cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting Combinatorial Hierarchy in Tilings Using Derived Voronoi Tessellations

Abstract. Tilings of R 2 can display hierarchy similar to that seen in the limit sequences of substitutions. Self-similarity for tilings has been used as the standard generalization, but this viewpoint is limited because such tilings are analogous to limit points of constant-length substitutions. To generalize limit points of non-constant-length substitutions, we define hierarchy for infinite, labelled graphs, then extend this definition to tilings via their dual graphs. Examples of combinatorially substitutive tilings that are not self-similar are given. We then find a sufficient condition for detecting combinatorial hierarchy that is motivated by the characterization by Durand of substitutive sequences. That characterization relies upon the construction of the ``derived sequence''—a recoding in terms of reappearances of an initial block. Following this, we define the ``derived Voronoi tiling''—a retiling in terms of reappearances of an initial patch of tiles. Using derived Voronoi tilings, we obtain a sufficient condition for a tiling to be combinatorially substitutive.
High efficient bowtie nanoantenna for thermophotovoltaic cells

A novel matching technique and the field enhancement at the terminals of a bowtie nanoantenna are utilized to develop compact, highly efficient, and flexible thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells. A nano-meter size block of Indium Gallium Arsenide Antimonide (InGaAsSb) with a low bandgap energy of 0.52 eV is mounted at the terminal of the antenna. Such a load presents a frequency dependent impedance with a high resistance and capacitance at the desired frequency (180 THz). For maximum power transfer, a high impedance plasmonic bowtie antenna operating at the anti-resonance mode in conjunction with an inductive stub is realized. At the desired band, the loaded nanoantenna shows an electric field intensity at its terminals which is 23.5 times higher than that of the incident field intensity. The infinite array of the bowtie antennas backed by a metallic reflector is shown to absorb ~ 95% of the incident power which is more than 50% higher than the bulk InGaAsSb TPV cell.
On-Line Investigation of the Generation of Nonaqueous Intermediate Radical Cations by Electrochemistry/Mass Spectrometry

Anodic oxidation of triphenylamine (TPA) in acetonitrile was investigated by electrochemistry (EC) combined on-line with mass spectrometry (MS) through a particle beam (PB) interface, EC/PB/MS. Electrooxidation of TPA generates a TPA•+ radical cation (m/z 245) which dimerizes to tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB, MW 488). TPB is readily oxidized to TPB•+ (m/z 488) and TPB2+ (m/z 244) at the oxidation potential of TPA. In EC/PB/MS, direct monitoring of the oxidation of TPB to TPB•+ radical cation as a function of the electrode potential was achieved via selective ion monitoring of the ion peak at m/z 488. By using the relative intensity ratio of ions at m/z 244 (TPB2+) to 245 (TPA•+), the formation of TPB2+ as a function of the electrode potential was also monitored. EC/PB/MS showed a maximum rate of formation of TPB•+ at +1.2 V vs Pd, while TPB2+ is generated at a maximum rate at +1.6 V vs Pd. The effect of spectral interference from the electron impact ionization of TPA, on EC/PB/MS results, is also discussed. F...
General and Organizational Religious Elites: The Case of Lutherans in Indiana

Abstract Using data on Lutherans in Indiana, the validity of some of Blau's (1977) propositions on heterogeneity is tested, after first refining his concept of the elite into two subtypes — an organizational elite, which is formed out of a group's own formal organization; and a general elite that is part of the wider society. Because of differences in the relative cosmopolitanism of the role sets of these two sets of individuals, members of the general elite should come disproportionately from areas where the base group is thinly scattered, while the organizational elite should come disproportionately from areas where the base group is heavily concentrated These hypotheses receive support from the data examined, and certain implications of the pattern are discussed.
Mesodermal Differentiation: Signal Integration During Development

This Teaching Resource provides a summary and slides derived from a lecture on the signaling cascades that mediate early embryogenesis and is part of the course "Cell Signaling Systems: A Course for Graduate Students." The lecture focuses on the mechanisms underlying germ layer formation, patterning, and suppression in the vertebrate embryo, with particular emphasis on the regulation of mesodermal development in the model organism Xenopus laevis.
Formal representation of eligibility criteria

Standards-based, computable knowledge representations for eligibility criteria are increasingly needed to provide computer-based decision support for automated research participant screening, clinical evidence application, and clinical research knowledge management. We surveyed the literature and identified five aspects of eligibility criteria knowledge representation that contribute to the various research and clinical applications: the intended use of computable eligibility criteria, the classification of eligibility criteria, the expression language for representing eligibility rules, the encoding of eligibility concepts, and the modeling of patient data. We consider three of these aspects (expression language, codification of eligibility concepts, and patient data modeling) to be essential constructs of a formal knowledge representation for eligibility criteria. The requirements for each of the three knowledge constructs vary for different use cases, which therefore should inform the development and choice of the constructs toward cost-effective knowledge representation efforts. We discuss the implications of our findings for standardization efforts toward knowledge representation for sharable and computable eligibility criteria.
Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret

Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret
Some observations on the structural and magnetic properties of evaporated cobalt-nickel films

Abstract This paper describes some structural and magnetic observations on evaporated films of 75 Co 25 Ni. The magnetic properties vary with substrate temperature and film thickness and different hysteresis loops were observed on the two surfaces of the films. The structural observations showed that a (111) fibre structure occurred at the film/air surface for some deposition conditions. A two-layer model is proposed to correlate the magnetic and structural observations.
Personnel Preparation in the Area of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Reexamination Based on Teacher Perceptions.

