cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To be or not to be a guinea pig Preliminary data on anxiety and the volunteer for experiment

When research uses volunteer Ss, the absolute values and relationships of scored variables may be biased with respect to the volunteer-plus-non-volunteer population which we usually intend to study. To test this effect, volunteers (Vs) and non-volunteers (NVs) must be compared on precise, valid measurements, especially of those personality characteristics which might govern the choice between volunteering and not volunteering. In recruiting undergraduate Ss for a series of studies described elsewhere ( 2 ), the incentives were: service to one's country and science, $10.00, interpretation of individual scores after the experiment, and excuse from a physical education course examination. On hearing these incentives, an average of 60% of the students volunteered in each class approached. All Vs and NVs were then immediately given the 10-min. I.P.A.T. anxiety questionnaire (1). Extensive research has shown that this test is highly related to what is common to psychiatric evaluations of anxiety and also to a factor among objective tests involving characteristics traditionally associated with the concept of anxiety, e.g., guilt, inferiority, tension, loneliness (1, 2) . By t-test, the 165 volunteers were significantly (1, = .02 ) less anxious than the 52 non-volunteers,l a result in accord with prevailing conceptions of anxiety. Thus, at least in some circumstances, a psychology-of-the-volunteer will yield different norms (and presumably, laws) than a psychology-of-the-population. The existence of this effect warns us that its nature and extent must be fully checked for different types of persons, incentives, measured personality characteristics, and anticipated experimental experiences as described by E, There is already some evidence that the perceived severity of experimental experiences affects the V-NV anxiety relationship. Himelstein (3) , recruiting for an experiment whose description made it sound easier than ours, also found NVs higher than Vs in anxiety, bat not significuntly so. He measured anxiety with the Taylor Scale ( 4 ) , known to relate highly to our scale as a measure of anxiety ( 2 ) . If the anticipation of experimental experiences as described by E is broadened to include situations other than the invitation-to-be-experimented-upon, we will
Microwave spectrum of methyl vinyl sulfide

This work was supported by Grant GP 6305X of the National Science Foundation and in part by Grant C-071 of the Robert A. Welch Foundation. R. E. Penn is a National Defense Education Act Fellow.
Conservation or preservation? A qualitative study of the conceptual foundations of natural resource management

Few disputes in the annals of US environmentalism enjoy the pedigree of the conservation-preservation debate. Yet, although many scholars have written extensively on the meaning and history of conservation and preservation in American environmental thought and practice, the resonance of these concepts outside the academic literature has not been sufficiently examined. Given the significance of the ideals of conservation and preservation in the justification of environmental policy and management, however, we believe that a more detailed analysis of the real-world use and understanding of these ideas is needed. In this paper, we describe the results of a qualitative, semantic study of the concepts of conservation and preservation undertaken in the context of the Chattahoochee National Forest (CNF), located in northern Georgia (USA). Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with scientists and north Georgia residents either interested or involved in the future management of the forest. Respondents were asked to define conservation and preservation in their own words and to indicate which approach they felt was more appropriate for the management of the CNF. Qualitative content analysis was used to elicit a set of recurring themes for each foundational concept. Taken together, these themes help to flesh out the meaning of conservation and preservation for citizens and scientists today, and illustrate the evolving nature of two of the more significant and venerable ideas animating US environmental policy and management.
Single-Component Microcomputer Network Provides Data-Acquisition Shelf-Monitor System for Special Nuclear Material Real-Time Inventory

Special nuclear material in long-term storage in a vault is an attractive target for a diverter. A shelf-monitor system has been designed that will enable constant surveillance of this material using a variety of sensors. A single-component microcomputer collects data from a GM tube that monitors gamma emissions and from a scale that monitors the total weight of the container and contents. A network of the microcomputer shelf monitors reports the acquired data to a minicomputer for analysis, alarm if necessary, and storage. The objective of this research program has been to develop a reliable, inexpensive monitor network and associated data processing equipment capable of real-time monitoring.
Structure and luminescence of the orthorhombic LnWO4Cl-type rare earth halo tungstates

Abstract LaWO 4 Cl is representative of a series of Ln WO 4 Cl compounds in which Ln can be La to Sm. LaWO 4 Cl crystallizes in orthorhombic Pbcm symmetry, and its structure was refined using a disordered model to an R value of 4.0%. The most unusual structural feature is the 5-coordination of the W atom in the form of a trigonal bipyramid. The La atom is 9-coordinated. Luminescing ions, such as Sm, Tb, and Eu, were introduced into LaWO 4 Cl as a host, and their excitation and emission spectra are reported. The Raman spectrum of LaWO 4 Cl is compared to those of compounds containing W in more common tetrahedral and octahedral environments. X-Ray powder diffraction data are also reported.
Evolving biochemical reaction networks with stochastic attributes

