cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing system design and tests for the Gravity Probe B relativity mission

In this paper, we discuss the timing system design and tests for the NASA/Stanford Gravity Probe B (GP-B) relativity mission. The primary clock of GP-B, called the 16fo clock, was an oven-controlled crystal oscillator that produced a 16.368 MHz master frequency3. The 16fo clock and the 10 Hz data strobe, which was divided down from the 16fo clock, provided clock signals to all GP-B components and synchronized the data collection, transmission, and processing. The sampled data of science signals were stamped with the vehicle time, a counter of the 10 Hz data strobe. The time latency between the time of data sampling and the stamped vehicle time was compensated in the ground data processing. Two redundant global positioning system receivers onboard the GP-B satellite supplied an external reference for time transfer between the vehicle time and coordinated universal time (UTC), and the time conversion was established in the ground preprocessing of the telemetry timing data. The space flight operation showed that the error of time conversion between the vehicle time and UTC was less than 2 μs. Considering that the constant timing offsets were compensated in the ground processing of the GP-B science data, the time latency between the effective sampling time of GP-B science signals and the stamped vehicle time was verified to within 1 ms in the ground tests.
Disordered dislocation configuration in submicrometer Al crystal subjected to plane strain bending

Abstract Bending tests of submicrometer Al pillars were performed in-situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Al crystal in the bent region experienced substantial lattice distortion, as well as grain refinement resulting in a disordered dislocation configuration arising from a random distribution of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). This observed disordered dislocation configuration is in contrast to formation of a low energy dislocation configuration, as predicted on the basis of the theory of strain gradient plasticity, for bulk materials subjected to plane strain bending.
The Renal Clearance of Sodium Pentaborate in Mice and Men

The renal blood clearance of sodium pentaborate was observed in 8 patients undergoing neutron capture therapy for intracranial malignant tumors and was found to average 39.1 ml./min. per 1.73 sq. m. surface area. The renal blood clearance was calculated for mice receiving sodium pentaborate intravenously in dosages of 25 µ.g./gm. body weight and 100 µg./gm., calculated as boron. The average clearance for the mice receiving the larger dose was 0.207 ml./min. for a 21-gm. mouse. The average clearance for the mice receiving the smaller dose was 0.192 ml./min. per 21-gm. mouse. For the mouse, clearance calculated for a surface area of 1.73 sq. m., as was used in man, averages 40 ml./min. No toxic effects on renal function were observed in mice at the higher dosage.
Interval Extensions of Signed Distance Functions: Uniform Samplings and the Range of Associated Implicit Objects

This paper considers the problem of inferring the geometry of an object from values of the signed distance sampled on a uniform grid. The problem is motivated by the desire to effectively and efficiently model objects obtained by 3D imaging technology that is now ubiquitous in medical diagnostics. Recently developed techniques for automated segmentation convert intensity to signed distance, and the voxel structure imposes the uniform sampling grid. While specification of the signed distance function throughout the ambient space would provide an implicit model that uniquely specifies the object, a set of uniformly sampled signed distance values may uniquely determine neither the distance function nor the shape of the object. Here we employ essential properties of the signed distance to construct upper and lower bounds on the allowed variation in signed distance in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions. The bounds are combined to produce interval-valued extensions of the signed distance function including a tight global extension and more computationally efficient local bounds that provide useful criteria for root exclusion/isolation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Habitat associations of a semi-arid fish community in a karst spring-fed stream

Karst spring systems provide permanent water sources in semi-arid to arid environments, supporting a diverse aquatic community. Numerous karst streams in the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos regions of Texas support two distinct fish assemblages, spring-associated species and riverine species. Previous studies have identified constant water temperature as the segregating factor but have lacked the ability to effectively distinguish temperature from headwater influence. Multiple spring sources along a 64-km course of a semi-arid stream allowed an opportunity to assess the influence of temperature and other environmental variables on spatiotemporal patterns in the fish assemblage. Physical parameters (10.6%), site (4.9%), and season (1.6%) explained significant variation within the Devils River fish assemblage. Current velocity, depth, and vegetation were among the strongest factors explaining fish segregation. Water temperature influenced seasonal movement of spring-associated species into spring outflow habitats during summer and winter and resulted in a segregated assemblage. This study suggests spring flow (i.e., current velocity and depth) and constant water temperature are leading segregating factors and important for maintaining parapatric assemblages.
The ortho effect in mass spectra. Insight into the tightening of activated complexes for the loss of ketene from phenyl acetates and ethylene from phenetoles from INDO molecular orbital calculations

INDO Molecular orbital calculations of the energetically most favourable conformation of the molecular ions of phenyl acetate and its o-fluoro- and o-chloro-analogs indicate bond formation between carbonyl oxygen and ortho halogen. For the molecular ions of phenetole and its o-fluoro and o-chloro-analogs, no ring formation is observed. These results are in accord with the frequency factor changes found for the ortho substitution in these systems by halogens.
Cost-effectiveness in active structural control

