cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraining the Far-Field Stress State near a Deep South African Gold Mine

The deep gold mines in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa are some of the deepest underground mines in the world. For over a century, numerous, often deadly, mining induced earthquakes have been observed. In this work, we develop and test a new technique for determining the virgin state of stress near the TauTona gold mine. This work was completed as part of the Natural Earthquake Laboratory in South African Mines (NELSAM) project. The technique we use to constrain the far-field stress state follows an iterative forward modelling approach that combines observations of drilling induced borehole failures in borehole images, boundary element modelling of the mining-induced stress perturbations, and forward modelling of borehole failures based on the results of the boundary element modelling. The final result is a well constrained stress state consistent with all the observed stress indicators. We find that the stress state is a normal faulting regime with principal stress orientations that are slightly deviated from vertical and horizontal (denoted with a *). The maximum principal stress, Sv*, is deviated 0-20o from vertical towards the NNW and has a magnitude gradient of 27 ± 0.3 MPa/km. The intermediate principal stress, SHmax*, is inclined 0-20o from horizontal with an azimuth of 145o to 168o and has a magnitude gradient of 21.5 to 26 MPa/km. The least principal stress, Shmin*, is inclined 0-10o from horizontal with an azimuth of 235o to 258o and has a magnitude gradient of 13 to 15.5 MPa/km. This stress state indicates that the crust is in a state of frictional faulting equilibrium, such that normal faulting is likely to occur on pre-existing fault planes that are optimally oriented to the stress field. The stress concentrations caused by the mining activities can dramatically alter the range of fault orientations upon which fault slip could occur.
Maciste goes to war: Maciste alpino (1916)

AbstractDuring the war years, both fiction and non-fiction films relating to the war populated Italian screens. This article examines Maciste alpino (1916), one of the best known and best received of the popular Maciste series of Italian silent cinema, in light of several factors: the growing nationalist movement that saw intervention in World War I as the means of creating political consensus; the sophistication and development of narrative, character, and attractions in the Maciste series; and its relation to popular film genres such as comic serials and the emerging strongman genre. Maciste functioned as a modern weapon par excellence, a Futurist mechanized man whose muscled body constituted its own fighting machine. At the same time, through his humor, goodwill, and muscled physique he became a national symbol of Italian wartime might.
Application progress of technologies for rapid detection in modern pharmaceutical analysis

In modern pharmaceutical analysis, technologies with high sensitivity and strong specificity for rapid detection can meet the requirement of stability, rapidity and real-time. The rapid detection is utilized to study drug residues,drug metabolism, therapeutic evaluation, clinical detection and comprehensive evaluation and dynamic analysis of disease process. This paper is to provide reference to detection method selection by brief description of the characteristics and the application progress of technologies for rapid detection in modern pharmaceutical analysis.
Aspect invariant features for radar target recognition

In this study, the authors introduce a novel method of target feature extraction that in one form attempts to reduce variability inherent in target signatures and in a second form attempts to exploit the variability. It is well known that radar target signatures can be subject to significant fluctuations as a function of viewing geometry and that this behaviour severely degrades the performance of automatic target recognition algorithms. Here, they propose one variability reduction technique which groups strong scatterers in target signatures. A second method exploits variability by using the difference between two reduced resolution images to extract target angular stability information. In both cases, a grid cell structure enables extraction of these relatively stable features from synthetic aperture radar images with low computational complexity. Results, using measured target data taken from the MSTAR dataset, demonstrate that the proposed method of selecting feature vectors significantly improve the overall classification performance. A correct classification rate of 96% is reached in testing.
Social Isolation Rearing and Sensorimotor Gating in Rat Models of Relevance to Schizophrenia: What We Know, and What We Do Not Know

Abstract Social isolation rearing (SIR) of rodents alters widespread neural circuitry, disrupting a broad range of behaviors, and it is used to model the biology of developmental brain disorders. One well-studied behavioral disturbance after SIR is deficient prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), reported to varying degrees in a large number of reports; the basis for this variability is not clearly understood. SIR-induced PPI deficits are accompanied by changes within interconnected cortico-striato-pallido-pontine (CSPP) circuits that normally regulate PPI. Because schizophrenia patients also exhibit PPI deficits, it is conceivable that SIR may be used to model both this specific behavioral disturbance and its underlying neural circuit pathology in schizophrenia. However, the potentially shared pathway(s) producing SIR-induced PPI deficits and those detected in schizophrenia, for example, via a primary neurodevelopmental disturbance impacting the formation of normal CSPP circuitry, or a secondary, potentially stress/inflammation-mediated consequence of symptomatic social and cognitive disturbances in the disorder, remain poorly understood.
Protecting analog circuits with parameter biasing obfuscation

