cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting primary care practices in building capacity to use health information data.

Introduction: Our objective was to describe essential support resources and strategies in order to advance the pace and scope of the use of health information technology (HIT) data. Background and Context: Primary data were collected between January 2011 and October 2012. The primary study population comprised 51 primary care practices enrolled in the Colorado Beacon Consortium in western Colorado. Methods: We used qualitative methods embedded in a mixed-method evaluation: monthly narrative reports from practices; interviews with providers and staff; and focused, group discussions with quality improvement (QI) advisors and staff from the Health Information Technology Regional Extension Center. Findings: Practices valued effective support strategies to assist with using HIT, including the following: translating rules and regulations into individual practice settings; facilitating peer-to-peer connections; providing processes and tools for practice improvement; maintaining accountability and momentum; and providing local electronic health record (EHR) technical expertise. Benefits of support included improved quality measures, operational improvements, increased provider and staff engagement, and deeper understanding of EHR data. Discussion: The findings affirm the utility of practice facilitation for HIT-focused aims with personalized attention and cross-fertilization among practices for improvements. Facilitation to sustain ongoing improvements and prepare for future HIT-intensive improvement activities was highly valued. In addition to the general practice facilitator, an EHR technical expert was critical to improving practice capacity to use electronic clinical data. Collaborative learning expands the pool of mentors and teachers, who can further translate their own lessons into practical advice for their peers, yielding the emergence of a stronger sense of community among the practices. Conclusions: Using HIT more effectively in primary care will require sustained, focused efforts by practices as regulations, incentives and HIT evolve. Ongoing support for community-based practice facilitators; collaborative learning; and local, personalized EHR advisors will help practices care for patients while more effectively deploying HIT to improve care.
Resonance Marketing in the Age of the Truly Informed Consumer: Changes in Corporate Strategy Resulting from Changes in Customer Behavior

Information availability has increased consumers' informedness, the degree to which they know what is available in the marketplace, with precisely which attributes and at precisely what price. This informedness has altered the demand side of market behavior: customers discount heavily when comparable products are available from competitors and when products do not meet their wants, needs, cravings and longings, but no longer discount as heavily when purchasing unfamiliar products. Changes in the demand side are producing comparable changes in the supply side: firms earn less than their expectations when competing in traditional mass market fat spots, while earning far more than previously when entering newly created resonance marketing sweet spots. We trace the impact of hyper differentiation and resonance marketing on the structure of the supply side, with a clear progression from a limited number of fat spots, through reliance upon line extensions, and ultimately to fully differentiated market sweet spots.
Accessibility Transformation Gateway

We developed a transcoder gateway that is designed to transform any website on the fly and to adapt the website to the user's preference and limitations. The gateway applies accessibility rules during transformation to lift accessibility barriers from a webpage. We report both the results of a pilot study and a usability study of visually-impaired users utilizing the gateways.
THE IMPORTED FIRE ANT IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES1

The imported fire ant entered the United States through the port of Mobile around the turn of the century. Within a span of approximately fifty years, it has become a serious economic pest, infesting an estimated 115,360,000 acres in the South. Farmers, urban residents, and animals are all affected by the ant's sting and high, hard crusted mounds. There is a strong demand from local inhabitants to eradicate the thoroughly acclimated and entrenched pest, but anti-insecticide groups and conservationists oppose the use of pesticides. Hence, in recent years, control and containment has been the USDA policy. It is anticipated that Mirex bait and a well-planned eradication program will bring relief and perhaps eradication within the next twelve to fifteen years without harmful side effects in the nine infested southern states.
Construction of phylogenetic profiles based on the genetic distance of hundreds of genomes

Phylogenetic profiles have been widely applied in functional genomics research, especially in the prediction of protein–protein interactions (PPIs). A key issue in phylogenetic profiling is how to effectively select reference organisms from the available hundreds of genomes. In this study, we performed an assessment of reference organism selection based on the genetic distance between the target organism and 167 reference organisms. We found that inclusion of reference organisms from all distance levels had better performance in the prediction of PPIs than that at each distance level. The PPI prediction reached an optimal level when 70% of the reference organisms at all distance levels were selected; and this performance was similar to that in the optimal condition based on the taxonomy tree in our previous study. Because measurement of genetic distance is direct and simple compared to the topology of the taxonomy tree, we suggest selecting reference organisms based on genetic distance in the construction of phylogenetic profiles.
Latino Access to Community Colleges and Hispanic-Serving Institutions: A National Study:

This article examines the factors that affect Latinos’ enrollment in community colleges that are Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs). Compared with community colleges that are not HSIs, HSI community colleges are serving students at greater risk for not completing college. Latinos who are enrolled in community college HSIs, compared with their counterparts not in HSIs, are more likely to be first-generation college-going, male, and older. They also have higher high school grade point averages and higher educational expectations.
Bleaching and stress in coral reef ecosystems: hsp70 expression by the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta.

