cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sila-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of arylvinyl ketones: overcoming the dimerization problem.

Arylvinyl ketones, under Morita−Baylis−Hillman (MBH) reaction conditions, produce a mixture of dimerization products. We propose a solution to this problem: a sila-MBH reaction. This cascade reaction involves addition of phosphine catalyst to arylvinyl ketones, trapping of the forming β-silylenolate with aldehyde, followed by a 1,3-Brook rearrangement to give the Si-MBH adducts in good to excellent yields.
Hydrated Alkali Metal and Ammonium Salts of the [P2Se6]4– Anion

The synthesis and structures of the five new compounds [Na4(P2Se6)(H2O)6], [M4(P2Se6)(H2O)4] (M = K, Rb, Cs) and [(NH4)4(P2Se6)(H2O)2] are reported. The salts were obtained from reactions of metal carbonates with P4Se10 in water and in ambient atmosphere. During the heterogeneous reactions, the selenophosphate salts, CO2 and elemental selenium is formed together with the [P2O6]4– ion and most likely other phosphate/selenophosphate derivatives. The ethane-like [P2Se6]4– anion was characterized in solution by 31P NMR spectroscopy showing an ABX pattern.
Catalytic enantioselective stereoablative reactions: an unexploited approach to enantioselective catalysis

Approaches to the preparation of enantioenriched materials via catalytic methods that destroy stereogenic elements of a molecule are discussed. Although these processes often decrease overall molecular complexity, there are several notable advantages including material recycling, enantiodivergence and convergence, and increased substrate scope. Examples are accompanied by discussion of the critical design elements required for the success of these methods.
A STELLAR COMPANION IN THE HD 189733 SYSTEM WITH A KNOWN TRANSITING EXTRASOLAR PLANET

We show that the very close-by (19 pc) K0 star HD 189733, already found to be orbited by a transiting giant planet, is the primary of a double star system, with the secondary being a mid-M dwarf with projected separation of about 216 AU from the primary. This conclusion is based on astrometry, proper-motion and radial velocity measurements, spectral type determination, and photometry. We also detect differential proper motion of the secondary. The data appear consistent with the secondary's orbiting the primary in a clockwise orbit, lying nearly in the plane of the sky (i.e., nearly perpendicular to the orbital plane of the transiting planet), and with period of about 3200 years.
A Comparison of VaR and CVaR Constraints on Portfolio Selection with the Mean-Variance Model

In this paper, we analyze the portfolio selection implications arising from imposing a value-at-risk (VaR) constraint on the mean-variance model, and compare them with those arising from the imposition of a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) constraint. We show that for a given confidence level, a CVaR constraint is tighter than a VaR constraint if the CVaR and VaR bounds coincide. Consequently, a CVaR constraint is more effective than a VaR constraint as a tool to control slightly risk-averse agents, but in the absence of a risk-free security, has a perverse effect in that it is more likely to force highly risk-averse agents to select portfolios with larger standard deviations. However, when the CVaR bound is appropriately larger than the VaR bound or when a risk-free security is present, a CVaR constraint "dominates" a VaR constraint as a risk management tool.
Mean-field theory for scale-free random networks

Random networks with complex topology are common in Nature, describing systems as diverse as the world wide web or social and business networks. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most large networks for which topological information is available display scale-free features. Here we study the scaling properties of the recently introduced scale-free model, that can account for the observed power-law distribution of the connectivities. We develop a mean-eld method to predict the growth dynamics of the individual vertices, and use this to calculate analytically the connectivity distribution and the scaling exponents. The mean-eld method can be used to address the properties of two variants of the scale-free model, that do not display power-law scaling. c 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
X-Ray Emission from PSR J1809–1917 and Its Pulsar Wind Nebula, Possibly Associated with the TeV Gamma-Ray Source HESS J1809–193

