cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I’m Happy, Hope You’re Happy Too.

While most empirical studies show stable and high levels of subjective well- being in Western societies, other studies have documented an apparently contradictory feeling of a loss of sense of community and high levels of discontent with the way society functions. Based on an analysis of the Social Cohesion Indicators survey (SCIF, Belgium), we demonstrate that subjective well-being and one's view on society are two distinct concepts. Both measurements are related, however, with some spill-over effects from individual well-being toward the assessment of society. Most notably, ethnocentrism does not have an impact on subjective well-being, but it has a strong negative impact on the view on society. Ethnocentrism has a strong effect on the distribution of discontent with society. We hypothesize that ethnocentric actors might still be satisfied with their own living conditions, but that they feel increasingly alienated from the culturally diverse society they live in.
The Nickel and Iron Abundances in the Crab Nebula Filaments

Recent near-infrared observations of the Crab Nebula filaments indicate that Ni is overabundant by an order of magnitude, while Fe is underabundant by roughly 3 times, both by number relative to their solar levels. This suggests that Fe is depleted by grain formation. A lower limit on the mass of Fe in the filaments is 0.01 M⊙.
Vapor Compression Distillation Urine Processor Lessons Learned from Development and Life Testing

Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD) is the chosen technology for urine processing aboard the International Space Station (155). Development and life testing over the past several years have brought to the forefront problems and solutions for the VCD technology. Testing between 1992 and 1998 has been instrumental in developing estimates of hardware life and reliability. It has also helped improve the hardware design in ways that either correct existing problems or enhance the existing design of the hardware. The testing has increased the confidence in the VCD technology and reduced technical and programmatic risks. This paper summarizes the test results and changes that have been made to the VCD design.
Extent and pattern of early soybean seedling colonization by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani in naturally infested soil

Fusarium oxysporum colonized soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Essex] cotyledons 1 day after planting in a naturally infested soil and was present in 25% of tissue segments after 4 days. Both F. solani and F. oxysporum colonized the lower hypocotyl and emerging roots 2 and 3 days after planting, respectively. After 4 days, both fungi were found colonizing the elongating, upper portion of the hypocotyl, but the root tip remained free of the two fungi. The hypocotyl-root transition zone had the highest frequency of colonization (20–28% of 2 mm tissue segments) by each species at 4 days. F. solani had higher inoculum efficiencies for colonization than F. oxysporum. Tissue pasteurization tests indicated most early colonization is confined to the outer portions of tissues. The relative frequency and pattern of isolation of F. oxysporum and F. solani from lesions paralleled that of early colonization results, but only a small portion of hypocotyl and root colonization sites developed into lesions. These results support the hypothesis that non-pathogenic and pathogenic F. oxysporum and F. solani strains are primary and frequent colonizers of soybean tissues. Non-pathogenic isolates may have potential for biocontrol.
Comparison of Methods for Evaluating Pavement Interventions: Evaluation and Case Study

Decision makers are always faced with the challenge of selecting and implementing cost-effective pavement preservation alternatives, particularly when encountering shrinking budgets and increased competition for funds. Pavement intervention and investment evaluation criteria used in past research and practice are reviewed. The synthesis of pavement preservation effectiveness and efficiency evaluation techniques that is presented is unique from both benefit and cost perspectives. Criteria are of the following categories: effectiveness (benefit) only, cost only, cost-effectiveness, and economic efficiency. Computational details, past applications, merits, and demerits of various evaluation criteria are discussed for each criterion. Then selected criteria are computed with data from a national pavement study; they are used to evaluate alternative rigid pavement rehabilitation treatments. The case study results suggest that the superior short-term effectiveness exhibited by a treatment does not necessarily translate into superior long-term effectiveness. The evaluation results can vary widely for cost only, effectiveness only, and both cost and effectiveness criteria. Thus, evaluation based on cost-only or effectiveness-only criteria can yield biased evaluation results. To be a suitable candidate, a treatment or strategy must be not only effective but also cost-effective and economically efficient and the incorporation of user costs into evaluation can significantly influence the evaluation results. Such a synthesis can be a vital support for highway agencies in decision making for infrastructure management in general and pavement management in particular.
Prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging depiction of a small sublingual ranula

Prenatal diagnosis of a congenital ranula has rarely been reported. We describe the case of a small ranula depicted on prenatal sonogram and magnetic resonance imaging, in which we could confirm the intact airway. Although the size of the ranula noted in our fetus was the smallest among the cases reported in the English literature, both of these imaging modalities clearly presented typical diagnostic features present on both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010
Effectiveness of RNA interference in transgenic plants

RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to study gene function by effecting degradation of the targeted transcript. However, the effectiveness of transgene-induced RNAi among multiple target genes has not been compared systematically. To this end, we developed a relative quantitative RT-PCR protocol that allows use of a single internal standard over a wide range of target gene expression levels. Using this method in an analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana RNAi lines targeting 25 different endogenes revealed that independent, homozygous, single-copy (sc) T4 lines targeting the same gene generally reduce transcript levels to the same extent, whereas multi-copy RNAi lines differed in the degree of target reduction and never exceeded the effect of sc transgenes. The maximal reduction of target transcript levels varied among targets. These observations suggest that each target sequence possesses an inherent degree of susceptibility to dsRNA-mediated degradation.
Chondral fractures of the knee: Cause for confusion

Knee pain in the athlete can pose difficulty in diagnosis. At the United States Military Academy at West Point we have had occasion to see a group of patients presenting with meniscal symptoms of locking, catching, giving way, and joint line tenderness who, on arthroscopic examination, have chondral fractures of the medial or lateral femoral condyle. These individuals have undergone arthroscopy and debridement of the chondral defect. Both retrospectively and prospectively we have been unable to find any defects on radiographs and there appears to be purely cartilaginous involvement. These individuals appear to have a relatively poor prognosis for recovery after arthroscopy. Treatment has been a standard course of range of motion exercises, strengthening, and antiinflammatory medications. However, the mean rehabilitation time has been almost triple the time associated with a routine meniscal injury. We feel that it is important to discuss the chondral fracture so that the orthopaedic surgeon can be aware of this possibility in the differential diagnosis of knee pain in the athlete.
Functional and Behavioral Representation of Product Information for Collaboration in Product Lifecycle

In this study, a functional and behavioral representation model for collaboration in product development is developed to represent assembly-related product knowledge, including its geometry, spatial relationships, function and behavior, which will be used to create a knowledge representation scheme to capture, store, and retrieve product knowledge. In this model, the function, behavior and artifact information is interrelated based on assembly associations. Functional and behavioral inputs and outputs are defined based on the spatial relationships in the assembly, as well as on the geometry of the product. The functional associations among artifacts define the “Behavior Model” with engineering formulas and physical rules. “Behavior Models” then define the behavior of the artifact. Behavior has four different forms for different phases in life cycle: (1) Intended Behavior in the conceptual design phase, (2) Estimated Behavior in the design phase, (3) Observed Behavior in the operation stage, and (4) Evaluated Behavior in the design and operation phases. When an unintended event (behavior) occurs, an additional function can be added to eliminate that effect. As a result, the functional and behavioral model is updated dynamically.© 2007 ASME
An optimal probe testing algorthm for the connectivity verification of MCM substrates

The k-probe testing methodology is an effec- tive approach to detect open and shod faults in MCM substrates. We propose an algorithm which generates the minimum number of tests for complete open fault cover- age. For k equals two, the algorithm is able to reduce the test size by up to 50% comparing with that generated by an ordinary approach. A multi-dimensional travel- ing salesman problem formulation is devised to optimize probe routes. The approach has been tested on existin.g substrate testers, and has achieved excellent results.
Enzymatic synthesis of deoxypseudouridylic acid and a study of certain of its properties.

Abstract 1. A rapid method for preparation of deoxyribose 5-phosphate is reported. 2. Pseudouridylate synthetase utilizes deoxyribose 5-phosphate in place of ribose 5-phosphate. The product of the reaction is deoxypseudouridine 5′-phosphate. 3. Labeled deoxypseudouridine is incorporated into the DNA of growing cultures of Escherichia coli. 4. Deoxypseudouridine is without effect on growing L cells.
Fluorescent metal nanoshell and CK19 detection on single cell image.

Abstract In this article, we report the synthesis strategy and optical properties of a novel type of fluorescence metal nanoshell when it was used as imaging agent for fluorescence cell imaging. The metal nanoshells were made with 40 nm silica cores and 10 nm silver shells. Unlike typical fluorescence metal nanoshells which contain the organic dyes in the cores, novel metal nanoshells were composed of Cy5-labelled monoclonal anti-CK19 antibodies (mAbs) on the external surfaces of shells. Optical measurements to the single nanoparticles showed that in comparison with the metal free labelled mAbs, the mAb-Ag complexes displayed significantly enhanced emission intensity and dramatically shortened lifetime due to near-field interactions of fluorophores with metal. These metal nanoshells were found to be able to immunoreact with target cytokeratin 19 (CK19) molecules on the surfaces of LNCAP and HeLa cells. Fluorescence cell images were recorded on a time-resolved confocal microscope. The emissions from the metal nanoprobes could be clearly isolated from the cellular autofluorescence backgrounds on the cell images as either individuals or small clusters due to their stronger emission intensities and shorter lifetimes. These emission signals could also be precisely counted on single cell images. The count number may provide an approach for quantifying the target molecules in the cells.
The Constitution as Symbol Patterns of Meaning

The purpose of this article is to examine the symbolic meaning of the Constitution. To accomplish this, 324 subjects were administered a 60-item Q-sort consisting of state ments of opinion about th...
New Quantitative Method for the Determination of UV Stability in Various LC + DYE Mixtures

