cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autologous Blood Predonation Versus Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution

SUMMARY Autologous blood donation is a standard of care for elective surgical procedures requiring blood transfusion. Preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) and acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) are both recommended autologous blood procurement strategies that reduce the need for allogeneic blood transfusions. Limitations of PAD include a high wastage of donated blood and poor cost-effectiveness. In addition, this technique promotes preoperative anemia and a liberal transfusion policy. ANH is a “point-of-care” strategy that can be performed in the operating room, thereby decreasing the cost and wastage of blood. Clinical studies have demonstrated that PAD and ANH have similar efficacy and outcomes in urologic surgery. However, studies comparing these techniques in orthopedic surgery are equivocal. Cost comparisons have demonstrated that ANH is a less costly blood procurement technique than PAD. Additional clinical trials are necessary to further define the role for these autologous blood conservation modalities.
β-Agonists and metabolism

This review presents recent concepts of how beta-agonists affect glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin secretion, liver metabolism, and uptake of glucose into muscle, with attention to the influence of hypoglycemia on beta-agonist sensitivity and the effects of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (beta(3)AR) polymorphisms on adipocyte metabolism. Specific beta(2)-agonist effects on the pancreatic beta cell result in increased insulin secretion, yet other mechanisms, such as increased glucagon secretion and hepatic effects, cause an overall increase in serum glucose and an apparent decrease in insulin sensitivity. Human studies confirm the presence of beta(2)ARs on pancreatic beta cells. Intensive treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin, especially in type 1 diabetes, has led to increased incidence of hypoglycemia. Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia lead to unawareness of neuroglycopenia, a major limitation to intensive treatment. Hypoglycemic unawareness is associated with reduced beta-agonist sensitivity. Scrupulous avoidance of hypoglycemia over many weeks to months can restore beta-agonist sensitivity and improve detection of hypoglycemia. beta-agonists have also been employed to prevent hypoglycemia. beta-agonists can increase thermogenesis and lipolysis, leading to increased energy expenditure and decreased fat stores. While beta(1)ARs and beta(2)ARs mediate many of these actions, it is likely that beta(3)ARs in the adipocyte membrane also play an important role. Specific beta(3)AR subtypes have been associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Spectrum of bilateral ureteral ectopia.

Abstract Bilateral single ureteral ectopia is a rare occurrence. We have recently cared for 3 children (1 male, 2 females) with this congenital urinary tract anomaly. Their clinical courses and surgical treatment are presented. The embryology of ureteral ectopia is reviewed with particular emphasis on distal ureteral and trigonal development. The surgical techniques employed to treat the associated hydroureteronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, and urinary incontinence are presented.
Assessing the potential for fish predation to impact zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): insight from bioenergetics models

– Rates of annual food consumption and biomass were modeled for several fish species across representative rivers and lakes in eastern North America. Results were combined to assess the relative potential of fish predation to impact zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Predicted annual food consumption by fishes in southern waters was over 100% greater than that in northern systems because of warmer annual water temperatures and presumed increases in metabolic demand. Although generally increasing with latitude, biomasses of several key zebra mussel fish predators did not change significantly across latitudes. Biomasses of some less abundant fish predators did increase significantly with latitude, but increases were not of the magnitude to offset predicted decreases in food consumption. Our results generally support the premise that fishes in rivers and lakes of the southern United States (U.S.) have inherently greater potential to impact zebra mussels by predation. Our simulations may provide a partial explanation of why zebra mussel invasions have not been as rapid and widespread in southern U.S. waters compared to the Great Lakes region. Resumen 1 Modelamos la tasa de consumo anual de alimento y biomasa para varias especies de peces en una muestra representativa de rios y lagos del este de Norte America. Combinamos los resultados para evaluar el potencial relativo que estas especies de peces pueden ejercer sobre la abundancia del mejillon asiatico Dreissena polymorpha. Las predicciones sobre consumo para peces en lagos y rios del sur fueron mas del 100% comparadas con sistemas septentrionales. Esto se puede deber a las temperaturas anuales mas altas y aumentos en la demanda metabolica de peces en rios y lagos del sur de Norte America. 2 La biomasa de varias especies claves de peces que consumen D. polymorpha no cambio apreciablemente con latitud. La biomasa de algunos peces que consumen D. polymorpha aumento significativamente con latitud, pero este aumento no era de una magnitud suficiente para compensar la disminucion en el consumo de alimento. 3 Nuestros resultados apoyan generalmente la premisa de que los peces en rios y lagos del sur de los Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) tienen un potencial inherente mayor para poder controlar D. polymorpha. Nuestras simulaciones proporcionan una explicacion parcial de por que las invasiones de D. polymorpha no han sido tan rapidas y ampliamente distribuidas en aguas surenas comparado con la region de los Grandes Lagos.
Transfer of ions against their chemical potential gradient through oil membranes.

