cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphocytes from children and infants mediate natural cell mediated cytotoxicity, (cytotoxicity)

Lymphocytes from infants and young children were tested for natural cell mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) against K562 and CCRF-CEM. NCMC by lymphocytes from pediatric donors of all ages was equivalent to that mediated by lymphocytes from adults. Since it has been suggested that the biological function of NCMC is to effect immunological surveillance against cancer, the appearance of NCMC effector cells early in development is consistent with early mobilization of the policing mechanism.
Alan turing and the other theory of computation

The two major traditions of the Theory of Computation, each asking claim to similar motivations and aspirations, have for the most part run a parallel non-intersecting course. On one hand, we have the tradition arising from logic and computer science addressing problems with more recent origins, using tools of combinatorics and discrete mathematics. On the other hand, we have numerical analysis and scientific computation emanating from the classical tradition of equation solving and the continuous mathematics of calculus. Both traditions are motivated by a desire to understand the essence of computation, of algorithm; both aspire to discover useful, even profound, consequences. While the logic and computer science communities are keenly aware of Alan Turing's seminal role in the former (discrete) tradition of the theory of computation, most remain unaware of Alan Turing's role in the latter (continuous) tradition, this notwithstanding the many references to Turing in the modern numerical analysis/computational mathematics literature. In this talk I recognize Turing's work in the foundations of numerical computation. I also indicate its role in complexity theory today, and how it provides a unifying concept for the two major traditions in the Theory of Computation.
Mouse RNA helicase II/Gu: cDNA and genomic sequences, chromosomal localization, and regulation of expression.

Abstract RNA helicase II/Gu (RH II/Gu) is a mammalian nucleolar RNA helicase previously identified using an autoimmune serum from a patient with watermelon stomach disease. RH II/Gu can unwind double-stranded RNA and can fold or introduce a secondary structure to a single-stranded RNA. These two enzymatic activities reside in two separate domains of the RH II/Gu molecule. The present study reports the molecular analysis of the cDNA and genomic sequences of the mouse RH II/Gu, its chromosomal localization, and the regulation of expression. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequence shows three tandem repeats at the NH 2 -terminal end of the protein, which are not conserved in the human homologue. Each repeat has 37 amino acids that are rich in basic residues. The helicase and foldase domains are highly conserved between the mouse and the human RH II/Gu. The basic promoter region of the mouse RH II/Gu gene is within 300 nucleotides upstream of a putative ATG initiation codon. Upstream of this promoter region is a silencer that represses transcription of the mouse RH II/Gu gene. This inhibitory region contains three 38-nucleotide repeats in tandem. The mouse RH II/Gu consists of 14 exons and 13 introns. The 3′ flanking sequence of the gene contains three putative polyadenylation sites but only two sites are probably functional as shown by Northern blot analysis and 3′ end sequences of mouse RH II/Gu cDNA in the EST database. These two alternative polyadenylation sites are approximately 240 and 2100 nucleotides from the TGA stop codon. Both mouse and human RH II/Gu genes are localized on chromosome 10. The availability of the mouse RH II/Gu gene will facilitate its functional analysis including creation of a mouse deficient in RH II/Gu protein.
O-Aminophenol: A Urinary Product of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Human.∗

SummaryThe metabolic fate of DL-Tryptophan-7a-C14 in a human with multiple myeloma was studied. Only 5% of the administered C14 was excreted as respired C14O2 and 14% in the urine in the first 24 hours. O-aminophenol-2-C14 was isolated from the urine.
Characterization of HeLa Nuclear Factors Which Interact with a Conditionally Processed Rat Fibronectin Pre-mRNA

Abstract It is demonstrated that several HeLa nuclear proteins interact in a magnesium-dependent fashion with a conditionally processed pre-mRNA derived from an alternatively spliced region of the rat fibronectin gene. HnRNP C proteins crosslink under both permissive and non-permissive conditions (high and low magnesium, respectively), whereas hnRNP I/PTB is observed only under the latter. Thus hnRNP I/PTB represents a potential inhibitor of splicing for this intron. A protein that was observed to crosslink under permissive conditions has been identified as splicing factor U2AF65, which thus represents a candidate positive factor in the splicing of this pre-mRNA. We interpret these results with a working model for the conditional selection of the 3′ splice site of alternative exon EIIIB.
Perivascular Fat and its Role in Vascular Disease, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes

Perivascular adipose tissue is a visceral fat depot with an anatomical and functional contiguity to the vasculature system. Recent evidence suggests that perivascular adipose tissue could mechanically and functionally affect the vasculature, thereby possibly playing a role in adiposity-related atherosclerosis. Experimental and clinical observations suggest both favorable and unfavorable effects of perivascular fat. This review focuses on the emerging physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the perivascular fat and its role in vascular disease, insulin resistance and diabetes.
Solution hardening by interaction of impurity gradients and dislocations

