cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An overview of through the wall surveillance for homeland security

The Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate (AFRL/IF), under sponsorship of the Department of Justice's (DOJ), National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Office of Science and Technology (OST and portable, personal computer (PC) based standoff systems to enable the determination of events during critical incident situations. The technologies utilized are primarily focused on active radars operating in the UHF, L, S (ultra wideband (UWB)), X, and Ku bands. The data displayed by these systems is indicative of range (1 dimension), or range and azimuth (2 dimensions) to the moving individuals). This paper highlights the technologies employed in five (5) prototype TWS systems delivered to NIJ and AFRL/IF for test and evaluation
Comparative transcriptomics of three Poaceae species reveals patterns of gene expression evolution.

Summary The Poaceae family, also known as the grasses, includes agronomically important cereal crops such as rice, maize, sorghum, and wheat. Previous comparative studies have shown that much of the gene content is shared among the grasses; however, functional conservation of orthologous genes has yet to be explored. To gain an understanding of the genome-wide patterns of evolution of gene expression across reproductive tissues, we employed a sequence-based approach to compare analogous transcriptomes in species representing three Poaceae subgroups including the Pooideae (Brachypodium distachyon), the Panicoideae (sorghum), and the Ehrhartoideae (rice). Our transcriptome analyses reveal that only a fraction of orthologous genes exhibit conserved expression patterns. A high proportion of conserved orthologs include genes that are upregulated in physiologically similar tissues such as leaves, anther, pistil, and embryo, while orthologs that are highly expressed in seeds show the most diverged expression patterns. More generally, we show that evolution of gene expression profiles and coding sequences in the grasses may be linked. Genes that are highly and broadly expressed tend to be conserved at the coding sequence level while genes with narrow expression patterns show accelerated rates of sequence evolution. We further show that orthologs in syntenic genomic blocks are more likely to share correlated expression patterns compared with non-syntenic orthologs. These findings are important for agricultural improvement because sequence information is transferred from model species, such as Brachypodium, rice, and sorghum to crop plants without sequenced genomes.
Critical periods for diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital administration during gestation.

Studies of the effects of drug administracion during pregnancy have indicated adverse morphological, behavioral, and learning effects on undrugged offspring. It appears that the obtained morphological or behavioral effects are a function of a complex interaction of the drug administered, the species, the behavioral task, and period of gestation during which the drug was administered (Hoffeld & Webster, 1965). There have been few studies directed toward the behavioral effects of anticonvulsant drugs ( Glaser, 1972; Stores, 1975 ) . Recently, Middaugh, Santos, and Zemp ( 1975) demonstrated that phenobarbital injected into pregnant mice during the last trimester of pregnancy produced changes in the responsiveness of offspring to aversive and appetitive stimuli. They point out that the mechanism mediating these long-term behavioral changes is unknown. In view of the relatively wide use of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin during pregnancy (Hill, 1973), it seems important to srudy the possible behavioral and morphological effects of a prenatal exposure of these drugs on offspring behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin administered to rats during different periods of pregnancy on the behavior of mature offspring. METHOD
JAMDA impact factor.

Table 2 Your Journal has had an extraordinarily good past few years, as is attested to by the 2012 impact factor of 5.302 and an immediacy index of 1.343 (Figure 1).1 This places the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA) as the most highly ranked of any of the clinical geriatric journals (Table 1). The impact factor is the average number of citations received per article published in the previous 2 years. The immediacy index is the number of citations to articles a journal received in the most recent year divided by the number of articles published. The editors are very grateful for the high quality of submissions that have allowed the Journal to be successful. The top 20 best-cited articles from 2011 are given in Table 2. These include the highest-cited article from JAMDA of all time: “A consensus conference on sarcopenia” by Roger Fielding and colleagues.2 The second most highly cited article this year was also on sarcopenia.3 Four of the articles were on undernutrition4e7 and 2 on vitamin D.8,9 The International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics Global Agenda for Nursing Homes was the third highest cited article.10 Among the top 20 cited articles from 2010, 5 were on frailty22e26 and 7 on nutrition (Table 3).27e33 For 2012, there are already 20 articles cited 6 or more times (Table 4).42e61 These include articles on sarcopenia, resistance exercise, and protein,42e45 and a series of articles validating the Minimum Data Set 3.0.48,50,51,58
Lydia Prout’s Dreadfullest Thought

Abstract What was Lydia Prout’s “dreadfullest thought”? This microhistory, which examines one of the earliest devotional journals penned by a woman in British North America, uncovers surprising con...
Intensity-modulated versus conventional pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Analysis of acute toxicity

