cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verilog (Part 1)

Based on the material presented in Chap. 4, there are a few observations about logic design that are apparent. First, the size of logic circuitry can scale quickly to the point where it is difficult to design by hand. Second, the process of moving from a high-level description of how a circuit works (e.g., a truth table) to a form that is ready to be implemented with real circuitry (e.g., a minimized logic diagram) is straightforward and well-defined. Both of these observations motivate the use of computer aided design (CAD) tools to accomplish logic design. This chapter introduces hardware description languages (HDLs) as a means to describe digital circuitry using a text-based language. HDLs provide a means to describe large digital systems without the need for schematics, which can become impractical in very large designs. HDLs have evolved to support logic simulation at different levels of abstraction. This provides designers the ability to begin designing and verifying functionality of large systems at a high level of abstraction and postpone the details of the circuit implementation until later in the design cycle. This enables a top-down design approach that is scalable across different logic families. HDLs have also evolved to support automated synthesis, which allows the CAD tools to take a functional description of a system (e.g., a truth table) and automatically create the gate level circuitry to be implemented in real hardware. This allows designers to focus their attention on designing the behavior of a system and not spend as much time performing the formal logic synthesis steps that were presented in Chap. 4. The intent of this chapter is to introduce HDLs and their use in the modern digital design flow. This chapter will cover the basics of designing combinational logic in an HDL and also hierarchical design. The more advanced concepts of HDLs such as sequential logic design, high level abstraction, and test benches are covered later so that the reader can get started quickly using HDLs to gain experience with the languages and design flow.
Endogenous Dynamics in Contentious Fields: Evidence from the Shareholder Activism Network, 2006–2013:

Shareholder activism is a contentious field where investors confront management over governance and social responsibility matters. Most prior research on shareholder activism focuses on firm traits, such as performance, that explain targeting. We argue that shareholder activism also reflects endogenous dynamics. Although activists target firms because of their characteristics, activists also choose targets based on their position in the relational field. We develop a network approach to mapping contentious fields: Shareholder activism is a social network whose topology reflects self-organizing patterns. We hypothesize four network effects thought to contribute to the observed structure: prolificacy, ignominy, differentiation, and homophily. We use data on shareholder-sponsored proposals targeting Fortune 250 firms between 2006 and 2013. Results from exponential random graph models support our hypothesized effects and suggest that activism sponsorship and targeting follow an endogenous cumulative process. ...
Time-domain analysis of power system stability with damping control and asymmetric feedback delays

Power systems can be stabilized using distributed control methods with wide-area measurements for feedback. However, wide-area measurements are subject to time delays in communication, which can have undesirable effects on system performance. We present time-domain analysis results regarding the small-signal stability of a two-area power system with damping control subjected to asymmetric time delays in the feedback measurements. We consider two wide-area damping control implementations. The first is implemented with a High Voltage DC transmission line, and the second uses distributed Energy Storage devices. Numerical results show regions of stability for the closed-loop systems that depend on the time delays and the choice of the control gain. These results show that increasing the control gains cause the systems to be less robust to time delays, and, under certain conditions, increasing the time delays can have a stabilizing effect. Furthermore, we provide analysis of time simulations and eigenvalue plots that verify these stability regions and show how stability is affected as time delays increase.
The role of learning on industrial simulation design and analysis

The capability of modeling real-world system operations has turned simulation into an indispensable problem-solving methodology for business system design and analysis. Today, simulation supports decisions ranging from sourcing to operations to finance, starting at the strategic level and proceeding towards tactical and operational levels of decision-making. In such a dynamic setting, the practice of simulation goes beyond being a static problem-solving exercise and requires integration with learning. This article discusses the role of learning in simulation design and analysis motivated by the needs of industrial problems and describes how selected tools of statistical learning can be utilized for this purpose.
The gut's feeling on bile acid signaling in NAFLD.

The gut to live axis plays a critical role in regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis and metabolic homeostasis (1). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease with a high prevalence of ~35% in adults. NAFLD can progress from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Endorphins and Analgesia A Minireview

Opium is among the early naturally occurring drugs used to alleviate pain or at least to create a feeling of detachment from pain. The crude extract of the poppy seedpod (Papaver somniferum), opium not only relieves pain but also causes euphoria and narcosis. With the isolation of the principal alkaloid, morphine, by Frederick Serturner in 1803, the use of crude opium preparations to lessen pain became obsolete. Morphine, named after Morpheus, God of dreams, was widely used until its toxic and addicting properties were recognized and triggered the search for synthetic or semisynthetic opiates, hopefully void of addiction liability. The results have been disappointing. A number of opiates such as heroin and meperidine were originally hailed as miraculous substitutes for morphine but later were found to create serious medical and social problems of drug addiction worldwide. Numerous attempts have been made to define the mechanism(s) of opiate analgesia, with the hope that once the mechanism of pain inhibition is understood, such mechanism alone can be triggered to produce analgesia without causing undesirable effects.
Adrenocortical neoplasms. Prognosis and morphology.

