cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effect of Low‐Frequency Ultrasound and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on Transdermal Transport

Application of low-frequency ultrasound has been shown to enhance transdermal transport of drugs (low-frequency sonophoresis). In this paper, we show that the efficacy of low-frequency ultrasound in enhancing transdermal transport can be further increased by its combination with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a well-known surfactant. The dependence of the ultrasound-SLS-mediated transport on ultrasound parameters, including intensity, net exposure time, and duty cycle, is discussed. The transdermal transport enhancement is proportional to ultrasound intensity as well as to exposure time, and is independent of duty cycle as long as the net exposure time is the same. The synergistic effect of SLS and ultrasound on transdermal transport increases linearly with SLS concentration. The enhancement is also proportional to the ultrasound energy density beyond a threshold value, which suggests that a certain minimum amount of energy density is required before noticeable changes in skin permeability occur. A similar dependence of the transdermal transport enhancement on energy density is observed in the case of the enhancement induced by ultrasound alone. Although the threshold energy density value in the presence of SLS is about 10 times lower than that in the case of ultrasound alone, the relationship between enhancement and energy density in the presence and in the absence of SLS is otherwise similar. Possible mechanisms for the synergistic effect of ultrasound and SLS are also discussed.
Evidence to support the cellular mechanism involved in serum IgG homeostasis in humans

IgG is the most abundant serum antibody and is an essential component of the humoral immune response. It is known that the 'neonatal' Fc receptor (FcRn) plays a role in maintaining constant serum IgG levels by acting as a protective receptor which binds and salvages IgG from degradation. However, the cellular mechanism that is involved in serum IgG homeostasis is poorly understood. In the current study we address this issue by analyzing the intracellular fate in human endothelial cells of IgG molecules which bind with different affinities to FcRn. The studies show that IgG which do not bind to FcRn accumulate in the lysosomal pathway, providing a cellular explanation for short serum persistence of such antibodies. We have also investigated the saturability of the homeostatic system and find that it has limited capacity. Our observations have direct relevance to the understanding and treatment of IgG deficiency, and to the effective application of therapeutic antibodies.
Human- and beaver-induced wetland changes in the Chickahominy River watershed from 1953 to 1994

Historically, anthropogenic activities have contributed to the direct loss of wetland area, mostly due to agriculture and urban land uses. Urbanization also indirectly impacts wetlands at a landscape scale through altered wetland hydrology and change in the spatial configuration of wetlands in a watershed. In addition, beaver (Castor canadensis) create and modify wetlands in a landscape. Because of recent increases in urbanization and rising beaver populations, a raster-based geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyze the combined effects of humans and beavers on wetland area and types in the Chickahominy River watershed from 1953 to 1994. Results of the study revealed that 29% of the land changed during the 41-year study period, and wetland conversion constituted 7% of the total change. The major reason for wetland loss was the construction of two large water-supply reservoirs in the watershed, and most of the remaining wetland loss was due to urbanization. Wetland functions vary depending on wetland type, and the results of this study showed that 90% of the change in wetlands from 1953 to 1994 was a result of shifting between wetland types. Beaver-modified wetlands increased 274%, and beaver activity was responsible for 23% of the wetland change.
Task-switching ability protects against the adverse effects of pain on health: A longitudinal study of older adults.

Objective Ageing is often accompanied by increases in pain, which may threaten physical health. Successfully managing increased pain requires the ability to switch attention away from the pain and towards adaptive health cognitions and behaviours. However, no study to date has tested how pain interacts with task-switching ability to predict future health in older adults. Additionally, no study has tested whether objective (i.e., task-switching performance) or subjective measures of cognitive ability have a stronger impact on future health. Design/Methods The current study tested these interactions in community-dwelling older adults. Participants included 150 older adults who provided pain, task-switching ability, subjective cognitive functioning, and health data every 6 months for up to 5 years. Results Multilevel modelling was used to analyse the data, yielding gammas (γ) analogous to unstandardized beta weights in regression. A significant interaction between task-switching and pain indicated that when task-switching ability was lower than usual, higher-than-usual pain predicted poorer health at the following wave (γ = 0.30, SE = 0.12, t(663) = 2.45, p = .009; 95% CI: 0.07–0.65). When task-switching ability was higher than usual, there was no effect of pain on health (γ = −0.13, t(663) = −0.85, p = .39; 95% CI: −0.44–0.17). No significant interaction was found for subjective cognitive functioning. Conclusions Objective task-switching ability, but not subjective cognitive functioning, may have health-protective effects when older adults experience increases in pain. Statement of Contribution What is already known on the subject? As people age, they are more likely to experience pain. Increases in pain threaten health. Older adults are at particular risk for both increased pain and poor health. What does this study add? When pain levels are higher than usual, task-switching ability protects older adults from future declines in health. Within people, task-switching ability interacts with pain to promote healthy ageing.
Testing the selectivity of pesticide effects on natural enemies in laboratory bioassays

