cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Design of Satellite Formations with Invariant Distances

This paper presents a general sequential methodology to design a cluster of satellites with constant intersatellite distance. The orbits are assumed to be Keplerian with small eccentricity. The motion of the satellites, with respect to the orbital reference frame, is obtained by linearizing the kinematic equations and is expressed in terms of relative orbitalelements.Thekeyideapresentedinthispaperconsistsofeliminatingthemeananomalydependencefromthe expression of the intersatellite distance. Three distinct cases are analyzed depending on the relative orbits: 1) same plane, 2) with same relative orbit center, and 3) other cases. The procedure consists of sequentially solving two quadratic constraint equations for each additional satellite. This sequential approach allows the design of clusters with a large number of satellites. This paper also shows that a time-invariant plane can be associated with each cluster; thus, simplified constraint equations, involving the relative orbital parameters, can be obtained. Finally, the proposed design methodology is clarified with examples highlighting the time-invariant rigidity of the cluster.
Transit-oriented smart growth can reduce life-cycle environmental impacts and household costs in Los Angeles

The environmental and economic assessment of neighborhood-scale transit-oriented urban form changes should include initial construction impacts through long-term use to fully understand the benefits and costs of smart growth policies. The long-term impacts of moving people closer to transit require the coupling of behavioral forecasting with environmental assessment. Using new light rail and bus rapid transit in Los Angeles, California as a case study, a life-cycle environmental and economic assessment is developed to assess the potential range of impacts resulting from mixed-use infill development. An integrated transportation and land use life-cycle assessment framework is developed to estimate energy consumption, air emissions, and economic (public, developer, and user) costs. Residential and commercial buildings, automobile travel, and transit operation changes are included and a 60-year forecast is developed that compares transit-oriented growth against growth in areas without close access to high-capacity transit service. The results show that commercial developments create the greatest potential for impact reductions followed by residential commute shifts to transit, both of which may be effected by access to high-capacity transit, reduced parking requirements, and developer incentives. Greenhouse gas emission reductions up to 470 Gg CO₂-equivalents per year can be achieved with potential costs savings for TOD users. The potential for respiratory impacts (PM10-equivalents) and smog formation can be reduced by 28–35%. The shift from business-as-usual growth to transit-oriented development can decrease user costs by $3100 per household per year over the building lifetime, despite higher rental costs within the mixed-use development.
Observations on the existence of lower threshold and upper critical food concentrations for the copepod Acartia tons a Dana

Acartia tonsa Dana represents a genus of temperate-tropical inshore copepods which, by virtue of its high biomass and rapid generation times, may be assumed to be an important planktonic primary consumer in terms of total production world-wide; its grazing response to different food concentrations is little known. Using wide ranges of concentrations of phytoplankton cultures, we have found that A. tonsa has a maximum grazing rate of ≈ 10.0 μg chl a1, decreasing to zero below 1.0 μg chl a1. This was confirmed using the more limited range of naturally-occurring particulate material. Although grazing rate became progressively reduced above 10 μg chl a1, ingestion rates continued to increase over the next order of magnitude of food concentration. It appears that A. tonsa is rarely exposed to food concentrations in its natural environment (as measured by conventional techniques) high enough to stimulate the maximum grazing effort. On the other hand, it is suggested that the continued increase of ingestion rates in the laboratory at much higher concentrations may indicate an adaptive mechanism associated with the encountering of ephemeral micro-patches of such concentrations, which would permit rapid filling of an empty gut in an energy-efficient manner. Fecal pellet production was also measured and shown to be a good indicator of ingestion rate.
White-on-Black Racism and Corlett’s Idea of Racism

This paper examines critically J. Angelo Corlett’s view of racism as ‘ethnic prejudice and discrimination’. His view of racism raises but fails to answer the following questions: whether all forms of ethnic prejudice and ethnic discrimination constitute racism; which forms of ethnic prejudice and discrimination constitute racism, and, if any, which forms do not constitute racism? By failing to address these questions sufficiently, Corlett’s analysis fails to distinguish between his paradigm case of white-on-black racism and other forms of ethnic prejudice and discrimination. By doing so, he appears to equate white-on-black racism with other forms of ethnic prejudice and discrimination, and fails to see the unique, egregious, insidious, historical, and institutional nature of white-on-black racism that many other forms of ethnic prejudice and discrimination do not have.
Increase in the concentration of atmospheric methane

Abstract Based on more than 16,000 measurements spanning nearly two years we show that the atmospheric concentration of CH4 is rising at a substantial rate of 1.9%±0.5% per year. Continuation of the increase can lead to a global warming of the earth's surface in the future and a reduced destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by man-made fluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) and methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3).
Eutrophication: Nitrate flux in the Mississippi River