Abstract The clinical data and morphologic findings in 16 cases of adrenocortical carcinoma were compared with those in 11 cases of surgically removed functional adenomas and 12 cases of nonfunctional adenomas found at autopsy. Histopathologic changes of architectural disarray, pleomorphism, increased mitotic activity, vascular invasion, hemorrhage, or necrosis were generally reliable criteria for diagnosis of malignancy. However, weight was the parameter that most consistently correlated with outcome, since all patients with tumors under 50 Gm. survived and all lesions of 95 Gm. or over proved to be malignant.
RECENT EXTENSIONS TO LOCAL POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION MODELS

Local polynomial approximation models for water wave simulation are examined with the aim of improving accuracy and efficiency. Several potential improvements are considered. The first is based on a linearisation of the solution for Laplace's equation and is shown to have good theoretical characteristics. However, it is found to have a fatal instability to high wavenumber bottom disturbances. The second method uses empirical collocation adjustment to provide better agreement with exact solutions for steady waves. This method provides significant improvements in accuracy for a given level of approximation and is recommended for future use.
Development of a flood forecasting system using IFAS: a case study of scarcely gauged Jhelum and Chenab river basins

Development of a well-calibrated, distributed hydrological model for flood forecasting based on rainfall and snowmelt is quite challenging, especially when in situ data is limited or unavailable. This paper presents the study carried out to parameterise the Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS) model for the trans-boundary, scarcely gauged catchments of Jhelum and Chenab rivers in Pakistan. Rainfall-runoff analysis was performed with a two-layered tank configuration, integrating snowmelt and dam and barrage operation from the very upstream in India to Trimmu Barrage in Pakistan. A grid size of 5 × 5 km was considered. Global map topography, land cover and soil data was utilised. The model was tested considering different magnitudes of floods of the years 2014, 2015 and 2017. The results showed that the satellite rainfall product, i.e. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP-NRT), underestimated the rainfall volume, compared to the ground-gauged rainfall. The GSMaP-IF correction method showed poor performance owing to the lack of ground observatory rainfall data for correcting the trans-boundary part of the basin. The GSMaP-Type1 correction method showed good results, except for the confluence point where complex flow conditions were not properly reproduced by the model. In addition, the incorporation of dam and barrages in the model improved the simulated flow results. It is concluded that the satellite rainfall estimates must be corrected to improve the results. Snowmelt module estimated the snowmelt contribution as 3 to 7% and 4 to 23% of the average daily discharge during the monsoon season at Mangla Dam and Marala Barrage, respectively, during 2014 and 2015. This study assessed various correction methods and concluded that the model and methodology used in the study functioned well with suitable precipitation.
Abstract 2427: Targeting intracellular pH regulation as a novel approach to overcome hypoxia-mediated drug resistance in FLT3/ITD mutated AML

Background: FLT3/ITD+ AML is a highly aggressive form of leukemia that carries a dismal prognosis. Evidence suggests that this poor outcome is due to the survival of a subset of leukemic cells (LCs) that elude therapy and survive in hypoxic niches of the bone marrow (BM). Effective targeting of LCs under hypoxic conditions is thus critical to cure AML. Our study examines the anti-leukemic potential of targeting Carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA9), a transmembrane protein which functions to maintain a neutral intracellular pH (pHi) under hypoxic stress conditions, against AML cells. Targeting CA9 is of particular interest as its expression is confined to only a few normal tissues and may therefore show relatively few side effects compared to standard therapies. Methods: Molm14 (M14) and primary cells (PC) from FLT3/ITD+ AML patients were incubated under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions in the presence or absence of Quizartinib (Q), Cytarabine (Cy) or the CA9 inhibitor FC531 (FC). After 48h proliferation and apoptosis were determined per MTT assays, annexin V/PI staining and FACS analysis. Cells were assessed for CA9 mRNA expression as well as pHi levels via RT-PCR and fluorescent imaging, respectively. FLT3/ITD+ AML xenografts were generated by injecting M14 cells in the tail vein of NSG mice. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% NBF, embedded in paraffin and stained with HE n=4, p Citation Format: Fangli Chen, Adriana L. Rogozea, Xue Wu, George Sandusky, Mircea Ivan, Heiko Konig. Targeting intracellular pH regulation as a novel approach to overcome hypoxia-mediated drug resistance in FLT3/ITD mutated AML [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2427.
Rasburicase-induced hemolytic anemia in previously undiagnosed G6PD deficiency

