cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive and maladaptive roles for ChREBP in the liver and pancreatic islets.

Excessive sugar consumption is a contributor to the worldwide epidemic of cardiometabolic disease. Understanding mechanisms by which sugar is sensed and regulates metabolic processes may provide new opportunities to prevent and treat these epidemics. Carbohydrate Responsive-Element Binding Protein (ChREBP) is a sugar-sensing transcription factor that mediates genomic responses to changes in carbohydrate abundance in key metabolic tissues. Carbohydrate metabolites activate the canonical form of ChREBP, ChREBP-alpha, which stimulates production of a potent, constitutively active ChREBP isoform called ChREBP-beta. Carbohydrate metabolites and other metabolic signals may also regulate ChREBP activity via posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, and O-GlcNAcylation that can affect ChREBP’s cellular localization, stability, binding to cofactors, and transcriptional activity. In this review, we discuss mechanisms regulating ChREBP activity and highlight phenotypes and controversies in ChREBP gain- and loss-of-function genetic rodent models focused on the liver and pancreatic islets.
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Elicit Better Preservation of the Intra-Renal Microvasculature Than Renal Revascularization in Pigs with Renovascular Disease.

Background: Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) confers clinical and mortality benefits in select ‘high-risk’ patients with renovascular disease (RVD). Intra-renal-delivered extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) protect the kidney in experimental RVD, but have not been compared side-by-side to clinically applied interventions, such as PTRA. We hypothesized that MSC-derived EVs can comparably protect the post-stenotic kidney via direct tissue effects. Methods: Five groups of pigs (n = 6 each) were studied after 16 weeks of RVD, RVD treated 4 weeks earlier with either PTRA or MSC-derived EVs, and normal controls. Single-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed in vivo with multi-detector CT, and renal microvascular architecture (3D micro CT) and injury pathways ex vivo. Results: Despite sustained hypertension, EVs conferred greater improvement of intra-renal microvascular and peritubular capillary density compared to PTRA, associated with attenuation of renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. Nevertheless, stenotic kidney RBF and GFR similarly rose in both PTRA- and EV-treated pigs compared RVD + Sham. mRNA sequencing reveled that EVs were enriched with pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants genes. Conclusion: MSC-derived EVs elicit a better preservation of the stenotic kidney microvasculature and greater attenuation of renal injury and fibrosis compared to PTRA, possibly partly attributed to their cargo of vasculo-protective genes. Yet, both strategies similarly improve renal hemodynamics and function. These observations shed light on diverse mechanisms implicated in improvement of post-stenotic kidney function and position EVs as a promising therapeutic intervention in RVD.
(NH4)2AgX3 (X = Br, I): 1D Silver Halides with Broadband White Light Emission and Improved Stability

This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Agreement No.80NSSC19M0140 issued through NASA Oklahoma EPSCoR.M.-H.D. was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy,Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences,and Engineering Division. Open Access fees paid for in whole or in part by the University of Oklahoma Libraries.
Mastering mono-bond metathesis.

Carbon–carbon single bonds are generally among the least reactive chemical bonds. While olefin metathesis reactions are well established, direct metathesis of C–C single bonds is rare. Now, a C–C single bond metathesis reaction has been developed, forming cross-biaryl products from unstrained homo-biaryl compounds.
The Stakes of Crisis

On 20 January 2009, upon having been sworn in as the forty-fourth Presi­dent of the United States, Barack Obama stood on the Washington Mall and proclaimed, 'We are in the midst of crisis'. Obama's claim to crisis characterized a moment in history, so as to mark off a new age, or a 'journey'. This journey is historical in so far as it pertains to an economic and political conjuncture. And yet, after giving an inventory of the histor­ical facts of crisis--homes lost, jobs shed, businesses shuttered--Obama added a qualifier: 'These are the indicators of crisis,' he said, 'subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land--a nagging fear that America's decline is in­evitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.' He then concluded: 'This is the source of our confidence--the knowledge that God calls upon us to shape an uncertain destiny'. Full text at: https://www.newschool.edu/nssr/faculty/janet-roitman/
Comparative analysis of Bacillus cereus group isolates' resistance using disk diffusion and broth microdilution and the correlation between resistance phenotypes and genotypes

