cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel in two potentially inactivated states

X-ray crystal structures of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel in two ‘inactivated’ conformations are reported, revealing several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling of voltage sensor movement to inactivation of the pore. There are many published structures for potassium channels, but structural information on voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels is much more scare, despite their importance in the initiation and propagation of action potentials in nerve cells, muscle cells and in the heart. Bacterial Nav channels provide a good model system for structure–function analyses, and here two groups report the X-ray crystal structure of bacterial Nav channels apparently in 'inactivated' conformations. Nieng Yan and colleagues determined the structure of NavRh from the marine bacterium known as alpha proteobacterium HIMB114 at 3.05-angstrom resolution. William Catterall and colleagues report crystallographic snapshots of the NavAb channel from Arcobacter butzleri in two potentially inactivated states at 3.2-angstrom resolution. Comparisons of these newly obtained structures with previously published data on NavAb in a 'pre-open' state reveal conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling mechanism of these channels. This work is relevant to channelopathies and more widely to the design of neuroactive drugs. In excitable cells, voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels activate to initiate action potentials and then undergo fast and slow inactivation processes that terminate their ionic conductance1,2. Inactivation is a hallmark of NaV channel function and is critical for control of membrane excitability3, but the structural basis for this process has remained elusive. Here we report crystallographic snapshots of the wild-type NaVAb channel from Arcobacter butzleri captured in two potentially inactivated states at 3.2 A resolution. Compared to previous structures of NaVAb channels with cysteine mutations in the pore-lining S6 helices (ref. 4), the S6 helices and the intracellular activation gate have undergone significant rearrangements: one pair of S6 helices has collapsed towards the central pore axis and the other S6 pair has moved outward to produce a striking dimer-of-dimers configuration. An increase in global structural asymmetry is observed throughout our wild-type NaVAb models, reshaping the ion selectivity filter at the extracellular end of the pore, the central cavity and its residues that are analogous to the mammalian drug receptor site, and the lateral pore fenestrations. The voltage-sensing domains have also shifted around the perimeter of the pore module in wild-type NaVAb, compared to the mutant channel, and local structural changes identify a conserved interaction network that connects distant molecular determinants involved in NaV channel gating and inactivation. These potential inactivated-state structures provide new insights into NaV channel gating and novel avenues to drug development and therapy for a range of debilitating NaV channelopathies.
Effect of Support Structure and Composition on the Catalytic Activity of Pt Nanoclusters for Methane Dehydrogenation

Methane adsorption and dehydrogenation on nanometer-sized Pt clusters, supported by reduced ceria (110), was investigated using density functional theory with Hubbard corrections. Two Pt nanocluster shapes, hemispherical and tetrahedral, are considered. Both stoichiometric and reduced ceria do facilitate methane adsorption and dehydrogenation on the supported clusters, as compared to unsupported clusters; an analogous β-silica support does not significantly enhance methane adsorption. The energy barrier to activation decreases by approximately 0.06 eV for hemispherical Pt/CeO2-x and 0.12 eV for tetrahedral Pt/CeO2-x, compared to the unsupported clusters. Methane adsorbs preferentially atop the Pt atoms at the metal-support interface; upon dehydrogenation, H migrates to the oxygen vacancy site on the ceria surface while CH3 remains on the Pt cluster. We propose that the increased electron density and compressive strain at the low-coordinated Pt sites and oxygen vacancies at the metal–support interface cont...
3,5-Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate

In the title compound, C5H4N2O4·H2O, the 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid (H3pdc) molecules are joined into one-dimensional chains by O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, with distances of 2.671 (2) and 2.776 (2) A, respectively. The one-dimensional chains form a three-dimensional structure via O—H⋯OW and OW—HW⋯N hydrogen bonds, with distances of 2.597 (3) and 2.780 (3) A, respectively. In addition to the potential for forming open-channel frameworks, access to the six coordination atoms of H3pdc can be directly controlled by varying the pH of the reaction environment, allowing further control over the design and synthesis of novel coordination polymers using various metal centers.
Revised Craig Lipreading Inventory.

The two purposes of this study were to shorten the Craig Lipreading Inventory without affecting its reliability and validity and to establish normative data on the revised version. The full inventory was administered to 75 children. By item analysis, half of the items were selected to comprise the brief version; both versions were administered to another group of 75 children. Scores on the two versions correlated (.91 and .92, respectively, for Word Forms A and B and .97 and .95, respectively, for Sentence Forms A and B), thereby substantiating the construct validity of the briefer version. There was significantly high intertest reliability for the Word Forms (.80) and Sentence Forms (.82) of the briefer inventory. Normative data were computed for each age group. This briefer version is a temporally efficient tool for evaluating lipreading ability of children.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a small academic hospital experience.

