cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variable Spectral Slope and Nonequilibrium Surface Wave Spectrum

The wave spectral properties in the centimeter to decameter (cmDm) wavelength range is of great interest to ocean remote sensing and studies of ocean surface processes including the surface roughness, air-sea energy and momentum exchanges, wave breaking, and whitecap coverage. For more than six decades, the cmDm wave components are generally considered to be in the equilibrium range, and its spectral function has a constant slope: -5 or -4 in the 1D frequency spectrum, and -3 or -2.5 in the 1D wavenumber spectrum. Some variations of the equilibrium spectrum models include varying the frequency spectral slope from 4 to 5 at some multiple of the spectral peak frequency, or incorporating a threshold velocity in the reference wind speed. Extensive efforts are then devoted to quantifying the spectral coefficient of the equilibrium spectrum function. The observed wind wave spectral slopes in the ocean environment, however, are rarely constant. The variable spectral slope is indicative of the nonequilibrium nature of surface wind waves in the field. As a result the wave properties in field observations are significantly different from those inferred from assuming a constant spectral slope. From signal-to-noise consideration the surface slope measurements are much more sensitive than the elevation data for the study of cmDm waves. Recently, several large datasets of low-pass-filtered mean square slope (LPMSS) have been reported in support of the Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSSR) tropical cyclone wind sensing effort. Combining the LPMSS observations with a spectrum model that accommodates a variable spectral slope, this paper seeks to quantify the connection between the variable spectral slope and the spectral properties of cmDm waves.
Exporting American Values: Tenth Amendment Principles and International Environmental Assistance

This article provides a quasi-constitutional justification for foreign environmental assistance. Part II of the article briefly reviews the history of the Tenth Amendment and its resuscitation by the United States Supreme Court. Part III examines how the Tenth Amendment has been used in the domestic environmental context to invalidate certain regulatory regimes and how the federal government has structured environmental programs to avoid infringing on state sovereignty. Part IV considers the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act as a statutory manifestation of Tenth Amendment principles. Part V explores the nature of national sovereignty and its implications for global environmental challenges. Part V analogizes Tenth Amendment principles to techniques employed by the international community to address specific environmental problems such as stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, and the loss of biological diversity. Part VI analyzes the United States' commitments to help fund financial mechanisms established by the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, the United Nations Convention on Climate Change, and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Part VI also examines the extent to which the United States is complying with its financial responsibilities under these conventions.
Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Is Associated With Decreased Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Density in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

BACKGROUND Adipose tissue (AT) alterations are common in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Decreases in AT density suggest disrupted adipocyte function/hypertrophy. We assessed changes in AT density after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and associations with immunometabolic parameters. METHODS In a prospective randomized clinical trial of ART initiation, L4-L5 abdominal CT scans measured subcutaneous AT (SAT) and visceral AT (VAT) area and density in treatment-naive PLWH randomized to tenofovir-emtricitabine plus ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, ritonavir-boosted darunavir, or raltegravir. Linear regression models compared week 0 and week 96 levels, and 96-week changes, in SAT and VAT density (in Hounsfield units [HU]). Spearman correlations assessed relationships between AT density and immunometabolic parameters. RESULTS Of the 228 participants, 89% were male and 44% were white non-Hispanic. Median age was 36 years, baseline HIV-1 RNA was 4.6 log10 copies/mL, and CD4+ T-cell count was 344 cells/μL. Over 96 weeks, SAT and VAT HU decreased significantly in all arms. Less dense week 96 SAT and VAT density correlated with higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and adiponectin (r = 0.19-0.30) levels and lower interleukin 6, non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, leptin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.23 to -0.68) levels at week 96 after adjusting for baseline CD4+ T-cell count, HIV-1 RNA, and baseline AT area. CONCLUSIONS Following virologic suppression, lower SAT and VAT density was associated with greater plasma measures of systemic inflammation, lipid disturbances, and insulin resistance independent of AT area, suggesting that changes in AT density with ART may lead to adverse health outcomes independent of AT quantity. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00851799.
Prenatal Ambient Particulate Matter Exposure and Longitudinal Weight Growth Trajectories in Early Childhood.