Increased delivery of biologically available nitrogen to estuaries and coastal oceans in recent decades has been linked to eutrophication and seasonal hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico1,2 and elsewhere3,4. We have developed a model that accounts for 95% of annual variation in delivery of nitrate to the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River in 1960–98. Retrospective analysis indicates that this nitrate flux could have been reduced by 33% if the use of nitrogen-containing fertilizer in the Mississippi River basin had been cut by 12%.
Simulation of Vapor−Liquid Phase Equilibria of Primary Alcohols and Alcohol−Alkane Mixtures

The NERD force field (Nath, S. K.; Escobedo, F. A.; de Pablo, J. J. J. Chem. Phys. 1998, 108, 9905) is extended to include parameters for modeling primary alcohols. Gibbs ensemble simulations are performed for the pure component vapor−liquid equilibria of the homologous series of alcohols from ethanol to 1-octanol. Our results show that the simulated values of the saturated liquid densities and critical constants of the alcohols are within a few percent of the corresponding experimental data. In addition, the simulated pressure composition diagram for a binary mixture of heptane and 1-pentanol also shows satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of single crystal deoxycobaltohemoglobin

Abstract Single crystals of horse Co Hb were obtained by reduction of Co Hb + crystals with dithionite. Epr measurements showed that the g and Co A tensors are both axial and share the same principal axis systems. Of the four subunits, the “heme” normals of C and d subunits abplane 29 ± 1° from b; they have the same orientation as the hemes in methemoglobin. The normals of “hemes” A and B are 47 above the ab plane as compared to 16° in methemoglobin.
Blood coagulation and thrombotic disease.

The role of blood coagulation in the pathogenesis of thrombotic disease as well as atherosclerosis is receiving renewed attention, and has been greatly extended into the area of therapy. The clotting mechanism has been delineated in accordance with most recent information, with particular reference to the early phases and the coagulation balance. The close relationship between clotting and proteolytic phenomena is considered, and the concept of hypercoagulability is critically scrutinized. Experimentally induced thrombosis by means of serum factors is reviewed in support of this concept. Also discussed is the place of lipids in coagulation and atherosclerosis in an attempt to embrace the lipid theory of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with current concepts of clotting. Finally, certain aspects of anticoagulant action are covered.
Flow modulation epitaxy of indium gallium nitride

InGaN layers were grown on GaN films by flow modulation epitaxy (FME) using the precursors trimethylgallium, trimethylindium, and ammonia. The indium composition of the FME grown layers was generally lower than of films grown under the same conditions in the continuous growth mode, but which had been of poor optical quality. The indium incorporation efficiency increased with decreasing ammonia flush time, increasing ammonia flow during group-III injection, and increasing group-III precursor injection time. Films grown under optimized conditions showed intense band edge related luminescence at room temperature up to a wavelength of 465 nm. Atomic force microscopy investigations revealed a strong dependence of the surface morphology of the InGaN films on the growth mode.
Intent to be a Socially Responsible Small or Medium-sized Enterprise: Theory of Planned Behavior and Leaders' Actualizing

A review of the academic research in corporate social responsibility shows little work on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the U.S. whereas considerable work in this domain has been conducted in the European context. This study seeks to make a contribution to the research void by addressing one particular area of social responsibility in the U.S. context. Specifically, we employ Ajzen’s reasoned action approach to begin to build an understanding of what promotes leaders of SMEs to reduce waste. This study addresses several questions: What are the attitudes of owners and managers of SMEs toward waste reduction practices for their organizations? How are stakeholder interests toward waste reduction perceived? And, are leaders of SMEs influenced by their industrial environment? The authors utilized an email survey directed to owners and managers of SMEs with greater than 5, but less than 500 employees in the telephony, construction, pulp and paper products, textiles, and agriculture industries. 377 emails were opened and 104 completed surveys were obtained. The survey instrument was developed from the theoretical perspective of Isaac Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, p. 179-211. Results from a partial least squares analysis of the data suggest that there is a strong and significant relationship between the normative, attitudinal, and control constructs with an individual’s intention to be a socially responsible SME. This finding suggests that efforts to influence SME owners and managers to implement waste reduction activities need focus on changing individual attitudes.
COMMUNICATING MATHEMATICS: USEFUL IDEAS FROM COMPUTER SCIENCE

1.1. Purpose. This article describes certain ideas originating in the theory and practice of computer science, and shows how the teaching and exposition of mathematics could benefit if these ideas were widely understood by mathematicians and used in their teaching and writing. These ideas are discussed here because I believe they are important for mathematicians to understand. Some of them are based on theoretical work by computer scientists and others are based on the practice of computer professionals inside and outside academia. Computer scientists would not regard the various concepts as of equal importance, and the whole collection of ideas is nothing like a fair presentation of the current state of computing.
A geographic perspective on intra-urban racial/ethnic diversity, segregation, and clustering in Knoxville, Tennessee: 1990–2000

