cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergent scheduling

Convergent scheduling is a general framework for cluster assignment and instruction scheduling on spatial architectures. A convergent scheduler is composed of independent passes, each implementing a heuristic that addresses a particular problem or constraint. The passes share a simple, common interface that provides spatial and temporal preference for each instruction. Preferences are not absolute; instead, the interface allows a pass to express the confidence of its preferences, as well as preferences for multiple space and time slots. A pass operates by modifying these preferences. By applying a series of passes that address all the relevant constraints, the convergent scheduler can produce a schedule that satisfies all the important constraints. Because all passes are independent and need to understand only one interface to interact with each other, convergent scheduling simplifies the problem of handling multiple constraints and co-developing different heuristics. We have applied convergent scheduling to two spatial architectures: the Raw processor and a clustered VLIW machine. It is able to successfully handle traditional constraints such as parallelism, load balancing, and communication minimization, as well as constraints due to preplaced instructions, which are instructions with predetermined cluster assignment. Convergent scheduling is able to obtain an average performance improvement of 21% over the existing space-time scheduler of the Raw processor, and an improvement of 14% over state-of-the-art assignment and scheduling techniques on a clustered VLIW architecture.
Wood anatomy of the dicotyledons indigenous to New Zealand: 8. Corynocarpaceae*

Wood anatomy of Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. et G. Forst. is described. Growth rings are not evident. Vessels are solitary or in multiplee of 2–6. They are storied, and have simple perforation plates and fine spiral thickening. Intervascular pits are mainly alternate and angular. Pits leading to rays are infrequent but similar to intervascular pits. Axial parenchyma is abundant and storied. It occurs as discontinuous paratracheal bands, and also is vasicentric. Intercellular spaces are associated with paratrachea) bands. Each parenchyma strand consists of two cells but fusiform cells are common. Crystals are sparse or absent. Rays are noded, wide, and tall. They are heterogeneous with procumbent cells intermingled with upright and square cells. Uniseriate tails are mainly composed of 1–2 upright ells. Rays are mainly 6–23 cells wide. Uniseriate rays are rare or absent. Sheath ells are frequent. Crystals are present in ray parenchyma. Some crystal-hearing cells are enlarged. Fibres are chick to ve...
Response of trout populations in five Colorado streams two decades after habitat manipulation

Evaluating the effectiveness of instream structures for increasing trout populations is complicated by a paucity of long-term studies. We report on a study spanning 23 years to assess the effect of...
Tissue Harmonic Imaging: A Review

Nonlinear propagation creates additional high-frequency components in the ultrasound wave (called harmonics) as the wave is transmitted through tissue. When nonlinear propagation occurs, reflectors along the beam path generate echoes with both the fundamental and harmonic frequencies. Tissue harmonic imaging (THI) uses two methods, frequency band filtering and pulse phase inversion, to isolate the second harmonic frequency in the detected echo so that an image of harmonic reflection can be formed. The technique of THI is discussed with illustrative examples. Advantages and limitations of THI are presented.
To what reference point do people calibrate cost-free, third-party punishment?

Abstract To what reference point(s) do third parties calibrate punishments to be inflicted upon unknown wrongdoers? We introduce a novel method that allows direct comparison of preferred punishments (and compensations) to victim loss and perpetrator gain. In two experiments, minimalist scenarios indicated various monetary gains for a thief and costs for a victim. Participants indicated a fine for the thief (the victim was uncompensated). We found that victim loss and perpetrator gain had about equal influence on punishment preferences. However, analysis of individual differences indicated a substantial number of participants (about 25% to 40%) preferred relatively large punishments (i.e., greater than the outcome differential —the sum of perpetrator gain and victim loss), and in both experiments the mean of preferred punishments was greater than the outcome differential. A third experiment used identical scenarios but instead had participants indicate a compensation for the victim. In contrast to punishment preferences, only about 2% of participants preferred victim compensation greater than the outcome differential and the mean compensation was less than the outcome differential.
Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture based mass spectrometry approach to detect transient protein interactions using substrate trapping.

