cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological effects on college students of raising the drinking age.

The current policy of raising the drinking age seems likely to have psychological costs for adolescents, including deterioration of their relationship with adult society. Colleges are likely to be the sites of heightened adolescent discontent because so many undergraduates are affected by the change in law. College administrators have the opportunity to reduce some of the psychological effects and ensure that adolescent discontent is channeled into developmentally enhancing activities. Language: en
Treatment of Medication Overuse Headache

Medication overuse or rebound headache (MOH) is a secondary chronic daily headache (CDH), defined by a worsening and transformation of episodic migraine into daily or near-daily headache, associated with overuse of acute anti-migraine medications. The frequency at which acute medication results in MOH varies, and can be as little as 5 days of use per month for butalbital, 8 days per month for narcotics, and 10 days per month for triptans and NSAIDs.
Disparities in care for patients with curable hepatocellular carcinoma

Background The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing, but surgical management continues to be underutilized. This retrospective review investigates treatment decisions and survival for early stage HCC.
Effect of Musical Performance on Perception of Tension in Gustav Hoist's First Suite in E-flat:

The purpose of the study was to examine whether musicians who rehearse and perform a musical selection perceive tension in the music differently than do listeners who have not had the performance experience. Students (n = 32) in a university wind ensemble rehearsed and performed Gustav Hoist's First Suite in E-flat. Within 2 weeks of the performance, participants listened to a recording of the first movement (“Chaconne”) of that performance while registering their perceptions of tension in the music using a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial. Another group of students (n = 32) from a university choral ensemble performed the same research protocol. Students in a high school band (n = 60) also rehearsed and performed the selection. Participants listened to the recording of the musical selection, and registered their perceptions of tension, before rehearsals began and following their performance. Analysis indicated that the experience of performing the music did not seem to greatly affect perc...
Self-consistent-screening calculation of interatomic force constants and phonon dispersion curves from first principles.

We have developed a method for the calculation of phonon dispersion curves for crystals. The method is based upon linear response theory and makes no assumptions about the form of the ion-electron interaction or the representation of the wave functions used in the determination of the electronic structure. To demonstrate the accuracy of our method, we present a calculation of the interatomic force constants and the phonon dispersion curves of aluminum from first principles. In this calculation, the bare ion-electron interaction is taken as a nonlocal ab initio pseudopotential
Synthesis of and Small Molecule Coordination to Highly Electrophilic Cationic Manganese(I) and Rhenium(I) Carbonyl Complexes with Tied-Back Phosphites

Formally 16e highly electrophilic fragments [Mn(CO)4(L)][BArF] with a tied-back phosphite (L = P(OCH2)3CMe) coordinate Et2O (5b) or cis-cyclooctene (5c) and are prepared by reaction of the neutral methyl complex Mn(Me)(CO)4(L) with [H(OEt2)2][BArF] or [Ph3C][BArF] in the presence of cis-cyclooctene (cco), respectively. The solvent-bound rhenium complexes [Re(CO)4(L)(CH2Cl2)][BArF] (6a) and [Re(CO)3(L)2(CH2Cl2)][BArF] (7a) are prepared similarly by reaction of the respective neutral precursors with [Ph3C][BArF] in CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 molecule binds tightly to the Re(I) center and could not be removed under high vacuum for hours. However, the CH2Cl2 is readily displaced by Et2O, cco, and Et3SiH to afford ether-, olefin-, and silane-coordinated complexes 6b−d and 7b−d, respectively. While the η2-(H−SiEt3)-coordinated 7d is stable in solution at room temperature and is a rare example of an isolable cationic silane complex, the more electrophilic analogue 6d readily decomposes at room temperature to give the hy...
The risk of serious odontogenic infections in HIV-positive patients: A pilot study

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to perform a preliminary test of the hypothesis that patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk for serious odontogenic infections in comparison with HIV-negative patients. Study design. To address the research purpose, we used a case-control study design. A case was a serious odontogenic infection requiring inpatient management. A control was a nonserious odontogenic infection that could be managed on an outpatient basis. The ratio of controls to cases was 2:1. HIV status was determined by record review. Results. The sample was composed of 300 patients. Sixteen patients (5%) were HIV-positive. Overall, 37.5% of the HIV-positive patients had serious infections; this compared with 33% of the HIV-negative patients (odds ratio = 1.21; 95% confidence interval = 0.43−3.44; P = .79). Conclusions. The results of this pilot study suggest that HIV-positive patients do not have an increased risk for developing serious odontogenic infections.
THE EFFECTS OF BILATERAL CERVICAL SYMPATHECTOMY ON THYROID ACTIVITY

