cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Collagenases: Novel Roles for Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPS) in Invasion and Metastasis

Malignant tumors have the ability to invade normal tissue and spread to distant sites, giving rise to metastases, which are major factors in the morbidity and mortality of cancer. Invasion and metastasis involve attachment of tumor cells to the basement membrane, degradation of the local connective tissue, and penetration and migration through proteolyzed stroma (Basset et al, 1997; Chambers and Matrisian, 1997; Parsons et al, 1997; Curran and Murray, 1999; Westermarck and Kahari, 1999; Koblinski et al, 2000; Nelson et al, 2000). An integral component of these events is the capacity of tumor cells to enter (intravasate) and exit (extravasate) the blood stream or lymphatic system before they can become established at a distant site. All these steps require destruction of the extracellular matrix, a process that is mediated by the concerted action of several proteinases, including members of the serine, cysteine, aspartate, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) families.
GNSS/INS Integration

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) navigation use position measurements over time and Newtonian mechanics to estimate the trajectories of their receiver antennas. This chapter explains how to combine both measurement modes to obtain a better navigation solution with respect to practical measures of what is considered ‘better.’ It covers many opportunities for improvement in this regard, developing mathematical methods for sample implementations. The chapter focuses on specific capabilities offered by integration, how to achieve them, and how to assess their performance. It also addresses the issue of selecting measures of integrated system performance appropriate for different system‐level applications. One of the goals of the chapter is to identify such metrics for different types of applications, and demonstrate how these metrics can be evaluated for different design choices. Most of the discussion is about tailoring the design of the inertial navigation system (INS) and the GNSS receiver, not the overall design of the GNSS system.
Improving pediatric residents' alcohol and other drug use clinical skills: use of an experiential curriculum.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an experiential alcohol and other drug curriculum on pediatric residents' knowledge, attitudes, and skills in alcohol and other drug (AOD) issues. DESIGN: Nonrandomized control trial. SETTING: Two university pediatric residency programs. PARTICIPANTS: Pediatric residents (n = 44). INTERVENTION: Intervention residents received an experiential AOD curriculum consisting of participation in an adolescent assessment program, interactive didactic sessions, role-playing practice, and interviewing skills sessions. The control group received no formal training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pretesting and posttesting each group using written and Objective Structured Clinical Examination evaluations using standardized patients. Evaluations were videotaped and scored by an expert panel using a standardized scoring process. RESULTS: Pretest comparisons of written knowledge and clinical skills as assessed by the Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation showed no significant differences between the intervention and the control groups. Analysis of written test scores revealed that residents' general knowledge as well as knowledge of screening techniques and management resources related to AOD issues increased significantly more for the intervention group than for the control group from pretest to posttest (P < .001). Evaluation of the videotapes showed significant improvement for the intervention group compared with controls in overall score and in the use of specific screening techniques and interviewing skills (P < .05). Self-assessment of residents' interest, confidence, and competence in AOD issues improved significantly for intervention residents vs controls (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric residents receiving an experiential AOD curriculum increased their knowledge and clinical skills in AOD issues significantly more than residents receiving no formal training. Similar curricula and evaluation could be used by other primary care residency programs and could be implemented in other areas of adolescent health risk behaviors.
High power stabilized lasers and optics of GW detectors

Initial LIGO is approaching its target performance and the design of advanced LIGO is near completion. A report on the progress on lasers and optics for initial LIGO and advanced LIGO is presented.
Force and transition control with environmental uncertainties

A new sensor-referenced control method for robot impact control and force regulation with environmental uncertainties is developed in this paper. The robot dynamic model is feedback linearized and decoupled for the free motion mode, the phase transition, mode as well as the constrained motion mode. After introducing an impact model, together with the proposed positive acceleration feedback control scheme, a stable contact can be made with a nonzero impact velocity. During the impact, large impact forces and bouncing can be avoided. Moreover, the output force can be regulated after contact is established. The scheme was implemented and tested on a 6 DOF PUMA 560 robot arm. The comparison with other control methods for robot phase transition is presented. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method.
Dopaminergic regulation of feeding behavior: II. Differential effects of amphetamine microinfusion into three striatal subregions

In the present study, the role of dopaminergic mechanisms within different striatal subregions in feeding behavior was examined in food-deprived (19 h) rats. Specifically, the dopamine (DA) antagonist haloperidol (0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 μg/0.5 μl) was infused bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc), the ventrolateral striatum (VLS), or the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), and a microanalysis of ingestive behavior and spontaneous motor behavior was carried out. When infused into the N. Ace, haloperidol increased feeding duration, food intake, and the average duration of a feeding bout. Locomotor activity and drinking behavior were reduced by N.Acc. haloperidol infusion. In contrast, feeding was attenuated when haloperidol was infused into the VLS. Drinking and locomotion were unaffected. Few changes in ingestive behavior were noted following DA-antagonist treatment of the dorsolateral site. It is hypothesized that DA transmission in the N.Acc. normally facilitates switching between different competing behaviors, that the VLS is critical for control of oral motor mechanisms, and that the DLS is minimally involved in modulating ingestive behavior.
Longitudinal associations of nutritional factors with glycated hemoglobin in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study

