cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Revised Handbook about the GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services for International Bar Association Member Bars

The Revised GATS Handbook updates the Handbook that was published ten years ago by the International Bar Association (IBA). The goal of the revised Handbook is to enable IBA Member Bars to understand their jurisdiction’s current GATS obligations and to enable them to meaningfully engage with each other and with their government representatives regarding the current GATS negotiations that are taking place under the auspices of the World Trade Organization. The IBA’s Revised GATS Handbook reviews the substantive provisions of the GATS; explains how these GATS substantive provisions apply in the context of legal services; sets forth some of the developments that have occurred since the adoption of the GATS and their relevance to legal services; and identifies where the debates have occurred with respect to legal services. It also reviews the actions the IBA has undertaken with respect to the GATS and discusses the rise in bilateral and regional trade agreements that include legal services. The Handbook is designed to provide the “big picture” information necessary for bar leaders who want to understand the significance of the GATS. But it is also designed to provide, as simply and as clearly as possible, the information and detail that every IBA Member Bar likely will need to know in order to respond to both technical and policy questions that Bars may be asked by their governments, including questions such as the bar’s position about whether legal services should be included in its country’s Schedule of Specific Commitments; whether any changes should be made to the way in which the country has "scheduled" legal services, including any market access or national treatment limitations for Modes 1-4; the classification system that should be used for new or revised legal services offers in the Doha Round of negotiations; and the bar’s position regarding the proposed Disciplines on Domestic Regulation and whether they should be applied to the legal profession in the bar’s country.
Economic Analysis of Software Technology Investments

Many large organizations are finding that: Software technology is increasingly critical to their future organizational performance. Organizational expenditures on software are increasing. Investments in software technology provide opportunities to reduce software costs and increase organizational performance.
Elliptic and Parabolic Partial Differential Equations and Their Relations to Stochastic Differential Equations

This chapter presents elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations and discusses their relations to stochastic differential equations. It describes the square root of a non-negative definite matrix. The maximum principles for elliptic equations and parabolic equations are presented. The density function of the transition probability function is called the transition density function. The chapter presents the Cauchy problem and fundamental solutions for parabolic equations. It also presents a stochastic representation of solutions of partial differential equations.
Global perspectives on wife beating and health care

It is now globally recognized that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious problem worldwide with detrimental effects on women’s mental and physical health1,2,3. This has not always been the case. It was not until 1985 that intimate partner violence along with other forms of interpersonal violence was officially designated as a public health problem by the Surgeon General in the United States and not until 1993 that violence against women was recognized as a human rights violation by the United Nations. Finally, in 1996, the World Health Organization officially addressed domestic violence and other forms of violence against women as a serious health problem for women. This paper will present a framework for addressing IPV as a health issue, summarize what is known about the prevalence of domestic violence worldwide, explicate the extent and nature of resulting physical and mental health effects of IPV, and make recommendations for improving the health care response to decrease this problem.
Stories Untold: Counter-Narratives to Anti-Blackness and Deficit-Oriented Discourse Concerning HBCUs:

Although there is empirical evidence concerning the value of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), broader narratives about these institutions too often overemphasize challenges and...
The role of close others in promoting weight management and body image outcomes: An application of confirmation, self-determination, social control, and social support:

Four theoretical perspectives grounded this examination of mothers’, romantic partners’, and friends’ interpersonal communication behaviors related to young women’s weight management behaviors and ...
Evaluation and Management of Preaxial Polydactyly

To provide a current review of the embryology, classification, evaluation, surgical management, and clinical outcomes related to preaxial polydactyly. Recent studies include a proposed embryologic link between preaxial polydactyly and other congenital abnormalities, an evaluation of long-term postsurgical outcomes, and an examination of important predictors for postsurgical outcomes. Preaxial polydactyly, while relatively uncommon, is a complex congenital hand abnormality that requires careful preoperative classification and proper surgical intervention timing to yield optimal outcomes.
Assessing tradeoffs of strategies for urban water conservation and fit for purpose water

Abstract Improved understanding of the effects of strategies that reduce demand for traditional water supplies (i.e. conservation and reuse) is important to foster the transition toward resilient municipal water supply systems. This study assesses water demand and cost tradeoffs among strategies in three U.S. cities; Denver, CO; Miami, FL; and Tucson, AZ. A comprehensive set of strategies to reduce demand for traditional supplies were evaluated individually and in combination, including: indoor conservation fixtures, irrigation efficiency, climate appropriate landscape, and use of alternate water sources (i.e. graywater, wastewater, stormwater, and roof runoff). The Integrated Urban Water Model (IUWM) is reconciled with the NSGA II multiobjective optimization approach to explore tradeoffs and to identify optimal solutions. Results demonstrate differences in the set of optimal water demand reduction strategies across the three study cities due to unique differences in climate, land development patterns, and water use behaviors. Efficient irrigation systems were highly effective across the study cities when considering cost and demand reduction tradeoffs. Stormwater use has large potential for demand reduction even in arid regions, but is a very costly strategy. When alternate water sources are considered, wastewater use for irrigation and graywater use for toilet flushing at the multi-residential scale offer benefits for achieving a balance between cost and demand for traditional supplies.
Restitution in Texas: Civil Liability for Unjust Enrichment

