cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Love and Politics: Persistent Human Desires as a Foundation for Liberation

In, Love and Politics Jeffery L. Nicholas argues that Eros is the final rejection of an alienated life, in which humans are prevented from developing their human powers; Eros, in contrast, is an overflowing of acting into new realities and new beauties, a world in which human beings extend their powers and senses. Nicholas uniquely interprets Alasdair MacIntyre’s Revolutionary Aristotelianism as a response to alienation defined as the divorce of fact from value. However, this account cannot address alienation in the form of the oppression of women or people of color. Importantly, it fails to acknowledge the domination of nature that blackens the heart of alienated life. Alienation must be seen as a separation of the human from nature. Nicholas turns to Aristotle, first, to uncover the way his philosophy embodies a divorce of human from nature, then to reconstruct the essential elements of Aristotle’s metaphysics to defend a philosophical anthropology based on Eros. Love and Politics: Persistent Human Desires as a Foundation for Liberation presents a critical theory that synthesizes MacIntyre’s Revolutionary Aristotelianism, Frankfurt School Critical Theory, and Social Reproduction Theory. It will be of great interest to political theorists and philosophers.
Essential Features: Content-Adaptive Pixel Discretization to Improve Model Robustness to Adaptive Adversarial Attacks

To remove the effects of adversarial perturbations, preprocessing defenses such as pixel discretization are appealing due to their simplicity but have so far been shown to be ineffective except on simple datasets such as MNIST, leading to the belief that pixel discretization approaches are doomed to failure as a defense technique. This paper revisits the pixel discretization approaches. We hypothesize that the reason why existing approaches have failed is that they have used a fixed codebook for the entire dataset. In particular, we find that can lead to situations where images become more susceptible to adversarial perturbations and also suffer significant loss of accuracy after discretization. We propose a novel image preprocessing technique called Essential Features that uses an adaptive codebook that is based on per-image content and threat model. Essential Features adaptively selects a separable set of color clusters for each image to reduce the color space while preserving the pertinent features of the original image, maximizing both separability and representation of colors. Additionally, to limit the adversary's ability to influence the chosen color clusters, Essential Features takes advantage of spatial correlation with an adaptive blur that moves pixels closer to their original value without destroying original edge information. We design several adaptive attacks and find that our approach is more robust than previous baselines on $L_\infty$ and $L_2$ bounded attacks for several challenging datasets including CIFAR-10, GTSRB, RESISC45, and ImageNet.
Vulnerability : a view from different disciplines

Practitioners from different disciplines use different meanings and concepts of vulnerability, which, in turn, have led to diverse methods of measuring it. This paper presents a selective review of the literature from several disciplines to examine how they define and measure vulnerability. The disciplines include economics, sociology/anthropology, disaster management, environmental science, and health/nutrition. Differences between the disciplines can be explained by their tendency to focus on different components of risk, household responses to risk and welfare outcomes. In general, they focus either on the risks (at one extreme) or the underlying conditions (or outcomes) at the other. Trade-offs exist between simple measurement schemes and rich conceptual understanding.
Educational Theory as a Form of Symbolic Action

While educational experts write about a range of topics from a variety of theoretical perspectives, many share an avid belief in causation. This faith in causeand-effect relationships gives rise, as Susanne Langer observed, to a “practical vision” that is dominated by a “literal minded conception of reality” and a matterof-fact kind of attitude. In saying this, her hope was to shed light on what literalmindedness casts in its long shadow, and her philosophical efforts are the source of my inspiration.
Development of a cervical cancer education program for native American women in North Carolina.

Abstract The North Carolina Native American Cervical Cancer Prevention Project is a five‐year, NCI‐funded public health education program. The project was developed to address the problem of excess mortality from cervical cancer among Native American women by increasing screening and follow‐up of abnormal cervical smears. This paper describes the process of developing and implementing the intervention, an individualized health education program. Development of the intervention was guided by the health belief model, social learning theory, self efficacy theory, and PRECEDE, a planning model. Community analysis revealed that the target populations had limited awareness of cervical cancer as a specific type of cancer, and had an experientially‐based pessimistic outlook regarding survival with cancer. Steps in developing the cervical‐cancer prevention program included 1) development of objectives, 2) selection of strategies and development of cervical cancer education materials, 3) pretesting and revision, an...
Impact of race on survival in patients with clinically nonmetastatic prostate cancer who deferred primary treatment

