cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cefepime Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

This retrospective study included pediatric intensive care unit patients receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) being treated with cefepime. The free drug concentration above one time the MIC (fT>1×MIC) and four times a presumed MIC (fT>4×MIC) of 8 μg/ml were calculated. Four patients received doses ranging from 48 to 64 mg/kg of body weight every 6 to 12 h. Three patients achieved 100% fT>1×MIC, with the fourth patient achieving 98% fT>1×MIC. Therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered for critically ill patients receiving cefepime on CVVHDF.
Meaningful Ambivalence, Incommensurability, and Vulnerability in an Antiracist Project: Answers to Unasked Questions.

The author reports the findings from a yearlong antiracist project involving three White male preservice teachers in a Midwestern rural U.S. state. Drawing on second-wave White teacher identity lit...
The voice of the prison and “wars of position”: a discourse analysis of a Venezuelan prison newspaper

ABSTRACTThis article examines how a Venezuelan prison newspaper challenges hegemonic representation of prisoners and the prison crisis through constructing new meanings of the prison and new subjec...
Semisolid Food Tribology

Tribology, or friction, lubrication, and wear behaviors between sliding countersurfaces, is a subset of rheology. The current consensus is that tribological behaviors of foods may be linked to friction-related food textural attributes. Because friction-related behaviors cannot be determined by traditional rheometry, tribological data may better correlate to friction-related textural attributes than rheological data (Malone ME, Appelqvist IAM, Norton IT, Food Hydrocoll 17:763–773, 2003a; Prakash S, Tan DDY, Chen J, Food Res Int 54:1627–1635, 2013). Indeed, semisolid foods are palated during consumption, and the motions of the oral surfaces during palating involve one surface sliding against another, generating friction-related sensations. However, textural attributes involve complex, temporal sensations (Prakash S, Tan DDY, Chen J Food Res Int 54:1627–1635, 2013; Hutchings JB, Lillford PJ, J Texture Stud 19:103–115, 1988; Lenfant F, Loret C, Pineau N, Hartmann C, Martin N, Appetite 52:659–667, 2009), making universal relationships between semisolid food tribological behaviors and sensory attributes difficult to determine. Furthermore, it can also be challenging to isolate the contribution of a single food component to semisolid food friction behaviors, particularly if the friction behaviors of the food change under oral conditions (e.g. the presence of saliva). While several basic relationships have been established, such as a direct relationship between sensory astringency from tannins and friction coefficient in the presence of saliva, much work is needed to fully understand the universal relationships among semisolid food composition and structure, instrumental friction measurements, and textural attributes.
Thirty-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Adolescents with Severe Obesity.

OBJECTIVE Quantifying risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among adolescents is difficult owing to the long latent period between risk factor development and disease outcomes. This study examined the 30-year CVD event risk among adolescents with severe obesity treated with and without metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), compared with youths with moderate obesity, overweight, or normal weight. METHODS Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of five frequency-matched (age and diabetes status) groups were performed: normal weight (n = 247), overweight (n = 54), obesity (n = 131), severe obesity without MBS (n = 302), and severe obesity undergoing MBS (n = 215). A 30-year CVD event score developed by the Framingham Heart Study was the primary outcome. Data are mean (SD) with differences between time points for MBS examined using linear mixed models. RESULTS Preoperatively, the likelihood of CVD events was higher among adolescents undergoing MBS (7.9% [6.7%]) compared with adolescents with severe obesity not referred for MBS (5.5% [4.0%]), obesity (3.9% [3.0%]), overweight (3.1% [2.4%]), and normal weight (1.8% [0.8%]; all P < 0.001). At 1 year after MBS, event risk was significantly reduced (7.9% [6.7%] to 4.0% [3.4%], P < 0.0001) and was sustained for up to 5 years after MBS (P < 0.0001, all years vs. baseline). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with severe obesity are at elevated risk for future CVD events. Following MBS, the predicted risk of CVD events was substantially and sustainably reduced.
Variability in Total-Ionizing-Dose Response of Fourth-Generation SiGe HBTs

Statistical analysis is performed on the totalionizing-dose (TID) response of fourth-generation silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors, revealing an increasing variance in base current with increasing dose. A 10-fold increase is observed after 2 Mrad(SiO2) of radiation exposure. The postirradiation performance is shown to be poorly correlated with initial performance, revealing potential difficulties for radiation hardness assurance testing. Simple analytical theory is used to demonstrate how TID exacerbates performance variations due to preexisting process-induced variations. Then, technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations are used to investigate the fundamental mechanisms driving these statistical changes, particularly process variations associated with the doping profiles. Simulation results reveal potential methods to both predict TID response and mitigate it at the process level. Finally, implications for hardness assurance testing and radiation-tolerant device and circuit design are discussed, especially the need to consider postirradiation variability in the design process for radiation-intense applications.
Application of one-, three-, and seven-day forecasts during early onset on the COVID-19 epidemic dataset using Moving Average, Autoregressive, Autoregressive Moving Average, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, and Naïve forecasting methods

