cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discs large 5, an Essential Gene in Drosophila, Regulates Egg Chamber Organization

Discs large 5 (Dlg5) is a member of the MAGUK family of proteins that typically serve as molecular scaffolds and mediate signaling complex formation and localization. In vertebrates, Dlg5 has been shown to be responsible for polarization of neural progenitors and to associate with Rab11-positive vesicles in epithelial cells. In Drosophila, however, the function of Dlg5 is not well-documented. We have identified dlg5 as an essential gene that shows embryonic lethality. dlg5 embryos display partial loss of primordial germ cells (PGCs) during gonad coalescence between stages 12 and 15 of embryogenesis. Loss of Dlg5 in germline and somatic stem cells in the ovary results in the depletion of both cell lineages. Reduced expression of Dlg5 in the follicle cells of the ovary leads to a number of distinct phenotypes, including defects in egg chamber budding, stalk cell overgrowth, and ectopic polar cell induction. Interestingly, loss of Dlg5 in follicle cells results in abnormal distribution of a critical component of cell adhesion, E-cadherin, shown to be essential for proper organization of egg chambers.
No relationship between lactate dehydrogenase and estrogen receptor levels in clinical human breast cancer

The level of lactate dehydrogenase has been reported to increase in a human breast cancer cell line as a result of estrogen action [4]. This finding suggests that lactate dehydrogenase may be useful in clinical human breast cancer as a marker for intactness of the estrogen receptor pathway and for probability of response to hormonal therapy. In 97 hunan breast cancer specimens submitted for estrogen receptor analysis, the level of lactate dehydrogenase varied from 0.19 to 3.3 I.U. per mg of extractable protein and bore no relation with either the presence of estrogen receptor or its level. It thus appears that lactate dehydrogenase is not a useful marker for endocrine responsiveness in clinical breast tumors.
Activation of Inflammasomes by Tumor Cell Death Mediated by Gold Nanoshells

Gold nanoshell-enabled photothermal therapy (NEPTT) utilizes the efficient thermal conversion of near infrared (NIR) light for the ablation of cancer cells. Cancer therapies that combine cell killing with the induction of a strong immune response against the dying tumor cells have been shown to increase therapeutic efficacy in the clearance and regression of cancers. In this study, we assessed the ability of dying cells generated by in vitro NEPTT to activate inflammasome complexes. We quantified levels of major danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and uric acid, released from tumor cells treated by NEPTT. The amount of DAMPs released was dependent on the dose of nanoshells internalized by cells. However, under all the employed conditions, the levels of generated DAMPs were insufficient to activate inflammasome complexes and to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1β). The results from this study provide insights into the development of nanoplasmonics for combining both photothermal therapy and immunotherapy to eradicate cancers.
Quantum Dynamics with Bohmian Trajectories: Energy Conserving Approximation to the Quantum Potential

Abstract The Schrodinger equation can be solved in terms of quantum trajectories evolving under the influence of quantum potential. We present a method of computing the quantum potential by approximating the non-classical component of the momentum operator, such that the total energy of a closed system is conserved. A case of special interest is linearized quantum force with analytical parameters and correct average value. This method is computationally cheap and exact for locally quadratic potentials. We illustrate its efficiency and accuracy by computing the photodissociation spectrum of ICN and the wavepacket transition probability for H 3 in two dimensions.
Further development of measures of early math performance for preschoolers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the progress monitoring and screening accuracy for a set of curriculum-based measures (CBM) of early mathematics skills. Measures included counting objects, selecting numbers, naming numbers, counting, and visual discrimination. Measures were designed to be administered with preschoolers in a short period of time using a developmentally appropriate format, and to constitute minimal disruption to the classroom routine. Previous research indicated that each of these measures produced scores with acceptable consistency across alternate forms on consecutive days. Scores yielded on the experimental probes correlated moderately, in most cases, with two commonly used standardized measures (i.e., the Brigance Screens and TEMA-2). Performance on the probes also correlated with teacher rankings and ratings of child performance. In the present study, data were collected in two phases. In the first phase, a cohort of children were administered the early math measures in spring of preschool and were followed into winter of kindergarten where they were administered kindergarten CBM probes to examine the degree to which performance in preschool (as measured by the early math probes) could predict performance on similar tasks in kindergarten. Second, risk criteria were examined and compared to identification by the Brigance Screens. These analyses provided data about the potential accuracy of the probes for screening. In the second phase, sensitivity of the probes to performance differences was examined by comparing mean performance on the probes of preschoolers and kindergartners. The lowest-performing children were provided with seven intervention sessions to examine the degree to which probes could detect growth resulting from intervention. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in salt marshes in North Carolina