The Texas Supreme Court must clarify the law of restitution. The law of restitution regulates a major area of litigation in Texas and suffers from a significant degree of confusion. The Texas Supreme Court has adopted the modern view of restitution, but its rulings lack the detailed guidance needed by lower courts. The Texas Supreme Court should establish an independent and generally applicable cause of action for unjust enrichment, describe clearly the elements of that cause of action, and lend its authority to the modern terms that describe the law of restitution. The Texas Supreme Court’s rulings on restitution describe a generally applicable cause of action aimed at preventing unjust enrichment. This cause of action supports both equitable and common law remedies in restitution. The quasi-contract cause of action identified by some lower Texas courts cannot, without stumbling over its own history, authorize equitable restitution. The Texas Supreme Court rulings also tend to label unjust enrichment as a general cause of action that is independent of tort or contract claims. The Texas Supreme Court’s actions have created a foundation for clarification of its unjust enrichment cause of action. That clarification should begin with an authoritative statement describing the elements of the cause of action and the breadth of its application. Those steps by the Texas Supreme Court will necessarily diminish the significance of the confusing terms concerning unjust enrichment. Texas courts do not need the linguistic cover provided by quasi-contract terminology, and the law is better served by allowing judges and litigants to confront the problem of unjust enrichment directly.
Attentional control may be modifiable with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicide.

Abstract Objective To test whether Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicide (MBCT-S) is associated with improvement in attentional control, an objective marker of suicide attempt. Method In the context of a randomized clinical trial targeting suicide risk in Veterans, computerized Stroop and emotion Stroop (E-Stroop) tasks were administered 3 times over 6-months follow-up to 135 high suicide risk Veterans. Seventy were randomized to receive MBCT-S in addition to enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU), and 65 were randomized to eTAU only. E-Stroop word types included positively- and negatively-valenced emotion, suicide, and combat-related words. Interference scores and mixed effects linear regression analyses were used. Results Veterans receiving MBCT-S showed a more favorable trajectory of attentional control over time, as indicated by performance on two E-Stroop tasks. Combat-stress interference scores improved over time among Veterans in MBCT-S. Interference processing time for negative affective words deteriorated over time among Veterans receiving eTAU only. Conclusions MBCT-S may effectively target attentional control, and in particular reduce processing time during affective interference, in high suicide risk Veterans. Future studies to replicate these findings are warranted.
Comparison of Nested Models for Multiply Imputed Data

The multiple imputation (MI) is one of the most popular and efficient methods to deal with missing data. For MI, the estimated parameters from imputed data sets are combined based on the Rubin’s rule; however, there are no general suggestions on how to combine the log-likelihood functions. The log-likelihood is a key component for model fit statistics. This study compares different ways to combine likelihood functions when MI is used for hierarchically nested models. Specifically, three ways for pooling likelihoods and four weights for combined log-likelihood value suggested by Kientoff are compared. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the performance of these methods under six conditions, such as different sample sizes, different missing rates, and different numbers of parameters. We imputed missing data using the multiple imputation by chained equations for MI.
A Developmental Genetic Approach to the Analysis of Aging Processes

The biological processes collectively called aging are being dissected in our laboratory using classic genetic analyses akin to those used in the dissection of other fundamental biological processes, e.g., development or metabolism (Botstein and Mauer, 1982). Many pitfalls are inherent in the genetic analysis of components of fitness; many result from effects of inbreeding (Lints, 1978; Rose, 1984). These inbreeding effects have been avoided by the use of the small free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The hermaphroditic life-style of this animal facilitates the analysis of life span and senescence by permitting the direct isolation and genetic analysis of long-lived mutants and recombinant inbred (RI) lines without complications resulting from inbreeding problems (Johnson and Wood, 1982; T. E. Johnson, submitted for publication). Both approaches to obtaining long-lived genotypes have been used effectively in the analysis of the aging processes of C. elegans and the reader will find a brief summary of results below.
Meta-analysis: Econometric Advances and New Perspectives Toward Data Synthesis and Robustness

This chapter outlines statistical and econometric procedures that can be applied to the analysis of meta-data . Particular attention is paid to ensuring robustness of the insights from a meta-regression . Specific detail is paid to the fine econometric details to sharpen the insights of practitioners when deciding which tools to use for a meta-analysis for literature assessment of policy prescriptions.
Western Europeans, Health of

The health of Western Europeans is associated with a complex network of factors. Rates of mortality, morbidity, and disability are highest among the lowest socioeconomic groups. Also chronic disease is on the rise in Western Europe, due in part to poor health behaviors. Contributing risk factors include tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, poor diet, sedentary lifestyles, and unsafe sexual behavior. Efforts have been made to improve motor vehicle driver education to reduce mortality rate in young individuals, and to reduce maternal smoking. Keywords: Europe; health; public health
Calorimetry of some trypsin-trypsin inhibitor reactions.

