cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional analysis of protein kinase networks in living cells: Beyond "knock-outs" and "knock-downs"

The identification of over 500 protein kinases encoded by the human genome sequence offers one measure of the importance of protein kinase networks in cell biology. High throughput technologies for inactivating genes are producing an awe-inspiring amount of data on the cellular and organismal effects of reducing the levels of individual protein kinases. Despite these technical advances, our understanding of kinase networks remains imprecise. Major challenges include correctly assigning kinases to particular networks, understanding how they are regulated, and identifying the relevant in vivo substrates. Genetic methods provide a way of addressing these questions, but their application requires understanding the nuances of how different types of mutations can affect protein kinases. The goal of this article is to provide a brief introductory primer into these issues using examples from yeast MAPK cascades and to motivate future systematic genetic analysis focusing on individual residues of protein kinases.
REPERTOIRE, STRUCTURE, AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION OF VOCALIZATIONS IN THE SEA OTTER

Vocalizations of the California sea otter ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) were recorded from wild and captive adults and young and analyzed spectrographically. Parameters measured from the sonagrams included fundamental frequency, duration, maximum frequency, intercall interval, and the location and amplitude of energy peaks. We identified 10 basic vocal categories, one of which consisted of graded signals. The contexts for each call, when known or suspected, are described. Discriminant analysis of the spectrographic parameters for the scream call showed significant differences among individuals for adult females and young. Using only the parameters quantified, each call was assigned correctly to the individual that produced it with 80% accuracy for mothers and 75% for young, thus, indicating that the potential exists for individual vocal recognition in the sea otter. The sea otter's vocal repertoire is similar in complexity to that of certain pinnipeds, but may be less complex than that of several species of social cetaceans and primates. In general, the sea otter's vocal patterns have characteristics thought to be most suitable for short-range communication among familiar individuals.
Forensic science reform in the 21st century: a major conference, a blockbuster report and reasons to be pessimistic

A 2009 conference at Arizona State University brought together leading scholars to discuss the future of forensic science in light of the blockbuster National Academy of Sciences report entitled ‘Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward’. This paper introduces the special issue on forensic science that this conference spawned, considers the significance of the report and then offer reasons to be pessimistic about whether major reforms are forthcoming.
y+ cationic amino acid transport of arginine in packed red blood cells.

Background: Transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) is associated with morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms are not fully understood. Packed red blood cells deplete extracellular arginine and possess transporters for arginine, an amino acid essential for normal immunity. We hypothesize that the membrane yþ amino acid transporter contributes to arginine depletion in PRBCs. Materials and methods: We titrated PRBCs to a 10% hematocrit with phosphate-buffered saline, blocked PRBC yþ transporters using n-ethylmaleimide (0.2 mM), and measured arginine and ornithine levels using liquid chromatographyemass spectroscopy. We added radiolabeled L-arginine [4,5- 3 H] (10 mmol/L) added to similar culture conditions and measured arginine uptake in counts per minute (CPM). We examined storage periods of 6e 9d , 1e4 wk, and 6 wk, and correlated donor demographics with arginine uptake. Results: n-Ethylmaleimide blockade of yþ transporters impaired PRBC arginine depletion from culture media (117.6 � 8.6 mM versus 76.9 � 5.8 mM; P < 0.001) and reduced intracellular L-arginine (7,574 � 955 CPM versus 18,192 � 1,376 CPM; P < 0.01). Arginine depletion increased with storage duration (1 wk versus 6 wk; P < 0.002). With n-ethylmaleimide treatment, 6-wk-old PRBCs preserved more culture arginine (P < 0.008) than at shorter durations. Nine-day storage duration increased L-arginine uptake compared with 6- to 8-day storage (n ¼ 77, R ¼ 0.225, P < 0.05). Extracellular arginine depletion and extracellular ornithine synthesis varied among donors and correlated inversely (R ¼� 0.5, P ¼ 0.01). Conclusions: Membrane yþ transporters are responsible for arginine depletion by PRBCs. Membrane yþ activity increases with storage duration. Arginine uptake varies among donors. Membrane biology of RBCs may have a role in the negative clinical effects associated with PRBC transfusion.
Towards optimisation of openMP codes for synchronisation and data reuse

In this paper, we present the compiler transformation of OpenMP code to an ordered collection of tasks, and the compile time as well as runtime mapping of the resulting task graph to threads for data reuse. The ordering of tasks is relaxed where possible so that the code may be executed in a more loosely synchronous fashion. Our current implementation uses a runtime system that permits tasks to begin execution as soon as their predecessors have completed. A comparison of the performance of two example programs in their original OpenMP form and in the code form resulting from our translation is encouraging.
CT-based definition of thoracic lymph node stations: an atlas from the University of Michigan.

