cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonic Hedgehog Pathway

The Hedgehog (Hh) Pathway, originally identified in Drosophila, [1–4] is a highly conserved signaling pathway which orchestrates multiple, disparate aspects of embryogenesis, development and tissue remodeling in a wide spectrum of systems [5–8]. This is usually accomplished by autocrine/paracrine signaling and aims to control the size and localization of Hh-responsive cell populations in response to local/long distance signals [7, 9]. Hh pathway activation typically enhances the growth and viability of Hh-responsive cells, whereas abrogating Hh signal transduction usually triggers apoptosis in such cells, unless other locally available differentiating factors expedite cellular differentiation to a more mature phenotype that no longer requires Hh viability signals [5, 9]. Thus, up-/down-regulation of the Hh pathway provides a selective growth advantage for cell types that are capable of responding to Hh ligands, when compared to neighboring cells that lack Hh receptors. This leads to ­expansion/contraction, respectively, of Hh-responsive cells, thereby, orchestrating the cellular composition of several tissues [5–7, 9].
The Meaningfulness of Meaning Questions

Contra an expanding number of deflationary commentators onWittgenstein, I argue that philosophical questions about meaningare meaningful and that Wittgenstein gave us ample reason tobelieve so. Deflationists are right in claiming that Wittgensteinrejected the sceptical problem about meaning allegedly to befound in his later writings and also right in stressing Wittgenstein's anti-reductionism. But they are wrong in taking these dismissals to entail the end of all constructive philosophizing about meaning. Rather, I argue, the rejection of the sceptical problem requires that we abandon the questions that philosophers have traditionally addressed and that we replace them with more appropriate ones, to which constructive answers are forthcoming. However, though quietism is not the only alternative to reductionism, the rejection of reductionism does oblige us seriously to revise our sense of what constructive philosophy can achieve.
Verification bias an underrecognized source of error in assessing the efficacy of medical imaging.

Rationale and Objectives Diagnostic tests are validated by comparison against a “gold standard” reference test. When the reference test is invasive or expensive, it may not be applied to all patients. This can result in biased estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test. This type of bias is called “verification bias,” and is a common problem in imaging research. The purpose of our study is to estimate the prevalence of verification bias in the recent radiology literature. Materials and Methods All issues of the American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR), Academic Radiology, Radiology, and European Journal of Radiology (EJR) between November 2006 and October 2009 were reviewed for original research articles mentioning sensitivity or specificity as endpoints. Articles were read to determine whether verification bias was present and searched for author recognition of verification bias in the design. Results During 3 years, these journals published 2969 original research articles. A total of 776 articles used sensitivity or specificity as an outcome. Of these, 211 articles demonstrated potential verification bias. The fraction of articles with potential bias was respectively 36.4%, 23.4%, 29.5%, and 13.4% for AJR, Academic Radiology, Radiology, and EJR. The total fraction of papers with potential bias in which the authors acknowledged this bias was 17.1%. Conclusion Verification bias is a common and frequently unacknowledged source of error in efficacy studies of diagnostic imaging. Bias can often be eliminated by proper study design. When it cannot be eliminated, it should be estimated and acknowledged.
An Introduction to Abstract Linear Operator Theory

In this chapter you will read about the beginning material of operator theory. The chapter is written with the aim of getting to spectral theory as quickly as possible. Matrices are examples of linear operators. They transform one linear space into another and do so linearly. “Spectral values” are the infinite-dimensional analogues of eigenvalues in the finite-dimensional situation. Spectral values can be used to decompose operators, in much the same way that eigenvalues can be used to decompose matrices. You will see an example of this sort of decomposition in the last section of this chapter, where we prove the spectral theorem for compact Hermitian operators. One of the most important open problems in operator theory at the start of the twenty-first century is the “invariant subspace problem.” In the penultimate section of this chapter we give a description of this problem and discuss some partial solutions to it. We also let the invariant subspace problem serve as our motivation for learning a bit about operators on Hilbert space. The material found at the end of Section 3 (from Theorem 5.7 onwards) through the last section (Section 5) of the chapter is not usually covered in an undergraduate course. This material is sophisticated, and will probably seem more difficult than other topics we cover.
Clinical Characteristics and Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Combined Post and Precapillary Hypertension in HFpEF

