cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History, Culture, and Indigenous Education in the Pacific Islands

This chapter reviews the many competing trends and agendas that have shaped educational policy and planning in the Pacific Islands through time. It describes traditional indigenous education, which took place within a village context, instilling in young adults locally-appropriate knowledge including a nuanced understanding of their environment and the skills and knowledge to exploit it. But most Pacific Island peoples were subject to European colonialism for more than a hundred years, during which new educational models advanced European values and orientations at the expense of these indigenous understandings. Building on this historical baseline, the chapter examines two contrasting but ultimately parallel case studies of how educational development unfolded for the Abelam of Papua New Guinea and for Native Hawaiians, underscoring how many contemporary islanders attempt to blend together ancestral values, beliefs, and knowledge with Western and global orientations to achieve fulfilling lives in a changing world. The chapter demonstrates how cultural diversity and sociopolitical organization in the Pacific have shaped both traditional learning and the experience of introduced or imposed education, and argues for multiculturalism and a culturally-responsive pedagogy for the future.
Models of Banking: Loanable Funds or Loans that Create Funds?

In the loanable funds model of banking, banks accept deposits of resources from savers and then lend them to borrowers. In the real world, banks provide financing, that is they create deposits of new money through lending, and in doing so are mainly constrained by expectations of profitability and solvency. This paper presents and contrasts simple loanable funds and financing models of banking. Compared to otherwise identical loanable funds models, and following identical shocks, financing models predict changes in bank lending that are far larger, happen much faster, and have much larger effects on the real economy.
Chocolate Milk as a Post-Exercise Recovery Aid in Division II Collegiate Volleyball Players

Chocolate milk is an effective recovery beverage following endurance exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine its efficacy, compared to a traditional sports drink, for recovery from int...
Abstract 388: Functional Role of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors in Cardiac Hypertrophy

Calcium is a second messenger that is essential for the control of a variety of cellular functions. In the heart, calcium plays an integral role in many cellular processes including energy metaboli...
Early Adversity and the Neotenous Human Brain.

Abstract Human brain development is optimized to learn from environmental cues. The protracted development of the cortex and its connections with subcortical targets has been argued to permit more opportunity for acquiring complex behaviors. This review uses the example of amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex circuitry development to illustrate a principle of human development—namely, that the extension of the brain’s developmental timeline allows for the (species-expected) collaboration between child and parent in co-construction of the human brain. The neurobiology underlying affective learning capitalizes on this protracted timeline to develop a rich affective repertoire in adulthood. Humans are afforded this luxuriously slow development in part by the extended period of caregiving provided by parents, and parents aid in scaffolding the process of maturation during childhood. Just as adequate caregiving is a potent effector of brain development, so is adverse caregiving, which is the largest environmental risk factor for adult mental illness. There are large individual differences in neurobiological outcomes following caregiving adversity, indicating that these pathways are probabilistic, rather than deterministic, and prolonged plasticity in human brain development may also allow for subsequent amelioration by positive experiences. The extant research indicates that the development of mental health cannot be considered without consideration of children in the context of their families.
Inundation mapping by remote sensing techniques

Abstract Recent flood events demonstrated a demand for satellite-based inundation mapping in near real time (NRT). Simulating and forecasting flood extent is key for risk mitigation. Numerical models are designed to provide such information but usually lack reference at fine spatiotemporal resolution. Remote sensing techniques are expected to fill this vacancy. Compared with optical sensors, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides valid measurements through cloud cover with high resolution and increasing sampling frequency from multiple missions. This chapter reviews theories and algorithms of flood-inundation mapping using SAR data, together with a discussion of their strengths and limitations. Future studies in this field of research should be directed to: (1) global automated flood mapping in high quality and NRT; (2) beneath vegetation flood mapping using L-band, multipolarized (dual or fully) SAR data; (3) urban flood detection using high resolution SAR and building and topographic ancillary data; and (4) hydraulic model calibration using flood maps derived from SAR data acquired during extreme weathers.
Geographical associations with anthropogenic noise pollution for North American breeding birds

