cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Undersea landslides: extent and significance in the Pacific Ocean, an update

Abstract. Submarine landslides are known to occur disproportionately in a limited number of environments including fjords, deltas, canyons, volcanic islands and the open continental slope. An evaluation of the progress that has been made in understanding Pacific Ocean submarine landslides over the last 15years shows that mapping technologies have improved greatly, allowing a better interpretation of landslide features. Some features previously identified as landslides are being reinterpreted by some as sediment waves. Previously underappreciated environments for landslides such as deep-sea trenches are being recognized and lava deltas are being found to be landslide prone. Landslides are also being recognized much more commonly as a potential source of tsunamis. Landslides that have produced tsunamis in the past are being mapped and in some cases modeled. The flow characteristics of turbidity currents produced by landslides in canyon heads have recently been monitored and the source of these failures has been identified using repeated multibeam mapping. Finally, some landslide deposits are being dated as part of assessing risk to coastal cities from landslide-tsunamis.
Lysis of mycobacteria-infected monocytes by IL-2-activated killer cells: role of LFA-1.

Abstract Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) is a ubiquitous soil contaminant that rarely causes disseminated disease in adults regardless of immunological status. In AIDS patients, however, this organism invades virtually every tissue and organ, and most conventional chemotherapeutic agents are usually ineffective against MAI. We report here that monocytes, in which MAI has established an intracellular parasitic stage, are under the control of natural killer (NK) cells. Autologous large granular lymphocytes (LGL), purified from human peripheral blood leukocytes, were capable of efficiently lysing autologous MAI-infected monocytes in a 5-hr 51 Cr release assay. More importantly, interleukin 2 (IL-2) was able to activate the LGL to a higher degree of lysis of infected monocytes. LGL cultured in medium alone could not kill normal monocytes, but showed some degree of lysis of MAI-infected cells. IL-2-activated killer (LAK) cells, on the other hand, lysed normal monocytes to a moderate degree and this activity was makedly enhanced if the monocytes were infected with MAI. The sensitivity of monocytes was directly proportional to the inoculating number of bacteria, indicating that increased bacterial burden would enhance susceptibility to LAK-mediated lysis. Finally, the addition of monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1 (both α and β chains), but not LFA-2 or LFA-3, blocked lysis of both infected and uninfected monocytes when added directly to the cytotoxicity assays, indicating that this adhesion protein is involved in the lysis of autologous, infected monocytes. Thus, NK/LAK cells may be important in containment of infection by lysis of infected monocytes before the bacteria can multiply and spread to other sites.
FORGING A NEW LINK: LOLA RENNT AND TOM TYKWER'S CINEMATIC FOREBEARS

Lola rennt ranks high on any list of famous post-Reunification German films. Several scholars and journalists have noted the great number of references Lola rennt makes to earlier cinema, for instance the works of Wenders or Hitchcock. The present article examines the film's allusions to the cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski, Jean-Luc Godard and Fritz Lang. This examination uncovers a chain of references between these three directors whose centrepoint is Godard's Le Mepris. By intertextually forging a new link on this chain of directors, Tykwer positions himself as their peer. Lola rennt ist einer der bekanntesten deutschen Filme der letzten zwanzig Jahre. Mehrere Journalisten und Akademiker merken, dass sich Lola rennt immer wieder auf fruhere Filme bezieht, z.B. die von Wenders und Hitchcock. Dieser Artikel untersucht die vom Regisseur/Drehbuchautor Tom Tykwer inszenierten Anspielungen auf Werke von Krzysztof Kieślowski, Jean-Luc Godard und Fritz Lang. Die Untersuchung enthullt eine Kette von solchen Anspielungen, deren Mittelpunkt Godards Le Mepris ist. Lola rennt wird zu einem neuen Glied in dieser Kette. Dadurch schafft sich Tykwer eine eigene Stelle unter diesen fruheren, beruhmten Regisseuren.
RAPID EVALUATION OF PROTEIN QUALITY OF FOODS USING Clostridium perfringens

A 1-day protein quality evaluation procedure was developed utilizing the anaerobic microorganism, C. perfringens strain 3624. The food sample required no pretreatment except for particle size reduction. Culture development was measured manometrically. Contaminating microorganisms were inhibited by cultural conditions which included anaerobiosis, 46°C incubation and a large initial inoculum. Culture response was expressed as Relative Slope Ratio (RSR) which compared the response slopes of the test nitrogen source with that of a standardized mixture of synthetic amino acids. A preliminary study comparing RSR values with Protein Efficiency Ratios (PER) for 2.5 foods showed a linear correlation coefficient of 0.74. A study comparing RSR and PER values for 15 foods representing a wide variety of protein sources indicated that the RSR method cannot be substituted for the PER method, but there was an indication that foods may be grouped for improved analysis. The RSR assay was sensitive to thermal treatment variations and responded to sulfur containing amino acid supplementation of heated products. Further evaluation of the technique for rapid assessment of protein quality changes resulting from processing variables seems warranted.
Containment, coexistence and neutrality: The return of the Porkkala naval base as an issue in Soviet‐American relations, 1955–1956

