cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The psychotherapy adaptation and modification framework: Application to Asian Americans.

Although effective treatments for many mental disorders have been developed, little research has been conducted to determine whether these interventions are effective in treating those from diverse backgrounds. Recent reports have suggested that ethnic minorities are less likely to receive quality health services and that they evidence worse treatment outcomes when compared with other groups. To improve care for those from diverse backgrounds, Western-developed psychotherapies may need to be culturally modified or adapted to become more effective in treating ethnic minorities. This article addresses the need for adapting psychotherapy and provides a conceptual framework for making such modifications. The psychotherapy adaptation and modification framework model is applied to recent Asian American immigrants as an illustrative example. However, it may also serve as a point of departure to adapt therapies for other ethnocultural groups.
Interaction between an organic dye in water and sand packs in a flume system

The sorption kinetics of methylene blue (MB), a standard compound in the American Society for Testing and Materials tests, on natural sand in a batch system at a reciprocal shaking speed of 120 rpm is fast, with equilibrium and surface coverage attained in minutes. When the same experiment is carried out in a recirculating flume, adsorption is much slower, with lifetimes increasing up to several months in the flume. Sorption retardation is dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the dye and on the depth of penetration of the MB layer in sand. The experimental results suggest that, in field experiments, formation of thin films dramatically inhibits the sorption kinetics and, in a closed system, such as a lake or reservoir, contaminants will remain in the water column for long periods, with very slow penetration in the sediment layer. In rivers, the contaminant will travel farther with less penetration into the sediment layer, compared to more static systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2426–2431. © 2010 SETAC
Experiment as an aid to structural seismic design

An overview of the available methods for simulating or estimating seismic effects on buildings and similar structural models as well as onin situ structures is given. The motivation is provided by noting severe damage even to modern buildings in the wake of strong earthquakes. The complex inelastic behavior of members and connections must be determined experimentally. Such information is essential for developing mathematical design models.
Skeletons in the parser: using a shallow parser to improve deep parsing

We describe a simple approach for integrating shallow and deep parsing. We use phrase structure bracketing obtained from the Collins parser as filters to guide deep parsing. Our experiments demonstrate that our technique yields substantial gains in speed along with modest improvements in accuracy.
Escitalopram is associated with reductions in pain severity and pain interference in opioid dependent patients with depressive symptoms.

Pain is common among opioid dependent patients, yet pharmacologic strategies are limited. The aim of this study was to explore whether escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was associated with reductions in pain. The study used longitudinal data from a randomized, controlled trial that evaluated the effects of escitalopram on treatment retention in patients with depressive symptoms who were initiating buprenorphine/naloxone for treatment of opioid dependence. Participants were randomized to take escitalopram 10mg or placebo daily. Changes in pain severity, pain interference and depression were assessed at 1, 2 and 3 months visits using the Visual Analog Scale, Brief Pain Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory II, respectively. Fixed-effects estimator for panel regression models were used to assess the effects of intervention on changes in outcomes over time. Additional models were estimated to explore whether the intervention effect was mediated by within-person changes in depression. In this sample of 147 adults, we found that participants randomized to escitalopram had significantly larger reductions on both pain severity (b = −14.34, t = −2.66, p < .01) and pain interference (b = −1.20, t = −2.23, p < .05) between baseline and follow-up. After adjusting for within-subject changes in depression, the estimated effects of escitalopram on pain severity and pain interference were virtually identical to the unadjusted effects. In summary, this study of opioid-dependent patients with depressive symptoms found that treatment with escitalopram was associated with clinically meaningful reductions in pain severity and pain interference during the first three months of therapy.
Accurate modeling of lossy nonuniform transmission lines by using differential quadrature methods

This paper discusses an efficient numerical approximation technique, called the differential quadrature method (DQM), which has been adapted to model lossy uniform and nonuniform transmission lines. The DQM can quickly compute the derivative of a function at any point within its bounded domain by estimating a weighted linear sum of values of the function at a small set of points belonging to the domain. Using the DQM, the frequency-domain Telegrapher's partial differential equations for transmission lines can be discretized into a set of easily solvable algebraic equations. DQM reduces interconnects into multiport models whose port voltages and currents are related by rational formulas in the frequency domain. Although the rationalization process in DQM is comparable with the Pade approximation of asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) applied to transmission lines, the derivation mechanisms in these two disparate methods are significantly different. Unlike AWE, which employs a complex moment-matching process to obtain rational approximation, the DQM requires no approximation of transcendental functions, thereby avoiding the process of moment generation and moment matching. Due to global sampling of points in the DQM approximation, it requires far fewer grid points in order to build accurate discrete models than other numerical methods do. The DQM-based time-domain model can be readily integrated in a circuit simulator like SPICE.
Carbon monoxide and cultured rat heart cells. II. Interaction of carbon monoxide and hypoxia on growth and contractile activity.