AIM: Anthropogenic noise pollution (ANP) is a globally invasive phenomenon impacting natural systems, but most research has occurred at local scales with few species. We investigated continental‐scale breeding season associations with ANP for 322 bird species to test whether small‐scale predictions related to breeding habitat, migratory behaviour, body mass and vocal traits are consistent at broad spatial extents for an extensive group of species. LOCATION: Conterminous USA. TIME PERIOD: 2004–2011. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: North American breeding birds. METHODS: We calculated, for each species, the association between the breeding season and ANP, using spatially explicit estimates of ANP from the National Park Service and weekly estimates of probabilities of occurrence based on observations from the eBird citizen‐science database. We evaluated how the association of the breeding season for each species with ANP was related to expectations based on size, migratory behaviour and breeding habitat. For a subset of species, we used vocal trait data for song duration, pitch and complexity to evaluate hypotheses from the birdsong literature related to habitat complexity and sensitivity to ANP. RESULTS: Species that breed predominantly in anthropogenic environments were associated with twice the level of ANP (~7.4 dB) as species breeding in forested habitats (~3.2 dB). However, we did not find evidence to suggest that birds with higher‐pitched songs are more likely to be found in areas with higher levels of ANP. Residents and migratory species did not differ in associations with ANP, but songs were less complex among forest‐breeding species than non‐forest‐breeding species and increased in complexity with increasing ANP. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Anthropogenic noise pollution is an important factor associated with breeding distributions of bird species in North America. Vocal traits could be useful to understand factors that affect sensitivity to ANP and to predict the potential impact of ANP, although future studies should aim to understand how and why patterns differ across spatial scales.
Hyperphosphatemia Contributes to Inflammation and Iron Dysregulation in Models of Normal and Impaired Renal Function

Background Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a phosphaturic hormone that targets the kidney to promote urinary phosphate excretion. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), serum concentrations of phosphate (Pi) and FGF23 gradually increase as renal function declines and associate with various pathologies, including systemic inflammation and anemia. Our previous studies revealed FGF23 contributes to inflammation by directly targeting hepatocytes via FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) and inducing phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) signaling and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Experimental studies have shown Pi can accelerate CKD-associated pathologies, but direct effects of Pi on the liver are not well described. Here we compare the effects of Pi versus FGF23 on hepatocytes and determine their respective contributions to inflammation and anemia in the context of CKD. Methods We subject mice with global deletion of FGFR4 and wild-type littermates to increasing dietary Pi load (0.7%, 2.0%, or 3.0%) or an adenine-rich diet (used as a CKD model) in order to examine systemic inflammation and alterations in iron metabolism in the setting of normal and impaired renal function. In addition, we study primary mouse hepatocytes treated with FGF23 and increasing Pi concentrations and examine the activation of downstream signaling events and expression levels of specific target genes. Furthermore, we determine if co-treatment with inhibitors of Pi uptake and downstream signal mediators block the observed effects. Results A 3% Pi diet as well as an adenine-rich diet promote inflammation and iron dysregulation in mice. These effects are exacerbated in FGFR4 knockout mice. In cultured hepatocytes, expression of inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin and FGF23 are induced by Pi in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Pi activates NFkB signaling and the inhibition of Pi uptake and of NFkB protects from Pi-induced effects. Conclusion We postulate that in CKD, gradual elevations in serum Pi promote inflammation and anemia by targeting the liver to induce gene programs which regulate the inflammatory response and iron metabolism. Our study indicates these Pi effects may be independent of FGF23. Pharmacological approaches targeting hyperphosphatemia or hepatic Pi actions might alleviate various CKD-associated pathologies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
UNIT 2.1 Fluorescence Microscopy: A Concise Guide to Current Imaging Methods

The field of fluorescence microscopy is rapidly growing and offers ever more imaging capabilities for biologists. Over the past decade, many new technologies and techniques have been developed that allow for combinations of deeper, faster, and higher resolution imaging. These have included the commercialization of many super-resolution and light sheet fluorescence microscopy techniques. For the non-expert, it can be difficult to match the best imaging techniques to biological questions. Picking the most appropriate imaging modality requires a basic understanding of the underlying physics governing each of them, as well as information comparing potentially competing imaging properties in the context of the sample to be imaged. To address these issues, we provide here concise descriptions of a wide range of commercially available imaging techniques from wide-field to super-resolution microscopy, and provide a tabular guide to aid in comparisons among them. In this manner we provide a concise guide to understanding and matching the correct imaging modality to meet research needs. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: confocal; light-sheet; review; super-resolution; two-photon
Rearview Mirror Rainbow: An Optics Investigation

When driving on a sunny day, one can sometimes observe a small solar spectrum in the rearview mirror of a vehicle. The formation of this “rainbow” results from the prism-like structure of the rearview mirror. Our investigation of this phenomenon reveals that the resulting spectrum is formed in a manner similar to the way a rainbow is formed by a water droplet. We suggest a demonstration that you can perform so that your students can observe this phenomenon. All that is required is a sunny day, a ring stand, a clamp holder, and rearview mirror.
Human-Centered Automation: A Philosophy, Some Design Tenets, and Related Research

