cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doping-Induced Temperature Compensation of Thermally Actuated High-Frequency Silicon Micromechanical Resonators

Temperature compensation of thermally actuated high-frequency single crystalline silicon micromechanical resonant structures via high concentration n-type doping has been demonstrated in this paper. The effect of doping level, structural dimensions, and bias current on temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) for such resonators has also been investigated. It has been shown that the large negative TCF of the silicon resonators (-38 ppm/°C) can be highly suppressed by doping the devices with a high concentration of phosphorous. The TCF can also be fine tuned by changing the operating bias current of the resonators. Temperature drift characteristics for several high- frequency I-shaped resonators thermally doped under different conditions have been measured and compared. For an ideal doping level, an overall linear temperature drift of -3.6 ppm over the range of 25°C to 100°C, which is equivalent to a TCF as low as -50 ppb/°C, has been demonstrated for one of the resonators. The results in this paper imply the possibility of having low-cost high-frequency thermally actuated resonators with a near-zero TCF.
Cold field emission from CVD diamond films observed in emission electron microscopy

Thick (100 μm) chemical vapour deposited (CVD) polycrystalline diamond films have been observed to emit electrons with an intensity sufficient to form an image in the accelerating field of an emission microscope without external excitation (> 3 MV/m). The individual crystallites are of the order of 1–10 μm. The combined crystallite diameter and the electric field strength in these ‘self-emitting’ films are far below those typical for cold field emitters.
The liquidus line and gibbs free energy of formation of a crystalline compound A m B n (c). II. Analysis of the liquidus lines of InSb, InAs, GaSb, and GaAs

The liquidus lines of InSb, InAs, GaSb, and GaAs are fit using the heat-of-fusion liquidus equation and six different models for the liquid phase. Following an earlier paper, the overall fit is judged satisfactory only when the standard deviation between the calculated and observed liquidus temperatures is equal to or less than the precision of the experimental temperaturesand when the enthalpy and entropy of formation of the compound are calculated correctly from the parameters of the liquidus fit. The ideal, strictly regular, and quasiregular models for the liquid phase do not lead to a satisfactory overall fit for any of the four compounds. The earlier and that corresponding to a Margules expansion truncated after the cubic terms are both satisfactory for InSb and InAs. They are not satisfactory for GaSb and GaAs but, in our opinion, this is more likely due to errors in the experimental values for the enthalpy and entropy of formation for these compounds than to an inadequacy of the models.
Phase-change heat transfer during cyclic heating and cooling with internal radiation and temperature-dependent properties

Abstract This paper contains the results of a numerical investigation of the effects of internal radiation on heat transfer during cyclic heating and cooling of a phase-change energy–storage system. The effects of internal radiation, temperature distribution and energy stored and extracted were investigated. An absorbing, emitting, and isotropically scattering, finite, and semi-transparent, gray, phase-change medium bounded between two concentric cylinders was studied. The phase-change medium was a fluoride salt with LiF (41.27%), MgF 2 (48.76%) and KF (8.95% by weight). Radiative heat transfer affects the dynamics of phase changes significantly for low values of the conduction–radiation interaction parameter.
Black, White, male, and female concentrated employment: The effect of spatial and aspatial labor factors

Abstract We empirically investigated the influence of site attributes, proximity to labor, specific industries, and labor force characteristics on the location of employment concentrations. The study focuses on two dimensions of labor force including race and gender. We examined racial and gender disparity by studying concentrated Black, White, male, and female employment. While job opportunities are expanding, education and health care-related industries support substantial female concentrations, while manufacturing, transportation and warehousing, health care and social assistance increase the likelihood for the concentrated Black employment. Although the study found little evidence of spatial mismatch with employment clusters by race tending to occur close to their own concentration of labor, another finding indicates that a significant part of Black employees might have employment outside the identified employment areas. The study contributes to the body of research analyzing locational and labor attributes of employment concentrations.
Oxazole yellow dye interactions with short DNA oligomers of homogeneous base composition and their hybrids

Interactions between short single-stranded DNA oligomers of homogeneous base composition and the fluorescent probes oxazole yellow (YO) and its homodimer YOYO are described. The oligomers included 15-mers and 30-mers of polydA, polydT, polydG, and polydC. Interactions between the dyes and DNA hybrids formed from complementary homogeneous strands of equal length were also investigated. No interactions were observed between the dyes and the monomeric monophosphate nucleosides A, G, T, or C. The dyes were found to interact much more strongly with the purine oligomers polydA and polydG than with the pyrimidine oligomers polydT and polydC. PolydA of both lengths has strong interactions with YOYO, whereas the polydG 30-mer interacts strongly with monomeric YO. The 15-mers of polydG and polydC of both lengths show little interaction with either dye. Interactions of the dyes with the polydA/polydT and polydG/polydC hybrids tend to be dominated by interactions with polydA and polydG, respectively. Although dye interactions generally were facilitated by hybridization, particularly for polydA/polydT, the interactions were similar to those with the single strands and different from those that have been observed in long double-stranded DNA. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 4: 17–25, 1998
World Facts and Trends