Abstract Cultured rat heart muscle cells treated for 16 days with concentrations of over 19% carbon monoxide in the gas phase maintained their beating rate in direct proportion to the concentration of carbon monoxide. Reduction of oxygen to either 2.5 or 5% significantly reduced their beating rate after 6 days of treatment. The lowest concentration of oxygen employed (2.5%) combined with the highest concentration of carbon monoxide (75%) produced no significant action on the beating rate over that of the hypoxia alone. The effects of carbon monoxide on cell growth, as measured by changes in total protein and DNA of either muscle or endothelioid cell cultures, and cell toxicity, as measured by nonviable cell count, were also concentration dependent. Exposure of either heart muscle or heart endothelioid cell cultures to 2.5% or 5% oxygen also significantly reduced the amount of total protein or DNA. In contrast to the lack of a demonstrable interaction of carbon monoxide and hypoxia on muscle cell beating, a significant additive or potentiative effect on cell growth was obtained with concentrations of 75% carbon monoxide and either 2.5% or 5% oxygen.
Detection of malondialdehyde in vivo using microdialysis sampling with CE-fluorescence.

Oxidative damage is a naturally occurring process where reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack and disrupt normal cellular function, however, these effects become elevated during a stress event, such as ischemia/reperfusion or seizure. One result of oxidative stress is lipid peroxidation, where ROS attack free unsaturated fatty acids forming lipid hydorperoxides, which then breakdown to form secondary products acrolein, 4-hydroxynonenal, and malondialdehyde (MDA) resulting in irreversible membrane damage and ultimately cell death. Described here is a CE – fluorescence method for the determination of MDA in conjunction with in vivo microdialysis sampling. MDA was derivatized with thiobarbituric acid under acidic conditions for 20 minutes and injected directly onto the capillary without any pretreatment. This method provided a limit of detection of 25 nM (S/N = 3) and a linear range of 25-2400 nM (1.8-174 ng/ml). This method was used to quantify MDA in rat heart, muscle, liver, and brain dialysate.
Effects of nicardipine and nitroglycerin on perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

Abstract Perioperative myocardial ischemic episodes are predictive of adverse cardiac outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. We compared the efficacy of continuous infusions of nicardipine (group NIC) and nitroglycerin (group NTG) in reducing the frequency and severity of myocardial ischemic episodes. Patients received either a nicardipine infusion, 0.7 to 1.4 μg/kg/min (n = 30), nitroglycerin infusion, 0.5 to 1 μg/kg/min (n = 30), or neither medication (group C;n =17) after aortic occlusion clamp release and for 24 hours postoperatively. Myocardial ischemic episodes were considered as ST segment depressions or elevations of 1 mm or greater from baseline, each at J + 60 milliseconds and lasting 1 minute or greater, using a two-channel Holter monitor. Only nicardipine significantly decreased the duration (3.2 ± 1.2 min/h) and the area under the ST time curve (AUC; 5.7 ± 15.7 AUC/h) of 1-mm or greater myocardial ischemic episodes compared with group C (17.2 ± 5.6 min/h and 30.1 ± 49 AUC/h, respectively) during the intraoperative postbypass period. A trend toward lower frequency, duration, and area under the ST time curve of myocardial ischemic episodes was observed in group NIC compared with group NTG. Cardiac indices and mixed venous oxygen saturations were significantly greater, whereas systemic pressures were less in group NIC compared with group NTG for the same period. These results suggest that nicardipine, but not nitroglycerin, decreased the duration and area under the ST time curve of myocardial ischemic episodes shortly after coronary revascularization. Larger studies are required to verify the efficacy of nicardipine in reducing the severity of myocardial ischemia during cardiac surgery.
On the possibility of intercalation of aromatic amino acid residues into double-stranded DNA helix

Abstract The relative sedimentation rates of linear and covalently closed λ DNA in sucrose gradients containing varying amounts of tryptamine, tyramine, histamine and phenethylamine were measured. The presence of the aromatic amines does not significantly change the sedimentation coefficient of the closed DNA, indicating that the DNA helix rotation angle is not significantly altered. This lack of angular alteration is also supported by sedimentation measurements of λ DNA which had been covalently closed by ligase in the presence of tryptamine. These results suggest that intercalation of aromatic amino acid residues into DNA is unlikely, contrary to the conclusion drawn from other measurements.
CAPTAIN FREDERICK MARRYAT AND THE FLORAL TELEGRAPH ; OR, A FORGOTTEN CODER AND HIS FLORAL CODE

