cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of gas-phase methyl radicals using multiphoton ionization

Abstract Detection of methyl radicals by the method of mass-selected multiphoton ionization is demonstrated by observing CH 3 Rydberg state resonances. The Rydberg states were prepared by simultaneous absorption of three photons. Absorption of a fourth photon produced the observed mass 15 ion signals.
Identification of adults with developmental language impairments

Purpose To assess the utility of a wide range of language measures (phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics) for the identification of adults with developmental language impairment. Method Mea...
Haybron on Mood Propensity and Happiness

Daniel Haybron has made an original contribution to philosophical discussions of happiness. He has put forward a theory that identifies happiness with moods and the propensity to experience moods. Haybron’s contribution deserves a critical examination. The first section of my paper is interpretive. I show how Haybron uses the concepts of ‘central affective states’ and ‘mood propensity’ to define happiness. The second and third sections of the paper are critical. They focus on the inclusion of mood propensity in Haybron’s theory. In the second section I argue that his theory fails because there is an example that shows a subject can be happy even when that subject does not have a positive mood propensity. In the third section of the paper, I consider Haybron’s objection that the case in question is ‘object-specific’ and that it is not ‘emotionally-based’. I discuss both of these technical terms in detail. Moreover, I argue that a modified version of the counter example accommodates these technical terms while retaining the persuasiveness of the original example.
Abstract PL04-01: Sipuleucel-T and the active immunotherapy of prostate cancer.

Sipuleucel-T is an FDA approved autologous cellular immunotherapy indicated for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate resistant (hormone refractory) prostate cancer. It consists of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including antigen presenting cells (APCs), which have been activated during a defined culture period with a recombinant human protein, PAP-GM-CSF, consisting of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), an antigen expressed in prostate cancer tissue, linked to granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), an immune cell activator. The development history will be summarized; the regulatory milestones will be described; and the lessons learned during the development of this novel approach to the treatment of prostate cancer will be discussed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-01.
Orbits of the actions of finite solvable groups

Abstract Suppose V is a completely reducible faithful G-module for a solvable group G, we show G has a “large” orbit on V. Specifically, there is v ∈ V such that C G ( v ) is contained in a normal subgroup of derived length 9 contained in the seventh ascending Fitting subgroup of G. This is in some ways best possible. This is applied to generate many theorems showing that a solvable group must have characters of large degree.
Pulse Repetition Frequency Discriminator with Complete Harmonic Suppression

A method for selective pulse-train discrimination based on pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is presented. The technique permits acceptance of a pulse train with a desired PRF while rejecting all others, including those with pulse rates harmonically related to the desired one.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the visual system in vivo: transsynaptic illumination of V1 and V2 visual cortex

Brain nuclei directly receiving retinal projections are readily labeled in magnetic resonance images following intraocular injection of manganese (Mn). To assess whether Mn in retinal ganglion cell axons can be transsynaptically delivered to visual cortex, mice that had previously received intraocular Mn injection were anesthetized with isoflurane, and T1-weighted data sets were acquired of the eyes and brain using a 7-T magnetic resonance imaging machine. Image intensity within contralateral brain structures was evaluated by assessing 1) signal-to-noise ratios, 2) mean image intensity, and 3) mean image intensity normalized to facial muscle intensity. Image intensity was increased throughout the visual pathway including within contralateral visual cortex areas V1 and V2L. Mean normalized image intensity was greater by 53% in the ipsilateral optic nerve and by 31% and 28% in the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus, respectively (N=5, P<0.02, paired t test). In contralateral visual cortex areas V1 and V2L, image intensity was increased by 7.5% and 6.8%, respectively (P<0.02 for both, paired t test). Power analysis of the different evaluation methods yielded evidence of superior sensitivity using the normalization method. Reconstruction of the visual system based upon threshold analysis allowed simultaneous visualization of all portions of the major retinal projections to the brain. These results support use of high magnetic field MRI imaging and data normalization for in vivo quantitative analysis of the mouse brain visual system including visual cortex.
Early stage consolidation mechanisms during hot isostatic pressing of Ti-6Al-4V powder compacts

Abstract Mechanisms contributing to early stage compaction of metal powder compacts were identified in a series of Ti–6Al–4V powder compacts hot isostatically pressed to relative densities ranging from 71% to 100%. The partially dense compacts, consolidated from loose powder in thin-walled containers, were examined using optical microscopy of polished sections and stereo pair scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces. Relative particle motion, characterized by small relative movements of particles and clusters of particles, was found to contribute significantly to compaction over a broad range of relative densities (from 63% to 90%). A mechanism was identified by which the preferential deformation of small particles at large–small particle contacts enables rigid body motion of larger particles which, in turn, increases the relative density of the compact. Tensile fractures within the compact occurred between 82% and 90% relative density providing direct evidence of cooperative movement among clusters of particles. In comparisons with mechanistic powder compaction models, measurements of particle deformation, contact areas, and coordination numbers were found to substantiate the importance of the experimentally identified mechanisms.
Biochemical and morphological correlates of cardiac ischaemia: Contractile proteins.