The primary objective of this research was to determine if vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi are associated with the roots of common plant species found in North Carolina salt marshes. Root samples of Spartina alterniflora, S. patents, S. cynosuroides, Distichlis spicata, and Juncus roemerianus were collected from eight salt marsh sites. With the exception of S. alterniflora, all plant species were mycorrhizal. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine whether unfavorable soil conditions or inherent resistance by the plant inhibited development of mycorrhizal infection in field-collected S. alterniflora. Spartina alterniflora and S. patens were grown from seeds in soil collected from a pure stand of S. alterniflora (soil A) or a mixed stand of S. patens and D. spicata (soil P). Seedlings were harvested weekly for 8 wk, and roots were evaluated for infection by mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings of S. patens were infected when grown for 2 wk in either soil A or soil P, indicating that soil collected from stands of S. alterniflora did not inhibit mycorrhizal infection in a susceptible host. Percent root length infected in S. patens was always greater in soil P than in soil A. Seedlings of S. alterniflora were not infected by mycorrhizal fungi in either soil A or soil P. Results of the greenhouse study indicate that S. alterniflora may be resistant to infection by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Report On A Rocket-Borne, Telescoped Fourier Transform Spectrometer Operating At 100K Kelvin

With a successful rocket-borne flight and instrument recovery, Utah State University and its contractors have demonstrated that its FT-IR interferometers are ideally suited for atmospheric research even under severe environmental conditions and at cryogenically cooled operational temperatures as low as 100K. In this presentation, issues of performance and calibration which are specific to FT-IR/detector interaction are highlighted. In April of 1986 a liquid helium cooled infrared Fourier transform spectrometer (FT-IR) was launched on a Talos/Castor rocket from the University of Alaska's Poker Flat Research Range. Figure 1 shows the rocket on its launcher during a test of the payload's pop-open clean shell. The sensor was designed, constructed and operated by personnel from Utah State's Stewart Radiance Laboratory. The telescoped earth-limb viewing spectrometer observed atmospheric night airglow backgrounds and an aurora 1,000 km downrange and returned infrared spectra from 2.5 to 22 um with spectral resolutions of 1 wavenumber and of 10 wavenumbers. More than 200 interferometric scans were taken during the eight minutes of flight and the outputs of five Si (As) detectors in the imaging focal plane were telemetered to the ground station. The instrument functioned flawlessly. Alignment and calibration were not affected by the rocket launch and only minor damage was found after parachute recovery even though the descent ended with an impact of greater than 30g. Currently the instrument is being recalibrated . The launch of the sensor extends a long line of successful ground based, aircraft borne, balloon-borne and rocket-borne FT-IR measurements made by Utah State University in cooperation with the Air Force Geophysics Laboratories. In this presentation, the complex flight hardware will be described briefly. Then, some specific issues relating to the relatively simple cyogenic imaging FT-IR sensor will be examined.
Pioneers in research on the behavioral sequelae of head injury

Abstract This paper reviews the historical development of clinical reports and research concerning the neurobehavioral sequelae of head injury. Early observations of neurologic features by surgeons are discussed as are reports of amnesia and aphasia following head injury. Clinicians and investigators of the 19th century debated the cause of postconcussional symptoms, while penetrating wounds of the brain sustained by combatants during World War I provided an opportunity for studying the effects of localized lesions. The paper focuses on the contributions of five investigators during the 20th century whose work advanced our understanding of posttraumatic neurobehavioral disorders and influenced the research methodology of modem neuropsychology.
Pressure-induced phase transition in a molecule-based magnet with interpenetrating sublattices

The molecule-based magnet ${[{\text{Ru}}_{2}{({\text{O}}_{2}\text{CMe})}_{4}]}_{3}[\text{Cr}{(\text{CN})}_{6}]$ contains two interpenetrating sublattices with sublattice moments confined to the cubic diagonals. At ambient pressure, a field of about 850 Oe rotates the antiferromagnetically coupled sublattice moments toward the field direction, producing a wasp-waisted magnetization curve. Up to 7 kbar, the sublattice moments increase with pressure due to the enhanced exchange coupling between the Cr(III) and $\text{Ru}{(\text{II}/\text{III})}_{2}$ spins on each sublattice. Above 7 kbar, the sublattice moment drops by about half and the parallel linear susceptibility of each sublattice rises dramatically. The phase transition at 7 kbar is most likely caused by a high-to-low-spin transition on each ${\text{Ru}}_{2}$ complex.
Individual Rights, the Common Good and the Environment

