cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scope and Limitations of the Concept of the Transition State

The study of biological reactions in ever-increasing numbers has raised intricate questions whose answers can best be sought through theories and experimental techniques which, until recently, were applied primarily to nonbiological (organic) systems. One such theory is that of absolute reaction rates (ART), commonly called transition-state theory (TST). TST has been evoked innumerable times in the treatment of experimental data and has provided the underlying concept for most mechanistic studies. Central to the theory is the transition state.
TRAPS - classifiers of temporal patterns.

The work proposes a radically di erent set of features for ASR where TempoRAl Patterns of spectral energies are used in place of the conventional spectral patterns. The approach has several inherent advantages, among them robustness to stationary or slowly varying disturbances.
Hemolysis During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Associations With Circuitry, Complications, and Mortality

Objectives:To describe factors associated with hemolysis during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the relationships between hemolysis, complications, and mortality.Design:Secondary analysis of data collected prospectively by the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network
Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go?

Positive affect (PA) is associated with better health across a wide range of physical health outcomes. This review reflects on why the study of PA is an essential component of our understanding of ...
Influence of Library Composition on SourceTracker Predictions for Community-Based Microbial Source Tracking.

Community-based microbial source tracking (MST) utilizes high-throughput DNA sequencing to profile and compare the microbial communities in different fecal sources and environmental samples. Source...
Distinct Forms of Pulmonary Hypertension Complicate Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) occurs most commonly as a consequence of high-output heart failure related to excessive shunting through visc...
Pushing through the tension while stuck in the mud: Paradox mindset and escalation of commitment

Abstract After investing resources in a course of action that is currently failing, individuals face the difficult and complex decision of how to respond to it. Extant research indicates that this situation entails a paradoxical tension: individuals feel compelled to continue the failing course, while also feeling pulled to respond to its negative feedback. I argue that individuals with a paradox mindset (i.e., the extent to which they accept and are energized by tensions) will respond to the situation by developing a sense of optimism about being able to successfully work through it. Four experiments demonstrate that a paradox mindset is associated with optimism and persistence with a failing course. However, these relationships are largely attenuated in situations where an alternative course of action is salient. This research offers a fresh perspective on the escalation of commitment phenomenon, and it helps to establish the boundary conditions for the effects of paradox mindset.
Effects of proton-induced radiation damage on CLYC and CLLBC performance

Abstract Cerium-doped Cs 2 LiYCl 6 (CLYC) and Cs 2 LiLaBr x Cl 6 − x (CLLBC) are scintillators in the elpasolite family that are attractive options for resource-constrained applications due to their ability to detect both gamma rays and neutrons within a single volume. Space-based detectors are one such application, however, the radiation environment in space can over time damage the crystal structure of the elpasolites, leading to degraded performance. We have exposed 4 samples each of CLYC and CLLBC to 800 MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The samples were irradiated with a total number of protons of 1.3 × 10 9 , 1.3 × 10 10 , 5.2 × 10 10 , and 1.3 × 10 11 , corresponding to estimated doses of 0.14, 1.46, 5.82, and 14.6 kRad, respectively on the CLYC samples and 0.14, 1.38, 5.52, and 13.8 kRad, respectively on the CLLBC samples. We report the impact these radiation doses have on the light output, activation, gamma-ray energy resolution, pulse shapes, and pulse-shape discrimination figure of merit for CLYC and CLLBC.
Graph-Adaptive Semi-Supervised Tracking of Dynamic Processes Over Switching Network Modes

A plethora of network-science related applications call for inference of spatio-temporal graph processes. Such an inference task can be aided by the underlying graph topology that might jump over discrete modes. For example, the connectivity in dynamic brain networks, switches among candidate topologies, each corresponding to a different emotional state, also known as the network mode. Taking advantage of limited nodal observations, the present contribution deals with semi-supervised tracking of dynamic processes over a given candidate set of graphs with unknown switches. Towards this end, a dynamical model is introduced to capture the per-slot spatial correlation using the active topology, as well as the temporal variation across slots through a state-space model. A scalable graph-adaptive Bayesian approach is developed, based on what is termed interacting multi-graph model (IMGM), to track the dynamic nodal processes and the active graph topology on-the-fly. Besides switching topologies, the proposed IMGM algorithm can accommodate various generalizations, including multiple dynamic functions, multiple kernels, and adaptive observation noise covariances. IMGM learns the dynamical model that best fits the data from a pool of available models. Thus, the resultant adaptive algorithm does not require offline model training. Numerical tests with synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the superior tracking performance of the novel approach compared to the mode-clairvoyant existing alternatives.
Tumor Mutational Burden, Toxicity, and Response of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Targeting PD(L)1, CTLA-4, and Combination: A Meta-regression Analysis.

