cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous voriconazole in obese patients: implications of CYP2C19 homozygous poor metabolizer genotype.

There is a paucity of pharmacokinetic studies describing weight-based dosing of intravenous (IV) voriconazole in obesity. We report the pharmacokinetics of IV voriconazole in an obese CYP2C19 homozygous poor metabolizer and review previously reported data of IV voriconazole in obesity. A 17-year-old obese Hispanic male (BMI=35 kg/m2) received IV voriconazole for treatment of suspected aspergillosis. After 2.5 days of voriconazole 4 mg/kg IV every 12 hours using adjusted body weight, the voriconazole area under the serum concentration versus time curve over the course of a single dosing interval (AUC0–12) and trough concentration were 86,100 ng•h/ml and 6.2 mcg/ml, respectively. The voriconazole dosage was then decreased. A trough concentration drawn just before dose reduction (after 8.5 days of voriconazole 4 mg/kg IV every 12 hours) remained elevated (5.8 mcg/ml). Genotyping revealed a CYP2C19 homozygous poor metabolizer (CYP2C19*2/*2). Voriconazole was subsequently discontinued due to QTc prolongation. These data and two recent publications suggest that voriconazole does not distribute extensively into human adipose tissue and that obese patients should be dosed on an adjusted weight basis. If an obese patient dosed on total body weight is also a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer, serum voriconazole concentrations will be further elevated, potentially leading to drug-induced toxicity.
Social Disruption and Its Effects on Music: An Empirical Analysis

Data on musical compositions in six countries show the effect that varying conditions of a war period can have on the construction of music. Prior to World War II, pieces written in these nations display similar characteristics when measured across a set of musical properties. Hawever, the outbreak of battle precipitates a deviation in this pattern. Works created in areas exposed to a high degree of social disruption exhibit change on several of the dimensions examined here; compositions written in regions that were not subjected to such disorganization shozw little or no change. Sociological implications are discussed. "Music," writes George Eliot, "sweeps by me as a messenger that is not for me."' In general, sociologists have endorsed this sentiment and have tended to regard music and the other arts as elusive, vaguely mysterious, and beyond the sphere of ordinary sociological investigation. Consequently, the limited body of literature dealing with the transection of artistic creation and social structure consists almost entirely of large-scale, speculative theories which are heavily influenced by sociohistorical arguments, and whose illustrative support often rests on the stylistic and structural changes in the music of a single composer, or a particular musical tradition.2 This mode of scholarship, for all of its undeniable virtues, is seldom sufficiently sensitive to the social context of artistic productivity and is generally characterized by a marked aversion to quantitative analysis. To be sure, some social scientists have studied various elements of this area using standard methodological techniques, but such work tends to be fo
Additional disabilities and communication mode in a pediatric cochlear implant population

Abstract The objective of this abstract is to identify the prevalence of additional disabilities among children with cochlear implants and assess their communication strategies.
Collagen XII Mutation Disrupts Matrix Structure of Periodontal Ligament and Skin

Collagen XII has been postulated to organize the extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture of dense connective tissues such as the periodontal ligament (PDL) and skin. The objective of this study was to test this hypothesis in transgenic mice carrying a dominant interference mutation of collagen XII. The truncated alpha1(XII) collagen minigene construct MXIINC3(-), driven by the mouse alpha2(I) collagen promoter, was prepared and used to generate transgenic mouse lines. The PDL matrix fibers of molar teeth lost the ordered architecture characteristic of ligament tissue without noticeable inflammation. Cellular cement appeared to be disrupted at the PDL insertion. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, the PDL of transgenic mice demonstrated swollen and irregularly arranged collagen fibers associated with internal porosity. The skin of transgenic mice revealed the lack of matrix fiber structure in the papillary dermis. These results indicated that the dominant interference mutation of collagen XII disorganized the ECM architecture of PDL and skin.
The Effects of Repeated Aggressive Encounters on Subsequent Aggressive Behavior

Summary The effects of repeated encounters in the laboratory on subsequent aggressive behavior of Ss competing in a reaction-time task were investigated in two studies of male undergraduates. In Study I (n = 20), it was observed that following two sessions in which they competed with aggressive opponents, Ss evidenced a tendency to initiate attacks against an unfamiliar competitor. The results of Study II (n = 30) suggested that the information received by the Ss indicating the aggressive intent of the opponents, rather than the behavioral involvement in the aggressive encounter, was responsible for the observed increase in unprovoked attacks.
Estimation of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen from chemical and taxonomic criteria