Abstract The toxic effects of older classes of pesticides on natural enemies are typically acute and exposure usually occurs through direct contact with foliar residues. However, older chemistries are being replaced by newer classes of pesticides that can cause sublethal effects in addition to direct mortality. We developed a set of life table response protocols to quantify the effects of multiple routes of exposure to pesticides on individual-level life history parameters of predators and parasitoids. We then integrated the data into population-level endpoint estimates of population growth rates using stage-structured population models. For this study, we evaluated the impacts of five insecticides (cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, novaluron and lambda-cyhalothrin) and two fungicides (sulfur and a mixture of copper hydroxide and mancozeb) on a generalist insect predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and an aphid parasitoid Trioxys pallidus (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Green lacewings and T. pallidus are key members of the natural enemy community in western USA orchards. The results of these laboratory studies demonstrate that both C. carnea and T. pallidus were negatively affected by cyantraniliprole, spinetoram and lambda-cyhalothrin while only one species was affected by chlorantraniliprole and novaluron (C. carnea) or sulfur (T. pallidus). The benefits of integrating acute, chronic, and sublethal effects from laboratory bioassays to assess the selectivity of pesticides with respect to natural enemies are discussed.
A retrospective study of skull base neoplasia in 42 dogs

This study describes the prevalence and distribution of 42 cases of skull base neoplasia in dogs between 2000 and 2014. The average age of affected individuals was 9.5 years, and there was no sex or breed predisposition. The most common skull base neoplasms were meningioma (25 cases) and pituitary adenoma (9 cases). Less common tumors included craniopharyngioma (2 cases), nerve sheath tumor (2 cases), and 1 case each of pituitary carcinoma, meningeal oligodendrogliomatosis, presumed nasal or sinonasal carcinoma, and multilobular tumor of bone. All neoplasms caused some degree of compression of adjacent structures. The distribution of the tumors was greatest in the sellar region (n = 18), followed by the paranasal region (n = 12), caudal cranial fossa (n = 10), central cranial fossa (n = 1), and rostral cranial fossa (n = 1).
Observation of Gain on XUV Transitions in Ne-Like and Li-Like Ions

Population inversion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at soft x-ray wavelengths has been achieved using two methods of pumping: collisional and recombinational. In the collisionally excited x-ray laser, thermal electrons in the plasma excite the upper laser state. The inversion is a result of the faster deexcitation rate of the lower level. The first collisionally pumped laser was demonstrated by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)1 in Ne-like Se. This scheme has been extensively studied in various other elements and extended to several Ni-like species.2 These experiments used thin exploding-foil targets to ensure that refraction effects are minimized. The pump laser burns through the target foil near the peak of the pulse, causing the foil to explode symmetrically. The resulting density profile is relatively flat in the central region and falls off in both directions along the incident laser axis. This allows x rays to propagate along the axis of the plasma and be significantly amplified before leaving the plasma.
Optimal Control of Spatiotemporal Chaos in Coupled Map Lattices

An optimal control approach is used to develop a localized linear control scheme for Coupled Map Lattices. The optimal arrangement of the control sites is shown to depend on the symmetry properties of the system and the controlled state, while the minimal density of controllers depends on the strength of noise present in the system. The method allows stabilization of a variety of steady and periodic states for arbitrary values of system parameters, which is essential for tracking problems.
Structure and Ionic Conductivity of Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) Electrolytes in the High Salt Concentration Limit

We explore the relationship between the morphology and ionic conductivity of block copolymer electrolytes over a wide range of salt concentrations for the system polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO, SEO) mixed with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (LiTFSI). Two SEO polymers were studied, SEO(16–16) and SEO(4.9–5.5), over the salt concentration range r = 0.03–0.55. The numbers x and y in SEO(x–y) are the molecular weights of the blocks in kg mol–1, and the r value is the molar ratio of salt to ethylene oxide moieties. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to characterize morphology and grain size at 120 °C, differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the crystallinity and the glass transition temperature of the PEO-rich microphase, and ac impedance spectroscopy was used to measure ionic conductivity as a function of temperature. The most surprising observation of our study is that ionic conductivity in the concentration regime 0.11 ≤ r ≤ 0.21 increases in SEO electrolyte...
Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus Adversely Affect Outcomes after Cardiac Surgery in Children's Hospitals.

