cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic rotational branching ratios in resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization of NO via the A 2Σ+(3sσ) and D 2Σ+(3pσ) states

We present the results of ab initio calculations of the ionic rotational branching ratios in NO for a (1+1) REMPI (resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization) via the A 2Sigma+(3ssigma) state and a (2+1) REMPI via the D 2Sigma+(3psigma) state. Despite the atomic-like character of the bound 3ssigma and 3psigma orbitals in these resonant states, the photoelectron continuum exhibits strong l mixing. The selection rule DeltaN+l=odd (DeltaN[equivalent]N+−Ni) implies that the peaks in the photoelectron spectrum corresponding to DeltaN=odd (±1,±3) are sensitive to even partial waves while those corresponding to even DeltaN probe the odd partial waves in the photoelectron continuum. Recent experimental high resolution photoelectron studies have shown a strong DeltaN=0 peak for ionization via the A 2Sigma+ and the D 2Sigma+ states, indicating a dominance of odd-l partial waves. While this seems natural for ionization out of the 3ssigma orbital, it is quite anomalous for 3psigma ionization. Based on extensive bound calculations, Viswanathan et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 90, 5078 (1986)] attribute this anomaly to a strong l mixing in the electronic continuum caused by the nonspherical molecular potential. We have performed ab initio calculations of the rotational branching ratios and compared them with the experimental results. The electronic continuum shows a significant p-wave component which leads to the large DeltaN=0 peak in both cases. Calculations are performed for both rotationally "clean" and "mixed" branches. The relative heights of the peaks are very sensitive to the photoelectron kinetic energy for the D 2Sigma+ state and less so for the A 2Sigma+ state. This is a direct consequence of the l mixing in the continuum.
A stable chip-ID generating physical uncloneable function using random address errors in SRAM

A stable chip-ID generating scheme using random failure bits in an SRAM array is proposed. Combining with a new screening test before shipping products, we realize high-tolerance against variability of operating condition. Measured data confirm that the stability and average of Hamming distance of 128 bit chip-ID achieve 100% and 63.7, respectively. The chip-ID generating time becomes less than 10us at 200 MHz operation.
Estrogenic control of thermoregulation in ERαKO and ERβKO mice

Abstract Objective Estrogen is the most effective treatment for preventing the vasomotor symptoms in women. The ability of estrogen to control tail skin temperature (TST) in rats is used as an animal model for the studies of estrogens on menopausal hot flushes. Today, we know that estrogen can mediate its actions via the interaction with two different estrogen receptors: ERα and ERβ. To elucidate the function of each estrogen receptor subtype control of thermoregulation, we developed an animal model demonstrating estrogen control of TST in mice. Methods and results We determined that estrogen depletion by ovariectomy (OVX) of mice causes an elevation of basal tail skin temperature. Administration of estradiol cypionate suppressed this increase in TST in a dose dependent manner. Estrogen depletion by OVX in either ERα-knockout (ERαKO) or ERβ-knockout (ERβKO) mice resulted in an increase in TST that could be suppressed by estrogen treatment. Conclusion We show that mice serve as a suitable animal model for estrogen-controlled thermoregulation and that the expression of either ERα or ERβ alone in mice is sufficient to maintain control TST by estrogen.
Diffusion in binary mixtures

Abstract The effect on the ordinary coefficient of diffusion of the mobilities of two interdiffusing, non-ionic components is evaluated by a straightforward application of the equations of irreversible thermodynamics along the lines suggested by De Groot [1]. The form of the resultant equations for the diffusion coefficient indicates that this approach does not agree with experiment so well as that of considering the effect of the different mobilities according to the equations proposed by Darken [2] and others. The analysis given in the text indicates that a binary diffusion coefficient is best calculated from the measured rates of diffusion of radio-active tracers by the equations of Darken [2].
Smallest metallic nanorods using physical vapor deposition.

Physical vapor deposition provides a controllable means of growing two-dimensional metallic thin films and one-dimensional metallic nanorods. While theories exist for the growth of metallic thin films, their counterpart for the growth of metallic nanorods is absent. Because of this absence, the lower limit of the nanorod diameter is theoretically unknown; consequently the experimental pursuit of the smallest nanorods has no clear target. This Letter reports a closed-form theory that defines the diameter of the smallest metallic nanorods using physical vapor deposition. Further, the authors verify the theory using lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and validate the theory using published experimental data. Finally, the authors carry out a series of theory-guided experiments to grow well-separated metallic nanorods of $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ in diameter, which are the smallest ever reported using physical vapor deposition.
Rainfastness and Residual Activity of Insecticides to Control Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Grapes

