cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximizing production rates of the Linde–Hampson machine

Abstract In contrast to the ideal case of unlimited size recuperator, any real Linde–Hampson machine of finite size recuperator can be optimized to reach the extreme rates of performance. The group of cryocoolers sharing the same size recuperator is optimized in a closed form by determining the corresponding flow rate which maximizes its rate of cold production. For a similar group of liquefiers an optimal flow rate is derived to maximize the rate of production of liquid cryogen. The group of cryocoolers sharing a constant and given flow rate is optimized by shortening the recuperator for reaching a maximum compactness measured by the cooling power per unit size of the recuperator. The optimum conditions are developed for nitrogen and argon. The relevance of this analysis is discussed in the context of practice of fast cooldown Joule–Thomson cryocooling.
“The Reality of One‐Which‐Is‐Two”—Mosque Battles and Other Stories: Notes on Architecture, Religion, and Politics in the Javanese World

Abstract This article considers the way Java responds to the global architectural flow of Islam. It shows the ways in which architecture became the site of negotiation between the global pan-Islamic Islam and the Javanese world. It then explores the dispute over identity and the representation of Islam in Java through various events in the present and the past. The article also discusses the debate over the design of a university's mosque in Jakarta in 1980s, the confrontation between Javanese and Middle Eastern Islam in the building of the first “great mosque” in the fifteenth century, the discourses of mosque building of the two previous postcolonial presidents of Indonesia, and the struggle in the intellectual culture of architecture today over what constitutes “Indonesian architecture.” From these illustrative materials, issues are raised concerning history and agency, religion and politics, and architecture and ideology.
Performance limit for distributed detection under correlated observations in wireless sensor networks

In large-scale and dense wireless sensor networks, sensor observations often are correlated and the correlation impacts overall network performance. Another performance limiting factor comes from the non-ideal nature of the wireless links between network nodes. In this paper, we study the detection performance for a distributed detection system with dependent observations under noisy communication channels. In particular, by adopting a novel unified hierarchical independence fusion framework, we derive asymptotic performance limits in terms of error exponents by taking into account the impact of dependent observations and non-ideal channels. The error exponents are investigated under both the Bayesian and the Neyman-Person criteria. Moreover, conditions under which the detection system will result in zero error exponents are also presented in terms of channel capacity requirements.
Mechanical response and the design of notched composite laminates filled with a reinforcement

The stress-strain distributions of notched anisotropic composite laminates of symmetric layup filled with an elliptical reinforcement has been analyzed using a com plex variable method. The laminates are subjected to inplane combined loading. The result of this study shows that the stress concentrations in the base laminate can be reduced significantly using appropriate materials for the reinforcement. The ultimate strength of the laminates was predicted using the result of the stress analysis in conjunction with the Minimum Strength Model. Then a ranking method was utilized for the design and repair- ability analyses. The ranking was based on the predicted residual ultimate strength or the first-ply-failure strength of the laminates with or without a reinforcement. From this analy sis, the reusability of composite structures after suffering from damages can be judged from the strength recovery with plug repairs.
Robust Tolerance Synthesis With the Design of Experiments Approach

Design of tolerances impacts quality, cost, and cycle time of a product. Most literature on deterministic tolerance design has focused on developing exact and heuristic algorithms to minimize manufacturing cost. Some research has been published on probabilistic tolerance synthesis and optimization. This paper presents the design of experiments (DOE) approach for concurrent selection of component tolerances and the corresponding manufacturing processes. The objective is to minimize the variation of tolerance stackups. Numerical examples illustrate the methodology. The Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to obtain component tolerances and tolerance stackups. Process shift, the worst case and root sum square tolerance stackup constraints, and setup reduction constraints have been incorporated into the proposed methodology. Benefits of the proposed DOE approach over exact algorithms are discussed.
Size distribution of detached drops

The law governing the size distribution of detached gas-liquid streams of drops has been determined analytically, and a comparison is carried out against experimental data existing in the literature. The derived theoretical relationships offer an excellent description of existing experimental results.
Dynamics and control of chemical process networks: Integrating physics, communication and computation

Abstract This paper provides the theoretical foundation for the modeling, analysis and control of integrated chemical process networks, or, in short, “process networks.” The dynamics of process networks is represented using state-space descriptions derived from classical irreversible thermodynamics and constrained by the second law so that dissipation is always non-negative. The state descriptions (models) derived from this point of view provide exact process representations. A unique, quadratic Lyapunov function for stability analysis and control design is derived directly from the entropy. The resulting process models are complex and simplifications may be needed in practical applications. Time-scale decomposition and singular perturbation theory provide the basis for exploring the network-level dynamic behavior that emerges as a result of tight inventory integration, and developing appropriate reduced-order models and a hierarchy of control systems for managing inventories and inventory flows. Model-based networked control and Lyapunov theory are leveraged to develop an integrated control and communication strategy that manages the information flows between the network components and explicitly accounts for communication constraints.
Dopamine D1A Receptors and Renin Release in Rat Juxtaglomerular Cells