Abstract Estimates of mineralization of soil organic N are often needed to predict N fertilizer requirements of crops. G. Stanford and his collaborators developed laboratory techniques to estimate potentially mineralizable N (NO) in soils and a rate constant for mineralization (k). Their techniques have been used to estimate N mineralization in the field. This study reports the use of stepwise multiple regression techniques to estimate N from soil pH, organic carbon concentration, total N concentration, and soil taxonomy. The regression equation for No accounted for 83% of the variation of No for 90 samples from 67 soils representing eight soil orders. The regression equation for k accounted for 40% of the variation in the rate constant k for 61 samples from 43 soils. These results should aid in the estimation of N mineralization in cases where laboratory measurements of N and k are not available.
ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA WITH INTRACAVAL EXTENSION

AbstractPurpose: We describe the presenting features, treatment approach and prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma with intracaval extension of tumor thrombus.Materials and Methods: In addition to 3 patients with adrenocortical carcinoma associated tumor thrombus treated at our institution, we reviewed an additional 26 patients described in the literature from 1972 to 1997 with regard to presentation, management and outcome.Results: We identified 23 female and 6 male patients 6 to 77 years old (mean age 41.3). Of the lesions 24 originated in the right adrenal gland. Mean tumor size was 10.1 cm. and 89% of lesions were at least 9 cm. in greatest dimension. Tumor thrombus extended to the atrium in 15 patients, retrohepatic cava in 7 and subhepatic cava in 7. Flank or abdominal discomfort was the most common presenting complaint and abnormal steroid metabolism was documented in 76% of patients. Cardiac bypass techniques were used in 14 patients and none of the 3 intraoperative mortalities, 2 thromboemboli an...
GaInNAs(Sb) long wavelength communications lasers

Dilute nitride GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb alloys grown on GaAs have quickly become excellent candidates for a variety of lower cost 1.2- 1.6mm lasers, optical amplifiers and high- power Raman pump lasers that will be required to power the Internet and advanced communications systems capable of delivering multi-Gbit/s data rates to the desktop. Two particularly critical devices are vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) which must operate at high data rates ($ 10 Gbit/s), uncooled over a broad thermal operating range and high power ($ 500 mW) edge-emitting lasers for Raman amplifier pumps. Despite the fact that these materials are grown in a metastable regime, and there are still many remaining challenges, progress has been both rapid and very promising. Some of the material challenges include the limited solubility of N in GaAs, nonradiative defects that are caused by either or a combination of N incorporation, low growth temperature, and ion damage from the N plasma source. N and Sb add a unique set of properties to this metastable alloy; however, this significantly increases the complexity of its characterisation. The addition of Sb significantly improves the epitaxial growth and optical properties of the material at wavelengths longer than 1.3mm and broadens the range of In and N composition alloys that can be grown. By adding Sb to the alloy, luminescence has been greatly enhanced between 1.3 and 1.6mm where normally poor quality material results. Progress in overcoming some of the material challenges is described, particularly GaAsNSb against GaNAs QW barriers, plasma-source ion damage and progress in realising record-setting edge-emitting lasers and the first VCSELs operating at 1.5mm based on GaInNAsSb QWs grown by solid-source MBE on GaAs.
Effects of nandrolone on denervation atrophy depend upon time after nerve transection

Anabolic steroids prevent disuse atrophy and reverse atrophy caused by glucocorticoids. To determine whether these beneficial effects extend to denervation atrophy, we tested whether nandrolone blocked denervation atrophy acutely or reversed subacute denervation atrophy. We also tested the association of such anabolic effects with expression of MAFbx, MuRF1 (both of which accelerate denervation atrophy), and IGF-1 (which prevents such atrophy). When begun at the time of denervation, nandrolone did not alter atrophy or expression of MAFbx, MuRF1, or IGF-1 measured 3, 7, or 14 days thereafter. When nandrolone administration was begun 28 days after denervation, atrophy was significantly reduced 7 and 28 days later (16% and 30%, respectively), and this was associated with significant reductions in expression of MAFbx and MuRF1, without alterations in the expression of IGF-1. The findings indicate that the actions of nandrolone depend on time after nerve transection and that the timing of anabolic steroid administration is an important determinant of responses of atrophying muscle to these agents.
Three Streams and Four Policy Entrepreneurs Converge A Policy Window Opens

Throughout the history of the Chicago Public School System (CPS), reports and surveys have been published, and legislation has been passed in an attempt to improve the system by changing the governance structure, including the role and the powers of the superintendent, the school board, the city council, and the mayor. In 1988, the Chicago School Reform Act was passed, dramatically changing the governance structure of CPS. Policy makers, school reform advocates, parents, community activists, and so forth believed that the implementation of this act would be the panacea for reforming CPS. Why did the Illinois General Assembly legislate another major change in the governance structure of CPS in 1995? This article addresses this question through Kingdon’s work on the first two phases of the policy cycle, agenda setting, and policy formulation.
Nitrite-Modified Extracellular Matrix Proteins Deleteriously Affect Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Function and Viability: A Comparison Study with Nonenzymatic Glycation Mechanisms