Field-based bioassays and residue profile analysis were used to determine the relative toxicity, rainfastness, and field degradation over time of five insecticides from five insecticide classes on adult Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in grapes, Vitis labrusca L. Bioassays assessed Japanese beetle condition as alive, knockdown, or immobile when exposed for 24 h or 7-d field-aged residues of phosmet, carbaryl, bifenthrin, thiamethoxam, or indoxacarb after 0, 12.7, or 25.4 mm of rain had been simulated. We found that the two most toxic insecticides to Japanese beetle were phosmet and carbaryl, followed by bifenthrin, thiamethoxam, and then indoxacarb. The efficacy of phosmet decreased because of rainfall, but not because of field aging. The efficacy of carbaryl decreased because of rainfall and field aging. The efficacies of bifenthrin and thiamethoxam were not affected by rainfall but decreased because of field aging. The efficacy of indoxacarb was not affected by rainfall or field aging. This study will help vineyard managers make informed decisions on when reapplications of insecticides are needed with the aim of improving integrated pest management programs.
The effects of varying concentrations of nutrients, chlorinity, and dissolved oxygen on polychaetous annelids

Abstract The effects of varying concentrations of known environmental variables around marine domestic outfall sewers were studied on four species of polychaetous annelids which have been employed as indicators of varying degrees of marine pollution. The variables included increased concentrations of phosphates, nitrates, and silicates and decreased concentrations of chlorinity and dissolved oxygen. These factors were measured individually, the 3 nutrients together, and all 5 variables together. Data were expressed in the form of 28 day tl m values. Nereis grubei , the healthy zone indicator, was most sensitive species studied. In general, the tolerances of the two semi healthy zone indicators and polluted zone indicator were similar. Comparisons of the 28 day tl m values with the concentrations of these factors present at the bubble of the Orange County, California, outfall sewer showed that these four species would be unaffected directly by the altered conditions in the waste discharge.
Amending subsoil acidity by surface applications of gypsum, lime, and composts

Crop growth on many highly weathered soils could be severely restricted by the subsoil acidity, which is characterized by low calcium (Ca) and high aluminum (Al) at depths below the plow layer. Since surface applied lime may not improve subsoil conditions, alternatives must be sought. Thus, effects of composts alone or in combination with lime on increasing Ca and decreasing Al in subsoil were evaluated in a simulated soil profile. An acid Ultisol was packed in a 50-cm long column with the top 15 cm being amended with either lime (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), a yard waste compost, a bio-solids-based compost (Nitrohumus), or a combination of compost and lime. The column was leached with 40 mL deionized water daily at a rate of 10 mL per 15 min for 27 days (40 cm water). Thereafter, the column was dismantled and cut into 15, 10, 10, 10 cm layers from the top for chemical analysis. Results showed that lime markedly increased pH and reduced exchangeable Al of the surface layer, but had little effect on subsoi...
Reliability of reports of violent victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among men and women with serious mental illness

Although violent victimization is highly prevalent among men and women with serious mental illness (SMI; e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), future research in this area may be impeded by controversy concerning the ability of individuals with SMI to report traumatic events reliably. This article presents the results of a study exploring the temporal consistency of reports of childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual abuse, and adult physical abuse, as well as current symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 50 people with SMI. Results show that trauma history and PTSD assessments can, for the most part, yield reliable information essential to further research in this area. The study also demonstrates the importance of using a variety of statistical methods to assess the reliability of self-reports of trauma history.
Multi-criteria decision analysis in environmental sciences: Ten years of applications and trends

Decision-making in environmental projects requires consideration of trade-offs between socio-political, environmental, and economic impacts and is often complicated by various stakeholder views. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) emerged as a formal methodology to face available technical information and stakeholder values to support decisions in many fields and can be especially valuable in environmental decision making. This study reviews environmental applications of MCDA. Over 300 papers published between 2000 and 2009 reporting MCDA applications in the environmental field were identified through a series of queries in the Web of Science database. The papers were classified by their environmental application area, decision or intervention type. In addition, the papers were also classified by the MCDA methods used in the analysis (analytic hierarchy process, multi-attribute utility theory, and outranking). The results suggest that there is a significant growth in environmental applications of MCDA over the last decade across all environmental application areas. Multiple MCDA tools have been successfully used for environmental applications. Even though the use of the specific methods and tools varies in different application areas and geographic regions, our review of a few papers where several methods were used in parallel with the same problem indicates that recommended course of action does not vary significantly with the method applied.
Consideration of carbon structure effect on thermal stability of carbon anode for Li ion rechargeable batteries

Abstract Thermal stability of carbon structure anode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries is studied with the consideration to carbon physical property and structure. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermal test shows that the thermal decomposition of fully delithiated carbon anode materials at an elevated temperature to about 230 °C generate weak exothermic heat and the heat amount is in the linear relation to their carbon specific surface area. Meanwhile, the fully lithiated carbon anode materials generates much stronger exothermic heat in the same temperature range and the heat amount is largely differed with their carbon structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and DSC tests reveal that intercalated lithium inside the carbon structure is involved in thermal reactions with aqueous liquid electrolyte and the evolved specific heat per lithium mol is largely differed with the carbon structure.
The Relationship Between the Liberal Ethos and Quality of Life A Comparative Analysis of Pooled Time-series Data from 1970 to 1994

