cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fifth Transmembrane Segment of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Contributes to Its Anion Permeation Pathway.

Previous studies have identified several transmembrane segments (TMs), including TM1, TM3, TM6, TM9, TM11, and TM12, as pore-lining segments in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), but the role of TM5 in pore construction remains controversial. In this study, we employed substituted cysteine accessibility methodology (SCAM) to screen the entire TM5 defined by the original topology model and its cytoplasmic extension in a Cysless background. We found six positions (A299, R303, N306, S307, F310, and F311) where engineered cysteines react to intracellular 2-sulfonatoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSES–). Quantification of the modification rate of engineered cysteines in the presence or absence of ATP suggests that these six residues are accessible in both the open and closed states. Whole-cell experiments with external MTSES– identified only two positive positions (L323 and A326), resulting in a segment containing 11 consecutive amino acids, where substituted cysteines respond to neither...
Spatial Variability of Biofuel Production Potential and Hydrologic Fluxes of Land Use Change from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to Alamo Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in the Texas High Plains

Bioenergy crop production has the potential to protect marginal crop lands that generate high surface runoff and produce poor crop yields. Long-term evaluation of the impacts of such land use change on hydrologic fluxes and biofuel production potential is necessary before adopting such strategies on a large scale. In this study, the hydrologic impacts of replacing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on marginal lands in an intensive agricultural watershed in the Texas High Plains with Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a bioenergy crop were evaluated using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. The surface runoff to cotton yield ratio was used as a criterion to identify marginal cotton subareas (homogenous spatial units delineated by APEX) in the study watershed, and three replacement scenarios (low (9 %), medium (33 %), and high (57 %) extents of cotton acreage replaced by switchgrass) were implemented in the scenario analysis. The average (1994–2009) annual surface runoff decreased by about 84 and 66 %, and the percolation increased by 106 and 57 % in the irrigated and dryland subareas, respectively, when cotton was replaced by switchgrass under the high replacement scenario. Spatial analysis showed that switchgrass was a feasible bioenergy crop for replacing cotton, especially in the western part of the study watershed, due to its higher water use efficiency and better water conservation effects compared to cotton. It is estimated that 193 and 381 million liters of ethanol could be produced from the dryland and irrigated subareas of the study watershed, respectively, under the high replacement scenario.
International Collaboration for Software Capstone Projects

Most universities include a senior capstone project as part of their curriculum. These projects are designed to provide students with the opportunity to utilize the skills which they have acquired over the course of their education and to apply them to a large project. Recent trends in software development include increasing globalization and international collaboration both between companies as well as among international teams within an organization. In response to these changes, some instructors of capstone courses have begun to conduct international capstone projects where students in one country are paired with industry companies or other organizations from a different country. This paper presents the results of a survey of educators, software professionals, and former students who have participated in some form of international capstone project. This research is aimed at providing a better understanding of these projects to those who are interested in participating in international capstone projects themselves.
Hydrothermal-Assisted Cold Sintering Process: A New Guidance for Low-Temperature Ceramic Sintering

Sintering is a thermal treatment process that is generally applied to achieve dense bulk solids from particulate materials below the melting temperature. Conventional sintering of polycrystalline ceramics is prevalently performed at quite high temperatures, normally up to 1000 to 1200 °C for most ceramic materials, typically 50% to 75% of the melting temperatures. Here we present a new sintering route to achieve dense ceramics at extraordinarily low temperatures. This method is basically modified from the cold sintering process (CSP) we developed very recently by specifically incorporating the hydrothermal precursor solutions into the particles. BaTiO3 nano polycrystalline ceramics are exemplified for demonstration due to their technological importance and normally high processing temperature under conventional sintering routes. The presented technique could also be extended to a much broader range of material systems than previously demonstrated via a hydrothermal synthesis using water or volatile soluti...
Impact of Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome on the Endoscopic Management of Pancreatic Fluid Collections

Objective To study the effect of disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) on endoscopic management of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). Background Data on the impact of DPDS in patients undergoing endoscopic treatment of PFCs are limited. Methods Retrospective study of patients undergoing endoscopic drainage of PFCs from 2003 to 2015. If treatment response was suboptimal following initial endoscopic or endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage, hybrid interventions (endoscopic ultrasound-guided multigate/dual modality technique, endoscopic/percutaneous sinus tract necrosectomy) were performed. Transmural stents were left permanently in situ in DPDS patients from 2008 onwards. Main outcome measures were to evaluate the effect of DPDS on need for hybrid treatment, reinterventions, rescue surgery, length of stay, and overall treatment success. Results Of 361 patients, 34 (9.4%) were acute collections, 178 (49.3%) pseudocysts, and 149 (41.3%) walled-off necrosis (WON). DPDS was present in 167 (46.3%) patients, absent in 124 (34.3%), unknown in 70 (19.4%), and occurred more frequently in WON compared to other PFCs (68.3% vs 31.7%; P Conclusions DPDS has a significant effect on endoscopic management of PFCs as more patients required hybrid treatment, reinterventions, and rescue surgery for achieving optimal clinical outcomes.
Visual system pathology in humans and animal models of blast injury