Human-centered automation is a term used to characterize the use of automation technologies (e. g., intelligent aids, displays, warning devices) to enhance the capabilities and compensate for the limitations of human operators responsible for the safety and effectiveness of complex dynamic systems. Automation, per se, does not have to be human centered. There is increasing use of control automation that operates in the background, i.e., without the direct knowledge or control of the human operator. To the extent that the operator is not responsible for ensuring its successful operation, this type of automation can be thought of as purely autonomous, much like an automatic transmission in an automobile.
SECTION 4-8 – Bacterial Strains

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses bacterial strains. Most of the host bacterial cells are E.coli derived. Because of their unique genetic properties, different cloning vectors require specific host cells for transfection. The chapter provides a list of a few the host cells that are used with vectors, along with their growth medium. Some of these host cells are LE392, HB101, JM103, LE392, JM103, JM107, c600, Y1090, JM109, and HB101 There are alternative bacterial hosts for each vector system that are suggested by individual suppliers. Bacterial strains are purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and other cell repository agencies.
Factors associated with tracheostomy decannulation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

To assess variables associated with decannulation in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).79 patients with TBI requiring tracheostomy and ICU admission from January 1st to December 31st, 2014...
The Assessment of Steroid Injections as a Potential Risk Factor for Osteochondral Lesions in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

ObjectiveIntra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACIs) are frequently used to suppress local inflammation, that is, in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). While systemic high-dos...
The Effect of Insurance on Appropriate Hospital Discharge Antibiotics for Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

Background Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is associated with worsened outcomes. The impact of insurance coverage on appropriate selection of antibiotics at discharge is poorly understood. Methods We used a retrospective cohort design to evaluate whether patients with SAB at a large academic medical center over 2 years were more likely to receive inappropriate discharge antibiotics, depending on their category of insurance. Insurance was classified as Medicare, Medicaid, commercial, and none. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of being prescribed inappropriate discharge therapy. Results A total of 273 SAB patients met inclusion criteria, with 14.3% receiving inappropriate discharge therapy. In the unadjusted model, there was 2-fold increased odds of being prescribed inappropriate therapy for Medicare, Medicaid, and no insurance, compared with commercial insurance, respectively (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.39-3.13). After controlling for discharge with nursing assistance and infectious diseases (ID) consult, there were 1.6-fold increased odds (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.998-2.53; P = .064) of being prescribed inappropriate therapy for Medicare, Medicaid, and no insurance, compared with commercial insurance, respectively. We found that being discharged home without nursing assistance resulted in 4-fold increased odds of being prescribed inappropriate therapy (OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.77-9.77; P < .01), and failing to consult an ID team resulted in 59-fold increased odds of being prescribed inappropriate therapy (OR, 59.2; 95% CI, 11.4-306.9; P < .001). Conclusions We found strong evidence that noncommercial insurance, discharging without nursing assistance, and failure to consult ID are risk factors for being prescribed inappropriate antimicrobial therapy for SAB upon hospital discharge.
"It's all about conversation": Challenges and Concerns of Faculty and Students in the Arts, Humanities, and the Social Sciences about Education at Scale

As colleges and universities continue their commitment to increasing access to higher education through offering education online and at scale, attention on teaching open-ended subjects online and at scale, mainly the arts, humanities, and the social sciences, remains limited. While existing work in scaling open-ended courses primarily focuses on the evaluation and feedback of open-ended assignments, there is a lack of understanding of how to effectively teach open-ended, university-level courses at scale. To better understand the needs of teaching large-scale, open-ended courses online effectively in a university setting, we conducted a mixed-methods study with university instructors and students, using surveys and interviews, and identified five critical pedagogical elements that distinguish the teaching and learning experiences in an open-ended course from that in a non-open-ended course. An overarching theme for the five elements was the need to support students' self-expression. We further uncovered open challenges and opportunities when incorporating the five critical pedagogical elements into large-scale, open-ended courses online in a university setting, and suggested six future research directions: (1) facilitate in-depth conversations, (2) create a studio-friendly environment, (3) adapt to open-ended assessment, (4) scale individual open-ended feedback, (5) establish trust for self-expression, and (6) personalize instruction and harness the benefits of student diversity.
The impact of foster care experiences on marijuana use in young adults

Transitioning to adulthood may be more challenging, and lead to greater negative outcomes, when a youth uses drugs. This study examined the unique effects of foster care experiences on marijuana us...
The impact of the Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive on the valuation of EU banks