A methodology to secure analog intellectual property (IP) by obfuscating biasing conditions is presented in this paper. Previous research methodologies have focused on protecting digital IP from theft, overproduction, counterfeiting, and Trojan insertion. Analog IP has not been investigated as it does not share the same replicated structures and functionalities used for digital protection. The bias encryption techniques presented in this paper are implemented on a phase locked loop (PLL). The operating frequency of the PLL is masked in the range of 800 MHz to 2.2 GHz with a 40-bit encryption key. The probability of determining the correct key through brute force attack is 9.095×10−13. The overheads of encrypting the PLL include a 6.3% increase in active area, a 0.89% increase in power consumption, and a 5 dBc/Hz increase in phase noise.
Routine Papillary Muscle Realignment and Septal Myectomy for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Background Septal myectomy has been the mainstay of the surgical treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); however, recently there is growing appreciation for associated mitral valve abnormalities that contribute to left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. In this study, we describe our experience with combined papillary muscle realignment (PMR) and septal myectomy for the treatment of obstructive HCM. Methods We identified 44 patients undergoing surgery for obstructive HCM whose anatomy was amenable to combined PMR and septal myectomy at our institution over a 20-month period. All patients underwent resting and stress echocardiography preoperatively and postoperatively. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were prospectively collected in a cardiac surgery database. Results Patient age ranged broadly, with mean age of 54 (range, 18 to 76) years. Preoperatively, 70% of patients were New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, the mean stress LVOT gradient was 144 mm Hg, and severe mitral regurgitation (MR) with stress was seen in 81%. Additional procedures included division of myocardial bands (50%) and chordae (43%) and resection of accessory papillary muscles (25%). Following the procedure, mean resting and stress gradients were reduced to normal (12 and 27 mm Hg, respectively; p Conclusions Septal myectomy combined with PMR is a safe, highly effective, and reproducible procedure that reliably relieves LVOT obstruction and corrects MR without the need for mitral valve repair or replacement.
Mate choice in the eye and ear of the beholder? Female multimodal sensory configuration influences her preferences.

A common assumption in sexual selection studies is that receivers decode signal information similarly. However, receivers may vary in how they rank signallers if signal perception varies with an in...
The layered architecture of a system for reasoning about programs

Cake is a hybrid system which provides reasoning facilities for the Programmer's Apprentice. This paper describes the architecture of Cake, which is divided into eight layers, each with associated representations and reasoning procedures. The operation of Cake is illustrated by a complete trace of the solution of an example reasoning problem. We also argue that a hybrid system in general is characterized by the use of multiple representations in the sense of multiple data abstractions, which does not necessarily imply distinct implementation data structures.
The Possible Place of Cognitive Appraisal in the ABC Model Underlying Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

In a critique of Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) theory of personality, it has been argued that, among other strategies, REBT personality theory could be significantly advanced by attempting to incorporate within it already established theoretical constructs compatible with the cognitive-behavioral movement. Richard Lazarus' prominent, well-articulated, and extensively studied theoretical construct of cognitive appraisal seems ideal in this regard. In the present article, the relevant and salient aspects of Lazarus' construct are described. An attempt is then made to delineate the possible place of cognitive appraisal in the ABC model underlying REBT. Finally, the clinical implications of this proposed ABC model refinement are then explored, and an additional REBT therapeutic strategy based upon the cognitive appraisal construct, reappraisal training, is suggested and briefly described.
Pathways to Pluripotency: How Germ Cells Make Stem Cells

Recent studies have demonstrated that many types of differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to give rise to pluripotent stem cells. Reprogramming of ­differentiated cells is brought about by the forced expression or delivery of defined factors previously shown to be associated with pluripotent stem cells. But important questions about the safety, efficiency, and completeness of cellular reprogramming remain. Primordial germ cells (PGCs), specialized embryonic precursors of the gametes, can also give rise to pluripotent stem cells both in vivo and in vitro. Reprogramming of PGCs in vitro only requires the addition of exogenous growth factors. Moreover, genetic studies in both mice and humans have begun to elucidate the pathways responsible for reprogramming germ cells to the pluripotent state. Thus, these two situations, one in vivo and one in vitro, in which a PGC gives rise to a pluripotent stem cell provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating the pluripotent state and could fill vital gaps in our knowledge about the successful reprogramming of other cell types.
Classic Papers Revisited: An Early Study of Cardioprotection by Volatile Anesthetics: A Behind-the-scenes Look

