cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Two Song-Teaching Methods: Holistic vs. Phrase-by-Phrase.

The purpose of our study was to compare the effectiveness of two song‐teaching methods: holistic and phrase‐by‐phrase. Thirty‐two first‐grade children (n = 32) from two music classes in an urban elementary school were taught two folksongs. The first class (n = 16) was taught one song through the phrase‐by‐phrase method and another song through the holistic method. The second class (n = 16) was taught the same songs using the reverse teaching procedure. Following one week of teaching, each child was individually recorded performing both songs. Comparisons were made using an analysis of variance for differences between classes, songs and types of errors. Results indicated that while children sang the songs using the holistic method with fewer errors than with the phrase‐by‐phrase method, this difference was not significant. The most errors were pitch inaccuracies while fewest errors were rhythmic.
Carbon Position-Specific Isotope Analysis of Alanine and Phenylalanine Analogues Exhibiting Nonideal Pyrolytic Fragmentation

Recent advances in gas chromatography combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC−IRMS) has made compound-specific isotope analysis routine, but reports on position-specific isotopic analysis are still scarce. On-line GC-pyrolysis (Py) coupled to GCC−IRMS is reported here for isolation and isotopic characterization of alaninol and phenethylamine, analogues of alanine and phenylalanine, respectively. Ideally, pyrolytic fragments will originate from unique sites within the parent molecule, and isotope ratios for each position within the parent can either be measured directly or calculated from fragment isotope ratios without substantially degrading the analytical precision. Alaninol pyrolysis yielded several fragments, of which CO and CH4 were used for isotope ratio calculations. Isotope labeling experiments showed that CO derived entirely from the C(1) position, while all three positions of alaninol contributed to CH4 (29.0 ± 0.3% from C(1), 3.6 ± 0.2% from C(2), and 66.9 ± 1.1% from C(3)). We demonstr...
Long-Term Outcomes of a Benign Biliary Stricture Protocol

Abstract Purpose To evaluate long-term outcomes of a structured protocol for percutaneous treatment of benign biliary stricture. Materials and Methods Seventy-one patients (37 men, 34 women; mean age, 54 y; age range, 23–84 y) entered the protocol, which consisted of staged upsizing of internal/external biliary catheters, balloon dilation (nominally 8 mm), and prolonged stent treatment (6 mo) at maximal catheter size (nominally 18 F). It concluded with a capping trial and catheter removal if the stricture remained patent. Fifty-three patients completed the protocol and 18 did not (6 died, 6 underwent alternative treatment, 4 were lost to follow-up, and 2 underwent repeat transplantation). Stricture features, treatment parameters, complications, and outcomes were reviewed, and Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted. Results Strictures were anastomotic in 45 patients (64%), intrahepatic in 14 (20%), extrahepatic in 7 (10%), and multiple (intra- and extrahepatic) in 5 (7%). A right-sided approach was used in 47 patients (66%) patients, a left-sided approach in 18 (25%), and a bilateral approach in 6 (9%). Forty-six patients who entered the protocol (65%) and 46 patients who completed the protocol (87%) showed stricture patency. Four of 7 patients in whom a capping trial failed underwent surgical revision, 2 required chronic biliary drainage, and 1 received a metal stent. Follow-up (range, 0–12 y; mean, 4.7 y) was obtained for 42 of 53 patients who completed the protocol (79%). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed stricture patency probabilities of 84% at 1 year after treatment, 78% at 2 years, 74% at 5 years, and 67% at 10 years. Conclusions Use of a structured protocol for the percutaneous treatment of benign biliary strictures yields durable long-term results, suggesting that percutaneous treatment is an effective therapy.
Concurrent multi-scale crush simulations with a crystal plasticity model

Abstract The crush behavior of polycrystalline metallic square tubes under quasi-static axial loading condition is investigated through a mesoscale crystal plasticity model embedded in an explicit finite element simulation code as a concurrent multiscale model. The boundary value problem is defined at the local continuum scale whereas the material behavior is modeled at the mesoscale through crystal plasticity defined in a representative volume element. The anisotropic behavior of the tubes emerges from the texture induced by the large plastic deformations created during the manufacturing process. In this work, this effect is modeled by considering the texture generated by deforming a single element model with an embedded polycrystalline aggregate of face center cubic (FCC) crystals under basic loading paths, including uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, and simple shear. This initial texture is then used at each integration point in the explicit crush simulations of a square tube model made of an FCC aluminum alloy. As energy absorption is dominated by the plastic collapse mechanisms at the corner elements, the influence of the initial texture and its evolution during crush are found to be significant.
The influence of activity level on bradycardia in trout (Salmo gairdneri) during hypoxia

Voltages associated with heartbeat were transmitted by radio from free-swimming rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri.) Variability in the bradycardia response associated with the hypoxic state was observed and appeared to be related to the normal activity state of the fish. Bradycardia as a physiological mechanism was discussed on the basis of this finding.
Transduction efficiencies of novel AAV vectors in mouse airway epithelium in vivo and human ciliated airway epithelium in vitro.