This research examines the positive influence of democracy and economic liberalism on citizens' quality of life (QOL). The statistical analysis relies on extreme-bounds analysis, the Tobit-maximum likelihood estimator, and robust two-stage least squares to test this hypothesis. The relationship between democracy and QOL is a parabolic inverted U-shaped curve, so that democracy first enhances QOL and over time it hampers it. On the other hand, QOL strengthens democracy. QOL suffers from a market economy in middle-income countries. Openness to trade enhances QOL everywhere but sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. A market economy consolidates democracy everywhere else but sub-Saharan Africa. Openness enhances democracy around the globe, except in Latin America and the Middle East. Economic development and QOL exhibit a reciprocal normal U-shaped curve, whereas democracy and economic development are linearly dependent. These contradictory results cast some doubt on the pursuit of both democracy and a libe...
guilty until proven innocent: conviction orientation, racial attitudes, and support for capital punishment

A long-standing objection to the death penalty is that it has been applied disproportionately to African Americans. A more recent objection centers on concern that standards for selecting death qualified juries bias these juries in the favor of the prosecution. This research investigates the empirical connections between these two objections by analyzing the structure of attitudes and beliefs that connect support for the death penalty with attitudes suggesting racial prejudice on the one hand and a conviction-prone orientation on the other. Multivariate analysis of data from the 1990 and 1996 General Social Surveys suggest that those who are more likely to be allowed to serve on death penalty cases are not only more likely to harbor racially prejudiced attitudes, but also are more likely to favor the conviction of innocent defendants over letting guilty ones go free. The results also show punishment orientation to be influenced by a negative view of human nature and belief in a rigid adherence to law.
Multiresource allocation: fairness-efficiency tradeoffs in a unifying framework

Quantifying the notion of fairness is underexplored when there are multiple types of resources and users request different ratios of the different resources. A typical example is data centers processing jobs with heterogeneous resource requirements on CPU, memory, network bandwidth, etc. In such cases, a tradeoff arises between equitability, or "fairness," and efficiency. This paper develops a unifying framework addressing the fairness-efficiency tradeoff in light of multiple types of resources. We develop two families of fairness functions that provide different tradeoffs, characterize the effect of user requests' heterogeneity, and prove conditions under which these fairness measures satisfy the Pareto efficiency, sharing incentive, and envy-free properties. Intuitions behind the analysis are explained in two visualizations of multiresource allocation. We also investigate people's fairness perceptions through an online survey of allocation preferences.
Surface effects of hysteresis loop shapes in high-coercive-force crystallized amorphous alloys

Crystallized amorphous ribbons sometimes show hysteresis loops indicating the presence of two magnetic phases on a large scale. Crystallized ribbons of both Co 66 B 30 Si 4 and Fe 70.5 B 15.5 Tb 7 La 7 showed this behavior. In each case the crystallized ribbon consisted of a core of one structure surrounded by a skin of another. Removal of this skin by etching improved the shape of the demagnetization curve of the Fe-B-Tb-La alloy considered as a permanent magnet material.
Combat exposure and the etiology of postdischarge substance abuse problems among Vietnam veterans

This study finds a highly significant (p<0.0002) relationship between combat exposure and problems with drugs or drinking too much following discharge from the Armed Forces among a large (N=1,176) national random probability sample of Vietnam veterans. Exposure to heavy combat more than doubled a typical Vietnam veteran's risk of reporting a postdischarge substance abuse problem, as compared to what would have been expected had he served, but seen no combat, in Vietnam. Employing an ordinary least-squares multiple regression model, this study also found a highly significant relationship (p<0.0001) between the self-report of a postdischarge substance abuse problem and age at assignment to Vietnam. These findings support the residual stress theory proposed by Figley (1978), as opposed to the stress evaporation hypothesis advanced by Borus (1973). Providing empirical support for the psychoanalytic construct of normal developmental lines advanced by Anna Freud (1965) and Erikson (1968), this study posits that younger Vietnam combat veterans, having achieved less developmental stability and personality integration than relatively older veterans, were therefore at greater risk for the subsequent emergence of substance abuse problems as a result of their exposure to combat.
Serum antibody in rheumatoid arthritis reactive with a cell-associated antigen. Demonstration by precipitation and immunofluorescence.