A collection of 85 Bacillus cereus group isolates were screened for phenotypic resistance to nine antibiotics using disk diffusion and broth microdilution. The broth microdilution antimicrobial results were interpreted using the CLSI M45 breakpoints for Bacillus spp. Due to the lack of Bacillus spp. disk diffusion breakpoints, the results obtained with the disk diffusion assay were interpreted using the CLSI M100 breakpoints for Staphylococcus spp. We identified significant (p < 0.05) discrepancies in resistance interpretation between the two methods for ampicillin, gentamicin, rifampicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected using unassembled and assembled whole-genome sequences with Ariba and Abricate, respectively, to assess the sensitivity and specificity for predicting phenotypic resistance based on the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. We found antimicrobial resistance gene presence to be a poor indicator for phenotypic resistance, calling for further investigation of mechanisms underlying antimicrobial resistance in the B. cereus group. Genes with poor sensitivity and/or specificity, as determined based on broth microdilution results included rph (rifampicin, 0%, 95%), mph genes (erythromycin, 0%, 96%), and all van genes (vancomycin, 100%, 35%). However, Bc (ampicillin, 64%, 100%) and tet genes (tetracycline, 67%, 100%) were highly specific, albeit moderately sensitive indicators of phenotypic resistance based on broth microdilution results. Only beta-lactam resistance genes (Bc, BcII, and blaTEM) were highly sensitive (94%) and specific (100%) markers of resistance to ceftriaxone based on the disk diffusion results, providing further evidence of these beta-lactams role in nonsusceptibility of Bacillus cereus group isolates to ceftriaxone. IMPORTANCEBacillus cereus group includes human pathogens that can cause severe infections requiring antibiotic treatment. Screening of environmental and food isolates for antimicrobial resistance can provide insight into what antibiotics may be more effective therapeutic options based on the lower prevalence of resistance. Currently, interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results using the disk diffusion method is complicated by the fact that there are no standard disk diffusion resistance breakpoints defined for Bacillus spp. Hence, the breakpoints for Staphylococcus are often used in research studies. By comparing the results of disk diffusion interpreted using the Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints against broth microdilution interpreted using Bacillus spp. breakpoints, this study demonstrated that disk diffusion results interpretation with Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints are inconsistent. This study also provides new insight into the poor associations between antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes for the B. cereus group.
The Globalization of Motherhood : Deconstructions and reconstructions of biology and care

Part 1 Introduction:The Globalization of Motherhood Wendy Chavkin Motherhood: reproduction and care JaneMaree Maher Part 2. Cross National Care Labor Mothers on the Move: Children's Education and Transnational Mobility in Global-City Singapore Brenda S.A. Yeoh and Shirlena Huang Stratified Workers/Stratified Mothers: Migration Policies and Citizenship among Ecuadorian Immigrant Women Gioconda Herrera Part 3 Transationa Adoption Intercountry Adoption as Globalized Motherhood Peter Selman Transnational Adoption and the Transnationalization of Motherhood: Rethinking Abandonment, Adoption, and Return Barbara Yngvesson Part 4 A.R.T Across Borders Motherhood Jeopardized: Reproductive Technologies in Indian Communities Sayantani DasGupta and Shamita Das Dasgupta Divided mothers: changing global inequalities of 'nature'and 'nurture' Margaret Jolly 'Assisted' Motherhood in Global Dubai: Reproductive Tourists and their Helpers Marcia C. Inhorn Part 5 Conclusion: Rights as Recourse: Globalized Motherhood and Human Rights Joanne Csete and Reilly Anne Willis Mothering Forward? Wendy Chavkin and JaneMaree Maher
Highly Variable Cycle Nozzle Concept: Validation of Flow and Noise Predictions

Results from experimental and numerical studies of highly Variable Cycle (HVC) exhaust model were presented. The model was designed and fabricated under a Supersonics NRA awarded to Rolls-Royce. The model had a lobed mixer for the core stream nozzle, and elliptic fan stream nozzle, and an ejector. Experiments included far-field acoustic array, phased array, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Numerical studies included flow simulations using the WIND-US code and far-field acoustic solutions using an acoustic analogy developed by Goldstein (2003) and Leib and Goldstein (2011). Far-field acoustic measurements showed increased noise levels over the round baseline nozzle when using non-static forward flight conditions. Phased array measurements showed noise sources near the ejector doors when tones were produced for small ejector door positions. Ejector door separation identified in the experiments was reproduced in the numerical flow simulations. Acoustic solutions were unable to match levels measured in the peak jet noise direction indicating additional development work is needed to predict noise from highly three-dimensional flows.
Cascade: A Centrifugal-Action Solid-Breeder Reaction Chamber

