cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of growth and reproduction of microtine rodents by social factors.

Experiments with two species of microtine rodents, the California vole ( Microtus californicus ) and the prairie vole ( M. ochrogaster ), showed that littermates usually suppress growth and reproductive maturation of one another when kept in the same cage. Suppression appeared to be a response to a pheromone because it also occurred when voles were isolated except for air supply. Completely isolated voles were not suppressed. Normal growth and reproduction resumed when suppressed animals were caged with strangers of the opposite sex. Release from suppression required a physical stimulus. Suppressed voles did not resume growth when separated from strangers by hardware cloth nor when exposed to soiled bedding and urine of strangers. Suppression of maturation did not usually occur in the meadow vole M. pennsylvanicus . The occurrence of suppression in some species but not others may be related to habitat utilization. Microtines which live in extensive habitats may be more successful if young leave the parents' home range before breeding; suppression of sibling matings would enforce this. Evolutionary advantages include conservation of resources for future offspring and reduced susceptibility to predation. Species, such as the meadow vole, whose habitat exists in small patches, must continually invade new patches in order to be successful. Under these circumstances breeding among siblings would be favored.
Chemotherapy Followed by Half-Body Radiation Therapy for Canine Lymphoma

A protocol of induction chemotherapy followed by half-body radiation therapy for treatment of lymphoma was used in 94 dogs. Seventy-three (78%) dogs achieved complete remission. Substage (P = .011) and phenotype (P = .015) were identified as predictors of complete remission rate. Of these, 52 dogs received half-body irradiation. Cranial and caudal halves received a total dose of 8.0 Gy, given in 2 fractions of 4.0 Gy on consecutive days with cobalt-60 photons and a 3-week interval between halves. Median 1st remission for these dogs was 311 days. Anemia was identified as the only predictor for length of 1st remission (P = .024). Toxicoses after half-body irradiation generally were mild and infrequent and included myelosuppression and gastrointestinal signs. Thirty-one dogs relapsed and 20 resumed treatment with induction followed by maintenance chemotherapy. Seventeen (85%) dogs achieved a 2nd complete remission. Median overall remission for all 52 dogs was 486 days. Results of this study suggest that half-body radiation therapy after induction chemotherapy is well tolerated and might increase remission duration compared with conventional protocols that use chemotherapy alone, but this increase might not be long enough to be clinically relevant or to justify application of the method described herein.
Do Coping Styles Mediate the Relationship Between Substance Use and Educational Attainment and Antiretroviral Adherence

There is a substantial body of literature that demonstrates that substance use and lower educational attainment are associated with poorer antiretroviral (ART) adherence, however, the nature of these relationships are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to explore whether coping styles mediate the relationship between substance use and educational attainment and ART adherence in order to better understand how these variables relate to adherence. The sample consisted of 192 HIV-positive patients (mean age = 41 years; 75.5 % male, 46.9 % heterosexual; 52.6 % with a high school/GED education or less) who were on ART. Path analysis revealed that active and avoidant coping significantly mediated the relationship between drug use and ART adherence. No form of coping was found to mediate the relationship between either binge drinking or educational attainment and adherence. Findings suggest that a focus on coping skills should be included in any multimodal intervention to increase ART adherence among HIV-positive drug using patients.
Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes

Abstract The thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes is reviewed. Polyurethanes (PUs) are an important class of polymers that have wide application in a number of different industrial sectors. More than 70% of the literature that deals with PUs evaluates their thermal stability or flame retardancy and attempts to provide a structure–property correlation. The importance of studying thermal degradation, understanding the processes occurring during thermal stress as well as the parameters affecting the thermal stability of PUs are essential in order to effectively design polyurethanes having tailor-made properties suitable for the particular environment where they are to be used. A detailed description of TGA, TGA-MS and TGA-FTIR methods for studying the decomposition mechanism and kinetics is also a part of this review. In general, thermal decomposition of PUs begins with the hard segment (HS) and a number of parameters govern a polyurethane's thermal stability. Detailed description of the parameters such as HS, soft segment (SS) and chain extender (CE) structure and molecular weight, NCO:OH ratio, catalyst nature and crosslink density that affect the nature of PU degradation is given. Descriptions of approaches to improve the thermal stability in PUs such as formation of poly(urethane-isocyanurate), poly(urethane-oxazolidone) and poly(urethane-imide) in addition to other methods such as PUs with an s-triazine ring or increased aromatic ring concentration, azomethane linkages as well as use of hyperbranched polyols as crosslinking agents is given. A part of the review is also concentrated on the improvement of thermal stability via hybrid formation such as the incorporation of appropriate amounts of fillers, e.g., nano-silica; Fe 2 O 3 ; TiO 2 ; silica grafting; nanocomposite formation using organically modified layered silicates; incorporation of Si–O–Si crosslinked structures via sol–gel processes; and the incorporation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) structures into the PU backbone or side chain. Incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) into PUs and the use of functionalized fullerenes in PUs are also described as these are the newest tools to obtain good thermal stability and flame retardancy. Part of the review also concentrates on the process that occurs during burning of PUs, flame retardant mechanisms and different additives or reactive type flame retardants used in the PU industry. The use and working function of expandable graphite and melamine as additive type flame retardants are shown. Description of the use of different reactive type organophosphorus compounds, cyclotriphosphazenes, aziridinyl curing agents in aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUDs), organoboron compounds and organosilicon compounds for improving flame retardancy is also given.
Trapping hop looper moths, Hypena humuli Harris (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in hop yards with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol

Hop looper moths, Hypena humuli Harris, in commercial hop yards (Humulus lupulus L.) were captured in traps baited with a combination of acetic acid plus 3-methyl-1-butanol (AAMB). The two chemicals were synergistic in attracting hop looper moths. In a comparison of the lure chemicals, most moths were trapped with AAMB as the lure, while very few moths were captured in traps baited with acetic acid alone or 3-methyl-1-butanol alone. Female and male hop looper moths were trapped with AAMB, with an overall sex ratio through the year of 44% females to 56% males. Moths were trapped in all months of the growing season, from April into October. From April through September, most females captured in traps were mated, whereas in October most females trapped had been unmated. Most of the mated females, we trapped contained one spermatophore, indicating a single mating. The numbers of moths trapped were low from April through June, and increased greatly in July, and at one site again in late August. AAMB-baited tra...
Partner or perish: VA health services and the emerging bi-directional paradigm.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the nation’s largestintegratedhealthcaresystemand hasthe benefit of a sizeable budget for research to improve Veterans’ health and healthcare. Thus, many outsiders assume that research has always been tightly integrated with VHA clinical operations and policy. In reality, for years researchers and operations leaders inhabited their separate silos, responding to the different priorities and time lines of their respective jobs. While connections between researchers and policy or clinical offices were numerous, with researchers serving as expert consultants in many initiatives, there were few incentives for the two groups to work closely together in a sustained effort. Policymakers wanted research that could help inform decisions, yet often found it lacked important context to make it relevant; however, policymakers didn’t have time or capacity to help design more useful research. Similarly, while researcherswantedtoseetheirworkaffectVHAcare,thecrucial time needed to directly work with partners to maximize the impact of their work in day-to-day practice and the important insights gained through this process were not rewarded in the same way as time spent writing grants or journal manuscripts. The reality in VA and in similar settings involving academically affiliated healthcare organizations is that partnership is hard, takes time and energy, can occasionally be frustrating or fruitless, and has to meet the needs of both partners to truly succeed. VHA’s Health Services Research and Development Service (HSR&D) and the Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) have made major efforts to enhance partnered research. Our aims in doing so are similar to those summarized in this issue’s editorial by Selby and Slutsky—the more rele
Toxic Mentors or Toxic Proteges? A Critical Re-Examination of Dysfunctional Mentoring

Abstract Although mentoring can have positive consequences for the careers of proteges, many young adults become enmeshed in dysfunctional relationships with their mentors. To the extent that these destructive mentor–protege relationships have been examined, the prevailing underlying assumption has been that they are the mentors' fault because mentors are more powerful and dominant than their proteges. This article presents an alternative to that perspective. It suggests that proteges, as much as mentors, contribute to the interpersonal dynamics that result in dysfunctional outcomes, and that mentors, as well as proteges, are hurt by these destructive relationships. The article presents a framework for understanding the interpersonal dynamics underlying the development of dysfunctional mentor–protege relationships, examining three key questions in particular: (1) What causes poor initial linkages between mentors and proteges? (2) What causes poor initial linkages to escalate into destructive mentor–protege relationships? (3) What are the consequences of dysfunctional relationships for proteges and mentors alike? The article concludes with suggestions for improving the research methodology used to examine dysfunctional mentoring in the future.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Titania-Based Binary Metal Oxides: TiO2/SiO2 and TiO2/ZrO2

Sol-gel prepared mixtures of silica or zirconia with titania are shown to have significantly higher activities than pure titania for the complete photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene. These higher activities are only apparent when the respective catalysts are stabilized by sintering. The differences become even more pronounced when the catalysts are used in a tubular reactor. Optimum mixture concentrations are found to be 12 wt % zirconia and 16 wt % silica in titania. Both catalyst types exhibit activity maxima with respect to sintering temperature. It is hypothesized that the maxima arise from opposing effects of densification and phase transformation versus beneficial sintering. A comparison of our catalyst compositions with literature in this area suggests that the increase in activity due to the addition of silica or zirconia may be a result of higher surface acidity. However, isoelectric point measurements employing the unsintered and sintered catalysts show no conclusive increase in surface acidity...
Application of XFDTD and FEKO program to the analysis of planar antennas