Abstract Anti-money laundering regulations have costs and benefits for banks. To better understand how these regulations affect banks, we study the valuation effects of the Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (4AMLD) on a sample of European banks. First, using eight significant 4AMLD-related events between the initial announcement (February 5, 2013) and the final enactment (June 26, 2015), we show that the 4AMLD had a positive valuation effect on European banks and helped reduce their systematic risk. Then, using a cross-sectional model, we find that the positive valuation effect was higher for riskier, larger, and more profitable banks with more non-traditional revenue streams, as well as banks operating in rich countries, countries with less effective corporate governance, and countries with higher perception of corruption. These findings provide a better understanding of how anti-money laundering regulations affect banks in order to assist regulators in shaping future policies, as well as bank managers and investors in making better financial and investment decisions.
Lost from Oz? Status of the Sunflower State's Ozarkian Fish Fauna

There are 10 native Kansas fish species that occur only in the Spring River subbasin (SRS) and nowhere else in the state, which we term Kansas` Ozarkian fish fauna. Eight of these fishes are listed as species in need of conservation (SINC), highlighting their conservation value. The temporal trends and current statuses of Kansas` Ozarkian fishes is unclear, and as such our objective was to assess the historic and current prevalence of these species. We accomplished our objective by compiling historic data from three datasets distributed across three time periods (i.e., 1962-1964; 1993-1995; 1995-2013), which we then compared to data we collected in the SRS during 2017-2020. We calculated occupancy and relative abundance for each species during each of the four time periods, then we visualized changes in prevalence over time. We found that all species were a relatively rare component of the SRS fish assemblage as indicated by their low occupancies and relative abundances across all four time periods, yet some species were rarer than others. Among Kansas's Ozarkian fishes, the Spotfin Shiner and Northern Hog Sucker were the most prevalent and exhibited stable trends. The Banded Sculpin, Sunburst Darter, and Striped Shiner were the rarest and exhibited declining trends, and the Highland Darter and Ozark Minnow exhibited intermediate prevalence and stability. Finally, the Black Redhorse was always rare across all four time periods, and the Least Darter and Plains Topminnow had not been detected in Kansas since 1963. Even though Kansas` Ozarkian fishes currently have a similar conservation listing of SINC or not listed, our research indicated that the Black Redhorse, Highland Darter, and Ozark Minnow may require uplisting to threatened, and that the Banded Sculpin, Striped Shiner, and Sunburst Darter may require uplisting to endangered. Taking action by propagating and repatriating the remaining Ozarkian fishes to their historical ranges in Kansas, coupled with other conservation measures, may help prevent these fishes from ending up like the fictional character, Dorothy, such that they are not in Kansas anymore.
Private equity in the global economy: Evidence on industry spillovers

Abstract Using a novel dataset on global private equity investments in 19 industries across 52 countries, we find that labor productivity, employment, profitability, and capital expenditures increase for publicly-listed companies in the same country and industry as private equity investments. Our results show that positive externalities created by private equity firms are absorbed by other companies within the same industry. Consistent with prior literature on competitive spillovers, these effects are more pronounced in country-industries with higher levels of competition, stronger institutions, and moderate levels of technological development suggesting that the competitive pressures from private equity-backed firms cause industry peers to react.
A Population-based Analysis of Lymph Node Metastasis in Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma: An Update.

Abstract Background Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are mesenchymal tumors that may rarely metastasize to lymph nodes. This investigation sought to evaluate regional lymph node metastasis (RLNM) in extremity STS using a national cohort. Materials and methods This study was a retrospective review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1975 to 2016. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors associated with disease-specific survival (DSS). Results RLNM was present in 3.7% (n = 547) of extremity STS. The rate of RLNM was highest in rhabdomyosarcoma (26.7%), clear cell sarcoma (18.8%), epithelioid sarcoma (14.5%), angiosarcoma (8.1%), spindle cell sarcoma (5.0%), and synovial sarcoma (3.2%). The 5-year DSS probability without RLNM was 69% (standard error: 1.3%) compared to 26% (standard error: 3.6%) with RLNM (P Conclusions The prognosis of RLNM in historically high-risk extremity STS is poor with a 5-year DSS of 26%. These data support a staging system of STS inclusive of nodal involvement and contribute to the growing body of evidence that characterizes the rates of RLNM in STS.
COVID-19 and Neuromuscular Disorders

Abstract COVID-19 infection has been reported to be associated with neurological complications including neuromuscular symptoms/syndromes. The underlying mechanism is felt to be most likely autoimmune, though direct neuroinvasion or neurotropism of the virus could also be contributory. Acute cranial mononeuropathies, brachial plexopathy, peripheral radiculoneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome and its variants), and muscle damage have been reported in association with the infection, and these can occur either during the course of illness or as initial presentation. COVID-19 infection occurring in motor neuron disorder (MND) and myasthenia gravis (MG) patients has also been reported. The course and outcome for COVID-19-associated neuromuscular manifestations as well as SARS CoV-2 infection occurring in MND and MG patients are variable, and there is no consensus regarding viral-specific treatment. Patients should be treated for specific neuromuscular presentations as is deemed appropriate per existing disease-specific guidelines, along with supportive care and treatment for COVID-19 infection per institutional guidelines.
The American Academy of Pediatrics firearm safety infographic improves firearm safety guidance: A qualitative study.

