cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Change in Primary Care Practice Using Complexity Theory

Background Understanding the organization of primary care practices is essential for implementing changes related to delivery of preventive or other health care services. A theoretical model derived from complexity theory provides a framework for understanding practice change. Methods Data were reviewed from brief participant observation fieldnotes collected in the 84 practices of the Direct Observation of Primary Care (DOPC) study and in 27 practices from three similar studies investigating preventive services delivery. These data were synthesized with information from an extensive search of the social science, nursing, and health services literature concerning practice organization, and of the literature on complexity theory from the fields of mathematics, physics, biology, management, medicine, and family systems, to create a complexity model of primary care practice. Results Primary care practices are understood as complex adaptive systems consisting of agents, such as patients, office staff, and physicians, who enact internal models of income generation, patient care, and organizational operations. These internal models interact dynamically to create each unique practice. The particular shape of each practice is determined by its primary goals. The model suggests three strategies for promoting change in practice and practitioner behavior: joining, transforming, and learning. Conclusions This model has important implications for understanding change in primary care practice. Practices are much more complex than present strategies for change assume. The complexity model identified why some strategies work in particular practices and others do not.
Use of a Nanoscale Pore to Read Short Segments within Single Polynucleotide Molecules

Single-stranded polynucleotide molecules impede ionic current when they are driven through a nanoscale pore formed by the α-hemolysin heptameric channel (see J. Kasianowicz, D. Deamer, D. Branton, this volume). The duration and frequency of these blockades correlate with the length and concentration of the polymer examined. This suggests that translocation of RNA and DNA strands through the nanopore might also be used to derive a direct, high-speed readout of each molecule’s linear composition. We have recently shown that this is possible. Homopolymers of polycytidylic acid (poly C), polyadenylic acid (poly A), and polyuridylic acid (poly U) cause blockades of current through the α-hemolysin pore that are distinguishable from one-another based on amplitude and duration. These differences are due to the predominant secondary structure adopted by each homopolymer at room temperature in neutral buffer. We have also demonstrated that the nanopore instrument has sufficient sensitivity and resolution to detect short, discrete blocks within single polynucleotide molecules during translocation. For example, within an individual RNA strand, the transition from a 30-nucleotide poly A segment to a 70-nucleotide poly C segment can be read as an abrupt, 10 pA current change. A larger current change can also be observed at the transition between nucleotides and an abasic deoxyribose-phosphate segment inserted into a synthetic DNA strand. These polymers may be used to encode targeting molecules such as antibodies, gene specific oligonucleotides, and peptide agonists.
Open Statement on Sexual Harassment from Employment Discrimination Law Scholars

We, the undersigned legal scholars and educators with expertise in employment discrimination law, seek to offer a new vision and agenda for eliminating sexual harassment and advancing workplace equality. We are inspired by the #MeToo movement: The courage and sheer number of people who have come forward to report harassment and abuse, the cross-race, cross-class solidarity among activists, the media’s in-depth and sustained coverage, and the public’s willingness to hear and believe so many victims all suggest this is a watershed moment for change. Inspired by recent events and renewed activism, we wish to contribute to the current momentum by broadening the conversation about the law. We know that law alone cannot create change. Yet we know also that change rarely occurs without the law. For over forty years, employees, activists, educators, and policymakers have looked to the legal system to address sexual harassment in the workplace. These efforts have produced important theories and information, steps forward and setbacks, that yield important lessons for the future. Title VII and other existing laws against discrimination provide an important tool in the fight against sexual harassment, one that will require continued leadership from enforcement agencies. But broader reforms are needed to address the conditions in which harassment flourishes and to make the legal system more responsive to employees. To reduce sexual harassment and move toward a fairer, more inclusive workplace and society for people of all sexes and genders, we offer the following principles and proposals for reform gained from years of working for change within the law.
Effects of Sleep Health on Cognitive Function in HIV+ and HIV- Adults.

Objectives People living with HIV (PLWH) are more likely to report sleep difficulties and cognitive deficits. While cognitive impairment associated with sleep problems have been found in healthy and medical populations, less is known about the effects of poor sleep health (SH) on cognition among PLWH. This study examined differences in cognitive performance among participants classified based upon their HIV status and reported SH. Methods One hundred sixteen (N=116) adults recruited from the Greater Los Angeles community were administered a comprehensive cognitive test battery and completed a questionnaire about SH. Participants were classified into the following HIV/SH groups: [HIV+/good sleep health (SH+; n=34); HIV-/SH+ (n=32); HIV-/poor sleep health (SH-; n=18) and HIV+/SH- (n=32)]. Results For both HIV+ and HIV- individuals, poor SH was associated with lower cognitive performance, with the domains of learning and memory driving the overall relationship. The HIV+/SH- group had poorer scores in domains of learning and memory compared to the SH+ groups. Additionally, the HIV-/SH- group demonstrated poorer learning compared to the HIV-/SH+ group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that sleep problems within medical populations are relevant to cognitive functioning, highlighting the clinical and scientific importance of monitoring sleep health and cognition to help identify individuals at greatest risk of poor health outcomes. Longitudinal investigations using both objective and subjective measures of sleep are needed to determine the robustness of the current findings and the enduring effects of poor SH in the context of chronic disease. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1038-1046).
Do Vaccines Cause Optic Neuritis or Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)

Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause optic neuritis or neuromyelitis optica (NMO).
Warum glaubt Oma an Gott

Die Familie stellt nicht nur den wichtigsten Ort der primaren Sozialisation dar, sondern wirkt daruber hinaus pragend bis in weite Regionen biografischer Lebensverlaufe. Dies inkludiert ebenfalls weltanschauliche Perspektiven familiarer Lebensdeutungen. Aus diesem Grund kann eine Erziehungs- und Bildungspartnerschaft im Rahmen des Religionsunterrichtes als unverzichtbares Proprium bezeichnet werden. Dabei umschliest sie aufgrund indirekter Kommunikationslinien zum einen Familien, die am Religionsunterricht partizipieren als auch diejenigen, auserhalb des Religionsunterrichts. Insbesondere facherubergreifende Feste kennzeichnen sich durch eine hohe Anschlussfahigkeit gegenuber dieser atemberaubenden Breite an weltanschaulicher Heterogenitat und kreieren ein niederschwelliges und zugleich bereicherndes Angebot religionspadagogischer Erziehungs- und Bildungspartnerschaft.
EVALUATION OF FOLIAR INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF APHIDS IN TOMATO, 2001

Tomatoes were transplanted on 23 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 20-ft-row with 6 ft spacing between rows. Plots were flanked on either side by an untreated guard row. The experiment had four treatments plus an untreated control arranged in a RCB design replicated six times. On 19 Sep, aphids were sampled in each block to determine pre-treatment levels of PA. The precount averaged 297.5 PA/10 compound leaves. Treatments were applied using a propane-pressurized sprayer that delivered 30 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi through a boom with one hollow-cone nozzle oriented over the center of the row and two hollow-cone drop nozzles oriented to the sides of the row. A single application of each insecticide treatment was made on 19 Sep.
An Effective Dynamic Spectrum Access based Network Architecture for Smart Cities

According to the Smart City Council, an adequate telecommunications infrastructure is vital for the success of businesses, industries as well as residents of future Smart Cities. However, currently available network technologies, such as 3/4G, GSM, LTE, and LTE-A, are rapidly reaching their limit mainly due to spectrum scarcity, cross technology interference and increased traffic demand. Such limitations are only going to worsen in the next years, due to the advent of Internet of Things technologies that are expected to interconnect billions of devices to the Internet. Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) has been proposed to overcome such limitations and exploit unused spectrum resources over multiple electro-magnetic spectrum bands. In this paper, we propose a DSA-based architecture in which DSA radio devices are deployed on the Smart City’s urban vehicles (e.g., public buses, taxis, municipal vehicles, etc.), that act as data mules to gather and forward the various types of data. This results in a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) in which devices can operate over multiple bands, if available. Given lack of research in efficient routing schemes for such networks, we first compare existing DTN routing approaches designed for standard (or single band) DTNs, such as Epidemic Routing and Spray and Wait, in urban DSA scenarios and show that they are largely inefficient. Subsequently, we propose extensions to these approaches in order to better exploit the availability of multiple bands in a DSA paradigm. Results on realistic traces based on the map of Lexington, KY, USA, show that the modified approaches improve the network performance, such as successful message delivery and network latency, however, at the expense of very high energy expenditure and message overhead. Hence, we conclude by pointing out that further research is needed, since significant performance improvements are still possible by designing routing schemes that are specifically tailored for DSA Smart City networks.
Particle Seeded Grains to Identify Highly Irregular Solid Boundaries and Simplify PIV measurements