PURPOSE Tumor mutational burden (TMB) has emerged as a potential predictive biomarker for clinical response to ICI therapy, but whether TMB also predicts toxicity remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between TMB, objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and toxicity for ICI therapy across multiple cancer types. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and ASCO/ESMO/AACR meetings for clinical trials of anti-PD(L)1, CTLA-4, or combination in 29 cancer types. We assessed ICI administered, responses (complete or partial response), median OS, OS HR, and grade 3/4 toxicity. We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression using tumor level TMB data from Foundation Medicine. RESULTS One hundred seventeen clinical trials, which included 12,450 patients treated with ICI therapy were analyzed. Meta-regression analysis revealed that TMB was significantly associated with ORR for anti-PD(L)1, anti-CTLA-4, and combination (P < 0.0001 for all), but not associated with toxicity in all treatment groups. OS data were unavailable for most studies included in our meta-analysis, and the relationship between TMB and OS in this subset was not significant (P = 0.26). In high TMB tumor types (≥10 mut/megabase) the improvement of ORR and increase in grade 3/4 toxicity with combination ICI therapy as compared with PD(L)1 monotherapy were 21.13% and 25.41%, respectively, as compared with 3.73% and 18.78% in low TMB tumor types (<10 mut/megabase). CONCLUSIONS There is a positive association between TMB and clinical response with anti-PD(L)1, anti-CTLA-4, and combination ICIs, but no association between TMB and toxicity. These results imply a favorable risk/benefit ratio for ICIs in tumors with a higher TMB.
Improved Deterministic Broadcasting for Multiple Access Channels

Communicating on multiple access channels like Ethernet and wireless LANs requires a broadcasting protocol, which coordinates access to the shared channel to avoid collisions. Existing deterministic broadcasting algorithms suffer from significant performance degradation with high network traffic in terms of packet latency and queues. We consider a system of a fixed number of stations communicating through multiple access channels where the goal is to develop a deterministic broadcasting algorithm that has higher performance regarding latency and queues compared to existing algorithms. A randomized adversarial model of packet injection is used to study the performance of broadcast algorithms which simulates real network traffic. In this paper, we present a deterministic broadcasting algorithm, called the K-tuple withholding algorithm, which outperforms the existing algorithms regarding both latency and queuing. We prove that our algorithm achieves bounded queues and latency against a randomized leaky bucket adversary with a maximum injection rate of 14/32. Through simulation, we show that our algorithm results in an average packet latency that is significantly lower compared to the Quadruple Round algorithm when the injection rate is greater than or equal to 7/10.
The Elusive Empirics of Austrian Capital Theory

This paper uses Austrian capital theory to illustrate why empirical work can be elusive in typical Austrian themes. It explores the nature of the problem and different alternative solutions to empirical challenges. The paper also discusses the Austrian literature's epistemological approach to empirical work to shed light on the controversial relationship between Austrian theory and empirical testing. Finally, the paper offers examples of how Austrian and mainstream economics can find a common empirical ground.
Listening to the "HITS:" Screening for IPV in African American Co-Parents of Young Children.

Relationships among African American (AA) parents living apart can be contentious. A common assumption is that men are the perpetrators and women are the victims of violence. Research examining the...
Microsatellite Markers in Biobanking: A New Multiplexed Assay

Microsatellites, or MSATs, offer a fast and cost-effective way for biobanks to establish a biospecimen genetic profile. Importantly, this genetic profile can be used to authenticate multiple submissions derived from the same individual as well as biospecimens derived from the same original sample submission over time. While the Certificate of Confidentiality provided by the National Institutes of Health offers some meaningful protection to prevent the disclosure of potentially identifiable information to entities within the United States, we consider, in this study, the potential to offer additional protection to participants who choose to donate to biobanks by minimizing the use of forensic Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) MSAT markers in biobanking. To this end, we report the design and validation of a new multiplexed MSAT assay that does not include CODIS markers for use in biobanking operations and quality control management.
Signaling through CD19 activates Vav/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induces formation of a CD19/Vav/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex in human B cell precursors.