Disputes the view of the communitarians, a recently emerged group of political theorists that individualism, especially the theory of natural individual rights, stands as an obstacle to desirable community life for human beings. Argues that the only objection of individualism to communitarianism rests on the communitarian endorsement of coercion and violation of individual rights; in point of fact, individualism, with a proper understanding of human nature, supports community life that is voluntarily chosen; such communities have greater solidarity than those established by coercion. Uses the topic of environmentalism, which might offer strong support for coercive communitarianism, to illustrate how an individualist analysis gives strong support to the values of community life; indeed, stronger support than communitarianism because individual rights are very powerful legal trumps on such environmentally destructive acts as dumping, rationing, and otherwise merely blunting the injuries of pollution.
A Technique for the Measurement of Cloud Structure on Centimeter Scales

Abstract A system has been developed for measuring the distance between cloud droplets along the flight path with an airborne optical particle counter. This technique resolves separation distances as small as 0.2 mm at a typical flight speed of 100 m s−1, a measure of cloud structure at scales much smaller than previously possible. This technique also provides an important alternative measure of droplet concentration that is negligibly affected by coincidence and dead-time losses. This new measurement technique may lead to a better understanding of cloud processes by providing the means of examining clouds at scales that are important in determining rates of droplet growth and evaporation. The capability of measuring droplet concentrations that are unbiased by coincidence and dead-time losses is a major offshoot of this technique and removes much of the uncertainty that has hampered previous measurements with optical particle probes.
Rhetorical Federalism: The Role of State Resistance in Health Care Decisionmaking

This paper identifies potential values deriving from the seemingly destructive, distracting health reform nullification movement. Both before and after passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, states engaged in various forms of resistance to the new law. The debate highlights the increased role of government in health care delivery and generates active deliberation of core values and public policy concerns.
Space weather capabilities of low frequency radio arrays

Radio arrays currently operating below 1 GHz have observed interplanetary scintillations of radio sources to derive valuable information on the density and velocity of the solar wind and coronal mass ejections. New large radio arrays are currently in the design and development phase, and are characterized by wide fields of view, high sensitivity, and multiple beam capabilities. One such array, the Mileura Widefield Array - Low Frequency Demonstrator (MWA-LFD) in Western Australia, is being designed for operation at 80 to 300 MHz. Its characteristics include a 15-50 o field-of-view, 16 simultaneous beams, and an effective collecting area of 8000 m 2 at 200 MHz with 32 MHz instantaneous bandwidth resulting in a point-source sensitivity of 20 mJy for an integration time of one second. The array consists of 8000 dual-polarization dipoles, clustered in sub-arrays that are spread over a 1.5 km diameter and connected to a central digital signal processor. The MWA-LFD will participate in the global network of observatories that monitor solar bursts and interplanetary scintillations, and will improve the spatial and time resolution of solar wind characterization by increasing both the number of radio sources that can be used for scintillation measurements and the number of observations that can be made in a given time period. In addition, the MWA-LFD will be able to provide observations of the Faraday rotation of polarized radio sources, thus allowing the possibility of determining the evolution of the magnetic field in a coronal mass ejection. The design of the array, the signals expected to be received by the array, and the requirements and challenges for the space weather observations are discussed in this paper.
Adolescents’ Expectations about Mothers’ Employment: Life Course Patterns and Parental Influence

Because of social constraint and personal preference, cutting back and dropping out of the workforce remain common responses to the problem of balancing work and motherhood. To understand whether this phenomenon will continue, adolescents from middle-class, dual-earner families (N = 194) were asked how much they expected that they (for girls) or their future partners (for boys) would work while raising children. Nearly all expected new mothers to quit their jobs or reduce their hours temporarily, which signifies either acceptance of, or ignorance of, the penalties of career interruption among girls with high occupational aspirations. Adolescents’ expectations were associated with their mothers’ employment histories and support for gender egalitarianism, as well as the level of challenge in the home environment.
An Agglutinable Factor in Human Blood Recognized by Immune Sera for Rhesus Blood

The capacity possessed by some rabbit immune sera produced with blood of Rhesus monkeys, of reacting with human bloods that contain the agglutinogen M has been reported previously.1,2 Subsequently it has been found that another individual property of human blood (which may be designated as Rh) can be detected by certain of these sera.
Religious Orientation and Attitudes about Stem Cell Research

Human stem cell research has revived long-standing debates regarding the sanctity and beginning of life. The current study addresses the issue by examining the ability of selected religiosity and personality variables to predict attitudes regarding stem cell research. Participants were given questionnaires measuring attitudes regarding stem cell research, along with the Need for Closure scale, the Internal Control Index, the Need for Uniqueness scale, religious orientation scales, and the Literal-Antiliteral-Mythological scale. Results indicate that those who hold more traditional religious beliefs are likely to oppose stem cell research for moral reasons, whereas those who have a more open-ended approach to religion are likely to be in favor of such research. Results also showed that personality variables were helpful in predicting people's confidence in institutions' ability to manage the ethical questions surrounding such research.
Introduction to the special issue on typical and atypical neural processing of emotional and social cues across the lifespan.