![Figure][1] A 50-year-old African American man with no known medical history presented with shortness of breath and leukocytosis. Biopsy specimens of an anterior mediastinal mass showed T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Rasburicase was administered for tumor lysis syndrome, leading to
Foreign penetration, competition, and financial freedom: Evidence from the banking industries in emerging markets

Abstract Traditional theories suggest that foreign entry intensifies competition and improves efficiency in a banking sector. However, the positive impacts may be offset by several factors, such as foreign banks’ “cherry-picking” lending practice, mergers & acquisitions, and the “crowd-out” effect. Based on a sample of commercial and savings banks collected from Bankscope, this paper investigates the effects of foreign penetration on bank competition in the host countries. Using the two-step Arellano-Bond system GMM method, we show that the entry of foreign banks enhances competition in the banking systems among the sampled developing countries between 2000 and 2014. The positive relationship between foreign penetration and banking competition is more conspicuous after the 2008–2009 global recession. Latin American countries appear to benefit more from foreign bank penetration during the sample period than emerging markets in Asia. Also, the level of a host country’s financial freedom has a moderation effect on the “foreign penetration—competition” nexus.
Implementing Moran eigenvector spatial filtering for massively large georeferenced datasets

ABSTRACTMoran eigenvector spatial filtering (MESF) furnishes an alternative method to account for spatial autocorrelation in linear regression specifications describing georeferenced data, although spatial auto-models also are widely used. The utility of this MESF methodology is even more impressive for the non-Gaussian models because its flexible structure enables it to be easily applied to generalized linear models, which include Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial regression. However, the implementation of MESF can be computationally challenging, especially when the number of geographic units, n, is large, or massive, such as with a remotely sensed image. This intensive computation aspect has been a drawback to the use of MESF, particularly for analyzing a remotely sensed image, which can easily contain millions of pixels. Motivated by Curry, this paper proposes an approximation approach to constructing eigenvector spatial filters (ESFs) for a large spatial tessellation. This approximation is base...
Development of a Regional Taste Test that uses Edible Circles for Stimulus Delivery.

Measurements of chemosensory function within specific regions of the tongue can yield important information about the sensitivity of lingual areas to chemosensory stimuli and may identify possible nerve damage. A novel regional chemosensory test that uses thin edible circles was developed for human testing. Edible circles placed at six different regions of the tongue were used to examine regional sensitivity to quinine for bitter taste, NaCl for salt taste, sucralose for sweet taste, and capsaicin for pungency. The six regions included the anterior tip of the tongue, the left and right lateral margins of the tongue (anterior and posterior), and the circumvallate region. Testing was completed with the mouth open, and the mouth closed. Intensity ratings at all sites were higher in the closed mouth condition for the three taste stimuli. Quinine intensity was highest at the circumvallate region with the mouth closed. NaCl and sucralose intensity were highest at the anterior tip and circumvallate regions. Capsaicin intensity was most highly perceived at the anterior tip of the tongue, but open and closed mouth intensity ratings showed no significant differences. Regional differences in chemosensory perception were observed on the tongue, and these differences were dependent on the chemosensory stimulus, tongue region, and tasting mode. Edible circles show minimal diffusion with saliva, can be used to examine both taste and irritation, and may be used to identify regional papillae counts on the tongue. Finally, edible circles should be invaluable for examining damage to the oral cavity.
Inferences concerning exponential distributions in the presence of randomly right censored data with missing censored values.

Inferences concerning exponential distributions are considered from a sampling theory viewpoint when the data are randomly right censored and the censored values are missing. Both one-sample and m-sample (m ≥ 2) problems are considered. Likelihood functions are obtained for situations in which the censoring mechanism is informative which leads to natural and intuitively appealing estimators of the unknown proportions of censored observations. For testing hypotheses about the unknown parameters, three well-known test statistics, namely, likelihood ratio test, score test, and Wald-type test are considered.
Experimental Modal Analysis of an In-situ Clavicle

