cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age and Response after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) Define a Group of Long-Term Event-Free Survivors among Patients (Pts) with Low-Grade Follicular Lymphoma (FL): A Single Institution Experience.

Introduction: FL is generally responsive to conventional-dose chemotherapy but long term disease-free survival (DFS) is uncommon. High-dose chemo-radiotherapy followed by ASCT has the potential to induce remission in this disease but the long-term benefit of this modality remains to be determined. Methods: Between 1990 and 2003, we transplanted 52 pts originally diagnosed with low-grade FL (31 grade 1, 21 grade 2). Twenty-five (48%) had biopsy-proven large cell transformation (FL grade 3 or diffuse large cell lymphoma) before ASCT. The median number of prior therapies was 2 (range: 1 to 7). Prior to ASCT, 45 pts (87%) were responsive to salvage therapy with 20 pts (38%) in CR. Five pts (10%) had chemo-resistant disease at the time of ASCT. High-dose regimens included BCNU-cyclophosphamide-etoposide (31%), melphalan/TBI (27%), and cyclophosphamide/TBI (25%). Thirty-eight pts (73%) received peripheral stem cells (PSCT) and 14 pts (27%) received autologous bone marrow (BM) with 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide (4-hc) purging in 9 cases (17%). The median age was 49 yrs (range: 29–65). Results: There was 1 treatment-related death during the first 100 days. After ASCT, 36 pts (69%) achieved a CR, 2 (4%) had a PR, and 7 (13%) had stable disease. Among those in CR, 20 (56%) had a CR pre-ASCT, 14 (41%) had a lesser response, and 1 (3%) was chemo-resistant. Median follow-up (f/u) of survivors was 5.3 yrs (range: 1.7 months to 12.4 yrs). The median overall survival (OS) has not yet been reached. The median event-free survival (EFS) is 3.4 yrs (range: 1.7 months to 12.4 yrs). Among complete responders, more than 50% are disease free at last follow-up (range 1.7 months to 12.1 yrs). Variables favorably affecting EFS and OS are age (Figure 1). In contrast, the median EFS among pts without a CR is 0.5 yrs (range: 1.7 months to 5.3 yrs). Conclusion: ASCT is a reasonable therapeutic approach to FL, resulting in long term EFS for some pts, even with relapsed, refractory and/or transformed disease. In our experience, significant predictors of EFS and OS after ASCT are complete response and age
Designing the Surfaces of Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Colloidal Photocatalysis

This Perspective reviews strategies for tuning the surface chemistry of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) to function as photoredox catalysts or sensitizers of redox catalysts for organic transformations. These strategies include (i) tuning surface charge density to encourage high-affinity interactions between the QD and substrate (or co-catalyst) in the absence of a covalent linkage, (ii) maximizing the QD’s catalytic surface area through ligand exchange, (iii) using “hole shuttle” ligands to efficiently extract oxidative equivalents from the QD core, and (iv) controlling the concentration of protons on the QD surface to lower the kinetic barrier for proton-coupled electron-transfer reactions.
Transcriptional Activities of the Microbial Consortium Living with the Marine Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium Reveal Potential Roles in Community-Level Nitrogen Cycling

Trichodesmium is a globally distributed cyanobacterium whose nitrogen-fixing capability fuels primary production in warm oligotrophic oceans. Like many photoautotrophs, Trichodesmium serves as a host to various other microorganisms, yet little is known about how this associated community modulates fluxes of environmentally relevant chemical species into and out of the supraorganismal structure. Here, we utilized metatranscriptomics to examine gene expression activities of microbial communities associated with Trichodesmium erythraeum (strain IMS101) using laboratory-maintained enrichment cultures that have previously been shown to harbor microbial communities similar to those of natural populations. In enrichments maintained under two distinct CO2 concentrations for ∼8 years, the community transcriptional profiles were found to be specific to the treatment, demonstrating a restructuring of overall gene expression had occurred. Some of this restructuring involved significant increases in community respiration-related transcripts under elevated CO2, potentially facilitating the corresponding measured increases in host nitrogen fixation rates. Particularly of note, in both treatments, community transcripts involved in the reduction of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide were detected, suggesting the associated organisms may play a role in colony-level nitrogen cycling. Lastly, a taxon-specific analysis revealed distinct ecological niches of consistently cooccurring major taxa that may enable, or even encourage, the stable cohabitation of a diverse community within Trichodesmium consortia.IMPORTANCETrichodesmium is a genus of globally distributed, nitrogen-fixing marine cyanobacteria. As a source of new nitrogen in otherwise nitrogen-deficient systems, these organisms help fuel carbon fixation carried out by other more abundant photoautotrophs and thereby have significant roles in global nitrogen and carbon cycling. Members of the Trichodesmium genus tend to form large macroscopic colonies that appear to perpetually host an association of diverse interacting microbes distinct from the surrounding seawater, potentially making the entire assemblage a unique miniature ecosystem. Since its first successful cultivation in the early 1990s, there have been questions about the potential interdependencies between Trichodesmium and its associated microbial community and whether the host's seemingly enigmatic nitrogen fixation schema somehow involved or benefited from its epibionts. Here, we revisit these old questions with new technology and investigate gene expression activities of microbial communities living in association with Trichodesmium.
Sparse Recovery in Convex Hulls of Infinite Dictionaries.