A cell-free extract of human diploid B lymphocytes (Wil2) in continuous culture was used as the source of antigen in immunodiffusion to detect a precipitating antibody referred to as rheumatoid arthritis precipitin (RAP) in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The prevalence of RAP was determined in various arthritides and other connective tissue diseases. It was found in 67% of patients with seropositive RA and in 62% of patients with Sjogren's syndrome associated with RA. But its frequency was lower in many other connective tissue diseases, including seronegative RA and Sjogren's syndrome without associated RA. Matching sera and synovial fluids from patients with seropositive RA were also studied. Differences in serum and synovial fluid RAP titers were demonstrated, but generally when RAP was present in serum, it was also present in synovial fluid and vice versa. Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) with Wil2 cells as substrate was used to demonstrate RAP and to determine morphologically the nature of the reactive cellular antigen. When cells were treated with commonly used fixatives, little or no staining with RAP positive sera was observed. This outcome was shown to be the result of the extreme solubility of the cellular antigen reactive with RAP. The antigen was retained best in a reactive form in Wil2 cells after fixation of cells with dry heat at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes, and it was demonstrated by IF staining as small round granules distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. IF was also employed to demonstrate that RAP is immunoglobulin belonging to IgG and IgM classes and not to IgA or IgD.
Orientation to sex pheromone in the American cockroach: Analysis of chemo-orientation mechanisms

Abstract Male Periplaneta americana were photographed in a 2.4 m diameter arena containing a female sex pheromone source in the centre. Orientation pathways were digitized and analysed with regard to chemo-orientation mechanisms employed. Indirect components of chemo-orientation include arrestment near the pheromone source owing to an increase in turning rate and decrease in rate of locomotion, and zig-zag motor patterns that facilitate localization of the source. Most males were successful in locating the source if they moved to within 30 cm. Direct components of chemo-orientation include looping and relatively sharp correcting turns. No significant differences in orientation were observed between intact and unilaterally-antennectomized males, except that correcting turns close to the pheromone source were significantly less precise in males with one antenna. These results indicate that males with two antennae have an advantage over males with one antenna in being able to employ simultaneous information processing close to the pheromone source. Males with crossed antennae were unable to locate the pheromone source, suggesting that the fixed position of their antennae interfered with sensory information input.
Baculovirus expression and bioactivity of a soluble 140 kDa extracellular cleavage fragment of L1 neural cell adhesion molecule.

Abstract L1 neural cell adhesion molecule is the founding member of the L1 subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily and plays an important role in the overall development of both the central and peripheral nervous systems, making it an attractive candidate for promoting neural regeneration following injury. Currently, L1 used for experimental studies is primarily mammalian-derived; however, the insect cell expression system described here provides an alternative source of recombinant L1 with equivalent bioactivity. A 140 kDa L1 fragment based on a physiological plasmin cleavage site in the extracellular domain was cloned and expressed with a C-terminal 6× histidine tag. Recombinant insect cell-derived L1 was analyzed by Western blot using an antibody to human L1 to confirm immunogenicity and to optimize infection conditions for recombinant L1 production. The recombinant protein was secreted by insect cells, efficiently purified under non-denaturing conditions using dialysis followed by metal affinity chromatography, and analyzed by SDS–PAGE to produce a single band of the expected approximate 140 kDa size. The bioactivity of insect cell-derived L1 was compared to mammalian-derived L1-Fc and poly- l -lysine (PLL) using chick embryonic forebrain neurons. The results show comparable, robust neurite outgrowth at 24 h on insect cell-derived L1 and mammalian-derived L1-Fc, with significantly longer neurites than those observed on PLL. Future studies will examine the immobilization of L1 to biomaterial surfaces in physiologically appropriate orientation via the C-terminal 6× histidine tag and will investigate their application in promoting axonal regeneration in the injured nervous system.
Root Metaphors and Parables: A Comment on Van Hesteren and lvey

This article, which comments on Van Hesteren and Ivey's (1990) article in volume 68 of this journal, asserts that counseling's identity as a profession is rooted in educational-developmental-preventive activities derived from distinctive worldviews shared with psychology and other disciplines. A parable for students is offered to illustrate worldview manifestations and their relevance for professional identity.
Patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants in the United States

Abstract Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition that commonly affects premature and low birth weight (BW) infants at times necessitating surgical intervention. We examined outcomes after surgical ligation (SL). Materials and methods We analyzed the Kids' Inpatient Database for premature infants diagnosed with PDA, admitted at Results A total of 63,208 patients were identified with diagnosis of PDA. Of these, 6766 (10.7%) underwent SL. Lower gestational age (GA) and BW patients had higher incidence of PDA and rates of SL. Overall survival was 90.8% for the cohort. Survival for the SL group was 88.0% and 91.2% for the non-SL group; however, infants undergoing SL had higher survival rates up to 28 wk and 1250 g for GA and BW, respectively. GA did not affect post-SL survival adversely. Rather, lower BW was associated with extremely high mortality rates. Black infants and boys had lower survival compared with other races and girls, respectively. Larger hospitals had higher survival rates, but hospital location, teaching status, and type did not affect survival. Payer status and income quartile did not affect survival. Conclusions PDA and SL are more common in lower BW and GA groups. Higher survival rates are found for infants with SL versus non-SL in the lowest BW and GA groups. Morbidity and mortality are not affected by SL timing. BW, rather than GA, determines survival of infants undergoing SL.
When illness is perceived as controllable: The effects of gender and mode of transmission on AIDS-related stigma

