cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Anti-HIF and Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Honokiol for the Treatment of Ocular Neovascular Diseases

Pathological activation of the hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) pathway leading to expression of pro-angiogenic genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is the fundamental cause of neovascularization in ocular ischemic diseases and cancers. We have shown that pure honokiol inhibits the HIF pathway and hypoxia-mediated expression of pro-angiogenic genes in a number of cancer and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell lines. The crude extracts, containing honokiol, from Magnolia plants have been used for thousands of years in the traditional oriental medicine for a number of health benefits. We have recently demonstrated that daily intraperitoneal injection of honokiol starting at postnatal day (P) 12 in an oxygen induced retinopathy mouse model significantly reduced retinal neovascularization at P17. Here, we evaluate the mechanism of HIF inhibition by honokiol in RPE cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we demonstrate that honokiol inhibits binding of HIF to hypoxia-response elements present on VEGF promoter. We further show using a number of in vitro angiogenesis assays that, in addition to anti-HIF effect, honokiol manifests potent anti-angiogenic effect on human retinal micro vascular endothelial cells. Our results suggest that honokiol possesses potent anti-HIF and anti-angiogenic properties. These properties of honokiol make it an ideal therapeutic agent for the treatment of ocular neovascular diseases and solid tumors.
Demand aggregation strategies for rural telephony

Abstract The problematic factor in the economic topography of rural areas is the widely dispersed pockets of demand. Each pocket in its isolation is not sufficient to support the investment required to access it. However, technological developments have opened possibilities for aggregating isolated pockets of demand to a level which is serviceable as a viable market. This article presents the Demand Aggregation Model as a conceptual framework for developing innovative network strategies. The model conceptualizes three kinds of demand: dispersed, fragmented and latent. This conceptualization suggests that rural demand can be aggregated to commercially attractive levels through innovative network strategies.
Dynamic overbooking scheduling system to improve patient access

Patient no-show has long been a recognized problem in modern outpatient health-care delivery systems. The common impacts are reduced clinic efficiency and provider productivity, wasted medical resources, increased health-care cost and limited patient access to care. The main goal of this research is to develop an effective dynamic overbooking policy into any scheduling system that accounts for the predictive probability of no-shows for any given patient. This policy increases the quality of patient care in terms of wait time and access to care while minimizing the clinic's costs. This proposed model is also illustrated to be more cost-effective than overbooking patients evenly throughout a clinic session. This paper also suggests that overbooking should be performed at better patient flow and higher no-show rate so that the costs are minimized. Consequently, this research improves the outpatient experience for both patients and medical providers.
Silica Hollow Spheres by Templating of Catanionic Vesicles

A simple and effective means for obtaining hollow silica particles of controlled diameter from about 60 to 120 nm is presented. The synthesis utilizes equilibrium vesicles as templates for the directed growth of silica. Two different surfactant systems are used to form the vesicular templates: (a) mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium perfluorooctanoate (FC7) and (b) mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). These templates were chosen because these mixtures of surfactants in water form unilamellar vesicles spontaneously that appear stable in the chemical environment required for silica synthesis. Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) is added to the vesicular templates as a precursor for silica formation via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and polycondensation. The morphology of the silica products as observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is consistent ...
A systems‐based methodology for structural analysis of health care operations

This paper introduces a systems‐based methodology for conducting analysis of organizational structure for health care operations. Increasingly, health care organizations must operate in turbulent environments characterized by rapid change, high levels of uncertainty, and increasing levels of complexity. A fundamental issue for effective performance in these environments is the development and maintenance of organizational structures that simultaneously provide both operational stability and agile response to environmental turbulence. Drawing from systems science, a systems‐based methodology for structural analysis of healthcare operations is developed. This methodology identifies operational deficiencies stemming from inadequate organizational structure and suggests focal areas for structural modification. The results from an application of the methodology in a health care organization are examined. Implications and limitations for use of the methodology by health care professionals are provided.
Computed tomography of pulmonary venous variants and anomalies

Radiofrequency ablation of the pulmonary veins is a well-established technique in the management of atrial fibrillation. Computed tomography (CT) plays an important role in the evaluation of these patients, especially delineating pulmonary venous anatomy, anatomic variations, and complications after radiofrequency ablation. CT scan is characterized by high spatial and temporal resolutions, multiplanar reconstruction capabilities, and wide field of view. Knowledge of the normal pulmonary venous anatomy, anatomic variants, and optimal scanning protocol is essential for preablation planning and for evaluation of postablation complications. In this pictorial review, the CT appearance of various pulmonary venous variants and anomalies are discussed and illustrated.
A comparison of gold and superconductors used as air-bridge and microstrip interconnects for high-speed VLSI

