cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma-Ray Burst Counterparts: Optical Data

The surest solution of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) mystery is to find an unambiguous low-energy quiescent counterpart. To this end, we have intensively searched within the smallest GRB error boxes for any counterpart candidates. This paper reports on 255 hr of exposure with ground-based telescopes since 1981. We report our results in the U, B, V, R. I, J, H, and K bands. We find the usual array of mildly unusual sources in the boxes, but none is sufficiently unusual to suggest a causal connection. We find that the smallest boxes are empty to fairly deep magnitudes. This fact can be of significance since virtually all cosmological models place bright bursters inside normal host galaxies at moderate distances. To allow for quantitative evaluation of the predictions of these models, we have compiled a list of limits on the brighest galaxy inside each of the 26 regions in various bands. This list was compiled from our own results as well as from the published literature. The limits on host galaxy luminosities from these data are substantially more restrictive than the limits from recent optical transients because the bursts we report on are much brighter than the bursts with optical transients.
SKIN LIPIDS. II. LIPID CLASS COMPOSITION OF SAMPLES FROM VARIOUS SPECIES AND ANATOMICAL SITES.

The literature is reviewed and new data are presented for the lipid class analysis of samples of lipid from the following skin tissues and appendages: Total epidermis, stratum corneum, and living epidermis from the human leg, total epidermis (human sole), total epidermis (rat body), sebaceous glands (human scalp), Meibomian glands (human eyelid), preputial glands (rat), preen gland (domestic goose), scalp skin surface (human),vernix caseosa (human fetal body), and rat skin surface from the back. Lipid yields are also given for most of these samples. The results show that the composition of the sebaceous type excretion varies not only from species to species but for different anatomical sites within a given species. Noteworthy is the striking number of unidentified components. Evidence is presented for the existence of a wax diester in the sebaceous gland excretion of the rat.
Genetic study on the effects of th repair-deficient mutant females mei-9a, mei-41D5, mus101D1 and mus302D1 of Drosophila on spontaneous and X-ray-induced chromosome loss in the paternal genome

Abstract The repair-deficient mutants mei-9 a , mei-41 D5 , mus101 D1 , mus104 D1 and mus302 D1 in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated regarding their effects on spontaneous and X-ray-induced chromosome loss in postmeiotic cells. Each mutant was incorporated singly into X C2 , and the ring-X male provided with B S Yy + . From matings of males carrying mus101 D1 , mus302 D1 or mei-41 D5 , mutants identifying a caffeine-sensitive (CAS) postreplication-repair pathway, with corersponding mutant females, and non-mutant males to non-mutant females, overall frequencies of spontaneous partial loss and spontaneous complete loss were significantly increased in each mutant cross except for spontaneous complete loss with mus302 where an increase was noted only in brood 2. Similar findings were noted when males carrying the excision-repair mutant mei-9 a were mated with mei-9 a females. Males carrying the mutant mus104 D1 , identifying a caffeine-insensitive (CIS) postreplication-repair pathway, tested with mus104 D1 females, produced results that were not significantly different from non-mutant controls. When males were given 3000 rad X-irradiation, frequencies of induced partial loss were significantly higher with mus101 D1 , mus302 D1 , mei-41 D5 and mei-9 a , and not significantly different from controls with mus104 D1 . It was suggested that the functional CAS postreplication-repair pathway primarily promotes repair of breaks while an alternative pathway(s) not defined by mus104 promotes misrepair. Therefore, the significant increases in both spontaneous and induced partial loss with the excision-repair-deficient mutant mei-9 a suggests the possibility that (a) the excision-repair pathway may not function in misrepair and (b) the undefined misrepair pathway may be the dominant pathway for postreplication repair in Drosophila since mei-9 a females presumably have functional postreplication repair and misrepair capacity. The suggestion that the CAS postreplication-repair pathway and the excision-repair pathway function primarily in repair, and an undefined pathway in misrepair is in line with the finding that with mus104 D1 , no significant increase was found in spontaneous complete loss, but with mus101 D1 , mus302 D1 , mei-41 D5 and mei-9 a significant increases were observed. Results on induced complete loss, with the exception of those with mei-41 D5 , show a poor correlation with other classes of loss for each of the mutants. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
Strontium isotope composition of marine carbonates of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic age, Lombardic Alps, Italy*