Objectives To provide a single-institution analysis of the influence of pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (RT) on acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Methods The records of 610 consecutive patients with prostate cancer receiving RT were reviewed. Of these 610 patients, 49 had received a prostate boost preceded by pelvic RT (PRT), 15 intensity-modulated PRT (IM-PRT), and 34 four-field PRT (4F-PRT). The dosimetric endpoints for the bladder, rectum, and target for the PRT plans were compared using the paired t test; similar dosimetric analyses were done for the composite plans. Acute GU and GI toxicity were compared using the chi-square test. Ordered logit regression analyses were performed using all major treatment factors as covariates. Results The bladder and rectum dosimetric endpoints were improved for IM-PRT compared with 4F-PRT for the PRT portion of the treatment plan (P = 0.06 and P = 0.03, respectively) and for the composite treatment plan (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively), at the expense of greater target inhomogeneity in the PRT portion of the treatment plan (P <0.01). GU toxicity was significantly lower in the IM-PRT group (P <0.001), and GI toxicity was similar in both groups (P = 0.637). The regression analyses showed that intensity-modulated RT for the pelvic portion of treatment was the only factor significantly predicting for GU toxicity (P = 0.05); no major treatment factor reached significance in predicting GI toxicity. Conclusions Compared with 4F-PRT, the use of IM-PRT improved dosimetric outcomes, was not associated with a reduction in acute GI toxicity, and was associated with a reduction in acute GU toxicity in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Influence of Group Cohesion and Information Sharing on Effectiveness of Design Review

Research into group decision-making suggests that, dependent on the information distributed prior to a group discussion, the decision and discussion content can be predicted. While the impact to group decision-making has been studied, its impact on collaborative activities such as design review has not been well investigated. A full factorial design of experiments (3×3, DOE) is conducted to investigate the influence of group cohesion and the awareness of the presence of unshared information among group members on design review effectiveness. The results suggest that awareness may have an effect on locating design issues by representation, functional group domain, and the total amount of design issues located.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Mutations in Troponin that cause HCM, DCM AND RCM: What can we learn about thin filament function?

Abstract Troponin (Tn) is a critical regulator of muscle contraction in cardiac muscle. Mutations in Tn subunits are associated with hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive cardiomyopathies. Improved diagnosis of cardiomyopathies as well as intensive investigation of new mouse cardiomyopathy models has significantly enhanced this field of research. Recent investigations have showed that the physiological effects of Tn mutations associated with hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive cardiomyopathies are different. Impaired relaxation is a universal finding of most transgenic models of HCM, predicted directly from the significant changes in Ca2+ sensitivity of force production. Mutations associated with HCM and RCM show increased Ca2+ sensitivity of force production while mutations associated with DCM demonstrate decreased Ca2+ sensitivity of force production. This review spotlights recent advances in our understanding on the role of Tn mutations on ATPase activity, maximal force development and heart function as well as the correlation between the locations of these Tn mutations within the thin filament and myofilament function.
Single session effects of treatment components within a specialized inpatient posttraumatic stress disorder program

This study examined the potential contributions of individual treatment components within one inpatient posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) program. Fifteen treatment components were assessed by a self-report instrument administered to a cohort of veterans just before and immediately after each session approximately halfway through the program. Components with an external focus, action modality, and, secondarily, little Vietnam content were associated with more improvement than components with an internal focus, verbal modality, or high Vietnam content. Improvement was greatest in veterans with fewer PTSD symptoms. Short-term improvement was not correlated with veterans' ratings at discharge of component effectiveness. These results were later confirmed on a second cohort. This study supports the potential roles of distraction and physical release, as opposed to exploratory verbal discussion, in the treatment of chronic combat-related PTSD.
Ultrasound contrast agents phagocytosed by neutrophils demonstrate acoustic activity

Ultrasound contrast agents are microbubbles composed of a thin lipid or albumin shell filled with air or a high molecular weight gas. These microbubbles are used for contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) assessment of organ perfusion. In regions of inflammation, microbubbles are phagocytosed intact by activated neutrophils adherent to the venular wall. The authors hypothesized that microbubbles remain acoustically active following phagocytosis. Accordingly, they assessed the physical responses of both phagocytosed and free microbubbles by direct microscopic observation during delivery of repetitive single pulses of ultrasound at various acoustic pressures. Insonation results in oscillation in the bubbles volume. Microbubbles were optically recorded during insonation with a high-speed imaging system and diameter-time curves were analyzed to determine the effect of phagocytosis. Phagocytosed microbubbles retained their acoustic activity, although the intracellular environment increased viscoelastic damping experienced by microbubbles. With a pulse of high acoustic intensity (>1 MPa), phagocytosed microbubbles expanded up to 500% of their initial radii, which occasionally resulted in neutrophil rupture. Primary radiation force displaced phagocytosed microbubbles a distance of 100 microns with an acoustic pressure of -240 kPa and a pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz, thus providing further evidence of acoustic activity. The authors conclude that phagocytosed microbubbles exhibit viscoelastic damping and yet are susceptible to acoustic destruction. They can generate non-linear echoes on the same order of magnitude as free microbubbles. These results indicate that CEU may be used to identify and assess regions of inflammation by detecting acoustic signals from microbubbles that are phagocytosed by activated neutrophils. In addition, the rapid expansion of a microbubble at high acoustic pressure may present a means to rupture a neutrophil or drug capsule at a specific site, resulting in delivery of a drug.
SOME EXPLORATORY METHODS FOR MODELING MOBILITY TABLES AND OTHER CROSS-CLASSIFIED DATA