A middle-class, predominantly Caucasian (72.7%) and Latino (11.0%) sample of 227 middle-class college undergraduate men and women enrolled in a large Southeastern state university read descriptions of a woman or a man who had contracted HIV through unprotected consensual sexual activity between heterosexuals or IV drug use. Participants' reactions to the target stimulus (i.e., causal attributions for the illness, affective, and prosocial responses) were assessed. Regardless of mode of HIV transmission, women were held less accountable for their illness than were men. Regardless of gender, people who contracted HIV through IV drug use were held more accountable for their illness, and evoked more negative affect and less willingness to help than people who contracted HIV through unprotected consensual sexual activity between heterosexuals. While mode of transmission did not moderate perceiver's affective reactions toward female targets, male targets who contracted HIV through unprotected consensual sexual activity between heterosexuals evoked more positive affect compared to male IV drug users. These results are discussed in relation to gender roles and norms for sexual behavior.
Photoadaptation of photosynthesis in Gonyaulax polyedra

Gonyaulax polyedra Stein exhibited a combination of photoadaptive strategies of photosynthesis when only a single environmental variable, the light intensity during growth, was altered. Which of several biochemical/physiological adjustments to the light environment were employed depended on the level of growth irradiance. The photoadaptive strategies employed over any small range of light levels appeared to be those best suited for optimizing photosynthetic performance and not photosynthetic capacity. (Photosynthetic performance, Pi, is defined as the rate of photosynthesis occurring at the level of growth irradiance.) Among all photosynthetic parameters examined, only photosynthetic performance showed a consistent correspondence to growth rates of G. polyedra. Above 3500 to 4000 μW cm-2, where photosynthetic performance was equal to photosynthetic capacity, cells were not considered light-limited in either photosynthesis or growth. At these higher light levels, photosynthetic perfomance, cell volume, growth rates and respiration rates remained maximal; photosynthetic pigment content varied only slightly, while the photosynthetic capacity of the cells declined. At intermediate light levels (3000 to 1500 μW cm-2), photosynthesis, not growth, was light-limited, and photoadaptive strategies were induced which enhance absorption capabilities and energy transfer efficiencies of chlorophyll a to the reaction centers of G. polyedra. Photosynthetic capacity remained constant at about 280 μmol O2 cm-3 h-1, while photosynthetic performance ranged from 100 to 130 μmol O2 cm-3 h-1. Major increases in photosynthetic pigments, especially peridinin-chlorophyll a-proteins and an unidentified chlorophyll c component, accompanied photoadaptation to low irradiances. Maximal growth rates of 0.3 divisions day-1 were maintained, as were respiration rates of about-80 μmol O2 cm-3 h-1 and cell volumes of about 5.4×10-8 cm-3 cell-1. Below about 1250 μW cm-2, photosynthesis in G. polyedra was so light-limited that photosynthetic performance was unable to support maximal growth rates. Under these conditions, G. polyedra displayed photostress responses rather than photoadaptive strategies. Photostress was manifested as reduced cell volumes, slower growth, and drastic reductions in pigmentation, photosynthetic capacity, and rates of dark respiration.
NADPH binding to β-subunit regulates inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels

Ancillary beta-subunits regulate the voltage-dependence and the kinetics of Kv currents. The Kvbeta proteins bind pyridine nucleotides with high affinity but the role of cofactor binding in regulating Kv currents remains unclear. We found that recombinant rat Kvbeta 1.3 binds NADPH (K(d)=1.8+/-0.02 microM) and NADP(+) (K(d)=5.5+/-0.9 microM). Site-specific modifications at Tyr-307 and Arg-316 decreased NADPH binding; whereas, K(d) NADPH was unaffected by the R241L mutation. COS-7 cells transfected with Kv1.5 cDNA displayed non-inactivating currents. Co-transfection with Kvbeta1.3 accelerated Kv activation and inactivation and induced a hyperpolarizing shift in voltage-dependence of activation. Kvbeta-mediated inactivation of Kv currents was prevented by the Y307F and R316E mutations but not by the R241L substitution. Additionally, the R316E mutation weakened Kvalpha-beta interaction. Inactivation of Kv currents by Kvbeta:R316E was restored when excess NADPH was included in the patch pipette. These observations suggest that NADPH binding is essential for optimal interaction between Kvalpha and beta subunits and for Kvbeta-induced inactivation of Kv currents.
Bed shear stress coefficients for longshore currents over a barred profile

