cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational constraints as communicative variables in bureaucratic medical settings: A case study of patient‐initiated referral talk in independent practice association‐affiliated practices

In complex, bureaucratized settings, organizational code tends to be highly elaborated and concrete, emphasizing the presence of organizational agendas in decision‐making processes. In large, complex, bureaucratically‐organized medical settings, providers and patients alike must regularly construct accounts that incorporate organizational agendas. By contrast, small‐scale private practice has traditionally represented a more personalistic decision‐making domain, wherein the physician's role has tended to dominate, not only as a locus of professional authority, but as a locus of organizational authority as well. Thus, bureaucratic medical settings and small‐scale private practice settings have represented rather distinct organizational models, and their differences have been reflected interactionally. However, this situation is changing, due in part to the rapid rise in private practice of an economic model known as “contract medicine.” This model introduces powerful new organizational constraints on membe...
Condylomata acuminata in prepubescent females

Abstract Condyloma acuminata are increasing in frequency in the adult population, and similar increases in frequency have been noted in children. Six children ranging in age from 8 months to 7 years with condyloma acuminata were seen between 1983 and 1986. One child was the victim of sexual abuse. The parents of another child were known to have condyloma. Possible modes of transmission and therapeutic measures are discussed. Although the possibility of sexual abuse must be considered in any child who presents with condyloma, other routes of transmission are also possible.
Corticosterone binding in AtT-20 pituitary tumor cell cytosol Evidence for one class of binding site for both natural and synthetic glucocorticoids

The AtT-20 mouse pituitary cell is an established, cloned cell line which produced adrenocorticotrophic hormone in a glucocorticoid-suppressible manner. A receptor for glucocorticoids was identified in cytosol prepared from these cells using the natural mouse glucocorticoid, corticosterone, as the labeled ligand. The question of whether this binding component is identical to the one detectable using labeled triamcinolone acetonide was addressed by comparing their physicochemical characteristics and by detailed studied of binding specificity using both ligands. The corticosterone and triamcinolone acetonide binding components behaved similarly on sucrose density gradient analysis and DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Scatchard analysis with corticosterone detected 30% fewer binding sites than a similar analysis with triamcinolone acetonide, probably because corticosterone binding was of lower affinity (Kd = 8.6 . 10(-9)M vs. 1.4 . 10(-9)M) and hence less stable. The relative glucocorticoid binding affinities of thirteen unlabeled steroids were obtained using either labeled steroid as ligand. Both ligands yielded similar results, suggesting that they both detected a similar binding site. The results suggest that AtT-20 cell cytosol contains a single class of binding site which detects both natural and synthetic glucocorticoids.
Effect of varying dose of UV radiation on mammalian skin: simulation of decreasing stratospheric ozone

To better understand the dependence of the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma on changes in solar spectral distribution and dose regimen, we exposed SK-1 hairless mice to solar-simulating radiation (290–400 urn). Selective UV filtration was accomplished by passing this radiation through Schott WG-320 cutoff filters of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mm thickness. Minimal erythema doses (MED) were determined for each filter combination. Starting with 0.5 and with 0.9 MED, groups of 20 mice were irradiated 5 days per week; this was increased by 20% increments (of the original dose) every 6th day for 40 days ("0.5 MED" and "0.9 MED" experimental groups, respectively). Other groups of mice were irradiated with the same incremental increases, starting at 6.5 J/cm 2 ("equal dose" regimen). The salient results were: (1) shorter wavelength components appear to preferentially produce tumors; (2) resultant observable dose-response behavior for each regimen is a complicated function of concurrent "light" and "dark" reactions; (3) time-dose reciprocity is absent; and (4) there are no straight forward relationships among tumor efficiency, dose fractionation, and spectral distribution of excitation radiation. These results indicate that photocarcinogenesis is a dynamic process, in which events that result in tumor growth compete with those that cause tumor regression.
ON A COMPUTER‐BASED THEORY OF STRATEGIES

Some of the objectives and working tools of a new area of study, tentatively called Theory of Strategies, are described. It is based on the methodology of artificial intelligence, decision theory, operations research and digital gaming. The latter refers to computing activity that incorporates model building, simulation and learning programs in conflict situations. We also discuss three long‐term projects which aim at automatically analyzing and synthesizing strategies.
Diffusive intergranular cavity growth in creep in tension and torsion

