cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Passivation Layers on Axial Junction GaAs Nanowire Solar Cells

We design a surface passivation scheme for axial junction GaAs nanowire solar cells and simulate its performance by coupled optical and electrical simulations. This design uses a wide bandgap AlGaAs shell layer to generate modulation doping in the active region and protect photogenerated carriers from the surface and top contact. The design has both excellent optical and electrical properties and achieves 21.3% power conversion efficiency when using realistic material parameters, which is 2.7 times higher than an optimized bare nanowire. Furthermore, the design is largely insensitive to surface quality and junction position, assuming moderate bulk material quality.
Epidemiology of adverse drug events in the nursing home setting.

There is widespread concern about the level of use, particularly the inappropriate use, of drugs among elderly residents of nursing homes. Medication consumption by these individuals is among the highest of any patient population; residents of nursing homes are prescribed an average of 5 to 8 regularly scheduled medications in addition to those drugs prescribed on an as needed (‘prn’) basis. Ideally, drug therapy should result in beneficial effects and improved quality of life for patients. However, the development of adverse drug events (ADEs) can compromise the expected benefits of pharmacotherapy for the individual nursing-home resident and may represent a public health problem of considerable magnitude.
Abstract B235: Characterization of LY2228820 dimesylate, a potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK with antitumor activity.

p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is activated by cancer cells in response to environmental factors, such as oncogenic stress, radiation, and chemotherapy. p38α MAPK phosphorylates a number of substrates, including MAPKAP-K2 (MK2), and regulates the production/message stability of cytokines produced in the tumor microenvironment, such as TNFα, IL1 β, IL-6 and IL-8. p38α MAPK is activated and highly expressed in human cancers and may play a role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. LY2228820 dimesylate is a tri-substituted imidazole derivative that is a potent and ATP-competitive inhibitor of the α and β isoforms of p38 MAPK in vitro (IC50 = 5.3 nM and 3.2 nM, respectively). This compound displays > 1000-fold selectivity for p38α MAPK versus 179 other kinases tested (including p38δ and γ isoforms). In cell-based assays, LY2228820 dimesylate also potently and selectively inhibits phosphorylation of MK2 (Thr334) in TNFα-stimulated HeLa cells (IC50 = 8.1 nM) and anisomycin-induced mouse RAW264.7 macrophages (IC50 = 35.3 nM) with no changes in phosphorylation of p38α MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, c-jun, ATF2 or cMyc at concentrations up to 10μM. LY2228820 dimesylate also reduces TNFα secretion by LPS/IFNγ-stimulated macrophages (IC50 = 6.3 nM). In mice transplanted with B16-F10 melanomas, phospho-MK2 was effectively inhibited by LY2228820 dimesylate in tumors in a dose-dependent manner (TMED70 = 19.4 mg/kg). Significant target inhibition (>40% inhibition of phospho-MK2) was maintained for approx. 4–8hrs following a single 10mg/kg oral dose. In a broad range of xenograft models (A-549 NSCLC, SK-OV-3 Ovarian, U-87MG Glioma, MDA-MB-468 Breast), LY2228820 dimesylate demonstrates significant tumor growth delay. In summary, LY2228820 dimesylate is a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK with anti-tumor activity. Further studies are ongoing to determine its molecular mechanism(s) of action, potential for combination with standard-of-care agents, and potential clinical activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B235.
Histological Study of Epikeratophakia Tissue Lenses for Myopia Removed from Two Patients

Epikeratophakia tissue lenses for the correction of myopia were removed from two patients as a result of postoperative complications such as stromal folds, complaints of glare, and decreased visual acuity. Light and electron microscopic analysis showed protrusions in Bowman's membrane and the anterior stroma corresponding to corneal folds that had been observed clinically. The epithelial cells in these areas contained many vacuolations and a thickened basement membrane. Hemidesmosomes were decreased in number. The tissue lenses had been cut 1.5 mm larger in diameter than the trephined recipient bed into which they were placed. Excess tissue lens material in the central area may have been thrown into folds by mechanical pressure, resulting in the histological changes, clinical signs, and optical distortion that necessitated removal of these grafts. Recently, the surgical technique has been modified, in an attempt to eliminate this problem.
1005 A NON X-LINKED SYNDROME WITH SEVERE EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (ERV) INFECTION

We report a family with: i) males and females with severe or fatal EBV infection; ii) chronic pulmonary infections; iii) an appropriate antibody response to EBV; iv) complete recovery in survivors; and v) decreased natural killer (NK) cell activity. Antibodies (Ab) to EBV antigens were measured by immunofluoresrence. NK activity was measured by chromium release from K562 cells after a 4 hr incubation with test lymphocytes. Other humoral and cellular immunologic studies including T and B cell enumeration and nonspecific mitogen response were tested by standard techniques. A normal Ab response to EBV was found in the parents, 1 sib with mild EBV, and the 3 with severe EBV. EBV serology in 1 affected male is shown in the table. NK activity (% cytotoxicity) was 40-50% in the parents and controls, 5% in the male and 4% in the female with severe EBV, and 55% in the unaffected male. One male had elevated immunoglobulins but other immunologic studies were normal in all members. This family is unique in that both males and females had severe EBV infections with an appropriate antibody response.
Photosynthesis and biomass allocation of radish cv. "Cherry Belle" in response to root temperature and ozone.