Background The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in HFpEF is gradually increasing. Patients with pulmonary venous hypertension due to left heart disease who develop superimposed pulmonary vascular disease are diagnosed to have HFpEF with combined post and precapillary hypertension (HFpEF-CPH). In this study we aim to investigate this subset of PH and look at clinical characteristics, biomarkers which may play a part in etiology and long-term clinical outcomes. Methods Single center prospective cohort study including 60 patients (30 control patients and 30 patients with HFpEF-CPH) who underwent right heart catherization and had Endothelin 1, Big Endothelin 1 and Neprilysin samples collected from the wedge position. They were followed for a year for hospital admission and two years for mortality. Results HFpEF-CPH patients had an average age of 53±20 years with majority being female 74% (n=22), 86% were hypertensive (n=25), 55% had Diabetes (n=16), 38% had coronary artery disease (n=11) and 51% were smoker (n=15). Patients with HFpEF-CPH were found to have elevated Endothelin 1 levels compared to control (2.5±1 pg/mL versus 1.5±1 pg/mL, p=0.00), however, no significant difference in the levels of Big Endothelin1 and Neprilysin were found between the two groups. Compared to the control group, patients with HFpEF-CPH had increased one-year hospitalization (p=0.02), increased one-year repeated hospital admissions (p=0.01) and increased mortality within the two year follow up period (p=0.03). Conclusion Increased Endothelin 1 levels observed in patients with HFpEF-CPH suggest a possible role in the etiology of this disease process and a potential target for pharmacological antagonism. Moreover, patients with HFpEF-CPH were found to have poor long-term outcomes and need to be monitored closely.
Example: Using Jena for Development on the Semantic Web

Part of the previous chapter presented an overview of available development frameworks you can use. This chapter focuses on Jena as a concrete example as well as our main development environment.
Examples of Gibsonian Affordances in Legged Robotics Research Using an Empirical, Generative Framework.

Evidence from empirical literature suggests that explainable complex behaviors can be built from structured compositions of explainable component behaviors with known properties. Such component behaviors can be built to directly perceive and exploit affordances. Using six examples of recent research in legged robot locomotion, we suggest that robots can be programmed to effectively exploit affordances without developing explicit internal models of them. We use a generative framework to discuss the examples, because it helps us to separate -- and thus clarify the relationship between -- description of affordance exploitation from description of the internal representations used by the robot in that exploitation. Under this framework, details of the architecture and environment are related to the emergent behavior of the system via a generative explanation. For example, the specific method of information processing a robot uses might be related to the affordance the robot is designed to exploit via a formal analysis of its control policy. By considering the mutuality of the agent-environment system during robot behavior design, roboticists can thus develop robust architectures which implicitly exploit affordances. The manner of this exploitation is made explicit by a well constructed generative explanation.
Force-dependent recruitment from myosin OFF-state increases end-systolic pressure–volume relationship in left ventricle

Finite element (FE) modeling is becoming increasingly prevalent in the world of cardiac mechanics; however, many existing FE models are phenomenological and thus do not capture cellular-level mechanics. This work implements a cellular-level contraction scheme into an existing nonlinear FE code to model ventricular contraction. Specifically, this contraction model incorporates three myosin states: OFF-, ON-, and an attached force-generating state. It has been speculated that force-dependent transitions from the OFF- to ON-state may contribute to length-dependent activation at the cellular level. The current work investigates the contribution of force-dependent recruitment out of the OFF-state to ventricular-level function, specifically the Frank-Starling relationship, as seen through the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR). Five FE models were constructed using geometries of rat left ventricles obtained via cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. FE simulations were conducted to optimize parameters for the cellular contraction model such that the differences between FE predicted ventricular pressures for the models and experimentally measured pressures were minimized. The models were further validated by comparing FE predicted end-systolic strain to experimentally measured strain. Simulations mimicking vena cava occlusion generated descending pressure volume loops from which ESPVRs were calculated. In simulations with the inclusion of the OFF-state, using a force-dependent transition to the ON-state, the ESPVR calculated was steeper than in simulations excluding the OFF-state. Furthermore, the ESPVR was also steeper when compared to models that included the OFF-state without a force-dependent transition. This suggests that the force-dependent recruitment of thick filament heads from the OFF-state at the cellular level contributes to the Frank-Starling relationship observed at the organ level.
The Proposed Trial Of The Former Kaiser

The treaty of peace with Germany contains many novel features. One of them is that which provides for a special tribunal to try the ex-Emperor for a "supreme offense against international morality and the sanctity of treaties." This, of course, is a very different thing from a proceeding against a nation to penalize it for disregard of its international obligations, or to enforce against its will the provisions of a treaty. The former Emperor is to be prosecuted simply as a wrong doer. Vattel asserts that, as all nations have an interest in maintaining the faith of treaties, they have also a right to unite in enforcing their observance, if they are violated without fair cause.' But William of Hohenzollern is no longer at the head of the German peoples. He has no power, now, to enforce any treaty. He stands as a private individual at the bar of the world. Whether there is such a thing as international morality is a question on which juries are divided in opinion. Some of them recognize it not only as existing, but as the proper name for what is commonly called international law.2 Others consider it as something affecting all governments, but destitute of any claims to enforcement, except as a consequence of an implied agreement. Be this as it may, any such agreement necessarily involves the recognition of certain principles as to which its aid is invoked. There must be an acceptance of those principles, as furnishing a rule of conduct. If then we assume that international law, whether properly so called or not, is an existing entity, it must be granted that there are ascertainable principles, some of which, at least, necessarily form part of it. These may be principles which, in the nature of things, are of universal application. One such is that a person shall not be punished for committing an act which at the time it was committed was not subject to such punishment. This we have derived from the early Roman law, as expressed in the Twelve Tables. Cicero, referring to this short code, declares that one of the best of its provisions, as handed down from the fathers, was that they would not permit laws to be passed to throw any new liability upon private persons, particularly selected,
Near-Peer Learning During the Surgical Clerkship: A Way to Facilitate Learning After a 15-Month Preclinical Curriculum.

