cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on the Maximum Penetration Capacity of Distributed PV Based on Firework Algorithm

For the maximum penetration capacity problem of distributed PV, a computational model with power equation, node voltage, line capacity and distributed PV capacity as the main constraints is established, and an improved firework algorithm is proposed to solve the above model. Based on the semi-positive cloud generator to improve the explosion spark generation method, a large number of displacement deviations with stable propensity and randomness are obtained, increasing the population diversity and speeding up the convergence; the dimensional difference strategy is used to improve the variance operator, which is conducive to the search for the late jump out local optimum. Apply the algorithm to the CIGER6 Task Force system and verify the validity of the algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm is able to solve the penetration level calculation problem of distributed PV.
Biologic and Chemotherapeutic Forays into the Field of Unconventional Viruses

The subject of this presentation is a group of agents which, because of their unusual biological behavior and common pathology, have been termed “unconventional viruses”. They are responsible for two diseases of man and two diseases of animals that are characterized by incubation periods of up to 10 or more years, followed by subacute to chronic, invariably fatal neurologic illnesses, with a distinctive brain histopathology of diffuse spongiosis, astrocytosis, and neuronal loss, in the absence of any inflammatory changes.
Monte Carlo Investigation of the High Electron Mobility Transistor

The High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) exhibits a conduction channel at the A1GaAs/GaAs interface, where the electrons are distributed in quantized subbands and constitute a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (Q2DEG). We present, in this work, an investigation of submicron HEMT structures, based on an Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) model, in which the Q2DEG in the conduction channel is modeled using a two subband triangular well approximation. This simple approach allows an easy determination of the levels and of the wavefunctions in the subbands, which are necessary to evaluate the 2-D scattering rates as a function of the electron positions in the channel. This model is the development of the one presented in [1]. In particular, scattering of hot electrons, between 2-D confined states in the channel and 3-D states, has been investigated in detail, including intervalley scattering to the L-valley. In this way, the mechanisms responsible for real-space transfer of hot electrons from the conduction channel into the AlGaAs layer, as well as the confinement properties of the channel, are properly taken into account.
Food Aid and Dependency: Implications for Emergency Food Security Assessments

Discussions on food aid and dependency often draw on what appears to be a broad body of evidence, but closer inspection reveals that much of this does not in fact demonstrate a causal link between the two. This desk review has three objectives: (i) to identify the pathways through which negative dependency might arise; (ii) to outline how the targeting and management of food aid might affect the likelihood of negative dependency as a result of emergency operations or follow-on protracted relief and recovery operations; and (iii) to suggest indicators that assessment teams might employ in context-sensitive evaluations to reduce the risk of fostering negative dependency through food aid.
Circadian patterns and dexamethasone-induced changes in uterine activity in pregnant rhesus monkeys

Five monkeys with amniotic pressure catheters were placed in restraining chairs on days 127 to 131 of gestation (term = 167 days) for examination of circadian patterns in uterine activity. Uterine activity (total area under the contraction curve) was recorded continuously for 3- to 9-day intervals while the animals were exposed to a 16-hour:8-hour light:dark photoperiod. A ratio of hourly contraction area to mean hourly contraction area was established for each individual, and a circadian pattern was observed, with the occurrence of peak uterine activity between 2200 and 0200 hours (analysis of variance, P less than 0.01). An unrestrained animal equipped with a telemetry device and monitored for 23 days demonstrated a similar pattern. Four other catheterized, chair-restrained, pregnant monkeys were used to examine the effects of dexamethasone on uterine activity rhythms. After a 48-hour control period, dexamethasone (0.1 mg/hr) was infused via a maternal venous catheter for 48 hours. Fetal and maternal estrone and estradiol levels and total uterine activity were significantly reduced during dexamethasone infusion (P less than 0.05). In the 48 hours after dexamethasone infusion, mean uterine activity returned to preinfusion levels but the nocturnal peak remained ablated. Therefore, dexamethasone, alters the magnitude, as well as the circadian pattern, of uterine activity in association with reduced estrogen biosynthesis by the fetoplacental unit. Since the effect on uterine activity is biphasic, dexamethasone probably acts by more than one mechanism.
Effect of oxygen deficiency on the normal and superconducting properties of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

Resistivity and structural studies on oxygen-deficient single-phase samples of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ are presented. The oxygen content is controlled through annealing in He atmosphere. By analyzing the behavior of the normal-state resistivity as a function of \ensuremath{\delta} in terms of one-dimensional conduction, we provide evidence that one-dimensional CuO chains are responsible for the dominant normal-state conduction and the superconductivity at 91 K. The effects of oxygen deficiency on the superconducting properties are also discussed.
DNA Sequence-Specific Binding of CENP-B Enhances the Fidelity of Human Centromere Function