Abstract To determine if ozone (O 3 ) and root zone temperature (RZT) affect plant biomass allocation and photosynthesis, radish ( Raphanus sativus ) plants were grown in controlled environment laboratory chambers in one of four treatments: episodic O 3 (average delivery 0.063 μmol mol −1 ) with RZT at 13°C, episodic O 3 (same delivery) with RZT at 18°C, charcoal-filtered air with RZT at 13°C and charcoal-filtered air with RZT at 18°C. O 3 reduced total biomass and shoot biomass of radish at 13°C RZT but had no effect at 18°C RZT. Low (13°C) RZT decreased total biomass in both O 3 and charcoal-filtered air. RZT had no overall effect on biomass allocation, but O 3 lowered root-to-shoot ratios for plants grown at 18°C RZT. Photosynthesis was reduced for plants grown at 18°C RZT and O 3 , but stomatal conductance was not affected by O 3 nor RZT. These results indicate that O 3 and low RZT decrease biomass, but that plant photosynthesis is decreased by O 3 and warm RZT.
Testing the Induced Innovation Hypothesis in a Cointegrating Regression Model

This study proposes a method for testing the induced innovation hypothesis using a cointegrating regression model. An error correction model of the share equations derived from a translog cost function model is used for the estimation. Cointegration among the variables ensures the existence of the innovation possibility curve. An error correction term of the model represents the technological change process. A difference in the elasticities of factor substitution along the isoquant curve and the innovation possibility curve implies the induced technological innovation. An empirical application is also carried out using time-series data of rice production in Japan. JEL Classification Numbers: O33, Q10, C32.
Project FIT: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a school- and community-based intervention to address physical activity and healthy eating among low-income elementary school children

This paper describes Project FIT, a collaboration between the public school system, local health systems, physicians, neighborhood associations, businesses, faith-based leaders, community agencies and university researchers to develop a multi-faceted approach to promote physical activity and healthy eating toward the general goal of preventing and reducing childhood obesity among children in Grand Rapids, MI, USA. There are four overall components to Project FIT: school, community, social marketing, and school staff wellness - all that focus on: 1) increasing access to safe and affordable physical activity and nutrition education opportunities in the schools and surrounding neighborhoods; 2) improving the affordability and availability of nutritious food in the neighborhoods surrounding the schools; 3) improving the knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes and behaviors regarding nutrition and physical activity among school staff, parents and students; 4) impacting the 'culture' of the schools and neighborhoods to incorporate healthful values; and 5) encouraging dialogue among all community partners to leverage existing programs and introduce new ones. At baseline, there was generally low physical activity (70% do not meet recommendation of 60 minutes per day), excessive screen time (75% do not meet recommendation of < 2 hours per day), and low intake of vegetables and whole grains and high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, French fries and chips and desserts as well as a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (48.5% including 6% with severe obesity) among low income, primarily Hispanic and African American 3rd-5th grade children (n = 403). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01385046
Supporting the JAD Facilitator with the Nominal Group Technique

Joint Application Development (JAD) was introduced in the late 1970s to solve many of the problems system users experienced with the conventional methods used in systems requirements determination (SRD) and has produced noteworthy improvements over these methods. However, a JAD session is conducted with freely interacting groups, which makes it susceptible to the problems that have curtailed the effectiveness of groups. JAD outcomes are also critically dependent on excellent facilitation for minimizing dysfunctional group behaviors. Many JAD efforts are not contemplated (and some fail) because such a person is often unavailable. The nominal group technique (NGT) was designed to reduce the impact of negative group dynamics. An integration of JAD and NGT is proposed here as a crutch to reduce the burden of the JAD facilitator in controlling group sessions during SRD. This approach, which was tested empirically in a laboratory experiment, appeared to outperform JAD alone in the areas tested and seemed to contribute to excellent group outcomes even without excellent facilitation. IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Advanced Topics in End User Computing, vol. 4 edited by M. Adam Mahmood © 2005, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB11302
Fat, Moisture, and Ethanol Migration through Chocolates and Confectionary Coatings