THIS INVESTIGATION was undertaken to obtain further evidence regarding the functional innervation of the thyroid gland. We were primarily interested in ascertaining whether bilateral cervical sympathectomy in guinea pigs altered the metabolic response to thyrotropic hormone and to exposure to cold. The effect of bilateral sympathectomy on the basal metabolic rate of cats and rabbits with a review of the pertinent literature has been presented previously (Brock, Doty, Krasno and Ivy, 1940). It appears to be established that thyrotropic hormone stimulates hyperplasia of the thyroid when devoid of a nerve supply, as in the case of autotransplants (Krayer, 1933; Eitel, 1934; Solomon and Severinghaus, 1936; Marine and Rosen, 1939; Manley and Marine, 1915) and of tissue culture (Canzanelli, 1938). However, it has been reported that the thyroid of sympathectomized rabbits does not respond histologically to small doses of thyrotropic hormone as well as the normal gland (Aron and Dobrzaniecki, 1930a, b; Eitel, Kre...
The COBOL jigsaw puzzle: fitting object-oriented and legacy applications together

Object wrappers have been presented as a way to allow legacy applications and object-oriented applications to work together. However, object wrappers do not always solve the interoperability problem for COBOL legacy applications. This paper examines the use of object wrappers and introduces two other types of wrappers, the procedural wrapper and the combination wrapper, for practical use with COBOL legacy applications. The main concerns of a developer of an object-oriented application that uses the services of or provides services to a legacy application are addressed. Examples of “real-world” COBOL legacy applications are cited and samples of all three types of wrapper code are provided.
Ethnic and Social Class Differences in Children's Sex-Role Concepts.

Differences in sex-role concepts of 360 Black, Italian, and Jewish children, ages 10 through 17, from middle- and working-class families (as defined by parents' education) were examined through a modifed version of the Sex Role Questionnaire, yielding descriptions of the self and the male and female sex-role stereotypes on both competence and expressive dimensions. As a group, middle-class children have less traditional or more blended sex-role definitions compared to working-class children. Middle-class children view themselves and both sex-role stereotypes as more competent, and middle-class males view themselves as more expressive than do working-class males. While Jewish females describe themselves as extremely expressive and Italian males describe themselves as highly expressive and competent, both Jews and Italians have significantly assimilated the sex-role stereotype definitions of their respective social class groups. In general, Black children describe the male sex-role stereotype as extremely expressive and perceive the two sex roles as fairly similar in expressiveness. Social class status has an opposite effect on sex-role definitions for Blacks than it does for Whites: Black middle-class children view the sex roles as clearly distinct on the competence dimension, describing the male stereotype as extremely competent; Black working-class children see the sex-role stereotypes as more blended on the competence dimension, describing the male sex role stereotype as relatively noncompetent. Ethnic and social class differences are cast in their historical and cultural contexts.
Dispersion and attenuation in a Smith-Purcell free electron laser

It has previously been shown that the electron beam in a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser interacts with a synchronous evanescent wave. At high electron energy, the group velocity of this wave is positive and the device operates on a convective instability, in the manner of a traveling-wave tube. For operation as an oscillator, the gain must exceed the losses in the external feedback system. At low electron energy, the group velocity of the synchronous evanescent wave is negative and the device operates on an absolute instability, like a backward-wave oscillator, and no external feedback is required. For oscillation to occur, the current must exceed the so-called start current. At an intermediate energy, called the Bragg condition, the group velocity ${v}_{g}$ of the evanescent wave vanishes and both the gain and the attenuation due to resistive losses in the grating diverge. It is shown that near the Bragg condition the gain depends on ${v}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}1/3}$, while the attenuation depends on ${v}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Since the attenuation increases faster than the gain near the Bragg condition, the Smith-Purcell free-electron laser cannot operate at the point of maximum gain. The effects of resistive losses become increasingly important as Smith-Purcell free-electron lasers move to shorter wavelengths.
A ternary, two-phase, mathematical model of oil recovery with surfactant systems

On presente un modele mathematique decrivant un ecoulement isothermique unidimensionnel d'un systeme d'agent tensioactif dans des medias poreux isotropiques. On presente egalement les solutions numeriques de cas speciaux
Neural network training enhancement

In this study we explore the use of nonlinear embedding maps to expand the dimension of the input space. The efficacy of such maps to speed training and to enhance performance is illustrated through several examples. A natural connection to nonlinear synaptic interconnects is also developed.
Launch Vehicle Performance for Bipropellant Propulsion Using Atomic Propellants With Oxygen