We have characterized the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1–9 in addition to nineteen novel vectors isolated from various tissues, to transduce mouse and human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE). Vectors expressing α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and β-galactosidase were co-instilled into the mouse lung. Of all the vectors tested rh.64R1, AAV5 and AAV6 were the most efficient. The high transduction observed in mouse was reproduced in HAE cell cultures for both rh.64R1 and AAV6 but not for AAV5. Since AAV6 was the most efficient vector in mouse and HAE we also tested the transduction efficiencies of the AAV6 singleton vectors (i.e., AAV6 variants with targeted mutations) in these models. Of these, AAV6.2 transduced mouse airway epithelium and HAE with greater efficiency than all other AAV vectors tested. We demonstrated that AAV6.2 exhibits improved transduction efficiency compared to previously reported AAVs in mouse airways and in culture models of human airway epithelium and that this vector requires further development for preclinical and clinical testing.
Interleukin-10 prevents death in lethal necrotizing pancreatitis in mice

Background. Cytokines derived from macrophages may play an integral role in the evolution of acute pancreatitis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent antiinflammatory cytokine, prevents the activation of macrophages and their release of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with IL-10 decreased the severity of experimental acute pancreatitis. Methods. Thirty female Swiss Webster mice were divided into three groups. Acute pancreatitis was induced by using a choline-deficient, 0.5% ethionine supplemented (CDE) diet. Group A (controls) received CDE diet alone. Group B was pretreated with 10,000 units of intraperitoneal IL-10 at the onset of feeding and every 8 hours thereafter. Group C received IL-10 33 hours after beginning the CDE diet and every 8 hours thereafter. One half of the animals in each group was killed at 54 hours ; the remaining living animals were killed at 80 hours. Serum amylase levels (units per liter) were determined at 54 and 80 hours. Pancreata were harvested and fixed in formalin. Histologic characteristics were graded on a scale from 0 to 4 (normal to most abnormal) in a blinded fashion by two investigators. Results. Serum amylase level and histologic score (edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis) were significantly reduced when IL-10 was administered either prophylactically or therapeutically (p < 0.01). At 54 hours all animals were alive. Mortality was reduced at 80 hours in both groups treated with IL-10 compared with those fed the CDE diet alone (p < 0.001). Conclusions. These results suggested that macrophages play an integral role in determining the severity of acute pancreatitis in this animal model. The finding that IL-10 decreased inflammation and prevented death, even when given after acute pancreatitis was established, suggests that it may have potential for clinical use.
What does the Schema Concept Buy us

Recent enthusiasm for the social schema concept has been accompanied by a wave of criticism. Skeptics argue that the concept is imprecise and nonfalsifiable, irrelevant to real social phenomena, and simply old wine in a new bottle. While finding elements of truth in each criticism, this article concludes that the strengths of the schema framework more than outweigh the liabilities associated with these criticisms.
Mechanical Characterization of Preterm Neonate Pig Liver as a Function of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Elastography, a non-invasive imaging modality, utilizes mechanical properties of tissue as markers for disease diagnosis or staging. In the case of liver, there have been a number of studies focusing on the relationship between elastic mechanical properties and underlying disease, i.e. fibrosis and cirrhosis. In summary, these studies indicate the feasibility of elastographic tools in detecting liver diseases such as fibrosis and steatosis. There have not been any studies looking at the mechanical properties of the preterm neonate liver to date, which is important, because preterm neonates are at a greater risk for developing liver complications due to their aggressive dietary needs that are met with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). They use of elastography may be less from the use of elastographic tools since the concerns over noise levels in measurements resulting from abdominal wall thickness may be less influential. Therefore, it is necessary to establish basic preterm neonate liver mechanical properties. In this study, we measured the nonlinear (hyperelastic) mechanical properties of livers from preterm pigs that were fed common neaonatal diets, i.e. colostrum, total parenteral nutrition (TPN). 16 neonate pigs survived the feeding regime. Mechanical evaluation of 15 of these neonatal pigs was achieved with the use of uniaxial compression experiments at 0.01 s−1 strain rate. The livers averaging a weight of 34.7±7.0 (SD), were stored in phosphate buffered saline solution at 4°C until experimentation, which occurred within 30 minutes of the animal sacrifice. A minimum of three specimens from each liver was required for the computation of averaged mechanical properties. In addition to mechanical testing samples, blood serum was also obtained from these animals and common chemical parameters for liver health were measured (bilirubin, ALT, AST, HDL, LDL, etc.) Exponential form of the hyperelastic strain energy function, W = b1 exp[b2 (L2 + 2/L-3)], where bi are the material parameters and L is the stretch ratio, was utilized to describe the hyperelastic mechanical behavior of the preterm neonate pig livers. With the use of E = 6b1 b2 , a small-strain regime estimate of the elastic modulus of the neonate liver tissue was also computed. The mean b1 and b2 parameters are determined to be 97.00±44.15(SD) Pa and 1.90±0.28(SD) (n = 71). The mean elastic modulus exhibited an linear dependence on the HDL values obtained from chemical analysis of the blood serum. Moreover, although relatively weak, the ratio of the HDL over LDL also correlated with the elastic modulus. To our knowledge, this is the only study to date that has focused on the mechanical properties of preterm neonatal pigs and its correlation with liver lipid profile in neonates. Future work will focus on correlating this information with histology and then devising multi-scale material characterization approaches that link underlying neonatal liver structure to its overall mechanical properties.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The difference between simple and complex leaves.