Abstract The Cottrell interaction(3) between dislocations and impurity atoms may give rise to significant interaction stresses when the impurity concentration is not uniform.
A computer program for the determination of most probable number and its confidence limits

Abstract A desktop computer program has been written to implement state-of-the-art algorithms for the determination the Most Probable Number (MPN), its confidence limits, and correction for bias. The program is flexible with regard to the number of tubers or the number and amounts of the dilutions used. Special attention has been paid to ease of use, especially when multiple MPN calculations must be made. Input can be either from a file or from the keyboard (results are written both to the screen and to an output file), and the program can be customized for up to nine sets of input parameters.
Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Quadriceps Strength, Function, and Patient-Oriented Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Study Design Systematic literature review. Objective To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on quadriceps strength, functional performance, and self-reported function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of NMES following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods Searches were performed for randomized controlled trials using electronic databases from 1966 through October 2008. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. Between-group effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results Eight randomized controlled trials were included. The average Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale score was 4 out of possible maximum 10. The effect sizes for quadriceps strength measures (isometric or isokinetic torque) from 7 studies ranged from −0.74 to 3.81 at approximately 6 week...
Comparison of therapeutic regimens in the amelioration of alterations in rat gastrointestinal mucosal DNA, RNA and protein induced by streptozotocin diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulinopenia, and secondary neural, renal and vascular complications. Clinical manifestations in the gastrointestinal tract range from initial mild complications to more severe complications as the disease progresses, but as of yet, are poorly understood. The current study has two main foci 1) to monitor the alterations in gastrointestinal DNA, RNA and protein content induced by streptozotocin diabetes and 2) to use these parameters to monitor the efficacy of intensive insulin treatment versus pancreatic islet transplantation in the amelioration of the diabetes induced alterations. Female Wistar Furth rats were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection and measured for alterations in gastrointestinal DNA, RNA and protein content. Similarly, animals which had streptozotocin-induced diabetes were also treated by intensive insulin therapy or pancreatic islet transplant and monitored for alterations in gastrointestinal DNA, RNA and protein content. In general, diabetes induced increases in stomach, duodenal, jejunal and colonie macromolecular content. With few exceptions, treatment with either intensive insulin or pancreatic islet transplantation returned each variable measured back to control levels. In every case, pancreatic islet transplantation was comparable to intensive insulin therapy. In the short term the treatments are comparable, but long term analyses are needed to determine if the treatments offer any difference in their ability to prevent the long term complications related to diabetes mellitus.
An improved synthesis of cis-alkenylboranes

Abstract The hydroboration of 1-halo-1-alkynes with dialkylboranes followed by treatment with t-butyllithium proceeds readily at −78°C to afford stereochemically pure cis-alkenylboranes in excellent yields.
Changing systems by changing individuals: the incubation approach to systems change

This article describes and evaluates the implementation of an innovative approach to systems change, the incubation approach, which was developed on a systems change project designed to increase the capacity of multiple systems (e.g., law enforcement, child protection, domestic violence, mental health, early education) to respond to children’s exposure to violence. The incubation approach encourages change agents to collaborate with project staff to gently nurture, or “incubate,” feasible and warranted change in target systems. Project staff gain concrete commitment from motivated and accessible change agents and collaborate with those agents to implement change actions. This approach works well with committed, executive-level change agents in target systems, with stable systems that have low turnover and well-integrated subsystems, and when seed funds are provided to key organizations.
Three‐dimensional simulation of the dynamical heliosphere

[1] The structure of the global heliosphere is driven not only by the properties of the respective interstellar plasma and neutral populations but also by the temporal and spatial variation of the solar wind plasma itself. Often assumptions of symmetry or stationarity are made for modeling the global heliosphere that greatly reduce the problem space. Here, an adaptation of a two-fluid code to a fully realized three-dimensional model of the heliosphere is presented. The boundary functions for the solar wind are derived from recently presented detailed observations and models of solar output by Whang et al. (2005). Neutrals are included as a single separate fluid interacting with the plasma through charge exchange. We first examine temporal and spatial variation of the solar wind separately and finally study a model containing both together. The asymmetric solar wind creates a heliosphere that is slightly elongated over the solar polar directions. Solar maximum conditions act as a pulse of dense material in the outer heliosphere, with fast responses of termination shock and heliopause locations. The pulse propagation in the heliosheath creates a dynamic environment, additionally triggering heliopause instabilities.
Ambidextrous Firms: Managing Individual and Organizational Identities in the Quest for Performance

Ambidexterity research has repeatedly asserted that firms simultaneously engaging in both exploitation and exploration achieve above average firm performance. Yet, empirical findings remain puzzlin...
A Study of Acculturation Differences among International People and Suggestions for Sensitivity to Within-Group Differences.

