cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictable Components and Singular Vectors

Abstract This paper shows that if a measure of predictability is invariant to affine transformations and monotonically related to forecast uncertainty, then the component that maximizes this measure for normally distributed variables is independent of the detailed form of the measure. This result explains why different measures of predictability such as anomaly correlation, signal-to-noise ratio, predictive information, and the Mahalanobis error are each maximized by the same components. These components can be determined by applying principal component analysis to a transformed forecast ensemble, a procedure called predictable component analysis (PrCA). The resulting vectors define a complete set of components that can be ordered such that the first maximizes predictability, the second maximizes predictability subject to being uncorrelated of the first, and so on. The transformation in question, called the whitening transformation, can be interpreted as changing the norm in principal component analysis. ...
Deriving Comprehensive County-Level Crop Yield and Area Data for U.S. Cropland

Ground-based data on crop production in the USA is provided through surveys conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and the Census of Agriculture (AgCensus). Statistics from these surveys are widely used in economic analyses, policy design, and for other purposes. However, missing data in the surveys presents limitations for research that requires comprehensive data for spatial analyses. We created comprehensive county-level databases for nine major crops of the USA for a 16-yr period, by filling the gaps in existing data reported by NASS and AgCensus. We used a combination of regression analyses with data reported by NASS and the AgCensus and linear mixed-effect models incorporating county-level environmental, management, and economic variables pertaining to different agroecozones. Predicted yield and crop area were very close to the data reported by NASS, within 10% relative error. The linear mixed-effect model approach gave the best results in filling 84% of the total gaps in yields and 83% of the gaps in crop areas of all the crops. Regression analyses with AgCensus data filled 16% of the gaps in yields and crop areas of the major crops reported by NASS.
Pharmacokinetics of two per cent rectal methohexitone in children.

Plasma methohexitone concentrations were determined in 60 children, aged one to six years, following administration of 15 mg.kg-1, 20 mg.kg-1, 25 mg.kg-1 or 30 mg.kg-1 two per cent rectal methohexitone. Time to the onset of sleep was determined by a blinded observer and venous blood samples obtained 15, 30, 45 and 120 minutes following drug administration. Fifty of 60 children were asleep within 15 minutes. Nine of the ten children that did not fall asleep were sedate and could be separated easily from their parents to undergo inhalational induction of anesthesia. Time to the onset of sleep was inversely related to the dose of rectal methohexitone administered. Sleep was achieved more reliably following the use of 25 to 30 mg.kg-1 rectal methohexitone. In addition, plasma methohexitone concentrations following 30 mg.kg-1 rectal methohexitone were significantly higher for up to 120 minutes following drug administration than the plasma concentrations achieved after 15 mg.kg-1 or 20 mg.kg-1 methohexitone. There was no difference in the incidence of complications. The authors recommend that clinical circumstances be carefully considered and the dose of rectal methohexitone administered be individualized to meet the specific anaesthetic requirements of each child.
Where Do Dominant Technologies Come From? The Role of Firms' Technological Scope under Uncertainty

In studying technological evolution, prior research focuses on how a firm adapts to dominant technologies, and suggests that technological scope enhances such adaptation. We shift the inquiry inste...
A parallel computational algorithm for an inverse problem of low frequency

Abstract We propose a parallel computational algorithm for an inverse problem of low frequency, which is shown to have the property of preserving symmetry. The corresponding discrete operator is shown to have the property also. We construct a simple orthogonal matrix to decompose the linear system resulting from discretization of the problem into four subsystems. This parallel algorithm reduces the computing time by a factor at least 16, and hence makes it possible to treat large scale inverse in practice.
Performance of a fully automated program for measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction

A fully automated program developed by us for measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction from equilibrium gated blood pool studies was evaluated in 130 additional patients. Both 6-min (130 studies) and 2-min (142 studies in 31 patients) gated blood pool studies were acquired and processed. The program successfully generated ejection fractions in 86% of the studies. These automatically generated ejection fractions were compared with ejection fractions derived from manually drawn regions of interest. When studies were acquired for 6-min with the patient at rest, the correlation between automated and manual ejection fractions was 0.92. When studies were acquired for 2-min, both at rest and during bicycle exercise, the correlation was 0.81. In 25 studies from patients who also underwent contrast ventriculography, the program suceessfully generated regions of interest in 22 (88%). The correlation between the ejection fraction determined by contrast ventribulography and the automatically generated radionuclide ejection fraction was 0.79.
Headache and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Infection