Abstract Racial/ethnic diversity in the United States has increased significantly in recent decades, with minority groups now accounting for almost one-third of the total population. At the same time, growing diversity has spread into rural and non-metropolitan areas. Research suggests that changing diversity in the ‘New South’ has seen growth of non-Black communities. The question, however, is the degree to which increasing diversity equates with increasing intermixing or, alternatively, whether racial/ethnic clusters retain their prominence. This paper examines the geographic manifestations of growing racial/ethnic diversity within intra-urban context, using census-tracts as scale of analysis in the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Knoxville in Tennessee. The statistics used for analyzing intra-urban variations include Diversity Score, Theil Entropy Index, and Location Quotient. Tract and Block-group data for White, Black, American Indian, Asian, All Others and Hispanic are used for computing these indices. This paper concludes that diversity has increased during 1990–2000, and has dispersed into suburban counties. However, segregation and clustering for certain minority groups has also increased, in particular African-Americans still remain the most segregated and most clustered community confined to specific geographic locations. This research holds significance as local economic development patterns are very much guided by the geographic variability of human and social capital. Applied research can suggest avenues for growth and can help rebuild local communities. This paper will also contribute to literature focusing on methodological challenges in measuring diversity and its geographic manifestations.
A crystallographic study of the complex of phosphoramidon with thermolysin. A model for the presumed catalytic transition state and for the binding of extended substrates

Abstract The structure of the thermolysin inhibitor phosphoramidon (N-(α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-oxyhydroxyphosphinyl)- l -leucyl- l -tryptophan bound to the crystalline enzyme has been determined to a resolution of 2.3 A by X-ray crystallography. The study shows that the complex of phosphoramidon with thermolysin resembles that of the presumed catalytic transition state inferred from the geometry of binding of dipeptide inhibitors. Also, the study reveals the mode of binding of thermolysin substrates extended on the imino side of the scissile peptide bond. The crystallographic results are consistent with a variety of other studies on the catalytic activity of thermolysin, and suggest a mechanism of action which is analogous to one of the two alternative mechanisms proposed by Lipscomb and co-workers (1968) for carboxypeptidase A. Key features of the proposed mechanism are that the substrate is initially bound to the enzyme with the carbonyl oxygen of the scissile peptide liganded to the zinc; that Glu143 promotes the nucleophilic attack of a buried water molecule on the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate; and that His231 acts as a proton donor. The observed binding of phosphoramidon to thermolysin provides further evidence supporting the mechanism in which Glu143 acts as a general base, promoting the attack of water on the carbonyl carbon, rather than the alternative mechanism in which Glu143 attacks the carbonyl carbon directly, forming an anhydride intermediate.
The Problem of Change

The Eleatic philosophers argued that it was impossible for anything to change, since that would require something to differ from itself. Although this line of reasoning is unpersuasive, it challenges us to provide an account of temporal predication, which is the focus of much recent work on change. This paper surveys various approaches to change and temporal predication and addresses related questions about identity, persistence, properties, time, tense, and temporal logic.
Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy with Unequally-Retarded Acquisition and Reference Interferometers

Over the past decade, Raman spectroscopy has been increasingly used in remote process-control, biomedical, and environmental applications. This has occurred in large part because of innovations in instrumentation and the development of fiber probes that permit physical measurements to be obtained from remote sites. Although much weaker than fluorescence, Raman scattering arises from a broader range of substances and uniquely encodes the identity of the scatterer regardless of the excitation wavelength.
Policy and procedure manual: keeping a high quality manual

Policy and procedure manuals are now commonly used in hospitals. The policy and procedure manual provides critical care nurses with a wealth of information. Policies are developed to guide the staff to perform nursing care adequately. Together policies and the corresponding procedures let critical care nurses know how to proceed to meet the organisation and the unit goals. As critical care expands the number of policies increases, which may make it more difficult to find a specific policy quickly. Critical care nurses need to look at other solutions for communicating some necessary pieces of information and check to make sure that policy is stated briefly, to the point and logical. It is also necessary to check to see if the information included in the manual is policy and associated procedures. If it is drug information, equipment usage, standards of care, or patient/family teaching material it could be incorporated in a different format or separate manual. As care givers nurses must monitor policies and procedures that are written and make sure they are simple to read, logically written, and easy to find.
The thermoelastic transition from line to point contact

Abstract The results from a companion paper are introduced to predict when the contact between two bodies might assume the form of a small contact patch at the peak of a thermal asperity. The final equation, which takes account of heat partitioning between the two bodies as well as wear, serves to estimate when the band contact in seals might draw up into a point or small rectangular patch of contact. Although the topic is not discussed here the same analysis may serve to predict when the band of contact on a gear tooth might transition to a point of contact.
Characteristics of a Work Organization from a Lean Perspective

