cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reference Manager: Online and keyboard bibliography entries

Reference Manager allows you to do citation entry either through the keyboard or by using items obtained from Medline, or BRS Biosis or BRS Colleague files. Citations can be retrieved by AND‐OR‐NOT Boolean searches by assigned keywords or by those in other specific parts of the citations. Users can create journal‐specific bibliography output formats. Bibliographies can be created by inserting citation numbers into manuscripts or by using subject‐selected citation subsets. Options available with the package include the ability to download the results of online searches.
Mars Ascent Vehicle development status

The Mars robotic sample return mission has been a potential flagship mission for NASA's science mission directorate for decades. The Mars Exploration Program and the planetary science decadal survey have highlighted both the science value of the Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission, but also the need for risk reduction through technology development. One of the critical elements of the MSR mission is the Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), which must launch the sample cache from the surface of Mars and place it into low Mars orbit. The MAV has significant challenges to overcome due to tight constraints on the MAV's mass and volume, as well as environmental challenges associated with long duration storage on the Martian surface and during Entry Descent and Landing (EDL). In the fall of 2010, NASA selected three industrial partners for study phase contracts to develop MAV system concepts, identify technology needs, and recommend technology developments plans for follow-on work. In addition to the contractor recommendations, JPL's Team-X was used for a comparative assessment of the three vehicle concepts to understand relative strengths, weaknesses, and sensitivity to system growth. The GRC COMPASS team independently evaluated MAV system solutions using liquid bipropellant, solid rocket motors, and an advanced monopropellant option. The results of the study phase contracts and comparative assessment is provided herein.
Raman scattering from alkali graphite intercalation compounds

The stage dependences of the Raman spectra of potassium, rubidium and cesium graphite intercalation compounds are reported. The spectra of each set of compounds are found to be qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the ‘nearest layer’ model for the carbon intralayer E vibrations of intercalation compounds. To within experimental error the charge exchanged from the intercalant layers to the carbon layers is found to be stage independent and partially localized in type B carbon layers which are contiguous to intercalant layers. The relative Raman cross-section for scattering from type B and type C (noncontiguous) carbon layers is found to be species independent and is σC/σB = 0.25 ± 0.05.
Gusev Crater, Mars: Observations of three dust devil seasons

[1] Spirit began operations in Gusev Crater in January 2004 and has returned data on three seasons of dust devil (DD) activity. Total DDs observed were 533 in season one, 101 in season two, and 127 in season three. Their general characteristics are the same within factors of 2 among the seasons, with median diameters of 19 m in season one, 24 m in season two, and 39 m in season three, and dust flux values for individual vortices ranging from 4.0 × 10−9 to 4.6 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1 in season one, 5.2 × 10−7 to 6.2 × 10−5 kg m−2 s−1 in season two, and 1.5 × 10−7 to 1.6 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1 in season three. All three seasons were initiated with the onset of southern Martian spring within 14 sols of the same Ls (181°) and their frequency increased to the period corresponding to late southern spring. The occurrences decreased monotonically in seasons one and three but apparently ended abruptly in season two when a large dust storm occurred; although the dusty atmosphere might have precluded the detection of active DDs, the abrupt cessation could result from conditions such as thermal stability of the atmosphere due to the presence of dust which could halt DD formation. Dust devils can contribute significant quantities of dust to the atmosphere, although it is unclear as to whether this dust stays locally or is injected into higher-altitude winds and is distributed elsewhere. In the three DD seasons observed through Spirit, DDs in Gusev Crater injected a minimum average of ∼18 × 106 kg of material into the atmosphere each season.
Schizonts and microgametocytes of Eimeria auburnensis Christensen and Porter, 1939, in calves.

SYNOPSIS. Schizonts were found in the middle and lower third of the small intestine of two calves killed 12 and 14 days after they had been inoculated with pure cultures of oocysts of Eimeria auburnensis. The schizonts ranged from 78 to 250 μ long by 78 to 150 μ wide (mean 92 by 139.9 μ). They were usually located deep in the lamina propria near the muscularis mucosae instead of in the villi where most schizonts of Eimeria bovis are found. The schizonts of E. auburnensis resembled the previously described large microgametocytes of this species but were distinguishable morphologically and by histochemical stains. The microgametocytes were much larger than previously reported; one measured 91 by 287.5 μ.
An algorithm for finding symmetric Grobner bases in infinite dimensional rings

A symmetric ideal I ⊂ R = K[x1,x2,...] is an ideal that is invariant under the natural action of the infinite symmetric group. We give an explicit algorithm to find Grobner bases for symmetric ideals in the infinite dimensional polynomial ring R. This allows for symbolic computation in a new class of rings. In particular, we solve the ideal membership problem for symmetric ideals of R.
Identification of the External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve: An Additional Argument for Neuromonitoring?