The authors have witnessed major changes in the preparation of special education personnel. Recent legislation, including the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004), has moved the concept of highly qualified teacher (HQT) to the national forefront. It seems reasonable that preservice preparation, teacher accountability, and administrative evaluation methods must all join to ensure that teachers are highly qualified to teach U.S. children. However, no cohesive body of information exists to guide teachers, classroom practitioners, or administrators seeking to meet the demands of theory-to-practice. The authors look at ways to promote more objective, uniform national standards of evaluation by determining key quality indicators in the field of emotional and behavioral disorders, which, in turn, should contribute to more closely approximating what constitutes an HQT.
A dissociative mechanism for the dithionite reduction of cobalt(III) myoglobin

Abstract The kinetics of reduction to the divalent state of cobalt(III)-myoglobin (CoMb+) by dithionite were studied under N2 at 25°C, μ = 0.5. The reactions were biphasic and could be separated into two simultaneous first order reactions, both of which had the same dependence on dithionite concentration. At 2.5 mM S2O42−, the half-life of the first reaction was 1.4 minutes and the second 19 minutes. The reactions were pH independent between pH 6.9 and 7.8. The rate law was consistent with a dissociative mechanism, where an axial ligand dissociates from the cobalt sites before reduction by the SO2 anion radical. Cobalt(II)-myoglobin was formed by reduction of CoMb+ with isopropanol radicals, where this presumably rapid reduction occurs without the necessity of predissociation. After reoxidation of the CoMb+ (which carries oxygen as CoMbO2)O and purification, the dithinite kinetics were again biphasic, with 40% of a fast component and 60% of a slower form. Dialysis techniques indicated that CoMb+ had little rapid binding affinity for low concentrations of cyanide at pH 7.5. The CoMb+ results are compared with the isoelectronic RuMb and RhMb+ systems, all of which show internal hemichrome characteristics.
Phase change phenomena in silicon microchannels

Abstract Understanding the boiling process and two-phase flow behavior in microchannels is the key to developing microchannel heat sinks for high-power microprocessors. We conducted experiments in micromachined silicon channels with a range of 27–171 μm hydraulic diameters and varying surface roughnesses. Bubble nucleation, flow patterns, wall temperature, as well as transient pressure fluctuations were recorded and analyzed. We observed both typical nucleate boiling and eruption boiling with large amounts of wall superheat in these channels, and recorded up to 138 kPa transient pressure fluctuations due to bubble nucleation. We found the boiling mechanism is strongly dependent on the wall surface roughness, and we explained the boiling mechanism in sub-150 μm diameter channels with Hsu’s model.
Prospects for x-ray polarimetry measurements of magnetic fields in magnetized liner inertial fusion plasmas.

Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments, where a metal liner is imploded to compress a magnetized seed plasma may generate peak magnetic fields ∼104 T (100 Megagauss) over small volumes (∼10−10m3) at high plasma densities (∼1028m−3) on 100 ns time scales. Such conditions are extremely challenging to diagnose. We discuss the possibility of, and issues involved in, using polarimetry techniques at x-ray wavelengths to measure magnetic fields under these extreme conditions.
Computted radiography and film digitizer inputs to an intensive care unit teleradiology system: An image quality comparison

Rationale and Objectives. We compared computed radiography (CR) with a film digitizer as an image input device for transmitting radiographs to intensive care unit (ICU) displays. Methods. Limiting spatial resolution and low-contrast detectability performance were determined for a 600-speed screen-film combination and CR films. The same image data were transmitted to ICU displays directly from the CR or by digitizing the conventional film. Results. CR resolution ranged from 2.5 to 3 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) depending on cassette size. Display station resolution for the CR image data was 1.5–1.9 lp/mm, but improved resolution could be achieved using display magnification modes. Film digitization resulted in a loss of resolution. Direct transmission of CR image data to display stations gave low-contrast detectability similar to that obtained with CR film. Conclusion. ICU teleradiology displays that use CR, rather than film digitizers, offer improved image quality and superior operational efficiency.
A crystal growth method based on controlled power reduction under stabilising thermal gradients