Injury from blast exposure is becoming a more prevalent cause of death and disability worldwide. The devastating neurological impairments that result from blasts are significant and lifelong. Progress in the development of effective therapies to treat injury has been slowed by its heterogeneous pathology and the dearth of information regarding the cellular mechanisms involved. Within the last decade, a number of studies have documented visual dysfunction following injury. This brief review examines damage to the visual system in both humans and animal models of blast injury. The in vivo use of the retina as a surrogate to evaluate brain injury following exposure to blast is also highlighted.
Lamprey neural crest migration is Snail-dependent and occurs without a differential shift in cadherin expression

The acquisition of neural crest cells was a key step in the origin of the vertebrate body plan. An outstanding question is how neural crest cells acquired their ability to undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrate extensively throughout the vertebrate embryo. We tested if differential regulation of classical cadherins-a highly conserved feature of neural crest EMT and migration in jawed vertebrates-mediates these cellular behaviors in lamprey, a basal jawless vertebrate. Lamprey has single copies of the type I and type II classical cadherins (CadIA and CadIIA). CadIIA is expressed in premigratory neural crest, and requires the transcription factor Snail for proper expression, yet CadIA is never expressed in the neural tube during neural crest development, suggesting that differential regulation of classical cadherin expression is not required to initiate neural crest migration in basal vertebrates. We hypothesize that neural crest cells evolved by retention of regulatory programs linking distinct mesenchymal and multipotency properties, and emigrated from the neural tube without differentially regulating type I/type II cadherins. Our results point to the coupling of mesenchymal state and multipotency as a key event facilitating the origin of migratory neural crest cells.
Self-Directed, Self-Improving Control of a Molecular Beam Epitaxy Process

Abstract This paper addresses manufacturing research involving advances in material process control. The research objective has been to develop intelligent, self-directed and self-improving control systems which enable in-situ (real-time) control path generation based on both product (material behavior) and processing (control agent) feedback. A ‘product-process’ control philosophy which emphasizes product quality is described together with a generic architecture for representing product and process knowledge. Specific details are presented involving the development and application of a self-directed and selfimproving material processing system for molecular beam epitaxy of gallium arsenide wafers. Special emphasis is given to the development of a neural model for self-improving control as well as future research directions.
Growth and morbidity of extremely preterm infants after early full enteral nutrition.

Objectives To evaluate feasibility and consequences of accelerated feeding advancement on short-term outcomes in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) who stayed in our institution for >28 days. Methods Retrospective single-centre cohort analysis covering the years 2011–2013. Data are presented as median (IQR). Results Infants 9(n=77) birth weight was 745 (640 to 960) g and gestational age at birth 26.7 (25.1 to 27.4) weeks. Full enteral feeds were attained by postnatal day 7 (5 to 11). Weight gain from birth to discharge was 14.3 (13.3 to 16.1) g/kg/day, change in SD score for weight −0.03 (−0.55 to 0.46) and 0.09 (−0.78 and 0.82) for head circumference. Rates of necrotising enterocolitis and spontaneous intestinal perforation in all ELGANs admitted during the study period were 3.1% and 9.4%, respectively. Conclusions This cohort of ELGANs showed good weight gain and head growth after early full enteral nutrition. The impact of this feeding practice on neonatal morbidity and long-term outcome remains to be tested in adequately powered randomised trials.
Use of OWL for Describing Stream Processing Components to Enable Automatic Composition.

Stream Processing Applications analyze large volumes of streaming data in real-time. These applications, consist of data sources, which produce raw streams, and processing elements, which operate on the streams to produce new derived streams. In this paper, we describe an OWL-based model for describing these stream processing components. The streams produced by data sources are described as RDF graphs, consisting of OWL ABox assertions. The input requirements and output capabilities of PEs are described using RDF graph patterns. The main use of this model is to allow automatic composition of applications that produce certain desired results. Our model allows us to answer two key questions in automatic composition: can a certain stream be given as input to a processing element, and what are the new streams produced as a result. Based on this model, we outline a planning approach to automatic application composition.
Experimental and numerical study of variable oxygen index effects on soot yield and distribution in laminar co-flow diffusion flames