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) racial disparity studies typically focus on survival differences after curative treatment. The authors of this report hypothesized that comparing mortality rates between African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) patients who deferred primary treatment for clinically nonmetastatic PCa may provide a better assessment of the impact of race on the natural course of PCa. METHODS: The pathology database of the New York Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), an equal access-of-care facility, was searched for patients with biopsy-proven PCa. Inclusion criteria included 1) no evidence of metastatic disease or death within 3 years after diagnosis, 2) no primary treatment, and 3) a minimum of 5 years of follow-up for survivors. RESULTS: In total, 518 patients met inclusion criteria between 1990 and 2005. AA patients were younger (P = .02) and had higher median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (P = .001) at the time of diagnosis compared with CA patients. In a multivariate model, higher Gleason score and PSA level were associated with increased mortality (P = .001 and P = .03, respectively), but race was not a predictor of death from PCa. CONCLUSIONS: The current data suggested that race did not have a major impact on survival in patients with PCa who deferred primary treatment for clinically nonmetastatic disease. Cancer 2012;118: 3145–52. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Towards a scalable and flexible architecture for virtual private networks

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are commonly used to provide secure connectivity over public networks. VPNs use tunnels to provide encryption, compression, and authentication functions, which are identically applied to every packet passing through them. However, this behavior may be overly rigid in many situations where the applications require different functions to be applied to different parts of their streams. Current VPNs are unable to offer such differential treatment, posing a heavy computational burden on edge routers, reducing their flexibility and degrading network performance. Additionally, the administrative cost of maintaining these tunnels is as high as O(N2) for an N node VPN. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a flexible VPN architecture (called Flexi-Tunes) where within a single VPN tunnel, different VPN functions are applied to different packet streams. Flexi-Tunes also replaces the traditional point-to-point tunnels with packet switched tunnels that improve scalability by reducing administrative costs to O(N). Simulation of this enhanced model demonstrates 170% improvement in bandwidth and 40 times improvement in end-to-end delay.
Flexible Phototransistors Based on Single-Crystalline Silicon Nanomembranes

In this work, flexible phototransistors with a back gate configuration based on transferrable single-crystalline Si nanomembrane (Si NM) have been demonstrated. Having the Si NM as the top layer enables full exposure of the active region to an incident light and thus allows for effective light sensing. Flexible phototransistors are performed in two operation modes: 1) the high light detection mode that exhibits a photo-to-dark current ratio of 105 at voltage bias of VGS < 0.5 V, and VDS = 50 mV and 2) the high responsivity mode that shows a maximum responsivity of 52 A W−1 under blue illumination at voltage bias of VGS = 1 V, and VDS = 3 V. Due to the good mechanical flexibility of Si NMs with the assistance of a polymer layer to enhance light absorption, the device exhibits stable responsivity with less than 5% of variation under bending at small radii of curvatures (up to 15 mm). Overall, such flexible phototransistors with the capabilities of high sensitivity light detection and stable performance under the bending conditions offer great promises for high-performance flexible optical sensor applications, with easy integration for multifunctional applications.
Cesium-137 in floodplain sediments of the Lower Three Runs Creek on the DOE Savannah River Site

The legacy of nuclear weapons production has resulted in vast tracks of land contaminated with fission products, mainly 137 Cs, and at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) alone there is over 120 km 2 of land contaminated with low-levels of 137 Cs. Soils on the SRS are highly weathered and dominated by sand-sized quartz grains with the clay fraction consisting primarily of kaolinite and crystalline and poorly crystalline iron oxides ( 137 Cs in the Lower Three Runs Creek floodplain were retained in the sand-sized fraction (>52 mm) of the soil. Frayed edge site measurements were performed in order to probe the interaction between 137 Cs and the sand fraction, with the results indicating that the vast majority of the 137 Cs was strongly retained and existed in the residual fraction. These results prompted examination into the mineralogy of the soils in a hope to elucidate the mechanisms of 137 Cs retention by the sand fraction. The results from this study provide new evidence for selective retention of 137 Cs in larger-grained particles than previously demonstrated.
Proper laboratory storage of coals

Abstract An Illinois No. 6 (hvCb) coal was stored in nitrogen filled, screw-capped, taped vials and its free swelling index (FSI) decreased with time. A closely similar coal was stored in sealed glass ampoules without any change in properties. Bruceton (hvAb) coal shows no change in FSI on storage in screw-cap vials, but there is a steady decrease in the amount of pyridine extractables, similar to that which occurs when this coal is air oxidized. To insure proper storage of coals, the use of sealed ampoules is necessary.
The partitioning of organic carbon fluxes and sedimentary organic matter decomposition rates in the ocean