The shape of leaves is highly variable. A new study shows that changes in plant homeobox genes seem to underlie some of the variation, although a major regulator of those genes remains unchanged.
Frontiers in genomics: insights into protist evolutionary biology, University of Iowa, May 19-21, 2004.

. Protists constitute the bulk of eukaryotic diversity yet their genomes remain relatively unexplored. To address this issue, a workshop entitled, “Frontiers in Genomics: Insights into Protist Evolutionary Biology”, was convened at the University of Iowa on June 19–21, 2004. The specific aims of the workshop were to define the role of genomics in the eukaryotic tree of life, to identify challenges in characterizing protist (i.e. microbial eukaryote) genomes, and in proposing specific solutions to these challenges. The findings of the workshop are presented here and in a white paper that provide a set of guidelines for organizing the protist community and for planning and executing a protist genome project.
Acute profound thrombocytopenia following C7E3 Fab (Abciximab) therapy: case reports, review of the literature and implications for therapy.

Platelets play a crucial role in the ischemic complications of percutaneous coronary procedures. The recent availability of C7E3 Fab (Abxiximab or ReoProtrade mark), a chimeric monoclonal antibody Fab fragment directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, has reduced abrupt closure and other adverse events and lessened the need for revascularization procedures. As the use for this drug has increased, rare cases of severe thrombocytopenia have been revealed. From August 1995 to June 1997, 452 patients at Charleston Area Medical Center who underwent percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures and were treated with abciximab were evaluated for the development of severe thrombocytopenia (i.e., platelet count less than 20,000 within 48 hr of treatment). A review of published reports of severe thrombocytopenia was also reviewed. A review of published reports of abciximab-induced severe thrombocytopenia, as well as our three cases, reveals that: 1) the incidence is less than 0.7%; 2) the nadir platelet count (range 1, 000-16,000) was noted within 2-31 hr after abciximab infusion; 3) the platelet count increases to greater than 100,000 within 12 days in all patients; 4) bleeding episodes were treated with platelet transfusion with an improvement in platelet count within 24 hr in all patients in whom they were given; and 5) in the one patient treated with gamma globulin alone, no significant rise in platelet count was noted. Acute severe thrombocytopenia can occur after ReoProtrade mark administration. Its development is not predictable and may occur within 2 hr of administration. Thrombocytopenia, therefore, requires consideration in every patient treated with this drug. It appears prudent to obtain a platelet count 2 hr after initiating ReoProtrade mark. If thrombocytopenia develops, then the drug can be stopped in a timely manner and platelet transfusion can be given.
O-H stretch modes of dodecahedral water clusters: a statistical ab initio study.

Infrared frequencies calculations were carried out for 20 (H2O)20 water clusters obeying the 512 dodecahedral geometry, optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level. Their combined spectra contained 800 O−H stretch modes, ranging from 2181 to 3867 cm-1 (unscaled), which were treated and studied as a database. Of these, 752 modes (94%) could be assigned to a single dominant O*−H* stretch. These 752 were classified into five subdatabases depending on the local H-bond type of the dominant stretch. The frequency (ν) was correlated with the O−H* distance (bOH), with H-bond length (ROO) where applicable, and with other variables. The parameter bOH alone accounted for 96−99% of the variance in ν for stretches in H-bonds. The correlation with ROO is substantially weaker. Normal modes were classified as “high ratio” or “low ratio” depending upon the mode's distribution of kinetic energy among the O−H bonds. High-ratio modes (389 modes, or 49% of our sample) are modeled well as a single oscillator undergoing small pertu...
Congress and the Cold War

Congress has received insufficient attention from scholars of Cold War foreign policy for a number of reasons, including historiographical patterns and the scattered nature of congressional sources. This gap in the literature has skewed our understanding of the Cold War because it has failed to take into account the numerous ways in which the legislature affected U.S. foreign policy after World War II. This article looks at Cold War congressional policy within a broad historical perspective, and it analyzes how the flurry of congressional activity in the years following the Vietnam War was part of a larger trend of congressional activism in foreign policy. After reviewing the existing literature on the subject of Congress and the Cold War, the article points out various directions for future research.
Hepatic parenchyma weight changes in the presence of primary and secondary tumors of the liver: a morphometric study.

