cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pensions, Households, and Local Labor Markets: The Shaping of Old-Age Economic Activity in 1910

Abstract Empirical findings of extensive, turn-of-the-20th-Century, old-age withdrawal from work in the United States cannot be reconciled with structural-functional theories which assume that males worked in early-industrializing economies until too impaired to do otherwise. More recently, two market demand-centered perspectives, a new structuralist perspective and a cultural (age-discrimination) perspective, have been used to explain old-age work withdrawal in this period. I expand the new structural model to include supply factors and the old-age household economy. I use linked national micro-data and county-level census data to examine the labor force participation of men (age 60 and over) in 1910 and find mixed support for the new structuralist model. Old-age withdrawal was systematically influenced by local labor market structures, but not always in the expected theoretical direction. The household economy, racial differences, and access to national (Civil War) pensions were also strongly associated with old-age activity and withdrawal.
Associations of food preferences and household food availability with dietary intake and quality in youth with type 1 diabetes

The objective of this study was to examine associations of food preferences and availability with dietary intake in youth with type 1 diabetes, for whom dietary intake and quality are essential to disease management. Youth (n=252, age 13.2±2.8 y, diabetes duration 6.3±3.4 y) reported preferences and parents reported household availability for 61 food items categorized as fruit, vegetables, whole grains, refined grains and fats/sweets. Youth energy-adjusted daily servings of food groups, Healthy Eating Index-2005 and Nutrient Rich Foods 9.3 scores were calculated from 3-day diet records. Associations of dietary intake and quality variables with preference and availability of all food groups were evaluated by linear regressions adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Fruit and whole grain intake were positively related to corresponding preference and availability; whole grain intake and refined grain availability were inversely related. Vegetable, refined grain and fats/sweets intake were unrelated to preference and availability. Diet quality measures were related positively to fruit preference and whole grain availability and inversely to refined grains availability. Findings indicate associations of dietary intake with food preference and availability vary by food group in youth with type 1 diabetes. Measures of overall dietary quality were more consistently associated with food group availability than preferences.
Reversed creep: A remark to the creep buckling theory of Rabotnov and Shesterikov

IN -4~ earlier issue of this Journal (1957) RABOTNOV and SHESTERIKOV presented criteria for the buckling of columns whose material is capable of elastic deformations as well as of creep deformations in accordance with a mechanical equation of state. Their elegant derivation was based on the classical principles of stability. The column was assumed to be perfectly straight and perfectly centred under a compressive load P smaller than the critical load PE of the Euler theory, and it was allowed to creep uniformly under this load. The stability of the column was tested by applying an infinitesimal lateral disturbance to the straight-line configuration of equilibrium. The result of the analysis was that the initial disturbance applied at time t was attenuated when t was less than a critical time ten and it was amplified if t was greater than tcr. Following the classical concepts of stability, the column was considered stable before t,,. and unstable after tcr. This result is rather surprising because the strain-hardening material creeps rapidly immediately after load application and more slowly later. The paradoxical situation arises therefore that the column is stable both in the absence of creep and when rapid creep takes place, while it is unstable when the material creeps slowly. A physical explanation is sought in this paper for this unexpected behaviour. It is found in the phenomenon of reversed creep which was described earlier (1958) by the author in an investigation of a simple mechanical model of a column.
Scavenging a Small High Aspect Ratio Two-stroke Engine

*† ‡ § An engine for a novel, palm sized, electric power generator was developed. To simplify fabrication and keep the device unobtrusive a two-cycle engine with a flat, rectangular, piston with spring return was selected. This geometry raised many issues to be investigated and resolved. These include: sealing, scavenging, high heat losses and, therefore, quenching effects. A cross scavenging scheme was used for the engine, which is known to be inefficient, but is simple to design and fabricate. A theoretical model was developed to quantify the effect of these issues on the performance of the engine. In particular, a scavenging model was developed assuming perfect mixing and a scavenging coefficient to account for the effects of imperfect mixing. This model was used to investigate the effectiveness of novel scavenging concepts. The effect of continuous scavenging over the entire cycle was compared to scavenging only over the reverse stroke. Also, the effect of using a novel split-front piston was determined. The model results clearly show that continuous scavenging with the split-front piston design is superior to the other modes of scavenging examined. Although the model was developed for a thin, rectangular geometry, it is also useful for analyzing more traditional two-stroke piston engines.
Redistribution of Geothermal Heat by a Shallow Aquifer

A model for the effect of a shallow confined aquifer on the soil temperature shows that geothermal heat is redistributed by the moving water. A comparison of the model with field data suggests that in the case studied about 10 percent of the geothermal heat was being redistributed. The quantity of geothermal heat redistributed by moving water in a shallow aquifer depends on the velocity of fluid movement and the thermal properties of the rock-fluid complex.
Principles of Cancer Therapy: Oncogene and Non-oncogene Addiction