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread rapidly across the world since its appearance in December 2019. This data set creates one-, three-, and seven-day forecasts of the COVID-19 pandemic's cumulative case counts at the county, health district, and state geographic levels for the state of Virginia. Forecasts are created over the first 46 days of reported COVID-19 cases using the cumulative case count data provided by The New York Times as of April 22, 2020. From this historical data, one-, three-, seven, and all-days prior to the forecast start date are used to generate the forecasts. Forecasts are created using: (1) a Naive approach; (2) Holt-Winters exponential smoothing (HW); (3) growth rate (Growth); (4) moving average (MA); (5) autoregressive (AR); (6) autoregressive moving average (ARMA); and (7) autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). Median Absolute Error (MdAE) and Median Absolute Percentage Error (MdAPE) metrics are created with each forecast to evaluate the forecast with respect to existing historical data. These error metrics are aggregated to provide a means for assessing which combination of forecast method, forecast length, and lookback length are best fits, based on lowest aggregated error at each geographic level. The data set is comprised of an R-Project file, four R source code files, all 1,329,404 generated short-range forecasts, MdAE and MdAPE error metric data for each forecast, copies of the input files, and the generated comparison tables. All code and data files are provided to provide transparency and facilitate replicability and reproducibility. This package opens directly in RStudio through the R Project file. The R Project file removes the need to set path locations for the folders contained within the data set to simplify setup requirements. This data set provides two avenues for reproducing results: 1) Use the provided code to generate the forecasts from scratch and then run the analyses; or 2) Load the saved forecast data and run the analyses on the stored data. Code annotations provide the instructions needed to accomplish both routes. This data can be used to generate the same set of forecasts and error metrics for any US state by altering the state parameter within the source code. Users can also generate health district forecasts for any other state, by providing a file which maps each county within a state to its respective health-district. The source code can be connected to the most up-to-date version of The New York Times COVID-19 dataset allows for the generation of forecasts up to the most recently reported data to facilitate near real-time forecasting.
Evaluation of processes, outcomes, and use of midline peripheral catheters for the purpose of blood collection

HIGHLIGHTS Results added knowledge on use of midline catheters (MCs) for blood sampling. Using MCs for blood withdrawal resulted in low rates of hemolysis (0.69%). Dwell time was longer in those wh...
A Novel Model of Fetal Spinal Cord Exposure Allowing for Long-Term Postnatal Survival.

Background The inherent morbidity associated with fetal ovine models of myelomeningocele (MMC) has created challenges for long-term survival of lambs. We aimed to develop a fetal ovine surgical spinal exposure model which could be used to evaluate long-term safety after direct spinal cord application of novel therapeutics for augmentation of in utero MMC repair. Methods At gestational age (GA) 100-106, fetal lambs underwent surgical intervention. Laminectomy of L5-L6 was performed, dura was removed, and an experimental product was directly applied to the spinal cord. Paraspinal muscles and skin were closed and the fetus was returned to the uterus. Lambs were delivered via cesarean section at GA 140-142. Lambs were survived for 3 months with regular evaluation of motor function by the sheep locomotor rating scale. Spinal angulation was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging at 2 weeks and 3 months. Results Five fetal surgical intervention lambs and 6 control lambs who did not undergo surgical intervention were included. All lambs survived to the study endpoint of 3 months. No lambs had motor function abnormalities or increased spinal angulation. Conclusion This model allows for long-term survival after fetal spinal cord exposure with product application directly onto the spinal cord.
Hemodynamic outcomes after valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a single-center experience.