This essay examines the floral telegraph; A New Mode of Communication by Floral Signals, a rare Victorian novel published anonymously in 1836 and reprinted in 1850 with a new tagline – The Floral Telegraph; Or, Affection's Signals. The reprint includes an ascription to Captain Frederick Marryat, Royal Navy (1792–1848) (See Figure 5). The majority of Marryat's biographers, scholars, and archivists have doubted the posthumous ascription. Here, I challenge the critical consensus and argue that Marryat did indeed write The Floral Telegraph published in 1836 and that the attribution of 1850 is correct. I begin with a biographical sketch of Marryat, a brief synopsis of the novel, and a review of its scant, mostly skeptical reception. I then argue that the “floral code” presented in the text resembles (albeit through parody) Marryat's famous codebook for maritime flag signals and that the Captain's acknowledged interest in botany and horticulture gave him the fluency necessary to create the Table of Flowers (See Figure 6). In addition, Marryat had a strong relationship with the novel's publisher, Saunders and Otley, and he was the editor of the Metropolitan, a literary magazine which ran a favorable review shortly after The Floral Telegraph was first published. The narrative also reflects Marryat's stylistic tendency to satire and parody and his ideas about literacy and widespread publication seem to be inversely reflected in the ironic digressions of the unreliable narrator, Horace Honeycomb, and the diatribe against the “cursed and abominable art of Printing” (117) offered by the inventor of the floral code, Floribel. I conclude my essay by viewing The Floral Telegraph as representative of early Victorian issues of literacy, affect, and disembodied, long-distance communication in the age immediately preceding the advent of the electromagnetic telegraph.
In-Hospital Mortality After Cardiac Surgery: Patient Characteristics, Timing, and Association With Postoperative Length of Intensive Care Unit and Hospital Stay

Background It is important to characterize in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery and understand the relationships between postoperative length of intensive care unit stay, postoperative length of hospital stay, and the likelihood of in-hospital mortality. Methods We retrospectively identified all cardiac surgery cases that resulted in in-hospital mortality over an 8-year period at a single center. For these subjects we collected demographic data, preoperative comorbidities, and postoperative complications. We performed stepwise multivariate linear regression to determine which postoperative complications were associated with mortality timing. We also analyzed the relationships between postoperative length of intensive care unit stay, postoperative length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality in all patients (including survivors) who had cardiac surgery during the same time period. Finally, we calculated the daily incremental observed mortality rate for patients in the hospital up to postoperative day 50. Results Six hundred twenty-one in-hospital mortalities occurred among 18,348 patients during the study period (3.4%). Four postoperative complications were associated with mortality timing. Cardiac arrest had a negative association with the number of days until mortality, while deep sternal wound infection, stroke, and pneumonia had a positive association (all p 2 model = 0.15). The odds ratio for in-hospital mortality was 1.033 for each postoperative day in the hospital and 1.071 for each postoperative day in the intensive care unit (both p Conclusions Most in-hospital mortality occurs during the first week after cardiac surgery with few mortalities occurring after a protracted hospital course. Postoperative complications have a limited ability to explain the variability in mortality timing. Increased length of postoperative intensive care unit stay and hospital stay after cardiac surgery are associated with an increased likelihood of in-hospital mortality.
Characterization of Surface Defect Structure by Low Energy Electron Diffraction

Low energy electron diffraction is a surface sensitive tool which is most widely used for the determination of surface symmetries and equilibrium atomic positions. Experimental and theoretical advances made in the past five years make it possible now to use LEED also for the characterization of a wide variety of surface defect structures. In this paper a variety of experimental results involving analysis of diffracted electron beam shapes as a function of primary electron beam energy, adsorbate coverage, crystal temperature and ordering time are presented. These experimental results coupled with kinematic theory, allow the determination of step density, size and shape of reconstruction domains and overlayer islands, island size distribution in an overlayer during growth, and the mode of growth. 27 references, 4 figures.
Survivability Experiment and Attack Characterization for RFID

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been developed as an important technique for many high security and high integrity settings. In this paper, we study survivability issues for RFID. We first present an RFID survivability experiment to define a foundation to measure the degree of survivability of an RFID system under varying attacks. Then we model a series of malicious scenarios using stochastic process algebras and study the different effects of those attacks on the ability of the RFID system to provide critical services even when parts of the system have been damaged. Our simulation model relates its statistic to the attack strategies and security recovery. The model helps system designers and security specialists to identify the most devastating attacks given the attacker's capacities and the system's recovery abilities. The goal is to improve the system survivability given possible attacks. Our model is the first of its kind to formally represent and simulate attacks on RFID systems and to quantitatively measure the degree of survivability of an RFID system under those attacks.
Sera of patients with hairy cell leukemia immunoprecipitate EBV-related antigens.

