cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method and Timing of Fungicide Applications for Control of Spring Dead Spot In Hybrid Bermudagrass

Abstract The efficacy of five application methods and four fungicides were evaluated for control of spring dead spot (SDS) of bermudagrass from 2002 to 2004. Fenarimol and propiconazole were most e...
Finding, Supporting, and Keeping: The Role of the Principal in Teacher Retention Issues

High teacher turnover rates result in: (1) a deficit of quality teachers and instruction; (2) loss of continuity and commitment; and (3) devotion of time, attention, and funds to recruitment rather than support. The purpose of this empirical inquiry of teacher retention issues is to better understand the leadership styles of principals who lead schools that have low attrition and transfer rates. Findings indicate that principals with an awareness of issues affecting new teachers, principals with a proactive approach in supporting new teachers, and principals with a commitment to professional growth and excellence for themselves, their students, and their teachers (new and veteran alike), are retaining teachers at a higher rate than their peers.
CRYOPROCESSING OF MATERIALS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT STATUS

Cryoprocessing is the process of cooling a material to extremely low temperatures to generate enhanced mechanical and physical properties. This article examines the effects of cryoprocessing on steel and some copper alloys. Research has shown that improvements occur in wear resistance, dimensional stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and hardness. The metallurgical aspects include reducing the amount of retained austenite, increasing carbide formation, and enhancing short-range diffusion. The processing steps are critical. This accounts for the considerable discrepancy in post-treated performance.
Intermediates during the fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase catalyzed reduction of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) by fatty acyl CoA esters

Abstract The reaction kinetics for the reduction of ETF by saturated fatty acyl CoA esters has traditionally been studied by dye assays utilizing transfer of electrons from the reduced FAD of ETF to 2,6-Dichloroindophenol (DCI). We have found that it is preferable to use the natural fluorescence and absorbance properties of ETF itself in order to investigate both the steady state and single turnover reduction of ETF. Our investigations indicate formation of a red anionic semiquinone as an intermediate in the two electron reduction of ETF under steady state kinetic condition using butyryl CoA as substrate. Furthermore, V max E ∼- 6.0 sec −1 calculated from steady state kinetic data for formation of this semiquinone observed from the increase in 370 nm absorbance or decrease in ETF fluorescence emission at 510 nm (the dehydrogenase catalyst does not fluoresce) is much faster than V max E ∼- 1.0 sec −1 for hydroquinone formation. Even though DCI is a two electron acceptor, V max E ∼- 4.0 sec −1 for butyryl CoA is limited by the rate of formation of ETF semiquinone, which must, therefore, transfer its single electron to DCI. Investigation of the extent of ETF reduction to semiquinone (measured from fluorescence) by a substrate which transfers electrons quantitatively to the dehydrogenase catalyst indicates that the overall stoichiometry is two electrons transferred to the two FAD flavins on the dimeric ETF molecule. Furthermore, hydroquinone is not formed from disproportionation of the ETF semiquinone dimer since formation of hydroquinone is not accompanied by the fluorescence increase predicted from such disproportionation.
Interaction between Hurricane Florence (1988) and an Upper-Tropospheric Westerly Trough

Abstract The Naval Research Laboratory’s limited-area numerical prediction system, a version of Navy Operational Regional Atmospheric Prediction System, was used to investigate the interaction between Hurricane Florence (1988) and its upper-tropospheric environment. The model was initialized with the National Meteorological Center (now the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/Regional Analysis and Forecasting Systems 2.5° analysis at 0000 UTC 9 September 1988, enhanced by a set of Omega dropwindsonde data through a three-pass nested-grid objective analysis. Diagnosis of the 200-mb level structure of the 12-h forecast valid for 1200 UTC 9 September 1988 showed that the outflow layer was highly asymmetric with an outflow jet originating at approximately 3° north of the storm. In agreement with the result of an idealized simulation (Shi et al. 1990), there was a thermally direct, circum-jet secondary circulation in the jet entrance region and a thermally indirect one in a reversed direction in the ...
Contingent and noncontingent response rates as a function of delay of reinforcement

Rats were exposed to a VI 1-min reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement was delayed for varying intervals, and responses during the delay periods had no programmed effects. Response rates during the schedule declined as the delay length increased, but rates during the delay periods were not a simple function of delay length.
Choosing a House: The Effect of Cost Constraints on Single-Family House Design and Construction

In this study, Rapoport's concept of choice and game theory was used in order to understand the trade-offs home buyers make when choosing an affordable house. Cost is a constraint on a home buyer's choices. When people have constraints on their choices, what is most critical is what they eliminate and in what order. The attributes eliminated first are the least important to buyers; the attributes that are present in all new houses, including the least expensive, are the most important. Fifty model houses featured in The Milwaukee Journal over an eighteen-month period were analyzed. The objective was to learn how the more expensive houses differ from the less expensive houses. Size is the most important predictor of cost but even the least expensive houses are like all the others in that they have three bedrooms, one larger than the other two; two bathrooms, one with a special relationship to the bigger bedroom; two separate eating areas and a two-car garage. They are unlike the other houses in that they d...
What is “natural” about “natural contexts”?: Cultural construction of human development (and its study)