(1993). Containment, coexistence and neutrality: The return of the Porkkala naval base as an issue in Soviet‐American relations, 1955–1956. Scandinavian Journal of History: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 217-228.
MO‐E‐BRB‐06: Using Generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose to Evaluate Dose Distributions in NSCLC Patients Planned for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: To use generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) to evaluate the dose distributions of patients with non‐small‐cell lungcancer(NSCLC) planned for stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT).Methods and Materials: Thirty‐eight stage I–IIlungcancer patients with 41 lesions treated with SBRT were analyzed. For each patient a Pencil Beam (PB) algorithm‐based treatment plan was produced. Monte Carlo (MC)‐based treatment plans were calculated using the same number of monitor units, for each beam, as in the PB‐based plan. Spearman rank correlation coefficients between gEUD with different parameter a values and dose‐volume endpoints Dx and Vx were computed and compared. The effects of PTV diameter on dose differences between PB‐based plans and MC‐based plans were also analyzed using gEUD. Results: The Spearman rank coefficient as a function of the a value in the gEUD produced functions with unique maxima for the PTV (0.995) and normal lungtissue (0.989). For PB‐based plans, the parameter a correlated best with V5, V10, V20 and D95 for a values of 0.7, 0.9, 2.2 and −24 respectively. For the MC‐based plans, these values of a were 0.8, 1.1, 2.4, and −22, respectively. gEUD differences between MC‐ and PB‐based plans were found to be inversely proportional to the PTV diameter. These differences were found to increase with decreasing values of a, as the gEUD converges to the minimum PTV dose.Conclusion: Spearman rank analysis showed good correlation between gEUD and dose‐volume endpoints as a function of the a parameter in the gEUD model. Further investigation is needed to correlate these a values with biologically meaningful results for tumors and normal tissues in the context of lungSBRT in the clinical setting. Work supported in part by NIH_R01‐CA106770
MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESES IN THE INITIATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE P1 INDUCTION.

The requirement for macromolecular syntheses in the initiation of the change from the lysogenic state to the lytic cycle has been studied in thymine-requiring Escherichia coli B3(P1b) under a variety of conditions which alter protein, ribosomal RNA and DNA synthesis. Thymine deprivation results in phage induction and in immediate inhibition of DNA synthesis (to 12 to 24% of normal). 5-Bromouracil replacing thymine in the medium gives induction as in the thymineless cultures, but with uninterrupted (70% or more of normal) DNA synthesis. Induction occurs, although at a slower rate, after a shift-down of the bacteria from broth to thymineless, minimalm edium, under which condition transient inhibition of protein and ribosomal-RNA synthesis occurs. Addition of 5-bromouracil after the shift-down results in increased DNA synthesis and accelerated induction. RNA and protein synthesis are inhibited longer than in the cultures without 5-bromouracil; induction reaches its maximum, in this case, before the RNA synthesis is resumed. Mitomycin C treatment of thymineless cultures shows an additive effect on induced cell formation, but no discernible effect on the interruption of DNA synthesis. The independence of induction of the effects on net synthesis of ribosomal RNA and protein and the correlation with alterations in DNA synthesis suggest the formation of an aberrant DNA as a triggering event in prophage induction.
Chlorinated solvents: Market interactions and regulation

Abstract This paper focuses on the five major chlorinated solvents, a class of interrelated chemicals that is currently under regulatory scrutiny for a variety of reasons. It presents historical production data and describes the largest end uses-metal cleaning and dry cleaning. The research explores the opportunities for substitution among the chlorinated solvents. Historical case studies of two of the chlorinated solvents-trichloroethylene, used largely in metal cleaning and perchloroethylene, used heavily in dry cleaning-are examined. These cases studies emphasize that regulation without attention to substitution can have unexpected effects. The results of the analysis suggest that because of the complex substitution possibilities, potential future regulation should consider the solvents in concert.
TH‐C‐224C‐09: Using SPECT‐Guidance to Reduce Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Dose to Functioning Lung