In contrast to the less well-known external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN), the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) has been well-known to anatomists and surgeons for centuries. Although Leonardo da Vinci may have been the first to demonstrate the RLN in his drawings from 1503, Galen was apparently the first to show that dividing the RLN in a pig resulted in the pig’s squealing to cease. 1 Despite knowledge of the anatomy and function of the RLN that surgeons had for centuries, patients continued to experience the morbidity of RLN injuries after thyroidectomy. In Billroth’s series of thyroidectomies between 1877 and 1881, 25 % of patients had unilateral RLN injuries and 4.5 % suffered bilateral injuries. 1 The problem of RLN injuries after thyroidectomy led to many approaches to solve the problem. Among the most influential was the strategy recommended by George Crile in his influential 1932 textbook entitled Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Thyroid Gland. Crile advocated avoiding injury to the nerve by avoiding exposure of it. He specifically argued for leaving the posterior capsule of the thyroid gland so that the RLN was never exposed during the course of a thyroidectomy. 2 This approach to the technique of thyroidectomy was commonly used throughout much of the early 20th century. Despite the influence of this approach of avoidance of the nerve, Lahey in 1938 3 and subsequently Riddell in 1956 4 showed excellent results by attempting to identify and then protect the RLN in every case. In recent decades, this approach of identification in order to protect the RLN has become widely used and has been shown to
Incidence of atypical glandular cells of uncertain significance in cervical cytology following introduction of the Bethesda System.

Abstract Objective. To establish the frequency of the atypical glandular cells of uncertain significance (AGCUS) category, and its subcategories, as defined by the Bethesda System (TBS). Methods. Our computerized records of cervical/vaginal cytology specimens submitted from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1995, were retrospectively reviewed for specimens diagnosed as AGCUS. When appropriate, our subcategory of "AGCUS favor premalignant/malignant lesion" was further qualified as "favor endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ " or "suspicious for endometrial carcinoma." The number of specimens and patients diagnosed for each subcategory were grouped by calendar year. Differences in frequency between time periods were tested for statistical significance using χ 2 analysis. Results. AGCUS was diagnosed in 1181 of 177,715 submitted specimens (0.66%). The frequency of subcategories was as follows: "favor reactive" (65%), "unable to further classify" (30%), "favor premalignant/malignant" (2.9%), "suspicious for endometrial carcinoma" (1.9%), and "favor endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ " (0.4%). From 1993 to 1995 there was an increase in the rate of diagnosis of AGCUS (0.55 to 0.73%; P P Conclusion. The AGCUS diagnosis can be anticipated at a low but consistent rate from a cytology laboratory using TBS. Any comparison of laboratories should take into consideration the change in reporting frequencies that occurs as part of the "learning curve" following introduction of TBS reporting. Uniform diagnostic criteria and additional reports with large numbers of cytologic specimens will be needed to establish the expected frequency of AGCUS and its subcategories.
Circuit-Level Simulation of a CNTFET With Unevenly Positioned CNTs by Linear Programming

The carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) has been advocated as one of the possible alternatives to replace the MOSFET. Some of the likely defect types that may occur in its manufacturing process are the presence of undeposited CNTs and the change in CNT diameter. Existing simulation models are inadequate to assess the effect of undeposited CNTs, due to the limitation in representing these CNT defects for circuit-level simulation and the high execution complexity. In this paper, a new method to evaluate CNTFETs with uneven spacing between CNTs (such as due to undeposited CNTs as defects) for circuit-level simulation is proposed; it is based on an equivalence relationship in some key performance metrics (current and gate capacitance) between CNTFETs with evenly/unevenly positioned CNTs. This relationship requires the adjustment of different parameters of the CNTFET. Using existing CNTFET models (based on MATLAB and HSPICE), linear programming is utilized to find the values of the relevant parameters (number, pitch, doping level, and chirality) of the simulation tools. The equivalence relationship is then established for circuit-level simulation. Different performance metrics (delay and energy) are presented for a five-stage fan-out-of-four inverter chain, under the conditions of evenly and unevenly positioned CNTs in the CNTFET. Computational requirements (such as simulation time and memory usage) of the proposed approach are reported; it is shown that the equivalence relation by adjusting the required parameters and the circuit-level evaluation of the CNTFET is computationally possible at a modest error (6% on average).
Hepatitis B in children: Complexities in management

