cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the limbic neurotensin systems induced by dopaminergic drugs.

Abstract Single or multiple high doses of the dopamine-releasing drug, methamphetamine, induced 100–150% increases in the content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in the nucleus accumbens, but was without effect on the NTLI level in the ventral tegmental area. The increases in NTLI content in the nucleus accumbens were selectively blocked by the dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, which failed to exert any significant effect of its own in the same area. In contrast, haloperidol or the selective dopamine D-2 antagonist, when administered alone, significantly raised the NTLI level in the nucleus accumbens and when given concomitantly with methamphetamine, their effects on the amount of NTLI appeared to be additive. Very different patterns of response were observed in neurotensin systems associated with the mesocortical dopaminergic terminal fields of the frontal cortex and olfactory bulbs. Changes in NTLI contents occurred following only multiple doses of methamphetamine and consisted of decreases in levels of this peptide. However, like the nucleus accumbens, these methamphetamine-induced alterations were blocked completely by D-1 antagonism, while D-2 blockade appeared to be additive with the effects of methamphetamine.
Comment on recent theories of photoemission

Abstract A number of points in recent articles on the theory of photoemission are clarified.
The development and control of coexisting respiratory systems in slices of chicory root

Abstract 1. 1. The respiratory rise which occurs in incubated thin slices of chicory root may be controlled by a variety of environmental factors. By regulating either the lithium- or bicarbonate-ion concentration of the incubation medium, or by controlling the CO2 or O2 tension in the gas phase, the respiratory rise may either be prevented, or its nature altered. 2. 2. Whereas the respiratory increment which normally arises on incubation is completely malonate sensitive, it may be predominantly malonate resistant when incubation is carried out in solutions of selected concentrations of lithium or bicarbonate, or at high partial pressures of CO2, or at low oxygen tensions. 3. 3. Under conditions where an increase in the respiration can occur, the malonate-resistant respiration rises in proportion to the extent to which the development (as distinct from the activity) of the malonate-sensitive respiration is repressed. 4. 4. The malonate-resistant respiration arising upon incubation under selected conditions is apparently different from the malonate-resistant basal respiration. It is suggested that the malonate-sensitive respiration preempts the latter but not the former. 5. 5. Whenever some fraction of the total respiration is malonate sensitive, malate restores the respiration rate of malonate-treated tissue. 6. 6. A suggestion is offered for the means whereby apparently disparate environmental factors may exert a common controlling influence.
The Perturbing Worldview of Chaos: Implications for Public Relations.

Abstract Public relations theory development and practice have been grounded in the traditional scientific worldview. The question of the validity of this worldview currently is being investigated across academic disciplines, but not in the public relations literature. Instead, the public relations literature is calling for a transformative theory produced under the auspices of the normal precepts of science. It is argued that normal science, which values reproduction and isolation, is not sufficient as a foundation for critical theory development. It is proposed that public relations begin the process of critical research by exploring new key questions, formed from the study of the new science of chaos. The dynamic worldview of chaos emerges in multidisciplinary perspectives and embraces information normal science ignores. It is argued that this paradigm provides a more inclusive and appropriate foundation for public relations theory development and practice than others.
The experimental analysis of human operant behavior following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may produce deficits in discriminating and responding appropriately to consequences. Commonly, insensitivity to consequences is attributed to deficits in cognitive processes, particularly executive functioning. The present investigation examined the hypothesis that TBI may reduce control exerted by reinforcers over behavior. Results of basic operant research on reinforcement processes with individuals with TBI may have clinical value for understanding and ultimately remediating deficits associated with TBI. In experiment 1, responding by adults with TBI and non-injured controls was investigated under reinforcement contingencies that differentially reinforced responding and the absence of responding within sessions. Results showed that most TBI subjects obtained lower reinforcement rates than control subjects, especially under contingencies requiring the absence of responding. In experiment 2, results showed that the addition of stimuli correlated with reinforcement improved one subject's performance. These results suggest that TBI may differentially reduce sensitivity to response-reinforcer contingencies and some environmental changes may increase sensitivity. Results also suggest parallels between deficits in executive functioning and deficits in operant behavior. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a monoterpene hydroxylase from cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

Conditions have been established for the optimization of the specific activity of a membrane-bound monoterpene hydroxylase from cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. In time course studies, the hydroxylase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase exhibited maximal activities 18–20 days after inoculation, i.e., during early stationary phase. By late stationary phase, enzyme activity had declined. In contrast an enzyme of primary metabolism achieved optimal specific activity by the 12th day and remained constant through day 26, synchronous with general growth. Effects of nutritional and hormonal factors on the specific activity of the hydroxylase and cell growth were evaluated. Inhibitors of hydroxylase activity were also assessed in vitro. A soluble form of the monoterpene hydroxylase has been detected in cultured cells possibly affording a useful source of this enzyme for further purification.
Students' and Teachers' Perceptions of Effective Foreign Language Teaching: A Comparison of Ideals