Summary Human centromeres are specified by a stably inherited epigenetic mark that maintains centromere position and function through a two-step mechanism relying on self-templating centromeric chromatin assembled with the histone H3 variant CENP-A, followed by CENP-A-dependent nucleation of kinetochore assembly. Nevertheless, natural human centromeres are positioned within specific megabase chromosomal regions containing α-satellite DNA repeats, which contain binding sites for the DNA sequence-specific binding protein CENP-B. We now demonstrate that CENP-B directly binds both CENP-A's amino-terminal tail and CENP-C, a key nucleator of kinetochore assembly. DNA sequence-dependent binding of CENP-B within α-satellite repeats is required to stabilize optimal centromeric levels of CENP-C. Chromosomes bearing centromeres without bound CENP-B, including the human Y chromosome, are shown to mis-segregate in cells at rates several-fold higher than chromosomes with CENP-B-containing centromeres. These data demonstrate a DNA sequence-specific enhancement by CENP-B of the fidelity of epigenetically defined human centromere function.
Influence of Ligands on the Activity and Specificity of Soluble Transition Metal Catalysts

The reaction of a covalently σ-bonded ligand (alkyl group, hydrogen) with a molecule (olefin, CO) attached to the transition metal by a coordinate bond is the essence of many catalytic processes. The influence of the other ligands in the complex on this reaction is discussed in the present article. Various ways in which the ligands can act, e.g. by electronic effects via the σ and π electron systems of the complex and by steric effects, are first described separately and then illustrated by examples.
Deletion of self-reactive thymocytes occurs at a CD4 + 8 + precursor stage

As T cells develop in the thymus, they become tolerant of self-antigens. A major advance in the understanding of how this process occurs was the direct demonstration that cells bearing autoreactive T-cell receptors (TCRs) are physically eliminated from the population of functionally mature T cells present in both the thymus and periphery1–3. We have sought to determine the developmental stage at which autoreactive T cells are eliminated by examining the expression of Vβl7a anti-I-E TCRs under various experimental conditions. In vivo antibody blockage of the CD4 molecule on developing thymocytes of I–E+ C57BR mice was found to inhibit the deletion of Vβ17a-bearing cells from the CD4–8+ single positive thymocyte subset. This result provides strong evidence that deletion of potentially autoreactive T cells occurs at a CD4+8+ precursor stage, that the non-clonally distributed accessory molecules (CD4, CD8) are significant participants in the self-recognition process that leads to clonal elimination, and that thymic class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules can influence the repertoire of CD4–8+ cells.
Legal Regime and Contractual Flexibility: A Comparison of Business’s Organizational Choices in France and the United States during the Era of Industrialization

We compare the law governing business organizational forms in France and the United States during the nineteenth century and find that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the contracting environment in the U.S. was neither freer nor more flexible than in France. U.S. businesses had a more limited menu of organizational choices and also much less ability to adapt the basic forms to meet their needs. Moreover, American law did not evolve any more readily in response to economic change than French law. In both nations, major changes in the rules governing organizational forms required the passage of new statutes. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Inhalation challenge testing with toluene diisocyanate.

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) (Fig. 1) is a lowmolecular-weight chemical widely used in the manufacture of polyurethane paints and plastics. Upon exposure to this chemical approximately 5% of persons engaged in its manufacture develop asthma-like symptoms characterized by chest tightness, wheezing, and shortness of breath.’ To date, no immunologic mechanism for TDI asthma has been shown.” At present, the only available test to confirm TDImediated asthma is the inhalation challenge test.“. -I For inhalation challenge testing, workers are transported to Tulane University’s laboratories for a week. They are housed in the University Hospital at night and testing is performed daily in the laboratory testing facility. The challenge room measures 2.25 by 1.89 by 2.55 m with an air-lock observation area (1, Fig. 2). On a bench inside the room, TDI atmospheres are generated by a small pump (0) blowing air over the surface of TDI in a glass container(F). The surface area of the TDI is 16 cm’. The TDI atmosphere thus generated is circulated throughout the challenge room by a small fan (Gi. Ventilation is via a small register on the opposite side of the room (H). TDI concentration is measured by an MDA Scientific TDI monitor, model 7000 (Cl. The airflow is adjusted with a rotameter (E) until a stable atmosphere, at the required concentration of TDI, is obtained (usually 500 to 300 mlimin). The worker (A) is then seated in the room in such a position that the intake for the TDI monitor is located next to his breathing zone. Challenge continues for 15 min. During the challenge procedure the subject is continually monitored by an observer (B) in the airlock observation area (Jj, and emergency drugs (aminophylline, adrenaline, antihistamines, corticosteroids) and equipment (oxygen) are immediately available. Lung function testing is performed before and after the inhalation challenge with TDI. All tests are per-
Critical current density in quenched oxygen deficient YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract The critical current density Jc was determined magnetically in polycrystalline sintered specimens of YBa2Cu3O7−δ as a function of magnetic field and temperature for 0.02⩽δ⩽0.31. The critical temperature of these quenched specimens decreases almost linearly with increasing δ. The highest Jc values at all temperatures and fields are found in the specimen with δ≈0. However, when taking into account that the thermodynamic critical field Hc decreases quite strongly with increasing δ it is concluded that the density of pinning centers increases as the oxygen deficiency increases. Low temperature equilibrations (keeping constant stoichiometry) significantly affect Jc values.
Analysis of abnormal urinary metabolites in the newborn period in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