Abstract Creep experiments were performed at 500°C in tension and torsion on high conductivity copper tubes with a uniform initial coverage of implanted water vapor bubbles on all grain boundaries. No significant differences were found in the times to fracture over a wide stress range when the results were correlated according to the maximum principal tensile stress in the two fields. The results indicate that the cavities grow in a crack-like mode but at one tenth the rate predicted from the theoretical model of Pharr and Nix. This difference is attributed partly to load shedding from boundaries normal to the maximum principal tensile stress to slanted boundaries and partly to a lack of knowledge about the surface diffusion constant. The results indicate further, that the contribution to intergranular cavity growth by power-law creep in negligible in comparison to the contribution by diffusional flow. Complementary tension and torsion experiments performed in initially uncavitated samples result in shorter creep lives in torsion than in tension due to more effective cavity nucleation in the former. The times to fracture in both of these cases obey Monkman and Grant's law, indicating the presence of constraints on growth by the lagging deformations by power-law creep in the surroundings of the cavitating isolated grain facets.
Theory of AlN, GaN, InN and their alloys

Abstract This review focuses on the fundamental properties of III–V compound semiconductors from a theoretical or computational standpoint. Its purpose is to summarize the contributions of electronic structure theory to the present context and to provide some foundations for the modern techniques. This will enable one to assess the limitations of the techniques employed previously.
Planar superconductive pairing and the gap in high magnetic fields.

We demonstrate some unusual features of superconductivity in high magnetic fields by analytically diagonalizing the microscopic Bogoliubov--de Gennes Hamiltonian in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field and in the limit of pairing occurring within a sngle Landau level. Pairing is shown to occur between states of opposite reduced momenta, with periodicity established by the magnetic field. The exact form of the gap in real space in a generalization of the Abrikosov-Gorkov solution. The quasiparticle excitation spectrum bears the signature of the high magnetic field. A nonzero electronic g factor has a significant effect on singlet superconductivity in this limit.
Genome relationships in the perennial Triticeae based on diploid hybrids and beyond

Diploid intergeneric hybrids were synthesized among diploid species of the genera Agropyron Gaertn. (P genome), Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) A. Love (S genome), Thinopyrum A. Love (J-E genome), Psathyro-stachys Nevski (N genome), Hordeum L. (H genome), and Secale L. (R genome). Chromosome pairing patterns in these diploid hybrids permit the estimation of genomic similarity among the various genomes. Measurements of genome similarity based on chromosome pairing in diploid hybrids are generally in agreement with those based on other measurements. It is consistent that Jb and Je (= E) are the most closely-related genomes, with the genetic similarity ranging from 0.50 to 0.68, based on various studies. Next to the Jb-Je genome are S and P genomes. The N, H, and R genomes are remotely related to the J-S-P cluster. These relationships are also reflected in hybrids of higher ploidy levels when genes controlling chromosome pairing are kept in check. Since genome designation is traditionally based on chromosome pairing data and the ability of two genomes to pair without interfering factors is a reliable measurement of genome similarity, diploid pairing data should be used for genome symbol determination. It is logical to set a diploid c value of 0.50 for designating the basis genome symbol; i.e., when the diploid hybrids have a mean c > 0.50, the two genomes in the hybrid should be given the same basic symbol.
A Local Parameterization of Orthogonal and Semi-Orthogonal Matrices with Applications

This article describes a local parameterization of orthogonal and semi-orthogonal matrices. The parameterization leads to a unified approach for obtaining the asymptotic joint distributions of estimators of singular-values and -vectors, and of eigen-values and -vectors. The singular- or eigen-values can have arbitrary multiplicities. The approach is illustrated on principal components analyzes, canonical correlation analysis, inter-battery factory analysis, and reduced-rank regression.
An Aerodynamics Course Project to Illustrate Parasite Drag Coefficient Prediction

This paper describes a novel project that is being used to educate aerospace engineering students in the technique of parasite drag coefficient estimation. The project is conducted on a wing-body-tail configuration using the method of wetted areas. The wing-body-tail is actually a miniature two-man submarine, but the techniques used are identical to an airplane. Also included in the project are propeller performance estimation and determining the power required to overcome parasite drag. The students compare their results with empirical data. The project is interdisciplinary in nature, in that it can also be used in ocean engineering courses for submarine drag estimation.
Rethinking the legacy of Columbus: a vision of business—university collaboration between North and South

Abstract The 500th anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America provided a wealth of opportunities to reflect on his legacy—not only in the past, but also in the future. World trends reflecting the colonial mindset of exploitation may be seen as a key ingredient in the exponential growth in ecological load that, if continued, threatens to overshoot the carrying capacity of the planet. North/South university-business collaboration, involving an innovative ‘countertrade’ technology, is suggested as a way to help counteract some of these trends, and provide a new basis for livelihood.
The positive psychology of negative thinking

As the positive psychology movement gains momentum, both within psychology and in the broader culture, it becomes increasingly important to ensure that the complexity of individual personality and psychological processes do not get lost in a "one-size-fits-all" approach to improving human functioning. In this article, we consider some of the ways that the costs and benefits of different kinds of optimism and pessimism may vary across different individuals, situations, and cultural contexts. We use defensive pessimism research to illustrate that there are times when pessimism and negative thinking are indeed positive psychology, as they lead to better performance and personal growth. We also consider the ways in which dominant American culture--and research in psychology--may underestimate some of the costs of optimism.
The true nature of black holes

