cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The June‐July 1993 seismo‐acoustic event at CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Evidence for a lateral dike injection

The CoAxial segment (Juan de Fuca Ridge) was the site of an intense swarm of earthquakes that began at 21:43 GMT on June 26, 1993 (Julian Day 177). The swarm started near 46°15′N and migrated northward over the next 40 hours to ∼46°36′N, where the majority of 676 events occurred during the following 3 weeks of activity. The earthquakes propagated NNE at a velocity of 0.3±0.1 m s−1 from the southern to northern swarm sites. The activity went undetected by land-based seismic networks along the Oregon and Washington coasts, suggesting that the earthquakes were all M ≤ 4.0. The character of this earthquake swarm is very similar to dike injections observed at Krafla and Kilauea Volcanoes. The earthquake activity and subsequent migration probably represent a lateral dike injection into faults and fissures comprising the CoAxial segment. The reservoir acting as the dike's source likely resides beneath, or to the south of, the initial southern swarm of earthquakes. The large magma supply at Axial Volcano cannot be ruled out as the source for the CoAxial dike, even though Axial Volcano exhibited no earthquake activity related to the CoAxial swarm. The T-wave earthquake swarm reported here is the first deep-ocean observation of volcanic seismicity associated with what most likely was a mid-ocean ridge dike injection event.
An Unusual Example of Hyperbranched Metal Nanocrystals and Their Shape Evolution

Novel hyperbranched 2D gearlike single-crystal silver nanocrystals and their self-organized 3D structures have been successfully prepared in aqueous solution at room temperature. An interesting shape evolution from hyperbranched nanocrystals to quasi-spherical or disklike nanocrystals was observed.
s-d coupling in zinc-blende semiconductors

Most zinc blende semiconductors have a single anion-like s state near the bottom of the valence band, found in density-of-states (DOS) calculations, and seen in photoemission. Here, we discuss the case where two s-like peaks appear, due to strong $s\ensuremath{-}d$ coupling. Indeed, away from the $\mathbf{k}=0$ Brillouin zone center, cation d states and anion s states can couple in zinc blende symmetry. Depending on the energy difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{sd}}{=E}_{s}^{\mathrm{anion}}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{d}^{\mathrm{cation}},$ this interaction can lead to either a single or two s-like peaks in the DOS and photoemission. We find four types of behaviors. (i) In GaP, GaAs, InP, and InAs, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{sd}}$ is large, giving rise to a single cation d peak well below the single anion s peak. (ii) Similarly, in CdS, CdSe, ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe, we see also a single s peak, but now the cation d is above the anion s. In both (i) and (ii) the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ coupling is very weak. (iii) In GaN and InN, the local density approximation (LDA) predicts two s-like peaks bracketing below and above the cation d-like state. Correcting the too low binding energies of LDA by LDA+SIC (self-interaction correction) still leaves the two s-like peaks. The occurrence of two s-like peaks represents the fingerprint of strong $s\ensuremath{-}d$ coupling. (iv) In CdTe, LDA predicts a single s-like peak just as in case (ii) above. However, LDA+SIC correction shifts down the cation d state closer to the anion s band, enhancing the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ coupling, and leading to the appearance of two s-like peaks. Case (iv) is a remarkable situation where LDA errors cause not only quantitative energetic errors, but actually leads to a qualitative effect of a DOS peak that exists in LDA+SIC but is missing in LDA. We predict that the double-$s$ peak should be observed in photoemission for GaN, InN, and CdTe.
Red Tape: A Review and Assessment of Concepts and Measures

An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2001 annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Washington, D.C. We gratefully acknowledge valuable comments on earlier drafts by Sheela Tiwary and four anonymous reviewers for the journal. J-PART 12(2002):4:553-580 Although there has been a resurgence of interest in red-tape research, much of this research has the limitedfocus of testingfor public-private distinctions and has used a wide range of concepts and measures. In some ways, progress on substantive issues surrounding how to contend with red tape is stymied by the multiplicity of theoretical specifications and operational measures for red tape. Relatedly, the concept of red tape continues to be confounded with formalization. Therefore, this article addresses two key questions. How different are the various theoretical specifications of red tape? To what extent do different measures of red tape andformalization measure the same underlying realities? A theoretical analysis providing an intellectual history of different red-tape concepts used in the extant literature and an empirical examination of several operational measures is carried out for ascertaining construct validity. The empirical analysis for construct validity employs both factor analysis and an approach based on the multitrait-multimethod matrix of correlation coefficients. Our analysis indicates that there has been considerable progress in concept development on red tape in the last two decades, and the red-tape measures based on these concepts show both convergent and discriminant validity with respect toformalization. We also note that much additional work, especially in scale development, remains to be done. Progress on measurement, through careful development of concepts and measurement scales, is essentialfor better informing public management praxis. If numbers were used as sole indicators of progress, the sheer number of publications on the subject of red tape in the last decade would seem to suggest that considerable progress has been made in understanding how to deal with red tape (e.g., Baldwin 1990; 553/Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory I I I I
Assessing the efficacy of perioperative oral carprofen after cranial cruciate surgery using noninvasive, objective pressure platform gait analysis.