AbstractThe issue of using natural contexts to study human development is crucial for theoretical innovation within developmental psychology. It is argued that the opposing natural versus laboratory contexts is a culturally constructed artifact. All laboratory (or any other specially set-up contexts) are versions of the naturalistic contexts, within which developmentalists can access the redundant processes of development that are constrained by conditions in the person-environment transaction.
Study of lipid and apolipoprotein binding interactions using vesicle affinity capillary electrophoresis.

Vesicle affinity capillary electrophoresis (VCE), a newly developed technique, was designed to assess the effect of physicochemical properties of apolipoprotein (apo) on the binding to lipoproteins, under physiological conditions (phosphate−saline buffer system at pH 7.4 and 37 °C), using vesicle as a model. The technique results in similar lipid binding properties of apo CIII (CIII) and its peptides compared to other techniques.1,2 It also offers a fast and more sensitive tool in determining the lipid affinity of apos in a unique system simulating the dynamic binding properties of apo in vivo. A noncompetitive binding model is used to determine the multiple binding properties of CIII and its peptides to vesicle. The VCE binding constants are dependent on temperature, physicochemical properties of the protein (hydrophobicity and charge), and nature of the vesicle. The vesicles used in the VCE experiments described here have been fully characterized and found to be stable under different temperatures (4 an...
Histological autoradiogram of soluble compounds

An autoradiographic technique for histological sections was developed for the detection of soluble as well as insoluble radioactive tracers in percutaneous absorption problems. In this technique, skin containing the tracer is fixed on a microtome holder with a gel, frozen in liquid nitrogen, placed in a -20 deg C cryostat, and cut into sections which are then mounted on slides. The slides are labeled with C/sup 14/containing ink and pressed into contact with an emulsion to produce the autoradiogram. After exposure, the section and emulsion are processed separately, the section undergoing fixing and staining. Finally, the section and autoradiogram are aligned with each other by viewiug through a magnifying glass the labeled ink on the slide and the corresponding darkening on the emulsion. Photographs are included illustrating guinea pig skin prepared in this manner. Possible improvements of the technique are discussed. (D.L.C.)
Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Ameliorates Diabetes-induced Kidney Injury

Increase in protein synthesis contributes to kidney hypertrophy and matrix protein accumulation in diabetes. We have previously shown that high glucose-induced matrix protein synthesis is associated with inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in renal cells and in the kidneys of diabetic mice. We tested whether activation of GSK3β by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) mitigates kidney injury in diabetes. Studies in kidney-proximal tubular epithelial cells showed that SNP abrogated high glucose-induced laminin increment by stimulating GSK3β and inhibiting Akt, mTORC1, and events in mRNA translation regulated by mTORC1 and ERK. NONOate, an NO donor, also activated GSK3β, indicating that NO may mediate SNP stimulation of GSK3β. SNP administered for 3 weeks to mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes ameliorated kidney hypertrophy, accumulation of matrix proteins, and albuminuria without changing blood glucose levels. Signaling studies showed that diabetes caused inactivation of GSK3β by activation of Src, Pyk2, Akt, and ERK; GSK3β inhibition activated mTORC1 and downstream events in mRNA translation in the kidney cortex. These reactions were abrogated by SNP. We conclude that activation of GSK3β by SNP ameliorates kidney injury induced by diabetes.
X-ray hazard in sputtering apparatus.

IN a paper to be published in the Proceedings of the Physical Society on the “Bombardment of Various Elements by Hg+ and A+ Ions”, we have described sputtering experiments with low-pressure gas discharge tubes where an appreciable intensity of X-radiation was observed. It has been pointed out to us that, whereas the hazards of X-rays in magnetrons1, gas-filled2 and vacuum valves are well known, the indirect production of X-rays during sputtering at high voltages would be generally unsuspected, and that the matter should be given wider mention.
Separation and determination of warfarin enantiomers in human plasma using a novel polymeric surfactant for micellar electrokinetic chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant which is mostly administrated as a racemic mixture containing equal amount of R- and S-enantiomers. The two enantiomers are shown to exhibit significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this study, a new chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography–mass spectrometry (MEKC–MS) method has been developed using a polymeric chiral surfactant, polysodium N-undecenoyl- l,l -leucyl-valinate (poly- l,l -SULV), as a pseudostationary phase for the chiral separation of (±)-warfarin (WAR) and (±)-coumachlor (COU, internal standard). Under optimum MEKC–MS conditions, the enantio-separation of both (±)-WAR and (±)-COU was achieved within 23 min. Calibration curves were linear (R = 0.995 for (R)-WAR and R = 0.989 for (S)-WAR) over the concentration range 0.25–5.0 μg/mL. The MS detection was found to be superior over the commonly used UV detection in terms of selectivity and sensitivity with LOD as low as 0.1 μg/mL in human plasma. The method was successfully applied to determine WAR enantiomeric ratio in patients’ plasma undergoing warfarin therapy.
Guanine nucleotides differentiate agonist and antagonist interactions with opiate receptors.