LIQUID organic solvents have been used to simulate biological membranes by making the organic solvent act as a bridge between two aqueous pools. The transport of ions (both K+ and Na+) from one pool to another across such oil membranes has been studied1–3. We report here a number of very interesting and perhaps useful features in the application of such membranes.
Enhancing Renal Masses With Zero Net Growth During Active Surveillance

Purpose: The natural history of small renal masses is generally to slowly increase in size. However, a subset of lesions does not show radiographic growth. We compared clinical, radiographic and pathological characteristics of enhancing renal masses under active surveillance with zero net radiographic growth vs those with positive growth.Materials and Methods: We identified 106 enhancing renal masses that were observed for 12 months or greater. Lesions were grouped according to growth characteristics. Group 1 consisted of lesions demonstrating zero or negative growth. Group 2 tumors showed positive growth during surveillance. Clinical, radiographic and pathological parameters were then compared. A MEDLINE® search was performed regarding zero growth lesions during observation for suspected renal cell carcinoma in the world literature.Results: Group 1 consisted of 35 lesions (33%) with a median growth rate of 0.0 cm yearly. Group 2 included 70 lesions (67%) showing growth at 0.31 cm yearly (p <0.0001). No d...
Effects of dietary excesses of branched-chain amino acids on the metabolism and tissue composition of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush )

Abstract 1. 1. Excesses of either leucine, isoleucine or valine were fed in separate experiments to determine if the branched-chain amino acid antagonism reported in other animals occur in trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ). 2. 2. Parameters measured include growth rate, feed utilization efficiency, plasma and muscle-free amino acids, carcass composition and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase. 3. 3. Dietary excesses of leucine or isoleucine caused an increase in the valine requirement. 4. 4. The inability of leucine and isoleucine supplementations to ameliorate the effects of excess dietary valine are interpreted as a valine toxicity rather than an antagonism.
Effects of chronic protein deficiency on the formation of the rat incisor teeth

Abstract Chronic protein deficiency was induced by a 1 per cent lactalbumin diet for 10 weeks. The incisors were smaller than the control animals fed an 18 per cent lactalbumin diet. Likewise the dentine appositional rate, determined by tetracycline labeling, was reduced. The width of the predentine increased, suggesting impairment of mineralization. However, no disturbances in dentine mineralization were observed by microradiography or electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of odontoblasts, predentine and enamel appeared normal. Electron probe microanalysis of mineralizing dentine and enamel revealed no differences between the mineral composition of protein-deficient and control animals. Thus, the effect of protein deficiency on dentine formation seems to be more related to the rate at which predentine mineralizes than to the degree of it; formation and mineralization of enamel and dentine proceeded normally although at a reduced rate. The increased caries susceptibility associated with chronic protein deficiency does not appear to be due to abnormal tooth formation.
Cross-check of different techniques for two-dimensional power spectral density measurements of x-ray optics

The consistency of different instruments and methods for measuring two-dimensional (2D) power spectral density (PSD) distributions are investigated. The instruments are an interferometric microscope, an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the X-ray Reflectivity and Scattering experimental facility, all available at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The measurements were performed with a gold-coated mirror with a highly polished stainless steel substrate. It was shown that these three techniques provide essentially consistent results. For the stainless steel mirror, an envelope over all measured PSD distributions can be described with an inverse power-law PSD function. It is also shown that the measurements can be corrected for the specific spatial frequency dependent systematic errors of the instruments. The AFM and the X-ray scattering measurements were used to determine the modulation transfer function of the interferometric microscope. The corresponding correction procedure is discussed in detail. Lower frequency investigation of the 2D PSD distribution was also performed with a long trace profiler and a ZYGO GPI interferometer. These measurements are in some contradiction, suggesting that the reliability of the measurements has to be confirmed with additional investigation. Based on the crosscheck of the performance of all used methods, we discuss the ways for improving the 2D PSDmore » characterization of X-ray optics.« less
Cost-based query transformation in Oracle

This paper describes cost-based query transformation in Oracle relational database system, which is a novel phase in query optimization. It discusses a suite of heuristic- and cost-based transformations performed by Oracle. It presents the framework for cost-based query transformation, the need for such a framework, possible interactions among some of the transformation, and efficient algorithms for enumerating the search space of cost-based transformations. It describes a practical technique to combine cost-based transformations with a traditional physical optimizer. Some of the challenges of cost-based transformation are highlighted. Our experience shows that some transformations when performed in a cost-based manner lead to significant execution time improvements.
Observability for simple Wiener and simple Wiener-Hammerstein systems