The heats of reaction of trypsin with soybean (Kunitz), ovomucoid, and lima bean inhibitors have been measured at pH 5.0 and 10° and 25°. All the reactions were endothermic, with ΔH ranging from 8.6 Cal per mole for the lima bean inhibitor to 15.3 Cal per mole for the soybean inhibitor. Equilibrium constants for the association were calculated from the dependence of residual tryptic activity upon added inhibitor. Free energy changes ranged from -9.8 to -12.7 Cal per mole, and ΔS varied from 48 to 79 cal per mole degree. The change in heat capacity, calculated from (ΔH298 - ΔH283)/15, varied from -263 to -442 cal per mole degree. The reactions are in general characterized by large negative ΔG°, moderate positive ΔH, large positive ΔS, and moderately large -ΔCp. The thermodynamic quantities for conversion of native soybean inhibitor to its state in which the arg 64-ile 65 peptide bond is cleaved were calculated as ΔG°298 = -1400 cal per mole, ΔH298 = -4040 cal per mole, ΔS298 = -8.8 cal per mole degree, and ΔCp = -55 cal per mole degree. The results for complex formation and for conversion of native soybean inhibitor to its hydrolyzed form are thought to indicate that interactions other than those directly involved in changes in covalent bonding are thermodynamically significant.
Gravity modeling of Mars and Venus at NASA/GSFC

The increasing accuracy requirements needed for the determination of the orbits of planetary spacecraft such as Mars Observer and Magellan has led to the development of improved high resolution gravity models of Mars and Venus in the Space Geodesy Branch at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This paper will review the latest results obtained from these research efforts and preview new developments anticipated in the future.
New Intercalation Compounds of Conjugated Polymers. Encapsulation of Polyaniline in MoS2

The insertion of conjugated polymers in layered host materials and other structurally organized environments is a topic of considerable interest because the resulting organic/inorganic nanostructures can possess novel electrical, structural, and mechanical properties. Such systems can potentially show hybrid properties synergistically derived from both the host and the guest. The authors have reported that the redox intercalative polymerization (RIP) of pyrrole, thophene, and aniline to the corresponding conjugated polymers in V[sub 2]O[sub 5][center dot]nH[sub 2]O and FeOCl produces well-ordered compounds with enhanced electrical properties. This process works only with suitably oxidizing hosts and can be applied to other hosts to the extent that they can accept electrons at a low enough potential. Therefore, non-oxidizing hosts are not suitable for RIP. To broaden the scope of these new hybrid materials to other layered systems, one must use other synthetic methodologies for introducing polymers in non-oxidizing hosts. Here, the authors report the encapsulation of polyaniline (PANI) in MoS[sub 2], giving rise to a novel nanoscale molecular composite with unusual charge-transport properties. Transition-metal dichalcogenides have been extensively investigated for their interesting electrical properties and their application as cathode materials for rechargeable high-energy-density lithium batteries. 12 refs., 2 figs.
Studies on protein multimers. VII. Stabilization of E. coli beta-galactosidase by a 260-nm absorbing compound in crude preparations.

Abstract The properties of crude β-galactosidase preparations from E. coli ML308 have been compared with those of purified samples. With purification the 280 260 - nm absorbance ratio rises and the enzyme becomes less stable to heat denaturation. A small molecular-weight ligand, responsible for the nonprotein 260-nm absorbance, has been isolated. When added to purified enzyme there occurs a rise in specific activity and an increase in heat stability.
Thermal modeling of metal oxides for highly scaled nanoscale RRAM

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is a promising candidate for future non-volatile memory applications due to its potential for performance, scalability and compatibility with CMOS processing. The switching in the RRAM cell occurs via formation of conductive filaments composed of sub-stoichiometric oxide (SSO). In this work, we model thermal conduction in a pair of neighboring memory cells, taking into account more detailed phonon scattering effects in the SSO than previously considered. We find that for devices scaled below 10 nm in bit spacing, the neighboring filament temperature can increase significantly even when only the phononic heat conduction is considered. This increase is underestimated if using the previous state-of-the-art model of thermal conductivity of SSO, i.e. linear interpolation between metal and stoichiometric oxide thermal conductivity.
The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits: A NONLINEAR HISTORY OF RADIO