Objective To assess how obesity or diabetes mellitus impacts outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in pediatric hospitals. Design A multi-institutional, matched case-control study of the Pediatric Health Information System database was performed. Setting Tertiary children's hospitals in the United States. Patients. All cardiac surgical cases in patients with obesity or diabetes mellitus between 2004 and 2012 were included. Cases were matched to controls by age, sex, race, and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery score. Outcome Measures Mortality, surgical complications, and hospital utilization. Differences in outcome measures were assessed by chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. P value < .05 was significant. Results Six hundred twenty-nine cardiac surgical cases (median age 17 years [IQR 12–32]) with obesity or diabetes mellitus were matched to 629 controls. Cases demonstrated lower median household income than those in the control group ($38,031 [IQR $31,900–$48,844] vs. ($41,896 [IQR $32,854–$56,020], P 96 hours (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.7) and higher rate of total parenteral nutrition use (7.2% vs. 4.5%, P = .040). Median hospital charges were higher in cases (clinical: $6,696 vs. $5,872; laboratory: $14,168 vs. $12,251; pharmacy: $12,971 vs. $10,426; imaging: $6,259 vs. $5,660; P ≤ .030 for all). Conclusions The presence of obesity or diabetes mellitus was associated with increased postoperative morbidity, hospital utilization, and cost in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in pediatric hospitals.
The Surface Electronic Band Structure CoS2(001)

Angle-resolved photoemission was used to study the surface electronic band structure of ferromagnetic CoS2 (below 120K) in high-quality single crystal samples. Strongly dispersing Co t2g bands are identified along the k// direction. Fermi level crossings are identified along this r-x line (of the surface Brillouin zone) in higher resolution photoemission spectra, suggesting that the overall polarization may be controlled by the details of the band structure, particularly the surface band structure, rather than by exchange splitting on the Co atoms.
Exploring the Relationship Between Leaders’ Core Self-Evaluations and Subordinates’ Perceptions of Servant Leadership A Field Study

Recent developments in servant leadership theory exposed a gap in the research literature regarding traits that are important to servant leaders. Our study partially addresses this gap by examining the trait of core self-evaluations and its relationship to servant leadership and leader effectiveness. The results of our study indicate that leader’s core self-evaluations are positively related to followers’ perceptions of servant leadership and leader effectiveness, and the relationship between leaders’ core self-evaluations and leader effectiveness is fully mediated by servant leadership. The results add support to current servant leadership theory by confirming the role that core self-evaluations play in servant leader emergence, and extend the research on core self-evaluations as it relates to leader performance.
Multicultural Competence: Are BSW Students Adequately Prepared?

Using a survey instrument based on Lum's approach for measuring multicultural competence and the Multicultural Awareness-Knowledge-Skills Survey, researchers assessed senior-level social work students' cultural competence to determine effectiveness of BSW multicultural curricula in undergraduate education. Research questions included whether (1) BSW students are adequately prepared for multicultural competent practice, (2) multicultural curriculum content in social work increases cultural competence, and (3) sociodemographic variables such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender are significant predictors of self-reported multi-cultural competence. Results indicate that BSW students receive some instruction on cultural awareness, but such instruction may not translate into multicultural competence. Implications for clarifying the social work educator's role in the preparation of social workers who are multiculturally competent are discussed.
Evaluating the role of genome downsizing and size thresholds from genome size distributions in angiosperms

Premise of the study Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) can rapidly increase genome size in angiosperms. Yet their mean genome size is not correlated with ploidy. We compared three hypotheses to explain the constancy of genome size means across ploidies. The genome downsizing hypothesis suggests that genome size will decrease by a given percentage after a WGD. The genome size threshold hypothesis assumes that taxa with large genomes or large monoploid numbers will fail to undergo or survive WGDs. Finally, the genome downsizing and threshold hypothesis suggests that both genome downsizing and thresholds affect the relationship between genome size means and ploidy. Methods We performed nonparametric bootstrap simulations to compare observed angiosperm genome size means among species or genera against simulated genome sizes under the three different hypotheses. We evaluated the hypotheses using a decision theory approach and estimated the expected percentage of genome downsizing. Key results The threshold hypothesis improves the approximations between mean genome size and simulated genome size. At the species level, the genome downsizing with thresholds hypothesis best explains the genome size means with a 15% genome downsizing percentage. In the genus level simulations, the monoploid number threshold hypothesis best explains the data. Conclusions Thresholds of genome size and monoploid number added to genome downsizing at species level simulations explain the observed means of angiosperm genome sizes, and monoploid number is important for determining the genome size mean at the genus level.
Discussion of microprocessor-based protection equipment on setting calculation simplification

The quantity of setting and control byte is suggested to be as small as possible to simplify the setting calculation of microprocessor-based protection equipment,and corresponding measures are proposed. Combining with zero sequence current with inverse time characteristics, grounding distance relay is used in earth protection for 220 kV and above lines, instead of phase zero sequence current protection. The general inverse time characteristic is introduced,and the setting principles of current and time when inverse time characteristic is scarce or voltage transformer breaks are provided. Distance protection is used in inter-phase protection to replace the voltage and current protection and direction component for 110 kV and below lines. Over current protection and negative sequence current protection are adopted to realize remote back-up protection. Optical pilot differential current whole-line high-speed protection is becoming a predominant protection for both 220 kV and above lines and 35-110kV lines.
Irish Rebel, Imperial Reformer: Charles Gavan Duffy and Australian Federation