Objectives To investigate the performance and perspectives of third-year medical students (MS3s) participating in near-peer learning (NPL) sessions during their core surgical clerkship following a 15-month preclerkship curriculum. Design An evaluation study of 7 NPL sessions developed and implemented by fourth-year medical students (MS4s) held from March 2019 to February 2020. MS4s taught 1-2 sessions per rotation that included test taking strategies, illness script development, radiology review, case-based multiple-choice questions, and rapid review. Participants completed a questionnaire with 11 seven-point Likert and open-ended questions after each session. Analyses included quantitative comparison of shelf score averages between NPL participants and nonparticipants and qualitative content analysis for open-ended questions. Setting Surgical clerkship at the University of California, San Francisco. Participants Forty-eight (32%) MS3s participated, with an average attendance of 10 students per rotation. Thirty-three (69%) participants completed the questionnaire. Results MS3s enjoyed the session (6.9 ± 0.4), improved their knowledge (6.8 ± 0.5), and felt more prepared for the surgery shelf examination (6.5 ± 0.6). MS4 leaders found that MS3s always wanted radiology review, and their interest in test taking strategies and illness script development declined across the clerkship year. Participants had lower shelf exam scores compared to nonparticipants (68.1 vs 71.4, respectively; p = 0.04, ES = 0.03). Shelf exam scores increased over time in both cohorts. Each group had 2 shelf exam failures. Qualitative analysis suggests that MS3s appreciated the NPL's tailored approach and exam demystification, with a desire for increased NPL integration into the clerkship. Conclusion Students participating in NPL were satisfied with the sessions. Participants may have been students who struggled as indicated by shelf exam scores and appreciated the support. The shift in preferred topics across the blocks reflects the students’ development during clerkships. Near-peer teachers should adjust sessions over time to fit students’ evolving needs.
Strategies for Supersaturated Screening: Group Orthogonal and Constrained Var(s) Designs

Despite the vast amount of literature on supersaturated designs (SSDs), there is a scant record of their use in practice. We contend this imbalance is due to conflicting recommendations regarding S...
Profiles and predictors of resilient functioning in youths with pediatric cancer history.

To identify and predict resilient functioning over time among youths with pediatric cancer experience (YPCE). YPCE aged 8–17 years (N = 231) were followed prospectively for 3 years. Their psychosoc...
Efficacy of Hemostatic Gauzes in a Swine Model of Prolonged Field Care with Limb Movement.