In order to determine which are useful early diagnostic markers for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, we have analysed urine from an asymptomatic neonate. Profiling of urinary organic acids followed by peak confirmation by electron impact mass spectrometry revealed a high suberate/adipate ratio (>1.0) and the presence of n-hexanoylglycine (HG). Acylcarnitine analysis by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) was inconclusive, but FAB-MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) revealed diagnostic amounts of octanoylcarnitine and hexanoylcarnitine. Quantitative analysis of acylglycines by stable istotope dilution and chemical ionization mass spectrometry revealed a 30-fold increase in HG and increased suberylglycine, but no increase in 3-phenylpropionylglycine.
The oxidation of hydroxylamine on Pt-, and Pd-modified Au electrodes in aqueous electrolytes: Electrochemical and in situ spectroscopic studies

Abstract The electrooxidation of hydroxylamine, NH 2 OH, in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH = 7) on Pt-, and Pd-modified Au electrodes prepared by galvanic displacement of underpotential deposited Cu, was investigated by electrochemical techniques and three and in situ vibrational probes, substrate-induced surface enhanced Raman scattering, SI-SERS, surface enhanced infrared absorption, SEIRAS, and Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption, IRAS, spectroscopies. Analyses of the results obtained made it possible to identify at low overpotentials, solution phase (sol) and adsorbed (ads) nitric oxide, NO, as well as solution phase nitrous oxide, N 2 O. As the potential was increased, the peak(s) ascribed to NO(ads) gained in intensity and new features associated with NO 2 − (ads) and NO 2 − (sol) were clearly discerned. Further excursion toward higher potentials yielded an additional peak assigned to NO 2 (ads). This behavior is analogous to that found for bare Au electrodes in a potential region in which the metal is at least partially oxidized under otherwise the same experimental conditions.
Room temperature upconversion ultraviolet (381 nm) and violet (412 nm) laser in Nd3+:ZBLAN fiber

been observed in Nd3:ZBLAN fiber and is descnl,ed here.2. EXPERIMENTThe ZBLAN fiber used in these experiments had core and cladding diameters of2.2 and 125mm, respectively. The fiber NA was 0.1 5 and the cutoffwavelength was 400 nm. The Nd3 dopingconcentrauon in the core was 1000 ppm molar. The fiber ends were mounted in ST connectors, polishedand butted directly against two flat mirrors. One mirror had a transmission over the region 381 to 412 nmof< 0.1 % and a transmission of 95 % at the pump wavelength. Consequently, it was possible to launchthe pump through the mirror into the fiber core using a 10 X microscope objective. The pump launchingefficiency was estimated to be less than 30 %• Toobtain lasing at 381 nm, the second mirror had
Science Signaling Podcast: 27 October 2009

This is a conversation with Myriam Gorospe about a Research Article published in the 27 October 2009 issue of Science Signaling.
Physician Decision Making and Trends in the Use of Cardiac Stress Testing in the United States: An Analysis of Repeated Cross-sectional Data

Background Cardiac stress testing, particularly with imaging, has been the focus of debates about rising health care costs, inappropriate use, and patient safety in the context of radiation exposure.
Phylogeny and classification of Dickeya based on multilocus sequence analysis.

Bacterial heart rot of pineapple reported in Hawaii in 2003 and reoccurring in 2006 was caused by an undetermined species of Dickeya . Classification of the bacterial strains isolated from infected pineapple to one of the recognized Dickeya species and their phylogenetic relationships with Dickeya were determined by a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), based on the partial gene sequences of dnaA, dnaJ, dnaX, gyrB and recN. Individual and concatenated gene phylogenies revealed that the strains form a clade with reference Dickeya sp. isolated from pineapple in Malaysia and are closely related to D. zeae ; however, previous DNA–DNA reassociation values suggest that these strains do not meet the genomic threshold for consideration in D. zeae , and require further taxonomic analysis. An analysis of the markers used in this MLSA determined that recN was the best overall marker for resolution of species within Dickeya . Differential intraspecies resolution was observed with the other markers, suggesting that marker selection is important for defining relationships within a clade. Phylogenies produced with gene sequences from the sequenced genomes of strains D. dadantii Ech586, D. dadantii Ech703 and D. zeae Ech1591 did not place the sequenced strains with members of other well-characterized members of their respective species. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and tetranucleotide frequencies determined for the sequenced strains corroborated the results of the MLSA that D. dadantii Ech586 and D. dadantii Ech703 should be reclassified as Dickeya zeae Ech586 and Dickeya paradisiaca Ech703, respectively, whereas D. zeae Ech1591 should be reclassified as Dickeya chrysanthemi Ech1591.
The melanocortinergic pathway is rapidly recruited by emotional stress and contributes to stress-induced anorexia and anxiety-like behavior