The cost-effectiveness of active control of structural systems for protection against seismic hazards is examined. Considerations include uncertainties in the earthquake occurrence and intensity, damage reduction vs control actuator capacity, linear vs nonlinear structural behavior, structural exposure time, discount of cost of future structural failure in present dollar value, and cost of maintenance of control devices. Parametric studies of the expected life cycle cost of structures under seismic loads with and without the control device are carried out and compared for linear systems. The effectiveness of the control is also investigated when the excitation level is high and the structure becomes inelastic. The results show that the effectiveness drops significantly. Expensive, large capacity control devices are generally not cost-justifiable.
A high-throughput assay for O-GlcNAc transferase detects primary sequence preferences in peptide substrates

O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto a diverse array of intracellular proteins. Although hundreds of proteins are known to be modified by O-GlcNAc, a strict amino acid consensus sequence for OGT has not been identified. In this study, we describe the development of a high-throughput assay for OGT and use it to profile the specificity of the enzyme among a panel of peptide substrates.
Controversies in Barrett Esophagus

Barrett esophagus develops when metaplastic columnar epithelium predisposed to develop adenocarcinoma replaces esophageal squamous epithelium damaged by gastroesophageal reflux disease. Although several types of columnar metaplasia have been described in Barrett esophagus, intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells currently is required for a definitive diagnosis in the United States. Studies indicate that the risk of adenocarcinoma for patients with nondysplastic Barrett esophagus is only 0.12% to 0.38% per year, which is substantially lower than previous studies had suggested. Nevertheless, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma continues to rise at an alarming rate. Regular endoscopic surveillance for dysplasia is the currently recommended cancer prevention strategy for Barrett esophagus, but a high-quality study has found no benefit of surveillance in preventing deaths from esophageal cancer. Medical societies currently recommend endoscopic screening for Barrett esophagus in patients with multiple risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma, including chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, age of 50 years or older, male sex, white race, hiatal hernia, and intra-abdominal body fat distribution. However, because the goal of screening is to identify patients with Barrett esophagus who will benefit from endoscopic surveillance and because such surveillance may not be beneficial, the rationale for screening might be made on the basis of faulty assumptions. Endoscopic ablation of dysplastic Barrett metaplasia has been reported to prevent its progression to cancer, but the efficacy of endoscopic eradication of nondysplastic Barrett metaplasia as a cancer preventive procedure is highly questionable. This review discusses some of these controversies that affect the physicians and surgeons who treat patients with Barrett esophagus. Studies relevant to controversial issues in Barrett esophagus were identified using PubMed and relevant search terms, including Barrett esophagus, ablation, dysplasia, radiofrequency ablation, and endoscopic mucosal resection.
Management of the airway in intensive care

Abstract Airway management in the intensive care unit (ICU) is largely uneventful; there is a higher incidence of airway difficulties, however, than those encountered in the operating suite. Management of the airway in the ICU presents challenges unique to this environment that must be coped with by a multidisciplinary team that may be less experienced in airway management than clinicians in the operating theatre. The risks associated with this situation, I believe, may be ameliorated by planning and forethought. This article outlines some of the specific difficulties faced by clinicians in ICU and attempts to provide some guidance as to how these may be overcome, or at least abated. Drug choices are discussed, as are equipment choices. A suggestion for a difficult airway algorithm for use in the ICU is put forward. The timing of tracheostomy is discussed. Finally, the importance of the team and the human factors that are at play are touched upon.
The MYDas touch of next-gen sequencing.

In this issue of Blood , Varettoni et al report on the prevalence of MYD88 L265P mutation in patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), IgM-MGUS, and other late B cell lymphoid disorders.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Alternative hypotheses proposed for the MYD88 L265P mutation in IgM-MGUS and
A pilot Phase II trial of concurrent radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hyperthermia for locally advanced cervical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Five randomized studies have demonstrated a benefit derived from adding cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy to radiotherapy (RT) for treatment of cervical carcinoma. The Dutch Phase III pelvic tumor trial demonstrated a survival and local control benefit due to the addition of hyperthermia (HT) to RT. The authors evaluated response and toxicity in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma (LACC) who were treated with concurrent weekly CDDP, HT, and RT (whole pelvis [n = 7] and whole pelvis and paraaortic nodes [n = 5]). METHODS From August 1998 through December 2000, 12 patients with LACC or locally recurrent cervical carcinoma (LRCC) following hysterectomy were enrolled on a pilot study combining weekly CDDP, HT, and RT. RESULTS Ten patients were treated at initial diagnosis. All achieved clinical complete response and durable local control. Two of the 10 experienced recurrence outside the pelvis; 1 of these patients had pulmonary metastasis, and the other had isolated paraaortic nodal involvement. Two patients treated for LRCC experienced local and systemic progression and died of disease within 6 months. CONCLUSIONS In this small series, trimodality therapy resulted in an excellent clinical response and was well tolerated. The addition of HT to chemoradiotherapy represents a promising new strategy that warrants multiinstitutional collaborative efforts to confirm its efficacy. Cancer 2003;98:277–82. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11475
Specifically located fluorescent probes: Properties of a fluorescent conjugate of soy bean trypsin inhibitor containing dansylamino-tyrosine groups