The migration of fat, moisture, and ethanol is a common problem with chocolate-coated confectionery products. Migration of one of these components into the coating leads to visual and sensory defects such as sugar or fat bloom, making the product unacceptable to the consumer. The migration rate depends on the structure and composition of the coating. The migration of each of these species can be slowed to a certain extent by proper tempering of the coating, because proper tempering will give a structure that resists migration. In the continuous lipid phase, these chemical species migrate mainly through the liquid portion. Thus, the migration rate depends on the amount of liquid oil present in the product. Migration can be delayed either by reducing the liquid fat content or by immobilizing the liquid phase. The actual mechanisms for the migration processes are speculative, and a more thorough understanding is necessary to better abate quality deterioration. Armed with this understanding, a manufacturer would know a priori the effect of changing the ingredient or process. A few methods for control have been suggested, but have found limited application. Mathematical models have been proposed to predict the migration behavior, but their application is hindered because of the simplified assumptions employed. There is a need for developing better models that combine mass transfer with the phase behavior to be able to accurately predict the migration process. This review discusses the current understanding of fat, moisture, and ethanol migration through chocolate coatings and also includes a brief description of the theoretical aspects governing migration.
SFE-plus-C18 Lipid Cleanup and Selective Extraction Method for GC/MS Quantitation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Meat

In biological matrixes lipid material often poses an interference problem for determinations of nonpolar compounds, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A newly developed supercritical fluid extraction plus adsorbent method, "SFE-plus-C(18)", offers selective extraction of PAHs in lipid-rich biological matrixes without the need for supplementary cleanup. This method eliminates the use of large volumes of toxic solvent and lengthy lipid removal procedures. This study reports the first application of the SFE-plus-C(18) method to the analysis of a genuine food product, i.e., smoked meat (beef). The procedure employs the addition of C(18) adsorbent beads to the initial sample slurry of pureed smoked meat prior to supercritical CO(2) extraction and GC/MS quantitation. During SF extraction, indigenous lipids are preferentially retained on the beads, and PAHs are selectively extracted with supercritical CO(2). In a comparison of determinations of PAHs by SFE-plus-C(18) vs the conventional SFE method, only 11-17% of the indigenous lipids observed by the conventional SFE method were co-extracted using the SFE-plus-C(18) method. The PAHs in smoked meat could thus be determined efficiently in the presence of a reduced background of co-extracted lipids. Out of 10 targeted PAHs, seven were detected with a range of 10.0-26.0 ng/g in the smoked meat sample. The other three PAHs were not present above the detection limit of the instrument (2.5-4.1 pg). The recoveries of PAHs obtained using the conventional SFE method were 63-94% lower than those achieved by SFE-plus-C(18).
Activity of Malic Dehydrogenase of the Symbionts and Fat Bodies of a Cockroach

MALIC dehydrogenase is an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which catalyses the oxidation of malate to oxalacetate in the presence of NAD+. It has been found in the fat bodies of the cockroaches, Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americana1–3, as well as in similar tissues of the locust, Locusta migratoria4. The purpose of our investigation was, therefore, to determine whether the activity of this enzyme in the fat bodies of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, is caused solely by the action of these tissues, the symbionts, or both.
Modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 by binding of magnesium (II) and manganese (II).

Abstract All kinases require an essential divalent metal for their activity. In this study, we investigated the metal dependence of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). With Mg 2+ as the essential metal and MgATP being the variable substrate, the maximum velocity, V , was not affected by changes in metal concentration, whereas V / K was perturbed, indicating that the metal effects were mainly derived from a change in the K m for MgATP. Analysis of the metal dependence of initial rates according to a simple metal binding model indicated the presence on enzyme of one activating metal-binding site with a dissociation constant, K d ( a ) , of 5±1 mM, and three inhibitory metal-binding sites with an averaged dissociation constant, K d ( i ) , of 12±1 mM and that the binding of metal to the activating and inhibitory sites appeared to be ordered with binding of metal to the activating site first. Substitution of Mn 2+ for Mg 2+ yielded similar metal dependence kinetics with a value of 1.0±0.1 and 4.7±0.1 for K d ( a ) and K d ( i ) , respectively. The inhibition constants for the inhibition of CDK4 by MgADP and a small molecule inhibitor were also perturbed by Mg 2+ . K d ( a ) values estimated from the metal variation of the inhibition of CDK4 by MgADP (6±3 mM) and a small molecule inhibitor (3±1 mM), were in good agreement with the K d ( a ) value (5±1 mM) obtained from the metal variation of the initial rate of CDK4. By using the van't Hoff plot, the temperature dependence of K d ( a ) and K d ( i ) yielded an enthalpy of −6.0±1.1 kcal/mol for binding of Mg 2+ to the activating site and −3.2±0.6 kcal/mol for Mg 2+ binding to the inhibitory sites. The values of associated entropy were also negative, indicating that these metal binding reactions were entirely enthalpy-driven. These data were consistent with metal binding to multiple sites on CDK4 that perturbs the enzyme structure, modulates the enzyme activity, and alters the affinities of inhibitor for the metal-bound enzyme species. However, the affinities of small molecule inhibitors for CDK4 were not affected by the change of metal from Mg 2+ to Mn 2+ , suggesting that the structures of enzyme–Mg 2+ and enzyme–Mn 2+ were similar.
Evidence for the existence of only one triacylglycerol lipase of rat liver active at alkaline pH.