Background: Valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement (ViV-TAVR) has emerged as a safe, effective alternative to redo aortic valve surgery in high-risk patients with degenerated surgical bioprosthetic valves. However, ViV-TAVR has been associated high postprocedural valvular gradients, compared with TAVR for native-valve aortic stenosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all patients who underwent ViV-TAVR for a degenerated aortic valve bioprosthesis between January 1, 2013 and March 31, 2019 at our center. The primary outcome was postprocedural mean aortic valve gradient. Outcomes were compared across surgical valve type (stented versus stentless), surgical valve internal diameter (≤19 versus >19 mm), and transcatheter aortic valve type (self-expanding vs. balloon-expandable). Results: Overall, 89 patients underwent ViV-TAVR. Mean age was 69.0±12.6 years, 61% were male, and median Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score was 5.4 [interquartile range, 3.2–8.5]. Bioprosthesis mode of failure was stenotic (58% of patients), regurgitant (24%), or mixed (18%). The surgical valve was stented in 75% of patients and stentless in 25%. The surgical valve’s internal diameter was ≤19 mm in 45% of cases. A balloon-expandable transcatheter valve was used in 53% of procedures. Baseline aortic valve area and mean gradients were 0.87±0.31 cm2 and 36±18 mmHg, respectively. These improved after ViV-TAVR to 1.38±0.55 cm2 and 18±11 mmHg at a median outpatient follow-up of 331 [67–394] days. Higher postprocedural mean gradients were associated with surgical valves having an internal diameter ≤19 mm (24±13 versus 16±8, P=0.002) and with stented surgical valves (22±11 versus 12±6, P Conclusions: ViV-TAVR is an effective option for treating degenerated surgical aortic bioprostheses, with acceptable hemodynamic outcomes. Small surgical valves and stented surgical valves are associated with higher postprocedural gradients.
Virus-based vectors for gene expression in mammalian cells: Herpes simplex virus

Publisher Summary Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors are flexible and efficient vehicles for introducing experimental and therapeutic transgenes into a variety of tissues. The natural neurotropism and latency of the wild-type vector can be exploited to generate vectors with a particular utility for neuroscience and neurological applications. Gene delivery vectors can be generated from HSV by a series of genetic manipulations; these modifications remove pathogenic functions, while retaining features inherent to HSV biology that may enhance vector interactions with host tissues. Current vector development issues are centered on vector manufacture/production, cellular and tissue targeting, on further eliminating pathogenicity and viral gene expression, and regulating transgene expression. These vectors have proven useful in experimental gene delivery in a variety of settings, and the many successful applications to animal models of disease imply that these reagents might find clinical applications in the near future. This chapter discusses HSV biology and the ways of generating non-toxic vectors from the wild-type virus. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of published applications of these vectors, both within and outside the nervous system.
An MIMD execution environment with a fixed number of processes

The global parallelism model for MIMD multiprocessors tries to limit the dynamic complexity of parallel programs by keeping the number of processes fixed. This global parallelism model is the basis for the Force parallel programming language. Our paper describes the semantic differences between multiprocess and single process execution environments in such a model. These differences put restrictions on how parallel programming constructs can be combined. The restrictions are formalized in a context-free grammar for the Force language.
Non-destructive sourcing of bronze age near eastern obsidian artefacts: Redeveloping and reassessing electron microprobe analysis for obsidian sourcing

Despite predictions in the 1980s that electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) would become a popular technique for obsidian sourcing, few studies have used it with this goal, and most of them are now outdated and unrepresentative of modern EMPA. For example, Merrick and Brown (1984) recorded their data on punch cards. Furthermore, these studies destructively prepared artefacts for analysis. The research at hand endeavoured: (1) to establish the modern capabilities of EMPA for obsidian sourcing; and (2) to develop and evaluate procedures for non-destructive artefact analysis. Issues such as diagenetic effects and compatibility with NAA and XRF data were also investigated.
Changes in the management of ALS since the publication of the AAN ALS practice parameter 1999

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the publication in 1999 of the AAN Practice Parameter on ALS was associated with an improvement in the standard of management of the disease. METHODS: Data on 646 patients enrolled in the ALS CARE database and on 465 patients who died in the period May 2001 to November 2002 were compared with similar data obtained from the database from 1996 to May 1999. RESULTS: The specialty ALS clinics were the most important source of information about ALS. The internet was a source for 39%. The treatment of sialorrhea, pseudobulbar emotional lability, and failure of swallowing and breathing had all improved significantly in the period after the publication of the Practice Parameter. However many patients still did not receive a gastrostomy tube or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation when indicated by the Practice Parameter, mainly because of lack of patient compliance. Cost was the main reason why 41% of patients did not receive riluzole, though they spent a third of the cost of this...
Cellular Response Networks

Complex networks of interactions between genes, proteins, and other molecules choreograph cellular processes. The interactions that are active in the cell change over time, both as a natural outcome of the cell‘s natural life cycle and in response to external signals. The set of active interactions, called the response network, are likely to be significantly different between a normally-functioning cell and a diseased cell. The wide availability of DNA microarray data and experimentallydetermined interaction networks has made it possible to automatically compute response networks. This chapter surveys algorithms that have been developed to compute response networks.
Drugs and the Kidney