Purpose: Accurate delineation of the mediastinal and hilar lymph node regions is essential for a reproducible definition of target volumes used in conformal irradiation of non-small-cell lung cancer. The goal of this work was to generate a consensus to delineate these nodal regions based on definitions from the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Methods and Materials: A dedicated thoracic radiologist, thoracic surgeon, medical physicist, and three radiation oncologists were gathered to generate a three-dimensional radiologic description for the mediastinal and hilar nodal regions on axial CT scans. This paper proposes an atlas of most of the lymph node stations described by Mountain and Dresler. Results: The CT boundaries of lymph node stations 1–2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10–11 were defined on axial CT, along with image illustrations. Conclusion: These CT-based illustrative definitions will provide guidelines for clinical practice and studies evaluating incidental radiation in radiotherapy. Studies are ongoing at the University of Michigan to measure quantitatively the incidental nodal radiation received by patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Social Capital, Cultural Values, Immigration, and Academic Achievement: The Host Country Context and Contradictory Consequences:

ocial-capital explanations of school outcomes, particularly of the school outcomes of immigrant children and children of immigrants, have come into wide use in recent years. These explanations attempt to account for individual or group variations in school performance by viewing the family and community relations that surround children as forms of investments that yield payoffs in schools. These family and community relations are seen as specific to immigrant groups, or "ethnicity as social capital" (Bankston, Caldas, and Zhou 1997). I believe that although this ethnicity-as-social-capital approach can be a valuable one, it runs the risk of overlooking the complex and contradictory nature of the association between immigrant social relations and the adaptation of immigrant children and children of immigrants. Normative relations among immigrants and their children are not inherent ethnic properties brought from homelands, but the results of responses to the challenges and deprivations of the host country. In addition, social ties that may pay off in one way (say, school success) may constitute liabilities in other ways. For example, the same ties among children, parents, and communities that support strong school performance may also result in estrangement from peers and social discrimination for youths from immigrant communities. The use of "capital" as an explanation of the school achievement of immigrant children and children of immigrants can be seen as a version of an "input" approach to schooling. The term input refers to the influences on academic outcomes that students bring with them to school, while the term process refers to the influences of schools as institutions on
Modified Connection Details for Single Plate Steel Connections under Fire

Single plate (shear tab) connections connect a beam to a girder or to a column, and they are designed to resist only shear loads. In a fire event, the axial restraint provided by adjacent structure creates unanticipated compressive and tensile forces in the beam and thus the connection. Using finite element (FE) models with contact elements, this study examines shear tab connections under fire. The model, validated by experimental data, represents the connection as well as a portion of the surrounding structure in a composite floor framing system. By extending the model beyond the connection region, the combination of shear, axial force and moment are properly represented in the connection during the fire. Previous studies have shown that large beam rotations and tensile forces result in bolt tear out (beam bearing) or bolt shear failure. This study shows how some simple modifications in the connection model affects the response (if at all).
Effects of independently altering body weight and body mass on the metabolic cost of running

The metabolic cost of running is substantial, despite the savings from elastic energy storage and return. Previous studies suggest that generating vertical force to support body weight and horizontal forces to brake and propel body mass are the major determinants of the metabolic cost of running. In the present study, we investigated how independently altering body weight and body mass affects the metabolic cost of running. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that reducing body weight would decrease metabolic rate proportionally, and adding mass and weight would increase metabolic rate proportionally. Further, because previous studies show that adding mass alone does not affect the forces generated on the ground, we hypothesized that adding mass alone would have no substantial effect on metabolic rate. We manipulated the body weight and body mass of 10 recreational human runners and measured their metabolic rates while they ran at 3 m s(-1). We reduced weight using a harness system, increased mass and weight using lead worn about the waist, and increased mass alone using a combination of weight support and added load. We found that net metabolic rate decreased in less than direct proportion to reduced body weight, increased in slightly more than direct proportion to added load (added mass and weight), and was not substantially different from normal running with added mass alone. Adding mass alone was not an effective method for determining the metabolic cost attributable to braking/propelling body mass. Runners loaded with mass alone did not generate greater vertical or horizontal impulses and their metabolic costs did not substantially differ from those of normal running. Our results show that generating force to support body weight is the primary determinant of the metabolic cost of running. Extrapolating our reduced weight data to zero weight suggests that supporting body weight comprises at most 74% of the net cost of running. However, 74% is probably an overestimate of the metabolic demand of body weight to support itself because in reduced gravity conditions decrements in horizontal impulse accompanied decrements in vertical impulse.
The communication revolution and its effects on 21/sup st/ century engineering education