Recovery of Contractile Function of Stunned Myocardium in Chronically Instrumented Dogs Is Enhanced by Halothane or Isoflurane. By Warltier DC, al-Wathiqui MH, Kampine JP, and Schmeling WT. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1988; 69:552-65. Reprinted with permission.Following brief periods (5-15 min) of total coronary artery occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, despite an absence of tissue necrosis, a decrement in contractile function of the postischemic myocardium may nevertheless be present for prolonged periods. This has been termed "stunned" myocardium to differentiate the condition from ischemia or infarction. Because the influence of volatile anesthetics on the recovery of postischemic, reperfused myocardium has yet to be studied, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of halothane and isoflurane on systemic and regional hemodynamics following a brief coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Nine groups comprising 79 experiments were completed in 42 chronically instrumented dogs. In awake, unsedated dogs a 15-min coronary artery occlusion resulted in paradoxical systolic lengthening in the ischemic zone. Following reperfusion active systolic shortening slowly returned toward control levels but remained approximately 50% depressed from control at 5 h. In contrast, dogs anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane (2% inspired concentration) demonstrated complete recovery of function 3-5 h following reperfusion. Because the anesthetics directly depressed contractile function, additional experiments were conducted in which a 15-minute coronary artery occlusion was produced during volatile anesthesia; however, each animal was allowed to emerge from the anesthetized state at the onset of reperfusion. Similar results were obtained in these experiments, demonstrating total recovery of contractile function within 3-5 h following reperfusion. Thus, despite comparable degrees of contractile dysfunction during coronary artery occlusion in awake and anesthetized dogs, the present results demonstrate that halothane and isoflurane produce marked improvement in the recovery of segment function following a transient ischemic episode. Therefore, volatile anesthetics may attenuate postischemic left ventricular dysfunction occurring intraoperatively and enhance recovery of regional wall motion abnormalities during reperfusion.
Independent validation of machine performance check for the Halcyon and TrueBeam linacs for daily quality assurance

Purpose To evaluate the ability of the machine performance check (MPC) on the Halcyon to detect errors, with comparison with the TrueBeam. Methods MPC is an automated set of quality assurance (QA) tests that use a phantom placed on the couch and the linac's imaging system(s) to verify the beam constancy and mechanical performance of the Halcyon and TrueBeam linacs. In order to evaluate the beam constancy tests, we inserted solid water slabs between the beam source and the megavoltage imager to simulate changes in beam output, flatness, and symmetry. The MPC results were compared with measurements, using two-dimensional array under the same conditions. We then studied the accuracy of MPC geometric tests. The accuracies of the relative gantry offset and couch shift tests were evaluated by intentionally inserting phantom shifts, using a rotating or linear motion stage. The MLC offset and absolute gantry offset tests were assessed by miscalibrating these motions on a Halcyon linac. Results For the Halcyon system, the average difference in the measured beam output between the IC Profiler and MPC, after intentional changes, was 1.3 ± 0.5% (for changes ≤5%). For Halcyon, the MPC test failed (i.e., prevented treatment) when the beam symmetry change was over 1.9%. The accuracy of the MLC offset test was within 0.05 mm. The absolute gantry offset test was able to detect an offset as small as 0.02°. The accuracy of the absolute couch shift test was 0.03 mm. The accuracy of relative couch shift test of Halcyon was measured as 0.16 mm. Conclusion We intentionally inserted errors to evaluate the ability of the MPC to identify errors in dosimetric and geometric parameters. These results showed that the MPC is sufficiently accurate to be effectively used for daily QA of the Halcyon and TrueBeam treatment devices.
What Shall We Do About Grit? A Critical Review of What We Know and What We Don’t Know:

Grit is a construct that is widely studied by educational researchers and that has generally been enthusiastically received by educational practitioners. This essay highlights that many of the core...
The Development of Gait Analysis in Developmental Age

A brief history of the evolution of gait analysis in the field of clinical decision making process is provided. There are also provided some indications about future incarnations of this topic. An example of simple, but clinically relevant, data integration is given among the possible new solutions, evidencing the effective current limits of the technique. These limits represent the real future challenge in the field of movement analysis.
A Random Practice Schedule Provides Better Retention and Transfer Than Blocked When Learning Computer Mazes: Preliminary Results

Abstract Research in motor learning has shown that the ways in which practices are organized can affect the amount of learning that occurs. Blocked practices, in which the same skill is repeated many times before moving to the next skill, leads to better performance during acquisition than random practices, in which skills are interwoven. However, those in the random practice groups perform better than blocked on retention and transfer tests, indicating better motor learning. This effect of random practice has been termed “contextual interference.” Our aim is to examine the neural activation differences in the prefrontal cortex associated with blocked and random practice schedules when learning and performing three different computer mazes.
IMPROVEMENT IN MYOCARDIAL MECHANICS FOLLOWING TAVR: PROGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE OF PRE-PROCEDURE EF OF 60%

Recent data have shown that in severe aortic stenosis (sAS), LVEF >60% predicts further deterioration of LVEF (EF) and is a risk factor for poor outcome. We hypothesized that in sAS, systolic function is better understood by investigating midwall stress-shortening (FSmw) rather than EF in patients
Discussion of “void nucleation