Abstract Antibodies in sera from five patients with hairy cell leukemia immunoprecipitated various membrane-fraction molecules form P3HR-I-EBV superinfected Raji lymphoblasts. A 19,000 dalton protein, p19, identified with EA-R antigenic specificity by serologically defined Burkitt's lymphoma antisera was also prominently recognized with hairy cell leukemia sera. In addition, a 120.000 dalton molecule associated with VCA specificity and a 28,000 dalton molecule associated with EA-D specificity were identified. A 35,000 dalton molecule from the EBV superinfected Raji cells was precipitated with antisera from patients who demonstrated abundant synthesis of a 35,000 dalton protein by their leukemic cells (p35+, p15− subset of patients). This finding was consistent with the hypothesis that the leukemic cells of the p35+, p15− subset of patients with hairy cell leukemia are transformed or infected with EBV, resulting in synthesis of an EBV-related protein.
Teaching Psychosocial Vital Signs Across the Undergraduate Nursing Curriculum

Abstract Psychosocial vital signs (PVSs) are a recently developed nursing tool measuring psychosocial variables of health. High-fidelity simulation, an interactive method of teaching PVSs, is designed for progressive implementation across the undergraduate nursing program curriculum. While learning basic assessment skills, students are introduced to PVS components as essential variables in assessing patients holistically. In a review of conceptual understanding of PVSs, this article states a threefold purpose for their use. Underlying theoretical premises of PVSs are presented, and components of the three-phase curriculum for teaching PVSs are discussed. Faculty roles in implementing the curriculum are summarized.
Allosteric Regulation of the Ubiquitin:NIK and Ubiquitin:TRAF3 E3 Ligases by the Lymphotoxin-β Receptor *

The lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) activates the NF-κB2 transcription factors, p100 and RelB, by regulating the NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK). Constitutive proteosomal degradation of NIK limits NF-κB activation in unstimulated cells by the ubiquitin:NIK E3 ligase comprised of subunits TNFR-associated factors (TRAF)3, TRAF2, and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP). However, the mechanism releasing NIK from constitutive degradation remains unclear. We found that insertion of a charge-repulsion mutation in the receptor-binding crevice of TRAF3 ablated binding of both LTβR and NIK suggesting a common recognition site. A homologous mutation in TRAF2 inhibited cIAP interaction and blocked NIK degradation. Furthermore, the recruitment of TRAF3 and TRAF2 to the ligated LTβR competitively displaced NIK from TRAF3. Ligated LTβR complexed with TRAF3 and TRAF2 redirected the specificity of the ubiquitin ligase reaction to polyubiquitinate TRAF3 and TRAF2, leading to their proteosomal degradation. Stimulus-dependent degradation of TRAF3 required the RING domain of TRAF2, but not of TRAF3, implicating TRAF2 as a key E3 ligase in TRAF turnover. The combined action of competitive displacement of NIK and TRAF degradation halted NIK turnover, and promoted its association with IKKα and signal transmission. These results indicate the LTβR modifies the ubiquitin:NIK E3 ligase, and also acts as an allosteric regulator of the ubiquitin:TRAF E3 ligase.
Integration of pixelated phase masks for full-chip random logic layers

This work describes the advantages, tolerances and integration issues of using Pixelated Phase Masks for patterning logic interconnect layers. Pixelated Phase Masks (PPMs) can act as variable high-transmission attenuated phase shift masks where the pixelated phase configuration simultaneously optimizes OPC and SRAF generation. Thick mask effects help enable PPMs by allowing larger minimum pixel sizes and phase designs with near equal sized zero and piphase regions. PPMs with a 3-tone pixel mask (un-etched glass, etched glass, chrome) offer more flexible patterning capability compared to 2-tone pixel mask (no chrome) style but at the detriment of a more complex mask making process. We describe the issues and opportunities associated with using PPMs for patterning a 65nm generation first level metal layer of a micro-processor.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS : V. SOME ADDITIONAL METHODS OF DETERMINING NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VIRUS MULTIPLICATION

Omission of a single constituent from a chemically defined medium approximating the virus growth-promoting properties of broth affects virus production in infected bacteria. This may be estimated by the one-step growth technique and the course of desoxyribose nucleic acid synthesis. Nine amino acids and one purine have been shown to be important by these tests. A combination of all constituents observed to be important by the single supplement and single omission techniques has approximated the virus growth-promoting properties of broth. Certain anomalous results have been commented upon.
Altered secretion of a TIGR/MYOC mutant lacking the olfactomedin domain

TIGR/MYOC, a novel 504 amino acids (aa) protein of unknown function, has recently been linked to glaucoma. The protein is both intra- and extracellular and most known mutations map to its C-terminus, an olfactomedin-like domain. To investigate the properties of a TIGR/MYOC peptide lacking this important domain, we constructed a replication-deficient adenovirus with the first 344 aa and over-expressed the truncated protein in primary human trabecular meshwork cells and perfused human anterior segment cultures. The truncated mutant contains the entire N-terminus plus 98 aa of the olfactomedin-like domain. We found that the delivered truncated mutant accumulates inside the cell, reduces secretion of endogenous TIGR/MYOC and induces an increase in outflow facility at 48 h post-infection. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that TIGR/MYOC might have a dual role in trabecular meshwork function. This dual role might be that of an intracellular modulator of vesicular transport as well as that of a secreted protein involved in extracellular matrix conformation. Both functions could have a direct effect in maintaining aqueous humor outflow facility.
The online revolution: education for everyone