The B cell-specific cell surface molecule CD19 plays a role in regulating immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor signaling, and cross-linking CD19 activates several signaling molecules in mature human B cells. In surface Ig-negative B cell precursors, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent homotypic aggregation response can be triggered by cross-linking CD19. In the current study, we examined the outcome of PTK-mediated signal transduction following CD19 cross-linking on surface Ig negative and surface Ig positive B cell lines, as well as freshly isolated surface Ig-negative B cell precursors. PTK activation resulted in the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple protein substrates and peaked at 0.5-1 min following CD19 cross-linking in all B-lineage cells examined. One of the tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates was identified as the hematopoietic-specific protein Vav, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates the Ras pathway. Evidence consistent with Ras pathway activation was also demonstrated by MEK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of a MAP kinase fusion protein. CD19 cross-linking, sequential immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting revealed that: (a) Vav becomes associated with CD19, (b) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) becomes associated with CD19, and (c) PI 3-kinase becomes associated with Vav. No such physical interaction occurred following control IgG1 cross-linking or cross-linking of class I major histocompatability complex cell surface molecules. Coupled with a previous report (Tuveson, D.A., Carter, R.H., Soltoff, S.P., and Fearon, D.T. (1993) Science 260, 986-988), our data support a model in which CD19 cross-linking induces the formation of a signaling complex that leads to the activation of two pathways involving Ras and PI 3-kinase.
Combined Nested RT-PCR Assay for Prostate-specific Antigen and Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen in Prostate Cancer Patients: Correlation with Pathological Stage

Nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) can detect circulating prostatic cells in patients with prostate cancer. We evaluated the role of a combined screening approach for PSA and PSM in prostate cancer staging. We examined the peripheral blood samples from 136 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate (PCA), 15 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 15 normal male subjects, and 5 female subjects. The controls (benign prostatic hyperplasias, normal males, and normal females) were negative for both PSA and PSM. In patients with metastatic PCA (n = 11), 100% were positive by combined PSA/PSM (64% by PSA and 91% by PSM). In biochemical failure PCA patients (n = 18), 39% were positive by PSM, compared to only 6% by PSA. In patients with clinically localized PCA (n = 107), 48% were positive by combined PSA/PSM approach (43% by PSM and 14% by PSA). These results show that PSM is a more sensitive marker than PSA in detecting circulating prostatic cells (P < 0.0001). We correlated preoperative RT-PCR results with final pathological stages in 67 prostatectomy patients. RT-PCR positivity was 81.5% in patients with non-organ-confined disease versus 37.5% in organ-confined disease (P = 0.001). PSA/PSM RT-PCR had an odds ratio of 7.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.3-23.4; P = 0.001) in predicting tumor extracapsular extension. PSA/PSM RT-PCR was a better predictor of tumor extracapsular extension than initial serum PSA, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score. Our data show that PSA/PSM nested RT-PCR may provide the staging information unavailable from the current modalities. The ultimate impact of this technique in the management of patients with prostate cancer will require continued investigation.
Inverse estimation of parameters for multidomain flow models in soil columns with different macropore densities.

[1] Soil and crop management practices have been found to modify soil structure and alter macropore densities. An ability to accurately determine soil hydraulic parameters and their variation with changes in macropore density is crucial for assessing potential contamination from agricultural chemicals. This study investigates the consequences of using consistent matrix and macropore parameters in simulating preferential flow and bromide transport in soil columns with different macropore densities (no macropore, single macropore, and multiple macropores). As used herein, the term “macropore density” is intended to refer to the number of macropores per unit area. A comparison between continuum‐scale models including single‐porosity model (SPM), mobile‐immobile model (MIM), and dual‐permeability model (DPM) that employed these parameters is also conducted. Domain‐specific parameters are obtained from inverse modeling of homogeneous (no macropore) and central macropore columns in a deterministic framework and are validated using forward modeling of both low‐density (3 macropores) and high‐density (19 macropores) multiple‐macropore columns. Results indicate that these inversely modeled parameters are successfulindescribingpreferentialflowbutnottracertransportinbothmultiple‐macropore columns. We believe that lateral exchange between matrix and macropore domains needs better accounting to efficiently simulate preferential transport in the case of dense, closely spaced macropores. Increasing model complexity from SPM to MIM to DPM also improved predictions of preferential flow in the multiple‐macropore columns but not in the single‐macropore column. This suggests that the use of a more complex model with resolveddomain‐specificparametersisrecommendedwithanincreaseinmacroporedensity to generate forecasts with higher accuracy.
Impact of Commercial Processing on the Microbiology of Shell Eggs

Shell egg microbiology has been studied extensively, but little information is available on how modern U.S. processing conditions impact microbial populations. As regulations are being drafted for the industry, such information can be important for determining processing steps critical to product safety. Five different shell egg surface microbial populations (aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella) were monitored at 12 points along the processing line (accumulator, prewash rinse, washer 1, washer 2, sanitizer, dryer, oiler, scales, two packer head lanes, rewash entrance, and rewash exit). Three commercial facilities were each visited three times, a total of 990 eggs were sampled, and 5,220 microbiological samples were subsequently analyzed. Although variations existed in concentrations of microorganisms recovered from each plant, the patterns of fluctuation for each population were similar at each plant. On average, aerobes, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteri...
Aplicando conceitos e técnicas de serviços em IHC