Air pollution exposure during pregnancy has been associated with impaired fetal growth and postnatal weight gain, but few studies have examined the effect on weight growth trajectories. We examine the association between validated 1 km2 resolution particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations, averaged over pregnancy, and sex-specific growth trajectories from birth to age six of participants in the Boston-based Children’s HealthWatch cohort (4797 participants, 84,283 measures). We compared weight trajectories, predicted using polynomial splines in mixed models, between prenatal PM2.5 above or below the median (9.5 µg/m3), and examined birth weight as an effect modifier. Females exposed to average prenatal PM2.5 ≥ 9.5 µg/m3 had higher weights compared to females exposed to < 9.5 µg/m3 throughout the study period (0.16 kg at 24 months, 0.61 kg at 60 months). In males, higher prenatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with significantly lower weights after 24 months of age, with differences increasing with time (−0.17 at 24 months, −0.72 kg at 60 months). Associations were more pronounced among low birth weight (<2500 g) females, but did not differ by birth weight status in males. Our findings demonstrate the complex association between air pollution exposures and childhood weight trajectories and emphasize the importance of sex-stratified analyses.
Metabolic Fitness of T Cells in Autoimmune Disease

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are relatively common autoimmune diseases, often considered prototypic examples for how protective immunity switches to destructive immunity. The autoantigens recognized in RA and SLE are distinct, clinical manifestations are partially overlapping. A shared feature is the propensity of the adaptive immune system to respond inappropriately, with T cell hyper-responsiveness a pinnacle pathogenic defect. Upon antigen recognition, T cells mobilize a multi-pranged metabolic program, enabling them to massively expand and turn into highly mobile effector cells. Current evidence supports that T cells from patients with RA or SLE adopt metabolic programs different from healthy T cells, in line with the concept that autoimmune effector functions rely on specified pathways of energy sensing, energy generation and energy utilization. Due to misrouting of the energy sensor AMPK, RA T cells have a defect in balancing catabolic and anabolic processes and deviate towards a cell-building program. They supply biosynthetic precursors by shunting glucose away from glycolytic breakdown towards the pentose phosphate pathway and upregulate lipogenesis, enabling cellular motility and tissue invasiveness. Conversely, T cells from SLE patients are committed to high glycolytic flux, overusing the mitochondrial machinery and imposing oxidative stress. Typically, disease-relevant effector functions in SLE are associated with inappropriate activation of the key metabolic regulator mTORC1. Taken together, disease-specific metabolic signatures in RA and SLE represent vulnerabilities that are therapeutically targetable to suppress pathogenic immune responses.
Chapter 42 – Ewing's Sarcoma

Publisher Summary There are no known external causes of Ewing’ sarcoma, a form of bone cancer, although a small number of cases are linked to genetic abnormalities. This malignancy occurs with remarkable consistency in registry populations across Europe and the United States, including Los Angeles County. Few cases of it occur after age 30. Although African-Americans and Asian-Americans are at a substantially lower risk than whites or Latinos, there is still a slight tendency toward higher risk among males of lower social class. Despite the racial/ethnic disparity, no systematic pattern of geographical occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation can be proposed.
Hiding from the Truth: When and How Cover Enables Information Avoidance

More information is available today than ever before, yet at times consumers choose to avoid it. Even with useful information (I should find out), people may prefer ignorance (But I don’t want to). Seven studies (N = 4,271) and five supplemental studies (N = 3,013) apply the concept of “cover” to information avoidance for consumer choices with real financial consequences. More consumers avoid information with cover—that is, when they can attribute their decision to another feature of a product or decision context rather than to information they want to avoid. Cover increases avoidance when consumers face intrapersonal conflict—when consumers want to avoid information that they believe they should receive (e.g., calorie information). As such, the effect of cover is reduced by decreasing want–should conflict, whether by reducing the should preference to receive information or the want preference to avoid it. Furthermore, cover increases avoidance by helping consumers justify a decision to themselves: avoidance increases only when people can attribute their decision to a relevant (vs. irrelevant) product feature and operates in public and private settings. Together, this research offers theoretical insights into consumers’ information avoidance and how cover itself operates, with practical implications for marketers.
Evidence supporting the benefits of marijuana for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is extremely limited: a meta-analysis of the literatureEvidence supporting the benefits of marijuana for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is extremely limited: a meta-analysis of the literature

Background Medical marijuana is increasingly used to control inflammation and pain in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of marijuana on the clinical response, induction of clinical remission, and maintenance of clinical remission compared to placebo/standard of care. Methods We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science in June 2019, for cannabis/marijuana and IBD, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (UC). The statistical analysis was performed using Revman (version 5.3). GRADE methodology was used to assess the quality of the evidence. Results Of the 334 studies initially reviewed, 1 trial in UC and 2 trials in Crohn's disease met eligibility. For UC, 29 patients were treated with marijuana and 31 with placebo/standard of care. There was no difference in failure to achieve clinical remission (relative risk [RR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.37) or response (RR 0.99, 95%CI 0.65-1.21). Adverse events occurred in all patients receiving marijuana (RR 1.28, 95%CI 1.05-1.56). For Crohn's disease, 21 patients were treated with marijuana and 19 with placebo/standard of care. There was no difference in failure to achieve clinical remission (RR 0.72, 95%CI 0.47-1.12) or failure to achieve clinical response (RR 0.15, 95%CI 0.02-1.05). Adverse events were not reported per patient. The quality of evidence was low to very low using GRADE methodology. Conclusions Data supporting the use of marijuana for the management of IBD are extremely limited. Further well-designed studies are needed before any positive conclusions regarding marijuana use can be drawn.
Emergence of the Link Between the Approximate Number System and Symbolic Math Ability.