Particle image velocimetry, PIV, is a non-invasive technique for measuring velocity fields. It is especially powerful when coupled with refractive index-matching (RIM) to map velocity fields around solid objects. The solid objects are typically removed from the flow field with a masking approach before performing the PIV analysis and mapping the velocity field, thus defined as an a-priori method. However, applying this method, with a mask of the correct shape and at the correct location, is difficult, time consuming and would be potentially unfeasible for packed bed of irregular shaped grains. To address this problem, we present the proof-of-concept of a novel approach to delineate highly irregular granular particles (grains) of varying size and shape and improve PIV processing for flows around grains in laboratory studies. The present technique makes use of seeding transparent RIM solids with light scattering particles during their fabrication. The RIM of the solids preserves the optical fidelity of images and the laser light sheet. Whereas the seeding in the solids can provide image contrast between solid (seeded) and fluid (non-seeded) as well as a strong zero-velocity signal in the solid. The fluid may then be seeded as well, allowing PIV spatial correlations to be performed with high confidence over the entire image. We tested the seeded RIM solid approach with both irregular individual solid pieces as well as with a volume of irregular grains. The new technique effectively obtains the fluid velocity field and solid boundary locations in both cases. Applications of the present method may range from studies of interstitial processes within a simulated sediment bed, such as those of aquifers, soils, sediments and the hyporheic zone, to near bed flow hydraulics.
Single molecule spectroscopy at interfaces

Abstract Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful tool to understand the spatiotemporal nanoscale heterogeneity that occurs at interfaces. A brief history of the development of single molecule spectroscopy at interfaces in the 1990s is presented. Then the different instrumentation and analysis used to understand the spatial organization, adsorption or turnover kinetics, and diffusion of molecules in two- and three-dimensions at interfaces are introduced. Example recent work from 2015 to 2018 of the use of single molecule spectroscopy to understand liquid/liquid interfaces important for biophysical cellular organization with and without membranes, solid/liquid interfaces modified with soft synthetic materials used for chromatographic separations, and solid/liquid interfaces used for heterogeneous catalysis are presented. Finally, an outlook on the possible directions the field can head by studying more complex interfacial materials and utilizing advances in instrumentation is discussed.
Personal Stories: Autobiographical Memory and Young Children’s Stories of Their Own Lives

The loss of memory due to traumatic brain injury or illness is widely regarded as a tragedy; therefore, the opposite process—namely, the construction of memory that commences in early childhood—merits careful study. Memory formation is much more than mental storage of experience over time. Memories are formed as the individual identifies significant life experiences and produces event-structured descriptions of these events, referred to as personal narratives. These remembered stories of one’s own life are told and retold, interpreted and reinterpreted, and become part of a life script. Participation in this process during early childhood contributes to the young child’s narrative abilities as well as to an emerging sense of self in relationships with others. The thesis of this chapter is that research on personal narratives during the early years offers important insights that can serve to deepen and widen families’ and educators’ understanding of the very young. It begins with definitions of memory, autobiographical memory, and personal narrative that draw from disciplines as diverse as child development, neuroscience, medicine, and literacy. It then discusses key narrative abilities and a developmental sequence for personal narrative skills during the early years. The chapter concludes with a synthesis of four strands in the research literature and implications for early childhood educators. Collectively, these evidence-based recommendations result in practical strategies that can be used to optimize the young child’s abilities in recalling, constructing, and sharing the stories of their lives.
Early Response of the Orthopaedic Trauma Community to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background With the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, medical systems and providers have been forced to undertake substantial changes to staffing structure, hospital policy, and surgical indications to remain able to care for patients and protect the providers. Here, we present a survey of orthopaedic trauma fellowship directors to assess when and what changes these individual units have made in order to cope with this global pandemic. Methods The survey was distributed via email to all 62 programs listed in the Orthopaedic Trauma Association web site. Results Twenty four responses were received. The majority of programs implemented changes between March 1st and 14th, with nearly all splitting teams into individual units, incorporating virtual sign out, and reducing the number of available, i.e. exposed, staff, fellows, and residents at any particular time. Conclusions These changes have been implemented in order to proactively maintain the functionality of these vital teams to patient care with no definite end point to this pandemic in sight. We hope this study provides other trauma centers and orthopaedic practices insight into possible precautions that can be taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Prediction Biases: An Integrative Review:

Research in psychology and related fields has documented a myriad of prediction biases, such as the underprediction of hedonic adaptation and the overprediction of other people’s concern for fairne...
Pattern Play: The Case for Dance in College Mathematics and Beyond

This article looks at an interdisciplinary college movement and mathematics course from the perspectives of one of its co-creators and a mathematics education researcher. It suggests deep, embodied...
Competition and Commitment: the Supply and Enforcement of Rights to Improve Roads and Rivers in England, 1600-1750

Prominent theories link political changes in seventeenth century England with greater security of property rights and less regulation. This paper informs these theories by studying the supply and enforcement of monopoly rights to improve roads and rivers between 1600 and 1750. The evidence shows that the King, Commons, and Lords all supplied improvement rights before the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Afterwards the Commons gained a monopoly over the initiation of rights and became increasingly effective. Lastly the evidence shows that Parliament and the King voided or diminished improvement rights, but such instances were less frequent and less arbitrary after 1688.
Spherical microphone arrays for analysis of sound fields in buildings