In 2011, Stanford University offered three online courses, which anyone in the world could enroll in and take for free. Together, these three courses had enrollments of around 350,000 students, making this one of the largest experiments in online education ever performed. Since the beginning of 2012, we have transitioned this effort into a new venture, Coursera, a social entrepreneurship company whose mission is to make high-quality education accessible to everyone by allowing the best universities to offer courses to everyone around the world, for free. Coursera classes provide a real course experience to students, including video content, interactive exercises with meaningful feedback, using both auto-grading and peer-grading, and a rich peer-to-peer interaction around the course materials. Currently, Coursera has 62 university partners, and over 3 million students enrolled in its over 300 courses. These courses span a range of topics including computer science, business, medicine, science, humanities, social sciences, and more. In this talk, I'll report on this far-reaching experiment in education, and why we believe this model can provide both an improved classroom experience for our on-campus students, via a flipped classroom model, as well as a meaningful learning experience for the millions of students around the world who would otherwise never have access to education of this quality.
Reply to ‘The effect of temperature-dependent energies on semiconductor thermopower formulae’

Abstract The effect of temperature-dependent electronic energy levels on thermodynamic quantities such as the Seebeck coefficient has been approached in two ways. Emin (1977, 1984), noting that the temperature dependence of the energy levels arises from the electron-lattice coupling, studies the thermodynamics of the coupled system. Butcher and Friedman (1977) and Butcher (1984) treat only the electronic system but with energy levels which are explicitly temperature dependent. The difference in the results is attributed to Butcher's failure to include the effect of an electronic carrier on the atomic vibrations.
Connexin36 distribution in putative CO2-chemosensitive brainstem regions in rat

Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the gap junction proteins connexin26 (Cx26) and connexin32 (Cx32) are expressed in neurons in putative CO2-chemosensitive brainstem regions in both neonatal and adult rats. Whether the recently identified neuron-specific gap junction protein connexin36 (Cx36) is also present in these brainstem regions remains to be determined. Therefore, in the current experiments, immunoblot and immunohistochemical protocols were used to investigate the regional distribution and cellular localization of Cx36 in putative CO2-chemosensitive brainstem regions in both neonatal and adult rats. Immunoblot analyses revealed Cx36 expression in putative CO2-chemosensitive brainstem regions in each of the age groups examined, although both regional and developmental differences in the relative expression levels were detected. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed Cx36 expression in neurons in each of the putative CO2-chemosensitive brainstem regions and revealed both somal and dendritic labeling patterns. These findings provide additional morphological evidence supporting the potential for gap junctional communication in these regions in both neonatal and adult rats. We propose that the gap junction protein Cx36 also contributes to the neuroanatomical substrate for gap junctional communication, which is hypothesized to play a role in central CO2 chemoreception.
Modelling social norms in multiagent systems

Social norms are cultural phenomena that naturally emerge in human societies and help to prescribe and proscribe normative patterns of behaviour. In recent times, the discipline of multi-agent systems has been used to model social norms in an artificial society of agents. In this paper we review norms in multi-agent systems and then explore a series of norms in a simulated urban traffic setting. Using game-theoretic concepts we define and offer an account of norm stability. Particularly in small groups, a relatively small number of individuals with cooperative attitude are needed for the norm of cooperation to evolve and be stable. In contrast, in larger populations, a larger proportion of cooperating individuals are required to achieve stability.
Resultados en las lenguas romances de adjetivos con desinencias derivadas de -ŪTUM

Les participes passes avec une desinence derivee de -ūtum s'utilisent en Espagne depuis le haut moyen-âge. L'A. analyse la situation pour l'ensemble des langues romanes. Il analyse des desinences adjectivales se referant aux parties du corps et aux emotions, en espagnol, portugais, catalan, francais, italien et roumain
Adolescent Subtest Norms for the ImPACT Neurocognitive Battery.

The neurocognitive testing of sports concussion for injury management and return-to-play decisions has long been considered the gold standard in evaluation of the injury. Computerized testing batteries are frequently employed, with the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) being the most used of all the current testing platforms to evaluate concussion. ImPACT's clinical report yields four normed composite scores (Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Motor Speed, and Reaction Time) and another composite score that is not normed but is used as a validity measure (Impulse Control), as well as their corresponding subtest scores, which are not normed. The current study provides normative data on each of the subtests used to calculate the composite scores. Normative data are separated by gender for athletes aged 13 to 21 years old and are stratified by the norm age brackets already employed by the ImPACT. These norms may be helpful in the interpretation of the ImPACT clinical repor...
The stimulation of chloride transport by prostaglandins and their interaction with epinephrine, theophylline, and cyclic AMP in the corneal epithelium.