Because of the concurrent medical problems that so frequently occur in patients with renal failure, pharmacokinetic principles need to be emphasized to all physicians prescribing for these complex patients. Fenster reviews this subject with emphasis on cardiac drugs.1 Benet concisely discusses and defines those kinetic parameters necessary to determine the body’s effect on any new compound, with particular attention to the effect of disease states.2 The necessity for dosage modification when a drug undergoes substantial renal excretion in an unchanged form drug was emphasized by Cutler.3 He employs a clinical method of dosage adjustment which notes proportional changes from normal in the glomerular filtration rate and then changes the amount of drug given or the interval between doses.3 In renal failure patients, drugs may produce symptoms that add to the morbidity produced by uremia per se. This type of problem, such as drug-induced inhibition of folate metabolism, causes additive neuropathy, which must be anticipated so that irreversible changes can be prevented. The commonly prescribed drugs trimethoprim and triamterene act as folate antagonists by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.4 Nephrologists should be particularly vigilant for these types of adverse drug reaction which masquerade as worsening manifestation of the uremic syndrome.
Technical nuances of commonly used vascularised flaps for skull base reconstruction.

Background and Methods: Reconstruction with a vascularised flap provides the most reliable outcome, with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak rates of less than 5 per cent. This article aims to review and summarise the critical technical aspects of the vascularised flaps most commonly used for skull base reconstruction. Results: Vascularised flaps are classified as intranasal or extranasal. The intranasal group includes the Hadad–Bassagaisteguy nasoseptal flap, the Caicedo reverse nasoseptal flap, the nasoseptal rescue flap, the posteriorly or anteriorly based lateral wall flaps, and the middle turbinate flap. Extranasal flaps include the transfrontal pericranial and transpterygoid temporoparietal flaps. Conclusion: The Hadad–Bassagaisteguy nasoseptal flap is overwhelmingly favoured for reconstructing extensive defects of anterior, middle and posterior cranial base. Its pertinent technical features are described. However, it is essential to master the skills required for the various extranasal or regional vascularised flaps because each can offer a reconstructive alternative for specific patients, especially when open approaches are needed and/or intranasal vascularised flaps are not feasible.
VOLUME CHANGES IN FLUID INCLUSIONS PRODUCED BY HEATING AND PRESSURIZATION: AN ASSESSMENT BY FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

Recent advances in using the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) to measure homogenization temperatures of inclusions trapped at high pressure have created a need to better understand changes in elastic volume of fluid inclusions experiencing high internal and external pressures. We have used finite element modeling to explore volume changes of fluid inclusions as a function of shape and distance from the free surface at a sample’s edge as an aid in understanding their behavior in HDAC studies. We have modeled a variety of oblate and prolate ellipsoids, as well as a disk that has the same cross-section as a negative crystal in quartz and two right cylinders. All of our models have an axisymmetric geometry and assume linear isotropic elasticity. We find that the percent change in volume of an inclusion is primarily a function of the aspect ratio of the inclusion. The presence or absence of corners and the sharpness of internal corners also affect the volume change, but to a lesser extent. Distance to a free surface is only significant for inclusions that are very close to the free surface. This effect is most pronounced for an oblate ellipsoid oriented with its long dimensions parallel to the free surface. For microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions at 1 atm, the changes in elastic volume due to increases in internal pressure are negligible. However, for HDAC studies, where the application of confining pressure allows more extreme conditions to be obtained, changes in elastic volume can be significant, but can be predicted using finite element models.
Evidence that hormesis represents an "overcompensation" response to a disruption in homeostasis.

The hypothesis that growth hormesis represents an overcompensation to a disruption in homeostasis was supported in experiments assessing the effects of the synthetic plant growth inhibitor phosfon (2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributyl phosphonium chloride) on peppermint. While dose-dependent decreases in growth occurred initially in all treatment groups substantial compensation growth subsequently occurred across treatment groups. The low-dose treatment groups more than fully compensated for the initial growth decrement (20-25%), displaying a net stimulatory response by 5 weeks, whereas the high-dose treatment groups never fully compensated for the initial growth decrement (50-75%). These findings, within the context of other similar reported observations, are believed to be widely generalizable and may have important implications for biomedical fields including the design and interpretation of the bioassay especially within the context of the hazard/risk assessment process.
Program Quality Effects on Patient Outcomes during Methadone Maintenance: A Study of 17 Clinics

This study was designed to replicate Ball and Ross's benchmark research, which was the first to identify a set of program quality factors for methadone maintenance programs and relate them to patient outcomes. Ball and Ross's treatment domain variables were measured in a new and larger sample of methadone clinics, and eight candidate program quality factors were derived. Both studies found that program factors defined by more frequent counseling contacts, higher director involvement with treatment, and more director experience were associated with lower drug use by patients during treatment. Several patient and counselor characteristics also were associated with drug-use outcomes.
Children's respiratory health and mold levels in New Orleans after Katrina: a preliminary look.