Experimentally-induced ischaemia in the dog heart was produced by ligating the left circumflex artery. Myosin B isolated from the ischaemic portion of the myocardium differed from myosin B isolated from control tissue in its diminished response to the calcium chelator ethyleneglycol bis (β-amino-ethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In the presence of EGTA, ischaemic myosin B required 2.5±0.5 min for completion of superprecipitation, whereas control myosin B required 6.6±2.5 min. Likewise, the Mg++-activated ATPase activity of ischaemic myosin B was inhibited by EGTA to a lesser degree than control myosin B. Experiments with reconstituted myosin B using desensitized control myosin B and regulatory proteins suggest that ischaemia induces changes in the regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin).
Economic Retardation in Nineteenth‐Century Brazil

U UNLIKE the United States and the other regions of recent settlement, nineteenth-century Brazil did not develop as an economy characterized by relatively high wages. At first appearance this may seem surprising, for Brazil also had an abundance of land and high land-labour ratios, and might have been expected to follow a similar course with respect to productivity and to the distribution of income. Apart from its interest for students of comparative economic history, Brazil's economic retardation also raises some general analytical questions. The economy's conditions appear to contrast with models of underdevelopment whose chief feature is surplus labour. The Brazilian case also does not fit some other standard explanations of the economic retardation of the less developed countries. During most of the century the country was free both from far-reaching colonial domination and from the substantial political instability which affected some other Latin American countries following independence. Brazil's overall economic retardation can also not be attributed to some of the conditions characteristic of an enclave "export economy" in which expanding exports have only limited effects on aggregate development. As noted below, conditions in the export activities made for a high foreign-trade multiplier; and after the i840's the country implemented a protective tariff policy which stimulated domestic manufacturing and led to the formation of strong linkages between export growth and industrialization.2 Thus, the nineteenth-century Brazilian experience offers an opportunity to focus on the causes of overall retardation in conditions which appear to have been relatively favourable for development. Given the relative paucity of primary and secondary materials on Brazil's economic history, the analysis and hypotheses advanced in this article can only be considered as preliminary. First of all it is necessary to discuss the main features of the nineteenth-century Brazilian economy, to provide the setting for a consideration of the conditions which appear to have limited the country's economic development.
Analysis of Passive Surface-wave Noise In Surface Microseismic Data And Its Implications

Tight gas reservoirs are projected to be a major portion of future energy resources. Because of their low permeability, hydraulic fracturing of these reservoirs is required to improve the permeability and reservoir productivity. Passive seismic monitoring is one of the few tools that can be used to characterize the changes in the reservoir due to hydraulic fracturing. Although the majority of the studies monitoring hydraulic fracturing exploit down hole microseismic data, surface microseismic monitoring is receiving increased attention because it is potentially much less expensive to acquire. Due to a broader receiver aperture and spatial coverage, surface microseismic data may be more advantageous than down hole microseismic data.
Category-structure effects in picture comparisons

Subjects indicated for a series of trials whether or not two pictures of common objects were from the same category. Reaction time (RT) was recorded. The pool of stimuli used in the series of trials consisted of two pictures representing each of several categories. Half were S categories, members of which were similar; the other half were D categories, which had dissimilar members (this variable is termed category structure). In Experiments 1 and 3, the similarity manipulation defining category structure was based on the concept of basic level categories (Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976). In Experiment 2, category labels were homonyms, and the two members of S or D categories represented one or two senses of the labels, respectively. The principal finding was an effect of category structure (faster RT on trials using stimuli from S categories rather than D categories). These results are interpreted in terms of a model that postulates the use of semantic codes in the task, even on trials where the two stimuli are physically identical.
Ensemble Multiple Kernel Active Learning For Classification of Multisource Remote Sensing Data

Incorporating disparate features from multiple sources can provide valuable diverse information for remote sensing data analysis. However, multisource remote sensing data require large quantities of labeled data to train robust supervised classifiers, which are often difficult and expensive to acquire. A mixture-of-kernel approach can facilitate the construction of an effective formulation for acquiring useful samples via active learning (AL). In this paper, we propose an ensemble multiple kernel active learning (EnsembleMKL-AL) framework that incorporates different types of features extracted from multisensor remote sensing data (hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR data) for robust classification. An ensemble of probabilistic multiple kernel classifiers is embedded into a maximum disagreement-based AL system, which adaptively optimizes the kernel for each source during the AL process. At the end of each learning step, a decision fusion strategy is implemented to make a final decision based on the probabilistic outputs. The proposed framework is tested in a multisource environment, including different types of features extracted from hyperspectral and LiDAR data. The experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed approach. In addition, we demonstrate that using ensemble classifiers and a large number of disparate but relevant features can further improve the performance of an AL-based classification approach.
Structural rigidity and low frequency vibrational modes of long carbon tubules