We detected X-ray emission from the 50-kyr-old pulsar J1809‐1917 and resolved its pulsar wind nebula (PWN) with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The pulsar’s observed flux is Fpsr = (1: 8� 0: 2)� 10 -14 ergs cm -2 s -1 in the 1‐6 keV band. A two-component blackbody+power-law (BB+PL) fit of the pulsar’s spectrum yields the photon index psr = 1: 2� 0: 6 and luminosity L psr = (4� 1)� 10 31 ergs s -1 of the PL component, in the 0.5‐8 keV band, for a plausible distance d = 3: 5 kpc and nH = 0: 7� 10 22 cm -2 . The BB component corresponds to the temperature T � 2 MK, and bolometric luminosity L bol � 1� 10 32 ergs s -1 . The bright inner PWN component of a 3 00 � 12 00 size is elongated in the north-south direction, with the pul sar close to its south end. This component is immersed in a larger (� 20 00 � 40 00 ), similarly elongated outer PWN component of lower surface brightness. The elongated shape of the compact PWN can be explained by the ram pressure confinement of the pulsar wind due to the supersonic motion of the pulsar. The observed flux of the compact PWN, including both components, is Fpwn ’ (1: 5� 0: 1)� 10 -13 ergs cm -2 s -1 in the 1‐6 keV band. The PWN spectrum can be fitted with a PL model with nH � 0: 7� 10 22 cm -2 and photon index pwn = 1: 4� 0: 1, corresponding to the 0.5‐8 keV luminosity Lpwn � 4� 10 32 ergs s -1 . The compact PWN appears to be inside a more extended (� 4 0 � 4 0 ) emission with the total observed flux Fext � 5� 10 -13 ergs s -1 in the 0.8‐7 keV band. This large-scale emission is more extended to the south of the pulsar, i.e. in the direction of the alleged pulsar motion. To explain the extended X-ray emission ahead of the moving pulsar, one has to invoke strong intrinsic anisotropy of the pulsar wind or assume that this e mission comes from a relic PWN swept by the asymmetrical reverse SNR shock. The pulsar and its PWN are located within the extent of the unidentified TeV source HESS J1809‐193. The brightest part of the TeV source is offset by � 8 0 to the south of the pulsar, i.e. in the same direction as the large-scale X-ray emission. Altho ugh the association between the PSR J1809‐1917 and HESS J1809‐193 is plausible, an alternative source of relativistic electrons powering HESS J1809‐193 might be the serendipitously discovered X-ray source CXOU J180940.7-192544. In addition to the CMBR or Galactic starlight background, the low-frequency seed p hotons for Compton upscattering to TeV energies might be supplied by bright infrared emission from dust-molecular clouds seen within HESS J1809‐193. Subject headings: pulsars: individual (PSR J1809‐1917) — X-rays: individual (CXOU J180940.7-192544, CXOU 180933.3-192959) — gamma-rays: individual (HESS J1809‐193) — ISM: individual (IRAS 18067‐1927, IRAS 18067‐1921)
Group composition and conditional cooperation

Abstract This paper examines how group composition affects conditional cooperation in public good games. Identity was created using a team-building activity and subjects were assigned to groups of six with varying proportions of subjects from two teams. Majority members contributed more to the public good than minority members. However, contributions were mainly related to beliefs about the contributions of others, especially others from the same teams, rather than minority/majority status.
ASSET PRICE BUBBLES, LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE

In his Treatise on Money ,K eynes relied on two different themes to argue that the interest rate need not rise with rising levels of expenditure. One of these was the elasticity of the money supply, and the other was the interaction between financial and industrial circulation. A decrease (increase) in what Keynes called the bear position was similar in its impact to that of a policy-induced increase (decrease) in the money supply. In the General Theory, this second line of argument lost much of its force as it became reformulated under the rubric of Keynes liquidity preference theory of interest. Assuming that the expected return on capital adjusts to the interest rate in short-period equilibrium, Keynes ignored the effect of bull or bear sentiment in equity markets as a second-order complication that can be ignored in analyzing the equilibrium level of investment and output. The objective of this paper is to go back to this old theme from the Treatise and underscore its importance for Keynesian theory of the business cycle. This paper is motivated by the author’s perception that Keynes’ Treatise on Money sheds much better light on many of today’s economic problems than his better known General Theory (GT), whether it is the burst of the asset price bubble in the US, liquidity trap in Japan, currency crises in emerging markets or the threat of global deflation. Whereas financial circulation, asset price expectations and market speculation were an integral part of Keynes’ macroeconomic analysis in the former work, they have been pushed to the background in the latter. Keynes’ remarks in GT—both in his famous chapter on long-term expectations and the one on the trade cycle—about market speculation was much more forceful than anything one can find in his Treatise. However, these penetrating insights on how securities markets could malfunction were not woven back into his analysis of how investment and output
Multivariate regular variation on cones: application to extreme values, hidden regular variation and conditioned limit laws

We attempt to bring some modest unity to three subareas of heavy tail analysis and extreme value theory: limit laws for componentwise maxima of iid random variables; hidden regular variation and asymptotic independence; conditioned limit laws when one component of a random vector is extreme. The common theme is multivariate regular variation on a cone and the three cases cited come from specifying the cones and [0, ∞] × (0, ∞].
Impact of solder pad size on solder joint reliability in flip chip PBGA packages

