cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small‐scale fluctuations in barium drifts at high latitudes and associated Joule heating effects

Most previous estimates of Joule heating rates, especially the contribution of small-scale structure in the high-latitude ionosphere, have been based on incoherent scatter or coherent scatter radar measurements. An alternative estimate can be found from the plasma drifts obtained from ionized barium clouds released from sounding rockets. We have used barium drift data from three experiments to estimate Joule heating rates in the high-latitude E region for different magnetic activity levels. In particular, we are interested in the contribution of small-scale plasma drift fluctuations, corresponding to equivalent electric field fluctuations, to the local Joule heating rate on scales smaller than those typically resolved by radar or other measurements. Since Joule heating is a Lagrangian quantity, the inherently Lagrangian estimates provided by the chemical tracer measurements are a full description of the effects of electric field variance and neutral winds on the heating, differing from the Eulerian estimates of the type provided by ground-based measurements. Results suggest that the small-scale contributions to the heating can be more than a factor of 2 greater than the mean field contribution regardless of geomagnetic conditions, and at times the small-scale contribution is even larger. The high-resolution barium drift measurements, moreover, show that the fine structure in the electric field can be more variable than previous studies have reported for similar conditions. The neutral winds also affect the heating, altering the height-integrated Joule heating rates by as much as 12%, for the cases studied here, and modifying the height distribution of the heating profile as well.
Introduction: Radical Teaching About Human Rights Part II

In our introduction to the first of these two issues of Radical Teacher devoted to “Radical Teaching About Human Rights,” we cautioned that all forms of Human Rights Education (HRE) are not radical. The problem, we pointed out, with rights discourse is that it can mask the politics of how rights are defined, whose rights are recognized, and how they are enforced. This problem becomes evident when HRE is bound up with a neoliberal, or worse than neoliberal, perspective that points fingers at others and rallies troops for supposedly humanitarian interventions while eliding the role of the United States as an imperializing settler colonial state. Fortunately, we have once again received several essays that seem to us to be aware of this danger and provide admirable examples of radical teaching about human rights.
Quantifying California current plankton samples with efficient machine learning techniques

This paper improves on the accuracy of other published machine learning results for quantifying plankton samples. The contributions of this work are: (1) Clarifying the number of expertly labeled images required for machine learning results. (2) Providing guidance as to what algorithms provide the best performance, and how to tune them. (3) Leveraging an ensemble of models to achieve recall rates beyond any single algorithm. (4) Investigating the applicability of abstaining. (5) Using size fractionation to learn more efficiently. (6) Analysis of efficacy of simple geometric features for plankton identification.
Queer technologies: affordances, affect, ambivalence

What happens when we consider communication technologies as having sex and gender, when we queer media architectures and circuitry? Larry Gross and others have productively investigated the conditi...
Medullary single unit activity: response to periodic pressure changes in the carotid sinus.

SummaryMedullary unit activity was recorded during application of a periodic pressure waveform to the carotid sinus of the cat. Poststimulus time histograms revealed twice as many cells showing increased activity to the pressure rise as those showing a decrease. Many cells showed surprisingly long latencies (up to 90° phase shift). In addition, two (of 33) cells increased activity through a pressure range independent of the direction of change. Cells were often found in the region between the paramedian reticular nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus as well as in the vicinity of tractus solitarius.
The Self-Assembly of a [Ga4L6]12- Tetrahedral Cluster Thermodynamically Driven by Host−Guest Interactions†

The guest-induced synthesis of a [Ga4L6]12- tetrahedral metal−ligand cluster resulting from a predictive design strategy is described. Each of the six dicatecholamide ligands spans an edge of the molecular tetrahedron with four Ga(III) ions at the vertices. Small cationic species not only were found to occupy the large void volume (ca. 300−400 A3) inside this cluster but also are necessary thermodynamically to drive cluster assembly via formation of a host−guest complex. NMe4+, NEt4+, and NPr4+ all suit this purpose, and in addition the cluster exhibits a preference in the binding of these three guests: NEt4+ is bound 300 times more strongly than NPr4+, which is in turn bound 4 times more strongly than NMe4+, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The K6(NEt4)6[Ga4L6] cluster was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, high- (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FT-ICR) and low-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The bindin...
A Polyimide Micro Heat Exchanger With a Suspended 3D Parallel Channel Structure for Cryogenic Application