Objective— To document, using pressure platform gait analysis, the effect of perioperative oral carprofen on limb function and pain after cranial cruciate ligament surgery in dogs. Study design— Blinded, prospective clinical investigation. Animals— Twenty dogs with naturally occurring unilateral cranial cruciate disease. Procedure— Physiologic indices, subjective pain scoring, and pressure platform gait analyses were performed before and 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Correlations were assessed between methods of evaluation and the data was compared across treatment groups. Results— No strong correlations were noted between physiologic data, subjective scoring systems, or gait analysis data at a walk or stance. Although average measures of limb function were nearly twice as large in dogs treated with carprofen, no significant differences between groups over time were identified. No significant differences were noted in any other measure of pain or limb function. Power analysis of peak vertical force at a walk indicated that significant difference would have been detected had the number of dogs in each group been increased to 35. Conclusion— When limb function was assessed with pressure platform gait analysis no statistical difference was noted between groups with respect to PVF and VI at a walk or stance, although average ground reaction forces for dogs in the carprofen group were greater than the traditional pain management group at all time points. Clinical Relevance— Oral carprofen appears to provide some benefit for the treatment of postoperative orthopedic pain.
Computer-aided detection of breast masses in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT): improvement of false positive reduction by optimization of object segmentation

DBT is a promising new imaging modality that may improve the sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer detection. However, DBT could only provide quasi-3D information with limited resolution along the depth (Z) direction because tomosynthesis only has limited angular information for reconstruction. Our purpose of this study is to develop a mass segmentation method for a computer-aided detection system in DBT. A data set of 50 two-view DBTs was collected with a GE prototype system. We reconstructed the DBTs using a simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART). Mass candidates including true and false masses were identified by 3D gradient field analysis. Two-stage 3D clustering followed by active contour segmentation was applied to a volume of interest (VOI) at each candidate location. We compared a fixed-Z approach, in which the Z dimension of the VOI was pre-determined, to an adaptive-Z approach, in which Z was determined by the object diameter (D) on the X-Y plane obtained from the first-stage clustering. We studied the effect of Z ranging from D to D+8 slices, centered at the central slice, in the second stage. Features were extracted on the individual slices of the segmented 3D object and averaged over all slices for both approaches. Linear discriminant analysis with stepwise feature selection was trained with a leave-one-case-out method to differentiate true from false masses in each feature space. With proper optimization of the adaptive-Z approach, the classification accuracy was significantly improved (p<0.0001) in comparison with the fixed-Z approach. The improved differentiation of true from false masses will be useful for false positive reduction in an automated mass detection system.
Sirtuin Activity in Dentate Gyrus Contributes to Chronic Stress-Induced Behavior and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinases 1 and 2 Cascade Changes in the Hippocampus

Background Exposure to chronic stress produces negative effects on mood and hippocampus-dependent memory formation. Alterations in signaling cascades and histone acetylation present a mechanism of modulation of transcription that may underlie stress-dependent processes in the hippocampus critical to learning and memory and development of depressive behaviors. Methods The rat model of chronic variable stress (CVS) was used to investigate the role of changes in protein acetylation and other molecular components of hippocampus-dependent memory formation and anhedonic behavior in response to CVS. Results Chronic variable stress treatment decreased both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 activation and Bcl-2 expression in all three regions of the hippocampus that corresponded behaviorally with a decrease in memory for the novel object location task and increased anhedonia. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 activation was not significantly affected in the amygdala and increased in the medial prefrontal cortex by CVS. Chronic variable stress had no significant effect on activation of Akt in the hippocampus. We investigated molecular and behavioral effects of infusion of the sirtuin inhibitor, sirtinol, into the dentate gyrus (DG). Sirtinol infusion into the DG prevented the CVS-mediated decrease in extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 activity and Bcl-2 expression, as well as histone acetylation in the DG previously observed following CVS. This corresponded to enhanced performance on the novel object location memory task, as well as reduced anhedonic behavior. Conclusions These results suggest that changes in sirtuin activity contribute to changes in molecular cascades and histone acetylation within the hippocampus observed following CVS and may represent a novel therapeutic target for stress-induced depression.
Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in conjunctival pathology in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.