Este curso de 4 horas introduz e discute a aplicacao de conceitos e tecnicas de Ciencia de Servicos no projeto, desenvolvimento e teste de interfaces computacionais, especialmente para servicos providos atraves da Internet (servicos online) como compras e reservas de produtos e servicos, busca de informacoes, solicitacao de documentos, etc. Com as ideias e metodos aprendidos neste curso, profissionais de IHC estarao melhor capacitados a entender as particularidades de servicos, e a melhor projetar e avaliar interfaces para servicos.
Immobilized Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin binds oligosaccharides containing the Le(x) determinant.

A defined set of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides containing α-linked fucose were used to examine the specificity of the immobilized fucose-binding lectin Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin (LTA1), also known as lotus lectin. Glycans containing the Lewis x determinant (Lex) Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAcβ1-3-R were significantly retarded in elution from high density LTA-Emphaze columns. The lectin also bound the fucosylated lacdiNAc trisaccharide GalNAcβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAc. The lectin did not bind glycans containing either sialylLex or VIM-2 determinants, nor did it bind the isomeric Lea, Galβ1-3[Fucα1-4]GlcNAc-R. Although 2′-fucosyllactose Fucα1-2Galβ1-4Glc) was retarded in elution from the columns, larger glycans containing the H-antigen Fucα1-2Galβ1-3(4)GlcNAc-R interacted poorly with immobilized LTA. Our results demonstrate that immobilized LTA is effective in isolating glycans containing the Lex antigen and is useful in analyzing specific fucosylation of glycoconjugates. Abbreviations: LTA, Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin; UEA-1, Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I; LNT, AAL, Aleuria aurantia agglutinin; Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-3Glc; LNnT, Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-3Glc; Lex, Lewis x antigen; Lea, Lewis a antigen; GDPFuc, guanosine 5′-diphosphate-β-L-fucose
Group Analysis of Resting-State fMRI by Hierarchical Markov Random Fields

Identifying functional networks from resting-state functional MRI is a challenging task, especially for multiple subjects. Most current studies estimate the networks in a sequential approach, i.e., they identify each individual subject’s network independently to other subjects, and then estimate the group network from the subjects networks. This one-way flow of information prevents one subject’s network estimation benefiting from other subjects. We propose a hierarchical Markov Random Field model, which takes into account both the within-subject spatial coherence and between-subject consistency of the network label map. Both population and subject network maps are estimated simultaneously using a Gibbs sampling approach in a Monte Carlo Expectation Maximization framework. We compare our approach to two alternative groupwise fMRI clustering methods, based on K-means and Normalized Cuts, using both synthetic and real fMRI data. We show that our method is able to estimate more consistent subject label maps, as well as a stable group label map.
Genetics of Heading Time in Wheat (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.). I. the Inheritance of Photoperiodic Response.

The inheritance of photoperiodic response was studied in crosses involving four spring wheats (Sonora 64, Pitic 62, Justin and Thatcher) and three winter wheats (Blackhull, Early Blackhull and Extra Early Blackhull). The parental cultivars were classified into a photoperiod-sensitive group (Justin, Thatcher, Blackhull and Early Blackhull) and a relatively photoperiod-insensitive group (Sonora 64, Pitic 62 and Extra Early Blackhull) based on their heading response when vernalized and grown under different daylength regimes.—F1 data indicated that daylength insensitivity is not always dominant over day-length sensitivity and that the dominance relationship with respect to photoperiodic response depends on the alleles present in the parents. The heading patterns after vernalization and growth under short days of F1, F2, F3 and backcross generations of a 4-parent diallel cross involving Justin, Sonora 64, Extra Early Blackhull and Blackhull could be satisfactorily explained on the basis of two major loci with three alleles at each locus. The genotype for each parent was suggested in terms of these loci. Genes with minor effects also influenced the photoperiodic response in a quantitative manner.—Diallel cross analysis of the number of days to heading (log scale) indicated significant additive and dominance genetic variances, a high average degree of dominance for earliness (photoperiod insensitivity) and a preponderance of recessive alleles in the parents acting in the direction of lateness (photoperiod sensitivity). Estimation of the genetic components of variation contained in the generation means of individual crosses (untransformed data) showed that, besides additivity and dominance, epistasis was also an important factor in the genetic control of photoperiodic response in wheat.
Get in the Game: Developing an Information Literacy Classroom Game