The 87Sr/86Sr ratios and strontium concentrations for thirty-three samples of marine carbonate rocks of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic age have been determined. The samples were collected from four measured sections in the areas of Val Camonica in northern Italy. The strontium concentrations vary from 40 to 7000 ppm. Most of the samples are calcitic limestones containing less than 10% of non-carbonate residues. Dolomitic samples and those containing appreciable non-carbonate residues have significantly diminished strontium concentrations. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the carbonate phases of these rocks appear to be unaffected by dolomitization and by the presence of non-carbonate minerals. The average 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the formations vary systematically in a stratigraphic sense. The ratio increased from Early Anisian to Early-Middle Ladinian, declined during Late Ladinian and Carnian, rose again during the Norian and then declined throughout the Late Norian (Rhaetian), Hettangian, Sinemurian and Pliens-bachian ages. The average 87Sr/86Sr ratios, relative to 0.7080 for the Eimer and Amend standard, are: Anisian: 0.70805 ± 00019; Early Ladinian: 0.7085 ± 0.00038; Late Ladinian: 0.70791 ± 0.00013; Carnian: 0.70776 ± 0.00015; Norian and Rhaetian: 0.70791 ± 0.00014; Hettangian: 0.70762 ± 0.00021; Sinemurian: 0.7070 ± 0.00038; Pliensbachian: 0.7070 ± 0.00015. These variations reflect changes in the isotopic composition of Sr entering the oceans in early Mesozoic time due to varying rates of weathering and erosion of young volcanic rocks (low 87Sr/86Sr) and old granitic rocks (high 87Sr/86Sr). The data presented in this report contribute to a growing body of information regarding the changes that have occurred in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the oceans in Phanerozoic time.
Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical model has been coded to use the strongly implicit procedure for solving the finite-difference approximations to the ground-water flow equation. The model allows for: (1) the representation of each aquifer and each confining bed by several layers; and (2) the use of an anisotropic hydraulic conductivity at each finite-difference block. The model is compared with a previously developed quasi-three-dimensional model by simulating the steady-state flow in an aquifer system in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. The aquifer system consists of two aquifers separated by a leaky confining bed. The upper aquifer receives recharge from precipitation and is hydraulically connected to streams. For this problem, in order to make a valid comparison of results, a single layer was used to represent each aquifer. Furthermore, the need for a layer to represent the confining bed was eliminated by incorporating the effects of vertical leakage into the vertical component of the anisotropic hydraulic conductivity of the adjacent aquifers. Thus, the problem was represented by only two layers in each model with a total of about 2,100 equations. This restricted the effects of flow in the confining layer to the vertical component, but simulations with a third layer in the three-dimensional model permitting horizontal flow in the confining bed show that the two-layer approach is reasonable. Convergence to a solution of this problem takes about one minute of computer time on the IBM/155. This is about 30 times faster than the time required using the quasi-three-dimensional model.
Computerized Positron Emission Tomography (PET) For The Assessment Of Myocardial Integrity

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique which yields transverse tomographic images of the body reflecting the distribution of a positron-emitting radionuclide. When used in conjunction with certain radionuclides incorporated into molecules of physiological importance, PET is a promising method for the assessment of myocardial integrity through the mapping of biochemical processes.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple lung cavities in a 12-year-old girl with bubonic plague, sepsis, and secondary pneumonia

After one week of nonspecific symptoms, pneumonia and an extremely tender and enlarged cervical lymph node developed in a 12-year-old girl who lived in an area of New Mexico known to have plague-infected rodents. Cultures from an aspirate of the node, her sputum, and blood all showed growth of Yersinia pestis. She was treated successfully with aminoglycosides and tetracycline. As the pneumonia resolved, areas of consolidation were replaced by cavitary lesions.
Multiple-use land planning and conflict resolution by multiple objective linear programming

Abstract We report a study for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, spanning several years, to match production objectives with management activities, constrained by resource limits, budget, and policies. To handle the unique problem features, we evolved a new variant of multi-objective optimization. The effort included the development of special solution software, augmented to include interactive and analysis capabilities. Our methodology was applied to planning units comprising approximately 145 000 acres, uncovering potential improvements in the BLM's planning system and demonstrating that the issue of conflict resolution in the agency's planning operations can be effectively handled.
The conserved ATPase Get3/Arr4 modulates the activity of membrane-associated proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The regulation of cellular membrane dynamics is crucial for maintaining proper cell growth and division. The Cdc48-Npl4-Ufd1 complex is required for several regulated membrane-associated processes as part of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, including ER-associated degradation and the control of lipid composition in yeast. In this study we report the results of a genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for extragenic suppressors of a temperature-sensitive npl4 allele and the subsequent analysis of one suppressor, GET3/ARR4. The GET3 gene encodes an ATPase with homology to the regulatory component of the bacterial arsenic pump. Mutants of GET3 rescue several phenotypes of the npl4 mutant and transcription of GET3 is coregulated with the proteasome, illustrating a functional relationship between GET3 and NPL4 in the ubiquitin–proteasome system. We have further found that Get3 biochemically interacts with the trans-membrane domain proteins Get1/Mdm39 and Get2/Rmd7 and that Δget3 is able to suppress phenotypes of get1 and get2 mutants, including sporulation defects. In combination, our characterization of GET3 genetic and biochemical interactions with NPL4, GET1, and GET2 implicates Get3 in multiple membrane-dependent pathways.
The property lattice of spatially separated quantum systems

Abstract We consider a quantum system composed of two subsystems. Among the properties of this system we study the set of those that can be tested when the subsystems are spatially separated. We show that not all properties satisfy this criterion, but that there are enough such properties to characterize any pure state of the composed system.
Cancer treatment and the older patient.