Over the past few decades, research describing how we use our brains to perceive, evaluate, remember, and evaluate emotional and social cues has burgeoned. Accumulating evidence in this literature ...
Studies on in vitro colony formation by mouse bone-marrow cells using different sources of colony-stimulating factor.

Conditioned media of a primary mouse embryo and a mouse cell line were compared as sources of colony-stimulating factor. The incorporation of embryo cell conditioned medium into semisolid cultures of mouse bone-marrow cells induced the formation of a larger number of in vitro colonies than did the addition of equal volumes of LM cell conditioned medium. This finding did not appear to be the result of quantitative differences in the levels of C.S.F. between the sources since concentration of the LM cell conditioned preparation did not enhance effectively the number of colonies produced. Both the colonial morphology and the cellular components of the developing colonies were found to differ in accordance with the C.S.F. source employed for stimulation. Colonies that developed under the influence of embryo cell conditioned medium were typically larger and more disperse than were those produced in cultures stimulated with the LM cell conditioned source. The latter colonies were smaller, more compact and contained fewer cells. Differences also were noted in the relative proportion of granulocytes to mononuclear cells comprising the colonies. Those colonies stimulated with LM cell conditioned medium rapidly underwent a transition from primarily a granulocytic composition to one comprised principally of mononuclear cells. Cultures stimulated with embryo cell conditioned medium contained a greater number of granulocytic colonies which persisted for a protracted period during cultivation. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to cultures stimulated with embryo cell conditioned medium increased the number of colonies produced. Such synergy did not occur in cultures stimulated with the LM cell conditioned medium.
Synergistic effects of thyroxine and dexamethasone on enzyme ontogeny in rat small intestine.

ABSTRACT: The synergistic effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and thyroxine (T4) on the postnatal maturation of the 13-d-old rodent small intestine has been studied. Previous studies have shown that hydrocortisone and T4 produced a synergistic response in enzyme maturation. However, T4 elevates corticosteroid-binding globulin, which reduces the clearance of hydrocortisone. Thus, the apparent synergy between T4 and hydrocortisone may have been due to increased glucocorticoid availability. DEX, which does not bind to corticosteroid-binding globulin, was given (d 8–12) at 25 pmol (i.e. 0.01 μg)/g body wt/d as established by a dose-response study in which this dose of DEX induced one third the maximum response in sucrase activity. In this way, synergy with T4 (130 pmol/g body wt/d, i.e. 0.1 μg/g body wt/d, d 5–12) could still be observed. Glucoamylase, lactase, acid β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and sucrase activities were determined in two regions of the small intestine. Overall, the results for the two hormones administered alone showed intestinal maturation to be not significantly affected in the T4 group and partially stimulated in the DEX group. When combined, DEX + T4 synergistically increased jejunal sucrase, ileal glucoamylase, and duodenal alkaline phosphatase, and lowered ileal acid β-galactosidase. The striking exceptions to the general pattern were two brush border enzymes that normally decline during intestinal maturation, namely ileal alkaline phosphatase and jejunal and ileal lactase. For these enzymes, DEX alone did not elicit precocious maturation, and there was no evidence for a synergistic interaction of these two hormones. Serum corticosterone concentrations also were measured. When corticosterone concentrations were compared with enzyme activity, no correlation was found. Thus, DEX + T4 act synergistically in the maturation of four enzymes in the rodent small intestine. Lactase and ileal alkaline phosphatase are regulated differently. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism through which T4 enhances the DEX effect.
Base catalysis by alkali-modified zeolites: II. Nature of the active site

Recherche de la nature du site basique forme par la decomposition de l'acetate de cesium dans CsNaY
Germline transcripts of the murine immunoglobulin γ2a gene: structure and induction by IFN-γ

The switch in expression by B cells from IgM to IgG, IgE, or IgA is accomplished by a DNA deletion. The deletion event is regulated, in that specific cytokines direct the B cell to switch to one, or sometimes two, of the six possible murine heavy chain genes. Prior to switch recombination, cytokine treatment also induces the transcription of the constant, switch, and upstream regions of the targeted heavy chain. Much evidence indicates that IFN-gamma directs switch recombination to the murine gamma 2a gene. By developing probes specific for the gamma 2a gene, we demonstrate that IFN-gamma increases germline transcription of this gene in both normal B cells and in the 18.81.A20 pre-B lymphoma. We have obtained cloned copies of three different germline gamma 2a transcripts, each with a different donor splice site. We have also located the 5' ends of these transcripts. The vast majority of the germline gamma 2a transcripts have a long first exon (> 700 bp), consistent with observations by Severinson and her colleagues.
Annual Research Review: Re-thinking the classification of autism spectrum disorders