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by definition is persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum for > or =6 months. The risk of developing chronic HBV infection ranges from 90% in neonates to <5% in immunocompetent adults. HBV acquired by perinatal infection has a prolonged immune-tolerant phase, characterized by the presence of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg), high HBV-DNA and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Efficient and multi-specific helper and cytotoxic T-cell response is essential for controlling HBV infection. Chronic HBV infection is characterized by a state of HBV-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness. The goal of therapy in chronic HBV infection is to eliminate or significantly suppress HBV replication and prevent the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis with the potential development of liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In adults, drugs currently licensed for treatment of HBV infection: are interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), lamivudine (LMV) and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV), the first two are also licensed to use in children. IFN-alpha has the advantage of having a more durable response, fixed duration of treatment and lack of resistant mutants. The disadvantages of IFN-alpha include need for thrice-weekly injections, higher cost and more side-effects compared with the nucleoside analogues. Nucleoside analogues can be given orally and used in decompensated cirrhosis and transplant recipients. ADV and newer drugs like tenefovir can successfully treat mutants produced after prolonged LMV therapy. Current protocols exclude children with immunotolerant HBV. Periodic screening with liver ultrasound scan and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in all children with chronic HBV infection is recommended. The severe shortage of cadaveric donor organs has led to the use of marginal (including anti-HBc-positive) cadaveric donor livers in selected transplant candidates with high medical urgency; 5-10% of all liver transplants are because of HBV. Using hepatitis B immunoglobulin and nucleoside analogues has made the outcome following liver transplantation for hepatitis B, comparable with, if not slightly better, than that in patients with other diagnoses. Future treatments should be based on the restoration of HBV-specific T-cell responses to levels similar to that seen in subjects controlling HBV.
Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a 299-aminoacid protein encoded by the APOE gene. Three common polymorphisms in the APOE gene, ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4, result in a single aminoacid change in the APOE protein. APOE ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4 alleles strongly alter, in a dose-dependent manner, the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In particular, APOE ɛ4 is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease whereas APOE ɛ2 is associated with decreased risk. The effects of APOE genotype on risk of these diseases are likely to be mediated by differential effects of APOE on amyloid-β accumulation in the brain and its vasculature. Response to treatment for Alzheimer's disease might differ according to APOE genotype. Because convincing evidence ties the APOE genotype to risk of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, APOE has been studied in other neurological diseases. APOE ɛ4 is associated with poor outcome after traumatic brain injury and brain haemorrhage, although the mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear. The possibility that APOE has a role in these and other neurological diseases has been of great interest, but convincing associations have not yet emerged.
INTRAVENOUS PAPAVERINE IN CONSTRUCTING CONTINENT URINARY RESERVOIR

The use of intravenous papaverine as an adjunct in the construction of a continent urinary reservoir is a safe and effective method to facilitate an important but sometimes restrictive portion of this procedure. Additionally, it does not seem unreasonable to extend this technique to other procedures which involve the use of small bowel.
Evoked response audiometry. Influence of somatosensation.

Averaged vertex response thresholds evoked with the oscillator on the mastoid process and tibia in patients deaf since birth or early childhood, patients with sensorineural hearing loss acquired during adulthood, and subjects with normal hearing were compared and the following conclusions were reached:(1) This study provided the first objective documentation of the pseudoauditory nature of the low-freqency air-bone gap. This vibratory phenomenon is acute in individuals who have been deaf since early childhood.(2) Evoked response audiometry (ERA) demonstrated a potential hazard in testing deaf children. If ERA shows a low-frequency air-bone gap, one should suspect that the response is of vibratory origin. Confirmation of the origin can be obtained by recording responses evoked by tibial stimulation.(3) ERA bone-conduction thresholds accurately correlate with conventional bone-conduction thresholds.
Validated Forms of Psychotherapy May Lead to Better-Validated Psychotherapy

The members of Division 12's Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures have recently compiled a list of 22 “well-established treatments” and seven “probably efficacious treatments.” The lists were created after the Task Force had searched for and selected positive psychotherapy outcome studies that met a categorical set of criteria attesting to the methodological adequacy of the studies. Reacting to the Task Force report, Sol Carfield expresses the conviction that we are not yet at the point where we should attempt to draw valid efficacy distinctions among psychological treatments. This commentary describes and analyzes Carfield's concerns, then proposes an alternative effort, designed, like the Task Force endeavor, to move psychotherapy research toward a sustained practical outcome. In contrast to the Task Force approach, the proposed undertaking would draw efficacy distinctions among psychological and pharmacological treatments for a broader range of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) disorders; moreover, it would utilize a dimensional rather than categorical system for judging the methodological adequacy of outcome studies. By comparing the resultant contrasting lists of effective treatments, we should be able to evaluate the differential worth of dimensional and categorical views of methodological adequacy; in so doing, we might be find ourselves in a position to develop even more thoroughly grounded descriptions of effective psychological treatments.
Improving emergency service in rural areas: a bi-objective covering location model for EMS systems