Speaking at a June 1871 election meeting in Kyneton, a small town 50 miles northwest of Melbourne, Charles Gavan Duffy made it clear that his support for the federation of the Australian colonies was rooted in his optimism for the continent’s future: ‘We are lifting an Australian flag, we are promising an Australian policy, we are founding an Australian polity …’.1 Earlier that year, Duffy had been asked to lead a coalition government in Victoria, and his speech was designed to introduce the new administration’s major policy initiatives. Even his opponents conceded that Duffy’s arguments for Australian federation were persuasive, focusing their critique on the populist radicalism of his land policy, and his hyperbolic speaking style.2 One of the most famous Irishmen of the era, Duffy had been a prominent politician in the colony since his arrival in Melbourne in 1856, building a reputation as an advocate for land reform, colonial self-government, and Catholic education. The coalition government itself was short-lived, falling in 1872 amidst a clamor of internal dissension and sectarian bitterness. Australian federation would have to wait until 1890, when Duffy’s old friend Sir Henry Parkes initiated an effort to unite the continent’s colonies, launching a decade-long struggle that would finally produce a federal constitution for Australia in 1900. It was Parkes, not Duffy, who would be known as the Father of Australian Federation, a fact that the ambitious Irishman noted with some bitterness in his correspondence with the cagey veteran politician from New South Wales.3
Antecedents and Consequences of Early Entrepreneurial Behaviors: Planning versus Actions

Despite the extensive research on business planning, this research stream has not sufficiently considered what the alternatives to planning might be. Particularly in nascent firms, we suggest that ...
Session 19 — High performance and low power frequency generation

This session presents high performance, low power area efficient frequency generation techniques. The session begins with a high performance multi-phase sub-sampling fractional-N PLL with fast and robust locking. The following paper describes a multi-phase injection-locked PLL with multi-ring coupled oscillator for reference spur suppression. The third paper presents low power Vernier TDC with start-of-art linearity performance. The final paper demonstrates a low power FBAR transformer coupled oscillator architecture with phase noise reduction.
Using whiteboards to support college students’ learning of complex physiological concepts

Research underscores the importance of retrieval-based practice and application of knowledge for meaningful learning. However, the didactic lecture format continues to persist in traditional univer...
‘A Desire so Close to the Hearts of all Latin Americans’: Utopian Ideals and Imperfections Behind Latin America's Nuclear Weapon Free Zone

In April 1969, Latin America implemented the first nuclear weapon free zone (NWFZ) in an inhabited region of the world. This article explores the creation of Latin America's NWFZ as a utopian impulse. It argues that various Latin American states used the utopian ideals of security, sovereignty, and socio-economic prosperity to propel the region's denuclearisation forward. Those implementing these utopian ideals had to define the meaning of Latin America, nuclear weapons under a non-proliferation agreement, and the denuclearisation of an inhabited region. The result was compromise forged from a collision of utopian ideals and dystopian geopolitics.
In vitro and in vivo metabolite identification of a novel benzimidazole compound ZLN005 by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Rationale A novel benzimidazole compound ZLN005 was previously identified as a transcriptional activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in certain metabolic tissues. Upregulation of PGC-1α by ZLN005 has been shown to have beneficial effect in a diabetic mouse model and in a coronary artery disease model in vitro. ZLN005 could also have therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases involving down-regulation of PGC-1α. Given the phenotypic efficacy of ZLN005 in several animal models of human disease, its metabolic profile was investigated to guide the development of novel therapeutics using ZLN005 as the lead compound. Methods ZLN005 was incubated with both rat and human liver microsomes and S9 fractions to identify in vitro metabolites. Urine from rats dosed with ZLN005 was used to identify in vivo metabolites. Extracted metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometer under full scan, enhanced product ion scan, neutral loss scan and precursor scan modes. Metabolites in plasma and brain of ZLN005-treated rats were also profiled using multiple reaction monitoring. Results Identified in vitro transformations of ZLN005 include mono- and dihydroxylation, further oxidation to carboxylic acids, and mono-O-glucuronide and sulfate conjugation to hydroxy ZLN005 as well as glutathione conjugation. Identified in vivo metabolites are mainly glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of dihydroxyl, carboxyl, and hydroxy acid of the parent compound. The parent compound as well as several major phase I metabolites were found in rat plasma and brain. Conclusions Using both in vitro and in vivo methods, we elucidated the metabolic pathway of ZLN005. Phase I metabolites with hydroxylation and carboxylation, as well as phase II metabolites with glucuronide, sulfate and glutathione conjugation, were identified.
A frequency-domain approach to improve ANNs generalization quality via proper initialization