A heat exchanger (HX) plays an important role in many cryogenic systems. This paper demonstrates a fully integrated fabrication process to make a novel monolithic polyimide micro heat exchanger. This heat exchanger consists of two parallel rectangular polyimide channels stacked on top of each other with a typical dimension of 15 mm × 4 mm × 90 μm. The stacked channels were suspended on top of a silicon substrate as one of the ends anchored. The fabrication is based on surface micro-machining technology using electroplated copper as the sacrificial layers and polyimide as the structural material. Preliminary testing results demonstrated that the polyimide HX can sustain a cryogenic temperature lower than 77 K and is able to hold a pressure larger than 1 MPa. The pressure drop across the channel was found to increase parabolically with the flow-rate through it, as assessed with standard nitrogen at room temperature.© 2011 ASME
The Present Impossibility of Eradicating the Omnipresent Worm

Helminths are the most prevalent infectious agents of humans. In contrast to all other infectious agents, helminths do not multiply within the definitive human host. A consequence of this biological situation is that most infected individuals have levels of infection below a threshold required for the induction of any overt manifestations of disease. Since transmission of of helminthic infections is so effective, largely because of the enormous reproductive potential, it is exceedingly difficult to control transmission and impossible to eradicate infection with the tools available today. A cost-effective strategy for dealing with helminthic infections, therefore, is to control disease by use of chemotherapy targeted to the small proportion of heavily infected individuals, rather than to attempt to eradicate infection by costly methods, including environmental control. For example, this strategy is employed in effectively combatting hookworm disease and schistosomiasis.
The Potential Role of Advanced Technologies for Virus Detection in Development and Regulation of Vaccines

As new methods become available to discover and detect viruses, it is only natural that they will be considered for routine adventitious agent testing. Historically, methods that were proven to be able to detect new agents not discoverable by previously routine methods were adapted for use in
Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash: A Cross Country Analysis

Using a large panel of 5086 firms from 7 European countries, namely Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherland, Sweden and UK over the period of 1981 to 2010, we made attempt to see the effect of financial constraints on international corporate policies based on their liquidity demand. Controlling for firm size, investment opportunities and alternative sources and competing uses of funds, a firm's decision to change its cash holdings is found to be positively and significantly related with internal cash flows. Our results further reveal that constrained firms like to save relatively more cash out of their cash inflows, whereas the unconstrained firms do not maintain any such significant cash hoarding behavior. The observed relationships prevail for the whole sample, within each countries and remain consistent across different estimation procedures and alternative financial constraint criteria. Our results thus point to the fact that average firms in our sample face constrained access to external finance due to financially imperfect and incomplete markets. Keywords: Asymmetric information, financial constraints, cash hoarding. JEL classifications: C26, D92, G14, L21
Kinetics and Mechanism of Electrolysis of Oxalic Acid in Nitric Acid Solution

The electrolytic destruction of oxalic acid(OA) in nitric acid solution was studied.Using platinized titanium(Pt-Ti) electrode as anode and titanium as cathode,the electrolysis of OA and the effect factors were experimentally investigated under the series of constant current density.Based on the results,the optimal operation parameters are established as follows: the current density of 25-37 mA/cm2,nitric acid concentration of 2-3 mol/L and the temperature of 30-40 ℃,meanwhile a small quantity of metallic ions,such as Fe3+,MnO-4,Ag+,can catalyze the electrolysis of OA to increase the destruction efficiency.The results of comparative experiments show that the destruction of OA with the electrochemical oxidation method is more effective than that with KMnO4 boiling oxidation method.
Magnaporthe Grisea and The Progress of Host Diversity

This paper reviews the physiology of rice Magnaporthe grisea race,lineage,broken down as well as through genetic variation among rice cultivars and species diversity within the research progress in control of rice blast.
Changing Perceptions Among Industrial Distributors of Future Business Environments

The traditional stereotype of the industrial distributor-independent, small and customer oriented, yet short on managerial expertise-is a myth in the making. Economic conditions combined with changing market and competitive characteristics have promoted several new ways that industrial distributors are doing business. New relationships are being forged with manufacturers and other distributors which have tremendous implications for marketing strategies and tactics, manpower, organizational structures, and strategic orientations. These new relationships are characterized by many functions in the relationship having shifted to the industrial distributor from the supplier. This has allowed the distributor to better serve his customers and has freed the supplier of such functions as sales, inventory, product services, and lowered his load in the communications and promotional areas.
Comparative financial analysis of laparoscopic versus open pelvic lymph node dissection for men with cancer of the prostate.

AbstractLaparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection has been applied as a minimally invasive staging technique for men with prostate cancer. This procedure has been shown to shorten markedly postoperative hospitalization, decrease analgesic requirements and shorten convalescence period compared to open pelvic node dissection. However, the laparoscopic procedure takes longer to perform and many disposable instruments are used, thus increasing the cost. We determine the overall cost of laparoscopic versus open pelvic lymph node dissection.Between January 1989 and April 1992, 61 men underwent only staging pelvic lymph node dissection for cancer of the prostate at a single university teaching hospital. Of these patients 11 and 50 underwent open and laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection, respectively. Information from the hospital business office was reorganized into preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative expenses. All individual charges were transformed up or down to the dollar amounts of the 1990 t...
Transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

The transvaginal (TVU) and transabdominal (TAU) ultrasound approaches were compared in their ability to identify by direct visualization the adnexal mass of ectopic pregnancy. There were 22 patients who had a surgically proven ectopic pregnancy. The TAU approach identified the adnexal mass in 50% and the TVU approach in 91% of the patients (P
Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Neuro-Ophthalmology.