Purpose/Objective(s): Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been shown to have increased local control and overall survival relative to conventional external beam radiation therapy in patients with medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Excellent rates of local control have been demonstrated both in clinical trials as well as in single-center studies at large academic institutions. However, there is limited data on the experiences of small academic hospitals with SBRT for Stage I NSCLC. The purpose of this study is to report the local control and overall survival rates in patients treated with SBRT for Stage I NSCLC at Winthrop-University Hospital (WUH), a small academic hospital. Materials/Methods: This is a retrospective review of 78 Stage I central and peripheral NSCLC tumors treated between December 2006 and July 2012 with SBRT at WUH. Treatment was given utilizing fiducials and a respiratory tracking system. If the fiducials were not trackable, a spine tracking system was used for tumor localization. CT-based planning was performed using the ray trace algorithm. Treatment was delivered over 4 consecutive days for central tumors to a dose of 4800 cGy delivered in 4 fractions. Peripheral tumors were treated to a dose of 6000 cGy in 3 consecutive fractions. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate local control and overall survival. Results: The median age was 78.5 years. 54% of the patient population was female. 67% of the tumors were Stage IA, and 33% of the tumors were Stage IB. 53% of the tumors were adenocarcinomas and 29% were squamous cell carcinomas, with the remainder being of unknown histology or NSCLC, not otherwise specified The 2-year local control rate was 87%, and the two-year overall survival was 68%. Conclusions: Our findings support that local control and overall survival at a small academic hospital are comparable to that of larger academic institutions' published experiences with SBRT for Stage I NSCLC.
Experimental Charge Density of Copper

The first six charge-density form factors of crystalline copper have been measured by Bragg scattering of $\mathrm{Cu}K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\mathrm{Mo}K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays from copper-powder samples. Detailed studies of both the samples and the x-ray beam parameters have reliably established the experimental error at about 1%. The measured form factors are in best agreement with an augmented-plane-wave (APW) self-consistent-field calculation of Snow using $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ Slater exchange for a value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ between 0.70 and 0.75. They are in poor agreement with an APW calculation using the Chodorow potential but agree well with a calculation by Wakoh using Slater exchange and a self-consistent procedure. It is concluded that form-factor measurements of high accuracy are a sensitive and useful test of band wave functions and crystalline potentials.
Energetics of graphene flakes

Based on the idea that the binding energy of a graphene flake is a sum of atomic energy contributions, which depend on the local atomic environment of each atom of the flake, we propose a model for graphene flake energetics, which can very accurately predict the cohesive energy of graphene flakes. In our study, we calculate the cohesive energy of hexagonal graphene flakes with up to ≈1000 atoms using the tight binding molecular dynamics method and we show that the calculated values fit extremely accurately to the expression derived from the proposed model. For a further validation, we show that the proposed expression can very accurately predict the calculated values of other graphene flakes with random shapes. Based on that model, we show that the graphene flake stability obeys the following rules: (1) Between isomers the most stable are those with the larger number of bonds (or equivalently, with the smaller number of edge atoms) and (2) between isomers with the same number of bonds (or with the same nu...
Frequency comb-induced nonlinear coupling effect in microresonators

We investigate a nonlinear coupling effect which results from frequency comb-induced pump saturation in a silicon nitride microring cavity fabricated with both through-and drop-ports.
Silicon Oxynitride As A Barrier Layer In A 3-Layer Photoresist System

A plasma-enhanced chemically vapor deposited (PECVD) silicon oxynitride (Si-O-N) was used in a 3-layer resist system in combination with a 0.42 na lens to provide device process developers with a means for extending photolithography down to 0.5 pm feature size. This delayed the need for using more expensive lithography alternatives. In this paper, the procedures used for forming the 3-layer structure are outlined. Typical plasma deposition conditions are cited. Results from the comparison among Si-N-0 films of differing composition are described in terms of refractive index, stress, and pinhole densities for varying ratios of S:N:O. Etch rates and their ratios pertinent to transferring the image into base resist are reported. Lift-off profiles were obtained and a pol*mide was used for a base which remains soluble in common solvents after being baked at 200 o C. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of sub-micron image profiles are shown and linewidth measurement data are presented to show linewidth precision and constant bias into the 0.7 μm range. The latter demonstrates the adequacy of this technique for sub-micron device development.
A Developmental Investigation of Inattentiveness and Hyperactivity