Background: Improved glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c) delays the progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We previously showed that higher baseline intakes of n–3 (ω-3) fatty acids and leucine are associated with preserved β cell function 2 y later in youth with T1D. Objective: In the current study, we extend this work to explore the longitudinal associations of nutritional factors with Hb A1c in youth with T1D. Design: We included 908 T1D youth with baseline and follow-up Hb A1c measurements. Nutritional factors assessed at baseline were as follows: breastfeeding status and timing of complimentary food introduction; intakes of leucine, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ); and plasma biomarkers for vitamins D and E, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid. We fit linear regression models adjusted for baseline Hb A1c, sociodemographic variables, diabetes-related variables, time between baseline and follow-up visits, saturated fat, physical activity, and for FFQ-derived nutrients, total calories. The vitamin D model was further adjusted for season and body mass index z score. Results: The mean ± SD age and diabetes duration at baseline was 10.8 ± 3.9 y and 10.1 ± 5.8 mo, respectively. A total of 9.3% of participants had poor Hb A1c (value ≥9.5%) at baseline, which increased to 18.3% during follow-up (P < 0.0001). Intakes of EPA (β = −0.045, P = 0.046), leucine (β = −0.031, P = 0.0004), and protein (β = −0.003, P = 0.0002) were significantly negatively associated with follow-up Hb A1c after adjustment for confounders. Intake of carbohydrates was significantly positively (β = 0.001, P = 0.003) associated with follow-up Hb A1c after adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: Several nutritional factors may be associated with Hb A1c during early stages of disease progression in youth recently diagnosed with T1D. In addition to the overall role of major macronutrients such as carbohydrates and protein, leucine and n–3 fatty acid intakes, such as of EPA, may be important for long-term glycemic control.
Comparative Homing Behaviors in Two Species of Crayfish, Fallicambarus Fodiens and Orconectes Rusticus

Homing behaviors are seen across the animal kingdom, with the magnitude and scale of these movements varying to a great degree. Invertebrates, such as crayfish, prove to be excellent models for comparative research, with relatively simple nervous systems that have been extensively studied combined with a rich behavioral repertoire that has been well documented. Here we explore whether two crayfish species (a primary burrower and a tertiary burrower) can home to artificial burrows and if so, whether their homing abilities differ. The two species of crayfish, Orconectes rusticus and Fallicambarus fodiens, were examined for their ability to home to artificial burrows in a laboratory setting. Animals were placed in a homing arena, motivated to search by the presence of food, and subsequently return to the burrows. The movements of each individual crayfish were digitized and analyzed for changes in walking speed, velocity and heading angle relative to burrows, total distance travelled and path turning angles. Crayfish of both species successfully returned home, although F. fodiens had a higher homing success rate than O. rusticus. Detailed kinematic analysis showed that walking speeds almost doubled during homing to burrows and heading angles were significantly closer to zero than on the outward journeys for both species. Path turning angles were significantly lower for O. rusticus than for F. fodiens. These findings indicate that these species of crayfish can successfully home without the visual landmark of burrow chimneys and that the primary burrower (F. fodiens) appears to be more successful with straighter return paths. The differences in these two species to home and the underlying mechanisms of homing may be due to the differences in burrow use with primary burrowers showing more efficient homing than tertiary burrowers.
The future of test and DFT

Advances in design characteristics and design processes are creating significant challenges to design for testability (DFT) and test. Are DFT and test capabilities developing at a pace that will not limit the rapid growth of the very large semiconductor and computing industries that rely on their capabilities? To answer this question, we must understand the alignment between two fundamental sets of trends: growing chip design requirements and the development of EDA capabilities to address these requirements. I outline some of the design requirement trends and the specific issues they introduce, including: fault models; current handling; and test accuracy.
Alkylation of Pyridinium Acceptors via Thermal and Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Charge-Transfer Salts with Organoborates