Abstract The partitioning of annual organic carbon fluxes from five stations located in the vicinity of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge and the Peru continental margin suggests that 35–85% of the total near-bottom organic carbon flux is utilized at or near the sediment-water interface. These estimates have large uncertainties, but illustrate that assessments of organic carbon utilization can be made by several stepwise approaches which are generally applicable to a wide spectrum of marine environments. In one approach, the mineralization of organic carbon from the sediments was predicted from both sedimentary organic carbon and pore water nutrient profiles with comparable results. Neglecting sediment mixing, the rate constants of the anoxic sediments off Peru range from 0.1 × 10 −3 to 4 × 10 −3 y −1 , and rate constants derived for oxic SW Pacific sediments range from 3 × 10 −4 to 7 × 10 −4 y −1 . As with other values reported for sulfate reducing sediments by Toth and Lerman (1977) and for oxic central Pacific sediments by Muller and Mangini (1980), log-log plots of rate constants vs. sedimentation rate define two parallel linear relationships for oxic and anoxic sediments, respectively. The apparently enhanced rates for oxic environments may result from large benthic organisms which redistribute a portion of the available detritus and in doing so convert it into more easily accessible and metabolizable organic matter. In low-oxygen environments, bottom feeders and infauna are less abundant and more likely to irrigate rapidly accumulating sediments.
Agonistic and Nonagonistic Behaviors of Pullets of Dissimilar Strains of White Leghorns When Kept Separately and Intermingled

Abstract Agonistic and nonagonistic behaviors were compared for pullets of two White Leghorn strains. One strain had been selected for part-year egg production; the other was the unselected control from which the selected strain was derived. There were two experiments in which the strains were kept separately and intermingled in laying-house floor pens. The selected strain had social dominance over the control at 5 months (before sexual maturity), but that dominance had diminished or disappeared when strangers of the two strains were placed together at 17 months. Nevertheless, because of social inertia, selected strain pullets maintained undiminished dominance over control pullets for the entire laying year when they were kept together from housing time onward. Selected strain females had more aggressive acts, more feeding activity, and spent less time resting than control females in both separated- and intermingled-strain housing environments. When pullets of the two strains were kept together, the relative frequencies of their agonistic behaviors were changed, but nonagonistic activities were not altered. Pullets had increased frequencies of pecking and fighting, but not of chases and threats, when they were hungry and feeding. Pullets with higher social status had more feeding activity when feed was constantly available, but that was not apparent when all were hungry and feeding. Preening activity increased as pullets aged.
Topological field theories

The outline of this review is as follows. In Section II a simple non-abelian C-S theory is described. It is the quantum mechanical theory of spin and it serves as an illustrative example for quantization of systems with finite phase space. In Section III general non-abelian Chern-Simons theories are discussed. It is shown how their canonical quantization on nontrivial Riemann surfaces leads to a system with finite number of degrees of freedom. The connection with conformal field theory is then explained using the abelian example. Implications to knot theory and quantum gravity are then discussed in Section IV. (orig.).
Nonlinear stabilization of ion-acoustic current-driven instability

Nonlinear stabilization of ion-acoustic current-driven instability brought about by the electron resonance broadening is studied The electric field spectrum in the saturated state is shown to agree with the known stationary ion-acoustic turbulence spectrum.
Advances in Pseudospectral Methods for Optimal Control

Recently, the Legendre pseudospectral (PS) method migrated from theory to ∞ight application onboard the International Space Station for performing a flnite-horizon, zeropropellant maneuver. A small technical modiflcation to the Legendre PS method is necessary to manage the limiting conditions at inflnity for inflnite-horizon optimal control problems. Motivated by these technicalities, the concept of primal-dual weighted interpolation, introduced earlier by the authors, is used to articulate a unifled theory for all PS methods for optimal control. This theory illuminates the previously hidden fact of the unit weight function implicit in the the Legendre PS method based on Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto points. The unifled framework also reveals why this Legendre PS method is the most appropriate method for solving flnite-horizon optimal control problems with arbitrary boundary conditions. This conclusion is borne by a proper deflnition of orthogonality needed to generate convergent approximations in Hilbert spaces. Special boundary conditions are needed to ensure the convergence of the Legendre PS method based on the Legendre-Gauss-Radau (LGR) and the Legendre-Gauss (LG) points. These facts are illustrated by simple examples and counter examples which reveal when and why PS methods based on LGR and LG points fail. A new kind of consistency in the primal-dual weight functions allows us to generate dual maps (such as Hamiltonians, adjoints etc) without resorting to solving di‐cult two-point boundary-value problems. These concepts are encapsulated in a unifled Covector Mapping Theorem.
Methane loss from (CH3)3O+: An asynchronous, concerted 1,2-alkane elimination

Abstract To advance our understanding of 1,2-eliminations, ab initio and density functional theories are used to characterize the elimination of CH4 from (CH3)3O+. The reaction begins with the extension of a CO bond. Near the transition state, the carbon of the moving methyl (CMe) begins to approach a hydrogen (Ht) in another methyl, and the original CHt bond begins to stretch. Finishing the transfer of Ht after the transition state is passed completes the elimination. At the transition state, more than half of the positive charge is on the moving methyl, so the initial phase of methane elimination resembles the beginning of heterolytic dissociation to +CH3 + CH3OCH3, a reaction that also occurs. There is no electron density overlap between the C and O at the transition state, but there is significant overlap density between CMe and Ht. This and the charge distribution lead to classification of methane elimination as a concerted but highly asynchronous process rather than as being ion-neutral complex-mediated, in contrast to many alkane eliminations. The concertedness of this process probably arises from the threshold for partial dissociation of this system to an ion-neutral complex being much higher than the endothermicity for methane elimination.
Juvenile hormone and the physiological basis of insect polymorphisms.