Â Much current research in the field of games-based learning demonstrates that games can be successfully incorporated into educational contexts to increase student engagement, motivation, and learning. Academic librarians are also using games as an innovative instructional strategy to strengthen studentsâ research skills and their understanding of information literacy concepts. This article discusses the development and implemen-tation of Quality Counts , a classroom information literacy game designed to teach undergraduate students how to evaluate Internet sources. After a brief overview of the gameâs development and rules, the article describes the process of playingÂ Quality Counts in several classes and presents the results of qualitative assessments of student engagement and self-perception of learning, including data from classroom observations and student surveys. Finally, the article offers suggestions for next steps and future research, both for Quality Counts as well as for academic librarians interested in developing or implementing instructional games.
On the history of cryptography during WW2, and possible new directions for cryptographic research

This paper will discuss the role of cryptography within a particular “world view”, with the aim of investigating the history and foundations of the subject. Particular emphasis will be placed of the role of cryptography in the German military failures of WW2, lessons t o be derived, and possible new directions for research (including extending the theory of cryptographic protocols to what I call “Abstract Protocol Theory”.) I hope that some of the readers will become interested in doing further research in the areas discussed.
The Adh gene promoters of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila orena are functionally conserved and share features of sequence structure and nuclease-protected sites.

Abstract The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. orena show similar patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase expression, both spatially and temporally. These two species diverged from a common ancestor 6 million to 15 million years ago, and the DNA sequences of the promoter regions of their Adh genes show a mosaic pattern of conservation and change. By interspecific transformation of D. orena sequences into D. melanogaster, we demonstrate a functional equivalence between these sequences. Using both D. melanogaster embryo extracts and purified transcription factor Adf-1, we compare the protection of these promoter sequences from nuclease, demonstrating considerable conservation.
Inverse rational L 1 approximation

We consider the nonlinear approximating family Rnm of rational expressions over a real interval. In the Lp norms, 1 < p < ∞ non-normal elements of this family cannot arise as best approximations to functions outside the family. In the L1 case, Dunham (1971) has shown that for a continuous function no rational of defect two or greater, excepting the rather special case of the function 0, can be a best approximation. Cheney and Goldstein have shown (1967) that any normal rational function can arise as the best approximation to some function f ∈ L2 which is not in the rational family. We show here that there exist continuous functions not in Rnm, which do have any given defect one functions as their best approximations by using variational techniques from Wolfe (1976).
Bee burrows in the late cretaceous (Late Cenomanian) Dakota formation, northeastern Arizona

Cretaceous burrows attributable to bees are the earliest known record of activity by those insects and are equivalent in age to, or possibly older than, the oldest known bee body fossil. The burrows consist of vertical shafts from which short lateral corridors and numerous brood cells open. They occur in a lenticular fluvial sandstone in the middle carbonaceous member of the Late Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian) Dakota Formation. A new ichnospecies, Celliforma dakotensis, is proposed for this trace fossil, which is distinguished from other members of the ichnogenus by the size of the brood cells and the nest architecture. The presence of these burrows is consistent with the environmental interpretation of this part of the Dakota Formation as representing an aggrading coastal plain.
Chapter 3 Early Childhood Education

age 8. These programs take place in children's own homes and in public schools, private preschools, and child-care homes and centers. Each of these settings may have quite different characteristics (adult/child ratios, group sizes, age ranges, cultural practices, and adult training and teaching styles) that in turn affect what and how children learn. Research in early childhood education is equally diverse and fits Ogawa and Malen's (1991) description of a "multivocal" literature. The research "voices" articulate the interests of different stakeholders: educators, public officials, health and human service providers, parents, citizens, and the researchers themselves. They rely on different theoretical models and separate data bases. Selecting the most salient issues in such a fragmented field is difficult. I have chosen to narrow my topic to research that highlights the ways that the care and education of young children affect their later school achievement, with particular attention to studies that may point out directions for public policies and program designs. The major interrelated topics I shall consider are new directions in theories of development and learning, changes in programs designed for young children and families, developmentally appropriate curriculum content and instructional methods, and policy issues.
Overexpressed IGF-I receptors reduce estrogen growth requirements, enhance survival, and promote E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in human breast cancer cells.