In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Townsley et al. report the toxicities they observed in 401 patients enrolled on 19 phase I and II trials of targeted therapeutic agents as part of the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) early therapeutics development program ([1][1]). They compared
Spatial and temporal occurrence of the parasitic dinoflagellate Duboscquella cachoni and its tintinnine host Eutintinnus pectinis in Chesapeake Bay

Eutintinnus pectinis (Kofoid, 1905) Kofoid and Campbell is a seasonally important component of the Chesapeake Bay, USA, microzooplankton. During the summers of 1986 and 1987, E. pectinis populations commonly reached densities well above 103 cells l-1 and were often heavily infected by Duboscquella cachoni Coats, 1988, a lethal parasitic dinoflagellate. The temporal and spatial occurrence of D. cachoni suggests that this parasite has a significant impact on E. pectinis populations and may, under appropriate conditions, regulate host abundance. Infection levels above 10% were frequently encountered and epizootic events with 20 to 50% of host individuals parasitized by dinoflagellates were observed over broad areas. Epizootic infections were usually recorded in regions of the Bay that had high concentrations of E. pectinis, and data for vertical profiles, when integrated with depth, showed a significant positive correlation (p≪0.01) between host abundance and parasite prevalence. However, peak E. pectinis density and maximum levels of parasitism were often not vertically coincident at stations, and a clear relationship between host abundance and parasite prevalence was not evident for data from discrete samples. These vertical distributions and the absence of a correlation between host density and parasite prevalence for discrete samples may reflect death of E. pectinis as epizootics spread through the host population. Bay-wide infection levels averaged 10.4% (±1.73 SE) for eight cruises in 1986 and indicate that parasite-induced mortality removes 7 to 24% of the E. pectinis standing stock per day. Comparison of these values to ingestion rates for copepods on tintinnine ciliates reveals that parasite-induced mortality of E. pectinis is comparable to predation pressure by the dominant mesozooplankton grazers in Chesapeake Bay.
Quantitative assessment of multiscale structural and functional alterations in asthmatic populations

Relationships between structural and functional variables in asthmatic lungs at local and global (or lobar) levels remain to be discovered. This study aims to investigate local alterations of struc...
Secretion of Annexin V from Cultured Cells Requires a Signal Peptide

Annexin V is an intracellular protein that lacks a hydrophobic signal peptide. However, there are several studies reporting the extracellular presence of annexin V. In this study, we designed transgenes of annexin V with or without an attached secretory signal peptide and investigated the secretion of the transgene products in COS-7 cells. The signal peptide, targeted annexin V to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi and culture media of transfected cells. In contrast, without the signal peptide, annexin V was present only in the cytoplasm and was not detected in the medium. To confirm our results we also evaluated the presence of extracellular annexin V in two cultured cell lines: BeWo, a choriocarcinoma cell model of placental trophoblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Our results showed that annexin V was immunolocalized on the surfaces of both cells but could not be detected in the culture medium of either cell type. Our results suggest that the secretion of annexin V required the recombinant addition of a hydrophobic signal peptide and that the limited quantities of endogenous cell surface annexin V on BeWo and HUVEC cells is most likely derived from adjacent damaged cells.
Acetaminophen Modulation of Hydrocodone Reward in Rats

Abstract Abuse of prescription opioid analgesics in non-medical context has been on the rise over the past decade. The most commonly abused analgesic in this drug class consists of a combined formulation of hydrocodone and acetaminophen. The present study was aimed to determine the rewarding effects of hydrocodone, acetaminophen, and their combination using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Using a 6-day CPP paradigm, rats were paired with hydrocodone (0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg) or acetaminophen (50, 100 or 300 mg/kg) to determine whether the drugs given alone would produce a CPP. Rats conditioned with the highest dose of hydrocodone exhibited place preference, whereas rats conditioned with acetaminophen did not demonstrate place preference. In a second experiment, varying doses of hydrocodone and acetaminophen were combined to determine whether acetaminophen would enhance hydrocodone reward. Acetaminophen (100 mg/kg) enhanced the rewarding effects of hydrocodone (1 mg/kg), although the effect was unique to this particular dose combination. Higher or lower doses of acetaminophen combined with hydrocodone did not alter hydrocodone CPP. The present findings suggest that acetaminophen has a limited potential of modulating the rewarding properties of hydrocodone in rats.
A DNA polymerase α accessory protein exhibits structural and functional similarities to SV40 large tumor antigen