The authors have read with some concern the two articles by Klassen, Weatherly, and Ramaswami (KWR) entitled Void Nucleation in Constrained Silver Interlayers'' and Void Growth and Coalescence in Constrained Silver Interlayers'' published recently in this journal. They have several comments to these articles. First, substantial portions of these articles appear to closely reaffirm experiments and stress analyses on fracture and other mechanical behavior of constrained silver interlayers already published. KWR appeared to be unaware of (or disregarded) much of these works and this communication is partly intended to direct KWR and perhaps others to these works. Next, although there are many scientific aspects of the articles that warrant discussion, they have focused on two principal points. First, there appear to be some odd aspects of the Nucleation (KWR) article. The authors suggest nucleation and unstable growth occur only near the fracture stress (S[sub f]). This clearly is in contradiction to their careful work, where nucleation is shown to occur at very low stress (S[sub f]/5), just above the uniaxial yield stress of the interlayer silver. Second, and more importantly, KWR do not report any void growth. This, also, is in contradiction to earlier work on void growth in constrainedmore » silver interlayers. In the case of brazed silver joints, the shrinkage voids are observed to grow until a critical void separation is reached and instability occurs. In their work, voids appear to grow from small to larger cavities with small overall plastic strain in the interlayer, including at the base-metal/silver interface. In summary, although the KWR articles reasonably reproduced some established experimental trends for constrained interlayers and observed some other phenomena particularly relevant to the case with a substantial volume fraction of dispersions, other more basic conclusions relating to final fracture do not appear to consider more reasonable approaches.« less
Psychological Diagnoses and Weight Loss among Appalachian Bariatric Surgery Patients.

Background. The relationship between presurgical psychopathology and weight loss following bariatric surgery is complex; previous research has yielded mixed results. The current study investigates the relationship among presurgical mental health diagnoses, symptom severity, and weight loss outcomes in an Appalachian population, where obesity-related comorbidities are prominent. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed on bariatric surgery patients in an accredited Appalachian centered academic hospital in northern West Virginia between 2013 and 2015 (n = 347). Data extraction included basic demographics, anthropometrics (percent excess weight loss (%EWL)) at six-month, one-year, and two-year postoperative visits, and two validated psychological questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)) from patient’s presurgical psychological evaluation. Results. Average patient population was 92.5% Caucasian, 81.5% female, 45 ± 11.5 years old, and 84.1% who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery with the remaining having laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. At baseline, no differences were detected in weight, excess body weight, or body mass index between surgery types. Average baseline BDI-II score was 10.1 ± 8.68 (range 0–41) and BAI score was 6.1 ± 6.7 (range 0–36), and this was not significantly different by surgery at baseline. Both baseline psychological scores were in the “minimal” severity range. BDI-II was positively related to BMI of patients at baseline ( ). Both BDI-II and BAI were not significantly related to %EWL across follow-up. Conclusion. Other than baseline weight, BDI-II and BAI scores were not related to %EWL outcomes in patients receiving bariatric surgery in the Appalachian region. Future work should examine mixed methods approaches to capture prospective and longitudinal data to more thoroughly delve into mental health aspects of our Appalachian patients and improve efforts to recapture postoperative patients who may have been lost to follow-up.
Disorders of Male External Genitalia: Hypospadias, Epispadias, Concealed Penis, and Urethral Disorders

Hypospadias (Fig. 7.1) is one of the more common conditions treated by pediatric urologists. Its incidence is around 8–16/1,000 live births.1 The penis is fully developed within the first 12–16 weeks of embryonic life so there is no associated increased risk of having hypospadias in premature neonates. This entity is usually referred after recognizing the defect at birth. The examiner will note in 95% of the cases that boys with hypospadias will have an incomplete hooded foreskin that is mostly dorsally located and that the opening of the penis is somewhere beneath the normal orthotopic location at the tip of the glans. The opening can be anywhere from 1 mm below the glanular tip to the level of the perineum in the most severe cases. The majority of hypospadias defects are distal in about 70% of the cases.
Testing planets: Institutions tested in an era of uncertainty

Prior accounts of the experimenter's regress in laboratory testing are set against the background of a relatively stable institutional context. Even if the tools are new or the object of investigation is unknown, participating entities are named, a certain degree of funding is presumed, and an organization exists to conduct the test. In this paper, I argue that this background assumption obscures the importance of institutional and organizational context to the sociology of testing. I analyze ethnographic data gathered among a NASA team whose funding is uncertain, whose mission organization is not yet established, and whose object of investigation is inaccessible. In what I characterize as "ontological flexibility," I reveal how scientists shift their accounts of object agency in response to changes in their institutional environment. As they describe the moon as "uncooperative" or "multiple" while they make appeals to institutions at various stages of support in their exploration projects, this reveals the presence of an "institutional regress": a previously overlooked aspect of the sociology of testing.
Correlation of Proposed Surgical Volume Standards for Complex Cancer Surgery with Hospital Mortality.