The development of inattentiveness and hyperactivity in middle childhood was investigated using a prospective longitudinal approach. Endogenous and exogenous predictors measured in infancy and in early and middle childhood were examined independently and in combination. In early childhood, quality of caregiving more powerfully predicted distractibility, an early precursor of hyperactivity, than did early biological or temperament factors. Caregiving and contextual factors together with early distractibility significantly predicted hyperactivity in middle childhood. While environmental variables also predicted hyperactivity in later elementary years, these factors did not improve the prediction beyond the influence of hyperactivity in early elementary years. The findings support a developmental view of the origins and course of hyperactivity in childhood, that is, that the emergence and persistence of AD/HD symptoms depend on developmental history along with current circumstances.
Green Tape: A Theory of Effective Organizational Rules

Public management scholars over the past decade have shed significant light on ineffective rules or “red tape.” This article takes a different approach by conceptualizing a theory of green tape or effective rules. The theory argues that the probability of rule effectiveness depends on the combined presence of (1) written requirements, (2) with valid means-ends relationships, which (3) employ optimal control, (4) are consistently applied, and that have (5) purposes understood by stakeholders. A study of city employees provides the data for theory development and testing. The resulting theory emphasizes technical proficiency and stakeholder cooperation in effective rule design and implementation.
In vivo responses of mitochondrial redox levels to Eschericia coli bacteremia in primates

Septic shock is characterized by multifactorial and interrelated defects in hemodynamic function and metabolism. Systemic derangements in hemodynamic parameters, oxygen uptake, and substrate preference at various stages of septic shock have been characterized; however, sepsis-induced alterations in the coupling of oxygen delivery to oxygen use and energy metabolism are poorly understood at the tissue level in vivo. In this study, we investigated mechanisms of disordered oxygen metabolism in intact brain and skeletal muscle in the baboon during early Escherichia coli sepsis. Sepsis-related changes in hemodynamic, oxygen use, and metabolic parameters were correlated with changes in vascular function, local oxygen supply, and mitochondrial redox status, assessed noninvasively at the tissue level using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The NIR data indicate that sepsis is associated with early disturbances of intramitochondrial redox state in intact skeletal muscle and brain tissues, as well as derangements of vascular autoregulation in the skeletal muscle. These responses occur within an hour of the onset of injury, and before changes in cardiac output or the appearance of hypotension. These findings were made using simple maneuvers designed to be applied to humans at various hemodynamic and metabolic stages of septic shock. This approach should be valuable in providing a better understanding of mechanisms of injury in sepsis, and the action of various therapeutic interventions at the tissue level in vivo.
Self-modeling databases

The Carper system, which uses inductive learning to check database consistency, even in poorly understood domains, is described. The application of Carper to the Xcon expert system database is discussed. It is shown that Carper can detect five general error types in Xcon: using value naming conventions inconsistently, assigning legal but incorrect values to attributes, omitting obscure but necessary attribute values, assigning values to attributes that should be left undefined, and failing to update attribute values when dependent attribute values change. >
A white blood cell capturing biochip using a 3D trapping architecture

White blood cells (WBCs) and their subtypes are important constituents of the human immune system as their concentration, quantified by a WBC count test, indicates the state of body’s immune response against infections. These cell count tests are important prognostic and diagnostic indicators for a number of human immunological diseases, most prominent of them being AIDS (1).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Interferon Beta-la (IFNβ-1a) in Healthy Volunteers after Intravenous, Subcutaneous or Intramuscular Administration

The objective of this study was to define the single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of interferon beta-la (IFNβ-1a) after various routes of administration. Three groups, each consisting of 8 healthy male and female subjects, received a single 60μg (12 million units) dose of IFNβ-1a by either a 30-minute intravenous infusion, or by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Serum interferon activity levels peaked immediately after the end of the intravenous infusion and thereafter fit a bioexponential decay model. The mean distribution and elimination half-lives were 4 minutes and 4 hours, respectively. The mean volume of distribution of the central compartment was 61.6L and the mean total clearance was 334 ml/h/kg. Interferon activity was consistently detectable in serum after intramuscular injection but not after subcutaneous injection. After intramuscular injection, peak serum interferon activity levels were approximately 40 U/ml and occurred 12 to 18 hours post-administration. The area under the curve for serum interferon activity was 2- to 3-fold higher after intramuscular injection than after subcutaneous injection. The pharmacodynamic response, as measured by changes in serum neopterin and β2-microglobulin concentrations, was also greatest after intramuscular injection, followed by subcutaneous, then intravenous administration. These results indicate that the optimal pharmacokinetic response is produced by intramuscular, rather than subcutaneous or intravenous, administration of IFNβ-1a.
Deformable contour method based on variational approach to a constrained optimisation formulation