The Cascade concept uses the high-temperature (1200 K) potential of a solid Li/sub 2/O pebble blanket in conjunction with centrifugal action to produce a safe and highly efficient (up to 55%) reaction chamber for commercial power production. One option using a 25-mm-thick steel wall is shown to have low primary stresses of 22 MPa, which when coupled with a secondary thermal stress of 132 MPa, satisfies the intent and methodology for an ASME-designed vessel. A high tritium breeding ratio of 1.35 results from direct exposure of the Li/sub 2/O blanket to the fusion reactions. Vacuum pumping requirements of the chamber, using laser drivers at a pressure of 0.1 Torr, are a modest 4.7 m/sup 3//s for D-T and 3.1 m/sup 3//s for helium. Carbon-14 activation in the blanket is insignificant. It is concluded that that the Cascade concept offers an attractive option for a safe and efficient inertial fusion reaction chamber.
Physicians' Management Practices and Perceived Health Risks when Postconcussion Symptoms Persist (P7.163)

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine physicians’ perceived health risks and management strategies for the patient with persistent postconcussion symptoms. BACKGROUND: Concussion guidelines recommend physical and cognitive rest until all postconcussion symptoms resolve, in part, because of potential health risks including catastrophic injury related to a second impact. However, when postconcussion symptoms persist for weeks or months, these risks are poorly characterized. DESIGN/METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of physicians who manage concussion assessed the perceived health risks related to advancing activity, the indications for neuroimaging, and the referral patterns for patients with persistent postconcussion symptoms. RESULTS: Five hundred and seventy-two physicians completed the survey. The majority of physicians recommended physical rest (91.1[percnt]) and cognitive rest (87.8[percnt]) within the first week of injury. Perceived health risks related to advancing activity in the symptomatic patient differed at 2 weeks versus 3 months following injury (p<.001 for all comparisons). Respondents from the United States were more likely to list Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) as a potential risk at two weeks compared to respondents from other countries (p=0.04). Fifty-six percent responded that the risk of SIS remains until all symptoms, regardless of duration, resolve. When postconcussion symptoms persist beyond one month, 61.9[percnt] of physicians responded that neuroimaging is indicated. Approximately 60[percnt] of respondents had access to a multi-disciplinary concussion clinic within 60 miles of their practice. CONCLUSIONS: When postconcussion symptoms persist, the perceived health risks, management practices, and access to multidisciplinary care vary among physicians. While physicians consistently recommend physical and cognitive rest during the acute recovery period, factors such as symptom duration and country of origin led to differences in perceived health risks. Further research addressing the potential health risks and the optimal management of patients with persistent symptoms is warranted.Funding: none Disclosure: Dr. Rose has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fischer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heyer has nothing to disclose.
Effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on psychomotor and mental performance during exercise and recovery.

Psychomotor and mental tests involving reaction time, rotor pursuit, short-term memory for digits and letters, and reasoning ability were administered to subjects inhaling up to 5% CO2 in air and i...
In vivo effects of human dialyzable leukocyte lysate: III. Modulation of the spleen cell proliferative response to antigen by components of leukocyte dialysates and an initial characterization of an ampliative nucleoside

Abstract The augmentative effects of isolated components of human dialyzable leukocyte lysates upon the proliferative response to antigen were investigated. Sequential Sephadex G-25 and Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography separated five distinct fractions which, 24 hr after injection into Keyhole limpet hemacyanin (KLH)-sensitive mice, either augmented or suppressed the in vitro spleen cell proliferative response to KLH. An amplifier molecule was isolated from one of the augmentative fractions by high-pressure, reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Preliminary structural analysis of the amplifier component indicated a nucleoside structure, similar to—but possibly distinct from—thymidine.
Escargots and Oysters on the Half Shell: Francis Ponge à la Carte

P. explore la forme, le mouvement et l'environnement de l'objet, a travers lesquels l'objet s'exprime lui-meme, et qui determinent l'expression, la forme du poeme
Living a Lie: Why "Don't Ask Don't Tell" Presents an Unworkable View of Personhood

A fundamental conflict exists between the understanding of personhood in asylum law and its conception in military law. Asylum law in the United States and the United Kingdom recognizes homosexuality as a fundamental characteristic of personhood, which cannot be concealed. Conversely, “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell,” the statutory ban on gays serving openly in the U.S. Military, demands complete suppression of any indication of homosexuality. This Comment argues that, in light of the framework for examining personhood most recently articulated by the U.K. Supreme Court, the arguments in favor of “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” are both specious and destructive. This Comment proceeds first by examining the understanding of personhood in asylum law. It then contrasts this understanding with the demands and restrictions that “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” imposes on homosexual military personnel. Finally, this Comment concludes by calling for a uniform application of the view of personhood found in asylum law.
The Maximum Weight Trace Problem in Multiple Sequence Alignment

We define a new problem in multiple sequence alignment, called maximum weight trace. The problem formalizes in a natural way the common practice of merging pairwise alignments to form multiple sequence alignments, and contains a version of the minimum sum of pairs alignment problem as a special case.
Trends in benzodiazepine prescribing under Medicare Part D in USA: outpatient settings 2005–2009