Abstract We study experimentally and numerically a series of methane-fueled laminar co-flow diffusion flames to investigate the effects of variable Oxygen Index (OI) on soot yield and distribution. OI is defined as the mole fraction of oxygen in the oxidizer. Sixteen flames are studied with OI ranging from 21% (air) to 76.3%, so that OI varies in small increments and its effects are precisely resolved. The soot volume fraction distribution is measured experimentally for all flames using color-ratio pyrometry. Simulations are carried out using an extensively validated chemical kinetic mechanism and an aggregate-based soot model that accounts for all major processes of soot inception, growth, and oxidation. The experimental measurements show that the visible flame height decreases with increasing OI, which is consistent with theoretical estimates and the numerical simulations. The measurements also indicate that increasing OI (from 21% to 36.8%) first results in an increase in the maximum soot concentration, but a further increase in OI leads to a decrease in the soot yield. Additionally, the maximum soot concentration occurs on the flame centerline for low OI flames (below 36.8%), but for higher OI, the peak soot yield occurs in the flame wings. All of these experimental observations are well reproduced by the simulations, with the maximum soot volume fraction magnitudes lying within the error bounds of the experimental measurements. The computational results are used to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms, by examining soot evolution along characteristic Lagrangian trajectories through flame regions. We find that increasing OI leads to higher flame temperature, which results in a stronger soot production rate, but also reduced soot residence time in flame regions, which allows less time for soot production. These competing effects cause the initial increase and subsequent decrease in the maximum soot yield and the shift in the maximum soot yield location with increasing OI.
Contemporary Interventional Radiology Dosimetry: Analysis of 4,784 Discrete Procedures at a Single Institution.

Abstract Purpose To report dosimetry of commonly performed interventional radiology procedures and compare dose analogues to known reference levels. Materials and Methods Demographic and dosimetry data were collected for gastrostomy, nephrostomy, peripherally inserted central catheter placement, visceral arteriography, hepatic chemoembolization, tunneled catheter placement, inferior vena cava filter placement, vascular embolization, transjugular liver biopsy, adrenal vein sampling, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation, and biliary drainage between June 12, 2014, and April 26, 2018, using integrated dosimetry software. In all, 4,784 procedures were analyzed. The study included 2,691 (56.2%) male subjects and 2,093 (43.8%) female subjects with mean age 55 ± 21 years (range: 0-104 years) and with mean weight of 76.9 ± 29.4 kg (range: 0.9-268.1 kg). Fluoroscopy time, dose area product (DAP), and reference dose were evaluated. Results TIPS had the highest mean fluoroscopy time (49.1 ± 16.0 min) followed by vascular embolization (25.2 ± 11.4 min), hepatic chemoembolization (18.8 ± 12.5 min), and visceral arteriography (17.7 ± 3.2 min). TIPS had the highest mean DAP (429.2 ± 244.8 grays per square centimeter [Gy·· cm2]) followed by hepatic chemoembolization (354.6 ± 78.6 Gy·· cm2), visceral arteriography (309.5 ± 39.0 Gy·· cm2), and vascular embolization (298.5 ± 29 Gy·· cm2). TIPS was associated with the highest mean reference dose (2.002 ± 1.420 Gy) followed by hepatic chemoembolization (1.746 ± 0.435 Gy), vascular embolization (1.615 ± 0.381 Gy), and visceral arteriography (1.558 ± 1.720 Gy). Of the six procedures available for comparison with the reference levels, the mean fluoroscopy time, DAP, and reference dose for each procedure were below the proposed reference levels. Conclusion Advances in image acquisition technology and radiation safety protocols have significantly reduced the radiation exposure for a variety of interventional radiology procedures.
Guilt in Obsession and Paranoia

This chapter complements the preceding chapter on shame, yet it shows how the dynamically related emotion of guilt has different evolutionary roots, different effects on consciousness, and different consequences for personal and social adjustment. Lewis holds that it was the shift in the conception of guilt as an essential aspect of one’s relationship with God to its conception as a signal of violation of internalized cultural values that brought it within the pale of science. With this secularization of the concept of guilt, social scientists began studying its enculturation and socialization, and psychologists and psychiatrists began studying how its presence in excess produces psychological disorders.
A Nonparametric Bayesian Framework for Short-Term Wind Power Probabilistic Forecast

To improve the energy system resilience and economic efficiency, the wind power as a renewable energy starts to be deeply integrated into smart power grids. However, the wind power forecast uncertainty brings operational challenges. In order to provide a reliable guidance on operational decisions, in this paper, we propose a short-term wind power probabilistic forecast. Specifically, to model the rich dynamic behaviors of underlying physical wind power stochastic process occurring in various meteorological conditions, we first introduce an infinite Markov switching autoregressive model. This nonparametric time series model can capture the important properties in the real-world data to improve the prediction accuracy. Then, given finite historical data, the posterior distribution of flexible forecast model can correctly quantify the model estimation uncertainty. Built on it, we develop the posterior predictive distribution to rigorously quantify the overall forecasting uncertainty accounting for both inherent stochastic uncertainty and model estimation error. Therefore, the proposed approach can provide accurate and reliable short-term wind power probabilistic forecast, which can be used to support smart power grids real-time risk management.
Exploring the Value of Waiting During Labor