Abstract The following represents a handbook that presents in a compact and usable form a basic selection of those items which may be most relevant to the discussion of facts and trends and their major themes. It is not intended as an exhaustive compilation of such materials, but has similar aims to the first version which was prepared as an internal working document for use in two related conferences: “The place of value in a world of facts”, Nobel Symposium 14, Stockholm, September 1969, “Environment and society in transition: scientific developments: social consequences: policy implications”, International Joint Conference of the American Geographical Society and the World Academy of Art and Science, New York, April–May 1970.
A new instructure response spectrum (IRS) method for multiply connected secondary systems with coupling effects

Abstract A new instructure response spectrum (IRS) method is presented. The new method is capable of accounting for various coupling effects on the response of secondary systems, e.g., interaction between primary-secondary systems (mass effect), correlation between responses from multiple connecting DOF, and the straining effect of multiple connecting DOF displacements including the related correlations. The new IRS method directly uses the displacement and velocity spectra at the base of the primary system as seismic input without converting it into either compatible time history or power spectral density function. It is shown that the new method gives IRS, and secondary system response values very close to those from time history analysis using real earthquake ground motions.
The saddlepoint correction in conditional logistic likelihood analysis

SUMMARY Barndorff-Nielsen & Cox (1979) introduced the double saddlepoint approximation to the conditional likelihood function for a structural parameter vector given a sufficient statistic for a nuisance parameter vector. This approximation is considered in some detail for the case of multiple logistic regression models with polytomous outcome states. It is shown that the profile score with saddlepoint correction yields a simple derivation of an approximation to the mean of a noncentral hypergeometric random variable, discussed by Levin (1984) and Gart (1987), while providing analogous formulae in more general cases; and extends, to the general case, an algorithm of McCullagh (1984) for the approximate calculation of conditional maximum likelihood estimates of log odds ratio regression coefficients from several fourfold tables.
Evaluating the Effects of P.L. 480 Wheat Imports on Brazil's Grain Sector

Econometric analysis of the grain sector of Brazil shows that P.L. 480 wheat imports have had a positive impact on grain production. This was due primarily to government wheat import and domestic price support programs whereby revenues gained from wheat imports may be used to support domestic grain producers. The positive production impact must, however, be balanced against the negative effects of P.L. 480 on commercial wheat imports and the potential disruptions of world wheat markets.
Phosphor microparticles of controlled three-dimensional shape from phytoplankton

We demonstrate how the precise three-dimensional 3D assembly characteristics of biomineralizing micro-organisms may be combined with synthetic chemical processing to generate photoluminescent microparticles with specific 3D shapes and tailored chemistries. Silica-based microshells with a rich variety of controlled shapes are assembled by a type of unicellular algal phytoplankton known as diatoms Bacillariophyceae. Each of the tens of thousands of diatom species generates a microshell with a particular 3D morphology that can be used as a shape-dictating particle template. In this demonstration, the microshells of Aulacoseira diatoms were converted into Eu 3+ -doped BaTiO3-bearing microparticles. The silica-based microshells were first converted into magnesia-based replicas via a gas/solid displacement reaction the silica of native diatom microshells is not chemically compatible with barium titanate. A conformal, sol-gel-derived coating of europium-doped barium titanate was then applied to the chemically compatible magnesia replicas to yield photoluminescent particles that retained the starting microshell shape. Upon stimulation with 337 nm UV light, the 3D microparticle replicas exhibited a bright red emission associated with the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition of Eu+3.
Polymorphism in bis(4-dimethylamino-pyridinium)tetrachlorocuprate(II).

The title compound crystallizes in both a yellow and a green phase. The pyridinium cations form bifurcated hydrogen bonds to the CuCl42- anions to form molecular species. The packing of these molecular species force the CuCl42- chromophore to be distorted more toward a square planar geometry in the green phase. The packing in both phases appears to be strongly influenced by C−H···Cl electrostatic interactions.
The impact of labor unions on the passage of economic legislation

This paper examines the political power of labor unions. A model of the decision of an interest group to contribute to a political campaign is developed and tested. The empirical evidence indicates that interest groups, and unions in particular, use political contributions in a systematic and coordinated manner. Unions give money to candidates with relatively little seniority (who might otherwise not be elected) and to candidates from districts with about the average number of union members. Such candidates might otherwise not vote as the union would desire. The influence of campaign contributions and of union membership on the voting of congressmen on issues of interest to unions is also investigated. Union membership is sometimes significant and campaign contributions are always significant in explaining voting on minimum wages, wageprice controls, benefits for strikers, and OSHA and CETA appropriations. The indirect economic effects of labor unions — those effects which occur because unions influence legislation — may be as important as the direct effects which occur through collective bargaining.
Bone Microstructure and Relative Age of the Holotype Specimen of the Diplodocoid Sauropod Dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae

We present the first study of bone microstructure in Suuwassea emilieae, a diplodocoid sauropod from the Morrison Formation. Although the holotype of Suuwassea was recently identified as a subadult, bone histology demonstrates that this individual had reached sexual maturity at approximately 75–80% of maximum adult size. The smaller size of the holotype of Suuwassea relative to contemporary sauropods is due to ontogeny rather than a true reflection of adult size. A fully adult individual would have likely been similar in size to a fully adult specimen of Apatosaurus. Suuwassea has a number of plesiomorphic characters that might have been explained by its supposed early ontogenetic status, and would then have called the validity of the taxon into question. However, our demonstration that it was an adult confirms that these features represent retention of plesiomorphic character states or evolutionary reversals in a derived animal. Additionally, the specimen shows extensive cortical drift and secondary oste...
Using the Predicted Responses from List Experiments as Explanatory Variables in Regression Models

The list experiment, also known as the item count technique, is becoming increasingly popular as a survey methodology for eliciting truthful responses to sensitive questions. Recently, multivariate regression techniques have been developed to predict the unobserved response to sensitive questions using respondent characteristics. Nevertheless, no method exists for using this predicted response as an explanatory variable in another regression model. We address this gap by first improving the performance of a naive two-step estimator. Despite its simplicity, this improved two-step estimator can only be applied to linear models and is statistically inefficient. We therefore develop a maximum likelihood estimator that is fully efficient and applicable to a wide range of models. We use a simulation study to evaluate the empirical performance of the proposed methods. We also apply them to the Mexico 2012 Panel Study and examine whether vote-buying is associated with increased turnout and candidate approval. The proposed methods are implemented in open-source software.
Thermal tuning of a fiber-optic interferometer for maximum sensitivity

We describe a fiber-optic interferometer that employs wavelength changes to achieve maximum sensitivity. Wavelength changes are induced by adjusting the operating temperature of the laser, eliminating the need for an actuator to vary the spacing between the sensing fiber and the object to be monitored. The instrument and techniques described are suitable for cryogenic, high vacuum applications such as magnetic resonance force microscopy, where space is limited and micromanipulation can be challenging. The noise floor of 1.6×10−3 nm/Hz is adequate for monitoring subangstrom displacement of force microscope cantilevers.
Pseudotumor cerebri patients with shunts from the cisterna magna: clinical course and telemetric intracranial pressure data.

OBJECTIVE: Shunting of cerebruspinal fluid (CSF) to an extracranial site is the mainstay of treatment of absorptive hydrocephalus and pseudotumor cerebri. On occasion, both lateral ventricles and the lumbar space become unsuitable for placement of a functioning CSF drainage catheter. We have encountered several such patients and describe our strategy of shunting from the cisterna magna to the pleural space or cardiac atrium. METHODS: We report a retrospective review of the clinical course of five patients with cisternal shunts and intracranial pressure telemonitoring devices. RESULTS: Cisternal shunting was able to successfully drain CSF to a normal pressure in all five patients. CSF pressure data collected from those patients indicate that the CSF pressure dynamics in cisternal shunts is similar to that of ventricular shunts. However, the cisternal shunting and subsequent high revision rate did result in a significant number of complications and two shunt infections CONCLUSION: Shunting CSF from the cistema magna in the absence of another suitable drainage site does result in acceptable reduction of elevated intracranial pressure. However, the technique is associated with a high complication rate that may reflect the population of patients in whom this technique is required.
Measurement challenges for studying work-related stressors and strains

Abstract This paper provides a review and critique of measurement strategies and methods for the study of job stressors and strains, with an emphasis on mental and physical well-being outcomes. The issue of self-report versus objective approaches to the measurement of potentially stressful working conditions is discussed with a view toward using both approaches in a multiple indicator analytical strategy. Short- and long-term outcomes of stressful work experiences are discussed in terms of differences in constructs rather than differences in measurement methods. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges accompanying measuring the physiological processes that theoretically mediate the effects of job stressors on well-being.
Antitrichomonad Action, Mutagenicity, and Reduction of Metronidazole and Other Nitroimidazoles