The acculturation of international people in a midwestern university was studied. Acculturation variables of perceived prejudice, observance of cultural practices and social ties, and language usage were measured. Africans, Asians, and South Americans were significantly less acculturated than were Europeans. Significant differences were also found for permanent versus nonpermanent United States residence status, length of residence in the United States, and religion. Themes derived from open-ended responses showed that participants related their identity to the values, religion, physical appearance, and language of their national origins. Emerging themes also suggested a reciprocity of acceptance and animosity in the dominant-minority intergroup relations.
Independent Circadian and Sleep/Wake Regulation of Adipokines and Glucose in Humans

Leptin and adiponectin play important physiological roles in regulating appetite, food intake, and energy balance and have pathophysiological roles in obesity and anorexia nervosa. To assess the relative contributions of day/night patterns in behaviors (sleep/wake cycle and food intake) and of the endogenous circadian pacemaker on observed day/night patterns of adipokines, in six healthy subjects we measured circulating leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin, glucose, and insulin levels throughout a constant routine protocol (38 h of wakefulness with constant posture, temperature, and dim light, as well as identical snacks every 2 h) and throughout sleep and fasting periods before and after the constant routine. There were significant endogenous circadian rhythms in leptin, glucose, and insulin, with peaks around the usual time of awakening. Sleep/fasting resulted in additional systematic decreases in leptin, glucose, and insulin, whereas wakefulness/food intake resulted in a systematic increase in leptin. Thus, the day/night pattern in leptin is likely caused by combined effects from the endogenous circadian pacemaker and day/night patterns in behaviors. Our data imply that alterations in the sleep/wake schedule would lead to an increased daily range in circulating leptin, with lowest leptin upon awakening, which, by influencing food intake and energy balance, could be implicated in the increased prevalence of obesity in the shift work population.
Partial Oxidation of C5and C6Alkanes over Monolith Catalysts at Short Contact Times

Abstract Olefins can be produced with high selectivity and yield by oxidative dehydrogenation of C 2 to C 4 alkanes autothermally over Pt coated foam monolith catalysts at contact times of ∼5 ms at atmospheric pressure and 700–900°C. In this paper we extend these reactions to higher alkanes by reacting pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, or cyclohexane vapor mixed with air or O 2 in a nearly adiabatic tubular reactor consisting of an α-Al 2 O 3 foam monolith catalyst coated with a Pt film. Pentane and n-hexane form primarily ethylene and propylene at low fuel/O 2 ratios and form primarily C 5 and C 6 linear olefins at high fuel/O 2 ratios. Isopentane produces primarily isobutylene over a wide range of fuel/O 2 ratios and never favors production of isopentene. Cyclohexane ring opening reactions dominate at low fuel/O 2 ratios with ethylene and 1,3-butadiene production favored, while dehydrogenation reactions occur at high fuel/O 2 ratios with cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, and benzene becoming the dominant products. In contrast to the C 2 to C 4 alkanes, some oxygen breakthrough is seen at all operating conditions for higher alkanes, and breakthrough can be reduced only slightly by preheating the feed gases. Quenching downstream gases increases O 2 and fuel breakthrough somewhat, indicating that some reactions with unreacted O 2 are continuing homogeneously downstream of the catalyst. A comparison of alkane oxidation over monolith catalysts with thermal pyrolysis of alkanes shows similar product distribution (ignoring CO and CO 2 production), especially at lower fuel/O 2 ratios. β-elimination of H atoms from adsorbed surface species can also explain the distribution of products for the different fuels, and surface reactions explain dehydrogenated products and 1-olefins at high fuel/O 2 ratios.
The Operating Features of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

An overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged CFR engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia. The engine was operated such that the combustion was knock-free with minimal roughness for all loads ranging from idle up to a maximum load in the supercharge regime. For a given load, speed, and compression ratio there was a range of ratios of gasoline to ammonia for which knock-free, smooth firing was obtained. This range was investigated at its roughness limit and also at its knock limit. If too much ammonia was used, then the engine fired with an excessive roughness. If too much gasoline was used, then knock-free combustion could not be obtained while the maximum brake torque spark advance was maintained. Stoichiometric operation on gasoline alone was also investigated, for comparison. It was found that a significant fraction of the gasoline used in spark ignition engines could be replaced with ammonia. Operation on mostly gasoline was required near idle. However, mostly ammonia could be used at high load. Operation on ammonia alone was possible at some of the supercharged load points. Generally, the use of ammonia or ammonia with gasoline allowed knock-free operation at higher compression ratios and higher loads than could be obtained with the use of gasoline alone. The use of ammonia/gasoline allowed practical operation at a compression ratio of 12:1 whereas the limit for gasoline alone was 9:1. When running on ammonia/gasoline the engine could be operated at brake mean effective pressures that were more than 50% higher than those achieved with the use of gasoline alone. The maximum brake thermal efficiency achieved with the use of ammonia/gasoline was 32.0% at 10:1 compression ratio and BMEP = 1025 kPa. The maximum brake thermal efficiency possible for gasoline was 24.6% at 9:1 and BMEP = 570 kPa.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Hypoxia increases thrombospondin-1 transcript and protein in cultured endothelial cells☆