INTRODUCTION Integrated circuit engineers have the luxury of taking for granted that the incremental cost of a transistor is essentially zero, and this has led to the high-device-count circuits that are common today. Of course, this situation is a relatively recent development; during most of the history of electronics, the economics of circuit design were the inverse of what they are today. It really wasn't all that long ago when an engineer was forced by the relatively high cost of active devices to try to get blood (or at least rectification) from a stone. And it is indeed remarkable just how much performance radio pioneers were able to squeeze out of just a handful of components. For example, we'll see how American radio genius Edwin Armstrong devised circuits in the early 1920s that trade log of gain for bandwidth, contrary to the conventional wisdom that gain and bandwidth should trade off more or less directly. And we'll see that at the same time Armstrong was developing those circuits, self-taught Soviet radio engineer Oleg Losev was experimenting with blue LEDs and constructing completely solid-state radios that functioned up to 5 MHz, a quarter century before the transistor was invented. These fascinating stories are rarely told because they tend to fall into the cracks between history and engineering curricula. Somebody ought to tell these stories, though, since in so doing, many commonly asked questions (“why don't they do it this way?”) are answered.
Sputtered germanium/silicon devices for photonics applications

We report on the ongoing investigation of magnetron sputtered germanium on silicon for photonics applications. Direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering has been used to deposit germanium layers on silicon at low growth temperatures and medium range vacuum levels. Standard photolithography has been used to make germanium photodetectors for the 1550 nm wavelength range. Electrical characterization, more specifically current-voltage measurements indicate that the devices function as intended. Sputtered silicon waveguides have also been fabricated and evaluated for possible applications in photonics integration. The sputtering-based developments in our present research are expected to provide for a flexible and economically viable manufacturing process for such devices.
Contract Law and the State of Nature

If a covenant be made, wherein neither of the parties perform presently, but trust one another; in the condition of mere nature, which is a condition of war of every man against every man, upon any reasonable suspicion, it is void: but if there be a common power set over them both, with right and force sufficient to compel performance, it is not void. For he that performeth first, has no assurance the other will perform after; because the bonds of words are too weak to bridle men's ambition, avarice, anger, and other passions, without the fear of some coercive power; which in the condition of mere nature, where all men are equal, and judges of the justness of their own fears, cannot possibly be supposed. And therefore he which performeth first, does but betray himself to his enemy; contrary to the right, he can never abandon, of defending his life, and means of living. -Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
Manson's point: A facial landmark to identify the facial artery

Summary Introduction The anatomy of the facial artery, its tortuosity, and branch patterns are well documented. To date, a reliable method of identifying the facial artery, based on surface landmarks, has not been described. The purpose of this study is to characterize the relationship of the facial artery with several facial topographic landmarks, and to identify a location where the facial artery could predictably be identified. Methods Following institutional review board approval, 20 hemifacial dissections on 10 cadaveric heads were performed. Distances from the facial artery to the oral commissure, mandibular angle, lateral canthus, and Manson's point were measured. Distances were measured and confirmed clinically using Doppler examination in 20 hemifaces of 10 healthy volunteers. Results Manson's point identifies the facial artery with 100% accuracy and precision, within a 3 mm radius in both cadaveric specimens and living human subjects. Cadaveric measurements demonstrated that the facial artery is located 19 mm ± 5.5 from the oral commissure, 31 mm ± 6.8 from the mandibular angle, 92 mm ± 8.0 from the lateral canthus. Doppler examination on healthy volunteers (5 male, 5 female) demonstrated measurements of 18 mm ± 4.0, 50 mm ± 6.4, and 79 mm ± 8.2, respectively. Conclusions The identification of the facial artery is critical for the craniofacial surgeon in order to avoid inadvertent injury, plan for local flaps, and in preparation of a recipient vessel for free tissue microvascular reconstruction. Manson's point can aid the surgeon in consistently indentifying the facial artery.
The management of aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas--does adrenalectomy increase costs?

Background Most experts agree that primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) caused by an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) is best treated by adrenalectomy. From a public health standpoint, the cost of treatment must be considered. We sought to compare the current guideline-based (surgical) strategy with universal pharmacologic management to determine the optimal strategy from a cost perspective. Methods A decision analysis was performed using a Markov state transition model comparing the strategies for PHA treatment. Pharmacologic management for all patients with PHA was compared with a strategy of screening for and resecting an aldosterone-producing adenoma. Success rates were determined for treatment outcomes based on a literature review. Medicare reimbursement rates were calculated to estimate costs from a third-party payer perspective. Results Screening for and resecting APAs was the least costly strategy in this model. For a reference patient with 41 remaining years of life, the discounted expected cost of the surgical strategy was $27,821. The discounted expected cost of the medical strategy was $34,691. The cost of adrenalectomy would have to increase by 156% to $22,525 from $8,784 for universal pharmacologic therapy to be less costly. Screening for APA is more costly if fewer than 9.6% of PHA patients have resectable APA. Conclusion Resection of APAs was the least costly treatment strategy in this decision analysis model.
A Simple Instructional Experiment on Unsteady Heat Conduction That Quantifies the Existing Competition between Natural Convection and Radiation