PURPOSE. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic, proinflammatory cytokine that mediates various immunoinflammatory processes. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is an autoimmune disease in which affected conjunctivae show features of an immunoinflammatory disease. In this study, the role of MIF in the pathogenesis of OCP was examined. METHODS. The expression of MIF in conjunctival tissues of patients with OCP (n 10) and normal subjects (n 5) was studied by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The production of MIF by conjunctival fibroblasts of normal control subjects and patients with OCP was determined, by using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effects of interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-1 on the induction of MIF by conjunctival fibroblasts were studied by quantitative real-time PCR. To determine the relationship between conjunctival expression of MIF and accumulation of macrophages, in patients with OCP, a correlation study was performed. RESULTS. An increased conjunctival expression of MIF was detected in patients with OCP, both at the mRNA (by real-time PCR) and protein level (by immunohistochemistry), compared with normal control patients. The expression of MIF was detected in the epithelial cells and occasionally in the stromal cells in control conjunctival tissues, by immunohistochemistry. In contrast, a statistically significant increase (P 0.0001) in the expression of MIF was detected in the stromal cells of conjunctival tissues obtained from patients with OCP (control: 4.89 0.5; OCP: 19.82 1.34). By quantitative real-time PCR, compared with control conjunctiva, an increase in the expression of MIF was detected in the conjunctiva obtained from patients with OCP. A similar increase in the expression of MIF was also detected in conjunctival fibroblasts of patients with OCP, compared with control fibroblasts, by quantitative realtime PCR. A significantly increased (P 0.001) level of MIF was also detected in supernatant collected from conjunctival fibroblasts of patients with OCP (186 5.4), compared with supernatant collected from control fibroblasts (9.3 7.6). Moreover, IL-1, TNF-, and TGF-1, known factors involved in the pathogenesis of OCP, were found to induce the expression of MIF by conjunctival fibroblasts. A statistically significant correlation (P 0.0001, r 2 0.4465) was observed between the expression of MIF and accumulation of CD68-positive macrophages in conjunctiva of patients with OCP. CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrated an increased conjunctival expression of MIF in patients with OCP. MIF may be actively involved in the pathogenesis of OCP, possibly regulating the inflammatory events of the disease process. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:1174 ‐1181) DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-1138
Production System Design for Speed and Reliability: A Case Study in Concrete Construction

This case study investigates the production practices of a “High Reliability” (HR) concrete supervisor—a supervisor who consistently achieves exceptional production and safety performance. The case describes how the supervisor designed the production system to build the concrete frame of a 10-story building under an accelerated schedule and under severe weather conditions. To shorten the operation’s duration, the supervisor selected formwork systems that reduce installation time, and overlapped the concrete activities by reducing the “batch size,” and by using dedicated crews for deck and vertical concrete. However, the overlapping increased the dependencies between activities, and any deviation from the plan could impact the entire process. In order to create a reliable workflow and mitigate the effect of deviations, the supervisor used several strategies that addressed: (1) the organization of the production process; (2) the activity design; (3) resource management; and (4) crew management. These strate...
Projected partial likelihood and its application to longitudinal data

SUMMARY An estimating equation, which we call the projected partial score, is introduced for longitudinal data analysis. The estimating equation is obtained by projecting the partial likelihood score function onto the vector space spanned by a class of 'conditionally linear' estimating equations. We demonstrate that removing certain terms from the projection of the full likelihood score does not alter important inferential properties of the estimating equation, and doing so is advantageous in handling missing data and time-varying covariates. Within a prequential frame of reference it is shown that the estimating equation is optimal among the largest collection of estimating equations determined by the conditional moments. Furthermore, the method possesses similar properties to generalised estimating equations; in particular, the correct conditional variance specification is necessary for efficiency but not for asymptotic consistency and distribution theory.
Factors Affecting Zinc Content of Bovine Hair

Abstract Ten experiments were conducted to study the effects of potentially important factors on the zinc content of cattle hair. In Holsteins the order of descending amounts of zinc in hair were white tail, black body, and white body. Jersey fawn had slightly more zinc than black Holstein hair. The distal and proximal ends of the hair contained the same amounts. Hair from the neck and rib areas tended to have more zinc than that from the leg regions. There were no differences in hair from the para lumbar fossa and the gluteal regions. Hair from five-month-old heifers had more zinc than that of either young or aged cows which were not different. Washing the hair by various procedures prior to collecting the sample had different effects with changing conditions. Thorough brushing, washing with detergent and water, through rinsing and drying was a desirable procedure. Hair from zinc-deficient calves contained less zinc than that from those given adequate zinc. When the groups were fed a practical diet, the differences disappeared.
Mission Overview for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission

Provided here is an overview of Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission design. The driving mission and science requirements are presented, and the unique engineering challenges of operating in Earth’s radiation belts are discussed in detail. The implementation of both the space and ground segments are presented, including a discussion of the challenges inherent with operating multiple observatories concurrently and working with a distributed network of science operation centers. An overview of the launch vehicle and the overall mission design will be presented, and the plan for space weather data broadcast will be introduced.
Fermi-liquid theory of ultracold trapped Fermi gases: Implications for pseudogap physics and other strongly correlated phases

We show how Fermi-liquid theory can be applied to ultracold Fermi gases, thereby expanding their ''simulation'' capabilities to a class of problems of interest to multiple physics subdisciplines. We introduce procedures for measuring and calculating position-dependent Landau parameters. This lays the groundwork for addressing important controversial issues: (i) the suggestion that thermodynamically, the normal state of a unitary gas is indistinguishable from a Fermi liquid and (ii) that a fermionic system with strong repulsive contact interactions is associated with either ferromagnetism or localization; this relates as well to {sup 3}He and its p-wave superfluidity.
Effect of Stocking Season and Technique on Survival of Lake Trout in Lake Ontario

Abstract To identify the stocking season and technique that resulted in maximum contribution of hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush to the population in Lake Ontario, paired lots of yearlings were stocked near shore in March, near shore in May, and offshore by helicopter in May. All mortality associated with stocking season and technique apparently had occurred by age 2. Therefore, survival comparisons were based on combined recoveries of age-2 and older fish. We found statistically significant differences in survival ratios for 19 of 30 comparisons among individual paired lots, but results were not consistent. For example, among 17 comparisons of lake trout stocked near shore in May and offshore in May, survival was significantly better for fish stocked near shore in four cases and for fish stocked offshore in six cases. With fish stocked near shore in May used as the control group, mean survival ratios (near shore March : near shore May : offshore May) were 0.86:1.00:1.12. However, the 95% c...
Bibliography of U.S. Government Bibliographies — 1975

This compilation of over 500 United States Government bibliographies is the second annual supplement to BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIES 1968–1973 (Pierian Press). Due to the Government Printing Office backlog during 1974, many 1973 and 1974 titles are included in this 1975 Supplement, which should have appeared earlier.
Fatty Acid Composition of Galleria Larvae, Hemolymph, and Diet (Lepidoptera: Galleriidae)

While considerable information has been accumulated during the past decade concerning the fatty acids of insects, the work has been in general directed toward analysis of the whole insect. Fatty acid content and composition have been reported in earlier studies in which the utilization of beeswax and wax constituents by greater wax moth larvae were being investigated (Young 1961). These experiments considered the fatty acids of the whole insect and of different diets. The present investigation was designed to relate the major fatty acids of the wax moth diet with those found in larvae, and larval hemolymph.
Force and Torque Smart Tensegrity Sensor

Tensegrity structures represent a special class of tendon space structures, whose members may simultaneously perform the functions of strength, sensing, actuating and feedback control. The paper exploits this advantage, proposing a smart tensegrity sensor for simultaneous measurement of six quantities: three orthogonal forces and three orthogonal moments. The paper shows how the static and dynamic characteristics of the device can be calibrated through pretension and damping adjustment. The external forces and torques of interest are estimated using the measurements provided by selected tendons. A state estimator, based on the linearized model, finalizes the design.
Detection of neutralizing anti-therapeutic protein antibodies in serum or plasma samples containing high levels of the therapeutic protein

Neutralizing antibodies against therapeutic proteins can be potentially harmful if the antibody blocks not only the therapeutic activities of the therapeutic protein but also the normal functions of the endogenous counterpart. Detection of the neutralizing anti-therapeutic protein antibodies generally relies on bioassays measuring changes in the biologic activity of the therapeutic protein triggered by the presence of the antibody. Most of the bioassays, particularly the cell-based in vitro assays, fail to detect neutralizing anti-therapeutic protein antibodies when the remaining therapeutic protein level in the assay samples is high. The remaining therapeutic protein, either a free molecule or an immune complex with anti-therapeutic protein antibodies, can inhibit the neutralizing activity of the antibody and prevent detection. We describe the development of a procedure that uses acid dissociation and affinity adsorption to remove therapeutic protein from assay samples. With this procedure, we can detect the presence of neutralizing anti-therapeutic protein antibodies from samples containing high levels of therapeutic protein.
Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: diseases of the pericardium