Background:Paraneoplastic syndromes that affect the visual pathways and present with neuro-ophthalmologic signs or symptoms may involve the afferent or efferent systems. Afferent syndromes may involve the optic nerve or retina and, in some cases, these may be associated with systemic neurologic dise
Mesenchymsuppressive Therapie der chronisch-aktiven Hepatitis mit D-Penicillamin

Eine Therapiebeurteilung chronischer Leberkrankheiten unterliegt vielen Unsicherheitsfaktoren, von denen uneinheitlich selektierte Patientenkollektive, kurze Behandlungsdauer, verschiedene Dosierungen, Definitionsverschiedenheiten sowie besonders der unvorhersehbare Verlauf der Erkrankung Beachtung verdienen. Die meist verbreitete Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis ist gegenwartig die Kombination von Kortikosteroiden und Immunsuppressiva, zumal der kortisonsparende Effekt des Azathioprin als weitgehend gesichert gelten kann [16]. Trotzdem last auch diese Therapie Wunsche offen, die Suche nach weiteren wirksamen Therapeutika bezog deshalb D-Penicillamin (DPA) in die Differentialtherapie ein. An diesem Ort ist bereits zweimal uber Therapieergebnisse mit DPA berichtet worden, trotzdem ist die Beobachtungsdauer vergleichsweise kurz, und auch in unserem Beitrag kann nicht endgultig zu der Problematik Stellung genommen werden [1, 6].
Introduction and Overview of Book

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the high prevalence of disabilities among juvenile offenders and why it is important for those working in the juvenile justice system to have an understanding of the relationship between delinquency and disability. A sample case of a delinquent with an intellectual disability is provided. This case includes a discussion on how the youth’s disability negatively impacted his ability to respond to court procedures and related interventions, as well as related difficulties experienced by the court when processing the youth in the juvenile court system. The main purpose and overview of the book is also provided.
A CMOS low power biohybrid lamprey robot controller design

This paper presents a CMOS low power biomimetic robot controller design capable of undulatory locomotion, initiated by light and guided by chemotaxis. This capability will be based on coupling power generation with actuation through the mitochondria of muscle engineered to respond to light and sensing by engineered cells that modulate an electronic nervous system. Engineered sensor cell responses will be connected with potentiometric interfaces to modulate the electronic central pattern generator (CPG) neurons. The CPG generates lateral undulations that propagate from front to rear and allow the two sides to be biased to mediate turning. This paper demonstates actual feasibility of the biomimetic robot's behavior using the CPG designed using subthreshold anlaog circuits design technique for low power with 180nm CMOS process and 1.8V power supply dissipating 3.28mW on 1.1mm2 silicon area.
Physiochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of fourteen Virginia-grown sweet potato varieties

Small-scale farmers in Virginia have been forced to seek alternatives to tobacco as a consequence of economic and regulatory changes affecting the industry. Sweet potato is suggested as one of the alternatives and is well-adapted to environmental conditions of southern Virginia. A study is underway to evaluate sweet potato varieties for production in Virginia using sustainable practices, but limited information is available concerning their physicochemical, nutritional quality and antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to characterize these properties for fourteen sweet potato varieties including white, yellow, orange and purple flesh, grown in Virginia. All the properties analyzed were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among the varieties. Orange flesh varieties had the highest moisture content, while their purple flesh had the lowest. The carbohydrate content ranged between 81.3 and 87.3% with starch accounting for 49.9–64.1% of total carbohydrate content. Varieties with lighter colored flesh appeared to have greater total starch content. Sucrose was the major sugar with content ranging from 4.73 to 16.5%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents for the two purple varieties were about 2–8 folds and 3–15 folds higher than for the other varieties, respectively. Anthocyanins were only found in purple-fleshed varieties. The results of this study demonstrated that physiochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of sweet potatoes varied by varieties.
Effect of the environment on participation in spinal cord injuries/disorders: The mediating impact of resilience, grief, and self-efficacy