Juvenile hormone (JH) is a developmental hormone of insects. It has become evident in recent years that JH is involved in the control of gene switching and that it exerts this control only during c...
Peripheral blood gene expression profiling for cardiovascular disease assessment

Whole blood gene expression profiling has the potential to be informative about dynamic changes in disease states and to provide information on underlying disease mechanisms. Having demonstrated proof of concept in animal models, a number of studies have now tried to tackle the complexity of cardiovascular disease in human hosts to develop better diagnostic and prognostic indicators. These studies show that genomic signatures are capable of classifying patients with cardiovascular diseases into finer categories based on the molecular architecture of a patient’s disease and more accurately predict the likelihood of a cardiovascular event than current techniques. To highlight the spectrum of potential applications of whole blood gene expression profiling approach in cardiovascular science, we have chosen to review the findings in a number of complex cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and myocardial infarction as well as thromboembolism, aortic aneurysm, and heart transplant.
Correlation studies between solar wind parameters and the decimetric radio emission from Jupiter

Results of a study comparing long-term time variations in Jupiter's synchrotron radio emission with a variety of solar wind parameters and the 10.7 cm solar flux are reported. Data from 1963 through 1985 were analyzed, and the results suggest that many solar wind parameters are correlated with the intensity of the synchrotron emission produced by the relativistic electrons in the Jovian Van Allen radiation belts. Significant nonzero correlation coefficients appear to be associated with solar wind ion density, ram pressure, thermal pressure, flow velocity, momentum, and ion temperature. The implication of these results is that the solar wind is influencing the supply and/or loss of electrons to Jupiter's inner magnetosphere.
Serotonergic-like progenitor cells propagated from neural stem cells in vitro : survival with SERT protein expression following implantation into brains of mice lacking SERT

SPECIFIC AIMSDuring mammalian brain development serotonin (5-HT) contributes to neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation in cortex and other brain regions. In adulthood the brain serotonergic system thus participates in the coordination of complex sensory and motor functions that are associated with different behavioral states and are implicated in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was to propagate serotonergic-like progenitor cells from mouse neural stem cells, to evaluate their properties [e.g., serotonin transporter (SERT) -mediated reuptake activity and receptor-mediated electrophysiological responses], then to implant these progenitor cells into the brains of mice with a targeted disruption of SERT, to investigate whether these implanted progenitors would survive, maintain the same phenotype and express SERT in the adult brain of SERT knockout mice.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Differentiation of serotonergic-like progenitors after sonic hedgehog (Shh) and fibrobla...
A wavelength division multiple access network for computer communication

A first-generation design, called Rainbow, for optical wavelength division multiaccess (WDMA) computer networks is described. The Rainbow research prototype takes the form of a direct detection, circuit-switched metropolitan-area-network (MAN) backbone consisting of 32 IBM PD/2's as gateway stations, communicating with each other at 200-Mb/s data rates and submillisecond switching times. The prototype architectural options for realizing WDMA networks are discussed, along with reasons for choosing this design point. Experimental measurements on the prototype are presented. Ways of extending this prototype to more stations, higher bit rates, and faster setup times are given. >
Charting the life-course epidemiology of influenza

Interaction between the human immune system and influenza virus is predominantly driven by antigenic drift. In this process, ongoing mutation of the virus slowly changes its antigenic signature, eventually allowing the virus to infect people with immunity to earlier versions of the virus. Along with antigenic shifts, through which extreme changes in influenza A lead to pandemics (most often when genes from two or more different strains of influenza reassort to form a new subtype), antigenic drift is the dominant driver of influenza epidemiology. One of the most important results of antigenic drift is the need to periodically reformulate and annually administer influenza vaccine. On page 996 of this issue, Fonville et al. ( 1 ) use a technique called “antibody landscapes” to characterize antibody protection from the full spectrum of influenza strains, illuminating the interaction between new influenza exposures and past immunity.
Helium-cold induced hypothermia in the white rat.