Abstract The typical forms of degradations in various dye + LC mixtures under increased UV radiation are discussed. The forms of degradation are illustrated by microphotographs. The proposed stability factor (SF) permits a quick quantitative comparison for UV stability. The usefulness of SF is demonstrated with several commercially available dyes and with Di-Triazolo-Benzoate (DTB) derivatives. These DTB derivatives synthesized for our purposes exhibit positive absorption anisotropy, liquid crystalline like behavior above 120°C and high UV stability. By introducing the concept of Stabilizing Influence of Dyes (SID) the interpretation of some interesting effects observed in connection with the UV stability of various mixtures is given.
How to train your microbe: methods for dynamically characterizing gene networks

Gene networks regulate biological processes dynamically. However, researchers have largely relied upon static perturbations, such as growth media variations and gene knockouts, to elucidate gene network structure and function. Thus, much of the regulation on the path from DNA to phenotype remains poorly understood. Recent studies have utilized improved genetic tools, hardware, and computational control strategies to generate precise temporal perturbations outside and inside of live cells. These experiments have, in turn, provided new insights into the organizing principles of biology. Here, we introduce the major classes of dynamical perturbations that can be used to study gene networks, and discuss technologies available for creating them in a wide range of microbial pathways.
Synthesis and evaluation of sulfonylethyl-containing phosphotriesters of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine as anticancer prodrugs.

Abstract A series of bis(sulfonylethyl) and mono(sulfonylethyl) phenyl phosphotriesters of zidovudine (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine, AZT) were synthesized as potential anticancer prodrugs that liberate AZT monophosphate via nonenzymatic β -elimination mechanism. Stability studies demonstrated that all the synthesized prodrugs spontaneously liberate AZT monophosphate with half-lives in the range of 0.07–278.8 h under model physiological conditions in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. Analogous to aldophosphamide, the elimination rates were accelerated in the presence of reconstituted human plasma under the same conditions. Among the compounds, 3 , 4 , 8 , and 10 were comparable or superior to AZT against five established human cancerous cell lines in vitro. Moreover, the selected compounds were equally sensitive to both the wild-type osteosarcoma 143B and the thymidine kinase-deficient 143B/TK − cell lines. The findings are consistent with that these compounds deliver AZT monophosphate intracellularly.
The Influence of Synaptic Weight Distribution on Neuronal Population Dynamics

The manner in which different distributions of synaptic weights onto cortical neurons shape their spiking activity remains open. To characterize a homogeneous neuronal population, we use the master equation for generalized leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with shot-noise synapses. We develop fast semi-analytic numerical methods to solve this equation for either current or conductance synapses, with and without synaptic depression. We show that its solutions match simulations of equivalent neuronal networks better than those of the Fokker-Planck equation and we compute bounds on the network response to non-instantaneous synapses. We apply these methods to study different synaptic weight distributions in feed-forward networks. We characterize the synaptic amplitude distributions using a set of measures, called tail weight numbers, designed to quantify the preponderance of very strong synapses. Even if synaptic amplitude distributions are equated for both the total current and average synaptic weight, distributions with sparse but strong synapses produce higher responses for small inputs, leading to a larger operating range. Furthermore, despite their small number, such synapses enable the network to respond faster and with more stability in the face of external fluctuations.
Resistance patterns to salinity and temperature in an estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) in relation to its life cycle

Abstract Survival of the estuarine mysid Mysidopsis bahia was monitored in the laboratory from juvenile through maturation to an adult under various combinations of salinity (3–31 % 0 S) and temperature (19–31°C). Salinity had a greater influence on mysid survival than did temperature. Salinity tolerance was strongly modified by temperature with maximum tolerance at intermediate temperatures. Salinity-temperature interactions on mysid survival varied with age of the mysid. Canonical analysis of weekly resistance patterns produced absolute maximum survival combinations for salinity and temperature which changed over time. The salinity-temperature tolerance ranges described for this estuarine mysid correspond with previously described physiological capabilities and distribution patterns.
Long-term Effects of Lupinus lepidus on Vegetation Dynamics at Mount St. Helens