Clavicle fractures are widespread, and the understanding of their mechanism of occurrence via dynamic loading is important for prevention and design of protection systems. The proposed work will find the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the human clavicles in-situ, by employing experimental modal analysis (EMA) techniques on cadaver clavicles. The clavicle response to impact depends on mechanical energy transmission to the bone and requires an understanding of bone modal characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes), as well as the frequency content of the impact force. These dynamic forces include blunt trauma (sport injury or gun stock impact) or falls (i.e. motorcycle accidents) and exhibit a wide frequency spectrum. Clavicle modes are not well understood, and while researchers performed whole body or individual clavicle EMA, no in-situ EMA has been reported. Since an in-situ clavicle features its natural boundary conditions, mode estimation via EMA was more accurate than one performed for an isolated clavicle.The clavicle EMA used instrumented excitation sources (i.e. impact hammer) and sensors (i.e. triaxial accelerometers). The accelerometer responses gathered at several locations along the cadaver clavicle bone and the exciting force was recorded and through time-frequency transformations, the natural frequencies and mode shapes were identified. Mode shape visualization was performed in ModalView software. While material properties of cadaver clavicles may be influenced by embalming, the results, which include natural frequencies, modes and damping constants, would be more relevant than those obtained for isolated clavicles. These results would be used to design protection systems, define global material properties, and calibrate existing analytical models.
Off-Label Medication use in Children, More Common than We Think: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Content: Clinician prescribing of off-label medications is common due to a lack of pediatric-specific data regarding the dosing, efficacy and safety of medications regularly prescribed to children.
A Low-Power and Low-Cost Monostatic Radar Based on a Novel 2-Port Transceiver Chain

A low-power and low-cost 5.8-GHz 2-port monostatic Doppler radar was designed, fabricated and tested for small motion detection. The implemented RF board is based on a new radar architecture that features a compact size and only one active device. Unlike conventional board level radar systems, it does not use separate Tx/Rx signal chains. With a single antenna for Tx/Rx, it does not use any low noise amplifier (LNA) or circulator in the RF front-end. Besides the local oscillator (LO), there is no more active device that consumes DC power. The fabricated radar system has dimensions of 20.6 mm $\times 26.5$ mm $(\mathrm{L}\times \mathrm{W})$ and a power consumption of 290 mW in continuous operation, which could be significantly reduced based on duty cycling. In addition, a low conversion loss of 3.6 dB was achieved. The high sensitivity of the proposed architecture was demonstrated by successfully measuring a $50 \mu \mathrm{m}$ sinusoidal movement.
When Time Warps: by Megan Burke, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2019, 208 pp., £21.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-5179-0546-0

Megan Burke’s When Time Warps: The Lived Experience of Gender, Race, and Sexual Violence is a “timely” philosophical interrogation of the relationship between rape culture and gendered embodiment, ...
Chapter 25 – Dysbiosis

Colonization of the gut with bacteria has a profound effect on intestinal metabolic and immunologic homeostasis, particularly in the newborn period. Disruption of the initial colonization process can result in dysbiosis at a time when intestinal metabolic and immunologic functions are just developing. This dysbiotic change can have profound effect on disease expression throughout life. Dysbiosis, altered bacterial colonization associated with disease expression, can occur with a loss of specific health promoting bacteria, altered bacterial diversity, or with an increase in pathogens in the microbiome. There are several causes of dysbiosis including genetic and environmental (antibiotic use, diet, stress, and chronic disease). In general, dysbiotic bacteria because of altered metabolism can contribute to the phenotypic expression of disease. Whether this is a cause or an effect has yet to be established. A specific species of organisms are associated with disease (either by their presence or absence); new probiotics may emerge to be used to prevent or treat these diseases. However, this represents future studies.
Mini-Review: Comprehensive Drug Disposition Knowledge Generated in the Modern Human Radiolabeled ADME Study

The human radiolabeled absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study offers a quantitative and comprehensive overall picture of the disposition of a drug, including excretion pattern and metabolite profiles in circulation and excreta. The data gathered from the ADME study are highly informative for developing a cohesive strategy for clinical pharmacology studies. Elements of standard ADME study designs are described. An exciting new development in human ADME studies is the application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) as the detection technique for carbon-14, in replacement of radioactivity measurements. This technology permits administration of 100-fold to 1,000-fold lower amounts of carbon-14, and thus opens the door to the application of new study designs. A new ADME study design, termed the AMS-Enabled Human ADME study, is described. In this design, both oral and intravenous administration are assessed in a single clinical study with a two-period crossover. In addition to all of the standard ADME study end points (e.g., mass balance and quantitative metabolite profiles), the AMS-Enabled ADME study can provide the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance, volume of distribution, absolute oral bioavailability, and even estimates of the fraction of the dose absorbed. Thus, we have entered a new era of human ADME study design that can yield vastly more informative and complete data sets enabling a superior understanding of overall drug disposition.
Book Review: Childhood beyond Pathology by Lisa Farley

The question of universality and specificity in child development is one that has framed research, teaching, and clinical practices for generations and has engendered questions about the impact of ...
["Arrhythmia Reading": A Diverse Teaching Approach to Improve the Ability of 2 Year NPGY Nurses to Interpret and Manage Arrhythmias].