Hypothermia was induced in white rats by exposing them to low ambient temperatures (about 0 C) and a gaseous atmosphere of 80% helium and 20% oxygen (helox). Biological survival, in which revival from hypothermia to normothermia is achieved, and clinical survival, in which one or more functional attributes are monitored in the hypothermic animal until it dies, are examined. The helium-cold method appears to produce a hypothermic state in the rat quite similar to that resulting from such techniques as ice water immersion or hypercapnia + hypoxia. There is a direct relationship between body weight and percent survival. Despite the fact that they require a longer period to become hypothermic, the heavier animals are better able to survive.
Child Support Enforcement, Joint Legal Custody, and Parental Involvement

This article uses the 1992–98 waves of the Current Population Survey‐Child Support Supplement to examine whether state child support enforcement affects the likelihood of divorced parents choosing joint legal custody and whether such custody increases the involvement of nonresident parents. This involvement is measured by child support payment and visitation. We find that effective child support enforcement increases the probability of joint legal custody. Joint legal custody also increases the involvement of nonresident parents in their children’s lives, although these effects diminish over time.
Importance of grazing on the salt-marsh grassSpartina alterniflora to nitrogen turnover in a macrofaunal consumer,Littorina irrorata, and to decomposition of standing-deadSpartina

Dying leaves ofSpartina alterniflora Loisel (hereafterSpartina) do not undergo abscission and consequently are at least partially degraded while remaining attached to the shoot, i.e., under conditions which may be very different from those occurring in litterbags used to measure decomposition ofSpartina at the sediment surface. Attached living and dead leaves in high-marsh areas are subject to grazing by the abundant gastropodLittorina irrorata Say (hereafterLittorina), a salt marsh periwinkle. In 1986, nitrogen assimilation from living and standing-deadSpartina byLittorina was examined in Sapelo Island (Georgia, USA) salt marshes by labelling plants with the stable nitrogen isotope15N and measuring the transfer into grazing snails in the field. The initial label of ca 8% total plant nitrogen declined to ca 1% over 5 mo, perhaps due to label dilution by less enriched nitrogen taken up and translocated from below- to above-groundSpartina biomass. Snails incorporatedSpartina-derived nitrogen into tissues at rates equal to 10 to 20% of total snail nitrogen 30-d−1 in summer and fall, and 2 to 5% 30-d−1 in winter. In the absence of measurable growth, these high nitrogen incorporation rates may indicate a large reproductive effort, or substantial turnover of somatic tissue nitrogen. The annual total assimilation ofSpartina-derived nitrogen was equal to theLittorina-nitrogen biomass. Assimilation of nitrogen in the presence of livingSpartina material (dead material removed) was reduced substantially below that in the presence of intact plants (living and dead material present).Littorina populations at abundances found in Georgia would assimilate ca 3.4% of above-groundSpartina-nitrogen production annually in high-marsh, short-Spartina areas. Based on preliminary estimates of nitrogen assimilation efficiency, 13.2 to 27.2% of short-Spartina production could be ingested annually by Georgia populations ofLittorina. Most of this ingestion would be concentrated in the summer and early fall, when monthly ingestion could equal 100% of deadSpartina biomass. The impact of grazing byLittorina onSpartina decomposition may be greatest on these early-senescing leaves. Grazing may have little impact on the early stages of decomposition of the bulk of the shoots that senesce later in fall, but may be important in the later stages of decomposition of dead shoots that persist through winter until the following spring and summer.
Human fetal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells

ABSTRACT: Human fetal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has not been reported previously. Most investigations have failed to document any cytolytic activity among fetal lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate ADCC activity in the human fetus and identify and characterize the effector cell populations in the fetus. Fetal spleen cells were separated into single-cell suspensions and assayed with 51Cr-labeled herpes simplex 1-infected Chang liver target cells. Significant ADCC activity was detected in 19 of 26 (73%) of freshly assayed fetal spleen cell preparations from fetuses of 17–24 wk gestational age. This activity, however, was significantly less than concurrently run adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After plastic adherence the fetal spleen ADCC activity from nonadhcrent cells was not significantly different from whole spleen preparations. Surprisingly, ADCC activity in nonadherent fetal cells dropped signifi- cantly after exposure to latex beads, an effect not seen in nonadhcrent adult lymphocytes. Thus, either fetal monocyte-derived (macrophages) fetal spleen cells do not efficiently adhere to plastic or a unique nonadherent population of latex-sensitive immunocytcs is capable of mediating ADCC activity in the fetus. We suspect the former conclusion to be the more plausible; however, fluorescence-activated cell sorter staining of fetal cells was not sufficient to confirm these suspensions by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis.
Review of synthesis of low-work function Cu–Li alloy coatings and characterization of the field emission properties for application to field emission devices