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that the influence of environmental barriers on participation will be fully mediated by psychosocial factors (resilience, grief or loss, and self-efficacy) among individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders. METHOD This was a cross-sectional mailed survey with a national sample of veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders (n = 565), which included measures of demographics, perceived environmental barriers, participation, resilience, grief or loss, and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using a latent variable path analysis; the model fit was assessed using χ2, normed χ2, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; <0.07), Comparative Fit Index (CFI; ≥0.95), and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; ≥0.95). RESULTS Participants were mostly male (93.9%), Caucasian or White (74.2%), and, on average, 62.4 years of age (SD = 10.48). Almost 62% had paraplegia, and 38.3% had a motor or sensory complete injury. The hypothesized model showed excellent fit, χ2(42) = 153.40, normed χ2 = 3.65, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95. To assess for full mediation, a direct path was added from environment to participation. This model showed nearly identical fit, χ2(41) = 153.39, normed χ2 = 3.74, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95; the path from environment to participation was not significant, unstandardized coefficient = -0.04, p = .92. Examination of indirect effects of the hypothesized model demonstrated that environment significantly influences participation through psychosocial factors, unstandardized coefficient = -4.85, p < .001. Together these results support full mediation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion the present study expands upon past research by suggesting that perceived environmental barriers play a role in internal factors, such as resilience and self-efficacy, which in turn influence participation. Interventions to improve environmental barriers may be warranted, but attention must also be paid to resilience, grief or loss, and self-efficacy to increase participation. (PsycINFO Database Record
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROXIES | Magnetic Proxies and Susceptibility

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is sensitive to the magnetic concentration, grain size, and mineralogy of grains. Their distribution in the ocean is influenced by several factors including, but not restricted to: the source (and flux) of terrigenous inputs, redistribution by ocean currents, and magnetic diagenesis and authigenesis. Magnetic proxies are frequently used to document paleoceanographic, environmental, and climate changes. However, as susceptibility measurements are the aggregated sum of several different factors their interpretation is not always straightforward. Here we introduce MS and its measurement before discussing the interplay of different factors which can potentially drive the MS signal of oceanic records.
Beta-Omega Age Hardening Means Stronger Zirconium Alloys

The β-ω phase transformation, important in many titanium alloys, has been revealed in zirconium alloys. Hitherto unattainable tensile strength with adequate ductility is now feasible for certain zirconium alloys. It is expected that many new applications will result from this discovery.
Hamp, Eric Pratt (b. 1920)

Eric P. Hamp (b. 1920) has proven to be one of the most prolific scholars of linguistics of recent times. He has written over 1000 scholarly articles on a wide range of diverse topics from Indo-European languages to Native American languages. He inspired many students to work on a broad array of linguistic topics. He has remained an active scholar in his retirement, frequently attending scholarly conferences and presenting papers on historical linguistic topics.
The Role of the Post-anesthesia Care Unit in the Perioperative Care of the Orthopedic Patient

The postoperative care unit at the Hospital for Special Surgery plays an important part in the overall perioperative care of the orthopedic patient. In order to optimize patient outcomes the postoperative care of orthopedic patients should focus on observation of organ function, monitoring of the resolution of anesthesia, resuscitation of blood loss and its consequences, and adequate pain management. In order to assure best possible outcomes, physicians caring for orthopedic patients need to be familiar with common perioperative complications in order to address them expediently. The model of postoperative care at the Hospital for Special Surgery, which allows for the adjustment of recovery room resources to care for problems encountered at various stages of the hospitalization, has proven efficient and successful. In this chapter we describe and discuss the various functions of the postoperative care unit and how we address the challenges encountered.
Magnitudes and Patterns of Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition in the South

Precipitation in the South currently has a pH of about 4.4 to 4.6, and about 75% to 80% of the free acidity is associated with sulfuric acid, whereas the remainder is derived from nitric acid. Carbonic acid is present in the rain, but in this low pH range, it is essentially fully protonated. Dry deposition adds a largely unquantified amount of chemicals to forests; dry deposition probably exceeds wet deposition in some areas. In this chapter, the sources of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere and the pathways of deposition and the state of knowledge about historic and current deposition rates are summarized.
ABO-incompatible deceased donor pediatric liver transplantation: Novel titer-based management protocol and outcomes

ABO-incompatible liver transplants (ABO-ILT) have re-emerged as an alternate option for select patients awaiting transplant. However, treatment protocols for children undergoing deceased donor ABO-ILT are not standardized. We implemented a novel immunosuppression (IS) protocol for children undergoing deceased donor ABO-ILT based on pre-transplant isohemagglutinin (IH) titers. Children with high pre-transplant IH titers (≥1:32) underwent an enhanced IS protocol including plasmapheresis, rituximab, IVIG, and mycophenolate, while children with IH titers ≤ 1:16 received steroids and tacrolimus. We retrospectively assessed our outcomes of ABO-ILT with ABO-compatible recipients of similar age and diagnosis over a 2-year period. Ten children with median age of 8.9 months underwent ABO-ILT, 4/10 patients underwent enhanced IS due to high IH titers. Rates of complications (rejection, infections, biliary and vascular) at both 1 year and up to 3 years post-transplant were comparable between the groups. Patients with ABO-ILT had good graft function with 100% survival at a median follow up of 3.3 years. In conclusion, immunosuppression tailored to pre-transplant IH titers in pediatric deceased donor ABO-ILT is feasible and can achieve outcomes similar to ABO-CLT at 1 and 3 years post-transplantation.
Evaluation and Refinement of the General AMBER Force Field for Nineteen Pure Organic Electrolyte Solvents