This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (GI-31604 and GI-44336), the National Institute of Mental Health (MH06275), and the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of WisconsinMadison under funds granted by the Equal Opportunity Act of 1964 and administered by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. It was written in part while the author was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences with support from the National Institute of Mental Health, the Spencer Foundation, and the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Peter J. Dickinson, Randy D. Hodson, and James Baron assisted in computations, using facilities of the Center for Demography and Ecology that are supported by a grant from the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (HD-5876). I thank Otis Dudley Duncan, Leo A. Goodman, William Mason, Halliman H. Winsborough, Burton Singer, Harry P. Travis, Taissa S. Hauser, Randy D. Hodson, and Yossi Shavit for advice and criticism. Any
Richard III and the Woodville Faction: The Events Surrounding 1483

This paper examines the Usurpation of Richard III in 1483 and the events leading up to it. England had experienced increasing violence and loss of law and order starting in 1399; the forced removal of a king and the power of the barons. War in France drained the treasury and made the monarchy financially strained. The Wars of the Roses saw violence between the Yorkists and Lancastrians, which resulted in the rise of Edward IV as king. His rule and marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, a lower class noblewoman. Edward elevated her numerous family, creating strife with his brother Richard and the nobles of the realm. Upon Edward IV's death a power struggle ensued to determine who would continue to hold power, wealth, and honor in England.
Window-based congestion control with heterogeneous users

We investigate the fundamental problem of achieving the system optimal rates, which maximize the total user utility, in a distributed network environment using only the information available at the end hosts. This is done by decomposing the overall system problem into subproblems for the network and for the individual users and introducing an incentive-compatible pricing scheme. The users are to solve the problem of maximizing individual net utility, which is their utility less the amount they pay. This is done using a window based algorithm. We provide an algorithm for the network to adjust its prices and the users to adjust their window sizes such that at an equilibrium the system optimum is achieved. It is notable that our algorithm does not require any explicit feedback from the network and can be deployed over the Internet with modifications only at the end hosts. Our scheme is incentive compatible in that there is no benefit to the users to lie about their utilities.
Hypersensitivity to Dental Cast Metals: A Clinical Study

Concerns over allergic reactions to dental restorative and orthodontic materials have increased in the past few years. The incidence appears to be quite low, but increases with increased quantity and duration of exposure to a causative antigen. In most instances intraoral allergies result in a type IV, delayed contact response that may manifest in various ways including lichenoid reactions, burning mouth/burning lip syndromes, cheilitis and lip swelling, oral granulomatous reactions, gingival hyperplasia, non-specific erythema and edema, ulceration and gingivitis or even periodontitis. In this paper, hypersensitivity reactions to dental metals are reviewed and allergy to dental cast metal alloys is studied in a group of patients presenting with oral features sometimes associated with contact hypersensitivity reactions. Of 438 patients evaluated, 18 (4.5%) were determined to have mucosal lesions confirmed by clinical appearance, contact with causative restorations, patch testing and biopsy.
A collaborative optimization approach to design and deployment of a space based infrared system constellation

Collaborative optimization, as a design architecture, has been used successfully in solving large-scale multidisciplinary optimization problems related to aircraft and space vehicle designs. The study presented in this paper attempts to demonstrate yet another application for this architecture, i.e., to satellite constellation designs. As an example, it is implemented for the design and deployment problem of a space based infrared system placed at low earth orbit.
Enhanced infrared transmission from gold wire-grid arrays via surface plasmons in continuous graphene (Presentation Recording)