Background Minimum case volume thresholds for complex cancer operations have been proposed by the Leapfrog Group. There has been no formal study of how these standards correlate with actual hospital mortality. Study Design The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients undergoing operations for esophageal, lung, pancreatic, and rectal cancer between 2013 and 2015. Recommended annual hospital case volume was used to divide hospitals into those meeting a minimum volume threshold (VT) and those below it. Hospitals in the highest quartile of adjusted hospital mortality were designated as poor performing hospitals (PPHs). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of current minimum VTs to predict PPHs were calculated. Results The proportion of hospitals meeting minimum VTs varied from 7% for esophagectomy to 27% for rectal operations. Proposed minimum VTs had a sensitivity of 69% to 93%, specificity of 7% to 27%, and area under the curve of 0.59 to 0.65 for identifying PPHs. Although the negative predictive value varied from 72% to 79%, the positive predictive value was only 24% to 26%. Optimal minimum VTs to identify PPHs were lower than those currently proposed—esophagus was 4 vs 20, lung was 21 vs 40, pancreas was 7 vs 20, and rectum was 8 vs 16. Even under these idealized volume cutoffs, the best performing procedure-specific model (esophagus) had an area under the curve of 0.68. Conclusions Although proposed minimum VTs are reasonably good at identifying PPHs, they misclassify 3 of 4 hospitals below the minimum VT as PPHs and 1 of 4 PPHs as meeting the minimum VT. Use of case volume cutoffs alone does not correlate well with actual hospital mortality.
Hepatic Fatty Acid and Transcriptome Profiles during the Transition from Vegetable- to Fish Oil-Based Diets in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

A finishing diet strategy is effective at increasing fillet long-chain n-3 fatty acid content in fish consuming sustainable plant oil-based diets. This study investigates the outcomes of a fish oil finishing diet upon the hepatic fatty acid and transcriptome profile in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were placed on one of three feeding treatments: (1) FO: a fish oil (FO) diet for 20 weeks, (2) VO/FO: a vegetable oil (VO) diet during weeks 1-12 then the FO diet for 8 weeks, or (3) VO/fd/FO: the VO diet between weeks 1-12, 2 weeks of feed deprivation, then the FO diet for 6 weeks. Hepatic fatty acid and transcriptome profiles were analyzed at week 12, 14, and 20. Hepatic fatty acid profiles at week 12 were similar to dietary profiles; transcriptomic analyses indicated 131 differentially regulated genes (DEG) between VO- and FO-fed fish, characterized by VO-induced up-regulation of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthesis and oxidation-reduction processes. At week 14, the hepatic fatty acid profile was similar between VO/FO and FO, although concentrations of 18:3n-3 remained higher in the VO/FO group. Thirty-three DEG were detected at week 14 with enrichment of genes associated with extracellular matrix assembly, supporting liver remodeling during the early finishing diet period. Only five DEG were detected at week 20 between VO/FO and FO. Collectively, these findings suggest that it takes several weeks for liver to reach a homeostatic state, even after the hepatic fatty acid equilibration following a finishing diet.
Predicting the Future of Consumer Panels

The future for consumer panels is rich. The data collection experience will be richer for consumers, and the data will be richer for researchers. The challenge will be in determining how to use this data to improve a manager‘s understanding of his or her consumers. A mountain of data will not be difficult to collect. The difficulty lies in effectively mining that mountain for the gold it contains.Technology will not only influence the way in which data is collected, but it will also influence the sociology of how panelists, researchers, and managers respond to this data. After offering predictions of how the future will make the data collection experience more rich for consumers and for researchers, we will discuss future fears. These fears – or challenges – revolve around the unexpected consequences this technology has for the researchers, for brand managers, and for the privacy of panelists. Following this, specific recommendations for consumer panel users and researchers are outlined. These 3 recommendations are not so much intended to help us control the future as much as to help us be best prepared for the changes that might occur.
The sovereignty of positivism

Jeffrey Goldsworthy recently claimed that parliamentary sovereignty itself expresses or endorses legal positivism. This claim inverts the relationship between law and legal theory, according to whi...
Clinical and Economic Effects of Widespread Rapid Testing to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission.