The goal of this paper was to examine the unsteady cooling of a hot small sphere that was suspended from the ceiling of a large room by a wire. Theoretical analyses and experimental observations have demonstrated that the magnitudes of the convective heat transfer coefficients in natural convective air flows around bodies are small. In all likelihood, equivalent radiative transfer coefficients have comparable magnitudes, particularly if a metallic surface is nearly black, to deliver a high value of the total hemispherical emissivity of the surface of a body. Adopting the lumped model, the variations of temperature with time were estimated based on two mechanisms: (a) nonlinear natural convection, (b) surface radiation, and (c) nonlinear natural convection coupled with surface radiation. Employing an initial temperature of 550 C, the temperature evolution of the sphere was predicted analytically and numerically and also measured experimentally. The experimental temperature versus time data gathered have co...
Subsistence and Food Sharing in Northern Siberia: Social and Nutritional Ecology of the Dolgan and the Nganasan

Traditional foraging activities and extensive food sharing are critical to the contemporary nutritional well-being of Dolgan and Nganasan people in the Taimyr Region, Russia. Despite recent economic transformations geared toward free-market capitalism in the post-socialist era, since 1991, a native communal resource-management regime has developed. This article outlines the social and nutritional significance of subsistence and food sharing within a remote indigenous community in Arctic Siberia. Empirical data on procurement processes and relationships, along with data on food distributions and rationales, are discussed. These data are relevant to questions about food sharing and its significance in hunting-and-gathering economies and the evolution of human sociality.
Cultures in conflict—a generic and axiological view

Government and poll data released in 1971 and late 1972 suggest that the nation remains culturally divided. Speech communication scholars have broadened the scope of rhetoric in order to more adequately describe, interpret, and evaluate this intensely moral or ethical conflict. The central purpose of this essay is to identify the different assumptions regarding decision‐making systems, interaction, and goals between the establishment and the counter culture which make the rhetorical conflicts so profound and inevitable. Generic and axiological methods are useful critical research tools for such an effort. The generic approach provides the foundation for viewing the establishment and the counter culture as distinct rhetorical genres. The axiological perspective distinguishes the major economic, political, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and philosophic value judgments used as premises for persuasion by each culture. Ultimately, a dialectic, rather than consensus, model would appear to be the most useful way ...
Two-section gain-coupled DFB lasers for high-speed optical communication systems

The two-section gain-coupled DFB laser can be designed to exhibit self pulsing. The self-pulsing dynamics have been exploited to demonstrate a variety of application in high-speed optical communication systems, including wavelength and polarization-independent all-optical clock recovery up to 100 Gb/s and conversion from the NRZ or RZ format to CSRZ format.
Metaphorical images of life in young and middle adulthood: an exploration

ABSTRACT We studied the metaphorical images held by educated, young to middle-aged respondents in the U.S., Canada, and China for the concepts of “life,” “being a child,” “school,” “being a teacher,” and “the universe.” Both structured format and open format responses were found to show a reasonable level of stability over a period of 1 to 2½ months. Whereas the open format predictably revealed more diverse responses than the structured format, two or three central images were readily discernible in both cases for each of the principal concepts under consideration. The specific themes appeared to be open to variations as a result of the respondent's sociocultural, cohort, and individualistic life contexts. The findings suggest that further inquiries may be able to identify prevailing metaphors and unravel their hidden yet powerful influence on human reasoning, feeling, and action.
Iodination of myofibrils and myosin

The relative reactivity of the tyrosine side chains in the proteins of skeletal muscle myofibrils was determined using iodination techniques. The destruction of ATPase activity of myofibrils and myosin by lactoperoxidase and chloramine-T iodination could be prevented by the attachment of cysteamine to the sulphydryl groups prior to the iodination reaction and subsequent regeneration with thioglycolate or dithiothreitol. Iodination using 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha, 6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril did not require cysteamine treatment for retention of full enzymatic activity. The specific activity of the different proteins varied markedly with desmin, troponin-T, and tropomyosin having the highest labelling with all three iodination procedures. In contrast the myosin light chains had low specific activity when labelled in myofibrils or intact myosin. The isolated light chains, however, were much more highly iodinated. It appears that iodination may be a useful technique for examining protein-protein interactions in the myofibril.
HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN OLDER MEN WITHOUT PROSTATE CANCER