Background When the federal levee system broke after Hurricane Katrina, 80 percent of New Orleans, approximately 134,000 homes, flooded. As repopulation and revitalization activities continue, exposure to mold and other respiratory irritants has emerged as a major health concern; however, there has been no study examining children's respiratory health and indoor mold levels in the post-Katrina environment. Objective The Children's Respiratory Health Study was designed as a preliminary examination of indoor air levels of mold, children's lung function, and common indices of respiratory health in a select sample of children returning to live in New Orleans immediately after Hurricane Katrina. Methods Children were recruited from a private primary school in the Garden District of New Orleans. Respiratory health questionnaire and spirometric data were collected on children 7 to 14 years of age, and mold air sampling was conducted at baseline and again after 2 months. Conclusions There was an overall decrease in mold levels and respiratory symptoms over the study period, and indoor mold levels were low despite reported hurricane damage.
Multiple views of a school mental health project: a needed focus in community programs

A school-based community mental health program, emphasizing early detection and prevention of school maladaptation, was analyzed from the perspectives of participants with different roles and stakes. Program founders tended to value it more than those who carried out its “line” functions. Some differences are identified between what was valued theoretically about the program and how participants actually allocated their time. Differences in perspectives among program participants at various levels and differences between de jure and de facto aspects of program operation are viewed as sources of potential friction. Such difficulties tend to increase as initially simple program models are extended to diverse settings with different needs, problems, resources, and personnel.
Managing risky business: the case of Jardine Matheson & Company

Purpose – Jardine Matheson & Company is a Hong Kong multi‐industry conglomerate that has gone through political upheaval, global and regional economic crises, and has survived and transformed itself several times in the process, using unique governance schemes and financial performance measures to manage risk and volatility.Design/methodology/approach – This research paper answers the following question: how do firms manage risk? Can firms effectively use governance and financial measurements to manage risk? Is this a distinctive capability that contributes to competitive advantage and sustainability?Findings – The analysis reveals the extent to which Jardine Matheson adapted to changes in the environment and learned from failure to manage risk.Research limitations/implications – The research is analytical, observational and interpretive. The analytic approach is generalizable and provides insight useful to scholars and practitioners.Practical implications – Firms seeking to reduce the volatility in their...
Nitrosation on the outside: Inhibition of monocarboxylate transport by extracellular S-nitrosation affects breast cancer cell bioenergetics and proliferation

Despite the well-known reliance of cancer cells on glycolysis for ATP production, it has been realized that mitochondrial function is essential for cell proliferation by providing metabolic building blocks for protein, DNA and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we show that pyruvate greatly stimulates MCF7 breast cancer cell proliferation and colony formation when compared to glucose alone. In addition, only in the presence of pyruvate do these cells exhibit a mitochondrial reserve capacity as determined by extracellular flux analysis, suggesting a link between proliferation and pyruvate-driven mitochondrial function. L-CysNO, a membrane-transportable S-nitrosothiol, inhibits cell proliferation, glycolysis and mitochondrial function. Surprisingly, the cell-impermeable isomer D-CysNO, also inhibits proliferation and mitochondrial reserve capacity, but not glycolysis. Further analysis revealed that D-CysNO inhibits pyruvate uptake into cells, and the rate of pyruvate uptake correlates with mitochondrial reserve capacity. In this regard, we show that D-CysNO can act in a similar way to other known monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibitors. Using biotin switch methodology, we show that D-CysNO can modify cellular MCT, suggesting that exofacial S-nitrosation of these transporters can inhibit their function. L-CysNO also inhibits pyruvate transport, but its effects are masked and complicated by its many intracellular effects. Taken together, these data indicate that cell-surface exofacial S-nitrosation can affect cellular metabolism and proliferation, and MCTs may represent a therapeutic target for redox-based thiol modifying agents in cancer.
Crayfish Investigations: Inquiry in Action for Grades 4-8

(2005). Crayfish Investigations Inquiry in Action for Grades 4–8. Science Activities: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 3-6.
Constructing a Technological Forest: Nature, Culture, and Tree-Planting in the Nebraska Sand Hills

AbstractU.S. foresters built the first federal tree nursery in the treeless Nebraska Sand Hills, in 1902, and began planting a forest in the surrounding grasslands. This forest was built to be a te...
Application and evaluation of a mailed questionnaire for an epidemiologic study of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses

The objective of this study is to describe the design, application and validity of a self-administered (mailed) questionnaire to collect data on potential risk factors for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in California horses. Horses admitted to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) between 1 July 1992 and 30 June 1994 served as the study base for case identification and simple random sampling of 800 control horses. A questionnaire was mailed to owners of the study horses, followed by a reminder postcard and a second copy of a questionnaire. Data were collected on owner and horse identity and demographics, horse management and use, geographic location, and general health-related issues. Return pattern over time as well as differential return proportions were described. The overall return proportion was 66% (587/890), and the completion proportion 55% (491/890). The number of returns over time followed a negative binomial distribution, with over 90% of all returns being in by the end of the fifth week after mailing, and over 99% at the end of the tenth week. Some categories within the variables age (between 2 and 3 years), breed (Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses) and gender (stallions) had significantly lower return proportions than expected (differential return; p<0.05). The profile of these horses fits a section of the racehorse population that is served by the VMTH. Age, breed and disease status information was available from the VMTH medical records and from the questionnaire, and was used to determine the validity of the survey data. There was good agreement between the data from the two sources, and we therefore concluded that the quality of the survey information was sufficient to perform a risk-factor analysis. The mailed survey provided a rapid and cost-effective method of collecting additional information to supplement existing medical records.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Tiagabine for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this tiagabine guideline using drug prescribing information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications; contraindications; assessments prior to and during treatment; dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions, personal characteristics; and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A tiagabine drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described.
Controlling Health Costs: Physician Responses to Patient Expectations for Medical Care

BACKGROUND Physicians have dual responsibilities to make medical decisions that serve their patients’ best interests but also utilize health care resources wisely. Their ability to practice cost-consciously is particularly challenged when faced with patient expectations or requests for medical services that may be unnecessary.
Recommendations for Computational-Fluid-Dynamics Procedures for Predicting Abrupt Wing Stall

We summarize the lessons learned from the computational-fluid-dynamics effort of the joint NASA/Navy/Air Force Abrupt Wing Stall Program, discusses the results, and makes recommendations for approaches to be used in future aircraft programs to identify uncommanded lateral characteristics early in the design phase of an aircraft development program. The discussion also suggests procedures and figures of merit for use in predicting and quantifying rapid and severe wing-stall tendencies and vulnerabilities of the proposed designs. Topics addressed include critical parameters that can be used to identify uncommanded lateral activity in the transonic flow regime and the geometric parameters that were the primary contributors to the adverse lateral activity observed on preproduction F/A-18E/F aircraft. In addition, differences in steady-state and averaged time-accurate computational solutions for the F/A-18E in the abrupt-wing-stall region of interest are analyzed and compared with existing unsteady experimental data to determine the utility and accuracy of the unsteady approach. Lastly, proposed computational figures of merit are critically evaluated as indicators of possible abrupt separation tendencies, and screening procedures for the identification of those tendencies are suggested.
Vibrational spectra and force constants of the hexacarbonyls of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten

Abstract The infrared absorption spectra of the hexacarbonyls of Cr, Mo, and W have been observed in the gaseous and solid states. Eleven of the thirteen fundamental frequencies of each have been assigned. Force constants were calculated using a resonance interaction potential function. The order of metal carbon force constants is F WC > F CrC > F MoC . For these three hexacarbonyls it is found that a higher metal-carbon force constant is accompanied by a lower CO force constant, indicating a decrease in metal—ligand π bonding in the same order as the metal-carbon force constants. The various calculated interaction constants are discussed. They all have reasonable values except the non-coplanar MCO, MCO bending interaction constants, which are unexpectedly large. The results of this work support the use of the resonance interaction valence force field for molecules of this sort.
Fault Tolerance Techniques For Highly Parallel Signal Processing Architectures

This overview paper describes techniques for fault tolerance which can be applied to highly parallel signal processing architec-tures. Classical techniques are outlined and shown applicable to memories and data communications. The recent approach of algorithm-based fault tolerance, which tailors the fault tolerance to the systolic algorithm and processor architecture, is shown to be a natural one for such systems. Various data encoding techniques and resulting fault-tolerant systems are described and critiqued.
Managing disruptions in supply chains: A case study of a retail supply chain

Abstract We investigate the types and management of risks faced within the supply chain of a large US retailer. Based on relevant frameworks from the literature, we categorized the risks into inherent or high frequent risks and disruption or infrequent risks. We investigate mitigation strategies for dealing with these risks, and we identify generic strategies that could handle most risk types as well as specific strategies for handling particular risks.
Connectivity and spacing effects in hydrogen-bonding polymer solutions and blends