Abstract Opiate receptor binding is regulated by guanine nucleotides differentially for agonists and antagonists. Guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), its stable analogue guanyl-5′-yl-imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and GDP inhibit binding of the 3H-agonists dihydromorphine, etorphine and enkephalins but not the 3H-antagonists naloxone or diprenorphine. GMP, ATP, ADP and AMP fail to alter either agonist or antagonist binding. Effects are more pronounced in the presence than in the absence of sodium.
Multisensor classification of sedimentary rocks

A comparison is made between linear discriminant analysis and supervised classification results based on signatures from the Landsat TM, the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), and airborne SAR, alone and combined into extended spectral signatures for seven sedimentary rock units exposed on the margin of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Results from a linear discriminant analysis showed that training-area classification accuracies based on the multisensor data were improved an average of 15 percent over TM alone, 24 percent over TIMS alone, and 46 percent over SAR alone, with similar improvement resulting when supervised multisensor classification maps were compared to supervised, individual sensor classification maps. When training area signatures were used to map spectrally similar materials in an adjacent area, the average classification accuracy improved 19 percent using the multisensor data over TM alone, 2 percent over TIMS alone, and 11 percent over SAR alone. It is concluded that certain sedimentary lithologies may be accurately mapped using a single sensor, but classification of a variety of rock types can be improved using multisensor data sets that are sensitive to different characteristics such as mineralogy and surface roughness.
New compounds: Acrylonitrile derivatives as potential antineoplastic agents

The synthesis of several heterocyclic acrylonitriles and the corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives is described.
Multiple level orthogonal codes and their application in MC-CDMA systems

This paper proposes the use of multiple level orthogonal (MLO) codes in multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) systems. It is extremely challenging to improve system error probability performance of MC-CDMA systems with binary spreading codes in multi-user conditions, since attainable-diversity performance is severely degraged by multi-user interference (MUI) in frequency-selective fading channel conditions, even with the use of optimum multi-user detection (MUD) methods. MLO codes are shown to improve system error probability performance in heavily-loaded or fully-loaded systems, in comparison to binary codes. Some widely used MLO code generation methods are summarized, and a new generation method is also provided. The performance advantage of MLO codes over binary codes is analyzed by treating the spreading process in MC-CDMA as a coding process and via analysis of pair-wise sequence error probability. Rules for choosing desirable MLO codes for multi-user MC-CDMA are also given. Numerical results show that MLO codes can provide a substantial performance improvement in fully-loaded systems. For example, for a K=4 user system with spreading gain L=4, our system can obtain a diversity order of 3, whereas the binary code system diversity order is only slightly larger than 1. The MLO code application provides a new way to compensate for multi-user interference (MUI) and makes MC-CDMA more attractive for future high data-rate transmission systems.
Effect of Varying Dietary Calcium:Phosphorus Ratios on Tibia and Femur Composition of the Chick

Abstract ALTHOUGH tibia ash has been the principal criterion of response in numerous mineral studies, recent data of Itoh and Hatano (1964) indicate that the femur is more representative of the total body skeleton. These investigators also reviewed the data of others on the use of tibia, toe, beak, humerus or sternum values as criteria in chick mineral or vitamin D studies. Tibia phosphorus has been proposed by Hurwitz (1964b) as a method of estimating net phosphorus utilization. Similarily, Hurwitz and Rand (1965) used tibia calcium in establishing net calcium retention values for calcium sulfate for the chick. Dickerson (1962) and Harshaw et al. (1934) reported femur calcium and phosphorus values for the chick which indicate the calcium: phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio of bone increases with age. It is also well known that the ash content of bone increases with age. Temperton and Cassidy (1964a, b) reported the Ca:P ratio of the tibia…
GAUGE CO-ORDINATE GROUP OF PHYSICAL THEORY

RECENTLY, a characterization of the larger exceptional Lie groups has been obtained which throws considerable light on what their role may be in physical theory1. They are, namely, automorphisms of Clifford algebras of the special form Γ(m,n) = Qm × Qn; that is, tensor products of normed division algebras Qn of 2n ⩽ 8 elements. If m = 3, the groups are F4, E6, E7, E8 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
Living and Syndioselective Polymerization of Methacrylates by Constrained Geometry Titanium Alkyl and Enolate Complexes