The communication revolution that began in the latter portion of the 20/sup th/ century has brought a new focus on communication to 21/sup st/ century students both in and out of the classroom. In the classroom, student communication is rapidly increasing through the application of active learning strategies and cooperative learning. No longer are students expected to learn in isolation. Outside the classroom, technology has brought the classroom to the student in a variety of ways now centered on the World Wide Web. Students have access to e-mail and information 24-hours a day and are often expected to collaborate and communicate with classmates in design teams and on homework. This paper explores the nearly all-encompassing focus on communication as a cornerstone in the education of today's engineering students.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LYRICS AND MELODY IN POPULAR MUSIC

Composers of popular music weave lyrics, melody, and instrumentation together to create a consistent and compelling emotional scene. The relationships among these elements are critical to musical communication, and understanding the statistics behind these relationships can contribute to numerous problems in music information retrieval and creativity support. In this paper, we present the results of an observational study on a large symbolic database of popular music; our results identify several patterns in the relationship between lyrics and melody.
Application, Advantages, and Methods Associated with Using BIM in Commercial Construction

Building information modeling (BIM) has become an integral part of commercial construction processes in recent years. This article summarizes a research study undertaken to explore the frequency of BIM application, the advantages and effects of using BIM, and various other methods associated with developing and using BIM models in commercial construction. Executive, mid-management, and BIM practitioner-level employees from eighteen leading commercial general contracting firms (with regard to BIM use) were surveyed to determine how their companies utilized BIM. Thirty-two different applications of BIM use were identified for commercial construction, and those most commonly utilized included clash detection, 3-D modeling, team collaboration, constructability issues of design, and sales. Communication, scheduling, coordination, visualization, and clash detection were identified as the top advantages of using BIM. Regarding the effects of using BIM, companies reported a positive impact on profitability, time ...
Using Sentence Frames to Develop Academic Vocabulary for English Learners

Often, English-language development (ELD) is taught during a dedicated time of the school day. There is often a mismatch between the content of ELD and the lessons taught during core instruction provided during the remainder of the day. During core instruction, teachers use specially designed academic instruction in English strategies to ensure comprehensible input, but struggle to find ways to incorporate ELD. Content-based ELD links language learning and academic vocabulary directly to core instruction, and includes four steps: (1) preview the text to determine the core concept, (2) match the concept to the appropriate language function, (3) select and teach academic vocabulary, and (4) develop sentence frames for oral-language practice that incorporates the language function with the academic vocabulary. Content-based ELD provides English learners with the language, vocabulary, and structured language practice necessary to think, talk, and write about the concepts that they are expected to comprehend. This article demonstrates how to develop content-based ELD for social studies.
Canopy Closure and Emigration by Juvenile Gopher Frogs

Abstract Although studies have addressed effects of abrupt transitions in habitat type (e.g., forest–clear-cut or forest–field edges) on amphibian movements, little is known about effects of more subtle habitat transitions on patterns of migration and habitat use in amphibians. We used radiotelemetry to study movement patterns of juvenile gopher frogs (Rana capito) emigrating from ponds that were surrounded by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest that varied in structure as a result of fire suppression. Our primary purpose was to determine if frogs emigrate directionally from their natal ponds and select habitat at random during their first month following metamorphosis. We found that frogs emigrated in nonrandom directions from ponds that were surrounded by heterogeneous habitat and selected fire-maintained habitat that was associated with an open canopy, few hardwood trees, small amounts of leaf litter, and large amounts of wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana). Fire-maintained habitat contained higher den...
Tsunami: A parasitic, indestructible botnet on Kad

While current botnets rely on a central server or bootstrap nodes for their operations, in this paper we identify and investigate a new type of botnet, called Tsunami, in which no such bottleneck nodes exist. In particular, we study how a Tsunami botnet can build a parasitic relationship with a widely deployed P2P system, Kad, to successfully issue commands to its bots, launch various attacks, including distributed denial of service (DDoS) and spam, at ease, as well as receive responses from the bots. Our evaluation shows that in a Kad network with four million nodes, even with only 6 % nodes being Tsunami bots, Tsunami can reach 75 % of its bots in less than 4 min and receive responses from 99 % of bots. We further propose how we may defend against Tsunami and evaluate the defense solution.
The HEART Pathway Randomized Trial: Identifying Emergency Department Patients With Acute Chest Pain for Early Discharge