The exposure of endothelial cells to hypoxic environments regulates the expression of a number of genes with products that are vasoactive or mitogenic for vascular tissue, including platelet-derived growth factor, endothelin-1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Hypoxia is also known to alter the adhesive properties of endothelium toward a variety of blood cell types. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a glycoprotein with major roles in cellular adhesion and vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration. We report here that hypoxia induces TSP-1 gene and protein expression. Oxygen tensions of < or =30 torr resulted in TSP-1 transcript induction initially apparent at 1 to 6 hours, with maximal induction (6.5-fold+/-1.2-fold) within 24 to 48 hours in both human and bovine endothelial cells. TSP-1 protein levels remain elevated after 72 hours of continuous hypoxic exposure. The induction of TSP-1 steady-state transcript levels is caused in large part, if not entirely, by post-transcriptional stabilization of the TSP-1 mRNA. The TSP-1 induction by hypoxia is a graded and reversible physiologic response and can be mimicked by the use of cobalt chloride or the inhibition of nitric oxide production, suggesting both the involvement of a heme-containing oxygen sensor and a role for the endogenous production of nitric oxide in TSP-1 regulation. The effects of hypoxia both on the stabilization of the TSP-1 transcript and the stimulation of TSP-1 protein production are completely inhibited by arginine butyrate.
An Attempt to Determine the Cause of Curled or Deformed Tongues in Young Beltsville White Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION DURING recent years a deformity of the tongue in young turkeys (especially among the Small Whites) has caused considerable trouble to certain growers in several of the major turkey-producing areas in the United States. The deformity most generally observed is the curling or folding back of the distal end of the tongue onto the dorsal surface, this condition being noticed at a rather early age. Although there is seemingly only a small amount of mortality among turkeys because of this trouble, there is often considerable financial loss, especially in turkey broilers, due to retarded growth caused by the birds’ inability to eat normally. Many seem to believe that this deformity is caused by an amino acid deficiency in the poults’ diet. However, the condition frequently has been found among poults that have been fed apparently adequate rations. Hudson (1939) appears to have been the first to publish an account . . .
Rapid morphological change in black rats (Rattus rattus) after an island introduction

Rapid morphological change has been shown in rodent populations on islands, including endemic deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus subspp.) on the California Channel Islands. Surprisingly, most of these changes were towards a smaller size. Black rats were introduced to Anacapa Island in the mid-1800s (probably in 1853) and eradicated in 2001-2002. To assess possible changes in these rats since their introduction, eleven cranial and four standard external measurements were taken from 59 Rattus rattus specimens collected from 1940-2000. All rat cranial traits changed 3.06-10.43% (724-2567 d, 0.06-0.42 h), and all became larger. When considered in haldanes, these changes are among the fastest on record in any organism, and far exceed changes found in other island rodents. These changes were confirmed by MANOVA (Wilk's λ < 0.0005, F d.f.15 = 2974.386, P < 0.0005), and all 11 cranial traits significantly fit linear regressions. We speculate that concurrent changes in mice may have been due in part to competition with and/or predation by rats. Future research might evaluate whether the vector of mouse evolution on Anacapa is again changing after rat eradication.
Memory strategies with brain damage

The ability of anterograde amnesics with and without a history of alcoholism and patients with frontal lobe damage to think about memory, memorizing, and remembering was assessed. Alcoholic Korsakoffs' and frontal lobe patients' knowledge and use of memory strategies was deficient when compared with controls whereas nonalcoholic amnesics' was not. The use of the categorization mnemonic was assessed in a verbal learning experiment. Frontal lobe patients failed to spontaneously categorize a categorizable word list when trying to memorize it. Nevertheless, when forced to categorize the list, they benefited from the imposed structure. Nonalcoholic amnesics spontaneously categorized the list and benefited from the resulting organization.
Predicting Intentions to Apply for Jobs Using Social Networking Sites: An Exploratory Study

In this research, we developed and tested a preliminary theoretical model that explicates jobseekers' behavioral intentions to apply for jobs using social networking sites (SNSs). The factors hypothesized as having an influence on jobseekers' intentions to apply for jobs using SNSs include privacy concerns; trusting beliefs or perceived justice in the candidate selection process; risk beliefs; performance expectancy and the provision of information about a feature that illustrates social network connections between jobseekers and potential employers. This model was initially tested using data gathered through an online survey of active and passive jobseekers. The research contributions include the validation of a model to explain jobseekers' intended behavior in the context of SNSs and of the scales developed in testing that model.
Polynomial approximation algorithms for belief matrix maintenance in identity management