The extant nomenclature for pericardial disease is reviewed for the purpose of establishing a unified reporting system. The subject was debated and reviewed by members of the STS-Congenital Heart Surgery Database Committee and representatives from the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery. All efforts were made to include all relevant nomenclature categories, using synonyms where appropriate. No classification system has been reported. The groups were based on disease processes, and include: effusive pericarditis (pericardial effusion), constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, postoperative pericardial effusion, postoperative cardiac tamponade, postpericardiotomy syndrome, congenital defect, neoplastic process, benign mass, pericardial cyst, pneumopericardium, and chylopericardium. A comprehensive database set is presented that is based on a hierarchical scheme. Data are entered at various levels of complexity and detail, which can be determined by the clinician. These data can lay the foundation for comprehensive risk stratification analyses. A minimum database set is also presented that will allow for data sharing and would lend itself to basic interpretation of trends.
A magnitude analysis of differential classical, avoidance, and classical-avoidance eyelid conditioning in the monkey (Cebus Albifrons)

Cebus monkeys were subjected to differential classical, differential avoidance, or differential classical-avoidance eyelid conditioning. Conditioning performance was analyzed in terms of both response probability and eyeblink magnitude. The response-probability analysis failed to reveal either acquisition or discrimination under any treatment condition. The magnitude analysis demonstrated differentiation in the within-Ss comparison of the two conditioning paradigms and suggested differentiation in the differential-avoidance group.
Perceptions of collective action and its success in community based natural resource management: An empirical analysis

Abstract Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) has received considerable attention in recent years and is being actively encouraged across the world as a successful strategy in promoting natural resource governance. Its efficacy in the field, however, is highly variable. The present study, based on an empirical analysis of the Joint Forest Management program in Tamil Nadu, India, explores the variation in the perceptions of collective action among community members, and analyzes the factors influencing perceptions of its performance. The results underline the need for a shared understanding of the collective action among community members for the joint venture's success and sustainability. Further, the analysis highlights the role of costs and benefits entailed in collective action in influencing the perceptions of its performance. The authors suggest careful consideration of differences in community members' understanding of the collective action and its impacts, before and during the implementation of CBNRM strategies.
Analog response from binary spatial light modulators

We discuss experimental measurements of both spatial and temporal optical transfer characteristics of an optically addressed spatial light modulator (OASLM). The device incorporates a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) photodiode and a surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) modulator. Although the switching of SSFLCs is essentially binary at the microscopic level, the OASLM is shown to have an analog optical transfer characteristic. This is believed to be the result of both spatial and temporal averaging.
Species diversity of neuronectin and cytotactin expression patterns in the vertebrate central nervous system.

Abstract Two extracellular matrix proteins of brain tissue, neuronectin (NEC1) and cytotactin (CT), are disulfide-bonded multimers of Mr 180,000–250,000 subunits. The previously known distribution of these molecules is, however, very different. Human NEC1 is found throughout the white matter of rostral segments of the adult central nervous system (CNS) but not in rostral gray matter or in caudal CNS segments, including the cerebellum. In contrast, CT is absent or expressed at a low level in the adult chicken cerebrum but highly expressed in the cerebellum. Despite these differences in distribution, results obtained with antibodies that recognize NEC1 and CT in several vertebrate species indicate that these molecules are identical or at least closely related: (1) αNEC1 antibodies recognize proteins affinity-purified with CT-binding proteoglycan; (2) proteins recognized by αNEC1 and αCT antibodies in cells constitutively expressing the molecules, cells in which expression is induced by growth factors and phorbol ester and cells treated with tunicamycin (to block glycosylation) are identical in subunit composition and mobility on SDS gels; (3) the removal of NEC1 from culture supernatants by immunoprecipitation removes all molecules reactive with αCT antibodies and vice versa; (4) immunoblots of brain extracts with αNEC1 and αCT antibodies yield identical results. Having demonstrated the structural similarity between NEC1 and CT, we reexamined their distribution in the CNS. Surprisingly, the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of NEC1/CT varied greatly among species. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot experiments with adult human CNS tissues revealed significant levels of NEC1/CT in rostral but not caudal segments. In contrast, in cows and pigs the molecule is found throughout the CNS. Adult rat and mouse brains show regionally restricted expression of NEC1/CT in several areas of the cerebrum — distinct from those showing NEC1/CT in the human — and in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Tests with fetal and newborn tissues revealed that CNS development in humans, cows and pigs is not accompanied by the marked decline in NEC1/CT levels or the changes in subunit composition found in the chicken CNS. The marked species diversity in temporospatial expression patterns suggests that intrinsic and/or extrinsic elements controlling the expression of NEC1/CT have diverged during vertebrate evolution.
Smoking and lung cancer : a new role for an old toxicant?