A host of new techniques means we will soon know whether black holes are what we think they are, says Michael D. Lemonick
Numerical analysis of stabilization techniques for oscillatory convective flow in Czochralski crystal growth

Abstract Results of numerical simulations of transient oscillatory flow in a Czochralski growth system are reported. A numerical analysis assuming axisymmetric flow and temperature fields in a cylindrical enclosure was performed in which the swirl component of velocity is included in the computation to account for rotational effects. Temperature and flow field oscillations were computed for natural and forced convection dominated flow regimes. Numerical predictions are in excellent agreement with previously reported experimental results. Computational results are presented which disclose relevant features of oscillatory flow and temperature fields. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of crystal radius and melt depth variations on the oscillatory flow. It was shown that a non-oscillatory striation-free condition can be attained for certain flow conditions by reducing the radius fraction r c / R c and increasing the crucible aspect ratio R c / H . The effects of a circular flat plate immersed in the melt were also evaluated for different vertical positions of the baffle. It was found that inserting a baffle with a radius slightly larger than the crystal radius at an appropriate vertical position can effectively attenuate the thermal fluctuations.
Thermal stress waves with applications to laser fusion reactors

Abstract A closed-form solution is developed for stress waves in a solid resulting from volumetric energy deposition. The material is linear elastic and the geometry a plate or slab-like component. One dimensional waves perpendicular to the surface are considered. Such a model can be used to describe the response for plates or thin shells. The problem is relevant to the design of liners and first wall structure of laser fusion reactors. For demonstration purposes, examples are presented based upon the University of Wisconsin SOLASE conceptual power plant. It is shown that X -rays and reflected long wavelength laser light produce relatively small amplitude waves but short wavelength reflected laser light can produce stresses of significant amplitude.
Preparatory Activity in Occipital Cortex in Early Blind Humans Predicts Auditory Perceptual Performance

Early onset blindness leads to a dramatic alteration in the way the world is perceived, a change that is detectable in the organization of the brain. Several studies have confirmed that blindness leads to functional alterations in occipital cortices that normally serve visual functions. These reorganized brain regions respond to a variety of tasks and stimuli, but their specific functions are unclear. In sighted individuals, several studies have reported preparatory activity in retinotopic areas, which enhances perceptual sensitivity. "Baseline shifts," changes in activity associated with a cue predicting an upcoming event, provides a marker for attentional modulation. Here we demonstrate that, in early blind subjects, medial occipital areas produced significant blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to a cue signaling an auditory discrimination trial but not to a cue indicating a no-trial period. Furthermore, the amplitude of the BOLD response in the anterior calcarine sulcus of early blind subjects correlated with their discrimination performance on the auditory backward masking task. Preparatory BOLD responses also were present in auditory cortices, although they were more robust in blind than sighted control subjects. The pattern of response in visual areas is similar to preparatory effects observed during visual selective attention in sighted subjects and consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms implicated in visual attention continue to modulate occipital cortex in the early blind. A possible source of this top-down modulation may be the frontoparietal circuits that retain their connectivity with the reorganized occipital cortex and as a result influence processing of nonvisual stimuli in the blind.
Direct evidence of a zigzag spin-chain structure in the honeycomb lattice: A neutron and x-ray diffraction investigation of single-crystal Na 2 IrO 3

We have combined single-crystal neutron and x-ray diffractions to investigate the magnetic and crystal structures of the honeycomb lattice Na${}_{2}$IrO${}_{3}$. The system orders magnetically below $18.1(2)$ K with Ir${}^{4+}$ ions forming zigzag spin chains within the layered honeycomb network with an ordered moment of $0.22(1){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{B}}/\text{Ir}$ site. Such a configuration sharply contrasts with the N\'eel or stripe states proposed in the Kitaev-Heisenberg model. The structure refinement reveals that the Ir atoms form a nearly ideal two-dimensional honeycomb lattice while the IrO${}_{6}$ octahedra experience a trigonal distortion that is critical to the ground state. The results of this study provide much needed experimental insights into the magnetic and crystal structure that are crucial to the understanding of the exotic magnetic order and possible topological characteristics in the $5d$-electron-based honeycomb lattice.
Review of thin films in telecommunications applications

Optical thin film coatings have been successfully deployed in the fiberoptic telecommunications infrastructure. In this paper we review relevant telecommunications applications, the performance attainable with thin film solutions, and briefly describe several competing technologies.
The fate of new bacterial genes