The analysis of protein interactors in protein complexes can yield important insight into protein function and signal transduction. Thus, a reliable approach to distinguish true interactors from nonspecific interacting proteins is of utmost importance for accurate data interpretation. Although stringent purification methods are critical, challenges still remain in the selection of criteria that will permit the objective differentiation of true members of the protein complex from nonspecific background proteins. To address these challenges, we have developed a quantitative proteomic strategy combining stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), affinity substrate trapping, and gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (geLC–MS/MS) protein quantitation. ATP hydrolysis-deficient vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B (Vps4B) was used as the “bait” protein which served as a substrate trap since its lack of ATP hydrolysis enzymatic activity all...
Three-dimensional in-vivo dimensions of 'He's triangle' during acute left ventricular ischemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Changes in the dimensions of 'He's triangle' (formed by mitral leaflet segments subtending two associated chordae tendineae) derived from data obtained in in-vitro mitral valve models have been proposed to provide a mechanistic explanation for mitral leaflet malcoaptation. The in-vivo dynamics of He's triangle, however, have not been hitherto determined. METHODS: Radio-opaque markers were placed in 13 sheep to delineate the mitral annulus and four (of an infinite number of possible) He's triangles formed by: (i) the anterior mitral leaflet (AML), first- (CT1) and second-order (CT2) chordae tendineae emanating from the anterior papillary tip (APT1) as well as from the posterior papillary tip (PPT1), respectively; and (ii) the posterior mitral leaflet (PML), CT1 and CT2 emanating from other loci on the anterior as well as the posterior papillary tips (APT2 and PPT2), respectively. Immediately postoperatively (anesthetized, open-chest), three-dimensional end-systolic marker positions were measured before and during circumflex coronary artery occlusion sufficient to produce mitral regurgitation, as verified by echocardiography. RESULTS: During ischemia, three leaflet segments constituting one side of three He's triangles elongated: The AML attached to APT1 and to PPT1 by 1.5+/-1.2 mm (p <0.001) and 1.3+/-0.8 mm (p <0.001), respectively, and the posterior leaflet attached to APT2 by 1.4+/-1.9 mm (p = 0.02). Apart from a 0.9+/-1.1 mm (p = 0.02) increase in the length of CT2 attached to APT2, the length of the seven other CT1 and CT2 remained relatively unchanged during acute left ventricular ischemia. CONCLUSION: With acute posterolateral ischemia, the lengths of CT1 and CT2 remained relatively constant, but the AML and PML lengths were not constant as the AML and PML 'unfurled' during acute left ventricular ischemia. These geometric changes may provide further insight into the mechanisms of acute ischemic mitral regurgitation, though it is not clear how they will be clinically helpful.
Low-power digital design

Recently there has been a surge of interest in low-power devices and design techniques. While many papers have been published describing power-saving techniques for use in digital systems, trade-offs between the methods are rarely discussed. We address this issue by using an energy-delay metric to compare many of the proposed techniques. Using this metric also provides insight into some of the basic trade-offs in low-power design. The next section describes the energy-loss mechanisms that are present in CMOS circuits, which provides the parameters that must be changed to lower the power dissipation. With these factors in mind, the rest of the paper reviews the energy saving techniques that have been proposed. These proposals fall into one of three main strategies: trade speed for power, do not waste power, and find a lower power problem.
Cocaine-Like Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Mephedrone and Naphyrone in Mice

Background. In recent years, commercial bath salts products containing synthetic cathinone analogues have emerged as illicit drugs of abuse. These cathinones are structurally similar to the psychostimulants 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (METH), and produce their effects via interactions with monoamine transporters, where smaller compounds (e.g., mephedrone) are amphetamine-like monoamine releasers, while the structurally larger compounds (e.g., naphyrone) are cocaine-like monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Individual cathinones also differ from one another with respect to selectivity among the three monoamine transporters. Statement of purpose of study. This study was designed to assess the cocaine-like interoceptive effects of synthetic cathinone analogues functioning as passive monoamine reuptake inhibitors (naphyrone) or as releasers (mephedrone) in mice in order to compare effectiveness (degree of substitution) and potency with positive control psychostimulants cocaine, METH, and MDMA. Procedures. In the present study, mice were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline, and substitutions with METH, MDMA, mephedrone, naphyrone, and morphine were performed. Main findings. Mice reliably discriminated the cocaine training dose from saline, and METH, MDMA, mephedrone, and naphyrone all elicited full cocaine-like responding, while morphine did not. Potency differences were observed such that METH was most potent, while mephedrone, cocaine, MDMA, and naphyrone exhibited roughly equivalent potency. Principal conclusions. These data confirm that interaction with DAT is an important component of cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects, and suggest that synthetic cathinones likely elicit psychostimulant-like abuse-related effects.
Constructing Dysfunction: News Coverage of Teenagers and Social Media

Cultural storytellers such as journalists play a meaningful role in shaping how adults think about the role that social media play in teenagers’ lives. To better assess what adults might be learning, we employed a critical, qualitative approach to examine how contemporary news media constructed cultural understandings of teens’ relationship with social media. Our analysis of 339 print and online news articles from 2013–2014 found that the news media constructed a mediated reality that placed dysfunction as the defining characteristic of teens’ relationship with social media. The news articles consistently positioned teenagers and social media as at odds with one another, entwined in an unhealthy, frequently dangerous union. Discussions of the self-expressive, creative, and communicative practices of teen social media users were undermined or absent altogether. Altogether, the coverage created a mediated reality that denied teenage agency and obscured the diversity of teenagers’ experiences and social medi...
Fragment-Based Approach for the Evaluation of NMR Chemical Shifts for Large Biomolecules Incorporating the Effects of the Solvent Environment