Experimentally manipulating Approximate Number System (ANS) precision has been found to influence children's subsequent symbolic math performance. Here in three experiments (N = 160; 81 girls; 3-5 year old) we replicated this effect and examined its duration and developmental trajectory. We found that modulation of 5-year-olds' ANS precision continued to affect their symbolic math performance after a 30-min delay. Furthermore, our cross-sectional investigation revealed that children 4.5 years and older experienced a significant transfer effect of ANS manipulation on math performance, whereas younger children showed no such transfer, despite experiencing significant changes in ANS precision. These findings support the existence of a causal link between nonverbal numerical approximation and symbolic math performance that first emerges during the preschool years.
Locked plating of geriatric olecranon fractures leads to low fixation failure and acceptable complication rates

Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to report the rate of major complications in patients with geriatric olecranon fractures managed operatively with a locking plate. Secondary objectives included minor complications, as well as pain and range of motion at the final follow-up. We hypothesized that these patients have a low rate of complications as well as low pain and satisfactory elbow range of motion at the final follow-up. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of isolated geriatric olecranon fractures presenting from 2006 to 2019 was performed at a single level I trauma center. Inclusion criteria were ≥75 years of age, operative management with a locking plate, and clinic follow-up at least until evidence of radiographic union or a major complication. Exclusion criteria included nonoperative management, insufficient follow-up, and absence of locking plate in surgical technique. Variables examined included demographic information, Charleston comorbidity index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, living independence, gait assistance, mechanism of injury, open vs. closed fracture, Mayo radiographic classification, Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen classification, time to surgery, implant type, presence of triceps offloading suture, length of postoperative immobilization, date of radiographic union, range of motion at the final follow-up, pain visual analog scale score at the final follow-up, major and minor complications, and return to the operative room. A major complication was defined as a return to the operative room for deep infection or loss of fixation (displacement of fracture >5 mm). A minor complication was defined as any other complication. Results A total of 65 patients ≥75 years of age with olecranon fractures were identified. Of these, 36 patients met inclusion criteria with an average follow-up of 23 weeks (range 5-207). The mean length of immobilization was 13 days (range 0-29 days). Thirty-two of 36 (88.8%) patients achieved radiographic evidence of union at an average of 8.9 weeks (range 5.3-24.1 weeks). There were 4 remaining patients who underwent secondary intervention before primary union representing an 11.1% major complication rate including 2 deep infections (5.6%) and 3 failures of fixation (8.3%). There were 7 minor complications in 5 of 36 (13.9%) patients. At the final follow-up, the average visual analog scale score was 2.6 (range 0-6), the average elbow arc of motion was 120° (range 70-147°), and mean pronation/supination was 85°/84° (range 45-90°/45-90°). Conclusion Geriatric olecranon fractures are a challenging orthopedic problem with remaining controversy regarding ideal treatment. Despite advancement in geriatric fracture care, there is scant literature on the outcomes of locked plating technology in geriatric olecranon fractures. This study supports use of operative anatomic fixation with precontoured locked plates and early mobilization with an acceptable failure rate.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Research and Care of Hereditary Angioedema Patients in the United States.

Background Hereditary angioedema (HAE) affects all races and both sexes equally. Minority patients are underrepresented in clinical trials and may be at risk for additional disease burden. Objectives To examine racial and ethnic disparities in the research and care of HAE patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based study using TriNetX Diamond Network. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Current Procedural Terminology, and RxNorm codes identified HAE patients. The proportions of White, Black, and Hispanic HAE patients were contrasted with racial and ethnic distributions of HAE patients in clinical trials. Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and HAE treatments was contrasted among different racial and ethnic groups. Results A population-based search identified 2122 HAE patients. The prevalence of HAE among Black patients (1.64/100,000 patients) mirrored that of White patients (1.47/100,000 patients), whereas there was a lower HAE prevalence among Hispanic patients (0.80/100,000 patients). The demographics of the 1274 HAE patients included in phase 2/3 clinical trials differed significantly from population-based data with overrepresentation of White patients (89.9% vs 77.9%) and underrepresentation of Black patients (3.8% vs 13.6%) and Hispanic patients (1.3% vs 8.1%). Across the different racial and ethnic groups of HAE patients, the prevalence of mental health disorders was comparatively higher than among patients without HAE. Whereas depression was equally prevalent across the different HAE racial and ethnic groups, anxiety was more prevalent among White patients. Conclusions Clinical trials for Food and Drug Administration–approved HAE medications underrepresent minority patients. Hereditary angioedema remains underdiagnosed in Hispanic patients. Other than a lower prevalence of anxiety disorders among Black patients relative to White patients, the mental health impact of HAE is equally distributed across the different racial and ethnic groups.
Anesthetic Management of Acute Aortic Dissection