Bacteria experience a continual influx of novel genetic material from a wide range of sources and yet their genomes remain relatively small. This aspect of bacterial evolution indicates that most newly arriving sequences are rapidly eliminated; however, numerous new genes persist, as evident from the presence of unique genes in almost all bacterial genomes. This review summarizes the methods for identifying new genes in bacterial genomes and examines the features that promote the retention and elimination of these evolutionary novelties.
Alteration of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) leaf dynamics and phytochemistry by insect damage and plant density

Abstract Water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) grown outdoors were subjected to 0, 25, or 250 water hyacinth weevils (Neochetina eichhorniae Warner) per culture tank. Plant densities were then reduced by 75% in half of the tanks within each weevil stocking rate. Biweekly leaf production, mortality, and loss were monitored for 22 weeks. After 12 weeks, leaf lamina tissue was analyzed for N, P, K, phenolics, carbohydrates, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn concentrations. High weevil populations increased leaf production in low plant densities (0.170 leaves rosette−1 day−1). Otherwise weevil infestations had little overall effect on production rates (average 0.144 leaves rosette−1 day−1), but infested plants produced smaller leaves. Leaf mortality was 50% higher and the plants lost leaves 72% faster than the controls when subjected to high weevil populations. Weevil infestations had no effect on tissue N levels when plant densities were but levels were lower with weevils (2.8%) than without them (3.5%) when plant densities were high. Likewise, N was higher when plant densities were low (3.4%) than when they were high (2.8%) if weevil populations were high. Tissue P, K, Fe and Zn concentrations increased when either weevil level or plant density increased. Tissue Mg inversely decreased with increasing weevil levels. It is concluded that weevil infestations disrupt water hyacinth leaf dynamics by increasing leaf mortality rates. This effect is most severe in high plant densities but in low densities plants may partially compensate through increased production of smaller leaves. Both insect damage and plant density alter tissue nutrient concentrations, but the significance of changes is confounded by plasticity in leaf size. Weevil infestations effectively reduce total quantities of nutrients accumulated within whole leaf laminas but this is manifested more by reduced leaf size than by reduced tissue loads.
The cost of increased transactional correctness and durability in distributed databases

In this paper we investigate the problem of providing durability for Web Service transactions in the presence of system failures. We show that the popular lazy replica update propagation method is vulnerable to loss of transactional updates in the presence of hardware failures. We propose an extension to the lazy update propagation approach to reduce the risk of data loss. Our approach is based on the “buddy” system, requiring that updates are preserved synchronously in two replicas, called buddies. The rest of the replicas are updated using lazy update propagation protocols. Our method provides a balance between durability (i.e., effects of the transaction are preserved even if the server, executing the transaction, crashes before the update can be propagated to the other replicas) and efficiency (i.e., our approach requires a synchronous update between two replicas only, adding a minimal overhead to the lazy replication protocol). Moreover, we show that our method of selecting the buddies ensures correct execution and can be easily extended to balance workload, and reduce latency observable by the client.
Open Bankart repair for revision of failed prior stabilization: outcome analysis at a mean of more than 10 years.

Background The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcome of open Bankart repair for failed stabilization surgery at a mean follow-up of >10 years. Materials and methods Thirty patients underwent revision open Bankart repair by a single surgeon for failed prior stabilization surgery, with a standard technique and postoperative rehabilitation. All patients were referred by other surgeons. Evaluation was by an independent examiner, at a mean follow-up of 10.2 years. Evaluation included a history, physical examination for range of motion, outcome scores, recurrence, return to athletics, and radiographic examination. Results All cases had persistent Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions. Failures included 14 patients with a failed single arthroscopic Bankart repair; 1 patient with 2 failed arthroscopic Bankart repairs; 1 patient with an arthroscopic failure and an open Bankart repair; 7 patients with failed open Bankart repairs; and 1 patient with a failed open Bankart repair, then a failed arthroscopic attempt. Two patients had had thermal capsulorrhaphy; 2 others had staple capsulorrhaphy, 1 with an open capsular shift and 1 after a failed arthroscopic Bankart repair, an open Bankart repair, and then a coracoid transfer. All arthroscopic Bankart repairs had anchors placed medial and superior on the glenoid neck. Mean motion loss compared with the normal contralateral side was as follows: elevation 1.15°, abduction 4.2°, external rotation at the side 3.2°, external rotation in abduction 5.1°, and internal rotation 0.6 vertebral levels (NS). No patient had an apprehension sign, pain, or instability. Of 23 who played sports, 22 resumed after. Outcomes scores were as follows: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 89.44; Rowe, 86.67; Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, 476.26. On radiographic examination, there were 13 normal radiographs and 7 with mild, 2 with moderate, and 0 with severe arthritic changes. Conclusion The open Bankart repair offers a reliable, consistently successful option for revision of failed stabilizations.
Phosducin facilitates light-driven transducin translocation in rod photoreceptors. Evidence from the phosducin knockout mouse.