Summary Fifty livers with carcinoma and sarcoma metastases, malignant lymphoma, or malignant hepatoma were studied; 47 livers were from adult patients. Although most livers had widespread tumor involvement (particularly in the anatomic right lobe), morphometric studies revealed that the hepatic parenchyma of all but six (13%) of the adult livers weighed more than 1 kg. Only two of the eight cases with hepatic failure had parenchyma that weighed less than 1 kg. Twenty-eight per cent of the tumor-bearing livers had parenchyma weights that exceeded the estimated 95 th percentile in nontumor controls. The hepatic parenchyma weight in these instances more often seems to be increased rather than decreased. If there is a decrease of hepatic parenchyma, this is rarely sufficient to cause hepatic failure. The median hepatic parenchyma weight in livers with tumor was greater than of a tumor-free control group. No relationship was noted between hepatic parenchyma weight and clinical evidence of hepatic failure, body weight changes, sex, age, and type, distribution or weight of tumor within the liver.
Organ-Based Response to Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes

While significant research has clearly identified sedentary behavior as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its subsequent complications, the concept that inactivity could be linked to the complications associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains underappreciated. This paper summarizes the known effects of exercise on T1D at the tissue level and focuses on the pancreas, bone, the cardiovascular system, the kidneys, skeletal muscle, and nerves. When possible, the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise for T1D are elucidated. The general benefits of increased activity on health and the barriers to increased exercise specific to people with T1D are discussed.
Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling and the Right to Practice and Revitalize Cultural Traditions and Customs

* An earlier version of this article appears as Jeremy Firestone & Jonathan Lilley, An Endangered Species: Aboriginal Whaling and the Right to Self-Determination and Cultural Heritage in a National and International Context, 34 Env'tl L. Rep. 10763–10787 (2004).
Potential use of buccal smears for rapid diagnosis of autosomal trisomy or chromosomal sex in newborn infants using DNA probes

Buccal smears from 3 women and 1 man were probed with alpha satellite DNA probes for chromosomes 8, 18, X, and Y. Buccal smears were also collected from an adolescent phenotypic female with uterine agenesis, as well as from newborn infants with suspected trisomy 18 and trisomy 21. The clinical cases were confirmed with conventional cytogenetic studies of peripheral lymphocytes. Overall probe efficiency at detecting expected chromosome number in interphase cells was found to be 71% {+-} 6.8%. Higher than expected n-1 signal numbers may be due to karyopyknotic intermediate epithelial cells present in all collected samples. Overall probe efficiency was found to be consistent using alpha satellite and cosmid probes, both of which accurately reflected the modal copy number of the target chromosomes. False trisomy was less than 1%. This study suggests DNA probes can be used in buccal smears for rapid diagnosis of trisomies and chromosomal sex in newborns, but because of high rates of false hydropoploid signals, probed buccal smear specimens may not be accurate at diagnosing mosaicism. 9 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Symbolic simulation-techniques and applications

Symbolic simulation involves evaluating circuit behavior using special symbolic values to encode a range of circuit operating conditions. In one simulation run, a symbolic simulator can compute what would require many runs of a traditional simulator. Symbolic simulation has applications in both logic and timing verification, as well as sequential test generation.The concept of symbolic simulation has been discussed for over 10 years, but early attempts had only limited success. The recent introduction of more powerful, algorithmic methods of symbolic manipulation have had a major impact on the classes of circuits and properties that can be evaluated symbolically.
Offshoring as Process Innovation

This paper studies offshoring (dened as a change inrms' own production location from north to south) and market structure. I develop a model of dynamic oligopoly with offshoring, and estimate it using data from the hard disk industry. The results suggest the incentive to offshore increases as more rivals offshore due to competitive pressure. The possibility of offshoring sets in motion the strategic industry dynamics in whichrms become increasingly more likely to offshore or exit, thereby playing the role of adrasticinnovation (Arrow 1962) in the long run. I then assess the effects of banning offshoring and industrial policy (in the future version).
Sorption and transport of pure gases in random styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers

Mesure des coefficients de permeabilite, de diffusion et de solubilite de H 2 , He, N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 et CH 4 dans les copolymeres en fonction de leur composition. L'influence de la pression sur la sorption de gaz faiblement solubles comme CH 4 est bien decrite par le modele de sorption binaire, alors qu'avec CO 2 , ce comportement est complexe et depend fortement de la propagation du MMA
Effects of Age on the Ability of the Rat Temporomandibular Joint to Respond to Changing Functional Demands

This investigation examined the ability of the tissues of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to adapt to changing functional demands in young, growing rats compared with mature rats. Functional demands on the TMJ were varied by feeding diets with diffetvnt physical consistencies. The first group was fed a soft diet for the experimental period. The second group was fed a hard diet, and the third group was initially fed the soft diet, then switched to the hard diet at the mid-point of the experimental period. Gross dimensions of the condyle, mandible, and maxilla were measured with calipers. Thickness of the articular, proliferative, transitional, and hypetirophic zones of the condylar cartilage, and the amount of bone in the subcondylar region and condylar neck were measured on histological sections. Gross dimensions of the condyle were significantly smaller in the soft-diet group compared with the hard- and soft/hard-diet groups in both growing and mature rats. The individual zones of the condylar cartilag...
Comparing the Structure and Stability of Network Ties Using the Social Support Questionnaire and the Social Network List

