cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Influences on Young People's Sexual Behavior in 3 African Countries

Objectives. I examined the role of community-level factors in the reporting of risky sexual behaviors among young people aged 15 to 24 years in 3 African countries with varying HIV prevalence rates.Methods. I analyzed demographic and health survey data from Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Zambia during the period 2001 through 2003 to identify individual, household, and community factors associated with reports of risky sexual behaviors.Results. The mechanisms through which the community environment shaped sexual behaviors varied among young men and young women. Community demographic profiles were not associated with reports of risky sexual behavior among young women but were influential in shaping the behavior of young men. Prevailing economic conditions and the behaviors and attitudes of adults in the community were strong influences on young people's sexual behaviors.Conclusions. These results provide strong support for a focus on community-level influences as an intervention point for behavioral change. Such ...
Effects of Nickel Particle Size and Graphene Support on the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium/Dissolved Polysulfide Batteries

Abstract The electrocatalytic effect of nickel (Ni) nanoparticle sizes on the lithium polysulfide conversion reactions in dissolved lithium sulfur battery configuration is investigated. The Ni particles of 20 nm with the higher cathode surface area show a superior capacity of 1066 mAh g−1 sulfur compared to Ni particles of 40 and 100 nm for the first cycle. In addition, to further improve the capacity retention and discharge capacity of the cell, the effect of the graphene support on Ni nanoparticle dispersion and cycling performance is investigated. The results show a significant improvement in the discharge capacity compared to the other electrodes. This could be explained by the homogeneous distribution of Ni nanoparticle within the carbon matrix, which suppress the agglomeration and surface area loss of the Ni nanoparticle after cycling; as well as a synergetic effect of graphene structure and Ni nanoparticle.
Neuropsychological Approaches to the Remediation of Educational Deficits

The primary purpose of this chapter is to introduce neuropsychological principles and approaches related to the remediation of brain-related educational deficits. General theories of how the brain functions following damage or dysfunction will be discussed in terms of prediction and outcome expectations, including: neurodevelopmental factors that affect recovery of functions; how the severity of deficits affects remediation; and the impact of associated medical and psychological deficits on remediation. A review of several neuropsychological remediation programs will be presented, including Reitan’s REHABIT Program and Kaufman’s Sequential or Simultaneous Program. Finally, specific remedial techniques for treating brain-related deficits in reading, math, spelling, and reasoning will be discussed. Although this chapter will provide a theoretical basis for neuropsychological remediation, readers are cautioned that there are still many questions to be answered because so few remedial approaches for specific brain-related deficits have been empirically tested.
Comments on the 2014 Helsinki Consensus Report on Asbestos.

Abstract Background The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) convened an Expert Committee in 2014 to update the 1997 and 2000 Helsinki criteria on asbestos, asbestosis, and cancer. Methods The Collegium Ramazzini reviewed the criteria for pathological diagnosis of the diseases caused by asbestos presented in the 2014 Helsinki Consensus Report and compared them with the widely used diagnostic criteria developed in 1982 by the College of American Pathologists and the National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health (CAP-NIOSH). Findings The sections of the Helsinki Consensus Report dealing with pathological diagnosis are based on a biased and selective reading of the scientific literature. They are heavily influenced by the outdated and incorrect concept that analysis of lung tissue for asbestos bodies and asbestos fibers can provide accurate information on past exposure to asbestos. Five specific problems are : 1. Over-reliance on the detection of “asbestos bodies” as indicators of past exposure to asbestos. 2. Over-reliance on asbestos fiber counts in lung tissue as an indicator of past exposure to asbestos. 3. Use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at low magnification as a tool for evaluation of asbestos-related disease. 4. Failure to recognize that chrysotile is the predominant type of asbestos fiber found in pleural mesothelioma tissue. 5. Postulating the existence of a threshold for development of an asbestos-related lung cancer. Conclusion Accurate diagnosis of the diseases caused by asbestos must be based on a carefully obtained history of occupational exposure. An accurate exposure history is a far more sensitive and specific indicator of asbestos exposure than asbestos body counting or lung fiber burden analysis. Ethical note The sections of the 2014 Helsinki Consensus Report on asbestos, asbestosis, and cancer dealing with pathologic diagnosis of the diseases caused by asbestos appear to have been influenced by members of the Expert Committee with undisclosed financial conflicts of interest.
A framework for synthetic validation of 3D echocardiographic particle image velocimetry