Biochemical networks display a wide range of behaviors. While many of these networks tend to operate in a steady-state regime, others exhibit distinctly stochastic behaviors. Fitting models to data from these systems challenges many of the linear and steady-state assumptions of typical modeling techniques. The genetic algorithm described herein seeks to generate networks which exhibit desired average/steady-state behaviors while minimizing or maximizing the standard deviation of those behaviors.
Availability and coverage of hydrologic data in the US geological survey National Water Information System (NWIS) and US Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval System (STORET)

The need for a unified and improved data access system for the nation’s vast hydrologic data holdings has increased over the past few years as researchers strive for better understanding the human impact on the nation’s water cycle. Large mission oriented data repositories such as the USGS’ National Water Information System (NWIS) and EPA’s Storage and Retrieval System (EPA STORET) play a crucial role in providing a substantial amount of the nationwide coverage, however they do differ regionally in terms of coverage (parameters) and geospatial data density. Besides the differences in geographic distribution, repositories tend to undergo changes in mission statements and as such have different foci in their data collection activities that change as time progresses. This paper places the two water information systems next to each in an attempt to work out the differences in terms of coverage and content and how they complement each other when overlaid. This is done through the use of a number the CUAHSI Hydrologic Information Systems components, namely a web-service suite called WaterOneFlow that permits interrogation of the available data content of a national water metadata catalogue into which these two information systems have been integrated.
The Out-of-Sample Forecasting Performance of Nonlinear Models of Real Exchange Rate Behavior

In this paper, we analyze the out-of-sample forecasting performance of a number of prominent nonlinear models of U.S. dollar real exchange rate behavior from the extant empirical literature. Our analysis entails a comparison of point, interval, and density forecasts generated by nonlinear and linear autoregressive models. Using monthly data from the post-Bretton Woods period, there is fairly little evidence that favors either band-threshold or exponential smooth transition autoregressive models over simple linear autoregressive models in terms of out-of-sample forecasting performance. Most of the evidence in support of nonlinear autoregressive specifications comes from a comparison of interval forecasts. Using a long span of annual data, there is more support for an exponential smooth transition autoregressive model over a linear autoregressive model for the U.K.-U.S. real exchange rate. Overall, our results suggest that any nonlinearities in monthly real exchange rate data from the post-Bretton Woods period are quite “subtle” for band-threshold and exponential smooth transition autoregressive model specifications. Further evidence of this is provided by in-sample comparisons of the conditional densities implied by nonlinear and linear autoregressive models.
Etretinate increases carcinoembryonic antigen in palmar scrapings.

Background: Retinoids can affect epithelial structure and function. Patients who take etretinate can develop stickiness of their palms and soles. Objective: We measured carcinoembryonic antigen, a representative glycoprotein in palmar scrapings, to see whether levels were increased in patients taking etretinate when compared with a variety of controls. Methods: Carcinoembryonic antigen was measured by a standard immunoassay in scrapings taken from the palm. Results: Carcinoembryonic antigen is increased in palmar scrapings in patients taking etretinate. Conclusion: Etretinate usage may affect sweat gland function or possibly adherence of carcinoembryonic antigen to surface keratinocytes. The presence of increased amounts of glycoprotein on the surface of the skin may explain the stickiness often noted by patients taking etretinate.
Time course of hypo-osmotic swellings of human spermatozoa: Evidence of ordered transition between swelling subtypes

The hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST or HOS test) usually takes into consideration the total HOS response value with no emphasis either on the value of the response subtypes or the response evaluation time. This study investigated the time course of HOS responses and analysed their physiological relevance. Raw semen spermatozoa and Percoll washed spermatozoa were used in the experiment. The morphological changes in the sperm tail were monitored by incubating the spermatozoa in the hypo-osmotic solution for 16 different time periods. The HOS reactive spermatozoa and the type of HOS reaction (swelling subtypes) of the samples subjected to different duration of treatment were identified under a phase contrast microscope. Also the fate of individual spermatozoa in a hypo-osmotic environment were monitored for 30 min. In spermatozoa exposed to a hypo-osmotic solution, the motility lasted usually less than 2 min and motility characteristics were uniquely different from that of the spermatozoa under iso-osmotic conditions. The HOS response development was permanent but the motility loss due to hypo-osmotic shock was reversible up to 1 min of incubation. There was an indication of ordered transition among the HOS swelling subtypes apparently initiating with subtype b destined to c, d, e, f and g. Further, the subtypes a and g showed gradual decrease and increase, respectively, while subtype b showed abrupt initial increase and then gradual decrease. Transition from b to g could be direct or via one or more than one subtypes. Ultrastructure based analysis indicated that HOS response subtypes are the apparent reflection of the differences in the cytoskeletal assembly of the sperm tail and thus may be identifying different physiological variants in the sperm population. These results indicate that shorter incubation is essential to document the kinetics of various HOS responses but the conventional HOS test misses these important HOS features because of lengthy incubation. Since the time course of ordered transition of HOS responses will vary more than the total HOS response in semen of different aetiologies, the importance of HOS response subtypes and response evaluation time should be taken into consideration when applying HOS test.
An executable model for security protocol JFKr