The anesthetic and perioperative management of patients with acute aortic dissection is important for achieving successful outcomes. Because early mortality is contingent on the time to definitive treatment, open communication between the admitting, surgical, and anesthesia teams is necessary to safely expedite the management of patients with life-threatening complications such as aortic regurgitation, cardiac tamponade, or malperfusion who require emergency operation. The wide availability of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has enabled aortic dissection to be diagnosed or confirmed in the operating room. TEE can also diagnose complications associated with acute aortic dissection, identify the location of the intimal tear, characterize the extent of the dissection or guide central cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. During operations on the thoracic aorta, the brain, spinal cord, and end-organs require protection during periods of ischemia. Postoperative intensive care is necessary for temporary mechanical ventilatory support and circulation management with vasoactive medications. In addition, lung injury, acute kidney injury, encephalopathy, bleeding, mesenteric ischemia, limb ischemia, and metabolic acidosis are common problems that require critical care after operations for acute aortic dissection.
The microtubule-associated protein She1 coordinates directional spindle positioning by spatially restricting dynein activity

Dynein motors move the mitotic spindle to the cell division plane in many cell types, including in budding yeast, in which dynein is assisted by numerous factors including the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) She1. Evidence suggests that She1 plays a role in polarizing dynein-mediated spindle movements toward the daughter cell; however, how She1 performs this function is unknown. We find that She1 assists dynein in maintaining the spindle in close proximity to the bud neck, such that, at anaphase onset, the chromosomes are segregated to mother and daughter cells. She1 does so by attenuating the initiation of dynein-mediated spindle movements within the mother cell, thus ensuring such movements are polarized toward the daughter cell. Our data indicate that this activity relies on She1 binding to the microtubule-bound conformation of the dynein microtubule-binding domain, and to astral microtubules within mother cells. Our findings reveal how an asymmetrically localized MAP directionally tunes dynein activity by attenuating motor activity in a spatially confined manner.
Recent advances in piezoelectric and magnetoelectric materials phenomena

Multiferroic magnetoelectrics have attracted increasing interest due to their potential applications in novel multifunctional devices. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in magnetoelectric (ME) materials reported in the literature. First, we briefly summarize the progress made in the synthesis and characterization of ME solid solutions. Then we review the findings on ME composites (piezoelectric–magnetostrictive), discussing different structures and operating modes. The achievements on ME composites are emphasized with respect to (1) new materials, including textured piezoelectric ceramics and functionally graded composites, and (2) new processes for synthesizing the ME composites, such as cofiring and 3D printing/patterning. Lastly, considering the importance of environmental concerns, recent developments in the area of lead-free piezoelectric and magnetoelectric composites are discussed.
Xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin modify gene expression and induce synthesis of hyaluronan in keratinocyte model of human skin.

Abstract Background Clinical trials report benefits of the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin for skin health. Here a keratinocyte culture was used to investigate the effects of in vitro xanthophyll treatment on gene expression and biochemical pathways. Methods We employed the EpiDerm tissue model, Affymetrix Human Genome Array U113, bioinformatics analyses, qPCR validation and biochemical assays for glycosaminoglycans. Results We discovered 176 genes were significantly ( p 2) and 47 genes were significantly up-regulated. Among the down-regulated genes we validated by qPCR marked reduction in expression of peptidase inhibitors. Bioinformatic analysis of the up-regulated genes implicated biosynthetic pathways for glycosaminoglycans. We assayed but found no increase in production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, however there was a significant increase in biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid, a non-sulfated glycan. Conclusions The pattern of xanthophyll-regulated genes and the resulting biochemical responses can be linked with the responses observed in clinic trials. General significance Skin health benefits from xanthophyll supplementation and this study reveals molecular mechanisms for some of the effects.
The evolution of an online RN to BSN nursing program: successful and unsuccessful program revisions based on multiple stakeholders evaluations