Surface and air-bridge interconnects formed of gold and superconducting material are compared using SPICE simulations. For realistic gates, superconducting connections are only marginally faster than gold interconnects, while signal ringing is worse. (Finer geometries could increase the speed of superconducting lines). In either material, air bridges are faster than conventional microstrips. >
Multidimensional smoothing using orthogonal expansions

Adaptive smoothing approaches are particularly useful because the amount of smoothing imposed on the data is determined automatically from the statistical characteristics of subsets of the data itself. Although efficient methods are available for performing adaptive smoothings on one-dimensional (1-D) data, extension of these 1-D adaptive smoothing methods to higher dimensions is often difficult because of the lack of a theoretical edifice and prohibitively large computational requirements. Previously, a method was developed that reduces the dimensions of a data function by exploiting its Fourier transform properties and thus achieves an effective multidimensional smoothing by use of low-dimensional smoothing methods. The purpose of this letter is to extend this work and demonstrate the possibility of achieving a higher-dimensional smoothing by applying lower-dimensional smoothing operations on the partial orthogonal expansion coefficients of the data function.
Endoscopic management of strictures in pediatrics

Abstract Enteric strictures are an uncommon problem in children and mostly from benign underlying disorders or after surgery. The available data on endoscopic management of strictures in children are focused on disorders affecting the esophagus, a major site for stricture formation. Commonly available equipment and techniques for adult patients can be applied in children, although there are technical challenges when using these instruments in small children. Currently used techniques include bougienage, balloon dilation, and covered self-expanding stents. No specific technique is applicable for all cases or situations; therefore, there is no clearly preferred method in many instances. Factors such as the nature and characteristics of the stricture, availability of equipment, training and expertise, and patient size and tolerance are factors that will determine the approach to the patient.
The sensitivity of health effect estimates from time-series studies to fine particulate matter component sampling schedule

The US Environmental Protection Agency air pollution monitoring data have been a valuable resource commonly used for investigating the associations between short-term exposures to PM2.5 chemical components and human health. However, the temporally sparse sampling on every third or sixth day may affect health effect estimation. We examined the impact of non-daily monitoring data on health effect estimates using daily data from the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study. Daily concentrations of four PM2.5 chemical components (elemental and organic carbon, sulfate, and nitrate) and hospital admission counts from 2003 through 2007 were used. Three every-third-day time series were created from the daily DASH monitoring data, imitating the US Speciation Trend Network (STN) monitoring schedule. A fourth, partly irregular, every-third-day time series was created by matching existing sampling days at a nearby STN monitor. Relative risks (RRs) of hospital admissions for PM2.5 components at lags 0–3 were estimated for each data set, adjusting for temperature, relative humidity, longer term temporal trends, and day of week using generalized additive models, and compared across different sampling schedules. The estimated RRs varied somewhat between the non-daily and daily sampling schedules and between the four non-daily schedules, and in some instances could lead to different conclusions. It was not evident which features of the data or analysis were responsible for the variation in effect estimates, although seeing similar variability in resampled data sets with relaxation of the every–third-day constraint suggests that limited power may have had a role. The use of non-daily monitoring data can influence interpretation of estimated effects of PM2.5 components on hospital admissions in time-series studies.
THE TRANSFORMATIONS AND COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF GERMINATING MAIZE

One prime feature of plant study, both from the scientific and from the crop-production viewpoint, is the determination of the modifications in plant development with the variation of the factors of growth. Klebs (I903) has been a leading contributor to the developments in this field by his studies of the modifications of the life histories of plants under varied environment. But, although a change in the development of a plant is a response to a change in the enviromnent, this response is the immediate result of internal processes. Kraus and Kraybill (I9I8) have partially developed this viewpoint and have shown a relation of internal composition to plant development; they studied the relation of the balance of two of the classes of substances (carbohydrates and nitrates) used by the plant in building its tissues, on the fruitfulness or vegetativeness of the tomato plant. Blackman (I919, I920) and Kidd and West (I9I8-I9, I920) have recently indicated that the growth of a plant directly produced from seed is a function of the early development of the seedling. Kidd and West have designated this relation as "predetermination" of the seed or seedling. From an extensive review of the literature on the subject, they found abundant evidence that crops are directly influenced by the physiological condition of the seed and of the seedling, independently of their hereditary qualities. Gassner (I9I8) has given striking evidence of the influence of external factors during the time of germination of the seed on the future course of development of the plant, by showing that winter cereals will develop to maturity in a single season if subjected to a low temperature during the period of germination of the seed. Although the volume of literature on seed-germination is large, knowledge of the transformations which occur in the seed and seedling during germination is far from complete. Also, the data on the influence of specific external factors on germination are confusing, for it has been found that a particular type of response may accompany any one of several external factors. In other words, there is need of a better understanding of the metabolism of the seedling as it develops in different environments. A satisfactory control of the process of germination must be based on a knowledge of the composition of the seed, and of the changes in the substances
Frequency of Family Dinner and Adolescent Body Weight Status: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997