Introduction Prolonged field care for junctional wounds is challenging and involves limb movement to facilitate transport. No studies to date have explored the efficacy of gauze products to limit rebleeding in these scenarios. Materials and methods We randomly assigned 48 swine to QuikClot Combat Gauze, ChitoGauze, NuStat Tactical, or Kerlix treatment groups (12 each) and then inflicted a severe groin injury by utilizing a modified Kheirabadi model of a 6-mm femoral artery punch followed by unrestricted bleeding for 60 seconds. We reassessed rebleed following limb movement at 30 minutes of stabilization and 4 hours after stabilization. Results Swine treated with Combat Gauze proved to have the lowest incidence of rebleeding, and conversely, NuStat Tactical had the highest incidence of rebleeding at wounds after limb movement. Importantly, rebleeds occurred at a rate of 25%-58% across all swine treatment groups at 30 minutes postinjury and 0%-42% at 270 minutes postinjury demonstrating that limb movements universally challenge hemostatic junctional wounds. Conclusions Our findings highlight the difficulty of controlling hemorrhage from junctional wounds with hemostatic gauze in the context of prolonged field care and casualty transport. Our research can guide selection of hemorrhage control gauze when patients have prolonged field extraction or difficult transport. Our data demonstrates the frequency of junctional wound rebleeding after movement and thus the importance of frequent patient reassessment.
COVID-19 Related Stress among Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose Over 43 million COVID-19 cases and 1 million deaths have been reported globally and rates continue to climb. During pandemics people exhibit stress that may be disproportionally felt by LTR due to immunosuppression and comorbidity that increase their risk for poor COVID-related outcomes. Transplant providers have an important role in addressing the physical and emotional impact of COVID, yet COVID-related stress has not been assessed in LTR. The aims of this project, conducted in Oct 2020, were to quantify COVID-related stress, stressors and correlates. Methods 540 LTR from a U.S. center were sent an anonymous, on-line survey comprised of 5 reliable and valid subscales of the COVID Stress Scale (CSS): danger, socio-economics, contamination, checking and traumatic stress. Each subscale included 6 ordinal-scale items for a max subscale score of 24 that when summed yielded a total CSS score up to 120. Higher scores indicate higher stress. Other items included socio-demographics, COVID exposure, testing and impact on seeking medical care. Results The final sample included 226 LTR (42%) who completed all CSS items, including 58% male, 56% over 60 years, 95% white, 74% married/living with partner. Nearly half reported concerns about face-to-face visits with providers; 42% reported delaying or cancelling medical appointments due to COVID concerns; 26% opted for virtual visits. 96% were never exposed to a known or suspected COVID case. Of the 48% who were tested for COVID, only 2 were positive. The primary sources of information sought about COVID in descending order were transplant providers (29%), TV news (28%), and the internet (15%). Mean total CSS scores were 31.8 (17.8). Mean subscale scores in descending order of distress were danger (9.24), contamination (9.19), checking (6.05), socioeconomic (4.98), and traumatic stress (2.33). LTR with higher total scores were significantly more likely to delay medical appointments (p.004) and cancel face-to-face medical visits (p=.000) due to COVID-related concerns. No significant differences were found due to age, marital status, education, years since transplant, or ever having a COVID test. There were too few minorities to examine differences due to race or ethnicity. Conclusion COVID-related stress was low. LTRs with higher stress reported worrisome delays or cancelled appointments. Transplant providers are a trusted source of support and information.
PMU-data-driven Event Classification in Power Transmission Grids

This paper presents an event classification in transmission grids. The convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classifier is proposed to capture the temporal similarity of time-synchronized data stream from phasor measurement units (PMUs). The proposed CNN is trained using Bayesian optimization to search for the best hyperparameters. The effectiveness of the proposed event classification is validated through the real-world dataset from the U.S. transmission grids. This dataset includes line outage, transformer outage, frequency, and oscillation events. The validation process also includes different PMU outputs, such as voltage magnitude, phase angle, current magnitude, frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). The results show that ROCOF gives the best classification performance compared to other PMU outputs. In addition, it is shown that the classifier trained with a larger dataset has higher accuracy. Moreover, the superiority of the proposed method is validated through comparison with other state-of-the-art classification methods.
Pediatric Patients with Sleep Complaints: Initial Interview and Diagnostic Planning

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a framework that will guide the reader through a practical stepwise approach toward a well-rounded initial clinical encounter with pediatric patients presenting with sleep complaints. Aspects of normal human sleep that are useful in the initial encounter are emphasized. The finer points of history-taking skills that may hold the key to successful interventions are discussed. The spectrum of diagnostic possibilities and available assessment tools are illustrated with the help of a concept map in order to provide a 10,000-foot view of the management approach. Within this map, diagnostic categories that overarch the spectrum of sleep disorders are presented alongside pointers to diagnostic tools that may be useful in these scenarios. Common scenarios where investigations are not indicated and only reassurance is required are presented. It is hoped that this chapter will provide the less experienced sleep practitioner with the initial building blocks for constructing what will eventually be their own unique clinical style.
Dynamic Phosphorylation of RGS Provides Spatial Regulation of G-alpha And Promotes Completion of Cytokinesis

Yeast use a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway to detect mating pheromone, arrest in G1, and direct polarized growth towards the potential mating partner. The primary negative regulator of this pathway is the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS), Sst2, which induces Gα GTPase activity and subsequent inactivation of all downstream signaling. MAPK phosphorylates the RGS in response to pheromone, but the role of this modification is unknown. We set out to examine the role of RGS phosphorylation during the pheromone response. We found that phosphorylation of the RGS peaks early in the pheromone response and diminishes RGS localization to the polarization site and focuses Gα/MAPK complexes there. At later time points, RGS is predominantly unphosphorylated, which promotes RGS localization to the polar cap and broadens the distribution of Gα/MAPK complexes relative to the Cdc42 polarity machinery. Surprisingly, we found that phosphorylation of the RGS is required for the completion of cytokinesis prior to pheromone induced growth. The completion of cytokinesis in the presence of pheromone is promoted by the formin Bnr1 and the kelch-repeat protein, Kel1, both proteins previously found to interact with the RGS.
Sesquiterpenoids — XVI: Conformations of cycloheptane and α-methylene-γ-lactone rings in sesquiterpenoids: X-ray determination of the constitution, absolute stereochemistry, and conformation of euparotin bromoacetate