Foreign language (FL) teachers and students may have very similar or disparate notions of effective teaching, and the intersection of the two sets of beliefs has ramifications for language learning and the effectiveness of instruction. Horwitz (1990) , Kern (1995) , and Schulz (1996) have argued that mismatches between FL students' and teachers' expectations can negatively affect the students' satisfaction with the language class and can potentially lead to the discontinuation of study. The principal objectives of this study were to identify and compare, overall and by teacher, teachers' and students' ideals of effective teacher behaviors. Of 83 intact 1st- and 2nd-year classes across 9 languages at the University of Arizona, 49 FL teachers and their students responded to a 24-item Likert-scale questionnaire covering several areas of FL pedagogy. The students seemed to favor a grammar-based approach, whereas their teachers preferred a more communicative classroom, as evidenced by significant differences in such areas as target language use, error correction, and group work. The significant discrepancies between teacher and student beliefs in several relevant areas point to the need for FL teachers to seek out their students' perspectives actively and to engage them in brief classroom discussions about the rationale behind certain instructional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected and healthy anticarsia gemmatalis larvae as prey for Nabis roseipennis adults in the laboratory

Abstract Nabis roseipennis adults were tested to determine the suitability of healthy and nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae as prey. The rate at which N. roseipennis preyed upon larvae of the same size was comparable for uninfected and 2-day-infected larvae when the predator was placed in a Petri dish with a single larval prey. A significantly faster rate of attack was observed when larval prey in late stages of disease (4-day-infected) were third, fourth, or fifth instars, but not when they were second instars. When offered a choice between an uninfected and 4-day-infected larva in a Petri dish, N. roseipennis showed a preference for the diseased prey when the larvae were larger than second instar.
Sequential strategies in two cases of hysteria.

Abstract Two cases of hysteria are presented. In Case I, the patient was unable to keep his eyes open, and in Case II, the patient believed his legs were paralyzed and his lungs were collapsed. A sequential strategy was used which combined various behavioral techniques based on principles of experimental psychology. The usefulness of matching the behavioral technique with the current condition of the patient was illustrated in both individual and milieu therapy settings. In neither case was symptom substitution manifested.
Recurrent and metastatic pulmonary fibrous histiocytoma/plasma cell granuloma in a child

A child had a pulmonary plasma cell granuloma/fibrous histiocytoma that recurred after lobectomy in 1952 and required pneumonectomy in 1953, at which time it extended into the mediastinum at the pulmonary hilus. A metastatic nodule was removed from within the diaphragmatic musculature. The long-term favorable outcome suggests a good prognosis after adequate surgical therapy. The possible relationship of fibrous histiocytoma/plasma cell granuloma to modified measles is discussed.
PALAEMON DEBILIS FROM HAWAII AND THE STATUS OF THE GENUS PALAEMONETES (DECAPODA, PALAEMONIDAE)

[Des echantillons de Palaemon debilis des Hawaii, localite-type de l'espece n'ont pas de palpe sur les mandibules; cependant ils paraissent etre conspecifiques avec les populations d'autres parties de la region indo-pacifique, chez lesquelles le palpe mandibulaire se trouve ordinairement. Il est recommande de conserver Palaemonetes comme genre valide, au lieu de le placer dans la synonymie de Palaemon, au moins jusqu'a ce que la revision complete du complexe entier de Palaemon soit effectuee., Des echantillons de Palaemon debilis des Hawaii, localite-type de l'espece n'ont pas de palpe sur les mandibules; cependant ils paraissent etre conspecifiques avec les populations d'autres parties de la region indo-pacifique, chez lesquelles le palpe mandibulaire se trouve ordinairement. Il est recommande de conserver Palaemonetes comme genre valide, au lieu de le placer dans la synonymie de Palaemon, au moins jusqu'a ce que la revision complete du complexe entier de Palaemon soit effectuee.]
THE EFFECT OF SUBWAFER DIELECTRICS ON PLASMA PROPERTIES IN PLASMA ETCHING REACTORS