Abstract The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) paracrine or autocrine loop plays an important role in the maintenance of breast cancer growth. Cancer cells contain several-fold higher levels of the IGF-IR than normal breast tissue; however, it is still not clear whether abnormally high activation of IGF-IR signaling may induce progression of the disease. To address this question, we have established several MCF-7-derived clones (MCF-7/IGF-IR cells) overexpressing the IGF-IR. We report here that overexpression of the IGF-IR did not modify sensitivity of cells to IGF-I; however, responsiveness to the ligand was moderately enhanced in most of the MCF-7/IGF-IR clones (measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA). All MCF-7/IGF-IR clones responded to the synergistic action of 1 nMestradiol (E2) and small amounts of IGF-I (up to 0.8 ng/ml). Exposure of cells to higher concentrations of IGF-I abolished estrogen requirements for stimulation of DNA synthesis in all MCF-7/IGF-IR clones, but not in the parental cells. The most important finding of this work was that the amplification of the IGF-IR induced cell–cell adhesion in MCF-7 cells. High levels of the IGF-IR promoted cell aggregation on Matrigel, allowed proliferation of cells within the aggregates, and protected clustered cells from death. In both MCF-7 and MCF-7/IGF-IR cells, IGF-I stimulated aggregation, whereas an anti-E cadherin antibody blocked cell–cell adhesion. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining with specific antibodies revealed co-localization of the IGF-IR and E-cadherin at the points of cell–cell contacts. Moreover, the IGF-IR and its two substrates, insulin receptor substrate 1 and SHC, were contained within the E-cadherin complexes. Our results suggest that overexpressed IGF-IRs, by promoting the aggregation, growth, and survival of breast cancer cells, may accelerate the increase of tumor mass and may also prevent cell scattering.
Integrative restoration assessment of an urban stream using multiple modeling approaches with physical, chemical, and biological integrity indicators

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the health of an urban stream after the completion of a restoration project using multiple modeling approaches with chemical measurements, a physical habitat model, and a biological integrity model. For the study, six sampling sites including the control were selected along the upstream to downstream longitudinal gradient and 45 reference streams also were selected for health assessment. Mean concentrations of organic matter (BOD, COD) and nutrients (N, P) decreased slightly in the downstream region after restoration, but water chemistry did not differ significantly between the periods before and after restoration (BR and AR, respectively). The evaluation of the stream restoration project using maximum species richness lines showed that even after restoration, about 50% of the total observations for all variables indicated poor stream health conditions, which was similar to the non-restored condition. Residual analysis of BR vs. AR indicated no significant (p
Associations between Dispositional Humility and Social Relationship Quality

Quality social relationships depend, in part, on deferring self-interest to another person or group. Being too arrogant or self-focused could negatively affect relationship quality. In two studies we examined possible connections between trait humility and social relationship quality (SRQ). Participants completed survey measures of each construct. Self and peer-reported humility correlated positively with SRQ, even when social desirability (Study 1) and other relevant personality dimensions (e.g., Big Five, agency, communion) were statistically controlled (Study 2). These findings indicate humility could be an important trait with regard to interpersonal relations. Implications are discussed for the cultivation of humility and its potential relevance in other social contexts.
Cloud-based printing for mobile devices

Consumers are increasingly using their smart phones to view web pages. However, there is no native operating system support for printing these web pages. We propose to overcome two barriers to printing from mobile devices - the inability to connect and transmit to a printer and the typically poor format of printed web pages. Our system includes a client component that causes the web browser to upload the page (as a URL reference for public pages or the DOM content for private pages) to a cloud service that extracts the content and formats it for printing. We transfer the printready content to the HP CloudPrint service and leverage its ability to locate printers and transmit print jobs. We have built a working system the uses iPhones and Windows Mobile devices clients, but the system can be extended to include other clients.
Apoptosis is induced by choline deficiency in fetal brain and in PC12 cells

Treatment of rats with choline during critical periods in brain development results in long-lasting enhancement of spatial memory in their offspring. Apoptosis is a normal process during brain development, and, in some tissues, is modulated by the availability of the nutrient choline. In these studies, we examined whether availability of choline influences apoptosis in fetal brain and in the PC12 cell line derived from a rat pheochromocytoma. Timed-bred Sprague Dawley rats were fed a choline-deficient (CD), choline-control, or choline-supplemented (CS) diet for 6 days and, on embryonic day 18, fetal brain slices were prepared and apoptosis was assessed using terminal dUTP nucleotide end labeling (TUNEL) to detect DNA strand breaks and by counting of apoptotic bodies. TUNEL-positive cells were detected in 15.9% (P<0.01), 8.7% and 7.2% of hippocampal cells from fetuses of dams fed the CD, control or CS diets, respectively. A similar inverse relationship between dietary intake of choline and TUNEL positive cells was detected in an area of cerebral cortex from these fetal brain slices. Counts of apoptotic bodies in fetal brain slices correlated inversely with choline intake of the mothers (6.2% (P<0.01), 2.5% and 1.9% of hippocampal cells had apoptotic bodies in fetuses of dams fed the CD, control and CS diets, respectively). PC12 cells were grown in DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 70 μM choline or with 0 μM choline. The number of apoptotic bodies in PC12 cells increased when cells were grown in 0 μM choline medium (1.5%; P<0.05) compared to 70 μM choline medium (0.55%). In PC12 cells, TUNEL labeling (DNA strand breaks) increased in choline deficient (13.5%, P<0.05) compared to sufficient medium (5.0%). In addition, cleavage of genomic DNA into 200 bp internucleosomal fragments was detected in choline-deficient cells. These results show that choline deficiency induces apoptotic cell death in neuronal-type cells and in whole brain. We suggest that variations in choline availability to brain modulate apoptosis rates during development.
Giant magneto-transport phenomena in granular magnetic systems