Necessary and sufficient conditions for observability are given for the class of simple Wiener-Hammerstein systems. The obtained observability test resembles the well known result for the series connection of two linear systems but it is subtly different. Observability tests that we present are very easy to use.
Differential regulation of the multiple insulin and insulin receptor mRNAs by somatostatin

We used rainbow trout as a model to study the regulation of the multiple and distinct insulin (INS) and insulin receptor (IR) mRNAs by somatostatin (SS). Implantation of SS reduced growth of animals without affecting food intake. SS decreased INS1 and INS2 expression in Brockmann bodies, but increased INS1 and INS2 expression in adipose and INS1 expression in brain. SS reduced mRNA levels of IR 2 and IR 3 in adipose tissue; of IR1 and IR 4 in Brockmann bodies; of IR1, IR2, IR3, and IR4 in cardiac muscle; of IR2 and IR4 in liver; of IR 3 and IR 4 in gill; and of IR4 in skeletal muscle. The direct effects of SS were examined in Brockmann bodies and liver in vitro. SS decreased INS and IR mRNAs in both tissues in a concentration-, time-, and isoform/subtype-dependent manner. These results indicate that SS regulates the expression of INS- and IR-encoding mRNAs and that independent mechanisms may serve to regulate the various INS isoforms and IR subtypes.
The Management of Multinational R&D: A Neglected Topic in International Business Research

Despite the growing involvement of multinational firms in foreign-based R&D during the past fifteen years, little research has been done on why and how firms internationalize their R&D and what effects it might have on firm competitiveness. The present paper calls attention to this neglect and seeks to advance the management of multinational R&D as an area of study for international business scholars. To this end, the paper first examines the key contributing factors to increased foreign R&D investments among multinationals. It then reviews the research literature to find out what we presently know about the management of multinational R&D. Finally, a research agenda is proposed to provide a foundation and stimulus for future investigations. Seven research directions are recommended, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary inquiry and a focus on issues that have both theoretical and practical significance.
Profile of medical student teaching in radiology: teaching methods, staff participation, and rewards.

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to collect demographic information about radiology departments and rewards for teaching activities, as well as the impact of new digital imaging methods on teaching. Materials and Methods. Two surveys were conducted of directors of medical school clerkships in radiology. The initial survey focused on numbers of staff and students, courses taught, and perception of rewards for teaching. The follow-up survey more specifically addressed teaching methods. Results. Sixty-nine (50%) of the initial surveys sent to 139 departments and 46 (39% of a total of 119) of the follow-up surveys were returned. Clerkship directors spent an average of 9 hours per week teaching and performing administrative tasks, with most given no additional time off. Eighty-four percent of departments provide either no or insignificant rewards for teaching. Many departments have integrated the use of computers in teaching, and most have computers that students use during the radiology course. At the same time, digital imaging and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are used, or will be used within 1 year, in most departments. Conclusion. Clerkship directors receive little compensation in terms of time and rewards for medical student teaching. Teaching methods are evolving in response to the increasing use of computers, digital imaging, and PACS for at least part of the workload in most radiology departments.
Lagrangian sediment traps for sampling at discrete depths beneath free-drifting icebergs

Abstract The recent proliferation of icebergs in the Southern Ocean and the chemical and biological enrichment recently identified in the surrounding water raise the question of whether these icebergs are major contributors to drawdown of CO2 and the export of organic carbon to the deep ocean. The Lagrangian sediment trap (LST) was developed to measure the carbon export associated with these free-drifting icebergs. The core of the LST is a neutrally buoyant Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO) float ( Davis et al., 2001 ) that contains a variable-buoyancy engine, enabling it to sink to a set depth (600 m for the iceberg study), drift at that depth, then resurface on preset time intervals. Four sediment-trap funnels and opening/closing sample cups mounted around each SOLO float collect sinking particulate matter. Additionally, an upward-looking acoustic system mounted on the float detects the presence of ice cover above. In March/April 2009, three LSTs were deployed in the NW Weddell Sea for a total of five successful missions. Four of these LST deployments were made near or under a large iceberg. The fifth deployment was made at a control site 74 km from the nearest large iceberg. Sinking particulate matter was collected on each deployment. Despite the high-risk nature of the deployments, the LSTs successfully sampled particulate matter beneath drifting icebergs.
The mechanism of slow crack growth in polyethylene by an environmental stress cracking agent