Nonplanar electrode topographies in plasma etching reactors are known to perturb plasma properties. In this article results from a computational study of plasma etching reactors having nonuniform dielectric structures below the wafer are presented. The system is an inductively coupled plasma reactor having a 13.56 MHz bias applied to the substrate. The model we have used is a hybrid simulation consisting of electromagnetics, electron Monte Carlo and fluid kinetics modules, and an off‐line plasma chemistry Monte Carlo simulation. We found that the subwafer dielectric adds a series capacitance to the sheath and wafer resulting in voltage division of the applied potential between the sheath, wafer, and dielectric. This produces a smaller sheath potential and smaller sheath thickness above the dielectric. The ion energy distribution is therefore depressed in the vicinity of the dielectric. The effect is more severe at high plasma densities where the capacitance of the sheath is larger compared to the subwafer...
DISCOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NOVEL HUMAN CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS USING TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Comparative examination of protein synthesis in normal and neoplastic human fibroblasts led to the discovery of two novel microfilament proteins with roles in human neoplasia. One protein, a mutant beta-actin was found to convert nontumorigenic human fibroblasts to tumorigenicity. Recently, the oncogenic potential of this mutant beta-actin was verified independently and shown to alter the metastatic phenotype of human cells in conjunction with the myc and ras oncogenes. A second protein, leukocyte plastin, was discovered to be a marker of a majority of human cancer cells of nonhemopoietic origin. A survey of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts and human sarcoma and carcinoma cell types demonstrated that the L-plastin gene was activated at widely varying degrees in nearly all human cancer cells. Activation of the L-plastin gene was not detected in normal nonhemopoietic cells using sensitive reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction, excepting those cells that expressed estrogen and progesterone receptors which mediate activation of L-plastin synthesis in reproductive tissues. Our most recent findings have revealed that activation of L-plastin synthesis in neoplastic cells that cannot phosphorylate L-plastin (e.g. those neoplastic cell types that express only trace amounts of L-plastin) results in the coinduction of two alternative inflammatory programs of gene expression which mediate cytolytic effects on surrounding cells. This inflammatory response appears to be mediated by "inappropriate" constitutive synthesis of L-plastin and failure of the induced cell to phosphorylate L-plastin. Our findings suggest explanations for the novel resistance of human cells to in vitro transformation and one role of oncogene activation in cancer. As a consequence of the interplay of two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoretic analyses with other sophisticated techniques of molecular biology, the formal characterization of two fundamentally important multigene families was completed with determination of many aspects of the structure and function of these proteins and their genes. The discovery and characterization of the mutant beta-actin and L-plastin and their relationship to the human neoplastic phenotype serve as useful models for the discovery of other important disease-related proteins/genes using 2-D gel electrophoresis.
Prediction of internal performance for two-dimensional convergent-divergent nozzles

A three-dimensional code (PAB3D) has been under development to simulate underexpanded and overexpanded supersonic jet exhaust effects on a nonaxisymmetric nozzle/afterbody. The code is a multiblock/multizone technique solving the simplified Navier-Stokes equations. This method was applied to the solution of two nozzle configurations to verify the recent implementation of a nozzle performance calculation package. Static pressure distributions, discharge coefficient and thrust ratio quantities were calculated for on-design and off-design operating conditions for rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles with different throat designs. Approaches involved in computing the flows for these nozzles are presented. Computation of performance parameters were typically within 1 percent of experimental on-design and off-design data.
Creep crack growth modeling and near tip stress fields

Abstract The problem of near tip stress fields in a cracked body subjected to Mode I loading at elevated temperatures is studied. Specifically, the superalloy, IN 718, is examined in the standard compact tension specimen geometry. The simulation is at 650°C. The specimen is assumed to be under dead load conditions. For a stationary crack, the near tip stress fields are calculated and compared with the asymptotic solutions available in the literature. While the results assuming small strains agree very well with the asymptotic solutions, the large strain analysis does not. The results indicate that both the amplitude and the asymptotic exponent are dependent on the applied load level which is in disagreement with the asymptotic predictions. In addition, the zone effected by creep deformation is larger when large strains are considered. An algorithm is developed and tested for the modeling of stable crack growth. Both convergence and stability are investigated. Explicit time integration is used for crack growth studies as it is demonstrated to be computationally more efficient. The algorithm is employed to study the near tip stress fields for a growing crack. The near tip stress fields for a growing crack (with constant velocity) are generated using the developed algorithm. The results demonstrate that the asymptotic behavior of the stress field is load dependent. Comparison is made with the limited analyses available. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Kinematics of late Paleozoic continental collision between Laurentia and Gondwana

In the Appalachians, late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogenesis is widely regarded as resulting from dextral oblique collision between irregular margins of Gondwana and Laurentia. However, this relative plate motion cannot account for coeval convergence in the Ouachitas and Variscides and is incompatible with some tectonic transport indicators in the Appalachians. An alternative kinematic model is proposed in which early sinistral transpression in the Appalachians is followed by counterclockwise rotation of Gondwana and the development of a system of dextral strike-slip faults extending from southern Europe to Alabama.
Engaging Students in Writing Labs: An Empirical Study of Reading and Commenting on Student Papers