BACKGROUND: The value of frequent, rapid testing to reduce community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To define performance standards and predict the clinical, epidemiologic, and economic outcomes of nationwide, home-based antigen testing. DESIGN: A simple compartmental epidemic model that estimated viral transmission, portrayed disease progression, and forecast resource use, with and without testing. DATA SOURCES: Parameter values and ranges as informed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance and published literature. TARGET POPULATION: U.S. population. TIME HORIZON: 60 days. PERSPECTIVE: Societal; costs included testing, inpatient care, and lost workdays. INTERVENTION: Home-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative infections and deaths, number of persons isolated and hospitalized, and total costs. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: Without a testing intervention, the model anticipates 11.6 million infections, 119 000 deaths, and $10.1 billion in costs ($6.5 billion in inpatient care and $3.5 billion in lost productivity) over a 60-day horizon. Weekly availability of testing would avert 2.8 million infections and 15 700 deaths, increasing costs by $22.3 billion. Lower inpatient outlays ($5.9 billion) would partially offset additional testing expenditures ($12.5 billion) and workdays lost ($14.0 billion), yielding incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $7890 per infection averted and $1 430 000 per death averted. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: Outcome estimates vary widely under different behavioral assumptions and testing frequencies. However, key findings persist across all scenarios, with large reductions in infections, mortality, and hospitalizations. Costs per death averted are roughly an order of magnitude lower than commonly accepted willingness-to-pay values per statistical life saved ($5 to $17 million). LIMITATIONS: Analysis was restricted to at-home testing. There are uncertainties concerning test performance. CONCLUSION: High-frequency home testing for SARS-CoV-2 with an inexpensive, imperfect test could contribute to pandemic control at justifiable cost and warrants consideration as part of a national containment strategy. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health.
Correlation between Motor, Socio-Emotional Skills, and Academic Performance between Young Children with and without Disabilities

Preschoolers and kindergarteners demonstrate rapid growth and change in motor skills, socio-emotional (SE) skills, and academic performance. Data on 250 children with disabilities (CWD) and 250 typically developing children (TDC) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) data set were analyzed to explore the relation between motor skills, SE skills and academic performance for children with and without disabilities. The ECLS-B data set is the first study to follow children from birth through kindergarten entry, collecting data on thier early development. The current study utilized descriptive and regression analyses (survey frequency, mean, and regression) were conducted using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2 (SAS Institute, 2008). Results indicated that both fine and gross motor skills make significant contributions to SE skills in CWD at both preschool and kindergarten and in TDC at preschool only. A significant correlation between fine and gross motor skills and academic performance was found for CWD and TDC in preschool and kindergarten. These findings indicated that an increased emphasis on the development of fine and gross motor skills during the preschool years may benefit the development of SE skills and academic performance for CWD. Results sheds light on the importance of including motor interventions as part of early childhood education programs delivered to CWD to narrow the achievement gap and ideally result in early learning success.
Abstract 1807: T cell conditional knockout mouse model of the mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm) responds with delayed tumor growth to a lymphoma challenge

Enzymes in amino acid catabolism are emerging as attractive targets for cancer therapies. The mitochondrial branched-chain amino transferase (BCATm), an enzyme catalyzing the first step in leucine, valine, and isoleucine degradation, has been recently implicated in cancer growth but its role in T cell driven anti-cancer immunity has never been explored. To fulfill the gap in current scientific knowledge and address some of the challenges with lymphoma immunotherapies, we used the CD4-Cre-Lox recombination to create a conditional knockout mouse (T-BCATmKO) with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells deficient in the Bcat2 gene that encodes BCATm. Based on initial studies showing that a deletion of BCATm from T cells leads to increased glycolytic and oxygen metabolism and up-regulation of complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling, we hypothesized that if BCATm is absent from T cells, this would stimulate T cell activation leading to improved T cell function in mice challenged with lymphoma. For this purpose, T-BCATmKO and T-BCATmfl/fl male mice (15-16 weeks old) were subcutaneously injected with 2.5x105 mouse lymphoma EG7-OVA cells. Tumor growth, animal weight, and food intake were recorded daily for a period of 20 days. Mice developed tumors around day 10 and this was not associated with weight loss or poor feeding of the mice as no changes in body weights or food intake between the different mouse groups were observed. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA revealed that T-BCATmKO mice had significantly delayed tumor growth compared to T-BCATmfl/fl mice (P= 0.05). In addition, CD4+ T cells isolated from T-BCATmKO mice released significantly more IFNγ after 48-72 hours of activation suggesting that CD4+ T cells from T-BCATmKO mice were more active than T cells from T-BCATmfl/fl mice. This study revealed that targeting BCATm in T cells may offer an advantage in mice to better fight lymphoma cancer and represents an attractive target for future immunotherapeutic anti-cancer approaches. Citation Format: Christie Adam, Alexander Martin, Rebekah Betar, Mercedes Foster, Michael Boyer, Elitsa Ananieva. T cell conditional knockout mouse model of the mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm) responds with delayed tumor growth to a lymphoma challenge [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1807.
Spectroscopy of the 29Si(p, gamma ) reaction for Ep=1.75-2.51 MeV.