Sponges are a prominent component of coral reef ecosystems. Like reef-building corals, some sponges have been reported to bleach and die. The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the largest and most important components of Caribbean coral reef communities. Tissues of X. muta contain cyanobacterial symbionts of the Synechococcus group. Two types of bleaching have been described: cyclic bleaching, from which sponges recover, and fatal bleaching, which usually results in sponge death. We quantified hsp70 gene expression as an indicator of stress in X. muta undergoing cyclic and fatal bleaching and in response to thermal and salinity variability in both field and laboratory settings. Chlorophyll a content of sponge tissue was estimated to determine whether hsp70 expression was related to cyanobacterial abundance. We found that fatally bleached sponge tissue presented significantly higher hsp70 gene expression, but cyclically bleached tissue did not, yet both cyclic and fatally bleached tissues had lower chlorophyll a concentrations than nonbleached tissue. These results corroborate field observations suggesting that cyclic bleaching is a temporary, nonstressful state, while fatal bleaching causes significant levels of stress, leading to mortality. Our results support the hypothesis that Synechococcus symbionts are commensals that provide no clear advantage to their sponge host. In laboratory experiments, sponge pieces incubated at 30 °C exhibited significantly higher hsp70 expression than control pieces after 1.5 h, with sponge mortality after less than 15 h. In contrast, sponges at different salinities were not significantly stressed after the same period of time. Stress associated with increasing seawater temperatures may result in declining sponge populations in coral reef ecosystems.
On the Politics of Theorizing in a Postmodern Academy

The authors outline a politics of academic theorizing that seeks pluralism and egalitarianism without relativism and nihilism. Their goal is to help transform the academy by knocking down the walls around institutionalized technoscience without dissolving the enterprise of academic theorizing. Postmodernist critiques have blurred the cultural boundaries between technoscience and popular science practices, calling into question the absolute legitimacy of the former. Yet the positive proposals of postmodernism have been less valuable than the critiques. The authors hope to recover some of the imaginative power of postmodernist criticism by formulating a different politics of academic theorizing, built around the language and practice of “partnering.” In the process, they hope to build exchange relations between postmodernism and other forms of theorizing, such as feminism.
Extending P450 site-of-metabolism models with region-resolution data.

Motivation Cytochrome P450s are a family of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of approximately 90% of FDA-approved drugs. Medicinal chemists often want to know which atoms of a molecule-its metabolized sites-are oxidized by Cytochrome P450s in order to modify their metabolism. Consequently, there are several methods that use literature-derived, atom-resolution data to train models that can predict a molecule's sites of metabolism. There is, however, much more data available at a lower resolution, where the exact site of metabolism is not known, but the region of the molecule that is oxidized is known. Until now, no site-of-metabolism models made use of region-resolution data. Results Here, we describe XenoSite-Region, the first reported method for training site-of-metabolism models with region-resolution data. Our approach uses the Expectation Maximization algorithm to train a site-of-metabolism model. Region-resolution metabolism data was simulated from a large site-of-metabolism dataset, containing 2000 molecules with 3400 metabolized and 30 000 un-metabolized sites and covering nine Cytochrome P450 isozymes. When training on the same molecules (but with only region-level information), we find that this approach yields models almost as accurate as models trained with atom-resolution data. Moreover, we find that atom-resolution trained models are more accurate when also trained with region-resolution data from additional molecules. Our approach, therefore, opens up a way to extend the applicable domain of site-of-metabolism models into larger regions of chemical space. This meets a critical need in drug development by tapping into underutilized data commonly available in most large drug companies. Availability and implementation The algorithm, data and a web server are available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xregion.
Upper gastrointestinal promotility drugs: not all uniform?

The pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders has been under broad investigation in the past two decades; dysmotility remains one of the main focuses of the research. Numerous studies have documented abnormal gastroduodenal motility in patients with functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, and other functional GI disorders. In functional dyspepsia, the abnormalities range from delayed to accelerated gastric emptying, abnormal antral and fundic contractions, and disordered accommodation in the fundus and antrum. Some of the functional GI symptoms may be explained by disturbed motility both during and after the meal. Less is known about small bowel dysmotility. Alterations in small bowel transit time, proximal small bowel accommodation, and abnormal contractions may play a role in pathophysiology of symptoms of the functional disorders. Currently, we have witnessed rapidly accumulating knowledge about the functional characteristics of GI tract motility. Some new tools are available such as a wireless motility capsule 1 or impedance pH test. These tests can give additional information about the relationships between GI transit and contractility as measured by manometry. But antroduodenal manometry, though uncommonly performed, still provide fascinating insights into upper GI motility. Using promotility agents to treat functional GI disorders is very attractive, given that they may target some of the underlining pathophysiologic mechanisms. Unfortunately, most of them are only modestly effective. This may be due to the fact that normal gut motility is a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitters, while available drugs usually target only one neurotransmitter or receptor involved in the maintaining of normal GI motility function.
Delivery of the Nondiabetic Macrosomic Infant

