cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of the Temperature Field Generated During Orthogonal Machining of an Aluminum Alloy

During the machining of metals, plastic deformation and friction lead to the generation of heat in the workpiece, which results in thermomechanically coupled deformation. Recently, several numerical models of this highly coupled process have been produced in response to increased interest in high speed machining. It is important to characterize the thermal field in the cutting zone in order to completely verify these models of high speed machining and to direct further advancement in this area. In this work, HgCdTe infrared detectors are used to experimentally measure the temperature distribution at the surface of a workpiece during orthogonal cutting. From these temperature measurements, the heat generated in the primary shear zone and the friction zone can be examined and characterized. A modified Hopkinson bar technique has been developed to perform orthogonal machining at speeds ranging from 10 to 100 m/s. In the present work, a cutting velocity of 15 m/s is employed in all the tests in order to demonstrate the capability of the apparatus and characterize thermal fields during low speed machining. Temperature fields are obtained during the orthogonal cutting of aluminum as a function of depth of cut. It is seen that depth of cut can vary both the maximum temperature as well as the distribution of the temperature field in the aluminum workpiece. the maximum temperature increased with depth of cut (238°C for 1.5 mm cut, 207°C for 1.0 mm cut and 138°C for 0.5 mm cut) and the temperature field extended further beneath the cut surface with decreasing depth of cut.
Impact of the surface/interface on the ionic conductivity of thin film Gd-doped CeO2

Abstract Literature reports suggest that the surface and interface regions of thin film Gd-doped CeO2 (GDC) may act as highly conductive paths for ionic transport (Lee et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2006)[1,2]. However, no study has been published that directly tests the impact of the surface and interface on the total ionic conductivity of single crystal thin film GDC. In this study, single crystal GDC films have been grown to thicknesses varying from 20 to 500 nm and their conductivities have been measured in the 500–700 °C temperature range. Decreasing conductivity with decreasing film thickness was observed. Analysis of the conductivity data is consistent with the presence of an approximately 50 nm layer of less conductive material in every film. This study concludes that the surface and interface regions of thin film GDC are less conductive than the bulk single crystal regions, rather than being highly conductive paths.
Two-dimensional multiple entrance-slit vidicon spectrometer for simultaneous multielement analysis

A new type of wavelength dispersion system for use with a multichannel detector has been developed for simultaneous multielement analysis. The system employs a monochromator with fixed grating position, and incident angle varied by horizontal displacement of the entrance slits. The overlapping spectral windows which result can be arranged to produce a composite spectrum having minimal interference from emissions by other sample constituents. Entrance slits may also be displaced vertically to create a two-dimensional system in which spectra are stacked one above the other and scanned by use of a multi-raster scanning pattern. A number of optical and performance characteristics of the system are evaluated in both the one- and two-dimensional modes, and the system is applied to the determination of Ca, Na and K in blood serum and to the determination of the exchangeable cations Ca, Na, Li and K in clay. The advantages of this system for simultaneous multielement analysis are discussed.
Natural boundary conditions in the bending of anisotropic laminated plates

Natural boundary conditions in the bending of anisotropic plates can never be exactly satisfied by a solution in a variables separable form. This creates difficulties for classic solution methods such as Ritz and finite elements, both of which are based on a variables separable approach. Solutions utilizing both of these methods are obtained for deflection, moment resultant, and shear force resultants for simply supported, clamped, and mixed (clamped-simply supported) boundary conditions. A comparison is made between the solutions from these two approaches with emphasis on convergence and how closely each method satisfies natural boundary conditions. Balanced-symmetric angle-ply, special orthotropic, and general anisotropic lay-ups are considered.
Surface Temperature Variations Measured from an Airplane over Several Surface Types.

Abstract The problems and advantages of the bolometric method of measuring surface temperature from an airplane are discussed. It is shown that the airborne bolometer measures a weighted area-mean temperature which is a function of the surface temperature distribution and emissivity. For the employed wavelength of radiation (in the atmospheric “window”), the effect of atmospheric absorptivity is negligible under ordinary conditions for altitudes of 300 m or less, but can be an important consideration for flight levels above 300 m. From a series of flights over Southwestern Wisconsin it is concluded that the diurnal variation of surface temperature is greatest in flat farmland and sandy field areas, where a maximum difference of 29C occurred. Hilly woods and fields showed the smallest diurnal variation, with a maximum of 14C. The maximum standard deviation occurred in flat farmland area, with a value of 6C. A swampy area had a maximum value of 2C for a standard deviation.
Rapid Temporal Changes of Midtropospheric Winds