A deformable contour method derived from the variational approach to a constrained contour energy minimisation formulation is presented. The constraint is a function that characterises target object interiors. A new constraint is also proposed with better results when compared to other conventional deformable contour methods.
Critical line of the square-lattice antiferromagnetic Ising model in a magnetic field

Abstract A closed-form expression is proposed for the critical line of the antiferromagnetic Ising model in a nonzero magnetic field on the square lattice. The proposed expression reproduces all known numerical data to a high degree of accuracy.
There's More to Life Than Money: Exploring the Levels/Growth Paradox in Income and Health

This paper discusses historical and recent cross-country evidence relating income to measures of health. After a review of the literature on income and the quality of life, the paper looks at long-term historical evidence on the link between income change and health indicators. Using data on life expectancy, infant mortality and income for a small subset of largely wealthy countries over the 1913–1999 period, the paper examines correlations between income and health at period start and end as well as using the growth of the variables. Using a larger set of data over the period 1975–2000, the paper repeats these tests, as well as looking for any evidence of a larger impact of income, when different data are used or the sample is split. Results suggest a strong cross-country link between income and health and considerable evidence of global improvements over time, but a comparatively weak relationship between improvements in income and improvements in health, even over the very long term. The paper discusses a model based on technology and institutions that might account for such results as well as some preliminary evidence in favour of such a model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure−Activity Relationship Analysis of Rat Mammary Carcinogens

Structure-activity relationship (SAR) models are powerful tools to investigate the mechanisms of action of chemical carcinogens and to predict the potential carcinogenicity of untested compounds. We describe here the application of the cat-SAR (categorical-SAR) program to two learning sets of rat mammary carcinogens. One set of developed models was based on a comparison of rat mammary carcinogens to rat noncarcinogens (MC-NC), and the second set compared rat mammary carcinogens to rat nonmammary carcinogens (MC-NMC). On the basis of a leave-one-out validation, the best rat MC-NC model achieved a concordance between experimental and predicted values of 84%, a sensitivity of 79%, and a specificity of 89%. Likewise, the best rat MC-MNC model achieved a concordance of 78%, a sensitivity of 82%, and a specificity of 74%. The MC-NMC model was based on a learning set that contained carcinogens in both the active (i.e., mammary carcinogens) and the inactive (i.e., carcinogens to sites other than the mammary gland) categories and was able to distinguish between these different types of carcinogens (i.e., tissue specific), not simply between carcinogens and noncarcinogens. On the basis of a structural comparison between this model and one for Salmonella mutagens, there was, as expected, a significant relationship between the two phenomena since a high proportion of breast carcinogens are Salmonella mutagens. However, when analyzing the specific structural features derived from the MC-NC learning set, a dichotomy was observed between fragments associated with mammary carcinogenesis and mutagenicity and others that were associated with estrogenic activity. Overall, these findings suggest that the MC-NC and MC-NMC models are able to identify structural attributes that may in part address the question of "why do some carcinogens cause breast cancer", which is a different question than "why do some chemicals cause cancer".
Specific capacitance of Josephson tunnel junctions

The specific capacitance of several types of Josephson tunnel junctions has been measured by observing resonances in lightly-damped 2-junction interferometers. The capacitance was calculated using the resonance voltage, obtained by analyzing steps in the I-V characteristics, and the interferometer inductance, which was measured directly by the injection of a control current. Using this technique, the specific capacitance C s was determined for tunnel junctions with Pb-In-Au alloy base electrodes and Pb-Bi counterelectrodes, as well as for junctions made on Nb films with Pb-In-Au counterelectrodes. In both cases, barriers were produced by rf plasma oxidation. Junctions with Josephson current densities j 1 between 200 and 5000 A/cm2were investigated. It was found that 1/C s decreased with \log j_{1} , and that at j 1 = 1000 A/cm2, C s was 4.2 ±0.3 μF/cm2for the Pb-alloy junctions and 13.4 ±1 μF/cm2for the Nb junctions. These results are discussed in relation to available data on oxide thickness and dielectric constant.
Technical note: some properties of splitting criteria

Various criteria have been proposed for deciding which split is best at a given node of a binary classification tree. Consider the question: given a goodness-of-split criterion and the class populations of the instances at a node, what distribution of the instances between the two children nodes maximizes the goodness-of-split criterion? The answers reveal an interesting distinction between the gini and entropy criterion.
Soft tissue sarcomas in adults

Soft tissue sarcomas are relatively rare in adults, accounting for less than one percent of newly diagnosed cancers in the United States each year. However, increased physician awareness of these tumors may lead to earlier diagnosis and improved results. The five-year survival rate has been increasing, and treatment using a combination of modalities has significantly reduced the number of amputations performed. This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of soft tissue sarcomas in adults.
Electronic publication of new animal names - An interview with Frank-T. Krell, Commissioner of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and Chair of the ICZN ZooBank Committee