Writing Center literature fails to come to a consensus on whether students or tutors should read student papers during tutorials. This empirical study sought to discover whether the choice of reader and the timing of the tutors’ comments affected the engagement of the student in the tutorial. The study explored six patterns of reading and commenting styles with 30 trials of each. Both students and tutors completed evaluation forms following each tutorial; the results include a summary of the quantitative outcome, as well as insightful comments that were included on the evaluation forms. Both students and tutors believe that it does make a difference who reads the paper during Writing Center conferences and when tutors comment on the papers. Having students read their papers aloud while writing tutors made comments throughout not only helped student writers generate their own refinements, it also provided conditions where fruitful discussion could take place. Anecdotally, the study also raises timely questions about “control” and “agency” in the writing lab that will need to be addressed by future research.
Interpolation and denoising of piecewise smooth signals by wavelet regularization

In this paper, we link concepts from nonuniform sampling, smoothness function spaces, interpolation, and wavelet denoising to derive a new multiscale interpolation algorithm for piecewise smooth signals. We formulate the optimization of finding the signal that balances agreement with the given samples against a wavelet-domain regularization. For signals in the Besov space Bαp(Lp) p ≥ 1, the optimization corresponds to convex programming in the wavelet domain. The algorithm simultaneously achieves signal interpolation and wavelet denoising, which makes it particularly suitable for noisy sample data, unlike classical approaches such as bandlimited and spline interpolation.
Level of accuracy and degree of precision in attempting to maintain steady levels of biting force

The primary purpose of this study was to assess the level of accuracy (bias) and degree of precision for a group of 24 normal subjects attempting to maintain a constant biting force at levels of 100 gm, 500 gm, 1000 gm and 2000 gm for a period of 10 s each. Accuracy is defined as the difference between subjects' actual level of biting force and the target value they were trying to achieve. Precision is the level or range of variability demonstrated by the subjects while attempting to bite with a constant level of force. Subjects' performance relative to accuracy and precision was also compared when using the central incisors vs. the first permanent molars. Assessment of bite force was measured using a specially designed strain gauge scale which permitted subjects to visually monitor when their biting force equalled a preset resistance. Each subject was instructed to bite on the end of a plastic sheathed steel beam with enough force to activate the indicator needle on the voltage meter to its central position and to try to maintain a constant level of biting force (by attempting to keep the indicator needle steady in its central position). No significant (P > 0.05) differences were found in mean accuracy in bite force for gender or specific teeth used in the biting task. However, a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in mean accuracy in bite force was found to exist between the target levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Dominated Ergodic Type Theorem

implies (2) for r = 1. Condition (1) is clearly necessary when r > 1 and, as has been demons t r a t ed b y BV~XHOLDER [1], (3) is likewise necessary for (2) when r = 1. Here , i t will be shown for i . i .d. {Xn, n ~ 1} with E X n = 0 t h a t for r > 2, the n X same hypothes is (1) implies E s u p c n ] S n ] r 1, with ~ > 0 and k ---grea tes t integer 2 under the s t ipula ted conditions, Ect l St I r 2 and r = 2 follow directly, rests upon the classical result of WIENER cited above.
Inappropriate bottle use: an early risk for overweight? Literature review and pilot data for a bottle-weaning trial.

Identifying early risk factors for childhood obesity is critical, as weight in infancy and early childhood tracks to later periods. Continued bottle use - primarily from excess milk intake - is emerging as a potential risk factor for early childhood overweight. Over three fourths of US infants drink from bottles beyond the recommended weaning age of 12 months, and two thirds of UK infants use a bottle at 18 months. This paper is divided into three parts. Part 1 reviews the literature on beverage intake, weight and bottle use in young children. Part II describes pilot data on milk bottle use and weight in 12-60-month-olds, collected prior to a randomized controlled (RCT) trial of a bottle-weaning intervention. Median daily milk bottle consumption at 12 months was 5.0 (interquartile range = 3-6). Among 12-36-month-olds, current users were significantly more likely to be >95th% weight-for-height (19% vs. 0%, P 85% weight-for-height (27% vs. 11%, P < 0.11), vs. non-users. In contrast, current bottle use was not associated with either overweight or obesity in 37-60-month-olds. Part III describes the RCT, begun in fall 2008. It is enrolling 464 parent/12-month-old dyads from a nutrition assistance programme for low-income families. Children's bottle use, anthropometrics, dietary intake and nutrient density (via 24 h recall) are assessed quarterly through 24 months of age. For the intervention, site nutritionists employ a project-developed, visually attractive flip chart. An observational study nested within the RCT will describe dietary changes during this period of feeding transitions.
A 500MHz Random Cycle 1.5ns-Latency, SOI Embedded DRAM Macro Featuring a 3T Micro Sense Amplifier

A prototype SOI embedded DRAM macro is developed for high-performance microprocessors and introduces performance-enhancing 3T micro sense amplifier architecture (muSA). The macro was characterized via a test chip fabricated in a 65nm SOI deep-trench DRAM process. Measurements confirm 1.5ns random access time with a 1V supply at 85deg and low voltage operation with a 600mV supply.
Calpain inhibition attenuates intracellular changes in muscle cells in response to extracellular inflammatory stimulation