Let S be an arbitrary measurable space, T ⊂ R and (X,Y ) be a random couple in S × T with unknown distribution P. Let (X1, Y1), . . . , (Xn, Yn) be i.i.d. copies of (X,Y ). Denote by Pn the empirical distribution based on the sample (Xi, Yi), i = 1, . . . , n. Let H be a set of uniformly bounded functions on S. Suppose that H is equipped with a σ-algebra and with a finite measure μ. Let D be a convex set of probability densities with respect to μ. For λ ∈ D, define the mixture fλ(·) = ∫ H h(·)λ(h)dμ(h). Given a loss function ` : T × R 7→ R such that, for all y ∈ T, `(y, ·) is convex, denote (` • f)(x, y) = `(y; f(x)). We study the following penalized empirical risk minimization problem λe := argmin λ∈D [ Pn(` • fλ) + e ∫ λ log λdμ ] along with its distribution dependent version λe := argmin λ∈D [ P (` • fλ) + e ∫ λ log λdμ ] . We prove that the “approximate sparsity” of λe implies the “approximate sparsity” of λe and study connections between the sparsity and the excess risk of empirical solutions λe.
The CSI Framework for Compiler-Inserted Program Instrumentation

The CSI framework provides comprehensive static instrumentation that a compiler can insert into a program-under-test so that dynamic-analysis tools - memory checkers, race detectors, cache simulators, performance profilers, code-coverage analyzers, etc. - can observe and investigate runtime behavior. Heretofore, tools based on compiler instrumentation would each separately modify the compiler to insert their own instrumentation. In contrast, CSI inserts a standard collection of instrumentation hooks into the program-under-test. Each CSI-tool is implemented as a library that defines relevant hooks, and the remaining hooks are "nulled" out and elided during either compile-time or link-time optimization, resulting in instrumented runtimes on par with custom instrumentation. CSI allows many compiler-based tools to be written as simple libraries without modifying the compiler, lowering the bar for the development of dynamic-analysis tools. We have defined a standard API for CSI and modified LLVM to insert CSI hooks into the compiler's internal representation (IR) of the program. The API organizes IR objects - such as functions, basic blocks, and memory accesses - into flat and compact ID spaces, which not only simplifies the building of tools, but surprisingly enables faster maintenance of IR-object data than do traditional hash tables. CSI hooks contain a "property" parameter that allows tools to customize behavior based on static information without introducing overhead. CSI provides "forensic" tables that tools can use to associate IR objects with source-code locations and to relate IR objects to each other. To evaluate the efficacy of CSI, we implemented six demonstration CSI-tools. One of our studies shows that compiling with CSI and linking with the "null" CSI-tool produces a tool-instrumented executable that is as fast as the original uninstrumented code. Another study, using a CSI port of Google's ThreadSanitizer, shows that the CSI-tool rivals the performance of Google's custom compiler-based implementation. All other demonstration CSI tools slow down the execution of the program-under-test by less than 70%.
Influential Factors of Student Evaluations of Teaching in a Nursing Program

Abstract We used a logistic regression model to analyze data from routinely collected student evaluation of teaching from 2,211 nursing students over 8 semesters. The results showed that not all aspects of teaching are equally influential in their effects on students' overall rating of instructors' teaching as excellent. Influential aspects include motivation, individual assistance, presentation of concepts, environment, and practical application. The most influential evaluation aspect is motivation.
E-cigarette openness, curiosity, harm perceptions and advertising exposure among U.S. middle and high school students.

Understanding factors associated with youth e-cigarette openness and curiosity are important for assessing probability of future use. We examined how e-cigarette harm perceptions and advertising exposure are associated with openness and curiosity among tobacco naive youth. Findings from the 2015 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) were analyzed. The 2015 NYTS is a nationally representative survey of 17,711 U.S. middle and high school students. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates of never users of tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos/little cigars, waterpipe/hookah, smokeless tobacco, bidis, pipes, dissolvables, e-cigarettes) who were open to or curious about e-cigarette use, by demographics. Weighted regression models examined how e-cigarette harm perceptions and advertising exposure were associated with openness using e-cigarettes and curiosity about trying e-cigarettes. Among respondents who never used tobacco products, 23.8% were open to using e-cigarettes and 25.4% were curious. Respondents that perceived e-cigarettes cause a lot of harm had lower odds of both openness (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.15) and curiosity about e-cigarettes (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.13) compared to those with lower harm perception. Respondents who reported high exposure to e-cigarette advertising in stores had greater odds of being open to e-cigarette use (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.44) and highly curious (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.53) compared to those not highly exposed. These findings demonstrate that youth exposed to e-cigarette advertising are open and curious to e-cigarette use. These findings could help public health practitioners better understand the interplay of advertising exposure and harm perceptions with curiosity and openness to e-cigarette use in a rapidly changing marketplace.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against the fungal pathogens Ascosphaera apis and Pseudogymnoascus destructans.