We have studied the low frequency vibrational modes and the structural rigidity of long graphitic carbon tubules consisting of 100, 200, and 400 atoms. Our calculations have been performed using an empirical Keating Hamiltonian with parameters determined from first principles. We have found the “beam bending” mode to be one of the softest modes in these structures. The corresponding beam rigity of a “bucky tube” is compared to an found to exceed the highest values found in presently available materials.
Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, colorado, USA

Watersheds in mineralized zones may contain many mines, each of which can contribute to acidity and the metal load of a stream. In this study the authors delineate hydrogeologic characteristics determining the transport of metals from the watershed to the stream in the watershed of Cement Creek, Colorado. Combining the injection of a chemical tracer, to determine a discharge, with synoptic sampling, to obtain chemistry of major ions and metals, spatially detailed load profiles are quantified. Using the discharge and load profiles, the authors (1) identified sampled inflow sources which emanate from undisturbed as well as previously mined areas; (2) demonstrate, based on simple hydrologic balance, that unsampled, likely dispersed subsurface, inflows are significant; and (3) estimate attenuation. For example, along the 12-km study reach, 108 kg per day of Zn were added to Cement Creek. Almost half of this load came from 10 well-defined areas that included both mined and non-mined parts of the watershed. However, the combined effect of many smaller inflows also contributed a substantial load that could limit the effectiveness of remediation. Of the total Zn load, 58.3 kg/day came from stream segments with no visible inflow, indicating the importance of contributions from dispersed subsurface inflow. The subsurface inflow mostly occurred in areas with substantial fracturing of the bedrock or in areas downstream from tributaries with large alluvial fans. Despite a pH generally less than 4.5, there was 58.4 kg/day of Zn attenuation that occurred in mixing zones downstream from inflows with high pH. Mixing zones can have local areas of pH that are high enough for sorption and precipitation reactions to have an effect. Principal component analysis classified inflows into 7 groups with distinct chemical signatures that represent water-rock interaction with different mineral-alteration suites in the watershed. The present approach provides a detailed snapshot of metal load for the watershed to support remediation decisions, and quantifies processes affecting metal transport.
Miniature rain simulator for field measurement of soil infiltration

In studies of erosion, runoff, and infiltration, high soil variability may demand many replicate measurements and rapid, inexpensive methodology. We developed a drop-forming rainfall simulator in which flow through long, coiled capillary drip tubes is controlled by an adjustable Mariotte-type bubbling tube. These rain simulators are inexpensive, rugged, simple to operate, easily transported, and require minimal maintenance. Responses to pressure head and water temperature changes were determined for two simulators using tap water. Flow response to pressure head changes corresponded closely to that predicted by Poiseuille's Law. Response to increasing water temperatures was somewhat less than predicted, due to formation of bubbles in the capillary tubes. Simulators incorporating long, coiled capillary tubes can provide combinations of low flow rates and large drop sizes, or a desired range of flow rates when appropriate drip tube diameters, lengths, and numbers of tubes per unit area are combined.
Protopanaxadiol, an Active Ginseng Metabolite, Significantly Enhances the Effects of Fluorouracil on Colon Cancer

In this study, we evaluated the effects of protopanaxadiol (PPD), a gut microbiome induced ginseng metabolite, in increasing the anticancer effects of a chemotherapeutic agent fluorouracil (5-FU) on colorectal cancer. An in vitro HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell proliferation test was conducted to observe the effects of PPD, 5-FU and their co-administration and the related mechanisms of action. Then, an in vivo xenografted athymic mouse model was used to confirm the in vitro data. Our results showed that the human gut microbiome converted ginsenoside compound K to PPD as a metabolite. PPD and 5-FU significantly inhibited HCT-116 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (both p < 0.01), and the effects of 5-FU were very significantly enhanced by combined treatment with PPD (p < 0.01). Cell cycle evaluation demonstrated that 5-FU markedly induced the cancer cell S phase arrest, while PPD increased arrest in G1 phase. Compared to the control, 5-FU and PPD increased apoptosis, and their co-administration significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells (p < 0.01). Using bioluminescence imaging, in vivo data revealed that 5-FU significantly reduced the tumor growth up to Day 20 (p < 0.05). PPD and 5-FU co-administration very significantly reduced the tumor size in a dose-related manner (p < 0.01 compared to the 5-FU alone). The quantification of the tumor size and weight changes for 43 days supported the in vivo imaging data. Our results demonstrated that the co-administration of PPD and 5-FU significantly inhibited the tumor growth, indicating that PPD significantly enhanced the anticancer action of 5-FU, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. PPD may have a clinical value in 5-FU’s cancer therapeutics.
Quantum cascade laser gain enhancement by front facet illumination