Cancer is a complex collection of distinct genetic diseases united by common hallmarks. Here, we expand upon the classic hallmarks to include the stress phenotypes of tumorigenesis. We describe a conceptual framework of how oncogene and non-oncogene addictions contribute to these hallmarks and how they can be exploited through stress sensitization and stress overload to selectively kill cancer cells. In particular, we present evidence for a large class of non-oncogenes that are essential for cancer cell survival and present attractive drug targets. Finally, we discuss the path ahead to therapeutic discovery and provide theoretical considerations for combining orthogonal cancer therapies.
A 54-year-old woman with progressive gait disturbance and MRI abnormalities

A 54-year-old right-handed woman initially presented in her 30s with a prolonged flu-like viral illness that began abruptly with fever, chills, and myalgias. She had sore throat and fatigue with a relapsing/remitting course over a year with some remission for several months and then another relapse. She had very high titers of Epstein-Barr virus on serologic testing and was given a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. She had depression and insomnia that responded to fluoxetine and doxepin. Gradually, this illness and other symptoms subsided over several years and she was symptom-free. She began to have some subtle difficulties with balance 3 years prior to presentation at age 51. The gait problem became more apparent 19 months prior to evaluation when she was unable to ballroom dance because of falls. An extensive workup including visual evoked potentials and CSF were reportedly normal. An initial outside brain MRI 1 year before presentation to our clinic showed an unusual pattern of patchy areas of confluent white matter lesions associated with punctate enhancement. Progressively she had difficulty with normal ambulation throughout the day. Repeat brain MRI done 8 months after the first one showed worsening lesions with increasing enhancement. At this point she also started to use a cane for safety and she was treated with 2 weeks of oral corticosteroids without improvement. At the time of presentation, she was using a cane; her gait was mildly wide-based with some accompanying stiffness in the left leg. She also reported numbness in the left arm and leg over the last 6 weeks. She had occasional night sweats, but denied fever, chills, weight loss, or recent travel outside the United States. She denied dry eyes, dry mouth, focal arthralgias, cough, or rash. Her father and sister had migraines and her father had mild cognitive problems. Her …
Decrease of Invasive Pneumococcal Infections in Children Among 8 Children’s Hospitals in the United States After the Introduction of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Objective. To monitor clinical and microbiologic features including antimicrobial susceptibility and serogroup distribution of invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae among children before and after the introduction of routine administration of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Design. A 9-year (January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2002) prospective surveillance study of all invasive pneumococcal infections in children. Patients. Infants and children cared for at 8 children’s hospitals in the United States with culture-proven invasive infections caused by S pneumoniae. Results. When compared with the mean of the years 1994 to 2000, the annual number of invasive pneumococcal infections for children ≤24 months of age declined 58% in 2001 and 66% in 2002. If only the serogroups in the PCV7 are considered, the number of cases in children ≤24 months old declined 63% and 77% in 2001 and 2002, respectively. The greatest decrease was observed for serogroup-14 isolates. The number of isolates in nonvaccine serogroups increased 28% in 2001 and 66% in 2002 for children ≤24 months old. Nonvaccine serogroup-15 and -33 isolates had the greatest increase in number. The proportion of all isolates nonsusceptible to penicillin increased yearly from 1994 to 2000, reached a plateau in 2001 at 45%, and declined to 33% in 2002. Decrease in nonsusceptibility to penicillin occurred entirely in the isolates with penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration ≥2 μg/mL. Nonsusceptibility to penicillin increased slightly among nonvaccine-serotype isolates. Most infections after at least 2 doses of PCV7 were caused by nonvaccine-serotype isolates. Conclusions. Since the introduction of the PCV7, the number of invasive pneumococcal infections caused by vaccine-serogroup isolates among 8 US children’s hospitals has decreased >75% among children ≤24 months old. In addition, penicillin resistance decreased in 2002 for the first time since our surveillance began in 1993–1994. However, we have noted that replacement may be developing with serogroups 15 and 33. Furthermore, penicillin resistance seems to be increasing among nonvaccine serogroups. Surveillance must be continued to detect the emergence of changes in the distribution of serotypes as well as antibiotic susceptibility.
Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Green? An Analysis of Facebook Use and Romantic Jealousy

Social networking Web sites, such as Facebook, have changed the way in which people communicate online. The present study examined the relationship between jealousy and Facebook use experimentally by asking participants to imagine viewing their romantic partner's Facebook page. We varied the hypothetical privacy settings and number of photos of the couple publicly available on Facebook. Results indicated that imagined privacy settings and the presence of couple photos affected negative emotions (jealousy, anger, disgust, and hurt). Furthermore, we found sex differences indicating that women felt more intense negative emotions after thinking about the fictitious scenario than did men, particularly when evidence of infidelity was public to others. These results have implications for sex differences in jealousy and suggest that the manner in which people employ Facebook privacy settings can be negative for romantic relationships.
Real Time Infrared Detection of Surface Current Density Distributions