The intrapartum management of the fetus with known or suspected macrosomia presents a considerable challenge to the clinician. Risks and complications are reviewed, and management is discussed.
Contact Mechanics of Nanoparticles: Pulling Rigid Nanoparticles from Soft, Polymeric Surfaces.

Detachment of rigid nanoparticles from soft, gel-like polymeric surfaces is studied by using a combination of the molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical calculations. Simulations show that detachment of nanoparticles from soft surfaces proceeds through a neck formation. Analysis of the simulation results demonstrates that the magnitude of the detachment force f* depends on the nanoparticle radius Rp, shear modulus of substrate Gs, surface tension of substrate γs, and work of adhesion W. It is controlled by the balance of the elastic energy, surface energy of the neck, and nanoparticle adhesion energy to a substrate and depends on the dimensionless parameter δ ∝ γs(GsRp)−1/3W–2/3. In the case of small values of the parameter δ ≪ 1, the critical detachment force approaches a critical detachment force calculated by Johnson, Kendall, and Roberts for adhesive contact, f* = 1.5πWRp. However, in the opposite limit, corresponding to soft substrates, for which δ ≫ 1, the critical detachment force f* ∝ γs3/...
Cytoplasmic codiffusion of fatty acids is not specific for fatty acid binding protein.

The intracellular movement of fatty acids is thought to be facilitated through codiffusion with fatty acid binding protein (FABP). Previous work suggested that FABP decreases fatty acid binding to ...
Inelastic strain recovery of a dynamically deformed unidirectional Ag-Cu eutectic alloy

In this work we report experimentally observed inelastic recovery within a bulk directionally-cast Ag-Cu eutectic system tailored to possess a high density of incoherent twin interfaces. Incremental high strain-rate compression experiments were performed along the [101] crystallographic direction. Initial loading to a compressive strain of 0.10 was followed by inelastic strain recovery of 0.02–0.035. Further incremental loading saw decreasing inelastic strain recovery with each additional loading increment. Once a total compressive stain of 0.22 was reached there was cessation of inelastic strain recovery. Quasi-static compression and thermal experiments were conducted to elucidate the necessary loading conditions for inelastic recovery to occur in the Ag-Cu material and to provide insight of possible active recovery mechanisms.
Molecular phylogenetics and cupule evolution in Fagaceae as inferred from nuclear CRABS CLAW sequences

Fagaceae include nine genera and ca. 900 species, making it one of the largest and economically important groups within Fagales. Phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved despite a long history of systematic study. We used CRABS CLAW, a single-copy nuclear gene, to generate over 2,900 base pairs of new sequence data, and combined it with previously collected molecular data to examine morphological evolution in the Fagaceae. We clarified the relationships of Chrysolepis, Lithocarpus and Quercus, and in this improved phylogenetic context we inferred morphological transformations of the cupule. Phylogenetic analyses supported an origin for Quercus from a castaneoid ancestor and a novel sister group relationship for Asian Lithocarpus and Chrysolepis; however the monophyly of both Lithocarpus and subfamily Castaneoideae was rejected. Our data suggest that North American Lithocarpus densiflorus is distantly related to Asian Lithocarpus and more closely related to Quercus, supporting the hypothesis that the uniflorous cupules ofL. densiflorus and Quercus are derived from dichasium cupules via loss of lateral flowers. The sister group relationship of Asian Lithocarpus and Chrysolepis is supported by the morphological synapomorphy that each fruit is surrounded by a cupule. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the evolution of the unusual cupules of Asian Lithocarpus and Chrysolepis. In this model, every flower represents a reduced dichasium, and we interpret the cupules of these taxa to be compound in nature, formed by multiple single-flowered cupules.
Redefining cultural, national, and religious identity: The Christian–Vodouist dialogue?