This review focuses on the prevalence, causes, evaluation, and treatment of headache in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Headaches, one of the commonest medical complaints in the general population, occur frequently in patients infected with the HIV-1. HIV-related headaches can occur at any time during the infection: at seroconversion, during the incubation period, in patients with symptomatic HIV-1 infection, or after an AIDS-defining illness. Causes of HIV-related headaches include HIV-1 itself, opportunistic conditions, or HIV-specific medications. Migraines, tension-type headaches, depression, and substance abuse enter into the differential diagnosis, particularly in the early stages of disease. The headaches seen in this population reflect a complex web of interactions imposed by immune competency, multiple etiologies, treatments, and premorbid conditions. Prompt recognition and early treatment of headache is essential since it may improve quality of life and, depending on the diagnosis, prolong survival. Physicians need to be alert and adaptable when assessing HIV-infected individuals with headache since multiple causes can exist in the same patient and new syndromes, complications, and investigational drugs are continually being identified.
Recovery of metals and minerals from selected processing wastes

Abstract To improve metal and mineral recycling technology while minimizing undesirable environmental effects, the Bureau of Mines is devising and evaluating recovery methods for scrap materials that cannot now be processed using conventional techniques. Characterization and leaching tests with chromite tailings, tin recovery from detinning sludges, and conversion of flue dusts generated by the secondary copper and brass industry to zinc oxide are described. Procedures tested include leaching, mineral beneficiation, and roasting. Resource potential and environmental considerations are discussed.
Scanning electron microscopy of acellular glomeruli in nephrotic syndrome

Scanning electron microscopy of acellular glomeruli in nephrotic syndrome. All cellular elements were extracted from portions of 13 renal biopsies performed for nephrotic syndrome and the acellular glomerular basement membrane (GBM) examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Five biopsy specimens did not contain subepithelial deposits by light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM of the acellular GBM showed a uniform slightly granular surface identical to that previously reported for normal human GBM. Eight biopsy specimens contained subepithelial deposits by LM, IF, and TEM. SEM showed complete extraction of deposits and a spectrum of clearly visualized diffuse GBM alterations in response to subepithelial deposits. Shallow pits or indentations of the GBM were noted in two cases stage I MGN which correlated with numerous "pinholes" visualized by LM in tangential sections of the GBM on silver stain. A complex reticular pattern of GBM elaboration was observed in cases of stage II MGN corresponding to "spikes" visualized by LM on silver stain. SEM of glomeruli following cell extraction permits the first direct three-dimensional visualization of the GBM alterations occurring in various stages of subepithelial immune complex formation. Microscopie electronique a balayage de glomerules acellulaires au cours du syndrome nephrotique. Tous les elements cellulaires ont ete extraits dans des fragments de 13 biopsies renales faites pour syndrome nephrotique, et la membrane basale glomerulaire (GBM) acellulaire examinee en microscopie electronique a balayage (SEM). Cinq specimens biopsiques ne contenaient pas de depots sous-epitheliaux en microscopie optique (LM), en immunofluorescence (IF), et en microscopie electronique a transmission (TEM). La SEM des GBM acellulaires a montre une surface uniforme legerement granulaire identique a celle anterieurement rapportee pour la GBM humaine normale. Huit specimens biopsiques contenaient des depots sous-epitheliaux en LM, IF, et TEM. La SEM montrait une extraction complete des depots et un spectre d'alterations diverses de la GBM clairement mises en evidence en reponse aux depots sous-epitheliaux. Des puits ou des indentations peu profonds de la GBM ont ete notes dans deux cas de MGN de stade I et etaient correles avec les nombreux "trous d'epingle" mis en evidence en LM sur des sections tangentielles de GBM, en coloration a l'argent. Un aspect reticule complexe de la structure de la GBM a ete observe dans des cas de MGN de stade II correspondant aux "spikes" mis en evidence par LM en coloration a l'argent. La SEM de glomerules apres extraction cellulaire permet la premiere visualisation directe tridimensionelle des alterations de la GBM survenant a divers stades de la formation d'immuns complexes sous-epitheliaux.
Disassembly Process Planning Tradeoffs for Product Maintenance

The problem addressed in this paper is disassembly sequence planning for the purposes of maintenance or component upgrading, which is an integral part of the remanufacturing process. This involves disassembly, component repair or replacement, and reassembly. Each of these steps incurs cost as well as the probability of damage during the process. This paper presents a method for addressing these tradeoffs, as well as the uncertainty associated with them. A procedure for identifying the best sequence of disassembly operations for maintenance and/or component upgrade is presented. It considers both disassembly and reassembly costs and uncertainties. Graph-based integer linear programming combined with multiattribute utility analysis is employed to identify the best set of tradeoffs among (a) disassembly time (and resulting cost) under uncertainty, (b) the probability of not incurring damage during disassembly, (c) reassembly time (and resulting cost) and (d) the probability of not incurring damage during reassembly. An example of a solar heating system is used to illustrate the method.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Potassium Uptake and Partitioning Relative to Dry Matter Accumulation in Cotton Cultivars Differing in Maturity