Objective: To explore associations between overweight status and the frequency of family dinners (FFD) for adolescents and how those associations differ across race and ethnicity. Research Methods and Procedures: A sample of 5014 respondents between 12 and 15 years of age from the 1997 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) was used. BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight; 13.3% of respondents qualified as overweight, 16.4% qualified as at-risk-of-overweight, and 1.9% qualified as underweight. The remainder were normal weight. FFD was defined as the number of times respondents had dinner with their families in a typical week in the past year. Multinomial logistic regression models were estimated separately for non-Hispanic whites vs. blacks and Hispanics for odds of belonging to the other weight categories compared with normal weight. A supplementary longitudinal analysis estimated the odds of change in overweight status between 1997 and 2000. Results: In 1997, the FFD distribution was as follows: 0, 8.3%; 1 or 2, 7.3%; 3 or 4, 13.4%; 5 or 6, 28.1%; 7, 42%. For whites, higher FFD was associated with reduced odds of being overweight in 1997, reduced odds of becoming overweight, and increased odds of ceasing to be overweight by 2000. No such associations were found for blacks and Hispanics. Discussion: Reasons for racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between FFD and overweight may include differences in the types and portions of food consumed at family meals. More research is needed to verify this.
Sequences in Dendrons and Dendrimers

Sequential incorporation of a variety of functional groups forms the basis for specificity in biomacromolecules. Introduction of such diversity and sequencing ability in artificial macromolecules is fundamentally interesting. In this paper, three different synthetic approaches have been used to build dendrons and dendrimers in which all the monomer units are different from each other. The synthetic strategies described in this paper involve the use of (i) an ABBp monomer, (ii) an ABB‘ monomer, and (iii) an ABBm monomer. The complementarity and the versatility of these synthetic approaches should render them useful for a variety of applications.
Coupled-cluster representation of Green function employing modified spectral resolutions of similarity transformed Hamiltonians.

In this paper we discuss a new formalism for producing an analytic coupled-cluster (CC) Green's function for an N-electron system by shifting the poles of similarity transformed Hamiltonians represented in N − 1 and N + 1 electron Hilbert spaces. Simple criteria are derived for the states in N − 1 and N + 1 electron spaces that are then corrected in the spectral resolution of the corresponding matrix representations of the similarity transformed Hamiltonian. The accurate description of excited state processes within a Green's function formalism would be of significant importance to a number of scientific communities ranging from physics and chemistry to engineering and the biological sciences. This is because the Green's function methodology provides a direct path for not only calculating properties whose underlying origins come from coupled many-body interactions but also provides a straightforward path for calculating electron transport, response, and correlation functions that allows for a direct link with experiment. As a special case of this general formulation, we discuss the application of this technique for Green's function defined by the CC with singles and doubles representation of the ground-state wave function.
Reply to the Discussion by Arıoglu et al. on “Estimating the Strength of Jointed Rock Masses” by Zhang, DOI 10.1007/s00603-009-0065-x

The author would like to express his thanks to the discussers for their interest in the paper and their effort to provide the community with detailed and constructive comments. The discussers’ comments and concerns are addressed below. It is clearly stated in the paper that ‘‘RQD is only one of the many factors that affect the strength of jointed rock masses.’’ The discussers correctly re-emphasized this point and discussed the effect of joint conditions on the rock mass to intact rock strength ratio (rcm/rc). However, as the discussers correctly stated again in the discussion, in many cases, RQD is the only parameter available for describing rock discontinuities. So, it is extremely important to develop a method for estimation of rock mass strength when only RQD is available. The new rcm/rc versus RQD relation developed in the paper provides such a method for a first hand estimation. When RQD and the joint condition information are available, the rcm/rc versus RQD relation can be used together with other empirical methods considering joint condition to evaluate the rock mass strength. The empirical methods including the new rcm/rc versus RQD relation developed in the paper are for estimating the strength of a jointed rock mass which can be treated as an equivalent continuum in analysis. As stated in the paper, the structure being analyzed must be much larger than the rock blocks formed by the discontinuities in order for the rock mass to be treated as an equivalent continuum. The effect of tunnel span on the strength of rock masses, as described by the discussers, is essentially the scale effect as emphasized in the paper. Disturbance caused by excavation will obviously affect the strength of rock masses. The effect of disturbance can be considered using a disturbance factor as done by Hoek et al. (2002) or modifying the parameter for describing the discontinuities. To use the new rcm/rc versus RQD relation to estimate the strength of disturbed rock masses, the modified RQD should be utilized. The discussers also discussed the effect of loading time on the strength of rock masses. It needs to be noted that the loading time also affects the strength of intact rock. So, if an empirical relation uses the strength ratio rcm/rc and the intact rock strength rc at the corresponding loading time is used, the effect of loading time on the rock mass strength rcm will be (partially) considered. Besides the loading time, loading rate will also affect the strength of both intact rock and rock mass (Kobayashi 1970; Cristescu and Hunsche 1998).
Type IIA procollagen in development of the human intervertebral disc: Regulated expression of the NH2-propeptide by enzymic processing reveals a unique developmental pathway