Abstract The molecular structure of euparotin, a highly oxygenated sesquiterpene of the guaianolide type, has been determined by crystal-structure analysis of euparotin bromoacetate. The bromo-derivative crystallizes from benzene-petrol as a benzene solvate, C 22 H 25 O 8 Br· 1 2 C 6 H 6 , crystals of which are monoclinic, of space group C 2, with a = 34·85, b = 7·04, c = 10·90 A, β = 106°35′, and Z = 4. The atomic co-ordinates were determined by Fourier and least-squares calculations which employed 1947 photographic | F 0 | values and converged at R = 12·8% with isotropic thermal parameters for the C and O atoms and anisotropic parameters for the Br atom. The absolute configuration was established by the anomalous-dispersion effect. The cycloheptane ring of the sesquiterpenoid has a conformation which is closer to a twist chair ( C 2 ) than a chair ( C s ) form, and a survey shows that this is also true for other perhydroazulene sesquiterpenoids. In the α-methylene-γ-lactone of euparotin and several other sesquiterpenoids the CCCO torsion angle has the same sign as the C(α)C(β)C(γ)-O torsion angle, establishing the basis for Stocklin et al 's correlation between the position and stereochemistry of lactone fusion and the sign of the Cotton effect of the n → π* transition of the CCCO chromophore.
Diagnostic-specific outcomes and nursing effectiveness research.

PURPOSE To review the use of diagnosis-specific outcomes in health care and nursing. DATA SOURCES Published literature, information databases. DATA SYNTHESIS The need to identify nursing diagnosis–specific outcomes is necessary in order to expand nursing's knowledge base and identify the cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes work needs to be done across settings where care is provided. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Outcomes information is necessary to identify the cost and impact of nursing interventions. OBJETIVO Revisar o uso de resultados especificos para diagnosticos nos cuidados de enfermagem e de saude. FONTES DE DADOS Literatura, capitulos de livros, bancos de dados de informacoes. SINTESE DOS DADOS A identificacao de resultados especificos para diagnosticos e necessaria para expandir a base de conhecimentos de enfermagem e identificar a relacao custom-efetividade das intervencoes de enfermagem. CONCLUSAO O trabalho com os resultados deve ser realizado nos locais onde se realiza a assistencia de enfermagem. IMPLICACOES PARA A PRATICA A informacao sobre os resultados e necessaria para identificar o custo e o impacto das intervencoes de enfermagem. PROPOSITO Revisar el uso de resultados especificos al diagnostico en cuidados de salud y enfermeria. FUENTES DE LOS DATOS Bibliografia, capitulos del libro, bases de datos de informacion. SINTESIS DE LOS DATOS La necesidad de identificar resultados especificos al diagnostico de enfermeria, es necesario para expandir la base de conocimientos de enfermeria e identificar el costo-efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermeria. CONCLUSIONES Es necesario hacer trabajo de resultados de enfermeria en todos los ambitos de cuidados. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRACTICA Se necesita informacion sobre los resultados para identificar el coste e impacto de las intervenciones enfermeras.
Water as a multi-dimensional value: implications for participation and transparency

The article co-authored by Marco Shouten and Klaas Schwartz is correct in arguing that water is a political issue and efforts to decentralize and privatize decision making as recommended by the World Bank will not take the politics out of water. At the same time, this review advocates a broadened understanding of the water to include the cultural, ethical, environmental, and life-style dimensions of water. Only institutions that are inclusive, open, transparent, and accountable can bring legitimacy to decisions affecting the many conflicting water values with a realistic expectation of implementation.
Chemical Composition and Ultrastructure of Native and Reaggregated Membranes from Protoplasts of Bacillus cereus

Conditions were defined for producing protoplasts with lysozyme and isolating the protoplast membranes from cells of Bacillus cereus T harvested late in the exponential growth phase just before sporogenesis. The membranes contained approximately 60% protein, 30% lipid, 6% carbohydrate, and 1% ribonucleic acid. Seventeen proteins were distinguished by molecular size in the membrane solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 12 in that with phenol and acetic acid. The lipid fraction consisted of neutral lipids (28%) and phospholipids (72%). Four phospholipids were identified: diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine. Eighteen fatty acids were identified, with a predominance of branched C(15) and C(17) and of normal C(16) acids. The carbohydrate fraction consisted of neutral hexoses. A clear supernatant solution from the solubilized preparation became reaggregated into membrane by dialysis in the presence of MgCl(2). The reaggregated membrane had the same main components as the native membrane, but the amount and ratio of protein and lipid depended on the buffer and the MgCl(2) concentration. By electron microscopy, the reaggregated membranes appeared as vesicles or sheets, depending on the MgCl(2) concentration. Hexagonal lattices were occasionally detected in the negatively stained ultrastructure of both native and reaggregated membrane fragments.
The cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis.