The statistical distribution of the magnitude of the vector wind change over 0.25-, 1-, 2-. and 4-h periods based on data from October 1995 through March 1996 over central Florida is presented. The wind changes at altitudes from 6 to 17 km were measured using the Kennedy Space Center 50-MHz Doppler radar wind profiler. Quality controlled profiles were produced every 5 min for 112 gates, each representing 150 m in altitude. Gates 28 through 100 were selected for analysis because of their significance to ascending space launch vehicles. The distribution was found to be lognormal. The parameters of the lognormal distribution depend systematically on the time interval. This dependence is consistent with the behavior of structure functions in the f(exp 5/3) spectral regime. There is a small difference between the 1995 data and the 1996 data, which may represent a weak seasonal effect.
Reiter's Disease: A review with special attention to cardiovascular and neurologic sequellae

T HOUGH not the first description of the tetrad of urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and rnucocutaneous lesions, Hans Reiter’s report in 19 16 was meticulous and detailed, reintroducing the syndrome into the medical literature.‘= By common usage, Reiter’s disease (RD) is the standard label.2 When discussing late manifestations far afield from the presenting syndrome, it is conceptually useful to set up a distinct, admittedly tentative, disease entity. Diagnosis is based, however, on an acute syndrome including at least three members of the tetrad. Several reviews have appeared. 3*4 The most useful basic reference is Csonka’s study’ containing a comprehensive analysis of the literature up to 1965 as well as contributions from the author’s large experience with the disease. Early publications emphasized the excellent prognosis, reporting that the disease nearly always cleared completely following an attack.6 With follow-up, it became apparent that the majority of patients suffered recurrences and had permanent articular complaints.’ As attention has been directed to sequelae, reports of cardiac and neurologic manifestations have arrived on the scene. A recent leading article in the British Medical Journal concludes with the statement, “While deaths are rare and mostly due to cardiac or neurological lesions or to reactions to treatment, the prognosis for full functional restitution is only fair though still better than rheumatoid arthritis or classical ankylosing spondylitis.“’ This review will concentrate on these cardiac and neurologic lesions, prefaced by a historical overview of the disease.
Factor Structure Validation of the Alcohol Dependence Scale in a Heavy Drinking College Sample

The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in college students necessitates that adequate measures exist to assess students for abuse and dependence. The Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) is a continuous measure of the severity of alcohol involvement found to have a unidimensional factor structure in clinical samples. The latent factor structure of the ADS in college drinkers has not been examined and this study sought to replicate unidimensionality. Heavy college drinkers (N=343) completed the ADS. Performance was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The CFA did not support a single factor solution. Follow-up EFA revealed a two factor structure. The first, termed "Acute Excessive Drinking" consisted of relatively commonly endorsed items relating to loss of behavioral control, blackouts, and obsessive/compulsive drinking. The second, termed "Severe Withdrawal Symptoms," consisted of relatively infrequently endorsed items relating to withdrawal symptoms. The ADS does not appear to have the same factor structure in college and clinical samples, making it inadvisable as a linear measure of alcohol problems within a college population.
Fiber-type proportions in mammalian soleus muscle during postnatal development

We analyzed the fiber-type composition of the soleus muscle in rats and mice to determine whether the adult proportion of fiber types is fixed soon after birth or whether it changes during postnatal maturation. We examined muscles from animals varying in age from 1 week to 1 year using monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between fast and slow isoforms of myosin heavy chains. In cross sections of unfixed muscle containing profiles of all myofibers in the muscle, we counted the fibers that stained with antibodies to fast myosin, and in adjacent sections, those that stained positive with an antibody to slow myosin. We also counted the total number of fibers in each section. Rat soleus contained about 2500 myofibers, and mouse about 1000 at all ages studied, suggesting that myogenesis ceases in soleus by 1 week after birth or sooner. In mouse soleus, the relative proportions of fibers staining positive with fast and slow myosin antibodies were similar at all ages studied, about 60%-70% being fast and 30%-40% slow. In rat soleus, however, the proportions of fast antibody-positive and slow antibody-positive fibers changed dramatically during postnatal maturation. At 1 week after birth, about 50% of rat soleus fibers stained with fast myosin antibodies, whereas between 1 and 2 months this value fell to about 10%. In mouse, about 10% of fibers at 1 week, but none at 1 year, reacted with both fast and slow antibodies, whereas in rat, fewer than 3% bound both antibodies to a significant degree at 1 week. It is puzzling why, in rat soleus, the majority of apparently fast fibers present at 1 week is converted to a slow phenotype, whereas in mouse soleus the predominant change appears to be the suppression of fast myosin expression in a subset of fibers that expresses both myosin types at 1 week. It is possible that this may be related to differences in size and the amount of body growth between these two species.
Species packing and temperature dependent competition among burying beetles (Silphidae, Nicrophorus)