Neurons producing melanocortin receptor agonist, α-MSH derived from proopiomelanocortin, and antagonist, agouti-related protein, are known to be sensitive to metabolic stress such as food deprivation and glucoprivation. However, how these neurons respond to emotional/psychological stress remained to be elucidated. We report here that acute emotional stressors, i.e. restraint and forced swim, evoked mRNA expression of c-fos, a neuronal activation marker, in a high percentage of proopiomelanocortin neurons (up to 53% for restraint stress and 62% for forced swim), with marked variations along the rostro-caudal axis of the arcuate nucleus. In contrast, only a small population of agouti-related protein neurons in this brain region was activated. These neuronal activation patterns were correlated with behavioral reactions. Both stressors suppressed feeding and induced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test, as reflected by a reduction in the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms. Central pretreatment with SHU9119, a melanocortin receptor antagonist, dose dependently attenuated the anorectic and anxiogenic effects elicited by acute restraint or forced swim. These results indicate that the melancortinergic pathway can be rapidly recruited by acute emotional stress, and that activation of melanocortin signaling is involved in mediating stress-induced anorexia and anxiety.
Hardware and system architecture for a very large database

This paper describes practical experience in structuring a large amount of data (about 1000 reels of 7-track 556 binary code decimal magnetic tapes of 1970 census data). The hardware and software systems were given. The goal was to structure the database for online devices and to make the retrieval as efficient as possible. This paper explains only the database architecture finally chosen.
Use of ultrasound to determine cod fillet composition.

The relationships between the composition and ultrasonic properties of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fillets were examined. The lipid, protein, moisture and ash contents of cod fillets were determined by official methods. The ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient of the fillets were measured using a pulse-echo technique. The ultrasonic velocity of the fillets varied between 1575 and 1595 m s -1 , decreasing linearly with increasing moisture content (r 2 > 0.8 for 26 samples). No systematic relationship was observed between the attenuation coefficient and moisture content. Our experiments highlight the potential of using ultrasonic velocity measurements to rapidly and nondestructively determine the moisture content of cod fillets (and possibly their protein content by deduction).
Referrals to School Psychologists: A National Survey.

Abstract School psychologists serving a national, systematic sample of public elementary and secondary schools were surveyed regarding recent referrals. Most referrals were initiated by school staff members (75% of referrals), and the majority occured initially through formal mechanisms (55% of referrals). Most informal requests for assistance or information eventually became, or were thought likely to become, formal referrals. In 92% of cases, the referral agent's initial communication with the psychologist included some designation of what the pupil was doing or not doing that was viewed as problematic. Poor academic performance was of primary concern in 52% of referrals and social/emotional problems in 31%. More boys were referred than girls, and one-half of referrals from the elementary grades involved pupils in grades K-2. Frequency of referral and reason for referral were not independent of pupil's grade or sex. Reason for referral was independent of time of year (October vs. May) and geographical region.
A Pilot Study Examining the Effect of Mindfulness on Depression and Anxiety for Minority Children

From the Christine E. Lynn, College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL; School of Social Work,SO284, FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton, FL. Corresponding Author: Patricia Liehr, PhD, RN, Professor, Christine E. Lynn, College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431. E-mail addresses: pliehr@fau.edu, ddiaz10@fau.edu © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0883-9417/1801-0005$34.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2009.10.001 D EPRESSION AND ANXIETY are the most common mental health problems affecting children today (Farrell & Barrett, 2007). Research has documented an association among anxiety, depression, and psychosocial impairments including immaturity, inattention, concentration problems, academic difficulties, poor peer relations, low selfesteem, and low social competence (Ialongo, Edelsohn, Werthermar-Larsson, Crockett, & Kellam, 1994;KashaniOKendall, Cantwell, & Kazdin, 1989; Strauss, Frame, & Forehand, 1987). Mindfulness-based stress reduction was introduced by Jon Kabat-Zinn (1990) nearly two decades ago. The goal of persons who engage in mindfulness is awareness in the present moment with full attention to experiencing what is happening now (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). The primary mechanism is self-management of attention (Semple, Reid, & Miller, 2005). Segal, Williams, and Teasdale (2002) have taken mindfulness principles and merged them with cognitive therapy to successfully treat depression in adults. However, there is scant research addressing mindfulness in children (Burke, 2009). Some existing research focuses on anxiety (Napoli, Krech, & Holley, 2005; Saltzman & Goldin, 2008; Semple et al., 2005). Only one study focuses on depression and anxiety (Lee, Semple, Rosa, & Miller, 2008). These researchers reported no change in depression or anxiety for 25 children who came from ethnically diverse backgrounds. Methodological limitations included lack of a comparison/control group and use of depression and anxiety measures appropriate for clinical samples even though their participants
Growth of large, defect‐free pure C60 single crystals