Abstract The soy bean trypsin inhibitor of Kunitz contains two tyrosine groups which are susceptible to nitration with tetranitromethane. One of these is in proximity to the critical peptide bond involved in interaction with trypsin. By reduction to aminotyrosine, followed by reaction with dansyl chloride, dansyl substitution may be made at these two sites. The fluorescence properties of the two dansylaminotyrosine groups respond differently to reaction with trypsin and to Kl quenching. A pronounced time dependence of emission spectrum is observed. Ionization of the aminotyrosine group results in a partial quenching of fluorescence, a spectral shift, and a loss of time-resolved spectra. Possible explanations are discussed.
Practicing What We Preach: Constructivism in a Teacher Education Program

Abstract Constructivist theory offers important implications for the education of teachers. This article describes a teacher education program that provides multiple opportunities for preservice teachers to construct and reflect on learning to teach. The program's goals focus on helping teachers to see themselves in three simultaneous ways: As learners, as teachers of content, and as researchers. Examples of course work and assignments that reflect a constructivist perspective are described.
The role of calcium/calmodulin-activated calcineurin in rapid and slow endocytosis at central synapses

Although the calcium/calmodulin-activated phosphatase calcineurin may dephosphorylate many endocytic proteins, it is not considered a key molecule in mediating the major forms of endocytosis at synapses—slow, clathrin-dependent and the rapid, clathrin-independent endocytosis. Here we studied the role of calcineurin in endocytosis by reducing calcium influx, inhibiting calmodulin with pharmacological blockers and knockdown of calmodulin, and by inhibiting calcineurin with pharmacological blockers and knock-out of calcineurin. These manipulations significantly inhibited both rapid and slow endocytosis at the large calyx-type synapse in 7- to 10-d-old rats and mice, and slow, clathrin-dependent endocytosis at the conventional cultured hippocampal synapse of rats and mice. These results suggest that calcium influx during nerve firing activates calcium/calmodulin-dependent calcineurin, which controls the speed of both rapid and slow endocytosis at synapses by dephosphorylating endocytic proteins. The calcium/calmodulin/calcineurin signaling pathway may underlie regulation of endocytosis by nerve activity and calcium as reported at many synapses over the last several decades.
Carbothermal reduction of metal-oxide powders by synthetic pitch to carbide and nitride ceramics

The carbothermal reduction potential of mesophase synthetic pitch was investigated. Powders of cobalt oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, silicon oxide, vanadium oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, and titanium oxide were mixed with pitch and pyrolyzed at a variety of temperatures up to 1500 °C in nitrogen, 5% hydrogen balance argon, and anhydrous ammonia. Pitch was found superior to graphite (and both were superior to charcoal) in carbothermal reactivity by forming carbides and nitrides more completely and at lower temperatures and, in some instances, where no conversion was observed for graphite. It is hypothesized that wetting of the liquid pitch at high temperatures before graphitization leads to better surface contact, and thus, increased kinetics of the carbothermal reduction.
Health decision making in developing nations: a comparative analysis of Colombia and Iran.

This study compares 3 dimensions of health decision making in 2 developing nations 1 in Latin America (Colombia) and the other in the Middle East (Iran). After briefly examining health demand articulation and aggregation it is suggested that health planning carries out political functions and that international agencies helping health planning might be in some instances perpetuating an underdeveloped system of demand articulation and aggregation. The 2nd dimension studied is the influence of the values of decision makers on health policies. It is shown that political goals and professional ideologies determine to some extent the organization of the health sector. The final dimension examined refers to the influences of the culture of the countries on health administration and on implementation of policies. In this section it is concluded that the vicious circle model of underdevelopment can be applied to health administration. Improvements on health planning and policy implementation will only take place when all causes of underdevelopment are simultaneously attacked.(AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
Oxidation and Viscosity Hardening of Polymer-Modified Asphalts

Asphalt binders are complex mixtures of a wide variety of hydrocarbon materials. Added to this complexity in recent years has been modification with a variety of polymer modifiers. Binders used in this study were commercial materials obtained directly from the suppliers. They include diblock poly (styrene-b-butadiene) rubber (SBR), triblock poly (styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS), and high-cure ground tire rubber. A study of the effect of these modifiers on oxidative aging and on changes in physical properties due to aging shows several effects. Modifiers can reduce oxidative aging rates to some degree, but a bigger effect tends to be to reduce the hardening of binders that occurs in response to oxidative aging. This reduction in hardening rate is expected to have a positive effect on pavement performance over time, relative to the performance of base asphalts. Furthermore, the effectiveness of modifiers varies with the base asphalt.
Interference alignment for MISO broadcast channels under jamming attacks