JFKr is a security protocol that establishes a shared encryption key between two participants. This paper briefly describes the different components of JFKr and the security property each component is intended to provide. It then describes an executable model, interleaving pieces of code to help the reader understand how the model represents the protocol specification. Finally, it presents some theorems about the model.The contributions of this work include (1) an executable model for a key establishment protocol about which we can reason, (2) a model for an attacker that permits the injection, modification, and removal of messages between the participants, and (3) formalizations of a subset of desired security properties.
Cloning and Characterization of UROC28, a Novel Gene Overexpressed in Prostate, Breast, and Bladder Cancers

A novel gene, designated UROC28, was identified by an agarose gel-based differential display technique, and it was found to be up-regulated in prostate, breast, and bladder cancer. Expression of UROC28 was also up-regulated in prostate cancer cells in the presence of androgens as demonstrated by relative quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The elevated expression of this gene was observed to increase in surgically removed tissues concomitantly with rising Gleason grade and was most elevated in metastatic tissue. UROC28 protein was detected in serum by Western slot blot analyses, and a significant higher UROC28 protein level was found in sera of prostate cancer individuals compared with normal individuals and individuals with nonmalignant prostatic hyperplasia. Northern analyses in normal tissues showed that the UROC28 cDNA hybridizes to two mRNAs at about 2.1 and 2.5 kb. Nucleic acid sequence analyses indicated that these two alternatively spliced mRNA variants differ only at the 3' untranslated region. These two mRNAs encode the same protein with 135 amino acids. Bioinformation analyses suggest that there is a possible transmembrane domain from amino acid aa34 to aa50, three protein kinase-C phosphorylation sites at aa62 (SQK), aa89 (TMK), and aa94 (SMK), and one myristylation site at aa118 (GLECCL). Genomic Southern hybridization and chromosomal mapping demonstrated that UROC28 is encoded by a single copy of gene at chromosome 6q23-24. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments further confirmed up-regulation of this gene in prostate and breast cancers with the expression localizing to the glandular epithelium. This gene did not demonstrate increased expression in lung and colon cancer tissues.
Coeliakie komt vaker voor dan u denkt

Van der Voort-van der Kleij O, Knuistingh Neven A, Mearin Manrique ML. Coeliakie komt vaker voor dan u denkt! Huisarts Wet 2010;53(3):167-9.
Quota Legislation and the Election of Women: Learning from the Costa Rican Experience

National quota legislation is theoretically unrivaled in its ability to substantially increase the number of women legislators elected. However, not all legislation is equally effective in achieving this goal. In order to improve scholarly understanding of the effect of quota legislation on the election of women, this study takes advantage of a unique quasi-experiment provided by Costa Rica, which over the past ten years employed three distinct forms of quota legislation. Evidence from Costa Rica suggests that to achieve optimal effectiveness, quota legislation must require political parties to place a minimum percentage of women on their lists, as well as mandate these placements be in electable positions.
The A, B, BI, and Cs of Clostridium difficile

The study by Belmares et al (1) is the most comprehensive, longitudinal study of the molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection to date. This study is impressive not only because restriction endonuclease analysis typing was performed on three-quarters of C. difficile isolates from 908 cases of C. difficile infection (CDI) at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center (MVAMC) collected over a 10 year period, but also because the investigators recognized the importance of conducting this study despite the 18 year time span from the collection of the C. difficile isolates to publication. This study confirms what other less systematic and/or comprehensive studies have suggested, the molecular epidemiology of C. difficile in healthcare facilities is frequently both diverse and dynamic (2–8). This study must be interpreted in conjunction with knowledge of the other studies performed and activities that took place during the same time period at the MVAMC that may have affected C. difficile transmission (9–15). Infection control policies, changes in healthcare delivery, and interventions that took place over the 10 year period included: 1) placing patients with CDI in private rooms only if incontinent and unable to use a bedpan, 2) using a quaternary ammonium disinfectant for cleaning all hospital rooms, 3) authorizing nurses to send diarrheal stool for C. difficile testing without a physician order, 4) restricting the use of clindamycin starting September 1985, 5) donning gloves as the standard for handling all body fluids starting April 1988, and 6) moving all patients into a new building in June 1988. Although this study contributes significantly to our knowledge of C. difficile, it also highlights the need for more studies combining molecular epidemiology with CDI prevention efforts in order to understand the effectiveness of CDI prevention practices.
Meta-Analysis: Overview Application to Clinical Nursing Practice