Fungal pathogens are a growing worldwide concern. Declines in a number of economically and agriculturally important plant and animal species pose a significant threat to both biodiversity and food security. Although many effective antifungal agents have been identified, their toxicity often precludes their use with food products or sensitive animal species. This has prompted the exploration of natural products as effective treatment compounds. In the present study, several essential oils were tested for their capacity to limit the growth of the fungal pathogens Ascosphaera apis and Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agents of chalkbrood disease among honey bee larvae and white-nose syndrome among bats, respectively. Essential oils of cinnamon bark, citronella, lemongrass, and orange were exposed to A. apis in contact-dependent oil-agar suspensions as well as in contact-independent shared airspaces. Essential oils of cinnamon bark, citronella, and lemongrass were exposed to P. destructans in contact-dependent oil-agar suspensions. All compounds were found to significantly inhibit mycelial growth at low concentrations, suggesting the potential for these natural products to be used for controlling these and other select fungal pathogens.
Nomenclature of the Main Subdivisions of Phlox (Polemoniaceae)

The task of finding the correct names for the main subdivisions of Phlox has been beset with difficulties in interpreting the intent of older authors, particularly Asa Gray. Gray divided Phlox into four main subgroups, some of which have been considered sections, but these are now seen to be only informal groups. Currently Phlox is subdivided into three sections: Phlox, Divaricatae Peter, and Occidentales A. Gray. The name Occidentales A. Gray was not validly published as a section; Gray used it only as part of a heading. The oldest valid name for what has been called sect. Occidentales is sect. Pulvinatae Peter. Recent papers have used the name sect. Annuae A. Gray in place of sect. Divaricatae, on grounds of priority. However, the name that Gray actually used was Annuae, Texenses, and it, like Occidentales, was not validly published. The sections of Phlox are being reconsidered at present in the light of new molecular evidence. Some changes will be needed, but old valid infrageneric names will still have a role to play in new infrageneric classifications.
Association Between Early Implant Failure and Prosthodontic Characteristics.

Purpose To identify associations between early implant failure and prosthodontic characteristics that could be used to guide subsequent continuous quality improvement efforts of patient care. Materials and methods An implant-level analysis was performed in which data were abstracted from a prospective clinical database of all adult patients treated with implants and followed up from January 2000 through December 2014 at the Department of Dental Specialties at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. These data were used to determine time to implant failure. Associations between prosthodontic characteristics and early implant failure were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards regression models and summarized with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Among 8762 implants in 2787 patients, 395 (4.5%) failed within the first year of placement at a mean (SD) of 127 (97) days (range, 2-364 days). Univariable analysis showed no associations between early implant failure and use of a cover screw, prosthesis, or definitive or provisional prosthesis at implant placement. Three of 25 single crowns failed, and use of a single crown was significantly associated with early implant failure (HR, 3.94; 95% CI, 1.08-14.35; P = 0.04). This study identified no significant associations between prosthodontic characteristics identified after implant placement and early implant failure. Conclusions Use of a prosthesis at implant placement, use of a definitive or provisional prosthesis, and early mechanical complications were not associated with increased risk of early implant failure. Quality improvement efforts should focus on aspects of decision making that aim to decrease surgical complications.
Projected Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake Post-Replacement of Vegetables Oils with Stearidonic Acid-Modified Varieties: Results from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008 Analysis

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake is well below the amount recommended by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (0.25 g/day), supporting the need for alternative dietary sources. Stearidonic acid (SDA)-enriched soybeans were bioengineered to endogenously synthesize SDA, which can be readily metabolized to EPA in humans; thus, incorporating the derived SDA-enriched soybean oil into the food supply is a potential strategy to increase EPA. We performed a dietary modeling exercise using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2008 repeat 24-h dietary recall data (n = 24,621) to estimate the potential contribution of SDA-enriched oils to total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake (defined as EPA + DHA + EPA-equivalents) following two hypothetical scenarios: (1) replacement of regular soybean oil with SDA soybean oil and (2) replacement of four common vegetable oils (corn, canola, cottonseed, and soybean) with respective SDA-modified varieties. Estimated median daily intakes increased from 0.11 to 0.16 g/day post-replacement of regular soybean oil with SDA-modified soybean oil, and to 0.21 g/day post-replacement of four oils with SDA-modified oil; the corresponding mean intakes were 0.17, 0.27, and 0.44 g/day, respectively. The percent of the population who met the 0.25 g/day recommendation increased from at least 10% to at least 30% and 40% in scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Additional strategies are needed to ensure the majority of the US population achieve EPA and DHA recommendations, and should be assessed using methods designed to estimate the distribution of usual intake of these episodically consumed nutrients.
The validity of the EMG and MMG techniques to examine muscle hypertrophy