To compare the structure and stability of personal networks elicited by two popular network assessment instruments, 102 undergraduates completed the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) and the Social Network List (SNL) twice over a 4-week interval. At both times of measurement, respondents delineated significantly larger networks using the SNL than using the SSQ, with a larger average number of friends being elicited by the SNL. Respondents averaged significantly higher global network satisfaction ratings for SSQ networks relative to SNL networks at both times of measurement. More of the same individual network members' names were repeated at the second time of measurement and more new network members were added at the second time of measurement on the SNL than on the SSQ. Implications for network research are discussed.
Hierarchical 2-D field solution for capacitance extraction for VLSI interconnect modeling

A hierarchical two-dimensional field solution technique isintroduced for capacitance extraction for VLSI interconnectmodeling. As a basis for compromise between the efficiencyof Boolean rules-based extraction and the accuracy of flatfield solution, this hierarchical approach can handlerealistic conductor cross-sections and multiple conformaland/or planarized dielectrics.
A grain plasma model of galaxies

Un plasma constitue de grains massifs et de particules plus legeres est considere. La gravitation et la thermalisation conduisent a une separation substantielle des charges sur une grande echelle. En substituant a la condition d'equilibre, une condition de similarite entre les longueurs de Jeans et de Debye, on montre qu'un systeme de condensations dans un tel plasma peut rendre compte des proprietes observees dans les galaxies
Performance measurement of ad-hoc sensor networks under threats

Current security mechanisms in ad-hoc sensor networks do not guarantee reliable and robust network functionality. Even with these mechanisms, the sensor nodes could be made nonoperational by malicious attackers or physical break-down of the infrastructure. Measurement of the network characteristics in a 'threat' of network failure is essential to understand the behavior of these networks. The two main contributions of this paper are the analysis of performance variation and measuring the after-effects of the threats to a sensor network i.e. threat of node failures, attack on nodes etc. Two metrics, connectivity cost and dis-connectivity co-efficient; the former studies the variation in performance when a network topology is subject to different threats, while the later measures the impact of the threat(s) on the sensor network. Simulations are performed on dynamic network models vulnerable to adversarial and non-adversarial threats as in any practical deployment scenario. Results show that robustness and fault-tolerance of the sensor network topologies comes as a trade-off with the vulnerability of the network topologies to various threats.
The Redistricting Cycle and Strategic Candidate Decisions in U.S. House Races

We examine the impact of the ten-year redistricting cycle on strategic candidate behavior. First, we provide evidence that strategic candidate behavior is a function of an election's temporal proximity to a redistricting year, finding that quality challengers are less likely to emerge as the redistricting cycle progresses. Next, we show that strategic candidates interpret national and local political conditions through the lens of time. Specifically, national political conditions greatly encourage quality challengers early in the redistricting cycle but play a much reduced role later. In addition, incumbents who demonstrate moderate electoral vulnerability in the prior election are more likely to face quality challengers toward the beginning of the redistricting cycle than the end.
Analysis of energy-efficient, fair routing in wireless sensor networks through non-linear optimization

In the area of wireless sensor networks (WSN) there is still a significant gap between theory and practice: system designs and protocols are rapidly out-pacing analysis. We develop formal computational models of a WSN based on non-linear optimization and use them to analyze the impact of fairness constraints on network performance. The optimization framework presented is very general and can also be used to analyze the optimal performance of WSN subject to other design parameters such as the topology, number of nodes, energy levels, source rates, reception power, etc. Our results show that the maximum information that can be extracted for a fixed amount of energy increases and that the minimum energy required outputting a fixed amount of information decreases as we reduce the fairness requirement in the network. We present these functions for a fixed network topology and observe that they exhibit sharp changes in gradient due to qualitative changes in optimal routes.
Composition of the endothelial glycocalyx and its relation to its thickness and diffusion of small solutes