This essay examines the work of two prominent progressive Haitian Theologians: Laennec Hurbon, a Catholic Theologian and former Priest, and Jean Fils-Aime, a Protestant Theologian and former Pastor...
On Simple and Efficient Shell and Solid Finite Elements with Rotational Degrees of Freedom

Rotational degrees of freedom (RDOF) in shell and solid finite elements have drawn considerable amount of research effort in the 1980’s and 1990’s. Without full RDOF in the elements general rigid body motions can not be dealt with correctly and results of solution can not be obtained accurately. In particular, when the translational and rotational motions are required to be controlled in a structural system, typically encountered in aerospace and other industries, such a control can not be achieved appropriately without the incorporation of the RDOF in the finite element model. This paper is concerned with the investigation the original goal of which was to provide mixed variational principles for the development of simple and efficient finite elements with RDOF. These finite elements include: (i) isotropic and laminated composite flat triangular shell elements [1], (ii) flat triangular shell elements with embedded and distributed piezoelectric components, and (iii) lower order four-node tetrahedral solid elements. They are indispensable in the analysis of large scale aerospace structural systems which include non-periodic cellular structures. One common feature among these elements is that their translational degrees of freedom (DOF) are hinged on the hybrid strain formulation while their RDOF are displacement based. Allman’s approach [2] for drilling DOF (DDOF) and RDOF is included in the formulation. Every one of the finite elements introduced is capable of producing the correct number of rigid body modes and there are no zero-energy spurious modes that need to be suppressed. Another feature of these elements is that explicit expressions for element matrices are obtained with manual and a symbolic algebra package, MAPLE. Thus, no numerical matrix inversion and numerical integration are necessary in the derivation of element matrices. These explicit expressions are relatively much more efficient to apply in the analysis and design of large scale structural systems.
The colorimetric determination of selectively cleaved adenosines and guanosines in DNA oligomers using bicinchoninic acid and copper

Colorimetric methods combined with color-changing chemical probes are widely used as simple yet effective tools for identifying and quantifying a wide variety of molecules in solution. For nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), perhaps the most commonly used colorimetric probe is potassium permanganate, which can be used to identify single-stranded pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine) in polymers. Unfortunately, permanganate is not an effective probe for identifying purines (adenine and guanine), especially in the presence of the more reactive pyrimidines. Therefore, robust methods for discriminating between the purines remain elusive, thereby creating a barrier toward developing more complex colorimetric applications. In this proof-of-principle study, we demonstrate that bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and copper, when combined with purine-specific chemical cleavage reactions, can be a colorimetric probe for the identification and quantification of adenosines and/or guanosines in single-stranded DNA oligomers, even in the presence of pyrimidines. Furthermore, the reactions are stoichiometric, which allows for the quantification of the number of adenosines and/or guanosines in these oligomers. Because the BCA/copper reagent detects the reducing sugar, 2-deoxyribose, that results from the chemical cleavage of a given nucleotide's N-glycosidic bond, these colorimetric assays are effectively detecting apurinic sites in DNA oligomers, which are known to occur via DNA damage in biological systems. We demonstrate that simple digital analysis of the color-changing chromophore (BCA/copper) is all that is necessary to obtain quantifiable and reproducible data, which indicates that these assays should be broadly accessible.
The Janice Monk Lecture in Feminist Geography: the first 10 years

AbstractThe year 2016 marked the 10th anniversary of the publication of the Janice Monk Lecture in Feminist Geography in Gender, Place and Culture. Here we celebrate that milestone by reflecting upon the 10 lectures that have been delivered in the series. Our aim is to situate these lectures within the context of the wider intellectual changes that have occurred during that period so as to appreciate the lectures, taken as a whole, as a window on contemporary feminist geography. This contextualization also allows us to recognize the continuing development as well as speculate about feminist geography and the Jan Monk Lecture’s role in contributing to and shaping them.
Finite Mixture Modeling of Gaussian Regression Time Series with Application to Dendrochronology

Finite mixture modeling is a popular statistical technique capable of accounting for various shapes in data. One popular application of mixture models is model-based clustering. This paper considers the problem of clustering regression autoregressive moving average time series. Two novel estimation procedures for the considered framework are developed. The first one yields the conditional maximum likelihood estimates which can be used in cases when the length of times series is substantial. Simple analytical expressions make fast parameter estimation possible. The second method incorporates the Kalman filter and yields the exact maximum likelihood estimates. The procedure for assessing variability in obtained estimates is discussed. We also show that the Bayesian information criterion can be successfully used to choose the optimal number of mixture components and correctly assess time series orders. The performance of the developed methodology is evaluated on simulation studies. An application to the analysis of tree ring data is thoroughly considered. The results are very promising as the proposed approach overcomes the limitations of other methods developed so far.
Reichenbachia, Imperial Edition: Rediscovering Frederick Sander’sLate-Victorian Masterpiece of Botanical Art

v Introduction 1 Chapter One: Orchid Mania and the Reichenbachia 3 Chapter Two: Conservation, Restoration and Registration Report 24 Chapter Three: Exhibition 39 Conclusion 49 Bibliography 52 Appendices 59 1. Condition Form 59 2. First Blog Post 60 3. Second Blog Post 62 4A. Introductory Exhibit Label 65 4B. Other Exhibit Labels 66 4C. Redesigned Exhibit Labels 68 4D. Redesigned Exhibit, Chromolithography Leaflet 71 Vita 73
Synthesis of Intrinsically Disordered Fluorinated Peptides for Modular Design of High-Signal 19 F MRI Agents.