Millimeter-sized single crystals of C60 were grown by sublimation of C60 powder in a vacuum for 6-24 h. The crystals had excellent facets, were free of C70 or solvent, and showed face-centered cubic symmetry with a very small mosaic spread down to 0.01 deg.
Targeting inflammation: multiple innovative ways to reduce prostaglandin E2

The PGE2 pathway is important in inflammation-driven diseases and specific targeting of the inducible mPGES-1 is warranted due to the cardiovascular problems associated with the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors. This review focuses on patents issued on methods of measuring mPGES-1 activity, on drugs targeting mPGES-1 and on other modulators of free extracellular PGE2 concentration. Perspectives and conclusions regarding the status of these drugs are also presented. Importantly, no selective inhibitors targeting mPGES-1 have been identified and, despite the high number of published patents, none of these drugs have yet made it to clinical trials.
The Jay Jordan IFLA/OCLC Early Career Development Fellowship Program: A Long Name for an Important Project

ABSTRACT The Jay Jordan IFLA/OCLC Early Career Development Fellowship Program, jointly sponsored by the American Theological Library Association, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and OCLC, provides early career development and continuing education for library and information science professionals from countries with developing economies. The program's history, selection process, and curriculum are described in detail. Fellows comment on their experiences, new perspectives, lessons learned, and benefits gained from participation in the Fellowship program.
Effects and Mechanisms of Electrical Stimulation of the Stomach, Duodenum, Ileum, and Colon on Gastric Tone in Dogs

Previous studies have shown that gastric tone is inhibited by the electrical stimulation of some parts of the gut. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of gastric electrical stimulation (GES), duodenal electrical stimulation (DES), ileal electrical stimulation (IES), and colonic electrical stimulation (CES) on gastric tone and the possible mechanism of electrical stimulation on gastric tone. Experiments were performed to study: (1) the effects of the four stimulations (GES, DES, IES, CES) on gastric tone; (2) the role of the nitrergic pathway’s involvement in the effect of IES on gastric tone. Each dog was implanted with one pair of gastric, duodenal, ileal, and colonic electrodes and a gastric cannula. A computerized barostat was used to assess gastric tone by measuring the gastric intra-balloon volume. We found that: (1) all methods of stimulation significantly inhibited gastric tone; (2) the percentage of increase in gastric volume was highest with CES and lowest with DES; however, there was no significant difference in the percentage of inhibition among the four stimulations; (3) the inhibitory effect of IES on gastric tone was abolished by intravenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. It was concluded that electrical stimulation of the stomach, intestine, or colon with long pulses has an inhibitory effect on gastric tone, and the most effective stimulation is CES. The inhibitory effect is not organ-specific and is unrelated to the distance between the stimulation site and the affected organ. The inhibitory effect of IES on gastric tone is mediated by the nitrergic pathway.
SCALABLE SINGLE PHOTON DETECTOR FOR TERAHERTZ AND INFRARED APPLICATIONS

We have developed a detector that can detect single photons at terahertz frequencies. The detector is based on quantum dot and single electron transistor technology, and the structure is scalable. One can scale the detector of nearly the same structure to be used for different frequencies. Our numerical calculation, which was performed along with our experimental efforts, indicates that the same detector structure can be used for millimeter-wave and far-infrared frequencies.
Daughters-in-Law as Caregivers to the Elderly Defining the In-Law Relationship

Using the 1982 Informal Caregiver's Survey, this research examines the contributions of daughters-in-law relative to daughters in the care of elderly parents (in-law) (N = 658). Findings suggest that among those who provide care, daughters-in-law assist with as many caregiving tasks and are as likely to perceive themselves as the primary caregiver. However, daughters-in-law provide, on average, 6 fewer hours of care per week. In addition, of these caregivers, 85% are daughters, whereas only 15% are daughters-in-law. Thus, although daughters-in-law are willing to assist with as many tasks and assume primary responsibility similar to daughters, they provide less overall care and are less likely to become caregivers in the first place. The relative caregiving contributions of daughters-in-law is placed within the context of the expectations and obligations of affinal versus consanguineal kin. Possible causes of lower obligation toward affinal kin are explored.
1806 PROTEIN KINASES (PK) AND ENDOGENOUS PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION IN PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (PEC)

PEC produces prostacyclin thereby altering pulmonary blood flow and permeability. cAMP, Ca, calmodulin (CM) play roles in the regulation of prostacyclin production. Protein phosphorylation catalysed by cAMP or Ca dependent PK is an important physiologic effector mediating hormonal action. However little is known about PK in PEC. Bovine PEC is grown in cell culture to confluence and Ca dependent phosphatidylserine (PS) regulated PK (PK-C) and cAMP dependent PK (PK-A) activities were measured using exogenous histone as substrate. pmol Pi incorporated/min/mg protein, n=4 each Cytosol was also incubated with Ca, Ca & CM, Ca & PS, or cAMP in the presence of {32P}-ATP and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. 82 K dalton protein phosphorylation was stimulated by Ca and inhibited by EGTA, CM inhibitor trifluoperazine, but not by PK-C inhibitor polymyxin B. 40 K protein phosphorylation was weakly stimulated by cAMP which is inhibited by PK-A inhibitor. Thus we identified PK in PEC and conclude that in bovine PEC 1) Major PK-A and PK-C activities are in cytosol fraction 2) 82 K and 40 K proteins are phosphorylated by Ca & CM dependent PK, PK-A respectively, and speculate that PK and substrate proteins play roles in metabolism of PEC.
Infectivity of amyloid diseases.