Dry matter may accumulate faster in fruit of earlier maturing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars than in later cultivars, requiring more rapid K uptake and/or partitioning to developing bolls. Faster K uptake may require higher K fertility. We examined K uptake and partitioning relative to dry matter accumulation during boll filling of two cultivars contrasting in maturity, under two K fertility regimes at Jackson, TN. Plots fertilized with 56 kg K ha -1 yr -1 received the recommended rate of K, while plots receiving 112 kg K ha -1 yr -1 were overfertilized with K. 'PM 1218 BG/RR' (PVP 200000213) matured earlier than 'DP 555 BG/RR' (PVP 200200047) in 2005, and 'FM 960BR' PVP 200400224 matured earlier than DP 555 BG/RR in 2006, but not 2007. Higher K fertility did not increase lint yields, but it delayed maturity in two of 3 yr. During boll filling, the earlier cultivar accumulated more dry matter and K in fruit than the later cultivar, and accumulated them faster in 2 of 3 yr. Higher K fertility shifted the partitioning of dry matter and K to vegetative organs relative to fruit. The proportion of plant K in fruit exceeded the proportion of dry matter in fruit, and the difference increased during boll filling. Evidently, K translocation to fruit exceeded dry matter accumulation in fruit, indicating that boll filling was not limited by K. Neither the K-uptake ratio (total aboveground K relative to residual soil K plus fertilizer K) nor the K-utilization ratio (lint produced per unit plant K) differed between cultivars with sufficient K fertility.
Influence on aerobic fitness on aortic stiffness in apparently healthy Caucasian and African-American subjects

Abstract Background Previous research suggests that arterial stiffness may be significantly higher in African-Americans compared to Caucasians. However, the influence of aerobic fitness on the putative difference in arterial stiffness between these groups has not been previously investigated. Methods Two hundred forty-eight subjects (215 Caucasian, 33 African-American) participated in this study. Within one week following enrollment, subjects underwent body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and measurement of aortic wave velocity (AWV, m/s) via magnetic resonance imaging. Initially, 33 Caucasian subjects were randomly age (±4 years) and sex-matched (10 male/23 female) to the African-American subjects. 25 Caucasian subjects were then randomly matched for age (±4 years), sex (7 male/18 female) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2Max ±7 mlO 2 kg −1 min −1 ) to the African-American subjects. Matching based upon VO 2Max criteria was not possible for 8 African-American subjects. Results In the age and sex-matched analysis, Caucasian subjects demonstrated a significantly higher VO 2Max (38.3±9.6 vs. 27.9±8.6 mlO 2 kg −1 min −1 , p 2 , p p =0.03). However, when subjects were matched for age, sex and VO 2Max , the differences in both BMI (26.8±5.5 vs. 27.9±5.6 kg/m 2 , p =0.45) and AWV (6.1±1.8 vs. 6.5±1.6 m/s, p =0.77) were insignificant. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that previously reported differences in arterial stiffness between Caucasians and African-Americans are at least partially a consequence of a lower level of aerobic fitness in the latter group, a phenomenon that has also been previously demonstrated.
Electron flow at the polarized mercury-water interface in the presence of membrane fragments rich in Na(+)-K (+)-Activated ATPase.

Measurements of interfacial electron flow indicate that membrane fragments rich in Na+−K+-ATPase are capable of absorbing and releasing electrons in the form of random currents at an electrode surface. The electron transporting system, which functions in the presence or absence of substrate and activating ions, may be part of or in contact with the enzyme system, but it is not related to the ATPase activity. The observed electron transport at an electrode surface resembles physiological electron transport processes in being reversible, in extending over the same range of potential, and in being affected by some of the chemicals that interfere with electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Our experiments do not provide sufficient evidence to identify the substances that are responsible for the random currents, but the results suggest that the electro-active substances are similar to those which are involved in the reactions at the second phosphorylation site in mitochondria. Experiments with this technique provide a new approach to the study of the mechanism of biological electron transport processes and their possible relation to ATP synthesis and hydrolysis.
Modeling single-scattering properties of small cirrus particles by use of a size-shape distribution of ice spheroids and cylinders