There have been numerous reports suggesting the existence of two or more lipases in liver capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerols at neutral to alkaline pH. We set out to determine if rat liver contains an alkaline triacylglycerol lipase, in addition to heparin-releasable lipase, which has an intracellular localization. We report here the results of studies concerning the pH dependence, subcellular localization and kinetic analysis of the alkaline lipase(s) of rat liver. Homogenates and cytosolic, microsomal and plasma membrane-enriched subfractions all exhibited an optimum of lipase activity at approx. pH 8.0. In no case was there evidence of multiple pH optima in the alkaline ranges of conformity to Michaelis-Menten kinetics were calculated for the microsomal (0.91 +/- 0.12 mM), cytosolic (1.55 +/- 0.38 mM) and plasma membrane-enriched (1.02 +/- 0.04 mM) subfractions. To determine if the com- and subfractions prepared from control livers with those prepared from livers perfused with collagenase. The loss (93%) of lipase activity from both the cytosolic and microsomal subfractions after collagenase perfusion was identical to the loss (93%) of activity from the homogenates, suggesting a common origin with the collagenase-sensitive alkaline lipase on plasma membrane. The characteristics of hydrolysis in vitro of triacylglycerol contained in artificial and natural substrate preparations by the alkaline lipase of rat liver were examined. The artificial substrate preparation was emulsified tri[1-14C]oleoylglycerol prepared by sonication and the natural substrate preparation was a triacylglycerol-rich lipid fraction ('liver fat') prepared from rat liver homogenates. Although the curves were complex, apparent Km values (mean +/- S.W., n = 3-6) over the limited concentration ranges of conformity to Michaelis-Menten kinetics were calculated for the microsomal (0.91 +/- 0.12 mM), cytosolic (1.55 +/- 0.38 mM) and plasma membrane-enriched (1.02 +/- 0.04 mM) subfractions. To determine if the complexity of these kinetics was related to changes in the products of lipolysis, we examined the products after incubations of plasma membrane-enriched fractions with lower and higher concentrations of triacylglycerol. In either case, the products of lipolysis were diacylglycerol, fatty acids and glycerol; no monoacylglycerol accumulated under any circumstances. At the lower concentrations of either tri[1-14C]oleoylglycerol or liver fat, most triacylglycerol hydrolyzed was degraded fully to fatty acids and glycerol. At the higher triacylglycerol concentrations, while complete degradation continued, virtually all of the increased lipolysis of triacylglycerol (over the lipolysis at the lower substrate concentrations) yielded diacylglycerol. The data indicated that the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol by the alkaline lipase of rat liver occurred at a rate slower than that of triacylglycerol. If the same enzyme catalyzes the lipolysis of both tri- and diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols would appear to be preferred...
Literature reporting of shelf life data. What does it all mean

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of reported shelf life data in the scientific literature, and a critique of the methods used to determine shelf life and the manner in which the data are reported.
Dendritic Cells and HIV-1 Trans-Infection

Dendritic cells initiate and sustain immune responses by migrating to sites of pathogenic insult, transporting antigens to lymphoid tissues and signaling immune specific activation of T cells through the formation of the immunological synapse. Dendritic cells can also transfer intact, infectious HIV-1 to CD4 T cells through an analogous structure, the infectious synapse. This replication independent mode of HIV-1 transmission, known as trans-infection, greatly increases T cell infection in vitro and is thought to contribute to viral dissemination in vivo. This review outlines the recent data defining the mechanisms of trans-infection and provides a context for the potential contribution of trans-infection in HIV-1 disease.
Highly sensitive sensors using in-fiber gratings fabricated in photonic crystal nanostructures

In this paper, an analysis of long period gratings in photonic nanostructured fibers and waveguides is presented. With the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a detailed quantitative study on the relationship between the spectral response shift of the gratings and the parameters of the photonic nanostructures is performed. It is found that the unique photonic nanostructures can substantially enhance the tuning capability of the spectral response of the gratings, which can lead to many practical applications in optical sensors and communications, such as optical sensors with ultra high sensitivity and wavelength filters with wide tuning range.
Chemical routes for low-temperature processing of layer-structured perovskite thin films

Abstract A complex alkoxide, Sr[BiTa(OC2H5)9]2, was prepared as the precursor for SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films. The film deposited by using the ethanolic solution of the precursor crystallized to SBT below 500°C by rapid thermal annealing in an oxygen flow. The calcination at 250°C in a mixture of water vapor and oxygen following the rapid thermal annealing was found to be effective for improvement of the crystallinity and the development of the microstructure in the SBT films. The 650°C annealed film exhibited the saturated hysteresis loop at 5 V and improved endurance behavior.
Epilepsy surgery in young children with tuberous sclerosis: results of a novel approach.