Two dopamine D1-like receptors have been cloned from mammals, the D1 and D5 receptors, also known as D1A and D1B receptors, respectively, in rodents. Although D1-like receptors are known to stimulate renin release, the receptor subtype mediating this action has not been determined. We investigated D1 receptor subtype expression in rat juxtaglomerular cells obtained after enzymatic dispersion of kidney cortex and differential centrifugation. Juxtaglomerular cells in primary culture were immunocytochemically 85% to 95% renin positive. These cells expressed the D1A but not the D1B receptor (mRNA and protein). D1-like receptor function was demonstrated by a concentration-dependent stimulation of cAMP production by dopamine (n = 5-9 per group). Fenoldopam, a D1-like receptor agonist, also caused a concentration-dependent increase in cAMP production and renin secretion that was blocked by the selective D1-like receptor antagonist SCH23390 (n = 4-13 per group). Although the D1 ligands do not distinguish between the cloned D1-like receptors, the actions of fenoldopam were due to occupancy of the D1A receptor: (1) the D1B receptor, the only other mammalian D1-like receptor, is not expressed in juxtaglomerular cells; (2) antisense but not sense D1A oligonucleotides completely blocked the stimulatory effect of fenoldopam on cAMP production and renin secretion. We conclude that there is selective dopamine receptor gene expression in juxtaglomerular cells; the dopamine receptor subtype linked to the stimulation of cAMP and renin secretion in juxtaglomerular cells is the D1A subtype.
Laminin β1 and γ1 Containing Laminins Are Essential for Basement Membrane Integrity in the Zebrafish Eye

PURPOSE. In this study recessive zebrafish mutations in the genes encoding laminin 1( lamb1) and laminin 1( lamc1) were used to determine the functions of these laminin proteins during ocular basement membrane formation and during zebrafish eye development. METHODS. Ocular defects in lamb1 and lamc1 mutants were characterized by using a combination of histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS. The results demonstrated that zebrafish lamb1 and lamc1 mutants possess defects in two ocular basement membranes—the lens capsule and the inner limiting membrane— whereas Bruch’s membrane is largely unaffected. lamb1 and lamc1 mutants possess severe lens dysplasias that result from a compromise in lens capsule integrity. Inner limiting membrane continuity is irregular in these mutants, and these irregularities result in small retinal ectopias that extend from the retina into the interstitial space between the retina and the lens. At late embryonic stages (e.g., 5‐7 days after fertilization), retinal lamination defects are also observed in a subset of laminin mutants. CONCLUSIONS. The results demonstrate that laminin 1 and -1 containing laminins are essential for the integrity of the lens capsule basement membrane and inner limiting membrane in the zebrafish eye. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48: 2483‐2490) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-1211
Overall Survival Benefit From Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Organ-Confined, Margin-Positive Prostate Cancer

Purpose Radical prostatectomy for invasive prostate cancer is associated with positive margin rates in 10% to 50% of resected specimens. Postoperative radiation therapy may benefit patients who have organ-confined prostate cancer with positive margins. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective analysis to examine whether adjunctive radiation therapy enhanced long-term survival for prostate cancer patients who underwent prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer but with positive margins. We used the Hoag Cancer Center database to identify patients diagnosed with invasive prostate cancer. Relative and overall survival rates were calculated. Results Among 1,474 patients diagnosed with localized invasive prostate cancer during the years 1990 to 2006 and undergoing prostatectomy, 113 (7.7%) were identified who had positive margins and did not have local extension of disease, positive lymph nodes, or distant metastases. A total of 17 patients received adjunctive radiation therapy (Group A), whereas 96 did not (Group B; 3 received hormonal therapy). Both groups had a median age of 64 years and median follow-up of 7.5 years. In Group A, no patients have died as of last follow-up, but in Group B, 18 have died. Estimated 10-year and 15-year overall survival rates were both 100% for Group A compared with 85% and 57% respectively for Group B ( p 2 = 0.050, log rank). Relative 10- and 15 year survival rates were both 100% for Group A compared with 100% and 79% respectively for Group B. Conclusions This retrospective analysis suggests that prostate cancer patients with localized disease but positive margins do derive a survival benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy.
A Unit in the Inductive Teaching of Grammar