Objectives The objective of the study was to examine the trend of benzodiazepine prescribing under Medicare Part D formulary restriction. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey between 2005 and 2009. Subjects were identified from ambulatory physician office visits where the primary payment source was Medicare and at least one US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved benzodiazepine was prescribed. Data trend were graphically plotted and further analysed using segmented regression. Key findings An estimated 4.9 billion visits to office-based physicians from 2005 to 2009 of which 1.2 billion (24.24%) were made by Medicare recipients. Of these, 86.9 million (7.38%) visits received at least one FDA-approved benzodiazepine including alprazolam (33.3%), lorazepam (24.4%), clonazepam (16.2%), diazepam (12.1%), etc. One year after the passage of Medicare Part D benzodiazepine exclusion, benzodiazepine prescribing decreased 1.83%. However, it had dramatically increased (21.7%) in 2007. Results from segmented regression indicated that implementation of Medicare Part D drug benefits, with benzodiazepine exclusion, is significantly associated with benzodiazepine utilisation (P = 0.015). Conclusion The study findings indicated that benzodiazepine prescribing was not decreased by Medicare Part D formulary exclusion. Several factors could explain this phenomenon: (1) economic perspectives, (2) Medicare supplement programmes, (3) physician prescribing patterns/habits, (4) elderly dependence on benzodiazepines. Despite benzodiazepines having been allowed on Medicare Part D formularies in 2013, this amendment may lead to an even greater importance to healthcare professionals and policy makers by providing comprehensive patient care that ensures optional medication therapy outcomes.
Van Hove Excitons and High-T$_c$ Superconductivity: VIIIC Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effects vs Spin-Orbit Coupling in the LTO Phase of La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$

The possible role of the van Hove singularity (vHs) in stabilizing the low-temperature orthorhombic (LTO) phase transition in La$_{2-x}$\-Sr$_x$\-CuO$_ 4$ (LSCO) is discussed. It is found that the vHs can drive a structural distortion in two different ways, either due to spin-orbit coupling or to dynamic Jahn-Teller (JT) effects. This paper discusses the latter effect in some detail. It is shown that a model Hamiltonian introduced earlier to describe the coupled electron -- octahedral tilt motions (`cageons') has a series of phase transitions, from a high-temperature disordered JT phase (similar to the high-temperature tetragonal phase of LSCO) to an intermediate temperature dynamic JT phase, of average orthorhombic symmetry (the LTO phase) to a low temperature static JT phase (the low temperature tetragonal phase). For some parameter values, the static JT phase is absent.
The chicken or the egg? The relationship between COP funding and COP research

We investigate the stability of community oriented policing (COP) as a mainstay of police research within the context of fluctuations in federal funding between 1995 and 2007. Using time-series analyses, we found an increase in the proportion of COP publications before funding suggesting the popularity of COP may have been one contribution to the perceived need for research funding. COP publications began to decline in 2005, corresponding to the earlier declining trend in funding. Policymakers may be using research to inform program-related funding decisions, but researcher interest in COP appears less tied to funding.
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF POLARIZED HYDROGEN GAS TARGETS FOR STORAGE RINGS

Polarized proton targets consisting of pure spin-polarized hydrogen atoms have recently been exploited as internal targets in electron and proton storage rings. A brief overview of the development of this type of target is presented, together with some typical performance figures.
A new substrate for formylkynurenine formamidase: N′,Nα-diformylkynurenine

Abstract Commercially available N′-formyl- l -kynurenine has been incorrectly identified. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the identity of this substance is N′,Nα− diformyl- l -kynurenine. The diformylkynurenine reacts readily with formylkynurenine formamidase, but the product does not serve as substrate for kynureninase. The assay of the formamidase, therefore, can be done in the presence of, and without interference by, kynureninase with diformylkynurenine as substrate.
The conflict between relational databases and the hierarchical structure of clinical trials data.

Abstract Relational database software has become popular for the management of certain types of commercial data. Its use is being given serious consideration in the management of data from clinical trials. Relational systems have a number of advantages over hierarchical or network systems for some types of data. However, as illustrated by an example, the data from clinical trials typically have an inherent hierarchical structure. true. The incorporation of hierarchically structured data into a relational database raises difficult problems of data integrity versus the complexity of the database structure. These problems, together with the long execution times of many relational operations, indicate that relational systems are not necessarily well suited for clinical trials data management.
Early Coadministration of Clonazepam With Sertraline for Panic Disorder