Burying beetles are carrion feeders that specialize on small carcasses. We investigated interactions among congeners at two sites in Michigan, U.S.A., that differ in both number and relative proportion of species. 2. Intra- and interspecific competition for carcasses is intense. The majority of carcasses are found within 24 h of their placement. 3. Competition between N.arbicollis and N.defodiens is temperature depen- dent. Not-bicoflis can displace N.defodiens on single carcasses, but requires warm temperatures to find the carcasses. Cool weather therefore serves as a refuge for N.defadiens. 4. The southern edge of Ndefodien's geographical range is probably deter- mined by competition with N.orbicoNis. 5. Nmyi and N.tomenrosus are spring and autumn breeders respectively, and rarely interact with each other or the other two species. Nevertheless, inter- specific competition is the most likely evolutionary force leading to seasonal segregation.
Ascertaining ascertainment: Impact of the FCC primer on TV renewal applications

In this time of increasing pressure against incumbent licensees at renewal time, all aspects of the renewal process have come into sharper focus and importance. One topic of special interest has been the licensee's “Ascertainment of Community Needs”; section of his renewal form. Hoping to make the process more realistic, the FCC issued revised guidelines on the ascertainment process early in 1971. This issue of the Journal offers four articles exploring the present status of ascertainment, beginning with this overview of a sample of western television licensees which compares ascertainment filings in 1968 (before the FCC Primer) and 1971 (among the first filed afterwards) and demonstrates that the new FCC policy is having a telling effect. Dr. Joseph Foley is assistant professor of speech communications at Ohio State University.
Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Sheared Endothelial Cells

Bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) respond to nitric oxide (NO) donors by activating the redox-sensitive NF-E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element pathway and up-regulating heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. EC exposure to steady laminar shear stress causes a sustained increase in NO, a transient increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of the HO-1 gene. Because steady laminar flow increases the mitochondrial superoxide () production, we hypothesized that mitochondria-derived ROS play a role in shear-induced HO-1 expression. Flow (10 dynes/cm2, 6 h)-induced expression of HO-1 protein was abolished when BAECs were preincubated and sheared in the presence of either NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or N-acetyl-l-cysteine, suggesting that either NO or ROS up-regulates HO-1. Ebselen and diphenylene iodonium blocked HO-1 expression, and uric acid had no effect. The mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors, myxothiazol, rotenone, or antimycin A, and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant peptide, Szeto-Schiller (SS)-31, which scavenges , hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radicals, markedly inhibited the increase in HO-1 expression. These data collectively suggest that mitochondrial H2O2 mediates the HO-1 induction. MitoSOX and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) fluorescence showed that mitochondrial levels and intracellular peroxides, respectively, are higher in sheared ECs compared with static controls and, in part, dependent on NO. SS-31 significantly inhibited both the shear-induced MitoSOX and DCF fluorescence signals. Either phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade inhibitors blocked the HO-1 induction. In conclusion, under shear, EC mitochondria-derived H2O2 diffuses to the cytosol, where it initiates oxidative signaling leading to HO-1 up-regulation and maintenance of the atheroprotective EC status.
Public Characteristics and Expenditures on Public Services: an Empirical Analysis:

This article investigates the provision of police and education services using a new method of indexing quantities of local public services that isolates movements in shadow prices and quantities in expenditure data. Demand equations for two public characteristics (the crime safety rate and high school reading test pass rates) and two categories of expenditures (education and police services) are simultaneously estimated for New Jersey municipalities. The relationship between public services and public characteristics is estimated, and both the "own" and the "cross "-effects of public services are found to be empirically significant. Increases in expenditures between 1982 and 1983 are found to largely reflect increases in quantities of education services and in prices of police services.
Genes Expressed in the Ring Gland, the Major Endocrine Organ of Drosophila melanogaster

We have used an enhancer-trap approach to begin characterizing the function of the Drosophila endocrine system during larval development. Five hundred and ten different lethal PZ element insertions were screened to identify those in which a reporter gene within the P element showed strong expression in part or all of the ring gland, the major site of production and release of developmental hormones, and which had a mutant phenotype consistent with an endocrine defect. Nine strong candidate genes were identified in this screen, and eight of these are expressed in the lateral cells of the ring gland that produce ecdysteroid molting hormone (EC). We have confirmed that the genes detected by these enhancer traps are expressed in patterns similar to those detected by the reporter gene. Two of the genes encode proteins, protein kinase A and calmodulin, that have previously been implicated in the signaling pathway leading to EC synthesis and release in other insects. A third gene product, the translational elongation factor EF-1α F 1 , could play a role in the translational regulation of EC production. The screen also identified the genes couch potato and tramtrack , previously known from their roles in peripheral nervous system development, as being expressed in the ring gland. One enhancer trap revealed expression of the gene encoding the C subunit of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the medial cells of the ring gland, which produce the juvenile hormone that controls progression through developmental stages. This could reveal a function of V-ATPase in the response of this part of the ring gland to adenotropic neuropeptides. However, the gene identified by this enhancer trap is ubiquitously expressed, suggesting that the enhancer trap is detecting only a subset of its control elements. The results show that the enhancer trap approach can be a productive way of exploring tissue-specific genetic functions in Drosophila.
Mixed effects models for EEG evoked response detection