This paper reports the homopolymerization and block copolymerization of methacrylates by the cationic titanium methyl complex, CGCTiMe+MeB(C6F5)3- (1, CGC = Me2Si(Me4C5)(t-BuN)), as well as the synthesis and methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization of three new neutral and cationic CGC Ti ester enolate complexes. Unlike the isostructural, cationic CGC Zr methyl complex, which is inactive for polymerization of MMA, CGC Ti methyl complex 1 effects living polymerizations of MMA and BMA (BMA = n-butyl methacrylate) at ambient temperature, producing syndiotactic PMMA ([rr] = 82%, Pr = 0.90) and PBMA ([rr] = 89%, Pr = 0.95). Sequential copolymerization using 1 and starting from either MMA or BMA produces the well-defined, syndiotactic diblock copolymer PMMA-b-PBMA with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.08). On the other hand, copolymerizing MMA and BMA simultaneously affords the homogeneous random copolymer PMMA-co-PBMA. Two neutral CGC Ti ester enolate complexes, CGCTiCl[OC(OiPr)CMe2] (2) and CGC...
Optical excitations of metallic nanoclusters buried in TiO2 for solar photochemistry

Ag deposited on TiO 2 (110) forms nanoclusters ~5 nm across and 2 nm in height, shown by STM. These nanoclusters exhibit a plasmon loss at 3.8 eV as determined by EELS yet the substrate Fuchs-Kliewer phonon modes remain, indicating that the exposed TiO 2 is not perturbed by the Ag clusters. Titania is grown on top of these clusters by evaporation of Ti and subsequent oxidation and both EELS and optical measurements show that new excitations are produced in the 1.5-2 eV range, a much better match to the solar spectrum than the 3.8 eV Ag plasmon. AFM measurements indicate that the Ag clusters retain their morphology upon titania coating.
The Use of Frequency Response Functions for Composite Plate Monitoring With Ultrasonic Validations

In this study, frequency response functions (FRF) measured by piezoelectric Macro-Fiber Composites (MFC) are used to detect invisible delamination in a composite plate. The plate is impacted to seed damage in the form of fiber delamination. Then, the active-sensing system exerts an excitation into the plate, and measures the subsequent responses. FRF and damage indicator features are derived from the measured signals and used to assess the condition of the plate. Validation of the delamination is completed using an ultrasonic scan method. The effective area of observed damage is well correlated to the damage indicator feature.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Interactions Resulting from Intermingled Caging of Laying Hens

Abstract White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red pullets were housed in 20.3 × 61.0 cm. laying cages in three caging-treatments: (1) no cage mate, (2) cage mate of same breed, (3) cage mate of other breed. Significant breed by caging-treatment interactions were present for annual egg production in each of two experiments and for part record egg production in one experiment. The Rhode Island Red produced at a higher rate when caged with a White Leghorn than when caged individually or with a cage mate of the same breed. Caging-treatment had little effect on egg weight but significant mortality differences existed among breeds and breed × caging-treatment combinations in the second experiment.
The Effects of Automatic Speech Recognition Quality on Human Transcription Latency

Converting speech to text quickly is the fundamental task for making aural content accessible to deaf and hard of hearing. Despite high cost, this is done by human captionists, as automatic speech recognition (ASR) does not give satisfactory performance in real world settings. Offering ASR output to captionists as a starting point seems more facile and economical, yet the effectiveness of this approach is clearly dependent on the quality of ASR because fixing inaccurate ASR output may take longer than producing the transcriptions without ASR support. In this paper, we empirically study how the time required by captionists to produce transcriptions from partially correct ASR output varies based on the accuracy of the ASR output. Our studies with 160 participants recruited on Amazon's Mechanical Turk indicate that starting with the ASR output is worse unless it is sufficiently accurate (Word Error Rate (WER) is under 30%).
Overlapped-image display method: a technique for comparing medical images on a workstation

A very common task for a radiologist is to compare a previous examination with a current one. With film, the typical method varies somewhat, but usually involves putting up comparable views on two adjacent lightboxes. The reader then looks back and forth between the two films to assess changes. For images that can be placed on adjacent lightboxes, this method works reasonably well, but if images are placed several lightboxes apart, the task becomes difficult. A method that may help improve the comparison operation is possible with a workstation, but difficult (at best) with film. That is, to present the images to be compared as if they were on top of each other. The reader then uses a cursor to move a reveal bar or region of interest that shows the images `underneath.' This application has some potential for simplifying the comparison task for the radiologist. It avoids the extremes of head movement, and may keep the area of interest nearly coincident.
The pioneer revisits her classic