Emergency medical service (EMS) systems are public services that often provide the first line of response to urgent health care needs within a community. Unfortunately, it has been widely documented that large disparities in access to care exist between rural and urban communities. While rural EMS is provided through a variety of resources (e.g. air ambulances, volunteer corps, etc.), in this paper we focus on ground ambulatory care. In particular our goal is to balance the level of first-response ambulatory service provided to patients in urban and rural areas by locating ambulances at appropriate stations. In traditional covering location models the objective is to maximize demand that can be covered; consequently, these models favor locating ambulances in more densely populated areas, resulting in longer response times for patients in more rural areas. To address the issue of fairness in semi-rural/semi-urban communities, we propose three bi-objective covering location models that directly consider fairness via a secondary objective. Results are discussed and compared which provide a menu of alternatives to policy makers.
Are seclusion rooms needed on child psychiatric units

The prevailing assumption of the need for seclusion rooms in child psychiatric inpatient units is questioned and the experience of such a unit that operated with no seclusion room is described.
The Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) at NASA Ames Research Center

The Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) at NASA Ames Research Center hosts a powerful simulation environment for human-in-the-loop studies of air traffic operations. The capabilities have been developed at NASA Ames and cover a wide range of operational environments from current day operations to future operational concepts like those envisioned for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS). The research focus in the AOL is on examining air traffic control and management operations across multiple air traffic control sectors in rich air/ground environments that can include oceanic, enroute and terminal airspace. Past research involving the AOL includes distributed air/ground traffic management studies on trajectory negotiation, airborne self-separation and airborne spacing. Ongoing research with various government and industry partners include trajectory-oriented operations with limited delegation; multi sector planning; the US tailored arrivals initiative; airline-based sequencing and spacing, and airborne merging and spacing. In the future we expect using the AOL extensively for early exploration of operational questions crucial to the NGATS, like human-automation interaction, roles and responsibilities in distributed environments and required automation capabilities. This paper first gives an overview over philosophy, physical layout, software and connectivity of the AOL. Next, the available real-time capabilities are described in detail followed by a description of some important offline capabilities. The paper concludes with a summary of past and present research in the AOL and concluding remarks.
Influence of extrusion rate and magma rheology on the growth of lava domes: Insights from particle-dynamics modeling

Abstract Lava domes are structures that grow by the extrusion of viscous silicic or intermediate composition magma from a central volcanic conduit. Repeated cycles of growth are punctuated by collapse, as the structure becomes oversized for the strength of the composite magma that rheologically stiffens and strengthens at its surface. Here we explore lava dome growth and failure mechanics using a two-dimensional particle-dynamics model. The model follows the evolution of fractured lava, with solidification driven by degassing induced crystallization of magma. The particle-dynamics model emulates the natural development of dome growth and rearrangement of the lava dome which is difficult in mesh-based analyses due to mesh entanglement effects. The deformable talus evolves naturally as a frictional carapace that caps a ductile magma core. Extrusion rate and magma rheology together with crystallization temperature and volatile content govern the distribution of strength in the composite structure. This new model is calibrated against existing observational models of lava dome growth. Results show that the shape and extent of the ductile core and the overall structure of the lava dome are strongly controlled by the infusion rate. The effects of extrusion rate on magma rheology are sensitive to material stiffness, which in turn is a function of volatile content and crystallinity. Material stiffness and material strength are key model parameters which govern magma rheology and subsequently the morphological character of the lava dome and in turn stability. Degassing induced crystallization causes material stiffening and enhances material strength reflected in non-Newtonian magma behavior. The increase in stiffness and strength of the injected magma causes a transition in the style of dome growth, from endogenous expansion of a ductile core, to stiffer and stronger intruding material capable of punching through the overlying material and resulting in the development of a spine or possibly inducing dome collapse. Simulation results mimic development of a megaspine upon the influx of fresh magma which leads to the re-direction of magma flow, creating a new shear zone and the switching of dome growth from one side to the other. Our model shows similar dome growth dynamics as observed at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, indicating a strong correlation between extrusion rate and its subsequent effect on mechanical properties and variations in magma rheology.
Competing response decrement as a measure of escape learning and memory in young mice: Effect of learned inhibition, maturation, or age-dependent shock sensitivity?