Abstract Untransformed cells have been proposed to require a protein homologous to SV40 large tumor antigen (TAg) which functions as a component of the replicase complex during the initiation of DNA synthesis. By definition, this should be a phosphoprotein which interacts with the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in G 0 or early G 1 , and is capable of binding to and potentiating the activity of DNA polymerase α (pol α). This protein should also be an ATP-dependent helicase which interacts with the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein, RP-A. Because of these requirements, a TAg homologous protein could be expected to contain epitopes with amino acid sequences similar to those of TAg at critical functional sites, such as ATP, pRb and pol α binding sites. TAg and a putative cellular homolog of TAg, DNA pol α accessory protein (αAP), were compared for pRb and pol α interaction, and for immunological identity. The analyses utilized immunoaffinity-purified TAg and pRb from a baculovirus expression system, and DNA pol α/primase and αAP chromatographically isolated from a mouse lymphocytic leukemia cell line. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the pol α or pRb binding sites on TAg interacted with αAP strongly enough to be employed for immunoaffinity purification of αAP. Anti-pRb and anti-TAg reciprocally coimmunoprecipitated pRb bound to TAg and pRb bound to αAP. The functional consequences of pol α interaction with TAg or αAP in the presence or absence of pRb was determined using pol α nucleotide incorporation assays. αAP exhibited the capacity to stimulate pol α activity, a capacity which was diminished in the presence of pRb. Lastly, TAg and αAP independently co-purified with pol α through a multi-step chromatographic protocol. These data indicate that a pol α accessory protein, αAP, exhibits functional and immunological similarities to SV40 TAg, suggest that αAP is involved in regulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis, and support the proposal that αAP may be a normal cell protein homologous to SV40 large T antigen.
Analytical Methods for the Study of Electrical Activity in Respiratory Nerves and Muscles

In conclusion, it is suggested that: (1)Electrical activity of nerve and muscle can be used to study the pattern of neural drive to respiratory muscles. (2)Methods of analysis should include those that resolve changes in the pattern of neural discharge with respect to time; namely, moving average and moving variance. Both peak and slope parameters of moving average and/or variance should be used in analysis of electrical activity. (3)Several technological problems exist relative to removing interference, including ECG. The first step in this direction should be a power spectrum analysis of the EMG and ECG obtained with an esophageal lead in man, and eventually, the use of averaging procedures to remove unwanted random phase periodic noise should be investigated. (4)To avoid confusion in the literature, proper units should be applied regardless of the measure chosen to analyze the electrical activity of the respiratory nerves and muscles.
Surgical treatment of early‐stage carcinoma of the oral tongue—would adjuvant treatment be beneficial?

A group of 97 patients with clinical stage I and stage II squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue, treated by partial glossectomy alone, has been reviewed to define prognostic indicators. Sixty-seven patients were staged T1N0 and 30 were T2N0. Disease recurred in 28 patients (27%) and the most common site of failure was the ipsilateral neck (21%). The incidence of initial recurrence did not vary significantly with patient age, sex, T-stage, or when tumor size was examined in other subdivisions. The presence of perineural invasion significantly increased recurrence rate (P = 0.003) and decreased survival (P = 0.002). Disease-free survival at 5 yr was 73% for patients with T1 tumors, and 62% for T2 tumors. This difference was not significant. In this low-risk patient population with early stage carcinoma of the oral tongue, partial glossectomy is adequate treatment in most cases. However, we recommend postoperative radiation therapy to the primary site and ipsilateral neck for patients with perineural invasion. No evidence could be found to support adjuvant local therapy or elective neck treatment in the remaining patients.
Sensitivity of Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to Amplitudes and Rates of Photoperiodic Change Typical of the Tropics

Empirical data suggest that reproductive photoresponsiveness occurs in some populations of mammals above 13° of latitude, but may be absent in populations from 0° to 10° of latitude. The present experiments examined the degree to which the low amplitude of change in photoperiod in the tropics constrains mammals from using daylength as a seasonal cue. The Syrian hamster, a temperate-zone species, was studied because of its well-documented ability to respond to small changes in photoperiod, and because of the absence of an alternative robustly responding species from the tropics. We subjected adult male hamsters to photoperiods that mimicked the amplitude and rate of photoperiod change of 30°, 20°, 10°, and 5° of latitude, but centered around an estimate of their critical daylength. For comparison, a fifth group was subjected to an abrupt change in daylength of a magnitude equal to the total annual variation occurring at 30°. The two groups experiencing the gradually changing daylengths of 30° and 20° showe...
Results of radiofrequency kidney tumor ablation: renal function preservation and oncologic efficacy

Objectives Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is increasingly finding a place in the treatment of small renal masses (SRM). RFA may be able to provide better renal preservation, while achieving appropriate cancer control. This investigation takes a critical look at pertinent aspects of RFA principles and reviews oncological and renal function outcomes.
Chemical genetic approaches to probing cell death

Chemical genetics has arisen as a tool for the discovery of pathways and proteins in mammalian systems. This approach, comprising small-molecule screening combined with biochemical and genomic target identification methods, enables one to assess which proteins are involved in regulating a particular phenotype. Applied to cell death, this strategy can reveal novel targets and pathways regulating the demise of mammalian cells. Numerous diseases have been linked to the loss of regulation of cell death. Defining the mechanisms governing cell death in these diseases might lead to the discovery of therapeutic agents and targets and provide a richer understanding of the mortality of living systems. Recent advances include the discovery of novel small molecules regulating cell death pathways — necrostatin and erastin — as well as the elucidation of the mechanism of death induced in cancer cells by the cytotoxic agent Apratoxin A.
A Hybrid Material Approach Toward Solution‐Processable Dielectrics Exhibiting Enhanced Breakdown Strength and High Energy Density