Abstract In this study, we model single-scattering properties of small cirrus crystals using mixtures of polydisperse, randomly oriented spheroids and cylinders with varying aspect ratios and with a refractive index representative of water ice at a wavelength of 1.88 μm. The Stokes scattering matrix elements averaged over wide shape distributions of spheroids and cylinders are compared with those computed for polydisperse surface-equivalent spheres. The shape-averaged phase function for a mixture of oblate and prolate spheroids is smooth, featureless, and nearly flat at side-scattering angles and closely resembles those typically measured for cirrus. Compared with the ensemble-averaged phase function for spheroids, that for a shape distribution of cylinders shows a relatively deeper minimum at side-scattering angles. This may indicate that light scattering from realistic cirrus crystals can be better represented by a shape mixture of ice spheroids. Interestingly, the single-scattering properties of shape-averaged oblate and prolate cylinders are very similar to those of compact cylinders with a diameter-to-length ratio of unity. The differences in the optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter between the spherical and the nonspherical particles studied appear to be relatively small. This may suggest that for a given optical thickness, the influence of particle shape on the radiative forcing caused by a cloud composed of small ice crystals can be negligible.
Clebsch-Gordan and Racah coefficients of the Poincaré group

Abstract Clebsch-Gordan and Racah coefficients of the Poincare group are needed in many applications, including relativistic quantum mechanics. Due to the structure of the Poincare group, it is possible to couple states of arbitrary spin and (positive) mass together simultaneously, rather than in a stepwise fashion as is conventionally done to get the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of many-particle states. It is shown that such simultaneously coupled states depend on relativistically invariant variables and can be symmetrized in a relatively straightforward fashion. Coefficients are computed which connect simultaneously coupled states to stepwise-coupled states. These coefficients are then used to obtain Racah coefficients connecting different stepwise-coupled states.
Parent and Teacher Ratings on the IOWA Conners Rating Scale

The IOWA Conners Rating Scale is a widely used brief measure of inattentive-impulsive-overactive (IO) and oppositional-defiant (OD) behavior in children. This study examined the psychometric properties of this measure when completed by mothers and teachers. Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a three-factor solution, conforming to current DSM-IV formulations of the disruptive behavior disorders, provided a better fit to the observed data than the currently used two-factor model, in which no distinction is made between inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. Both new and currently used scale scores had good internal consistency and test–retest reliability and showed that boys’ scores were significantly higher than girls’ scores. Results held for both mother and teacher ratings. Clinical cutoff scores were proposed and performed reasonably well to screen for ADHD and ODD. Results support the IOWA Conners as a screening measure for the disruptive behavior disorders or as a tool for monitoring treatment response.
Robert Chambers and the Nebular Hypothesis

The role of Robert Chambers's anonymous Vestiges of the natural history of creation in popularizing evolutionary ideas establishes it as a significant work in the history of science even though its intrinsic scientific value is not great. Its fascinating subject, a universally applicable developmental hypothesis, piqued the curiosity of the nineteenth-century reading public. The clientele to whom the book especially appealed was not too concerned with errors in fact and unsupported generalizations, but instead was attracted by the smoothness of its literary style and the glibness of its pronouncements. These same characteristics caused it to be an anathema to both scientists and clergymen, who joined together to voice their disapproval; they agreed that the ideas in it were potentially harmful to those untrained in scientific procedures and unaware of the book's inherent religious heresies.
Conformation and vasoreactivity of VIP in phospholipids: effects of calmodulin.

The purpose of this study was to determine the conformation and vasorelaxant effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) self-associated with sterically stabilized phospholipid micelles (SSM) and whether calmodulin modulates both of these processes. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that VIP is unordered in aqueous solution at room temperature but assumes appreciable α helix conformation in SSM. This conformational transition was amplified at 37°C and by a low concentration of calmodulin (0.1 nM). Suffusion of VIP in SSM elicited significant time- and concentration-dependent potentiation of vasodilation relative to that elicited by aqueous VIP in the in situ hamster cheek pouch (P < 0.05). This response was significantly potentiated by calmodulin (0.1 nM). Collectively, these data indicate that exogenous calmodulin interacts with VIP in SSM to elicit conformational transition of VIP molecule from a predominantly random coil in aqueous environment to α helix in SSM. This process is associated with potentiation and prolongation of VIP-induced vasodilation in the in situ peripheral microcirculation.
Evidence for the Existence of a Sensitizing Factor to Pressor Agents in the Plasma of Hypertensive Patients

The effect of plasma obtained from normotensive and hypertensive subjects on the changes of pressor response to angiotensin and norepinephrine was studied utilizing nephrectomized rats. Peripheral venous plasma from normotensive individuals when injected iv into the animals did not affect the sensitivity of the animal to either angiotensin or to norepinephrine. In contrast, when the same amount of peripheral plasma obtained from hypertensive patients was injected into these animals, it significantly increased the vascular sensitivity to both angiotensin and norepinephrine. The rise in sensitivity to either angiotensin or norepinephrine was greater with plasma from essential hypertensives with suppressed renin, followed by plasma from patients with malignant hypertension, renovascular hypertension, and essential hypertension without suppressed renin. Renal venous plasma from the ischemic kidney of patients with renovascular hypertension significantly increased the sensitivity to both pressor agents as comp...
An Analysis of Power Series Operators

An analysis of some common power series operations is given in terms of the length of the truncated power series. It is shown that functions on power series can be efficiently computed. This can be the basis of accurate, efficient integrators for ordinary differential, integral, and integro-differential equations.
Mutants yield a pharmacophore model for the tubulin-paclitaxel binding site.