In order to further assess the validity of the competing response measure as an index of learning and memory abilities in young mice, three groups of mice under different response-reinforcement contingencies received consecutive daily 25-trial sessions on a straight-alley shock-escape task beginning at 7 days of age. In the first group, shock offset was contingent upon reaching the goal end of the alley on each trial. Each mouse in the second group received identical amounts of shock and handling on each trial as a littermate in the first group, but shock offset was not contingent upon reaching the goal for members of this group. Mice in a third group also began test sessions yoked to littermates in the first group, but were unyoked on the day following that on which their littermate achieved a criterion performance of a 50% reduction in competing responses from one session to the next. On all following days, shock offset was contingent upon reaching the goal on each trial. The results support earlier research suggesting that 24-h memory of escape training develops at about 9 days of age for this task, and demonstrate that changes in competing responses due to maturation and/or age-dependent differences in shock sensitivity can be separated from those due to learning/memory functions.
Exploiting large non-isomorphous differences for phase determination of a G-segment invertase-DNA complex.

Crystals of the G-segment invertase in complex with a 37-base-pair asymmetric DNA duplex substrate had an unusually high solvent content of 88% and diffracted to a maximal resolution of about 5.0 A. These crystals exhibited a high degree of non-isomorphism and anisotropy, which presented a serious challenge for structure determination by isomorphous replacement. Here, a procedure of cross-crystal averaging is described that uses large non-isomorphous crystallographic data with a priori information of an approximate molecular boundary as determined from a minimal amount of experimental phase information. Using this procedure, high-quality experimental phases were obtained that have enabled it to be shown that the conformation of the bound substrate DNA duplex significantly differs from those of substrates bound in other serine recombinase–DNA complexes.
Sexual transmission risk behavior reported among behaviorally bisexual HIV-positive injection drug-using men.

Background: Few research studies have examined the HIV transmission risk behaviors of HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs) who are men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). Methods: We compared unprotected vaginal or anal sex with an HIV-negative or unknown (UNK) status sexual partner of MSMW (n = 118) with men who have sex exclusively with women (MSW; n = 469) and men who have sex exclusively with men (MSM; n = 90) using baseline information from the Intervention for Seropositive Injectors-Research and Evaluation (INSPIRE) study, a 4-city randomized controlled trial. Results: MSMW were twice as likely to report unprotected vaginal sex (P < 0.001) and 3 times as likely to report unprotected anal sex with an HIV-negative/UNK status female partner (P < 0.001) as MSW. MSMW did not differ in their report of unprotected insertive anal sex and were half as likely to report unprotected receptive anal sex with HIV-negative/UNK status men (P = 0.02) as MSM. MSMW were 2 times as likely to report engaging in transactional sex (buying or selling sex in exchange for money, drugs, or housing) than MSM or MSW (81%, 43%, and 36%, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Further research is needed to understand the contexts of unprotected sex among HIV-positive injection drug-using MSMW. Prevention programs should target the unique prevention needs of this population, particularly their risk with female partners.
Nutrition and endometrial cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between nutrition and endometrial cancer (EC) is reviewed. Obesity is an important determinant of EC, probably because of its effect on the hormonal milieu of both pre- and postmenopausal women. However, epidemiologic studies of body fat distribution and EC are inconsistent, as are the data pertaining to the relation between body fat distribution and sex hormones. Randomized and observational studies of diet and sex hormones indicate that low fat diets may be associated weakly with decreased estrogen levels, and thus a lowering of EC risk. Only ecologic and case-control studies of diet and EC have been reported. These findings as well as the methodologic limitations of these study designs are discussed. Both types of studies implicate fat as a potential risk factor, while the case-control studies suggest that carotene may lower risk of EC. Epidemiologic studies of alcohol and EC also are inconsistent, but generally indicate no association, or a weak protective effect. The role of diet in the etiology of EC is unresolved. The conduct of cohort and intervention studies, which can avoid many of the methodologic shortcomings of ecologic and case-control studies, would improve our understanding of diet and EC.
Function of the [2Fe−2S] Cluster in Mammalian Ferrochelatase: A Possible Role as a Nitric Oxide Sensor†

Ferrochelatase (E.C. 4.99.1.1) is the terminal enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin. In mammals the enzyme contains a labile [2Fe−2S...
Constructions for higher dimensional perfect multifactors

Perfect maps, factors and multifactors can be viewed as higher dimensional analogues of de Bruijn cycles and factored versions of these cycles. We present a unified framework for two basic techniques, concatenation and integration (also called the inverse of Lempel's homomorphism), used to construct perfect multifactors. This framework simplifies proofs of known results and allows for extension of the basic constructions. In particular, we give the first general results on the inverse of Lempel's homomorphism in dimensions three and higher.
Black hole evolution with the BSSN system by pseudospectral methods