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the ability of the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude versus torque relationships to track group and individual changes in muscle hypertrophy as a result of resistance training. APPROACH Twelve women performed four weeks of forearm flexion blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training at a frequency of three times per week. The training was performed at an isokinetic velocity of 120° · s-1 with a training load that corresponded to 30% of concentric peak torque. Muscle hypertrophy was determined using ultrasound-based assessments of muscle cross-sectional area from the biceps brachii. Training-induced changes in the slope coefficients of the EMG amplitude and MMG amplitude versus torque relationships were determined from the biceps brachii during incremental (10%-100% of maximum) isometric muscle actions. MAIN RESULTS There was a significant (p < 0.001; d = 2.15) mean training-induced increase in muscle cross-sectional area from 0 week (mean ± SD = 5.86 ± 0.65 cm2) to 4 weeks (7.42 ± 0.80 cm2), a significant (p = 0.023; d = 0.36) decrease in the EMG amplitude versus torque relationship (50.70 ± 20.41 to 43.82 ± 17.76 µV · Nm-1), but no significant (p = 0.192; d = 0.17) change in the MMG amplitude versus torque relationship (0.018 ± 0.009 to 0.020 ± 0.009 m · s-2 · Nm-1). There was, however, great variability for the individual responses for the EMG and MMG amplitude versus torque relationships. SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study indicated that the EMG amplitude, but not the MMG amplitude versus torque relationship was sensitive to mean changes in muscle cross-sectional area during the early-phase of resistance training. There was, however, great variability for the individual EMG amplitude versus torque relationships that limits its application for identifying individual changes in muscle hypertrophy as a result of BFR.
Public Reporting of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Outcomes: Institutional Costs and Physician Burden

Public reporting programs for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes have been implemented in several states as part of a movement to improve transparency among patients, physicians, and institutions. Massachusetts has publicly reported hospital-specific PCI mortality rates since 2003.
Development of a microcolumn one-site immunometric assay for a protein biomarker: Analysis of alpha1-acid glycoprotein

Abstract A one-site immunometric assay based on affinity microcolumns was developed for the analysis of alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) as a model protein biomarker. In this assay, a sample containing AGP was incubated with an excess amount of a labeled binding agent, such as fluorescein-labeled anti-AGP antibodies or Fab fragments. The excess binding agent was removed by passing this mixture through a microcolumn that contained an immobilized form of AGP, while the signal was measured for the binding agent-AGP complex in the non-retained fraction. Theoretical and practical factors were both considered in selecting the concentration of labeled binding agent, the incubation time of this agent with the sample, and the application conditions for this mixture onto the microcolumn. The effects of using various labeling methods and intact antibodies vs Fab fragments were also considered. The final assay was performed with fluorescein-labeled anti-AGP antibodies and a 2.1 mm i.d. × 1.0 cm AGP microcolumn operated at 0.30 mL min−1. This method required only 1 µL of serum or plasma, had a detection limit of 0.63 nM AGP, and gave a potential throughput of 2 min per sample. This assay was used to measure AGP in normal serum and plasma from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, giving good agreement with the literature and a reference method. The same approach and guidelines can be used to create assays for other protein biomarkers by changing the labeled binding agent and immobilized protein within the microcolumn.
Infrastructure deployment under uncertainties and competition: The biofuel industry case

Abstract Technological paradigm shifts often come with a newly emerging industry that seeks a viable infrastructure deployment plan to compete against established competitors. Such phenomenon has been repeatedly seen in the field of transportation systems, such as those related to the booming bioenergy production, among others. We develop a game-theoretic modeling framework using a continuum approximation scheme to address the impacts of competition on the optimal infrastructure deployment. Furthermore, we extend the model to incorporate uncertainties in supply/demand and the risk of facility disruptions. Analytical properties of the optimal infrastructure system are obtained, based on which fast numerical solution algorithms are developed. Several hypothetical problem instances are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and to quantify the impacts of various system parameters. A large-scale biofuel industry case study for the U.S. Midwest is conducted to obtain additional managerial insights.
Logical Constraints: The Limitations of QCA in Social Science Research