The endothelial glycocalyx is well endowed with the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. The current studies aimed to assess the relative contributions of each of these GAGs to the thickness and permeability of the glycocalyx layer by direct enzymatic removal of each using micropipettes to infuse heparinase, chondroitinase and hyaluronidase into post-capillary venules of the intestinal mesentery of the rat. The relative losses of GAGs due to enzymatic removal were compared with stimulated shedding of glycans induced by superfusing the mesentery with 10(-)(7)M fMLP. Thickness of the glycocalyx was assessed by infiltration of the glycocalyx with circulating FITC labeled 70kDa dextran (Dx70) and measuring the distance from the dye front to the surface of the endothelium (EC), which averaged 463nm under control conditions. Reductions in thickness were 43.3%, 34.1% and 26.1% following heparinase, chondroitinase and hyaluronidase, respectively, and 89.7% with a mixture of all three enzymes. Diffusion coefficients of FITC in the glycocalyx were determined using a 1-D diffusion model. By comparison of measured transients in radial intensity of a bolus of FITC with that of a computational model a diffusion coefficient D was obtained. Values of D were obtained corresponding to the thickness of the layer demarcated by Dx70 (D(Dx70)), and a smaller sublayer 173nm above the EC surface (D(173)), prior to and following enzyme infusion and superfusion with fMLP. The magnitude of D(Dx70) was twice that of D(173) suggesting that the glycocalyx is more compact near the EC surface. Chondroitinase and hyaluronidase significantly increased both D(Dx70) and D(173). However, heparinase decreased D(Dx70), and did not induce any significant change for the D(173). These observations suggest that the three GAGs are not evenly distributed throughout the glycocalyx and that they each contribute to permeability of the glycocalyx to a differing extent. The fMLP-induced shedding caused a reduction in glycocalyx thickness (which may increase permeability) and as with heparinase, decreased the diffusion coefficient of solutes (which may decrease permeability). This behavior suggests that the removal of heparan sulfate may cause a collapse of the glycocalyx which counters decreases in thickness by compacting the layer to maintain a constant resistance to filtration.
Surface active phosphines for catalysis under two-phase reaction conditions. P(menthyl) [(CH2)8C6H4-p-SO3Na]2 and the hydroformylation of styrene

Abstract The novel optically active phosphine, bis(8-phenyloctyl) (Menth) phosphine, (Menth = 1R,3R,4S( - )menthyl) is synthesized and sulfonated under mild conditions to yield the corresponding sulfonated phosphine, disodium bis-(8-(para-sulfonatophenyl)octyl) (Menth) phosphine. The water soluble phosphine is used to generate an aqueous-methanol rhodium catalyst for the hydroformylation of styrene. The catalyst shows high catalytic activity, but virtually no optical induction. Normal to branch ratios for the hydroformylation of styrene are in the range 0.35 to 0.5. The catalytic data with TPPTS is given for comparison. TPPTS yields catalysts that are less active under two phase reaction conditions and slightly less selective for formation of 2-phenylpropanal.
The paradox of information and voter turnout

The most prominent explanation for the paradox of voter turnout is that citizens are willing to bear the cost of voting because they perceive a benefit (e.g., fulfilling a civic duty or expressing themselves) that is independent of the election outcome. However, a separate literature highlights the empirical importance of information for voter participation, and existing explanations for this are that uninformed citizens either expect smaller benefits from voting, or defer strategically to peers who know more. This paper simply points out that, while either of these theories offers a plausible explanation for the importance of information, neither is robust if the motivation for voting is unrelated to the election outcome. This is because citizens with positive net voting costs should abstain, no matter how well informed, while those with negative net voting costs should vote, no matter how poorly informed. Thus, the purported resolution to the turnout paradox raises a new paradox of information and voter turnout. Intuitively, the quality of a vote should matter only if the vote is somehow instrumental, suggesting that future work should continue to explore instrumental rationales for voting.
A Deconstructionist Critique of 'On Denoting' -- Introducing aNAND-Deconstruction

"On denoting" is a paradigmatic essay by Bertrand Russell and has been termed by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as "-the- paradigm of philosophy". This paper is intended to be a critique of Russell's theory in "On denoting". This critique, in essence, is this: because language is deployed in social contexts, dynamics of power, group dynamics and psychology are inherently tied into the use of language. Thus, what a phrase 'means' (the meaning M of phrase P) and 'denotes' (the denotation D of phrase P) are not just the literal sense of the phrase. It is also about who said what to whom and in what context, what was the power relation between the speaker(s) or communicator(s) and the person(s) being spoken to or communicated to. The intent of the communicator I, the context of the communication C, the technology of delivery of the communication T, the nonverbal communication accompanying the communication NV and the method of delivery MT are all variables that also determine the meaning M, not just the specific words used in the phrase P. Thus, M is a function not just of the set of words S in P. M is a function of I, C, T, NV and MT as well.
Scaling and Measurement: Multi-Item Scaled Measures In Sales Related Research

Marketing researchers, in general, have increased their usage of multi-item scaled measures dramatically in the past decade. This article relates a project that categorized and summarized the uses of these measures during the 1980's. It describes first some general findings vis-a-vis all areas of marketing research and then gives some highlights of sales related measures in specific. Finally, based on our observations during the course of the project we make some basic recommendations for the improvement of scale-measurement and reporting.
High-intensity exercise training increases vascular transport capacity of rat hindquarters