Phosducin is a photoreceptor-specific protein known to interact with the βγ subunits of G proteins. In pursuit of the function of phosducin, we tested the hypothesis that it regulates the light-driven translocation of G protein transducin from the outer segments of rod photoreceptors to other compartments of the rod cell. Transducin translocation has been previously shown to contribute to rod adaptation to bright illumination, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the translocation phenomenon remain unknown. In this study we provide two major lines of evidence in support of the role of phosducin in transducin translocation. First, we have demonstrated that transducin βγ subunits interact with phosducin along their entire intracellular translocation route, as evident from their co-precipitation in serial tangential sections from light-adapted but not dark-adapted retinas. Second, we generated a phosducin knockout mouse and found that the degree of light-driven transducin translocation in the rods of these mice was significantly reduced as compared with that observed in the rods of wild type animals. In knockout animals the translocation of transducin βγ subunits was affected to a larger degree than the translocation of the α subunit. We also found that the amount of phosducin in rods is sufficient to interact with practically all of the transducin present in these cells and that the subcellular distribution of phosducin is consistent with that of a soluble protein evenly distributed throughout the entire rod cytoplasm. Together, these data indicate that phosducin binding to transducin βγ subunits facilitates transducin translocation. We suggest that the mechanism of phosducin action is based on the reduction of transducin affinity to the membranes of rod outer segments, achieved by keeping the transducin βγ subunits apart from the α subunit. This increased solubility of transducin would make it more susceptible to translocation from the outer segments.
Locus of Control and Perceived Ability Level as Determinants of Partner and Opponent Choice

Summary The effects of individual differences in locus of control orientation and perceived ability level on the selection of partners or opponents with superior, equal, or inferior abilities for cooperative or competitive task efforts were examined. The results indicated that internals were willing to relinquish much of their personal control over their outcomes by selecting superior partners for cooperative ventures, but only after they had become thoroughly convinced of their own lack of ability on the task. Where they perceived themselves as having good ability, in contrast, internals tended to select partners of equal ability for the anticipated cooperative activities, even though selection of superior-ability partners would have enhanced their teams' chances for success. Surprisingly, some externals tended to select inferior-ability partners under the same conditions, thus virtually ensuring defeat for their teams.
Dimensions of Marginality: Distinctions among those Who are Different

Master status individuals are persons whose physical appearance, behavior, or life circumstance is statistically unusual and centrally defining. In three studies, undergraduates indicated the dissimilarity among various master status groups (e.g., amputees, musical prodigies, criminals, royalty) and then rated them on semantic differential scales (e.g., good-bad, safe-dangerous, alluring-repelling). Multidimensional scaling revealed that few dimensions are needed to distinguish among these marginal individuals. The most common distinctions are evaluative connotation and visibility of the master status characteristic. It was also found that, as a group, those who are culturally stigmatized are far more differentiated than those who are culturally valued.
Chronic hepatitis C and skin diseases: a review.

Objective To emphasize the ongoing role of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the cause or exacerbation of severe dermatologic disorders. Design We present two case reports to outline the pertinent findings in hepatitis C-related cryoglobulinemia, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and lichen planus and discuss the main disorders associated with chronic HCV infection. Results Chronic HCV infection has recently been recognized in association with various skin disorders. The most commonly reported association is the triad of leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, and chronic HCV infection. Other cutaneous disorders associated with HCV infection include porphyria cutanea tarda, lichen planus, erythema nodosum, urticaria, erythema multiforme, and polyarteritis nodosa. Conclusion Patients with onset or exacerbation of these disorders should undergo assessment for HCV infection.
STIMPY mutants have increased cytokinin sensitivity during dark germination

The cytokinins regulate a broad range of plant developmental events. We recently reported that the homeodomain transcription factor STIMPY (STIP) positively mediates the cytokinin signals in maintaining proliferative and pluoripotent properties of the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis. In line with our proposed model, light-grown stip seedlings are less sensitive to the growth inhibition effect of the exogenously applied cytokinins than wild type. Here we investigate STIP's role in cytokinin signaling in dark-grown seedlings, in which elevated cytokinin levels promote photomorphogenesis. We found that stip mutants show enhanced de-etiolation phenotype in response to cytokinin treatment in the dark, suggesting that STIP may be a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling under this condition. We discuss possible explanations for this observed developmental stage-specific function of STIP.
TREATMENT OF A CLASS III MALOCCLUSION WITH MAXILLARY CONSTRICTION AND AN ANTERIOR FUNCTIONAL SHIFT

This case was chosen by the CDABO student case selection committee for publication in the AJO/DO.
Cell proliferation and the aging brain