Governing Nonprofit Organizations: Federal and State Law and Regulation. Marion R. Fremont-Smith. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004. 550 pp. $95.00 cloth.
Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and its pathogenesis is closely associated with tobacco smoking. Continuous exposure of smoking carcinogens results in the accumulation of several alterations of tumorigenesis related genes leading to neoplastic bronchial lesions. Lung cancer is divided in two main histological groups, non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) and small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs). It seems that lung tumorigenesis is a multistep process in which a number of genetic events including alterations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been occurred. Cytogenetic abnormalities in lung cancer are very complex. However, a number of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities have been identified. Many of these changes are common in both major histological groups of lung cancer while certain chromosomal abnormalities have been correlated with the stage or the grade of the tumors. In addition, several molecular alterations have been constantly found. Some of them are common in different histological subtypes of lung cancer and they appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. A good understanding of the underlying genetic changes of lung tumorigenesis will provide new perspectives for early diagnosis and screening of high-risk individuals. In addition, a number of genetical prognostic factors have been identified as possibly helpful parameters in the evaluation of lung cancer patients. Further research is required in order to systematically investigate genetical alterations in lung cancer contributing to improvement of lung cancer classification and staging and to development of new molecular targeted therapies.
Predicting state vs. private hospital referral in psychiatric emergencies

Using data from a two-month observation of referrals (N=320) to state hospitals and private facilities from five prescreening sites in Massachusetts, the authors discuss a number of factors predictive of referral destination. Overall, the probability of referral to a state hospital was approximately 60% greater than to a privately owned facility. Patients who were married, non-threatening to self or others, and privately insured were more likely to be referred to private settings. In addition, a significant positive effect of regional private bed supply was identified.
What should I do about the use of unsubstantiated procedures by specialists to whom I refer patients

QI have referred a number of my patients to a specialist in my community. The specialist is encouraging my patients to allow him to perform a new "high-tech" diagnostic test that has been marketed heavily to dentists. Using the evidence-based dentistry approach, I've searched and reviewed the literature related to this test and found that no independent studies or systematic reviews have evaluated its use. The one study I found that supports use of this test was sponsored by the manufacturer of the test device. As a result, I believe that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of this test or its cost to my patients, so I do not use it in my practice. However, some of my patients who have seen the specialist are asking me why I don't use this new test, and I'm concerned that they now perceive me and my practice as "low tech." What are my ethical obligations to my patients and the specialist in this situation?
History, novelty, and emergence of an infectious amphibian disease.

In 2001, a National Research Council committee identified a handful of grand challenge research questions in environmental sciences (1). Two of these questions are especially interesting: (i) What are the ecosystem consequences of the global loss of biodiversity? (ii) What are the causes and consequences of emerging infectious diseases? In PNAS, Rosenblum et al. (2) report on the evolutionary history of an emerging infectious disease that plays a role in causing species’ decline and, under the right conditions, extinction. The research sits at the intersection of these two grand challenge questions.
Selective service in World War II

A brief summary of the organization and accomplishments of the Selective Service System in World War II which registered and classified more than 45,000,000 men is presented in this article.
The ultrastructural localization of the enzymes related to steroid hormone metabolism in the guinea-pig testis.

A study of the ultrastructural localization of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (β-HBD), NADH diaphorase (NADH-D) and NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-D) in the guinea-pig testis is reported. The procedures employed included short immersion or perfusion fixation with aldehydes followed by incubation of small blocks in a tetrazolium salt or a ferricyanide medium. The effects of incubation conditions were investigated, and a reaction medium for the ultracytochemical demonstration of 11β-HSD is described. Using suitable controls, evidence for the specificity of the cytochemical reactions is presented. It was found that all the enzymes studied were present in both the Leydig and Sertoli cells of the guinea-pig testis and that the intracellular distribution pattern for each enzyme was independent of the cell type. Using tetrazolium salt techniques, both 3β-HSD and 11β-HSD activities were localized on or in membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and within the mitochondria. With the ferricyanide techniques, G-6-PD activity was found to be associated mainly with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes, while β-HBD activity was limited to mitochondria. With both the tetrazolium salt and ferricyanide techniques, the reaction products for NADH-D and NADPH-D activities showed localizations which were similar to those observed for the steroid dehydrogenases.
Point-of-care screenings at the University of Minnesota: Mechanism for civic engagement

OBJECTIVES To describe Wellness Initiative of the Northland (WIN) screening events; present participant results from those events; discuss the benefits of pharmacist-conducted, community-based point-of-care (POC) testing to medically underserved patients and to the profession of pharmacy; and describe logistical considerations in launching disease screening services. SETTING Pharmacist-led community health fairs in a variety of settings, including shopping malls, churches, community pharmacies, senior residence facilities, critical-access hospitals, and clinics. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION Disease screenings for economically disadvantaged residents of northeastern Minnesota and northwest Wisconsin, held between 2005 and 2012, through WIN. PRACTICE INNOVATION Mobile POC screenings for dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Percentage of screenings with out-of-range readings. RESULTS Since 2005, WIN screenings have served more than 2,000 individuals, providing 4,152 POC screenings. Out-of-range readings were obtained for 40.3% of fingerstick cholesterol tests, 24.8% of fingerstick blood glucose tests, 24.3% of blood pressure tests, and 38.7% of quantitative ultrasound heel bone density readings. CONCLUSION Community-conducted POC testing functions both as an important public health service and a mechanism by which pharmacists and student pharmacists can become involved in civic engagement.
More than an Open Door: Deploying Philanthropy to Student Access and Success in American Community Colleges.