The Method of Moment(MoM) and Finite Difference Time Domain(FDTD) are powerful methods for analysis of electromagnetic fields in antennas, optical devices and transmission lines. In this paper, an analysis of planar antennas using the MoM implementation in FEKO program and FDTD implementation in the XFDTD programs are considered. The obtained results are compared with others and experiment results.
Multiple functions of Drosophila heat shock transcription factor in vivo

Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) is a transcriptional activator of heat shock protein (hsp) genes in eukaryotes. In order to elucidate the physiological functions of HSF in Drosophila, we have isolated lethal mutations in the hsf gene. Using a conditional allele, we show that HSF has an essential role in the ability of the organism to survive extreme heat stress. In contrast to previous results obtained with yeast HSF, the Drosophila protein is dispensable for general cell growth or viability. However, it is required under normal growth conditions for oogenesis and early larval development. These two developmental functions of Drosophila HSF are genetically separable and appear not to be mediated through the induction of HSPs, implicating a novel action of HSF that may be unrelated to its characteristic function as a stress-responsive transcriptional activator.
Micro-patterned quantum dots excitation for cellular microarray imaging

We present a compact light source designed for arrayed lab-on-chip cell imaging with the motivation of creating a microchip based system for detection of tumor cells. We aim at creating a multicolor light source that can be integrated for on-chip imaging. Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were used as the emission layer due to their unique capabilities like multicolor emission, multiple available methods of electrical and photo excitation and compatibility with silicon fabrication were achieved. Micropatterning of QDs was used to create both electrically and photo excited light sources. We study the photo activated source as a robust, high intensity light source which can be easily integrated with lab-onchip systems while requiring additional filters and excitation systems and compare it with an electrically excited source with the capability of individually addressable, multicolor sources on a single substrate eliminating the need for additional optical components. To demonstrate the efficacy of our design, we performed ex vivo transmission mode microscopy to evaluate the nucleus-cytoplasm ratios of cancer cells. We showed the capability of imaging of inner cell structures using multiple wavelengths to perform high contrast imaging and observation. We performed immunofluorescence excitation of MDA-MB 231 cancer cells, cultured in a microwell array. Our method provides patterned multicolor light sources and low cost which are suitable for high-throughput microarray cellular imaging.
Cloning and characterization of an alpha-tubulin-encoding gene from rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii.

Abstract The gene and cDNA (TUB1) encoding an α-tubulin (α-Tub) from Pneumocystis carinii carried in rats were isolated and sequenced. The gene produced a 1.4-kb transcript that contained an open reading frame of 1347 nucleotides coding for a protein of 50326 Da. The nt sequence of TUB1 of P. carinii was 65–71% identical to other TUB1 genes, including those of yeast and human. The deduced amino acid sequence of P. carinii α-Tub showed 75–84% identity to other α-Tubs. Eight small introns resided within TUB1. P. carinii TUB1 was mapped to a 425-kb chromosome. The cloned gene appears to be the only α-Tub-encoding gene in the P. carinii genome.
Novel ex-vivo mechanobiological intervertebral disc culture system

Abstract Intervertebral disc degeneration, a leading cause of low back pain, poses a significant socioeconomic burden with a broad array of costly treatment options. Mechanical loading is important in disease progression and treatment. Connecting mechanics and biology is critical for determining how loading parameters affect cellular response and matrix homeostasis. A novel ex-vivo experimental platform was developed to facilitate in-situ loading of rabbit functional spinal units (FSUs) with relevant biological outcome measures. The system was designed for motion outside of an incubator and validated for rigid fixation and physiologic environmental conditions. Specimen motion relative to novel fixtures was assessed using a digitizer; fixture stiffness exceeded specimen stiffness by an order of magnitude. Intradiscal pressure (IDP), measured using a fiber-optic pressure transducer, confirmed rigidity and compressive force selection. Surrounding media was controlled at 37 °C, 5% O2/CO2 using a closed flow loop with an hypoxic incubator and was validated with probes in the specimen chamber. FSUs were subjected to cyclic compression (20 cycles) and four-hour creep at 1.0 MPa. Disc tissue was analyzed for cell viability using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), which showed high viability (>90%) regardless of loading. Conditioned media was assayed for type-II collagen degradation fragments (CTX-II) and an aggrecan epitope (CS-846) associated with new aggrecan synthesis. CTX-II concentrations were not associated with loading, but CS-846 concentrations appeared to be increased with loading. Preservation of the full FSU allows physiologic load transmission and future multi-axis motion and identification of load-responsive proteins, thereby forming a new niche in intervertebral disc organ culture.
Land use intensification in tropical uplands: Effects on vegetation, soil fertility and erosion