Human brain signals associated with perceptual processes have been shown to be useful for visual target image search. For the purpose of online training, we develop a novel mixed effects evoked response detector, which is capable of combining individual random effects and population fixed effects, for the analysis of neural signatures associated with targets. To avoid numerical problems in high dimensional matrix computations, we develop equivalent dimension reduced expressions for the mixed models. We construct the mixed effects evoked response model using principal component analysis to provide bases for the population model and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to provide bases for the individual models. In addition, the LDA is adopted for Elecroencephalography channel dimensionality reduction. Data collected at different time and experimental conditions from two subjects performing image search tasks are utilized to assess the quality of the models. We also compare the proposed model with the support vector machine (SVM). The results demonstrate that the mixed models approach the SVM and provide reliable inference on cross session evaluation for the single-trial evoked response detection.
Thermoelastic stress analysis for detecting and characterizing static damage initiation in composite lap shear joints

Experimental techniques using thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) are presented to characterize static damage initiation and progression in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) single lap shear joints. Two carbon fiber composite lap joint systems are tested: woven (fabric) laminated and uni-tape laminated orthotropic plates. The resin layer used for the bonded lap-joints is the FM300K adhesive with an approximate thickness of 10 mils. Two testing methods are studied with TSA to detect damage and characterize damage severity. Several samples are removed from loading after initial cracking is suspected from observing the TSA data, and micrographic inspection is conducted to characterize and confirm the nature of their failure initiation. The proposed TSA testing schemes along with a damage index demonstrate a good ability to detect damage near the bonded edge of the joint and characterize damage severity. The damage index presented provides a distinct advantage over traditional methods such as contact gauges and acoustic emission which are unable to link detected events to the damage extent. The demonstrated TSA ability to characterize damage in lap joints is well suited for long-term fatigue tests or comparing the mechanical performance of various FRP joints.
Stoichiometry of nutrient recycling by vertebrates in a tropical stream: linking species identity and ecosystem processes

Ecological stoichiometry offers a framework for predicting how animal species vary in recycling nutrients, thus providing a mechanism for how animal species identity mediates ecosystem processes. Here we show that variation in the rates and ratios at which 28 vertebrate species (fish, amphibians) recycled nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in a tropical stream supports stoichiometry theory. Mass-specific P excretion rate varied 10-fold among taxa and was negatively related to animal body P content. In addition, the N : P ratio excreted was negatively related to body N : P. Body mass (negatively related to excretion rates) explained additional variance in these excretion parameters. Body P content and P excretion varied much more among taxonomic families than among species within families, suggesting that familial composition may strongly influence ecosystem-wide nutrient cycling. Interspecific variation in nutrient recycling, mediated by phylogenetic constraints on stoichiometry and allometry, illustrates a strong linkage between species identity and ecosystem function.
Reverse Transcriptase of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Binds to Eukaryotic Release Factor 1 to Modulate Suppression of Translational Termination

The pol (for polymerase) gene of the murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) is expressed in the form of a large Gag-Pol precursor protein by the suppression of translational termination, or enhanced readthrough, of a UAG stop codon at the end of gag. A search for cellular proteins that interact with the reverse transcriptase of Moloney MuLV resulted in the identification of eRF1, the eukaryotic translation release factor 1. The proteins bound strongly in vitro, and the overexpression of eRF1 resulted in the RT-dependent incorporation of the protein into assembling virion particles. The overexpression of RT in trans enhanced the translational readthrough of a reporter construct containing the Gag-Pol boundary region. Noninteracting mutants of RT failed to synthesize adequate levels of Gag-Pol and could not replicate. These results suggest that RT enhances suppression of termination and that the interaction of RT with eRF1 is required for an appropriate level of translational readthrough.
Is caffeine protective against Type 2 diabetes