If nursing practice is to benefit from the abundance of nursing research being conducted, a technique is needed to synthesize and integrate the results of individual studies. Meta-analysis, a quantitative approach to literature review, is such a technique. This article provides an overview of meta-analysis. Examples of published meta-analysis studies in obstetric and neonatal nursing are discussed to illustrate the clinical significance of this technique.
Connecting Stories and Pedagogy Increases Participant Engagement in Discussions

Student discussions over video in massive classes allow students to explore course content, share personal experiences and get feedback on their ideas. However, such discussions frequently turn into casual conversations without focusing on the curriculum and the learning objectives. This short paper explores whether students can achieve multiple learning objectives by solving challenges collaboratively during discussions. We introduce `think-pair-share' technique for video discussions. Our pilot results, drawn from a Coursera class, suggest that participants prefer to exchange information with their peers using personal stories and connecting stories with curriculum increases participant engagement.
A note on cultural consistency within the service firm: The effects of employee position on attitudes toward marketing culture

This study represents the beginning of an exploration of the internal constraints and barriers that stand in the way of successful strategy implementation within service organizations. A determination will be made if one of the internal constraints is perhaps the lack of consistency among employees regarding marketing practices, attitudes, values, norms, and ideals. Specifically, service firm employees’ attitudes toward their actual and ideal marketing culture were measured. Attitudinal differences were examined between ground-level, middle-, and top-management employees from a cross-section of service industries. Significant differences were found for a variety of marketing culture components. Many of the differences remained even after removing possible effects of number of employees in the firm and age of the firm. Managerial implications are given.
Worm Propagation Dynamics in Wireless Sensor Networks

Worms have become an emergent threat towards information confidentiality, integrity, and service availability. While playing an important role for people to interact with surrounding environments, wireless sensor networks suffer from growing security concerns posed by worms because of sensor networks' low physical security, lack of resilience and robustness of underlying operating systems, and the ever increased complexity of deployed applications. In this paper, we study worm propagation in 802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks. First we present a baseline worm model in the context of wireless sensor networks. Then we describe a preliminary study of the impact of various protocol parameters and network scenarios on worm propagation dynamics. Our simulation study can provide insight into deriving a suitable model to characterize worm propagation in sensor networks.
Enhanced modelling of the glucose-insulin system and its applications in insulin therapies.

It is well known that Michaelis–Menten kinetics is suitable for the response function in chemical reaction, when the reaction rate does not increase indefinitely when an excess of resource is available. However, the existing models for insulin therapies assume that the response function of insulin clearance is proportional to the insulin concentration. In this paper, we propose a new model for insulin therapy for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which the insulin degradation rate assumes Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Our analysis shows that it is possible to mimic pancreatic insulin secretion by exogenous insulin infusions, and our numerical simulations provide clinical strategies for insulin–administration practices.
Trends concerning a common medical school interview question, revisited

Purpose: To assess the validity of asking prospective medical school students about their planned field of practice during their admissions interview at one United States allopathic medical school, and to compare and contrast the results with the results from a similar study conducted in 2004.Methods: Anonymous one-page surveys were voluntarily filled out and immediately collected from matriculated freshman medical students who wished to participate in this Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved study.Results: Ninety five medical students voluntarily completed and returned the anonymous survey; 82 were filled out correctly. Of the 82 respondents, 32 were uncertain about the field of medicine they plan to pursue. Of the 50 remaining respondents who felt certain of their future direction, 58% (29/50) reported telling the truth when asked about their future direction during the admissions interview, 34% (17/50) were not completely forthcoming and truthful, and 8% (4/50) were not asked at all.Conclusions: ...
Suppression by hypoxia of dose-fractionation recovery in Tenebrionid beetles

Dose-fractionation studies were made with x-irradiated Tribolium castaneum larvae, Tribolium confusum adults, and Tenebrio molitor larvae. In experiments with T. castaneum larvae, it was found that if air were present between two exposures of 2.0 KR each, there was a rapid increase in survival as the interval between doses increased up to 6 hr, a slight increase between 6 and 8 hr, and a slower increase in survival with longer intervals. Recovery was absent if the larvae were kept under hypoxic conditions. Similar results were obtained with T. molitor larvae. The results obtained with T. castaneum larvae and T. confusum adults indicated that the inhibitory effect of hypoxia was reversible; significant recovery was obtained if the beetles were returned to air for at least 2 hr before the 2nd exposure. Larvae received a total dose of 4.0 KR and adults 7.2 KR. (UK)
A New Way to View Complex Mixtures