Atomic propellants for bipropellant launch vehicles using atomic boron, carbon, and hydrogen were analyzed. The gross liftoff weights (GLOW) and dry masses of the vehicles were estimated, and the 'best' design points for atomic propellants were identified. Engine performance was estimated for a wide range of oxidizer to fuel (O/F) ratios, atom loadings in the solid hydrogen particles, and amounts of helium carrier fluid. Rocket vehicle GLOW was minimized by operating at an O/F ratio of 1.0 to 3.0 for the atomic boron and carbon cases. For the atomic hydrogen cases, a minimum GLOW occurred when using the fuel as a monopropellant (O/F = 0.0). The atomic vehicle dry masses are also presented, and these data exhibit minimum values at the same or similar O/F ratios as those for the vehicle GLOW. A technology assessment of atomic propellants has shown that atomic boron and carbon rocket analyses are considered to be much more near term options than the atomic hydrogen rockets. The technology for storing atomic boron and carbon has shown significant progress, while atomic hydrogen is not able to be stored at the high densities needed for effective propulsion. The GLOW and dry mass data can be used to estimate the cost of future vehicles and their atomic propellant production facilities. The lower the propellant's mass, the lower the overall investment for the specially manufactured atomic propellants.
Once Daily Calcineurin Inhibitor Monotherapy in Pediatric Liver Transplantation

This report describes a group of pediatric liver transplant recipients who have undergone once daily calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) monotherapy at Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, between January 1, 2001 and November 30, 2008. We defined success as normal liver enzymes at 1 year after dose change, with normal enzymes throughout all follow-up. Patients who did not meet the set criteria or had lost an organ to chronic rejection were not considered for this therapeutic strategy. There were 147 patients in our organ transplant tracking record (OTTR) who were ≥ 5 years post liver transplant. Of these, 56 underwent reduced dose, once daily CNI monotherapy. Patients who met the set criteria were placed on once daily calcineurin inhibitor at half their previous dose. Fifty patients successfully achieved this dose change, while six patients failed at a mean of 3.7 ± 3.2 months following the dosing change. The mean interval from transplant was significantly longer in those patients who were successful compared to those who failed dose change (p < 0.05). Importantly, there have been no graft losses. Reduced dose, once daily CNI monotherapy is safe in carefully selected recipients, with a longer interval post liver transplantation increasing the likelihood of success.
Success rates for computed tomography-guided musculoskeletal biopsies performed using a low-dose technique

To evaluate the success rate of a low-dose (50 % mAs reduction) computed tomography (CT) biopsy technique. This protocol was adopted based on other successful reduced-CT radiation dose protocols in our department, which were implemented in conjunction with quality improvement projects. The technique included a scout view and initial localizing scan with standard dose. Additional scans obtained for further guidance or needle adjustment were acquired by reducing the tube current-time product (mAs) by 50 %. The radiology billing data were searched for CT-guided musculoskeletal procedures performed over a period of 8 months following the initial implementation of the protocol. These were reviewed for the type of procedure and compliance with the implemented protocol. The compliant CT-guided biopsy cases were then retrospectively reviewed for patient demographics, tumor pathology, and lesion size. Pathology results were compared to the ultimate diagnoses and were categorized as diagnostic, accurate, or successful. Of 92 CT-guided procedures performed during this period, two were excluded as they were not biopsies (one joint injection and one drainage), 19 were excluded due to non-compliance (operators neglected to follow the protocol), and four were excluded due to lack of available follow-up in our electronic medical records. A total of 67 compliant biopsies were performed in 63 patients (two had two biopsies, and one had three biopsies). There were 32 males and 31 females with an average age of 50 (range, 15–84 years). Of the 67 biopsies, five were non-diagnostic and inaccurate and thus unsuccessful (7 %); five were diagnostic but inaccurate and thus unsuccessful (7 %); 57 were diagnostic and accurate thus successful (85 %). These results were comparable with results published in the radiology literature. The success rate of CT-guided biopsies using a low-dose protocol is comparable to published rates for conventional dose biopsies. The implemented low-dose protocol did not change the success rate of CT-guided musculoskeletal biopsies.
Theory for the number of genes affecting quantitative characters : I. Estimation of and variance of the estimation of gene number for quantitative traits controlled by additive genes having equal effect.

A general expression for gene number estimation which encompasses the conventional formula was derived. It provides a basis for gene number estimation from the data of recurrent selection experiments that are not of sufficient duration to measure total response to selection.
A New Synthetic Acceleration Technique Based on the Simplified Even-Parity SN Equations

Abstract The source iteration method or Richardson method is the most common technique utilized to solve the linear Boltzmann equation. However, this iterative method exhibits slow convergence for problems with optically thick regions and scattering ratio close to unity. Hence, an effective acceleration technique is necessary for achieving a converged solution in a reasonable amount of time. In this paper, we develop a new synthetic acceleration technique based on the simplified even‐parity SN (SEP‐SN) equations for the discrete ordinates method (SN). We have measured the effectiveness of the SEP‐SN acceleration technique for both fixed‐source and eigenvalue (k‐effective) problems.
Remarks on the Fernandez-Gersch Procedure for Constructing Paramagnetic Line Shapes