AbstractPurpose: We measured health related quality of life in a population of normal older men for use as controls in studies of older men treated for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A statistically valid, population based sample of older men without prostate cancer completed a validated quality of life questionnaire that addressed impairment in the physical, mental, urinary, bowel and sexual domains. General and disease targeted health related quality of life was measured by the RAND 36-Item Health Survey and University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index, respectively.Results: Overall approximately a third of normal older men reported some degree of urinary leakage, while a third claimed some degree of rectal dysfunction and almost two-thirds acknowledged significant difficulty with erection.Conclusions: Older men in a randomly selected, population based sample do not have perfectly normal urinary continence, bowel function or sexual potency. By collecting data before treatment and ...
Ptosis associated with sinusitis

An adolescent male developed eye pain and a drooping lid. Imaging revealed adjacent pansinusitis and a swollen levator palpebrae and superior rectus muscle. Compression of a branch of the oculomotor nerve is the postulated cause because vertical eye movements were normal.
EXPERIMENTAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS BASED ON THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FEEDING, FLORA AND DYSMOTILITY ♦ 506

EXPERIMENTAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS BASED ON THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FEEDING, FLORA AND DYSMOTILITY ♦ 506
The morphology of fibers from deformed polymer crystals

Electron diffraction and microscopy have been used to investigate the fine structure of fibrils pulled from deformed polyethylene and polyoxymethylene crystals. Since on annealing close to the melting point the striations developed transverse to the fibril axis are thought to be folded chain lamellae, we looked for evidence whereby folds could be detected prior to annealing. In addition to striations observed by allowing iodine vapors to diffuse into polyethylene fibrils, and by dark-field observation, both reported earlier, we found (1) similar striations in polyoxymethylene by exposure to phosphotungstic acid, and (2) the presence of some monoclinic phase remaining in polyethylene from initial stages of deformation of orthorhombic folded chain crystals. It is suggested that blocks less than 200 A. long of the original crystals break off during deformation. On annealing, tie molecules and some unfolded chains relax and are incorporated into the blocks. The striation periodicity increases with annealing temperature and decreases with molecular weight. Little annealing time dependence is found. The periodicity was independent of draw temperature between 40 and 160°C. in polyoxymethylene indicating that folded chain lamellae could not be formed during deformation.
Functional significance of preserved affect recognition in schizophrenia.

Abstract Affect recognition (AR) is a core component of social information processing; thus, it may be critical to understanding social behavior and functioning in broader aspects of daily living. Deficits in AR are well documented in schizophrenia, but there is also evidence that many individuals with schizophrenia perform AR tasks at near-normal levels. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the functional significance of AR deficits in schizophrenia by comparing subgroups with normal-range and impaired AR performance on proxy and interviewer-rated measures of real-world functioning. Schizophrenia outpatients were classified as normal-range (N = 17) and impaired (N = 31) based on a logistic cut point in the sample distribution of Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task (BLERT) scores, referenced to a normative sample of healthy control subjects (N = 56). The derived schizophrenia subgroups were then compared on proxy [University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skill Assessment (UPSA), Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA), Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA)] and interviewer-rated [Quality of Life Scale (QLS), Independent Living Skills Survey (ILSS)] measures of functioning, as well as a battery of neurocognitive tests. Initial analyses indicated superior MMAA and QLS performance in the near-normal AR subgroup. Covariate analyses indicated that group differences in neurocognition fully mediated the observed associations between AR and MMAA, and attenuated the observed relationships between AR classification and QLS. These results support three main conclusions. First, AR, like many other domains of psychopathology studied in schizophrenia, is preserved in select subgroups. Second, there is a positive relationship between AR performance and functional outcome measures. Third, neurocognition appears to mediate the relationship between AR and measures of functioning.
Renormalization group study of the standard model and its extensions: The minimal supersymmetric standard model