A variety of parameters impact package reliability. One set of parameters that does not get much attention is the variations in package design that are assembly and vendor related. This study shows that solder pad size is important in solder joint reliability. Differences in solder pad size due to different vendors and processes can affect the reliability considerably. The impact of substrate thickness on package reliability has been shown in finite element stress analysis, moire interferometry experiments, and reliability tests. However, in certain cases, the pad size effect can be so significant that it overrides the impact of substrate thickness. This work indicates that in order to obtain good correlation between predictive engineering results and reliability tests data, this factor should not be ignored. In this study, finite element simulation has been used to quantify the pad size effect on the BGA reliability in the PBGA package. Air-to-air thermal cycling test results were compared with FEM predictions. Optimized pad sizes are discussed and the impact on the solder joint reliability is predicted. Solder pad size effect was found to be a dominant feature in correlating test data with predictions.
Diagnosis of tapping operations using an AI approach

An artificial neural network was utilized for the diagnosis of tapping operations. The input vector for the neural network is obtained by processing the signals of the thrust, torque, and lateral forces during the tapping operations. A total of ten indices was used in the input layer of the network. The output of the artificial neural network provides the tapping states. Five different tapping states were investigated: normal operation, tap wear, misalignment, oversize hole, and undersize hole. Experimental results showed that diagnosis of tapping operations through an artificial neural network can reach a success rate of over 95%. >
Towards a Mathematical Science of Computation

In this paper I shall discuss the prospects for a mathematical science of computation. In a mathematical science, it is possible to deduce from the basic assumptions, the important properties of the entities treated by the science. Thus, from Newton’s law of gravitation and his laws of motion, one can deduce that the planetary orbits obey Kepler’s laws.
Physical complexity of symbolic sequences

A practical measure for the complexity of sequences of symbols (“strings”) is introduced that is rooted in automata theory but avoids the problems of Kolmogorov‐Chaitin complexity. This physical complexity can be estimated for ensembles of sequences, for which it reverts to the difference between the maximal entropy of the ensemble and the actual entropy given the specific environment within which the sequence is to be interpreted. Thus, the physical complexity measures the amount of information about the environment that is coded in the sequence, and is conditional on such an environment. In practice, an estimate of the complexity of a string can be obtained by counting the number of loci per string that are fixed in the ensemble, while the volatile positions represent, again with respect to the environment, randomness. We apply this measure to tRNA sequence data. ©2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Generalized blow-up of corners and fiber products

Radial blow-up, including inhomogeneous versions, of boundary faces of a manifold (always with corners) is an important tool for resolving singularities, degeneracies and competing notions of homogeneity. These constructions are shown to be particular cases of generalized boundary blow-up in which a new manifold and blow-down map are constructed from, and conversely determine, combinatorial data at the boundary faces in the form of a refinement of the basic monoidal complex of the manifold. This data specifies which notion of homogeneity is realized at each of the boundary hypersurfaces in the blown-up space. As an application of this theory, the existence of fiber products is examined for the natural smooth maps in this context, the b-maps. Transversality of the b-differentials is shown to ensure that the set-theoretic fiber product of two maps is a binomial variety. Properties of these (extrinsically defined) spaces, which generalize manifolds but have mild singularities at the boundary, are investigated and a condition on the basic monoidal complex is found under which the variety has a smooth structure. Applied to b-maps this additional condition with transversality leads to a universal fiber product in the context of manifolds with corners. Under the transversality condition alone the fiber product is resolvable to a smooth manifold by generalized blow-up and then has a weaker form of the universal mapping property requiring blow-up of the domain.
Forecasting the locational dynamics of transnational terrorism: a network analytic approach

Efforts to combat and prevent transnational terrorism rely, to a great extent, on the effective allocation of security resources. Critical to the success of this allocation process is the identification of the likely geopolitical sources and targets of terrorism. We construct the network of transnational terrorist attacks, in which source (sender) and target (receiver) countries share a directed edge, and we evaluate a network analytic approach to forecasting the geopolitical sources and targets of terrorism. We integrate a deterministic, similarity-based, link prediction framework into a probabilistic modeling approach in order to develop an edge-forecasting method. Using a database of over 12,000 transnational terrorist attacks occurring between 1968 and 2002, we show that probabilistic link prediction is not only capable of accurate forecasting during a terrorist campaign, but is a promising approach to forecasting the onset of terrorist hostilities between a source and a target.
Securing mobile ad hoc networks

The vision of nomadic computing with its ubiquitous access has stimulated much interest in the Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) technology. These infrastructureless, self-organized networks, which either operate autonomously or as an extension to the wired networking infrastructure, are expected to support new MANET-based applications. However, the proliferation of this networking paradigm strongly depends on the availability of security provisions, among other factors. The absence of infrastructure, the nature of the envisioned applications, and the resource-constrained environment pose some new challenges in securing the protocols in ad hoc networking environments. The security requirements can differ significantly from those for infrastructure-based networks, while the provision of security enhancements may take completely different directions as well. In this chapter, we study the schemes proposed to secure mobile ad hoc networks. We explain the primary goals of security enhancements, shed light on the commensurate challenges, survey the current literature on this topic, and finally introduce our approach to this multifaceted and intriguing topic.
On CP asymmetries in two-, three- and four-body D decays