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been significantly advanced since its conception in early 1990s. With the advancement of imaging modalities, applications of 2D PIV have far expanded into biology and medicine. One example is echocardiographic particle image velocimetry that is used for in vivo mapping of the flow inside the heart chambers with opaque boundaries. Velocimetry methods can help better understanding the biomechanical problems. The current trend is to develop three-dimensional velocimetry techniques that take advantage of modern medical imaging tools. This study provides a novel framework for validation of velocimetry methods that are inherently three dimensional such as but not limited to those acquired by 3D echocardiography machines. This framework creates 3D synthetic fields based on a known 3D velocity field $${\mathbf{V}}$$ and a given 3D brightness field $${\mathbf{B}}$$ . The method begins with computing the inverse flow $${\mathbf{V}}^{\varvec{*}} $$ based on the velocity field $${\mathbf{V}}$$ . Then the transformation of $${\mathbf{B}}$$ , imposed by $${\mathbf{V}}$$ , is calculated using the computed inverse flow according to $${\mathbf{B}}^{\varvec{*}} \left( {\mathbf{x}} \right) = {\mathbf{B}}\left( {{\mathbf{x}} + {\mathbf{V}}^{\varvec{*}} \left( {\mathbf{x}} \right)} \right)$$ , where x is the coordinates of voxels in $${\mathbf{B}}^{\varvec{*}} $$ , with a 3D weighted average interpolation, which provides high accuracy, low memory requirement, and low computational time. To check the validity of the framework, we generate pairs of 3D brightness fields by employing Hill’s spherical vortex velocity field. $${\mathbf{B}}$$ and the generated $${\mathbf{B}}^{\varvec{*}} $$ are then processed by our in-house 3D particle image velocimetry software to obtain the interrelated velocity field. The results indicates that the computed and imposed velocity fields are in agreement.
Investigating Urban Land Use Effects on Runoff by Using the Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model

Urbanization is a growing trend world wide and presents many significant challenges in watershed planning. Distributed operational hydrology models can assist decisionmakers in understanding the effects of land use and urban development policies on large watersheds, including runoff quantity and quality. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) has developed the Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) as a large-scale model for the Great Lakes basin. This paper illustrates how the daily DLBRM may be used to model runoff impacts of urbanization. Urbanization trends within the Clinton watershed of Southeastern Michigan are discussed, including analysis of stationary stream flow trends of the watershed. Calibration issues regarding temporal parameter variability are also addressed followed by urbanization scenario simulations within the Clinton watershed.
COMPARING THREE TYPES OF LAYOUTS FOR MULTIPLE-COLUMN WEB PAGES

This study investigated the three major methods of content presentation by empirically examining users’ objective and subjective performance for a typical multi-column website in both large and small window sizes. The three presentation methods were: fluid layout, fixed-centered layout, and a fixed, lift-justified layout. No significant differences between the layout conditions were detected in terms of search accuracy, time, or efficiency, but significant subjective differences were found that favored the fluid layout. Participants indicated they perceived the fluid layout as being the best suited for reading and finding information, as well as having a layout that is most appropriate for the screen size (for both small and large screens). They also indicated that the fluid layout looked the most professional, and consequently preferred it to the other layout conditions. Conversely, the left-j ustified layout was consistently the least preferred condition. Implications of these results are discussed.
Treating hypertension to prevent coronary disease.

Because most patients with mild to moderate hypertension will not suffer a cardiovascular event due to elevated blood pressure, the presence of other risk factors must be assessed. Many of these are alterable with nondrug therapies, which cost little and carry no risks if applied sensibly. Drug therapies have costs, discomforts, and risks and should be used only for those at high risk or those who fail to respond adequately to nondrug therapies. W h e n drug therapy is necessary, start with low doses and aim for a slow reduction of blood pressure, avoiding hypoperfusion and reducing as many risk factors as possible. Alpha blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers may avoid metabolic risks associated with high-dose diuretic and beta-blocker therapy. The establishment of therapeutic goals, individualized assessment of status, and a conservative approach to treatment are the basis for optimal management of patients with hypertension.
Pressure-Dependent Increase in Tc and Magnetic Behavior of [Ru2(O2CBut)4]3[M(CN)6]·2H2O (M = Cr, Fe)

Magnetization as a function of applied pressure up to 10.16 kbar and magnetic field were obtained for layered [Ru2(O2CBut)4]3[M(CN)6]·2H2O (M = Cr, Fe). For M = Fe, the Tc increased by 13% from 6.1 to 6.9 K with a significant increase in the coercive field, Hcr, from 5 to 65 Oe, followed by a sharp decrease to less than 10 Oe at further applied pressure. A 32% increase in Tc from 37.8 to 50.0 K was observed for M = Cr as well as a linear decrease of Hcr upon increasing pressure from 6380 to 2380 Oe.
The Power of a Secret: Secret Societies and the Easter Rising