The ever-increasing demand for compact electronics and electrical power systems cannot be met with conventional dielectric materials with limited energy densities. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the energy densities of dielectrics by incorporating ceramic additives into polymer matrix. In spite of increased permittivities, thus-fabricated polymer nanocomposites typically suffer from significantly decreased breakdown strengths, which preclude a substantial gain in energy density. Herein, organic–inorganic hybrids as a new class of dielectric materials are described, which are prepared from the covalent incorporation of tantalum species into ferroelectric polymers via in situ sol-gel condensation. The solution-processed hybrid with the optimal composition exhibits a Weibull breakdown strength of 505 MV m−1 and a discharged energy density of 18 J cm−3, which are more than 40% and 180%, respectively, greater than the pristine ferroelectric polymer. The superior performance is mainly ascribed to the deep traps created in the hybrids at the molecular level, which results in reduced electric conduction and lower remnant polarization. Simultaneously, the formation of the cross-linked networks enhances the mechanical strengths of the hybrid films and thus hinders the occurrence of the electromechanical breakdown. This work opens up new opportunities to solution-processed organic materials with high energy densities for capacitive electrical energy storage.
Measuring Fiber Orientation in Nonwovens Part V: Real Webs:

This paper extends the work of the first four parts of this series to apply the image analysis methods we have developed to characterize the fiber orientation of real non woven fabrics. The "real" fabrics chosen as typical are a carded crimped fiber web, two relatively dense overall or area bonded fabrics, a pattern or point bonded spun bonded-meltblown-spunbonded fabric, and a lightweight spunbonded nonwoven. In order to deal with real webs, it is necessary to develop a lighting system to give images with sufficient contrast along with an appropriate thresholding method to yield data suitable for analysis. The results indicate that the chord tracking method can charac terize orientation reliably when a direct measure is needed, and the information can be used to characterize and compare nonwoven laydown processes.
a strucon model of Delaware culture and the positioning of mediators

A strucon (structural configuration) model of Delaware culture is presented, subdivided into sensory, interpersonal, and cosmic emanations of an apical opposition called a paideuma. Then consideration is given to the origin and position of mediators within this cultural tradition in order to specify the process called “intrusion” whereby mediators enter contrast sets within the general strucon model.
Outcomes After Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Severe Aortic Regurgitation and Markedly Reduced Left Ventricular Function

Background— Left ventricular dysfunction is an indication for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR). However, the postoperative outcome of patients with s...
IL-13 induces a bronchial epithelial phenotype that is profibrotic.

Background Inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-13) and mechanical perturbations (e.g. scrape injury) to the epithelium release profibrotic factors such as TGF-β2, which may, in turn, stimulate subepithelial fibrosis in asthma. We hypothesized that prolonged IL-13 exposure creates a plastic epithelial phenotype that is profibrotic through continuous secretion of soluble mediators at levels that stimulate subepithelial fibrosis.
DNA ANALYSIS OF EUKARYOTIC ALGAL SPECIES1

Plastid genomes of algae resemble those of terrestrial plants in form, size, and rate of nucleotide sequence change. They are circular and range in size from 73 kilobases (kb) to over 400 kb. Their many copies per cell can compose >15% of total cell DNA. Mitochondrial genomes, like plastid genomes, are present in high copy number in preparations of total algal cell DNA. Almost all known algal mitochondrial DNA genomes are relatively small, <50 kb; in some species they are linear, whereas in others they are circular. One of the persistent perplexities for phycologists is the question of what relationship two clones or two groups of organisms bear to each other. Several relatively simple techniques can reveal whether or not two organisms belong to the same clone. Total mitochondrial genome size can be compared directly between isolates, although identity in size does not necessarily mean identity in sequence. Restriction endonuclease digestion combined with probing permits comparison of DNA fragment patterns to see if there is identity or near identity between two samples. This methodology can be applied both to organelle genomes and to nuclear genomes. So far, restriction endonucleases cleave plastid and mitochondrial DNA of organisms belonging to the same gene pool into nearly identical fragment patterns, whereas organisms nearly or totally incapable of interbreeding display patterns wherein ≫ 50% of restriction fragments differ in position on an agarose gel after electrophoresis. Thus, organelle genomes may be the first choice for comparing both total size and restriction endonuclease fragment patterns to obtain an indication of whether two organisms are closely related. This methodology can be applied both to organisms in which interbreeding is easy to test and to the many algae in which homothallism or lack of sexual clones has precluded standard breeding analyses. With further data on variability levels within and between fertile populations, it may be possible to state with confidence whether a sample of morphologically similar organisms shares a common gene pool, even if their breeding cannot be manipulated experimentally.
The Scholastic Method in Medieval Education: An Inquiry into Its Origins in Law and Theology