Crystal growth method based on controlled power reduction under stabilizing thermal gradients, eliminating chemical heterogeneities
Covalent binding of (+) 7S-trans-7,8-dihydrobenzo [a]pyrene-7,8-diol to trout DNA: P-450- and peroxidation-dependent pathways

Abstract Bioactivation in vivo of pure (+) 7S- trans -7,8-dihydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene-7,8-diol ((+) BP-7,8-DHD) was investigated in rainbow trout. Embryos, microinjected with 0.01–1.0 μg of [ 3 H]-(−)-7S- trans -7,8-dihydrobenzo[ a ]-pyrene-7,8-diol-anti-9,10-epoxide ((−) anti -BPDE), exhibited a dose-dependent increase in DNA adduction. Subsequently, microinjection of trout embryos with [ 14 C] (+) BP-7,8-DHD also demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in DNA adduction. To determine the relative contribution of P-450-dependent versus peroxidation-dependent epoxygenation of (+)-BP-7,8-DHD, trout embryos were co-injected with [ 14 C]-(+)-BP-7,8-DHD and either β-naphthoflavone (BNF) (CYP1A1 inducer) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) (lipid peroxidation enhancer). Co-injection with BNF tended to enhance covalent binding to DNA, which was consistent with rapid induction of CYP1A1. Co-injection with CCl 4 , significantly increased covalent binding of [ 14 C]-(+)-BP-7,8-DHD to DNA, suggesting a contribution from non-enzymic cooxidation. 32 P-Postlabeling analysis of liver DNA adducts following i.p. injections of (+) BP-7,8-DHD did not detect appreciable amounts of (−) anti-BPDE-dG from juvenile trout fed control diets or diets containing hydrogen peroxide or BNF. On the contrary, BNF pre-feeding markedly enhanced the levels of an adduct which co-chromatographed with authentic (+) syn -BPDE-dG. These results confirm that trout are capable of metabolically activating BP-DHD to the ultimate carcinogen BPDE and that BNF stimulates CYP1A1-dependent epoxygenation, but peroxidation-dependent activation may not contribute significantly to the bioactivation of BP-7,8-DHD in vivo.
Studies on the hyaluronate binding properties of newly synthesized proteoglycans purified from articular chondrocyte cultures

Primary cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes have been maintained for 10 days and labeled with [35S]sulfate, [3H]leucine, and [35S]cysteine in pulse-chase protocols to study the structure and hyaluronate binding properties of newly synthesized proteoglycan monomers. Radiolabeled monomers were purified from medium and cell-layer fractions by dissociative CsCl gradient centrifugation with bovine carrier monomer, and analyzed for hyaluronate binding affinity on Sepharose CL-2B in 0.5 M Na acetate, 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 6.8. Detergent was necessary to prevent self-association of newly synthesized monomers during chromatography. Monomers secreted during a 30-min pulse labeling with [35S]sulfate had a low affinity relative to carrier. Those molecules released into the medium during the first 12 h of chase (about 40% of the total) remained in the low affinity form whereas those retained by the cell layer rapidly acquired high affinity. In cultures where more than 90% of the preformed cell-layer proteoglycan was removed by hyaluronidase digestion before radiolabeling the newly synthesized low affinity monomers also rapidly acquired high affinity if retained in the cell layer. Cultures labeled with amino acid precursors were used to establish the purity of monomer preparations and to isolate core proteins for study. Leucine- or cysteine-labeled core proteins derived from either low or high affinity monomer preparations migrated as a single major species on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with electrophoretic mobility very similar to that of core protein derived from extracted proteoglycan monomer. Purified low affinity monomers were converted to the high affinity form by treatment at pH 8.6; however, this change was prevented by guanidinium-HCl at concentrations above 0.8 M. Conversion to high affinity was also achieved by incubation of monomers in aggregate with hyaluronic acid (HA) at pH 6.8 followed by dissociative reisolation of monomer. At both pH 6.8 and 8.6 the conversion process was slow, requiring up to 48 h for the maximum increase in affinity. It is suggested that the slow increase in HA binding affinity seen during extracellular processing of proteoglycans in cartilage and chondrocyte cultures is the result of an irreversible structural change in the HA binding domain following the binding of monomer to hyaluronate. The available evidence suggests that this change involves the formation or rearrangement of disulfide bonds.
Anesthesia: a discipline that incorporates clinical pharmacology across the DDRU continuum.