19F MRI is valuable for in vivo imaging due to the only trace amounts of fluorine in biological systems. Because of the low sensitivity of MRI however, designing new fluorochemicals remains a significant challenge for achieving sufficient 19F signal. Here, we describe a new class of high-signal, water-soluble fluorochemicals as 19F MRI imaging agents. A polyamide backbone is used for tuning the proteolytic stability to avoid retention within the body, which is a limitation of current state-of-the-art perfluorochemicals. We show that unstructured peptides containing alternating N-ϵ-trifluoroacetyllysine and lysine provide a degenerate 19F NMR signal. 19F MRI phantom images provide sufficient contrast at micromolar concentrations, showing promise for eventual clinical applications. Finally, the degenerate high signal characteristics were retained when conjugated to a large protein, indicating potential for in vivo targeting applications, including molecular imaging and cell tracking.
Interdisciplinary Service Learning Opportunity: A Nontraditional Approach to Migrant Farmworkers Rehabilitation

Interdisciplinary service learning opportunities are recognized as valuable educational tools for health care students. The Farm Worker Family Health Program, based on a community academic partnership model, enables health care students to treat migrant workers in rural Georgia during the annual farmworker migration. The present article describes how this opportunity has been incorporated into a graduate curriculum, including examining the challenges and successes associated with implementing this type of program. An additional aim is to explore the implications of merging interdisciplinary service learning and community partnerships with physical therapy education, specifically how student volunteers and migrant workers may be impacted by their participation.
Promoting Career and College Readiness, Aspirations, and Self-Efficacy: Curriculum Field Test

To address the need for enhanced career and college readiness, a classroom guidance curriculum was studied using a pretest–posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experimental design. Data from 163 ninth-grade students enrolled in a low-performing high school were analyzed via hierarchical linear modeling. The analyses indicated a treatment effect on postsecondary education-going knowledge and career and college readiness self-efficacy, accounting for 100% of the variance explained by classroom-level factors and indicating potential for the classroom guidance curriculum. The findings encourage career and professional school counselors to proactively employ similar classroom guidance programs aimed at encouraging high school students to consider postsecondary education opportunities. Future research could focus on component analyses of the curriculum, broadening the target populations, using mixed-method designs, and additional validity studies of the dependent measures.
"Institutional Logics in Executive Power: Corporate Restructuring, Performance, and CEO Dismissal"

This paper provides a field-level account of the CEO dismissal process that links the dismissal event to higher-order institutional logics, i.e., widespread cultural beliefs, norms, and assumptions...
Reduction of massive EEG datasets for epilepsy analysis using Artificial Neural Networks

Epileptic seizure source identification involves neurologists combing through a substantial amount of data manually, which sometimes takes weeks per patient. This paper presents a methodology for minimizing the amount of data a neurologist has to analyze to identify the seizure focus. The method keeps the neurologist as the final decision maker and aids in the decision making process. It has to be noted that the primary focus of the work was not improving the accuracy of interictal spike detection but reduction of the volume of data. The presented methodology is based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and is implemented on EEG data collected on 5 patients using a dense array EEG reader. As a baseline, a simple template matching was implemented on the same dataset. Experimental results showed that the ANN based methodology was able to reduce the dataset by 98%, a significant improvement on the template matching method.
Waves in Inhomogeneous and Layered Media

This chapter reviews plane‐wave propagation in homogeneous media and reflection and refraction of plane waves by layered media. It considers the propagation characteristics of guided waves along layered media. The chapter discusses various types of guided waves to introduce the idea of complex waves. It deals with the problem of wave propagation in a medium whose refractive index varies as a function of z only. The chapter also discusses the Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin (WKB) approximation and the turning point. Maxwell's equations are the coupled first‐order vector differential equations for the two field quantities E and H. The chapter shows how to combine these two equations, eliminate one of the field quantities, and obtain the uncoupled second‐order vector differential equation for one field quantity. It shows that the reflection and transmission of a wave at a boundary is equivalent to a transmission‐line junction, if the tangential electric and magnetic fields are defined as the voltage and current, respectively.
Urban Indigenous Bilingualism: An “Environmental Allergy?”:

This case study examines how three American Indian families’ language and literacy practices influence their children’s emergent bilingual development in a predominately White, urban community in a...
Homeostatic synaptic scaling: Molecular regulators of synaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors

The ability of neurons and circuits to maintain their excitability and activity levels within the appropriate dynamic range by homeostatic mechanisms is fundamental for brain function. Neuronal hyperactivity, for instance, could cause seizures. One such homeostatic process is synaptic scaling, also known as synaptic homeostasis. It involves a negative feedback process by which neurons adjust (scale) their postsynaptic strength over their whole synapse population to compensate for increased or decreased overall input thereby preventing neuronal hyper- or hypoactivity that could otherwise result in neuronal network dysfunction. While synaptic scaling is well-established and critical, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still in its infancy. Homeostatic adaptation of synaptic strength is achieved through upregulation (upscaling) or downregulation (downscaling) of the functional availability of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) at postsynaptic sites. Understanding how synaptic AMPARs are modulated in response to alterations in overall neuronal activity is essential to gain valuable insights into how neuronal networks adapt to changes in their environment, as well as the genesis of an array of neurological disorders. Here we discuss the key molecular mechanisms that have been implicated in tuning the synaptic abundance of postsynaptic AMPARs in order to maintain synaptic homeostasis.
Using Behavioral Therapies in Primary Care

Sleep disturbances, and especially insomnia, are prevalent and prominent complaints among primary care patients. Behavioral interventions for several sleep disturbances are available and efficacious; behavioral insomnia interventions rival pharmacologic interventions in both effectiveness and expediency. Several barriers exist to the delivery of such behavioral interventions in the primary care setting including stigma associated with what may be perceived as mental health treatment, the patient’s readiness to change and engage in treatment, and provider time constraints. Chief among these barriers is the limited availability of staff trained to deliver behavioral sleep intervention effectively. Many of these barriers can be addressed by utilizing recent developments in the delivery of behavioral sleep interventions as well as by thoughtful planning of how to structure or restructure practices to accommodate this service. Indeed, the continued adaptation of sleep interventions to primary care settings may enhance overall dissemination efforts, resulting in greater availability of treatment for sleep-related difficulties on a large scale.
Accuracy, Reliability and Performance of Spray Combustion Models in LES

The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach of tracking predetermined sets of droplets via individual computational parcels is assessed for its accuracy and applicability in the dilute regime. Non-reacting particle dispersion in isotropic turbulence and turbulent temporal mixing layers are initially investigated for a range of particles in parcels and Stokes numbers. It is found that the parcel approximation may be valid for a range of Stokes numbers depending upon the particle dispersion growth rate. Spray combustion in the wake of a bluff-body and swirl stabilized combustion in a gas turbine combustor are also studied and results suggest that a limited range of particles per parcels and cutoff radius can be used safely without incurring excessive errors in the predictions.
Protein kinase inhibitor H-89 reverses forskolin stimulation of cardiac L-type calcium current

Calcium currents (ICa) and barium currents (IBa) were measured in freshly isolated single ferret ventricular myocytes, using the whole cell patch-clamp and perforated patch-clamp techniques with Na and K currents blocked by tetraethylammonium and Cs. The membrane potential (Em) dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation curves were determined using a Boltzmann relation, where E0.5 is the Em at half-maximal conductance. Forskolin (1 microM) increased the rate of ICa inactivation, especially in perforated patch, but slowed IBa inactivation. The acceleration is likely to be due to greater Ca-dependent inactivation of ICa, where the slowing of IBa inactivation may be due to protein kinase A-dependent slowing of Em-dependent inactivation. Forskolin (1-10 microM) also increased ICa amplitude by two- to threefold and shifted the E0.5 for both activation and inactivation to more negative potentials by 7-8 mV. The effect of forskolin on the amplitude of ICa could be reversed by an inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H-89; 1-10 microM). However, H-89 did not reverse the shift of E0.5 induced by forskolin. H-89 application by itself does not decrease basal ICa but does shift the E0.5 of both activation and inactivation to more negative values of Em. It is possible that H-89 reverses the shift induced by regulatory phosphorylation (due to forskolin) but induces a coincidental negative shift itself.
Accessory Phallic Urethra in the Female Patient

Abstract The presence of an accessory phallic urethra in the female patient is uncommon. Virilization is not a factor and local embryologie interactions seem capable of explaining the varied spectrum of lesions seen. Abnormal descent of the mullerian ducts results in posterior displacement of the vaginal introitus, allows the accessory phallic urethra to form and results in an unusually prominent phallus. Genitoplasty without ablation of the accessory urethra is recommended.
CHAPTER 6 – TENSORS