The detection and accurate measurement by probes of surface current density distributions is a tedious and costly experimental process. A technique for the rapid measurement of the magnitude of these distributions by an infrared scanner is presented. By utilizing the small but significant 12R heating effects of the surface current on antennas and scatterers with prepared surfaces, thermal distributions are measured and quantized into various color levels and presented on a color-TV monitor. The measurements and color quantized results are compared with actual probe measurements.
Horner's rule for the evaluation of general closed queueing networks

The solution of separable closed queueing networks requires the evaluation of homogeneous multinomial expressions. The number of terms in those expressions grows combinatorially with the size of the network such that a direct summation may become impractical. An algorithm is given which does not show a combinatorial operation count. The algorithm is based on a generalization of Horner's rule for polynomials. It is also shown how mean queue size and throughput can be obtained at negligible extra cost once the normalization constant is evaluated.
Regularization of flow streamlines in multislice phase-contrast MR imaging

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has become an important tool for the clinical evaluation of vascular disease. Flow measurement with phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides a powerful method for evaluation of blood velocity information inside vessels. However, image artifacts from complex flow patterns including slow flow, recirculation zone, and pulsatile flow can adversely affect accuracy of results. In this paper, we introduce a new numerical formulation for improving the accuracy of PC velocity fields and corresponding streamlines, based on a physical constraint from fluid dynamics, within a regularization framework. The formulation which makes use of a stream function, automatically enforces continuity constraint of incompressible flow and reconstructs the flow streamlines from PC images. We applied the algorithm to complex MR imaging flow velocities obtained in a flow phantom of an axisymmetric abdominal aortic aneurysm. The algorithm significantly improved streamline results especially inside the recirculation zone, where artifacts are more pronounced. A velocity reconstruction method in primitive variable form is also presented and results are compared with the stream function method. In order to validate flow characteristics derived from PC MR images, we used the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics software package, to simulate flow patterns within the same geometry as our phantom. There was a good agreement between the numerical simulations and recovered PC streamline results. Processed streamlines, in both stream function and primitive variable methods, were more realistic and provided more precise flow patterns than unprocessed PC data. Additionally, the feasibility of the method was demonstrated in the aorta of a normal volunteer.
Word Maturity: Computational Modeling of Word Knowledge

While computational estimation of difficulty of words in the lexicon is useful in many educational and assessment applications, the concept of scalar word difficulty and current corpus-based methods for its estimation are inadequate. We propose a new paradigm called word meaning maturity which tracks the degree of knowledge of each word at different stages of language learning. We present a computational algorithm for estimating word maturity, based on modeling language acquisition with Latent Semantic Analysis. We demonstrate that the resulting metric not only correlates well with external indicators, but captures deeper semantic effects in language.
The Reaction of Mice and of Various Mouse Tumors to the Injection of Bacterial Products

Bacterial products have been used in the treatment of malignant growths since 1882. The literature pertaining to this subject has been reviewed recently by Shear (1). Interest in the problem appears to have been revived by the work of Gratia and Linz (2), who observed that intravenous injection of the filtrate of a broth culture of B. coli into guinea-pigs bearing a transplanted liposarcoma elicited hemorrhage and necrosis within the tumor. Shwartzman and Michailovsky (3) used “agar washings filtrate of meningococcus 44 D group I” and produced the reaction in mouse sarcoma 180. Their results were confirmed in this laboratory (4). Apitz (5) produced hemorrhagic reactions in the Ehrlich mouse carcinoma by injecting B. coli filtrates. Duran-Reynals (6) also employed filtrates of broth cultures of B. coli and produced hemorrhage in 4 transplantable tumors of mice and in a transplantable rat tumor. His filtrate failed to elicit the reaction in animals with certain other types of growth, among which were “19 mice bearing spontaneous malignant mammary gland adenocarcinoma.” Similar negative results with spontaneous mouse tumors were obtained in this laboratory after injection of meningococcus filtrates (7). In a later paper Duran-Reynals (8) describes positive reactions as well as some recessions in spontaneous mouse tumors following treatment with a mixture of filtrates of human typhoid bacillus and 3 strains of mouse typhoid bacilli. Shwartzman (9) has reported recently that a mixture of B. typhosus culture filtrate with homologous antisera produced hemorrhage followed by the complete regression of sarcoma 180 in 21 of 27 treated mice. Fogg (10) has shown that the hemorrhagic reaction and, in many instances, complete retrogression of mouse carcinoma 63 and mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 occurred following the injection of heat-killed cultures of a Gram-negative bacillus belonging to the proteus group. Spontaneous mouse tumors were affected but not destroyed. Furthermore, the alcohol-insoluble fractions of B. proteus, B. typhosus, B. coli, B. pyocyaneus and B. prodigiosus invoked hemorrhage and recession of mouse sarcoma 180. The present paper is a report of further investigations into the problem that have been carried out in this laboratory. It deals with the results of studies pertaining to (1) the toxicity of the bacterial filtrates for mice; (2) the use of cutaneous tumors as test objects for activity of the filtrates; (3) results attending the use of pure strain and stock mice; (4) the effect of filtrates upon different kinds of malignant growths.
Solidarity and Symbolism among Journeymen Artisans: The Case of Compagnonnage