Researchers employing qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and its variants use two-element Boolean algebra to compare cases and identify putative causal conditions. I show that the two-element Boolean algebra constrains research in three important ways: it restricts what we can say about sets and the interactions between sets, it embodies a logical language that is too weak to capture modern social science theories, and it restricts our analysis of causation to necessity and sufficiency accounts and does not allow for counterfactuals. Modern quantitative analysis suffers none of these restrictions and provides a much richer way to understand the social world.
Tryptase Positivity in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia With Marked Basophilia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is the most common chronic myeloproliferative disorder, which was the first to be described and understood at a molecular level. Marked basophilia can be seen in CML and other neoplastic and reactive processes. Tryptase is a serine protease that is mainly expressed in mast cells, whereas basophils express only trace amounts of the enzyme. Therefore, it has always been regarded as a specific marker for mast cells. We report a case of a 41-year-old male who had been diagnosed with CML eight years ago, and, interestingly, his most recent bone marrow biopsy demonstrated an accelerated phase of the disease with a significant increase of basophils count. These basophils were immunoreactive with tryptase along with CD123. In the literature, this phenomenon of tryptase immunoreactivity by basophils has been described in association with CML, primary myelofibrosis, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Therefore, our finding supports these data and suggests that tryptase should not be regarded as a specific marker for mast cells when approaching various myeloid neoplasms including CML.
11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Do Not Distinguish the Hyperandrogenic Phenotype of PCOS Daughters from Girls with Obesity.

CONTEXT Hyperandrogenemia (HA) is a consistent reproductive phenotype in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their relatives. Increased testosterone levels are present in premenarchal daughters of affected women (PCOS-d). Obese girls (OB-g) without a family history of PCOS also have peripubertal HA. The sources and significance of HA in these groups remains unknown. OBJECTIVE 11-oxygenated 19-carbon (C19) steroids are adrenally derived androgens that are elevated in hyperandrogenic disorders, including PCOS. We performed this study to test the hypothesis that peripheral serum 11-oxygenated steroids would differ in PCOS-d compared with OB-g suggesting distinct etiologies of HA in affected girls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We compared peripheral serum 11-oxygenated steroid levels in 21 PCOS-d, 29 OB-g, and 17 lean control girls (LC) of comparable age at an academic medical center. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) differed by design (P < 0.001). 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11-ketoandrostenedione, and 11β-hydroxytestosterone levels did not differ between the groups. Compared with LC, PCOS-d and OB-g had similar elevations in 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.03; PCOS-d vs LC, P = 0.04; OB-g vs LC, P = 0.05; PCOS-d vs OB-g, P = 0.97). In multivariate regression, 11KT levels were associated with DHEAS (P = 0.008), but not with BMI z score, breast Tanner stage, testosterone, anti-Mullerian hormone or sex hormone-binding globulin levels. CONCLUSIONS Circulating 11KT levels were similarly elevated in peripubertal PCOS-d and OB-g, suggesting an adrenal component of HA in both groups. We found that 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroid profiles did not identify subtypes of HA girls.
Decoupling Steerability From Diameter: Helical Dovetail Laser Patterning for Steerable Needles

The maximum curvature of a steerable needle in soft tissue is highly sensitive to needle shaft stiffness, which has motivated use of small diameter needles in the past. However, desired needle payloads constrain minimum shaft diameters, and shearing along the needle shaft can occur at small diameters and high curvatures. We provide a new way to adjust needle shaft stiffness (thereby enhancing maximum curvature, i.e. “steerability”) at diameters selected based on needle payload requirements. We propose helical dovetail laser patterning to increase needle steerability without reducing shaft diameter. Experiments in phantoms and ex vivo animal muscle, brain, liver, and inflated lung tissues demonstrate high steerability in soft tissues. These experiments use needle diameters suitable for various clinical scenarios, and which have been previously limited by steering challenges without helical dovetail patterning. We show that steerable needle targeting remains accurate with established controllers and demonstrate interventional payload delivery (brachytherapy seeds and radiofrequency ablation) through the needle. Helical dovetail patterning decouples steerability from diameter in needle design. It enables diameter to be selected based on clinical requirements rather than being carefully tuned to tissue properties. These results pave the way for new sensors and interventional tools to be integrated into high-curvature steerable needles.
Enabling intensification of multiphase chemical processes with additive manufacturing.

Abstract Fixed bed supports of various materials (metal, ceramic, polymer) and geometries are used to enhance the performance of many unit operations in chemical processes. Consider first metal and ceramic monolith support structures, which are typically extruded. Extruded monoliths contain regular, parallel channels enabling high throughput because of the low pressure drop accompanying high flow rate. However, extruded channels have a low surface-area-to-volume ratio resulting in low contact between the fluid phase and the support. Additive manufacturing, also referred to as three dimensional printing (3DP), can be used to overcome these disadvantages by offering precise control over key design parameters of the fixed bed including material-of-construction and total bed surface area, as well as accommodating system integration features compatible with continuous flow chemistry. These design parameters together with optimized extrinsic process conditions can be tuned to prepare customizable separation and reaction systems based on objectives for chemical process and/or the desired product. We discuss key elements of leveraging the flexibility of additive manufacturing to intensification with a focus on applications in continuous flow processes and disperse, multiphase systems enabling a range of scalable chemistry spanning discovery to manufacturing operations.
Erratum: This Article Corrects: "Identifying Patients at Greatest Risk of Mortality due to COVID-19: A New England Perspective".