We present an efficient implementation of the molecules-in-molecules (MIM) fragment-based quantum chemical method for the evaluation of NMR chemical shifts of large biomolecules. Density functional techniques have been employed in conjunction with large basis sets and including the effects of the solvent environment in these calculations. The MIM-NMR method is initially benchmarked on a set of (alanine)10 conformers containing strong intramolecular interactions. The incorporation of a second low level of theory to recover the missing long-range interactions in the primary fragmentation scheme is critical to yield reliable chemical shifts, with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) from direct unfragmented calculations of 0.01 ppm for 1H chemical shifts and 0.07 ppm for 13C chemical shifts. In addition, the performance of MIM-NMR has been assessed on two large peptides: the helical portion of ubiquitin (1UBQ) containing 12 residues where the X-ray structure is known, and E6-binding protein of papilloma virus (1R...
Design of a phase II randomized, open-label trial of DN24-02, an autologous cellular immunotherapy targeting HER2/neu, in patients with surgically resected urothelial cancer at high risk of recurrence.

TPS4673 Background: Despite surgical resection and the use of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy, up to 50% of patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma will have disease recurrence and eventually die of...
Nonparametric methods and local‐time‐based estimation for dynamic power law distributions

Summary This paper introduces nonparametric econometric methods that characterize general power law distributions under basic stability conditions. These methods extend the literature on power laws in the social sciences in several directions. First, we show that any stationary distribution in a random growth setting is shaped entirely by two factors: the idiosyncratic volatilities and reversion rates (a measure of cross-sectional mean reversion) for different ranks in the distribution. This result is valid regardless of how growth rates and volatilities vary across different economic agents, and hence applies to Gibrat's law and its extensions. Second, we present techniques to estimate these two factors using panel data. Third, we describe how our results imply predictability as higher-ranked processes must on average grow more slowly than lower-ranked processes. We employ our empirical methods using data on commodity prices and show that our techniques accurately describe the empirical distribution of relative commodity prices. We also show that rank-based out-of-sample forecasts of future commodity prices outperform random-walk forecasts at a 1-month horizon.
From Silly to Scholarly: The Complete and Utter History of Terry Jones

Kern examines the role of history in Terry Jones’s work. “From Silly to Scholarly: The Complete and Utter History of Terry Jones” argues that while Jones has used history in his work since his university days, it originally served as little more than base material for comedy that ultimately had absurdist or contemporary sensibilities. Jones’s later efforts increasingly have given history more meaningful attention—his comedic background informing, yet ancillary to “serious” historical interpretation. During this time, Jones’s relationship with history has gone from being a keen enthusiast to being a professionally-recognized documentarian and academic author. Yet despite these changes several constants have defined his work throughout: whether as a comedian or a historian, Jones is almost always forceful, provocative, and iconoclastic.
Imaging techniques: X-rays used to watch spins in 3D

Complex nanoscale magnetization patterns have been resolved in 3D using advanced X-ray microscopy. This could spur the design of magnetic devices that have unique properties and functions. See Letter p.328 Techniques have long existed for imaging the two-dimensional magnetization patterns of thin-film magnets, but the three-dimensional complexities of magnetization structure within the body of a magnet is not so amenable to direct investigation. Claire Donnelly et al. have made substantial progress in lifting this veil by harnessing hard-X-ray tomography to determine the inner magnetic structure of micrometre-sized magnets. The properties of current X-ray sources limit the spatial resolution to about 100 nanometres, but it is anticipated that future instrumental developments could greatly improve on this.
Einfühlung as the breath of art: six modes of embodiment

Robert Vischer’s concept of Einfuhlung, feeling-into, translated as empathy, serves as the departure point for a proposal about viewing art using the body for a non-imitative form of empathy termed a transomatization and for other embodied operations. A transomatization occurs when viewers reinterpret a component or process of their own bodies to serve as a non-imitative stand-in, or correlate, for something outside of the self, specifically, some quality of an art work or its production. This creates an overlap of the self and other that might be experienced subjectively as a feeling of projection, an operation characteristic of empathy. Transomatizations and other embodied experiences are grounded in empathic, intersubjective modes of engaging others that begin in early life. As applications of the proposed concepts, six different embodiments of the viewer’s breathing are explored in regard to Friedrich E. Church’s 1848 oil painting Morning, Looking East over the Hudson Valley from the Catskill Mountains. Support for elements of the proposed concepts and applications is drawn from research in the biological and social sciences and from first person, embodied accounts of viewing.
Effect of Magnetostatic Interactions on Stochastic Domain Wall Motion in Sub-100 nm Wide Nanowires