The features and applications of various beamforming microphone arrays, are discussed. 'Open' or 'free field' array has a diameter of 16 cm in which 32 omnidirectional electret microphones (6 mm diameter) lie on the surface of sphere. Free field array can be used for analysis of isotropy of sound fields in rooms and detection of sound leaks in walls including directions of incidence or reflections of sound waves. In the detection of sound leaks in walls, the wall contains a pair of back-to-back electrical boxes which causes increased levels at the array position arriving from their direction and boxes cause a sound leak in the wall which is detected by the array. A 10 cm diameter rigid array that contain 32 omnidirectional electret microphones (6 mm diameter) flush mounted in the surface of a hollow aluminum sphere, has the capability of smooth the white noise gain to improve the noise tolerance.
The Languages of Native North America

The Languages of Native North America. Marianne Mithun. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.773 pp.
Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis: Implications in cardiotoxicity

In this review, we discuss the role of nitric oxide synthase in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy, a prominent side effect of DOX chemotherapy in cancer patients. It is becoming increasingly clear that apoptosis of myocardial cells plays a critical role in the onset of cardiomyopathy. DOX exposure to endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes caused apoptotic cell death at sub-micromolar concentrations. DOX-induced generation of H2O2 has been shown to be responsible for this drug's toxicity and apoptosis. H2O2 in turn enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription in endothelial cells and myocytes. Antisense eNOS depressed DOX-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Redox-metal chelators inhibited DOX-induced apoptosis, clearly suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species in DOX-induced apoptosis. Here, we will focus on the role of eNOS expression, iron chelation, and iron signaling on DOX-mediated apoptosis.
The perforation technique: a modification to the frontal sinus osteoplastic flap.

Methods: Seven consecutive patients who underwent an osteoplastic flap approach to the frontal sinus by two surgeons using the following surgical variation were analyzed. Rather than using a sagittal saw for cuts through the frontal sinus anterior wall, a 1.1 mm wire-passing drill bit was used to methodically perforate the bone and create a form-fitting beveled cut. The overlying periosteum was preserved. The inferior hinge was created by drilling approximately 4-6 holes across the desired hinge point. An osteotome was used to out-fracture the flap. At the conclusion of the frontal sinus work, the flap was replaced back into its form-fitted window without need for fixation. Patients were evaluated for postoperative ecchymosis, pain, numbness, and cosmetic deformity.
Social Influence on consumer decisions: Motives, modes, and consequences

Research on consumer decision making has long recognized the influence of others. In this comment on Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman (this issue), we agree with them that consumer decisions are best understood in the social contexts in which these decisions are made. We explain how research on consumer social influence incorporates social motives, and we trace the effects of these motives on consumers’ information processing and their purchase and consumption decisions.
Managing academic e-journals

Though e-publishing is relatively inexpensive, e-publisher survival still depends on the age-old virtues of content quality and author credibility.
Elliot Eisner’s Lost Legacy

Because of Elliot Eisner’s recent passing, it seems appropriate to note that he actually began his signature work on arts-based research by writing about program evaluation. This article revisits E...
Petrarch’s Poetics: From the Abyss of Representation to Creative Imitation

This article examines concepts such as creative imitation and the impossibility of representation in order to suggest an ethic of reading in Petrarch’s Canzoniere . Such ethics illuminate possible new relationships between Renaissance and Baroque
Operation Of A Numerical Optical Data Processor

This paper deals with an optical arithmetic unit called Numerical Optical Data Processor (NODP), capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The NODP combines the residue arithmetic representation with a spatial light modulator operating as an optically controlled birefringence mirror. The quantity of interest is the relative phase delay between polarization components of light along the fast and slow axes of the controlled birefringence mirror. This phase delay is addititive during several reflections (the basic addition operation) and is detected in terms of the intensity outputting through an analyzer. In the past we have been troubled by slow response times of the LCLV. That has been solved by chopping the input light between two levels. Several addition operations have been performed and results look encouraging. In this paper the operation of the device and some parts of the theory will be discussed and data showing addition will be presented!© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Work hardening in erosion due to single-particle impacts☆

Abstract Successive work hardening and erosion of material were studied using single-particle impacts. A linear gas gun was used to impact steel balls of 3 mm diameter repeatedly at exactly the same location on 70-30 brass targets. An impact velocity of 120 m s−1 was used and the balls were impacted at angles of 25° and 90° to the target surface. Mass loss measurements on targets, initially cold worked to varying degrees, exhibited three stages of erosion, i.e. the incubation, the transition and the steady states. With increasing initial cold work, a higher rate of erosion was observed for both the normal and the oblique impact conditions. Photoplastic analysis and isohardness profile studies indicated the development of successively work-hardened substrate layers arising from repeated impacts. The analysis of substrate deformation led to the conclusion that erosion occurred only after the impacted surface was strained beyond the true tensile fracture strain of the material.
Gaseous nitrogen compound pollutants from urban and natural sources