Purpose: Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the regulation of cell function. The aging process may involve chemical modifications to ECM proteins, which may contribute to the aging of the Bruch membrane and pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study is to investigate nitrite modification of basement membrane-like proteins on RPE cell behavior as a model for the aging of the Bruch membrane in age-related eye diseases. As a comparison, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell behavior on glycolaldehyde-modified matrices (GMM) was also studied. Methods: Growth factor reduced Matrigel was reacted with nitrite or glycolaldehyde for 1 week or 12 hr, respectively. Calf RPE cells were plated on the modified matrices and examined in several ways. Attachment rates, proliferation rates, apoptosis, and necrosis were determined. Cell morphology and cell susceptibility to A2E-mediated damage was also monitored. Results: Nitrite-modified matrices (NMMs) inhibited ce...
Application of X-ray lasers to probe high density plasmas

The reliability and characteristics of collisionally pumped soft X-ray lasers make them ideal for a wide variety of plasma diagnostics. These systems now operate over a wavelength range extending from 35 to 400 /spl Aring/, and have output energies as high as 10 mJ in 15 ps pulses. The beam divergence of these lasers is less than 15 mrad and they have a typical linewidth of /spl Delta//spl lambda///spl lambda/-10/sup -4/ making them the brightest XUV sources available. In this talk I'll describe our use of X-ray lasers to probe high density plasmas using a variety of diagnostic techniques. Taking advantage of recently developed multilayer beamsplitters we have constructed and used a Mach-Zehnder interferometer operating at 155 /spl Aring/ to probe 1-3 mm size laser produced plasmas with peak electron densities of 4/spl times/10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/. A comparison of our results with computer simulations is presented. We have also used X-ray lasers and a multilayer mirror imaging system to study hydrodynamic imprinting of laser speckle patterns on directly driven thin foils with 1-2 /spl mu/m spatial resolution. Results from these experiments as well as our use of X-ray laser moire deflectometry to measure the electron density profile in ICF hohlraums are discussed.
The recent and future health burden of air pollution apportioned across U.S. sectors.

Recent risk assessments have characterized the overall burden of recent PM2.5 and ozone levels on public health, but generally not the variability of these impacts over time or by sector. Using photochemical source apportionment modeling and a health impact function, we attribute PM2.5 and ozone air quality levels, population exposure and health burden to 23 industrial point, area, mobile and international emission sectors in the Continental U.S. in 2005 and 2016. Our modeled policy scenarios account for a suite of emission control requirements affecting many of these sectors. Between these two years, the number of PM2.5 and ozone-related deaths attributable to power plants and mobile sources falls from about 68 000 (90% confidence interval from 48 000 to 87 000) to about 36 000 (90% confidence intervals from 26 000 to 47 000). Area source mortality risk grows slightly between 2005 and 2016, due largely to population growth. Uncertainties relating to the timing and magnitude of the emission reductions may...
Reversible stress softening of actin networks

The mechanical properties of cells play an essential role in numerous physiological processes. Organized networks of semiflexible actin filaments determine cell stiffness and transmit force during mechanotransduction, cytokinesis, cell motility and other cellular shape changes. Although numerous actin-binding proteins have been identified that organize networks, the mechanical properties of actin networks with physiological architectures and concentrations have been difficult to measure quantitatively. Studies of mechanical properties in vitro have found that crosslinked networks of actin filaments formed in solution exhibit stress stiffening arising from the entropic elasticity of individual filaments or crosslinkers resisting extension. Here we report reversible stress-softening behaviour in actin networks reconstituted in vitro that suggests a critical role for filaments resisting compression. Using a modified atomic force microscope to probe dendritic actin networks (like those formed in the lamellipodia of motile cells), we observe stress stiffening followed by a regime of reversible stress softening at higher loads. This softening behaviour can be explained by elastic buckling of individual filaments under compression that avoids catastrophic fracture of the network. The observation of both stress stiffening and softening suggests a complex interplay between entropic and enthalpic elasticity in determining the mechanical properties of actin networks.
Gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) egg development: a simulation analysis of laboratory and field data