Abstract Impacts of intensified hillside farming on land use patterns, vegetation cover, soil nutrient status, and erosion were evaluated in the Bayhang River watershed, Leyte, The Philippines. Forests in the Bayhang watershed provide subsistence food and income to landless lowlanders, primarily through forest product collecting and food and cash-crop cultivation. Unregulated forest product collecting has depleted mature, commercially harvestable rattan and hardwood species (e.g., Calamus spp., Dipterocarpaceae and Pterocarpus indicus ) throughout the watershed. Intensified agricultural activities (i.e., shortened swidden fallow cycles) have led to a depauperate, largely exotic, xerophytic flora dominated by Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum spontaneum and various Compositae. Continuous cultivation of corn and sweet potato gradually exhaust soil calcium, magnesium, available phosphorus, and organic matter levels and increase soil acidity. However, soil nutrient and physical characteristics appear to decline more slowly under sweet potato monocropping than under corn + sweet potato relay intercropping. An average of 3.3 cm (± 3.1 cm) of soil (approximately 489 metric tons per ha) eroded from hillside farm study plots during the first 6 months of cultivation. Sustainable and productive forest gathering and hillside farming activities that incorporate existing land use practices are reviewed, including: the cultivation of rattan in farms and forests, the introduction of agronomic soil conservation measures, and the construction of agroforestry countour bunds and drainage ditches.
A theoretical study of CO adsorption on FeCo(100) and the effect of alloying

Abstract FeCo catalysts are modeled for optimizing the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis process since they can be tuned to enhance CO activity and resist poisoning. The electronic properties associated with CO adsorption are studied using plane-wave density functional theory (DFT). The range of computed adsorption energies from this work falls between the CO adsorption energies on pure Fe and Co surfaces. It was found that CO prefers to adsorb on the top site of the Co surface of FeCo alloys, whereas CO has stronger adsorption on pure Fe rather than pure Co surface. The trend in adsorption energy is top-Co > hollow-Fe > top-Fe > hollow-Co > bridge-Co > bridge-Fe. This change in preferable metal for adsorption ( i.e ., from Fe in a pure system to Co in the FeCo alloy surface in the current investigation) is due to the shift in the d-band center of the alloyed material. It implies that alloying Fe with Co changes the properties of the pure metal and ultimately affects the CO adsorption energy; however, the mechanism of adsorption remains similar and can be explained using the Nilsson–Pettersson model. Additional CO configurations consisting of hollow-site adsorption with a tilted geometry, was also investigated. The corresponding adsorption energy was found to be slightly higher than the adsorption energy when CO is adsorbed on the top-Co site.
How long before I regain my signal

Shadow fading has been proven to be a significant contributor to channel variations in wireless communication. In most cases shadow fading is assumed to have a log-normal fading distribution to model the loss at a certain location. However, in a mobile network, it is also important to know how shadow fading is correlated both in space and in time, which can greatly affect application layer behavior and service quality. This paper is an attempt to characterize shadow fading so as to accurately study its impact on the application layer quality of service. If the correlation is strong over time and space, shadow fading can result in a long outage. In this paper, we assume shadow fading is exponentially correlated in space. To study correlated shadow fading and its resultant outage durations, a first-order Markov chain model is developed and validated. The Markov chain model is constructed by partitioning the entire shadow fading range into a finite number of intervals. The state transition matrix of the Markov chain is derived from the joint probability distribution of correlated log-normal shadow fading. Based on the proposed Markov chain model, the frequency and duration of outage near the edge of a single cell is analyzed. To validate the Markov chain model, correlated Gaussian random fields are simulated to analyze the outage frequency and durations due to correlated shadow fading. Comparing the simulation results with the Markov chain model results, we can conclude that the proposed Markov chain model is an efficient way to describe the channel variations, and the user experienced outage behavior of the channel.
Chimerism testing after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: importance of timing and optimal technique for testing in different clinical–biological situations

Chimerism testing after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: importance of timing and optimal technique for testing in different clinical–biological situations
Dry Matter Production of Orchardgrass and Perennial Ryegrass at Five Irrigation Levels