B EFORE this unit in the inductive teaching of grammar is presented in detail, a few general remarks seem in order. There is some variation in the understanding of what "induction" means and how it can be applied; it would, therefore, be well to clarify this point at the start. Furthermore, the majority of articles dealing with teaching procedures seems to deal with first-year work, especially beginning work. Yet there are myriads of problems in the teaching of more advanced classes, problems which are just as perplexing as those confronting the teacher of a beginning class. Since, in addition to all this, "induction" is usually used to refer to the initial treatment of a topic, a unit has been chosen that would normally fall beyond the first year and involves the review of material already covered. In this way, we can observe the use of induction both for review purposes and for the presentation of new material. What, then, is induction? It corresponds in a general way to the procedure outlined in the Herbartian principles of teaching.' It is the process of going from the known to the unknown and from the particular to the general. One of its basic psychological principles is that the pupil will gain most when he himself is most active in the acquisition of knowledge. Under the inductive approach, the teacher's function is less to "teach" than to help the pupils learn. This is fundamental. Yet, at the same time, it is one of the most difficult things for the experienced teacher to do if he has "taught" for any length of time in the older sense of the term. It is not a case of the teacher's telling the class about the material or explaining the new grammatical element in advance-as is the usual concept-and it is hard for the teacher to keep himself as much in the background as is desirable. Yet, without the teacher to guide and suggest, the inductive process would fail. So that inductive teaching is still teaching, but in a different sense of the word.
Personalizing Search on Shared Devices

Search personalization tailors the search experience to individual searchers. To do this, search engines construct interest models comprising signals from observed behavior associated with ma-chines, often via Web browser cookies or other user identifiers. However, shared device usage is common, meaning that the activities of multiple searchers may be interwoven in the interest models generated. Recent research on activity attribution has led to methods to automatically disentangle the histories of multiple searchers and correctly ascribe newly-observed search activity to the correct per-son. Building on this, we introduce attribution-based personalization (ABP), a procedure that extends traditional personalization to target individual searchers on shared devices. Activity attribution may improve personalization, but its benefits are not yet fully understood. We present an oracle study (with perfect knowledge of which searchers perform each action on each machine) to under-stand the effectiveness of ABP in predicting searchers' future interests. We utilize a large Web search log dataset containing both per-son identifiers and machine identifiers to quantify the gain in personalization performance from ABP, identify the circumstances under which ABP is most effective, and develop a classifier to determine when to apply it that yields sizable gains in personalization performance. ABP allows search providers to personalize experiences for individuals rather than targeting all users of a device collectively.
Don't experiment on endangered ferrets!

In their article “Caution urged on SARS vaccines” (News Focus, 13 Feb., p. [944][1]), E. Marshall and M. Enserink discuss the use of ferrets as experimental subjects. Surely they were not suggesting the use of the black-footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes ), pictured on p. [945][2], which is one of the most endangered animals on Earth. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5660.944 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.304.5673.945
High Resolution Crystal Structures of the trans-Enamine Intermediates Formed by Sulbactam and Clavulanic Acid and E166A SHV-1 β-Lactamase

Antibiotic resistance mediated by constantly evolving β-lactamases is a serious threat to human health. The mechanism of inhibition of these enzymes by therapeutic β-lactamase inhibitors is probed using a novel approach involving Raman microscopy and x-ray crystallography. We have presented here the high resolution crystal structures of the β-lactamase inhibitors sulbactam and clavulanic acid bound to the deacylation-deficient E166A variant of SHV-1 β-lactamase. Our previous Raman measurements have identified the trans-enamine species for both inhibitors and were used to guide the soaking time and concentration to achieve full occupancy of the active sites. The two inhibitor-bound x-ray structures revealed a linear trans-enamine intermediate covalently attached to the active site Ser-70 residue. This intermediate was thought to play a key role in the transient inhibition of class A β-lactamases. Both the Raman and x-ray data indicated that the clavulanic acid intermediate is decarboxylated. When compared with our previously determined tazobactam-bound inhibitor structure, our new inhibitor-bound structures revealed an increased disorder in the tail region of the inhibitors as well as in the enamine skeleton. The x-ray crystallographic observations correlated with the broadening of the O-C=C-N (enamine) symmetric stretch Raman band near 1595 cm-1. Band broadening in the sulbactam and clavulanic acid inter-mediates reflected a heterogeneous conformational population that results from variations of torsional angles in the O-(C=O)-C=C=NH-C skeleton. These observations led us to conclude that the conformational stability of the trans-enamine form is critical for their transient inhibitory efficacy.
Affinity constants and behavior of Cd sorption in some acid soils