Alkali metals have extremely low-work functions and are therefore expected to result in significant enhancement of the electron emission if they are used as coatings on Mo or Si microtip field emission arrays (FEAs). However, the alkali metals are physically and chemically unstable in layers exceeding a few nanometers in thickness. Maximum enhancement of electron emission occurs for alkali metal layers 0.5–1 monolayer thick, but it is extremely difficult to fabricate and maintain such a thin alkali metal coating. We review here our work of the last three years focused on developing Cu–Li alloy coatings for application to field emitter Spindt-type tip arrays and fabrication of edge emitters with low-voltage high electron emission characteristics for field emission devices. The Cu–Li alloy coatings provide a chemically and thermally stable, self-replenishing, segregated lithium monolayer on the surface of the host Cu layer, resulting in a substantial reduction of the work function of the alloy, compared to ...
Unlocking Transition for Modulated Surfaces and Quantum Hall Stripes

We develop a sine-Gordon model of layered systems of two-dimensional modulated surfaces and one-dimensional stripes and demonstrate that these systems can undergo a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in which the modulations unlock as a result of thermal or quantum fluctuations, respectively. The unlocked phase is interpreted as an anisotropic crystal in which soliton-antisoliton pairs proliferate. The properties of such a state for modulated stripes in quantum Hall systems and its possible relevance to recent anomalies in transport data are discussed.
A reformer performance model for fuel cell applications

Abstract A performance model for a reformer, consisting of the catalytic partial oxidation (CPO), high- and low-temperature water-gas shift (HTWGS and LTWGS), and preferential oxidation (PROX) reactors, has been formulated. The model predicts the composition and temperature of the hydrogen-rich reformed fuel-gas mixture needed for the fuel cell applications. The mathematical model equations, based on the principles of classical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics, were implemented into a computer program. The resulting software was employed to calculate the chemical species molar flow rates and the gas mixture stream temperature for the steady-state operation of the reformer. Typical computed results, such as the gas mixture temperature at the CPO reactor exit and the profiles of the fractional conversion of carbon monoxide, temperature, and mole fractions of the chemical species as a function of the catalyst weight in the HTWGS, LTWGS, and PROX reactors, are here presented at the carbon-to-oxygen atom ratio (C/O) of 1 for the feed mixture of n-decane (fuel) and dry air (oxidant).
Editorial comment on: The surgical management of paediatric bladder and prostate rhabdomyosarcoma.

At The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia we have had an extensive experience with this rare tumour, as oncology referrals are received widely in this centre. As a result we have identified several points that are worth reiterating. The first is that this is a rare tumour that is complex in management and unlike any other malignancy seen in children. Accordingly, this is a malignancy that cannot be managed by a simple ‘cookbook’ approach and should be managed in a centre of excellence that has abundant experience with this tumour. This tumour responds to all three modes of treatment, i.e., chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Indeed, there is a feeling among many that multimodal therapy is required to cure the patients. The exact balance and appropriateness in a given child of these three elements continue to be debated, and I am at variance with some recommendations in this review. The first point to emphasise is that children who have this tumour might have a mass that remains after chemotherapy but that does not reflect the cancer burden. Often the stroma involutes far more slowly than does the cancer. Accordingly, the staging of this tumour should always be with histology as well as imaging. Indeed, imaging alone is simply not sufficient. Another important point that we have learned when we are striving to achieve a cure of this tumour is to not irradiate residual mass disease, but rather ensure that the patient has no gross evidence of disease (NED) before considering any radiotherapy. An irradiated tumour simply has uninterpretable pathology, as the pathologist cannot determine whether a cell that is visible on biopsy is moving towards senescence or viability. We always strive to create a patient with NED by either chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus surgery before considering radiotherapy. An important point is that it has been now recognised that chemotherapy and radiotherapy can satisfactorily treat microscopic residual disease. As a result, exonerative surgery for this unencapsulated tumour, in an effort to establish a wide field of normal tissue around the cancer, is rarely necessary. If the organ of origin of the tumour is removed and there is microscopic residual disease, usually that can be dealt with by radiotherapy and further chemotherapy. The result of all of these changes over the last 30 years is that we have clearly improved the long-term prognosis for many of these children, although much remains to be determined. This present review is worthy of careful study.
Feasibility study of using a simulation approach for optimisation of machining process on aircraft materials

Design of machining processes in aerospace manufacturing relies mainly on experimental approaches; but experiments are time–consuming, expensive and require sophisticated instruments. Two alternative methods are analytical and finite element methods. On one hand, analytical methods are often over–simplified to accommodate necessary variables for an application; the results from analytical methods are lacking of details and accuracy. On the other hand, finite element methods are used to predict the behaviour of a machining process without actual machining operations. However, the finite element methods have not been well validated. Most of the reported works on existing simulation tools are out of general curiosity and without a specific targeted application scenario. This work is dedicated to the machining application on aerospace materials. The fidelity of the simulation code AdvantEdge for this application is validated. The suggestions are made for the modelling of complicated machining operations using AdvantEdge.
Pandemic Flu: A Major Concern for Pregnant Women