The ability to train a network without memorizing the input/output data, thereby allowing a good predictive performance when applied to unseen data, is paramount in ANN applications. In this paper, we propose a frequency-domain approach to evaluate the network initialization in terms of quality of training, i.e., generalization capabilities. As an alternative to the conventional time-domain methods, the proposed approach eliminates the approximate nature of network validation using an excess of unseen data. The benefits of the proposed approach are demonstrated using two numerical examples, where two trained networks performed similarly on the training and the validation data sets, yet they revealed a significant difference in prediction accuracy when tested using a different data set. This observation is of utmost importance in modeling applications requiring a high degree of accuracy. The efficiency of the proposed approach is further demonstrated on a real-world problem, where unlike other initialization methods, a more conclusive assessment of generalization is achieved. On the practical front, subtle methodological and implementational facets are addressed to ensure reproducibility and pinpoint the limitations of the proposed approach.
Cross-Equatorial Flushing Dust Storms and Northern Hemisphere Transient Eddies: An Analysis for Mars Year 24

The relationship between frontal/flushing dust storms and northern hemisphere synoptic period transient eddies in Mars year 24 is examined in this paper. Frontal dust storms are observed roughly continuously during the presolstice (early/middle fall) and postsolstice (middle/late winter) time periods, but flushing dust storms that cross the equator are confined to shorter seasonal windows on both sides of the solsticial pause. In the lower atmosphere, the timing of cross-equatorial flushing dust storms correlates better with eddy temperature than with eddy meridional wind; in the middle atmosphere, it correlates better with eddy meridional wind than with eddy temperature. This is because both the lower atmosphere eddy temperature and the middle atmosphere eddy meridional wind are dominated by zonal wave number m = 3 eastward traveling waves during the cross-equatorial flushing dust storm periods. Frontal dust storms do not seem to be limited to any particular wave mode, but cross-equatorial flushing dust storms appear to be closely related to m = 3 eastward traveling waves, at least in Mars year 24. The effectiveness of m = 3 waves in this regard is partially due to their amplitudes but more importantly due to their seasonal distributions and latitudinal positions. During the time periods when m = 3 waves are strong, the m = 3 waves are also located at lower latitudes, closer in distance to the fairly strong southward mean meridional wind in the low latitudes. Dust in frontal dust storms at high latitudes can be easily entrained into the low-latitude circulation and be efficiently transported southward.
Abnormal fibrillin metabolism in bovine Marfan syndrome

Bovine Marfan syndrome is a disorder that closely resembles human Marfan syndrome in its clinical signs and pathological lesions. The similarities between the human and bovine diseases suggest that similar metabolic defects could be responsible. Although indirect immunofluorescent assays for fibrillin in skin biopsies did not distinguish affected cattle from control animals, cultures of skin fibroblasts of affected animals were distinguished from normal, unrelated control animals and normal half-siblings on the basis of fibrillin staining. After 72 to 96 hours in culture, stained with anti-fibrillin monoclonal antibody 201, hyperconfluent fibroblast cultures of affected cattle had less immunoreactive fibrillin than control cultures, and the staining pattern was granular rather than fibrillar. Under similar culture conditions, normal bovine aortic smooth muscle cells produced large amounts of immunoreactive fibrillin, but smooth muscle cells from a single affected cow showed markedly less fibrillin staining. In pulse-chase metabolic labeling experiments with [35S]cysteine, dermal fibroblasts from 6 affected calves, incorporated far less fibrillin into the extracellular matrix than control cells. These findings are similar to those reported in human Marfan syndrome, and they suggest that the bovine Marfan syndrome, like the human disorder, is caused by a mutation in fibrillin, leading to defective microfibrillar synthesis.
The Incorporation Debate

In the final act of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure, charges of corruption are brought against Angelo, deputy of the Duke of Vienna, who ruled the town in the Duke’s (feigned) absence. Immediately upon his return, the Duke orders a trial with Angelo as judge: “Come, cousin Angelo/In this I will be impartial; be you judge/Of your own cause” (Shakespeare 1997, 185). Solomon might have admired the adroit cleverness of this trap, but English lawyers in the audience surely frowned in displeasure, for the Duke violated a fundamental principle of natural justice and English law: nemo judex in re sua (Orth 2003, chap. 2). This principle was the pivot of Lord Coke’s argument in Dr. Bonham’s Case (1610), some six years after the first recorded performance of the play. The Royal College of Physicians charged Bonham with practicing medicine without a license and tried him in its own court, found him guilty, fined and imprisoned him, and pocketed half the fine. All this was done in accord with its Parliament-given charter. Lord Coke, sitting in England’s Court of Common Pleas found the charter legally invalid because, like the Duke of Vienna, it made the College judge in its own cause (Coke 2003, I: 264–83). In an elaborate argument, Coke located the principle deep in the common law, but clearly its most important virtue was that it was a dictate of reason, a fundamental principle of fairness.
Killing and the Structure of Lie Algebras