Background There is debate about combining benzodiazepines with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the acute treatment of panic disorder. Although this medication combination is widely used in clinical practice, there is no well-tested, optimal method of coadministering these medications for the treatment of panic disorder. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder. Methods Fifty patients with panic disorder were randomized into a double-blind clinical trial. Patients received open-label sertraline for 12 weeks (target dose, 100 mg/d), and in addition were randomized to groups receiving either 0.5 mg of active clonazepam 3 times daily or placebo clonazepam for the first 4 weeks of the trial. The clonazepam dose was then tapered during 3 weeks and discontinued. Results Thirty-four (68%) of 50 patients completed the trial. Drop-out rates were similar in the sertraline/placebo vs the sertraline/clonazepam group (38% vs 25%) ( P = .5). An intent-to-treat analysis (on last observation carried forward data) revealed a much greater proportion of responders in the sertraline/clonazepam compared with the sertraline/placebo group at the end of week 1 of the trial (41% vs 4%) ( P = .003). There was also a significant between-group difference at the end of week 3 with 14 (63%) of 22 of the sertraline/clonazepam group responding to treatment vs 8 (32%) of 25 of the sertraline/placebo group ( P = .05). This difference was not observed at other times during the trial. Conclusion These data indicate that rapid stabilization of panic symptoms can be safely achieved with a sertraline/clonazepam combination, supporting the clinical utility of this type of regimen for facilitating early improvement of panic symptoms relative to sertraline alone.
Pharmacologic pupillary modulation in the perioperative period.

Abstract The perioperative management of the pupil is essential to the success of anterior segment surgery. A new dilating regimen was tested in 65 cases of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. The α-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine 2.5%, was used after pretreatment with the adrenergic (β-blocker, timolol 0.5%. This treatment successfully dilated the pupil in all but three cases, was maintained by intraoperative epinephrine infusion, and was readily reversed with intraocular acetylcholine. We conclude that this pharmacologic regimen provided a successful and easily reversible mydriasis during surgery.
Assessing the relationship between outness at work and stigma consciousness among LGB workers in the Midwest and the resulting implications for counselors

Employment discrimination against lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals is a significant social problem. In a variety of occupational settings, LGB workers experience employment-based harassment and discrimination. Work is an important aspect of life for the majority of the population, yet many LGB workers are prevented from fully participating in job-related activities and are inhibited from career advancement opportunities due to existing social stigmas. This problem contributes to a stigma consciousness among LGB workers and affects their decision to be “out” at work. This descriptive study examines the experiences of stigma consciousness and outness among 215 LGB people living in a large Midwest city. The findings suggest a marginal relationship between outness and stigma consciousness; however, the results indicate the need for a change in social policy and the importance of the counseling practice in combating stigma consciousness, which are explored here.
Railways and the expansion of markets in India, 1861–1921

There are two ways of predicting economic behavior in India. One relies on Western economic models which are based on the assumption of profit maximization. The other insists that India is a special case’ in which extensive knowledge of the cultural setting is necessary for successful analysis of behavior. In the past century, because policymakers have adhered to one position or the other, there have been wide ranges in government economic policy.2 This paper accepts the first alternative and uses classical economic theory to explain the behavior of prices of foodgrains in India from 1861 to
The MacArthur Three-City Outcome Study: Evaluating Multi-Informant Measures of Young Children’s Symptomatology

ABSTRACT Objective Three sites collaborated to evaluate the reliability and validity of 2 measures, developed in tandem to assess symptomatology and impairment in 4- to 8-year-old children: the Berkeley Puppet Interview Symptomatology Scales (BPI-S) and the Health and Behavior Questionnaire (HBQ). Method In this case-control study, mothers, teachers, and children reported on multiple dimensions of children's mental health for 120 children (67 community and 53 clinic-referred children). Results The BPI-S and the parent and teacher versions of the HBQ demonstrated strong test-retest reliability and discriminant validity on a majority of symptom scales. Medium to strong effect sizes (Cohen d ) indicated that children in the clinic-referred group were viewed by all 3 informants as experiencing significantly higher levels of symptomatology than nonreferred, community children. Conclusion The availability of a set of multi-informant instruments that are psychometrically sound, developed in tandem, and developmentally appropriate for young children will enhance researchers' ability to investigate and understand symptomatology or the emergence of symptomatology in middle childhood.
Atypical Protein Kinase C in Neurodegenerative Disease I: PKMζ Aggregates With Limbic Neurofibrillary Tangles and AMPA Receptors in Alzheimer Disease