Updating probabilistic belief matrices as new observations arrive, in the presence of noise, is a critical part of many algorithms for target tracking in sensor networks. These updates have to be carried out while preserving sum constraints, arising for example, from probabilities. This paper addresses the problem of updating belief matrices to satisfy sum constraints using scaling algorithms. We show that the convergence behavior of the Sinkhorn scaling process, used for scaling belief matrices, can vary dramatically depending on whether the prior unscaled matrix is exactly scalable or only almost scalable. We give an efficient polynomial-time algorithm based on the maximum-flow algorithm that determines whether a given matrix is exactly scalable, thus determining the convergence properties of the Sinkhorn scaling process. We prove that the Sinkhorn scaling process always provides a solution to the problem of minimizing the Kullback-Leibler distance of the physically feasible scaled matrix from the prior constraint-violating matrix, even when the matrices are not exactly scalable. We pose the scaling process as a linearly constrained convex optimization problem, and solve it using an interior-point method. We prove that even in cases in which the matrices are not exactly scalable, the problem can be solved to e-optimality in strongly polynomial time, improving the best known bound for the problem of scaling arbitrary nonnegative rectangular matrices to prescribed row and column sums.
Role of Soil-derived Dissolved Substances in Arsenic Transport and Transformation in Laboratory Experiments

Dissolved substances derived from soil may interact with both soil surfaces and with arsenic and subsequently influence arsenic mobility and species transformation. The purpose of this study was to investigate arsenic transport and transformation in porous media with a specific focus on the impact of soil-derived dissolved substances, mainly consisting of inorganic colloids and dissolved organic matter (DOM), on these processes. Arsenic transport and transformation through columns, which were packed with uncoated sand (UC) or naturally coated sand (NC) and fed with arsenate (AsV) or monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) spiked influents, were investigated in the presence or absence of soil-derived dissolved substances. The presence of soil-derived inorganic colloids and/or DOM clearly enhanced As transport through the column, with the fraction of As leached out of column (referring to the total amount added) being increased from 23 to 46% (UC) and 21 to 50% (NC) in AsV experiments while 46 to 64% (UC) and 28 to 63% (NC) in MMA experiments. The association of arsenic with DOM and the competitive adsorption between arsenic and DOM could account for, at least partly, the enhanced As movement. Distinct species transformation of As during transport through soil columns was observed. When AsV was the initial species spiked in the influent solutions, only arsenite (AsIII) was detected in the effluents for UC columns; while both AsIII (dominant) and AsV were present for NC columns, with AsIII being the dominant species. When MMA was initially spiked in the influent solutions, all method detectable As species, AsIII, AsV, MMA, and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) were present in the effluents for both soil columns. These results indicate that risk assessment associated with As contamination, particularly due to previous organoarsenical pesticide applications, should take into account the role of soil-derived dissolved substances in promoting As transport and As species transformation.
Managing the Future National Airspace System: Free Flight or Ground-Based Control with Increased Automation?

Two main alternatives to managing the future national airspace system have been proposed: Free Flight, in which responsibility for aircraft separation is shifted increasingly to the air, and an extension of the current system of ground-based control with the addition of advanced automation tools. This panel will examine the human factors aspects of these two approaches, focusing on the results of a three-year study carried out by the National Research Council. Free Flight design concepts that assume a high level of airborne authority have more uncertainties than design options involving ground-based authority. The panel will present arguments that ground-based control should add high-level automation for information acquisition, integration, and presentation for aiding controller decision making. High levels of automation are also recommended for automation of decision and action selection for system tasks involving relatively little uncertainty and risk. However, for system tasks associated with greater ...
Post-endarterectomy carotid ultrasonic duplex scanning concordance with contrast angiography

The results of ultrasonic duplex scanning combined with spectral analysis are compared with the results of contrast angiography in patients after endarterectomy in which recurrence of carotid arterial disease was suspected. Thirty-six patients underwent a duplex scan study within 3 months of their post-operative angiogram, performed at their physician's discretion (44 studies). The overall accuracy of the method was 80%. Our ability to predict a greater than 50% diameter reduction along with total occlusion was 94%. The measure of agreement corrected for chance between arteriography and duplex scanning as expressed by the Kappa statistic was 0.675 +/- SE (K) 0.096. This level of agreement compared favorably to that of inter- and intra-observer variability in reading cerebral angiograms. The accuracy reported justifies the clinical use of ultrasonic duplex scanning in the detection of recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy.
Simulations and analysis with FDTD method for aperture coupling properties in shielding cavity