BACKGROUND The author of this paper works in the critical care ward of an internal medicine department. During the study period, current trainees in a nurse post graduate year (NPGY) program joined our nurse team. While at our ward, they were required to demonstrate clinical nursing competencies in intensive care units in the facets of nursing knowledge, equipment use, prediction of emergencies, emergency response, and patient evaluation and management. The ability to interpret arrhythmias is critical to connecting and coordinating these competencies. However, arrhythmia interpretation is usually the most difficult skill for nurses to master. PURPOSE This study was developed to improve the knowledge of NPGY trainees regarding arrhythmia interpretation, the accuracy of their arrhythmia interpretation and management, and their confidence in caring for patients with arrhythmia. RESOLUTION The period of this study spanned from April 5th to June 18th, 2018. After surveying the current capabilities of the NPGY trainees to provide a reference for improvement, several teaching strategies were adopted. These strategies included: (1) provision of arrhythmia clinical scenarios; (2) establishment of multimedia teaching and interactive e-books; (3) development of memory strategies; and (4) mind mapping. RESULTS The accuracy of the trainees' knowledge regarding arrhythmia interpretation increased from 52.5% pretest to 92.5% posttest, while their arrhythmia interpretation skill improved from 56.3% pretest to 92.5% posttest. Furthermore, their caring-for-patients-with-arrhythmia confidence score increased from 5.5 to 9.1. All of the objectives of this study were achieved. CONCLUSIONS The diverse teaching approach employed in this study enhanced the ability of trainees to remember and recall relevant theories as well as improved their related practical skills. Furthermore, posttest, the trainees were significantly less nervous during encounters with patients with arrhythmia and demonstrated improved problem-solving abilities. Participation in this intervention significantly improved the confidence of trainees to serve as critical care nurses and to pursue a career in critical care nursing.
Photo-oxidation of proteins facilitates the preservation of high molecular weight dissolved organic nitrogen in the ocean

Abstract High molecular weight (HMW) dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), especially proteinaceous materials, can persist in the deep ocean and sediment. How these materials, despite the parent source being considered labile, are transformed to be resistant to biodegradation is not yet fully understood. By conducting photo-oxidation experiments on model proteins (fetuin, cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, and lectin) in artificial seawater, our results revealed that photo-oxidation can induce cross-linking of proteins, resulting in a change in the refractory nature of proteins and aggregation. The formation of higher molecular weight products compared to the native proteins, with simultaneously increased carbonyl content, was observed by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The model proteins ultimately became more resistant to proteolysis. The addition of reactive oxygen species (i.e. H2O2 and •OH) accelerated the observed transformations. This study demonstrates that photo-oxidation can transform labile proteinaceous materials into refractory matter, providing a novel mechanism for the preservation of HMW DON in the ocean.
Tritium labelling of two potent dopamine D2 receptor agonists at high specific activity

An efficient method is described to radiolabel several dopamine D2 receptor agonists with tritium at high specific activity.
A new mouse SNP genotyping assay for speed congenics: combining flexibility, affordability, and power

Speed congenics is an important tool for creating congenic mice to investigate gene functions, but current SNP genotyping methods for speed congenics are expensive. These methods usually rely on chip or array technologies, and a different assay must be developed for each backcross strain combination. “Next generation” high throughput DNA sequencing technologies have the potential to decrease cost and increase flexibility and power of speed congenics, but thus far have not been utilized for this purpose. We took advantage of the power of high throughput sequencing technologies to develop a cost-effective, high-density SNP genotyping assay that can be used across many combinations of backcross strains. The assay surveys 1640 genome-wide SNPs known to be polymorphic across > 100 mouse strains, with an expected average of 549 ± 136 SD diagnostic SNPs between each pair of strains. We demonstrated that the assay has a high density of diagnostic SNPs for backcrossing the BALB/c strain into the C57BL/6J strain (807–819 SNPs), and a sufficient density of diagnostic SNPs for backcrossing the closely related substrains C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J (123–139 SNPs). Furthermore, the assay can easily be modified to include additional diagnostic SNPs for backcrossing other closely related substrains. We also developed a bioinformatic pipeline for SNP genotyping and calculating the percentage of alleles that match the backcross recipient strain for each sample; this information can be used to guide the selection of individuals for the next backcross, and to assess whether individuals have become congenic. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the assay and bioinformatic pipeline with a backcross experiment of BALB/c-IL4/IL13 into C57BL/6J; after six generations of backcrosses, offspring were up to 99.8% congenic. The SNP genotyping assay and bioinformatic pipeline developed here present a valuable tool for increasing the power and decreasing the cost of many studies that depend on speed congenics. The assay is highly flexible and can be used for combinations of strains that are commonly used for speed congenics. The assay could also be used for other techniques including QTL mapping, standard F2 crosses, ancestry analysis, and forensics.
On Caching with Finite Blocklength Coding for Secrecy over the Binary Erasure Wiretap Channel