We present a new pseudospectral code for the simulation of evolution systems that are second order in space. We test this code by evolving a nonlinear scalar wave equation. These nonlinear waves can be stably evolved using very simple constant or radiative boundary conditions, which we show to be well-posed in the scalar wave case. The main motivation for this work, however, is to evolve black holes for the first time with the BSSN system by means of a spectral method. We use our new code to simulate the evolution of a single black hole using all applicable methods that are usually employed when the BSSN system is used together with finite differencing methods. In particular, we use black hole excision and test standard radiative and also constant outer boundary conditions. Furthermore, we study different gauge choices such as 1+log and constant densitized lapse. We find that these methods in principle do work also with our spectral method. However, our simulations fail after about 100M due to unstable exponentially growing modes. The reason for this failure may be that we evolve the black hole on a full grid without imposing any symmetries. Such full grid instabilities have also been observedmore » when finite differencing methods are used to evolve excised black holes with the BSSN system.« less
Effects of structural deformations of the crank-slider mechanism on the estimation of the instantaneous engine friction torque

Abstract The focus on the current study is to assess the effects of structural deformations of the crankshaft/connecting-rod/piston mechanism on the computation of the instantaneous engine friction torque. This study is performed in a fully controlled environment in order to isolate the effects of structural deformations from those of measurement errors or noise interference. Therefore, a detailed model, accounting for the rigid and flexible motions of the crank-slider mechanism and including engine component friction formulations, is considered in this study. The model is used as a test bed to generate the engine friction torque,Tfa, and to predict the rigid and flexible motions of the system in response to the cylinder gas pressure. The torsional vibrations and the rigid body angular velocity of the crankshaft, as predicted by the detailed model of the crank-slider mechanism, are used along with the engine load torque and the cylinder gas pressure in the (P–ω) method to estimate the engine friction torque,Tfe. This method is well suited for the purpose of this study because its formulation is based on the rigid body model of the crank-slider mechanism. The digital simulation results demonstrate that the exclusion of the structural deformations of the crank-slider mechanism from the formulation of the (P–ω) method leads to an overestimation of the engine friction torque near the top-dead-center (TDC) position of the piston under firing conditions. Moreover, for the remainder of the engine cycle, the estimated friction torque exhibits large oscillations and takes on positive numerical values as if it is inducing energy into the system. Thus, the adverse effects of structural deformations of the crank-slider mechanism on the estimation of the engine friction torque greatly differ in their nature from one phase of the engine cycle to another.
Improving surface stability on natural turfgrass athletic fields

Regardless of the intensity of use, athletic fields are expected to provide a safe stable playing surface. As field use increases, wear caused by foot traffic can result in a loss of both turfgrass coverage and surface stability, increasing the risk of athlete injury. As surface stability is reduced, susceptibility to divoting is increased. The effect of synthetic soil reinfor- cements on the divot resistance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under various simu- lated traffic levels was investigated. Soil-reinforcing materials improved divot resistance most under high traffic. Because the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (TE) has been shown to increase tiller density and rooting, its effect on divot resistance was evaluated on turfgrass grown on a sand root zone. TE (0.17kg active ingredient/ha) was applied to Kentucky blue- grass (Poa pratensis L.) at 28 day intervals from either May to July or May to October. Plots were subjected to various levels of simulated traffic in the fall. Compared with the control, the application of TE from May to July resulted in the highest divot resistance. Various meth- ods such as the inclusion of soil reinforcements and plant growth regulator applications can be used to decrease susceptibility to divoting.
An h-p adaptive method using clouds

Several computational and mathematical features of the h-p cloud method are demonstrated in this paper. We show how h, p and h-p adaptivity can be implemented in the h-p cloud method without traditional grid concepts typical of finite element methods. The mathematical derivation of an a posteriori error estimate for the h-p cloud method is also presented. Several numerical examples illustrate the main ideas of the method.
High resolution tropical climate record for the last 6,000 years

1200–800 cal yrs. B.P.). The initial d 18 Oi ncrease centered at 5,500 years ago is coincident with the development of arid conditions in the Caribbean region and the end of the ‘‘African humid period’’ indicating a global drying of the northern tropics at this time. Synchronous with the aridification of the Caribbean region are the onset of wetter conditions in the South American Altiplano and the reoccupation of this region by humans. This combination of contrasting climate conditions is attributed to a southward displacement of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that would have resulted in decreased precipitation and increased trade wind intensity in the Caribbean region and increased rainfall over the Altiplano. INDEX TERMS: 4267 Oceanography: General: Paleoceanography; 4231 Oceanography: General: Equatorial oceanography; 4870 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Stable isotopes; 4802 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Anoxic environments. Citation: Tedesco, K., and R. Thunell, High resolution tropical climate record for the last 6,000 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(17), 1891, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017959, 2003.
Effects of emotional state on behavioral responsiveness to personal risk feedback