Major aspects of the circulation through the atmospheric environment of a number of gaseous nitrogen pollutants have been estimated, including source magnitudes, residual atmospheric concentrations...
Post extrusion heat and solvent transfer from polymeric film

The problem of heat and solvent transfer from plasticized film is considered. The transport equations are solved by a numerical method. The formulation of the model includes the temperature dependence of diffusivity, the dependence of diffusivity on decreasing solvent concentration, as solvent leaves the film, and the latent heat of vaporization of the solvent. The Flory-Huggins theory is used as a model for vaporliquid equilibrium. Heat and mass transfer coefficients are taken either as constants (to simulate extrusion with blowing at the film surface) or from analytical solutions to the appropriate boundary layer equations (to simulate extrusion into a stationary medium.) The boundary layer theory takes into account the effect of rapid vaporization on heat and mass transfer coefficients. Several numerical solutions were obtained for cases corresponding to extrusion of polyvinylacetate, plasticized with acetone, extruded into air.
Abstract 1503: PSMA Aptamer-targeted siRNAs selectively Eehance prostate cancer radiation sensitivity

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The application of dose escalated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer has a clear therapeutic benefit; however, its clinical use is hampered by the increased risk of damage to surrounding normal tissues. One attractive alternative to elevated doses is radiation sensitizing agents. Prostate cancer cells can be made radiosensitive by targeted reductions of DNA repair proteins via RNA interference. However, without tissue-selective targeting, these agents will also sensitize surrounding tissue, leading to increased adverse effects. Here we describe a strategy where prostate-targeted RNA interference is used to selectively radio-sensitize prostate cancer cells. A high throughput siRNA screen was completed to identify DNA-repair pathway targets for prostate cancer radio-sensitization. Candidate siRNAs were then conjugated to PSMA-targeted RNA aptamers for selective delivery of siRNAs to Prostate cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo data support PSMA and aptamer-specific targeting and gene knock-down. These studies support continued development of this technology as a path to enhance radiotherapeutic outcomes for men with Prostate cancer and it is the first report of targeted, prostate-specific siRNAs for radio-sensitization. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1503.
Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the North Atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes

Abstract Middle Pliocene marine ostracodes from coastal and shelf deposits of North and Central America and Iceland were studied to reconstruct paleotemperatures of shelf waters bordering portions of the Western Boundary Current System (including the Gulf Loop Current, Florida Current, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift). Factor analytic transfer functions provided Pliocene August and February bottom-water temperatures of eight regions from the tropics to the subfrigid. The results indicate: (1) meridional temperature gradients in the western North Atlantic were less steep during the Pliocene than either today or during Late Pleistocene Isotope Stage 5e; (2) tropical and subtropical shelf waters during the Middle Pliocene were as warm as, or slightly cooler than today; (3) slightly cooler water was on the outer shelf off the southeastern and mid-Atlantic coast of the U.S., possibly due to summer upwelling of Gulf Stream water; (4) the shelf north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina may have been influenced by warm water incursions from the western edge of the Gulf Stream, especially in summer; (5) the northeast branch of the North Atlantic Drift brought warm water to northern Iceland between 4 and 3 Ma; evidence from the Iceland record indicates that cold East Greenland Current water did not affect coastal Iceland between 4 and 3 Ma; (6) Middle Pliocene North Atlantic circulation may have been intensified, transporting more heat from the tropics to the Arctic than it does today.
Synthesis and transport of GAP-43 in entorhinal cortex neurons and perforant pathway during lesion-induced sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis.

Abstract Metabolic labeling and quantitative 2D gel autoradiography were used to assess changes in the synthesis and transport of GAP-43 in entorhinal cortex (EC) neurons and perforant pathway during lesion-induced sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis. In normal adult rats, there is a high constitutive level of GAP-43 synthesis and transport in EC neurons projecting to the hippocampus. Following unilateral EC lesions, there is a 2-fold (100%) increase in the transport of newly synthesized GAP-43 to the contralateral or ‘sprouting’ hippocampus. The timing of this upregulation (between 6 and 15 days) suggests that changes in GAP-43 expression occur in response to the growth of presynaptic terminals during sprouting.
Effects of late prenatal or early postnatal ethanol exposure on ornithine decarboxylase activity in brain and heart of developing rats.