Sediments in almost all natural waters are contaminated with anthropogenic chemicals (International Joint Commission, 1988), and many of these compounds are biomagnified on up the food web to humans. As a result, contaminated sediments are in large part the beginning of human exposure. Some of these compounds are highly toxic and stable such as pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), furans, dioxins and toxic metals (Department of National Health and Welfare, 1992). The toxicity of many of these anthropogenic compounds tested alone is well known. But organisms in natural settings are rarely exposed to single compounds, emphasizing the need for biological systems to evaluate the overall toxicity of chemical mixtures (Butterworth, 1995). The biological effect of these pollutant mixtures has been measured in laboratory-exposure experiments and community analysis of in situ benthic macroinvertebrates (Hudson and Ciborowksi, 1995) and plants (Lovett Doust et al., 1994; Tracy et al., 1995; Sgro and Johansen, 1995), and in sentinel biomonitor studies (Rosenberg and Resh, 1993; Corkum et al., 1995). These studies indicate the enormity of the problem but they are not routinely or widely employed. Furthermore, there is no routine way to evaluate and compare the toxicity of complex mixtures.
The Ontic Account of Scientific Explanation

According to one large family of views, scientific explanations explain a phenomenon (such as an event or a regularity) by subsuming it under a general representation, model, prototype, or schema (see Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2005). Explanation: A mechanist alternative. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36(2), 421–441; Churchland, P. M. (1989). A neurocomputational perspective: The nature of mind and the structure of science. Cambridge: MIT Press; Darden (2006); Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of scientific explanation. In C. G. Hempel (Ed.), Aspects of scientific explanation (pp. 331–496). New York: Free Press; Kitcher (1989); Machamer, P., Darden, L., & Craver, C. F. (2000). Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science, 67(1), 1–25). My concern is with the minimal suggestion that an adequate philosophical theory of scientific explanation can limit its attention to the format or structure with which theories are represented. The representational subsumption view is a plausible hypothesis about the psychology of understanding. It is also a plausible claim about how scientists present their knowledge to the world. However, one cannot address the central questions for a philosophical theory of scientific explanation without turning one’s attention from the structure of representations to the basic commitments about the worldly structures that plausibly count as explanatory. A philosophical theory of scientific explanation should achieve two goals. The first is explanatory demarcation. It should show how explanation relates with other scientific achievements, such as control, description, measurement, prediction, and taxonomy. The second is explanatory normativity. It should say when putative explanations succeed and fail. One cannot achieve these goals without undertaking commitments about the kinds of ontic structures that plausibly count as explanatory. Representations convey explanatory information about a phenomenon when and only when they describe the ontic explanations for those phenomena.
Engaging Front-Line Nurses To Improve The Outcomes Of Patient Care, 2006–13

Beginning in 2003 the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation partnered with fifty-three hospitals in the San Francisco Bay and Greater Sacramento areas of California to improve patient safety. The twelve-year, $167 million Betty Irene Moore Nursing Initiative was intended to empower front-line registered nurses (RNs) as leaders in implementing evidence-based clinical practices at the bedside. The initiative funded clinical efforts across seventeen patient safety improvement areas; results from seven of these are presented here. Bay Area hospitals had varied participation rates in those seven areas in the period 2006–13. For example, 14 percent of the hospitals participated in the effort to reduce acute myocardial infarction mortality, while 100 percent participated in the effort to reduce falls with injury. Patient outcome improvements compared to baseline also varied. For example, 43 percent of participating hospitals reported reductions in patient falls with injury, while 100 percent of hospitals participati...
Mutual capacitance of liquid conductors in deformable tactile sensing arrays

Advances in highly deformable electronics are needed in order to enable emerging categories of soft computing devices ranging from wearable electronics, to medical devices, and soft robotic components. The combination of highly elastic substrates with intrinsically stretchable conductors holds the promise of enabling electronic sensors that can conform to curved objects, reconfigurable displays, or soft biological tissues, including the skin. Here, we contribute sensing principles for tactile (mechanical image) sensors based on very low modulus polymer substrates with embedded liquid metal microfluidic arrays. The sensors are fabricated using a single-step casting method that utilizes fine nylon filaments to produce arrays of cylindrical channels on two layers. The liquid metal (gallium indium alloy) conductors that fill these channels readily adopt the shape of the embedding membrane, yielding levels of deformability greater than 400%, due to the use of soft polymer substrates. We modeled the sensor performance using electrostatic theory and continuum mechanics, yielding excellent agreement with experiments. Using a matrix-addressed capacitance measurement technique, we are able to resolve strain distributions with millimeter resolution over areas of several square centimeters.
Better Watch What You Write! Worldwide Libel and the World Wide Web