Denissenko et al. (1) reported in 1996 that benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), a metabolite of the widely studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), produced a characteristic pattern of DNA damage in the p53 tumor suppressor gene of lung cells. This pattern was remarkably similar to that observed in the commonly mutated p53 gene isolated from lung tumors in smokers. In view of the central role of the p53 gene in carcinogenesis, the results of this widely quoted study, which were reproduced subsequently with related PAH metabolites and by other methods (2, 3), have been described as a “smoking gun,” confirming that PAHs were the major carcinogenic agents in cigarette smoke. But life is not so simple. Cigarette smoke contains >4,000 compounds and >60 established carcinogens (4). In addition to PAH, there are carcinogenic nitrosamines, aromatic amines, aldehydes, volatile organic compounds, oxidants, and metals. As discussed in refs. 5 and 6, some of these compounds or their metabolites, similar to BPDE and other PAH diol epoxides, cause G-to-T transversions in DNA, as commonly observed in the p53 and K-ras genes in smoking-induced lung tumors. These other agents might also cause patterns of DNA damage in the p53 gene similar to those seen with BPDE. Confirming this possibility, Feng et al. (7) report in a recent issue of PNAS that acrolein, a toxic compound occurring in cigarette smoke at levels up to 10,000 times greater than those of BaP, produces essentially the same spectrum of DNA damage in the p53 gene of …
MER Spirit rover localization: Comparison of ground image– and orbital image–based methods and science applications

[1] During 6 years of continuous operations on the Martian surface, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit has covered a traverse of approximately 7 km from the landing point to its current position at “Troy” near Home Plate. Localization of Spirit (and Opportunity) has been performed using two different methods: one that employs an incremental bundle adjustment (IBA) using rover imagery, and one that compares image features common to both a rover orthoimage and an orbital orthoimage. The IBA method continuously yields the desired 3-D rover positions at a very high level of accuracy and provides a simultaneous solution for high-quality topographic mapping of neighborhoods surrounding the rover. On the other hand, high-resolution orbital imagery can verify rover positions wherever the rover track is visible. Rapid rover localization on the orbital orthoimage is often achieved by comparing a rover orthoimage to the orbital orthoimage. In this paper, we present research results from a systematic comparison of these two localization methods over the entire length of the Spirit traverse. Two orbital orthoimages were generated from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) imagery. Integration of Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data into the HiRISE digital elevation model (DEM) and orthoimage generation was performed and proved to be effective in reducing large inconsistencies between MOLA and HiRISE data. This study found an overall difference of 1.5 percent of the traversed distance between the two sets of traverse positions derived using the two different localization methods. After a geometric transformation from one traverse to the other, the remaining inconsistency then represents the local differences between them and can be reduced to a level of less than 0.15 percent. Discussions of error sources and the strength and weakness of the methods are given. Scientific applications of the localization data are also briefly introduced.
Multiphase equilibrium behavior of the mixture ethane + 1-decanol + n-docosane

Abstract Patton, C.L. and Luks, K.D., 1993. Multiphase equilibrium behavior of the mixture ethane + 1-decanol + n-docosane. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 85: 181-190. The phase equilibrium behavior of the liquid-liquid-vapor (11g) region of the mixture ethane + 1-decanol + n-docosane was examined. This ternary system was studied experimentally using visual-cell stoichiometric techniques with pressure discrimination of ±0.01 bar, accomplished by using a cell pressure transducer in conjunction with a dead-weight gauge. The three-phase region was located between the 11g loci of the binary mixtures ethane + 1-decanol and ethane + n-docosane and bounded below by a lower critical end point (1 = 1−g) locus and above by an upper critical end point (1−1 = g) locus. Phase compositions and molar volumes are reported for the two liquid phases along the 298.15 and 304.15 K isotherms. Separabilities between the liquid phases of the two solutes are presented and discussed for the two isotherms.
Creating a Library CD for Off-Campus Students

During 2002, the Extended Campus Services Librarian and the Instruction Librarian at East Tennessee State University created tutorials that were compiled on a CD to be distributed to online students. This workshop presents a simple process using PowerPoint to create interactivc HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) -based tutorials, as well as menu and auto-run programming specific to use on a CD. Discussion of the other technologies used for the CD (Dreamweaver for Web editing and customizing open source tutorials from TILT) is included. An overview of the pedagogical theory underlying tutorial design is provided, and the rationale and distribution method for the CD-ROM format is discussed.
Nondifferentiable boundary points of the higher numerical range

Abstract Let A be an n-square complex matrix. Every nondifferentiable point on ∂Wm(A), the boundary of the mth numerical range of A, is a sum of m eigenvalues of A. This generalizes a theorem of W. F. Donoghue. Moreover, if sufficiently many sums of m eigenvalues of A occur on ∂Wm(A), then A is normal. From these results it follows that if ∂Wm(A) is a convex polygon with sufficiently many vertices, then A is normal.
Design Considerations for Dynamically Positioned Utility Vessels