The Fernandez-Gersch procedure for constructing paramagnetic line shapes by the use of suitably weighted Lorentzian (L) and Gaussian (G) forms is analyzed. It is concluded that in practice the possible arbitrariness of their original suggestion regarding the weighting factors of the L and G forms is likely to be quite innocuous. Similarly, the straightforward embellishment of their Gram-Charlier series, to a form which does not violate the non-negativity requirement, does not lead to any noticeably superior results.
Monolithic integration of substrate input/output resonant photodetectors and vertical-cavity lasers

We present theoretical and experimental results on monolithically integrated through-the-substrate input/output vertical-cavity lasers (VCLs) and resonant photodetectors that are compatible with substrate-side micro optics and flip-chip bonding. The required difference in bottom mirror reflectivity between the VCL and the detector is achieved by selective oxidation of a few high Al-content AlGaAs layers in the bottom mirror for the VCL. The modeling shows that using this approach makes it possible to individually design VCLs and resonant detectors from the same epitaxial structure without compromising performance of either device. Furthermore, since the oxidized layers are placed far enough from the active region, the VCL design is very robust with respect to uncertainties in the oxidized layers. For the detectors, we expect about 60% quantum efficiency, a 6-nm full-width at half-maximum optical bandwidth, and less than 1 nm difference in operating wavelength from the VCLs. Experimentally, VCLs and adjacent detectors with integrated microlenses have a difference of less than 0.5 nm in operating wavelength. The detectors have responsivities of 0.48 A/W, corresponding to 60% quantum efficiency and 7-nm optical bandwidths. Single-mode VCL's exhibit threshold currents as low as 135 /spl mu/A while maintaining differential efficiencies above 50%. Larger multimode VCLs have differential efficiencies exceeding 70% with threshold currents of 0.5 mA.
Radiation exposure in endovascular procedures

Background The introduction of percutaneous techniques to treat patients with peripheral vascular disease has placed the vascular surgeon in the unique role as the fluoroscopy supervisor overseeing the radiation protection for patient, self, staff, and trainee. Since radiation is an invisible threat in endovascular interventions, attention to protection may be challenging for the surgeon to understand and enforce. Methods General endovascular radiation considerations for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and peripheral interventions are reviewed. Results Peripheral atherectomy has the highest estimated skin doses of all endovascular procedures. Renal interventions, visceral balloon angioplasty and stenting, and embolization procedures are some of the procedures that have the highest peak skin doses. Patients with high body mass index (BMI) have been found to have up to three times higher peak skin doses than patients with normal BMI. Conclusion The degree of radiation exposure is dependent on the type of endovascular procedure, the patient's body habitus, and also the safety habits of the surgeon. Radiation exposure needs addressed in an informed consent process as is required for other procedures. Radiation exposure risks also need monitoring just as a surgeon monitors individual morbidity and mortality.
Instantaneous and continuous cardiac output in humans obtained with a Doppler pulmonary artery catheter.

Abstract A new Doppler pulmonary artery catheter was used to measure instantaneous and continuous cardiac output in both an in vitro model and in 44 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Cardiac output was calculated with use of the Doppler catheter-determined instantaneous space-average velocity and the ultrasonically determined instantaneous vessel area. Doppler flow and thermodilution were compared with electromagnetic flow in the in vitro model and with Fick cardiac output in patients. Doppler catheter-determined flow was highly predictive of electromagnetic flow in the pulsatile flow model (r = 0.99, slope [m] = 1.01 and SEE = 0.05) and appeared comparable to thermodilution measurements (r = 1.00, m = 1.03 and SEE = 0.02). In patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, Doppler catheter-determined cardiac output appeared to modestly underestimate Fick cardiac output (r = 0.82, m = 0.80 and SEE = 0.09; mean error ± SEM = −0.26 ± 0.14 liters/ min). However, predictive accuracy was comparable to simultaneously obtained thermodilution measurements (r = 0.85, m = 1.07 and SEE = 0.10; mean error ± SEM = 0.61 ± 0.16 liters/min). This new Doppler catheter system utilizes multiple ultrasound transducers to provide angle-independent measurements of vessel diameter and instantaneous velocity within the main pulmonary artery, resulting in a more accurate assessment of Doppler-derived cardiac output. In addition, useful information concerning hemodynamic variables such as peak flow, acceleration, deceleration, stroke work and pulmonary impedance may be derived.
Auroral excitation of the N2 2P(0,0) and VK(0,9) bands

The low-energy secondary electron flux caused by auroral electron precipitation is examined using data from the Atmosphere Explorer C satellite. An energetic electron transport algorithm is used to compute the differential electron flux produced by measured primaries. Emissions of N2 in the 2P(0,0) band at 337 nm and the VK(0,9) band at 335 nm predicted by the model are compared with photometric observation of their combined volume emission rate altitude profile made by the visible airglow experiment. Reasonable correspondence between model and measurement is obtained. Ratios of emissions at 337 nm and 630 nm to the N2(+) 1N(0,0) band at 428 nm are also studied. It is concluded that the 337/428 nm ratio responds to changes in the characteristic energy of primary auroral electrons only insofar as part of the 337 nm brightness is due to N2 VK(0,9) emission. The 630/428 nm ratio, which is strongly dependent on characteristic energy, also varies significantly with changes in atomic oxygen density.
1379 SURFACTANT REPLACEMENT AND PATENCY OF THE DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (DA) IN LAMBS