The nitrogen-fixing legume Lupinus lepidus is the most abundant herb on new volcanic surfaces at Mount St. Helen. We compared vegetation structure in 30 Lupinus colonies in three age classes (old, mature, or young based on known years of their establishment) to adjacent sites that were sparsely populated by Lupinus. Our goals were to determine if the age of colonies affected either species composition or vegetation structure and if colonies altered vegetation structure of a site. Species richness increased with site age and colonies had significantly greater richness. Mature colonies had lower cover and frequency of other species, while old colonies had significantly higher cover of other species, particularly mosses. Frequencies in colonies were higher than in adjacent sites. Diversity measures were highest in old colonies and least in mature ones. ANOVA showed that density effects of Lupinus were stronger than age effects on richness, cover, frequency, dominance, and diversity. The floristic similarity between colonies and adjacent sites declined with colony age, and sites without Lupinus became heterogeneous with age. Detrended correspondence analysis demonstrated floristic change as colonies aged and that the differences between colonies and sparse sites increased with age. Regressions of Lupinus frequency with measures of structure showed weak second order relationships that suggested that low densities of Lupinus inhibited other species, while higher densities promoted abundance and diversity. Together these results suggest that Lupinus is a key element that alters floristic successional trajectories and accelerates succession. However, its effects are complicated by the wide ranges of Lupinus density, the sequence of invasion, and by herbivores.
Reactivation of SYK expression by inhibition of DNA methylation suppresses breast cancer cell invasiveness.

The gene product of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has been implicated in the suppression of breast cancer invasion. We previously reported that SYK expression is lost in a subset of breast cancer; primarily by methylation-mediated gene silencing. In our study, we explored the possibility of using a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AZA), to suppress breast cancer cell invasion by restoring SYK expression. We found that AZA treatment reestablished the expression of SYK(L) that was accompanied by suppression of the invasion capacity of SYK-negative cells. This invasion inhibition was not due to global cellular toxicity since this treatment did not affect overall cell proliferation. This decreased invasiveness by AZA treatment was diminished by piceatannol, a SYK inhibitor, suggesting that SYK play a significant role in AZA-inducible invasion suppression. SYK promoter hypermethylation was found infrequent in pathologically normal mammary tissues or benign lesions (<5%). In contrast, SYK methylation was frequently identified in ductal carcinoma in situ (∼45%) and invasive ductal carcinoma (47% in node-negative and 40% in node-positive cases), indicating that the hypermethylation of SYK occurs at a stage prior to the development of invasion phenotypes. All these results suggested a potential use of SYK methylation as a valuable biomarker to detect early cancerous lesions and support the use of AZA as a new reagent to the management of advanced breast cancer.
Polarization of neutrons elastically scattered from 3He at 3.33 and 7.90 MeV

Abstract The angular distrubution of the polarization produced in the scattering of neutrons by 3 He was measured for neutron bombarding energies of 3.33 and 7.90 MeV. Measurements at 3.33 MeV were performed for lab scattering angles between 90° and 160° in 10° intervals. At 7.90 MeV, the measurements were carried out between 50° and 150°, also in 10° intervals. The measurements were performed by scattering partially polarized neutrons from 3 He in the form of a gas scintillator, and the polarization was determined from the observed asymmetry in scattered intensities. The largest polarization measured at a bombarding energy of 3.33 MeV was 0.29 ± 0.07 at a lab scattering angle of 130°. At 7.90 MeV, the largest value measured was 0.43 ± 0.07 at a lab scattering angle of 100°. The angular dependence of the differential polarization at each energy is dominated by a sin 2θ dependence and suggests that this term may contain a substantial contribution from p-wave, p-wave interference.
Teacher Conceptions of History

Abstract The central purpose of this exploratory investigation is to describe and analyze teacher conceptions of the meaning of history. The study also explores factors which may shape teacher conceptions of the meaning of history. Data collection included survey and interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis of fieldnotes, frequency analysis and crosstabulation of survey questionnaires. Patterns and themes which emerged were then developed into composite teacher typologies. Teacher typologies included five conceptions of history: the storyteller, the scientific historian, the relativist/reformer, the cosmic philosopher, and the eclectic. Teacher conceptions of history seem related to teacher ideology and to pedagogical orientation.
Friendship, Intimacy, and Humor

This chapter focuses on some interesting, though often neglected, aspects of the relationship between friendship, intimacy, and humor. I begin my analysis by examining the different types of friendships while highlighting the characteristics of the particular kind of friendship that involves intimacy. The second part discusses the concept of intimacy, which has not received much attention among philosophers of education. Next, I move to the heart of this chapter which focuses on the question of: how can humor enhance intimacy in friendship? In the final part of the chapter, I outline some educational implications that can be gleaned from the analysis of the relationship between friendship, intimacy, and humor. Specifically, I maintain that friends can enlighten each other about many things such as new knowledge that they were not aware of, implicit feelings that may not be adequately understood, and values that they are committed to. Some of these insights may be painful or difficult to accept and, as I demonstrate, here is where humor can play a significant role.
Outdoor Temperature, Precipitation, and Wind Speed Affect Physical Activity Levels in Children: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Objective: Evaluate effects of local weather conditions on physical activity in early childhood. Methods: Longitudinal prospective cohort study of 372 children, 3 years old at enrollment, drawn from a major US metropolitan community. Accelerometer-measured (RT3) physical activity was collected every 4 months over 5 years and matched with daily weather measures: day length, heating/cooling degrees (degrees mean temperature < 65°F or ≥ 65°F, respectively), wind, and precipitation. Mixed regression analyses, adjusted for repeated measures, were used to test the relationship between weather and physical activity. Results: Precipitation and wind speed were negatively associated with total physical activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity (P < .0001). Heating and cooling degrees were negatively associated with total physical activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity and positively associated with inactivity (all P < .0001), independent of age, sex, race, BMI, day length, wind, and precipitation. ...
Effect of Coating Geometry on Contact Stresses in Two-Dimensional Discontinuous Coatings