Twelve 4- and 5-nitroimidazole derivatives, including metronidazole and two of its metabolites, tinidazole, dimetridazole, and nimorazole, were tested for antitrichomonad action on Tritrichomonas foetus (KV(1)) and Trichomonas vaginalis (ATCC 30001) for mutagenicity on a nitroreductase-positive (TA 100) and a nitroreductase-deficient (TA 100-FR(1)) strain of Salmonella typhimurium, as well as for the reducibility of the nitro group by T. foetus homogenates. Compounds with activity <1% of that of metronidazole are regarded as inactive. All antitrichomonad compounds induce mutations and can be reduced. S. typhimurium TA 100 gave mutations under both aerobiosis and anaerobiosis; TA 100-FR(1), however, gave mutations only under anaerobiosis. Certain compounds that are reducible, and the nonreducible derivatives, were inactive. Metronidazole and its inactive 4-nitro analogue were reduced in a four-electron process in ferredoxin- or methyl viologen-mediated reactions with the same velocity. The results underscore the role of the reduction of the nitro group in the antitrichomonad and in the mutagenic activity of nitroimidazoles.
Lungs don't forget: Comparison of the KRAS and EGFR mutation profile and survival of collegiate smokers and never smokers with advanced lung cancers.

Background: We hypothesize that among patients with lung cancers the KRAS / EGFR mutation profile and overall survival of collegiate smokers (former smokers who smoked between 101 lifetime cigarettes and 5 pack-years) are distinct from those of never smokers and former smokers with 15 pack-years or more. Methods: We collected age, sex, stage, survival, and smoking history for patients evaluated from 2004 to 2009 with advanced stage lung cancers and known KRAS / EGFR status. Mutation profile and overall survival were compared using Fisher's exact test and log-rank test, respectively. Results: Data were available for 852 patients with advanced-stage lung cancers with known KRAS / EGFR status, of which 6% were collegiate smokers, 36% were never smokers, and 30% were former smokers with 15 pack-years or more. The mutation profile of collegiate smokers (15% KRAS mutations, 27% EGFR mutations) was distinct from those of never smokers ( p p p = 0.9). Median overall survival for collegiate smokers was 25 months, compared with 32 months for never smokers ( p = 0.4), 33 months for former smokers with 5 to 15 pack-years ( p = 0.48), and 21 months for former smokers with 15 pack-years or more ( p = 0.63). Conclusions: Collegiate smokers with advanced-stage lung cancers represent a distinct subgroup of patients with a higher frequency of KRAS mutations and lower frequency of EGFR mutations compared with never smokers. These observations reinforce the recommendation for routine mutation testing for all patients with lung cancers and that no degree of tobacco exposure is safe.
323: Immunosuppressive Therapy Mitigates Murine T-Cell Mediated Rejection of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Following Transplantation

ministered via tail vein injection immediately after clamp release and on postoperative days 2 and 4. Another group of rats underwent sham thoracotomies without vessel clamping. On postoperative day 5, animals were sacrificed and lung tissue specimens were analyzed with light and fluorescence microscopy for the presence of MSC-eGFP and SDF-1. Quantitative analysis of lung tissue and serum for SDF-1 was achieved with RT-PCR and ELISA techniques, respectively. MSC were examined for the presence of CXCR4, the receptor to SDF-1, using immunocytochemistry. Results: IRI lung tissue demonstrated greater levels of MSC-eGFP as examined by immunohistologic analysis with both light and fluorescence microscopy as compared with uninjured lung tissue. There was a 2.5-fold increase in the quantity of SDF-1 in the IRI lungs compared to the uninjured lungs (p 0.01) as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Examination of serum SDF-1 levels using ELISA showed no difference between animals subjected to lung IRI and sham thoracotomy. However, lung tissue analysis for SDF-1 by quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated significantly higher levels in IRI lungs compared to control lungs. The presence of CXCR4 on MSC was confirmed with immunocytology. Conclusions: Circulating MSC can populate IRI lungs. SDF-1 is upregulated locally in IRI lungs and may serve to recruit CXCR4 expressing MSC to the injured lung tissue.
Corruption and Development Policy (Drawing Upon the Recent Indian Debate)

There is a substantial theoretical literature now on the factors determining the incidence of corruption, suggesting some policies to fight it, but we do not have a great deal of empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these policies. This paper is a brief overview, drawing upon some of the salient features of the literature and with several examples from the Indian case where corruption has become a major issue of public debate, to make remarks that may be more generally relevant for policies in developing countries.
Hume on Miracles: Interpretation and Criticism

Philosophers continue to debate about David Hume's case against the rationality of belief in miracles. This article clarifies semantic, epistemological, and metaphysical questions addressed in the controversy. It also explains the main premises of Hume's argument and discusses criticisms of them. The article concludes that one's evaluation of Hume's argument will depend on one's views about (a) the definitions of ‘miracle’ and ‘natural law’; (b) the type of reasoning one ought to employ to determine the probability that a particular miracle claim is true; and (c) whether reasonable people proportion their beliefs about the occurrence of miracles to their evidence.
Employee stock options and future firm performance: Evidence from option repricings

Abstract We investigate firms’ operating performance subsequent to the repricing of executive and non-executive employee stock options. We find that, relative to non-repricers, repricing firms have a larger increase in operating income and cash flows in subsequent periods. This performance improvement is attributable to the underlying economic determinants of the decision to restore the options’ incentive properties. However, only repricings of executive stock options are associated with improvement in performance; we find no such evidence for non-executive employees. Our findings suggest employee stock options provide sufficiently large incentive effects to favorably affect firms’ performance, but primarily so at the executive level.
"I've been through something": poetic explorations of African American women's cancer survivorship.