SUMMARY Pseudoperonospora cubensis [(Berkeley & M. A. Curtis) Rostovzev],thecausalagentofcucurbitdownymildew,isresponsible for devastating losses worldwide of cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, watermelon and squash.Although downy mildew has been a major issue in Europe since the mid-1980s, in the USA, downy mildew on cucumber has been successfully controlled for many years through host resistance. However, since the 2004
Joint Baud and Frame Synchronization in Direct Detection Optical Communications

The maximum-likelihood frame synchronizer was recently derived for direct-detection optical communications assuming baud synchronization. In this paper we present an extension to those results when pulse-position modulation is used and jointly derive baud and frame synchronization from slot synchronization. The optimum rule is seen to consist of a simple correlation term and a nonlinear correction term. Simulation results for the optimum rule compared to analytical and simulation results for the simple correlation rule show that equivalent performance for the simple correlation rule requires a substantial increase in signal power. To design good synchronization patterns, we use a divergence measure derived from the optimum rule. A simple algorithm is derived to test whether a given sequence is good or not.
Chronic Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse: A Psychiatric Perspective

(1980). Chronic Phencyclidine (PCP) Abuse: A Psychiatric Perspective. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 12, PCP: Problems and Prevention. Selected Proceedings of the National PCP Conference 1979+K2, pp. 307-315.
REDUCED ORDER MODELING FOR NONLINEAR MULTI-COMPONENT MODELS

Reduced order modeling plays an indispensible role in most real-world complex models. A hybrid application of order reduction methods, introduced previously, has been shown to effectively reduce the computational cost required to find a reduced order model with quantifiable bounds on the reduction errors, which is achieved by hybridizing the application of local variational and global sampling methods for order reduction. The method requires the evaluation of first-order derivatives of pseudo-responses with respect to input parameters and the ability to perturb input parameters within their user-specified ranges of variations. The derivatives are employed to find a subspace that captures all possible response variations resulting from all possible parameter variations with quantifiable accuracy. This paper extends the applicability of this methodology to multi-component models. This is achieved by employing a hybrid methodology to enable the transfer of sensitivity information between the various components in an efficient manner precluding the need for a global sensitivity analysis procedure, which is often envisaged to be computationally intractable. Finally, we introduce a new measure of conditioning for the subspace employed for order reduction. Although, the developments are general, they are applied here to smoothly behaving functions only. Extension to non-smooth functions will be addressed in a future article. In addition to introducing these new developments, this manuscript is intended to provide a pedagogical overview of our current developments in the area of reduced order modeling to real-world engineering models.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Findings in Complete Unilateral Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection of Right Lung to Right Atrium

Transesophageal echocardiographic findings in a patient with anomalous drainage of both right- sided pulmonary veins into the right atrium are described. The atrial septum was intact and the left- sided veins connected normally with the left atrium. transesophageal echocardiography, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection of the right pulmonary veins to the right atrium
Developmental patterns of plasma and pituitary growth hormone (GH) in the female rat.

Circulating GH levels measured by RIA in developing female rats were elevated between day 5 and 12. Titers declined by day 15, reachinga. nadir at day 20 and by day 25 they began to increase again. During the pubertal period (days 32–38), plasma GH was elevated in the anestrous phase, reaching peak values in the afternoon of the early proestrous phase. Levels were also elevated the day of the first preovulatory discharge of gonadotropins, showing peak valuesin the afternoon of that day. Thereafter, plasma GH declined, reaching a nadir in the morning of diestrus 1 (day 2 after vaginal opening) and remained slightly more elevated during the afternoon of that day and throughout diestrus 2. Plasma GH levels at this time were similar to those oi adult diestrous females. Pituitary GH concentration was low between days 5 and 15 and increased markedly thereafter, reaching adult concentrations by day 25. Body weight increasedlinearly between day 5 and 25. At this time, the slope of the curve of body weight gain in...
Influence of residual tree density on predation of artificial and natural songbird nests

Abstract Variable retention, or the retention of live (residual) trees within logged stands, is thought to reduce the impact of clearcutting on wildlife. However, it has been suggested that this practice may increase nest predation for songbirds nesting within these stands, resulting in an “ecological trap”. We tested this hypothesis using experimental (artificial nests) and observational (natural nests) approaches in the montane forests of the Rocky Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. In each of 2 years, we placed 720 artificial nests in 24 stands (16 logged, 8 burned by wildfire) of similar age which varied in residual tree density from 0 to 180 trees/ha (residual basal area 0–19.0 m 3 /ha). Natural nests of ground and shrub-nesting songbirds were monitored in four additional logged stands that varied in residual tree density from 8 to 64 trees/ha (residual basal area 0.5–4.6 m 3 /ha). There was no strong or consistent evidence that predation on nests of ground and shrub-nesting birds increased in association with residual tree density. Predation on artificial nests increased moderately with residual tree density in logged stands, but in only one of 2 years. In burned stands there was no relationship in either year. There was no difference in overall predation rates on artificial nests in logged and burned stands. Predation was caused mainly by birds, squirrels and small mammals, and predation by birds showed the strongest relationship with residual tree density. Predation on natural nests was less frequent than that on artificial nests, and did not increase with residual tree density. Thus, there was no indication that variable retention stands acted as ecological traps for songbirds.
Otro universalismo: Sobre la unidad y diversidad de los derechos humanos