Indirect and direct CP violations have been established in K L and B d decays. They have been found in two-body decay channels — with the exception of K L → π + π − e + e − transitions. Evidence for direct CP asymmetry has just appeared in LHCb data on A CP(D 0 → K + K −) − A CP(D 0 → π + π −) with 3.5σ significance. Manifestations of New Dynamics (ND) can appear in CP asymmetries just below experimental bounds. We discuss $ D_{{(s)}}^{\pm } $ , $ {D^0}/{\overline D^0} $ and D L /D S transitions to 2-, 3- and 4-body final states with a comment on predictions for inclusive vs. exclusive CP asymmetries. In particular we discuss T asymmetries in D → h 1 h 2 l + l − in analogy with K L → π + π − e + e − transitions due to interference between M1, internal bremsstrahlung and possible E1 amplitudes. Such an effect depends on the strength of CP violation originating from the ND — as discussed here for Little Higgs Models with T parity and non-minimal Higgs sectors — but also in the interferences between these amplitudes even in the Standard Model. More general lessons can be learnt for T asymmetries in non-leptonic D decays like D → h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4. Such manifestations of ND can be tested at LHCb and other Super-Flavour Factories like the projects at KEK near Tokyo and at Tor Vergata/Frascati near Rome.
Understanding How the Thiolate Sulfur Contributes to the Function of the Non-Heme Iron Enzyme Superoxide Reductase

Toxic superoxide radicals, generated via adventitious reduction of dioxygen, have been implicated in a number of disease states. The cysteinate-ligated non-heme iron enzyme superoxide reductase (SOR) degrades superoxide via reduction. Biomimetic analogues which provide insight into why nature utilizes a trans-thiolate to promote SOR function are described. Spectroscopic and/or structural characterization of the first examples of thiolate-ligated FeIII–peroxo complexes provides important benchmark parameters for the identification of biological intermediates. Oxidative addition of superoxide is favored by low redox potentials. The trans influence of the thiolate appears to significantly weaken the Fe–O peroxo bond, favoring proton-induced release of H2O2 from a high-spin Fe(III)–OOH complex.
Persuasive Visions: Film and Memory:

This commentary takes a new look at law and film studies through the lens of film as memory. Instead of describing film as evidence and foreordaining its role in truth-seeking processes, it thinks instead of film as individual, institutional and cultural memory, placing it squarely within the realm of contestability. Paralleling film genres, the commentary imagines four forms of memory that film could embody: memorabilia (cinema verite), memoirs (autobiographical and biographical film), ceremonial memorials (narrative film monuments of a life, person or institution), and mythic memory (dramatic fictional film). Imagining film as memory resituates film’s role in law (procedural, substantive and cultural) as authoritative rhetoric that must be disputed and reappropriated to serve the specific goals of justice.
The WIC Program: Background, Trends, and Economic Issues, 2015 Edition

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides supplemental food, nutrition education (including breastfeeding promotion and support), and referrals to health care and other social services to low-income, nutritionally at-risk women, infants, and children up to 5 years of age. On average, over half of all infants in the United States, over a quarter of all pregnant and postpartum women, and over a quarter of all children less than 5 years of age participate in the program. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, which authorized funds for WIC, is set to expire on September 30, 2015. The reauthorization process provides an important opportunity to reexamine the operation and effectiveness of the program and to consider improvements. This report explains how WIC works, examines program trends, and discusses some of the major economic issues facing the program (including the impact of economic conditions on participation, some lesser known effects of WIC, and equity and cost-management issues).
Shipping the Good Apples Out: Another Proof with A Graphical Representation

This paper provides a proof of Alchian and Allen’s thesis—superior good is relatively more consumed in distant market—with some restrictions on the utility function. Comparing to the proof by Borcherding and Silberberg (1978), those assumptions may restrict the model in some sense but we will find the Alchian-Allen theorem is independent of the third law of Hicks (Hicks 1946, pp. 309-311). The theorem is given by natural characteristics of relative demand curves.
“La Grande Boucle” Determinants of Success at the Tour de France

Cycling has not been analyzed intensively in the literature on the economics of sports. This article reports empirical evidence of individuals' performance in the 2004 Tour de France, searching for factors that shape riders' total ranking performance. A main aim is to investigate to what extent riders' performance is influenced by their teammates and their positions on their teams. The results show that teammates' attributes and riders' positions matter. The author also observes that riders who were successful in previous tours perform better than other participants. Furthermore, a lower body mass index leads to better performance. Finally, the author also observes differences between participating countries.
Above-room-temperature ferromagnetism in GaSb/Mn digital alloys