Enhanced transmission of light through nanostructures has always been of great interest in the field of plasmonics and nanophotonics. With the aid of near-field effects, the transmission of the electromagnetic waves can be enhanced or suppressed. Much of the work on enhanced transmission has been shown to be frequency-selective. However it is possible to increase the transmission over a large frequency range by using graphene, which has shown broadband properties in many applications. Here, we propose enhanced transmission in wire grid gold structure making use of continuous graphene sheets. We use finite-difference time-domain simulations to study the optical properties of this graphene-metal hybrid structure at mid infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths. The grating structure in wire grid gold provides an ideal platform to match the momentum and excite the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in monolayer graphene. Our numerical calculations show that the local electromagnetic field around the graphene is largely enhanced due to surface plasmons. Moreover, with the highly confined SPPs coupling with the incident light, the transmission through the whole structure can be broadly enhanced in the mid infrared region. We also analyze the effect of the spectrum with different periods and gold nanowire widths to evaluate the size effects of the plasmons in graphene. In addition, by tuning the Fermi level, one can control the wavelength range at which the transmission is enhanced. The mechanism of the enhancement will be explained in the calculated electric field distribution. And we will also highlight the opportunities of graphene for applications such as tunable transmission and active photonic modulator.
Chemotherapy: Limited use of the intraperitoneal route for ovarian cancer-why?

A recent objective study has demonstrated that the use of adjuvant platinum-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with small-volume residual advanced-stage ovarian cancer remains limited, despite the publication of several phase III trials demonstrating superior overall survival associated with this approach. Several factors might explain this far less than satisfactory state of affairs.
Analysis of image striping due to polarization correction artifacts in remotely sensed ocean scenes

The characterization of the polarization sensitivity of a remote sensing sensor can have a large impact on the data quality of the top-of-atmosphere radiances measured by optical sensors on earth-orbiting satellites. This paper describes an algorithm to improve the polarization characterization of certain elements of an imaging sensor (e.g. detectors, or mirror sides) relative to each other, as well as the application to an ocean color sensor. The key step in the analysis is the separation of the measured radiances into two groups: those that are increased by the polarization correction, and those that are decreased.
Fabrication of Tall Structures for Microelectronics Application Using Selective Electrodeposition Process

Fabrication of tall features using selective electrodeposition is well known process and has several applications in microelectronics packaging. The use of conventional exposure and development processes is limited by the aspect ratio and sizes of the features obtained. This paper describes a novel approach to fabricated tall structures featured in thick photoresist . Tin and copper tall structures were made by selective electrodeposition. Also presented are results from experiments performed to fabricate tall tin and copper pillars with nearly vertical walls on bare dices to form interconnect.
The Untold Story of Al Qaeda's Administrative Law Dilemmas

In the months and years following September 11, senior al Qaeda strategists and sympathizers disseminated a series of manuscripts revealing the terrorist network's aims and its internal management dilemmas. This Article elucidates how policymakers can better evaluate changes in counter-terrorism laws and policies by scrutinizing the goals and internal organizational problems of terrorist entities. Conventional wisdom paints terrorist networks such as al Qaeda and state bureaucracies in advanced industrialized countries as starkly different. Al Qaeda and its allies are assumed to pose particularly severe dangers because they are flexible, adaptable, decentralized, and staffed by committed supporters with a common goal. By contrast, state bureaucracies in advanced industrialized nations are often described as suffering from plodding, rule-bound decision-making structures that hobble their response to our nimble adversary. But a closer look at al Qaeda's own strategic studies - read in light of social scientists' emerging analyses of terrorist organizations - reveals a more complex picture. In it, the distinction between terrorist networks and bureaucratic agencies is less pronounced than commonly supposed. Both entities face pervasive problems involving the harnessing of expertise, the resolution of conflict among politically important players, reconciliation of competing goals, restraints on overzealous action, building public legitimacy, and monitoring subordinate activity. By scrutinizing terrorist networks as collective entities with conflicting goals facing elusive administrative problems, we can better understand three things: (1) that, in fact, terrorist networks have repeatedly sought to develop administrative procedures and law-like hierarchical arrangements to manage their problems; (2) that the efficacy of counter-terrorism strategies depends crucially on the extent to which they exacerbate (at a reasonable cost) rather than diminish these networks' administrative problems; and (3) that legal arrangements characteristic of U.S. public law - particularly those governing the administrative decisions of bureaucratic institutions - are valuable in part because they help the nation avoid the same type of problem that terrorist entities are trying to solve in their own context.
Predictors of mortality after transjugular portosystemic shunt