Human brain cells were cultured from post-mortem tissue obtained from normal adults ranging in age from 15 to 73 years. Over 50% of the explant cultures set up were successful, success rates being significantly greater for gray than white matter. Tissue samples obtained less than 20 hours post-mortem had a slightly but not significantly higher rate of successful cultures than those obtained after a longer delay. A statistically significant age-related decrease in the frequency of successful cultures was found for white matter only, the rate for gray matter remaining constant across the three age groups (less than 40 years, 41–64 years and over 65 years of age). Research reports in the literature have concentrated almost exclusively on age-associated changes in gray matter. In light of the present findings, it is recommended, therefore, that future neuroanatomical and histopathological investigations include the white matter as well.
An examination of ex-ante factors and their influence on equity carve-out long-term performance

This study examines the influence of several ex-ante factors on three-year market-adjusted returns of two-stage carve-out combinations from 1988 to 2006. We observe that several factors maintain their significance over a three-year period after equity carve-out ex-dates. Also, we report that, contrary to Vijh (J Bus 75(1):153–190, 1999), negative three-year carve-out returns are statistically significant. In addition, we note that negative combination carve-out/spin-off three-year returns are higher than those of carve-outs acquired by third parties or reacquired by their parents. Moreover, we observe that our independent variables explain 14.56% of the multiple regression three-year returns for carve-outs. Also, our negative correlation of three-year returns with initial period returns supports the “leaning against the wind” hypothesis of Loughran and Ritter (Rev Financ Stud 15(2):413–443, 2002). In addition, our results for the post-bubble period (2001–2006) provide an extension of the changing issuer objective function noted by Loughran and Ritter (Financ Manage 35(3):23–51, 2004) for IPOs and Hogan and Olson (J Financ Res 27(4):521–537, 2004) for equity carve-outs.
Supermanifold cohomology and the Wess-Zumino term of the covariant superstring action

The cohomology theory of supermanifolds is developed. Its basic properties are established and simple examples given. The Wess-Zumino term in the Green-Schwarz covariant superstring action is interpreted as a nontrivial class in the “supersymmetric cohomology” of flat superspace. A quotient supermanifold with nontrivial topology reflecting this class is constructed. It is shown that there is no topological quantization condition for the coefficient of the Wess-Zumino term. The superstring differs from conventional sigma models in this respect because its action is Grassmann-valued and its group manifold (superspace) is noncompact.
Distribution and mechanism of uptake of 111InCl3 in a tumor model for lymph node metastases.

Abstract The localization of 111In activity in the tumor and draining lymph nodes of the H-4-II-E ACI rat hepatoma was investigated following the injection of 111In-chloride. In this tumor model, the tumors metastasize to the regional lymph nodes in male rats only. The following experiments were performed: (a) biodistribution of 111In; (b) correlation of 111In uptake with [3H]thymidine; (c) γ camera imaging; (d) autoradiography; (e) iron competition and (f) binding of 131I-transferrin to H-4-II-E cells. Tumor-to-muscle ratios of 111In in males were 4.9:1 in the primary tumor and 9.1:1 in the metastatic lymph nodes 24h post injection. In the lymph node metastases in the males, a significant correlation between 111In uptake and [3H]thymidine was observed (r = 0.737) suggesting that 111In uptake in the metastases is related to cellular proliferation. No such correlation was observed in either primary tumors (both male and female) or in the draining lymph nodes of the females. Metastatic lymph nodes in males could be detected in γ camera images while draining nodes in females could not be delineated. Injection of ferric citrate prior to 111In administration resulted in a significant reduction of 111In uptake in the liver, spleen and tumor and increased the amount of activity recovered from the kidney. Measurements of the binding of 131I-labeled rat transferrin to H-4-II-E cells in vitro suggest that these cells display transferrin receptors.
RELATION OF SEX AND AGE TO OLD AND NEW FAMILY ENVIRONMENT SCALE STANDARD SCORES OF WHITE ADOLESCENTS: PRELIMINARY NORMS

Summary.-The relation of sex and age to Family Environment Scale scores of 966 white adolescents was investigated using both old (1974) and new (1981) standard scores. Main effects for age were found on the Independence and Moral-Religious subscales, with older adolescents scoring significantly higher than younger adolescents on the Independence subscale but significantly lower than younger adolescents on the Moral-Religious subscale. Main effects for sex were found; girls scored significantly higher than boys on Expressiveness while boys scored significantly higher on Achievement. The same pattern of results was noted for analyses of old and new standard scores. Means and standard deviations by age and sex were given for new standard scores. Moos and Moos (1781) published a revised manual for the Family Environment Scale, a relatively brief, objective measure of perceived family climate. Compared to the preliminary manual (Moos, Insel, & Humphrey, 1974), the new manual presented normative data, information on reliability and validity of the scale, and subscale intercorrelations based on a larger and more diverse sample of families. In addition, revised new standard scores were published based on the combined scores of family members, e.g., father, mother, children. Although some subsample analyses were performed on demographic variables (i.e., sex, age) in relation to perception of family climate, the results were based on combined scale scores, that is, in reporting the relation of age and sex to standard scores, husbands' and wives' scores were combined and compared to the combined standard scores by boys and girls. The combining of family members' scores masks potential subscale differences with respect to sex and age for certain subsamples, particularly younger and older male and female adolescents. This is especially relevant in light of the age differences for standard scores reported by Dancy and Handal ( 1781). The present study was designed to determine the relation of age and sex to the subscale scores of male and female white adolescents and to determine whether the new standard scores yield the same pattern of results as the old.
Using public value thinking for government IT planning and decision making