Thus, even though all these laboratories are approaching the problem using different tactics, they seem to be now arriving at somewhat similar (but, granted, still divergent) conclusions. Now, it is the job of the synthetic chemists and crystallographers to test their hypotheses.
The production rule framework: developing a canonical set of software requirements for compliance with law

The cost of noncompliance, as well as lost reputation and brand damage resulting from noncompliance, makes legal compliance critical in software systems. In this paper, we present a production rule framework that software engineers can to specify compliance requirements for software. A component of our framework is the production rule modeling methodology, which we have introduced in previous work [12, 14]. We apply the framework to check iTrust, an open source electronic medical records system, for compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule. We model the Security Rule using production rules and employ the model to analyze the iTrust requirements for legal compliance. Using the framework, we were able to identify 13 functional and 5 non-functional requirements that were previously overlooked using an agile driven software engineering approach. These new requirements are critical for compliance with the Security Rule.
An Expanded NATO Confronts Terrorism and Instability

Recent expansion of NATO to include new members is inextricably linked to the twenty-first century battle against terrorism and instability. The sharp increase in membership after 1999 offered new capabilities to the alliance but also created additional complications and challenges in that battle. The new members played an immediate role in critical operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Bosnia. They enhanced alliance capabilities such as the NATO Reaction Force. Plans developed for possible location of U.S. military bases in new alliance partners such as Poland and the Czech Republic. NATO leaders expanded the Partnership for Peace Program to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. In fact, transformation of NATO from an organization designed to counter the Soviet threat into an alliance that managed the battle against terrorism in Afghanistan had taken place by late 2006. At the same time, the costs that accompanied the deepened involvement in the current struggle against violence and instabil...
Existence of the phase drainage diagram in proton exchange membrane fuel cell fibrous diffusion media

It is well established that drainage in porous media can be characterized by two nondimensional numbers: the capillary number, Ca, and the viscosity ratio, M. Both quantities are useful to distinguish which force (viscous or capillary) is governing the fluid displacement behavior. This information is summarized in the Ca–M phase diagram. The Ca–M phase diagram is strongly dependent upon fluid properties and the porous medium morphology and wettability. Experimental evidence suggests that the morphology of the porous medium has an important role in the behavior in the fluid displacement. In this work, Ca–M phase diagram of fuel cell diffusion media layer (DM) is explored using a pseudo-Hele–Shaw experimental setup. This phase diagram will be explored together with the characteristic pressure curves of each displacement type. This Ca–M phase diagram will provide a fundamental resource for understanding the dynamics of the diffusion process and transport characteristics taking place inside of the DM as well as a characterization method for DMs.
Forces between Excited Alkali Atoms and Noble Gases

Positions of satellite bands near the atomic lines of alkali metals in the presence of heavy noble gases together with the assumption of a Lennard-Jones (6-12) interaction potential and knowledge of the attractive force constant ${C}_{6}$ are used to determine the repulsive force constant ${C}_{12}$ for excited states of the alkali atoms. The formula commonly used for ${C}_{6}$ is modified and leads to an improved agreement of the calculated values for this constant with experimental measurements. The constant ${C}_{12}$, derived from satellite-band measurements, is found to rapidly increase with excitation of the alkali atom and to be nearly independent of the noblegas. The values of ${C}_{12}$ found for 82 excited states of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs in the presence of Kr and Xe are represented by a simple power law in the effective principal quantum number of the excited state. The expression appears to have general utility when one atom is a noble gas and the other has one or two excited electrons.
Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of worksite nutrition programs

Abstract Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are analytical techniques for comparing the costs and positive effects of alternative uses of resources. This paper discusses CEA and CBA as they apply to worksite nutrition programs. In order to conduct CEA or CBA, it is necessary to document program costs, and to link programs to behavior changes, risk factor reduction, health improvement, and for CBA, economic benefits. Some data suggest that weight loss programs at the workplace can be more cost-effective than commercial or clinic programs. Programs to reduce lipid levels may be the most promising nutrition intervention for long-term health benefits. Evidence of long-term economic benefits of workplace nutrition programs remains elusive, and further study is needed.
Incremental Machine Ethics