Background: The nosology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is at a critical point in history as the field seeks to better define dimensions of social-communication deficits and restricted/repetitive behaviors on an individual level for both clinical and neurobiological purposes. These different dimensions also suggest an increasing need for quantitative measures that accurately map their differences, independent of developmental factors such as age, language level and IQ. Method: Psychometric measures, clinical observation as well as genetic, neurobiological and physiological research from toddlers, children and adults with ASD are reviewed. Results: The question of how to conceptualize ASDs along dimensions versus categories is discussed within the nosology of autism and the proposed changes to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Differences across development are incorporated into the new classification frameworks. Conclusions: It is crucial to balance the needs of clinical practice in ASD diagnostic systems, with neurobiologically based theories that address the associations between social-communication and restricted/repetitive dimensions in individuals. Clarifying terminology, improving description of the core features of ASD and other dimensions that interact with them and providing more valid and reliable ways to quantify them, both for research and clinical purposes, will move forward both practice and science. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorders, dimensions, classification, diagnosis, DSM-IV, DSM-5, development.
Pyogenic granuloma as a complication of prolonged nasogastric tube insertion in an immuno-compromised host

Summary Pyogenic granuloma is a polypoidal capillary hemangioma that occurs on the skin and mucosal surface. Trauma, hormonal changes seen in pregnancy and use of the oral contraceptive pill have a role in its pathogenesis. Except for the oral cavity, involvement of gastrointestinal tract is quite rare and there are no reports of hypopharyngeal involvement. We report a case of hypopharyngeal pyogenic granuloma most likely secondary to prolonged nasogastric tube insertion in an immuno-compromised host.
On the numerical algorithm for isotropic–kinematic hardening with the Armstrong–Frederick evolution of the back stress

The algorithmic consistency conditions are derived which yield the plastic loading index for the combined isotropic– kinematic hardening plasticity with the Armstrong–Frederick evolution equation for the back stress. Rate-independent elastic–plastic, and rate-dependent viscoelastic–plastic and elastic–viscoplastic material models are all encompassed by the analysis. The directions of the plastic and viscoplastic increments of strain are determined from a developed numerical algorithm, in conjunction with the radial return method. Numerical evaluations are presented to compare the predictions of various models under cyclic loading in simple shear. The effects of different material parameters on stress response are discussed. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Biological energy requirements as quantitative boundary conditions for life in the subsurface

All life requires energy, which must be extracted from the environment. For all known life, free energy must be available at finite minimum levels in order to be usefully harnessed and must be delivered at finite minimum rates in order to support basic biochemical integrity and function. While seldom tested in the high energy light- and oxygen-based metabolisms of the surface biosphere, the magnitude of these requirements – the biological energy quantum (BEQ) and maintenance energy (ME) requirements, respectively – is considerable with respect to the potential metabolisms and energy sources that characterize the deep subsurface realm. As such, they constitute a fundamental constraint on the possible nature, distribution, and activity of microbial life in that environment. Because the energy released in a chemical transformation can be equated to the concentrations of substrates and products, both the BEQ and ME requirements define the minimum substrate concentration and minimum substrate production rate that must be sustained by a given environment for it to be capable of supporting life. The magnitudes of the BEQ and ME requirements are sensitive to a range of environmental parameters that may vary significantly in the subsurface. Temperature exerts a particularly strong control and is among the most important parameters to be considered in evaluating the energetic habitability of subsurface environments.
On Green's Functions, Propagators, and Sturmians for the Nonrelativistic Coulomb Problem

Recent progress in the mathematical physics and quantum chemistry of Coulomb Green’s functions is summarized. Analogy with the defining relation for the Green’s function has led to a finite model for the Fermi contact interaction which avoids spurious divergences in second-order perturbation calculations. The Hamilton-Jacobi mechanics of the Coulomb problem is reviewed. A compact parametrization for Hamilton’s principal and characteristic functions provides a key element in further developments. These include a semiclassical representation for the Coulomb propagator in Feynman’s formalism and a new propagator in the domain of Coulomb Sturmian eigenstates. In projected applications, approximate many-electron Green’s functions constructed from combinations of oneparticle Coulomb propagators provide a basis for computation of atomic and molecular eigenvalue spectra. Coulomb Green’s Functions The hydrogen atom has played a key historical role in the development of the quantum theory of matter, from the Bohr model to Schrodinger’s wave mechanics to Dirac’s relativistic theory to modem quantum electrodynamics to current models exploiting higher dynamical symmetry. The literature on Coulomb Green’s functions has been correspondingly extensive, dating back to Meixner’s partial solution for G(r,,r2,E) in the limits r2 =O or [l]. A number of integral representations and partial-wave expansions for the time-independent Coulomb Green’s function were subsequently developed [2]. Schwinger [3] gave an elegant representation for the Green’s function in momentum space. Hostler [4] finally discovered a closed form for the Coulomb Green’s function G(rl,r2,E) and also derived approximate relativistic Green’s functions for both the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. The Coulomb Green’s function is the solution under specified boundary conditions of the inhomogeneous differential equation
Why the EPA should stop ignoring population growth