Author(s): Smith, Aaron A.; Fridling, Jeremy; Ibrahim, Danyal; Porter Jr., Paul S. | Abstract: Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly since December 2019, resulting in a pandemic that has, as of May 24, 2020, yielded over 5.3 million confirmed cases and over 340,000 deaths.1 As businesses move to safely reopen and frontline healthcare workers (HCW) continue to face this crisis, it is essential that health officials know who in the population is at the greatest risk of mortality if hospitalized and, therefore, has the greatest need to protect themselves from being infected. We examined the factors that increase the risk of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study including confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the four Trinity Health of New England hospitals (THONE) in Connecticut and Massachusetts who either died or were discharged between March 1–April 22, 2020. Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes of care were extracted from the electronic health record. A model of in-hospital mortality was made using a generalized linear model with binomial distribution and log link.Results: The analysis included 346 patients: 229 discharged and 117 deceased. The likelihood of in-hospital mortality was increased for patients who were aged 60 or older (relative risk [RR] = 2.873; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.733-4.764; p = l0.001), had diabetes (RR = 1.432; 95% CI,1.068-1.921; p = 0.016), or had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR = 1.410; 95% CI, 1.058-1.878; p = 0.019). Hyperlipidemia had a protective effect, reducing the likelihood of mortality (RR = 0.745; 95% CI, 0.568-0.975; p = 0.032). Sensitivity and specificity of the model were 51.4% and 88.4%, respectively.Conclusions: Being age 60 or older or having a history of diabetes or COPD are the most useful risk factors associated with mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. As states ease stay-at-home orders, risk factors of severe disease can be used to identify those more likely to have worse outcomes if infected and hospitalized and, therefore, who in particular should continue to follow public health guidelines for avoiding infection: stay home if possible; practice physical distancing; and wear a facemask.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Pneumonia in a Newborn Treated With Remdesivir and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Plasma

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel pandemic virus. Mounting evidence supports the possibility of vertical transmission, which at the present time appears to be rare. We report a newborn with vertically acquired SARS-CoV-2 who developed acute respiratory failure and received remdesivir and coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent plasma.
Characterizing Riverbed Heterogeneity across Shifts in River Discharge through Temporal Changes in Electrical Resistivity

ABSTRACT The fluxes between groundwater and surface water play a significant role in quantifying water balance along stream reaches to continent scales. Changes in these dynamics are occurring due ...
IVIG Refractory CIDP: Clinical Characteristics, Antibodies, and Response to Alternative Treatment (2504)

Objective: To review the subtypes, antibodies, alternative treatment and outcome in patients with IVIG refractory CIDP. Background: IVIG is frequently the first line of treatment for CIDP patients. However, some patients do no respond well to IVIG and require alternative therapy. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review of all CIDP patients seen at OHSU neuromuscular clinic between 2018–2019. Results: Of the 40 patients studied, 24 (60%) responded to standard IVIG treatment, 15 (38%) did not respond to IVIG treatment, and one lost to follow-up. In the IVIG refractory CIDP group, all but 1 patient did not respond to alternative therapy. Successful alternative therapy was as follow: Steroid (3 IV solumedrol, 1 po prednisone), Plasma exchange (4), IV cyclophosphamide (3), IV Rituximab (3), azathioprine (1), mycophenolate, (1). In IVIG responsive patients 20 had classical CIDP, 2 had distal CIDP (non MAG), and 4 had MADSAM. Whereas in the IVIG refractory group, 8 had classic CIDP, 7 had distal CIDP (non MAG) (p=0.01), 2 had MADSAM. 5 of the IVIG refractory CIDP patients had neurofascin antibodies. After adjusting for age at onset in a logistic regression model, individuals with distal CIDP were 9 times more likely to be refractory to IVIG compared to those without distal CIDP (OR=9.2, 95%CI: 1.5, 56.4, p=0.016). Conclusions: Most IVIG refractory CIDP patients respond to alternative therapies (Steroid, PLEX, cyclophosphamide or rituximab). Distal CIDP (non MAG) are more likely not to respond to IVIG but they do respond to alternative therapy. Neurofascin antibodies are found in a minority of IVIG refractory CIDP patients. Disclosure: Dr. Godil has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chahin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ragole has nothing to disclose. Dr. Visser has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion pharmaceuticals - speaker and served on scientific advisory board areas of myasthenia gravis. Dr. Barrett has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moshe-Lilie has nothing to disclose. Dr. Karam has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with kcea, Alexion, Alnyalm, Argenx, Biogen, and CSL Behring. Dr. Karam has received research support from Genzyme.
Causal Inference from Network Data

This tutorial presents state-of-the-art research on causal inference from network data in the presence of interference. We start by motivating research in this area with real-world applications, such as measuring influence in social networks and market experimentation. We discuss the challenges of applying existing causal inference techniques designed for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) data to relational data, some of the solutions that currently exist and the gaps and opportunities for future research. We present existing network experiment designs for measuring different possible effects of interest. Then we focus on causal inference from observational data, its representation, identification, and estimation. We conclude with research on causal discovery in networks.
Normalizing counterinsurgency in the United States: first responders as the first line of defense