Approaches to programming ethical behavior for computer systems face challenges that are both technical and philosophical in nature. In response, an incrementalist account of machine ethics is developed: a successive adaptation of programmed constraints to new, morally relevant abilities in computers. This approach allows progress under conditions of limited knowledge in both ethics and computer systems engineering and suggests reasons that we can circumvent broader philosophical questions about computer intelligence and autonomy.
Influence of active reminders on oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine if text message reminders regarding oral hygiene compliance have an influence on the level of compliance within an orthodontic population. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, 42 orthodontic patients were assigned to a text message or control group. Parents of patients assigned to the text message group received a reminder text message one weekday each week. Oral hygiene compliance was measured using bleeding index (BI), modified gingival index (MGI), and plaque index (PI), and visual examination of white spot lesion (WSL) development at baseline (T0), two appointments after baseline (T1), and four appointments after baseline (T2). Results: BI, MGI, and PI scores were significantly lower in the text message group than in the control group at T2. Conclusion: A text message reminder system is effective for improving oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients.
Nylon-6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as a hydrophobic interaction chromatography stationary phase for the separation of proteins

Nylon-6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are used as the stationary phase for the hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) separation of a synthetic protein mixture composed of ribonuclease A, lysozyme, and holotransferrin. Nylon is a useful polymer phase for HIC as it has an alkyl backbone, while the amide functionality is hydrophilic (in fact ionic) in nature. The combination of a nonporous polymer surface of the fiber phases and high column permeability yields very efficient mass transfer characteristics, as exhibited by narrowing of peak widths with increases in mobile phase linear velocity. Retention factors and resolution were evaluated at flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 9 mL/min (linear velocities of ca. 2 to 15 mm/s) and at gradient slopes between 3.3 and 20 %B/min. Optimum resolution was achieved by employing fast flow rates (9 mL/min) and slow gradients (3 %B/min), also resulting in the highest peak capacities.
Cost and cost-effectiveness of three strategies for training clinicians in motivational interviewing.

Objective To evaluate the cost and cost-effectiveness of three strategies for teaching community program clinicians motivational interviewing (MI): self-study (SS), expert-led (EX), and train-the-trainer (TT).
Time course of transient behavioral depression and persistent behavioral sensitization in relation to regional brain monoamine concentrations during amphetamine withdrawal in rats

This experiment was designed to characterize the withdrawal syndrome produced by discontinuation of treatment with escalating, non-neurotoxic doses ofd-amphetamine (AMPH). AMPH withdrawal was associated with both transient and persistent changes in behavior and postmortem brain tissue catecholamine concentrations. During the first week of withdrawal rats showed a significant decrease in spontaneous nocturnal locomotor activity. This behavioral depression was most pronounced on the first 2 days after the discontinuation of AMPH pretreatment, was still evident after 1 week, but had dissipated by 4 weeks. Behavioral depression was not due to a simple motor deficit, because AMPH-pretreated animals showed a normal large increase in locomotion when the lights initially went out, but they did not sustain relatively high levels of locomotor activity throughout the night, or show the early morning rise in activity characteristic of controls. Behavioral depression was associated with a transient decrease in the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, and a transient decrease in the ability of an AMPH challenge to alter dopamine (DA) concentrations in the caudateputamen and nucleus accumbens. AMPH pretreatment also produced persistent changes in brain and behavior. The persistent effects of AMPH were not evident in spontaneous locomotor activity, but were revealed by a subsequent challenge injection of AMPH. AMPH pretreated animals were markedly hyper-responsive to the stereotypy-producing effects of an AMPH challenge. This behavioral sensitization was not fully developed until 2 weeks after the discontinuation of AMPH pretreatment, but then persisted undiminished for at least 1 year. It is suggested that the transient changes in brain and behavior described here may represent an animal analogue of the “distress syndrome” seen in humans during AMPH withdrawal, which is associated with symptoms of depression and alterations in catecholamine function. On the other hand, persistent behavioral sensitization may be analogous to the enduring hypersensitivity to the psychotogenic effects of AMPH seen in former AMPH addicts.
Turbulence modeling methods for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

Turbulence modeling methods for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, including several zero- and two-equation eddy-viscosity models, are described and applied. Advantages and disadvantages of the models are discussed with respect to mathematical simplicity, conformity with physical theory, and numerical compatibility with methods. A new two-equation model is introduced which shows advantages over other two-equation models with regard to numerical compatibility and the ability to predict low-Reynolds-number transitional phenomena. Calculations of various transonic airfoil flows are compared with experimental results. A new implicit upwind-differencing method is used which enhances numerical stability and accuracy, and leads to rapidly convergent steady-state solutions.
Intravesicular glucose modulates magnesium2+ transport in liver plasma membrane from streptozotocin-treated rats