As will be seen in Section 2 below, shortly after Killing published his essay The Concept of Space Extended [1884], he learned that Lie had earlier introduced similar ideas. Before long, Killing decided to temporarily postpone his research on his theory of space forms and to apply the underlying ideas he had developed to the problem of classifying Lie algebras, with simple algebras particularly in mind. Thanks to his extensive correspondence with Engel, we are able to glimpse the excitement, frustration, and uncertainty that attended what we can now see—thanks largely to the subsequent work of Elie Cartan (Chapter 6)— as the birth of the theory of the structure of semisimple Lie algebras.1
Verifying a Privacy CA Remote Attestation Protocol

As the hardware root-of-trust in a trusted computing environment, the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) warrants formal specification and verification. This work presents results of an effort to specify and verify an abstract TPM 1.2 model using PVS that is useful for understanding the TPM and verifying protocols that utilize it. TPM commands are specified as state transformations and sequenced to represent protocols using a state monad. Postconditions and invariants are specified for individual commands and validated by verifying a Privacy CA attestation protocol. All specifications are written and verified automatically using the PVS decision procedures and rewriting system.
Surface Phenomena in Waterbased Flexo Inks for Printing on Polyethylene Films

In the Flexographic printing of polyethylene films with waterbased flexo inks, the partitioning of the surfactants between film/ink, pigment/ water, ink/air interfaces plays a major role in determining the printability. In addition, in formulations containing nonionic surfactants the equilibrium surface properties are much different from the diffusion limited dynamic properties. Problems associated with the printability are examined from an analysis of the above surface chemical considerations.
Cellular Basis of Operant-Conditioning of Leg Position

Leg position learning is accomplished rapidly and successfully by insect thoracic ganglia in operant-conditioning paradigms using either negative or positive reinforcements. This opens up the possibility of analysis of the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and retention because the neurons are relatively few in number, identifiable and repeatedly addressable. Starting with positions controlled by single identified motorneurons we find that these are changed in relation to reinforcement either by very long-lasting frequency shifts or by adjustment of the strength and repetition interval of spontaneously-occurring plateau movements, depending on the paradigm. Postural change is accomplished by altered resistance of a motorneuron, specifically associated with potassium conductance. The resistance range is from 3–10 M Ω , with associated mean frequency range of 5–30 Hz. Only goal-related inputs lead to postural shifts, by way of association of reinforcement with efference or afference memory.
Feminist Disability Studies Goes Goth: The Hyperability of Female Monstrosity in Charlotte Dacre’s Zofloya

This paper discusses Charlotte Dacre’s 1806 text Zofloya, and I argue that the lead character’s monstrosity stems from being constructed as mentally ill and then physically inferior in the text. However, I argue that Victoria’s monstrosity is not a disability, but rather a hyperability in that her strength becomes a threat to patriarchal power. Using a bridge between Barbara Creed’s theory of the monstrous feminine and Rosemarie Garland-Thomson’s intersectional feminist disability theory, I argue that female monstrosity can also be understood as a hyperability. While the heroine, Victoria, may appear to be an able-bodied woman to the reader, the confinement of her body at her aunt’s, her openness about her own sexual desire, and the descriptions of her lover as “inferior” construct Victoria’s body as disabled and sexually deviant by her society. However, I read her later monstrosity—the murders of her lovers and of the servant, Lilla—as an empowering tale of a perceived disabled woman who shows the instability of British social mores and normalcy by subverting them using her perceived monstrosity. Her various acts of rebellion ultimately show that Victoria’s perceived disability is also the source of her empowerment. They show that her perceived disability is a strength she uses as a weapon for destruction.
COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF FERAL AND LABORATORY TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) TO HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) MOTH SCALES AND INERT PARTICLES

A laboratory assay of the klinokinetic response of Trichogramma spp. to scales of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) was investigated. The assay indicated significant behavioral re...
Structures, Energetics, and Transition States of the Silicon−Phosphorus Compounds Si2PHn (n = 7, 5, 3, 1). An ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study