Objective Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with medically refractory epilepsy and developmental delay in children and usually results from cortical tubers. Seizures that begin in young patients are often refractory and may contribute to development delay. Functional outcome is improved when seizures are controlled at an early age. Previous reports have shown modest benefit from surgical resection of single tubers/seizure foci in older children; however, many children with TSC develop uncontrolled seizures before age 1. To identify patients who might benefit from surgery and to maximize outcome, we used a novel surgical approach in young children that consists of invasive intracranial monitoring, which is typically 3-staged and often bilateral. Methods Of 110 consecutive children who underwent epilepsy surgery by a single surgeon in the past 6 years, 25 patients (9 boys and 16 girls) had TSC. At the time of their first surgery at our institution, they were a median age of 4.0 years. A total of 31 separate admissions for epilepsy surgery in these 25 patients were identified. Bilateral electrode placement was performed in 13 children whose seizures could not be lateralized definitively preoperatively, and 22 patients underwent 3-stage surgeries. Results At 6 months or longer after the initial resection, 21 (84%) children were class I, 2 (8%) children were class II, and 2 (8%) children were class IV. At a mean follow-up of 28 months, 17 (68%) children were class I, 6 (24%) were class II, and 2 (8%) were class III. Four of the 5 children who initially were rejected as surgical candidates because of multifocality and who required initial bilateral electrode study are now seizure-free. Conclusions This approach can help to identify both primary and secondary epileptogenic zones in young TSC patients with multiple tubers. Multiple or bilateral seizure foci are not necessarily a contraindication to surgery. Long-term follow-up will determine whether this approach has durable effects.
Polyploidy and its effect on evolutionary success: old questions revisited with new tools

Polyploidy, the condition of possessing more than two complete genomes in a cell, has intrigued biologists for almost a century. Polyploidy is found in many plants and some animal species and today we know that polyploidy has had a role in the evolution of all angiosperms. Despite its widespread occurrence, the direct effect of polyploidy on evolutionary success of a species is still largely unknown. Over the years many attractive hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to assign functionality to the increased content of a duplicated genome. Among these hypotheses are the proposal that genome doubling confers distinct advantages to a polyploid and that these advantages allow polyploids to thrive in environments that pose challenges to the polyploid's diploid progenitors. This article revisits these long-standing questions and explores how the integration of recent genomic developments with ecological, physiological and evolutionary perspectives has contributed to addressing unresolved problems about the role of polyploidy. Although unsatisfactory, the current conclusion has to be that despite significant progress, there still isn't enough information to unequivocally answer many unresolved questions about cause and effect of polyploidy on evolutionary success of a species. There is, however, reason to believe that the increasingly integrative approaches discussed here should allow us in the future to make more direct connections between the effects of polyploidy on the genome and the responses this condition elicits from the organism living in its natural environment.
Recent Updates on Onchocerciasis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Recent progress in onchocerciasis research has led to improved understanding of the immunopathology of Onchocerca volvulus, as well as improvements in diagnosis and treatment of this morbid disease. This article reviews the recent literature, highlighting breakthroughs in sensitive means of antigen testing and an unusual new approach to therapy that targets an endosymbiotic bacterium required for filarial worm fecundity.
A fluorescent assay for bacterial cell wall lytic enzymes.

Abstract A sensitive fluorimetric assay is described for the measurement of N-acetylmuramic acid l -alanine amidase as well as lysozyme. The method uses Bacillus subtilis cell walls labeled with fluorescamine on the free amino group of diaminopimelic acid. The method can easily detect the lytic activity of 0.02 μg of pure N-acetylmuramic acid l -alanine amidase in 30 min and of 1 μg of hen egg-white lysozyme in the same period. The method is particularly suitable for measurement of competition between various cell wall preparations for the same enzyme.
Use of sodium polyaspartate for the removal of hydroxyapatite/brushite deposits from stainless steel tubing

This research investigates the use of sodium polyaspartate, a nontoxic, biodegradable polycarboxylic sequestrant, for removing calcium phosphate deposit consisting of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and brushite or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) from stainless steel surfaces. Cleaning studies show that the use of sodium polyaspartate under alkaline conditions significantly enhances the removal rates when compared to deionized water. In acidic solutions, sodium polyaspartate concentrations below 300 ppm inhibit removal of HAP/DCPD deposits whereas higher concentrations increase the removal rate. Comparative cleaning studies at alkaline pHs show that sodium polyaspartate cleans the surface at a rate comparable to sodium citrate but slower than in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Supplementary dissolution experiments show that sodium polyaspartate enhances the HAP/DCPD dissolution rate while inhibiting the release of Ca2+. On the basis of these findings, we have concluded that sodium polyaspartate improves the HA...
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. II. Karyotypes of human solid tumors