The very complexity of compagnonnage has always served to protect and foster the well being of its members despite the prohibitions issued against this workingmen's association by French authorities from the seventeenth century until 1848 when such bans were briefly lifted. However, the same secrecy and intricacy that enabled compagnonnage to evade official attacks has frequently shielded it from historical investigation. Thus, although there have been studies of compagnonnage, none has really attempted to explain the relationship between the association's rituals and mythology and its more apparent labor activities such as ‘fixing the price of work’ and ‘ruining the masters.’
Religious Factors and American Public Support for Israel: 1992-2008

The influence of religious institutions, people and ideas over American foreign policy has been a growing area of inquiry among social scientists and other scholars in recent years. And although there has been considerable disagreement about the extent of religious influences over a broad range of foreign policy questions, there is massive consensus on the efficacy of religious influence on one policy issue: the United States' long-term support for the state of Israel. This paper draws on the University of Akron’s National Survey of Religion and Politics, administered in every presidential year since 1992, to trace the religious sources of that support within the American public, considering ethnoreligious factors, theological tendencies and political theology, in the context of other demographic and ideological influences. We find that religious variables far outweigh other factors in predicting public support for the state of Israel.
The Public's Perceptions About Cognitive Health and Alzheimer's Disease Among the U.S. Population: A National Review

The present review assesses the public's perceptions about cognitive health and Alzheimer's disease among adults in the United States. We searched the published literature and Internet, and contacted experts in the field to locate surveys assessing the public's perceptions about cognition. We found 10 eligible surveys and abstracted data concerning the public's knowledge, beliefs, concerns, and sources of information. Most of the surveys were conducted in the 2000s and focused on Alzheimer's disease rather then cognitive health. Based on the findings from the surveys, most adults were found to be aware of Alzheimer's disease but lacked specific information about the disease and its treatments. Most respondents did not perceive themselves as being very knowledgeable about Alzheimer's disease. Although we could classify the findings into several overarching domains, such as knowledge, we found considerable variability among surveys in the questions asked. Additional work is needed to understand the public's perceptions about cognitive health. Moreover, we also lack studies that help us understand perceptions about cognition across diverse demographic and cultural groups. Only by addressing these gaps can we develop targeted and effective strategies to enhance knowledge and beliefs about cognitive impairment and health.
Livability and Growth of Chicks from the First Through the Eleventh Day of Age When Force Fed a Chemically Synthetic, Water Soluble Diet

Abstract INTRODUCTION GREENSTEIN et al. (1956) using the rat as the experimental animal was the first to successfully feed a chemically synthetic, water soluble diet. Gains of three to five grams per rat per day were obtained for the first six months of the animal’s life. In later work, Greenstein et al. (1957) fed the same synthetic diet through three generations of rats and observed, in addition to growth, satisfactory mating and reproduction. Early chick studies (Fell, 1959) using Greenstein’s diet showed it to be toxic to chicks to the fourteenth day of age. However, Pipkin (1962) by altering the amino acid, vitamin and mineral components of Greenstein’s diet was able to successfully force-feed a water soluble, chemically synthetic diet to the chick and obtain livability through seventy-two hours of age. The diet was altered to closely conform to the nutrient composition of the free-amino acid, dry type diets successfully fed…
Basic principles of MRI and morphometry studies of human brain development

Magnetic resonance imaging has undergone dramatic development in the past years. This has been paralleled by developments in the tools for extracting quantitative information from these images in support of capturing the anatomic features of brain development in living humans. This has revolutionized our expectations for current and future diagnostic and investigative work with the developing brain. This paper will cover the classes of information that are readily available in the MR image, the mechanisms for extracting quantitative results, and a sample of the application of these types of methods to developmental issues. These applications highlight tissue- and anatomic-based contrasts in the nature and rate of developmental maturation within the brain. This will be followed by a discussion of the emergent themes of developmental science as elucidated by these classes of observation.
Void growth characteristics in laser fusion reactor first walls