Automatic stationkeeping alongside an offshore stucture represents a particularly demanding requirement for a dynamically positioned utility vessel. The adequacy of existing conventional position determination methods is reviewed and the potential of new, but unproven, radar-ranging techniques is discussed. The effects of utility vessel drag, mass, and propulsion characteristics on stationkeeping performance are described and compared to "ballpark" requirements anticipated for positioning alongside both stationary and floating platforms.
Near–surface ground temperature regime variability in selected microenvironments, Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland

The importance of topographic microvariability in influencing shallow (10-50 cm depths) soil temperature regimes in arctic-alpine Karkevagge, northern Sweden, from August 1999 to July 2000 is demonstrated using six sites. The ground microclimate on the tops of very large boulders forming an extensive boulder field in the central valley bottom is more comparable to that at an alpine ridge-crest site 300 m higher than it is to the microclimate at the base of one of the boulders. The boulder crests also differ substantially from the more generalized valley-bottom conditions outside the boulder field. Assuming that chemical processes may be active at temperatures at or above 0°C, sites in the valley experience favorable conditions from 159 to 324 days of the year. Aside from the annual cycle, freeze-thaw cycles are infrequent within Karkevagge.
Acute Pain Speeds Skin Barrier Recovery in Healthy Men and Women

Objective Psychological stress is known to impair skin barrier recovery, but little is known about the impact of pain on skin healing processes. Our primary goals were to examine the degree to which acute pain affects recovery from skin barrier disruption, and the potential mediating impact of cortisol and catecholamines.
Real-time compact optoelectronic neural networks for face recognition

We describe a nonlinear joint transform correlator-based two-layer neural network that uses a supervised learning algorithm for real-time face recognition. The system is trained with a sequence of facial images and is able to classify an input face image in real-time. Computer simulations and optical experimental results are presented. The processor can be manufactured into a compact low-cost optoelectronic system. The use of the nonlinear joint transform correlator provides good noise robustness and good image discrimination.
A note on the computational complexity of the arithmetic Fourier transform

It is shown that the number of data points the arithmetic Fourier transform (AFT) needs for an N-point Fourier transform is proportional to N/sup 2/. Thus, for example, while a standard fast Fourier transform algorithm requires 1024 samples to yield 1024 spectral components, AFT would take more than 300000 samples to do the same job. >
Early Onset Prostate Cancer: Predictors Of Clinical Grade

Purpose: Prostate cancer is typically a disease of elderly men and, therefore, it has not been well characterized in those affected at a young age. With the advent of serum prostate specific antigen testing, we are able to detect prostate cancer in young men even in the absence of symptoms. We studied a large group of early onset prostate cancer cases to illustrate the clinical presentation of men with early onset prostate cancer and to determine the effect of family history on Gleason grade as a reflection of prognosis.Materials and Methods: All study participants were enrolled in the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project. Enrollment criterion of the Prostate Cancer Genetics Project includes a diagnosis of prostate cancer at age 55 years or younger. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to characterize early onset prostate cancer and assess the associated prognostic factors.Results: The study group was comprised of 257 men with prostate cancer diagnosed at age 55 year...
TRB3 Function in Cardiac Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Rationale: Tribbles (TRB)3 is an intracellular pseudokinase that modulates the activity of several signal transduction cascades. TRB3 has been reported to inhibit the activity of Akt protein kinases. TRB3 gene expression is highly regulated in many cell types, and amino acid starvation, hypoxia, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promotes TRB3 expression in noncardiac cells. Objective: The objective of this work was to examine TRB3 expression and function in cultured cardiac myocytes and in mouse heart. Methods and Results: Agents that induced ER stress increased TRB3 expression in cultured cardiac myocytes while blocking insulin-stimulated Akt activation in these cells. Knockdown of TRB3 in cultured cardiac myocytes reversed the effects of ER stress on insulin signaling. Experimental myocardial infarction led to increased TRB3 expression in murine heart tissue in the infarct border zone suggesting that ER stress may play a role in pathological cardiac remodeling. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of TRB3 were generated and they exhibited normal contractile function but altered cardiac signal transduction and metabolism with reduced cardiac glucose oxidation rates. Transgenic TRB3 mice were also sensitized to infarct expansion and cardiac myocyte apoptosis in the infarct border zone after myocardial infarction. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that TRB3 induction is a significant aspect of the ER stress response in cardiac myocytes and that TRB3 antagonizes cardiac glucose metabolism and cardiac myocyte survival.
Optimization of a digital neuron design