Talking about the global advantages of the Internet is almost a cliche at this point. The Internet has given publishers great and small the ability to cost-effectively reach world-wide audiences previously unreachable. Librarians and other information consumers in return benefit by having access to a wealth of information resources. Secure access, licensing and subscriber systems allow commercial exploitation of these resources for the benefit of both producers and consumers worldwide. However, recent court rulings have shown that worldwide access to information can create worldwide headaches for the information industry.
Diagnostic measures for the Cox regression model with missing covariates

This paper investigates diagnostic measures for assessing the influence of observations and model misspecification in the presence of missing covariate data for the Cox regression model. Our diagnostics include case-deletion measures, conditional martingale residuals, and score residuals. The Q-distance is proposed to examine the effects of deleting individual observations on the estimates of finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional parameters. Conditional martingale residuals are used to construct goodness of fit statistics for testing possible misspecification of the model assumptions. A resampling method is developed to approximate the p-values of the goodness of fit statistics. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate our methods, and a real data set is analyzed to illustrate their use.
Whither Uber?: Competitive Dynamics in Transportation Networks

Transportation Network Companies offer notable service advances—but do they comply with the law? I offer evidence of some important shortfalls, then consider how the legal system might appropriately respond. Though it is tempting to forgive many violations in light of the companies’ benefits, I offer a cautionary assessment. For one, I note the incentives that might result, including a race-to-the-bottom as a series of companies forego all manner of requirements. Furthermore, the firms that best compete in such an environment are likely to be those that build a corporate culture of ignoring laws, a diagnosis that finds support in numerous controversial Uber practices. On the whole, I suggest evenhanded enforcement of applicable laws, with thoughtful changes implemented with appropriate formality, but no automatic free pass for the platforms that have recently framed laws and regulations as suggestions rather than requirements.
Word Salad Challenge

BRANDING OF FOOD BEGAN WITH the names of places or origin of shipping, as in Port or Yorkshire ham. Much later the names of trusted merchants or their family companies appeared on labels and in early advertising. Late in the nineteenth century, some companies began to use imaginary people and animals to advertise, virtual avatars sometimes based on living or cartoon models, while others were entirely invented. Today we take it for granted that food labels and advertising are populated by elves and leprechauns, rabbits and pink panthers, superheroes and puppets. Some characters, like the infamous Frito Bandito, are tightly tethered to a single line of products, while others have a great deal of mobility across entire brands. They are familiar faces in the media brandscape, known to most people in the United States, and they have spread around the globe as food processing has become increasingly globalized. How well do you know these famous marketing professionals? The first part of this quiz asks you to match each food with its imaginary spokes-entity. Some of the products are no longer sold and they may have had more than one fictional spokesperson. Just to make things more challenging, I have added a third column with the names of the companies that now own and control these characters. Finally, the fourth column has imaginary “birthdates,” when the character first began selling food. Extra credit: which of the original characters (the one on which the brandwasbased)wasburiedinPlainsboro,NewJersey,in1941?
Group Buying Spectrum Auctions in Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum has been sold at millions of dollars per megahertz through spectrum auctions. The staggering price hinders small network providers from becoming auction winners. Inspired by the group buying service on the Internet, group buying strategy has been introduced into the design of spectrum auctions to increase the buying power of small network providers. In this paper, we propose two truthful group buying auctions, namely, $\mathsf{TRUBA}$ and $\mathsf{TRUBA}^{+}$ , to take advantage of the collective buying power of secondary users (SUs) within each secondary network (SN). We carefully design the budget extraction for each secondary access point (SAP) within the SN to maximize the budget collected from the SUs. In addition, we allow the primary user (PU) to assign its channels strategically to boost the chance of successful transactions. These two features together empower $\mathsf{TRUBA}$ and $\mathsf{TRUBA}^{+}$ to significantly improve system performance, as compared with the existing group buying auction, in terms of the number of successful transactions (up to 16 times in the evaluation results), the number of winning SUs (up to 21 times), the average utility of the SUs (up to 19 times), and the utility of SAPs (up to 85 times). In $\mathsf{TRUBA}^{+}$ , the utility of the PU is improved by up to 44 times.
3D computational imaging in scattering with light field datasets (Conference Presentation)

We demonstrate the use of phase-space (e.g. light field) imaging for 3D localization of multiple point sources inside scattering material. The effect of scattering is to spread angular (spatial frequency) information, which can be modeled by a multi-slice forward model in phase space. We propose a sparsity-constrained atomic norm reconstruction algorithm in order to further constrain the problem. By using 4D measurements for 3D reconstruction, the dimensionality mismatch provides significant robustness to multiple scattering effects, with either static or dynamic diffusers.
237 NEURONAL DEATH OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OF PRETERM LAMBS MANAGED BY CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION FOR 3 DAYS.