Purpose:Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) provides a map of the spatial distribution of lung perfusion. Thus, SPECT guidance can be used to deliberately divert dose away from higher functioning lung, thereby potentially reducing lung toxicity. This work presents an algorithmic methodology for achieving this aim, and tests it in intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT)treatment planning of five randomly selected lungcancer patients. Method and Materials:IMRTtreatment plans were generated with and without SPECT guidance and compared. Both sets of plans were made to adhere to the same dose‐volume constraints. The SPECT‐guided process works by segmenting healthy lung into four regions on the basis of SPECT intensity, and sequentially allowing dose to the target via regions of increasing SPECT intensity. This process results in reduction of dose to functional lung, reflected in the dose‐function histogram (DFH). DFHs quantify the percentage of total function above dose levels. The plans were compared using DFHs and F20 / F30 values (Fx is the functional lung receiving dose above x Gy; 20/30 Gy are significant thresholds for radiation pneumonitis). Results: In all cases, the SPECT‐guided plan produced a more favorable DFH compared to the non‐SPECT guided plan. Additionally, the F20 and F30 values were reduced for all patients by an average of 13.6% ± 5.2% and 10.5% ± 5.8%, respectively. In all patients, for the SPECT‐guided plans, DFHs of the two highest functioning SPECT regions were reduced while DFHs of the two lower functioning regions were increased, illustrating the dose “give‐take” between SPECT regions that is inherent to the redistribution process. Conclusion: SPECT‐guided IMRT shows potential for reducing the dose delivered to highly functional lung regions. This dose reduction could reduce the number of high grade pneumonitis cases that develop after radiation treatment and improve patient quality of life.
Cushioning the Fall: Scandals, Economic Conditions, and Executive Approval

Why do some presidents emerge from a scandal unscathed while for others it may lead to a crisis of legitimacy? This question is crucial to understanding the conditions under which elected leaders are held accountable. This study proposes a theory of conditional accountability by which the public most consistently punishes presidents for scandals when the economy is weak. Under strong economic conditions, scandals do not tarnish presidents’ public standing. To test the theory, we use a new dataset that includes measures of scandals, presidential approval, and the economy for 84 presidential administrations in 18 Latin American countries. Consistent with our expectations, scandals only appear to damage presidential approval when inflation and unemployment are high.
Collagen Molecules: Distribution of Alpha Chains

To ascertain the distribution of alpha chains within the collagen molecule, intramolecular cross-links were introduced into tropocollagen by reacting formaldehyde with dilute homogeneous molecular dispersions of collagen extracted from lathyritic guinea pig skin. Denaturation, chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, measurement of molecular weight, and analyses of the amino acids of the cross-linked product indicate that most, if not all, of the collagen molecules consist of two α1 chains and one α2 chain [(α1)2(α2)1].
Case Presentation of Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome and the Dilemmas and Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis and Management of a Congenitally Malformed Baby

Characteristic features of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, the dilemmas in its prenatal diagnosis, and the implications in the management of a congenitally malformed baby born to Muslim parents who were second cousins, are described. Following an ultrasound during the third trimester, the parents were told that the baby had a severe congenital malformation called short rib poldydactyly syndrome and would die soon after birth. However, the baby continued to live showing improvement without any significant medical interventions, and the diagnosis of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome was considered in the first week of life when first examined by the primary care physician. A diagnostic workup later confirmed the diagnosis. In the fourth week of life, deterioration set in. Despite all tbe efforts and help from modem medical technology. the baby did not survive and died around nine weeks of age. Both parents and the physicians involved in the care of this infant were faced with difficult dilemmas and decisions in the management of this congenitally malformed baby. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/30-3-9828
A chronic unit study of the sensory properties of neurons in the forelimb areas of rat sensorimotor cortex

The sensory properties of neurons in the several forelimb areas of rat sensorimotor cortex were examined using the technique of extracellular single-unit recording in the awake, head-restrained rat. Cells with peripheral receptive fields were tested for the amount and modality of sensory input during joint manipulation and brushing and tapping of limbs, face and trunk. Input-output correlations were made on the basis of the results of receptive field mapping and intracortical microstimulation in the same electrode penetration. It was found that neurons (n = 117) in the rostral forelimb area receive virtually no sensory input while 30% of neurons (n = 114) in the caudal forelimb primary motor area do receive such input. The inputs to caudal forelimb motor area neurons were primarily (83%) from single joints; along perpendicular electrode penetrations the same joint that activated a cortical cell also moved when microstimulation was delivered along the same electrode penetration. In the granular and dysgranular zones of somatic sensory forelimb cortex, 70% of neurons (n = 82) were responsive to peripheral sensory inputs, with most of the cells in the granular cortex responsive to cutaneous inputs while cells in the dysgranular cortex were more responsive to deep inputs. The lack of sensory inputs to the rostral forelimb motor area is consistent with the proposal that this region may be a part of the supplementary motor area of the rat.
Variation in per capita interaction strength: Thresholds due to nonlinear dynamics and nonequilibrium conditions

I measured the strength of interaction between a marine herbivore and its growing resource over a realistic range of absolute and relative abundances. The herbivores (hermit crabs: Pagurus spp.) have slow and/or weak functional and numerical responses to epiphytic diatoms (Isthmia nervosa), which show logistic growth in the absence of consumers. By isolating this interaction in containers in the field, I mimicked many of the physical and biological variables characteristic of the intertidal while controlling the densities of focal species. The per capita effects of consumers on the population dynamics of their resource (i.e., interaction strength) were defined by using the relationship between hermit crab density and proportional change in the resource. When this relationship is fit by a Weibull function, a single parameter distinguishes constant interaction strength from one that varies as a function of density. Constant interaction strength causes the proportion of diatoms to fall linearly or proportionally as hermit crab density increases whereas per capita effects that increase with density cause an accelerating decline. Although many mathematical models of species interactions assume linear dynamics and invariant parameters, at least near equilibrium, the per capita effects of hermit crabs on diatoms varied substantially, apparently crossing a threshold from weak to strong when consumption exceeded resource production. This threshold separates a domain of coexistence from one of local extinction of the resource. Such thresholds may help explain trophic cascades, resource compensation, and context-dependent interaction strengths, while indicating a way to predict trophic effects, despite nonlinearities, as a function of vital rates.
Genetic Mapping with Multiple Levels of Phenotypic Information Reveals Determinants of Lymphocyte Glucocorticoid Sensitivity