The performance of the general AMBER force field (GAFF) was evaluated by computing the density (ρ), dielectric constant (e), viscosity (η), and enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap) for 19 different organic solvents at 298 K and 1 atm. The force field performed very well for liquid densities, with deviations from experiment averaging around 3%. The performance of the force field was much worse for the other properties, with average absolute deviations of 10% for ΔHvap, 35% for e, and 132% for η. A set of modified GAFF parameters were developed for each fluid using an optimization procedure to uniformly scale the Lennard-Jones parameters and partial charges. The modified parameters generally yielded more accurate properties than the original GAFF model, though discrepancies still remained for some liquids. Since these properties depend on the parameters of this class of force field in a complex and nonadditive manner, it is unlikely that any combination of parameters will yield a very high accuracy for all four...
Epitope Mapping by HDX-MS Elucidates the Surface Coverage of Antigens Associated with High Blocking Efficiency of Antibodies to Birch Pollen Allergen

Epitopes of a native pollen allergen protein, birch Bet v1, against four of the noncompeting anti-Bet v1 antibodies individually or in combination, were identified by solution-phase amide backbone H/D exchange (HDX) coupled with high-resolution Q-TOF or Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The HDX results indicates that the four anti-Bet v1 antibodies protected specific regions of Bet v1, explaining the difference in their blocking efficiency of each antibody against Bet v1 binding to polyclonal IgEs in Bet v1 allergic patients. An in-house HDX-MS system was further developed to explore the surface protection of Bet v1 in the presence of all four antibodies with 100% sequence coverage and high redundancy. The data demonstrated that four anti-Bet v1 antibodies were able to simultaneously bind to Bet v1 in solution to provide the most effective blocking for 9 of 10 tested IgE donors in an in vitro antibody-blocking assay. For the first time, we have applied HDX to elucidate the therapeutic advantage of combination a...
Donor Urinary C5a Levels Independently Correlate With Posttransplant Delayed Graft Function.

BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence implicates the complement cascade as pathogenically contributing to ischemia-reperfusion injury and delayed graft function (DGF) in human kidney transplant recipients. Building on observations that kidney injury can initiate in the donor before nephrectomy, we tested the hypothesis that anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a in donor urine before transplantation associate with risk of posttransplant injury. METHODS We evaluated the effects of C3a and C5a in donor urine on outcomes of 469 deceased donors and their corresponding 902 kidney recipients in a subset of a prospective cohort study. RESULTS We found a threefold increase of urinary C5a concentrations in donors with stage 2 and 3 acute kidney injury (AKI) compared donors without AKI (P < 0.001). Donor C5a was higher for the recipients with DGF (defined as dialysis in the first week posttransplant) compared with non-DGF (P = 0.002). In adjusted analyses, C5a remained independently associated with recipient DGF for donors without AKI (relative risk, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.54). For donors with AKI, however, urinary C5a was not associated with DGF. We observed a trend toward better 12-month allograft function for kidneys from donors with C5a concentrations in the lowest tertile (P = 0.09). Urinary C3a was not associated with donor AKI, recipient DGF, or 12-month allograft function. CONCLUSIONS Urinary C5a correlates with the degree of donor AKI. In the absence of clinical donor AKI, donor urinary C5a concentrations associate with recipient DGF, providing a foundation for testing interventions aimed at preventing DGF within this high-risk patient subgroup.
Oxygen Half-Saturation Constants for Pharmaceuticals in Activated Sludge and Microbial Community Activity under Varied Oxygen Levels

Aeration accounts for the largest energy demand in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment. Emerging aeration control strategies for energy conservation have significantly reduced operational bulk liquid dissolved oxygen (DO) from above 2 mg/L to at or below 0.5 mg/L. As we move toward low DO treatment processes, there is a need to understand how low DO impacts the kinetics of micropollutant biotransformation. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of DO concentration on pharmaceutical biotransformation rates via two approaches: (1) Determine oxygen half saturation constants that describe the community-wide impact of DO on biotransformation rates. (2) Evaluate shifts in the microbial community 16S rRNA pool due to DO concentration. Batch experiments were performed at several DO concentrations using biomass from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Results reveal that substantial reductions in bulk liquid DO concentrations to 0.5 mg-O2/L are possible without compromising ...
Complex Foot Deformities: Correction with the Taylor Spatial Frame

The Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) is a hexapod multiplanar circular external fixator that is able to correct a wide variety of complex foot deformities. The frame configurations are as diverse as the deformities they treat, but they are built from three basic frames: the standard (long bone) frame, the butt frame, and the miter frame. The “PonseTaylor” frame is a novel application of a standard frame and is described here to demonstrate the flexibility of the TSF.
But what about.: Cosmic rays, magnetic fields, conduction, and viscosity in galaxy formation

We present and study a large suite of high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations, using the FIRE-2 treatment of mechanical and radiative feedback from massive stars, together with explicit treatment of magnetic fields, anisotropic conduction and viscosity (accounting for saturation and limitation by plasma instabilities at high β), and cosmic rays (CRs) injected in supernovae shocks (including anisotropic diffusion, streaming, adiabatic, hadronic and Coulomb losses). We survey systems from ultrafaint dwarf (⁠M∗∼10⁴M⊙⁠, M_(halo)∼10⁹M⊙⁠) through Milky Way/Local Group (MW/LG) masses, systematically vary uncertain CR parameters (e.g. the diffusion coefficient κ and streaming velocity), and study a broad ensemble of galaxy properties [masses, star formation (SF) histories, mass profiles, phase structure, morphologies, etc.]. We confirm previous conclusions that magnetic fields, conduction, and viscosity on resolved (⁠≳1 pc) scales have only small effects on bulk galaxy properties. CRs have relatively weak effects on all galaxy properties studied in dwarfs (⁠M∗≪10¹⁰M⊙, M_(halo)≲10¹¹M⊙⁠), or at high redshifts (z ≳ 1–2), for any physically reasonable parameters. However, at higher masses (⁠M_(halo)≳10¹¹M⊙) and z ≲ 1–2, CRs can suppress SF and stellar masses by factors ∼2–4, given reasonable injection efficiencies and relatively high effective diffusion coefficients κ≳3×10²⁹cm²s⁻¹⁠. At lower κ, CRs take too long to escape dense star-forming gas and lose their energy to collisional hadronic losses, producing negligible effects on galaxies and violating empirical constraints from spallation and γ-ray emission. At much higher κ CRs escape too efficiently to have appreciable effects even in the CGM. But around κ∼3×10²⁹cm²s⁻¹⁠, CRs escape the galaxy and build up a CR-pressure-dominated halo which maintains approximate virial equilibrium and supports relatively dense, cool (T ≪ 10⁶ K) gas that would otherwise rain on to the galaxy. CR ‘heating’ (from collisional and streaming losses) is never dominant.
Research progress on components in human milk and their mechanism for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the common intestinal critical disease in newborns especially in premature infants.However, the etiology and pathogenesis of NEC are not fully clear.There were a lot of research which had shown that breast-feeding could significantly reduce the incidence of NEC.The composition in human milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, growth factors, glutamine, lactoferrin, has effects on anti-infection, maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and immune regulation, and the proportion of nutrients, and osmotic pressure in human milk is especially suitable for the needs of gastrointestinal physiological of premature infants, which can effectively prevent the happening of the NEC.Now, the research progress on components in human milk and their mechanism for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis was reviewed. Key words: Breast milk; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Prevention; Infant, premature
Treatment of Frontal Sinus Osteomyelitis in the Age of Endoscopy

ObjectiveFrontal sinus osteomyelitis is a severe complication which can result from chronic rhinosinusitis, trauma, or as a complication of reconstruction or obliteration of the frontal sinus. The ...
Time-Varying Probability Distribution Model of High Permeability Wind Power Considering Non-stationary Characteristics

In order to describe the uncertainty and fluctuation of high permeability wind power more accurately, a time-varying probability distribution model of high permeability wind power considering non-stationary characteristics is proposed. Firstly, based on the statistics of measured data, the objective existence of the time-varying characteristics of the wind power probability distribution, and spatial correlation coefficient is demonstrated. Then, a modeling method of time-varying condition dependent off-line model based on the marginal probability distribution of wind farm and the spatial correlation coefficient matrix of multi-wind farms is proposed. On this basis, an on-line sampling algorithm based on genetic algorithm and Monte Carlo sampling is proposed to build time-varying probability models of high permeability wind power. Finally, based on the actual example, a simulation example is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm.
Connect to Consumers and Create Successful Advertising With Hitting the Sweet Spot – Again:

Hitting the Sweet Spot – Again: How Consumer Insights Can Inspire Better Marketing and Advertising (2020) includes 14 principles and six perspectives for introductory account planning students. The...
Land-use change alters associations between personality and microhabitat selection