This article describes common experiences of African American women breast cancer survivors through poetic analysis. Group-as-a-whole theory and empirical and interpretive phenomenology guided anal...
Endometrial Tumorigenesis in Pten+/− Mice Is Independent of Coexistence of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor α

Numerous studies support the role for mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene and unopposed estrogen stimulation in the pathogenesis of uterine endometrioid carcinoma. However, the relation between PTEN signaling and estrogen/estrogen receptor in endometrial tumorigenesis remains unresolved. We used genetically engineered mice as a model to address this relation. Mice with a single deleted Pten allele (Pten+/−) spontaneously develop complex atypical hyperplasia and ∼20% develop endometrial cancer. To determine the effect of removing endogenous estrogen, we performed oophorectomies on Pten+/− mice. Although there was a reduction in the number and severity of hyperplastic lesions, the endometrial phenotype persisted, suggesting that Pten mutation, independent of estrogen, can initiate the development of complex atypical hyperplasia. To recapitulate the situation in women with unopposed estrogen, we implanted 17β-estradiol pellets in adult female Pten heterozygous mice, resulting in increased carcinoma incidence. Because studies have shown that estrogen largely acts on the endometrium via estrogen receptor ERα, we generated Pten+/−ERα−/− mice. Strikingly, 88.9% of Pten+/−ERα−/− mice developed endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma. Furthermore, Pten+/−ERα−/− mice showed a higher incidence of in situ and invasive carcinoma, suggesting that endometrial tumorigenesis can progress in the absence of ERα. Thus, the relation between Pten alterations and estrogen signaling in the development of endometrial carcinoma is complex; the results presented herein have important implications for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma in women.
Ovarian epidermal growth factor-like activity. Concentrations in porcine follicular fluid during follicular enlargement.

Summary Numerous data indicate that epidermal growth factor has important effects on cultured granulosa cells. However, most of the few attempts to detect epidermal growth factor in ovarian tissue have been unrevealing. In this study, ovarian epidermal growth factor-like activity was easily detected by a radioreceptor assay based on the A431 cell line but not by an immunoassay for mouse epidermal growth factor. The concentration of this activity in follicular fluid from small porcine ovarian follicles was higher than that in fluid from medium or large follicles or serum (p
Radiative decay lifetime of neutrinos and the evolution of the universe after the recombination era

Abstract If the radiative decay lifetime τ of massive neutrinos is less than 10 25 s, but exceeding present constraints, the epoch of neutral hydrogen in the history of the universe could have been short or altogether absent. Erasure of small scale fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation and other consequences of such lifetimes are discussed. From observations of neutral hydrogen in the nearby galaxy M 31 a lower limit τ ⩾ 10 24 s is obtained (for neutrino masses in the range 30 eV ⩽ m ⩽ 150 eV).
Archaeological tourism in the Middle East: a community-based resource management model

Although archaeological tourism thrives in some Middle Eastern countries, in nations such as Iraq and Syria current conditions hold the industry back. A community-based resource management (CBRM) strategy of sharing power with the local community is proposed as a means of protecting archaeological treasures and advancing the tourism industry. CBRM can be used to gain the local cooperation needed to pursue the industry in the Middle East and elsewhere.
A Generalized Multidimensional Scale for Measuring Customer Engagement

As firms work tod engage customers better, researchers have attempted to understand customer engagement (CE) empirically. CE goes beyond purchase and is the level of the customer's (or potential cu...
Epidermal growth factor increases intestinal calbindin-d9k and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d receptors in neonatal rats

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been reported to increase intestinal calcium absorption in suckling rats. The mechanism of this effect is unknown, as are the roles of vitamin D-dependent and independent pathways. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the ability of EGF to accelerate the postnatal induction of the vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D9k. Subcutaneous administration of EGF increased duodenal calbindin-D9k in suckling rats by more than 100% (P less than 0.001). The effect of EGF was not seen in older weaned animals or when EGF was given to suckling rats by gavage. Administration of EGF simulated the changes of normal development. 1) It increased calbindin-D9k, and the effect was greater in proximal than distal duodenum. 2) EGF increased alkaline phosphatase activity to the same extent in proximal and distal duodenum. 3) EGF increased sucrase more markedly in distal than in proximal epithelium. Maximal and half-maximal effects of EGF on each of these proteins were observed at twice daily doses of 0.1 and 0.04 microgram/g BW, respectively. 4) EGF at the maximally effective dose produced a small (30%) but statistically significant (P less than 0.005) increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. 5) Most importantly, EGF treatment resulted in a 2-fold increase in intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptors (VDR) in the proximal segments of the small intestine (P less than 0.001). EGF effects on calbindin-D9k and VDR were specific for the intestine, as EGF did not change kidney calbindin-D9k or kidney VDR. Thus, EGF was able to prematurely initiate a complex series of molecular changes that occur during normal development. The mechanism of EGF's action to stimulate calcium absorption appears to involve a maturation effect on the vitamin D-dependent pathway.
Extensive editing of the cytochrome c oxidase III transcript in Trypanosoma brucei

The gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit III (COIII) is not detected in T. brucei by nucleotide sequence analysis or by cross-hybridization studies. We have identified the COIII transcript in the T. brucei mitochondrion by RNA and cDNA sequencing. Its nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences are very similar to those from the COIII genes in related species. A mitochondrial DNA sequence that matches the COIII transcript, except for the absence of numerous thymidines, is located upstream of the apocytochrome b gene, the position of the COIII gene in related species. We conclude that this sequence is the COIII gene and that over 50% of the T. brucei COIII transcript sequence is created by RNA editing.
Neuropathology of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) meningo-encephalitis in a rabbit seizure model

Summary The suitability of a rabbit seizure model for studying the neuropathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) encephalitis was evaluated. Intranasal administration of BHV-5 (strain TX89) together with intramuscular administration of dexamethasone produced seizures in 70% of rabbits tested and meningo-encephalitis in 100%. Infectious BHV-5 was consistently isolated from the following sites: olfactory bulb; anterior cortex, containing the frontal cortex, olfactory tract and anterior portion of the olfactory cortex; posterior cortex, containing the temporal, parietal, piriform, entorhinal and occipital cortices; amygdala; hippocampus. Less frequently, BHV-5 was isolated from the midbrain and diencephalon, the pons and medulla, the cerebellum, and the trigeminal ganglia. Rabbits similarly infected with the Cooper strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 showed no neurological signs or meningo-encephalitis, and virus was not recovered from the brain. The brains of BHV-5-infected rabbits showed neuronal degeneration, leptomeningitis, gliosis and perivascular cuffing, predominantly in the olfactory cortex (piriform and entorhinal cortices), amygdala and hippocampus. Mild lymphocytic meningitis was seen in the olfactory bulb and focal lymphocytic infiltration was sometimes present in the medulla and cerebellum. BHV-5, specific antigens and nucleic acids were detected in the olfactory cortex, amygdala and hippocampus by immunohistochemical methods and in-situ hybridization. The results suggested that, after intranasal BHV-5 inoculation, the virus spread to the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. The olfactory pathway was more susceptible than the trigeminal pathway to neuropathogenic effects.
Stroke and Anticoagulation in Heart Failure Without Atrial Fibrillation From Risk to Opportunity

The association between heart failure and stroke risk has been described for >3 decades.1 Hypercoagulability and left ventricular blood stasis are thought to contribute to stroke risk in patients with heart failure,2 in addition to common risk factors such as hypertension and atrial fibrillation. Regardless of the mechanism, however, for the majority of patients with heart failure who do not have atrial fibrillation, this elevated stroke risk is appreciated but not managed. Article see p 1486 The current 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Guideline on Management of Heart Failure states that “anticoagulation is not recommended in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction without atrial fibrillation, a prior thromboembolic event, or a cardioembolic source.”3 The 2012 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure similarly acknowledge the elevated stroke risk, but recommend against treatment with anticoagulation.4 The recommendations are based on the results of previous randomized, controlled trials that assessed anticoagulation with warfarin in patients with heart failure but without atrial fibrillation. These include the Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart Failure (WASH), Heart Failure Long-Term Antithrombotic Study (HELAS), and Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trials, as well as the Warfarin versus Aspirin in Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction (WARCEF) trial that was the largest and was conducted with patients receiving contemporary heart failure therapy.5–8 Consistently, these trials failed to show …
Schizophrenia with Impulsive and Aggressive Behaviors

Impulsive and aggressive behaviors are important clinical challenges in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. They occur both in the acute phase as well as in the chronic phase of the disorder and call for differentiated treatment interventions. It is important to always first consider behavioral and nonpharmacological interventions. High levels of structure and organization together with a nonconfrontational approach may be very successful interventions. In terms of acute pharmacological interventions, clinicians now have a broad spectrum of intramuscular antipsychotic compounds available with rapid onset of action and relatively little sedation. There is a need for new compounds with a more acceptable tolerability profile for the long-term treatment of these important syndromes.
Programmed cell death and mutation induction in AHH-1 human lymphoblastoid cells exposed to m-amsa