The coupling properties of an enclosure with apertures illuminated by a high power microwave (HPM) are simulated and analyzed with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The variations of coupling electronic field (E C ) with positions are investigated, and comparisons among different arrangements and spacing of apertures are made. The resonance effect is also studied. Results from the modeling are shown to agree well with published measurements. Correspondingly, certain applications are provided for shielding enclosures in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
Energy Contribution of Octanoate to Intact Rat Brain Metabolism Measured by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Glucose is the dominant oxidative fuel for brain, but studies have indicated that fatty acids are used by brain as well. We postulated that fatty acid oxidation in brain could contribute significantly to overall energy usage and account for non-glucose-derived energy production. [2,4,6,8-13C4]octanoate oxidation in intact rats was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We found that oxidation of 13C-octanoate in brain is avid and contributes approximately 20% to total brain oxidative energy production. Labeling patterns of glutamate and glutamine were distinct, and analysis of these metabolites indicated compartmentalized oxidation of octanoate in brain. Examination of liver and blood spectra revealed that label from 13C-octanoate was incorporated into glucose and ketones, which enabled calculation of its overall energy contribution to brain metabolism: glucose (predominantly unlabeled) and 13C-labeled octanoate can account for the entire oxidative metabolism of brain. Additionally, flux through anaplerotic pathways relative to tricarboxylic acid cycle flux (Y) was calculated to be 0.08 +/- 0.039 in brain, indicating that anaplerotic flux is significant and should be considered when assessing brain metabolism. Y was associated with the glutamine synthesis compartment, consistent with the view that anaplerotic flux occurs primarily in astrocytes.
Primary refractory Hodgkin's disease

Primary refractory Hodgkin's disease may generally be defined as progression of disease during induction treatment or a partial or transient response (< 60 days) to induction therapy. Salvage chemotherapy is inadequate in this patient population; fewer than 10% of patients survive for 10 years or longer. Improved outcomes after failure of primary induction therapy have been reported with myeloablative therapy and autografting. The projected event-free survivals ranged from 18%-49% at four years. Highly selected patients may benefit from salvage radiotherapy, but this may be best accomplished in combination with transplantation. A number of strategies might be considered for increasing the cure rate for the small subset of patients with primary refractory Hodgkin's disease. Among these, identification of patients at high risk for induction failure and modifications of primary treatment to address this risk hold the greatest promise for success.
The Heterogeneous Geographic and Socioeconomic Incidence of Cigarette Taxes: Evidence from Nielsen Homescan Data †

We use Nielsen Homescan data to examine who bears the economic burden of cigarette taxes. We find cigarette taxes are less than fully passed through to consumer prices, suggesting consumers and producers split the excess burden of these taxes. Using information on consumer location, we show the availability of lower-tax goods across state borders creates significant differences in the passthrough rate. Tax avoidance opportunities also have a sizable effect on purchasing behavior by altering consumer search, prices paid and quantities purchased. Finally, we demonstrate that the incidence of cigarette taxes and the border effect varies by household income and education. (JEL D12, H22, H25, H26, H71, L66)
Classis Numerosa : Juvenal, Satire 7 . 151

What is the meaning of numerosa ? From the fifteenth-century commentaries of Valla and Mancinelli to the most recent translation of Juvenal into English, by Peter Green, interpreters are in nearly unanimous agreement that numerosa describes a particular annoyance of the rhetor's unrewarding life, namely, the large size of his classes. A few commentaries, however, touch upon another interpretation, although without defending it. Pearson and Strong, after translating numerosa as ‘overgrown’, continue: numerosa might mean “in rhythmical cadence”, referring to the sing-song implied in cantabit . H. P. Wright too sees a possibility that the adjective might describe a musical or sing-song style of declaiming. A brief examination of Juvenal's purpose here and a consideration of some passages from other writers will show that ‘sing-song’ is certainly the primary meaning intended here and probably the only one.
Enhancing Mobile Learning Using Speech Recognition Technologies: A Case Study

While many studies have demonstrated the value of mobile learning (m-learning) applications in educational environments, the limitations of mobile devices may impair the accessibility of such applications. In this study, we explore the integration of speech or voice recognition technologies into m- learning applications to reduce access barriers. Based on an m-learning framework proposed in our previous work, we built an educational online forum accessible through mobile devices. We then developed customized interactive voice response (IVR) and text-to-speech (TTS) technologies to allow users to interact with the forum through voice commands. This voice-enabled discussion forum application not only helps normal users avoid the cumbersome task of typing using small keypads, but also enables people with visual and mobility disabilities to engage in online educations. The prototype forum was tested in two different blind institutions in Massachusetts with 10 users. The results from this study provide insights into how to improve accessibility of m-learning and other related m- commerce applications.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tract salvage using natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery technique (with video)

A 75-year-old man with a refractory esophageal stricture underwent placement of a 20F pull-type PEG tube (MIC PEG Feeding Tube; Kimberly-Clark, Roswell, Ga) 5 months earlier. Because of tube occlusion, the indwelling PEG tube was replaced uneventfully using a balloon replacement tube (MIC Gastrostomy Feeding Tube; Kimberly-Clark) without fluoroscopic confirmation after traction removal of the original tube. Several hours later, the patient returned after development of severe abdominal pain when medications were administered through the gastrostomy tube. The tube was injected with water-soluble contrast under fluoroscopy that extravasated into the peritoneum.
Child Support and Second Families: Which Family Comes First?