The $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}) reaction has been studied for 30 resonances in the range ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$=1.75--2.51 MeV. Branching ratios have been measured for 28 of these resonances. The separation energy ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{p}}$ for $^{30}\mathrm{P}$ has been determined to be 5594.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 keV. Improved spin, parity, and isospin assignments have been made to a number of the resonant states. A new level has been identified in $^{30}\mathrm{P}$ at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=6006 keV, and its \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray branching ratios have been measured. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Directed VR-Representable Graphs have Unbounded Dimension

Visibility representations of graphs map vertices to sets in Euclidean space and express edges as visibility relations between these sets. A three-dimensional visibility representation that has been studied is one in which each vertex of the graph maps to a closed rectangle in ℝ3 and edges are expressed by vertical visibility between rectangles. The rectangles representing vertices are disjoint, contained in planes perpendicular to the z-axis, and have sides parallel to the x or y axes. Two rectangles Ri and Rj are considered visible provided that there exists a closed cylinder C of non-zero length and radius such that the ends of C are contained in Ri and Rj, the axis of C is parallel to the z-axis, and C does not intersect any other rectangle. A graph that can be represented in this way is called VR-representable.
Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation

Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), a recently introduced method for protecting against distortion during information transmission, has shown both theoretical and practical promise. In this article, the history of coded modulation is briefly reviewed to motivate the development of BICM. The encoder and various decoding methods of BICM are then discussed in detail, and performance curves are presented for BICM when a noniterative decoder is employed. These performance curves and other recent work demonstrate that BICM is a very appealing method of coded modulation for communication systems, particularly for operation over the communication channels typically encountered in wireless communication systems. Keywords: coded modulation; fading channels; Shannon capacity; wireless communications
Legumes select symbiosis island sequence variants in Bradyrhizobium.

Bradyrhizobium strains sampled from 14 legume genera native to eastern North America showed substantial host-related phylogenetic clustering at three loci in the symbiotic island (SI) region (nodC, nifD, nifH), indicating selection of distinct suites of SI lineages by different legumes. Bacteria assorted consistently with particular legumes across two regions separated by 800 km, implying recurrent assembly of the same symbiotic combinations. High genetic polymorphism of all three SI loci relative to four nonsymbiotic loci supported the inference that a form of multiple-niche balancing selection has acted on the SI region, arising from differential symbiont utilization by different legume taxa. Extensive discordance between the tree for SI variants and a phylogenetic tree inferred for four housekeeping loci implied that lateral transfer of the symbiosis island region has been common (at least 26 transfer events among 85 Bradyrhizobium strains analysed). Patterns of linkage disequilibrium also supported the conclusion that recombination has impacted symbiotic and nonsymbiotic regions unequally. The high prevalence of lateral transfer suggests that acquisition of a novel SI variant may often confer a strong selective advantage for recipient cells.
Pioneer 10 and 11 and ground-based infrared data on Jupiter - The thermal structure and He-H2 ratio

Temperature profiles for low- and mid-latitude regions on Jupiter are obtained from Pioneer 10 and 11 and ground based infrared data. Temperatures at 1.0 bar are near 165°K and drop to 105-110°K near 0.10 bar, for an overlying thermal in version which reaches 133 - 143° K near 0.03 bar. The molar fraction of H_2 most consistent with the Pioneer data is 0.88 ± 0.06 (He/H_2 = 0.14 ± 0.08), conditional on the perfect validity of the model and lack of systematic errors in the data. The local effective temperatures of various regions range from 124°.2 to 127°.6K, consistent with the global average of 125° K in the model-independent results in the previous chapter. It is probable that the temperature profiles of various latitudes on the planet are quite similar and that differences in observed intensity reflect the presence or absence of an optically thick cloud near 0.70 bar.
Regulation of coenzyme A biosynthesis by glucagon and glucocorticoid in adult rat liver parenchymal cells

We studied the effects of glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and dexamethasone on the rate of [(14)C]pantothenate conversion to CoA in adult rat liver parenchymal cells in primary culture. The presence of 30nm-glucagon increased the rate by about 1.5-fold relative to control cultures (range 1.4-2.3) and 2.4-fold relative to cultures containing 1-3m-i.u. of insulin/ml. The half-maximal effect was obtained at 3nm-glucagon. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus theophylline also enhanced the rate by about 1.5-fold. Dexamethasone acted synergistically with glucagon; glucagon at 0.3nm had no effect when added alone, but resulted in a 1.7-fold enhancement when added in the presence of dexamethasone (maximum effect at 50nm). The 1.4-fold enhancement caused by the addition of saturating glucagon concentrations was increased to a 3-fold overall enhancement by the addition of dexamethasone. However, dexamethasone added alone over the range 5nm to 5mum had no effect on the rate of [(14)C]pantothenate conversion to CoA. The stimulatory effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus theophylline was also enhanced by the addition of dexamethasone. Changes in intracellular pantothenate concentration or radioactivity could not account for the stimulatory effects of glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dexamethasone. Addition of 18mum-cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, decreased the rate of incorporation of [(14)C]pantothenate into CoA and the enhancement of this rate by glucagon and dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus theophylline in a reversible manner. These results demonstrate an influence of glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids on the intracellular mechanism regulating total CoA concentrations in the liver.
Audio-visual spontaneous emotion recognition