Abstract Purpose Approximately 800 children annually suffer unintentional firearm injuries and deaths from unsecured firearms in the United States. These injuries are preventable, and may be avoided by providing parents with firearm safety guidance (FSG). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the experience of pediatric providers in delivering FSG following incorporation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) infographic. Methods Qualitative study completed July 2019-December 2019. Community pediatricians in Houston, Texas were provided the AAP firearm safety infographic and encouraged to provide FSG routinely during well-child visits with firearm-owning parents. Efficacy, feasibility of use and barriers to FSG were assessed via focus groups. Content analysis was utilized to identify emergent themes from provider experiences. Results Forty-four pediatricians across eight clinics delivered FSG using the AAP infographic. Of these, thirty-four participated in focus groups discussing their experience. Only 34% of those in the focus groups had routinely provided FSG prior to the study. The AAP infographic was a useful tool because of its visibility, valuable information, and assistance with broaching the topic of firearm safety with parents. Three themes were identified from qualitative analysis: methods of successful delivery of FSG (62%), patient responses to FSG (25%), and barriers to delivery of FSG (13%). Parents were generally receptive to the guidance. Conclusions The AAP firearm safety infographic, which is free and publicly available, can be a valuable and satisfactory tool for delivery of firearm safety guidance by pediatric providers, including surgeons. Further study is needed to assess whether the guidance changes parental storage behaviors. Level of evidence Level VI
Emotions and Health

Although the study of emotions and health has been part of sociology internationally for over a decade, it is only beginning to garner interest as a sociological topic in the United States (James and Gabe 2003a). Direct connections between emotions and physical health have been the empirical province of health psychology, with very little recognition across disciplinary borders. In American sociology, the main tie between emotions and health has been the study of stress and mental health. Also, the broader implications of stress research for health have attracted more attention in public health than in American sociology.
Porosity Dependence of Wear and Other Mechanical Properties on Fine‐Grain A12O3 and B4C

Macro (Taber) wear tests and especially micro (pin-on-disk) tests performed on Al2O3 and B4C, as a function of varying porosity, show wear increasing exponentially with porosity. Al2O3, which was tested over a much more extensive range of porosity, showed a significant change in the porosity dependence of wear at approximately 20 percent porosity, which is attributed to densification. The same materials used for these wear tests were also used for measurement of Young's modulus, flexural strength, fracture toughness, and Vicker's hardness at room temperatures. All show an exponential dependence on porosity as expected. All but hardness show a lower porosity dependence of wear. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
EEC α asymmetry and visuospatial performance

THE discovery of complementary cognitive specialisation of the two cerebral hemispheres has led to speculation about its significance for understanding individual differences in cognitive style. It has been suggested1,2 that some people rely primarily on the left hemisphere whereas others rely on the right, and that this may be an important determinant of a person's cognition of his world.
Genetically controlled alterations in the rate of degradation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.

Abstract Differences in phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1) between sublines of the Balb/c inbred mouse strain were examined. The adrenal glands of the Balb/cJ strain possessed nearly twice as much enzyme activity as the glands of the Balb/cN line. This difference was reflected in the adrenal gland content of the enzyme, since it took nearly twice as much anti-phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase antiserum to precipitate the enzyme from the Balb/cJ line. Analysis of F1 and F2 progeny of the mating between Balb/cJ and Balb/cN lines revealed the enzyme levels to be controlled by a single genetic locus. Turnover studies showed the rates of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase synthesis to be the same in the two mouse sublines, but that the enzyme in the Balb/cN line was degraded at a rate twice that of the enzyme in the Balb/cJ line. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from both sublines was similar with respect to substrate affinities, thermal stability, tryptic stability, and electrophoretic mobility. On the basis of these studies, it is postulated that a single gene locus has mutated in one of these strains and that this mutation resulted in the altered degradation rate of the enzyme.
β‐Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes

The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is complex, typically involving both insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, with both defects being present well before the development of frank hyperglycemia and the clinical diagnosis of diabetes. This chapter reviews the abnormalities in β-cell function observed in impaired glucose talerance and type 2 diabetes and elucidates some of the hypotheses regarding possible mechanisms responsible for the progressive failure of the β-cell over time. Keywords: type 2 diabetes; β-cell dysfunction; impaired glucose tolerance; IGT; insulin response
Targeting HSP70 induced thermotolerance for design of thermal sensitizers