Abstract:Implementation of lean practices results in significant changes in an organization. Current research in lean production primarily focuses on examining relationships between the implementation of lean production (LP) and the performance of the organization; however, there is a need to assess the implications of large-scale changes such as lean production on work design characteristics and employee outcomes. The purpose of this article is to study the impact of lean production on work design characteristics, such as autonomy, task identity and skill variety, and employee outcomes. This article proposes a conceptual framework that indicates key LP practices and their influences on work characteristics and employee outcomes.Current research in LP identifies transformations in lean models inspired by sociotechnical principles. This article presents a comprehensive literature review of an evaluation of LP based on sociotechnical design principles. This evaluation contributes toward developing an insigh...
Seed supply of native and cultivated grasses in pine forests of the southwestern United States and the potential for vegetation recovery following wildfire

In this study we examined seed supply (seed banks and seed rain) and vegetation of seeded cultivated grasses and naturally occurring native grasses following a wildfire in northern New Mexico, USA. We specifically examined density of native and cultivated grass seeds and plants in areas of high, moderate, and low fire severity. We also examined the similarity between density of native and cultivated grass seeds to density of above ground plants. Density of native grass seed per square meter was higher in areas that burned under low fire severity (85.18 ± 44.83) compared to areas of moderate (18.52 ± 11.26) and high (7.41 ± 4.90) fire severity; however, differences were not statistically significant due, in part, to the high error associated with estimates. Density of cultivated grass seed per square meter was higher than that of native grass seed in areas of high (439.60 ± 117.98) and moderate (437.02 ± 146.50) fire severity, areas that were seeded with cultivated grasses after the wildfire for erosion control. Density of seeded grass plants per square meter was also higher than that of native grass plants in areas of high (18.78 ± 4.59 versus 0.33 ± 0.24) and moderate (8.22 ± 1.76 versus 0.22 ± 0.15) fire severity. There was a higher correspondence between the density of cultivated grass seeds and plants (highest value 0.32 ± 0.11) compared to density of native grass seeds and plants (highest value 0.05 ± 0.04). The high density of seeds, plants, and correspondence indicated that seeds from cultivated grasses are more likely to establish as post-fire vegetation than seeds from native grasses. Seeding with cultivated grasses following a wildfire may slow or inhibit recovery of native grasses in the short term. Longer-term implications for site occupancy deserve further study.
NASA clean catalytic combustor program

The successful operation of an aircraft gas turbine combustion system incorporating a state-of-the-art catalytic reactor as the main stage, along with a conventional pilot stage for low power operation, is reported to have been achieved with high combustion efficiency at moderate engine pressure ratios. The extremely low nitrogen oxides emission level taken by the program as its goal has also been achieved. It is noted that significant improvements in the operating temperature capability of catalytic reactor materials will be required for the successful application of such devices to the very high pressure ratio, high temperature engines assumed to be the ultimate application of the devices studied.
ASSESSMENT OF STORAGE EFFECTS ON VITAMIN B6 STABILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN DEHYDRATED FOOD SYSTEMS

The retention of biologically available vitamin B6 during storage was examined using dehydrated food systems fortified with various B6 vitamers. Storage conditions of 37°C and 0.6 water activity (aw) were selected to permit estimation of maximum rates of nonenzymatic browning and vitamin degradation typically encountered in food storage. The stability of the vitamers during storage was evaluated by periodic assay with a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Losses of pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxal (PL), and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) could be described by fist order kinetics. When stored in small volume metal containers, the first order rate constants were 0.015–0.020 day−1 for PL, PM and PLP, and 0.0049 day−1 for PN degradation in food systems. Storage in metal cans which provided a large headspace volume resulted in significantly lower rates of browning and degradation of the B6 vitamers. The only significant degradation mechanism identified was the binding of PLP to proteins to form e-pyridoxyllysine. Correlation of rat bioassay results with microbiological and HPLC assay data indicated that the B6 vitamers remaining after storage for 128 days at 37°C retained full vitamin activity. Determination of the model system vitamin B6 content by the semiautomated fluorometric procedure yielded consistently high results, as found in previous research. These studies indicate that HLPC and microbiological assay results accurately reflect the content of biologically available vitamin B6 in dehydrated food systems after storage at 37°C and 0.6 aw for 128 days. They also demonstrate the potential for application of the HPLC assay to the determination of vitamin B6 in foods.
Use of an algebraic language in laboratory control programming with small (4K) computers