The spread of human rights, as well as their defense and institutionalization, have become the uncontested language, though not the reality, of global politics. This lecture poses the question of universalism in the cultural, metaphysical, moral and legal senses with reference to the contemporary debate on human rights. I argue that there is one fundamental moral right, the «right to have rights» (Hannah Arendt) of every human being to be recognized by others, and to recognize others in turn, as a person entitled to moral respect and to legally protected rights in a human community. Human rights articulate moral principles protecting the communicative freedom of individuals. Such moral principles are distinct from the legal positivization and specification of rights; nevertheless there is a necessary and not merely contingent connection between human rights as moral principles and their legal form. The unity and diversity of human rights can be defended only on the basis of a commitment to democratic forms of government, a free civil society and public sphere. «Another universalism » suggests that learning processes and conversations as well as confrontation on the extent and justification of human rights are not global exchanges.
TES mapping of Mars' north seasonal cap

Abstract The Mars Global Surveyor thermal emission spectrometer has made observations of Mars' north polar region for nearly a full martian year. Measurements of bolometric emission and reflectance, as well as brightness temperatures in specific bands synthesized from thermal radiance spectra, are used to track the behavior of surface and atmospheric temperatures, the distribution of condensed CO 2 and H 2 O, and the occurrence of dust storms. CO 2 grain size in the polar night is variable in space and time, and is influenced by atmospheric conditions. Some specific locations display concentration of H 2 O frost and indicate the presence of long-term water-ice near the surface. Annual budgets of solid CO 2 range up to 1500 kg m −2 ; preliminary analysis suggests significant transport of energy into latitudes near 70°N during the polar night.
Role of adenylate cyclase in human T-lymphocyte surface antigen capping

Our recent studies indicated that capping of T3, T4 and T8 surface antigens on human T lymphocytes is augmented by interaction of adenosine with a purinergic receptor. We suggested that the T-cell capping process was mediated by an adenylate cyclase-coupled purinergic receptor that resulted in the generation of cAMP and occupancy of cAMP receptors. The present study was undertaken to examine whether activation of adenylate cyclase in the absence of purinergic stimulation is sufficient to regulate surface antigen capping. Treatment of T lymphocytes with forskolin or cholera toxin caused activation of adenylate cyclase and occupancy of intracellular types I and II regulatory subunits of protein kinase by cAMP, as demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling with [8-3H]N3-cAMP. Such treatment augmented the rate of capping of the T3, T4, and T8 antigens, which resulted in a significant decrement in the elapsed time to half-maximal capping of each antigen. These observations support the proposition that the normal T-lymphocyte capping mechanism of both T3+, T4+ (inducer/helper) and T3+, T8+ (suppressor) subsets can be augmented by activation of adenylate cyclase.
a model of the sexual division of labor

Assumptions about economies of effort in performance of tasks in the same production sequence and assumptions about constraints on women's geographic mobility due to nursing and child care are used to derive hypotheses about the allocation of tasks in the sexual division of labor in preindustrial societies. The hypotheses constitute a locational model of the division of labor by sex that makes predictions in the form of entailments: for one sex, doing task X entails doing task Y. The predictions of the locational model are tested using a new procedure for statistical entailment analysis applied to a body of data on fifty tasks in the 185 societies of the standard cross-cultural sample. Assumptions about constraints of nursing and the effect of supplementary feeding of infants on women's participation in task activities are also tested and found to be supported from the evidence on this sample.
The use of capillary columns for the separation of some closely related positional isomers of methyl linoleate by gas chromatography.

Abstract The separation of some closely related positional isomers of methyl linoleate by gas chromatography has been achieved. Resolution of these substances on packed polyester columns was relatively poor. Efficient capillary columns made of 25 gauge hypodermic tubing and coated with glutarate ethylene glycol polyester completely separated the Δ 8, 11 , Δ 9, 12 , Δ 10, 13 and Δ 11, 14 methyl octadecadienoates. Non-polar capillary columns were also capable of resolving these isomers but the overlapping of oleate and linolenate made such columns less applicable for the analysis of complex mixtures.
SNR estimation for nonconstant modulus constellations