This study examines a variety of compounds containing silicon−phosphorus multiple bonds as well as a selection of hydrogen-bridged species, including a doubly bridged structure. The structures of 29 minima and 37 transition states of the form Si2PHn (n = 7, 5, 3, 1) have been optimized at the MP2(full)/6-31G(d) level of theory; a representative subset was also optimized at the QCISD/6-311G(d,p) level. Relative energies were computed using a modification of the G2 level of theory. The stability of these compounds was investigated with respect to both unimolecular rearrangement and H2 addition/elimination. Barrier heights for 1−2 and 1−3 H-shifts and for H2 addition/elimination span wide ranges and are dependent on the nature of the bonding. Structures that contain true silicon−phosphorus double bonds are particularly stable with respect to unimolecular rearrangement.
Disease severity and minimal clinically important differences in clinical outcome assessments for Alzheimer's disease clinical trials

Abstract Introduction This study estimated the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for Mini Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale sum of boxes, and Functional Activities Questionnaire across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum. Methods Retrospective analysis of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set (9/2005-9/2016) and MCID for clinical outcomes were estimated using anchor-based (clinician's assessment of meaningful decline) and distribution-based (1/2 baseline standard deviation) approaches, stratified by severity of cognitive impairment. Results On average, a 1-3 point decrease in Mini Mental State Examination, 1-2 point increase in Clinical Dementia Scale sum of boxes, and 3-5 point increase in Functional Activities Questionnaire were indicative of a meaningful decline. The MCID values generally increased by disease severity; the effect size and standardized response mean for those with meaningful decline were consistently in the acceptable ranges for MCID. Discussion These findings can inform design and interpretation of future clinical trials.
Increased ion throughput using tristate ion-gate multiplexing

For time dispersive ion mobility experiments detail control over the mechanism of ion beam modulation is necessary to establish optimum performance as this parameter greatly influences the temporal width of the ion beam arriving at the detector. When sampling continuous ion sources the temporal sampling or the incoming ion beam is often achieved by the electronic modulation of a grid or electric field. Not surprisingly, the rate at which a given ion population traverses this gating region is directly proportional to an ion's population and the applied electric field. This scenario establishes conditions where discrimination of the incoming ion beam may occur when the ion gate modulation rate is minimized. Recent developments in the mechanical construction of ion gates and their subsequent operation suggest that the mobility discrimination during ion gating may be minimized, however, it is remains unclear how this behavior will translate to ion beam multiplexing approaches. In this present work, we compare the performance levels of the tri-state ion shutter (3S-IS) to the two-state ion shutter (2S-IS) using a series of Fourier transform ion mobility mass spectrometry (FT-IMMS) experiments. The performance of the two different shutter operating principles were evaluated using ion multiplexing using tetraalkylammonium salts (TXA ions; T5-T8, T10, T12) bradykinin, and a set of reversed sequence isomeric pentapeptides using a variety of different ion gate frequency sweeps. Noticeable increases in ion throughput were observed for the 3S-IS with 95% and 45% increases in ion counts for the T5 and T12 ions respectively compared to the 2S-IS. Similarly, a 27% and 55% increase in ion counts was observed for the [M + 2H]2+ and [M + H]+ ions of bradykinin, respectively. In addition, a 10% increase in resolving power was also observed for the 3S-IS compared to the 2S-IS. Overall, utilization of the 3S-IS effectively minimizes both discrimination of slower ions and the impact of gate depletion effect common to traditional ion gating techniques.
Reconstructing the Traditions: Quentin Skinner's Historians' History of Political Thought

Quenitn Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought : Volume One, The Renaissanc e; Volume Two, The Age of Reformation , Cambridge University Press, 1978,
300 Cities Virtual Experiment

Abstract : This report provides an overview of the preparations required for the virtual experiment we will conduct for the IRS as part of the 300 cities subproject. We briefly describe the tax gap and taxpayer issues, our revised approach, the Construct framework and the models developed for the multi-agent simulation. Where appropriate, we provide references to other technical reports that describe in more detail the models for intentional and inadvertent taxpayer errors, and paid preparers. We also briefly describe how we populate Construct with agents representative of the populations of U.S. cities by sampling from U.S. census data, deriving relevant taxpayer issues for each agent, generating empirically reasonable social networks for each agent, and building Construct input decks automatically. The generation of social networks based on the sociodemographic attributes of individuals found in census data is an advance worthy of the more detailed description found yet another technical report. We then briefly describe the design and anticipated analysis of the 300 cities virtual experiment. We conclude with a brief reference to the SmartCard application that will be used to deliver the results of the virtual experiment along with socio-demographic information and taxpayer issues for each of the cities. Details of the implementation of the SmartCard can be found in the referenced report.
Sutural Loading in Bone‐ Versus Dental‐Borne Rapid Palatal Expansion: An Ex Vivo Study