On the 4th September 2012 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature announced an amendment to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature allowing for electronic publication of the scientific names of animals. In this interview Frank-T. Krell discusses the implications of this amendment for authors wishing to publish descriptions of newly identified animal species in online and open access journals, and for the future of taxonomic science.
In situ laser thermal analysis of bulk materials

The application of thermal analysis techniques directly to the materials being processed could open up new opportunities in the fields of non-destructive testing and process monitoring on the industrial floor. In this paper, a convergent-thermal-wave technique is proposed for the measurement of thermal diffusivity when access to the material is restricted to one side only. Such a technique permits measurement of the thermal properties of samples of large or unknown thickness, as well as coated or stratified materials. A finite-difference numerical model is used to evaluate the possibilities and the accuracy offered by such a technique, and a laser-based experimental apparatus for the non-contact generation and monitoring of annular thermal waves is described.
Cytolytic and proliferative activity of a permanent T killer cell line.

ATTEMPTS to establish lymphocyte cell lines with specific cytotoxic activity by viral transformation of cytotoxic thymusderived lymphocytes (T killer cells) have been unsuccessful in many laboratories. Screening of thymic lymphomas for specific cytolytic activity and attempts to hybridise thymic lymphomas with T killer cells have also been unsuccessful. During these studies it has become apparent, however, that alloreactive T cells derived from a primary mixed lymphocyte culture can be maintained in tissue culture for several months or even years, provided these cells are periodically stimulated with irradiated allogeneic spleen cells1,2. Many of these cell lines, although retaining specific proliferative activity, tend to lose their cytolytic activity after about 6–12 months1–4. This, of course, makes these cell lines less useful for studying the receptor specificity, cytolytic activity or clinical usefulness of T killer cells. Here I report the successful establishment in tissue culture of a cell line which has retained both specific proliferative and cytotoxic activity for almost three years in continuous culture.
ON BEING RATIONAL

To be rational is to be engaged in collaborative, corrigible, historically informed inquiry and deliberation. Critical intelligence is merely the beginning of rationality. Substantive rationality also requires reflective and imaginative inquiry. Its active exercise presupposes trust and mandates a commitment to the common good, to responsible attempts to create the political institutions and social conditions on which intellectual and political trust can flourish. Without these, formal and calculative intelligence are – however brilliant – mere cleverness; and without these, rationality can undo itself.
Computational Studies of the Structure, Behavior upon Heating, and Mechanical Properties of Graphite Oxide

A Monte Carlo based scheme for the formation of graphite oxide (GO) was developed and implemented. A Rosenbluth factor was used to select intermediate structures in an attempt to form stable, low-energy, and realistic GO. The scheme resulted in the production of GO that has an interplanar spacing of 5.8 A, in good agreement with the experimental value (5.97 A). Epoxide and hydroxyl functional groups dominate the basal planes, a finding that is consistent with experiment. Individual sheets are wrinkled with an average root-mean-square deviation of 0.33 ± 0.04 A. Hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and between hydroxyl and epoxide groups has significant impact on the stability of many structures. Molecular dynamics simulations, guided by forces from electronic structure calculations, were performed to examine the behavior of GO when heated to room (300 K) and thermal exfoliation (1323 K) temperatures. Hydrogen-transfer reactions that catalyze the migration of epoxide groups were observed at both temper...
Pupil sparing excision of an atypical iris melanocytoma induces remission of secondary glaucoma.

Secondary glaucoma with iris melanocytoma can be successfully managed using sector iridectomy to reduce tumour burden in the anterior chamber.1,2 In our case of iris melanocytoma associated with glaucoma, we achieved normalisation of intraocular pressure (IOP) with pupil sparing partial iridectomy. As in previous reports,1–3 there was evidence of tumour necrosis, although our tumour exhibited more nuclear pleomorphism than is typical for a melanocytoma. A 37 year old white man, with an iris pigmented mass of the left eye discovered at age 17, was followed without incident until he developed acute pain and decreased vision 4 years ago. Review of systems was not remarkable for trauma, surgery, or systemic illness. Visual acuities were 20/20 in the right eye and hand motion in the left eye. Slit lamp biomicroscopy showed microcystic corneal oedema with 4+ suspended …
Faith-Based Peacebuilding and Development: An Analysis of the Mennonite Central Committee in Uganda and Kenya:

‘Faith-based NGOs are bad — they create mental slavery. If I were in charge of Kenya, the first thing I would do is kick them all out,’ remarked the Kenyan pharmacist. Another Kenyan vehemently dis...
The interaction of map resolution and spatial abilities on map learning