he dawn of the modern discipline of anesthesia can be traced to 16 October 1846, when William Morton administered ether to a patient who was undergoing surgical removal of a vascular malformation. The event took place in the surgical amphitheater in the Bullfinch Building of Massachusetts General Hospital, now known as the Ether Dome, and was memorialized by Robert C. Hinckley in a painting that is reproduced on the cover of this issue. Although Crawford Long first administered ether as a general anesthetic in 1842, this operation was not recorded, so official credit went to Morton. By today’s evidentiary standards, Morton’s experiment lacked the statistical safeguards of placebo control, double-blinding, and randomization, but the crowd shown in Hinckley’s painting certainly documents substantial peer review.Subsequent to this demonstration, anesthesia developed slowly as a medical discipline—the American Board of Anesthesiology not being founded until 1937—but it can be argued that anesthesia today stands out as the major primary medical specialty that routinely incorporates clinical pharmacology principles in patient care. In turn, scientists trained in anesthesia or working with compounds used in anesthesia have made major contributions to clinical pharmacology across the entire continuum of drug discovery, development, regulation, and utilization (DDRU). Most notable have been major contributions in the areas of physiological pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling, and pharmacogenetics.
Continuous-wave operation of sampled grating tunable lasers with 10 mwatt output power, >60 nm tuning, and monotonic tuning characteristics

We describe recent results in widely tunable sampled grating lasers grown with tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) and tertiarybutylarsine (TBA) column V sources. These devices exhibit 62 nm CW tuning range, 30-50 dB MSR, 10 mW output power, and monotonic tuning. >
Gorham’s Disease or Massive Osteolysis

Gorham’s disease is a rare disorder characterized by proliferation of vascular channels that results in destruction and resorption of osseous matrix. Since the initial description of the disease by Gorham and colleagues (1954) and by Gorham and Stout (1955), fifty years have elapsed but still the precise etiology of Gorham’s disease remains poorly understood and largely unknown. There is no evidence of a malignant, neuropathic, or infectious component involved in the causation of this disorder. The mechanism of bone resorption is unclear. The clinical presentation of Gorham’s disease is variable and depends on the site of involvement. It often takes many months or years before the offending lesion is correctly diagnosed. A high index of clinical suspicion is needed to arrive at an early, accurate diagnosis. Patients with Gorham’s disease may complain of dull aching pain or insidious onset of progressive weakness. In some cases, pathologic fracture often leads to its discovery. Gorham’s disease is progressive in most patients; however, in some cases, the disease process is self-limiting. The clinical course is generally protracted but rarely fatal, with eventual stabilization of the affected bone being the most common sequelae. Chylous pericardial and pleural effusions may occur due to mediastinal extension of the disease process from the involved vertebra, scapula, rib or sternum, and can be life threatening. A high morbidity and mortality is seen in patients with spinal and/or visceral involvement. The medical treatment for Gorham’s disease includes radiation therapy, anti-osteoclastic medications (bisphosphonates), and alpha-2b interferon. Surgical treatment options include resection of the lesion and reconstruction using bone grafts and/or prostheses. In most cases, bone grafts tend to undergo resorption and are not helpful. Surgical reconstruction and/or radiation therapy are used for management of patients who have large, symptomatic lesions with long-standing, disabling functional instability. Surgical stabilization may be required for unstable spinal lesions. Various treatment options, including pleurectomy, pleurodesis, thoracic duct ligation, radiation therapy, interferon therapy, and bleomycin, have been used for management of patients with Gorham’s disease presenting with chylothorax. In general, no single treatment modality has proven effective in arresting the disease.
Development of a Field Cycling NMR System for PQR Detection in Biopolymers

Our goal is to extend the sensitivity of field cycling pure quadrupole resonance (PQR) methods to be of use in biological systems. The nuclei of interest are 2 5 Mg, 6 7 Zn, 4 3 Ca, n B and 1 7 0 . The experiment is based on a field cycling double resonance technique, in which the quadrupole resonance of a rare nucleus is found through its effect on the magnetic order of the abundant nucleus to which the rare nucleus is coupled through dipole-dipole interaction. A field-cycling N M R spectrometer has been developed, based on our existing 500 M H z high resolution spectrometer. The sample can be shuttled pneumatically f rom the high field of a commercial 500 M H z magnet to the magnet 's top, where the residual field and its gradient is canceled out by a pair of Helmholtz coils. Low field homogeneity is within 0.5 gauss. The H signal is observed at high field as a free induction decay (FID) after a 90° pulse. At low field the sample can be irradiated by a digitally tuned R F coil in the 300 k H z 7 M H z range. The sample has to be maintained at low temperature ( ~ 3 0 K) to avoid relaxation via thermal motion of methyl groups in biomolecules. For this purpose field cycling equipment is placed in a variable temperature dewar ( 4 3 0 0 K). We plan to use solutions of biomolecules in s tandard cryoprotective buffer , containing ~ 30% glycerol. Preliminary results on the quadrupole resonance of natural abundance 1 7 0 in the cryoprotective buffer and of natural abundance n B in a protease inhibitor at 50 m M are presented.
How do cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets

CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer cells and lymphokine-activated killer cells depend primarily on the perforin/granzyme system to kill their targets, while CD4+ T cells utilize Fas and other mechanisms to induce cell death. The molecular mechanisms used by these pathways to induce target cell apoptosis may converge on common death substrates.
Sensing of atmospheric CO2 by plants