Optical gain enhancement is demonstrated in a standard mid-infrared quantum cascade laser in pulse operation, using a near infrared illumination on the laser facet. An increase in the laser emission is observed, as well as greater dynamic range, threshold reduction, and a blue shift in the laser cavity modes. The optically induced gain increase allows for optical switching of the laser. All the changes have a nonlinear dependency on the illumination optical power and are attributed to the free carrier concentration increase and the electron transport change in the active region due to the near infrared illumination.
The effect of high pressure on the conformation, interactions and activity of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Abstract High pressure (100–150 MPa) increases the intensity and polarization of fluorescence of FITC-labeled Ca2+-ATPase in a medium containing 0.1 mM Ca2+, suggesting a reversible pressure-induced transition from the E1, into an E2-like state with dissociation of ATPase oligomers. Under similar conditions but using unlabeled sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, high pressure caused the reversible release of Ca2+ from the high-affinity Ca2+ sites of Ca2+-ATPase, as indicated by changes in the fluorescence of the Ca2+ indicator, Fluo-3; this was accompanied by reversible inhibition of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity measured in a coupled enzyme system of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, and by redistribution of Prodan in the lipid phase of the membrane, as shown by marked changes in its fluorescence emission characteristics. In a Ca2+-free medium where the equilibrium favors the E2 conformation of Ca2+-ATPase the fluorescence intensity of FITC-ATPase was not affected or only slightly reduced by high pressure. The enhancement of TNP-AMP fluorescence by 100 mM inorganic phosphate in the presence of EGTA and 20% dimethylsulfoxide was essentially unaffected by 150 MPa pressure at pH 6.0 and was only slightly reduced at pH 8.0. As the enhancement of TNP-AMP fluorescense by P1 is associated with the Mg2+-dependent phosphorylation of the enzyme and the formation of Mg·E2-P intermediate, it appears that the reactions of Ca2+-ATPase associated with the E2 state are relatively insensitive to high pressure. These observations suggest that high pressure stabilized the enzyme in an E2-like state characterized by low reactivity with ATP and Ca2+ and high reactivity with Pi. The transition from the E1 to the E2-like state involves a decrease in the effective volume of Ca2+-ATPase.
First Synthesis of a Highly Basic Dendrimer and its Catalytic Application in Organic Methodology

Sixteen OCH2CH2N3P(i-BuNCH2CH2)3N substituents (A) containing the highly basic bicyclic azido-phosphine moiety shown, have been incorporated into the dendrimer [CH2CH2N[(CH2)3N[(CH2)3NHC(O)-3,5-bis-(A)-C6H3]2]2]2 in five steps from commercially available starting materials with an overall yield of 22.5%. Also presented are examples of Michael additions, nitroaldol reactions and aryl isocyanate trimerizations that are efficiently catalyzed by the dendrimer.
Cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine are attenuated in older humans

Cutaneous vasoconstriction (VC) in response to cooling is impaired with human aging. On the basis of previous findings that older humans rely predominantly on norepinephrine (NE) for reflex VC of s...
An Experimental Method on Hydraulic fracturing of Coal-bed reservoir

Abstract According to theoretical analysis of in-situ stress of coalbed and classic curves of hydraulic fracturing test in coal, this paper obtained typical analytic curves of hydraulic fracturing test. With the tested wells in southern Qinshui basin as research objective, the in-situ stress was measured in coal seam. Analysis and study of the hydraulic fracturing test data by log-log method and square root method were carried out to obtain the accurate in-situ stress of coalbed reservoir. The mutual verification of two methods was applied. The stress test data of coalbed reservoir are of great significance for exploration, test and subsequent extraction of coalbed methane operation..
Permeability of blood vessels after thermal injury