Ecologists commonly assess ecological patterns at the population level, focusing on the average response of all individuals within a population, but to predict how populations will respond to land-use change we must understand how changes to habitat differentially affect individuals within a population. For example, forest management is a widespread type of land-use that impacts wildlife through the loss of key habitat features, but individuals within a population may vary in their responses to this loss due to differences in habitat selection among individuals. Specifically, intraspecific variation in habitat selection has been linked to animal personalities (i.e., consistent behavioral differences among conspecifics), but previous research has not examined whether the relationship between personality and habitat selection is influenced by land-use change. To address this knowledge gap, we tested the hypothesis that land-use change alters the association between personality and microhabitat selection in small mammals. Specifically, we investigated two main questions: (1) To what extent are personality type and microhabitat selection correlated among conspecifics? (2) Does land-use change alter individual patterns of microhabitat selection? To answer these questions, we conducted a large-scale field experiment over 4 years, contrasting unmanaged forest (control) with managed forest (two silvicultural treatments) in Maine, USA. We examined the relationships between habitat selection and personality traits in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi). We found that personality traits were correlated with microhabitat selection at multiple spatial scales. Furthermore, land-use change altered these patterns of selection; resulting in either the loss of personality-associated selection or in novel patterns of selection in managed forests. These findings suggest that promoting structural complexity at multiple spatial scales, such as by interspersing stands of mature forest with managed stands, may maintain a variety of intraspecific habitat selection patterns and the associated ecological outcomes.
Uncertainty quantification for multiclass data description.

In this manuscript, we propose a multiclass data description model based on kernel Mahalanobis distance (MDD-KM) with self-adapting hyperparameter setting. MDD-KM provides uncertainty quantification and can be deployed to build classification systems for the realistic scenario where out-of-distribution (OOD) samples are present among the test data. Given a test signal, a quantity related to empirical kernel Mahalanobis distance between the signal and each of the training classes is computed. Since these quantities correspond to the same reproducing kernel Hilbert space, they are commensurable and hence can be readily treated as classification scores without further application of fusion techniques. To set kernel parameters, we exploit the fact that predictive variance according to a Gaussian process (GP) is empirical kernel Mahalanobis distance when a centralized kernel is used, and propose to use GP's negative likelihood function as the cost function. We conduct experiments on the real problem of avian note classification. We report a prototypical classification system based on a hierarchical linear dynamical system with MDD-KM as a component. Our classification system does not require sound event detection as a preprocessing step, and is able to find instances of training avian notes with varying length among OOD samples (corresponding to unknown notes of disinterest) in the test audio clip. Domain knowledge is leveraged to make crisp decisions from raw classification scores. We demonstrate the superior performance of MDD-KM over possibilistic K-nearest neighbor.
Secretion systems and signal exchange between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes

The formation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots and/or stem of leguminous plants involves a complex signal exchange between both partners. Since many microorganisms are present in the soil, legumes and rhizobia must recognize and initiate communication with each other to establish symbioses. This results in the formation of nodules. Rhizobia within nodules exchange fixed nitrogen for carbon from the legume. Symbiotic relationships can become non-beneficial if one partner ceases to provide support to the other. As a result, complex signal exchange mechanisms have evolved to ensure continued, beneficial symbioses. Proper recognition and signal exchange is also the basis for host specificity. Nodule formation always provides a fitness benefit to rhizobia, but does not always provide a fitness benefit to legumes. Therefore, legumes have evolved a mechanism to regulate the number of nodules that are formed, this is called autoregulation of nodulation. Sequencing of many different rhizobia have revealed the presence of several secretion systems - and the Type III, Type IV, and Type VI secretion systems are known to be used by pathogens to transport effector proteins. These secretion systems are also known to have an effect on host specificity and are a determinant of overall nodule number on legumes. This review focuses on signal exchange between rhizobia and legumes, particularly focusing on the role of secretion systems involved in nodule formation and host specificity.
Structure and Mechanisms of SF1 DNA Helicases.

Superfamily I is a large and diverse group of monomeric and dimeric helicases defined by a set of conserved sequence motifs. Members of this class are involved in essential processes in both DNA and RNA metabolism in all organisms. In addition to conserved amino acid sequences, they also share a common structure containing two RecA-like motifs involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis and nucleic acid binding and unwinding. Unwinding is facilitated by a “pin” structure which serves to split the incoming duplex. This activity has been measured using both ensemble and single-molecule conditions. SF1 helicase activity is modulated through interactions with other proteins.
Nanosecond and femtosecond laser ablation of brass: Particulate and ICPMS measurements