A five year old fully web-based nursing program for associate degree nurses completing a baccalaureate degree (RN to BSN) at the University of New Mexico College of Nursing was evaluated by student, faculty and library/technical stakeholders (N=230) using quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings suggest that students and faculty have similar views regarding technical and faculty expertise, anytime-anywhere web convenience, and the usefulness of research and written assignments. Stakeholders, however, had differing viewpoints regarding the time burden, usefulness of web discussions, building a learning community and the clarity of communications and faculty organization. Based on the evaluation results successful curricular changes were made in the standardization of Web course homepages and their content as well as program curricular content. Intervening variables of the nursing shortage and a major college undergraduate curricular change focused the college on meeting the nursing shortage by focusing on graduating new nurses rather than improving the skills and education of current RNs. This change has adversely impacted the Web delivery issues and the RN to BSN population.
Quandle Homology Theory and Cocycle Knot Invariants

This paper is a survey of several papers in quandle homology theory and cocycle knot invariants that have been published recently. Here we describe cocycle knot invariants that are defined in a state-sum form, quandle homology, and methods of constructing non-trivial cohomology classes. 1 Prologue We start with an example and its history. Figure 1 is an illustration of the knotted surface diagram for an embedded 2-sphere in the 4-sphere, S 4 . The 2-sphere is obtained by doubling a slice disk of the stevadore’s knot. The diagram is a broken surface diagram that is obtained from a generic projection of the surface into 3-space by indicating over/under crossing information in a way similar to the classical case. Specifically, the portion of the surface that is closest to the hyperplane of projection is depicted as an unbroken sheet while the sheet that is further away is broken locally into two sheets. See [14] for details.
The Financial Crisis: Causes and Lessons - Ending Government Bailouts as We Know Them Part I – The Crisis

A lot happened even before the perceived beginning of this crisis in 2007, so although the events are recent, I will review the period from 2001 to date, as part of our inquiry into the lessons to be learned. Much of it is probably familiar, but worth revisiting. This necessarily simplified account is divided into 3 stages: First, a look at the key factors that led to the increasing riskiness of US home mortgages; second, how those risks were transmitted as securities from US housing lenders to institutional investors around the globe; and third, how those risks led to huge losses and created a credit crunch that moved the impact from the financial economy to the real economy. The goal is to lay a factual foundation for deriving the lessons that ought to be taken away from this very expensive experience.
Niccolò Machiavelli: Father of Modern Constitutionalism

Niccolo Machiavelli is the father of modern constitutionalism. Constitutionalism began anew in the modern world with the study of the ancient republics and it was Machiavelli who inaugurated this revived science of politics. Five hundred years after the composition of Il Principe and the Discorsi we are still working out the implications of applying reason to the structures of law and government in pursuit of justice and the common good. Modern constitutionalism and ancient republicanism share three central beliefs: first, that government should serve justice and the common good; second, that government should do so through known and stable laws; third, that these will best be secured through the checks and balances of a well-designed constitution. Machiavelli took the theories and experiences of republican Rome and applied them to his own era. This application of reason to constitutional design transformed the politics of emergent modernity and reconfigured government throughout the world.
Modeling simple amphiphilic solutes in a Jagla solvent

Methanol is an amphiphilic solute whose aqueous solutions exhibit distinctive physical properties. The volume change upon mixing, for example, is negative across the entire composition range, indicating strong association. We explore the corresponding behavior of a Jagla solvent, which has been previously shown to exhibit many of the anomalous properties of water. We consider two models of an amphiphilic solute: (i) a “dimer” model, which consists of one hydrophobic hard sphere linked to a Jagla particle with a permanent bond, and (ii) a “monomer” model, which is a limiting case of the dimer, formed by concentrically overlapping a hard sphere and a Jagla particle. Using discrete molecular dynamics, we calculate the thermodynamic properties of the resulting solutions. We systematically vary the set of parameters of the dimer and monomer models and find that one can readily reproduce the experimental behavior of the excess volume of the methanol-water system as a function of methanol volume fraction. We com...
Enteroscopy in the pediatric population

Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is a significant advance in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Two systems are currently available including double-balloon enteroscopy and single-balloon enteroscopy. In adult patients, BAE is a validated indication for the investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, but is also routinely used for other disorders specific to the small bowel. Although there is limited experience on the use of BAE in children, the current available literature suggests that BAE is safe and effective for diagnosing and treating various disorders of the small bowel in children.
Age-related changes in the initiation of gait: Degradation of central mechanisms for momentum generation