Background Preterm birth followed by prolonged mechanical ventilation often results in chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity. Associated with lung injury is brain injury. The molecular pathways that are affected in the brain of preterm neonates during the evolution of CLD are unclear. On the other hand, animal models of intrauterine growth retardation have shown that apoptosis is greater in the brain of postnatal rat pups with intrauterine growth retardation compared to controls (Ke et al, AJP 2004). A marker of apoptosis is expression of downstream targets of p53, such as caspase-3. Hypothesis Apoptosis of neuronal cells in the brain is enhanced during the evolution of CLD. Methods Preterm lambs (≈132 d gestation) were managed by conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) or nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for 72 h ( n = 4/group). We used nCPAP as the positive control (gold standard) for lung outcome in chronically ventilated preterm lambs (Albertine et al, Pediatr Res 2004). Brain tissue was analyzed for caspase-3 protein abundance (immunoblot analysis) and topographic distribution (immunohistochemistry). Results Immunoblot analysis showed that caspase-3 protein abundance in brain tissue homogenates from preterm lambs was greater in the CV group compared to the nCPAP group, at 72 h. Immunohistochemistry showed that caspase-3 protein was localized in more Purkinje cells in the cerebellum in the CV group compared to the nCPAP group at 72 h. Conclusion Our results show that markers of apoptosis (caspase-3 protein abundance and immunolocalization) are more prevalent in the brains of preterm lambs that are managed by CV compared to nCPAP. We conclude that CV contributes to attrition of neurons during the first few days of life support with a ventilator. Supported by CHRC, HL62875, HL56401, T35 HL07744.
A Simple Test For The Detection of Intraoperative Rectal Injury In Major Urological Pelvic Surgery

We describe our experience with a simple inexpensive test with 2 practical uses: 1) to detect unrecognized intraoperative rectal injury and 2) to assess the adequacy of repair of rectal injuries.
Comparison of lung volume measurements in individuals with spinal cord injury by two different methods.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Few detailed studies have been performed among subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) using whole body plethysmography for measurement of static lung volumes. Because abdominal gas volumes and respiratory patterns among subjects with varying levels of SCI may differ significantly from able-bodied individuals, methodological concerns related to this technique could conceivably lead to inaccuracies in lung volume measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare lung volume parameters obtained by whole body plethysmography with those determined by the commonly used nitrogen washout technique among individuals with SCI. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine clinically stable men, 14 with chronic tetraplegia (injury C4-C7) and 15 with paraplegia (injury below T5) participated in the study. METHODS Lung volumes were obtained using whole body plethysmography and the open-circuit nitrogen washout technique. Within both study groups, data were evaluated by the paired Student's t test and by determination of correlation coefficients. RESULTS No statistically significant differences for any lung volume parameter were found within either group. In subjects with tetraplegia on paraplegia, respectively, strong correlation coefficients were found for measurements of total lung capacity (.86 and .97), functional residual capacity (.87 and .96), and residual volume (.77 and .85). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that body plethysmography is a valid technique for determining lung volumes among subjects with SCI. Because airway resistance measurements can also be obtained during same study sessions for assessment of airway caliber and bronchial responsiveness, body plethysmography is a useful tool for examining multiple aspects of pulmonary physiology in this population.
A randomized controlled pilot study of CBT-I Coach: Feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact of a mobile phone application for patients in cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia:

There has been growing interest in utilizing mobile phone applications (apps) to enhance traditional psychotherapy. Previous research has suggested that apps may facilitate patients' completion of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) tasks and potentially increase adherence. This randomized clinical trial pilot study ( n = 18) sought to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact on adherence and sleep outcomes related to CBT-I Coach use. All participants were engaged in CBT-I, with one group receiving the app as a supplement and one non-app group. We found that patients consistently used the app as intended, particularly the sleep diary and reminder functions. They reported that it was highly acceptable to use. Importantly, the app did not compromise or undermine benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and patients in both groups had significantly improved sleep outcomes following treatment.
Moisture Loss from Agar Plates During Incubation

Composition of media, quantity of medium in petri plates, incubator relative humidity, placement of plates on upper or lower shelf and time in the incubator were important variables in evaporative losses of weight of agar in Petri plates during incubation. However, the most important variable was temperature.
The Luminaries: A D―ned Fine Tale, but of What?