AIM: To investigate if echocardiographic and hemodynamic determinations obtained at the time of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) can provide prognostic information that will enhance risk stratification of patients. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 467 patients who underwent TIPS between July 2003 and December 2011 at our institution. We recorded information regarding patient demographics, underlying liver disease, indication for TIPS, baseline laboratory values, hemodynamic determinations at the time of TIPS, and echocardiographic measurements both before and after TIPS. We recorded patient comorbidities that may affect hemodynamic and echocardiographic determinations. We also calculated Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and Child Turcotte Pugh (CTP) class. The following pre- and post-TIPS echocardiographic determinations were recorded: Left ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure, subjective RV dilation, and subjective RV function. We recorded the following hemodynamic measurements: Right atrial (RA) pressure before and after TIPS, inferior vena cava pressure before and after TIPS, free hepatic vein pressure, portal vein pressure before and after TIPS, and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). RESULTS: We reviewed 418 patients with portal hypertension undergoing TIPS. RA pressure increased by a mean ± SD of 4.8 ± 3.9 mmHg (P < 0.001), HVPG decreased by 6.8 ± 3.5 mmHg (P < 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, a higher MELD score, lower platelet count, splenectomy and a higher portal vein pressure were independent predictors of higher RA pressure (R = 0.55). Three variables predicted 3-mo mortality after TIPS in a multivariate analysis: Age, MELD score, and CTP grade C. Change in the RA pressure after TIPS predicted long-term mortality (per 1 mmHg change, HR = 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01-1.06, P < 0.012). CONCLUSION: RA pressure increased immediately after TIPS particularly in patients with worse liver function, portal hypertension, emergent TIPS placement and history of splenectomy. The increase in RA pressure after TIPS was associated with increased mortality. Age, splenectomy, MELD score and CTP grade were independent predictors of long-term mortality after TIPS.
House Fly Genetics: Fertility Differences in Matings of Male Translocation Heterozygotes with Different “Normal” Females

Fertility variations were frequently observed when heterozygous translocation-bearing male house flies, Musca domestica L., from a number of strains were mated with non-translocation-carrying females from two different sources. The data indicate a need to test the fertilities of translocation-bearing insects against different physiological or genetic backgrounds in selecting appropriate types for pest control programs.
Deterrence of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Oviposition by Plant Compounds

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), oviposition was deterred by spraying the plant secondary compounds coumarin and rutin on cabbage plants in laboratory choice tests. Deterrent effects of the compounds were not reduced when females were exposed to treated plants for 48 h. Coumarin was a more potent deterrent in darkness (4.1-fold) than in light (2.3-fold), but rutin's effect was stronger in light (3.2-fold) than in darkness (1.9-fold). Results support the view that diamondback moth oviposition is mediated by several sensory modalities including vision, chemoreception, and mechanoreception.
Blister Beetles on Glandless Cotton

The rapid pace set by plant breeders in incorporating the glandless character in commercial cotton has concerned some entomologists, who think that such a character may create greater insect problems than currently exist with the present glanded varieties. Bottger et al. (1964) reported greater susceptibility in a glandless experimental line 30-8 than in glanded Acala or Pima varieties to beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); bollworm, Heliotliis zea (Boddie); black fleahopper, Spanogonicus albafasciatus (Reuter); cutworms (undetermined spp.); pill bugs (Porcellio spp.); and grape colaspis beetle, Maecolaspis flavida (Say). In addition, in 1964 we observed greater susceptibility in several glandless experimental lines than in their glanded parents to the cotton leafworm Alabama argillacea (Huibner); bollworm; grape colaspis; and another Chrysomelidae identified as Gastrophysa cyanea (Melch). The Japanese beetle, Popilla japonica Newman, also has been recently reported by Lee4 (1964, personal communication) to damage leaves of glandless test lines extensively at Rocky Mount Experiment Station.
Life history traits of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on six virus-infected or healthy plant species

In some cases, infection by plant viruses can alter host plant quality for homopterous insects. In these experiments, adult whiteflies from a population of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) that had been reared continuously on pumpkin plants for more than five years, were exposed to six plant species infected with one of four whitefly-transmitted plant viruses. The life history traits of whiteflies on virus-infected hosts were compared to those of whiteflies exposed to corresponding healthy hosts. Significant differences were found in progeny survival and oviposition rate among the six healthy hosts. Survival on healthy hosts ranked as follows: zucchini > cantaloupe = cotton = pumpkin > lettuce = tomato. Oviposition and immature survival rates varied between healthy and virus-infected host plants. The mean proportion of eggs surviving to adulthood was higher on pumpkin plants infected with watermelon curly mottle strain of squash leaf curl virus (WCMoV/SLCV) than on healthy pumpkin. Significantly lower mean proportion of offspring survived to adulthood on WCMoV/SLCV-infected zucchini, chino del tomate virus-infected tomato, and cotton leaf crumple virus-infected cotton compared to whiteflies on healthy control plants. For other virus-infected–healthy combinations, there were no significant differences in survival rates. No correlation was observed between levels of total free amino acids in healthy and infected plants and rates of oviposition or survival. The lack of correlation between oviposition and survival rates on healthy and infected plants, suggests that B. tabaci does not assess host suitability to regulate oviposition with respect to the projected host suitability for offspring survival.
Screening for diabetic retinopathy in a clinical setting: a comparison of direct ophthalmoscopy by primary care physicians with fundus photography.