Foundations of community colleges have only recently become part of the higher education landscape, and they present substantial opportunities for the support of student financial needs. Professionals in student affairs can team with foundation colleagues in important ways to provide development opportunities and resources where they are most needed.
Therapy as a system-in-action in northeastern Tanzania.

Abstract This article is an attempt to find the systematic bases of therapeutic organization in north-eastern Tanzania, based on recent research in Galambo, Lushoto District. The whole of Tanzania suffered a long period of very low investment in either health care or public health during the colonial period. During that time the costs of reproduction of labor were borne in the countryside, mostly by women and children. Neglect by the colonial powers left a sphere of rural autonomy in medical matters, in which a number of therapeutic systems and sets of ideas fourished side by side, with no one therapeutic tradition establishing an effective monopoly. How then is a socially approved course of therapy determined? One possible answer to this question—based on shared world-view and shared assumptions about the causes of illness—is rejected. Evidence shows clearly that individuals disagree fundamentally on theories of illness causation. Radical scepticism concerning the validity of spirit-causation of illness, and of sorcery-explanation, is common. The boundaries of the system are shaped by the power of the government and (among those who are Christians) the authority of the church. The government has decided that cholera and tuberculosis must be treated within the biomedical tradition. The chruch tries unsuccessfully to limit its adherents to the use of hospital medicines or simple herbal therapies. The system as it works in actual practice is shaped by two principles. First, treatment is diagnosis. The only way to know with certainty the cause of a particular illness is to treat that cause and see if the condition improves. In many circumstances therapies are tried primarily to advance the process of diagnosis. Some treatments are structured so that only a part of the treatment need be tried initially, for diagnostic purposes, with the rest completed if the initial results are positive. The second principle is that the range of therapies is determined by the range of therapy managers. Therapeutic options supported by a relative or neighbor of the patient are almost never rejected, even if the patient or other therapy managers disagree with the assessment or therapeutic theory. Because of this each individual whose illness continues over a period of time tends to be treated by a wide range of practitioners.
The Evolution of Computation

Computer science emerged as a discipline about 70 years ago, some 2,000 years after the Greeks created mathematics, physics and philosophy. However, the questions “What is Mathematics?” and “What is Physics?” remain unanswered, and it is not surprising that the specification of computation likewise remains unresolved, in spite of the increasing centrality of the computing discipline.
Concise synthesis of acyl migration-blocked 1,1-difluorinated analogues of lysophosphatidic acid.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) is an important phospholipid mediator produced by activated platelets and by ovarian cancer cells. Efforts to understand LPA signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors are hampered by the facile acyl migration that results in equilibration to a mixture of the 1- or 2-acyl species under physiological conditions. We describe a new and efficient route to enantiomerically homogeneous lysophospholipid analogues from d-mannitol 1,2:5,6-bis-acetonide to give two 1,1-difluorodeoxy analogues of (2R)-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. These compounds are migration-blocked analogues of the labile sn-2 LPA species. The 19F NMR of diastereotopic fluorines of the difluoromethyl group shows an unexpected solvent dependence.
Iron Accumulation Is Not Homogenous among Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Background. Iron is considered to lead to neurodegeneration and has been hypothesized as a possible cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a powerful tool to measure phase related iron content of brain. Methods. Twelve de novo patients with PD were recruited from the Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University. Twelve age- and sex-matched non-PD subjects were recruited from neurology clinic as controls. Using SWI, the phase related iron content was estimated from different brain regions of interest (ROIs). Results. There was a trend between increasing age and iron accumulation in the globus pallidus and putamen in all subjects. Iron accumulation was not significant in different ROIs in PD patients compared to controls after adjustment for age. Our data revealed heterogeneity of phase values in different brain ROIs among all subjects with an exaggerated trend at SN in PD patients. Conclusions. Our data suggest a nonhomogeneous pattern of iron accumulation in different brain regions among PD patients. Further studies are needed to explore whether this may correlate to the progression of PD. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the heterogeneity of iron accumulation in the brain, among patients with PD.
QT Prolongation, Torsade de Pointes, Myocardial Ischemia From Coronary Vasospasm, and Headache Medications. Part 1: Review of Serotonergic Cardiac Adverse Events With a Triptan Case