Recent experimental investigations have shown that discontinuous coatings, characterized by island-like coating deposits on dissimilar substrates, can exhibit improved tribological performance over equivalent continuously-coated substrates. In this analysis, the effrect of coating geometry on the normal contact pressure profile was examined for several two-dimensional discontinuous coatings using a numerical elastic stress model. Normal pressure singularities were found for discontinuous regions were examined, the normal pressure singularities were reduced or eliminated. Interfacial tensile stress, due to an imposed tangential friction force, was also investigated. The magnitude of this tensile stress (and stress singularities due to edge configuation) was most affected by the friction coefficient and by the discontinuous coating geometry in the middle of the contact region, where the normal contact pressure was the highest. The discontinuous coating has the potential to provide reservoirs of sacrificial solid lubricants, which wear away with the coating itself, providing a friction-reduction mechanism over the life of the coating reducing the interfacial tensile stress which can lead to premature coating failure.
Cluster Structure of the Anomalous Liquid Water

DERJAGUIN1 reported that water condensed in quartz capillaries from incompletely saturated vapour in the absence of air exhibits anomalous properties. Condensation of anomalous water occurs only on areas free of a wetting film, indicating an influence of the quartz surface. Compared with normal water, anomalous water has a lower vapour pressure, a density of 1.2–1.3 g cm−3, fifteen times greater viscosity, and one and a half times the thermal expansion coefficient2. The equilibrium vapour pressure is independent of the capillary diameter, indicating that the anomalous properties are a result of a modification in structure of the liquid phase rather than a purely surface phenomenon.
Reprise: partial chemical strain dislocations and their role in pinning dislocations to their atmospheres

A correct solution for a dislocation atmosphere is provided using Hirth's Standard Model, confirming the errors in Hirth and Lothe. Contrary to what is given there, concentration changes in Cottrell atmospheres reduce an edge dislocation's stress and its elastic energy, thereby reducing the magnitude of the concentration changes. The chemical and elastic strain fields from Cottrell atmospheres are again shown to behave as partial dislocations with variable Burgers vectors that are not crystal translation vectors. The reality of partial dislocations provides a simpler explanation for pinning of dislocations by atmospheres. Much of the literature on dislocation properties in solid solutions should be re-examined.
Impaction and rebound of particles at acute incident angles

When a particle impacts on a surface at an angle < 90°, only the normal component of the impact velocity is usually considered to contribute to deformation. A new model has been developed in which the impact velocity tangential to the surface contributes towards lateral rotation during impact, and the remaining tangential kinetic energy and the stored elastic deformation energy provide the energy for particle rebound. Calculations with the model for conditions used in published experiments compare well with the data and explain observed dependencies. It was found that the rebound velocity and also the critical velocity, at which rebound starts, are strongly dependent on the incident impact angle. Aspects of the new model have been used to calculate and explain the performance of a newly developed particle bounce monitor.
An adaptive control of the batch reactor-III

The optimal control of a batch reactor often involves that the reaction should be conducted adiabatically at first. By taking observations during the adiabatic part of the reaction information about the kinetics of the reaction can be obtained and later used to program the heat control of the reactor to achieve the desired conversion in the minimum time. In this first part a general perspective of the whole scheme is given and the peculiar problems of determining the unknown kinetics are discussed and illustrated by extensive simulation calculations.
Excimer laser—assisted femoral angioplasty: Early results

Abstract The ability to ablate atheroma without generating heat makes the excimer laser wavelength a promising intraluminal technique for the treatment of arterial occlusive disease. This series reviews a preliminary experience treating patients with superficial femoral arterial disease admitted with limb-threatening ischemia or claudication. Twenty-six diseased superficial femoral arteries (5 stenotic and 21 occluded) were treated in 23 consecutive patients. Patients with claudication (18) reluctant to undergo bypass or with limb-threatening ischemia (8) at extremely high risk for surgery were included. There were 10 men and 13 women with a mean age of 67 years. A 308 nm excimer laser with an over-the-wire catheter (19) or balloon-centered end-on catheter (7) was used followed by balloon angioplasty. Twenty-four procedures were performed percutaneously, and two were performed with the vessel open in the operating room. Technical success, defined as disobliteration confirmed by angiography and greater than 0.15 increase of the ankle/brachial index, was achieved in 15 of 26. Eleven of 21 occlusions (52%) and four of five stenoses (80%) were opened. Only two of 11 lesions longer than 10 cm were successfully treated. Unsuccessful attempts (technical failure) occurred in 11 of 26 patients and resulted in four elective and one emergency femoral-popliteal bypass. Five patients were discharged with their claudication unchanged, and one had an elective amputation. Six arterial perforations with three arteriovenous fistulas occurred, all resolved without operation. No unanticipated limb loss occurred. In the 15 successful cases, the mean ankle/brachial index increase was 0.34. Seven (47%) of these 15 remain patent with a mean follow-up of 9.5 months (1.5 to 14 months). Initial technical success and early patency of excimer laser angioplasty is poor compared to arterial bypass surgery. The technique has limited use for long stenoses or occlusions. However, it may be effective in carefully selected short lesions. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:607-14.)
The Effects of Forecasting on Creative Problem-Solving: An Experimental Study