In this paper, we show that caching can aid in achieving secure communications by considering a wiretap scenario where the transmitter and legitimate receiver share access to a secure cache, and an eavesdropper is able to tap transmissions over a binary erasure wiretap channel during the delivery phase of a caching protocol. The scenario under consideration gives rise to a new channel model for wiretap coding that allows the transmitter to effectively choose a subset of bits to erase at the eavesdropper by caching the bits ahead of time. The eavesdropper observes the remainder of the coded bits through the wiretap channel for the general case. In the wiretap type-II scenario, the eavesdropper is able to choose a set of revealed bits only from the subset of bits not cached. We present a coding approach that allows efficient use of the cache to realize a caching gain in the network, and show how to use the cache to optimize the information theoretic security in the choice of a finite blocklength code and the choice of the cached bit set. To our knowledge, this is the first work on explicit algorithms for secrecy coding in any type of caching network.
Implementation of Enterprise Risk Management

First, the purpose of this paper is to examine the German insurance industry Enterprise Risk Management program and the relationship to corporate governance, line management, as well as, portfolio management. To use scientific research to determine the intricate details about this German insurance industry implementation process and to seek information regarding risk exposure to the environment and to investigate each component that links risk exposure to the stakeholders. To find if the board and the risk assessment officers responsible for risk control are failing at their jobs.
Cognitive Overlay for Inter-system Cellular Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in the Downlink

This paper assesses the feasibility of a novel dynamic spectrum sharing approach for a cellular downlink based on cognitive overlay to allow non-orthogonal cellular transmissions from a primary and a secondary radio access technology concurrently on the same radio resources. The 2-user Gaussian cognitive interference channel is used to model a downlink scenario in which the primary and secondary base stations are co-located. A system architecture is defined that addresses practical challenges associated with cognitive overlay, in particular the non-causal knowledge of the primary user message at the cognitive transmitter. A cognitive overlay scheme is applied that combines superposition coding with dirty paper coding, and a primary user protection criterion is derived that is specific to a scenario in which the primary system is 4G while the secondary system is 5G. Simulation is used to evaluate the achievable signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the 4G and 5G receivers, as well as the cognitive power allocation parameter as a function of distance. Results suggest that the cognitive overlay scheme is feasible when the distance to the 5G receiver is relatively small, even when a large majority of the secondary user transmit power is allocated to protecting the primary user transmission. Achievable link distances for the 5G receiver are on the order of hundreds of meters for an urban macrocell or a few kilometers for a rural macrocell.
Adolescents' sleep and adjustment: Reciprocal effects.

Reciprocal relations between sleep and adjustment were investigated. Participants included 246 adolescents (M = 15.80 years; 67.5% White, 32.5% Black/African American; 53% female, 47% male) at Time 1 (data collected 2012-2013), 227 at Time 2 (M = 16.78 years) and 215 at Time 3 (M = 17.70 years). Sleep-wake variables were measured with self-reports (sleepiness) and actigraphy (average sleep minutes and efficiency, variability in sleep minutes and efficiency). Adolescents reported on depression and anxiety symptoms, and parents reported on externalizing problems. Greater variability in sleep duration and efficiency as well as sleepiness predicted adjustment problems (range of R2 : 36%-60%). Reciprocal relations were supported mostly for sleepiness (range of R2 : 16%-32%). Results help understand bidirectional relations between sleep and adjustment.
Macular Degeneration, Age Related

Macular degeneration comprises a group of diseases characterised by progressive deterioration of the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial cells and underlying choriocapillaris, causing progressive central vision loss. The most common form of macular degeneration is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness among elderly patients in developed countries. Other types of hereditary early onset macular dystrophies share clinical characteristics with AMD, but a monogenetic basis for many of these conditions has been found. Recent advances in clinical and genetic research have led to a better understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of AMD, which is currently viewed as a complex disorder in which multiple susceptibility genes combined with environmental factors play a role. The management of neovascular AMD has changed dramatically with the introduction of anti-VEGF drugs, but treatment options for other types of macular degeneration remain limited because the aetiology and pathogenesis are incompletely defined. Key Concepts: Macular degeneration refers to a group of diseases characterised by photoreceptor cell degeneration and death leading to central vision loss. Recent advances in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) technology has led to its major role in diagnosis and management of macular degeneration. Monthly follow-up of patients with neovascular AMD is recommended for best visual outcome. Regular anti-VEGF therapy with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab is currently considered to be the standard treatment for neovascular AMD. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the efficacy and safety of combination treatments for neovascular AMD and treatments for other forms of macular degeneration. Research efforts are directed at prevention of AMD and stem cell and gene therapy treatments for Stargardt disease. Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; Stargardt disease; hereditary retinal degeneration; AMD genetics; vascular endothelial growth factor
Nonadditivity of Intermolecular Forces