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)(1B/1D) agonists are vasoconstrictors that can affect coronary and cerebral arteries. Retrosternal chest, arm, and jaw pain following triptan use is generally attributed to "triptan sensations" and dismissed as noncardiac. However, triptans narrow normal coronary arteries and occasionally trigger vasospasm. They are contraindicated in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Part 1 of this review examines the relationship of medications used in migraine with the likelihood of causing vasospasm or vasoconstriction, and the triggering of cardiac arrhythmias. We report an illustrative case of polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmia, electrocardiogram changes consistent with cardiac ischemia, and acquired corrected QT interval lengthening following oral sumatriptan in a 53-year-old migraineur without risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Extensive evaluation revealed insignificant single coronary vessel atherosclerosis and coronary artery vasospasm on ergonovine challenge. The report highlights the hidden risk that may underlie a "triptan sensation" and the possible association of the vasospastic features of Raynaud's phenomenon, migraine headaches, and coronary vasospasm. Part 1 discusses the risks for Torsade de Pointes, vasospasm, and ischemia, with a review and discussion of case reports of triptan-associated cardiovascular events in migraineurs with and without CAD risk factors or documented CAD; of the epidemiology and studies of triptans, vasospasm, and cardiovascular morbidity; and of the relationship of variant angina, migraine, and vasospastic disease. In the second part of this review, headache medications and their propensity for corrected QT prolongation will be summarized.
Evaluation of a pediatric hospitalist service : Impact on length of stay and hospital charges

Objectives. Inpatient medical services supervised by pediatric hospitalist physicians are a new development in academic medical centers in the United States. In a large pediatric teaching hospital, we compared length of stay, readmission rates, and hospital charges for children admitted to medical services with and without a hospitalist system of care. Design. This retrospective observational study compared a baseline year of a traditional ward service (TS) with a subsequent year of a new hospitalist system of care called the Generalist Inpatient Service (GIS). Data were obtained from the hospital9s clinical, demographic, and financial databases and from selected record review. All hospitalizations were at least 24 hours long and did not involve a stay in an intensive care unit. Results. The average length of stay was longer for the 627 TS hospitalizations than for the 813 GIS hospitalizations (2.7 ± 2.0 vs 2.4 ± 1.7 days). Total hospital charges were significantly lower on the GIS ($3002 ± $2160 vs $2720 ± $1933) because of lower room and respiratory therapy charges. Three readmissions to the TS and 8 to the GIS occurred within 24 hours of hospital discharge and were, therefore, considered potentially preventable by a longer initial hospital stay. Conclusions. In a large pediatric teaching hospital, a system of inpatient care provided by hospitalists can reduce length of stay. This model has the potential to control hospital charges in a period of increasing health care costs.
The Search for New Elements: the Projects of Today in a Larger Perspective

The search for new elements is based on the irradiation of heavy element targets with heavy ions followed by identification through physical or chemical methods. Success seems assured for the production and identification of short-lived elements immediately beyond the heaviest presently known. Predictions indicate that still heavier elements, the superheavy elements as part of an island of stability, would have sufficient stability to allow their identification; however, there is no equal assurance that nuclear reactions suitable for their synthesis can be found. The chemical properties of a wide range of such prospective new elements have been predicted, in many cases in rather extensive detail. Special considerations related to their high atomic numbers suggest interesting differences between the chemical properties of these heavy elements and their lighter homologs. Chemical separation schemes for the identification of superheavy elements have been devised and applied to heavy targets irradiated with heavy ions. While there may be some positive indications of such identification in experiments performed at Dubna, experiments at Berkeley have given negative results. In the Berkeley experiments the yields of a broad range of isotopes of the known elements in the separated chemical fractions have been determined. The resulting distribution of products formed in the irradiation of uranium with krypton ions suggest some interesting new reaction mechanisms.
Fallacies in deducing gas phase reactions in electrothermal atomization through the use of Arrhenius plots

Abstract The use of Arrhenius-type plots employing the leading edge of the absorbance signal from electrothermal atomization to extract energetics of gas phase dissociation processes is likely in error. Because analytecontaining molecular species may be continuously generated and these same species lost by diffusion during the measurement period, erroneous data will result from using the slopes from Arrhenius-type plots. Simulations with known input energies of vaporization and enthalpies of dissociation are used in illustrating the errors that will occur from over interpreting the slopes derived from the curves. It is also apparent how one might “see” a straight line region where, in fact, none exists.
Nonholonomic Hamilton-Jacobi theory via Chaplygin Hamiltonization

Abstract We develop Hamilton–Jacobi theory for Chaplygin systems, a certain class of nonholonomic mechanical systems with symmetries, using a technique called Hamiltonization, which transforms nonholonomic systems into Hamiltonian systems. We give a geometric account of the Hamiltonization, identify necessary and sufficient conditions for Hamiltonization, and apply the conventional Hamilton–Jacobi theory to the Hamiltonized systems. We show, under a certain sufficient condition for Hamiltonization, that the solutions to the Hamilton–Jacobi equation associated with the Hamiltonized system also solve the nonholonomic Hamilton–Jacobi equation associated with the original Chaplygin system. The results are illustrated through several examples.
The effects of path absorption on phase sensitivity with entangled states