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), comprising of polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion-body myositis, are characterized by muscle weakness and various types of inflammatory changes in muscle cells. They also show non-inflammatory changes, including perifascicular atrophy, mitochondrial changes, and amyloid protein accumulation. It is possible that some molecules/mechanisms bridge the extracellular inflammatory stimulation and intracellular non-inflammatory changes. One such mechanism, Ca2+ influx leading to calpain activation has been proposed. In this study, we demonstrated that post-treatment with calpeptin (calpain inhibitor) attenuated intracellular changes to prevent apoptosis (Wright staining) through both mitochondrial pathway (increase in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio) and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway (activation of caspase-12), which were induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) stimulation in rat L6 myoblast cells. Our results also showed that calpeptin treatment inhibited the expression of calpain, aspartyl protease cathepsin D, and amyloid precursor protein. Thus, our results indicate that calpain inhibition plays a pivotal role in attenuating muscle cell damage from inflammatory stimulation due to IFN-γ, and this may suggest calpain as a possible therapeutic target in IIMs.
Training anesthesia providers for endoscopic sedation

Anesthesia providers increasingly find their services requested in endoscopy suites. There are numerous reasons, but the single most common factor is the increasing use of propofol. Despite clear trends indicating a greater demand for services, the safety record of out-of-operating room (OR) locations falls short of that in the OR. A variety of skills are required in the endoscopy suite, some of which are found in the core material of anesthesia training programs, and others that are not stressed in importance. The purpose of this article is to examine the methods of training that might be useful in producing anesthesia providers prepared for the challenges of the endoscopy suite and other out-of-OR locations, and speculate on how anesthesia training directors might address these needs.
A study of the possible carcinogenicity of irradiated foods

Abstract An experiment was conducted in which male and female mice of four different strains, namely DBA, Swiss, C3H, and C57 black were fed for the duration of their life a mixture of foods (fruit compote, beef, tuna fish, sweet potato, and corn), all of which had been irradiated with 5.58 megarads of gamma radiation. A total of 2834 mice were used in the experiment. These mice were distributed at random, and divided equally, in two groups: one which was fed the irradiated diet, and one which received the control diet, identical in composition to the experimental diet except that is was not irradiated. At the death of these animals, each was subjected to a careful examination. All tumors found were examined histopathologically and were classified and tabulated according to type. Analysis of the tumor incidence of the mice fed the control diet and the mice fed the irradiated diet showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups. It is therefore concluded that gamma irradiation (5.58 megarads) of the foods used in this experiment did not render them carcinogenic for mice. An experiment such as this in which several strains of mice were used (some of which are known to be prone to develop certain types of cancer) is probably the best presently available method of testing a food intended for human consumption for carcinogenicity. Therefore, it would appear that irradiation sterilization with 5.58 megarads of gamma radiation does not increase the carcinogenic hazard of these types of food for men.
Vacancy mediated substitutional diffusion in binary crystalline solids

We describe a formalism to predict diffusion coefficients of substitutional alloys from first principles. The focus is restricted to vacancy mediated diffusion in binary substitutional alloys. The approach relies on the evaluation of Kubo-Green expressions of kinetic-transport coefficients and fluctuation expressions of thermodynamic factors for a perfect crystal using Monte Carlo simulations applied to a cluster expansion of the configurational energy. We make a clear distinction between diffusion in a perfect crystal (i.e. no climbing dislocations and grain boundaries that can act as vacancy sources) and diffusion in a solid containing a continuous distribution of vacancy sources that regulate an equilibrium vacancy concentration throughout. A variety of useful metrics to characterize intermixing processes and net vacancy fluxes that can result in the Kirkendall effect are described and are analyzed in the context of thermodynamically ideal but kinetically non-ideal model alloys as well as a realistic thermodynamically non-ideal alloy. Based on continuum simulations of diffusion couples using self-consistent perfect-crystal diffusion coefficients, we show that the rate and mechanism of intermixing in kinetically non-ideal alloys is very sensitive to the density of discrete vacancy sources.
Legislators and administrators: Complex relationships complicated by term limits

State legislators' relationships with administrators have received scant attention in the literature despite the importance of these relationships for delivery of public services. We explored whether or not the legislator-administrator relationship in one professional state legislature resembles Congress's oversight of federal agencies. We also assessed whether or not term limits changed this relationship. Our findings indicate that monitoring state agencies was a low priority for this legislature, and it dropped even lower after term limits were implemented. More specifically, we found some institutional roles to be associated with legislators placing a higher priority on monitoring, especially before term limits, whereas some individual motives were associated with a lower priority, especially after term limits. Legislators exhibited more confusion about the process of monitoring after term limits.
Dual upregulation of Fas and Bax promotes alloreactive T cell apoptosis in IL-10 gene targeting of cardiac allografts.