Prior research suggests that forecasting may play a critical role in both the evaluation of new ideas and planning for idea implementation. In the present study, 141 undergraduates were asked to formulate advertising campaigns for a new product. These campaign proposals were evaluated for quality, originality, and elegance. Prior to formulating these campaigns, participants were asked to forecast the implication of their ideas and forecast the effects of a plan for implementing their best idea. It was found that the extensiveness of forecasting the implication of ideas and the extensiveness of forecasting the implications of plans were related to the quality, originality, and elegance of the advertising campaigns proposed. The effectiveness of these forecasts was influenced by analysis of causes and goals and the use of case models. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of forecasting in creative thought are discussed.
Directionally selective channels mediate the discrimination of moving aperiodic stimuli

Adaptation procedures were used to demonstrate that directionally selective channels mediate the discrimination of aperiodic stimuli moving at a common speed. Subjects were adapted to a grating that drifted to either the left or the right. They then determined the orientation of the gap in a ‘C’ that was also moving to either the left or the right. Performance in identifying the gap orientation was most impaired when the C moved in the same direction as the adapting grating.
Morphological variability of keratohyalin

With the aid of the electron microscope, it has been possible to demonstrate that the configuration of keratohyalin in rat tongue epithelium is highly variable. The configurations described by others are seen, i.e., the globular or irregular granules made up of homogeneous electron-opaque material. In addition to these, there are two other types of granules. One type is constituted heterogeneously of material similar in density to that usually described and another slightly less dense material. In the other type, keratohyalin is arranged as a dense rim around an electron-translucent, amorphous center. In addition to the cytoplasmic keratohyalin granules, intranuclear dense granules were demonstrated. The morphology of these intranuclear granules is similar in some ways to cytoplasmic keratohyalin.
Toxicology of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) constitute a class of pharmacologically active agents with similar therapeutic actions and side effects, despite diverse chemical structures. NSAIDs inhibit the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase and, thus, decrease inflammation mediated by prostaglandins. Toxicoses due to NSAIDs are manifested primarily by gastrointestinal upset and hemorrhage and by renal damage. Management consists of detoxification measures, in addition to supportive and symptomatic care. The article outlines the incidence, clinical toxicity, mode of action, and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The toxic effects of NSAIDs on individual organ systems are described, and general management recommendations for the treatment ofNSAID toxicoses are presented.
Performance benefits of TPE inter‐material substitution using metallocene ethylene elastomers

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are one of the fastest-growing segments of the plastic compounding market and are projected to grow at an annual rate of 5%-6% (1). By offering additional options and benefits on the price-performance curve, thermoplastic olefins (TPOs) are expected to grow at higher rates than many styrenics and thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) in automotive, durables and construction market sectors. Traditionally, these markets initially specify materials that may be over-engineered in an application to ensure they fully meet the required properties. Over time, however, specifiers are often forced to shift their focus to reduce costs via new material substitution, provided they can continue to meet the required properties. Likewise, inter-material substitution is a common trend based on the product delivering improved performance over the incumbent material at comparable costs, such as the movement to replace f-PVC compounds with soft TPOs in automotive interior thermoformed sheeting. The soft TPOs based on metallocene ethylene elastomers offer improved cold-temperature-impact performance, lower part weight, and extended lifetime durability over f-PVC at essentially the same part cost. This paper offers a comparison of emerging soft TPO compounds based on metallocene ethylene elastomers with styrene tri-block polymer (SEBS), TPVs and f-PVC compounds.
Solution structural characterization of an array of nanoscale aqueous inorganic Ga13−xInx (0 ≤ x ≤ 6) clusters by 1H-NMR and QM computations