Summary The permeability of the microcirculation in the canine mesentery, following heat stresses and topical application of histamine, was studied by introducing directly into the mesentric circulation albumin or dextran conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and then photographing while using an image intensifier (× 50 000). The experimental procedures were: ( a ) raising the temperature of an area of mesentery (0·33 × 0·21 inch) to 56 °C for 45 s; ( b ) infusing 10 ml of 0·9 per cent NaCl at a temperature of 55 °C into a mesenteric artery supplying the region being observed and then allowing the dog's own blood to perfuse this area; and ( c ) applying 2 ml of a 0·9 mg/ml solution of histamine in Ringer's solution topically to the mesentery; the histamine was washed off the mesentery 2 min later. The infusion of fluorescein-tagged materials was performed at about 10 min after completing an experimental procedure and still or cine film was exposed at 5, 10 and 60 s after infusion of the tagged materials. The principal findings were that albumin and both the 70 000 and 150 000 MW dextrans passed from the circulating blood into the interstitial spaces primarily at bifurcations of venules when the tissue had not been exposed to heat or histamine. Following exposure to radiant heat, heated saline or histamine, venules and venous capillaries appeared to become more permeable to albumin and the two dextrans throughout their entire lengths. Venules and venous capillaries were less permeable to the 150 000 MW dextran than to albumin and the 70 000 MW dextran. No exit of tagged materials was observed from true capillaries. Based upon these and other observations in this laboratory, the cause of increased permeability appears to be a swelling of endothelial cells which we believe results from imbibition of water when the cells are subjected to heat injury or to an abnormal concentration of histamine. Since cell membranes are relatively non-distensible, a swollen endothelial cell becomes more spherical (less hexahedron-shaped) and consequently its contacting surfaces tend to pull away from adjacent surfaces of other endothelial cells. This causes spaces to open between the cells permitting leakage of relatively large molecules through walls of venules and venous capillaries.
Cerebral Trauma-Induced Changes in Corpus Striatal Dopamine Receptor Subtypes

A device designed specifically for mild to severe concussions was used to produce quantitative experimental blunt brain injury in male Wistar rats. We have examined the effects of varying magnitudes of cerebral trauma on the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors. The Bmax for each receptor subtype was obtained from Scatchard analyses of [3H]-SCH 23390 and [3H]Spiperone binding to striatal membrane. Anesthetized rats were injured-one, two, or three times-once every 24 h, with either a 68- or 268-g rubber-headed reflex hammer accelerated from a predetermined distance. Uninjured nonanesthetized (NA) and anesthetized (A) rats served as controls. No significant difference in receptor density was observed between NA and A rats for each receptor subtype. Immediately (0 h) following injury from the 68-g hammer weight, the density of D1 receptors decreased (50%), then increased (30%) above control levels by 24 h. The same pattern was observed with the 268-g hammer weight. Analysis of...
Democratic Elitism and Western Political Thought

Many political thinkers have viewed democratic elitism as closing a democratic road they believe is or should be open-ended. Their view of democratic possibilities reflects the auspicious circumstances of Western societies during the past several centuries and especially since World War II. However, it involves a conflation of liberal and democratic values. I examine why and how this has occurred, and I argue that liberal and democratic values must be more clearly separated in today's dangerous world. In step with Schumpeter, democracy must be regarded as a method or instrumental value that in some but by no means all circumstances promotes the ultimate liberal value of actively individualistic free people.
Evaluation of the retention of external tags by juvenile American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) using an aquarium experiment

Abstract Juvenile American plaice (18–24 cm) were tagged with one of four external tag types: Petersen discs, operculum danglers, streamers or spaghetti tags. The fish were held in the laboratory for 1 year to study tag retention and the effect of the various tag types on growth and survival. Tag retention was highest for spaghetti tags, with seven of nine tags still being attached after 1 year. Four of nine operculum danglers remained after 1 year, three of nine Petersen discs, and zero of nine streamers. For those fish that still had tags after 1 year there was no difference by tag type in growth, length or weight. There was no tagging mortality. Based on this experiment and their ease of application, we conclude that spaghetti tags would provide the best results in field studies of juvenile flatfish.
Risk stratification for recurrent tachyarrhythmias in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter: role of signal averaged electrocardiogram and echocardiography.

The value of signal-averaged P-wave electrocardiogram and echocardiography for predicting recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias was prospectively investigated in 60 patients presenting with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter. All patients were followed up for 1 year after restoration of sinus rhythm. A stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to identify variables predicting recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias. Analyzed variables included signal-averaged P-wave duration in 3 bipolar orthogonal leads (X,Y,Z) and their vector magnitude, as well as left and right atrial dimensions and volumes. During follow-up, 25 patients had recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias, while 35 did not. Using discriminant function analysis, the left atrial antero-superior dimension was found to be the only variable predicting the recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias (p<0.0038) and was able to correctly classify 65% of the study patients. It was concluded that, in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter, the traditionally used determination of left atrial dimension was the variable most closely associated with a high risk for recurrent tachyarrhythmias. The signal-averaged P-wave duration did not improve tachyarrhythmia prediction.
CORR Insights®: Prevalence of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Abnormalities Regardless of Symptoms Rise With Age: Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

C han and colleagues have attempted to ask a relevant clinical question regarding the evaluation of triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions (TFCC) of the wrist: What relationships exist between TFCC tears, age, and pain? All too often we have patients who have been referred to us for wrist pain and have been diagnosed as having a ‘‘tear’’ involving the TFCC. Moreover, patients may or may not have a history of a traumatic event precipitating the pain. Unfortunately, our diagnostic evaluation of ulnar-sided wrist pain has not changed substantially for several decades now. We know from our experience in other orthopaedic clinical problems that the simple presence of a radiographic finding does not necessarily mean that the finding is generating the pain. Patients with low-back pain often have radiographic findings that are not clinically relevant. SLAP lesions of the shoulder, likewise, often are asymptomatic, coincidental findings were noted on MRIs in the workup of shoulder pain.
Mental Health In The Medicare Part D Drug Benefit: A New Regulatory Model?