This study investigated how the addition of enhanced perceptual detail in a navigation interface interacts with learner characteristics and ultimately impacts learning; specifically memory for a route on a map. Previous research has shown both facilitative and prohibitive effect of adding perceptual detail to user interfaces. However, it is not clear how adding this kind of resolution might also interact with learner abilities. This study evaluated how well routes were remembered from maps that were either enhanced with actual satellite photography or presented in more traditional (low resolution) form by learners who differed in spatial ability. Results indicated that learners recalled a mapped route significantly better in the low perceptual detail condition than in the high detail condition and spatial visualization ability significantly predicted success on these tasks whereas mental rotation ability did not. Thus, it appears that the addition of perceptual detail not only affects learning, but also interacts with learner ability.
An experimental study of the kinetics of decompression-induced crystallization in silicic melt

[1] Experiments were conducted to study the temporal evolution of feldspar crystallization kinetics during isothermal decompression. Pinatubo dacite was held at 780°C, 220 MPa, fO2 = NNO + 2, H2O-saturated conditions for an equilibration period, decompressed to final pressures, Pf, ranging from 175 to 5 MPa, and then held for 0.3–931 hours. According to the plagioclase liquidus curve in PH2O-T space for the relevant melt composition, these decompressions impose effective undercoolings, ΔTeff, of 34–266°C. Growth of preexisting phenocrysts and newly formed sparse microlites dominate crystallization at 75 ≤ Pf < 150 MPa (ΔTeff = 34–93°C), and equilibrium crystal modes are achieved in <168 hours. Microlite nucleation is the dominant transformation process for 10 < Pf < 50 MPa (ΔTeff = 125–241°C), and chemical equilibrium is not attained by 168 hours under these conditions. Slow, steady decompressions typically produced normally zoned, euhedral, and planar-faceted feldspar crystals, although anhedral morphologies were produced at very low Pf. Contrary to expectation, slowly decompressed samples were usually further from chemical equilibrium than rapidly decompressed samples after similar durations below the initial pressure. Although counterintuitive, these trends are consistent with new constraints on the relative rates of feldspar nucleation and growth (controlled by ΔTeff and melt viscosity) experienced during each decompression path. Analysis of liquid to solid transformation kinetics using TTT-style diagrams shows that crystallization occurs most rapidly at ∼100 MPa by a crystal growth mechanism. The next most efficient crystallization conditions are at 25 MPa, in a crystal nucleation-dominated regime.
Disparate effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction: importance of superimposition of triggers.

Background Most occurrences of presumed triggers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) do not actually trigger an AMI. The relation between vulnerability to development of AMI and timing of triggers of AMI is poorly understood. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay Area at 5:04 PM during a period of relatively reduced circadian vulnerability to AMI. The 1994 Northridge earthquake awakened citizens of Los Angeles at 4:31 AM, also during a period of otherwise reduced vulnerability to AMI, but superimposed the stress of the earthquake upon the known stress of awakening. Study of times of onset of natural disasters and their effect on precipitation of AMI may provide insight into the physiology of triggering. This study was designed to compare the triggering ability of 2 similarly intense earthquakes that occurred singly or superimposed upon another trigger. Methods and Results California discharge records were analyzed from the week before, the day of, and the 6 days after the Loma Prieta and Northridge earthquakes and the same dates of control years for total admissions, AMI admissions, and congestive heart failure admissions. There was no statistically significant increase in AMI admissions in the San Francisco Bay Area on the day of the Loma Prieta earthquake compared with the days before or after the earthquake or compared with the same day in 1990. In contrast, there was a 110% increase in admission rate for AMI in Los Angeles County on the day of the Northridge earthquake compared with the average of the 7 days before the earthquake (z = 4.349, P 80% increased risk of admission for AMI on the day of the Northridge earthquake in 1994 compared with the same date in 1995 (relative risk 1.828, 95% confidence intervals 1.289 to 2.592). Conclusions Extreme emotional stress superimposed on the stress of awakening results in enhanced triggering of AMI. When emotional stress occurs at less vulnerable periods, there is no significant increase in incidence of AMI. (Am Heart J 1999;137:830-6.)
Infection with Ehrlichia canis in a child.

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Is Third-Time Heart Retransplantation Justifiable?