Most lab-control programs for small (4K) computers must be written in assembly or machine language, making it necessary for the user to expend considerable time and effort both in learning assembly-programming skills and in writing programs. One of the most frequently used small laboratory computers (the PDP-8 series) can, however, be programmed to provide sophisticated control using an algebraic language (FOCAL) in as little as 4K memory locations. The FOCAL language includes a special program sequence, FNEW, which provides capacity for a single user-defined function written in machine language. This paper describes an implementation of the FNEW sequence that permits execution of multiple user-written machine language subprograms within a FOCAL program. Use of this capability in the context of process-control problems in the behavioral laboratory is discussed and illustrated.
Evolution of LDH isozymes during programmed cell death

Abstract 1. 1. Lactic dehydrogenase dehydrogenase isozymes and other respiratory enzymes were studied in degenerating intersegmental muscles of Manduca sexta and Antheraea polyphemus . 2. 2. Total activities of the different enzymes (isocitric dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, catalase, lactic dehydrogenase) decline at varying rates, starting before the rapid phase of involution. 3. 3. One isozyme of LDH, an M-type isozyme, increases several-fold during the final three days prior to the emergence of the insect. 4. 4. The same isozyme appears very transiently or not at all in muscles which do not break down, and is present in degenerating silk glands at the time of their most rapid involution. 5. 5. The data suggest that limitation of oxidative metabolism plays a role in the involution of the muscles.
The giant Raman Effect from pyridine on a chemically modified gold substrate

Abstract Enhanced Raman scattering from adsorbed pyridine has been observed with 5145 nm incident radiation on a slightly rough Au substrate onto which electrochemically controlled monolayer quantities of Ag have been deposited. This result supports enhancement models in which specific chemistry between the adsorbate and the substrate is important.
The effect of thioglycolate on intermediate filaments and membrane translocation in rat urothelium during the expansion-contraction cycle

The functional role of cytokeratin intermediate filaments in the translocation of asymmetric membrane plaques between cytoplasm and surface of apical urothelial cells was investigated during contraction and expansion of rat urinary bladders. A stereological investigation of electron micrographs provided estimations of surface area, volume, and number of discoidal vesicles and infoldings per unit volume of urothelial apical cell cytoplasm. Contracted and distended bladders incubated in 0.01 M sodium bicarbonate were compared to identical preparations experimentally incubated in 5 mM thioglycolic acid. The latter reagent disrupts the intermediate filament network by reducing sulfhydryl bridges. Densities of discoidal vesicles in cells contracted after incubation in thioglycolate were similar to density estimations in cells expanded under control conditions. Similarly, densities of vesicles in cells expanded after exposure to thioglycolate were comparable in number to those in normally contracted cells. Thus, membrane translocation to and from the luminal surface was blocked by thioglycolate treatment. The lack of normal membrane transfer at the luminal surface induces apical cells exposed to experimental conditions to undergo extraordinary adjustments in response to external pressures of bladder contraction and distension. During contraction, the apical-intermediate cell interface unfolded while the luminal surface ballooned out into the lumen. In distended bladders, large intercellular spaces formed between apical cells along their lateral margins. The results support a model published earlier implicating the filament network as a critical mediator of membrane translocation.
Characteristics of a helical tape antenna embedded in a multilayer dielectric coated cylinder

Abstract The dispersion relation and radiation characteristics of a tape helix with two layers of dielectric substrates and one layer of dielectric superstrate is derived and analyzed. The derivation is based on the hybrid mode field expressions in cylindrical coordinates with unknown expansion coefficients. The application of the appropriate boundary conditions and the point matching technique is used to determine the expansion coefficients. It is assumed that the tape current has only one component along the length of the tape for small values of tape width. The dispersion relation is obtained based on an approximate representation of the current on a narrow tape helix. The k-β diagram is then obtained from the solution of the complex dispersion relation. The radiation patterns of the first and second propagating modes, for a finite number of turns of the tape helix, are presented for different geometrical and electrical parameters.
Data dependent systems methodology for validation of simulation models illustrated by end-milling

With the availability of modern engineering workstations, it is important to use more realistic models for simulation of machining processes. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the application of Data Dependent Systems (DDS) methodology in ascertaining how realistic a simulation model is, by comparing its results with real data from an end-milling process. Modal decompositions provided by DDS models from real and simulation data are used to illustrate that the dynamic content of actual end-milling force signals does not match that of the selected simulation model. Specifically, actual force signals have significantly more power at the spindle frequency and more power at the harmonics of the tooth frequency than the simulation model predicts.
Simplified, enhanced protein purification using an inducible, autoprocessing enzyme tag.