In this paper we summarize the minimal supersymmetric standard model as well as the renormalization group equations of its parameters. We proceed to examine the feasibility of the model when the breaking of supersymmetry is parametrized by the soft terms suggested by supergravity theories. In such models, the electroweak symmetry is exact at the tree level and is broken spontaneously at one-loop order. We make the additional assumption that the GUT-inspired relation ${m}_{b}={m}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ be valid at the scale where the gauge coupling constants unify, which constrains the value of the top quark mass. For all types of soft breaking terms expected in supergravity theories, we present the results of numerical runs which yield electroweak breaking at the required scale. These yield not only the allowed ranges for the soft supersymmetry breaking parameters, but also the value of the supersymmetric partners' masses. Taking ${m}_{b}={m}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ at the unification scale, ${m}_{b}=4.9$ GeV, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}({M}_{Z})=0.118$, we find that for models in which global supersymmetry breaking arises solely from soft gaugino masses and bilinear mixing between the two Higgs scalars the top quark mass can be no lighter than \ensuremath{\sim} 180 GeV.
Electrochemical Stability of Carbon Fibers Compared to Aluminum as Current Collectors for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The electrochemical behaviors of highly conductive, fully-graphitic, semi-graphitic and non-graphitic carbon fibers were studied as the cathode current collectors of lithium batteries in standard electrolyte (alkyl carbonate/LiPF6) solutions and compared to bare aluminum (Al). All of these current collectors demonstrate a stable electrochemical behavior within the potential range of 2.5 to 5 V, due to passivation by surface films. Carbon fibers have comparable electrochemical stability of Al and may be used in place Al foil. While the carbon fibers do not contribute any irreversible or extra capacity when they are cycled below 4.5 V, for fully-graphitic and semi-graphitic fibers PF6 intercalation and deintercalation into the carbon fiber may occur when they are cycled at high potentials >4.5 V.
The scientific approach to teaching: research as a basis for course design

Discussions of teaching - even some publications - abound with anecdotal evidence. Our intuition often supplants a systematic, scientific approach to finding out what works and what doesn't work. Yet, research is increasingly demonstrating that our gut feelings about teaching are often wrong. In this talk I will discuss some research my group has done on gender issues in science courses and on the effectiveness of classroom demonstrations.
31. Positive thyroid peroxidase antibody titer is associated with dysphoric moods during pregnancy and throughout the postpartum

Positive thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) titers during pregnancy predict development of autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis (PPT). Some studies have noted a relationship between TPO titers and postpartum depression. No studies have examined general dysphoric moods in TPO positive women during pregnancy and the postpartum. Pregnant women (N = 631) were screened for TPO antibodies. There were 63 euthyroid TPO positive women. A comparison group of TPO negative women (N = 72) was randomly selected. All women were visited monthly for 6 months by a research nurse blinded to TPO status. A blood sample was obtained and a targeted physical exam was done. Women completed a thyroid symptom checklist, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Profile of Mood States. The blood was tested at each visit for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels for all TPO positive women and any TPO negative women with enlarged thyroid glands or positive symptoms. Pregnant TPO positive women had statistically significant higher depressive symptoms and more clinical depression than TPO negative women. There was significantly higher depression, anger, and total mood disturbance scores throughout the postpartum for TPO positive women compared to TPO negative women. This occurred regardless of development of PPT. The study suggests that TPO autoantibodies alone, in pregnant and postpartum women increases the possibility of negative dysphoric mood states, especially depressive symptoms. These moods cannot be explained by stress or demographic factors.
Z-Dependence of the Cross Section for Photocapture by Nuclei

The number of neutrons evaporated by nuclei excited by $\mathrm{Li}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})$ photons is calculated along the compound nucleus formalism. It is found, for light nuclei, to be very small and to exhibit an odd-even alternation. From experimental cross sections for photoneutron production at 17 Mev, the cross section for photocapture by nuclei is deduced, and is found to be proportional to $Z$ within 25 percent. Material is presented for the application of the compound nucleus formalism to light nuclei, in particular a formula for the density of levels.
A spin polaron model of high-Tc superconductivity

Abstract Spin-polaron model has been studies as a basis for high- T c superconductivity. Parameterized antiferromagnetic band calculations for a CuO 2 plane show how a Mott-Hubbard (M-H) gap opens as a consequence of an electron repulsion energy U at the Cu sites. The parameters are chosen to give good agreement with measured density of states and the magnetic moment per Cu site. Variation of the hole concentration by Sr doping in La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 and O depletion in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x moves the Fermi level relative to the M-H band edge. The holes induce spin deviations on the neighboring Cu sites to form small spin polarons, with effective masses several times the band masses. Two spin polarons have an attractive interaction because the spin deviations are partially “healed” when the polarons approach one another. The proximity of the Fermi level to the M-H band edge and the interplay of O 2pσ and 2pπ bands can provide fits to the variations of T c with x in La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x . A discussion of various aspects and implications of the model is given.
Editorial: What is in a Name? A Proposal to Use Geomycosis Instead of White Nose Syndrome (WNS) to Describe Bat Infection Caused by Geomyces Destructans