Abstract A simulation model was used to examine the idea thea diapause development in the egg of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is a dynamic process in which the response to temperature gradually changes over the course of development. No clear demarcation of diapause and post-diapause development was presumed. Rather, an initial developmental response having low thresholds and optimal temperatures was assumed to give way gradually to a response having higher thresholds and optima. With one set of parameter values, the model produced results comparable to those from experiments conducted with Russian and Japanese Populations of the gypsy moth, and consistent with one set of data from North America. However, these results were inconsistent with data from other, more detailed experiments conducted with North American eggs. Changes to the model that improved the fit to the North American data were then determined. The model served to identify areas of disagreement among the published data, and to suggest experiments that will help resolve unanswered questions about diapause development in the gypsy moth.
Relationship of Dyspnea to Respiratory Drive and Pulmonary Function Tests in Obese Patients Before and After Weight Loss

Background: Dyspnea is a common complaint in obese patients, who also frequently have abnormal pulmonary function test (PFT) results without evidence of lung disease. We studied the relationship between dyspnea, PFT results, and respiratory drive in morbidly obese patients before and after weight loss. Method: Twenty-eight obese patients underwent PFTs including spirometry, lung volume measurements, and ventilatory drive assessment using the carbon dioxide rebreathing technique. The score of the dyspnea portion of the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) was used to assess dyspnea. CRQ and respiratory drive measurements were repeated in 10 patients after induced weight loss by gastroplasty Results: Mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) prior to surgery was 47 ± 6.5 kg/m 2 . Patients were then classified into two groups: group 1, mild-to-moderate dyspnea (dyspnea score > 4); and group 2, severe dyspnea (dyspnea score 100 ) at end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) of 60 mm Hg (p = 0.011), minute ventilation ( V ˙ e ) at ETCO 2 of 60 mm Hg, and V ˙ e slope (0.017). P 100 slope was reduced, but it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The degree of dyspnea commonly observed in obese patients can be explained, in part, by increased ventilatory drive and reduced static lung volumes. Gastroplasty results in a significant reduction in BMI and respiratory drive measurements as well as significant improvement in dyspnea.
A modified electrochemical approach to diazenes

Single cell methodology has been developed to convert β,β,β-trichloroethoxy biscarbamates to diazenes. In an effort to simplify the process, several improvements have been discovered. The method was demonstrated to be comparable, and in some instances superior to non-electrochemical methodology.
The effects of lead toxication on learning in rats.

Abstract Impairment o f learning resulting from lead poisoning has yet to be demonstrated in rats. The behavioral task used in previous studies to assess learning, however, may not have been sufficiently complex to serve as a discriminative index. The performance of rats injected with a lead acetate solution was compared to the performance of control rats in learning to run a complex maze. Though the learning acquisition rate was somewhat impaired in the leadinjected animals, the groups learned to complete the maze with equivalent success by the third training session. It was concluded that the study did not demonstrate convincing evidence o f learning impairment in the lead-injected animals.
Whither arthroscopic treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee

In a randomized trial, sham arthroscopy was as effective as real arthroscopy. TTris should remind us that we don’t know everything about osteoarthritis.
Visual perception of technical execution and aesthetic quality in biological motion

Abstract This study tests the contributions of structural and transformational information in the perception of technical execution and aesthetic quality in gymnastics judging. A focal question was whether the quality of human movement usually called aesthetic belongs to some category different from mere transformations of position over time, i.e., kinematics. Qualified gymnastics judges (Elite/Class I and Class III) and naive observers rated 30 performances of a 30-sec pass from a compulsory balance beam routine (Class III girls). The same performances were rated for technical execution and aesthetic quality under point-light and normal viewing conditions. Within observer groups there were no differences in scores for technical execution or aesthetic quality. Correlation analyses indicated that all three groups of observers rated performances with similar trends across point-light and normal display conditions for technical execution (range 0.67–0.87). Significantly lower correlations were found for aesthetic quality within all three groups(range 0.46–0.56). Naive observers showed the highest correlations between technical execution and aesthetic quality in both point-light and normal display conditions. Results suggest that transformational information provides much of necessary information for the evaluation of technical execution and aesthetic quality although observer experience affects the pick-up of this information.
Raman Scattering For Semiconductor Interface Analysis

The applications of Raman spectroscopy to study semiconductor interfaces and the initial phases of interface formation is described. The limitations of weak signal from interface structures has proved a severe limitation, but it has recently been shown that multi-layered thin film structures can be made which utilyze optical interference properties to enhance the Raman scattering from thin films and thin film interfaces. This technique (termed IERS) has been applied to study several metal-Silicon interfaces. An even more difficult problem is the study of interface formation during ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition on atomically clean surfaces. The experimental considerations from in situ UHV Raman scattering will be described. The results of Raman scattering for the interface of Pd deposited on crystalline and amorphous Si are presented. Both the IERS and in situ UHV measurements are used to explore the mechanisms of silicide formation.
Two's complement quantization in two-dimensional state-space digital filters