In this article, I elaborate on the thesis that counterinsurgency has become a ‘new governing paradigm’ in the United States. I first argue that the DoD redefinition of terrorism blurred the concep...
Analysis of Selfish Bitcoin Mining Strategies

Bitcoin is a decentralized peer-to-peer payment system that has the potential to disrupt the financial industry. In order for the Bitcoin network to function properly, people within the network need to follow the protocol and contribute computing power. However, selfish strategies can be used to disproportionately increase one’s payoff relative to their computational power. Three approaches are used to analyze selfish mining strategies in the Bitcoin network in order to determine when this strategy will dominate.
Anomalies of intestinal rotation in childhood: analysis of 447 cases

This report concerns 447 infants and children with anomalies of rotation and fixation. Patients were placed in four groups based on initial symptoms. Group A involved 18 patients with acute midgut volvulus. At laparotomy, midgut volvulus was noted and reduction of midgut volvulus and a Ladd procedure were performed in 10 cases and resection was required in 8. There were five deaths (28%). Group B included 54 children with chronic symptoms of intermittent volvulus or duodenal obstruction. Group C involved 44 cases of malrotation observed during exploration for other disorders. Patients in groups B and C underwent a Ladd procedure and appendectomy. There were five unrelated deaths. Group D included 331 neonates with malrotation caused by either diaphragmatic hernia (n = 111) or abdominal wall defects (n = 220). A Ladd procedure was performed on 48 patients with abdominal wall defects and 29 surviving children with diaphragmatic hernia. Only 2 of 172 (1.2%) patients with abdominal wall defects and 1 of 34 (2.9%) patients with diaphragmatic hernia not treated for malrotation had midgut volvulus. Midgut volvulus is more common in infants and is associated with a high mortality rate (28%). Patients with malrotation and chronic obstructive symptoms or those observed during other elective procedures should undergo a Ladd procedure because of the risk of midgut volvulus. The risk of midgut volvulus is low in patients with abdominal wall defects and, probably as a result of adhesions from previous neonatal operations.
On priorities of parallelism: Petri nets under the maximum firing strategy

The computational power of Petri nets is extended up to the power of counter machines by realizing certain priorities of parallelism. Hence certain concurrent computations can not exactly be reflected by the sets of all sequentialized computations in related systems. Moreover, the reachability, boundedness and liveness problems are undecidable under the modified firing rule.
Performance assessment of sidelobe jamming cancellation using stretch processing

We investigate via simulation the performance of the two major classes of algorithms that cancel sidelobe jamming in a wideband phased array radar that uses stretch processing of beamspace output. The deramper in stretch processing renders the statistics of the jamming non-stationary. One approach for addressing the non-stationarity is to divide the stretched output into segments and apply narrowband equalization on each segment. The other approach is to model the weight vector as time-varying. To each approach we also add subbanding to decrease the non-stationarity of the stretched jammer signals and time-taps to combat dispersion across the array. We show via simulation that since the jammers are in the sidelobe region, both approaches provide comparable performance in terms of cancellation ratio (CR) and loss in signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). But since the segmentation-based approach is approximately eight times less complex and channelization through subbanding aids in channel equalization, its subbanded variant is the preferred algorithm for wideband sidelobe cancellation.
Student Learning Processes in Field Education: Relationship of Learning Activities to Quality of Field Instruction, Satisfaction, and Performance Among MSW Students

What activities are associated with MSW students’ performance in the field, perceptions of the quality of field instruction, and satisfaction with the field? Sixty-four MSW students reported on observational-participatory and conceptual linkage learning activities used in their first- and second-year placements. Greater use of some activities was associated with satisfaction and perception of quality but not with field instructors’ ratings of student performance. This study highlights the importance to students of both doing and understanding, and suggests the need to distinguish student perceptions from performance.
Carbon Monoxide and Fire Toxicity: A Review and Analysis of Recent Work

People may die from what some think to be “low” levels of carbon monoxide (CO) without implicating other toxic agents. This behavior is only now beginning to be identified and understood. Fire and nonfire CO incidents involve very different subsets of the population. Fire victims are characteristically the old and the young. On the other hand, automotive CO accidents or suicides tend to involve predominantly 20- to 50-year-old men. In both populations, a substantial minority have significant blood alcohol levels, although fire victims with alcohol in their blood tend to have higher levels of it than do nonfire victims. Alcohol at levels less than 0.3% protects against CO poisoning, although being drunk may have gotten the victim into the incident in the first place. However, a 50% threshold of carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) does not exist in lethal levels of CO. CO toxicity is not due simply to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. A victim with 25% COHb may die purely of CO. This paper presents an analysis of the reasons for and the significance of these observations.
An Embarrassment of Switches