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 represents the most significant expansion of Medicare benefits since the program’s inception and has important impli...
Wave forces on stationary slender bodies

Abstract A theory is presented for the prediction of the wave forces on ships and the pressure field on slender bodies vibrating in an acoustic medium. In both radiation and diffraction the flow in the near field is approximated by a sequence of two-dimensional problems supplemented with homogeneous components which account for longitudinal flow interactions. These are matched to three-dimensional far-field approximations represented by axial source distributions and two integral equations are solved for their strengths. The theory is valid from the incompressible long-wavelength limit to wavelengths comparable to the body beam. Comparisons of wave forces and the acoustic radiation impedance pressure are in very good agreement with exact solutions. It is shown that the asymptotic matching conserves energy.
Precommitment in a system of hierarchical governments

Abstract Local government tax and service policies, for reasons including tax competition, spillovers of service benefits, household migration, and a limited choice of tax instruments, may not be globally efficient. Policies used by state governments to remedy these inefficiencies include matching grants, mandates, and tax subsidies. We consider an additional strategy that the state government may employ to influence local policies, namely choosing or ‘precommitting’ to its policies before the local governments choose their policies. We argue that the conditions necessary for the state government to credibly precommit to its policies with respect to local government policies do exist. The unlikelihood of the state government being able to alter its policies after local governments have chosen their policies reduces problems associated with time-inconsistency. We first derive the general conditions necessary for precommitment to improve social welfare and then provide several examples from the literature on state and local public finance in which precommitment by the state government increases social welfare and leads to different policies than those obtained in the Nash equilibria normally considered.
Effects of blockade of vasopressin V-1 receptors on post-burn myocardial depression.

Abstract It has been suggested that post-burn myocardial depression may be due to coronary constriction which results in myocardial ischaemia. It has been demonstrated that the levels of vasopressin, a potent natural constrictor of blood vessels, increase four-to six-fold immediately after thermal trauma. Therefore, this substances could be responsible for post-burn coronary constriction and myocardial depression. This was tested using the dog anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital receiving a 15 per cent total body surface area full thickness, flame burn as the experimental model. Cardiac output was measured by the thermal dilution technique. Arterial blood pressure was sensed by a Stathem P-23 transducer. Cardiac force of contraction was measured by a Walton-Brody strain gauge arch sewn on the left ventricle. The results of this study showed a significant decrease in cardiac output, increase in peripheral resistance and decrease in myocardial force of contraction immediately after thermal trauma in untreated animals. The decrease in cardiac output and increase in peripheral resistance remained for the duration of the experimental observations (3 h). The decrease in force of contraction returned to preburn levels in post-burn. Pretreatment of the experimental animals with d(CH 2 ) s Tyr(Me)AVP (SK&F 100273), a vasopressin, V-I receptor blocking agent, prevented the initial decrease in cardiac output, increase in peripheral resistance and decrease in the force of contraction. A correlation plot of peripheral resistance vs. cardiac force of contraction showed a positive correlation between these two variables in the pretreated animals. These results suggest that vasopressin plays an important role in the initial decrease in force of contraction and that coronary constriction may be responsible for the post-burn depression of myocardial force of contraction.
New Dhug Delivery Systems: Scientific and Corporate Implications

AbstractNew drug delivery systems are designed to improve therapy by controlling drug absorption, maintaining proper effective blood levels, reducing toxicity, and enhancing compliance. Pharmaceutical benefits such as a shorter drug development, and fulfilling needs for corporate growth are mentioned. Examples of these systems are given and opportunities for these systems in the future noted.
Structures and Stabilities of the Metal Doped Gold Nano-Clusters: M@Au10 (M = W, Mo, Ru, Co)

The structures and stabilities of a series of endohedral gold clusters containing ten gold atoms M@Au10 (M = W, Mo, Ru, Co) have been determined using density functional theory. The gradient-corrected functional BP86, the Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria TPSS meta-GGA functional, and the hybrid density functionals B3LYP and PBE1PBE were employed to calculate the structures, binding energies, adiabatic ionization potentials, and adiabatic electron affinities for these clusters. The LanL2DZ effective core potentials and the corresponding valence basis sets were employed. The M@Au10 (M = W, Mo, Ru, Co) clusters have higher binding energies than an empty Au10 cluster. In addition, the large HOMO–LUMO gaps suggest that the M@Au10 (M = W, Mo, Ru, Co) clusters are all likely to be stable chemically. The ionization potentials and electron affinities for these clusters are very high, and the W@Au10 and Mo@Au10 clusters have electron affinities similar to the super-halogen Al13.
Continuum shell model