The air in the Los Angeles Basin is still the worst in the US. The Coalition for Clean Air and Group Against Smog Pollution (GASP) successfully sued the Federal Environmental Protection Agency to force it to produce a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) by California. In 1994 the EPA drew up a draft FIP that called for stringent limits on diesel trucks trains ships and airplanes. However the FIP like the state and local plans before it took population growth for granted and contained not a word about stopping it or even slowing it down. GASPs testimony warned that the omission could be ruinously costly to the people of the Los Angeles Basin. Population growth will add over 300 tons a day of smog-precursor reactive organic gases to the 2010 baseline in a basin whose safe carrying capacity is closer to 200 tons a day. Immigration is ultimately responsible for about three-fourths of the growth of Californias population between 1970 and 1990; it is responsible for 85% of the states projected growth. During most of this century the population of the Basin has grown at the phenomenal rate of around 2% a year. It is true that the EPA likewise has no direct jurisdiction to stop or stem the flow. Nevertheless it does not make much sense to ask people in the Basin to spend $100 billion for smog controls over 20 years and drastically alter their life styles to mitigate the effects of growth without first asking whether perhaps $250 million a year for better enforcement could greatly reduce the growth. Illegal immigration figures so largely in smog problems and most of the public including most of the Latino public wants to stop it so at least discussing it as a factor in smog production is an appropriate first step.
A new framework for designing: built-in test multichip modules with pipelined test strategy

A novel test strategy, the Loop Testing Architecture (LTA), is introduced to reduce aliasing probability and testing time for multichip modules. This is accomplished by connecting cascadable built-in testers (CBITs) in neighboring pipelined stages to increase the length of the test suites. Fundamental properties of the LTA supporting randomness in the generated test patterns (state coverage) and the asymptotic aliasing probability are presented. Results on two small-scale multiprocessor configurations show that the aliasing probability in analyzing signatures is comparable to that of an MLFSR but with fairly low area overhead; compared with the circular self-test path technique, less testing time is required by LTA. Further evaluation of the potential capabilities provided by the LTA compared with boundary scan and other pipelined test scheduling approaches confirmed the usefulness of LTA as a framework for designing effective testable systems. >
A reductive semantics for counting and choice in answer set programming

In a recent paper, Ferraris, Lee and Lifschitz conjectured that the concept of a stable model of a first-order formula can be used to treat some answer set programming expressions as abbreviations. We follow up on that suggestion and introduce an answer set programming language that defines the meaning of counting and choice by reducing these constructs to first-order formulas. For the new language, the concept of a safe program is defined, and its semantic role is investigated. We compare the new language with the concept of a disjunctive program with aggregates introduced by Faber, Leone and Pfeifer, and discuss the possibility of implementing a fragment of the language by translating it into the input language of the answer set solver DLV. The language is also compared with cardinality constraint programs defined by Syrjanen.
Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: I. aztreonam and carbapenems†‡