Jamming attacks can significantly impact the performance of wireless communication systems, and lead to insurmountable overhead in terms of re-transmissions and increased power consumption. In this paper, we consider the two-user multiple-input single-output (MISO) broadcast channel (BC) in the presence of a jamming attack in which either one, or both or none of the users can be jammed or interfered at any given time. We present countermeasures for mitigating the effects of such jamming attacks. The effectiveness of anti-jamming countermeasures is quantified in terms of the degrees-of-freedom (DoF) of the MISO BC under various assumptions regarding the availability of the channel state information (CSIT) and the jammer state information at the transmitter (JSIT).
Calorimetric studies of ion exchange on hydrous zirconia

Abstract Heats of partial exchange at 25° of nitrate with chloride and thiocyanate ions on hydrous zirconia have been determined calorimetrically as a function of exchanger composition. Standard enthalpy changes, ΔH°, have been calculated for the exchange processes RA + B − ⇌ RB + A − the values have been combined with ΔG° values calculated from the thermodynamic equilibrium constants to give the standard entropy changes, ΔS°. The thermodynamic functions are discussed in terms of the important factors involved in the ion exchange processes.
Neurobehavioral Toxicity and Tolerance to the Herbicide 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid-n-butyl Ester (2, 4-D Ester)

Abstract 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a commonly used herbicide and one component of Agent Orange. The subchronic neurobehavioral toxicity of 2,4-D-n-butyl ester (2,4-D ester) was assessed in rats by monitoring performance in a battery of behavioral tests. 2,4-D ester was injected daily (150–250 mg/kg sc) in four successive 14-day periods. Five-to eight-day exposure-free periods separated dosing escalations. All doses produced a significant decrease in schedule-controlled lever pressing and photocell locomotor activity while increasing landing foot splay. Peak effects occurred by the 3rd injection, while tolerance developed by the 10th injection. Neurobehavioral effects associated with 2,4-D ester exposure were rapidly reversible and disappeared within 24–48 hr. Brain and blood 2,4-D kinetics revealed that the compound accumulated in brain with repeated dosing. This observation indicates a cellular mechanism for tolerance development. Other neurobehavioral measures, rota rod and grip strength, were not consistently affected by 2,4-D ester. These studies confirm that 2,4-D ester produces behavioral toxicity, that tolerance develops to the 2,4-D ester-induced behavioral deficits with repeated exposures, and that a cellular mechanism appears to be responsible for the developed tolerance to 2,4-D ester.
Bionomics of the Organ-Pipe Mud-Dauber, Trypoxylon politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)

The life history and habits of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) politum Say were studied intensively in westcentral Alabama during 1972–74. Information concerning range, nest location and construction, provisioning, cocoon construction and orientation, prey hunting, parasites and inquilines, mating, and nesting success is given. Division of labor between sexes and pairing constancy is also discussed.
Efficient runtime generation of association rules

Mining frequent patterns in transaction databases has been a popular subject in data mining research. Common activities include finding patterns in database transactions, times-series, and exceptions. The Apriori algorithm is a widely accepted method of generating frequent patterns. The algorithm can require many scans of the database and can seriously tax resources. New methods of finding association rules, such as the Frequent Pattern Tree (FP-Tree) have improved performance, but still have problems when new data becomes available and require two scans of the database.This paper proposes a new method, which requires only one scan of the database and supports update of patterns when new data becomes available. We design a new structure called Pattern Repository (PR), which stores all of the relevant information in a highly compact form and allows direct derivation of the FP-Tree and association rules quickly with a minimum of resources. In addition, it supports run-time generation of association rules by considering only those patterns that meet on-line data requirements.
JULY 1996 : PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

A 4 year old girl presented with precocious puberty. She had pubic hair, breast buds and showed a height and weight well above the 95th percentile. An MRI scan of the head revealed a discrete mass in the tuber cinereum which was surgically removed. Microscopic examination showed a hypothalamic hamartoma. The clinical, radiologic and microscopic findings in this case are "classic" for hypothalamic hamartoma Other clinical presentations are discussed. The patient's symptoms have regressed following surgery and there has been no regrowth in six months.
Filmic representations for organizational analysis: the characterization of a transplant organization in the film Rising Sun

Science is a form of narrative that is regarded as the prime generator of knowledge. What about other forms of narratives such as novels and dramatic films? Claims this question is particularly important in organizational science because its narrative nature is easier to detect than is the case with the physical sciences. Using the metaphor of organizations as texts, contends that narrative fictions, especially films, are valuable sources in the study of organizations. What organizational researchers and film writers do are strikingly similar. For example, they enact rather than discover, test ideas against evidence, generalize, raise testable questions about the social world, and stay focused on the complexity of experience. An analysis of the film Rising Sun illustrates the use of narrative fiction as texts for organizational analysis. Discusses the implications of this approach.
Λ Nuclear physics