The Irish Republican Brotherhood (I.R.B.) and the Irish Volunteer Force (I.V.F.) altered Irish Nationalist tactics from Parliamentary supported Home Rule to a republican movement for Irish Independence. The actions of these secret societies between 1900 and 1916, during the Irish Revolutionary period, are the reason that Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. The change from political negotiations by the ineffective Irish Parliamentary Party to the republican movement would never have happened without the Easter Rising of 1916. The centennial anniversary of this Easter Rising makes The Power of a Secret: Ireland’s Secret Societies and the Easter Rising pertinent to all those interested in Irish History. Historians, such as Tim Pat Coogan, Richard English, and Keiron Curtis examined the individual personalities (Michael Collins, P.S. O’Hegarty, and Patrick Pearse) of Irish Nationalism, but never the involvement of the secret associations. This study of two main secret groups, I.R.B. and I.V.F., corrects this missing link of Irish Nationalism. Sources used for research are the primary documents in Irish National Library, Irish National Archives, and University College Dublin, and secondary books about the Easter Rising and Irish Nationalism. The constitution of the I.R.B and I.V.F., as well as letters that were exchanged between members about the organization of their groups, was critical to the content of this paper. The power of a secret was never more vital than with the planning of the rebellion. 1 The period in the 1910s and early 1920s when Irish nationalist opinion shifted from the Home Rule Movement – supporting the Irish Parliamentary Party to the republican Sinn Fein movement.
An Analysis of the Role of Ethnographic Methods in the Construction of Scientific Knowledge

The Paris school of scientific knowledge sociology,which is represented by laboratory study and actor-network theory,applies ethnographic methods to research and trace the micro process of scientific knowledge production and socialization for the first time.Ethnography advocates empirical data,analyzes material elements in the laboratory,investigates implied ideas in daily scientific activities and reconstructs scientific statements,which forms the constructivism principles of scientific knowledge,conforms to the trend of empirical turning and discipline integration in scientific and technological philosophy,and carries a certain implication for opening the black box of contemporary technology.However,it is worth noting that the dilemma of ethnography in the construction of scientific knowledge lies in its legitimacy,constructivism and motivation.
Effects of immersion in water and changes in intrathoracic blood volume on lung function in man

1. In healthy, normal subjects simultaneous peripheral venous occlusion of all four limbs caused a small but significant increase in vital capacity (VC) and single-breath carbon monoxide transfer factor (D LCO ) without significantly changing total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), pulmonary gas flow or pulmonary compliance. 2. Immersion in water to the neck resulted in a small but significant fall in VC, FEV 1.0 /FVC and TLC, and a rise in D LCO , but flow/volume curves and ‘closing volume’ were unchanged. Peripheral venous occlusion during immersion only significantly increased VC and D LCO ; pulmonary compliance and flow/volume curves did not alter significantly. 3. It is concluded that peripheral venous occlusion produces these effects by altering intrathoracic blood volume. Water immersion reduces TLC, mainly from the hydrostatic pressure, and VC is reduced from both the hydrostatic pressure and the increase in intrathoracic blood volume consequent on immersion. The increase in D LCO is due, almost entirely, to the increase in intrathoracic blood volume.
Effect of obesity on perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Objective To compare the effect of obesity on perioperative outcomes in women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. Study design In this retrospective cohort study, perioperative outcomes of all women who underwent laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH) or total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) for benign conditions were compared between obese (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2) and nonobese women. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between 320 (33.0%) obese and 550 (67%) nonobese women except for race and the rates of hypertension and diabetes. The adjusted rates of urinary tract injury, vaginal cuff dehiscence, postoperative fever, and ileus were similar between the groups. For obese women, however, bleeding requiring transfusion was almost 3-fold (3.1 vs. 1.1%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-7.80) and laparotomy risk was approximately 2-fold (7.5 vs. 3.5%, AOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.30-4.24) increased. The rate of urinary tract injury was 3.2% when obese women had TLH, but it was 0.3% for LSH performed on nonobese women. Of all 7 cuff dehiscences, 5 (71%) occurred in nonobese women undergoing TLH. Conclusion Obesity increased the risk of bleeding requiring transfusion and conversion to laparotomy but did not influence the other perioperative complications. On subgroup analysis, LSH in nonobese women seems to result in best outcomes.
Photodynamic therapy in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

The theoretical basis, laboratory trials, and early clinical experience with photodynamic therapy are discussed. Current photosensitizers and activating lasers are carefully reviewed. Attention is directed to initial therapy of limited cancer as well as intraoperative phototherapy. The concepts of multiple drug phototherapy and combined chemotherapy and phototherapy are introduced.
Examination of the Effects of an Intervention Aiming to Link Patients Receiving Addiction Treatment With Health Care: The LINKAGE Clinical Trial.