We introduce a new method for purifying recombinant proteins expressed in bacteria using a highly specific, inducible, selfcleaving protease tag. This tag is comprised of the Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin cysteine protease domain (CPD), an autoprocessing enzyme that cleaves exclusively after a leucine residue within the target protein-CPD junction. Importantly, V. cholerae CPD is specifically activated by inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6), a eukaryotic-specific small molecule that is absent from the bacterial cytosol. As a result, when His6-tagged CPD is fused to the C-terminus of target proteins and expressed in Escherichia coli, the full-length fusion protein can be purified from bacterial lysates using metal ion affinity chromatography. Subsequent addition of InsP6 to the immobilized fusion protein induces CPD-mediated cleavage at the target protein-CPD junction, releasing untagged target protein into the supernatant. This method condenses affinity chromatography and fusion tag cleavage into a single step, obviating the need for exogenous protease addition to remove the fusion tag(s) and increasing the efficiency of tag separation. Furthermore, in addition to being timesaving, versatile, and inexpensive, our results indicate that the CPD purification system can enhance the expression, integrity, and solubility of intractable proteins from diverse organisms.
Attenuation of TGF-β signaling supports tumor progression of a mesenchymal-like mammary tumor cell line in a syngeneic murine model

Previous studies have suggested that TGF-β functions as a tumor promoter in metastatic, mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells and that TGF-β inhibitors can effectively abrogate tumor progression in several of these models. Here we report a novel observation with the use of genetic and pharmacological approaches, and murine mammary cell injection models in both syngeneic and immune compromised mice. We found that TGF-β receptor II (TβRII) knockdown in the MMTV-PyMT derived Py8119, a mesenchymal-like murine mammary tumor cell line, resulted in increased orthotopic tumor growth potential in a syngeneic background and a similar trend in an immune compromised background. Systemic treatment with a small-molecule TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor induced a trend towards increased metastatic colonization of distant organs following intracardiac inoculation of Py8119 cells, with little effect on the colonization of luminal-like Py230 cells, also derived from MMTV-PyMT tumors. Taken together, our data suggest that the attenuation of TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal-like mammary tumors does not necessarily inhibit their malignant potential, and anti-TGF-β therapeutic intervention requires greater precision in identifying molecular markers in tumors with an indication of functional TGF-β signaling.
Semantic Web for the Life Sciences - Hype, Why, How and Use Case for AIDS Inhibitors

One of the difficulty in applying the concepts of semantic Web technology to a drug discovery is the creation of a software generated URI suitable both for ontology independent and ontology dependent properties of drugs. We propose the use of two types of URI; structure invariants (URI) to identify the ontology independent features and structure semi-invariants (OURI) to identify ontology dependent features. URI are defined by the most fundamental properties (chemical connectivity, bond type, etc.). OURI are defined from context dependent (semantic) properties (binding mode, chemical core).
Towards an ideal operator's assistant: development of a framework

Properly designed computer assistants can reduce operator stress during emergencies, thereby resulting in better problem-solving and enhanced operator performance. This paper develops a framework for a computer assistant for the system operator. The operator assistant's (OA's) structure is based on (a) the desirable characteristics of an ideal assistant i.e., what an operator would expect from an ideal human assistant, (b) an operator-centered system state classification, and (c) modes of interaction among the system, the human operator and the computer assistant. The concept of operator-centered state classification, as juxtaposed with a tool-centered one, minimizes false alarms for the operator and directly identifies operator needs and actions at any instant of time. The hierarchical OA structure is applicable to generic large-scale systems. An emergency condition in a typical large-scale power system is used to illustrate the OA structure.
Componentizing hardware/software interface design

Building highly optimized embedded systems demands hardware/software (HW/SW) co-design. A key challenge in co-design is the design of HW/SW interfaces, which is often a design bottleneck. We propose a novel approach to HW/SW interface design based on the concept of bridge component. Bridge components fill the HW/SW semantic gap by propagating events across the HW/SW boundary and raise the abstraction level for designing HW/SW interfaces by abstracting processors, buses, embedded OS, etc. of embedded system platforms. Bridge components are specified in platform-specific Bridge Specification Languages (BSLs) and compiled by the BSL compilers for simulation and deployment. We have applied our approach to two different embedded system platforms. Case studies have shown that bridge components greatly simplify component-based co-design of embedded systems and system simulation speed can be improved three orders of magnitude by simulating bridge components on the transaction level.
Cultural Socialization in Families With Internationally Adopted Children

Cultural socialization attitudes, beliefs, and parenting behaviors were examined in families with internationally adopted children. The authors hypothesized that parents with lower color-blind racial attitudes would be more likely to engage in enculturation and racialization parenting behaviors because they hold stronger beliefs in the value and importance of cultural socialization. Using data from the Minnesota International Adoption Project, the results support this mediation model of cultural socialization. Individual variations in cultural socialization also are discussed in terms of child development and shifting adoption attitudes and practices.
Least favorable compressed sensing problems for first-order methods