Digital alloys of GaSb/Mn have been fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy. Transmission electron micrographs showed good crystal quality with individual Mn-containing layers well resolved, no evidence of three-dimensional MnSb precipitates was seen in as-grown samples. All samples studied exhibited ferromagnetism with temperature-dependent hysteresis loops in the magnetization accompanied by metallic p-type conductivity with a strong anomalous Hall effect (AHE) up to 400 K (limited by the experimental setup). The anomalous Hall effect shows hysteresis loops at low temperatures and above room temperature very similar to those seen in the magnetization. The strong AHE with hysteresis indicates that the holes interact with the Mn spins above room temperature. All samples are metallic, which is important for spintronics applications.
It Takes an Outsider: Extralegislative Organization and Partisanship in the California Assembly, 1849–2006

Why are American politicians “single-minded seekers of reelection” in some decades and fierce ideological warriors in others? This article argues that the key to understanding the behavior of members inside a legislative chamber is to follow the actions of key figures outside the chamber. These outsiders—activists, interest groups, and party bosses—use their control over party nominations, conditioned on institutional rules, to ensure ideological behavior among officeholders. To understand how vital these outsiders are to legislative partisanship, this article takes advantage of a particular natural experiment: the state of California’s experience with cross-filing (1914‐59), under which institutional rules prevented outsiders from influencing party nominations. Under cross-filing, legislative partisanship collapsed, demonstrating that incumbents tend to prefer nonpartisanship or fake partisanship to actual ideological combat. Partisanship quickly returned once these outsiders could again dominate nominations. Several other historical examples reveal extralegislative actors exerting considerably greater influence over members’ voting behavior than intralegislative party institutions did. These results suggest that candidates and legislators are the agents of activists and others who coordinate at the community level to control party nominations.
Neural regulation of atrioventricular conduction.

A cardiotachometer has been devised to record the variation of the frequency of the sino-atrial node, but no apparatus has been reported which simultaneously records the frequency variations in atrioventricular conduction time and the sino-atrial node frequency. In an attempt to demonstrate how the sinus rhythm affects the A-V nodal conduction time, excitation conduction time between the right atrium and ventricle was recorded continuously by a newly devised A-V interval meter and compared with the variation in the length of the cardiac cycle (R-R interval).In the post-operative unanesthetized dog, the respiratory variation in A-V interval was from 7 to 13 msec while the R-R interval ranged from 350 to 500msec. The variations of the A-V and R-R intervals were in phase under nervous control but out of phase with pacing and pharmacological intervention. Both variations diminished in amplitude when the dog stood up or ate, when propranolol was administered intravenously, or when atropine was given.In the anesthetized animal right vagal stimulation caused an abrupt lengthening of the R-R interval after one second or less, while left vagal stimulation usually prolonged the A-V interval after more than one second. Stimulation of the left stellate ganglion resulted in a shorter A-V conduction time without a change in the R-R interval, while stimulation of the right stellate ganglion generally caused tachycardia.
Asymptotic Analysis of Quasi-Equilibrium Glide in Lifting Entry Flight

The physical phenomenon of near equilibrium glide in entry flight of a lifting vehicle has long been a very useful utility in flight mechanics analysis and entry guidance designs. But no rigorous mathematical characterization of this quasi-equilibrium flight condition exists that can help provide a deeper understanding of when and how such a flight condition takes place and what is the precise relationship between exact and quasi-equilibrium glide. We present a formal analysis to quasi-equilibrium entry flight in this paper. We embed the quasi-equilibrium gliding flight problem in a class of regular perturbation problems and obtain solutions in asymptotic expansions. We show that the zeroth-order solution is an exact equilibrium glide solution. We provide the complete solution structure and convergence analysis. Our analysis yields quantitative accuracy estimates to the quasi-equilibrium glide condition that can guide how this approximation can be best used. The solution structure we obtain naturally leads to what can be done to improve the accuracy of the quasi-equilibrium glide condition.
Recent developments in nonaqueous plutonium coordination chemistry

This account highlights recent research from our laboratory on nonaqueous plutonium coordination chemistry. The preparation of organic-soluble synthons, the reactivity of plutonium with soft donor atom ligands, and initial characterization of resultant complexes are presented. Homoleptic soft donor complexes are targeted, to contrast with the much larger body of actinide chemistry that focuses covalency and reactivity within one to three sites in the coordination sphere. Structural parameters from X-ray structure determination and computation indicate small, yet significant, differences in covalency between isostructural plutonium and lanthanide complexes. Results are discussed in the context of our aim to expand the fundamental chemistry of plutonium, particularly to address challenges in the nuclear industry.
How product standardization affects choice: Evidence from the Massachusetts Health Insurance Exchange