While there has been substantial interest in the idea of public value from an academic and theoretical perspective, governments often struggle with how to systematically incorporate public value thinking into their decision making practices. In this paper, we review the concept of public value and its use as an IT management strategy by public managers. We then describe the steps in a public value analysis, and present a case study focusing on a substantial IT investment in which the approach was applied.
Water-soluble cytochromes from a blue-green alga. II. Physicochemical properties and quantitative relationships of cytochromes C (549, 552, and 554 Anacystis nidulans)

Abstract 1. Properties of the purified cytochrome C (549) include a mesoheme prosthetic group, E 0 ′ of −0.26 V, an acid isoelectric point, and a mol. wt. of about 20 000 with 1 heme per molecule. This cytochrome forms a CO addition compound with a broad peak at 525–530 mμ with a shoulder at about 560 mμ and a sharp peak at 414 mμ but it does not react with KCN or KF. 2. Cytochrome C (554) has a mesoheme prosthetic group, an E 0 ′ of +0.35 V, an acid isoelectric point, and a mol. wt. of about 23 000 per heme and appears to be very similar to photosynthetic cytochrome f isolated from algae. 3. Cytochrome C (552) has been only partially characterized; it also has a mesoheme prosthetic group but has a basic isoelectric point like mammalian cytochromes c . 4. Quantitative analyses show the presence of 1 molecule of cytochrome C (549) per 220 molecules of chlorophyll, 1 molecule of cytochrome C (554) per 1550 molecules of chlorophyll, and 1 molecule of cytochrome C (552) per 21 500 molecules of chlorophyll. Ferredoxin is present in roughly the same molar concentration as is cytochrome C (549).
Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra soils above and below freezing

Abstract Winter soil respiration can represent a significant fraction of the annual C cycle of arctic tundra, but the temperature response of microbial CO 2 production in frozen soils is poorly understood. We used a short-term laboratory incubation to describe temperature effects on aerobic respiration in four organic tundra soils from Northern Alaska. Respiration conformed closely to simple first-order exponential equations with constant temperature dependence ( r 2 =0.81–0.98). Temperature coefficients ( Q 10 ) increased abruptly with freezing, varying from 4.6 to 9.4 among the thawed soils (+0.5 to +14 °C), and from 63 to 237 among the frozen soils (−10 to −0.5 °C). The single abrupt increase in temperature dependence with freezing suggests a shift in the dominant process controlling respiration below 0 °C. The Q 10 s of frozen soils are too large to represent the direct kinetic effect of temperature, and more likely reflect extracellular barriers to diffusion and/or intracellular desiccation. In thawed soils, respiration Q 10 s decreased with increasing soil organic matter quality, as indexed by baseline respiration at 0 °C, consistent with the thermodynamic argument that reactions metabolizing structurally complex, aromatic molecules have higher activation energies and temperature dependence than reactions metabolizing structurally simpler molecules. In frozen soils, Q 10 s were unrelated to baseline respiration, suggesting that freezing uncouples the direct link between the C chemistry of microbial substrates and the temperature dependence of respiration. Our results underscore the potential for warming to stimulate microbial activity and the turnover of C and nutrients contained in tundra organic soils.
Imputation‐based strategies for clinical trial longitudinal data with nonignorable missing values

Biomedical research is plagued with problems of missing data, especially in clinical trials of medical and behavioral therapies adopting longitudinal design. After a literature review on modeling incomplete longitudinal data based on full-likelihood functions, this paper proposes a set of imputation-based strategies for implementing selection, pattern-mixture, and shared-parameter models for handling intermittent missing values and dropouts that are potentially nonignorable according to various criteria. Within the framework of multiple partial imputation, intermittent missing values are first imputed several times; then, each partially imputed data set is analyzed to deal with dropouts with or without further imputation. Depending on the choice of imputation model or measurement model, there exist various strategies that can be jointly applied to the same set of data to study the effect of treatment or intervention from multi-faceted perspectives. For illustration, the strategies were applied to a data set with continuous repeated measures from a smoking cessation clinical trial.
Fractionation of spectrin by differential precipitation with calcium.