Importance Research has shown that higher activation and engagement with health care is associated with better self-management. To our knowledge, the linkage intervention (LINKAGE) is the first to engage patients receiving addiction treatment with health care using the electronic health record and a patient activation approach. Objective To examine the effects of an intervention aiming to link patients receiving addiction treatment with health care. Design, Setting, and Participants A nonrandomized clinical trial evaluating the LINKAGE intervention vs usual care by applying an alternating 3-month off-and-on design over 30 months. Participants were recruited from an outpatient addiction treatment clinic in a large health system between April 7, 2011, and October 2, 2013. Interventions Six group-based, manual-guided sessions on patient engagement in health care and the use of health information technology resources in the electronic health record, as well as facilitated communication with physicians, vs usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes, measured at 6 months after enrollment, were patient activation (by interview using the Patient Activation Measure), patient engagement in health care (by interview and electronic health record), and alcohol, drug, and depression outcomes (by interview using the Addiction Severity Index for alcohol and drug outcomes and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for depression). Results A total of 503 patients were recruited and assigned to the LINKAGE (n = 252) or usual care (n = 251) conditions, with no differences in baseline characteristics between conditions. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 42.5 (11.8) years, 31.0% (n = 156) were female, and 455 (90.5%) completed the 6-month interview. Compared with usual care participants, LINKAGE participants showed an increase in the mean number of log-in days (incidence rate ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.19-1.97; P = .001). Similar results were found across types of patient portal use (communicating by email, viewing laboratory test results and information, and obtaining medical advice). LINKAGE participants were more likely to talk with their physicians about addiction problems (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.52-3.49; P Conclusions and Relevance Findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of the LINKAGE intervention in helping patients receiving addiction treatment engage in health care and increase communication with their physicians. The intervention did not affect short-term abstinence or depression outcomes. Understanding if the LINKAGE intervention helps prevent relapse and manage long-term recovery will be important. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01621711
‘Out-Group’ Policy: ‘Eliminating’ the ‘Natives’

In both the Early American and Nazi-German cases, settler-colonial projects were premised on ‘obtaining’ needed ‘living space’ by taking the indigenes’ land and on the ‘elimination’ of the indigenous owners of that territory. In both cases, moreover, continuing wars of racial-imperialist conquest served only to enlarge the size and scale of the ‘out-group question’, by increasing the number of ‘Indians’, ‘Slavs’, and ‘Jews’ under colonial control. Underpinned by similar ideologies of continental imperialism, the long-term goal that all ‘Indians’, all ‘Slavs’, and all ‘Jews’ would ‘disappear’ — either immediately or eventually — from the metropole and from the new settler ‘living space’ was widely accepted by the expansionist political elites; therefore, it remained only for policymakers to decide the timing, policies, and methods for accomplishing their ‘disappearance’. While both nation-states sought to ‘eliminate’ the indigenous populations, ‘elimination’ was not — in either case — necessarily premised on any particular method or strategy. In both contexts, policymakers and planners always considered a wide range of ‘eliminationist’ strategies for ‘solving’ their ‘out-group problem’. Both Early American and Nazi-German political elites favoured ‘totalizing solutions’ for ‘solving’ the ‘Indian question’, the ‘Slav question’, and the ‘Jewish question’. In both cases, as we shall see, Early American and Nazi-German policymakers would use strikingly similar policies and practices for dealing with ‘alien’ peoples in the metropole and with ‘unwanted’ peoples on the ‘frontiers’ of empire.
Chromium and Vanadate Supplementation of Obese and Lean Mice

Chromium (Cr) is essential for normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in both animals and humans. Severe chromium deficiency in experimental animals may contribute to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and elevated serum cholesterol. Vanadium also has been reported to be a nutritionally important element for both chicks and rats, but its function and even its essentiality are still in question. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of Cr and/or vanadate supplementation on Cr and vanadium retention in bone and kidney and on serum total cholesterol, insulin, and glucose concentrations of obese and lean mice. Possible interactions of chromium and vanadate affecting the above parameters were also of interest.
A Suite of Receptor-Like Kinases and a Putative Mechano-Sensitive Channel Are Involved in Autoimmunity and Plasma Membrane–Based Defenses in Arabidopsis

In plants, cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) provide a first line of defense against pathogens. Although each PRR recognizes a specific ligand, they share common signaling outputs, such as callose and other cell wall-based defenses. Several PRRs are also important for callose induction in response to the defense signal salicylic acid (SA). The extent to which common components are needed for PRR signaling outputs is not known. The gain-of-function Arabidopsis mutant of ACCELERATED CELL DEATH6 (ACD6) acd6-1 shows constitutive callose production that partially depends on PRRs. ACD6-1 (and ACD6) forms complexes with the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSING2, and ACD6 is needed for responses to several PRR ligands. Thus, ACD6-1 could serve as a probe to identify additional proteins important for PRR-mediated signaling. Candidate signaling proteins (CSPs), identified in our proteomic screen after immunoprecipitation of hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ACD6-1, include several subfamilies of receptor-like kinase (RLK) proteins and a MECHANO-SENSITIVE CHANNEL OF SMALL CONDUCTANCE-LIKE 4 (MSL4). In acd6-1, CSPs contribute to autoimmunity. In wild type, CSPs are needed for defense against bacteria and callose responses to two or more microbial-derived patterns and an SA agonist. CSPs may function to either i) promote the assembly of signaling complexes, ii) regulate the output of known PRRs, or both.
A First Order Phase Transition Underlies the Formation of Sub-Diffractive Protein Aggregates in Mammalian Cells