Within the Great Basin, availability of irrigation water throughout the growing season is the limiting factor in the development of improved pastures. The choice of species and their water requirements are critical factors for providing a stable source of forage throughout the grazing season. A line-source irrigation system was used from 1995 to 1998 to evaluate dry matter (DM) production and seasonal forage distribution of nine orchardgrass (Dactytis glomerata L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) hybrid cultivars along with check cultivars of meadow brome (Bromus riparius Rehm.) and smooth brome (B. inermis Leyss.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski] × bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursb) A. Love] hybrids (RS) under five irrigation levels ranging from 41 to 91 cm per year. Mean DM production rankings across water levels combined over years were tall fescue > orchardgrass > meadow brome > RS-hybrid smooth brome > perennial ryegrass-hybrids. The DM production response across water levels was largely linear with a minor but significant quadratic component at lower water rates. Tall fescne was most responsive (i.e., produced more DM production) to increased irrigalion rates. At lower water levels, meadow brome outyielded orchardgrass. However, when water was not limited, orchardgrass outyielded meadow brome. The RS hybrid and smooth brome had relatively low DM production at both low and high water levels. All species produced significantly (P < 0.01) more DM than perennial ryegrass at lower water levels. Under limited irrigation, tall fescue and meadow brome will produce more DM.
In Vitro Retina as an Experimental Model of the Central Nervous System

Methods are described for isolating adult rabbit retinal and maintaining it in a medium designed to resemble CSF. Morphologic, metabolic, nd electrophysiologic measurements obtained on the in vitro retinas showed that they remained in a nearly physiological state for at least 8 h, and even after 2 days in vitro they still exhibited a high level of metabolic activity and electrical responsiveness to light. Physiological activity was modified by photic stimulation, and data are presented to document changes in metabolism in response to the changes in function. The isolated retina appears to offer a number of unusual advantages for studying relationships between function and metabolism in organized mammalian central nervous tissue.
The association between audit committee multiple-directorships, tenure, and financial misstatements

SUMMARY: This study examines the association between multiple-directorships and tenure of independent audit committee members and financial misstatements in the pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) reform environment. Regulatory reforms following the accounting scandals at Enron and WorldCom substantially expanded the responsibilities and scrutiny of the audit committee and, consequently, amplify the reputational and litigation risks facing the directors serving on the committee. Our results show a significant positive association between financial misstatements and multiple-directorships in the post-SOX environment. This finding suggests that independent audit committee members serving on multiple boards may be stretched too thinly to effectively perform their monitoring responsibilities. We also find a significant positive association between the tenure of independent audit committee members and financial misstatements in the post-SOX environment, suggesting that directors with longer tenure may not exerc...
Detecting channel morphology change in California's hardwood rangeland spring ecosystems.

Permanent channel cross-sectional transects perpendicular to flow were used to estimate changes in spring and resultant creek channel morphology. Three cattle grazing treatments (none, light, and moderate) were applied to 2-5 ha pastures containing a perennial spring and resultant creek cohort for 5 years. Grazing effects on the total change in channel morphology were not detected, nor did our method detect channel morphology change over the 5 year study period. Ungrazed springs and creeks were observed to change more than grazed springs and creeks although these differences were not statistically significant. Observed, but not significant, change over time appears related to rainfall patterns. Permanent channel cross-sections, one of the currently recommended methods for monitoring livestock grazing impacts on stream channek$ may not be adequate for detecting channel changes in low-flow spring/creek systems.
Interface Design Considerations in Libraries

Summary The potential of new approaches for information system interface design is truly immense. Interactive, engaging and compelling interfaces and systems for information retrieval and visualization are under development. These will rely on greatly enhanced user options and controls that will fully involve all users at all levels of finding expertise. A major component of these interfaces will be well evolved multi—and hypermedia systems that will better apply traditional, textu-ally presented information while going greatly beyond this to fully emphasize visual metaphor and other “sensorial” modes of understanding to facilitate the information seeking process. This article discusses these developments and associated research in regard to library related public access information systems. It is available on the Web at: http://libwww.ucr.edu/pubs/stlinfoviz.html
Effects of steady electric fields on human retinal pigment epithelial cell orientation and migration in culture.

Low-level, steady electric fields of 6-10 voltskm stimulated directional orientation and translo- cation of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. The orientative movements (galvanotropism) consisted of somatic elongation of the cells into spindle shapes, fol- lowed by pivotal alignment orthogonal to the field. The anodal edges of the cells underwent retraction of their plasmalemmal extensions, while the cathode edges and the longitudinal ends developed lamellipodia and ruf- fled membranes. These tropic movements were followed by a translocational movement (galvanotaxis) of the cells towards the cathode. Staining of these migrating cells for actin showed the accumulation of stress fibers at the leading (cathodal) edge, as well as at the longitudinal ends of the elongated somata. These results suggest that endogenous, biologically-generated electric fields (eg., injury currents) may play a role in the guidance and mi- gration of retinal pigment epithelial cells after retinal in- Directional shape changes and movements during cell migration are controlled by several extrinsic factors, such as contact inhibition, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and contact guidance (Trinkaus 1982). In this study, we investigate yet another possible factor that may play a role in controlling cell mi- gration, namely electric (E) fields. The influence of physiological E-fields on the modulation of direc-
Mass Production and the U.S. Tire Industry