In recent experimental work, it was found that the number of hydrogen bonds in polymer mixtures is strongly influenced by chain-connectivity effects and the spacing of functional groups along the chain. In this article, the relationships between the equilibrium constants used to describe the number of hydrogen bonds in mixtures of various types (blends, solutions, random copolymers, etc.) is elucidated and described.
Re-evaluation of cytochrome c concentrations in rat organs using a new method for cytochrome c

Abstract Using a new method for analysis, the cytochrome c concentrations in rat liver, heart, brain, lung, kidney, and muscle have been determined and compared with older values reported in the literature. The validity of the procedure has been established by studying the optimal conditions for precipitation of cytochrome c , the influence of residual hemin on the calculated values for cytochrome c , recoveries of cytochrome c added before extraction from various organs and the completeness of extraction of cytochrome c from the organs. The concentrations of cytochrome c reported here for liver, brain and lung are considerably higher than those reported by earlier workers, while the values for heart, kidney and muscle are nearly the same as those reported earlier.
Johannes Geiss: Explorer of the Elements

The extraordinary life and scientific achievements of Johannes Geiss span an almost impossible breadth of scientific topics, from the study of rocks to tenuous plasmas, from volcanoes to meteorites. But, his impact also extends way beyond the field of science. Professor Geiss is a well-known teacher and a highly successful science leader whose impact has been felt at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and around the globe. We present here a brief summary of this highly successful career via a pictorial overview and a movie compiled by a former student who had the good luck to work with Professor Geiss during his years at the University of Bern.
Children's comprehension of relativized English sentences.

BROWN, H. DOUGLAS. Children's Comprehension of Relativized English Sentences. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 1923-1936. 3 factors in the syntactic structure of restrictive relative clauses, (a) embeddedness position of the clause, (b) focus of the relative pronoun, and (c) the relative pronoun itself, were incorporated into a picture-cued comprehension test administered to 3 groups of children 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Analysis of variance showed that in overall performance 3-year-olds had significantly lower scores than 4and 5-year-olds. Embeddedness was nonsignificant except in the case of an added structural ambiguity. Subject focus was significantly easier to comprehend than object focus (p < .01). In 1 phase relative pronouns were nonsignificant, but in another phase 1 pair of pronouns was significantly harder (p < .05) than another pair. Results imply that in early childhood education the language of test instructions and reading programs could be better geared to the child's linguistic competence.
Effects of information and motivational orientation on harvest of a declining renewable resource

This article examines how individuals’ harvest behavior is affected by their motivational orientation and different types of information regarding a declining renewable resource. We considered individuals who are either “individualistic” or “cooperative” in orientation and hypothesized this orientation is an important and constant influence on harvesting behavior as a renewable resource declines. Further, we hypothesized that whether individuals have specific and exact information, broad categorical information, or no information about the general state of the declining renewable resource will affect their harvesting behavior. To test these hypotheses, we conducted an experiment using a 2 X 3 factorial design. Results indicate motivational orientation had a consistent effect on harvesting behavior; cooperative subjects requested fewer resources than did individualistic subjects. Overall, subjects of both orientations decreased their harvest requests over time by similar amounts as the resource pool became...
Small-area spatiotemporal analysis of pedestrian and bicyclist injuries in New York City.

BACKGROUND: This study quantifies the spatiotemporal risk of pedestrian and bicyclist injury in New York City at the census tract level over a recent 10-year period, identifies areas of increased risk, and evaluates the role of socioeconomic and traffic-related variables in injury risk. METHODS: Crash data on 140,835 pedestrian and bicyclist injuries in 1908 census tracts from 2001 to 2010 were obtained from the New York City Department of Transportation. We analyzed injury counts within census tracts with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models using integrated nested Laplace approximations. The model included variables for social fragmentation, median household income, and average vehicle speed and traffic density, as well as a spatially unstructured random effect term, a spatially structured conditional autoregression term, a first-order random walk-correlated time variable, and an interaction term for time and place. Incidence density ratios, credible intervals, and probability exceedances were calculated and mapped. RESULTS: The yearly rate of crashes involving injuries to "pedestrians" (including bicyclists) decreased 16.2% over the study period, from 23.7 per 10,000 population to 16.2 per 10,000. The temporal term in the spatiotemporal model indicated that much of the decrease over the study period occurred during the first 4 years of the study period. Despite an overall decrease, the model identified census tracts that were at persistently high risk of pedestrian injury throughout the study period, as well as areas that experienced sporadic annual increases in risk. Aggregate social, economic, and traffic-related measures were associated with pedestrian injury risk at the ecologic level. Every 1-unit increase in a standardized social fragmentation index was associated with a 19% increase in pedestrian injury risk (incidence density ratio = 1.19 [95% credible interval = 1.16 - 1.23]), and every 1 standardized unit increase in traffic density was associated with a 20% increase in pedestrian injury risk (1.20 [1.15 - 1.26]). Each 10-mile-per-hour increase in average traffic speed in a census tract was associated with a 24% decrease in pedestrian injury risk (0.76 [0.69 - 0.83]). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of a pedestrian or bicyclist being struck by a motor vehicle in New York City decreased from 2001 to 2004 and held fairly steady thereafter. Some census tracts in the city did not benefit from overall reductions or experienced sporadic years of increased risk compared with the city as a whole. Injury risk at the census tract level was associated with social, economic, and traffic-related factors. Language: en
The intron-22–inverted F8 locus permits factor VIII synthesis: explanation for low inhibitor risk and a role for pharmacogenomics