Over $5 billion in child support went unpaid in 1989 alone. One fourth of the 10 million custodial mothers eligible for child support are currently married. This study uses both reports of child support payment from noncustodial fathers and reports of child support receipt made by custodial mothers to examine the impact of current marital status on the payment of child support. The data are from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Findings indicate that if either parent is currently married, less child support is paid. Policy implications depend upon how this result is interpreted. Noncompliance with a child support award indicates increased award enforcement is needed. Underlying the compliance issue, however, is how to distribute parental incomes equitably after second families are formed.
Business Intelligence And Information Systems: Enhancing Student Knowledge In Database Courses

Companies are increasingly relying on business intelligence (BI) for decision making. However, integration of BI into university business courses has not kept pace with market needs. The purpose of this paper is to outline an innovative business intelligence teaching module for management information systems (MIS) education. The module was designed to highlight the basic principles of business intelligence as well as provide an applied experience with Microsoft Visual Studio using the Analysis Services and Reporting framework. This teaching module seeks to provide Information Systems students a relevant introduction to BI, providing a springboard to expand BI knowledge and prepare students for success in the business world.
Endothelin-1 limits increases in blood flow to native and collateral- dependent myocardium

We hypothesized that blood flow to collateralized and noncollateralized myocardium is improved by antagonism of endothelin (ET) A receptors. Coronary collateral development was stimulated by placing an ameroid constrictor around the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx; collateralized region) in 11 swine. After 35 +/- 2 days, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD; noncollateralized region) was autoperfused at constant pressure using blood from a femoral artery. In group 1 (n = 6) transmural blood flow was measured using radioactive microspheres in the LAD, LCx, and border regions (i.e., area between LAD and LCx) during pacing stress while vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) was infused into the LAD coronary artery (pace 1). Approximately 55 min later, a second period of pacing (pace 2) was performed in the presence of ETA receptor antagonism (BQ-123; 5 mg.ml-1.min-1 ic). In the time control group (group 2, n = 5) vehicle was infused during both pacing periods. Indexes of myocardial oxygen demand were similar between paces 1 and 2 in each group. Compared with the first pacing period, transmural blood flow (ml.100 g-1.min-1) was higher (P < 0.05) during ETA receptor antagonism (i.e., pace 2) in the LAD (105 +/- 8 vs. 139 +/- 9), border (51 +/- 5 vs. 83 +/- 7), and LCx regions (22 +/- 3 vs. 41 +/- 4, respectively) in group 1. In group 2, while perfusion in the border (98 +/- 17 vs. 103 +/- 16) and LCx regions (19 +/- 4 vs. 27 +/- 6) was similar in paces 1 and 2, LAD transmural flow was greater (134 +/- 9 vs. 160 +/- 13; P < 0.05) during the second pacing period. However, the percent increase in LAD flow comparing pace 1 with 2 was greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (39 +/- 6%) compared with group 2 (20 +/- 7%). These data suggest that during the stress of pacing blood flow to collateralized and noncollateralized myocardium is improved in the presence of ETA receptor blockade.
Exploring Free Exercise Doctrine: Equal Liberty and Religious Exemptions

Commentators have long argued over the meaning of the Free Exercise Clause and the basic question it now poses: To what extent should society accommodate religious exercise by making exceptions to generally applicable governmental laws for religiously motivated behavior? It is rare to find an absolutist on these issues. Few believe that religious exemptions are always appropriate; few believe that they are always inappropriate. The difficult tasks have been in drawing the line between appropriate religious exemptions and inappropriate ones, figuring out what types of doctrinal arrangements can best approximate that line, and deciding which levels and branches of government are justly charged with deciding these issues. Over the past fifteen years, Professors Christopher Eisgruber and Lawrence Sager have built up a comprehensive theory that addresses these questions - a theory they call Equal Liberty. Equal Liberty is not just a theory of religious exemptions; it addresses the full range of Religion Clause topics. But Equal Liberty has special importance for those concerned with the Free Exercise Clause. Eisgruber and Sager represent the best of a new wave of theorists who attack religious exemptions. They do so principally neither on grounds of federalism or judicial restraint, nor on grounds of manageability or originalism. Rather, they attack religious exemptions on the general premise that they are fundamentally unfair to nonreligious people. This piece examines certain questions that Equal Liberty raises that have gone relatively unexplored, focusing principally on matters of constitutional doctrine. It begins by raising questions about whether Equal Liberty can really be translated into a usable set of doctrinal principle. And from that initial point, it goes on to explore how, when it comes to Free Exercise, it is largely doctrine that divides us. We agree, for the most part, on how cases should be decided; we mostly agree on what the ideal state of religious liberty looks like. Our most intense disagreements, however, are about the doctrine we need to get us there. This review looks at those disagreements, to discover their roots, explore their significance, and examine their possible resolutions.
The Ionization Loss of Energy in Gases and in Condensed Materials