Type II collagen can be synthesized in two forms generated by alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. Type IIA procollagen, which contains a cysteine-rich domain in the NH2-propeptide (exon 2), is produced by precartilage and noncartilage epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and type IIB procollagen, without the cysteine-rich domain, is characteristic of chondrocytes. Mice lacking type II collagen fail to develop intervertebral discs. We have previously shown that the human intervertebral disc and notochord synthesize primarily the type IIA form of procollagen. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of type IIA procollagen during early disc development in humans. By processes of radioactive in situ hybridization and fluorescence immunohistochemistry, we localized mRNA and protein of type IIA procollagen, type I collagen, and type III collagen in fetal intervertebral disc specimens ranging from day 42 (embryonic stage 17) to day 101 (week 14.5) of gestation. Antibodies to the three distinct domains of type IIA procollagen: the NH2-propeptide, the fibrillar domain, and the COOH-propeptide were used. The earliest stage of developing intervertebral disc (42 days, stage 17) was characterized by diffuse synthesis of types I and III collagens in the dense zone (intervertebral area) and synthesis of type IIA procollagen by the chondrocyte progenitor cells surrounding the disc. The notochord cells synthesized and deposited into the notochordal sheath all three fibrillar collagens. By 54 days (stage 22), the developing disc was clearly divided into three regions: 1.) the outer annulus, characterized by synthesis and deposition of types I and III collagens; 2.) the inner annulus, characterized by synthesis and deposition of type IIA collagen containing the NH2-propeptide but devoid of the COOH-propeptide (pN-procollagen); and 3.) the notochord, the cells of which synthesized and deposited of all three fibrillar collagens. In later stages of fetal development (72–101 days), a change in type IIA procollagen processing was observed in the cells of the inner annulus: even though these cells continued to synthesize type IIA procollagen, they deposited into the extracellular matrix (ECM) only the processed fibrillar domain, with the NH2-propeptide removed. This finding indicates that there is a developmentally regulated change in the processing of type IIA procollagen NH2-propeptide in the cells of the inner annulus. This mechanism is in contrast to previously shown developmental regulation of the cysteine-rich domain of the NH2-propeptide by alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. Although the cells of the inner annulus have been identified as chondrocytes, based on their shape and synthesis of characteristic ECM components, they appear to represent a distinct developmental pathway characterized by their synthesis and differential processing of type IIA procollagen. This developmental pattern may prove important for disc regeneration. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bio-inspired approach for a space manipulator to capture a tumbling object with minimal impact force

This paper presents a bio-inspired methodology aimed at achieving minimal impact force to the robot and the base satellite during a robotic capturing task for a satellite on-orbit servicing mission. First, from the assumed visual observation of the target satellite’s motion, an optimal time and target configuration for the capturing operation are obtained. The optimal time is a future time such that, when the robot touches the tumbling object, there will be zero or minimal attitude disturbance in the base satellite. Second, tau theory is employed to plan an end-effector motion trajectory which will be used to guide the robot to reach the target at the optimal time. Tau theory is utilised because it has been found to be the natural way that a human arm and some animals use to reach an object for capture, thus it has been optimised through the natural evolution and is worthy of study. Two simulation examples are given to show the performance of the presented methodology and comparisons with a traditional path planning method are discussed. A comparison of the method with a traditional path planning method is also discussed.
The effects of finite rate chemical processes on high enthalpy nozzle performance - A comparison between SPARK and SEAGULL