Nurses caring for pregnant women and infants are on the front lines to mitigate serious consequences that may occur with an influenza pandemic. To assist nurses in becoming prepared for a pandemic, this article will address various types of influenza viruses, effects of influenza on pregnant women, diagnosis, treatment and ways to protect pregnant women and newborns.
Charge carrier correlations in framework solid electrolytes

Abstract Stochastic Langevin dynamics is employed to simulate correlated charge carrier diffusion in framework solid electrolytes. We include realistic coulombic ion-ion interactions, as well as static and dynamic effects of the framework lattice. Ionic conductivity and correlation factors are calculated for several model systems. These transport properties characterize the diffusion mechanism as either liquid-like or correlated hopping. For systems in which the charge carrier density is incommensurate with the period of the lattice, ionic motion can be either liquid-like or hopping depending on the system parameters. The transition from correlated hopping to liquid-like diffusion induced by variation of these parameters is discussed.
A 40nm 650Mhz 0.5fJ/Bit/Search TCAM Compiler Using Complementary Bit-cell Architecture

Ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is used for high-speed table lookups. The dynamic power consumption of TCAMs is one of the main challenges for keeping up with high performance requirements. System level reliability is impacted by devices that produces large peak current demands on the power grid. This paper presents a TCAM compiler based on a static complementary TCAM bitcell for reduced dynamic power and reduced decoupling capacitance(dcap) requirement. The two stage architecture comprise of static TCAM cells with a match forward feature and then a static AND-tree structure. This TCAM compiler configurations have been implemented on 40nm CMOS technology testchip and experimental results demonstrate the performance upto 650Mhz and 0.5fJ/bit/search energy for a 512wordsx256bit macro.
VW CEP : period and color changes.

Observed times of minima show that the period of VW Cep has been decreasing monotonically for the last 55 years. The conservative case implication is mass transfer from the more massive to the less massive component. Interpreted on the thermal relaxation oscillation (TRO) theory, the present state of the system must be semidetached. Primary and secondary minimum (B-V) color indices are equal, to within observational precision. Implying close thermal contact, the latter result is in apparent disagreement with the previous conclusion. A comparison of observations with the Anderson-Shu theory remains to be performed.
A School-Based Organization Intervention for Young Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The authors evaluated the effects of an organization intervention for middle school students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The organization intervention was administered to participants twice each week over a 5-month period. The relationship between organization of academic materials and performance in class was analyzed to evaluate the possibility that organization was associated with improved grades. Finally, descriptive analyses of patterns of responding were completed to identify patterns that may be evaluated in future research and inform those who may implement the intervention. Results indicated that the vast majority of participants demonstrated improved organization of materials and this improvement was related to academic performance in some classes. Three patterns of responding seemed to emerge including “immediate,” “slow-but-steady,” and “honeymoon” responders. Implications for implementation of the organization intervention over an extended period of time are discussed as well as next steps in the development of school-based interventions for this population.
Hominid evolution, supralaryngeal vocal tract physiology, and the fossil evidence for reconstructions.

Abstract The functional, physiologic aspects of the human supralaryngeal vocal tract, which follow from the equal length of the oral and pharyngeal cavities and their right angle orientation are discussed. Sounds like the vowels [i] and [u], which only the human supralaryngeal vocal tract can produce in a Quantal mode, provide a selective advantage for vocal communication and the evolution of the human vocal tract and matched neural property detectors. The dissimilarity between Neanderthal skulls and specimens of anatomically modern Homo sapiens and other fossil skulls is discussed in relation to the reconstruction of the Neanderthal supralaryngeal vocal tract. The absence of some of the innate neural property detectors that play a part in the perception of human speech can be inferred in Neanderthal hominids from the reconstruction of their supralaryngeal vocal tract.
Formation of 2-pentyl pyridine during processing of soybean protein isolates as affected by pH

: Levels of 2-pentyl pyridine (2-pp) in protein fractions from Stressland soybeans increased to 0.868 ppm (±0.027) at pH 7 after removing insoluble components from defatted flours. If similar protein fractions were held at pH 4.5 or pH 9, the 2-pp concentration was 0.182 ppm (± 0.003) or 0.199 ppm (± 0.003), respectively. Soybean cultivars KS4694, Edison, and a type null for lipoxygenase 1, 2, and 3 showed similar changes. The increase at pH 7 occurred in less than 1 h. If the defatted flour solution was not subjected to alkaline extraction to remove insoluble components, the increase of 2-pp at neutral pH did not occur. Thus, the pH conditions should be carefully controlled to produce soybean protein isolates with desired flavor properties.
Protein Kinase Cδ is required for ErbB2-driven mammary gland tumorigenesis and negatively correlates with prognosis in human breast cancer

Protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) regulates apoptosis in the mammary gland, however, the functional contribution of PKCδ to the development or progression of breast cancer has yet to be determined. Meta-analysis of ErbB2-positive breast cancers shows increased PKCδ expression, and a negative correlation between PKCδ expression and prognosis. Here, we present in-vivo evidence that PKCδ is essential for the development of mammary gland tumors in a ErbB2-overexpressing transgenic mouse model, and in-vitro evidence that PKCδ is required for proliferative signaling downstream of the ErbB2 receptor. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-ErbB2 mice lacking PKCδ (δKO) have increased tumor latency compared with MMTV-ErbB2 wild-type (δWT) mice, and the tumors show a dramatic decrease in Ki-67 staining. To explore the relationship between PKCδ and ErbB2-driven proliferation more directly, we used MCF-10A cells engineered to express a synthetic ligand-inducible form of the ErbB2 receptor. Depletion of PKCδ with short hairpin RNA inhibited ligand-induced growth in both two-dimensional (2D) (plastic) and three-dimensional (3D) (Matrigel) culture, and correlated with decreased phosphorylation of the ErbB2 receptor and reduced activation of Src and MAPK/ERK pathways. Similarly, in human breast cancer cell lines in which ErbB2 is overexpressed, depletion of PKCδ suppresses proliferation, Src and ERK activation. PKCδ appears to drive proliferation through the formation of an active ErbB2/PKCδ/Src signaling complex, as depletion of PKCδ disrupts association of Src with the ErbB2 receptor. Taken together, our studies present the first evidence that PKCδ is a critical regulator of ErbB2-mediated tumorigenesis, and suggest further investigation of PKCδ as a target in ErbB2-positive breast cancer.
The pediatric residency training on tobacco project: four-year resident outcome findings.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a special program for training pediatric residents to address tobacco.
Influence of support structure on microdisk resonator performance

Cylindrical dielectric and semiconducting microdisks are becoming attractive for use as electromagnetic resonators for optical and terahertz-frequency devices. The effects of the substrate and the support pedestal on microdisk performance, however, are not well understood due to limitations of conventional analytical techniques. We present a study of the influence of the support structure, namely, the substrate and pedestal, on microdisk resonator performance using the finite-difference time-domain method. The field distributions, resonant frequencies, and Q factors of the microdisk are computed at various distances from the substrate and for different pedestal sizes. Results show that the supporting structure can significantly distort the field distribution in the disk, and therefore have significant effects on both resonant frequency and Q factor, which are major parameters in microdisk design.
Altered methylation of endogenous viral promoter sequences during mammary carcinogenesis

Mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) is a type B retrovirus that may be transmitted either by somatic cell infection via infectious virus borne in mother's milk or vertically by passage of virus-specific sequences in the germ line. Endogenous viral sequences act as stable genetic loci1 and are found in all inbred mouse strains studied. Available data suggest that, in general, strains exhibiting only endogenous virus have a low tumour incidence whereas a high tumour incidence occurs in strains carrying milk-borne MMTV, in addition to germ-line sequences. However, as removal of the milk-borne virus does not completely eliminate tumours, endogenous proviral sequences may also be involved in tumorigenesis2–4. Recent results have shown that proviral sequences acquired from milk are undermethylated (low 5-methylcytosine content), whereas endogenous MMTV sequences are highly methylated. An inverse relationship between proviral methylation and transcriptional activity has also been demonstrated5,6. This model suggests that an important mechanism of MMTV-induced tumorigenesis in uninfected mice (those lacking milk-borne MMTV) may involve derepression of endogenous proviruses, possibly through demethylation of these sequences. Here we show that the methylation pattern of endogenous virus sequences is specifically altered during tumorigenesis in uninfected mice.
The Kerr-Mills Act: medical care for the indigent in Michigan, 1960-1965

En 1960 fut initie, par le gouvernement federal du Michigan, un acte d'assistance medicale aux indigents, leur permettant de beneficier de soins gratuitement
STATE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS AND INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES

Because of the growth of new technology based economic development policies at the state level in recent years, this research project provides an assessment of the experiences of users of one such program: the technology research center in microelectronics. A survey of a large number of companies gave us results that should be of interest to decision makers in universities, private industry as well as the public sector. Access to students as future employees was seen as a major reason why companies get involved with universities, more so than research enhancement per se. A univerisity's inability to protect what companies see as confidential research is seen as a major disincentive to further university-industry relationships, while most companies did not see federal or state tax incentives as encouraging collaboration. Among companies who had direct experience with state-funded technology center programs, most reacted positively to their experiences. Such collaboration was seen to stimulate related research within many participating companies, while also leading to improvements in the quality of products and production methods. While the majority of companies thought that states should continue to fund technology development programs, particularly at universities, neither universities nor government were seen as important sources of technical knowledge by many companies. A lack of information about state programs was seen among many companies that responded to the survey.