It is shown that the loss of energy of a fast charged particle due to the ionization of the material through which it is passing is considerably affected by the density of the material. The effect is due to the alteration of the electric field of the passing particle by the electric polarization of the medium. A theory based on classical electrodynamics shows that by equal mass of material traversed, the loss is larger in a rarefied substance than in a condensed one. The application of these results to cosmic radiation problems is discussed especially in view of the possible explanation on this basis of part of the difference in the absorption of mesotrons in air and in condensed materials that is usually interpreted as evidence for a spontaneous decay of the mesotron.
Cyclosporin-induced dyslipoproteinemia is associated with selective activation of SREBP-2

The use of cyclosporin A has contributed greatly to the success of organ transplantation. However, cyclosporin-associated side effects of hypertension, nephrotoxicity, and dyslipoproteinemia have t...
Elasticity alternatives to generalized Vlasov and Timoshenko models for composite beams

Abstract The static response of homogeneous and composite beams is studied using approximations of the pointwise displacement components of linear three-dimensional elasticity theory. This method differs from many one-dimensional theories in that the displacements over the beam cross-section are allowed to vary rather than limiting the kinematic model at the start of the analysis. Polynomial approximations are used over the beam cross-section with the resulting integrals computed over the subdomains of differing materials. Several example problems are considered and results are compared with highly accurate one-dimensional beam theories, with very good agreement being found.
Polar-direct-drive experiments with contoured-shell targets on OMEGA

Polar-driven direct-drive experiments recently performed on the OMEGA Laser System have demonstrated the efficacy of using a target with a contoured shell with varying thickness to improve the symmetry and fusion performance of the implosion. The polar-driven contoured-shell implosions have substantially reduced low mode perturbations compared to polar-driven spherical-shell implosions as diagnosed by x-ray radiographs up to shell stagnation. Fusion yields were increased by more than a factor of ∼2 without increasing the energy of the laser by the use of contoured shells.
Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Exercise Using Biofeedback on Inspiratory Muscle Activity and Pulmonary Function in Patients with Stroke

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the influence of inspiratory muscle exercise using visual biofeedback and inspiratory muscle exercise with diaphragm breathing retraining in stroke patients in regard to inspiratory muscle activity and respiratory function and to provide fundamental information on intervention for improvement of pulmonary function in stroke patients. Methods: The current study measured and analyzed inspiratory muscle activity and pulmonary function of 15 randomly selected subjects in a Biofeedback inspiratory muscle exercise (BIE) group that uses visual feedback and 15 subjects in the Diaphragm breathing exercise (DBE) group that uses breathing retraining before and after intervention. Intervention was performed for 30 minutes, 5 times a week, for 8 weeks. Subjects were measured for muscle activity of upper trapezius muscle and lattisimus dorsi muscle using a surface electromyography system and maximum inspiratory pressure was measured using a respiratory measurement device. For homogeneity test of subjects, independent t-test was performed and ANCOVA was performed for comparison of inspiratory muscle activity and pulmonary function between groups. Results: In the study results, the BIE group showed more significant muscle activity than the DBE group in upper trapezius muscle and lattisimus dorsi muscle (p<0.001). In addition, the BIE group showed more pressure than the DBE group in maximum inspiratory pressure (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the current study, performing biofeedback respiration exercise simultaneously with breathing retraining in stroke patients can provide more efficient respiratory physical therapy. In addition, it is considered that consistent study on the effectiveness is necessary to further improve clinical availability.
Velocity distribution of viscoelastic fluid in eccentric annuli with the internal rod axial moving

Based on the sub-while-fluid Maxwell constitutive model, the control equation of the steady flow of viscoelastic fluid in the eccentric annulus with inner rod axial moving in the bipolar coordinate system was established and dispersed by control-volume method. Then the velocity distribution was solved by ADI methods, and the effect of eccentric ratio on the velocity distribution and flow rate was analyzed. The result shows that the eccentricity has a major effect on both velocity distribution and flow rate.