Abstract The experimental results and outstanding issues of giant magneto-transport properties in granular magnetic solids, including magnetoresistivity (ϱxx), extraordinary Hall resistivity (ϱxyM) and magneto-thermal conductivity (κ), are described.
LEAFMINERS ON OAK: THE ROLE OF IMMIGRATION AND IN SITU REPRODUCTIVE RECRUITMENT'

The roles of overwintering reproductive recruitment and intertree immigration are examined for leaf-mining insects on oak trees. Full-exclusion caged trees that exclude immigrants, litter exclusion caged trees that exclude overwintering recruits, and control trees were sampled to determine leafminer abundance and species richness. Full-caged trees had little overwintering re- cruitment, and populations went extinct during the season's first generation. Litter exclusion trees recruited as many species as did control trees, but had lower leafminer densities. However, further experiments indicate that the lowered densities were a caging artifact. This result suggests that most leafminer populations on oak trees are maintained by yearly reimmigration from safe overwintering sites and not from in situ reproductive recruitment. Therefore, the distribution and abundance of leafminers on oak should not be viewed as the turnover of reproductive populations on individual trees, but rather as the immigration and failed colonization of species whose movements encompass several trees.
A Manager's Guide to Data Mining

Abstract Data-mining technology allows corporate managers to extract implicit facts from the existing enterprise databases. Data mining aims to reveal a large number of facts about corporate data through a structured online process. This technology can be used to assist corporate decision-making process. This article provides a manager's guide to effectively prepare and implement datamining methods, technologies, and processes.
Continuous culture of normal adult mammalian hepatocytes exhibiting parenchymal functions

Past in vitro studies of liver-cell functions have been performed on nonproliferating primary cells or serially propagated hepatic monolayers of neoplastic or fetal origin. We optimized conditions for the selective culture of adult rabbit and canine liver parenchymal cells and presently have four differentiated proliferating monolayer strains. At the 30th passage level these hepatic cultures still display the specific liver parenchymal functions of albumin and fibrinogen synthesis as well as tyrosine aminotransferase activity. Optimization of the conditions for hepatocyte culture was monitored by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Albumin and fibrinogen synthesis were measured by bioradioimmunoassay and tyrosine transaminase activity by a modification of Diamondstone's assay. Albumin and fibrinogen synthesis were correlated with hepatocyte growth kinetics.
4D imaging of embryonic chick hearts by streak-mode Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

Recently, we developed the streak-mode Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique in which an area-scan camera is used in a streak-mode to record the OCT spectrum. Here we report the application of this technique to in ovo imaging HH18 embryonic chick hearts with an ultrahigh speed of 1,016,000 axial scans per second. The high-scan rate enables the acquisition of high temporal resolution 2D datasets (1,000 frames per second or 1 ms between frames) and 3D datasets (10 volumes per second), without use of prospective or retrospective gating technique. This marks the first time that the embryonic animal heart has been 4D imaged using a megahertz OCT.
Pediatric testicular tumors: The Johns Hopkins experience

Abstract Testicular neoplasms constitute 1 percent of all childhood malignancies and rankeighth in childhood cancer mortality. From 1970 to 1988, 25 testicular tumors in children eighteen years and under were seen. The majority of the patients were white (88 %). Pathologic analysis of the tumors revealed that 68 percent were germinal and 32 percent were nongerminal. Staging was undertaken in all patients with serum markers, chest x-ray film, and computerized tomography scans or lymphangiography. All patients underwent radical orchiectomy, and further therapy was given dependent on tumor type and stage. The survival among this cohort was excellent, with only 3 patients succumbing to their disease. Detailed results of treatment, and approaches to avoid excess treatment morbidity are reviewed.
The Evaluative Use of Citation Analysis for Communication Journals