Abstract. Despite recent interest in the effects of high CO2 on plant growth and physiology, very little is known about the mechanisms by which plants sense changes in the concentration of this gas. Because atmospheric CO2 concentration is relatively constant and because the conductance of the cuticle to CO2 is low, sensory mechanisms are likely to exist only for intercellular CO2 concentration. Therefore, responses of plants to changes in atmospheric CO2 will depend on the effect of these changes on intercellular CO2 concentration. Although a variety of plant responses to atmospheric CO2 concentration have been reported, most of these can be attributed to the effects of intercellular CO2 on photosynthesis or stomatal conductance. Short-term and long-term effects of CO2 on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are discussed as sensory mechanisms for responses of plants to atmospheric CO2. Available data suggest that plants do not fully realize the potential increases in productivity associated with increased atmospheric CO2. This may be because of genetic and environmental limitations to productivity or because plant responses to CO2 have evolved to cope with variations in intercellular CO2 caused by factors other than changes in atmospheric CO2.
Use of Surgery Among Elderly Patients With Stage IV Colorectal Cancer

Purpose The role of surgery to remove the primary tumor among patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surgical practice patterns for patients ≥ 65 years of age with stage IV CRC in a US population-based cohort. Patients and Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare–linked database to evaluate the patterns of cancer treatment for 9,011 Medicare beneficiaries presenting with stage IV CRC from 1991 to 1999. Patients were categorized according to whether they had primary–cancer-directed surgery (CDS) or no CDS within 4 months of diagnosis. The use of other treatment modalities, including metastasectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation, was evaluated in relationship to whether patients belonged to the CDS or no CDS group. Results Seventy-two percent (6,469 of 9,011) of patients received CDS, and their 30-day postoperative mortality was 10%. Patients with left-sided or rectal lesions, patients older than age 75 years, ...
CAROTID BODY TUMOURS

Twenty-one patients with 22 carotid body tumours have been managed between 1963 and 1982. All presented with a neck mass and, if the tumour was extensive, pain. The diagnosis was made clinically, by ultrasound (2) and by angiography (16) and confirmed by biopsy in 19 patients. Eighteen resections were performed, without mortality but with a stroke rate of 16% and an overall complication rate of 36%. Four patients required reconstruction of the internal carotid artery.
Multiphase Transformer Effect and Harmonic Response Analysis of Accelerator Power System

Accelerator main dipole magnet system magnetic field regulation depends on its transmission line characteristic properties and its power supply system regulations. In addition, the main magnet AC power transformer configuration has indirect impact on the field quality of dipole magnet. A large accelerator main magnet system consists of hundreds, even thousands, of dipole magnets. They are linked together under selected configurations to provide uniform dipole fields when powered. When all dipole magnets are linked together in a synchrotron, they become a coupled pair of very high order complex ladder networks due to magnet parasitic capacitance, leakage resistance, and conductor resistance. In this study, we present multiphase transformer effect and harmonic response analysis of AGS main magnet system.
The development of emotion regulation: an fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal in children, adolescents and young adults

The ability to use cognitive reappraisal to regulate emotions is an adaptive skill in adulthood, but little is known about its development. Because reappraisal is thought to be supported by linearly developing prefrontal regions, one prediction is that reappraisal ability develops linearly. However, recent investigations into socio-emotional development suggest that there are non-linear patterns that uniquely affect adolescents. We compared older children (10–13), adolescents (14–17) and young adults (18–22) on a task that distinguishes negative emotional reactivity from reappraisal ability. Behaviorally, we observed no age differences in self-reported emotional reactivity, but linear and quadratic relationships between reappraisal ability and age. Neurally, we observed linear age-related increases in activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, previously identified in adult reappraisal. We observed a quadratic pattern of activation with age in regions associated with social cognitive processes like mental state attribution (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, anterior temporal cortex). In these regions, we observed relatively lower reactivity-related activation in adolescents, but higher reappraisal-related activation. This suggests that (i) engagement of the cognitive control components of reappraisal increases linearly with age and (ii) adolescents may not normally recruit regions associated with mental state attribution, but (iii) this can be reversed with reappraisal instructions.
Taking Time for Legal Research Instruction at the Reference Desk

Summary Different types of legal research techniques can be used at the reference desk with the goal of assisting the patron in learning research skills while helping alleviate reference desk congestion. Guidelines are provided to help the librarian decide which type of instruction to use at the reference desk based on time available and staffing constraints in the library. Also considered are the information gathering needs of the primary clientele of the library.
Interaction and Immediacy in Online Learning

This article presents the concepts of interaction and immediacy and discusses their theoretical frameworks, implications, and relationship with one another. The authors propose the development of a new conceptual model and recommend additional antecedent research.
The Opper Project: Collaborating with Educators to Promote the Use of Editorial Cartoons in the Social Studies Classroom

Curators, archivists, and librarians who work in special collections, including those affiliated with institutions of higher learning, are increasingly debating the advantages and importance of serving wider user populations, with particular emphasis on K–12 educators and students. Likewise, K–12 teachers have been increasingly encouraged—even mandated—to make use in their pedagogy of the kinds of primary documents that are located in special collections and archives. The challenge for special collections professionals is to know what might be useful in the K–12 classroom and how to make it available in a way that protects the physical objects. . . .
Protein carbonyl assay to measure oxidative stress in muscle of exercising horses supplemented with vitamin E.