Polcyn AF, Lipsitz LA, Kerrigan DC, Collins JJ. Age-related changes in the initiation of gait: degradation of central mechanisms for momentum generation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79: 1582-9. Objective: To investigate cross-sectionally age-related changes in the expression and biomechanical efficiency of the gait-initiation motor program. Design: Case-control study. Participants and Setting: Twenty healthy young research subjects and 20 healthy elderly subjects who volunteered from the community participated in this study at a university research laboratory. Main Outcome Measures: Participants performed gait- initiation trials at three speeds from a starting position on a force platform while ground reaction force data, 3-D motion analysis data, and electromyographic data were collected. Measures included: latency of tibialis anterior (TA) activation and soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GA) inhibition, magni- tude of center of pressure (COP) displacement, magnitude of momentum generated, and final walking velocity. Results: The expression of the central motor program governing gait initiation, as evidenced by the invariant timing between TA activation and SOL/GA inhibition, was seen in both the young and elderly populations, but the frequency was diminished in the latter group. The momentum-generating capacity of the COP shift mechanism was present but signifi- cantly diminished in the elderly population. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the central nervous system uses stable, efficient mechanisms for dealing with the inherent instability of upright bipedalism and that the integrity of these mechanisms degrades with aging. 0 1998 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medi- cine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Ethical standards and data archives

As the traditional keeper of a society's records, the data archivist has the difficult responsibility of protecting the individual's right to privacy and at the same time valuing society's need for knowledge.
Comparison of Serum Bilirubin Levels in Humans and Two Monogastric Animal Species After a Single Administration of Sulfisoxazole

Administration of sulfonamides during periods of hepatobiliary failure or hepatic immaturity increases the toxic potential of unconjugated or indirect bilirubin. A small but statistically significant increase of indirect, or unconjugated bilirubin was noted in dogs after oral administration of sulfisoxazole (100 mg/kg). A similar increase was not observed in swine after oral or intravenous administration of sulfisoxazole (100 mg/kg) or in humans (∼28 mg/kg) after oral administration or in dogs (100 mg/kg) after intravenous administration. Total and conjugated bilirubin showed small but statistically significant increases and were significantly correlated in dogs after oral and intravenous administration of sulfisoxazole (100 mg/kg) and in swine after oral administration of sulfisoxazole (100 mg/kg). There was a significant negative correlation between conjugated and indirect bilirubin, while total bilirubin increased in dogs after oral and intravenous administration of sulfisoxazole. These data illustrate a difference in species and administration route when attempting to assess the potential toxicity of bilirubin.
Tensor product of operads and iterated loop spaces

Abstract A algebraic characterization of an n -fold loop space in terms of its n different 1-fold loop structures is established. This amounts to describing the higher homotopy commutativity for such a space as a strict partial commutativity of the 1-fold loop structures. The tensor product of operads (a special case of the construction for algebraic theories) is ideally suited for this. In particular we show that the operad of little n -cubes C n is homotopy equivalent to the n -fold tensor product C ⊗ n 1 , i.e., ‘tensoring these A ∞ -structures yields an iterated loop structure’. This is not true for arbitrary A ∞ -operads.
Reappearance of a Multiple Mid-latitude Auroral Arc (6300 Å)

DURING the 1957 to 1958 solar activity maximum, monochromatic mid-latitude auroral arcs of 6300 A (OI) were seen for about 20% of the observation time1. The arcs observed, however, were chiefly single, and multiple arcs occurred only on very few occasions. During the present maximum solar activity year no multiple arcs were reported. In this communication we report the reappearance of the multiple arc system on the night of March 8 to 9, 1970, during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm which began at 0918 h EST on March 8, 1970.
Azygospore formation following protoplast fusion in Choanephora cucurbitarum

Protoplasts of Choanephora cucurbitarum were obtained by treatment of germlings with commercial enzymes. Colonies originated from regenerated protoplasts showed the same mating type and colony type as their respective parent. Colonies from fused protoplasts of two (+) isolates were of the (+) type, while those from two (—) isolates were of the (—) type. Colonies derived from fused protoplasts of (+) and (—) isolates were self-fertile and produced azygospores and zygospores subsequently. This result supports the hypothesis that azygospores of C. cucurbitarum are single-suspensor zygospores. Mating type heterokaryons resulting from fused protoplasts of (+) and (—) isolates with different colony types segregated into component isolates indicating that karyogamy and meiosis did not occur.
Model Systems to Study Plague Pathogenesis and Develop New Therapeutics

The Gram negative bacterium Yersinia pestis can infect humans by multiple routes to cause plague. Three plague pandemics have occurred and Y. pestis has been linked to biowarfare in the past. The continued risk of plague as a bioweapon has prompted increased research to understand Y. pestis pathogenesis and develop new plague therapeutics. Several in vivo models have been developed for this research and are reviewed here.
Business-to-business electronic marketplaces: evolving business models and competitive landscape