NMR spectroscopy is the go-to technique for determining the solution structures of organic, organometallic, and even macromolecular species. However, structure determination of nanoscale aqueous inorganic clusters by NMR spectroscopy remains an unexplored territory. The few hydroxo-bridged inorganic species well characterized by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) do not provide enough information for signal assignment and prediction of new samples. 1H-NMR and quantum mechanical (QM) computations were used to characterize the NMR spectra of the entire array of inorganic flat-Ga13−xInx (0 ≤ x ≤ 6) nanoscale clusters in solution. A brief review of the known signals for μ2-OH and μ3-OH bridges gives expected ranges for certain types of protons, but does not give enough information for exact peak assignment. Integration values and NOESY data were used to assign the peaks of several cluster species with simple 1H-NMR spectra. Computations agree with these hydroxide signal assignments and allow for assignment of the complex spectra arising from the remaining cluster species. This work shows that 1H-NMR spectroscopy provides a variety of information about the solution behavior of inorganic species previously thought to be inaccessible by NMR due to fast ligand and/or proton exchange in wet solvents.
Synergy of understanding dermatologic disease and epidermal biology

Dermatologic disease, although seldom life threatening, can be extremely disfiguring and interfere with the quality of life. In addition, as opposed to other organs, just the aging of skin and its adnexal structure the hair follicle can result in cosmetic concerns that affect most of us. The articles in this dermatology Review Series demonstrate recent progress in understanding the cell biology and molecular pathophysiology of the epidermis and hair follicles, which harbor keratinocyte and melanocyte stem cells. They reveal a dynamic relationship between research and clinical care: knowledge of dermatologic disease has facilitated the understanding of the biology of the epidermis and, in turn, progress in basic science has informed our understanding of disease. This type of synergy is a profound strength of clinical research of the type that the JCI is dedicated to publishing.
Decentralized control strategies for hereditary systems

A control strategy, which allows some level of autonomous component control, for large scale hereditary systems is presented. The basic problem considered is how to add conditions to the component objectives and to arrange exchanges of information which enables all components to achieve their objectives. The approach requires that component interaction be suitably limited so that variational methods can be used to determine component controls independently.
Photodissociation of 1,4-dioxane ions. Competitive formation of two fragment ions

Abstract Photodissociation of the dioxane parent ion, m/z 88, in the ICR ion trap gives predominantly m/z 57 fragments at wavelengths between 515 and 457 nm, while at wavelengths increasing from 595 to 615 nm, an increasing amount of m/z 58 fragment is observed, reaching a 58/57 ratio of 5/1 at 615 nm. This is in contrast to the observed fragmentation of m/z 88 ions energies produced by photoionization, where m/z 58 is the predominant fragment for photon energies in this energy range. However, comparing monoenergetic fragmenting ions, as approximated by the first derivative of the photoionization efficiency plots, the photodissociation pattern is in qualitative agreement with photoionization; the higher 57/58 ratio in photodissociation is attributed to the electron-impact-produced ions in the ICR ion trap containing 0.3 eV of excitation in excess of thermal. The observations and interpretation are consistent with preliminary ion-beam photodissociation results from Bowers' laboratory and a consistent picture of the competitive production of these two fragment ions as a function of parent ion internal energy is obtained.
Vinculin Is Associated with the E-cadherin Adhesion Complex

Cadherins mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion, and this activity is regulated by cytoplasmic interactions between cadherins, catenins, and the actin-based cytoskeleton. α-Catenin plays a critical role in the transmembrane anchorage of cadherins, and deletion of α-catenin has been shown to inactivate cadherin-mediated adhesion, resulting in a nonadhesive phenotype. Here we show that serum starvation increases E-cadherin expression and induces E-cadherin-dependent adhesion in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line. This adhesion occurred despite a lack of α-catenin expression, which was caused by mutations in the α-catenin gene. Coprecipitation analysis suggests that this adhesion may be mediated by cytoplasmic connections from cadherins to the cytoskeleton involving vinculin. A high level of vinculin associated with E-cadherin immunoprecipitates was observed in MDA-MB-468 cells. In contrast, vinculin was not detected in E-cadherin complexes in the A431 and MCF-7 epithelial carcinoma cell lines, which express α-catenin. However, in reciprocal immunoprecipitations using anti-vinculin antibodies, E-cadherin associated strongly with vinculin in MDA-MB-468 cells and, to a lesser extent, in A431 and MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that both α-catenin and vinculin may be present in the adhesion complex. To test the hypothesis that vinculin associates with E-cadherin complexes via β-catenin, excess recombinant β-catenin or α-catenin fusion protein was added to MDA-MB-468 cell lysates. Both specifically inhibited the coprecipitation of E-cadherin with vinculin, suggesting competition for the same binding site. These results suggest that vinculin plays a role in the establishment or regulation of the cadherin-based cell adhesion complex by direct interaction with β-catenin.
Self-Modeling Mixture Analysis by Interactive Principal Component Analysis