Acute pulmonary exacerbations (APE) in cystic fibrosis (CF) are associated with loss of lung function that may require aggressive management with intravenous antibiotics. The aim of this review is to provide an evidence-based summary of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), tolerability, and efficacy studies utilizing aztreonam and anti-pseudomonal carbapenems (i.e., doripenem, imipenem–cilastatin, and meropenem) in the treatment of an APE, and to identify areas where further study is warranted. The current dosing recommendations in the United States and Europe for aztreonam are lower than the literature supported dosing range of 200–300 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hr, maximum 8–12 g/day. In vitro, PK/PD, and tolerability studies show the potential of doripenem 90 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hr, infused over 4 hr, maximum 6 g/day in the treatment of APE. Imipenem-cilastatin 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hr, maximum 4 g/day and meropenem 120 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hr, maximum 6 g/day have been shown to be tolerable and effective in the treatment of APE. With availability issues of new anti-pseudomonal agents and a large percentage of CF patients will not regain their lung function following an APE, we suggest the need to determine optimization of aztreonam and meropenem dosing in CF, as well as to determine the clinical efficacy of doripenem in the treatment of APE. The usefulness of imipenem-cilastatin may be limited due to the rapid development of resistance. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:1147–1158. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of allergic reactions with fresh frozen plasma or cryo-supernatant plasma in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Plasma replacement for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is accomplished with various plasma products. This study sought to determine the incidence of allergic reactions with FFP or CPP as replacement in therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Forty-one TTP patients were identified retrospectively who received TPE replacement with either FFP (n=21) or CPP (n=20). Anti-histamine was administered prophylactically following the initial occurrence of an allergic reaction (urticaria, respiratory distress, or anaphylaxis with hypotension). Fifty-one allergic reactions occurred in 65.8% of patients. Urticaria comprised 49 of 51 (96%) of reactions and respiratory distress the remaining 4%. No anaphylaxis occurred. Nineteen urticarial reactions occurred in 50% of CPP recipients compared to 71% of FFP recipients (P=0.28). Anti-histamine breakthrough occurred in 36.3% of patients who experienced a previous allergic reaction with CPP and 37.5% with FFP (P=1.0). The overall risk of allergy per unit of plasma was 1.37% (1.23 % CPP, 1.48% FFP), comparable to estimates in non-TTP recipients. The median number of donor exposures preceding the first allergic reaction was 35 and 32, CPP and FFP, respectively (P=0.63). The mean volume of plasma transfused prior to reaction was 9,883 mL for CPP and 9,348 mL for FFP (P=0.85). Neither product was advantageous in preventing allergic complications. Because of the large volume, the number of donor exposures, and prolonged duration of therapy, allergic reactions to plasma are common (65.8%) in the treatment of TTP.
Ethical Challenges for the “Outside” Researcher in Community-Based Participatory Research

Although community-based participatory research (CBPR) shares many of the core values of health education and related fields, the outside researcher embracing this approach to inquiry frequently is confronted with thorny ethical challenges. Following a brief review of the conceptual and historical roots of CBPR, Kelly’s ecological principles for community-based research and Jones’s three-tiered framework for understanding racism are introduced as useful frameworks for helping explore several key challenges. These are (a) achieving a true “community-driven” agenda; (b) insider-outsider tensions; (c) real and perceived racism; (d) the limitations of “participation”; and (e) issues involving the sharing, ownership, and use of findings for action. Case studies are used in an initial exploration of these topics. Green et al.’s guidelines for appraising CBPR projects then are highlighted as an important tool for helping CBPR partners better address the challenging ethical issues often inherent in this approach.
Stokes flow through periodic orifices in a channel

This paper develops a three-dimensional infinite series solution for the Stokes flow through a parallel walled channel which is obstructed by a thin planar barrier with periodically spaced rectangular orifices of arbitrary aspect ratio B'/d' and spacing D'. Here B' is the half-height of the channel and d' is the half-width of the orifice. The problem is motivated by recent electron microscopic studies of the intercellular channel between vascular endothelial cells which show a thin junction strand barrier with discontinuities or breaks whose spacing and width vary with the tissue
Analysis of Zeeman Patterns Distorted by Hyperfine Structure

A technique is described by means of which Zeeman patterns distorted by hyperfine structure have been analyzed to yield accurate gJ values. A repetitive procedure is used together with intermediate field matrices to determine the variation with gJ value of the splittings of a chosen state. The Zeeman pattern, deduced from two such calculations, is compared with the observed pattern, enabling the latter to be accurately analyzed. An example from the Am i spectrum is described in detail.
Interacting Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the major cause of late graft loss in heart transplant recipients. Histological studies of characteristic end-stage lesions reveal arterial changes consisting of a diffuse, confluent, and concentric intimal expansion containing graft-derived cells expressing smooth muscle markers, extracellular matrix, penetrating microvessels, and a host mononuclear cell infiltrate concentrated subjacent to an intact graft-derived luminal endothelial cell lining with little evidence of acute injury. This intimal expansion combined with inadequate compensatory outward remodeling produces severe generalized stenosis extending throughout the epicardial and intramyocardial arterial tree that causes ischemic graft failure. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesions affect ≥50% of transplant recipients and are both progressive and refractory to treatment, resulting in ≈5% graft loss per year through the first 10 years after transplant. Lesions typically stop at the suture line, implicating alloimmunity as the primary driver, but pathogenesis may be multifactorial. Here, we will discuss 6 potential contributors to lesion formation (1) conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis; (2) pre- or peritransplant injuries; (3) infection; (4) innate immunity; (5) T-cell-mediated immunity; and (6) B-cell-mediated immunity through production of donor-specific antibody. Finally, we will consider how these various mechanisms may interact with each other.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor suppresses virus-induced proinflammatory responses and type 1 diabetes