Abstract Using single edge notch tensile specimens under plane strain conditions, the time to fail by slow crack growth was accurately measured in an ethylene-octene copolymer in Igepal and air. The primary result was the observation of a critical time for failure called the ‘Igepal transition’. Only for failure times greater than the ‘Igepal transition’ did Igepal accelerate fracture. For failure times shorter than the ‘Igepal transition’ the temperature dependence and stress dependence of the failure times in air and Igepal were the same and secondary crazes were observed in Igepal but not in air. By relaxing the local stress the secondary crazes made the failure time in Igepal longer than in air. For times longer than the ‘Igepal transition time’ the Igepal accelerated fracture. The activation energy in Igepal was reduced to 69 kJ mol −1 as compared to 118 kJ mol −1 in air and the dependence of failure time on stress was changed by the Igepal. The Igepal has two distinct effects: it enhances crazing by plasticizing the amorphous region of the bulk polymer; and it enhances fracture of the craze by plasticizing the crystalline region of the fibrils. The ‘Igepal transition time’ was related to the difference between the diffusion coefficients in the crystalline and amorphous regions.
Genetic regulation of rejection and survival following human lung transplantation by the innate immune receptor CD14.

We have developed the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms which alter the expression or function of innate immune receptors contribute to the marked interindividual differences in the onset and severity of lung transplant rejection. In this analysis, we considered the effects of a common promotor polymorphism of the lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 associated with increased transcriptional activity upon the development of posttransplant rejection and graft survival. Genotyping was performed in 226 lung transplant recipients well characterized with regards to clinical outcomes. An earlier onset of acute rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and worse posttransplant graft survival due to greater BOS related deaths was evident in patients with the CD14 –159 TT genotype (TT). The adverse effect upon graft survival of the TT genotype remained significant in a multivariate Cox model (Hazard Ratio 1.65, 95% CI, 1.03–2.64, p-value = 0.04) after adjusting for other important covariates. Furthermore, TT patients have significantly greater sCD14, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the peripheral blood implying a heightened state of innate immune activation drives the development of increased post-transplant rejection. Inhibition of innate immune activation through CD14 represents a novel and potentially important therapeutic target to prevent post-transplant rejection and improve outcomes after human lung transplantation.
Systematic review of cigar smoking and all cause and smoking related mortality

Cigars are a growing public health concern, given the changes in cigar use patterns in the US and elsewhere since the 1960s. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on current cigar smoking and all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks to inform potential regulatory approaches and future research that would strengthen the body of evidence. Using 3 different databases and handsearching, we identified epidemiological studies published prior to June 2014 that examined the association between cigar smoking and all-cause mortality and smoking-related mortality. Detailed study characteristics as well as association-level characteristics, including effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals, were abstracted or calculated from each selected study. A total of 22 studies from 16 different prospective cohorts were identified. Primary cigar smoking (current, exclusive cigar smoking with no history of previous cigarette or pipe smoking) was associated with all cause-mortality, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), and aortic aneurysm. Strong dose trends by cigars per day and inhalation level for primary cigar smoking were observed for oral, esophageal, laryngeal, and lung cancers. Among primary cigar smokers reporting no inhalation, relative mortality risk was still highly elevated for oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers. In summary, cigar smoking carries many of the same health risks as cigarette smoking. Mortality risks from cigar smoking vary by level of exposure as measured by cigars per day and inhalation level and can be as high as or exceed those of cigarette smoking. The body of evidence would be strengthened by future studies that focus on the health effects of primary cigar smoking and incorporate more contemporary and diverse study populations to better reflect the current patterns of cigar use in the US. Ideally, these studies would also collect detailed information on cigar type, exposure level, and biomarkers of exposure and potential harm.
Magnesium Clusters: Structural and Electronic Properties and the Size-Induced Nonmetal-to-Metal Transition†

Structural and electronic properties of neutral and anionic magnesium clusters with 2 to 22 atoms are studied using gradient-corrected density functional theory. A new scheme for the conversion of the Kohn-Sham eigenenergies into electron binding energies is utilized to compute the difference in the binding energies of the two most external electrons in the anionic clusters. The results are in very good agreement with the data obtained in recent electron photodetachment experiments. The other electronic properties studied include (a) the binding energy, the second difference of the total energies, the HOMO-LUMO gap, and the vertical ionization potential of the neutral clusters; (b) the vertical electron detachment energy of the anionic clusters; and (c) the character of bonding in both the neutral and the anionic clusters. The analysis focuses on the finite-size analogue of the insulator-to-metal transition. The role and manifestation of the finite-size effects are discussed, and some important implications regarding the interpretation of the experimental data are pointed out.
Lack of fixed order of recruitment in cat motoneuron pools