We propose a new technique to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over the flat-fading channel. This is a nondata-aided, envelope-based estimator that can be applied to nonconstant modulus constellations, which is a feature not found in existing approaches. We also analyze the performance of our estimators for both phase-shift keying (PSK) and non-PSK constellations by deriving their asymptotic variances and comparing with the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao Bounds (CRBs). Moreover, we discuss how the SNR estimates can be used to approximate the bit error rate (BER) and how the accuracy of the SNR estimate is related to that of the BER estimate, which justifies the necessity for the accurate estimation of SNR. The analytical performance is shown for both PSK and non-PSK constellations, such as 8 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 16 QAM. Monte Carlo simulation results corroborate our analysis.
Irradiation-induced decay of magnetic permeability of metglas 2605S-3 and mumetal

Abstract In order to compare the radiation resistance of amorphous and crystalline magnetic alloys, samples of commercial high-permeability alloys were irradiated with high-energy neutrons near the beam stop at LAMPF. Both crystalline and amorphous alloys showed a decrease of permeability with increasing fluence, while control samples held at the same temperature showed no change of permeability. Samples prepared from Mumetal and the amorphous alloy, Metglas 2605S-3 were tested. The permeability of the Metglas 2605S-3 sample showed a rate of decrease at least a factor of ten slower than for the crystalline alloys. The permeability decrease as a function of fluence for both alloys can be separated into two distinct stages. The first stage is thought to be due to short-range ordering which occurs at an enhanced rate due to the excess point defects produced by the irradiation. The second stage is believed to be caused by pinning of domain walls on defect clusters produced in the collision cascade.
Analysis of the effects of osmoprotectants on the high osmolality-dependent induction of increased thermotolerance inSalmonella typhimurium

Challenge of Salmonella typhimurium with high osmolality enhances its thermotolerance, manifested as faster growth rate at non-lethal high temperatures and enhanced resistance to killing at lethal high temperatures. Previously, it has been shown that the potent osmoprotectant glycine betaine blocks the latter response. In this work, we tested the effects of ten other osmoprotectants on the induction of thermotolerance by high osmolality. The high osmolality-dependent growth stimulation at 45°C was decreased partially by γ -aminobutyrate betaine, 3,4-dehydroproline betaine, and blocked completely by pipecolate betaine and homarine. Osmotic enhancement of survival at 53°C was greatly impaired by dehydroproline betaine, pipecolate betaine, and proline betaine. Our observations point to the need for further research to discover additional betaine analogs, which might act as even more potent antagonists of the induction of thermotolerance, for possible use in food products to enhance the susceptibility of Salmonella to thermal injury or killing.
Global geographical databases for modelling trace gas fluxes

Abstract The design and development of global digital databases and their integrated use in studies of terrestrial sources and sinks of trace gases are discussed. Generic design characteristics that expand the utility of these databases are outlined including: hierarchical classification systems that provide for encoding and accessing data at several levels of detail, and fine spatial and thematic resolution which accommodate adaptations to a broad base of applications. The discussion follows the sequence of (1) developing primary databases on major surface characteristics, (2) selectively integrating combinations of data bases to produce secondary data sets of source categories, and (3) combining information on source categories with fluxes to produce tertiary data sets of emissions. These procedures are demonstrated with the example of estimating and evaluating alternative global methane emissions from natural wetlands.
Minireview: The importance of benthic-pelagic coupling and the forgotten role of life cycles in coastal aquatic systems

The classical models of production and plankton community dynamics in coastal waters include an important role for benthic-pelagic coupling in the form of biogcochemical cycling (the turnover of nutrients in the form of either living matter or its decomposed constituents). We think, however, that biogeochemical explanations of ecosystem functioning underrepresent the actual complexity of the studied phenomena. We suggest that models will be more complete if they incorporate life-cycle patterns of planktonic and benthic organisms. The inclusion of such biological information into an ecological context will enhance the understanding of ecological patterns of global importance. What we presently know provides compelling evidence that new research directions, ranging from sedimentology to systematics and from physiology to molecular biology, are needed.
Anion effects in alkali-catalysed steam gasification

Many alkali metal salts are good catalysts for gasification of carbon. Generally, the activity of alkali metal salts increase with the size of the cation, from litium to caesium, but the associated anion can influence activity more than the cation. It is proposed that some anions can compete with the char for the alkali cations and thus inhibit the formation of an alkali-carbon complex which is believed to be the active gasification site. Techniques are described which alter this balance and activate salts which are normally poor catalysts. The activation, by hydrolysis, of relatively inactive chlorides was used to estimate the tendency of the alkalis and alkaline earths to form carbon complexes. Free energies of formation were determined and used to explain the inhibiting effects of CO2 in catalysed steam gasification of coal char.
Use of Adrenal Cortical Hormone in CI. welchii Infections in Guinea Pigs

Summary and ConclusionsUnder the conditions of this experiment, it would appear that the adrenal cortical hormone extract has a protective value in delaying death in experimental Cl. welchii infections in guinea pigs.