Cadmium sorption was studied in several acidic soils in a pH range from 4.5 to 6.5. The soils had two classes of surfaces with acidity constants (pKa1 = 4.09 and pKa2 = 6.39) similar to those for weakly and very weakly cidic carboxyls, and N-containing groups in fulvic acid. Titratable H and acidity constants were used to estimate the number of exchange sites at each pH level. Sorption of Cd was closely related to Cd concentration, pH, and soil type. Although the inclusion of pH and organic C contents in a regression accounted for some variations in the Cd distribution coefficient defined as the ratio of the quantity of Cd sorbed to the solution Cd concentration, the number of sorption sites was a more appropriate factor to explain the variability. Because of a negligible contribution to the number of exchange sites from Fe oxides, the sorption of Cd at pH = 4.5 was considered to be of a one-surface Langmuir type. A two-surface Langmuir equation was considered to model sorption at higher pH values. The average affinity constants (log K) were 3.61 and 4.89 for Cd sorption by the two classes of surfaces.
Aortocaval fistula complicating abdominal aortic aneurysm: case report and literature review.

Aortocaval fistula is a rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm involving less than 1% of all abdominal aortic aneurysms. The diagnosis is difficult, and preoperative identification can be challenging. We describe an interesting case of a 72-year-old man presenting with acute-onset dyspnea who was found to have an aortocaval fistula secondary to a large abdominal aortic aneurysm. The clinical features that exemplify aortocaval fistula are discussed and the literature reviewed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of payoff on detection in a symmetric auditory detection task

Signal detection payoff in symmetrical auditory task, studying effect on rates and error analysis
Respiratory findings and urban living.

In 1962 and 1963, a cardiorespiratory examination was administered to men 40 to 64 years of age in selected occupations in telephone companies in Baltimore, New York, Washington, DC, and rural Westchester County, New York. Five to six years later, these examinations were repeated for the same groups of employees. Similar examinations were given in 1967 to the same types of employees in Tokyo. In all three surveys, respiratory abnormalities were more frequent with increasing age and with increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked per day. With due allowance for the effects of age and smoking, there were no significant associations of findings with residence at birth, previous or current home address, or present place of employment, except that men employed in New York tended to have slightly increased frequency of symptoms involving cough and phlegm.
The immune system provides a strong response to even a low exposure to virus

How influenza virus dose affects the size of the immune response has not been clearly documented. Mice were challenged with three doses of influenza virus spanning a 100-fold range. Increasing the viral input dose increased the degree of weight loss observed, the clinical score and eventual mortality. Maximum viral loads increased with viral input and lower doses peaked and declined earlier. The level of the immune response only varied 2-fold and was independent of viral dose with near maximal responses elicited by the lowest dose, as measured by influx of antigen-specific and non-specific leukocytes into the lungs and by influenza antibody titers. We conclude that a strong immune response is mounted to a small dose of virus and curbs the spread of virus early and prevents weight loss whereas larger doses of virus elicit a slightly greater response but the associated disease can overwhelm the host.
Defect and Microstructural Analyses in Ferromagnetic Material

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ferromagnetic materials requires special and often time-consuming procedures to obtain good images. Tilting and high resolution experiments are particularly difficult. A survey of several investigations of microstructures in ferromagnetic materials ranging from pure iron to commercial magnet materials is presented. The topics of these investigations include determination of Burgers vectors and interstitial/vacancy character for dislocation loops, cavity shape analyses, magnetic domain/microstructure correlations, and characterization of structures resulting from isotropic spinodal decomposition. Problems encountered during these studies as they relate to magnetic materials and the modifications to standard microscope operating procedures required to overcome these problems are presented. This discussion includes specimen requirements, specimen loading and insertion, and alignment corrections required during specimen tilting.
Seeding Rates for Stale Seedbed Rice Production in the Midsouthern United States

The establishment of an adequate and uniform rice (Oryza saliva L.) stand is critical to achieve high grain yields. The literature is extensive for older cultivars planted in conventional tillage and/or water-seeded systems; however, there are no published data for current cultivars grown in stale seedbed systems. Six of the cultivars most commonly grown in the Midsouth rice production area of the USA were drill seeded at densities of 108, 215, 323, 430, and 538 seeds m -2 into a stale seedbed at Crowley, LA, from 2002 to 2004, and in Clarksdale, MS, in 2003 and 2004. Established plant densities responded linearly to seeding rate for all cultivars except Cocodrie, which responded quadratically. Rough rice yields were not affected by seeding rate for Cheniere, but followed, a quadratic relationship for the cultivars CL161, Cocodrie, and Priscilla. A location x seeding rate interaction was detected for yield of Wells. Seeding rate did not affect rough rice yields for Wells in Mississippi, while in Louisiana, yields responded quadratically. Francis rough rice yields increased linearly with increased seeding rates. Optimal rough rice grain yields can be achieved in Mississippi and Louisiana with a seeding rate of 323 seeds m -2 for cultivars that are currently grown across the Midsouth rice-producing area in the USA. Furthermore, depending on the cultivar, when plant densities are uniform and range from 50 to 70 plants m -2 , the resulting rice grain yields may offset the cost of terminating the stand and replanting.
Measured wireless LAN public hotspot traffic statistics

Measured public wireless local-area network (PWLAN) traffic statistics at two operational hotspots in Austin, Texas, USA, are presented. The results provide insights into the required provisioning for PWLANs and yield autonomous control approaches in future broadband wireless access and real-time wireless voice/video services.
The Changing Landscape of Surgical Education: What are Residency Education Teams and do we Need Them?