Automatic multimodal recognition of spontaneous emotional expressions is a largely unexplored and challenging problem. In this paper, we explore audio-visual emotion recognition in a realistic human conversation setting--the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Based on the assumption that facial expression and vocal expression are at the same coarse affective states, positive and negative emotion sequences are labeled according to Facial Action Coding System. Facial texture in visual channel and prosody in audio channel are integrated in the framework of Adaboost multi-stream hidden Markov model (AdaMHMM) in which the Adaboost learning scheme is used to build component HMM fusion. Our approach is evaluated in AAI spontaneous emotion recognition experiments.
Localization of Acid Phosphatase Activity in the Basidia of Coprinus micaceus

Gill lamellae from the young fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Coprinus micaceus possess cytoplasmic particles with cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity; they are presumed to be lysosomes.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 195

Abstract Nuclear structure information available to January 1978 has been reviewed. The level properties obtained from various reaction and decay experiments are shown in the drawings. Experimental methods, references, and comments are given in the text.
Quantification of histone modifications using 15N metabolic labeling

Mass spectrometry has made major contributions to recent discoveries in the field of epigenetics, particularly in the characterization of the myriad post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones which are technically challenging to analyze. These new developments have further aroused great interest in development of robust, new mass spectrometric methods to quantitatively study the dynamics of histone modifications. This review covers quantitative analysis of histone PTMs and discuss an 15N metabolic labeling procedure for quantifying histone PTMs applied to the analysis of methyltransferase knockouts in the model organism, Tetrahymena thermophila.
Linear and nonlinear properties of platinum electrode polarisation. II: Time domain analysis.

The linear and nonlinear transient behaviour of a platinum electrode in physiological saline (0·9% NaCl) was investigated. The interface overpotential (current) in response to a step current (voltage) was monitored over six decades of pulse duration starting at 10 μs, both in the linear range, i.e. where the polarising current and the polarisation voltage are proportional, and in the nonlinear range, where this proportionality is lost. The time invariance of the Pt electrode/physiological saline interface parameters in the linear range and at the onset of nonlinearity over the studied band of frequencies and pulse durations is deduced from the equivalence of experimental results obtained in the frequency and time domains using the appropriate transformation when mapping the two domains. We conclude that the interface can be analysed and modelled in either domain in the linear range and at the onset of nonlinearity.
Caffeine and unsaturated fat diet significantly promotes DMBA‐induced breast cancer in rats

The following study was carried out to determine the possibility of caffeine being a promoter of breast cancer development in animals consuming vegetable fat. A controlled study, comparing the time of mammary tumor development and the number of tumors was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats which had been given 20 mg of DMBA at seven weeks of age. This study evaluated the tumor promotional effects of caffeine alone, caffeine and unsaturated fat in combination, unsaturated fat alone, and a standard rat chow diet. The results show that the rats which consumed caffeine and unsaturated fat had the earliest development of tumor and the most multiple tumor occurrence. Average time to tumor development was 95 days. The fat or standard chow rats had an average time to tumor development of 134 and 140 days, respectively. The caffeine-alone rats had a mean time to tumor development of 188 days. The combination of an unsaturated fat diet and caffeine significantly shortened the time to tumor development when compared with the other three groups.
Thalamic and extrathalamic connections of the dysgranular unresponsive zone in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

The connections of the cortical dysgranular "unresponsive zone" (UZ) (Sur et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 179:425-450, '78) in the grey squirrel were studied with horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic techniques. The results of these experiments show that the major subcortical connections of the unresponsive zone are in large part reciprocal. Connections are distributed within the thalamus in a poorly defined region including restricted portions of several nuclei that lie along the rostral, dorsal, and caudal borders of the ventral posterior nucleus. Additional thalamic connections of the UZ terminate in the reticular nucleus and are reciprocally related to the paralaminar and central median nuclei. Extrathalamic terminations were observed in the zona incerta, the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, the red nucleus, and several subdivisions of the pontine nuclei. The similarity between the pattern of subcortical connections of the UZ in the grey squirrel and patterns reported for the parietal septal region in rats (Chapin and Lin: J. Comp. Neurol. 229:199-213, '84) and for area 3a in primates (Friedman and Jones: J. Neurophysiol. 45:59-85, '81), suggests that the UZ in the grey squirrel may represent a counterpart of at least part of area 3a as described in primates. The results are further discussed with respect to a possible role of the thalamus in control or modulation of interhemispheric circuits and of the UZ in the modulation of nociceptive and kinesthetic pathways through the thalamus. Finally, the term parietal dysgranular cortex (PDC) is proposed as an alternative to denote the region currently called the unresponsive zone.