Colored salts of pyridinium tetraalkylborates [Py+,BR4-] are readily isolated by the metathesis of LiBMe4, LiBMePh3, or NaBPh4 with a series of pyridinium triflates in aqueous solution. The interionic charge-transfer (CT) interaction between the organoborate anions and the pyridinium cations is established by their characteristic charge-transfer absorption bands and X-ray crystal structures. Thermal and photochemical CT activations of the salts lead to efficient methyl transfer from tetramethylborate (or methyltriphenylborate) to the pyridinium cations to afford the various nucleophilic adducts (Py-Me) in good yields. Contact charge-transfer ion pairs are identified as the critical intermediates in the formal nucleophilic addition and thus play important roles in determining the regiochemistry of the alkylation and the solid-state reactivity of the [Py+,BR4-] salts.
Core-mantle relative motion and coupling

SUMMARY Core motion induced by lunisolar precession of the mantle is analysed and compared with experiments and Earth observations. First-order motion has the core axis lagging the mantle axis in precession by a small angle. This misalignment of the axes results in core–mantle relative velocities and displacements over the core–mantle interface as second-order flow. A third-order flow seen in experiments consists of nested fluid cylinders concentric with the core axis. First-order motion can be compared with westward drift and energy dissipation. Second-order motion can be compared with Earth observations using geomagnetic data, although its complexity may require numerical studies for detailed analysis. A specific lag angle and corresponding surface motions are suggested for comparison with Earth data leading to an apparent need for magnetic coupling between the core and the mantle.
Four-particle two-dimensional magnetoexciton

Energy spectrum of an exciton and electron density distribution in it under the fractional quantum Hall regime are calculated within the framework of an anyon exciton model.
Live Supervision and Instant Feedback in Marriage and Family Therapy

In the context of the increasing attention paid to, and increasing demand for training in marital and family therapy, this paper briefly describes several models of supervision and treatment appropriate for use in this field. Advantages and disadvantages of four basic supervision and treatment models are discussed: traditional, co-therapy, direct observation with delayed feedback, and direct observation with instant feedback. The increased options in adopting the latter model are emphasized and a verbatim sample of a case illustrating its use is presented.
Diffusion of Pro-Environment Attitudes?

Ten statements in the 1993 General Social Surveys that relate to general themes about the environment were reduced to three scales after factor analysis: Pro-Environment, Less-Growth, and Pro-Animal. These scales were regressed on social-economic characteristics of respondents (N = 1,268). It was found that (a) those with lower incomes and less education were more pro-environment and pro-animal, (b) Black respondents were more likely than White respondents to be more pro-environment, (c) younger respondents were more less-growth than older ones, and (d) women were more inclined than men to be supportive of animal rights. Most previous research has found that higher socioeconomic groups are pro-environment. This research suggests there is support to help the environment among lower socioeconomic groups, minorities, and women. There is reason for optimism about the future of the environmental justice movement and the mainstream environmental movement.
Antigenic relationship among rhabdoviruses infecting terrestrial vertebrates.

Summary Serological studies (complement-fixation, immunofluorescent and plaque reduction neutralization) were carried out with 50 vertebrate rhabdoviruses to determine their antigenic relationships. On the basis of these studies, an antigenic classification of rhabdoviruses infecting terrestrial vertebrates is proposed. This classification includes three major and four minor serogroups. Several new members of the vesicular stomatitis serogroup were identified.
Stresses in an incompressible viscoelastic- plastic thick-walled cylinder

Stresses and strains in an incompressible viscoelastic-plastic thick-walled cylinder subject to an internal pressure are determind under conditions of infinitesimal plane strain. The internal pressure is assumed to increase monotonically as a function of time approaching a finite final value. With the von Mises yield condition, which is identical with the Tresca condition under the assumption of plane strain and incompressibility, the problem is statically determined; the stresses can be determined without the knowledge of the strains, which in the present problem have to be evaluated by solving an integral equation. A numerical example is given for a material with deviatoric stress-strain relations characteristic of a standard solid with yield limit in which the integral equation is reduced to a differential equation.
PERCEIVED APPLICANT FIT: DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN RECRUITERS' PERCEPTIONS OF PERSON-JOB AND PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT

Two studies were conducted to assess whether recruiters form distinguishable perceptions of applicant person-job (P-J) and person-organization (P-O) fit. The first study used repertory grid methodology with actual recruiters and mock applicants to demonstrate that knowledge, skills, and abilities are relied on more frequently to assess P-J fit, and values and personality traits more often to assess P-O fit. Study 2, which involved actual recruiters making decisions on applicants in a field setting, supported P-J and P-O fit perceptions as 2 discernable factors. Study 2 also found that both types of perceived fit offer unique prediction of hiring recommendations. Taken together, these results present compelling evidence that recruiters discriminate between applicants' P-J and P-O fit during early interviews.
Major Transition Zones of Gulf of Mexico: DeSoto and Campeche Canyons: ABSTRACT