Background—The HEART Pathway is a decision aid designed to identify emergency department patients with acute chest pain for early discharge. No randomized trials have compared the HEART Pathway with usual care. Methods and Results—Adult emergency department patients with symptoms related to acute coronary syndrome without ST-elevation on ECG (n=282) were randomized to the HEART Pathway or usual care. In the HEART Pathway arm, emergency department providers used the HEART score, a validated decision aid, and troponin measures at 0 and 3 hours to identify patients for early discharge. Usual care was based on American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. The primary outcome, objective cardiac testing (stress testing or angiography), and secondary outcomes, index length of stay, early discharge, and major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization), were assessed at 30 days by phone interview and record review. Participants had a mean age of 53 ...
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ESTUARIES

ABSTRACT The elements to be considered in a mathematical model for estuarial sediment transport are presented. These elements include convection–diffusion terms and source and sink functions based on previous laboratory experiments. The experimental results yielded descriptions of deposition from suspension and erosion of cohesive beds. Mathematical models that simulate the transport of cohesive sediments are reviewed with recommendations for future work.
Choroidal thickness measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography: factors affecting thickness in glaucoma patients.

Purpose To measure choroidal thickness and to determine parameters associated with it. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Seventy-four glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects. Methods Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans were obtained to estimate average choroidal thickness in a group of glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients. The average thickness was calculated from enhanced depth SD-OCT images and manually analyzed with Image J software. Open-angle glaucoma, open-angle glaucoma suspect, primary angle-closure glaucoma, primary angle closure, and primary angle-closure suspect were defined by published criteria. Glaucoma suspects had normal visual fields bilaterally. Glaucoma was defined by specific criteria for optic disc damage and visual field loss in ≥1 eye. The most affected eye was analyzed for comparisons across individuals, and right/left and upper half/lower half comparisons were made to compare thickness against degree of visual field damage. Main Outcome Measures Average macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness measured using SD-OCT. Results The choroidal–scleral interface was visualized in 86% and 96% of the macular and peripapillary scans, respectively. In multivariable linear regression analysis, the macular choroid was significantly thinner in association with 4 features: Longer eyes (22 μm per mm longer [95% confidence interval (CI), −33, −11]), older individuals (31 μm thinner per decade older [95% CI, −44, −17]), lower diastolic ocular perfusion pressure (26 μm thinner per 10 mmHg lower [95% CI, 8, 44]), and thicker central corneas (6 μm per 10 μm thicker cornea [95% CI, −10, 0]). The choroid was not significantly thinner in glaucoma patients than in suspects (14 μm [95% CI, −54, 26]; P = 0.5). Peripapillary choroidal thickness was not significantly different between glaucoma and suspect patients. Thickness was not associated with damage severity as estimated by visual field mean deviation or nerve fiber layer thickness, including comparisons of right with left eye or upper with lower values. Conclusions Age, axial length, CCT, and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure are significantly associated with choroidal thickness in glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients. Degree of glaucoma damage was not consistently associated with choroidal thickness. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Human 'brite/beige' adipocytes develop from capillary networks, and their implantation improves metabolic homeostasis in mice

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue, where it generates heat by uncoupling electron transport from ATP production. UCP1 is also found outside classical brown adipose tissue depots, in adipocytes that are termed 'brite' (brown-in-white) or 'beige'. In humans, the presence of brite or beige (brite/beige) adipocytes is correlated with a lean, metabolically healthy phenotype, but whether a causal relationship exists is not clear. Here we report that human brite/beige adipocyte progenitors proliferate in response to pro-angiogenic factors, in association with expanding capillary networks. Adipocytes formed from these progenitors transform in response to adenylate cyclase activation from being UCP1 negative to being UCP1 positive, which is a defining feature of the beige/brite phenotype, while displaying uncoupled respiration. When implanted into normal chow-fed, or into high-fat diet (HFD)-fed, glucose-intolerant NOD-scid IL2rg(null) (NSG) mice, brite/beige adipocytes activated in vitro enhance systemic glucose tolerance. These adipocytes express neuroendocrine and secreted factors, including the pro-protein convertase PCSK1, which is strongly associated with human obesity. Pro-angiogenic conditions therefore drive the proliferation of human beige/brite adipocyte progenitors, and activated beige/brite adipocytes can affect systemic glucose homeostasis, potentially through a neuroendocrine mechanism.
Meiosis Networks