Prostaglandins (E1, E2 and F2α) stimulated the chloride transport of the frog corneal epithelium with maximal effects at 10−5 m in the aqueus side. This stimulation does not occur in Cl-free solutions and the net36Cl flux increased proportionally to the short-circuit current. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) and diphloretin phosphate (DPP) inhibited the response if added within 3 min before PGE1. The maximal response to epinephrine 10−5 m and dibutyryl cyclic AMP 10−3 m was not changed by further addition of prostaglandins, but these drugs produced their full effect when administered at the peak of the response of prostaglandins. The maximal response to theophylline 10−5 m was increased by PGE1. PPP and DPP did not modify the response to epinephrine. Prostaglandin stimulation of the chloride transport was accompanied by increased light transmission through partially opaque corneas. The known release of prostaglandins in the aqueous humor can be associated to a direct action on the corneal epithelium manifested in the activation described herein.
Performance of interplanetary shock prediction models: STOA and ISPM

Abstract The shock time of arrival (STOA) model and the interplanetary shock propagation model (ISPM) give predictions of the time of arrival and strength of solar-initiated interplanetary shocks. This paper presents the first operational predictions made of interplanetary shocks that follow solar events. The time interval of this study was February 1997–March 1999 (the rise of Solar Cycle 23). The results are presented in contingency-table form (whether or not a shock was predicted and/or observed) and also as the time differences (errors) between the predicted and observed shock arrivals. These results are compared to the accuracies that would be obtained using a constant, representative value (Rule of Thumb or R-T) for the transit time. The results show the percentage of successful predictions to within an accuracy of 12 h of shocks for the STOA, ISPM and R-T are 53, 58, and 33%, respectively. The corresponding root mean square (rms) errors of the shock arrival times are 15.0, 15.1 and 14.8 h. Note that the rms heavily weights outlying points, so although only 3 of the ISPM-predictions were off by more than 12 h, the ISPM rms is worse than that for STOA and R-T models; both of which had prediction errors >|12| h for eight events. Statistics presented in this paper not only show the capabilities of these models, but also allow for comparison to future shock-arrival forecasting models. These results may be considered as reference metrics in evaluating forecasting skill. The relationship of the interplanetary shocks to geomagnetic activity is also briefly considered.
GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF BIRD‐DISPERSED PLANTS: EFFECTS OF SEED SIZE AND LIGHT ON SEEDLING VIGOR AND BIOMASS ALLOCATION

On examine la germination et la croissance des plantules de neuf especes de plantes a fruits provenant du Washington et de l'Idaho et leurs reactions a l'ombre et au Soleil
Windows in the intensive therapy unit

Retrospective surveys were carried out on two groups of patients who had survived a stay of at least 48 h in an Intensive Therapy Unit. One group had been kept in a unit without windows, and the other in a similar unit with translucent but not transparent windows. Survivors from the windowless unit had a less accurate memory of the length of their stay, and were less well orientated in time during their stay. The incidence of hallucinations and delusions was more than twice as high in the windowless unit. The phenomenon of depersonalisation in the face of life-threatening danger is described and discussed.
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Asthma and Cystic Fibrosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a Th2 hypersensitivity lung disease in response to Aspergillus fumigatus that affects asthmatic and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Sensitization to A. fumigatus is common in both atopic asthmatic and CF patients, yet only 1-2% of asthmatic and 7–9% of CF patients develop ABPA. ABPA is characterized by wheezing and pulmonary infiltrates which may lead to pulmonary fibrosis and/or bronchiectasis. The inflammatory response is characterized by Th2 responses to Aspergillus allergens, increased serum IgE and eosinophilia. A number of genetic risks have recently been identified in the development of ABPA. These include HLA-DR and HLA-DQ, IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4RA) polymorphisms, IL-10-1082GA promoter polymorphisms, surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2) polymorphisms, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) mutations. The studies indicate that ABPA patients are genetically at risk to develop skewed and heightened Th2 responses to A. fumigatus antigens. These genetic risk studies and their consequences of elevated biologic markers may aid in identifying asthmatic and CF patients who are at risk to the development of ABPA. Furthermore, these studies suggest that immune modulation with medications such as anti-IgE, anti-IL-4 and/or IL-13 monoclonal antibodies may be helpful in the treatment of ABPA.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage in pregnancy

SummaryThe clinical presentation and management of three cases of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage occurring in pregnancy are described. All patients were delivered by caesarean section with favourable outcomes for both the mothers and their babies.Three patients in whom subarachnoid haemorrhage had occurred during pregnancy were delivered at Ashford Hospital during the summer of 1985.
Single immunization with a suboptimal antigen dose encapsulated into polyanhydride microparticles promotes high titer and avid antibody responses