The generalized chemistry version of the computer code SPARK is extended to include two higher-order numerical schemes, yielding fourth-order spatial accuracy for the inviscid terms. The new and old formulations are used to study the influences of finite rate chemical processes on nozzle performance. A determination is made of the computationally optimum reaction scheme for use in high-enthalpy nozzles. Finite rate calculations are compared with the frozen and equilibrium limits to assess the validity of each formulation. In addition, the finite rate SPARK results are compared with the constant ratio of specific heats (gamma) SEAGULL code, to determine its accuracy in variable gamma flow situations. Finally, the higher-order SPARK code is used to calculate nozzle flows having species stratification. Flame quenching occurs at low nozzle pressures, while for high pressures, significant burning continues in the nozzle.
Chemistry of β-trimethylsilylethanol. II. A new method for protection of an anomeric center in pyranosides☆

Abstract Protection of the anomeric center in various carbohydrates as a β-trimethylsilylethyl glycoside is reported. The free sugar can be regenerated using LiBF 4 in acetonitrile.
Ratings of intelligibility of esophageal and tracheoesophageal speech

Audio-recorded oral reading and continuous discourse speech samples were obtained from esophageal and tracheoesophageal speakers. The samples were rated twice by each of two groups of listeners, one experienced and the other inexperienced with alaryngeal speech. The main finding was that reliable mean ratings of intelligibility of both types of speech can be obtained from experienced and from inexperienced judges. The experienced and inexperienced listeners tended to rank the speakers similarly with regard to the intelligibility of their speech samples. The reading and discourse samples also tended to be ranked similarly with regard to intelligibility. The tracheoesophageal speakers' samples as a group were rated as more intelligible than were those of the esophageal speakers.
A portrait of the nest-leaving process in early adulthood

This paper provides an in-depth portrait of the nest-leaving process in early adulthood as it emerged in the 1980s. Event histories are used to describe transitions in and out of the parental home during the years from age 15 through age 23. We focus on the role of the “new” forms of living arrangements in the leaving-home process, namely nonfamily living and cohabitation. The results show that the transition to full residential independence is more gradual, with more intermediate steps, than previous studies suggested. Cohabitation is rare as a route out of the parental home, and both nonfamily living and cohabitation lead to much higher return rates than does marriage.
Seeking the Educational Cure: Egypt and European Education, 1805-1920s.

This paper examines the development of European-style education in Egypt during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as Egyptian reformers and governments, in their desire to create relevant and effective educational institutions, began looking to Europe for inspiration. The resulting institutions utilized modern methods while preserving the local character of education, often straddling the line between the strictly European and Egyptian. With these compromises and negotiations, ultimately, one of the most influential legacies of European education was the belief in education as a "cure" for all the ills of modern Egyptian society.
The Impact of Regionalization of Cystectomy on Racial Disparities in Bladder Cancer Care

Purpose: Regionalization of surgical care has improved the quality of care for patients with bladder cancer. We explored whether regionalization has benefited white and black patients equally.Materials and Methods: We used a New York State inpatient database to identify all patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer from 1997 to 2011. Hospital volume was classified in quintiles based on the number of cystectomies performed in the first 5 years of the study. Logistic regression was done to assess the association between race and low volume/very low volume hospitals. Racial disparities were further characterized using stratification by time and by the racial composition of the patient community.Results: A total of 8,168 patients treated with cystectomy for bladder cancer were included in analysis. Compared with white race, black race was associated with a higher likelihood of low volume/very low volume hospital use (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.26–2.02). The disparity was most prominent in 2002 to 2006 (OR 2...
Comments on "Complete discrete 2-D Gabor transforms by neural networks for image analysis and compression

The commenters address a statement made in the above-titled paper J.G. Daugman (see ibid., vol.36, no.7, pp.1169-79, July 1988) that 'it would be completely impractical to solve this huge system of simultaneous equations by algebraic methods such as matrix manipulation, since the complexity of such methods grows factorially with the number of simultaneous equations'. They point out that the method of Gaussian elimination solves the problem in a low order polynomial time; specifically, O(N/sup 3/) arithmetic operations are needed where N is the number of linear equations and the number of unknowns. Major algorithms include LU decomposition requiring O(N/sup 3//3) operations; the Householder QR decomposition, requiring O(2N/sup 3//3) operations; and the Givens QR decomposition, requiring O(4N/sup 3/) operations. >
A methodology for developing quality of information metrics for body sensor design

Body sensors networks (BSNs) are emerging technologies that are enabling long-term, continuous, remote monitoring of physiologic and biokinematic information for various medical applications. Because of the varying computational, storage, and communication capabilities of different components in the BSN, system designers must make design choices that trade off information quality with resource consumption and system battery lifetime. Given these trade-offs, there is the possibility that the information presented to the health practitioner at the end point may deviate from what was originally sensed. In some cases, these deviations may cause a practitioner to make a different decision from what would have been made given the original data. Engineers working on such systems typically resort to traditional measures of data quality like RMSE; however, these metrics have been shown in many cases to not correlate well with the notions of information quality for the particular application. Objective metrics of information distortion and its effects on decision making are therefore necessary to help BSN designers make more informed trade-offs between design constraints and information quality and to help practitioners understand the kind of information being produced by BSNs, on which they have to base decisions. In this paper, we present a general methodology for developing such metrics for various BSN applications, illustrate how this methodology can be applied to a real application through a case study, and discuss issues with developing such metrics.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy Of Laser-Excited States In Semiconductors