The study of mass production has been strongly influenced in recent years by two dissimilar bodies of work—that of Alfred D. Chandler and that of Harry Braverman and others who argue that mass production helped managers “deskill” and “control” industrial workers. The history of the U.S. tire industry between 1910 and 1930 underlines the value of Chandler's analysis and the limited applicability of the deskilling and control hypotheses.
Quantifying the Relationship Between Multiple Immunological Parameters and Host Resistance: Probing the Limits of Reductionism

Although reductionist experimental designs are excellent for identifying cells, molecules, or functions involved in resistance to particular microbes or cancer cells, they do not provide an integrated, quantitative view of immune function. In the present study, mice were treated with either dexamethasone (DEX) or cyclosporin A (CyA), and immune function and host resistance were evaluated. Multivariate statistical methods were used to describe the relative importance of a broad range of immunological parameters for host resistance in mice treated with various dosages of DEX. Multiple regression and logistic regression analysis indicated that changes in 24 immunological parameters explained a substantial portion of the changes in resistance to B16F10 tumor cells or streptococcus group B. However, at least 40% of the change in host resistance remained unexplained. DEX at all dosages substantially suppressed numerous relevant immunological parameters, but significantly decreased resistance to Listeria monocytogenes only at the highest dosage. In contrast, CyA substantially decreased resistance to L. monocytogenes at dosages that caused relatively minor suppression of just a few immunological parameters (unfortunately, CyA data and host resistance data for L. monocytogenes were not suitable for multivariate analysis). These results illustrate that mathematical models can be used to explain changes in host resistance on the basis of changes in immune parameters, and that moderate changes in relevant immunological parameters may not produce the types of changes in host resistance expected on the basis of results from reductionist experimental designs.
Locating Components Realizing Services in Existing Systems

Organizations adopting service oriented architecture can derive higher business value only if the functionality provided by existing systems is reused. "Servicising" existing systems (locating and exposing available functionality as a set of service based operations), is an efficient way forward, to the evolution of existing systems to SOA. To facilitate the location of service(s) already implemented in the systems, a helpful step is to locate components that realize the required functionality. In this paper, a static and semi-automatic approach to locating components realizing service is proposed. The approach consists of three steps: retrieval of links between a service and the components in the source code, filtering of links using static structural analysis and finally categorizing them as functional and technical components. The results of the approach applied to two open source systems are presented. The results indicate that the approach is quite effective in identifying the links between the service descriptions and source code components and categorizing them into functional and technical components.
Making Meaning from Personal Loss: Religious, Benefit Finding, and Goal-oriented Attributions

This study examined the role of religious, benefit finding, and goal-oriented meaning making strategies used by 111 young adults in response to their experience of personal loss. Death of a loved one and relationship loss were the two types of loss most frequently reported by participants. In general, young adults reported being affected by their loss experience, loss impacted their personal strivings and goals, and both religious and benefit finding strategies were used to derive meaning from loss. Religious, benefit finding, and goal-oriented meaning making strategies were differentially related to young adults' reports of depressed mood and interpersonal loneliness.
Candida Endophthalmitis Associated With Total Parenteral Nutrition

Candida albicans is the most common fungal infection which can occur in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition therapy. While rare, Candida endophthalmitis also can occur and must be considered as a potential risk of this treatment. Early detection and management of this disorder can alter the visual outcome for these patients. Systemic administration of amphotericin B and fluocytosine is the most common form of treatment for Candida endophthalmitis. In cases not responsive to systemic administration of antifungal agents, surgical management through pars plana vitrectomy can potentially eradicate the infection and preserve vision. We present a case of bilateral Candida endophthalmitis treated with amphotericin B and fluocytosine, and also with pars plana vitrectomy with the intracameral injection of amphotericin B into the anterior vitreous cavity. Systemic and intracameral use of antifungal drug therapy combined with vitrectomy restored useful vision to the patient.
Task-specific dynamics for robotic hand control