ISSN 1758-1907 10.2217/DMT.11.23 © 2011 Future Medicine Ltd Diabetes Manage. (2011) 1(4), 351–353 Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex meta‐ bolic disease with serious complications and its prevalence is now reaching epi‐ demic proportion worldwide with minori‐ ties and those from developing countries bearing the largest burden of disease and premature mortality [1–3]. The fundamen‐ tal basis of T2D pathogenesis involves impaired insulin action and secretion. Obesity is the most important risk factor that can be modified with comprehensive lifestyle interventions to signif icantly reduce diabetes risk [4]. Nonetheless, whether, how, and to what extent specific dietary components may offer beneficial effects on diabetes risk remain uncer‐ tain. Now a series of recent observational studies have indicated that promising modifiable lifestyle factors may include intake of caffeinated coffee and/or caf‐ feine. Coffee is one of the most frequently consumed beverages worldwide, perhaps in large part owing to the psychosomatic effects of caffeine [101], although coffee also contains many other components such as vitamins, minerals, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. To date, a number of prospective studies conducted among mainly European men and women have demonstrated an inverse association between coffee consumption and T2D risk [5–9]. In the most recent systematic review, Huxley and colleagues summa‐ rized findings from 18 studies involving 457,922 participants and reported that those who drank between three and four cups per day had approximately 25% lower T2D risk compared with those drinking two or fewer cups per day (relative risk: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.69–0.82) [9]. Several mechanistic explanations have been put forth relating a myriad of com‐ ponents such as magnesium, potassium, chlorogenic acid and caffeine to improved insulin sensitivity and b‐cell function [10]. Caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthin) is a xanthine alkaloid rich in coffee, tea and chocolates derived from cocoa beans. One recent study in rats reported that caffeine may protect pancreatic b‐cells against natural toxins such as streptozotocin [11]. Several studies in rodents have also demon‐ strated that caffeine increases resting metabolic rate [12–14] and decreases body
Hydraulics and Mixing Efficiency of Small Public Water Disinfection Systems

The research presented in this study focuses on the evaluation of flow and scalar transport characteristics of small disinfection systems, primarily through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and physical conservative tracer studies overcoming the traditional “black-box” approach of disinfection tank design based on theoretical detention time (TDT). Original research was performed on a series of pressurized tanks systems and on two differing open surface tank systems. CFD allowed for evaluation of the systems’ respective flow characteristics which govern the transport of any quantity. Residence time distribution (RTD), or flow-through, curves measuring the effluent concentration of a passive scalar or conservative tracer provide a physical measure of the hydraulic mixing efficiency. The series of pressurized tank systems exhibited significant regions of turbulent mixing and recirculation corresponding to a relatively low hydraulic efficiency. Both open surface tank systems showed highly uneven flow paths and corresponding low hydraulic efficiencies. The research presented in this study provides an extensive evaluation for the flow and scalar characteristics of the described small public drinking water disinfection systems.
Teaching Resiliency Theory to Substance Abuse Counselors.

ABSTRACT Resiliency is the ability to cope in the face of adversity. One protective factor that promotes resiliency in substance-abusing dysfunctional families is family rituals and traditions. Social workers and substance abuse counselors can teach family members how to instill resiliency in their families and themselves through rituals and traditions. To work with their clients to promote resiliency, clinicians need to learn how to identify substance abusers in family systems, recognize the presence or absence of resiliency among family members, and determine the presence or absence of family rituals and traditions. To this end, Kolb's learning theory is presented along with its application to classroom instruction and an assessment tool to identify client family rituals and traditions.
Capital flows and capital goods

Abstract Studying the relation between equity market liberalization and imports of capital goods, we examine one channel through which international financial integration can promote growth. For the period 1980–1997, we find that after controlling for other policies and fundamentals, stock market liberalizations are associated with a significant increase in the share of imports of machinery and equipment. We hypothesize this can be attributed to the consequences of financial integration, which allows access to foreign capital, and provide evidence consistent with this channel. Our results suggest that increased access to international capital allows countries to enjoy the benefits embodied in capital goods.
Assessing the Construct Validity of a Life Skills Competency Test

The proliferation of minimum competency tests in recent years has not resulted in a critical analysis of their construct validity. The present study examined the dimensionality and construct validity of an urban life skills competency test. Results of a double cross-validation factor analysis identified one factor underlying performance. This factor was stable across three independent samples. It was also highly correlated with reading and math subtests of the ITBS. Thus, life skills competency may not be operationally different than traditional achievement tests. Additional validity studies are needed.
Fully automatic cross-associations

Large, sparse binary matrices arise in numerous data mining applications, such as the analysis of market baskets, web graphs, social networks, co-citations, as well as information retrieval, collaborative filtering, sparse matrix reordering, etc. Virtually all popular methods for the analysis of such matrices---e.g., k-means clustering, METIS graph partitioning, SVD/PCA and frequent itemset mining---require the user to specify various parameters, such as the number of clusters, number of principal components, number of partitions, and "support." Choosing suitable values for such parameters is a challenging problem.Cross-association is a joint decomposition of a binary matrix into disjoint row and column groups such that the rectangular intersections of groups are homogeneous. Starting from first principles, we furnish a clear, information-theoretic criterion to choose a good cross-association as well as its parameters, namely, the number of row and column groups. We provide scalable algorithms to approach the optimal. Our algorithm is parameter-free, and requires no user intervention. In practice it scales linearly with the problem size, and is thus applicable to very large matrices. Finally, we present experiments on multiple synthetic and real-life datasets, where our method gives high-quality, intuitive results.
Exact expressions for the vector potential and electric fields of a cylindrical antenna with a triangular current distribution