The influence of incidental emotion on responsiveness to risk feedback was investigated. One hundred and eighty‐seven male and female undergraduate students experienced a film emotion induction procedure to elicit happiness, sadness, or neutral affect. They then received false feedback indicating that their risk of getting a fictional type of influenza was high or low, and were given the chance to obtain more information about this type of flu and how to prevent it. Among low‐risk participants, experiencing any emotion (happy or sad) resulted in obtaining more information than those in the neutral condition. Conversely, high‐risk participants who experienced any emotion took less information than those in the neutral group. High‐risk feedback produced less positive affect, more negative affect and worry, and higher risk perceptions than low‐risk feedback. The findings have implications for how threatening risk feedback will affect information seeking behavior in the context of an emotional state.
Two Equivalence Theorems for Government Finance

This paper studies the effects of a path change in government debt composition and aggregate transfers on allocations and prices. It is shown that the effects are zero under some agent-specific transfer scheme even when markets are incomplete. If markets are complete, then the effects are zero under any transfer scheme that leaves each agent's lifetime resource unchanged if and only if agents are always collectively compensated for next period's return change. The infinite-horizon framework used has an arbitrary number of assets with arbitrary returns and an arbitrary mixture of finitely and infinitely lived agents.
Expanding hypnotic pain management to the affective dimension of pain.

Experimental (Price & Barber, 1987) and neuroimaging studies (Rainville, Carrrier, Hofbauer, Bushnell, & Duncan, 1999), suggest that it is the affective dimension of pain as processed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that is most associated with suffering and autonomic arousal. Conversely, pain related emotions (Rainville, Bao, & Chretien, 2005) and expectations (Koyama, McHaffie, Laurenti, & Coghill, 2005) modulate pain perception and associated pain affect. This paper presents both the scientific background and the general clinical steps involved in a practical hypnotic approach that uses emotion specific wording and the elicitation of prior positive experience to intervene at both the affective and sensory dimensions of pain. Such an approach enables patients to therapeutically use hypnosis to reduce their subjective distress even if they are not able to greatly reduce the sensation of pain. The utilization of positive state dependent learning (Rossi, 1986), following the advice of Milton Erickson to “discover their patterns of happiness” (ParsonsFein, 2005) is emphasized.
The Development of Writing Habitus: A Ten-Year Case Study of a Young Writer

Peter, an African American writer from a low-income community, is followed across a 10-year period as he progresses from first grade through high school. Drawing on writing samples and interviews, the author identifies a set of interrelated dispositions that contribute to his development of habitus as a writer. This article considers Peter’s developing writing abilities alongside these emerging dispositions that include (a) meeting school expectations for reading and writing, (b) being good in school and being a good student, (c) forming friendships and affiliations that involve reading and writing practices, and (d) crafting future goals related to writing. Future success as a professional writer was contingent on his writing abilities being recognized, valued, and taken up in contexts beyond high school. The author draw on Bourdieu’s constructs of habitus and field to explore Peter’s becoming a writer across time.
Zero die delamination on die overhang & upset packages

Some discrete power packages require very stringent die attach requirements such as overhang die on upset leadframe. This type of packages shows physical weak point at the epoxy layer whereby reliability stress easily propagate separation near the junction of overhang die and leadframe upset curvature. Normal solution of implementing treated leadframe was not feasible because there was very little mold adhesion on the small flag. By working closely with epoxy supplier, certain epoxy formulation did show improvement in reliability. The main change was on the resin content, promoting adhesion strength. However, production performance started to deteriorate over short period of time. The major issues included fast hardening effect, causing a lot of rejects with insufficient epoxy coverage. Further investigations revealed other severe quality issues, including channel voids, low die shear strength, and also die delamination. Multiple discussions and evaluations were conducted with epoxy supplier, but all failed to identify any assignable or significant root cause. Therefore, a Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, analyze, Improve, Control) project was executed by performing a series of evaluations to explore effect of all possible root causes, and finding optimum settings. The study covered wide range of factors, from material, machine, until development of whole process window. From evaluations of 10 major factors, the most optimum combination was established. When evaluation results confirmed with larger sample size, the confident level became high to achieve consistent and stable production performance. More verification was performed with most stringent reliability tests, and all units passed without any doubt. All the engineering works and optimum process window were then qualified for production. Finally, production was running with excellent performance in obtaining zero channel voids, high die shear strength and zero die delamination. On top of that, change of epoxy type also generated additional cost saving, together with all the quality advantages. The study of this stringent package became benchmark for all other epoxy packages.
New Host and Geographic Distribution Records for Some Endoparasites (Myxosporea, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Nematoda) of Amphibians and Reptiles from Arkansas and Texas, U.S.A.