Intense exercise has been associated with free radical damage that forms potentially measurable by-products in the blood and muscle of exercising subjects. The extent of damage to the exercising animal has yet to be conclusively determined, and studies often focus on by-products in the blood rather than muscle. The current study examined the presence of oxidative products in the muscle of exercising horses as well as the effects of excess vitamin E on the presence of these products. Eight Thoroughbred horses were used in a crossover design, with one group being fed vitamin E at the 1989 NRC [National Research Council (1989) Nutrient Requirements of Horses . 5th revised edn.; Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp. 48] level recommended for horses in moderate to intense work (80 IU kg DM − 1 ), and the second group being fed the control diet plus 3000 IU day − 1 dl -α-tocopheryl acetate. The horses underwent an 8-week training programme and a final standard exercise test (SET). During the SET, the horses ran on a 6° incline to exhaustion. Muscle samples were biopsied before and after performing the SET and analysed for the presence of carbonyl groups and ubiquitin. Blood was collected prior to the SET and analysed for vitamin E. No significant differences in plasma vitamin E were found between treatment groups. However, myofibril carbonylation, a product of free radical damage to muscle tissue, was found to be lower in vitamin E-supplemented horses post-SET exercise ( P
Real-Time Tumor Tracking for Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Using SQUID Magnetometers

We present a method for real-time tumor tracking in external beam radiotherapy using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers. The objective is to develop a localization algorithm and determine a cost effective sensor configuration that is capable of long-range localization, ~1000 mm, with an accuracy of 1-2 mm. We developed several algorithms to calculate the location of a magnetic dipole for geometry relevant for four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) to investigate sensor configuration and accuracy. We determined that two cube detectors, located diametrically opposite, are a feasible design for the localization system.
Positive and negative effects of external influences on program design

Program fidelity to initial design is a critical measure in implementation research and often considered an important element of program success. This approach assumes that a program's initial design is immune to the influence of external forces and is based entirely on sound evidence, theory, and practice. Using a permanent supportive housing program for domestic violence victims as a case study, this research examines how external influences may affect program theory and design and evaluates whether such influences are perceived as opportunities or barriers by program administrators. Findings, based on document review, stakeholder interviews, and focus groups, reveal that funding and physical site characteristics, and to a lesser degree, community support and professional standards, were important external influences. Both opportunities and barriers affected program design, but these effects differed in timing and degree.
Consequences of rhizosphere acidification on delivery and uptake kinetics of soil phosphorus.

Summary Experiments were undertaken to quantify the mechanisms by which acidity might affect phosphorus movement and uptake by black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.). Phosphorus diffusion rates in six forest soils were determined by desorption-isotherm buffer power assays. Changes in diffusion as a function of acidity were measured using pH-adjusted desorption solutions. Depending on soil type and phosphorus source solubility, up to a fivefold increase in phosphorus diffusion rate was observed with an increased acidity of one pH unit. Phosphorus uptake rates of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal black locust at pH 4 and pH 7 were determined from 32P-labeled nutrient-depletion experiments. In mycorrhizal plants, the rate of phosphorus uptake at pH 4.0 was twice that observed at pH 7.0. Non-mycorrhizal plant uptake rates were similar at both pH 4.0 and pH 7.0. The contribution of soil nutrient supply mechanisms to plant nutrient content increased with rhizosphere acidification. Uptake kinetics were also affected by rhizosphere acidification, but to a lesser extent.
Electrodiffusion Model Simulation of Ionic Channels: 1D Simulations

The drift-diffusion (Poisson-Nernst-Planck) model is applied to ionic channels in biological membranes plus surrounding solution baths. Simulations of the K channel in KCl solutions using the TRBDF2 method are presented which show significant boundary layers at the ends of the channel. The computed current-voltage curve for the K channel shows excellent agreement with experimental measurements.
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Ropinirole in Chronic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Evidence suggests the potential to improve motor status in patients with stroke by modifying brain catecholaminergic tone. The current study hypothesized that increased dopaminergic tone via the dopamine agonist ropinirole, when combined with physiotherapy (PT), would significantly and safely increase gait velocity. Methods— Patients with moderate motor deficits due to stroke 1 to 12 months prior were randomized (double blinded) to 9 weeks of immediate-release ropinirole or placebo, each with PT, and followed up for 3 additional weeks. Drug dose (0.25 to 4 mg once daily) was titrated weekly, as tolerated. The primary end point was gait velocity during the 12 weeks of study participation. Results— Patients in the ropinirole+PT group averaged 2.4 mg/d by end of week 9, although the target dose was at least 3 mg/d. Ropinirole+PT was generally safe and well tolerated, including no drug-related serious adverse events. Across all 33 enrollees, significant gains were found over time for g...
Identification of an inhibitor of the aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib [AAC(6′)-Ib] by glide molecular docking

The aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib, AAC(6′)-Ib, confers resistance to clinically relevant aminoglycosides and is the most widely distributed enzyme among AAC(6′)-I-producing Gram-negative pathogens. An alternative to counter the action of this enzyme is the development of inhibitors. Glide is a computational strategy for rapidly docking ligands to protein sites and estimating their binding affinities. We docked a collection of 280 000 compounds from 7 sub-libraries of the Chembridge library as ligands to the aminoglycoside binding site of AAC(6′)-Ib. We identified a compound, 1-[3-(2-aminoethyl)benzyl]-3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (compound 1), that inhibited the acetylation of aminoglycosides in vitro with IC50 values of 39.7 and 34.9 μM when the aminoglycoside substrates assayed were kanamycin A or amikacin, respectively. The growth of an amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain was inhibited in the presence of a combination of amikacin and compound 1.
Macrophage activation for cytolysis of virally infected target cells.

Bone-marrow-culture-derived macrophages killed virally infected cells but not uninfected cells. This activity could be enhanced by preexposure of the macrophages to IIpopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or purified interferons. The ability to kill virally infected targets was not restricted to a single cell type or virus. Comparing the ability of activators to induce activity against virally infected targets or tumor (P815) targets, it was found that much lower levels of LPS or u/�3-interferon were able to Induce cytolytic activity for virally infected cells than were needed for tumor targets. Further, while the antitumor activity did not change significantly wIth an Increase In the time of exposure to activating stimuli from 4 to 24 h, the activity against virally infected cells decreased dramatically with the longer exposure to stimulI.
Content, Consciousness, and Cambridge Change

Representationalism is widely thought to grease the skids of ontological reduction. If phenomenal character is just a certain sort of intentional content, representationalists argue, the hard problem of accommodating consciousness within a broadly naturalistic view of the world reduces to the much easier problem of accommodating intentionality. I argue, however, that there’s a fatal flaw in this reasoning, for if phenomenal character really is just a certain sort of intentional content, it’s not anything like the sort of intentional content described by our best naturalistic theories. These theories make intentional content a mere Cambridge property of intentional states, a property that can be gained or lost through changes to distinct and causally disconnected objects. But consciousness is manifestly not like this; consciousness cannot suffer a mere Cambridge change. Thus, whatever ground is gained by explaining the phenomenal in terms of the intentional is lost again by undermining our best attempts to explain the intentional in terms of the natural. A Pyrrhic victory at best.
Systems of Equations and the Moore-Penrose Inverse of a Matrix

Given a linear algebraic system of m equations in n unknowns written as Ax = b, a standard method to determine the number of solutions is to first reduce the augmented matrix [A,b] to row echelon form. The number of solutions is then characterized by relations among the number of unknowns, rank (A) and rank ([A,b]). In particular, Ax = b is a consistent system of equations, that is, there exists at least one solution, if and only if rank (A) = rank ([A,b]). Moreover, a consistent system of equations Ax = b has a unique solution if and only if rank (A) = n. On the other hand, Ax = b has no exact solution when rank (A) < rank ([A,b]). It is the purpose of this chapter to show how the Moore-Penrose inverse of A can be used to distinguish among these three cases and to provide alternative forms of representations which are frequently employed in each case.
Experimental measurements of an ionic wind generated by a positive corona discharge

This paper reports on experimental measurements on an ionic wind generation device. Ionic wind is based on the entrainment of neutral atoms and molecules by ions being accelerated by an applied electric field. For a non-zero net average resultant force on the neutrals, single polarity ions are needed. In the case of a positive corona in air, molecular nitrogen positive ions dominate in the region between the cathode and the anode. The device used in ther experiments is a positive corona discharge in air between the end of sharp wires and a grounded mesh electrode. Measurements of the average wind speed as a function of different operating conditions are presented.
Free Transverse Vibration of Flat Slabs

The free transverse vibrations of a rectangular plate simply supported along the periphery and rigidly connected to its interior columns is solved by subdividing the structure into elementary components-the plate and columns, and replacing connections between these components by harmonic restraining forces at the connections. The conditions of continuity of the original structural system provide the equation from which the natural frequencies of the plate can be obtained. Examples are presented to illustrate the approach and to show the effect of bending stiffness of the supporting columns on the natural frequencies of the system.
Process Recording: A Means for Conceptualizing and Evaluating Practice