It is known that the phase measurement using lossless Mach-Zehnder interferometer with certain entangled N -photon states can achieve a phase sensitivity of the order of 1/ N , the Heisenberg limit. However, the output observable used is different for different input states to achieve the Heisenberg limit. In this paper, we show that it is possible to achieve this limit just by parity measurement for all the commonly proposed entangled states. Taking account of path absorption effect, the phase shifts with parity measurement for these states are obtained and indicate that the N00N state still remains to be the best candidate to perform phase detection if the transmittance of the medium is not too small and the number of photons is not very large.
Digit flexor muscles in the cat: Their action and motor units

The relation between muscle action and the mechanical properties of motor units has been explored in the main digit flexors of the cat hind limb: plantaris (PL); flexor digitorum brevis (FDB); flexor hallucis longus (FHL); and, flexor digitorum longus (FDL). General observations on muscle action revealed that PL is an ankle extensor as well as a digit flexor. PL and FHL were shown to be the major force contributors to digit flexion with FDL playing a lesser but still significant role. The mechanical properties of PL, FHL and FDB motor units were studied by noting twitch and tetanic tensions produced by electrical stimulation of single alpha axons, functionally isolated from the ventral root filaments. These data were compared to similar data reported by Olson and Swett (1966) for flexor digitorum longus (FDL). Our sample (114 PL, 60 FDB and 124 FHL units) disclosed that PL, FDB and FHL have units of uniformly fast contraction times (means 22, 27 and 27 msec respectively). PL units developed the most tetanic tension (3 to 160, mean 62 gm-wt) followed by FHL (2 to 87, mean 31 gm-wt) with FDB units producing very little tension (1 to 20, mean 6 gm-wt). Swett and Olson's FDL sample (108 units) showed tensions ranging from 0.3 to 100 gm-wt (mean 10 gm-wt). A division of labor among the four muscles is proposed. The large PL units are advantageous for forceful phasic inputs to the digits during the locomotion and in keeping with PL's additional role as an ankle exstensor. The low output forces of FDB units are optimal for discrete input to the digits during subtle adjustments of posture. We propose that the larger fast contracting units of FHL are used primarily for forceful digit flexions required in locomotion and for phasic protrusion of the claws while the predominately small and slow contracting units of FDL are used for sustained claw protrusion.
Observations on Stellar Extinction obtained in the Gemini 9 Space Flight

LINK1 has suggested that there is a high absorbing layer in the Earth's atmosphere. This layer, presumably dust, was suggested in order to explain the anomaly in the size of the Earth's shadow during eclipses. Some support for the suggestion came from measurements of stellar extinction from Mont Blanc2. The height of the layer has been estimated as 100–150 km above the surface and it is presumed to have a vertical optical depth of 0.025–0.05. The purpose of this communication is to show that on the basis of stellar extinction measurements made in the Gemini 9 flight, no layer at an altitude above 80 km exists with a vertical optical depth of more than 0.0015. Either Link's layer does not exist at all or it is at a lower altitude than 80 km.
Concepts of normal and dip moveout

Both normal moveout and dip moveout are key elements of modern seismic data processing. A nonmathematical discussion of the nature and action of these processes helps to clarify their importance. Special emphasis is given to their history and geometry, as well as the effect of dip, velocity variation, and anisotropy. The relationship between dip moveout and prestack migration is also developed.
Dislocation-induced flux pinning interactions in YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract The interactions of flux lines with dislocation lines in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 are modelled for both strain-field interactions and core-core overlap. A numerical calculation of the strain-induced interaction energy is employed to find the pinning forces and resulting critical currents. The strain interactions are found to be uniformly repulsive for edge dislocations, while no strain interaction is predicted for screw dislocations. Calculations of the normal-state core-core interactions suggest that the reported [001] screw dislocation could behave as an effective pinning site. The results suggest that pinning by dislocations may be significant, producing J c in the range 10 3 to > 10 6 A cm -2 , and that strain induced pinning will often appear to be point-like.
The Relationship Between Personal and National Concerns in Public Perceptions About the Economy

Although a large body of evidence has highlighted public perceptions of the national economy as a critical determinant of political evaluations, there is still considerable debate over how to inter...
Waveguide engineering for hybrid Si / III-V lasers and amplifiers

Using adiabatic tapers, hybrid silicon / III-V lasers and amplifiers are integrated with conventional thin (t = 0.25 μm) silicon waveguides. Amplifiers have ∼12 dB intrachip gain, and similar lasers have thresholds of 35 mA.
Convolutions of the T distribution

Formulas for the convolution of two independent t random variables are derived. Tables of associated percentiles are obtained as an illustration of their application.