Protein kinase Mzeta (PKMzeta), an atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoform, plays a key role in the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP), a persistent enhancement of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, as well as in the persistence of memory in Drosophila. Because memory impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD) has been attributed to disruption of synaptic plasticity, we investigated the expression and distribution of PKMzeta in this disorder. We found that PKMzeta accumulated in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), whereas conventional and novel PKC isoforms did not. Unlike tau, which is present in all NFTs regardless of location, PKMzeta was found in a subset of NFTs restricted to limbic or medial temporal lobe structures (i.e. hippocampal formation, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala), areas implicated in memory loss in AD. Interestingly, PKMzeta was not identified in any NFTs in control brains derived from 6 elderly individuals without known cognitive impairment. In medial temporal lobe structures in AD, PKMzeta also occurred within abnormal neurites expressing MAP2, GluR1 and GluR2 as well as in perisomatic granules expressing GluR1 and GluR2, suggesting that aggregation of PKMzeta disrupts glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Together, these findings suggest a link between PKMzeta-mediated synaptic plasticity and memory impairment in AD.
Safety and efficacy of bilateral total knee arthroplasty

Recent studies have reported increased morbidity associated with bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morbidity and clinical outcome associated with simultaneous bilateral TKA in contrast to unilateral TKA. All primary TKAs, either unilateral or simultaneous bilateral, performed between May 1988 and July 1993 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were evaluated using Knee Society scores both before surgery and a minimum of 6 months after surgery. In addition to routine demographics, patients were evaluated for the incidence of both local wound and systemic complications. It is concluded that performing simultaneous bilateral TKA does not result in any significant increase in patient morbidity or compromise in postoperative function when compared with unilateral TKA.
In vitro Transformation Elicited by Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Infected Brain Material

Previous studies indicated that tissue culture cells derived from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) brains possess neoplastic properties. In order to see if CJD brain material could itself transform cells in vitro, BALB/C-3T3 and normal hamster brain monolayer cultures were exposed to whole brain homogenate or synaptosomal-mitochondrial fractions derived from CJD or control brains. Cells were exposed for seven days to CJD or control brain material, washed, and then passaged at weekly intervals. Transformation was evaluated by loss of contact inhibition, replication of cells with absent or low serum content of the medium and significant colony formation in soft agar. Seven parallel experiments were done, and six were viable. All cultures exposed to CJD material containing greater than or equal to 10(4) LD50 infectious units were positive for transformation (five of six studies); the single negative experiment contained only 2 X 10(3) infectious units. Definitive transformation could be observed at 12-16 weeks after application of both mouse and hamster CJD material. BALB/C-3T3 cells exposed to control hamster or mouse brain material were studied for greater than 120 passages in vitro and showed no comparable changes or evidence of spontaneous transformation, i.e. they required serum for replication and produced essentially no colonies in soft agar. Similarly, a normal adult hamster brain culture exposed to control brain material showed no evidence of transformation, whereas the identically passaged normal brain culture exposed to CJD material not only became a permanent line, able to grow in soft agar, but also was capable of producing tumors in nude mice. Thus CJD transformation was not confined to special potentials of "permanent" BALB/C-3T3 cells. These experiments suggest that a genomic alteration can be effected by CJD material.
Achieving Stability of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced NF-κB Activation

The activation dynamics of the transcription factor NF-κB exhibit damped oscillatory behavior when cells are stimulated by tumor necrosis factor–α (TNFα) but stable behavior when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) causes activation of NF-κB that requires two downstream pathways, each of which when isolated exhibits damped oscillatory behavior. Computational modeling of the two TLR4-dependent signaling pathways suggests that one pathway requires a time delay to establish early anti-phase activation of NF-κB by the two pathways. The MyD88-independent pathway required Inferon regulatory factor 3–dependent expression of TNFα to activate NF-κB, and the time required for TNFα synthesis established the delay.
Specular microscopy with intraocular lens implantations

Specular microscopy performed six months postoperatively on 122 lens implant patients showed that endothelial cell loss rates varied according to method of cataract extraction and type of lens implant. Phacoemulsification with implantation of a Platina-style lens was associated with the highest cell loss; planned extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a Choyce-style or J-loop lens was associated with the lowest cell loss. The presence of marked striate keratopathy on the first postoperative day was directly related to endothelial cell loss.
Limited English proficient Asian Americans: Threshold language policy and access to mental health treatment

The importance of providing timely, effective mental health services is increasingly recognized worldwide, and language barriers are a formidable obstacle to achieving this objective. Threshold language policy is one response implemented by California and other states within the U.S., in accordance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs receiving federal funding. This policy mandates language assistance services for Medicaid enrollees whose primary language is other than English once their population size reaches a designated level. Medicaid is the federal-state-funded health insurance program for specific classifications of low-income Americans. This study evaluated the impact of threshold language policy on Vietnamese, Cantonese, Hmong, and Cambodian limited English proficiency persons' use of public mental health services in California. Using random-effects regression on 247 observations, we regressed aggregate Vietnamese, Cantonese, Hmong, and Cambodian Medicaid mental health service penetration rates on an indicator of the threshold language policy's implementation, while controlling for a linear time trend and the effects of non-threshold language assistance programming. Immediately after implementation, threshold language policy requirements were associated with a penetration rate increase among this population. The penetration rate increase became greater after accounting for the impact of concurrent language assistance. However, this increase diminished over time. The findings indicate that, at least in the short run, language assistance measures requiring reasonable accommodations once populations of LEP persons reach a specified size have detectable effects on their mental health service use. These requirements increase the number of mental health consumers, but appear to provide declining benefit over time. California's threshold language policy provides one example of how public or national health systems worldwide may attempt to address the issue of equity of mental health service access for burgeoning immigrant/migrant populations with language assistance needs.
Materials science: organosilica the conciliator.