Humans employ context-specific internal models for their bodies and the world around them. They learn them through embodiment in the environment, by gathering data in a task-specific way. Similarly, robots operating under humanlike task constraints must have the ability to accommodate situations unknown to their designers. We demonstrate a method for the Anatomically Correct Testbed (ACT) robotic hand to use task-relevant data to build a reduced-dimensionality controller tailored to that task. The robotic hand encounters a novel task and models the combined dynamics of robot and environment. This is achieved without additional model complexity, and without prior knowledge of the task. We show the utility of this approach for playing a piano key, attaining a single-key trill at the maximum speed allowed by the piano dynamics. This task is chosen because it is relatively simple from a kinematic perspective, mostly involving flexion-extension, but is quite complex from a dynamic perspective, including a contact transition.
Additional resources for new faculty

Abstract One of the keys to becoming an effective clinician educator is developing skills that allow for maximal efficiency in day-to-day activities, as well as resources that will aid in the development of the teaching, scholarship, and service requirements of an academic appointment. Discovering and using clinical and educational resources available at one's institution, practice site, and at the local, state, and national levels will allow for maximal faculty development while minimizing stress. Using technology as well as opportunities provided by the academy may be the key to the initiation and maintenance of a very happy, fulfilled, and long academic career.
High-throughput profiling of off-target DNA cleavage reveals RNA-programmed Cas9 nuclease specificity

The RNA-programmable Cas9 endonuclease cleaves double-stranded DNA at sites complementary to a 20-base-pair guide RNA. The Cas9 system has been used to modify genomes in multiple cells and organisms, demonstrating its potential as a facile genome-engineering tool. We used in vitro selection and high-throughput sequencing to determine the propensity of eight guide-RNA:Cas9 complexes to cleave each of 10(12) potential off-target DNA sequences. The selection results predicted five off-target sites in the human genome that were confirmed to undergo genome cleavage in HEK293T cells upon expression of one of two guide-RNA:Cas9 complexes. In contrast to previous models, our results show that guide-RNA:Cas9 specificity extends past a 7- to 12-base-pair seed sequence. Our results also suggest a tradeoff between activity and specificity both in vitro and in cells as a shorter, less-active guide RNA is more specific than a longer, more-active guide RNA. High concentrations of guide-RNA:Cas9 complexes can cleave off-target sites containing mutations near or within the PAM that are not cleaved when enzyme concentrations are limiting.
Algoriphagus machipongonensis sp. nov., co-isolated with a colonial choanoflagellate

A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, PR1(T), was isolated from a mud core sample containing colonial choanoflagellates near Hog Island, Virginia, USA. Strain PR1(T) grew optimally at 30 °C and with 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain PR1(T) contained MK-7 as the major menaquinone as well as carotenoids but lacked pigments of the flexirubin-type. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0) (29.4 %), iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c (18.5 %) and summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)ω6c and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c; 11.3 %). The major polar lipids detected in strain PR1(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown phospholipid, an aminophospholipid, an aminolipid and two lipids of unknown character. The DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain PR1(T) fell within the cluster comprising the genus Algoriphagus and was most closely related to Algoriphagus halophilus JC 2051(T) (95.4 % sequence similarity) and Algoriphagus lutimaris S1-3(T) (95.3 % sequence similarity). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain PR1(T) and the type strains of other species of the genus Algoriphagus were in the range 91-95 %. Differential phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness of strain PR1(T) demonstrated that this strain was distinct from other members of the genus Algoriphagus, including its closest relative, A. halophilus. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic data, strain PR1(T) should be placed in the genus Algoriphagus as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Algoriphagus machipongonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PR1(T) (= ATCC BAA-2233(T) = DSM 24695(T)).
Understanding the Transient Behavior of Injection Locked LC Oscillators

An analytical framework has been developed to describe the transient behavior of negative resistance injection-locked oscillators based on Adler's equation. Design insights are provided by using a combination of analytical simplifications and graphical interpretation. It has been shown that injection locking can be used to meet the requirements for fast hopping systems like the MBOA-UWB specification. The theoretical analysis and design solutions have been verified by extensive simulations on real CMOS processes.
Cryptosporidium parvum possesses a short-type replication protein A large subunit that differs from its host.

Replication protein A (RPA) consisting of three subunits is a eukaryotic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein involved in DNA replication, repair and recombination. We report here the identification and characterization of a RPA large subunit (CpRPA1) gene from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum. The CpRPA1 gene encodes a 53.9-kDa peptide that is remarkably smaller than that from other eukaryotes (i.e. ∼70 kDa) and is actively expressed in both free sporozoites and parasite intracellular stages. This short-type RPA large subunit has also been characterized from one other protist, Crithidia fasciculata. Three distinct domains have been identified in the RPA large subunit of humans and yeasts: an N-terminal protein interaction domain, a central ssDNA-binding area, and a C-terminal subunit-interacting region. Sequence analysis reveals that the short-type RPA large subunit differs from that of other eukaryotes in that only the domains required for ssDNA binding and heterotrimer formation are present. It lacks the N-terminal domain necessary for the binding of proteins mainly involved in DNA repair and recombination. This major structural difference suggests that the mechanism for DNA repair and recombination in some protists differs from that of other eukaryotes. Since replication proteins play an essential role in the cell cycle, the fact that RPA proteins of C. parvum differ from those of its host suggests that RPA be explored as a potential chemotherapeutic target for controlling cryptosporidiosis and/or diseases caused by other apicomplexans.
Factor structure of child behavior scale scores in peruvian preschoolers