Plasma membrane vesicles purified from livers of 4-week-old streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats present an increased basal and cation-stimulated magnesium (Mg)2+ transport as compared with vesicles purified from age-matched nondiabetic animals. Furthermore, diabetic basolateral membranes are unable to accumulate extravesicular Mg2+ in exchange for intravesicular sodium (Na)+. Loading diabetic vesicles with varying concentrations of D-glucose, in addition to Mg2+, renormalizes basal and Na+- or calcium (Ca)2+-induced Mg2+ extrusion in a dose-dependent manner, but does not restore Na+/Mg2+ exchanger reversibility. A similar effect on Mg2+ extrusion is observed when D-glucose is replaced with 2-deoxy-glucose, amylopectin, or glycogen. The loading with 3-methyl-O-glucose or L-glucose, instead, affects basal and Na+-dependent Mg2+ extrusion, but not Ca2+-dependent Mg2+ fluxes. In contrast, loading the vesicles with hexoses other than glucose or varying extravesicular glucose concentration from 5 to 20 mmol/L does not modify basal or cation-stimulated Mg2+ fluxes. Taken together, these data indicate that basal and cation-stimulated Mg2+ transport across the hepatocyte plasma membrane is altered under diabetic conditions as a result of a decrease in intravesicular (intracellular) glucose.
The School Success Program: Improving Maltreated Children's Academic and School-Related Outcomes.

Follow this and additional works at: http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clsowo_facpub Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Methods Commons, and the Social Work Commons Publisher's Statement This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Children and Schools following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at http://cs.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/1/13
The importance of peer group (“crowd”) affiliation in adolescence

Many researchers have speculated about the role peer groups play in adolescent development, but few have examined teenagers' own perspective on the importance of group affiliations. The two studies reported here, involving 1,300 7th to 12th graders in three Midwestern U.S. communities, assessed teenagers' valuation of belonging to a “crowd” as well as the reasons they cited to support or oppose crowd affiliation. The importance of crowd affiliation declined across age. Younger adolescents generally favored membership, emphasizing the crowd's ability to provide emotional or instrumental support, foster friendships and facilitate social interaction. Older respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the conformity demands of crowds and felt their established friendship networks obviated the need for peer group ties. The importance of crowd affiliation was not related to the strength of respondents' sense of identity but did vary significantly with their willingness to conform to peers and the centrality of their position in peer groups or the type of crowd to which they belonged. Findings emphasized that adolescent peer groups can serve multiple functions, whose salience shifts with age.
Japanese children's perceptions of their parents

The perception of parental roles by 380 fifth- and sixth-grade boys and girls in Japan was examined. The median age of the children was 11 years 9 months. Analyses explored differences attributable to the sex of the child, whether the child lived in Tokyo or in a small city in northern Honshu, and whether the mother was employed outside the home. Data show that the perception of parental roles is not sensitive to mothers' working, that families are organized somewhat more traditionally in the small city that in Tokyo, and there is a small same-sex parent preference on a number of variables. Taken as a whole the data confirm the overwhelming importance of the Japanese mother in the day-to-day lives of the children, document the relative failure of the Japanese father to secure a central role in the life of his children, and demonstrate the significant degree to which Japanese industralization and Westernization have transformed what one writer (Wagatsuma, 1977) has called the Confucian Japanese family.
Pharmacokinetics of the dermal route of exposure to volatile organic chemicals in water: A computer simulation model

A kinetic model of dermal absorption of nonpolar organic nonelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions is described. The model uses systems dynamics STELLA software and is designed for a Macintosh computer. The model assumes the outer stratum corneum layer of skin to be the rate-determining barrier to dermal absorption and assumes that both stratum corneum and viable epidermal layers have storage capacity for lipophilic solutes. The model predicts between 30 and 94% of experimental results with humans under the same conditions. The degree of departure between experimental and theoretical results is inversely related to the solutes's octanol/water partition coefficient, which is consistent with the most recently hypothesized mechanisms of transport of molecules across the dermal barrier. The model has potentially useful applications for risk assessment if used within its defined limits.
An experimental study of price dispersion in an optimal search model with advertising

Abstract This paper reports a laboratory experiment to study pricing and advertising behavior with costly buyer search. Sellers simultaneously post prices and may incur a cost to advertise this price. In the unique symmetric equilibrium, sellers either charge a high unadvertised price or randomize in an interval of lower advertised prices. Increases in search or advertising costs raise equilibrium prices, and equilibrium advertising intensity decreases with lower search costs and higher advertising costs. Our experimental results support these comparative static predictions, and sellers also post high unadvertised prices as predicted. In all treatments, however, sellers advertise more intensely than in equilibrium.
Women Who Have Their Parental Rights Removed by the State: The Interplay of Trauma and Oppression