In all fields, from all points of view, the high Middle Ages from the foundation of Constantinople in the fourth century, down to the great movement of the Crusades from the eleventh century onwards constitute an Oriental period of history. This is especially true of the three centuries from the middle of the eighth to the middle of the eleventh, which correspond to the apogee of the Muslim World. It is in the Muslim East that the instigative centers of economic and cultural life are found; the West offers but empty and receptive spaces of an area from which commercial and intellectual activity has withdrawn since the decadence of Rome and the Barbarian Invasions.1
Improved acetone-adduct and acetylene-terminated quinoxaline oligomers

A series of acetone-adducts of acetylene-terminated quinoxaline oligomers and polymers was synthesized by using 3-(4-ethynylphenoxy) benzil as endcapping agent for possible adhesives in airplane manufacturing.
Effects of diet on the development of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata and on the neutral lipid content of the digestive gland-gonad complex of the snail.

In a previous study, when the snail Biomphalaria glabrata was infected with Schistosoma mansoni and maintained on a diet of hen's egg yolk, it produced fully developed cercariae in about one-half the time taken by snails fed Romaine lettuce. Increased lipids were also noted in the snails fed the yolk diet. The purpose of the present study was to further investigate nutritional effects of a high-lipid diet on larval schistosome development and to reexamine the time to cercarial patency in infected snails maintained on either the yolk or lettuce diet and to use high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) to analyze the neutral lipids in the digestive gland–gonad complex (DGG) of snails maintained on both diets. Infected snails maintained at 26 C and fed either diet produced fully developed cercariae by 4 wk postinfection (PI). Likewise, infected snails maintained at 23 C and fed either diet produced fully developed cercariae by 6 wk PI. The contention that the yolk diet enhanced the time to cercarial...
Homer for the Court of François I

Hugues Salel’s translation of the Iliad was intended for noble, warrior readers, a conclusion based largely on internal evidence, both from the physical book (including its woodcuts) and from the French rendering of Homer’s epic. This article looks at the book’s verbal and visual texts to understand how Salel’s translation of the Iliad is shaped in anticipation of its contemporary reception. It examines a translation into the vernacular of one of antiquity’s masterpieces, as well as what noble readers knew and wanted to know, and questions the purposes and processes of the production of illustrations and marginalia in the period.
Carotid artery thickness is associated with chronic use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study

Objectives While patients with HIV infection have an elevated stroke risk, ultrasound studies of carotid artery wall thickness have reported variable results. We hypothesized that subjects with HIV infection on chronic highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) would have increased carotid artery wall thickness by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods This cross-sectional study compared carotid artery wall thickness between 26 individuals infected with HIV on chronic HAART and 20 controls, without HIV infection but with similar cardiovascular risk factors, using 3.0-T noncontrast MRI. Inclusion criteria included male gender, age 35–55 years, and chronic HAART (≥ 3 years) among HIV-seropositive subjects; those with known cardiovascular disease or diabetes were excluded. Results Between subjects with HIV infection and controls, there were no differences in mean (±SD) age (47.8 ± 5.0 vs. 47.8 ± 4.7 years, respectively; P = 0.19) or cardiovascular risk factors (P > 0.05 for each). Mean (±SD) wall thickness was increased in those with HIV infection vs. controls for the left (0.88 ± 0.08 vs. 0.83 ± 0.08 mm, respectively; P = 0.03) and right (0.90 ± 0.10 vs. 0.85 ± 0.07 mm, respectively; P = 0.046) common carotid arteries. Among individuals with HIV infection, variables associated with increased mean carotid artery wall thickness included lipoaccumulation [+0.09 mm; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03–0.14 mm; P = 0.003], Framingham risk score ≥ 5% (+0.07 mm; 95% CI 0.01–0.12; P = 0.02 mm), and increased duration of protease inhibitor therapy (+0.03 mm per 5 years; 95% CI 0.01–0.06 mm; P = 0.02). Conclusions Individuals with HIV infection on chronic HAART had increased carotid artery wall thickness as compared to similar controls. In subjects with HIV infection, the presence of lipoaccumulation and longer duration of protease inhibitor therapy were associated with greater wall thickness.
1.04 – Effect of Radiation on Strength and Ductility of Metals and Alloys

The defects produced by irradiation and the structures evolving from them determine the resulting strength and ductility changes. In addition to the defects created by atomic displacements, elements comprising an alloy can be transmuted by neutron irradiation, producing new elements that can have profound changes on the mechanical properties. Helium is the most important transmutation product and probably the most detrimental with respect to properties. The influence of radiation-induced microstructural changes on the strength and ductility of four representative classes of alloys is discussed. The most studied class of alloys are austenitic stainless steels because of their wide range of application in aggressive and elevated temperature environments. Martensitic steels are of current interest because of their radiation resistance and low radioactivation properties. Refractory alloys have been of interest for decades for their capability to withstand high temperature and their compatibility with liquid metals. Lastly, amorphous materials are discussed because of the attention these alloys are receiving for their special properties, including the hope of radiation resistance.
PATHOGENESIS OF FIBRINOLYSIS IN DEFIBRINATION SYNDROME: EFFECT OF HEPARIN ADMINISTRATION.