Objectives This study aims to understand how general surgery training programs constitute their residency education team (RET), how they define the roles of RET members, and how they measure success of the team. It fundamentally asks the question, " What is a RET and do we need one? " Design and Participants Program directors, associate program directors, educators, program coordinators, and chief residents from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) general surgery training programs were asked to anonymously complete a survey categorized into 3 sections: (1) roles and responsibilities, (2) views of his/her RET and team members, and (3) general views about RETs. All respondents provided their opinions on the importance of a RET for administering and leading a surgical residency, whom the ideal members would be, and the main outcomes of a high-functioning RET. Results Respondents ( n = 167) included 59 (35.3%) program directors, 16 (9.6%) associate program directors, 8 (4.8%) educators, 67 (40.1%) program coordinators, and 6 (3.6%) chief residents. Overall, 84.4% of respondents were a part of a RET, defined as 2 or more individuals who are responsible and accountable for oversight and conduct of the residency training program . RET respondents expressed statistically significantly and higher importance for a RET (p Conclusions This study provides a snapshot of how some associated with general surgery residencies view and value RETs. The results of this survey are preliminary and suggest a need for educators within surgery programs and ambiguity about the role of associate program director. It also suggests that a closer look at role responsibilities may be of value, especially in view of the changing landscape of surgical education. Overall, most respondents felt that a RET was important to the main outcomes of a successful residency program.
Bub1 Kinase and Sgo1 Modulate Pericentric Chromatin in Response to Altered Microtubule Dynamics

Summary Background Tension sensing of bioriented chromosomes is essential for the fidelity of chromosome segregation. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) conveys lack of tension or attachment to the anaphase promoting complex. Components of the SAC (Bub1) phosphorylate histone H2A (S121) and recruit the protector of cohesin, Shugoshin (Sgo1), to the inner centromere. How the chromatin structural modifications of the inner centromere are integrated into the tension sensing mechanisms and the checkpoint are not known. Results We have identified a Bub1/Sgo1-dependent structural change in the geometry and dynamics of kinetochores and the pericentric chromatin upon reduction of microtubule dynamics. The cluster of inner kinetochores contract, whereas the pericentric chromatin and cohesin that encircle spindle microtubules undergo a radial expansion. Despite its increased spatial distribution, the pericentric chromatin is less dynamic. The change in dynamics is due to histone H2A phosphorylation and Sgo1 recruitment to the pericentric chromatin, rather than microtubule dynamics. Conclusions Bub1 and Sgo1 act as a rheostat to regulate the chromatin spring and maintain force balance. Through histone H2A S121 phosphorylation and recruitment of Sgo1, Bub1 kinase softens the chromatin spring in response to changes in microtubule dynamics. The geometric alteration of all 16 kinetochores and pericentric chromatin reflect global changes in the pericentromeric region and provide mechanisms for mechanically amplifying damage at a single kinetochore microtubule.
Art and Concept: A Philosophical Study

Art and Concept:. Philosophical Study, Lucien Krukowski .Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987,127 pp.
Phasor measurement units: Functionality and applications

Operating of electric power systems is becoming more and more complex and is posing more and more challenges every day as they are operated close to their stability limits. Electrical power systems are expending (renewable energy source RES, distributed generation DG, independent power producers IPPs, etc. which are often no dispatchable or controllable generation) while the energy market (generation, distribution, transmission) is deregulated. In addition, regulatory pressure tends to focus power system operators attention to grown the Return of Investment of their assets while power consumption is increasing and power system infrastructures are aging. On the other hand, the demand for higher reliability and power quality is increasing as power electronics driven sensitive loads are added by the industrial consumers. Power electronic converters can be found wherever there is a need to modify the electrical energy form (i.e modify its voltage, current or frequency).
Improving hospital venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with electronic decision support.

BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) disease prophylaxis rates among medical inpatients have been noted to be <50%. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a computerized decision support application to improve VTE prophylaxis. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS Adult inpatients on hospital medicine and nonmedicine services. INTERVENTION A decision support application designed by a quality improvement team was implemented on medicine services in September 2009. MEASUREMENTS Effectiveness and safety parameters were compared on medicine services and nonmedicine (nonimplementation) services for 6-month periods before and after implementation. Effectiveness was evaluated by retrospective information system queries for rates of any VTE prophylaxis, pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis, and hospital-acquired VTE incidence. Safety was evaluated by queries for bleeding and thrombocytopenia rates. RESULTS Medicine service overall VTE prophylaxis increased from 61.9% to 82.1% (P < 0.001), and pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis increased from 59.0% to 74.5% (P < 0.001). Smaller but significant increases were observed on nonmedicine services. Hospital-acquired VTE incidence on medicine services decreased significantly from 0.65% to 0.42% (P = 0.008) and nonsignificantly on nonmedicine services. Bleeding rates increased from 2.9% to 4.0% (P < 0.001) on medicine services and from 7.7% to 8.6% (P = 0.043) on nonmedicine services, with nonsignificant changes in thrombocytopenia rates observed on both services. CONCLUSIONS An electronic decision support application on inpatient medicine services can significantly improve VTE prophylaxis and hospital-acquired VTE rates with a reasonable safety profile. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:115–120. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Ships and Mariners in Later Medieval England

whelmingly royal and so they reduce the individual efforts of men and their ships to entries of income and expenditures in exchequer records, commissions of arrest or impressment, legal briefs, and occasional parliamentary records. The chroniclers prove of little help because of their general unfamiliarity with maritime affairs or because of the restricted interests of their patrons. Consequently, historians are forced to revert to the well-preserved English archival material which can shed light on the topic. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the value of the administrative records of medieval England in the study of ships and mariners. The focus of the essay is on the early history of the royal navy as opposed to the merchant ships impressed by the crown. Although this approach is not unique, questions regarding the composition, maintenance, or manning of royal fleets are traditionally answered by a discussion of the merchant marine. This study has been confined to the fourteenth century-a period crucial to the English experience because of the origins of the Hundred Years' War with France and the demands which the war placed upon the naval resources of England. English fleets in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries relied heavily upon the Cinque Ports whose commitment of 57 ships for 15 days' service per year was formalized in the thirteenth century by "ancient custom." Impressment of mercantile vessels at these and other ports was a crown right and provided the bulk of the royal fleets.' Total dependence upon merchant shipping to meet royal needs proved unsatisfactory during periods of protracted war
The post-genomic era of biological network alignment

Biological network alignment aims to find regions of topological and functional (dis)similarities between molecular networks of different species. Then, network alignment can guide the transfer of biological knowledge from well-studied model species to less well-studied species between conserved (aligned) network regions, thus complementing valuable insights that have already been provided by genomic sequence alignment. Here, we review computational challenges behind the network alignment problem, existing approaches for solving the problem, ways of evaluating their alignment quality, and the approaches’ biomedical applications. We discuss recent innovative efforts of improving the existing view of network alignment. We conclude with open research questions in comparative biological network research that could further our understanding of principles of life, evolution, disease, and therapeutics.
Kinetic Destabilization of Metal–Metal Single Bonds: Isolation of a Pentacoordinate Manganese(0) Monoradical

The 17e(-) monoradical [Mn(CO)5 ] is widely recognized as an unstable organometallic transient and is known to dimerize rapidly with the formation of a MnMn single bond. As a result of this instability, isolable analogues of [Mn(CO)5 ] have remained elusive. Herein, we show that two sterically encumbering isocyanide ligands can destabilize the MnMn bond leading to the formation of the isolable, manganese(0) monoradical [Mn(CO)3 (CNAr(Dipp2) )2 ] (Ar(Dipp2) =2,6-(2,6-(iPr)2 C6 H3 )2 C6 H3 ). The persistence of [Mn(CO)3 (CNAr(Dipp2) )2 ] has allowed for new insights into nitrosoarene spin-trapping studies of [Mn(CO)5 ].
Roles of tyrosine 158 and lysine 165 in the catalytic mechanism of InhA, the enoyl-ACP reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The role of tyrosine 158 (Y158) and lysine 165 (K165) in the catalytic mechanism of InhA, the enoyl-ACP reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been investigated. These residues have been identified as putative catalytic residues on the basis of structural and sequence homology with the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase family of enzymes. Replacement of Y158 with phenylalanine (Y158F) and with alanine (Y158A) results in 24- and 1500-fold decreases in kcat, respectively, while leaving Km for the substrate, trans-2-dodecenoyl-CoA, unaffected. Remarkably, however, replacement of Y158 with serine (Y158S) results in an enzyme with wild-type activity. Kinetic isotope effect studies indicate that the transfer of a solvent-exchangeable proton is partially rate-limiting for the wild-type and Y158S enzymes, but not for the Y158A enzyme. These data indicate that Y158 does not function formally as a proton donor in the reaction but likely functions as an electrophilic catalyst, stabilizing the transition state...
Microwave Scattering Models for Earth Terrain