A mathematically exact representation of the vector potential and corresponding electric fields has not previously been available for a cylindrical wire dipole with a triangularly distributed current. This paper outlines the derivation of an exact formulation for the vector potential and electric fields associated with a triangular current cylindrical antenna. The expressions presented are exact in the sense that no assumptions or approximations were made in their derivation.
Corals fail to recover at a Caribbean marine reserve despite ten years of reserve designation

The ability of reserves to replenish fish stocks is relatively well documented, but the evidence of their ability to induce positive effects on benthic communities remains inconclusive. Here, we test whether 10 years of reserve designation have translated into positive effects on coral communities in Glover’s Reef, Belize. Surveys of 87 patch reefs inside and outside the reserve revealed no clear indication of reserve implementation benefitting coral cover, coral colony size, or abundance of juvenile corals. Furthermore, massive broadcasting coral species exhibited greater losses over time than their smaller-sized counterparts across all sites, suggesting that local management actions have not alleviated the regional trend of high mortality for these species. We detected no difference in herbivorous fish abundances or macroalgal cover between reserve and fished sites, providing a potential explanation for the lack of cascading positive effects on the coral community. We conclude that patterns of regional coral decline are evident at Glover’s Reef, including a shift in dominance from broadcasting species to brooding species and declines in mean colony size. Our findings suggest that regional stressors are overwhelming local management efforts and that additional strategies are required to improve local coral condition.
The challenge of car safety seats.

In newborn intensive care units and special care nurseries throughout the United States, the discharge process typically includes a ritual known as the "car seat challenge". The preterm infant, now of sufficient health and size to safely venture home, is first placed in a car seat, connected to a vital signs monitor and pulse oximeter, and then observed for an extended period of time. If specified parameters are achieved, the infant is deemed ready to safely travel in a car seat without the risk of untoward cardiopulmonary compromise. Given the "objective" data obtained from a car seat challenge (number of apneic episodes, oxygen saturation values, and so on) one might suppose that the test is based on carefully considered scientific evidence. However, reviews of published literature speak to a different story Language: en
Graphical solution of coherent Raman systems using the Bloch sphere

We present an analysis of coherent Raman systems (e.g. lambda and double lambda systems) based on a Bloch vector representation of the atomic state. The resulting vector equation suggests simple graphical solutions which provide significant intuition regarding the behavior of Raman systems.
Gambling and Problem Gambling Across the Lifespan

Two national U.S. telephone surveys of gambling were conducted, an adult survey (age 18 and over, N = 2,631) in 1999–2000 and a youth (age 14–21, N = 2,274) survey in 2005–2007. The data from these surveys were combined to examine the prevalence of any gambling, frequent gambling and problem gambling across the lifespan. These types of gambling involvement increased in frequency during the teens, reached a high level in the respondents’ 20s and 30s, and then fell off in as the respondents aged. The notion that gambling involvement generally, and especially problem gambling, is most prevalent during the teens was not supported. A comparison of the age patterns of gambling involvement and alcohol involvement showed that alcohol involvement peaks at a younger age than gambling involvement; and thus, the theory that deviant behaviors peak at an early age applies more to alcohol than to gambling.
Stimulation of dendritic cells enhances immune response after photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of photosensitizers followed by illumination of the primary tumor with red light producing reactive oxygen species that cause vascular shutdown and tumor cell necrosis and apoptosis. Anti-tumor immunity is stimulated after PDT due to the acute inflammatory response, priming of the immune system to recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAA). The induction of specific CD8+ Tlymphocyte cells that recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) restricted epitopes of TAAs is a highly desirable goal in cancer therapy. The PDT killed tumor cells may be phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DC) that then migrate to draining lymph nodes and prime naive T-cells that recognize TAA epitopes. This process is however, often sub-optimal, in part due to tumor-induced DC dysfunction. Instead of DC that can become mature and activated and have a potent antigen-presenting and immune stimulating phenotype, immature dendritic cells (iDC) are often found in tumors and are part of an immunosuppressive milieu including regulatory T-cells and immunosuppressive cytokines such as TGF-beta and IL10. We here report on the use of a potent DC activating agent, an oligonucleotide (ODN) that contains a non-methylated CpG motif and acts as an agonist of toll like receptor (TLR) 9. TLR activation is a danger signal to notify the immune system of the presence of invading pathogens. CpG-ODN (but not scrambled non-CpG ODN) increased bone-marrow DC activation after exposure to PDT-killed tumor cells, and significantly increased tumor response to PDT and mouse survival after peri-tumoral administration. CpG may be a valuable immunoadjuvant to PDT especially for tumors that produce DC dysfunction.
A Discontinuous Buffer System for Paper Electrophoresis of Human Hemoglobins