Thermal therapy has been shown to be an extremely powerful anti-cancer agent and a potent radiation sensitizer. However, the full potential of thermal therapy is hindered by a number of considerations including highly conserved heat resistance pathways in tumour cells and inhomogeneous heating of deep-seated tumours due to energy deposition and perfusion issues. This report reviews recent progress in the development of hyperthermia sensitizing drugs designed to specifically amplify the effects of hyperthermia. Such agents might be particularly useful in situations where heating is not adequate for the full biological effect or is not homogeneously delivered to tumours. The particular pathway concentrated on is thermotolerance, a complex, inducible cellular response that leads to heat resistance. This paper will concentrate on the molecular pathways of thermotolerance induction for designing inhibitors of heat resistance/thermal sensitizers, which may allow the full potential of thermal therapy to be utilized.
Polarized Uterine Epithelial Cells Preferentially Present Antigen at the Basolateral Surface: Role of Stromal Cells in Regulating Class II-Mediated Epithelial Cell Antigen Presentation

To study Ag presentation in the female reproductive tract, DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice specific for the class II MHC-restricted OVA323–339 peptide and nontransgenic BALB/c mice were used. We report here that freshly isolated uterine epithelial cells, uterine stromal, and vaginal APCs present OVA and OVA323–339peptide to naive- and memory T cells, which is reduced when cells are incubated with Abs to CD80 and 86. To determine whether polarized primary epithelial cells present Ags, uterine epithelial cells were cultured on cell inserts in either the upright or inverted position. After reaching confluence, as indicated by high transepithelial resistance (>2000 ohms/well), Ag presentation by epithelial cells incubated with memory T cells and OVA323–339 peptide placed on the basolateral surface (inverted) was 2- to 3-fold greater than that seen with epithelial cells in contact with T cells and peptide on the apical surface (upright). In contrast, whereas freshly isolated epithelial cells process OVA, polarized epithelial cells did not. When epithelial cells grown upright on inserts were incubated with T cells and OVA323–339 peptide, coculture with either hepatocyte growth factor or conditioned stromal medium increased epithelial cell Ag presentation (∼90% higher than controls). These studies indicate that uterine stromal cells produce a soluble factor(s) in addition to a hepatocyte growth factor, which regulates epithelial cell Ag presentation. Overall, these results demonstrate that polarized epithelial cells are able to present Ags and suggest that uterine stromal cells communicate with epithelial cells via a soluble factor(s) to regulate Ag presentation in the uterus.
The Pictet‐Spengler Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Related Compounds

The Pictet-Spengler reaction, in its simplest form, consists in the condensation of a beta-arylethylamine with a carbonyl compound to yield a tetrahydroisoquinolone and is a special example of the Mannich reaction. The condensation of phenethylamine with methylal in concentrated hydrochloric acid to form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline was achieved in 1911 by Pictet and Spengler. Their reaction has been applied to the synthesis of other ring systems. The theory that proteins are the parent substances of alkaloids was tested by Pictet, who heated casein with methylal and hydrochloric acid, obtaining a mixture of pyridine and isoquinoline bases. Most of the products were not definitely identified. Keywords: Pictet-Spengler synthesis; tetrahydroisoquinolines; cyclization; aromatic nucleus; carbonyl component; side reactions; condensing agents; carbolines; experimental conditions
Channel kinetics determine the time course of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents.

Synaptic release of glutamate results in a two component excitatory postsynaptic current (e.p.s.c.) at many vertebrate central synapses. Non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate a component that has a rapid onset and decay while the component mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has a slow rise-time and a decay of several hundred milliseconds, 100 times longer than the mean open time of NMDA channels. The slow decay of the NMDA-mediated e.p.s.c. could be due to residual glutamate in the synaptic cleft resulting in repeated binding and activation of NMDA receptors. However, in cultured hippocampal neurons, we find that the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate has no effect on the slow e.p.s.c. when rapidly applied after activation of the synapse, suggesting that rebinding of glutamate does not occur. In addition, a brief pulse of glutamate to an outside-out membrane patch results in openings of NMDA channels that persist for hundreds of milliseconds, indicating that glutamate can remain bound for this period. These results imply that a brief pulse of glutamate in the synaptic cleft is sufficient to account for the slow e.p.s.c.
Preparation and characterization of alumina films prepared by a novel spray pyrolysis method

Abstract Alumina thin films of 2000 A were deposited on n-type silicon wafers by a novel spray pyrolysis method. The spray solution contained an aluminum acetylacetonate complex which was characterized by NMR techniques. The deposited films of Al2O3 were homogeneous, uniform, dense and had breakdown potentials of greater than 10 V.
Valence-band photoemission in UO2(111) near the 5d resonant photon energy.