Of the nearly four million births that occur each year in the United States, almost one in three is a cesarean delivery. Despite the increasing C-section rate over the years, there is no evidence t...
Nitrogen enrichment alters carbon fluxes in a New England salt marsh

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Nitrogen enrichment of coastal salt marshes can induce feedbacks that alter ecosystem-level processes including primary production and carbon sequestration. Despite the rising interest in coastal blue carbon, the effects of chronic nutrient enrichment on blue carbon processes have rarely been measured in the context of experimental fertilization. Here, we examined the ecosystem-level effects of nitrate (NO3−) enrichment on the greenhouse gas dynamics of a Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes using static chambers through two growing seasons in a salt marsh that was nitrogen-enriched for 13 years and compared fluxes to those from a reference marsh.Outcomes: We found that nitrogen enrichment increased gross primary productivity (GPP) by 7.7% and increased ecosystem respiration (Reco) by 20.8%. However, nitrogen enrichment had no discernible effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Taken together, these results suggest that nitrogen-induced stimulati...
The Shade of Things to Come: Plastid Retrograde Signaling and Shade Avoidance.

Plants compete with each other over finite resources like water and nutrients but also for sunlight when they grow in each other’s shadow. Light filtered through leaves is rich in far-red light and initiates responses, known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), that aim to out-compete neighbors by
The abductive approach to synthetic autonomous reasoning

Abductive inference, as defined by Charles S. Peirce, involves (1) observation of a surprising fact, (2) formulating (guessing) a proposition which, if true, would explain this fact as a matter of course, (3) and provisional acceptance of the proposition as true, (4) leading to its being taken as a premise for subsequent deduction, the consequences of which will then be related to further observations via induction--surprises from which can then trigger new abductive inferences, and so forth. Peirce limited this process to human reasoning because he viewed thought as a semiosis (flow of signs) continuous between the human mind and the world, such that (1) the human subject is in thought, as opposed to thought being in the subject, and that (2) there is an intrinsic ability of human beings to “guess right” as a consequence of this continuity of mind and world. The challenge posed by this view of thinking is that, unlike a human subject, any vehicle for autonomous reasoning is a newly created object that is separate from the world. It cannot be what Martin Heidegger termed a “being-in-the-world” because of the artificial separation of its thought from the world viewed as semiosis.
PLANNING FOR AND CONTROL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Abstract The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has never before had to cope with the problems experienced in the day-to-day operation of high performance, large throughput information systems (IS). Such environments typically involve the retention and maintenance of large databases with consequent need for good integrity constraints on input and updating of data, plus the careful preservation of program and system integrity through versioning and other special control mechanisms. But the day when there are such production environments involving AI parts may not be far away, we face a possible marriage of database management systems with AI techniques. If this occurs, economic information systems may use AI tools in the production and operation phases of large econometric models and in the normal operation of large statistical data systems. Current practice and present methodologies in IS implementation and operation are therefore examined to suggest how these future systems may evolve from these disparate fields and thereby improve the overall system by their symbiosis.
Global Hemophilia Care: Data for Action.

Iorio and coworkers make the case that measuring the global burden of hemophilia is important in developing strategies to address gaps in access to care for this condition. The editorialist discuss...
Extensive Atraumatic Heterotopic Ossification of the Achilles Tendon in an Adolescent with Metabolic Syndrome: A Case Report.

CASE A 15-year-old boy with type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity presented with atraumatic posterior ankle pain and stiffness due to extensive heterotopic ossification (HO) of the Achilles tendon. The ossification was successfully surgically resected and tendon primarily repaired. Wound dehiscence was noted at the first preoperative visit, managed conservatively by local wound care, and healed uneventfully by secondary intention. One-year follow-up showed no recurrence of HO, return to baseline activities, yet low Oxford scores. CONCLUSION HO of the Achilles tendon is a rare clinical entity. We report an atraumatic case in an adolescent patient with metabolic syndrome, which may demonstrate systemic inflammation because of metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for HO.
Innovation in the food industry using microbial transglutaminase: Keys to success and future prospects.

Transglutaminase (TG) catalyzes cross-linking between the γ-carboxyamide groups of glutamine residues and the e-amino groups of lysine residues in polypeptide chains, yielding e- (γ-glutamyl) lysine (G-L) bonds. By forming a network structure in the protein via G-L bonds, it is possible to increase the viscosity of protein solutions or to cause gelation. Nearly thirty years have passed since microbial TG (MTG) appeared in the food enzyme market. Since the start of research and development, MTG has been used in fishery products such as kamaboko (boiled fish paste), meat products such as sausages, milk products such as yogurt, processed-soybean products such as tofu, and wheat products such as bread and noodles. MTG has provided effects such as adding new functions and reducing waste in food applications. The purpose of this review is to describe not only the history of research and development of TG but also the key aspects that have facilitated the great success of this process as a technology for enzymatically modifying protein-containing foods.
Synaptic Diversity Suppresses Complex Collective Behavior in Networks of Theta Neurons.