Abstract Quantitative estimates are obtained of various terms in the momentum equation governing the mean alongshore flow in the surf zone on a barred beach. A movable sled was instrumented with pressure, current, and wind sensors to measure wave and wind forcing during the Superduck experiment. Mean currents and bottom shear stress at various locations across the surf zone were determined. Particular attention is devoted to precise estimation of the cross-shore gradient of the radiation stress. Wind forcing is found to be a first-order term, along with wave forcing, under certain conditions. Time dependence of the mean longshore current is due to variable wave forcing inside the surf zone as the tide modulates the depth of waves breaking on the bar. Bed shear stress coefficients, determined as a residual of the local alongshore momentum balance, tended to decrease in magnitude shoreward. Mean bed shear stress coefficients and estimated error are 0.004 ± 0.0013, 0.003 ± 0.0006, and 0.001 ± 0.0003 for offshore the bar, on top and immediately in front of the bar, and in the trough.
Development and Use of A Proficiency Test Specimen for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

A proficiency test specimen was developed for evaluating laboratory precision in paralytic shellfish poisoning bioassays. Such a specimen is needed since much of health and economic consequence depends on an analyst's precision in measuring the toxin. Therefore, after testing clams, mussels, and mashed potato matrices, a test specimen composed of saxitoxin dihydrochloride and hydrated potato flakes was selected. Samples containing two toxin levels were sent to 14 collaborating laboratories. Analysis of results identified errors arising from poor dilution techniques. Recovery percentages and variances of mashed potato were comparable to those previously reported with shellfish matrices. Use of the potato matrix appears to offer cost and convenience advantages.
Suppression of noradrenaline synthesis in sympathetic nerves by carbidopa, an inhibitor of peripheral dopa decarboxylase.

IT is generally believed that noradrenaline synthesis in postganglionic sympathetic nerves can be suppressed by drugs which inhibit the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase or dopamine β-oxidase1,2, but not by inhibition of aromatic 1-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD; dopa decarboxylase). We present here evidence that the administration to rats of carbidopa (MK-486; α-methyl-L-dopa-hydrazine), a peripherally acting inhibitor of AAAD3, not only blocks the decarboxylation of exogenous L-dopa (for example, in capillary endothelia within the central nervous system, liver, and kidney4,5), but also suppresses the decarboxylation of endogenous dopa formed from 3H-tyrosine within cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals. As a consequence, the drug inhibits noradrenaline synthesis in this tissue.
The effect of ACTH administration upon activity-related self-starvation

All Ss lived on a 23-h food-deprivation schedule. Two experimental groups lived in activity wheels while two control groups lived in laboratory cages. One experimental and one control group received subcutaneous injections of ACTH, while the other two groups received injections of physiological saline. The ACTH injection had no effect on the self-starvation phenomenon, and the results are in opposition to the hypothesis of adrenocortical involvement in the phenomenon.
A rectifier algebra

THIS paper presents an algebra that can aid in the simplification, the synthesis, and the understanding of circuits containing rectifiers and resistors. More specifically, it gives a method of rendering rectifier-resistor circuits into symbols with rules for manipulating these symbols. Here, in essence, an algebra is set up analogous to, but differing considerably from the well-known algebra of Shannon for relay circuits.1
Recovery and purification of highly aggregation-prone disulfide-containing peptides: Application to islet amyloid polypeptide

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37-residue pancreatic hormone. It is responsible for the formation of islet amyloid in vivo and is very insoluble and aggregation-prone in vitro, particularly at basic pH. The peptide contains a disulfide bridge between residues two and seven and an amidated C terminus. There is no reported expression system for the production of amidated IAPP. The peptide is difficult to synthesize and formation of the disulfide by traditional methods is problematic. We have found that the use of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) significantly improves disulfide formation and purification of highly aggregation-prone IAPP sequences. The use of these organic solvents increases the solubility of the hydrophobic peptides, avoids the use of aqueous basic solutions, and eliminates the need for continuous stirring during oxidation to form the Cys-2 to Cys-7 disulfide bridge. Elimination of the stirring step and basic solution helps to reduce aggregation and allows for more consistent high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention times. Formation of the intramolecular disulfide using DMSO was found to be the most effective method for IAPP oxidation, reducing the reaction time from 24 to 5 h. Aggregated IAPP can be resolubilized by HFIP or DMSO and recovered by HPLC with very good yield.
Are we there yet? Looking beyond the end of scaling in the Nanometer Era

The major electronic applications of the coming decades and the technology that would make those applications possible are an important subject of discussion for industry and academia. Usefully employing gigantic scale of integration and working around the end of scaling underlie this subject, and in practice, the biggest challenge this faces is in control of power, designability, efficient interconnectivity, and reproducibility in a general purpose technology with provides a useful function. In this talk, I will use speculative examples, establish the practical issues in pursuing the examples, and then discuss from group’s work devices (back-plane and nano-scale), circuits (configurable and power-aware), technologies (three-dimensional), and architectures (configurable) that offer a fruitful direction.
Mutation (Q456H) Is the Most Common Cause of Profound Biotinidase Deficiency in Children Ascertained by Newborn Screening in the United States

Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that can result in neurologic and cutaneous symptoms if not treated with biotin supplementation. We have identified the most common cause of profound biotinidase deficiency in children ascertained by newborn screening in the United States. 1368A-->C results in a substitution of histidine for glutamine 456 (Q456H) in exon D of the biotinidase gene. This mutation was found in at least one allele in 14 unrelated children from 27 different families or 15 of 54 alleles studied (28%). This mutation was not identified in 41 normal adults using SSCA, nor was it found in 296 normal newborns using allele-specific oligonucleotide analysis, suggesting that this change is not a polymorphism. In addition, biochemical data from a child homozygous for Q456H suggest that the aberrant enzyme has very low biotinyl-hydrolase activity, lacks biotinyl-transferase activity, and is not recognized by antibody prepared to purified, normal human biotinidase. The ethnic backgrounds of the parents contributing the Q456H allele are varied but are generally northern European.
Abstract 322: Dual targeting of the PI3K/mTOR pathways by PF-04691502 or PF-05212384 exhibits therapeutic effects against the metastatic disease progression in the Ovcar 3 disseminated model.

Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of all gynecological cancers primarily due to the high incidence of metastatic spread prior to diagnosis. Understanding the biology of this malignancy and developing models that reflect the patient disease phenotype will create better pre-clinical opportunities for testing targeted therapy. We used the Ovcar 3 cell line to establish a metastasis model through serial in vivo passage. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors PF-04691502 and PF-05212384 were then investigated in this model for their therapeutic effect against metastatic disease progression. Notably, the stromal environment and tumor initiating subpopulation play critical roles on the Ovcar 3MET disease invasiveness and progression. Based on the molecular profile, these invasive Ovcar 3MET cells exhibited a more EMT phenotype when compared to parental cells. Impairing PI3K/mTOR pathway with the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors resulted in significant anti-metastatic activity and increased survival in the Ovcar 3MET model. Serum CA125 level, which is a validated clinical marker, correlated with anatomic measurement of tumor burdens via BLI and mouse survival time in these studies, providing means for longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and response to therapy. In addition, using ex vivo tumorsphere analysis under serum-free condition, both PF-04691502 and PF-05212384 demonstrated robust activity against the self-renewal ability of Ovcar 3 tumor cells. In summary, this translational tumor model may serve as a valuable tool for testing targeted therapies such as PI3K/mTOR inhibitors for their ability to impact progression of metastatic ovarian disease. Citation Format: Zhengming Yan, Douglas Fang, Brett Simmons, Jing Yuan, Julie Kan, Cathy C. Zhang. Dual targeting of the PI3K/mTOR pathways by PF-04691502 or PF-05212384 exhibits therapeutic effects against the metastatic disease progression in the Ovcar 3 disseminated model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 322. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-322
Self-Examination Questions as a Means of Identifying Bias in Adversarial Assessments

Abstract As clinical neuropsychologists engage more frequently in assessment of potentially adversarial administrative or legal cases, there is a need to address more carefully the potential for personal bias that may develop as a result of either conscious or unconscious responses to the powerful influences operating within such cases. The present paper describes a heuristic approach directed toward increasing the clinician's objectivity in rendering opinions in adversarial cases that rests upon self-examination questions. The authors contend that greater awareness of the expectations of objectivity, ifclearly and explicitly operationalized, will allow clinical neuropsychologists to work conscientiously to reduce possible bias in their expert opinions.
Auditory Implants and Tactile Aids for the Profoundly Deaf

This paper reviews data on speech perception via implanted electrodes and via tactile aids. The two approaches are compared in terms of amount and types of aid provided to communication. Related is...
Cytogenetic analysis and construction of a BAC contig across a common neocentromeric region from 9p

Over 40 cases of neocentric marker chromosomes, without detectable α-satellite DNA, have been reported. Although these have originated from many different chromosomes, a few of these chromosomes have been involved in multiple cases of marker formation. In this study, two different markers originating from the short arm of chromosome 9 were analyzed, identifying a common neocentromeric region. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig extending over more than 900 kb has been assembled across this neocentromeric region. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence assays (CENP-C and CENP-E) have localized the neocentromere to a 500 kb region. Preliminary analysis of DNA sequences in this neocentromere revealed a highly AT-rich region, which also has an increase in the level of retroviral elements compared with the average levels in the genome.
Structure-activity relationships of dynorphin analogs substituted in positions 2 and 3.