This study investigated the impact of the omission of scholarly communication journals from Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) on citation-based appraisals of communication literature. Citation data were collected from reference lists in articles appearing in 27 communication journals published during 1990, including 14 not indexed by SSCI or AHCI. The 14 journals not included in SSCI or AHCI contributed 1,953, or 26%, of the 7,640 citations to authors during 1990, and 1,156, or 25%, of the 4,587 citations to journals in 1990. Twenty-seven of the 50 most frequently cited authors received 25% or more of their citations from journals omitted by SSCI and AHCI. This study found that an accurate evaluation of a scholar's articles based on citations received will not be possible until SSCI and/or AHCI choose to include the omitted journals, and that computer applications could be used to provide a convenient and inexpensive on-line citation index for communication literature. The Journal Impact Rating, a measure for use in comparing journals’impact on the basis of citations received, was introduced.
A New Noise-Gated AGC and Sync System for TV Receivers-Part II

Spracklen and Stroh have presented intriguing possibilities for tv receiver circuits, and their Fig. 8 illustrates how the job could be done using two dual-control pentodes. However, work was not stopped at this point but full advantage of some additional possibilities was taken, and the result is a new tube family, the 6/4/3BU8. Except for the heater rating these tubes are identical.
Control of sodium homeostasis in children with recurrent urinary tract infections and reduced glomerular filtration rates.

Summary Basal sodium excretion and rapid response to oral and intravenous sodium loads have been studied in children with recurrent urinary tract infections and a wide range of glomerular filtration rates. Basal sodium excretion related to body surface was remarkably stable in all children studied and thus independent of glomerular filtration rate. The rapid response to an oral or an intravenous sodium load was reduced in patients with low filtration rates. The urinary sodium excretion rate following oral sodium load was correlated to the glomerular filtration rate with high statistical significance. In patients with high filtration rates saline infusion resulted in a rather prompt inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption with consequent increase in urinary sodium excretion. In patients with low filtration rates inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption following intravenous saline load was much less pronounced. During the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis without extra sodium supply both the patients with low and with high filtration rates increased the absolute as well as the fractional sodium excretion concomitantly with an increase in the filtered load of sodium. The results are compatible with, but do not prove the existence of an additional natriuretic factor that keeps the basal sodium excretion constant in the diseased kidney.
Behavioral contrast redux

Behavioral contrast is defined as a change in response rate during a stimulus associated with a constant reinforcement schedule, in inverse relation to the rates of reinforcement in the surrounding stimulus conditions. Contrast has at least two functionally separable components: local contrast, which occurs after component transition, and molar contrast. Local contrast contributes to molar contrast under some conditions, but not generally. Molar contrast is due primarily to anticipatory contrast. However, anticipatory contrast with respect to response rate has been shown to be inversely related to stimulus preference, which challenges the widely held view that contrast effects reflect changes in stimulus value owing to the reinforcement context. More recent data demonstrate that the inverse relation between response rate and preference with respect to anticipatory contrast is due to Pavlovian contingencies embedded in anticipatory contrast procedures. When those contingencies are weakened, anticipatory contrast and stimulus preference are positively related, thus reaffirming the view that the reinforcing effectiveness of a constant schedule is inversely related to the value of the context of reinforcement in which it occurs. The underlying basis of how the context of reinforcement controls reinforcement value remains uncertain, although clear parallels exist between contrast and the effects of contingency in both Pavlovian and operant conditioning.
6. Asthma: Factors underlying inception, exacerbation, and disease progression

Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, and reversibility either spontaneously or as a result of treatment. Multiple causes no doubt exist for both its inception and symptom exacerbation once the disease is established. Factors underlying inception can range from viral respiratory tract infections in infancy to occupational exposures in adults. Factors underlying asthma exacerbations include allergen exposure in sensitized individuals, viral infections, exercise, irritants, and ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents among others. Exacerbating factors might include one or all of these exposures and vary both among and within patients. Asthma treatment is determined to a large extent after an assessment of severity, which can be variable over time and assessed in 2 domains: impairment (current) and risk (long-term consequences). Unfortunately, despite the availability of effective therapies, suboptimal asthma control exists in many patients on a worldwide basis. The future development of novel therapies and treatment paradigms should address these disparities.
Interpersonal Changes through Immediate Feedback Approaches.

Improvement of the quality of interpersonal behavior is an in creasing responsibility of adult educators, but the objectives and outcomes of traditional planned approaches to change in this dimension may not be adequate. Systems for immediate and direct feedback on behavior apparently are instrumental in accomplishing interpersonal change objectives. Certain programed materials and human relations laboratory training provide for immediate feedback on "live" behavior as a crucial element in behavioral improvement, but the statement of change objectives and assess ment of outcomes remain critical problems. Research on these ap proaches is discussed. Changes are reported in individual percep tion, openness, acceptance of others, extreme emotionalized tendencies, group understandings and skills, and self-confidence in interaction. The categories of changes and additional summary observations may be useful in planning for interpersonal change experiences.