Comprehending how the brain functions requires an understanding of the dynamics of neuronal assemblies. Previous work used a mean-field reduction method to determine the collective dynamics of a large heterogeneous network of uniformly and globally coupled theta neurons, which are a canonical formulation of Type I neurons. However, in modeling neuronal networks, it is unreasonable to assume that the coupling strength between every pair of neurons is identical. The goal in the present work is to analytically examine the collective macroscopic behavior of a network of theta neurons that is more realistic in that it includes heterogeneity in the coupling strength as well as in neuronal excitability. We consider the occurrence of dynamical structures that give rise to complicated dynamics via bifurcations of macroscopic collective quantities, concentrating on two biophysically relevant cases: ($1$) predominantly excitable neurons with mostly excitatory connections, and ($2$) predominantly spiking neurons with inhibitory connections. We find that increasing the synaptic diversity moves these dynamical structures to distant extremes of parameter space, leaving simple collective equilibrium states in the physiologically relevant region. We also study the node versus focus nature of stable macroscopic equilibrium solutions and discuss our results in the context of recent literature.
Leveraging Neural Networks in Preclinical Alcohol Research

Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive healthcare issue with significant socioeconomic consequences. There is a plethora of neural imaging techniques available at the clinical and preclinical level, including magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional (3D) tissue imaging techniques. Network-based approaches can be applied to imaging data to create neural networks that model the functional and structural connectivity of the brain. These networks can be used to changes to brain-wide neural signaling caused by brain states associated with alcohol use. Neural networks can be further used to identify key brain regions or neural “hubs” involved in alcohol drinking. Here, we briefly review the current imaging and neurocircuit manipulation methods. Then, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies using network-based approaches related to substance use disorders and alcohol drinking. Finally, we discuss how preclinical 3D imaging in combination with network approaches can be applied alone and in combination with other approaches to better understand alcohol drinking.
Al- Farisi Syntactic Views on Ibn Akeels Interpretation of Ibn Maliks Alfia

برزت جهود علماء العربية في النحو العربي الذي يعد من أهم علوم اللغة وأصبحت واضحة جلية في هذا المجال ومن بينهم الفارسي ذلك العالم الذي تميز بسعة فهمه وتنوع مداركه إذ أثرى اللغة بكل ما لديه من علم وأصبح إمام وقته في علم النحو إذ بينت في هذا البحث آراء نحوية لعالم خدم العربية وأثراها بشكل كبير وملحوظ بصورة لا يمكن غض النظر عنها من خلال كتاب مهم الا وهو كتاب شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك الذي يعد من أنفع المؤلفات التي ألفت في هذا المجال إذ جمعت فيه الآراء النحوية والصرفية. ولم يتعصب الفارسي لمذهب معين فهو يرى أن الحكم النحوي قد يكون مقصورا على السماع أو القياس ويلتمس تخريجات عدة للوصول إليه من خلال آراءه ولم يقتصر على ذلك فحسب بل ألف كتبا كثيرة ومصنفات نافعة في النحو العربي وتوصلت في نهاية البحث إلى جملة من النتائج مذكورة في مواضعها من خلال الأبواب النحوية وأخيرا نسأل الله التوفيق في عملنا هذا إنه سميع مجيب الدعاء.
Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. Although advance of conventional and development of new therapeutic approaches, including fractionated radiotherapy, targeted chemotherapy and concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the improvement in overall survival in patients with HNSCC is still low. HNSCCs often metastasize to locoregional lymph nodes, and lymph node involvement represents one of the most important prognostic factors of poor clinical outcome. Experimental models of the HNSCC and its spread via lymphatic system is an essential research tool used to study all steps of HNSCC progression and evaluation of new therapeutic approaches. This chapter provides with short review of molecular events implicated in metastatic spread of the HNSCC and presents experimental approaches with emphasis on in vivo models. Importantly, methods to model and to visualize the spread of HNSCC into sentinel lymph nodes are presented.
The Transnationalization of Domestic Law: A Perspective from the United States

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, I discuss how globalization has resulted in the transnationalization of domestic administrative law in the United States. In this context, globalization and transnationalization are related but not interchangeable terms; transnationalism refers to the relational and localized aspects of economic globalization, and that is my main focus here. Second, I discuss the legal mechanisms by which U.S. domestic administrative law became integral to globalization through its transnationalization. Third, I offer brief reflections on the state of U.S. administrative law with respect to transnationalism today—particularly in relation to the growth of executive power and the potential for administrative law reforms in the public interest.
Long-term management and preservation of digital information dg.o2005 birds of a feather session