Abstract To date, transmissibility of amyloid diseases has not been thoroughly investigated. Although only some of these conformational disorders are considered infectious, all amyloid diseases could be infectious under certain conditions. For transmissibility, endogenous expression of an amyloidogenic peptide required, as well as the presence of an inoculum that is rich in amyloid fibrils and/or their precursors. Notably, administration of one type of amyloid might result in deposition of a different amyloid. Various cofactors could be essential for transmission – some might chaperone the amyloid peptides and/or fibrils, thereby directly facilitating their propagation; others might indirectly stabilize and/or increase levels of conformers with a high β-sheet content. It is possible that these chaperones are induced by inflammation, which itself can lead to secondary amyloidosis. Thus, amyloid-related therapeutic approaches should not be based on administration of amyloidogenic peptides in conjunction with an inflammatory stimulus, such as in a recently halted clinical trial for Alzheimer's disease.
Quantity flexibility contracts under Bayesian updating

In this paper, we consider a decentralized supply chain consisting of two independent players--a manufacturer and a retailer. Under a quantity flexibility contract, the retailer first proposes an initial forecast as the production reference to the manufacturer. Then she uses Bayesian procedure to update demand information, and makes ultimate purchase commitment, which is constrained by the negotiated flexibility and the manufacturer's production. We model the incentives of both parties and investigate the effect of flexibility ω, transfer price c and number of Bayesian updates n on the performance of two parties. Our theoretical analysis and numerical results show that given other parameters fixed, more flexibility always benefits the retailer, while the manufacturer can only benefit from very small quantity flexibility. In addition, this contract allows them to share the benefits from information updating.
Stakeholder Influence Strategies

When seeking to influence firm decision making, what types of influence strategies do stakeholders have available, and what determines which type the stakeholders choose to use? In this article I use resource dependence theory to investigate these two questions. I propose that the resource relationship (who is dependent on whom) determines which of the four types of strategies identified in this article will be used: direct withholding, direct usage, indirect withholding, or indirect usage.
Are the Materials Properties of Indiumnitride Dominated by Defects

Indium nitride (InN) is a promising yet technologically challenging material with a high defect density and unusual material properties. Its high electron mobility may be utilized in high power electronic devices, and its high absorbance and low energy optical response make it a promising candidate for multi-junction, high-efficient solar cell technology. Studies of absorption and photoluminescence optical response of epitaxial InN resulted in a large correction of the fundamental bandgap from the originally proposed 1.9 eV to now below 0.7 eV. Yet, it is still debated if the commonly measured optical transitions below the original high bandgap values are actually caused by a large concentration of defects, on the order of 1020/cm3, rather than reflecting a low fundamental bandgap. Many applications of this material, e.g. in high-efficient solar cell technology, are primarily dependent on the successful production of a contacted p-n junction, which has not yet been achieved. This contribution addresses the controversy in the bandgap discussion of InN. Valence electron energy loss spectroscopy (VEELS) of InN allows spatially resolved analysis of the density of states in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Standard optical characterization is compared with TEM results.
State Accountancy Regulators' Perceptions of Independence of External Auditors When Performing Internal Audit Activities for Nonpublic Clients

This study explores state accountancy regulators' perceptions of whether external auditors remain independent when also performing internal audit activities for nonpublic entities. The purpose of this study is to provide a more complete understanding of perceptions regarding auditor independence in the nonpublic entity environment. The primary issues are (1) whether performing the external audit and internal auditing services for the same entity affects perceptions of independence, and (2) whether a separation between the CPA firm's internal and external audit personnel significantly affects perceptions of independence when both services are performed. We use a between‐subjects design and target state accountancy regulators from each of the 54 U.S. jurisdictions. Findings based on 206 usable responses indicate that state board members do not perceive a significant difference in the independence of a CPA firm performing a nonpublic entity's external audit versus a CPA firm performing that entity's external...
Patenting, profitability and marketing characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry

Abstract The paper contains an analysis of the patenting activity of pharmaceutical companies in the UK, both the global evolution of pharmaceutical patenting during the years 1951 to 1977 and the fate of the patents published between 1951 and 1961. Further is studied: how much companies vary in their patenting policy and whether this is correlated with their profitability, as well as the amount of licensing going on between pharmaceutical companies.
Collaborative research on core technology for IT