Publisher Summary The chief reason for the introduction of irreducible tensors stems from the Wigner–Eckart theorem. The Wigner–Eckart theorem separates the features of a physical process that depend on geometry or symmetry properties from those that depend on the detailed physical interactions. Under a general linear coordinate transformation, second rank tensors decompose into symmetric and antisymmetric parts that are irreducible, provided no additional restrictions are imposed on the transformations. However, further reduction is possible if the coordinate transformation is orthogonal. The transformation law is derivable from the commutation relations. Permutation operators, acting on the indices of the tensor components, commute with the linear transformation. If the indices of a tensor are permuted, the new tensor obeys the same transformation law as the original tensor. Therefore, tensor components may be organized into linear combinations that form bases for irreducible representations of the permutation groups. Such combinations transform among themselves.
Adverse Events Associated with Scleral Lens Wear

Although the original description of scleral lenses fabricated from rigid gas permeable materials was published in 1983,1 the benefits of scleral lenses used to treat corneal irregularity and severe ocular surface disease were not immediately recognized by the eye care community at large. However, the past decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in scleral lenses.
Best practices for identifying men who have sex with men for corrections-based pre-exposure prophylaxis provision

Men who have sex with men (MSM) who are incarcerated are at increased risk for HIV acquisition, yet there are challenges associated with disclosing sexual identity/orientation among people who are incarcerated. The current study used semi-structured, qualitative interviews to explore attitudes and awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among 26 MSM who were incarcerated at the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. Participants noted variable levels of willingness to disclose sexual identity/orientation. CJ institutions should consider involving medical staff and outside agencies when using the CDC PrEP guidelines or consider a WHO-based, rather than behavior-based, approach to determining candidacy for PrEP.
SORCE and Future Satellite Observations of Solar Irradiance

With solar activity just passing the maximum of cycle 23, SORCE is beginning a 5 year mission to measure total solar irradiance (TSI) with unprecedented accuracy using phase-sensitive detection, and to measure spectral solar irradiance (SSI) with unprecedented spectral coverage, from 1 to 2000 nm. The new Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) has 4 active cavity radiometers, any one of which can be used as a fixed-temperature reference against any other that is exposed to the Sun via a shutter that cycles at a rate designed to minimize noise at the shutter frequency. The new Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) is a dual Fery prism spectrometer that can employ either prism as a monochromatic source on the other prism, thus monitoring its transmission during the mission lifetime. Either prism can measure SSI from 200 to 2000 nm, employing the same phase-sensitive electrical substitution strategy as TIM. SORCE also carries dual SOLSTICE instruments to cover the spectral range 100-320 nm, similar to the instruments onboard UARS, and also an XUV Photometer System (XPS) similar to that on TIMED. SSI has now been added to TSI as a requirement of EOS and NPOESS, because different spectral components drive different components of the climate system - UV into upper atmosphere and stratospheric ozone, IR into tropospheric water vapor and clouds, and Visible into the oceans and biosphere. Succeeding satellite missions being planned for 2006 and 2011 will continue to monitor these critical solar variables.
Categories of cortical structure.

Publisher Summary The organization of the mammalian cortex is usually discussed in terms of maps and modules.Maps are topographic cortical (or subcortical) representations in which the geometry of the body is laid out in a more or less continuous fashion that reflects the arrangement of receptor surfaces or musculature. Modules are iterated structures within such maps whose significance and genesis has remained mysterious. These traditional distinctions have sometimes made it difficult to compare diverse cortical systems. For example, the primary somatic sensory map is not easily equated with the cortical map of visual space. Further, iterated modules of similar size and appearance in various cortical regions are not necessarily members of the same class. More useful categories for comparison are cortical structures generated by induction, recognition and subsequent trophic interactions, and iterated cortical units generated by the effects of neural activity on neuronal growth. This analysis of cortical development considers barrels in the somatic sensory cortex and entities such as the primary visual cortex to be members of the same category, and distinguishes barrels from activity-dependent structures such as ocular dominance columns.
Corporate Directors as Purpose Fiduciaries: Reclaiming the Corporate Law We Need