Extracted calf lung lipids (CLL) instilled into 127-129 day gestation lambs at birth prevents respiratory failure; we sought to determine the early status of the DA in such animals. Lambs were delivered by hysterotomy, tracheotomized, and catheters placed in the main pulmonary artery (PA) 1 cm beyond the valve under fluroscopy, the ascending aorta and descending aorta. CLL was instilled in 6 lambs, saline in 5, mechanical ventilation was started and umbilical cord severed. Blood gases and aortic PGE2 levels were obtained hourly. DA status was determined by the PA to aorta pressure gradient, aorta-PA xoygen difference, and microsphere trapping in the lung after left ventricular injection. Only 1 of the 5 control animals survived to 6 hours, 4 showed some transient constriction of the DA, and one of the 4 functional closure for 2 hours. In the treated animals, all showed constriction of the DA, 3 were functionally closed for 6 hours, 2 were constricted, 1 had re-opened. DA status was not correlated with aortic PGE2 levels, which declined during the experiment in all animals, nor with PaO2. Prevention of respiratory failure by CLL instillation at birth is associated with constriction of the DA in the first 6 hours.
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Reading ttable he Enemy’s Playbook

The purpose of the present study was to use the clinical database at the Yale University Center for Thoracic Aortic Disease to shed light on the pathophysiology of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), the clinical behavior of thoracic aortic aneurysm, and the optimal clinical management. The Yale database contains information on 3,000 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm, with 9,000 patient-years of follow-up and 9,000 imaging studies. Advanced statistical techniques were applied to this information. Analysis provided the following observations: (1) TAA is a genetic disease with a predominantly autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, (2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes are activated in the pathogenesis of TAA, (3) wall tension in TAA approaches the tensile limits of aortic tissue at a diameter of 6 cm, (4) by the time a TAA reaches a clinical diameter of 6 cm, 34% of affected patients have suffered dissection or rupture, (5) extreme physical exertion or severe emotion often precipitate acute dissection, and (6) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are being identified which predispose a patient to TAA. The “playbook” of TAA is gradually being read, with the help of scientific investigations, positioning practitioners to combat this lethal disease more effectively than ever before.
Probability Distortions and Outcome Desirability: Experimental Verification of Medical Folklore1

A belief common among medical personnel is that in conveying diagnoses or prognoses to patients, it is always best to emphasize the positive. In order to see if emphasis on the positive does make a difference in one's expectation of the more desirable of two alternative outcomes actually occurring, this laboratory experiment was conducted. College students were led to believe they had a low, moderate, or high probability of being assigned to one of two tasks, which differed in desirability. For some students the instructions focused on the probability of being assigned to the desirable task, whereas for others the instructions focused on the probability of being assigned to the undesirable. The two probabilities were always complementary; that is, the probability of being assigned to the desirable task was equal to one minus the probability of being assigned to the undesirable task. Following an interpolated activity, each subject's expectation of being assigned to the desirable or undesirable task was measured. Across all probability levels, subjects for whom the instructions had focused on the probability of being assigned to the desirable task viewed that assignment as significantly more likely than did subjects for whom the instructions had focused on the complementary probability of being assigned to the undesirable task. The implications of this for communicating with patients, for preventive medicine, and for coping with serious illness are briefly discussed.
The high temperature pyrolysis of 1,3-butadiene II: Pulsed laser flash absorption rate constants, and consideration of possible molecular dissociation pathways

Rate constants for the unimolecular dissociation of 1,3-butadiene have been measured with the pulsed laser flash absorption technique, following butadiene disappearance at 222 nm. The results are in excellent agreement with previous laser-schlieren measurements interpreted with a ΔH°298 = 100 kcal/mol heat of dissociation. A new RRKM calculation agreeing with both sets of rate constants gives log k∞(s−1) = 17.03 ± 0.3 – 94(kcal/mol)/RT. These data and product measurements using ARAS, single-pulse product analysis, and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, in shock tubes, all provide independent evidence against any major participation by molecular reactions in the dissociation. The only dissociation channel, or combination of channels, consistent with all the measurements is C-C scission to two vinyl radicals. However, the extremely slow rate of H-atom formation seen in ARAS experiments then requires an unacceptably low rate of vinyl dissociation.
DIAGNOSIS OF AN ISOLATED VERTICAL MUSCLE PALSY