Clinical response to glucocorticoids, steroid hormones widely used as pharmaceuticals, varies extensively in that many individuals (∼30%) show a weak response to treatment. Although little is known about the molecular basis of this variation, regulatory polymorphisms are likely to play a key role given that glucocorticoids act largely through activation of a transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor. In an effort to characterize the molecular basis of variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity, we measured in vitro lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity and transcriptome-wide response to glucocorticoids in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from African American healthy donors. We found that variation in lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity was correlated with transcriptional response at 27 genes (false-discovery rate −8 ); it was also associated with transcriptional response at multiple genes, including many (14/27) where transcriptional response was correlated with lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity. Using allelic-imbalance assays, we show that this QTL is a glucocorticoid-dependent cis -regulatory polymorphism for RBMS3 , which encodes an RNA-binding protein known as a tumor suppressor. We found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of RBMS3 expression increased cellular proliferation in PBMCs, consistent with the role of the gene as a negative regulator of proliferation. We propose that differences in lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity reflect variation in transcriptional response, which is influenced by a glucocorticoid-dependent regulatory polymorphism that acts in cis relative to RBMS3 and in trans to affect the transcriptional response of multiple distant genes.
Orthopraxy, Orthodoxy, and the Goddess(es) of Taishan

This article examines James Watson’s influential work on orthopraxy and cultural unification in late imperial China through a study of the cult of the goddess of Taishan. In this case the state (a crucial promoter of standardization for Watson) was internally divided, local elites took a hard line against popular practices, and ritual became increasingly disunified across classes, regions, and genders. Eventually, popular lore about the goddess changed to reflect an awareness of elite rejection and to celebrate the goddess’s ability to pursue her own goals despite often hostile male authorities. What “cultural unity” one can find here is paradoxical and based not on rituals but beliefs: a shared sense that Taishan was sacred territory worth contesting, popular awareness that elites did not welcome their claims on it, and other signs that groups marked their disagreements with each other, rather than either ignoring differences of ideas or disguising them behind shared ritual.
Observations on effect of 3-methylcholanthrene in scorbutic guinea pigs.

Summary1. Some of the pathoses of scurvy in guinea pigs were reversed by administration of 3-methylcholanthrene. These included a marked reduction of incidence of hemorrhage, reduction of bone resorption, preservation of dentinogenesis and prevention of death of odontoblasts. 2. The effect 3-methylcholanthrene exerts upon scurvy does not appear to be mediated by induction of L-ascorbic acid synthesis nor by increased retention of the vitamin.The authors are grateful to Miss C. Mecca for assistance in bioassay experiments and to Miss C. Evans for carrying out the radioactive experiments. Photomicrographs are the courtesy of Mr. John W. McGuire.
Sensitivity of Corn and Soybean Yield in Illinois to Air Temperature and Precipitation: The Potential Impact of Future Climate Change

The potential impact of climate change on agricultural production has frequently been evaluated at national and regional scales. This study considers the potential county-scale impact of climate change on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) yield in the important agricultural state of Illinois, USA. By identifying specific monthly climate variables (mean daily temperature and precipitation) to which corn and soybean yield is sensitive, this study compares monthly regional General Circulation Model (GCM) predictions with the monthly climate variables to which corn and soybean yield is sensitive to predict crop yield under future climate. Corn yield is negatively correlated with July and August temperature in much of the state, and positively correlated with precipitation from the previous September (in the central portion of the state) and July and August precipitation in most of northern and southern Illinois, respectively. Soybean yield is negatively correlated with mean monthly tempe...
Extremity shifts, risk shifts and attitude shifts after group discussion

Moscovici and Zavalloni (1969) suggest that both risk shifts and attitude shifts after group discussion are examples of a general group tendency to polarize opinions. In the present experiment, using both attitude and risk items, group discussion did not make individual opinions more extreme; only the group average became more extreme. This group extremity increase was not simply a more general way of conceptualizing the directional shifts in attitude and risk; group extremity increase appeared to be an effect of discussion that was independent of the risk and attitude shifts. Also, subjects in the co-working pretest of the standard risk-shift paradigm were found to be less extreme and more ‘agreeing’ than pretest subjects who were truly alone. This co-working/alone difference persisted after discussion and was not related to group extremity increase. On both attitude and risk items, group extremity increase was strongly correlated with group opinion convergence. It is argued from this correlation that group extremity increase may be an effect of some aspect of conformity influence.
Evaluation of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education: Application of Behavioral Theory and Survey Validation