Objectives To measure and compare the success rate and strains generated during bone- (BRPE) and dental-borne rapid palatal expansion (DRPE) at the alveolar bone, zygomaticomaxillary (ZMS) and internasal (INS) sutures. Additionally, the magnitude and the pattern of midpalatal suture (MPS) separation in the 2 groups was assessed. Setting and sample population The study was performed ex vivo using 28 pig heads. Materials and methods Heads were dissected, and the MPS, ZMS, INS and the alveolar bone were exposed. A differential-variable-reluctance-transducer (DVRT) was installed across the MPS, and single-element strain gauges were installed at the remaining sites. Expanders were placed and activated at one turn per minute for 30 turns. Strains at the alveolar bone and the sutures and the separation of the MPS were measured. Results Successful expansion of the MPS was achieved in 69% of the BRPE subjects compared to 27% in the DRPE group. The average separation of the MPS was higher (230 ± 109 µm per turn vs. 79 ± 61 µm) and the MPS opening happened at an earlier stage of expansion in the BRPE. Higher strains at the ZMS were seen in the BRPE group, while higher strain at the alveolar bone was found in the DRPE group. Conclusions The BRPE group demonstrated more successful and effective expansion of the MPS. Higher strain was found at the alveolar bone in the DRPE. A tendency for higher strain at the ZMS was noticed in the BRPE.
First principles study of band line up at defective metal-oxide interface: oxygen point defects at Al/SiO2 interface

The dielectric breakdown at metal-oxide interfaces is a critical electronic device failure mechanism. Electronic tunneling through dielectric layers is a well-accepted explanation for this phenomenon. Theoretical band alignment studies, providing information about tunneling, have already been conducted in the literature for metal-oxide interfaces. However, most of the time materials were assumed defect free. Oxygen vacancies being very common in oxides, their effect on band lineup is of prime importance in understanding electron tunneling in realistic materials and devices. This work explores the effect of oxygen vacancy and oxygen di-vacancy at the Al/SiO2 interface on the band line up within Density Functional Theory using PBE0 hybrid exchange and correlation functional. It is found that the presence of defects at the interface, and their charge state, strongly alters the band line up.
Gestational age is related to symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in late-preterm to full-term children and adolescents with down syndrome

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is frequently reported in individuals with Down syndrome, with considerable variation in the expression and severity of the symptoms. Despite growing evidence that gestational age predicts later symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the euploid population, this has not been studied in down syndrome. The current study is designed to investigate the influence of gestational age in later symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 105 individuals (49 males and 56 females; aged 6-18 years) with Down syndrome who were born at or after 35 weeks gestation. Maternal age at birth, maternal level of education, household income, as well as sex, chronological age, and cognitive level of the participant with Down syndrome were considered in our analysis. Results from this study show that gestational age is related to inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Therefore, gestational age should be addressed when considering symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, as it may have implications for early interventions. More attention is needed toward the advancement of care and follow-up for infants with down syndrome who are born even late preterm or early term.
12-Lipoxygenase Governs the Innate Immune Pathogenesis of Islet Inflammation and Autoimmune Diabetes

Macrophages and related myeloid cells are innate immune cells that participate in the early islet inflammation of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The inflammatory signals and antigen presentation by these cells may be inducers of the adaptive immune response that is the hallmark of T1D. The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) catalyzes the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids from membrane-derived phospholipids, but its role and mechanisms in the pathogenesis of islet inflammation have not been elucidated. Leveraging a model of T1D-like islet inflammation in zebrafish, we show here that macrophages contribute significantly to the loss of beta-cells and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia. Depletion or inhibition of 12-LOX in this model resulted in significantly reduced macrophage infiltration into islets with preservation of beta-cell mass. In mice, we deleted the gene encoding 12-LOX (Alox15) in the myeloid lineage in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) model of T1D. Myeloid cell-specific Alox15 knockout NOD mice demonstrated reduced insulitis and T-cell responses, preserved beta-cell mass, and almost complete protection from the development of T1D. A critical effect of 12-LOX depletion appeared secondary to a defect in myeloid cell migration, a function required for immune surveillance and tissue injury responses. This effect on migration appeared to be secondary to the loss of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Transgenic expression of the gene encoding CXCR3 rescued the migrator defect in zebrafish 12-LOX morphants. Taken together, our results reveal a formative role for innate immune myeloid cells in the early pathogenesis of T1D and identify 12-LOX as a necessary enzyme to promote their pro-diabetogenic phenotype in the context of autoimmunity.
Abstract TP56: Angiographic Flow Index on DSA Correlates with Cerebral Flow Measured by Quantitative MRA

Introduction: Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has traditionally been used to provide high-resolution anatomical imaging but is not readily used to assess cerebral hemodynamics. Here we examin...
Sub-Terahertz Heterodyne Spectroscopy of Carbonyl Sulfide

We showed the preliminary results of traditional frequency modulated heterodyne spectroscopy and the phase modulated heterodyne spectroscopy in the J=21 to 22, 22 to 23 and 23 to 24 transitions (267.5GHz to 291.8GHz) of 16O12C32S in the ground vibrational state.