may result from systemic intravascular coagulation ( defibrination ),or from spontaneous pathologic fibninolysis, or both. The pathogenesis of these conditions has been ascribed to the local release ofthromboplastic substances,1’2 or fibrinolytic substances34 or a cornbination of these.5’6’7 Since either thromboplastic or fibrinolytic substances may reduce the level of certain plasma components such as Factor V, anti-hernophilic factor (AHF) and fibrinogen, it may be difficult, on occasion, to determine the primary pathogenetic mechanism. The studies to be reported in this paper were made in a patient with hypofibrinogenernia secondary to disseminated colonic cancer. Evidence will be presented that systemic defibrination occurred and that locally induced fibrinolysis co-existed. The evidence for defibrination consisted of reduced levels of coagulation factors (AHF, Factor V, prothrombin and blood platelets). Fibninolysis was evidenced by reduced plasminogen levels and streptokinase (SK) and urokinase (UK) inhibitors, together with a prolonged thrombin clotting time. Additional laboratory evidence of fibrinolysis was obtained by the immuno-electrophoretic demonstration of fibrinolytic breakdown products in the plasma and serum. Clinical evidence of fibrinolysis was provided by the rapid disappearance of a large thrombus from a leg vein. Finally, parenteral administration of the anti-coagulant, heparin, sequentially corrected defibrination and secondary fibrinolysis; discontinuationof heparin resulted in the recurrence of intravascular coagulation and reactivation of the fibrinolytic process. These observations suggested that disseminated local thromboses were associated with both defibrination and fibrinolysis. The data further suggested that thrombosis and defibrination was primary, that fibrinolysis was secondary, and that local thrombosis initiated fibrinolysis.
Regulation of Phagolysosomal Digestion by Caveolin-1 of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Is Essential for Vision

Caveolin-1 associates with the endo/lysosomal machinery of cells in culture, suggesting that it functions at these organelles independently of its contribution to cell surface caveolae. Here we explored mice lacking caveolin-1 specifically in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE supports neighboring photoreceptors via diurnal phagocytosis of spent photoreceptor outer segment fragments. Like mice lacking caveolin-1 globally, (RPE)CAV1(-/-) mice developed a normal RPE and neural retina but showed reduced rod photoreceptor light responses, indicating that lack of caveolin-1 affects photoreceptor function in a non-cell-autonomous manner. (RPE)CAV1(-/-) RPE in situ showed normal particle engulfment but delayed phagosome clearance and reversed diurnal profiles of levels and activities of lysosomal enzymes. Therefore, eliminating caveolin-1 specifically impairs phagolysosomal degradation by the RPE in vivo. Endogenous caveolin-1 was recruited to maturing phagolysosomes in RPE cells in culture. Consistent with these in vivo data, a moderate increase (to ∼ 2.5-fold) or decrease (by half) of caveolin-1 protein levels in RPE cells in culture was sufficient to accelerate or impair phagolysosomal digestion, respectively. A mutant form of caveolin-1 that fails to reach the cell surface augmented degradation like wild-type caveolin-1. Acidic lysosomal pH and increased protease activity are essential for digestion. We show that halving caveolin-1 protein levels significantly alkalinized lysosomal pH and decreased lysosomal enzyme activities. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for intracellular caveolin-1 in modulating phagolysosomal function. Moreover, they show, for the first time, that organellar caveolin-1 significantly affects tissue functionality in vivo.
The precipitation of botulinus toxin with alcohol

While attempting to purify botulinus toxin by precipitation with ethyl alcohol, we found that the alcohol causes destruction of this toxin. Even a weak solution (20-30 per cent.) of ethyl alcohol is capable of quickly destroying many thousand lethal doses of botulinus toxin in vitro. This destruction takes only five to ten minutes if the mixture is kept at 37° C. On the other hand the toxins of tetanus and diphtheria are much more resistant to the destructive effects of alcohol.It had been observed in several outbreaks of botulism that those who had partaken freely of alcoholic beverages while eating the incriminated food were not severely affected or remained entirely well, whereas others eating as much or even less of the same food were severely and sometimes fatally poisoned.We assumed that this protection from botulinus poisoning when alcoholic beverages are partaken might be due to the direct destructive action of the ethyl alcohol on the toxin in the stomach. The problem was approached experimentall...
Effects of Specific COX2 Inhibitor on Ischemic Brain Injury