A central problem in connectionist modelling is the control of network and architectural resources during learning. In the present approach, weights reflect a coarse prediction history as coded by a distribution of values and parameterized in the mean and standard deviation of these weight distributions. Weight updates are a function of both the mean and standard deviation of each connection in the network and vary as a function of the error signal ("stochastic delta rule"; Hanson, 1990). Consequently, the weights maintain information on their central tendency and their "uncertainty" in prediction. Such information is useful in establishing a policy concerning the size of the nodal complexity of the network and growth of new nodes. For example, during problem solving the present network can undergo "meiosis", producing two nodes where there was one "overtaxed" node as measured by its coefficient of variation. It is shown in a number of benchmark problems that meiosis networks can find minimal architectures, reduce computational complexity, and overall increase the efficiency of the representation learning interaction.
A VARIETY OF ABSIDIA ISOLATED FROM COMANDRA PALLIDA

Species of A bsidia are infrequently reported from plant material (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). In the summer of 1960 the senior author, in connection with another study, collected fresh specimens of Comandra pallida A. DC. and brought them immediately from the field to the laboratory. In the laboratory, leaves heavily covered with the telial stage of Cronartium comandrae Peck were detached from the plants and placed on moistened filter paper in Petri dishes. The dishes were placed in the laboratory window for two days. At the end of that time, all the leaves were covered with a fluffy, white mold. Upon isolation and study, the fungus proved to be a variety of Absidia which had not previously been reported.
Endothelial cell modulation of haemostasis

Endothelial cells were isolated from the umbilical vein in human umbilical cords and were grown in tissue culture for periods up to 5 mth. These human endothelial cells grew as monolayers of closely apposed, polygonal large cells whereas both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells grew as overlapping layers of parallel arrays of slender, spindleshaped cells. By EM, cultured endothelial cells were seen to contain cytoplasmic inclusions (Weibel-Palade bodies) characteristic of in situ endothelial cells. These were also found in endothelial cells lining umbilical veins but were not seen in smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts in culture or in situ. Cultured endothelial cells contained abundant smooth muscle actomyosin as well as ABH antigens appropriate to the donor's blood type; these antigens were not detectable in cultured smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts. The cultured human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a protein(s) which contains the same polypeptide subunit as factor VIII antigen. Von Willebrand factor activity has also been identified in medium from cultured human endothelial cells. Subcellular membrane and granule fractions derived from human platelets also contain factor VIII antigen and von Willebrand factor activity but not factor VIII procoagulant activity. A factor VIII binding protein has been identified in solubilized platelet membrane and granule fractions. Circulating platelets constitute a significant reservoir of plasma factor VIII antigen. Thus normal platelets contain surface bound.as well as internally stored von Willebrand factor, a protein synthesized by endothelial cells which is necessary for normal platelet function in vivo. These studies suggest that endothelial cells play an important role in the surface orientated modulation of hemostatic events.
Micro-scale Untethered Sensor for Temperature Measurements

In this paper, we present a novel micro-scale spherical laser for temperature measurements in fluid flow. The sensor relays on free space, interrogation of the optical modes of a spherical particle. The particle is made by Norland Blocking Adhesive (NBA 107) and is doped with rhodamine 6G. When the particle is illuminated by an external source (in our case a frequency doubled pulsed Nd:YAG laser) the florescence that is emitted by the dye couples into the optical modes of the microparticle. The optical modes are observed by coupling the scattered light into a spectrometer. When a particle experiences a change in the temperature, its optical modes shift due to thermal expansion and also due to a thermo-optical effect (change in the index of refraction with temperature). Thus, small changes in the temperature can be measured by tracking the shift that is induced in the optical modes.
Native conformational dynamics of the spliceosomal U1A protein.

The complex of spliceosomal U1A protein and its cognate SL2 RNA is a prototype system for protein–RNA binding studies. A major question is whether U1A protein alone is capable of undergoing conformational dynamics similar to structural rearrangements upon RNA binding. Using a fast temperature jump and tryptophan fluorescence detection, we uncover a ∼20 μs conformational transition for the Lys22Gln/Phe56Trp-only mutant of U1A, yet a Phe56Trp-only control mutant does not show the transition. To explain this observation, we performed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The simulations explain why only the Lys22Gln/Phe56Trp-only mutant shows a fluorescence signal: in the other mutant, the tryptophan probe is not quenched upon structural rearrangement. The simulations support helix C movement as the underlying structural rearrangement, although the simulated time scale is faster than experimentally detected. On the basis of our MD results, we propose a reversible two-pathway three-state transition f...
Isovolumetric partial exchange transfusion in the management of sickle cell disease in pregnancy: II. Simplified ambulatory technique

A simple technique is presented for determining the volume of blood to be exchanged in an isovolumetric partial exchange transfusion in order to achieve a desired final hematocrit or desired final percentage of normal hemoglobin. Experience from 16 exchange transfusions in 10 obstetric patients is used to improve the estimate of specific blood volume and, hence, the accuracy of the technique. A detailed protocol for this simple outpatient procedure is presented.
Use of a Caliper to Determine Dimensions of the Volume to be Implanted With 125iodine in the Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma

AbstractA caliper is described to measure the average dimension of prostatic size before 125iodine implantation in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma.
Synchrotron X-ray footprinting as a method to visualize water in proteins.