Acidic and basic molecules are antagonistic, and keeping them in their place is no easy job — unless, it seems, one unites them under the tutelage of ordered, nanoporous materials known as organosilicas.
GABAA receptor antagonism in the ventrocaudal periaqueductal gray increases anxiety in the anxiety-resistant postpartum rat

Abstract Postpartum mammals show suppressed anxiety, which is necessary for their ability to appropriately care for offspring. It is parsimonious to suggest that the neurobiological basis of this reduced anxiety is similar to that of non-parturient animals, involving GABAA receptor activity in sites including the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). In Experiment 1, postpartum and diestrous virgin female rats received an intraperitoneal injection of the GABAA receptor antagonist (+)-bicuculline (0, 2 and 4 mg/kg) and anxiety-related behavior was assessed with an elevated plus maze. The 4 mg/kg dose of (+)-bicuculline significantly increased anxiety-related behavior, particularly in the postpartum females. Experiment 2 revealed that bicuculline's action was within the central nervous system, because anxiety in neither dams nor virgins was significantly affected by intraperitoneal injection of bicuculline methiodide (0, 2 and 6 mg/kg), which does not readily cross the blood–brain-barrier. In Experiment 3, bicuculline methiodide (2.5 ng/side) was directly infused into the ventrocaudal PAG (cPAGv) and significantly increased dams' anxiety compared to saline-infused controls. These studies expand our knowledge of how GABAA receptor modulators affect anxiety behaviors in postpartum rats to the widely-used elevated plus maze, and indicate that the postpartum suppression of anxiety is in part a consequence of elevated GABAergic neurotransmission in the cPAGv.
The Measurement of Segregation Change through Integration and Deconcentration, 1970-1980.

Desegregation may occur through the integration of blacks into white neighborhoods or through deconcentration from ghetto areas. Using summary segregation indexes, previous researchers have been unable to show the extent to which segregation declines derive from the two change models. In this research, 1970-1980 desegregation is explored, and the extent to which two segregation indexes, the dissimilarity index and the correlation ratio, reflect changes through integration and deconcentration is tested. Results show that desegregation through ghetto deconcentration is more common; change through integration occurred mostly in turnover tracts and likely is temporary. Of the two indexes tested, the correlation ratio better reflects changes brought about through deconcentration.
Laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy: complication comparison using the Clavien system.

Background and objectives To compare postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy using a standardized complication-reporting system and a standardized tumor-scoring system. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 189 consecutive patients with nephrometry scores available who underwent elective partial nephrectomy for renal masses. Demographic, perioperative, and complication data were recorded. By using the modified Clavien scale, we graded 30- and 90-day complication rates. Results 107 patients underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and 82 underwent open partial nephrectomy (N=189). Open partial nephrectomy patients had higher nephrometry scores than laparoscopic patients had (7.1±2.4 vs. 5.6±1.8, P .05). After multivariable logistic regression analysis, only higher body mass index and higher estimated blood loss were predictors of more overall complications. Conclusions Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has the advantages of decreased operative time, lower blood loss, and shorter hospital stay. The complication rate in the laparoscopic group is similar to that in the open group, despite favorable tumor characteristics in the laparoscopic group.
Testing the principle of orthogonality in language design

Research has shown that organization plays an important role in memory. This study applies these findings to the design of a command language. The concept of orthogonality was used to maximize the internal organization of a text-editing command language. In Experiments 1 and 2, this orthogonal language was compared to an organized, but nonorthogonal, and an antiorganized language on measures of predictability, recall, and performance. Subjects in the orthogonal language condition performed better than subjects in the other conditions on all measures. In a third experiment, steps were taken to eliminate possible confounding effects of mnemonics. The orthogonal language was compared to the organized language on measures of recall and performance. Even without the aid of mnemonics, subjects in the orthogonal language condition performed better on the recall test than subjects in the organized language condition. In addition, analysis of keystroke data revealed that subjects using the orthogonal language required less time to think of appropriate commands to accomplish their tasks. General steps necessary to design an orthogonal language are discussed.
Sensitivity of fire size to fireline construction rates in a simulation model