Since repeat heart transplantation traditionally carries higher risk than primary engraftment, we tested the hypothesis that third-time cardiac allograft transplantation is associated with prohibitive mortality and morbidity. The cohort of all third-time cardiac retransplants performed at our institution (n = 3) and reported to UNOS from 1987 to 2002 (n = 10) was reviewed. The primary endpoints were early and late mortality. Extending the study frame through 2003 captures a total of 5 and 15 third-time heart transplant recipients in UCLA and UNOS databases, respectively. Of the 15 patients undergoing third-time retransplants, preoperatively one was ventricular assist device–dependent, four were on intravenous inotropes, and two had creatinine levels greater than 2.5. Additionally, four were male recipients of female donor hearts and the mean donor ischemic time was 2.6 hours. One patient was diagnosed with acute allograft rejection, 13 with coronary artery vasculopathy/chronic rejection, and one with primary graft failure. At our institution, five patients underwent a third heart transplant. There was no early or hospital mortality. One patient died late from transplant coronary artery disease and another following a fourth allograft. The mortality rate for third-time heart allograft recipients is acceptable. These results are influenced by small sample size, younger age, case selection, and operations at select, high-volume institutions with significant experience.
Lower‐Extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy

Although weakness has been identified in cerebral palsy (CP) in isolated muscle groups, the magnitude of weakness in multiple muscles and the patterns of weakness across joints have not been documented. The maximum voluntary contraction of eight muscle groups in the lower extremities of 15 children with spastic diplegia, 15 with spastic hemiplegia, and 16 age-matched peers was determined using a hand-held dynamometer. Children with spastic diplegia were shown to be weaker than age-matched peers in all muscles tested, as were the children with hemiplegia on the involved side, with strength differences also noted on the uninvolved side. Weakness was more pronounced distally in the groups with CP, and the hip flexors and ankle plantarflexors in spastic CP tended to be relatively stronger than their antagonists as compared with the strength ratios of the comparison group. In conclusion, children with spastic CP demonstrate quantifiable lower-extremity weakness and muscle imbalance across joints.
Dose-dependent characterization of the rewarding and stimulant properties of cocaine following intraperitoneal and intravenous administration in rats

Dose-dependent differences in the rewarding and stimulant properties of cocaine administered intravenously (IV) and intraperitoneally (IP) were compared. Six 2-day conditioning trials were conducted over consecutive days. Rats received cocaine and were placed into a compartment on one day of the trial, and were directly placed into a different compartment without drug on the other day. Rats were exposed to the compartments for either 20 or 40 min. The effects of cocaine on stimulant behaviors, including locomotion and stereotypies, were compared following the first and last injection. After conditioning, three tests were given with 1 rest day intervening each: (1) conditioned place preference (CPP) was measured as an increase in the amount of time animals spent in the injection compartment relative to the noninjection compartment when given access to both, (2) conditioned activity (CA) was measured as an increase in stimulant behaviors in cocaine-treated animals relative to saline controls following an injection of saline in the injection compartment and (3) context-independent sensitization was measured as an increase in stimulant behaviors following an injection of cocaine in the noninjection compartment relative to the animals' behavior following the first injection. Cocaine did not reliably produce sensitization of locomotion under any of the conditions examined. Cocaine produced sensitization of headbobbing that was more robust following IP administration than it was following IV administration. In both cases, sensitization of headbobbing involved a context-independent component. Cocaine produced CPP and CA with both routes of administration. CPP was established more readily with 40-min relative to 20-min exposures following IV administration, whereas CA was more prevalent with 20-min relative to 40-min exposures. This study provides a thorough characterization of the behavioral effects of cocaine administered IV and a new efficient method for assessing the effects of cocaine on conditioned and unconditioned behaviors following repeated administration.
Investigation of an iron-based additive on coal pyrolysis and char oxidation at high heating rates

Abstract Iron-based catalysts have been shown to enhance coal pyrolysis and char oxidation at low to moderate temperatures and heating rates (
Possible effects of division and repair of altered cells on dose response relationships in the context of carcinogenesis

Theoretical dose response relationships are derived on the basis of the following conditions. It is presumed that if cells are exposed to a toxic material, they will be killed or altered or remain normal. Further, some of the altered cells may be repaired and some of the altered cells may continue to divide without repair. The general equations are derived and the predicted nature of dose‐response curves for carcinogenesis discussed.
Identifying the physical processes that control the stratigraphic record

The stratigraphic record, the sequential layers of sediment that geologists use to reconstruct the history of a landscape, has been described as “more gaps than record.” The record, laid down over time as sediment settles out from flowing water, does not grow consistently. Pauses in sediment deposition can leave gaps, and periods of heightened erosion can wipe out sections. Although attempts have been made to identify the processes that control the completeness of the stratigraphic record, early analyses relied on parameters (such as the long-term sediment accumulation rate) that are not first-order physical landscape processes.
Specificity of MMPI cluster types to chronic illness