The vast majority of biomolecular processes are controlled or facilitated by water interactions. In enzymes, regulatory proteins, membrane-bound receptors and ion-channels, water bound to functionally important residues creates hydrogen-bonding networks that underlie the mechanism of action of the macromolecule. High-resolution X-ray structures are often difficult to obtain with many of these classes of proteins because sample conditions, such as the necessity of detergents, often impede crystallization. Other biophysical techniques such as neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are useful for studying internal water, though each has its own advantages and drawbacks, and often a hybrid approach is required to address important biological problems associated with protein–water interactions. One major area requiring more investigation is the study of bound water molecules which reside in cavities and channels and which are often involved in both the structural and functional aspects of receptor, transporter and ion channel proteins. In recent years, significant progress has been made in synchrotron-based radiolytic labeling and mass spectroscopy techniques for both the identification of bound waters and for characterizing the role of water in protein conformational changes at a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution. Here the latest developments and future capabilities of this method for investigating water–protein interactions and its synergy with other synchrotron-based methods are discussed.
Moral Failure — Response to Critics

I briefly introduce Moral Failure as a book that brings together philosophical and empirical work in moral psychology to examine moral requirements that are non-negotiable and that contravene the principle that “ought implies can.” I respond to Rivera by arguing that the process of construction that imbues normative requirements with authority need not systematize or eliminate conflicts between normative requirements. My response to Schwartzman clarifies what is problematic about nonideal theorizing that limits itself to offering action-guidance. In response to Kittay, I defend my rejection of “ought implies can,” and consider the implications of the concept of unfair moral requirements.
Viagens em Troia com Freire:a tecnologia como um agente de emancipação

The rapid dissemination of new technologies in schools is an opportunity for the popularization of the educational philosophies of two important theorists of education: Seymour Papert and Paulo Freire. Digital technologies enable diverse and innovative ways of working, expressing, and building. This chameleonesque adaptivity of computational media enables the acknowledgement and embracing of epistemological diversity (TURKLE; PAPERT, 1991), engendering an environment in which students, finding their own voice, can concretize their ideas and projects with motivation and engagement. This article describes an implementation conducted in a Brazilian public school and proposes a series of principles for the design of Papertian/Freirean learning environments, by analyzing the intellectual and emotional commitments of students, their learning paths, and the complexity of their designs, which ranged from robots and computer programs to fiction movies. The article discusses an implementation model with four components. First, we identify a community-relevant generative theme. Second, we depart from the community’s technological culture and expertise as a basis for introducing new technologies. Third, we deliberately use a mixed-media approach, in which high- and low-tech, on- and off-screen, and high- and low-cost expressive tools coexist for students’ production of artifacts. Lastly, we question (or “displace”) taken-for-granted school practices and mindsets, even those that are apparently irrelevant to teaching and learning. We conclude that such use of expressive technologies can be a powerful agent of emancipation a la Paulo Freire, especially in economically disadvantaged communities.
Cartilage Healing, Repair, and Regeneration: Natural History to Current Therapies

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent form of arthritis, affects up to 15 % of the adult population and is principally characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage component of the joint. While vital to its function as a weight-bearing tissue, the relatively simple structure and hypocellularity of cartilage severely limits its ability to self-heal. Indeed, treatments of human cartilage injuries are often at odds with the natural progression of OA, resulting in major clinical hurdles. Remarkably, several non-human animal groups are able to regenerate robust cartilage and heal cartilage injuries. This chapter begins with a review of these species to highlight possible clues for improving human cartilage repair. Next, the limitations of human cartilage healing are addressed, as well as current therapies for augmenting cartilage regeneration. Finally, future directions for bridging the gap between cartilage-regenerative responses are discussed.
Responses of orb-weaving spider aggregations to spatiotemporal variation in lake-to-land subsidies at Lake Mývatn, Iceland