Femtosecond and nanosecond lasers were compared for ablating brass alloys. All operating parameters from both lasers were equal except for the pulse duration. The ablated aerosol vapor was collected on silicon substrates for particle size measurements or sent into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The diameters and size distribution of particulates were measured from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the collected ablated aerosol. SEM measurements showed that particles ablated using nanosecond pulses were single spherical entities ranging in diameter from several micrometers to several hundred nanometers. Primary particles ablated using femtosecond ablation were ∼100 nm in diameter but formed large agglomerates. ICPMS showed enhanced signal intensity and stability using femtosecond compared to nanosecond laser ablation.
Multi-scale Bayesian reconstruction of compressive X-ray image

A novel multi-scale dictionary based Bayesian reconstruction algorithm is proposed for compressive X-ray imaging, which encodes the material's spectrum by Poisson measurements. Inspired by recently developed compressive X-ray imaging systems [1], this work aims to recover the material's spectrum from the compressive coded image by leveraging a reference spectrum library. Instead of directly using the huge and redundant library as a dictionary, which is cumbersome in computation and difficult for selecting those active dictionary atoms, a multi-scale tree structured dictionary is refined from the spectrum library, and following this a Bayesian reconstruction algorithm is developed. Experimental results on real data demonstrate superior performance in comparison with traditional methods.
The Genetic Improvement of Black Walnut for Timber Production

The genus Juglans is an economically important group grown for timber and nuts. The breeding of walnut species has been reviewed by Forde (1975), but breeding for nut production in Persian walnut (Juglans regia) was stressed.
Microfluidics Based Impinger for Air Sampling

Capturing particles from the air into the liquid is critical for the development of analysis systems for bio-particles such as virus, toxins and spores. We report a miniaturized airborne particle sampling (collection) device that relies on a bubbling process formed in a small chamber where air (to be sampled) is flown through a microchannel array into the liquid in the chamber. The airborne particles trapped in the tiny bubbles (diameter: 80 microns) are diffused into liquid and captured into the liquid and analyzed. The whole device is fabricated on a glass slide using soft-lithography method with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the structural material. To prevent the air leakage at the connections, a special sealing process depending on PDMS only without the use of any glue was successfully developed. Hydrophobicity of channel surface was found to be critical for generating continuous and stable bubble lines in the bubbling process. The collection efficiency is measured by collecting polystyrene latex particles (diameter: ∼1 micron) on polycarbonate membrane filters at the inlet and outlet of the device. It was found that a collection efficiency of 90% from the microfluidics based impinger is achieved, which is much higher than that of conventional impinger device. Furthermore, a collection time of 10 minutes is needed for this device compared to a few hours for a conventional impinger.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The λ-transition of4He in a heat current and under gravity

Abstract We searched experimentally for hysteresis at the λ-transition of 4 He in a heat current and in the gravitational field, and found none. With the temperature controlled by a thermometer with 3 nK (rms) resolution, the transition was crossed from below and above at ramp rates from 1.14 to 10.42nK/s in the presence of heat currents from 13.76 to 37.00μ W/cm 2 . In all cases, the hysteresis was less than 0.1μK. This is an order of magnitude less than the theoretical estimates of 1.6 or 3.1μK.
Drive effects on instrumental response speed induced by intermittent disagreement in conversation

Participation in conversation in which a subject encounters disagreeing opinions is aversively motivated by the disagreement and reinforced by the opportunity for the subject to speak in reply. In an experimental conversation modeled on discrete-trials instrumental conditioning, instrumental response speeds were faster when conversation began with disagreement on every trial rather than half of the trials, as in escape-conditioning studies of intermittent shock (N = 58, p <.005).
Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions in human amniotic epithelium: An electron microscopic and freeze-fracture study

Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions of human term amniotic epithelium were examined by conventional thin-section electron microscopy, after staining with the cationic probes ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, and by freeze-fracture methods. Desmosomes were the predominant type of intercellular junction and often the most apical of the junctional types. In freeze-fracture replicas, desmosomes were characterized by roughly circular areas of large, often irregular, P-face intramembranous particles. Gap junctions were identified in the laterobasal regions between cells. In thin sections they were characterized by a narrow intercellular space, and in freeze-fracture replicas had a typical plaquelike arrangement of P-face intramembranous particles and E-face depressions. Hemidesmosomes at the basal cell surface were characterized by occasional large particles and clusters of particles on both the E and P fracture faces. No evidence of tight junctions was found. The apical cell surface was heavily stained by both ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, indicating the negatively charged nature of this surface. Ruthenium red penetrated between the epithelial cells and bound to anionic materials on the lateral cell surfaces, especially at the location of desmosomes. Below the base of the intercellular cleft, large ruthenium red-positive granules were present in the extracellular matrix. The possibility that the anionic substances in the intercellular region may contribute to the control of permeability in the amniotic epithelium is discussed.