Compressed sensing (CS) exploits the compressibility of natural signals to reduce the number of samples required for accurate reconstruction. The cost for sub-Nyquist sampling has been computationally expensive reconstruction algorithms, including large-scale l 1 optimization. Therefore, first-order optimization methods that exploit only the gradient of the reconstruction cost function have been developed; notable examples include iterative soft thresholding (IST), fast iterative soft thresholding algorithm (FISTA), and approximate message passing (AMP). The performance of these algorithms has been studied mainly in the standard framework of convex optimization, called the deterministic framework here. In this paper, we first show that the deterministic approach results in overly pessimistic conclusions that are not indicative of algorithm performance in practice. As an alternative to the deterministic framework, we second study the theoretical aspects of the statistical convergence rate, a topic that has remained unexplored in the sparse recovery literature. Our theoretical and empirical studies reveal several hallmark properties of the statistical convergence of first-order methods, including universality over the matrix ensemble and the least favorable coefficient distribution.
Management of Life-Threatening Airflow Obstruction

This chapter will review the management of life-threatening airflow obstruction. Most typically, this clinical problem arises in the context of status asthmaticus (SA). Similar management problems are encountered in patients with upper airway obstruction (UAO) or, in the burn intensive care unit (ICU), inhalation injury (II). I will not discuss the entity of “acute-on-chronic respiratory failure” or exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1]. In these patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, airflow obstruction is a prominent component of their underlying pathophysiology, but it is also the case that other contributors to ventilatory failure are frequent, the degree of airflow obstruction is often less than in status asthmaticus, and many of their clinical abnormalities exist on a chronic and not acute basis.
Determination of specific activity of sodium in bone.

ConclusionA new method for the determination of specific activity of sodium in bone is presented. The method consists of placing a solution of bone ash on a cation exchange column. Elution with acid results in the quantitative recovery of both stable and radioactive sodium in a certain fraction of the eluate; this fraction is free from P, K, Mg and Ca and can be easily analyzed for both sodium and radiosodium.The scintillation counter equipment was made available to us through the kindness of Mr. Russell Hayes of the Medical Division, Atomic Energy Project of the University of Rochester, and the specially adapted flame photometer by Dr. Taft Toribara of the Radiation Biology Division.
In vitro generated cytolytic T lymphocytes reactive against head and neck cancer recognize multiple epitopes presented by HLA-A2, including peptides derived from the p53 and MDM-2 proteins.

In previous studies, we were successful in generating HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ CTLs reactive with head and neck carcinomas (HNCs) in 4/10 cases using traditional mixed lymphocyte tumor cultures (MLTCs) employing a semi-allogeneic HLA-A2+ HNC cell line, PCI-13, as the stimulator of normal HLA-A2+ donor T lymphocytes. However, these T cell lines contained only 1-1.5% HLA-A2-restricted, tumor-reactive CD8+ CTLs, as assessed by both limiting dilution and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. In order to increase the success rate in generating such HNC-reactive CTL lines, we modified the procedure to allow for T cell crosspriming by autologous DCs pulsed with PCI-13 lysates. In all three attempts, HLA-A2-restricted effector T cell lines were obtained that contained PCI-13-reactive CD8+ T cells at frequencies as high as 1 in 6. These cultured bulk lines recognized at least five predominant HLA-A2-restricted epitopes based on ELISPOT fingerprinting of HPLC-fractionated, naturally presented PCI-13-derived peptides. Two of these epitopes appear to be derived from the p53 and MDM-2 proteins overexpressed by the PCI-13 cell line. Interestingly, the synthetic wild type sequence p53264-272 and MDM-253-61 peptides were able to drive in vitro generation of tumor-specific CTLs from the PBMCs of normal HLA-A2+ donors. However, this MDM-2 peptide was not able to elicit responses from HLA-A2+ patients with HNC in short-term in vitro cultures. Overall, these data suggest that tumor lysate-loaded DCs elicit a broad repertoire of CTL responses, some of which are directed against peptides derived from cell cycle regulatory proteins that may prove to be of clinical significance in the therapy of HNC. This article was published in Cancer Immunity , a [Cancer Research Institute][1] journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research . [1]: http://cancerresearch.org/
Do risky friends change the efficacy of a primary care brief intervention for adolescent alcohol use

Abstract Purpose To determine if peer risk (having friends who drink or approve of drinking) modifies the effects of a computer-facilitated screening and provider brief advice (cSBA) intervention on adolescent alcohol use. Methods We assessed the intervention effect using logistic regression modeling with generalized estimating equations on a sample of 2,092 adolescents. Effect modification by peer risk was analyzed separately for alcohol initiation (drinking at follow-up in baseline nondrinkers) and cessation (no drinking at follow-up in baseline drinkers) by testing an interaction term (treatment condition by peer risk). Interpretation of the interaction effect was further clarified by subsequent stratification by peer risk. Results The intervention effect on alcohol cessation was significantly greater among those with peer risk (adjusted relative risk ratios; risk 1.44, 1.18–1.76 vs. no risk .98, .41–2.36) at 3 months' follow-up. There was no such finding for alcohol initiation. Conclusions Alcohol screening and brief provider counseling may differentially benefit adolescent drinkers with drinking friends.
Who should have genetic testing for maturity‐onset diabetes of the young?