The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-intensity exercise training increases the vascular flow capacity and capillary exchange capacity in isolated rat hindquarters. One group of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent six bouts of alternating running (2.5 min) and recovery (4.5 min), 5 days/wk at 60 m/min on a 15% grade for 6-10 wk (high-intensity exercise training), while a second group of 20 rats was cage confined (sedentary controls). Experiments were conducted in isolated, maximally dilated (papaverine) hindquarters perfused with an artificial plasma consisting of a Tyrode's solution containing 5 g/100 ml albumin. Vascular flow capacity was evaluated by measuring perfusate flow rate at four different perfusion pressures. Capillary exchange capacity was evaluated by measuring the capillary filtration coefficient. The efficacy of training was demonstrated by significant increases in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the white vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles. Total hindquarter flow capacity was elevated 50-100% in the trained rats. This increased flow capacity was associated with an increase in the capillary filtration coefficient in the maximally vasodilated hindquarters, thus suggesting that the capillary exchange capacity was increased with high-speed exercise training. These results suggest that the vascular transport capacity in rat hindquarter muscles is significantly increased by high-intensity exercise training.
Geographic routing in vehicular ad hoc networks

Geographic routing has become a popular routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) because of its simplicity and low overhead. Recent research has recognized its applicability in vehicular mobile ad hoc networks (VANETs) without considering much the particular characteristics in such an environment. Characteristics unique to VANETs such as rapidly and dynamically changing network topology, road-constrained mobility, regular traffic pattern, ample power and storage, intermittent connectivity, and high signal interference from other communicating vehicles and obstacles motivate detailed study into the improvements and optimizations of the existing geographic routing to bring about its adoption in VANETs. To advance geographic routing in VANETs, the thesis first explains the choice of geographic routing amid numerous MANET routing protocols in VANETs. It then makes major contributions of improvements of geographic routing in light of VANETs' environmental characteristics. These improvements range from eliminating the overhead of planarization and the occurrence of cross-link induced routing loops to cutting the routing inefficiency of the routing's standard mode of operations. In addition, opportunistic forwarding was utilized to improve the packet delivery. Furthermore, geographic routing was made intelligent to avoid voids and expensive backtracking by using connectivity information obtained proactively in a peer-to-peer fashion. Delay tolerant techniques are also considered to counter intermittent connectivity. Building improvement on top of the other, the paper presents a fully integrated geographic routing solution suitable for vehicular ad hoc networks.
Particle Filter Methods for Space Object Tracking

An approach for space object tracking utilizing particle filters is presented. New methods are developed and used to construct a robust constrained admissible region given a set of angles-only measurements, which is then approximated by a finite mixture distribution. This probabilistic initial orbit solution is refined using subsequent measurements through a particle filter approach. A proposal density is constructed based on an approximate Bayesian update and samples, or particles, are drawn from this proposed probability density to assign and correct weights, which form the basis for a more accurate Bayesian update. A finite mixture distribution is then fit to these weighted samples to reinitialize the cycle. This approach is compared to methods that approximate all probability densities as finite mixtures and process them as such. Both approaches utilize recursive estimation based on Bayesian statistics, but the benefits of densely sampling the support probability based on incoming measurements is weighed against remaining solely within the finite mixture approximation and performing measurement corrections there.
The Institutionalization of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting

This article presents a three-stage model of how isomorphic mechanisms have shaped corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices over time. In the first stage, defensive reporting, companies fail to meet stakeholder expectations due to a deficiency in firm performance. In this stage, the decision to report is driven by coercive isomorphism as firms sense pressure to close the expectational gap. In the second stage, proactive reporting, knowledge of CSR reporting spreads and the practice of CSR reporting becomes normatively sanctioned. In this stage, normative isomorphism leads other organizations to look to CSR reporting as a potential new opportunity for achieving the firm’s goals. In the third stage, imitative diffusion, the defensive reporters together with the proactive reporters create a critical mass of CSR reporters that reaches a threshold at which the benefits of CSR reporting begin to outweigh any costs due to mimetic isomorphism. The study finds support for the model in an examinati...
Investigation of Shear-Stress Transport Turbulence Model for Turbomachinery Applications

This paper describes the implementation and validation of the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model in a turbomachinery flow simulation code. The SST model is a zonal two-equation turbulence model that is k-ω near the wall and transitions to a k-ǫ model away from the wall. It employs blending functions to take advantage of the superior performance of the k-ω model in the near wall regions and the freestream independence of the k-ǫ model in the farfield. Wall function boundary conditions are also implemented for the SST model. These SST formulations are validated against experimental data and compared to an existing low-Reynolds number k-ǫ model. Validation results are presented for channel flow between flat plate blades and flow over a circular cylinder. Single and four blade passage simulations are performed for NASA transonic compressor rotor, Rotor 35. Comparison of the rotor’s operational range and performance characteristics are presented.
Dynamic Coercivity and Thermal Decay of Magnetic Media

Thermally induced decay of longitudinally recorded magnetic transitions is measured on a spin-stand. The decay rate increases with increased linear density and decreases with increased media coercivity. A new spin-stand experimental technique has been developed which allows measurements of the time dependence of the media coercivity as a function of write times spanning short times characteristic of write times in drives to long times associated with VSM measurements. The ratio of long to short write time coercivity was larger for media which are thermally unstable.
Adhesion of an Elastomer Seal to Metal and its Mitigation with Atomic Oxygen Pretreatment