Abstract Cluster analysis derived MMPI profile types were compared for three distinct illness populations: chronic low back pain (CLBP), mixed headache (HA), and cardiac disease (CD). Results replicated previous findings in the chronic pain and cardiac literatures. Differences between diagnostic groups and genders were found for the prevalence of the derived MMPI profile types. Results indicated that, in males, the two chronic pain groups had similar profile types and similar relative frequencies of these types, but both differed from the CD sample. The chronic pain groups tended to have a greater number of patients with pathological and distressed MMPI profile types and a lesser representation in the subclinical profile type compared to the CD sample. Similar findings were obtained for females, though the CLBP group tended to have a higher frequency of highly distressed, pathological profiles than either the HA or CD groups. Results suggested that the MMPI may be a measure of response to illness rather t...
Doing philosophy is doing its history

While Curley argues that we need to know the history of philosophy so as not to avoid important alternatives to contemporary proposals, I argue that philosophy is an essentially historical enterprise. Unlike science, philosophy cannot forget its history. Not to know the history of philosophy is not to understand why the questions we seek to answer are worth answering or asking.
Chemistry test ordering patterns after elimination of predefined multitest chemistry panels in a children's hospital.

Predefined multitest chemistry panels (PMCPs) have constituted a large proportion of laboratory tests and patient charges, even in pediatric settings, despite the absence of documented clinical utility for PMCPs and the general availability of random access analyzers that do not require predefined test combinations. We eliminated PMCPs in our tertiary children's hospital but placed no other restrictions on ordering, and observed a 32.7% reduction in the number of automated chemistry tests ordered. All 23 tests in the previous PMCPs showed a decline in utilization, >50% for 8 of the tests and 20–50% for 13 others, and this change was sustained throughout an 8-month follow-up period. The total number of orders for one or more tests increased by 8.2%, but the variety of combinations that were ordered increased by 280%. The most substantial changes included a decrease in the number of orders for combinations of >15 tests, and increases in the number of orders for single tests and combinations of 2 to 5 tests. Orders for combinations identical to all of the former PMCPs declined, with the exception of the 4-test electrolyte panel. There was a marked decline in orders for a 7-test panel identical to the recently defined HCFA-AMA Basic Metabolic Panel, and orders for combinations identical to the HCFA-AMA Liver Function and Extended Metabolic panels were vanishingly rare and nonexistent, respectively. The calculated reduction in patient charges was much greater than actual cost savings, but the reduction in total tests and increase in the variety of test combinations suggest that significant savings can be realized if clinicians are encouraged to order only the tests or combinations they need without imposing procedural, financial, and regulatory burdens.
The Effects of Internet Instruction, Prior Computer Experience, and Learning Style on Teachers' Internet Attitudes and Knowledge:

What is now called the Internet started out as a small number of federally funded Department of Defense (Advanced Research Project Agency, or ARPA) supercomputers networked together to share inform...
Analysis of mechanisms for platelet near-wall excess under arterial blood flow conditions

The concentration of platelets near the blood vessel wall is important because platelets survey the condition of the vessel wall and respond to injuries to it. Under arterial flow conditions, platelets are non-uniformly distributed across the vessel lumen and have a high concentration within a few microns of the vessel wall. This is believed to be a consequence of the complex motion of red blood cells which constitute a large fraction of the blood's volume. We use a novel lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary method to simulate, in two dimensions, the motion of dense red blood cell suspensions and their effect on platelet-sized particles. We track the development of a red blood cell-free layer near the wall and the later development of the platelet near-wall excess. We find that the latter develops more quickly at high wall shear rates and that the magnitude of the excess and its proximity to the wall are dependent on haematocrit. Treating the simulation data as if it were generated by a drift–diffusion process, we find that the effective lateral platelet diffusivity depends strongly on lateral position; it has a magnitude of order of 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 over much of the lumen but drops to almost zero close to the wall. This large effective diffusivity over the core of the lumen combined with reduced space for platelets in this region because of the inward migration of red blood cells largely but not completely accounts for the observed platelet-concentration profiles. We present evidence for a highly localized red blood cell-induced platelet drift at the edge of the red cell-free layer and suggest a physical mechanism that may generate it.
Integrating Service Learning into a Business School Curriculum

The authors consider the systematic integration of service learning into a professional business school curriculum. Taking a developmental approach, students were involved in service-learning experiences throughout all 4 years of their education. Major barriers of faculty/organizational resistance, institutional infrastructure to support service-learning efforts, and pedagogical/curriculum design are addressed. The article focuses primarily on the pedagogical and curricular design and implementation of service-learning experiences that promote students' personal (moral) and professional (ethical) development.