A key procedure for mixture analysis in self-modeling methods is to identify a pure wavelength (or pure variable) for each component in the mixture. A pure wavelength has intensity contributions from only one of the components in a mixture. In this paper, an interactive approach based on principal component analysis (IPCA) is presented for the pure wavelength selection. The approach is developed from a combination of key set factor analysis (KSFA) and SIMPLISMA (simple-to-use interactive self-modeling mixture analysis). Since all significant principal components are included and user interaction is available during the procedure of selecting pure wavelengths, this new approach effectively resolves complicated mixture data containing highly overlapping and nonlinear absorptivities. Moreover, the noise level of the original spectra is determined from secondary principal components and used in the scaling so that pure wavelength selection reflects the signal-to-noise ratio in the data. Simulated three-component mixture spectra are used to demonstrate the IPCA method; this is followed by a general approach for analyzing an esterification reaction using mid-infrared data. The KSFA, SIMPLISMA and IPCA methods are compared by analyzing a set of near-infrared spectra of methane, ethane, and propane mixtures. Results from the three pure wavelength methods are used as inputs to the method of alternating least-squares to produce predicted spectra very similar to the spectra of the pure components.
Kinetics of selenium release in mine waste from the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale, Phosphoria Formation, Wooley Valley, Idaho, USA

Abstract Phosphorite from the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation has been mined in southeastern Idaho since 1906. Dumps of waste rock from mining operations contain high concentrations of Se which readily leach into nearby streams and wetlands. While the most common mineralogical residence of Se in the phosphatic shale is elemental Se, Se(0), Se is also an integral component of sulfide phases (pyrite, sphalerite and vaesite–pyrite ss ) in the waste rock. It may also be present as adsorbed selenate and/or selenite, and FeSe 2 and organo-selenides. Se release from the waste rock has been observed in field and laboratory experiments. Release rates calculated from waste rock dump and column leachate solutions describe the net, overall Se release from all of the possible sources of Se listed above. In field studies, Se concentration in seepage water (pH 7.4–7.8) from the Wooley Valley Unit 4 dump ranges from 3600 µg/L in May to 10 µg/L by Sept. Surface water flow, Q , from the seep also declines over the summer, from 2 L/s in May to 0.03 L/s in Sept. Se flux ([Se] ⁎ Q ) reaches a steady-state of Q . Se release (mg/L) follows a first order reaction with a rate constant, k , = 1.35 – 6.35e−3 h − 1 (11.8–55.6 yr − 1 ). Laboratory experiments were performed with the waste shale in packed bed reactors; residence time varied from 0.09 to 400 h and outlet pH ∼ 7.5. Here, Se concentration increased with increasing residence time and release was modeled with a first order reaction with k = 2.19e−3 h − 1 (19.2 yr − 1 ). Rate constants reported here fall within an order of magnitude of reported rate constants for oxidation of Se(0) formed by bacterial precipitation. This similarity among rate constants from both field and laboratory studies combined with the direct observation of Se(0) in waste shales of the Phosphoria Formation suggests that oxidation of Se(0) may control steady-state Se concentration in water draining the Wooley Valley waste dump.
Neighboring group catalysis in the design of nucleotide prodrugs.

An approach is described for potential application to the delivery of polar nucleosides and nucleotides across lipophilic membranes, namely, nucleotide prodrugs based on salicyl phosphate. 3‘-Azido-3‘-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 3‘-deoxythymidine (ddT) were chosen as models. For the synthesis of prototype compounds 1 and 2, the approach was first to react either methyl salicylate (for 1) or phenyl salicylate (for 2) with phosphorus oxychloride in dry methylene chloride at 0 °C with the addition of triethylamine as acid scavenger. The resulting intermediate phosphorodichloridate was reacted immediately with excess nucleoside under the same conditions. The control model compound 3 was prepared by reaction of phenyl phosphorodichloridate and excess nucleoside in pyridine/methylene chloride at 0 °C to give 3 in 82% yield. The synthesis of triester 7 involved reaction of α-(chloroacetyl)salicyl chloride with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranose to give [[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]carbonyl]-2-...
Performance-Reliability-Aided Decision-Making in Multiperson Quadratic Decision Games Against Jamming and Estimation Confrontations

The work presents an attainment of risk-averse cooperative solutions in multi-person, single-objective decision problems for practical situations of the probabilistic (rather than deterministic) nature of performance reliability, its consequences on measuring performance reliability, and the difference between predicting and designing for performance reliability. In particular, some novel research contributions include: (i) closed-loop performance assessment via a performance-information analysis; (ii) cooperative decision selection via a risk-value model; and (iii) risk-averse cooperative decision strategies against confrontations and noncooperation from a malevolent opponent and a stationary environment, respectively.
In Honor of Kevin M. Murphy: Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal

Kevin M. Murphy is the winner of the 1998 John Bates Clark Medal, presented by the American Economic Association every second year to an outstanding economist under the age of forty who is selected for special recognition. He is the George Pratt Schultz Professor of Business Economics and Industrial Relations in the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business and is the model of an applied economist. I will survey a selection of his papers, highlighting his accomplisments in three principle areas--income inequality, unemployment, and economic growth--and considering a representative smattering of other topics.