When solids are exposed to intense pulsed laser radiation, highly excited electronic states are created that are of both practical and theoretical interest. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopic methods developed in recent years provide an effective approach to this problem and have yielded considerable information, particularly on semiconductors. The experiment reported on here uses a short, strongly absorbed laser pulse to excite electrons to intermediate states. Then a probe pulse that may be coincident or delayed relative to the exciting pulse and may have the same or higher photon energy ejects electrons whose energy distribution is measured. This distribution can be related directly to the distribution in the intermediate states. We describe applications of the general technique to observe normally unoccupied states between the Fermi level and vacuum level, to measure dynamics of surface space charge layers and surface recombination, to measure hot-electron temperatures, and to determine the rates of electron energy relaxation processes. Results on Si(111) 7 x 7 and cleaved ZnTe(110) and CdTe(110) surfaces are described.
Federal Legislation and Ground-Water Developmenta

The 88th Congress has passed more landmark legislation in the conservation field than any preceding Congress. This seems to indicate a badly needed awakening of concern on the part of the American public for the preservation of its environment and a growing awareness that our soil, water, and atmosphere are only components of an integrated coherent environment that must be kept in balance in all of its aspects. One good example of recently passed legislation is the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, which will be administered by the Department of the Interior. This bill provides three important programs: an annual allotment to state water resources research centers plus two other programs in the nature of contracts and grants, matching or otherwise to state research centers and to other qualified research institutions, foundations, individuals, and agencies. Other important aspects of the bill include the training of scientists in hydrology. Another bill, the S. 1111 or Water Resources Planning Bill, being considered by Congress, would, by means of a Water Research Council, serve to coordinate all water resource purposes and use all components of the resource base in unified plans for river basins, combinations of basins, and sub-basins. This commission would provide assurance that the valid interests of every state are given full recognition by the action agencies of the federal government and the states having comparable programs.
Decomposition solution of nonlinear hyperbolic equations

Some recent results in application of the decomposition method are discussed and a dissipative wave equation example is considered.
Project Management Considerations of Pipelines Crossing the Andes

Pipeline operators, contractors and governments face important challenges when planning, designing, constructing and operating pipelines which connect the hydrocarbon reserves in the Amazonian basin with population and shipping centers on the Pacific coast. These pipelines cross portions of the Amazonian rainforest, the mountain rainforest along the eastern flank of the Andes, the Andean plateau, and the rural and urban low lying desert areas along the Pacific coast. The need for these pipelines will continue and offers a tremendous opportunity to promote sustainable economic development. However, there are several challenges in safeguarding the integrity of the pipeline, environment, local population, and socio-economic fabric of the region. Failure to properly address these risks could have significant financial, engineering, environmental and social, or reputational consequences for operators, contractors, financiers and governments. In this context, companies need to understand the specific challenges present and implement an encompassing project and risk management strategy that entails leadership, team work, effective communication and collaboration in a manner that proactively meets anticipated needs and responds to evolving conditions. During design and construction management, engineers and scientists are challenged by geology, topography, limited or no field data, limited access to the right-of-way (RoW), and socio-environmental aspects. Major training efforts are needed for the construction workforce, in a manner applicable to educational and cultural characteristics. Special road safety measures are required and in many instances the right-of-way will be the only means of transporting construction material. Other special logistical challenges are presented by the rich cultural history of the Andes. During operation, special consideration needs to be given to external natural hazards like landslides, soil creep, seismicity, and river scour. Management needs to maintain good communication with all parties affected by the project and proactively promote broad socio-economic development in the project area. The recognition of these specific challenges and upfront investment will facilitate mutually beneficial project advancement and be of particular benefit in instances of anticipatable but uncontrollable events. This paper describes several of these challenges and provides guidance on how to minimize project specific risks and adverse effects to society and environment.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A comparison of gene expression profiles produced by SAGE, long SAGE, and oligonucleotide chips