Two-dimensional (2-D) state-space digital filters are investigated for stability with and without quantization. A sufficient condition is obtained for the stability of the linear Fornasini-Marchesini (1976) state-space model. The same model is then studied for stability when implemented using two's complement truncation quantization, and a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the nonlinear filter is obtained. In the process, a theorem is proved which gives a sufficient condition for the stability of a one-dimensional (1-D) state-space digital filter under the same type of quantization. >
An introduction to the davis nonverbal communication analysis system (DaNCAS)

This paper describes a multivariable method for coding nonverbal aspects of individual psychotherapy. In this system trained observers record four complementary aspects of the movement behavior of both patient and therapist as they occur throughout the session: 1)relationships between the participants’ positions and movements; 2) thepositions that are maintained; 3)specific actions—what each does; and 4)qualitative, dynamic aspects of movements accompanying speech. The development and rationale for this new system is described in relation to other interaction analyses methods. Initial efforts to train observers in the method indicate it can be learned during a brief videotape training period and that adequate levels of observer reliability should be achieved for most items. Efforts to improve the reliability of difficult-to-observe aspects are discussed. The method is developed for research use only and presented in the hope that those investigating psychotherapy may consider it applicable to their lines of inquiry.
Steered Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Potential of Mean Force of a Na + or K + Ion in a Cyclic Peptide Nanotube

Potential of mean force (PMF) profiles of a single Na+ or K+ ion passing through a cyclic peptide nanotube, cyclo[-(d-Ala-Glu-d-Ala-Gln)2-], in water are calculated to provide insight into ion transport and to understand the conductance difference between these two ions. The PMF profiles are obtained by performing steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations that are based on the Jarzynski equality. The computed PMF profiles for both ions show barriers of around 2.4 kcal/mol at the channel entrances and exits and energy wells in the middle of the tube. The energy barriers, so-called dielectric energy barriers, arise due to the desolvation of water molecules when ions move across the nanotube, and the energy wells appear as a result of attractive interactions between the cations and negatively charged carbonyl oxygens on the backbone of the tube. We find more and deeper energy wells in the PMF profile for Na+ than for K+, which suggests that Na+ ions have a longer residence time inside the nanotube and tha...
Mathematical Problem Posing as a Measure of Curricular Effect on Students' Learning.

In this study, we used problem posing as a measure of the effect of middle-school curriculum on students' learning in high school. Students who had used a standards-based curriculum in middle school performed equally well or better in high school than students who had used more traditional curricula. The findings from this study not only show evidence of strengths one might expect of students who used the standards-based reform curriculum but also bolster the feasibility and validity of problem posing as a measure of curriculum effect on student learning. In addition, the findings of this study demonstrate the usefulness of employing a qualitative rubric to assess different characteristics of students' responses to the posing tasks. Instructional and methodological implications of this study, as well as future directions for research, are discussed.
An experimental study of organic-inorganic interactions during vitrinite maturation

Abstract Vitrinite reflectance is a parameter widely used to determine the extent of thermal maturation in sedimentary basins. Laboratory heating experiments were conducted to examine the role of aqueous fluid and sediment composition, temperature, and time on the development of vitrinite reflectance at elevated temperatures and pressures. Samples of organic-lean Middle Valley sediment containing dispersed vitrinite and Wyodak Coal composed almost entirely of vitrinite were heated in the presence of compositionally variable aqueous fluids at 225° to 375°C and 350 bars. Inorganic fluid composition was monitored as a function of time, and vitrinite reflectance was measured at the termination of each experiment. The rate of vitrinite maturation was influenced by inorganic fluid and vitrinite composition, in addition to time and temperature during the experiments. In particular, the rate at which vitrinite reflectance increased for a given temperature correlated positively with in situ H + activity. This observation suggests that acid catalyzed ionic reaction mechanisms and/or catalytically active transition metals and sulfur species play an important role in organic transformations responsible for increased vitrinite reflectance. The activity of other inorganic ionic species such as Mg ++ , Ca ++ , Na + , K + , and SO 4 = , and the redox state of the fluid did not influence the rate of vitrinite maturation during these experiments. Results of this study demonstrate that the geochemical environment surrounding vitrinite influences the rate of maturation. The presence of water may facilitate reaction pathways that are not readily available in dry systems. Vitrinite maturation profiles that deviate from what are considered to be “normal” trends may reflect subsurface variations in the composition of pore fluids or the presence or absence of an aqueous phase in contact with vitrinite particles. Accordingly, kinetic models that consider organic reactions responsible for increased vitrinite reflectance in terms of time and temperature alone may not accurately account for geochemical processes occurring in natural systems.
Micro-structure in micro-neighborhoods: A new social distance measure, and its effect on individual and aggregated perceptions of crime and disorder