A surprising abundance of evolutionary changes in transcription factor binding sites may obscure the causes of phenotypic divergence.
Towards and beyond being there in collaborative software development

Research has shown that the productivity of the members of a software team depends on the degree to which they are co-located. In this chapter, we present distributed tools that both (a) try to virtually support these forms of collaboration, and (b) go beyond co-located software development by automatically offering modes of collaboration not directly supported by it.
Stereoselective L-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate-binding sites in nervous tissue of Aplysia californica: evidence for muscarinic receptors

The muscarinic antagonist L-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (L-[3H]QNB) binds with a high affinity (Kd = 0.77 nM) to a single population of specific sites (Bmax = 47 fmol/mg of protein) in nervous tissue of the gastropod mollusc, Aplysia. The specific L-[3H]QNB binding is displaced stereoselectively by the enantiomers of benzetimide, dexetimide, and levetimide. The pharmacologically active enantiomer, dexetimide, is more potent than levetimide as an inhibitor of L-[3H]QNB binding. Moreover, the muscarinic cholinergic ligands, scopolamine, atropine, oxotremorine, and pilocarpine are effective inhibitors of the specific L-[3H]QNB binding, whereas nicotinic receptor antagonists, decamethonium and d-tubocurarine, are considerably less effective. These pharmacological characteristics of the L-[3H]QNB-binding site provide evidence for classical muscarinic receptors in Aplysia nervous tissue. The physiological relevance of the dexetimide-displaceable L-[3H]QNB-binding site was supported by the demonstration of the sensitivity of the specific binding to thermal denaturation. Specific binding of L-[3H]QNB was also detected in nervous tissue of another marine gastropod, Pleurobranchaea californica. The characteristics of the Aplysia L-[3H]QNB-binding site are in accordance with studies of numerous vertebrate and invertebrate tissues indicating that the muscarinic cholinergic receptor site has been highly conserved through evolution.
Controversies and new Directions—is it Déjà Vu all over again?

Publisher Summary Despite the identification of some major theoretical differences, there are also many common themes and emphases across the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Overall, the field has clearly evolved to focus more closely on process. As knowledge has accumulated from the pioneering efforts of the early research through newer voices in the field, it is no longer necessary or desirable to frame questions in terms of whether certain factors have positive or negative effects on motivation or performance. Instead, the greatest impact comes from asking how these effects occur. In so doing, researchers have developed more complex models that incorporate individuals' goals (both chronic and acute) and identify both cognitive and affective processes through which different factors can affect motivation and performance. One of the strongest themes to emerge in this field is that researchers no longer focus on mutually exclusive relationships between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Instead, researchers have begun to investigate multiple ways that extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation can affect creativity, academic performance, and persistence, as well as affect activity choices both initially and over the long term throughout life. Thus, a lot has been learned since the mid-1970s, and are being pursued.
Acute pancreatitis in children.

Four cases of acute pancreatitis in children are presented. Thirty-six cases reported in the literature are briefly reviewed. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is rarely made in children before operation or necropsy because the disease is confused with the more frequent causes of abdominal pain and vomiting in this age group. However, the clinical history and abdominal signs may be suggestive of acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis can be confirmed by demonstrating elevation of the concentration of amylase in the serum, provided mumps is not present. In contrast to adult patients, acute pancreatitis in children is seldom related to disease of the biliary system. Acute pancreatitis in children may be produced by trauma, acute infection and mechanical obstruction of the pancreatic ducts by round worms. The etiology of the majority of cases, however, remains unknown. The complications of acute pancreatitis in children include diabetes mellitus, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pseudocyst formation and hypocalcemic tetany. Treatment of uncomplicated acute pancreatitis should be conservative if the diagnosis can be made without operation.
Integer wavelet compression guided by a computer-aided detection system in mammography

Since an image data compression technique is usually associated with a low-pass filter, the unsharpness of calcifications and edges are of clinical concerns in mammography. The same effect may turn film defects into calcification-like spots and could produce false-positive detection by the radiologist. In this study, we employed a highly sensitive calcification detection system to guide an S+P integer wavelet compression, so that the data fidelity of calcifications or unknown spots are fully preserved. The prediction component of the S+P decomposition is based on Daubechies'D8. Our results indicated that the modified CAD program detected an average of 1,193 potential calcifications on CC view mammograms and an average of 948 potential calcifications on MLO view mammograms, respectively. Compressed data rates between 0.1 to 0.43 bit/pixel were studied. The compressed images were evaluated by subjective comparison studies. The results indicated that no difference could be observed between the original and the 0.43 bit rate decompressed images. The radiologist identifies 20% of the compressed images at 0.1 bit rate suffering from minor blurry artifacts and 6% of the compressed images possessing greater edge sharpness. Without a lossless compression for microcalcifications, the radiologist identified 20% of the microcalcifications on the compressed mammograms at 0.1 bit rate suffering from minor compression artifacts.