One role of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is the removal of cells with DNA damage from the population. Certain cells, however, are able to suppress the signals for apoptotic cell death and maintain viability. This suggests that the susceptibility of a cell to either undergo apoptosis or escape from the apoptotic death pathways may be an important factor in chemical mutagenesis. In order to provide insight into the role of apoptosis in the recovery of chemically induced mutants, AHH-1 cells were exposed to the chromosomal mutagen, m-amsa, and the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis quantified by flow cytometry. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the primary manner of cell death was by apoptosis. Two specific-locus mutations assays, the tk and the hprt, were utilized as markers for cells with DNA damage and that retained clonogenicity under conditions known to induce apoptosis. Analysis of variance indicated that the concentration-dependent increase in the mutant fraction at the tk locus was significant and the result of the recovery of clones with the slow-growth phenotype. Because this phenotype is thought to reflect chromosomal mutations, these results are consistent with the survival and clonogenicity of damaged cells. This suggests that the ability to recover mutant cells may be influenced by the suppression of or an escape from the apoptotic death pathways.
Summary and Wrap-Up

To become agile, it is not sufficient to just install a handful of new tools, apply some new methods, and rename your milestones to “iteration exit.” Agile will challenge the way your organization is set up, and it will affect the daily work of each individual. Thinking horizontally across boundaries of teams, geographies, and organizations is a change of culture and mindset. Part of embracing your highly dynamic environment is to accept that you will learn as you go by prototyping and evolving your deliverables over time. Change is always part of the game. Ask for feedback and adopt! You will continuously integrate your work, while continuously stabilizing and evaluating whatever you are doing – regardless of whether you are planning, designing, or implementing. Staying focused on customer value and proceeding in a sustainable pace will drive efficiency. Yes, agile development is a lot about philosophy, and it needs the commitment of the entire organization. Adopting agile will take a lot of hard work and considerable time until you can reap its benefits.
A multi-channel optical star LAN and its application as a broadband switch

A simple optical star local area network is considered with an equal number of users and channels in the system. Optical LANs provide very high aggregate network throughputs due to concurrency achievable through wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Using a WDM technique, multiple channels can be created in an optical fiber and a multichannel LAN can be configured using these parallel channels and a simple passive optical star coupler. The authors consider such an optical star network. Some switching protocols are developed for this LAN and its application as an integrated broadband switch, is also presented. Some of the numerical results of the throughput and delay equations for the switching protocols are presented. >
Anticipatory adjustments in the unloading task: Is an efference copy necessary for learning?

In the unloading task, a weight is held in the palm of one hand. When an external agent removes the weight, an upward perturbation of the loaded hand is observed. However, when a person removes the weight by lifting it with their own hand, the perturbation is attenuated due to an anticipatory adjustment of the flexor muscles in the load-bearing arm. An experiment was conducted to examine conditions under which this anticipatory response could be learned. Using a virtual reality system with force-feedback robotic arms, normal subjects performed the unloading task under one of four learning conditions: (a) the participant initiated the unloading by pressing a button, (b) the unloading was cued by a brief visual stimulus, (c) the unloading was performed by a virtual "hand" that moved smoothly towards the object, and (d) the unloading followed three rhythmic force-pulses applied to the finger of the participant. After extended practice (192 trials) we found a significant reduction of the upward perturbation only in the button pressing condition. Control conditions indicated that the acquired response was due to an anticipatory feedforward response rather than due to a change in tonic state such as an increase in arm stiffness. These results indicate that a voluntary action is necessary to acquire an anticipatory adjustment in the unloading task.
Proteomic Analysis of Serum Opsonins Impacting Biodistribution and Cellular Association of Porous Silicon Microparticles

Mass transport of drug delivery vehicles is guided by particle properties, such as size, shape, composition, and surface chemistry, as well as biomolecules and serum proteins that adsorb to the particle surface. In an attempt to identify serum proteins influencing cellular associations and biodistribution of intravascularly injected particles, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify proteins eluted from the surface of cationic and anionic silicon microparticles. Cationic microparticles displayed a 25-fold greater abundance of Ig light variable chain, fibrinogen, and complement component 1 compared to their anionic counterparts. Anionic microparticles were found to accumulate in equal abundance in murine liver and spleen, whereas cationic microparticles showed preferential accumulation in the spleen. Immunohistochemistry supported macrophage uptake of both anionic and cationic microparticles in the liver, as well as evidence of association of cationic microparticles with hepatic endothelial cells. Furthermore, scanning electron micrographs supported cellular competition for cationic microparticles by endothelial cells and macrophages. Despite high macrophage content in the lungs and tumor, microparticle uptake by these cells was minimal, supporting differences in the repertoire of surface receptors expressed by tissue-specific macrophages. In summary, particle surface chemistry drives selective binding of serum components impacting cellular interactions and biodistribution.
NASA budget reductions