The goal of this Birds of a Feather session is to bring together interested individuals to discuss topics relating to digital preservation. Possible areas of discussion include the specific applicability of the NSF DIGARCH awards to government concerns; methods for identifying evolving needs relating to long-term information management issues; and descriptions of relevant projects in this area. Attendees will have the opportunity to share experiences and insights and form a community of interest pertaining to long-term management and preservation of digital content. The basic objective is to outline areas of particular interest relating to managing and preserving digital information.
Adsorption on inorganic materials : VI. Reaction of insoluble sulfides with metal ions in aqueous media☆

Abstract Sulfides of Ag(I), FE(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and As(III), “adsorb” a number of transition metal ions from solution. The process proceeds primarily through metathetical reactions in which the metal of the sulfide is displaced by appropriate ions in solution. The reactions are usually fast and can be carried out in small columns at flow rates of several cm/min. With Ag(I) and 1- to 2-cm columns of various sulfides, flow rates as high as 50 cm/min were feasible without breakthrough. The percent conversion of the sulfides at 50% breakthrough varied from 5% for the reaction of Hg(II) with CuS at 25° to about 128° for the reaction of Hg(II) with Ag2S. With ZnS uptakes as high as 20 moles of Ag(I) per liter of bed were obtained at 50% breakthrough and a flow rate of 7 cm/min. While possibility of conversion must depend on relative stability of the sulfides, neither the rate of reaction nor the completeness of conversion seems related to the relative solubilities. The nature of the solid and the ease with which diffusion takes place are presumably important factors.
Structural Biology Metaphors Applied to the Design of a Distributed Object System

In this paper we present the basic ideas of a distributed object middleware for network computing. We argue that when building complex systems out of components one can emulate the lock and key mechanisms used by proteins to recognize each other.
Coupled Global-Regional Data Assimilation Using Joint States

Abstract : The main goal of this research project is to develop a data assimilation system to obtain a global atmospheric analysis for the U. S. Navy's Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) model, as well as a set of limited area atmospheric analyses for multiple local domains for the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model by a single data assimilation process. We will achieve this goal by developing a novel data assimilation system based on analyzing the joint states of the global and the limited area models.
Proline as an Intermediate in the Reductive Deamination of Ornithine to δ-Aminovaleric Acid

Fresh extracts of cells of Clostridium botulinum reduced a limited amount of ornithine to δ-aminovaleric acid, but at high substrate concentrations a considerable amount of an amino compound accumulated which was neutral at pH 4.2. Aging of the extracts at −10 C or freezing and thawing resulted in the loss of the ability to produce δ-aminovaleric acid, but the ability to produce the neutral compound was retained. This compound was separated by column chromatography, and was found to be identical to dl-proline with respect to (i) RF upon paper chromatography, (ii) migration rates upon paper ionophoresis, (iii) spectrum of the product of the ninhydrin reaction, (iv) oxidation with d-amino acid oxidase, and (v) rate of reduction to δ-aminovaleric acid by cell extracts. The intermediate role of proline in the reduction of ornithine to δ-aminovaleric acid was indicated by (i) rate studies with and without an added electron donor and with and without inhibitors of proline reductase, (ii) the initial accumulation of radioactive proline to the exclusion of radioactive δ-aminovaleric acid from 14C-l-ornithine in the presence of low levels of carrier proline, and (iii) the initial accumulation of proline at low levels prior to a significant accumulation of δ-aminovaleric acid in reaction mixtures in which the latter compound was the primary product after a longer incubation time. The conversion of ornithine to proline was the rate-limiting step in the presence of a good electron donor (alanine). The mechanism of the conversion of ornithine to proline has not been established. Preliminary data indicated that it may involve an oxidation to glutamic-γ-semialdehyde and its equilibrium product, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid.
Social Issues: A Novice Beginning

Reviewed by JOSHUA KENNA (joshua.kenna@knights.ucf.edu), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-1250. Social-issues or issues-centered education focuses on “problematic questions” (Evans,...
Studies of relationships among bile-acid uptake, Na+, K+-ATPase, and Na+ gradient in isolated cells from rat ileum

Abstract Studies were performed to determine relationships among Na + , K + -ATPase, the transmucosal Na + gradient, and bile-acid transport in metabolically viable cells isolated from rat ileum. Incubation of cells with 0, 10 −6 , 10 −5 , 10 −4 and 10 −3 M ouabain resulted, respectively, in a 0, 10.3, 42.1, 97.0, and 100% decrease in glycocholate uptake and a 0, 10.7, 46.4, 76.8, and 100% decrease in Na + , K + -ATPase activity. Thus, one-half maximal inhibition of glycocholate uptake and Na + , K + -ATPase activity occurred at 5.5 × 10 −5 M and 1.7 × 10 −5 M ouabain, respectively. A change in glycocholate uptake was correlated with a change in Na + , K + -ATPase activity after daily injections of methylprednisolone. After 4 days treated animals showed a 26% and 36% increase in glycocholate uptake and Na + , K + -ATPase activity, respectively, over pair-fed saline-treated controls (p ++ )-ATPase when compared with controls (p > 0.05). Glycocholate uptake was reduced by the omission of Na + from the incubation medium. Preincubation of cells at 37 °C with gramicidin D, 10 μg/ ml, to alter membrane permeability to Na + , resulted in a significant rise in cell Na + (p + , K + -ATPase may play a role in bile-acid uptake into ileal cells possibly by maintaining a Na + electrochemical potential gradient for coupled Na + -bile-acid transport.
‘Reclamation Road’: A Microhistory of Massacre Memory in Clear Lake, California