This study links social network methodology with the social disorganization literature to test the effect of block-level social distance on neighborhood perceived crime and disorder. Employing a unique study design that allows creating matrices of social distance (based on demographic characteristics) between 11 residents on each of over 650 blocks at three time points, we find that more socially distant residents perceive more disorder than their neighbors. Consistent with the bridging social capital literature, overall social distance in the block has a curvilinear relationship with perceived crime. And blocks with two cohesive subgroups, based on social distance, have lower levels of perceived disorder.
Optimal fractional factorial designs for estimating interactions of one factor with all others: 3m Series

In some experimental situations, only one factor is expected to interact with other factors. Designs which permit estimation of all main effects and the interactions of one factor ‘With All Others’, are termed WAO designs. This paper discusses the existence and construction of sm WAO designs. A series of WAO designs are presented for the 3m factorial, for m = 6, 7, ... , 14. The p non-negligible effects are estimable in 9f∗ runs, where f∗ is the smallest integer such that 9f∗ ≥p. These designs are determinant optimal within the class of parallel flats fractions and, except for the case f∗ = 9, are new. They are ideally suited for sequential experiments.
Grisan derivatives in pure and mixed monomolecular films.

Abstract Pressure-area isotherms for monolayers of two synthetic grisan derivatives have been determined and correlated with molecular orientations of these entities at the air-water interface. Isotherms for equimolar mixtures of the grisan derivatives with stearic acid, cholesterol, and l -α-lecithin, respectively, are reported. The pressure-area curves show, in general, the predominant influence of the grisan derivatives at low pressures, and ejection of these from the monolayer at intermediate pressure values. At higher pressures the curves reflect largely the properties of the respective lipids. Theoretical curves for the mixtures were calculated assuming additivity, and compared with the corresponding experimentally derived isotherms.
Kant and Metaphysics

This history of philosophy is cumulative. Every fresh point of view may be considered an advance provided it is sufficiently comprehensive. And each in its turn must be fitted in a larger scheme.
Packaging design of the IBM system z10 enterprise class platform central electronic complex

The IBM System z10™ Enterprise Class mainframe addresses the modern data center requirements for minimizing floor space while increasing computing power efficiency. These objectives placed challenges on the z10™ packaging design as a result of significantly increased demand on system packaging density, power delivery, and logic and power cooling efficiency compared with the recent IBM System z9® and z990 mainframe generations. Several innovations were implemented to successfully meet these challenges: a more powerful multichip module (MCM) that delivers denser computing capability and a 64-way system; a vertically mated processor unit (PU) book structure that achieves a more efficient thermal implementation and a higher signal bandwidth between processors; and a PU book-centric dc-dc power delivery design that is more efficient. This paper presents the key elements to achieve this design: the novel mechanical load transmission paths and the connector technologies for the MCM, PU book, I/O, and power regulation components; an innovative cooling and thermal design that includes component-level tolerance of failures; and improved power delivery and power code developments to maximize the overall z10 compute efficiency.
LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN SPECIES INTERACTIONS: A TEST IN THE NEW ENGLAND ROCKY INTERTIDAL ZONE

How species interactions vary as a function of habitat characteristics continues to be an important debate in ecology. Using the barnacle–seaweed assemblage common in New England rocky intertidal habitats, I tested the hypothesis that species interactions switch from negative to positive at sites across the Cape Cod faunal barrier because of latitudinal variation in thermal stress and predation intensity between these regions. I manipulated Ascophyllum nodosum canopies in the high zone of two sites from each region and then determined the consequences for underlying Semibalanus balanoides recruits and adults for two years (January 1995 through January 1997). In both years, algal canopies reduced barnacle recruitment and growth rates at all sites but greatly increased survival rates only at the southern sites. When integrated in a demographic framework, these data showed that the reproductive fitness potential of individuals was facilitated by the algal canopy at southern sites but was reduced under similar conditions at northern sites. At southern sites, this was likely the result of buffering from physical stresses in the absence of predators. At northern sites, any buffering from physical stress was likely offset by an increase in mortality in the presence of predators. Interestingly, this variability in species interactions appeared to be associated with subtle variation in climate. Facilitation was evident only during 1995, the warmest year on record since 1900. In contrast, interactions were entirely negative during 1996, a slightly cooler year. These results suggest that species interactions in the intertidal zone may be sensitive to even subtle changes in climate. Interspecific buffering of neighbors from thermal stress is likely to be common in other systems and suggests that both aquatic and terrestrial vegetation may become increasingly important to local species persistence as climates change during the next century.
A54145, a new lipopeptide antibiotic complex. Microbial and chemical modification.