This article treats microwave scattering models for soil surface, leafy vegetation, and snow-covered terrain. These models are generally useful for understanding the physics of the scattering problem, the design of scatterometers for specific applications, and the inversion of physical or geometric terrain parameters in remote sensing. It begins with introducing basic terms associated with the general scattering problem and terms associated with specific types of terrain. Then, it shows how surface scattering, volume scattering, and surface–volume interaction fit together in terrain scattering through the radiative transfer formulation. Illustrations of theoretical model behaviors are given for each terrain type, while derivations of the scattering models are provided in the references. The applications of these models to data interpretations are discussed. Keywords: surface scattering; volume scattering; scattering from vegetation; scattering from snow; terrain scattering
Living With Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest: A Survivor's Guide, 2nd edition

In 1995, Robert S.Yeats found himself teaching a core curriculum class at Oregon State University for undergraduate nonscience majors, linking recent discoveries on the earthquake hazard in the Pacific Northwest to societal response to those hazards. The notes for that course evolved into the first edition of this book, published in 1998. In 2001, he published a similar book, Living With Earthquakes in California: A Survivors Guide (Oregon State University Press). Recent earthquakes, such as the 2001 Nisqually Mw6.8, discoveries, and new techniques in paleoseismology plus changes in public policy decisions, quickly outdated the first Pacific Northwest edition. This is especially true with the Cascadia Subduction Zone and crustal faults, where our knowledge expands with every scientific meeting.
New foundry models - accelerations in transformations of the semiconductor industry

Summary form only given. Moore's Law continues to deliver ever-more transistors on an integrated circuit, but discontinuities in the progress of technology mean that the future isn't simply an extrapolation of the past. For example, design cost and complexity constraints have recently caused the microprocessor industry to switch to multi-core architectures, even though these parallel machines present programming challenges that are far from solved. Moore's Law now translates into ever-more processors on a multi-, and soon many-core chip. The software challenge is compounded by the need for increasing fault-tolerance as near-atomic-scale variability and robustness problems bite harder. We look beyond this transitional phase to a future where the availability of processor resource is effectively unlimited and computations must be optimised for energy usage rather than load balancing, and we look to biology for examples of how such systems might work. Conventional concerns such as synchronisation and determinism are abandoned in favour of real-time operation and adapting around component failure with minimal loss of system efficacy.
State-dependent Riccati equation approach for optimal control of a tandem cold metal rolling process

The tandem cold rolling of metal strip is a large multiinput-multioutput process that presents a difficult challenge to the control designer because of the following factors: 1) the complex interactions between the process variables; 2) the nonlinearities; and 3) the interstand time delays that change significantly with the mill speed. Control systems using the present technology have produced an acceptable product but are limited in their capability for improvement in performance and robustness, and therefore, there is a need for a better approach. It is considered that the state-dependent algebraic Riccati equation technique for the control of nonlinear systems that has been quite successful in the aerospace industry might fulfil this need. This paper presents the results of an initial work performed to investigate the theoretical and applied aspects of this technique for the control of the tandem cold rolling mill. In this paper, nonlinear state space equations are derived from a mathematical model of the mill, and a controller using the state-dependent Riccati equation approach (with trims) is developed. By simulation of typical operating conditions, the controller, when coupled to the model, is shown to be effective in reducing the effects of disturbances in entry strip thickness and hardness.
Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene

Isotopic analyses of three stalagmites from Cold Water Cave, northeast Iowa, United States, reveal nearly identical δ 13 C trends from ca. 7 to 2 ka. However, δ 18 O patterns differ by as much as 3‰ from 5.7 to 3.2 ka. These disparate δ 18 O values reflect evaporative 18 O enrichment in meteoric water prior to infiltration, suggesting that previously calculated temperatures based on a single Cold Water Cave stalagmite overestimated middle Holocene warming. The coincidence of elevated middle Holocene growth rates in the stalagmites with the lowest oxygen isotopic compositions indicates that the middle Holocene was marked by a predominance of coolweather precipitation during a period of increased overall aridity.
The Soudan Mine Experiment: A Dense Detector for Baryon Decay

We describe the progress to date on construction of a baryon decay detector in the Soudan Mine in northeastern Minnesota. This first phase of this detector has a mass of 40 tons (3 × 1031 nucleons) of taconite concrete and steel ionization tubes. The first operation of this detector is scheduled for Summer, 1980.
Hydrogen generation for sensing and control in submerged friction stir welding