Abstract The calcium-stimulated ATPase activity of spectrin can be substantially separated from the magnesium-stimulated activity by partial precipitation of spectrin with calcium. The precipitated Ca-ATPase fraction can be dissolved by dialysis against EDTA, and the resulting solution can be polymerized into characteristic spectrin fibrils. The supernatant contains Mg-ATPase and, either before or after dialysis, contains predominantly “torus” forms. The two fractions are essentially identical on gel electrophoresis, being composed primarily of the high molecular weight peptides with a constant level of minor bands. These results imply that the Ca-ATPase is associated firmly with the high molecular weight peptides.
Sialic acid on leukemia cells: relation to morphology and tumor immunity.

SummaryBlast cells from 35 patients with adult acute leukemia and mononuclear cells from 10 normal donors were treated with neuraminidase and the amount of sialic acid released was measured. These values were correlated with the ability of the unmodified blasts to stimulate blastogenesis among autologous remission lymphocytes. Uniformly low amounts of sialic acid were released from leukemia lymphoblasts (10 patients). This was correlated with a consistently poor ability of these lymphoblasts to stimulate autologous lymphocytes. In contrast, a wider range of sialic acid levels were determined for leukemic myeloblasts (25 patients). Myeloblasts releasing excessively high amounts of sialic acid tended to stimulate autologous lymphocytes poorly compared to the vigorous stimulation evoked by myeloblasts releasing lower amounts. Similar studies of cell surface properties should facilitate the understanding of the immune response evoked by human tumor cells.We thank Dr. E. Wolberg, Jr., from the Department of Bi...
Methodology of a pilot study to improve the quality of medication use in older adults: Enhancing Quality in Psychiatry Using Pharmacists (EQUIPP).

Abstract Background: Medication-related problems are prevalent in older adults, contributing to increased harm and health care costs and negatively impacting quality of care. Older adults with psychiatric disease are at an increased risk because of their underlying disease and types of medications prescribed. Efforts to improve the quality of medication use often focus on select medication-related problems, select diagnoses, or predefined quality indicators; however, such an approach fails to consider the potential for multiple coexisting problems within individuals. Objective: A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of a medication management program designed to improve the quality of medication use in older adults with underlying psychiatric disease. This article describes the methodology of the study and details of the intervention, and presents baseline characteristics of the study population. Methods: English-speaking psychiatry outpatients aged ≥65 years taking ≥2 drugs that are active in the central nervous system were enrolled into a medication management program, in which medication management was provided by a clinical pharmacist for 6 months. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were collected on the patients' demographic characteristics, health and medications, health literacy, functional status, symptoms of depression, health services utilization, quality of medication use, adherence, and patient satisfaction with the program. Results: One hundred seventy-three older adults were assessed for inclusion; 146 were not eligible, not reachable, or not interested in participating. Twenty-seven older adults were enrolled in the study, all but one of whom completed the 3- and 6-month visits. The mean (SD) age of the 27 participants was 74.7 (8.1) years; 63% were female, 74% were white, and 70% had no cognitive impairment. Conclusions: This pilot study tested the feasibility of a medication management program designed to improve the quality of medication use in older adults with underlying psychiatric disease. Findings from this study, which will be reported at a later date, will help to refine the program and subsequent testing, with the overall goal of improving the quality of medication use and health outcomes in older adults.
Nitrate therapy may retard glaucomatous optic neuropathy, perhaps through modulation of glutamate receptors

Nitrates have been a major part of the internist's pharmacopoeia for more than 100 years, predominantly for the relief of anginal symptoms. The effects of nitroglycerin on the eye and specifically on intraocular pressure has been investigated with diverse results. However, nitroglycerin may also serve to protect retinal ganglion cells against glutamate mediated toxicity--a form of cell death that may be critical in glaucomatous blindness. Consequently, we therefore sought to evaluate whether nitroglycerin preparations, taken for non-ophthalmic reasons, had an effect on glaucomatous damage.
The "Mindless Years"?: a reconsideration of the psychological dimensions of the Holocaust, 1938-1945.

This article examines the frayed relationship between psychology and Holocaust history and its consequences for scholarship, arguing the need for a reconciliation between the fields. The causes for the split are traced in part to a reductionist approach to methodological, conceptual, and moral issues common in psychology, an approach particularly misleading in work on the Holocaust. On the other hand, historians continue to make the subjective motivations of both perpetrators and victims a central concern-an implicitly psychological question. Consequently, implicit (mis)conceptions of psychology affect-distort-long-standing historical debates. Zuckier argues that a misconception of psychological intentionality (unwittingly shared by both opposing sides) has set a wrong historical agenda and led to "fluke-and-freak" accounts of the Holocaust in which the protagonists are alternately said to act out their essential dispositions or to be the victims of their own psychological compulsions and accidental history. The article explores the effects of such conceptions in the study not only of perpetrators and victims, but also rescuers, witnesses, survivors, and their children. It concludes with an appeal for a more differentiated interactional approach. Language: en