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a clinically heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of young-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The genes involved are important in beta cell development, function and regulation and lead to disorders in glucose sensing and insulin secretion. Heterozygous GCK mutations cause impaired glucokinase activity resulting in stable, mild hyperglycaemia that rarely requires treatment. HNF1A mutations cause a progressive insulin secretory defect that is sensitive to sulphonylureas, most often resulting in improved glycaemic control compared with other diabetes treatment. MODY owing to mutations in the HNF4A gene results in a similar phenotype, including sensitivity to sulphonylurea treatment. HNF1B mutations most frequently cause developmental renal disease (particularly renal cysts) but may also cause MODY in isolation or may cause the renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD syndrome). Mutations in NEUROD1, PDX1 (IPF1), CEL and INS are rare causes of MODY. MODY is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. However, a correct genetic diagnosis impacts treatment and identifies at-risk family members. Thus, it is important to consider a diagnosis of MODY in appropriate individuals and to pursue genetic testing to establish a molecular diagnosis.
From war to peace: a guide to the next hundred years

In a time when wars and military options seem to be the prevalent and commonly accepted ways of dealing with social conflicts all over the world, From War to Peace: A Guide to the Next Hundred Year...
Growing Up Black, Female, and Working Class: A Teacher's Narrative

This discussion contributes to emergent literature on teacher biographies and on the schooling of black girls. The author examines some childhood experiences of a contemporary woman African-Caribbean Canadian teacher, Ese, who grew up in England. The author traces the development of Ese's present consciousness by examining how her experiences of marginality at the intersections of her race, gender, and class have informed her current practice in predominantly African Canadian, low-income settings in southern Ontario. The data are drawn from a larger ethnographic study on black women teachers' lives and practices. Based on her findings, the author concludes with a discussion of future research agendas for young black girls.
The Impact of International Tribunals and Domestic Trials on Peace and Human Rights After Civil War

We analyze whether international criminal tribunals and domestic human rights trials can play an important role in peacebuilding in post-conflict societies. Advocates and scholars argue that by providing justice and truth, helping to remove war criminals and peace spoilers from their societies, and by contributing to deterrence, these institutions contribute to improvements in human rights and the maintenance of peace. Other scholars assert that few such beneficial effects have occurred. We test the impact of international tribunals and domestic trials on the recurrence of civil war and human rights improvements in states that have emerged from civil war since 1982. The evidence regarding their beneficial impacts is fairly clear, however, and suggests that while domestic human rights trials and international tribunals do not exercise any negative effects, they do not appear to contribute to reducing the recurrence of civil war or improvements in human rights practices.
Substance Use Among Sexual Minority Collegiate Athletes: A National Study

ABSTRACTBackground: The empirical research examining substance use among sexual minority collegiate athletes is sparse. Problematically, this group may be at a greater risk of substance use due to their marginalized status within the context of sport. Objectives: We examined different types of substance use during the past 30 days, and diagnosis of substance use disorders during the past 12 months, among sexual minority collegiate athletes. Methods: This study uses data from college students for the fall semester between 2008 and 2012 from the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment. Results: Sexual minority collegiate athletes had greater odds of past 30-day cigarette use, past 30-day alcohol use, past 30-day marijuana use, and indicating being diagnosed or treated for a substance use disorder during the past 12 months when compared to either heterosexual collegiate athletes or heterosexual nonathletes, but had similar odds on these outcomes when compared to sexual minority...
Being in-between: Performance studies and processes for sustaining interdisciplinarity

AbstractInterdisciplinarity happens when we commit to staying in the in-between, to staying in process. It is about not-knowing as a precondition for encountering matter/material, about not aiming at knowledge but at ways of knowing as practices of becoming. Interdisciplinary work is necessarily concerned with what is not present or represented in existing disciplines, but felt. It attends to what discourse leaves out, the elements not only outside the rules, bending and breaking them, but those radically outwith the rules, no doubt inflected by them but not working primarily in response to them. This essay explores ways of distinguishing between rhetorics of responsiveness and rhetorics of engagement as ways to practice interdisciplinarity. The growth of critical disciplines in the humanities can be traced to a western twentieth-century concern with reflective thinking that questions the assumptive logics of liberal nation states. Critique, as imagined here, happens in process, in the in-between, and its...