The president's revised budget request would reduce the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) FY 1981 budget by about $219 million. The reductions would thus trim about 3.5% from NASA's original request of $5.7 billion. Funds for development of the space shuttle have remained untouched by the new budget request. The shuttle is still slated to receive its $300 million FY 1980 supplemental request and the $1.87 billion FY 1981 allotment.
Optimal sampling and reconstruction of NMR signals with time-varying gradients

Summary form only given. An optimal sampling and reconstruction scheme has been derived for free induction decay (FID) signals resulting from sinusoidal gradients that occur in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The problem has been formulated as a linear parameter estimation problem by writing the observed signal, r(t), as the sum of the noise-free FID signal and a zero mean, white, Gaussian random process with intensity sigma /sup 2/. The noise-free FID signal is modeled to be a linear combination of the uniform samples of the object distribution, f(n/sub 1/,n/sub 2/). The optimal maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate of f(n/sub 1/,n/sub 2/) is derived for the constant-gradient case and then generalized to arbitrary time varying gradients. >
Soil fungal abundance and diversity: another victim of the invasive plant Centaurea maculosa

Interactions between plants and soil microbes are important determinants of both above- and belowground community composition, and ultimately ecosystem function. As exotic plants continue to invade and modify native plant communities, there has been increasing interest in determining the influence of exotic invasives on native soil microbial communities. Here, using highly sensitive molecular techniques, we examine fungal abundance and diversity in the soil surrounding a particularly aggressive invasive plant species in North America, Centaurea maculosa Lam. In mixed stands, we show that this invasive weed can alter the native fungal community composition within its own rhizosphere and that of neighboring native plants. At higher densities, the effect of C. maculosa on native soil fungal communities was even greater. Our results demonstrate that this invasive weed can have significant effects not only on visible aboveground biodiversity but also on the native soil microbial community that extends beyond its rhizosphere.
A theory of the thermodynamic behavior of nonelectrolyte solutions. VII. Partial miscibility in the system polystyrene–cyclohexane

Maron's theory of the thermodynamics of nonelectrolyte solutions has been used to obtain from published osmotic pressure, light-scattering, and partial miscibility data for the system polystyrene-cyclohexane (μ° – σ°) and σ° values as functions of molecular weight and temperature. These functions were combined then with intrinsic viscosities to calculate the partial miscibility curves for five samples of polystyrene of varying molecular weight. Except for minor discrepancies, which are shown to be due to molecular weight heterogeneity, the calculated plots are in good agreement with the experimental results. The data have also been used to evaluate the interaction parameters at the points of critical miscibility. These calculations confirm the predictions of Maron and Nakajima that for infinite molecular weight these parameters go to the limits μc° = 2/3, σc° = 1/6, (μc° – σc°) = 1/2, and μc = 2/3.
Effects of soil-applied fluoride and lead on growth of loblolly pine and red maple

Abstract Additions of sodium fluoride or lead chloride at concentrations from 2 × 10 −4 to 2 × 10 −2 M reduced the growth of loblolly pine and red maple seedlings in pots of two forest soils. Lead chloride treatments also increased anthocyanin content of red maple leaves. Seedlings grew better on Whitestore sandy loan than onGGeorgeville silt loam, but there was little difference between soil types in influencing responses to fluoride or lead. Growing temperature also affected growth responses and anthocyanin content and interacted to some degree with treatment and soil variables.
Secretory IgA Antibody in Cervicovaginal Secretions from Women with Genital Infection Due to Herpes Simplex Virus

Sequential samples of cervicovaginal secretions from women with untreated first and recurrent episodes of genital infection due to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were assayed for IgA antibodies to HSV-2 by using fluorescent antibodies to human secretory piece (sIgA) and human IgA. Among women with first-episode genital herpes, sIgA antibody to HSV-2 was detected in 20 of 31 women from whom HSV was isolated from the cervix, compared with four of 13 women from whom it was not (P less than .05). Among women with first-episode genital herpes, the mean titer of sIgA antibody to HSV-2 peaked between days 9 and 16 of disease, whereas among women with recurrent genital HSV, the peak occurred at days 3-8 of disease. HSV-2 was not isolated from the cervix from any of 130 samples taken when titers of sIgA antibody to HSV-2 were greater than or equal to 1:2, compared with 98 of 259 samples taken when titers were less than or equal to 1:2 (P less than or equal to .01).
Two uses of ancient astronomy

Observations from ancient astronomy are useful in studying the non-gravitational accelerations of the Earth and Moon, and recent developments in this study are reviewed. Such a study necessarily involves astronomical chronology and simultaneously shows some limitations in its use. Limitations include lack of veracity in many records, errors in dating events, and uncertainty in calculating the circumstances of ancient eclipses of the Sun. These limitations are studied both quantitatively and by example.