The chromosome constitution has been determined in 21 solid tumors—17 primary and 4 metastatic. Diversity in the karyotypic make-up of the various tumors was the outstanding finding, with no tumor being diploid and no 2 tumors having similar karyotypes. A substantial number of the tumors contained abnormal (marker) chromosomes; however, the number, size and morphology of the marker chromosomes varied from tumor to tumor. No solid tumor was found with a modal number exceeding the tetraploid range; this contrasts with findings in cancerous effusions. The chromosomal numbers of solid, primary tumors published in the literature have been summarized in tabular form. The failure to find diploid primary tumors may be related either to the essentiality of aneuploidy for tumor development and/or maintenance or to the advanced stage of the cancers.
Patterns of spatial and temporal variation in the marine ecosystem of the southeastern Bering Sea, with special reference to the Pribilof Domain

Abstract Results from 2004 field observations, integrated with those from prior studies, allow definition of a unique “Pribilof Domain” in the southeastern Bering Sea. This domain results from its geographic location and bathymetry that supply water from the outer shelf and slope that is replete with dissolved and planktonic material. We highlight temporal variability in this domain and place this in the broader context of mechanisms identified as potentially important in regulating the flow of energy and material in this shelf ecosystem. In the Pribilof Domain, unique circulation features and mixing are responsible for energy and material dynamics. Rectified tidal currents entrain water from the Outer Shelf Domain, thereby transporting nutrients and plankton to the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands. Near the islands, winds and strong tides interact with bathymetric features to mix nutrients into surface waters, resulting in localized regions of high new production well after the cessation of new production in the highly stratified waters of the Middle Shelf Domain. Large, oceanic species of zooplankton are episodically advected into the Pribilof Domain where they provide an important source of prey for predators. In 1999, a cold year, sea ice was present in the southeastern Bering Sea until late May, summer stratification over the middle shelf was weaker than in 2004, “large” crustacean zooplankton were abundant, and microzooplankton productivity was greater than in 2004. In contrast, 2004 was a warm year in which sea ice retreated in early March, summer stratification was strong, summer primary production was lower than in 1999, and small shelf species dominated the mesozooplankton, the biomass of which was comparable to some of the lowest values in 50 years. In 2004, microzooplankton consumed about half of the primary production in the Middle Shelf Domain. Evidence is mounting that the eastern Bering Sea is undergoing a major change in the structure and function of its ecosystem. The lack of large zooplankton in Middle Shelf Domain waters in summer, possibly linked to the lack of an early spring, ice-associated phytoplankton bloom, can be expected to affect the distribution, and possibly growth, of planktivorous groundfish, such as walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Bottom temperatures also affect the distribution of fish, with warm temperatures allowing many groundfish species to extend their distributions northward and eastward. We review mechanisms influencing productivity and its fate, and the impacts of a changing ecosystem on apex predators tied to the Pribilof Islands for reproduction.
Primary repair of osteochondral and chondral injury

The treatment of osteochondral and chondral injuries of the knee continues to be a challenging problem. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the unique structure and biology of articular cartilage, modern medicine has still not overcome the limited intrinsic capacity of hyaline cartilage to repair or regenerate. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of fibrocartilage, as a repair tissue, are inferior to articular cartilage and deteriorate with time. The exact incidence of articular cartilage lesions in the knee remains unknown. Furthermore, the cause of these injuries remains somewhat hypothetical, but is usually related to direct knee trauma (ie, patellar dislocation/subluxation, violent twist or impaction) and is dependent on patient age and activity level. Chondral fractures generally occur in skeletally mature individuals, whereas osteochondral injuries typically occur in skeletally immature people or young adults. Symptoms tend to be nonspecific (pain and swelling) and associated ligamentous and meniscal injuries are common. The diagnosis of these injuries can be made quite readily with the aid of radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. Although there have been exciting developments in arthroscopic instrumentation and cartilage restoration techniques, primary repair of osteochondral and chondral lesions, when possible, remains the preferred method of treatment. Successful repair is dependent on many factors, including the size and location of the lesion, its chronicity, and any associated injuries.
Adverse Events in Methotrexate-Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antifolate that has been in use for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since the early 1980s. Its efficacy has been clearly documented [1-4] and its administration early in the course of the disease is now generally accepted [5]. Side-effects from low weekly pulse MTX have been reported [1-6] and it was our initial experience that toxicity, rather than lack of efficacy, was the major factor limiting its clinical use [7]. However, when compared with other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, its toxicity appears to be comparable to that of antimalarials [8, 9]. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for toxicity due to MTX used at low weekly pulse doses for the treatment of RA, as well as the different toxic manifestations reported in the literature.
Phase Transformation Kinetics During Precipitation of an Ordered Intermetallic from a Disordered Matrix -a Computer Simulation

The precipitation kinetics of an ordered intermetallic from a disordered matrix, which involves simultaneous ordering and decomposition, is studied by a computer simulation technique based on the microscopic diffusion theory. It is found that the precipitation starts from a congruent ordering transition, which may be continuous or nucleation and growth. This congruent ordering transition transforms the initially disordered state into a single phase nonstoichiometric ordered state with antiphase domains. The next stage is the decomposition which starts from the antiphase domain boundaries and then propagates into the ordered domains. And the final process is the coarsening of the order/disorder two-phase mixture. The predicted kinetics of precipitation is in excellent agreement with recent experimental observations in important alloy systems.
Treatment of invasive aspergillosis: Polyenes, echinocandins, or azoles?