This paper examines the effect of choice architecture on Massachusetts' Health Insurance Exchange. A policy change standardized cost-sharing parameters of plans across insurers and altered information presentation. Post-change, consumers chose more generous plans and different brands, but were not more price-sensitive. We use a discrete choice model that allows the policy to affect how attributes are valued to decompose the policy's effects into a valuation effect and a product availability effect. The brand shifts are largely explained by the availability effect and the generosity shift by the valuation effect. A hypothetical choice experiment replicates our results and explores alternative counterfactuals.
Assessment of High-Temperature Metallizations for I 2 L and CMOS Technologies

Nearly amorphous TiW layers are shown to be thermally stable for high-temperature LSI technologies. Alternatives are based on TiW/TiO 2 and TiW(N) and result in improved stability for temperatures about 350°C. The diffusion coefficient for the Au/TiW couple is -10 -11 cm 2 /s for gram-boundary diffusion at 350°C and 10 -15 cm 2 /s for bulk diffusion at 350°C.
Coding for meteor burst communications

The use of error correction coding for meteor burst communications is discussed. The cutoff rate is derived for a meteor burst channel model which assumes that the received signal amplitude decays exponentially. The message error rate of a coded system, obtained by means of computer simulation, is compared to that of an uncoded system. A tight upper bound on the performance of the coded system is presented. It is shown that coding can reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for reliable communications via meteor bursts by many decibels. The coding gain is larger at shorter communication ranges where meteor trails, decay faster. It is also shown that the additional improvement achieved by providing the decoder with side information on the instantaneous level of the received signal is small. >
A low numerical dissipation patch-based adaptive mesh refinement method for large-eddy simulation of compressible flows

We present a methodology for the large-eddy simulation of compressible flows with a low-numerical dissipation scheme and structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR). A description of a conservative, flux-based hybrid numerical method that uses both centered finite-difference and a weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme is given, encompassing the cases of scheme alternation and internal mesh interfaces resulting from SAMR. In this method, the centered scheme is used in turbulent flow regions while WENO is employed to capture shocks. One-, two- and three-dimensional numerical experiments and example simulations are presented including homogeneous shock-free turbulence, a turbulent jet and the strongly shock-driven mixing of a Richtmyer-Meshkov instability.
Designing and implementing Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) and SOA solutions

Summary form only given. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has been proven to be a flexible and extensible architecture for designing and realizing industry solutions and applications. Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) is a hub for integrating different kinds of services through messaging, event handling, and business performance management. This tutorial will focus on a SOA solution framework; the critical role and value proposition of an ESB in SOA and Web services; ESB (and SOA) analysis and design methodology; best practices for the practical design and implementation of an ESB, including ESB design using the enterprise integration and application integration patterns; ESB and business process integration tools and techniques for ESB implementation; and performance, security and transaction management. This tutorial is based on numerous projects and solution architectures that the authors and colleagues have been engaged in the last 3 years in various industries, including government, financial, retail, electronics and distribution.
Multi-query Quantum Sums

Parity is the problem of determining the parity of a string $$f$$ f of $$n$$ n bits given access to an oracle that responds to a query $$x\in \{0,1,\ldots ,n-1\}$$ x ∈ { 0 , 1 , ' , n - 1 } with the $$x^\mathrm{th}$$ x th bit of the string, $$f(x)$$ f ( x ) . Classically, $$n$$ n queries are required to succeed with probability greater than $$1/2$$ 1 / 2 (assuming equal prior probabilities for all length $$n$$ n bitstrings), but only $$\lceil n/2\rceil $$ i¾? n / 2 i¾? quantum queries suffice to determine the parity with probability $$1$$ 1 . We consider a generalization to strings $$f$$ f of $$n$$ n elements of $${{\mathbb {Z}}}_k$$ Z k and the problem of determining $$\sum f(x)$$ '—i¾? f ( x ) . By constructing an explicit algorithm, we show that $$n-r$$ n - r ( $$n\ge r\in {\mathbb {N}}$$ n ≤ r ∈ N ) entangled quantum queries suffice to compute the sum correctly with worst case probability $$\min \{\lfloor n/r\rfloor /k,1\}$$ min { i¾? n / r i¾? / k , 1 } . This quantum algorithm utilizes the $$n-r$$ n - r queries sequentially and adaptively, like Grover's algorithm, but in a different way that is not amplitude amplification.
Many-Body Localization and Thermalization in Quantum Statistical Mechanics

We review some recent developments in the statistical mechanics of isolated quantum systems. We provide a brief introduction to quantum thermalization, paying particular attention to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) and the resulting single-eigenstate statistical mechanics. We then focus on a class of systems that fail to quantum thermalize and whose eigenstates violate the ETH: These are the many-body Anderson-localized systems; their long-time properties are not captured by the conventional ensembles of quantum statistical mechanics. These systems can forever locally remember information about their local initial conditions and are thus of interest for possibilities of storing quantum information. We discuss key features of many-body localization (MBL) and review a phenomenology of the MBL phase. Single-eigenstate statistical mechanics within the MBL phase reveal dynamically stable ordered phases, and phase transitions among them, that are invisible to equilibrium statistical mechanics and...
Emergent spacetime and empirical (in)coherence