Abstract The damaging effects of microexplosion products on void behavior in unprotected stainless steel laser fusion first walls are analyzed using the Dynamic Rate Theory. The preliminary results from this work indicate that in the zones where the temperature excursions are the highest, gas bubbles will be the predominant defect and the dislocation loops and voids will be annealed out. As one moves farther into the first wall, the growth or shrinkage of voids depends on the ambient temperature and the magnitude of the displacement rate.
Phosphorylated Grb14 is an endogenous inhibitor of retinal protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and light-dependent activation of Src phosphorylates Grb14

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 (Grb14) is an adapter protein implicated in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Grb14−/− studies highlight both the positive and negative roles of Grb14 in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in a tissue-specific manner. In this study, we made a novel finding that Grb14 inhibits the activity of PTP1B, the major negative regulator of insulin receptor (IR) signaling, in a phosphorylation-regulated manner. Phosphorylation of Tyr-347 in the BPS domain of Grb14 is critical for interaction with PTP1B, resulting in the competitive inhibition of PTP1B activity. We also found that rhodopsin-regulated Src kinase activation in retina leads to the phosphorylation of Grb14. Further, ablation of Grb14 resulted in significantly elevated retinal PTP1B activity in vivo. PTP1B is known to be regulated by oxidation, glutathionylation, phosphorylation, and SUMOlyation, and our study for the first time demonstrates the inhibition of PTP1B activity in vivo by protein molecule Grb14 in a tissue-specific manner.
Review and comparative evaluation of symbolic dynamic filtering for detection of anomaly patterns

Symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF) has been recently reported in literature as a pattern recognition tool for early detection of anomalies (i.e., deviations from the nominal behavior) in complex dynamical systems. This paper presents a review of SDF and its performance evaluation relative to other classes of pattern recognition tools, such as Bayesian Filters and Artificial Neural Networks, from the perspectives of: (i) anomaly detection capability, (ii) decision making for failure mitigation and (iii) computational efficiency. The evaluation is based on analysis of time series data generated from a nonlinear active electronic system.
Exact simulation of option greeks under stochastic volatility and jump diffusion models

This paper derives Monte Carlo simulation estimators to compute option price derivatives, i.e., the 'Greeks,' under Heston's stochastic volatility model and some variants of it which include jumps in the price and variance processes. We use pathwise and likelihood ratio approaches together with the exact simulation method of Broadie and Kaya (2004) to generate unbiased estimates of option price derivatives in these models. By appropriately conditioning on the path generated by the variance and jump processes, the evolution of the stock price can be represented as a series of lognormal random variables. This makes it possible to extend previously known results from the Black-Scholes setting to the computation of Greeks for more complex models. We give simulation estimators and numerical results for some path-dependent and path-independent options.
Objective evaluation for segmentation of microscope images of materials

In this paper, we propose a new objective evaluation method to evaluate segmentation of microscope images. We incorporate this method into two existing measures of similarity from the statistics community to compare segmentations with the associated ground truth. This paper focuses on weighting object boundaries more than other quality considerations, since object boundary usually provide useful information for characterizing materials property. Experimental results using datasets from materials science are presented visually and numerically to showcase the agreement between true segmentations and objective evaluation scores. The proposed method is expected to be widely useful for incorporating various quality considerations into evaluation measures.
Trap-Mulching Argentine Ants

Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), management is constrained, in large part, by polydomy where nestmates are distributed extensively across urban landscapes, particularly within mulch. Management with trap-mulching is a novel approach derived from trap-cropping where ants are repelled from a broad domain of nest sites to smaller defined areas, which are subsequently treated with insecticide. This concept was field-tested with mulch surrounding ornamental trees replaced with a narrow band of pine (Pinus spp.) needle mulch (trap) within a much larger patch of repellent aromatic cedar (Juniperus spp.) mulch. After ants reestablished around the trees, the pine needle mulch band was treated with 0.06% fipronil (Termidor). Poor results were obtained when the trap extended from the tree trunk to the edge of the mulched area. When the trap was applied as a circular band around the tree trunk reductions in the number of foraging ants were recorded through 14 d compared with an untreated mulch control, but not for longer periods. Reductions in the number of ant nests within mulch were no different between the trap mulch and any of the other treatments. We conclude that trap-mulching offers limited benefits, and that successful management of Argentine ants will require implementation of complementary or perhaps alternative strategies.
Profiles of Adaptation Among Child Victims of Suspected Maltreatment

This research seeks to identify profiles of adaptation among child victims of suspected maltreatment using a social-ecological framework. Data were drawn from the LONGSCAN multisite longitudinal study. Participants were 597 12-year-old children of diverse backgrounds (57% girls) with at least one Child Protective Services report of suspected maltreatment (M = 3.4 reports). Self-, caregiver-, and teacher-reports were collected to assess child competence, psychological and behavioral problems, and family and neighborhood characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis was used to classify individuals into empirically derived groups. The best-fitting model yielded five distinct profiles: consistent resilience; consistent maladaptation; posttraumatic stress problems; school maladaptation, family protection; and low socialization skills. Findings underscore the heterogeneity of child adaptation and reveal unique profiles of adaptation and contextual protection. Within-person variation in functioning suggests the need for comprehensive assessment across domains and contexts to address the clinical needs of maltreated youth.
The White City: Race and Urban Politics