Abstract Pregnant rats were kept on a liquid diet containing ethanol (6.8% v/v) from the 18th day of gestation, and the developmental pattern of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was determined for the brain and heart of the offspring. In neonates exposed to ethanol throughout development, both brain and heart ODC activities increased but then declined to normal or subnormal levels; brain weights were not different from controls but heart weights were depressed. Withdrawal from ethanol at birth produced alterations in heart ODC activity similar to those in pups exposed to ethanol continuously. Neonatal withdrawal resulted in no deviations from normal ODC development in brain minus the cerebellum, but in the cerebellum, ODC levels were increased consistently. Postnatal exposure of pups to ethanol caused a decrease in heart weight and ODC activity but no significant change in brain weight or its ODC activity. These data suggest that exposure to ethanol during development produces alterations in polyamine metabolism and organ weight which are dependent upon the duration and age period of exposure.
Clinical Studies of Cerebral Blood Flow in Alzheimer's Disease

: Studies of Alzheimer's disease using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have found reductions in blood flow and glucose metabolism in temporal and parietal cortex. In 50 AD patients who underwent neuropsychological testing and SPECT perfusion imaging, we found significant correlations between perfusion and performance on the Mini-Mental Status Examination in the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition. specific correlations between perfusion in the frontal lobes and performance on tests of frontal lobe ability were noted. These findings, while suggesting the importance of perfusion measures in determining clinical features of the disease, do not clearly define perfusion changes as primary, since similar findings have been seen when metabolism is studied. In a separate group of 5 AD patients and 16 controls, we used PET with the perfusion tracer HIPDM and examined cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide inhalation. We found that in multiple brain regions, including the temporal lobes, AD patients showed robust and significant increases in perfusion in response to carbon dioxide that did not differ from the response seen in the controls. Taken together, these results show that while perfusion changes are important in AD, they are not clearly either primary or limiting.
Unified theory of segregated-stack organic charge-transfer solids: Magnetic properties.

A theoretical description of the complete family of quasi-one-dimensional segregated-stack charge-transfer solids within a single model has remained elusive mostly because of the rich variety of behavior within the family. In particular, materials with both strongly enhanced as well as almost unenhanced static magnetic susceptibilities are known. Furthermore, a large number of different interpretations of the static magnetic susceptibility data have led to an intense controversy over the role of Coulomb correlations in these narrow-band systems. By comparing structurally similar materials with different magnetic behavior we show that (a) these differences do not originate in differences in molecular properties or crystal structures and (b) none of the simple electron-electron or electron-phonon coupled models can explain the observed differences in susceptibility behavior. Within a previously proposed extended Hubbard model we then show that the susceptibility is expected to vary strongly and systematically as a function of the degree of charge transfer. Detailed comparisons of both the magnitude of the high-temperature susceptibilities as well as the temperatures at which the susceptibilities peak for a large number of materials are made with theoretical predictions to prove the validity of our model. In addition we discuss how other properties of the complete family canmore » be explained and predicted within the present model, and show that the parameters of the model can be obtained from charge-transfer absorption data. Several of the newly synthesized materials have been suggested to have weak electron correlations based on weakly enhanced susceptibilities and the absence of the 4k-italic/sub F-italic/ instability.« less
Multisource Principal Evaluation Data Principals’ Orientations and Reactions to Teacher Feedback Regarding Their Leadership Effectiveness

Purpose: A relatively new approach to principal evaluation is the use of multisource feedback, which typically entails a leader’s self-evaluation as well as parallel evaluations from subordinates, peers, and/or superiors. However, there is little research on how principals interact with evaluation data from multisource feedback systems. This article explores how principals orient and react to multisource feedback on their effectiveness as instructional leaders and how they interpret gaps between their self-assessments of their leadership effectiveness and their teachers’ ratings of their leadership effectiveness. Research Methods: Using interview data collected from 14 principals in an urban school district in the southeast United States at two points in time, this study conducts a qualitative analysis to examine principals’ orientations and reactions to their feedback. Findings: Our study finds that principals often experience cognitive dissonance when feedback from different data sources (e.g., their se...
Making antimalarial agents available in Africa.

The father of an infant in rural Africa with fever buys malaria medicine, but a day later, the baby is dead. Kenneth Arrow, Helen Gelband, and Dean Jamison write that the outcome has little to do with the curability of the disease and everything to do with economics.
Individual, Social, and Neighborhood Associations With Sitting Time Among Veterans

Background: Sedentary behavior is an increasingly recognized health risk factor, independent of physical activity. Although several correlates of sedentary behavior are known, little research has identified them among U.S. veterans, a population that faces disproportionate chronic disease burden. Methods: A survey was mailed to 1997 randomly selected veterans at a large urban Veterans Affairs medical center in 2012 and remailed in 2013 to nonresponders, resulting in a 40% response rate. We examined individual-, social-, and neighborhood-level factors in association with self-reported sitting time. Factors correlated with sitting time at P < .05 were included in a multiple linear regression model. Results: In the multivariate model, higher depression (B = 7.8), body mass index (B = 5.1), functional impairment (B = 4.2), and self-rated health (B = 68.5) were significantly associated with higher sitting time, and leisure time physical activity (B = –0.10) and being employed (B = –71.3) were significantly ass...
Are microinvasion and micrometastasis in breast cancer mountains or molehills