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a critical review of certain features of the non-additivity problem, which have recently become of interest. It faces the question on whether the multibody series has convenient properties of convergence. Four-body forces are calculated with the use of an oscillator model for two particular configurations: a regular tetrahedron and a square. Their sign is in both cases opposite to that of the three-body forces calculated by Jansen and collaborators. For the tetrahedron they are small; for the square, at distances equal to the lattice spacing of crystals, they are of the same order of magnitude as the three-body forces. The calculations are carried out in the first order of perturbation theory. In conclusion, the following points may be established concerning the role of many-body forces. (1) For dense states of matter they are quite important, may even be crucial in determining structure. (2) There is no conclusive evidence to show that the multibody series has convenient features of rapid convergence, (3) Relevant calculations are at present based for the most part on simple state functions— that is, on one-electron oscillator functions. This introduces errors that have not been estimated.
Instructional Ambiguity in the Discrimination of and Memory for the Duration of a Stimulus

The study of timing in animals has often included instructional ambiguity (or a failure to discriminate), an artifact that has often led to the misinterpretation of results. In the case of the peak procedure, used to determine when animals anticipate the time of reinforcement, the effect of gaps in the to-be-timed stimulus depends importantly on whether the gap appears similar in appearance to the intertrial interval. When the two intervals are similar animals appear to reset their clock ‐as they learned to do between trials. When the two intervals are different the animals appear to pause their clock. In the case of conditional duration discriminations, memory for the durations appears to shorten with the passage of time since their occurrence as indicted by divergent retention intervals, but only when the retention interval is similar to the intertrial interval and the trial appears to occur without a sample. When the retention interval and the intertrial interval are different, parallel functions are often found thus, no such shortening of the interval occurs. Finally two phenomena are examined, (a) the relative categorization of short and long durations depending on what they are being compared with and (b) the subjective passage of time
Spectrophotometric studies of the Io Torus

A toroidal volume near Io's orbit is made luminous by multiple optical and ultraviolet line emissions excited by resonant scattering of sunlight and by electron collisions. These emitting atoms and ions have been lost from Io. The spectrophotometric measurements of these emissions and their physical interpretation are considered. It is now known that the flow of material from Io dominates the particle and energy budgets of the Jovian magnetosphere. The observed emitting species in the Io torus are examined, and the atomic clouds are discussed, taking into account morphology and kinematics, atomic cloud supply rates, ion-atom collisions, and charge-exchange collisions. Observations and studies concerning the plasma torus are reported, giving attention to the forbidden lines, the extreme ultraviolet lines, and aspects of ion temperature and spatial distribution. Two types of radial transport in the Io torus include the ballistic motion of neutrals escaping from Io and the cross-L transport of ions.
Chapter 3. The Response of Mangroves to Man-Induced Environmental Stress

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the response of mangroves to man-induced environmental stress. Over the past several years large areas of mangrove forests have been replaced with rice paddies, sugar cane fields, aquaculture ponds, housing developments, and salt ponds. Although mangroves are well adapted to thrive under conditions of high temperatures, anaerobic substrates, and fluctuations in salinity ranging from freshwater to moderately hypersaline, there are certain situations, both natural and man-induced, to which they are highly vulnerable. This vulnerability is related to clogging or interference with the air holes in the aerial root system. Salinity is a problem for most mangrove species only under hypersaline conditions. These conditions occur naturally as a result of ecosystem development that results in poor tidal circulation in the center of large mangrove stands and which, in combination with low rainfall, high temperature, and high evaporation rates, creates elevated soil salinities. The same type of problem can be created by man if circulation to mangrove stands is cut off or restricted. Interference can result from a number of causes including changes in sedimentation patterns and long-term increases in water level. Mangroves also are susceptible to extremely hypersaline soils created by restricted tidal circulation, high evaporation rates, and low rainfall.
Political Socialization and Grandparenting