Three classes of antifungals the polyenes, the echinocandins, and the extended spectrum azoles are now available for treating invasive aspergillosis (IA). New agents and formulations in these classes offer the possibility of decreased toxicity and improved outcomes. With the availability of newer antifungals, clinicians are challenged to understand the advantages and limitations of these new choices. Standard amphotericin B deoxycholate is associated with poor outcomes in addition to unacceptable toxicity and is no longer recommended as primary therapy for most patients. Lipid formulations of amphotericin reduce toxicity, but because of cost and toxicity concerns, they may not be used at optimal doses. Interestingly, a recent trial showed that initial use of higher doses of liposomal amphotericin at 10 mg kg 1 d 1 did not improve efficacy and was associated with more toxicity. Due to lack of complete killing or inhibition of Aspergillus, the echinocandins are not frequently used as primary therapy for aspergillosis, although their minimal toxicity and potential for combination therapy remains attractive. The newer triazoles, including voriconazole and posaconazole, offer fungicidal activity against Aspergillus and, for voriconazole, both intravenous as well as oral therapy. Voriconazole was compared with amphotericin B followed by other licensed therapy in a global trial that showed better outcomes and improved survival so that voriconazole is recommended as primary therapy for most patients with this disease. These studies also show that early, effective therapy is a key factor for a successful outcome. Consideration of risk for IA and early initiation of therapy may improve outcomes in this often lethal infection.
Supervised learning of large perceptual organization: graph spectral partitioning and learning automata

Perceptual organization offers an elegant framework to group low-level features that are likely to come from a single object. We offer a novel strategy to adapt this grouping process to objects in a domain. Given a set of training images of objects in context, the associated learning process decides on the relative importance of the basic salient relationships such as proximity, parallelness, continuity, junctions, and common region toward segregating the objects from the background. The parameters of the grouping process are cast as probabilistic specifications of Bayesian networks that need to be learned. This learning is accomplished using a team of stochastic automata in an N-player cooperative game framework. The grouping process, which is based on graph partitioning is able to form large groups from relationships defined over a small set of primitives and is fast. We statistically demonstrate the robust performance of the grouping and the learning frameworks on a variety of real images. Among the interesting conclusions is the significant role of photometric attributes in grouping and the ability to form large salient groups from a set of local relations, each defined over a small number of primitives.
Extended behavioral decomposition for estimating ultrahigh reliability

Limitations of some analytic techniques in approximating the reliability of life-critical electronic systems are discussed, and a framework for the specification of recovery and fault- handling submodels is suggested. The framework makes full use of the instantaneous jump theorem by viewing the collection of interfering, premature exits from any fault handling and recovery submodel as defining a new, competing process submodel. This approach allows a greater flexibility in submodel representation, since submodels may contain arbitrary entrance arcs, exit arcs, and competing, interfering transitions with arbitrary destinations. Since the effects of near-coincident faults need not be represented as system failure events, reliability estimates produced by this approach need not be unduly conservative. Comparisons on small models, where exact results can be computed, show substantial improvement in accuracy over earlier techniques. Implementation of the technique in an X Windows-based system, XHARP, is described. The dual top-down/bottom-up interface of XHARP provides added flexibility by allowing an automated behavioral decomposition that is based on the suggested framework. >
P2X-Selective Purinergic Antagonists Are Strong Inhibitors of HIV-1 Fusion during both Cell-to-Cell and Cell-Free Infection