We examine briefly whether our realistic models of nuclear forces, which govern the interactions of neutrons and protons with one another and form the basis for precision calculations describing conventional few-nucleon systems, can extrapolate beyond the realm of S = 0 nuclear physics where they were developed, or whether they are merely exquisite interpolation tools within the bounds of well established neutron-proton physics. To address that issue, we examine certain novel aspects of Λ hypernuclei, exploring how few-body hypernuclei provide a laboratory in which one can investigate properties of the ΛN interaction. Finally we look forward to possible future experiments that can enhance our minimal data base for hyperon-nucleon scattering and reactions.
Antibiotic studies on beta hemolytic streptococci; penicillin resistance acquired by group A organisms.

Summary1. Five strains of Group C streptococci were subcultured serially on medium containing penicillin in an effort to induce resistance. Three of the 5 strains developed a 14- to 16-fold increase after 60 transfers. Two strains demonstrated only a 2- to 4-fold increase after similar subcultures.2. No increased resistance was induced by serial transfers on control medium.3. Acquired resistant organisms maintained their resistance on serial subcultures on blood agar medium or on serial passages through mice.4. Decreased mouse virulence was shown by all resistant strains of streptococci. Relatively little change appeared in the control organisms. Lost virulence was partially restored in 2 strains by passage in normal mice.5. The group specific precipitinogen was demonstrable in only 2 of the 5 resistant strains, but was present in 4 control organisms.6. Transient changes in the colonial appearance, and changes in hemolysis from beta to alpha or gamma were demonstrated by all strains when grown on maximal ...
Robustness elasticity in complex networks

Network robustness refers to a network’s resilience to stress or damage. Given that most networks are inherently dynamic, with changing topology, loads, and operational states, their robustness is also likely subject to change. However, in most analyses of network structure, it is assumed that interaction among nodes has no effect on robustness. To investigate the hypothesis that network robustness is not sensitive or elastic to the level of interaction (or flow) among network nodes, this paper explores the impacts of network disruption, namely arc deletion, over a temporal sequence of observed nodal interactions for a large Internet backbone system. In particular, a mathematical programming approach is used to identify exact bounds on robustness to arc deletion for each epoch of nodal interaction. Elasticity of the identified bounds relative to the magnitude of arc deletion is assessed. Results indicate that system robustness can be highly elastic to spatial and temporal variations in nodal interactions within complex systems. Further, the presence of this elasticity provides evidence that a failure to account for nodal interaction can confound characterizations of complex networked systems.
Application and simulation of low temperature plasma processes in semiconductor manufacturing

Integrated plasma equipment and feature scale models quantitatively describe broad classes of plasma process behavior. Metallization process models are the classic examples. This paper describes how multidimensional fundamentals-based models can be developed on diagnostics-friendly experimental tools and extended to commercial tools for applications with good confidence. First, the structure of integrated models used for the work described in this paper is discussed. This is followed by a description of the methodology employed in integrated model development. In addition to a metallization example, it is shown how complex dielectric etch models may be developed on the GEC reference cell and extended to commercial etchers with different yet similar physics. Plasma-surface interaction mechanisms may be required to be fine-tuned on actual tools with actual process material in order to capture the finesse in profile evolution when using a parameter space typical of a given manufacturing platform. Other examples described will be metallization pre-cleans, photoresist etch and a non-CMOS manufacturing example, deep Si etch for electron beam lithography mask making applications. Challenges to developing and applying integrated models are also discussed focusing on limitations in the ability to handle magnetized plasmas, electronegative plasmas, realistic external circuits and stiff numerics associated with describing plasmas over the disparate time and length scales that need to be handled.
Ventricular tachycardia in a neonate with mepivacaine toxicity

An unusual case of mepivacaine toxicity with ventricular tachycardia in a newborn infant is presented. The mepivacaine probably reached the infant by direct injection into the scalp. Effective removal of the drug by gastric lavage was demonstrated. Exchange transfusion may also have been instrumental in the infant's survival by reducing the high blood concentration of mepivacaine.
Identification of central neurons innervating peripheral chemoreceptive structures in Lymnaea stagnalis

Abstract 1. 1. This mapping study utilized cobalt backfilling to identify central neurons in the brain of Lymnaea stagnalis which possess peripheral axons innervating lips and tentacles. 2. 2. A systematic method of naming cells and cell clusters was developed which can be expanded as new cells are identified. 3. 3. A comparison was made between cells identified here and those identified in other studies. 4. 4. Since it is hypothesized that cells identified by this technique are mechanoreceptive, chemoreceptive, or lip and tentacle motor neurons, this work provides a basis for electrophysiological studies of central neurons mediating the response to food.
Genome-associated proteins of comoviruses