Several years ago, our daughter Jenny accused Zelda and me of "sociologizing everything." My first response was: "What do you expect when your parents are both sociologists?" But subsequently, I have taken the observation more seriously and pondered it. Do I, indeed, sociologize everything? My conclusion is "yes" and "no." The most useful metaphor here is to think of sociology as a lens through which one views the world. This lens is, no doubt, a permanent part of the way that I look at things. It highlights what I see and leads me to focus on aspects of, for example, race, class, and gender relations that would not necessarily occur to those using a different lens. So, yes, I sociologize everything when I am using this lens. But it is not the only lens I use. One could say I politicize everything since I often view the world through what one might call a social justice lens. There is certainly some overlap with the sociology lens, but it is incomplete. They do not highlight identical parts of the world. I use several other lenses that also may overlap but are harder to identify. There is an "irony" lens and a "drama" lens that makes me attentive to the ways events unfold. I notice, for example, that Democratic control of the U.S. Senate after the 2006 elections rested on the vote of Democratic renegade, Joe Lieberman. Or, I notice the dramaturgical pos sibilities in the pregnancy of vice presidential daughter, Mary Cheney, involved in a long-term same-sex relationship. My "politics is a play" and "politics is a game" lenses are identical to neither the sociology nor social justice lens.
Plp1 mutation induces altered respiratory response to an airway challenge

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a disease caused by mutations of the proteolipid protein1 ( PLP1 ) gene that result in defective CNS myelination. Mice with an extra copy of Plp1 , called Plp1 dup, develop a syndrome that models the duplication form of PMD. Patients with all except the mildest forms have respiratory involvement. Objective: We hypothesized that Plp1 dup mice would lack protective airway responsiveness (AR) to an autonomic drug challenge. To address this, we investigated whether respiratory mechanics in these mice would be different at baseline (BL) or during methacholine (MCh) challenge. Methods : Wild type (Wt) n=16, carrier (Car) n=8 & affected (Af) n=17 mice, 3 months (3m) and 6 months old (6m), were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated & challenged with 0.1-6 mg/ml of aerosolized MCh. We calculated resistance (R), dynamic/static compliance (Cdyn/Cstat), asynchrony (PhRTB); lung tissue biomarkers & histological analysis are ongoing. Results: BL differences were found in R, between Wt6 vs.Car6 (p=<0.05) dependent on group (p=<0.001) & age (p=<0.0001), and in Cdyn, among Wt3 vs. Af3 (p=<0.01). MCh increased R as a function of dose in Wt6 & Car6, whereas Af6 mice lacked sensitivity to MCh (p=<0.05). No differences in body weight, gender (Wt females vs. Wt Males) and Cstat were found. Af6 mice had the highest PhRTB. Conclusions: Wt mice compared with Af mice were lacking of AR to MCh at 6m, but not at 3m. These results indicate an age-associated lack of protective autonomic AR in the Plp1 dup mouse model and suggest that respiratory autonomic disequilibrium may contribute to the respiratory involvement in PMD patients. The Plp1 dup animal model may be used for testing therapeutic interventions.
Liver segmental anatomy and analysis from vessel and tumor segmentation via optimized graph cuts

The segmentation and classification of the major intra-hepatic blood vessels along with the segmentation and analysis of hepatic tumors are critical for patient specific models of the diseased liver. Additionally, the accurate identification of liver anatomical segments can assist in the clinical assessment of the risks and benefits of hepatic interventions. We propose a novel 4D graph-based method to segment hepatic vasculature and tumors. The algorithm uses multi-phase CT images to model the differential enhancement of the liver structures and Hessian-based shape likelihoods to avoid the common pitfalls of graph cuts with undersegmentation and intensity heterogeneity. A hybrid classification step based on post-order walks of a graph identifies the right, middle and left hepatic, and portal veins. Veins are tracked using the graph representation and planes fitted to the vessel segments. The method allows the detection of all hepatic tumors and identification of the liver segments with 87.8% accuracy.
Neutron Total Cross Sections in the 7- to 14-Mev Region

The neutron total cross sections for 35 elements and isotopes were measured at several energies between 7 and 14 Mev using monoenergetic neutrons produced by the Livermore variable-energy cyclotron through the by gamma rays and low-energy breakup'' neutrons were evaluated through time-of-flight measurements and were kept small by suitably high bias on the plastic scintillator detector. The accuracy of the cross sections is typically plus or minus 1 te 2%. Where comparisons with previous data are possible, the agreement ranges from excellent to poor (10% discrepancy). The data form a smooth cross- section surface when plotted versus energy and mass number, as expected on the basis of the optical model. The functional dependence on energy and mass is not simple but is in good agreement with the predictions of the optical model of Bjorklund and Fernbach. (auth)
Training a New Scientist to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Environment

The transboundary nature of global environmental change demands collaborative, multiscale, interdisciplinary research [U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 2005]. This requires “a new kind of scientist” [Schmidt and Moyer, 2008]; collaborators must develop both sufficient understanding of one another's work and the skills to integrate data sets and expertise. Although numerous interdisciplinary academic programs have emerged to address this demand, success varies widely. While many address cultural and financial impediments to interdisciplinary research [Weingart, 2000; Rhoten, 2004], there is little discussion of the skills that facilitate interdisciplinary scholarship and how to obtain them.