A54145 is a complex of acidic lipopeptide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces fradiae NRRL 18158, NRRL 18159, and NRRL 18160. Each antibiotic factor consists of a peptide core bearing an N-terminal acyl substituent. N-Lys-tert-BOC-protected A54145 complex was deacylated by Actinoplanes utahensis; three protected core peptides were isolated. A54145 antibiotic analogs were synthesized by acylation of the tryptophan N-terminus with 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl active esters, followed by deblocking with trifluoroacetic acid.
Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing, by Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. viii + 172 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-262-13398-9.

Because young women didn't “dream in code,” they were often discouraged from becoming computer science majors in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. This book, which exami...
X-AFm stabilization as a mechanism of bypassing conversion phenomena in calcium aluminate cements

Abstract Phase conversion phenomena are often observed in calcium aluminate cements (CACs), when the water-rich hydrates (e.g., CAH10, C2AH8) formed at early ages, at temperatures ≤ 30 °C, expel water in time to form more compact, less water-rich structures (C3AH6). The phase conversions follow a path regulated by the thermodynamic stabilities (solubilities) of phases. Based on this premise, it is proposed that conversion phenomena in CACs can be bypassed by provoking the precipitation of phases more preferred than those typically encountered along the conversion pathway. Therefore, X-AFm formation (where in this case, X = NO3−) triggered by the sequential addition of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2 = CN) additives is identified as a new means of bypassing conversion. A multi-method approach comprising X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analytics, and evaluations of the compressive strength is applied to correlate phase balances and properties of CAC systems cured at 25 °C and 45 °C. The results highlight the absence of the C3AH6 phase across all systems and the curing conditions considered, with enhanced strengths being noted, when sufficient quantities of CN are added. The experimental outcomes are supported by insights gained from thermodynamic calculations which highlight thermodynamic selectivity as a means of regulating and controlling the evolutions of solid phase balances using inorganic salts in CACs, and more generally in cementing material systems.
The IBM Power Visualization System: A Digital Post-Production Suite in a Box

The combination of processing power, memory capacity, and input/output (I/O) bandwidth found in the IBM POWER Visualization System TM (PVS) makes it an ideal tool for high-end, digital post-production applications. This general-purpose computer can adapt to the specific tasks required during almost any phase of the post-production process, including computer graphics rendering, video editing, rotoscoping, and special effects, auto-assembly, conforming, and compression. This paper examines the post-production process itself: the steps that are taken, how data flows through it, and generally how the PVS can fit in to provide an integrated environment
Parity and heteroatom effects on open-shell exchange interactions: nitrenophenyl iminoylnitroxides.

Photolysis of pN3PhIN and mN3PhIN in frozen matrix yields pNPhIN and mNPhIN, respectively. pNPhIN gives a quartet state with nonlinear ESR intensity behavior (|D/hc| = 0.300 cm-1, |E/hc| ≅ 0.0 cm-1); mNPhIN gives a thermally excited quartet state (|D/hc| = 0.336 cm-1, |E/hc| = 0.006 cm-1) with inverse Curie behavior. Computations show little nitrene delocalization onto the radicals even for the para system. The NPhIN systems behave differently from analogous nitronylnitroxides due to asymmetric radical spin distribution.
Effects of multiple ionization on the Kα spectrum of aluminum in intense lithium beam experiments

The effect of multiple ionization on K α spectra is investigated for aluminum targets irradiated by intense lithium beams. Multiple ionization cross sections have been calculated using a formulation incorporating single-electron ionization probability in the binomial distribution. In contrast to conventional binary-encounter approximation (BEA) theory, the single-electron ionization probabilities for each atomic shell have been calculated using a combination of modified plane-wave Born approximation (MPWBA) and an empirical effective interaction radius which is dependent on both the target ion and the projectile. Our calculations show that the effect of multiple inner-shell ionization on aluminum K α spectra observed in intense lithium beam experiments is important. Multiple ionization effects become less important as the target ionization state increases. Nevertheless, even for highly ionized species up through Be-like Al multiple ionization effects can be significant and must be considered in the analysis of spectra obtained in intense Li beam-plasma interaction experiments.
Bad Fat or Just More Fat? Murine Models of Metabolically Healthy Obesity

Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980, with more than 500 million individuals currently obese (BMI > 30) [1]. The potential public health, economic and social impacts of this “epidemic” are daunting, as obesity is an independent risk factor for debilitating comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), certain cancers, and overall mortality [2, 3]. These comorbidities reflect in large part the metabolic dysregulation that typifies the chronically obese state. Intriguingly, however, a significant proportion (25 %) of obese individuals remains relatively protected from metabolic complications typically associated with obesity [4]. This group, referred to as the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) remain insulin sensitive with favorable hormonal and liver enzyme profiles in the relative absence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or inflammation [2, 4–13]. Criteria for defining “metabolic health” in MHO individuals vary in the literature. As a rule, however, the criteria are based on the absence or “below cutoff” values for cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome hallmarks or insulin resistance in individuals with BMI > 30 [14–16]. Independent of the criteria used to assess MHO, the metabolic profiles of these individuals approximate those of young lean individuals [17] and have been longitudinally associated with reduced incidences of T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, elucidating the factors that underlie the MHO phenotype is an important undertaking.
Factors affecting heat transport in an ocean general circulation model

A global ocean general circulation model with idealized geometry and coupled to a simple representation of atmospheric energy fluxes is used to investigate which physical factors determine meridional heat transport. A particular focus is on causes for the common underestimation of heat transport in ocean general circulation models. The model is also forced by an idealized wind stress and moisture flux profiles. The zonal average of surface heat flux is obtained from a simple radiation parameterization and the divergence of observed atmospheric heat transport. In addition, zonal mixing in the atmosphere is implied by the relaxation of the sea surface temperature (SST) to its zonal average. A finite relaxation timescale results in a substantial increase in the meridional mass overturning in the ‘‘Atlantic’’ basin compared to the case with ‘‘infinitely efficient’’ zonal atmospheric mixing, owing to the admittance of zonal SST gradients. However, heat transport changes only by a small amount. When atmospheric zonal mixing is changed to interbasin mixing, meridional heat transport increases significantly. Doubling the width of the Pacific basin leads to a large increase in the Pacific heat transport, induced by both the meridional overturning and the horizontal gyre circulations. If the horizontal viscosity is decreased and the zonal resolution is increased near the boundaries, the resulting larger speed of the western boundary currents causes a noticable increase in the Atlantic basin’s heat transport. The introduction of the Gent‐McWilliams eddy parameterization leads to a substantial decrease in the strength of the overturning circulation in the Atlantic basin, presumably because the overall amount of diapycnal mixing is reduced. However, the decrease in the heat transport is much smaller because the thermocline is sharper and the deep ocean colder, resulting in enhanced vertical temperature contrast. Apparent disagreements with and among previous results are explained through the different effects of diapycnal mixing in the North Atlantic and elsewhere in the model.
Understanding African American Men's Perceptions of Racism, Male Gender Socialization, and Social Capital Through Photovoice

In this study we used a participatory qualitative research approach—photovoice—to collect information about African American men's perceptions of the factors that influenced their own health and the health of their communities. Photovoice was conducted as part of the “Men as Navigators (MAN) for Health” project, an evaluation of a male lay health advisor (LHA) intervention in central North Carolina. Twelve African American men living in both urban and rural communities took photographs and discussed the photos in six photo discussion sessions. Analysis involved identifying recurring themes from the photos and transcriptions of photo discussions. The results suggest that race and racism, male gender socialization, and social networks and social capital all have important influences on African American men's health. The implications for further research and public health practice are discussed.
On the Role of Length of Stay in Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infection

Hospitalized patients face a higher risk of infections,1 and those who have longer lengths of stay are more likely to develop healthcare-associated infections.2–4 The conventional view is that longer stays result in greater risk because the hospital environment itself harbors infectious agents,5 in which case minimizing length of stay would reduce the risk of infection. An alternative hypothesis is that patients who stay longer in hospitals are at greater risk because underlying conditions2,6,7 and increased use of invasive procedures induce a longer stay, and these factors increase the risk of infection.1,8,9 In this context, minimizing length of stay would have little impact on the daily probability of infection. The actual mechanism of association likely involves a combination of environmental and clinical factors; however, previous studies have not carefully examined the biological, clinical, and temporal contributions to the association between length of stay and healthcare-associated infections. Studies that have modeled length of stay and other biological or clinical variables have reported that length of stay is an independent risk factor.3,4,10–12 However, they did not statistically account for the time-varying nature of factors such as central venous catheterization, which increases the risk of infection and lengthens hospital stay. Clarifying the role played by length of stay in infection risk is important for informing healthcare policies, as shortening length of stay may not meet the intended effect of reducing one’s risk of infection. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between length of hospital stay and risk of healthcare-associated infections conditional on patient and therapeutic factors.