Previously, a protein has been reported to be associated with the RNAs of cowpea mosaic virus. Here we present evidence for genome-associated proteins of other comoviruses: squash mosaic virus, Echtes Ackerbohnemosaik-Virus, and another strain of cowpea mosaic virus. Although the proteins and protein-oligonucleotide complexes derived from the RNAs of these viruses showed similar patterns of electrophoretic mobility, two-dimensional chromatograms of their tryptic peptides were distinct. Chromatograms of peptides from preparations of cowpea mosaic virus that were isolated from two hosts were very similar, indicating that the genome-associated protein may be virus specified. Upon digestion with ribonuclease T1, RNAs from the viruses gave rise to a distribution of large oligonucleotides that is consistent with the presence of polyriboadenylate.
The pattern of glycosyl- and sulfotransferase activities in cancer cell lines: a predictor of individual cancer-associated distinct carbohydrate structures for the structural identification of signature glycans

Abstract Carbohydrate chains of cancer glycoprotein antigens contain major outer changes dictated by tissue-specific regulation of glycosyltransferase genes, the availability of sugar nucleotides, and competition between enzymes for acceptor intermediates during glycan elongation. However, it is evident from recent studies with recombinant mucin probes that the final glycosylation profiles of mucin glycoproteins are mainly determined by the cellular repertoire of glycosyltransferases. Hence, we examined various cancer cell lines for the levels of fucosyl-, β-galactosyl, β-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-, sialyl-, and sulfotransferase activities that generate the outer ends of the oligosaccharide chains. We have identified glycosyltransferases activities at the levels that would give rise to O-glycan chains as reported by others in breast cancer cell lines, T47D, ZR75-1, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231. Most breast cancer cells express Gal-3-O-sulfotransferase specific for T-hapten Galβ1→3GalNAcα-, whereas the enzyme from colon cancer cells exhibits a vast preference for the Galβ1,4GlcNAc terminal unit in O-glycans. We also studied ovarian cancer cells SW626 and PA-1 and hepatic cancer cells HepG2. Our studies show that α1,2- l -fucosyl-T, α(2,3) sialyl-T, and 3-O-Sulfo-T capable of acting on the mucin core 2 tetrasaccharide, Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6(Galβ1,3)GalNAcα-, can also act on the Globo H antigen backbone, Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,3Galα-, suggesting the existence of unique carbohydrate moieties in certain cancer-associated glycolipids. Briefly, our study indicates the following: (i) 3′-Sulfo-T-hapten has an apparent relationship to the tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells; (ii) the 3′-sulfo Lewisx, the 3-O-sulfo-Globo unit, and the 3-fucosylchitobiose core could be uniquely associated with colon cancer cells; (iii) synthesis of a polylactosamine chain and T-hapten are favorable in ovarian cancer cells due to negligible sialyltransferase activities; and (iv) a 6′-sialyl LacNAc unit and 3′-sialyl T-hapten appear to be prevalent structures in hepatic cancer cell glycans. Thus, it is apparent that different cancer cells are expressing unique glycan epitopes, which could be novel targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Complexes of li atoms with water and ammonia: a combined neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry and theoretical study

Abstract The hypervalent complexes of Li atom with water and ammonia, viz. Li–OH 2 and Li–NH 3 , are generated in the gas phase by neutralization of Li + –OH 2 and Li + –NH 3 , respectively. The mass spectra obtained by subsequent reionization ∼0.3 μs later clearly indicate that the neutral complexes Li–OH 2 and Li–NH 3 are stable species in the gas phase, as had been predicted by theory. Li–OH 2 /Li–NH 3 dissociate partly to Li+H 2 O/NH 3 within the timescale of the experiments, the dissociating fraction of the water complex being larger. Parallel ab initio calculations reveal that the more extensive dissociation of Li–OH 2 versus Li–NH 3 is the result of a lower binding energy (51 versus 62 kJ mol −1 for Li–OH 2 and Li–NH 3 , respectively) and a less favorable Franck-Condon factor for transitions between Li–OH 2 and Li + –OH 2 , as compared to transitions between Li–NH 3 and Li + –NH 3 .
Towards comprehensive longitudinal healthcare data capture

The ability to connect the dots in structured background knowledge and also across scientific literature has been demonstrated as a critical aspect of knowledge discovery. It is not unreasonable therefore to expect that connecting-the-dots across massive amounts of healthcare data may also lead to new insights that could impact diagnosis, treatment and overall patient care. Of critical importance is the observation that while structured Electronic Medical Records (EMR) are useful sources of health information, it is often the unstructured clinical texts such as progress notes and discharge summaries that contain rich, updated and granular information. Hence, by coupling structured EMR data with data from unstructured clinical texts, more holistic patient records, needed for connecting the dots, can be obtained. Unfortunately, free-text progress notes are fraught with a lack of proper grammatical structure, and contain liberal use of jargon and abbreviations, together with frequent misspellings. While these notes still serve their intended purpose for medical care, automatically extracting semantic information from them is a complex task. Overcoming this complexity could mean that evidence-based support for structured EMR data using unstructured clinical texts, can be provided. In this work therefore, we explore a pattern-based approach for extracting Smoker Semantic Types (SST) from unstructured clinical notes, in order to enable evidence-based resolution of SSTs asserted in structured EMRs using SSTs extracted from unstructured clinical notes. Our findings support the notion that information present in unstructured clinical text can be used to complement structured healthcare data. This is a crucial observation towards creating comprehensive longitudinal patient models for connecting-the-dots and providing better overall patient care.
Potential for the First WTE Facility in Mumbai (Bombay) India