Business models, as the core architecture of value creation, provide an analytical framework for a systematic classification of business-to-business electronic marketplaces (EMs). That framework comprises transaction content, structure and governance. By their transaction content, EMs can be classified as horizontal, vertical and super-vertical; by their transaction structure as buyer- centric, seller-centric and third-party; by their transaction content and structure combined as MRO hubs, catalog hubs, yield managers and exchanges, and the former two further as lead generators, dealers and brokers; or by their transaction governance as independent, industry sponsored and private. The EM competitive landscape is evolving as some earlier business models prove non-viable and new models emerge. That evolving landscape is explained in part by the intermediation-disintermediation-reintermediation (IDR) process, EMs' quest for market leadership and their search for sustainable revenue streams.
Mass transfer to a plane below a rotating disk at high Schmidt numbers

The Lighthill transformation is used to determine the rate of mass transfer at high Schmidt numbers to a disk imbedded in a stationary plane below a rotating disk. This diffusion-layer solution breaks down near the center and leading edge of the mass-transfer disk. Solutions in these regions are reported, and a uniformly valid composite solution for the local Nusselt number is determined along with an expression for the average mass-transfer rate to the disk.
Impacts of biodiesel blending on freight emissions in the Midwestern United States

Abstract We use a combination of petroleum–diesel models, datasets and tools along with biodiesel-specific corrections to create a roadway-level emissions inventory capable of evaluating spatial, temporal and scale aspects of fuel distribution options for the Midwestern US. Specifically, we compare the emissions of a year-round “low-blend” biodiesel implementation scenario, already under consideration in a variety of states, with a more strategic summer-only, interstate-only “high-blend” scenario. Our results indicate that spatial and seasonal distribution decisions do affect the overall emissions impacts of any biodiesel deployment, even those at low-blend levels. However, we also finds that changes in emissions due to biodiesel are considerably smaller than those anticipated from improvements to engine and control technologies.
Physicochemical properties of common and waxy corn starches oxidized by different levels of sodium hypochlorite

Abstract Structure and physicochemical properties of oxidized common and waxy corn starches by different levels of sodium hypochlorite (0.25–3.0% active chlorine based on dry starch weight) were studied. The oxidized common corn starch generally had a higher carboxyl content but a similar carbonyl content compared with the oxidized waxy corn starch. The introduction of carboxyl and carbonyl groups promoted starch hydration and swelling. The gelatinization temperature of the oxidized starches increased but the enthalpy remained unchanged. Oxidation at low concentrations of chlorine (≤1.0%) produced starch with significantly higher peak and final viscosities and less breakdown as measured by Micro Viscoamylography. The carboxyl groups formed hemiacetal crosslinks that strengthened the starch integrity. However, as more amylose and amylopectin were degraded at higher oxidation levels, the depolymerization of starch molecules overrode the effects of crosslinking. Both amylose and amylopectin were oxidized and degraded during oxidation but amylose was more susceptible to oxidation.
Functional and Radiographic Outcomes Following Distal Ulna Implant Arthroplasty

Purpose To determine the outcome of ulnar head endoprostheses in the treatment of distal radioulnar joint instability, arthrosis, or both. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 47 patients to analyze the outcome of a single ulnar head replacement over a 10-year period. All patients reported pain or instability at the distal radioulnar joint. Standardized assessments included a patient-rated pain score, forearm range of motion, grip strength, and Mayo wrist score. We examined preoperative and postoperative radiographs for final implant position, loosening, and osteolysis. Results We observed 47 patients for a median of 56 months (minimum, 16 mo). There was a statistically significant decrease in pain scores from 4.6 to 2.2 and improvement in the mean Mayo wrist score from 14 to 69 points after surgery. There was no significant improvement in forearm rotation and wrist function. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated 83% survival at 6 years. A total of 14 patients (30%) required additional surgical procedures after primary arthroplasty. Risk factors for failure included history of previous surgery, use of an extended collar, lucency greater than 2 mm around the implant stem, and pedestal formation at the tip of the implant. Conclusions Distal ulna implant arthroplasty reduces pain and improves function in patients with distal radioulnar joint instability, arthrosis, or both. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Definitive identification of the C‐5 and C‐7 NMR signals of adamantan‐2‐ol

The E- and Z-5-deuterioadamantan-2-ols have been synthesized by an unambiguous route. The 13C NMR spectra show the familiar 1:1:1 splitting of one of the C-5 or C-7 signals, thus allowing a definite assignment of the δ-atoms to be made. This assignment is in accord with the conclusion of Duddeck and Islam. Revised assignments are offered for the reported configurations of the 5-bromo- and -chloro-adamantan-2-ols, and several unusual remote deuterium isotope shifts are reported.
Toward a Computational Steering Framework for Large-Scale Composite Structures Based on Continually and Dynamically Injected Sensor Data