Numerous approaches to a quantum theory of gravity posit fundamental ontologies that exclude spacetime, either partially or wholly. This situation raises deep questions about how such theories could relate to the empirical realm, since arguably only entities localized in spacetime can ever be observed. Are such entities even possible in a theory without fundamental spacetime? How might they be derived, formally speaking? Moreover, since by assumption the fundamental entities can't be smaller than the derived (since relative size is a spatiotemporal notion) and so can't 'compose' them in any ordinary sense, would a formal derivation actually show the physical reality of localized entities? We address these questions via a survey of a range of theories of quantum gravity, and generally sketch how they may be answered positively.
Saving, Investment and Capital Mobility in African Countries

Recently developed panel co-integration techniques are applied to data for six African countries to test the Feldstein--Horioka approach to measuring capital mobility. The results suggest three conclusions: savings and investment in panel data are non-stationary series and they are co-integrated; capital was relatively mobile in the African countries during 1970--2000, with estimated savings--retention ratios of 0.73 (FMOLS), 0.45 (DOLS), 0.51 (DOLS with heterogeneity) and 0.39 (DOLS with cross-sectional dependence effects); and there was a marked drop in the savings--retention ratio from 1970--85 to 1986--2000. The results could be interpreted as indicating that capital mobility in African countries has increased, reflecting the implementation of market-orientated reforms, including the privatisation and rationalisation of the public sector, and the partial liberalisation of their exchange rate regimes and financial systems. Copyright 2007 The author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Return of the Jukes: Eugenic Mythologies and Internet Evangelism

Francis Galton coined the term eugenics in 1883, launching a movement that would eventually advocate widespread state legislation for restriction of marriage and sterilization of those considered “defective.” That movement occurred at the same time two “family studies” became popular tools for teaching eugenics. The first involved the Jukes family, a clan of social outcasts from New York State. The second was the model Christian family of Jonathan Edwards, famous leader of the evangelical Great Awakening of the 18th Century. In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, the characteristics of the Jukes and the Edwards were used both by evangelical preachers and the leaders of the eugenics movement to exemplify how bad traits become a family curse and good traits yield familial bounty, passed down from generation to generation. In the religious context, the stories were coupled with biblical verses prescribing how the “sins of the fathers” constitute an inescapable, divinely ordained legacy. Though the accuracy of both the Jukes and the Edwards family stories were seriously discredited decades ago, several recent books written from the evangelical perspective have revived their popularity. Dozens of web sites similarly invoke the Jukes and Edwards mythologies as grist for sermons, religious counseling or self-help messages. The argument of these latter day evangelists often includes a tone of contempt for the poor and dependent that echoes the rhetoric of the most common strain of eugenic reasoning from the early 20th century.
PRICING TRANSPORT NETWORKS WITH FIXED RESIDENTIAL LOCATION

Abstract For a congestible static traffic network which is used by different households, the conditions for optimal link tolls and destination charges are analysed for the case where not all links or destinations in the network can be tolled (partial network pricing). It is shown that differences in transport costs across households lead to unequal treatment of equal households at the social welfare optimum. Constraints on network pricing imply complex deviations from marginal social cost pricing because of network interactions. Parking charges rival second-best link tolls under some conditions. When no differentiated lump sum transfers are available, the optimal link tolls will deviate from marginal external congestion costs, even in the absence of network pricing constraints. Stylised examples are used to illustrate the interactions.
Using a case study to test the role of three key social enablers in ERP implementation

The literature indicates that three key social enablers--strong and committed leadership, open and honest communication, and a balanced and empowered implementation team are necessary conditions/precursors for successful enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation. In a longitudinal positivist case study, we find that, while all three enablers may contribute to ERP implementation success, only strong and committed leadership can be empirically established as a necessary condition. This presents a challenge to future ERP researchers for resolving apparent contradictions between the existing literature and the results of our analysis. One possible direction for future research would be to undertake an interpretive re-examination of the rationalisitic assumptions that underlie much of the existing literature on ERP systems implementation.
GPR56 Plays varying roles in endogenous cancer progression

GPR56, a non-classical adhesion receptor, was previously reported to suppress tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft models using human melanoma cell lines. To understand whether GPR56 plays similar roles in the development of endogenous tumors, we analyzed cancer progression in Gpr56 (-/-) mice using a variety of transgenic cancer models. Our results showed that GPR56 suppressed prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model on a mixed genetic background, similar to its roles in progression of melanoma xenografts. However, its roles in other cancer types appeared to be complex. It had marginal effects on tumor onset of mammary tumors in the MMTV-PyMT model, but had no effects on subsequent tumor progression in either the MMTV-PyMT mice or the melanoma model, Ink4a/Arf (-/-) tyr-Hras. These results indicate diverse roles of GPR56 in cancer progression and provide the first genetic evidence for the involvement of an adhesion GPCR in endogenous cancer development.
Facile preparation of 3′oligonucleotide-peptide conjugates