Henneman et al. have shown that a wide variety of stimuli activate motoneurons in the order of their sizes, though some reversals occur. It is not clear which motoneurons should be included in the “pool” from which recruitment by size takes place. The “pool” may consist of 1. all the motoneurons to a given muscle 2. all the motoneurons in a given ventral root or 3. all the motoneurons activated by a given stimulus. We have examined recruitment in the pool of fibers to a given muscle. A variety of mechanical stimuli to cat's legs were used to elicit bursts of activity in gastrocnemius motor units. In 30% of pairs of units, one unit had a consistently lower threshold, i.e. it always began and ended a burst. In the other 70%, either unit could start or end a burst. For 48% of motor unit pairs recorded in either the medial or lateral gastrocnemius, each unit of the pair had runs of firing of at least 10 spikes while the other was totally inactive. By the same criterion, 23% of pairs of temporalis units showed differential activity. During spontaneous breathing there was no consistent recruitment order in 24% of pairs of units in throat respiratory muscles. These data indicate that reversals of recruitment order are relatively common for motoneurons innervating the same muscle. We discuss the possibility that size principle may hold for motoneurons in a single ventral rootlet whose somas are anatomical neighbors (even though they innervate different muscles), but not for motoneurons that are anatomically distant in the cord (even though they innervate the same muscle).
Focal hand dystonia, mirror dystonia and motor overflow

Focal hand dystonia (FHD) is a syndrome of sustained muscle contraction, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures of the hand. Motor overflow, defined as unintentional muscle contraction that accompanies but is anatomically distinct from the primary dystonic movement, is a frequent but often unrecognized feature of FHD. In this series of eight patients with FHD, we describe two patterns of motor overflow, termed "ipsilateral overflow" and "contralateral overflow", and contrast it with the phenomenon termed "mirror dystonia". These findings extend the phenomenology and provide evidence for widespread abnormalities of motor control in patients with focal hand dystonia.
A proposed uniform method of reporting response values for crustacean chromatophorotropins: the standard integrated response.

Les investigateurs des chromatophorotropins n'emploient pas une methode uniforme pour presenter leurs resultats. Par consequent, la comparaison des donnees fournies par des laboratoires differents est souvent difficile. Pour eliminer ce probleme, une methode uniforme et pratique est proposee.
Stokes-parameter description of backscattering from a randomly oriented dipole

The Stokes-parameter transformation operator for a randomly oriented dipole radar target is derived. Using the operator, the polarization of the backscattered wave is determined for incident waves that are linearly and circularly polarized. The results give an insight into the way target radar cross section depends on antenna polarization.
Shira Tarrant. Men and Feminism. Berkeley: Seal P, 2009.

I usually think of Tarrant in the context of overheard bits of corridor-conversations amidst students taking women and gender studies courses (“..If I read Maria Mies or Catharine Mackinnon while b...
Combining the Preparation of Oligonucleotide Arrays and Synthesis of High-Quality Primers

Abstract Based on the oligomer-chip technology, oligonucleotide arrays were synthesized directly on polypropylene sheets by a modified phosphoramidite chemistry using β-eliminating nucleobase-protecting groups in combination with a succinate solid-phase linker. This method decouples the oligonucleotide deprotection from the support cleavage procedure, in contrast to standard phosphoramidite chemistry. In addition to being reliable substrates for hybridization experiments, the arrays also serve as source for the isolation of individual oligonucleotides. Technically, this allowed for a direct control of the quality of the arrayed oligomers. The released compounds were sufficient in amount and purity to work without further purification in PCR and DNA-sequencing reactions, with the results being identical to controls with commercially obtained primer molecules. Consequences for oligomer-chip hybridization procedures, the applicability of such hybrid-function arrays in, for example, diagnostics or comparative biology, and developments toward parallel primer synthesis are discussed.
‘Limbic spindles’: A re-appraisal

Respiration-linked spindles are frequently recorded from nasopharyngeal electrodes and these have been reported to represent neuronally generated limbic activity. Evidence is presented from sphenoidal and nasopharyngeal recordings suggesting that these spindles are artifactual, due to unstable electrode contacts that record palatal vibration during partial airway obstruction.
Nutrient composition of green crab (Carcinus maenus) leg meat and claw meat

Abstract Research is underway in New England to examine the potential for initiating a commercial fishery for the invasive European green crab ( Carcinus maenus ). Information on the nutrient composition is needed to facilitate the processing, utilization, and marketing of value-added green crab products. Green crabs were harvested and individually weighed and measured for carapace width. Claw meat and leg meat samples were picked from steamed crabs, and raw crabs were sampled for claw meat only. Samples were subjected to proximate, mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminium, iron, zinc, copper), cholesterol, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) analyses. Moisture, protein, and total mineral contents of the crab meat averaged 78.7, 17.1, and 2.2 g/100 g, respectively. Leg meat had higher lipid concentrations (1.16 g/100 g) than either steamed (0.62 g/100 g) or raw (0.54 g/100 g) claw meat. Average n-3 fatty acid concentrations ranged from 115 to 336 mg/100 g and 154 to 344 mg/100 g for DHA and EPA, respectively, and were significantly higher in leg meat than in claw meat.
Infant Neurosensory Development: Considerations for Infant Child Care