Failure in protein quality control can often lead to protein aggregation, yet in neuro-degenerative diseases, by the time aggregates can be seen, the cells have advanced well into the disease pathology. Here, we develop a quantitative imaging approach to study the protein aggregation process in living mammalian cells with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. We find that sub-diffractive precursor aggregates may form even in untreated cells, and their size distribution is exactly as predicted for a system undergoing a first order phase transition. Practically, this implies that as soon as aggregates reach a critical size (Rc = 162 ± 4 nm in untreated cells), they will spontaneously grow into large inclusions. Our data suggest that a previously uncharacterized, RuvBL1 dependent mechanism clears aggregates above the critical size. Our study unveils the existence of sub-diffractive aggregates in living cells; and the strong agreement between cellular data and a nucleation theory, based on first order phase transition, provides insight into regulatory steps in the early stages of aggregate formation in vivo.
American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) Enter Abandoned Mine to Hunt Bats

ABSTRACT I report predation by American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) on little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) near the entrance to an abandoned mine and below ground within the mine in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This appears to be the first report of a corvid repeatedly entering a cave or mine to pursue prey and provides additional evidence for the remarkable behavioral plasticity of this species and family.
Learning, teaching, and assessment: A human constructivist perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the concepts of learning and teaching, and the role of assessment in making them effective. Learning may proceed in two different ways. Rote learning occurs when the learner makes no effort to relate new concepts and propositions to prior relevant knowledge he/she possesses. Meaningful learning occurs when the learner seeks to relate new concepts and propositions to relevant existing concepts and propositions in his/her cognitive structure. Another reason students resort to rote learning is that they often possess many invalid notions or misconceptions in virtually every domain of knowledge. One threat to assessment validity is that information learned in one context may not be transferred and utilized in a different context. Test items that require use of knowledge only in the same context in which it was learned do not assess higher levels of meaningful learning. Teachers must learn ways to plan their own curriculum, they must be able to sequence topics in such a way that new knowledge is more easily built on previous learning, and they must master a set of strategies that aim at helping learners restructure their scientific understandings.
Circulatory Physiology in Liver Disease

The principle hemodynamic abnormality in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension is systemic vasodilation with a hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome in which cardiac output and heart rate are increased and systemic vascular resistance is decreased. This is mediated by both structural changes in the splanchnic circulation that decrease circulating blood volume and humoral changes with release of several vasoactive substances that decrease arterial tone in the systemic circulation. Despite this hyperdynamic circulatory state, the heart may not be normal; careful investigation has revealed a number of cardiovascular abnormalities, including diastolic dysfunction, blunted systolic response to stress, and electrophysiologic abnormalities, which together have been termed ‘cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.
Poison control center experience with tianeptine: an unregulated pharmaceutical product with potential for abuse.

Background: Interest in tianeptine as a potential drug of abuse is increasing in the United States. We performed a retrospective study of calls to the New York State Poison Control Centers (PCCs) d...
The classification and treatment of heterotopic ossification about the elbow and forearm

Successful treatment of HO about the forearm and elbow relies on a working understanding of the risk factors, the pathophysiology and pathoanatomy, and the potential role for reconstructive procedures. These elements must be combined with a certain degree of flexibility in the approach to patients with a wide range of individual needs. Class I HO should be managed primarily with close observation, serial radiographs, and appropriate physical therapy regimens. The temporal relationship between the insult and the appearance of HO may modify the approach. When HO is noted within the first 6 weeks, use of anti-inflammatory agents is recommended; if the patient has developed limiting ectopic bone in the past, consideration should be given to a single dose of radiotherapy. In the 6-week to 3-month period, therapy is conducted to maintain full motion and an anti-inflammatory agent continued or started. We have not observed initial HO appearance after the third month. Class IIA HO can involve the anterior or posterior aspects of the elbow joint, or both. These groups are further divided into those limited by soft tissue (muscle and capsular contracture) and those blocked by bone (coronoid extension, humeroradial, humeroulnar, blocked olecranon fossa). The anterior group limited by soft tissue is addressed by capsulotomy, releases, and lengthenings. This group requires careful neurolysis and protection of vascular structures. For anterior bony bridges, resection is combined with capsulotomy. The location of the forearm "insertion" site of the new bone dictates alternative procedures such as interposition or radial head resection. The condition of the joint is usually preserved in these cases, but arthroplasty must always be considered when injury has led to joint derangement. Posteriorly, limitations in motion are caused by a contracted scarred triceps, capsular contracture, or bony impingement and synostosis. Treatment requires posterior capsular release and triceps tenolysis. Bridging bone is excised, the olecranon partially excised, and the olecranon fossa reestablished. Attempts should be made to preserve the fat pad of the olecranon fossa, which can act as an effective interposition material. Although characterized by limited pronosupination, class IIB HO can be located in any of the six distinct anatomic sites previously outlined. Simple resection, with or without interposition, is useful for a majority of the HO that is coincident with the interosseous membrane, but the areas at the proximal and distal extent of the forearm may demand special procedures to restore motion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Self-Digestion for Lifespan Extension: Enhanced Autophagy Delays Aging