Abstract Objective Application of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) evaluation and development and validation of an evaluation tool used to measure TTM constructs is described. Methods Surveys were collected from parents of children receiving food at Summer Food Service Program sites prior to SNAP-Ed participation. Results Item analysis of survey data (n = 149) suggests the survey is valid and reliable. Structural Equation Modeling confirmed the use of the TTM constructs in predicting SNAP-Ed participants' fruit and vegetable consumption. Perceived barriers ( P = .04) and self-efficacy ( P = .006) were associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, whereas perceived benefits were not. Conclusions and Implications Application of theory and survey validation can enhance SNAP-Ed evaluation.
Field applications of ion-mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an excellent tool for detection of controlled substances under field conditions. Plasmagrams and tables showing the results of field applications will be discussed. Residues of drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, can be left anywhere including vehicles, boats, and houses. In houses, the carpets, walls, and floors are good locations for residues to adhere. Individual clothing can also be contaminated with drug residue. Vehicles that are suspected of having previously smuggled illegal substances can be vacuumed and screened. Tablets that look similar and respond the same when screened with the Marquis reagent can be differentiated by IMS. With Southern California being the 'methamphetamine capital of the world' and the resurgence of phencyclidine, IMS has proven extremely valuable in the screening of abandoned clandestine laboratory sites and vehicles in which the clandestine laboratories; chemicals and glassware were transported. IMS is very responsive to ephedrine/pseudophedrine, a precursor of methamphetamine and 1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile, an intermediate of phencyclidine. Once residues are detected, vacuum samples, and/or methanol wipes are collected and analyzed at the DEA Laboratory for confirmation of the suspected substance using GC-IRD or Mass Spectrometry.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Amplification of gene expression using both 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions of GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA

Abstract Cis -regulatory elements located at either the 5′- or 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA increase the expression of luciferase reporter genes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible cooperative effects of 5′- and 3′-UTRs of the GLUT1 mRNA on the expression of a luciferase reporter gene in cultured brain endothelial cells. Luciferase reporter genes containing control elements in nucleotides (nt) 1–171 of GLUT1 5′-UTR, or nt 2100–2300 of GLUT1 3′-UTR produced a 10- and 6-fold increase in the expression of the luciferase reporter gene compared to the control vector containing no GLUT1 regulatory sequences, respectively. The insertion of both GLUT1 mRNA cis -regulatory elements increased 59-fold the activity of luciferase compared to controls. Data presented here demonstrate that cis -regulatory elements located at both the 5′- and 3′-UTR of GLUT1 mRNA increase expression of a reporter gene in an independent manner.
Analysis of ν2 of D2S

Abstract The infrared spectrum of ν 2 of D 2 S was recorded from 740 to 1100 cm −1 on the University of Denver 50-cm FTIR spectrometer system. We have assigned 655 transitions from D 2 32 S and 129 from D 2 34 S, and have analyzed them using Watson's A -reduced Hamiltonian evaluated in the I r representation. We used the recently published D 2 32 S and D 2 34 S ground state Hamiltonian constants [C. Camy-Peyret, J. M. Flaud, L. Lechuga-Fossat and J. W. C. Johns, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 109 , 300–333 (1985)]. Upper state Hamiltonian constants were obtained from a fit of the ν 2 transitions, keeping the ground state constants fixed while varying the upper state constants. The standard deviation of the D 2 32 S ν 2 fit is 0.0025 cm −1 . The standard deviation of the D 2 34 S ν 2 fit is 0.0041 cm −1 .
Lateral interactions and enhanced adsorption

Abstract We extend earlier work on the effects of lateral adsorbate-adsorbate interactions in systems with two different adsorbate species to consider in detail enhanced adsorption phenomena. We give a detailed explanation of the enhancement mechanism for a lattice-gas model in thermodynamic equilibrium, and provide explicit quantitative criteria which must be satisfied by the effective lateral interactions in systems exhibiting strong, intermediate , or weak enhancement behavior. It is the examination and understanding of the topological details of the ground-state and phase diagrams of the model that allow the formulation of these criteria. The theoretically obtained criteria are supported by precise numerical calculations (transfer-matrix with strip width six) of adsorption isotherms for a three-state lattice-gas model with nearest-neighbor interactions on a triangular lattice. The applicability of this theoretical framework is illustrated by an analysis of experimental adsorption isotherms for the electrochemical adsorption of naphthalene on copper and n -decylamine on nickel, previously obtained by Bockris et al. As suggested by Damaskin et al. we attribute the potential dependence of the organic coverage to the influence of coadsorbed hydrogen. We find that nonlinear least-squares fits of numerical lattice-gas isotherms to the experimental data produce good agreement between the experimental and numerical adsorption isotherms, as well as effective lattice-gas interaction energies consistent with independent estimates from the literature.
Black cloud: patterns towards da future