Infant brain development is a dynamic process dependent upon endogenous and exogenous stimulation and a supportive environment. A critical period of brain and neurosensory development occurs during the third trimester and into the “fourth” trimester (first three months of life). Disruption, damage, or deprivation in the infant’s social and physical environment can create permanent deficits in the developing neurosensory systems. Implications for infant child care environments are discussed, and a review of quality and standards in infant child care environments leads to a call for improvements to optimize child development.
Shooting and embedding for two-point boundary value problems

The shooting method is an extremely powerful technique for both the theoretical analysis and approximate numerical solution of general two point boundary value problems. To illustrate we consider a problem of the form: (a) y’(t) = F(t,y), T_0 ⩽ t ⩽ T_1; (b) B(y(T_0), y(T_1)) = 0.
An explanation of high cation vacancy concentration and p-type conductivity in semiconductors containing a multivalent metal in its lowest valence state

Abstract A model is presented which features an explanation for the large deviation from stoichiometry and correspondingly high hole concentration in semiconductors containing a multivalent metal in its lowest valence state. The model is based on the assumption that cation vacancy acceptor states are associated with a band which lies below the highest filled band. The energy of vacancy formation is thereby reduced by a compensating energy, E c , which is gained as the acceptor states are filled. Using SnTe as an example, its value of E c is estimated.
Comment on “Empirical determination of depth‐distance corrections for mb and Mw from Global Seismograph Network Stations” by G. Nolet et al.

This paper looks at the bases for the cited depth-distance corrections by Guust Nolet, Steve Krueger, and Robert M. Clouser (Paper 98GL01094, GRL, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 1451–1454, May 1, 1998), the historic curves of Gutenberg and Richter, and those given by Veith and Clawson (1972). It discusses the some of the problems associated with the establishment of such curves and suggests modes of strengthening both the current work and potential future work.
Topographic effects on the path and evolution of Loop Current Eddies

[1] Eddy-topography (ET) interactions are important in determining the path and evolution of oceanic eddies, including Loop Current Eddies (LCE) in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). We use the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model and satellite altimetry data to investigate the ET interactions and the impact on LCE pathway evolution in the GOM. Satellite altimetry reveals that LCEs translate dominantly westward in the central GOM and strongly collide and reflect against topography near the continental slope in the northern and western GOM. The result is the frequent generation of an anticyclone-cyclone (AC) pair in conjunction with the LCEs. In the absence of lateral or surface boundary forcing but including realistic topography, simulations initialized with idealized eddies at various locations in the GOM reveal the following results. Southward eddy reflection from the northern slope occurs when a cyclone drastically strengthens east of the anticyclone because of the ET collision. The prevailing westward propagation in the central GOM occurs because the cyclone is very dispersive toward nearby topographic features, causing a reduced southward component of drift and/or moves to the south, forming a meridional AC pair, causing an enhanced westward component. ET collision is strongest over the northwestern slope (north of 24°N) because of the eddy colliding relatively normal to the steep slope, and the eddy typically tracks anticyclonic pathways during the collision/reflection process. Along the western slope, a strong ET collision produces a southeastward reflection, and the accompanying cyclone to the northeast strongly enhances the reflection. Near the southern GOM slope, eddy pathways tend to propagate alongslope with an onshore-offshore oscillatory trajectory because of the competition between topographic and planetary β effects. In the southwestern GOM a bimodal pathway occurs, i.e., northward migration with an anticyclonic route for relatively stronger eddies and southward dissipative propagation along the shelf edge for weaker ones.
Collective states in nuclei a tale of two sounds

Abstract We present a unified description of the breathing mode and giant quadrupole resonance based on the projection of zero sound onto the appropriate angular momentum. It is shown that although first sound arguments reproduce the energy of the breathing mode it gives incorrect information on the transition density matrix. Sum rules are used to relate the excitation energies to Fermi liquid parameters and to extract the Fermi liquid parameters from experimental results.
Application of On-line Membrane Extraction Microtrap Gas Chromatography (OLMEM-GC) for Continuous Monitoring of VOC Emission

In the last few years we have developed on-line membrane extraction microtrap gas chromatography (OLMEM-GC) where volatile organics are extracted on-line from air or water. The permeated organics are pneumatically transported by an inert carrier gas and concentrated using a micro-sorbent trap referred to as a microtrap. The microtrap is electrically heated to desorb the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a “concentration pulse” that serves as an injection for gas chromatography (GC) separation. In our previous studies with air we reported that the OLMEM system is able to monitor VOCs at ppb levels and can handle complex environmental samples with high moisture content. In this article we provide further results on the characteristics of the OLMEM system and demonstrate its applicability in a real-world application by monitoring the emissions from a catalytic incinerator. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 393–399, 1998
Incidence and management of glaucoma after intravitreal silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments.