Background Type II diabetes mellitus is a major health problem among Native Americans, and diabetic retinopathy is a frequent complication of this disease. Screening for retinopathy can identify early disease and prevent major vision loss, but the most cost-effective screening method has not yet been determined. Methods In a rural clinic that served more than 400 Native Americans with diabetes, we compared the accuracy of referrals made based on two screening methods: ophthalmoscopy by trained primary care physicians and seven-view nonstereoscopic, mydriatic fundal photography read by two general ophthalmologists and a retinal specialist. Patients in whom abnormal findings were detected by either screening method were then referred to a general ophthalmologist for further evaluation. Results Two hundred forty-three examinations were performed and 83 referrals made. Both screening methods had high sensitivity for referring patients with retinopathy that required treatment or follow-up sooner than 1 year (100% for direct ophthalmoscopy by primary care physicians, 94% for the general ophthalmologist photography readers, and 100% for the retinal specialist reader). The calculated costs of screening by direct ophthalmoscopy and by retinal photography were 64% less and 44% to 35% less, respectively, than the cost of yearly ophthalmological examinations by ophthalmologists. Conclusions Careful screening for treatable diabetic eye disease by trained primary care physicians proved to be a clinically acceptable, cost-effective strategy. Screening methods for diabetic retinopathy should be evaluated based on the absolute sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of their ability to correctly refer patients rather than their diagnostic accuracy.
Crisis in a Fragile Industry: Airlines Struggle to Survive in an Uncertain Future

In early 2001, the U.S. airline industry was already feeling the effects of one of its great historical enemies—economic recession—and expected to lose $3 billion.1 Economic recession exposes overcapacity in the market— too many seats and not enough passengers. As demand falls, prices decline as carriers scramble to fill seats and retain market share. This tends to place further cost pressure on carriers struggling from declining yields, the difference between cost per available seat mile and revenue per available seat mile. The industry then experiences a series of bank ruptcies and consolidations before the cycle begins again. The last U.S. recession in 1990–1991 combined with another perennial enemy of aviation, war (in this case, the Gulf War of the early 1990s), to produce industry losses of $10 billion.2 These losses would pale in comparison to those of the current crisis. In fact, the first decade of the twenty-first century has been the “Perfect Storm” for the global airline industry that has experienced a confluence of four distinct factors.3 Two of these factors have a long history of creating problems for the industry—economic recession and war. The other two factors were new—the 9/11 terrorist attacks and potentially severe contagious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and bird f lu. Together these factors created a crisis that resulted in worldwide airline losses greater than all the profits made in the industry since the 1903 flight at Kitty Hawk by the Wright Brothers.4
Localization length at the conductivity minima of the quantum Hall effect

Abstract The quantum localization is known to be responsible for the deep conductivity minima of the quantum Hall effect. In this paper we calculate the localization length ξ as a function of magnetic field B at such minima for several models of disorder (“white-noise”, short-range, and long-range random potentials). We find that ξ∝B−α with the exponent α between one and 10 3 , depending on the model. In particular, for the “white-noise” random potential ξ roughly coincides with the classical cyclotron radius. Our results are in agreement with available experimental data.
Metastatic Pulmonary Angiosarcoma Presenting With Bilateral Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothoraces.

Background:Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) is uncommon and can present as a primary disease process or as a result of underlying lung pathology. Several parenchymal lung diseases, such as malignancy, are known to cause SP. One such malignancy, angiosarcoma, has a high propensity to metastasize to the lung and present as cavitary and cystic lesions.Case:We present a case of a 76-year-old male diagnosed with angiosarcoma of the scalp that was found to have extensive cystic pulmonary metastatic lesions. Soon after his initial diagnosis, he presented with severe respiratory distress secondary to a spontaneous left-sided pneumothorax. After intubation and left-sided chest tube placement, the patient developed a right-sided tension pneumothorax requiring emergent chest tube placement.Conclusion:Cutaneous angiosarcoma is a rare malignancy that frequently metastasizes the lung. Spontaneous pneumothorax can be the presenting manifestation of the disease and often results in respiratory failure.
Utilization of Mental Health Services After Mild Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Mild traumatic brain injury injuries (mTBIs), including concussions, represent >2 million US pediatric emergency department visits annually. Post-mTBI mental health symptoms are prominent and often attributed to the mTBI. This study examined whether individuals seeking post-mTBI mental health care had previous mental health diagnoses or a new onset of such disorders, and determined if mental health care utilization differed by race/ethnicity. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, using the Medicaid Marketscan claims national dataset (2007–2012). Utilization of mental health services 1 year before and 1 year after mTBI was compared between children with and without mental health diagnoses before injury. Primary outcome was receipt of post-mTBI outpatient mental health care. RESULTS: A total of 31 272 children 20 years or younger were included, 8577 (27%) with mental health diagnoses before their mTBI and 22 695 without one. After injury, children without previous mental health disorders increased mental health services utilization; however, most (86%) postinjury mental health care was received by children with previous mental health disorders. Having a mental health diagnosis pre-mTBI was the most important risk factor for receiving post-mTBI mental health care (odds ratio 7.93, 95% confidence interval 7.40–8.50). Hispanic children were less likely to receive post-mTBI mental health care. CONCLUSIONS: mTBI was associated with increased utilization of mental health services but most of these services were received by children with previous mental health disorders. Our documentation of racial/ethnic disparities in mental health care utilization reemphasize the importance of providing individualized, culturally, and linguistically competent care to improve outcomes after mTBI for all children.
Conservatism Assessment of Extreme Value Theory Overbounds