Tundra ecosystems are often unproductive, and peaks in resource availability are highly variable in space and time. Therefore, the success of organisms inhabiting these biomes likely depends on their ability to efficiently exploit heterogeneously distributed resources. We assessed how orb-weaving spider (Larinioides patagiatus) aggregations near Lake Mývatn, Iceland, respond to large midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) emergences that subsidize ecological communities in the surrounding landscape. The emergences occur for only a few weeks each summer, and the subsidy declines with distance from the lakeshore, producing large spatiotemporal variation in prey availability that might drive orb-weaver foraging behavior. We conducted three surveys during different phases of the summer emergence along a distance gradient to quantify variation in spider aggregation, web size, and habitat use in response to prey abundance. We found that aggregation size increased with the abundance of aerial prey, with the highest orb-weaver densities occurring at peak midge emergence. In contrast, changes in web size did not vary with midge abundance, but rather were determined by physical habitat structure. Our results illustrate how orb-weaver aggregations and web building can respond to spatiotemporal variation in resource subsidies across ecosystem boundaries.
Coach, parent, and administrator perspectives on required coaching education in organized youth sport:

Previous studies have primarily relied on coaches’ perspectives about whether and how to provide formal coaching education in youth sport. This study was designed to highlight multiple perspectives from key stakeholders (i.e., coaches, parents, and administrators) about the need for required formal coaching education programs in a youth sport community. We applied Bronfenbrenner’s process-person-context-time framework to understand views on required coaching education and children’s development through sport from an ecological vantage. The sample included 202 coaches, 309 parents, and 38 administrators who were involved in youth sport. In an online survey, participants were asked whether they agreed or disagreed that coaching education should be required, followed by an open-ended question asking them to elaborate on their answer. Quantitatively, the majority of participants agreed or strongly agreed that coaching education should be required. Inductive–deductive qualitative analyses resulted in 49 lower ...
The Alarmist View of Technology

Individuals and institutions can adopt either a collective technophobia and attempt to ignore or to minimize their use of technology, or they can adopt a technophilia and enthusiastically maximize their dependence on and support of technology without any concern for important risk factors.1 Between these two extreme responses to technology there is a third possibility that attempts to achieve some equilibrium, accounting for the problems associated with technology without thereby condemning technology as a whole. The third option expects to optimize the advantages technology has to offer, while keeping under control most of the potential drawbacks associated with technology.2
Dynamically tunable extraordinary light absorption in monolayer graphene

The high carrier mobility of graphene makes it an attractive material for electronics, however, graphene's application for optoelectronic systems is limited due to its low optical absorption. We present a cavity-coupled nanopatterned graphene absorber designed to sustain temporal and spatial overlap between localized surface plasmon resonance and cavity modes, thereby resulting in enhanced absorption up to an unprecedented value of theoretically $(60%)$ and experimentally measured $(45%)$ monolayer graphene in the technologically relevant 8--12-\ensuremath{\mu}m atmospheric transparent infrared imaging band. We demonstrate a wide electrostatic tunability of the absorption band $(\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$ by modifying the Fermi energy. The proposed device design allows enhanced absorption and dynamic tunability of chemical vapor deposition grown low carrier mobility graphene which provides a significant advantage over previous strategies where absorption enhancement was limited to exfoliated high carrier mobility graphene. We developed an analytical model that incorporates the coupling of the graphene electron and substrate phonons, providing valuable and instructive insights into the modified plasmon-phonon dispersion relation necessary to interpret the experimental observations. Such gate voltage and cavity tunable enhanced absorption in chemical vapor deposited large area monolayer graphene paves the path towards the scalable development of ultrasensitive infrared photodetectors, modulators, and other optoelectronic devices.
Procedural outcomes and long-term survival associated with lead extraction in patients with abandoned leads

Background The decision to abandon or extract superfluous sterile leads is controversial. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare procedural outcomes and long-term survival of patients with and those without abandoned leads undergoing lead extraction (LE). Methods Retrospective review of all patients who had undergone transvenous LE at our institution from January 2007 to May 2016 was performed. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of abandoned leads. Results Among 774 patients who had undergone LE procedures, 38 (4.9%) had abandoned leads (group 1). Dwell time of the oldest extracted lead was longer in group 1 vs group 2 (7.6 ± 4.9 years vs 5.6 ± 4.4 years; P = .017), as was infection as an indication for LE (76% vs 33%; P Conclusion Abandoned leads at the time of LE were associated with increased procedural complexity, including a higher rate of bailout femoral extraction, and may be associated with lower clinical success. Among appropriately selected patients, consideration should be given to LE instead of abandonment.
Athletic Training Student Core Competency Implementation During Patient Encounters.