Deep well information throughout the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain has indicated that the Gulf margins can be divided into two distinct provinces, the subsided southeastern section which is underlain by carbonate rocks and the northwestern section that is underlain mainly by terrigenous clastic rocks. In the latter area there is complicated surface and subsurface structure controlled mainly by the influence of upward salt migration. Recent geophysical studies in the offshore areas indicate that DeSoto Canyon is the transition zone between the terrigenous clastic and carbonate provinces in the northern Gulf and that the Campeche Canyon plays a similar role in the southwestern part of the basin. Most salt diapirs in the region lie west of a line connecting the two canyons, b t recent work suggests the presence of some diapiric structures east of the line. The geophysical data from the DeSoto Canyon indicate that erosion has played an important part in its development. Two mechanisms for the formation of the canyon are suggested: (1) the loop current of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and associated circulation in the northeastern Gulf have sufficient velocity along the bottom during specific periods of time to effect a scouring action and/or keep sediments in suspension; and (2) erosion by turbidity flows takes place during periods of low sea-level stands associated with glacial stages. The fact that the DeSoto Canyon extends across parts of two distinct geologic provinces, the northeast Florida platform and the Mississippi cone, adds credence to an hypothesis involving erosional rather than tectonic processes. Although there are insufficient data available to determine the origin of the Campeche Canyon, it is suggested that, unlike the DeSoto Canyon, its topographic expression probably is more the result of adjacent salt tectonics than of erosion. Some workers suggested that an alignment from the DeSoto Canyon to Campeche Canyon may represent a fracture zone across the Gulf basin. The hypothesis that this alignment forms the southeastern boundary of the Gulf of Mexico salt province is contradicted by the presence of diapirs in northwestern Matanzas Province, Cuba, and by the discovery of some possible diapiric structures in the Florida Straits and Yucatan Channel. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1831------------
The effects of pentylenetetrazol on molluscan neurons. II. Voltage clamp studies.

Abstract The effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) upon the steady and transient outward ionic currents during PTZ-induced prolonged depolarizations were investigated using voltage clamp techniques. PTZ causes a 5–35% reduction in g L and a 40–60% reduction in steady-state g K . There is also a marked reduction in the activation of g A of Connor and Stevens 6 at all clamp potentials; a shortening of the time constant for the inactivation of g A ; and a 10–15 mV shift in the depolarizing direction of the curve relating the steady-state inactivation of g A to membrane potential. The equillibrium potentials for both g A and g K are depolarized by 20 mV in PTZ solution. Equation and voltage clamp data for normal repetitive firing were integrated with the normal and PTZ-altered data. Solution to these equations demonstrated: (1) normal repetitive firing in response to a constant current stimulus; and (2) PTZ-altered repetitive firing that was in the direction of, and for the most part, similar to the observed behavior.
Assembling the Multitude: Material Geographies of Social Movements from Oaxaca to Occupy:

In light of the abstract theorizations of scholars of transnational social movement networks�as exemplified by Hardt and Negri�s Multitude�in this paper I argue for the power of grounded, material engagements with the practices of protest of social movements to transform not just political spaces, but our theoretical landscapes. I compare the practice of setting up and maintaining encampments in the Oaxaca and Occupy movements to argue that the spatial dynamics of occupation in a tent city fuels the distinctive style of participatory politics of the assembly, providing a creative means to transform confrontation into cooperation. A point of departure for this comparison is my assertion that the political difference made by these social movements lies not just in whether or not they achieved their political goals, but in the kind of intervention that the physical fact of occupying a public space entails in normative understandings of politics and public spaces.
Disposition kinetics and effects of intravenous nicotine

Nicotine was given intravenously to subjects during acid and alkaline urine conditions in doses and a dosing schedule designed to simulate cigarette smoking. Total clearances were greater, terminal half-lifes shorter, but volumes of distribution much the same in acid (pH 7) urine conditions. The effect of urinary pH on total clearance was due entirely to changes in renal clearance, which accounted for 23% and 2% of total clearance in acid and alkaline urine conditions. Nicotine injections induced a sensation of arousal and increased heart rate and blood pressure over the short term, but with repeated injections tolerance to these effects developed rapidly. No differences in subjective or physiologic responses to intravenous nicotine were observed and we consider it unlikely that the effects of smoking a cigarette differ as a function of urinary pH. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 517–522; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.196
A comparison of three techniques for measuring strain at feature of thin film materials