Background: Intravitreal silicone oil injection used for managing complicated retinal detachments can be associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of glaucoma in patients who underwent silicone oil injection, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of medical and surgical therapy in patients in whom glaucoma developed. Methods: The postoperative courses of 50 eyes of 47 consecutive patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for the management of complicated retinal detachments were reviewed retrospectively. The outcomes of patients who underwent silicone oil removal and/or glaucoma surgery also were evaluated. Results: The mean overall postoperative IOP before any glaucoma surgery was 16.7 + 9.3 mmHg (range, 0 to 45 mmHg), with a mean follow-up of 16.6 ± 12.1 months (range, 2 to 51 months). Twenty-four (48%) eyes had postoperative IOPs of at least 25 mmHg and 10P elevations of at least 10 mmHg above the preoperative levels. Twentyone (42%) eyes underwent complete removal of silicone oil and/or glaucoma surgery to effect IOP control. The IOPs were controlled to 21 mmHg or less (but > 5 mmHg) in 8 of 14 eyes that underwent removal of silicone oil alone, in 3 of 5 eyes that underwent Molteno implantation, and in 1 eye that underwent Nd:YAG transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, but not in 1 eye that underwent a modified Schocket procedure (mean follow-up, 13.5 ± 11.0 months; range, 0.2 to 33 months). Conclusion: Intraocular pressure elevation is a common occurrence after intravitreal silicone oil injection. The underlying mechanism may often be multifactorial in nature. Patients in whom uncontrolled IOP develops may benefit from aggressive medical and/or surgical treatment with silicone oil removal, glaucoma implants, or cyclodestructive procedures.
Public Dialogue: Analysis of Tolerance in Online Discussions

Social media platforms have enabled people to freely express their views and discuss issues of interest with others. While it is important to discover the topics in discussions, it is equally useful to mine the nature of such discussions or debates and the behavior of the participants. There are many questions that can be asked. One key question is whether the participants give reasoned arguments with justifiable claims via constructive debates or exhibit dogmatism and egotistic clashes of ideologies. The central idea of this question is tolerance, which is a key concept in the field of communications. In this work, we perform a computational study of tolerance in the context of online discussions. We aim to identify tolerant vs. intolerant participants and investigate how disagreement affects tolerance in discussions in a quantitative framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such study. Our experiments using real-life discussions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique and also provide some key insights into the psycholinguistic phenomenon of tolerance in online discussions.
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH FOR LIGHTER-THAN-AIR VEHICLES

Inflatable systems have widespread applications in military, government, and industrial sectors. Improvements in inflatable materials have followed each salient advancement in textiles. The new organic fiber, Kevlar, is a recent and most significant advancement that justified re-examination of old and new inflatable materials' applications. A fertile frontier exists in integrating Kevler with various other material combinations, in optimization of geometric features, and in selection of thermomechani cal characteristics compatible with the environment. Expectations regarding Kevlar have been justified by the performance of experimental materials. Styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers appear promising as a constituent adhesive for low-temperature applications. Biaxial testing for both strength and material elastic properties is a technology area needing greater awareness and technology growth along with improved facilities. Because of dramatic materials advancements, inflatable systems appear to be moving toward an increased position in tomorrow's aerospace industry.
Preparation of high specific activity 86Y using a small biomedical cyclotron

86Y is an attractive PET radionuclide due to its intermediate half-life. (86)Y was produced via the 86Sr(p,n)86Y nuclear reaction. Enriched SrCO3 or SrO was irradiated with 2-6 microA of beam current for <4 h on a CS-15 cyclotron. It was shown that the SrO target could withstand at least 6 microA of beam current, a significant improvement over a maximum of 2 microA on the SrCO3 target. Average yields of 4.5 mCi/microA.h were achieved with SrO, which represent 71% of the theoretical yield, compared to 2.3 mCi/microA.h with SrCO3. The radioisotopic contaminants were (86m)Y (220%), 87Y (0.27%), (87m)Y (0.43%) and 88Y (0.024%). 86Y was isolated in an electrochemical cell consisting of three Pt electrodes. The solution was electrolyzed at 2000 mA (40 min) using two Pt plate electrodes. A second electrolysis (230 mA for 20 min) was performed using one Pt plate and a Pt wire. On average, 97.1% of the 86Y was recollected on the Pt wire after a second electrolysis. The (86)Y was collected from the Pt wire using 2.8 M HNO3/EtOH (3:1). After evaporation, 86Y was reconstituted in 100 microl of 0.1 M HCl. Target materials were recovered as SrCO3 and then converted to SrO by thermal decomposition at 1150 degrees C. Specific activity of 86Y was determined to be 29+/-19 mCi/microg via titration of 86Y(OAc)3 with DOTA or DTPA. We have established techniques for the routine, economical production of high purity, high specific activity 86Y on a small biomedical cyclotron that are translatable to other institutions.
The role of family and community involvement in the development and implementation of school nutrition and physical activity policy.