Pronounced Fano-like resonant effects are observed in the photoemission spectra of the localized U 5f and OXp ndash: UXf,6d: bonding bands of UO/sub 2/ when photon energies near the U 5d/sub 3/2,5/2/ thresholds (105 and 97.1 eV, respectively) are employed. The constant-final-state spectra are well described by calculated transition energies and oscillator strengths for the 5d/sup 10/5f/sup 2/..-->../sup h//sup ..nu../5d/sup 9/5f/sup 3/ process; also, the decay rates of the intermediate-state multiplets are in qualitative agreement with the observed width of the spectral features. Distinctly different constant-initial-state (CIS) spectra are obtained at the intensity maximum of the U 5f photopeak and at the minimum between the 5f peak and the O 2p bonding band. Calculated decay rates indicate that this results from variations in the branching ratio for decay of intense intermediate-state multiplets into /sup 2/F/sub 5/2/ and /sup 2/F/sub 7/2/ final states. Resonant effects in the OXp ndash: UXf,6d: bonding band show the bonding participation of U orbitals; moreover, the higher intensity of the CIS spectrum obtained near the top of the bonding band agrees with band-structure calculations showing most of the U 5f character in this region.
Where in the cell is SIRT3?--functional localization of an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase.

Sirtuins are NAD + -dependent enzymes that have been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes, including pathways that affect diabetes, cancer, lifespan and Parkinson9s disease. To understand their cellular function in these age-related diseases, identification of sirtuin targets and their subcellular localization is paramount. SIRT3 (sirtuin 3), a human homologue of Sir2 (silent information regulator 2), has been genetically linked to lifespan in the elderly. However, the function and localization of this enzyme has been keenly debated. A number of reports have indicated that SIRT3, upon proteolytic cleavage in the mitochondria, is an active protein deacetylase against a number of mitochondrial targets. In stark contrast, some reports have suggested that full-length SIRT3 exhibits nuclear localization and histone deacetylase activity. Recently, a report comparing SIRT3 −/− and SIRT +/+ mice have provided compelling evidence that endogenous SIRT3 is mitochondrial and appears to be responsible for the majority of protein deacetylation in this organelle. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal , Cooper et al. present additional results that address the mitochondrial and nuclear localization of SIRT3. Utilizing fluorescence microscopy and cellular fractionation studies, Cooper et al. have shown that SIRT3 localizes to the mitochondria and is absent in the nucleus. Thus this study provides additional evidence to establish SIRT3 as a proteolytically modified, mitochondrial deacetylase.
A runtime system

The runtime data structures of the Standard ML of New Jersey compiler are simple yet general. As a result, code generators are easy to implement, programs execute quickly, garbage collectors are easy to implement and work efficiently, and a variety of runtime facilities can be provided with ease.
Some Developmental Aspects of Infant Cry.

Respiratory activity during crying was measured in a semilongitudianl study of 10 normal infants aged two days to eight months. Temporal aspects of respiration during crying showed marked change with age: athe duration of the expiratory phase steadily increased, while the duration of the inspiratory phase remained remarkable constant, producing an ever-lower I-fraction. A previous study reported no developmental changes in the temporal aspects of the acoustic cry signal from one to seven months of age. Reasons for the divergent findings of the present study arepresented, and it is suggested that respiratory behavior may be a better indicator of developmental changes in the crying act thanthe acoustic signal.
Logic programming with solution preferences

Abstract Preference logic programming (PLP) is an extension of logic programming for declaratively specifying problems requiring optimization or comparison and selection among alternative solutions to a query. PLP essentially separates the programming of a problem itself from the criteria specification of its solution selection. In this paper we present a declarative method for specifying preference logic programs. The method introduces a precise formalization for the syntax and semantics of PLP. The syntax of a preference logic program contains two disjoint sets of definite clauses, separating a core program specifying a general computational problem from its preference rules for optimization; the semantics of PLP is given based on the Herbrand model and fixed point theory, where how preferences affects the least Herbrand model of a logic program is interpreted as a sequence of meta-level mapping operations. In addition, we present an operational semantics based on a new resolution strategy and a memoized recursive algorithm for computing strictly stratified logic programs with well-formed preferences, and further show that the operational semantics of such a preference logic program is consistent to its declarative semantics.
Interaction of O2 with Gold Clusters: Molecular and Dissociative Adsorption