Abstract Good knowledge of the mechanical properties of thin film materials is important for reliable design of advanced electronic packages such as multi-chip modules (MCMs). Strain at fracture is one of the important properties which has not been well characterized for some of the candidate thin film materials for MCMs. In part, this is due to the lack of simplw and accurate techniques to measure strain at fracture of thin film materials. Two new techniques have been developed to alleviate this problem. The first is an acoustic technique in which an accelerometer is attached to the film. The film is then gradually strained and when the film fractures, an acoustic wave propagates through the film thereby creating a transient signal from the accelerometer. This signal is used to trigger an oscilloscope. The second technique is similar except that it utilizes a laser probe to detect the acoustic wave. In this photo-acoustic method, the laser is reflected from the film onto a bisectional photodetector while the film is gradually strained. Upon film fracture, the acoustic wave modulates the laser beam and a transient voltage pulse is produced by the photodetector. Both techniques are capable of detecting the formation of extremely small cracks. The two techniques are compared with a previously reported electrochemical technique. All three techniques are accurate, simple to implement, and inexpensive but have relative advantages and disadvantages.
Composite Trough Evolution of Selected West Pacific Extratropical Cyclones

Abstract The observed vertical structures of the trough axes for 27 extratropical cyclones are presented. This study is motivated by results from a simple theoretical model. Two observing times during the cyclone life cycle are shown: prior to development and during the “mature” but still amplifying stage. Prior to development, upper and lower troughs are present and separate, each has little or no tilt, the upper one is typically prominent down to 4-km elevation, and the separation between the lower and the upper features varies depending on where the approaching upper trough happens to be at the observing time. At the mature stage, upper and lower features are connected, a uniform tilt typically develops through the entire troposphere, the tilt is typically due west with height, and the tilt may have a preferred slope. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis finds that two modes account for more than 97% of the variance. The equivalent barotropic EOF has the most variance by far, though the frac...
Analysis of the functional coupling between calmodulin's calcium binding and peptide recognition properties.

The enhancement of calmodulin's (CaM) calcium binding activity by an enzyme or a recognition site peptide and its diminution by key point mutations at the protein recognition interface (e.g., E84K-CaM), which is more than 20 A away from the nearest calcium ligation structure, can be described by an expanded version of the Adair-Klotz equation for multiligand binding. The expanded equation can accurately describe the calcium binding events and their variable linkage to protein recognition events can be extended to other CaM-regulated enzymes and can potentially be applied to a diverse array of ligand binding systems with allosteric regulation of ligand binding, whether by other ligands or protein interaction. The 1.9 A resolution X-ray crystallographic structure of the complex between E84K-CaM and RS20 peptide, the CaM recognition site peptide from vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle forms of myosin light chain kinase, provides insight into the structural basis of the functional communication between CaM's calcium ligation structures and protein recognition surfaces. The structure reveals that the complex adapts to the effect of the functional mutation by discrete adjustments in the helix that contains E84. This helix is on the amino-terminal side of the helix-loop-helix structural motif that is the first to be occupied in CaM's calcium binding mechanism. The results reported here are consistent with a sequential and cooperative model of CaM's calcium binding activity in which the two globular and flexible central helix domains are functionally linked, and provide insight into how CaM's calcium binding activity and peptide recognition properties are functionally coupled.
Anti-apoptotic effects of rosiglitazone in hypercholesterolemic rabbits subjected to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

Objectives: This study examined the effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on the extent of postischemic myocyte apoptosis and elucidated the potential mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the effects of rosiglitazone (RSG) on postischemic myocardial apoptosis in HC rabbits were investigated. Methods: Male New Zealand rabbits were fed normal or high cholesterol diets for 8 weeks. Three weeks after being fed a high cholesterol diet, HC rabbits were randomized to receive vehicle or RSG during the remaining 5 weeks. Rabbits were then subjected to 60 min of coronary occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Results: Compared with rabbits fed with a normal diet, HC rabbits had increased caspase-3 activity, apoptotic cell death and retarded contractile function recovery after reperfusion. HC increased iNOS expression, total NOx and nitrotyrosine contents, indicating that an increased nitrative stress occurred in HC myocardial tissue. Activity of a hypertrophic/anti-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK1/2, was significantly decreased while activation of a pro-apoptotic MAPK, p38, was increased. Treatment with RSG in HC rabbits attenuated postischemic myocardial nitrative stress, restored a beneficial balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic MAPK signaling, reduced postischemic myocardial apoptosis, and improved cardiac functional recovery. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that HC increased postischemic myocardial apoptosis likely by increasing the production of pro-apoptotic molecules, activating pro-apoptotic signaling pathways and inhibiting anti-apoptotic signaling. In addition, our results suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonists may not only attenuate the formation of atherosclerosis associated with hypercholesterolemia as previously reported, but may also protect the heart from subsequent ischemic/reperfusion-induced myocardial apoptosis.
Origin of spinel-rich chondrules and inclusions in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites

The evaluation of three models of the origin of spinel-rich chondrules and inclusions presented here includes new calculations of the major-element refractory mineral condensation sequence from a gas of solar composition over a wide pressure interval. Condensation calculations show that spinel-rich chondrules did not crystallize from metastable liquid condensates, and that spinel-rich inclusions are not aggregates of refractory nebular condensates. It is proposed that spinel-rich objects are fractionated distillation residues of small aggregates of primitive dust that lost Ca, Si-rich partial melts by evaporation, ablation, or splashing during collisions. This model also explains why spinel-rich chondrules and inclusions (1) are usually smaller than melilite-rich chondrules and inclusions; (2) often have highly fractionated trace-element compositions; and (3) usually do not contain Pt-metal nuggets even when they are more enriched in the Pt-group metals than nugget-bearing melilite-rich objects.
The Health Care Safety Net and the Affordable Care Act: Implications for Hispanic Immigrants

There are currently more than 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States; the majority of them are of Hispanic origin. This article shows that Hispanic immigrants in the Greater Richmond, Virginia, area rely heavily on free clinics for basic health care services. Free clinics do not receive any public funding and thus face reduced government regulation. As a result, these clinics typically present fewer barriers to undocumented immigrants seeking care. Although free clinics function outside the mainstream of government funding for health care services, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 is so broad and far-reaching in its scope and potential application that free clinics cannot escape its grasp once the new law is fully implemented. Because the ACA does not provide insurance coverage to undocumented immigrants, free clinics will remain their primary sources of care and treatment. Consequently, those responsible for implementing the ACA should consider the impact on free clinics.
Relationship between permeability and diffusion-controlled trapping constant of porous media.

For anisotropic porous media of arbitrary topology, it is shown that there exists a rigorous relation between the fluid permeability tensor k and the diffusion-controlled trapping constant \ensuremath{\gamma}, namely, k\ensuremath{\le}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$I. It is demonstrated that the equality is achieved for a certain class of microstructures and that the bound can be relatively sharp for other media. The important fundamental as well as practical implications of this relation are discussed.
She won't look at me

. Early-onset hearing impairment is a common disability in the United States. Persons with hearing loss, whether they use American Sign Language or lip-read, must look at those with whom they are speaking. Lip reading is not a reliable method of communication for most deaf persons. Reading and writing also limit the amount of communication between health care providers and deaf patients. The best way to communicate with most deaf persons is through a qualified American Sign Language interpreter. This paper discusses communication with deaf persons and ways in which health care providers and hospitals can improve their interactions with deaf patients.
Hydrogen fluoride overtone laser: 2D CFD modeling of the small signal gain

ABSTRACT The small signal gain of a small-scale HF overtone laser was measured using a sub-Doppler tunable diode laser system. The spatially resolved, two-dimensional small signal gain maps that were generated show a highly inhomogeneous gain medium indicating the dominant role played by mixing of the H 2 and F streams in HF laser performance. The measured gain data were analyzed with the aid of a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model. The results show that reactant mixing mechanisms have a large effect on the gain averaged over a vertical profile while kinetic rate mechanisms, including reaction rate constant s and reactant concentration, have a greater effect on the maximum system gain. 1. INTRODUCTION In an HF laser, the primary reaction of the oxidizer (F) with the fuel (H 2 ) produces hydrogen fluoride (HF) molecules in the first three excited vibrational states. Lasing occurs on the radiation emitted from molecular transitions between the vibrational energy levels. Excited state HF is deactivated by collisions with other species inside the laser cavity at rates nearly as fast as the pumping mechanism that produces the excited state. Thus, F
STUDENTS' RATINGS OF INSTRUCTORS REVISITED: Interactions Among Class and Instructor Variables

Previous studies concerning students' ratings of instruction have traditionally used the class as the unit of analysis and the ratings have been analyzed in one of two ways: (1) regression analysis, wherein the amount of variability in instructor ratings can be attributed to a set of variables; or (2) analysis of variance, wherein the effect of some selected independent variable on instructor ratings is measured. While both approaches have provided valuable information about the evaluation of instruction, little attention has been given to the interactions among the variables selected. In order to determine how situational variables influence the student at the time an evaluation is performed, the present study used the individual student as the unit of analysis and focused principally on the interactions between three variables related to the class (type, level, and size) and three variables related to the instructor (reputation, rank, and sex). The data were analyzed through 15 two-way factorial analyses of variance, with 23 main effects and 12 interactions reaching significance. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of their effect on the student rating process.
Synthesis, Properties, Oxidation, and Electrochemistry of 1,2-Dichalcogenins