This article is a microhistory of not only the massacre of the indigenous Pomo people in Clear Lake, California, but also the memorialization of this event. It is an examination of two plaques marking the site of the Bloody Island massacre, exploring how memorial representations produce and silence historical memory of genocide under emerging and shifting historical narratives. A 1942 plaque is contextualized to show the co-option of the Pomo and massacre memory by an Anglo-American organization dedicated to settler memory. A 2005 plaque is read as a decentering of this narrative, guiding the viewer through a new hierarchy of memory and events. Overall this article unpacks the strategies of preservation, transformation, and reconciliation of genocide as it relates to the construction and shifts in emerging historical narratives, underscoring the interplay of physical locations in the construction of remembering and forgetting atrocious history.
Chapter 2 Anxiolytics and Sedative-Hypnotics

Publisher Summary Attempts continue to separate the components of the benzodiazepines' (BZs) profile as an approach to more selective drugs. Although the BZ receptor remains a reliable target for anxiolytic drug intervention, concerns over the side effects and dependence liability have spurred new research into alternate mechanisms of anxiolysis. A substantial effort is now involved in this serotonergic approach to novel anxiolytics. There is a wide spectrum of pharmacological profiles theoretically available from BZ receptor ligands, ranging from inverse agonists with anxiogenic potential, through “neutral” antagonists, to full agonists with classical anxiolytic activity. It is anticipated that partial agonists or mixed agonists/antagonists would produce anxiolytic effects without sedation or ataxia, regardless of the dose. Antagonist activity is usually evaluated in terms of blockade of one or more of the behavioral deficits induced by BZs, using a battery of neuropharmacological tests. For example, Ro 23-0364 is a minimally sedative agonist/antagonist, but it shows decreased symptoms of anxiety and some sedation at higher doses. Although a clinical comparison of the agonist/antagonist Ro 17-1812 and diazepam showed comparable behavioral properties for both compounds, pharmaco-EEG studies indicated that the former may possess a lower dependency risk than the latter. Research continues to produce anxiolytic agents that lack the profound central nervous system (CNS) depressant properties and other side effects of the classical BZs.
Residency Training in Management of Child Abuse

To state that the specialty of pediatrics has undergone changes in the past 25 years would be a monumental understatement. New therapies and new diseases, as well as new societal ways of looking at children9s needs, have stressed both training programs and practice. In the early 1960s, C. Henry Kempe shocked the pediatric world by defining the problem of child abuse. In the intervening time, leaders in the field of pediatrics have stressed the need to add more experience in recognizing and managing psychosocial problems of children to our training programs. In 1975, Dr Robert V. Haggerty and his colleagues formulated the concept of "the new morbidity" referring to the multiple psychosocial problems confronting children in our society.
Genetic variation in a phylogenetic context: Responses of two specialized leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to host plants of their congeners

This work explores the possibility that constraints on genetic variation guide host shifts and are responsible for the evolutionary conservatism of host affiliation in phytophagous insects. To this end, we used full- and half-sib breeding designs to screen two species of the North American beetle genus Ophraella for genetic variation in larval and adult feeding responses to several host plants of other species of Ophraella. All the plants are in the family Asteraceae. In 0. conferta, we observed effectively no feeding response, and hence no genetic variation in response, to three of five test plant species; only those plants related to the species’ natural hosts evoked genetically variable responses. In 0. artemisiae, adults displayed genetic variation in response to a congener of the natural host, but not to two distantly related plants. However, significant variation among full-sib broods in larval feeding suggests the existence of nonadditive genetic variance in feeding response to all five species of test plants-although survival was very low on most of them. The results suggest that patterns of presence versus apparent absence of detectable genetic variation may be related to the chemical similarity of plants to the insects’ natural hosts, but not evidently to the phylogenetic history of host affiliation within the genus. Almost all genetic correlations in responses to host plants were not significantly different from zero; the few significant correlations were positive, and negative correlations that might explain host specificity were not
Extracting biologically significant patterns from short time series gene expression data.