Intron-22-inversion patients express the entire Factor VIII (FVIII)-amino-acid sequence intracellularly as 2 non-secreted polypeptides and have a positive “intracellular (I)-FVIII-CRM” status. Mutations conferring a positive I-FVIII-CRM status are associated with low inhibitor risk and are pharmacogenetically relevant because inhibitor risk may be affected by the nature of the therapeutic FVIII-protein (tFVIII), the affinity of any tFVIII-derived foreign peptide (tFVIII-fp) for any HLA class-II isomer (HLA-II) comprising individual major histocompatibility complex (MHC) repertoires, and the stability of any tFVIII-fp/HLA-II complex. We hypothesize that mutations conferring a completely or substantially negative I-FVIII-CRM status are pharmacogenetically irrelevant because inhibitor risk is high with any tFVIII and individual MHC repertoire.
Waiting for chiropody: contextual results from an ethnographic study of the information behaviour among attendees at community clinics

The importance of including contextual factors when studying information behaviour is illustrated using findings from a recent field study in which ethnographic methods and social network theory are used to investigate the flow of human services information (HSI) among nurses, the elderly and other individuals at community-based foot clinics. Four types of contextual factors are identified: physical environment, clinic activities, the nurse's situation, and the senior's situation. While each type of factor has particular implications for the participants' information behaviour, it is shown how the interaction of multiple factors led to the conceptualization of such notions as an information ground, which may be used for guiding further research on the flow of information in community settings. This concept of an information ground is further based on a social constructionist definition of human services information. The implications of the researcher's presence at the field site as an additional contextual factor are also discussed.
Sulfated proteoglycans in Bruch's membrane of the human eye: localization and characterization using cupromeronic blue.

Abstract The distribution of sulfated proteoglycans in Bruch's membrane of the human eye was evaluated histochemically using Cupromeronic Blue in combination with specific enzyme digestions and nitrous acid treatment. Five distinct categories of filament-shaped profiles were present following staining with this dye. Type 1 (90 ± 13 nm long and 7 ± 1 nm in diameter) (mean ± s.d. ) and type 2 (43 ± 7 nm long and 5 ± 1 nm in diameter) filaments were associated with collagen fibrils in the inner and outer collagenous zones. Type 3 profiles (70 ± 18 nm long and 8 ± 1 nm in diameter) were present in two locations—along the cortical border of the central elastic zone and within the basal infoldings of the pigment epithelium. Type 4 (60 ± 11 nm long and 6 ± 1 nm in diameter) and type 5 (200 ± 100 nm long and 100 ± 50 nm in diameter) filaments were associated with the basal laminae of the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. Chondroitinase AC treatment eliminated the staining of type 1 filaments. Chondroitinase ABC treatment eliminated the staining of both type 1 and type 2 filaments. Nitrous acid eliminated the staining of type 4 and type 5 filaments. Incubations with keratanase or hyaluronidase did not alter the staining of any filament type. Type 3 filaments were resistant to all enzyme digestions and nitrous acid treatment. These results are consistent with an interpretation that Bruch's membrane contains chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate-type proteoglycans. Proteoglycans containing chondroitin sulfate (type 1) and dermatan sulfate (type 2) are associated uniquely with collagen fibrils. Heparan sulfate type proteoglycans (types 4 and 5) are associated with the basal lamina of the pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. The identity of type 3 profiles, which were resistant to all enzyme and nitrous acid digestions employed, could not be established at this time.
A new methodology for copper/low-k dielectric reliability prediction

We propose a new methodology to de-convolute the intrinsic low-k material and interconnect geometric components from acceleration testing failure data, which allows a straightforward prediction of low-k failure time distributions at use conditions. Our analysis shows the intrinsic porous low-k failure time of Cu damascene interconnect will drop significantly when nominal Cu line spacing below 30 nm, with the influence of Cu geometric variability, low-k failure time further degraded depends on the lithography patterning technique used.