Magnetic field-driven domain wall motion is investigated in closely spaced sub-100 nm wide Co nanowires. Anticorrelations appear in the spatial distribution of pinning sites within weakly interacting nanowires, with a reduced probability of pinning adjacent to another pinning site over a mean correlation length similar to the line width roughness. In contrast, strong magnetostatic interactions between domain walls in adjacent nanowires eliminate the correlations, reducing the domain wall propagation distance for a given applied magnetic field.
Advantages of Sequential Versus Simultaneous Bilateral Levator Advancement Surgery

1. Surgical catastrophes. Blindness after eyelid surgery is very rare, but it does happen. Bilateral blindness is exponentially worse than unilateral blindness. Despite rigorous preoperative screening, patients can occasionally sneak into your operating room with previously undiagnosed bleeding diatheses or undisclosed use of aspirin, nonsteroidals, or alternative medicines such as ginkgo biloba. Bilateral severe bleeding is exponentially worse than unilateral severe bleeding.
Hype or Reality: Service Oriented Architecture in Product Lifecycle Management — How IBM Can Help You Achieve Innovation That Matters

Products are becoming more complex due to rapid technical innovations, especially with the increase in electronics and software content even inside traditionally mechanical products. Furthermore, the design and supply chain of products have become more complex as well, with suppliers taking greater part in the design process of the overall system, often taking responsibility for the design and manufacturing of major subsystems. These challenges are causing manufacturing companies to rethink their business processes and systems for product lifecycle management.
Developmental and hormonal regulation of neuroendocrine gene transcription.

Publisher Summary The quantitative regulation of gene transcription during development and by hormones appears to require the interaction of specific rate-limiting transcriptional factors that bind to structurally distinct genomic sequences. The precise molecular mechanisms by which the binding of these trans-acting factors increases the rate of accurate transcriptional initiation remain unknown; however, it is clear that the regulatory cis-active regions can represent either simple or complex elements. In the case of heritable patterns of neuroendocrine expression, a combinatorial reaction of several sequences and their cognate transcription factors appears requisite for cell-specific gene transcription. The multi-factorial nature of this regulation provides the possibility for a more restricted pattern of gene expression than that exhibited by the cognate trans-acting transcription factors. In the case of the rat prolactin gene, three to five discrete factors may be required for the upstream enhancer function. Additional important cell-specific enhancers appear to be present in proximity to the promoter. By contrast, several regulatory cis-active elements, such as those that transfer hormone regulation, appear to bind a unique transcription factor, which may be sufficient for activation of gene transcription.
The Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study: Introduction, Limitations, and Challenges

Assessing dysphagia in the pediatric population can be a challenge even for the most skilled speech-language pathologist. Clinical markers of tracheal aspiration are difficult to delineate in pediatrics as some of the hallmark signs present in the adult population such as cough may not be present in the pediatric population [1, 2]. Furthermore, the literature identifying validated clinical indicators of tracheal aspiration across consistencies in pediatrics is limited at the present time [2, 3]. Yet we do have evidence that “silent” tracheal aspiration occurs to a significant degree in various pediatric population such as those with neurologic impairment, airway disorders, and congenital heart anomalies [4, 5]. Due to these current limitations, instrumental tools such as the videofluoroscopic swallow study (also referred to as the Modified Barium Swallow Study Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS)) play an important role in the assessment and management of pediatric dysphagia.
Inverse Kinematics for a Barn-Door Equatorial Platform

In this paper, a robotic platform is designed to allow a telescope mounted on this platform to track stars. To avoid the use of conic sections, a 3-degree of freedom robotic platform is proposed. With this design, however, the solution to the inverse kinematics problem defines the plane of the platform - not the location of specific points on the robotic platform as is traditionally done with inverse kinematics. Once the inverse-kinematics problem is solved, the equatorial platform is built, tested, and shown to track Jupiter over a span of two minutes.
The STRONG Kids 2 Birth Cohort Study: A Cell-to-Society Approach to Dietary Habits and Weight Trajectories across the First 5 Years of Life.

Background Dietary habits formed during the first 5 y of life portend lifelong eating patterns. Objective The Synergistic Theory Research Obesity and Nutrition Group (STRONG) Kids 2 birth cohort study aimed to examine multilevel predictors of weight trajectories and dietary habits including individual biology, child socioemotional and behavioral characteristics, family environment, and child care environment over the first 5 y of life. This report describes recruitment strategies, an overview of survey measures, and basic descriptive statistics of the cohort. Methods The cohort includes 468 mothers and their offspring. A brief survey was completed at a 1-wk home visit including child's birth weight, intent to breastfeed, collection of an infant stool sample, and additional contact information should the family move. Mothers completed surveys including diet, child temperament, family environment, and child care when their child was 6 wk, 3, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 mo of age. Height and weight of the mother and child were collected at each visit. Stool samples of the child were collected at each visit as well as saliva at 1 visit. Results Close to half of the mothers were either overweight (24.2%) or obese (25.2%) prepregnancy. At 6 wk of age, 32.9% of the children were overweight and 31.4% were obese based on direct measurement. Conclusions The STRONG Kids 2 research team has adopted a socioecological model that accounts for multiple influences on children's health including biological, child social and behavioral, family household organization, and community factors. The study is limited by a relatively educated and nondiverse sample. However, variations in maternal and child weight may inform future prevention programs and policy aimed at improving the diet and health of children under the age of 5 y.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03341858.
Temperature and rate effects in ramp-wave compression freezing of liquid water