Summary form only given, as follows. Artificial neural network models, composed of many nonlinear processing elements operating in parallel, have been extensively simulated in software. The real estate required for neurons and their interconnections has been the major hindrance for hardware implementation. Therefore, a reduction in neuron size is highly advantageous. A digital neuron design consisting of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) has been implemented to conform to the hard-limiting threshold function. Studies on reducing the ALU size, utilizing Monte-Carlo simulations, indicate that the effect of such a reduction on network reliability and efficiency is not detrimental. Neurons with reduced ALU size operate with the same computational abilities as full-size neurons. >
Adoptive immunotherapy of metastatic B16 melanoma with allogeneic immune cells sensitized to minor histocompatibility antigens.

Host mice bearing pulmonary metastases of B16 melanoma were treated by adoptive immunotherapy with allogeneic donor lymphocytes. Rejection of the allogeneic donor cells by the host was delayed by pretreatment immunosuppression of the host with cyclophosphamide and selection of donors that were matched at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) but disparate for background minor histocompatibility genes. Adoptively transferred normal nonimmune donor cells exhibited no therapeutic activity. However, allogeneic MHC-matched donor cells that were primed in vivo and secondarily sensitized in vitro to host minor histocompatibility antigens expressed on normal lymphocytes were cytotoxic to B16 tumor cells in vitro and mediated a dose-dependent antitumor effect in vivo following i.v. infusion. The therapeutic activity of sensitized allogeneic cells, which presumably reflected recognition of minor histocompatibility antigens expressed both on normal host tissues and on malignant B16 tumor cells, was not associated with any detectable toxicity to these transiently immunosuppressed tumor-bearing hosts.
Complete response of Ctnnb1-mutated tumours to β-catenin suppression by locked nucleic acid antisense in a mouse hepatocarcinogenesis model

Background & Aims Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) remains a disease of poor prognosis, highlighting the relevance of elucidating key molecular aberrations that may be targeted for novel therapies. Wnt signalling activation, chiefly due to mutations in CTNNB1 , have been identified in a major subset of HCC patients. While several in vitro proof of concept studies show the relevance of suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signalling in HCC cells or tumour xenograft models, no study has addressed the impact of β-catenin inhibition in a relevant murine HCC model driven by Ctnnb1 mutations. Methods We studied the in vivo impact of β-catenin suppression by locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense treatment, after establishing Ctnnb1 mutation-driven HCC by diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital (DEN/PB) administration. Results The efficacy of LNA directed against β-catenin vs. scrambled on Wnt signalling was demonstrated in vitro in HCC cells and in vivo in normal mice. The DEN/PB model leads to HCC with Ctnnb1 mutations. A complete therapeutic response in the form of abrogation of HCC was observed after ten treatments of tumour-bearing mice with β-catenin LNA every 48h as compared to the scrambled control. A decrease in β-catenin activity, cell proliferation and increased cell death was evident after β-catenin suppression. No effect of β-catenin suppression was evident in non- Ctnnb1 mutated HCC, observed after DEN-only administration. Conclusions Thus, we provide the in vivo proof of concept that β-catenin suppression in HCC will be of significant therapeutic benefit, provided the tumours display Wnt activation via mechanisms like CTNNB1 mutations.
Machine fault classification using an ART 2 neural network

Machine monitoring and diagnostics has been considered to be an integral part of the manufacturing process in recent years. It has played an important role in increasing productivity and reducing costs. This paper presents a methodology which is built upon parametric modelling and neural network technology for automatic detection and identification of machine faults. An adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network architecture is used to identify machine faults from the parameters of a parametric model of the vibration signal. The experimental results indicate that the ART 2 neural network is capable of classifying a fault correctly and rapidly by using the parameters of the parametric model of process signals.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE-RELEASING ACTION OF HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS.

Crude acidic extracts of rat or beef stalk-median eminence tissue were active in releasing FSH, as judged by an increase in plasma FSH activity following intravenous injection into ovariectomized, estrogen progesterone- blocked rats. Cortical extract was inactive, as was synthetic arginine vasopressin or oxytocin. Gel nitration on Sephadex G-25 separated a peak with both FSH- and LHreleasing activity. Some fractions with LHreleasing activity contained no detectable pressor activity, but all fractions which released FSH were contaminated with pressor activity. This pressor activity was insufficient to account for the FSH release observed. It was concluded that FSH- and LH-releasing activity was caused by small molecule (s) dissimilar from vasopressin and oxytocin but of approximately similar molecular size. In all experiments larger quantities of extract were required to release FSH than to release LH. (Endocrinology 75: 901, 1964)