A comparison study of short SAGE versus GeneChip and long SAGE was conducted to determine if data were interchangeable between the techniques. Although SAGE and Affymetrix chip expression levels showed a significant correlation using the set of genes for which there was reliable and unambiguous mapping from tag-to-gene identification, correlation coefficients were low (0.51 for the Spearman's correlation coefficient with p < 0.0001). A quantitative analysis comparing the use of 10-bp SAGE tags to 17-bp SAGE tags indicated that the short SAGE technology was more efficient at identifying differentially expressed tags. However, 4-7% of the 10-bp tags were redundancies that could have been resolved by long SAGE and 10-20% of the short SAGE tags had no obvious match to currently annotated human transcript sequences.
Simulations of materials: from electrons to friction

Quantum and classical molecular dynamics simulations are discussed, illustrating the applicability of computer-based modelling to a broad range of materials systems and phenomena. Case studies discussed include: quantum simulations of fission dynamics of charged atomic clusters and metallization of finite, small, alkali-halide crystals, classical molecular dynamics investigations of the consequences of interfacial adhesive interactions leading to the formation of intermetallic junctions, and the molecular mechanisms of capillary processes.
An amino acid packing code for α-helical structure and protein design.

Abstract This work demonstrates that all packing in α-helices can be simplified to repetitive patterns of a single motif: the knob–socket. Using the precision of Voronoi Polyhedra/Delauney Tessellations to identify contacts, the knob–socket is a four-residue tetrahedral motif: a knob residue on one α-helix packs into the three-residue socket on another α-helix. The principle of the knob–socket model relates the packing between levels of protein structure: the intra-helical packing arrangements within secondary structure that permit inter-helix tertiary packing interactions. Within an α-helix, the three-residue sockets arrange residues into a uniform packing lattice. Inter-helix packing results from a definable pattern of interdigitated knob–socket motifs between two α-helices. Furthermore, the knob–socket model classifies three types of sockets: (1) free, favoring only intra-helical packing; (2) filled, favoring inter-helical interactions; and (3) non, disfavoring α-helical structure. The amino acid propensities in these three socket classes essentially represent an amino acid code for structure in α-helical packing. Using this code, we used a novel yet straightforward approach for the design of α-helical structure to validate the knob–socket model. Unique sequences for three peptides were created to produce a predicted amount of α-helical structure: mostly helical, some helical, and no helix. These three peptides were synthesized, and helical content was assessed using CD spectroscopy. The measured α-helicity of each peptide was consistent with the expected predictions. These results and analysis demonstrate that the knob–socket motif functions as the basic unit of packing and presents an intuitive tool to decipher the rules governing packing in protein structure.
Disordered p27Kip1 exhibits intrinsic structure resembling the Cdk2/cyclin A-bound conformation.

p27Kip1 (p27) influences cell division by regulating nuclear cyclin-dependent kinases. Before binding, p27 is at least partially disordered and folds upon binding its Cdk/cyclin targets. 30–40% of human proteins, including p27, are predicted to contain disordered segments, and have been termed intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs). Unfortunately, the inherent dynamics of IUPs hamper detailed analysis of their structure/function relationships. Here, we describe the use of molecular dynamics (MD) computations and solution NMR spectroscopy to reveal that several segments of the p27 kinase inhibitory domain (p27-KID), in addition to the previously characterized helical segment, exist as highly populated, intrinsically folded structural units (IFSUs). Several IFSUs resemble structural features of bound p27-KID, while another exhibits alternative conformations. Interestingly, the highly conserved, specificity determining segment of p27 is shown to be highly disordered. Elucidation of IFSUs within p27-KID allows consideration of their influences on the thermodynamics and kinetics of Cdk/cyclin binding. The degree to which IFSUs are populated within p27-KID is surprising and suggests that other putative IUPs contain IFSUs that may be studied using similar techniques.
A new vertebrate courtship pheromone, PMF, affects female receptivity in a terrestrial salamander

Vertebrate pheromones that affect female receptivity have been documented only in salamanders. These courtship pheromones have been investigated most intensively in plethodontid salamanders. The source of the plethodontid courtship pheromone is the male’s submandibular (mental) gland, which produces a multiprotein secretion. In earlier work with our main study species, Plethodon shermani (the red-legged salamander), an extract of protein secretions obtained from male mental glands acted to increase sexual receptivity in females. In addition, one particular protein in the gland secretion, plethodontid receptivity factor (PRF), could act alone to increase female receptivity. We now report that a second protein, termed ‘plethodontid modulating factor’ (PMF), acts oppositely to reduce female receptivity. The natural courtship pheromone blend thus includes two proteins that separately produce opposing messages, even though the combined effect of both proteins is to increase female receptivity.
Dampened circadian rhythms in reproductively senescent female rats

Circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and drinking behavior were monitored in reproductively senescent female rats (Long-Evans, hooded) in both entrained (light:dark, 14:10) and free-running (constant dim illumination) conditions and compared to rhythms in young (3- to 4-month-old) rats of the same strain displaying regular estrous cycles. Aged rats were divided into two groups on the basis of age and pattern of daily vaginal smears; old constant estrous (16–18 months) and old repetitive pseudopregnant (24–26 months). The results indicate that circadian rhythmicity in both behaviors declines with increasing age. In diurnal lighting, young cycling, old constant estrous, and old repetitive pseudopregnant rats restrict 72.7 ± 2.4%, 67.1 ± 1.7%, and 58.9 ± 2.2%, respectively, of their drinking behavior to the 10 hr of darkness. This percentage decrease in aged rats is primarily the result of fewer drinking events during the dark phase. Activity and drinking records of young rats in constant dim light reveal marked free-running rhythms which contrast to the more random distribution of activity and drinking events in the aged groups. Power spectral analyses of drinking events in both entrained and free-running conditions confirm a progressive flattening of the spectrum and a diminished circadian peak with advanced age. Circadian rhythms were also monitored in young rats (3–4 months) which had been androgen-sterilized (100 μg testosterone propionate) on the day after birth since they exhibit a permanent constant estrous state similar to the old constant estrous rat and have been viewed as a model of early reproductive senescence. In both entrained and free-running conditions, their activity and drinking rhythms were comparable to rhythms displayed by young cycling rats.
Successful Adoption of Children with Down Syndrome and Other Developmental Disabilities

Abstract Children with many types of developmental disabilities have been successfully adopted. Nonetheless, there appears to be a belief among both adopters and some adoption workers that children with Down syndrome are especially easy to rear. The current paper uses different methodological strategies, including case-by-case matching and regression techniques, to test hypotheses relating to better outcomes for parents and families who have adopted children with Down syndrome in comparison to children with other developmental disabilities. The results demonstrated successful functioning for parents and families on a variety of measures, regardless of whether the adopted children had Down syndrome or other developmental disabilities. The positive stereotype for Down syndrome was not supported.
Pediatric dermatology emergencies

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of several severe skin diseases seen in children.Recent findingsSeveral articles published recently added significantly to our understanding of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symp
FTO gains function

Previous genome-wide association studies have identified a strong association between FTO and human obesity, although the mechanism by which FTO affects obesity remains unknown. Anew study suggests that the obesity risk alleles are gain-of-function.
Synthesis and biodistribution of a new radiotracer for in vivo labeling of serotonin uptake sites by PET, cis-N,N-[11C]dimethyl-3-(2',4'-dichlorophenyl)-indanamine (cis-[11C]DDPI).

Abstract A new PET radiotracer for in vivo labeling of serotonin (5-HT) uptake sites, cis-N , N -[ 11 C]dimethyl-3-(2′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-indanamine, cis -[ 11 C]DDPI, was synthesized and its biological behavior was studied. The radiosynthesis of cis -[ 11 C]DDPI was performed by N -methylation of cis-N -methyl-3-(2′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-indanamine with [ 11 C]iodomethane. The average radiochemical yield was approx. 8%, with an average specific activity of 600mCi/μmol. Following intravenous administration, cis -[ 11 C]DDPI accumulated in mouse brain regions rich in 5-HT uptake sites, such as olfactory tubercles, hypothalamus and frontal cortex. Following pre-injection of 1 mg/kg of paroxetine, a high affinity 5-HT uptake blocker, the binding of cis -[ 11 C]DDPI in the olfactory tubercles, hypothalamus and frontal cortex was decreased by 23, 25 and 16%; this corresponds to 73, 82 and 59% of the specific binding in these regions. These results suggest that the accumulation of cis -[ 11 C]DDPI in the tissues rich in 5-HT sites is a result of specific binding of cis -[ 11 C]DDPI to 5-HT uptake sites. Due to the relatively high non-specific uptake and slow clearance of this compound from non-specific binding sites, the ratio between specific and non-specific binding increased slowly with time, reaching 1.5:1 at 60 min after injection.
Diffusion Structures in Multiphase Cu-Ni-Zn Couples

Isothermal, multiphase diffusion was investigated with infinite diffusion couples in the Cu-Ni-Zn system at 775°C. The couples were assembled with disks of a β (bcc) ternary alloy sandwiched between disks of selected binary, Cu-Ni α (fcc)alloys and were annealed for 2 hr to 2 days. The diffusion structures were investigated metallographically and by electron probe analysis. The couples developed multiphase structures that showed transitions from planar interfaces to nonplanar morphologies with changes in composition of the α -terminal alloys. The various structures are described by the aid of composition paths. The velocity of planar interfaces is discussed in terms of intrinsic fluxes in the adjacent phases.