The Luminaries (2013), Eleanor Catton’s novel of nineteenth-century New Zealand, has won wide international acclaim, including the Man Booker Prize. Yet many readers find the work exasperating to read—a “nightmare,” to use a term Catton herself suggests. In large measure, this response emerges from Catton’s use of heavy structuring devices, particularly astrology and mathematics, that pertain to the time period of her fiction. These frameworks tend to make totalizing claims, often through causal or linear progression, and to support modern, realistic protocols of reading. As this essay demonstrates, Catton undercuts those claims, and frustrates such readings, by emphasizing multiple paths of comprehension and multiple voices of narration. The Luminaries embraces its multiple structural mechanisms, but is not dominated by any of them.
Ultralow Frequency Electrochemical–Mechanical Strain Energy Harvester Using 2D Black Phosphorus Nanosheets

Advances in piezoelectric or triboelectric materials have enabled high-frequency platforms for mechanical energy harvesting (>10 Hz); however, virtually all human motions occur below 5 Hz and therefore limits application of these harvesting platforms to human motions. Here we demonstrate a device configuration based on sodiated black phosphorus nanosheets, or phosphorene, where mechanoelectrochemical stress–voltage coupling in this material is capable of efficient energy harvesting at frequencies as low as 0.01 Hz. The harvester is tested using both bending and pressing mechanical impulses with peak power delivery of ∼42 nW/cm2 and total harvested energy of 0.203 μJ/cm2 in the bending mode and ∼9 nW/cm2 and 0.792 μJ/cm2 in the pressing mode. Our work broadly demonstrates how 2D materials can be effectively leveraged as building blocks in strategies for efficient electrochemical strain energy harvesting.
The Use of a Category Observation System for Analyzing Videos of Group Practice: Analysis of 30 Hours of Video of Family and Group Sessions

This article describes the development, testing, and implementation of a category observation system for the analysis of videotapes of practice with individuals, families, and groups. The article illustrates how a category observation system can be used to conduct a detailed computer analysis of the interaction between the group leader and the group members (the authority theme) and the interactions between members (the intimacy theme). Videotapes of 30 group sessions led by 11 professionally trained practitioners were rated with 1 of 13 entries every 3 seconds. This yielded 58,675 discrete observations of 60 hours of group. In addition, 32 hours of individual counseling were also included in the sample totaling 99,500 discrete observations.
Cannulating the contraindicated: effect of low birth weight on mortality in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Abstract Background/purpose Restrictions for ECMO in neonates include birth weight less than 2kg (BW Methods Neonates with a primary diagnosis code of CDH were identified in the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry, and logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of BW Results We identified 7564 neonates with CDH. The overall mortality was 50%. There was a significantly higher risk of death with unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.39 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53–3.74; P P Conclusions While mortality among CDH neonates with a BW Type of study Case–Control Study, Retrospective Comparative Study. Level of evidence Level III.
Laser voltage imaging and probing, efficient techniques for scan chain verification in advanced node

Laser voltage imaging (LVI) and laser voltage probing (LVP) are laser stimulation techniques to verify a device under test (DUT) and have been widely used for scan chain circuit debugging and various frequency-dependent failure modes. In the case of complex logic failures in advanced technology nodes, defect localization continues to be a challenge in the failure analysis field. Dynamic electrical failure analysis (D-EFA) techniques and their derivatives can increase efficiency for defect localization techniques. In this paper, several scan chain failure studies will be demonstrated by using LVI and LVP techniques, and the waveform analytic data will also be described by further physical failure analysis (PFA).
Unifying by multiplying: The struggle to feel value across (hopeful?) capitalist natures

The author cautions against theories of value that look to define what ‘it’ is, noting how such an approach closes off imaginaries based on alterity and difference thus unintentionally reproducing ...
Looking Back at Adolescent Depression: A Qualitative Study

Adolescent depression is a serious disorder marked by a prevalence rate of approximately 5% along with significant rates of relapse and mortality (Brent & Birmaher, 2002). This qualitative study involved semistructured interviews of nine young adults who were diagnosed with and treated for major depressive disorder between the ages of 15 and 18. Five themes emerged from the interviews: (a) talking to a counselor about their depression was helpful; (b) participants obtained relief in their counseling and expressed respect for their professional helpers; (c) parental (and adult) partnerships are important; (d) friends of the adolescent clients were usually helpful to them; and (e) the adolescents possessed a realistic optimism concerning a possible subsequent depressive episode. Implications for mental health counselors are also discussed.
1.00 (0.88) Tb/s per Wave Capable Coherent Multi-Channel Transmitter (Receiver) InP-Based PICs With Hybrid Integrated SiGe Electronics

We demonstrate multi-channel InP-based coherent transmitter and receiver photonic integrated circuits hybrid integrated with SiGe driving and amplifying electronics both capable of operating at 880 Gb/s and the transmitter alone up to 1 Tb/s per wave. These hybrid assemblies demonstrate optical transmissions across a commercial line system at distances from 200 to 1400 km, with symbol rates between 66-100 GBd, utilizing 16-, 32-, and 64-QAM modulation formats. Additionally, we demonstrate a back-to-back transmission from the TxPIC assembly to a reference receiver at 100 GBd × 32QAM, a 1 Tb/s per wavelength capability.