be removed by a subsequent acid wash. The precipitate does not interfere significantly with the dissolution of silica and alumina by the caustic solution. During the caustic extraction, the solution rapidly becomes saturated, and, if it were not for the precipitation, dissolution of the gangue from the ash would cease. The simultaneous dissolution-precipitation allows use of high solid to liquid ratios and reuse of the caustic as the extraction proceeds. A typical extraction residue contains, on a weight basis, about 65% Fe, 4% Al203 and 2% SiO2. Pelleting and sintering should give an iron oxide produce suitable for use in the manufacture of iron and steel.
CTH simulations of an expanding ring to study fragmentation

Abstract A high velocity impact will result in fragmentation which can be seen through EO/IR/RF signatures. Understanding fragmentation and how it relates to signatures is key to being able to characterize the impact. To study fragmentation in a computational context, an expanding ring was simulated using the shock physics hydrocode CTH. The simulations were set up to approximate the conditions of experiments performed by Zhang and Ravi-Chandar [On the dynamics of necking and fragmentation – I. Real-time and post-mortem observations in Al 6061-O. Int J Fract 2006;142:183–217]. The simulations resulted in random fragmentation patterns that are mesh size dependent. The simulations could not capture either the fragment sizes and distributions or the physics of the failure mechanism seen in experiments. The mechanics of failure represented in the simulations is extremely sensitive to the material model and how damage is treated in that model. However, the average fragment size in the simulations versus strain rate was found to be consistent with popular fragmentation models such as Grady–Kipp and Zhou–Molinari–Ramesh.
Identification of the Ordered Bivariate Normal Distribution by Minimum Variate

Abstract For full-rank covariance matrix and other subfamilies of the ordered bivariate normal distribution, the identifiability of parameters by the minimum variate is demonstrated. For the general family, the distribution is not identified. These identifiability questions arise in connection with estimation within certain econometric models, for example, Tobin and Fair-Jaffee.
The effects of propranolol on cognitive function and quality of life: a randomized trial among patients with diastolic hypertension.

Purpose We sought to determine whether propranolol has adverse effects on cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and sexual function in patients treated for diastolic hypertension. Subjects and methods We performed a placebo-controlled trial among 312 men and women, 22 to 59 years of age, who had untreated diastolic hypertension (90 to 104 mm Hg). Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with propranolol (80 to 400 mg/day) or matching placebo tablets. Thirteen tests of cognitive function were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months. Five tests measured reaction time to, or accuracy in, interpreting visual stimuli; one test measured the ability to acquire, reproduce, and change a set of arbitrary stimulus-response sets; and seven tests measured memory or learning verbal information. Depressive symptoms and sexual function were assessed by questionnaires at baseline and 12 months. Results There were no significant differences by treatment assignment for 11 of the 13 tests of cognitive function at either 3 or 12 months of follow-up. Compared with placebo, participants treated with propranolol had slightly fewer correct responses at 3 months (33 +/- 3 [mean +/- SD] versus 34 +/- 2, P = 0.02) and slightly more errors of commission at 3 months (4 +/-5 versus 3 +/- 3, P = 0.04) and at 12 months (4 +/- 4 versus 3 +/- 3, P = 0.05). At 12 months, depressive symptoms and sexual function and desire did not differ by treatment assignment. Conclusions Treatment of hypertension with propranolol had limited adverse effects on tests of cognitive function that were of questionable clinical relevance, and there were no documented adverse effects on depressive symptoms or sexual function. Selection of beta-blockers for treatment of hypertension should be based on other factors.
Latency to detection of first pain

The latency to detection of heat stimuli applied to the distal forearm and thenar eminence was measured in 3 subjects in order to determine whether short latency responses correlated with perception of first pain. Only one temperature was used in a given run and stimuli ranged from 39 to 51 degrees C. In addition, subjects were interviewed at the end of each run regarding the quality of sensations experienced. In one series of experiments the quality of the first sensation evoked by each stimulus rather than latency was recorded. The median response latency decreased exponentially from 1100 ms to 400 ms for the distal arm and 1100 ms to 700 ms for the hand. The higher temperatures elicited a double pain sensation on the arm, but not on the glabrous hand. Warmth was always the first sensation felt on the hand. It is concluded that short latencies (less than 450 ms) reliably denote the presence of first pain, and that at least some portion of the primary afferents that signal first pain must have conduction velocities greater than 6 m/s.
MMT and Magellan Infrared Spectrograph

We present the preliminary design for the MMT and Magellan Infrared Spectrograph (MMIRS). MMIRS is a fully refractive imager and multi-object spectrograph that uses a 2048x2048 pixel Hawaii2 HgCdTe array. It offers a 7'x7' imaging field of view and a 4'x7' field of view for multi-object spectroscopy. Dispersion is provided by a set of 5 grisms providing R=3000 at J, H, or K, or R=1300 in J+H or H+K.
Droplet collision mixing diagnostics using single fluorophore LIF

A novel droplet mixing measurement technique is presented that employs single fluorophore laser-induced fluorescence, custom image processing, and statistical analysis for monitoring and quantifying mixing in confined, high-speed droplet collisions. The diagnostic procedure captures time-varying fluorescent signals following binary droplet collisions and reconstructs the spatial concentration field by relating fluorophore intensity to relative concentration. Mixing information is revealed through two governing statistics that separate the roles of convective rearrangement and molecular diffusion during the mixing process. The end result is a viewing window into the rich dynamics of droplet collisions and a diagnostic tool that differentiates between poor and effective mixing. The technique has proved invaluable in the laboratory by allowing direct comparison of different hydrodynamic conditions, such as collision Reynolds and Peclet number, and collision geometries, such as T and Y-junctions. Experiments indicate improved mixing rates and degree of homogenization as the convective timescale for the collision is decreased. Visualization of mixing residuals using pseudo color mapping also identifies areas that are largely segregated from the mixing process, resulting in islands where mixing is poor and stirring has proved ineffective. As the collision velocity is increased, vortical flow fields become apparent and mixing is greatly improved.
The Internet rules of engagement: then and now

Abstract Imagine that we had carefully established the rules of engagement for the Internet in its earliest days around the time of its birth in 1969. What would those rules have contained? What, indeed, were the underlying principles and policies that we actually documented, said, understood, implied, and instilled back then? What, if any, additional elements should have been included, given the benefit of the hindsight? How has the impact of the Internet on society been influenced by the rules of engagement, and in what ways do they need changing at this point?