By systemically boosting autophagy with a knockin mutation that prevents binding of beclin 1 to BCL2, Fernandez et al. (2018) demonstrate that enhanced autophagy prolongs lifespan in mammals.
Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Depression Symptoms, and Blood Glucose in Pregnant Women:

Sleep quality during pregnancy affects maternal/child health. We aimed to assess changes in sleep quality during pregnancy and determine its relationship to maternal mood, blood glucose, and work schedule among primiparous women. We conducted a prospective/longitudinal/observational study. Ninety-two pregnant women were recruited from Midwestern hospital. Mood and sleep quality data were collected using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale/Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at Gestational Weeks 22 and 32. Forty-three women completed the study. Twenty-six women (63%) were African American and the mean age was 23.64 (SD = 3.82) years. Rate of poor sleep quality increased during pregnancy with 25% of women had scores indicative of depression symptoms. Poor sleep quality score was related to mood scores (p < .05) and work schedule. Blood glucose was not significantly related to sleep duration. In conclusion, poor sleep quality during pregnancy was associated with poor mood and work schedule, suggesting that interventions targeting mental health and lifestyles are needed.
Art in Africa: Hedonic price analysis of the South African fine art auction market, 2009–2014

Abstract Real asset markets are characterized by illiquidity and heterogeneous assets, presenting challenges to price estimators. Use of a new dataset of 7,553 auction fine art lots brought to market in South Africa, for 2009–14, allows us to examine the full sales hedonic price estimator over a wide set of characteristics. Results validate full sale hedonic pricing: Identities of artists, medium and genre, dating characteristics, and physical characteristics of artwork are significant. External validity of hedonic pricing is supported by out-of-sample price prediction for 40 individual artists. Auction house catalogue presentation of art work also proves correlated with realized auction prices. Art as an asset finds support: art prices move countercyclically with GDP and domestic equity markets, pro-cyclically with off-shore equity markets, implying a risk diversification role. JEL Codes: D1, L8. Keywords: hedonic price equation, art market, South Africa Word Count: 9467 (including all Tables, Figures, References).
Smoothed First-order Algorithms for Expectation-valued Constrained Problems

We consider the development of first-order algorithms for convex stochastic optimization problems with expectation constraints. By recasting the problem as a solution to a monotone stochastic variational inequality problem, we note that a solution to this problem can be obtained as a solution to an unconstrained nonsmooth convex stochastic optimization problem. We utilize a variance-reduced smoothed first-order scheme for resolving such a problem and derive rate statements for such a scheme.
Experimentally quantifying the feasible torque space of the human shoulder.

Abstract Daily tasks rely on our ability to generate multi-dimensional shoulder torques. When function is limited, strength assessments are used to identify impairments and guide treatment. However, these assessments are often one-dimensional and limited in their sensitivity to diagnose shoulder pathology. To address these limitations, we have proposed novel metrics to quantify shoulder torque capacity in all directions. To quantify the feasible torque space of the shoulder, we measured maximal volitional shoulder torques in 32 unique directions and fit an ellipsoid model to these data. This ellipsoid model was used to quantify overall strength magnitude, strength balance, and the directions in which participants were strongest and weakest. We used these metrics to characterize three-dimensional shoulder strength in healthy adults and demonstrated their repeatability across days. Finally, using musculoskeletal simulations, we showed that our proposed metrics can distinguish between changes in muscle strength associated with aging or rotator cuff tears and quantified the influence of altered experimental conditions on this diagnostic capacity. Our results demonstrate that the proposed metrics can robustly quantify the feasible torque space of the shoulder and may provide a clinically useful description of the functional capacity of the shoulder in health and disease.
Influence of Incubation Time, Inoculum Size, and Glucose Concentrations on Spectrophotometric Endpoint Determinations for Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and Itraconazole