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is chronic and presently still incurable. Antiretroviral drugs effectively suppress replication; however, persistent activation of inflammatory pathways remains a key cause of morbidity. Recent studies proposed that purinergic signaling is required for HIV-1 infection. Purinergic receptors are distributed throughout a wide variety of tissue types and detect extracellular ATP as a danger signal released from dying cells. We have explored how these pathways are involved in the transmission of HIV-1 from cell to cell through virological synapses. Infection of CD4 + T lymphocytes with HIV-1 in the presence of an inhibitor of P2X receptors effectively inhibited HIV-1 infection through both cell-free and cell-to-cell contact in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of direct cell-to-cell infection did not affect the formation of virological synapses or the subsequent cell-to-cell transfer of HIV-1. During both cell-free and cell-to-cell CD4 + T lymphocyte infection, purinergic antagonists blocked infection at the level of viral membrane fusion. During cell-to-cell transmission, we observed CXCR4 colocalization with the newly internalized virus particles within target lymphocytes and found that the purinergic antagonists did not impair the recruitment of the coreceptor CXCR4 to the site of Gag internalization in the target cell. In a screen of a library of purinergic antagonists, we found that the most potent inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion were those that target P2X receptors, while P2Y-selective receptor antagonists or adenosine receptor antagonists were ineffective. Our results suggest that P2X receptors may provide a therapeutic target and that purinergic antagonists may have potent activity against viral infection of CD4 + T lymphocytes by both cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission. IMPORTANCE This study identifies purinergic antagonists to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 cell-free and cell-to-cell-mediated infection and provides a stepwise determination of when these compounds inhibit HIV-1 infection. These data provide a rationale for the development of novel antiretroviral therapies that have a dual role in both direct antiviral activity and the reduction of HIV-associated inflammation. Purinergic antagonists are shown here to have equivalent efficacy in inhibiting HIV infection via cell-free and cell-to-cell infection, and it is shown that purinergic receptors could provide an attractive therapeutic anti-HIV target that might avoid resistance by targeting a host signaling pathway that potently regulates HIV infection. The high-throughput screen of HIV-1 fusion inhibitors further defines P2X-selective compounds among the purinergic compounds as being the most potent HIV entry inhibitors. Clinical studies on these drugs for other inflammatory indications suggest that they are safe, and thus, if developed for use as anti-HIV agents, they could reduce both HIV replication and HIV-related inflammation.
Transport properties of Cr−Al solid solutions

Abstract The electrical resistivity between 4·2° and 400°K and the Hall coefficient at 78° and 300°K of the b.c.c. Cr−Al solid solutions indicate that below 12% and above 27% Al these alloys are metallic conductors with predominantly hole carriers. The alloys between 15 and 25% Al are narrow gap semiconductors and the carriers are electrons. Low temperature specific heat results are consistent with these conclusions and they suggest that the semiconducting state results from a gap in the d band, which opens at intermediate Al contents and closes again at Al contents of 27 per cent or more.
Clinical Reporting: The Practitioner's Responsibility

Information contained in a clinical report represents new directions in the practice of physical therapy and provides the stimulus for reseach and growth in the profession. The responsibility of the practitioner to share information on problems and solutions generated in the practice of physical therapy is of paramount importance. A clinical report is one method by which this information can be disseminated.
A Systems Approach to Designing Effective Clinical Trials Using Simulations

Background—Pharmacogenetics in warfarin clinical trials have failed to show a significant benefit in comparison with standard clinical therapy. This study demonstrates a computational framework to systematically evaluate preclinical trial design of target population, pharmacogenetic algorithms, and dosing protocols to optimize primary outcomes. Methods and Results—We programmatically created an end-to-end framework that systematically evaluates warfarin clinical trial designs. The framework includes options to create a patient population, multiple dosing strategies including genetic-based and nongenetic clinical-based, multiple-dose adjustment protocols, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics modeling and international normalization ratio prediction, and various types of outcome measures. We validated the framework by conducting 1000 simulations of the Applying Pharmacogenetic Algorithms to Individualize Dosing of Warfarin (CoumaGen) clinical trial primary end points. The simulation predicted a mean time in the...
Objects of Knowledge, New Research in Museum Studies

Objects of Knowledge, New Research in Museum Studies. Edited by Susan Pearce. Volume 1. London and Atlantic Highlands: The Althone Press, 1990. x + 235 pp., bibliographies, and index. $55.00 (cloth)
Concept Appropriation and the Emergence of L2 Sociostylistic Variation.

Drawing on longitudinal data, this study explores the dynamic relationship between the development of conceptual knowledge of language and the emergence of sociostylistic variation in second language (L2) speech. Participants include eight intermediate-level US university learners of French who participated in a concept-based pedagogical enrichment program over the course of two months. After presenting an overview of the study’s design, this article analyses the co-development of conceptual knowledge and one type of sociostylistic variation in French: the variable presence versus absence of the proclitic negative particle ne of verbal negation. The analysis centers on learners’ orientations to scenarios to be performed as spoken-interactive tasks, including reasons for choosing different negative structures, their use of negative structures in actual performance, and the emergence of mediated and independent performance abilities.
A NEW CRAB, EOMUNIDOPSIS COBBANI N. SP. (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA), FROM THE PIERRE SHALE (EARLY MAASTRICHTIAN) OF COLORADO

A new species of galathid crab, Eomunidopsis cobbani, occurs in the Larimer and Richard Sandstones (Pierre Shale) of Larimer County, Colorado. This new species extends the stratigraphic range of the genus in North America from latest Albian or earliest Cenomanian and Recent into the latest Campanian or earliest Maastrichtian and expands the paleogeographic range from the Gulf Coastal Plain into the Western Interior of the United States. The species is described from 48 specimens and occurs with Homolopsis? sp., a diverse molluscan fauna, and fossil wood fragments. Eomunidopsis cobbani and Homolopsis sp. form a third possible decapod assemblage, the Galathea Assemblage, described from the Western Interior of the United States.