Following up on the observation that the dynorphin analog [Pro3]Dyn A(1–11)–NH2 2 possesses high affinity and selectivity for the κ opioid receptor, a number of related peptides were prepared and characterized by radioligand binding and [35S]GTPγS assays. While incorporation of 2-azetidine carboxylic acid in position 3 led to the equally potent analog 3, the corresponding analog containing piperidine-2-carboxylic acid showed a nearly 90-fold reduction in κ affinity. Differential preferred bond angles ϕ in the three building blocks might account for these observations. Compounds 2 and 3 were κ antagonists with IC50 values of 380 and 350 nM, respectively. The Sar3 analog 7 and the Sar2 analog 8 were κ agonists, with greater selectivity than Dyn A(1–11)–NH2 1. In view of their high κ affinities (8: Ki = 1.5 nM; 2: Ki = 2.4 nM), the new analogs were surprisingly weak κ agonists or antagonists, e.g., the EC50 value for the agonist 8 was 280 nM. Different κ receptor subtypes in binding vs functional assays can not account for these results, since both assays were performed using the same membrane preparation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 71: 71–76, 2003
Optimizing brain tissue contrast with EPI: a simulated annealing approach

A new magnetization preparation and image acquisition scheme was developed to obtain high-resolution brain images with optimal tissue contrast. The pulse sequence was derived from an optimization process using simulated annealing, without prior assumptions with regard to the number of radiofrequency (RF) pulses and flip angles. The resulting scheme combined two inversion pulses with the acquisition of three images with varying contrast. The combination of the three images allowed separation of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based on T1, contrast. It also enabled the correction of small errors in the initial T1 estimates in postprocessing. The use of three-dimensional (3D) sensitivity-encoded (SENSE) echo-planar imaging (EPI) for image acquisition made it possible to achieve a 1.15(3) mm3 isotropic resolution within a scan time of 10 min 21 s. The cortical GM signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the calculated GM-only image varied between 30 and 100. The novel technique was evaluated in combination with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on human subjects, and provided for excellent coregistration of anatomical and functional data.
In situ click chemistry: a powerful means for lead discovery

Combinatorial chemistry and parallel synthesis are important and regularly applied tools for lead identification and optimisation, although they are often accompanied by challenges related to the e...
Strain energy release rates of an interfacial crack between two orthotropic solids

Mode I and Mode II strain energy release rates for a crack lying along the interface of two dissimilar orthotropic elastic solids are investigated analytically and also by the finite element method. It is shown that due to the violent oscillatory crack tip stress behavior, the strain energy release rates for Mode I and Mode II do not converge to definite values. Both GI and GII can be expressed in terms of ½G (G is the total strain energy release rate) plus oscillatory terms. However, the total strain energy release rate is well-defined.
Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of Drug Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

Lithium has been the backbone of treatment for bipolar disorder for several decades, although recent advances have identified a number of other medications that have efficacy in treating various phases of the illness. These include the antiepileptic drugs valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium) and carbamazepine and some new antiepileptic drugs (e.g. lamotrigine and topiramate), and the atypical antipsychotics (e.g. olanzapine, clozapine and risperidone). Conventional antipsychotics continue to be used frequently in bipolar disorder, although they may be somewhat less effective than other treatments. Otherwise, to date, none of these treatments have been shown to be consistently more effective than any other, so that drug adverse effects and tolerability often dictate which agents are used in an individual patient. Drugs commonly used for the treatment of bipolar disorder are generally tolerated by most patients in large samples. However, the unique adverse effect signature of a drug will often suggest that it will be less tolerable in some patients than in others. Identifying a specific treatment for a specific patient requires a careful individualised assessment of the risk of adverse effects for that patient's unique circumstances.
Climatic factors on the Archean earth

Abstract There is no strong evidence for extreme climates during the Archean. Galciogenics rokcs are rare, while evaporites are about as widespread as in later geological periods. Sedimentary rocks suggest processes of erosion and weathering not particularly anomalous. This findings is surprising in the light of simple physical reasons to believe that the sun was less bright. Although the area of exposed land was probably low, the albedo change associated with more extensive oceans could hardly have been large enough to prevent glaciation. A stronger atmospheric greenhouse is indicated. Carbon dioxide was the most likely candidate gas. A variety of arguments suggest that it was much more abundant. Methane is another possible contributor to the greenhouse. While abiotic sources of this gas were probably negligible then as now, biogenic sources could have sustained methane mixing ratios in the range 10−4 to 10−6. Other climatic factors of uncertain impact include more rapid rotation of the earth — the lenght of the day was probably about fifteen hours throughout most of Archean time - and little or no continental land areas, which would have reduced the importance of landsea circulations while permitting less restricted zonal flow of ocean currents.
LD and Nonhandicapped Boys' Comprehension of Cartoon Humor.

One aspect of social perception often noted as deficient in learning disabled individuals is an appropriate sense of humor. The purpose of this study was to examine the cartoon humor comprehension of learning disabled and non-handicapped boys in two age groups, 8- and 12-year-olds. The cognitive structure rather than the content of humor was the focus. In addition to examining comprehension of cartoon humor between groups and across age levels, the relationship between comprehension and appreciation measures was studied. Significant main effects were found indicating a developmental lag for the learning disabled subjects. Moderate correlations were established between comprehension and appreciation measures.