The successful development of VLSI technology is the key to the success of Britain's IT industry. This article examines the possibility of British companies collaborating in the researching of the core technologies for IT
Gastric adenocarcinoma after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: access and evaluation of excluded stomach.

i 1 u t p t b The original gastric bypass procedure was introduced in 966 by Mason and Chkashi [1]. It has been modified a umber of times, eventually evolving into the modern oux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedure, the most ommon procedure currently performed in North America or surgical treatment of morbid obesity (Fig. 1) [2]. Gastric bypass is being done with ever-increasing freuency, even though little information is available in pubished reports regarding the long-term outcomes of the exluded stomach. Standardized postoperative protocols are sed in the surveillance of gastric bypass patients but typically ave not included evaluation of the excluded stomach. Fortuately, problems have been relatively rare; however, evaluaion of the excluded stomach is crucial in the presence of ersistent abdominal symptoms when routine diagnostic studes are inconclusive and treatment methods ineffective. In 5 previously reported cases of gastric carcinoma after astric bypass [3–7], a variety of symptoms were reported, ut 4 of the 5 patients presented with abdominal pain. In ach case, the usual evaluation methods were unsuccessful n providing a diagnosis. Eventually all 5 patients were iagnosed with adenocarcinoma in the excluded stomach fter laparotomy. This highlights the difficulty that can ccur in diagnosing gastric adenocarcinoma in this select opulation of patients. We present a case report of adenocarcinoma arising in he excluded stomach after RYGB and discuss the method e use to facilitate access to the excluded stomach.
Abstract 1734: Prognostic significance of combinations of RNA-dependent protein kinase and EphA2 biomarkers for NSCLC

RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is an independent prognostic variable in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we investigated the correlation between PKR and 25 other biomarkers for NSCLC, identified the markers that could further improve the prognostic significance of PKR, and elucidated the mechanisms of interaction between these markers and PKR. Tissue microarray samples obtained from 218 lung cancer patients were stained with an anti-PKR antibody and antibodies against 25 biomarkers. Immunohistochemical expression was scored and used for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The interaction between PKR and EphA2 in NSCLC cell lines was examined. We found that PKR was associated with EphA2 and that the prognostic information regarding NSCLC provided by the combination of PKR and EphA2 (P/E) was significantly more accurate than that provided by either marker alone. The 5-year overall survival rate in PKRlow/EphA2high patients (20%) was significantly lower than that of PKRhigh/EphA2low patients (74%), PKRhigh/EphA2high patients (55%), and PKRlow/EphA2low patients (55%) (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1734. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1734
Impact of donor kidney recovery method on lymphatic complications in kidney transplantation.

Abstract Introduction Prolonged lymphatic drainage and lymphocele are undesirable complications following kidney transplantation. We evaluated the impact of kidney recovery methods (deceased donor vs laparoscopic nephrectomy) on the lymphatic complications of the kidney transplant recipients. Method The incidence of lymphatic complications was retrospectively analyzed in recipients of deceased donor kidneys (DD, n = 62) versus laparoscopically procured kidneys from living donors (LP, n = 61). A drain was placed in the retroperitoneal space in all recipients. The drain was maintained until the output became less than 30 mL/d with no evidence of fluid collection by ultrasound examination. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the patient demographics (age, gender, and original disease and procedure time) between two groups. The incidence of lymphocele that required therapeutic intervention was comparable in both groups (3.2%). However, the duration of drain placement was significantly longer in the LP group than in the DD group, 8.6 ± 2.5 days versus 5.4 ± 2.5 day, respectively ( P Conclusion The recipients of laparoscopically removed kidneys had a higher incidence of prolonged lymphatic leakage. More meticulous back table preparation may be required in LP kidneys to prevent prolonged lymphatic drainage after kidney transplantation. These observations may indicate that the major source of persistent lymphatic leakage is lymphatics of the allograft rather than severed recipient lymphatics.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Associated Mucocutaneous Disease in Children: Dilemmas in Classification

There is controversy regarding precise definitions for Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and erythema multiforme (EM) major because of overlap in clinical presentations. SJS and EM major associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been reported to occur in children, but Mycoplasma is more commonly reported with SJS. We sought to further characterize Mycoplasma-associated mucocutaneous disease. Through retrospective chart review over 10 years, six children hospitalized with a diagnosis of SJS who also tested positive for Mycoplasma infection were reviewed. Using documented physical examinations and photographs, diagnoses of SJS or EM major were retrospectively made based upon cutaneous lesional morphology employing the classification system proposed by Bastuji-Garin et al. The majority of patients were boys, with limited acral cutaneous lesions. All patients required prolonged hospitalization because of mucosal involvement and had good short-term outcomes. When the classification system was retrospectively applied, five of the six patients were reclassified with a diagnosis of EM major instead of SJS. Children with Mycoplasma-associated EM major and SJS in our small retrospective series appeared to have significant mucosal involvement but more limited cutaneous involvement with lesional morphology, which is more characteristic of EM major.
Homotopy classification of 3-component links of codimension greater than 2