Microparticle adjuvants based on biodegradable polyanhydrides were used to provide controlled delivery of a model antigen, ovalbumin (Ova), to mice. Ova was encapsulated into two different polyanhydride microparticle formulations to evaluate the influence of polymer chemistry on the nature and magnitude of the humoral immune response after administration of a suboptimal dose. Subcutaneous administration of a single dose of polyanhydride microparticles containing 25 μg of Ova elicited humoral immune responses that were comparable in magnitude to that induced by soluble doses of 400–1600 μg Ova. In contrast, the avidity of the Ova-specific antibodies was greater in mice administered the microparticle formulations in comparison to the higher soluble doses. Finally, the microparticle delivery system primed an anamnestic immune response as evidenced by the significant increases in Ova-specific antibody when mice were administered an antigenic challenge of 25 μg of Ova at 12 weeks post-vaccination. Together, these results indicate that encapsulation of antigens into polyanhydride microparticles facilitates isotype switching, establishes immunologic memory, and the humoral response was characterized by a higher quality antibody response. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 91–98, 2013.
Microcalorimetric determination of the enthalpy of formation of the complex ions of trivalent plutonium, americium and lanthanum with EDTA

As to date, quantitative data on actinide complex species are very scarce and, when existing often limited to stability constants determinations. No direct calorimetric measurement of the enthalpy of complexing have sofar been published for those elements. The present communication deals with such measurements for the complexing of Pu3+ and Am3+ with EDTA. We also report data on La3+ complexing for comparison purpose. From the enthalpy change and knowing the stability constants of the chelates, the entropy variation ori complexing can easily be calculated.
Performance of a direct-conversion receiver with AC coupling

This paper analyzes the performance of a direct-conversion receiver (DCR) with AC coupling when the received signal is a BPSK. Although a DCR with AC coupling is extremely attractive from an implementation perspective, it Is employed most exclusively with "DC-free" modulation schemes such as binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK). More spectrally efficient modulation schemes, such as BPSK, are believed to suffer from significant performance loss because of the large signal bearing spectrum near dc. However, our analysis shows that by including an equalizer, the performance of a DCR with AC coupling when receiving BPSK signal is orders of magnitude better than previously reported. An equalizer is employed to mitigate the effects of intersymbol interference introduced by AC coupling. Compared to an ideal receiver, the SNR loss of a typical DCR with AC coupling and a linear equalizer is less than 2 dB for AC coupling corner frequencies as large as 30% of the symbol rate.
Ankle Stabilizers Affect Agility but Not Vertical Jump or Dynamic Balance Performance

Ankle stabilizers can reduce ankle sprain incidence and severity by limiting range of motion. Still whether using them affects performance remains unclear. The authors compared effects of 3 ankle s...
Sample size for prospective and retrospective studies: the 2 x 2 table.

Previous papers in this series have discussed the design of epidemiologic studies and analysis for data that can be presented in a 2 × 2 table. The purpose of this paper is to explain how sample sizes are determined for unmatched prospective and retrospective studies. One of the most common questions asked in planning a project is “What sample size do I need for my study?” Determining the correct sample size is an important consideration that is best resolved prior to data collection. In this paper we assume the goal of the study is to examine the association between a dichotomous risk factor and the presence or absence of disease; therefore, the analysis will be that of a 2 × 2 table. We also assume throughout that sample sizes are to be equal for the two comparison groups (ie, equal numbers of exposed and unexposed for a prospective study, and equal numbers of cases and controls for a retrospective study). Sample size curves used to determine sample sizes will be presented. The results here are based on a paper by Schlesselman that contains sample size formulae for these study designs, and to which the reader may refer for an excellent technical discussion of their derivation.
An all-geodesic algorithm for filament winding of a T-shaped form

An algorithm that generates all-geodesic paths for the complete surface coverage of a T-shaped form composed of the adjoining of two cylinders of equal radii is presented. This has been recognized as a challenging filament-winding problem as its form is nonaxisymmetric. This algorithm was implemented on the robotic filament-winding system developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. >
Exon 5 Encoding the Transmembrane Region of HLA-A Contains a Transitional Region for the Induction of Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay

HLA class I alleles containing premature termination codons (PTCs) are increasingly being found. To understand their effects on MHC class I expression, HLA-A*2402 mutants containing PTCs were transfected into class I-deficient cells, and expression of HLA-A mRNA and protein was determined. In exons 2, 3, and 4, and in the 5' part of exon 5, PTCs reduced mRNA levels by up to 90%, whereas in the 3' part of exon 5 and in exons 6 and 7 they had little effect. Transition in the extent of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay occurred within a 48-nt segment of exon 5, placed 58 nt upstream from the exon 5/exon 6 junction. This transition did not conform to the positional rule obeyed by other genes, which predicted it to be approximately 50-55 nt upstream of the exon 7/exon 8 junction and thus placing it in exon 6. Mutants containing extra gene segments showed the difference is caused by the small size of exons 5 and 6, which renders them invisible to the surveillance machinery. For the protein, a transition from secretion to membrane association occurs within a 26-nt segment of exon 5, 17 nt upstream of the exon 5/exon 6 junction. Premature termination in exon 5 can produce secreted and membrane-associated HLA-A variants expressed at high levels.
Millimeter-wave ring resonator based electro-optic polymer modulator