The city of Mumbai (Bombay), India is facing a solid waste management crisis. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) and over-burdened dumps. Improper disposal of solid wastes over several decades and open burning of garbage have led to serious environmental pollution and health problems. This study examined the solid waste management process in Mumbai and the potential for implementation of waste-to-energy facilities. Mumbai’s average per capita waste generation rate is 0.18 tonnes per person. Although the reported collection efficiency of MSW is 90%, almost half of the city’s 12 million people live in slums, some of which do not have access to solid waste services. The most pressing problem is the acute shortage of space for landfilling. When the present waste dumps were constructed they were at the outskirts of the city, but now they are surrounded by housing colonies, thus exposing millions of people to daily inconveniences such as odors, traffic congestion, and to more serious problems associated with air, land, and water pollution and the spread of diseases from rodents and mosquitoes. Mumbai is the financial center of India and has the highest potential for energy generation from the controlled combustion of solid wastes. The lower heating value of MSW is estimated in this study to be 9 MJ/kg, which is slightly lower than the average MSW combusted in the E.U. (10 MJ/kg). The land for the first WTE in Mumbai would be provided by the City and there is a market for the electricity generated by the WTE facility. The main problem to overcome is the source of capital since the present “tipping fees” are very low and inadequate to make the operation profitable and thus attract private investors. Therefore, the only hope is for the local government and one or more philanthropists in Mumbai to team up in financing the first WTE in India as a beacon that improves living conditions in Mumbai, reduces the City’s dependence on the import of fossil fuels, and lights the way for other cities in India to follow.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Luminescence of the Pyrene-Perylene System: Evidence for Mixed Excimers in the Solid State

Abstract Absorption and fluorescence data are presented for the mixed crystal system—perylene in pyrene. It is shown that there is an anomalous luminescence from the mixed crystals above ca. 125°K, at which temperature we suggest there is a phase transition occurring in the host lattice. The anomalous emission is studied between 125°K and 450°K and the temperature dependence of its spectral shape and location is consistent with there being two superimposed emission spectra, one corresponding to a perylene weakly associated with pyrene, and the other corresponding to perylene more strongly associated to host molecules. The latter emission is spectrally diffuse, and could be the mixed excimer, or exciplex of perylene and host pyrene.
Inhibition of calcite growth rates by Mn2+ in CaCl2 solutions at 10, 25, and 50°C

The effect of Mn2+ on calcite growth kinetics was investigated in CaCl2 solutions using a constant composition experimental technique which permitted maintenance of a constant degree of calcite supersaturation and constant Mn2+/Ca2+ during overgrowth precipitation. Calcite growth rates were determined at various temperatures (10, 25, 50°C) and degrees of calcite supersaturation (Ωc from 1.3 to 10). Mn2+ is a fairly strong inhibitor of calcite precipitation, reducing calcite growth rates by up to an order of magnitude. At 25°C, precipitation inhibition increased with increasing Mn2+/Ca2+ ratio in the solution and with decreasing Ωc. An order of magnitude change in either PCO2 or Mca2+ at the same solution Mn2+/Ca2+ ratio did not significantly affect the degree of calcite growth rate inhibition or the functional dependence of degree of inhibition on Ωc. Inhibition appears to depend on the Mn2+/Ca2+ ratio rather than on absolute concentration of Mn2+; with fixed Mn2+/Ca2+ ratio, a factor of 10 change in MMn2+ did not substantially alter calcite growth kinetics. At 10 and 50°C, the degree of inhibition by Mn was similar to results at 25°C for the same Mn2+/Ca2+ ratio. The degree of inhibition is related to the mol% MnCO3 in the calcite overgrowth, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of Mn2+ on calcite growth kinetics in these solutions are related to Mn2+ adsorption and uptake in the calcite crystal lattice. Prior kinetic investigations in seawater suggest an increasing Mg-calcite precipitation rate with increasing Mn2+/Ca2+ solution ratios, rather than the growth inhibition we report. Mn2+ interacts quite differently with the calcite surface during precipitation from low vs. high Mg2+/Ca2+ solutions. If the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio in the solution is sufficiently low to preclude formation of Mg-calcite, growth rates will be inhibited by Mn2+. Thus, in diagenetic systems with waters of low Mg concentration (most meteoric and sedimentary basin waters), Mn2+ can be a strong inhibitor of calcite precipitation. Low-Mg calcites containing > 2 mol% MnCO3 likely have experienced significant inhibition during precipitation.
Some observations on water-levels and other phenomena along the Bosporus