Activation-induced cell death and cytokine deprivation are demonstrated by peripheral T cell populations at the conclusion of natural immune responses, and each of these processes is modulated by t...
Remote sensing of ephemeral water bodies in western Niger

Abstract On a etudie la possibilite de suivre les mares temporaires du Sahel a l'aide des donnees au 1·1 km de resolution du Radiom`tre Avance a Haute Resolution (AVHRR) des satellites de la serie NOAA. Vingt et un mares du Niger Occidental titulaires de bonnes donnees de terrain furent choisis pour cette etude. Les donnees du Thematic Mapper (TM) de 1988 furent d'abord analysees afin de determiner les superficies des dits lacs et les differences de temperature entre l'eau et la terre. Six scenes AVHRR prises pendant la saison seche de 1988-89 ont ensuite ete etudiees. Il s'est avere que dans la plupart des cas il est possible de suivre un lac tant que sa superficie reste superieure a 10 ha. De plus, quand l'emplacement et la forme du lac sont deja connus, la superficie du lac peut ∘tre estimee a partir des donnees de la bande 5 du AVHRR a environ 10ha pres. La forte difference de temperature, d'environ 13°C, entre l'eau et la terre rend possible ce suivi et ces estimations.
Simulation as a vehicle for project experience

One of the criticisms directed at many computer science programs is the lack of involvement of the students in “large scale, real-life problems”. Panel discussions between computer science educators and computing practitioners frequently devote a great deal of time to this topic. The practitioners charge that students are frequently presented with well-defined problems that illustrate specific computing concepts. While these problems are important, they do not prepare students for the ill-defined problems they will typically face in a usual job situation. Since a large portion of the graduates from our degree programs move directly into the business and industrial environments, we should seriously consider this criticism.Separate project courses have been described by Khailand and Saxon [2] and by Crenshaw [1]. In these courses, a series of projects are presented to the students. Depending on the size of the class, one or more of the projects are chosen and the class is divided into teams to work on the projects. Classroom time is devoted to organizational structure, skills, and techniques that are important to successful completion of a project satisfying the standards and requirements of the project assignment. Most of the work is performed within the individual teams. The instructor meets periodically with the students to review and monitor their progress. At the end of the course, each team is required to make a formal presentation of its results.
ActorNet: an actor platform for wireless sensor networks

We present actorNet, a mobile agent platform for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are well-suited to multiagent systems: agent autonomy reduces the need for communication, saving precious energy. Mobile agents are also an intuitive technique for remotely reprogramming sensors deployed in the field. However, implementing agent programs directly on a WSN is complicated by the many limitations of sensor nodes, including limited memory, slow processors, low bandwidth and finite energy. ActorNet eases development by providing an abstract environment for lightweight concurrent object-oriented mobile code on WSNs. As such, it enables a wide range of new dynamic applications, including fully customizable queries and aggregation functions, in-network interactive debugging and high-level concurrent programming on the inherently parallel sensor network platform. Moreover, actorNet cleanly integrates all of these features into a fine-tuned, multi-threaded embedded Scheme interpreter that supports compact, maintainable programs---a significant advantage over primitive stack-based virtual machines.
Early changes in muscle glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity after denervation: Locus and dependence on nerve stump length

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of rat diaphragm muscle increased significantly 12 h after intrathoracic ('distal') denervation. Since this change represented one of the earliest known events after loss of innervation, the mechanism of neuronal regulation and the nature of the muscle response were further investigated. When, instead of distal denervation, the motor nerve was cut about 3.5 cm from the diaphragm, G6PD activity slightly decreased 12 h later. Denervations in which part of the same hemidiaphragm had a short nerve stump and another part, a long nerve stump, also showed a differential increase of G6PD activity dependent on length of nerve stump. In biochemical studies of the locus of the early post-denervation elevation of G6PD, enzyme activity was increased both in endplate and non-endplate regions of the muscle. Finally, the histochemical reaction for G6PD was more intense in both muscle fibers and interstitial elements, although the former made the major contribution to the biochemical results. In sum, muscle G6PD enzyme activity is closely regulated by a neurotrophic mechanism partly independent of nerve or muscle electrical activity.
Slip transfer and dislocation nucleation processes in multiphase ordered Ni-Fe-Al alloys