A method for paper electrophoresis of hemoglobins in a discontinuous buffer system is presented. Tris-EDTA- borate buffer 0.12M., p H 9.1, is applied to the paper. Barbital buffer 0.06 M., p H 8.6, is used in the buffer vessels. The discontinuous buffer system enables the detection of hemoglobin A2 in small samples of hemolysate. Resolution of abnormal hemoglobins is superior to that in barbital or Tris-EDTA-borate buffer alone. It offers special advantage for the examination of aged samples of hemoglobin. Reasons for the behavior of the hemoglobins in this buffer system are discussed.
Retired to Greener Pastures: The Public Costs of Private Judging

Under the United States Constitution, access to the public justice system is seen as a right so citizens can benefit from due process protections. Judges, as public officials, play a central role in the public justice system. However, public judges are increasingly migrating to private judging, according to many observers such as U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts, because they are underpaid and overworked. The “Alternative Dispute Resolution” (ADR) Movement has brought private judging practices such as arbitration and mediation into the mainstream. These developments raise concerns about the quality of the public justice system as a means of resolving disputes when increasing numbers of judges migrate to the private sector. This chapter discusses the benefits and costs of private judging on the access to meaningful justice, and calls for an increased public investment toward improvements in the public justice system.
Blood choline and response to clonazepam and haloperidol in Tourette's syndrome.

ABSTRACT– This paper reports the results of a single blind clinical study of drug treatment response of 20 patients with Tourette's syndrome to haloperidol and clonazepam. Because patients with Tourette's syndrome have been reported to have increased red blood cell choline levels, choline levels were examined in relation to treatment response. Differential drug treatment response was found among patients with high versus low red blood cell-to-plasma choline ratios. Patients with high red blood cell-to-plasma choline ratios responded better to clonazepam than to haloperidol. This suggests that there may be two distinct subtypes of patients with Tourette's syndrome.
Accuracy and performance of numerical wall boundary conditions for steady, 2D, incompressible streamfunction vorticity

Three recent papers have studied fourth-order compact discretizations of the streamfunction vorticity equations. They differed primarily in how the no-slip wall boundary conditions were handled. In this paper, these different formulas are compared to one another, as well as to three newly proposed formulas. Special consideration is paid to the truncation errors; in particular, it is shown that many well-known formulations are actually more accurate by O(h) than previously reported, where h is the mesh size. These new theoretical error rates are confirmed with an analytical model problem. The different formulas are then compared with published driven cavity results, both in terms of accuracy and performance, and the newly proposed high-order Jensen formula is judged to have the marginally best combination of these properties. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We Have Built it but They Have Not Come: Preliminary Assessment of a Minor in Entrepreneurship

This paper describes the history and content of a minor in entrepreneurship within the College of Business at a Midwestern (U.S.A.) university. This minor was developed to encourage entrepreneurial development within the region. Enrollment in the minor has been very low. Literature related to the “liability of newness” (Stinchcombe, 1965) and on social capital formation and its influence on new venture success will be reviewed. Recommendations are made for possible program changes.
SPECT measurement of benzodiazepine receptors in human brain with iodine-123-iomazenil: kinetic and equilibrium paradigms.

modelto provideesti matesoftherateconstants K1tok. Thebinding potential (equal to theproductof thereceptor densityandaffinity)wasderived fromtherateconstants. Intheequilibrium method(n = 8),the tracerbolusinjection wasfollowed bya constant tracerinfusion toinduce asustalned equilibrium state. Theregional equilibrium volumeofdistribution wascalculated astheratiooftheregional brain COnCentrabOn-ID-thefree parenttracer steady-state plasma concentration. Inthreeexperiments, a receptor-saturating dose offlumazenilwas injectedfor directmeasurement ofthe nondis placeable compartment distribution volume.Results:The Id neticandequilibrium method resufts wereingoodagreement in all regionsinvestigated.Iodine-125-iomazenil bindingpotential measured in vitroin 12postmortem samples wasfoundto be consistent wfth SPECT in @vo measurements. Conclusion: Thesestudiesdemonstrated the fea@brIfty of quantification of receptor bindingwithSPECT.
Root Preserving Transformations of Polynomials

Consider the real vector space P2 of all polynomials of degree at most 2. High-school students study the roots of the polynomials in P2, while linear algebra students study linear transformations on P2. Is it possible to bring these two groups together to do some joint research? For example, a linear algebra student chooses a specific linear transformation T : P2 → P2 and asks others to study the roots of a polynomial p(x) = ax + bx + c, x ∈ R,
The Skin of Our Teeth