Silicone elastomer compounds are a reliable option for gas pressure seals used in space applications. Seals fabricated from these compounds effectively meet typical leak rate, compression force, and outgassing requirements. One negative characteristic of silicone elastomer compounds use in space applications, however, is their adhesive tendency. When configured in the face-seal orientation of a reusable docking seal, an elastomer seal needs to readily release from its mating counter-face. Elevated adhesion between a seal on one spacecraft and its counter-face on a mating spacecraft is unacceptable, as it may damage or remove the seal, cause an uneven release between the two vehicles, or prevent undocking from occurring altogether. To characterize the adhesion of a candidate docking seal, a subscale silicone elastomer seal assembly was evaluated at −50 ◦ C, 23 ◦ C, and 75 ◦ C. Tests showed that adhesion between the seal and its counter-face was greatest at −50 ◦ C, at an unacceptably high 1.4 kN. To investigate a potential mitigation technique, additional seal assemblies were exposed to different levels of atomic oxygen (AO) fluence, and then evaluated at −50 ◦ C for comparison to results from tests of the untreated assembly. AO pretreatment of 1.3×10 20 atoms/cm 2 showed a complete mitigation of adhesion. In addition, the durability of the surface pretreatment was verified by completing over 150 simulated docking-undocking cycles.
The Peasents from Xinjiang Personal Recogniztion and Commons to Farmer Specialized Cooperative—Based on the Survey of Northern Xinjiang Farmer Members

This study is the statistic analysis of the recognition and satisfaction of the Northern Xinjiang peasents based on a survey.The result indicated that increasing income was the main purpose of the peasents' life. 80% peasents expected to increase income through joining the cooperation; 80% peasents were satistified with their cooperations, but 10% peasents were negative with their cooperations.The peasents' satisfaction was based on the cooperation perticular services which was kind of the more services, the higher for the satisfaction commons. Peasents chose animal feeding technique, financial load and government financial support choices as the three most expected desired lists.
Reminders through Association

People often fail to follow through on good intentions. While limited self-control is frequently the culprit, another cause is simply forgetting to enact intentions when opportunities arise. We introduce a novel, potent approach to facilitating follow-through: the reminders-through-association approach. This approach involves associating intentions (e.g., to mail a letter on your desk tomorrow) with distinctive cues that will capture attention when you have opportunities to act on those intentions (e.g., Valentine's Day flowers that arrived late yesterday, which are sitting on your desk). We showed that cue-based reminders are more potent when the cues they employ are distinctive relative to (a) other regularly encountered stimuli and (b) other stimuli encountered concurrently. Further, they can be more effective than written or electronic reminder messages, and they are undervalued and underused. The reminders-through-association approach, developed by integrating and expanding on past research on self-control, reminders, and prospective memory, can be a powerful tool for policymakers and individuals.
Finding Clocks in Genes: A Bayesian Approach to Estimate Periodicity

Identification of rhythmic gene expression from metabolic cycles to circadian rhythms is crucial for understanding the gene regulatory networks and functions of these biological processes. Recently, two algorithms, JTK_CYCLE and ARSER, have been developed to estimate periodicity of rhythmic gene expression. JTK_CYCLE performs well for long or less noisy time series, while ARSER performs well for detecting a single rhythmic category. However, observing gene expression at high temporal resolution is not always feasible, and many scientists are interested in exploring both ultradian and circadian rhythmic categories simultaneously. In this paper, a new algorithm, named autoregressive Bayesian spectral regression (ABSR), is proposed. It estimates the period of time-course experimental data and classifies gene expression profiles into multiple rhythmic categories simultaneously. Through the simulation studies, it is shown that ABSR substantially improves the accuracy of periodicity estimation and clustering of rhythmic categories as compared to JTK_CYCLE and ARSER for the data with low temporal resolution. Moreover, ABSR is insensitive to rhythmic patterns. This new scheme is applied to existing time-course mouse liver data to estimate period of rhythms and classify the genes into ultradian, circadian, and arrhythmic categories. It is observed that 49.2% of the circadian profiles detected by JTK_CYCLE with 1-hour resolution are also detected by ABSR with only 4-hour resolution.
Pathogen-host standoff: immunity to polyomavirus infection and neoplasia.

Polyomaviruses establish persistent infection in a variety of hosts, including humans, where they pose an oncogenic threat under conditions of depressed immune function. Control of persistent infection by these DNA tumor viruses requires continuous immunosurveillance by functionally competent antiviral CD8+ T cells. Repetitive antigen encounter by these T cells, however, often leads to their deletion or inactivation. Elucidation of the in vivo mechanisms that sustain antigen-specific CD8+T-cell effector activity in the face of persistent antigen is essential for devising immunotherapeutic strategies against viral oncogenesis.