Quasi-isentropic compression of liquid water beyond 5 GPa rapidly creates ice VII on 1–10 ns time scales. The onset of this phase transition can be modified by changing the initial temperature of the liquid sample and/or the compression rate. These effects were studied using the Sandia Thor-64 pulsed power machine. Increasing the initial temperature pushes freezing above the previously reported 7 GPa metastable limit. Slower compression allows freezing to occur below the metastable limit, though the compression rate has a greater effect at an elevated temperature than at room temperature.Quasi-isentropic compression of liquid water beyond 5 GPa rapidly creates ice VII on 1–10 ns time scales. The onset of this phase transition can be modified by changing the initial temperature of the liquid sample and/or the compression rate. These effects were studied using the Sandia Thor-64 pulsed power machine. Increasing the initial temperature pushes freezing above the previously reported 7 GPa metastable limit. Slower compression allows freezing to occur below the metastable limit, though the compression rate has a greater effect at an elevated temperature than at room temperature.
Patient-derived organoids for personalized drug screening in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

581Background: Despite standard treatment with gemcitabine and cisplatin, median survival for unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is < 1 year. Clearly, novel therapeutic strategies a...
Electoral Institutions and Electoral Cycles in Investment Incentives: A Field Experiment on Over 3,000 U.S. Municipalities*

Through a field experiment and audit study, we test how the electoral calendar affects the use of local economic development policies. We explore how electoral timing along with local political institutions and party composition affect local governments’ offers of investment incentives to outside firms. We legally incorporated a consultancy and, on behalf of a real investor in manufacturing, approached roughly 3,000 U.S. municipalities with inquiries. The main experimental results show no greater tendency to offer incentives for investment anticipated prior to than after elections—a null result that is estimated with high precision. Limiting the sample to municipalities that specialize in manufacturing, the relevant subgroup, suggests that election timing matters in this most likely set of locales. Some observational findings include additional evidence on how direct elections of executives and partisanship correlate with incentive offers.
Segmenting Cutaneous Wounds from Tissue Sections and In Vivo Images using Deep Learning

Convolutional neural networks were used to accurately segment both H&E-stained tissue sections and in vivo autofluorescence images of skin wounds, which enabled automated, quantitative analysis of a variety of wound features.
Finite Element Model for Coupled Diffusion and Elastoplastic Deformation during High-Temperature Oxidation of Fe to FeO

Solid-oxide iron-air batteries are an emerging technology for large-scale energy storage, but mechanical degradation of Fe-based storage materials limits battery lifetime. Experimental studies have revealed cycling degradation due to large volume changes during oxidation/reduction (via H2O/H2 at 800 °C), but degradation has not yet been correlated with the microstructural stress and strain evolution. Here, we implement a finite element model for oxidation of a Fe lamella to FeO (74% volumetric expansion), in a lamellar Fe foam designed for battery applications. Growth of FeO at the Fe/gas interface is coupled, via an oxidation reaction and solid-state diffusion, with the shrinkage rate of the Fe lamellar core. Using isotropic linear elasticity and plastic hardening, the model simulates deformation of a continuously growing FeO layer by dynamically switching "gas" elements into new "FeO" elements along a sharp FeO/gas interface. As oxidation progresses, the effective plastic strain and von Mises stress increase in FeO. Distribution of tensile and compressive stresses along the Fe/FeO interface are validated by oxidation theory and explain interface delamination, as observed during in operando X-ray tomography experiments. The model explains the superior stability of lamellar vs. dendritic foam architectures and the improved redox lifetime of Fe-Ni foams.
Adherence to Asthma Biologics: Implications for Patient Selection, Step Therapy, and Outcomes.