Directionally solidified (DS) alloys with the nominal composition Ni-30 at. pct Fe-20 at. pct Al having eutectic microstructures were used to study slip transfer across interphase boundaries and dislocation nucleation at the interfacial steps. The slip transfer from the ductile second phase, γ(fcc) containing ordered γ′(L12) precipitates, to the ordered β(B2) phase and the generation of dislocations at the interface steps were interpreted using the mechanisms proposed for similar processes involving grain boundaries in polycrystalline single-phase materials. The criteria for predicting the slip systems activated as a result of slip transfer across grain boundaries were found to be applicable for interphase boundaries in the multiphase ordered Ni-Fe-Al alloys. The potential of tailoring the microstructures and interfaces to promote slip transfer and thereby enhance the intrinsic ductility of dislocation-density-limited intermetallic alloys is discussed.
Asymptotic Expansions of the Distributions of Estimators in a Linear Functional Relationship and Simultaneous Equations

Abstract We derive asymptotic expansions of the distributions of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator in a linear functional relationship model as the sample size increases infinitely. These expansions are equivalent to the asymptotic expansions of the distributions of the limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimator when the covariance is known to within a proportionality constant and the two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimator as the number of excluded exogenous variables increases in a simultaneous equations system.
Amphetamine, cocaine, and fencamfamine: relationship between locomotor and stereotypy response profiles and caudate and accumbens dopamine dynamics

Using in vivo microdialysis, the caudate and nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) responses to the psychomotor stimulants amphetamine (AMPH), cocaine (COC), and fencamfamine (FCF) were evaluated in rats concurrent with characterization of their behavioral response profiles. Doses of each stimulant that produced either enhanced locomotion or a prolonged period of intense focused stereotypies were examined to evaluate the quantitative relationships between stimulant-induced behaviors and changes in DA dynamics and to test the hypothesis that a balance between mesostriatal and mesolimbic DA activity contributes to the appearance of specific stimulant-induced behaviors. Although 10 mg/kg COC and 1.7 mg/kg FCF promoted levels of locomotor activity substantially greater than 0.5 mg/kg AMPH, the magnitude of the DA increases in both caudate and accumbens were markedly less than was obtained following AMPH. Thus, stimulant-induced locomotion appears to be dissociated from the quantitative DA response in both brain regions. This behavioral/DA dissociation was also apparent at higher doses of AMPH (2.5 mg/kg), COC (40 mg/kg), and FCF (6 mg/kg), doses that promoted a behavioral pattern that included a prolonged period of intense stereotypy. Indeed, the regional DA responses to these high doses of COC and FCF were substantially less than the response to 0.5 mg/kg AMPH. Furthermore, there were no differences in the ratio of the caudate and accumbens DA responses as a function of dose for any of the three drugs. Thus, the balance between the regional DA activation does not appear to regulate the expression of the behavioral response. Additionally, the effects of these stimulants on regional DA metabolite concentrations were compared. The results indicate that AMPH promoted an identical pattern of effects on caudate and accumbens DA metabolites, suggesting that similar mechanisms govern the dynamics of DA in response to AMPH in both brain regions. In contrast, the DA uptake blockers promoted some region-specific effects on DA metabolites that may be due to regional differences in the DA metabolism and rates of impulse flow.
Importance of Accurate Liquid Water Path for Estimation of Solar Radiation in Warm Boundary Layer Clouds: An Observational Study

A 1-yr observational study of overcast boundary layer stratus at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains site illustrates that surface radiation has a higher sensitivity to cloud liquid water path variations when compared to cloud drop effective radius variations. The mean, median, and standard deviation of observed cloud liquid water path and cloud drop effective radius are 0.120, 0.101, 0.108 mm and 7.38, 7.13, 2.39 mm, respectively. Liquid water path variations can therefore cause 3 times the variation in optical depth as effective radius—a direct consequence of the comparative variability displayed by the statistics of the two parameters. Radiative transfer calculations demonstrate that, over and above the impact of higher liquid water path variability on optical depth, normalized cloud forcing is 2 times as sensitive to liquid water path variations as it is to effective radius variations. Consequently, radiative transfer calculations of surface flux using observed liquid water paths and a fixed effective radius of 7.5 mm have a 79% correlation with observed values. This higher sensitivity of solar flux to liquid water path is a result of the regimes of natural occurrence of cloud liquid water paths and cloud drop effective radii.
A PCR-based Protocol for In Vitro Selection of Non-crosshybridizing Oligonucleotides

DNA computing often requires oligonucleotides that do not produce erroneous cross-hybridizations. By using in vitro evolution, huge libraries of non-crosshybridizing oligonucleotides might be evolved in the test tube. As a first step, a fitness function that corresponds to noncrosshybridization has to be implemented in an experimental protocol. Therefore, a modified version of PCR that selects non-crosshybridizing oligonucleotides was designed and tested. Experiments confirmed that the PCR-based protocol did amplify maximally mismatched oligonucleotides selectively over those that were more closely matched. In addition, a reaction temperature window was identified in which discrimination between matched and mismatched might be obtained. These results are a first step toward practical manufacture of very large libraries of non-crosshybridizing oligonucleotides in the test tube.
Drosophila Kelch regulates actin organization via Src64-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation

The Drosophila kelch gene encodes a member of a protein superfamily defined by the presence of kelch repeats. In Drosophila, Kelch is required to maintain actin organization in ovarian ring canals. We set out to study the actin cross-linking activity of Kelch and how Kelch function is regulated. Biochemical studies using purified, recombinant Kelch protein showed that full-length Kelch bundles actin filaments, and kelch repeat 5 contains the actin binding site. Two-dimensional electrophoresis demonstrated that Kelch is tyrosine phosphorylated in a src64-dependent pathway. Site-directed mutagenesis determined that tyrosine residue 627 is phosphorylated. A Kelch mutant with tyrosine 627 changed to alanine (KelY627A) rescued the actin disorganization phenotype of kelch mutant ring canals, but failed to produce wild-type ring canals. Electron microscopy demonstrated that phosphorylation of Kelch is critical for the proper morphogenesis of actin during ring canal growth, and presence of the nonphosphorylatable KelY627A protein phenocopied src64 ring canals. KelY627A protein in ring canals also dramatically reduced the rate of actin monomer exchange. The phenotypes caused by src64 mutants and KelY627A expression suggest that a major function of Src64 signaling in the ring canal is the negative regulation of actin cross-linking by Kelch.
Sexuality of Women with Young Children: A Feminist Model of Mental Health Counseling

Although postpartum recovery and women’s sexual behavior have received significant attention, little is known about the experiences of mothers with young children. Socially constructed images of mothers often depict them both as rebounding with sexual enthusiasm and sensuality and as devoted primary caregivers, while also holding a job. This fantasy breadwinner/homemaker model denies the challenges many mothers of young children face in struggling to reclaim their sexual selves. Such constructions are incongruent with the realities of motherhood and the psychological challenges women face to reassemble sexual identity, self-image, and sexual scripts. This article presents a feminist model of mental health counseling that offers women affirmation, encouragement, and support as they explore their identities as sexual women and as mothers. I think it’s really conflicting…the messages…because you’re supposed to do all these things…. The role of being a perfect mom—that to me is impossible, and so the sexuality part of that is impossible as well—and being a perfect mom on top of that! I don’t feel like there’s a lot of support from other women…. They’ll try to put on the persona that they’re doing it, when in fact they’re not…. So, I think it’s really sad…for women. Theresa, age 35, married mother of two children (Trice-Black, 2010a)
The infection of bad company: stigma by association.

Stigma by association represents the process through which the companions of stigmatized persons are discredited. Conduits for stigma by association range from the strong and enduring bonds of kinship to the arbitrary occasions of being seen in the company of someone who is stigmatized. A theoretical model is proposed in which both deliberative and spontaneous processes result in the spread of stigma to the companions of stigmatized persons. Support for this model was found across 3 studies that examined how explicit and implicit stigma-relevant attitudes moderate stigma-by-association effects. When social relationships were meaningful (e.g., kinship), both explicit and implicit attitudes moderated the devaluation of stigmatized persons’ companions. On the other hand, when social relationships appeared coincidental only implicit attitudes moderated companion devaluation.
A lower mantle S-wave triplication and the shear velocity structure of D"

Summary. A lower mantle S-wave triplication detected with short- and longperiod WWSSN and CSN recordings indicates a substantial shear velocity discontinuity near 280 km above the core-mantle boundary. The triplication can be observed in rotated SH seismograms from intermediate and deep focus events throughout the distance range from 70" to 95". Three distinct source region-receiver array combinations that have been investigated in detail demonstrate consistent travel time and relative amplitude behaviour of the triplication, with slight systematic shifts in the triplication indicating up to 40km variations in the depth of the discontinuity. Modelling of the observations with synthetic seismograms produced with the Cagniard de Hoop and reflectivity methods constrains the shear velocity increase to be 2.75 k 0.25 per cent, comparable to upper mantle discontinuities. Short-period observations indicate that the velocity increase may be a sharp first-order discontinuity, or may extend over a transition zone no more than 50 km thick. The shear velocity gradient below the discontinuity, within the D" layer, is not well-constrained by the SH data, but slightly positive or near zero velocity gradients are consistent with the long-period amplitude ratios of ScSH/SH.
A Limit Theorem for min, + Matrix Multiplication

A natural model for the sequential performance of tasks involves a system that can be configured into any one of a possible set S of states where the cost of performing a given task depends on the state. The cost of processing a sequence of tasks taken from a set T of possible tasks is the sum of the costs of performing each task plus the cost incurred by moving between states. A quantity of interest is the supremum over all task sequences of the average cost per task to process the sequence. We answer a question of R. Graham by proving that when the underlying costs are integral this supremum is rational.