Abstract Background: The increased rate of early detection of breast cancer due to widespread mammographic screening has led to an increased incidence of in situ as well as microinvasive carcinoma. The enhanced pathological examination to which sentinel lymph nodes are subjected has led to an increased rate of detection of micrometastatic carcinoma. Despite the augmented rate of diagnoses of both diseases, the pathological diagnoses as well as clinical management of these entities continue to be controversial. Data sources: A computerized literature search was performed on the Medline and PubMed database from 1990 to date. Relevant earlier publications were also perused. The database of the Department of Pathology at New York Presbyterian Hospital–Well Medical College of Cornell University were also accessed. Conclusions: Based on cumulative data, patients diagnosed with either microinvasive or micrometastatic carcinoma of breast have a relatively favorable, albeit guarded, prognosis. Treatment recommendations for both of these disease entities continue to be controversial, and may remain so until additional refined clinicopathological data becomes available.
A Rising Tide: The Global Epidemic of Atrial Fibrillation

In his seminal lecture to the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1997, Dr. Eugene Braunwald pointed to atrial fibrillation (AF) as an emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease.1 At that time, information on the burden—prevalence, incidence, and associated outcomes—of AF in the general population was limited to a few epidemiologic studies, most of them conducted in the United States and Western Europe. Since then, dozens of publications have contributed to provide a clearer picture of the real impact of AF. These publications confirmed Dr. Braunwald's prediction, demonstrating that AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice and a major public health concern. In the last couple of years, two systematic reviews of the literature on global epidemiology of AF have provided concrete evidence of our increasing knowledge in this area.2, 3 Both reviews highlighted the growing prevalence and incidence of this arrhythmia globally, but also called attention to the limited information on AF epidemiology in developing countries. One of the reviews, for example, only identified six publications reporting the incidence of AF outside North American and Western Europe.2
Dissociation of hyperreninemia and renal prostaglandin synthesis in the adrenalectomized rat.

The aim of this study was to determine whether hyperreninemia in the adrenalectomized (ADX) rat is dependent on renal prostaglandin synthesis, as has been suggested for two other hyperreninemic conditions, Bartter's syndrome and chronic liver disease. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) in anesthetized, ADX rats was significantly increased (Δ +480%; p < 0.001) compared to sham-operated controls. In vivo, indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.v.) significantly reduced PRC of anesthetized, ADX rats after both 45 min (Δ −34%; p < 0.05) and 90 min (Δ −47%; p < 0.05). In vitro renin release from renal cortical slices of ADX rats was also significantly greater (Δ +130%; p < 0.05) than from sham-operated control cortical slices. Renin release from cortical slices of ADX rats given dexamethasone (10 μg/kg/day) for 4 days prior to sacrifice did not differ from sham-operated control values. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from cortical slices of ADX rats did not differ significantly from controls. However, PGE2 synthesis in glomeruli microdissected from ADX rats was significantly increased (Δ +110%; p < 0.001) compared to controls. PGE2 synthesis in glomeruli of dexamethasone-treated ADX rats remained significantly elevated compared to controls. Ibuprofen (10−6 M) decreased PGE2 synthesis in cortical slices by 80%. However, prostaglandin synthesis inhibition had no effect on renin release from either ADX or control renal cortical slices. These results suggest that despite increased glomerular synthesis, prostaglandins do not directly influence renin release in the ADX rat.
Static Task Partitioning for Locked Caches in Multicore Real-Time Systems