Although there is extensive literature related to assessment, intervention, and outcomes for families in the child welfare system, less is written about the experience of mothers in these families when the legal system moves towards terminating parental rights. The experiences of three women in this situation of removal and termination are presented through clinical case studies by the four family therapists whose lives intersected with theirs. As feminist therapists, we use a lens of critical consciousness; and recognize the real influence of social oppression that has culminated in the loss of their children. All three women are young, low-income, were at times homeless and unemployed, and represent diversity in both ethnicity and sexual orientation. Their case studies highlight the interplay of trauma and oppression that capture their lifelong and current situations and impede their ability to mother.
Field‐Based Research in Accounting: Accomplishments and Prospects

This paper tabulates the field‐based research in accounting that was published in the period 1981–2004 and discusses the use of this method and its contributions. It shows that the number of field research publications has grown significantly over this period but that use of the method is primarily confined to management accounting topics. The paper describes the major impacts that field research has had on the management accounting field, particularly in identifying leading edge practices and enhancing their scholarly exploration, thereby contributing to our understanding of the phenomena we research and linking our research with practice. We also suggest that similar contributions might be made if researchers in other fields employed field research methods more.
Microprogrammed Architectures Specified using PAISLey (A description of an ongoing project)

Operational specification is a method of documenting specifications for systems which separates the implementation details from the problem requirements details. Operational specification permits simulation of the specification enabling the specification creator to test the specification to see how well it satisfies prescribed functional requirements. The line between specification and description when applied to computer architecture design is rather thin in my opinion and the experience of this author indicates that a particular specification tool known as PAISLey (described in more detail below) can serve as a suitable hardware description tool.
THE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF CAFFEINE

The widespread use of caffeine is most commonly linked to the stimulatory action it has on the central nervous system. Generally, adverse effects include gastrorrhea, insomnia, and diuresis. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms have been observed and excessive consumption can lead to an anxiety neurosis condition (caffeinism). The actions of caffeine may involve its effects on neurotransmitter turnover and metabolism; its promotion of the cellular messenger, cAMP; its sensitization of the calcium releasing mechanisms of cellular reticulum; or its antagonism of the autacoid, adenosine. Caffeine lethality is rare in man but caffeine poisoning with its gastrointestinal, CNS, and cardiovascular stimulation could especially be hazardous to children. Most of the mutagenicity work has been performed in organisms whose cellular DNA synthesis and repair mechanism vary significantly from those found in man. The work in human cell lines suggests that caffeine-induced chromosomal breakage, with its lack of chromatid exchange would promote cell lethality, not muta-genticity. Nothing but circumstantial evidence implicates caffeine as a human carcinogen or teratogen. Involvement of caffeine as a cocarcinogen or a coteratogen (which includes effects on gamete production or fetal development) appears far more likely, but neither has even begun to be truly evaluated. Basic metabolism of caffeine involves the processes of N-demethylation, hydration, and oxidation; and most likely requires the cytochrome P1-450 system. Though various metabolites of caffeine are pharmacologically active, the extent of involvement of individual metabolites in the pharmacological or toxicological responses of caffeine in man is still unknown.
Optical Waveguide Technology for Modern Urban Communications

The technology of optical waveguide systems has developed rapidly over the past few years, and they now appear to offer vast new capabilities in urban communications. A review and a status report of this technology is given; glass fiber waveguides are discussed in some detail because they show considerable promise for interactive networks. Optical sources, detectors, and integrated optical circuits are discussed.
Information as Thing

Three meanings of “information” are distinguished: “Information-as-process”; “information-as-knowledge”; and “information-as-thing,” the attributive use of “information” to denote things regarded as informative. The nature and characteristics of “information-as-thing” are discussed, using an indirect approach (“What things are informative?”). Varieties of “information-as-thing” include data, text, documents, objects, and events. On this view “information” includes but extends beyond communication. Whatever information storage and retrieval systems store and retrieve is necessarily “information-as-thing.” These three meanings of “information,” along with “information processing,” offer a basis for classifying disparate information-related activities (e.g., rhetoric, bibliographic retrieval, statistical analysis) and, thereby, suggest a topography for “information science.” © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Term Limits and Pork

We describe a model of electoral selection and legislative policy choice that explores the effects of term limits on legislative spending. In the model, self-interested voters in a collection of districts prefer representatives who deliver pork over representatives who maximize aggregate social welfare. Term limits can, in some cases, inhibit voters from selecting representatives who deliver particularistic benefits, and, in these cases, term limits reduce pork spending. On the other hand, when pork is extremely socially inefficient, representatives who want to deliver pork to their districts have incentives to refrain from doing so to reduce future pork in other districts. In this scenario, term limits actually prevent legislators from promoting future spending moderation and thus paradoxically increase pork spending.