Context: Health care research evidence suggests that early patient encounters (PEs), as well as the purposeful implementation of professional core competencies (CCs), for athletic training student...
Juvenile Delinquency: Peer Influences, Gender Differences and Prevention

SUMMARY Previous research exploring the formation and influence of peer relationships on male and female delinquency has found a strong connection between friendships with antisocial peers and involvement in delinquent activity. Although there has been a substantial amount of research exploring these relationships, the majority of studies have focused upon male adolescents. This qualitative study was designed to compare genders on the influence of peer relationships contributing to delinquent behavior. Information was obtained through interviews with 10 male and 10 female incarcerated juvenile offenders. The intent of the study was to seek support for the influence of peer relationships on female delinquency. However, the data analysis revealed themes indicating that family functioning influences were more important for females. The themes for the male delinquents indicated that peer relationships had a strong influence on their behavior. Other themes for both males and females were related to school and ...
Designing An Optimal Intellectual Property System for Plants: A U.S. Supreme Court Debate

Historically, intellectual property systems have facilitated the commercialization of plant innovation by offering specialized protection regimes for specialized circumstances. In 1930, the U.S. Congress created a "plant patent" regime designed specifically to provide rights against unauthorized asexual propagation, a serious problem in the nursery industry. In 1970, Congress created a "plant variety protection" (PVP) regime that is tailored to provide limited rights against duplication of protected varieties via seeds, a matter of obvious importance in the commercialization of crop plants. At the time, no one perceived any conflict between the specialized regimes and the general "utility" patent system. However, today, the emergence of plant biotechnology, and continued advances in plant breeding techniques, have prompted new questions about the reach of the utility patent regime and its compatibility with plant-specific regimes. In October 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in J.E.M. Ag Supply v. Pioneer Hi-Bred, in which the Court considered whether plant innovation can be protected -- like all other innovation -- under the general "utility" patent system, or whether plant innovation is to be consigned exclusively to specialized regimes. The Court's decision is likely to have major ramifications for the future application of intellectual property regimes to plant research. The decision is likely to have significant practical implications as well. Since 1985, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) has granted hundreds of utility patents on all aspects of innovation relating to plant science: on plants themselves, seeds, breeding methods, plant biotechnology. The Court's J.E.M. decision could impact the validity of many of these existing utility patents on plants. In this article, we explain the issues that the Court will be asked to consider, assess the Court's options in resolving the case, and propose a resolution that best balances private rights and public access to the results of plant research. Our proposal calls for the Court to preserve the current state of the law, in which plants fall among the categories of subject matter that are eligible for utility patent protection. The Court should decline the invitation to rework the nation's intellectual property policy as applied to plants, leaving the job of comprehensive policy reformulation - if it is needed at all - to Congress.
Is there an Embryological Basis for the Association of Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors and Hematologic Cancers

The unexpectedly frequent association of germ cell tumors and hematologic cancers raises a question about the developmental relationship between primordial germ cells (PGCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It has been known for many years that the primordial germ cells of the primitive gonad arise from the yolk sac and that the yolk sac is also the first site of blood formation. It has also become clear that the development of these two apparently disparate cell types is dependent on some of the same factors; c-kit ligand and c-kit receptor are among the most intriguing.
Keeping the Chandra Satellite Cool with Python

The Chandra X-ray Observatory has been providing groundbreaking astronomical data since its launch by NASA in July of 1999. Now starting the second decade of science the Chandra operations team has been using Python to create predictive thermal models of key spacecraft components. These models are being used in the mission planning and command load review process to ensure that the series of planned observations and attitudes for each week will maintain a safe thermal environment. Speaking from my perspective as a scientist working to create and calibrate the models, I will discuss the process and the key off-the-shelf tools that made it all possible. This includes fitting many-parameter models with the Sherpa package, parallel computation with mpi4py/MPICH2, large table manipulations with pytables/HDF5, and of course fast array math with NumPy.
TCP Pilus Expression and Biogenesis by Classical and El Tor Biotypes of Vibrio Cholerae 01

The mechanisms utilized by Vibrio cholerae for adherence and colonization of the human intestine have remained elusive to investigators for many years. This is probably due to the overall complexity of colonization and the lack of genetic systems that allowed the introduction of defined mutations to eliminate the expression of individual components possibly involved in the process, thereby allowing for the assessment of each one’s role. The most likely molecules to mediate attachment include a number of bacterial cell surface and soluble hemagglutinins that vary with regards to the source of erythrocytes they hemagglutinate, the carbohydrate sensitivity of the binding, and the stage of growth during which they are expressed (1). The other potential mediators of colonization are several different pili (fimbriae), some of which may be the same as certain hemagglutinins, although this correlation has yet to be determined (3). The expression of these pili varies with growth conditions. One of these pili types, that we have recently reported on is shown in Fig. 1. We have named this pilus TCP for toxin coregulated pilus, because its expression parallels that of toxin production (12).