Abstract The solid phase synthesis of 3′ deoxyoligonucleotide (17 mer)-peptide conjugates is described. The oligonucleotide is complementary to the template strand of the measles virus in the region of the nucleocapsid protein on the 60 nucleotide leader RNA. The conjugates were synthesized on teflon support using a combination of solid phase FMOC peptide chemistry and phosphoramidite chemistry linked by a branched modifier.
Agent Influence and Intelligent Approximation in Multiagent Problems

Dec-POMDPs are worst-case intractable. Recent approximation algorithms have achieved positive results, but performance depends upon parameters set in advance, and little is known about how to choose those settings. We provide an information-theoretic measure of agent influence, shown to be (1) a good indicator of algorithm performance, and (2) a clue to setting algorithm parameters, potentially improving runtime and memory requirements dramatically without sacrificing quality.
The Impact of Baryonic Cooling on Giant Arc Abundances

Using ray tracing for simple analytic profiles, we demonstrate that the lensing cross section for producing giant arcs has distinct contributions due to arcs formed through image distortion only, and arcs form from the merging of two or three images. We investigate the dependence of each of these contributions on halo ellipticity and on the slope of the density profile, and demonstrate that at fixed Einstein radius, the lensing cross section increases as the halo profile becomes steeper. We then compare simulations with and without baryonic cooling of the same cluster for a sample of six clusters, and demonstrate that cooling can increase the overall abundance of giant arcs by factors of a few. The net boost to the lensing probability for individual clusters is mass dependent, and can lower the effective low-mass limit of lensing clusters. This last effect can potentially increase the number of lensing clusters by an extra 50%. While the magnitude of these effects may be overestimated due to the well-known overcooling problem in simulations, it is evident that baryonic cooling has a nonnegligible impact on the expected abundance of giant arcs, and hence cosmological constraints from giant arc abundances may be subject to large systematic errors.
The Allocation of Credit and Financial Collapse

This paper examines the allocation of credit in a market in which borrowers have greater information concerning their own riskiness than do lenders. It illustrates that (1) the allocation of credit is inefficient and at times can be improved by government intervention, and (2) small changes in the exogenous risk-free interest rate can cause large (discontinuous) changes in the allocation of credit and the efficiency of the market equilibrium. These conclusions suggests a role for government as the lender of last resort.
Dysregulated autophagy in the RPE is associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and AMD.

Autophagic dysregulation has been suggested in a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To test whether the autophagy pathway plays a critical role to protect retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells against oxidative stress, we exposed ARPE-19 and primary cultured human RPE cells to both acute (3 and 24 h) and chronic (14 d) oxidative stress and monitored autophagy by western blot, PCR, and autophagosome counts in the presence or absence of autophagy modulators. Acute oxidative stress led to a marked increase in autophagy in the RPE, whereas autophagy was reduced under chronic oxidative stress. Upregulation of autophagy by rapamycin decreased oxidative stress-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or by knockdown of ATG7 or BECN1 increased ROS generation, exacerbated oxidative stress-induced reduction of mitochondrial activity, reduced cell viability, and increased lipofuscin. Exam...
Proper Partitions of a Polygon and k-Catalan Numbers

Let P be a polygon whose vertices have been colored (labeled) cyclically with the numbers 1; 2; : : : ; c. Motivated by conjectures of Propp, we are led to consider partitions of P into k-gons which are proper in the sense that each k-gon contains all c colors on its vertices. Counting the number of proper partitions involves a generalization of the k-Catalan numbers. We also show that in certain cases, any proper partition can be obtained from another by a sequence of moves called ips.
Digital distribution and the prohibition of resale markets for information goods

An existing theoretical literature finds that frictionless resale markets cannot reduce profits of monopolist producers of perfectly durable goods. This paper starts by presenting logical arguments suggesting this finding does not hold for goods consumers tire of with use, implying the impact of resale is an empirical question. The empirical impact is then estimated in the market for video games, one of many markets in which producers may soon legally prevent resale by distributing their products digitally as downloads or streamed rentals. Estimation proceeds in two steps. First, demand parameters are estimated using a dynamic discrete choice model in a market with allowed resale, using data on new sales and used trade-ins. Then, using these parameter estimates, prices, profits, and consumer welfare are simulated under counterfactual environments. When resale is allowed, firms are unable to prevent their goods from selling for low prices in later periods. The ability to do so by restricting resale outright yields significant profit increases. Renting, however, does not raise profits as much due to a revenue extraction problem.