Abstract Recent advances in simulation, optimization, structural health monitoring, and high-performance computing create a unique opportunity to combine the developments in these fields to formulate a Dynamics Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) framework. In this paper we propose such a framework, which consists of the following items and features: a structural health monitoring (SHM) system, an advanced fluid—structure interaction (FSI) simulation module, and a sensitivity analysis, optimization and control software module. High-performance computing (HPC) is employed for the various parts of the framework and is viewed as its essential element. The intended application of the developed framework is the analysis of medium-to-large-scale composite structures. These include aerospace structures, such as military aircraft fuselage and wings, helicopter blades, and unmanned aerial vehicles, and civil structures, such as wind turbine blades and towers. The proposed framework will continuously and dynamically integrate the SHM data into the FSI analysis of these structures. This capability allows one to: 1. Shelter the structures from excessive stress levels during operation; 2. Make informed decisions to perform structural maintenance and repair; and 3. Predict the remaining fatigue life of the structure.
Director’s Forum - Developing Patient-Centered Pharmacy Services Through Residency Training

Hospital pharmacy directors are faced with the challenge of implementing patient-centered services, which often requirers changing the pharmacists' role in patient care. An approach to develop pharmacists focused on patient care is to support post-graduate training programs that provide the pharmacists with specific patient-care skills. This month's Director's Forum presents a brief overview of pharmacy residency training as well as practical tips for directors interested in developing a residency program.
Organically Modified Silica Nanoparticles with Covalently Incorporated Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer

We report a novel nanoformulation of a photosensitizer (PS), for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer, where the PS molecules are covalently incorporated into organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles. We found that the covalently incorporated PS molecules retained their spectroscopic and functional properties and could robustly generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen molecules upon photoirradiation. The synthesized nanoparticles are of ultralow size (∼20 nm) and are highly monodispersed and stable in aqueous suspension. The advantage offered by this covalently linked nanofabrication is that the drug is not released during systemic circulation, which is often a problem with physical encapsulation. These nanoparticles are also avidly uptaken by tumor cells in vitro and demonstrate phototoxic action, thereby highlighting their potential in diagnosis and PDT of cancer.
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence in East Asian women with osteoporosis

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) may cause Tullio phenomenon (sound-induced vertigo) or Hennebert sign (valsalva-induced vertigo) due to the absence of bone overlying the SSC. We document a case series of elderly East Asian women with atypical SSCD symptoms, radiologically confirmed dehiscence and concurrent osteoporosis. A retrospective record review was performed on patients with dizziness, vertigo, and/or imbalance from a neurology clinic in a community health center serving the East Asian population in Boston. SSCD was confirmed by multi-detector, high-resolution CT of the temporal bone (with Poschl and Stenvers reformations) and osteoporosis was documented by bone mineral density (BMD) scans. Of the 496 patients seen in the neurology clinic of a community health center from 2008 to 2010, 76 (17.3%) had symptoms of dizziness, vertigo, and/or imbalance. Five (6.6%) had confirmed SSCD by multi-detector, high-resolution CT of the temporal bone with longitudinal areas of dehiscence along the long axis of SSC, ranging from 0.4 to 3.0 mm, as seen on the Poschl view. Two of the 5 patients experienced motion-induced vertigo, two fell due to disequilibrium, and one had chronic dizziness. None had a history of head trauma, otologic surgery, or active intracerebral disease. On neurological examination, two patients had inducible vertigo on Dix-Hallpike maneuver and none experienced cerebellar deficit, Tullio phenomenon, or Hennebert sign. All had documented osteoporosis or osteopenia by BMD scans. Three of them had definite osteoporosis, with T-scores < −2.5 in the axial spine, while another had osteopenia with a T-score of −2.3 in the left femur. We describe an unusual presentation of SSCD without Tullio phenomenon or Hennebert sign in a population of elderly, East Asian women. There may be an association of SSCD and osteoporosis in this population. Further research is needed to determine the incidence and prevalence of this disorder, as well as the relationship of age, race, osteoporosis risk, and the development of SSCD.
Nutrition interventions for intensive therapy in the diabetes control and complications trial

Abstract As part of an intensive treatment regimen that had as its goal achieving and maintaining blood glucose levels in the normal range in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, dietitians in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial implemented varying nutrition intervention strategies to counsel patients to attain normoglycemia. Dietary management encompassed recommendations on altering insulin dosages for varying food intake. Nutrition intervention was tailored to best meet a participant's life-style, motivation, ability to grasp information, diet history, and specific intensive insulin therapy. Dietitians were integral participants in the team management of individuals in the intensive treatment group. Selected nutrition interventions—Healthy Food Choices, exchange systems, carbohydrate counting, and total available glucose—and behavior management approaches were coupled with intensive insulin therapy. Case presentations illustrate each nutrition intervention in the attainment of normoglycemia.