The continuum shell model is an old but recently revived method that traverses the boundary between nuclear many-body structure and nuclear reactions. The method is based on the non-Hermitian energy-dependent effective Hamiltonian. The formalism, interpretation of solutions, and practical implementation of calculations are discussed in detail. The results of the traditional shell model are fully reproduced for bound states; resonance parameters and cross-section calculations are presented for decaying states. Particular attention is given to one- and two-nucleon reaction channels, including sequential and direct two-body decay modes. New calculations of reaction cross sections and comparisons with experimental data for helium and oxygen isotope chains are presented.
On the chemisorption and dissociation of HSCH3 on the Au(111) surface

Abstract We have performed RECP Hartree-Fock + MBPT2 calculations of the equilibrium adsorbate structures of H2S and HSCH3 on the Au(111) surface. Our calculations yield chemisorption energies of 12.7 and 9.4 kcal mol for the methyl thiol and hydrogen sulfide adsorbates, respectively. Both adsorbates prefer the ontop binding site which is in line with the predictions of the bond order conservation-Morse potential (BOC-MP) model of Shustorovich. We obtain the result that the dissociation on the gold surface of the methane thiol to methyl sulfur and atomic hydrogen is energetically unfavorable by 11.3 kcal mol . This result implies that the surface dissociation of HSCH3 to SCH3 and H would be more likely to occur if it were coupled to an energetically favorable process, such as the subsequent formation of the hydrogen molecule, so that the net reaction would be more favorable thermodynamically. We have obtained 46 kcal mol for the chemisorption energy of atomic hydrogen on Au(111). Our gold surface chemisorption energies together with the BOC-MP model imply an atomic sulfur binding energy of 80 kcal mol which is also consistent with other literature values for various bond energies. We discuss several reaction channels leading to the formation of hydrogen gas, methane and the chemisorbed methyl thiol.
Biomimetic Nanostructures: Creating a High-Affinity Zinc-Binding Site in a Folded Nonbiological Polymer

One of the long-term goals in developing advanced biomaterials is to generate protein-like nanostructures and functions from a completely nonnatural polymer. Toward that end, we introduced a high-affinity zinc-binding function into a peptoid (N-substituted glycine polymer) two-helix bundle. Borrowing from well-understood zinc-binding motifs in proteins, thiol and imidazole moieties were positioned within the peptoid such that both helices must align in close proximity to form a binding site. We used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) reporter groups to measure the change of the distance between the two helical segments and to probe the binding of zinc. We systematically varied the position and number of zinc-binding residues, as well as the sequence and size of the loop that connects the two helical segments. We found that certain peptoid two-helix bundles bind zinc with nanomolar affinities and high selectivity compared to other divalent metal ions. Our work is a significant step toward generating biomimetic nanostructures with enzyme-like functions.
Radiographic assessment of cemented humeral components in shoulder arthroplasty.

Abstract Forty-three shoulder arthroplasties performed with the use of cemented Neer II humeral components and followed radiographically for a mean of 6.6 years (range, 2-20 years) were analyzed. A humeral component was considered radiographically “at risk” for clinical loosening when a radiolucent line 2 mm or greater in width was present in 3 or more zones or tilt or subsidence was identified on sequential radiographs by 2 or 3 of the 3 independent observers. None of the components was considered to have tilted or subsided. Radiolucent lines of any size were present in 16 shoulders and were wider than 2 mm in 9 shoulders. They were limited to 1 zone in 8 shoulders and to 2 zones in 7 shoulders. Only 1 component (2%) with a 2-mm radiolucent line in 3 zones was judged to be “at risk.” The incidence, extent, and thickness of humeral radiolucent lines were significantly higher in total arthroplasties than in hemiarthroplasties (P
Automated Availability Management Driven by Business Policies

Policy-driven service management helps reduce IT management cost and it keeps the service management aligned with business objectives. While most of the previous research focuses on performance/resource managements, little has been researched in the area of availability management driven by business policies. This is a critically important task in enterprise IT, because a single failure in enterprise IT could cause huge business loss. It is still unclear how we can automate the availability management in a highly dynamic and complex system according to business level objectives for performance and risk attitude/preference. As a consequence, users can not manage the availability/performance ratio to match their risk tolerance. In this paper, we propose a policy-driven approach to automate run-time availability management in IT systems, according to high level availability and performance objectives. We further apply von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theory to deal with users' risk attitude policies, an important class of business policies specific for availability management, and the associated preference structures. Based on the proposed approach, we implement an automated decision engine for availability management. The initial evaluation of the solution illustrates the significance of the policy-driven approach and it demonstrates its applicability for availability management in complex IT environments. This way IT users can customize their availability to the risks tolerable by business objectives.
Evidence of enhanced effective hot electron temperatures in ultraintense laser-solid interactions due to reflexing