Syntheses are presented of the 1,2-dichalcogenins: 1,2-dithiin, 1,2-diselenin, and 2-selenathiin, both substituted and unsubstituted. 1,2-Dithiin and 1,2-diselenin are prepared by reaction of PhCH2XNa (X = S or Se) with 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-butadiyne followed by reductive cleavage and oxidation. 2-Selenathiin is similarly prepared using a mixture of PhCH2SeNa and PhCH2SNa. Reaction of titanacyclopentadienes with (SCN)2 or (SeCN)2 followed by bis(thiocyanate) or bis(selenocyanate) cyclization affords substituted 1,2-dithiins or 1,2-diselenins, respectively. With S2Cl2, 1,2-dithiins are directly formed from titanacyclopentadienes. Oxidation of 1,2-dithiins and 1,2-diselenins gives the corresponding 1-oxide and, with 1,2-dithiins and excess oxidant, 1,1-dioxides; oxidation of 2-selenathiin gives the 2-oxide. Electrochemical oxidation of 1,2-dichalcogenins, which have a twisted geometry, affords planar radical cations by an EC mechanism. One-electron AlCl3 oxidation of 3,6-diphenyl-1,2-dithiin gives t...
Girls on the move program to increase physical activity participation.

A pretestYposttest control group design was usedwith 77 racially diverse sedentary girls in Grades 6, 7, and8 from two middle schools. Each of the instructional gradeswas randomly assigned to either an intervention or controlcondition. After completing computerized questionnaires,each girl in the control group received a handout listing thePA recommendations. To encourage PA, each girl in theintervention group received computerized, individuallytailored feedback messages based on her responses tothe questionnaires, individual counseling from the school’spediatric nurse practitioner (PNP), and telephone calls andmailings from a trained research assistant. At 12 weeks,girls in both groups responded to the questionnaires.
Time, Space, and the History of Early Modern North America1

This article analyzes some of the temporal and spatial categories we use to conceptualize and describe early modern North America. Some of our most significant spatial and temporal categories – in particular, “colonies” and “colonial”– are products of the historiography of the rise of the nation-state and reflect those concerns and assumptions. The shift to Atlantic history, trans-imperial histories, and the ethnic histories of non-European peoples in the Americas, both indigenous and Africans, obliges us to scrutinize these categories, recognize their specificity and descriptive power, and use spatial and temporal descriptors that reflect the continent's historical complexity and the historiographic achievements of the past thirty years.
Intelligent fault types diagnostic system for dissolved gas analysis of oil-immersed power transformer

Transformer failures are often due to aging, deterioration or damage of the internal insulation materials. Combustible gases are also generated when the insulation materials are subjected to thermal or electrical stress. This study proposes a fault diagnosis system, which combines a multinomial logistic regression model and back-propagation neural networks, to determine the type of fault of a power transformer by analyzing the dissolved gases in the transformer. The compositions and amounts of the dissolved gases that are crucial or relevant to specific types of faults are selected by the multinomial logistic regression model as the inputs to the neural network to train the diagnosis system, so the diagnosis system can learn to diagnose the type of faults. The test results show that the recognition rate of the proposed intelligent fault type diagnosis system is about 10- 30% higher than those of a single-neural or multi-neural networks recognition system which does not incorporate the multinomial logistic regression model.
Inhomogeneity of the putaminal lesion in striatonigral degeneration.

An immunohistochemical topographic study was carried out in the putamen from three patients with striatonigral degeneration (SND) using antibody to calcineurin (CaN), a neurochemical marker for the striatal medium-size spinous neurons. In patients with SND, there was significant depletion of CaN immunoreactivity in the putamen with the caudal and lateral portion of the putamen being consistently and severely affected. In addition, the SND patients showed an inhomogeneous distribution pattern of residual CaN staining in the putamen, where remaining CaN immunoreactivity appeared as a characteristic patchwork of “islands” resembling the “striosomes” observed by the tyrosine hydroxylase or Met-enkephalin immunostaining in the putamen from normal individuals. This finding may account for the fact that there are subregional and compartmental differences in susceptibility of the medium-sized spinous neurons in the putamen with SND.
Effect of In Vivo Physical Interaction of the Ascending Aorta and Main Pulmonary Artery on Postnatal Surface Growth Patterns in Ovine

Congenital abnormalities of the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and ascending aorta (AA) often necessitate surgical repair or the use of a valved conduit replacement, requiring multiple re-interventions due to regurgitation or failure of the prosthetic conduit. In recent years there has been a growing interest in the development of a living autologous tissue graft that could address the critical need for growing substitutes in the repair of congenital cardiovascular defects [1]. Regardless of the particulars of the therapeutic approach, the detailed growth characteristics of the native artery is required to establish the baseline dimensional changes post-implantation. During normal embryogenesis the Truncus Arteriosus begins to split and form into the anterior pulmonary artery and the posterior aorta [2]. Due to their common embryologic origin from a single outflow tract, there are disease conditions that originate in one artery and eventually affect both arteries [3]. Therefore, the postnatal growth deformation of both the MPA and AA was computed to quantify the effects of the mechanical association of these two arteries.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Motion analysis of videostroboscopic images of the larynx