Growing processing demand on multitasking real-time systems can be met by employing scalable multicore architectures. For such environments, locking cache lines for hard real-time systems ensures timing predictability of data references and may lower worst-case execution time. This work studies the benefits of cache locking on massive multicore architectures with private caches in the context of hard real-time systems. In shared cache architectures, the cache is a single resource shared among all of the tasks. However, in scalable cache architectures with private caches, conflicts exist only among the tasks scheduled on one core. This calls for a cache-aware allocation of tasks onto cores. The objective of this work is to increase the predictability of memory accesses resolved by caches while reducing the number of cores for a given task set. This allows designers to reduce the footprint of their subsystem of real-time tasks and thereby cost, either by choosing a product with fewer cores as a target or to allow more subsystems to be co-located on a given fixed number of cores. Our work proposes a novel variant of the cache-unaware First Fit Decreasing (FFD) algorithm called Naive locked First Fit Decreasing (NFFD) policy. We propose two cache-aware static scheduling schemes: (a) Greedy First Fit Decreasing (GFFD) and (b) Colored First Fit Decreasing (CoFFD) for task sets where tasks do not have intratask conflicts among locked regions (Scenario A). NFFD is capable of scheduling high utilization task sets that FFD cannot schedule. Experiments also show that CoFFD consistently outperforms GFFD, resulting in a lower number of cores and lower system utilization. CoFFD reduces the number of core requirements by 30p to 60p compared to NFFD. For a more generic case where tasks have intratask conflicts, we split the task partitioning between two phases: task selection and task allocation (Scenario B). Instead of resolving conflicts at a global level, these algorithms resolve conflicts among regions while allocating a task onto a core and unlocking at region level instead of task level. We show that a combination of dynamic ordering (task selection) with Chaitin’s Coloring (task allocation) scheme reduces the number of cores required by up to 22p over a basic scheme (in a combination of monotone ordering and regional FFD). Regional unlocking allows this scheme to outperform CoFFD for medium utilization task sets from Scenario A. However, CoFFD performs better than any other scheme for high utilization task sets from Scenario A. Overall, this work is unique in considering the challenges of future multicore architectures for real-time systems and provides key insights into task partitioning and cache-locking mechanisms for architectures with private caches.
Call for mixed analysis: A philosophical framework for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches

We provide a philosophical justification for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data within the same study. First, we present several recent typologies of analyses in social science research th...
Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Stress Effects on Performance of Flexible IZO TFTs

This study reports the influence of electrical and mechanical stresses on indium zinc oxide (IZO) thin film transistors (TFTs).The deformation is introduced by mounting the samples on cylindrical structures of varying radii creating tensile or compressive strains. The mechanical stresses are parallel and perpendicular to the length of the channel layer. Results reveal that, when the stresses are parallel to the channel length, mobilities increase under tensile stresses and reduce under compressive stresses; while, the effect on sub-threshold is contrary to this. However no changes are observed for mobilities and sub-threshold swings when the stresses are perpendicular to the channel length. The TFTs exhibit stability under the electromechanical stressing with no device failure observed over prolonged stress times.
Features of ligand binding in homogenate and section preparations

Abstract The binding of [3H]N-methyl scopolamine (NMS) to muscarinic binding sites in rat forebrain was compared in two types of preparations: homogenates and slide-mounted sections. Under standard assay conditions, [3H]NMS bound to the muscarinic binding site with an apparent Kd that was almost one order of magnitude lower in homogenates (Kd = 0.15nM) than sections ( (Kd = 1.25nM). In addition, the muscatinic agonist carbachol inhibited [3H]NMS binding more effectively in homogenates (Ki = 5 μM) than sections (Ki = 100 μM). The higher Kd observed in sections was dependent upon the thickness of the section since the apparent Kd decreased as the thicknessof the section was reduced. A slower equilibration rate may account, in part, for the higher apparent Kd seen in thicker sections. The results support previous evidence that certain ligands exhibit different binding profiles in homogenate and section preparations.
RESPONSE OF BROMEGRASS TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION. I. GRASSLANDS MATUA PRAIRIE GRASS

ABSTRACT “Matua prairie grass” (Bromus willdenowii Knuth) bromegrass is regarded as high quality forage particularly adapted to hay but may also be used for grazing. Little is known about the growth response to nitrogen (N) fertilization or its potential to accumulate nitrate (NO3 −). Effects of N fertilization were investigated in two greenhouse experiments. Matua was grown in pots in a complete randomized design with four replications of each N treatment. Nitrogen rates were 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 kg N ha−1 applied twice in Experiment 1 and 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg N ha−1 applied five times in Experiment 2. Plants were harvested twice in Experiment 1, and five times in Experiment 2. Twenty-five kg N ha−1 per application did not sustain growth. Matua tolerated up to 200 kg N ha−1 per application but little increase in growth occurred beyond 50 kg N ha−1 per application. Over five N applications, Matua recovered about 90% of the 250 kg N ha−1 that was applied in 50 kg-increments. Yield efficiency wa...
Antibodies as allosteric proteins—I.: A hypothesis

Abstract A hypothesis is presented, according to which antibodies are allosteric proteins in the formal sense of the term. ∗ The hypothesis is formulated in terms of the binding of the first component of complement ( C l ) ∗ to antigen-antibody complexes, whichwas shown elsewhere to exhibit cooperativity. C l is treated as the analog of the substrate of an allosteric enzyme. A two-fold role is postulated for antigen: (i) as an allosteric regulator (activator) of C l binding activity; and (ii) as the means by which individual IgG antibody molecules are assembled into an allosteric complex. Theses assumptions lead to an explanation for the fact that univalent hapten-antibody complexes generally do not fix complement, although complexes of antibody with multivalent antigens do.