The authors developed and tested a hyper-local air quality sensor network and a fictional game narrative to evaluate the pedagogical potential of Alternate Reality games for high school students in Los Angeles. This study examined how Deweyan concepts of learning can be applied to game play. The authors found that students developed a unique language to discuss real pollution issues within a fictional construct. Engaging in both civic engagement and educational rigor, student learning was situated in a framework of instruction John Dewey outlines as counter to traditional models of schooling. Despite limitations, including some authoritarian and competitive structures implicit in games, students found new reasons to communicate with real-world adults in verbal and written form. Game-based learning inspired substantial qualitative progress and high levels of engagement among students, compared to traditional teaching methods.
Data transformations for improved display and fitting of single-channel dwell time histograms

A.L. Blatz and K.L. Magleby (1986a. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 378:141–174) have demonstrated the usefulness of plotting histograms with a logarithmic time axis to display the distributions of dwell times from recordings of single ionic channels. We derive here the probability density function (pdf) corresponding to logarithmically binned histograms. Plotted on a logarithmic time scale the pdf is a peaked function with an invariant width; this and other properties of the pdf, coupled with a variance-stabilizing (square root) transformation for the ordinate, greatly simplify the interpretation and manual fitting of distributions containing multiple exponential components. We have also examined the statistical errors in estimation, by the maximum-likelihood method, of kinetic parameters from logarithmically binned data. Using binned data greatly accelerates the fitting procedure and introduces significant errors only for bins spaced more widely than 8–16 per decade.
In vitro translation products of mrnas derived from TMV-infected tobacco exhibiting a hypersensitive response.

Expression of the hypersensitive response (HSR) to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi-nc (genotype NN) is controlled by the single dominant "N" gene and is temperature sensitive. TMV-infected Xanthi-nc tobacco plants grown at the HSR-restrictive temperature of 31 degrees for 3 days postinoculation show necrosis approximately 8 hr after the temperature shift to the HSR-permissive temperature of 25 degrees . Both polyribosomal and total cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNAs were isolated at various times after the temperature shift from leaves of TMV-infected and mock-infected Xanthi-nc tobacco plants and from TMV-infected Turkish Samsun tobacco plants (genotype nn; systemic for TMV infection). The RNAs were translated in vitro and the products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A minimum of four polypeptide translation products specific to both the polyribosomal and total cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNAs derived from hypersensitively responding Xanthi-nc were observed.
Elective Affinities. Literary Soul Mates and the Marketplace in late Qing Fiction

There is a saying: “For whom do you act, and who will pay attention to you?” When Zhong-zi Qi died, Bo Ya never played his harp again. Why was that? A man does something for the sake of someone who understands him, as a woman adorns herself for someone who is attracted to her. In the triangle of author, work, and public the last is no passive part, no chain of mere reactions, but rather itself an energy formative of history. This is an article about books within books and the passions and the actions they engender. It explores, in other words, fictional representations of the act of reading and writing, selling and buying books in late Qing literature. This theme is not a novelty in the xiaoshuo tradition. In fact, one would be surprised not to find such representations of printed matter in the text-obsessed Chinese culture. Eleven centuries of printing books, resting on an even longer tradition of literary production and scholarship, attest to the centrality of the written word in Chinese society, where, as Cynthia J. Brokaw writes, “possession of—or at least access to—books was essential to respectable success.” No wonder, then, that authors wrote books into their novels. The way in which some popular fictional works at the end of the Qing dynasty frame the reading and buying of books, however, is striking enough to raise a set of very interesting questions: What can we learn from the ways books, as physical, tangible objects, are represented in the novels of this period? Where and why do the authors position themselves and the readers of
Double layers without current

The steady-state solution of the nonlinear Vlasov-Poisson equations is reduced to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem for the case of double-layer (potential drop) boundary conditions. Solutions with no relative electron-ion drifts are found. The kinetic stability is discussed. Suggestions for creating these states in experiments and computer simulations are offered.
Negotiating via information technology: Theory and application

In this review article, we examine how people negotiate via e-mail and in particular, how the process and outcomes of e-negotiations differ from those of traditional face-to-face bargaining. We review the key tasks of negotiation and then undertake a review of the research literature that has examined e-negotiations. We outline four theories of interaction that provide insights about social behavior in e-media: rapport building, social contagion, coordination, and information exchange. Our research program has focused on the interpersonal factors and social identity factors that can enhance the quality of e-negotiations. E-negotiators often succumb to the temporal synchrony bias, the burned bridge bias, the squeaky wheel bias, and the sinister attribution bias. We discuss social psychological factors that can reduce these biases and the future of research on e-negotiations.
Application of two-dimensional FT NMR to the relative configurational assignment of 8-methyl-4-oxo-10-(trimethylsiloxy)tetracyclo[7.2.1.02,8.03,7]dodecane-10-carbonitrile

Etude de la configuration relative du methyl-8 oxo-4 trimethyl-siloxy-10 tetracyclo [7•2•1•0 2,8 •0 3,7 ] dodecanecarbonitrile-10 par spectrometrie RMN a deux dimensions de 13 C- 1 H. Cette technique peut servir de modele a l'analyse structurale de composes organiques
Size of Sentinel Node Tumor Deposits and Extent of Axillary Lymph Node Involvement: Which Breast Cancer Patients May Benefit From Less Aggressive Axillary Dissections?