An initial attack model was sensitive to changes in production rate of suppression forces, as shown by changes in final fire size.
State-space modeling of aerodynamic forces on plate using singular value decomposition

This technique employs the singular value decomposition of a block Hankel matrix constructed from the aerodynamic matrix impulse response resulting in a system that has common global poles
Recording bioelectric action potentials of marine decapod crustacea by remote electrodes: A bioassay procedure for monitoring hydrocarbon pollution

Abstract Bioelectric action potentials may be picked up by appropriate electrodes from aquatic animals without their being injured by the introduction of electrodes into, or the affixation of electrodes onto, their bodies for this purpose. The method has been applied successfully to record gross muscle action potentials of crayfish in freshwater and distilled water, where the obliterating effects of the water-surrounded ions of strong electrolytes, as in seawater, are not in play. However, it has been found that, provided the bioelectric generator or experimental animal is active and powerful enough, readable action potentials from such an animal can be picked up by suitable non-polarising electrodes even in seawater. Motor behaviour of mechanically unimpeded animals may be used as a quick and useful way to determine lethal concentrations of named hydrocarbons soluble in water and reciprocally to monitor water pollution by oil and other pollutants.
Local-in-time adjoint-based method for design optimization of unsteady flows

We present a new local-in-time discrete adjoint-based methodology for solving design optimization problems arising in unsteady aerodynamic applications. The new methodology circumvents storage requirements associated with the straightforward implementation of a global adjoint-based optimization method that stores the entire flow solution history for all time levels. This storage cost may quickly become prohibitive for large-scale applications. The key idea of the local-in-time method is to divide the entire time interval into several subintervals and to approximate the solution of the unsteady adjoint equations and the sensitivity derivative as a combination of the corresponding local quantities computed on each time subinterval. Since each subinterval contains relatively few time levels, the storage cost of the local-in-time method is much lower than that of the global methods, thus making the time-dependent adjoint optimization feasible for practical applications. Another attractive feature of the new technique is that the converged solution obtained with the local-in-time method is a local extremum of the original optimization problem. The new method carries no computational overhead as compared with the global implementation of adjoint-based methods. The paper presents a detailed comparison of the global- and local-in-time adjoint-based methods for design optimization problems governed by the unsteady compressible 2-D Euler equations.
Chicory and English Plantain Seedling Emergence at Different Planting Depths

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and English plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) have been introduced in the USA as perennial herbs for pastures. A knowledge of seedling emergence and the structure of these species under different planting conditions is necessary for developing planting recommendations. We conducted controlled environment and field studies to compare the emergence and morphology of chicory and plantain seedlings from three planting depths, 'Grasslands Puna', 'La Certa', and 'Forage Feast' chicory, and 'Ceres Tonic' and 'Grasslands Lancelot' plantain were sown at 1, 3, and 6 cm depths in the growth chamber and greenhouse. The seedlings were destructively sampled 14 d after emergence, and the number and mass of leaves and roots (primary, lateral, basal, and adventitious) were recorded. The same cultivars were sown in field plots in July and September 1998 to determine seedling size and emergence from 1-, 3-, or 6-cm planting depths. Controlled environment studies showed that deeper planting reduced the root weight, length, and number more in chicory than in plantain. Planting at 3 and 6 cm in the field reduced seedling emergence by 34 and 60% (avg. of cultivars), respectively, compared with the 1-cm planting depth. Differences in seedling size among cultivars within species were mainly related to differences in seed mass. Plantain had better seedling emergence in the field than chicory (54 vs. 27% in July and 60 vs. 17% in Sept.), and these differences were not related to differences in seed mass. Both chicory and plantain should be planted no deeper than 1 cm for rapid establishment.
Simulation-based shop floor control

Abstract This paper presents an overview of simulation-based shop floor control. Much of the work described is based on research conducted in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) Lab at The Pennsylvania State University, the Texas A&M Computer Aided Manufacturing Lab (TAMCAM), Technion in Israel, and the University of Arizona CIM lab over the past decade. In this approach, a discrete event simulation is used not only as a traditional analysis and evaluation tool but also as a task generator that drives shop floor operations in real time. To enable this, a special feature of the Arena™ simulation language was used whereby the simulation model interacts directly with a shop floor execution system by sending and receiving messages. This control simulation reads process plans and master production orders from external databases that are updated by a process planning system and coordinated via an external business system. The control simulation also interacts with other external programs such as a planner, a scheduler, and an error detection and recovery function. In this paper, the architecture, implementation, and the integration of all the components of the proposed simulation-based control system are described in detail. Finally, extensions to this approach, including automatic model generation, are described.