Urban regime analysis and growth machine theory offer critical tools to study power and inequality in cities. However, the field of urban politics has moved away from critically addressing race. I discuss these theories' potential contributions before suggesting scholars “bring race back” to urban politics in several key areas: studying “White urban regimes” in addition to Black urban regimes; examining how Whiteness factors into growth (and anti-growth) coalitions; exploring how racial discourse shapes urban regimes; and accounting for the relationship between suburbs and “fringe cities” and the city, including suburban regimes.
IgG-associated mesangial glomerulonephritis in a patient with Down syndrome

Background Patients with Down syndrome have a variety of urinary tract abnormalities including obstructive hydronephrosis, dysplasia, reflux nephropathy and glomerular lesions. However, primary glomerulonephritis with prominent IgG deposits has not been reported previously in this syndrome. Case report A 17-year-old girl with Down syndrome presented with proteinuria and chronic renal insufficiency. A percutaneous renal biopsy revealed prominent IgG deposition without IgA or IgM deposits in the absence of an identifiable autoimmune disorder, or any other etiologic factors known to cause secondary IgG-associated glomerulonephritis. Conclusions The glomerular lesion identified in the present case demonstrates a distinct entity that further expands the spectrum of renal disease known to occur in Down syndrome. Early detection of renal disorder in Down syndrome may prevent or slow down the progression.
Secreted protein gene derived-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SP-SNPs) reveal population diversity and differentiation of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a powerful molecular marker technique that has been widely used in population genetics and molecular mapping studies for various organisms. However, the technique has not been used for studying Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the wheat stripe rust pathogen. In this study, we developed over a hundred secreted protein gene-derived SNP (SP-SNP) markers and used 92 markers to study the population structure of Pst. From 352 isolates collected in the United States, we identified 242 multi-locus genotypes. The SP-SNP genotypes had a moderate, but significant correlation with the virulence phenotype data. Clustering of the multi-locus genotypes was consistent by various analyses, revealing distinct genetic groups. Analysis of molecular variance detected significant differences between the eastern and western US Pst populations. High heterozygosity was found in the US population with significant differences identified among epidemiological regions. Analysis of population differentiation revealed that populations between the eastern and western US were highly differentiated while moderate differentiation was found in populations within the western or eastern US. Isolates from the western US were more diverse than isolates from the eastern US. The information is useful for guiding the disease management in different epidemiological regions.
Studies of 11-alpha hydrocortisone in the chick embryo and on skin lesions in man.

Summary and Conclusions1. The 11-alpha hydroxy epimer of hydrocortisone does not inhibit the growth of the chick embryo when given at doses up to 5 mg/egg; this is 200 to 300 times the dose level at which hydrocortisone acetate (0.01 to 0.02 mg/egg) and 50 times the level at which free hydrocortisone (0.1 mg/egg) interfere with embryonic development. The unnatural orientation of the 11-alpha hydroxy group thus inactivates the molecule as far as inhibiting embryonic growth is concerned. This unnatural configuration actually inhibits biological activity, since an analogous compound, 11-desoxy corticosterone acetate (Compound S) inhibits embryonic growth at a dose level of 2.7 mg/egg. The epimer does not diminish or potentiate the action of hydrocortisone acetate in the chick embryo.‖ 2. The 11-alpha hydroxy epimer of hydrocortisone in contrast to hydrocortisone acetate and cortisone acetate is also inactive by intra-tumoral injection in producing involution of the skin lesions in patients with Boeck's sarco...
The role of angiotensin II in a pressor response to nicotine after phenoxybenzamine.

SummaryWe have attempted to establish the mechanism of a prolonged pressor response to nicotine in anesthetized, atropinized dogs treated with the a-adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine. The increased blood pressure follows the classical epinephrine reversal and is due to an increased total peripheral resistance. The time course and shape of the pressure curve tend to eliminate known endogenous pressor hormones except angiotensin II. A radioimmunoassay for plasma renin activity established that this parameter was in fact significantly increased. We therefore conclude that angiotensin II is likely to be the hormone primarily responsible for the secondary pressor response.The authors thank Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA for generous supplies of phenoxybenzamine HCl (Dibenzyline).
Detection of particle flow patterns in tumor by directional spatial frequency analysis