Background Little is known about adherence to asthma biologics. Research Question Is adherence to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) associated with subsequent asthma biologic adherence? Study Design and Methods We analyzed individuals with asthma who started asthma biologics in the OptumLab Data Warehouse and used that data until October 2019. We calculated proportion days covered (PDC) for ICS ± long-acting β-agonists in the 6 months before and after asthma biologics were started and asthma biologic PDC for the first 6 months of use. We performed a multivariable analysis to identify factors associated with asthma biologic PDC ≥0.75, ICS PDC ≥0.75 during the 6-month period after asthma biologic were started, and achievement of a ≥50% reduction in asthma exacerbations during the first 6 months of asthma biologic use. Results We identified 5,319 people who started asthma biologics. The mean PDC for asthma biologics was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.75-0.77) in the first 6 months after starting, higher than the mean PDCs for ICS in the 6 months before (0.44 [95% CI, 0.43-0.45]) and after (0.40 [95% CI, 0.39-0.40]) starting the asthma biologic. PDC ≥0.75 for ICS 6 months before index biologic use is associated with PDC for asthma biologics ≥0.75 (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.43) and for ICS during the first 6 months of biologic use (OR, 9.93; 95% CI, 8.55-11.53). Neither ICS PDC ≥0.75 (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.74-1.14) nor asthma biologic PDC ≥0.75 (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.97-1.36) is associated with a statistically significant reduction in asthma exacerbations during the first 6 months of asthma biologic use among people with any exacerbation in the 6 months before first use. Interpretation Adherence to asthma biologic is higher than to ICS and is associated with different factors.
Where and When Carbon Storage can be Bought Cost Effectively from Private Forest Owners.

The role of time in estimating the cost of forest carbon is often ignored in the literature, nor does the literature address the issues of where and when the purchase of forest carbon storage becomes socially beneficial. In our study, we identify the spatial and temporal allocations of forest carbon investments that are socially beneficial based on empirical analysis. We use the Central and Southern Appalachian region in the Eastern United States as a case study over three periods (i.e., 1992–2001, 2001–2006, and 2006–2011) that are roughly in line with moderate, upturn, and downturn market conditions. The areas from which it is socially beneficial to buy carbon storage are mainly in flat terrain and further away from urban boundaries, hence facing lower development pressure and lower urban net returns. These areas also have less urban land and more forestland. The mapping of carbon cost over the three market conditions in our case study also indicates that the socially beneficial carbon area shrinks as the opportunity cost increases when the real-estate market evolves from a moderately growing to a booming market. The socially beneficial carbon area shrinks further as the demand from urban development on forestland collapses when the real-estate market enters a downturn stage.
Educational Approach to Increase Student Pharmacist Confidence with Medicare.

Objective: To describe a didactic, case-based approach to teach student pharmacists about Medicare enabling them to consider the spectrum of coverage options, as well as both medical and drug needs, when assessing insurance plans. Innovation: Education on Medicare often focuses on Part D. However, the growing popularity of Medicare Advantage plans requires students to have a more comprehensive understanding of Medicare. To address this gap, a didactic, case-based approach was developed where students received four 90-minute lectures on Medicare and then applied the information through a patient case. Data was collected on student-reported confidence with Medicare, and attitudes towards the importance of understanding insurance in improving patient care. Surveys were conducted at baseline, after the didactic lectures (interim survey), and upon project completion (final survey). Key Findings: Confidence with Medicare increased between the baseline and interim survey (all p ≤ 0.001). Additional gains were seen after completing the project in helping patients navigate financial assistance programs (p ≤ 0.001) and selecting specific plans (p ≤ 0.05). After the interim survey, students more strongly agreed with statements related to knowledge of insurance as an opportunity to help advocate for patients (p ≤ 0.001), and the need to consider Medicare coverage when making medication recommendations (p ≤ 0.05) Conclusion: The combination of didactic lectures and a case-based exercise positively impacted self-reported student confidence in their knowledge, as well as attitude towards Medicare. Increasing student confidence in Medicare and willingness to engage beneficiaries in conversations about insurance coverage may be a strategy to improve patient care and health outcomes.
THE TERMINAL FIELDS OF DORSAL ROOT FIBERS IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINAL CORD OF THE CAT, AND THE DENDRITIC ORGANIZATION OF THE MOTOR NUCLEI.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the pattern of degenerating dorsal root fibers, visualized by means of the Nauta-Laidlaw technique, in the spinal gray matter of the lumbosacral segments of the cat. The pattern, especially of the terminal fields, is related to the cytoarchitectonic laminae determined with the Nissl stain, and to data on synaptic areas revealed by the use of the Golgi method. These anatomical findings have been compared in detail with electrophysiological data on the areas of termination of various muscles and cutaneous nerve fibers, and the distribution of interneurons activated by specific types of peripheral stimulation. The chapter also describes the pattern of dendrites of various motor and interneuron nuclei of the lumbosacral segments by use of the Golgi-Cox technique. The relative independence and overlap of the dendritic territories of the motor nuclei are described in the chapter, and a possible relationship between these and the synaptic linkages formed by the large, sensory fibers of muscle nerves is indicated.
Prostaglandins and cannabis--XVI. Antagonism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol action by its metabolites.