Aim:The role of prostaglandin synthesis enzyme COX2 in mediating ischemic brain injury was investigated. Methods:The model of focal ischemia/reperfusion was used in the mouse. The infarction volumes were evaluated by TTC staining. The content of PGE 2 and the extent of DNA damage were measured by ELISA and PANT method respectively. Results:Administration of selective COX2 inhibitor, SC58125, prior to or 2 h after but not 6 h after MCA occlusion significantly reduced the levels of PGE 2 content and the infarct volume as measurement at 72 h after ischemia. Tissue contents of PGE 2 were significantly increased in the brain of ischemic territory following MCA occlusion and reperfusion, indicating that COX2 activity was induced in the ischemic brain. DNA single strand breaks, a marker of oxidative cellular injury, was also significantly decreased in animals treated with SC58125.Conclusion:COX2 mediates ischemic/reperfusion injury, the selective COX2 inhibitor SC58125 has an important role in treatment of focal ischemia/reperfusion in mouse.
The Blood Picture of the Steer

SUMMARY Ayrshire bull calves, castrated at the age of 3 months, were kept housed for the following 27 months for an experiment on husk. The blood picture as given by the average for groups varying from nine to fifteen steers is recorded, and is shown to be closely similar to the results previously observed in heifers, this included the phenomenon by which, with advancing age, erythrocytes fell in number but increased in size. Under the conditions that prevailed estimations of PCV of steers differed from those recorded for heifers of the same breed in that they fell from the average of 31 per cent, held up to the eighth month, to 27 per cent at r year. Values then increased in a statistically significant regression to 33 per cent at 30 months. This rise in PCV was largely balanced by a fall in MCHC from 39·6 to 35·6 per cent, leaving the haemoglobin estimations largely the same. Taking into consideration the results of other workers it was concluded that these differences were not due to sex alone and that for all practical purposes steers and heifers under the same conditions of environment could be accepted as having the same blood picture.
Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer in the high-risk woman.

In 1998, a major landmark in the battle against breast cancer was reached when the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) P-1 prevention trial1 demonstrated a 49% reduction in the risk of invasive breast carcinoma in high-risk women who took tamoxifen for 5 years. The significance of this result was questioned when two additional reports from the Royal Marsden2 and Italy3 demonstrated no reduction in rate of occurrence of breast cancer with tamoxifen. However, these should not be viewed as one positive and two negative trials, because the European studies were not completed prospective clinical trials designed to answer the chemoprevention question. Most important, the use of tamoxifen for prevention is the culmination of more than 30 years of laboratory research that has been translated into clinical practice, and a large data base of breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen and followed for 10 years exists to address some of the questions suggested by the initial results of the prevention studies.
Developmental regulation of cardiac calcium channels and contractile sensitivity to [Ca]o

To test the hypothesis that alterations in Ca-channel properties are a major factor in developmental changes in Ca sensitivity of the heart, we quantitated Ca-channel pharmacological properties during development of the chick heart and related pharmacological properties of Ca channels to the ability of channels to modulate contractility. Force-pCa curves were determined for chick hearts during development. From 3 to 5 days in ovo to 3-4 days posthatched, there was more than 1 log decrease in sensitivity to extracellular calcium concentration [( Ca]o) PN200-100 ligand-binding studies in cardiac membranes revealed no change in dissociation constant (KD; 660-1,040 pM; P = NS) during development, but between 18 days in ovo and 3-4 days posthatched, there was an increase in the number of binding sites from 2,180 +/- 260 to 3,530 +/- 410 fmol/mg (P less than 0.01). This change could not be attributed to nonspecific change in membrane composition. For intact ventricular strips, there was a developmental decrease in contractile sensitivity to the Ca-channel agonist BAY K 8644 despite the increase in Ca channels as identified by ligand binding. Thus abundance of dihydropyridine binding sites increases during chick ventricular development, but this is dissociated from the physiological response to a Ca-channel agonist.
Computer Simulation for Fire Risk Analysis

Fire protection engineers are required to deal with complex fire scenarios that include human reactions and behavior, in addition to the physical and chemical fire processes. Operations research (OR) pioneered the application of the scientific method to the management of organized systems in which human behavior is a key element. Fire protection engineering could be defined as the application of operations research to the fire system.
Defining, Establishing, and Maintaining Credibility

The goals of this chapter are to: Emphasize the importance of credibility for the leader who attempts organizational change. Illustrate characteristics, skills and actions of leaders that enhance or detract from their credibility
Correlated evolution of male and female reproductive traits drive a cascading effect of reinforcement in Drosophila yakuba.

Selection against maladaptive hybridization can drive the evolution of reproductive isolation in a process called reinforcement. While the importance of reinforcement in evolution has been historic...
Small RNA Delivery for In Situ Tissue Regeneration

Abstract Selectively regulating the expression of the target-specific genes through RNA interference (RNAi) has a significant therapeutic potential for injuries or diseases of tissues and organs. Remarkably, the strategy using small RNA delivery includes the regulation of regeneration mechanisms as well as stem cell fates. Thus utilization of small RNA signaling holds great promise for in situ tissue regeneration. In this chapter, we outline the role of small RNAs in regulating target gene expression for stem cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and eventually, tissue regeneration.