Drug delivery to tumors is well known to be chaotic and limited, partly from dysfunctional vasculature, but also because of microscopic regional variations in composition. Modeling the of transport of nanoparticle therapeutics, therefore must include not only a description of vascular permeability, but also of the movement of the drug as suspended in tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) once it leaves the blood vessel. Understanding of this area is limited because we currently lack the tools and analytical methods to characterize it. We have previously shown that directional anisotropy of drug delivery can be detected using Directional Fourier Spatial Frequency (DFSF) Analysis. Here we extend this approach to generate flow line maps of nanoparticle transport in TIF relative to tumor ultrastructure, and show that features of tumor spatial heterogeneity can be identified that are directly related to local flow isometries. The identification of these regions of limited flow may be used as a metric for determining response to therapy, or for the optimization of adjuvant therapies such as radiation pre-treatment, or enzymatic degradation.
Missing the Boat and Sinking the Boat: A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurial Risk:

The use of financial portfolio theory to guide new venture planning is discussed and rejected. Instead, a dual conceptualization of business risk is offered that is more consistent with statistical...
Creating HALO Capable Systems for Precision Airdrops

This paper outlines a Capstone project, or senior design project, done by Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy. A preexisting airdrop delivery system was used and modified to include high altitude low opening capabilities. A small fiberglass prototype was fabricated in a machine shop, and simulations with the on-board code followed. Test plans were made for Skydive Delmarva in Laurel, DE. Two jumpers would exit the aircraft with the system and record data as they fell.
Creating Civil and Respectful Organizations Through the Scholar-Practitioner Bridge

The ProblemIncivility, also referred to as bullying, emotional abuse, and mobbing, has increasingly become an issue in today’s workplace. It is widely recognized that workplace incivility has signi...
The Compactness of Front Tracking for Chromatography Electrophoresis and Incompressible Multiphase Flow

An analysis of the equations of chromatography from the point of view of hyperbolic conservation laws has been given in [5], and more recently and with greater precision in [4]. Serre [8] was able to prove that the Lax-Friedrichs difference scheme, Godunov’s method, and the viscosity method, have a subsequence converging to a weak solution of the chromatography equations, with no restriction on the size of the initial data. The purpose of this note is to announce that two versions of front tracking can be added to this list. After a brief description of the properties of the chromatography system and a definition of front tracking we give the basic steps of the proof; details can be found in [10]. An example showing the quality of a front tracking solution is given.
Clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging of the ankle and foot.

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging is of major diagnostic value in foot and ankle pathology. It is noninvasive and extremely accurate, and rarely gives false negative or false positive results. Any false results are due invariably to poor imaging, or inept interpretation by the radiologist or orthopedist or both. Diagnostic accuracy is increased by clinical correlation. Magnetic resonance imaging is not only a valuable diagnostic tool with respect to the foot and ankle but also is often of great value in either indicating or contraindicating surgery or modifying the preoperative surgical management. Finally, the orthopedist must be aware of the current limitations of MR imaging and not assume that a negative reading indicates the absence of pathology.
Malacoplakia of the Urinary Tract: Challenges and Frustrations with 10 Cases

AbstractExperience with 10 cases of malacoplakia of the urinary tract is reviewed. The bladder was affected in all 10 patients, in addition to both ureters in 1, possibly 1 ureter in 1 and the urethra in 1 patient. Symptoms were noted in 9 patients and intercurrent chronic liver disease was present in 3. Treatment of bladder lesions was by fulguration only in 1 patient, fulguration and short-term antimicrobial therapy in 5, fulguration and long-term therapy in 3 and thio-tepa instillation in addition to fulguration and long-term antimicrobial therapy in 1. A patient with ureteral involvement underwent temporary nephrostomy and the one with the urethral lesion healed after prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Recurrence has been rare in 3 patients who received long-term antimicrobial therapy with prolonged followup. We believe that fulguration and long-term antimicrobial therapy are therapies of choice for bladder lesions. Upper urinary tract lesions should be managed by long-term antimicrobial therapy and con...
Convergent Validity of a Student Model: Recent-Performance Factors Analysis.

Models of student performance can incorporate a skill decomposition that lists the skills that each activity requires. A good model must be sensitive to improvements in skill decomposition. We validate the Recent-Performance Factors Analysis model of student performance by checking its sensitivity to the skill decomposition. We use a dataset from a tutoring system where the skill model has been improved by the Learning Factors Analysis algorithm for skill model refinement and by expert validation. We find that R-PFA reflects improvements in the skill model, providing evidence of convergent validity of R-PFA. We argue that R-PFA may be sensible as a predictive model in Learning Factors Analysis because of its convergent validity and because the R predictor of R-PFA represents mastery-aligned learning curves.
Examining the Regulatory and Reactive Temperamental Characteristics as Predictors of Low Income Preschool Children’s Executive Function