Abstract Prior exposure of cells in vitro to δ 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol-7-oic acid (δ 1 -THC-7-oic acid) reduced the degree of stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis incurred by subsequent treatment with δ 1 -THC. The site of action of this inhibitory effect seemed to be on cyclooxygenase and not at the earlier step involving the phospholipase-mediated release of arachidonic acid. δ 1 -THC-7-oic acid is a major metabolite of δ 1 -THC and has no psychoactivity in humans. Our findings raise the possibility, however, that it may influence the in vivo activities of δ 1 -THC by antagonizing its stimulatory action on cellular prostaglandin synthesis.
Transradial Approach Superior to Transfemoral Approach for Guide Catheter Engagement of Right Coronary Artery

We describe one of several cases where right coronary intervention was contemplated. Transfemoral access was selected by the operator. Despite using 12 different guide catheter shapes, attempts at engaging the right coronary artery from transfemoral approach were unsuccesful. The patient was brought for reattempt at percutaneous coronary intervention using transradial approach. Right radial approach allowed immediate JR4 guide catheter seating without difficulty, in the right coronary ostium, with succesful completion of placement of right coronary ostial stent.
The social construction of personal narratives

Talking about the past is an important social and self-defining activity that begins early in development and continues throughout life. In this research, the ways in which mothers structure conversations about past events early in development are related to children's subsequent abilities to structure personal narratives
Managing hospitalized hemodialysis patients: A guide for the non-nephrologist

In-hospital care of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, on hemodialysis, is different from the general population in various aspects. Non-nephrologists do not typically receive specialized training to take care of these patients. However, in most circumstances, they serve as the primary attending for these patients in the hospital setting. There is paucity of the literature guiding non-nephrologists on this important issue. This article highlights the key management aspects of in-hospital care of these patients that all the non-nephrologists should know.
Mixed Chromophore Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) Copolymers for Tailored Light Emission

Versatile intermediates 4-bromo(trifluorovinyloxy)benzene or 4-trifluorovinyloxyphenylboronic acid pinacol ester undergo a one step Suzuki coupling reaction with commercial aryl diboronic acids or aryl dibromides and afforded three new aryltrifluorovinylether chromophore monomers. The structures of these monomers were confirmed by 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental (C, H, and N) combustion analysis. The monomers were readily polymerized via thermal [2 + 2] cyclopolymerization to form chromophore containing PFCB polymers with high molecular weights (Mn = 16 700−22 000), superb thermal stability Td > 450 °C, and excellent processability. Photoluminescence studies reveal that the fluorinated ether linkage has no effect on lumiphore emission wavelength or solution quantum yields. Copolymerization affords a facile route to tailored emission from a linear polymeric system that includes a broad range of the visible spectrum. The properties of these polymers were analyzed by differential scanning cal...
The school psychologist as expert witness in due process hearings

Abstract As a consequence of the Consent Agreement reached between the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, school of psychologists are finding themselves increasingly in the role of expert witness in due process hearings. The paper identifies a number of problems regarding the witness behavior of psychologists in these hearings and proposes some recommendations and resolutions.
Interference by Butyl Rubber Stoppers in GLC Analysis for Theophylline

During a study of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline using GLC analysis, unexpectedly high values occurred in a random manner. The cause of these abnormal values was investigated, and significant interference was observed when blood samples were drawn using evacuated glass tubes sealed with butyl rubber stoppers. In vitro tests using distilled water showed no apparent theophylline levels due to the additives in three commonly used tubes. However, when water was allowed to remain in contact with the butyl rubber stoppers for 1 min, an apparent theophylline content of as high as 5.5 μ/ml was observed. A contact time of 60 min resulted in apparent theophylline levels of as high as 52.3 μg/ml. It was concluded that a substance leached from the butyl rubber stoppers accounted for the spurious results.
An Efficient Approach to Approximate the Deflection Curve of an Arbitrarily Supported Beam Subject to External Loads

In this paper, an approximate method is developed that can be used to efficiently obtain the deflection curve of any prismatic or non-prismatic, statically determinate or indeterminate beam under various loading conditions. This allows for a quick validation of the exact deflection curve, which is especially useful at the undergraduate level. This proposed method approximates the deflection curve as the weighted sum of the eigenfunctions of the dynamic uniform beam. The weights of each eigenfunction are obtained by solving a set of linear algebraic equations. The mathematics needed to apply this method is relatively simple, and can be easily taught at the undergraduate level. The proposed method is validated against the exact deflection curve for multiple examples, and excellent agreements are shown between the approximate and exact deflection curves.
Urocortin, Corticotropin Releasing Factor-2 Receptors and Energy Balance

Although there is considerable information regarding the role of brain CRF in energy balance, relatively little is known about the role of urocortin (UCN), which is an equally potent anorexic agent. Therefore, the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of UCN (0.01–1 nmol/day) on food intake and body weight were assessed over a period of 13 days and compared with data from CRF-infused counterparts. Although both peptides dose dependently reduced food intake and weight gain, the effects of CRF were much greater in magnitude than those of UCN, particularly on body weight. Pair-feeding studies suggested that, while the effects of CRF on body weight could not be completely explained by appetite suppression, the effects of UCN appeared to be due to its initial impact on food intake. CRF increased brown adipose fat pad and adrenal weights, whereas it reduced thymus and spleen weights. CRF also increased serum corticosterone, triglyceride, FFA, and cholesterol levels, whereas it reduced glucose....
Full-color two-dimensional optical coherence tomography