Background Time series gene expression data analysis is used widely to study the dynamics of various cell processes. Most of the time series data available today consist of few time points only, thus making the application of standard clustering techniques difficult.
The effect of Holocene temperature fluctuations on the evolution and ecology of Neotoma (woodrats) in Idaho and northwestern Utah

Animals respond to climatic change by adapting or by altering distributional patterns. How an animal responds is influenced by where it is positioned within its geographic range; the probability of extirpation is increased near range boundaries. Here, we examine the impact of Holocene climatic fluctuations on a small mammalian herbivore, the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), at five locations within south central Idaho and northwestern Utah. Previous work demonstrated that woodrats adapt to temperature shifts by altering body size. We focus here on the relationship between body mass, temperature, and location within the geographic range. Body mass is estimated by measuring fossil fecal pellets, a technique validated in earlier work. Overall, we find the predicted phenotypic response to climate change: animals were larger during cold periods, and smaller during warmer episodes. However, we also identify several time periods when changes in environmental temperature exceeded the adaptive flexibility of N. cinerea. A smaller-bodied species, the desert woodrat (N. lepida) apparently invaded lower elevation sites during the mid-Holocene, despite being behaviorally and physically subordinate to N. cinerea. Analysis of contemporary patterns of body size and thermal tolerances for both woodrat species suggests this was because of the greater heat tolerance of N. lepida. The robust spatial relationship between contemporary body size and ambient temperature is used as a proxy to reconstruct local climate during the Holocene.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Cells with T (Thymus-Derived) Lymphocyte Markers

Five of nine children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had lymphoblasts that bound sheep erythrocytes or reacted with antiserum to thymocytes, suggesting involvement of T (thymus-derived) cells. When lymphoblasts from all patients were examined by immunofluorescence they were found to lack a marker for B (bone marrow or bursa-equivalent) cells, that is, the presence of surface immunoglobulins.
Multisensory integration, learning, and the predictive coding hypothesis.

The multimodal nature of perception has generated several questions of importance pertaining to the encoding, learning, and retrieval of linguistic representations (e.g., Summerfield, 1987; Altieri et al., 2011; van Wassenhove, 2013). Historically, many theoretical accounts of speech perception have been driven by descriptions of auditory encoding; this makes sense because normal-hearing listeners rely predominantly on the auditory signal. However, from both evolutionary and empirical standpoints, comprehensive neurobiological accounts of speech perception must account for interactions across sensory modalities and the interplay of cross-modal and articulatory representations. These include auditory, visual, and somatosensory modalities. In a recent review, van Wassenhove (2013) discussed key frameworks describing how visual cues interface with the auditory modality to improve auditory recognition (Sumby and Pollack, 1954), or otherwise contribute to an illusory percept for mismatched auditory-visual syllables (McGurk and MacDonald, 1976). These frameworks encompass multiple levels of analysis. Some of these higher cognitive processing models that discuss parallel processing (Altieri and Townsend, 2011) or the independent extraction of features from the auditory and visual modalities (Massaro, 1987, Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception), early feature encoding (van Wassenhove et al., 2005), and encoding/timing at the neural level (Poeppel et al., 2008; Schroeder et al., 2008). This commentary on van Wassenhove (2013) will examine predictive coding hypotheses as one theory for how visemes are matched with auditory cues. Crucially, a hypothesized role shall be emphasized for cross-modal neural plasticity and multisensory learning in reinforcing the sharing of cues across modalities into adulthood.
Synthesis of Lamellar Isobutyl Silicates and Dispersion in Polypropylene Melts

A new synthetic clay, iC4-LMS, which is a lamellar mesostructured silicate with isobutyl groups cova- lently attached to silicate sheets, was synthesized with the goal to increase the compatibility of the inorganic sheets with polypropylene (PP) in a melt-blending process. The lamellar morphology of iC4-LMS was confirmed using X- ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Based on 29 Si and 13 C{ 1 H} CP-MAS NMR spectra, isobutyl functional groups were attached to at least 10 mol % of sili- cate tetrahedral sites in the inorganic layers. These surface groups mimic the subunits in the PP chains. Samples of iC4-LMS were mixed with several organic solvents and sonicated. The solvent most like PP, tetramethylpentade- cane, had the highest viscosity, forming a gel which indi- cates very good dispersion of the clay. However, when iC4- LMS was melt-blended with PP, it did not show significant increase in rheology. This modest effect on rheology may arise from fracture of iC4-LMS layers as a result of the shear stresses during melt blending produced by the viscous PP. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 1456- 1465, 2007
Progress in the OVD process

The outside vapor phase oxidation and deposition process, commonly called the OVD process, has been shown to be a very flexible and economic process for the fabrication of optical fibers. Because of the numerous layers of glass deposited in a radial manner, excellent profile control is possible. Since no substrate tube is required, the entire cross section of the fiber is core quality having uniform geometry and very low hydroxyl content. Very large blanks can be fabricated at high rates because an external tube is not required.