BACKGROUND Although there are several evidence-based recommendations directed at improving nutrition and physical activity standards in schools, these guidelines have not been uniformly adopted throughout the United States. Consequently, research is needed to identify facilitators promoting schools to implement these recommendations. Therefore, this study analyzed the 2008 School Health Profiles Principal Survey (Profiles) to explore the role of family and community involvement in school nutrition and physical activity standards.
Metalation in hydrocarbon solvents: the mechanistic aspects of substrate-promoted ortho-metalations

Abstract The methoxy-substituted aromatic reagents 1,2- and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (1,2-DMB and 1,3-DMB) and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene (1,2,4-TMB) each undergo directed ortho-metalation in high yield in n-BuLi/hydrocarbon media without the aid of a catalyst. These reactions, coined ‘substrate-promoted ortho-metalations’, proceed with the methoxy aromatic substrate functioning as both the directing metalation group (DMG) and as the deoligomerization agent. Evidence that the substrates themselves serve to deoligomerize n-BuLi comes from 13C NMR. The relative extent of metalated product formed as a function of time for each of the three aromatics directly correlates with the substrate's time-dependent ability to coordinate to n-BuLi as measured by 13C NMR. The interpretation of NMR results from experiments involving 1,2,4-TMB is consistent with the metalation proceeding via the activated complex [(1,2,4-TMB)2·(n-BuLi)2]. Finally, conclusions from solubility experiments are that for every substrate-promoted metalation investigated, a precipitate forms in the hydrocarbon solvent, and this precipitate mostly contains the ortho-lithiated aryl intermediate.
International Birth Control Politics: The Evolution of a Catholic Contraceptive Debate in Latin America

Official Catholic opposition to contraception has long been portrayed as a stand that is based in antiquated doctrine and out of touch with society and its problems. In fact, Catholic arguments often have been less devoted to doctrine and more reflective of concerns for social justice and human rights. This was certainly the case in Latin America, as international birth control programs evolved in the mid to late 20th century. Programs were targeted at developing nations like those in Latin America which were experiencing what was termed a population explosion. This article describes how, in this primarily Catholic region, Catholic authorities responded to popula- tion policy, arguing that overpopulation should not be considered the primary cause of economic strife, nor should birth control be promoted as the solution.
Solid-Fuel Regression Rates and Flame Characteristics in an Opposed Flow Burner

An opposed flow burner is examined as an instrument to screen and characterize fuel before full-scale hybrid rocket testing. This device requires small amounts (∼10 g) of solid fuels, and it can save time and material in early phases of fuel characterization. Although impinging jet configurations have been investigated in the past, the full range of operation of these systems in terms of hybrid rocket motor flowfield conditions has not been fully explored. The regression rate, flame structure, and flame temperature in an opposed burner configuration is investigated, and an analysis to relate the results to hybrid rocket applications is developed. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, dicyclopentadiene, and paraffin are investigated via an opposed flow burner over an oxidizer mass flux range of 4 to 25 kg/s/m2. Results show solid-fuel regression rate sensitivity to laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Aluminized hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene regresses ∼34% slower than neat fuel in the opposed flow burner...
Preliminary modeling of the long-term fate of CO2 following injection into deep geological formations

The injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifers is a potential option for greenhouse gas mitigation. However, several key issues, such as underground storage time and the fate of the injected CO2, must be studied before this option becomes economically and socially acceptable. In the current study, a one-dimensional reactive mass-transport model was used to predict the long-term chemical behavior of a deep saline aquifer following CO2 injection, far away from the injection site and representative of basin-scale migration and long-term fate. The dissolution of the injected CO2 into brine causes a sharp drop in pH, and consequently, the acidic brine aggressively reacts with aquifer minerals. Our model also predicts the dissolution of aluminosilicate minerals with the formation of secondary minerals and the precipitation and dissolution of carbonate minerals and is consistent with laboratory-scale CO2 core-flooding experiments. However, the extent and development of reaction fronts depend on the reaction rates used. For example, our modeling results indicate that the transport of carbon can be significantly retarded with respect to the flow of the brine itself, and a significant amount of injected CO2 is immobilized because of mineral trapping. The precise locations and patterns of the carbon reactive transport are sensitive to the reaction rates used, illustrating the need for improved knowledge of reaction kinetics, particularly the in-situ rates of dissolution and precipitation of aluminosilicate minerals, in evaluating mineral trapping of CO2 in deep geological formations.