Microbial infections are hypothesized to play a key role in the mechanism leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D). We used the LEW1.WR1 rat model of Kilham rat virus (KRV)-induced islet destruction to better understand how virus infection triggers T1D. Inoculation of the LEW1.WR1 rat with KRV results in systemic inflammation followed by insulitis and islet destruction 2–4 weeks post-infection. In this study, we evaluated the effect of treatment with the anti-inflammatory histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) ITF-2357 on KRV-induced immunity and disease progression. Administering LEW1.WR1 rats with KRV plus ITF-2357 on 14 consecutive days beginning on the day of infection protected animals from islet infiltration and T1D. ITF-2357 reversed KRV-induced T and B cell accumulation in the spleen or pancreatic lymph nodes on day 5 following infection. Moreover, ITF-2357 reduced the expression level of KRV-induced p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in spleen cells in vitro and in the peripheral blood in vivo. ITF-2357 suppressed the KRV-induced expression of transcripts for IRF-7 in the rat INS-1 beta cell line. ITF-2357 increased the virus-induced IL-6 gene expression in the spleen, but did not alter the ability of LEW1.WR1 rats to develop normal KRV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and clear the virus from the pancreatic lymph nodes, spleen, and serum. Finally, ITF-2357 reversed virus-induced modulation of bacterial communities in the intestine early following infection. The data suggest that targeting innate immune pathways with inhibitors of HDAC might represent an efficient therapeutic strategy for preventing T1D.
An operator splitting approach for the interaction between a fluid and a multilayered poroelastic structure

We develop a loosely coupled fluid-structure interaction finite element solver based on the Lie operator splitting scheme. The scheme is applied to the interaction between an incompressible, viscous, Newtonian fluid, and a multilayered structure, which consists of a thin elastic layer and a thick poroelastic material. The thin layer is modeled using the linearly elastic Koiter membrane model, while the thick poroelastic layer is modeled as a Biot system. We prove a conditional stability of the scheme and derive error estimates. Theoretical results are supported with numerical examples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1054–1100, 2015
Inactivation of Integrin-β1 Prevents the Development of Polycystic Kidney Disease after the Loss of Polycystin-1

Dysregulation of polycystin-1 (PC1) leads to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a disorder characterized by the formation of multiple bilateral renal cysts, the progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Correspondingly, cystic epithelia express higher levels of integrins (ECM receptors that control various cellular responses, such as cell proliferation, migration, and survival) that are characteristically altered in cystic cells. To determine whether the altered expression of ECM and integrins could establish a pathologic autostimulatory loop, we tested the role of integrin-β1 in vitro and on the cystic development of ADPKD in vivo. Compared with wild-type cells, PC1-depleted immortalized renal collecting duct cells had higher levels of integrin-β1 and fibronectin and displayed increased integrin-mediated signaling in the presence of Mn(2+). In mice, conditional inactivation of integrin-β1 in collecting ducts resulted in a dramatic inhibition of Pkd1-dependent cystogenesis with a concomitant suppression of fibrosis and preservation of normal renal function. Our data provide genetic evidence that a functional integrin-β1 is required for the early events leading to renal cystogenesis in ADPKD and suggest that the integrin signaling pathway may be an effective therapeutic target for slowing disease progression.
Estimating Lagrangian Trajectories with an ADCP

Abstract Lagrangian trajectories may be estimated with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) as an alternative to tracking parcels with floats. By using the depth of isopycnals from a conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) instrument and the velocities at various depths from the ADCP, velocities may be mapped on isopycnals. These isopycnal velocities may be integrated with respect to time to determine Lagrangian trajectories. This method of tracking water parcels with CTD and ADCP was implemented in two stages—a real-time tracking concurrent with a survey of the vicinity and a refinement of the tracking based on data from the vicinity. Trajectories of isopycnal parcels in a kinematic model and floats in Gulf Stream meanders were estimated by this method; these estimated trajectories were compared with computed trajectories in the model and with acoustically determined trajectories of the floats in the meanders, respectively. The comparison shows that the differential GPS renders ADCP data accurate eno...
Type of milk typically consumed, and stated preference, but not health consciousness affect revealed preferences for fat in milk

Fat is an important source of both pleasure and calories in the diet. Dairy products are a major source of fat in the diet, and understanding preferences for fat in fluid milk can potentially inform efforts to change fat consumption patterns or optimize consumer products. Here, patterns of preference for fat in milk were determined in the laboratory among 100 free living adults using rejection thresholds. Participants also answered questions relating to their health concerns, the type of fluid milk typically consumed, and their declared preference for type of milk (in terms of fat level). When revealed preferences in blind tasting were stratified by these measures, we observed striking differences in the preferred level of fat in milk. These data indicate a non-trivial number of consumers who prefer low-fat milk to full fat milk, a pattern that would have been overshadowed by the use of a group mean. While it is widely assumed and claimed that increasing fat content in fluid milk universally increases palatability, present data demonstrate this is not true for a segment of the population. These results underscore the need to go look beyond group means to understand individual differences in food preference.