The determination of a paretic vertical muscle may be made by prism cover test measurements in the 9 diagnostic positions of gaze or the 3-step test which relies on the Bielschowsky head tilt test. A series of cases with an isolated paretic vertical muscle was used to compare the 2 methods of examination. It was found that 1) the 3-step test (based on the Bielschowsky head tilt test) is non-diagnostic as frequently as fielding out, 2) the 3-step test is much more likely to diagnose an oblique (especially the superior oblique) than any other muscle, 3) there is a statistically significant association between a loger duration of the paresis and the appearance of spread of comitance, and 4) the disagreement between the 3-step test and cardinal gaze measurements which occurs in 18% of cases can not be adequately explained by 'overspread of comitance' to the point where the deviation is maximum in the opposite field of gaze. The measurement of the deviation in the cardinal positions of gaze was felt to more accurately indicate the paretic muscle when the two tests were in conflict.
Wnt inhibitory factor inhibits lung cancer cell growth

Objective Aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple cancers, including non–small cell lung cancer. Wnt inhibitory factor, a secreted Wnt antagonist, is downregulated in non–small cell lung cancer. We hypothesized that restoration of Wnt inhibitory factor function would inhibit lung cancer cell growth. Methods The lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460 were transfected with an expression vector containing the Wnt inhibitory factor gene. Apoptosis rates and colony formation were measured after transfection. Recombinant Wnt inhibitory factor protein was used to treat H460 cells, and proliferation rates were measured with an MTS assay. Finally, Wnt inhibitory factor plasmid was peritumorally injected near H460 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Results Wnt inhibitory factor–transfected cells had increased apoptosis and decreased colony formation than control cells. Recombinant human Wnt inhibitory factor protein was also able to inhibit H460 cell proliferation measured by using the MTS assay. Wnt inhibitory factor plasmid significantly inhibited the growth in vivo of H460 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Conclusion These data suggest that Wnt inhibitory factor is able to inhibit lung cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo and provides additional evidence that Wnt inhibitory factor plays an important role in Wnt pathway regulation in lung cancer.
Co-Reflection in Online Learning: Collaborative Critical Thinking as Narrative

This article presents findings from a comparative case study of the learning experiences of two graduate students in an online action research course. The key roles played by reflection and co-reflection, an emerging concept, are identified through the use of narrative analysis. Co-reflection is a collaborative critical thinking process mediated by language, broadly construed to include all meaningful signs. Two types of co-reflection are proposed: tacit and active. Regardless of type, the evidence shows that co-reflection involves cognitive and affective interactions in synergy with relationship building. To the study of group cognition, this study contributes evidence of the potential of co-reflection as a core process. The simple, flexible software tools used in the course (wiki-style collaborative software and simple email and chat programs) effectively supported inquiry learning and co-reflection by allowing learners to freely and easily create their own web pages and to adapt the tools for their different communication and learning styles.
Wild at Home: The Neighborhood as a Living Laboratory for HCI

HCI can “turn to the wild” but still stay home. Local community life presents a rich context for understanding challenges and possibilities of information technology. We summarize and reflect upon a program of participatory design research in which we facilitated activities and experiences of our neighbors through developing a series of community-oriented programs and information systems through the past two decades. We organize these reflections around five overlapping themes: visibility of community actors, creation of community information infrastructures, the role of place-based identity and activity in community, the effectiveness of participatory relationships, and the research designs and methods appropriate. We frame these reflections around a conceptual model of community, and the suggestion that the local community can be a living laboratory for HCI in the wild.
Long-term response to topiramate in patients with West syndrome.

Summary: Purpose: The long-term effectiveness of topiramate (TPM) was evaluated in children with West syndrome previously refractory to antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Methods: Children with infantile spasms who completed a pilot study were eligible to enter a long-term extension phase in which the dosages of TPM and other AEDs could be adjusted to optimal response (maximum, 50 mg/kg/day TPM). The mean duration of long-term therapy was 18 months in the 11 children who were followed; the mean TPM dosage was 29 mg/kg/day. Results: Eight (73%) children were continuing TPM therapy at the time data were analyzed; four (50%) children were spasm free, seven (88%) had experienced a ges;50% reduction in spasms, and three (38%) were able to achieve TPM mono-therapy. Conclusions: TPM was well tolerated in that no patients discontinued because of adverse events. The response achieved with TPM during the pilot study was maintained in most children.
Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Deployed US Male Marines

Background Combat exposure has been reported as one of the strongest risk factors for postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military service members. Determining the impact of specific deployment-related exposures on the risk of developing PTSD has not been fully explored. Our study objective was to explore the relationship between specific combat exposures and other life experiences with postdeployment PTSD.
Disposition versus situation: Neurocommunlcology and the influence of trait apprehension versus situational factors on state public speaking anxiety