The interaction of O2 with charged and neutral gold clusters, AuN- and AuN containing up to eight atoms, investigated through the use of density functional theory with generalized gradient corrections and scalar relativistic pseudopotentials, exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to the cluster size and to its charge state. Molecular adsorption is found to be favorable regardless of the charge state for clusters with N ≤ 3, while dissociative adsorption is favored for larger clusters. The dissociation process involves a significant barrier (1 eV or more), and it is predicted to result in a large structural distortion in the host gold cluster. The interaction energy is largest for the anionic gold clusters where it exhibits an odd−even alternation as a function of the number of gold atoms, with the maxima occurring for AuNO2- complexes with even N. The molecular bonding mechanism to these complexes involves charge transfer to the oxygen molecule with a concomitant activation of the O−O bond to a superoxo-like ...
Homology between bacterial DNA and bovine mitochondrial DNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit III

Abstract A segment of mitochondrial DNA encoding the bovine cytochrome c oxidase subunit III gene was isolated and inserted into an Escherichia coli plasmid vector. A 556 base pair fragment of the insert DNA representing about 70% of the 3′-end of the subunit III gene was used to search for homology with bacterial DNA from strains that contain heme aa 3 -type cytochrome c oxidases. Bacillus subtilis, Thermus thermophilus, and PS3 DNAs all showed strong hybridization to the probe, whereas Paracoccus denitrificans and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides DNAs showed only weak hybridization to the probe, even under low stringency conditions.
Cholecystokinin-33 acutely attenuates food foraging, hoarding and intake in Siberian hamsters

Abstract Neurochemicals that stimulate food foraging and hoarding in Siberian hamsters are becoming more apparent, but we do not know if cessation of these behaviors is due to waning of excitatory stimuli and/or the advent of inhibitory factors. Cholecystokinin (CCK) may be such an inhibitory factor as it is the prototypic gastrointestinal satiety peptide and is physiologically important in decreasing food intake in several species including Siberian hamsters. Systemic injection of CCK-33 in laboratory rats decreases food intake, doing so to a greater extent than CCK-8. We found minimal effects of CCK-8 on food foraging and hoarding previously in Siberian hamsters, but have not tested CCK-33. Therefore, we asked: Does CCK-33 decrease normal levels or food deprivation-induced increases in food foraging, hoarding and intake? Hamsters were housed in a wheel running-based foraging system with simulated burrows to test the effects of peripheral injections of CCK-33 (13.2, 26.4, or 52.8 μg/kg body mass), with or without a preceding 56 h food deprivation. The highest dose of CCK-33 caused large baseline reductions in all three behaviors for the 1st hour post-injection compared with saline; in addition, the intermediate CCK-33 dose was sufficient to curtail food intake and foraging during the 1st hour. In food-deprived hamsters, we used a 52.8 μg/kg body mass dose of CCK-33 which decreased food intake, hoarding, and foraging almost completely compared with saline controls for 1 h. Therefore, CCK-33 appears to be a potent inhibitor of food intake, hoarding, and foraging in Siberian hamsters.
Finite type invariants for knots in 3-manifolds

Abstract We use the Jaco-Shalen and Johannson theory of the characteristic submanifold and the Torus theorem (Gabai, Casson-Jungreis) to develop an intrinsic finite type theory for knots in irreducible 3-manifolds. We also establish a relation between finite type knot invariants in 3-manifolds and these in R3. As an application we obtain the existence of non-trivial finite type invariants for knots in irreducible 3-manifolds.
Observations of intermediate nepheloid layers on the northern California continental margin

Abstract Conductivity–temperature–depth and transmissometer surveys were undertaken to investigate the characteristics and seasonal nature of intermediate nepheloid layers (INLs) over the outer shelf and upper slope of the northern California margin, near Eureka, CA. Observed INLs could generally be grouped into one of two categories: INLs that formed and spread seaward from the continental shelf, and INLs generated at continental slope depths greater than 150 m. Shelf INLs, forming between 70 and 150-m depth on the outer shelf and extending seaward 15–20 km past the shelf break, were prevalent during winter and early spring. Continental slope INLs were found during all seasons of the year. Their suspended particulate matter concentration was lower than that of the shelf INLs, and their horizontal extent was 3–7 km seaward from the slope. Mooring data from 450-m depth show strong bottom-trapped semidiurnal internal tidal energy and asymmetry between upslope and downslope semidiurnal motions, indicative of bore-like behavior. These analyses suggest that critical reflection of internal tides is a common feature of the outer continental slope in this region. The location of slope-depth INLs was often observed to coincide with regions where the topographic slope angle was critical for internal tide reflection. In addition, seasonal variability in the span of critical topography over the slope matches seasonal variability in the density of observed INLs over the continental slope. Slope-depth INLs appear to be associated with energetic tidal motions and interaction between internal tides and bathymetry, whereas shelf-depth INLs are likely formed by resuspension events on the outer shelf and subsequent transport offshore by mesoscale circulation processes.