Background In most breast cancer series, nearly 30% to 40% of all patients are sentinel node positive; however, in a large proportion of these, the disease is limited to three or fewer positive nodes. On the basis of these observations, the object of this study is to identify a subset of patients who might benefit from a less aggressive axillary dissection, without compromising staging or local disease control. We reviewed known clinicopathologic variables associated with a higher risk for axillary metastasis in 467 patients who underwent sentinel node mapping at our institution. We then compared the incidence of these variables in patients with N1a versus N2–3 stage disease.
Mathematical Model for the Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Trafficking Dynamics on Fibroblast Proliferation Responses

We apply a mathematical model for receptor-mediated cell uptake and processing of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to analyze and predict proliferation responses to fibroblastic cells transfected with various forms of the EGF receptor (EGFR) to EGF. The underlying conceptual hypothesis is that the mitogenic signal generated by EGF/EGFR binding on the cell surface, via stimulation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity, is attenuated when the receptors are downregulated and growth factor is depleted by endocytic internalization and subsequent intracellular degradation. Hence, the cell proliferation rate ought to depend on receptor/ligand binding and trafficking parameters as well as on intrinsic receptor signal transduction properties. The goal of our modeling efforts is to formulate this hypothesis in quantitative terms. The mathematical model consists of kinetic equations for binding, internalization, degradation, and recycling of EGF and EGFR, along with an expression relating DNA synthesis rate to EGF/EGFR complex levels. Parameter values have been previously determined from independent binding and trafficking kinetic experiments on B82 fibroblasts transfected with wild-type and mutant EGFR. We show that this model can successfully interpret literature data for EGF-dependent growth of NR6 fibroblasts transfected with wild-type EGFR. Moreover, it successfully predicts the literature observation that NR6 cells transfected with a delta 973 truncation mutant EGFR, which is kinase-active but internalization-deficient, require an order of magnitude lower EGF concentration than cells with wild-type EGFR for half-maximal proliferation rate. This result demonstrates that it may be feasible to genetically engineer mammalian cell lines with reduced growth factor requirements by a rational, nonempirical approach. We explore by further model computations the possibility of exploiting other varieties of EGFR mutants to alter growth properties of fibroblastic cells, based on relationships between changes in the primary structure of the EGF receptor and the rates of specific receptor/ligand binding and trafficking processes. Our studies show that the ability to predict cell proliferation as a function of serum growth factors such as EGF could lead to the designed development of cells with optimized growth responses. This approach may also aid in elucidation of mechanisms underlying loss of normal cell proliferation control in malignant transformation, by demonstrating that receptor trafficking dynamics may in some cases play as important a role as intrinsic signal transduction in determining the overall resulting mitogenic response.
The GTP-binding protein Ran/TC4 is required for protein import into the nucleus.

TWO cytosolic fractions (A and B) fromXenopus oocytes are sufficient to support protein import into the nuclei of digitonin-permeabilized cells1. Fraction A recognizes the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and binds the import substrate to the nuclear envelope, whereas fraction B mediates the subsequent passage of the bound substrate into the nucleus. Here we report that two interacting components are required for full fraction-B activity, purify one of these components to homogeneity, and show that it is the highly abundant GTP-binding protein Ran (Ras-related nuclear protein)/TC4.
Substituted alcohols as mechanistic probes of alcohol oxidase

Abstract The flavoprotein alcohol oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes, transferring the electrons to oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. In order to probe the mechanism of oxidation, para-substituted benzyl alcohols and β-substituted ethyl alcohols have been characterized as substrates. With benzyl alcohol, methanol, and ethanol, a single group on the protein with a p K a value of about 0.3 must be deprotonated for productive binding. The effects of substituents in para-substituted benzyl alcohols on the V/K value show a good correlation with the σ − value of the substituent after correction for hydrophobic and steric contributions, with a ρ Value of 1.9. The effects of substituents in β-substituted ethyl alcohols show a good correlation with the σ I value of the substituent after correction for steric and hydrophobic effects, with a ρ Value of −1.2. Solvent and primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects were determined on the V/K values for several alcohols. Substrates showed either a significant primary effect or a significant solvent isotope effect. The results are interpreted in terms of an asynchronous concerted transition state in which OH bond cleavage has occurred to a greater extent than CH bond cleavage.
Manufacture and properties of a polyethylene homocomposite