We demonstrate electro-optic modulation at 81 GHz, 108 GHz, and 133 GHz using traveling-wave electro-optic polymer modulators based upon ring resonators. We show that ring resonator type modulators have significant advantages for high-speed modulation.
Fluctuations and lower critical dimensions of crystalline membranes

We study flexible D-dimensional fixed-connectivity crystalline membranes fluctuating in a d-dimensional embedding space. We address both the crumpling transition and fluctuations around the flat phase by means of qualitative arguments and exact analyses in the limit of large d. In particular, we investigate the nature of the crossover between critical and non-linear elastic behavior in the flat phase near the crumpling transition. Using two different approaches, we argue that the lower critical dimension, D lc (d), below which only the low-rigidity crumpled phase exists at finite temperatures can be computed as a function of d. One approach determines D lc (d) by considering disordering effects of capillary waves on the long-range order of the membrane tangent vectors in the low-temperature phase Nous presentons l'etude de membranes cristallines de connectivite fixee et dimension D dans un espace a d dimensions. Nous etudions la transition de plissage et les fluctuations autour de la phase plane avec des arguments qualitatifs et une analyse exacte dans la limite ou d est grand. En particulier, nous etudions la nature de la transition entre le comportement elastique critique et non lineaire dans la phase plane pres de la transition de plissage. Avec deux approches differentes, nous montrons que la dimension critique inferieure D lc (d), en dessous de laquelle il n'existe que la phase plissee a temperature finie, peut etre exprimee en fonction de d. Une approche determine D lc (d) en considerant les effets de desordre sur l'ordre a longue distance des vecteurs tangents a la membrane dans la phase basse temperature, dus aux ondes capillaires
Continuous Non-Therapeutic Use of Antibacterial Drugs in Feed and Drug Resistance of the Gram-Negative Enteric Florae of Food-Producing Animals

Fecal samples from Illinois farm animals and Montana range cattle were examined for the frequency of gram-negative enteric organisms resistant to oxytetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, or ampicillin. The Illinois farm animals were continually fed rations containing various antibacterial drugs. The Montana range cattle had minimal exposure to antibacterial drugs. The majority of samples from Illinois farm animals demonstrated 10% or more antibiotic-resistant organisms. In contrast, resistant organisms could not be detected in the majority of samples from Montana range cattle. The majority of Escherichia coli isolated from Illinois farm animals was resistant to various antibacterial drugs, whereas less than 1.6% of the isolates from Montana range cattle were resistant to any one of the antibacterial drugs tested.
Electromigration failure with thermal gradient effect in SnAgCu solder joints with various UBM

In flip chip package, the majority of heat is from the die side and a temperature gradient builds up from the chip to substrate through the solder joint and underfill. This will induces biased atomic flux from hot end to cold end in the solder. Even in electromigration test vehicle, the joule heating from the Al trace at chip side is also higher than substrate side. Any small temperature difference can generate a large temperature gradient given the small dimension of the solder bump. The combined effect of electromigration and theromigration may induce earlier failure. In the current work, the electromigration reliability of Pb-free solder bump with thick copper UBM at the chip side is studied. The effect of temperature gradient was considered and characterized. We compared the electromigration reliability of SnAgCu flip chip solder joints with and without Cu columns. The solder joint size is about 90 micron and the Cu column has a height of 60 µm. For the copper column solder joint itself, we introduced two types of copper column joint structures: (1) The solder contacts the Cu column at bottom and side walls and (2) Only the bottom surface of the copper column joints with solder. In the solder bump where electrons from chip side to board side, we saw much more IMC formation in the solder joint. The solder joint can even be totally converted to IMC. We propose that when the copper column was converted to IMC, there is a redistribution of current density. To discuss the electromgration reliability of an intermetallic compound joint, we take Cu 6 Sn 5 as an example to calculate the “critical product” and found that the current density needed to cause electromigration damage for Cu 6 Sn 5 IMC is at least one order of magnitude bigger than Sn-based solder.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE PRISON EXPERIENCE

This article applies the tec.~nology of psychological classification to explore the effects of personality characteristics on prison adjustments and experiences. Bivari­ ate and multivariate analysis assess the comparative effects offour personality types (committed criminal, neurotic, situational, and character disordered) on official disciplinary infractions, staff ratings of interpersonal behaviors, and self-reports of • stress, aggressive behaviors, nonviolent infractions, and victimizations. The effects of other predictors, including age, race, marital status, employment status, prior prison time, prior prison revocations, and sentence length are also considered. Results indicate that inmates who were diagnosed as character disordered and those who had extensive prior prison experienceiiwere more likely than others to have been cited for prison infractions. Young, White inmates and those who had never been revoked during prior sentences were more likely to report victimizing experiences. Inmates most likely to score high on the stress measure were White and neurotic anxiolls, whereas character-disordered inmates scored atypically low. Finally, older, White, situational inmates were viewed most favorably as staff rated the quality of their interpersonal relationships with other inmates.