An approach using extreme value theory (EVT) to generate conservative overbounds for measurement errors is assessed. In this approach, EVT is used to construct a model for tails of an unknown distribution. Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study are presented, which show that estimated tails are not necessarily conservative. The reasons for this lack of conservatism are described and discussed. A method for addressing this lack of conservatism is proposed and evaluated.
Uncertainty in the burnup reactivity swing of liquid-metal fast reactors

The uncertainty in the burnup reactivity swing {sigma}k{sub b} attributable to nuclear data uncertainties is analyzed using depletion-dependent sensitivity coefficients for single- and multicycle equilibrium depletion. Four systems are analyzed with design features that encompass many of the design options considered for current U.S. advanced liquid-metal reactor cores. These systems, while characterized by very different {sigma}k{sub b} values in the range from {minus}0.22 to 3.87% {Delta}k, exhibit much smaller differences in their {sigma}k{sub b} uncertainties, which range from 0.18 to 0.33% {Delta}k. The {sigma}k{sub b} uncertainties depend primarily on the design choices of core size and fissile fuel type, as well as whether the analysis represents multicycle effects. For all reactors analyzed, the burnup swing uncertainty is dominated by the {sup 238}U capture reaction. In this paper the potential for reducing uncertainties by a factor of 3 by use of available integral experiment results is demonstrated.
Quantitative Legal History

Legal historians seldom use statistics, but this is a missed opportunity. Quantitative methods are particularly helpful in understand core legal history issues, including the effect of legal change and the influence of multiple factors on legislation, judicial decisionmaking, and citizen behavior. Recent work by Gavin Wright, Paul Mahoney, and Michele Landis Dauber shows how tables, graphs, and regression analysis can be woven into persuasive historical narrative and analysis. Collaboration between legal historians and quantitative social scientists also provides an untapped avenue to enrich the field.
Quantum Calculations Of A Large Section Of The Voltage Sensing Domain Of The Kv1.2 Channel Show That Proton Transfer, Not S4 Motion, Provides The Gating Current

Quantum calculations on much of the voltage sensing domain (VSD) of the Kv1.2 potassium channel (pdb: 3Lut) have been carried out on a 904 atom subset of the VSD, plus 24 water molecules (total, 976 atoms). Those side chains that point away from the center of the VSD were truncated; in all calculations, S1,S2,S3 end atoms were fixed; in some calculations, S4 end atoms were also fixed, while in other calculations they were free. After optimization at Hartree-Fock level, single point calculations of energy were carried out using DFT (B3LYP/6-31G**), allowing accurate energies of different cases to be compared. Open conformations (i.e., zero or positive membrane potentials) are consistent with the known X-ray structure of the open state when the salt bridges in the VSD are not ionized (H+ on the acid), whether S4 end atoms were fixed or free (closer fixed than free). Based on these calculations, the backbone of the S4 segment, free or not, moves no more than 2.5 A upon switching from positive to negative membrane potential, and the movement is in the wrong direction for closing the channel. This leaves H+ motion as the principal component of gating current. Groups of 3-5 side chains are important for proton transport, based on the calculations. Our calculations point to a pair of steps in which a proton transfers from a tyrosine, Y266, through arginine (R300), to a glutamate (E183); this would account for approximately 20-25% of the gating charge. The calculated charges on each arginine and glutamate are appreciably less than one. Groupings of five amino acids appear to exchange a proton; the group is bounded by the conserved aromatic F233. Dipole rotations appear to also contribute. Alternate interpretations of experiments usually understood in terms of the standard model are shown to be plausible.
Salt tolerance response revealed by RNA-Seq in a diploid halophytic wild relative of sweet potato