A variety of amphibian (2 salamanders, 4 frogs, and 2 toads) and reptilian (3 turtles, 2 lizards, and 5 snakes) species and subspecies from 11 counties of Arkansas and 6 counties of Texas were collected during several months between 1968 and 2004 and examined for endoparasites. Twenty previously described parasite species were found, including 2 myxozoans, 7 trematodes, 1 cestode, and 10 nematodes. We document 18 new host and 18 new geographic distribution records for these select parasites.
A Network Flow Algorithm for the Cell-Based Single-Destination System Optimal Dynamic Traffic Assignment Problem

The cell-transmission model-based single-destination system optimal dynamic traffic assignment problem proposed by Ziliaskopoulos was mostly solved by standard linear programming (LP) methods, e.g., simplex and interior point methods, which produce link-based flows involving vehicle-holding phenomenon. In this paper we present a network flow algorithm for this problem. We show that the problem is equivalent to the earliest arrival flow and then solve the earliest arrival flow on a time-expanded network. In particular, a scaled flow scheme is proposed to deal with the situation in which the ratio of backward wave speed to forward wave speed is less than one. The proposed algorithm produces path-based flows exhibiting realistic nonvehicle-holding properties. Complexity and numerical analyses show that the algorithm runs more efficiently than LP.
An Object-Oriented Version of SIMLIB A Simple Simulation Package

This paper introduces an object-oriented version of SIMLIB an easy-to-understand discrete-event simulation package. The object-oriented version is preferable to the original procedural language versions of SIMLIB in that it is easier to understand and teach simulation from an object point of view. A single-server queue simulation is demonstrated using the object-oriented SIMLIB.
Triadic interactions in captive Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus, Linnaeus, 1758): "Agonistic buffering"?

This study presents data on the expression of male-immature triadic interactions, previously termed agonistic buffering, in a captive Macaca sylvanus group. Agonistic buffering has been hypothesized as inhibiting or modifying the expression of aggression. This was tested by examining (1) the dominance ranks of the animals involved in the triadic interactions, (2) the events preceding and following the triadic interactions, and (3) the presence of an infant in nonagonistic encounters between juvenile, subadult, and adult males. The results obtained do not support the hypothesis of agonistic buffering as the single explanation for triadic interactions, but emphasize the contextual variability in the expression of these triadic interactions.
Tibial Tuberosity Realignment Alters in Vivo Patellar Tracking.

Objectives:For patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability, tibial tuberosity medialization is commonly performed to reduce the lateral force applied to the patella by the patellar tendon. M...
Effects of L‐type Ca2+‐channel blockade, K+ATP‐channel opening and nitric oxide on human uterine contractility in relation to gestational age and labour

Relative uterine inactivity during pregnancy changes to vigorous rhythmic contractility during labour. We hypothesized that mechanisms involved in the regulation of uterine quiescence and contractility differ between term and preterm myometrium and in labour and non-labour states. Myometrial strips, prepared from biopsies taken at Caesarean section from labouring and non-labouring women preterm and at term, were mounted in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. Oxytocin (10 -9 mol/l) was added to maintain stable contractions, and effects of various inhibitors of uterine contractility were studied. The inhibitory effects of L-type Ca 2+ -channel blocker nifedipine and ATP-sensitive K + -channel opener pinacidil were greater in myometrium from the non-labour versus the labour group, both preterm and at term. In addition, pinacidil's effect was greater at term compared with preterm in the non-labour group. Mg 2+ and the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside significantly inhibited contractility in all groups without significant differences with regard to labour or gestational age. Decreased inhibition of human uterine contractility by L-type Ca 2+ -channel blockers and K + ATP -channel openers in preterm and term labour may reflect changes in expression and activity of these channels. Effects of nitric oxide and Mg 2+ are not affected by gestational age or labour.
Boosting beyond static scheduling in a superscalar processor

This paper describes a superscalar processor that combines the best qualities of static and dynamic instruction scheduling to increase the performance of non-numerical applications. The architecture performs all instruction scheduling statically to take advantage of the compiler's ability to efficiently schedule operations across many basic blocks. Since the conditional branches in non-numerical code are highly data dependent, the architecture introduces the concept of boosted instructions, instructions that are committed conditionally upon the result of later branch instructions. Boosting effectively removes the dependencies caused by branches and makes the scheduling of side-effect instructions as simple as those that are side-effect free. For efficiency, boosting is supported in the hardware by shadow structures that temporarily hold the side effects of boosted instructions until the conditional branches that the boosted instructions depend upon are executed. When the branch condition is determined, the buffered side effects are either committed or squashed. The limited static scheduler in our evaluation system shows that a 1.6-times speedup over scalar code is achievable by boosting instructions above only a single conditional branch. This performance is similar to the performance of a pure dynamic scheduler.