Videostroboscopy is an examination method during which a video-recording of the moving vocal folds is obtained. This examination, is very important because it yields a permanent record of the moving vocal folds and it allows the diagnosis of abnormalities which contribute to voice disorders. In this paper we use image processing algorithms in order to find and quantify the motion of the vocal folds during phonation. In order to achieve this, a new approach for tracking of the vocal folds is presented. More specifically, an active contours (snakes) based procedure is developed to automatically, with minimum user intervention, delineate the contour of the vocal folds in each frame of the videostroboscopic image sequence. After this delineation, an elastic registration algorithm is used to find the motion of the vocal folds between adjacent frames of a video sequence. For this purpose, a new simulated annealing based algorithm is used to match elastically the vocal fold contours from frame-to-frame. After the motion of each point of the vocal folds has been estimated, an affine model is used to parameterize the motion from frame-to-frame. Least-squares estimation is used to fit this model. The parameters of such a model (rotation, translation, and deformation along two principle axes) will hopefully help quantify and discriminate videostroboscopic recordings based on the motion present.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth comparisons of oysters, mussels and scallops cultivated on algae grown with artificial medium and treated sewage effuent

Shell growth, dry-meat weight, and mortality of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the bay scallop (Aequipecten irradiens) cultured for 3 months on algae grown in artificial medium and in secondarytreated sewage effluent exhibited no significant differences.
Pediatric red blood cell transfusions increase resource use.

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that red blood cell transfusions are associated with increased resource utilization and mortality in critically ill children. Methods Five pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) participated in a retrospective, cohort analysis (1996-1999). Children with a hemoglobin value ≤9 g/dL during their PICU stay were enrolled. Data consisted of descriptive information, hemoglobin values, use of blood products, PICU resource use, and hospital mortality rate. Results Among 240 children, 131 were transfused and 109 were not transfused. After controlling for the effects of other variables, transfusion was associated with an increase in days of oxygen use (4.48 ± 1.37 days), days of mechanical ventilation (4.05 ± 1.10 days), days of vasoactive agent infusions (1.27 ± 0.44 days), and an increase of PICU and hospital lengths of stay (4.44 ± 1.32, and 7.75 ± 2.36 days, respectively). Conclusion Red blood cell transfusions are associated with an increase in resource utilization in critically ill children. The decision to transfuse patients should incorporate this potential morbidity. (J Pediatr 2003;142:123-7)
Recrystallization and sulfur diffusion in CdCl2‐treated CdTe/CdS thin films

The role of CdCl2 in prompting recrystallization, grain growth and interdiffusion between CdS and CdTe layers in physical vapor-deposited CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells is presented. Several CdTe/CdS thin-film samples with different CdTe film thicknesses were treated in air at 415°C for different times with and without a surface coating of CdCl2. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry and optical absorption. The results show that CdCl2 treatment enhances the recrystallization and diffusion processes, leading to a compositional variation within the CdTe layer due to diffusion of sulfur from the CdS. The highest sulfur concentrations observed after 30 min treatments with CdCl2 at 415°C are near the solubility limit for sulfur in CdTe. The compositional distributions indicated by x-ray diffraction measurements of samples with different CdTe thickness show that the S-rich CdTe1−xSx region lies near the CdTe/CdS interface. A multiple-step mixing process must be inferred to account for the diffraction profiles obtained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic sanctions: an ethical primer

The world has developed into a globe with increasingly inter- twined economic interests, with greater economic interdepen- dence than ever before. This has caused a new weapon to step onto the world scene in the 20th and 21st centuries, applied to bring nations to heel. It is aimed at those nations which do not conform to particular, usually ethically perceived standards. “Economic sanctions” is the name of this new weapon. This article aims to evaluate the wielding of economic sanctions from the perspective of principles based on a Biblical worldview in order to assist Christians in making an informed decision as to what their stance ought to be regarding this phenomenon. Data show that there is an incremental increase of the use of economic sanctions in world politics. At present, sanctions have uncertain grounding in ethics and little or no standing in inter- national law. Their effectiveness is seriously questioned, their economic cost, especially to the implementer(!), is considerable. The question as to whether economic sanctions should be deplored or embraced at times would be helped with further investigation beyond the scope of this article, notably with re- gard to what has been surmised in the context of the sanctions deployed regarding the apartheid regime in South Africa. The results of economic sanctions appear to bear out the Biblical principles in that both, actual results plus Biblical prin- ciples, generally send a discouraging message regarding this approach to political conflict.