The Staff: Director: Dan Rogers '08 Assistant Director: Jenn Simonian '09 Stage Manager: Amanda Glassman '08 Production Manager: Nick Leiserson '09 Tech Director: Matt Ball '09 Set Designer: Peter Fallon '09 Scenic Painter: Laura Atkinson '07 Lighting designer: Justin Spiegel '08 Sound designer: Todd Lipcon '07 Costume Designer: The Story (so far): The Skin of Our Teeth received its first performance in New Haven, Connecticut, on October 15, 1942. The United States had declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, and the Battle of Stalingrad, which would, in 1943, mark the first major German defeat of the war, had on just begun on September 13. Meanwhile American troops were becoming more and more involved in the War on both fronts. The themes of war are echoed in the text: man's potential for savagery, the progress of science (Hiroshima was bombed in 1945), and man's determination to survive. This play is about humanity and what it does in the face of tragedy. How do we pull through in a world that repeats itself with natural disasters, family problems, and, as Wilder's audience in 1942 saw (and we today see), war? The Skin of Our Teeth presents the whole of human history as its story, and comes to the conclusion that, in the end, all that we really have is each other. What we need to go on living is hope and faith – in progress, in the future, and in all of humanity. One of the important concepts to grasp in reading this work is its cyclical nature.
High-Order Moving Overlapping Grid Methodology for Aerospace Applications

The development of a three dimensional spectrally accurate moving overlapping grid technique that is utilized to solve for the ow around complex moving geometries opens doors to various practical applications that have previously been dicult to model. This method provides a straightforward approach to managing grid resolution near moving structures without the need for mesh restructuring techniques. Building upon our previously validated overlapping mesh methodology, we have developed a moving overlapping mesh method in a high-order spectral element computational uid dynamics solver. Current validation tests on the two dimensional moving overlapping grid methodology have shown spectral accuracy of the coupled solution for both translating and rotating meshes, and results for
Research of a Service-Oriented Data Integration Architecture

This article introduces a solution based on the Service-Oriented Data Integration Architecture.By building The Data Service Layer in the System,we can implement Services of Data Integration and provide data access interfaces for high level business Services.
Breeding of New Hybrid Rice Combination Dexiang 4103 and Analysis of the Reasons for Its High Yield

Dexiang 4103(Dexiang 074A/Luhui H103) is a new high-yielding hybrid rice combination developed by the Rice and Sorghum Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.In Sichuan provincial regional trials,it yielded 5.9% higher than the check hybrid Gangyou 725 on average.It had also better blast resistance and grain quality than the control.In 2008,it was registered and released to commercial production by the Sichuan Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee.The reasons for its higher yield were: 1) its higher daily grain yield rather than a longer maturity;2) the consonant increase of both grain weight per panicle and panicles per unit area with a greater contribution to yield from the former,resulting mainly from its heavier grains.The approach to breeding super rice was also discussed in this paper.
Optical Kinematics of Dual Mirror Laser Rangefinders

The topic of kinematics of laser rangefinders has received little attention in the robotics literature, even though such sensors have been the perception sensors of choice on commercial AGVs, field robots, and aerial robots for some time. Unlike the physical mechanisms employed in manipulators and mobile robots, the basic operation for bending the optical path of the transmit and receive beams of a laser rangefinder is often a reflection about a mirror, and this operation cannot be modeled naturally as a rotation. In recognition of the uniqueness of optical reflection mechanisms, this paper presents a formulation for modeling 2 axis scanning laser rangefinders based on a matrix reflection operator.
One-Hour Litmus Milk Test for Identification of Streptococcus faecalis

A one-hour litmus milk reduction test for rapid identification of Streptococcus faecalis from blood culture bottles was positive for 88.5% of S faecalis , 30.8% of S faecium , and none of 3 S durans or 54 non-enterococcal isolates.
HIERtalker: a default hierarchy of high order neural networks that learns to read English aloud

A learning algorithm based on a default hierarchy of high-order neural networks has been developed that is able to generalize as well as handle exceptions. It learns the 'building blocks' or clusters of symbols in a stream that appear repeatedly and that convey certain messages. The default hierarchy prevents a combinatoric generation of rules. A simulator of such hierarchy, HIERtalker, has been applied to the conversion of English words to phonemes. Accuracy is 99% for trained words and ranges from 76% to 96% for sets of new words. >
Dielectric relaxation behavior of polymer liquid crystals at temperatures up to 220°C

A capacitance cell and oven capable of temperature control in the range of 30–220°C has been designed and constructed. The dielectric properties of several side-chain polymer liquid crystals have been measured at 17 frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 100,000 Hz using a fully automated, microprocessor controlled bridge built by one of the authors (CGA1. The dielectric features will be compared with DSC studies of these materials