It is shown that the effective hot electron temperature, Thot, associated with the energetic electrons produced during the interaction of an ultra-intense laser with thin solid targets is dependent on the thickness of the target. We report the first direct experimental observations of electron energy spectra obtained from laser-solid interactions that indicates the reflexing of electrons in thin targets results in higher electron temperatures than those obtained in thick target interactions. This can occur for targets whose thickness, xt, is less than about half the range of an electron at the energy associated with the initial effective electron temperature, provided the laser pulse length is at least cτp > 2xt. A simple theoretical model that demonstrates the physical mechanism behind this enhanced heating is presented and the results of computer simulations are used to verify the model.
Estimators for the binomial distribution that dominate the MLE in terms of Kullback–Leibler risk

Estimators based on the mode are introduced and shown empirically to have smaller Kullback–Leibler risk than the maximum likelihood estimator. For one of these, the midpoint modal estimator (MME), we prove the Kullback–Leibler risk is below \({\frac{1}{2}}\) while for the MLE the risk is above \({\frac{1}{2}}\) for a wide range of success probabilities that approaches the unit interval as the sample size grows to infinity. The MME is related to the mean of Fisher’s Fiducial estimator and to the rule of succession for Jefferey’s noninformative prior.
Correlates of Depression among Chinese Immigrant Elders in Arizona: The Role of Acculturative Stress and Social Support

Using the stress and coping framework, we examined the association between acculturative stress, social support, and depression among Chinese immigrant elders living in Arizona. This cross-sectional study used a snowball sample of 120 respondents. Multiple regression results suggest that English language proficiency, health status, and gender were significant correlates of depression. Findings justify creating intervention programs that target Chinese immigrant elders who are less proficient in English, female, and in poor health. Future research and implications are discussed.
Influence of the site of stimulation on the resetting phenomenon in ventricular tachycardia

Uniform, sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the setting of prior myocardial infarction is believed to be due to reentry. The ability to reset VT with programmed extrastimuli requires that the premature impulse reach and enter the reentrant circuit. To evaluate the importance of the site of pacing on the ability to reset VT, single ventricular extrastimuli were delivered during 32 morphologically distinct, uniform VTs from both the right ventricular (RV) apex and RV outflow tract. Single ventricular extrastimuli resulted in resetting of VT from the RV apex only in 6 VTs, from the RV outflow tract only in 2, from both sites in 11 VTs and neither site in 13. When VT reset at both RV sites, 1 RV site or neither RV site was compared, a left bundle branch block VT QRS morphologic pattern was found to be more common in VT reset at both sites than at neither site (8 of 11 vs 4 of 13, p
Multi-particle trapping and manipulation by a high-frequency array transducer

We report the multiple micro-particle trapping and manipulation by a single-beam acoustic tweezer using a high-frequency array transducer. A single acoustic beam generated by a 30 MHz ultrasonic linear array transducer can entrap and transport multiple micro-particles located at the main lobe and the grating lobes. The distance between trapped particles can be adjusted by changing the transmit arrangement of array-based acoustic tweezers and subsequently the location of grating lobes. The experiment results showed that the proposed method can trap and manipulate multiple particles within a range of hundreds of micrometers. Due to its simplicity and low acoustic power, which is critical to protect cells from any thermal and mechanical damages, the technique may be used for transportation of cells in cell biology, biosensors, and tissue engineering.
Strong bias in the bacterial CRISPR elements that confer immunity to phage

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against phage via spacer-encoded CRISPR RNAs that are complementary to invasive nucleic acids. Here, we challenge Streptococcus thermophilus with a bacteriophage, and used PCR-based metagenomics to monitor phage-derived spacers daily for 15 days in two experiments. Spacers that target the host chromosome are infrequent and strongly selected against, suggesting autoimmunity is lethal. In experiments that recover over half a million spacers, we observe early dominance by a few spacer sub-populations and rapid oscillations in sub-population abundances. In two CRISPR systems and in replicate experiments, a few spacers account for the majority of spacer sequences. Nearly all phage locations targeted by the acquired spacers have a proto-spacer adjacent motif (PAM), indicating PAMs are involved in spacer acquisition. We detect a strong and reproducible bias in the phage genome locations from which spacers derive. This may reflect selection for specific spacers based on location and effectiveness.