The current study is an examination of low income children’s reactive and regulatory temperamental characteristics as predictors of their executive function, with a particular focus on children’s regulatory temperament (i.e., inhibitory control and attentional focusing) as moderators of associations between reactive temperament (i.e., negative emotionality) and executive function. Participants were 291 children (159 boys) ages 37 to 70 months (M = 53.88 months, SD = 6.44 months) enrolled in 17 classrooms within 3 different preschools serving low income children in two Midwestern cities in the United States. Temperament was assessed via parent report during Fall 2014, and executive function were assessed via structured tasks implemented by independent researchers during Spring and Summer 2015. SAS PROC MIXED was used to test hierarchical regression models of children nested within classrooms. After controlling for child age, gender, ethnicity, and parent education, regulatory temperament moderated the association between reactive temperament and executive function. Children’s reactive temperament was inversely associated with their executive function. These findings suggest that understanding children’s regulatory and reactive temperamental characteristics may help to improve their executive functioning in early childhood.
Reconstruction of Compressed-Sensed Multiview Video With Disparity- and Motion-Compensated Total Variation Minimization

Compressed sensing (CS) is the theory and practice of sub-Nyquist sampling of sparse signals of interest. Exact reconstruction may then be possible with much fewer than the Nyquist-required number of data. In this paper, we consider a multiview video system in which multiple cameras at different locations perform independent CS to simultaneously capture different views of a scene. At the decoder, we propose a disparity- and motion-compensated total variation minimization algorithm to jointly reconstruct the multiview video sequence. The experimental results show that the proposed joint reconstruction algorithm successfully exploits simultaneously intra-frame, inter-frame, and inter-view sparsity and significantly outperforms existing independent-view reconstruction, residue-view reconstruction, and motion-adaptive reconstruction algorithms.
Intraspecific Variation in the Skin-Associated Microbiome of a Terrestrial Salamander

Resident microbial communities living on amphibian skin can have significant effects on host health, yet the basic ecology of the host-microbiome relationship of many amphibian taxa is poorly understood. We characterized intraspecific variation in the skin microbiome of the salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica, a subspecies composed of four genetically distinct populations distributed throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and the Sierra Nevada mountains in California, USA. We found that salamanders from four geographically and genetically isolated populations harbor similar skin microbial communities, which are dominated by a common core set of bacterial taxa. Additionally, within a population, the skin microbiome does not appear to differ significantly between salamanders of different ages or sexes. In all cases, the salamander skin microbiomes were significantly different from those of the surrounding terrestrial environment. These results suggest that the relationship between E. e. xanthoptica salamanders and their resident skin microbiomes is conserved, possibly indicating a stable mutualism between the host and microbiome.
Local Heterogeneities Improve Matrix Connectivity in Degradable and Photoclickable Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels for Applications in Tissue Engineering.

Hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels are promising platforms for cell encapsulation and tissue engineering. However, hydrolysis leads to bulk degradation and a decrease in hydrogel mechanical integrity. Despite these challenges, hydrolytically degradable hydrogels have supported macroscopic neotissue growth. The goal of this study was to combine experimental methods with a multiscale mathematical model to analyze hydrogel degradation concomitant with neocartilage growth in PEG hydrogels. Primary bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated at increasing densities (50, 100, and 150 million cells/mL of precursor solution) in a radical-mediated photoclickable hydrogel formed from 8-arm PEG-co-caprolactone end-capped with norbornene and cross-linked with PEG dithiol. Two observations were made in the experimental system: (1) the cell distribution was not uniform and cell clustering was evident, which increased with increasing cell density and (2) a significant decrease in the initial hydro...
Linguistics, Semiotics, and Philosophy

Semiotics is the study of signs that dates back to ancient times when farmers predicted the weather from cloud patterns in the sky, or doctors diagnosed diseases based on the symptoms of patients. The American chemist-logician-philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) has made a major contribution to establishing the field of modern semiotics which has been applied to a wide range of disciplines from linguistics to art, to philosophy, and to biology (Sebeok 1990; Emmeche 2002, 2003; Hoffmeyer 1996; Barbieri 2008a, b, c; Fernandez 2008). Since signs can be divided into two types – macroscopic (e.g., stop signs) and microscopic (e.g., DNA) – based on their physical sizes, it would follow that semiotics itself can be divided into two branches – macrosemiotics and microsemiotics (Ji 2001, 2002a). Few biologists would deny that DNA molecules are molecular signs, since they encode (or refer to) RNA and protein molecules that are different from themselves. Likewise, few biologists would deny that the cell is the smallest physical system that can read and implement the genetic information/instructions encoded in DNA, leading to the following conclusions:
Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and preventive health behaviours: a systematic review.

Psychological trauma has implications for many aspects of physical health, including preventive health behaviours (PHBs). However, whether trauma exposure additionally contributes to PHBs above and...