Much of the debate over corporate governance centers on whether directors have fiduciary duties to stockholders alone, or to stakeholders more broadly. I argue instead that, certainly historically and arguably still today, directors have a fiduciary duty not to specific persons, but to the corporate entity and its authorized purposes. Drawing on the distinction advanced by Miller and Gold between “service fiduciaries” (i.e. personal fiduciaries) and “governance fiduciaries” (i.e. purpose fiduciaries), the first section makes a series of analytical arguments in defense of the position that corporate directors are purpose fiduciaries, based on the legal structure of corporations. The second section backs this up with historical argumentation. The corporate bodies of the medieval Catholic Church were clear purpose fiduciaries, and monasteries in particular were the laboratory for charters with purpose clauses. These practices passed over to civil corporations, including merchant guilds. Drawing on the previously unutilized evidence offered by corporate oaths of office, I show that the corporate boards of merchant guilds also began as clear purpose fiduciaries. However, circumstances surrounding the emergence of the business corporation in England, from out of the merchant guild, resulted in this new type of corporation being described in the vocabulary of the joint stock company (a variety of partnership), or alternatively, in the vocabulary of the English trust. Each suggested that stockholders were the “owners” and legal beneficiaries of the corporation, and that the board’s fiduciary duty was to them rather than to purposes. Transformations in corporate enterprise at the end of the 19th century finally made these legal conceits untenable, and recognition of the underlying purpose fiduciarity of directors began to emerge in progressive era legal thought. However, beginning in the 1970s, Chicago neoliberals successfully reasserted the partnership conceit with its implication of “shareholder primacy.” This has caused much intellectual confusion and policy mischief, as it has shaped the norms and laws under which business corporations are governed, with the consequence that corporate managers have turned their firms away from corporate mission and long-term growth and towards the short-term stockholder’s interest in high dividends and stock price, with all of the dysfunctions this entails. But the core of corporate law continues to reveal directors to be purpose fiduciaries, and the courts, while significantly swayed by Chicago conceits, have not fully abandoned a purpose interpretation, although they have narrowed and misconstrued it. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening the purpose fiduciarity of directors, with the potential to significantly improve the performance of corporate firms.
The Additional Diagnostic Value of the Three-dimensional Volume Rendering Imaging in Routine Radiology Practice.

Three-dimensional volume rendering (3DVR) is useful in a wide variety of medical-imaging applications. The increasingly advanced capabilities of CT and MRI to acquire volumetric data sets with isotropic voxels have resulted in the increased use of the 3DVR techniques for clinical applications. The two most commonly used techniques are the maximum intensity projection (MIP) and, more recently, 3DVR. Several kinds of medical imaging data could be reconstructed for 3D display, including CT, MRI, and ultrasonography (US). In particular, the 3D CT imaging has been developed, improved, and widely used of late. Understanding the mechanisms of 3DVR is essential for the accurate evaluation of the resulting images. Although further research is required to detect the efficiency of 3DVR in radiological applications, with wider availability and improved diagnostic performance, 3DVR is likely to enjoy widespread acceptance in the radiology practice going forward.
A Quantitative Framework for Comparing Observed and Simulated Pit-Lake Geochemistry

Pit lakes are commonly studied using advanced geochemical models. However, quantitative post-audits of these studies to assess the degree of agreement with observations are rare. This study used a quantitative evaluator (error variance parameter; Δ) to compare predicted and observed geochemistry of nine pit lakes across three continents and five ore-deposit types. The compiled modeling studies applied a variety of methods to incorporate geochemical (sulfide oxidation and mineral precipitation) and hydrologic processes (groundwater flow and hydrodynamics). Several common ions (Ca, Mg, SO4) and pH were shown to compare well with observations. In contrast, comparisons of model simulations and observations for trace metals and metalloids such as Fe and As were less congruent. The discrepancies for these and other species is potentially linked to inappropriate application of equilibrium thermodynamics and temporal model discretization. Model complexity was also shown to be related to the reproducibility of observed geochemistry. Quantitative analysis using Δ in a wider range of studies may increase understanding of prevalent geochemical processes invoked in pit-lake modeling.
Redefining the Science and Policy of Early Childhood Intervention Programs.

* Abbreviation: NFP — : Nurse-Family Partnership David Olds and his team are to be applauded for creating the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) home-visiting program and for steadfastly following up with the participants in the Memphis randomized controlled trial. In 2 new “child”1 and “mother”2 articles, they report the impacts of NFP on children and mothers, respectively, when the children reach age 18. All too often in the field of home-visiting, observers want to decide that a program either “works” or does not work. If 1 trial, 1 outcome variable, or 1 subgroup shows a null or adverse effect, there may be a rush to declare that the program failed and should be defunded. If 1 evaluation shows a positive impact for a targeted subgroup, there may be support for at least modest funding, but it is not clear that the population benefits or public health is served. This field is not like drug trials or the Food and Drug Administration,3 for which the stark goal is to “separate the relative handful of discoveries which prove to be true advances from a legion of false leads and unverifiable clinical impressions”; instead, home-visiting programs have multiple goals for the mother and child, are implemented with different subgroups in different contexts at different times, assess outcomes in diverse domains across different ages in child development, and use diverse methods of data analysis (eg, covariance, moderation, and mediation) to understand mechanisms. To have a population impact, they must be embedded in a broader system of care for families. To contextualize my comments with full disclosure, I note that I lead and study a public health approach to home-visiting that connects families with community resources, including targeted home-visiting programs similar to NFP. The scientific question in these articles is not whether the NFP program works but how it … Address correspondence to Kenneth A. Dodge, PhD, Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, 302 Towerview Dr, Durham, NC 27708. E-mail: dodge{at}duke.edu