A technique is described to obtain two-dimensional OCT images with full natural color representation. The interference image is acquired using a color camera and the three color channels are processed separately, recomposing the final image.
A comparison of the strength of multilayers, thin films and nanocrystalline compacts

Abstract A survey of the yield strength and hardness of copper-based materials shows a progressive lowering of the strength with respect to the extrapolation of the Hall–Petch relation as the length scale of the microstructure decreases. The overall trend can be modeled by scaling the elastic screening length for the dislocation line tension with the microstructural length scale, as proposed by Scattergood and Koch.
Dependent origination and the dual‐nature of the Japanese aesthetic

Abstract As most commentators on Japanese aesthetics agree, the Japanese aesthetic is pervaded by a profound affirmation of things in their suchness or original uniqueness, and at the same time is tinged with an element of sadness or melancholy. While the responses of affirmation and melancholy seem rather subjective and may—at first glance—appear inconsistent with Buddhist notions like anatman, or non‐self and the Buddhist demand for non‐attachment, I shall argue that a more careful reading of certain Buddhist doctrines, specifically the doctrine of dependent origination or pratitya‐samutpāda, reveals that the basic tenets of Buddhism are not only consistent with these sorts of subjective responses, but in fact serve to help explain the dual nature of the Japanese aesthetic. Accordingly, I shall suggest that given the undeniable influence Buddhism has had on Japanese culture, it seems likely that the doctrine of dependent origination is not only compatible with, but also contributed to the formation of w...
Protection against ischemia during prolonged balloon inflation by distal coronary perfusion with use of an autoperfusion catheter or Fluosol.

Objectives. The purpose of this report was to study the protective effects of passive and active distal coronary perfusion during prolonged balloon inflation. Background. Prolonged balloon inflation has been proposed to improve immediate and long-term results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, but it requires protection against myocardial ischemia. Methods. A 30-min balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery was performed in three groups of closed chest anesthetized dogs: 1) control (no distal coronary perfusion, n = 13), 2) passive distal coronary perfusion (autoperfusion catheter, n = 10), and 3) active distal coronary perfusion (infusion of the perfluorochemical Fluosol at 30 ml/min, n = 11). Results. At 10 min of balloon inflation, echocardiographic wall motion indexes (scored from 1 [normal] to 5 [dyskinesia]) in the autoperfusion catheter and Fluosol groups (2.4 ± 1.2 and 2.0 ± 0.9, respectively) were significantly better than in the control group (3.6 ± 0.4, p = 0.001), but at 25 min this improvement in wall motion had attenuated and became statistically insignificant when compared with values in the control group. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at peak inflation in the Fluosol group (19.5 ± 5.5 mm Hg) was higher than in the control (7.6 ± 3.6) and autoperfusion catheter (5.3 ± 1.4, p ≤ 0.01) groups. Pathologic evidence of infarction by tetrazolium staining was seen in three control dogs and in none of the other groups (p = 0.07). Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation were less frequent in the autoperfusion catheter group (p = 0.02). Three deaths were observed in the control dogs, two in the Fluosol group and none in the dogs with an autoperfusion catheter (p = NS). Conclusions. Passive (the autoperfusion balloon catheter) and active (Fluosol) distal coronary perfusion methods are comparable and better than no perfusion im protecting the myocardium against ischemia produced by prolonged coronary balloon inflation in an experimental canine model. This protection is transient, attenuating after 10 to 25 min, and partial because there was no significant diference in the incidence of myocardial infarction and death among groups, although the latter observations may be related to small sample size.
Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes: I. Two Basic Principles of Judgment

(1938). Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes: I. Two Basic Principles of Judgment. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 219-251.
Commercial implementation of postmortem electrical stimulation

Postmortem electrical stimulation (ES) of meat-producing species is not a new technology but has recently been adapted for commercial use with poultry. Unlike its use in red meats to reduce the inherent toughness and facilitate grading, the application of ES in poultry is to reduce the need for aging carcasses before deboning by reducing the toughening that occurs when the meat is deboned early after death. The current practice of aging intact carcasses or breast halves 4 h or more prior to deboning costs the industry millions of dollars in lost yield and creates logistical problems in plants. Electrical stimulation reduces the need for aging by accelerating the energy depletion involved in rigor mortis development to reduce the shortening-related toughness of early deboning. Some ES systems have the additional effect of inducing physical disruption in the muscle, reducing muscle integrity and counteracting the toughness induced by early deboning. Several ES systems have been reported in the literature with some having been recently developed into commercial-scale devices. With this new technology and the growing pressure on processors to maximize operating efficiencies, processors will need to evaluate their tenderness management programs and customer demands to determine the role ES can play in their operations.