The flow, in the Bosporus is normally from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. This occurs a high percentage of the time. Data gathered in connection with this study show that a drop from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara up to 1.5 feet or even more produces this flow. Occasionally, however, due to the effects of strong south winds, there is a reversal of the gradient, and the flow is from the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea. Possibility of density-currents, caused by the differences of salinity of the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, is touched, and other phenomena related to the Bosporus are mentioned briefly.
Cephalopod neurobiology: an introduction for biologists working in other model systems

This paper concisely summarizes major aspects of cephalopod biology, behavior, and ecology providing a backdrop against which neurobiology of these animals can be interpreted. Reproduction, camouflage, motor control, memory, learning, and behavioral ecology are introduced, and thorough literature reviews of these subjects are cited for further reading. The aim of this paper is to provide a general introduction to cephalopods for use by workers currently focused on other model systems.
Chern classes for twisted K-theory

Abstract We define a total Chern class map for the K -theory of a variety X twisted by a central simple algebra A . This includes defining a suitable notion of the motivic cohomology of X twisted by A to serve as the target for such a map. Our twisted motivic groups turn out to be different than those defined and studied by Kahn and Levine.
Formation and properties of novel artificially layered cuprate superconductors using pulsed-laser deposition

Pulsed-laser deposition and epitaxial stabilization have been effectively used to engineer artificially-layered thin- film materials. Novel cuprate compounds have been synthesized using the constraint of epitaxy to stabilize (Ca,Sr)CuO2/(Ba,Ca,Sr)CuO2 superconducting superlattices in the infinite layer structure. Superlattice chemical modulation can be observed from the x-ray diffraction patterns for structures with SrCuO2 and (Ca,Sr)CuO2 layers as thin as a single unit cell. X-ray diffraction intensity oscillations, due to the infinite thickness of the film, indicate that (Ca,Sr)CuO2 films grown by pulsed-laser deposition are extremely flat with a thickness variation of only approximately 20 angstrom over a length scale of several thousand angstroms. This enables the unit-cell control of (Ca,Sr)CuO2 film growth in an oxygen pressure regime in which in situ surface analysis using electron diffraction is not possible. With the incorporation of BaCuO2 layers, superlattice structures have been synthesized which superconduct at temperatures as high as 70 K. Dc transport measurements indicate that (Ca,Sr)CuO2/BaCuO2 superlattices are two dimensional superconductors with the superconducting transition primarily associated with the BaCuO2 layers. Superconductivity is observed only for structures with BaCuO2 layers at least two unit cells thick with Tc decreasing as the (Ca,Sr)CuO2 layer thickness increases. Normalized resistance in the superconducting region collapse to the Ginzburg-Landau Coulomb gas universal resistance curve consistent with the two-dimensional vortex fluctuation model.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NON-ORGANIC HEARING LOSS AND THE CONSISTENCY OF BEHAVIORAL AUDITORY RESPONSES.

The method of limits and the method of constant stimuli were employed to investigate test-retest consistency in behavioral auditory responsivity within 18 normal hearing subjects, 18 subjects with ...
Injection of foreign particles and their intracellular translocation in living phloem fibers.

Droplets of castor oil 5–10 μ in diameter were injected into individual cells of living differentiated phloem fibers. The droplets retained their integrity and their movement was recorded on 16-mm movie film. These foreign particles were translocated, along with indigenous particles, by the rotational cytoplasmic currents of the fibers.
Alligator rhodopsin : Sequence and biochemical properties

We sequenced selected peptides of alligator rhodopsin that accounted for about half of the total protein. These sequences were confirmed when the total primary structure of alligator rhodopsin was deduced from the cDNA sequence. Differences in the amino-terminal region, compared to that of bovine rhodopsin, account for failure of cross-reactivity of several anti-bovine rhodopsin monoclonal antibodies. Differences in the carboxyl-terminal region give rise to limited antibody cross-reactivity and may also account for a slightly reduced ability of alligator rhodopsin to be phosphorylated by bovine rhodopsin kinase. Alligator rhodopsin regenerates much faster than bovine rhodopsin. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for alligator rhodopsin regeneration is approximately 25 times that of bovine. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 rhodopsin sequences indicates that the alligator is more closely related to the chicken than to the other species examined.
Fast A* With Iterative Resolution for Navigation

We argue that A*, the popular technique for path-finding for NPCs in games, suffers from three limitations that are pertinent to game worlds: (a) the grid maps often restrict the optimality of the paths, (b) A* paths exhibit wall-hugging behavior, and (c) optimal paths are more predictable. We present a new algorithm, VRA*, that varies map-resolution as needed, and repeatedly calls A*. We also present an extension of an existing post-smoothing technique, and show that these two techniques together produce more realistic looking paths than A*, that overcome the above limitations, while using significantly less memory and time than A*.