Research indicates that individuals with elevated levels of public speaking anxiety report significantly different mental representations of the public speaking context, when compared to individuals with lower levels of anxiety. To examine the effect of the differences in mental representations, narratives for three public speaking contexts were developed. Results indicated that disposition (i.e., trait apprehension) was a better predictor of state anxiety when giving an impromptu speech. Situational factors (i.e., importance, skills, impression), however, were better predictors of state anxiety when either giving a speech to a 5th grade class or giving a speech to friends.
Interactions of HIV-1 Nef with the μ Subunits of Adaptor Protein Complexes 1, 2, and 3: Role of the Dileucine-Based Sorting Motif

HIV-1 Nef interacts with cellular adaptor protein (AP) complexes and their medium (mu) subunits. However, the role of the dileucine-based sorting motif within Nef in these interactions has been incompletely characterized. Here, yeast two-hybrid assays indicated that HIV-1 Nef interacted not only with the mu subunits of AP-1 and AP-2, but also with that of AP-3. The interactions with mu1 and mu3 were markedly stronger than the interaction with mu2. Leucine residues of the sorting motif were required for the interactions with mu3 and mu2 and contributed to the interaction with mu1. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that Nef, AP-1, and AP-3 (but not AP-2) were concentrated in a juxtanuclear region near the cell center, potentially facilitating interaction between Nef and the mu1 and mu3 subunits. However, leucine residues of the sorting motif were not required for this subcellular localization of Nef. These data suggest that the dileucine motif, required for optimal viral replication, functions through interactions with a variety of AP complexes, including AP-3, potentially by recruiting adaptor complexes to subcellular locations specified by additional determinants in the Nef protein.
Determination of urinary arsenic by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with the l'vov platform and matrix modification

Abstract Total arsenic can be determined rapidly and simply in urine by dilution with a matrix modifier containing nickel and magnesium nitrate in nitric acid. The background correction capability of Zeeman-effect electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry effectively nullifies nonatomic absorption by urine concomitants. Accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by the determination of total arsenic in the National Bureau of Standards' SRM 2670, Toxic Elements in Freeze-Dried Urine, and commercially available lyophilized urine material. Deviations of determined concentrations from expected values ranged from about 4 to 18 ng ml−1 with standard deviations ranging from about 5 to 31 ng ml−1.
Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with risperidone or olanzapine in the elderly: results from a 2-year, prospective study in antipsychotic-naïve patients.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) rates with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are considered to be low relative to first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), even in the particularly vulnerable elderly population. However, risk estimates are unavailable for patients naive to FGAs. Therefore, we aimed to determine the TD incidence in particularly vulnerable, antipsychotic-naive elderly patients treated with the SGA risperidone or olanzapine. The present work describes a prospective inception cohort study of antipsychotic-naive elderly patients aged ⩾55 years identified at New York Metropolitan area in-patient and out-patient geriatric psychiatry facilities and nursing homes at the time of risperidone or olanzapine initiation. At baseline, 4 weeks, and at quarterly periods, patients underwent assessments of medical and medication history, abnormal involuntary movements, and extra-pyramidal signs. TD was classified using Schooler–Kane criteria. Included in the analyses were 207 subjects (age: 79.8 years, 70.0% female, 86.5% White), predominantly diagnosed with dementia (58.9%) or a major mood disorder (30.9%), although the principal treatment target was psychosis (78.7%), with (59.4%) or without (19.3%) agitation. With risperidone (n=159) the cumulative TD rate was 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7, 9.9%) after 1 year (mean dose: 1.0±0.76 mg/day) and 7.2% (CI: 1.4, 12.9%) after 2 years. With olanzapine (n=48) the cumulative TD rate was 6.7% (CI: 0, 15.6%) after 1 year (mean dose: 4.3±1.9 mg/day) and 11.1% (CI: 0, 23.1%) after 2 years. TD risk was higher in females, African Americans, and patients without past antidepressant treatment or with FGA co-treatment. The TD rates for geriatric patients treated with risperidone and olanzapine were comparable and substantially lower than previously reported for similar patients in direct observation studies using FGAs. This information is relevant for all patients receiving antipsychotics, not just the especially sensitive elderly.
Streamwise development of turbulent boundary-layer drag reduction with polymer injection

Zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary-layer drag reduction by polymer injection has been studied with particle image velocimetry. Flow fields ranging from low to maximum drag reduction have been investigated. A previously developed technique – the (1 − y/δ) fit to the total shear stress profile – has been used to evaluate the skin friction, drag reduction and polymer stress. Current results agree well with the semi-log plot of drag reduction vs. normalized polymer flux which has been used by previous workers and can be used as a guide to optimize the use of polymer from a single injector. Detailed flow-field statistics show many special features that pertain to polymer flow. It is shown that the mean velocity responds quickly to the suddenly reduced wall shear stress associated with polymer injection. However, it takes a much longer time for the entire Reynolds shear stress profile to adjust to the same change. The Reynolds shear stress profiles in wall units can be higher than unity and this unique feature can be used to further judge whether the flow is in equilibrium. The streamwise evolution of drag reduction magnitude is used to divide the flow into three regions: development region; steady-state region; and depletion region. The polymer stress is estimated and found to be proportional to drag reduction in the depletion region, but not necessarily so in the other regions. The interaction between injected polymer and turbulent activity in a developing boundary-layer flow is dependent upon the flow history and it produces an equally complex relationship between polymer stress and drag reduction. The stress balance in the boundary layer and the dynamical contribution of the various stresses to the total stress are evaluated and it is seen that the polymer stresses can account for up to 25% of the total stress. This finding is in contrast to channel flows with homogeneous polymer injection where the polymer stress is found to account for up to 60% of the total stress.
The changing landscape of policing: the Metro-LEC approach

Profound changes are being made in the way police organize and collaborate. Many of these changes are due to economic times, as well as changes that occurred after September 11th. Small- and medium-size agencies are finding new and innovative ways to mobilize for critical events and large-scale operations. The mechanisms for collaboration vary and few studies have examined the effectiveness of these different types of interagency cooperative ventures. The Metropolitan Law Enforcement Council is a non-profit organization and pools resources from 43 law enforcement agencies. This study found the approach to be successful in accomplishing its primary mission of providing needed services to the member agencies. Lastly, this type of collaborative approach is changing the landscape of policing through the use of multijurisdictional special operational units available to respond to a host of situations from public and private requests.
The Presence of Norms in the Absence of Groups?The Impact of Normative Influence Under Hidden-Profile Conditions

The impact of normative and informational influence was examined with respect to research on hidden profiles, which occur when the members of a group individually hold information favoring a low-quality decision but collectively have the information necessary to make a high-quality decision. Participants were presented with information relevant to a decision and a transcript of a group discussing that decision. The information was either a complete or an incomplete set that instantiated a hidden profile. The transcripts contained the complete set of information but varied the initial preferences of group members and the direction of their noninformational comments. Although extant research indicates that informational pressure should outweigh normative pressure in this context, this study found that when normative and informational influence are in conflict, participants' decisions conformed to normative pressures. The presence of norms and information also had consequences for participants' perceptions of task difficulty, task attractiveness, and decision quality.
Provenance of the Plio-Pleistocene sediments in the East Turkana Basin, northern Kenya

Abstract The fossiliferous Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments in the East Turkana Basin of northern Kenya were derived from two major source areas: (1) Ethiopian plutonic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian basement and (2) Kenyan Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Interpretations of provenance are based on heavy mineral analyses of 123 sandstone samples and data collected during stratigraphic studies. Thirty heavy minerals have been identified in the East Turkana Basin and commonly compose 5–20% of the fine sand fraction which is compositionally representative of the entire heavy fraction. Morphological properties of the grains, geometric form, roundness and surface textures indicate that the mineral distribution primarily reflects source rocks lithology. Seven distinct heavy mineral associations have been distinguished which are grouped into two suites: a plutonic suite dominated by blue-green hornblende, apatite, sphene, garnet and clinozoisite-epidote and a volcanic suite dominated by augite and opaque minerals. Both suites form mappable heavy mineral provinces. Plutonic provinces occur throughout the basin interior, and volcanic provinces are distributed along the basin margin in association with alluvial fan deposits. Sedimentation began in the Pliocene following formation of the Turkana half-graben and the Chew Bahir (Stefanie) graben. The sediments are predominantly first cycle with limited reworking in fluvial and lacustrine environments. Two perennial stream systems transported plutonic detritus to the basin interior from basement rocks of high relief exposed to the northeast in the Chew Bahir basin and eastern Omo valley. Short ephemeral streams transported volcanic detritus to alluvial fans along the basin margins from volcanic rocks of low relief which border the basin to the east and south.
Toxicity of an Isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies darmstadiensis to Adults of the Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Laboratory

Centrifugation pellets obtained from an isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies darmstadiensis (Guat 1) cultured from a Guatemalan soil sample were found to be toxic to Anastrepha ludens (Loew) adults in the laboratory. We developed a bioassay diet that consisted of a mixture of the bacterium, a protein source, and sugar. A pH of 4.1 of the mixture was needed to obtain maximum adult mortality. One meal of the diet, which lasted from 30 s to 4 min, was enough to cause >70% mortality of both fed or starved adults. Mortality of fed adults was 70-75% following a feeding period of 60 min and mortality of starved adults was 80-90% following a feeding period of 30 min. The isolate was toxic to adults from 1 to 21 d old.
The donor atom-? interaction of sulfur with flavin. A density functional investigation

Thiols and sulfides interact strongly with electron-deficient aromatic systems such as flavins. Using density functional methodology, we have shown that this interaction is electrostatic in nature, with very little polarization of the sulfur electron cloud. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9: 605–606, 1998