Behavior rating scales aid in the identification of problem behaviors, as well as the development of interventions to reduce such behavior. Although scores on many behavior rating scales have been validated in the United States, there have been few such studies in other cultural contexts. In this study, the structural validity of scores on a Spanish translation of the six-factor Child Behavior Scale (CBS) was assessed in a sample of 265 Peruvian preschool children who ranged from 2 to 6 years in age. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor structure, and reliability estimates for scores on the four factors were adequate. The authors suggest replicating the study and examining the utility of CBS scores in predicting future problem behaviors in this population. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE 55 m.p.h SPEED LIMIT AND GASOLINE CONSUMPTION

Within the context of driver trip production this paper examines the effects of the 55 m.p.h.speed limit on gasoline consumption in private cars. The focus is on the noticeable short-run reductions in speed and gasoline consumption immediately following the imposition of the national speed limit. Analysis of highway speeds indicates that indeed speeds were substantially lower than otherwise expected after the energy conservation measure took effect. When technical information on the speed-gasoline consumption relationship is considered, however, the effect on gasoline consumption is found to be surprisingly small. This finding is corroborated by direct analysis of gasoline demand.
Surgical Management of Desmoid Tumors

Although unable to metastasize, the locally aggressive growth pattern of desmoids can result in significant morbidity for patients burdened with these tumors. Moreover, their diverse anatomic location, propensity for recurrence, and unpredictable biologic behavior present unique challenges for surgeons and other physicians involved in their management. A well-coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving the input of surgical and nonsurgical specialists is needed to develop an individualized treatment strategy appropriate for each specific patient. When surgery is planned, appropriate imaging and preoperative biopsy is obligatory. The true impact of surgical margin negativity as well as the role of adjuvant therapies (i.e., radiation, antiinflammatory drugs, antiestrogen agents, and cytotoxic chemotherapy) in preventing tumor recurrence remains uncertain. Although radical resection to achieve negative histologic margins is the laudable objective of many oncologic surgical procedures and in some circumstances may be applicable to desmoid surgical management, excessively mutilating resections that result in significant functional impairment do not appear to be warranted in this disease.
Analysis of Interfacial Shear Stress and Risk of Debonding in TSVs

Through-Silicon Vias are a key enabler of 3D technology and reliability of these structures is a source of concern. TSVs are typically made of copper and therefore have a large CTE mismatch with the surrounding Si. When subjected to a thermal load during BEOL processing, they experience stress and deform. An important reliability concern that the stress poses is the debonding of the TSV-Si interface, and has been observed experimentally. A possible reason for the debonding is the high interfacial shear stress which could potentially be singular. The authors have obtained analytical estimates of the far-field stress and protrusion in a prior work. In this work the stress singularity at the tip of the TSV-Si interface is obtained. The order of the singularity is correlated to the risk of interfacial delamination.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO ANTICANCER AGENTS.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on mechanisms of resistance to anticancer agents. Attention has been given to mechanisms of action of the inhibitors under discussion, because this problem is inseparable from that of mechanisms of resistance. Steroids and alkylating agents have also been considered, because they are of recognized importance as inhibitors of neoplastic growth. Some of the anticancer antibiotics have also been included, because interesting mechanisms by which they inhibit nucleic acid synthesis have now been defined. Reactions by which purines are converted to nucleotides are of particular significance in considering the metabolism of purine analogs. Naturally occurring pyrimidine bases other than orotic acid probably arise in cells primarily from exogenous sources or by breakdown of the corresponding nucleotides. Routes by which these pyrimidines are utilized have been considered as salvage pathway. Pyrimidine analogs are generally metabolized along the same pathways as the natural pyrimidines after conversion to nucleotides; many analogs interfere with the biosynthesis or further metabolism and inter conversions of pyrimidine nucleotides. Folic acid must first be reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid, which is then converted to various cofactors. The chapter also discusses nucleic acid synthesis, glutamine antagonists and purine analogs. The subject of steroid metabolism and mechanism of action is beyond the scope of the present review. A number of antibiotics that inhibit the growth of experimental neoplasms have been reported and studies on mechanisms of their inhibition have been undertaken.