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a recently developed welding technique, where the metals that are welded are not melted. FSW takes place at temperatures below the solidus points of the metals that a...
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Learning in High and Low Performing SMEs

This paper examines the relationship between an organization’s learning orientation, its information technology competency and entrepreneurial orientation. It is proposed that a commitment to learning and a culture of learning coupled with the tools and capabilities to gather and compile information and knowledge from outside organizational boundaries facilitates the identification of opportunities. Small and medium-sized firms with high levels of an entrepreneurial orientation in turn are able to capitalize on opportunities yielding higher performance levels for the firm. Data from a sample of manufacturing SMEs tends to support these propositions. Conclusions and recommendations for SME management practice is discussed.
Is Calculus Relevant to Survival? Managing the Evolutionary Novelty of Modern Education

Humans have always educated their children, but until recently education was done “hands-on” by a parent, familiar adult, or more competent peer. It has only been within the last few centuries that a significant number of the world’s children must learn some culturally important context-independent skills, such as reading, writing, and mathematics. These skills are usually taught to children by unfamiliar adults in unfamiliar settings. The result is that much of formal education is an evolutionary novelty. Sitting in classrooms, reading books, or memorizing multiplication tables were certainly not requisite skills for our evolutionary forechildren to master. Yet such evolutionarily novel tasks are critical for functioning in modern societies, and children are quite capable of achieving such feats given appropriate attention and training. However, this leaves many contemporary societies with discrepancies between conditions of modern life and the evolutionary skill set endowed to each child by human cognitive evolution. It is the job of education to bridge this gap, and just as an evolutionary perspective can inform the study of child development at large, perhaps it can also inform educational practices. This chapter presents a brief summary of current common education practice and theory, followed by a description of theory and research underlying an evolutionary approach to education in an effort to prompt discussion regarding the merits and applicability of evolutionary reasoning to education.
Control of diffusion and exudation of vegetable oils in EPDM copolymers

Abstract As a response to environmental problems caused by plasticisers, the feasibility of replacing a significant proportion of the plasticisers in a synthetic ethylene-propylene-diene monomer copolymer (EPDM) matrix with bio-based materials was studied. In that context, different bio-based commercials plasticisers such as Radia® supplied by Oleon, methyl ester of soybean oil, epoxidized methyl ester of soybean oil, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and untreated vegetable oils (rapeseed, soybean, linseed and tung) were tested. Diffusion analysis using the bi-layers rheology method and exudation analysis highlighted an important exudation phenomenon at 80 °C for all oils tested. To overcome this problem, a second part of this work was focused on the use of a specific highly reactive vegetable tung oil. The in situ polymerisation of this oil by thermal activation without the use of catalysts allowed to totally prevent the exudation phenomenon by increasing the viscosity of the oil. Compared with the use of pure tung oil, the degree of exudation was greatly decreased, from more than 8% to less than 1%.
Remote Bridge Monitoring Systems for Bridge Condition

Long-term continuous monitoring of structures may be helpful in many aspects of structural engineering when parameters of interest may change significantly over time. To test the idea of continuous...
Transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis predicts drivers of altered gene expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

The molecular mechanisms behind the transition from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not clearly understood. This hinders development of effective therapies for treatment and prevention of NASH. In this study expression profiling data from normal, steatosis, and NASH human livers were used to predict transcription factors that are misregulated as mechanistic features of NAFLD progression. Previously-published human NAFLD gene expression profiling data from normal, steatosis, and NASH livers were subjected to transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis. Selected transcription factors that bind enriched transcription factor binding sites were analyzed for changes in expression. Distinct transcription factor binding sites were enriched in genes significantly up- or down-regulated in NASH livers. Those enriched in up-regulated genes were bound by transcription factors such as FOXA, CEBP, and HNF1 family members, while those enriched in down-regulated genes were bound by nuclear receptors involved in xenobiotic sensing and lipid metabolism. Levels of mRNA and protein for selected transcription factors were significantly changed during disease progression. The study indicates that NAFLD progression involves changes in activity or expression of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in hepatic processes known to be altered in NASH. Transcription factors such as PPAR receptors, FoxA family members, and HNF4A might be targeted therapeutically to prevent NAFLD progression.
Intrinsic Fluorescence of Proteins

These are some thoughts to introduce this volume on protein fluorescence. The following articles will describe several specific protein systems and fluorescence techniques. There will be examples that focus on understanding the fluorescence properties of a protein, articles that exploit fluorescence to gain information about protein dynamics, and articles that apply the fluorescence of tryptophan or other fluorophores to gain kinetic or thermodynamic information. The applications of fluorescence are vast.