Crop wild relatives harbor exotic and novel genetic resources, which hold great potential for crop improvement. Ipomoea imperati is a wild diploid relative of sweet potato with the capability of high salinity tolerance. We compared the transcriptomes of I. imperati under salt stress vs. control to identify candidate genes and pathways involved in salt response. De novo assembly produced 67,911 transcripts with a high depth of coverage. A total of 39,902 putative genes were assigned annotations, and 936 and 220 genes involved in salt response in roots and leaves, respectively. Functional analysis indicated a whole system response during salt stress in I. imperati, which included four metabolic processes: sensory initiation, transcriptional reprogramming, cellular protein component change, and cellular homeostasis regulation. We identified a number of candidate genes involved in the ABA signaling pathway, as well as transcription factors, transporters, antioxidant enzymes, and enzymes associated with metabolism of synthesis and catalysis. Furthermore, two membrane transporter genes, including vacuole cation/proton exchanger and inositol transporter, were considered to play important roles in salt tolerance. This study provided valuable information not only for understanding the genetic basis of ecological adaptation but also for future application in sweet potato and other crop improvements.
Plant-Based Nutrition: An Essential Component of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Management

This review aims to summarize and discuss the role of plant-based nutrition as an adjunct to the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Discussion of nutrition and the benefits of a plant-based diet should be highlighted during healthcare provider visits as an essential part of the overall CVD prevention and management care plan. Evidence from prospective cohort studies indicates that a high consumption of predominantly plant-based foods, such as fruit and vegetables, nuts, and whole grains, is associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD. The protective effects of these foods are likely mediated through their multiple beneficial nutrients, including mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, fiber, and plant protein. In addition, minimizing intake of animal proteins has been shown to decrease the prevalence of CVD risk factors. Substantial evidence indicates that plant-based diets can play an important role in preventing and treating CVD and its risk factors. Such diets deserve more emphasis in dietary recommendations.
Damping control for a target oscillation mode using battery energy storage

In this paper, a battery energy storage system (BESS) based control method is proposed to improve the damping ratio of a target oscillation mode to a desired level by charging or discharging the installed BESS using local measurements. The expected damping improvement by BESS is derived analytically for both a single-machine-infinite-bus system and a multi-machine system. This BESS-based approach is tested on a four-generator, two-area power system. Effects of the power converter limit, response time delay, power system stabilizers and battery state-of-charge on the control performance are also investigated. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Evaluation of seeding rate and cultivar effects on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeded in 76-cm row spacing.

ABSTRACT Standard row spacing for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Georgia is 91-cm in a single-row pattern. Narrower row spacings are often used in crops grown in rotation with peanut. Therefore, converting peanut to narrower row spacing may be easier and beneficial to some growers if cultivars and seeding rates can be identified that can be grown in narrow rows without a reduction in yield and grade. Based on current University of Georgia recommendations, peanut is typically planted at 19 seed/m with a 91-cm row spacing. Using narrower row spacing and constant seeding rates, increased seed costs would be observed. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the influence of cultivars and seeding rate in peanut planted in 76-cm single rows on yield, grade, and tomato spotted wilt virus (tospovirus) (TSWV) incidence. Experiments were conducted in 2008, 2010, and 2014 in Tifton, GA and in 2014 at Camilla, GA. Treatments were comprised of three cultivars (varying each year) and three seeding rates (14, ...
Laetrile: A Case Study of a Public Controversy

The laetrile controversy engaged arguers in four domains of discourse: the medical/scientific community, the legal community, the deliberative domain, and the popular press. This essay analyzes arg...
Control system design and stability analysis for a three phase SiC-based Filter-less grid-connected PV inverter

In this paper, a control system of a filter-less grid-connected SiC inverter is designed. Stability analysis has been researched with a focus on grid disturbance rejection. The analysis shows that the conventional control method with instantaneous grid voltage feedforward (IGVF) will significantly limit the bandwidth or stability margin of a filter-less grid-connected inverter, thus make the inverter sensitive to grid disturbance. Two proposed grid voltage feedforward control methods, which require little additional computation resources, are presented to suppress the grid voltage disturbance. The design methods of control parameters are derived. The effects of the proposed feedforward methods are also compared with that of conventional IGVF. Finally, the grid-connected experimental results of a three phase SiC based filter-less PV inverter are provided to verify and compare the proposed control methods.
Macro policies to promote sustainable commercial aquaculture

Aquaculture has been the world's fastestgrowing source of food, with fin fish andshellfish production expanding by an averagecompound rate of growth of 10.9%. This is arate of growth faster than that of terrestrialmeat production. The paper describes policiesthat can promote aquaculture. The focus is oncommercial (for profit) aquaculture, butsubsistence aquaculture is indirectly includedon the assumption that the two systems arecomplementary, rather than mutuallyexclusive.