A conventional composite consists of a matrix and a reinforcing phase differing in chemical composition, with the latter having superior mechanical properties. This paper presents the manufacture and mechanical properties of a homocomposite consisting of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene matrix and an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene reinforcing phase. While the chemical compositions of the bulk and fibers are the same, the fibers have a higher strength and a higher melting temperature due to their high degree of molecular orientation. The homocomposite was manufactured by alternatively laying up plys of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabric or randomly oriented fibers and ultra-high molecular weight resin in a mold followed by compression molding. The molding temperature was chosen to be slightly higher than the melting temperature of the matrix, but below that of the fabric or fibers. The fibers were also crosslinked using gamma irradiation so as to retain their molecular orientation during compression molding. Mechanical properties of the homocomposite such as the elastic modulus, tensile strength, and hardness are improved in a direction parallel to the fiber orientation, when compared with the properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. The homocomposite also exhibits a lower friction coefficient and higher wear resistance, which are desirable properties in bearing applications. In addition, owing to the biocompatibility of polyethylene, the homocomposite may be acceptable as a bearing material in joint prostheses.
Service-Oriented Science: Scaling eScience Impact

Computational approaches to problem solving have proven their worth in many fields of science, allowing the collection and analysis of unprecedented quantities of data, and the exploration via simulation of previously obscure phenomena. New "systems" approaches in fields as diverse as biology [12], earthquake science [11], and environmental science [3] are enabled by, and are spurring the further development of, such computational approaches. But as computational and system-level science methods become increasingly sophisticated, we must ask: how do we scale their impact, from the specialist to entire communities [7]?
Ring-opening polymerization of (CH3)2Si[CpMo(CO)3]2, a molecule with an –Si(CH3)2– bridge between two cyclopentadienyl ligands

The (CH3)2Si[CpMo(CO)3]2 complex (1) was synthesized and used to explore ring-opening polymerization (ROP) as a method to prepare high molecular weight polymers containing Mo–Mo bonds along their backbones. Attempts to initiate ROP of 1 using n-BuLi or PtCl2 did not yield any polymers. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 shows that the Si center is not strained, and it is suggested that no ROP occurred because 1 is less strained than other organometallic ROP monomers, such as the silicon-bridged ferrocenophanes. Thermal ROP (TROP) of 1 was successful and yielded a polymer (Mw = 210,000 g mol−1) containing both Mo–Mo single bonds and Mo≡Mo triple bonds. When CO(g) is passed over the polymer in the solid state, the Mo≡Mo triple bonds are converted to Mo–Mo single bonds. Attempts to increase the yield of the TROP polymer by increasing the reaction times led to polymer decomposition. The decomposition is likely caused by the weakness of the Mo–Mo bond, cleavage of which causes the polymer to degrade.
Hepatic Disorders in Patients Treated with COX-2 Selective Inhibitors or Nonselective NSAIDs: A Case/Noncase Analysis of Spontaneous Reports

Abstract Background: Hepatic adverse events associated with the use of nonaspirin drugs and NSAIDs are uncommon, but the widespread use of these drugs may impact public health. Objective: We conducted a case/noncase analysis of spontaneous reports to compare the hepatic safety profile of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors with that of nonselective NSAIDs. Methods: This case/noncase analysis was conducted using the US Food and Drug Administration Freedom of Information (FDA/FOI) database (through quarter 1, 2003) and the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO/UMC) database (through quarter 3, 2003). Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences and WHO Adverse Reaction Terminology preferred terms were used to classify hepatic disorders with broad and specific case definitions. After reports involving established hepatotoxic drugs (bromfenac, nimesulide, sulindac) were excluded, the proportion of reports (PRs) of each case definition was calculated for each NSAID. Crude and adjusted reporting odds ratios (RORs) were used to compare the overall proportions of hepatic disorders and hepatic failure of celecoxib and rofecoxib versus nonselective NSAIDs. Results: A total of 158,539 and 185,253 reports of NSAIDs were identified in the FDA/FOI and WHO/UMC databases and 25% and 16%, respectively, involved other hepatotoxic drugs. The PRs of hepatic disorders for all COX-2 selective inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs were 3.0% in the FDA/FOI database and 2.7% in the WHO/UMC database. In the FDA/FOI and WHO/UMC databases, respectively, mmesulide (16.7% and 14.4%), bromfenac (12.0% and 20.7%), diclofenac (8.1% and 4.7%), and sulindac (6.1 % and 9.9%) were reported to be associated with higher proportions of overall hepatic disorders compared with those of other NSAIDs. Crude and adjusted RORs for the prevalences of overall hepatic disorders and hepatic failure with celecoxib and rofecoxib versus the other NSAIDs were Conclusions: In this case/noncase analysis, bromfenac, nimesulide, sulindac, and diclofenac had higher proportions of reports of hepatic disorders compared with those of other NSAIDs in the FDA/FOI and WHO/UMC databases. The analysis did not raise a safety concern for celecoxib or rofecoxib versus NSAIDs for overall hepatic disorders and hepatic failure.