In 2006, a mysterious condition was first observed in hibernating bats near Albany, NY, US [1]. The affected animals and carcasses displayed a prominent cotton-like growth around the nostrils, which came to be colloquially termed White Nose Syndrome (WNS). Subsequent studies indicated that the cottony appearance was due to fungal growth. The extensive fungal colonization of bat skin and hair, characteristic histopathological appearance, and exclusive presence of a specific fungal DNA in the animals’ tissues led to the discovery of the causal agent—a newly described species called Geomyces destructans [2–6]. Subsequent studies revealed that this condition has caused the deaths of nearly a million bats in the Northeast and it has rapidly spread to other parts of the country [7]. Unfortunately, the prognosis for bats remains poor at present. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has decided to impose extreme measures, such as barring human access to the caves and the mines where bats live, in an attempt to stop further spread of this disease (http:// www.fws.gov/whitenosesyndrome/pdf/NWRS_WNS_ Guidance_Final1.pdf). Recently, G. destructans growth was reported on bats from many European countries, but the associated morbidity or mortality seen in the US bats was absent from the European animals [8, 9]. Thus, G. destructans causes both colonization and invasive infections in Chiroptera. The underlying mechanisms causing such a wide spectrum of host– pathogen interactions still remain unknown. Bats afflicted with WNS have many symptoms, such as, emaciation, epidermal erosion and ulcers, and extensive wing damage [4, 10]. Accordingly, this disease can be confirmed by the morphological appearance of the fungus on any part of the body, histopathology of affected tissues with demonstration of hyphae–conidia, or demonstration of G. destructans by PCR–nucleotide sequencing [3, 4, 6, 11]. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that WNS is neither an exclusive presentation nor an all-encompassing description of G. destructans infections in bats. The continued use of this terminology to describe bat disease carries the risk of undue focus on one symptom of what is likely to be a complex host– pathogen interaction. In the fungal kingdom, Geomyces destructans has the closest affinity with Geomyces pannorum, which is widely distributed from the Arctic and the Antarctic to temperate climate zones in cave soil and other substrates [12–15]. The two species can be distinguished by their characteristic conidia and subtle differences in the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal DNA [5, 16]. Geomyces pannorum is a rare pathogen of humans and animals. It has been V. Chaturvedi (&) S. Chaturvedi Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, 120 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA e-mail: vishnu@wadsworth.org
Kinetics of the reactions of phenylchlorocarbene with alkyl azides

Abstract The reactions of phenylchlorocarbene with several alkyl azides lead to C -chloroimines (and derived N -alkylbenzamides) with absolute rate constants of∼1−4 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 .
Analysis of the finite deformation response of shape memory polymers: II. 1D calibration and numerical implementation of a finite deformation, thermoelastic model

This study presents the analysis of the finite deformation response of a shape memory polymer (SMP). This two-part paper addresses the thermomechanical characterization of SMPs, the derivation of material parameters for a finite deformation phenomenological model, the numerical implementation of such a model, and the predictions from the model with comparisons to experimental data. Part II of this work presents the calibration of a previously developed thermoelastic constitutive model which is capable of handling finite deformations. The model is proposed in a general three-dimensional framework; however, this work focuses on reducing the model to one dimension and subsequently calibrating the model using experimental data obtained in part I. The one-dimensional numerical implementation of the model is presented, including the handling of the system of nonlinear equations and the integral term resulting from the constitutive model. The model is then used to predict the uniaxial shape memory effect. Results indicate good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results, but the predictions do not capture the irrecoverable deformation present at the end of recovery.
Stress-Controlled Filtration with Compressible Particles

This paper documents a novel filtration technology that incorporates low-stiffness filter matrix particles. The application of isotropic stresses leads to the compression of particles and ensuing pore throat size reductions in the filter matrix. The filtration capacity of the matrix is improved with increasing confinement because the retention of filtrate particles increases due to particulate plugging and bridging on the reduced pore throats. Conversely, relaxing the applied stresses renders system expansion, increased pore throat sizes, and enhanced flushing of entrapped particles from the filter. Experimental results indicate that this technology is most efficient in cases where particle retention occurs due to geometrical constraints (i.e., bridging); however, the system can also render filtration by surface deposition due to the net electrical attraction between the filtrate and filter. Experimental results are analyzed by considering particle-scale filtration mechanisms.
Optical signal processing using long coded waveforms

Abstract Pseudorandom coded sequences are discussed that enable long multi-line coded signals to be detected by holographic matched spatial filtering without restrictions on the starting position in the coded sequence.
DNA Barcoding from NYC to Belize

Traditional means of studying biodiversity depend on expert knowledge from individuals with years of education and training. Recent techniques like DNA barcoding, the process of identifying species based on short fragments of DNA, can be used to quickly identify species and to provide easy access to taxonomic information, a particular benefit to both students and developing nations ( 1 ). We use DNA barcoding as the foundation for introducing students to modern biological research. Initially, we set out to develop a research course that serves as an alternative to more traditional laboratories, which often have known outcomes and lack student-generated investigations. Our goal was to provide an experience and skill set to students that would drive interest in the sciences and prepare them for the rigors of studying Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). Although we are in the age of genomics, too often the practical knowledge and necessary skills to succeed in science are not taught to students at the high school or even undergraduate level.