We addressed the influence of the incubation time (24 h versus 48 h), starting inoculum size (standard inoculum size, ∼103 CFU/ml, versus large inoculum size, ∼104 CFU/ml), and supplementation with 2% glucose of RPMI 1640 medium on the spectrophotometric determination of the MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole. We compared the MICs determined spectrophotometrically with those determined by the standard broth macrodilution method (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards approved guideline M27-A). The agreement between the results of the spectrophotometric and standard methods for amphotericin B testing was 100%; this agreement was independent of the inoculum size and incubation time. On the other hand, the agreement for the results for fluconazole testing and itraconazole testing was dependent on the inoculum size and incubation time. With large inoculum size, excellent agreement can be achieved at 24 h. With standard inoculum size, acceptable agreement can be achieved only at 48 h. In contrast to previous observations, the addition of 2% glucose did not have any significant impact on the growth density at 24 h, nor did it improve the agreement with the standard method. Furthermore, supplemental glucose might falsely elevate the MIC at 48 h.
Enhancement of Protection Scheme for Distribution System Using the Communication Network

One of the main challenges to design a proper protection scheme is the dynamic change in the architecture for the microgrid. The settings of the relays needs to be updated with every configuration in the system to isolate the fault. In this paper, a centralized control approach is proposed to monitor the modes of the microgrid and helping the relays to define the fault location and clear it from the system. The proposed technique helps to identify the shortest path from the source to the fault location. The Main Control Center (MCU) is responsible for adjusting the relays settings based on the current topology and the shortest path to the fault point. This technique is investigated on IEEE 14 bus microgrid system for all the possible fault paths. The proposed scheme is able to clear the fault by isolating the minimum part of the system and certifying the endurance of the power to supply the different loads in the system.
Immediate administration of antiviral therapy after transplantation of hepatitis C-infected livers into uninfected recipients: Implications for therapeutic planning.

The practice of transplanting hepatitis C (HCV)-infected livers into HCV-uninfected recipients has not previously been recommended in transplant guidelines, in part because of concerns over uncontrolled HCV infection of the allograft. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) provide an opportunity to treat donor-derived HCV-infection and should be administered early in the posttransplant period. However, evidence on the safety and efficacy of an immediate DAA treatment approach, including how to manage logistical barriers surrounding timely DAA procurement, are required prior to broader use of HCV-positive donor organs. We report the results of a trial in which 14 HCV-negative patients underwent successful liver transplantation from HCV-positive donors. Nine patients received viremic (nucleic acid testing [NAT]-positive) livers and started a 12-week course of oral glecaprevir-pibrentasvir within 5 days of transplant. Five patients received livers from HCV antibody-positive nonviremic donors and were followed using a reactive approach. Survival in NAT-positive recipients is 100% at a median follow-up of 46 weeks. An immediate treatment approach for HCV NAT-positive liver transplantation into uninfected recipients is safe and efficacious. Securing payer approval for DAAs early in the posttransplant course could enable need-based allocation of HCV-positive donor organs irrespective of candidate HCV status, while averting chronic HCV allograft infection.
Birth Control Connect: A randomized trial of an online group to disseminate contraceptive information

Abstract Objective We sought to test whether participation in an online group including IUD users influenced IUD-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among IUD non-users, as a proof-of-concept evaluation of information dissemination for less commonly used or novel contraceptives. Study design We conducted a blinded, randomized controlled trial on the effect of online communication with IUD users within an online program called Birth Control Connect. Participants were women age 18–45 living in the United States who had never used an IUD. We invited participants randomized to the intervention to join two-week, nine-member discussion groups including four satisfied IUD users and five IUD non-users; we invited control participants to groups including nine IUD non-users. We performed chi-squared tests on IUD knowledge, information-seeking, informational support and use in immediate post-surveys, and t-tests comparing change in IUD attitudes and frequency of logins to discussion groups. Results We invited 488 IUD non-users and enrolled them into 70 groups between October 2015 and April 2016. We found increased positive attitudes towards the IUD in the intervention arm (0.65-point increase between pre- and post-surveys, versus 0.05 mean change for control arm, p = 0.03 for hormonal IUD, with a trend in the same direction for the non-hormonal IUD). Informational support also increased, with 70.3% of intervention arm participants self-reporting that they gained a better idea of what the IUD would be like, compared to 51.3% in control arm (p Conclusions Online exposure to IUD users increased positive attitudes toward the IUD and informational support for decision-making about the IUD among non-users. Implications statement Online spaces provide a promising environment for the exchange of accurate, useful contraceptive information based on real user experiences. Interventions aiming to harness social communication through structured online conversations (e.g., on existing social media platforms) about user experiences with lesser-known contraceptive methods such as the IUD may be worthwhile.
Thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF): fluorescence delayed is fluorescence denied