Despite the wide array of advances in recording technology, process recording remains an effective means for enabling students to conceptualize and evaluate their practice and for field instructors to track student progress toward educational goals. This article discusses process recording as both a productand a processand highlights its enduring importance in social work education as a learning and teaching tool. Building upon previous models, an updated structured outline for recording is offered which goes beyond more familiar traditional formulations to emphasize both the student's conceptualization of practice and the evaluation of student performance throughout the educational process.
Chain Mobility, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(ethylene furanoate) Compared to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), the furan-derived analogue to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), can provide a fully biosourced alternative to PET with greatly improved barrier properties and attractive thermal and mechanical properties. The improved barrier for PEF compared to PET is unexpected due to the higher free volume of PEF vs PET. Segmental motions related to penetrant diffusion in both polyesters were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, 13C–CP/MAS solid-state NMR variable contact-time experiments, and centerband-only detection of exchange (CODEX) measurements. Unlike the active phenyl ring-flipping mechanism in PET, furan ring-flipping is greatly suppressed, thereby reducing β relaxation motions and diffusion in PEF due to the energy penalty associated with the nonlinear axis of ring rotation and ring polarity. Preliminary work also shows similar oxygen solubilities for PEF and PET, thereby proving that the drastic permeability reduction results from a decrease in diffusion coefficient c...
Long-term in vitro cultivation of Rauscher Leukemia virus in rat embryo cells.

SummaryThe long-term in vitro cultivation of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) in rat embryo (RE) cells is reported. RE cells infected initially with RLV have replicated infectious virus and produced complement-fixing (CF) antigen characteristic of the murine leukemia-sarcoma virus complex for more than 12 months. Production of complete virus has been demonstrated by means of electron microscopy; and of infectious virus by the in vitro assay technic (COMuL test) based on detection of the group-specific CF antigen of murine leukemia viruses. Interferon production was not demonstrated in infected cultures. The data indicate that RE cells could be used for cultivation of RLV in a carrier state.
Blast-Like Transformation Induced in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Cellular Injury: A Comparison of Sonication and Phytohemagglutinin

The effects of sublethal sonication on short-term lymphocyte cultures were determined and compared to effects of phytohemagglutinin on similar cultures. Cells stimulated by sonication or PHA showed similar blastoid alteration, similar subtleties of trypan blue staining during the first three days of culture, and similar lysosomal patterns in the altered cells. However, cells from sonicated cultures did not display DNA or RNA synthesis rates above those seen in control cultures. In addition, trypan blue staining characteristics indicated a temporarily reversible injury in PHA stimulated cells, but not in sonicated cells. These studies support the concept that blast-like transformation of lymphocytes is related to cell damage and possibly to subsequent increase in size and activity of lysosomes.
Physical properties of magnet wire enamel films

There is much technical data on the properties and behavior of magnet wire enamels on their conductors, that is, as magnet wire. However, the behavior of the enamel resin is influenced by the presence of and its adherence to the conductor. We have determined certain basic physical properties of unsupported magnet wire enamel films. These results are useful in better understanding the behavior of the corresponding magnet wires. Table I gives the enamels investigated by type and source.
Analysis on Occupational Health Examination Results in Binhu District of Wuxi City in 2009

[Objective]To understand the health status of occupational groups in Binhu District,and identify the focus of occupational health prevention and treatment.[Methods]The examination results of local on-duty occupational population in 2009 were collected and analyzed.[Results]The major occupational hazards in Binhu District were noise,dust,benzene and other chemicals which mainly existed in casting,metallurgy,machinery,and chemical industry,with the major symptoms of damage in hearing,cardiovascular system,urinary system and blood system,especially for the Lung lesions induced by dust(5 cases of suspected pneumoconiosis,accounting for 5.75% of dust-exposed workers).[Conclusion]The major occupational hazards in Binhu District were noise and dust generated in casting,metallurgy and machinery industry.The control of noise and dust should be taken as the focus of occupational health prevention.
The NWGISS Based Node of Spatial Information Grid

This paper studies concept structure of SIG’s node, and analyzes composition structure and mechanism ofNWGISS.After that, designs a SIG’s data node and prototype system followed by OGC standard based on NWGISS.Fi-nally, a data node example, which meets SIG’s satisfaction, is established.Experimental results demonstrate the effective-ness of this node in space information service.
Improved Radiologists' Efficiency and Accuracy with the Application of Scripting Software for the Automated Reporting of Comparison Studies.

Rationale and Objectives The American College of Radiology reporting guidelines state that “comparison with relevant examinations and reports should be part of the radiologic consultation and report when appropriate and available.“ Materials and Methods We evaluated the use of open-source Windows scripting software for the automated retrieval of the date and time of prior studies. Results and Conclusion The date and time of the comparative study are transferred automatically to the present report in a structured voice recognition dictation system with a “regular expression substitution pattern” construct.