Abstract Let L be a link consisting of spheres of dimensions p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 respectively imbedded in R m such that m − p i > 2 for i = 1, 2, and 3. For such links we define an invariant β ( L ) ϵ π p 1+ p 2+ p 3 ( S 2 m −3 ) which is invariant under link homotopy. This invariant is shown to be the stable suspension of a certain link concordance invariant introduced by Haefliger and Steer in 1964. For a certain range of dimensions such links are classified up to link homotopy by the new invariant β( L ) and the link homotopy classes of their 2-component sublinks.
The complexity of oblivious plans for orienting and distinguishing polygonal parts

In the problem ofparts feeding we are given a class of feasible operations for reorienting a part, and we are asked to find a fixed sequence of these operations which is guaranteed to bring the part into a known goal orientation from any possible initial orientation. Goldberg addressed this problem in [2], and showed that, for planar polygonal parts, there is always a sequence of simple operations which can be performed by a simple parallel-jaw gripper, which is guaranteed to orient the part (up to symmetry) without the use of any sensor information; he also conjectured thatO(n) steps are sufficient. In this paper we prove Goldberg's conjecture by explicitly constructing plans of at most2n ź 1 steps for orienting polygonal parts in this model. We also give a lower bound on the number of steps required for such plans to show that this upper bound is tight. Finally, we extend these results to the problem ofdistinguishing among a finite set of parts using minimal sensing. Specifically, we assume that we are given a set[Figure not available: see fulltext.] of known polygonal parts, and a parallel-jaw gripper able to sense the distance between its jaws upon closure. We construct a simple oblivious plan of linear complexity which, when presented with a polygonal part[Figure not available: see fulltext.], determines the index of this part.
Planar Compliances of Thin Circular-Axis Notch Flexure Hinges with Midpoint Radial Symmetry

The new class of flexure hinges with circular longitudinal axis and midpoint radial symmetry is introduced. Using rotation and mirroring, the symmetric flexure hinge is obtained from one half flexure. The six planar-bending compliances of the full hinge are determined analytically for small deformations by combining only three compliances of the half flexure. To illustrate the general flexure hinge category, the novel circular-axis, right circularly corner-filleted design is introduced. Experimental and finite element results correlate well with the analytical model predictions. The new flexure hinge design is compared to the circular-axis, constant-thickness flexure and the straight-axis, right circularly corner-filleted hinge.
Creole Neighborhood or Miskito Community?; A Case Study of Identity Politics in a Mosquito Coast Land Dispute

This article represents a case study that illustrates the ways in which the oral traditions of the Mosquito Coast region of Nicaragua, particularly those related to the foundation of the city of Bilwi/Puerto Cabezas, enter into a land dispute that occurred shortly after the electoral defeat of the Sandinista government. An understanding of the details of this dispute that takes place in a period in In which the controversy surrounding ethnic and indigenous identification had receded from its high point in the 1980s, provides insight into the nature of identity politics in the region. Although the case ostensibly concerns a modem land dispute with relatively low stakes, it clearly exposes a broad range of crosscutting contradictions and cleavages within Mosquito Coast and Nicaraguan society. The argument developed here focuses on the importance of incorporating regional and other non-ethnic units of analysis in the undeistanding of ethnic conflict.
Modeling the dynamical impact of HIV on the immune system: Viral clearance, infection, and AIDS

A phenomenological model simulating the time-dependent consequences of the HIV challenge on the immune system is presented. One of the important features of the model is its ability to handle T helper cell production and apoptosis (genetically determined suicide). The values of the independent, generally time-dependent, model parameters were chosen to be compatible with known experimental data. A new approach to the numerical solution of the resulting coupled, nonlinear model equations is presented, and simulations of a typical viral challenge that is cleared and one that leads to infection and AIDS are exhibited. It is shown that a change in the saturated value of a single model parameter is sufficient to change a simulated challenge on its way to being cleared into one that leads to infection instead (and vice versa). If the saturated values of all of the independent model parameters are known at the beginning of a challenge, the outcome of the challenge can be predicted in advance. If the virulence of the HIV strain (defined in this paper) is above a critical threshold at inoculation, infection will result regardless of the initial viral load. This latter result could explain why accidental HIV contaminated needle sticks sometime result in infection regardless of the counter-measures undertaken. A model simulating the time evolution of the collapse of the T helper cell density leading to AIDS is introduced. This model consists of immunological and mathematical parts and is compatible with experimental data. The immediate cause of the beginning of this collapse is postulated to be a spontaneous mutation of the virus into a more virulent form that not only leads to an explosion in the viral load but also to a dramatic increase in the level of induced apoptosis of T helper cells. The results of this model are consistent with the known experimental behavior of the viral load and T helper cell densities in the final stage of HIV infection.