High luminescence efficiency is a prerequisite for achieving an electroluminescence (EL) efficiency approaching 100% (photons/electrons). Since the EL process involves the formation of both singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excitons, this requirement can be further refined to be high luminescence efficiency from both singlet and triplet states, or rapid interconversion between them coupled with high luminescence efficiency from either the singlet or triplet states. A common approach to harvesting S1 and T1 excitons in EL is to use a heavy metal-based emitter, relying on the high spin orbit coupling of a metal ion, such as Ir3+, to promote rapid intersystem crossing and mixing of the S1 and T1 states. An alternative to the use of rare elements like Ir to achieve high EL efficiency involves the use of emitters that harvest S1 and T1 excitons via thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF). In this report, we introduce the routes for efficient radiative decay from S1 and T1 states and describe the TADF process in some depth. The kinetics and efficiency of TADF are analyzed as a function of the energy difference between the S1 and T1 and the rates of emission from each state.
Expression of Foreign Proteins on the Surface of Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Xenopus laevis oocytes have been widely used as an in vitro translation system for exogenous mRNAs. The utility of the oocyte translation system was first demonstrated by Gurdon and his colleagues,1 who detected β-globin after injection of reticulocyte mRNA. Subsequently, all eukaryotic mRNAs tested have directed the synthesis of the appropriate protein after injection into oocytes. A major advantage of the system is that the translation by oocytes is as much as 100- to 1000-fold more efficient than wheat germ lysate and rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation systems. This allows detection of translated products by radioimmune assays, ELISA, or biological activity. The efficiency of the translation is due, in part, to the stability of the injected mRNA. The half-life of injected globin mRNA, for example, is greater than 2 weeks.2
A bayesian nonparametric approach to modeling mobility patterns

Constructing models of mobile agents can be difficult without domain-specific knowledge. Parametric models flexible enough to capture all mobility patterns that an expert believes are possible are often large, requiring a great deal of training data. In contrast, nonparametric models are extremely flexible and can generalize well with relatively little training data. We propose modeling the mobility patterns of moving agents as a mixture of Gaussian processes (GP) with a Dirichlet process (DP) prior over mixture weights. The GP provides a flexible representation for each individual mobility pattern, while the DP assigns observed trajectories to particular mobility patterns. Both the GPs and the DP adjust the model's complexity based on available data, implicitly avoiding issues of over-fitting or under-fitting. We apply our model to a helicopter-based tracking task, where the mobility patterns of the tracked agents—cars—are learned from real data collected from taxis in the greater Boston area.
When Discussions Sputter or Take Flight: Comparing Productive Disciplinary Engagement in Two History Classes.

Despite its numerous benefits, dialogic discussion seldom occurs in secondary history classrooms. To examine ways to promote it, this study compared two ninth-grade classes’ productive disciplinary...
I am Worried: Do the PSWQ and PSWQ-A Display Measurement Invariance Across Four Racial Groups?:

The issue of race within the context of psychological assessment is important, but often overlooked. Many self-report measures of psychopathology have been developed and validated using primarily W...
Strategies and advice for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Abstract As a guide for astronomers new to the field of technosignature search (i.e. SETI), I present an overview of some of its observational and theoretical approaches. I review some of the various observational search strategies for SETI, focusing not on the variety of technosignatures that have been proposed or which are most likely to be found, but on the underlying philosophies that motivate searches for them. I cover passive versus active searches, ambiguous versus dispositive kinds of technosignatures, commensal or archival searches versus dedicated ones, communicative signals versus “artifacts”, “active” versus derelict technologies, searches for beacons versus eavesdropping, and model-based versus anomaly-based searches. I also attempt to roughly map the landscape of technosignatures by kind and the scale over which they appear. I also discuss the importance of setting upper limits in SETI, and offer a heuristic for how to do so in a generic SETI search. I mention and attempt to dispel several misconceptions about the field. I conclude with some personal observations and recommendations for how to practice SETI, including how to choose good theory projects, how to work with experts and skeptics to improve one’s search, and how to plan for success.
Anti-Interleukin-6 Antibodies for Autoimmune Retinopathy with Macular Edema.

In this cohort of patients with non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy and cystoid macular edema (CME), treatment with anti-interleukin-6 antibodies was associated with reduced CME, partial restoration of the ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography, and a trend towards improved visual acuity.
The United States’ Failure to Ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Must the Poor Be Always with Us?

The United States remains one of only half a dozen U.N. member states that have yet to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The treaty was signed by President Jimmy Carter in 1977, but no steps toward ratification have ever been taken. Meanwhile, the gap between the rich and the poor in this country continues to grow, and is among the highest of any democracy on earth. The United States is historically suspicious of even recognizing economic, social and cultural rights as “rights” that might be amenable to any method of enforcement. As a result, the poor in this country continue to grow poorer, while the rich get richer. This article proposes that this gap between the rich and the poor is neither inevitable nor acceptable in a nation of such abundant resources. This article proposes that the ICESCR’s ultimate goals should be accepted as basic human rights norms in this country, and that the treaty should be ratified. If ratified, and if implementing legislation is enacted, the ICESCR will be an effective tool to ensure that the economic, social and cultural rights of all citizens of the U.S. are domestically enforceable, bringing an end to the notion that the poor must, in fact, always be with us.